bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XVII.—The Origin, Evolution, and, Classification of the Bronze Spear-head in Great Britain and Ireland
Authors: Greenwell William , Brewis William Parker
Published: November 2011

The evolution of the bronze spear-head in the United Kingdom is a subject of much importance in the history of the Bronze Culture in the countries which are comprised within that area. It does not appear, however, to have had the attention bestowed upon it which it demands, and the purpose of this essay is to bring together the necessary material for supplying that want, and to attempt a classification of the different forms through which the spear-head passed in Great Britain and Ireland.
V.—An Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Bidford-on-Avon, Warwickshire
Authors: Humphreys John , Ryland J.W. , Barnard E.A.B. , Wellstood F.C. , Barnett Thomas G.
Published: November 2011

In June 1921, during the cutting of a new road in the village of Bidford-on-Avon, Warwickshire, various articles were brought to light indicating an Anglo-Saxon cemetery. The excavation took place on a site at the back of the High Street, on the north side, in a gravel plateau about 100 yds. from the present bank of the river Avon, 150 yds. from the Roman Rycknild Street, and 200 yds. from the old ford, which lies to the east of the church. The site is on the extreme western border of Warwickshire, within a mile of the Worcestershire boundary.
VI.—The Architecture of the Premonstratensians, with special reference to their Buildings in England
Authors: Clapham A.W.
Published: November 2011

It has been more than once remarked that the study of medieval monastic architecture and arrangement can be better studied in this country than anywhere on the continent of Europe, and for this there are several sufficient reasons. In England the Reformation, and with it the suppression of the monasteries, coincided in date with the general abandonment of Gothic architecture and the dawn of the English Renaissance. Consequently, any surviving remains of a monastic house in this country (except where the buildings were converted into a mansion) are of the period when monachism was a living force, and before its vitality had been sapped by the commendatory system of government and its architecture translated into the foreign language ofthe Renaissance. Furthermore, compared with the continent, this country, after the Reformation, suffered comparatively little from the effects of civil strife; such strife as took place was less religious than political, and in it the monasteries had been too long untenanted to be a symbol of Romanism and called forth no animosity even in the Puritan soldiery. The matter was quite otherwise in both France and Germany, where the wars of religion inflicted grievous harm on the corpus of ecclesiastical building when the pendulum swung to the Protestant side. The wider tolerance of the later seventeenth and of the eighteenth century was even more destructive, in these countries, to monastic architecture of the middle ages, for with a more settled social state a new era of monastic building began which transformed the vast majority of French, Belgian, and South German convents into examples, often magnificent enough, of the contemporary Renaissance style in which all trace of the medieval arrangement is lost.
III.—The Study and Classification of Medieval Mappae Mundi
Authors: Andrews Michael C.
Published: November 2011

We all know what maps are. Most of us have occasion to use them frequently. Many of us, no doubt, have spent pleasant hours in our studies, performing, with their help, what have been called ‘armchair travels ‘. But only a few have been led to inquire into the history of maps and mapmaking, and fewer still have interested themselves in that period of the history of cartography which is the subject of this paper—the medieval period.
VII.—Ancient Pigments and their Identification in Works of Art.
Authors: Laurie A. P.
Published: November 2011

During the history of Art, from the earliest times to the present day, certain pigments have remained common to the artist's palette, and while some have dropped out of use, others have been added. Although a great deal of information on the subject has been collected from the examination of old records, and, in addition, by the occasional analysis of the actual pigments used, the whole subject seems to me to be deserving of a more exact inquiry than it has as yet received.
I.—The ‘Tomb of the Double Axes’ and Associated Group, and the Pillar Rooms and Ritual Vessels of the ‘Little Palace’ at Knossos
Authors: Evans Arthur
Published: November 2011

The discovery of the ‘Royal Tomb’ on the upland plateau of described by me in Archaeologia in 1906, has had an important sequel. a quarter of a mile farther north of the same headland, on the edge of the that here overlooks the site of the ancient harbour-town of Knossos, a Minoan tombs has since been unearthed, some of which throw a wholly on the sepulchral cult in vogue during the earlier part of the Late Minoan One tomb indeed, that of ‘the Double Axes’, to be described below, points of structural and religious interest to a degree altogether among the early sepultures of the Aegean lands.
IV.—The Funeral, Monument, and Chantry Chapel of King Henry the Fifth
Authors: Hope W. H. St. John
Published: November 2011

So much has been written about the abbey church of Westminster and the historical monuments wherewith it is filled that to most people it may seem superfluous to write anything more about it. But as a matter of fact the Abbey and its church are still an architectural and archaeological mine that has really been little worked scientifically, and it is for that reason that I venture to lay before the Society of Antiquaries, which has always had a special interest in Westminster Abbey, some notes upon the funeral, the tomb or monument, and the chantry chapel of King Henry V.
VII.—Roman Cirencester
Authors: Haverfield F.
Published: November 2011

At the present moment, nothing, perhaps, would so much extend our knowledge of the Roman Empire as a close study of the character and history of its town-sites. It is only by working out the details of inhabited sites—and especially of towns—one by one, that we can get the premises needed for certain general conclusions as to the history of the Empire and, above all, of its provinces. If, for example, we can prove (as I believe we can) that many provincial towns were founded or first developed, or began especially to flourish, in the Flavian age (A. D. 70–96), we shall gain light on the spirit of that age, and on the policy of its government, which we cannot obtain otherwise. These things are not told us by ancient writers, not even by Tacitus; archaeology alone reveals them.
VII.—Third Report on the Hal-Tarxien Excavations, Malta
Authors: Zammit T.
Published: November 2011

The excavation of the Tarxien megalithic ruins, taken in hand in 1915 and continued during the summer months of subsequent years, was brought to an end in September of 1919. The ruins discovered in 1915 and 1916 were reported upon in Archaeologia Those reports give an account of the clearing of two megalithic sanctuaries extending in a south-west to north-east direction for about 150 ft. (45 m.) with an average width of 80 ft. (24 m.). The present facade and the outer court, which represent the front of the later of the two sanctuaries, extend to about 80 ft. (24 m.) in length with the main axis pointing SSW. to NNE. The second temple, which is the earlier, has an axis about 80 ft. (24 m.) in length, with a direction WSW. to ENE., making with the axis of the later building an angle of about 30 degrees.
III.—On a MS. Collection of Ordinances of Chivalry of the fifteenth century, belonging to Lord Hastings
Authors: Arthur Harold , Dillon Viscount
Published: November 2011

The manuscript volume which, by the kind permission of Lord Hastings, I am enabled to exhibit this evening, is one of great value and interest. Those great antiquaries Sir F. Palgrave and Albert Way saw the volume, and while the former made a rough note of its contents, the latter contributed to the fourth volume of the Archæological Journal a valuable paper on one part. The notes of these two gentlemen have been compared with the original MS., and I have ventured, whilst giving transcripts of some portions of the volume, to add a few notes and descriptions. The manuscript, which is written on vellum, consists of fifteenth-century copies, with some illuminations, of various treatises dealing with chivalry, state, etc. These have been bound in one thick volume, which from external evidence we may suppose to have at one time belonged to that distinguished Prince, Henry, son of James I.
VII.—Lacock Abbey, Wilts
Authors: Brakspear Harold
Published: November 2011

The village of Lacock is about three miles south of Chippenham, near the river Avon, and formed part of the extensive possessions of the first Norman Earl of Salisbury, whose heiress, Ela, was married to William Longespee, natural son of Henry II., who in her right became possessed of all the titles and possessions of her wealthy house.
III.—Some Post-Visigothic Churches in Spain
Authors: Hill Arthur G.
Published: November 2011

The comparatively few Englishmen who are well acquainted with the ancient churches of Spain know that this most fascinating country possesses a series of ecclesiastical buildings architecturally equal in most respects to the finest examples in France, and infinitely superior to those of Italy; while no others in Europe are so rich in woodwork, ironwork, decorative furniture, and other works of art, often of the most magnificent description, and which, in very many cases, remain in their original state to this day. Spanish art is, moreover, a native art, and is largely independent of, though certainly influenced by, the workmen of more northerly countries.
V.—Records of the Manor of Durrington, Wilts
Authors: Kirby T.F.
Published: November 2011

The village of Durrington is situate on the right bank of the river Avon, about three miles north of Amesbury; the village of Bulford, where the military camp is, being on the other side of the river.

There are two manors in the parish, which contains only 2,702 acres, the east end manor and the west end manor. It is to the east end manor that I am about to refer. In the thirteenth century it belonged to a family of the name of Nevill. I exhibit the counterpart of a grant of the manor by Hervey de Nevill to the nuns of Amesbury for the term of three years in consideration of forty marks down and twenty more in expectancy.
VII.—On the Date of Grime's Graves and Cissbury Flint-mines
Authors: Smith Reginald A.
Published: November 2011

The formal recognition by the Monaco Congress (1906) of the Aurignac stage of culture marks a distinct advance in the classification of palaeolithic cave-relics. The point has been keenly debated, but most are now agreed that Aurignac, as a typical station, comes between Le Moustier and Solutré, and represents a civilization that extended over a large part of Europe. This stage has in recent years been so thoroughly studied that its distinctive types can be easily recognized, and many cave-deposits readily fall into this division; but so far very little of this sort has been noticed in England, where the industry seems, however, to have had a special and a splendid development.
VIII.—The Distribution of the Anglo-Saxon Saucer Brooch in relation to the Battle of Bedford, A. D. 571
Authors: Leeds E. Thurlow
Published: November 2011

The investigation of the early history of England is beset with many difficulties and has furnished material for the widest conjectures. Prior to the Roman invasion our knowledge is confined almost entirely to such deductions as can be made by the aid of archaeology. But the difficulties by no means decrease with the period when England makes its first appearance in the pages of written history. Indeed, they might be said rather to increase, and perhaps of no period is this truer than of the times between the decline of the Roman power in Britain and the ultimate establishment of the Anglo-Saxon power. The records are, to say the least of it, of the barest nature, and present many problems of absorbing interest, towards the elucidation of which archaeology has already contributed not a little. In some cases, however, the evidence of archaeology appears to find itself in conflict with the witness of history, and it is one of these incongruities which I have set myself the task of endeavouring to investigate in the course of this paper.
XII.—Further Discoveries relating to Roman London, 1906-12
Authors: Norman Philip , Readers Francis W.
Published: November 2011

Six years ago we read a paper before you on ‘Recent Discoveries in connexion with Roman London’, when you kindly gave us leave to make further researches on behalf of the Society. Since then we have been almost constantly watching excavations in London, and it is now our duty to give an account of Roman remains exposed to view since June, 1906. It will naturally be asked why we have delayed so long: the reply is, that these diggings have followed each other in rapid sequence, lasting in some cases over protracted periods and demanding much sacrifice of time and energy. A large part of our observation also has met with little definite result, while frequently later finds have had a bearing on those which preceded them, and have thus offered opportunities of correcting and amplifying the previous records.
II.—The Bronze Age in Macedonia
Authors: Casson Stanley
Published: November 2011

In most text-books of archaeology the section dealing with the Bronze Age in the Aegean invariably refers us to the culture of Crete and Mycenae. Under the heading of ‘South-Eastern Europe’ we are usually given an account of the Bronze Age of Hungary and the Danubian area. But between these two regions lies an area which is, as yet, almost entirely uncharted by archaeologists, an area which, from its position, is one of the most important in Southern Europe. Between the Danube and the Aegean, the Black Sea and the hills that hem in the river Vardar on its right bank, lies an area across which, by rigidly limited routes, have passed all intrusive elements from Asia and all invading elements into Asia, either by way of the South Russian Steppe or across the Dardanelles and Bosporus.
VII.—When did the Beaker-folk arrive?
Authors: Childe V. Gordon
Published: November 2011

The publication of the first volume of Sir Arthur Evans' Palace of Minos marks the beginning of a new era in the prehistory, not only of the Aegean, but of Europe as a whole. In the light of the new material there published and the precise dating of the old, it becomes possible to invest with an absolute value the relative chronology established for parts of central Europe as a result of the patient labours of Professor Vassits of Belgrade, the late Notary Palliardi of Moravské Budejovice, Dr. Seger of Breslau, and other workers during the last ten years. Thus chronology, the indispensable pre-condition for drawing historical conclusions from archaeological material, is on its way to finding a sure footing. The present paper represents an attempt to apply these results to our own country by giving precision to the date of the arrival of the Beakerfolk.
III.—A Saxon Village at Sutton Courtenay, Berkshire (Second Report)
Authors: Leeds E. Thurlow
Published: November 2011

Since the publication of the first report, which included all the work carried out on the site of the Saxon village at Sutton Courtenay down to the end of 1922, further excavation has resulted in the discovery of eight more houses in the same area as those previously described, and two others a little distance away. In addition, three Bronze Age circular ditches have been observed and partly explored, as well as one or two more pits of the same period. Above one of the circular ditches were found traces of Saxon houses, in one case consisting of a pavement of large limestone blocks.
X.—The Excavation of a Tumulus at Lexden, Colchester
Authors: Laver Philip G.
Published: November 2011

Just within the boundaries of the modern Lexden Park, through which runs the innermost of the ancient defensive earthworks of Camulodunum, known in part of its course by the name of Blue Bell Grove, and formerly Hollow Way, lies the tumulus, the excavation of which in July and August 1924 is the subject of this paper. It lay within the great west field of the town, which apparently was not made several till late in the seventeenth century. In 1758 it lay in Mr. B. Evans's paddock. In 1838 the field in which it then lay was called Round Field Hill, which was absorbed into the Park in 1860.
XI.—Excavations at Merton Priory
Authors: Bidder H.F. , Westlake H.F.
Published: November 2011

The earlier history of the Canons Regular of St. Augustine, or Black Canons as they were commonly called, can hardly now be traced. They do not seem to have made their appearance in England until after the beginning of the twelfth century. It is true of course that certain houses, such as Huntingdon and Taunton, which subsequently followed the Augustinian Rule, were founded at a far earlier date, but the whole matter needs a discussion into which we cannot here enter. Like the Benedictines, each house was a separate corporation bound in no way to other houses. Each canon was sworn to ‘stabilitas’ or permanence in the house of his profession. Like the Benedictines, too, the Canons Regular held their triennial Chapters in accordance with the Lateran Council of the year 1215. Unlike them, however, the Austin Canons might serve the cures of souls, in particular those attached to their own houses. This last is an interesting point as bearing upon the fact that Thomas Becket, who as a child of ten began his education at Merton, at a later date wore the habit of the Merton Canons, while Hubert Walter, bishop of Salisbury, soon after his enthronement as archbishop of Canterbury became a professed Canon of Merton. The first house to be settled in England would appear to be that of St. Botolph, Colchester, which was established within a year or two of the beginning of the twelfth century. The foundation of Merton must have followed shortly afterwards.
XVII.—On an Allegorical Painting in Miniature by Joris (George) Hoefnagel, and on some other works by this artist
Authors: Norman Philip
Published: November 2011

I have the pleasure of showing you to-night a very interesting little picture (Plate XLIV.) which belongs to Miss Isabel Akers, who has kindly lent it for purposes of exhibition. And, in order that we may appreciate it the more, I will begin by recounting very briefly a few of the leading facts in the life of the man who painted it.
XIX.—Cardiff Castle: its Roman Origin
Authors: Ward John
Published: November 2011

Cardiff Castle can hardly be classed with the better-known English castles, nor has its history been a particularly stirring one. Nevertheless its position in Norman and Plantagenet times was one of considerable importance, for it was the seat of the chief lords of Glamorgan, or to use the ancient and more correct term, Morganwg. Its medieval history, however, scarcely concerns the present paper, which has to do with sundry remains of an earlier period; but should its perusal demand some reference to that phase of the subject, the concise history of this castle in the late Mr. George T. Clark's Mediæval Military Architecture in England may be consulted with advantage. It is, however, necessary to bear in mind that its definite history begins with the Norman Conquest of G-went and Morganwg in the eleventh century and the immediate circumstances which led to it. Prior to this event, the light of history gives place to shadowy tradition, and archaeology becomes our only safe guide.
X. —Notes on some probable traces of Roman Fulling in Britain.
Authors: Fox George E.
Published: November 2011

In the words of a well-known German archæologist, the work of the ancient fuller ivas twofold, to make ready for use the cloth fresh from the loom and to cleanse garments that had been worn.

How the handicraft here briefly described may have been carried on in Britain during the Roman period it will be the endeavour of the following notes to show. In order to render clearer the purpose to which the various remains were put, which will be examined presently, it will be necessary by way of illustration to refer shortly to such examples of Roman workshops as are still existing, of whose uses as fulleries there can be no doubt. These examples can best be seen in the ruins of Pompeii, and the principal establishment of the kind in that city, with its tanks and paintings, will illustrate in a fairly complete manner the subject in hand.
XV.—Excavations at Caerwent, Monmouthshire, on the Site of the Romano-British, City of Venta Silurum, in the year 1904.
Authors: Ashby T.
Published: November 2011

The excavations of 1904, with which the present report deals, were in some respects the most difficult which the Committee has had to conduct at Caerwent. In the first place, the large house which appeared rather unexpectedly on the west side of the road leading to the newly discovered south gate had been reconstructed several times in its different parts, the periods not beiitg always clearly distinguishable, and in the second place, owing to the considerable depth at which a great part of the house lay, the excavations were so protracted that both time and money began to fail, the latter owing to a most disappointing falling off in the number of our subscribers, so that, had it not been for the timely help of two Fellows of the Society, Lord Tredegar and Lord Llangattock, it would have been necessary to begin the filling in before many important problems had been solved; and even as it is, we are not able to say that the exploration has been, in certain points of detail, as complete as we could have wished.
LEARNED ATTENTION IN ADULT LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
Authors: Ellis Nick C. , Sagarra Nuria
Published: November 2011

This study investigates associative learning explanations of the limited attainment of adult compared to child language acquisition in terms of learned attention to cues. It replicates and extends Ellis and Sagarra (2010) in demonstrating short- and long-term learned attention in the acquisition of temporal reference in Latin. In Experiment 1, salient adverbs were better learned than less salient verb inflections, early experience of adverbial cues blocked the acquisition of verbal morphology, and, contrariwise—but to a lesser degree—early experience of tense reduced later learning of adverbs. Experiment 2 demonstrated long-term transfer: Native speakers of Chinese (no tense morphology) were less able than native speakers of Spanish or Russian (rich morphology) to acquire inflectional cues from the same language experience where adverbial and verbal cues were equally available. Learned attention to tense morphology in Latin was continuous rather than discrete, ordered with regard to first language: Chinese < English < Russian < Spanish. A meta-analysis of the combined results of Ellis and Sagarra and the current study separates out positive and negative learned attention effects: The average effect size for entrenchment was large (+1.23), whereas that for blocking was moderate (–0.52).
Classification of the four-dimensional power-commutative real division algebras
Authors: Darpö Erik , Rochdi Abdellatif
Published: November 2011

A classification of all four-dimensional power-commutative real division algebras is given. It is shown that every four-dimensional power-commutative real division algebra is an isotope of a particular kind of a quadratic division algebra. The description of such isotopes in dimensions four and eight is reduced to the description of quadratic division algebras. In dimension four, this leads to a complete and irredundant classification. As a special case, the finite-dimensional power-commutative real division algebras that have a unique non-zero idempotent are characterized.
A Lane–Emden system with singular data
Authors: Ghergu Marius
Published: November 2011

We study the elliptic system −Δu = δ(x)−avp in Ω, −Δv = δ(x)−buq in Ω, subject to homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions. Here, Ω ⊂ ℝN, N ≥ 1, is a smooth and bounded domain, δ(x) = dist(x, ∂Ω), a, b ≥ 0 and p, q ∈ ℝ satisfy pq > −1. The existence, non-existence and uniqueness of solutions are investigated in terms of a, b, p and q.
H-spaces, semiperfect rings and self-homotopy equivalences
Authors: Franetič Damir , Pavešić Petar
Published: November 2011

We use the theory of semiperfect rings to derive decomposition theorems for H- and co-H-spaces, generalizing the results of Wilkerson. The results are then used to prove reducibility of self-homotopy equivalences for arbitrary p-local H- and co-H-spaces.
Listen Compose Listen: A study of perception, process and the spaces between in two works made from listening
Authors: Nagai Michelle
Published: November 2011

This paper presents a detailed study of two works that arrive at sounds composed through the experience of sounds heard. Frances White's composition Centre Bridge, composed in 1999 for two shakuhachi and tape, is based largely on the sounds of a sonorous metal grate bridge that crosses the Delaware River between New Jersey and Pennsylvania. ASound Map of the Danube, composed by Annea Lockwood in 2005, reflects four years of sound recording along the length of that river's European to Balkan trajectory. Employing a range of diverse technical tools and aesthetic ideas, both works convey, powerfully and dynamically, a sense of deeply invested listening. I approach the discussion of specific compositional processes and musical outcomes in these two works through an investigation of Lockwood's and White's firsthand experiences as both listeners and composers. Centring on the exchange between sensing body and thinking mind, my research here engages with the arc of the creative process as an experience permeated by spaces of perception, reflection, imagination and action.
EcoSono: Adventures in interactive ecoacoustics in the world
Authors: Burtner Matthew
Published: November 2011

I only went out for a walk, and finally concluded to stay out till sundown, for going out, I found, was really going in.

John Muir (1913)

This article describes several recent projects that together illustrate an evolving practice and a philosophy of ecoacoustic sound art called EcoSono. These projects foregroundadventure– the live, in-person engagement with the world. As a technological sound art practice, EcoSono uses technology to link human and environmental expression, in an attempt to define a collaborative and symbiotic relationship between humans and the natural world. At the core of this work are computational and transduction technologies enabling deeper human–environment interaction. This paper describes three projects including the MICE (Mobile Interactive Computer Ensemble) World Tour, the EcoSono Institute music/science collaboration adventure, and theAgents Against Agencyseries in emergent and improvised musical forms. The article also addresses several key values of interactive ecoacoustics. First, it describes the importance of ‘impracticality’ in creating a productive environmentalist art work. The article also makes the case that the purpose of outdoor recording is not the acquisition of material samples, but to hear the world and learn from it.
Everyday Sounds Revealed: Acoustic communication and environmental recordings
Authors: Uimonen Heikki
Published: November 2011

Environmental sounds give information to individuals who have learned to interpret them as members of their acoustic communities. Those living within a soundscape not only receive the acoustic information passively, but also construct their surroundings by their activities.

A lot of acoustic information escapes our conscious attention partly for perceptual psychological reasons, partly because of the amount of acoustic information. A method called sound/listening walk has been applied to enhance these everyday meanings connected to sounds and to emphasise the cultural and historical layers related to them.

The article introduces earlier research and methodology on the subject, applies the recording of acoustic environments to sound/listening walks and then proposes a preliminary method called recorded listening walk for acoustic communication research and soundscape education. The article draws theoretically on acoustic communication and acoustemology.
Interplanetary magnetic field control and magnetic conjugacy of auroral E region backscatter
Authors: Makarevich Roman A. , Koustov A. V. , Carter B. A.
Published: November 2011

The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) control and magnetic conjugacy of the auroral E region backscatter are assessed using observations by the nominally conjugate Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) Syowa East and Pykkvibaer HF radars at ∼69° magnetic latitude and the ACE satellite measurements in the solar wind. A common‐mode radar data set comprising 118 days in January–December 2000 is considered, and the E region echo occurrence rates are calculated for each 10 min interval. The occurrence variations are adjusted for the magnetic local time and seasonal dependencies by subtracting the reference daily trends for low IMF magnitudes. The Bz effects dominate at Bz < 0, while By effects become noticeable at Bz > 0. The occurrence strongly increases as Bz becomes more negative and minimizes at small negative By and positive Bz values. The Bz effects are stronger by a factor of ∼2 than those of By. The extent of magnetic conjugacy is considerable, with an overall correlation between conjugate occurrences of 0.7. The backscatter is most conjugate at large negative Bz and generally at large IMF values. The correlations are higher on the dayside and during the equinoxes, indicating a preference for both conjugate locations to be sunlit. Finally, correlations of occurrences with solar wind coupling functions are higher on the dayside, with some evidence of the response time increasing away from magnetic noon, implying more direct IMF control near noon. The overall predictability of the E region backscatter occurrence from the solar wind inputs is considerable, with correlations being higher than those reported previously for the F region backscatter.
Circulation dynamics and salt balance in a lagoonal estuary
Authors: Jia Peng , Li Ming
Published: November 2011

Albemarle‐Pamlico Sound (APS) is a shallow lagoonal estuary connected to the Atlantic Ocean through narrow inlets. The circulation dynamics and salt balance in this estuary are investigated using a numerical model. Although the vertical stratification is weak, the mean flow features a two‐layer gravitational circulation with speeds reaching several centimeters per second. Analysis of the momentum budget shows a primary balance among the barotropic pressure gradient as a result of sea level slope, the baroclinic pressure gradient due to horizontal salinity gradients, and stress divergence. The salt budget for APS is determined by the balance between river flow and salt exchange through the inlets. At the inlets, the salt flux resulting from estuarine shear flow is much weaker than that due to tidal pumping and subtidal barotropic transport. Tidal pumping produces a net influx of salt into APS: Strong flood currents push oceanic water into the estuary through a propagating density front, whereas ebb currents advect lighter estuarine water over denser bottom water. The salt flux due to the subtidal barotropic transport across the inlets shows large temporal fluctuations associated with wind events. This transport can be either a source or sink of salt to APS and correlates well with the sea level difference across each inlet. Higher–sea level on the shelf leads to an intrusion of oceanic water into APS whereas higher–sea level inside APS leads to a withdrawal of estuarine water to the shelf.
Regional sea level trends in New Zealand
Authors: Hannah John , Bell Robert G.
Published: November 2011

In terms of sea level data sets able to be used for long‐term sea level trend analysis, the Southern Hemisphere is a data sparse region of the world. New Zealand lies in this region, presently having four (major port) data sets used for such trend analysis. This paper describes the process followed to compute new sea level trends at another six ports, each with very discontinuous tide gauge records. In each case the tide gauge has previously only been used for precisely defining an historical local Mean Sea Level (MSL) datum. The process used involved a comparison of the old MSL datum with a newly defined datum obtained from sea level data covering the last decade. A simple linear trend was fitted between the two data points. Efforts were then made to assess possible bias in the results due to oceanographic factors such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). This was done by taking the longer time series from the four major ports and assessing the spatially coherent variability in annual sea level using the dominant principal component from an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The average relative sea level rise calculated from these six newly derived trends was 1.7 ± 0.1 mm yr−1, a result that is completely consistent with the analysis of the long‐term gauge records. Most importantly, it offers a relatively simple method of improving our knowledge of relative sea level trends in data sparse regions of the world.
Madden‐Julian Oscillation in a climate model with a well‐resolved stratosphere
Authors: Weare Bryan C. , Cagnazzo Chiara , Fogli Pier Giuseppe , Manzini Elisa , Navarra Antonio
Published: November 2011

This work evaluates how well a coupled ocean‐atmospheric climate model with a well‐resolved stratosphere captures the observed Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) signal in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The model is the Centro Euro‐Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC) coupled modeling system (CMCC‐CMS) with 95 atmospheric levels. CMCC‐CMS produces MJO composites of precipitation that are very similar to those of the observations and the ERA‐40 reanalysis product. Furthermore, model precipitation is found to propagate eastward near the observed speed. There is also strong agreement in the tropics and subtropics in the temperature and flows at 100 and 200 hPa upon comparing the composites based on the full 340 years of model output and those for the past 20 years of the model output with those of the ERA‐40 reanalysis. At the 100 hPa level the temperature anomalies in the model output and reanalysis propagate eastward at about 7 m s–1 at the equator, 25°N and 65°N. Longitude and height cross sections at 25°N suggest vertically propagating Rossby waves up to near the 10 hPa level in both the model and observations. Latitude and height cross sections of temperature and zonal and meridional winds indicate strong vertical propagation in the tropics in both the model and reanalysis. Overall, the CMCC‐CMS model shows MJO characteristics in the tropical and subtropical troposphere and lower stratosphere that are in very good agreement with observed analyses.
Induction of group IVC phospholipase A2 in allergic asthma: transcriptional regulation by TNFα in bronchoepithelial cells
Authors: Bickford Justin S. , Newsom Kimberly J. , Herlihy John-David , Mueller Christian , Keeler Benjamin , Qiu Xiaolei , Walters Jewell N. , Su Nan , Wallet Shannon M. , Flotte Terence R. , Nick Harry S.
Published: November 2011

Airway inflammation in allergen-induced asthma is associated with eicosanoid release. These bioactive lipids exhibit anti- and pro-inflammatory activities with relevance to pulmonary pathophysiology. We hypothesized that sensitization/challenge using an extract from the ubiquitous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus in a mouse model of allergic asthma would result in altered phospholipase gene expression, thus modulating the downstream eicosanoid pathway. We observed the most significant induction in the group IVC PLA2 (phospholipase A2) [also known as cPLA2γ (cytosolic PLA2γ) or PLA2G4C]. Our results infer that A. fumigatus extract can induce cPLA2γ levels directly in eosinophils, whereas induction in lung epithelial cells is most likely to be a consequence of TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α) secretion by A. fumigatus-activated macrophages. The mechanism of TNFα-dependent induction of cPLA2γ gene expression was elucidated through a combination of promoter deletions, ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) and overexpression studies in human bronchoepithelial cells, leading to the identification of functionally relevant CRE (cAMP-response element), NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) and E-box promoter elements. ChIP analysis demonstrated that RNA polymerase II, ATF-2 (activating transcription factor 2)–c-Jun, p65–p65 and USF (upstream stimulating factor) 1–USF2 complexes are recruited to the cPLA2γ enhancer/promoter in response to TNFα, with overexpression and dominant-negative studies implying a strong level of co-operation and interplay between these factors. Overall, our results link cytokine-mediated alterations in cPLA2γ gene expression with allergic asthma and outline a complex regulatory mechanism.
Hydrogen-rich saline attenuates radiation-induced male germ cell loss in mice through reducing hydroxyl radicals
Authors: Chuai Yunhai , Gao Fu , Li Bailong , Zhao Luqian , Qian Liren , Cao Fei , Wang Lei , Sun Xuejun , Cui Jianguo , Cai Jianming
Published: November 2011

Our recent studies suggest that H2 (hydrogen) has a potential as a novel radioprotector without known toxic side effects. The present study was designed to examine the underlying radioprotective mechanism of H2 and its protective role on irradiated germ cells. Produced by the Fenton reaction and radiolysis of H2O, hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were identified as the free radical species that were reduced by H2. We used a H2 microelectrode to dynamically detect H2 concentration in vivo, and found H2 significantly reduced in situ fluorescence intensity of hydroxyphenyl fluorescein; however, as we treated the mice with H2 after irradiation, the decrease is not significant. We found that pre-treatment of H2 to IR (ionizing radiation) significantly suppressed the reaction of •OH and the cellular macromolecules which caused lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl and oxidatively damaged DNA. The radioprotective effect of H2 on male germ cells was supported by ameliorated apoptotic findings examined by morphological changes and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling) in testicular tissue, and by preserved viability of stem spermatogonia examined for testicular histological parameters, daily sperm production and sperm quality; we used WR-2721 [S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethyl phosphorothioic acid] as a reference compound. Our results represent the first in vivo evidence in support of a radioprotective role of H2 by neutralizing •OH in irradiated tissue with no side effects.
Phase diagram of hard tetrahedra
Authors: Haji-Akbari Amir , Engel Michael , Glotzer Sharon C.
Published: November 2011

Advancements in the synthesis of faceted nanoparticles and colloids have spurred interest in the phase behavior of polyhedral shapes. Regular tetrahedra have attracted particular attention because they prefer local symmetries that are incompatible with periodicity. Two dense phases of regular tetrahedra have been reported recently. The densest known tetrahedron packing is achieved in a crystal of triangular bipyramids (dimers) with a packing density of 4000/4671 ≈ 85.63%. In simulation a dodecagonal quasicrystal is observed; its approximant, with periodic tiling (3.4.32.4), can be compressed to a packing fraction of 85.03%. Here, we show that the quasicrystal approximant is more stable than the dimer crystal for packing densities below 84% using Monte Carlo computer simulations and free energy calculations. To carry out the free energy calculations, we use a variation of the Frenkel-Ladd method for anisotropic shapes and thermodynamic integration. The enhanced stability of the approximant can be attributed to a network substructure, which maximizes the free volume (and hence the wiggle room) available to the particles and facilitates correlated motion of particles, which further contributes to entropy and leads to diffusion for packing densities below 65%. The existence of a solid-solid transition between structurally distinct phases not related by symmetry breaking – the approximant and the dimer crystal – is unusual for hard particle systems.
Phase behavior of linear heterogeneous trimers on a square lattice
Authors: Rżysko W. , Borówko M.
Published: November 2011

Monte Carlo simulations in the grand canonical ensemble, the multiple-histogram analysis and finite-size scaling techniques have been used to study a phase behavior of trimer BAB on a square lattice. The systems with the same energies uAA = uBB and different strengths of interactions between unlike segments are considered. The AB-contacts are energetically unprofitable. There are two phase transitions: the first-order vapor-liquid transition and the second-order structural transition in the supercritical fluid. The phase diagram topology depends on the energy uAB. The crossover between the tricritical point phase diagram topology and the critical end phase diagram topology is found. It is demonstrated that the transition to the ordered strip-like phase is non-universal.
Metal-glass nanocomposite for optical storage of information
Authors: Stalmashonak Andrei , Abdolvand Amin , Seifert Gerhard
Published: November 2011

We demonstrate an all-optical data storage and readout technique on a medium that has proved to be stable over centuries—glass containing metallic nanoparticles. Using ultra-short laser pulses to persistently change the shapes of the nanoparticles dependent of the laser polarization, well-defined local dichroism in the focal volume can be produced. The latter could be utilized for multi-bit encoding in spot sizes down to the diffraction limit, where the information can be read out very fast by wavelength- and polarization-sensitive detection of the transmitted light. The storage capacity of the proposed technique is comparable with that of blu-ray discs.
Influence of laser and thermal treatment on the thermal conductivity of In-graphene composites
Authors: Jagannadham K.
Published: November 2011

Graphene processed by thermal, laser, and thermal plus laser treatments was used to synthesize the indium-graphene composite foils. The symmetric nature of the G’ band in the Raman spectrum was used to identify that the graphene was only few layers thick. Quantitative image analysis was used to determine the volume fraction of graphene. Electrical resistivity and temperature coefficient of resistance of the composite coupled with effective mean field approximation were analyzed to determine the volume fraction and resistivity of graphene. Thermal conductivity of the composite foils was measured using the three-omega method and multilayer analysis. The thermal conductivity of In-gr foils prepared by the three methods of processing graphene was found to be 1.8 W/cm.K. The results indicate that the improvement in the thermal conductivity of the composites was same by the three methods of treatment of graphene.
Shared gene expression in distinct neurons expressing common selector genes
Authors: Topalidou Irini , Chalfie Martin
Published: November 2011

Expression of the
mec-3/unc-86
selector gene complex induces the differentiation of the touch receptor neurons (TRNs) of
Caenorhabditis elegans
. These genes are also expressed in another set of embryonically derived mechanosensory neurons, the FLP neurons, but these cells do not share obvious TRN traits or proteins. We have identified ∼300 genes in each cell type that are up-regulated at least threefold using DNA microarrays. Twenty-three percent of these genes are up-regulated in both cells. Surprisingly, some of the common genes had previously been identified as TRN-specific. Although the FLP neurons contain low amounts of the mRNAs for these TRN genes, they do not have detectable proteins. These results suggest that transcription control is relatively inexact but that these apparent errors of transcription are tolerated and do not alter cell fate. Previous studies showed that loss of the EGL-44 and EGL-46 transcription factors cause the FLP neurons to acquire TRN-like traits. Here, we show that similar changes occur (e.g., the expression of both the TRN mRNAs and proteins) when the FLP neurons ectopically express the auxiliary transcription factor ALR-1 (
Aristaless
related), which ensures, but does not direct, TRN differentiation. Thus, the FLP neurons can acquire a TRN-like fate but use multiple levels of regulation to ensure they do not. Our data indicate that expression of common master regulators in different cell types can result in inappropriate expression of effector genes. This misexpression makes these cells vulnerable to influences that could cause them to acquire alternative fates.
Using Positive Youth Development Constructs to Design a Money Management Curriculum for Junior Secondary School Students in Hong Kong
Authors: Lau Patrick S. Y. , Lam C. M. , Law Ben M. F. , Poon Y. H.
Published: November 2011

This paper aims to discuss the relationships between the selected positive youth development constructs and the enhancement of Hong Kong junior secondary school students' money management skills, values, and attitudes. Various issues of money management of adolescents are reviewed. These issues include the need for money management programs for adolescents, the content and coverage of an appropriate money management program, and its relationships with the selected positive youth development constructs. The curriculum units for secondary 3 students are taken as examples to illustrate the design of the program. It is believed that promoting cognitive competence, self-efficacy, and spirituality could be an effective way to enhance students' money management skills, values, and attitudes, thus preparing them better for facing the finance-related issues in life.
High levels of the extracellular matrix proteoglycan decorin are associated with inhibition of testicular function
Authors: Adam M. , Urbanski H. F. , Garyfallou V. T. , Welsch U. , Köhn F. M. , Ullrich Schwarzer J. , Strauss L. , Poutanen M. , Mayerhofer A.
Published: November 2011

Decorin (DCN), a component of the extracellular matrix of the peritubular wall and the interstitial areas of the human testis, can interact with growth factor (GF) signalling, thereby blocking downstream actions of GFs. In the present study the expression and regulation of DCN using both human testes and two experimental animal models, namely the rhesus monkey and mouse, were examined. DCN protein was present in peritubular and interstitial areas of adult human and monkey testes, while it was almost undetectable in adult wild type mice. Interestingly, the levels and sites of testicular DCN expression in the monkeys were inversely correlated with testicular maturation markers. A strong DCN expression associated with the abundant connective tissue of the interstitial areas in the postnatal through pre‐pubertal phases was observed. In adult and old monkeys the DCN pattern was similar to the one in normal human testes, presenting strong expression at the peritubular region. In the testes of both infertile men and in a mouse model of inflammation associated infertility (aromatase‐overexpressing transgenic mice), the fibrotic changes and increased numbers of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α‐producing immune cells were shown to be associated with increased production of DCN. Furthermore, studies with human testicular peritubular cells isolated from fibrotic testis indicated that TNF‐α significantly increased DCN production. The data, thus, show that an increased DCN level is associated with impaired testicular function, supporting our hypothesis that DCN interferes with paracrine signalling of the testis in health and disease.