bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Magnesium Sulfate and Dexmedetomidine as Adjuvants to Ropivacaine in Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block: A Randomised Clinical Study
Authors: Singh Poonam , Gupta Nidhi , Kumar Rajesh , Jaiswal Apoorva , Jaggi Sahil , Sharma Raydhi
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Peripheral nerve blocks have recently proven to be extremely promising in terms of patient satisfaction. In upper limb procedures, rapid and deep anaesthesia can be achieved with supraclavicular ultrasound-guided access to the brachial plexus. To improve the quality of local anaesthesia, adjuvants such as magnesium sulfate and dexmedetomidine have been added to the local anaesthetic. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of magnesium sulfate and dexmedetomidine as adjuvants to ropivacaine in supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Blockade (BPB). Materials and Methods: A prospective randomised doubleblind study was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesiology from June 2016 to November 2017 ( 1 year and 6 months) at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 60 patients were divided into two groups using a computer-generated random number for upper limb surgeries (below the mid-humerus) under supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Group A (n=30) received ropivacaine 0.5% (30 mL) plus dexmedetomidine 50 µg for the supraclavicular block, and Group B received ropivacaine 0.5% (30 mL) plus magnesium sulfate 150 mg in 1 mL Normal Saline (NS) 0.9% for the same block. A comparison of these two groups was conducted for the time of onset, duration of sensory and motor block, haemodynamic stability, postoperative analgesia, and complications. Statistical analyses such as Student’s t-test, Chi-square test, and MannWhitney U-test were used. Results: The mean age of Group A was 28.03±5.86 years and Group B was 31.07±7.06 years. The sensory block and motor block onset were significantly faster among patients of Group A (6.47±1.43 min and 8.50±1.46 min) compared to Group B (9.57±1.22 min and 11.77±1.19 min). The mean duration of analgesia was significantly longer (p<0.001) in Group A (1034.10±61.07 min) compared to Group B (460.00±35.82 min). The duration of sensory block and motor block was also significantly higher (p<0.001) in Group A compared to Group B. Both groups were haemodynamically stable, but sedation was significantly higher in Group A. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine 50 µg is a superior adjuvant compared to magnesium sulfate 150 mg with ropivacaine 0.5% in supraclavicular brachial plexus block as it significantly hastens onset time and prolongs the duration of sensory and motor blocks and the duration of analgesia.
Endangered Spectacled Flying-fox: a review of past and current knowledge and future needs to re-start its recovery
Authors: Preece Noel
Published: February 2024

The Spectacled Flying-fox has declined by 75% over the past two decades, falling in status from vulnerable to endangered even while a recovery plan was in place. This review is the first in 13 years and is necessary to bring the knowledge of the species up to date and to identify some of the most pressing issues in the bat’s conservation. Foremost among these are the already apparent extreme heat events which were not anticipated in earlier studies and plans, compounded by continuing habitat loss and declining habitat condition, deterioration of food resources that support the species, community and political pressure to disperse roosts in urban areas and diseases that disproportionately affect young and mothers in this slow-reproducing species. Perceptions of this keystone species have been coloured by the advent of Covid-19 and fears that these bats transmit coronavirus directly to humans (which they do not). It has been difficult to change negative attitudes, so better approaches to changing community perceptions are needed. Greater diligence is required to ensure recovery action is taken, to avert the threats to this keystone species and to obtain the resources to help it recover.
Plant Physiological Performances, Plant Growth, Grain Yield and Methane Emission of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) in Response to Water Management as Adaptation Strategy for Climate Change
Authors: Rashid Mohd Aziz , Jumat Fauzi , Rahman Mohammad Hariz Bin Abdul , Bastami Mohd Saufi Bin , Saad Maisarah Binti Mohamad , Misman Siti Norsuha Binti , Vun Chong Tet , Hamim Norlida Binti Mohamed , Talib Shaidatul Azdawiyah Bt Abdul
Published: February 2024

Continuously flooded rice systems are a major contributor to the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in the agriculture sector in Malaysia. Intermittent irrigation has been recommended to replace conventional rice water management to save water and reduce GHG emissions without compromising rice yields. This study was conducted in two growing seasons at Malaysia’s largest rice granary area to determine the effectiveness of different water management practices on conserving water, mitigating GHG and maintaining rice grain yields. Three water management treatments were continuous flooding (CF), saturated and wet conditions from transplanting to heading and flooding until maturity (S-F) and continuous saturated and wet conditions (CS). The results showed that S-F and CS reduced water inputs between 15.0-16.8% and 32.0-34.0% as compared to CF, respectively. Water-saving treatments mostly did not significantly affect the plant's physiological performance, plant growth parameters, growth rate, grain yield and yield parameters. The results indicated that soil saturated and wet conditions provided adequate soil moisture content for the plant’s requirement similar to flooding conditions. Maintaining soil at saturated and wet conditions during the vegetative stage reduced 24.18-39.76% of methane emissions. However, maintaining soil at saturated and wet conditions throughout the growing season reduced 34.52-55.08% of methane emissions. In conclusion, intermittent irrigation could be an effective adaptation technique for simultaneously saving water and mitigating GHG while maintaining high rice grain yields in rice cultivation systems.
Effect of Electronic Fraud on the Financial Performance of Banks in Nigeria
Authors: Jolaiya Olatubosun Felix
Published: February 2024

The study investigated the effect of electronic fraud on the financial performance of banks in Nigeria. The specific objectives were to investigate the effect of electronic fraud through online web transactions, evaluate the effect of electronic fraud through automated teller machine, to determine the effect of fraud through point of sale machine, and to investigate the effect of fraud through mobile phone USSD transactions on the financial performance of selected deposit money banks in Nigeria. Panel Generalized method of moments (GMM) was used to analyze the panel series of the model. The Hausman test indicated the random effect model as most fit for the estimation. The major findings of the study revealed that fraud through the automated teller machine (AEF) has significant negative impact on the financial performance of the deposit money banks in Nigeria. The panel regression result also revealed that fraud through the mobile phone channel (MPEF), and fraud through the online banking channel (OBEF) had significant negative effect on the financial performance of the banks studied. The study concluded that electronic fraud has significant negative relationship with the performance of banks. The policy implication of these findings holds for both management of banks and the financial sector authorities to engineer strategic fraud mitigation technology to strengthen confidence in the financial system. Based on the findings, the study recommended that there is an urgent need for effective monitoring of bank fraud which will allow for the growth of Nigeria deposit banks performance. This is necessary especially this period that the world is going cashless and e payment instrument are used for cashless banking system. And failure to do that, will affect customer’s confidence in the industry. It is also recommended that Bank fraud shall be reduced through effective supervision and regulation of banks by the monetary authorities so that financial industry will contribute to the economy.
Maximizing Penetration Testing Success with Effective Reconnaissance Techniques Using ChatGPT
Authors: Temara Sheetal
Published: February 2024

Background/Objective: The study investigates the integration of ChatGPT, a generative pretrained transformer language model into the reconnaissance phase of penetration testing. The research aims to enhance the efficiency and depth of information gathering during critical security assessments offering potential improvements to traditional approaches.

Research Problem: The research study addresses the challenge of optimizing the reconnaissance phase in penetration testing. It seeks to provide a solution by exploring the capabilities of ChatGPT in extracting valuable data, such as various aspects of the digital footprint or infrastructure of a system or an organization. The scope of the research relies in demonstrating how ChatGPT can contribute to the planning phase of penetration testing, guiding the selection of tactics, tools, and techniques for identifying and mitigating potential risks that could be used to assist with securing Internet accessible assets of a system or an organization.

Methodology: The research adopts a case study methodology to assess the effectiveness of ChatGPT in reconnaissance. Tailored questions are formulated to extract specific information relevant to penetration testing. The study highlights the importance of prompt engineering emphasizing the need for carefully constructed questions to ensure usable results.

Results: The research showcases the ability of ChatGPT to provide diverse and insightful reconnaissance information. The extracted data includes IP address ranges, domain names, vendor technologies, SSL/TLS ciphers, and network protocols. The information gathering improves efficiency of the reconnaissance phase aiding penetration testers in planning subsequent phases of the assessment.

Discussion: The research study extends to the broader field of cybersecurity where artificial intelligence language models can play a valuable role in enhancing the success of reconnaissance in penetration testing. The research suggests that integrating ChatGPT into penetration testing can bring about positive changes in the efficiency and depth of information obtained during reconnaissance.

Conclusion: The results of the study determine that incorporating ChatGPT in the reconnaissance phase significantly benefits penetration testers by offering valuable insights and streamlining subsequent assessment planning. The results affirm ChatGPT as a pivotal tool in maximizing success in penetration testing, contributing to ongoing advancements in cybersecurity practices.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior of Students in Combating Mosquito Nest: A Case Study in High School
Authors: Sulistyawati Sulistyawati , Yuliansyah Herman , Sukesi Tri Wahyuni , Ghozali Fanani Arief , Mulasari Surahma Asti , Tentama Fatwa , Sudarsono Bambang , Nafiati Lu’lu’ , Hastuti Nuri
Published: February 2024

Aim: Assessing the relationship between high school student knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of students in eliminating mosquitoes.

Study Design:  This research employed a cross-sectional design with participant all students in Binatama Vocational Health School, Sleman, Yogyakarta.

Place and Duration of Study: This research was done at Binatama Health Vocational School, Sleman, Yogyakarta, in November 2023.

Methodology: Quantitative research with a cross-sectional design was employed. The population and sample in this study were all from Binamata Vocational High School (311 students). An online questionnaire was used to collect the students' responses.

Results: A relationship exists between students' knowledge and behavior in eliminating mosquito nests.

Conclusion: The results of this study indicate no significant relationship exists between knowledge and high school students’ attitudes regarding the elimination of mosquito nests. There is a relationship between the knowledge and behavior of high schools in eliminating mosquito nests.
Diversity and Distribution Patterns of Tick Fauna in Bannu and Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Authors: Din Siraj U , Majid Abdul , Rehman Hamood U , Awais Sheikh Muhammad
Published: February 2024

Aims: This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the tick fauna of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, conducted across two districts. The study aimed to assess the diversity, relative abundance, and distribution of collected specimens to understand their patterns within the study area.

Location and Duration of Study: Tick specimens were Collected from the Bannu and Lakki Marwat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, spanning from August 2021 to June 2022.

Methodology: Visual encounter surveys were conducted, involving both daytime and nighttime observations, to collect specimens from diverse host animals, totaling 106, including cows, buffalo, goats, and dogs. Following the collection phase, a total of 312 specimens were carefully gathered and transported to the laboratory for further analysis. Upon arrival in the laboratory, the collected specimens were carefully arranged and preserved in Eppendorf tubes filled with a 70% ethanol solution. The preservation process aimed to maintain the integrity of the specimens for subsequent examination. The identification process involved a thorough morphological analysis, where authentic literature, updated taxonomic keys, and observation of morphological parameters were utilized.

Results: The specimens subjected to examination and identification belonged to the Ixodidae family of hard ticks, encompassing two genera: Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus. Within these genera, eight distinct species were recognized in the current study in which a higher prevalence of female ticks across various species were observed. From the Hyalomma genus, the identified species were H. asiaticum, H. anatolicum, H. detritum, and H. impeltatum. The Rhipicephalus genus included R. haemaphysaloides, R. microplus, R. sanguineus, and R. turanicus. R. microplus emerged as the most dominant species, with a count of 126 individuals (SOR=100% and AQ=40.38%). Conversely, H. detritum, H. impeltatum, R. sanguineus and R. turanicus were identified as satellite species. Additionally, H. anatolicum, R. haemaphysaloides, and nymphs were categorized as co-dominant. Moreover, this study reports the first-ever occurrences of H. asiaticum and H. detritum in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, specifically in the Lakki Marwat district. Furthermore, R. haemaphysaloides is possibly reported for the first time in both the Bannu and Lakki Marwat districts.

Conclusion: This research presents preliminary findings on the diverse tick population in regions where animal husbandry plays a crucial role in the local economy. The Lakki Marwat district exhibited the highest diversity indices compared to Bannu. The observed prevalence of ticks in the studied areas emphasizes their significant impact on domesticated animals. Cattle exhibit the highest infestation rates, followed by buffalo and goats. The current taxonomic work may require improvement.
Type A Aortic Dissection: A Call for Vigilance in Chest Pain Diagnosis
Authors: Zahri S  , Khaldi M  , El Jaouhari Z  , Zeroual MA  , Bouziane M  , Haboub M  , Arous S  , Bennouna G  , Drighil A  , Azzouzi L  , Habbal R
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Acute aortic dissection (AD) is a rare and life-threatening condition associated with high mortality rates in the absence of prompt intervention. This article provides an in-depth examination of the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and management of Stanford type A AD in a 62-year-old hypertensive female patient with atypical symptoms.

Case Report: The patient presented with retrosternal chest pain and rapidly worsening dyspnea, demonstrating a 3/6 diastolic murmur over the aortic area. Diagnostic findings included negative T-waves on ECG, significant mediastinal widening on chest X-ray, and transthoracic echocardiography revealing an intimal flap, ascending aorta dilation, and acute aortic insufficiency. Computed tomography confirmed a Stanford type A aortic dissection.

Discussion: Acute AD poses a diagnostic challenge, as atypical presentations can lead to misdiagnoses. The case emphasizes the importance of considering AD in the differential diagnosis of chest pain and conducting thorough investigations, especially when faced with unusual symptoms. Management strategies, encompassing both pharmacological and surgical interventions, are crucial for addressing AD promptly.

Conclusion: This case underscores the significance of recognizing both typical and atypical presentations of AD to ensure timely intervention and avoid potentially catastrophic outcomes. A comprehensive understanding of diagnostic approaches and management protocols is essential in the emergency setting. Overall, this article contributes to the growing body of knowledge surrounding acute aortic dissection and emphasizes the critical need for awareness and rapid intervention in clinical practice.
Bacterial Enumeration and Detection in Rhynchophorus phoenicis (African Palm Weevil Larva) Sold within Yenagoa Metropolis
Authors: Opara Christiana , Zige Douye Victor
Published: February 2024

Microbial contamination of Rhynchophorus phoenicis (larva of the African palm weevil) was examined from street vendors. R. phoenicis larvae sold on the street were purchased from six vendors in the following location including Akenfa, Ekeki, Kpansia, Opolo, Swali and Etegwe in Yenagoa Metropolis, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The pour plate method was used to assess the total viable count (TVC), Total colony count (TCC) and Total streptococcal count (TSC). Samples were homogenized before the plate counting method was applied at respective concentration ranging from 0.1ml-10-7ml, however 10-7ml concentration was used for viable colony counts and aseptically inoculated onto MacConkey agar, Nutrient agar and blood agar for identification of potential pathogens. Results revealed TVC ranging from 48.5±5.4a to 117.5±8.5b, TCC ranging from 44.0±5.1ac to 70.0±8.6ab and TSC ranging from 44.8±4.8a to 60.0±6.7a Similarly bacteria identified in all samples based on morphological and biochemical characteristics were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus cholermidis, Streptococcus sp, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp, Enterobacter spp, Pseudomonas spp, Proteus spp and Klebsiellae spp. Street-sold R. phoenicis, can be a source of food poisoning if not handled properly during, handling, processing and hawking.
Standardization of Formulation and Application Approaches for Field Implementation of EPNs
Authors: Kumari Babita , Kumar Anil , Sujata  , Mourya Deepak
Published: February 2024

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) live parasitically inside the infected insect host, and so they are termed as endoparasitic. They infect different types of insect living in the soil like the larval forms of moths, butterflies and beetles as well as adult forms of beetles, grasshoppers and crickets. The present experiment was conducted under both laboratory and field conditions at CCS Haryana Agriculture University, Hisar. Two most virulent strains of EPNs, Metarhabditis amsactae strain HAR-St-II and HAR-Ht-III were taken and their formulations were standardized using six different media i.e. cadaver based formulation, water, alginate gel, foam chips, clay chips and water dispersible granules. Among these formulations, cadaver based formulation was found to be best. Maximum numbers of active IJs after 90 days were obtained from this formulation were 3370 and 2728 /Petri plate in strain HAR-St-II and HAR- Ht-III of M. amsactae, respectively. Further this, experiment was conducted at field level for EPNs suspension was standardized using different size of nozzle opening i.e. 25 µm, 50 µm, 75 µm and 100 µm on knapsack sprayer. Spodoptera litura was selected as a test insect in okra crop for foliar application of EPNs and results revealed that 100 µm nozzle opening size gave maximum larval mortality of S. litura. Per cent mortality of S. litura was increased with increase in size of nozzle and period of observation
Advancements in Genetic Engineering for Enhanced Traits in Horticulture Crops: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Bhavanee K. N. D , Krishnamoorthi A. , Rathva Hemangini M. , Mareguddikar Sampada C , Singh Abhishek , Singh Budhesh Pratap , Nageshwar  , Chittibomma Karthik
Published: February 2024

Genetic engineering has emerged as a powerful tool in the field of horticulture to enhance the traits of crops, leading to improved yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This comprehensive review explores the recent advancements in genetic engineering techniques applied to horticulture crops, providing a detailed overview of the innovative strategies employed to manipulate plant genomes. The review begins by discussing the evolution of genetic engineering in horticulture, highlighting key milestones and breakthroughs that have paved the way for current advancements. It covers a range of techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9, RNA interference, and synthetic biology, shedding light on their applications in modifying specific genes responsible for desired traits. The main focus of the review is on the enhancement of key horticultural traits, including disease resistance, pest resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and post-harvest attributes. Examples from various horticultural crops, such as fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants, illustrate the success stories and potential applications of genetic engineering in each category. The ethical and regulatory aspects of genetic engineering in horticulture are also explored, addressing concerns related to environmental impact, biodiversity, and consumer acceptance. The review emphasizes the importance of responsible and sustainable practices in the application of genetic engineering to ensure the long-term benefits without adverse consequences. Furthermore, the review delves into emerging trends and future prospects in the field, including the potential of genome editing for precision breeding, the use of omics technologies for targeted trait improvements, and the integration of genetic engineering with other breeding techniques. It also discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with the global adoption of genetically modified horticulture crops.
A Novel Sulfonoglycolipid from the Brown Alga Dictyota ciliolata
Authors: Bourne David J. , Pilchowski Steven E. , Murphy Peter T.
Published: December 2005

A compound active in the constitutive nitric oxide synthetase assay, the
sulfonoglycolipid
3-O-(6′-deoxy-6′-sulfo-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-1-O-oleoyl-2-O-palmitoylglycerol,
was isolated from the brown alga Dictyota ciliolata.
This compound was characterized by several spectroscopic techniques and is the
first reported occurrence of this class of compound in brown algae.
Mononuclear and Binuclear Complexes of Platinum(0) Containing (Alkynyl)phenylsilanes
Authors: Bennett Martin A. , Cobley Christopher J. , Hockless David C. R. , Klettke Thomas
Published: December 2005

Reaction of bis(cycloocta-1,5-diene)platinum(0) with the
(alkynyl)phenylsilanes
Ph3SiC2But,
Ph2Si(C2But)2
and
PhSi(C2But)3
gives, respectively, [Pt
(Ph3SiC2But)2]
(1b), [Pt
{Ph2Si(C2But)}]2
(2b), and [Pt
{PhSi(C2But)3}]2
(4b), which contain zerovalent platinum atoms coordinated by two alkyne units.
Spectroscopic data indicate that (2b) and (4b) contain two
PtC4 and two SiC4 tetrahedra
joined at the corners. X-Ray crystallography shows that complex (4b) is
isostructural and isomorphous with the known nickel analogue, two of the
alkyne units being uncoordinated; the central eight-membered ring comprising
two silicon, four alkyne carbon and two platinum atoms has an approximate
chair conformation. In contrast, the monomer (1b) is isostructural but not
isomorphous with the analogous nickel compound (1a); in the crystal there is
evidence for a weak intramolecular phenyl-phenyl interaction.
An investigation of the geological and geomorphological features of Fowlers Gap using thermal infrared, radar and airborne geophysical remote sensing techniques.
Authors: Hewson RD , Taylor GR
Published: December 2005

This study summarises the application of several remote sensing techniques to investigate various components of a land surface in the semi-arid environment of Fowlers Gap. These remote sensing techniques included NASA's Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) and CSIRO's Mid-Infrared Airborne CO, Laser Spectrometer (MIRACO,LAS), NASA's AIRSAR radar and geophysical airborne radiometrics. Linear spectral unmixing of extracted emissivities from the TIMS data produced four endmembers: quartz, clay minerals, dry vegetation (cellulose) in fine soils, and green vegetation/moisture. MIRAC0,LAS data identified spectral signatures similar to the spectra of endmembers derived from TIMS data. The sensitivity of both thermal infrared remote sensing techniques to the quartzklay contents and textures of the soils and sediments was confirmed by detailed laboratory spectral measurements. Surface roughness information from AIRSAR's band C radar backscatter assisted the discrimination of alluvial and colluvial quartz and clay-rich deposits from the outcropping geological units. In particular the C band AIRSAR radar discriminated the coarse grained sandstone and quartzite scree within the colluvial pediments, from the finer grained quartz-rich 'radar smooth' alluvium in the scalds. Airborne radiometrics were also found useful for further discriminating potassium and thorium- bearing phyllosilicate/clay minerals, within shales and ghyllites, from the kaolinite and montmorillonite- rich alluvium. This study found that TIMS data could identify some of the geomorphological features at Fowlers Gap, such as colluvial pediments, depositional scalds and gilgai landforms, that characterise some of the land systems in the Lowlands and Plains relief class of the Fowlers Gap land system classification. Thermal infrared remote sensing techniques also proved capable of discriminating areas of cellulose-rich dry vegetation and fine grained soils within the Plains relief class. The sensitivity of AIRSAR radar for topographic relief and surface roughness suggests that it is useful for distinguishing land systems in the Ranges relief class. Radiometrics appeared useful for land system definition when outcropping argillaceous units and alluvium assisted their classification. Key words: remote sensing, Fowlers Gap, thermal infrared, land system, spectral unmixing
Native grasslands on non-arable slopes of the Garrawillie Creek sub-catchment, Western Liverpool Plains, New South Wales
Authors: Bean J. M. , Whalley R. D. B.
Published: December 2005

NSW Government vegetation legislation over the past five years has highlighted the need for a deeper understanding of native grasslands in NSW. The present study looked at such native grasslands on non-arable slopes in the Garrawillie Creek sub-catchment at the western margin of the Liverpool Plains.
Sixteen sampling sites were selected on two contrasting rock types and aspects. Species composition and frequency scores were determined at each site using eight concentric nested subquadrats.
Cluster analysis revealed seven grassland associations, each designated by a distinctive native grass species. Associated prominent grass species and forbs with 100% fidelity were listed for each grassland association. Within any one association there was a range in condition of the grassland, measured according to the number of perennials + natives relative to the number of annuals + exotics at any individual site.
The seven grassland associations were interpreted as states in a state and transition model, in which rock type, aspect and possibly microtopography were important factors determining the states. With some but not all states, management overrode the underlying factors such that transitions occurred across rock type and aspect boundaries.
The Sporobulus creber and Eriochloa pseudoacrotricha grasslands were restricted to lighter textured soils on scree slopes of the phonolite lava domes. On the heavy textured soils of the basaltic rocks of the Garrawilla Volcanics, the Bothriochloa spp. grassland maintained a characteristic high level of perennials, even where located within a few metres of land cultivated for at least 30 years. In contrast the Austrostipa aristiglumis grassland, found at lower altitudes on heavy textured soils, displayed low inertia and stability with natives:exotics and perennials:annuals ratios, at the site sampled, close to 1:1. The Eriochloa pseudoacrotricha and Aristida ramosa grasslands were limited to NW slopes.
The economics of temperate pasture systems on the central and southern Tablelands of New South Wales
Authors: Vere D. T. , Jones R. E. , Campbell M. H.
Published: December 2005

Pastures are the basis of most forms of agricultural production on the New South Wales central and southern tablelands. Pastures occupy the bulk of the region's landmass and pasture-based livestock production annually contributes more than three-quarters of the regional gross value of rural production. Throughout the region, there is substantial variation in pasture composition, ranging from high quality introduced perennial grasses and legumes to pastures comprising mainly low quality native species. This paper examines the economics of the main categories of temperate pastures over a range of soil fertility-rainfall environments on the south-eastern tablelands areas of New South Wales. Using a linear programming model and discounted development budgets, the results demonstrate the strong influence of the environment on the economics of the individual pasture systems. The highest economic returns in both the short and longer-terms were to the introduced perennial grass pastures in most of the environments. Pastures based on introduced legumes and the high quality native species also generated sound economic returns, although there are recognised problems with the persistence of the legume pastures. Over time, the returns to the better quality native pastures compare favourably with the introduced legumes and are better suited to acidic soils than the perennial grasses. Low quality native species produced relatively poor economic returns in all environments and unfortunately, are the main pasture type in the region's less favourable environments.
Observations on the effects of rabbit calicivirus disease on low and medium density rabbit populations in western New South Wales
Authors: Sharp Andy , Holmes Kerry , Norton Melinda , Marks Adam
Published: December 2005

Between winter 1995 and winter 1998, seasonal spotlight counts for rabbits were conducted along three transects in western New South Wales. Rabbit Calicivirus (RCV) arrived at the study site in spring 1996 and had an immediate marked effect on rabbit densities. Prior to the advent of Rabbit Calicivirus Disease (RCD), rabbit abundance followed the expected annual pattern of positive growth during the winter to summer period and negligible or negative growth during the summer to winter period. With the arrival of RCV, rabbit abundance was observed to decline by 47% and 75% within low density populations and by 84% within a medium density population. In the subsequent 21 months, the low density populations returned to levels approximating those prior to the arrival of RCV. In contrast, rabbit abundance within the medium density population remained at consistently lowered levels. These data suggest that RCD will have a minimal effect on semi-arid zone rabbit populations below a density of 0.4/ha and that additional management actions will be required to further reduce rabbit abundances.
Renewing country: Aboriginal people and their lands in rangeland environments
Authors: Goodall Heather
Published: December 2005

After long campaigns demanding recognition of traditional land rights, Aboriginal people have regained control over some properties, but in circumstances that are greatly changed from pre-invasion conditions. Much of this newly acquired land is in rangeland areas, where the environmental degradation arising from pastoralism has lowered land values, thereby making land available for Aboriginal acquisition but at the same time making it less commercially viable without major capital investment, with the attendant possibility of further damage. In this context there can be no simple return to 'tradition', nor are there easy blueprints to follow to redevelop a viable approach to land management. Aborigines are faced with the question of choosing practical management decisions that will meet their cultural and ecological, as well as economic, needs. They are seeking also to take an active role in the broader management of the rangelands for which they feel responsibilities, beyond the fencelines of any one property. They are finding, however, that environmental decision-making is still embedded in the long colonial history of rural conflict over land and resources.
While there are some approaches in common with non-Aboriginal neighbours and despite severe pressures and constraints, Aboriginal land managers are developing a distinctive pattern of decision-making which privileges social and cultural uses, together with an interest in implementing practical conservation measures for a wide variety of native biota. But the expression of Aboriginal interests in environmental decision-making continues to be obstructed. The long history of rural racial conflict over land and resources has left a legacy of severe structural disadvantage and of persistent, hostile alliances which act to marginalise Aboriginal voices despite the appearance of increasing inclusivity. The paper argues that these obstructions to an active Aboriginal role in environmental decision-making need to be recognised and addressed if Aboriginal interests and knowledge are to contribute justly and effectively to rangeland sustainability.
Soil and water salinity in Queensland: the prospect of ecological sustainability through the implementation of land clearing policy
Authors: Thorburn P. J. , Gordon I. J. , McIntyre S.
Published: December 2005

In Queensland, legislation has recently been enacted that outlines minimum standards for the retention of native vegetation in bioregions and prescribes Performance Requirements for the maintenance of biodiversity and ecological processes, and the prevention of land degradation. It also details Acceptable Solutions to satisfy the Performance Requirements. It this paper we analyse the links between science and action to determine whether the legislation and associated policy are likely to lead to sound management decisions being made for prevention of land and water salinity. We also compared the requirements for biodiversity protection relative to those for salinity control. For salinity (and biodiversity) the minimum standards and Acceptable Solutions in the legislation have a sound technical basis. The main challenge in implementing the salinity Performance Requirements will be provision of information required to assess salinity risk at appropriate scales. This information is: (1) salinity hazard assessment at catchment/regional scale planning scale; (2) technical information to support a sub-catchment scale implementation; (3) guidelines, procedures and local expertise for interpretation of salinity hazard at the property scale. In the process of assessing clearing applications there is no formal role for planners or decision makers at the sub-catchment level who could play an important role in coordinating information gathering for land managers developing clearing applications. There are also limited pathways for accessing relevant scientific information and expertise at an appropriate level to provide support for land managers. We suggest that this situation is likely to limit the successful implementation of the policy for preventing land and water salinity. The minimum standard of 30% retained vegetation would provide similar protection for biodiversity and salinity control at the bioregional level. In smaller areas (e.g. an individual property) however, there could be contrasting requirements for the retention of vegetation.
A step-point transect technique for estimation of kangaroo populations in sheep-grazed paddocks
Authors: Hacker Ronald B. , Constable Michael R. , Melville Gavin J.
Published: December 2005

This paper presents an empirical and theoretical evaluation of a step-point transect procedure for estimating the relative and absolute abundance of kangaroos in sheep-grazed rangeland paddocks. The method assumes that the proportion of kangaroos in the total (sheep + kangaroo) population can be estimated from their proportional representation in the dung. The actual population of kangaroos can then be estimated if the population of sheep is known. Proportional representation in the dung is estimated by the probability that dung of a given species will lie closest to a 'random' point. For operational simplicity, sample points are not strictly random but are located systematically along walked transects.
The procedure was applied in seven paddocks spread throughout the Western Division of NSW and south-west Queensland where actual kangaroo and sheep populations were determined by ground survey and from station records, respectively. Dung was also collected from sample transects to allow comparison of step-point population estimates with corresponding estimates based on dung weight or pellet counts. A theoretical estimator of the kangaroo population based on step-point data was also derived and compared with actual populations estimated from ground surveys.
Results indicate that the step-point transect procedure should produce acceptable estimates of both relative and absolute kangaroo populations in sheep-grazed rangeland paddocks. The appropriate equations, and minimum sample sizes, are provided.
The step-point transect technique has the practical advantage that it avoids the tedious sampling procedures inherent in count- or weight-based methods. Further, in contrast to these methods, it may be expected to become both more reliable and less time consuming as the density of dung increases, thus providing the greatest operational advantage under circumstances where reliable estimation is most required.
Walking, Watering and Grazing Behaviour of Merino Sheep on Two Semi-Arid Rangelands in South-West New South Wales.
Authors: Squires VR
Published: December 2005

Distance walked per day, time and frequency of drinking, volume of water consumed and grazing distribution of Merino sheep flocks on a saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria) and a grassland (Danthonia caespitosalStipa variabilis) community were assessed during summer. Both sites were located within the same region and observed simultaneously for three consecutive days in each of the four months December, January, February and March. The sheep on the saltbush site (1 3 10 ha) grazed as a single flock or as several large subflocks ( >300 sheep) and spent much of their time grazing on a relatively small proportion of the paddock. Drinking frequency was once daily in early summer and twice daily in late summer. The volume of water consumed varied from 2.3 l/day in December to 9.3 l/day in March. Average daily distance walked reflected the change in frequency of drinking and ranged from 8 km/day in December (once daily drinking) to 14 km/day in March (twice daily drinking). Subgrouping occurred on the grassland site (910 ha) where as few as two or three sheep would graze at distances of 10-200 m from other subgroups. Drinking frequency was once daily and volume of water consumed varied from 0.6 l/day in early summer (December) to 3.1 l/day in late summer (March). Average daily distance walked was 4.7 km/day with a peak of 6.2 km/day in late summer when forage on offer had fallen to low levels.
Possible effects of removal of Mulga on rangeland stability in South Western Queensland.
Authors: Pressland AJ
Published: December 2005

Thinning or complete clearing of dense mulga (Acacia aneura) woodlands in south western Queensland may lead to undesirable rangeland conditions unless sound property management is practised. Even ten years after thinning, ground storey vegetation in an ungrazed situation is still in a state of flux. Livestock management following clearing can markedly influence pasture composition and mulga regeneration. Poor rangeland management may lead to reductions in pasture basal area sufficient to reduce productivity and accelerate degeneration through soil and nutrient losses in run-off waters.
Productivity and reponse to nitrogen fertilizer of the native grass Danthonia racemosa (Wallaby Grass).
Authors: Robinson GG
Published: December 2005

On the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Danthonia racemosa sown in both a field study and a pot experiment produced as much dry matter as any sown exotic grass species. Dry matter production of D. racemosa was least affected by dry weather conditions in the field while in pots it proved equally as responsive asphalaris tuberosa to nitrogen fertilizer. However, production of D. racemosa during winter was lower than P. tuberosa.
A method for the analysis of piosphere data applicable to range assessment.
Authors: Graetz RD , Ludwig JA
Published: December 2005

The logistic growth curve equation of population biology is shown to satisfactorily describe the responses of some vegetation and soil measures as a function of distance out from a watering point. Two of the three parameters of this equation can be readily related to parameters of the herbivore - rangeland ecosystem. The potential use of this equation is explored for the development of a simple, quantitative range assessment method. -
Observations on the regeneration of shrubs and woody forbs over a ten year period in grazed quadrats on Mileura Station, Western Australia.
Authors: Davies SJJF , Walsh TFM
Published: December 2005

Observations are reported on the regeneration of shrubs within grazed quadrats in inland Western Australia (26' 22's; 117' 20'~). The observations showed that in a ten year period of slightly above average rainfall, an increase in number of individual plants occurred in 24 out of 30 species of shrubs. No change occurred in four species and a decrease in numbers was observed in two species. Figures are given of the stocking rate of merino sheep on each quadrat in each year. Although no overall differences in amount of regeneration was observed in quadrats subjected to different stocking rates, within the range of rates occurring in this study (6.9 to 13.7 ha per sheep) individual species did show trends indicating different rates of regeneration under different stocking rates. Eremophila fraseri regenerated faster in quadrats experiencing high stocking rates than in those experiencing low ones and the reverse trend was shown by Solanum ashbyae and Acacia tetragonophylla. The Eremophila is considered unpalatable to stock whereas both the Solanum and the Acacia are eaten by sheep. Such trends could lead, eventually, to changes in species diversity in the area. The results of these observations suggest that the regeneration of rangeland shrubs is not incompatible with commercial stocking rates at Mileura.
Relative drought tolerance of three grass species from the Northwestern slopes of New South Wales.
Authors: Harradine AR , Whalley RDB
Published: December 2005

On the north-western slopes of New South Wales, native pastures are subjected to frequent and often severe
moisture stress during the summer growing season (Daniel and Watt 1967) so the relative drought tolerances of the
component species may be important in determining pasture composition. Survival of three common native
species from this area, Aristida ramosa R.Br., Danthonia linkii Kunth and Dichanthium sericeum (R.Br.) A. Camus,
when subjected to water stress was compared in a glasshouse pot trial.
The use of cycles rather than a single water stress in drought resistance studies, to simulate field conditions
more closely, has been emphasised by Gates (1974). This experiment was designed to determine the relative
tolerance of the above three species to repeated, increasing periods of water stress in a limited volume of soil. Pots of
different sizes were used to determine the effect of differences in the rate of development of water stress on plant
survival.
Research needs of the extension services in Poplar Box (Eucalyptus populnea) Lands.
Authors: Cunningham GM
Published: December 2005

Land use in the poplar box lands ranges from extensive livestock production through dryland cropping and localized irrigated agriculture to forestry and mining. Land is used also by public utilities for water catchments, roads, rights-of-way, service facilities and by Defence for military training. National Parks and Nature Reserves occupy a small but significant proportion of the area and consequently recreation and the conservation of whole
ecosystems as well as of individual plant and animal species must be added to the list of land uses in the area. Offroad
vehicles also use small areas of land.
The Effects of European Settlement and Domestic Livestock on the Biological System in Poplar Box (Eucalyptus populnea) Lands.
Authors: Harrington GN , Oxley RE , Tongway DJ
Published: December 2005

This article outlines the exploration and settlement of poplar box lands which followed the European occupation of the Australian continent in the mid-19th century, draws attention to the various fragments of historical information on substantial changes in the soils, vegetation and biota, and describes the role of European livestock (sheep, cattle, goats, rabbits) and fire in these changes.
The patterns of wool growth of Merino sheep grazing three Chenopod shrub rangelands.
Authors: Graetz RD
Published: December 2005

Annual fleece we~ghts and the seasonal varldtlon m uool growth of Peppm Merino wethers were measured for nearlv tlve years on three paddocks on the pastoral property 'Pme Creek' in the West Darlnlg distr~ct of Nea South Wales. The paddocks had the same stocking rate but encloyed different types of shrub rangelands - saltbush, pearl bluebush and degraded bluebush. Annual fleece weights varied between 4.0 and 5.3 kg (clean scoured) per sheep with no significant differences between the flocks in the different paddocks in any year. There were only small differences within years in the seasonal variations in wool growth for sheep from the three paddocks. Analysis of the relationships between ramfall and fleece weights during the experimental period and from 18 years of property records revealed that under the conservative stocking management regime of this property, wool cut per head \%as largely independent of the previous year's ramfali.
Comparison of the diets of sheep and cattle grazing a semi-arid Chenopod shrubland.
Authors: Graetz RD , Wilson AD
Published: December 2005

Samples of the diets of oesophageally fistulated sheep and cattle grazing a semi-arid chenopod shrubland dominated by bladder saltbush (Atrip!ex ~'esicaria Hew. ex Benth.) were collected over a four year period. Seasonal condiiions varied from very wet to near drought. The diets of the two herbivores were different on all sampling occasions. However, it can be generalized that overall, sheep had a greater grass component in their diets and that cattle in compensation ate more saltbush than did sheep. Both sheep and cattle exhibited considerable diet selectivity and flexibility. Exact relationship between the measure of forage on offer and the proportions of any plant group in the diet could not be determined from the data collected in this experiment. However, hirearchies of preference were established. The differences in digestibility and nitrogen content of the diets between the two herbivores were appreciable with sheep mostly selecting a diet of higher digestibility and nitrogen content. The implications of these data for animal production and rangeland management are discussed.