bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fraught Remedies
Authors: Fox Dov
Published: July 2019

When negligence thwarts parental efforts to select for socially salient traits like sex, race, and disability, compensation risks cutting against public safety or morality. Mandated cash payments for the wrongful defeat of attempts to choose a child to be deaf or male or white have the potential to undermine public commitments to newborn health, gender balance, or racial equality. This chapter argues that these concerns will only under exceptional circumstances rule out any remedy for confounded procreation. Even in rare cases for which recovery is not valid but void, courts should still grant nominal damages for generalized reproductive injuries—to deter professional misconduct and vindicate broader interests in offspring selection. In cases involving the failure to screen or diagnose some offspring condition, it’s not just private individuals or couples deciding what’s best for their own lives. Tort awards can impart an existential insult to people whose conditions were singled out for elimination—that verdict reflects the binding conclusion that the judge or jury reaches in view of specific facts and applicable law. But that expressive power shouldn’t immunize professional wrongdoing that thwarts eccentric offspring selection. Concerns about “quality control” are essentially contested—whether framed in terms of parental love or playing God, these visions of reproductive restraint don’t reflect social consensus. The not-so-distant history of racial ordering across family units comes closer to voiding complaints for confounded race. But courts should still provide limited recovery, with explicit caveats—to affirm generic interests in offspring selection, while disclaiming any racial component.
Cold, Heat, Wealth, and Culture
Authors: Vliert Evert Van de , Tony Kong Dejun
Published: July 2019

This chapter entertains the question of how—or rather why—fundamental freedoms are unevenly distributed around the globe. We propose an explanation in terms of climatic cold and heat ranging from undemanding to demanding and economic wealth ranging from poor to rich. Fundamental freedoms appear to increase in a stepwise manner in populations faced with threatening (demanding, poor) to unthreatening (undemanding, poor) to unchallenging (undemanding, rich) to challenging (demanding, rich) places of residence. This ecological regularity applies to freedom from in-group–out-group discrimination, freedom from hierarchical discrimination, freedom from corruption, freedom from aggression, freedom to trust, and freedom to be creative. As an additional discovery, we find increases in cultural expressions of freedom away from the threatening places of residence around the equator toward the challenging places of residence at higher latitudes in both hemispheres. The observed ecological and latitudinal trends are generalizable across cultural freedoms, across space, and across time.
What Is Culture For?
Authors: Kashima Yoshihisa
Published: July 2019

What is culture for? What functions does culture serve? This chapter traces a historical background to these functionalist questions and examine their contemporary relevance. Although functionalist perspectives arose from Darwin’s evolutionism in social science and psychology of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, their theoretical implications were thoroughly criticized and gave way to the emergence of a newer, neo-functionalist thinking in the late twentieth century. A neo-functionalist perspective is discernible in a variety of theoretical approaches in culture and psychology. Its basic tenet suggests that culture is often, though not always, helpful for its adopters to adapt to their local environmental niche, meeting different types of environmental challenges, both natural and human made (built, economic, intergroup, intragroup, psychological). The chapter concludes by advocating that research on culture and psychology can play a critical role in helping humanity meet the twenty-first-century challenges of climate change and intergroup conflicts.
The Role of Emotions in Socialization Processes Across Cultures
Authors: Keller Heidi
Published: July 2019

This chapter is based on an inextricable interrelationship between biology and culture that implies that there are universal and specific dimensions of psychological phenomena, including emotions. It is assumed that biological predispositions interact with environmental/cultural influences to shape human behavior and representational systems. After discussing the conceptions of emotions, culture, and cultural environment that underlie the discussion in this chapter, emotion socialization in different environments is presented. First, the Western middle-class child’s learning environment is portrayed before alternative developmental pathways are presented, in particular the rural farming context and some examples from non-Western urban middle-class families. Emotions are especially discussed with respect to their prevalence and centrality in socialization processes and cultural conventions of emotion expression. The author concludes that the evaluation of behaviors and behavioral representations developed in one culture with the standards of another culture is unscientific and unethical.
Culture and Cognition
Authors: Wang Qi , Senzaki Sawa
Published: July 2019

In this chapter, the authors discuss various ways that culture shapes cognition—the processes and products of the human mind. Their coverage ranges from what is traditionally considered to be less purely cerebral components, such as attention and perception, to higher mental processes, such as reasoning and autobiographical memory. These cognitive components may be directed at nonhuman objects or at the human world of social cognition. By reviewing key empirical research, the authors argue that culture, as a system of values and practices, provides an overarching framework to guide individuals when they attend to, perceive, evaluate, explain, describe, and remember events and objects related to themselves and the larger environment. Throughout the discussion, the authors highlight socialization practices that mediate cultural influences on the developing mind.
Culture and Psychological Interventions
Authors: Huang Cindy Y. , Zane Nolan
Published: July 2019

Mental health disparities exist for ethnic minority populations due to inaccessible and ineffective interventions for these clients. Research findings indicate that ethnic minority clients were often assigned therapists or administered psychological interventions that were incompatible with their cultural backgrounds or life circumstances. Decades of research have identified cultural factors, such as racial/ethnic match, face concern, and social validity, as important contributors to mental health outcomes for ethnic minority populations. This chapter summarizes a research program dedicated to examining the disparities in psychological interventions and mental health outcomes for ethnic minority groups. This work also identified critical cultural factors related to treatment processes and outcomes for these groups. The chapter reviews the current efforts to translate this research program into culturally adapted and community-centered interventions as a way of reducing mental health disparities. Research challenges and future directions in the field of culture and psychological interventions are discussed.
Social Representations of History as Common Ground for Processes of Intergroup Relations and the Content of Social Identities
Authors: Liu James H. , Páez Dario
Published: July 2019

Social representations of history (SRH) provide symbolic resources enabling a society or culture to communicate what has worked for it in the past when facing challenges today. SRH (or collective memories) enrich process-oriented psychology with content that moderates and provides mediators for culture-general theories. They are produced by nation-states to provide a “warrant of antiquity” that legitimizes their claims to sovereignty. SRH are considered as a form of narrative for national or global identity, with schematic narrative templates casting groups or individuals as heroes and villains in the psyche of peoples, from which lessons can be drawn. Through the World History Survey and national case studies, this chapter illustrates how collective memory retains from the past only that which is still capable of living in the consciousness of the groups in the present, and, through a continual process of selection, interpretation, and retention enables both continuity and change in managing social identities.
Multicultural Identities
Authors: Hong Ying-yi , Zhan Siran
Published: July 2019

Rapid globalization has heightened intercultural exposure and diversity of societies. As an adaptation to globalization, many individuals are acquiring identities that pertain to more than one regional and/or national culture. To understand the formation, maintenance, and impact of multicultural identity, researchers study it at multiple levels of analysis. To this end, this chapter will review the literature on multicultural identities at the levels of intrapersonal processes, interpersonal processes, and organizational and societal influences. The review shows that the concept of multicultural identity has evolved over time, from being seen as maladaptive to an embodiment of creativity and open-mindedness. This chapter demonstrates how the study of multicultural identities has gained prominence in recent decades and will be even more urgent as the mobility of individuals and social groups becomes the “new normal.” That is, with the exponential rate of intercultural contacts and mixing, being or becoming multicultural seems more normative than being monocultural. Monoculturalism may soon be a rare case and, as such, described as a thing of the past. It is ever more pressing to understand how people navigate among cultures, form bi- or multicultural identities, and adapt to new cultural environments cognitively and biologically and the challenges and barriers they face in the era of globalized world.
Cultural Neuroscience
Authors: Chiao Joan Y. , Blizinsky Katherine D.
Published: July 2019

Cultural neuroscience is a research field that investigates the mutual influences of cultural and biological sciences on human behavior. Research in cultural neuroscience demonstrates cultural influences on the neurobiological mechanisms of processes of the mind and behavior. Culture tunes the structure and functional organization of the mind and the nervous system, including processes of emotion, cognition, and social behavior. Environmental and developmental approaches play an important role in the emergence and maintenance of culture. Culture serves as an evolutionary adaptation, protecting organisms from environmental conditions across geography. Cultural variation in the human mind, brain, and behavior serves to build and reinforce culture throughout the life course. This chapter examines the theoretical, methodological, and empirical foundations of cultural neuroscience and its implications for research in population health disparities and global mental health.
Living in a Changing World
Authors: Cai Huajian , Huang Zihang , Jing Yiming
Published: July 2019

Abstract: Over recent decades, massive socioeconomic development and accelerated globalization have led to substantial changes in human culture and psychology. In this chapter, the authors identify a general trend of human cultural change around the globe: individualism has been increasing whereas collectivism has been decreasing. This trend is manifested in diverse social indicators, cultural products, daily practices, and various domains of psychology including cognition, personality, attitudes and values, and human development. Cultural change, however, is not linear. Economic depression as well as other external forces such as disaster and pandemic may interfere with it; some aspects of cultural heritage may also endure over the course of modernization, and multicultural societies are burgeoning around the world. Our review highlights that culture is not a static construct but a dynamic process. Future studies may extend the content and scope of our current research, explore processes and mechanisms underlying cultural change, and examine how individuals, organizations, and governments cope with this change.
Introduction
Authors: Palmer Lindsay
Published: July 2019

The introduction to this book begins with a detailed description of what news fixers are and how their work has evolved over time. Since the book focuses primarily on news fixing in the 21st century, the introduction historicizes the figure of the fixer, illuminating the fixer’s connections to the interpreters or guides hired by explorers, missionaries, and anthropologists of past centuries. This brief but necessary historicization is firmly rooted within the critical framework of postcolonial studies, a theoretical lens that helps me explain the deeply entrenched tradition of colonial dependence on regionally specific knowledge—knowledge that unfortunately did not prevent the misrepresentation and exploitation of the people living in these other places. The introduction then moves to an examination of the news fixers’ current role within the larger ecosystem of international reporting. Building off the rich literature found in the field of journalism studies, which examines the various elements of the labor of foreign correspondence, the introduction will show that a space must be made within journalism scholarship for the study of news fixers. What is more, the field of global journalism ethics also has much to gain from a closer examination of these locally based media employees.
Conceptualizing the Story
Authors: Palmer Lindsay
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses specifically on the labor of conceptualizing the story. When news fixers describe this element of their work, they tend to emphasize three things: (1) their role in anticipating and successfully getting the story that the journalist originally wants, (2) their role in suggesting new story ideas to journalists who either do not know which events to cover or whose story ideas have not panned out, and (3) their role in educating visiting journalists on the political, social, and historical background knowledge that they sometimes very sorely lack. While some might argue that this element of news fixers’ labor points to their dubious efforts at slanting the story in a “biased” direction, the chapter argues that news fixers’ narratives about conceptualizing the story instead illuminate the fact that there is rarely one, immutable story to be found. From fixers’ perspectives, the journalistic story is an effort at lending coherence to a much more complex reality, one defined by competing angles and experiences. The chapter also shows that without the news fixers’ more extensive background knowledge, visiting journalists run the risk of grossly misrepresenting the people and places being covered.
Locating Classical Music in Culture
Authors: Bull Anna
Published: July 2019

This chapter reframes existing research on classical music by putting it into dialogue with sociological understandings of class and gender to outline what a social analysis of classical music should look like. This also lays the foundations for theorizing more widely how music might be analysed in relation to class, an urgent theoretical intervention at a time of increasing economic inequality within many nation-states. It asks, how are musical institutions, practices, and aesthetics shaped by wider conditions of economic inequality, and in what ways might music enable and entrench such inequalities or work against them? The chapter argues for understanding music and inequality through a multi-scalar approach that examines how sociocultural discourses and practices can be traced within musical practices, and how such practices can then be heard in the aesthetic that they create.
‘Getting It Right’ as an Affect of Self-Improvement
Authors: Bull Anna
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines rehearsal practices in the youth music groups in this study to analyse the practices that were required to attain ideals of aesthetic beauty. It introduces the idea of ‘getting it right’ as an important component of classical music education as observed in this study. Getting it right necessitated ongoing correction of the young musicians from teachers and conductors, and this formed the main practice of rehearsals. This rightness held a moral connotation for some of the young people, and the work of practising that was required to attain ‘rightness’ also held different meanings for young people in different class positions. However, within the powerful relationship of trust that many of the young people formed with their teachers, getting it right necessitated correction from teachers that for a few pupils turned into bullying or emotional abuse.
‘Sometimes I Feel Like I’m His Dog’
Authors: Bull Anna
Published: July 2019

In a close analysis of rehearsal processes in the youth choir and two youth orchestras in this study, this chapter describes in detail the gendered interaction between conductor and musicians. The charismatic authoritative leadership of their male conductors was appreciated and enjoyed by the young musicians. The chapter focuses particularly on the interactions that facilitated this charismatic authority. To this end, the construction of conductors’ charisma is analysed in its workings through consensual as well as more coercive practices such as humiliation and fear, and the ways in which these reinforced gendered norms are drawn out. The deference and conformity that are normal within classical music practice can be read politically as trust in the authority and expertise of adult leaders that is continuous with a wider middle-class trust in institutional authority. These social relations are, in part, inscribed in the musical text.
‘Instead of Destroying My Body I Have a Reason for Maintaining It’
Authors: Bull Anna
Published: July 2019

This chapter assesses the encounter between a youth opera group and Mozart’s opera The Magic Flute. Singing opera gave the young women in this group a sense of control and embodied confidence, negating the body image issues that several of them described. Against this, the strongly gendered institutional and cultural context of classical music, including the musical-dramatic text of The Magic Flute itself, undermined this experience thanks to the ideology of ‘fidelity’ to origins and authenticity that is normative in classical music culture. This inhibited the radical potential of the bodily empowerment that the young women experienced through limiting the possibilities for re-imagining the musical text, thus also limiting any possibilities for changing the practices that bring the text to life.
On Social, Moral, and Linguistic Norms
Authors: Roughley Neil , Bayertz Kurt
Published: July 2019

This chapter summarises the contributions to the volume The Normative Animal? On the Anthropological Significance of Social, Moral and Linguistic Norms. The contributions are divided into three sections in line with the tripartite division of the types of norms discussed in the volume. The key claims of the individual chapters are presented and set into relation to one another, and a number of issues raised by competition between the claims are highlighted. This prepares the ground for an assessment of the normative animal thesis in the light of the varying accounts both of specific deontic phenomena and of normativity in general. Central issues concern the concepts of social norms and conventions, the relative importance of coordination and cooperation, the nature and role of collective intentionality, the place of norms in evolutionary explanations, and the structure of normative action guidance. Decisive for the normative animal thesis are the questions as to whether moral principles and linguistic rules are correctly characterised as both real and deontic in the same senses in which these characterisations apply to social norms.
On the Uniqueness of Human Normative Attitudes
Authors: Schmidt Marco F. H. , Rakoczy Hannes
Published: July 2019

Humans are normative beings through and through. This capacity for normativity lies at the core of uniquely human forms of understanding and regulating socio-cultural group life. Plausibly, therefore, the hominin lineage evolved specialized social-cognitive, motivational, and affective abilities that helped create, transmit, preserve, and amend shared social practices. In turn, these shared normative attitudes and practices shaped subsequent human phylogeny, constituted new forms of group life, and hence structured human ontogeny, too. An essential aspect of human ontogeny is therefore its reciprocal nature regarding normativity. This chapter reviews recent evidence from developmental psychology suggesting that, from early on, human children take a normative attitude toward others’ conduct in social interactions, and thus a collectivistic and impersonal perspective on norms. The chapter discusses to what extent humans’ closest living primate relatives lack normative attitudes and therefore live in a non-normative socio-causal world structured by individual preferences, power relationships, and regularities.
The Normative Nature of Language
Authors: Enfield N. J. , Sidnell Jack
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the normative nature of language, focusing on the idea that there are socially determined and commonly shared criteria for accountably appropriate action specific to language. We define norms in terms of three key properties: if a pattern of behavior is supported by a norm, it is subliminal (the behavior is not noticed when present), ablinimal (the behavior is noticed when absent), and inference-vulnerable (absence of, or deviation from, the behavior generates inferences). In exploring the normative nature of language, this chapter first considers people’s orientation to norms in the use of language in social interaction, and then turns to people’s orientation to norms in the appropriate use of words. The chapter makes the case not only that word meanings are regulated by norms but that people are motivated to enforce such norms even in the most mundane and informal of settings. This is the result of a general tyranny of accountability, which pertains to language, and to other forms of behavior that are grounded in human intersubjectivity.
The Normativity of Meaning Revisited
Authors: Glock Hans-Johann
Published: July 2019

The question of whether meaning is inherently normative has become a central topic in philosophy and linguistics. It also has crucial implications for anthropology and for understanding the evolution of language. This chapter defends the normativity of meaning against some recent challenges. Anti-normativists contend that while there are “semantic principles”—aka explanations of meaning—specifying conditions for the correct application of expressions, these are either not genuinely normative or they are not in fact constitutive of meaning. This dilemma can be defused if one clarifies the notions of norm, rule, and convention, distinguishes different dimensions of semantic normativity, and pays attention to different types of mistakes that can afflict linguistic behaviour. One needs to keep apart: norms of truth and of meaning, regulative and constitutive rules, rules and the reasons for following or disregarding them, pro tanto and all things considered obligations. On that basis the chapter argues that correctness is a normative notion and that constitutive rules in general and explanations of meaning in particular play various normative roles in linguistic practices. Furthermore, while speakers may conform to and occasionally violate semantic principle for defeasible prudential reasons, this is perfectly compatible with the principles having a normative status. The final section discusses the question of whether human communication requires communally shared rules or conventions and the age-old problem of circularity: how could such conventions be essential to language, given that the latter appears prerequisite for establishing and communicating conventions in the first place?
Suffrage and the City
Authors: Santangelo Lauren C.
Published: July 2019

Suffrage and the City: New York Women Battle for the Ballot uncovers the ways in which the demand for women’s rights intersected with the history, politics, and culture of New York City in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. The city—its mores, rhythms, and physical layout—helped to shape what was possible for suffragists campaigning within it. At the same time, these activists helped to redefine the urban experience, especially for white, middle-class women. The fight for the vote in the nation’s largest metropolis demanded that suffragists both mobilize and contest urban etiquette, as they worked to gain visibility and underscore their cause’s respectability. Suffrage and the City demonstrates that the Big Apple was more than just a stage for suffrage action; it was part of the drama.
Ushering in a “New Era,” 1907–1909
Authors: Santangelo Lauren C.
Published: July 2019

A new generation far more attuned to Gotham’s resources took over the campaign’s management beginning in 1907, reconfiguring the relationship between suffrage and the cityscape. This chapter focuses on three leaders of the reconfigured movement—Maud Malone, Harriot Stanton Blatch, and Carrie Chapman Catt—and their efforts to recruit teachers by championing pay parity, and to rekindle elite women’s interest in the campaign. National leaders also increasingly recognized that Manhattan could enhance their organization’s prestige, profile, and treasury. In 1909, they unveiled lavish new headquarters on Fifth Avenue, convinced that the city’s dense newspaper industry could broadcast their message to the rest of the nation.
Geographies of Suffrage, 1910–1913
Authors: Santangelo Lauren C.
Published: July 2019

This chapter evaluates the metropolitan strategies activists developed in the early 1910s. Leaders like Carrie Chapman Catt and Harriot Stanton Blatch and organizations like the Woman Suffrage Party and the Women’s Political Union created a foothold for the campaign by opening headquarters in Murray Hill, a retail area in Midtown Manhattan. The suffrage district created there quite literally put the women’s rights crusade on the map, improving its visibility and professional status. At the same time, activists reached beyond this one district. A few aggressively moved into other parts of the city, claiming areas once deemed unsafe for middle-class women. Some tried to recruit nurses and actors to further publicize their message. Organizers capitalized on New York’s budding film industry to spread images of this diverse coalition across the nation. Celluloid views of the cityscape, parade footage, and scenes from headquarters helped to crystallize the image of suffrage as a distinctly urban affair, enabling women across the nation to vicariously participate.
“Suffrage ‘Owns’ City,” 1913–1915
Authors: Santangelo Lauren C.
Published: July 2019

The 1915 state referendum required leaders like Carrie Chapman Catt and Harriot Stanton Blatch to move beyond recruiting female allies and instead convince legislators and men with the ballot to support women’s rights. This chapter describes how activists quickly rallied their urban army to do so: public health nurses courted immigrant support, actresses used their celebrity to draw attention, socialites poured money into the treasury, and teachers forfeited their summer vacations for organizational work. City organizations, including the Woman Suffrage Party, pooled resources to form the Empire State Campaign Committee. Everyone recognized that winning the state’s forty-five Electoral College votes would be a pivotal step toward achieving a national amendment. However, obstacles remained. Organizers chafed at police restrictions, faced resistance at sporting events, and needed to relocate headquarters in an ever-changing rental marketplace. Ultimately, more than three hundred thousand men voted against women’s right to the franchise at the 1915 referendum, ensuring that polling places would remain distinctly male terrain in an increasingly heterosocial city.
The Library Screen Scene
Authors: Hobbs Renee , Deslauriers Liz , Steager Pam
Published: July 2019

Throughout life, people use film, videos, and media for entertainment and learning. In an increasing number of school, public, and academic libraries, people get opportunities to screen and discuss movies, make short animations, learn to edit videos, and develop a sense of community and civic engagement through shared media experiences. Through innovative programs, services, and collections, libraries are helping people acquire film and media literacy competencies. This book reveals five core practices used by librarians who care about film and media: viewing, creating, learning, collecting, and connecting. With examples from more than 170 school, public, and academic libraries in 15 states, the book shows how film and media literacy education programs and services in libraries advance the lifelong learning competencies of patrons and learners from all walks of life. How does it happen? Film screening and discussion programs deepen people’s appreciation for the art of film. Creating media in libraries advances literacy competencies, builds collaboration skills, and promotes community empowerment. In schools and universities, librarians help people critically analyze moving image media as they learn from it. Librarians make important choices in how they select and access film and media now that streaming media, social media, and other digital technologies are transforming access. Through partnerships, librarians help bring film and media education into communities, aware that opportunities for people to both consume and create moving image media help connect generations, cultures, and communities with important issues and ideas.
Connecting
Authors: Hobbs Renee , Deslauriers Liz , Steager Pam
Published: July 2019

Librarians in school, public, and academic contexts have been more outward-facing in their outreach efforts over the past 15 years. Public libraries have connected with school and academic libraries, and more libraries increasingly connect with local organizations and individuals to provide programming. Public film screenings enable public and academic libraries to meet the needs of all people in the community—including those who can’t, don’t, or don’t like to read. Film and media literacy in libraries helps to create communities where ongoing sustained dialogue helps us talk and listen to each other. As we model respectful ways of talking about movies and media, we know that these vital civic competencies can transfer to the home, the family, the workplace, and the community. In some communities, locally created oral histories on video bring people together to share stories, and this form of digital media has cross-generational value for both current and future residents. Libraries can also be an avenue for independent filmmakers to distribute their films. Screening the entries of film contests like the 90-Second Newbery and 60-Second Shakespeare can serve to attract patrons to the library and readers to great literature. Outreach librarianship may also be a matter of marketing and adaptation for survival.
Moral Psychology and Cultivating the Self
Authors: Virág Curie
Published: July 2019

This chapter offers a selection of writings concerning Zhu Xi’s account of the psychological workings of human beings that explains how their nature (xing 性), heart-mind (xin 心), and the feelings (qing 情) are integrated with one another. It also includes material that addresses Zhu’s naturalistic explanation of moral capacity of humans and the proper course and method of self-cultivation. Zhu’s moral psychology presents a “synthesis” of the various cosmological and ethical ideas forwarded by his Northern Song neo-Confucian predecessors. He argued that by conceptualizing and embodying the all-pervading pattern-principle of things in the world one achieved integrity and unity in one’s own person, thereby fully realizing one’s humanity.
Politics and Government
Authors: Tiwald Justin
Published: July 2019

This chapter presents a representative selection of Zhu’s writings on issues such as the management of the state bureaucracy, public education, rules and regulations, foreign affairs, and the selection and appointment of officials. Zhu’s vision of good governance serves as a kind of regulative ideal for his ethics. The character traits that he most esteems and wants for educated men are those that position them to be righteous, discerning, and caring advisors and administrators, and the fact that they make for capable advisors and officers of state is part of what justifies the Confucian virtues as Zhu understands them. Zhu lived up to his theoretical account of the political life; several times, he risked his career to take positions against the corruption of officials and the Southern Song’s policy of appeasement toward the Jurchens and other neighboring states.
Poetry, Literature, Textual Study, and Hermeneutics
Authors: Ng On-cho
Published: July 2019

This chapter introduces Zhu’s views on hermeneutics, literature, and poesy. His hermeneutics is dedicated to gaining an understanding of pattern-principle and the Way. Zhu elevated the Four Books as scriptural texts with canonical authority, regarding them as encasing all the most important cosmological truths. According to Zhu, the proper goal of reading is to fathom and penetrate the mind of the classics’ authors (the sages) and thereby achieve an apprehension of the Way. Zhu identifies the reader with the author in the sense that they share the same heart-mind, such that understanding can be attained outside of the remit of words and texts. Textual investigation, in the end, is merely a means to apprehend the highest truths. In other words, reading is the realization of the Way, and the Six Classics are works that demonstrate the workings of pattern-principle in the midst of the Way.
Introduction
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

The Introduction of 9 Months In, 9 Months Out presents the premise of the book and the author’s reasons for writing it. She discusses the challenge that working women face when they decide to have children and how parenthood affects their careers. The author also explains the layout of the book and outlines how every chapter will cover each month of prenatal development and each of the first 9 months of parenthood. Each chapter will provide a real-time narrative of the experience of the mother juxtaposed with relevant research about each month of prenatal and infant development.
The First Two Months
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the development of the fetus in the first 2 months of pregnancy following conception, including the development of the zygote as it travels down the fallopian tube, cell migration and differentiation, and a discussion of stem cells. As the author starts to experience pregnancy for the very first time, she describes common symptoms of pregnancy, including morning sickness, headaches, breast tenderness, increased hunger, frequent urination, and fatigue. She also discusses the high incidence of miscarriages—which are common of 10–20% of known pregnancies—and their frequency in the first trimester. Finally, she describes a mother’s very first sonogram, or internal ultrasound.
The Fourth Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the development of the fetus in the fourth month of pregnancy. As the author learns the sex of her own baby, she explores a discussion of gender and sex throughout development. Specifically, she addresses the development of sex organs prenatally and how biological sex should be differentiated from the construct of gender using examples from the animal literature to illustrate how sometimes even biological sex can be determined by environmental circumstances. The chapter also includes a lengthy discussion of the development of gender concept and gender identity in children and how parents’ expectations might affect the development of gender-stereotyped behavior.
The Ninth Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the development of the fetus in the ninth month of pregnancy. As the author gets close to delivering, she discusses the stages of labor and the task of creating a birth plan. Specifically, she discusses the benefits of choosing a natural birth versus a planned C-section, and the option of using pain-reducing interventions (e.g., epidural) and their potential effects on labor and delivery on the fetus. She also includes a brief discussion of the role that doulas and midwives can play in births in the United States.
The Fourth Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the development of the infant in the fourth month of life. As her baby begins to coo and communicate for the first time, the author discusses the development of language, from these first sounds to an infant’s first words. She provides an in-depth discussion of how babies break through the speech stream, identifying words in their native language for the first time. She goes on to describe why children might be particularly adept language-learners when compared to adults, including the topics of second-language acquisition and bilingualism.
Authenticity, Digital Media, and Person Identity Verification
Authors: Davis Jenny L.
Published: July 2019

Identity theory models authenticity as the outcome of person identity verification. In a parallel literature from digital media studies, the concept of authenticity has emerged as a central concern. Through interviews with American adults, I examine authenticity in relation to social media, using an identity theory frame. I show the specific tactics people use to present “true” versions of themselves, and how they censure those who fail to do so. Through participants’ narratives, I distill two principles of authenticity in a digital age: curation and triangulation. These refer to selective practices of sharing and cultivating a consistent image of self across digital platforms and face-to-face interactions. Those who fail to adhere to these principles may be subject to various forms of disconnection—“un-friending,” “un-following,” and/or general social exclusion. Disconnection minimizes interaction opportunities, making it difficult to verify person identity meanings.
Intersectional Identities and Stigma Recovery
Authors: Ramos Maria C. , Smith-Lovin Lynn , Young Bethany
Published: July 2019

Unethical behaviors (e.g., stealing) are viewed more positively when they benefit someone other than the unethical actor. Scholars argue actors can use this “prosociality” effect to restore their identities after they engage in deviant actions. We investigate whether this interactional resource is more available to some categories of people than others. We use the intersectionality literature to discuss how combinations of race and gender might influence whether a prosocial unethical behavior is defined in negative or positive terms. We use affect control theory to generate hypotheses about when the intersectional identities will lead to more negative or positive evaluations and labeling of the actor and behavior. In an online experiment, we find that the evaluation and labeling of an actor are less affected by prosociality when he is a white male. Women of both races and men of color can restore their identities, but only by behaving in a completely prosocial way.
Racial Exclusion and Queer Identity
Authors: Miller Shaeleya
Published: July 2019

In lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) social movement communities, members with varied sexual and gender identities work to pursue shared goals. While gender and sexual marginalization serve as common rallying points for members, intersectionality theory recognizes that each person has multiple, intersecting identities, which influence their experiences of oppression and empowerment (Crenshaw 1989). As a result, it is important to understand how LGBTQ activists navigate multiple identities and investments, while still maintaining group solidarity. Using 53 interviews with non-heterosexuals, I examine how multiple sexual, gender, and racial identities were subsumed within a broader "queer community" group engaged in identity-verification among their peers. Based on the findings, I suggest that inclusive ideologies, when deployed in diverse social movement communities, can reproduce inequalities from within. Furthermore, I argue that these inequalities are made visible through the processes by which members of social groups engage in struggles to verify group membership.
Controlled, Verified, and Understood
Authors: Novoselova Olga A. , Lynn Freda B. , Miller Graham N. S.
Published: July 2019

Organizations, like individuals, are faced with the task of constructing an identity. To attract investors and consumers, a firm needs to develop a sense of “who we are” and “what we do.” Yet audiences may come to see the firm differently from how it desires to be seen. We address this alignment problem with a case study of the U.S. market for higher education. Identity verification is core to the research on individuals but peripheral in the literature on organizational identity, which instead focuses more on strategic identity construction. We use a network approach to capture both how schools view themselves (e.g., Yale nominates Princeton as a peer) and how the market responds (e.g., many schools view Yale and Princeton as peers). Results show that prestigious schools are more likely to (1) construct tightly controlled identities, (2) experience reciprocated nominations, and (3) define themselves in a manner consistent with the market’s response.
The Nature of the Ballet and Hip-Hop Dancer Identity
Authors: Kushida Melanie
Published: July 2019

This study examines how the environment and the socialization that ensues shape individuals’ attitudes and meanings in the situation of being a dancer. In turn, these attitudes and meanings in the situation may influence the “tightness” of the dancer identity, or how hard people seek to match situational meanings, including how they think other people see them, with how they see themselves as a dancer. Data were collected through field observations and semi-structured interviews. Findings suggest that how the environment is structured and the socialization that accompanies it may influence dancer identity meanings that are more tightly controlled for a ballet dancer compared to meanings that are more loosely controlled for a hip-hop dancer.
The Role of Significant Others in Shaping Fathers’ Identities and Behavior
Authors: Collett Jessica L. , Vercel Kelcie , Pierce Kayla D. R.
Published: July 2019

Identities are composed of sets of meanings that people apply to themselves. These meanings vary in both content and quality, with important implications for individuals’ actions, emotions, and commitment to their identities. In this research, we reveal how men’s significant others serve as important sources of identity meanings and are key to how men interpret and enact their identities as fathers. Using data from in-depth interviews with low-income fathers, we demonstrate that fathers whose significant others offer positive examples of parenting, articulate concrete expectations, and provide explicit evaluations of men’s performances have more nuanced ideas of who they want to be as fathers and can more effectively translate those ideas into clear lines of action and engaged parenting behavior.
Identity and the Self in Elderly Adults with Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Francis Linda , Adams Richard E. , König Alexandra , Hoey Jesse
Published: July 2019

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the gradual loss of memory, ultimately progressing to forgetting who one is and has been. From a symbolic interactionist perspective, the progression of this disease raises the question of what happens to the “self” as part of an interactive social process with others. Our exploratory study of elders with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s indicates that, while identities grounded in memories and roles will fade as a person loses their ability to remember people and events, habitual and behavioral aspects of identity that reflect one’s personhood may persist longer. Thirty-two elders in Canada and the United States, plus 20 of their caregivers, participated in a qualitative interview. Results indicated that even people with very impaired memory still reacted to situations in ways congruent with their past identities, although they often did not remember the identities themselves. Viewing this phenomenon sociologically informs our understanding of the formation and disintegration of self.
The Local Structure of Power
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: July 2019

The Stuart kings, Charles I and James I, had sought to rationalize and centralize power in England’s colonial empire, but the Glorious Revolution put an end to their efforts. The new monarch, William III, had a different objective—to protect Protestantism and defeat the ambitions of France’s king, Louis XIV. As long as colonies supported that objective, William was willing to allow them substantial self-government. As a result, power became localized as juries in some colonies and local judges in others were given control over the law. Pennsylvania was the only colony in which a central court exercised power over a broad geographic area.
The Well-Functioning Empire of the Mid-Eighteenth Century
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: July 2019

This chapter claims that in large part, the government and legal system of the mid- eighteenth-century British empire functioned well in the interests both of the governing classes of Great Britain and of the residents of the colonies. Effective functioning was a result of constant compromise in which Britain and its colonies, although both had divergent and often conflicting interests, never pushed those interests to their limits but instead routinely compromised out of concern for each other’s needs and concerns. The chapter proceeds by examining successful governing practices in several of the colonies and then turns to two locales—northern New York and North Carolina—where government was ineffective.
Testing the Bonds of Empire
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on three British actions—the Proclamation of 1763, the Stamp Act, and the Declaratory Act—that led to the maturation and refinement of American constitutional theory and the articulation of the doctrine of judicial review: the doctrine that courts have power to invalidate legislation that is inconsistent with constitutional norms. The main focus of the chapter is on the Stamp Act and on a series of cases and other judicial actions, which are analyzed colony by colony, declaring the Stamp Act unconstitutional.
A Historian’s Postscript
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: July 2019

This brief concluding chapter summarizes the main claims of the book and argues that law is typically enacted by elite leaders but must also be accepted and obeyed by ordinary people to be effective.
Behold Sargon
Authors: Eppihimer Melissa
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the Neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus’ discovery and restoration of an image of the Akkadian king Sargon. Nabonidus’ responses to the ancient royal image highlight the contributions of images to ancient memories of the Akkadian kings. The chapter next previews the remainder of the book, beginning with chapter 2’s historical and theoretical foundations for an analysis of the Akkadian kings’ visual legacy. The following three chapters each address one category of Akkadian art that provided post-Akkadian rulers with a visual model of Akkadian kingship: steles, statues, and cylinder seals. Chapter 3 discusses the stele of Naram-Sin, which has often been regarded as a model for later victory monuments. Chapter 4 shifts to Akkadian royal statues, noting that they have garnered less attention than the stele of Naram-Sin because of their poor preservation. Chapter 5 examines the legacy of Akkadian cylinder seals that feature the mythological contest scene.