bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pretreatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Using Magnetic Chitosan
Authors: Saifuddin N. , Dinara S.
Published: April 2012

Chitosan is a natural organic polyelectrolyte of high molecular weight and charge density; obtained from deacetylation of chitin. This study explored the potential and effectiveness of applying chitosan‐magnetite nanocomposite particles as a primary coagulant and flocculent, in comparison with chitosan for pre‐treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME). A series of batch coagulation processes with chitosan‐magnetite nanocomposite particles and chitosan under different conditions, i.e. dosage and pH were conducted, in order to determine their optimum conditions. The performance was assessed in terms of turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reductions. Chitosan‐magnetite particles showed better parameter reductions with much lower dosage consumption, compared to chitosan, even at the original pH of POME, i.e. 4.5. At pH 6, the optimum chitosan‐magnetite dosage of 250 mg/L was able to reduce turbidity, TSS and COD levels by 98.8%, 97.6% and 62.5% respectively. At this pH, the coagulation of POME by chitosan‐magnetite was brought by the combination of charge neutralization and polymer bridging mechanism. On the other hand, chitosan seems to require much higher dosage, i.e. 370 mg/L to achieve the best turbidity, TSS and COD reductions, which were 97.7%, 91.7% and 42.70%, respectively. The synergistic effect of cationic character of both the chitosan amino group and the magnetite ion in the pre‐treatment process for POME brings about enhanced performance for effective agglomeration, adsorption and coagulation.
Antimicrobial Activity and HPLC Fingerprinting of Crude Ocimum Extracts
Authors: Deo S. S. , Inam F. , Mahashabde R. P.
Published: April 2012

The antimicrobial activity of crude methanolic and aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum and Ocimum kilimandsacharicum against gram positive, gram negative and antifungal activity was evaluated to find the zone of inhibition and to set a HPLC profile or fingerprint of these extracts. The crude methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum showed strong antimicrobial activity against S.aureus and C. albicans and moderate activity against E. coli and B. subtilis. The crude methanolic extract of Ocimum kilimandsacharicum showed strong antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans at higher concentration, same as that shown by the standard for C. albicans. It showed moderate activity against B. subtilis. The crude aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum showed strong antimicrobial activity against S.aureus and moderate against others. Whereas the crude aqueous extracts of Ocimum kilimandsacharicum showed moderate activity against the gram positive and gram negative organisms and strong activity against C. albicans at higher concentration, same as that shown by the standard for C. albicans.
Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue onto ZnCl2 Activated Carbon from Wood Apple Outer Shell: Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies
Authors: Bhadusha N. , Ananthabaskaran T.
Published: April 2012

Methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solution was investigated using ZnCl2 activated carbon prepared from wood apple outer shell (Limonia acidissima, biomass waste). Influence of agitation time, adsorbent dose, dye concentration, pH and temperature were explored. Two theoretical adsorption isotherms namely Langmuir and Freundlich were used to describe the experimental results. The Langmuir adsorption capacity (Qo) was found to be 35.1 mg/g and the equilibrium parameter (RL) values indicate favourable adsorption. The experimental data were well fitted with Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo second order kinetic model. Desorption studies showed that ion exchange mechanism might be involved in the adsorption process.
Removal of Copper (II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption with Low Cost Acid Activated Cynodon Dactylon Carbon
Authors: Gayathri U. , Venkatraman B. R. , Arivoli S.
Published: April 2012

The main purpose of this work was to exploit low cost and efficient sorbents for the removal of copper from aqueous solution using Cynodon dactylon carbon. It was observed from the experimental results that almost 90‐100% copper can be removed from the aqueous solution. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium have been investigated as a function of initial copper ion concentration. pH, contact time and adsorbent dosage. Kinetics studies suggested that the adsorption allowed first order reaction. Equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. On the basis of experimental results and the model parameters, it can be concluded that the carbonaceous Cynodon dactylon is effective for the removal of copper ion from aqueous solution.
Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Acid Solution by 3,4,5‐Trimethoxyphenyl‐2‐imidazolines
Authors: Nalini D. , Rajalakshmi R. , Subhashini S.
Published: April 2012

A heterocyclic imidazoline, 3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl‐2‐imidazolines (TMP2I) was tested for its corrosion inhibition in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 1 M HCl using weight loss, Tafel polarisation and electrochemical impedance techniques. The results show that the inhibition efficiency increases with the increase in concentration of TMP2I and the higher efficiency of about 98% is obtained in both the acid media at 20 ppm. The adsorption of TMP2I obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm and occurs spontaneously. Cathodic and anodic polarization curves of mild steel in the presence of different concentrations of TMP2I at 30 0C reveal that it is a mixed type of inhibitor. Electrochemical impedance studies reveal that the system follows mixed mode of inhibition. The surface morphology of the mild steel specimens was evaluated using SEM images
Quantitative Determination and Validation of Metformin Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Using Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Gadape H. H. , Parikh K. S.
Published: April 2012

Rapid, specific and accurate proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) method was developed to determine metformin hydrochloride antidiabetic drug in pharmaceutical tablet formulation. The method was based on quantitative NMR spectroscopy (qNMR) using maleic acid as an internal standard and deuterium oxide (D2O) as a diluent. For the quantification of the drug, the (1H NMR signals at 2.91 ppm and 6.25 ppm corresponding to the analyte proton of metformin hydrochloride and maleic acid internal reference standard (IS) respectively were used. The method was validated for the parameters of specificity and selectivity, precision and intermediate precision, linearity, range, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, solution stability and robustness. The linearity of the calibration curve for analyte in the desired concentration range was good (R2=0.9993). The method was accurate and precise with good recoveries. Range study was also performed up to saturation level (152.67 mg/0.60 mL) in D2O. The advantage of the method is that no reference standard of analyte drug is required for quantification. The method is nondestructive and can be applied for quantification of metformin hydrochloride in commercial formulation products.
Practical Approach for the Determination of Response Factors of Impurities in Drugs by HPLC
Authors: Kushwah Dharmendra , Patel Haresh B. , Sinha Praveen K. , Jana Pijush K.
Published: April 2012

For the determination of accurate quantity of impurities in the samples authentic impurity standards or response factors at a given wavelength must be known. In the presented work a convenient method for determination of relative response factors of impurities has been described without using an authentic impurities standard. An approach for the determination of response factors of the impurities where impurity standard is physically not available was developed and verified using different approaches. One such method was developed and verified by RP‐HPLC using Cosmosil C18 MS‐II column at UV 238 nm. Two different approaches were employed and the verification of correctness of approach was done using a known related substance of known response factor.
Ultrasonic Investigations of Molecular Interaction in Binary Mixtures of Benzyl Benzoate with Acetonitrile and Benzonitrile
Authors: Madhuri N. Jaya , Naidu P. S. , Glory J. , Prasad K. Ravindra
Published: April 2012

Ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity have been measured in the binary mixtures of benzyl benzoate with acetonitrile, benzonitrile at three temperatures 30, 40 and 50 °C. From the experimental data, thermodynamic parameters like adiabatic compressibility, internal pressure, enthalpy, activation energy etc., were computed and the molecular interactions were predicted based on the variation of excess parameters in the mixture. Also theoretical evaluation of velocities was made employing the standard theories. CFT and NOMOTO were found to have an edge. All the three mixtures have shown out strong intermolecular interactions between the unlike molecules and endothermic type of chemical reaction.
Premilinary Studies on Phytochemical Screening of Ulam and Fruit from Malaysia
Authors: N. Liliwirianis , Musa Nor Lailatul Wahidah , Zain Wan Zuraida Wan Mohd , Kassim Jamaluddin , Karim Syaikh Abdul
Published: April 2012

Alkaloids, saponins, steroid, terpenoid, flavonoids, phenolic distribution in 14 Malaysian favourite ulam and fruit belonging to different families were assessed and compared. The plants investigated were parkia speciosa (petai), solanum torvum (terung pipit), pithecellobium bubalinum (kerdas), moringa oleifera (kacang kelor), dryobalanops oblongifolia (keladan), cosmos caudatus (ulam raja), mentha arvensis (pudina), ocimum sp. (selasih), cymbopogon nardus (serai wangi), eugenia polyantha (serai kayu), Barringtonia scortechinii, (Putat), musa sp. (pisang), talinum paniculatum (akar som) and phyllanthus acidus (cermai). Moringa oleifera leaf and dryobalanops oblongifolia fruit were found contain positive reactions of alkaloids. All the samples studied also show high content of saponin except in bark and seed of parkia speciosa and stem of phyllanthus acidus. Meanwhile, results of the phytochemical screening on saponins, steroids, terpenoids, phenolic and flavonoids showed that cosmos caudatus, ocimum sp., mentha arvensis, barringtonia scortechinii and moringa oleifera were the active compounds present in the leaves of the plant.
Hydrochemical Characteristics and Evolution Laws of Drinking Groundwater in Pengyang County, Ningxia, Northwest China
Authors: Peiyue Li , Hui Qian , Jianhua Wu
Published: April 2012

The purpose of the paper is to identify the chemical characteristics of drinking groundwater and its distribution patterns in Pengyang County and to discover the hydrochemical evolution laws of groundwater. The temporal and spatial variation of groundwater hydrochemical characteristics and evolution laws were comprehensively and systematically studied based on the understanding of the geological, hydrogeological, meteorological and hydrological conditions. Many analytical methods such as descriptive statistics, geostatistical analysis, ionic ratio coefficient method and correlation analysis were adopted based on the underground water quality analysis data. Study results showed that variation coefficients of chemical parameters of pore water in unconsolidated rocks were relatively high which indicated that water chemical compositions are vulnerable to topography, meteorology, hydrology and human activities. TDS variation was in accordance with the changes in Ca2+, Mg2+ and SO42- concentration. Hydrochemical type varied from HCO3•SO4‐Na•Ca•Mg type and HCO3•SO4‐Ca•Mg type at the upper reaches towards gradually to HCO3‐Na type at the lower reaches. Ionic ratio coefficient analysis showed that the hydrodynamic conditions of the pore water in loose rocks were better than that of pore‐fissure water in clastic rocks and groundwater was non‐marine deposited water. Its formation effects include the weathering leaching effects of the formation containing rock salt, water‐rock interaction and cation exchange reaction. Hydrochemical characteristics were mainly controlled by geological and hydrogeological conditions. Correlation analysis showed that the dissolution of rock salt and sodium sulfate salt as well as calcite precipitation occurred in pore water and in pore‐crack water in clastic rocks the dissolution of albite, K‐feldspar and the precipitation of dolomite were also important effects.
Microwave Assisted Solvent Free Synthesis of Azomethines from Aryl Aldehydes on Melamin Formaldehyde as Solid Support
Authors: Rezaei Ramin , Mohammadi Mohammad K. , Ranjbar Tahereh
Published: April 2012

Various aryl aldehydes underwent prompt one pot conversion into the corresponding azomethines in high yields by reacting with hydroxylamine hydrochloride supported on melamine formaldehyde under microwave irradiation.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity ofSome New Thioether Derivatives of Quinoxaline
Authors: Singh D. C. P. , Hashim S. R. , Singhal R. G.
Published: April 2012

2‐Chloro‐3‐methylquinoxaline was selected as nucleus around which the molecular manipulations were carried out to get new compounds expected to possess better anti microbial activity. Various quinoxaline derivatives have been synthesized by replacing the chlorine at C‐2 with a thioether linkage, which in turn attached to 2‐(N‐(substituted phenyl)acetamides. The synthesized compounds (5) were tested for their antimicrobial activity. Compounds 5b, 5c, 5d and 5i were found most active (comparable to the standard antibacterial Ciprofloxacin) amongst them. The structure of the compounds was confirmed on the basis of their spectral data.
Kinetic Studies of Reduction of Tris‐(1,1,1,5,5,5‐hexafluoroacetylacetonato) ruthenium(III) in Methanol, Ethanol and Propanol
Authors: Dikio Ezekiel Dixon
Published: April 2012

The complex tris‐(1,1,1,5,5,5‐hexafluoroacetylacetonato‐) ruthenium(III), hereafter referred to as Ru(hfacac)3, has been synthesized. Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopic measurements of the complex in ethanol revealed three prominent absorption bands at 287, 374 and 525 nm with molar absorptivity coefficients of 4.113, 3.885 and 3.59 respectively. Magnetic susceptibility measurements between 78 and 296 K revealed the complex to assume a low spin configuration of e0 t2g5 and an oxidation state of +3 as inferred from a value of 1.92 Bohr magneton. Kinetic investigation of the reduction of the complex in methanol, ethanol and propanol indicate the reduction to proceed in the order methanol > ethanol > propanol. The energies of activation of the reduction in methanol and ethanol were found to be 85.4 and 108 kJ/mol respectively.
Determination of Arctiin and Arctigenin Contents in Arctium Tomentosum Mill. by HPLC Method
Authors: Zhou Xiaoying , Zhang Haoke , Ge Liang , Gong Haiyan , Tian Shuge
Published: April 2012

A simple, precise, rapid and accurate, binary‐phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of arctiin and arctigenin contents in the Arctium tomentosumMill. with short run time. Chromatographic separation was achieved by using HPLC system, consisting of a Shimadzu LC‐6AD and Kromasil C18 column (250×4.6 mm, 5 μm, with pre‐column), the mobile phase consists of methanol and water (55: 45). Detection wavelength was 280 nm. The speed of flow was 1.0 mL/min. The specimen handing quantity was 10 μL. The arctiin’s linearity range was 1.575∼4.725 μg (r=0.9995). The arctigenin’s linearity range was 0.613, 3.063 μg (r = 0.9998) and the linear relationship was accurate. The average recovery (n=5) of arctiin and arctigenin were 101.55% (RSD=2.23%) 101.63% (RSD =1.49 %) respectively. The contents of arctiin and arctigenin in Arctium tomentosum Mill. were 10.69 mg/g and 0.15 mg/g, respectively. Therefore， the developed HPLC method can be applied to both in vitro studies of arctiin and arctigenin formulations as well as drug estimation in biological samples.
Recovery of Al and Na Values from Red Mud by BaO‐Na2CO3 Sinter Process
Authors: Meher S.N. , Rout A.K. , Padhi B.K.
Published: April 2012

The red mud BaO‐Na2CO3 sinter process can be used in combination with the Bayer process to recover sodium and aluminium from the red mud waste and direct it back to the process stream. This is facilitated by the high temperature reaction of BaO‐Na2CO3 and De‐silication product (Sodalite) (DSP) in the red mud to produce an insoluble di‐barium silicate, barium titanate, barium ferrite and a soluble sodium aluminate. A variation of the red mud BaO‐Na2CO3 sintering process using half the barium oxide of existing methods has been investigated. The barium to silicon ratio was reduced from 2 to 1 producing a sodium barium silicate (Na2BaSiO4) rather than the di‐barium silicate (Ba2SiO4) insoluble phase produced in the existing BaO‐Na2CO3 sinter method. Synthetic BaO‐Na2CO3 sinter products were investigated to understand the phases produced during sintering at varying temperatures and the chemistry of extraction. The target phases and morphological behaviors of sinter products were seen in XRD and SEM and the highest extractions were produced from a sinter temperature of 1000 °C for 4 h. A two‐stage (105 °C / 60 min, 105 °C / 240 min) water or caustic leaching process was found to be most effective for extraction. Sodium and aluminium extractions were 99% and 99.5% respectively. The experimental method devised was then used to treat red mud and the target phases were produced. An extraction of sodium and aluminium of 94% and 87% respectively was achieved. Silicon extractions were below 2%. Production benefits include sodium hydroxide savings, liquor burning, increased aluminium extraction and reduced cost of waste handling.
Studies on Water‐Polymer Interactions inthe Presence of Aceclofenac at 298.15 K
Authors: Ambomase Siti S. B. , Tripathy Sushree , Tripathy Minaketan , Dash Upendra N.
Published: April 2012

Densities and ultrasonic velocities of aqueous mixtures of methyl cellulose (MC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) and of methyl cellulose and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), over the compositions, 9:1, 8:2 and 6:4, and of MC, HPMC and PEG, over the compositions, 9:0.5:0.5, 8:1:1 and 6:2:2, have been measured with and without acelofenac at 298.15K and at atmospheric pressure. The experimental ultrasonic velocities have been used to determine isentropic compressibilities, apparent isentropic molar compressibilities, acoustic impedance, molar compressibility, molar sound velocity, free volume and relative association for the systems with and without aceclofenac. The results have been discussed in terms of solute solvent and solute‐solute interactions and various structural effects.
Novel Aryl Ether Derivatives as Antiinflammatory and Analgesics
Authors: Rashmi P. , Rao Gopal Krishna , Devi Kshama , Shivananda B. G. , Swetha G. R. , Suneetha G. A.
Published: April 2012

The diaryl ether moieties have attracted considerable attention of medicinal chemists as they are endowed with a wide range of diverse biological activities. The present study involves synthesis, characterization of some new aryl ethers and evaluation of their antiinflammatory and analgesic activity. A series of new aryl ether derivatives [4(a-h), 5] were prepared by Ullmann’s ether condensation. The structures of new compounds are supported by their IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectra. The new derivatives were evaluated for their antiinflammatory and analgesic activity. Among the tested, compound 3 has shown better antiinflammatory and analgesic activity.
Mechanism of Oxidation of (p‐Substituted Phenylthio)acetic Acids with N‐Bromophthalimide
Authors: Alhaji N. M. I. , Mohideen A. M. Uduman , Kalaimathi K.
Published: April 2012

The kinetics of oxidation of (phenylthio)acetic acid (PTAA) by N‐Bromophthalimide (NBP) in acetonitrile‐water solvent mixture at 298 K in the presence of perchloric acid has been followed potentiometrically. The reaction is first‐order each in NBP and PTAA and inverse fractional‐order in H+. Also, it has been found that the reaction rate is not affected by changes in ionic strength of the reaction medium or by the addition of chemicals such as phthalimide, acrylonitrile and potassium bromide. However, an increase in the water content of the solvent mixture causes an increase in the rate of reaction. These observations have been well analyzed in favour of a SN2‐type mechanism, involving NBP itself as the reactive species. Effect of substituents on the reaction rate has been analysed by employing various (p‐sustituted phenylthio)acetic acids. The electron‐releasing substituent in the phenyl ring of PTAA accelerates the reaction rate while the electron‐withdrawing substituent retards the rate. The excellently linear Hammett plot yields a large negative ρ value, supporting the involvement a bromosulphonium ion intermediate in the rate‐determining step.
Evaluation of In Vitro Anti‐inflammatory Activity of Azomethines of Aryl Oxazoles
Authors: Niraimathi V. , Suresh A. Jerad , Latha T.
Published: April 2012

Ability to inhibit erythrocyte hemolysis is often used as a characteristic of the membrane stabilising action of chemical compounds. Azomethines of aryl oxazoles were evaluated for anti‐inflammatory by in vitro hemolytic membrane stabilising study. The effect of inflammation condition was studied on erythrocyte exposed to hypotonic solution. In this in vitro method the membrane stabilising action leads to anti‐inflammatory activity and was compared with that produced by diclofenac sodium as the reference standard. Results of the evaluation indicate that the synthesised compounds found to exhibit membrane stabilising activity.
DNA Binding and Cleavage Activity of Binuclear Metal Complexes with Benzil‐α‐Monoxime Thiosemicarbzone
Authors: Babu M. S. Surendra , Patrudu T. B. , Reddy K. Hussain
Published: April 2012

Transition metal complexes of copper(II), nickel(II), cobalt(II) and iron(II) with benzil‐α‐monoxime thiosemicarbazone (BMOT) have been synthesized and characterized by molar conductance, magnetic moments, IR, electronic and ESR spectroscopy. Electrochemical behaviors of these complexes were investigated by cyclic voltammetric studies. The nuclease activity of these complexes has been investigated on double‐stranded pBR322 circular plasmid DNA by using the gel electrophoresis experiments in presence and absence of oxidant (H2O2). In the absence of oxidant DNA cleavage by hydrolytically was observed a less discernable, whereas in presence of oxidant (H2O2) all complexes showed increased nuclease activity.
Multiple Myeloma and Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Mandible Associated with Dental Implants
Authors: Junquera Luis , Gallego Lorena , Pelaz Alejandro
Published: April 2012

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disorder and more than 30% of patients with this pathology develop osteolytic lesions in the jaw. Either pamidronate or zoledronic acid is recommended in patients with MM who have one or more lytic lesions. However, bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) has been described as a complication associated with their use. Otherwise, the use of endosseous implants in oral rehabilitation is a well-established procedure, with good long-term success although systemic factors may affect the bone healing around dental implants. We report the first case reported of MM adjacent to a mandibular dental implant in a patient who developed BRONJ in the same area after intravenous zoledronate treatment. We discuss possible pathogeny of this particular and interesting phenomena.
Investigation on Anticataract Activity of Triphala Ghrita
Authors: N. Mahajan K. , K. Singhai A. , P. Vadnere G.
Published: April 2012

Lab prepared Triphala ghrita was studied for its possible anticataract activity on galactose induced cataract in Swiss albino rats. Administration of Triphala ghrita at a dose of 216 mg/200 g, 1080 mg/200 g and 2160 mg/200 g of rat orally offered significant dose dependent protection against galactose induced cataract and delayed the onset and progression of cataract. It was seen that the dose of 1080 mg of Triphala ghrita did not show stage II cataract in 14 days and stage III in 21 days. It did not show even stage III and stage IV cataract after 30 days whereas group B and group C showed stage III and stage IV cataracts. Dose of 2160 mg did not showed stage IV cataract after 30 days but showed stage III cataract. Dose of 1080 mg of Triphala ghrita offered significant protection against delaying the onset and progression of cataract in comparison to other doses. This effect may be attributed to the antioxidant activity of gallic acid, ellagic acid and ascorbic acid which shows their presence in Triphala ghrita. This preliminary study was encouraging but further studies are required to extrapolate the clinical usefulness of this formulation.
Antimycobacterial Activity of Some Synthesized Fluorinated Benzothiazolo Imidazole Compounds
Authors: Sathe B. S. , Jaychandran E. , Sreenivasa G. M. , Jagtap V. A.
Published: April 2012

4‐Fluoro‐3‐chloroanilline treated with potassium thiocyanate in presence of glacial acetic acid and bromine was converted into 2‐amino‐6‐fluoro‐7‐chlorobenzothiazole, resulting into 2‐amino benzothiazole. The synthesized compound in presence of 2‐phenyl‐4‐benzylidine‐5‐oxazolinone refluxed in pyridine to obtain 2‐(2‐phenyl‐4‐benzylidenyl‐5‐oxo‐imidazolin‐1‐yl amino)‐6‐fluoro‐7‐substituted(1,3)benzothiazoles. The above said compound was treated with ortho, meta and para nitroanillines, ortho, meta, para chloroanillines, morpholino, piperazine, diphenylamine in the presence of DMF to obtain different derivatives. Some compounds showed promising anti‐microbial activity.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some New Chalcones Containing 2,5‐Dimethylfuran Moiety
Authors: Sridhar S. , Dinda S. C. , Prasad Y. Rajendra
Published: April 2012

A series of new chalcones (3a-g) were prepared by Claisen‐Schmidt condensation of 3‐acetyl‐2,5‐dimethylfuran with various substituted aromatic aldehydes in presence of aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide and ethanol at room temperature. The synthesized chalcones were characterized by means of their IR, 1H NMR spectral data and elemental analyses. When these chalcones were evaluated for antimicrobial and anti‐inflammatory activities, some of them were found to possess significant activity, when compared to standard drugs.
Solvent Extraction Studies on Copper(II) and Silver(I) Complexes of Bis(4‐hydroxypent‐2‐ylidene)diaminoethane: Composition of Extracted Copper(II) Species
Authors: Ukoha P. O. , Nwabue F. I. , Obasi L. N.
Published: April 2012

Copper(II) complexes of bis(4‐hydroxypent‐2‐ylidene)diaminoethane (BHPDE) were prepared by extractive method. Job’s continuous variation and equilibrium constant methods, as well as spectral and elemental analyses were applied in the determination of the nature of extracted species. The results indicate the formation of mixed ionic complexes of the types Cu(H2L)X2, Cu(H2L)2X2 and CuL (where H2L = BHPDE and X = NO3-, CIO4-, Cl- or ½SO42-). Cu(H2L)X2 and Cu(H2L)2X2 predominate at low pH extractions while CuL chelate predominates at high pH extraction. The complexes exist in two isomeric forms, the blue readily‐water‐soluble and the violet less water‐soluble forms. Both complexes show maximum absorption at 540 nm and molar absorptivity values of about 2.0 x 102 dm3 mole-1 cm-1.
Small Dumbbell Oligonucleotides Inhibitors of RNase H Activity of MOMULV Reverse Transcriptase
Authors: Kumar Ajay
Published: April 2012

The small dumbbell oligonucleotides containing loops of phosphodiester (OL‐1), two trimethylene, C3 moieties in each loop (OL‐2) and phosphorothioate (OL‐3) linkages were synthesized. Incubation of OL‐1 and OL‐2 with S‐1 nuclease generated break down products whereas incubation of OL‐3 did not result in significant cleavage. Their binding to moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase was evaluated by PAGE band mobility shift assays. The OL‐3 bound more strongly to the reverse transcriptase than OL‐1 and OL‐2. The dissociation constants evaluated using PAGE band mobility shift assays were of the order of 10-7. Investigation of inhibition of RNase H activity of reverse transcriptase showed that the OL‐3 is a better inhibitor of the retroviral RNase H activity than both OL‐1 and OL‐2. Thus OL‐3 may be used as RNase H inhibitor. Our studies demonstrated that this particularly designed oligonucleotide (OL‐3) displays an IC50 of 25 nM in its inhibition on the reverse transcriptase RNase H activity, a magnitude lower than that of first nucleotide reverse transcriptase of HIV‐1, tenofovir, introduced by Gilead Science in the market.
Synthesis of Some More Fluorine Heterocyclic Nitrogen Systems Derived From Sulfa Drugs as Photochemical Probe Agents for Inhibition of Vitiligo Disease‐Part I
Authors: Abdel-Rahman Reda M. , Makki Mohammad Saleh I. T. , Bawazir Wafa A.
Published: April 2012

Some more new bioactive fluorine heterocyclic systems containing sulfur and nitrogen as five‐membered rings: pyrazoline, imidazole, imidazolopyrimidine, thiazolidinone and 1,2,4‐triazole derivatives (3‐13) have been synthetically derived from the interaction of sulfa drugs with fluorine aromatic aldehyde and/or hexa fluoroacetic anhydride followed by heterocyclization reactions. Former structures of the targets have been deduced upon the help of elemental and spectral data.. Compounds 7a‐f, 10c and 13 could be used as photochemical probe agents for inhibition of Vitiligo diseases, in compare with Nystatin and Nalidixic acid.
Microwave Promoted Regeneration of Carbonyl Compounds from Oximes Using N, N‐Dichloro Poly(Styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene)Sulphonamide Resin
Authors: Beldar A.G. , Sharma Mamta
Published: April 2012

An efficient, economically viable and operationally simple method was developed for deoximation of oximes (of ketones and aldehydes) to their corresponding carbonyl compounds using polymer beads of N, N‐dichloro poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene)sulphonamide resin. Polymeric reagent offered speedy conversion and substantial yields of products under mild condition and is recyclable. Deoximation was monitored by the use of 13C NMR.
Growth and Characterization of Organic Based Marine Dye NLO Material: 7‐Bromo‐6‐chloro‐3‐[3‐[(2R, 3S)‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐piperidyl]‐2‐oxopropyl]‐4(3H)‐quinazolinone
Authors: Jayandran M. , Balasubramanian V.
Published: April 2012

An organic marine dye compound (7‐bromo‐6‐chloro‐3‐[3‐[(2R, 3S)‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐piperidyl]‐2‐oxopropyl]‐4(3H)‐quinazolinone) was synthesized. The characteristics of this dye is soluble in water. The organic compound was made into a crystal by slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal x‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, FTIR studies and UV‐visible transmittance studies and the NLO activity of the grown crystal has been checked by second harmonic generation (SHG) test.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Mixed Schiff Base Ligand Complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)
Authors: Mapari A. K. , Hate M. S. , Mangaonkar K. V.
Published: April 2012

The mixed ligand complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) with Schiff bases N‐(2‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthylidene)‐4‐methylaniline (L1H) and N‐(2‐hydroxybenzylidene)‐2,3‐dimethylaniline (L2H) have been synthesized and characterized. The resulting complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, magnetic moment measurements, conductivity measurements, 1H NMR, IR, UV‐visible and ESR spectral studies. The Schiff bases acts as bidentate monobasic ligands, coordinating through deprotonated phenolic oxygen and azomethine nitrogen atoms. The complexes are non‐electrolytic in DMSO. The presence of the two coordinated water molecules in these complexes was indicated by IR spectra and thermogravimetric analysis of the complexes. From the analytical and spectral data the stoichiometry of these complexes have been found to be [M(L1)(L2)(H2O)2] {where M = Co(II) , Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)}. It is found that Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes exhibited octahedral geometry. The antimicrobial activities of ligands and their mixed ligand complexes were screened by disc diffusion method. It is found that the metal complexes have higher antimicrobial activity than the free ligand.
Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Outer Skirts of Kota City with Reference to its Potential of Scale Formation and Corrosivity
Authors: Gupta Nitin , Nafees S. M. , Jain M. K. , Kalpana S.
Published: April 2012

Kota City is a prominent industrial and educational town of Rajasthan state, India. Mega industrial projects of cement, fertilizers, power plant, oil seed processing units are located nearby the city. The groundwater of study area is used in domestic as well as in industrial activities. It is worthwhile to know the water quality status and its effect on entity, which is exposed in practical use. A comprehensive assessment of water quality parameters in groundwater samples drawn from 24 different locations, 6 sites from each direction at outer skirts of Kota City of Rajasthan, India, in four seasons of years 2006 to 2008 was carried out. To find out the suitability and stability of water, various indices available to assess the scale formation and corrosivity was used. The Langelier saturation index (LSI) and Ryznar saturation index (RSI) were calculated and discussed with respect to saturation level.
Skull Metastasis as Initial Manifestation of Pulmonary Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma: A Case Report of an Unusual Case
Authors: Nishihara Masamitsu , Takeda Naoya , Tatsumi Shoutarou , Kidoguchi Keiji , Hayashi Shigeto , Sasayama Takashi , Kohmura Eiji , Hashimoto Kimio
Published: April 2012

Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC) of the lung is rare and is considered to be low-grade malignancy. Intracranial metastasis of pulmonary EMC has not previously been reported according to our search of the literature. We report a case of skull metastasis as the initial manifestation of pulmonary EMC. An 81-year-old man complained of left leg motor weakness. Neurological examination showed left hemiparesis. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed an osteolytic tumor in the right frontal bone with invasion to the dura and subdural space, attached to the superior sagittal sinus. Subtotal removal of the tumor was performed, and the left hemiparesis showed improvement. Histopathological study revealed the tumor to consist of epithelial and myoepithelial cells. Pulmonary EMC was diagnosed. The MIB-1 index in primary lesion was approximately 10%. The skull and dura are possible sites for metastasis from pulmonary EMC. The MIB-1 index is a predictive marker of malignant potential.
Determination of Traces of Pd(II) in Spiked Samples by Using 3,4‐Dihydroxybenzaldehydeisonicotinol‐hydrazone as a Chelating Agent with UV Visible Spectrophotometer
Authors: Narayana S. Lakshmi , Ramachandraiah C. , Reddy A. Varada , Lee Dongyeun , Shim Jaesool
Published: April 2012

A simple, rapid, sensitive and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of trace amounts of palladium(II) using 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehydeisonicotinoylhydrazone (3,4‐DHBINH). The metal ion gives a yellow colored complex with 3,4‐DHBINH in acetate buffer of pH 3.0 with 1:1 (metal: ligand) composition. The complex shows maximum absorption at 380 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the range 0.5‐20.0 ppm of Pd(II). The molar absorptivity, Sandell’s sensitivity and detection limit were found to be 0.53×104 L mol-1 cm-1, 0.02 μg cm-2 and 0.0948 μg mL-1, respectively. The correlation coefficient and regression coefficient of the Pd(II)‐3,4‐DHBINH complex were 1.08 and 0.04 respectively. Major cations and anions did not show any interference. Anti‐microbial activity of the Pd(II)‐3,4‐DHBINH has been studied. The developed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of Pd(II) in spiked samples. Comparing the results with those obtained using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer tested the validity of the method
Biological Important Ni(II) Ternary Complexes Derived from 2‐Substituted Benzothiazoles and Amino Acids
Authors: Pal Narendra , Kumar Mahesh , Seth Gita
Published: April 2012

Biological important ternary complexes of the type [NiCl(L‐L) (A‐A)(H2O)] and [Ni(L‐L´)(A‐A)(H2O)2], where A‐A = Glycine (Gly), Alanine (Ala), L‐L = 2‐(2´‐aminophenyl)benzothiazole (APBT) and L‐L´ = 2‐(2´‐hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole (HPBT), 2‐(2´‐mercaptophenyl)benzothiazole (MPBT) have been synthesized. These complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molecular weight determination, conductivity, magnetic measurements, infrared, electronic spectral and TGA studies. On the basis of above described studies an octahedral geometry has been suggested for these complexes. All these complexes are coloured, thermally stable, monomeric and non‐electrolytic in nature. The ligands and their metal complexes were tested against pathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum to assess their fungicidal properties, the antifungal activity data reveals that these metal complexes are found more fungitoxic than the parent ligands.
Glyphosate Utilization as the Source of Carbon: Isolation and Identification of new Bacteria
Authors: Nourouzi M. Mohsen , Chuah T. G. , Choong Thomas S. Y. , Lim C. J.
Published: April 2012

Mixed bacteria from oil palm plantation soil (OPS) were isolated to investigate their ability to utilize glyphosate as carbon source. Results showed that approximately all of the glyphosate was converted to aminomethyl‐phosphonic acid (AMPA) (99.5%). It is worthy to note that mixed bacteria were able to degrade only 2% of AMPA to further metabolites. Two bacterial strains i.e. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Providencia alcalifaciens were obtained from enrichment culture. Bacterial isolates were cultured individually on glyphosate as a sole carbon source. It was observed that both isolates were able to convert glyphosate to AMPA.
Impedance Spectroscopy and FTIR Studies of PEG ‐ Based Polymer Electrolytes
Authors: Reddy Polu Anji , Kumar Ranveer
Published: April 2012

Ionic conductivity of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) ‐ ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) based polymer electrolytes can be enhanced by incorporating ceramic filler TiO2 into PEG‐NH4Cl matrix. The electrolyte samples were prepared by solution casting technique. FTIR studies indicates that the complex formation between the polymer, salt and ceramic filler. The ionic conductivity was measured using impedance spectroscopy technique. It was observed that the conductivity of the electrolyte varies with TiO2 concentration and temperature. The highest room temperature conductivity of the electrolyte of 7.72×10−6 S cm-1 was obtained at 15% by weight of TiO2 and that without TiO2 filler was found to be 9.58×10−7 S cm−1. The conductivity has been improved by 8 times when the TiO2 filler was introduced into the PEG–NH4Cl electrolyte system. The conductance spectra shows two distinct regions: a dc plateau and a dispersive region. The temperature dependence of the conductivity of the polymer electrolytes seems to obey the VTF relation. The conductivity values of the polymer electrolytes were reported and the results were discussed. The imaginary part of dielectric constant (εi) decreases with increase in frequency in the low frequency region whereas frequency independent behavior is observed in the high frequency region.
In Virto Antioxidant Activities of New 4,5‐Dihydro‐1H,2,4‐triazol‐5‐ones having Thiophene Ring with their Acidic Properties
Authors: Yuksek H. , Islamoglu F. , Kol O. Gursoy , Bahceci S. , Bekar M. , Aksoy M.
Published: April 2012

Seven new 3‐alkyl(aryl)‐4‐(2‐thienymethylenamino)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐ones (2) were synthesized by the reactions of 3‐alkyl(aryl)‐4‐amino‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H-1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐ones (1) with thiophene‐2‐carbaldehyde. In addition, N‐acetyl derivatives of compounds 2d-2g were also prepared. The structures of eleven new compounds synthesized were determined by elemental analysis as well as IR, NMR and UV spectral data. In addition, compounds 2a-g and 3a, 3b, 3d-f were also screened for their antioxidant activities and 2a-g were potentiometrically titrated with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH) in four nonaqueous solvents (isopropyl alcohol, t‐butyl alcohol, acetonitrile and N,N‐dimethyl formamide). Also half‐neutralization potential values and the corresponding pKa values were determined in all cases.
Prediction of Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay of Some Drugs from their Theoretically Calculated Molecular Descriptors
Authors: Konoz E. , Sarrafi Amir H. M. , Ardalani S.
Published: April 2012

Parallel artificial membrane permeation assays (PAMPA) have been extensively utilized to determine the drug permeation potentials. In the present work, the permeation of miscellaneous drugs measured as flux by PAMPA (logF) of 94 drugs, are predicted by quantitative structure property relationships modeling based on a variety of calculated theoretical descriptors, which screened and selected by genetic algorithm (GA) variable subset selection procedure. These descriptors were used as inputs for generated artificial neural networks. After generation, optimization and training of artificial neural network (5:3:1), it was used for the prediction of logF for the training, test and validation sets. The standard error for the GA‐ANN calculated logF for training, test and validation sets are 0.17, 0.028 and 0.15 respectively, which are smaller than those obtained by GA‐MLR model (0.26, 0.051 and 0.22, respectively). Results obtained reveal the reliability and good predictably of neural network model in the prediction of membrane permeability of drugs.
Biosorption Studies for the Removal of Malachite Green from its Aqueous Solution by Activated Carbon Prepared from Cassava Peel
Authors: Parvathi C. , Maruthavanan T. , Sivamani S. , Prakash C.
Published: April 2012

The association of dyes with health related problems is not a new phenomenon. The effectiveness of carbon adsorption for dye removal from textile effluent has made it an ideal alternative to other expensive treatment methods. The preparation of activated carbon from agricultural waste could increase economic return and reduce pollution. Cassava peel has been used as a raw material to produce activated carbon. The study investigates the removal of malachite green dye from its aqueous solution. The effects of condition such as adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, pH and contact time were studied. The adsorption capacity was demonstrated as a function of time for malachite green from aqueous solution by the prepared activated carbon. The results showed that as the amount of the adsorbent was increased, the percentage of dye removal increased accordingly. Higher adsorption percentages were observed at lower concentrations of malachite green dye. Silver nitrate treated cassava peel showed a better performance compared to Sulphuric acid treated and raw carbons, thus making it an interesting option for dye removal textile effluent.
Synthesis, Characterization and Spectral Studies of Noble Heterobinuclear Complexes of Transition Metal Ions and their Biological Activity
Authors: Pal Singh Netra , Nanda Srivastava Abhay
Published: April 2012

Some noble heterobinuclear complexes of transition metal ions with bis(salicylaldehyde)malonyl‐dihydrazone in the presence of 5‐nitroindazole Cu(II) / Ni(II)‐ chloride of the type [ML1M‘L2Cl2] or [ML1FeL2Cl2]Cl, where M = Ni(II), Cu(II) and M′ = Mn(II), Co(II), have been prepared. All the complexes have been characterized by IR, UV vis and EPR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, magnetic moment and molar conductance measurement. Spectral studies and magnetic moment measurement in DMF suggest the covalent nature of the complexes, except the [ML1FeL2Cl2]Cl complex which is 1:1 electrolyte. An octahedral geometry is proposed for M‘ and square planer for M for the heterobinuclear complexes. The low value of magnetic moment and overlapping EPR signals are due to spin crossover since both of the metals have unpaired electrons with same molecular symmetry. The lowering of the magnetic moment has been discussed. The biological activity (antifungal and antibacterial) of the represented compounds has been studied.
Effect of Heat Treatment on the Surface Properties of Activated Carbons
Authors: Belhachemi Meriem , Addoun Fatima
Published: April 2012

This work reports the effect of heat treatment on the porosity and surface chemistry of two series of activated carbons prepared from a local agricultural biomass material, date pits, by physical activation with carbon dioxide and steam. Both series samples were oxidized with nitric acid and subsequently heat treated under N2 at 973 K in order to study the effect of these treatments in porosity and surface functional groups of activated carbons. When the activated carbons were heat treated after oxidation the surface area and the pore volume increase for both activated carbons prepared by CO2 and steam activations. However the amount of surface oxygen complexes decreases, the samples keep the most stable oxygen surface groups evolved as CO by temperature‐programmed desorption experiments at high temperature. The results show that date pits can be used as precursors to produce activated carbons with a well developed porosity and tailored oxygen surface groups.
Sedation and Analgesia in Intensive Care: A Comparison of Fentanyl and Remifentanil
Authors: Cevik F. , Celik M. , Clark P. M. , Macit C.
Published: April 2012

Optimal sedation and analgesia are of key importance in intensive care. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of sedoanalgesia and outcome parameters in regimens containing midazolam and either fentanyl or remifentanil. A prospective, randomized, open-label, controlled trial was carried out in the ICU unit of a large teaching hospital in Istanbul over a 9-month period. Thirty-four patients were randomly allocated to receive either a remifentanil-midazolam regimen (Rgroup, ) or a fentanyl-midazolam regimen (Fgroup, ). A strong correlation between Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale (SAS) and Ramsey Scale (RS) measurements was observed. Comparatively, remifentanil provided significantly more potent and rapid analgesia based on Behavioral-Physiological Scale (BPS) measurements and a statistically nonsignificantly shorter time to discharge. On the other hand, remifentanil also caused a significantly sharper fall in heart rate within the first six hours of treatment.
Chronic Hepatitis E Infection Resulting in Graft Failure in a Liver Transplant Tourist
Authors: Tan Hui-Hui , Leong Hoe-Nam , Tan Boon-Huan , Oon Lynette Lin-Ean , Lim Kiat-Hon , Chang Jason Pik-Eu , Tan Chee-Kiat
Published: April 2012

Hepatitis E, usually an acute hepatitis in the immunocompetent, has a chronic form described in immunocompromised hosts. We report the clinical course and outcome of an adult liver transplant recipient whose posttransplant period was complicated by chronic hepatitis E, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and cellular rejection of the graft.
Synthesis of N‐(5‐(Substitutedphenyl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐4‐amine from 4‐Amino‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole
Authors: Panchal Ashvin D. , Patel Pravin M.
Published: April 2012

N‐(4H‐1,2,4‐Triazol‐4‐yl)acetamide (2) were prepared by reaction of 4‐amino‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole (1) with acetyl chloride in dry benzene. It has been reacted with various aromatic aldehyde to afford 3‐(substitutedphenyl)‐N‐(4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐4‐yl)acrylamide (3a-e). The synthesis of N‐(5‐substitutedphenyl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐4‐amine (4a-e) is achieved by the cyclisation of 3a-e with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol. The structures of synthesized compounds were characterized by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopic studies. The purity of the compounds was checked by thin layer chromatography.