bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3. On the Crystallization of Silica from Fused Metals
Authors: Marsden R. Sydney
Published: June 2016

The crystallization of silica from fused metals, although at first sight appearing to be of little importance, nevertheless presents some features of peculiar interest. It also constitutes a field almost entirely new to the investigator, though the subject is one which, from a technical point of view, may prove to be of very considerable importance.

I have therefore undertaken the examination of some of the facts relating to this subject—at first more particularly inquiring into the nature of the change which occurs when silica itself is kept at a high temperature for a number of hours and subsequently submitted to a process of very slow cooling.
4. On Phosphorus Betaines
Authors: Letts E. A.
Published: June 2016

The experiments of Professor Crum Brown and the author on the “Thetines” and their derivatives have clearly shown that very striking analogies exist between certain compounds of nitrogen and sulphur. Thus sulphide of methyl closely resembles trimethylamine (and ammonia), in many of its reactions, and in the products which it gives rise to. Like trimethylamine it combines with a molecule of bromacetic acid, and the resulting product, which was named hydrobromate of dimethyl-thetine, behaves in certain respects like the compound of bromacetic acid and trimethylamine (hydrobromate of betaine).

Analogous phosphorus compounds have been obtained: in the ethyl series by Hofmann, in the methyl series by A. H. Meyer. The latter compound is simply the betaine salt in which the nitrogen is replaced by phosphorus, and may be called a salt either of phosphorus-betaine or of trimethyl-phosphorus-betaine.
3. Additional Note on an Ultra-Neptunian Planet
Authors: Forbes George
Published: June 2016

On the 16th of February 1880 I communicated to the Society a research upon Comets, which led me to believe in the existence of two new planets outside the orbit of Neptune. This memoir was not published in the “Transactions,” and only a short abstract appeared in the Proceedings of the Society. A small number of copies were privately printed; but any one wishing for information on the subject will find it most readily in the “Observatory,” 1880, June 1.

The decided tendency of the aphelia of comets to group themselves at distances from the sun equal to those of the planets could leave no doubt about the existence of these two new planets. The only doubtful point was as to the positions of the planets in their orbits. Meantime this research gives us greater confidence in the accuracy of the orbits of comets which have been calculated. This is most especially the case with the periods of revolution of comets when those periods are long, an element which has hitherto been very generally mistrusted. The most remarkable case is that of the comet 1861, which was calculated by Oppolzer to have a period of 415 years, and which I showed to have returned. three times at such an interval.
4. Algebra of Relationship. Part III
Authors: Macfarlane A.
Published: June 2016

§ 1. In my previous papers on this subject I used the relationship terms, not in a representative but in a class sense; for instance, cA was employed to denote the children of the man A, and U was employed to denote the total assemblage of mankind, or a limited portion of that assemblage. I have found it useful for the purpose on hand to analyse these symbols into their component elements. Let U denote a man representatively, that is, any man, then mankind is appropriately represented by ΣU, where Σ has its ordinary mathematical meaning of taking the sum. Also UA is the appropriate mathematical expression for the man who has the name A, and A standing by itself is to be regarded as a contraction for UA. This notation is useful where, as in the present case, the universe of the investigation is composed of individuals; but since the universe may be continuous in its nature, by taking U to denote the whole, a more general basis is given to the Algebra of Logic, and accordingly I adopted that notation in my work on the subject.
5. Additional Note on a Problem of Arrangement
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

The present note is a continuation of a short paper which appeared in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh for session 1876–77. The problem in question is that referred to in Professor Tait's “Memoir on Knots,” viz.:—To find the number of possible arrangements of a set of n things, subject to the conditions that the first be not in the last or first place, the second not in the first or second place, the third not in the second or third place, and so on.
6. On the Oxidation of Ferrous Salts
Authors: Buchanan J. Y.
Published: June 2016

In this paper the action of permanganate of potash on ferrous salts in hydrochloric acid is studied, and a satisfactory method of titrating such solutions is indicated. Further, a short study is made of the action of chlorates, perchlorates, and nitrates on acid ferrous salts under various conditions. The results have a certain interest for the analytical chemist.
2. On the Motion of a Storm in an Easterly Direction being only possible as a Circular Atmospheric Wave
Authors: Tennent Robert
Published: June 2016

It is here intended to show how a storm with a diameter of several hundred miles, and with a comparatively low vertical height, can move and only in contact with the resisting surface of the ground, but not on a frictionless surface. Exceptional cases are all here received owing to the complexity of the subject, and also to the comparatively few conclusions which have been arrived at in the millions of observations which have taken place. Let this storm be supposed to be inaugurated in the United States, and be described as being a vast mass of rarefied air enclosed within its surrounding isobarics. In this form, as is well known, it does not cross the Atlantic and to the British Isles; it only alters its position in the form of a circular-atmospheric wave, and by the “Curve of Outward Propagation” in front, described in the paper of 1877–78, page 574, and which is accepted by a well-known continental meteorologist. As shown by the Eev. W. Clement Ley, cirrus clouds aloft move in front and from low to high pressure. This also takes place with the Curve, which, by the alteration of the position of the atmosphere aloft, may thus probably produce these clouds. Opening out of a storm in this way in front, of course fills up in the rear.
1. On the Structure of the Skeleton of Tubipora musica, and on the Relation of the Genus Tubipora to Syringopora
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne
Published: June 2016

The object of the present communication is to briefly consider the general and minute structure of the corallum of the recent Tubipora musica, with special reference to the association of the genus Tubipora with the extinct genus Syringopora, as advocated by many modern naturalists. The method of inquiry that I have pursued in carrying out this investigation has been principally that of preparing similar thin and transparent sections of both the recent and the extinct types; and though there are special difficulties in the way of any examination of Tubipora by this method, I have been able to overcome these in a satisfactory manner, and to prepare a number of thin sections which answer all the requirements of the case.
1. Report of the Boulder Committee, with Remarks by the Convener
Authors: Home D. Milne
Published: June 2016

Between Crinan Bay on the north and the head of Loch Fyne on the south, there is a trough or hollow now occupied by the Crinan Canal. The highest point along this trough, is about 150 feet above the sea. A series of locks occur at this summit-level, to allow of the passage of vessels between the two sea-lochs.

At the summit-level, the rocks form a sort of ridge across the valley, with smooth surfaces towards the north, and rough surfaces towards the south.

On both sides of this rocky ridge, there are large boulders; on the north side, I counted between forty and fifty, on the south side, there are not more than two or three. The boulders are a syenitic gneiss; the rocks in situ, are shivery clay slate, nearly vertical, dipping steeply towards the south.
3. Some Physical Experiments bearing upon the Circulation of the Blood-Corpuscles
Authors: Hamilton D. J.
Published: June 2016

When the circulation of the blood is observed in the transparent tissues of an animal, it is noticed that the coloured corpuscles run in the axial part of the stream, while the colourless mostly keep in the peripheral still current. The coloured corpuscles move much faster than the colourless; they have also a gliding, while the colourless have a rotatory, motion. Further, if the frog's web be examined in the upright position, with the microscope inclined so as to be horizontal with the table on which it is placed, it is noticed that the great majority of the leucocytes not only flow in the peripheral stream, but on the upper surface of the vessel. From a number of observations of blood-vessels in the frog's web, examined in this position, it was found that for every 13 leucocytes which are seen running along the lower surface, there is an average of 92 on the upper. In fact, the only time, apparently, in which a leucocyte gets to the lower surface, is in passing round a curved capillary, where, in changing its position, the stream of coloured corpuscles prevents it from gaining the upper surface of the vessel for some distance. If followed along the stream, sufficiently far, such a leucocyte is eventually found to make its way through the stream of coloured blood-corpuscles and to gain the upper surface of the vessel.
1. On the Nature and Functions of the “Yellow Cells” of Radiolarians and Cœlenterates
Authors: Geddes Patrick
Published: June 2016

It is now nearly forty years since the presence of chlorophyll in certain species of Planarians was recognised by Schultze. Later observers recognised that the green colour of certain Infusorians, of the common fresh-water hydra (Hydra viridis), and of the freshwater sponge (Spongilla fluviatilis), was due to the same pigment, but little more attention was paid to the subject until Ray Lankester applied the spectroscope to its investigation.
2. On the Thermodynamic Acceleration of the Earth's Rotation
Authors: Thomson William
Published: June 2016

It has long been known, having been first, I believe, pointed out by Kant, and more recently brought very near to a practical conclusion by Delaunay, that the earth's rotational velocity is diminished by tidal agency, in virtue of the imperfect fluidity of the ocean. An integral effect of all the consumption of energy by fluid friction (or more properly speaking by continued deformation of fluid matter) in the tidal motions, is to cause the time of high water on an average for the whole earth to be not exactly either transit, or 6 o'clock, as it would be were the ocean a perfect fluid, but to be some time after transit, and before 6 o'clock.
3. Notes on a Cist discovered at Parkhill, Dyce, Aberdeenshire, in October 1881
Authors: Ferguson William
Published: June 2016

The station of Parkhill, on the Great North of Scotland Railway, is seven and a half miles from Aberdeen, and the cist which is the subject of these notes was situated in a mound of gravel and sand to the north-east of, and within one or two hundred yards of, the station. This is the second which has been uncovered at the same spot,—a previous one having been disclosed in 1867, the contents of which—a vase and some bones—are preserved in the Anatomical Museum, Marischal College, University of Aberdeen.
4. On a Class of Permanent Symmetric Functions
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

By Cauchy the word “symmetric,” as applied to functions, was used in a more general sense than that in which we ordinarily use it now, or than that in which it was used before his time. He spoke of “fonctions symétriques permanentes” and “fonctions symétriques alternées:” we apply the word symmetric only to certain of the first of these; the second we call simply “alternating functions.” Thus the expression

was called by him a permanent symmetric function, since if a1, a2, a3 are interchanged in order with b1, b2, b3, the function remains unaltered. It would be more definite to say that it is a permanent symmetric function with respect to a1, a2, a3 and b1, b2, b3.
1. On a Specimen of Balœnoptera borealis or laticeps captured in the Firth of Forth
Authors: Turner
Published: June 2016

In September 1872 a whale of some magnitude was seen floundering in shallow water at Snab, Kinneil, about a mile from Bo'ness, on the Firth of Forth. Some men proceeded to the spot and fastening a rope round its tail, hauled it closer to the shore, and then killed it. I was not at home at the time, but on reading a notice of its capture in the Scotsman of September 26, I wrote to my assistant, the late Mr A. B. Stirling, to go and see the animal.
2. On Minding's Theorem
Authors: Plarr G.
Published: June 2016

In treating, by the method of quaternions, the question which forms the basis of Minding's Theorem, I had the advantage of being guided by Professor Tait's paper on that subject (T. R. S. E., 1880), and it is only by varying his method that I could hope to present the question under a new aspect.
4. On the Dimensions of Cast Iron at various Temperatures, with more especial reference to the Phenomena of the Solid floating on the Molten Metal
Authors: Millar W. J.
Published: June 2016

1. In experimenting from time to time on the floating of solid metal on molten metal, the author has observed various phenomena, of which the present paper is descriptive, and this more especially with regard to cast iron and the well-known property of the solid floating on the molten iron as frequently witnessed in foundry ladles.

Some years ago the author made a number of experiments with pieces of cast iron of different shapes and sizes, which were placed on the surface of a large ladleful of molten cast iron, the results obtained being as follows:—

Several pieces of pig iron were first tried; these at first sank and a rush of hot metal took place upwards, but after a few seconds they rose to the surface, and floated with very little of their bulk above the molten metal.
1. Note on the Carboniferous Rocks of the South of Scotland
Authors: Geikie Archibald
Published: June 2016

The well-known northward attenuation of the massive Carboniferous Limestone of Lancashire and Yorkshire, and the gradual replacement of its thick calcareous groups by sandstones, shales, and seams of coal, with interstratifications of marine limestone, can be advantageously studied in the southern counties of Scotland. In these districts a characteristic and recognisable base for the Carboniferous system is presented by the deep red Sandstones and marles of the Upper Old Red Sandstone, which pass up conformably into that system, but rest with a violent unconformability upon every formation older than themselves, including even the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Berwickshire and the Cheviot Hills.
2. On the Anatomy and Histology of Pleurochœta Moseleyi.
Authors: Beddard F. E.
Published: June 2016

This earthworm, which is an inhabitant of Ceylon, is 28 inches in length, and consists of about 260 segments. The setæ, instead of being arranged in continuous lines round the body as in Perichœta, fail for a short space both dorsally and ventrally. This peculiarity serves to distinguish the genus Pleurochœta from other Oligochœta. The intestine is provided with two sets of specialised glands; the anterior, occupying from segments twenty-two to forty-four, consists of a double series of deeply excavated dorsal pouches on the wall of the intestine, provided with a large development of glandular epithelium; the posterior glands are solid and kidney-shaped, about the size of a grain of wheat. They lie on the dorsal surface of intestine, occupying from the eighty-fifth to the one hundred and first segments; in all, fifteen pairs. They open into intestine by ducts.
2. Notice of the Solar Eclipse of the 17th May, with Remarks on the Calculation
Authors: Sang Edward
Published: June 2016

The eclipse of the 31st December 1880 was not seen here, and thus we lost the opportunity of comparing the computed with the observed times.

In the daily papers at that time expression was given to a feeling of dissatisfaction that any computation should have been added to that recorded in the Nautical Almanac. And therefore, while laying before the Society the results at which I have arrived in regard to the coming eclipse, it may be proper for me to explain how such an investigation comes to be needed.
2. On the Change in the Peltier Effect due to Variation in Temperature
Authors: Campbell Albert
Published: June 2016

The series of experiments here described had for their object the measurement of the variation in the Peltier effect due to change of temperature; they were made during the last six weeks. The arrangement which I used in these experiments was suggested by a form of apparatus used in Professor Tait's laboratory; the following is a description of it. A plate of sheet lead (say) is bent into the shape of an arch (∩-shaped), and to its lower edges are soldered two plates of sheet-iron, to the opposite edges of which are soldered three or four copper wires proceeding to mercury-pools, which can be put into connection with a battery.
5. On the Heats of Combination of the Metals with the Halogens
Authors: Laurie A. P. , Burton C. I.
Published: June 2016

At the last meeting of the Society a paper was communicated by us, describing a new method for determining the heats of combination of the metals with the halogens. The following paper is an account of our preliminary experiments mentioned in the former paper. As these experiments were all made with modifications of the “iodine cell,” or of the “cuprous iodide cell,” we shall begin with a brief description of these two cells.
Induction through Air and Water at Great Distances without the use of Parallel Wires
Authors: Stevenson Charles A.
Published: June 2016

At the beginning of last year I proposed that a cable might be laid down in the sea, and, by changing the electric state of the cable, that vessels passing near or over it might be able by means of a detector on board to discover that they were in its vicinity, and hence to locate their position. Some experiments showed that the method was feasible, and that water offered no insurmountable difficulty; and having been assured that no known instrument could detect the currents that could, with our present machinery, be passed through a submarine cable, a series of exhaustive experiments were made, with the result that I have constructed two such instruments that will act through over 30 fathoms of water, and I have been unable to discover their like.
Preliminary Note on Observations of the Minor Planet Victoria in 1889
Authors: Gill D.
Published: June 2016

The object of the work was—

1st, To determine the mean solar horizontal parallax.

2nd, To compare the tabular and observed motion of the planet, with a view to ascertain whether any periodic perturbations of short period occur,—such, for example, as would be accounted for by an error in the adopted value of the lunar equation.

The results depend on the following series of observations :—

A. Meridian observations of the comparison stars and of the planet made at twenty-one different observatories during the opposition of 1889.
On a Remarkable Glacier-Lake, formed by a Branch of the Hardanger-Jökul, near Eidflörd, Norway
Authors: Munro Robert
Published: June 2016

Lakes whose causal conditions are due to the direct interposition of glaciers, may be formed in one or other of the two following ways. First, when a glacier descending a lateral valley protrudes so far as to dam up a river in the main valley, the obstructing element being either the actual ice or the morainic débris deposited from it. Or, secondly, when a glacier occupying a main valley blocks up the outlet of some tributary stream. In both instances the water accumulates behind the obstruction and so forms a lake, varying in size according to the height of the barrier and the surface configuration of the district immediately above it.
Breath Figures
Authors: Aitken John
Published: June 2016

These well-known figures are generally produced by placing a coin on one side of a piece of glass, and on the other side opposite it another coin or small plate of metal. The coin and the plate are then strongly electrified—the one positively, the other negatively. When the coin is afterwards removed, and the surface of the glass on which it rested is breathed on, there is developed an image of the coin, showing many of the details of the engraving. The image is produced by the condensed moisture being deposited in different-sized patches at different places.
Preliminary Account of Natural History Collections made on a Voyage to the Gulf of St Lawrence and Davis Straits
Authors: Rodger Alexander
Published: June 2016

[In February 1892, by the kindness of Messrs David Bruce & Co., Dundee, my assistant, Mr Alexander Rodger, obtained a berth on board the whaler “Esquimaux,” and proceeded with her on her usual sealing and whaling voyage. Mr Rodger was provided with dredges, tow-nets, and other appliances, and was instructed to use all diligence in the collection of Natural History specimens, both vertebrate and invertebrate. The course of the ship and the business of her people could not be interfered with for such a purpose, but, by his own industry and the great kindness of the master, Captain Jeffery Phillips, Mr Rodger's results have proved very considerable, and compare well with those of some more costly expeditions.—D. W. T.]
On Certain Electrical Properties of Iron Occluding Gases
Authors: Kimura S.
Published: June 2016

Since the occlusion of hydrogen and carbonic oxide by palladium and iron was first discovered by Graham, many similar effects have been discovered. Prof. Knott has investigated in considerable detail the very peculiar changes in the thermo-electric position and in the electrical resistance of palladium when variously charged with hydrogen. With respect to iron, Dr Monckman has experimented on the resistance of iron occluding carbonic oxide, but, in regard to hydrogen, he came to the conclusion that no change in the thermo-electric properties could be detected.
Note on the Antecedents of Clerk-Maxwell's Electrodynamical-Wave-Equations
Authors: Tait
Published: June 2016

The first obvious difficulty which presents itself, in trying to derive Clerk-Maxwell's equations from those of the elastic-solid theory, appears in the fact that the latter, being linear, do not impose any relations among simultaneous disturbances. Thus, for instance, they indicate no reason for the associated disturbances which, in Maxwell's theory, constitute a ray of polarised light. Hence it appears that we must look on the vectors of electric and magnetic force, if they are to be accounted for on ordinary dynamical principles, as being necessary concomitants, qualities, or characteristics of one and the same vector-disturbance of the ether, and not themselves primarily disturbances. From this point of view the disturbance, in itself, does not correspond to light, and may perhaps not affect any of our senses. And the very form of the elastic equation at once suggests any number of sets of two concomitants of the desired nature, which are found to be related to one another in the way required by Maxwell's equations.
On the Compressibility of Fluids
Authors: Tait
Published: June 2016

The recent publication of the full results of Amagat's magnificent experiments has led me to make further comparisons with the empirical formula (originally suggested by the graphs of my Challenger work) which I have on several occasions brought before the Society:—viz.
On a New Water-Bottle for Collecting Samples of Sea-Water from Moderate Depths
Authors: Dickson H. N.
Published: June 2016

While making physical observations during some recent cruises on board H.M.S. “Jackal,” I was on several occasions made to feel the want of a water-bottle which could be relied on to act with precision in rough weather. Mill's slip water-bottle, which leaves nothing to be desired in its working in smooth water, at least up to depths of 400 or 500 fathoms, is apt to be closed prematurely by the jerk on the sounding line when the ship is rolling or pitching in a sea-way; and considerable doubt arises as to the point from which samples are really obtained.
Note on Professor Cayley's Proof that a Triangle and its Reciprocal are in Perspective
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

The vertices of the original triangle being

the conic being

and A1, B1, C1,. … being defined by the nine equations
Notes on a Peculiarity in the Form of the Mammalian Tooth
Authors: Smith J.
Published: June 2016

The ideal type of a mammalian tooth is here assumed to be a modified cone, or, as in certain molar teeth, a combination of cones, the vertex or vertices, as the case may be, corresponding either to the apex of the fang, or to the free extremity of the crown, or to both, as in the typical canine tooth, where two cones seem united by their bases.
Note on Normal Nystagmus
Authors: Brown Crum
Published: June 2016

When, with head fixed, we allow the eyes to wander over a fixed scene before us, we find that the eyes do not move continuously, but by jerks, so that what we see is really a series of separate pictures, each of which is at rest, the jerk from one position to the next being so rapid that we practically see nothing during the change of picture. That this is so can be shown if we have a bright light—say, an incandescent electric lamp—in the field of vision. After allowing the eyes to wander over the scene before us, we find, on closing the eyes, that we see a series of separate sharp secondary images of the bright light. Even when we make an effort to move the eyes continuously we find, by means of the secondary images, that we have not succeeded in doing so.
On M. Dubois' Description of remains recently found in Java, named by him Pithecanthropus erectus. With Remarks on so-called Transitional Forms between Apes and Man
Authors: Turner William
Published: June 2016

Since the time when naturalists were led, by the publication of Charles Darwin's far-famed work on the Origin of Species by Natural Selection, to consider that Man might have been derived through a process of evolution from lower forms of animal life, attention has repeatedly been called to remains, more or less fossilised, which were thought to be transitional forms between the lower animals and Man.
Further Observations on Antivenene, and on the Production of Immunity against Serpents' Venom; with an Account of the Antidotal Properties of the Blood-Serum of Venomous Serpents
Authors: Fraser
Published: June 2016

At the time when my former paper was communicated to the Society, I was engaged in investigating several subjects closely related to those dealt with in that paper, but in regard to which the experimental work had not advanced sufficiently to allow definite statements to be made.
On the Variation of Resistance in a Steady Magnetic Field observed in Nickel, Antimony, and Tellurium Plates
Authors: Beattie J. C.
Published: June 2016

Whether the variation of resistance in conductors in a steady magnetic field depends on the field strength, on the magnetisation, or on both, does not seem to be definitely settled. The various experimental methods as yet used are fundamentally similar in principle, and have the disadvantage that the experiments are difficult to perform.

A method where the experimental difficulties are very few is to be found in the comparison of the variation of resistance for any given field-strength with some other phenomenon whose dependence on the field-strength or on the magnetisation is already known, and whose exact determination offers no experimental difficulties.
Systems of Plane Curves whose Orthogonals form a Similar System
Authors: Tait
Published: June 2016

While tracing the lines of motion and the meridian sections of their orthogonal surfaces for an infinite mass of perfect fluid disturbed by a moving sphere :—the question occurred to me “When are such systems similar?” In the problem alluded to, the equations of the curves are, respectively,

It was at once obvious that any sets of curves such as

are orthogonals. But they form similar systems only when

Hence the only sets of similar orthogonal curves, having equations of the above form, are (a) groups of parallel lines and (b) their electric images (circles touching each other at one point).
Laboratory Notes by Professor Tait b. Preliminary Experiments on the Thermal Conductivity of some Dielectrics
Authors: Smith C. M. , Knott C. G.
Published: June 2016

These experiments were suggested by observations on the different lengths of time required, under different circumstances, for telegraph cables to assume the temperature of the water in which they were submerged. The method employed was that known as “Angström's,” which has already been described by Prof. Tait (Proc. K. S. E. 1872–73 p. 55–61); the manner of the application of the method being, however, somewhat modified in these experiments, we will give a short description of it.
Tree products, food security and livelihoods: a household study of Burkina Faso
Authors: POOLE NIGEL , AUDIA CAMILLA , KABORET BARTÉLÉMY , KENT REBECCA
Published: June 2016

This paper examines the contribution of products derived from baobab (Adansonia digitata), shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) and néré (Parkia biglobosa) to rural livelihoods in Burkina Faso. A survey was conducted in northern and southern regions to identify and understand the social and environmental factors influencing the utilization of tree products by rural households for home consumption and commercialization, and to explore the contribution of tree products to food security. Emphasis was placed on the roles and responsibilities of women for tree product utilization. Inter- and intra-household relationships governing tree foods were found to vary between regions and tree species, and with gender and household composition. Collection and utilization of tree products differed between north and south because of contrasting ecological contexts and evolving social mores. Household decision making processes were negotiated and consensual in both regions. The results suggest that domestication and dissemination of planting and regeneration technologies, and product processing and marketing initiatives, need a gendered and tree-specific approach in order to build on local norms and capacities. Measures for the conservation and management of tree resources are most important where ecological constraints are most severe but dependence is greatest for sustaining food security.
The Fight Against the Islamic State andJus in Bello
Authors: KOUTROULIS VAIOS
Published: June 2016

This article examines several questions relating to international humanitarian law (jus in bello) with respect to the conflicts against the Islamic State. The first question explored is the classification of conflicts against the Islamic State and the relevant applicable law. The situation in Iraq is a rather classic non-international armed conflict between a state and a non-state actor with third states intervening alongside governmental forces. The situation in Syria is more controversial, especially with respect to the coalition's airstrikes against the Islamic State on Syrian territory. If the Syrian government is considered as not having consented to the coalition's operations, then, according to this author's view, the coalition is involved in two distinct armed conflicts: an international armed conflict with the Syrian government and a non-international armed conflict with the Islamic State. The second question analyzed in the article bears on the geographical scope of application of international humanitarian law. In this context, the article examines whether humanitarian law applies: in the entire territory of the state in whose territory the hostilities take place, in the territories of the intervening states, and in the territory of a third state.
Introduction
Authors: Durugönül Esma
Published: June 2016

We would like to think a little about Turkey and Europe’s common roots.1 This is an important topic both for Turkey and Europe, and, in a wider sense, for the West and the Near East. The term ‘Near East’ is of course Eurocentric, meaning the region near to, but East of, Europe. Turkey is somehow situated between these two regions and cannot be said to entirely belong to one or the other.2 The question of whether Turkey belongs to Europe or not is frequently asked but never satisfactorily answered.
Europeanisation and Secularisation of Immigrant Muslims in Western Europe
Authors: Manço Ural
Published: June 2016

Every society produces its own concept of otherness. It is a universal fact, necessary for the social cohesion of the majority group. In recent decades, along with the development of a European consciousness and citizenship, the concept of ‘other’ relating to immigration is largely imposed on Muslims in Western Europe. There are historical reasons for this social enmity that trace their roots back to the Middle Ages and to nineteenth century colonialism. However, other contemporary reasons have reinforced these mind-sets; some of which are international events (e.g. the Arab-Israeli conflict, the Iranian revolution, the wars in Iraq and Syria, international terror of Islamic inspiration, and so on). These facts have – at least since 11 September 2001 – made the expression of Islamophobic opinions politically and morally more acceptable in Europe.
Analysis and design of a triple band metamaterial simplified CRLH cells loaded monopole antenna
Authors: Abdalla Mahmoud Abdelrahman , Hu Zhirun , Muvianto Cahyo
Published: June 2016

The design and analysis of meta-material inspired loaded monopole antenna for multiband operation are reported. The proposed antenna consists of multi resonators inspired from half mode composite right/left handed cells, which has a simple structure, compact size, and provides multiband functionalities. As a proof of concept, a triple band antenna covering all possible WiMAX operating bands, has been designed, fabricated, and characterized. The hosting monopole patch itself generates resonance for 3.3–3.8 GHz band, whereas the loaded metamaterial cells add extra resonance frequencies. The loading of two resonator cells introduces two extra resonances for 2.5–2.7 GHz and 5.3–5.9 GHz bands, respectively. The antenna's operating principle and design procedures with the aid of electromagnetic full wave simulation and experimental measurements are presented. The antenna has good omnidirectional patterns at all three bands. The monopole patch size is 13.5 × 6.5 mm2and the whole antenna size (including the feed line) is 35 × 32 mm2. Compared with conventional single band microstrip patch radiator, the radiator size of this antenna is only 8.5% at 2.5 GHz, 17% at 3.5 GHz, and 37% at 5.5 GHz.
When Thunderstorms Have Wings
Authors: Strelich Lily
Published: June 2016

A new study uncovers the origin of a gull wing–shaped cirrus cloud above an Argentinian thunderstorm captured in satellite images.
Habitat Fragmentation Prevents Migration During Climate Change
Authors: Coombs Amy
Published: June 2016

East Coast species will face the most difficulty finding routes to cooler homes as climate change forces migration.
Distinct recirculation potential of CD69+CD103− and CD103+ thymic memory CD8+ T cells
Authors: Park Simone L , Mackay Laura K , Gebhardt Thomas
Published: June 2016

Tissue‐resident memory T (TRM) cells occupy peripheral and lymphoid tissues where they confer protection against local infection. While epithelial CD8+ TRM cells coexpress CD69 and CD103, CD103− memory cells have been described in various organs and are often presumed non‐recirculating based on their expression of CD69. We found that both CD69+CD103+ and CD69+CD103− memory cells populated the thymus upon transfer of CD8+ effector T cells into uninfected recipients. Transcriptionally and phenotypically, CD103+ thymic cells resembled non‐lymphoid TRM cells, whereas CD69+CD103− cells displayed a profile that was more closely related to recirculating cells. Although CD69 was required for optimal CD103+ TRM formation, its expression alone did not identify permanently resident cells, as CD69+CD103− cells disappeared from the thymus following antibody‐mediated depletion of recirculating cells. Our findings highlight a distinct migration potential of phenotypically divergent thymic CD8+ memory T cells and emphasise the inadequacy of CD69 as a marker of tissue residency.
Phages rarely encode antibiotic resistance genes: a cautionary tale for virome analyses
Authors: Enault François , Briet Arnaud , Bouteille Léa , Roux Simon , Sullivan Matthew B , Petit Marie-Agnès
Published: June 2016

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are pervasive in gut microbiota, but it remains unclear how often ARGs are transferred, particularly to pathogens. Traditionally, ARG spread is attributed to horizontal transfer mediated either by DNA transformation, bacterial conjugation or generalized transduction. However, recent viral metagenome (virome) analyses suggest that ARGs are frequently carried by phages, which is inconsistent with the traditional view that phage genomes rarely encode ARGs. Here we used exploratory and conservative bioinformatic strategies found in the literature to detect ARGs in phage genomes, and experimentally assessed a subset of ARG predicted using exploratory thresholds. ARG abundances in 1181 phage genomes were vastly overestimated using exploratory thresholds (421 predicted vs 2 known), due to low similarities and matches to protein unrelated to antibiotic resistance. Consistent with this, four ARGs predicted using exploratory thresholds were experimentally evaluated and failed to confer antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli. Reanalysis of available human- or mouse-associated viromes for ARGs and their genomic context suggested that bona fide ARG attributed to phages in viromes were previously overestimated. These findings provide guidance for documentation of ARG in viromes, and reassert that ARGs are rarely encoded in phages.
Activated desorption at heterogeneous interfaces and long-time kinetics of hydrocarbon recovery from nanoporous media
Authors: Lee Thomas , Bocquet Lydéric , Coasne Benoit
Published: June 2016

Hydrocarbon recovery from unconventional reservoirs (shale gas) is debated due to its environmental impact and uncertainties on its predictability. But a lack of scientific knowledge impedes the proposal of reliable alternatives. The requirement of hydrofracking, fast recovery decay and ultra-low permeability—inherent to their nanoporosity—are specificities of these reservoirs, which challenge existing frameworks. Here we use molecular simulation and statistical models to show that recovery is hampered by interfacial effects at the wet kerogen surface. Recovery is shown to be thermally activated with an energy barrier modelled from the interface wetting properties. We build a statistical model of the recovery kinetics with a two-regime decline that is consistent with published data: a short time decay, consistent with Darcy description, followed by a fast algebraic decay resulting from increasingly unreachable energy barriers. Replacing water by CO2 or propane eliminates the barriers, therefore raising hopes for clean/efficient recovery.
Redox-freezing and nucleation of diamond via magnetite formation in the Earth’s mantle
Authors: Jacob Dorrit E. , Piazolo Sandra , Schreiber Anja , Trimby Patrick
Published: June 2016

Diamonds and their inclusions are unique probes into the deep Earth, tracking the deep carbon cycle to >800 km. Understanding the mechanisms of carbon mobilization and freezing is a prerequisite for quantifying the fluxes of carbon in the deep Earth. Here we show direct evidence for the formation of diamond by redox reactions involving FeNi sulfides. Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction identifies an arrested redox reaction from pyrrhotite to magnetite included in diamond. The magnetite corona shows coherent epitaxy with relict pyrrhotite and diamond, indicating that diamond nucleated on magnetite. Furthermore, structures inherited from h-Fe3O4define a phase transformation at depths of 320–330 km, the base of the Kaapvaal lithosphere. The oxidation of pyrrhotite to magnetite is an important trigger of diamond precipitation in the upper mantle, explaining the presence of these phases in diamonds.
Correction: Corrigendum: Mutations in CDCA7 and HELLS cause immunodeficiency–centromeric instability–facial anomalies syndrome
Authors: Thijssen Peter E. , Ito Yuya , Grillo Giacomo , Wang Jun , Velasco Guillaume , Nitta Hirohisa , Unoki Motoko , Yoshihara Minako , Suyama Mikita , Sun Yu , Lemmers Richard J. L. F. , de Greef Jessica C. , Gennery Andrew , Picco Paolo , Kloeckener-Gruissem Barbara , Güngör Tayfun , Reisli Ismail , Picard Capucine , Kebaili Kamila , Roquelaure Bertrand , Iwai Tsuyako , Kondo Ikuko , Kubota Takeo , van Ostaijen-Ten Dam Monique M. , van Tol Maarten J. D. , Weemaes Corry , Francastel Claire , van der Maarel Silvère M. , Sasaki Hiroyuki
Published: June 2016

Nature Communications 6: Article number: 7870 (2015); Published: 28 July 2015; Updated: 22 June 2016 In Fig. 1b of this Article, the sex of patient 2.1 in family A is incorrect, and should be depicted as male. The correct version of this figure appears below. Figure 1
Reaction–diffusion theory explains hypoxia and heterogeneous growth within microbial biofilms associated with chronic infections
Authors: Stewart Philip S , Zhang Tianyu , Xu Ruifang , Pitts Betsey , Walters Marshall C , Roe Frank , Kikhney Judith , Moter Annette
Published: June 2016

Reaction–diffusion models were applied to gain insight into the aspects of biofilm infection and persistence by comparing mathematical simulations with the experimental data from varied bacterial biofilms. These comparisons, including three in vitro systems and two clinical investigations of specimens examined ex vivo, underscored the central importance of concentration gradients of metabolic substrates and the resulting physiological heterogeneity of the microorganisms. Relatively simple one-dimensional and two-dimensional (2D) models captured the: (1) experimentally determined distribution of specific growth rates measured in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells within sputum from cystic fibrosis patients; (2) pattern of relative growth rate within aggregates of streptococcal biofilm harboured in an endocarditis vegetation; (3) incomplete penetration of oxygen into a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm under conditions of exposure to ambient air and also pure oxygen; (4) localisation of anabolic activity around the periphery of P. aeruginosa cell clusters formed in a flow cell and attribution of this pattern to iron limitation; (5) very low specific growth rates, as small as 0.025 h−1, in the interior of cell clusters within a Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm in a complex 2D domain of variable cell density.
Taxonomy, diversity, temporal and geographical distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Colombia: A retrospective study
Authors: Ramírez Juan David , Hernández Carolina , León Cielo M. , Ayala Martha S. , Flórez Carolina , González Camila
Published: June 2016

Leishmaniases are tropical zoonotic diseases, caused by kinetoplastid parasites from the genus Leishmania. New World (NW) species are related to sylvatic cycles although urbanization processes have been reported in some South American Countries such as Colombia. Currently, few studies show the relative distribution of Leishmania species related to cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) in South America due to the lack of accurate surveillance and public health systems. Herein, we conducted a systematic estimation of the Leishmania species causing CL in Colombia from 1980 to 2001 via molecular typing and isoenzymes. A total of 327 Leishmania isolates from humans, sandflies and reservoirs were typed as L. panamensis 61.3% (201), L. braziliensis 27.1% (88), L. lainsoni 0.6% (2), L. guyanensis 0.9% (3), L. infantum chagasi 4% (12), L. equatoriensis 0.6% (2), L. mexicana 2.1% (8), L. amazonensis 2.8% (9) and L. colombiensis 0.6% (2). This is the first report of two new Leishmania species circulating in Colombia and suggests the need to convince the Colombian government about the need to deploy and standardize tools for the species identification to provide adequate management to individuals suffering this pathology.
Stroke in Traditional Korean Medicine: A Nine-Year Multicentre Community-Based Study in South Korea
Authors: Ko Mi Mi , Lee Ju Ah , Cha Min Ho , Kang Byoung-Kab , Lee Myeong Soo
Published: June 2016

In Korea, patients with stroke are commonly treated using traditional Korean medicine (TKM). The aim of this study was to provide information on the clinical characteristics of the pattern identification (PI) of stroke used in TKM. Stroke patients admitted to 15 TKM university hospitals from April 2005 through December 2013 were evaluated. The measured variables included the following factors as they related to the PI: (a) stroke etiology; (b) distribution of symptoms/signs; (c) physical characteristics and lifestyle parameters; (d) medical history; and (e) stroke-related laboratory results. Among 4912 stroke patients, 3466 patients received the same PI by two experts with the following distribution: Qi-Deficiency pattern (n = 810), Fire-Heat (FH) pattern (n = 1031), Dampness-Phlegm (DP) pattern (n = 1127), and Yin-Deficiency pattern (n = 498). Approximately 89.9% of subjects enrolled in this study had cerebral infarction. Some of specific symptoms were related to each type of PI, and obese phenotypes and blood lipids were significantly related to DP and FH. These results showed the characteristics of each type of PI and should lead to the standardization of diagnosis for stroke in TKM.
Comparative proteomic study of Arabidopsis mutants mpk4 and mpk6
Authors: Takáč Tomáš , Vadovič Pavol , Pechan Tibor , Luptovčiak Ivan , Šamajová Olga , Šamaj Jozef
Published: June 2016

Arabidopsis MPK4 and MPK6 are implicated in different signalling pathways responding to diverse external stimuli. This was recently correlated with transcriptomic profiles of Arabidopsis mpk4 and mpk6 mutants and thus it should be reflected also on the level of constitutive proteomes. Therefore, we performed a shot gun comparative proteomic analysis of Arabidopsis mpk4 and mpk6 mutant roots. We have used bioinformatic tools and propose several new proteins as putative MPK4 and MPK6 phosphorylation targets. Among these proteins in the mpk6 mutant were important modulators of development such as CDC48A and phospholipase D alpha 1. In the case of the mpk4 mutant transcriptional reprogramming might be mediated by phosphorylation and change in the abundance of mRNA decapping complex VCS. Further comparison of mpk4 and mpk6 root differential proteomes showed differences in the composition and regulation of defense related proteins. The mpk4 mutant showed altered abundances of antioxidant proteins. The examination of catalase activity in response to oxidative stress revealed that this enzyme might be preferentially regulated by MPK4. Finally, we proposed developmentally important proteins as either directly or indirectly regulated by MPK4 and MPK6. These proteins contribute to known phenotypic defects in the mpk4 and mpk6 mutants.