bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Alkyl Halides with Allylic and Benzylic Grignard Reagents and Their Application to Tandem Radical Cyclization/Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Ohmiya Hirohisa , Tsuji Takashi , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro
Published: September 2004

Details of cobalt‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions of alkyl halides with allylic Grignard reagents are disclosed. A combination of cobalt(II) chloride and 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (DPPE) or 1,3‐bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (DPPP) is suitable as a precatalyst and allows secondary and tertiary alkyl halides—as well as primary ones—to be employed as coupling partners for allyl Grignard reagents. The reaction offers a facile synthesis of quaternary carbon centers, which has practically never been possible with palladium, nickel, and copper catalysts. Benzyl, methallyl, and crotyl Grignard reagents can all couple with alkyl halides. The benzylation definitely requires DPPE or DPPP as a ligand. The reaction mechanism should include the generation of an alkyl radical from the parent alkyl halide. The mechanism can be interpreted in terms of a tandem radical cyclization/cross‐coupling reaction. In addition, serendipitous tandem radical cyclization/cyclopropanation/carbonyl allylation of 5‐alkoxy‐6‐halo‐4‐oxa‐1‐hexene derivatives is also described. The intermediacy of a carbon‐centered radical results in the loss of the original stereochemistry of the parent alkyl halides, creating the potential for asymmetric cross‐coupling of racemic alkyl halides.
Highly Efficient and Mild Copper‐Catalyzed N‐ and C‐Arylations with Aryl Bromides and Iodides
Authors: Cristau Henri‐Jean , Cellier Pascal P. , Spindler Jean‐Francis , Taillefer Marc
Published: September 2004

Mild, efficient, copper‐catalyzed N‐arylation procedures for nitrogen heterocycles, amides, carbamates, and C‐arylation procedures for malonic acid derivatives have been developed that afford high yields of arylated products with excellent selectivity. The N‐arylation of imidazole with aryl bromides or iodides was found to be greatly accelerated by inexpensive, air‐stable catalyst systems, combining catalytic copper salts or oxides with a set of structurally simple chelating ligands. The reaction was shown to be compatible with a broad range of aryl halides, encompassing sterically hindered, electron‐poor, and electron‐rich ones, providing the arylated products under particularly mild conditions (50–82 °C). The lower limit in ligand and catalyst loading and the scope of Ullmann‐type condensations catalyzed by complexes bearing those ligands with respect to the nucleophile class have also been investigated. Chelating Schiff base Chxn‐Py‐Al (1 c) generates a remarkably general copper catalyst for N‐arylation of pyrrole, indole, 1,2,4‐triazole, amides, and carbamates; and C‐arylation of diethyl malonate, ethyl cyanoacetate, and malononitrile with aryl iodides under mild conditions (50–82 °C). The new method reported here is the most successful to date with regard to Ullmann‐type arylation of some of these nucleophiles.
Grundwasser lebt! Ein globales Ökosystem
Authors: Preuß Gudrun , Schminke Horst Kurt
Published: October 2004

Grundwasser ist ein Ökosystem globalen Ausmaßes mit sehr spezifischen Lebensbedingungen. Zu diesen gehören das Fehlen von Sonnenlicht, die Enge des Raumes im Lückensystem grundwasserführender Kiese und Sande, niedrige, aber gleichbleibende Temperaturen sowie ein spärliches Nahrungsangebot. Trotzdem begegnet man im Grundwasser artenreichen Biozönosen, die sich aus Mikroorganismen, Protozoen, Pilzen und Tieren zusammensetzen. Das Zusammenspiel dieser Organismen bestimmt maßgeblich die natürlichen Stoffflüsse und die chemische Beschaffenheit des Grundwassers. Das gelöste und zum Teil auch partikuläre organische Material, das nach der Bodenpassage nur noch in geringen Konzentrationen im Grundwasser ankommt, wird von heterotrophen Bakterien und Pilzen für den Aufbau mikrobieller Biomasse genutzt, die anderen Organismen als Nahrungsgrundlage dient.

Vergleichsweise geringe Biomasse, aber hohe Diversität der Biozönosen sind genauso typisch für das Leben im Grundwasser wie verlangsamte Stoffwechselleistungen und Reproduktionsraten, die ein wichtiger Grund für die Empfindlichkeit dieses Systems gegenüber Störungen von außen sind. Jede Organismengruppe trägt durch vielfältige Funktionen zum Bestand der unterirdischen Lebensgemeinschaften bei. Ein Nachhaltiger Grundwasserschutz erfordert daher vor allem den Schutz dieser Gemeinschaften.
Nobelpreise 2004 – Same procedure as every year?
Authors: Roth Klaus
Published: October 2004

Wie in jedem Jahr werden Anfang Oktober in Stockholm die neuen Nobelpreisträger bekanntgegeben. Wie in jedem Jahr wird die Auswahl nicht auf einhellige Zustimmung stoßen, wobei sich die verhaltene Kritik nicht gegen die Auserwählten, sondern gegen die Auswählenden richten wird, denn nach Meinung einiger Kritiker werden die Nobel‐Komitees – wie in jedem Jahr – preiswürdige Kandidaten übergangen haben. Nach Bekanntgabe der letztjährigen Nobelpreisträger erreichte der angeschlagene Ton aber eine bisher unvorstellbare Schärfe: “Eine Stockholmer Piratenbande betrügt Menschen seit einem Jahrhundert mit ihren Verbrechen” zeterte ein schlechter Verlierer. Ein Blick zurück.
Motion and size estimation of a free moving metallic particle in GIS based on propagation properties of acoustic waves
Authors: Onomoto Michio , Kunitake Yoshitaka , Ohtsuka Shinya , Kozako Masahiro , Yuasa Sadayuki , Okabe Shigemitsu , Hikita Masayuki
Published: October 2004

We have investigated the propagation properties of Lamb waves and motion characteristic of free moving metallic particle in a gas‐insulated switchgear (GIS) tank to diagnose the insulation performance of GIS. We have proposed a new identification technique for defect location in GIS based on the time–frequency analysis of the Lamb waves using the Wavelet Transform. In this paper, we measured the acoustic signals excited by a metallic particle colliding with the tank sheath. Furthermore, we measured the moving particles under a high electric field in GIS using a high‐speed video camera. As a result, we examined the relationship between maximum lifting height and the flight time during subsequent impacts of a moving particle. Moreover, we estimated particle size based on the propagation properties of Lamb waves. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(1): 26–33, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20023
Green tax reforms in Spain
Authors: Labandeira Xavier , Labeaga José M. , Rodríguez Miguel
Published: September 2004

In recent years, the so‐called green tax reforms have become a relevant instrument in the environmental policies of the developed world. These reforms are based on the theory of the double dividend of environmental taxation, which essentially argues in favour of the introduction of such taxes in a revenue‐neutral fashion to reduce other distortionary levies. Given the theoretical ambiguity that exists as to the sign and magnitude of the effects of such reforms, this paper proposes a new methodology which enables us to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the environmental, efficiency and distributional consequences. In order to do so, we have integrated a microeconometric model of household energy demand and an applied general equilibrium model. The simulation of a hypothetical reform in Spain shows that a tax on CO2emissions, with a simultaneous reduction in social security contributions, provides a net and double improvement (both environmental and fiscal benefits). Furthermore, the distributional effects are virtually insignificant and relatively specific. This paper is especially useful to guide future Spanish climate control policies, as current emissions are far beyond the commitments agreed to by the Spanish government. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Path‐dependent climate policy: the history and future of emissions trading in Europe
Authors: Woerdman Edwin
Published: September 2004

At the end of the 1990s, the EU was still sceptical towards emissions trading, but in 2003 it adopted a directive that enables such trading in the EU from 2005 onwards. Instead of presenting ad hoc explanations, we develop and apply the path dependence approach to clarify this remarkable attitude change. Sunk costs, switching costs and learning explain why politicians were initially tempted to add credit trading to existing, sub‐optimal policy. Permit trading, however, is more efficient and effective. An institutional lock‐in was bound to occur, but attitudes changed as a result of internal pressures, such as the pioneering role of the European Commission, and external ‘shocks’, such as the withdrawal of the US from the Kyoto Protocol. A full‐scale institutional break‐out towards efficiency is not guaranteed, though, because elements of credit trading can still enter the permit trading directive. The risk is that these elements become locked in, from which it may be difficult to escape. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
An implicit three‐dimensional fully non‐hydrostatic model for free‐surface flows
Authors: Yuan Hengliang , Wu Chin H.
Published: September 2004

An implicit method is developed for solving the complete three‐dimensional (3D) Navier–Stokes equations. The algorithm is based upon a staggered finite difference Crank‐Nicholson scheme on a Cartesian grid. A new top‐layer pressure treatment and a partial cell bottom treatment are introduced so that the 3D model is fully non‐hydrostatic and is free of any hydrostatic assumption. A domain decomposition method is used to segregate the resulting 3D matrix system into a series of two‐dimensional vertical plane problems, for each of which a block tri‐diagonal system can be directly solved for the unknown horizontal velocity. Numerical tests including linear standing waves, nonlinear sloshing motions, and progressive wave interactions with uneven bottoms are performed. It is found that the model is capable to simulate accurately a range of free‐surface flow problems using a very small number of vertical layers (e.g. two–four layers). The developed model is second‐order accuracy in time and space and is unconditionally stable; and it can be effectively used to model 3D surface wave motions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shoulder function after accessory nerve–sparing neck dissections
Authors: Erisen Levent , Basel Bekir , Irdesel Jale , Zarifoglu Mehmet , Coskun Hakan , Basut Oguz , Tezel Ilker , Hizalan Ibrahim , Onart Selcuk
Published: September 2004

Background.

This study was designed to observe the effect of preserving the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) during neck dissection (ND) and adjuvant radiotherapy (ART) after ND on shoulder function.

Methods.

Fifty‐seven patients with head and neck cancer who had undergone primary tumor resection and various types of NDs were enrolled in this prospective study. Postoperative shoulder joint range of motion was evaluated by goniometry, and muscle strength was measured manually. SAN function was evaluated with electromyography (EMG) with respect to percentage of denervation and presence of neurogenic involvement. Patients were grouped by treatment as follows: radical ND (RND) versus modified radical ND (MRND)/selective ND (SND) and ART versus no ART.

Results.

Shoulder joint range of motion and shoulder muscle strength were significantly better in the MRND/SND group than in the RND group. However, EMG findings were similar in the RND and MRND/SND groups. When all patients who underwent ND, RND, or MRND/SND were compared with the control group, statistically significant changes in shoulder joint range of motion and shoulder muscle strength were found. Also, denervation and neurogenic involvement of the SAN were significantly higher after all NDs than in the control group. ART did not affect range of motion of the shoulder joint, shoulder muscle strength, or the degree of denervation and neurogenic involvement in any of the ND groups.

Conclusions.

ART does not have a negative effect on shoulder function after ND. SAN is always functionally impaired even if we preserve it macroscopically during ND. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 967–971, 2004
Surgical treatment of paragangliomas of the carotid bifurcation: Results of 36 patients
Authors: Köhler Hugo Fontan , Carvalho André Lopes , Mattos Granja Nara V. , Nishinari Kenji , Kowalski Luiz Paulo
Published: September 2004

Background.

Paragangliomas of the carotid bifurcation are rare and usually benign neoplasms arising from the carotid body chemoreceptors. The aim of this retrospective study was to report long‐term results of carotid bifurcation paragangliomas treated in a single institution over a period of 20 years. The following variables are described: age, sex, localization, diagnostic workup, operative procedure, complications, proportion and characteristics of malignant tumors, and cure rates.

Methods.

Thirty‐six patients,10 men and 26 women, were treated. Twenty‐three patients had tumors on the right side, 10 patients had tumors on the left side, and three patients had bilateral tumors. All patients were symptomatic. The most common complaint was a neck mass that had been present for 1 to 144 months. All patients had diagnostic procedures done before treatment. The most widely used was ultrasonography (26 patients). Angiography was performed in 14 patients.

Results.

All patients underwent complete tumor resection. In three cases, resection of the internal carotid was necessary. In all patients who underwent internal carotid resection, immediate reconstruction was performed. No patients had postoperative strokes. Five patients had postoperative nerve palsies. During the follow‐up period of 4 months to 12 years, no patients had local recurrence develop. Four patients had distant metastasis.

Conclusion.

The complete removal of paragangliomas of the carotid bifurcation is effective with acceptable morbidity. All recurrences of the malignant tumors were distant metastasis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 1058–1063, 2004
Reinnervated anterolateral thigh flap for tongue reconstruction
Authors: Yu Peirong
Published: September 2004

Background.

Total or near‐total glossectomy defects are commonly reconstructed with rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps for coverage. Sensory reinnervation has rarely been performed.

Methods.

Thirteen consecutive total or near‐total glossectomy reconstructions were performed in a 12‐month period with anterolateral thigh flaps with (n = 8) or without (n = 5) sensory reinnervation to the lingual nerve. Two‐point discrimination, Semmes‐Weinstein monofilament testing, pain, and temperature testing were performed before and after 12 months of surgery. Speech and swallow functions were assessed with an established grading system.

Results.

Innervated flaps had superior sensory recovery to noninnervated flaps in all testing modalities. Postoperative radiotherapy may delay sensory recovery. Swallow function was better in the innervated group. Return of sensation also improves overall patient satisfaction.

Conclusions.

The reinnervated anterolateral thigh flap is a viable option to reconstruct total or near‐total glossectomy defects with good speech and swallow functions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 1038–1044, 2004
Metastasis to the submandibular gland in head and neck carcinomas
Authors: Spiegel Jeffrey H. , Brys Agata K. , Bhakti Amol , Singer Mark I.
Published: September 2004

Background.

The purpose of this retrospective chart review was to determine whether and how the submandibular gland is involved in metastases of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Methods.

We reviewed the records of all patients for whom pathology specimens were available after neck dissection for primary head and neck cancers at two institutions.

Results.

One hundred sixty‐nine patients were included in the study, 27 underwent bilateral neck dissections, and 196 submandibular glands were resected and sent for pathology. One hundred forty‐four glands had normal histologic findings. Normal or benign histologic changes were present in 187 glands. Three submandibular glands showed invasion from a locally involved lymph node, and six had direct extension from a primary lesion. The primary lesions were all ipsilateral to the involved gland and originated from cancers of the floor of the mouth, alveolar ridge, and tongue. No submandibular glands showed pathologic evidence of metastases.

Conclusions.

Because the submandibular gland has no intraparenchymal lymph nodes, its involvement in upper aerodigestive tract carcinomas must be through extension from a locally involved lymph node or the primary tumor. Previous work has demonstrated that the submandibular gland can undergo transplantation out of the neck with subsequent reimplantation, as a possible means of protection from the effects of radiation. We demonstrated the submandibular gland to be involved only in cases of ipsilateral oral cavity tumors or metastasis to ipsilateral level I lymph nodes. We conclude that it is oncologically sound to consider transplantation and replantation of the contralateral submandibular gland for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma when level I lymph nodes are unlikely to be involved. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 1064–1068, 2004
Quality of life in elderly patients with head and neck cancer one year after diagnosis
Authors: Derks Wynia , de Leeuw Rob J. , Hordijk Gerrit Jan , Winnubst Jacques A.
Published: September 2004

Background.

Little is known about quality of life (QOL) in elderly patients.

Methods.

Seventy‐eight older (≥70 years) and 105 younger patients (45–60 years) with carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx (stage ≥II), or larynx (stage ≥III) completed the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Core Quality of Life Questionnaire and EORTC Head and Neck Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire before treatment. Fifty‐one older and 70 younger patients completed all follow‐up questionnaires at 3, 6, and 12 months.

Results.

Before and after treatment, the physical functioning of the older patients was worse than that of younger patients. This difference remained relatively constant during follow‐up and is probably related to normal aging. At baseline and 3 months, no other differences were found between both groups. At 6 months, younger patients reported more pain, but at 12 months no relevant differences were found.

Conclusions.

Treatment did not affect QOL differently in older and younger patients. Therefore, standard treatment should always be considered, irrespective of the patient's age. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 1045–1052, 2004
Skin permeation, biodistribution, and expression of topically applied plasmid DNA
Authors: Kang Min‐Jeong , Kim Chong‐Kook , Kim Mi Young , Hwang Tae Sun , Kang Sang Yoon , Kim Won‐Ki , Ko Jung Jae , Oh Yu‐Kyoung
Published: September 2004

Background

Topical application is emerging as a new route of gene delivery. However, the extent of skin permeation and the in vivo fate of topically applied plasmid DNA are not fully understood.

Methods

In vitro permeation of plasmid DNA across human skin and keratinocyte layers was tested using Franz diffusion cells. In vivo absorption and biodistribution of topically applied plasmid in mice were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expression levels of plasmid DNA in various tissues were measured by semiquantitative reverse transcription PCR.

Results

In vitro, topically applied DNA was capable of penetrating human skin and keratinocyte layers. Following topical application of plasmid DNA onto murine skin, the levels of plasmid DNA in the serum peaked at 4 hr. At 24 hr post‐dose, topically applied DNA existed at higher levels than intravenously administered DNA in almost all tissues, and induced 11.4‐ and 22‐fold higher mRNA expression in muscle and skin, respectively. Moreover, the topical route showed sustained expression of plasmid DNA in the regional lymph nodes over 5 days, whereas the intravenous route did not.

Conclusions

Taken together, our results show that topically applied plasmid DNA is capable of permeating the skin and being expressed for prolonged periods in various tissues including lymph nodes. This suggests that skin may provide an appealing, noninvasive route of delivery for DNA vaccines and other therapeutic genes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and fragmentation of hydrolyzed aluminum species by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Sarpola Arja , Hietapelto Vesa , Jalonen Jorma , Jokela Jukka , Laitinen Risto S. , Rämö Jaakko
Published: October 2004

Earlier characterization of some hydrolysis products of AlCl3·6H2O was confirmed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with increasing collision energy of projectile ions. At lower collision energies, the aqua ligands were stripped off. At higher energies, two hydroxo groups formed a bridging oxo group with loss of one water molecule. Aluminum complexes could also capture aqua ligands in the collision chamber so long as the parent ion did not fragment, and the fragment ion spectra broadened toward higher m/z values. The chloro ligands were eliminated as hydrochloric acid. The aluminum cores remained highly intact. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ColoRaman project: Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy of oil, tempera and fresco paint pigments
Authors: Burrafato G. , Calabrese M. , Cosentino A. , Gueli A. M. , Troja S. O. , Zuccarello A.
Published: September 2004

An on‐line database was compiled for the Raman and fluorescence spectra, obtained using three different excitation wavelengths (531.5, 632.8 and 780 nm), of 99 pigments analysed dry and already applied with four painting techniques (egg tempera, casein tempera, oil and fresco). The database makes it possible to determine easily the most suitable excitation wavelength for the identification of pigments already applied with these painting techniques. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building the bridge as you walk on it
Authors: Quinn Robert E.
Published: October 2004

Excellent leadership means doing things that are not normal.
Online monitoring of crevice corrosion with electrochemical noise
Authors: Schmitt G. , Moeller K. , Plagemann P.
Published: September 2004

The time‐related cumulated noise charges extracted from the noise signals between two “identical” crevice electrodes yield a direct quantitative easy‐to‐interpret information on time‐related corrosion intensities in the crevice. A new software‐assisted method of noise data evaluation allows a “counting of coulombs” exchanged between the system electrodes, the results of which directly correlate with the metal dissolution intensity in the crevice. The versatility of this “CoulCount” method is demonstrated in a failure analysis on the cause of crevice corrosion at spigots of automotive cooling water pumps.
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(trimethylene oxide)‐block‐Polystyrene and Poly(trimethylene oxide)‐block‐Polystyrene‐block‐Poly(methyl methacrylate) by Combination of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) and Cationic Ring‐Opening Polymerization (CROP)
Authors: Luan Bin , Yuan Qin , Pan Cai‐Yuan
Published: September 2004

Summary: Diblock copolymers, poly(trimethylene oxide)‐block‐poly(styrene)s abbreviated as poly(TMO)‐block‐poly(St), and triblock copolymers, poly(TMO)‐block‐poly(St)‐block‐poly(MMA)s (MMA = methyl methacrylate), with controlled molecular weight and narrow polydispersity have been successively synthesized by a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and cationic ring‐opening polymerization using the bifunctional initiator, 2‐hydroxylethyl α‐bromoisobutyrate, without intermediate function transformation. The gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and NMR analyses confirmed the structures of di‐ and triblock copolymers obtained.

GPC curves of (a) poly(St); (b) diblock copolymer, poly(St)‐block‐poly(MMA) before precipitation; (c) poly(St)‐block‐poly(MMA) after precipitation in cyclohexane/ethanol (2:1); (d) triblock copolymer, poly(TMO)‐block‐poly(St)‐block‐poly(MMA).

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GPC curves of (a) poly(St); (b) diblock copolymer, poly(St)‐block‐poly(MMA) before precipitation; (c) poly(St)‐block‐poly(MMA) after precipitation in cyclohexane/ethanol (2:1); (d) triblock copolymer, poly(TMO)‐block‐poly(St)‐block‐poly(MMA).
Effect of Biodegradable Epoxidized Castor Oil on Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resins
Authors: Park Soo‐Jin , Jin Fan‐Long , Lee Jae‐Rock
Published: September 2004

Summary: Biobased epoxy materials were prepared from diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and epoxidized castor oil (ECO) initiated by a latent thermal catalyst. The physicochemical and mechanical interfacial properties of the DGEBA/ECO blends were investigated. As a result, the thermal stability of the cured epoxy blends showed a maximum value in the presence of 10 wt.‐% ECO content, which was attributed to the excellent network structure in the DGEBA/ECO blends. The storage modulus and glass transition temperature of the blends were lower than those of neat epoxy resins. The mechanical interfacial properties of the cured specimens were significantly increased with increasing the ECO content. This could be interpreted in terms of the addition of larger soft segments of ECO into the epoxy resins and thus reducing the crosslinking density of the epoxy network, which results in increasing toughness in the blends.

KIC values of the DGEBA/ECO blends as a function of ECO content.

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KIC values of the DGEBA/ECO blends as a function of ECO content.
Ultratopologies
Authors: Sági Gábor , Gerlits János
Published: October 2004

The notion of ultratopologies was introduced in [6] motivated by the model theory of first and higher order logics. In [6] we established some model theoretical applications of ultratopologies, for example, we provided a purely set theoretical (or topological) characterization for classes de.nable by second order existential formulas. The present note deals with topological properties of ultratopologies, like density and compactness. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Unsupported Boolean algebras and forcing
Authors: Kurilić Miloš S.
Published: October 2004

If κ is an infinite cardinal, a complete Boolean algebra B is called κ‐supported if for each sequence 〈bβ : β < κ〉 of elements of B the equality $ \wedge$α<κ $ \vee$β>α bβ = $ \vee$ $ \wedge$β∈A bβ holds. Combinatorial and forcing equivalents of this property are given and compared with the other forcing related properties of Boolean algebras (distributivity, caliber, etc.). The set of regular cardinals κ for which B is not κ‐supported is investigated. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reversal of the transformed phenotype and inhibition of peptidylglycine α‐monooxygenase in Ras‐transformed cells by 4‐phenyl‐3‐butenoic acid
Authors: Sunman Jeffrey A. , Foster Michael S. , Folse Stacey L. , May Sheldon W. , Matesic Diane F.
Published: October 2004

Recent studies have shown that the proliferation of some tumor cells is dependent on autocrine growth loops that require amidated autocrine growth factors. Peptidylglycine α‐monooxygenase (PAM) is required for amidation of these growth factors and, therefore, this enzyme is an attractive target for anti‐tumor compounds. 4‐Phenyl‐3‐butenoic acid (PBA) is an irreversible turnover‐dependent inhibitor of PAM in vitro and has been shown to decrease lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the synthesis of amidated growth factors. We show here that PBA (0.1 mg/mL) inhibits the growth of Ras‐transformed epithelial cells (WB‐Ras) but has little effect on the proliferation of normal epithelial cells (WB‐Neo). The methyl ester derivative of PBA (PBA‐Me) at 10‐fold lower concentration also exhibits a selective inhibition of Ras‐transformed cell growth compared to normal epithelial cell growth. In addition, PBA produces a significant upregulation of gap junctional communication between WB‐Ras cells following 2–5 day treatments, with a corresponding increase in the degree of connexin 43 phosphorylation and an increase in the number of connexin 43‐containing plasma membrane gap junction plaques. Western blot analyses indicate no effect of PBA on the proportion of p21 Ras in the membrane versus cytosolic fractions or on p44/42 MAP kinase phosphorylation. Furthermore, the cell morphology of PBA‐treated WB‐Ras cells is altered, so as to more closely resemble that of non‐transformed WB‐Neo cells. PAM activity was assayed in both WB‐Ras and WB‐Neo cells, and we demonstrate that PBA at long treatment times (4 days) inhibits PAM activity in both cell types at concentrations that produce selective growth inhibition of WB‐Ras cells. Shorter PBA treatment times (24 h), however, inhibit PAM activity in WB‐Ras but not WB‐Neo cells, an effect that was mimicked by PBA‐Me. Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate that PBA returns Ras‐transformed cells to a more normal phenotype, a finding consistent with the known increased dominance of the Ras signaling pathway in transformed epithelial cells. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Food allergy to apple and specific immunotherapy with birch pollen
Authors: Skamstrup Hansen Kirsten , Søndergaard Khinchi Marianne , Stahl Skov Per , Bindslev‐Jensen Carsten , Poulsen Lars K. , Malling Hans‐Jørgen
Published: October 2004

Conflicting results concerning the effect of specific pollen immunotherapy (SIT) on allergy to plant foods have been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of SIT using a birch pollen extract on food allergy with focus on allergy to apple. Seventy‐four birch pollen‐allergic patients were included in a double‐blind, double‐dummy, and placebo‐controlled comparison of sublingual‐swallow (SLIT) and subcutaneous (SCIT) administration of a birch pollen extract. Sixty‐nine percent of these patients reported allergy to apple. The clinical reactivity to apple was evaluated by open oral challenges with fresh apple and a questionnaire. The immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐reactivity was assessed by skin prick test (SPT), specific IgE, and leukocyte histamine release (HR). Forty patients were included in the final evaluation of the effect of SIT. The challenges were positive in 9 (SCIT), 6 (SLIT), and 8 (placebo) patients after treatment compared to 10, 4, and 10 patients, respectively, before SIT. The symptom scores to apple during challenges decreased in all groups, but only significantly in the placebo group (p = 0.03). As evaluated by the questionnaire, the severity of food allergy in general did not change and there were no differences between the groups. In spite of a significant effect on seasonal hay fever symptoms and use of medication and decrease in IgE‐reactivity, SIT was not accompanied by a significant decrease in the severity of allergy to apple compared to placebo. Therefore, oral allergy syndrome (OAS) to apple should not be considered as a main criterion for selecting patients for birch pollen immunotherapy at present.
Clinical role of lipid transfer proteins in food allergy
Authors: Pastorello Elide A. , Robino Anna M.
Published: September 2004

Lipid transfer proteins are widespread plant food allergens, highly resistant to food processing and to the gastrointestinal environment, which have recently been described as true food allergens in the Mediterranean area, where they have been associated with severe allergic reactions to foods in patients without pollen allergy. In this review we analyze their molecular structure, biological function, and clinical relevance in food allergy.
Changes in detrusor smooth muscle myosin heavy chain mRNA expression following spinal cord injury in the mouse
Authors: Wilson Tracey S. , Aziz Khaled Abdel , Vazques Dolores , Wuermser Lisa‐Ann , Lin Victor K. , Lemack Gary E.
Published: October 2004

Aims

Smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC) isoform composition has been shown to be developmentally regulated and to be associated with functional changes in smooth muscle activity. In this study, we sought to determine expression patterns of SMMHC isoforms in a murine model of spinal cord injury (SCI) and to compare these expression patterns to neurologic, cytometric, and morphometric findings.

Materials and Methods

Baseline cystometry was performed on adult, female mice followed by either thoracic spinal cord transection (SCI) or sham operation (Sham). At 1, 3, or 6 weeks postoperatively neurologic evaluation and cystometry were performed, bladders were harvested, and expression patterns of SMMHC isoforms (SM1 vs. SM2 and SMA vs. SMB) were assessed by RT‐PCR. Morphometrics utilizing computer‐assisted color image analysis was also performed on all bladders.

Results

There was a significant increase in bladder weight and capacity 1 week following SCI which normalized over time, however, morphometric analysis did not reveal an alteration in tissue composition amongst the three groups. One week following SCI, SM1 was predominantly expressed over SM2 and began to normalize at 3 weeks. This coincided with the emergence of reflex voiding and detrusor overactivity. SMA was expressed following SCI only, and the number of bladders found to express SMA decreased with increasing duration since SCI.

Conclusions

Smooth muscle myosin heavy chain mRNA expression patterns appear to be affected by SCI. We believe the induction of SMA may be a factor in altered bladder function following injury. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Split algorithms for symmetric Toeplitz matrices with arbitrary rank profile
Authors: Heinig G. , Rost K.
Published: October 2004

Split Levinson and Schur algorithms for the inversion of symmetric Toeplitz matrices are presented that work, in contrast to previous algorithms, without additional conditions like strong non‐singularity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Displacement structure of group inverses
Authors: Wei Yimin , Ng Michael K.
Published: October 2004

A matrix A is said to possess an UV‐displacement structure if rank(AU – VA) is small compared with the rank of A. Estimates for the rank AgV – UAg are presented, where Ag is the group inverse of A. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐risk surgically resected pediatric melanoma and adjuvant interferon therapy
Authors: Chao Mwe Mwe , Schwartz Jennifer L. , Wechsler Daniel S. , Thornburg Courtney D. , Griffith Kent A. , Williams James A.
Published: October 2004

Background

Pediatric patients with high‐risk surgically resected melanoma are at risk for relapse, yet little is known about these young patients and how they tolerate high‐dose interferon therapy.

Procedure

We reviewed medical records of patients (≤18 years) with high‐risk melanoma referred to the University of Michigan Pediatric Hematology‐Oncology service between January 1989 and July 2003.

Results

Fourteen patients were identified with high‐risk resected melanoma. The median age at diagnosis was 8.5 years. The median time to establish diagnosis was 9 months. Primary lesions were diagnosed as unequivocal melanoma, atypical epithelioid melanocytic proliferations, or atypical Spitz tumor with indeterminate malignant potential. Twelve patients had a positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy or a palpable regional lymph node and underwent regional lymph node dissection (LND). Two patients with unequivocal melanoma with Breslow depth >4 mm had negative SLN biopsies. Twelve patients received adjuvant high‐dose interferon. The following toxicities were observed: constitutional symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, depression or neuropsychiatric symptoms, myelosuppression, elevated AST or ALT, hypothyroidism, and hypertension. Grade 3 or 4 toxicities were uncommon with exception of neutropenia, resulting in modification of therapy in one patient. All patients are alive and free of disease at follow‐up (median 24.5 months).

Conclusions

Invasive melanoma can occur in very young children. Despite early signs of malignancy, there is often a delay in diagnosis. Histologically, diagnosis may be difficult because of overlap with Spitz nevi. Pediatric patients tolerated adjuvant high‐dose interferon well and may be less likely than adults to require therapy modification secondary to toxicities. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NMR investigation of steric effects in alkyl‐ and haloadamantanes
Authors: Seidl Peter Rudolf , Yoneda Julliane Diniz , Leal Kátia Zaccur
Published: September 2004

The use of substituent effects on 1H and 13C chemical shifts to probe steric interactions was applied to other monosubstituted adamantanes. Existing literature data on series of halogen and alkyl substituents confirm that NMR chemical shifts are strongly affected by steric effects. The magnitude of these effects can be associated with data that reflect the ‘size’ of a substituent and the direction in which it extends. For alkyl groups, conformational effects must be taken into consideration in this type of analysis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multicyclic polyethers derived from 1,1,1‐tris(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethane and 2,6‐dihalopyridines
Authors: Kricheldorf Hans R. , Vakhtangishvili Lali , Schwarz Gert
Published: October 2004

Poly(pyridine ether)s were prepared in two ways: the polycondensation of silylated 1,1,1‐tris(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethane (THPE) with 2,6‐difluoropyridine (method A) and the polycondensation of free THPE with 2,6‐dichloropyridine (method B). With method A, the THPE/difluoropyridine feed ratio was varied from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:1.6. Cycles, bicycles, and multicycles were the main reaction products, and crosslinking was never observed. When ideal stoichiometry was used exclusively, multicycles free of functional groups were obtained. These multicycles were detectable in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectra up to B38C76 with a mass of approximately 32,000 Da. With method B, the reaction conditions were varied at a fixed feed ratio to achieve an optimum for the preparation of multicyclic polyethers, but because of the lower reactivity of 2,6‐dichloropyridine, a quantitative conversion was not achieved. The reaction products were characterized with MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry, viscosity measurements, and size exclusion chromatography. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5725–5735, 2004
Morphology and dielectric properties of an epoxy network modified by end‐functionalized liquid polybutadiene
Authors: Soares B. G. , Leyva M. E. , Moreira V. X. , Barcia F. L. , Khastgir D. , Simão R. A.
Published: September 2004

Epoxy resin networks modified with different functionalized liquid polybutadiene were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and dielectric thermal analysis techniques. Different morphologies were observed for these different systems, which were attributed to different interaction degrees between the components. Hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and carboxyl‐ terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) resulted in epoxy networks with two‐phase morphology that differed in rubber particle size. The use of isocyanate‐terminated polybutadiene (NCOTPB) resulted in transparent thermoset material, whose rubber domains were in the nanoscale dimension, only detected by the AFM technique. The different morphological aspects in these epoxy systems also affected the dielectric properties. The epoxy–HTPB network exhibited two low temperature relaxation peaks corresponding to two different phases present in the system, whereas the epoxy–CTPB or epoxy–NCOTPB systems, whose rubber particles are well adhered to the epoxy matrix by chemical bonds, displayed only one single low temperature relaxation peak. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4053–4062, 2004
Proteomic analysis of mouse liver for the evaluation of effects of Scutellariae radix by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ong Eng Shi , Len Shea Mei , Lee Audrey Chee Huay , Chui Paul , Chooi Kum Fai
Published: October 2004

Scutellariae radix or Scutellaria baicalensis is a medicinal plant that contains major flavonoids such as baicalein, baicalin, wogonin and wogonosides. The present work describes the development of an approach using proteomic analysis of mouse liver to study the effects of prolonged exposure to substances present in chemically standardized Scutellariae radix extracts. Histopathological examination of the mouse liver was compared with the proteome data. The botanical extracts were prepared using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). A method without isotope labeling was developed, using proteolytic digestion with one‐ and two‐dimensional liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, and was used to characterize the extent of differential protein expression in mouse liver in response to external factors such as extracts from Scutellariae radix. From the histopathological examination and proteome data, significant changes in the mouse livers were not observed for the low‐dose group. The Scutellariae radix extracts at high dose were observed to cause damage at the bile duct and expression change of a number of proteins including some involved in catabolism of triglyceride‐rich particles, carbohydrate metabolism, regulators of cell signaling processes, and enzymes involved in biotransformation. Thus, proteomic analysis of liver samples from mice treated with botanical extracts is a promising approach to provide information on any potential toxicity effects of the extracts. The present method also provides another means for comparing proteomes in biological samples such as liver lysates from mice subjected to different treatments. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of the human fetal pons: in utero ultrasonographic study
Authors: Achiron R. , Kivilevitch Z. , Lipitz S. , Gamzu R. , Almog B. , Zalel Y.
Published: October 2004

Objectives

To examine the ultrasonographic feasibility of imaging the fetal pons and to construct a reference chart for its normal development during gestation.

Methods

A cross‐sectional, prospective study on 293 healthy fetuses of low‐risk pregnancies between 19 and 34 weeks was performed. The transfontanel approach, via the abdominal or vaginal routes, was used to evaluate the fetal metencephalon (pons and cerebellum). The anteroposterior diameter of the fetal pons was measured in a mid‐sagittal plane. The longitudinal diameter of the cerebellar vermis was measured at the same plane and the vermis–pons ratio (VPR) was established.

Results

One hundred and forty‐four fetuses were in vertex position. In 140 (97.2%) satisfactory visualization and measurements of the pons and cerebellar vermis were obtained. One hundred and forty‐nine fetuses were breech presentations and measurements were successfully performed in 147 (98.6%). The pons anteroposterior and vermis longitudinal diameters showed a linear correlation with gestational age (GA) (r = 0.95 for both measurements; P < 0.001). The mean VPR was 1.5 (±0.1 SD) and did not change in the gestational interval that was considered.

Conclusion

By using the transfontanel approach, evaluation of the fetal pons is feasible via the mid‐sagittal plane. The nomograms developed and the ratio to fetal vermis provides reference data that may be helpful when evaluating anomalies of the brainstem. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasmafunktionalisierung von Textilien und Fasern. Plasma Functionalization of Textiles and Fibers
Authors: Nachname Dirk , Fischer Armin
Published: October 2004

Die zukünftige Marktposition der Europäischen Textilindustrie hängt in starkem Masse von Innovationen ab, die Textilien und Fasern besondere Eigenschaften verleihen, um sich von den niedrigpreisigen Produkten aus dem asiatischen Raum abzusetzen. Zur Funktionalisierung von Fasern und Textilien ist insbesondere die Plasmatechnik als trockenes, ressourcenschonendes, vielseitiges Verfahren von Interesse, das in der Vergangenheit überwiegend aus Kostengründen erst wenige Einsatzmöglichkeiten auf dem Textilsektor gefunden hat. Gerade High‐Tech‐Materialien (z. B. in der Medizinaltechnik) oder Nischenprodukte sind neben klassischen Ausrüstungen wie Färben oder Schmutzabweisung aber auch wirtschaftlich interessant. Mögliche Anwendungen, die auf Plasmaverfahren basieren, sowie geeignete Anlagentechniken werden im Folgenden dargestellt.
Behaviour of mackerel schools during summer feeding migration in the Norwegian Sea, as observed from fishing vessel sonars
Authors: Godø Olav Rune , Hjellvik Vidar , Iversen Svein A. , Slotte Aril , Tenningen Eirik , Torkelsen Terje
Published: September 2004

In July 2002, two commercial vessels were used to study the distribution of Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.) during their feeding migration in the eastern part of the Norwegian Sea between 62°N and 70°N. Pelagic trawling and school tracking with SIMRAD 24–36 kHz sonar demonstrated that the stock was distributed throughout the study area. Information about time, geographic position, size, depth, speed, and direction was stored for each school during tracking. This study reports analyses of data from 63 schools that were tracked for 30 s or longer. All schools were recorded at depths of less than 100 m, and the majority (65%) were found between the surface and 40 m. The direction of migration (north 0° ± 22.5°, northeast 45° ± 22.5°, etc.) was non-random, with east and west as dominant swimming directions. School size and migration speed varied from 1 to 7000 tonnes and 0 to 6 m s−1, respectively. Methodological improvements are discussed.
Paleomagnetic correlation of late Holocene earthquakes among estuaries in Washington and Oregon
Authors: Hagstrum Jonathan T. , Atwater Brian F. , Sherrod Brian L.
Published: October 2004

Paleomagnetic directions of estuarine mud provide additional evidence that individual earthquakes, or rapid series of earthquakes, caused widespread coseismic land‐level changes during the past 2000 years in western Washington and Oregon. Most of the paleomagnetic measurements were made on mud dating from the first decades after coseismic subsidence from plate‐boundary earthquakes at the Cascadia subduction zone. Mud deposited soon after the A.D. 1700 Cascadia earthquake has similar remanent directions among all five sites (k= 171) sampled along 80 km of Pacific coast between Grays Harbor and the mouth of the Columbia River. Likewise, internally consistent directions were obtained along this stretch of coast from mud deposited soon after a plate‐boundary earthquake (or earthquake series) in A.D. 340–410 and soon after another such event in A.D. 680–720. Also analyzed were remanent magnetizations of mud deposited shortly before (or shortly after) land‐level changes from seismicity in the North America plate beneath Puget Sound. A mean direction for sites on the Snohomish River delta, near Everett, from the time of an earthquake on the Seattle fault in A.D. 900–930 is statistically identical (95% confidence level) to a mean direction in mud that was uplifted in A.D. 800–1000 at potentially correlative sites near Tacoma and Olympia. The paleomagnetic direction from Everett for the upper‐plate earthquake of A.D. 900–930 differs substantially from that for a plate‐boundary earthquake in A.D. 810–1190. This difference implies that the upper‐plate earthquake preceded the plate‐boundary earthquake by a century or two on the basis of comparisons of their paleomagnetic poles with a previously reconstructed path of geomagnetic paleosecular variation in western North America.