bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Failure of a novel surface polysaccharide-targeting vaccine to prevent Tritrichomonas infection in beef cattle
Authors: Hairgrove Thomas B. , Thompson James A. , Rocha Joana N. , Vinacur Mariana , Roberts Casey , Pier Gerald B. , Cywes-Bentley Colette
Published: March 2023

Tritrichomonas foetus (T. foetus) is the causative agent of bovine trichomoniasis that has a major impact on production costs for beef cattle producers. Immunization strategies to effectively protect against T. foetus are a high priority. Tritrichomonas foetus expresses a surface polysaccharide, beta 1-6 poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (PNAG), that is synthesized by a broad range of microbial pathogens. Vaccination with a PNAG-specific vaccine has demonstrated protection in pigs and horses. This study attempted to protect pregnant cows from an experimental T. foetus infection by prior vaccination with a PNAG-specific vaccine. Acceptable PNAG-specific antibody titers were achieved after vaccination, but antibodies elicited were non-protective against experimental challenge with T. foetus and in in vitro antibody functional bacterial killing assays.
Survey of veterinary involvement in cattle health and production record-keeping on U.S. cow-calf operations
Authors: Jumper W. Isaac , Huston Carla L. , Willis Robert L. , Smith David R.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with veterinary involvement in cattle health and production record (CHPR) management on U.S. cow-calf operations. We anonymously surveyed 14,294 cow-calf producers across the U.S. Multivariable logistic regression by manual forward variable selection was used to test demographic factors for association with veterinary involvement in CHPR management outcomes. A total of 3,741 (26%) responses were received, with 3,641 (97%) actively involved in cow-calf production. Of these, 2,216 of 3,486 (64%) said local veterinarians were their primary source of cattle health, treatment, and vaccination information. If available, 1,067 of 3,382 (32%) respondents would pay a veterinarian to analyze CHPR and provide management advice based on that information. Factors associated with willingness to pay a veterinarian for CHPR-keeping services include region (midwest: OR = 1.5; mountain: OR = 1.3; northeast: OR = 1.4; northern plains: OR = 1.8; southern plains: OR = 1.7; southeast: OR = 1.9; compared to west), cow-calf operation is not respondent’s primary income source (OR = 1.4; compared to being respondent’s primary income source), respondent records antibiotic treatments (OR = 1.4; compared to not recording antibiotic treatments), respondent education level (post-graduate or professional degree: OR = 1.4; some college up to completed Bachelor’s degree: OR = 1.1; compared to high-school diploma or less). A meaningful number of respondents were willing to pay a veterinarian for CHPR management services depending on region, income source, antibiotic record use and education level.
Maintenance of the last step of the cold chain: on-farm refrigerator storage and performance
Authors: Fallness Cynthia A. , Rollin Emmanuel , Heins Bradley D. , Berghaus Roy D.
Published: March 2023

Maintenance of the cold chain post-manufacturing for livestock vaccines is the most important way to ensure maximum product efficacy and safety. Often, it is unknown if refrigerators used for farm storage are operating in the recommended temperature interval (RTI) for vaccine storage of 36°F to 46°F (2°C to 8°C), and whether or not they are able to maintain those temperatures as the ambient room temperature changes. In order to evaluate the performance of different styles of refrigerators on dairy farms and veterinary clinics in the southeast United States, a convenience sample of 20 refrigerators was selected for the placement of digital data loggers to monitor the internal refrigerator and ambient temperatures over 5 months from July to November 2021. The percentage of time that refrigerators spent outside the RTI ranged from 0% to 80% with a median of 22%. The percentage of time outside the RTI was significantly greater for household refrigerators (37%) compared to commercial refrigerators (2.2%), while mini-refrigerators (27%) were intermediate. The estimated mean daily temperature range (MDTR) of household refrigerators (9.5°F, 5.3°C) was also significantly greater than that for commercial (5.4°F, 3°C) or mini (5.8°F, 3.2°C) refrigerators. Implications of the study show the necessity for proper temperature monitoring, staff training and record keeping to ensure vaccine efficacy and product safety, and ultimately improve animal health and productivity.
Going Big!: The Case of a Large District’s Effort to Maximize the Benefits of Dual Language Programming for their Children
Authors: Willey Craige , Kigamwa James
Published: March 2023

Dual language (DL) programs have been held up as a promising means by which to reach student achievement goals across demographics (Collier & Thomas, 2004). Yet, the social and political risks associated with implementing DL programs are significant. This paper analyzes one large metropolitan school district’s rationale and preparedness for initiating its DL program, as well as the outcomes of its efforts to scale up the DL program to reach thousands of students, most of whom are children of color. The findings suggest that the district personnel used three pillars to rationalize their decision to implement their DL program: legal, research, and student demographics. In addition, the school district administrators, teachers, and parents showed varying levels of preparedness for the mass implementation of the DL program. While a young program with few quantitative data points to showcase its success, the qualitative data revealed that the program’s structure and professional development efforts for the teachers and principals benefited from a clear and ambitious vision and the unwavering support of the district’s executive leadership. In addition to the extensive data compiled from interviews with key stakeholders, case studies of two schools from the district are provided in order to highlight emergent tensions and showcase how the district’s efforts have materialized into intentional and dynamic DL learning environments.
Can anybody hear me?
Authors: Richter Elsa
Published: March 2023

Student evaluations of online classes are frequently lower than their face-to-face counterparts, and one of the most common explanations students provide for poor online class evaluations is a lack of communication. One phenomenon that has been shown to improve communication as well as learning outcomes is positive interdependence, the collaborative – not competitive – reliance of student group members on each other in order to achieve mutual group success.  Not only does collaborative learning encourage better participation and learning outcomes, but it offers a more natural learning style for students from collectivist cultures than the independent learning environment that online courses often provide. This makes the community of inquiry framework, which values social, teaching, and cognitive presences, appropriate when designing online teaching and learning environments for English learners. However, in a synchronous chat-based online class, social presence may manifest differently than in asynchronous text-based online classes. This paper presents a single qualitative case study of a synchronous online English for Academic Purposes class for Chinese high school students. The study introduces and evaluates the presence of indicators of social presence among the students in an especially non-communicative group.  Findings and implications for future research and practice of social presence in collaborative learning environments in online English for Academic Purposes classes are discussed.

Keywords: intercultural communication, learner motivation, online courses, social presence
There Is No Monster Outside: It's A Virus! (English)
Authors: Irby Beverly , Lara-Alecio Rafael , Abdelrahman Nahed , Tong Fuhui , Schiller Pam
Published: March 2023

No Abstract needed.
There Is No Monster Outside: It's A Virus (Farsi)
Authors: Pashmforoosh Roya , Irby Beverly , Lara-Alecio Rafael , Abdelrahman Nahed , Tong Fuhui , Schiller Pam
Published: March 2023

No Abstract Needed.
There Is No Monster Outside: It's a Virus! (Bengali Version)
Authors: Chakraborty Misha , Irby Beverly , Lara-Alecio Rafael , Abdelrahman Nahed , Tong Fuhui , Schiller Pam
Published: March 2023

We wrote this book for children who are hearing the news about COVID-19 and who may be experiencing fears. Personally, we have heard children’s dreams that include mean people who take them away from their families, strange things that have happened to their classrooms, friends who are going away, or monsters that are coming after them. All of these types of fears have been expressed in dreams or daydreams of children we know. This book is dedicated to our hope of tomorrow-- the children around the world-- and to their families and caregivers who are supporting them. Our desire is that this book will be a comfort for children and will give them a sense of security in these uncertain times. This book is published in several languages to serve a need during this coronavirus pandemic. The book, free of charge, is supported by the Center for Research and Development in Dual Language and Literacy Acquisition, Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education and Human Development at Texas A&M University.

May there be only good inside and outside for our world’s children!Together and respectfully, we can make a difference!
Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Kromium Yang Terkandung Dalam Beras Dari Area Persawahan Kecamatan Pleret
Authors: Miyenfa Anjelina , Rahardjo Djoko , Krismono
Published: March 2023

Kegiatan industri penyamakan kulit sekitar daerah aliran Sungai Opak berpotensi meningkatkan pencemaran Sungai Opak akibat belum efektifnya pengolahan limbah cair yang berakhir pada pembuangan ke badan air. Logam kromium dalam bentuk kromium heksavalen yang terdapat dalam limbah cair industri penyamakan kulit dapat terakumulasi dalam tanaman padi yang ditanam di area persawahan yang memanfaatkan air Sungai Opak sebagai sumber irigasi, termasuk persawahan di Kecamatan Pleret. Kromium heksavalen yang terakumulasi dalam beras dapat menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan orang yang mengkonsumsi beras tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur kadar kromium heksavalen yang terdapat dalam beras yang dihasilkan dari area persawahan di Kecamatan Pleret, dan mempelajari risiko kesehatan yang diakibatkan pola konsumsi beras yang tercemar kromium heksavalen. Penelitian menggunakan 60 sampel beras yang dihasilkan dari persawahan di Kecamatan Pleret, Kabupaten Bantul yang mendapatkan aliran irigasi dari Sungai Opak. Analisis kandungan kromium heksavalen dalam sampel dilakukan dengan metode spektrofotometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan konsentrasi kromium heksavalen dalam beras berada pada kisaran 0,072-0,667 mg/kg dengan rerata konsentrasi 0,251 mg/kg. Laju asupan kromium di Kecamatan Pleret masih berada di bawah ambang batas berdasarkan standar US EPA. Tingkat risiko kesehatan non karsinogenik masih terbilang aman dengan nilai RQ < 1. Nilai Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan pajanan kromium heksavalen berpotensi menjadi kasus kanker.
Tactics of expectorant medicine use in pediatric practice
Authors: Zakirov I. I. , Generalova E. V. , Rizvanova F. F.
Published: March 2023

Introduction. Cough is one of the most frequent complaint when contacting a pediatrician. One of the mechanisms of cough development is the formation of viscous difficult-to-separate sputum. Therefore, determining the tactics of using expectorants and choosing the most effective and safe drug is an important part of the pediatrician’s work.

Аim. Тo study the tactics of expectorant medicines use in pediatric practice.

Materials and methods. The study included 84 patients with acute respiratory viral infections accompanied by cough, including 36 (42.85%) girls and 48 (57.15%) boys. The age of the children ranged from 4 to 7 years and averaged 5.57 ± 0.88 years. The drug of herbal syrups based on ivy extract in the form of syrup was prescribed to children in a dosage of 2.5 ml 4 times a day for 7 days. The effectiveness of the drug was evaluated on a scale of improvement/worsening of cough symptoms. In addition, the frequency of coughing, the ease of sputum discharge and the well-being of patients according to VAS were evaluated. The safety of the drug was assessed by identifying signs of the development of adverse events. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the SPSS 12.0 program.

Results and discussion. After 7 days of the medicine using, a significant decrease in the frequency and severity of cough was recorded, as well as relief of sputum discharge in most children. 84.52% of children had no cough after the first week of therapy. In this regard, their well-being has significantly improved. No adverse events were detected during the use of the drug. Very few herbal medicinal products are manufactured for young children, whereas it is herbal therapy that is the most suitable for use at this age. The study of the effects of herbal medicinal products containing ivy leaf extracts approved for use in children from birth showed promising results.

Conclusions. The use of the drug of herbal syrups based on ivy extract in preschool children contributes to a significant reduction in the frequency of cough, relief of sputum discharge and improvement of patients’ well-being. The drug is safe – there were no adverse events during its use.
Cuidado integral de crianças com necessidades especiais: desafios da Atenção Primária na tríplice fronteira
Authors: Casacio Gabriela Dominicci de Melo , Issa Fátima Moustafa , França Andréa Ferreira Ouchi , Silva-Sobrinho Reinaldo Antonio , Zilly Adriana , Da Silva Rosane Meire Munhak
Published: March 2023

Objetivo: analisar o perfil epidemiológico da doença do novo coronavírus no município de Pontal do Araguaia, Mato Grosso. Método: estudo epidemiológico do tipo descritivo e retrospectivo, utilizando dados secundários referentes ao período de 17 de abril a 23 de outubro de 2020. Resultados: no intervalo de 28 semanas epidemiológicas, 288 casos foram confirmados, e 52,4% eram mulheres, entre as quais houve predominância da idade entre 30 e 39 anos (24,7%) e entre 40 e 49 anos (22,22%). A maioria dos pacientes apresentaram sintomas (92,36%), predominando a tosse (51%), à medida que apenas 8% dos pacientes apresentaram comorbidades, sendo a diabetes mellitus a mais frequente. Ocorreu hospitalização em 10% dos casos. Em relação aos óbitos, a maioria deles foi de mulheres com idade média de 74 anos. O município apresentou um percentual de recuperação de 96,18%, enquanto o de letalidade foi de 2,4%. Conclusão: a atenção primária à saúde vem conseguindo sustentar os cuidados necessários para controlar a transmissão do novo coronavírus no município estudado.
Palavras-chave: Covid-19; perfil epidemiológico; vigilância em saúde pública; infecção por coronavírus; assistência à saúde.
New sources of criminal procedural and other judicial evidence in digital reality
Authors:   Bashkir State University, Sharipova Aliya R.
Published: March 2023

The attitude of law, practice and science to actively appearing sources of evidentiary information is controversial and belated. Besides some exceptions Criminal Procedure Code does not contain special rules for handling electronic information. Meanwhile evidentiary rules were formulated more than half a century ago and were principally oriented only on receiving analog information. Electronic traces and ways of displaying legally relevant information contained in them are sospecific that previous procedural forms are not usable nowadays. Procedural science develops the theory of electronic evidence on a sectoral basis. However, thecommunity of information-digital technologies which is lying in the core of impetuous growth of importance of electronic information predetermines the possibility of producing consolidated intersectoral rules. Examples of foreign science show the success of this approach. Criminally-remedial practice uses only sourcesby which you can get paper analogs or conduct an examination while proving. The extension of traditional inspection, seizure, search and examination to electronic information lowers its efficiency and does not provide a regime of secrets protected by law. A huge layer of electronic information remains outside the procedural proof. Its real value is confirmed by its use in law enforcement intelligence-gathering activities. Defensive side in criminal proceedings is deprived of even a few evidentiary opportunities in relation to digital information. Civil, Arbitral, Administrative proceedings are more open to recent evidences. Equal rights of the contestants contribute to the development of electronic evidence. A criminal procedure with a monopoly of the prosecution on it strengthens the accusatory bias and impoverishes the proof as a whole. A further spread in the share of electronic evidence in criminal procedural proving requires a change in approaches to it, a rejection of the exclusively classical rules for dealing with them, the extension of civilistic approaches to the relevant activities of the defense.
Digital transformation of the investigation process as an objective reality
Authors:   Saratov State Law Academy, Smushkin Aleksandr B.
Published: March 2023

The article examines the implementation of one of the main trends of the IV information revolution, the digital transformation of society, in law enforcement. By comparing the categories of “digitalization” and “digital transformation”, the conclusion is justified that digitalisation of investigation is only an element, a condition of digital transformation. The approach of various authors to the need for digitalisation and the essence of digitalisation are analysed. The independent importance of the category “digital transformation of the investigation process” is justified. It is stated that an “ideological” basis of the digital transformation of the investigation process should be a unified private theory, and the theory of electronic digital forensics developed by the author is offered. The analysis of the influence of digital transformation on crime prediction is marked by the growing importance of Big Data analysis. The impact of digital transformation on forensic thinking and algorithmic investigation is analysed. It is stated that new concepts developing within the framework of digital transformation contribute to development of program specific aides to inductive-deductive activity of an investigator, as well as prognostic methods of investigation. Considering the concept of cyber-investigator and appreciating the idea of robotization of some aspects of investigative activity we come to a conclusion that until full-scale development of artificial intelligence, at least equal to human, it will be only an auxiliary tool or “remote hands” of human investigator. As a result of the study, the main tasks of law enforcers, scientists and the main vectors of development of the digital transformation are identified.
Problems of legal regulation of public-private partnerships in Russian legal research before and after the adoption of Federal Law on Public-Private Partnership. Part one
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Maslova Svetlana V. , Eremin Viktor V. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: March 2023

This article analyzes the current state of Russian legal research on the regulation of public private partnership (PPP). Most of them are related to the regulation of the concept of PPP, its forms, the legal nature of the PPP agreement, the subject and object composition of PPP, the resolution of disputes arising from PPP, in order to systematize of existing scientific approaches to these regulation problems, determining the degree of this knowledge, assessing the dynamics of such research. Systematization of the main scientific conclusions and argumentation of more than 110 legal publications is carried out in the refraction of the Federal Law on PPP, which become a “watershed”, a factor that set the directions of scientific and legal discourse in the field of PPP increased the dominance of some right-wing positions on PPP and the weakening of others. The Federal Law on PPP provoked intensive dynamics and the overall volume of legal research on PPP in general. A comparison of the approaches in the legal publications reveals a preponderance of very significant intra-doctrinal divergences over the few consolidated positions on PPP legal issues even after the adoption of the Federal PPP Act. In particular, there is still a lack of consensus on the key legal definitions — PPP and its forms, as well as the PPP agreement as a contractual construct and its legal nature. The authors note that the existing degree of fragmentation of positions prevents the creation of a solid theoretical basis for understanding the problems of legal regulation of PPPs, significantly tangles the scientific search for options and methods of their solution. In the article proposes promising ideas for future legal research of PPP. The potential for interdisciplinary research is particularly important for the development of existing and obtaining new scientific knowledge about PPP.
Subjects of the right to self-determination in contemporary international law
Authors:   Kutafin Moscow State Law University, Kagramanov Azer K.
Published: March 2023

The issue of subjects of the right to self-determination is one of the most controversial issues in the theory of international law. The author, researching etymology, as well as cases of application of concepts “people” and “nation”, pays attention to their interchangeability and sometimes identification. The author proposes to view people (in a narrow sense) as a spatial, related to a particular socio-economic, linguistic, cultural and spiritual way of life, of individuals. Broadly speaking, a people is characterized as a social community that acquires a political identity and thereby becomes a nation, under certain circumstances, a State. The article proposed criteria for the self-determination of peoples and nations in accordance with the current international order and architecture. The research focuses on institutions such as uti possidetis juris and remedial secession. The author’s analysis of the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on Kosovo is of some interest. In considering the problem of indigenous and small-numbered peoples and national minorities, the author proceeds from the possibility that they may exercise their right to self-determination in the form of territorial autonomy or self-organization (self-government), depending on their number, characteristics of resettlement and other circumstances. Both models (territorial and extraterritorial) are designed to give indigenous peoples their identity, based, inter alia, on established traditions and customs, Development in accordance with the fundamental laws of the State and the norms of international law, while preserving the stability and territorial integrity of the State. On the basis of the jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee, various aspects of the legal personality of individuals in the exercise of the right to self-determination have been examined.
The definition of armed conflict in cyberspace
Authors:   Ust-Luga Oil, Garkusha-Bozhko Sergei Yu.
Published: March 2023

The information technologies development affects all spheres of human activity, including the military activities of States. The level of military information technologies development allows us to talk about a new theatre of military operations — the cyberspace. The likelihood of an armed conflict in cyberspace is also confirmed by the Tallinn Manual, developed in 2013 and updated in 2017 by experts from the NATO States with the participation of the International Committee of the Red Cross. In the context of the high probability of military action in cyberspace, the starting point for applying international humanitarian law to such situations is the definition of a cyber armed conflict. The research of this topical issue of modern international law of armed conflicts is the subject of this article. The author pays attention to the legal definition of cyberspace in general, and to related problems. In the absence of an international treaty regulating this area, it was suggested that such treaty should be developed and adopted. Because there is no definition of “classic” armed conflict in international humanitarian law, this article offers the author’s definition of “classic” armed conflict based on the analysis of the law of armed conflicts, relevant practice and international legal doctrine. Based on this definition, on detailed analysis of the relevant norms of international law, including the norms proposed by the Tallinn Manual on International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations, on the doctrine of international law, and taking into account the specifics of cyberspace, the author gives a comprehensive definition of armed conflict in cyberspace. The author substantiates the need to use the concept of cyber armed conflict, and not the terms “cyberwar” or “information war”. This article focuses on and evaluates the relevant provisions of the Tallinn Manual. The author also made suggestions on possible solutions to the problems discussed in this article.
Actual practice of linguist expert within the speech offenses: Relevance and problems
Authors:   Kostroma State University, Akhunzianova Farida T.
Published: March 2023

This article raises the problem of the uncertainty of legal norms related to speech offenses, which can be traced, in particular, in Art. 5.61 “Insult” of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation in relation to the concepts of a generalized negative assessment and indecent form of expression. The author believes that the adoption of a new wording of the plot of this article did not eliminate the existing uncertainty, on the contrary, new, even more uncertain elements led to the danger of an arbitrary broad interpretation of this legal norm and equally arbitrary judicial decisions in cases of insult. The article emphasizes that under such conditions, linguistic expertise becomes of particular importance as an important way to establish the essential signs of insult. However, despite the fact that, in relation to the le gal sphere, one can quite confidently speak of the already established institution of linguistic expertise, nevertheless, in cases involving personal insults, linguistic experts continue to face a number of problems. Difficulties are associated with the assessment of a particular word as subject to the disposition of an insult, with the definition of decency/indecency of a linguistic form of expression, with the inability to codify the norms of morality and morality, with the use of various linguistic approaches by experts, as a result of which many questions remain debatable. Examples of such situations are also given in the article. According to the author, the legislator should clearly define the conceptual content of all components of the objective side of offenses related to personal insult, at the same time, professional linguists should develop a common understanding and a common strategy in solving these problems. This article is an attempt to take a step in this direction.
A new model of Russian-Chinese trade and economic cooperation: Establishing the Center of Legal Services Saint Petersburg — Shanghai
Authors:   China National Institute for SCO International Exchange and Judicial Cooperation, Jiang Siyuan ,   Shanghai University of Political Science and Law
Published: March 2023

Shanghai and Saint Petersburg are sister cities. Shanghai was the very first sister city of Saint Petersburg in China. The cities are linked by long-term fruitful humanitarian and economic ties. Economic cooperation between the two cities has been and remains one of the priorities of interaction for the development of cities. Saint Petersburg — Shanghai economic cooperation has great potential. The level of cooperation on the range of economic and other issues is constantly expanding, the demand for legal assistance is also increasing, respectively. Therefore, the establishment of the Center of Legal Services Saint Petersburg — Shanghai is of great importance. This Center will be committed to the development and prosperity of the two cities, expanding mutually beneficial trade, economic and investment cooperation, broadening and deepening cooperation ties in various economic sectors, consolidation of legal services resources and establishment of a mechanism for communication and coordination between government departments and enterprises of the two cities, conducting specialized Webinars dedicated to the establishment of the Center of Legal Services Saint Petersburg — Shanghai and various legal topics, publishing a white paper, legal branding, successful holding of the Forum on the legal services of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, strengthening the docking of high-quality projects, creating a new model of economic and trade cooperation, consolidation of the foundation for Sino-Russian economic and trade cooperation, creation of an integrated single digital platform for the exchange of information; information exchange for further discussion of issues of cooperation in such areas of mutual interest as legal control by legislative bodies, prevention and control during the pandemic, trade and economic development and humanitarian exchanges for enterprises of Russia and China, in order to give impetus to the further development of relations between Saint Petersburg and Shanghai as sister cities.
INSTITUTIONS OF PUBLIC POWER AMONG THE MANCHU-MONGOLIAN PEOPLES OF EAST ASIA IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (PART 1: IMPERIAL POLITICAL ORDER)
Authors:   Institute of Mongolian Studies, Buddhology and Tibetology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, DUDIN PAVEL
Published: March 2023

In his article, the author, relying on the works of Russian researchers of the East Asian region, attempts to characterize the public-power institutions of the Manchurian-Mongolian peoples in the early twentieth century. Remaining in the shadow of China, these peoples have accumulated considerable experience of statehood, which in different historical epochs allowed them to create powerful powers that conquer each other and neighboring countries. However, at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, power relations were exposed to some factors, as a result of which the political landscape of the region changed significantly. Among these, the author, first of all, highlights the Chinese colonization carried out in relation to the ancestral Mongolian lands when it was impossible to resist this on the part of the Qing emperors, who were once guarantors of their inviolability. Chinese administrative-territorial units with central subordination are created on the territories of ancestral principalities, and the vymorochnye possessions are transferred under the direct control of the provincial administration. Manchuria, as an ancient patrimony of the ruling imperial house, also turns out to be divided into three provinces, and the same fate awaits Inner and Outer Mongolia. Traditional military institutions, having proved their ineffectiveness in the fight against the Europeans and the Japanese, are being disbanded, and new formations are being created in the national regions of "Outer China", designed to protect the border from a possible attack, and to keep dependent territories subordinate to the central authorities. Trying to follow the spirit of the times and, at the same time, solving the defense problem, plans are being hatched for grandiose railway construction in the studied space. However , it began in the autumn of 1911 the Xinhai Revolution led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the actual rupture of the personal alliances that held the national regions of the North of the Qing Empire in unity with the metropolis. Thus, the problem of the legitimacy of the central government of republican China in the eyes of the Manchurian-Mongolian peoples was generated, which led the country to the actual disintegration and formation of new national states in the Manchurian-Mongolian historical and cultural space.
FEATURES OF THE DIGITAL DEMOCRACY DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIAN CITIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ST PETERSBURG)
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, MOROZOVA SVETLANA , BUDKO DIANA ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: March 2023

The digital transformation of government processes in the face of increasing strategic uncertainty and global risks has actualized the requests of citizens to optimize the activities of public authorities, create a secure digital environment and adhere to the principles of digital democracy, designed to ensure accountability and transparency in the activities of public authorities, improve the quality of decisions made at all levels, expand electronic participation of citizens. Being an integral part of the information society, e-democracy is the best way to influence the development of democratic institutions and processes, to consolidate various public policy actors in the political decision-making process. At the same time, as a result of digitalization, there is a reverse effect of the traditional relations system transformation between the state and the citizen, which can undermine the foundations of state security and violate the inalienable rights and freedoms of citizens. The article is devoted to identifying the features of the digital democracy development in modern Russia. Particular attention in the study is paid to the analysis of the theoretical foundations of e-democracy, the assessment of the e-democracy importance in the development of relations between the state and the citizen. Using the experience of St. Petersburg digital development as an example, the authors analyze the advantages of digital services for the modern society development. Based on the study of the electronic voting system used in Russia, the authors discuss the prospects for the digital democracy development in the country. The main research questions are the following: What are the theoretical foundations of e-democracy? What is the significance of digital democracy for the development of relations between the state (public authorities) and the citizens? What opportunities and risks does e-democracy bring to modern society? What are the prospects for the development of digital democracy in Russia?
Model and application of annual river runoff prediction based on complementary set empirical mode decomposition combined with particle swarm optimization adaptive neuro-fuzzy system
Authors: Guo Huifang , Chen Lihui , Fang Yuan , Zhang Shixia
Published: March 2023

Runoff is affected by natural and nonnatural factors in the process of formation, and the runoff series is generally nonstationary time series. How to improve the accuracy of runoff prediction has always been a difficult problem for hydrologists. The key to solve this problem is to reduce the complexity of runoff series and improve the accuracy of runoff prediction model. Based on the aforementioned ideas, this article uses the complementary set empirical mode decomposition to decompose the runoff series into multiple intrinsic components that retain time–frequency information, thus reducing the complexity of the runoff series. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) adaptive neuro-fuzzy system is used to predict each intrinsic component to improve the accuracy of runoff prediction. After that, the trained intrinsic components of the model are reconstructed into the original runoff series. The example shows that the absolute relative error of the runoff forecasting model constructed in this article is 0.039, and the determination coefficient is 0.973. This model can be applied to the annual runoff series forecasting. Comparing the prediction results of this model with empirical mode decomposition algorithm-ANFIS model and ANFIS model, complementary set empirical mode decomposition algorithm-PSO-ANFIS model shows obvious advantages.
Removal of dissolved organic matter from the woodchip bioreactor start-up by foam fractionation
Authors: von Ahnen Mathis , Stedmon Colin A. , Hambly Adam C.
Published: March 2023

Denitrifying woodchip bioreactors are passive, low-tech systems primarily designed to remove nitrate from shallow ground waters as well as point source discharges. Despite their capacity to achieve constant nitrate removal over several years, natural aquatic environments may be affected by the leaching of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from fresh woodchips during start-up. Simple on-site measures might reduce the woodchip leachate during start-up and thus add to the overall environmental sustainability of woodchip bioreactor installations. The aim of the study was to investigate whether foam fractionators could provide an effective solution. Water was flowed through fresh laboratory-scale woodchip bioreactors and recirculated through foam fractionators for 11 days. The bioreactors removed nitrate but increased phosphate and ammonia, which were not effectively removed via foam fractionation. However, foam fractionation did remove 37.8 ± 4.7% of the dissolved chemical oxygen demand (CODdiss) leached during the first 11 days of operation. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the DOM composition differed between the foam and water, where the foam fraction contained higher amounts of DOM associated with the highest bioavailability and hence the greatest potential environmental impact. Optimised foam fractionators could therefore help to reduce the environmental impact of DOM leachate from woodchip bioreactors during start-up.
Investigation of the Pharmacokinetic Properties and Theoretical Chemical
Activities of 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone and 4'-Dimethylamino-7,8-Dihydroxyflavone
Authors: Karakaya Muhammed Fatih , Gokalp Faik , Sener Erol , Korkmaz Orhan Tansel
Published: March 2023

Aims:

Flavonoids naturally exist in plants as secondary metabolites. In this study, the
aim is to determine and compare the theoretical and in vivo chemical activities of 7,8-
dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) and 4'dimethylamino-7,8-dihydroxyflavone (4’-DMA-7,8-DHF),
tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptor agonist flavonoid molecules with reported potent neuroprotective
effects.

Methods:

The density functional theory (DFT) (RB3LYP) method was used for the theoretical
chemical analysis. For the in vivo studies, 6-month-old Wistar rats were used in two groups
(n=8). 7,8-DHF and 4’-DMA-7,8-DHF (5 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally (ip) to
each group. Then, plasma samples were collected by carotid catheterization, and brain samples
by the microdialysis technique were collected simultaneously for 12 h from awake rats. The level
of 7,8-DHF and 4’-DMA-7,8-DHF in blood and brain samples were analyzed and their pharmacokinetics
were determined.

Results:

Theoretical calculations show that 7,8-DHF is slightly more stable than 4’-DMA-7,8-
DHF. The in vivo pharmacokinetic results show that the maximum concentration of 7,8-DHF was
about 48 ng/mL, whereas it was only 8 ng/mL for 4’-DMA-7,8-DHF.

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that the 4'-DMA-7,8-DHF is more unstable and is more prone to
binding to TrkB than 7,8-DHF. On the other hand, the in vivo pharmacokinetic results show that
7,8-DHF is more stable than 4’-DMA-7,8-DHF when it is applied systemically at therapeutic
concentrations.
EFFICIENCIES IN POWER PLANT
Authors: Wang Yun
Published: March 2023

INTRODUCTION

In thermodynamics, several major devices related to energy conversion are
introduced, including the internal combustion engines (ICE), steam turbine,
boiler, heat exchanger, and heat pump. Thermal efficiency is a dimensionless
performance measure of these devices. In general, thermal efficiency is the
fraction of energy addition in the form of heat or thermal energy converted to
useful output, as shown in Fig. (6.1), given as a percentage value. The
nominally Otto-cycle ICE in automobiles can reach about 30% efficiency at
the flywheel. Rankine-cycle steam turbine thermal efficiency can be as high as
41%. In heat pump cycles where heat rejection in the high-temperature side is
the useful output, the efficiency is usually defined as the ratio of the rejected
heat to the compressor work input, commonly called the coefficient of
performance (COP). Refrigeration moves heat from a confined space and
dissipates it in the atmosphere. Heat pumps move heat from one spot (often
from the atmosphere or underground) to a home of business. Residential
refrigerators and air conditioners are based on a vapor-compression
mechanical refrigeration cycle. The former generally has a COP over 1 in
practice, while the latter may have a COP over 3 to 5. The COP of heat pumps
is generally higher than that of their refrigerator counterparts.
REFRIGERATION
Authors: Wang Yun
Published: March 2023

INTRODUCTION

Refrigerators and air conditioners are popular and important devices in our
daily lives. The former provides a low-temperature environment to store food
and drink, while the latter reduces the indoor temperature to a comfortable
level. In nature, we observe that heat flows from a higher temperature toward
a lower temperature. To reverse the heat flow from a low to high temperature,
mechanical work needs to be added to enable mechanical refrigeration, by
which a low-temperature environment is created for food saving or air
conditioning. The most important feature of mechanical refrigeration is its high
efficiency, usually called the coefficient of performance (COP): the COP of
residential refrigerators is usually above one, and air conditioners can achieve
even five. While other refrigeration methods have been developed, based on
different physical principles, such as vortex tubes and thermoelectric coolers,
their efficiencies, in general, are much less than one, and we use them for
special applications where their other characteristics make them attractive.
REPORT PREPARATION
Authors: Wang Yun
Published: March 2023

OVERVIEW

To formally document a laboratory experiment, a written technical report is
prepared. However, it should be noted that detailed lab notes compiled during
the experiment are essential, so they can be used later in the full written report.
The overall goal for any laboratory report is to summarize an experiment
efficiently for an intended audience. Therefore, knowing who will read the
laboratory report (e.g. researchers in a similar field in a technical journal,
business leaders in a company as an internal white paper, or the general public
for mass consumption) will dictate the style, the tone and the level of technical
jargon needed in the written work. After identifying the target audience, the
lab report should explain the purpose of the experiment, the research questions
answered, the experimental procedures, the data observed, the analysis method
and the results.
Performance Study of Silica-based Hydrofobic membranes in Biodiesel Purification Process
Authors:   Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya, Oktavian Rama , Poerwadi Bambang ,   Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya, Supriyono Supriyono ,   Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya, Kartikowati Christina Wahyu ,   Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya, Septiadi Hardo  Triwahyu ,   Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya, Yuniardi Muhammad Ichya` ,   Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya
Published: March 2023

Glycerol can cause negative effects on diesel engines such as fuel filter blockage, fouling on fuel injectors and deposit formation at the bottom of the storage tank, it is necessary to do purification to improve the quality of biodiesel in accordance with SNI. Until now, the separation process has been carried out by using a polypropylene hydrophobic polymer membrane. Therefore, another membrane alternative is needed for the refining process of biodiesel production derived from materials that are easy to obtain and of economic value. In this research, the synthesis process of hydrophobic silica composite membrane and the performance of this membrane were carried out in the process of separating FAME with glycerol. This study examines the performance of the hydrophobic silica composite membrane on biodiesel purification for improving the quality of biodiesel resulting from the transesterification process. The results showed that membrane synthesis in this study could produce a hydrophobic membrane with a contact angle above 90 ° (150 °). This hydrophobic membrane can be used in the process of separating CPO-water with a rejection coefficient of 0.99. In addition, from the test results with a flow rate of 3 ml / minute, it was found that this membrane was able to improve the quality of crude biodiesel seen from the parameters of its heating value. In addition, membrane fluxes were 8.1 L / m2.h.
FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) Spectroscopy Method for Bacillus cereus Characterization
Authors: Silfiani Intan , Abadi Abdul Latief , Aini Luqman Qurata , Prillianti Kestrillia Rega , Prabowo Matheus Randy , Dianti Sylvia Herli
Published: March 2023

One of the potentials of Bacillus cereus bacteria is as an inducer of systemic resistance in plants against plant diseases. FTIR spectroscopy is a traditional method extensively utilized in the pharmaceutical industry, since it is fast, non-destructive, and requires minimal sample preparation. In this study, the indicators that were effectively discovered were the functional groups that compose carbohydrates and lipids. The absorption region to be analyzed for the functional groups that compose carbohydrates is in the wavenumber region of 1200-800 cm-1, whereas the functional groups that compose up lipids are in the wavenumber range of 3020-2800 cm-1 and 1800-800 cm-1. The signal produced on the spectral signature of B. cereus isolates revealing the functional groups that compose carbohydrates is at the absorption values of 1185, 1132, 1122, 1098, 1078, 1056, 1010, and 973 cm-1. This is analogous to the notion that the cell wall of B. cereus is composed of peptidoglycan which contains carbohydrates. While the absorption values that indicate the functional groups that make up lipids are 2969, 2955, 2925, 2870, 2846, 1759, 1733, 1471, 1455, 1234, 895 cm-1, which according to the literature suggests that the body structure of B. cereus contains 2-3% of the dry weight of bacterial cells and consists of neutral lipids and phospholipids.
What is humanist political thought?
Authors: Tricoire Damien
Published: March 2023

Review of James Hankins, Virtue politics: Soulcraft and statecraft in Renaissance Italy (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2020, 736 pp., index)
Burning them off the land
Authors: Clark Samuel
Published: March 2023

Review of: Terence Dooley, Burning the Big House: the story of the Irish country house in a time of war and revolution (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2022, xiv + 352 p., index)