bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Business-Information Technology Alignment and Sustainability of State-Owned Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Chidinma Nnyeche Theresa , Bestman E A
Published: January 2022

Purpose: This work examined Business-Information Technology Alignment and Sustainability of State-Owned Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria. The objective was to investigate the relationship between strategy-driven alignment and sustainability of state-owned tertiary institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria.

Methodology: To achieve this, two research questions and hypotheses were designed to guide the study. The population for this work comprised 1,224 staff between grade level 11 and above in the five state-owned tertiary institutions in Rivers State.   The sample size of this study consisted of 302 selected using the Taro-Yamane sampling technique.  The instrument for data collection was the questionnaire. The test for the internal regularity of the instrument was conducted using Spearman Rank Order correlation. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions; Statistical Package for Social Science out version 23.0 was used to test the null hypotheses.

Findings: It was found that strategy-driven alignment significantly influenced the sustainability of quality service delivery of the state-owned tertiary institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria; the study therefore concluded that adopting the concept of business-information technology alignment will invariably result to sustainability in tertiary institutions.

Recommendation: The study recommended among other things that: Federal and state governments as well as tertiary institution’s management should, as a matter of urgency, develop credible strategy-driven alignment approach that will ensure that the unique objectives of the tertiary institutions are derived seamlessly while using IT, that tertiary institution management should fore-handily train all IT staff on the objectives of the institution so that everyone in IT has a visceral understanding of the institutions intention with regards to quality service delivery.
Las convenciones probatorias en el Código Procesal Penal: dificultades para su aplicación en el sistema procesal penal peruano
Authors: Sucari Cruz Rolando
Published: January 2022

El código adjetivo de 2004 ha incorporado la justicia penal negociada en el sistema adversarial (sistema penal acusatorio). Como una manifestación del mismo son las convenciones probatorias que brindan una solución a los intereses confrontados de las partes de forma voluntaria y consensuada, ya que opera como un mecanismo de simplificación procesal. Y ofrece ciertas ventajas: (i) las partes voluntariamente pueden solucionar sus intereses en conflicto y (ii) contribuye a la resolución pronta y eficaz del problema, esto es, celeridad y economía procesal. No obstante, se presentan dificultades que han impedido que se apliquen, tales como una regulación dispersa, asistemática y precario desarrollo a nivel de la jurisprudencia y la doctrina. De hecho, un aspecto que ha originado varios inconvenientes es sobre los límites de su aplicación u objeto sobre el que recae. Este trabajo, justamente, dilucida ese punto a partir de la revisión de la doctrina y la jurisprudencia. Las conclusiones más relevantes que pueden mencionarse son: (i) las convenciones probatorias pueden versar sobre hechos principales de la imputación, pues no se circunscriben únicamente a hechos o circunstancias accesorias y (ii) en la doctrina y la jurisprudencia se considera que las convenciones probatorias pueden recaer sobre hechos principales, pero con ciertas limitaciones, ya que a través de este mecanismo de simplificación procesal no puede determinarse la responsabilidad penal o las circunstancias modificatorias de esta.
China: comercio minorista en el contexto de libre mercado
Authors: Bocanegra Gastelum Carmen Otilia
Published: January 2022

La nueva configuración del comercio minorista en China es producto de las estrategias del gobierno chino, establecidas con la finalidad de elevar su mercado interno y al mismo tiempo que este sector participe de manera significativa en las estrategias de crecimiento de la economía. Por esta razón el interés de estudiar la reestructuración del comercio minorista en China en el contexto de la economía de libre mercado. En esta obra se analiza la configuración del comercio minorista tradicional y electrónico en China en el contexto de la economía del libre mercado, respondiendo a las siguientes interrogantes: ¿Cuáles son las características del comercio minorista que precede al libre mercado? ¿Cómo se presentan los cambios del libre mercado en el comercio minorista? ¿Cómo participa el gobierno en la reconfiguración del comercio minorista? ¿Qué características manifiesta la tendencia del comercio minorista tradicional y electrónico? ¿Cuál es el perfil del consumidor en línea? ¿Cuál ha sido el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el comercio minorista electrónico en China?
RESENHA DE OBRA QUE ANALISA O PENSAMENTO DE IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) NA EDUCAÇÃO
Authors: Duarte Fernandes dos Passos Rogério
Published: January 2022

O presente resumo objetiva trazer apontamentos acerca da obra Sobre a Pedagogia (Über Pädagogik), do filósofo Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) – e com tradução de Francisco Cock Fontanella –, registrando o pensamento do filósofo sobre educação, em um de seus trabalhos menos conhecidos.
Deflecting Roots Near Sidewalks
Authors: Gilman Edward F.
Published: January 2022

Concrete sidewalks 10 cm (4 in) thick measuring 1.2 m (4.5 ft) wide by 5 m (16.5 ft) long were installed in spring 1996 with and without barriers designed to deflect roots. Forty-eightPlatanus occidentalisfrom #15 containers were planted 0.75 m (30 in) from sidewalks and irrigated regularly to encourage rapid growth. Identical studies were installed on one well-drained and one poorly drained site located about 18 km (11.2 miles) apart. Barriers included 30 cm (12 in) deep DeepRoot, Biobarrier®, polyethylene (6 mil), a clean gravel layer (15 cm [6 in] deep; 2 to 3 cm [0.8 to 1.2 in] diameter) under the walk, and a control without a barrier. Roots were excavated 8 years after planting. No roots grew in the gravel in the well-drained site, resulting in a significantly deeper root system (19 cm [7.6 in]) under the walks than all other treatments (11 cm [4.4 in]). Vertical root barriers did not increase root depth compared to the control on the well-drained soil. Gravel under the walk and Biobarrier were most effective on poorly drained soil. DeepRoot was the least effective vertical barrier on the poorly drained site; Biobarrier was the most effective. Treatments had no effect on diameter of roots growing under the sidewalks. Roots deflected by the vertical barriers were forced deeper into the soil, but many returned to the surface by the time they reached the opposite side of the walk. Gravel under the sidewalk appears to hold promise for reducing sidewalk damage, especially on well-drained sites.
Branch Union Morphology Affects Decay Following Pruning
Authors: Gilman Edward , Grabosky Jason
Published: January 2022

Branch diameter relative to the trunk diameter (aspect ratio) affected the extent of discolored and decayed wood in the trunk of seedling-propagated red maple (Acer rubrum L.) after branch removal. More discoloration resulted from removing codominant stems than removing branches that were small compared to the trunk. Removing limbs that originated from lateral buds resulted in the same amount of discoloration and decay as removing suppressed limbs that were once the leader. This result provides indirect evidence that a small codominant stem suppressed by pruning techniques designed to slow its growth rate can result in a branch protection zone at the union. There was no relation between the presence of a bark inclusion and decay 4 years after making pruning cuts.
The Use of Film-Forming Polymers to Control Guignardia Leaf Blotch and Powdery Mildew on Aesculus hippocastanum L. and Quercus robur L.
Authors: Percival Glynn , Keary Ian , Marshall Kelly
Published: January 2022

The effects of four commercially available film-forming polymers (Bond, Designer, Spray Gard, Nu-Film-P) on disease severity of powdery mildew (Microsphaera alphitoides Griffon and Maubl.) on English oak (Quercus robur L.) and Guignardia leaf blotch (Guignardia aesculi (Peck) Stewart) on horsechestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) were examined in a field experiment. In addition, a comparative evaluation of the fungicide penconazole, commercially used for powdery mildew control, was conducted. Effects on tree vitality were also assessed by measuring leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll concentrations. Irrespective of tree species, Nu-Film-P and Spray Gard did not significantly influence disease severity of powdery mildew and Guignardia leaf blotch. Likewise, no significant effects of these two film-forming polymers on chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content were recorded. Reduction in disease severity following spray applications of the film-forming polymers Bond and Designer was statistically comparable with penconazole. None of the film-forming polymers and fungicide evaluated was phytotoxic to the test trees. Results suggest that application of an appropriate film-forming polymer may provide a useful addition to existing methods of plant disease control.
The Effect of Paclobutrazol Treatment on Starch Content, Mycorrhizal Colonization, and Fine Root Density of White Oaks (Quercus alba L.)
Authors: Watson Gary
Published: January 2022

Mature white oaks (Quercus alba L.) averaging 61 cm (24.4 in) dbh and in a moderate state of decline were treated with 0.8 g active ingredient (a.i.)/cm (2 g/in) paclobutrazol (PBZ) on 11 April 1995, and again with 1.2 g a.i./cm (3 g/in) on 8 October 1998, as a basal drench. PBZ produced no reduction in leaf size or twig growth of the white oaks at any time during the 7 years of the study. Rapidly growing plants may be more effectively growth-regulated by PBZ. Fine root density, starch content of the woody roots, and percentage of mycorrhizal root tips were unaffected by PBZ treatment. This is the first direct evidence that mycorrhizae are not reduced by the fungicidal properties of PBZ. The root zone of these trees was mulched but laterally restricted. Root density and mycorrhizae may have already been high under these conditions, limiting the ability of PBZ to improve them further.
Timing of Cut-Stump Herbicide Applications for Killing Hardwood Trees on Power Line Rights-of-Way
Authors: Ballard Benjamin , Nowak Christopher
Published: January 2022

Removal of tall-growing trees on power line rights-of-way is necessary for the safe and reliable transmission of electricity. Cut-stump herbicide treatments have been used at different times of the year to control resprouting and suckering of unwanted hardwood trees on power line corridors in the northeastern United States with varying degrees of success. Growing season applications have typically been thought to be most effective; however, if a high percentage of mortality could also be achieved by selecting an appropriate herbicide mix for early-spring and late-fall applications, vegetation managers would have more flexibility in prescribing and scheduling treatments. The authors evaluated mortality and amount of herbicide applied for April, June, and November using operational-style cut-stump treatments with three herbicide mixes—Accord® + Arsenal®, Garlon 4® + Stalker®, and Pathway®. After 2 years, over 90% mortality was achieved for at least one herbicide mix at all three application dates. Mortality varied by both mix and application date, consistent with herbicide mode of action. In April and June, Accord + Arsenal had lower mortality than Garlon 4 + Stalker or Pathway, but in November, it resulted in slightly higher mortality than the other two mixes. The Garlon 4 + Stalker mix and Pathway had equally high mortality for all treatment dates. Successful use of the cut-stump method in spring through fall may be contingent upon matching herbicide mix to the date of application. These results indicate that Garlon 4 + Stalker or Pathway could be used April through November, but applications with Accord + Arsenal should be made in late summer or fall. These recommendations should be evaluated in other regions and with additional target tree species. The quantity of herbicide used by operational crews varied among application dates and herbicide mixtures and appeared to be strongly influenced by spray equipment and the person applying the herbicide. Minor refinements in application techniques and equipment have the potential to reduce the amount of herbicide used without adversely affecting efficacy, and warrant further consideration.
An Analysis of the Street Tree Population of Greater Melbourne at the Beginning of the 21st Century
Authors: Frank Stephen , Waters Glenn , Beer Russell , May Peter
Published: January 2022

An audit of the street tree population of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, was undertaken to establish its size and botanical composition as a reference point for future studies. The 31 independent municipalities that comprise metropolitan Melbourne were approached to provide information on their respective street tree populations. Where available, data from individual municipalities on population, area, and total street length were also collected. Of the 31 municipalities surveyed, 23 had undertaken some form of street tree inventory or audit. These individual data sets were combined into a single database. Data queries were then undertaken to obtain a range of information. A total of 922,353 trees, comprising 1127 taxa, were captured in this superset of data. Australian native plants made up the majority of the trees with 60% of the total. Of the Australian native taxa, wattles (Acacia spp.), gums or eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.), paperbarks (Melaleuca spp.), bottlebrush (Callistemon spp.), and Queensland brush box (Lophostemon confertus [R. Br.] Peter G. Wilson and Waterhouse) comprised 394,730 individuals (43% of all trees). Of the exotic taxa, Prunus spp. were the most common with 86,227 individuals (9% of the total). Queensland brush box was the most common taxon surveyed with 61,959 individuals. Purple-leaf cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. ‘Nigra’) was the most common exotic taxon with 35,402 individuals. An analysis of the diversity of this population showed that it meets a set of minimum diversity criteria apart from the dominance of the Myrtaceae at the family level.
Prevention of Pine Wilt of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) with Systemic Abamectin Injections
Authors: James Randall , Tisserat Ned , Todd Tim
Published: January 2022

We examined the efficacy of the insecticide/nematicide abamectin to prevent pine wilt disease caused by the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Pinewood nematode movement was inhibited (>80% death or paralysis) following a 48 hr exposure to abamectin concentrations as low as 0.1 μL a.i. per L (100 ppb). A commercial formulation of abamectin (Avid™) was injected into Scots pine using a pressurized systemic trunk injection tube (STIT) technique. Fifteen to 30 mL (0.45 to 0.90 fl oz) of Avid per STIT could be injected into the trees in less than 1 hr. Trees were successfully injected throughout February, March, and April at temperatures above 4.4°C (40°F). Survival after 1 year of 10 cm diameter (4 in) at breast height (dbh) Scots pines injected with Avid and subsequently inoculated with pinewood nematode was higher (75%) than in pines injected with water (42%). Similarly, survival after 3 years of large Scots pines (30 to 60 cm [12 to 24 in] dbh)] injected with Avid and exposed to a natural epidemic of pine wilt was higher (96%) than in noninjected pines (33%) or those injected with water (71%). These results indicate that preventive injections of Scots pine with Avid are effective in protecting against pine wilt disease.
Strategies and Treatments for Leafy Mistletoe (Phoradendron tomentosum [DC.] Engelm ex. Gray) Suppression on Cedar Elm (Ulmus crassifolia Nutt.)
Authors: Watson W. Todd , Martinez-Trinidad Tomas
Published: January 2022

Leafy mistletoe, Phoradendron tomentosum (DC.) Engelm ex. Gray, can adversely affect trees growing in urban environments. The efficacy of several methods for controlling P. tomentosum in Ulmus crassifolia was evaluated in two separate trials. In the first experiment, eight treatments with five replicate trees, 20.3 to 30.5 cm (8.1 to 12.2 in) dbh, were evaluated. Removal of the branch 30.5 cm (12.2 in) below the mistletoe, removal of mistletoe, and treating the branch bark with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or a caulking compound in which mistletoe was removed resulted in reduced regrowth of the ectophyte (>90%) after 5 months. The use of growth regulator and herbicides (ethephon, 2,4-D, and glyphosate) on intact mistletoe plants in experiment 1 did not provide acceptable control of mistletoe. After 29 months, only removal of the branch and caulking over the bark after mistletoe removal demonstrated a significant long-term effect on mistletoe mortality (40% and 57%, respectively). In the second experiment, a new treatment was evaluated based on the results from the first experiment. The use of NAA and light exclusion (black latex paint) reduced the resprouting of mistletoe by 50% after 8 months, but this effect diminished over time. However, 16 months after application, NAA and paint significantly reduced regrowth compared with removing mistletoe alone. This study provides strategies to achieve acceptable short-term control and long-term management of leafy mistletoe in urban trees.
Certain Characteristics of Unlicensed Tree Expert Companies Advertising in Maryland, U.S.
Authors: Galvin Michael
Published: January 2022

In 2005, Maryland’s tree expert licensing law, initially enacted in 1945, was amended to include tree removal as an activity requiring a tree expert license. The Maryland Department of Natural Resources (MD DNR) sought to identify and communicate with the potentially affected community regarding the pending changes in the law by a number of means, including a search of companies advertising tree services in Maryland by online phone listings. The majority of firms (69.91%) found to be advertising tree services online were unlicensed tree experts (UnLTEs). A significant number of those UnLTEs (40%) did not provide full contact information, including a street address, and no current address was available for over 25% of them. Only 21 of the UnLTEs studied had ever been the subject of a complaint to MD DNR and those firms accounted for only 18.2% of complaints MD DNR received regarding UnLTEs during a 10 year period. UnLTEs were found in approximately equal measure in one of three business types: incorporated, unincorporated, or unknown (sole proprietorships, general partnerships, or noncompliant). UnLTEs are fairly ubiquitous in small numbers across Maryland with the largest concentrations found close to the borders of adjacent states, in the northeast metropolitan area of Maryland’s largest city (Baltimore), and around the state capital (Annapolis).
Street Tree Diversity in Eastern North America and Its Potential for Tree Loss to Exotic Borers
Authors: Raupp Michael , Cumming Anne , Raupp Erin
Published: January 2022

In light of catastrophic tree losses caused by Dutch elm disease, foresters recommended that the urban forest be diversified. The intent was to create a more sustainable urban forest that would not be decimated by a single pathogen or insect pest. However, recent introductions of deadly borers such as Asian longhorned beetle and emerald ash borer reveal that new introductions can have disastrous consequences for urban forests. An analysis of tree inventories from 12 cities in eastern North America reveals an overabundance of certain genera of trees such as Acer and Fraxinus. Introduced pests with broad host ranges such as the Asian longhorned beetle may be capable of killing or forcing intervention on large numbers of trees. Even cities that have diversified at a low taxonomic level (cultivar or species) may suffer greatly from the depredations of insect pests such as the emerald ash borer that specialize on plants at the generic level. Generalists capable of feeding on plants in several families will create problems for urban forests even when attempts have been made to diversify at higher taxonomic levels. Urban foresters should avoid planting susceptible taxa of trees, especially in cities that are overstocked in these taxa, and consider diversifying greatly the types of trees in cities.
Effects of Planting Depth on Landscape Tree Survival and Girdling Root Formation
Authors: Wells Christina , Townsend Karen , Caldwell Judy , Ham Donald , Smiley E. Thomas , Sherwood Michael
Published: January 2022

Landscape trees are frequently planted with their root collars below grade, a practice that may predispose them to transplant failure and girdling root formation. The objective of the present research was to examine the effect of planting depth on the health, survival, and root development of two popular landscape trees, red maple (Acer rubrum) and Yoshino cherry (Prunus × yedoensis). Trees were transplanted with their root flares at grade, 15 cm (6 in) below grade, or 31 cm (12 in) below grade. Deep planting reduced the survival of Yoshino cherries: 2 years after transplant, 50% of the 15 cm (6 in) and 31 cm (12 in) deep-planted cherries had died, whereas all the cherries planted at grade had survived. Survival of maples was not affected by planting depth. Deep planting also influenced the development of girdling roots. Three years after transplant, maples planted at grade had 14% of their trunk circumference encircled by girdling or potentially girdling roots; this number rose to 48% and 71% for 15 cm (6 in) and 31 cm (12 in) deep-planted maples, respectively. There were no treatment-related differences in girdling root development in the cherries. These results are consistent with arborists’ observations that deep planting is a significant source of stress in landscape trees.
An Analysis of the Accuracy of Photo-Based Plant Identification Applications on Fifty-Five Tree Species
Authors: Schmidt Ryan , Casario Brianna , Zipse Pamela , Grabosky Jason
Published: January 2022

Background: With the creation of photo-based plant identification applications (apps), the ability to attain basic identifications of plants in the field is seemingly available to anyone who has access to a smartphone. The use of such apps as an educational tool for students and as a major identification resource for some community science projects calls into question the accuracy of the identifications they provide. We created a study based on the context of local tree species in order to offer an informed response to students asking for guidance when choosing a tool for their support in classes. Methods: This study tested 6 mobile plant identification apps on a set of 440 photographs representing the leaves and bark of 55 tree species common to the state of New Jersey (USA). Results: Of the 6 apps tested, PictureThis was the most accurate, followed by iNaturalist, with PlantSnap failing to offer consistently accurate identifications. Overall, these apps are much more accurate in identifying leaf photos as compared to bark photos, and while these apps offer accurate identifications to the genus-level, there seems to be little accuracy in successfully identifying photos to the species-level. Conclusions: While these apps cannot replace traditional field identification, they can be used with high confidence as a tool to assist inexperienced or unsure arborists, foresters, or ecologists by helping to refine the pool of possible species for further identification.
Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran E-Learning Berbasis Web Pada Mata Pelajaran Pemeliharaan Sasis dan Pemindah Tenaga Untuk Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik SMK Negeri
Authors: Situmorang Fredy
Published: January 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) untuk mengetahui kelayakan Media Pembelajaran E-Learning Berbasis Web; (2) untuk mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan Media Pembelajaran E-Learning Berbasis Web pada pembelajaran Perawatan Sasis dan Pemindah Tenaga Kendaraan Ringan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian dan pengembangan dengan menggunakan model pengembangan produk Borg and Gaal yang dikombinasikan dengan Dick and Carrey. Uji kelayakan dilakukan melalui validasi para ahli (ahli materi pelajaran Perawatan Sasis dan Pemindah tenaga Kendaraan Ringan, ahli desain pembelajaran dan ahli media pembelajaran), serta uji akseptansi yang langsung di berikan kepada peserta didik sebagai pengguna dari produk. Sedangkan uji efektivitas dilakukan pada peserta didik kelas XI di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Negeri 5 Medan. Metode yang digunakan untuk uji efektivitas  adalah metode True Experimental Design . Sampel penelitian uji efektivitas dari 60 peserta didik yang terdiri dari 30 peserta didik sebagai kelas eksperimen yang diajarkan dengan menggunakan Media Pembelajaran E-Learning Berbasis Web, dan 30 peserta didik sebagai kelas kontrol yang diajarkan dengan menggunakan buku teks. Hasil uji hipotesis membuktikan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara hasil pembelajaran Perawatan Sasis dan Pemindah Tenaga peserta didik yang diajar dengan menggunakan Media Pembelajaran E-Learning Berbasis Web, dengan hasil belajar Perawatan Sasis dan Pemindah Tenaga yang diajar dengan menggunakan buku teks. Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh perolehan data yaitu thitung = 2,39 sedangkan ttabel = 1,70, pada tingkat signifikan 0,05. Disimpulkan bahwa efektivitas pembelajaran Perawatan Sasis dan Pemindah Tenaga dengan menggunakan Media Pembelajaran E-Learning Berbasis Web, lebih tinggi  dibandingkan dengan menggunakan buku teks.
Analisis Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik (LKPD) Berbasis Problem Based Learning Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa
Authors: Sujarwo Citra Gusyanti,
Published: January 2022

Researchers have a goal to describe how the analysis of student worksheets (LKPD) based on problem based learning (PBL) on student learning outcomes. The results of the research are that (1.) The use of LKPD based on Problem Based Learning as teaching materials has a positive effect of 80% in improving student learning outcomes. (2.) Problem Based Learning-based worksheets are appropriate to be used as learning materials in schools, because the use of Problem Based Learning-based worksheets in the teaching and learning process can help students understand learning so that the success of the teaching and learning process will be achieved. (3.) The advantages of LKPD based on Problem Based Learning as teaching materials can be said to be superior in that application, learning becomes more effective and efficient, making the learning process more interesting and can improve the quality of learning well.
Pengembangan Media Kartu Kata Bergambar Pahlawan Untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Menyimak Siswa Kelas 4 Di Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Beta Rapita Silalahi Octy Pramitha,
Published: January 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi desain pengembangan media kartu kata bergambar pahlawan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan menyimak siswa kelas 4 Di SDN 101893 dan Untuk mengidentifikasi keefektifan media kartu kata bergambar pahlawan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan menyimak siswa kelas 4 Di SDN 101893. Adapun hasil penelitian adalah Keefektifan media pembelajaran gambar berseri dalam proses pembelajaran terbukti efektif. Hal ini terbukti dengan perbandingan hasil pretest dan posttest dengan menggunakan normalized gain diperoleh hasil Dasar pengambilan keputusan dalam uji normalitas yaitu nilai signifikan nilai pre test yaitu 0.167 > 0,05 yang berarti data berdistribusi normal, dan pada nilai signifikan post test yaitu 0.074> 0,05 yang berarti data berdistribusi normal. nilai Sig, (2-tailed) sebesar 0,000 <0,05, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang nyata antara hasil belajar tanpa media dan hasil belajar dengan menggunakan media dari data pretest dan posttest atau hal ini membuktikan bahwa penggunaan media kartu kata bergambar pahlawan sangat berpengaruh dengan peningkatan keterampilan menyimak siswa terlihat nilai Sig, (2-tailed) sebesar.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Public on Breast Cancer Screening: A Systematic Review
Authors: Shalihin Mohd Shaiful Ehsan , Ramlee Nor Aishah , Azhar Amirah , Mohd Zaki Anis Arisha Fatiha , Md Nor Azmi , Md Aris Mohd Aznan
Published: January 2022

Breast cancer is among the commonest cancers that affect women worldwide. Nevertheless, many patients were diagnosed with breast cancer in the terminal stage due to their late presentation to healthcare centres despite the advanced development of screening modalities. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to summarize the trend of knowledge, attitude, and practice level of breast cancer screening among the public globally. Review identification was performed in database search using PubMed, Scopus and CINAHL. Based on the criteria consisting of full papers in English published from January 2010 to September 2020, 27 articles were eligible for review. The systematic review revealed that the public had inadequate knowledge, negative attitudes, and poor practice on breast cancer screening. Educational programmes should be implemented among communities. Communication skills training must be instilled among healthcare workers to raise knowledge of breast cancer that can influence the attitude and practice of the public on breast cancer screening positively.
Moringa oleifera : Nutritional and Medicinal Properties for preventive health care
Authors:   Department of Science and Humanities, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore – 641008, Tamil Nadu, India., Padma A. , Indhuleka A. ,   Department of Science and Humanities, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore – 641008, Tamil Nadu, India., Janet J. ,   Department of Science and Humanities, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore – 641008, Tamil Nadu, India., Ragavi V. ,   Department of Science and Humanities, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore – 641008, Tamil Nadu, India.
Published: January 2022

Moringa oleifera, commonly known as ―drum stick‖ or the ―horse radish‖ is cultivated all over the country as it can withstand both severe drought and mild frost conditions. It is a good source of protein, vitamins, fatty acids, micro-macro minerals and other essential phytochemicals. Due to its high nutritional content, the extract of leaves of Moringa oleifera is used to treat malnutrition and supplement breast milk in lactating mothers. Because of its medicinal value, it is also used as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, cardiovascular hepatoprotective, anti-ulcer, antimicrobial agent. The pharmaceutical effects of Moringa oleifera makes it useful in therapeutic remedy in traditional medicinal system. Each part of the tree is useful in one form or another due to high nutritional and medicinal value. This paper reports the results of the study made on how these can help boosting the immunity level in individuals.
A Review On The Potential Of Spirulina And Its Application In Nutraceuticals And Pharmaceuticals
Authors:   Department of Microbiology, RVS Arts and Science College, Sulur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India., Seethalakshmi Ms. , Rajeshwari Dr. ,   Department of Microbiology, RVS Arts and Science College, Sulur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Published: January 2022

Microalgae and lactic acid bacteria have become an innovative and promising resource of nutritional supplements as they are commercially cultivated to produce valuable compounds, including protein, pigments, lipids, essential amino acids, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, steroids and vitamins. The pharmacological actions, such as nutraceutical improvements, lowering LDL cholesterol levels, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, antitumor, immunological enhancement, and hepatorenal protection from Spirulina spp and Lactic acid Bacillus have been reported recently. Based on the therapeutic potential of spriulina fermentation based lactic acid bacteria, different application studies such as, determining the effect of Spirulina fermentation with Lactic acid bacteria (FSL) on enhancing the Nutraceutical properties of Spirulina species, investigating the effect of Spirulina fermentation with Lactic acid bacteria (FSL) on lowering the LDL cholesterol and increasing HDL cholesterol, and evaluating the cytotoxic effect and influence of FSL on human cancer cell line was reviewed in the current article.
Impacts Of Environment On Building Construction Projects On Woliata Sodo Town
Authors:   department of civil Engineering, Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia., Honja Angeloa Wudnesh
Published: January 2022

The environmental impacts have become a series of problems in today’s construction environments. Environmental conditions can have an adverse impact on the duration, cost, and quality of construction activities. This study is conducted to describe and point out the impact of the environment on building construction projects in sodo town. The contractor can estimate the Productivity loss due to the impact of environment on construction activity can be either partial or complete: partial loss is generally attributed to reduced labor productivity and work stoppage which interrupt those activities. This study organized by using questioners. The research basically focused on identifying and quantifying different environmental impacts that can affect the construction progresses. As the research result the escalation of construction material price, the availability of construction materials around the area and the involvement of different construction parties and the climatic condition of the environments are the main findings that we have got from our analysis. Generally, this research guides to meet future demands for sustainable environmental development, economic development, expansion of different construction infrastructure for sodo town. Many contractors found in this area fall over different environmental challenges. So to overcome these problems, are some requirements expected from different parties. To minimize those environmental impacts the construction parties should make a detail feasible study about the overall environmental conditions of sodo town before they decided to start up any construction works.
HEARING HANDICAP IN OLDER ADULTS: A MULTI-CENTER STUDY
Authors: Zahra Gul -e- , Saqulain Ghulam , Mumtaz Nazia
Published: January 2022

Objective: To determine the level of hearing handicap and its age and gender association in older adults.

Study Design: Cross sectional analytical study.

Place and Duration of Study: Study conducted at Ear, Nose & Throat outpatients of Yusra General Hospital, National Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine Islamabad and Cantonment General Hospital Rawalpindi, from Jul to Sep 2017.

Methodology: We recruited two hundred cases of self-reported hearing difficulty, using non-probability consecutive sampling, who fulfilled inclusion criteria. After recording demographic details including history, subjects were screened by the Screening Version of Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly (HHIE-S). Followed by otoscopy and pure tone audiometry. Analysis was done using SPSS-24.

Results: Study revealed 133 (65.5%) males and 67 (33.5%) females with mean age of 65.45 ± 7.50 years. Out of 179 (89.5%) had significantly high level of hearing handicap with HHIE-S score >43, while 21 (10.5%) revealed mild to moderate handicap with score of 17-42. Hearing handicap was significantly associated with aging (p<0.001), while no significant gender association was noted. Hearing loss was mainly of sensory-neural type 192 (96%).

Conclusion: In older adults with self-reported hearing loss, high level of hearing handicap was present in majority (89.5%) and mild to moderate in 10.5%, with significant association with aging and hearing loss was predominantly sensory- neural type.
NASOPHARYNGEAL SPECIMEN COLLECTION FROM SUSPECTED COVID-19 CASES, MAKING THE PROCEDURE SAFE
Authors: Aslam Sohail , Bukhari Syed Muhammad Asad Shabbir , Asghar Adnan , Riaz Naeem , Yousaf Iftekhar , Sadiq Sana , Waseem Muhammad Fahd
Published: January 2022

Objective: To comparison was made between standard (control group) nasopharyngeal sample collection technique for RTPCR and modified technique and the outcome was compared in terms of the proportion of positive results of Rt-PCR tests.

Study Design: Double blinded randomized clinical trial.

Place and Duration of Study: Pakistan Naval Ship Shifa Hospital Karachi Pakistan, from June and July 2020.

Methodology: This study was a newly developed modified technique for nasopharyngeal sampling for RT-PCR tests of COVID-19 suspects. Target population included all patients who developed COVID-19 related symptoms and/or also had history of recent travel or closed contact with Covid-19 patients. Total 1500 nasopharyngeal PCR tests were done by a team of trained technicians. Systemetic probability sampling technique was utilized. Subjects were divided into two groups by using even and odd serial numbers. Proportion of positive test results were compared between two groups by using chi square test.

Results: Results were collected for 3000 nasopharyngeal swab sample for RT-PCR testing. Mean age was 31.68 ± 11.89 years. In study group with modified technique, 470 tests were found positive for a total of 1500 samples while only 297 out of 1500 samples were detected positive in control group with standard technique. Chi square test applied to assess the difference between this proportion and it proved that the difference was highly statistically significant (p-value <0.00).

Conclusion: we interpret that modified samples collection technique is relatively safe for sample collector of Covid-19 PCR which has got potential benefits to get more genuine results of these......
COMPARISON OF EFFICACY OF EPLEY MANOEUVRE AND VESTIBULAR SEDDATIVE IN POSITIONAL VERTIGO
Authors: Niazi Muhammad Sohail Babar , Kamal Khawar , Hassan Zaheer Ul , Qaiser Aisha , Khattak Shahid Farooq , Tahir Muhammad
Published: January 2022

Objective: To carry out the comparison of the effectiveness of Epleys manoeuvre and Vestibular Sedative in the management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.

Study Design: Quasi experimental study.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of ENT, Combined Military Hospital Peshawar, from Jul 2019 to Dec 2020.

Methodology: The study was conducted on 60 patients who were diagnosed Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo by Dix Hallpike test. The patients were divided into 2 groups of 30 each. Group A was treated with vestibular sedative and group B was treated with Epleys manoeuvre. The examination of all patients was done on day 3, day 7 and day 14 and the results were documented.

Results: The study revealed that the 30 cases which were managed by Epleys manoeuvre, 27 cases were completely symptom free after 14 days. Meanwhile from the 30 patients who were treated by oral vestibular sedation, only 5 patients had total recovery on 14th day. Chi square test was used to compare the results. The results showed that Epleys manoeuvre has greater efficacy in the treatment of Epleys man oeuvre than vestibular sedative.

Conclusion: Epleys manoeuvre is more effective for the management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo than vestibular sedative.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH NON-ADHERENCE TO HEPATITIS B VIRUS ANTIVIRAL THERAPY
Authors: Khan Anum , Farooq Asif , Arshad Abdul Rehman , Saeed Farrukh
Published: January 2022

Objective: To assess the adherence to antivirals in Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infected patients and to determine various social and demographic factors which can have an impact on it.

Study Design: Cross- sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Gastroenterology, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, from Jan to Mar 2019.

Methodology: Patients on oral anti-viral agents for hepatitis B virus infection were enrolled from outdoor clinics using consecutive sampling technique. Medication adherence was assessed using the 4-item Modified Morisky Score Questionnaire. Data was also collected about different variables that could potentially affect compliance, such as age, gender, education, residence, total number of pills prescribed for each day, travelling time to hospital, attendant’s company, adverse effects of treatment, presence of co-morbid conditions, patients’ knowledge regarding importance of adherence and whether they followed any particular routine in taking medicines.

Results: There were 127 patients having mean age of 47.80 ± 14.54 years. Out of these, 20 (15.75%) were not adherent to treatment. Patients not following a fixed drug-dosing schedule, patients not aware of the significance of good drug compliance and residents of urban areas were more likely to have lesser compliance to treatment.

Conclusion: Majority of our patients were compliant to treatment for chronic hepatitis B infection. This was more likely to be the case amongst those following a fixed drug-dosing schedule, having an awareness of significance of adherence to medication and residents of rural areas.
ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE BEFORE AND AFTER SURGICAL INTERVENTION PERIOD
Authors: Azim Kiran , Sheikh Abdul Malik , Khokhar Muhammad Masood , Kanwal Asma , Akbar Touqeer , Masood Shafaq
Published: January 2022

Objective: To evaluate the level of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with congenital heart disease in pre and post-surgical intervention period.

Study Design: Quasi experimental study.

Place and Duration of Study: Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jan to Dec 2019.

Methodology: After written informed consent from parents and approval of hospital ethical committee 152 children and adolescents with congenital heart disease were included in the study. Demographic and clinical data was recorded on relevant proforma. In addition to clinical assessment the level of anxiety and depression were objectively measured with the help of Urdu version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale by the mental health specialist a day before and 15 days after surgery.

Results: The mean age of participants was 14.5 ± 3.3 years. Out of 152 participants, 80 (52.6%) were females, while 72 (47.4%) were males. Level of anxiety and depression was found higher in the preoperative period being 44 (28.9%) and 52 (34.2%) which dropped significantly in the postoperative period to 16 (10.5%) and 8 (5.3%) respectively. Majority of the patients had Tetralogy of Fallot i.e., 52 (34.2%) followed by Ventricular Septal Defect in 24 (15.7%) and Atrial Septal Defect in 18 (11.2%). Females were more likely to have depression than males (p-value=0.01).

Conclusion: We found significant decrease in anxiety and depression in the postoperative period.
ROLE OF ALPHA BLOCKER IN URETERORENOSCOPY.
Authors: Nadeem Aamer , Anwar Noreen , Ahmed Naveed , Khan Yasser Saeed , Rashid Irum , Ali Mujahid Zulfiqar
Published: January 2022

Objective: To determine the efficacy of alpha blockers in successful management of lower and mid ureteral stones by ureterorenoscopy.

Study Design: Comparative prospective study.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Urology, Combined Military Hospital Quetta Pakistan, from Jul 2018 to Dec 2019.

Methodology: Total of 150 patients having mid and lower ureteric calculi requiring ureterorenoscopy were divided into two groups. Group A included patients without pre-treatment with alpha blocker was administered before they were subjected to ureterorenoscopy. Study group B included patients who received daily oral dose of alpha blocker, Tamsulosin 0.4 mg twice daily, for 1 week before ureterorenoscopy. Per-operative findings in both the groups were recorded. Results were analyzed by comparing the outcome between both groups in terms of ease of performing procedure, duration of procedure, complications, duration of hospital stay and need for stent placement.

Results: Mean operative time was significantly shorter in group B as compared to group A, (15.9 ± 3.81 min vs. 21.9 ± 3.63 min; p≤0.001). Demographic and stone characteristics were comparable between the both groups. Success rate was 74 (98.7%), in group B as compared to 68 (90.7%) in group A, with statistically significant difference (p=0.020). Complications in group B were less frequent 1 (1.3%) vs 7 (9.3%) in group A (p-value=0.027).

Conclusion: Use of alpha blockers for one week before performing ureterorenoscopy resulted in fewer complications and made the procedure easier to perform as well.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHANGES WITH STANDARD DOSE OF MEGLUMINE ANTIMONIATE THERAPY IN CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS
Authors: Tahir Moizza , Bashir Uzma , Ahmed Najia , Mumtaz Jauhar
Published: January 2022

Objective: To identify electrocardiographic changes associated with parenteral meglumine antimoniate and to estimate frequency of these changes.

Study Design: Prospective observational study.

Place and Duration of Study: Dermatology department, Combined Military Hospital Quetta and Multan, from Apr 2018 to Feb 2019.

Methodology: Total of 87 patients was recruited by consecutive sampling technique. Cases of Leishmaniasis were confirmed by Leishmania donovani bodies in smear or skin biopsy. Base line electrocardiograph was done and then repeated weekly. All patients were given 15mg/kg body weight intramuscular meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime). Any change in electrocardiograph was documented. Follow up electrocardiograph was repeated two weeks after hospital discharge. Data was analyzed using SPSS-20.

Results: Changes in electrocardiograph appeared between 7-27 days mean 16 SD ± 4.58. T-wave inversion was recorded in 41 (47.12%), ST elevation in 1 (1.14%), prolonged QT interval in 1 (1.14%). Meglumine antimoniate therapy was discontinued after ECG change for 5 ± SD 3 days of therapy. Follow up electrocardiograph two weeks after hospital discharge was normal.

Conclusion: Early repolarization defects of T wave inversion and ST segment deviation were found with standard doses of meglumine antimoniate therapy.
COMPARISON OF EXTRAPERITONEAL AND TRANSPERITONEAL RADICAL CYSTOPROSTATECTOMY IN TERMS OF FIRST 30 DAYS OUTCOMES
Authors: Sajjad Mudassar , Zia Qamar , Sabir Haroon , Kiani Faran , Nawaz Muhammad , Razzaq Sohail , Habib Bilal
Published: January 2022

Objective: To compare the first 30-day outcomes of Trans-peritoneal and Extra-peritoneal Radical cysto-prostatectomy.

Study Design: Quasi-experimental study.

Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Urology, Rawalpindi, from Mar 2015 to Mar 2019.Methodology: A total of 100 patients who underwent Radical cystoprostatectomy were observed in two groups either by extra or trans-peritoneal approach. Patients diagnosed with carcinoma urinary bladder (both muscle and non-muscle invasive) vetted through multidisciplinary meeting, with or without neo-adjuvant chemotherapy were included. Patients undergoing salvage cystectomy or any previous open abdomino-pelvic surgery were excluded. The standard techniques were used for both approaches. Variables under study were recorded for first 30-day-followup period.

Results: The mean age was 59.9 ± 7.231 years (range=34-80). In extra-peritoneal group the mean duration of surgery was 5.6 ± 1.16 hours comparing to 7.2 ± 1.34 hours in the trans-peritoneal group. Statistically significant trend was also noted in the favour of extra-peritoneal group for stay in Intensive care in post-operative period (3.00 ± 1.19 days/4.77 ± 1.20, p<0.001) as well total stay in the hospital (6.06 ± 2.8 days/ 11.74 ± 4.17, p<0.001). Overall comparison of total number of complications as per Clavien-Dindo system in both groups was insignificant (p=0.136), however a significant trend in favour of extraperitoneal group was noted with respect to major wound dehiscence as well rate of blood transfusion (p<0.001).

Conclusion: Extra-peritoneal approach showed a favourable trend in terms of operative time and early recovery after radical cysto-prostatectomy.