bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control with Full-Season Program of Aerial Applications, 1988:
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Four commercial fields, located near Batavia, N. Y., were used for this test. Each field was divided into 3 sections, each section receiving the same number of applications of a different insecticide. From 3 to 4 applications/field, beginning at the early green tassel stage, were applied weekly. Insecticides were applied with a Cessna Ag Truck delivering 3 gal/acre at 35-40 psi and 115-120 mph air speed, with D8-46 nozzles. At crop maturity for each field, 2 fields in mid-August and 2 in mid-September, we sampled 50 ears/section of each field and evaluated them for insect injury. Additional samples of 65-147 ears/section of the field were evaluated for insect injury at the processing plant.
Control on Whorl Stage Sweet Corn, 1988:
Authors: Whalen J. , Breeding R.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 7 Jul near Georgetown, Del. Two-row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a hand shaker in a 7-inch band over the whorls on 16 Aug. All plant whorls were removed from each plot, unrolled, and the number of infested plants counted on 19 Aug.
Control On Sweet Corn, 1988
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 20 Apr near Georgetown, Del. Two-row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using two nozzles/row delivering 75 gal/acre at 40 psi. Silk sprays were applied on 8, 12, 15, and 19 Jun. At harvest maturity (21 Jun), all ears from each plot were examined for economic damage and all live larvae were counted.
Cucumber Beetle Control, 1987:
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Calypso’ cucumbers were planted 16 Jul near Benson, N.C. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 60-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow-cone nozzle (18 x). Application rate was 54 gal/acre delivered at 60 psi. Treatments were applied on 30 Jul. Foliar damage by cucumber beetles was rated 6 Aug.
Control on Kale, 1988:
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Koch Timothy A. , Vaughn Ty T. , Hassel Richard L.
Published: March 2022

Kale was direct-seeded at Wiers Farms, Celeryville, Ohio, on 18 May. Plots were 3 rows wide on 16-inch centers, 18 ft long, and separated by 4-ft alleys. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on 2 Sep with a boom sprayer delivering 50 psi and 50 gal/acre. On 7 Sep, aphids and DBM larvae were counted on 3 plants in each plot by visual inspection of each plant.
Onion Maggot Control, 1988:
Authors: Bishop B. , Grafius E. , Henry P. , Maier R. , Roragen K.
Published: March 2022

A trial designed to evaluate resistance of a local onion maggot population to Lorsban and Dyfonate was carried out at Dyk Brothers’ farm near Grant, Mich. Onions (‘Downing Yellow Globe’) were planted on 22 Apr. Plots were double rows, 20 ft long. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. All granular materials were applied in the furrow with the seed using a V-belt planter. Drenches were applied in a 2-3-inch band at the base of the plant using a hand-held sprayer at 50 gal/acre with a single nozzle directed over the row. A 50-plant section in each of the 2 rows of each plot (100 plants/plot total) was marked with stakes prior to the first injury (19 May). The number of surviving onions (percent stand) was counted at approximately weekly intervals. The percentage of damaged onions was calculated for each date by dividing the number of surviving onions showing visible onion maggot damage by the total number of surviving onions on that date. Density of initial stand number (row-ft/100 plants on 19 May) was measured on 22 Jun. Onions in a 10-ft section of both rows of each plot (20 ft total/plot) were harvested on 19 Aug. Harvested bulbs were sorted into marketable or damaged (onion maggot damage or nonmaggot damage) groups.
Control of Broad Mites, 1988:
Authors: Oi David H. , Mau Ronald F. L.
Published: March 2022

Broad mite infested pepper plants were transplanted into 6-inch pots, 5 wk after initial planting (8 Jul). Treatments were assigned according to a randomized block design, with blocks designated on the basis of plant similarity, and the degree of broad mite infestations. Infestations were determined on 18 Jul, with 5 out of 6 blocks having at least 10 broad mites, including eggs, on the leaves of the apical terminal bud for each plant. The plants in the remaining block were each infested with fewer than 10 mites. Pots were placed outdoors on a wire bench and were watered daily without wetting the foliage after treatments were applied. Treatments were applied until run off on 19 Jul with a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 30 psi. Plants were cut at the base on 27 Jul and washed individually in water using a screen sieve (U.S.A. Standard No. 200) to recover mites. All stages of broad mites, except eggs, were counted to evaluate the treatments.
Full-Season Insecticide Evaluations, 1988
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments were applied in a comparative test to mature ‘York’ trees on 6 Apr (only treatments scheduled for delayed dormant application), 14 Apr (P, pink), 11 May (PF, petal fall), 1 June (1C, first cover), 17 June (2C, second cover), 8 Jul (3C, third cover), 28 Jul (4C, fourth cover), and 31 Aug (5C, fifth cover). Treatments were applied with a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi. Single-tree treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Trees were sprayed to run-off. AA populations were evaluated on 21 Jun by randomly selecting 10 growing terminals/replicate, rating aphid populations on a scale of 1-5, and counting aphids on the fourth distal leaf. ERM populations were evaluated on 13 Jul and 15 Aug by randomly selecting 25 leaves/replicate, brushing them with a modified Henderson-McBurnie brushing machiin . and cropting motile mites and viable eggs with a binocular microscope. WALH damage was evaluated by rating foliage on each tree on a scale of 1 (low) to 5 (high). Insect feeding on fruit was evaluated by harvesting 100 apples/replicate on 3 Oct and visually inspecting each apple.
Foliar Insecticides for Control on Potato, 1987:
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , RadclifFe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Certified B-size potatoes were planted 20 May at the University of Minnesota Experimental Station, Rosemount. Experimental plots were 25 ft long with 40-inch row spacing. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with 3 replications. Insecticide sprays were applied once with a CO2-powered hand sprayer delivering 36 gal/acre. CPB populations were very high. All treatments resulted in significantly fewer CPB larvae on 29 and 31 Jul compared with the untreated control, and all treatments except 6 qt Trident + 1 qt Nu-film resulted in significantly fewer larvae on 2 Aug. Plots were sprayed 26 Jul and counted 29 Jul, 31 Jul, and 2 Aug. Evaluations consisted of total counts of all second and third instars on 10 randomly selected plants from each plot. The percentage of rating control was based on comparison to mean CPB numbers in the 3 untreated control plots and corrected by Abbott’s formula. Control ranged from 30.3 to 100%.
Foliar Sprays for Control on Potato, 1988:
Authors: Lagnaoui A. , Radcliffe E. B.
Published: March 2022

Certified B-size potatoes were planted 20 May at the University of Minnestoa Experimental Station, Kosemount. Experimental plots were 8 rows wide and 50 ft long with 40-inch row spacing. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with 5 replications. Insecticidal sprays were applied 5 Jul, 20 Jul, 27 Jul, 8 Aug, 15 Aug, 23 Aug, and 3 Sep using a tractor-drawn boom sprayer with 3 drop nozzles/row delivering 100 gal/acre at 200 psi. Margosan-O was sprayed once, on 5 Jul. On first application, all plots were sprayed with Asana at 0.0125 lb (AI)/acre to suppress adults and late instar larvae. Posttreatment counts were done 48 h later. Evaluations consisted of direct counts of CPB larvae by instar on 10 randomly selected plants from each of the 3 middle rows of the plot. Two-way ANOVA was used to test for treatment differences in CPB densities. The percentage control calculation was based on comparison with mean CPB numbers in the untreated control and corrected by Abbott’s formula.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1987:
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 25 Apr on the University of Idaho experiment station near Kimberly. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and surface irrigation was used. In Test 1, individual plots were 4 rows wide (12 ft) by 25 ft long. An untreated control and 5 treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-pressurized sprayer- at 30 psi using 50 gal finished spray/acre. Pretreatment and posttreatment counts of larvae and adults were taken by counting the stages visible on the plants by walking the length of the plot. Populations were 99% larvae. Test 2 was applied as in Test 1 except that the plots consisted of only 1 row and adults were 21% of the population.
Mortality in Leaf Cages, 1987:
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were treated with systemic insecticides in small plots (3 rows by 50 ft, 36-inch row spacing) on the University of Idaho research station near Kimberly. Soil type was Portneuf silt loam and irrigation was by solid set sprinklers. The potatoes were planted 30 Apr. Seven insecticide treatments and an untreated control were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Temik treatments were applied at rates of 2 and 3 lb (AI)/acre in the following methods: in a 2-3-inch band in the seed furrow at planting, in an 8-inch band 2-3 inches above the seed, and as granules in a 2-3-inch band in front of the planter disk opener. Also, Thimet was applied at 3 lb (AI)/acre in a 2-3-inch band in furrow as in the first 2 Temik treatments. On a weekly schedule, beginning 50 days after planting, 10 GPA were introduced into leaf cages. The cages were then attached to the bottom of a leaflet on a leaf near the bottom of the plant. Mortality was recorded 48 and 96 h after the cage was attached to the plant.
Foliar Sprays for Control on Potatoes, 1988:
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Speese John
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 25 Mar at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, Va. Each plot consisted of 12 60-ft-long rows bordered by 10 ft of bare ground. Potatoes were planted with 10-inch plant and 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer using hollow-cone nozzles spaced every 18 inches and delivering 40 gal/acre at 140 psi. Applications were made weekly from 18 May through 13 Jun. All plots were sprayed with Ambush 2 EC (4 fl oz/acre) on 9 May to control newly emerged, overwintered adults. Bond sticker was added to all treatments at the rate of 5 ml/gal. Evaluation criteria consisted of visual counts of CPB small (first- and second-instars) and large (third- and fourth-instars) larvae on 5 consecutive stems at 10 randomly chosen sites/treatment plot. The percentage of defoliation was estimated on 10 and 17 Jun and harvest data were taken from the entire middle 6 rows of each treatment plot.
Mite Control, 1988
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to nonreplicated 1-acre plots consisting of 9-yr-old alternating ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Yorking’ trees. Five ‘Yorking’ trees were randomly selected for monitoring ERM and predators. The sprays were applied as alternate row middle applications with a Friend 309 sprayer calibrated at 50 gal/acre and driven at 2.3 mph. Spray dates were 15 and 22 Jun. A routine schedule of fungicides and insecticides (Dithane M-45, Benlate, Guthion, Lannate, Lorsban, and calcium chloride) was maintained throughout the experiment. Effectiveness of the treatments on ERM and Z. mali was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 125 leaves/treatment. The predator S. punctum was observed by making 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees.
Evaluation of Tabm Control, 1988
Authors: Hull L. A. , Rajotte E. G. , Knight A. L.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to 4-tree plots arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot contained the following cultivars: ‘Delicious,’ ‘Golden Delicious,’ ‘Stayman,’ and ‘Rome Beauty.’ Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Each plot was surrounded by an adjacent 4-tree plot that was treated twice during each brood with a combination of Lannate + Pydrin to prevent TABM larvae from dispersing onto the test trees. Trees were planted to a spacing of 12 x 35 ft. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer, 35 gal/min pump, equipped with a handgun to thoroughly wet the trees. Approximately 4.5 gals of spray was applied to each replicate tree (450 gal/acre). During the experiment, general maintenance sprays of the fungicide Dithane M-45 and calcium chloride as well as 2 alternate-row applications of Swat 8 E (for aphid control) were applied to all plots. Effectiveness against TABM was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Aug and a harvest sample from each cultivar. Apple samples averaged 484/tree, 7,744/treatment. TABM injury was classified according to brood.
Prebloom Control in Alfalfa Seed, 1988
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Babcock J. M.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a commercial stand of ‘Vernema’ seed alfalfa that had been in production for 3 yr near Gardena, Walla Walla County, Wash. Experimental (0.01 acre) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insecticides were applied 20 May with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a 4-ft spray boom calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 30 psi from 4 8003 flat-fan nozzles on 19-inch spacings. Samples of 5 180° sweeps with a 15-inch-diam sweep net were collected 28 May and 9 Jun. All life stages of PA were combined.
Control in Dryland Barley, 1987
Authors: Johnson Gregory D. , Lester Donald G.
Published: March 2022

Chemicals were evaluated in 2 dryland barley fields. Field 1 was planted with a 7-inch Hoe drill at a seeding rate of 60 lb/acre in clay loam soil. Field 2 was planted with a 10-inch Hoe drill at the same rate in clay loam soil. Both fields were planted the first week of May and had been previously planted in barley. Plots measured 10 by 20 ft and were arranged in a 5 by 5 Latin square. Treatments were applied in water with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20.5 gal/acre at 20 psi. The hand-held spray boom was equipped with TeeJet (8002) flat-fan nozzles and produced a 5-ft spray swath. Field 1 was treated 12 Jun and Field 2 was treated 25 Jun. BWM densities were estimated by placing the long edge of a 13- by 91/2- by 2-inch aluminum pan on the soil at a 45° angle adjacent to the plant crowns. One row-ft of barley was tapped 10 times with a 12-inch ruler, and mites knocked into the pan were counted. Five sampling locations were chosen randomly in each plot for each count. Counts were transformed by log(x + 1). Numbers in the table are actual means.
Control in Irrigated Barley, 1987
Authors: Johnson Gregory D. , Lester Donald G.
Published: March 2022

Barley was planted 14 Apr in a recropped barley field in clay loam soil with a 7-inch Hoe drill at a seeding rate of 90 lb/acre, Plots were 10 by 20 ft, replicated 4 times in a 4 by 4 Latin square. Sprays were applied in water with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer set to deliver 20.5 gal/acre at 20 psi, The spray boom, held over the canopy, had Teejet (8002) flat-fan nozzles and produced a spray swath of 5 ft. Treatments were made 12 Jun. The barley was furrow irrigated 15 Jun. Mite infestations were evaluated by placing the long edge of a 13- by 91/2- by 2-inch aluminum pan on the soil at a 45° angle adjacent to the plant crowns and slapping 1 row-ft of barley 5 times. Mites knocked into the pan were counted. Five sampling locations were randomly chosen in each plot for each count. Data were subjected to ANOVA.
Control in Field Corn, 1988
Authors: Berry Edwin C.
Published: March 2022

A test was established at the Iowa State Research Farm at Ankeny to determine the effectiveness of insecticide treatments applied at planting time for BCW control. A randomized complete block design was used, and each treatment was replicated 4 times. Each plot was 1 row by 17.5 ft (1/1,000 acre). Each plot was surrounded by an aluminum barrier buried 6-8 inches and projecting 10-12 inches above the soil. Barriers were placed around each plot prior to plant emergence. Treatments were applied with Noble applicators calibrated for each chemical. Materials were applied in a 7-inch band or as furrow treatments. Corn seeds were planted and treatments were applied with a John Deere 7100 Max-Emerge planter on 25 May at a rate of 24,000 seeds/acre. Plots were infested 31 May with 20 third-instar BCW from a laboratory colony. From 1 to 10 Jun, cut plants and stand counts were determined. Cut plants were marked with an applicator stick so that they would not be counted as uncut plants in the event of plant regrowth. Data were transformed by arcsine V% + 1 for analysis.
Control of Spider Mites and Second-Generation Corn Borers, 1988
Authors: Buschman L. L.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in sprinkler-irrigated corn in Finney County, Kans. Treatments were applied with a Bull Thrush 1820 fixed-wing plane (wing span, 451/2 ft), flying 130 mph using Spraying Systems 3 hollow-cone nozzles at 22 psi and delivering a volume of 2 gal/acre. All plots were 3 plane swaths wide (except for 1 control plot, which was 2 plane swaths wide) (75 rows or 188 ft) and oriented east-west. The treatments were applied 30 Jul when the temperature was 82°F and the wind was 5 mph out of the west-southwest. Three treatments and a control were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. BGM, mostly large adult females, were counted weekly by searching the leaves of 5 flagged plants in the central part of each plot 28 Jul through 18 Aug. SWCB and ECB evaluations were made 8 and 9 Sep by dissecting 25 plants/plot (5 consecutive corn plants next to each flagged plant). Larvae were recorded by species for each plant.
Control of Second-Generation Corn Borers and Effects on Spider Mites, 1988
Authors: Buschman L. L.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in sprinkler-irrigated corn in Finney County, Kans. Treatments were applied with a fixed-wing plane delivering a volume of 3 gal/acre (Furadan-Di-Syston treatment) or 5 gal/acre (Dipel and Dipel-Comite treatments). All plots were 3 plane-swaths wide (75 rows or 188 ft) and oriented north-south. The treatments were applied the evening of 5 Aug when the temperature was 75°F and the wind was 8 mph out of the southeast. Repeat treatments (without miticides) were applied the morning of 15 Aug when the temperature was 82°F and the wind was 6 mph out of the southwest. Three treatments and a control were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. BGM (mostly large adult females) were counted by searching the leaves of 5 flagged plants in the central part of each plot 5, 12, and 28 Aug. ECB and SWCB evaluations were made 19-20 Sep by dissecting 25 plants/plot (5 consecutive corn plants next to each flagged plant). Larvae were recorded by species for each plant.
Soil Insecticide Tests, 1988
Authors: Calvin Dennis , Losey John , Hoffman Lynn , McGahen Joseph
Published: March 2022

Nineteen corn rootworm soil insecticide treatments were evaluated on a Hagerstown silt loam soil near Rocksprings, Pa. Three commercially available soil insecticides and 2 experimental soil insecticides were used in the test. A randomized complete block design with 6 replicates of 20 treatments was used. All insecticides and rates were applied in furrow and as a T-band applications, with the exception of Furadan 15 G, which was applied only in furrow. Plots were 20 ft long and 2 rows wide. The planting-time applications were applied using a Max Emerge John Deere 7000 corn planter on 23 May. T-Band applications were applied in 7-inch bands over the row, and in-furrow applications were directed into the row in front of the press wheel. The corn was planted 23 May in 30-inch rows, 27,000 plants/acre. In 1988, rainfall measured 5.03, 1.13, 6.18, and 6.14 inches for May, June, July, and August, respectively. Around 1 Aug, 5 corn plants were dug from each plot and the roots were rated for damage using the Iowa 6-category rating system (1, no damage; 6, 3 nodes cut). Corn was harvested on 14 Nov, and yield and number of plants measured from both rows of each plot.
Second-Generation White Apple Leafhopper Timing Experiment, 1987
Authors: Beers E. H. , Eisner E. A. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 7-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Materials were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 400-500 psi. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. The first spray was timed shortly after the second-generation nymphs hatched. WALH densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 randomly selected leaves/tree showing visible injury on the upper surface (80 leaves/treatment). Counts were made weekly. Cumulative leafhopper-days were calculated by averaging 2 successive nymph counts, multiplying by the number of intervening days, and adding these over the season.
Corn Rootworm Control on Early-Planted Corn, 1988
Authors: Jarvi K.
Published: March 2022

Nine soil insecticides were applied at the full rate at planting time and at a reduced rate at first cultivation time at Concord, Nebr. The test plot was planted 25 Apr in a continuous corn field with a silty clay loam soil type. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Each treatment consisted of a single 35-ft-long row; rows were 30 inches apart. Insecticides were applied in a 7-inch band by a Noble granular metering unit mounted on a hand-powered bicycle applicator equipped with incorporation tines. Cultivation treatments were applied 31 May over the row and followed immediately by a tractor-mounted cultivator. No phytotoxicity was observed. Feeding damage was evaluated 6 Jul. Five roots were dug from each treatment row and rated by the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no damage; 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed).
Maize Weevil Control, 1987
Authors: Maredia K. M. , Mihm J. A. , Tasistro A.
Published: March 2022

In Test 1, 19 treatments were applied to uninfested grain of‘Across 8363 QPM’ maize (11% moisture) in December 1986. Each treatment consisted of 1.0 kg of grain, divided into 4 replicate batches of 250 g each in pint glass jars (lids ventilated with screen apertures). They were held at 25 ± 1°C and 60-80% RH. Each replicate jar was infested with 50 ± 2 newly emerged, unsexed weevils 10 DAT, and mortality was recorded after a 7-d exposure period. The treatments with high initial mortality were reinfested with 50 ± 2 weevils/jar 3 months after treatment. Treatments giving only partial or no control were maintained with only the initial infestation. Effective treatments were again reinfested at 6 and 9 months after treatment to check on persistence of control. Between intervals, seeds were moved to Poza Rica, Mexico (a humid lowland tropical area), to simulate field conditions. Eleven months after treatment, the percentage of germination (in greenhouse flats, 4-cm soil cover) was determined to assess possible phytotoxic effects on seed and reduction in germination as a result of weevil damage to grain. In Test 2, to simulate the situation of field infested grain, weevils were allowed to feed and lay eggs on 20 kg of‘Across 8363 QPM’ maize grain (12.5% moisture) for 14 d. Then, the same 19 treatments used in Test 1 (1.0 kg grain/treatment split into 4 replicates) were made. At 40 DAT, the number of adult weevils emerged in each treatment was recorded.
Control of Corn Borer, 1988
Authors: Michels G. J. , Behle R. W. , Bible J. B.
Published: March 2022

A study was conducted at the Texas North Plains Research Field in Etter to determine the efficacy of Fortress 10 G against SWCB in field corn. Corn was planted 14 Apr under conventional tillage practices. Fortress 10 G was applied by hand on 13 May to single-row plots 50 ft long, the second application was made over the row 12 Aug. Two applications of Asana 0.66 EC were sprayed as a standard on 12 and 19 Aug with a 4-nozzle hand-held sprayer holding the boom vertically to direct the spray to each side of corn. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The treatments were evaluated for control of SWCB and ECB, although the treatments were applied to control second-generation SWCB. Evaluations for percentage of infested plants taken on 25 Aug consisted of splitting 5 plants/plot and recording the number with borer damage and the number of live corn borers/plant. Percentage of girdled plants was determined 28 Sep based on the total number of plants in each plot. Yield data also were taken 28 Sep based on hand-harvested ear weights from standing plants.
Wireworm Control, 1988
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Spike B. P. , Gifford J. M. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Three plots were established in fields that required replanting because of wireworm damage. The seedbed was prepared by field cultivating out the reduced stand in the severely damaged area of the fields. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. The treatments were applied to single 40-ft-long rows on 30-inch spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been calibrated to deliver material at 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was monitored constantly to ensure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Seed treatments were machine planted with each seed treatment assigned to its own seed hopper. Following corn emergence, stand counts were taken and the seeds and seedlings were carefully extracted from two 1-m sections of row, inspected and rated for damage on the following 1-4 damage scale: 1, seed or seedling undamaged; 2, seed or seedling damaged but plant established; 3, seed or seedling damaged, plant showing some signs of stress; 4, seed or seedling damaged, no plant or questionable establishment. The percentage of damaged seeds or seedlings was calculated from the rating scale. Insecticide efficacy was determined by ANOVA. Significant feeding damage occurred only at the Gilbert location.
Control of European Corn Borer, 1986
Authors: Ostlie K. , Ross S. , Borgmeier J. , Barber Dan
Published: March 2022

Performance of granular and liquid insecticides against first-generation ECB larvae was evaluated in a small-plot trial near Angus, Polk County, Minn. Plots of 2 rows (30-inch row width) and 30 ft, were established in a commercial production field. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Ground application of insecticides was made 17 Jul under light winds (<4 mph) and temperatures ranging from 70 to 80°F. Liquid formulations were broadcast with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 17 gal/acre at 40 psi through Zytel LF-3-80 nozzles. Granular formulations, premeasured for each plot, were manually applied with a shaker jar. Efficacy was evaluated 26 Aug by dissecting 10 plant/plot and counting the tunnels.
Control of First-Generation European Corn Borer, 1986
Authors: Ostlie K. , Herzfeld D. , Chaddha S.
Published: March 2022

Although granular formulations are generally considered more effective than other formulations against first-generation ECB larvae, this small-plot trial evaluated efficacy of liquid insecticides. The trial was conducted in a commercial production field near Beardsley, Minn. Plots of 2 rows (30-inch spacing) by 30 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Liquid insecticides were applied to whorl stage corn 7 Jul when temperatures were 70-75°F and the winds were calm. The liquid insecticides were broadcast with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer in 17 gal water at 40 psi through Zytel LF-3-80 nozzles. There was 0.85 inches of rainfall early the next morning. Insecticide performance was evaluated 9 Aug by dissecting 10 infested plants/plot and counting the tunnels.
Control of Hop Vine Borer, 1985
Authors: Ostlie K. , Breitenbach F.
Published: March 2022

When previous studies indicated granular soil insecticides were ineffective against HVB, we decided to evaluate the performance of soil-applied liquid insecticides. Efficacy of 8 insecticides, chosen primarily for their efficacy against cutworms, was examined in a small-plot trial near Eyota, Minn. Plots were 6 rows (30-inch spacing) by 20 ft located along a fence row that served as a reservoir for migrating HVB. The plots were located in Rows 2-7 from the fence row. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Insecticides were broadcast 28 May when stand loss and “dead-heart” symptoms of HVB attack were noted in Row 1. A CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 17 gal water/acre at 40 psi through 8002 nozzles was used to apply the insecticides. Corn was in stage V2 (2 leaves with exposed collars). Attacking HVB were third and fourth instars. Efficacy was measured indirectly through stand counts taken at 0, 3, 7, and 14 DAT. Yields adjusted to 15.5% moisture were also measured. To correct for variability in pretreatment stands, expected yields were estimated from pretreatment stand multiplied by average ear size (0.00552 bu/ear), and yield loss was calculated as the difference between expected and actual yields.
Rate and Formulations Test for Early-Season Control, 1988
Authors: Burris Gene , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

New formulations of Thimet (AC513484 20 G) and Counter (AC301467 20 G) were evaluated at rates of 0.75 and 1.0 lb (AI)/acre and compared with the standard formulations and with Temik at the same rates. Seed treated with Orthene 80 S at 8 oz/cwt served as a control. Terraclor Super X (TSX) at 10 lb (form.)/acre was applied with all treatments at planting. Test plots of 4 rows (40-inch spacing) by 65 ft were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Cotton was planted on 28 Apr on a Commerce silt loam soil at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, La., and fertilized with 70 lb nitrogen/acre. Test treatments were applied in furrow with a John Deere 7300 series planter equipped with granular applicator split boxes. Major and secondary pest treatments were initiated in late June and maintained as needed through August. Treatment efficacy for thrips and aphids was measured by washing insects from 5 seedling cotton plants/plot onto 300-mesh screens, backwashing them onto lined filter paper (7 cm), and counting them with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. Collections and observations on these pests were made 13 and 27 May. Data on insect populations are reported as the means of these observations. Stand data were recorded by counting all plants on the center 2 rows of all plots 23 May and 17 Jun. Plant population data reported are the means for these 2 observations. Leaf area data were recorded on 27 May by randomly selecting 5 plants/plot and measuring all leaves with a LI-COR leaf area machine. Plant height data for 10 plants randomly selected from each plot were recorded 30 May. Yield was estimated by harvesting all 4 rows of each plot with a mechanical harvester 9 Sep.
Control of Secondary Pests, 1988
Authors: Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 15 Apr at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station annex farm in Mercedes. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 replicates. Plots were 2 beds wide and 40 ft long with 2 beds of sorghum between plots and 20-ft alleys between plots in rows. Applications were made with a tractor-mounted CO2-powered sprayer that delivered 20 gal/acre. Three nozzles were used for each bed, 1 over the top of plants and 1 on a drop on each side of the plants. All plots were treated with cypermethrin (0.01 lb [AI]/acre) at 7-d intervals to induce secondary pest population increases. Experimental treatments consisted of applications of Curacron 8 EC (0.75 lb [AI]/acre) to control secondary pests at various action threshold levels based on survey counts of pests from the previous week. Surveys were conducted at 7-d intervals by collecting the third fully expanded leaf down from the terminal of each of 3 plants/plot. Leaves were returned to the laboratory and mites and aphids were counted.
Beet Armyworm Control, 1988
Authors: Elzen Gary W.
Published: March 2022

Eight treatments were tested for relative efficacy against beet armyworm in nonirrigated cotton planted 20 May. Plots of 8 rows (40-inch centers) by 50 ft, separated by 15-ft alleys, were located on the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, Miss. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 3 replicates. Treatments were applied by a high-clearance spray machine equipped with a compressed-air spray system. Total spray volume was 5 gal/acre at 5 mph and 40 psi using 2 TX6 nozzles/row. Plots within a replicate were sprayed consecutively with the boom rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. Pretreatment and 72-h counts of beet armyworm larvae were made by whole plant search on 5 ft of 2 rows in each plot.
Ovicide, Larvicide Trials, 1988
Authors: Hopkins S. W. , Hopkins H. B. , Benedict J. H. , Pickel S. L.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot field study was conducted in a commercial cotton field near Austwell, Tex., to measure the effects of 5 treatments on survival of eggs and freshly hatched larvae of the tobacco budworm. The eggs were obtained from a pyrethroid-susceptible strain of tobacco budworm (ICI laboratory colony maintained at the Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi). Treatments were compared in 5-row by 50-ft plots of cotton planted 28 Apr on 30-inch rows. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized (38 psi) backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.4 gal total spray/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. Fresh eggs (24 h old) were attached manually to the upper surfaces of leaves (10-12 eggs/leaf) located near the shoot terminal of each of 6 flowering cotton plants/treatment with a camel’s hair brush moistened with distilled water. Treatments were applied to plants within 30-min of placement of eggs on 13 Jul. At 4 h after application, all leaves that contained eggs were collected and placed individually into covered plastic Petri dishes containing filter paper moistened with distilled water. The eggs were held for 72 h, then inspected for unhatched eggs and dead or live larvae. A replicate consisted of 2 leaves and 18-22 eggs, depending on the number of eggs lost in the field.
Control of Boll Weevil, 1988
Authors: Hopkins S. W. , Hopkins H. B. , Benedict J. H. , Pickel S. L.
Published: March 2022

A caged-plant study was conducted in a commercial cotton field near St. Paul, Tex., to compare the effects of water and nonemulsified cottonseed oil on the efficacy of Asana XL, Karate, and Baythroid for boll weevil control. A cottonseed oil control (without insecticide) and an untreated control were included in the study to measure boll weevil mortality due to exposure to oil or natural causes. Boll weevils used in the study were collected from blooms in an untreated cotton field approximately 20 miles from the test site. Water treatments were applied to cotton with a CO2-pressurized (40 psi) backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.4 gal total spray/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. Oil treatments were applied to cotton with a modified CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with a controlled droplet atomizer operating at 2,000 revolutions/min. The atomizer produced a droplet size of 130 p.m in volume mean diam based on data from the supplier. The atomizer was powered by a 12 V battery. The flow rate was regulated with a size 4916-16 regulator orifice plate and a pressure of 25 psi. Based on ground speed, this produced a finished spray volume of 1.3 gal/acre. Water treatments were applied to 3-row by 50-ft plots. Oil treatments were applied to one-row by 50 ft plots. Twenty-five untreated buffer rows of cotton were planted between each plot to prevent cross contamination of treatments from spray drift. Adult boll weevils were caged 5-min after application. Cages were constructed of organdy cloth fastened at the top and bottom with Velcro strips. The caged plants were brought into the laboratory and inspected for the presence of live or dead and moribund boll weevils 48 h after infestation. A boll weevil was considered dead if it failed to move when its snout was squeezed with forceps. A boll weevil was considered moribund if it moved its legs only slightly when its snout was squeezed with forceps and if it was unable to walk on a flat surface without falling on its side. Numbers of dead and moribund boll weevils were combined as a measure of percentage of mortality. Each treatment was replicated 6 times in a completely randomized design. A replicate consisted of one plant infested with 10-12 boll weevils.
Heliothis Spp. Control on Cotton, 1987
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

This test was designed to compare Galecron in combination with ABG-6237, ABG-6237 alone, and Asana for control of Heliothis on cotton. Cotton was planted 28 Apr in plots 8 rows wide by 40 ft long in a biased randomized complete block with 3 replicates. The Galeeron + ABG-6237 plots were placed in the northwest quadrant of the field downwind from other treatments. This reduced the volatile effects of chlordimeform, as did separating these plots with 16 border rows of cotton. Treatments were made with a Hi-boy sprayer with cone tips arranged every 20 inches on the boom. The sprayer was calibrated to apply 6 gal/acre. Treatments were applied 9, 16, 23, and 30 Jul and 6 Aug. The percentage of square damage was determined 14, 22, 29, and 31 Jul by examining 50 squares/plot. Boll damage was determined 31 Jul, 5 Aug, and 13 Aug by examining 50 bolls/plot. Yield data were determined by harvesting the center 2 rows with an IH brush stripper 14 Sep.
Control of Corn Earworm, 1988
Authors: Buckelew L. D. , Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in conventionally planted and tilled peanuts at the Wiregrass Substation of Auburn University. Eight treatments and an untreated control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each 0.013-acre plot was 4 rows wide (36-inch spacing) and 50 ft long. Replicates were separated by a 10-ft alley. Aqueous treatments were applied 29 Jul from a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with 3 TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles/row operating at 40 psi and delivering 8 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between the rows and beating both rows. Corn earworm larvae were classified as small (first to second instar), medium (third to fourth instar) or large (fifth instar and older); they were then counted and recorded. Three samples from each plot were taken prior to treatment and at 3, 7, and 10 DAT (1, 5, and 8 Aug).
Mite Control, 1988
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Smith J. C.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted to evaluate 4 insecticides against a late-season TSSM infestation. Peanuts planted 11 May were treated by the cooperating producer 15 Aug with Pydrin 2.4 EC for an early-season corn earworm infestation. Treatments were applied on 14 Sep with a conventional, 4-row sprayer with 3 D2-23 disk-core hollow-cone spray nozzles/row, at 4.2 kg/cm2 and delivering a volume of 140.3 liters/ha. A randomized complete block design was used with 2 replicates. Individual plots were 4 rows (0.9-m spacing) by 11.0 m. Infestations of TSSM were evaluated prior to (0 DAT) and at 1, 5, and 9 DAT by comparing counts of mites on 40 randomly selected leaflets. Yield from 9.2 m of row/plot was expressed as weight of whole pods with 10% moisture content.
Field Comparison for Rangeland Grasshopper Control, 1986
Authors: Foster R. N. , Reuter K. C. , Walgenbach D. D. , Bohls R. A. , Swain J. L. , Roland T. J.
Published: March 2022

Onsite mixing and cleanup are generally considered easier with aqueous formulations than with formulations requiring diesel fuel, kerosene, or fuel oil diluents. To evaluate performance and ease of handling, the Sevin XLR-Plus formulation of carbaryl was applied at 0.50 lb (AI)/acre (20 fl oz mix/acre containing 16 fl oz form, and 4 fl oz water) to a 160 acre plot near Belle Fourche, S. Dak., 15 Jul. This treatment was compared with a standard rangeland treatment of 0.58 lb (AI)/acre of malathion ULV concentrate (8 fl oz/acre) applied 12-14 Jul to 3,200 acres of rangeland 7 miles away. Both treatments were applied from a Cessna Ag Truck aircraft operating at 120 mph and through flat-fan stainless steel Teejet nozzle tips from an altitude of 50-75 ft with a swath of 100 ft. Twelve 8003 tips directed straight down and operating at 38 psi were used for the carbaryl treatment and eight 8002 tips directed 45° into the wind and operating at 41 psi were used for the malathion treatment.
Control of Insects, 1988
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Reed T. David , Barnes Martha L.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted at Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, Va. The soil at the test site was a Helena sandy loam (pH 5.8, 2% organic matter, and 2-7% slope). Experimental plots were 40 ft long (24 plants) and 8 ft wide (2 rows). Treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks with 4 replicates. Adjacent plots were separated by a single untreated border row. Preplanting broadcast soil treatments were applied and incorporated by disking 26 Apr. Raised planting beds were prepared 27 Apr; a pushcart-mounted Gandy applicator \ was used to broadcast or to band granular treatments immediately before bedding. Liquid formulations were broadcast at 25 gal/acre with a CO2-powered j backpack sprayer (60 psi with 8003 nozzles set 20 inches apart). The highest rate of Temik 15 G (3.0 lb [AI]/acre) was applied in a 24-inch band, and the 1.0 and 2.0 lb [AI]/acre rates were applied in 12-inch bands. The Orthene transplant water (TPW) treatment was applied at 200 gal/acre (4 fl oz/plant) on 9 May by pouring from a graduated cup around each plant immediately after transplanting. The Orthene foliar treatment was applied 12 Jul and 3 Aug with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 24 gal/acre through 3 TX-10 tips/row. The sidedress application of Temik was made 6 inches from the plants with a Gandy and incorporated by cultivation 24 May.
Russian Wheat Aphid Control, 1988
Authors: Karner Miles , Cagle John
Published: March 2022

This trial was conducted in Jackson County near Altus, Okla. Treatments were applied from a ground rig with a 15-ft boom. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10.0 gal/acre at 30 psi. Plots were 15 by 25 ft, and each treatment was replicated 3 times. Plots were sprayed 5 Apr when wheat plants were in the boot stage. Samples were taken at 7 and 14 DAT. Ten symptomatic tillers were collected, placed in plastic bags, returned to the laboratory, and counted.
Control of Whitefly, 1987
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy trials were conducted at a commercial anthurium farm in Mt. View, Hawaii, on plants grown in volcanic cinder under 80% polypropylene net shade. Experimental plots measured 15 by 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 treatments and 3 replicates/treatment. A total of 8 applications of selected insecticides were applied every 2 wk beginning 4 Sep 1986 (250 gal/acre) with a compressed-air sprayer with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. The spreader sticker Triton B 1956 was added to treatments, including the control plants, at a rate of 3 fl oz/ 100 gal. Sprays were directed to the developing floral area. Treatments were evaluated on 16 Jan 1987 by examining the leaf sheath under a dissecting microscope. Adults, pupae, nymphs, and eggs were noted as present or absent.
Mite Trial, 1986
Authors: Pfeiffer D. G. , Ponton L. , Varn M. , Benson M.
Published: March 2022

ABG-6I62HV (1.5% wt/wt) was applied to an apple block at Steeles Tavern, Va., at 2 rates, and was compared with Apollo 50 SC. The following treatments were applied 8 Apr at the pink stage of bud development: ABG-6162HV at 60 g (AI)/acre, ABG-6162HV at 90 g (AI)/acre, and Apollo 50 SC at 85 g (AI)/acre. The first 2 treatments were repeated 5 May at petal fall. Each plot was about one-quarter acre. Applications were made with a truck-mounted Swanson airblast sprayer, calibrated at 59 gal/acre (176 gal/acre dilute equivalent). One plot was an untreated control. Mites were sampled from 4 trees/treatment. One 20-leaf replicate was collected from each tree on each sampling date. Mites were removed from leaves with a leaf-brushing machine and counted under a binocular microscope.
Control of Southern Masked Chafer Grubs, 1988
Authors: Redmond C. T. , Potter D. A.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted in a Kentucky bluegrass plot in Fayette County, Ky. The established turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf) with pH 6.2. Thatch accumulation was <0.25 inches. On 2 Sep, turf-soil cores (6 by 6 inches) were removed from the plot and set inside 6-inch-diam by 7-inch-long sections of plastic pipe; the bottoms of the soil cores were even with the bottom of the pipe. A piece of fiberglass window screen was placed over each hole and the pipes and cores were replaced in the plot. The plot was then irrigated. Third-instar SMC grubs were collected from an untreated golf course rough 6 Sep. Ten SMC were placed in each cylinder; those that did not burrow into the soil within 10 min were replaced. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 6 replicates. Insecticide treatments were applied 9 Sep. Granular insecticides were mixed with dry sand and handshaken into the cylinders. The liquid formulations were sprayed with 10 ml water into the cylinders. The plot was then irrigated with 0.75 inches water. On 23 Sep, the cylinders were removed from the plot, the soil cores were broken apart, and the surviving SMC grubs were counted.
Control of Green Peach Aphid, 1988
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , Schwartz Mary Ann
Published: March 2022

Green peach aphid control was evaluated on greenhouse-grown chrysanthemums 12 Jun. The plants were in 4-inch pots evenly spaced on a greenhouse bench. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The plants were sprayed until run-off with a Gilmore all purpose trigger sprayer. A surfactant, Triton B 1956, was added to all treatments (3V3 oz/100 gal), except for the RH 7988 treatments for which Triton AG 98 was used (8 oz/100 gal). Infestations were determined by examining 5 terminal leaves/plant and recording the total live aphids at 1, 7, and 14 DAT.