bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensory profile of protected designation of origin water buffalo ricotta cheese by different sensory methodologies
Authors: Miele Nicoletta A. , Puleo Sharon , Di Monaco Rossella , Cavella Silvana , Masi Paolo
Published: February 2021

The disciplinary protocol of protected designation of origin (PDO) water buffalo ricotta cheese allows to use both different ingredients and production technologies. This does not allow having a straight sensory profile. This study aimed to characterize the sensory profile of different PDO water buffalo ricotta cheeses and compare them with cow and sheep ricotta cheeses. To this purpose, a classical descriptive analysis (DA) and the modified version of flash profile (mFP) were used to draw the sensory profile of eight different ricotta cheeses. Simultaneously, a chemical–physical characterization was also performed. DA approach allowed discriminating the samples both for ingredient origin and homogenization process. On the other hand, mFP discriminated the samples mainly for ingredient origin. However, in both cases, different ingredient origins mainly affected flavor and odor attributes, meanwhile the technological process affected, as expected, the textural attributes. In particular, the water buffalo ricotta cheeses were described with intense global flavor and global taste, soft and spreadable, and very homogeneous in appearance. In conclusion, both the sensory methodologies identified the homogenized water buffalo ricotta cheeses as those with the most balanced sensory profile of than the other ricotta cheeses.

Practical Application

Drawing the sensory profile of PDO water buffalo ricotta cheese may help to preserve the identity of this product, which is protected by a disciplinary protocol lacking in sensory attributes definition. The mFP provides useful information on the key sensory attributes of the PDO product, identifying the peculiarities of the water buffalo's whey. However, the DA allows highlighting all the variables affecting the sensory profile of the product, also related to the production process. The sensory profile obtained could help the Consortium of PDO water buffalo ricotta cheese to promote this product on the market.
Knowledge, attitudes and influencers of North American dog‐owners surrounding antimicrobials and antimicrobial stewardship
Authors: Stein M. R. , Evason M. D. , Stull J. W. , McClure J. T. , Weese J. S.
Published: February 2021

Objectives

To quantify the individual influences of antimicrobial cost, method of administration and drug importance in human medicine on dog‐owner antimicrobial preference, and determine knowledge, attitudes and influencers of dog‐owners surrounding antimicrobials and antimicrobial stewardship.

Materials and Methods

Data were collected through an online survey targeting three dog‐owner participant groups. These consisted of individuals residing in: (1) Canada, (2) USA and (3) any country recruited through an educational social media site. USA and Canadian participants were financially compensated. Conjoint analysis was used to quantify the influence of antimicrobial cost, method of administration and drug importance in human medicine. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used for data evaluation.

Results

A total of 809 surveys were completed. Antimicrobial cost accounted for 47% of dog‐owner preferences, followed by method of administration (31%) and drug importance in human medicine (22%). All groups preferred lower cost drugs that were administered once by injection. Participants were more likely to prefer drugs considered “very important” in human medicine, except for the social media participants, who preferred drugs that were “not at all important.” Most respondents (86%) reported antimicrobial resistance as important in human medicine and 29% believed antimicrobial use in pets posed a risk for antimicrobial resistance in humans. Participants recruited through social media, and those in the highest education category, were significantly more likely to report antimicrobial use in pets as a risk to people.

Clinical Significance

Cost was the most important factor in dog‐owner antimicrobial preferences. There is a need for dog‐owner antimicrobial stewardship education.
From Christ to Compassion: The Changing Language of Pastoral Care
Authors: Bernau John A.
Published: February 2021

The rise of neurology, psychology, and psychiatry over the last 100 years has challenged the clergy's historical monopoly on dealing with “personal problems” and mental well‐being. In this study, I document the changing language of pastoral care by analyzing over seventy years of academic articles in theJournal of Pastoral Care and Counseling(N= 4,054) using structural topic modeling. Ultimately, I reveal a linguistic shift from the universal to the particular as pastoral care professionals drop language of human nature and morality for that of individual narratives. I also find a decline of overtly religious language since the 1950s in favor of a more ecumenical language of spirituality, hope, and presence. Both of these trends take place alongside a push for “evidence‐based” pastoral care. Together, these linguistic shifts offer insight into a seventy‐year struggle to provide authentic religious care in a world of competing alternatives.
Estimating the genetic diversity of Pacific salmon and trout using multigene eDNA metabarcoding
Authors: Weitemier Kevin , Penaluna Brooke E. , Hauck Laura L. , Longway Lucas J. , Garcia Tiffany , Cronn Richard
Published: February 2021

Genetic diversity underpins species conservation and management goals, and ultimately determines a species’ ability to adapt. Using freshwater environmental DNA (eDNA) samples, we examined mitochondrial genetic diversity using multigene metabarcode sequence data from four Oncorhynchus species across 16 sites in Oregon and northern California. Our multigene metabarcode panel included targets commonly used in population genetic NADH dehydrogenase 2 (ND2), phylogenetic cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and eDNA (12S ribosomal DNA) screening. The ND2 locus showed the greatest within‐species haplotype diversity for all species, followed by COI and then 12S rDNA for all species except Oncorhynchus kisutch. Sequences recovered for O. clarkii clarkii were either identical to, or one mutation different from, previously characterized haplotypes (95.3% and 4.5% of reads, respectively). The greatest diversity in O. c. clarkii was among coastal watersheds, and subsets of this diversity were shared with fish in inland watersheds. However, coastal streams and the Umpqua River watershed appear to harbour unique haplotypes. Sequences from O. mykiss revealed a disjunction between the Willamette watershed and southern watersheds suggesting divergent histories. We also identified similarities between populations in the northern Deschutes and southern Klamath watersheds, consistent with previously hypothesized connections between the two via inland basins. Oncorhynchus kisutch was only identified in coastal streams and the Klamath River watershed, with most diversity concentrated in the coastal Coquille watershed. Oncorhynchus tshawytscha was only observed at one site, but contained multiple haplotypes at each locus. The characterization of genetic diversity at multiple loci expands the knowledge gained from eDNA sampling and provides crucial information for conservation actions and genetic management.
A multi‐objective genetic algorithm strategy for robust optimal sensor placement
Authors: Civera Marco , Pecorelli Marica Leonarda , Ceravolo Rosario , Surace Cecilia , Zanotti Fragonara Luca
Published: February 2021

The performance of a monitoring system for civil buildings and infrastructures or mechanical systems depends mainly on the position of the deployed sensors. At the current state, this arrangement is chosen through optimal sensor placement (OSP) techniques that consider only the initial conditions of the structure. The effects of the potential damage are usually completely neglected during its design. Consequently, this sensor pattern is not guaranteed to remain optimal during the whole lifetime of the structure, especially for complex masonry buildings in high seismic hazard zones. In this paper, a novel approach based on multi‐objective optimization (MO) and genetic algorithms (GAs) is proposed for a damage scenario driven OSP strategy. The aim is to improve the robustness of the sensor configuration for damage detection after a potentially catastrophic event. The performance of this strategy is tested on the case study of the bell tower of the Santa Maria and San Giovenale Cathedral in Fossano (Italy) and compared to other classic OSP strategies and a standard GA approach with a single objective function.
Organochlorine exposure and health effects in stranded Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) and Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) from Oregon and southern Washington coasts
Authors: Gundersen Deke , Josefchak Daniel , Duffield Deborah A. , D'Alessandro Dalin N. , Rice James M.
Published: February 2021

Organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been detected in a variety of marine mammal species at levels associated with adverse health effects. Little is known about OC levels and impacts on health in pinnipeds with different life histories. We determined the health and levels of 18 OC pesticides and 16 PCB congeners in blubber samples from 20 Steller sea lions and 39 Pacific harbor seals stranded from Oregon and Southern Washington. The most commonly detected OC at the highest concentration was p,p′‐ dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE). PCBs were detected in all samples as well. Hypothesis testing indicated that diseased Steller sea lions (males and females combined) had higher contaminant concentrations than healthy Steller sea lions, and diseased Pacific harbor seals had higher concentrations of total OCs than healthy animals. Differences were also noted between diseased and healthy animals when looking at individual sexes of each species. Diseased Steller sea lions had higher mean contaminant levels than diseased harbor seals and healthy Steller sea lions had higher mean contaminant concentrations than healthy Pacific harbor seals. These results show that species differences exist in both contaminant loads and sensitivity to contaminants, which may be due to differences in life histories and physiology.
Expressive Timing in Bob Dylan's ‘With God on Our Side’
Authors: MURPHY NANCY
Published: February 2021

To analyse the metre of popular song is an act of performance analysis. Without reference to a score, analysts must rely on recordings to determine metre, grouping, and timing fluctuations. When these fluctuations and groupings change (within a performance or between performances) a fixed representation of a song's metre is challenged.

In this study, I explore how Dylan's early, folk‐influenced ‘singer‐songwriter’ music challenges traditional approaches to performance analysis through an investigation of expressive timing in his song ‘With God on Our Side’ (1964). The studio recording, from The Times They Are A‐Changin’, defies a fixed metre: timing fluctuations make it difficult to choose a tactus and tactus groupings will be inconsistent, switching between triple and quadruple hypermetre. Live performances between 1963 and 1965 often also feature unpredictable grouping structures.

I begin this study with a brief contextualisation of the song within the early 1960s folk revival. Secondly, I investigate the inadequacies of published sheet music and guitar tablature as referential scores for a study of metre in popular songs. I then explore hypermetric structures of ‘With God on Our Side’ in live performances in the early‐to‐mid 1960s. Finally, I analyze the metric details of the opening phrases of the Times studio recording. These analyses demonstrate how changing metric structure expresses both lyrical meaning and the freedoms of Dylan's early 1960s performance practice. These findings, in their renegotiation of the roles of performance analysis (composer, performer, analyst and score), demonstrate how critical attention should be paid to expressive timing in flexibly timed popular music.
Clinical features and Outcomes of Cryptococcemia patients with and without HIV infection
Authors: Zhao Handan , Zhou Minghan , Zheng Qing , Zhu Mingjian , Yang Zongxing , Hu Caiqin , Xu Lijun
Published: February 2021

Background

The effects of cryptococcemia on patient outcomes in those with or without HIV remain unclear.

Methods

One hundred and seventy‐nine cryptococcemia patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. Demographic characteristics, blood test results and outcome were compared between the two groups.

Results

The diagnosis time of Cryptococcus infection was 2.0(0‐6.0) days for HIV‐infected patients, 5.0 (1.5‐8.0) days for HIV‐uninfected patients (p = .008), 2.0 (1.0‐6.0) days for cryptococcal meningitis (CM) patients and 6.0 (5.0‐8.0) days for non‐CM patients (p < .001). HIV infection [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) (95% confidence interval): 6.0(2.3‐15.9)], CRP < 15 mg/L [AOR:3.7(1.7‐8.1)) and haemoglobin > 110 g/L [AOR:2.5(1.2‐5.4)] were risk factors for CM development. Forty‐six (25.7%) patients died within 90 days. ICU stay [AOR:2.8(1.1‐7.1)], hypoalbuminemia [AOR:2.7(1.4‐5.3)], no anti‐cryptococcal treatment [AOR:4.7(1.9‐11.7)] and altered consciousness [AOR:2.4(1.0‐5.5)] were independent risk factors for 90‐day mortality in all patients. HIV infection did not increase the 90‐day mortality of cryptococcemia patients when anti‐Cryptococcus treatment was available. Non‐Amphotericin B treatment [AOR:3.4(1.0‐11.2)] was associated with 90‐day mortality in HIV‐infected patients, but age ≥ 50.0 years old [AOR:2.7(1.0‐2.9)], predisposing disease [AOR:4.1(1.2‐14.2)] and altered consciousness [AOR:3.7(1.1‐12.9)] were associated with 90‐day mortality in HIV‐uninfected patients who accepted anti‐Cryptococcus treatment.

Conclusion

HIV infection increased the incidence of CM rather than mortality in cryptococcemia patients. The predictive model was completely divergent in HIV‐infected and HIV‐uninfected patients, suggesting that novel strategies for diagnosis and treatment algorithms are urgently needed.
Transformed by contested digital spaces? Social media and Ukrainian diasporic ‘selves’ in the wake of the conflict with Russia
Authors: Kozachenko Ivan
Published: February 2021

The ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine has had a profound effect not only on the warring countries but also on diasporas that are related to them. Bringing together theories of diasporic identities and new media, this paper explores how Ukrainian diasporic ‘selves’ are affected by the ongoing conflict with the focus on the role of social media in the formation of their national and ethnic identities. With a series of in‐depth interviews conducted in Europe and North America, this study identifies the functions of social media in diasporic self‐understanding, representation of national culture and online commemoration and mourning. The findings reveal that social media provide diasporic subjects with a space for the negotiation and performance of ethnic and national identities. Within this space, however, they experience ongoing contestation that makes ‘new’ diaspora members more prone to relate to the radicalised discourses on national history, explanations of the conflict and Ukrainian monolingualism.
Human brain pathology in myotonic dystrophy type 1: A systematic review
Authors: Weijs Ralf , Okkersen Kees , van Engelen Baziel , Küsters Benno , Lammens Martin , Aronica Eleonora , Raaphorst Joost , van Cappellen van Walsum Anne‐Marie
Published: February 2021

Brain involvement in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is characterized by heterogeneous cognitive, behavioral, and affective symptoms and imaging alterations indicative of widespread grey and white matter involvement. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the literature on brain pathology in DM1. We conducted a structured search in EMBASE (index period 1974–2017) and MEDLINE (index period 1887–2017) on December 11, 2017, using free text and index search terms related to myotonic dystrophy type 1 and brain structures or regions. Eligible studies were full‐text studies reporting on microscopic brain pathology of DM1 patients without potentially interfering comorbidity. We discussed the findings based on the anatomical region and the nature of the anomaly. Neuropathological findings in DM1 can be classified as follows: (1) protein and nucleotide deposits; (2) changes in neurons and glial cells; and (3) white matter alterations. Most findings are unspecific to DM1 and may occur with physiological aging, albeit to a lesser degree. There are similarities and contrasts with Alzheimer's disease; both show the appearance of neurofibrillary tangles in the limbic system without plaque occurrence. Likewise, there is myelin loss and gliosis, and there are dilated perivascular spaces in the white matter resemblant of cerebral small vessel disease. However, we did not find evidence of lacunar infarction or microbleeding. The various neuropathological findings in DM1 are reflective of the heterogeneous clinical and neuroimaging features of the disease. The strength of conclusions from this study's findings is bounded by limited numbers of participants in studies, methodological constraints, and lack of assessed associations between histopathology and clinical or neuroimaging findings.
Caring for critically ill patients during interhospital transfers: A qualitative study
Authors: Dabija Marius , Aine Matilda , Forsberg Angelica
Published: February 2021

Background

The coronavirus pandemic has resulted in an increased number of interhospital transfers of patients with artificial airways. The transfer of these patients is associated with risks and has been experienced as highly challenging, which needs to be further explored.

Aims and objectives

To describe critical care nurses' experiences of caring for critically ill patients with artificial airways during interhospital transfers.

Design

A cross‐sectional study using a qualitative approach was conducted during spring 2020. Participants were critical care nurses (n = 7) from different hospitals (n = 2).

Methods

The data were collected through semi‐structured interviews based on an interview guide. A qualitative content analysis using an inductive approach was performed.

Results

The analysis resulted in one main theme, “Preserving the safety in an unknown environment,” and three sub‐themes, “Being adequately prepared is essential to feel secure,” “Feeling abandoned and overwhelmingly responsible,” and “Being challenged in an unfamiliar and risky environment.”

Conclusions

Critical care nurses experienced interhospital transfers of critically ill patients with artificial airways as complex and risky. It is essential to have an overall plan in order to prevent any unpredictable and acute events. Adequate communication and good teamwork are key to the safe transfer of a critically ill patient in that potential complications and dangers to the patient can be prevented.

Relevance to clinical practice

Standardized checklists need to be created to guide the transfers of critically ill patients with different conditions. This would prevent failures based on human or system factors, such as lack of experience and lack of good teamwork.
Shifts from pulled to pushed range expansions caused by reduction of landscape connectivity
Authors: Dahirel Maxime , Bertin Aline , Haond Marjorie , Blin Aurélie , Lombaert Eric , Calcagno Vincent , Fellous Simon , Mailleret Ludovic , Malausa Thibaut , Vercken Elodie
Published: February 2021

Range expansions are key processes shaping the distribution of species; their ecological and evolutionary dynamics have become especially relevant today, as human influence reshapes ecosystems worldwide. Many attempts to explain and predict range expansions assume, explicitly or implicitly, so‐called ‘pulled' expansion dynamics, in which the low‐density edge populations provide most of the ‘fuel' for the species advance. Some expansions, however, exhibit very different dynamics, with high‐density populations behind the front ‘pushing' the expansion forward. These two types of expansions are predicted to have different effects on e.g. genetic diversity and habitat quality sensitivity. However, empirical studies are lacking due to the challenge of generating reliably pushed versus pulled expansions in the laboratory, or discriminating them in the field. We here propose that manipulating the degree of connectivity among populations may prove a more generalizable way to create pushed expansions. We demonstrate this with individual‐based simulations as well as replicated experimental range expansions (using the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma brassicae as model). By analyzing expansion velocities and neutral genetic diversity, we showed that reducing connectivity led to pushed dynamics. Low connectivity alone, i.e. without density‐dependent dispersal, can only lead to ‘weakly pushed' expansions, where invasion speed conforms to pushed expectations, but the decline in genetic diversity does not. In empirical expansions however, low connectivity may in some cases also lead to adjustments to the dispersal‐density function, recreating ‘classical' pushed expansions. In the current context of habitat loss and fragmentation, we need to better account for this relationship between connectivity and expansion regimes to successfully predict the ecological and evolutionary consequences of range expansions.
Feeding on methoprene increases male accessory gland size and body protein in the Mexican fruit fly
Authors: Reyes‐Hernández Martha , del Castillo Ricardo Macías‐Díaz , Abraham Solana , Arredondo José , Pérez‐Staples Diana
Published: February 2021

Methoprene, a juvenile hormone analog, accelerates male sexual maturation in some pest species controlled through the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). The SIT consists of the mass‐rearing, irradiation and release of insects into affected areas, where sterile males mate with wild females and render them infertile. Sterile males are held for 6 days in confinement before release, and they are often released before attaining sexual maturity. The use of methoprene during this time has been shown to increase male mating frequency. However, very little is known on the effects of methoprene on the reproductive physiology of tephritid pests, including male accessory gland size, whole body protein content, sperm transfer and female remating receptivity. Here we found that sterile Anastrepha ludens males fed methoprene with only a 1:24 protein to sugar diet had greater male mating frequency and bigger male accessory glands compared to males deprived of methoprene. Furthermore, positive effects of methoprene inclusion in the diet were found on the amount of sperm stored by females, and body protein content but only when males fed sugar only. Inclusion of methoprene in the diet did not affect remating propensity of wild females having mated with sterile males. Females mating with young 5‐day‐old males stored fewer sperm than females mating with older males regardless of diet. The use of methoprene as a pre‐release supplement can positively impact early sexual maturation, energy reserves and male reproductive organs of A. ludens males, thus supporting its use in SIT programmes controlling this pest.
Photochemistry of Tris(2,4‐dibromophenyl)amine and its Application to Co‐oxidation on Sulfides and Phosphines†
Authors: Bonesi Sergio M. , Mella Mariella , Merli Daniele , Protti Stefano
Published: February 2021

Abstract

The photochemistry of tris(2,4‐dibromophenyl)amine was investigated via time‐resolved nanosecond spectroscopy. The tris(2,4‐dibromophenyl)amine radical cation (“Magic Green”) was immediately detected after the laser pulse; this intermediate then cyclizes to N‐aryl‐4a,4b‐dihydrocarbazole radical cation. The latter transient reacted with molecular oxygen to provide the corresponding hydroperoxyl radical, which smoothly co‐oxidize sulfides into sulfoxides. On the other hand, the photogenerated “Magic Green” was exploited to promote the co‐oxidation of nucleophilic triarylphosphines to triarylphosphine oxides through an electron transfer process preventing the amine cyclization. In this case, the intermediate Ar3POO•+ was found to play a key role in phosphine oxide formation.
Growing Up as a European? Parental Socialization and the Educational Divide in Euroskepticism
Authors: Kuhn Theresa , Lancee Bram , Sarrasin Oriane
Published: February 2021

Research consistently shows that individuals with higher levels of education express lower levels of Euroskepticism. This relationship has been explained by values and skills acquired in education and by higher labor‐market competitiveness. While these explanations assume a causal impact of education, previous research uses cross‐sectional data. This is problematic, as students self‐select into education. The contribution of this article is twofold. First, it provides a better test of the causal effect of education on Euroskepticism by using data from the Swiss Household Panel (1999–2011) that allow analyzing how Euroskepticism changes as students move through education from the age of 13 years onwards. Second, it advances theory by highlighting the role of parental socialization in explaining Euroskepticism. We argue that children of higher educated parents select into higher education and take over the pro‐European attitudes of their parents. We find a strong educational divide in Euroskepticism. However, longitudinal analyses show no change in Euroskepticism as individuals pass through education. Supporting the parental‐socialization hypothesis, parental Euroskeptic attitudes and education explain changes in youngsters' Euroskepticism. The results suggest that, rather than a genuine education effect, differences between educational groups are mostly a result of self‐selection due to family background.
Illusion of control affects ERP amplitude reductions for auditory outcomes of self‐generated actions
Authors: Seidel Alexander , Ghio Marta , Studer Bettina , Bellebaum Christian
Published: February 2021

The reduction of neural responses to self‐generated stimuli compared to external stimuli is thought to result from the matching of motor‐based sensory predictions and sensory reafferences and to serve the identification of changes in the environment as caused by oneself. The amplitude of the auditory event‐related potential (ERP) component N1 seems to closely reflect this matching process, while the later positive component (P2/ P3a) has been associated with judgments of agency, which are also sensitive to contextual top‐down information. In this study, we examined the effect of perceived control over sound production on the processing of self‐generated and external stimuli, as reflected in these components. We used a new version of a classic two‐button choice task to induce different degrees of the illusion of control (IoC) and recorded ERPs for the processing of self‐generated and external sounds in a subsequent task. N1 amplitudes were reduced for self‐generated compared to external sounds, but not significantly affected by IoC. P2/3a amplitudes were affected by IoC: We found reduced P2/3a amplitudes after a high compared to a low IoC induction training, but only for self‐generated, not for external sounds. These findings suggest that prior contextual belief information induced by an IoC affects later processing as reflected in the P2/P3a, possibly for the formation of agency judgments, while early processing reflecting motor‐based predictions is not affected.
Stimulus–response learning and expected reward value enhance stimulus cognitive processing: An ERP study
Authors: Molinero Sara , Giménez‐Fernández Tamara , López Francisco J. , Carretié Luis , Luque David
Published: February 2021

Reward affects our attention to stimuli, prioritizing those that lead to high‐value outcomes. Recently, it has been suggested that such reward‐related cognitive prioritization might be associated with the process of learning new stimulus–response (S‐R) associations, because both are acquired through extended reward training, and once established, they are hard to overcome. We used event‐related potentials (ERP) to analyze the contribution of S‐R links to the formation of reward‐related cognitive prioritization during reinforcement learning. Reward‐related cognitive prioritization was measured by comparing the ERP signals for stimuli predicting high‐value and low‐value outcomes. In addition, we compared a strong S‐R link (same stimulus, same response), with a weak S‐R link condition (same stimulus, two different responses). The participants’ performance was more accurate and faster when the procedure allowed for establishing strong S‐R links and for high‐value outcomes. Furthermore, those stimuli associated with strong S‐R links showed a larger P3 amplitude at parietal sites. Value effects (larger ERP activity for those stimuli predicting a high‐value outcome) were obtained at parietal and occipital sites in the P3 time window. However, value effects did not benefit from strong S‐R links in either the P1 or the P3 components. These results suggest that strong S‐R learning is not necessary to develop reward‐related modulations of ERP activity.
A comprehensive review on genetically modified fish: key techniques, applications and future prospects
Authors: Wang Yan , Hamid Naima , Jia Pan‐Pan , Pei De‐Sheng
Published: February 2021

Genetically modified fish is a general term used for whole fish whose DNA has been artificially altered by directly integrating (or deleting) single or multiple genes to introduce or modify a targeted character. Different techniques have been performed to produce genetically modified fish. Importantly, the introduction of various types of fluorescent proteins has dramatically expanded the range of applications of genetically modified fish. Currently, genetically modified fish have been widely employed as experimental models for medical science, pharmacology and environmental toxicology. The commercial application of genetically modified fish in aquaculture is still up for debate, although the first commercialization of genetically modified fish, GloFish, was in 2003, and further, the United States and Canada approved the commercial production and sale of the AquAdvantage Salmon. In this review, we discuss the principles and developmental history of fish transgenesis via gene transfer and gene‐editing techniques, and their applications in diverse fields. Further, challenges and prospects associated with the genetically modified fish are discussed.
The impact of conflict on the exchange rate of developing economies
Authors: Michail Nektarios A.
Published: February 2021

This paper explores the impact different types of conflict have on the nominal exchange rate (NER), using a panel of developing economies. Accounting for NER determinants, the evidence suggests that in addition to the depreciation caused by macroeconomic factors, intra‐state (civil) wars have a strong and significant depreciative impact on the exchange rate. In contrast, international wars do not appear to have any excess effect. A potential explanation of this phenomenon is that, unlike international wars where winners and losers are more difficult to distinguish a priori, in civil wars the country is much more likely to face economic deterioration, therefore promoting an over‐discounting effect. The findings provide insights for both investors and policymakers given that exchange rate devaluation can likely provide a negative feedback mechanism to the local economy, especially if they hold foreign currency debt. The depreciation could also potentially have strong effects on the long‐run growth potential, considering that most developing economies rely on imports of capital goods for research and development purposes.
The Welfare Implications of Unobserved Heterogeneity
Authors: Tsiaplias Sarantis
Published: February 2021

New conditions are derived for relating household financial well‐being to household utility. In particular, a one‐for‐one mapping between the equivalent incomes stemming from subsistence‐based utility functions and probabilistic models of financial well‐being is established. This is unique in the literature and enables estimates from reduced‐form models based on a cumulative distribution function (e.g. probit and logit models) to be given a formal welfare interpretation. In so doing, it is possible to use reduced‐form models of well‐being to evaluate welfare distortions associated with unobserved heterogeneity in subsistence levels and marginal utilities of consumption. An Australian household‐level data set is used as a case study for exploring the distortions associated with unobserved heterogeneity. The results are significant for better understanding the welfare implications of income and transfer policies, and indicate that the failure to account for unobserved heterogeneity results in large welfare distortions. Finally, I show that the distortions are primarily attributable to heterogeneity in subsistence requirements rather than heterogeneity in marginal utilities of consumption.
How is sport participation related to mortality, diabetes and prediabetes for different body mass index levels?
Authors: de Boer Willem , Corpeleijn Eva , Dekker Louise , Mierau Jochen , Koning Ruud
Published: February 2021

This study examined the association of sport participation with health outcomes and whether this relation differs between body mass index (BMI)‐level subpopulations. Research outcomes for sport participation were compared with other types of leisure‐time physical activity (PA). We used the Cox proportional hazards regression models to assess the associations of sport participation, and four other PA types (cycling, gardening, doing odd jobs, and walking), with the risk of prediabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and all‐cause mortality in 97,212 individuals (58.4% women; mean age: 46.5 years) in the Dutch LifeLines cohort. Outcomes were stratified by three BMI levels: healthy weight (BMI: 18.5‐24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI: 25.0‐29.9 kg/m2), and obesity (BMI: 30.0 kg/m2 or above). Sport participation was associated with lower health risks, but only significantly so for prediabetes (HR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.81‐0.92). For healthy weight persons, sport participation was associated with the largest risk reductions, with significantly lower risks of prediabetes (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.68‐0.90) and all‐cause mortality (HR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.65‐0.96). Other PA types were not associated with significantly lower health risks, with the exception of cycling, for which significantly lower health risks for persons with overweight were found. Our findings show that sport participation is associated with lower health risks, especially prediabetes, but the effect varies between BMI levels, with the strongest link for persons with a healthy weight. Sport participation, together with cycling, is likely to be more effective in reducing health risks than other types of PA.
Policing cities: Incivility, disorder, and societal transformations
Authors: Pospěch Pavel
Published: February 2021

Over the past 30 years, we have been witnessing a rise in incivility policing across western but also non‐western cities. The term “incivility policing” refers to bans and exclusion aimed at drinking alcohol, begging, loitering, sitting in public, and many other kinds of subcriminal conduct. Scholars have observed an increasing readiness to demand legal “solutions” aimed against these kinds of conduct. In this paper, I review two major strands of scholarship dealing with the origins of these calls: First, a rising punitiveness and a “law and order” mentality, inspired by the Broken windows theory and Zero tolerance policies. Second, privatization of space and the rising influence of private actors over public spaces are discussed with references to the concepts of neoliberalism, revanchism, and the right to the city. The effect of incivility policing on vulnerable groups is examined using the example of homeless people in public space. In the final part, I suggest new factors which could help us understand the rise in incivility policing: These include general trust, everyday trust, and the imaginaries of community.
Class and Conformity: Thirty Years of Adult Child‐rearing Values in the U.S
Authors: Alwin Duane F. , Tufiș Paula A.
Published: February 2021

This paper investigates trends in adult child‐rearing values in the United States over a 30‐year period, from the mid‐1980s into the first decades of the 21st century. Using data from the General Social Surveys, we report trends in emphasis on five child traits: think for self, obey, work hard, popularity, and helping others. Independent of the time of the surveys, child‐rearing values are associated with several individual attributes: gender, schooling level, occupational class, birth year, race/ethnicity, region, party identification, religious affiliation, and religiosity. Socioeconomic factors continue to be among the most important, but contrary to many arguments, occupational class, as measured by Weeden–Grusky micro‐classes, has a relatively less important role in predicting child‐rearing values, once education is taken into account. Religious variables are also important, less so than socioeconomic factors, but there is support for the hypothesis of the growing strength over time in the impact of religious conservatism and participation.
Withstanding the plague: Institutional resilience of the East Asian welfare state
Authors: Soon Suetgiin , Chou Chelsea C. , Shi Shih‐Jiunn
Published: February 2021

As the origin place of the COVID‐19 outbreak, East Asian welfare states have largely survived the immediate health threats out of the pandemic shock but have yet to deal with its dire social consequences. This paper offers an institutionalist account—in terms of the institutional resilience of the welfare state—to grasp the policy dynamics in East Asia. We select four cases under scrutiny: China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan, to analyse the major trend of social policy responses in this region. With a systematic comparison of the policy responses, in particular reference to the unemployment protection and social assistance that have arisen as the major crisis responses, we identify striking similarities in institutional arrangements but also some variation in policy approaches. Given the effective containment of the pandemic spread and the comprehensive social safety nets, region‐wide measures such as consumption vouchers, prolonged unemployment benefits and emergency relief aids are of a one‐shot nature that will fall off once this crisis abates. The common trend of social policy responses to the crisis is largely an extension, not replacement or reinvention, of the existing institutional edifice of the East Asian welfare state. However, the pandemic crisis may offer a window of opportunity for gradual institutional change in light of the exacerbating social inequalities.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐C*06:311 allele by sequencing‐based typing
Authors: Blandin Lucie , Ralazamahaleo Mamy , Cargou Marine , Lemal Richard , Rouzaire Paul
Published: February 2021

HLA‐C*06:311 differs from HLA‐C*06:02:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 43 in exon 2.
HIV transmission network analysis allows identifying unreported risk factors in HIV‐positive blood donors in France
Authors: Cappy Pierre , Chaillon Antoine , Pillonel Josiane , Essat Asma , Chaix Marie‐Laure , Meyer Laurence , Barin Francis , Tiberghien Pierre , Laperche Syria
Published: February 2021

Objectives

As sex between men is a major route of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in most western countries, restrictive deferral rules for blood donation have largely been implemented regarding men having sex with men (MSM). Here, we sought here to assign unreported HIV risk factors in blood donors (BDs) and reevaluated the MSM‐associated fraction of HIV transfusion residual risk (%RRMSM).

Methods

We applied a genetic distance‐based approach to infer an HIV transmission network for 384 HIV sequences from French BDs and 1337 HIV sequences from individuals with known risk factors (ANRS PRIMO primary HIV infection cohort). We validated the possibility of assigning a risk factor according to clustering using assortative mixing. Finally, we recalculated the %RRMSM.

Results

A total of 81 of 284 (28.5%) male and 5 of 100 (5%) female BDs belonged to a cluster; 72 (88.9%) of the 81 male BDs belonged to MSM clusters. After cluster correction, 8 of 67 (11.9%), 4 of 21 (19.0%), and 19 of 88 (21.6%) HIV‐positive (HIV+) male BDs with heterosexual, other, or unknown risk factors could be reclassified as MSM, accounting for 10.9% of the total HIV+ male BDs. Overall, 139 of 284 HIV+ male donors (48.9%) could be considered MSM between 2000 and 2016 in France. Between 2005 and 2016, the %RRMSM increase varied from 0 to 19%, without differing significantly from the %RRMSM before reclassification.

Conclusion

Network inference can be used to complement declaration data on risk factors for HIV infection in BDs. This approach, complementary to behavioral studies, is a valuable tool to evaluate the effect of changes in deferral criteria on BD compliance.
Post‐expiry stability of freeze‐dried plasma under field conditions – Can shelf life be extended?
Authors: Zur Meital , Gorenbein Pavel , Nachshon Akiva , Radomislensky Irina , Tsur Avishai M. , Benov Avi , Wagnert‐Avraham Linn , Glassberg Elon
Published: February 2021

Background

This prospective study evaluated the effect of routine, uncontrolled, Israeli field storage conditions on the safety and efficacy of Lyo‐Plas N Freeze‐Dried Plasma (FDP) at the end of the manufacturer's shelf life, and up to 24 months post expiry. Clotting factors V, VIII and XI, proteins S, C, fibrinogen, PTT, ATIII, VWF, and INR as well as TEG, DDM, residual moisture, pH, and sterility of FDP returned from field units after uncontrolled storage were evaluated.

Study Design and Methods

Parameters measured at the end of manufacturer shelf life, as well as 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after expiry, were compared to those of freshly supplied FDP doses.

Results

Changes were found when comparing freshly supplied FDP to all field‐stored groups in INR, PT, PTT, pH, fibrinogen, and factor VIII. A significant change was also seen in Factor XI in the 12, 18, and 24 months post‐expiry samples, Factor V and R in the 24 months post‐expiry samples, MA in the 12, 24 months post‐expiry group, and Protein C in the 18 months post‐expiry group. An increase in the residual moisture from 0.90% in freshly supplied FDP to 1.35% in 24 months post‐expiry FDP.; allp< .05. No growth was found in sterility analysis.

Conclusion

Despite uncontrolled field storage conditions, the findings demonstrate that the safety and efficacy of FDP units, stored in uncontrolled conditions are only slightly affected, even beyond their expiration date. This information allows consideration of possibly extending the shelf life.
Retrospective evaluation of the use of hydrocortisone for treatment of suspected critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) in dogs with septic shock (2010–2017): 47 cases
Authors: Summers April M. , Culler Christine , Yaxley Page E. , Guillaumin Julien
Published: February 2021

Objective

To evaluate characteristics of septic shock patients treated with hydrocortisone (HC) due to suspicion of critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) as compared to septic shock patients without suspicion of CIRCI.

Design

Retrospective study between February 2010 and October 2017.

Setting

University teaching hospital ICU.

Animals

Data were collected for 47 dogs with septic shock. Twenty‐one dogs were treated with HC (HC‐treated) due to suspicion of CIRCI. Twenty‐six dogs did not receive HC (non‐HC‐treated).

Interventions

HC was administered either as an intermittent IV bolus or as a constant rate infusion (CRI) to those patients with suspected CIRCI.

Measurements and main results

Significantly higher baseline APPLEfullscores and predicted mortality were detected in the HC‐treated patients compared to non‐HC‐treated patients (0.87 vs 0.44 for predicted mortality,P = 0.039). Patients in the HC‐treated group were on more vasopressors and cardiotonics than those in the non‐HC‐treated group (2.5 vs 1.5,P <0 .001). All patients initially responded to vasopressor administration, with average time to resolution of hypotension being 90 minutes for the HC‐treated group compared to 60 minutes for the non‐HC‐treated group (P = 0.640). However, HC‐treated patients took significantly longer to have a sustained resolution (a systolic blood pressure > 90 mm Hg or a mean blood pressure > 65 mm Hg for at least 4 h) of their hypotension after starting vasopressors, as compared to their non‐HC‐treated counterparts (8.5 vs 4 h,P = 0.001). Three (14.3%) HC‐treated patients survived to discharge compared to 9 (34.6%) non‐HC‐treated patients, but this was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

HC‐treated patients had a higher baseline risk of mortality than non‐HC‐treated patients. There was no significant difference in survival between the HC‐treated and non‐HC‐treated septic shock patients. Further studies are needed to evaluate the use of HC in patients with suspected CIRCI.
Assessment of the Predictive Capability of VERA—CS for CASL Challenge Problems
Authors: Athe Paridhi , Jones Christopher , Dinh Nam
Published: February 2021

This paper describes the process for assessing the predictive capability of the Consortium for the advanced simulation of light-water reactors (CASL) virtual environment for reactor applications code suite (VERA—CS) for different challenge problems. The assessment process is guided by the two qualitative frameworks, i.e., phenomena identification and ranking table (PIRT) and predictive capability maturity model (PCMM). The capability and credibility of VERA codes (individual and coupled simulation codes) are evaluated. Capability refers to evidence of required functionality for capturing phenomena of interest while credibility refers to the evidence that provides confidence in the calculated results. For this assessment, each challenge problem defines a set of phenomenological requirements (based on PIRT) against which the VERA software is evaluated. This approach, in turn, enables the focused assessment of only those capabilities that are relevant to the challenge problem. The credibility assessment using PCMM is based on different decision attributes that encompass verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification (VVUQ) of the CASL codes. For each attribute, a maturity score from zero to three is assigned to ascertain the acquired maturity level of the VERA codes with respect to the challenge problem. Credibility in the assessment is established by mapping relevant evidence obtained from VVUQ of codes to the corresponding PCMM attribute. The illustration of the proposed approach is presented using one of the CASL challenge problems called chalk river unidentified deposit (CRUD) induced power shift (CIPS). The assessment framework described in this paper can be considered applicable to other M & S code development efforts.