bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ion–polymer interactions in polypyrrole films
Authors: Ren Xiaoming , Pickup Peter G.
Published: May 2006

Formal potentials from cyclic voltammetry and ionic conductivities from impedance measurements are used to probe anion–polymer interactions in electrochemically deposited films of polypyrrole. Hard anions (F−, Cl−, ClO4−) stabilize the oxidized form of the polymer more than soft anions (I−, SCN−). Anions of weak acids (F− and CN−) interact with the polymer particularly strongly and exhibit anomalously low mobilities. Hydrogen bonding with the N-H groups of oxidized polypyrrole is proposed. Keywords: conducting polymer, polypyrrole, impedance, ion transport, electrolyte effects, ion exchange.
Impact of electrode geometry, depth of immersion, and size on impedance measurements
Authors: Vanýsek Petr
Published: May 2006

Although the platinum electrode is used regularly in the practice of electroanalytical chemistry, there are some caveats that should be considered in experimental design and data interpretation when ac impedance measurements are made. A wire electrode was immersed only partially with the purpose of decreasing its effective area. Impedance was used to study the effect of partial immersion. In the case of an NaOH solution, a good impedance fit was found if a transmission line was added to the equivalent circuit. Transmission line behavior corresponds to the transversal conductivity in the wet, though not immersed, surface. Impedance was further compared for a wire electrode, as well as for short wire electrodes with metal spheres attached to their end. The shorter, predominantly spherical, electrode minimizes impedance artifacts at higher frequencies, thus serving as a better electrode for impedance studies. The change in impedance after depositing platinum black was used to estimate the effective surface area increase. Keywords: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, platinum, electrode shape, partial immersion, platinum black, sodium hydroxide.
Voltammetric determination of surface active compounds at Au and Pt ultramicroelectrodes in flowing solutions
Authors: Baranski Andrzej S. , Norouzi Parviz
Published: May 2006

A new detection method was developed that takes advantage of changes in cyclic voltammograms (recorded with either a platinum or a gold ultramicroelectrode) caused by the adsorption, of inorganic and organic molecules. These changes may include reduction or oxidation of the adsorbate, inhibition of oxygen adsorption, inhibition of hydrogen adsorption, and also changes in the charging current. The detection is carried out in a stripping mode after the accumulation of analyte on the electrode surface for 50–1000 ms. Typical scan rates are between 10 and 1000 V/s. Removal of oxygen from the solutions studied is not required. Electrochemical conditioning of the working electrode is sufficient to insure a stable response for a period of several hours. For strongly adsorbing molecules the linear dynamic range extends over two orders of magnitude from about 10−7 M to 10−5 M with the relative standard deviation for replicate determinations lower than 5%. The smallest discernable signal is associated with about 0.1% surface coverage, which corresponds to the adsorption of about 10−18 mol of analyte on a ultramicroelectrode 5 μm in radius. Keywords: adsorption, cyclic voltammetry, ultramicroelectrode, flow injection.
The partial discharge of electrosorbates and its influence in electrocatalysis
Authors: Schultze J.W. , Rolle D.
Published: May 2006

The integral charge flow during electrosorption processes can be described by the electrosorption valency, γ. This dimensionless thermodynamic parameter consists of contributions from the penetration of the substance into the double layer, g, and the partial charge transfer, λ. g varies between 1 for discharged substances and very small values, gmin, for electrostatic adsorption without transfer. The charge transfer coefficient, λ, can be estimated empirically using Pauling's concept of electronegativity, χ, but the quantitative correlation is different for anions and cations due to the different type of bonding. The γ value of special electrosorbates depends on the nature of the solvent and ligands. Theoretical model calculations justify the influence of χ and solvation. The partial discharge of ions causes a decreasing electrostatic influence in electrocatalysis. Examples are given for ion (ITR) and electron transfer reactions (ETR). Keywords: electrosorption valency, partial charge transfer, bond formation, solvation, double layer.
Photochemical nucleophile–olefin combination, aromatic substitution (photo-NOCAS) reaction, Part 15. Investigations involving fluoride anion as the nucleophile and the effect of fluorine substitution on the relative stability of the reaction intermediates
Authors: Chan Mary S.W. , Arnold Donald R.
Published: May 2006

The scope of the photochemical nucleophile–olefin combination, aromatic substitution (photo-NOCAS) reaction has been extended to include fluoride anion as the nucleophile. The 4-cyanophenyl substituted fluoroalkanes were obtained in moderate yields with 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene and 2-methyl-2-butene reacting as the olefin. The yields were lower with 2-methylpropene, and no photo-NOCAS products were detected when conjugated dienes were used as the olefin. The selectivity of the fluoride anion towards alkenes can be explained in terms of the Hard–Soft-Acid–Base (HSAB) principle. The regiochemistry of this reaction can be described as predominantly following the anti-Markovnikov mode of addition. The fluoride anion adds preferentially to the less alkyl-substituted end of an unsymmetrical alkene radical cation to produce the more heavily substituted β-fluoroalkyl radical. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations (MP2/6-31G*//HF/6-31G*) were used to determine the relative stability of the β-fluoroalkyl radical intermediates. The more heavily substituted β-fluoroalkyl radical is NOT the more stable. The addition step is kinetically, rather than thermodynamically, controlled. Keywords: photochemistry, radical ions, electron transfer, alkyl fluorides, nucleophilic addition.
Generation and spectroscopic and kinetic characterization of methoxy-substituted phenoxyl radicals in solution and on paper
Authors: Shukla D. , Schepp N.P. , Mathivanan N. , Johnston L.J.
Published: May 2006

A number of methoxy-substituted phenoxyl radicals have been generated and characterized by laser flash photolysis techniques in solution and on paper. The radicals have been produced by three routes in solution: hydrogen abstraction from phenols by tert-butoxyl radical, photolysis of α-aryloxyacetophenones, and direct excitation of phenols. Most of the phenoxyl radicals studied have a characteristic absorption near 400 nm; the ortho-substituted radicals have an additional broad absorption in the visible in non-hydroxylic solvents (e.g., 650 nm for 2-methoxyphenoxyl radical). The relative intensities of the 400 nm and the long-wavelength bands vary with substitution pattern and solvent, with the long wavelength band being much weaker in hydroxylic solvents. Direct excitation of phenols provides an alternate source of phenoxyl radicals in some cases. However, for 4-methoxyphenol there are overlapping absorptions due to triplet phenol and phenol radical cation, both of which absorb in the 400–460 nm region. The 4-methoxyphenol radical cation is formed in a biphotonic process and decays by deprotonation to give the phenoxyl radical. The 4-methoxyphenoxyl radical can also be generated on paper from either the ketone or phenol precursor and decays with complex kinetics that depend on the precursor loading and laser intensity. There is no evidence for the formation of significant amounts of long-lived ketone or phenol triplets on paper. The decay kinetics for the phenoxyl radical are modified by the addition of the radical scavenger dithioerythritol. The results indicate both static and dynamic components to the radical scavenging process. The generation of phenoxyl radicals on paper in the presence and absence of scavengers provides the basis for the development of a new method for screening potential photoyellowing inhibitors and understanding their mode of action. Keywords: phenoxyl radicals, paper photoyellowing, laser flash photolysis, triplets, radical cations.
Iodine and iodine supported on polyvinylpyrrolidone as catalysts and reagents for alcoholysis, hydrolysis, and acetolysis of epoxides and thiiranes
Authors: Iranpoor Nasser , Tamami Bahman , Niknam Khodabakhsh
Published: May 2006

Iodine and iodine supported on polyvinylpyrrolidone (betadine) have been used as catalysts for ring opening of epoxides and as reagent for ring-opening dimerization of thiiranes in alcohols, water, and acetic acid. The reactions occur with high regio-, chemo-, and stereoselectivity. The reaction of R-(+)-styrene oxide with I2 supported on PVP in methanol was found to be very stereospecific and the product was isolated in 93% ee. Keywords: iodine, support, polyvinylpyrrolidone, ring opening, epoxides, thiiranes.
CONTROLLABILITY OF A HARVESTED PREY-PREDATOR SYSTEM WITH TIME DELAY
Authors: KAR T. K. , MATSUDA H.
Published: May 2006

In this paper, we have considered a prey-predator model with Holling type of predation and harvesting of mature predator species. Our study shows that, using the harvesting effort as control, it is possible to break the cyclic behavior of the system and drive it to a required steady state. It is also shown that the time delay can cause a stable equilibrium to become unstable and even switching of stabilities. We have also discussed the effects of bycatch of the immature species. Lastly, some numerical simulations are carried out.
Body mass index, free insulin-like growth factor I, and physical function among older adults: results from the ilSIRENTE study
Authors: Onder Graziano , Liperoti Rosa , Russo Andrea , Soldato Manuel , Capoluongo Ettore , Volpato Stefano , Cesari Matteo , Ameglio Franco , Bernabei Roberto , Landi Francesco
Published: May 2006

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mediating role played by obesity on the relationship of free insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) with muscle strength and physical performance. Data were from baseline evaluation of the ilSIRENTE Study. Muscle strength was measured by hand grip strength. Physical performance was assessed using the walking speed and the 0–3 Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score. Based on its median value, free IGF-I was categorized in the following two groups: low IGF-I (IGF-I <0.65 ng/ml; n = 174) and high IGF-I (IGF-I ≥0.65 ng/ml; n = 175). Similarly, IGFBP-3 was categorized in the following two groups: low IGFBP-3 (IGFBP-3 <4,319.9 ng/ml; n = 174) and high IGFBP-3 (IGFBP-3 ≥4,319.9 ng/ml; n = 175). Body mass index (BMI) was categorized as follows: <25 kg/m2 ( n = 160), 25–29.9 kg/m2 ( n = 133), ≥30 kg/m2 ( n = 56). Mean age of the 349 participants was 85.8 yr, and 234 (67%) were women. After adjusting for potential confounders, no significant association of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 with study outcomes was observed. After the study sample was stratified by BMI groups, compared with participants with low IGF-I level, those with high IGF-I level had a significantly better grip strength [35.2 ± 1.6 vs. 29.2 ± 2.0 (SE) kg, P = 0.03], walking speed (0.55 ± 0.04 vs. 0.40 ± 0.04 m/s, P = 0.01), and SPPB score (1.9 ± 0.1 vs. 1.5 ± 0.1 m/s, P = 0.01) but only in the group with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 and not in other BMI groups. A statistically significant interaction between BMI and IGF-I level was observed on all study outcomes. By contrast, no association was observed between IGFBP-3 and study outcomes, independently of BMI. In conclusion, high IGF-I level is associated with better physical function in older persons with obesity, but not in nonobese subjects.
Increased oxidative stress in lambs with increased pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary hypertension: role of NADPH oxidase and endothelial NO synthase
Authors: Grobe Albert C. , Wells Sandra M. , Benavidez Eileen , Oishi Peter , Azakie Anthony , Fineman Jeffrey R. , Black Stephen M.
Published: May 2006

Although oxidative stress is known to contribute to endothelial dysfunction-associated systemic vascular disorders, its role in pulmonary vascular disorders is less clear. Our previous studies, using isolated pulmonary arteries taken from lambs with surgically created heart defect and increased pulmonary blood flow (Shunt), have suggested a role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the endothelial dysfunction of pulmonary hypertension, but in vivo data are lacking. Thus the initial objective of this study was to determine whether Shunt lambs had elevated levels of ROS generation and whether this was associated with alterations in antioxidant capacity. Our results indicate that superoxide, but not hydrogen peroxide, levels were significantly elevated in Shunt lambs. In addition, we found that the increase in superoxide generation was not associated with alterations in antioxidant enzyme expression or activity. These data suggested that there is an increase in superoxide generation rather than a decrease in scavenging capacity in the lung. Thus we next examined the expression of various subunits of the NADPH oxidase complex as a potential source of the superoxide production. Results indicated that the expression of Rac1 and p47phoxis increased in Shunt lambs. We also found that the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyliodonium (DPI) significantly reduced dihydroethidium (DHE) oxidation in lung sections prepared from Shunt but not Control lambs. As DPI can also inhibit endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) superoxide generation, we repeated this experiment using a more specific NADPH oxidase inhibitor (apocynin) and an inhibitor of NOS (3-ethylisothiourea). Our results indicated that both inhibitors significantly reduced DHE oxidation in lung sections prepared from Shunt but not Control lambs. To further investigate the mechanism by which eNOS becomes uncoupled in Shunt lambs, we evaluated the levels of dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) in lung tissues of Shunt and Control lambs. Our data indicated that although BH4levels were unchanged, BH2levels were significantly increased. Finally, we demonstrated that the addition of BH2produced an increase in superoxide generation from purified, recombinant eNOS. In conclusion our data demonstrate that the development of pulmonary hypertension in Shunt lambs is associated with increases in oxidative stress that are not explained by decreases in antioxidant expression or activity. Rather, the observed increase in oxidative stress is due, at least in part, to increased expression and activity of the NADPH oxidase complex and uncoupled eNOS due to elevated levels of BH2.
Aquaporin-1 Transports NO Across Cell Membranes
Authors: Herrera Marcela , Hong Nancy J. , Garvin Jeffrey L.
Published: May 2006

NO plays a role in the regulation of blood pressure through its effects on renal, cardiovascular, and central nervous system function. It is generally thought to freely diffuse through cell membranes without need for a specific transporter. The water channel aquaporin-1 transports low molecular weight gases in addition to water and is expressed in cells that produce or are the targets of NO. Consequently, we tested the hypothesis that aquaporin-1 transports NO. In cells expressing aquaporin-1, NO permeability correlated with water permeability. NO transport was reduced by 71% by HgCl
2
, an inhibitor of aquaporin-1. Transport of NO by aquaporin-1 saturated at 3 μmol/L NO and displayed a K
1/2
(the concentration of NO that produces half of the maximum transport rate) of 0.54 μmol/L. Reconstitution of purified aquaporin-1 into lipid vesicles increased NO influx by 316%. In endothelial cells, lowering aquaporin-1 expression with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) blunted aquaporin-1 expression by 54% and NO release by 44%. We conclude that NO transport by aquaporin-1 may allow cells to control intracellular NO levels and effects. NO transport by aquaporin-1 may play a role in central nervous system, vascular and renal function, and consequently blood pressure. Disruption of NO transport by aquaporin-1 offers an alternate cause for diseases currently explained by inadequate NO bioavailability.
Reinterpreting al-Buhturī's Īwān Kisrā Ode: Tears of Affection for the Cycles of History
Authors: Ali Samer
Published: May 2006

Scholars have conventionally interpreted the Iwan Kisra Ode as an anti-imperial ode critical of the Abbasids in a time of decline evinced by the murder of the Caliph al-Mutawakkil and the emerging power of the Turkic guards at Samarra. This article re-examines al-Buhturi's own motives to demonstrate that an anti-imperial ode would be anathema to his interests and posits an alternative interpretation. The analysis is based on extensive Abbasid lore and a close reading of the ode. It suggests that the ode had the effect of redeeming the Abbasids in order to avoid civil strife in a time of danger.
My Matrimonial Bureau: Masculine Concerns and Presbyterian Mission Evangelization in the Gabon Estuary, c. 1900-1915
Authors: Rich Jeremy
Published: May 2006

This essay examines the reasons why some young Fang men supported Presbyterian missionary Robert Milligan's crusade to establish a Protestant community of converts at the turn of the twentieth century. Milligan presented his work as an example of heroic and muscular Christianity that transformed young Gabonese men. However, his methods of attracting followers appear very similar to those used by local big men: creating kinship networks, providing military support, sharing imported goods and providing access to women for marriage. Fang men and Milligan shared a flexible vocabulary of fatherhood that placed obligations on converts and missionaries alike. Eventually, Milligan's efforts came undone because of problems with other missionaries, but young Fang men continued to turn to missionary patronage, in part to cope with gender tensions and struggles over status.
Individual Criminal Responsibility in the Execution of a "Joint Criminal Enterprise" in the Jurisprudence of the ad hoc International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
Authors: Bogdan Attila
Published: May 2006

This article explores the development of "joint criminal enterprise" form of responsibility in the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (hereinafter "Yugoslav Tribunal"). Although "joint criminal enterprise" does not appear in the Yugoslav Tribunal Statute, this form of responsibility was read into the Statute by the tribunal judges and is repeatedly relied on in finding individuals guilty in cases before the tribunal. In particular, ever since the Appeals Chamber in Prosecutor v. Tadic held that "joint criminal enterprise", as a form of accomplice liability, is "firmly established in customary international law", other Trial and Appeals Chamber decisions continue to follow this holding. This article takes a critical look at some of the fundamental issues associated with the development of "joint criminal enterprise" at the Yugoslav Tribunal, in particular the methodology employed by the Appeals Chamber in Tadic. In addition, the article also examines the similarities between "joint criminal enterprise" and U.S. conspiracy law, and whether the use of "joint criminal enterprise" at the Yugoslav Tribunal violates the "principles of legality".
Sensitivity of Ice Storms in the Southeastern United States to Atlantic SST—Insights from a Case Study of the December 2002 Storm
Authors: Ramos da Silva Renato , Bohrer Gil , Werth David , Otte Martin J. , Avissar Roni
Published: May 2006

Meteorological observations and model simulations are used to show that the catastrophic ice storm of 4–5 December 2002 in the southeastern United States resulted from the combination of a classic winter storm and a warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the western Atlantic Ocean. At the time of the storm, observations show that the Atlantic SST near the southeastern U.S. coast was 1.0°–1.5°C warmer than its multiyear mean. The impact of this anomalous SST on the ice accumulation of the ice storm was evaluated with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System. The model shows that a warmer ocean leads to the conversion of more snow into freezing rain while not significantly affecting the inland surface temperature. Conversely, a cooler ocean produces mostly snowfall and less freezing rain. A similar trend is obtained by statistically comparing observations of ice storms in the last decade with weekly mean Atlantic SSTs. The SST during an ice storm is significantly and positively correlated with a deeper and warmer melting layer.
A Khaldunian Exemplar for a Historical Sociology for the South
Authors: Alatas Syed Farid
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this article is to raise certain problems in the study of state formation in parts of the Muslim world and elsewhere as distinctly Khaldunian problems that can be approached by applying a framework that integrates Ibn Khaldūn's theory of state formation with modern concepts in sociology. This is done by selecting a number of historical cases of state formation where a Khaldunian model has potential applicability and which may provide the empirical ground on which to develop a general Khaldunian sociology. An attempt is made to present Ibn Khaldūn's sociology as an exemplar for a sociology of the South by discussing selective applications of his theory to regions and periods outside of his own.
Rebels with Causes: White Officials in Black Trade Unions in South Africa, 1973–94
Authors: Maree Johann
Published: May 2006

This article argues that white officials in black trade unions in South Africa during the 1970s and 1980s were rebels with numerous causes. These causes were to help build a democratic and powerful black trade union movement, to work towards social and economic justice, and to secure their own long-term future in South Africa. The argument is based on presenting a historical overview of the two major black trade union federations that emerged in South Africa during the 1970s and 1980s. One was non-racial and accepted white intellectuals as officials. It eventually grew into COSATU, the Congress of South African Trade Unions, which played a major role in the mass democratic movement during the transition to democracy in 1994. The other black trade union federation was Africanist with some black consciousness orientations and appointed only blacks as officials. It eventually grew into NACTU, the National Council of Trade Unions. It never matched COSATU in size, strength or strategic leadership. The non-racial federation grew much stronger than the Africanist federation by focusing on building active democratic shop steward structures in the workplace. This was part of a deliberate strategy by white intellectuals in the unions to put control of the unions into the hands of black workers, who gradually rose through the ranks into positions of leadership. They and other black intellectuals replaced the white intellectuals in the unions who could then proceed to serve their country in other ways. One of them, Alec Erwin, is presently a minister in President Mbeki's cabinet. Far from having been rebels without a cause, white intellectuals in black unions had the privilege of working towards political reconciliation as well as the search for social and economic justice in South Africa.
The Revised Learning and Study Strategies Inventory
Authors: Prevatt Frances , Petscher Yaacov , Proctor Briley E. , Hurst Abigail , Adams Katharine
Published: May 2006

Two competing structural models for the revised Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI) were examined. The test developers promote a model related to three uncorrelated components of strategic learning: skill, will, and self-regulation. Other investigators have shown empirical support for a three-factor correlated model characterized by effort-related activities, goal orientation, and cognitive activities (ER-GO-CA). Neither model has been verified on scores from the second edition of the LASSI. In the present sample of 297 college students, confirmatory factor analysis of the subscale scores provided support for the ER-GO-CA model.
The Latent Structure and Measurement Invariance of Scores on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking–Figural
Authors: Kim Kyung Hee , Cramond Bonnie , Bandalos Deborah L.
Published: May 2006

There is disagreement among researchers as to whether creativity is a unidimensional or multidimensional trait. Much of the debate centers around the most widely used measure of creativity, the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT). This study used data from 1,000 kindergartners (ages 5-7), 1,000 third graders (ages 7-11) and 1,000 sixth graders (ages 10-13). Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted for both the two-factor model and one-factor model to determine which fit the data better. Measurement invariance across genders and grade levels was assessed using multiple group analyses in which sets of parameters were freed sequentially in a series of hierarchically nested models. The findings indicate that the structure of TTCT scores is consistent with a two-factor theory. Also, the results of the multiple group analyses indicate that model parameters for gender groups are more invariant than for grade levels in determining the fit of the model.
Fine Madness: Psychosis, Faith Communities and the Rehabilitation of the Christian Apocalypse
Authors: Carson Marion
Published: May 2006

A parallel is drawn between responses to the Christian Apocalypse and people who suffer from psychosis. Historically, both have been abused, shunned, and silenced. Liberationists recognize the ability of Revelation's ‘otherness’ to speak to the marginalized. Can the church learn to value and welcome the ‘otherness’ of the mentally ill?
Are There Any Links Between the Epistle of James and Buddhism? An Examination of James 3:6
Authors: Fletcher Reverend Rosemary J.
Published: May 2006

James contains about sixty-three words or phrases that do not occur elsewhere in the Bible, including ‘cycle of nature’/‘wheel of birth’ (3 :6). The majority of scholars have thought this comes from Orphicism. Given the place of the Wheel of Life in Buddhism, this article examines the possibility that it was Buddhism which influenced the writer.
RINSE: The Real-Time Immersive Network Simulation Environment for Network Security Exercises (Extended Version)
Authors: Liljenstam Michael , Liu Jason , Nicol David M. , Yuan Yougu , Yan Guanhua , Grier Chris
Published: May 2006

The Real-Time Immersive Network Simulation Environment (RINSE) simulator is being developed to support large-scale network security preparedness and training exercises, involving hundreds of players and a modeled network composed of hundreds of local-area networks (LANs). The simulator must be able to present a realistic rendering of network behavior as attacks are launched and players diagnose events and try counter measures to keep network services operating. The authors describe the architecture and function of RINSE and outline how techniques such as multiresolution traffic modeling, multiresolution attack models, and new routing simulation methods are used to address the scalability challenges of this application. They also describe in more detail new work on CPU/memory models necessary for the exercise scenarios and a latency absorption technique that will help when extending the range of client tools usable by the players.
Practical Rationality in Social Science Explanation
Authors: Keita Lansana
Published: May 2006

Terrence Kelly argues for a theory of practical rationality to explain and handle the issue of residential segregation in the United States. Kelly claims that theories of “racism as irrational” and rational choice are not explanatorily adequate in this regard. I argue that the theory of practical rationality is also not adequate because by allowing agents to offer accounts of their calculated behaviour, it allows little appraisal of the behaviour itself. I argue instead that better explanations could be offered by appeal to ethical theory.
Toward Reliable Off Road Autonomous Vehicles Operating in Challenging Environments
Authors: Kelly Alonzo , Stentz Anthony , Amidi Omead , Bode Mike , Bradley David , Diaz-Calderon Antonio , Happold Mike , Herman Herman , Mandelbaum Robert , Pilarski Tom , Rander Pete , Thayer Scott , Vallidis Nick , Warner Randy
Published: May 2006

The DARPA PerceptOR program has implemented a rigorous evaluative test program which fosters the development of field relevant outdoor mobile robots. Autonomous ground vehicles were deployed on diverse test courses throughout the USA and quantitatively evaluated on such factors as autonomy level, waypoint acquisition, failure rate, speed, and communications bandwidth. Our efforts over the three year program have produced new approaches in planning, perception, localization, and control which have been driven by the quest for reliable operation in challenging environments. This paper focuses on some of the most unique aspects of the systems developed by the CMU PerceptOR team, the lessons learned during the effort, and the most immediate challenges that remain to be addressed.
Sport, Celebrity and Popular Culture
Authors: Nalapat Abilash , Parker Andrew
Published: May 2006

The theme of sporting celebrity has attracted a significant amount of attention in the sociology of sport in recent times. Evident here has been a sense that the autobiographical details of contemporary sports figures represent key sites through which cultural change can be observed, interpreted and analysed. In this article we take one particular sporting celebrity, Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, and assess his image in terms of its contribution to debates surrounding politics, religion and Indian nationalism. Our central thesis is that whilst Tendulkar affords all the hallmarks of celebrity status, his identity remains rooted within the context of certain political and nationalistic values, all of which shape the contours of his iconic status especially in his homeland.
New Models of Frontal-Subcortical Skeletomotor Circuit Pathology in Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Marchand William R. , Dilda Valentina
Published: May 2006

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a hyperkinetic movement disorder that can occur as a side effect of treatment with antipsychotic medications. Because antipsychotics block the D2 family of dopamine receptors in the striatum, it has long been suspected this blockade contributes to the development of TD. Specifically, increased sensitivity of the dopamine receptors following chronic blockade has been thought to result in abnormal functioning of the frontal-subcortical (FSC) skeletomotor circuit and the symptoms of TD. However, this hypothesis remains unproven. In recent years, substantial research has focused on the basal ganglia and FSC circuits. This research has resulted in the development of the focused selection model of skeletomotor circuit function. This hypothesis provides a compelling model of neurocircuit abnormalities in TD. A greater understanding of the neuropathology of TD may lead to the development of better treatment and prevention strategies for this disorder. Furthermore, this information may contribute to a more complete understanding of normal skeletomotor circuit function and the role of circuit pathology in numerous neuropsychiatric conditions.
An Implementation of a Remote Diagnostic System on Rotational Machines
Authors: Qu Rong , Xu Jinwu , Patankar Ravindra , Yang Debin , Zhang Xiaotong , Guo Fang
Published: May 2006

In view of the development and the need for fault diagnosis in industries, remote diagnostics technology, based on intranet and Internet, is deemed an inevitable trend. This article presents the architecture of a multi-tier, complex remote diagnostics system by applying CORBA. Functionality for each tier of the architecture is elaborated. A remote diagnostic system is then implemented and applied to the diagnosis of mechanical equipment in a large-scale iron and steel corporation. The system can cross platforms, including heterogeneous hardware and software, operating systems, and network protocols. Some results of remote diagnosis in the large-scale iron and steel plant are presented. The advantages of remote diagnosis for the industrial system under consideration are discussed.
Exercise Use as Complementary Therapy Among Breast and Prostate Cancer Survivors Receiving Active Treatment: Examination of Exercise Intention
Authors: Hunt-Shanks Tiffany T. , Blanchard Chris M. , Baker Frank , Hann Danette , Roberts Cleora S. , McDonald Jamie , Livingston Mary , Witt Cathy , Ruiterman Jane , Ampela Rosemarie , Kaw Okrae C. K.
Published: May 2006

Background: Exercise is associated with an improved quality of life among cancer survivors. Previous research has highlighted the utility of the theory of planned behavior in understanding cancer survivors' intention to exercise. The purpose of this study was to extend the research on the theory of planned behavior in relation to exercise intention in breast cancer survivors and to provide preliminary evidence supporting its application with prostate cancer survivors during treatment. Methods: Participants consisted of 126 breast and 82 prostate cancer survivors receiving active treatment. Participants completed self-administered, mail-in questionnaires that assessed demographic and medical variables, past exercise, and the theory of planned behavior. Results: For breast cancer survivors, the results revealed that attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control explained 66% of the variance in exercise intention with the instrumental component of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control making significant unique contributions to intention. For prostate cancer survivors, attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control explained 57% of the variance in exercise intention, with subjective norm and perceived behavioral control making significant unique contributions to intention. Conclusions: The results provide further support that the theory of planned behavior is a useful framework for understanding determinants of exercise intention in breast cancer survivors undergoing active treatment and preliminary support for prostate cancer survivors undergoing active treatment. When designing exercise interventions, differences in breast and prostate cancer survivors' exercise intention merit consideration.
An Argument for Black Feminist Criminology
Authors: Potter Hillary
Published: May 2006

This article draws on existing feminist theoretical concepts to develop a Black feminist criminology (BFC), using intimate partner abuse against African American women to examine this pioneering approach. BFC expands on feminist criminology and is grounded firmly in Black feminist theory and critical race feminist theory. BFC recognizes a significant connection between intimate partner abuse against women and structural, cultural, and familial influences. It is argued that BFC aids in a more precise explanation of how Black women experience and respond to intimate partner abuse and how the crime-processing system responds to battered Black women.
Semiquantitative and Quantitative Color Flow Mapping Methods
Authors: Chapman James V.
Published: May 2006

Conventional pulsed and continuous-wave Doppler applications have been in use since the mid-1970s. The first color flow mapping system was a color m-mode instrument developed by a Swiss engineer named Brandistini. Stevenson and coworkers utilized this system for cardiac sonographic examinations in the late 1970s, but in general, there was very little interest in the method until the early 1980s, when a 2D color flow mapping system became available. With this new technology and the interest it generated, the development in color flow mapping Doppler technology moved at a rapid pace.
Pediatric Hip Pain
Authors: Grummert Elizabeth , Michael Kim
Published: May 2006

Although there are many causes of an irritable hip in children, transient synovitis and septic arthritis are the two most common etiologies. Both present with inability or difficulty to bear weight on the affected leg, pain, stiffness, limp, and fluid within the synovium. Because of potential serious complications associated with septic arthritis, accurate and early differentiation between the two processes is important. The workup for pediatric hip pain includes a thorough history and physical examination, appropriate laboratory studies, pelvis/hip radiography, hip sonography, and possible arthrocentesis.
Satisfaction survey with DNA cards method to collect genetic samples for pharmacogenetics studies
Authors: Vidal-Taboada Jose M , Cucala Mercedes , Mas Herrero Sergio , Lafuente Amalia , Cobos Albert
Published: May 2006

Background

Pharmacogenetic studies are essential in understanding the interindividual variability of drug responses. DNA sample collection for genotyping is a critical step in genetic studies. A method using dried blood samples from finger-puncture, collected on DNA-cards, has been described as an alternative to the usual venepuncture technique. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the implementation of the DNA cards method in a multicentre clinical trial, and to assess the degree of investigators' satisfaction and the acceptance of the patients perceived by the investigators.

Methods

Blood samples were collected on DNA-cards. The quality and quantity of DNA recovered were analyzed. Investigators were questioned regarding their general interest, previous experience, safety issues, preferences and perceived patient satisfaction.

Results

151 patients' blood samples were collected. Genotyping of GST polymorphisms was achieved in all samples (100%). 28 investigators completed the survey. Investigators perceived patient satisfaction as very good (60.7%) or good (39.3%), without reluctance to finger puncture. Investigators preferred this method, which was considered safer and better than the usual methods. All investigators would recommend using it in future genetic studies.

Conclusion

Within the clinical trial setting, the DNA-cards method was very well accepted by investigators and patients (in perception of investigators), and was preferred to conventional methods due to its ease of use and safety.
Evidence of the exploitation of marine resource by the terrestrial insect Scapteriscus didactylus through stable isotope analyzes of its cuticle
Authors: Maros Alexandra , Louveaux Alain , Lelarge Caroline , Girondot Marc
Published: May 2006

Background

About 4 × 105 eggs in more than 5000 marine turtle nests are deposited every year on a 3.6 km long beach in French Guiana (South America). The dry biomass of eggs is estimated to be 5 × 103 kg, yet only 25% of this organic matter will return to the ocean in the form of hatchlings. Such amounts of organic matter are supposed to drive the functioning of the beach ecosystem. Previous studies have shown that egg predators and detritivorous organisms dominate the trophic relationships and the dynamics of the system. The role of a terrestrial insect Scapteriscus didactylus (Latreille), which damages up to 40% of the eggs of the marine turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), was unexpected. However it was impossible from direct observations to prove that the mole cricket consumed a significant amount of these eggs. Therefore, the precise place of the mole cricket in the nitrogen and carbon cycles of the beach ecosystem could not be determined. In order to answer this question, we looked for a marine signature of carbon and nitrogen source metabolized by the mole cricket.

Results

This study estimated the individual variability of δ13C and δ15N in the cuticle of Scapteriscus didactylus. The isotopic signature was compared between individuals collected at two sites: a village where mole crickets fed on human food scraps and the nearby Awala-Yalimapo beach, where food availability depends seasonally on the nesting sea turtles. The mole crickets collected near the habitations garbage showed no significant variations in the stable isotopic signature, within-and between age groups. On the contrary, isotopic values shifted from a signature of a terrestrial herbivorous diet in the mole crickets during early developmental stages, to isotopic values in adults in accordance with the exploitation of marine animal resources.

Conclusion

The heterogeneity of individual signatures during the year is due to a selective exploitation of the food sources, differing in space and time. Some individuals, from the beach sample consumed a sufficient quantity of turtle eggs to induce the increase of isotopic enrichment observed in the cuticle. Scapteriscus didactylus is an opportunist feeder and plays a role in the turn over of the beach organic matter.
A possible link between sinusitis and lower airway hypersensitivity: the role of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
Authors: Liu Tao , Wang Bin-Quan , Yang Ping-Chang
Published: May 2006

Background and aims

The prevalence of asthma has been keeping arising with unknown etiology. The cumulative evidence indicates that chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) closely relates to asthma, but the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to take insight into the role of Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) in a possible association between CRS and asthma.

Methods

38 patients with both CRS and asthma underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Serum specific IgE and cytokines, clinical symptoms of CRS and asthma were evaluated before and after the surgery. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were separated from the patients and cultured. Th2 response of the cultured PBMCs in the presence or absence of specific antigens and SEB was evaluated.

Results

Besides the improvement of CRS symptoms, amelioration of asthma was also observed in the patients with both CRS and asthma after the sinus surgery. The preoperatively elevated Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-5, normalized postoperatively. Th2 response was generated with separated PBMCs in the presence of specific antigens. SEB was required for maintaining Th2 response in these separated PBMCs.

Conclusion

The present results indicate that a possible link exists between CRS and lower airway hypersensitivity. Sinusitis derived SEB may play a role in sustaining Th2 responses in the low airway hypersensitivity related to sinusitis.
Characterization of Sensory Neuron Subpopulations Selectively Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein in Phosphodiesterase 1C BAC Transgenic Mice
Authors: Torsney Carole , Anderson Rebecca L , Ryce-Paul Kerry-Anne G , MacDermott Amy B
Published: May 2006

Background

The complex neuronal circuitry of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord is as yet poorly understood. However, defining the circuits underlying the transmission of information from primary afferents to higher levels is critical to our understanding of sensory processing. In this study, we have examined phosphodiesterase 1C ( Pde1c) BAC transgenic mice in which a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene reflects Pde1c expression in sensory neuron subpopulations in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord.

Results

Using double labeling immunofluorescence, we demonstrate GFP expression in specific subpopulations of primary sensory neurons and a distinct neuronal expression pattern within the spinal cord dorsal horn. In the dorsal root ganglia, their distribution is restricted to those subpopulations of primary sensory neurons that give rise to unmyelinated C fibers (neurofilament 200 negative). A small proportion of both non-peptidergic (IB4-binding) and peptidergic (CGRP immunoreactive) subclasses expressed GFP. However, GFP expression was more common in the non-peptidergic than the peptidergic subclass. GFP was also expressed in a subpopulation of the primary sensory neurons immunoreactive for the vanilloid receptor TRPV1 and the ATP-gated ion channel P2X3. In the spinal cord dorsal horn, GFP positive neurons were largely restricted to lamina I and to a lesser extent lamina II, but surprisingly did not coexpress markers for key neuronal populations present in the superficial dorsal horn.

Conclusion

The expression of GFP in subclasses of nociceptors and also in dorsal horn regions densely innervated by nociceptors suggests that Pde1c marks a unique subpopulation of nociceptive sensory neurons.
Lack of association between mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphisms and juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a Han population from the Hubei province of China
Authors: Kang Min , Wang Hong-Wei , Cheng Pei-Xuan , Yin Zun-Dong , Li Xiao-Ou , Shi Hong , Hu Xiu-Fen
Published: May 2006

Many studies have reported that polymorphisms of the mannose-binding lectin (MBL) gene are associated with autoimmune disease. Here, we investigate the relationship between MBL gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in a Han-nationality population from the Hubei province of China. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to investigate polymorphisms of codons 54 and 57 in exon 1 of the MBL gene in 93 patients with JIA and 48 control children. Neither group showed codon 57 polymorphisms. There was no significant difference in the genotypic frequencies of codon 54 between patients with JIA and healthy controls (wild type, 71.0% versus 75.0%, respectively; heterozygous type, 25.8% versus 25.0%, respectively; and homozygous type, 3.2% versus 0.0%, respectively). In addition, no association was found between the subgroups of patients with JIA and control individuals. Our results provide no evidence for a relationship between MBL gene mutation and susceptibility to JIA.
Disparities in Genetic Testing: Thinking Outside theBRCABox
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Olopade Olufunmilayo I.
Published: May 2006

The impact of predictive genetic testing on cancer care can be measured by the increased demand for and utilization of genetic services as well as in the progress made in reducing cancer risks in known mutation carriers. Nonetheless, differential access to and utilization of genetic counseling and cancer predisposition testing among underserved racial and ethnic minorities compared with the white population has led to growing health care disparities in clinical cancer genetics that are only beginning to be addressed. Furthermore, deficiencies in the utility of genetic testing in underserved populations as a result of limited testing experience and in the effectiveness of risk-reducing interventions compound access and knowledge-base disparities. The recent literature on racial/ethnic health care disparities is briefly reviewed, and is followed by a discussion of the current limitations of risk assessment and genetic testing outside of white populations. The importance of expanded testing in underserved populations is emphasized.