bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Excited Helium Photoionization
Authors: O Lhagva , S Danzan
Published: April 2023

The photoionization characteristic behaviour of the excited He atom has been studied by using the parametrical approach, and the physical nature of the processes is cleared up. It is shown that in the excited He photoionization, the profiles of the resonance structures appear far enough from the positions of autoionization states at energies comparable hundred times of their natural widths. The mentioned peculiarities in the recombination of the He+ ioninto excited states have been observed too.

It is also shown that such "extended" resonance structures are well described by "width" and "profile" functions of the energy.The competition and interference of phototransitions to open and closed (autoionization resonance) channels are found to be due to the broadening and shift in the resonance structure profile formed in the photoprocesses with the excited He.

The ways to revealexperimentally the influence of closed channels in the resonance structure forming the photoprocesses with excited He atoms are discussed.
30 кэВ энергитэй нейтроноор явагдах (n,gamma) урвалын дундаж огтлолын систематик анализ
Authors: Г Хүүхэнхүү , А Дулмаа
Published: April 2023

The dependence of experimental (n, gamma) cross sections fot 30 keV neutron on a target-nucleus neutron number, neutron binding energy and level density parameters are analyzed using statistical model of nuclear reactions.
Н.В.Левковскийн систематик зүй тогтлын статистик онолын тайлбар
Authors: Г Баянжаргал , Н.В Левковский
Published: April 2023

Нейтроноор явагдах цөмийн урвалын хувьд хөндлөн огтлол нь бай цөмийн шинж чанар, нейтроны энерги зэргээс хамаардаг. Урвалыг явуулж буй нейтроны энергийн янз бүрийн мужуудад нийт цөмүүдийг хамаарсан түгээмэл зүй тогтол ажиглагддаг.
Автоиончлолд мөргөлдөөний дараах харилцан үйлчлэл ба туршлагын ялгах чадварын нөлөөнд өгөх тайлбар
Authors: О Лхагва , Л Хэнмэдэх , Ж Мэдсон , Х Балт-Эрдэнэ
Published: April 2023

Following the ideas kf Balashow, Martin and Crow we have isolated the resonant part of the transition amplitude for auto-ionization from the 2S state, in several different ways 1) from the pure theoretical T matrix, 2) from the theoretical cross section using Shore parameters and 3) from an experimental cross section where the theoretical cross section has been convoluted whit an experimental resolution. Our conclusion is that variations of the o-parameter reported in [1] is a result of both post-collisional interaction as well as an effect of the experimental resolution.
Ховдын экологийн судалгааны зарим дүнгээс
Authors: Б Далхсүрэн , Ш Гэрбиш , С Мягмарсүрэн , Ц Цэрэнгомбо
Published: April 2023

Представлены результаты экспериментов по исследованию экологического состояния природной среды Ховдоского аймака с помощью ядерно-физическим методом. Даны оценки макро и микро компонентов элементного состава в различных средах, в частности в углях, почве и воде.
Improving economic security of the commercial banks based on internal control of the operational risk
Authors: Veretin Mikhail S.
Published: April 2023

New regulation of the operational risks established by Bank of Russia Regulation No. 744-P dated December 7, 2020 “On the procedure for calculating the amount of operational risk (“Basel III”) creates new opportunities for the banking sector for capital optimization to cover this type of risk. However, in recent years, financial operating losses (the damage from crimes committed in the credit and financial sector in Russia in 2021 exceeded 386 million rubles) confirm the fact that the risk from the realization of risks is more significant. The reasons are wide variety of the operational risks, high dynamics in the detection of new types, as well as their more secretive nature in detection with other risks, which has a sharply negative impact on the security of the bank. Nevertheless, the optimization is impossible without countering threats to economic security. In our opinion, the set conditions are best met by a risk-based internal control system within a particular credit institution. The Basel Committee underpin the need for building an internal control system based on the recognition and assessment of the risks assumed by the bank, and their relationship with the goals set for the credit institution. Thus, risk-based internal control system, which allows timely identification of shortcomings and violations in its activities, as well as prompt response to changes in the internal and external environment to prevent negative results, could provide such countering for the bank.
Defining trends in the evolution of the Russian gas market
Authors: Allayarova Nelya I. , Ketsba Bata I.
Published: April 2023

The new “driving force” of the liberalization of the conditions for the functioning of the gas sector associated with demonopolization and the formation of an effective structure of the domestic gas market with a high level of competition and fair principles of the organization of natural gas trade for Russian consumers are the ongoing changes in the economic situation in the global energy market. Against the background of the expected decline in pipeline gas exports to Europe (the volume of decline may amount to 100 billion cubic meters in the medium term) it is important to focus efforts on the development of the domestic gas market, since the task in these conditions is more urgent than ever. First of all, to accelerate the transition to market pricing mechanisms (except for the population) using indicative prices on the stock exchange and within the framework of inter-fuel competition. Currently, gas prices in the domestic market are subsidized by exports, which, as mentioned above, is going to decrease, which in turn will lead to a decrease in such subsidies, and accordingly, there will be a need for higher rates of price growth in the domestic market. The importance of further development of gas exchange trading in Russia is emphasized on various government platforms. The main guidelines for improving the exchange mechanisms for the sale of natural gas are contained in the “National Plan (Roadmap) for the development of competition in the Russian Federation for 2021-2025”. It should be noted that the development of gas exchange trading should take place by increasing the economic attractiveness for participants, creating favorable economically conditioned prerequisites for an equal supply of gas to the exchange for all sellers, as well as developing an appropriate regulatory framework.
Fearing the Memory of Father: The Impact of Biological Origins on the Life Course of Latvian ‘Third Reich’ Children Born of War
Authors:   University of Latvia, Gruziņš Oskars
Published: April 2023

Based on an extensive review of scholarly works on WWII Children Born of War (CBOW) in Western Europe, in contrast to a content analysis of the interviews of 38 Latvian CBOW subjects, this proceeding argues that the primary stimulus driving the hiding and augmenting of CBOW memories in post-war Soviet-occupied Latvia differed from that in the West. It argues that, while there existed a fear of social reprisals in the West, a fear primarily focused on social discrimination and its impact on the well-being of CBOW and their families. In contrast, in Soviet-occupied Latvia there existed a mortal fear of institutional repressions, a fear primarily focused on individual and family survival. Moreover, utilizing examples and statements from said Latvian WWII CBOW subjects, as well as from academic literature on the Soviet Union and Soviet-occupied Latvia, this proceeding illustrates how a societal fear, and the resulting ‘silence,’ permeated all of society. Thus, this proceeding identifies that the practice of hiding and augmenting memoires for fear of the Soviet regime was widespread in post-war Latvia, that Third Reich (TR) CBOW were just one cohort group trying to hide their past from the Soviet regime and that the resulting atmosphere of societal ‘silence’ may have been conducive to these ends. Finally, after having illustrated the fear which existed in society and among such CBOW, this proceeding shows how that fear in many cases came to dictate the life course of TR CBOW in Latvia.
The Course of Life of Those Deported on 14 June 1941 Until Their Release from Forced Settlement. Examples of Disinformation, Misleading Information
Authors:   University of Latvia, Neimane Lelde ,   Museum of the Occupation of Latvia
Published: April 2023

Totalitarian state regimes use disinformation and misleading information in the form of propaganda to influence, control and reduce the possibility of critical thinking in their citizens. It still continues in several countries around the world. In order to facilitate recognising disinformation, to understand its manipulation methods, to promote critical thinking in a democratic environment, it has been valuable to analyse the country’s own lived experience through the prism of its inhabitants. The article reflects examples of the experience of the population displaced from Latvia during the mass deportation carried out by the Soviet totalitarian regime on 14 June 1941, from the moment when the echelons full of deported people crossed the border of Latvia and arrived at the deportation camps, until liberation, the opportunities for return and life in Latvia after the experience of deportation. Oral history, represented by interviews in video format from the video testimony collection of the Museum of the Occupation of Latvia are the basic historical sources of the current study, predominantly focusing on the memories of people who were adults at the time of deportation. Several accounts of the memories are compared with the documents in the criminal case files of the deportees stored in the State Archives of Latvia. In the article, the insights into the main findings are grouped into eight key points of the historical context: 1) the beginning of the German-USSR war; 2) information obtained at the site of displacement (deportee status, information about the men); 3) the end of the German-USSR war; 4) communication with relatives, friends in Latvia; 5) efforts to return to Latvia in 1946–1948 (illegally/legally); 6) deportation of 25 March 1949 (informed/uninformed); 7) Stalin’s death on 5 March 1953; 8) discharge in 1956–1957 and return to Latvia. Through examples, the article, reveals the disinformation of the Soviet regime in the form of silence, not responding to people’s questions, absence of any explanation either regarding the status of the displaced person, or any aspects of rights. Replies to written submissions to the state authorities of the USSR were rejected without explanation. At times, the repressive regime also used partial disclosure of information, for instance, regarding relatives who were shot and killed in imprisonment. Not only the very harsh physical conditions in the detention made the deportation inhumane, but the victims were also morally destroyed by this reigning ignorance, fear about their status, loved ones and fate.
Information Warfare and Disinformation: The Example of the Occupation of Latvia in June of 1940
Authors:   University of Latvia, Zelče Vita
Published: April 2023

Applying the concept of information warfare, the study examines the influence of the USSR on the information space of Latvia during its occupation in June 1940 and taking over power. Using memoir literature, the article presents the characteristics of media activity. The research analyses the contents of the 17–19 June issues of the most influential newspapers “Jaunākās Ziņas”, “Brīvā Zeme” and “Rīts” in order to detect disinformation published therein and information available to people. It was concluded that the USSR successfully implemented the information warfare, achieving complete control of Latvia’s information space. The main information materials provided to the audience of the Latvian media contained blatant misinformation, as they defined the relations between Latvia and the USSR as friendly and the Red Army as a friendly army.
The Method in Understanding Hadith Through Ijmā' and Its Implications for Islamic Law in Indonesia: Studies on the Hadiths of the Month of Qamariyah
Authors: Majid Abdul , Sagirah Sitti , Wendry Novizal , Safri Edi , Syafruddin Syafruddin
Published: April 2023

This study examines the approach used in comprehending hadith through ijmā’  and its ramifications for Islamic law in Indonesia, especially the hadiths of the month of Qamariyah. This is an ahkam hadith study that employs hadith science and Islamic law theory, particularly ijmā'. This study reaches the following conclusions: Firstly, there are varieties of approaches for comprehending the customs of the month of Qamariyah, particularly in defining the month of fasting and holidays in Indonesia, which is seen as essential. This interpretation triggers the emergence of a two-poled, textual and contextually distinct views of Islamic law. Although such discrepancies can tarnish Islamic symbols, it is believed that they would spark social discord in Indonesian culture. Second, ijmā’  as a source and method of interpreting Islamic law can be used to prevent the susceptibility of social conflicts in society, particularly when debates go beyond ethical principles. Otherwise, this concern worsens when it is used by agents both individuals and groups, who frequently exploit the current circumstances for their own political gain and ultimately polarize and divide society socially. Thirdly, the ijmā' conducted by the government during the isbath session with the participation of all religious organizations in Indonesia, including MUI, NU, Muhammadiyah, DDII, PERSIS, and Al-Washliyah, is a positive development for the certainty and benefit of Islamic law. Hence, the ijmā' approach of analyzing hadith is consistent with Islamic legal standards. Musāyarah bi al-maṣāliḥ al-nās signifies that the determination of a law must be in accordance with human benefits, both individually and socially, particularly within the context of the state.
Strengthening Zakat Rules in Indonesia: A Legal Study of the Law on the Government of Aceh
Authors: Faisal Faisal , Mukhlis Mukhlis , Jamaluddin Jamaluddin , Manfarisyah Manfarisyah , Maghfirah Fitri
Published: April 2023

Aceh is a province with special authority under the Law Number 11 of 2006 on the Government of Aceh (Undang-Undang Pemerintahan Aceh/UUPA). The special authority is mentioned, among other regulations, in Article 180, which makes zakat the source of original income of the Aceh Region and the district or city. This study is a normative juridical research, that is, a study that analyses the regulations of laws that set law as a system of norms.The data collection technique used in this research is a literature studies of laws and regulations. This study concludes that zakat management in Aceh is regulated based on the UUPA of 2006. Baitul Mal Aceh and Baitul Mal districts or cities manage the institutions that regulate it. In addition, this legal regulation also explains that the amount of zakat paid is a deductible expense from the taxpayer's income tax liability. However, the existence of zakat, as stipulated in a number of UUPA articles, has not been implemented as expected. The absence of government regulations governing the implementation of taxes as a deductible factor for the amount of income tax payable is one of the reasons for not implementing Article 192. This government regulation is an essential factor towards strengthening the law on the Government of Aceh as part of the Helsinki Memorandum of Understanding mandate. The principle of lex specialis derogate lex generalis must be used as a legal argument in order to encourage the implementation of these regulations. Since Aceh is a region with special autonomy, the application of its law must also be handled specifically.
Animal Protection in the Perspective of Positive Law and Islamic Law: A Study of Elephant-Human Conflict in Aceh, Indonesia
Authors: Efendi Efendi , Zuhri M , Tarmizi Tarmizi , Hadi Ainal , Yunanda Rizki
Published: April 2023

This article talks about protecting animals from the point of view of positive law and Islamic law. It focuses on elephants and their conflicts with people. Cases of conflict between elephants and humans have continued to increase from 2015 to 2021, reaching 582 cases. This research is a normative legal study, while the approach used is the approach of legislation and Islamic law. The data studied are literature and legal norms related to positive legal rules and Islamic law. This study concludes that the government has made efforts to protect elephants by issuing various laws and regulations, both at the central and regional levels. Positional law regulates and strives for the protection of elephants, such as the prohibition of catching, injuring, killing, possessing, keeping, and even trading them. In addition, the government has taken various steps, including having mutual coordination between related agencies, involving non-governmental organizations and the community, and enforcing the law. Furthermore, to overcome conflicts between elephants and humans in the future, it is necessary to immediately implement policies related to the prohibition of land use around elephant crossings and policies to relocate people close to elephant crossing areas and provide compensation to those who are affected. From the perspective of Islamic law, the protection of animals, including elephants, is part of the benefit based on the Qur'an, hadith, and fatwas of ulemas to preserve nature, which has an impact on human survival.
The Application of Restorative Justice for Children as Criminal Offenders in the Perspective of National Law and Qanun Jināyat
Authors: Rizanizarli Rizanizarli , Mahfud Mahfud , Pratama Riza Chatias , Fikri Fikri
Published: April 2023

This study aims to examine the application of restorative justice to children as criminal offenders based on the 2012 SPPA Law and the 2014 Qanun Jināyat. This study is an empirical legal study using a statutory approach and restorative justice theory. Data collection techniques were carried out through in-depth interviews and literature studies. The results of the study show that Article 5 paragraph (1) of the 2012 SPPA Law stipulates that if a child commits a crime or jarīmah, a restorative justice approach must be prioritized, and in Article 7 paragraph (1), it is stated that at investigation, prosecution, and examination level of a child's case in the district court, it is mandatory to attempt diversion. The Qanun Jināyat of 2014 does not separately regulate the settlement of children who commit crimes. However, it designates laws and regulations regarding juvenile justice. Qanun Jināyat regulates the handling of children who carry out a jarīmahikhtilaṭ to carry out an examination guided by the law mentioned above. However, in the case of children who commit crimes of ikhtilaṭ and are investigated by the police, the process is carried out in a restorative justice and diversionary manner. The forms of settlement in restorative justice are reconciliation with or without compensation, return to parents or guardians, social rehabilitation, and religious rehabilitation. This study argues that restorative justice treats children in a dignified manner oriented towards juctice and the interests of the child. Likewise, the study shows that SPPA Law and Qanun Jināyat complement each other.
Sharia Issues on Loot Boxes in Online Games and Esport
Authors: Jusoh Yusoff Amir Fazlim , Abd Razak Iffah
Published: April 2023

Online games and esports have attracted Muslims across Southeast Asia. However, this phenomenon has created some issues pertaining to sharia such as purchasing loot boxes while playing online games. A loot box is a feature in online games that produces microtransactions, which generate income for game providers. It represents a mystery box purchased by players while playing games. The concept of buying loot boxes usually involves a purchase of something unknown to the buyer. Since the item of the purchase is unknown, this study aims to examine sharia ruling on purchasing the loot box in online games. This qualitative study applies content analysis and interviews. It reveals that loot boxes purchase is void according to sharia and impermissible. This is due to the fact that it represents gambling, and the sale is not sharia compliant. This study provides guidelines for sharia-compliant online games and esports for Muslim in Southeast Asia.
Relative Competence of the Sharia Court: Talaq Divorce Lawsuit and Protection of Women’s Rights
Authors: Darmawan Darmawan , Suhaimi Suhaimi , Natsir Muhammad , T. Rasyidin T. Rasyidin , Mustakim Mustakim
Published: April 2023

This paper examines how the legal protection of women in the event of talaq divorce at the Sharia Court is related to the relative competence of the Sharia Court. This study is significant due to many talaq divorce cases at the Sharia Court filed by husbands not based on the wives’ domiciles. Such practices have been contrary to the principle of civil procedural law, which stipulates that a divorce case filed by the husband must be based on the wife’s domicile. Data were taken from talaq divorce decisions tried by the Banda Aceh Sharia Court, analyzed using the principles of civil procedural law. Findings of the study revealed that the majority of talaq divorce cases tried by the Sharia Court did not have strong legal force, as they were not in line with the principle of actor sequitor forum rei. In general, the decisions of the Banda Aceh Sharia Court in talaq divorce cases were made without the presence of the respondents (wives). Such decisions not only contradicted the principles of civil procedural law, but also had an impact on limited access for women to defend their interests in the courtroom.
Current Trends in Intra-articular Knee Injections Among Family Physicians
Authors: Warren Brittney J. , Fleeks Jeremy L. , Bhardwaj Namita
Published: April 2023

Introduction: Family physicians use a variety of medications and techniques to perform intra-articular knee injections in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Currently, there is no consensus in the literature among the various specialties that perform joint injections for osteoarthritis of the knee regarding frequency of injections and injectate. The purpose of this study is to examine (1) the types of intra-articular knee injections used by family physicians for arthritis, (2) the most commonly used injectate, (3) the procedural approach, and (4) the maximum number of times the majority of family physicians would inject a single knee. Our study provides a descriptive epidemiology of current knee injection practices in the United States among family physicians.
Methods: Surveys were emailed to family physicians. We evaluated and analyzed responses.
Results: We received 360 responses, of which 317 family physicians indicated using intra-articular knee injections for pain. The majority (99%) used intra-articular injection steroid therapy in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. About half (57.4%) of the family physicians would inject the same knee between one to five times.
Conclusion: This study provides an overview of current practices in intra-articular injections among family physicians in the United States and provides important information regarding injection practices. Given the lack of consensus and that current practice contradicts evidence in the literature, consideration should be given among all specialties who perform joint injections to create evidence-based clinical practice guidelines to optimize patient care.
Job satisfaction level of education employees
Authors: Mehmeti Fatmir , Spahi Jyxhel , Elgün Rıza Feridun
Published: April 2023

This paper aims to determine the levels of job satisfaction of teachers. The paper also aims to identify the differences between the levels of job satisfaction of teachers according to gender, level of education, type of school, work experience, and the level at which teachers teach. A descriptive-research method was selected for the realization of the work from the quantitative approach. The questionnaire was completed by 217 teachers who teach in public and private schools. The findings of this paper show us that the teachers have a mean on the border of the mean level of satisfaction and a high level of job satisfaction. Female teachers have higher levels of job satisfaction compared to male teachers, also teachers who teach in private schools have been found to be more satisfied at work than public school teachers. In addition, teachers who have up to ten years of work experience have higher levels of satisfaction in their work compared to teachers who have more years of experience. On the other hand, teachers who teach at the preschool and primary levels are more satisfied with their work than the teachers who teach at the higher levels. Meanwhile, no significant difference was found in the level of job satisfaction between teachers who have completed the bachelor’s level of education, and those who have completed the master’s level of education
Elveszik-e a gépek a munkánkat?
Authors: Pintér Róbert
Published: April 2023

A mesterséges intelligencia (MI) kutatásával kapcsolatos egyik legfontosabb kérdés, hogy a gépek elveszik-e a munkánkat. A cikk ezzel a kérdéssel kapcsolatban fűz fel egyetlen gondolatsorra fontos gazdasági és társadalmi jelenségeket. Kiindulópontja a termelékenység és a foglalkoztatottság szétválása, az MI hatása a munkára és néhány szakma érintettségének bemutatása. A tanulmány vizsgálja továbbá, mi történne velünk, ha nem lenne munkánk: miből tudnánk megélni, mi adna értelmet az életünknek és mihez kezdenénk a szabadidőnkkel. Ezen kívül bemutatja, hogyan lehet felkészülni az MI jelentette kihívásokra, mit tanítsunk ezzel kapcsolatban a gyerekeinknek, illetve hogyan lehet együttműködni a gépekkel az úgynevezett kentaur- MI révén. A befejezés egyrészt a távolabbi jövőbe tekint a poszthumán jövő és a (digitális) halhatatlanság felvillantásával, miközben leszögezi, hogy bizonytalan, mit hoz a jövő, másrészt felveti a gondolatot, hogy elindíthat-e az MI egy új civilizációs hullámot.
Technological singularity by culture;
Authors: Paksi Dániel
Published: April 2023

The concept of technological singularity is very popular in both science and culture. However, in this paper I will argue that this concept is not sound; there is a severe contradiction in the mainstream Turingian approach because it neglects our evolutionary origin, which machines utterly lack, and this lets the so popular rise of the creatures concept into science—which, in fact, is just the new version of our most fundamental origin-story, the rebellion of Adam and Eve against God. However, we are, in reality, the children of evolution and machines are not, which makes a significant difference.
A Survey of Energy-efficient Routing Approaches in FANETs
Authors: Singh Pawan , kumar sudesh , Srivastava Ashish
Published: April 2023

With the rapid evolution of autonomous technology, new alternatives are
derived in which Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) form a self-organising
wireless ad-hoc network known as Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANETs).
However, the limited battery power of UAVs is one of the most critical
issues in FANETs, as the UAVs operate in limited battery power. Link
disconnection problem between UAVs occurs due to the lack of energy,
which degrades network performance. Therefore, efficient energy
utilization is required in the routing process for FANETs. Considering
this key issue, this survey classifies the Energy-efficient Routing
(EeR) approaches, examines their functionality, advantages, and
limitations, and, finally, challenges, emerging trends, and future
directions are expressed. The main objective of this study is to assist
ad-hoc network engineers, researchers, and academicians in selecting
appropriate EeR approaches for their work in FANETs.
Comparative Evaluation of Vitek®2 and BMD for Colistin Susceptibility in GNB isolated from ICU patients
Authors: Ananda K Thripthi , E Vandana K , Mukhopadhyay Chiranjay
Published: April 2023

Colistin is the last resort treatment against resistant Gram-negative
bacteria, necessitating reliable and rapid means for sensitivity testing
of colistin. Automated-systems like VITEK®2 is adopted to determine
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) due to its easy usage. Broth
microdilution (BMD) for colistin MIC was suggested by EUCAST and CLSI.
The objective was to compare and evaluate colistin MIC by BMD and
VITEK®2 against Gram-negative organisms from ICU in a tertiary care
hospital. Clinically significant organisms isolated from ICU patients
were included. MIC was determined using BMD and VITEK®2. Very major
error (VME), major error (ME), essential agreement (EA), categorical
agreement (CA), positive-predictive value (PPV), negative-predictive
value (NPV), sensitivity and specificity were analysed. 533 isolates
were obtained from blood (435,81.60%), respiratory samples
(57,10.70%), pus and exudates (20,3.80%), urine (18,3.40%) and CSF
(3,0.60%). The Enterobacterales were K. pneumoniae (185,34.70%), E.
coli (73,13.70%) and E. cloacae (26,4.90%) while non-fermenters were
A. baumannii (209,39.20%) and P. aeruginosa (40,7.50%). The VITEK®2
sensitivity was >99%; specificity ranged from
14.28-52.94%. PPV was 93.81% while NPV was 93.75%. VME ranged from
47-100% between isolates. ME was up to 20%. Highest VME was obtained
in E. coli (100%). The total EA and CA observed was 68.5% and 99.79%
respectively. VITEK®2 failed to detect the resistance in 32(60%)
isolates. Obtained VME and ME values were >3%, which is
unacceptable as per the standard guidelines. EA of ≥90% wasn’t
obtained. Sensitivity for VITEK®2 was >99%, but had low
specificity (14.28%). Hence, VITEK®2 is not reliable for colistin
susceptibility testing.
Variation characteristics of hydrological response to water conservancy construction in the Qinhe River Basin of the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Guo Peng , Wang Fei , Zhou Xiawan , Jiqiang LYU
Published: April 2023

Investigating the response characteristics of various hydrological
factors to the construction of water conservancy projects and evaluating
their impact on the ecological environment is crucial for ecological
protection and restoration in the Loess Plateau, China with a complex
environment. In this study, we employed a geomorphology-based
hydrological model to simulate the hydrological elements of the Qinhe
River Basin in the Loess Plateau. Additionally, we explored the response
characteristics of the water cycle and hydrological processes to the
construction of reservoirs in the basin. We also examined multiyear
changes in peak flood volume and sediment discharge during flood seasons
influenced by reservoirs. A thorough evaluation of the simulation
results indicated their reliability. The sub-basins hosting reservoirs
initially showed an increase in evaporation, followed by a decrease.
During the change periods, both runoff and soil water decreased, but
remained higher than the mean values for the basin during the same
period. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index of sub-basins
associated with five reservoirs was significantly higher than the mean
value for the basin during the same period. The peak flood volume and
sediment discharge in the basin were characterized by decreasing trends,
with the latter showing weak sustainability. The value of each index for
a sub-basin associated with a reservoir was higher than the average
value for the basin. The construction and operation of reservoirs had a
positive impact on the ecology of the basin. Water and soil conservation
measures, including sediment regulation and storage using reservoirs,
significantly decreased water-related disasters and soil erosion in the
basin. This study provides a scientific basis for the design of water
conservancy projects and ecological governance in the basin.
Using Machine Learning with Partial Dependence Analysis to Investigate Coupling Between Soil Moisture and Near-surface Temperature
Authors: Trok Jared T. , Davenport Frances V. , Barnes Elizabeth A. , Diffenbaugh Noah S.
Published: April 2023

Soil moisture influences near-surface air temperature by partitioning
downwelling radiation into latent and sensible heat fluxes, through
which dry soils generally lead to higher temperatures. The strength of
this coupled soil moisture-temperature (SM-T) relationship is not
spatially uniform, and numerous methods have been developed to assess
SM-T coupling strength across the globe. These methods tend to involve
either idealized climate-model experiments or linear statistical methods
which cannot fully capture nonlinear SM-T coupling. In this study, we
propose a nonlinear machine learning-based approach for analyzing SM-T
coupling and apply this method to various mid-latitude regions using
historical reanalysis datasets. We first train convolutional neural
networks (CNNs) to predict daily maximum near-surface air temperature
(TMAX) given daily SM and geopotential height fields. We then use
partial dependence analysis to isolate the average sensitivity of each
CNN’s TMAX prediction to the SM input under daily atmospheric
conditions. The resulting SM-T relationships broadly agree with previous
assessments of SM-T coupling strength. Over many regions, we find
nonlinear relationships between the CNN’s TMAX prediction and the SM
input map. These nonlinearities suggest that the coupled interactions
governing SM-T relationships vary under different SM conditions, but
these variations are regionally dependent. We also apply this method to
test the influence of SM memory on SM-T coupling and find that our
results are consistent with previous studies. Although our study focuses
specifically on local SM-T coupling, our machine learning-based method
can be extended to investigate other coupled interactions within the
climate system using observed or model-derived datasets.
Adjoint-state waveform inversion using the S-net system for tsunami source imaging and early warning
Authors: Xie Yuqing , Mohanna Saeed , Meng Lingsen , Zhou Tong , Ho Tung-Cheng
Published: April 2023

We explore the potential of the adjoint-state full waveform tsunami
inversion method for tsunami warning and source imaging using S-net, an
array of ocean bottom pressure gauges. Compared to finite-fault tsunami
source inversions, the method we use does not require as densely gridded
Green’s functions to obtain a high resolution result, thus reducing
computation time. What is required is a dense instrument network with
good azimuthal coverage. The S-net pressure gauges fulfill this
requirement and reduce the data collection time, thus making it possible
to invert the recordings for the tsunami source and issue a timely
tsunami warning. We apply our method to synthetic waveforms of the 2011
Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami as well as data from the 2016 Mw
6.9 Fukushima earthquake. The results of the synthetic tests show that
using the first 5 minutes of the waveforms, the adjoint-state inversion
method achieves good performance with an average accuracy score of 93%,
with the error of predicted wave amplitudes ranging between -5.6 to 1.9
m. Our application to the 2016 Fukushima earthquake shows the required
waveform duration to achieve accurate inversions for smaller events is
longer than that of a larger event. However, using the first 25 minutes
of the waveforms, the inversion yields a tsunami source that is
sufficient for making accurate predictions of arrival times and
amplitudes. Assuming a uniformly distributed fault slip, we estimated a
stress drop for the latter event to be 4.6 MPa, which is in line with
estimations from recent studies.
Classifying Interplanetary Discontinuities Using Supervised Machine Learning
Authors: Dumitru Daniel , Munteanu Costel
Published: April 2023

Directional discontinuities (DDs) are defined as abrupt changes of the
magnetic field orientation. We use observations from ESA’s Cluster
mission to compile a database of events: 4216 events are identified in
January-April 2007, and 5194 in January-April 2008. Localized time-scale
images depicting angular changes are created for each event, and a
preliminary classification algorithm is designed to distinguish between:
simple - isolated events, and complex - multiple overlapping events. In
2007, 1806 events are pre-classified as simple, and 2410 as complex; in
2008, 1997 events are simple, and 3197 are complex. A supervised machine
learning approach is used to recognize and predict these events. Two
models are trained: one for 2007, which is used to predict the results
in 2008, and vice-versa for 2008. To validate our results, we
investigate the discontinuity occurrence rate as a function of
spacecraft location. When the spacecraft is in the solar wind, we find
an occurrence rate of ~2 DDs per hour and a 50/50 %
ratio of simple/complex events. When the spacecraft is in the Earth’s
magnetosheath, we find that the total occurrence rate remains around 2
DDs/h, but the ratio of simple/complex events changes to
~25/75 %. This implies that about half of the simple
events observed in the solar wind are classified as complex when
observed in the magnetosheath. This demonstrates that our classification
scheme can provide meaningful insights, and thus be relevant for future
studies on interplanetary discontinuities.
Multiple Ionospheric Descending Layers Over Arecibo
Authors: Dharmalingam Selvaraj , Sivakandan Mani , Sulzer Michael P.
Published: April 2023

Observations using Arecibo Observatory’s highly sensitive Incoherent
Scattering Radar (AO-ISR) show ionospheric descending layers from as
high as $\sim$400 km, much higher than earlier studies,
with continuity down to 90 km. The AO-ISR was operated to observe the
ion-line and plasma-line with coded-long-pulse for high temporal and
spatial resolution of 35/10 seconds and 300 m, respectively, during
01-06 February 2019. We found multiple layering structures descending
from 400 km to 90 km in all these six days. These layers are
traditionally called intermediate descending layers (IDLs)
($>$130 km and below F-peak), upper semi-diurnal daytime
$\&$ nighttime layers (110 km-130 km), and lower
diurnal layers($<$110 km). We have denoted the new daytime
descending layers above the hmF2 as top-side descending layers (TDLs).
All these layers are collectively named ion descending layers (IonDLs)
since all of them are connected with some discontinuity at the F1-peak
(i.e., 170 km), except for the daytime lower-diurnal layer. The most
pronounced IonDLs occur in the twilight times. IonDLs mainly occur in
shear zones of the vertical ion drifts and are favored by downward ion
drifts, and their descent speeds increase with increasing altitude. The
estimated phase velocities of the waves in the F-region are comparable
with the descending speed of the IonDLs. Furthermore, IonDLs/IDLs occur
with and without spread-F events but intensified spread-F events raise
their beginning altitude. The TDLs and IDLs are driven by gravity waves
with time periods of 1.5-4 hours.
Spatial and Temporal Changes in Nutrient Source Contribution in a Lowland Catchment within the Baltic Sea Region under Climate Change Scenarios
Authors: Bojanowski Damian , Orlińska-Woźniak Paulina , Wilk Paweł , Jakusik Ewa , Szalińska Ewa
Published: April 2023

Currently, climate change is considered as an important factor affecting
nutrient loads introduced through riverine systems into the Baltic Sea.
Although the prospect of a large increase in pollution has long seemed
very real, it still does not translate into planning of effective
remedial actions. One of the factors limiting the development of such
activities is the scale of simulations, focusing generally on catchment
outlet profiles. To fill this gap and enable a step forward in
understanding responses towards future predictions in a higher
resolution scale (subcatchment), we assessed nutrient load contribution
using calculation profiles localised along a main watercourse and its
tributaries. To track spatial and seasonal changes of total nitrogen and
phosphorus under short- and long-term (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) climate change
scenarios we used the digital platform Macromodel DNS/SWAT. Having at
our disposal a catchment model with a good performance we could follow
not only total load changes in particular subcatchments, but also track
localisation of the pollution sources and their direct impact on load
estimations. Our results showed an increase of the loads, especially
from the agricultural landuse type, up to 34% for TN and 85% for TP in
the most extreme scenario. Moreover, forest areas have been noted as
highly reactive to the climate changes, and through their localisation
able to distinctly alter nutrient outflow. Finally, the contribution of
urban areas should be further investigated since the dynamics of
nitrogen and phosphorus release from impervious surfaces is noticeably
different here than from the other diffuse sources.
Interactions between multiple physical particle injection pumps in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Thompson Andrew F. , Dove Lilian A. , Flint Ellie , Boyd Philip W , Lacour Leo
Published: April 2023

The biological pump, which removes carbon from the surface ocean and
regulates atmospheric carbon dioxide, comprises multiple processes that
include but extend beyond gravitational settling of organic particles.
Contributions to the biological pump that arise from the physical
circulation are broadly referred to as physical particle injection
pumps; a synthetic view of how these physical pumps interact with each
other and other components of the biological pump does not yet exist. In
this study, observations from a quasi-Lagrangian float and ocean glider,
deployed in the Southern Ocean’s subantarctic zone for one month during
the spring bloom, offer insight into daily-to-monthly fluctuations in
the mixed layer pump and the eddy subduction pump. Estimated
independently, each mechanism contributes intermittent export fluxes on
the order of several hundreds milligrams of particulate organic carbon
(POC) per day. The float and the glider produce similar estimates of the
mixed layer pump, with sustained weekly periods of export fluxes with a
magnitude of 400 mg-POC-m-2-day-1. Export fluxes from the eddy
subduction pump, based on a mixed layer instability scaling,
occasionally exceed 500 mg-POC-m-2day-1, with some periods having strong
inferred vertical velocities and others having enhanced isopycnal
slopes. Regimes occur when a summation of the two pump estimates may
misrepresent the total physical carbon flux. Disentangling contributions
from different physical pump mechanisms from sparse data will remain
challenging. Insight into how mesoscale stirring and submesocale
velocities set the vertical structure of POC concentrations is
identified as a key target to reduce uncertainty in global carbon export
fluxes.
Constraining historical earthquake sequences with Coulomb stress models: an example from western Turkey
Authors: Diercks Manuel , Mildon Zoe K , Boulton Sarah Jean , Hussain Ekbal
Published: April 2023

Knowledge of earthquake source faults is crucial to calculate robust
Coulomb stress models. However, source faults are often poorly
constrained, especially for pre-instrumental events, and these historic
earthquakes are commonly studied with little or no consideration of
other nearby events. We introduce an approach using Coulomb Stress
Transfer (CST) modelling to investigate historical earthquake sequences
and constrain possible source faults. Using historical and instrumental
records from western Turkey, we create an ensemble of earthquake
sequences featuring multiple rupture scenarios for individual
earthquakes, and model both coseismic and interseismic CST. We filter
and evaluate the models based on criteria to gain knowledge on historic
earthquakes and their source faults and assess the current stress state
and related seismic hazard of the investigated fault network. The
results provide further constraints on the source faults of several
historic earthquakes, and therefore can be used to refine historic
earthquake studies from a novel perspective.
Response of the current climate to land-ocean contrasts in parameterized cumulus entrainment
Authors: Mohan Meera , Merlis Timothy M , Kirshbaum Daniel
Published: April 2023

Cumulus entrainment substantially regulates the earth’s climate but
remains poorly constrained in global climate models. Recent studies have
shown that cumulus bulk entrainment (or dilution) is particularly
sensitive to continentality, with the entrainment rate in simulated
maritime cumuli nearly double that of continental cumuli. The present
study examines the impacts of such land–ocean entrainment contrasts on
the current climate using 21-year simulations with the Geophysical Fluid
Dynamics Laboratory’s (GFDL) High-Resolution Atmospheric Model (HIRAM).
In response to a 25% reduction in entrainment over land, precipitation
over tropical land regions increases by up to 40%. Along with directly
facilitating enhanced convective precipitation, this entrainment
reduction induces a positive soil moisture–precipitation feedback that
further enhances convective precipitation over land. A 25% entrainment
reduction over the oceans leads to more widespread modifications of
convection patterns, with the strongest signal in the tropical Pacific.
Deep convection shifts upstream (eastward) there, inducing enhanced
large-scale ascent over the central Pacific with compensating subsidence
and reduced humidity and precipitation over the western Pacific.
Land–ocean variations in entrainment project onto the Pacific Walker
circulation, with the 25% land reduction strengthening it by 4% and
the 25% ocean reduction weakening it by 14%. These changes are driven
by variations in convective and large-scale stratiform heating over the
Pacific. While reduced entrainment over land enhances diabatic heating
in the Maritime Continent to strengthen the Walker circulation, reduced
entrainment over the oceans decreases diabatic heating in the western
Pacific to weaken the Walker circulation.
Advancing the Ecosystem of Early Stage Ventures through Equity Crowdfunding: A Focus on Platform Strategy
Authors:   Academy of Entrepreneurship, Nam Dae-il
Published: April 2023

Five years have passed since equity crowdfunding was introduced in Korea in 2016. In this article, I examine the growth, current states, and limitations of equity crowdfunding. Unlike previous studies that emphasized legal aspects, this study develops a discussion based on platform strategy. If innovative finance that connects individual companies with investors is the essence of crowdfunding, it would be of great significance to suggest academic, policy, and practical implications from the perspective of platform strategy. Furthermore, I believe that equity crowdfunding can provide an educational first step for individual investors who want to learn more about various investments. It is also hoped that investment will become a culture in Korea thereby accelerating the growth of venture ecosystem.
Generalized wintgen inequality for submanifolds in standard warped product manifolds
Authors: Siddiqui Aliya , Ahmad Kamran , Alkhaldi Ali , Alqahtani Lamia
Published: April 2023

Roth (Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 95, 495-499 (2017)) gave a result for DDVV
inequality submanifolds of warped product manifolds. Then Murathan et al.
(J. Geom. (2018) 109:30) obtained the Wintgen-like inequality for
statistical submanifolds of statistical warped product manifolds. Recently,
Gorunus et al. (Inter. Elec. J. Geom. 12(1), 43-56 (2019)) established the
generalized Wintgen inequality for Legendrian submanifolds in almost
Kenmotsu statistical manifolds. Thus, in the present manuscript, we find the
generalized Wintgen inequality for a Legendrian submanifold in the standard
warped product manifolds (?-Kenmotsu manifold).