bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glucose deprivation inhibits multiple key gene expression events and effector functions in CD8+ T cells
Authors: Cham Candace M. , Driessens Gregory , O'Keefe James P. , Gajewski Thomas F.
Published: September 2008

We recently reported that differentiation of CD8+ T cells from the naïve to the effector state involves the upregulation of glucose‐dependent metabolism. Glucose deprivation or inhibition of glycolysis by 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2‐DG) selectively inhibited production of IFN‐γ but not of IL‐2. To determine a more global role of glucose metabolism on effector T‐cell function, we performed gene array analysis on CD8+ effector T cells stimulated in the presence or absence of 2‐DG. We observed that expression of only 10% of genes induced by TCR/CD28 signaling was inhibited by 2‐DG. Among these were genes for key cytokines, cell cycle molecules, and cytotoxic granule proteins. Consistent with these results, production of IFN‐γ and GM‐CSF, cell cycle progression, upregulation of cyclin D2 protein, cytolytic activity, and upregulation of granzyme B protein and also conjugate formation were exquisitely glucose‐dependent. In contrast to glucose, oxygen was little utilized by CD8+ effector T cells, and relative oxygen deprivation did not inhibit these CTL functional properties. Our results indicate a particularly critical role for glucose in regulating specific effector functions of CD8+ T cells and have implications for the maintenance of the effector phase of cellular immune responses in target tissue microenvironments such as a solid tumor.
Transgenic expression of Spi‐C impairs B‐cell development and function by affecting genes associated with BCR signaling
Authors: Zhu Xiang , Schweitzer Brock L. , Romer Eric J. , Sulentic Courtney E. W. , DeKoter Rodney P.
Published: September 2008

Spi‐C is an Ets family transcription factor closely related to PU.1 and Spi‐B. Expression of Spi‐C is developmentally regulated in the B‐cell lineage, but its function remains unknown. To determine the function of Spi‐C in B‐cell development, we generated mice expressing a B‐cell‐specific Spi‐C transgene under the control of the IgH intronic enhancer. Spi‐C transgenic mice had 50% fewer B cells than wild‐type littermates. Flow cytometric analyses showed that splenic transitional B cells and bone marrow pre‐B or immature B cells from transgenic mice were dramatically reduced compared with those of wild type. Both nonspecific and Ag‐specific serum IgM levels were significantly increased in transgenic mice, while serum IgG levels were significantly decreased compared with wild type. Spi‐C transgenic B cells proliferated poorly after stimulation by anti‐IgM or anti‐CD40 in vitro, although they responded normally to LPS stimulation. Using real‐time RT‐PCR, we found that several BCR signaling‐related mediators were downregulated at pre‐B‐cell and mature B‐cell stages in transgenic mice, while an inhibitor of BCR signaling was upregulated. Taken together, these data indicate that ectopic expression of Spi‐C can impair B‐cell development and function by affecting genes associated with BCR signaling.
B‐cell clonal diversification and gut‐lymph node trafficking in ulcerative colitis revealed using lineage tree analysis
Authors: Tabibian‐Keissar Hilla , Zuckerman Neta S. , Barak Michal , Dunn‐Walters Deborah K. , Steiman‐Shimony Avital , Chowers Yehuda , Ofek Efrat , Rosenblatt Kinneret , Schiby Ginette , Mehr Ramit , Barshack Iris
Published: September 2008

In studies of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), research has so far focused mainly on the role of T cells. Despite evidence suggesting that B cells and the production of autoantibodies may play a significant role in IBD pathogenesis, the role of B cells in gut inflammation has not yet been thoroughly investigated. In the present study we used the new approach of lineage tree analysis for studying immunoglobulin variable region gene diversification in B cells found in the inflamed intestinal tissue of two ulcerative colitis patients as well as B cells from mucosa‐associated lymph nodes (LN) in the same patients. Healthy intestinal tissue of three patients with carcinoma of the colon was used as normal control. Lineage tree shapes revealed active immune clonal diversification processes occurring in ulcerative colitis patients, which were quantitatively similar to those in healthy controls. B cells from intestinal tissues and the associated LN are shown here to be clonally related, thus supplying the first direct evidence supporting B‐cell trafficking between gut and associated LN in IBD and control tissues.
Vβ cluster sequences reduce the frequency of primary Vβ2 and Vβ14 rearrangements
Authors: Bassing Craig H. , Whitlow Scott , Mostoslovasky Raul , Yang‐Iott Katherine , Ranganath Sheila , Alt Frederick W.
Published: September 2008

T‐cell receptor (TCR) β variable region exons are assembled from numerous gene segments in a highly ordered and regulated manner. To elucidate mechanisms and identify cis‐acting elements that control Vβ rearrangement, we generated an endogenous TCR‐β allele with only the Vβ2, Vβ4, and Vβ14 segments. We found that αβ T lineage cells containing this Vβ2–4–14 allele and a wild‐type TCR‐β allele developed normally, but exhibited a significant increase in Vβ2+ and Vβ14+ cells. To quantify Vβ rearrangements on the Vβ2–4–14 allele, we generated αβ T‐cell hybridomas and analyzed TCR‐β rearrangements. Despite the deletion of almost all Vβ segments and 234 kb of Vβ cluster sequences, the Vβ2–4–14 allele exhibited only a slight decrease in Vβ rearrangement as compared with the wild‐type TCR‐β allele. Thus, cis‐acting control elements essential for directing Vβ rearrangement across large chromosomal distances are not located within the Vβ cluster. We also found a significant increase in the frequency of Vβ rearrangements involving Vβ2 and Vβ14, but not Vβ4, on the Vβ2–4–14 allele. Collectively, our data suggest that Vβ cluster sequences reduce the frequency of Vβ2 and Vβ14 rearrangements by competing with the productive coupling of accessible Vβ2 and Vβ14 segments with DJβ1 complexes.
Exogenous IFN‐γ ex vivo shapes the alloreactive T‐cell repertoire by inhibition of Th17 responses and generation of functional Foxp3+ regulatory T cells
Authors: Feng Gang , Gao Wenda , Strom Terry B. , Oukka Mohamed , Francis Ross S. , Wood Kathryn J. , Bushell Andrew
Published: September 2008

Interferon (IFN)‐γ was originally characterized as a pro‐inflammatory cytokine with T helper type 1‐inducing activity, but subsequent work has demonstrated that mice deficient in IFN‐γ or IFN‐γ receptor show exacerbated inflammatory responses and accelerated allograft rejection, suggesting that IFN‐γ also has important immunoregulatory functions. Here, we demonstrate that ex vivo IFN‐γ conditioning of CD4 T cells driven by allogeneic immature dendritic cells (DC) results in the emergence of a Foxp3+ regulatory T‐cell (Treg)‐ dominant population that can prevent allograft rejection. The development of this population involves conversion of non‐Treg precursors, preferential induction of activation‐induced cell death within the non‐Treg population and suppression of Th2 and Th17 responses. The suppressive activity of IFN‐γ is dependent on the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and is mediated by induced nitric oxide. These data indicate not only how IFN‐γ could be used to shape beneficial immune responses ex vivo for possible cell therapy but also provide some mechanistic insights that may be relevant to exacerbated inflammatory responses noted in several autoimmune and transplant models with IFN‐γ deficiency.
The thiol redox state of lymphoid organs is modified by immunization: Role of different immune cell populations
Authors: Castellani Patrizia , Angelini Giovanna , Delfino Laura , Matucci Andrea , Rubartelli Anna
Published: September 2008

Resting T lymphocytes can internalize reduced cysteine (Cys) but not cystine, the oxidized form of the amino acid that predominates extracellularly. In vitro studies have shown that DC provide Cys to T cells during antigen presentation, allowing their activation. Here, we show that increased thiol production is a hallmark of immune response in vivo. Indeed, the thiol content of LN increases dramatically after antigen injection. Non‐protein thiols co‐distribute with DC and are highly abundant in germinal centers. In agreement, activated but not resting B lymphocytes and macrophages release free thiols. Increased thiol release following activation requires thioredoxin and is paralleled by increased thioredoxin expression. The T zones of LN are consistently less stained, and both resting and activated T cells are unable to release thiols. Interestingly, the cystine/glutamate transporter x is absent in resting T lymphocytes but is rapidly induced by TCR triggering in vitro, indicating that the release of T cells from the need of exogenous Cys occurs early after activation. These results indicate that a reducing microenvironment is essential to start the immune response but dispensable for its evolution, and support the emerging concept that extracellular redox is implicated in the control of crucial cellular functions.
Supercritical extraction of borage seed oil coupled to conventional solvent extraction of antioxidants
Authors: Soto Carmen , Conde Enma , Moure Andrés , Zúñiga María Elvira , Domínguez Herminia
Published: September 2008

This paper describes the extraction of borage seed oil by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) and the further extraction of antioxidants from the SC‐CO2‐defatted borage meal with organic solvents (water, methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate). The optimal conditions for oil extraction were obtained at 303 and 323 K at 200 bar, 2.5 h and a continuous flow of CO2 of 1.5 L/h introduced through the bottom when the operating pressure and temperature were reached, attaining a yield of 60%. Borage oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids; oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid accounted for 74% of the total fatty acid content under the above conditions. The highest extraction yield was achieved using water or methanol as extracting solvent from the SC‐CO2‐defatted borage meal at 303 K and pressures of 200 and 150 bar for water and methanol, respectively. The most potent extracts, according to all methods tested, were obtained with water and methanol.
Sociocultural influences on body dissatisfaction and dieting in Hong Kong girls
Authors: Lam T. H. , Lee Stephanie W. , Fung Samantha , Ho S. Y. , Lee Peter W. H. , Stewart Sunita M.
Published: September 2008

We investigated the relationship of sociocultural influences (SI) promoting thinness (parental, peer and media pressures for thinness, and individual value for modernity), age and body mass Index (BMI) to body dissatisfaction (BD) and dieting in 294 Hong Kong community adolescent girls. We proposed that BD mediated SI's relationship with dieting. In bivariate analyses, all variables were significantly (p ≤ .05) related to BD (ß's from 0.14 to 0.59), and, except for modernity, to dieting (ß's from 0.17 to 0.51). In multivariate analyses, peer (ß = 0.32, p < .001) and media pressures for thinness (ß = 0.18, p < .01) bypassed BD and were directly associated with dieting. A culture of thinness appears to be associated with weight loss efforts among girls in modernising cultures independent of BD. Our findings call for public policy to restrict promotion of the impossibly thin ideal, and public education regarding the paradoxical effects of dieting. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A DFT‐based phasor estimation method for power electronics converter control and protection under strong grid voltage perturbations
Authors: Martins António Pina
Published: September 2008

Power conditioning systems like active filters, universal power flow controllers, static compensators, and dynamic voltage restorers, among other ones, need accurate synchronization circuits capable of dealing with very different grid voltage perturbations. The DFT algorithm is one of best performers in phasor estimation, but is not perfect. The paper accurately describes the DFT errors under frequency variation, decaying DC components and harmonics, and analyzes the instantaneous phasor estimation, with absolute and recursive algorithms. Strong grid voltage perturbations, occurring in weak grids, especially in the grid connection of renewable energies, demand for a DFT‐based robust estimation method. The proposed method, as demonstrated by extensive simulations, is capable of handling general grid voltage perturbations, imposing a compromise between dynamic response and accuracy. Also, its advantage over two other frequently used methods is demonstrated by comparative results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance limits of multiple‐input multiple‐output keyhole channels with antenna selection
Authors: Müller Andreas , Speidel Joachim
Published: September 2008

We present a comprehensive analysis of the ergodic capacity and information outage probability of multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) keyhole channels with antenna selection. In this regard, we consider several different scenarios with perfect channel state information (CSI) at the receiver and no, partial or full CSI at the transmitter. For all cases, we derive exact analytical closed‐form expressions for the corresponding outage probability and ergodic capacity, where the latter one is always given as a finite sum of weighted Meijer G‐functions, which might be easily evaluated numerically using standard mathematical software packages. Furthermore, we derive somewhat simpler upper and lower capacity bounds, which are proven to be asymptotically tight in the high SNR regime. Numerical results are shown to be in perfect agreement with results obtained from Monte Carlo simulations, thus verifying the accuracy of our theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On PMEPR of algebraic codes
Authors: Alrod Idan , Litsyn Simon , Yudin Alexander
Published: September 2008

New bounds on the ratio between the discrete and continuous maxima of multicarrier (MC) signals are derived. In contrast to the earlier known results, these bounds depend on the value of the discrete maximum. Use of the bounds yields improved estimates for the peak‐to‐mean envelope power ratio (PMEPR) of trace codes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exponential time integration using Krylov subspaces
Authors: Schulze J. C. , Schmid P. J. , Sesterhenn J. L.
Published: September 2008

The application of exponential integrators based on Krylov techniques to large‐scale simulations of complex fluid flows with multiple time‐scales demonstrates the efficiency of these schemes in reducing the associated time‐step restrictions due to numerical stiffness. Savings of approximately 50% can be achieved for simulations of the three‐dimensional compressible Navier–Stokes equations while still maintaining a truncation error typical of explicit time‐stepping schemes. Exponential time integration techniques of this type are particularly advantageous for fluid flows with a wide range of temporal scales such as low‐Mach number, reactive or acoustically dominated flows. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concomitant presence of mutations in mitochondrial genome and p53 in cancer development—A study in north Indian sporadic breast and esophageal cancer patients
Authors: Gochhait Sailesh , Bhatt Audesh , Sharma Swarkar , Singh Yoginder Pal , Gupta Pawan , Bamezai Rameshwar N.K.
Published: September 2008

Mitochondrial DNA alterations in recent years have been suggested as modifier events, providing a possible proliferative advantage to the tumor cells. In order to provide further insight into the process of tumorigenesis, a study of whole mitochondria genome was conducted in 134 tissue samples obtained from 2 unrelated cancers (tumor and adjacent normal tissues from 36 breast cancer and 31 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients) with known p53 somatic mutation background. Fifteen of 36 (41.66%) breast and 12 of 31 (38.71%) ESCC tumors were found to contain at least 1 mtDNA somatic mutation, which correlated significantly with the concomitant presence of somatic mutation in DNA binding domain of the p53 gene (Breast cancer, p = 0.006; ESCC, p = 0.002). Interestingly, mutations in the non D‐loop region of the mtDNA contributed significantly (Breast cancer, p = 0.004; ESCC, p = 0.032) in comparison to the hotspot‐D‐Loop‐region. The concomitant presence of mutations in p53 and mtDNA were also predominant in breast cancer tumors with poor prognosis, that is, with the advanced stage, grade and the ER/PR negativity. Also, the observation made was apparently well explained in 10398A bearing N haplogroup genetic background with increased presence of novel and pathogenic germline mutation in mtDNA. Our study suggests that the concomitant presence of somatic alteration in mtDNA and the DNA binding domain of the p53 gene facilitates cell survival and tumorigenesis, requiring specialized therapeutic intervention because of a possible resistance to conventional chemotherapy. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemotherapy safety and severe adverse events in cancer patients: Strategies to efficiently avoid chemotherapy errors in in‐ and outpatient treatment
Authors: Markert Anna , Thierry Véronique , Kleber Martina , Behrens Michael , Engelhardt Monika
Published: September 2008

To enhance the quality and safety in cancer treatment, and in acknowledgement that medical errors occur, we have established 2 error management systems: one monitors chemotherapy errors, the other records all severe adverse events occurring in chemotherapy‐treated cancer patients (SAECTx) in in‐ and outpatient treatment. These error systems have been implemented by our departmental “Clinical Service Center,” a multidisciplinary team which controls all chemotherapy protocols and orders prior to the medication reaching the patient. We performed a prospective cohort study in consecutive cancer patients who received chemotherapies in our department between January 2005 and December 2006. Over this 2‐year period, 2,337 patients were treated, with an equal distribution as in‐ and outpatients: 22,216 consecutive chemotherapy orders were analyzed, of which 83.5% were completely flawless, whereas we detected and corrected medical and administrative errors in 17.1%: in 3.8%, these errors involved the chemotherapy itself, in 4.5% the patient data and in 8.7% missing written informed consent forms. Chemotherapy errors were less frequent in outpatients than inpatients (3.3 vs. 4.5%, respectively). In outpatients, the rate of chemotherapy errors decreased from 4% in 2005 to 2.8% in 2006, but remained stable for inpatients (4.4% 2005 vs. 4.7% 2006). Among a total of 3,792 detected errors, only 3 reached the patient, resulting in an error rate in patients of 0.079%. Therefore, since we detected a substantial number of chemotherapy‐related errors and intercepted 99.9%, we recommend our efficient surveillance system as an important safety check, thereby ensuring that chemotherapies are delivered error‐free to cancer patients. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An HIV protease inhibitor, ritonavir targets the nuclear factor‐kappaB and inhibits the tumor growth and infiltration of EBV‐positive lymphoblastoid B cells
Authors: Dewan Md. Zahidunnabi , Tomita Mariko , Katano Harutaka , Yamamoto Norio , Ahmed Sunjida , Yamamoto Michiko , Sata Tetsutaro , Mori Naoki , Yamamoto Naoki
Published: September 2008

Epstein‐Barr Virus (EBV)‐associated immunoblastic lymphoma occurs in immunocompromised patients such as those with AIDS or transplant recipients after primary EBV infection or reactivation of a preexisting latent EBV infection. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of ritonavir, an HIV protease inhibitor, on EBV‐positive lymphoblastoid B cells in vitro and in mice model. We found that it induced cell‐cycle arrest at G1‐phase and apoptosis through down‐regulation of cell‐cycle gene cyclin D2 and antiapoptotic gene survivin. Furthermore, ritonavir suppressed transcriptional activation of NF‐κB in these cells. Ritonavir efficiently prevented growth and infiltration of lymphoma cells in various organs of NOD/SCID/γcnull mice at the same dose used for treatment of patients with AIDS. Our results indicate that ritonavir targets NF‐κB activated in tumor cells and shows anti‐tumor effects. These data also suggest that this compound may have promise for treatment or prevention of EBV‐associated lymphoproliferative diseases that occur in immunocompromised patients. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeting Src signaling in metastatic bone disease
Authors: Araujo John , Logothetis Christopher
Published: September 2008

Src is a tyrosine kinase involved in the regulation of a range of cellular processes including proliferation, adhesion, motility and survival. In addition, it is a key regulator of bone metabolism. Src has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of cancers, and has been found to be overexpressed in breast, prostate, colorectal, pancreatic and nonsmall‐cell lung tumors. There is also evidence that aberrant Src signaling may contribute to the increased osteoclastic activity associated with bone metastases. Bone metastases frequently occur in cancer patients with advanced disease. The metastasized cells disrupt normal bone remodeling pathways resulting in the release of growth factors that further promote tumor growth. Thus, a cycle of metastatic bone destruction is initiated, leading to compromised skeletal integrity and substantially reduced quality of life. Because of the role of Src in both cancer development and in bone metabolism, it may provide a therapeutic target for patients with bone metastases. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biodegradable honeycomb collagen scaffold for dermal tissue engineering
Authors: George Joseph , Onodera Jun , Miyata Teruo
Published: September 2008

Tissue engineering requires a mechanically stable, biocompatible, and biodegradable scaffold that permits cell adherence and proliferation, allows preservation of cell‐specific properties, and suitable for surgical implantations. In this study, honeycomb collagen sheet was used for three‐dimensional (3D) cultures of human skin fibroblasts and characterized as an effective and suitable scaffold for dermal tissue engineering. About 1‐mm‐thick honeycomb collagen sheets, prepared from bovine dermal atelocollagen, cross‐linked by UV‐irradiation, and sterilized by heat, were placed on the proliferating fibroblasts on day 3 of the culture. The cells attached quickly to the collagen scaffold, proliferated inside the honeycomb pores, and formed a structure similar to dermis within 60 days. On day 60, total cellular DNA content of the 3D cultures was 12‐fold higher when compared with the 2D control cultures without the scaffold. Measurement of procollagen type I in the media demonstrated a 20‐fold increase. Scanning electron microscopy of the 3D cultures showed a well‐formed structure similar to dermis and biodegradation of the honeycomb collagen scaffold. Our study proved that honeycomb collagen sheet is a mechanically stable, biocompatible and biodegradable scaffold for dermal tissue engineering, and also potentially useful for other cell‐based therapies and tissue engineering applications. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Role of the feline immunodeficiency virus L‐domain in the presence or absence of Gag processing: Involvement of ubiquitin and Nedd4‐2s ligase in viral egress
Authors: Calistri Arianna , Del Vecchio Claudia , Salata Cristiano , Celestino Michele , Celegato Marta , Göttlinger Heinrich , Palù Giorgio , Parolin Cristina
Published: September 2008

RNA‐enveloped viruses bud from infected cells by exploiting the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway. In this context, ubiquitination of structural viral proteins and their direct interaction with cellular factors involved in the MVB biogenesis through short proline rich regions, named late domains (L‐domains), are crucial mechanisms. Here we report that, in contrast with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a non‐primate lentivirus, is strictly dependent for its budding on a “PSAP”‐type L‐domain, mapping in the carboxy‐terminal region of Gag, irrespective of a functional viral protease. Moreover, we provide evidence that FIV egress is related to Gag ubiquitination, that is, linked to the presence of an active L‐domain. Finally, although FIV Gag does not contain a PPxY motif, we show that the Nedd4‐2s ubiquitin ligase enhances FIV Gag ubiquitination and it is capable to rescue viral mutants lacking a functional L‐domain. In conclusion, our data bring to light peculiar aspects of FIV egress, but we also demonstrate that a non‐primate lentivirus shares with HIV‐1 a novel mechanism of connection to the cellular budding machinery. J. Cell. Physiol. 218: 175–182, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Soluble and insoluble nickel compounds exert a differential inhibitory effect on cell growth through IKKα‐dependent cyclin D1 down‐regulation
Authors: Ouyang Weiming , Zhang Dongyun , Li Jingxia , Verma Udit N. , Costa Max , Huang Chuanshu
Published: September 2008

It is well‐known that insoluble nickel compounds possess much more potent carcinogenic activities as compared with soluble nickel compounds. Although it is assumed that the different entry and clearance rate are responsible for the difference, the mechanisms underlying the different carcinogenic activities are still not well understood yet. In the present study, we found that exposure to soluble, but not insoluble nickel compounds, caused a significant inhibition of cell growth and G1/G0 cell cycle arrest, which was concomitant with a marked down‐regulation of cylin D1, an essential nuclear protein for controlling G1/S transition, while both soluble and insoluble nickel compounds showed similar effects on NFκB activation, HIF‐1α protein accumulation and TNF‐α transcription and CAP43 protein expression at same doses range. The down‐regulation of cyclin D1 is due to protein degradation rather than inhibition of transcription, because the nickel compounds treatment did not change cyclin D1 mRNA level, while MG132, the proteasome inhibitor, can rescue the degradation of cyclin D1 caused by soluble nickel compound. Moreover, the soluble nickel‐induced cyclin D1 degradation is dependent on its Thr286 residue and requires IKKα, but not HIF‐1α, which are both reported to be involved in cyclin D1 down‐regulation. Taken together, we demonstrate that soluble, but not insoluble nickel compound, is able to cause cyclin D1 degradation and a cell growth arrest in an IKKα‐dependent manner. Given the role of cyclin D1 and cell proliferation in carcinogenesis, we anticipate that the different effects of soluble and insoluble nickel compounds on cyclin D1 degradation and cell growth arrest may at least partially account for their different carcinogenic activities. J. Cell. Physiol. 218: 205–214, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decolorization of Direct Blue GLL with enhanced lignin peroxidase enzyme production in Comamonas sp UVS
Authors: Jadhav Umesh U. , Dawkar Vishal V. , Telke Amar A. , Govindwar Sanjay P.
Published: September 2008

BACKGROUND: The present work aims to study the production of lignin peroxidase (LiP) enzyme by Comamonas sp UVS using various media, and lignocellulosic waste materials, and its effect on decolorization of Direct Blue GLL (DBGLL).

RESULTS: Yeast extract medium was found to be more effective for the production of LiP and also for the decolorization of DBGLL. The bagasse powder along with yeast extract induced LiP activity. Comamonas sp UVS decolorized DBGLL dye (50 mg L−1) within 13 h at static condition in YE broth. It could degrade up to 300 mg L−1 of dye within 55 h. The maximum rate (Vmax) of decolorization was 12.41 ± 0.55 mg dye g cell−1 h−1 with the Michaelis constant (Km) value as 6.20 ± 0.27 mg L−1. The biodegradation was monitored by UV‐Vis, GC‐MS and HPLC.

CONCLUSION: The use of agricultural by‐products for the activity enhancement of the ligninolytic enzymes is a cost effective process. It also resolves the problem of the disposal of agro‐residues. This system can be applied for the degradation of different recalcitrant compounds. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Model of simultaneous denitrification and methanogenesis in an Upflow Packed‐Bed Biofilm Reactor: Nitrogen compounds' inhibition and pseudo two‐dimensional biofilm model
Authors: Huiliñir César , Aspé Estrella , Roeckel Marlene
Published: September 2008

BACKGROUND: The modelling of simultaneous denitrification and methanogenesis (DM) in upflow packed‐bed biofilm reactors (UPBR) and the effect of inhibition by nitrogen compounds on methanogenesis has received little attention. This study evaluated the effect using a model that incorporates a pseudo‐two‐dimensional biofilm model.

RESULTS: The model was validated through comparison with experimental data, and achieved deviations below 5% for the liquid and gas phases. The model indicated that biomass stratification exists throughout the reactor and within the biofilm interior. At C/N ratios close to the stoichiometric C/N ratio, the process achieves efficiencies greater than 70% for nitrogen load rate (NLR) < 270 mg NO3−‐N dm−3 h−1. At high C/N ratios (50 mg total organic carbon (TOC) mg−1 NO3−‐N), the process achieves efficiencies greater than 70% for organic load rate (OLR) < 83 mg TOC dm−3 h−1.

CONCLUSION: The inclusion of the inhibition of methanogenesis by nitrogen compounds did not improve the predictions. Indeed, mass transfer in the biofilm was the phenomenon that most influenced the process. At C/N ratios close to the stoichiometric C/N ratio, process efficiency depends on the NLR; while at high C/N ratios, process efficiency depends on the OLR. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Separation of fatty acids from binary melts using physical vapour deposition (PVD)
Authors: Kim Young Han , Jeong Su Yeong , Nishitani Shunsuke , Maeda Kouji , Asakuma Yusuke , Fukui Keisuke
Published: September 2008

BACKGROUND: The use of fatty acid mixtures, natural biochemical compounds, will be extended to various chemical industries for the production of a wide variety of products, and various mixtures of fatty acids are necessary for production. Separation of a binary fatty acid mixture of lauric acid and myristic acid using physical vapour deposition (PVD) on a cold quartz crystal resonator is examined. The extremely small amount of deposits can be measured with the quartz crystal resonator. The vapour phase is prepared by vaporizing a calculated composition of melt according to the vapour‐liquid equilibrium (VLE).

RESULTS: The composition of lauric acid in the melt and the melt temperature were utilized as operating variables in the PVD. The growth rate of deposit increases when melt temperature and the composition of lauric acid in the melt are increased. The composition of lauric acid in the deposit is significantly lower than that of the melt of 19% lauric acid, but the composition of lauric acid in the deposit is much higher than that of the melts of 50% and 75% lauric acid.

CONCLUSION: The distribution coefficient of lauric acid between solid and vapour phases can be correlated as a function of the growth rate of deposit. The possibility of separation of fatty acid mixtures by PVD is suggested experimentally and theoretically. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Extraction of pure lycopene from industrial tomato by‐products in water using a new high‐pressure process
Authors: Naviglio Daniele , Pizzolongo Fabiana , Ferrara Lydia , Aragòn Alejandro , Santini Antonello
Published: September 2008

BACKGROUND: Lycopene, a precursor of β‐carotene with a well‐known antioxidant activity, contained in many natural products such as tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), watermelon, red pepper and papaya, is usually recovered from natural vegetal sources using organic solvents and a purification step. In this paper an innovative process for the extraction of pure lycopene from tomato waste in water that uses the Naviglio® extractor and water as extracting phase is presented.

RESULTS: Lycopene was obtained in the all‐trans form at a very high grade of purity, not less than 98% (w/w), with an average recovery of 14% (w/w). The availability of high‐purity trans‐lycopene allowed measurement of the molar absorption coefficient. An alternative procedure for high‐performance liquid chromatographic analysis using a phenyl‐hexyl silicone phase as inverse phase and a linear gradient in water and acetonitrile is also described.

CONCLUSIONS: The use of water as extracting phase considerably reduces the cost of the entire process when compared with the commonly used solvent‐based procedure or with the newer supercritical extraction process of lycopene from tomato waste. Lycopene, not soluble in water, was recovered in a quasi‐crystalline solid form and purified by solid‐phase extraction using a small amount of organic solvent. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry

This article was published online on September 15, 2008. Errors in Figures 2‐4 were subsequently identified. The publishers wish to apologise for these errors. This notice is included in the online and print versions to indicate that both have been corrected [September 19, 2008]
Effects of product information and consumer attitudes on responses to milk and soybean vanilla beverages
Authors: Villegas Beatriz , Carbonell Inmaculada , Costell Elvira
Published: September 2008

BACKGROUND: A study was made into how the type of information (picture of real package or card with beverage type and nutritional facts) and consumer attitudes (interest in eating healthily and food neophobia) affect hedonic ratings and purchase intention with respect to milk and soybean vanilla beverages and to what extent the expectations created by information influence the hedonic ratings of these products.

RESULTS: A significant effect of the interaction between samples and information type was detected for both expected acceptability and purchase intention when only information about the samples was provided. The effect of this interaction was significant for acceptability ratings when the samples were evaluated together with corresponding information. The acceptability and purchase intention for two soymilk samples were significantly higher for consumers interested in eating healthily. Both types of information generated an assimilation effect for four samples; however, only for milk beverages was this effect complete.

CONCLUSION: Information affected purchase intention to a greater extent than it did hedonic ratings. Type of information significantly affected hedonic ratings in most samples, although sensory quality seemed more decisive for two of the soymilk samples. The extent to which information influenced consumer behaviour was also dependent on some consumer attitudes, such as interest in eating healthily. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Processing and cooking effects on chemical, nutritional and functional properties of pasta obtained from selected emmer genotypes
Authors: Fares Clara , Codianni Pasquale , Nigro Franca , Platani Cristiano , Scazzina Francesca , Pellegrini Nicoletta
Published: September 2008

BACKGROUND: Emmer wheat (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum Schrank) is an old Mediterranean crop grown for centuries and progressively replaced with durum wheat. Although most of its supposed nutritional properties have not yet been scientifically proven, emmer seems to be appreciated for its content of dietary fibre, resistant starch (RS) and antioxidant compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the profiles of dietary fibre, starch and antioxidant compounds in raw materials and in semolina of 13 selected emmer lines and their parents (a durum wheat cultivar and an old T. turgidum dicoccum population). Moreover, the cooking effect on functional properties and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of pasta derived from emmer lines and the in vivo effect of pasta on postprandial glucose response were determined.

RESULTS: Processing and cooking affected the dietary fibre content of pasta: the insoluble dietary fibre content was increased, while a slight loss of soluble dietary fibre was observed. Cooking also resulted in a noteworthy increase in amylose and RS content. The antioxidant compounds (i.e., tocols and carotenoids) as well as TAC decreased dramatically after cooking. Pasta obtained with an emmer line significantly lowered the glycaemic index, strengthening the concept of pasta product as a source of functional components in the habitual diet.

CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that emmer semolina is suitable for the preparation of pasta with good organoleptic quality and represents a source of RS and fibre, but processing and cooking negatively affected the amount of antioxidant compounds detected in the wholemeal. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Oil recovery and lecithin production using water degumming sludge of crude soybean oils
Authors: Ceci Liliana N , Constenla Diana T , Crapiste Guillermo H
Published: September 2008

BACKGROUND: Wet gums produced during aqueous degumming of crude soybean oils are currently processed to produce lecithin or added to meals to increase their nutritive value for animal feed. Oils occluded in these gums are generally not recovered or processed. In this work, three methods to recover occluded oil and obtain lecithin from wet gums were assayed: direct extraction of oil with cold acetone (Method I), extraction after water elimination under vacuum (Method II) and by solvent partition with hexane/ethanol (Method III).

RESULTS: Higher oil yields (up to 588 g kg−1 of occluded oil) were obtained when water was eliminated before extraction (Methods II and III). No significant differences were observed in lecithin yields between three methods (720–807 g kg−1 of dried gums). Recovered oils had acidity = 16.7–21.7 g kg−1 as oleic acid, TOTOX (total oxidation) values ≤ 8.82, unsaponifiable matter = 9.0–12.1 g kg−1, and Phosphorus = 87–330 mg kg−1. Lecithins obtained by Methods I, II and III hexane phase had the same purity level (610–691 g of total measured phospholipids kg−1).

CONCLUSIONS: The occluded oil in soybean wet gums can be recovered, with quality and stability indexes compatible with their reinsertion in the productive process, by water elimination and extraction with acetone. Lecithins can be obtained with different phospholipid composition and diverse application fields. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Pesticide residues in washing water of olive oil mills: effect on olive washing efficiency and decontamination proposal
Authors: Guardia‐Rubio Maria , Ruiz‐Medina Antonio , Molina‐Díaz Antonio , Ayora‐Cañada Maria Jose
Published: September 2008

BACKGROUND: Washing olives in the olive oil mill (a commonly used preliminary step to remove foreign materials and leaves) can help to remove pesticide residues, especially herbicides that are present in olives due to contamination either during application or as a consequence of contact with contaminated soil. The aim of the present work was the study of washing efficacy during washing cycles, i.e., from the beginning of the cycle until the water was changed.

RESULTS: Four active ingredients, namely diuron, oxyfluorfen, terbuthylazine and endosulfan (α and β isomers) as well as the latter's degradation product endosulfan sulfate, were the most frequently found pesticides in raw olives after harvest. At the beginning of the washing cycle, diuron, terbuthylazine and oxyfluorfen residues were effectively removed from olives. However, progressive water contamination with pesticide residues decreased the efficiency of the washing step, specially for diuron and terbuthylazine residues.

CONCLUSION: A decontamination method to enable water recycling in olive oil mills was proposed and optimized. It employed FeCl3 as coagulant and active charcoal as adsorbent, and was effective in removing both suspended solids and pesticide residues. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Riboflavin content in lupine seeds and blood plasma riboflavin status in broilers fed diets containing high levels of lupine seeds
Authors: Olkowski Boguslaw I
Published: September 2008

BACKGROUND: The potential of lupine as a source of protein and other nutrients in poultry has attracted considerable attention in countries dependent on imports of soybean meal (SBM), as well as in organic farming. Nutritional aspects of riboflavin in lupines are poorly understood. This work evaluated riboflavin content in whole and dehulled seeds of three lupines (L. albus, L. angustifolius, L. luteus) and riboflavin status in broiler fed diets containing high levels of lupine seeds in comparison to SBM.

RESULTS: Riboflavin is concentrated mainly in lupine cotyledons, predominantly as flavin mononucleotide. Its content in whole seeds ranged from 2.07 to 2.70 mg kg−1, and was comparable to content in SBM (2.35 mg kg−1). In comparison to the SBM‐fed group, broilers fed lupine diets showed higher plasma riboflavin (P < 0.05), but their growth rate and feed intake parameters were significantly lower (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Lupine seeds contain moderate to high levels of riboflavin. Feeding diets containing high levels of lupine seeds did not have adverse effects on plasma riboflavin status in broilers. Poor performance of broilers fed lupine diets is not associated with inadequacy of riboflavin. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Antioxidant properties of polar and non‐polar extracts of some tropical green leafy vegetables
Authors: Oboh Ganiyu , Raddatz Heike , Henle Thomas
Published: September 2008

BACKGROUND: The higher consumption of vegetables and fruits could be a practical approach to the management of oxidative stress. The present study sought to compare the antioxidant properties of polar and non‐polar constituents of some tropical green leafy vegetables (Struchium sparganophora, Amaranthus cruentus, Telfairia occidentalis, Ocimum gratissimum, Talinium triangulare, Cnidoscolous aconitifolius and Vernonia amygdalina).

RESULTS: The polar antioxidant constituents (total phenol (3330–17 572 mg kg−1), total flavonoid (1668–4306 mg kg−1) and vitamin C (224–642 mg kg−1)) were higher than the non‐polar antioxidant constituents (total phenol (703–3115 mg kg−1), total flavonoid (130–1303 mg kg−1) and carotenoids (132–1303 mg kg−1)). Furthermore, the polar extracts had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging ability (except T. triangulare), total antioxidant capacity, reducing power (except T. triangulare and A. cruentus) and Fe(II) chelating ability (except C. aconitifolius and S. sparganophora). However, the polar and non‐polar extract of O. gratissimum had the highest antioxidant properties while that of T. triangulare had the least antioxidant properties.

CONCLUSION: The polar extract of most of the vegetables had higher antioxidant properties than the non‐polar extract, with O. gratissimum extracts having the highest antioxidant properties. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Changes in physicochemical and nutritive parameters and bioactive compounds during development and on‐tree ripening of eight plum cultivars: a comparative study
Authors: Díaz‐Mula Huertas María , Zapata Pedro Javier , Guillén Fabián , Castillo Salvador , Martínez‐Romero Domingo , Valero Daniel , Serrano María
Published: September 2008

BACKGROUND: There is no literature on changes in organoleptic, nutritive and functional properties during plum development and on‐tree ripening. In this work a comparative study on the evolution of physical, chemical and nutritive parameters and bioactive compounds of eight plum cultivars (yellow and dark‐purple) was performed.

RESULTS: The main changes related to ripening (colour, total soluble solids, acidity, firmness and bioactive compounds) started at the early stages of fruit development, with significant differences among cultivars. Colour hue angle was highly correlated with increase in anthocyanins or carotenoids (in both skin and flesh). Total antioxidant activity (TAA) was determined in the hydrophilic (H‐TAA) and lipophilic (L‐TAA) fractions separately, and values were always higher in the skin than in the flesh. A continuous increase in both H‐TAA and L‐TAA during the process of ripening occurred. H‐TAA was about twofold higher than L‐TAA in the dark‐purple cultivars, while the opposite was found in the yellow cultivars. In addition, H‐TAA was correlated with total phenolics and total anthocyanins, while L‐TAA was positively correlated with total carotenoids.

CONCLUSION: In order to achieve the optimal organoleptic, nutritive and health‐beneficial properties of plum consumption, it would be advisable to harvest the fruits at the fully ripe stage. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of dietary inclusion of xylooligo‐ saccharides, arabinoxylooligosaccha‐ rides and soluble arabinoxylan on the microbial composition of caecal contents of chickens
Authors: Courtin Christophe M , Swennen Katrien , Broekaert Willem F , Swennen Quirine , Buyse Johan , Decuypere Eddy , Michiels Christiaan W , De Ketelaere Bart , Delcour Jan A
Published: September 2008

BACKGROUND: Arabinoxylan (AX)‐derived preparations have raised particular interest by the suggestion that they exert prebiotic properties. Therefore an in vivo experiment was conducted to study the effects of xylooligosaccharides (XOS), arabinoxylooligosaccharides (AXOS) and soluble AX (S‐AX) on several groups of gut bacteria of chickens. Chickens were fed a control diet or the same diet supplemented with 2.5 g kg−1 of XOS (average degree of polymerisation (avDP) of 3, average degree of arabinose substitution (avDS) of 0.09), wheat bran‐derived AXOS (avDP 9, avDS 0.34) or wheat endosperm alkali‐solubilised AX (S‐AX, avDP > 6000, avDS 0.5).

RESULTS: All treatment groups showed an increase in the number of caecal bifidobacteria after 2 weeks of feeding (P < 0.05), while the treatments did not impact numbers of Enterobacteriaceae and aerobic lactobacilli in the caeca relative to the control. XOS led to a tremendous increase in caecal bifidobacteria counts (108 g−1 for the XOS treatment versus 103 g−1 for the control treatment) after only 1 week of supplementation, while AXOS and S‐AX led to similar strong increases in bifidobacteria counts after 2 weeks of supplementation. Addition of S‐AX to the diet, but not of AXOS or XOS, led to a significantly decreased (P < 0.05) body weight gain after 2 weeks of feeding relative to animals on the control diet, consistent with its known viscosity‐related antinutritive effects in chickens.

CONCLUSION: Similar to XOS, AXOS selectively stimulate the presence of bifidobacteria in the caeca of chickens, establishing their bifidogenic effect as a first indicator for prebiotic potential. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of sulfur and nitrogen supply on growth, nutrient status and concentration of benzyl‐isothiocyanate in cress (Lepidium sativum L.)
Authors: Gerendás Jóska , Sailer Manuela , Fendrich Marie‐Luise , Stahl Thorsten , Mersch‐Sundermann Volker , Mühling Karl H
Published: September 2008

BACKGROUND: The supply of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) exerts an interactive effect on glucosinolate (GS) accumulation in Brassica vegetables, but the consequences for the concentration of isothiocyanates (ITCs), released after decomposition of GS by myrosinase, have rarely been investigated. In addition to their phytosanitary function GS have also been discussed as transient S reservoir.

RESULTS: Cress (Lepidium sativum, L.) plants were cultivated with varied supply of N (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g pot−1) and S (0, 0.05 and 0.2 g pot−1). Concentrations of total N and S and hence the N/S ratio responded significantly, as did the concentrations of nitrate and sulfate. Concentrations of benzyl‐ITC, derived from glucotropaeolin (benzyl‐GS), ranged from 6.7 to almost 30 µmol (g dry matter)−1 and were negatively affected by high N supply. For a given S supply the benzyl‐ITC concentration was inversely related to the N/S ratio, an indicator of the S nutritional status.

CONCLUSION: The results do not support the view that GS act as a transient S reservoir. Rather, moderate N and adequate S supplies lead to increased concentrations of this pharmacologically important constituent of cress. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry