bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical Involvement of Calcium-Dependent Cytosolic Phospholipase A2α in Aortic Valve Interstitial Cell Calcification
Authors: Bonetti Antonella , Allegri Lorenzo , Baldan Federica , Contin Magali , Battistella Claudio , Damante Giuseppe , Marchini Maurizio , Ortolani Fulvia
Published: September 2020

The involvement of calcium-dependent cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) in aortic valve calcification is not exhaustively elucidated. Here, cPLA2α expression in aortic valve interstitial cell (AVIC) pro-calcific cultures simulating either metastatic or dystrophic calcification was estimated by qPCR, Western blotting, and counting of cPLA2α-immunoreactive cells, with parallel ultrastructural examination of AVIC calcific degeneration. These evaluations also involved pro-calcific AVIC cultures treated with cPLA2α inhibitor dexamethasone. cPLA2α over-expression resulted for both types of pro-calcific AVIC cultures. Compared to controls, enzyme content was found to increase by up to 300% and 186% in metastatic and dystrophic calcification-like cultures, respectively. Increases in mRNA amounts were also observed, although they were not as striking as those in enzyme content. Moreover, cPLA2α increases were time-dependent and strictly associated with mineralization progression. Conversely, drastically lower levels of enzyme content resulted for the pro-calcific AVIC cultures supplemented with dexamethasone. In particular, cPLA2α amounts were found to decrease by almost 88% and 48% in metastatic and dystrophic calcification-like cultures, respectively, with mRNA amounts showing a similar trend. Interestingly, these drastic decreases in cPLA2α amounts were paralleled by drastic decreases in mineralization degrees, as revealed ultrastructurally. In conclusion, cPLA2α may be regarded as a crucial co-factor contributing to AVIC mineralization in vitro, thus being an attractive potential target for designing novel therapeutic strategies aimed to counteract onset or progression of calcific aortic valve diseases.
Rocuronium Has a Suppressive Effect on Platelet Function via the P2Y12 Receptor Pathway In Vitro That Is Not Reversed by Sugammadex
Authors: Murata Yutaka , Kawamoto Shuji , Fukuda Kazuhiko
Published: September 2020

Rocuronium is an aminosteroid nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocker that is widely used for anesthesia and intensive care. In this study, we investigated the effect of rocuronium on human platelet functions in vitro. The effects of rocuronium on platelet aggregation, P-selectin expression, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in platelets were measured using an aggregometer, an enzyme immunoassay, and flow cytometry, respectively. Rocuronium inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation, P-selectin expression and suppression of cAMP production. These effects were not antagonized by equimolar sugammadex, a synthetic γ-cyclodextrin derivative that antagonizes rocuronium-induced muscle relaxation by encapsulating the rocuronium molecule. Morpholine, which constitutes a part of the rocuronium molecule but is not encapsulated by sugammadex, inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Vecuronium, which has a molecular structure similar to that of rocuronium but does not possess a morpholine ring, had no significant effect on ADP-induced platelet aggregation. These results indicate that rocuronium has a suppressive effect on platelet functions in vitro that is not reversed by sugammadex and suggest that this effect is mediated by blockade of the P2Y12 receptor signaling pathway via the morpholine ring of rocuronium.
Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Trans-Epithelial Permeability
Authors: Allam-Ndoul Bénédicte , Castonguay-Paradis Sophie , Veilleux Alain
Published: September 2020

Constant remodeling of tight junctions to regulate trans-epithelial permeability is essential in maintaining intestinal barrier functions and thus preventing diffusion of small molecules and bacteria to host systemic circulation. Gut microbiota dysbiosis and dysfunctional gut barrier have been correlated to a large number of diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease. This led to the hypothesis that gut bacteria-epithelial cell interactions are key regulators of epithelial permeability through the modulation of tight junctions. Nevertheless, the molecular basis of host-pathogen interactions remains unclear mostly due to the inability of most in vitro models to recreate the differentiated tissue structure and components observed in the normal intestinal epithelium. Recent advances have led to the development of a novel cellular model derived from intestinal epithelial stem cells, the so-called organoids, encompassing all epithelial cell types and reproducing physiological properties of the intestinal tissue. We summarize herein knowledge on molecular aspects of intestinal barrier functions and the involvement of gut bacteria-epithelial cell interactions. This review also focuses on epithelial organoids as a promising model for epithelial barrier functions to study molecular aspects of gut microbiota-host interaction.
Epigenetic Regulations of AhR in the Aspect of Immunomodulation
Authors: Wajda Anna , Łapczuk-Romańska Joanna , Paradowska-Gorycka Agnieszka
Published: September 2020

Environmental factors contribute to autoimmune disease manifestation, and as regarded today, AhR has become an important factor in studies of immunomodulation. Besides immunological aspects, AhR also plays a role in pharmacological, toxicological and many other physiological processes such as adaptive metabolism. In recent years, epigenetic mechanisms have provided new insight into gene regulation and reveal a new contribution to autoimmune disease pathogenesis. DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin alterations, microRNA and consequently non-genetic changes in phenotypes connect with environmental factors. Increasing data reveals AhR cross-roads with the most significant in immunology pathways. Although study on epigenetic modulations in autoimmune diseases is still not well understood, therefore future research will help us understand their pathophysiology and help to find new therapeutic strategies. Present literature review sheds the light on the common ground between remodeling chromatin compounds and autoimmune antibodies used in diagnostics. In the proposed review we summarize recent findings that describe epigenetic factors which regulate AhR activity and impact diverse immunological responses and pathological changes.
Short-Term Mild Temperature-Stress-Induced Alterations in the C. elegans Phosphoproteome
Authors: Huang Jichang , Wu Zhen , Zhang Xumin
Published: September 2020

Exposure to mild early-life stresses can slow down aging, and protein phosphorylation might be an essential regulator in this process. However, the mechanisms of phosphorylation-based signaling networks during mild early-life stress remain elusive. Herein, we systematically analyzed the phosphoproteomes of Caenorhabditis elegans, which were treated with three mild temperatures (15 °C, 20 °C, and 25 °C) in two different short-term groups (10 min and 60 min). By utilizing an iTRAQ-based quantitative phosphoproteomic approach, 18,187 phosphosites from 3330 phosphoproteins were detected in this study. Volcano plots illustrated that the phosphorylation abundance of 374 proteins and 347 proteins, were significantly changed at 15 °C and 25 °C, respectively. Gene ontology, KEGG pathway and protein-protein interaction network analyses revealed that these phosphoproteins were primarily associated with metabolism, translation, development, and lifespan determination. A motif analysis of kinase substrates suggested that MAPK, CK, and CAMK were most likely involved in the adaption processes. Moreover, 16 and 14 aging-regulated proteins were found to undergo phosphorylation modifications under the mild stresses of 15 °C and 25 °C, respectively, indicating that these proteins might be important for maintaining long-term health. Further lifespan experiments confirmed that the candidate phosphoproteins, e.g., EGL-27 and XNP-1 modulated longevity at 15 °C, 20 °C, and 25 °C, and they showed increased tolerance to thermal and oxidative stresses. In conclusion, our findings offered data that supports understanding of the phosphorylation mechanisms involved in mild early-life stresses in C. elegans. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD021081.
Application of Various Molecular Modelling Methods in the Study of Estrogens and Xenoestrogens
Authors: Mazurek Anna Helena , Szeleszczuk Łukasz , Simonson Thomas , Pisklak Dariusz Maciej
Published: September 2020

In this review, applications of various molecular modelling methods in the study of estrogens and xenoestrogens are summarized. Selected biomolecules that are the most commonly chosen as molecular modelling objects in this field are presented. In most of the reviewed works, ligand docking using solely force field methods was performed, employing various molecular targets involved in metabolism and action of estrogens. Other molecular modelling methods such as molecular dynamics and combined quantum mechanics with molecular mechanics have also been successfully used to predict the properties of estrogens and xenoestrogens. Among published works, a great number also focused on the application of different types of quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analyses to examine estrogen’s structures and activities. Although the interactions between estrogens and xenoestrogens with various proteins are the most commonly studied, other aspects such as penetration of estrogens through lipid bilayers or their ability to adsorb on different materials are also explored using theoretical calculations. Apart from molecular mechanics and statistical methods, quantum mechanics calculations are also employed in the studies of estrogens and xenoestrogens. Their applications include computation of spectroscopic properties, both vibrational and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and also in quantum molecular dynamics simulations and crystal structure prediction. The main aim of this review is to present the great potential and versatility of various molecular modelling methods in the studies on estrogens and xenoestrogens.
Effect of Seminal Plasma Protein Fractions on Stallion Sperm Cryopreservation
Authors: Bubenickova Filipa , Postlerova Pavla , Simonik Ondrej , Sirohi Jitka , Sichtar Jiri
Published: September 2020

Seminal plasma (SP) is the natural environment for spermatozoa and contains a number of components, especially proteins important for successful sperm maturation and fertilization. Nevertheless, in standard frozen stallion insemination doses production, SP is completely removed and is replaced by a semen extender. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of the selected seminal plasma protein groups that might play an important role in reducing the detrimental effects on spermatozoa during the cryopreservation process. SP proteins were separated according to their ability to bind to heparin into heparin-binding (Hep+) and heparin-non-binding (Hep−) fractions. The addition of three concentrations—125, 250, and 500 µg/mL—of each protein fraction was tested. After thawing, the following parameters were assessed: sperm motility (by CASA), plasma membrane integrity (PI staining), and acrosomal membrane integrity (PNA staining) using flow cytometry, and capacitation status (anti-phosphotyrosine antibody) using imaging-based flow cytometry. Our results showed that SP protein fractions had a significant effect on the kinematic parameters of spermatozoa and on a proportion of their subpopulations. The 125 µg/mL of Hep+ protein fraction resulted in increased linearity (LIN) and straightness (STR), moreover, with the highest values of sperm velocities (VAP, VSL), also this group contained the highest proportion of the fast sperm subpopulation. In contrast, the highest percentage of slow subpopulation was in the groups with 500 µg/mL of Hep+ fraction and 250 µg/mL of Hep− fraction. Interestingly, acrosomal membrane integrity was also highest in the groups with Hep+ fraction in concentrations of 125 µg/mL. Our results showed that the addition of protein fractions did not significantly affect the plasma membrane integrity and capacitation status of stallion spermatozoa. Moreover, our results confirmed that the effect of SP proteins on the sperm functionality is concentration-dependent, as has been reported for other species. Our study significantly contributes to the lack of studies dealing with possible use of specific stallion SP fractions in the complex puzzle of the improvement of cryopreservation protocols. It is clear that improvement in this field still needs more outputs from future studies, which should be focused on the effect of individual SP proteins on other sperm functional parameters with further implication on the success of artificial insemination in in vivo conditions.
Platelets Boost Recruitment of CD133+ Bone Marrow Stem Cells to Endothelium and the Rodent Liver—The Role of P-Selectin/PSGL-1 Interactions
Authors: Lehwald Nadja , Duhme Constanze , Pinchuk Iryna , Kirchner Julian , Wieferich Kristina , Schmelzle Moritz , Jurk Kerstin , Windmöller Beatrice A. , Hübner Wolfgang , Homey Bernhard , Bode Johannes , Kubitz Ralf , Benhidjeb Tahar , Krüger Martin , Robson Simon C. , Knoefel Wolfram T. , Kehrel Beate E. , Schulte am Esch Jan
Published: September 2020

We previously demonstrated that clinical administration of mobilized CD133+ bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) accelerates hepatic regeneration. Here, we investigated the potential of platelets to modulate CD133+BMSC homing to hepatic endothelial cells and sequestration to warm ischemic livers. Modulatory effects of platelets on the adhesion of CD133+BMSC to human and mouse liver-sinusoidal- and micro- endothelial cells (EC) respectively were evaluated in in vitro co-culture systems. CD133+BMSC adhesion to all types of EC were increased in the presence of platelets under shear stress. This platelet effect was mostly diminished by antagonization of P-selectin and its ligand P-Selectin-Glyco-Ligand-1 (PSGL-1). Inhibition of PECAM-1 as well as SDF-1 receptor CXCR4 had no such effect. In a model of the isolated reperfused rat liver subsequent to warm ischemia, the co-infusion of platelets augmented CD133+BMSC homing to the injured liver with heightened transmigration towards the extra sinusoidal space when compared to perfusion conditions without platelets. Extravascular co-localization of CD133+BMSC with hepatocytes was confirmed by confocal microscopy. We demonstrated an enhancing effect of platelets on CD133+BMSC homing to and transmigrating along hepatic EC putatively depending on PSGL-1 and P-selectin. Our insights suggest a new mechanism of platelets to augment stem cell dependent hepatic repair.
The Role of MicroRNAs in Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy: Biomarkers or Innocent Bystanders of Disease Progression?
Authors: Bueno Marinas Maria , Celeghin Rudy , Cason Marco , Thiene Gaetano , Basso Cristina , Pilichou Kalliopi
Published: September 2020

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is an inherited cardiac disease characterized by a progressive fibro-fatty replacement of the working myocardium and by life-threatening arrhythmias and risk of sudden cardiac death. Pathogenic variants are identified in nearly 50% of affected patients mostly in genes encoding for desmosomal proteins. AC incomplete penetrance and phenotypic variability advocate that other factors than genetics may modulate the disease, such as microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs are small noncoding RNAs with a primary role in gene expression regulation and network of cellular processes. The implication of miRNAs in AC pathogenesis and their role as biomarkers for early disease detection or differential diagnosis has been the objective of multiple studies employing diverse designs and methodologies to detect miRNAs and measure their expression levels. Here we summarize experiments, evidence, and flaws of the different studies and hitherto knowledge of the implication of miRNAs in AC pathogenesis and diagnosis.
Combined Treatment of Sulfonyl Chromen-4-Ones (CHW09) and Ultraviolet-C (UVC) Enhances Proliferation Inhibition, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress, and DNA Damage against Oral Cancer Cells
Authors: Wang Sheng-Chieh , Wang Yen-Yun , Lin Li-Ching , Chang Meng-Yang , Yuan Shyng-Shiou F. , Tang Jen-Yang , Chang Hsueh-Wei
Published: September 2020

The sensitizing effect of chromone-derived compounds on UVC-induced proliferation inhibition has not been comprehensively investigated so far. The subject of this study was to examine the proliferation change of oral cancer cells while using the combined treatment of UVC (254 nm) with our previously developed sulfonyl chromen-4-ones (CHW09), namely UVC/CHW09. Cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage for the individual and combined treatments for UVC and/or CHW09 were examined in oral cancer Ca9-22 cells. In 24 h MTS assay, UVC (30 J/m2; UVC30), or CHW09 (25 and 50 µg/mL; namely, CHW09-25 and CHW09-50) show 54%, 59%, and 45% viability. The combined treatment (UVC30/CHW09-25 and UVC30/CHW09-50) show lower cell viability (45% and 35%). Mechanistically, UVC/CHW09 induced higher apoptosis than individual treatments and untreated control, which were supported by the evidence of flow cytometry for subG1, annexin V/7-aminoactinomycin D, pancaspase and caspases 3/7 activity, and western blotting for cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Moreover, this cleaved PARP expression was downregulated by pancaspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. UVC/CHW09 showed higher oxidative stress than individual treatments and untreated control in terms of flow cytometry for reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial mass. Furthermore, UVC/CHW09 showed higher DNA damage than individual treatments and untreated control in terms of flow cytometry for H2A histone family member X and 8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine. In conclusion, combined treatment UVC/CHW09 suppresses proliferation, and promotes apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage against oral cancer cells, providing a novel application of sulfonyl chromen-4-ones in order to sensitize UVC induced proliferation inhibition for oral cancer therapy.
Mineral and Amino Acid Profiling of Different Hematopoietic Populations from the Mouse Bone Marrow
Authors: Girotra Mukul , Monnard Caroline , Konz Tobias , Sizzano Federico , Goulet Laurence , Godin Jean-Philippe , Coukos George , Rezzi Serge , Vannini Nicola
Published: September 2020

Steady hematopoiesis is essential for lifelong production of all mature blood cells. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) found in the bone marrow ensure hematopoietic homeostasis in an organism. Failure of this complex process, which involves a fine balance of self-renewal and differentiation fates, often result in severe hematological conditions such as leukemia and lymphoma. Several molecular and metabolic programs, internal or in close interaction with the bone marrow niche, have been identified as important regulators of HSPC function. More recently, nutrient sensing pathways have emerged as important modulators of HSC homing, dormancy, and function in the bone marrow. Here we describe a method for reliable measurement of various amino acids and minerals in different rare bone marrow (BM) populations, namely HSPCs. We found that the amino acid profile of the most primitive hematopoietic compartments (KLS) did not differ significantly from the one of their direct progenies (common myeloid progenitor CMP), while granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs), on the opposite of megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors (MEPs), have higher content of the majority of amino acids analyzed. Additionally, we identified intermediates of the urea cycle to be differentially expressed in the KLS population and were found to lower mitochondrial membrane potential, an established readout on self-renewal capability. Moreover, we were able to profile for the first time 12 different minerals and detect differences in elemental contents between different HSPC compartments. Importantly, essential dietary trace elements, such as iron and molybdenum, were found to be enriched in granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs). We envision this amino acid and mineral profiling will allow identification of novel metabolic and nutrient sensing pathways important in HSPC fate regulation.
Role of the Transcription Factor Yin Yang 1 and Its Selectively Identified Target Survivin in High-Grade B-Cells Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas: Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets
Authors: Vivarelli Silvia , Falzone Luca , Ligresti Giovanni , Candido Saverio , Garozzo Adriana , Magro Gaetano Giuseppe , Bonavida Benjamin , Libra Massimo
Published: September 2020

B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHLs) are often characterized by the development of resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and/or relapse. During drug-induced apoptosis, Yin Yang 1 (YY1) transcription factor might modulate the expression of apoptotic regulators genes. The present study was aimed to: (1) examine the potential oncogenic role of YY1 in reversing drug resistance in B-NHLs; and (2) identify YY1 transcriptional target(s) that regulate the apoptotic pathway in B-NHLs. Predictive analyses coupled with database-deposited data suggested that YY1 binds the promoter of the BIRC5/survivin anti-apoptotic gene. Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) analyses of several B-NHL repositories revealed a conserved positive correlation between YY1 and survivin, both highly expressed, especially in aggressive B-NHLs. Further validation experiments performed in Raji Burkitt’s lymphomas cells, demonstrated that YY1 silencing was associated with survivin downregulation and sensitized the cells to apoptosis. Overall, our results revealed that: (1) YY1 and survivin are positively correlated and overexpressed in B-NHLs, especially in BLs; (2) YY1 strongly binds to the survivin promoter, hence survivin may be suggested as YY1 transcriptional target; (3) YY1 silencing sensitizes Raji cells to drug-induced apoptosis via downregulation of survivin; (4) both YY1 and survivin are potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for the treatment of resistant/relapsed B-NHLs.
Postoperative Telephone-Based Questionnaire on Quality of Life after Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Hysterectomy versus Conventional Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy
Authors: Elessawy Mohamed , Schneekloth Sarah , Günther Veronika , Maass Nicolai , Mettler Liselotte , Alkatout Ibrahim
Published: September 2020

Aim: The objective of the study was to evaluate the benefits of robotic-surgery for hysterectomy compared to conventional laparoscopy for benign indications. A specially prepared telephone-based questionnaire was used postoperatively. Method: All women (n = 155) undergoing total laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign indications either by the robotic-assisted procedure (RALH) or conventional laparoscopy (CL) between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2017 at the Department of the Gynecology, University Hospitals, Campus Kiel, Germany, were eligible for analysis. Intra-operative and postoperative parameters affecting the patients’ quality of life were assessed by a telephone-based questionnaire. The latter addressed postoperative pain, limitations of basic hygiene, daily activity, active pursuit of hobbies, sexual intercourse, and days of sick leave. All patients received the questionnaire by post at least three weeks prior to being contacted on the phone. Results: 78% of the contacted patients responded to the questionnaire; 96% (n = 115) of the patients said they would recommend the operation to other patients. Both groups needed 42 days to resume their regular hobbies. In whole 90.8% (n = 108) were total satisfied with the cosmetic result of the abdominal incision; the numbers in the respective groups were 80% (80% n = 36) in RALH and 97.3% (n = 72) in CL. The difference was significant on the Chi-square test (p = 0.002). 5% (n = 7) were dissatisfied with the scar (13.3%; n = 6) in the RALH group, and 1.4% (n = 1) in CL. In all 1.7 % of patients were dissatisfied with the position of the incisions; the respective numbers were 4.4 % (n = 2) in the RALH group and no patient in the CL group. 33% of patients experienced no limitations in regard of sexual intercourse after the operation. The median number of days taken to resume sexual intercourse after the operation was 56 days in the CL group, and 49 days in the RALH group. Nearly 30% (n = 25) were hesitant to resume intercourse. The median operating time was 145 min in the RALH group, which was significantly longer than the 117 min taken in the CL group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The RALH procedure was associated with some minor advantages for the patients according to the results, however it does not have major significant advantages, especially in regard of early restoration of sexual function, while the CL shows shorter operating times and similar limitation. Postoperative counseling of patients should be aligned to their fears and expectations in regard of sexual function.
A Geometric Calibration Method of Hydrophone Array Based on Maximum Likelihood Estimation with Sources in Near Field
Authors: Zou Nan , Jia Zhenqi , Fu Jin , Feng Jia , Liu Mengqi
Published: September 2020

Considering the requirement of the near-field calibration under strong underwater multipath condition, a high-precision geometric calibration method based on maximum likelihood estimation is proposed. It can be used as both auxiliary-calibration and self-calibration. According to the near-field geometry error model, the objective function of nonlinear optimization problem is constructed by using the unconditional maximum likelihood estimator. The influence of multipath on geometric calibration is studied. The strong reflections are considered as the coherent sources, and the compensation strategy for auxiliary-calibration is realized. The optimization method (differential evolution, DE) is used to solve the geometry errors and sources’ position. The method in this paper is compared with the eigenvector method. The simulation results show that the method in this paper is more accurate than the eigenvector method especially under high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and multipath environment. Experiment results further verify the effectiveness.
Short-Term/Range Extreme-Value Probability Distributions of Upper Bounded Space-Time Maximum Ocean Waves
Authors: Benetazzo Alvise , Barbariol Francesco , Davison Silvio
Published: September 2020

There is general consensus that accurate model predictions of extreme wave events during marine storms can substantially contribute to avoiding or minimizing human losses and material damage. Reliable wave forecasts and hindcasts, together with statistical analysis of extreme conditions, are then of utmost importance for monitoring marine areas. In this study, we perform an analysis of the limitations of the available short-term/range extreme-value distributions suitable for space-time maximum wave and crest heights. In particular, we propose an improvement of the theoretical distributions by including upper bounds on the maximum heights that waves may reach. The modification of the space-time probability distributions and its impact for extreme-value assessment is discussed in the paper. We show that unbounded space-time distributions are still effective provided that the surface area included in the analysis has sides smaller than O(102 m). For wider surfaces, the use of the bounded distributions is consistent with the expected saturation of maximum heights that ocean waves attain.
German-Wide Analysis of the Prevalence and the Propagation Factors of the Zoonotic Dermatophyte Trichophyton benhamiae
Authors: Berlin Max , Kupsch Christiane , Ritter Lea , Stoelcker Benjamin , Heusinger Anton , Gräser Yvonne
Published: September 2020

For about 10 years, a new variant of the pathogen Trichophyton (T.) benhamiae has appeared in Germany, characterized by a previously unobserved culture phenotype with a strong yellow reverse. A few studies suggest that this new variety is now the most common zoophilic dermatophyte in Germany. The guinea pig is the main carrier. Exact prevalence measurements are not yet available. Thus, the aim of our ongoing study was to collect data on the frequency and geographic distribution of the pathogen and its phenotypes (white and yellow) in humans and guinea pigs throughout Germany. Our former studies have already shown that animals from large breeding farms are particularly heavily affected. In contrast to this, 21 small, private breedings were sampled and husbandry conditions recorded. This placed us in a position to identify propagation factors and to give recommendations for containment. For animals from private breedings, we detected T. benhamiae with a prevalence of 55.4%, which is a reduction of nearly 40% compared with animals from large breeding farms. As risk factors, we identified the type of husbandry and the contact to other breedings. Furthermore, certain animal races, like Rex guinea pigs and races with long hair in combination with curls were predestined for colonization with T. benhamiae due to their phenotypic coat characteristics. A prevalence for infections with T. benhamiae of 36.2% has been determined for symptomatic pet guinea pigs suspected of having dermatophytosis and is comparable to the study of Kraemer et al. showing a prevalence of 34.9% in 2009 in Germany. The prevalence in humans is stable with about 2–3% comparing the data of 2010–2013 and 2018 in Thuringia. The new type of T. benhamiae was by far the most frequent cause in all settings.
Effects of Hierarchical City Centers on the Intensity and Direction of Urban Land Expansion: A Case Study of Beijing
Authors: Huang Daquan , Tan Xin , Liu Tao , Chu Erxuan , Kong Fanhao
Published: September 2020

Worldwide urban spatial expansion has become a hot topic in recent decades. To develop effective urban growth containment strategies, it is important to understand the spatial patterns and driving forces of urban sprawl. By employing a spatial analysis method and land use survey data for the years 1996–2010, this study explores the effects of hierarchical administrative centers on the intensity and direction of urban land expansion in a Beijing municipality. The results are as follows: (1) land development intensity and expansion speeds are both affected significantly by the municipal and district and county centers where the governments hold a lot of administrative, public, and economic resources. (2) The distances to the administrative centers are determinant factors for the direction of urban land expansion. Except for several subregions adjacent to the municipal center, the closer the area is to an administrative center, the more likely it is that the expansion direction points toward the center. (3) The spatial patterns of urban land development are shaped jointly by governments at different levels, and transportation lines also play a role in remote areas. These findings are expected to have consulting value for future policymaking on urban land use and management in mega-cities, especially those with strong local government powers in other transition economies and developing countries.
Do Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Experimentation Outreach Programs Affect Attitudes towards Mathematics and Science? A Quasi-Experiment in Primary Education
Authors: Fernández-Cézar Raquel , Garrido Dunia , Solano-Pinto Natalia
Published: September 2020

Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) outreach programs have been widely studied in recent years considering their possible influence on future STEM career election aiming to counteract the observed decline in enrollment at university. Nonetheless, the presumed effect is not clear due to a lack of comparison with control groups. In order to fill this gap, a quasi-experimental design was adopted to analyze the effect of a STEM experimentation outreach program on 5th and 6th graders. The sample was composed by 453 students, (274 experimental group and 179 control group). The Auzmendi Scale of Attitude towards Mathematics Modified (ASMAm), and the attitude towards school science (ASSci), were used as instruments, and were administered before and after the intervention. The analysis was run with sex, type of school (state and state-funded schools), school environment (rural/urban), and teacher as potential factors. The results show that there is a program effect on the attitude towards mathematics, but not on the attitude towards school science. Regarding the factors, the program effect is associated neither with sex nor with rural/urban schools. However, the program had a more positive effect on the ASSci than on the ASMAm in the state schools, and is mediated by the teacher.
A Survey on Sharp Oscillation Conditions of Differential Equations with Several Delays
Authors: Abdel-Aty Mahmoud , Kavgaci Musa E. , Stavroulakis Ioannis P. , Zidan Nour
Published: September 2020

This paper deals with the oscillation of the first-order differential equation with several delay arguments x′t+∑i=1mpitxτit=0,t≥t0, where the functions pi,τi∈Ct0,∞,R+, for every i=1,2,…,m,τit≤t for t≥t0 and limt→∞τit=∞. In this paper, the state-of-the-art on the sharp oscillation conditions are presented. In particular, several sufficient oscillation conditions are presented and it is shown that, under additional hypotheses dealing with slowly varying at infinity functions, some of the “liminf” oscillation conditions can be essentially improved replacing “liminf” by “limsup”. The importance of the slowly varying hypothesis and the essential improvement of the sufficient oscillation conditions are illustrated by examples.
Inverse Minimum Cut Problem with Lower and Upper Bounds
Authors: Deaconu Adrian , Ciupala Laura
Published: September 2020

The inverse minimum cut problem is one of the classical inverse optimization researches. In this paper, the inverse minimum cut with a lower and upper bounds problem is considered. The problem is to change both, the lower and upper bounds on arcs so that a given feasible cut becomes a minimum cut in the modified network and the distance between the initial vector of bounds and the modified one is minimized. A strongly polynomial algorithm to solve the problem under l1 norm is developed.
Growth Performance and Adaptability of European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Gut Microbiota to Alternative Diets Free of Fish Products
Authors: Pérez-Pascual David , Estellé Jordi , Dutto Gilbert , Rodde Charles , Bernardet Jean-François , Marchand Yann , Duchaud Eric , Przybyla Cyrille , Ghigo Jean-Marc
Published: September 2020

Innovative fish diets made of terrestrial plants supplemented with sustainable protein sources free of fish-derived proteins could contribute to reducing the environmental impact of the farmed fish industry. However, such alternative diets may influence fish gut microbial community, health, and, ultimately, growth performance. Here, we developed five fish feed formulas composed of terrestrial plant-based nutrients, in which fish-derived proteins were substituted with sustainable protein sources, including insect larvae, cyanobacteria, yeast, or recycled processed poultry protein. We then analyzed the growth performance of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and the evolution of gut microbiota of fish fed the five formulations. We showed that replacement of 15% protein of a vegetal formulation by insect or yeast proteins led to a significantly higher fish growth performance and feed intake when compared with the full vegetal formulation, with feed conversion ratio similar to a commercial diet. 16S rRNA gene sequencing monitoring of the sea bass gut microbial community showed a predominance of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes phyla. The partial replacement of protein source in fish diets was not associated with significant differences on gut microbial richness. Overall, our study highlights the adaptability of European sea bass gut microbiota composition to changes in fish diet and identifies promising alternative protein sources for sustainable aquafeeds with terrestrial vegetal complements.
Unveiling the Differential Antioxidant Activity of Maslinic Acid in Murine Melanoma Cells and in Rat Embryonic Healthy Cells Following Treatment with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Mokhtari Khalida , Pérez-Jiménez Amalia , García-Salguero Leticia , A. Lupiáñez José , Rufino-Palomares Eva E.
Published: September 2020

Maslinic acid (MA) is a natural triterpene from Olea europaea L. with multiple biological properties. The aim of the present study was to examine MA’s effect on cell viability (by the MTT assay), reactive oxygen species (ROS levels, by flow cytometry) and key antioxidant enzyme activities (by spectrophotometry) in murine skin melanoma (B16F10) cells compared to those on healthy cells (A10). MA induced cytotoxic effects in cancer cells (IC50 42 µM), whereas no effect was found in A10 cells treated with MA (up to 210 µM). In order to produce a stress situation in cells, 0.15 mM H2O2 was added. Under stressful conditions, MA protected both cell lines against oxidative damage, decreasing intracellular ROS, which were higher in B16F10 than in A10 cells. The treatment with H2O2 and without MA produced different responses in antioxidant enzyme activities depending on the cell line. In A10 cells, all the enzymes were up-regulated, but in B16F10 cells, only superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase increased their activities. MA restored the enzyme activities to levels similar to those in the control group in both cell lines, highlighting that in A10 cells, the highest MA doses induced values lower than control. Overall, these findings demonstrate the great antioxidant capacity of MA.
Spatial Metagenomics of Three Geothermal Sites in Pisciarelli Hot Spring Focusing on the Biochemical Resources of the Microbial Consortia
Authors: Iacono Roberta , Cobucci-Ponzano Beatrice , De Lise Federica , Curci Nicola , Maurelli Luisa , Moracci Marco , Strazzulli Andrea
Published: September 2020

Terrestrial hot springs are of great interest to the general public and to scientists alike due to their unique and extreme conditions. These have been sought out by geochemists, astrobiologists, and microbiologists around the globe who are interested in their chemical properties, which provide a strong selective pressure on local microorganisms. Drivers of microbial community composition in these springs include temperature, pH, in-situ chemistry, and biogeography. Microbes in these communities have evolved strategies to thrive in these conditions by converting hot spring chemicals and organic matter into cellular energy. Following our previous metagenomic analysis of Pisciarelli hot springs (Naples, Italy), we report here the comparative metagenomic study of three novel sites, formed in Pisciarelli as result of recent geothermal activity. This study adds comprehensive information about phylogenetic diversity within Pisciarelli hot springs by peeking into possible mechanisms of adaptation to biogeochemical cycles, and high applicative potential of the entire set of genes involved in the carbohydrate metabolism in this environment (CAZome). This site is an excellent model for the study of biodiversity on Earth and biosignature identification, and for the study of the origin and limits of life.
IgY Targeting Bacterial Quorum-Sensing Molecules in Implant-Associated Infections
Authors: Dapunt Ulrike , Prior Birgit , Oelkrug Christopher , Kretzer Jan Philippe
Published: September 2020

Background: Implant-associated infections are still a major complication in the field of orthopedics. Bacteria can form biofilms on implant surfaces, making them more difficult to detect and treat. Since standard antibiotic therapy is often impaired in biofilm infections, particular interest is directed towards finding treatment alternatives. Biofilm-formation is a well-organized process during which bacteria communicate via quorum-sensing molecules (QSM). The aim of this study was to inhibit bacterial communication by directing avian IgY against specific QSM. Methods: Chicken were immunized against the following QSM: (1) AtlE, a member of the autolysin family which mediates attachment to a surface in Staphylococcus epidermidis; (2) GroEL, the bacterial heat shock protein; (3) PIA (polysaccharide intercellular adhesion), which is essential for cell–cell adhesion in biofilms. Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms were grown and inhibition of biofilm-formation by IgYs was evaluated. Additionally, human osteoblasts were cultivated and biocompatibility of IgYs was tested. Results: We were able to demonstrate that all IgYs reduced biofilm-formation, also without prior immunization. Therefore, the response was probably not specific with regard to the QSM. Osteoblasts were activated by all IgYs which was demonstrated by microscopy and an increased release of IL-8. Conclusions: In conclusion, avian IgY inhibits biofilm-formation, though the underlying mechanism is not yet clear. However, adverse effects on local tissue cells (osteoblasts) were also observed.
Welcome to the New Open Access NeuroSci
Authors: Parnetti Lucilla , Reay Jonathon , Martella Giuseppina , Donato Rosario Francesco , Memo Maurizio , Morona Ruth , Schubert Frank , Adan Ana
Published: September 2020

With sincere satisfaction and pride, I present to you the new journal, NeuroSci, for which I am pleased to serve as editor-in-chief [...]
Clinical and Pathological Studies on Cattle Experimentally Infected with Theileria annulata in China
Authors: Ma Quanying , Liu Junlong , Li Zhi , Xiang Quanjia , Wang Jinming , Liu Aihong , Li Youquan , Yin Hong , Guan Guiquan , Luo Jianxun
Published: September 2020

Theileriosis is an important tick-borne protozoosis that causes high morbidity and mortality in cattle. In this study, the pathological and clinical characteristics of cattle experimentally infected with Theileria annulata were investigated. The clinical findings revealed typical signs of bovine theileriosis, including fever, enlargement of superficial lymph nodes, anemia, and respiratory distress. The most common pathological features were petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on the mucosa and serosal surface, severe jaundice, pulmonary edema and emphysema, multifocal necrosis and numerous ulcerations in the abomasum, congestion and marble-like discoloration of the spleen, and severe intestinal ecchymotic hemorrhages. The main histological characteristics were proliferation and infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages in the lymph nodes, spleen, and lymph node mass. Macroschizonts were observed in the cytoplasm of lymphocytes and macrophages of the lymph nodes and spleen. This study has significance for basic research and the clinical detection and diagnosis of Theileria annulata infection and can aid the prevention and control of theileriosis and future studies of the pathogenic mechanisms.
Magnetic Field (MF) Applications in Plants: An Overview
Authors: Sarraf Mohammad , Kataria Sunita , Taimourya Houda , Santos Lucielen Oliveira , Menegatti Renata Diane , Jain Meeta , Ihtisham Muhammad , Liu Shiliang
Published: September 2020

Crop yield can be raised by establishment of adequate plant stand using seeds with high germination ratio and vigor. Various pre-sowing treatments are adopted to achieve this objective. One of these approaches is the exposure of seeds to a low-to-medium level magnetic field (MF), in pulsed and continuous modes, as they have shown positive results in a number of crop seeds. On the basis of the sensitivity of plants to MF, different types of MF have been used for magnetopriming studies, such as weak static homogeneous magnetic fields (0–100 μT, including GMF), strong homogeneous magnetic fields (milliTesla to Tesla), and extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields of low-to-moderate (several hundred μT) magnetic flux densities. The agronomic application of MFs in plants has shown potential in altering conventional plant production systems; increasing mean germination rates, and root and shoot growth; having high productivity; increasing photosynthetic pigment content; and intensifying cell division, as well as water and nutrient uptake. Furthermore, different studies suggest that MFs prevent the large injuries produced/inflicted by diseases and pests on agricultural crops and other economically important plants and assist in reducing the oxidative damage in plants caused by stress situations. An improved understanding of the interactions between the MF and the plant responses could revolutionize crop production through increased resistance to disease and stress conditions, as well as the superiority of nutrient and water utilization, resulting in the improvement of crop yield. In this review, we summarize the potential applications of MF and the key processes involved in agronomic applications. Furthermore, in order to ensure both the safe usage and acceptance of this new opportunity, the adverse effects are also discussed.
Comprehensive Transcriptomic Analysis for Developing Seeds of a Synthetic Brassica Hexaploid
Authors: Liu Zhengyi , Wang Ruihua , Wang Jianbo
Published: September 2020

Polyploidization is a universal phenomenon in plants and plays a crucial role in evolution. In this study, the transcriptomes of developing seeds of a synthetic Brassica hexaploid and its parents (B. rapa and B. carinata) were analyzed to find the gene expression changes in hexaploid seeds. There were 3166 and 3893 DEGs between the Brassica hexaploid and its parents at the full-size stage and mature stage, respectively, most of which were upregulated in hexaploid seeds compared to its parents. At the mature stage, the hexaploid seeds showed a greater difference from its parents. These DEGs had a wide range of functions, which may account for the physiological and morphological differences between the Brassica hexaploid and its parents. The KEGG pathway analysis revealed that hexaploid seeds had higher levels of expression of genes involved in metabolic pathways, RNA transport and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and the expression levels in the photosynthesis-related pathways were significantly higher than those in B. rapa. Transgressive expression was the main non-additive expression pattern of the Brassica hexaploid. The gene expression difference between the Brassica hexaploid and its paternal parent was more significant than that with its maternal parent, which may be due in part to the cytoplasmic and maternal effects. Moreover, transcription factor genes, such as G2-like, MYB and mTERF, were highly expressed in hexaploid seeds, possibly promoting their resistance to stress. Our results may provide valuable insights into the adaptation mechanisms of polyploid plants.
Development of an Oxygen Pressure Estimator Using the Immersion and Invariance Method for a Particular PEMFC System
Authors: Hernández-Gómez Ángel , Ramirez Victor , Saldivar Belem
Published: September 2020

The fault detection method has been used usually to give a diagnosis of the performance and efficiency in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems. To be able to use this method a lot of sensors are implemented in the PEMFC to measure different parameters like pressure, temperature, voltage, and electrical current. However, despite the high reliability of the sensors, they can fail or give erroneous measurements. To address this problem, an efficient solution to replace the sensors must be found. For this reason, in this work, the immersion and invariance method is proposed to develop an oxygen pressure estimator based on the voltage, electrical current density, and temperature measurements. The estimator stability region is calculated by applying Lyapunov’s Theorem and constraints to achieve stability are established for the oxygen pressure, electrical current density, and temperature. Under these estimator requirements, oxygen pressure measurements of high reliability are obtained to fault diagnosis without the need to use an oxygen sensor.