bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae in the Common Rat in England. With Remarks on the Minute Structure of these Leptospira (Noguchi)
Authors: Coles Alfred C.
Published: June 2009

The Japanese observers Ido, Hoki, Ito and Wani (1916) state that in Infectious Jaundice the infective organism—the Spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae—is transmitted probably from rats to man by means of the urine of rats, directly or indirectly.
Supplementary Note on the Formation of a Cocoon by Cyclorhaphous Dipterous Larvae
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

The formation of a cocoon or of a more or less solid case by a larva before its transformation into a pupa, occurs very seldom in cyclorhaphous Diptera. This is due undoubtedly to the existence in all these Diptera of a puparium formed by the contracted and hardened last larval skin, in which, as in a cocoon, is contained and hardened last larval skin, in which, as in a cocoon, is contained the real pupa or chrysalis of the fly.
The Genus Lernaeopoda. Including a description of L. mustelicola n.sp., remarks on L. galei and further observations on L. scyllicola
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Habitat and Record. Two specimens, ♀, were taken on Mustelus vulgaris ♂, the smooth hound, captured at Plymouth in August 1918. They were attached in the angle between the host's body and the pelvic fin and slightly to the left. [This location is unfortunate since the length of the attaching “arms” (2nd maxillae) I have endeavoured elsewhere to show, is a variable character not to be depended upon for the determination of species; for it is my experience that Lernaeopoda spp. have arms very short in this location.]
The Infection of Lucilia caesar with Herpetomonas
Authors: Strickland C. , Roy D. N.
Published: June 2009

The object of the enquiry reported on below was to determine, if possible, the method of infection of Lucilia caesar, L. with Herpetomonas luciliae, a common parasite of the alimentary tract of the fly, the subject being not too remote from the kalaazar problem to lack interest.
A Revision of the British Species of Clavella (Crustacea, Copepoda), with a Diagnosis of New Species: C. devastatrix and C. invicta
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

The genus Clavella Oken, 1815, comprises parasitic Copepods belonging to the family Lernaeopodidae. The object of this paper is to dwell upon the following characteristics of the genus:

Members of the genus Clavella are pre-eminently parasitic on Gadoid fishes. (Four British species not occurring on Gadoids have already been removed to other genera; one doubtful species will probably have to follow, and I am suggesting the removal of two more.)
Notes on Hoplitophrya (Anoplophrya) Brasili (Léger and Duboscq), an Intestinal Ciliate of the Polychaete Worm Cirratulus
Authors: Hentschel C. C.
Published: June 2009

In the course of investigations on the Gregarines of Cirratulus (Audouinia) tentaculatus Mont., I have frequently noticed a large astomatous ciliate in the intestine. This appears to be Anoplophrya brasili described by Léger and Duboscq in 1904. One or two points, however, have led me to make a closer study of this organism, and I have come to the conclusion that it should be removed from the genus Anoplophrya.
A New Ciliate, Charon ventriculi n.g., n.sp, from the Stomach of Ruminants
Authors: Jameson A. Pringle
Published: June 2009

In the course of the examination of the contents of the paunch and rumen of 70 Ruminants a Ciliate of an interesting type has been met with on eight occasions. It is surprising that a new form should be found in this situation as a number of workers seem to have devoted no little time to researches on the fauna of the ruminant stomach. One cannot think that this animal is to be found only in England, and we are driven to the conclusion that it must have been overlooked up to the present. As the organism is relatively small for a Ciliate and of a rather transparent appearance this is understandable, especially because it is rarely abundantly present. Although it has been found eight times, yet in a coverslip preparation where there will be several specimens of the other Ciliates in every field of the microscope, there may not be more than one or two specimens of this new form.
The Mallophagan Family Menoponidae
Authors: Ferris G. F.
Published: June 2009

Material examined. A male and a female from Trichoglossus novae-hollandiae in a bird store in San Francisco. This is one of the type host species and the specimens agree entirely with Harrison's description, making the determination quite positive.
On Three New Species of Ticks (Arachnida, Ixodoidea), Ornithodorus gurneyi, Ixodes arvicolae and Haemaphysalis mjöbergi
Authors: Warburton Cecil
Published: June 2009

Broadly oval, 5·8 × 3·9 mm., slightly broader at the posterior third; rounded in front, the posterior border more flattened. Integument mammillate and with dorsal depressions and discs, and ventral grooves strongly recalling O. coriaceus (see Fig. 1). Numerous short white hairs scattered over the integument, and notably a ring of close-set clavate hairs round the base of each trochanter. Eyes absent. The half-gorged ♂ measures 6 × 4 mm.
Report on a Collection of Parasitic Nematodes, mainly from Egypt. Part IV. Trichostrongylidae and Strongylidae
Authors: Boulenger C. L.
Published: June 2009

The present paper is a further instalment of the Reports on the Molteno Institute collection, of which Parts I–III, dealing with the Ascaridae, Heterakidae, Oxyuridae, Camallanidae, etc., were published in this Journal by Dr H. A. Baylis in 1923. The history of the collection has been dealt with by that writer, and the following report on the Trichostrongylidae and Strongylidae is presented in as nearly as possible the same form as that of the preceding parts, consisting of a list of determinations of the material, together with notes on the less well-known forms and full descriptions of the new species. As in Parts I–III, the numbers attached to each set of specimens are the serial numbers given to the original tubes at the Molteno Institute.
Further Observations on South African Larval Trematodes
Authors: Faust Ernest Carroll
Published: June 2009

1. Fourteen species of larval trematodes are described from South African material, of which thirteen are new to science.

2. These forms are described and their relationship to previously described cercariae and to adult flukes is discussed.

3. The cercariae of the human blood flukes of South Africa are brought up for detailed consideration. A restudy of the material in the writer's possession, including the original experimental material ofSchistosoma mansonifrom Venezuela, is presented.

4. The writer restates his original thesis:

The essential differentiating features of the apharyngeal fork-tailed cercariae consist in the number and microchemical reactions of the secretory cells. These structures can be studied and differentiated from well-preserved material as well as from fresh material.

5.Isidora (Physopsis) africanafrom Natal is known to harbour three species of mammalian schistosome larvae, of which (a) one, originally diagnosed by the writer as the “Cercaria ofSchistosoma haematobium,” is found on re-examination to correspond to the larva which Blacklock and Thompson have found experimentally to be this species; (b) a second species corresponds exactly with that known experimentally to be the cercaria ofSchistosoma mansoniin Venezuela; while (c) a third (C. octadena) is probably that ofSchistosoma bovis, which is known to be présent in Natal.

6. A table is presented which embodies the important diagnostic features of the three human blood-fluke cercariae.

7. The systematic position of the thirty-eight species of larval trematodes described from Cawston's collections and their host relationships are summarised.
A Supplementary Note on Monopylidium chandleri and other Related Species
Authors: Moghe M. A.
Published: June 2009

In 1925 I described a new species of Monopylidium, M. chandleri, proposed a new subgenus Macracanthus for this and two related species, and proposed a new genus Southwellia for the species Monopylidium gallinarum Southwell 1921. Dr M. C. Hall has very kindly drawn my attention to certain errors and omissions in this paper which are herein corrected.
The Herpyllobiidae. A Family of Copepoda parasitic on Polynoid Worms
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Family Diagnosis. Copepoda parasitic dorsally on Polynoid Worms.

Female with body divided into cephalothorax (head and neck) and trunk. No appendages articulated or otherwise on head or neck. No traces of segmentation. No mouth nor alimentary canal. Cuticle thin. Head and neck buried in the tissues of the host; the head converted into a voluminous organ whose only function is to absorb nutritive materials by endosmosis through expansions or rootlets. Head and neck at right angles to the middle of the trunk. A chitinous ring is usually present at the base of the neck at its insertion on the trunk. Genital apertures wide, the pyriform eggstrings issuing therefrom.
On Ectomyces calotermi n.g., n.sp, an Ascomycete Parasitic on Calotermes samoanus Holmgren (Isoptera, Protermitidae)
Authors: Tate P.
Published: June 2009

The infected termite was collected in Samoa by Dr P. A. Buxton and was identified by Mr G. F. Hill, Melbourne, who noticed “foreign bodies” attached to the forelegs. These bodies proved to be fructifications, in the form of small apothecia, of a fungus to which the name Ectomyces caloterni n.g., n.sp., has been given. The two infected legs comprised all the available material, and, as they were preserved in alcohol, cultivation of the fungus could not be attempted.
Carcinoma in Apposition to Cysticercus fasciolaris in a Mouse Injected with Cancer Cells
Authors: Bayon H. P.
Published: June 2009

A mouse, which had been intraperitoneally injected with a filtered, diluted, cellular suspension of mouse-adeno-carcinoma, three months afterwards, was found to have developed a tumour of the same type on the pyloric end of the stomach surface, adherent to a cyst of the liver, containing the strobiloid larval stage of Taenia crassicollis.

Thirty-five other mice, similarly injected, but which were not infected with this cestode, did not develop growths in the peritoneum.
Observations on Blastocystis hominis
Authors: Swellengrebel N. H.
Published: June 2009

In 1908 intestinal parasites of man were described by Bohne and Prowazek. The authors considered them to be cysts of Trichomonas hominis. The parasites consist of a highly refractile spherical body, staining yellow or yellowish brown with iodine and pale grey or black with iron haematoxylin; this sphere is surrounded by a narrow plasmatic layer, containing the nuclei. Bensen (1910) gave a detailed description of these bodies, with stages of autogamy, and considered them also to be cysts of Trichomonas. Prowazek (1911) did not subsequently change his opinion regarding the systematic position of these bodies and James (1914) confirmed Prowazek's views by stating that cats infected with the same bodies showed Trichomonas in their stools.
An Epidemiological Study of Filariasis in Ceylon
Authors: Bahr P. H.
Published: June 2009

My studies on the distribution of filariasis in the Fiji Islands demonstrated the intimate relationship between the elephantiasis rate of a district and the microfilaria rate of the inhabitants, an observation in agreement with the previous work of Low and Daniels on the same subject. In Ceylon I resolved to again investigate this subject in order to ascertain whether in this island also a similar result could be obtained.
Ingestion of Erythrocytes by Trypanosomes
Authors: Seidelin Harald
Published: June 2009

On examining fresh specimens of white rats' blood containing numerous trypanosomes of a strain (T. brucei group), for which I am indebted to Dr J. W. Scott Macfie and with which I was experimenting at the Medical Research Institute at Yaba, Nigeria, I was struck by the energetic way in which the parasites attacked the red blood corpuscles. They sometimes adhered to the corpuscles for a long time, moving them about in different ways, and sometimes appeared to pierce their membrane, now in one place, now in another, penetrating more or less deeply into their substance. A careful search of a number of stained films revealed in some the presence of very interesting appearances which seem to establish the important fact that these trypanosomes are capable of ingesting and digesting erythrocytes. The accompanying figures, which are all from one and the same specimen taken six days after intraperitoneal infection, show that the parasite encircles the erythrocyte, which gradually becomes enclosed in its protoplasm, probably in a sort of vacuole which develops between the two nuclei. The erythrocyte becomes more or less disintegrated and gradually reduced in size; its characteristic staining remains for a long time recognizable, but the final result is a vacuole with homogeneous, almost unstained contents, between trophonucleus and kinetonucleus.
On the Larval Development ofDacnusa areolarisNees (Braconidae), a Parasite of Phytomyzinae (Diptera), with a Note on certain Chalcid Parasites on Phytomyzids
Authors: Haviland Maud D.
Published: June 2009

1.Dacnusa areolarisNees is a parasite of the flyPhytomyza angelicaeZett.

2. The egg is laid and development takes place within the body of the host.

3. A membrane of trophic cells is formed, within which the embryonic and first larval stages are passed.

4. The further growth and development of the parasite are delayed until after metamorphosis of the host, probably to ensure sufficient food in the later stages.

5. The length of the larval and pupal life of the parasite is intimately correlated with the puparial period of the host.

6. It is suggested that this is an adaptation to ensure that an adequate supply of host larvae shall be hatched by the time that the parasites are ready to oviposit.

7. Certain Chalcididae of the generaEulophusandChrysocharisare ectoparasites ofPh. angelicae, and a summary of observations on their life cycle is given.
A Contribution to the Biology of Trypanosoma equiperdum
Authors: Iwanow E.
Published: June 2009

It has hitherto been firmly established from experience gained in the studfarms and by experimental investigations (Hertwig, Prince and Lafosse, Frasbot, Pench) that Dourine is transmitted almost exclusively through coitus. Flies take no part in the transmission of the disease (Laveran and Mesnil), however, the possibility of infection through the bite of fleas (Eabino-witsch and Kempner) or ticks, is not excluded, and was proved experimentally (Sieber and Gonder). Experiments conducted on rabbits and dogs (Rouget, Schneider and Buffard, Laveran and Mesnil) have shown that T. equiperdum is capable of penetrating through the intact mucous membrane of the eye and genital organs, but not through the alimentary tract. Manteuffel's experiments have shown that T. equiperdum can even penetrate through the intact skin.
The occurrence of a Leech (Trocheta subviridis) in an Allotment
Authors: Gray R. A. Harper
Published: June 2009

In April of this year (1922) a specimen was sent to the Agricultural Department, Armstrong College, by Mr S. Giles of South Shields, along with a note explaining that it had been found “down in the first spit of the soil” in one of a group of allotments there. It was obviously a specimen of a leech, but the specimen was submitted later, to Mr John Ritchie, the Museum, Perth, who kindly identified the species as Trocheta subviridis, and who mentioned that “this gives so far as I am aware, a more northern habitat than hitherto recorded. See Parasitology, vol. III, p. 182.”
Notes bearing on Spallanzani, Lewis and Cobbold, whose portraits appear in Parasitology, XIV, Nos. 3–4. Portrait-plates XVIII–XX
Authors: Bulloch Wm
Published: June 2009

Lazzaro Spallanzani, one of the great natural philosophers of the eighteenth century, was born in 1729 at Scandiano, and was educated in Reggio and in Bologna where he came under the influence of his cousin Laura Bassi who was professor of mathematics and physics there. He was intended for the law but at the age of 28, having taken holy orders, he became professor of Greek, logic and mathematics in the College of Reggio. It was here that he began to interest himself in biological questions and by correspondence he became associated with Charles Bonnet and Haller in Switzerland. In 1760 he accepted a chair in the University of Modena where he remained eight years. This was one of the most fertile periods of his life for in addition to dissertations on Greek inscriptions, on problems in mathematics and physics he produced his epoch-making works on spontaneous generation, on the regeneration of lost parts and on the circulation of the blood. By the end of the Modena period he was elected F.R.S. and was known as one of the foremost scientists of his time. In 1768 he was appointed by the Empress Maria Teresa to be the Conservator of the Museum of natural history in Pavia and he held this post till his death in 1799. In 1776 he published his great Opuscoli di fisica animale e vegetabile and in 1780 Dissertazioni di fisica animale e vegetabile, works which must compel the most captious critic to range the Italian abbate among the greatest experimental philosophers of all time. In these works he dealt exhaustively with the problems of spontaneous generation, and the origin of the animalcules of infusions, the nature and origin of spermatozoa, the effect of stagnant air on animals and vegetables, the death and resurrection of animals, the nature of moulds, digestion and generation.
Avian trematodes of the genera Neodiplostomoides nov.gen., Bolbophorus Dubois, 1934, and Glossodiplostomum Dubois, 1932
Authors: Vidyarthi R. D.
Published: June 2009

Numerous specimens of this fluke were collected in October 1936 from the small intestine of the Bonell's eagle, Hieraetus fasciatus fasciatus, shot in the vicinity of Allahabad. Only one out of six hosts examined was infected. The sexually mature worms, 1·171–2·622 mm. long, are distinctly divided into elliptical forebody and cylindrical somewhat posteriorly pointed hindbody. The forebody, 0·969–1·236×1·186–1·476 mm., with foliate lateral margins united behind the holdfast Organ, is armed with very minute, backwardly directed spines; the hindbody is 1·2–1·386×0·634–0·818 mm. The length ratio of fore and hind parts is approximately 6:7.
Observations on a Bodo-like flagellate persistently occurring in the faeces of a human being
Authors: Gupta B. M. Das , Chatterjee H.
Published: June 2009

A flagellate of the genus Bodo is described, which was found in the faeces of a man on 4 occasions during a period of 12 days, sources of extraneous contamination being excluded from the last 3 specimens. Although morphologically it is identical with Bodo, it differs from other known members of this genus in that it multiplies more readily at 37°C. than at lower temperatures.
Synopsis of the Genera and Classification of Haplocyte Gregarines
Authors: Bhatia B. L.
Published: June 2009

In a previous paper (1924) I have discussed the reasons why a division of the order Eugregarinida into Septata (Lank.) and Haplocyta (Lank.) is preferable to Cephalina and Acephalina or Polycystidea and Monocystidea. The object of the present paper is to review the genera of Haplocyte gregarines so far described, and to attempt a classification of the same into families.
Natural Transmission of Heart-water of Sheep by Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius 1794)
Authors: Daubney R.
Published: June 2009

The disease “Heart-water” of sheep, cattle and goats has been recognised in South Africa for upwards of 70 years, and as long ago as 1902 Lounsbury demonstrated the part played by the common bont-tick, Amblyomma hebraeum Koch 1844, in its transmission. The virus of the disease does not pass through the egg of the tick, but a tick infected in the larval or the nymphal stages is capable of transmitting the infection when feeding as a nymph or adult respectively. Further, according to Lounsbury, a tick infected as a larva may feed upon an insusceptible host during the nymphal stage, and still remain infective until the final feed as an adult.
On the Synonymy of the Genera Tremiorchis Mehra and Negi 1926 and Centrovitus Bhalerao 1926, with the description of Tremiorchis varanum n.sp.
Authors: Verma S. C.
Published: June 2009

Bhalerao (1926) described a trematode from the common Indian frog, Ranatigrina, which he placed in a new genus Centrovitus and a new species pentadelphi. Mehra and Negi (1926) gave a fuller account of the same form, from the same host and practically the same locality, under the designation Tremiorchis ranarum n.g., n.sp.
Studies on some Sporozoa in Polychaete Worms
Authors: Ray Harendra Nath
Published: June 2009

1. The main facts in Brasil's (1907) account of the intracellular schizogony inSelenidium caulleryifromProtula tubulariahave been confirmed. Early stages in the sporogony of this species are described now for the first time.

2. Intracellular schizogony is described for the first time inSelenidium mesniliBrasil fromMyxicola infundibulum, and here also the early stages in sporogony are noted for the first time.

3. The life histories of Caullery and Mesnil's two unnamed species ofSelenidium(now calledS. spionis(Köll.) andS. foliatumn.sp.) fromScolelepis fuliginosahave been exhaustively studied. No schizogonic phase has been observed in either. The gametocysts, here described for the first time, are found to develop fully only after escape into the sea. The gametocysts ofS. spionisare ovoid, 108μ x 60μ and contain spores with four sporozoites: those ofS. foliatumare spherical, 70μ in diameter, and their spores contain eight sporozoites.

4. New or hitherto little known species ofSelenidiumare recorded fromCirratulus cirratusMüll.,Branchiomma vesiculosumMont.,Sabella pavoninaSav.,Pomatoceros triqueterL. andTerebella lepidoriaKühl, and the morphological characters of the trophozoites are described.

5. A discussion follows of the value of the diagnostic characters of the genusSelenidium. It is suggested that this genus requires drastic revision and will probably have to be dismembered. Stress is laid, however, on the occurrence in all the gregarines examined, and at all the observed stages of their development, of characteristic chromatic bodies at the anterior end, structures which have hitherto escaped the notice of most observers.
On a New Genus of Avitellinine Tapeworms from Ruminants in East Africa
Authors: Woodland W. N. F.
Published: June 2009

Owing to the kindness of Dr H. A. Baylis I have recently had the opportunity of examining portions of two species of Avitellmine tapeworms, both of which are new to Helminthology and both of which belong to a genus which is distinct from the two genera which have hitherto represented the Avitellininae. The material which I have examined is the property of and is deposited in the British Museum (Natural History) at South Kensington, London.
More cases of abnormal development in the Argasid tick, Ornithodorus moubata Murray
Authors: Robinson G. G.
Published: June 2009

During the handling of about 10,000 ticks in the course of insecticidal tests many abnormalities of the legs were encountered. Most of the cases were deficiencies due to the partial regeneration of a leg damaged in the previous nymphal stage. Two cases of special interest were not deficiencies, but exhibited supernumerary segments of leg.
Direct and indirect actions of radiation on viruses and enzymes
Authors: Lea Douglas , Smith Kenneth M. , Holmes Barbara , Markham Roy
Published: June 2009

1. The inactivation by γ-rays of tobacco mosaic virus is studied at various concentrations. It is found that the inactivation dose is independent of concentration at high concentrations, and at low concentrations also attains a constant, but lower, value. Over an intermediate range the inactivation dose increases with increase of concentration.

2. These facts are explained on the basis that when irradiated dry or in concentrated solution the inactivation is direct and due to ionization produced inside the virus particle. At lower concentrations the inactivation is largely indirect and due to ionization of the water.

3. Gelatin added to the solution protects the virus against the indirect action of radiation.

4. Curves are given of the inactivation of dry preparations of ribonuclease and adenylpyro-phosphatase (myosin) by X-rays.

5. It is shown that on the assumption that a single ionization in an enzyme molecule leads to its inactivation, measurement of the inactivation dose leads to a rough estimate of the molecular weight of the enzyme.

6. There appears to be no fundamental difference in the mechanism of radiation-inactivation of viruses and enzymes.

All irradiations were carried out at the Strangeways Laboratory. The virus was prepared and tested at the Plant Virus Station and the Molteno Institute. The enzymes were prepared and estimated at the Biochemical Laboratory. We are indebted to the British Empire Cancer Campaign for defraying the cost of the X-ray equipment at the Strangeways Laboratory.
A note on the comparative anatomy of the clamps in the superfamily Diclidophoroedea (Trematoda: Monogenea)
Authors: Sproston Nora G.
Published: June 2009

A re-examination of the haptoral sclerites forming the clamps, or ‘armoured suckers’, in Diclidophoroidea shows that they can be grouped into four main types, representing lines of evolution from what is here regarded as the primitive, or more generalized, form of clamp, that of the family Mazocraeidae. It has been shown that the form of the clamp skeleton must be regarded as of primary importance in the classification of the superfamily, since not only is it correlated with certain diagnostic characters of the soft parts of these worms, but it is usually fully developed some time before these parts make their appearance. Due attention has not always been paid to the detail of the clamps in systematic works, so that the position of some forms must remain uncertain until they can be redescribed. Owing to the sclerites often being twisted bars, curving through three dimensions, with the primary bars often jointed or fused, the appearance of different types of clamp is at first sight highly complex. The difficulty of interpreting them is increased by their being semi-transparent, and appearing of different shapes when viewed from various angles. These obscurities disappear when they are regarded as modifications of the fundamental plan found in Mazocraës and its allies.
The Culicidae of the Cambridge District
Authors: Macan T. T.
Published: June 2009

1. The mosquito fauna of the Cambridge district, which includes a large stretch of cultivated fenland, is compared with that of the “natural” fen at Wicken and also with that of other districts.

2. The ecology of the various species is discussed and the conclusion is reached that the main factor determining why different species are found in different types of habitat is the time of year at which the female lays her eggs, and whether she lays them on damp ground or standing water.
Four species of Hymenolepis Weinl. parasitic in the oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus Linn
Authors: Davies Thomas Idwal
Published: June 2009

The material for the present investigation was obtained from nine oystercatchers shot on the coast of Cardigan and one shot at Peterstone on the coast of Monmouth; for the material from the latter bird the writer is indebted to Mr Thomas Walker, M.Sc., of University College, Cardiff.
A new mite from the South African pangolin
Authors: Lawrence R. F.
Published: June 2009

Some years ago the South African Museum received a tube of mites taken from the South African scaly anteater, Smutsia temmincki, by Dr R. Bigalke, Director of the National Zoological Gardens at Pretoria. The tube contained more than 200 well-preserved gamasid mites, and I wish to express my thanks to Dr Bigalke and the authorities of the South African Museum for affording me this opportunity of studying these parasites.
The transmission of plant viruses by aphides
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. , Lea D. E.
Published: June 2009

1. Experiments are described on the transmission of mottle and vein-distorting viruses by aphides.

2. A quantitative analysis is made of Watson's experiments on the aphis transmission of persistent and non-persistent viruses. The principal features of the experimental results can be explained in terms of different rates of inactivation of the virus in the insect.

3. It is shown that these considerations explain why non-persistent viruses are more commonly sap-transmissible than persistent viruses.
On two species of sucking lice (Anoplura, Haematopinidae) from the common North Indian five-striped squirrel (Funambulus pennanti pennanti Wr.)
Authors: Roonwal M. L. , Nataraj S.
Published: June 2009

The material which forms the basis of this note consists of two species of Anoplura, namely, Neohaematopinus echinatus (Neumann) and Hoplopleura maniculata (Neumann), both from the common North Indian five-striped squirrel, Funambulus pennanti pennanti Wroughton, collected at Benares (United Provinces). Since Neumann's (1910) description of the two species from ‘Sciurus palmarum Gm.’ (vide infra) from Rajkote (Kathiawar) and Scotophilus wroughtoni(?) from Navapur (W. Khandesh Dist.), there appears to be no other Indian record.
Pennella germonia n.sp. A Parasitic Copepod of Germo alatunga
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Habitat and Record. By the courtesy, and at the request, of Louis Page I have examined a specimen of Pennella ♀ from the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, taken at Concarneau, Brittany, on 22. vii. 30, embedded in the skin of an albacore, Germo alatunga (Gmelin).
Descriptions of Three New Species of Tetrophthalmus (Mallophaga) found on Pelicans
Authors: Bedford G. A. H.
Published: June 2009

On comparing the figures it will be observed that all the specific characters of Tetrophthalmus titan (A in all figures) closely resemble those of T. subtitan (B in all figures), and that these two species constitute one group; also that the specific characters of T. africanus (C in all figures) closely resemble those of T. australis (D in all figures), and that these species belong to another group, which must also include T. chilensis.

Judged by their parasites, the Ethiopian pelican, Neopelecanus rufescens, is more closely allied to both the Australian pelican, Catoptropelecanus conspicilatus, and the South American species, Pelecanus thagus, than it is to either Pelecanus onocrotalus or Metapelecanus roseus, both of which also occur in the Ethiopian region. Moreover, if the parasites throw any light on the phylogeny of their hosts, thagus cannot remain in the genus Pelecanus along with onocrotalus if the genera Neopelecanus, Metapelecanus and Catoptropelecanus are to remain valid.
Pediculus (Parapediculus) atelophilus Ewing 1926 from the Red Spider Monkey, Ateles geoffroyi
Authors: Hinman E. Harold
Published: June 2009

In September, 1930, Dr E. C. Faust brought back from the Coto Region of Northern Panama two young female spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). On December 11th one of these died from an experimental infection of Strongyloides stercoralis, and at autopsy was found to be very heavily infested with lice. Previous to this date the monkey had been handled a number of times but no lice noticed, although the two monkeys had frequently been observed carefully examining each other for external parasites. It is believed that the subsequent separation of the two (November 22nd) combined with the victim's illness allowed the lice to multiply at a prodigious rate. The hairs practically all over the body were found to bear nits, frequently as many as three or four per hair. Only a few lice have ever been found on the other monkey in spite of several careful examinations.
Intestinal Helminths in Indians in Mesopotamia
Authors: Boulenger Charles L.
Published: June 2009

Whilst engaged on protozoological investigations of dysentery and allied diseases in Mesopotamia I had the opportunity of examining the stools of a large number of hospital patients, both British and Indian, and of noting the presence of worm ova as well as protozoan parasites.
The Hydrogen Ion Concentration of the Soil and Natural Waters in relation to Diseases other than Bacterial
Authors: Atkins W. R. G.
Published: June 2009

Certain facts are known concerning the correlation of the distribution of animal species and the hydrogen ion concentration of the soil and water. An attempt is made to apply them to the distribution of malarial fever, as illustrating insect borne disease, and to some of the numerous Trematode infections, afflicting man and other animals, in which snails act as intermediate hosts. The importance of measurements of hydrogen ion concentration (by the colorimetric method) by field workers on the distribution of animals is urged.

The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Dr M. V. Lebour for the suggestion that snails may prove a suitable group for the study of the relation between the reaction of the habitat and animal distribution.
Studies on the Life History of Panopistus pricei Sinitsin, 1931 [Trematoda]
Authors: Krull Wendell H.
Published: June 2009

The life history of Panopistus pricei, as determined experimentally, has been described, together with the life history stages, including the sporocyst, cercaria and metacercaria. The snail Zonitoides arboreus has been determined experimentally to be a first and second intermediate host of the parasite.
A Comparison of the Physiology of the Two Species of Bed-bug which Attack Man
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth
Published: June 2009

The two species of bed-bug,Cimex lectulariusandC. rotundatus, are found in temperate and tropical regions respectively. They are very similar anatomically, and have the same habits.

Physiologically, the two species have many resemblances. Their water balance is similar; they are very little affected by humidity if there is plenty of food available. The thermal death-points are identical.

At temperatures below 30° C.,C. lectulariusis able to breed more rapidly and more successfully thanC. rotundatus.Between 30 and 35° C. both species behave alike, and above 35° C.C. rotundatusmay be the more efficient species. Under most conditions,C. lectulariusis the more resistant to starvation and desiccation.

Results indicate that althoughC. lectulariusis more fitted for life in temperate countries, if introduced into the tropics it should be able to carry on at least as well asC. rotundatus.

Studies of geographical distribution indicate thatC. rotundatushas spread all over the tropics, but has never established itself outside them.C. lectulariushas spread all over the temperate world, and into the ports in some tropical countries. Experimental work suggests that it may become widespread in those parts of the tropics into which it is introduced.
The Value of the External Spine of The Harpago in Identifying Varieties of Anopheles maculipennis
Authors: Shute P. G.
Published: June 2009

In “A Brief Guide to the Varieties of Anopheles maculipennis” which was published in the Quarterly Bulletin of the Health Organisation of the League of Nations, 3, No. 4, December 1934, it is recorded that five varieties of this species are considered valid and that there is in addition the closely allied species—or a further variety— A. elutus. The provisional key to identification given in the Guide is based on the characters of the eggs of the different forms, but information on other characters is added in parentheses. It includes pro-visional information on the characters of the external spine of the harpago.
Studies on the behaviour of Trypanosoma evansi in tsetse-flies with special reference to its phylogeny
Authors: Hoare Cecil A.
Published: June 2009

In view of the morphological similarity of T. evansi and T. brucei, including the sporadic occurrence of marked polymorphism in the first-named species, the hypothesis is advanced that T. evansi may have originated from T. brucei, by the introduction of the last-named species into localities free of Glossina and its subsequent propagation by direct passages.

The possibility of contact between the mammalian host of T. evansi, on the one hand, and Glossina and tsetse-borne trypanosomiases, on the other, is shown to exist in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, thus pointing to the source from which T. evansi in that country may have originated and providing circumstantial evidence in support of the hypothesis.

Attempts were made to discover whether T. evansi is capable of developing in Glossina. A total of 568 flies were fed on infected mice and examined at periods from 6 hr. to a fortnight following the infective feed. The results were entirely negative: not only is the trypanosome incapable of establishing an infection in the fly, but the majority of flagellates perish and are digested during the first hours after ingestion by the insect.

The behaviour of T. evansi in tsetse is shown to be similar to that of non-transmissible strains of trypanosomes of the Brucei group after prolonged maintenance by direct passages in the mammalian hosts, and is therefore also in keeping with the hypothesis.
On a new species of trematode from a spoon-bill in Afghanistan
Authors: Bhalerao G. D.
Published: June 2009

Through the courtesy of Prof. Ali Akhtar, Afghanistan, the writer examined about eight flukes obtained from the trachea of the spoon-bill, Platalea leucorodia var. major. A short account is given of the species, and its affinities are discussed below.
The inactivation of plant viruses by radiations
Authors: Lea D. E. , Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2009

Experiments are described on the inactivation by gamma-rays, X-rays, and alpha-rays of the viruses of tomato bushy stunt, tobacco necrosis, tobacco ringspot, tobacco mosaic and potato virusX. Within the errors of the experiment the inactivation curves appear to be exponential, and the inactivation doses increase in the order gamma-rays, X-rays, of wave-length 1·5 A., X-rays of wave-length 8·3 A., and alpha-rays.

A theory is given explaining these results and correlating the inactivation dose with the virus size. Estimates of the sizes of the viruses obtained from the radiation experiments he within the range of the sizes given by other methods, but are somewhat lower than the most probable sizes. Possible explanations of the discrepancy which are discussed are (a) the virus particle is not the molecule, in the sense of the smallest infective unit, or (b) certain structural changes in the virus molecule produced by the radiation may still leave it infective. Some of these may perhaps show themselves as mutations.
Note on a ciliate protozoon, probably Glaucoma Pyriformis, parasitic in culicine mosquito larvae
Authors: Muspratt J.
Published: June 2009

1. Stained specimens of two forms of a ciliate parasite resembling Lambornella stegomyiae Keilin which is probably Glaucoma pyriformis Ehrenberg are discussed. These were collected from the haemocoel of culicine mosquito larvae at Livingstone, Northern Rhodesia. The form previously referred to as type A (Muspratt, 1945) is the fast multiplying form which destroys the larva and that referred to as type B is considered to be either an encysting or degenerate form.

2. In nature the larva of Aëdes (Finlaya) fulgens Edw. is the most suitable host of the parasite because the normal (type A) parasitic ciliates are dependent on escaping from the larval host before death by the rupture of the anal papillae. This occurs most frequently in parasitized larvae of the above species.

3. The encystment of the organisms on the cuticle of the larvae is discussed with reference to statements by previous workers. Stages in the penetration of the cuticle by the organisms and the formation of cuticular resting cysts have been observed.

4. Larvae of A. aegypti used in laboratory experiments proved to be unsuitable as: (a) The anal papillae do not rupture easily. (b) After some time the reproductive power of the ciliates degenerates if they are transmitted from larva to larva of this species only.

5. Attempts to destroy anopheline larvae with the parasite were negative although the ciliates entered the haemocoel.

6. A suggestion as to the possible life-cycle is appended in the form of a diagram.
Two new genera of parasitic mites (Acarina: Laelaptidae and Listrophoridae)
Authors: Radford Charles D.
Published: June 2009

Under the research programme of the U.S. Public Health Service, Communicable Disease Centre Activities, the parasitic fauna of rodents and insectivores of the United States are coming into the laboratories in great numbers, and it has been my good fortune to have had the opportunity to examine a fair number of the parasitic mites collected from a diversity of hosts.
The ecology of the sheep tick,Ixodes ricinusL.
Authors: Milne A.
Published: June 2009

Since it is concerned with filling in certain details of a picture, long since sketched in outline, the new work in this paper permits only a somewhat disjointed summary.

From a study ofIxodes ricinusL. in nature, the main new facts emerging are:

(I)Unfed adults in a deep vegetation layersuch as presented by rough hill or moorland pasture dominated by bents, heather or bracken. (i) Practically allinactiveunfed ticks are in the underlying mat, and nearly all of these in the upper portion of the mat. This distribution does not change, summer or winter. (ii) When the tick is active its progression is practically confined to the vertical, i.e. between its niche in the mat and the vegetation tips immediately above. Random undirected movements due to certain circumstances may achieve a 0–8 in. (average 2 in.) change of position in the horizontal plane; but there is apparently no ruling urge to move in the horizontal plane. (iii) The unfed tick comes to the vegetation tips to await a host for only a limited time during the 3-month activity season. Commonly this amounts to about five periods of 4–5 days each if no host is forthcoming. Between the periods of activity it returns to the upper mat. If it stayed constantly at the tips its survival time would be much shorter than normal. (iv) From nymphs engorged in spring, adults emerge in autumn but remain inactive for a considerable period. About half of them may perish within the first 100 days after emergence. Survivors become active during the following March–June. Effective life ends when the tick, if still unfed, finally stops coming to the vegetation tips, the only position from which a host can normally be achieved. After emergence, the effective life of the unfed adult deprived of a host is less than one year; and the actual life is not much more than one year at best. Thus adults not finding a host in spring will be ineffective, i.e. die without reproducing before the next activity season.
Observations on the vertical migrations of the third-stage larva of Haemonchus contortus (Rud.) on experimental plots of Lolium perenne S24, in relation to meteorological and micrometeorological factors
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

1. The cycle of vertical migration of the infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus on experimental plots of Lolium perenne S 24, kept out of doors, has been related to meteorological and micrometeorological factors.

2. The three main factors concerned with vertical migration are temperature, humidity and light intensity.

3. In the majority of cases the greatest number of larvae are on the grass blades in the early morning and in the evening, less being recovered at night and during the middle of the day. The time of the morning maximum becomes progressively earlier passing from winter to summer, and the time of the evening maximum progressively later. The reverse is true in the second half of the year.

4. Low and high temperatures accompanied by low humidity inhibit vertical migration on the grass.

5. High humidity (continuous precipitation) does not prevent migration, the two daily maxima are apparent, but the numbers climbing are less than in the absence of rain.
The differentiation of the eggs of Haemonchus contortus and Ostertagia species of the sheep and a note on the relative generic egg-laying rates
Authors: Tetley J. H.
Published: June 2009

1. In a mixed infection in which Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta and O. trifurcata predominated, the lengths were plotted against widths of eggs obtained from faeces.

2. Two-dimensional groups approximating to normal frequency distributions, showing little overlap, were observed.

3. The statistical ranges of means plus and minus twice the standard deviation for the two groups barely touched. These were, to the nearest micron, 68–84 by 41–51 for Haemonchus contortus and, for the Ostertagia group, 83–103 by 46–52.
Observations on the reciprocal immunity between some avian plasmodia
Authors: Draper C. C.
Published: June 2009

For the purpose of determining the suitability of malaria for some work on experimental epidemiology, it was necessary to study the reciprocal immunity produced between a number of species and strains of avian plasmodia maintained in canaries. Some of this work has been a repetition of that previously described by other authors, but some new observations have been made, involving a number of geographically widely separated species and strains, which seem worth putting on record.
Egg sizes and differential egg counts in relation to sheep nematodes
Authors: Cunliffe G. , Crofton H. D.
Published: June 2009

1. The width and length of eggs of Haemonchus contortus, Cooperia curticei, Trichostrongylus axei, T. vitrinus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Chabertia ovina, Oesophagostomum venulosum and Ostertagia spp. were measured.

2. Frequency distributions of the linear dimensions of the eggs of each species are given, together with the frequencies calculated on the assumption that the distributions are normal.

3. A method of species differentiation based on egg measurements is described, the method being based upon the statistical chances of eggs of different species falling into particular size classes.

4. The application of the method and the construction of a classifying scale are described.
A new microsporidian, Nosema locustae n.sp., from the fat body of the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides R. & F.
Authors: Canning Elizabeth U.
Published: June 2009

On 7 March 1953 I received several specimens of Locusta migratoria from Mr T. Singh, who found them dying in the breeding cages at the Imperial College, London. Microscopic examination showed that the fat body contained large numbers of oval-shaped spores belonging to a microsporidian.
The effect of cortisone on Plasmodium berghei infections
Authors: Roberts O. Joy
Published: June 2009

Contrary to results previously published, cortisone did not cause a rapid increase of parasitaemia in mice or hamsters infected with P. berghei, and in some cases it had an inhibitory effect. The existence of a humoral agent restricting the multiplication of the parasites in the peripheral blood was suggested.
New Species of larval mites from India (Acarina: Trombiculidae)
Authors: Sinha T. B.
Published: June 2009

The specimens described in this paper were collected in Assam by Dr M. L. Roonwal during World War II, and were sent to me for identification by Dr S. L. Hora, Director, Zoological Survey of India.

I am grateful to Prof. H. R. Mehra, Professor of Zoology, Allahabad University, for his able guidance, to Dr Hora for sending me the material and to Dr Charles D. Radford for his opinion on the species described in this paper.
The influence of environmental factors on the size of the cysts of Entamoeba invadens Rodhain, 1934
Authors: McConnachie Elspeth W.
Published: June 2009

In dibacterial cultures of E. invadens the size of the cysts was significantly influenced by different species of concomitant bacteria, and by the composition of the media. These factors appear to influence cyst size as a result of their effect on the growth rate of the amoebae; a higher multiplication rate was associated with a decrease in the size of the cysts.

I wish to thank Dr A. Bishop for criticizing the manuscript, and Mr W. McConnachie, jun., for assistance with the statistical methods. The work has been financed by the Medical Research Council.