bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trade Agreements and the Nature of Price Determination
Authors: Antràs Pol , Staiger Robert W
Published: May 2012

According to the terms-of-trade theory, negotiations over tariffs alone, coupled with an effective market access preservation rule, can bring governments to the efficiency frontier. In this paper, we show that the nature of international price determination is important for this central result of the terms-of-trade theory. While the received theory assumes that international prices are fully disciplined by aggregate market clearing conditions, we show here that support for “shallow” integration is overturned, and instead a need for “deep” integration is suggested ? wherein direct negotiations occur over both border and behind-the-border policies ? if international prices are determined through bargaining.
Health Reform, Health Insurance, and Selection: Estimating Selection into Health Insurance Using the Massachusetts Health Reform
Authors: Hackmann Martin B , Kolstad Jonathan T , Kowalski Amanda E
Published: May 2012

We implement an empirical test for selection into health insurance using changes in coverage induced by the introduction of mandated health insurance in Massachusetts. Our test examines changes in the cost of the newly insured relative to those who were insured prior to the reform. We find that counties with larger increases in insurance coverage over the reform period face the smallest increase in average hospital costs for the insured population, consistent with adverse selection into insurance before the reform. Additional results, incorporating cross-state variation and data on health measures, provide further evidence for adverse selection.
Access to Credit by Small Businesses: How Relevant Are Race, Ethnicity, and Gender?
Authors: Asiedu Elizabeth , Freeman James A , Nti-Addae Akwasi
Published: May 2012

This paper employs data from the 1998 and 2003 Survey of Small Business Finances to analyze whether, after controlling for observable factors that influence loan decisions, there is a significant difference in the loan approval rate and the interest rate charged on approved loans for businesses owned by minority or white females and firms owned by white males.
The Labor Market Impact of Mandated Employment Verification Systems
Authors: Amuedo-Dorantes Catalina , Bansak Cynthia
Published: May 2012

Employment verification systems covered about one out of four people hired in the United States in 2010. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of state-level employment verification mandates on the employment and wages of likely unauthorized workers across the entire United States between 2004 and 2010. We find that E-Verify mandates, particularly those covering all employers, significantly curtail the employment likelihood of likely unauthorized male and female workers. However, they appear to have mixed effects on wages and may redistribute likely unauthorized labor towards industries often benefiting from specific exclusions, such as agriculture or food services.
Identification of the Effect of Depression on Risky Sexual Behavior: Exploiting a Natural Experiment
Authors: Averett Susan L , Wang Yang
Published: May 2012

Depression is pervasive in the US particularly among women. The costs in terms of direct medical costs and forgone earnings are substantial. This paper investigates an additional cost of depression. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, we use a unique instrument, the attacks of September 11, which have been linked to depression, to identify the effect of depression on risky sexual behaviors. We find that depressed women are more likely to be sexually active, to engage in oral sex and to have sex without a condom, even after controlling for a rich set of covariates.
Capital Shortfall: A New Approach to Ranking and Regulating Systemic Risks
Authors: Acharya Viral , Engle Robert , Richardson Matthew
Published: May 2012

The financial crisis of 2007-2009 has given way to the sovereign debt crisis of 2010-2012, yet many of the banking issues remain the same. We discuss a method to estimate the capital that a financial firm would need to raise if we have another financial crisis. This measure of capital shortfall is based on publicly available information but is conceptually similar to the stress tests conducted by US and European regulators. We argue that this measure summarizes the major characteristics of systemic risk and provides a reliable interpretation of the past and current financial crises.
Time Use, Emotional Well-Being, and Unemployment: Evidence from Longitudinal Data
Authors: Krueger Alan B , Mueller Andreas I
Published: May 2012

This paper provides new evidence on the time use and emotional well-being of unemployed individuals in the weeks before and after starting a new job. The major findings are: (1) time spent on home production drops sharply at the time of re-employment, even when controlling for individual fixed effects; (2) time spent on leisure-related activities, which the unemployed find less enjoyable, drops on re-employment, but less so when controlling for individual fixed effects; (3) the unemployed report higher levels of sadness during specific episodes of the day than the employed; and (4) sadness decreases abruptly at the time of re-employment.
Bubbles and Total Factor Productivity
Authors: Miao Jianjun , Wang Pengfei
Published: May 2012

This paper presents an infinite-horizon model of production economies in which firms face idiosyncratic productivity shocks and are subject to endogenous credit constraints. Credit-driven stock price bubbles can arise which can relax credit constraints and reallocate capital more efficiently among firms. The collapse of bubbles causes a fall of total factor productivity.
Got worry? Missing children notices on milk cartons in the United States
Authors: Howell Perry
Published: May 2012

While contemporary media scholars note the increasing breadth and intimacy of media’s involvement in everyday life (cell phones, electronic surveillance, foetal ultrasounds), there is a long history of ordinary objects serving media functions, acting as messengers in a sender–receiver
relationship with complex consequences, both intended and less so. The missing children notices on milk cartons in the United States present a communication phenomenon with a strong cultural presence but obscure cultural history. For all of their cultural resonance, their frequent use in satire,
their near-synonymity with the idea of disappearing with little or no trace, specifics about these notices on milk cartons are surprisingly difficult to come by. As many as five billion milk cartons with missing children pictured on their sides were in circulation at one time in the United
States. The practice of placing missing children notices on milk cartons grew explosively because of a complex confluence of political and social pressures in 1980s America. These pressures led many, with a wide variety of motives, to invest the phenomenon with meanings and hopes beyond its
laudable surface goal of aiding in the return of particular missing children. Milk carton notices serve as an example of how ordinary objects can not only respond to and amplify the communicative contributions of more traditional mass media, but can become media themselves.
Transforming neighbourhood mediators driven by poverty on Turkish reality television
Authors: Turkoglu Nurcay
Published: May 2012

In Turkey, there are different audience groups meeting at the crossroads of the popular entertainment format of reality television; first, those who are familiar with the fictional world of the media; second, those who make fun of passing traditions in social media; and third, those
who still live a more traditional life in their neighbourhoods. Focusing on the third audience group, this article will trace the transformation of neighbourhoods from pre- to postmodern. Mainstream media entertainment becomes popular with the support of pseudo ‘neighbourhood mediators’
in talk shows, game shows, and reality TV that rely on audience participation. Istanbul TV studios working within the global format of reality TV in their Turkish versions (with codings of kinship and hometown neighbourhoods for those who have immigrated to Istanbul) will be analyzed here
as part of a broader research. In this article, audience research is conducted in the context of whether any versions of reality TV induce audience participation at least in appearances, turns media into a ‘melting pot spectacle’ for real people with real problems. The research
shows that the connection between taking comfort in the old-style neighbouring of pre-modern times, and the expectations within the rationale of the modern human right to a better living, alongside the deficiency of liberal economic rights, all meet paradoxically in postmodern studio systems.
The Prison Litigation Reform Act As Sex Legislation: (Imagining) a Punk's Perspective of the Act
Authors: Robertson James E.
Published: May 2012

This article critiques the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) from the imagined perspective of a jailhouse punk. His sexual exploitation by fellow inmates “turns” him into a non-man, placing him at the bottom of a society of captive men. From his perspective, the PLRA deters him from bringing a federal failure-to-protect lawsuit. First, the PLRA requires exhausting administrative remedies before he can bring a lawsuit. Doing so, however, exposes him to ridicule and retaliation. Second, by making a “prior showing of physical injury” a precondition for an award of actual damages for mental or emotional harm, the PLRA effectively bars some victims of prison sexual exploitation from receiving deserved compensation. Justice for punks requires exempting allegations of prison sexual assault from the PLRA's exhaustion and physical injury provisions.
Why Habeas Review of State Court Convictions Is More Important than Ever
Authors: Adelman Lynn , Deitrich Jon
Published: May 2012

This article discusses the continued importance of rigorous habeas corpus review of state court convictions, particularly those obtained in states with an elected judiciary. Given the political pressures faced by elected judges and the tremendous amounts of money now being spent by candidates and third party groups in state judicial elections, it is highly doubtful that state courts can sufficiently protect and enforce the constitutional rights of unpopular litigants such as the criminally accused. An emerging body of research demonstrates that political pressure does indeed affect the manner in which judges rule in criminal cases. Accordingly, habeas corpus review by life-tenured federal judges should, if anything, be expanded, rather than reduced or eliminated, as some have argued.
Non-Capital Habeas Cases after Appellate Review: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: King Nancy J.
Published: May 2012

In 2007, researchers from the National Center for State Courts and Vanderbilt University Law School reported the findings from a study of litigation in 2384 randomly selected, non-capital habeas cases, approximately 6.5% of the non-capital habeas cases commenced in federal district courts in 2003 and 2004 by state prisoners. In this article, I update that report, including the cases that were pending when the 2007 report was prepared, following the study cases into the federal courts of appeals, and back into the state courts. Even after appellate review of denials and dismissals, the percentage of non-capital petitioners receiving federal habeas relief remains less than the 1% rate reported prior to AEDPA. Descriptive findings include appeals and requests to file successive petitions by circuit, and rulings on certificates of appealability by circuit. Detailed information regarding each case receiving relief in federal court is also included.
Heeding Congress's Message: The United States Supreme Court Bars Federal Courthouse Doors to Habeas Relief Against All but Irrational State Court Decisions, and Oftentimes Doubly So
Authors: O'Brien Daniel J.
Published: May 2012

Federal habeas corpus challenges to state criminal convictions grew significantly between 1948 and 1996 when traditional de novo review was coupled with an expanding list of federal constitutional protections the Supreme Court made applicable to the states.

The landscape changed dramatically in 1996 when Congress amended 28 U.S.C. § 2254 with the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act. Old and new procedural barriers to habeas review were codified. Merits review of state court decisions became highly deferential.

In a series of recent decisions discussed in this article, most notably Harrington v. Richter, 131 S. Ct. 770 (2011), the Court strongly expressed its frustration with the failure of lower courts to heed Congress' mandate. Federal courthouse doors are now closed to all but the rare case where there “is no possibility for fair-minded disagreement” the state court acted unreasonably (not just erroneously) in deciding the merits. Review becomes “doubly deferential” when the claim is one where deference is already owed in state court; most notably, challenges to the effectiveness of counsel and to the sufficiency of the evidence. Deference is owed even when the state court issues a summary merits decision without opinion.
Who Was “Prioris”? A Royal Composer Recovered
Authors: Dumitrescu Theodor
Published: May 2012

Research into the musical establishments of the French royal court during the reign of Louis XII (1498–1515) must contend with a severe lack of basic documentation from the musical chapels of Louis and Queen Anne of Brittany. A hitherto unexplored resource helping to fill this lacuna is offered by the archives of Blois, the principal urban base of the peripatetic royal households in the early sixteenth century. New archival records shed light on the activities of leading singers and composers of the court, among them the enigmatic royal chapelmaster “Prioris,” occasioning a complete revision of the composer's biography. A new story emerges: Prioris turns out to be not the “Johannes Prioris” known from the secondary literature—who likely never existed—but the Blois canon Denis Prieur (Dionisius Prioris), who had already served Louis XII for many years before his accession. The new outline of Prioris's biography reveals a career and life rooted in the Loire Valley, a localized and institutionalized view supported by a reexamination of the musician's compositional output and significant new musical evidence.
Comparison of Doping of Gey Si1-y:H (y>0.95) Films Deposited by Low Frequency PECVD at High (300°C) and Low (160°C) Temperatures
Authors: Cosme Ismael , Kosarev Andrey , Avila Francisco Temoltzi , Itzmoyotl Adrian
Published: May 2012

In this work we present the results of comparative study n- and p-doping of Ge:H and Ge0.96Si0.04 :H films deposited by LF PECVD at high deposition temperature (HT) Td=300°C and low deposition temperature (LT) Td=160°C. The concentration of boron and phosphorus in solid phase was measured by means of SIMS technique. Such parameters as spectral dependence of absorption coefficient, room temperature conductivity σRT and activation energy Ea for both intrinsic and doped films were obtained. The doping range studied in gas phase was for boron [B]gas= 0 to 0.15% and for phosphorus [P]gas= 0 to 0.2%. In general effect of deposition temperature on P and B doping has been demonstrated. For LT films changes of [P]gas=0.04% to 0.22% resulted in more than 2 orders increasing conductivity and reducing activation energy from Ea=0.28 to 0.16 eV. HT films in the range of [P]gas=0.04% to 0.2% demonstrated saturation of conductivity. HT films showed continuous reducing Ea with increase of [P]gas. In the case of boron doping both HT and LT films had a minimum of conductivity at certain values of [B]gas=0.05% (LT films) and 0.04% (HT films) and related maximums of activation energy Ea(max) at the same doping with Ea(max)=0.47 eV for HT and Ea(max)=0.53 eV for LT films. It suggests a compensation of electron conductivity in un-doped films for low B doping. Further raising [B]gas leads to reducing Ea and the smallest Ea=0.27 eV was obtained at [B]gas=0.18% for HT films and Ea=0.33 eV at [B]gas=0.14% for LH films.
Dielectric-tuned Diamondlike Carbon Materials for High-performance Self-aligned Graphene-channel Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Takabayashi Susumu , Yang Meng , Ogawa Shuichi , Takakuwa Yuji , Suemitsu Tetsuya , Otsuji Taiichi
Published: May 2012

The ‘DLC-GFET’, a graphene field effect transistor with a diamondlike carbon (DLC) top-gate dielectric film, is presented. The DLC film was formed ‘directly’ onto the graphene channel without forming passivation interlayers using our original photoemission-assisted plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PA-CVD), where the plasma was precisely controlled by photoemission from the sample with quite low electric power to minimize plasma damage to the channel. The DLC-GFET exhibits clear ambipolar characteristics with a slightly positive shift of the neutral points (Dirac voltages). Relatively high transconductances were obtained as 14.6 (8.8) mS/mm in the n (p) channel modes, respectively, with a thick gate dielectric of 48 nm and a long gate length of 5 μm, promising vertical scaling-down to improve the high-frequency performance. The positive shift of the Dirac voltage is due to unintentional hole doping from oxygen species in the DLC film into the graphene channel, promising a minute modulation doped structure with oxygen to overcome high resistance in the access region. Hence, a DLC film deposited by PA-CVD is a candidate for the gate dielectric on graphene.
When Reflexivity Is Not Enough
Authors: Trzebiatowska Marta
Published: May 2012

This article addresses the issues of reflexivity and emotional strain in fieldwork with religious populations. Undeniably, gaining access to, and forging relationships with, any social group is a challenging enterprise but the difficulty is particularly intensified when the researcher shares biographical characteristics with the researched. Based on two research projects with Polish nuns and Polish Catholic migrants, I explore the role of reflexivity in dealing with the emotional stress of fieldwork. I argue that although the lessons of feminist methodology have made fieldwork a collaborative and equal relationship between the researcher and the participants, when objective conditions in the field collide with the researcher’s cultural biography and dispositions, exercising reflexivity may not be sufficient to fix the problem.
Consuming Envy
Authors: Wood Martin
Published: May 2012

This paper examines the phenomenon of najar, the evil eye, in relation to beliefs and practices concerning food among Gujar?t? Hindus in the United Kingdom and New Zealand. Certain Gujar?t? Hindu traditions tend to publically dismiss najar, however, others engage with it and najar continues to play a substantial role in the day-to-day experience of Gujar?t? Hindus in this context. Drawing on extensive field research in the United Kingdom and complementary research in New Zealand, I provide an account of concepts and notions concerning najar and examine the extent to which wider considerations of belief and practice underpin belief or disbelief in najar, especially in relation to food. Finally, I examine najar in relation to the question of authority among Gujar?t? Hindu traditions in the diaspora and the problem of privileging of what are referred to as “representative” versions of Hinduism over “vernacular” traditions when it comes to fieldwork and presenting our findings concerning Hinduism in the academy.
“Are You Religious or are You Saved?”
Authors: Pihlaja Stephen
Published: May 2012

Using membership categorization analysis, this article investigates membership categories in a YouTube video made by an Evangelical Christian in which he differentiates between “saved” and “religious” users. Analysis will take a discourse-centred, multimodal approach grounded in longitudinal observation, using analysis of video discourse to instruct analysis of video images and user comments. Findings will show that categorization is accomplished by using recognized categories with ambiguous descriptions of category-bound activities that include metaphors, such as “being hungry for God” and not “hanging out with atheists.” These categories are recognized by commenters on the video, but the category bound activities applied to the category members are disputed. Findings will also show that scriptural reference plays an important role in categorization in the video, drawing on direct Bible quotes as well as paraphrases of key passages.
Via Facebook to Jerusalem
Authors: Roislien Hanne
Published: May 2012

Social media contain a significant potential as a research tool in the scholarly study of contemporary religion. This article, therefore, does not feed into the thematic field of “online ethnography” further, but is instead an attempt to utilize the online sphere as constructive research tools to gather more thorough ethnographic data in the field. Approaching Facebook as a toolbox rather than an object, this article is an attempt to demystify social media in general and Facebook in particular. Utilizing these media forms as efficient tools throughout the research process, the article looks at primarily two phases of the process, pre fieldwork and post-fieldwork, and explores the various components of Facebook in combination with these two phases. It is argued that Facebook represents a “Hub Keeper,” which is a generic term referring to three primary methodological functions: it is a Gate-Keeper that enables identification and recruitment of interviewees; it is a hub containing a variety of data; and, it is a Gateway for validation of data.
Eschatology, Religion and World Order
Authors: Knight W. Andy
Published: May 2012

The world is undergoing significant social and political changes reminiscent of the turbulence and chaos that accompanied the transition from the feudal world order to the early modern period. But, how do adherents of world religions perceive this transition and what specific conceptions of world order do they proffer. This article uses the eschatological teachings of major world religions – the world’s great contemplative traditions -- to understand the forces that brought the extant world order into being in the first place and the forces responsible for its transformation or demise. Drawing specifically from the various “millenarian” belief traditions -which focus on spiritual rejuvenation after a period of turbulence, the article ends with an important metaphorical question: Is it possible that this new millennium will usher in a new ‘golden age?’ Are we on the verge of witnessing the advent of a new world order?
Eschatology and World Order in Buddhist Formations
Authors: Apple James B.
Published: May 2012

At the core of Buddhist eschatological tradition is the concept of dharma -an ordering principle of an unending and beginningless universe, oscillating in a “cyclic existence” of creation and dissolution. But how does this cosmological principle shape Buddhist understanding and interpretation of the contemporary world order? This article relates Buddha’s dharma, with its primary themes of suffering and impermanence, to sociopolitical conditions in the realm of human affairs. Pointing out the dichotomy between the mundane (societal) and the super-mundane (cosmological), the article argues that world order is a process of dissolution and re-emergence based on the differentiation of environmental conditions and human dispositions. It concludes that although Buddhist tradition departs from the normal “end of things” eschatology, relative eschatologies have developed within the varied conditions in which Buddhism has flourished.
Hegemony and Revelation: A Baha'i Perspective on World Order
Authors: Danesh Roshan
Published: May 2012

Like most world religions, the Bahá’í Faith provides a vision of a promised age of the future. According to Baha’u’llah, the prophet founder of the Bahá’í religion, this promised future age is characterized by the progressive spiritualization of the individual and collective life of humanity, global peace, and the explicit recognition of the fundamental oneness of humanity. But the very fact that the Bahá’í Faith provides such a specific model of world order raises an essential question – is Baha’u’llah’s vision of a new world order rooted in a power-claim, which will assert the legitimacy of a future Bahá’í political hegemony? This article explores this question, and the aspects of Bahá’í theology, doctrine, and political thought which assist in answering it. It concludes that this “new World Order” is not to claim future temporal power, but to lay out a general architecture for the structuring and exercise of power that strives to reflect the principle of oneness of religion and oneness of humanity. It is not a claim to power, but a claim about power including, its proper uses, manifestations, and limitations in a truly global society.
Think Globally, Pray Locally
Authors: Rosenau James N.
Published: May 2012

Religious beliefs have become increasingly global in scope, as new technologies reduce distance between places and people. However, this heightened interconnectedness does not supplant local concerns, be they family, jobs, or communities, rather it reinforces tensions between local and global forces that have become a central feature of our time. These tensions, between the “proximate” and the “distant,” have two contrary tendencies: one, integration, and the other, fragmentation. The first points to prospect for world order whereas the second signals dangers of world disorder. Using the concept of “fragmegration”- the interactive dynamics between these two tendencies- this article examines how, on the one hand, the global spread of religious forces breeds religious fundamentalism while on the other encourages tolerance between disparate beliefs. It suggests that religious beliefs will be an important part of world order if equilibrium is maintained between the forces of integration and fragmentation. When such a balance is maintained, the devotees of world religions will think globally even as they pray locally, their beliefs will be a source of order not just for their ‘world’, but for the globe as a whole.
Inventing Authority: The Use of Church Fathers in Reformation Debates over the Eucharist by Esther Chung-Kim
Authors: Leske Adrian M
Published: May 2012

Inventing Authority: The Use of Church Fathers in Reformation Debates over the Eucharist by Esther Chung-Kim. Baylor University Press, 2011. 230pp., hb., $49.95. ISBN-13: 9781602582132.
Joseph Smith, Jesus and Satanic Opposition: Atonement, Evil and the Mormon Vision, by Douglas J. Davies
Authors: Widmer Kurt
Published: May 2012

Joseph Smith, Jesus and Satanic Opposition: Atonement, Evil and the Mormon Vision, by Douglas J. Davies. Ashgate, 2010. 282 pp., index, bibliography, pb. $29.22. ISBN-13: 9781409406709.
Evolution of Protocols in Traditional Healing Practices and their Effects on the Practice of Healing
Authors: Cardinal Clifford
Published: May 2012

Foremost in traditional views among Aboriginal people was the role of specially-gifted individuals, usually called medicine people (or, sometimes, shamans). Adapting this knowledge to the modern intellectual environment of medicine is a difficult but essential task. In this article, firsthand experience on these issues is explored through the work of a traditional healer who is also an Assistant Professor at the University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine.
Trace me if you can: the use of intrinsic biogeochemical markers in marine top predators
Authors: Ramos Raül , González-Solís Jacob
Published: May 2012

Human activities have serious impacts on marine apex predators. Inadequate knowledge of the spatial and trophic ecology of these marine animals ultimately compromises the viability of their populations and impedes our ability to use them as environmental biomonitors. Intrinsic biogeochemical markers, such as stable isotopes, fatty acids, trace elements, and chemical pollutants, are increasingly being used to trace the spatial and trophic ecology of marine top predators. Notable advances include the emergence of the first oceanographic “isoscapes” (isotopic geographic gradients), the advent of compound‐specific isotopic analyses, improvements in diet reconstruction through Bayesian statistics, and tissue analysis of tracked animals to ground‐truth biogeochemical profiles. However, most researchers still focus on only a few tracers. Moreover, insufficient knowledge of the biogeochemical integration in tissues, fractionation and routing processes, and geographic and temporal variability in baseline levels continue to hamper the resolution and potential of these markers in studying the spatial and feeding ecology of top predators.
Molecular Genomic Research Designs
Authors: Baumgartel Kelley , Zelazny Jamie , Timcheck Theresa , Snyder Chantel , Bell Mandy , Conley Yvette P.
Published: May 2012

Genetic and genomic research approaches have the capability to expand our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of disease susceptibility, susceptibility to complications related to disease, trajectory of recovery from acquired injuries and infections, patient response to interventions and therapeutics, as well as informing diagnoses and prognoses. Nurse scientists are actively involved in all of these fields of inquiry, and the goal of this chapter is to assist with incorporation of genetic and genomic trajectories into their research and facilitate the design and execution of these studies. New studies that are going to embark on recruitment, phenotyping, and sample collection will benefit from forethought about research design to ensure that it addresses the research questions or hypotheses being tested. Studies that will use existing data or samples will also benefit from forethought about research design for the same reason but will also address the fact that some designs may not be feasible with the available data or samples. This chapter discusses candidate gene association, genome-wide association, candidate gene expression, global gene expression, and epigenetic/epigenomic study designs. Information provided includes rationale for selecting an appropriate study design, important methodology considerations for each design, key technologies available to accomplish each type of study, and online resources available to assist in executing each type of study design.
Stop, Look, and Listen
Authors: Driessnack Martha , Gallo Agatha M.
Published: May 2012

The intersection of the genomic era and information age has created novel ethical, legal, and social issues that may be beyond the reach of existing guidelines for children and adolescents in research. By taking the opportunity to s
Skeletal Muscle and Genetics
Authors: Kasper Christine E.
Published: May 2012

The regulation of hypertrophy or atrophy of skeletal muscle is highly regulated by genetic signals closely tied to function. This chapter focuses on the genetic alteration of structural and cytoskeletal proteins that influence exercise capacity, self-care, and activities of daily living by modulation of the physiologic cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle. In addition to a discussion of genetic mechanisms of atrophy and sarcopenia, the muscular dystrophies along with the laminopathies, both diseases of cytoskeletal proteins will be reviewed.
Shared Genomics of Type 2 and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Wung Shu-Fen , Lin Pei-Chao
Published: May 2012

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common complications of pregnancy and the prevalence of GDM is increasing worldwide. Short- and longterm complications of GDM on mothers and fetuses are well-recognized. These include more than seven-fold higher risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) later in life in women with GDM than those without. Evidence supports that GDM shares several risk factors with T2DM, including genetic risks. This chapter reviewed studies on candidate genes shared by T2DM and GDM published from 1990 to 2011. At least 20 susceptible genes of T2DM have been studied in women with GDM in various races. Results from current association studies on T2DM susceptible genes in GDM have shown significant heterogeneity. There may be primary evidence that polymorphisms of susceptible genes of T2DM such as transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene, potassium channel voltagegate KQT-like subfamily member 1 (KCNQ1) gene, and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 1-like 1 (CDKAL1) gene, may increase risk of GDM. Associations between GDM and many genetic variants have led to different findings across populations. Many genetic polymorphisms related to GDM were investigated in a single study or a single population. Replication studies to verify contributions of both common and rare genetic variants for GDM and T2DM in specific racial/ethnic groups are needed.
Genetics and Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Authors: Heitkemper Margaret M. , Kohen Ruth , Jun Sang-Eun , Jarrett Monica E.
Published: May 2012

Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal discomfort/pain, and heartburn are ubiquitous and as such are often the focus of nursing interventions. The etiologies of these symptoms include GI pathology (e.g., cancer, inflammation), dietary factors (e.g., lactose intolerance), infection, stress, autonomic nervous system dysregulation, medications, as well as a host of diseases outside the GI tract. This review focuses on a common condition (irritable bowel syndrome [IBS]) that is linked with both bowel pattern and abdominal discomfort/pain symptoms. Family and twin studies give evidence for a role of genetic factors in IBS. Whether genes are directly associated with IBS or influence disease risk indirectly by modulating the response to environmental factors remains unknown at this time. Given the multifactorial nature of IBS, it is unlikely that a single genetic factor is responsible for IBS. In addition, gene–gene (epistatic) interactions are also likely to play a role. Four genes coding for proteins involved in neurotransmission (i.e., the serotonin reuptake transporter [SERT], tryptophan hydroxylase [TPH], alpha
Patient and Family Issues Regarding Genetic Testing for Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Sparbel Kathleen J. H. , Tluczek Audrey
Published: May 2012

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a potentially life-shortening autosomal recessive genetic condition resulting in chronic progressive respiratory involvement, malnutrition, electrolyte imbalance, and male infertility. It is the most common autosomal inherited condition in the White population, and its presence is recorded with varying prevalence across ethnicities. Since the 1989 discovery of the genetic variant F508del, the most common cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutation, more than 1,900 CF mutations have been identifi ed. The 1997 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Statement on Cystic Fibrosis, along with 2001 and 2005 recommendations from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), provide the basis for population CF carrier screening in the prenatal setting. Recommendations for newborn screening (NBS) for cystic fibrosis were released in 2004, with NBS programs in the United States initiated thereafter.
Diseasome
Authors: Wysocki Kenneth , Ritter Leslie
Published: May 2012

Using bioinformatics computational tools, network maps that integrate the complex interactions of genetics and diseases have been developed. The purpose of this review is to introduce the reader to new approaches in understanding disease–gene associations using network maps, with an emphasis on how the human disease network (HDN) map (or diseasome) was constructed. A search was conducted in PubMed using the years 1999–2011 and using key words diseasome, molecular interaction, interactome, protein–protein interaction, and gene. The information reviewed included journal reviews, open source and webbased databases, and open source computational tools.
Theoretical Perspective: Resilience in Medically Fragile Adolescents
Authors: Spratling Regena , Weaver Scott R.
Published: May 2012

Medically fragile adolescents require medical technology and skilled care from parents and nurses in daily life. These adolescents may be ventilator dependent, require intravenous nutrition or medications, depend on nutritional or respiratory support, and depend on nursing care or other medical devices for daily living. Much of the extant research on medically fragile children and adolescents has lacked an overarching theoretical perspective. Findings suggest that peer relationships, family support, technology dependence, school attendance, and self-esteem are concepts of relevance for these adolescents. Thus, a theoretical framework derived from the risk and resilience literature was developed to identify the nature of their interrelationships using theory derivation techniques. The resilience in medically fragile adolescents framework was derived using concepts described by these adolescents. Further study is needed to test this model in medically fragile adolescents with hopes to foster positive outcomes for these adolescents.
Stimulation of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells by Dentin Matrix Protein 1 Activates Mitogen‐Activated Protein Kinase and Osteoblast Differentiation
Authors: Chandrasekaran Sangeetha , Ramachandran Amsaveni , Eapen Asha , George Anne
Published: May 2012

Background: Periodontitis can ultimately result in tooth loss. Many natural and synthetic materials have been tried to achieve periodontal regeneration, but the results remain variable and unpredictable. We hypothesized that exogenous treatment with dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) activates specific genes and results in phenotypic and functional changes in human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs).

Methods: hPDLSCs were isolated from extracted teeth and cultured in the presence or absence of DMP1. Quantitative polymerase chain reactions were performed to analyze the expression of several genes involved in periodontal regeneration. hPDLSCs were also processed for immunocytochemical and Western blot analysis using phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (pERK) and ERK antibodies. Alkaline phosphatase and von Kossa staining were performed to characterize the differentiation of hPDLSCs into osteoblasts. Field emission scanning electron microscopic analysis of the treated and control cell cultures were also performed.

Results: Treatment with DMP1 resulted in the upregulation of genes, such as matrix metalloproteinase‐2, alkaline phosphatase, and transforming growth factor β1. Activation of ERK mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway and translocation of pERK from the cytoplasm to the nucleus was observed. Overall, DMP1‐treated cells showed increased expression of alkaline phosphatase, increased matrix, and mineralized nodule formation when compared with untreated controls.

Conclusion: DMP1 can orchestrate a coordinated expression of genes and phenotypic changes in hPDLSCs by activation of the ERK signaling pathway, which may provide a valuable strategy for tissue engineering approaches in periodontal regeneration.
A Systematic Review of the Use of Growth Factors in Human Periodontal Regeneration
Authors: Darby Ivan B. , Morris Kevin H.
Published: May 2012

Background: There is a large body of evidence using cells and animal models demonstrating the effectiveness of growth factors in periodontal regeneration. However, there appears to be minimal literature comparing the efficacy of growth factors in human periodontal regeneration compared to other techniques and procedures. Therefore, the aim of this study is to perform a systematic review of human studies using growth factors for periodontal regeneration and to compare the efficacy of these growth factors to other accepted techniques for periodontal regeneration.

Methods: An electronic and manual search based on agreed search phrases between the primary investigator and a secondary investigator was performed to identify the use of growth factors in periodontics for the literature review. The articles that were identified by this systematic review were analyzed in detail, which included the study of their inclusion and exclusion criteria, outcome measures determination and analysis, risk of bias, adverse events, and conclusions or inference of the efficacy of growth factors to the general population.

Results: Five papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Two papers were identified that had sufficiently similar study design that a meta‐analysis of their outcomes was possible. Most of the reported outcomes from the selected papers were descriptive. The articles demonstrated periodontal regeneration at least comparable to their respective positive controls, with only a couple of articles demonstrating significantly greater outcomes compared to their respective positive controls. Histologic evidence demonstrated greater periodontal regeneration when using growth factors compared to other regenerative techniques and an increased healing and bone maturation rate compared to other regenerative and bone augmentation techniques in these human studies.

Conclusions: Within the limits of this systematic review, the use of recombinant human platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (rhPDGF‐BB) led to greater clinical attachment level gain of ≈1 mm compared to an osteoconductive control, β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP). The use of rhPDGF‐BB led to greater percentage bone fill of ≈40% compared to the osseoconductive control, β‐TCP. Last, the use of rhPDGF‐BB led to an increased rate of bone growth of ≈2 mm compared to the osseoconductive control, β‐TCP.
Experiences of Women with Stress-Related Ill Health in a Therapeutic Gardening Program
Authors: Eriksson Therese , Westerberg Yvonne , Jonsson Hans
Published: May 2012

Background. Stress-related ill health, e.g. burnout, is of great concern worldwide. Effective rehabilitation programs need to be developed and their therapeutic aspects understood. Purpose. To explore and describe how women with stress-related ill health who are on sick leave experience the rehabilitation process in a therapeutic garden and how these experiences connect to their everyday lives. Methods. This longitudinal study used methods from grounded theory. Five women completed three semi-structured interviews at three weekly intervals during rehabilitation and one interview three months after. Data were analyzed using a constant comparative approach. Findings. A secure environment facilitated engagement in activities that provided feelings of enjoyment. These experiences inspired participants to add enjoyable activities in their everyday lives, contributing to occupational balance, despite worries of not be able to continue performing enjoyable activities. Implications. Effective rehabilitation programs need to focus on enjoyable activities in a protective environment to support achievement of occupational balance.
A Critical Review of Interventions Addressing Ageist Attitudes in Healthcare Professional Education
Authors: Brown Cary A. , Kother Diane J. , Wielandt Trish M.
Published: May 2012

Background. As the population ages, the demand for health care services will increase. Evidence suggests that the pervasive negative societal beliefs regarding aging and older persons are also found among occupational therapy students and practitioners. These attitudes can negatively affect healthcare service provision. Purpose. To determine the strength of the evidence regarding educational interventions used to modify ageist values and beliefs of health care professionals. Methods. A critical review of the literature was undertaken to evaluate methodological quality of relevant outcome studies. Findings. Of the fifteen studies meeting the inclusion criteria one was rated as “strong” evidence, and the remainder lacked methodological rigour. Such results make it difficult to decide the usefulness of including educational interventions in health care curricula to negate ageism. Implications. Research specific to occupational therapy is required as our unique frames of reference and theoretical models to guide practice may preclude generalizability of research from other professional groups.
The Meaning Gap in Occupational Therapy: Finding Meaning in our Own Occupation
Authors: Aiken Fran E. , Fourt Anne M. , Cheng Isabella K. S. , Polatajko Helene J.
Published: May 2012

Background. Occupation is a core concept of our profession, yet little is understood about how therapists use occupation in clinical practice. Purpose. This study explores frontline clinicians' experience with occupation-based practice in a large academic health sciences centre. Methods. A qualitative constructivist study was conducted using thematic analysis, following in-depth interviews with 12 occupational therapists. Findings. Participants described the existence of two realities: Occupational therapy as they felt it should be practiced and as it actually is practiced. When the two were incongruent, participants experienced a meaning gap, which was expressed through four themes to reveal that a personal sense of occupation guides practice and transforms the meaning of the job. Implications. The exploration of personal occupational meaning through conscious self-reflection and co-creation of meaning with clients and their health care teams may serve to bridge the meaning gap.
Exploring the Meaning of Occupation: The Case for Phenomenology
Authors: Reed Kirk D. , Hocking Clare S. , Smythe Liz A.
Published: May 2012

Background. Some authors are beginning to challenge current categorisations of occupation as self-care, productivity, and leisure in favour of categories that address meaning. However, the meaning of occupation receives relatively little attention in the literature. Purpose. To provide a synthesis of the contemporary literature that considers the meaning of occupation and to argue that phenomenological insights into the meaning of occupation might usefully inform occupational therapy research, theory, and practice. Key Issues. Meaning is a key aspect of occupation. Three phenomenological meanings of occupation uncovered by a study conducted in New Zealand—the call, Being-with and possibilities—provide a starting point for practice, research, and theory informed by understandings of the lived experience of occupation. Implications. Occupational therapy's theories would benefit from an evidence base that includes meaning, which in turn would lead to authentic occupational therapy practice.
Cognitive and Emotional Correlates of Different Types of Deception
Authors: Jung Kyu-Hee , Lee Jang-Han
Published: May 2012

We examined whether or not psychophysiological measures could be used to discriminate between 4 types of lies. Alpha-band event-related desynchronization (ERD) and skin conductance response (SCR) measures were used to successfully discriminate between deception and truth. However, when
deception was divided into 4 subsets, different patterns of ERD and SCR values were observed. There were substantial differences in ERD produced by instructed memorized lies, instructed created lies, spontaneously memorized lies, and truth. In contrast, SCR was a strong discriminator between
created lies and truth. The results indicated that ERD could be sensitive to the cognitive activation caused by deception. Also, the strengths and weaknesses of both SCR and ERD measures could be supplemented when used together to detect different types of deception.