bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalencia de complicaciones en pacientes sometidos a catéter, que ingresaron a una unidad de hemodiálisis en un centro hospitalario de Santo Domingo, República Dominicana, durante el período marzo-octubre 2019
Authors: Del Orbe Alfredo Polanco , Bisonó Daniel , Hernández Paola , Matos Bianna , Rojas Jhonatan , Mateo Faxas Nirys L. , Pérez Soto Lorent , Rosario Zorrilla Erika P. , Zorrilla Rosario , Valdez Polanco Leslie C.
Published: June 2020

Introducción: la insuficiencia renal crónica se define como la pérdida progresiva, generalmente irreversible, de la tasa de filtración glomerular, se traduce en un conjunto de síntomas y signos a los cuales se les denomina síndrome urémico y que en su estado terminal es incompatible con la vida.

Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de complicaciones en pacientes sometidos a catéter que ingresaron a una unidad de hemodiálisis en un centro hospitalario de Santo Domingo, República Dominicana durante el periodo marzo-octubre 2019.

Metodología: estudio retro-prospectivo, descriptivo, de corte transversal y observacional en el que se analizaron las encuestas realizadas a 59 pacientes mediante un formulario en un centro hospitalario de Santo Domingo, República Dominicana.

Resultados: el 61 % de los pacientes tuvo alguna complicación, donde predominaron las infecciones en un 56 % de los casos, las mismas se observaron principalmente en aquellos pacientes a los que se les colocó de 5 a 6 catéteres.

Conclusiones: los pacientes de la unidad con catéter presentan un gran número de complicaciones, las cuales son proporcionales al número de catéteres colocados a los pacientes.

Recomendaciones: se debe promover la asistencia a consultas nefrológicas previa al inicio de hemodiálisis, para que de esta forma los pacientes ingresen a diálisis con fístula arteriovenosa funcional y obtener mejores resultados.
Calculation of building structures for several dynamic effects with a static accounting of higher forms of oscillation
Authors: Lalin Vladimir V. , Le Tu Quang Trung
Published: June 2020

Relevance. When calculating building structures for dynamic effects, the method of expanding the desired solution in a series according to the forms of natural oscillation is traditionally used. Depending on the complexity of the tasks to be solved, it is required to take into account a different number of forms - from the first few forms to tens or hundreds of forms. The results obtained are all the more accurate the more forms the calculation takes into account. As a rule, the contribution to the required parameters of the stress-strain state of the structure of unaccounted for higher oscillation forms is not evaluated in any way, although in some cases this must be done. In addition, the important question arises of performing the calculation with a reduced number of considered forms so as to obtain a sufficiently accurate result. The aim of the work. This work is devoted to the method of static accounting of higher forms of oscillation in the problems of the dynamics of building structures. The basic principles of the method are described, its use on a spatial rod system loaded with several harmonic forces with different frequencies is considered. Methods. The method of static accounting of higher forms of oscillations studied in this work requires the solution of one dynamic problem with a small number of forms and an auxiliary static problem. An important circumstance of the approach is that the static problem must be solved in two ways: the exact one and the decomposition method according to its own forms of oscillation, after which the static correction to the dynamic solution is calculated. Results . The approach proposed in the article can significantly reduce the computational cost of dynamic calculation in comparison with the classical approach with comparable accuracy of the results. This may be of value in solving problems of complex dynamic effects and for structures with inhomogeneous rigidity.
Calculation of the deflection of an arched truss with suspended elements depending on the number of panels
Authors: Kirsanov Mikhail N.
Published: June 2020

The aim of the work - to propose a scheme and analytical calculation of a statically definable planar truss with a suspended lower belt. Methods. The formula for the dependence of the deflection of the truss under the action of a uniform load on the lower belt on its size and the number of panels is derived in the computer mathematics system Maple. The forces in the rods are found from the solution of the general system of equilibrium equations of all nodes in symbolic form. The deflection is calculated using the Maxwell - Mohr's formula. Generalization of a number of formulas for deflection obtained by increasing the number of panels sequentially to an arbitrary number is performed by double induction using two independent parameters. In this case, special operators of the Maple system are used, allowing for a sequence of coefficients in the desired formula to create and solve recurrent equations that satisfy the elements of the sequences. Results. The obtained solutions have a polynomial form for the number of panels. Curves of deflection dependence on the number of panels are constructed and analyzed. Asymptotic properties of solutions are found in the case of a fixed span length of the structure and a given total load. The proposed scheme is a statically determinate structure with two independent parameters of regularity allows for the finding of a fairly simple analytical solution. The resulting formula is most effective in calculating systems with a large number of elements, where numerical methods tend to accumulate rounding errors.
Theory of the calculation of the reinforced concrete and inconsistency it to Eurocode
Authors: Sanjarovskiy Rudolf S. , Sieber Frieder , Ter-Emmanuilyan Tatyana N. , Manchenko Maxim M. , Musabaev Turlybek T. , Gadzhiev Muhlis Ahmed ogly
Published: June 2020

The aim of the work - to analyze the theory, which is widely used in the calculations of various constructions and buildings, consisting of five theories that do not correspond to each other (or erroneous), which reject the fundamental properties of structural concrete and the principles of the Eurocode. Methods. According to the authors and their research this theory contains: a set of theories of various purposes rejecting each other, including erroneous, physically impossible jumps from one theory to another, jumps of various design schemes, unacceptable in the elastoplastic stage. In it: there are mathematical errors; the fundamental concepts of the classical and general theory of calculation are distorted; the principle of designing bearing capacity in ultimate conditions and the process of continuous loading of structures established by the Eurocode are rejected; the fundamental properties in Eurocode of structural concrete are replaced; it is stated that the theory is determined not by the properties of materials, but by the partialities of the developers; references are made to the abstract results of experiments. Results. We analyze the theory of calculating for mass application which accompanied by the necessary mathematical calculations and experimental estimates.
The trends and practical look of advanced steel frame structures
Authors: Vatin Nikolay I. , Gebre Tesfaldet Hadgembes , Gebreslassie Shishay Berhane
Published: June 2020

The aim of the work is to present the trend of the advancement of steel design code and practical approach of steel frame design from the current AISC-LFDR to the advanced analysis. As the trend of steel frame analysis method is from first-order elastic analysis to second-order inelastic analysis which is an advanced analysis. Methods. In this paper the comparison between the load - displacement curves of several structural analysis methods is presented. Case studies are considered to analyze by different methods and comparison of practical advanced analysis method with PROKON software. The case studies includes a two-story one bay steel frame and four bays of twelve-stories steel frame. The results of first-order elastic, elastic buckling, second-order and nonlinear analyses of an unbraced frame are compared and their difference is presents. The proposed software for advanced methods demonstrates the accuracy and the computational efficiency in predicting the nonlinear analysis response of steel frame structures.
Evaluation of the pile interaction at vertical vibrations of foundation
Authors: Kolesnikov Aleksei O. , Popov Vladimir N. , Kostiuk Tatiana N.
Published: June 2020

The aim of the work - to research changes in the dynamic stiffness of pile foundations from the distance between the piles during vertical vibrations using experimental data from literature sources and solving wave models describing the vertical vibrations of a thin plate with round cuts. Methods. To verify the reliability of solutions of wave models describing changes in dynamic stiffness during vertical vibrations of pile foundations, it is used data obtained in experiments to determine the eigenfrequencies of 33 groups of friction piles with different distances between them. Also the data obtained from forced vertical oscillations of 22 groups of friction piles connected by pile-caps at different loads and distances between piles was used. In the processing of available amplitude-frequency curves for determining the dynamic stiffness the inverse problem is solved using the theory of nonlinear oscillations. The correspondence between the measured and predicted data is evaluated, when describing the behavior of the pile-ground system. Results. It is established that the relations that take into account the mutual influence of piles in the group, obtained in the framework of wave models solutions and used for calculating dynamic stiffness in vertical vibrations of pile foundations, allow us to obtain satisfactory results in accuracy. The deviation of the calculation results from the experimental data does not exceed 15%.
Large-span structures in diploma projects of students architects of RUDN University
Authors: Mamieva Iraida A.
Published: June 2020

At present, there is a renewed interest in the design and application of wall structures in architecture and construction. With the advent of modern computers, refined methods for calculating shells, new building materials, the development of differential geometry and the rapid growth of numerical methods of calculation, it became possible to create architectural masterpieces from shells of canonical and non-canonical forms, which can be the hallmark of a city or country. This emerging trend among young Russian and foreign specialists inspires optimism among scientists who are researching thin-walled shells. The article considers some results of the work of the Department of Civil Engineering of the Engineering Academy of the Peoples Friendship University of Russia on attracting students to architectural design and involving undergraduates in researches on architecture, the theory of thin-walled spatial structures and their application in construction and architecture. The publications of students in this field are presented.
A new primer set for amplification of ITS-rDNA in Ditylenchus destructor
Authors: Mahmoudi Niloufar , Nejad Davoud K. , Shayanmehr Fatemeh
Published: June 2020

A technique was developed for the identification of Ditylenchus destructor nematode belonging to the Ditylenchus genus, based on the use of different primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two universal ribosomal primers were amplified to the internal transcribed spacer region ITS-rDNA. The sequencing of PCR products confirmed the polymorphism between species. The primers were sensitive to generate a particular band of the correct size (300bp) from the DNA template of a single, separate D. destructor stage of development. Screening populations of D. destructor from Iran and the Russian Federation have tested the reliability of the primers, and the expected size of the band was produced for all test populations. Ditylenchus destructor closely related species have also been tested and no specific band was amplified. Such results showed that the primers currently developed are useful for quantifying the D. destructo r density in potato tuber.
Efficiency of complex protective measures in cultivating perennial grasses in radioactively contaminated floodplain meadows
Authors: Bokaturo Nikolay N. , Spravtsev Aleksandr A. , Astashina Alina A. , Potsepai Svetlana N. , Shapovalov Viktor F.
Published: June 2020

In a stationary, factorial experiment established in 1994 on radioactively contaminated natural floodplain fodder lands, the effect of cultural practices in combination with agrochemical measures was studied in order to produce organic feed (hay) which complies with the applicable standards of VP 13.5.13/06-01 in terms of specific activity of cesium in them - 137. The translocation sizes of 137Сs in the soil-plant system were determined by a complex of agrotechnical and agrochemical measures. The highest effectiveness of protective counter-measures in the framework of the research was obtained with amelioration of the flood meadow. Transition of cesium-137 from the soil into the feed, and from the feed into the livestock products (milk, meat) was calculated. Application of full mineral fertilizer with a N:K ratio of 1:1.5 both against surface and root treatment reduces the 137Cs transition into livestock production, that accordingly reduces the risk of a high internal irradiation dose to people consuming these products to the levels conforming radiation safety standards.
Reducing the negative impact of soil erosion in the Belgorod region through adaptive landscape farming system
Authors: Soldat Igor E.
Published: June 2020

In the Russian Federation, solving problems of land use, land relations, and land policy leave the basis for social, environmental, economic, and overall political stability of the state. The area of the Belgorod region is 2713.4 thousand hectares, including arable land - 1654.4 thousand hectares (61 %), pastures - 347.6 thousand hectares (12.8 %), hayfield - 68.1 thousand hectares (2.5 %), forests and other lands - 316.5 thousand hectares (22.7 %). The area of eroded soils is 53.6 % of the entire territory of the region. They include: slightly washed out soils - about 35 %, moderate washed out soils - about 13 %, strongly washed out soils - 5.6 %, and flushed - about 1 %. According to Belgorod agrarian scientific center of the RAS area of eroded lands in the Belgorod region has increased in the Western natural-agricultural zone - by 5.1 %, in the Central - by 8.4 % and in the South-East - by 9.1 % over the last 3040 years. Currently, the concept of adaptive landscape farming has been developed, which provides for comprehensive measures to prevent soil degradation and create environmentally sustainable agricultural landscapes. Adaptive landscape soil protection system of agriculture provides for expansion of perennial grasses up to 25 %, introduction of leguminous crops and annual grasses in crop rotations. With a reduction in the use of mineral and organic fertilizers in modern economic conditions, it is impossible to achieve a balance of humus acceptable for sustainable development of the studied agricultural landscape. System of agriculture adapted to local landscapes provides for introduction of the whole complex of soil conservation measures which can stop land degradation caused by soil erosion. Introduction of adaptive landscape system of agriculture in the pilot farm of the Belgorod agricultural research center allowed to minimize erosion processes, stabilize soil fertility, and significantly improve economic indicators and energy efficiency of agriculture in the economy. The area of arable land was slightly reduced, and the area of forest belts and soil protection crop rotations increased. The average yield of grain crops and sugar beets increased greatly, the use of organic and mineral fertilizers increased significantly, their payback improved, and the crop industry became profitable and cost-effective. Only through adaptive landscape agriculture it is possible to stop water erosion, create conditions for stabilizing and increasing soil fertility, ensure the biologization of agriculture and increase its economic efficiency. Ultimately, this will increase production of domestic agricultural products and increase Russias food security.
Moisture consumption by plum seedlings under drip irrigation in the Central Nonchernozem zone of Russia
Authors: Dubenok Nikolay N. , Gemonov Aleksandr V. , Lebedev Aleksandr V.
Published: June 2020

The aim of the study was to establish influence of different soil moisture content and climatic factors on water consumption of plum seedlings grown in a fruit nursery in the Nonchernozem zone. According to the results of studies conducted on plum seedlings under drip irrigation in the Moscow region for two years, evapotranspiration with different precipitation availability and temperature was determined. Variability of total water consumption depending on meteorological factors and irrigation regime was considered. Studies have confirmed the increase in the value of evapotranspiration with increasing pre-irrigation threshold of humidity with low-volume drip irrigation. The maximum values of water consumption by year of research, as expected, were recorded in the most wetted variant of the experiment, where moisture content of soil root zone did not fall below 80 % of the field moisture capacity. The statistical analysis carried out did not confirm the effect of varietal characteristics on evapotranspiration, which may be associated with the use of related rootstocks and the use of seedlings with the comparable force of growth in laying the experience. Structure of evapotranspiration of plum seedlings was determined according to experimental data of two research years. Precipitation and irrigation were the most part of total water consumption.
The impact of the China-Africa cooperation Forum on the deepening of relations between China and Africa
Authors: Zabella Anastasia A.
Published: June 2020

The Sino-African cooperation forum largely determines the trajectory of cooperation between Chinese and African countries. Being established in 2000, it facilitated the institutionalisation of the interactions between China and its African partners. Throughout twenty years of FOCAC functioning, the parties have successfully held a number of forums, which have significantly expanded the scope of cooperation. At present, a big number of scientific works are devoted to research the increase of the Chinese presence in Africa, on the other hand there is quite a few works done on FOCAC activities research, which predetermined the choice of this topic. In addition, analysis of the FOCAC performance results that have been reached by the 20th anniversary are of a certain interest. In this article, the author will identify the reasons for the parties interest in institutionalizing the interaction between China and Africa, will reveal promising areas of cooperation, as well as will analyze the impact of the Beijing FOCAC Action Plan for 2019-2021 to expand cooperation between China and the countries of the African continent.
The palace and fortress complex Alhambra and Generalife as cultural heritage and tourist resource
Authors: Filimonova Kseniia Nikolaevna , Zueva Elena G.
Published: June 2020

The article analyzes the problem of using cultural heritage sites as tourist resources on the case of the architectural and park complex of the Alhambra and Generalife in Granada, the second most visited monument in Spain. The author refers to problems and issues related to the difficulties of conservation, restoration and interpretation of the complex and management of tourist flows. The administration of a complex cultural heritage site such as the Alhambra and the Generalife requires a mandatory multidisciplinary approach, involving specialists from different areas.
The world of concentration camp in Nazi Germany. The main features of the phenomenology of the unknown
Authors: Yakemenko Boris Grigor'evich
Published: June 2020

The system of concentration camps of Nazism, despite the abundance of special literature on this topic, is a phenomenon that only today historical science begins to reveal to itself. The inner world of the prisoners in the camps, the mental, psychological and physical conditions in which the prisoners found themselves, was and remains a particularly difficult area for researchers. This is due to the fact that one of the most difficult problems faced by the researcher of the phenomenology of the Concentration world is directly the problem of understanding this phenomenon. Is it possible to understand this phenomenology, and if so, to what extent? The article attempts to answer this question based on the consideration of the various conditions of the prisoner in the camp.
International Relations in the Great Indian Ocean through the Prism of Geopolitics and Geostrategy
Authors: Lebedeva Nina Borisovna
Published: June 2020

The article is devoted to an analysis of some concepts and geopolitical approaches towards the international relations in the Indian Ocean, later the Great Indian Ocean (GIO). It is the conceptual approaches that have given and give the opportunity to understand the system and structure of the IO region and to analyze the evolution, trends and practices in this system. In recent decades, the region has evolved from the mosaic of countries and the randomness of interstate relations in the first postcolonial years to a qualitatively different than before, expanded and central role in world politics and geostrategy due to new factors of the 21st century, many of which were somehow reflected in theoretical ideas of international relations (IO), proposed by Indian scholars. The article analyzes the correlation of approaches of Indian authors with Western approaches, reveals the features of Indian approaches in the context of the characteristics of the IR system of the Indian Ocean region, and identifies similarities with approaches of specialists from other Asian countries. The evolution of the concepts of Indian scientists has gone through three stages in its development. The first one is a postcolonial period till 1991, the end of bipolarity. The second is characterized by forming of the IO system under conditions of littoral states entrance in the IO scene and China intrusion in the Indian Ocean region. The essence of the third period is in transformation of the GIO IR system in force of the concept of uniting with the Asia-Pacific Region (APR) and forming Indo-Pacific megaregion.
Regional Economic Integration in the Southern African Development Community (SADC): Analysing the Dynamics and Performance
Authors: Muntschick Johannes
Published: June 2020

This article analyses the dynamics and performance of regional economic integration in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). It proposes an innovative theoretical approach to the analysis of regionalism that refers to cooperation theory and takes the impact of external actors explicitly into account. The motivation for this research stems from the observation of a new wave of regionalism in the Global South. Many of these new or reformed regional integration organisations (RIOs) comprise of developing countries, particularly in Africa. In contrast to expectations of most mainstream integration theories, new regionalisms in the Southern Hemisphere have come into existence and show considerable degrees of dynamics and institutional performance. However, there is evidence that regionalisms in the Global South are less stable than in the North and not always entirely under control of regional actors only. This puzzling observation, of which the SADC gives an example, has motivated research for this article. Its central aim is to explain the recent integration dynamics and performance of the organisation in its key policy area, namely the economy. By applying a situation-structural approach to analyse and explain the development of institutionalised regional integration, the author argues that patterns of strong and asymmetric interdependence between regional and extra-regional actors may have an ambivalent impact on the genuine structure of regional cooperation problems, institution-building and institutional performance. The article illustrates and explains this on the example of SADC’s key economic integration projects: the SADC Free Trade Area and the scheduled SADC Customs Union.
China’s Influence in Latin America in the Brazilian Case (2002-2018)
Authors: Pennaforte Charles , Bones Nairana Karkow
Published: June 2020

In this paper the authors aim to establish the reasons that led the Chinese state to view Latin America as an important partner between 2002 and 2018 and try to analyse the development of Chinese presence in Latin America and its possible impacts and perspectives in the 21st century in Brazil. For that, both political and economic relations between China and Latin America’s countries, especially the relations between China and Brazil, and their development are examined by using a comparative and historical approach. This paper is divided in three sections. The first part characterizes the emergence of Asia as a prominent actor within the current world system and China’s participation as a major economic competitor from the 1980s. In the second section, the Chinese interest in Latin America and its importance is analysed. Finally, the influence of China in Brazil is exposed in the last section. In the conclusion, undoubtedly, the Asian country has a huge influence in areas where it conquers, especially in Latin America and Brazil, leading mainly investments and its products of both high technology and low cost. In the short term, countries that receive this type of investment see an increase in production and, consequently, an economic improvement due to the increase in the market and the consumption process. On the other hand, Latin American companies and industries do not have the technological capacity or, to a certain extent, a competitive advantage to compete with Chinese products in the long term, due to the stricter labour laws in American countries, compared to the Asian country. Hence, one of Brazil’s possible strategies for meeting the challenges of expanding relations with China is to invest in greater complementarity and structural integration of the region through MERCOSUR.
Mosyakov, D.V. (2019). Global Transformation of Pacific Asia and Russia. Moscow: Belyi veter publ., 390 p. (In Russian)
Authors: Shpakovskaya Marina Anatol’evna
Published: June 2020

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Muntschick, J. (2018). The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU). Regionalism and External Influence. Palgrave Macmillan, 186 p
Authors: Arkhangelskaya Alexandra Alexandrovna
Published: June 2020

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Cusack, A.K. (2019). Venezuela, ALBA, and the Limits of Postneoliberal Regionalism in Latin America and the Caribbean. Palgrave Macmillan, 218 p
Authors: Boreyko Anton Vladimirovich
Published: June 2020

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Stefanova, B.M. (2018). The European Union and Europe’s New Regionalism. The Challenge of Enlargement, Neighborhood, and Globalization. Palgrave Macmillan, 225 p
Authors: Bugrov Roman Vladimirovich
Published: June 2020

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LOCAL ACTS OF UNIVERSITIES AS A MEANS OF COMBATING CORRUPTION
Authors: Gabov Аndrey V. , Yastrebov Оleg А.
Published: June 2020

The purpose of the article is to analyze such a relatively new legal means of combating corruption as codes of ethics. The authors note the harm caused by corruption in higher education; they point out that such harm is cumulative. It is noted that currently the legislation is not limited to combating corruption in public authorities. The anti-corruption law since 2012 defines the obligation of each organization to take measures to combat corruption and take the necessary measures to do so. The authors conclude that more and more attention is being paid to the proper performance of this duty by organizations. At the same time, the mechanism for implementing provisions of ethical codes is closely intertwined with other anti-corruption tools used by universities. It is also noted that the provisions contained in the ethical codes lose their nature and grow into legal norms.
LEGAL REGIME OF CREATION OF A SECURE DIGITAL EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Bokova Lyudmila N.
Published: June 2020

The relevance of the four-part article is that it examines the legal aspects of the use of information technologies in education, as well as their security, which is the legal basis for regulating these relations. Meanwhile, it should be noted that in recent decades insufficient attention has been paid to these problems in scientific works on jurisprudence. In legal studies the legal constructions of the concepts of Internet addiction, digital educational environment, online training, digital infrastructure, etc. have not yet been investigated. The purpose of the study is: 1) to determine the actual directions for improving legislation on the information security of the educational environment; 2) to substantiate the point of view according to which it is necessary to create and implement programs to educate children and adolescents on the rules of safe behavior in the Internet space and to prevent Internet addiction; 3) to better understand the term safety of the educational environment. In the research process, a diverse set of methodological tools was used: 1) general philosophical methods (dialectical and idealistic); 2) general scientific methods - analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, analogy, comparison; 3) private (special) methods - logical, comparative legal, formal legal, normative dogmatic; 4) method of interpretation, including a method of problem-theoretical reconstruction. The paper analyzes the main regulatory documents that are used to implement the digital educational environment. The main results of achieving the goal of the study are proposals on: 1) introduction of the concept of safety of the educational environment into the scientific circulation of jurisprudence; 2) relevant legislative initiatives in this area. The theoretical significance of the study. The paper discusses the legal relations prevailing in the field of using information technologies in education, proposes the authors definition of the legal regime for creating a modern and safe information educational environment. The author formulated priority areas for improving this activity. The indicated research results can be used to improve the science of information law.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR “GREEN” FINANCE IN RUSSIA, THE EU AND CHINA: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Ermakova Elena P.
Published: June 2020

The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal regulation of green financing in the European Union, China and Russia. It has been substantiated that a harmonious and completed system of regulatory regulation of green financing has not yet developed either in the PRC or the EU. In this regard, a comparative analysis of the above issues is of particular importance. The purpose of this article is to form an understanding of the legal framework for green finance in the European Union, China and Russia based on an analysis of regulatory acts and scientific sources. The following methods have been applied: empirical methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic. Private scientific methods employed in the work are legal-dogmatic and the method of interpretation of legal norms. Results: the study showed that green financing refers to financial transactions that support the transition to an economy with low carbon emissions and the fight against climate change. In recent years, China has been the leader in green financing, accounting for 28%, or $ 32 billion, of green bonds issued in 2018. Conclusions: In the PRC, the concept and foundations of the legal regulation of green finance are enshrined in the 2016 Guide to Creating a Green Financial System. The main elements included in the concept comprise: 1) pilot areas of green financing, 2) green loans, 3) green funds and public-private partnerships; 4) green securities; 5) green insurance; 6) environmental credit trading; 7) environ-mental risks. The European Union also strives to be a global leader in the fight against climate change. A number of EU regulations and directives regulate various aspects of green financing. On December 11, 2019, the European Commission introduced the European Green Deal, a new concept for economic growth aimed at making Europe the first climate neutral continent. The most ambitious draft of this program is the development of a pan-European climate law (climate code), a draft of which is due in March 2020. Russia is still lagging behind world leaders on the regulatory regulation of green financing, but the first steps in this direction have already been taken. The study was prepared with the financial support of the Russian Federal Property Fund in the framework of the scientific project No. 20-011-00270 "а" (Scientific adviser - E.E. Frolova).
WAS J. BENTHAM THE FIRST LEGAL UTILITARIAN?
Authors: Kolosov Igor V. , Sigalov Konstantin E.
Published: June 2020

Legal utilitarianism is attractive for practice because this field of legal thought and philosophy of law sets out a particular direction of legal policy and statutory regulation (focus on the utility principle in decision-making) that can, under certain reservations, be used to improve people's lives. Most scholars conclude that the first utilitarian was J. Bentham. However, scientific studies prevalently do not involve the analysis of earlier legal doctrines in relation to the use of utility principle. Thus, the relevance and scientific novelty of analysis of the origin of legal utilitarianism is associated with the need to develop a theoretical component of this doctrine that is of current interest for the legal policy and to enlarge the underdeveloped - in our opinion - theoretical framework of legal utilitarianism genesis. The purpose is to identify the first theory in the history of legal thought, which can be classified as legal utilitarianism, and, if such theory is the J. Bentham's utilitarianism, to determine the reasons why earlier theories based on the utility principle cannot be classified as legal utilitarianism. The theoretical basis of the article is materials such as original sources by various thinkers whose works are based on the utility principle and scientific papers of European and the US researchers. For the purpose of the article, the following methodological tools were used: metaphysical (dialectic method), general (analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, analogy, comparison) and specific (historical and legal-historical) scientific methods. The main outcome of the research is identification of distinct features of pre-Bentham legal thought based on the utility principle and identification of pre-requisites and basis (provisions which had formed the basis) for J. Bentham's utilitarianism, as well as the answer to the question: Was J. Bentham the first legal utilitarian?.
REVIEW OF THE VI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY “MY PROFESSION IS A LAWYER: SOCHI 2020” SOCHI, RUDN UNIVERSITY, JANUARY 27 - FEBRUARY 1, 2020
Authors: Grafshonkina Anastasiia A. , Shaykhutdinova Arina R.
Published: June 2020

On January 27 - February 1, 2020, the Sixth International Academy My profession is a lawyer: Sochi 2020 was held at the Sochi Institute of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, in which more than 40 researchers, practicing lawyers and law students took part. The purpose of the event was to master the methods of practice-oriented training in the profession of a lawyer, the professional skills of a lawyer (communicative, developing a position on the case, resolving legal conflicts, public speaking). This review reflects the general concept of the Academy, the progress of work and its content.
ALEXANDER ABRAMOVICH, A LIVING LEGEND
Authors: Belozerova Irina I.
Published: June 2020

This article is dedicated to one of the famous scientists, Alexander Abramovich Levi. This article reflects the personal life of A.A. Levi, i.e. pre-war and war years, his university studies, his work in the prosecutor’s office and in the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, as well as his scientific work. A.A. Levi was at the origin of the development and application of sound and video recording in court proceedings. Based on his project and with his direct participation the first specialized courtroom was created in the USSR. Scientific publications of A.A. Levy can be found in legal journals of Hungary, Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia and the USA. A.A. Levi was among the drafters of the Federal Law “On Legal Practice and the Bar”.
T-Cell Epitopes and Neo-epitopes in Type 1 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Update and Reappraisal
Authors: James Eddie A. , Mallone Roberto , Kent Sally C. , DiLorenzo Teresa P.
Published: June 2020

The autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes is characterized by effector T-cell responses to pancreatic β-cell–derived peptides presented by HLA class I and class II molecules, leading ultimately to β-cell demise and insulin insufficiency. Although a given HLA molecule presents a vast array of peptides, only those recognized by T cells are designated as epitopes. Given their intimate link to etiology, the discovery and characterization of T-cell epitopes is a critical aspect of type 1 diabetes research. Understanding epitope recognition is also crucial for the pursuit of antigen-specific immunotherapies and implementation of strategies for T-cell monitoring. For these reasons, a cataloging and appraisal of the T-cell epitopes targeted in type 1 diabetes was completed over a decade ago, providing an important resource for both the research and the clinical communities. Here we present a much needed update and reappraisal of this earlier work and include online supplementary material where we cross-index each epitope with its primary references and Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) identifier. Our analysis includes a grading scale to score the degree of evidence available for each epitope, which conveys our perspective on several useful criteria for epitope evaluation. While providing an efficient summary of the arguably impressive current state of knowledge, this work also brings to light several deficiencies. These include the need for improved epitope validation, as few epitopes score highly by the criteria employed, and the dearth of investigations of the epitopes recognized in the context of several understudied type 1 diabetes–associated HLA molecules.
The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Insulin Sensitivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Pramono Adriyan , Jocken Johan W.E. , Blaak Ellen E. , van Baak Marleen A.
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Vitamin D has been suggested to affect peripheral insulin sensitivity. Evidence regarding the effect of vitamin D supplementation on insulin sensitivity is still conflicting.

PURPOSE

This meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on insulin sensitivity in humans with or at risk for insulin resistance.

DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION

PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from 1980 until 31 December 2018 reporting treatment effects of vitamin D supplementation on insulin sensitivity.

DATA EXTRACTION

The main outcome of interest was the change in insulin sensitivity, derived from the gold standard hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp or the Matsuda index derived from the oral glucose tolerance test and insulin sensitivity index from intravenous glucose tolerance test. We extracted data on the standardized mean difference between the vitamin D treatment and placebo groups in change from baseline insulin sensitivity.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Eighteen RCTs were included in this meta-analysis comparing vitamin D supplementation (n = 612) with placebo (n = 608). Vitamin D supplementation had no effect on insulin sensitivity (standardized mean difference −0.01, 95% CI −0.12, 0.10; P = 0.87, I2 = 0%). Visual inspection of funnel plot symmetry did not suggest potential publication bias.

LIMITATIONS

The number of individuals who participated in the included studies was relatively small, possibly due to the invasive character of the measurement (e.g., clamp).

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis provides no evidence that vitamin D supplementation has a beneficial effect on peripheral insulin sensitivity in people with or at risk for insulin resistance.
Cost-effectiveness of Diabetes Prevention Interventions Targeting High-risk Individuals and Whole Populations: A Systematic Review
Authors: Zhou Xilin , Siegel Karen R. , Ng Boon Peng , Jawanda Shawn , Proia Krista K. , Zhang Xuanping , Albright Ann L. , Zhang Ping
Published: June 2020

OBJECTIVE

We conducted a systematic review of studies evaluating the cost-effectiveness (CE) of interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes (T2D) among high-risk individuals and whole populations.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Interventions targeting high-risk individuals are those that identify people at high risk of developing T2D and then treat them with either lifestyle or metformin interventions. Population-based prevention strategies are those that focus on the whole population regardless of the level of risk, creating public health impact through policy implementation, campaigns, and other environmental strategies. We systematically searched seven electronic databases for studies published in English between 2008 and 2017. We grouped lifestyle interventions targeting high-risk individuals by delivery method and personnel type. We used the median incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), measured in cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) or cost saved to measure the CE of interventions. We used the $50,000/QALY threshold to determine whether an intervention was cost-effective or not. ICERs are reported in 2017 U.S. dollars.

RESULTS

Our review included 39 studies: 28 on interventions targeting high-risk individuals and 11 targeting whole populations. Both lifestyle and metformin interventions in high-risk individuals were cost-effective from a health care system or a societal perspective, with median ICERs of $12,510/QALY and $17,089/QALY, respectively, compared with no intervention. Among lifestyle interventions, those that followed a Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) curriculum had a median ICER of $6,212/QALY, while those that did not follow a DPP curriculum had a median ICER of $13,228/QALY. Compared with lifestyle interventions delivered one-on-one or by a health professional, those offered in a group setting or provided by a combination of health professionals and lay health workers had lower ICERs. Among population-based interventions, taxing sugar-sweetened beverages was cost-saving from both the health care system and governmental perspectives. Evaluations of other population-based interventions—including fruit and vegetable subsidies, community-based education programs, and modifications to the built environment—showed inconsistent results.

CONCLUSIONS

Most of the T2D prevention interventions included in our review were found to be either cost-effective or cost-saving. Our findings may help decision makers set priorities and allocate resources for T2D prevention in real-world settings.
Precision Medicine in Diabetes: A Consensus Report From the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)
Authors: Chung Wendy K. , Erion Karel , Florez Jose C. , Hattersley Andrew T. , Hivert Marie-France , Lee Christine G. , McCarthy Mark I. , Nolan John J. , Norris Jill M. , Pearson Ewan R. , Philipson Louis , McElvaine Allison T. , Cefalu William T. , Rich Stephen S. , Franks Paul W.
Published: June 2020

The convergence of advances in medical science, human biology, data science, and technology has enabled the generation of new insights into the phenotype known as “diabetes.” Increased knowledge of this condition has emerged from populations around the world, illuminating the differences in how diabetes presents, its variable prevalence, and how best practice in treatment varies between populations. In parallel, focus has been placed on the development of tools for the application of precision medicine to numerous conditions. This Consensus Report presents the American Diabetes Association (ADA) Precision Medicine in Diabetes Initiative in partnership with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), including its mission, the current state of the field, and prospects for the future. Expert opinions are presented on areas of precision diagnostics and precision therapeutics (including prevention and treatment), and key barriers to and opportunities for implementation of precision diabetes medicine, with better care and outcomes around the globe, are highlighted. Cases where precision diagnosis is already feasible and effective (i.e., monogenic forms of diabetes) are presented, while the major hurdles to the global implementation of precision diagnosis of complex forms of diabetes are discussed. The situation is similar for precision therapeutics, in which the appropriate therapy will often change over time owing to the manner in which diabetes evolves within individual patients. This Consensus Report describes a foundation for precision diabetes medicine, while highlighting what remains to be done to realize its potential. This, combined with a subsequent, detailed evidence-based review (due 2022), will provide a roadmap for precision medicine in diabetes that helps improve the quality of life for all those with diabetes.
SSC: Clustering Of Turkish Texts By Spectral Graph Partitioning
Authors: UÇKAN Taner , HARK Cengiz , KARCİ Ali
Published: June 2020

There is growing interest in studies on text classification as a result of the exponential increase in the amount of data available. Many studies have been conducted in the field of text clustering, using different approaches. This study introduces Spectral Sentence Clustering (SSC) for text clustering problems, which is an unsupervised method based on graph-partitioning. The study explains how the proposed model proposed can be used in natural language applications to successfully cluster texts. A spectral graph theory method is used to partition the graph into non-intersecting sub-graphs, and an unsupervised and efficient solution is offered for the text clustering problem by providing a physical representation of the texts. Finally, tests have been conducted demonstrating that SSC can be successfully used for text categorization. A clustering success rate of 97.08% was achieved in tests conducted using the TTC-3600 dataset, which contains open-access unstructured Turkish texts, classified into categories. The SSC model proposed performed better compared to a popular k-means clustering algorithm.