bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stand Persistence and Animal Performance for Tall Fescue Endophyte Combinations in the South Central USA
Authors: Hopkins A. A. , Alison M. W.
Published: August 2006

Infection by an endophyte [Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan‐Jones & Gams.) Glenn, Bacon, & Hanlin comb. nov.] can improve persistence of tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire = Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Novel endophytes may minimize toxicity problems associated with wild‐type endophytes, thus encouraging tall fescue use in the south central USA. The objectives of these studies were to compare stand persistence and grazing animal performance among tall fescue cultivars with different fungal endophyte combinations in the south central USA. Trials were planted in 1999 in Oklahoma and Louisiana. Tall fescue entries contained no endophyte (‘GA‐5’ E−, ‘Dovey’), a novel endophyte (‘Jesup’ MaxQ, ‘GA‐5’ MaxQ), or a wild‐type endophyte (‘KY‐31’ E+, ‘GA‐5’ E+). Weight gain data for beef cattle (Bos taurus) were collected during fall and/or spring. Estimates of stand persistence were collected periodically. In Oklahoma, average daily gain (ADG), at 0.71 kg d−1, did not differ between entries in fall. During spring, ADGs (kg d−1) were greater from Dovey (0.64), GA‐5 MaxQ (0.67), and GA‐5 E− (0.56) than from KY‐31E+ (0.29) and were intermediate for GA‐5E+ (0.47). In Louisiana, ADGs were greater from GA‐5 E− (1.20), GA‐5 MaxQ (1.06), and Jesup MaxQ (1.12) than from GA‐5E+ (0.76). In Oklahoma, stands were greater than 80% 4 yr after establishment. In Louisiana, stands declined in some E− paddocks 3 yr after planting. Thus, E− and novel endophyte–infected tall fescue resulted in greatest animal performance, whereas wild‐type and novel endophyte infection led to enhanced stand longevity. However, improved persistence is needed for broader adaptation of tall fescue to the south central USA.
Prairiegrass–Brassica Hybrid Swards for Autumn Dry Matter Production
Authors: Belesky D. P. , Neel J. P. S. , Ruckle J. M.
Published: August 2006

Stockpiling herbage can redistribute nutrient availability and supplement quantity for livestock, depending on production objectives. Brassicas (Brassica spp.) and improved prairiegrass (Bromus catharticus Vahl.) cultivars are adapted to growing conditions occurring in the Appalachian region and provide nutritionally valuable herbage in autumn; however, highly digestible brassica herbage may require supplementation with a fibrous companion species for efficient rumen microbe function and nutrient use by grazers. A prairiegrass–brassica hybrid [B. rapa L. × B. rapa subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt.] mixture and pure stands of each were established to determine productivity and nutritive value of stockpiled stands in autumn. Field plots were established in late June of 2003 and 2004, and clipping began 74 and 63 d after planting, respectively. Prairiegrass co‐established with brassica hybrid and could be harvested in the establishment year. Sown species and year interacted to influence stand composition, dry matter productivity, and nutritive value. Dry conditions occurred shortly after planting in 2003 and slowed brassica hybrid establishment and productivity. Total dry matter varied for monospecific and mixed stands of prairiegrass and brassica hybrid each year, as did distribution during the season. Nutritive value varied with years and met or exceeded values suggested for efficient rumen microbe function. Herbage growth continued for about 80 d after the first clip in early September for all sward types and demonstrated the compatibility of co‐seeded prairiegrass and brassica hybrid as well as the suitability of the mixture to provide adequate herbage mass and nutritive value when stockpiled in autumn.
Soil Compaction in Conservation Tillage: Crop Impacts
Authors: Sidhu Dilraj , Duiker Sjoerd W.
Published: August 2006

Soil compaction effects on maize (Zea mays L.) plant population, height, and yield were studied from 2002–2005 in a no‐tillage/in‐row tillage study on a Hublersburg silt loam soil (Typic Hapludult) in Pennsylvania. Soil was compacted annually with a three‐axle truck with 10‐Mg axle load mounted with road tires (700 kPa inflation pressure) or flotation tires (250 kPa). In another treatment, soil was only compacted with road tires in the first year without subsequent compaction. Remediation treatments were deep (40 cm) in‐row tillage before or after compaction with road tires and shallow (10 cm in 2002–2003 and 22 cm in 2004–2005) in‐row tillage after compaction. Significant yield reductions averaging 17% in 3 yr out of 4 were observed for annual compaction with road tires compared with control (no‐tillage without compaction). Compaction with flotation tires reduced yield significantly in 1 yr only. Yield reductions due to compaction disappeared after 1 yr. Deep tillage after compaction increased yield (17%) in 1 yr only, whereas shallow tillage did not increase yields. Yield improvements due to deep tillage were lost if it was followed by heavy traffic. Deep tillage and no‐tillage without compaction gave similar yields in the first 3 yr, but no‐tillage had higher yield in 2005. In‐row tillage substantially reduced residue cover. Our results suggest little need for in‐row tillage to manage compaction in long‐term no‐tillage when axle loads are no more than 10 Mg and flotation tires are used to keep inflation pressures below 250 kPa.
Applicability of Interfacial Theories of Surface Tension to Water‐Repellent Soils
Authors: Gilboa Arye , Bachmann Jörg , Woche Susanne K. , Chen Yona
Published: August 2006

Most methods used to characterize the magnitude of soil water repellency consist of direct or indirect measurements of the initial advancing contact angle (θ) at the solid–liquid–vapor interface. Aqueous ethanol solutions (AETS) are commonly used as testing liquids having different liquid–vapor surface tensions (γLV); however, θ measurements using AETS have rarely been performed on water‐repellent soils (WRS). Measurements of θ in this study were conducted using both the Wilhelmy plate method (WPM) and the CRM (weight‐gain capillary rise method) for three natural and four hydrophobized WRS (water‐repellent soils). The values of the Young equation (solid–vapor and solid–liquid surface tension) were calculated, and correlated with the Goods–Girifalco interaction parameter, Φ. The factor Φ was found to be a linear function of the solid–liquid surface tension: Φ = 1 − 0.011γSL, with no significant differences between soils. This relation was then used to formulate an ESIT (empirical equation of state of interfacial tension), suggesting that from one universal constant, θ can be predicted as function of γSV The applicability of the ESIT approach to WRS was found to be inferior, in contrast to its successful use for ideal solid polymers. Nevertheless, it was found that for a water–WRS system, Φ was ∼0.6 rather than 1.0 as previously assumed. Applying Φ = 0.6 was successfully used in predicting γSV as well as the hydrophilic domain of θ vs. γLV for water and AETS.
Including Topography and Vegetation Attributes for Developing Pedotransfer Functions
Authors: Sharma Sanjay K. , Mohanty Binayak P. , Zhu Jianting
Published: August 2006

With the advent of advanced geographical informational systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies in recent years, topographic (elevation, slope, aspect, and flow accumulation) and vegetation attributes are routinely available from digital elevation models (DEMs) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at different spatial (remote sensor footprint, watershed, regional) scales. Based on the correlation of soil distribution and vegetation growth patterns across a topographically heterogeneous landscape, this study explores the use of topographic and vegetation attributes in addition to pedologic attributes to develop pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for estimating soil hydraulic properties in the Southern Great Plains of the USA. The extensive Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) hydrology experiment database was used to derive these functions by using artificial neural networks. Eighteen models combining bootstrapping technique with artificial neural networks were developed in a hierarchical manner to predict the soil water contents at eight different soil water potentials (θ at 5, 10, 333, 500, 1000, 3000, 8000, and 15 000 cm) and the van Genuchten hydraulic parameters (θr, θs, α, n). The performance of the neural network models was evaluated using the Spearman correlation coefficient between the observed and the predicted values and root mean square error (RMSE). Although variability exists within bootstrapped replications, improvements (of different levels of statistical significance) were achieved with certain input combinations of basic soil properties, topography and vegetation information compared with using only the basic soil properties as inputs. Topography (DEM) and vegetation (NDVI) attributes at finer scales were useful to capture the variations within the soil mapping units for the SGP97 region dominated by perennial grass cover.
Carbon Turnover and Carbon‐13 Natural Abundance under Land Use Change in Semiarid Savanna Soils of La Pampa, Argentina
Authors: Zach A. , Tiessen H. , Noellemeyer E.
Published: August 2006

Half‐lives of 50 to 100 yr have been reported for native soil C in temperate Mollisols taken under cultivation, whereas some C fractions have shown mean residence times of hundreds of years. In the Tropics, C turnover is much more rapid. This lower C stability may be attributable to climate or to a mineral suite with low C stabilization potential typical of many tropical soils. We present data on the mineralization and accretion pattern of organic C under land use conversion in illitic loessial loams of the semiarid, warm temperate Province of La Pampa, Argentina. These soils should have a low C stabilization potential, and the semiarid temperate climate should provide for relatively slow turnover compared with tropical conditions. Using 13C‐natural abundance and soil fractionation, we determined soil C derived from C3 and C4 plants under land use changes between native Calden savannah, pastures, and arable fields, specifically: (i) the conversion of C3 natural savannah to agriculture that includes (C4) maize in the rotation, (ii) the conversion of a 40‐yr‐old C4 pasture into arable land under C3 crops, and (iii) the reclamation of highly degraded C3 cultivated land with C4 pastures. Although none of the land cover changes represented 100% conversions between plants of C4 and C3 metabolism, C turnover could still be determined. All sites provided evidence for rapid C losses with C half‐lives just above 10 yr and no evidence for long‐term stabilized C in any soil fractions. Soil under long‐term pasture or the natural vegetation of the region, with initial C contents between 24 and 33 mg C g−1 bulk soil, lost 33 to 57% of this original bulk soil C within 12 to 18 yr of continuous cultivation. On degraded soils under restoration with C4 pasture, C accretion was also rapid but leveled off well below the original C levels. Theses results provide evidence for potentially irreversible soil degradation and corroborate local practical experience that these temperate, coarse‐textured, illitic soils are highly susceptible to degradation and should be managed carefully.
Simulation of Nitrogen Balance in Rice–Wheat Systems of the Indo‐Gangetic Plains
Authors: Pathak H. , Li C. , Wassmann R. , Ladha J. K.
Published: August 2006

Crop growth simulation models provide a means to quantify the effects of climate, soil, and management on crop growth and biogeochemical processes in soil. The Denitrification and Decomposition (DNDC) model was evaluated for its ability to simulate N dynamics and balance in the rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping systems in the Indo‐Gangetic Plains with various N and water management practices. The observed crop yield, N uptake, and losses of N were in good agreement with the values predicted by the model. In the rice–wheat systems, current annual inputs of N through fertilizer, manure, biological fixation, atmospheric deposition, and irrigation were 98, 37, 17, 8, and 7 kg N ha−1, respectively, while outputs through uptake, volatilization, leaching, and denitrification were 175, 14, 12, and 4 kg N ha−1, respectively. The northwestern transects of the Indo‐Gangetic Plains (Punjab and Haryana) showed greater yields and N uptake because of a higher amount of N use and more favorable climatic conditions than those in the eastern transects (Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal). Volatilization was the dominant N loss mechanism in Punjab and West Bengal while NO3 leaching was dominant in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. The simulated balance of N was negative in all the states. The largest depletion of soil N was estimated in Bihar, followed by Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, and West Bengal. The study suggests that better N management is required to arrest the depletion of soil N.
Multiplexer‐Induced Interference on TDR Measurements of Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Castiglione P. , Shouse P. J. , Wraith J. M.
Published: August 2006

The possibility of automated multiple readings of water content and bulk soil electrical conductivity represents a major benefit in soil research, and is one of the most attractive characteristics of the time domain reflectometry (TDR) technique. Coaxial multiplexers are commonly employed to monitor up to hundreds of TDR probes through computer or datalogger interface. We observed that the different probes connected to a common multiplexer or multiplexer network interfere with one another. This is due to the electronics of most multiplexers, where the different channels share a common ground, while only the central electrode is switched. The effects of the multiplexer‐induced interference were investigated through tests in electrolyte solutions and in a loam soil at variable water content. We determined that the interference did not affect the signal travel time, and therefore the water content measurement, but resulted in appreciable errors in measured electrical conductivity. We also found that the interference results in a variation of the cell constant Kp, and the errors in conductivity measurements could be easily corrected by determining Kp in presence of interference. The magnitude of the interference appears to be independent of the electrical conductivity and dielectric constant of the interposing medium, while it is strongly dependent on the inter‐probe spacing and probe geometry.
Theoretical Analysis of Fluid Inclusions for In Situ Soil Stress and Deformation Measurements
Authors: Berli Markus , Eggers C. G. , Accorsi M. L. , Or Dani
Published: August 2006

In situ determination of stress, strength, and deformation of soils for direct assessment of trafficability and susceptibility to compaction has been a long‐standing problem in soil mechanics and agricultural engineering. Despite considerable progress in development of sophisticated probes, data interpretation remains in its infancy due to incomplete understanding of soil–probe interaction. In this study we developed a novel theoretical framework for describing pressure and deformation of fluid inclusions within an elasto‐plastic soil matrix subject to anisotropic remote stresses that provides the basis for development of in situ probes for stress and deformation measurement. Results showed that for a compressible fluid inclusion (e.g., air) embedded in an elastic matrix, inclusion pressure is determined primarily by the matrix mean stress, Poisson's ratio, and the product of matrix bulk modulus and fluid compressibility. For incompressible fluids (e.g., water), inclusion pressure becomes independent of matrix stiffness. Differences in remote stress affect inclusion shape and influence probe pressure for large deformation due to increasing stress concentration. The solution for an elastic matrix also provides upper and lower bounds for inclusion pressure in an elasto‐plastic matrix under isotropic stress. For the more common anisotropic remote stress, inclusion pressure and deformation differ considerably for elastic and elasto‐plastic soil matrix. We found that elastic rubber membranes, often used to separate the fluid inclusion from the matrix, do not influence inclusion pressure or shape as long as membrane and soil stiffness are of similar magnitude. Pressure measurements from laboratory and field experiments using the so‐called Bolling probe agreed well with inclusion pressures predicted by the proposed model.
Soil Geomorphological Characteristics of a Semiarid Watershed
Authors: Rhoton F. E. , Emmerich W. E. , Goodrich D. C. , Miller S. N. , McChesney D. S.
Published: August 2006

In the marginally productive rangelands of the semiarid, southwestern USA, the maintenance of organic C (OC) is essential to the stability of the ecosystem. This study was conducted to identify landscape factors responsible for the distribution of OC in watershed soils, its loss from upland areas and subsequent transport within the stream system of a large semiarid watershed (Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed [WGEW], Tombstone, AZ). Samples were collected along transects from the surface 5 cm of each major soil mapping unit in six subwatersheds (SW). Data were recorded for slope class, landscape position, and aspect at each of the 435 sampling points. Soil analyses consisted of: total C and OC, particle‐size distribution, water dispersible clay, pH, quantitative color, and aggregation index (AI). Sediment samples were collected from flumes at each SW outlet. These 169 bedload and 59 suspended sediment samples were analyzed identically to the soils. Soil data indicated that OC distributions in the SWs were related to parent material with significantly (p≤ 0.05) greater contents recorded on the steeper slopes (>9%), and backslope and toeslope positions. Fewer significant correlations were identified for aspect. Soil OC was significantly (p≤ 0.01) correlated with silt and clay contents. Organic C contents of the soils and suspended sediments averaged 11.4 and 24.0 g kg−1, respectively, giving an enrichment ratio (ER) for OC in the suspended sediments of 2.13. Bedload sediment was depleted in OC by an average ratio of 0.65 relative to the soils. The results suggest that OC is transported through this watershed predominantly as silt‐ and clay‐size materials in concentrations controlled by the soil AI.
Salt Mineralogy of Las Vegas Wash, Nevada
Authors: Buck Brenda J. , Wolff Katherine , Merkler Douglas J. , McMillan Nancy J.
Published: August 2006

Las Vegas Wash drains the Las Vegas Basin in Nevada by capturing a series of tributaries and ending in Lake Mead and is being developed into an urban wetland. The soils are part of the Land series and contain high concentrations of pedogenic salts because of local sulfate‐rich parent materials and high evapotranspiration rates. These salts cause damage to property, affect plant communities in the wetlands, and contribute to salinity in the Colorado River System. To gain a better understanding of these salts, two soil profiles were described. Whole soil samples were analyzed for ammonium acetate–extractable and water‐soluble elemental analyses, cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, electrical conductivity, and particle size. Salt minerals were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and x‐ray diffraction (XRD). Results of XRD analyses indicate hexahydrite, bloedite, mirabilite, gypsum, thenardite, halite, vivianite, and sepiolite. SEM/EDS analyses found bloedite, eugsterite, halite, hexahydrite, gypsum, thenardite, and possibly kainite. Gypsum occurs at the surface and in all subsurface horizons. The more soluble salts occur at the surface and in two subsurface horizons. This study documents the third occurrence of eugsterite in the USA and is the first study to document salts other than gypsum forming snowball morphology. We interpret the subsurface zones of soluble salts to represent relict water tables where capillary action, combined with subsurface evaporation, has concentrated Na‐Mg sulfates and halite. These relict water tables may represent previous high‐level water tables that were lowered because of increased urbanization resulting in flooding, erosion, and incision of the Las Vegas Wash.
Partitioning the Contributions of Sheet and Rill Erosion Using Beryllium‐7 and Cesium‐137
Authors: Yang Ming-Yi , Walling D. E. , Tian Jun-Liang , Liu Pu-Ling
Published: August 2006

An understanding of the relative contributions of sheet and rill erosion to the total soil loss associated with individual events and of changes in their relative importance during an event is important for developing more effective soil erosion prediction models and for predicting the physical and geochemical properties of the eroded sediment in relation to those of the in situ soil. It is difficult to obtain information on variations in the relative importance of sheet and rill erosion during an event using traditional monitoring techniques. The use of environmental radionuclides, particularly beryllium‐7 (Be‐7) and cesium‐137 (Cs‐137), as sediment tracers offers an alternative approach to obtaining this information. Because of their contrasting depth distributions, the two radionuclides provide a means of distinguishing sediment eroded from the soil surface by sheet or interrill erosion and that eroded from greater depths by rill erosion. The approach was tested using simulated rainfall experiments undertaken on two small erosion plots located in Yichuan County, Shaanxi Province, China, representative of cultivated land and uncultivated land previously under forest. The results confirmed that the development of rills within the plots was clearly marked by changes in the Be‐7 activity of the sediment eroded from the cultivated plot and changes in the Be‐7 and Cs‐137 activity of the sediment eroded from the uncultivated plot. By relating the changes in the Be‐7 and Cs‐137 activity of the eroded soil to information on the depth distribution of the two radionuclides in the soils of the two plots and the mass of soil eroded, it was possible to estimate the relative contributions of the two erosion processes to the total soil loss and their changes through an event. This information provided a basis for investigating the influence of temporal variations in the relative contributions of sheet and rill erosion during an event on variations in the physical and geochemical properties of the sediment eroded from the plot during the event.
Trace Gas Emission in Chambers
Authors: Livingston Gerald P. , Hutchinson Gordon L. , Spartalian Kevork
Published: August 2006

Non‐steady‐state (NSS) chambers are widely used to measure trace gas emissions from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere. Unfortunately, traditional interpretations of time‐dependent chamber concentrations often systematically underestimate predeployment exchange rates because they do not accurately represent the fundamental physics of diffusive soil gas transport that follows chamber deployment. To address this issue, we formally derived a time‐dependent diffusion model applicable to NSS chamber observations and evaluated its performance using simulated chamber headspace CO2 concentration data generated by an independent, three‐dimensional, numerical diffusion model. Using nonlinear regression to estimate the model parameters, we compared the performance of the non‐steady‐state diffusive flux estimator (NDFE) to that of the linear, quadratic, and steady‐state diffusion models that are widely cited in the literature, determined its sensitivity to violation of the primary assumptions on which it is based, and addressed some of the practicalities of its application. In sharp contrast to the other models, NDFE proved an accurate and robust estimator of trace gas emissions across a wide range of soil, chamber design, and deployment scenarios.
Hot Water‐Extractable Nitrogen as an Indicator of Soil Nitrogen Availability
Authors: Curtin D. , Wright C. E. , Beare M. H. , McCallum F. M.
Published: August 2006

There is keen interest among soil scientists in identifying chemical assays that may be used as predictors of soil N mineralization potential. Our objective was to determine if hot water‐extractable N (16‐h extraction at 80°C) is a useful predictor of mineralizable N and plant N availability. In a group of 30 New Zealand soils, representing different management histories and parent materials, hot water extracted between 2.6 and 8.7% of total N. The extracted N consisted mainly (∼80%) of organic N, with the remainder being NH4–N, generated by hydrolysis of heat‐labile organic N. The C/N ratio of the extracted organic matter was relatively low (mean 8:1 vs. 11:1 for total organic matter), indicating that it included N‐rich substrates (i.e., substrates likely to have high mineralization potential). However, about three‐quarters of the extracted organic N was relatively recalcitrant, i.e., it did not hydrolyze to ninhydrin‐reactive N (NH4–N, amino acid‐N, amino sugar N) when treated with 1MHCl for 6 h at 80°C. The contribution of mineralized N to plant N uptake was measured using a greenhouse‐grown oat (Avena sativaL.) crop, which received no added N. Hot water‐extractable N accounted for 50% of the variation in plant N derived from mineralization (PNDM), compared with 16% for total soil N, 32% for anaerobically mineralizable N (AMN), and 24% for NH4–N released by hot 2MKCl. The best predictor of PNDM was N mineralized in a 28‐d aerobic incubation at 20°C (79% of variability in PNDM explained).
Acid Polysaccharide Coatings on Microporous Goethites
Authors: Mikutta Christian , Krüger Jaane , Lang Friederike , Kaupenjohann Martin
Published: August 2006

Organic coatings on Fe oxides can decrease the accessibility of intraparticle pores for oxyanions like phosphate. We hypothesized that the slow sorption of phosphate to goethite coated with polygalacturonate (PGA) is controlled by the accessibility of external goethite surfaces to phosphate rather than by diffusion of phosphate into micropores (Ø < 2 nm). We studied the phosphate sorption kinetics of pure and PGA‐coated goethites that differed in their microporosity (N2 at 77 K, 46 vs. 31 mm3 g−1). Because drying may affect the structure or surface coverage of PGA, we also tested the effect of freeze‐drying on the slow phosphate sorption. The samples were examined by gas adsorption (N2, CO2) and electrophoretic mobility measurements. Phosphate sorption and PGA‐C desorption were studied in batch experiments for 3 wk at pH 5. In PGA‐coated samples, the slow phosphate sorption was independent of micropore volume. Phosphate displaced on average 57% of PGA‐C within 3 wk. Similar to phosphate sorption, the PGA‐C desorption comprised a rapid initial desorption, which was followed by a slow C desorption. Sorption competition between phosphate and presorbed PGA depended on the <10‐nm porosity and the C loading of the adsorbent. The efficacy of phosphate to desorb PGA generally increased after freeze‐drying. We conclude for PGA‐coated goethites that (i) freeze‐drying biased the slow phosphate sorption by changing the structure/surface coverage of PGA, and (ii) within the time frame studied, micropores did not limit the rate of the slow phosphate sorption. Rather, the slow, gradual desorption of PGA and/or the diffusion of phosphate through PGA coatings controlled the slow phosphate sorption to PGA‐coated goethite.
The Contrasting Response to Soil Disturbance between Lodgepole Pine and Hybrid White Spruce in Subboreal Forests
Authors: Kranabetter J. M. , Sanborn P. , Chapman B. K. , Dube S.
Published: August 2006

Reductions in soil porosity through compaction and losses in nutrients through site organic matter removal are considered potentially detrimental effects of forest operations to site productivity. Defining sustainable forest practices is complicated, however, by the possible contrasting responses of commercial tree species to these disturbances. We compared the productivity and foliar nitrogen (N) nutrition of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) and hybrid white spruce (Picea glauca × engelmannii [Moench] Voss) at Year 12 across organic matter removal and soil compaction treatments in the subboreal forests of central British Columbia. Nitrogen availability peaked in the years following tree harvest, and by Year 12 in situ rates of net N mineralization were uniformly low across treatments. Low rates of N supply were partially offset by intermediate disturbances (forest floor removal alone or compaction through forest floors), which increased N uptake and height growth for hybrid white spruce. Lodgepole pine, in contrast, had near adequate foliar N concentrations and higher tree productivity across the complete gradient of soil disturbances. Some advantage in N nutrition for lodgepole pine might be provided by ectomycorrhiza through host‐specific Suillus species. Fruiting bodies of Suillus species had, on average, 40% higher N concentrations than other common ectomycorrhiza (ECM) fungi found across the plots. The large and often contrasting differences in growth and N nutrition between lodgepole pine and hybrid white spruce demonstrate the possible challenges in defining universal criteria for detrimental soil disturbance.
Education and the Integrated Personality
Authors: Baldwin Lillian
Published: August 2006

NO child can go around in parts waiting for the school to assemble him. Integration is inevitable. The question is, can we, his elders, having in mind a pattern of a well-adjusted human being, shape some of the pieces of the child's experience so they will fall easily into that pattern?
A Course in Pronunciation for Music Teachers
Authors: Thomson Somerville , Smith Humbert A.
Published: August 2006

DO music teachers need to know foreign language pronunciation? Would a course in pronunciation make sense? At San Francisco State College they said “yes” to both questions. This article tells the story of a successful experiment which should stimulate other institutions to similar action.
Modern Composers and the Wind Ensemble
Authors: Seay Albert E.
Published: August 2006

Calling Attention to a Serious Lack Which Requires Strong Effort to Overcome
From Whence Cometh Your Help?
Authors: Watkins William J.
Published: August 2006

A Few Words in Appreciation of the Music Teacher's Friend and Ally—the Janitor
Music and Music Education in Sweden
Authors: Haren Yngve
Published: August 2006

HERE is another “Hands Across the Sea” article that will interest everyone concerned with music education, both in the United Stater and foreign lands.
And Why Not Music Contests?
Authors: Murphy Irvin P.
Published: August 2006

A New Mexico Superintendent casts his vote for student competitions—whether in debate, ciphering tests, spelling bees, music meets or athletic tournaments.
World Education and UNESCO
Authors: D'Andrea Frank L.
Published: August 2006

IN William G. Carr's masterful discussion and in other articles and references, this magazine has in recent issues presented readers with a wide range of authentic information regarding the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Mr. D'Andrea's contribution offers an effective analysis and summarization, written from the viewpoint of a music educator.
Fundamentals for Future Fiddlers
Authors: Mignin Louise
Published: August 2006

START them young, but start them carefully, is the philosophy advocated by this writer who offers some comments and suggestions based on observations during many years of teaching classes of beginning violin pupils.
There Is No Music Business
Authors: Cahn Meyer M.
Published: August 2006

BUT there is business on hand and much more of it ahead for music teachers who recognize the basic purpose of music in education, keep the facts in mind, and their feet—and their pupils' feet—-on the ground. Aggressive, forward-looking music leadership in the community, wise and fair vocational counsel for students, are among the essentials indicated by the author of this article.
Student Conductors
Authors: Biddle Mark
Published: August 2006

Professor of music education at Knox College, Galesburg, Ill., Mr. Biddle is well known as adjudicator and guest conductor at choral and instrumental festivals, and is active on several MENC Advancement Program committees
The Three "T's" of Music
Authors: Cantwell Donald C.
Published: August 2006

"AS a new teacher whose enthusiasm has not yet been dimmed by years of routine travail I have observed and drawn several conclusions in regard to student musicians," writes Mr. Cantwell, who is instrumental teacher (band and orchestra director) at Sparrows Point High School, Baltimore County, Maryland. "I believe that the coining of such cliches as 'the Three T's' tends to make children more aware of the important things in music. Some of my observations are obvious, but I think many of us overlook these obvious, but nevertheless vital, factors in the production of fine musicians."
Class Piano for Elementary Classroom Teachers
Authors: Hjelmervik Kenneth
Published: August 2006

FOR two and one-half years, the Baltimore Public Schools have sponsored free class piano instruction for elementary teachers. Mr. Hjelmervik, director of music education in Baltimore, tells of results of the program, as gleaned from an interesting opinion poll.
The Music Teacher in the Small High School
Authors: George Ira
Published: August 2006

THIS is a report on the situation in Nebraska, but small towns everywhere face a similar problem. Mr. George, who is superintendent of schools in O'Neill, Nebraska, here presents some of the findings from a paper written in partial fulfillment of the requirements for his master's degree at the University of Nebraska.
Helping Enrich American Life with Music
Authors: LaMair Louis G.
Published: August 2006

IN the second article about the American Music Conference, its president tells how this industry supported service institution is working to help build public support for music in education.
The Junior High School Choral Problem
Authors: Cooper Irvin
Published: August 2006

Irvin Cooper, formerly director of music in the public schools of Montreal, Canada, more recently head of the Music Education Department of McGill University Montreal, and this year going to Florida State University at Tallahassee as professor of music education, has appeared frequently in the United States as lecturer and adjudicator.
Rehearsing Contemporary Music
Authors: Gordon Philip
Published: August 2006

This is the second and concluding installment of Mr. Gordon's “down-to-earth” discussion of techniques and problems peculiar to moder music. The first installment appeared in the September–October 1950 issue of the Journal
Judgment Values for Contemporary Music
Authors: Murphy Howard A.
Published: August 2006

This Paper is presented as a timely and interesting follow-up for the recent contribution by Philip Gordon on “Rehearsing Contemporary Music.” Mr. Murphy, who is professor of music education at Teachers College, Columbia University, prepared “Judgment Values for Contemporary Music” for one of the contemporary music forums held at the 1950 MENC national convention in St. Louis.
High School Competitive Music Festivals
Authors: Cory Philip B.
Published: August 2006

When the author began the survey reported in this article his principal purpose was to gather information which could be useful to music educators and administrators in his home state of North Dakota. However, upon reading various articles and editorials in recent issues of the Journal and other magazines about contests, it occurred to him that his survey of festivals-competitive and noncompetitive-might be of interest to music educators in other states, since there seemed to be a lack of data regarding current practices in this rather extensive field of activity. So he wrote an article and submitted it to the Editorial Board- and here it is. It deals only with the competitive music meets; findings regarding noncompetitive festivals are saved for another article. Mr. Cory is assistant professor of music, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks.
Music: A Must in General Education
Authors: Johnson Burt
Published: August 2006

This article is from a talk given at the Asbury Park Workshop and Clinic, May 25-27, 1950, sponsored by the Department of Music, New Jersey Education Association. Mr. Johnson is principal of the Tenafly, New Jersey, High School.
The Unit School District and Its Music Program
Authors: McCarty Albert A.
Published: August 2006

In view of the recent developments in Illinois, readers in that state-and in all other states working on community school district music programs-will be interested in this report of a survey questionnaire, compiled by Albert McCarty, who is supervisor of instrumental music, Unit District 27, Chapin, Illinois.
More Junior Choirs for America
Authors: Mische Sterling H.
Published: August 2006

This timely discussion points the pathway to church-school cooperation in choral activity. The author shows how one midwest community gained the backing of parents, students, pastor and school in organizing and rehearsing a junior church choir.
Honoring Yesterday's Band
Authors: Sherman Margaret
Published: August 2006

Readers who enjoy reliving the past-or, at least one group's past-will be especially interested in this article by Mrs. Sherman, who says: “In attending, with my teacher-husband, numerous high-quality concerts over New York State, it strikes me rather forcibly that there is abroad in the land, now affluent and progressive, a disregard for the less superior, but equally earnest, endeavors which have been made in the past to bring music into our schools. Moreover, there still exist in many areas, schools, pupils, and teachers who as yet lack the advantages of the larger communities. This article is a tribute to their efforts, also, since, by virtue of economics and geography, not all can produce Grade A outfits-a classification which is all too often taken as the sole measure of ability and effort.
Ho for Eastern Kentucky!
Authors: Elliott Harrison
Published: August 2006

PERSONS interested in researching for Kentucky ballads, or those just intrigued by folk customs and folk music, will find ideas in this article by the editor of the South Carolina Musician. A native of Pikeville, Kentucky, and a graduate of the University of Kentucky, Mr. Elliott was an instructor for seven years in Floyd and Pike counties, Kentucky, before going to Portsmouth, Ohio, and thence to Andrews, South Carolina, where he is now teaching.
Psychiatric Implications of Functional Music for Education
Authors: Brickman H. R.
Published: August 2006

THIS article by Dr. Brickman (M.D.), psychiatrist at the Menninger Foundation and Winter Veterans Administration Hospital, Topeka, Kansas, attempts to correlate what psychiatry has learned from an application of functional music to the treatment of mentally ill patients, with principles educators can follow in the socialization of school children. The material is published with the approval of the chief medical director of the Veterans Administration. The statements and conclusions are the results of the author's own study, however, and do not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of the Veterans Administration. The article is taken from the manuscript of a paper prepared by Dr. Brickman for the Forum on Functional Music at the MENC 1950 Convention, St. Louis.
Research Studies in Music Education
Authors: Larson William S.
Published: August 2006

THIS is the second of a series of abstracts of research studies in music education reported by Dr. Larson (the first abstracts appeared in the February-March 1950 Journal), and follows his general review of research activities in music education published under the title of “Investigative Activities in Music Education” in the April-May 1950 Journal. Chairman of the Eastman School of Music's Department of Music Education and school psychologist, Dr. Larson is a member of the MENC Music Education Research Council, and compiled the Research Council Report, “Bibliography of Research Studies in Music Education.”
Music, Vital Capacity, and Post-Respirator Patients
Authors: Brim Charlotte L.
Published: August 2006

A PARAPLEGIC herself, Miss Brim knows where-of she speaks. Trained and experienced as a public school music teacher, her career was apparently ended in 1946 when injuries in an automobile accident left her crippled. A series of operations, performed to enable her to walk, proved unsuccessful. Her condition appeared hopeless. And it probably would have been had Miss Brim not been blessed by great determination plus skilled treatment by a physiotherapist at the James Whitcomb Riley Hospital in Indianapolis, Indiana, who, interested in her case, introduced her to braces, Canadian canes, and a wheel chair. (She has graduated from that means of transportation, now using a specially fitted car like those operated by paraplegic veterans.) And she is employed by the Indianapolis Schools with assignments at the Riley and Rotary Hospitals where she works with children whose age range is from kindergarten through senior high school. Miss Brim, herself, requests that we add a statement about her mother's courageous attitude, “which has been the source of such great help and inspiration to me.”
Will Television Be Available for Education?
Authors: Berg Richard C.
Published: August 2006

THIS is a question of vital concern to all educators-and, in certain aspects, especially so to music teachers. The answer can be yes or no, judging by the results of the hearing on educational television conducted in December, 1950, by the Federal Communications Commission. The facts and implications in this report should have the attention of every Journal reader. Mr. Berg, director of music in the Springfield, Massachusetts, Public Schools, is national chairman of the MENC committee on Television, a division of the Music Education Advancement Program project committee organization on Audio-Visual Aids in Music Education.
Exploring the Arts
Authors: Shackson Lee
Published: August 2006

“Exploring The Arts” is the story of an experiment in teaching appreciation of the arts at the college level at Otterbein College, Westerville, Ohio. The course was developed after two years of planning and one year of experimentation. Mr. Shackson, chairman of the Division of Fine Arts, tells the story of this venture and it is hoped the plan at Otterbein may stimulate other ventures of this type.
Utilizing Our Own Resources
Authors: Kinscella Hazel Gertrude
Published: August 2006

The Editorial Board feels that Miss Kinscella's article is particularly valuable at a time when so many centennial and other civic celebrations are under way. It also offers a most interesting review of the part that music played in the lives of the pioneers in the Pacific Northwest. Miss Kinscella is professor of music, University of Washington, Seattle.
Conference on Citizenship
Authors: Paul John
Published: August 2006

Members of the MENC should be informed of the work of the National Education Association and its departments. The National Education Association and the Department of Justice have served as the auspices under which delegates from hundreds of public and private organizations may come together to pool their thinking for "the development of a more active, alert, enlightened, conscientious, and progressive citizenry in our country." An agency of good will and understanding, the National Conference on Citizenship is dedicated to the promotion and support of freedom, security, peace and happiness for people everywhere. In many ways the music educator is already seriously at work dealing with the problem of citizenship. Perhaps the report from the Conference can give added thought and stimulus to our work. John Paul, head of the Music Departmient of the Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., represented the MENC at the 1952 meeting.
Research Studies in Music Education
Authors: Larson William S.
Published: August 2006

Faculty members and students of graduate schools and others interested in securing complete copies of studies summarized in these columns, if available on a loan basis or otherwise, should make their requests through their own college librarians.
Off-Campus Student Teaching in Music Education
Authors: Batcregard B. M.
Published: August 2006

"The enclosed article and pictures are submlitted in response to a suggestion in the Music Education Source Book (p. 59) that 'Those who are responsible for a project (in student teaching) are urged to prepare articles for use in such publications as the Music Educators Journal….' I trust that other directors of this important aspect of teacher preparation will do likewise, for there is need for a zider dissemination of information regardilng student teaching curriculums in music. "We here at U. T. are proud to claim the distinction of being the first music education departnmentof a university School of Music to have been part of an evaluation by the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education of a university School of Education and related teacher education areas. I should like to recommend that other colleges take advantage of such an evaluation for not only will it strengthen the music education program evaluated, but also it will help to give music education the added prestige other subject matter areas of teacher training or other areas of the music curriculum enjoy through AACTE and/or NASM (National Association of Schools of Music) ezvaluations.
Alice in Arizonaland
Authors: McDiarmid Mary
Published: August 2006

Miss McDiarmid, principal of Menlo Park School in Tucson, was chairman in charge of the host niqht program presented by the Tucson Public Schools at the MENC California-Western Division convention last sprina. To enable those not fortunate enough to witness "Alice in Arizonaland" to experience some of the beauty of the pageant, as well as to learn what went into the superb organization, Miss McDiarmid was asked by the editors to prepare this article. The illustrations, furnished by the Visual Aids department of the Tucson schools, supply further evidence of the artistic success and the inspiration projected not only to the audience, but felt by the performers themselves. "Alice in Arizonaland" has left an impact that should have far-reaching significance in the local community, the California-Western Division, and for readers of Miss McDiarmid's contribution.
Correlating an Instrumental Program with the Visual Arts
Authors: Klotman Robert H.
Published: August 2006

It constantly happens that the arts influence one another, that they intermingle, or that, as a result of their natural evolution, they overflow their boundaries and invade the domains of the neighboring arts. Now it is music that would become painting, now painting that would be music. Romain Rolland from his Essays on Music
A Concert for Teen-Agers
Authors: Berg Richard C.
Published: August 2006

THE AUTHOR, who is president-elect of the MENC Eastern Division (1955-57), is director of music education in the Springfield, Mass., Public Schools. The untimely death of Alexander Leslie, conductor of the Springfield Symphony Orchestra, occurred just after Mr. Berg completed this article. Dr. Leslie was director of the Symphony Orchestra for eleven years and also organized and directed a Youth Symphony composed of talented students of the Springfield area.