bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beneficial Effects of Co‐Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide/Luteolin in a Mouse Model of Autism and in a Case Report of Autism
Authors: Bertolino Bartolomeo , Crupi Rosalia , Impellizzeri Daniela , Bruschetta Giuseppe , Cordaro Marika , Siracusa Rosalba , Esposito Emanuela , Cuzzocrea Salvatore
Published: October 2016

Aims

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a condition defined by social communication deficits and repetitive restrictive behaviors. Association of the fatty acid amide palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) with the flavonoid luteolin displays neuroprotective and antiinflammatory actions in different models of central nervous system pathologies. We hypothesized that association of PEA with luteolin might have therapeutic utility in ASD, and we employed a well‐recognized autism animal model, namely sodium valproate administration, to evaluate cognitive and motor deficits.

Methods

Two sets of experiments were conducted. In the first, we investigated the effect of association of ultramicronized PEA with luteolin, co‐ultramicronized PEA‐LUT® (co‐ultraPEA‐LUT®) in a murine model of autistic behaviors, while in the second, the effect of co‐ultraPEA‐LUT® in a patient affected by ASD was examined.

Results

Co‐ultraPEA‐LUT® treatment ameliorated social and nonsocial behaviors in valproic acid‐induced autistic mice and improved clinical picture with reduction in stereotypes in a 10‐year‐old male child.

Conclusion

These data suggest that ASD symptomatology may be improved by agents documented to control activation of mast cells and microglia. Co‐ultraPEA‐LUT® might be a valid and safe therapy for the symptoms of ASD alone or in combination with other used drugs.
Bilateral congenital coronary ostial obstruction: Exertional syncope in an otherwise healthy 8‐year‐old
Authors: Sharma Kavita , Thankavel Poonam
Published: October 2016

Congenital stenosis/atresia of a coronary artery is an exquisitely rare anomaly (Congenit Heart Dis, 2, 2007, 347) with increased risk of sudden death. Bilateral coronary obstruction is even more unusual but has been reported in conjunction with aortic valve disease, syphilis, and Takayasu's arteritis. To the best of our knowledge, obstruction of both coronaries in a pediatric patient has only been reported once (Ann Thorac Surg, 55, 1993, 1564). We present a patient with an intramural, anomalous aortic origin of the right coronary artery from the contralateral sinus (AAORCA) with near atresia of the left main coronary ostium. The diagnosis was made by echocardiogram and confirmed by catheterization and magnetic resonance imaging.
Relevance of biomarkers in disease progression in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Kanodia A. K.
Published: October 2016

Click here to view the accompanying paper in this issue.
Diet and Headache: Part 1
Authors: Martin Vincent T. , Vij Brinder
Published: October 2016

Background

The role of diet in the management of the headache patient is a controversial topic in the headache field.

Objectives

To review the evidence supporting the hypothesis that specific foods or ingredients within foods and beverages trigger attacks of headache and/or migraine and to discuss the use of elimination diets in the prevention of headache disorders

Methods

This represents part 1 of a narrative review of the role of diet in the prevention of migraine and other headache disorders. A PubMed search was performed with the following search terms: “monosodium glutamate,” “caffeine,” “aspartame,” “sucralose,” “histamine intolerance syndrome,” “tyramine,” “alcohol,” “chocolate,” “nitrites,” “IgG elimination diets,” and “gluten.” Each of these search terms was then cross‐referenced with “headache” and “migraine” to identify relevant studies. Only studies that were written in English were included in this review.

Results

Caffeine withdrawal and administration of MSG (dissolved in liquid) has the strongest evidence for triggering attacks of headache as evidenced by multiple positive provocation studies. Aspartame has conflicting evidence with two positive and two negative provocation studies. Observational studies provide modest evidence that gluten‐ and histamine‐containing foods as well as alcohol may precipitate headaches in subgroups of patients. Two of three randomized controlled trials reported that an elimination diet of IgG positive foods significantly decreased frequency of headache/migraine during the treatment as compared to baseline time period.

Conclusions

Certain foods, beverages, and ingredients within foods may trigger attacks of headache and/or migraine in susceptible individuals. Elimination diets can prevent headaches in subgroups of persons with headache disorders.
The rheological property, antimicrobial stability and release evaluation of soya protein isolate/alginate‐based films incorporated with thymol
Authors: Pan Hongyang , Wang Mingfeng , Zhu Baokun , Liao Tougen , Jin Zhenyu
Published: October 2016

Soya protein isolate (SPI)/alginate (ALG)/montmorillonite (MMT)/thymol (THY) nanocomposite films were prepared with a codrying process to enhance the antimicrobial stability. The results showed higher gelation point temperature and more stable gelling network were obtained by the addition of MMT. Better thermal stability and sustained release effect was found in the coblended film containing MMT, in which THY release rate at 25 °C decreased with increasing MMT concentration but increased with temperature at a constant relative humidity. The SPI/ALG/THY, SPI/ALG/THY‐CO and SPI/ALG/THY‐CO‐0.6 (MMT content = 0.6 g g−1 SPI) films effectively inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli by 0.95, 0.91 and 0.70 log cfu mL−1 and of Staphylococcus aureus by 0.94, 0.89 and 0.73 log cfu mL−1, respectively, on the surface of raw sausage, compared to the control film.
Chemometrics coupled with ultraviolet spectroscopy: a tool for the analysis of variety, adulteration, quality and ageing of apple juices
Authors: Chang Jia‐Dong , Zheng Hong , Mantri Nitin , Xu Ling , Jiang Zhengdong , Zhang Jialei , Song Zhipeng , Lu Hongfei
Published: October 2016

This study demonstrates the use of UV spectroscopy (UV) in combination with chemometrics as a simple and feasible approach for analysis of variety, adulteration, quality and ageing of apple juice. The results show that PCA‐UV is adequate to differentiate apple juice varieties and adulteration. The percentage of the adulterant can be detected by PLSR‐UV with RMSE < 0.7783% and R2 > 0.9980. For the evaluation of juice quality, PLSR‐UV (RMSE = 0.2555–2.3448; R2 = 0.7276–0.9816) is recommended for the prediction of soluble solids, ascorbic acid, total flavonoids, total sugar and reducing sugar, whilst PCR‐UV (RMSE = 0.0000–2.7426; R2 = 0.7073–1.0000) is adequate for the prediction of pH and antioxidant activity. In addition, PLSR‐UV may be used to predict the storage time with RMSE = 0.4681 day and R2 = 0.9832. Therefore, UV coupled with chemometrics has potential to be developed as a portable tool for the detection of variety, adulteration, quality and ageing of not only apple juices, but also other fruit and vegetable juices.
How the inclusion of mushroom powder can affect the physicochemical characteristics of pasta
Authors: Lu Xikun , Brennan Margaret A. , Serventi Luca , Mason Sue , Brennan Charles S.
Published: October 2016

In this study, a partial substitution of durum wheat semolina with three different species of mushrooms (white button, shitake and porcini) was undertaken to increase the nutritional value of the pasta. The cooking properties and textural characteristics of the pasta produced were also determined. The results showed that the addition of mushroom powder increased the cooking loss, as well as firmness and resistance of the uniaxial tension of the pasta. Porcini mushroom incorporation significantly decreased the swelling index, water absorption index and moisture content values of the cooked pasta, while, for the white button and shiitake mushrooms, there was no noticeable effect on either index compared with the control sample (containing exclusively durum wheat semolina). The addition of shiitake mushroom powder resulted in pasta with the highest firmness and tensile strength.
Capacity building for global nursing leaders: challenges and experiences
Authors: Shin S. , Han J. , Cha C.
Published: October 2016

Aim

The aim of this article is to describe our experience in operating a capacity‐building programme, the Korea International Cooperation Project, for global nursing leaders from developing countries, held during the International Council of Nurses (ICN) Conference in 2015 in Seoul, Korea.

Background

Globalization points to the importance of global leadership among nursing leaders. In accordance with the theme of ‘Global Citizen, Global Nursing’ at the ICN conference in 2015, a capacity‐building programme for nursing leaders of developing countries was implemented.

Introduction

The global nursing leadership programme shared experiences during the preparation and operation of the conference. To prepare the programme, this paper describes selecting participants, working with invitation lists from 30 countries, and recruiting and training volunteers. The operation of the programme, orientation, organizing tailored programmes for participant groups, addressing unexpected issues and evaluating the programme are described.

Implications for nursing policy

ICN could implement capacity‐building programmes for nursing leaders of developing countries during its ICN conference for the nursing society. A programme tailored for each continent with similar sociocultural backgrounds and health issues would provide chances for collaboration and networking. A policy to compile global nursing indicators should be developed. This would allow nursing leaders to learn about the strengths and weaknesses of global nursing and provide evidence for collaboration.

Conclusion

The programme was successful in introducing and broadening global perspectives of participants on health and education as well as building a network among leaders and next‐generation leaders in participating countries for future cooperation and collaboration.
Correlating Structure with Threshold Behavior of Chalcogenide Glasses Within Ge–Sn–Se Ternary System
Authors: Qiao Beijing , Chen Feifei , Huang Yicong , Lin Ruiqiang , Zhang Xiaoyu , Dai Shixun , Shen Xiang , Nie Qiuhua , Zhang Xianghua
Published: October 2016

A systematic investigation of the optical and structural properties of chalcogenide glasses in Ge–Sn–Se ternary system is presented. We have found a threshold behavior of optical property, namely, existence of transitional composition of the Ge–Sn–Se glasses, with progressive replacement of Se by Sn. Calculation of mean coordination number indicates that the transition‐like feature of optical property is associated with the evolution of chemical ordering of the Ge–Sn–Se network. Analysis of Raman spectra of the glasses explains that the interaction between Se–Se bonds, Sn(Se1/2)4 tetrahedra, and Sn–Sn homopolar bonds is the origination of such optical phenomenon.
Luminescence Mechanism and Thermal Stabilities of a White Silicate Phosphor for Multifunctional Applications
Authors: Sun Qisheng , Li Xuemin , Du Yide , Zhao Bo , Li Hua , Huang Yan , Ci Zhipeng , Zhang Jiachi , Ma Ji , Wang Yuhua
Published: October 2016

A series of Dy3+‐doped Sr2(1−y)Ca2yY8(SiO4)6O2 (0 ≤ y ≤ 1) white phosphors were synthesized by the solid‐state reaction. All samples crystallize into a hexagonal crystal system with space group P63/m (176) by the determination of XRD Rietveld refinements. With the change in Ca/Sr ratio, the crystal environment of active ions is lightly affected. Upon excitation by UV/VUV/cathode ray sources, the samples present an efficient white light emission with significant differences in the blue/yellow ratio of Dy3+ characteristic transitions. Based on luminescence properties, decay times and thermal properties, the interesting phenomenon with excitation energy increasing from UV to electron beam can be reasonably explained by a potential mechanism we proposed. With the introduction of Bi3+, the white emission intensity is rapidly enhanced and the optimal intensity reaches to 3.75 times compared with the single doped Dy3+ sample. To evaluate the applicability of this phosphor, we packaged two light‐emitting diode devices and measured the actual luminescence efficacies and CIE chromaticity coordinates. These results indicate that the silicate phosphors have the potential for multifunctional application in ultraviolet‐based light‐emitting diodes, mercury‐free lamps, and field‐emission displays.
Effect of Porosity on Structure, Young's Modulus, and Thermal Conductivity of SiC Foams by Direct Foaming and Gelcasting
Authors: Jana Dulal Chandra , Sundararajan Govindan , Chattopadhyay Kamanio
Published: October 2016

The study demonstrates the aqueous processing of solid‐state‐sintered SiC foams by gelcasting technique. Aside from increasing strength of green bodies, gelcasting monomers were the source of carbon additive which helped in sintering of SiC foams. Sintered foams with the relative density (RD) between 0.44 and 0.11 were processed by direct foaming of SiC slurries followed by gelcasting and sintering. Structural analysis by X‐ray tomography showed the presence of spherical pores with bimodal pore size distribution and the proportion of large size cell and their interconnectivity increased in low RD foams. SEM study revealed that decreased RD resulted in gradual changes in the strut microstructure from the grains with faceted interface to smooth interfaced grains. The analysis of changes in Young's modulus and thermal conductivity with RD were in agreement with the Ashby model for open cell foams.
Transparent Ceramics at 50: Progress Made and Further Prospects
Authors: Goldstein Adrian , Krell Andreas
Published: October 2016

Fifty years have elapsed from the moment the first light transmitting ceramic‐based commercial item—a sodium vapor‐based street lamp component—reached the market. This paper intends to be a brief chronicle (albeit not a chronology) of this first half century of translucent and transparent ceramic history. The main ceramic materials now available in a transparent state are presented and their main applications are described. Applications range from aerospace and relativistic optics to medical care, supermarket shopping, and modern warfare. Light transmitting ceramics usable as laser gain‐media, armor windows, IR domes, phosphors, scintillators, and electro‐optical components have been developed. The principal achievements this research produced are discussed. Processing strategies for full densification have been devised and quantitative relationships were established between different microstructural features such as amount and size distribution of porosity or level of birefringence, and the level of electromagnetic radiation attenuation they cause. Future prospects list ends the paper.
Highly Porous Zirconia Ceramic Foams with Low Thermal Conductivity from Particle‐Stabilized Foams
Authors: Huo Wen‐Long , Zhang Xiao‐Yan , Chen Yu‐Gu , Lu Yu‐Ju , Liu Wen‐Ting , Xi Xiao‐Qing , Wang Ya‐Li , Xu Jie , Yang Jin‐Long
Published: October 2016

Zirconia ceramic foams with ultra‐high porosity of 96%–98% have been fabricated using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the particle stabilizer of zirconia particles for the first time. The wet foams stabilized by zirconia particles are ultra‐stable due to partially hydrophobic zirconia particles modified bySDS. Zirconia foams exhibit close cells with thin cell wall and small grain size. IncreasingSDSconcentration favors the foamability of the suspension, and further increases the porosity of ceramic foams. Zirconia ceramic foams with porosity of 98.1% have compressive strength of 0.26 ± 0.05 MPa. Decreasing solid loading leads to the porosity of ceramic foams. The compressive strength could be improved significantly by increasing the sintering temperature. Zirconia ceramic foams with porosity of 97.9% has low thermal conductivity of 0.027 ± 0.004 W·(m·K)−1, which could be used as thermal insulation and refractory material.
The Accuracy of Anthropometric Equations to Assess Body Fat in Adults with Down Syndrome
Authors: Rossato Mateus , Dellagrana Rodolfo André , da Costa Rafael Martins , Bezerra Ewertton de Souza , dos Santos João Otacílio Libardoni , Rech Cassiano Ricardo
Published: October 2016

Background

The aim of this study was to verify the accuracy of anthropometric equations to estimate the body density (BD) of adults with Down syndrome (DS), and propose new regression equations.

Materials and methods

Twenty‐one males (30.5 ± 9.4 years) and 17 females (27.3 ± 7.7 years) with DS participated in this study. The reference method for BD was air displacement plethysmography (ADP). Also, the BD was estimated by anthropometric equations. The body fat percentage (BF %) was estimated by the Siri equation.

Results

For females, the Durnin and Womersley equation showed no difference from the ADP, but a trend of underestimation was observed. For males, all equations were significantly different for the BF % from ADP. The equations developed in this study showed a high correlation and acceptable agreement with BF % from ADP in both genders.

Conclusion

All equations are not valid for DS adults. The new equations developed here were accurate in estimating the BF %.
Life‐Space Mobility and Mortality in Older Women: Prospective Results from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures
Authors: Mackey Dawn C. , Lui Li‐Yung , Cawthon Peggy M. , Ensrud Kristine , Yaffe Kristine , Cummings Steven R.
Published: October 2016

Objectives

To evaluate the relationship between life‐space mobility (extent, frequency, independence of movement) and mortality in older women.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Four U.S. clinical sites.

Participants

Women (N = 1,498) aged 75 to 102 (mean 87.6) followed from 2006 to 2015.

Measurements

Life‐space during the past 4 weeks was assessed in an interview, scored from 0 (daily restriction to bedroom) to 120 (daily trips outside town without assistance), and categorized (0–20, 21–40, 41–60, 61–80, 81–120). All‐cause mortality was the primary outcome; noncancer, cardiovascular, cancer, and noncardiovascular noncancer mortality were secondary outcomes.

Results

Over a mean 5.2 years, 842 (56.2%) women died. Unadjusted risk of all‐cause mortality was 82.6% in women with the lowest level of life‐space (0–20 points) and 36.2% in those with the highest level (81–120 points). In multivariable proportional hazards models, there was a strong relationship between less life‐space and greater risk of all‐cause mortality (Ptrend < .001). Women with the lowest level of life‐space (0–20 points) had a risk of all‐cause mortality that was 2.4 times as high (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5–4.0) as that of women with the highest level (81–120 points); women with life‐space scores between 21 and 60 had a risk of all‐cause mortality that was 1.5 times as high as that of women with the highest level. Each standard deviation decrease in life‐space was associated with a 1.2 times greater (95% CI = 1.1–1.4) risk of all‐cause mortality. Women unable to travel beyond their neighborhood without assistance had a risk of all‐cause mortality that was 1.4 times (95% CI = 1.1–1.7) as high as that of women who could travel beyond their neighborhood without assistance. Results were similar for noncancer, cardiovascular, and other mortality and did not change after controlling for underlying disease or living arrangement.

Conclusion

Life‐space scores of 60 or less were associated with mortality in older women independent of other strong risk factors.
Body composition assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry predicts early infectious complications after liver transplantation
Authors: Lindqvist C. , Majeed A. , Wahlin S.
Published: October 2016

Background

It is challenging to identify malnutrition, which is a risk factor for poor outcome in patients with liver cirrhosis. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of malnutrition among patients listed for liver transplantation, as assessed by different methods, and also to relate dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) to short‐term post‐transplant outcomes.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed the medical records of 106 patients who underwent liver transplantation in 2009–2012. Body composition was assessed by the fat‐free mass index (FFMI) and fat mass index (FMI) obtained using DXA. Severe infections within 1 month, length of stay in intensive care unit and length of hospital stay were endpoints of primary interest.

Results

The prevalence of malnutrition was 2–20% depending on sex and the assessment method. Thirty‐nine (37%) patients developed severe infections within 1 month after liver transplantation. In multivariate analysis with logistic regression, body composition was significantly associated with post‐operative infection when measured with FFMI (P = 0.043) but not with FMI (P = 0.087). Post‐operative dialysis (P = 0.004) and post‐operative infections (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with length of stay in hospital. Post‐operative bleeding (P = 0.015), duration of mechanical ventilation (P < 0.001) and the need for dialysis (P < 0.001), but not body composition, were significant predictors of the length of stay in the intensive care unit.

Conclusions

The prevalence of malnutrition depends on assessment method. FFMI is an independent predictor for early post‐transplant infections. Body composition measured by DXA during the pretransplant evaluation provides valuable information about nutritional status in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Comparison of different consensuses of BTXA in different countries
Authors: Sharova Alisa A
Published: October 2016

The most international dosing guidelines on the use of botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) drugs support a 1:1 dose relationship between OnaBTXA and IncoBTXA and 1:2.5 between OnaBTXA and AboBTXA. However, different facial zones demonstrate different doses conversion ratios. The comparative analysis of nine consensuses on the use of Abo‐, Ona‐, and IncoBTXA in the United States, Russia, and Europe has been performed. We conducted a review of publications adopting the key words “botulinum toxin consensus,” “botulinum toxin guideline.” Information search has been carried out primarily in specialized databases (DB). To find the relevant RCTs and guidelines/consensuses, the following databases were used: PubMed and Medline that were screened up to May 2008. Results regarding dose ratios for OnaBTXA:AboBTXA and IncoBTXA:AboBTXA showed that in most cases it is characterized both by increase and by decrease compared to the ratio of 1:2.5. The mean value of dose ratios OnaBTXA:AboBTXA adopted in the United States is 1:2.8. The ratio IncoBTXA:AboBTXA according to international and Russian data is 1:1.9. There are some differences in clinical approach of BTXA use in certain countries. In Russia, low doses are recommended for “crow's feet” and forehead. The US consensus recommends a higher dosage to correct perioral wrinkles. Despite many years of experience in using BTXA, there is no strict international uniformity of clinical guidelines. The recommended doses for the individual areas of the face may differ in different countries. Therefore, physicians in their practice should be guided not by international consensuses, but prefer a national guidelines.
Preschool and School Phases of Postmaxillectomy Prosthetic Rehabilitation in a Child: A Clinical Report
Authors: Elbashti Mahmoud E. , Sumita Yuka I. , Aswehlee Amel M. , Haraguchi Mihoko , Otomaru Takafumi , Hattori Mariko , Taniguchi Hisashi
Published: October 2016

This report describes the postmaxillectomy prosthetic rehabilitation of a child with maxillary chondrosarcoma over an 8‐year period. Specifically, it (1) describes the planning and rehabilitation procedures carried out during the period from before the operation to the time when the patient started elementary school and (2) reports the results of evaluations of the patient's oral and psychosocial function conducted during the school phase. The prosthetic treatment plan was separated into two phases (the preschool and school phases) and was started prior to surgery, when an immediate surgical obturator was designed by the surgeons. After the operation, it was considered important to provide the patient and her mother with training regarding how the defect should be cleaned, trismus prevention, and how the prosthesis should be fitted. In addition, esthetic improvements and the ability to speak clearly were also targeted during treatment planning. After surgery, obturators were fabricated in a conventional manner and fitted at the ages of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 years. The patient's oral function during the use of the obturators was evaluated objectively. Marked improvements in oral function were seen during both treatment phases. The patient's ability to perform psychosocial functions at school also improved during the use of the obturators.
Recommended strategies for the oral administration of paediatric medicines with food and drinks in the context of their biopharmaceutical properties: a review
Authors: Martir Joana , Flanagan Talia , Mann James , Fotaki Nikoletta
Published: October 2016

Objectives

This review focuses on the recommended strategies for the oral administration of paediatric medicines with food in the context of their biopharmaceutical properties.

Key findings

Acceptability of oral medicines in young patients is more challenging than in adult patients. Mixing oral dosage forms with foods and drinks is sometimes suggested to administer a specific dose and enhance compliance in the paediatric population. In this review, the strategies for the co-administration of paediatric medicines with food and drinks are discussed. Current administration practices as reported by healthcare professionals and parents/carers are compared with the relevant guidelines. Differences in the type of vehicles recommended to be used and actually used in current practice were identified. Correlations of the type of food recommended, the type of formulation and the drug's biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class were performed and revealed that recommendations should be made on a case-by-case basis.

The propensity for physiochemical or bioavailability changes that may occur from the co-administration of medicines with food and drinks in the paediatric population should be considered, and harmonisation of the recommended administration strategies is needed.
Challenge of paediatric compounding to solid dosage forms sachets and hard capsules – Finnish perspective
Authors: Sivén Mia , Kovanen Satu , Siirola Outi , Hepojoki Tuomas , Isokirmo Sari , Laihanen Niina , Eränen Tiina , Pellinen Jukka , Juppo Anne M
Published: October 2016

Objectives

The study evaluated the quality of compounded sachets and hard gelatine capsules and their feasibility in paediatric drug administration.

Methods

Commercial tablets were compounded to sachets and capsules in hospital environment, and the uniformity of content and simulated drug dose were determined.

Key findings

Compounded formulations were successfully obtained for a range of drug substances; dipyridamole, spironolactone, warfarin and sotalol formulations were within acceptable limits for uniformity of content, in most cases. However, some loss of drug was seen. The type and amount of excipients were found to affect uniformity of content; good conformity of capsules was obtained using lactose monohydrate as filler, whereas microcrystalline cellulose was a better choice in sachets. In capsules, content uniformity was obtained for a range of drug doses. If the drug is aimed to be administered through a nasogastric tube, solubility of the drug and excipients should be considered, as they were found to affect the simulated drug dose in administration.

Conclusions

Compounded sachets and capsules fulfilled the quality requirements in most cases. In compounding, the choice of excipients should be considered as they can affect conformity of the dosage form or its usability in practice. Quality assurance of compounded formulations should be taken into consideration in hospital pharmacies.
Toward a Supply Chain Practice View
Authors: Carter Craig R. , Kosmol Tobias , Kaufmann Lutz
Published: October 2016

A growing body of supply chain management (SCM) literature has relied on the premises of the resource‐based view (RBV) and its extensions like the relational view (RV) to investigate resources and their relationship to performance. Recently, the practice‐based view (PBV) has been proposed as a complementary theoretical foundation for strategic management research. While the PBV primarily focuses on the firm, we note that SCM practices often span firm boundaries and extend to supply chain partners. In addition, there is an opportunity to explicitly consider firm performance as both individual performance and relational performance. We do this by proposing the supply chain practice view (SCPV), in which we extend the PBV to the interorganizational level of analysis—both in terms of practices and performance. We also build upon and extend the PBV's discussion of the interaction of practices and resources by advocating that there are no discrete boundaries between practices and resources and between firm and relational performance; we conceptualize these dimensions as continua as opposed to sets of dichotomies. The SCPV complements the PBV, as well as the RBV and RV, and provides an alternative theoretical lens for the SCM discipline.
Apoplastic recognition of multiple candidate effectors from the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici in the nonhost plant Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Kettles Graeme J. , Bayon Carlos , Canning Gail , Rudd Jason J. , Kanyuka Kostya
Published: October 2016

The fungus Zymoseptoria tritici is a strictly apoplastic, host‐specific pathogen of wheat leaves and causal agent of septoria tritici blotch (STB) disease. All other plants are considered nonhosts, but the mechanism of nonhost resistance (NHR) to Z. tritici has not been addressed previously. We sought to develop Nicotiana benthamiana as a system to study NHR against Z. tritici.

Fluorescence microscopy and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions were used to establish the interaction between Z. tritici and N. benthamiana. Agrobacterium‐mediated transient expression was used to screen putative Z. tritici effector genes for recognition in N. benthamiana, and virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) was employed to determine the role of two receptor‐like kinases (RLKs), NbBAK1 and NbSOBIR1, in Z. tritici effector recognition.

Numerous Z. tritici putative effectors (14 of 63 tested) induced cell death or chlorosis in N. benthamiana. For most, phenotypes were light‐dependent and required effector secretion to the leaf apoplastic space. Moreover, effector‐induced host cell death was dependent on NbBAK1 and NbSOBIR1.

Our results indicate widespread recognition of apoplastic effectors from a wheat‐infecting fungal pathogen in a taxonomically distant nonhost plant species presumably by cell surface immune receptors. This suggests that apoplastic recognition of multiple nonadapted pathogen effectors may contribute to NHR.
The role of primary cilia in obesity and diabetes
Authors: Volta Francesco , Gerdes Jantje M.
Published: October 2016

One in 12 people worldwide suffers from diabetes and more than 90% of affected adult individuals are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Obesity adds to the personal risk to develop T2DM, and both metabolic diseases are rampantly increasing worldwide. Over recent years, primary cilia have moved into the focus of basic and clinical research, after several human diseases have been identified as ciliopathies (i.e., they are linked to ciliary dysfunction). A subset of ciliopathies presents with obesity and diabetes, either as core symptoms or major complications. Several studies have shown a role for ciliary signaling in the satiety signaling centers of the hypothalamus and in other metabolically active tissues, such as pancreatic islets. Here, we discuss recent advances and perspectives in ciliary metabolic research.
Germplasm enhancement of maize: a look into haploid induction and chromosomal doubling of haploids from temperate‐adapted tropical sources
Authors: Smelser Andrew , Gardner Candice , Blanco Michael , Lübberstedt Thomas , Frei Ursula
Published: October 2016

The allelic diversity (AD) project of the Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM) programme utilized the double haploid (DH) breeding method to expedite development and release of lines derived from 300 exotic maize races. Using 18 races in this study, differential effects on haploid induction rates (HIRs) and doubling rates (DRs) by the recurrent parents PHB47 and PHZ51, the elevation that the race is traditionally grown at, and by the race itself were addressed in this study. Races from the AD project were grouped by elevation of their origin, high, middle or low altitude. Six races per elevation were randomly selected and backcrossed using both recurrent parents to generate 36 populations. Ten replications were randomized in a complete randomized design for two growing seasons. The recurrent parent effect was significant, with PHB47 having a higher HIR than PHZ51. Effect of elevation was significant with higher HIR associated with low‐elevation origin, and race also proved to be significant. Effects of elevation, recurrent parent and race were not significant for DR.
Obstructive sleep apnoea pathogenesis from mild to severe: Is it all the same?
Authors: Edwards Bradley A. , Eckert Danny J. , Jordan Amy S.
Published: October 2016

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a common disorder caused by not only an impaired upper airway anatomy (i.e. anatomically narrow/collapsible airway), but also by several non‐anatomical factors. In this review, we summarise what is known about how each of the pathological factors that cause OSA vary according to disease severity as measured by the apnoea–hypopnoea index. Our synthesis of the available literature indicates that most of the key factors that cause OSA vary with disease severity. However, there is substantial heterogeneity such that the relative contribution of each of these traits varies both between patients and within different severities of disease. These differences likely contribute to variable efficacy of many non‐continuous positive airway pressure treatments and inconsistencies in responses with regard to different OSA severities at baseline.
Diversification and Work Satisfaction: Testing a Claim by Marx and Engels for Farmers
Authors: Mann Stefan , Besser Tim
Published: October 2016

In conventional economics, a great deal of energy has been devoted to empirical validation of the benefits of specialization in terms of efficiency, in fields including the agricultural sector. Marx and Engels's claim that the diversification of working lives would increase work satisfaction has gained attention among social scientists but has never been verified for the agricultural sector, despite a growing body of literature on the determinants of work satisfaction. Based on a survey of Swiss and northeast German farmers, this study shows that farm diversification significantly increases work satisfaction. This applies both to the lines of agricultural production pursued on a farm and to the farm's nonagricultural activities.
Comparison of two apheresis systems for autologous stem cell collections in pediatric oncology patients
Authors: Even‐Or Ehud , Eden‐Walker Alexandra , Di Mola Maria , McDougall Elizabeth , Schechter Tal , Ali Muhammad , Svajger Gordana , Gassas Adam , Licht Christoph , Krueger Joerg
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

Peripheral stem cell collections can be challenging in the pediatric population and respective experience is limited. Since February 2015 our institution is utilizing the new Spectra Optia (Optia) apheresis device, which has replaced the former COBE Spectra (COBE) device. As a quality initiative we collected and compared collection efficiency (CE2) and other collection variables between the two devices.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

In this retrospective study we collected and compared clinical, laboratory, and technical collection data from stem cell collection procedures done with the Optia and COBE devices. The collected data included patient demographics, precollection peripheral CD34+ cell counts, total CD34+ cells collected, complete blood count, electrolytes before and after collection, side effects attributed to the collection, total blood volumes processed (TBVs), collection times, and calculated CE2 and collection ratios.

RESULTS

Forty‐one collection procedures performed on 29 pediatric patients with the Optia device were compared to 41 collections performed on 27 patients with the COBE device. The TBVs through the Optia device were significantly smaller than the COBE (3.9 ± 0.2 × TBV vs. 5.5 ± 0.1 × TBV, respectively; p < 0.001), requiring significantly less anticoagulant and providing similar amounts of stem cells while collection times were significantly shorter (mean, 238 ± 9 min vs. 264 ± 9 min, respectively; p < 0.05). Collections on the Optia caused significantly smaller reductions of plasma calcium and magnesium. No significant side effects attributed to the procedure were noted.

CONCLUSION

Stem cell apheresis with the Optia device in children is safe and feasible with smaller blood volumes with shorter collection times.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN CANINE ELBOWS ARTHROSCOPICALLY DIAGNOSED WITH EROSION OF THE MEDIAL COMPARTMENT: AN ANALYTICAL METHOD COMPARISON STUDY
Authors: Coppieters Eva , Van Ryssen Bernadette , van Bree Henri , Verhoeven Geert , Broeckx Bart , de Bakker Evelien , Deforce Dieter , Gielen Ingrid
Published: October 2016

Medial compartment erosion is an advanced stage of medial coronoid disease, an important cause of elbow lameness in dogs, with treatment and the expected prognosis depending on the extent of the cartilage lesions. The identification of specific computed tomographic (CT) findings might facilitate the nonsurgical diagnosis and add to treatment decision making. Aims of this retrospective, analytical, method comparison study were to describe CT findings in elbows of dogs arthroscopically diagnosed with medial compartment erosion and to compare CT vs. arthroscopic findings. A total of 56 elbows met inclusion criteria. Elbows with focal (n= 13), diffuse (n= 11), and complete (n= 32) erosion were compared. Prevalence findings for CT lesions were as follows: periarticular osteophytosis (100%), abnormal shape of the medial coronoid process of the ulna (96.4%), and subchondral bone defect of the medial part of the humeral condyle (MHC; 96.4%). The three groups significantly differed for presence of medial coronoid process fragmentation, radial head subchondral bone sclerosis, and widening of the humeroulnar joint space. No significant agreement was found between CT and arthroscopy for presence of a subchondral bone defect of the MHC. A significant agreement was found between CT and arthroscopy for presence of fragmentation of the medial coronoid process. However, some of the calcified body/fragment(s) visualized on CT in the region of the medial coronoid process could not be identified via arthroscopy. Findings indicated that an accurate estimation of the extent of the elbow cartilage lesions still requires arthroscopic joint inspection.
Modeling the Adhesive Contact Between Cells and a Wavy Extracellular Matrix Mediated by Receptor–Ligand Interactions
Authors: Chong B. , Gong Z. , Lin Y.
Published: October 2016

In this study, we examine the outstanding issue of how surface topology affects the adhesion between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Specifically, we showed that the adhesive contact can be well described by treating the attraction as continuous along the interface if the wavelength of surface undulations is larger than a few microns. On the other hand, the discrete nature of cell–ECM interactions, i.e., adhesion is achieved through the formation of individual receptor–ligand bonds, must be taken into account for wavy surfaces with a much smaller characteristic length. Interestingly, it was found that, due to the interplay between substrate elasticity and stochastic breakage/reformation of molecular bonds, the strength of cell–ECM adhesion will reach its maximum when the surface roughness is of the order of 20–40 nm, in quantitative agreement with recent experiments. In addition, because of the bonding kinetics involved, the apparent adhesion energy was predicted to be strongly rate-dependent with increasing detaching speed between surfaces leading to a rapidly elevated work of separation, a phenomenon that has been widely observed in bio-adhesion.
Cross-Diffusion Effects on Unsteady Bioconvective Flow Past a Stretching Sheet
Authors: Mkhatshwa Musawenkhosi P. , Awad Faiz G. , Khumalo Melusi
Published: October 2016

This paper presents a mathematical analysis of bioconvection heat, mass, and motile microorganisms transfer over a stretching sheet in a medium filled with a fluid containing gyrotactic microorganisms. Cross-diffusion is taken into account in the medium. Using the boundary layer approximations, the set of unsteady partial differential equations governing the fluid flow is transformed into nonlinear PDEs form and then solved numerically using bivariate spectral relaxation method (BSRM) and bivariate spectral quasi-linearization method (BSQLM). A comparison between BSRM and BSQLM is made for the first time in this work. The accuracy and convergence analysis of the methods are also discussed. The methods are found to be convergent and give very accurate results with very few grid points in the numerical discretization procedure. A parametric study of the entire flow regime is carried out to illustrate the effects of various governing parameters on the fluid properties and flow characteristics. The results obtained show a significant effect of cross-diffusion on the fluid properties and flow characteristics. The Dufour number was found to increase the local Sherwood number and density number of motile microorganisms while decreasing the Nusselt number, and the reverse effect is true for the Soret number. Furthermore, the Nusselt number, Sherwood number, and density number of motile microorganisms are highly influenced by buoyancy and bioconvection parameters.
Reduction in Flow Parameter Resulting From Volcanic Ash Deposition in Engine Representative Cooling Passages
Authors: Wylie Sebastien , Bucknell Alexander , Forsyth Peter , McGilvray Matthew , Gillespie David R. H.
Published: October 2016

Internal cooling passages of turbine blades have long been at risk to blockage through the deposition of sand and dust during fleet service life. The ingestion of high volumes of volcanic ash (VA) therefore poses a real risk to engine operability. An additional difficulty is that the cooling system is frequently impossible to inspect in order to assess the level of deposition. This paper reports results from experiments carried out at typical high pressure (HP) turbine blade metal temperatures (1163 K to 1293 K) and coolant inlet temperatures (800 K to 900 K) in engine scale models of a turbine cooling passage with film-cooling offtakes. Volcanic ash samples from the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption were used for the majority of the experiments conducted. A further ash sample from the Chaiten eruption allowed the effect of changing ash chemical composition to be investigated. The experimental rig allows the metered delivery of volcanic ash through the coolant system at the start of a test. The key metric indicating blockage is the flow parameter (FP), which can be determined over a range of pressure ratios (1.01–1.06) before and after each experiment, with visual inspection used to determine the deposition location. Results from the experiments have determined the threshold metal temperature at which blockage occurs for the ash samples available, and characterize the reduction of flow parameter with changing particle size distribution, blade metal temperature, ash sample composition, film-cooling hole configuration and pressure ratio across the holes. There is qualitative evidence that hole geometry can be manipulated to decrease the likelihood of blockage. A discrete phase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model implemented in Fluent has allowed the trajectory of the ash particles within the coolant passages to be modeled, and these results are used to help explain the behavior observed.
Combinatorial survey of fluorinated plasma etching in the silicon-oxygen-carbon-nitrogen-hydrogen system
Authors: Dhungana Shailesh , Nordell Bradley J. , Caruso Anthony N. , Paquette Michelle M. , Lanford William A. , Scharfenberger Kris , Jacob Danya , King Sean W.
Published: October 2016

New multipass optical lithography patterning methods needed to print features for future <10 nm technologies will demand an increasingly complex combination of hardmasks, antireflection coatings, spacers, and etch stopping materials with distinct yet complementary properties. Finding the right mix, however, has proven particularly challenging given that the materials most commonly used are drawn from a limited set of Si- and C-based solids comprising Si, C, O, N, and H. To understand and maximize the limits of this composition space, the authors have performed a combinatorial survey of the dry etch characteristics for the Si-C-O-N-H system with the goal of understanding material composition–etch interactions and identifying material subclasses with distinct etch properties. Over 50 thin films sampling Si-C-O-N-H composition space were surveyed using two fluorinated etches commonly utilized for selective patterning of SiO2 and a-SiN:H dielectrics (CHF3 and CF4/O2, respectively). It was found that the incorporation of oxygen in a-SiN:H allowed for significant tuning of the etch rate of a-SiON:H materials relative to SiO2. Additionally, increasing hydrogen content and nanoporosity significantly increased the etch rate of the various dielectric materials independent of the Si, C, O, and N content. The influence of carbon depended on whether it was incorporated as terminal organic groups, where it resulted in increased etch rates, or directly within the network of the material, where it resulted in decreased etch rates. Silicon- and carbon-rich materials exhibited very low etch rates in both etches and were found to have the most distinct and potentially complementary etch properties relative to SiO2 and a-SiN:H. Accordingly, a-C:H, a-Si:H, and a-SiC:H merit further examination as hardmask or spacer materials in future multipass patterning processes.
Lipoarabinomannan binding to lactosylceramide in lipid rafts is essential for the phagocytosis of mycobacteria by human neutrophils
Authors: Nakayama Hitoshi , Kurihara Hidetake , Morita Yasu S. , Kinoshita Taroh , Mauri Laura , Prinetti Alessandro , Sonnino Sandro , Yokoyama Noriko , Ogawa Hideoki , Takamori Kenji , Iwabuchi Kazuhisa
Published: October 2016

Mycobacterial-specific glycolipids determine pathogenesis after the mycobacteria are engulfed by human neutrophils.