bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apostrophes That Mark the Possessive Case
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

Keep in mind that apostrophes don’t only signify ownership. They also can show association, affiliation, or some other sort of relationship. As David Marsh, the editor of The Guardian newspaper’s style guide, points out, the phrase David’s book shows David’s ownership, but David’s favorite football team doesn’t.1 In the same way, Iron Man’s armor refers to the armor that Iron Man owns. But the average woman’s inferior indicates a relationship or association.
Commas and Fanboys
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

Now you’ve seen the lesson on using commas with and or but. Those two words aren’t the only ones that you can use to connect two main clauses, though. Others include for, nor, or, (and) yet, or so.
Using Commas with Transition Words and Phrases
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

You must realize that honorary degrees are given generally to people whose SAT scores were too low to get them into schools the regular way. As a matter of fact, it was my SAT scores that led me into my present vocation in life: comedy.
Using Commas around Parenthetical Bits in the Midst of Sentences
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

Because these parenthetical elements aren’t essential to the sentence, you should offset them with punctuation, as you do with other nonessential elements.
Using Commas for Clarity and Contrast
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

In the passage by Meryl Streep, the first comma prevents ambiguity. If there were no comma after “You know,” she would seem to be telling the audience that they all know there are days when she thinks that she’s overrated
Commas in Direct Address
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

And if we should ever separate, my little plum, I want to give you one little piece of fatherly advice: Never give a sucker an even break.
Dashes
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

A man . . . had only two minutes to live, so he sent for a clergyman and asked him, ‘Where is the best place to go to?’ . . . The minister told him that each place had its advantages—heaven for climate, and hell for society.
When Not to Hyphenate
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

We saw in the previous lesson that you shouldn’t hyphenate open compounds like home run or closed compounds like football. We also saw that you shouldn’t use hyphens with compounds or prefixes if your dictionary doesn’t, or if the hyphen would create ambiguity. This lesson discusses other contexts in which you don’t need hyphens.
Quotation Marks
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

Quotation marks are so familiar that you might think they’ve been around for millennia. But they’re actually a pretty recent invention, historically speaking. Writers and readers got by without them for many centuries. In fact, they were created only three hundred years ago. Before that, scribes had tried various ways of making quotes visually distinct on the page, including writing them in capital letters or underlining them. Another trick was to put an ancient mark called a diple in the margins opposite quotes. In the sixteenth century, printers represented the diple with semicircular comma marks, and over time they transformed it from an annotation mark in the margins into a new kind of punctuation within the text. By 1714, English printers were using this mark as we do: to open and close quotes. One year later, the term “quotation mark” was born.2 By the end of the eighteenth century this mark was catching on, though even now the rules for how to use it haven’t totally settled down. Journalists have their own set of guidelines, for example. And the Americans and the British have different styles of punctuating quotes. This lesson illustrates American usage, but it includes a discussion of British practices as well.
Overture
Authors: Archibald John
Published: December 2023

This chapter provides a summary of traditional, phonetics-based approaches to the study of L2 speech (both production and perception). By contextualizing this approach within the field of language learnability, I demonstrate the advantage of adopting phonological models to describe and explain the knowledge system of multilinguals. Relevant background in the philosophy of mind is provided to justify the modular, rationalist account provided in this book. The role of input (including frequency) is discussed. The chapter ends with a discussion of the levels of the prosodic hierarchy which are part of phonological representations and a recognition that phonology is cognition (not merely physics).
The Phonology/Morphology Interface
Authors: Archibald John
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores the phonology/morphology interface to reveal how phonological matters are critical to understanding aspects of morphological behaviour in bilinguals. The chapter begins with an exploration of why certain L2 morphemes are omitted in production via the Prosodic Transfer Hypothesis. The framework of Distributed Morphology is introduced to explain aspects of the bilingual lexicon. Traditional psycholinguistic experimental results are presented and then discussed within the context of Distributed Morphology: a case study of L2 Swedish data and a case study of L2 German allomorphy. These case studies show the influence of Universal Grammar on the representations selected by the learners. The chapter concludes with a discussion of intraword codeswitching within a Distributed Morphology account and what these data reveal about the architecture of the multilingual grammar.
Bartholomew Price
Authors: Hollings Christopher D.
Published: December 2023

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Sedleian Chair had passed smoothly into the hands of mathematicians. Its first occupant during the century, George Leigh Cooke, may not have been the most active of professors, but the teaching that he did, and his academic interests, such as they were, served to secure the chair as one in applied mathematics. When Cooke died in 1853, the university was in the throes of reforms imposed upon it by the government, with the improvement of the professoriate and the provision of scientific teaching in the university being central to those reforms. Cooke’s successor as Sedleian Professor, Bartholomew Price (1818–98), was of the pro-reform party, and had previously pushed for the changes in policy from which he now benefitted. Like Cooke before him, Price would go on to hold the chair for over four decades. During this time, he built a career as a prominent academic administrator, politician, and accountant, revived the fortunes of the university press, and eventually rose to the Mastership of his alma mater Pembroke College. Alongside these various other roles, he would carry out his Sedleian teaching with the greatest of diligence, and produce a series of highly regarded textbooks. Over several decades, Price worked gradually to raise the standard of mathematical study in the university. A few short papers aside, he was not a mathematical researcher, but as an administrator, teacher, and publisher he had an enormous impact on mathematics in Oxford, and in Britain more generally.
Augustus Love
Authors: Barrow-Green June
Published: December 2023

Graduating as second wrangler in 1885, Augustus Love began his career as a lecturer in Cambridge, and it was at Cambridge that he produced the first edition of his classic treatise on elasticity (1892–3) which ran into four editions and is still in print today. Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1894, he moved to Oxford to take up the Sedleian Chair in 1899, a position he held until his death in 1940. Appreciated as a teacher and acclaimed for his research, in particular his discovery of what are now known as ‘Love waves’, which are important in seismology, he was the recipient of several awards, his work being especially appreciated in Germany. A stalwart of both the London Mathematical Society and the Royal Society, and one of the main organizers of the 1912 Cambridge International Congress of Mathematicians, Love was one of the best-known and distinguished British applied mathematicians of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
The life cycle of the Kuuk Thaayorre desiderative
Authors: Gaby Alice
Published: December 2023

Any speaker motivated to broach a taboo topic must weigh the value of communicating effectively against the cost of potentially offending their interlocutor(s). This chapter proposes that it is this tension between clarity and politeness that explains the present day co-existence of twelve desiderative constructions (used to communicate about desired states of affairs) in the Paman language Kuuk Thaayorre (Cape York Peninsula, Australia). Specifically, the twelve constructions are argued to be the output of successive waves of conventionalization. This iterative conventionalization is argued to contribute to our understanding of the diachronic relationships between Particularized Conversational Implicatures, Generalized Conversational Implicatures, Conventional Implicatures and entailments.
Greek ἔγνωκα and the perfect of PIE *ǵneh3- ‘know’
Authors: Jasanoff Jay H.
Published: December 2023

The perfect of Gk. gignṓskein ‘recognize, know,’ which “should” have been 1 sg. *gégnōka ‘I know,’ is actually égnōka, with e- taking the place of the reduplication syllable *ge-. The historical reason for this irregularity sheds interesting light on the difference between synchronic and diachronic explanations. An OT-based synchronic account of égnōka is given by Zukoff (2017: 229). But the actual origin of the historical form égnōka was completely different from what might be said about it in a synchronic grammar. Historically, égnōka did not replace or “outrank” *gégnōka; *gégnōka never existed, because the root *ǵneh3- ‘know’ did not make a perfect at all in PIE. The synchronic form égnōka is historically the root aorist égnōn, morphologically renewed by substituting the productive endings of the “k-perfect” for the endings of the aorist. égnōka is thus not an anomalously reduplicated perfect; it is an augmented aorist masquerading as a perfect.
Sound symbolic words in Séliš-Ql’ispé
Authors: Thomason Sarah
Published: December 2023

This paper analyzes sound-symbolic words in Séliš-Ql’ispé (a.k.a. Montana Salish), with a special focus on words with the shape C1VC2C2C2C2. The great majority of the language’s sound-symbolic constructions are onomatopoetic noise words (‘snap’, ‘crackle’, ‘pop’, ‘gurgle’, etc.), but a few represent now-you-see-it-now-you-don’t sights, e.g. ‘twinkle’. Examples are c’ossss ‘the sound of a rattlesnake rattling’, mal’l’l’l’ ‘a gurgling noise’, hiiiip ‘the sound of a ruffed grouse drumming’, and p’aqqqq’ ‘a bunch of little moving lights, like the sequins on a jingle-dress’. Formally, Séliš-Ql’ispé sound-symbolic words fall into four general categories that display varying degrees of embeddedness in the language’s morphological and syntactic structure and varying degrees of conventionalization. Functionally, all these expressive lexical items reflect the two tribes’ ecology in important ways, from local flora and fauna (e.g. ruffed grouse drumming) to cultural phenomena like the elaborate jingle-dresses worn at powwow celebrations. Finally, although it isn’t possible to trace the history of the language’s sound-symbolic formations definitively, the paper includes some tentative historical conclusions.
The structure of dialect diversity in Mono
Authors: Haynie Hannah J. , Toosarvandani Maziar
Published: December 2023

The Uto-Aztecan language Mono is represented in published works by just a couple of varieties, yet dialect variation within the language is remarkably well documented in the field notes of Sydney M. Lamb. This chapter catalogs the regional variation in phonology, morphology, and lexical items within Mono represented in the Sydney M. Lamb Papers on California Indian Languages and uses information from these records to examine Mono dialect diversity. The analysis centers on two goals: (1) investigating spatial patterns in Mono speech and evaluating prior dialect grouping proposals, and (2) examining the mechanisms responsible for these patterns of variation. Prior small-scale dialect groupings are most identifiable in this dataset west of the Sierra Nevada, while eastern areas show more gradient differences. Innovative features contribute to the identification of at least Northwestern Mono, but layers of diffusion appear to dominate the overall formation of dialect diversity.
Stylistic differentiation in California Dene texts
Authors: Spence Justin
Published: December 2023

Published collections of California Dene (Athabaskan) texts are typically organized according to groups with English labels such as “Myths,” “Prayers,” “Medicine Formulas,” and the like, categorizations which imply a set of genres whose properties remain largely unexplored. Drawing on the framework of Hanks (2010), the present chapter is a preliminary examination of parameters that are typical of text genres in these languages, including stylistic differentiation (constellations of formal exponents in particular genres), metalinguistic labels (words denoting genres), and indexical centering (whereby anchors for deictic references are established). The aims of the chapter are primarily descriptive, laying the foundation for future comparative work both within the Dene language family and with respect to non-Dene languages of northern California.
The material and the textual in documentation of Native American languages
Authors: Conathan Lisa
Published: December 2023

This chapter reflects on the modern practice of documenting languages of Native North America, surfacing interactions among oral discourse, textual documentation, and contemporary native language reclamation. Three cases illustrate relationships among form, paratext, and function in language documentation: the colonial encounter captured by the Eliot Bible and subsequent use of Massachusett language in Christian works; the mid-twentieth-century linguist-ethnographer’s pinnacle of a bound grammar, text corpus, and a dictionary as a means to authoritatively document Native languages; the twenty-first century reclamation of missionary, settler-colonial, and anthropological texts to breathe new life into language long alienated from communities. The provenance of language recorded in print continues to inform contemporary contestations of colonial documentation. These three snapshots reveal the complex social life of language documentation in native-language speech communities, where they have been instruments of harm and trauma, and also of healing and empowerment.
Cummings’s Typewriter Language
Authors: Matore Daniel
Published: December 2023

The second chapter examines the audacious and celebrated visuality of E. E. Cummings, focusing on his early unpublished experiments; his 1923 debut volume, Tulips and Chimneys; and his 1935 collection, No Thanks. In the first section of the chapter, ‘Typewriter Language and Linotype-ese’, I examine the typewriter as an instrument for prosodic and linguistic individuality and how this was often set against the machinery of printing, like the linotype. In the subsequent section, ‘Typographical faits and the Body of the Text’, I argue that how typography communicates depends on its scale and breadth: how far it is fragmented and how far it remains lineated. Comparing his early experiments in typography or faits with his published verse, I argue that Cummings turns away from an atomized style to preserve an altered form of the verse line. I go on to claim that, though modelled after the musical score, the tabulated arrangements of Cummings’s early typography intellectualize sound rather than notate it. In the third section, ‘Seeing Bodies: The Typographical Eye and the Sexual Gaze’, I argue that the typographical and textual history of Cummings’s debut volume, Tulips and Chimneys (1923), is bound up with its sexual explicitness. The typographical body and the physical body are interwoven in this book, I propose, and the erotics of looking entangled with the shape of the text. However, in the section ‘Evident Invisibles: Typography as Prosody’, I argue that though typography is implicated in the material page and the physical body, it has the abstraction and mobility of prosody. In the final section, ‘A Pure Optical G: Hope Mirrlees, E. E. Cummings, and Graphical Minima’, I investigate the linguistics and poetics of Hope Mirrlees’s Paris: A Poem, and I show how its pioneering typography predates later American experimentation. I claim that Cummings theorizes modes of reading where verbal recognition is impeded and wherein a pure graphical language is realized. His experiments in typography, I propose, seek to isolate the smallest nuances of the visual text and graphical apprehension.
Olson Among the Letterers
Authors: Matore Daniel
Published: December 2023

The third chapter is concerned with the seminal experiments of Charles Olson, a key transitional figure between early modernism and postwar poetry. The first section, ‘The New Ear, Breath Stops, and the Beats’, argues that the breath poetics of ‘Projective Verse’ for which Olson has become famous are supplanted by the labour of typography when he writes The Maximus Poems. In ‘“A full graphics-knowing man”: Black Mountain College and Ben Shahn’s Print Shop’, I argue that Olson conceives of mid-century America as mired in the advertising culture’s graphical malaise; with lithographer Ben Shahn, he envisages Black Mountain College as a centre of typographical resistance and re-education. Olson also becomes preoccupied with the poet’s interactions with the typographer and the printer. In ‘The Poet and the Typographer: Frances Motz Boldereff, David Jones, and the Labour of Verse’, I argue that this question of poetics comes to life in Olson’s relationship with the typographer Frances Motz Boldereff. Measuring space is figured as an art of verse, which is manifested in Olson’s drafting and compositional practices. Olson begins to conceive of typography as key to the work of poetry. His critique of discourse and Aristotelian logic convinces him that language needs to be spatialized, I argue in ‘“Metric then is mapping”: Olson, Prynne, and the Language of Space’. Through his correspondence with J. H. Prynne, Olson formulates the grammar of a spatial language. Typographical calculations, though, rather than the syntactical complexities formulated with Prynne, form the spatial language of The Maximus Poems. In the final section, ‘Literal, real realty: Typography, Topology and Property’, I claim that Olson’s later verse and essays rewrite poetics in metaphysical terms modelled after the philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead. I argue that territory and ownership is critiqued through the typography of Olson’s poetry. Experimental typography, I conclude, is how Olson attempts to offer a true map of the world, apprised of buried geology and history.
Ibsen
Authors: Murphet Julian
Published: December 2023

Having spent most of his working life shoring up the ‘classic’ conception of dramatic character, towards the end, Henrik Ibsen broke the mould and reinvented the category. In the last works of Ibsen we can chart a progressive demotion of dramatic action and a consequential shift towards an externalized interiority. Allowing the deadweight of everyday life to stifle all remaining vestiges of heroic conduct and its associated speech genres, Ibsen proposed a flickering, impalpable characterological presence in the empty prattle of tedious bourgeois conversations: the Unconscious. Inspecting major late works The Lady from the Sea, Hedda Gabler, Little Eyolf, and John Gabriel Borkman, the chapter demonstrates a rapidly evolving concern in Ibsen with psychic patterns and forces that have little to do with the bourgeois individual.
Conrad
Authors: Murphet Julian
Published: December 2023

Finally, in Chapter 11, we look to the major early works of Joseph Conrad as a further development of many of these same trends out into the world of Empire and global trade via the sea-routes of the merchant marine. In Conrad, we discover that the internal decompositions of the ‘self’ already charted by the writers considered above can be mapped onto the socio-political fragmentations and racial hierarchies of the world itself in its imperialist phase. The result is a final apotheosis of ‘character’ into a figment of some prior order of things, a scrap of ideological detritus already comprehensively made over and substituted for by processes and dynamics that have no use for identity or individuality.
Queen’s Trumpet or Second Fiddle
Authors: van Pelt Nadia T.
Published: December 2023

This chapter addresses the mobility of instrumentalists, in particular, trumpet players, drummers, and loud and still minstrels, between the courts of Europe. Taking as a starting point the two trumpet players who performed at the court of Henry VIII, and have received much scholarly attention: John de Cecil and John Blanke (the latter identified as the instrumentalist of colour who is displayed on the Westminster Tournament Roll), this chapter then complements the English sources by providing new information regarding the four instrumentalists who can be proved to have travelled to England with Katherine of Aragon. For this I rely on financial account books such as Gonzalo de Baeza’s Cuentas, Morales’s Data, the records of employment at the court of Isabella of Castile in La Casa de Isabel la Cátolica, and various sources from the Archivo General de Simancas. Additionally, this chapter will show that John Blanke, contrary to current belief, was not the first Black musician at the Tudor court. This chapter will reveal who was.
Fashion Victims
Authors: van Pelt Nadia T.
Published: December 2023

Scholarship has been hyper-focused on Anne of Cleves ‘looks’, in part following the negative statements made about her appearance in the depositions made about her marriage to Henry VIII, when the king wanted to dissolve the marriage. This chapter sets the discussion in a more revealing intercultural perspective by using sartorial history as its focus. It investigates courtiers’ and ambassadors’ perceptions of Anne’s appearance and clothing, to illustrate that these records are best understood in the context of a genre of writing about the outward appearances of foreign princess brides. Additionally, this chapter suggests the possibility that Anne of Cleves may have arrived at a court in which ‘Dutch’ dress was associated with fools’ livery.
Leaving an Impression
Authors: van Pelt Nadia T.
Published: December 2023

This chapter presents fresh archival material on Anne of Cleves, in the form of a marital charter with immaculately preserved seals, detailing her precontract with Francis of Lorraine. The charter has previously been reproduced in a nineteenth-century transcription which did not specify its source material. In other words, we do not know on which of the three copies originally made of the contract, this transcription was based. This chapter is the first to interact directly with the original manuscript, and studies it through a material culture lens. This approach reveals that Anne’s mother, Maria of Jülich-Berg, had a significant role in the marital deal, unlike what has previously been suggested. Furthermore, the document’s very obvious display of the stakeholders would have made it clear to anyone consulting it, that the Cleves–Lorraine betrothal was of the ‘de futuro’ variety, and thus not an impediment to Anne’s later marrying Henry VIII.
Algorithmic Recommenders
Authors: Mendonça Ricardo F. , Filgueiras Fernando , Almeida Virgílio
Published: December 2023

Chapter 5 deals with the importance of recommendation systems, which are pervasive in private and public sectors, commercial or affective relationships, industry, markets, and governments. Algorithmic recommendation systems rationalize human choices, delineating which options are available and visible, organizing and anticipating preferences of citizens and consumers. Further, they rationalize and drive consumer choices, generating opportunities for business optimization. The pervasiveness of algorithmic recommendation systems creates diverse moral and political challenges as evidenced in their uses in social-media platforms and in key services, such as identifying those entitled to receive organ donations. This chapter employs the six dimensions of the Algorithmic Institutionalism framework to discuss multiple examples, exploring various forms of relations enacted by algorithmic recommenders that impact on collective and individual behaviour. These relations are associated with preferences, autonomy, and values that implicitly make evident recommenders’ power and pervasiveness.
Climate Change and Community Relocation
Authors: Draper Jamie
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines the demands of procedural justice in climate-related community relocation, taking the case of the relocation of the Iñupiaq village of Shishmaref, Alaska, as its central case study. I argue against two approaches to community relocation, which I call the market model and the communitarian model of relocation. I argue that the market model fragments communities and, in so doing, jeopardizes the interests that community members have in maintaining the shared cultural practices that they value. The communitarian model avoids the problems of the market model only at the cost of suppressing internal disagreement within communities. Instead, I defend what I call the democratic model of relocation, which enables community members to make collective decisions about relocation. With this conception of procedural justice in relocation in hand, I analyse two practical problems that arise in community relocation: the problems of expertise and scale.
Climate Change and the Refugee Regime
Authors: Draper Jamie
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines the role of the refugee regime in addressing climate displacement. I defend an interpretation of the refugee regime that I call the membership view, which says that refugees are those who are unable to appeal to the protection ordinarily afforded to them by their status as members of a political community, because their state has lost standing as the guarantor of their human rights. I then leverage this interpretation of the refugee regime to explore the ways in which the impacts of climate change can interact with refugee movement. I examine three problems in the refugee regime which are exacerbated in the context of climate change—the anachronistic definition of the refugee, the deterrence paradigm in international refugee policy, and the maldistribution of the costs of refugee protection between states—and propose some reforms which seek to address them.
The Rhythm of Beauty
Authors: Marcus Laura
Published: December 2023

Spencer’s international influence is seen in early twentieth-century aesthetic theories. For German writers on kinaesthesia, rhythm provides the basis of social union in empathetic feeling (Einfühlung); for John Dewey it is the binding agent of a democratic society. The chapter charts a preoccupation, in the period, with formalism: with lines, curves, shapes; with sympathy, or empathy, as a social glue connecting people to one another and their environment; and with notions of harmony, balance, and equilibrium. Close attention is paid to the work of Ethel Puffer, the American psychologist, for whom rhythms of psychological response corresponded with formal constituents of the work of art, achieving balance and equilibrium; the British aestheticist Vernon Lee who studied her partner’s intense bodily responses to works of art; and John Dewey, whose educational innovations sought to rekindle rhythms that he held were at the core of humanity, repairing social relations destroyed by factory production.
Rhythm and the Rhythmists
Authors: Marcus Laura
Published: December 2023

One arena in which the ‘cult of rhythm’ found expression in the pre-First World War years is periodical publishing: the ‘little magazines’ which were the mainstay of the modernist avant garde. Chapter 4 explores how the mobility of print enabled international dissemination of new and radical ideas about art and the aesthetic, with rhythm the ‘connecting tissue’ between art forms. The chapter examines two periodicals, The New Age and Rhythm, where rhythm played a prominent role, tracing their emergence from the loose associations of friends and collaborators characteristic of cosmopolitan artistic culture in this era. The contributions of John Middleton Murry and Katherine Mansfield come to the fore here; also Bergson’s ubiquitous influence; and the important role of the artist J. D. Fergusson—shaping Rhythm’s exploration of the visual and plastic arts, and developing educational projects with the dancer Margaret Morris based on shared ideas about ‘life in movement’.
The Right Type of Girl
Authors: Stark Robert
Published: December 2023

Chapter 1 argues that Dowson’s preface to Verses, in which he infamously dedicates the volume to Adelaide Foltinowicz, is a canard, masking the provenance and true purport of the lyrics it contains. The greatest erotic poem of the era, ‘Non sum qualis eram bonae sub regno Cynarae’, best exemplifies this masking tendency: it is in fact addressed to the subject of an amorous ‘experiment’ Dowson undertook in 1889, encouraged by his reading of Murger, James, and Zola, and intended to furnish a serviceable knowledge of women to supply his fiction. This chapter tells the story of Dowson’s liaison with ‘Lena’, therefore, his first love, and first documentable muse, whom he wrote about extensively, as intended. ‘Lena’ admired Swinburne and Tennyson, and may have been a capable writer herself; when she levelled some discerning criticism at Dowson’s overtly sentimental love poetry, she provoked his symbolist turn.
Still Point of the Turning World
Authors: Stark Robert
Published: December 2023

Chapter 4 examines Dowson’s first-hand encounter with Carthusian monasticism in the months before his Catholic conversion. Visiting St Hugh’s Monastery in Sussex on Easter Monday 1891, Dowson was deeply moved by the monks’ commitment to solitude, silence, and simplicity, and he began to seek these qualities in his verse. ‘Carthusians’, one of Dowson’s longest published lyrics, offers a postcard-perfect account of Dowson’s pilgrimage to Cowfold. It demonstrates the workings of his vivid, widely responsive, and highly syncretic imagination, and may well have been inspired by the fresco now installed in the Fathers’ Chapterhouse: Antoine Sublet’s awesome Le Martyr de religieux sous Henri VIII, which awaited marouflage on-site at the time of his visit. As the startling envoi to the lyric suggests, Dowson’s encounter with Carthusian monasticism focused his distrust of Protestant modernity, and enabled him to hone his critique of cultural and literary Decadence.
The Reign of Reverie
Authors: Stark Robert
Published: December 2023

Chapter 6 traces the evolution of Dowson’s quasi-mystical erotology from Pater’s writing, and the declining course of his personal dedication to this credo. His long-suppressed correspondence on his relationship with Foltinowicz details the ‘reign of reverie’ that set in following his determination to propose marriage when she came of age; the circumstances are figured obliquely in Dowson’s poems and stories in 1893 and 1894 as the matter came to a head. Far from resolving matters, however, his proposal, when it finally arrived, precipitated by the death of Joseph Foltinowicz in 1893, only deepened Dowson’s sense of beleaguered devotion. Worse still, it began to alienate him from Foltinowicz’s affections. This gradual realization is chronicled in Dowson’s verse and prose, which reads the demise of the relationship as a personal and imaginative catastrophe, transforming the beloved into the callous agent of the poet’s destruction, the femme fatale of the ‘Dowson Legend’.
Unusual agreement targets in unexpected domains
Authors: Bond Oliver , Chumakina Marina , Kaye Steven
Published: December 2023

Agreement targets beyond the verb include practically every part of speech, yet the likelihood that members of any given category will agree are starkly asymmetrical. This typological overview of unusual agreement targets surveys the domains of agreement associated with adpositions, adverbs, converbs, nouns, pronouns, particles, complementizers, coordinators, and other conjunctions. The notion of external agreement is introduced to characterize agreement between a target heading a clause-level adjunct or argument, and a controller that is not an argument or a complement of the target. Evidence for treating instances of agreement on unusual targets as verbal or sentential concord is explored, and a range of syntactic constraints on non-verbal agreement targets are considered, including those imposed in biabsolutive constructions, backward control constructions, and constructions allowing long-distance agreement.
Agreeing adverbs in Enets
Authors: Chumakina Marina
Published: December 2023

In Enets (Uralic; Siberia) agreeing adverbs form a closed subclass, with members that can be traced back to frozen case forms of nouns. These adverbs, however, have lost all grammatical properties of nominals, and their etymology is not always transparent. All agreeing adverbs in Enets are controlled by the subject, but the morphology used for agreement is not verbal in origin. Rather, it developed from a paradigm of possessive affixes found on present-day nouns and some non-finite verbal forms. In the Enets variety known as Forest Enets, adverbs retain the possibility of agreement even if the verb does not. This behaviour differs from that seen in the related language Tundra Nenets, where agreement on agent-oriented adverbs resembles concord in the verbal domain. Such adverbs can only host agreement in the presence of agreement on the verb, and adverbial agreement is impossible in dependent clauses headed by converbs which do not show agreement themselves.
Agreeing postpositions and unexpected agreement in Coastal Marind
Authors: Bruno Olsson
Published: December 2023

Coastal Marind, an Anim language from Southern New Guinea, is particularly rich in interesting agreement phenomena, especially with regard to the exponence of agreement on unusual targets such as adpositions and locative adverbs. Gender agreement is obligatory on agreeing postpositions when they head an adnominally used postpositional phrase. In such cases gender agreement is controlled not by the complement of the postposition, but by the noun that is modified by the PP. While unusual typologically, this agreement is not surprising when seen from the perspective of Coastal Marind morphosyntax in general. Agreement on adjuncts headed by agreeing adpositions follows the pattern of several other expressions, all of which are clear instances of depictive secondary predicates.
Data Sovereignty and Trade Agreements
Authors: Gao Henry
Published: December 2023

For centuries, international lawyers have wrestled with the relationship between national sovereignty and international law. This is also the case of international trade law, where the tension between trade liberalization and national sovereignty culminated in the famous “Great 1994 Sovereignty Debate” between the late Professor John Jackson and some other leading scholars when the WTO came into being. In the digital age, the issue of sovereignty resurfaced once again in the form of data sovereignty. This chapter examines provisions in trade agreements that deal with data sovereignty issues, such as restrictions on data flow such as Internet filtering and censorship; and data localization requirements including the requirements to use certain technologies. In particular, the chapter focuses on the clash between the United States, China, and the EU, which chooses to champion the sovereignty of the firm, the state, and the individual respectively. With a critical examination of their relevant policies and positions, the chapter also suggests ways in which future trade agreements should tackle data sovereignty.
Personal Data Localization and Sovereignty along Asia’s New Silk Roads
Authors: Greenleaf Graham
Published: December 2023

This chapter focuses on countries at the heart of both the traditional and the modern “Silk Roads.” It considers only one type of ‘”data,” personal data, and thus its focus is on data privacy laws. Data privacy laws can affect “sovereignty” in a variety of ways, all of which I argue can be related to the concept of data localization. The new Silk Road, like its historical predecessor, starts in China and proceeds primarily to the west and the southwest through two closely related Chinese initiatives, the “Belt and Road” and the “Digital Silk Road.” This chapter therefore considers what impact data localization is having on the data privacy laws of the countries of Central Asia and South Asia in closest proximity to China, some of which also have very strong historical and cultural ties to the Russian Federation.
Lessons from Internet Shutdowns Jurisprudence for Data Localization
Authors: Park Kyung Sin
Published: December 2023

Internet shutdowns is a state action terminating the interactive communication among its subjects either entirely or partially. Robust jurisprudence already established on internet shutdowns can lend itself to the task of finding a stable norm for evaluating data localization schemes. Data localizations have been roundly criticized as barriers to trade. However, as shown in this chapter, the applicable WTO trade norms, namely free flow of information, do not produce a stable norm for justifying or evaluating data localizations. For one, WTO rules are subject to exceptions such as protection of public morals, life, health, and privacy under which cross-border acquisition or transfer of data can be readily restricted. It is important to produce an effective norm; otherwise it allows the race to the bottom: As shown in this chapter, claims of digital sovereignty by one country (e.g., United States) ends up rationalizing and thereby escalating other countries’ (e.g., China) localization efforts. It is important to find a coherent, unified international Internet governance norm under which data localization schemes and other data sovereignty claims can be properly evaluated. As much of data sovereignty or digital sovereignty implicates greater censorship, benign or baneful, human rights are viewed as a source of norm for evaluating data localization in this chapter. Then, the human rights jurisprudence on internet shutdowns can be an important source to extrapolate from to achieve such governance norm.
The Burden of Pandemic Life for Families With Young Children
Authors: Mortensen Jennifer A. , DeFlorio Lydia , Burnham Melissa M.
Published: December 2023

This chapter uses family systems theory to explain the burden of the pandemic on families with young children, particularly mothers. During COVID-19, mothers have been disproportionately overwhelmed with child care and schooling and have been forced to make difficult choices about their own careers. This has caused unprecedented instability within families, particularly for mothers of color. A family systems approach explores the processes by which parents and children operate and are interconnected within the family unit. Mothers and young children experience pandemic-related stressors within the family system and actively work as a unit to adapt and function within pandemic life. It is critical to understand these systems-level processes because pandemic-related chaos within the family unit has the potential for deleterious effects on mothers’ mental health and parenting capabilities. Moreover, and perhaps most importantly, future research on children’s outcomes postpandemic must be situated within family systems-level processes to best understand how to support young children’s development and education within this uncharted context.
The Central Topics of Nyāya
Authors: Dasti Matthew R.
Published: December 2023

This chapter identifies the Nyāya tradition of thought set against Buddhism and other classical Indian schools of philosophy. It frames the logic and critical reasoning that are central to Nyāya in the light of precursor traditions of thought in India while interpreting them as a comprehensive approach to knowledge. Unpacking Nyāya epistemology, the chapter analyzes it as a version of “reliabilism,” which is the notion that justification is a function of the efficacy of the process that produces cognition. The chapter also examines Nyāya arguments for a self in the light of the anti-self polemics championed by Buddhists.
What Does Directed Digital Dissidence Look Like?
Authors: Gainous Jason , Han Rongbin , MacDonald Andrew W. , Wagner Kevin M.
Published: December 2023

In chapter 3, we explore the empirical evidence of a consistent flow of critical information. Existing research and the results of our survey support the premise that many Chinese citizens distrust local government. We also have evidence that support for local-level protest is common. It is here we observe the consequences of the state using dissidence for strategic gain. To observe the effect of this directed digital dissidence, we present the results of a mediation model. This model shows that if the central government is allowing digital dissidence to flow when it is aimed at the local government, their strategy is working. Our results indicate that heightened internet use increases the odds of exposure to dissidence, which lowers trust in local government. Consequentially, it also stimulates support for local-level protest directed at local governments.
The Digital Dissident Citizen
Authors: Gainous Jason , Han Rongbin , MacDonald Andrew W. , Wagner Kevin M.
Published: December 2023

In this chapter, we build a profile of wall jumpers. Our data indicate that there are a multitude of reasons citizens jump the wall. One motivation is to seek out political information or consume foreign news media, but these are by no means the only reasons. Citizens may also jump the wall seeking domestically banned foreign entertainment content. American television is popular in China. Further, some in China circumvent the filters to access common foreign social media platforms, including Instagram and Twitter. Those seeking political information or foreign news media are, at least implicitly, seeking narratives unapproved by the regime about the central state. Users may just be interested in how foreign press covers certain events or be curious about stories in the Hong Kong / Taiwan presses. Once they have jumped the firewall, users are likely to seek out a wide variety of content beyond the scope of their initial motivation. Ultimately, wall jumping exposes users to narratives about the Chinese central government that the regime would prefer they not see.
Introduction
Authors: Markin Rayna D.
Published: December 2023

This introductory chapter defines key terms and discusses for whom this book is intended. The two overarching goals of this book are explained: (a) taking more general and abstract research findings on how the therapist–client relationship predicts the process and outcome of therapy and talking about them in more specific how, what, and why terms within a particular clinical context (i.e., psychotherapy for pregnancy loss), and (b) beginning to fill in the large gap in the literature on psychotherapy for pregnancy loss, particularly therapy approaches that consider the complex psychological sequelae that typically follow such losses. A blueprint is laid out for the rest of the book and for the organization of each chapter. Background on meta-analysis, evidence-based relationships, and the APA’s Third Interdivisional Task Force on Evidence-Based Relationships and Responsiveness is reviewed. The author discusses specific ways in which the task force’s recommendations can be implemented in psychotherapy for pregnancy loss.
Alliance Rupture and Repair Episodes in Psychotherapy for Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Markin Rayna D.
Published: December 2023

This chapter begins with a brief empirical review of how alliance rupture and repair episodes relate to the process and outcome of therapy, with an emphasis on understanding the rupture-repair process through an attachment framework. Evidence-based relationship principles derived from research on rupture and repair episodes in psychotherapy are then applied to the treatment of clients who have suffered a pregnancy loss. Unique dynamics specific to the experience of pregnancy loss are proposed to contribute to alliance ruptures, including (a) narcissistic injuries brought about or exacerbated by the loss of a pregnancy, (b) the tendency to invalidate or minimize pregnancy loss grief in Western societies, and (c) past attachment issues related to a lack of emotional containment, support, and understanding that have been resurrected by the experience of pregnancy loss. Resolution strategies for repairing these alliance ruptures are suggested and demonstrated in hypothetical therapist–client vignettes. Common challenges and clinical implications are offered.
Theory
Authors: Gohdes Anita R.
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines how cyber controls have changed the mechanisms of state access and control to information and presents an argument that links these technologies to the use of violent state repression. It studies how the infrastructure of online surveillance and censorship has transformed traditional forms of gathering and controlling information for the purpose of raising the costs of collective mobilization. Choosing either censorship or surveillance as a form of digital control limits the use of some forms of violence and enables the use of other forms. Overall, one expects online surveillance to support the use of targeted violence, whereas restrictions of access to the Internet are likely to occur in the context of mass repression.
Internet accessibility and targeted violence
Authors: Gohdes Anita R.
Published: December 2023

This chapter focuses on within-case variation in online controls, asking under what conditions online surveillance is likely to be particularly useful for repressive governments. The chapter presents findings using an integrated database on state violence in Syria between 2013 and 2015, as well as disaggregated measures of Internet accessibility. With the help of supervised machine-learning, I analyze over 60,000 records of killings and classify them to distinguish between targeted and indiscriminate repression. Capture-recapture models are then used to account for underreporting of violence. When and where the Syrian government provides Internet access and surveils its population, repression tends to be highly targeted. Where Internet is throttled or shut down, it tends to be more indiscriminate. This relationship is mediated by local conditions that determine whether the regime is able to rely on more traditional forms of intelligence, or whether digital surveillance is likely to increase their access to information.
Computing Basics
Authors: Stoltz Dustin S. , Taylor Marshall A.
Published: December 2023

Computing is about conventions more than numbers. Here, we present those conventions, explain computing concepts, define some jargon we’ll use, and highlight common errors. This chapter will also give those without programming experience a place to start. For those already familiar with R, we also lay out all the packages we’ll need to install.
Core Deductive
Authors: Stoltz Dustin S. , Taylor Marshall A.
Published: December 2023

In this chapter we’ll take a telescopic view, classifying documents and measuring meaning over our corpora. Deductive approaches begin with a targeted meaning: we begin with a concept in mind, for example “inequality,” and then use tools to find this concept. We explore both ways of structuring classification schemes and basic methods for applying those schemes to our corpus, namely dictionary-based methods.