bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Method for Indoor Visible Light Imaging and Positioning Based on Single Light Source
Authors: Cheng Xinxin , Ke Xizheng , Qin Huanhuan
Published: December 2024

Visible light positioning (VLP) can provide indoor positioning functions under LED lighting, and it is becoming a cost-effective indoor positioning solution. However, the actual application of VLP is limited by the fact that most positioning requires at least two or more LEDs. Therefore, this paper introduces a positioning system based on a single LED lamp, using an image sensor as the receiver. Additionally, due to the high computational cost of image processing affecting system real-time performance, this paper proposes a virtual grid segmentation scheme combined with the Sobel operator to quickly search for the region of interest (ROI) in a lightweight image processing method. The LED position in the image is quickly determined. Finally, the position is achieved by utilizing the geometric features of the LED image. An experimental setup was established in a space of 80 cm × 80 cm × 180 cm to test the system performance and analyze the positioning accuracy of the receiver in horizontal and tilted conditions. The results show that the positioning accuracy of the method can reach the centimeter level. Furthermore, the proposed lightweight image processing algorithm reduces the average positioning time to 53.54 ms.
Photon-Based Innovations in Oncology: Precise Diagnostic Techniques and Advanced Therapies
Authors: Kamizela Emilia , Oberda Jakub , Chomątowski Albert , Masiarz Angelika , Ponikowski Kacper , Lejman Monika , Zawitkowska Joanna
Published: December 2024

In diagnostics, photons are used in basic methods such as computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET), which are pivotal tools for high-resolution, non-invasive tumor detection, offering insights into tumor staging and progression. Mentioned techniques facilitate early diagnosis and the planning of therapeutic strategies. However, new methods are emerging, enhancing the precision and detail of diagnostics, such as ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) imagining, two-photon fluorescence imaging, photo acoustic imaging, and others. Therapeutically, external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) uses photons to target cancer cells while minimizing harm to healthy tissue. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which uses light-sensitive compounds activated by specific wavelengths, represents a photon-based treatment applicable to certain malignancies. Other treatments include photo thermal therapy (PTT), radio dynamic therapy (RDT), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), and more. These constantly evolving photon-driven technologies can be used to treat a broad spectrum of cancers, such as pancreatic, prostate, breast, and skin cancers. This review article discusses the latest photon-based methods in oncology, focusing on new possibilities, solutions, perspectives, and the potential disadvantages of these approaches.
Material Structure Design of High-Gain and Low-Noise Multi-Gain-Stage Avalanche Photodiode
Authors: Han Lihong , Du Meiqin , Guan Xiaoning , Sun Tong , Liu Gang , Lu Pengfei
Published: December 2024

In this work, the InGaAs/InAlAs multi-gain-stage APD model is established. The gain and the noise performance of multi-gain-stage APDs are analyzed based on DSMT. By studying the influence of different doping concentrations of the dropping layer and the charge layer on the gain and noise characteristics of the device, the photocurrent, dark current, noise, and gain characteristics of the device are analyzed, and the device structure is optimized. The results show that the maximum gain of the three-gain-stage APD is 416, and the noise factor is 3.5 when the gain is 100. The five-gain-stage APD has a maximum gain of 450 and a noise factor of 4.5 when the gain is 100. The maximum gain of the 10-gain-stage APD can reach more than 850, and the noise factor reaches 6.5 when the gain is 100.
The Optical Approaches to Monitor Biomass Ethanol Productions with Optical Microscopic Methods
Authors: Gao Huipeng , Li Xiaoxiao , Zhang Xianting , Li Rui , Chui Hsiang-Chen , Zhang Quan
Published: December 2024

Oil and natural gas continue to dominate global energy consumption, though a supply gap of 2 million barrels per day (b/d) was reported in the fourth quarter of 2023. Despite a projected increase in global oil supply by 1.2 million b/d in 2023, reaching 101.1 million b/d compared to 2022, reliance on fossil fuels poses challenges for energy security and sustainability. For China, transitioning to clean and renewable energy sources is essential. Biofuel ethanol, with its high octane rating and anti-knock properties, is a promising alternative. This bioenergy sector is expanding globally, with cellulosic ethanol production emerging as a key objective. However, the high production cost of cellulosic ethanol presents a significant challenge to its large-scale adoption. To overcome this barrier, various techniques are being explored to reduce production costs. Among them, advanced characterization methods are used to monitor changes in cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose during ethanol production in situ, quickly and without surface labeling. These methods provide insights into the factors driving high production costs, enabling targeted improvements. This review focuses on the potential of these characterization techniques to optimize ethanol production processes and improve efficiency. The findings may offer a strategic direction for scaling up cellulosic ethanol production and contribute to the sustainability of energy resources by reducing dependency on fossil fuels.
Genetic Diversity and Relationships Among Tunisian Wild and Cultivated Rosa L. Species
Authors: Chtourou Khouloud , Salazar Juan Alfonso , Ortuño-Hernández Germán , Mezghani Najla , Trifi-Farah Neila , Martínez-Gómez Pedro , Krichen Lamia
Published: December 2024

Assessing and determining genetic diversity in rose species is a crucial step for conservation efforts, the establishment of a core collection, and the development of new varieties. This study represents the first investigation of genetic diversity among various rose species at different ploidy levels in Tunisia, with the aim of elucidating the genetic structure of the Rosa genus. It encompasses both spontaneous and cultivated accessions, featuring local and introduced species recognized for their adaptability, ornamental value, and fragrance. A total of 114 accessions representing eight rose species were collected. Significant genetic diversity was assessed using seven SSR markers, yielding an average of 21 alleles per locus and a PIC value ranging from 0.882 to 0.941. The results identified 343 phenotypic alleles across the seven primers, with 72 for the primer RhE2b (LG6), 55 for H10D03 (LG7), and 54 for RhB303 (LG2). One key finding was that most perfumed rose accessions (R. damascena Mill. and R. centifolia L.) are distinct from the other rose accessions, indicating a unique genetic pool for these roses. Another important finding was that the Tunisian accessions of ‘Rose of Ariana’ were closely related to R. centifolia accessions, commonly known as the ‘Rose of May’ from Grasse, France. To clarify the phylogeny of this species or subspecies, further molecular studies are warranted. Additionally, nomenclature confusion was identified between R. sempervirens L. and R. canina L. in the northwestern region of Tunisia, indicating that all wild accessions correspond to R. sempervirens.
Centaurea benedicta—A Potential Source of Nutrients and Bioactive Components
Authors: Teneva Olga , Petkova Zhana , Dobreva Ana , Dzhurmanski Anatoli , Stoyanova Liliya , Angelova-Romova Maria
Published: December 2024

The Asteraceae family is a large plant family, with over 1600 genera and 25,000 species, most of which are generally herbaceous plants. This family’s members are widely used in the human diet and medicine. One of the most popular representatives is Centaurea benedicta L., known as ‘Blessed Thistle’. It is a famous plant in the herbal world with some medical benefits, such as strong antioxidant and antidepressant effects, with antibacterial and antiseptic properties, a stimulant of appetite, with a good effect on the liver and the secretion of bile juices, etc. Therefore, this work aimed to fully characterize the chemical composition of the seeds of C. benedicta introduced in Bulgaria, some of the physicochemical characteristics, as well as the biologically active compounds. The main nutrient in the chemical composition was carbohydrates (68.5%), and half of their quantity was occupied by fibers (32.2%). Total proteins accounted for 16.4%, and the glyceride oil content was rather low—about 11.0%. The main fatty acids identified in the seed oil were linoleic (72.1%) and oleic acids (18.1%), and the amount of the polyunsaturated ones predominated (73.0%). The main lipid-soluble bioactive components were sterols (0.9%), phospholipids (1.9%), and tocopherols (492 mg/kg). β-Sitosterol (59.5%) and stigmasterol (19.4%) were the main sterols, and α-tocopherol (472 mg/kg) predominated in the tocopherol fraction. The major phospholipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (45.4%), followed by phosphatidylinositol (37.1%) and phosphatidylcholine (6.1%).
Iron Deficiency in Tomatoes Reversed by Pseudomonas Strains: A Synergistic Role of Siderophores and Plant Gene Activation
Authors: Montero-Palmero Belén , Lucas Jose A. , Montalbán Blanca , García-Villaraco Ana , Gutierrez-Mañero Javier , Ramos-Solano Beatriz
Published: December 2024

An alkaline pH in soils reduces Fe availability, limiting Fe uptake, compromising plant growth, and showing chlorosis due to a decrease in chlorophyll content. To achieve proper Fe homeostasis, dicotyledonous plants activate a battery of strategies involving not only Fe absorption mechanisms, but also releasing phyto-siderophores and recruiting siderophore-producing bacterial strains. A screening for siderophore-producing bacterial isolates from the rhizosphere of Pinus pinea was carried out, resulting in two Pseudomonas strains, Z8.8 and Z10.4, with an outstanding in vitro potential to solubilize Fe, Mn, and Co. The delivery of each strain to 4-week-old iron-starved tomatoes reverted chlorosis, consistent with enhanced Fe contents up to 40%. Photosynthesis performance was improved, revealing different strategies. While Z8.8 increased energy absorption together with enhanced chlorophyll “a” content, followed by enhanced energy dissipation, Z10.4 lowered pigment contents, indicating a better use of absorbed energy, leading to a better survival rate. The systemic reprogramming induced by both strains reveals a lower expression of Fe uptake-related genes, suggesting that both strains have activated plant metabolism to accelerate Fe absorption faster than controls, consistent with increased Fe content in leaves (47% by Z8.8 and 42% by Z10.4), with the difference probably due to the ability of Z8.8 to produce auxins affecting root structure. In view of these results, both strains are effective candidates to develop biofertilizers.
Antifungal Activity of Ethanolic Extracts from Aeroponically Grown Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) with LED Lights and In Vitro Habituated Roots
Authors: Avila-Avila Daniel Eduardo , Rodríguez-Mendiola Martha Alicia , Arias-Castro Carlos , Arias-Rodríguez Laura Isabel , Avila-Miranda Martin Eduardo , Mancilla-Margalli Norma Alejandra
Published: December 2024

Green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum is a major post-harvest disease in citrus fruits. Therefore, the search for sustainable and low-environmental-impact alternatives for the management of these fungi is of utmost importance. Physalis peruviana L. is a native fruit of the Peruvian Andes with rich bioactive components present throughout the plant. Its antifungal activity stands out, attributed to its high content of phenols, coupled with its antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity. Plants were cultivated aeroponically under a combination of red, mixed (50% red, 50% blue), and green LED lights. Additionally, in vitro-habituated roots free of plant growth regulators were also cultivated. An ethanol extraction assisted by ultrasound for 30 min followed by maceration for 72 h was performed, and the extract was filtrated and evaporated in an extraction hood. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH method, total polyphenols were measured using the Folin–Ciocâlteu method, and an antifungal test in vitro by the poisoned food method was conducted against P. digitatum. In vitro assays revealed that extracts from leaves, roots, and fruits exerted a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of P. digitatum, as evidenced by a reduction in colony radius when cultured employing the poisoned food method, with IC50 values of 62.17, 53.15, and 286.34 µg·mL−1, respectively, compared to 2297 µg·mL−1 for the commercial fungicide Captan 50WP. Although leaves had higher total polyphenol content, no direct correlation with antifungal activity was found. Colored LEDs enhanced phenol accumulation, antioxidant capacity, and antifungal properties in plant parts compared to white LEDs and in vitro roots. These findings suggest P. peruviana as a new alternative biological production system to provide natural compounds for post-harvest disease management.
Effects of Exogenous Spermidine on Seed Germination and Physiological Metabolism of Rice Under NaCl Stress
Authors: Yang Xiaohui , Xiong Jian , Du Xiaole , Sun Minmin , Ding Linchong , Mei Wanqi , Sun Zhiyuan , Feng Naijie , Zheng Dianfeng , Shen Xuefeng
Published: December 2024

Salt stress is one of the principal abiotic stresses limiting agricultural production and seriously inhibiting seed germination rates. This study selected the salt-tolerant rice variety HD961 and the salt-sensitive rice variety 9311 as experimental materials to investigate the physiological and metabolic effects of exogenous Spd seed priming on rice seeds and seedlings under NaCl stress. The experiment involved treating rice seeds with 0.1 mmol·L−1 Spd and then subjecting them to 100 mmol·L−1 NaCl stress for 24 h, with sampling for analysis at the 24 h and the four-leaf-one-heart stage. The results indicated that under NaCl stress, the rice’s germination and vigor indices significantly decreased. However, exogenous Spd seed priming reduced the accumulation of malondialdehyde, enhanced the capacity for osmotic adjustment, and increased the amylase and antioxidant activity by 50.07% and 26.26%, respectively. Under NaCl stress, the morphological development of rice seedlings was markedly inhibited, whereas exogenous Spd seed priming improved the aboveground and belowground biomass of the rice under stress conditions, as well as the content of photosynthetic pigments. It also reduced the damage to seedlings from electrical conductivity, helped maintain ionic balance, and promoted the excretion of Na+ and Cl− and the absorption of K+ and Ca2+. In the salt-sensitive rice variety 9311, the soluble protein content increased by 15.12% compared to the salt-tolerant rice variety HD961, especially under 100 mmol·L−1 NaCl stress, when the effect of exogenous Spd seed priming was more pronounced. In summary, these findings might provide new research perspectives and strategies for improving the salt tolerance of rice under NaCl stress.
The Catalytic Degradation of Waste PU and the Preparation of Recycled Materials
Authors: Gu Xiaohua , Xu Jiahao , Zhu Shangwen , Zhao Qinglong , Sun Shaochun , Zhang Yanxun , Su Qingyong , Long Canyan
Published: December 2024

In this paper, we investigated the efficient metal-free phosphorus–nitrogen (PN) catalyst and used the PN catalyst to degrade waste PU with two-component binary mixed alcohols as the alcohol solvent. We examined the effects of reaction temperature, time, and other factors on the hydroxyl value and viscosity of the degradation products; focused on the changing rules of the hydroxyl value, viscosity, and molecular weight of polyols recovered from degradation products with different dosages of the metal-free PN catalyst; and determined the optimal experimental conditions of reaction temperature 180 °C, reaction time 3 h, and PN dosage 0.08%. The optimal experimental conditions were 180 °C, 3 h reaction time, and 0.08% PN dosage, the obtained polyol viscosity was 3716 mPa·s, the hydroxyl value was 409.2 mgKOH/g, and the number average molecular weight was 2616. The FTIR, 1H, NMR, and other tests showed that the waste urethanes were degraded into oligomers successfully, the recycled polyether polyols were obtained, and a series of recycled polyurethanes with different substitution ratios were then prepared. A series of recycled polyurethane materials with different substitution rates were then prepared and characterized by FTIR, SEM, compression strength, and thermal conductivity tests, which showed that the recycled polyurethane foams had good physical properties such as compression strength and apparent density, and the SEM test at a 20% substitution rate showed that the recycled polyol helped to improve the structure of the blisters.
Manifestation of Donor–Acceptor Properties of N-Doped Polymer Carbon Dots During Hydrogen Bonds Formation in Different Solvents
Authors: Korepanova Anisiya , Laptinskiy Kirill , Dolenko Tatiana
Published: December 2024

The effective use of polymer carbon dots (PCD) in various fields of science and technology requires a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms of their photoluminescence formation and change as a result of their interaction with the environment. In this study, PCD synthesized via a hydrothermal method from citric acid and ethylenediamine are studied in various solvents using FTIR spectroscopy, optical absorption spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. As a result of the analysis of the obtained dependencies of such PCD spectral characteristics as the photoluminescence FWHM, the photoluminescence quantum yield, the photoluminescence lifetime on the acidity and basicity of the solvent, a hypothesis was formulated on the formation mechanism of hydrogen bonds between the PCD surface groups and the molecules of the environment, and conclusions were made about the donor–acceptor nature of the synthesized PCD.
Optimisation of Clutch Disc Friction Material Using a Multi-Layer Perceptron Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Bălășoiu George , Munteniță Cristian , Amortila Valentin Tiberiu , Titire Larisa
Published: December 2024

This paper presents an analysis of four clutch disc friction materials (from different manufacturers) used in manual transmissions. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were employed for the microstructural and chemical characterisation of the friction materials. To reveal the tribological properties of the selected clutch discs, three measurements of the friction coefficient between the material and the cast iron disc were conducted. The findings were employed to construct an artificial neural network using Easy NN software (V 14), with the objective of optimising the friction material. The chemical composition of the friction materials was employed as the input data, whereas the minimum, maximum, and average values of the friction coefficient, as well as the temperature generated during friction, were utilised as the output data. To assess the efficacy of the neural network, the correlation between the importance of input data and their sensitivity to output data was examined. It was determined that the model with three hidden layers exhibited a notable correlation between the six most influential chemical elements and their sensitivity. Based on this neural model, the chemical composition of the friction disc materials was optimised using the “Query” mode, aiming to minimise discrepancies in friction coefficients and temperature development.
Effects of Fiber Orientation on the Bearing Strength of 3D-Printed Composite Materials Produced by Fused Filament Fabrication
Authors: Oh Jun-Seok , Oh Min-Jae , Han Zhiqiang , Seo Hyoung-Seock
Published: December 2024

Among 3D printing technologies, fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a fast, simple, and low-cost technology that is being explored in a variety of industries. FFF produces composites using thermoplastic filaments, limiting the applicability of welding. Therefore, mechanical fastening is required to join FFF composites with metals or dissimilar materials. The strength characteristics of fastened joints vary with fiber orientation, necessitating further research. Additionally, in the case of FFF, the strength trends may differ from those of traditional composites due to the voids and curved surfaces formed during the process. In this study, 3D-printed composite specimens with seven different fiber orientations were fabricated using the Markforged X7™ printer. The bearing strength and failure modes were analyzed as a function of fiber orientation. Unlike traditional composites, specimens with a ±15° fiber orientation exhibited a 7.56% higher bearing strength compared to those with a 0° orientation. However, the fracture energy of the ±15° specimens was 39.56% lower. Specimens with fiber orientations between 0° and ±45° primarily showed bearing failure modes, while those with orientations from ±60° to 90° exhibited net-tension failure modes. These results confirm that when using manufacturing methods like FFF, the strength trends vary with fiber orientation compared to traditional composites. Further research is necessary to optimize fiber orientation and improve structural performance.
Predicting Curing Distortion in Composite Manufacturing—A Fast and Cost-Efficient Numerical Simulation Method
Authors: Zhang Yongming , An Luling , Zhao Cong
Published: December 2024

The curing distortion is a critical determinant of the quality of integrally manufactured composite structures, playing a pivotal role in the design and fabrication of composite. This paper presents two simplified methods in predicting the curing distortion for large-scale composite aircraft structures manufactured through the autoclave process. Firstly, the refined finite element models of the two simplified methods were developed. Then, it was utilized to predict the curing distortion of Ω-shaped composite laminates. The comparative study between the experimental data and numerical results shows that the proposed second simplified method balanced the prediction accuracy and efficiency, which is urgently needed in practice. Finally, using the second simplified method, predictions were conducted for the curing distortion of practical large-scale composite skin structures. The results were in good agreement with the corresponding experiments. This study provides a new solution for the rapid iterative design of large-scale composite structures, as well as the efficient design of frame molds for their manufacturing.
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Modified with Thermoplastic Polyurethane and Microfibrillated Cellulose: Hydrolytic Degradation and Thermal and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Frone Adriana Nicoleta , Panaitescu Denis Mihaela , Gabor Augusta Raluca , Nicolae Cristian-Andi , Ghiurea Marius , Bradu Corina
Published: December 2024

Blending poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) with other polymers could be a rapid and accessible solution to overcome some of its drawbacks. In this work, PHB was modified with microfibrillated cellulose (MC) and a thermoplastic polyurethane containing biodegradable segments (PU) by two routes, using a masterbatch and by direct mixing. The PU and MC modifiers improved the thermal stability of PHB by up to 13 °C and slightly decreased its melt viscosity and crystallinity, thus improving the melt processability. The addition of PU in PHB composites led to a decrease in the storage modulus, which did not exceed 20% at room temperature. The hydrolytic degradation in an alkaline environment at 50 °C for 28 days decreased the thermal stability of the composites by 58–65 °C, while the lower mass loss and morphological features showed that the PU modifier delayed the degradation of the PHB composites. The improved thermal stability, melt processability, and lower cost, along with higher flexibility and the possibility of controlling the hydrolytic degradation by the PU content, make the PHB/PU/MC composites obtained by the masterbatch method promising materials for medical and engineering applications.
Sustainable Multi-Cycle Physical Recycling of Expanded Polystyrene Waste for Direct Ink Write 3D Printing and Casting: Analysis of Mechanical Properties
Authors: García-Sobrino Rubén , Cortés Alejandro , Sevilla-García José Ignacio , Muñoz Marta
Published: December 2024

This work investigates the sustainable reuse of expanded polystyrene (EPS) waste through a multi-cycle physical recycling process involving dissolution in acetone and subsequent manufacturing via Direct Ink Write (DIW) 3D printing and casting. Morphology and mechanical properties were evaluated as a function of the manufacturing technique and number of dissolution cycles. Morphological analysis revealed that casted specimens better replicated the target geometry, while voids in 3D-printed specimens aligned with the printing direction due to rapid solvent evaporation. These voids contributed to slightly reduced stiffness in 3D-printed specimens compared to casted ones, particularly for transverse printing orientation. The defoaming process during dissolution significantly increased the density of the material, as well as removed low molecular weight additives like plasticizers, leading to a notable enhancement in stiffness. Successive dissolution cycles led to increased removal of plasticizers, enhancing stiffness up to 52 times (cast), 42 times (longitudinally printed), and 35 times (transversely printed) relative to as-received EPS waste. The glass transition temperature remained unchanged, confirming the preservation of polymer integrity. This work highlights the potential of EPS inks for sustainable, multi-cycle recycling, combining enhanced mechanical performance with the flexibility of 3D printing for complex, cost-effective designs, aligning with circular economy principles.
Slurry Transportation Characteristics of Potash Mine Cemented Paste Backfills via Loop Test Processing
Authors: Jin Rongzhen , Wang Xue , Zhang Siqi , Huo Huimin , Li Jiajie , Ni Wen
Published: December 2024

This study evaluated the properties and processing of cemented paste backfills (CPBs) for potash mining through loop tests. The CPBs were made with steel slags as the binder, granulated potash tailings as the aggregate, and waste brine water as the liquid phase. The effects of solid concentration and steel slag dosage on the transport and mechanical properties of CPBs were assessed. The loop test demonstrated that all CPB slurries performed well, exhibiting strong long-distance pipeline transport capabilities. The 28-day compressive strength of the backfills exceeded 1 MPa, meeting the design requirements for backfill strength. The key rheological parameters, including yield stress (τ0) and viscosity coefficient (η), were comprehensively and theoretically analyzed based on the variations in pressure loss per unit distance of the filling slurry measured during the loop test. The empirical formulas for CPB pressure loss, accounting for varying flow rates and pipeline diameters, were derived with an error margin under 2%. The response surface analysis showed that the affecting extents of factors on pressure loss in CPB slurry were ranked as follows: solid concentration > cementing agent content > flow rate. This study offered valuable guidance for the processing of potash mine backfill operations.
Assessment of the Productivity of Hydrogen and Nano-Carbon Through Liquid-Plasma Cracking of Waste Organic Solvent Using PrxNiyFeO3 Perovskite Catalysts
Authors: Jung Sang-Chul , You Chan-Seo , Chung Kyong-Hwan
Published: December 2024

In this study, a process for the simultaneous production of hydrogen and carbon from waste organic solvents using liquid plasma was investigated. Ferrite-based perovskites were introduced as catalysts to evaluate the productivity of hydrogen and carbon. A novel ferrite-based perovskite composite, PrxNiyFeO3, was synthesized. The waste organic solvent was converted into liquid hydrocarbons, primarily composed of toluene, through a simple distillation process. Hydrogen (>98%) and nanocarbon were produced through the liquid plasma reaction of the purified organic solvent. The ferrite-based perovskites demonstrated excellent absorption capacities for visible light. Among them, PrxNiyFeO3 exhibited the highest absorption capacities for both UV and visible light and had the smallest band gap energy (approximately 1.72 eV). In the liquid plasma decomposition of organic solvents, the ferrite-based perovskites enhanced the hydrogen production rate and carbon yield. The highest hydrogen production rate and carbon yield were achieved with the newly synthesized PrxNiyFeO3 perovskite composite. PrxNiyFeO3, which has the narrowest band gap compared to other catalysts, is highly sensitive to the strong visible light emitted from plasma and exhibits excellent catalytic activity. This catalyst also demonstrated remarkable reaction activity sustainability and the potential for recycling through regeneration.
Study on the Influencing Factors of CO2 Storage in Low Porosity-Low Permeability Heterogeneous Saline Aquifer
Authors: Hu Hongchang , Wang Dongdong , Diao Yujie , Zhang Chunyuan , Wang Ting
Published: December 2024

The safety and long-term storage capacity of CO2 geological storage are necessary factors for project design and engineering development. Evaluating the influencing factors of CO2 storage and quantitatively analyzing the sensitivity of each parameter have an important guiding role in the design and development of storage projects. In this paper, the Liujiagou Formation in the northeast of the Ordos Basin is taken as an example. Based on the TOUGH/Petrasim simulation tool, the RZ2D geological storage model is established. Seven influencing factors, namely salinity, temperature, horizontal and vertical permeability ratio, pore geometry factor, residual gas saturation, liquid saturation and pore compression coefficient, were compared and analyzed to control the plume migration behavior, interlayer pressure accumulation and storage capacity of low porosity and low permeability heterogeneous reservoirs, and the sensitivity of each parameter to interlayer pressure and storage capacity was quantitatively analyzed. The simulation results show that the uncertain factors affect the safety of CO2 geological storage to a certain extent by affecting the speed of the residual storage and dissolution storage mechanism. High residual gas saturation and salinity will make CO2 mostly exist in the form of free state, which will adversely affect the safety and storage capacity of CO2 saline aquifer storage. High temperature and high vertical permeability ratio will lead to higher interlayer pressure accumulation, which is not conducive to the safety of the storage project but is beneficial to the storage capacity. Temperature, transverse and longitudinal permeability ratio and pore geometry factor control the propagation velocity of plume. The larger these factors are, the faster the plume velocity is. Higher liquid phase saturation is not better; higher liquid phase saturation leads to a large build-up of pressure in the reservoir and can have an adverse effect on the storage volume. The sensitivity analysis of all factors shows that the liquid saturation and temperature have the greatest influence on CO2 geological storage, and the pore compression coefficient has the least influence. The conclusions of this paper can provide a theoretical reference for the design and development of a CO2 saline aquifer storage project in a low porosity and low permeability reservoir area.
Failure and Permeability Characteristics of Coal Pillar in Closely Coal Seams Gob Under Multiple Mining
Authors: Qiao Hui , Liu Song , Dong Lei , Guo Pinkun , Gao Ruifeng
Published: December 2024

Coal pillars are loaded and unloaded repeatedly when mining, which lead to fractures in the coal close, open, generate and expand. As a result, the permeability of coal is changed. The high permeability fractures in coal and rock between the upper gobs and the lower working faces are the main channels for fresh air entering the upper gob, which could induce spontaneous combustion of coal in gob. To identifying the air leakage channels, multiple mining of closely coal seams was numerically conducted with three working face layouts. The failure and permeability characteristic of coal pillar in closely coal seams gob under multiple mining were obtained and analyzed. When the working faces are mined, the vertical stress and horizontal stress of the upper coal pillar in gob load and unload synchronously in all three working face layouts. The laterally directed horizontal stress could unload to zero due to no confine on the lateral side of coal pillar. The stress in the middle of upper coal pillar loads continuously until the lower working face is mined. When the lower coal seam working face is mined, the coal and rock between the upper and lower coal seams damage in shear and tension. When the lower coal seam working face is staggered from the upper coal seam working face, the permeability of the coal and rock pillar increases more than 22000 times due to tension damage of the coal and rock pillar. As a result, the coal and rock pillar is the main channel for fresh air flowing into the upper gob. The high permeability coal pillar provides favorable conditions for spontaneous combustion of coal in gob.
Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Natural Nanocarriers for Biotechnological Drugs
Authors: Calzoni Eleonora , Bertoldi Agnese , Cusumano Gaia , Buratta Sandra , Urbanelli Lorena , Emiliani Carla
Published: December 2024

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) are lipid bilayer nanoparticles, naturally produced by plant cells, with sizes ranging from 50 to 500 nm. Recent studies have highlighted their great potential in the biotechnological and medical fields, due to their natural origin, high biocompatibility and intrinsic therapeutic properties. PDEVs contain a complex biological cargo of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and secondary metabolites, including antioxidants and anti-inflammatory molecules, making them ideal for biomedical applications such as drug delivery. These vesicles play a key role in intercellular communication and gene regulation, proving to be particularly promising in personalized medicine. Recent studies have highlighted their ability to improve drug stability and bioavailability, optimizing targeted release and minimizing side effects. Despite some challenges, such as compositional variability and the need for standardized protocols, PDEVs are at the gunsight of innovative research aimed at improving their loading capacity and therapeutic specificity. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of PDEVs, exploring their structure, isolation methods, functional characteristics, and applications, highlighting their advantages over synthetic nanoparticles and animal-derived extracellular vesicles, leading to an innovative and sustainable solution for the development of new therapeutic approaches.
Towards Wine Waste Reduction: Up-Cycling Wine Pomace into Functional Fruit Bars
Authors: Benković Maja , Cigić Filip , Valinger Davor , Sokač Cvetnić Tea , Jurinjak Tušek Ana , Jurina Tamara , Gajdoš Kljusurić Jasenka , Radojčić Redovniković Ivana
Published: December 2024

Due to the beneficial composition of wine pomace, it has found several applications in the food industry, mostly in the form of flour or extracts. This study suggests the use of grape skin separated from the pomace as a functional ingredient for fruit bars based on the hypothesis that grape skin can contribute to fruit bar antioxidant potential. Fruit bars were produced with dried figs/dates, grape skin, and cocoa/hazelnut mix in different proportions (48–70%, 30–50%, and 0–2%, respectively). The addition of grape skin proved beneficial for the total polyphenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, consumers appeared to like the newly developed functional product, and the addition of up to 30% grape skin did not have an adverse effect of sensory properties. The bars were graded A based on the NutriScore value and were microbiologically compliant to food safety regulations. These results demonstrate the possibility of grape skin use in the development of a functional fruit bar product, which can be beneficial not only from chemical and sensory point of view, but also economically feasible and environmentally friendly.
Optimisation of Heat Exchanger Performance Using Modified Gyroid-Based TPMS Structures
Authors: Beer Martin , Rybár Radim
Published: December 2024

Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) represent an innovative approach to the design of heat exchangers, enabling the optimisation of thermal and hydraulic performance. This study presents a comparative analysis of three geometric TPMS configurations: sheet gyroid, skeletal gyroid, and the newly proposed combined gyroid geometry. Using numerical analysis based on simulations of fluid flow and heat transfer, key parameters such as the heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, friction factor, Chilton–Colburn j-factor, and pressure drop were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the combined gyroid geometry achieves the highest heat transfer efficiency, exhibiting significant improvements in the Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient across the entire flow range. Simultaneously, it maintains low pressure losses, making it well suited for applications demanding high thermal performance with minimal energy losses. This study highlights the potential of TPMS geometries for optimising heat exchanger design and opens new paths for their implementation in industrial systems.
Identification for Antioxidant Peptides in Porcine Liver and Heart Hydrolysates Using SWATH-MS Analysis
Authors: Juknienė Ignė , Zaborskienė Gintarė , Stankevičienė Jūratė
Published: December 2024

The use of animal by-products to produce bioactive peptides is a promising and sustainable approach in the food and nutrition industry. Meat by-products can be used as a key raw material for the production of high-value-added components, such as bioactive peptides, to ensure sustainability. Porcine livers and hearts classified as category three by-products were selected for the study, together with those intended for human consumption, in which no changes were observed after veterinary post-mortem examination. Hydrolysis was performed at three different times 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h, using pepsin and papain. The influence of different hydrolysis times and enzymes on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) value was determined. The highest value of DH was found in porcine hearts after 24 h following hydrolysis with pepsin enzymes (33.56 ± 0.31). The antiradical activity was assessed by measuring the absorbance of DPPH• and ABTS•+ in hydrolysates obtained from porcine meat by-products. Porcine livers hydrolysates treated with papain for 24 h showed the highest radical scavenging abilities ABTS•+ (97.2 ± 1.79%) and DPPH• (92.07 ± 2.23%). The identification and quantification of peptides from porcine livers and hearts were conducted using SWATH-MS technology. The most abundant peptides that showed a relationship with antioxidant capacity were WGKVNVDEVGGEALGRL, WGKVNVDEVGGEAL, and GLWGKVNVDEVGGEALGRL from beta hemoglobin.
Organic Electronics: Basic Fundamentals and Recent Applications Involving Carbazole-Based Compounds
Authors: Ximenes Matheus Costa , Ferreira Jorge Luiz Martins , de Souza Ana Paula Nazar , Tomaso Luiz Phelipe de Souza , da Silva Gabriel Francisco Souza , Marques Adriano dos Santos , de Campos José Brant , Malta Luiz Fernando Brum , Senra Jaqueline Dias
Published: December 2024

Carbazoles and their derivatives are ubiquitous in organic electronics since these compounds combine relatively low cost, chemical and thermal stability, and good hole transport properties, along with a tunable electronic structure. Thus, the application of carbazole molecules in the development of optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices, such as OLEDs and solar cells, has been explored with different patterns of functionalization (N-substitution, di- and polyfunctionalization) in the quest for increased efficiencies. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the basic aspects related to solar cells and OLEDs with a focus on the applications involving these versatile and promising building blocks.
Mechanical Decrosslinking and Reprocessing of Crosslinked Rotomolded Polypropylene Using Cryogenic-Assisted Shear Pulverization and Compression Molding
Authors: Ahmad Hibal , Rodrigue Denis
Published: December 2024

This paper presents a novel recycling approach for porous/foamed crosslinked rotomolded polypropylene (xPP) parts, originally designed for lightweight and thermal insulation. The method uses a cryogenic-assisted shear pulverization technique to produce parts by compression molding. The part’s final gel content and crosslink density were found to depend on their dicumyl peroxide (DCP) content (0–2.5 phr) and characterized in terms of their chemical, thermal, physical and mechanical properties. The results show that this recycling technique allows for an effective reprocessing of the crosslinked materials since partial decrosslinking occurs. For example, the crosslink density decreased by 64% (3.10 to 1.11 × 10−3 mol/cm3) and the gel content by 9% (84.4% to 71.2%) at 2.5 phr DCP. Reprocessing through compression molding led to a compact and partially crosslinked structure resulting in significant improvements in terms of tensile strength (1480%), tensile modulus (604%), elongation at break (8900%), Shore A hardness (19%) and Shore D hardness (32%) compared to xPP samples (at 2.5 phr). This study paves the way for the development of more sustainable recycling methods, especially for crosslinked polymers, by providing new opportunities to reuse the wastes/end-of-life materials in advanced materials and different applications.
The Baroque Religious Architecture of Paredes de Coura, Portugal, and the Transformation of the Territory
Authors: Silva Fátima Matos , da Silva Carlos Gouveia
Published: December 2024

This study explores the intricate relationship between Baroque religious architecture and the transformation of the territory in Paredes de Coura, Portugal. Between the second half of the 17th century and the first half of the 19th century, Paredes de Coura, located in northern Portugal, gradually transformed its religious spaces and buildings. Parish communities and private initiatives, driven by a deep religious motivation and favourable conjuncture factors, rebuilt, enlarged, and built dozens of chapels and churches from scratch, mostly in Baroque configuration but with differentiating characteristics. This process gradually gave the rural landscape a unique singularity, i.e., a transformation of significant cultural and historical importance. Numerous artisans constructed these buildings and filled their interior spaces with works of sacred art, mainly carved altars, originating primarily from Paredes de Coura and Alto-Minho municipalities. This systematic study, based on the analysis of contemporary documentation of religious buildings and extensive fieldwork, ensures the thoroughness and reliability of our research and aims to disseminate the data related to this process, presenting an overall reading of religious architecture and seeking to understand the reasons which were at the base of the construction of such a large number of temples in the municipality of Paredes de Coura during this period that changed the territory. This also highlights how Baroque religious architecture was a product of artistic and spiritual ambitions and a powerful agent of territorial reconfiguration, affecting settlement patterns, infrastructure, and social hierarchy. The legacy of these transformations continues to influence the region’s cultural landscape today.
“If You Call Yourself a Jew”: A Reconsideration on Identifying Paul’s Interlocutor(s) in Romans 2
Authors: Storbakken Scott
Published: December 2024

In Romans 2, Paul uses the Greco-Roman rhetorical technique of diatribe, i.e., a debate with a fictional partner. Reformation interpreters insisted that Paul confronts a hypocritical Jew; this thought remained prominent until the last century and has yielded unintentional anti-Semitic readings of Paul in many Protestant circles to this day. The New Perspective tempered the problem by suggesting that Paul begins the passage opposing a gentile until verse 17 when he has a new, Jewish interlocutor. However, Paul’s language gives no indication of a shift. Scholars of the Radical New Perspective have attempted to solve this language challenge by claiming that Romans 2 contains a single diatribe with a gentile opponent. Although this paper agrees with that basic conclusion, it proposes a new specific identity for that interlocutor that departs from the general consensus of the Radical New Perspective. That consensus identifies the interlocutor as a gentile Judaizer. No scholars, however, have clearly displayed the existence of such people at the time when Paul wrote Romans. On the other hand, Paul’s letter constantly attacks beliefs of gentile supersession, implying that some audience members might entertain such presumptions. This essay, therefore, proposes that Paul debates a single gentile supersessionist.
Bahrain Forum for Dialogue Apostolic Journey of Pope Francis to Bahrain as a Step on the Path of Brotherhood Between Religions
Authors: Piwko Aldona , Sawicka Zofia
Published: December 2024

The article discusses Pope Francis’s visit to Bahrain in 2022, which, although religiously and politically important, has not yet been exposed to science. This is the second visit of the head of the Catholic Church to the countries of the Persian Gulf, which is part of the refreshing interreligious dialogue between Christians and Muslims. This article analyzes changes in the Catholic Church’s understanding of dialogue with Islam, as illustrated by Pope Francis’s visit to Bahrain. Using comparative analysis, the article highlights the evolving nature of interreligious dialogue and its role in strengthening Muslim–Christian connections. The papal visit to Bahrain caused much controversy among human rights activists. Bahrain is seen, on one hand, as a tolerant and religiously inclusive country, but on the other, as a nation that frequently violates human rights, particularly in cases involving differences among its members. Pope Francis, as a diplomat, was not afraid to talk about some social issues in Bahrain (death penalty, discrimination, labor law) from the beginning of his visit. Pope Francis’s attitude and the benefits of interreligious dialogue that he has generated may not only confirm the presence of Christians in Bahrain but, above all, must change their destiny in the countries of the region that have so far treated this religion as an enemy. This article is an analysis of sources and their systematic review. The authors have focused on the interpretation of Pope Francis’s statements and their reception in the world. Interreligious and intercultural dialogue, as well as interpersonal fraternities, are extremely important in the international policy of the Holy See.