bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Brain Damage in a Neurological Population with Cerebrovascular Accidents
Authors: Burgess Michael M. , Kodanaz Altan , Ziegler Dewey K.
Published: September 2011

A total of 15 intellectual and 12 sensory-motor variables were examined as predictors of brain damage in a neurological population with cerebrovascular accidents. Results obtained via Student's t tests and multiple regression analyses demonstrate that it is possible to predict brain damage significantly in this clinical population. Specific conclusions were: (1) as single predictor variables, sensory-motor measures are superior to intellectual measures; (2) brain damage as measured behaviorally is consistent across patient populations in neurological, psychiatric, and neurological sub-groups with CVA; and, (3) multiple variant prediction holds promise for diagnosis of brain damage in a CVA population.
Obese Individuals' Perception of Body Image
Authors: Bailey William L. , Shinedling Martin M. , Payne I. Reed
Published: September 2011

To test differences in size of body image of underweight, normal weight, and overweight people, 105 undergraduates were administered a Draw-A-Person test. The torso and head of the figure drawings were each assigned a number from 0 to 3 according to the degree their dimensions represented obese characteristics. Obese Ss drew significantly larger figures, indicating larger body images than normal or underweight Ss.
Analysis of Functions of the Slosson Intelligence Test
Authors: Nicholson Charles L.
Published: September 2011

A functional analysis of the Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) was performed using the schema designed by Sattler for analyzing the Stanford-Binet (S-B). The two instruments were then compared. Analysis indicated that, despite the high correlations reported between the two instruments, they evaluate the various mental functions in different proportions, except at the adult level. There were significant correlations among the rank order of the categories evaluated at various age levels of the SIT.
Children's Spatial Representation of Directional Movement and Figure Orientations along Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions
Authors: Kershner John R.
Published: September 2011

160 Grade 1 children were tested for their ability to conserve multiple spatial relations. An analysis of task-related errors supported Piaget's distinction between perceptual and representational space as well as the importance of eye-hand movement and the relative position of objects in the perceptual field. Children with a preference for their right hand and left eye showed more success in reproducing spatial relations than children with right-hand and right-eye preference. The results were interpreted as supporting a visual-imagery mode of representation but not the importance of verbal knowledge or activity. The significance of mixed lateral dominance to spatial orientation was seen to be consistent with neurophysiological evidence.
Restriction of Emotional Release and Creativity
Authors: Eisenman Russell , Brownstein Gary M.
Published: September 2011

In order to study environmental effects on creativity in children, 55 fourth graders were placed in one of three treatment groups: “frustration” and emotional release, “frustration” and no emotional release, control. Changes in fluency and originality were investigated, as well as correlations among these measures and with IQ. Significant results suggested that the “frustration” may have energized Ss, leading to greater fluency and originality. However, these conclusions are tentative, especially because of little correlation among the measures, in contrast to the finding of Eisenman (1969) for adults, but similar to the finding of O'Bryan and MacArthur (1969) who also tested young children and found no originality or fluency factors.
Complexity-Simplicity and Persuasibility
Authors: Eisenman Russell , Boss Evelyn
Published: September 2011

In order to test the generality of a previous finding concerning the way Ss who preferred simplicity reacted to threatening information, the present investigation studied 88 high school students, half of whom were given a positive discussion about paintings and half of whom were given a negative discussion. Categorization by complexity vs simplicity preferences for polygons showed that Ss who preferred simplicity significantly differed in their ratings of the paintings, depending upon whether they were in the positive or negative orientation group. In addition, demographic correlates of age, sex, birth order, and family size are considered.
Fluctuations of Perceptual Organization and Orientation: Stochastic (Random) or Steady State (Satiation)?
Authors: Sadler Timothy G. , Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

Using flat drawings, intra-reversal times were obtained for two kinds of fluctuations, perspective reversals in a figure eliciting apparent depth and reversals of lateral organization in a figure not eliciting apparent depth. The durations of the alternate percepts (P1 and P2) between reversals early in a viewing session were compared with recently published data of the same type. In the latter study, P1 was found to be of longer duration than P2, both with a flat drawing and a rotating skeletal cube. These prior data were explained in terms of satiation theory; however, we found no significant differences between P1 and P2 with two different groups of Os and with two figures. Explanations for these differences in results were advanced. The use of grouped percept-duration data to support steady state (e.g., satiation) theories of perceptual fluctuation phenomena was criticized.
Experience and Preference for Complexity in Children's Choices
Authors: Unikel Irving P. , Harris Charles N.
Published: September 2011

The effects of experience upon preference for stimulus complexity were investigated. On each of 8 trials, children chose a colored candy from 4 simultaneously-presented stimulus arrays of differing complexity levels. Results indicated a significant increase in the level of complexity chosen from Trial 1 to 2, a decrease from 2 to 4, and an increase from 4 to 8 ( p < .01). These results support predictions of AL theory but differ from those of Dember and Earl (1957).
Semantic Generalization of Classically Conditioned Responses: A Reinterpretative Review
Authors: Lerner Richard M.
Published: September 2011

E-expectancy effects upon Ss' responses do not appear to enter into all areas of psychological investigation. However, in one area of verbal learning, that of semantic generalization (SG), the presence of this variable and “subject set to conform to the demand characteristics of the experimental situation” appear. It is hypothesized that an interaction between these two variables accounts for the SG “phenomenon.” Methodological and theoretical inadequacies of the research are discussed and the literature is reviewed in terms of this hypothesis. Based upon a reconceptualization of the E-expectancy— S-set interaction, some heuristic implications of the present formulation for other areas of psychological investigation are discussed.
Development of a Creativity Attitude Survey for Children
Authors: Schaefer Charles E. , Bridges Carolyn I.
Published: September 2011

A Creativity Attitude Survey has been constructed for research use at the elementary school level. Normative data are available for over 20 samples of school children. Reliability and validity data collected to date indicate that the Creativity Attitude Survey is a promising instrument for further research. It appears to be a particularly effective measure of the immediate and long-term effects of creativity training programs.
Effects of Eye Position on Person Perception
Authors: Tankard James W.
Published: September 2011

Stimulus photographs were prepared of models in 3 conditions, looking straight into the camera, looking downward, and looking sideways. Photographs were shown to 48 Ss who were told to assume they were interviewing the models for jobs. Ss rated models on 15 semantic differential scales and a salary scale, and answered some other brief questions. Eye position influenced response to models. Significant differences were found for 11 of 16 scales in comparisons of straight and downward gazes and for 2 of 16 scales in comparisons of straight and sideways gazes.
Effects of Payoff on Detection in a Symmetric Auditory Detection Task
Authors: Calfee Robert C.
Published: September 2011

The assumption common to several models for signal detection, that increased payoff should have no effect on detection rate, was tested in a two-interval forced-choice auditory signal detection task. The signal occurred equally often in each interval, and amount of gain or loss was the same for both intervals. Payoff values (0, .1, .5, and 1 cent) were changed within sessions in 50-trial blocks. Detection rate increased noticeably in one experiment, was significant in a second experiment and had no effect in a third. With minimal payoffs of the sort typically used, significant effects may depend on convincing S of the importance of the incentive. Analysis of conditional error probabilities showed that errors were more likely to follow errors, which suggests periodic variation in level of attention.
Visual-Tactual Dominance Relationship as a Function of Accuracy of Tactual Judgment
Authors: Derrick Ellen , Dewar Robert
Published: September 2011

The question of dominance of either the visual or tactual modalities when information to the two is simultaneous and disparate but not conflicting was investigated. 36 Ss viewed one object while exploring another of different size using active touch, and then matched the “seen” and “felt” objects from an array of 10 such objects. Across the three conditions of tactual accuracy that were used, the average visual match was in the direction of the tactual object's correct match and the average tactual match was in the direction of the visual object's correct match. An average tactual error significantly larger than the average visual error indicated a residual dominance of vision over touch. A further hypothesis, that as degree of tactual accuracy decreased the amount of visual dominance would increase, was not confirmed.
Clinical Differentiation with the Spiral Aftereffect Technique
Authors: Obrzut John E. , Thweatt Roger C.
Published: September 2011

The spiral aftereffect (SAE) apparatus was administered to 100 Ss, 50 independently medically diagnosed organic patients and 50 normals matched in sex and age to the first group. Each S was given standard instructions for six trials of 30-sec. exposure time. Variables, such as rate and direction of rotation, lighting intensity, light adaptation, etc., were controlled for all Ss. Scores and percentage computations of Ss in the various diagnostic groups indicate that the spiral aftereffect test has significantly differentiated between cases of organic brain damage and those who are normal ( χ2 = 42.2, p < .01, df = 1). No differences were shown between infectious vs noninfectious organics and convulsive vs nonconvulsive organics. However, there was a significant difference between prenatal organics and postnatal organics (χ2 = 21.4, P < .01, df = 1). For the entire group there were 32% false negative classifications and 8% false positive classifications.
Task and Social Orientation: A Study of Field Dependence, “Arousal,” and Memory for Incidental Material
Authors: Fitzgibbons David J. , Goldberger Leo
Published: September 2011

A conceptualization of field dependence-independence as a motivational orientation reflected in attentional selectivity and autonomic activity was tested using an incidental learning paradigm. 60 Ss assigned to a structured or unstructured condition were exposed to social and neutral incidental material; basal skin resistance was recorded. Results indicated that field-dependent Ss reflect social motivation by high non-specific “arousal” and by learning incidental material of a social nature. Field-independent Ss reflect task motivation by becoming “aroused” in response to specific task requirements and by learning task-relevant incidental material.
Factors Affecting the Operation of Kundt's Rule
Authors: Lloyd Van Voorhees
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted with three subjects to investigate the importance of various factors affecting the operation of that portion of Kundt's rule which says that, under conditions of monocular observation, an individual, in bisecting a horizontal line, will tend to locate the “bisector” somewhat to the nasal side of the true center. The variables studied included eye used, horizontal dimension of stimulus, and figure height or form (straight line, rectangle, or square). An analysis of variance showed that the different orders of judgments, Ss, eye used, and various interactions were significant sources of variation. The horizontal dimension of the stimulus and figure height or form yielded non-significant F ratios, although in the prior case, it is concluded that there was a real effect of the variable which is, however, hidden by the particular statistical analysis employed. Some of the data of individual Ss provide evidence for the existence of either an improvement or a deterioration in performance, as the judgmental process continued. Various possible explanations of the findings are discussed and evaluated.
Effect of an Anesthetic Placebo on Two-Point Thresholds
Authors: Thomas Timothy R. , Hull John H.
Published: September 2011

Two-point thresholds were measured on the forearms of 14 Ss. Threshold measures after the application of Vaseline were significantly lower than those taken after the application of an anesthetic placebo. The magnitude of the differences between thresholds for each S was not related to S's verbalized belief in the effectiveness of this placebo nor to the magnitude of GSR reactivity.
Conceptual Encoding Categories in Free Recall
Authors: Kroes William H. , Libby William L.
Published: September 2011

49 female students were administered a randomized list of 60 words, 15 from each of 4 different kinds of conceptual categories, 1 of which was from an exhaustive category and 3 from nonexhaustive categories. Results support the hypotheses that some conceptual categories are more powerful in facilitating free recall and a higher degree of clustering occurs in the more powerful conceptual categories. Contrary to expectations, an exhaustive category, such as all 3-letter words rhyming with “a,” is not necessarily as powerful as a more nonexhaustive category, i.e., clothing words.
Body Posture and Thinking
Authors: Schulman David , Shontz Franklin C.
Published: September 2011

Ss were 8 groups of college students, 10 men and 10 women per group. Ss in each group were tested while in a standing, sitting-erect, sitting-bent, or supine posture. Enclosed box problems and the Uses of a Brick task were administered to 4 groups (one group in each body posture). The other four groups were administered an abbreviated TAT, a task requiring S to talk about himself, and a test of memory for posture-related words. Ss were tested individually. Number of problems solved, pace of talking, number of self-referent statements, and proportion of posture-related words remembered were significantly affected by posture. Sex differences were also significant for several measures. It was concluded that body posture influences several types of thinking and that the study of the influence of posture on behavior has theoretical value as well as implications for psychological testing, therapy, and education.
The Narcissometer: An Apparatus for Quantification of “Self-Preoccupation”
Authors: Jaffe Joseph , Brodie H. Keith H.
Published: September 2011

A task requires a visual fixation point incompatible with that for S's mirror image of his own face. Time on target, recorded as optokinetic nystagmus, is proposed as a distraction index.
Heart Rate and Performance in Manual Missile Guidance
Authors: Bergstroem Bengt , Arnberg Peter
Published: September 2011

Earlier stress studies under laboratory conditions show that heart rates from 100 to 110 bpm are associated with significant decrements in missile-tracking performance. Data from real missile tracking by 8 operators with no stress deliberately induced indicate, however, that performance is unaffected up to 135 bpm, and only moderately affected in the 135- to 170-bpm region. The disagreement between the two sets of results highlights the difficulties in generalizing from stress experiments.
Ratings of Vowel Representativeness
Authors: Cullinan Walter L. , Counihan Donald T.
Published: September 2011

Vowel representativeness of each of 317 samples of 4 vowels produced by 10 normal and 10 cleft palate speakers was rated by 12 judges using the equal-appearing intervals scaling procedure. Average scale values of vowel representativeness were found to be reliable. Correlation coefficients for median scale values of vowel representativeness and speaker intention-listener identification agreement scores are also presented.
Location of Injury and Wechsler Indices of Mental Deterioration
Authors: Woo-Sam James , Zimmerman Irla Lee , Rogal Richard
Published: September 2011

Application of four Wechsler indices of mental deterioration to 95 cases of known head-injured Ss indicates that there are between index differences but that except for the Wechsler Revised index, locus of injury does not affect the efficiency of the indices. The findings were explained on the basis that trauma to the head results in two broad and measurable psychological effects: (1) generalized impairment of concentration and attention and (2), depending upon locus of injury, additional impairments of selective coping skills. In this study, a mixed parietal injury appears associated with deficient conceptualization skills either verbal or motor.
Intra-Oral Recognition of Geometric Forms by Normal Subjects
Authors: Williams William N. , La Pointe Leonard L.
Published: September 2011

Oral form recognition abilities were determined for 40 normal Ss between the ages of 20 and 59 yr., using 12 different geometric forms in 8 sizes. The purposes were: (1) to explore such related variables as form complexity, form size, Ss' age, sex and education level and Ss' response time; and (2) to reduce the total number of test items to a more manageable level by selecting those shapes and sizes from the original test items which contribute most to the obtained oral stereognosis scores. There were no significant differences for sex or educational level, but significant relations were found among performance levels and age groups. In addition, Ss' performance tended to be inversely related to response time. Within the limits of several criteria, 10 forms were selected which can practically and effectively provide a measure of oral form recognition. And, these forms may permit assessment of oral sensory integrity.
Flexibility, a Dimensional Analysis of a Modality of Divergent Thinking
Authors: Carlier Michele
Published: September 2011

A battery of 26 verbal and non-verbal tests of flexibility was administered to 78 boys (average age 18 yr.), and the six factors extracted accounted for 53% of the total variance: (1) general flexibility factor, (2) associative flexibility factor, (3) ideational flexibility factor, (4) graphic flexibility factor. The two remaining factors cannot be interpreted. Analysis of the same battery for a population of 107 girls (average age 18 yr.) yielded essentially the same factorial structure.
Control of Muscular Tension in Learning a Novel Gross Motor Skill
Authors: Paben Marjorie , Rosentswieg Joel
Published: September 2011

15 college women were taught how to relax and how to produce, on command, given percentages of maximum tension through EMG. A comparison was made with 15 control Ss of the ability to learn a novel gross motor skill. Significant differences were found, indicating that learned control of general muscular tension facilitates learning.
Familiarity and Value Effects upon Stereoscopic Word Recognition
Authors: Gaertner Samuel L. , Seidenberg Bernard
Published: September 2011

Words representing 15 Ss highest and lowest value areas on the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values were simultaneously presented stereo-scopically. In general, Ss recognized words of greater idiosyncratic familiarity regardless of word value. In addition words of high and low value and equivalent idiosyncratic familiarity were each recognized approximately 50% of the time. Word-familiarity ratings indicated that words of high or low familiarity and representing the highest and lowest value areas, respectively, had equivalent idiosyncratic familiarity. High-value, medium-familiarity words were more familiar and also were recognized more frequently than low-value, medium-familiarity words.
Individual Consistencies in Kinesthetic Figural Aftereffects
Authors: Platt Douglas , Holzman Philip S. , Larson Dale
Published: September 2011

A study of kinesthetic figural aftereffects in 32 Ss showed consistency within each of two testing sessions with respect to baseline judgments and magnitude of the aftereffect. Between testing sessions, however, there was no personal consistency in magnitude of kinesthetic figural aftereffects, although there was highly stable performance on a concealed-figures test, a measure of the field-articulation cognitive control. The data are discussed in terms of their relevance for measurement of traits and organismic states.
Potentiation in Rats of Bufotenin-Induced Behavioral Changes by Chlorpromazine
Authors: Angel Charles , Burkett Mary L.
Published: September 2011

In the present work, a dose-response relationship for bufotenin in the rat trained to bar-press for water reinforcement has been established. Our data illustrate that pretreatment of the rat with chlorpromazine potentiates the behavioral effects of bufotenin, while pretreatment with a tricyclic antidepressant drug does not alter the dose-response relationship for bufotenin. If a similar interacting effect between chlorpromazine and bufotenin were to be demonstrated for the human, it would suggest evidence that bufotenin is not an endogenous psychotogen involved as an etiologic factor in schizophrenia. Such a parallel relationship is suggested by earlier work of Turner and Merlis (1959).
Cultural Relativity in Aesthetic Judgments: An Empirical Study
Authors: Eysenck H. J. , Iwawaki Saburo
Published: September 2011

179 British students rated the aesthetic appeal of 131 designs and 135 polygons on a 5-point scale. Similar judgments were made by 115 Japanese students who did not, however, rate both designs and polygons but rather one or the other set. Correlations between mean ratings for the designs and polygons were uniformly positive and high, suggesting the comparative absence of cultural factors determining aesthetic judgments in this field. The data were interpreted as favouring Eysenck's theory of a general factor of aesthetic judgment in the visual field.
EGO Defense, Self-Concept and Image of Self Ascribed to Parents by Delinquent Boys
Authors: Teichman Meir
Published: September 2011

Patteins of self-perception, perception of parental attitudes toward the self and ego defense in delinquent and nondeliquent juveniles were studied. A self-concept questionnaire and Rosenzweig P-F test were administered to 36 institutionalized delinquents, and to 29 nondelinquent Ss. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) Delinquents and nondelinquents will not be different in self-concept nor in the image of self they ascribe to parents. (2) Delinquents with favorable self-reports will be higher on an ego-defense measure than nondelinquents with similar self-reports. (3) The self-concept will be more related to the image of self ascribed to parents by nondelinquents than by delinquents. As predicted, the self-reports of delinquents did not differ from those of nondelinquents, and delinquents whose self-reports were positive tended to score higher on ego-defense measure than nondelinquents with similar favorable self-reports. It was noted that the delinquents differentiated more than nondelinquents between their actual self-concepts and the images of self they ascribed to their parents.
Cross-Cultural Study of Relationships among Four Dimensions of Time Perspective
Authors: Roberts Alan H. , Greene Joel E.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present investigation was (a) to describe the internal structure of the concept of time perspective in terms of rationally developed dimensions derived from performance on one task and (b) to determine whether or not this internal structure was in any way different for three ethnic groups (Spanish-American, American Indian, and Anglo-American), two age groups (10 and 16 yr.), and two thematic content areas (religious and social). Measures of temporal extension, location, and kinesis were derived from a story-telling task. Data were analyzed by a multi-dimensional χ3 analysis. The three measures were differentially sensitive to variables introduced. For example, ethnic differences were most clearly shown by the kinetic measure and content differences by extension. A rationale for a partial interpretation of the findings within a cultural context was suggested.
Field Dependency in Relation to Altered States of Consciousness Produced by Sensory Overload
Authors: Haer John L.
Published: September 2011

For 19 Ss a condition of sensory overload induced several kinds of altered states of consciousness. RFT scores correlated .39 with degrees of altered consciousness, indicating that field dependency is associated with the experience of radically altered consciousness.
Comparative Study of Tachistoscopic Perception of Binary Figures in Deaf Children and Normally Hearing Children
Authors: Mandes Evans , Allen Patricia Randle , Swisher Charles W.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to compare deaf children and normally hearing children on a visual perception task. The visual stimuli were 32 cards, each with a binary pattern of eight circles arranged horizontally or vertically. One circle on the right or top and one circle on the left or bottom of each card were blackened to form the binary patterns, one on each side of fixation. The stimuli were presented tachistoscopically at 1/10 sec. and 1/25 sec. S responded by pointing to the positions he saw blackened on a response card to depict 8 blank circles. It was found that deaf children did as well as normally hearing children and that both groups made fewer errors on the left and top positions of the stimulus dimensions. The data are interpreted as supporting a mediational approach in perceptual development among deaf children.
Vibrotactile Learning and the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Diespecker D. D. , Kolokotronis Eva
Published: September 2011

3 groups of nulliparous -women aged from 17 to 22 yr. learned a 9-element vibroractile code through the skin of the left wrist. The groups were designated premenstrual, postmenstrual, and intermenstrual. There was a significant practice effect over 10 trials and a significant difference between menstrual groups. It is suggested that phases of the menstrual cycle should be taken into account when females are recruited for studies of learning and perception through the skin.
Lateralized Brain Damage and Differential Psychological Effects: Parsons, et al., Re-Examined
Authors: Woo-Sam James
Published: September 2011

Parsons, et al. stated that left-hemisphere damage was associated with a Block Design score significantly higher than the Vocabulary score while the converse was true when the right hemisphere was damaged. Parsons, et al.'s use of age-corrected scaled scores to compensate for chronological age differences among Ss seriously compromised findings since age-corrected scores, so used, cause the criteria of measurement to vary from S to S. Re-analysis of published data, with averaged standard scaled scores substituted, failed to confirm reported findings. A further analysis, based on 21 right-hemisphere-damaged and 15 left-hemisphere-damaged head-injured veterans selected on the basis of equivalent chronological ages, similarly failed to confirm reported differences.
Effects of Age and Mental Retardation on Temporal Integration of Visual Stimuli
Authors: Spitz Herman H. , Webreck Cindy A.
Published: September 2011

Investigations of the threshold for dark interval and backward masking have indicated that duration of the visual sensory trace is inversely related to MA. Based on these findings, it was predicted that lower MA Ss would fuse temporally separated halves of segmented figures at longer ISIs than higher MA Ss. Ten pairs of visual stimuli were exposed tachistoscopically so that each half of a pair would appear as meaningless segmented lines but, when fused, would be perceived as a drawing of an animal. Failure to confirm the prediction was discussed in terms of the influence of cognition on sensory threshold experiments.
Analysis of Component Variance
Authors: Pinneau Samuel R. , Ender Philip B.
Published: September 2011

A relationship between a method of component analysis and univariate analysis of variance is presented. A data matrix consisting of Ss scores on independent variables, interaction terms, and a dependent variable is used to produce an average cross-product matrix, which in turn is “factored” by the method of triangular decomposition. The F statistics obtained are ratios of the appropriate elements of the component loading matrix times the reciprocals of their degrees of freedom. An example presents a component analysis of an experimental design including setting up the data matrix, decomposing the correlation matrix, and development of appropriate F statistics.
Effect of Maternal Attitude on Development of Logical Operations
Authors: Hamilton Vernon
Published: September 2011

A study of the relationship between maternal rejection and the conserving skill was undertaken because it is representative of a whole series of validly predictable interactions and because conservation operations require an early demonstration of the skill of filtering out irrelevant from relevant stimuli and of generating principles of stimulus invariance in the presence of complex misleading cues. It was predicted that the children of rejecting and accepting mothers would differ in their competence in conservation test situations and that the superiority of accepted children would increase with maternal participation in the experiment. A new technique for the measurement of individual differences in conservation was developed. The hypotheses were generally confirmed.
Christmas Tree Drawings before and after Christmas: A Re-Examination
Authors: Roodin Paul A. , Vaught Glen M. , Simpson William E.
Published: September 2011

41 8- and 9-yr.-old children drew pictures of either Christmas Trees or coffee cups 10 days before and 10 days after Christmas. Unlike previous studies, neither height, area, nor embellishment scores of the Trees decreased after Christmas; however, width increased. The coffee cup embellishment scores increased after Christmas but no other measures were significantly different. These data were interpreted as demonstrating an increase in motivation within the drawing session as a function of repeated testing, apart from the motivation aroused by “naturally motivated expectancies.”
Brain-Damage Syndrome in Phenylketonuria
Authors: Schulman Jerome L. , Ford Robin C. , Kaspar Joseph C. , Child David A. , Berman Julian
Published: September 2011

Fine motor, distractibility, and activity level measurements were conducted for 16 treated PKU children and their 13 normal siblings. Analyses of covariance found the PKU Ss' performance on these tasks was not different than would be expected on the basis of their mental ages. These results suggest that the concept of a brain-damage syndrome is not needed to describe the damaging effects of PKU.
Number and Color Responses of Some College Students: Preliminary Evidence for a “Blue Seven Phenomenon”
Authors: Simon William E.
Published: September 2011

490 college students were requested to write down (a) a number between 0 and 9 and (b) the name of a color. The number 7 and the color blue were by far the most frequently written. Sex differences were also found with respect to both number and color choices.
An Extended Study of the Behavioral Effects of Respiratory Pasteurella Tularensis in Man
Authors: Thurmond John B. , Alluisi Earl A. , Coates Glynn D.
Published: September 2011

The mean percentage of baseline performance, a measure of average work efficiency, fell approximately 33% during the period of illness ( P. tularensis) of 8 experimental Ss. Four days after treatment, individual performance equaled that of controls (3 double-blind hospital control Ss and a separate control group of 10 Ss), but group-task performances appeared not to have recovered so completely. The findings extend and essentially support those of a previous study (Alluisi, et al., 1971) in which the illness-related decrement in individual performance averaged 25%, with only incomplete recovery 3 days after treatment.
Intra- and Intersensory Matching by Nursery School Children
Authors: Balter Lawrence , Fogarty James
Published: September 2011

Nursery school children (27 boys, 27 girls) were tested on two intrasensory and one intersensory equivalence tasks. Matching ability was examined in the context of successive and simultaneous methods of presenting stimuli. It was concluded that success in discrimination was not dependent on method of presentation but was related to modality. Visual-visual comparisons were significantly easier for preschoolers than either visual-tactual or tactual-tactual comparisons. No age or sex differences were obtained.
Acquisition and Performance of a Problem-Solving Skill
Authors: Morgan Ben B. , Alluisi Earl A.
Published: September 2011

The acquisition of skill in the performance of a three-phase code transformation task (3P-COTRAN) was studied with 20 Ss who solved 27 3P-COTRAN problems during each of 8 successive sessions. Factor analyses led to the identification of 5 factors that were invariant across the 8 sessions and identical to those identified in previous studies (Alluisi & Coates, 1969; Coates & Alluisi, 1971). Analyses of variance of 9 selected measures indicated that performance was significantly affected by practice; improvements in speed continued even after accuracy had reached asymptotic levels. Although transformation complexity had no effect on early performances, the 3- and 4-element transformations were solved more quickly than the 5-element in the problem-solving Phase III of later skilled performances.
Test Anxiety, GSR and Academic Achievement
Authors: Bronzaft Arline L. , Stuart Irving R.
Published: September 2011

To determine the relationship between a self-report measure of test anxiety and GSRs recorded during an actual course examination, GSRs were obtained from 57 Ss on two separate occasions; the first involving neutral questions and the second, psychology examination questions. A low-reactive and a high-reactive group were identified on the basis of GSR responses to the neutral questions. During the actual examination situation, the GSRs of the low-reactive group were raised but still remained small in comparison to the GSRs of the high-reactive group. In the low-reactive group, Ss high in test anxiety responded with significantly larger GSRs than Ss low in test anxiety.
Note on Long-Term Habituation of Freezing Responses of Bobwhite Quail to a Hawk
Authors: Gardner William M. , Melvin Kenneth B.
Published: September 2011

Habituation of the bobwhite quail's freezing response was studied using widely spaced (daily) trials. The releasing stimulus was a brief presentation of a live hawk which was obliged, by a rotating perch, to flap his wings. Habituation occurred, however, the initial increment in response commonly found with massed trials did not occur with daily trials. Thus, the facilitation of responding on the second stimulus presentation was attributed to temporary (e.g., emotional) factors elicited by the initial predator presentation. An attempt to dishabituate the freezing response was not successful.
Influence of Stimulus Discriminability on Psychological Refractory Period Effect
Authors: Tolkmitt Frank J. , O'Connor Geraldin P.
Published: September 2011

10 undergraduate students were tested in a psychological refractory period paradigm. Stimulus 1 was a visual discrimination task (same-different) and S2 was a 1,000-Hz tone. Discriminability of S1 and ISI were varied. Ss always had to respond to S2, but to S1 only when it was “same.” Discriminability of S1 was found to affect R2, irrespective of whether or not S1 was followed by an overt response. Such a result poses difficulties to expectancy and response-conflict theory.
“Functional” Defective Articulation: An Oral Sensory Disturbance
Authors: Fucci Donald J. , Robertson John H.
Published: September 2011

Some sources of disordered articulation may be related to oral sensory disabilities alone. One method of evaluating oral sensory functioning is to test for lingual stereognostic capability. Two groups, aged 12 to 16, of 10 children considered to be normal speakers (Group A) and 10 children considered to have “functional” articulation (Group B) as judged by a speech pathologist were free of sensory and motor defects. 20 geometric plastic forms, developed by the National Institute of Dental Research (NIDRs 20) were used to assess perceptual discrimination: eye, finger tip, tongue tip, and tongue blade. In general, larger mean differences were found between the normal and “functional” articulation groups than within them. The groups differed consistently in the general performance levels on the oral stereognostic tasks and in the oral-tactile performance not only within groups but between groups. Ss with “functional” articulation disorders (Group B) made more and different types of errors than normal speakers. Articulation disorders considered “functional” might be studied in relation to classical therapeutic procedures.
Telepathy and Dreams: A Failure to Replicate
Authors: Belvedere Edward , Foulkes David
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to replicate the procedures and findings of a previous dream-telepathy study conducted at the Maimonides Dream Laboratory. In that study S had, on each of 8 laboratory sessions, placed the true target in the upper half of his rankings for dream correspondence of 8 potential targets (p = .004). S was restudied for 8 nights in a different laboratory. E signaled an acoustically isolated agent at the onset of S's REM periods to concentrate on a target (magazine illustration) randomly selected from the target pool of 8. S's dreams were collected on awakenings from these REM periods. On the following morning, S was given a duplicate target pool and asked to rank the 8 pictures for their correspondence to his dream reports of the night. Two additional judges were given the same task, working both without and with S's associations to his dreams. Neither S nor the judges were able to exceed chance values in matching targets with nocturnal dream production.
Effect of Stimulus Order on Verbal and Nonverbal Visual-Auditory Association
Authors: Bartholomeus Bonnie N. , Doehring Donald G.
Published: September 2011

The acquisition of visual-auditory associations was studied in 96 adult Ss to assess the effect of order of stimulus presentation and differences between verbal and nonverbal stimuli. Associations involving verbal sounds were learned more easily than those involving nonverbal sounds when the sounds were presented at the same time or following visual stimuli, but the associative task was relatively difficult when verbal sounds preceded verbal visual stimuli. Associations involving nonverbal visual stimuli were learned more easily than those involving verbal stimuli when visual stimuli followed auditory stimuli.
Serial Learning of CVC Combinations with High and Low Social-Content Ratings by Schizophrenics and Normals
Authors: Sutker Patricia B. , Sutker Louis W. , Gil Sandra H.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effects of varied social-content ratings of CVC combinations on speed of acquisition in a serial learning task by 24 schizophrenic and 24 normal Ss. A low social and a high social CVC list were prepared, with scaled meaningfulness values (m') held relatively constant. Subgroups of schizophrenics and normals were assigned to and practiced on each of the two lists. Results indicated that rate of acquisition by schizophrenic Ss was significantly affected by varying the social properties of the stimulus items while varied social content had no noticeable effect on the performance of normals. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that social stimuli consistently disrupt performance by schizophrenic Ss and focus on the role of such stimuli as negative reinforcers.
Effects of Positive and Negative Feedback on the Motor Performance of Mongoloids
Authors: Talkington Larry W. , Altman Reuben , Grinnell T. Kelly
Published: September 2011

Performance on a marble-dropping task by groups of 10 mongoloid Ss was compared under 3 conditions of verbal feedback: negative feedback for errors, positive feedback for correct responses, and a combination of negative and positive feedback for errors and correct responses respectively. Results suggest that Ss with negative feedback outperformed the other groups and that the group with combined feedback outperformed those with only positive feedback. Failure-avoidance was discussed as an important aspect.
Comparative Validity of Harris Point and Quality Scales
Authors: Gayton William F. , Evans H. Eugene , Wilson Winston S.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the comparative validity of the Harris Point and Quality Scales. When 41 male, child patients were administered these tests as part of a regular psychological evaluation, the scales significantly underestimated criterion IQs. When the data were analyzed from the standpoint of predicting an individual's IQ classification, both scales manifested marked deficits. The Point Scale was more accurate than the Quality Scale in all analyses.
Spatial and Visual Probability Learning in the Kinkajou
Authors: Braveman Norman S. , Katz Louis
Published: September 2011

A female kinkajou was trained on both spatial and visual (brightness) probability learning problems. Results on the 70:30 spatial task involving a correction procedure indicated that S maximized within 160 trials. Training on a 50:50 spatial task was interspersed between the 70:30 spatial task and the visual tasks. The first visual task introduced was a 60:40 brightness discrimination involving a correction procedure and which lasted for 980 trials. This was followed by a 70:30 brightness task involving a noncorrection procedure which lasted for 1000 trials. Results on both brightness tasks showed non-random (reward following) matching. The results of both the spatial and visual tasks were interpreted in terms of Bitterman's phyletic hypothesis of intelligence.
High Self-Esteem and Identification with Adult Models among Economically Deprived Children
Authors: White William F. , Bashaw W. L.
Published: September 2011

Data from 120 kindergarten and first-grade children on the Self Social-constructs Scale and the Behavioral Maturity Scale suggest caution in interpreting intended meaning of economically deprived children when responding to the former scale.
Letter Reading as a Function of Approximation to English and French
Authors: Le Blanc Renaud S. , Muise J. Gerard
Published: September 2011

French Ss were required to read letter strings which approximated French and English texts. Ss performed similarly at the zero and first order approximation but read faster on the French text at the second order. The results may be due to the greater uncertainty of the English language or to a differential sensitivity to the statistical constraints of both languages.
Uncertain Pain and the Pain of Uncertainty
Authors: Ball Thomas S. , Vogler Roger E.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies on the management of pain have indicated that predictable pain from electric shock is overwhelmingly preferred to non-predictable pain. Also, if the onset or the termination of the pain is under Ss' control it is judged less aversive. The primary purpose of this study was to explore strategies for the management of pain in which an inevitable electric shock would be delivered either by S himself, so that he could be certain of when it was coming, or by a machine at random times during an interval of waiting. Consistent with previous findings, most Ss preferred shocking themselves to passively awaiting a pre-programmed random shock. An unexpected finding was that several Ss who initially selected single random shocks willingly accepted double shocks in order to avoid administering single shocks to themselves. The present study was the first to employ behavioral measures of the aversiveness of shocks with human Ss successfully.
Stress and Flicker Perception: I. the Effects of Shock Induced Anxiety
Authors: Stewart Robert A. , Groff Charlene , Kiker Vernon L.
Published: September 2011

Male college students were Ss in a test of the hypothesis that shock, presented at random intervals without warning, would lower the flicker fusion threshold (FFT) frequency. Three blocks of FFT trials were given; in the first and third blocks of trials no shock was administered, but during the second block of trials Ss received random shocks. FFT frequency declined during the shock trials and increased in the final block of trials, almost returning to pre-shock levels. These results support the hypothesis that shock, like many other stressors, lowers the FFT frequency.
Effects of Distance and Retinal Velocity on Duration of Spiral Aftereffect
Authors: Montgomery Noel
Published: September 2011

Visual angle, distance, and rate of rotation were varied in 2 studies with visual acuity controlled. The studies do not support the notion that variations in visual angle or rate of rotation cause reliable differences in duration of the spiral aftereffect (SAE).
Variations in Body Image as a Function of Achievement Level in School Performance
Authors: Hawkins David B. , Horowitz Herbert
Published: September 2011

Guided by the hypothesis that underachieving children would have significantly lower barrier scores than normally achieving children, 76 seventh grade underachievers in a residential school were compared with 85 average boys. The hypothesis was borne out: underachievers did have lower barrier scores. Contrary to prediction, however, the barrier scores of the underachieving group did not improve significantly over a 3-mo. period of intense therapeutically oriented treatment in a special residential school.
Eye Orientation during Visual Discrimination Learning by Humans
Authors: Oscar-Berman Marlene , Bakoplus-Banos Janis
Published: September 2011

Motion pictures were taken of the eyes of human Ss as they learned simultaneous two-choice pattern discriminations. Each trial was analyzed in two parts: the pre-stimulus phase (time before the onset of the stimuli) and the stimulus phase (time during which the stimuli were present). Ss looked more at one of the two discriminanda (the left or right) during one or both of those phases of the trial. These gaze-position preferences were not accompanied by response-position preferences, nor were there any correlations between eye, hand, and gaze preferences. In addition, all Ss looked more at the correct than at the incorrect stimulus.
A Simple Method for Modifying a Standard Activity Wheel to Increase Sensitivity
Authors: Taylor Robert M. , Drew Wm. G. , Miller L. L.
Published: September 2011

A simple and highly sensitive method of automating the acquisition of activity wheel data on animals in isolation is described. As well as being inexpensive and quickly constructed the modification is entirely maintenance free.