bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accountability and nonprofit organizations: A historical perspective
Authors: Hammack David C.
Published: July 2007

American nonprofit organizations first developed in the nineteenth century as the organizational instruments through which Americans put their First Amendment freedoms of religion and political belief into practice. For one hundred years American nonprofits were held accountable by relatively small, compact communities of people who shared religious or other highly defined beliefs and values. In the twentieth century, many nonprofit organizations have grown very large and have adopted a scientific, general‐service‐to‐the‐community ethos. The legal, institutional, and cultural ideas and practices through which traditional nonprofits were, and are still, held accountable no longer seem to work equally well for the larger, more universal nonprofits of the late twentieth century.
Masonry, walls, and rock bolts: Challenges in researching nonprofit organizations
Authors: Meyer Jimmy E. W.
Published: July 2007

The historical record makes abundantly clear the extent to which the survival of philanthropy depends on the vitality and independence of scholarship.
Languages, ideologies, and cultures in nonprofit boards
Authors: Daley John M. , Netting F. Ellen , Angulo Julio
Published: July 2007

This exploratory study identifies three language domains within the boards of directors of nonprofit human services agencies: mission, operations, and manners languages. These languages are connected to values and express ideology. Findings suggest that operations concerns tend to displace mission considerations, with manners language facilitating this displacement.
The validity of supplementary pay systems in nonprofit organizations
Authors: Alvarado Elliott I.
Published: July 2007

The theory and assumptions used by nonprofit organizations when adopting employee incentive pay systems are examined in this article. A theory to explain the use of financial incentive is described. This theory states that nonprofit employees are motivated, like employees in the for‐profit sector, to seek financial rewards contingent on achieving certain performance goals. To validate the Theory, a review of select literature is provided.
Board performance and organizational effectiveness in nonprofit social services organizations
Authors: Green Jack C. , Griesinger Donald W.
Published: July 2007

This article examines the tasks and responsibilities of nonprofit boards of directors and explores the relationship between board performance and organizational effectiveness. Thirty‐three activities in nine areas of board responsibility were examined through questionnaires and interviews with board members and chief executive officers of sixteen nonprofit organizations serving developmentally disabled adults. Rankings of organizational effectiveness were determined using external evaluators and accreditation surveys. A significant relationship between board performance and organizational effectiveness was found, and the board activities most strongly correlated with organizational effectiveness are reported, including policy formation, strategic planning, program monitoring, financial planning and control, resource development, board development, and dispute resolution.
Cause‐related marketing, fundraising, and environmental nonprofit organizations
Authors: Hemphill Thomas A.
Published: July 2007

This article provides policy guidance to environmental nonprofit organizations, and, secondarily, to other nonprofits, that are considering entering into a cause‐related marketing (CRM) alliance. Toward that end, insights into establishing CRM committees, sponsorship development, and regulatory awareness are offered to environmental nonprofit managers. The author argues that strong consumer support for local environmental concerns translates into strategic fundraising opportunities for regional, state, and local environmental organizations that have underutilized CRM in the past.
Competing nonprofit organizations also collaborate
Authors: York Alan , Zychlinski Esther
Published: July 2007

Cooperation among voluntary organizations is examined from the perspective of an Israeli project in which local voluntary organizations formed a joint forum. An analysis of questionnaires filled in by members of nine such bodies (“roundtables”) shows that cooperation among voluntary organizations may be functional in nature and not necessarily based on common goals. The degree of independence of the organizations did not affect their cooperation, but it influenced the way they looked on the “convenor” (external change agent), who played an important role in the process of interorganizational cooperation. The authors show that competition and cooperation are not mutually exclusive among voluntary organizations.
Strategy formulation in nonprofit social services organizations: A proposed framework social services organizations
Authors: Roller Robert H.
Published: July 2007

This article proposes a framework for determining strategies in nonprofit social services organizations. A review of the literature concerning strategy choice models is combined with an analysis of the unique characteristics of nonprofit social services organizations to develop the proposed framework, which improves on existing models by encompassing a wider array of strategic factors and being applicable to a wide variety of nonprofit organizations. The author provides examples of the model's applications, discusses the usefulness and limitations of the model, and concludes with suggestions for future research.
AIDS funding and the rhetoric of scarcity
Authors: Chambré Susan M.
Published: July 2007

This article describes the “rhetoric of scarcity,” a viewpoint that focuses on the inadequate past support for and the uncertain future of AIDS funding. This view is at variance with the consistent rise in financial support for AIDS and with the criticism from some quarters that AIDS is being overfunded relative to other diseases. The rhetoric of scarcity expressed by members of the AIDS community is distinctive but not unique to HIV/AIDS and can be traced to qualities of the epidemic and the ways in which nonprofit organizations obtain their funds.
Intermediary bodies in the 1990s: New settings, old problems?
Authors: Lansley John
Published: July 2007

Intermediary bodies liaise between the voluntary and statutory sectors. Frequently, they have also functioned as local development bodies. This article examines changes in the position of intermediary bodies following the growth of welfare pluralistic policies in the late 1980s, as viewed from the framework of a case study of the Council for Voluntary Service in northwest England. The author concludes that while the voluntary and statutory sectors may now be more willing to accept an intermediary role for such bodies, it remain difficult for them also to undertake development work.
The performance of performance indicators in the arts
Authors: Schuster J. Mark
Published: July 2007

The introduction of performance indicators into the field of the arts and culture has been fraught with difficulties. It is the premise of this article that many of those difficulties can be traced to tensions arising out of the actual uses of performance indicators in the arts. Based on concrete examples of the use of performance indicators, the author examines four different functions—affecting behavior, evaluating behavior, monitoring behavior, and inferring behavior—and explores some of the issues arising from each one.
Private lives, public accountability: A case study
Authors: Beaudet Paul , Brotherton Maureen , Kuechle Jane , Pilgreen Gregory , Sauter Marie , Sharp Joan
Published: July 2007

Lend a Hand Children's Services is the most prominent provider of family services in rural south central Ohio. The agency is in the process of enlarging its fundraising goals and becoming even bigger in the community. Staff have brought to the attention of the vice president of the board that the board president and the executive director may be involved intimately as a couple. Inasmuch as the board president must evaluate the executive director, the vice president turns to trusted counsel for advice on how to approach the unique problems raised by the situation.
Corporate philanthropy and united way: Challenges for the Year 2000
Authors: Marx Jerry D.
Published: July 2007

This article reports the results of a national survey of corporate philanthropy programs in which the influence of strategic philanthropy on corporate contributions to United Way was investigated. The results indicate that highly strategic philanthropy programs gave a lower percentage of total direct contributions to United Way than less strategic programs. Strategic philanthropy was defined in this study as the process by which contributions are targeted to meet both business objectives and recipient needs. Based on the results of the study, the author encourages United Way staff and other nonprofit managers to work more closely with corporate contribution managers to develop measurable criteria regarding the impact of health and human services contributions on strategic business goals and objectives.
Communication and donor relations: A social skills perspective
Authors: Dee Jay R. , Henkin Alan B.
Published: July 2007

The work of donor relations in nonprofit organizations is accomplished through communication. This article suggests a relationship between social skills abilities and effective organizational communication. High‐level social skills may facilitate strong relationships with potential donors and enable development personnel to address institutional goals more effectively.
Female participation in association governance and political representation: Women as executive directors, board members, lobbyists, and political action committee directors
Authors: Shaiko Ronald G.
Published: July 2007

This analysis of more than eleven hundred business, trade, and professional nonprofit associations identifies several internal organizational barriers to leadership for women. In addition, the analysis highlights the importance of female representation in governance positions, such as executive directors and board members, and of the selection of women as the political representatives of associations in roles such as lobbyists and political action committee directors.
A model for consulting to help effect change in organizations
Authors: Coates Norman
Published: July 2007

Rapid change in an organization's environment creates barriers to needed change in strategy and culture. Managers, and the consultants who are invariably called on to assist such efforts, face difficult challenges in working together to effect change. They often fail to achieve the desired results. The author offers a new model of consulting to help guide general managers and consultants in the creation of the necessary conditions for successful management of change. This model is based on lessons learned from case studies in the health care industry.
Hyers-Ulam-Rassias and Ulam-Gavruta-Rassias Stabilities of an Additive Functional Equation in Several Variables
Authors: Nakmahachalasint Paisan
Published: July 2007

It is well known that the concept of Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability was originated by Th. M. Rassias (1978) and the concept of Ulam-Gavruta-Rassias stability was originated by J. M. Rassias (1982–1989) and by P. Găvruta (1999). In this paper, we give results concerning these two stabilities.
The Influence of Elementary Silver Versus Titanium on Osteoblasts Behaviour In Vitro Using Human Osteosarcoma Cell Lines
Authors: Hardes Jendrik , Streitburger Arne , Ahrens Helmut , Nusselt Thomas , Gebert Carsten , Winkelmann Winfried , Battmann Achim , Gosheger Georg
Published: July 2007

Purpose. The antimicrobial effect of a silver-coated tumor endoprosthesis has been proven in clinical and experimental trials. However, in the literature there are no reports concerning the effect of elementary silver on osteoblast behaviour. Therefore, the prosthetic stem was not silver-coated because of concerns regarding a possible inhibition of the osseointegration. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 5–25 mg of elementary silver in comparison to Ti-6Al-4V on human osteosarcoma cell lines (HOS- 58, SAOS).Methods. Cell viability was determined by measuring the MTT proliferation rate. Cell function was studied by measuring alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and osteocalcine production.Results. In the HOS-58 cells, the AP activity was statistically significant(P<0.05)higher at a supplement of 5–10 mg of silver than of Ti-6 Al-4V at the same doses. For both cell lines, a supplement above 10 mg of silver resulted in a reduced AP activity in comparision to the Ti-6 Al-4V group, but a statistically significant difference(P<0.05)was observed at a dose of 25 mg for the SAOS cells only. At doses of 20–25 mg in the HOS-58 cells and 10–25 mg in the SAOS cells, the reduction of the proliferation rate by silver was statistically significant(P<0.05)compared to the Ti-6 Al-4V supplement.Discussion. In conclusion, elementary silver exhibits no cytotoxicity at low concentrations. In contrast, it seems to be superior to Ti-6 Al-4V concerning the stimulation of osteogenic maturation at these concentrations, whereas at higher doses it causes the known cytotoxic properties.
On the Steady Flow of a Second-Grade Fluid between Two Coaxial Porous Cylinders
Authors: Erdoğan M. Emin , İmrak C. Erdem
Published: July 2007

An exact solution of an incompressible second-grade fluid for flow between two coaxial porous cylinders is given. The velocity profiles for various values of the cross-Reynolds number and the elastic number are plotted. It is found that for large values of the cross-Reynolds number, the velocity variation near boundaries shows a different behaviour than that of the Newtonian fluid.
PPARs Expression in Adult Mouse Neural Stem Cells: Modulation of PPARs during Astroglial Differentiaton of NSC
Authors: Cimini A. , Cristiano L. , Benedetti E. , D'Angelo B. , Cerù M. P.
Published: July 2007

PPAR isotypes are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, death, and differentiation, with different roles and mechanisms depending on the specific isotype and ligand and on the differentiated, undifferentiated, or transformed status of the cell. Differentiation stimuli are integrated by key transcription factors which regulate specific sets of specialized genes to allow proliferative cells to exit the cell cycle and acquire specialized functions. The main differentiation programs known to be controlled by PPARs
both during development and in the adult are placental differentiation, adipogenesis, osteoblast differentiation, skin differentiation, and gut differentiation. PPARs may also be involved in the differentiation of macrophages, brain, and breast. However, their functions in this cell type and organs still awaits further elucidation. PPARs may be involved in cell proliferation and differentiation processes of neural stem cells (NSC). To this aim, in this work the expression of the three PPAR isotypes and RXRs in NSC has been investigated.
Successful Salvage and Long-Term Survival after Recurrent Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor
Authors: Horazdovsky Ryan , Manivel J. Carlos , Cheng Edward Y.
Published: July 2007

Purpose. The objective of this study is to report a case of a rare, highly lethal tumor, extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumor (EMRT) in a 43-year-old man who initially presented with a local recurrence and is now continuously disease free 14 years after aggressive surgical treatment. The case and literature are discussed.
Derived Categories and the Analytic Approach to General Reciprocity Laws—Part II
Authors: Berg Michael C.
Published: July 2007

Building on the topological foundations constructed in Part I, we now go on to address the homological algebra preparatory to the projected final arithmetical phase of our attack on the analytic proof of general reciprocity for a number field. In the present work, we develop two algebraic frameworks corresponding to two interpretations of Kubota'sn-Hilbert reciprocity formalism, presented in a quasi-dualized topological form in Part I, delineating two sheaf-theoretic routes toward resolving the aforementioned (open) problem. The first approach centers on factoring sheaf morphisms eventually to yield a splitting homomorphism for Kubota'sn-fold cover of the adelized special linear group over the base field. The second approach employs linked exact triples of derived sheaf categories and the yoga of gluingt-structures to evolve a means of establishing the vacuity of certain vertices in diagrams of underlying topological spaces from Part I. Upon assigning properly designedt-structures to three of seven specially chosen derived categories, the collapse just mentioned is enough to yieldn-Hilbert reciprocity.
Some Results for a Finite Family of Uniformly "Equation missing" -Lipschitzian Mappings in Banach Spaces
Authors: Chang Shih-Sen , Huang Jia Lin , Wang Xiong Rui
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this paper is to prove a strong convergence theorem for a finite family of uniformly "Equation missing"-Lipschitzian mappings in Banach spaces. The results presented in the paper not only correct some mistakes appeared in the paper by Ofoedu (2006) but also improve and extend some recent results by Chang (2001), Cho et al. (2005), Ofoedu (2006), Schu (1991), and Zeng (2003, 2005).
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Di Paola Rosanna , Cuzzocrea Salvatore
Published: July 2007

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. PPARs regulate several metabolic pathways by binding to sequence-specific PPAR response elements in the promoter region of target genes, including lipid biosynthesis and glucose metabolism. Recently, PPARs and their respective ligands have been implicated as regulators of cellular inflammatory and immune responses. These molecules are thought to exert anti-inflammatory effects by negatively regulating the expression of proinflammatory genes. Several studies have demonstrated that PPAR ligands possess anti-inflammatory properties and that these properties may prove helpful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the lung. This review will outline the anti-inflammatory effects of PPARs and PPAR ligands and discuss their potential therapeutic effects in animal models of inflammatory lung disease.
Plasmonic Nanolayer Composites: Coupled Plasmon Polaritons, Effective-Medium Response, and Subdiffraction Light Manipulation
Authors: Elser Justin , Govyadinov Alexander A. , Avrutsky Ivan , Salakhutdinov Ildar , Podolskiy Viktor A.
Published: July 2007

We analyze the evolution of the modes in nanoplasmonic multilayered structures and study the transition of the optical properties of these systems to the effective-medium regime. We derive the effective-medium parameters and study the validity of our analytical results with exact numerical solutions of Maxwell equations. Finally, we explore the applications of multilayered systems for subwavelength light confinement in planar and circular waveguides.
Uniqueness of Transcendental Meromorphic Functions with Their Nonlinear Differential Polynomials Sharing the Small Function
Authors: Xu Hong-Yan
Published: July 2007

We deal with some uniqueness theorems of two transcendental meromorphic functions with their nonlinear differential polynomials sharing a small function. These results in this paper improve those given by C.-Y. Fang and M.-L. Fang (2002), by Lahiri and Pal (2006), and by Lin and Yi (2004).
Role of Apolipoprotein E in Anxiety
Authors: Raber Jacob
Published: July 2007

Anxiety is most common among Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with an age at onset under age 65. Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) is a risk factor for developing AD at an earlier age and might contribute to this effect. In mice, apoE plays a role in the regulation of anxiety, which might involve histamine receptor-mediated signaling and steroidogenesis in the adrenal gland. In addition, human apoE isoforms have differential effects on anxiety in adult mice lacking apoE and probable AD patients. Compared to wild-type mice, mice lacking apoE and apoE4 mice showed pathological alterations in the central nucleus of the amygdala, which is involved in regulation of anxiety. ApoE4, but not mice lacking apoE, or apoE3 mice showed impaired dexamethasone suppression of plasma corticosterone. Understanding how apoE modulates measures of anxiety might help the developments of therapeutic targets to reduce or even prevent measures of anxiety in health and in dementing illnesses.
Structure and Function of the Confirmation Procedure before the ICC from a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Miller Dennis , Ambos Kai
Published: July 2007

The confirmation procedure is the linking interface between the investigation and trial of a case before the ICC; it is triggered by the arrival of the suspect at the court. The present paper distinguishes between the different phases of the ICC procedure and the different notions for the person concerned; it deals, in particular, with the issue of a proprio motu amendment of the charges by the Pre-Trial Chamber. The comparative survey reveals that while the principle "iura novit curia" is widely recognized in civil law countries, it is rarely accepted in the ambit of the common law. Notwithstanding, the ICC is committed to this principle, as clearly evidenced by Regulation 55 which allows the Trial Chamber to change the legal characterization of the facts during trial. As long as the rights of the person charged are observed, the same should apply in the confirmation procedure.
Witness Protection under Swiss Legislation: An Offspring of International Law
Authors: Arnold Roberta
Published: July 2007

In 2003 Switzerland adopted the first witness protection provisions in the Swiss Military Criminal Code of Procedure (MCCP). These followed to the lessons learned in the Niyonteze Trial, the first trial held in Switzerland on genocide. The military investigating magistrates had to be inventive and very pragmatic in providing for the security of the witnesses. Trips were even undertaken to the ICTR to learn about its practice and measures were adopted to prevent a "cultural shock". Notwithstanding the tendency of some human rights advocates to be very critical of military tribunals, in the Niyonteze Trial the Swiss Military Justice proved to be efficient and fair, both to the accused and the witnesses. The measures adopted were implemented into the MCCP and they will provide the basis for the forthcoming Federal Criminal Code of Procedure. This paper aims at illustrating the evolution of the Swiss witness protection legislation, which may be considered an offspring of international law.
The Transposition of Superior Responsibility onto Guerrilla Warfare under the Laws of the International Criminal Tribunals
Authors: Knoops Geert-Jan Alexander
Published: July 2007

This article deals with the question whether and how to assess superior responsibility within irregular (guerrilla) warfare; based on the principles developed by the international criminal tribunals on the area of superior responsibility for regular forces. In particular the article examines whether those criteria are useful to apply to guerrilla warfare. Specific problems, typical for guerrilla warfare, are analyzed such as the organizational level, the exercise of effective command and control, the assessment of the mens rea criterion within a complex situation of guerrilla warfare. Additionally, the material ability to prevent or punish crimes within guerrilla forces seems a point of concern in view of the absence of proper disciplinary systems within this type of warfare. Recent case law of the ICTY is taken into account in order to arrive at an answer to the main research question.
Victims' Rights Overview under the ICC Legal Framework: A Jurisprudential Analysis
Authors: Greco Gioia
Published: July 2007

Victims' role in trials gained greater relevance over the span of the history of domestic legal systems. Even so, it was only after the Second World War that compensation claims enhanced the crescendo of victims' rights recognized at international level. The ICC legal framework stands out as a glaring achievement in the international field. In fact, the Rome Statute grants to victims a wide range of rights starting from the pretrial stage throughout the trial. The protection and involvement of victims in trials reflects not only procedural fairness but also takes into consideration victims' needs and claims for justice. Beginning from a teleological approach, this paper illustrates the victims' rights under the Rome Statute. Particularly, it analyzes the Court's jurisprudential interpretation of the underpinning criteria for victim status and the rights of participation and to justice as illustrated in the Lubanga case.
The Confirmation of Charges before the International Criminal Court: Evaluation and First Application
Authors: de Beco Gauthier
Published: July 2007

This article examines the different aspects of the confirmation of charges before the International Criminal Court as provided for by article 61 of the Rome Statute. It discusses the procedure prior to the confirmation of charges including the disclosure of evidence, the requirement for the Prosecutor to establish "substantial grounds to believe" that the arrested person has committed the alleged crimes, and the various options open to the different participants to the confirmation hearing. The Thomas Lubanga Dyilo case, in which Pre-Trial Chamber I confirmed the charges on 29 January 2006, will be referred to in order to evaluate the first application of the provisions relating to the confirmation of charges.
Copying and Conversion: An 1824 Friendship Album "from a Chinese Youth"
Authors: Sánchez-Eppler Karen
Published: July 2007

This essay focuses on a remarkable friendship album found among the papers of the Foreign Mission School in Cornwall, Connecticut. Made in 1824 by a Chinese student, "Henry Martyn Alan" or "Wu Lan," this album is quite possibly the earliest book produced by a Chinese person in the United States. In a provocative educational experiment, the Cornwall Foreign Mission School provided a Christian education to an extraordinary range of "tawny and dusky youth," hoping to prepare them for missionary work in their native communities. Most research on the school has focused on its founding Hawaiian students and on the scandalous elopement of Cherokee students John Ridge and Elias Boudinot with two white girls, precipitating the closing of the school. Despite this recent historical work, no one has studied the five Cantonese youth whose 1818 enrollment predates virtually all historical discussions of Chinese presence in the U.S. This essay traces Wu Lan through the missionary press, and through a reading of this extraordinary album. This friendship album combines conventional Christian poetry copied and signed by various Cornwall students, watercolor drawings in an essentially Chinese style, and inscriptions in Chinese. Most of the Chinese texts simply translate the English poetry or serve as titles for the drawings, but two of them are love poems directed to the recipient of the album, Wu Lan's teacher, Miss Cherry Stone. Containing entries from many students–one wonderful trait of this album is how the students sign their nationality alongside their names–the book documents this community of foreign young men being trained in Christian "civilization," including the making of such books. I argue that the archival recovery of this friendship album powerfully alters our national narratives, providing us with nuanced and intimate access to one of the very earliest Chinese American interactions, and with it new ways of thinking about the processes of assimilation and conversion so central to ethnic and racial relations in the United States.
"The Status of Women": Two American Catholic Women at the UN, 1947-1972
Authors: Rossi Joseph S. (Joseph Samuel)
Published: July 2007

From the late 1940's until the American bishops closed their United Nations Office in 1972, Catherine Schaefer and Alba Zizzamia, two American lay women, served as both National Catholic Welfare Conference UN Observers and Catholic Non-Governmental Organization representatives for the World Union of Catholic Women's Organizations. This article discusses their creation and leadership of a circle of Catholic NGOs at the UN, many of them women, that developed strategies for promoting Roman Catholic teachings on issues of concern for women, and delves into their successes and failures in matters such as the family, marriage and divorce, child and adult education, prostitution, equal pay, birth control, and the status of women in the developing nations.
Freud on the State, Violence, and War
Authors: Sampson Anthony
Published: July 2007

The central purpose of this article is to argue for the extreme pertinence of psychoanalysis for all contemporary thought on the state, violence, and war. I restrict myself exclusively to a close reading of Freud's writings (Thoughts for the Times on War and Death and Why War?), finding them a formidable instrument of political analysis rivaled only by the radical political thought of Michel Foucault and Giorgio Agamben, to whose work they bear a surprising affinity. Jacques Derrida has also highlighted the crucial importance of Freud's correspondence with Einstein for contemporary reflections on war, violence, cruelty, and sovereignty. I attempt to show that Freud is thus a remarkably contemporary political thinker and a highly radical one as well.
Ontology and Invoution
Authors: Tuhkanen Mikko
Published: July 2007

Taking its cue from Elizabeth Grosz's recent work in Architecture from the Outside, The Nick of Time, and Time Travels, "Ontology and Involution" argues for a clearer acknowledgment of the philosophical histories and paradigms that have guided the articulation of queer theories, at least their most institutionally recognizable forms. It suggests that the paradigms most influential for queer thinking have entailed the kind of deconstructive rejection of ontology that, as Grosz argues, has characterized contemporary critical approaches in social sciences and the humanities. Such paradigmatic commitments, acknowledged or not, have inevitably restricted queer theory's engagement with some of its most frequently cited theorists. Consequently, the essay suggests an "ontological turn" in queer-theoretical readings of Michel Foucault's work, especially his later ethics texts. Foucault's unexpected leap into the archive of ancient texts should here be seen as an intuitive turn to, and an involutive activation of, what Gilles Deleuze, following Henri Bergson, calls the ontological past. As Grosz notes, this past is for Deleuze the realm of the virtual, the resource for radical change and becoming. Ultimately, Grosz's work clears the ground for a queer rethinking of the question of becoming, whose importance Foucault recurrently evokes in his 1980s interviews.
From Killer Weed to Popular Medicine: The Evolution of American Drug Control Policy, 1937–2000
Authors: Ferraiolo Kathleen
Published: July 2007

Here we have a drug that is not like opium. Opium has all the good of Dr. Jekyll and all the evil of Mr. Hyde. This drug [marijuana] is entirely the monster Hyde, the harmful effect of which cannot be measured.

—Harry J. Anslinger, Hearings on the Marihuana Tax Act, U.S.

House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Means, 1937
Toward a New Welfare History
Authors: Pimpare Stephen
Published: July 2007

Histories of American welfare have been stories about the state. Like Walter Trattner's widely readFrom Poor Law to Welfare State, now in its sixth edition, they have offered a narrative about the slow but steady expansion and elaboration of state and federal protections granted to poor and working people, and have usually done so by charting increases in government expenditures, by documenting the institutionalization of welfare bureaucracies, and by tracing rises or declines in poverty, unemployment, and other aggregate measures of well-being. This has been the case even in more critical accounts that emphasize that American social welfare history is not a story just of progress, such as Michael Katz'sIn the Shadow of the Poorhouse. These narratives have emphasized programs, not people (whether it is the poorhouse, the asylum, and mother's pensions, or the more recent innovations of national unemployment insurance, Social Security, AFDC and TANF, and Medicare and Medicaid). In the investigations of the welfare state that dominate academic research, the content and timing of government policy itself has served as the dependent variable, while the independent variables have been a congeries of interests, institutions, and policy entrepreneurs. Our attention has been focused upon what government has done, why it was done, and what the effects were as measured in official data.
Spetses 1943-1944: Occupation, Resistance, and Terror in Reality and Fiction
Authors: Perrakis Stylianos
Published: July 2007

This paper is a local study of the widespread civil conflict that took place in the last year of the German occupation of Greece. In it I focus on the events in Spetses, from March to June 1944, in which a number of kidnappings and executions by the communist-led resistance were followed by massive collaboration of the locals with the Germans in their subsequent anti-resistance operations. Drawing on primary sources such as trial transcripts, unpublished reports, and interviews, I describe a morally ambiguous sequence of events, in which communist violence against perceived local opponents was avenged by collaboration with the Germans, inspired and led by the victims' relatives. I also discuss the fictionalized version of these wartime events in John Fowles's novel The Magus and argue that this version is based on misleading information transmitted to the author during his stay in Spetses.
Immigration and Assimilation in the Jewish Community of Late Venetian Crete (15th-17th Centuries)
Authors: Schoenfeld Andrew Jason
Published: July 2007

The Jewish community of Crete, established since ancient times, is remarkable among other Balkan communities as it retained its Greek-Jewish (Romaniote) ethno-cultural traditions into the modern era. Whereas other Romaniote communities throughout the Balkans were absorbed by the Sephardic immigrants arriving from Western Europe, in Crete foreign Italian and Iberian Jews were assimilated into the Romaniote population. In this article I describe the unique demographic, cultural, and political circumstances which facilitated both the incorporation of foreign migrants and enabled the preservation of the indigenous island population. Through an examination of extant primary sources, I propose a plausible reconstruction in which the factors that culminated in this unique phenomenon are described.
Seroprevalence of Dirofilaria immitis, feline leukemia virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus infection among dogs and cats exported from the 2005 Gulf Coast hurricane disaster area
Authors: Levy Julie K. , Edinboro Charlotte H. , Glotfelty Carmen-Susan , Dingman Patricia A. , West Aundria L. , Kirkland-Cady Kathy D.
Published: July 2007

Objective—To determine seroprevalence of dirofilariasis in dogs and seroprevalences of dirofilariasis, FeLV infection, and FIV infection in cats exported from the Gulf Coast region following the 2005 hurricanes.

Design—Seroprevalence survey.

Animals—1,958 dogs and 1,289 cats exported from Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas between August 20 and December 31, 2005.

Procedures—141 animal welfare groups in 37 states and Alberta, Canada, reported results of serologic testing. Risk factors for infection, including age, sex, neuter status, breed, and state of rescue, were examined by means of univariate and multivariate logistic regression.

Results—Seroprevalence of dirofilariasis in dogs was 48.8%. Sexually intact dogs were 1.6 times as likely to have dirofilariasis as were neutered dogs, dogs in the ancient breed group were 2.2 times as likely and dogs in the guarding breed group were 1.7 times as likely to have dirofilariasis as were dogs in the herding breed group, and dogs from Mississippi were significantly less likely to have dirofilariasis than were dogs from Texas. Seroprevalences of dirofilariasis, FeLV infection, and FIV infection in cats were 4.0%, 2.6%, and 3.6%, respectively. Seroprevalence of FIV infection was significantly higher in adult cats than in juveniles and in males than in females.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that dogs and cats exported from the 2005 Gulf Coast hurricane disaster area had disease rates similar to those for animals in the region prior to the hurricanes.
Behavioral alterations and severity of pain in cats recovering at home following elective ovariohysterectomy or castration
Authors: Väisänen Misse A-M. , Tuomikoski Suvi K. , Vainio Outi M.
Published: July 2007

Objective—To identify behavioral alterations in client-owned cats recovering at home following elective ovariohysterectomy or castration and determine owner perceptions regarding severity of postoperative pain.

Design—Cohort study.

Animals—145 cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (n = 80) or castration (65) at 4 veterinary clinics in Finland.

Procedures—Owners were asked to complete a questionnaire on their cats' behavior during the 3 days after surgery. Owners were also asked to indicate their perceptions of the severity of postoperative pain during these days by use of a 100-mm visual analog scale.

Results—Owners consistently indicated that there were changes in their cats' behavior, with the most commonly reported alterations being a decrease in overall activity level, an increase in the amount of time spent sleeping, a decrease in playfulness, and altered way of movement. Changes (ie, either an increase or decrease) in aggressive behavior were rare. Median pain score the day of surgery was 15.0 mm for male cats and 25.0 mm for female cats. Behavior score was significantly associated with day of observation, type of surgery (ovariohysterectomy vs castration), owner-assigned pain score, and veterinary clinic.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that behavioral alterations can be detected for several days after surgery in cats recovering at home following ovariohysterectomy or castration and emphasized owner concerns about the existence of postoperative pain.
Canine and feline emergency room visits and the lunar cycle: 11,940 cases (1992–2002)
Authors: Wells Raegan J. , Gionfriddo Juliet R. , Hackett Timothy B. , Radecki Steven V.
Published: July 2007

Objective—To determine the frequency of canine and feline emergency visits with respect to the lunar cycle.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—11,940 dogs and cats evaluated on an emergency basis during an 11-year period.

Procedures—Date of emergency visit, signalment, and chief complaint were retrieved from a medical records database. Emergency type was categorized as animal bite, cardiac arrest, epilepsy, ophthalmic, gastric dilatation-volvulus, trauma, multiple diseases, neoplasia, or toxicosis. The corresponding lunar phase was calculated and recorded as new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, or waning crescent. The effect of lunar phase on the frequency of emergency visits was evaluated by calculating relative risk.

Results—Of 11,940 cases, 9,407 were canine and 2,533 were feline. Relative risk calculations identified a significant increase in emergencies for dogs and cats on fuller moon days (waxing gibbous to waning gibbous), compared with all other days.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that more emergency room visits occurred on fuller moon days for dogs and cats. It is unlikely that an attending clinician would notice the fractional increase in visits (0.59 and 0.13 more canine and feline visits, respectively) observed in this study at a facility with a low caseload. If the study is repeated at a facility with a robust emergency caseload, these results may lead to reorganization of staffing on fuller moon dates. A prospective study evaluating these findings under conditions of high caseload is necessary to determine the clinical relevance.
Clinical and clinicopathologic variables in adult horses receiving blood transfusions: 31 cases (1999–2005)
Authors: Hurcombe Samuel D. , Mudge Margaret C. , Hinchcliff Kenneth W.
Published: July 2007

Objective—To determine clinical and clinicopathologic abnormalities in horses administered a blood transfusion and evaluate effects of blood transfusion on these variables.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—31 adult horses that received ≥ 1 blood transfusion.

Procedures—Medical records of horses receiving a blood transfusion were reviewed to obtain clinical findings, laboratory test results before and after transfusion, adjunctive treatments, transfusion type and volume, response to transfusion, results of donor-recipient compatibility testing, adverse reactions, and outcome.

Results—31 horses received 44 transfusions for hemorrhagic anemia (HG; n = 18 horses), hemolytic anemia (HL; 8), or anemia attributable to erythropoietic failure (EF; 5). Tachycardia and tachypnea were detected in 31 of 31 (100%) and 22 of 31 (71%) horses, respectively, before transfusion. The PCV and hemoglobin concentration were less than the reference range in 11 of 18 horses with HG, 8 of 8 horses with HL, and 5 of 5 horses with EF. Hyperlactatemia was detected in 16 of 17 recorded values before transfusion. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and PCV improved after transfusion, with differences among the types of anemia. Seventeen (54%) horses were discharged, 9 (29%) were euthanized, and 5 (16%) died of natural causes. Adverse reactions were evident during 7 of 44 (16%) transfusions, varying from urticarial reactions to anaphylactic shock.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Abnormalities in clinical and clinicopathologic variables differed depending on the type of anemia. Colic, cold extremities, signs of depression, lethargy, tachycardia, tachypnea, low PCV, low hemoglobin concentration, and hyperlactatemia were commonly detected before transfusion and resolved after transfusion.
Prevalence and pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility in Escherichia coli isolated from pigs reared under antimicrobial-free and conventional production methods
Authors: Bunner Christine A. , Norby Bo , Bartlett Paul C. , Erskine Ronald J. , Downes Frances P. , Kaneene John B.
Published: July 2007

Objective—To determine and compare levels and patterns of antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli isolated from pigs on farms that did not use antimicrobial agents versus pigs produced under conventional methods.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Sample Population—35 antimicrobial-free and 60 conventional swine farms.

Procedures—Farms were visited once, and fecal samples were collected from 15 finisher pigs if available. One E coli isolate from each sample was tested for susceptibility pattern to 14 antimicrobial agents by use of microbroth dilution.

Results—E coli isolates were recovered from 1,381 (97.1%) of 1,422 fecal samples. Herd size was significantly larger for conventional swine farms. Resistance to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, or nalidixic acid was not observed on any of the 95 farms. Three isolates from 2 conventional farms were resistant to ceftiofur. Conventional farms had significantly higher levels of resistance to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol, compared with antimicrobial-free farms. Fourteen percent of E coli isolates were susceptible or had intermediate resistance to all the tested antimicrobial agents. The 3 most frequent patterns of multiple resistance were streptomycin-tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole-tetracycline, and kanamycin-streptomycin-sulfamethoxazole-tetracycline.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cessation of antimicrobial use did not appear to result in an immediate reduction in antimicrobial resistance in swine farms. Prospective studies of long-term antimicrobial usage and cessation are needed to estimate the extent to which food animal production may be contributing to antimicrobial drug resistance and might provide a direct measure of the rates of reversibility of antimicrobial drug resistance that might be achieved by curtailing antimicrobial usage.
Tooth root abscesses in llamas and alpacas: 123 cases (1994–2005)
Authors: Niehaus Andrew J. , Anderson David E.
Published: July 2007

Objective—To determine features, outcome, and complications of surgical treatment of camelid tooth root abscesses.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—123 camelids with tooth root abscesses.

Procedures—Signalment, history, teeth involved, surgery performed, ancillary diagnostic tests, and short-term complications were recorded from each medical record. An owner questionnaire was used to obtain long-term (> 1 year) follow-up information.

Results—The most common surgical treatments included tooth extraction (n = 106) and apicoectomy (13). Owners provided follow-up information on 84 animals. Postoperative complications were reported in 42 of 84 animals. The most common complications included reinfection (n = 15), chronic draining tract (14), and osteomyelitis (14). Significantly more camelids that were in good or obese body condition at the time of surgery were alive at the time of follow-up, compared with those with thin body condition at the time of surgery. Camelids with 2 teeth extracted had significantly more complications than those with 1 tooth extracted. Thirty-four of 47 owners reported that they were completely satisfied with the outcome.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Owners of camelids in poor body condition should be forewarned that such animals are at greater risk for complications following dental surgery. Clinicians should recognize that the number of teeth affected was not associated with a poorer outcome.
Die Spindichteverteilung im 2,4,6‐Triphenylphenoxyl
Authors: Dimroth K. , Berndt A. , Bär F. , Volland R. , Schweig A.
Published: July 2007

Mit Hilfe der Elektronenspinresonanz‐Spektroskopie und quantenmechanischen Näherungsrechnungen wurde die Verteilung des ungepaarten Elektrons auf die am π‐Elektronensystem des 2,4,6‐Triphenylphenoxy‐Radikals beteiligten 24 Kohlenstoffatome und das Sauerstoffatom ermittelt. Die Hyperfeinstruktur des ESR‐Spektrums des Triphenylphenoxyls wurde mit Hilfe von in peripheren Phenylringen ganz oder teilweise deuterierten Triphenylphenoxylen gedeutet. Zur Kontrolle der Resultate daran anschließender quantenmechanischer Näherungsrechnungen wurden die ESR‐Spektren von Triphenylphenoxylen aufgenommen, die am C1‐, C2‐, C3‐ oder C4‐Atom des zentralen Ringes mit 13C markiert worden waren. Die Spindichteverteilung gestattet eine erste Diskussion der 17O‐Kopplungskonstanten des 17O‐markierten Triphenylphenoxyls und anderer 17O‐markierter organischer Radikale.
Diels‐Alder‐Reaktionen: Zum Reaktionsmechanismus
Authors: Sauer J.
Published: July 2007

Es wird in diesem Aufsatz versucht, die mechanistischen Alternativen der präparativ so fruchtbaren Diels‐Alder‐Reaktionen anhand der experimentellen Fakten kritisch zu diskutieren. Wenngleich sich die meisten Befunde zwanglos mit einem Synchronmechanismus vereinbaren lassen, harrt doch noch eine Reihe von Fragen der endgültigen Klärung.
Sulfine und Sulfene — die S‐Oxide und S,S‐Dioxide der Thioaldehyde und Thioketone
Authors: Opitz G.
Published: July 2007

Durch HCl‐Eliminierung aus Sulfinsäurechloriden mit Triäthylamin sowie durch Oxidation von Diarylthioketonen mit Persäure konnten bisher vier Sulfine gewonnen werden. Sie sind kristalline, farbige Verbindungen, die sich bei Raumtemperatur langsam zersetzen. — Versuche zur Darstellung von Sulfenen führten noch nicht zum Ziel; es gelang jedoch, Mesylsulfen als Trimethylamin‐Addukt zu isolieren. Durch Abfangreaktionen läβt sich zeigen, daβ bei der Einwirkung von Trialkylamin auf aliphatische Sulfonylchloride und von Schwefeldioxid auf Diazoalkane intermediär Sulfene entstehen. Sie bilden mit ROD monodeuterierte Sulfonsäureester, mit Diazoalkanen Dreiringe, mit Enaminen, Dienaminen, Keten‐O,O‐, O,N‐, N,N‐acetalen, Chloral und z.T. mit Vinyläthern Vierringe, mit Nitronen Fünfringe, mit β‐Aminovinyl‐ketonen und Dienaminen Sechsringe.