bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community interest in predictive genetic testing for susceptibility to major depressive disorder in a large national sample
Authors: Wilde A. , Meiser B. , Mitchell P. B. , Hadzi-Pavlovic D. , Schofield P. R.
Published: December 2010

Background

Despite international concern about unregulated predictive genetic testing, there are surprisingly few data on both the determinants of community interest in such testing and its psychosocial impact.

Method

A large population-based public survey with community-dwelling adults (n=1046) ascertained through random digit dialling. Attitudes were assessed by structured interviews.

Results

The study found strong interest in predictive genetic testing for a reported susceptibility to depression. Once the benefits and disadvantages of such testing had been considered, there was significantly greater interest in seeking such a test through a doctor (63%) compared to direct-to-consumer (DTC; 40%) (p<0.001). Personal history of mental illness [odds ratio (OR) 2.58,p<0.001], self-estimation of being at higher than average risk for depression (OR 1.92,p<0.001), belief that a genetic component would increase rather than decrease stigma (OR 1.62,p<0.001), and endorsement of benefits of genetic testing (OR 3.47,p<0.001) significantly predicted interest in having such a test.

Conclusions

Despite finding attitudes that genetic links to mental illness would increase rather than decrease stigma, we found strong community acceptance of depression risk genotyping, even though a predisposition to depression may only manifest upon exposure to stressful life events. Our results suggest that there will be a strong demand for predictive genetic testing.
The Sport, Development and Peace Sector: A Model of Four Social Policy Domains
Authors: GIULIANOTTI RICHARD
Published: December 2010

This paper examines the ‘sport, development and peace’ (SDP) sector which has grown substantially at a global level over the past decade. The SDP sector is located conceptually within the broader ‘global civil society’, a highly contested policy field that features diverse political actors and ideologies. The main discussion sets out four ideal-types within the SDP policy domain that tend to be associated with specific institutions: first, neo-liberal social policies, as embodied by private or commercial interests, such as transnational corporations and forms of ‘corporate social responsibility’; second, ‘developmental interventionist’ policies associated with non-governmental and community-based organisations; third, ‘strategic developmentalist’ policies associated with national and international governmental organisations, and sport federations; and, fourth, social justice policies associated with new social movements and critical NGOs. Each of these domains is examined in detail. Three main types of interrelationship across the domains are then identified. The paper concludes by arguing for a more sophisticated understanding of sport's policy capabilities, stronger cross-domain partnerships and a renewal of the SDP sector through a fresh focus on social justice issues.
Summation of a random multiplicative function on numbers having few prime factors
Authors: HOUGH BOB
Published: December 2010

Given a ±1 random completely multiplicative function f, we prove by estimating moments that the limiting distribution of the normalized sum

converges to the standard Gaussian distribution as x → ∞ when r restricts summation to n having o(log log log x) prime factors. We also give an upper bound for the large deviations of

with the sum restricted to numbers having a fixed number k of prime factors.
Assessment of varicella vaccine effectiveness in Germany: a time-series approach
Authors: HÖHLE M. , SIEDLER A. , BADER H.-M. , LUDWIG M. , HEININGER U. , VON KRIES R.
Published: December 2010

A multivariate time-series regression model was developed in order to describe the 2005–2008 age-specific time-course of varicella sentinel surveillance data following the introduction of a varicella childhood vaccination programme in Germany. This ecological approach allows the assessment of vaccine effectiveness under field conditions by relating vaccine coverage in cohorts of 24-month-old children to the mean number of cases per reporting unit in the sentinel network. For the 1–2 years age group, which is directly affected by the vaccination programme, a one-dose vaccine effectiveness of 83·2% (95% CI 80·2–85·7) was estimated which corresponds to previous approaches assessing varicella vaccine effectiveness in the field in the USA.
The Contribution of Canon Law to Anglican-Roman Catholic Ecumenism
Authors: Sagovsky Nicholas
Published: December 2010

Amongst the subjects discussed by the theologians of ARCIC, canon law has been conspicuously absent. The ecclesiology of koinonia, which is central to the work of ARCIC, has been of the greatest importance in ‘re-imagining’ the Church and so promoting ecumenism. It has faced received canon law with new questions: to what extent can canon law facilitate those structures and practices which undergird the ecumenical initiatives promoted by koinonia ecclesiology? Already, canon law provides for shared institutions and chaplaincies to institutions. Test areas for future ecumenical convergence include the reception of a member of one tradition by the other, ethics and suitability for ministry. The proposed Anglican covenant presents a challenge to the canon law of member churches within the Anglican Communion and may present a model for future ecumenical convergence. The work of canon lawyers in developing this and other new models for ecumenism is indispensable to a deeper and more extensive koinonia amongst the churches.
Religion, Human Rights, Equality and the Public Sphere
Authors: McCrudden Christopher
Published: December 2010

This article distinguishes three different conceptions of the relationship between religion and the public sphere. The reconciliation of these different aspects of freedom of religion can be seen to give rise to considerable difficulties in practice, and the legal and political systems of several Western European countries are struggling to cope. Four recurring issues that arise in this context are identified and considered: what is a ‘religion’ and what are ‘religious’ beliefs and practices for the purposes of the protection of ‘freedom of religion’, together with the closely related issue of who decides these questions; what justification there is for a provision guaranteeing freedom of religion at all; which manifestations of religious association are so unacceptable as to take the association outside the protection of freedom of religion altogether; and what weight should be given to freedom of religion when this freedom stands opposed to other values. It is argued that the scope and meaning of human rights in this context is anything but settled and that this gives an opportunity to those who support a role for religion in public life to intervene.
Mediation: An Untapped Resource for the Church of England?
Authors: Hill Mark
Published: December 2010

Churches, in common with other unincorporated associations, thrive on a healthy dynamic amongst their members whose energies and gifts, properly harnessed, can serve to promote mission and witness, to build up the community of faith and to evangelise with vigour and integrity. Not infrequently, however, in both aspiration and application, the conduct of believers (individually and corporately) can fall short of that paradigm and the result can be destructive and debilitating. This paper identifies and explores areas within the current structures of the Church of England where express provision already exists for a formal process of mediation or other Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), suggesting that greater use of mediation in the future would be beneficial to the Church of England functionally, spiritually and (not least) financially.1
Mediation in the Church of England: Theology and Practice
Authors: Fielding Stephen
Published: December 2010

This paper1 addresses the practical aspects of mediation. Experienced mediators will know what mediations look like and feel like and need no reminding how effective mediation has become as a means of resolving disputes. My own practice as a mediator – which tends to focus on inheritance and probate disputes, where the emotional element is often highly toxic – has some parallels with the mediation of Church disputes where an understanding of and sensitivity to theology is crucial.
General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
Authors: Cranmer Frank
Published: December 2010

The 2010 General Assembly was perhaps most notable for two events: on Sunday 23 May a special session was held to mark the 450th anniversary of the Scottish Reformation and on 26 May, for the first time in its history, it was addressed by a Muslim, Dr Mona Siddiqui, Professor of Islamic Studies in the University of Glasgow. Otherwise, the Assembly devoted much of its time to detailed issues of church law, governance and the more general needs of Scotland's wider society.2
General Synod of the Scottish Episcopal Church
Authors: Guild Ivor
Published: December 2010

A resolution recognising the need to address the Covenant carefully and prayerfully was passed after considerable discussion on the final draft of the Covenant; it was remitted to the Faith and Order Board to be given careful consideration. Questions were raised as to whether the Covenant was a reasonable and necessary instrument to strengthen the cohesion of a diverse Communion and whether it was helpful to attempt to define a single view and substitute a central authority for Anglican co-responsibility. The difficulties being faced by the Anglican Communion were being faced by every Church across the world. It was now for the Faith and Order Board to advise on what process or processes might be appropriate to be followed by the Synod to enable due consideration of the final version of the Covenant by the Scottish Episcopal Church. Questions were also asked as to whether a loose arrangement might be better suited to taking the strain and it was suggested that the Scottish Church should not be afraid of breaking with the Anglican Communion. The Primus pointed out that the process as a whole would take a considerable amount of time and it was not a process on which the Church should feel rushed.
Governing Body of the Church in Wales
Authors: Morris Philip
Published: December 2010

2010 marked the 90th anniversary of disestablishment; and the Archbishop noted in his April Presidential Address to the Governing Body that though disestablishment had been forced on the Church and its result had been to deplete assets, congregations had twice raised sufficient money to secure the Church's territorial ministry. Though the Church now had fewer attenders, clergy and ordinands than hitherto, it had survived greater challenges in the past. In his September address, as well as looking outwards and comparing the relationship between Gaza and Israel with apartheid in South Africa, he warned that the ‘Big Society’ might merely make life harder for the most vulnerable and reminded the Government that everyone needed good quality education, health and other public services.
Gene transfer to the mammalian reproductive tract
Authors: Esponda Pedro
Published: December 2010

This review summarizes the results of research on gene transfer to the mammalian genital tract. Gene transfer experiments have been developed during the last 2 decades and have been applied usingin vitro,ex vivoandin vivoprocedures. (i)In vitromethods have been applied to the uterine epithelial cells with the principal purpose of analysing some pathological change occurring in the uterus. In the male tract, epididymal cell lines have been used to evaluate the expression of particular genes and the function of specific proteins. (ii)Ex vivomethods have been applied to both the uterus and the vas deferens in humans, and good transgene expression has been recorded. (iii)In vivogene transfer in the female tract has been employed in the uterus and oviduct using gene injections or electroporation methods. The glandular epithelium of both organs can be transfected efficiently, and transfection efficiency depends on the hormonal stage of the animal. The best expression occurred during pseudopregnancy and meta-estrus periods, when high progesterone and low estradiol concentrations occur. In the male tract,in vivomethods have been applied to mouse vas deferens and epididymis. In both organs, patches of epithelial regions appeared to express the transgenes. Furthermore, the secretions of both organs were also modified using gene constructions that led to the expression of some secretory proteins. In summary, gene modifications in the epithelium of the mammalian reproductive tract have been successful employing different technologies. Further improvements in transfection efficiency would help provide new insights into the physiology of these reproductive organs. Furthermore, the use of these methods could also be used to modify the fertility of mammals.
Therapist Effects in Guided Internet-Delivered CBT for Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Almlöv Jonas , Carlbring Per , Källqvist Karin , Paxling Björn , Cuijpers Pim , Andersson Gerhard
Published: December 2010

Background: Guided internet-delivered CBT for anxiety disorders has received increasing empirical support, but little is known regarding the role of the therapist. Aims: This study addressed therapist factors in guided internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders. Method: Data from three controlled trials with a total N of 119 were analyzed with attention to differences between eight therapists. Results: No significant mean level differences between therapists appeared in the dataset. However, one significant intraclass correlation between participants was found, suggesting that the outcome on the Beck Anxiety Inventory might have been influenced by the impact of the individual therapists. Conclusion: The therapist can possibly have some influence on the outcome of guided internet-delivered CBT for anxiety disorders, but studies with more statistical power are needed to establish whether therapist effects are present in this modality of psychological treatment. The present study was underpowered to detect minor therapist effects.
Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Trainee Clinical Psychologists
Authors: Rimes Katharine A. , Wingrove Janet
Published: December 2010

Background: It is recommended that Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) instructors should undertake MBCT themselves before teaching others. Aim: To investigate the impact of MBCT (modified for stress not depression) on trainee clinical psychologists. Method: Twenty trainees completed questionnaires pre- and post-MBCT. Results: There was a significant decrease in rumination, and increases in self-compassion and mindfulness. More frequent home practice was associated with larger decreases in stress, anxiety and rumination, and larger increases in empathic concern. Only first-year trainees showed a significant decrease in stress. Content analysis of written responses indicated that the most commonly reported effects were increased acceptance of thoughts/feelings (70%), increased understanding of what it is like to be a client (60%), greater awareness of thoughts/feelings/behaviours/bodily sensations (55%) and increased understanding of oneself and one's patterns of responding (55%). Participants reported increased metacognitive awareness and decentring in relation to negative thoughts. Eighty-five percent reported an impact on their clinical work by the end of the course. Conclusions: Trainee psychologists undergoing MBCT experienced many of the psychological processes/effects that they may eventually be helping to cultivate in clients using mindfulness interventions, and also benefits in their general clinical work.
Quantitative Determination of van Gogh's Painting Grounds Using SEM/EDX
Authors: Haswell Ralph , Carlyle Leslie , Mensch Kees T.J.
Published: December 2010

We have investigated the potential of utilizing analytical electron microscopy to quantitatively examine the grounds used by van Gogh and, in particular, the absolute amount of extender employed. To determine the accuracy that can be achieved, a series of oil paint reconstructions were used as standards. The proportion of extender was measured using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and a relative error of 10% or better was achieved. The same method was then used to determine the ground composition of real samples from van Gogh paintings. The results obtained in this work are part of a more quantitative method of comparing and classifying paint cross sections, which will supplement the more traditional qualitative approach. The information obtained from this study is being used to add to our knowledge of the methods and materials used by van Gogh, which is helping in the reconstruction of van Gogh's oeuvre and attribution.
The treatment of magical ideation in two individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder
Authors: Einstein Danielle A. , Menzies Ross G. , St Clare Tamsen , Drobny Juliette , Helgadottir Fjola Dogg
Published: December 2010

Data collected from clinical populations indicate that magical ideation (MI) may play a causal or a mediating role in the expression of obsessive compulsive symptoms. If this is the case then when targeted in treatment, symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) should be altered. Two individuals diagnosed with OCD received a trial treatment targeting magical thinking. The intervention consisted of a series of procedures designed to undermine superstitious/MI without targeting obsessions or compulsions. The procedures involved critical analysis of the following material: (1) a free astrology offer; (2) a horoscope prediction exercise; (3) a description of four different cultural explanations of the origin of fire; (4) an instructive guide for Tarot card readers; (5) a report of a UFO sighting; (6) a video-clip describing a cult festival; (7) a description of a ‘hoax’ channeler and (8) a superstition exercise. Measures of obsessive compulsive symptoms, superstition, MI and thought–action fusion were administered pre-treatment, post-treatment and at 3 months’ follow-up. According to the twofold criterion of Jacobson et al. (Behaviour Therapy 1984, 15, 336–352), following treatment the patients were identified as being recovered on measures of magical and superstitious thinking and on the Padua Inventory.
Comparable Modulation of the Late Positive Potential by Emotion Regulation in Younger and Older Adults
Authors: Langeslag Sandra J. E. , Van Strien Jan W.
Published: December 2010

It has been suggested that emotion regulation improves with aging. Here, we investigated age differences in emotion regulation by studying modulation of the late positive potential (LPP) by emotion regulation instructions. The electroencephalogram of younger (18–26 years) and older (60–77 years) adults was recorded while they viewed neutral, unpleasant, and pleasant pictures and while they were instructed to increase or decrease the feelings that the emotional pictures elicited. The LPP was enhanced when participants were instructed to increase their emotions. No age differences were observed in this emotion regulation effect, suggesting that emotion regulation abilities are unaffected by aging. This contradicts studies that measured emotion regulation by self-report, yet accords with studies that measured emotion regulation by means of facial expressions or psychophysiological responses. More research is needed to resolve the apparent discrepancy between subjective self-report and objective psychophysiological measures.
Orienting and Focusing in Voluntary and Involuntary Visuospatial Attention Conditions
Authors: Wang Yan , Wu Jianhui , Fu Shimin , Luo Yuejia
Published: December 2010

In the present study, we used event-related potentials (ERPs) and behavioral measurements in a peripherally cued line-orientation discrimination task to investigate the underlying mechanisms of orienting and focusing in voluntary and involuntary attention conditions. Informative peripheral cue (75% valid) with long stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was used in the voluntary attention condition; uninformative peripheral cue (50% valid) with short SOA was used in the involuntary attention condition. Both orienting and focusing were affected by attention type. Results for attention orienting in the voluntary attention condition confirmed the “sensory gain control theory,” as attention enhanced the amplitude of the early ERP components, P1 and N1, without latency changes. In the involuntary attention condition, compared with invalid trials, targets in the valid trials elicited larger and later contralateral P1 components, and smaller and later contralateral N1 components. Furthermore, but only in the voluntary attention condition, targets in the valid trials elicited larger N2 and P3 components than in the invalid trials. Attention focusing in the involuntary attention condition resulted in larger P1 components elicited by targets in small-cue trials compared to large-cue trials, whereas in the voluntary attention condition, larger P1 components were elicited by targets in large-cue trials than in small-cue trials. There was no interaction between orienting and focusing. These results suggest that orienting and focusing of visual-spatial attention are deployed independently regardless of attention type. In addition, the present results provide evidence of dissociation between voluntary and involuntary attention during the same task.
Relationship of Resting Baroreflex Activity to 24-Hour Blood Pressure and Mood in Healthy People
Authors: Davydov Dmitry M. , Shapiro David , Goldstein Iris B.
Published: December 2010

Objectives: Previous research suggests that mechanisms related to afferent and efferent components of the baroreflex are associated with blood pressure level and mood, and that mood as a component of subjective well-being may be mediated by changes in blood pressure. This study examines these mechanisms in 213 healthy women and men. Methods: Evaluation of spontaneous baroreflex activity using the sequence technique under resting conditions in the laboratory was followed by 2 days of 24-h ambulatory blood pressure recording and diary ratings of mood. Results: Patterns of components of the baroreflex loop were significant predictors of 24-h ambulatory blood pressure mean level, its circadian variability, and daily ratings of mood. Three mechanisms were found to be involved in the regulation: (1) interaction between gains of afferent and efferent cardiac components of the baroreflex, (2) gain of afferent signals related to fast cardiac responses to baroreceptor activation, and (3) gain of afferent signals related to late cardiac responses to baroreceptor inhibition. The interaction of afferent/efferent components of baroreflex loop appears to independently determine mean levels of systolic blood pressure and positive (happy) mood. The effect of the baroreceptor activation mechanism on subjective well-being (indexed by happy and alert moods) was mediated by the wake/sleep systolic blood pressure difference. Additionally, the baroreceptor inhibitory mechanism effect on subjective well-being (indexed by stressed and sleepy moods) was mediated by the wake/sleep diastolic blood pressure difference. Conclusions: Evaluation of the baroreflex components and their interaction provides important information about blood pressure and mood beyond that provided by baroreflex sensitivity and potential for the evaluation of risk for hypertension and mood disturbance in healthy people.
Some statistical properties of flow bursts in the magnetotail
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Sook , Lee Dae‐Young , Ohtani Shin‐Ichi , Lee En‐Sang , Ahn Byung‐Ho
Published: December 2010

We investigated the properties of physical parameters during earthward flow burst (FB) events in the near‐Earth magnetic tail. For the investigation, we used the measurements made by two of the Cluster satellites, C1 and C4, from 2001 to 2003 and selected FB events based on a set of strict criteria. First, while we confirmed the well‐known fact that the FBs are characterized by generally having a lower density than that of their surrounding medium, we newly found that the maximum flow speed of FBs is statistically proportional to the density depletion amount relative to the surrounding medium density. Namely, more density‐depleted FBs relative to the surrounding medium density move faster toward the Earth. We statistically determined the flux tube entropy parameter pV5/3, where p is the ion pressure and V is the flux tube volume of unit magnetic flux, and found that nearly all of the FB events indicate a decrease as compared to the background values. These results clearly support the bubble model of the flow burst events examined here. Also we found that the FBs can be of high or low temperature or ion pressure: while the majority of the FB events show an increased temperature and a decreased ion pressure as compared to those of background, ∼30% of the events indicate an opposite behavior. This does not contradict the bubble idea as long as they are associated with a reduced pV5/3. In addition, we found a few other interesting features which can all be interpreted within the bubble model. First, the temperature is found to be overall nearly isotropic during some FB events and only weakly anisotropic during some other FB events. However, we newly found that when it is anisotropic, T⊥ is higher than T∥ for ∼63% of the FB events and T⊥/T∥ increases during FBs as compared to that of the preceding quiet time interval. One implication of this result is that the Betatron acceleration takes place more effectively over the Fermi acceleration during the course of the earthward transportation of bubble flux tubes. Also, we newly found that for ∼23% of the FB events, even the small amount of the anisotropy exceed the classic mirror instability limit mainly due to a high plasma beta condition while the firehose instability limit is rarely violated. Last, the total pressure (plasma pressure plus magnetic pressure) decreases for ∼74% of the FB events and does not for the others. A more interesting feature is that while the total pressure change is small for most of the FBs, some events reveal a nonnegligible unbalance with the surrounding medium. This implies the existence of the total pressure gradient force acting on the bubble flux tubes of such events, which likely decelerates the earthward motion of the flux tube, in addition to the accelerating magnetic tension force.
Examining the interaction between multi‐year landfast sea ice and the Mertz Glacier Tongue, East Antarctica: Another factor in ice sheet stability?
Authors: Massom Robert A. , Giles A. Barry , Fricker Helen A. , Warner Roland C. , Legrésy Benoit , Hyland Glenn , Young Neal , Fraser Alexander D.
Published: December 2010

The Mertz Glacier tongue (MGT), East Antarctica, has a large area of multi‐year fast sea ice (MYFI) attached to its eastern edge. We use various satellite data sets to study the extent, age, and thickness of the MYFI and how it interacts with the MGT. We estimate its age to be at least 25 years and its thickness to be 10–55 m; this is an order of magnitude thicker than the average regional sea‐ice thickness and too thick to be formed through sea‐ice growth alone. We speculate that the most plausible process for its growth after initial formation is marine (frazil) ice accretion. The satellite data provide two types of evidence for strong mechanical coupling between the two types of ice: The MYFI moves with the MGT, and persistent rifts that originate in the MGT continue to propagate for large distances into the MYFI. The area of MYFI decreased by 50% following the departure of two large tabular icebergs that acted as pinning points and protective barriers. Future MYFI extent will be affected by subsequent icebergs from the Ninnis Glacier and the imminent calving of the MGT. Fast ice is vulnerable to changing atmospheric and oceanic conditions, and its disappearance may have an influence on ice tongue/ice shelf stability. Understanding the influence of thick MYFI on floating ice tongues/ice shelves may be significant to understanding the processes that control their evolution and how these respond to climate change, and thus to predicting the future of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Separating real and apparent effects of cloud, humidity, and dynamics on aerosol optical thickness near cloud edges
Authors: Jeong Myeong‐Jae , Li Zhanqing
Published: December 2010

Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) is one of aerosol parameters that can be measured on a routine basis with reasonable accuracy from Sun‐photometric observations at the surface. However, AOT‐derived near clouds is fraught with various real effects and artifacts, posing a big challenge for studying aerosol and cloud interactions. Recently, several studies have reported correlations between AOT and cloud cover, pointing to potential cloud contamination and the aerosol humidification effect; however, not many quantitative assessments have been made. In this study, various potential causes of apparent correlations are investigated in order to separate the real effects from the artifacts, using well‐maintained observations from the Aerosol Robotic Network, Total Sky Imager, airborne nephelometer, etc., over the Southern Great Plains site operated by the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program. It was found that aerosol humidification effects can explain about one fourth of the correlation between the cloud cover and AOT. New particle genesis, cloud‐processed particles, atmospheric dynamics, and aerosol indirect effects are likely to be contributing to as much as the remaining three fourth of the relationship between cloud cover and AOT.
Sedimentation and sustainability of western American reservoirs
Authors: Graf William L. , Wohl Ellen , Sinha Tushar , Sabo John L.
Published: December 2010

Reservoirs are sustainable only as long as they offer sufficient water storage space to achieve their design objectives. Life expectancy related to sedimentation is a measure of reservoir sustainability. We used data from the Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, and U.S. Geological Survey (Reservoir Sedimentation Survey Information System II (RESIS II)) to explore the sustainability of American reservoirs. Sustainability varied by region, with the longest life expectancies in New England and the Tennessee Valley and the shortest in the interior west. In the Missouri and Colorado River basins, sedimentation and rates of loss of reservoir storage capacity were highly variable in time and space. In the Missouri River Basin, the larger reservoirs had the longest life expectancies, with some exceeding 1000 years, while smaller reservoirs in the basin had the shortest life expectancies. In the Colorado River Basin at the site of Glen Canyon Dam, sediment inflow varied with time, declining by half beginning in 1942 because of hydroclimate and upstream geomorphic changes. Because of these changes, the estimated life expectancy of Lake Powell increased from 300 to 700 years. Future surprise changes in sedimentation delivery and reservoir filling area are expected. Even though large western reservoirs were built within a limited period, their demise will not be synchronous because of varying sedimentation rates. Popular literature has incorrectly emphasized the possibility of rapid, synchronous loss of reservoir storage capacity and underestimated the sustainability of the water control infrastructure.
Synoptic weather patterns associated with intense ENSO rainfall in the southwest United States
Authors: Feldl N. , Roe G. H.
Published: December 2010

La Niña winters exhibit significant local enhancement of heavy rainfall in the southwest United States, relative to El Niño. This contrasts with average daily rainfall intensity, which is instead increased during El Niño winters. The present study explores the relationship between heavy rainfall and associated atmospheric circulation patterns. Using composite analysis, we find that heavy rainfall events in the southwest arise from the presence of a persistent offshore trough and simultaneous emplacement of a strong source of subtropical water vapor. Greater intensity of these storms during La Niña is consistent with a deeper offshore trough leading to strengthened moisture fluxes. Composite circulation patterns survive amongst a large degree of synoptic variability, highlighting the importance of understanding this variability when making regional climate predictions.
Deformation band formation and strength evolution in unlithified sand: The role of grain breakage
Authors: Kaproth Bryan M. , Cashman Susan M. , Marone Chris
Published: December 2010

We report on laboratory experiments designed to investigate the strength evolution and formation mechanisms of cataclastic deformation bands hosted in unlithified sand, with particular focus on the role of grain breakage. Cataclastic deformation bands are characterized by particle size reduction and increased resistance to weathering compared to parent material. We recovered bands intact from late Quaternary, nearshore marine sand in the footwall of the active McKinleyville thrust fault, Humboldt County, California. Tabular samples 3–5 mm thick and 5 cm × 5 cm in area were sheared at normal stresses representative of in situ conditions, 0.5–1.8 MPa, sliding velocities from 10 μm/s to 10 mm/s, and to shear strain up to 20. Cataclastic deformation bands are stronger than parent material (coefficient of internal friction μi = 0.623 and μi = 0.525, respectively) and exhibit a peak strength followed by weakening. Parent material exhibits significant strain hardening; the frictional yield strength increases up to 9% for a shear strain of 10. Detailed particle size analyses show that strain hardening in parent material is coincident with increased fine particle abundance, resulting from pervasive grain breakage. Our results support the hypothesis that cataclastic deformation bands are stronger than the surrounding parent material due to shear‐driven grain breakage during their formation. We suggest that the combination of strain localization during band formation and strain hardening on individual bands results in dense networks of deformation bands.
Analysis of thermally induced flows in the laboratory by geoelectrical 3‐D tomography
Authors: Bock Melanie , Regenauer‐Lieb Klaus , Lotze Martin , Wilke Thorsten , Rücker Carsten
Published: December 2010

Many natural bodies as well as materials inside industrial installations, such as the Earth's mantle and the glass inside melting furnaces, exchange matter through convection. These processes result from differences in temperature, density, and chemical concentration. In this analysis, we focus on the visualization of thermally driven flows in the laboratory. In nature and in industrial installations, it is difficult to measure the temperature inside the object of interest directly. We benchmark a new DC‐geoelectrical 3‐D tomography method for temperature measurements that allows obtaining temperature values without influencing the flow pattern. For verification of the method, we use dissolved polymer polyethylene glycol heated in a tank as a laboratory analogue. The temperature inside the viscous material is measured indirectly by DC electrodes placed on the sides of the tank. The principle for conversion of the 3‐D inverted geoelectrical data into temperatures is based on the adjusted Arrhenius temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity. In this way, the 3‐D temperature distribution is calculated from the distribution of electrical conductivity in the tank. To verify the validity of the method, the calculated temperatures are compared with the temperatures recorded by the 29 thermometers on the sidewalls of the tank. The minor deviations obtained demonstrate the suitability of this method.
Slip distribution of the 2007 Bengkulu earthquake inferred from tsunami waveforms and InSAR data
Authors: Gusman A. R. , Tanioka Y. , Kobayashi T. , Latief H. , Pandoe W.
Published: December 2010

Joint inversion study using tsunami waveforms and InSAR data provides a new way to understand the magnitude and spatial extent of subduction zone earthquakes. A great earthquake (Mw 8.5) occurred on 12 September 2007 off the west coast of Bengkulu, Indonesia. The tsunami generated by the event was recorded by tide gauge stations around the Indian Ocean and by two bottom‐pressure sensors in the deep sea. The ground surface displacements produced by the earthquake on Pagai Islands and on Sumatra Island were observed by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). We estimated the slip distribution of the earthquake by joint inversion incorporating a spatial smoothness constraint, using tsunami waveforms and InSAR data. The total released seismic moment calculated from the slip distribution is 6.7 × 1021 N m (Mw 8.5), consistent with the seismic moment of the Global CMT solution, 6.71 × 1021 N m. The maximum observed tsunami heights along the coast of Bengkulu agree with those computed from the slip distribution. The slip amount of the 2007 earthquake is smaller than the amount of potential slip that has been accumulated since after the 1797 and 1833 events. The premise is that, averaged over long periods of time, the entire fault must slip equal amounts. Therefore the 2007 great earthquake could be followed by several great earthquakes that will rupture the plate interface until the potential slip that has been accumulated is completely released.
Subevents of long‐period seismicity: Implications for hydrothermal dynamics during the 2004–2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens
Authors: Matoza Robin S. , Chouet Bernard A.
Published: December 2010

One of the most striking aspects of seismicity during the 2004–2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens (MSH) was the precise regularity in occurrence of repetitive long‐period (LP) or “drumbeat” events over sustained time periods. However, this precise regularity was not always observed, and at times the temporal occurrence of LP events became more random. In addition, accompanying the dominant LP class of events during the 2004–2008 MSH eruption, there was a near‐continuous, randomly occurring series of smaller seismic events. These subevents are not always simply small‐amplitude versions of the dominant LP class of events but appear instead to result from a separate random process only loosely coupled to the main LP source mechanism. We present an analysis of the interevent time and amplitude distributions of the subevents, using waveform cross correlation to separate LP events from the subevents. We also discuss seismic tremor that accompanied the 8 March 2005 phreatic explosion event at MSH. This tremor consists of a rapid succession of LPs and subevents triggered during the explosion, in addition to broadband noise from the sustained degassing. Immediately afterward, seismicity returned to the pre‐explosion occurrence pattern. This triggering in relation to the rapid ejection of steam from the system, and subsequent return to pre‐explosion seismicity, suggests that both seismic event types originated in a region of the subsurface hydrothermal system that was (1) in contact with the reservoir feeding the 8 March 2005 phreatic explosion but (2) not destroyed or drained by the explosion event. Finally, we discuss possible thermodynamic conditions in a pressurized hydrothermal crack that could give rise to seismicity. Pressure drop estimates for typical LP events are not generally large enough to perturb pure water in a shallow hydrothermal crack into an unstable state. However, dissolved volatiles such as CO2 may lead to a more unstable system, increasing the seismogenic potential of a hydrothermal crack subject to rapid heat flux. The interaction of hydrothermal and magmatic systems beneath MSH in 2004–2008 thus appears able to explain a wide range of observed phenomena, including subevents, LP events, larger (Md > 2) events, and phreatic explosions.
Sea level at Saint Paul Island, southern Indian Ocean, from 1874 to the present
Authors: Testut L. , Miguez B. Martin , Wöppelmann G. , Tiphaneau P. , Pouvreau N. , Karpytchev M.
Published: December 2010

A data archeology exercise was carried out on sea level observations recorded during the transit of Venus across the Sun observed in 1874 from Saint Paul Island (38°41′S, 77°31 E) in the southern Indian Ocean. Historical (1874) and recent (1994–2009) sea level observations were assembled into a consistent time series. A thorough check of the data and its precise geodetic connection to the same datum was only possible thanks to the recent installation of new technologies (GPS buoy and radar water level sensor) and leveling campaigns. The estimated rate of relative sea level change, spanning the last 135 years at Saint Paul Island, was not significantly different from zero (−0.1 ± 0.3 mm yr−1), a value which could be reconciled with estimates of global average sea level rise for the 20th century assuming the DORIS vertical velocity estimate at Amsterdam Island (100 km distant) could be applied to correct for the land motion at the tide gauge. Considering the scarcity of long‐term sea level data in the Southern Hemisphere, the exercise provides an invaluable additional observational constraint for further investigations of the spatial variability of sea level change, once vertical land rates can be determined.
Impact of nearshore wind stress curl on coastal circulation and primary productivity in the Peru upwelling system
Authors: Albert A. , Echevin V. , Lévy M. , Aumont O.
Published: December 2010

Coastal upwelling dynamics are strongly affected by alongshore wind stress and nearshore wind stress curl. A coupled physical‐biogeochemical regional model and lagrangian diagnostics are used in the Peru current system to determine how the upwelling of nutrients and the primary productivity are impacted by the spatial structure of the nearshore wind stress. Three wind stress products derived from the ERS and QuikSCAT scatterometers and a smoothed QuikSCAT field, mainly differing in nearshore wind stress curl patterns, were used. Simulations are found to produce significantly different mean surface chlorophyll distributions and show that strong upwelling‐favorable nearshore wind stress curl may locally induce a wide coastal productive zone through upwelling of nutrient‐replete waters brought by a shoaling coastal undercurrent. Using wind stress products with realistic nearshore patterns is therefore crucial for the modeling of coupled physical‐biogeochemical coastal processes.
Impact of the hydraulic capacity of plants on water and carbon fluxes in tropical South America
Authors: Lee Jung‐Eun , Boyce Kevin
Published: December 2010

Angiosperms (flowering plants) have higher transpirational capacities than any other plants. Here we use climate model simulation to test the hypothesis that the high transpirational capacity of angiosperms plays a unique role in the maintenance of tropical rainforest. Their elevated transpiration rates are shown to increase recycling of precipitation up to ∼300 mm/yr (∼20% of total precipitation) averaged over the whole of tropical South America and to increase the wet season duration over the Amazon basin. Transpiration triggers convection by increasing moisture in the boundary layer and thereby decreasing atmospheric stability. If the moisture content of the boundary layer is sufficient, a double Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is generated in October around 60°W–50°W, as observed in present‐day climate, and the eastern part of the Amazon basin becomes wet (∼200 mm/month of precipitation). This double ITCZ is lost, however, and the region becomes dry (<50 mm/month of precipitation) in the absence of full angiosperm transpiration. Although higher water use efficiency is usually associated with plants with lower transpiration rates, water use efficiency actually increases with higher hydraulic capacity in our simulations as a result of the higher humidity and, thus, lower vapor pressure gradient between the intercellular air space within the leaf and the external atmosphere. We speculate that the high transpirational capacity of angiosperms played a significant role in the expansion of tropical rain forest.
Nightside ionosphere of Mars: Radar soundings by the Mars Express spacecraft
Authors: Němec F. , Morgan D. D. , Gurnett D. A. , Duru F.
Published: December 2010

We present results of a survey of the nightside ionosphere of Mars as observed by Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) on board the Mars Express spacecraft. The occurrence rate of the nightside ionosphere is studied as a function of solar zenith angle (SZA), magnetic field magnitude, and magnetic field inclination. It is shown that at locations with weak crustal magnetic fields the occurrence rate of the nightside ionosphere decreases with increasing SZA up to about 125°, suggesting that plasma transport from the dayside plays a crucial role in its formation. However, at locations with strong crustal magnetic fields, the dependence on SZA is no longer apparent and the inclination of magnetic field becomes a crucial parameter: the occurrence rate of the nightside ionosphere is more than 4 times larger at locations with nearly vertical magnetic fields as compared to the locations with nearly horizontal magnetic fields. This indicates that impact ionization by precipitating electrons is the main ionization source at these locations. Observed peak electron densities are less than 2 × 104 cm−3 in the vast majority of cases. Lower estimates of altitudes of peak electron densities are mostly between 100 and 150 km.
Calculating terrain indices along streams: A new method for separating stream sides
Authors: Grabs T. J. , Jencso K. G. , McGlynn B. L. , Seibert J.
Published: December 2010

There is increasing interest in assessing riparian zones and their hydrological and biogeochemical buffering capacity with indices derived from hydrologic landscape analysis of digital elevation data. Upslope contributing area is a common surrogate for lateral water flows and can be used to assess the variability of local water inflows to riparian zones and streams. However, current geographic information system algorithms do not provide a method for easily separating riparian zone and adjacent upland lateral contributions on each side of the stream. Here we propose a new algorithm to compute side‐separated contributions along stream networks. We describe the new algorithm and illustrate the importance of distinguishing between lateral inflows on each side of streams with hillslope–riparian zone–stream hydrologic connectivity results from high‐frequency water table data collected in the 22 km2 Tenderfoot Creek catchment, Montana.
Revisiting Gay Men's Body Image Issues: Exposing the Fault Lines
Authors: Kane Graeme D.
Published: December 2010

For over 25 years the varying idealizations of gay men's bodies and the behaviors associated with achieving such bodies has been the focus of an increasingly large body of research. What first constituted an idealized body in this research, in the 1980s, was a thin and youthful image, which evolved into a muscular ideal in the 2000s with thinness translated into lean muscle mass and a small waist. To account for the emergence of both body image dissatisfaction and eating disorders, researchers in both paradigms have tended to either pathologize gay men or speculate about the contribution of a range of social-cultural and psychological factors. These include the role of the gay community, being effeminate or less masculine, and internalized homophobia. HIV and the “wasted” body is claimed to have also influenced the purported recent emergence of the muscular ideal. The underlying driver for both paradigms is the proposition that gay men are universally fixated on their appearance and presenting an idealized body to other men. This critical review examines the fault lines in both paradigms that can be found within prevalence studies, the methodology, data analysis, and the contradictory and problematic theorizing that arise as a result. It concludes that the prevalence and the truth of gay men's body image issues are overstated.