bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strongly stable matchings in time
O
(
nm
) and extension to the hospitals-residents problem
Authors: Kavitha Telikepalli , Mehlhorn Kurt , Michail Dimitrios , Paluch Katarzyna E.
Published: June 2007

An instance of the stable marriage problem is an undirected bipartite graph
G
= (
X
∪
W
,
E
) with linearly ordered adjacency lists with ties allowed in the ordering. A matching
M
is a set of edges, no two of which share an endpoint. An edge
e
= (
a
,
b
) ∈
E
∖
M
is a
blocking edge
for
M
if
a
is either unmatched or strictly prefers
b
to its partner in
M
, and
b
is unmatched, strictly prefers
a
to its partner in
M
, or is indifferent between them. A matching is strongly stable if there is no blocking edge with respect to it. We give an
O
(
nm
) algorithm for computing strongly stable matchings, where
n
is the number of vertices and
m
the number of edges. The previous best algorithm had running time
O
(
m
2
). We also study this problem in the hospitals-residents setting, which is a many-to-one extension of the aforementioned problem. We give an
O
(
m
∑

h∈H

p

h

) algorithm for computing a strongly stable matching in the hospitals-residents problem, where
p

h

is the quota of a hospital
h
. The previous best algorithm had running time
O
(
m
2
).
Compressed indexes for dynamic text collections
Authors: Chan Ho-Leung , Hon Wing-Kai , Lam Tak-Wah , Sadakane Kunihiko
Published: June 2007

Let
T
be a string with
n
characters over an alphabet of constant size. A recent breakthrough on compressed indexing allows us to build an index for
T
in optimal space (i.e.,
O
(
n
) bits), while supporting very efficient pattern matching [Ferragina and Manzini 2000; Grossi and Vitter 2000]. Yet the compressed nature of such indexes also makes them difficult to update dynamically.

This article extends the work on optimal-space indexing to a dynamic collection of texts. Our first result is a compressed solution to the
library management
problem, where we show an index of
O
(
n
) bits for a text collection
L
of total length
n
, which can be updated in
O
(|
T
| log
n
) time when a text
T
is inserted or deleted from
L
; also, the index supports searching the occurrences of any pattern
P
in all texts in
L
in
O
(|
P
| log
n
+
occ
log
2
n
) time, where
occ
is the number of occurrences.

Our second result is a compressed solution to the
dictionary matching
problem, where we show an index of
O
(
d
) bits for a pattern collection
D
of total length
d
, which can be updated in
O
(|
P
| log
2
d
) time when a pattern
P
is inserted or deleted from
D
; also, the index supports searching the occurrences of all patterns of
D
in any text
T
in
O
((|
T
| +
occ
)log
2
d
) time. When compared with the
O
(
d
log
d
)-bit suffix-tree-based solution of Amir et al. [1995], the compact solution increases the query time by roughly a factor of log
d
only.

The solution to the dictionary matching problem is based on a new compressed representation of a suffix tree. Precisely, we give an
O
(
n
)-bit representation of a suffix tree for a dynamic collection of texts whose total length is
n
, which supports insertion and deletion of a text
T
in
O
(|
T
| log
2
n
) time, as well as all suffix tree traversal operations, including forward and backward suffix links. This work can be regarded as a generalization of the compressed representation of static texts. In the study of the aforementioned result, we also derive the first
O
(
n
)-bit representation for maintaining
n
pairs of balanced parentheses in
O
(log
n
/log log
n
) time per operation, matching the time complexity of the previous
O
(
n
log
n
)-bit solution.
The NP-completeness column
Authors: Johnson David S.
Published: June 2007

This is the 26th edition of a column that covers new developments in the theory of NP-completeness. The presentation is modeled on that which M. R. Garey and I used in our book “Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness,” W. H. Freeman & Co., New York, 1979, hereinafter referred to as “[G&J].” Previous columns, the first 23 of which appeared in
J. Algorithms
, will be referred to by a combination of their sequence number and year of appearance, e.g., “Column 1 [1981].” Full bibliographic details on the previous columns, as well as downloadable unofficial versions of them, can be found at http://www.research.att.com/~dsj/columns/. This column discusses the question of whether finding an object can be computationally difficult even when we know that the object exists.
Utility-driven assessment of data quality
Authors: Even Adir , Shankaranarayanan G.
Published: June 2007

Data consumers assess quality within specific business contexts or decision tasks. The same data resource may have an acceptable level of quality for some contexts but this quality may be unacceptable for other contexts. However, existing data quality metrics are mostly derived impartially, disconnected from the specific contextual characteristics. This study argues for the need to revise data quality metrics and measurement techniques to incorporate and better reflect contextual assessment. It contributes to that end by developing new metrics for assessing data quality along commonly used dimensions - completeness, validity, accuracy, and currency. The metrics are driven by data utility, a conceptual measure of the business value that is associated with the data within a specific usage context. The suggested data quality measurement framework uses utility as a scaling factor for calculating quality measurements at different levels of data hierarchy. Examples are used to demonstrate the use of utility-driven assessment in real-world data management scenarios and the broader implications for data management are discussed
Hardware support for software controlled multithreading
Authors: Mahesri Aqeel , Wang Nicholas J. , Patel Sanjay J.
Published: June 2007

Chip multi-processors have emerged as one of the most effective uses of the huge number of transistors available today and in the future, but questions remain as to the best way to leverage CMPs to accelerate single threaded applications. Previous approaches rely on significant speculation to accomplish this goal. Our proposal, NXA, is less speculative than previous proposals, relying heavily on software to guarantee thread correctness, though still allowing parallelism in the presence of ambiguous dependences. It divides a single thread of execution into multiple using the master-worker paradigm where some set of master threads execute code that spawns tasks for other, worker theads. The master threads generally consist of performance critical instructions that can prefetch data, compute critical control descisions, or compute performance critical dataflow slices. This prevents non-critical instructions from competing with critical instructions for processor resources, allowing the critical thread (and thus the workload) to complete faster. Empirical results from performance simulation show a 20% improvement in performance on a 2-way CMP machine, demonstrating that software controlled multithreading can indeed provide a benefit in the presence of hardware support.
CMP cache performance projection
Authors: Shi Xudong , Su Feiqi , Peir Jih-kwon , Xia Ye , Yang Zhen
Published: June 2007

Efficient utilizing on-chip storage space on Chip-Multiprocessors (CMPs) has become an important research topic. Tradeoffs between data accessibility and effective on-chip capacity have been studied extensively. It requires costly simulations to understand a wide-spectrum of the design space. In this paper, we first develop an abstract model for understanding the performance impact with respect to data replication. To overcome the lack of real-time interactions among multiple cores in the abstract model, we propose a global stack simulation strategy to study the performance of a variety of cache organizations on CMPs. The global stack logically incorporates a shared stack and per-core private stacks to collect shared/private reuse (stack) distances for every memory reference in a single simulation pass. With the collected reuse distances, performance in terms of hits/misses and average memory access times can be calculated for various cache organizations. We verify the stack results against individual execution-driven simulations that consider realistic cache parameters and delays using a set of commercial multithreaded workloads. The results show that stack simulations can accurately model the performance of various cache organizations. The single-pass stack simulation results demonstrate that the effectiveness of various techniques for optimizing the CMP on-chip storage is closely related to the working sets of the workloads as well as to the total cache sizes.
Improving fairness, throughput and energy-efficiency on a chip multiprocessor through DVFS
Authors: Kondo Masaaki , Sasaki Hiroshi , Nakamura Hiroshi
Published: June 2007

Recently, a single chip multiprocessor (CMP) is becoming an attractive architecture for improving throughput of program execution. In CMPs, multiple processor cores share several hardware resources such as cache memory and memory bus. Therefore, the resource contention significantly degrades performance of each thread and also loses fairness between threads.

In this paper, we propose a Dynamic Frequency and Voltage Scaling (DVFS) algorithm for improving total instruction throughput, fairness, and energy efficiency of CMPs. The proposed technique periodically observes the utilization ratio of shared resources and controls the frequency and the voltage of each processor core individually to balance the ratio between threads. We evaluate our technique and the evaluation results show that fairness between threads are greatly improved by the technique. Moreover, the total instruction throughput increases in many cases while reducing energy consumption.
SPEC CPU suite growth
Authors: Henning John L.
Published: June 2007

Since 1989, the SPEC CPU benchmarks have aspired to ambitious goals: fair, portable, comparable tests using the compute-intensive portion of real applications. It may be difficult today to remember just how much of a challenge these goals presented when SPEC was first founded, or how much of a break they were from previous industry practice.
C++ benchmarks in SPEC CPU2006
Authors: Wong Michael
Published: June 2007

In SPEC CPU2006, there are three C++ integer benchmarks and four floating-point C++ benchmarks. This paper describes the work of incorporating C++ benchmarks into SPEC CPU2006. It describes the base language standard supported and the basis for run rules adopted to maintain an even playing field for different compilers. It also describes issues that complicate porting C++ benchmarks. It describes some of the C++ Standard compliance issues that were technically interesting during the benchmark development phase, using as examples the behavior of const-correctness, nested class access of private member of enclosing class, and unneeded template instantiations.
SPEC CPU2006 sensitivity to memory page sizes
Authors: Korn Wendy , Chang Moon S.
Published: June 2007

SPEC CPU2006 is a compute-intensive industry standard benchmark suite published in August 2006. This paper characterizes the memory access behavior of SPEC CPU2006 running on IBM POWER5+ microprocessors. We measure the maximum and average memory usage of the benchmarks to validate SPEC's memory requirement criteria. This paper also analyzes how different page sizes affect the performance of the benchmarks. The experiment reveals that 64 KB and 16 MB pages improve the performance up to 46.9% and 50.9%, respectively.
A critique of algebraic programming languages
Authors: Cannon John J.
Published: June 2007

The newly emerging area of computation of algebraic structures has forcibly illustrated serious shortcomings in existing higher-level languages. If an algebraic structure program is written in a high level language it is so inefficient in its utilization of store as to be of little practical use. If, on the other hand, such a program is written in assembly language, although now it has considerable practical application, the cost of developing it is high and the program cannot be run on a different type of machine without recoding.
A survey of computer applications to semigroups and related structures
Authors: Plemmons Robert J.
Published: June 2007

Introducstion. Although most of the applications of computers to abstract algebra have been made in group theory [4], there have been several applications to finite semigroups and related structures. Most of the work in this area has been concentrated on enumerative type problems and backtrack methods [11] in searching for examples of specific types of structures. Recently however, several papers have appeared that describe computer applications to the analyzation of specific structures and to the investigation of word problems in semigroups.
Nucleol - a minimal list processor
Authors: Nievergelt J. , Fischer F. , Irland M. I. , Sidlo J. R.
Published: June 2007

NUCLEOL is a low-level list processor designed as a basis in terms of which higher-level list- and string-processing languages could be implemented easily and efficiently. Hence its design aims at:

a) Simplicity

b) Complete and concise description

c) General data structures and a small, well-chosen set of primitive operations

d) A scheme for implementation which makes it easy to transfer the system from one computer to another.

The system is currently implemented as a PL/1 program.
Tamper-proofing basis path by using oblivious hashing on Java
Authors: Chen Hsiang-Yang , Hou Ting-Wei , Lin Chun-Liang
Published: June 2007

Java programs are often downloaded (distributed) to unknown environments, so protect Java code from malicious modification is an important issue. This paper presents a tamper-proofing software technology on basis paths for stack-machine based languages, such as Java, by improving
Oblivious Hashing
. Our approach is based on a new dynamic stack-tracing approach which inserts hash instructions to monitor the top of the stack to check whether the program running has been tampered with or not. A user can choose one or more methods in a class to tamper-proof program. The protective codes are added to basic blocks at the bytecode level. We developed a new approach to protect constants and variables by alternative hashing functions. The overhead is proportional to the number of Load and Push instructions to be protected.
Precise static type analysis for object oriented programs
Authors: Kumar Rajeev , Chakraborty Soham S.
Published: June 2007

A precise static type analysis is important to make available dynamic aspects of object-oriented programs (OOPs)
approximately
known at compile-time. Many techniques have been proposed for static type analysis depending upon the tradeoff of cost and precision; the techniques may generate spurious possible types for a particular dynamic dispatch which makes the static type analysis imprecise. In this paper, we propose a symbolic execution based type analysis technique that analyzes the dynamic type inter-procedurally by keeping the flow of the program in consideration. We analyze test cases with different class hierarchies. The proposed technique was capable to resolve the target method for most of the dynamic dispatches at reduced computational cost.
News 2.0
Authors: Stanik John
Published: June 2007

Virtualization Reconsidered
Review of "Pro JSF and Ajax: Building Rich Internet Components by Jonas Jacobi and John Fallows," Apress, 2006, $49.99, ISBN: 1590595807.
Authors: Balaraman S.
Published: June 2007

Review of "Pro JSF and Ajax: Building Rich Internet Components by Jonas Jacobi and John Fallows," Apress, 2006, $49.99, ISBN: 1590595807.
Ode or Code? Programmers be Mused!
Authors: Kelly-Bootle Stan
Published: June 2007

My sermon-text this grumpy month is Matt Barton’s article “The Fine Art of Computer Programming”, in which he extols the virtues of what is widely called literate programming. As with the related terms literary and literature, we have ample room for wranglings of a theological intensity, further amplified by disputes inherent in the questions: “Is computer science or art?” and “What do programmers need to know?” Just as we must prefer agile to clumsy programming, it’s hard to knock anything literate. Competing methods tend to sound, like, man, kinda illiterate, a term with such a bad reputation that cultures that have not yet invented or borrowed a writing system are called preliterate.
A buffer cache management scheme exploiting both temporal and spatial localities
Authors: Ding Xiaoning , Jiang Song , Chen Feng
Published: June 2007

On-disk sequentiality of requested blocks, or their spatial locality, is critical to real disk performance where the throughput of access to sequentially-placed disk blocks can be an order of magnitude higher than that of access to randomly-placed blocks. Unfortunately, spatial locality of cached blocks is largely ignored, and only temporal locality is considered in current system buffer cache managements. Thus, disk performance for workloads without dominant sequential accesses can be seriously degraded. To address this problem, we propose a scheme called
DULO
(
DU
al
LO
cality) which exploits both temporal and spatial localities in the buffer cache management. Leveraging the filtering effect of the buffer cache, DULO can influence the I/O request stream by making the requests passed to the disk more sequential, thus significantly increasing the effectiveness of I/O scheduling and prefetching for disk performance improvements.

We have implemented a prototype of DULO in Linux 2.6.11. The implementation shows that DULO can significantly increases disk I/O throughput for real-world applications such as a Web server, TPC benchmark, file system benchmark, and scientific programs. It reduces their execution times by as much as 53%.
Tails in scheduling
Authors: Boxma Onno , Zwart Bert
Published: June 2007

This paper gives an overview of recent research on the impact of scheduling on the tail behavior of the response time of a job. We cover preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling disciplines, consider light-tailed and heavy-tailed distributions, and discuss optimality properties. The focus is on results, intuition and insight rather than methods and techniques.
P2P replica synchronization with vector sets
Authors: Malkhi Dahlia , Novik Lev , Purcell Chris
Published: June 2007

This paper describes an enhanced replica synchronization mechanism built in Microsoft's WinFS replica management system.

The system reconciles autonomously-operating replicas in a completely peer-to-peer manner, without employing a central master or locking. The main challenge is for two replicas to exchange meta-information efficiently about (potentially numerous) data objects in order to discover what updates they are missing, and detect conflicts.

The paper introduces a novel bundling mechanisms called VS, that groups together multiple objects and represents their state in a single version-vector. VS provides improved storage and communication overheads over previously known optimistic replication schemes, in the following sense. Under normal, low-fault situations, it maintains and communicates as little as a single version vector in order to represent precedence ordering of the entire set of data objects. Moreover, under settings of severe communication disruptions, VS degenerates to no worse than a single vector per object. This dramatically improves the complexities described in a preliminary write-up of the WinFS replication scheme.

The VS mechanism has potentially wide applicability as a mechanism for compactly handling synchronization of arbitrarily overlapping groups of objects.
Senslide
Authors: Sheth Anmol , Thekkath Chandramohan A. , Mehta Prakshep , Tejaswi Kalyan , Parekh Chandresh , Singh Trilok N. , Desai Uday B.
Published: June 2007

We describe the design, implementation, and current status of Senslide, a distributed sensor system aimed at predicting landslides in the hilly regions of western India. Landslides in this region occur during the monsoon rains and cause significant damage to property and lives. Unlike existing solutions that
detect
landslides in this region, our goal is to
predict
them before they occur. Also, unlike previous efforts that use a few but expensive sensors to measure slope stability, our solution uses a large number of inexpensive sensor nodes inter-connected by a wireless network. Our system software is designed to tolerate the increased failures such inexpensive components may entail.

We have implemented our design in the small on a laboratory testbed of 65 sensor nodes, and present results from that testbed as well as simulation results for larger systems up to 400 sensor nodes. Our results are sufficiently encouraging that we intend to do a field test of the system during the monsoon season in India.
Innovative model for information assurance curriculum
Authors: Goel Sanjay , Pon Damira , Bloniarz Peter , Bangert-Drowns Robert , Berg George , Delio Vince , Iwan Laura , Hurbanek Thomas , Schuman Sandoor P. , Gangolly Jagdish , Baykal Adnan , Hobbs Jon
Published: June 2007

A novel idea for information security education created by the New York State Center for Information Forensics and Assurance (CIFA) is presented. This new approach incorporates a teaching hospital model originally developed for medical training. In this model, information security problems from industry and government are solved and abstracted into living-cases used for training and education of university students and public-sector employees. Such a model helps ensure that the curriculum stays current even as the field of information assurance continues to evolve. Solving industry problems hones research skills, while exposing students to living cases helps build context for concepts in information assurance. The success of this approach is contingent upon strong partnerships with government and private organizations that have real security issues as well as an active research program in information security that involves faculty and students. This article presents an implementation of this approach at CIFA. Development of the curriculum, observations gleaned through dissemination of the curriculum, and the infrastructure developed to support this concept are discussed. Evaluation of students has demonstrated the effectiveness of the “teaching hospital” concept and provided us with feedback to further refine its implementation.
A term project for a course on computer forensics
Authors: Harrison Warren
Published: June 2007

The typical approach to creating an examination disk for exercises and projects in a course on computer forensics is for the instructor to populate a piece of media with evidence to be retrieved. While such an approach supports the simple use of forensic tools, in many cases the use of an instructor-developed examination disk avoids utilizing some key aspects of a digital investigation by overly focusing on the mechanics of retrieval. We recently developed a course on computer forensics that utilized a large-scale, team-based term project involving the forensics examination of a computer system. In this article we describe an approach for providing examination disks for student use in a term project that reinforces the investigative aspect of the process.
DNSSEC
Authors: Friedlander Amy , Mankin Allison , Maughan W. Douglas , Crocker Stephen D.
Published: June 2007

DNSSEC is properly understood as a component in an ecology of security protocols and measures.
Automatic and versatile publications ranking for research institutions and scholars
Authors: Ren Jie , Taylor Richard N.
Published: June 2007

Assessing both academic and industrial research institutions, along with their scholars, can help identify the best organizations and individuals in a given discipline. Assessment can reveal outstanding institutions and scholars, allowing students and researchers to better decide where they want to study or work and allowing employers to recruit the most qualified potential employees. These assessments can also assist both internal and external administrators in making influential decisions; for example, funding, promotion, and compensation.
Twenty percent
Authors: Armour Phillip G.
Published: June 2007

Planning to fail on software projects.
Non-context-free probabilistic languages
Authors: Ellis Clarence A.
Published: June 2007

We consider the following problems:

(a) Is there any Probabilistic Language which is not Regular?

(b) Is there any Probabilistic Language which is not Context Free?
Syntax-semantics systems as structure manipulation systems
Authors: Buttelmann H. W.
Published: June 2007

The graphic representation for the structural description of an arbitrary semi-thue derivation is called a derivation structure. Arbitrary phrase structure grammars and generalized finite automata are regarded primarily as derivation structure definition systems. The languages they define are related in a direct way to their defined sets of structures.
Editorial
Authors: Frincke D. , Oudekirk S. , Popovsky B.
Published: June 2007

This editorial introduces the articles in this companion issue to the first JERIC special issue on Computer Security and Information Assurance Curriculum. It includes an article that supports making computer security education more accessible through a portable network, and one on lessons learned in developing a workshop for educators. Other articles outline laboratory exercises especially suitable for distance or online education, illustrate ways to teach students about threats, and provide approaches to classroom discussion of disaster recovery.
Glucose stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs through an AMPK- and mTOR-independent process
Authors: Jeyapalan Asumthia S. , Orellana Renan A. , Suryawan Agus , O'Connor Pamela M. J. , Nguyen Hanh V. , Escobar Jeffery , Frank Jason W. , Davis Teresa A.
Published: June 2007

Skeletal muscle protein synthesis is elevated in neonates in part due to an enhanced response to the rise in insulin and amino acids after eating. In vitro studies suggest that glucose plays a role in protein synthesis regulation. To determine whether glucose, independently of insulin and amino acids, is involved in the postprandial rise in skeletal muscle protein synthesis, pancreatic-substrate clamps were performed in neonatal pigs. Insulin secretion was inhibited with somatostatin and insulin was infused to reproduce fasting or fed levels, while glucose and amino acids were clamped at fasting or fed levels. Fractional protein synthesis rates and translational control mechanisms were examined. Raising glucose alone increased protein synthesis in fast-twitch glycolytic muscles but not in other tissues. The response in muscle was associated with increased phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB) and enhanced formation of the active eIF4E·eIF4G complex but no change in phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), 4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1), ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K1), or eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2). Raising glucose, insulin, and amino acids increased protein synthesis in most tissues. The response in muscle was associated with phosphorylation of PKB, mTOR, S6K1, and 4E-BP1 and enhanced eIF4E·eIF4G formation. The results suggest that the postprandial rise in glucose, independently of insulin and amino acids, stimulates protein synthesis in neonates, and this response is specific to fast-twitch glycolytic muscle and occurs by AMPK- and mTOR-independent pathways.
Modulation of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Type 2 Receptor and Urocortin 1 and Urocortin 2 mRNA Expression in the Cardiovascular System of Prairie Voles following Acute or Chronic Stress
Authors: Pournajafi-Nazarloo Hossein , Partoo Leila , Sanzenbacher Lisa , Azizi Fereidoun , Carter C. Sue
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of an acute stressor (restraint) versus a chronic stressor (social isolation) on the expression of mRNAs for corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 2 (CRH-R2) and urocortin 1 (Ucn 1) and urocortin 2 (Ucn 2) in the cardiovascular system of socially monogamous prairie voles of both sexes. Acute restraint for 1 h was followed by a marked increase in plasma corticosterone, and when the animals were re-paired for 1 day, the increment of corticosterone was normalized. However, following chronic social isolation for 4 weeks, plasma corticosterone did not differ significantly from the levels measured in animals living in pairs. Restraint or isolation significantly decreased CRH-R2 mRNA in ventricle, atria, and aorta; however, when these animals were re-paired for 1 day, the modulation of CRH-R2 mRNA was normalized in restraint but not in isolated animals. Restraint stress increased the Ucn 1 mRNA expression in the heart of female and male prairie voles, and when the animals were re-paired, the modulation of Ucn 1 mRNA expression was normalized. However, chronic isolation showed no effect on cardiac Ucn 1 mRNA expression. Although acute restraint stress produced no effect on the cardiac Ucn 2 mRNA expression, chronic isolation was followed by an increased heart Ucn 2 mRNA expression in both sexes. When the isolated animals were re-paired for 1 day, the cardiac Ucn 2 mRNA expression remained upregulated. The results of the present study reveal that acute restraint as well as social isolation can have significant consequences for the modulation of gene expression for the CRH-R2 and the urocortin peptides in cardiovascular tissue in female and male prairie voles.
US Public Diplomacy: A Cold War Success Story?
Authors: Kelley John Robert
Published: June 2007

The post-'9/11' revival of interest in US public diplomacy encompasses a wide variety of opinions, all overwhelmingly critical. In view of falling global favourability towards and the foreign policy challenges of the United States during this period, the purveyors of these opinions ultimately agree that US public diplomacy efforts are flawed and ineffective. Of these critical observations, it is interesting to track a thread of logic that yearns for the restoration of public diplomacy's Cold War-era standing, which holds that the spread of liberal democracy behind the Berlin Wall owes a debt to the Voice of America and Radio Free Europe, that cultural exchanges with influential members of Soviet society helped to create the groundswell that undermined the communist regime, and that public diplomats made these outcomes possible by being equipped with the necessary tools of statecraft, as well as by wielding an important measure of influence over policy-makers. The fall of the Soviet Union merely underscores their notion that public diplomacy during the Cold War was a success. It would thus seem that the problems of today could be remedied by adopting lessons from the past. This article explores the viability of this claim by reviewing the ongoing debate on how the historical memory and lessons of Cold War-era public diplomacy may be applied to the challenges of the post-'9/11' era. Of particular importance is ascertaining the degree to which the Cold War's campaigns of information, influence and engagement could be viewed as a success. By subdividing public diplomacy's activities in these ways, greater potential exists to attribute these activities to more compelling determinations of success or failure.
From Statistical Data to Spatial Knowledge — informing decision-making in Vietnam
Authors: Epprecht Michael , Heinimann Andreas , Minot Nicholas , Müller Daniel , Robinson Tim
Published: June 2007

Vietnam has developed rapidly over the past 15 years. However, progress was not uniformly distributed across the country. Availability, adequate visualization and analysis of spatially explicit data on socio-economic and environmental aspects can support both research and policy towards sustainable development. Applying appropriate mapping techniques allows gleaning important information from tabular socio-economic data. Spatial analysis of socio-economic phenomena can yield insights into locally-specific patterns and processes that cannot be generated by non-spatial applications. This paper presents techniques and applications that develop and analyze spatially highly disaggregated socioeconomic datasets. A number of examples show how such information can support informed decision-making and research in Vietnam.
Are Organizational Justice Effects Bounded by Individual Differences? An Examination of Equity Sensitivity, Exchange Ideology, and the Big Five
Authors: Scott Brent A. , Colquitt Jason A.
Published: June 2007

This study explored the extent to which two theoretically derived individual differences (equity sensitivity and exchange ideology) moderated the effects of injustice on behavioral reactions. Participants ( N = 707) completed hypothetical vignettes that manipulated distributive, procedural, and interpersonal justice and assessed potential reactions in terms of task performance, citizenship, withdrawal, and counterproductive behavior. Results showed that exchange ideology, but not equity sensitivity, emerged as a significant moderator of several justice-outcome relationships. In addition, a usefulness analysis comparing the moderating potential of the more narrow equity sensitivity and exchange ideology variables to the broader Big Five revealed that the two narrow variables were more impactful moderators than were the Big Five, though these differences were because of the effects of exchange ideology.
Health-promoting physical activity and extra-curricular sport
Authors: Curtner-Smith Matthew , Sofo Seidu , Chouinard Jeremy , Wallace Sheila
Published: June 2007

The primar y purpose of this explorator y study was to determine the percentage of time in which school pupils coached by teachers were engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during extra-curricular spor t practices. Three secondar y purposes of the study were to determine (a) the percentage of time allocated by teachers for pupils to engage in fitness activity or acquire health-related knowledge, (b) the percentage of time in which teachers used behaviours likely to encourage pupils to par ticipate in health-promoting physical activity, and (c) whether the percentages of time in which pupils were engaged in MVPA, allocated by teachers for pupils to par ticipate in fitness activity or acquire health-related knowledge and in which teachers promoted health-related physical activity, changed during the course of a spor ts season. Par ticipants were 20 high school teachers from Alabama responsible for coaching high school girls' basketball. One practice coached by each teacher was videotaped during the early-season, mid-season and late-season. Practices were coded with SOFIT, a systematic obser vation instrument designed to quantify factors thought to promote health-related fitness in instructional spor ting/activity contexts. Results indicated that pupils engaged in MVPA for 50.47 percent of their time but that ver y little time was allocated for fitness activity (1.96%) or for providing fitness knowledge (2.54%). In addition, teachers spent ver y little time promoting (0.52%) or demonstrating (0.18%) fitness. Patterns of pupil activity, practice context and teacher behaviour were consistent across the season.
Learning from other teachers: Gender influences
Authors: Keay Jeanne
Published: June 2007

This paper draws on data from a longitudinal research proJect, under taken with newly qualified teachers of physical education (PE), to consider ways in which experienced teachers influence the professional development of their less experienced colleagues. It examines claims that the subJect has been `masculinized' and considers the outcomes of such a process on the development of its teachers. The research explored the experiences of teachers during their induction year, using questionnaires,'professional life histories' and semi-structured inter views as the main data collection methods in a process that spanned five years. The actions of the new teachers suppor t claims that PE has developed in `explicitly gendered ways'. They looked to experienced teachers to develop their professional practice and specifically adopted the approaches of male teachers. Explanations for such actions include the perceived success of behaviour management strategies, the allocation of management roles within the subJect, the need to survive and the notion that girls are a'problem' in PE.
From status to contract revisited
Authors: Kockelman Paul
Published: June 2007

Using Henry Sumner Maine's text Ancient Law as a starting point, this article theorizes the relation between value, circulation, subjectivity and temporality. Merging the interactional framework of Erving Goffman with the political economy of Karl Marx, it introduces a metalanguage for describing transformations in subjectivity that occurred with the transition to capitalist modernity. In doing so, it unites the foundational concerns of British social anthropology (with its attention to modality, or permission and obligation) and Boasian cultural anthropology (with its attention to meaning, or signification and interpretation). And, with this unification, it seeks to illuminate transformations in social relations underlying emergent forms of contract.
Conducting a Criminological Survey in a Culturally Diverse Context
Authors: Eisner Manuel , Ribeaud Denis
Published: June 2007

West European societies have become increasingly culturally diverse. In this article we discuss two issues that arise when conducting criminological research in diverse contexts, namely threats to study validity as a result of (a) ethnic differences in participation rates and (b) lack of cross-cultural equivalence of questionnaires in multi-language contexts. We demonstrate how these problems were handled in the z-proso study, a prospective longitudinal criminological study involving 1240 families in Zurich, Switzerland. Results suggest that recruitment efforts can significantly increase participation rates, particularly among minority members. As expected, higher participation rates are associated with a qualitative improvement in the sample: parents who needed to be personally motivated to participate tend to have children with higher rates of problem behaviour than do parents who participated spontaneously. Highest rates of problem behaviour were found for those children whose parents did not participate. Finally, the multi-method analysis reveals significant discrepancies in parent rating of child problem behaviour among migrant parents compared with teacher and interviewer rating. Closer scrutiny indicates that such differences are likely to be a result of socially desirable response behaviour among low-education parents.
Evidence-based Probation in a Microstate
Authors: Raynor Peter , Miles Helen
Published: June 2007

Probation services throughout the world have difficulty in assessing the risks and needs presented by offenders, in evaluating the effectiveness of supervision, and in enabling practitioners to assess the impact of their work with individual offenders. This paper describes how these problems are addressed by the comprehensive and relatively successful approach to evidence-based probation that has been developed since 1996 in the small Probation and After-Care Service of the British Channel Island of Jersey. In conclusion, the authors discuss whether such approaches could work in other jurisdictions, and suggest that this depends partly on context. In particular, the example of England and Wales shows how potentially successful approaches can be frustrated by over-centralization, managerialism and the politicization of criminal justice.
Assessment of Walking Speed and Distance in Subjects With an Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: van Hedel Hubertus J. A. , Dietz Volker , Curt Armin
Published: June 2007

Background. The 10-meter walk test and 6-minute walk test are increasingly used to evaluate the recovery of walking in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury. So far, there is no evidence whether the application of different walking distances provides complementary information about ambulatory capacity in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury. Studies about testing preferred and maximum speeds in subjects with incomplete spinal cord injury are lacking. Objective. To determine whether the combined testing of short and long distances as well as preferred and maximum speeds provides additional information about walking capacity in subjects with incomplete spinal cord injury. Methods . Depending on the objective, the subjects with incomplete spinal cord injury and age-matched control subjects had to perform the 10-meter walk test or 6-minute walk test at preferred and/or maximum walking speed. Results. During recovery, the preferred walking speed increased but did not differ when assessed during short or long distances in 51 subjects with incomplete spinal cord injury at 1, 3, and 6 months after injury (mean and SD, 6-minute walk test: 0.37 ± 0.52, 0.87 ± 0.56, and 1.14 ± 0.52 ms —1; 10-meter walk test: 0.40 ± 0.53, 0.88 ± 0.51, and 1.12 ± 0.51 ms—1, respectively). In 18 subjects with incomplete spinal cord injury, both preferred and maximum walking speeds assessed with the 10-meter walk test predicted the walking speeds of the 6-minute walk test well. Subjects with incomplete spinal cord injury prefer to walk closer to their maximum walking speed (74% ± 10%) compared to control subjects (59% ± 8%). Conclusions. The velocity used for the 6-minute walking distance and the 10-meter walking speed provides comparable information in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury who can perform both tests. However, tests of the preferred and maximum walking speed add information about walking capacity. Due to the easier applicability of the 10-meter walk test in the clinical setting, the authors suggest performing this test at the preferred and maximum speeds for the assessment of walking capacity by 1 month after incomplete spinal cord injury.
The Test-Retest Reliability of 2 Mobility Performance Tests in Patients With Chronic Stroke
Authors: Chen Hui-Mei , Hsieh Ching-Lin , Sing Kai Lo  , Liaw Lih-Jiun , Chen Shih-Ming , Lin Jau-Hong
Published: June 2007

Objective. This study examined test-retest agreement and measurement errors for the Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI) and the Mobility subscale of the Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement (M-STREAM) in patients with chronic stroke and mild to moderate disability. The authors aimed to determine the level of agreement between test and retest as well as the extent to which a mobility score varies on test-retest measurements. Methods. Both mobility measures were tested on 50 chronic stroke patients twice, 7 days apart. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1), a relative reliability index, was used to examine the level of agreement between test and retest. Absolute reliability indices, including the standard error of measurement and the smallest real differences, were used to determine the extent to which the mobility scores varied due to chance variation in measurement. Results. Test-retest agreements were excellent for both mobility measures. The standard errors of measurement of the RMI and the M-STREAM, representing the smallest change threshold that indicates a real improvement (beyond measurement error) for a group of individuals, were 0.8 and 1.5, respectively. The smallest real differences of the RMI and the M-STREAM, exhibiting the smallest change threshold that indicates a real improvement for a single individual, were 2.2 and 4.2, respectively. Conclusion. The RMI and the M-STREAM have high agreement between the test-retest measurements with acceptable measurement errors due to variation in measurement. The 2 measures can be used by clinicians and researchers to assess the mobility performance and monitor changes over time in stroke patients.
Cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) mutations associated with the domestic cat AB blood group
Authors: Bighignoli Barbara , Niini Tirri , Grahn Robert A , Pedersen Niels C , Millon Lee V , Polli Michele , Longeri Maria , Lyons Leslie A
Published: June 2007

Background

The cat has one common blood group with two major serotypes, blood type A that is dominant to type B. A rare type AB may also be allelic and is suspected to be recessive to A and dominant to B. Cat blood type antigens are defined, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) is associated with type A and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) with type B. The enzymecytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase(CMAH) determines the sugar bound to the red cell by converting NeuAc to NeuGc. Thus, mutations inCMAHmay cause the A and B blood types.

Results

Genomic sequence ofCMAHfrom eight cats and the cDNA of four cats representing all blood types were analyzed to identify causative mutations. DNA variants consistent with the blood types were genotyped in over 200 cats. Five SNPs and an indel formed haplotypes that were consistent with each blood type.

Conclusion

Mutations in type B cats likely disrupt the gene function ofCMAH, leading to a predominance of NeuAc. Type AB concordant variants were not identified, however, cDNA species suggest an alternative allele that activates a downstream start site, leading to a CMAH protein that would be altered at the 5' region. The cat AB blood group system is proposed to be designated by three alleles,A>aab>b. TheAandb CMAHalleles described herein can distinguish type A and type B cats without blood sample collections.CMAHrepresents the first blood group gene identified outside of non-human primates and humans.
Characterization of expressed sequence tags obtained by SSH during somatic embryogenesis in Cichorium intybus L
Authors: Legrand Sylvain , Hendriks Theo , Hilbert Jean-Louis , Quillet Marie-Christine
Published: June 2007

Background

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an asexual propagation pathway requiring a somatic-to-embryonic transition of differentiated somatic cells toward embryogenic cells capable of producing embryos in a process resembling zygotic embryogenesis. In chicory, genetic variability with respect to the formation of somatic embryos was detected between plants from a population of Cichorium intybus L. landrace Koospol. Though all plants from this population were self incompatible, we managed by repeated selfing to obtain a few seeds from one highly embryogenic (E) plant, K59. Among the plants grown from these seeds, one plant, C15, was found to be non-embryogenic (NE) under our SE-inducing conditions. Being closely related, we decided to exploit the difference in SE capacity between K59 and its descendant C15 to study gene expression during the early stages of SE in chicory.

Results

Cytological analysis indicated that in K59 leaf explants the first cell divisions leading to SE were observed at day 4 of culture. In contrast, in C15 explants no cell divisions were observed and SE development seemed arrested before cell reactivation. Using mRNAs isolated from leaf explants from both genotypes after 4 days of culture under SE-inducing conditions, an E and a NE cDNA-library were generated by SSH. A total of 3,348 ESTs from both libraries turned out to represent a maximum of 2,077 genes. In silico subtraction analysis sorted only 33 genes as differentially expressed in the E or NE genotype, indicating that SSH had resulted in an effective normalisation. Real-time RT-PCR was used to verify the expression levels of 48 genes represented by ESTs from either library. The results showed preferential expression of genes related to protein synthesis and cell division in the E genotype, and related to defence in the NE genotype.

Conclusion

In accordance with the cytological observations, mRNA levels in explants from K59 and C15 collected at day 4 of SE culture reflected differential gene expression that presumably are related to processes accompanying early stages of direct SE. The E and NE library obtained thus represent important tools for subsequent detailed analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying this process in chicory, and its genetic control.