bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MAP kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) within extracellular vesicles inhibits tumour growth by promoting anti‐tumour immunity
Authors: Searles Stephen C. , Chen Wei‐Shan , Yee Jarrod D. , Lee Preston , Lee Calvin K. , Caron Christine , Mousovich‐Neto Felippe , Matei Irina , Lyden David , Bui Jack D.
Published: September 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication in many physiologic processes and can modulate immune responses in individuals with cancer. Most studies of EVs in cancer have focused on their tumour promoting properties. Whether and how EVs might mediate tumour regression besides carrying antigens has not been well characterized. Using a mouse model of highly immunogenic regressor versus poorly immunogenic progressor tumour cells, we have characterized the role of EVs in activating macrophages and promoting tumour rejection. We found that the signalling molecule MAP2K1 (MEK1) is enriched in EVs secreted by regressor relative to progressor cells. Progressor EVs engineered to have levels of MEK1 similar to regressor EVs could inhibit tumour growth by indirectly promoting adaptive immunity in both syngeneic and 3rd party tumours. This effect required MEK1 activity and could occur by activating macrophages to promote adaptive immune responses against the tumour via the cytokine interferon‐gamma. Our results suggest that MEK inhibition may be deleterious to cancer treatment, since MEK1 plays an important cell‐extrinsic, tumour‐suppressive role within EVs. Moreover, the delivery of MEK1 to tumour‐associated macrophages, either by EVs, nanoparticles, or some other means, could be a useful strategy to treat cancer via the activation of anti‐tumour immunity.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2‐α]Pyrazines From N‐Phenacyl Pyrrole‐2‐Carbonitriles and Aryl Boronic Acids
Authors: Park Hyejun , Shim Seunghwan , Jeon Hayoung , Lee Hwayoung , Lee Kiho , Lee Kyeong , Lee Jae Kyun , Jalani Hitesh B. , Choi Yongseok
Published: September 2024

Herein, we have developed palladium‐trifluoroacetate‐catalyzed carbo‐palladation reaction of pyrrole‐2‐carbonitriles and aryl boronic acids leading to functionally diverse pyrrolo[1,2‐α]pyrazines under thoroughly optimized reaction conditions. The reaction proceeded smoothly and allowed the diversity‐oriented synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2‐α]pyrazines with broad substrate scope with respect to pyrrole‐2‐carbonitriles and aryl boronic acids.
Benzenediazonium Tetrafluoroborate‐Catalyzed Formal [3 + 3] Cyclization of 4‐Hydroxycoumarins With Propargylicalcohols
Authors: Chen Rongxiang , Li Xingshuo , Xiao Jutuan , Zhu Mingli , Sun Aili , Wang Kai‐Kai
Published: September 2024

A formal [3 + 3] cycloaddition of 4‐hydroxycoumarins with propargylicalcohols was established under mild conditions. This strategy utilizes diazonium tetrafluoroborate as the Lewis acid catalyst and provides a practical approach for delivering pyranocoumarin derivatives in moderate to high yield. The structure of the cycloadduct was unequivocally confirmed by single‐crystal x‐ray diffraction. The potential synthetic applications of this strategy were also highlighted by the scale‐up experiment and further synthetic transformation.
Cost‐effectiveness of Micra™ VR leadless pacemaker in patients with bradycardia and atrial fibrillation in Australia
Authors: Makino Koji , Mudge Mia , Hill Michelle , Zaunmayr Chelsea , Tilden Dominic
Published: September 2024

Background

Micra™ VR Transcatheter Pacing System (Micra VR) is a single‐chamber transcatheter leadless pacemaker. Absence of leads and subcutaneous pocket reduces or completely eliminates the risk of complications associated with the conventional transvenous pacemakers (TVPM). When compared with TVPM, the leadless technology provides a quicker postimplantation recovery and causes less cosmetic concerns/discomfort providing better patient experiences in the long run. We performed a modeled cost‐utility analysis of Micra VR versus TVPM for the management of patients with bradycardia.

Methods

We developed a Markov model comparing Micra VR to TVPM over the device battery life of 17 years. Key data inputs were drawn from the MICRA Coverage with Evidence Development (CED) study. Costs were obtained from Australian sources. The analysis is from the perspective of the Australian healthcare system.

Results

The risks of complications, including device‐related events, in real‐world clinical practice were relatively low for TVPM. The magnitude of cost savings arising from risk reductions provided by Micra VR was however sizable, offsetting roughly a quarter of its additional device cost. Over the 17‐year model period, Micra VR was associated with an estimated incremental cost of A$4277 and an incremental quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) of 0.09 when compared with TVPM, yielding an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of A$47 379 per QALY gain.

Conclusions

Micra VR is likely to offer a cost‐effective alternative to the conventional TVPM technology for the management of patients with bradycardia.
PARIOplus—A reliable method for determining soil texture?
Authors: Leemhuis Svenja , Hüttner Florian , Göttlein Axel
Published: September 2024

The new PARIOplus soil texture measuring system, based on the integral suspension pressure method, a modification of the PARIOclassic, is a method in which the suspension pressure curve measured with a high‐precision sensor is adapted to the modelled Stokes' law of sedimentation by means of inverse modelling. In order to validate the method, soil samples were mixed from artificial material to cover the entire grain size triangle. The results were also compared with those of the burette. This study shows that PARIOplus provides reliable and comparable results with R2 > 0.99 in all texture classes.
Management and outcomes of histoplasmosis in youth with inflammatory bowel disease in an endemic area
Authors: Wright Jonathan C. , Ardura Monica I. , Dotson Jennifer L. , Boyle Brendan , Maltz Ross M. , Michel Hilary K.
Published: September 2024

Objective

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) prescribed immunosuppressive therapies including antitumor necrosis factor (aTNF) therapies are at increased risk of histoplasmosis. We aim to evaluate the presentation, management, and outcomes of youth with IBD and concurrent histoplasmosis.

Methods

Single center, retrospective review of youth with IBD diagnosed with histoplasmosis from January 12, 2007 to January 1, 2022. Management and outcomes were followed for up to 2 years after diagnosis.

Results

Nineteen patients (10 male, median age 16 years, range 8–22) with IBD were diagnosed with histoplasmosis: disseminated (N = 15/19; 79%), pulmonary (N = 3/19; 16%), lymph node (N = 1/19; 5%). At the time of histoplasmosis diagnosis, patients were predominantly receiving aTNF therapy (N = 17/19; 89%, median duration 21.9 months (interquartile range 8.5–52.0). Thirteen (13/19, 68%) patients required hospitalization and 2/19 (11%) required intensive care. All achieved antigen clearance with no recurrences. At the time of histoplasmosis diagnosis, aTNF was stopped in 15/17 (88%) patients and the following IBD therapies were initiated: 5‐aminosalicylates (N = 4/19; 21%), 6‐mercaptopurine (N = 3/19; 16%), enteral therapy (N = 2/19; 11%), and vedolizumab (N = 2/19; 11%); 6 of 19 (32%) received no IBD therapy and 2 of 19 (11%) patients continued aTNF. During follow‐up, 6 of 19 (32%) patients had an emergency department (ED) visit and/or hospitalization for symptoms attributed to active IBD, all of whom had discontinued aTNF; one patient required colectomy.

Conclusions

Severe histoplasmosis infection in youth with IBD was rare. IBD treatment was modified by reducing immunosuppression. Histoplasmosis outcomes were favorable, but multiple patients required hospitalization or ED visits for IBD symptoms. The optimal approach to managing IBD during histoplasmosis treatment is challenging and requires further study.
Highly efficient green‐emissive organic light emitting diodes based on multiple‐resonance boron‐nitrogen materials
Authors: Cao Xudong , Liang Xiao , Xu Kai , Li Chong , Zhang Zhaochao , Duan Lian
Published: September 2024

Green‐emission phosphor‐sensitized OLEDs were demonstrated to achieve extremely high performance. SY‐FGD8‐based sensitized top‐emission devices achieved current efficiency of 232.8 cd/A@10 mA/cm2, LT95@50 mA/cm2, room temperature of 71 h and LT80@20 mA/cm2, 85°C of 187 h, which are greatly improved by 28%, 29%, and 65%, respectively, compared to phosphorescent devices. Notably, SY‐FGD8 exhibited excellent compatibility with different host and phosphorescent sensitizers.
Advancing Lung Ultrasound: The Development and Application of the Anatomical M‐Mode Evaluation for Lung Swings (AMLES) Technique in Respiratory Assessment
Authors: Hao Lee Chiao
Published: September 2024

Exploring the frontiers of lung ultrasound, this document details a groundbreaking technique for lung function evaluation using anatomical M‐mode, also known as angle‐independent M‐mode. The method, termed AMLES (Anatomical M‐Mode Evaluation for Lung Swings), quantifies the displacement of the lung curtain observed at the bilateral costophrenic recesses. This approach translates lung curtain movements into graphical data, offering insights into respiratory mechanics and enhancing the assessment of lung ventilation in emergency settings.
Characteristics and Drivers of Soil Ecological Stoichiometry in Saline–Alkali Areas of Western Jilin Province, Northeast China
Authors: Li Yuefen , Zhong Jingfa , Chang Lei
Published: September 2024

Soil ecological stoichiometry (SES) provides an important approach in exploring chemical element balance relationships and ecosystem structure and function, but the characterization, significance, and drivers of SES in saline–alkali areas have not been well studied. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were measured and their SES ratios were calculated from 155 soil samples collected at a depth of 20 cm in the saline–alkali soil zone of western Jilin Province, China. The results showed that SOC, TN, and TP contents and SES ratios (52:4:3) were lower in this region than in terrestrial ecosystems both in China as a whole and globally. The distribution of SOC, TN, and TP in saline–alkali soil varied significantly across land use types, with high concentrations mainly in woodland, grassland, and cropland. SOC, TN, and TP were tightly coupled, with significant positive correlations (p < 0.01), and C:N was significantly negatively correlated (p < 0.01) with the other SES ratios, indicating that saline–alkali soils are susceptible to carbon and nitrogen limitation. The distribution patterns of SOC, TN, TP, and their eco‐chemometrics on the environmental gradient were variable, mainly in the form of significant decreases with increasing mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, and elevation. Cropland was most affected by environmental factors, and all SES except TP were affected by environmental factors. Soil nutrient (44.9%) and soil texture (9.8%) contributed the most to explaining SES in the saline–alkali soil zone, while climate (1.6%) and vegetation (0.4%) contributed the least to the explanation. All land use types were most explained by AN, except for woodland SES, which was most explained by AP. Elevation (17.4%) possessed a high degree of explanation for SES on underutilized land, except for the soil itself. Grassland is the land category most affected by climatic factors (12.7%). By applying biochar, nitrogen fertilizer, and planting saline‐tolerant crops such as Leymus chinensis, the soil structure can be effectively improved and the content of carbon and nitrogen in the soil can be increased, which has a positive effect on the improvement of saline–alkali soil. The results of the study provide information that can be used to help saline–alkali areas cope with environmental and climate change and restore degraded ecosystems.
Controlling Soil Erosion of Tailings From Rare Earth Mines With Paspalum wettsteinii and Soil Amendments
Authors: He Yanzi , Tian Zhiyuan , Gu Zhujun , Wu Bingxiao , Liang Yin
Published: September 2024

Rare earth elements are crucial for applications in aerospace, electronics, petrochemicals, and metallurgical industries. However, as rare earth mining expands, their tailings accumulate, leading to severe soil erosion and threatening of the local ecology. This study aimed to investigate the impact of planting Paspalum wettsteinii and soil amendments, including superabsorbent polymers (SAPs), organics, minerals, and urea, in controlling soil erosion. Six treatments, each with four replicates, were implemented on micro‐runoff plots on rare earth tailings: (1) bare slopes, (2) bare slopes repaired with composite soil amendments, (3) grass slopes, (4) grass slopes repaired with SAPs, and grass slopes repaired with (5) low or (6) high amounts of composites. Over 11 months, natural rainfall patterns, vegetation coverage, runoff yield, and sediment yield were monitored on the tailings' slope. Initially, plant growth was slow on bare slopes (56% vegetation coverage at 130 days), but it significantly improved with soil amendments (74% vegetation coverage on grass slopes repaired with SAPs and 97% vegetation coverage on grass slopes repaired with composites at 52 days). Adding composites onto bare slopes marginally reduced runoff and sediment yields by 3% and 16%, respectively. Vegetation, especially when combined with composites, significantly reduced runoff by 77% and sediment by 96%, while supplementing planting with SAPs decreased runoff by 41% and sediment by 88%. Planting without any amendments resulted in lower reductions of 26% in runoff and 81% in sediment. The results of the structural equation model showed that SAPs and fertilizers indirectly reduce sediment yield by increasing vegetation cover, with fertilizers also exercising a positive direct effect on sediment regulation. Our findings highlight how SAPs coupled with organic and inorganic fertilizers promote plant growth and erosion control, as applying these composites alone is less effective in controlling erosion on bare slopes. These results have promising implications for the ecological restoration of rare earth tailings.
Suppressing Ion Migration in MAPbI3 Polycrystalline Wafer with BMIMBF4 Ionic Liquid for X‐ray Detection and Imaging
Authors: Liu Dan , Wang Hongbing , Liao Feiyi , Di Haipeng , Li Haibin , Zhao Jianwei , Zhao Xiaochong , Song Jiangfeng , Lei Lin , Chen Changan
Published: September 2024

3D lead‐halide perovskite wafers, recognized for their superior photoelectronic properties and robust fabrication, are promising candidates for advanced X‐ray detectors. However, severe ion migration in 3D perovskite wafers leads to dark current baseline drift and long‐term operational instability, hindering their further development. Herein, 3D MAPbI3 polycrystalline wafers with suppressed ion migration are prepared using the ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4) and systematically investigated for X‐ray detection. The BMIMBF4‐passivated MAPbI3 wafers exhibit a low defect trap density (ntrap) of 9.45 × 109 cm−3, a high ion activation energy (Ea) of 0.51 eV, a notable iodide ion migration energy barrier of 0.65 eV, and a decreased dark current drift (Idrift) of 3.56 × 10−4 nA cm−1 s−1 V−1. The optimized MAPbI3 wafer‐based detectors exhibit a high sensitivity of 12088.8 µC Gyair−1 cm−2, a low detection limit (LoD) of 107.8 nGyair s−1, and strong operational stability in X‐ray detection. Moreover, these detectors demonstrate outstanding X‐ray imaging capabilities, achieving a high spatial resolution of 5.17 lp mm−1. Consequently, the utilization of ionic liquids with pseudo‐halide anions and polarized electron density distribution provides an innovative strategy for passivating 3D perovskite, advancing the field of powder‐pressed perovskite wafer X‐ray detection.
High‐Speed Hemodynamic Imaging with Low‐Fluence Photoacoustic Microscopy and Self‐Supervised Single Volume Denoising
Authors: Zhong Fenghe , Huang Xin , Sun Minglu , Li Dongyu , Fei Peng
Published: September 2024

Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) enables label‐free imaging of the 3D vasculature and functional information with 2D lateral scan. The unique capacity in probing metabolism makes it ideal for animal research and clinical application. However, the high‐excitation power impedes the high‐speed monitoring of hemodynamics due to thermal accumulation and photon damage. To address this challenge, a self‐supervised photoacoustic single volume denoising (PSVD) approach, which combines 3D random sampling and noise augmentation to achieve 6 dB signal‐to‐noise‐ratio and contrast‐to‐noise‐ratio increases for the customized optical‐resolution photoacoustic microscope, is developed. Using PSVD, high‐quality PAM images of the mouse ear are acquired with only 10% fluence of normal excitation. Functional imaging is validated with this PSVD‐empowered low‐fluence PAM. Accurate oxygen saturation maps and high‐contrast flow kymographs are obtained. Moreover, the capability of this approach in the live mouse ear under hypercapnia is demonstrated. Further transformation into clinical imaging with low fluence will broaden the application of PAM.
SYT7 as a Potential Prognostic Marker Promotes the Metastasis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cells by Activating the STAT3 Pathway
Authors: Li Yinguang , Shao Fengping , Huang Ying , Yin Qian , Liu Jun , Zhao Yunhe , Yuan Linjing
Published: September 2024

The study aimed to investigate the impact of synaptotagmin 7 (SYT7) on the metastasis of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and its potential mechanisms. This was achieved through the analysis of SYT7 expression levels and clinical relevance in EOC using bioinformatics analysis from TCGA. Additionally, the study examined the influence of SYT7 on the migration and invasion of EOC cells, as well as explored its molecular mechanisms using in vitro EOC cell lines and in vivo mouse xenograft models. Our research revealed that human EOC tissues exhibit significantly elevated levels of SYT7 compared to normal ovarian tissues, and that SYT7 expression is inversely correlated with overall survival. Suppression of SYT7 effectively impeded the migratory and invasive capabilities of CAOV3 cells, whereas overexpression of SYT7 notably accelerated tumor progression in A2780 cells. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that SYT7 upregulates p‐STAT3 and MMP2 in EOC cells. Importantly, treatment with the STAT3 inhibitor niclosamide effectively counteracted the oncogenic effects of SYT7 in EOC. The inhibition of SYT7 was found to significantly reduce in vivo tumor metastasis in a nude mouse xenograft model. Our findings suggest that the upregulation of SYT7 in EOC is associated with a negative prognosis, as it enhances tumor migration and invasion by activating the STAT3 signaling pathway. Thus, SYT7 might be utilized as a EOC prognostic marker and treatment target.
Dosimetric calibration of anatomy‐specific ultra‐high dose rate electron irradiation platform for preclinical FLASH radiobiology experiments
Authors: Wang Jinghui , Melemenidis Stavros , Manjappa Rakesh , Viswanathan Vignesh , Ashraf Ramish M. , Levy Karen , Skinner Lawrie B. , Soto Luis A. , Chow Stephanie , Lau Brianna , Ko Ryan B. , Graves Edward E. , Yu Amy S. , Bush Karl K. , Surucu Murat , Rankin Erinn B. , Loo Billy W. , Schüler Emil , Maxim Peter G.
Published: September 2024

Background

FLASH radiation therapy (RT) offers a promising avenue for the broadening of the therapeutic index. However, to leverage the full potential of FLASH in the clinical setting, an improved understanding of the biological principles involved is critical. This requires the availability of specialized equipment optimized for the delivery of conventional (CONV) and ultra‐high dose rate (UHDR) irradiation for preclinical studies. One method to conduct such preclinical radiobiological research involves adapting a clinical linear accelerator configured to deliver both CONV and UHDR irradiation.

Purpose

We characterized the dosimetric properties of a clinical linear accelerator configured to deliver ultra‐high dose rate irradiation to two anatomic sites in mice and for cell‐culture FLASH radiobiology experiments.

Methods

Delivered doses of UHDR electron beams were controlled by a microcontroller and relay interfaced with the respiratory gating system. We also produced beam collimators with indexed stereotactic mouse positioning devices to provide anatomically specific preclinical treatments. Treatment delivery was monitored directly with an ionization chamber, and charge measurements were correlated with radiochromic film measurements at the entry surface of the mice. The setup for conventional dose rate irradiation utilized the same collimation system but at increased source‐to‐surface distance. Monte Carlo simulations and film dosimetry were used to characterize beam properties and dose distributions.

Results

The mean electron beam energies before the flattening filter were 18.8 MeV (UHDR) and 17.7 MeV (CONV), with corresponding values at the mouse surface of 17.2 and 16.2 MeV. The charges measured with an external ion chamber were linearly correlated with the mouse entrance dose. The use of relay gating for pulse control initially led to a delivery failure rate of 20% (± 1 pulse); adjustments to account for the linac latency improved this rate to < 1/20. Beam field sizes for two anatomically specific mouse collimators (4 × 4 cm2 for whole‐abdomen and 1.5 × 1.5 cm2 for unilateral lung irradiation) were accurate within < 5% and had low radiation leakage (< 4%). Normalizing the dose at the center of the mouse (∼0.75 cm depth) produced UHDR and CONV doses to the irradiated volumes with > 95% agreement.

Conclusion

We successfully configured a clinical linear accelerator for increased output and developed a robust preclinical platform for anatomically specific irradiation, with highly accurate and precise temporal and spatial dose delivery, for both CONV and UHDR irradiation applications.
Conducting mixed methods research with women in a forensic mental health setting: A reflexive account from a nurse as researcher
Authors: Hansen Alison , Hazelton Michael , Rosina Robyn , Inder Kerry J.
Published: September 2024

Aims

To describe a reflexive account of a mental health nurse as researcher undertaking a mixed methods study as part of a doctoral degree, with women in a secure forensic hospital.

Design

A discursive paper that draws upon the primary author's experience of dual roles as a mental health nurse and a novice researcher, and relevant literature pertaining to positionality and reflexivity in the context of conducting mixed methods research.

Methods

A mixed methods study was conducted within a secure forensic hospital in Australia, to identify factors associated with the frequency and duration of seclusion for women and, to explore their experiences of seclusion. Notes and a reflective diary were used to demonstrate the reflexive approach and strategies used throughout the study design and data collection stages of the research.

Results

Women in the secure forensic hospital setting often have complex histories and experiences and are considered a vulnerable group, which can add additional challenges when undertaking research with this population. As a doctoral student with clinical experience in mental health undertaking research in the forensic hospital setting with women, positionality and the connection with reflexivity requires exploration to understand self and the influence on research. This understanding along with identified strategies to enhance reflexivity, supports the management of the dual nurse as researcher roles to enhance all stages of the research process.

Conclusion

Doctoral nursing candidates undertaking clinical research in their area of clinical practice and at the location of previous employment, may experience challenges in relation to identity and the dichotomy of roles. Further challenges can be posed when research involves complex populations and/or controversial practices. Support to balance role conflict and maintain reflexivity is critical to understanding the role of self in research and to enhance credibility.

Implications for the Profession and/or Clinical Practice

Women are a complex, yet minority population in forensic mental health settings, however the numbers of women being admitted to services is increasing. Future research may consider the use of the strategies explored here to enhance the reflexive process, and support future researchers in this field to conduct research that aims to support an often‐misheard population to better support health outcomes.

Patient or Public Involvement

There was no patient or public contribution to this paper, however the study in which this paper is based on, is grounded in the experience of patients (women).
Help‐seeking behavior of male victims of intimate partner violence in Japan
Authors: Morishita Junko , Yasuda Manabu , Suda Shiro
Published: September 2024

Aim

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is becoming a serious public health issue worldwide. This study sought to analyze factors affecting the help‐seeking behavior of male victims of IPV using a web survey.

Methods

Male IPV victims living in Japan were recruited to participate in a web‐based questionnaire survey conducted on February 25 and 26, 2021. A total of 1466 men were divided into two groups: Group 1 (43 men) consisted of victims who sought help and Group 2 consisted of victims (1423 men) who had not sought help. The Domestic Violence Screening Inventory, a 20‐item questionnaire regarding IPV exposure, and the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 were used, along with the questions regarding help‐seeking behaviors for Group 1.

Results

Of the 43 victims, 28 victims (65.1%) used exclusively informal supports, eight victims (18.6%) used exclusively formal supports, and seven victims (16.3%) used both. Logistic regression analyses revealed that only physical violence was significantly associated with help‐seeking behaviors among types of abuse/violence (odds ratio [OR] = 4.51, confidence interval [CI] = 1.95–10.50, P < .001). Of past experiences, “foregoing divorce to avoid adverse childhood experiences in their offspring” (OR = 3.14, CI = 1.45–6.82, P = .003) was the most significantly associated with help‐seeking behaviors.

Conclusion

In Japan, male IPV victims tend to seek help following physical violence, but males are less are likely to seek help for nonphysical victimization, highlighting the need for targeted support for victims of nonphysical abuse. To provide comprehensive aid to male IPV victims, consultation centers designed for men will be needed.
Metabolome fingerprinting reveals the presence of multiple nitrification inhibitors in biomass and root exudates of Thinopyrum intermedium
Authors: Issifu Sulemana , Acharya Prashamsha , Schöne Jochen , Kaur‐Bhambra Jasmeet , Gubry‐Rangin Cecile , Rasche Frank
Published: September 2024

Biological Nitrification Inhibition (BNI) encompasses primarily NH4+‐induced release of secondary metabolites to impede the rhizospheric nitrifying microbes from performing nitrification. The intermediate wheatgrass Thinopyrum intermedium (Kernza®) is known for exuding several nitrification inhibition traits, but its BNI potential has not yet been identified. We hypothesized Kernza® to evince BNI potential through the presence and release of multiple BNI metabolites. The presence of BNI metabolites in the biomass of Kernza® and annual winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and in the root exudates of hydroponically grown Kernza®, were fingerprinted using HPLC‐DAD and GC–MS/MS analyses. Growth bioassays involving ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) strains were conducted to assess the influence of the crude root metabolome of Kernza® and selected metabolites on nitrification. In most instances, significant concentrations of various metabolites with BNI potential were observed in the leaf and root biomass of Kernza® compared to annual winter wheat. Furthermore, NH4+ nutrition triggered the exudation of various phenolic BNI metabolites. Crude root exudates of Kernza® inhibited multiple AOB strains and completely inhibited N. viennensis. Vanillic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin, and phenylalanine suppressed the growth of all AOB and AOA strains tested, and reduced soil nitrification, while syringic acid and 2,6‐dihydroxybenzoic acid were ineffective. We demonstrated the considerable role of the Kernza® metabolome in suppressing nitrification through active exudation of multiple nitrification inhibitors.
Braided Scalar Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Bogdanović Djordje , Ćirić Marija Dimitrijević , Radovanović Voja , Szabo Richard J. , Trojani Guillaume
Published: September 2024

We formulate scalar field theories in a curved braided ‐algebra formalism and analyse their correlation functions using Batalin–Vilkovisky quantization. We perform detailed calculations in cubic braided scalar field theory up to two‐loop order and three‐point multiplicity. The divergent tadpole contributions are eliminated by a suitable choice of central curvature for the ‐structure, and we confirm the absence of UV/IR mixing. The calculations of higher loop and higher multiplicity correlators in homological perturbation theory are facilitated by the introduction of a novel diagrammatic calculus. We derive an algebraic version of the Schwinger–Dyson equations based on the homological perturbation lemma, and use them to prove the braided Wick theorem.
Manipulation of juvenile hormone signaling by the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora mediates fecundity enhancement of pear psylla
Authors: Zhang Zhixian , Liu Zhenya , Yuan Yulin , Zhang Wangbin , Zhang Songdou
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

In nature, plant pathogens often rely on insect vectors for transmission. Through long‐term evolution, plant pathogens and insect vectors have established a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship. Fire blight, caused by the Gram‐negative bacterium Erwinia amylovora (Eam), poses a significant global threat to apple and pear production due to its rapid dissemination among host plants of the Rosaceae family. Despite evidence of E. amylovora transmission by various insects, the association between this pathogen and the pear psylla Cacopsylla chinensis, a common vector insect in pear orchards, remains unclear.

RESULTS

Sampling investigations and qRT‐PCR results revealed that C. chinensis, from 11 pear orchards severely affected by fire blight disease in Xinjiang of China, harbored varying levels of this pathogen. Eam‐positive females exhibited significantly higher fecundity compared to Eam‐negative individuals, displaying accelerated ovarian development and a notable increase in egg production. Further RNAi results revealed that juvenile hormone (JH) receptor methoprene‐tolerant (CcMet) and a crucial downstream gene Krüppel‐homologue 1 (CcKr‐h1) mediated the fecundity improvement of C. chinensis induced by Eam. Additionally, miR‐2b, which targets CcKr‐h1, was identified as being involved in Eam‐induced fecundity enhancement in C. chinensis.

CONCLUSION

This study unveils, for the first time, that Eam colonize and amplify the fecundity of C. chinensis females. Host miR‐2b targets CcKr‐h1 of the JH signaling pathway to regulate the heightened fecundity of C. chinensis induced by Eam. These findings not only broaden our understanding of the interaction between plant pathogens and insect vectors, but also provide novel strategies for managing fire blight and pear psylla. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Life table analysis and RNA‐Seq reveal hormesis and transgenerational effects of deltamethrin on Aphis gossypii
Authors: Huangfu Ningbo , Shang Jiao , Guo Lixiang , Zhu Xiangzhen , Zhang Kaixin , Niu Ruichang , Li Dongyang , Gao Xueke , Wang Li , Ji Jichao , Luo Junyu , Cui Jinjie
Published: September 2024

Background

Deltamethrin, as a highly effective and broad‐spectrum insecticide, has been widely used for agricultural pest control such as Aphis gossypii worldwide. Increasing evidence has shown that despite great economic benefits brought by it, deltamethrin has also non‐negligible side effects. However, the potential risks and related molecular mechanisms remain largely unclear.

Results

Herein, the life table parameters and transcriptome sequencing analyses of the four successive aphid generations were performed to investigate the hormesis and transgenerational effects of deltamethrin on A. gossypii. The life table analysis showed that although the exposure of G0 aphid to 30% lethal concentration (LC30) deltamethrin significantly reduced the net reproduction rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and fecundity of G0, but it significantly enhanced the R0 and fecundity of subsequent two generations (G1 and G2) of A. gossypii. Moreover, transcriptomic analyses showed that the signaling pathways related to posttranscriptional regulation (spliceosome), protein processing, longevity regulating, and cell proliferation (DNA replication, homologous recombination and non‐homologous end‐joining) were significantly up‐regulated in G1 or G2 under LC30 deltamethrin treatment. Additionally, we also found that the deltamethrin–sulfoxaflor rotation of G0 and G1 still induced reproductive stimulation, but the reproductive stimulation induced by insecticides rotation treatment was significantly lower than that in the deltamethrin exposure alone.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that sublethal concentrations of deltamethrin significantly enhanced the offspring fecundity of cotton aphid. In addition, our study also reveals the transcriptional response mechanism of hormesis‐induced fecundity increase, providing valuable reference for optimizing the application of deltamethrin in integrated pest management. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Evaluating small area differential privacy life expectancy
Authors: Melix Bertram L. , Uejio Christopher K.
Published: September 2024

The decennial census offers high‐quality geographic and demographic information to various stakeholders. Differential privacy (DP) refers to the process of introducing random error into public facing data products such as the decennial census. Studies suggest DP may statistically bias health indicators. This study evaluates neighborhood‐level (census tract) life expectancy (LE), highlighting the potential trade‐offs between privacy‐preserving methods and detecting health disparities in vulnerable populations. LE was calculated using mortality records from Florida between 2009 and 2013 across 4175 census tracts. This study compared US Census Bureau demonstration products with/without DP for two different uncertainty levels (ϵ) = 4, (ϵ) = 29.2. LE estimates were defined as biased (greater than 3 years), and then temporarily replaced with a value to indicate a biased/missing LE value (e.g., ‘1′). Correlation coefficients compared LE calculated from the original (non‐DP) age‐specific population estimates and the DP age‐specific population counts. Next, the study examined the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the biased DP LE estimates. Factors significantly correlated with increased log‐odds of biased LE estimates included the % Black population (1.03, p < 0.001). Conversely, total population (0.21, p < 0.001), % female‐headed households (0.86, p < 0.001), and % population 25+ years with no high school diploma (0.94, p < 0.001) exhibited significant negative associations with biased LE estimates. Future studies should consider the additional uncertainty created by DP when assessing public health interventions and tracking population health over time.
Multimodal, microspectroscopic speciation of legacy phosphorus in two US mid‐Atlantic agricultural soils
Authors: Szerlag Kathryn D. , Siebecker Matthew G. , Izaditame Fatemeh , Northrup Paul , Tappero Ryan , Sparks Donald L.
Published: September 2024

To understand phosphorus (P) mobility in agricultural soils and its potential environmental risk, it is essential to directly measure solid phase P speciation. Often, bulk P K‐edge X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy followed by linear combination fitting (LCF) is utilized to determine the solid P phases in soil. However, this method may limit results to only a few major phases. Additionally, XANES spectra for different P species may have very similar features, leading to an over‐ or underestimate of their contribution to LCF. Here, an improved P speciation by pairing multimodal microbeam‐X‐ray fluorescence (µ‐XRF) mapping coupled with µ‐XANES (microbeam‐X‐ray absorption near edge structure) analysis to directly speciate major and minor P phases on the micron scale is provided. We combined maps of both tender (P, sulfur, aluminum, and silicon) and hard energy (calcium, iron [Fe], and manganese) elements to evaluate the elemental co‐locations with P. To better account for uncertainty assigning XANES peaks to individual compounds, a more quantitative fingerprinting by “spectral feature analysis” was completed. With this analysis, an R‐factor is reported for the fit. These results were compared to traditional LCF. Pre‐edge fitting results revealed the presence of a two‐component pre‐edge feature for phosphate adsorbed to ferrihydrite. Additionally, phytate co‐precipitated with ferrihydrite (Phytate‐Fe‐Cop) had a pre‐edge feature, indicating direct association with Fe. Lastly, a unique P species associated with manganese oxide was identified in the soil via multimodal mapping and µ‐XANES. These results allow for better prediction of P dissolution and mobility.
Secondary Ion Emissions of Tm and Tb Targets Under Bombardment With Cluster Ions
Authors: Kakhamonova Guliston , Akhunov Shovkatjon Dj. , Nazarov Makhmanazar M. , Mavlonov Ramazon R. , Usmanov Dilshadbek T.
Published: September 2024

In this work, the features of secondary emission phenomena were investigated under cluster bombardment. The emission of ion‐photons, secondary ions, and electrons associated with the thermal peak regime were experimentally carried out. The experiments were conducted using modernized a static magnetic mass spectrometer. The integral yield of secondary ion and electron emission was measured by bombarding Tb and Tm targets with cluster ions Aum− (m = 1–9) and Bim− (m = 1–7) within the energy range of 1–21 keV for the bombarding ions. Additionally, the integral yield of ion‐photon emission was measured by bombarding a Tm target with cluster ions Bim− (m = 1–5) within the same energy range. The experimental results showed that an increase in the yield of ion‐photon emission, secondary ion, and ion‐electron emission was observed with an increase in the number of atoms bombarded by cluster ions. This can be explained the formation of thermal peaks under dense collision cascades.
Development of pH‐Sensitive Microbeads Incorporated with Amine‐Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Enhanced Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Rathnam Sepuri Ranga , Reddy Obireddy Sreekanth , Aravind Seema , Lai Wing‐Fu , Patwari Shivaji B.
Published: September 2024

Antibiotic‐resistant bacteria have rapidly emerged in recent years as a result of irrational use of antibiotics. The development of drug carriers that can enhance antibacterial activity of antibiotics can potentially overcome antibiotic resistance and hence has practical significance. This study addresses this need by integrating amine‐functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (AMNPs) into hydrogel microbeads composed of sodium alginate (SA) and xanthan gum (XG) for delivery of levofloxacin (LVX). Characterization of the microbeads confirmed successful AMNP–polymer interactions and demonstrated a porous structure inside the microbeads. The microbeads demonstrated pH‐sensitive drug release behavior, enabling prolonged drug release. The drug encapsulation efficiency in the hydrogel microbeads was higher after AMNP incorporation, indicating the potential roles played by the porous network and by AMNP‐LVX interactions during drug loading. The microbeads adhered to first‐order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer‐Peppas kinetic models, suggesting that a combination of diffusion and polymer relaxation mechanisms is involved in drug release. Along with the fact that the AMNP‐incorporated microbeads exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity against various bacterial strains, our microbeads warrant further development and optimization as drug carriers for antibacterial applications.
Development and Characterization of Tannic Acid‐Modified PVA‐κCarrageenan Gel for Sustained Release of Lidocaine
Authors: Marlina Anita , Misran Misni , Ndruru Sun Theo Constan Lotebulo , Saad Hazwani Mat , Sim Kae Shin
Published: September 2024

PVA‐κcarrageenan (κCar) gel is widely used in the pharmaceutical field for transdermal drug delivery, enhancing drug stability and bioavailability. This study aims to modify PVA‐κCar gel by introducing tannic acid. Lidocaine was used as a model drug for incorporation into the novel gel. The PVA‐κCar matrix was mixed with tannic acid prior to freeze– thaw cycle to create a gel composite. The physicochemical features of this gel were evaluated using FTIR, XRD, thermal analysis, and SEM. The presence of tannic acid has reduced the thermal stability of PVA‐κCar from 84 to around 70 °C. The gel content of tannic acid‐modified PVA‐κCar was 34.6% (A) and 52.1% (B). The addition of tannic acid substantially increased gel viscosity. Cytotoxicity analysis showed that tannic acid‐modified PVA‐κCar gel did not affect the viability of HCT colon cancer cells. The encapsulation efficiency of lidocaine in tannic acid‐modified PVA‐κCar was 13 ± 0.2% (A) and 12 ± 0.5% (B), while the drug loading was 0.96 ± 0.01 (A) and 0.91 ± 0.02 (B). In vitro release of lidocaine from the modified PVA‐κCar exhibited a sustained release mechanism in phosphate‐buffered saline solution. These findings indicate that the gel possesses advantageous characteristics as a drug carrier.
Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, Antibacterial Activity, Reactivity Parameters, and Molecular Docking Studies of Some Pyridazine Derivatives
Authors: Daoui Said , Parlak Cemal , Direkel Şahin , Ramasami Ponnadurai , Abuelizz Hatem A. , Oulmidi Afaf , Benchat Noureddine , Karrouchi Khalid
Published: September 2024

Three novel 4‐aryl‐2‐(2‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐2‐oxoethyl)‐6‐phenylpyridazin‐3(2H)‐one derivatives were synthesized, and their chemical structures were established based on 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, ESI‐HRMS, and FT‐IR spectral data. Their in vitro antibacterial activities were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] (Gram‐positive isolate), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium (Gram‐negative isolates), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii (Gram‐negative nonfermenter isolates), and the results were compared with the standard drug “Amikacin”. The results showed that one of the compounds has good antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa (MIC = 11.57 µM) and E. coli (MIC = 23.14 µM). In order to gain molecular insights into the compounds, their reactivity properties were studied using density functional theory (DFT), and molecular docking was carried out for the compounds with E. coli MurB protein receptors (2Q85).
Defect‐Rich Porous Carbon Derived from Sodium Alginate and Its Efficient Dye Removal Performances
Authors: Zhou Jie , Liu Yonghong , Wu Yuanyuan , Li Na , Ren Xiaorong , Chen Jinyang , Li Junpei , Feng Ruokun , Yang Zhen , Wang Baoyi , Cao Xingzhong , Yu Runsheng , Zeng Minfeng
Published: September 2024

In this study, we reported a defect‐rich porous carbon (SAC) derived from sodium alginate (SA) via combined processes of high‐temperature carbonization at N2 atmosphere, NaCl hard template, and HCl etching for high‐performance absorbents. Besides the meso/macro‐porous structure characterization performed with usual morphological and structural analysis methods, sub‐nanolevel atomic microdefects of the derived SAC were investigated by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) for the first time. All the samples displayed hierarchical pore structure, including numerous 3D‐interconnected macroporous (0.5‐2 µm), abundant mesopores (3‐5 nm), and rich intrinsic microdefects (mean size of 0.304 nm). The specific surface area and pore volume of the optimized SAC sample were 1191.3 m2·g−1 and 0.69 cm3·g−1, respectively. It was confirmed that the adsorption process of the derived SAC to the dye molecules mainly occurred through a chemical and monolayer adsorption mechanism. The SAC sample showed high efficiency in dye removal, with superior removal capacitance of 230.5 mg·g−1 for anionic dye of methyl orange (MO) and 1655.1 mg·g−1 for cationic dye of Rhodamine B (RhB) at pH = 7, respectively, which were about two times of that of commercial AC for the presence of more active sites of the derived SAC. This study also exhibited that the derived defect‐rich porous carbons from natural‐polymers of SA can be considered as an effective adsorbent to remove MO and RhB dyes from industrially polluted water at neutral pH conditions.
Investigation of Cuckoo‐Pint's (Arum maculatum) Phytochemistry, In Vitro Antioxidant Potential, Enzyme Inhibition, and Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Aslan Kübra , Kelle Kader , Yilmaz Mustafa Abdullah , Erden Kopar Emre , Gulcin Ilhami
Published: September 2024

Arum maculatum, cuckoo‐pint in folk linguistics, is a poisonous but medicinal plant with tremendous properties that need investigation. This study subjected cuckoo‐pint's parts to in vitro antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to investigate its biological activity. Further, phytochemistry was analyzed by both LC–MS/MS and total phenol, flavonoid, saponin, and reducing sugar content determination assays. Antioxidant activities were determined by Fe3+, Cu2+, Fe3+‐TPTZ metal‐reducing ability, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2ʹ‐azino‐bis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. According to the results, seeds and berries have remarkable metal‐reducing and radical‐scavenging effects as natural and synthetic analogs such as ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, trolox, and α‐tocopherol. Inhibition studies over human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and α‐amylase were performed, and IC50 values were determined for each enzyme inhibition. According to the results, the cuckoo‐pint seeds inhibited the AChE, BChE, and hCA II activity with greater IC50 values than reference inhibitors. Antimicrobial activity over pan‐resistant strains was achieved for each strain with the extracts, at least 20 mm zone diameter was obtained with the lowest concentrations. LC–MS/MS results revealed 24 bioactive metabolites associated with the extracts’ biological activity. Notably, quinic acid and epicatechin correlated with cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activity.
Excellent Electrochemical Performance of Air Plasma‐Treated CoMn2O4 Electrode for Supercapacitors
Authors: K. C. Sowmiya , K. A. Vijayalakshmi
Published: September 2024

Cobalt manganese oxide (CoMn2O4) material production and characterization are presented in this work in preparation for their possible application in supercapacitors. The synthesis process used is a top‐down solid‐state strategy that is both economical and environmentally benign. After 500 °C post‐calcination, phase purity is verified by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. In the CoMn2O4, significant metal oxide vibrational modes are shown by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize structure, through elemental color mapping, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), researchers analyze morphological characteristics. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) experiments distinctly demonstrate that plasma treatment enhances the material properties including intensity, bending vibrations, morphology, and capacitance. After being exposed to air plasma, the resultant CoMn2O4 shows a notable capacitance of 961 F/g at 0.5 mA/g in a 2 M KOH electrolyte. These findings together suggest that CoMn2O4 has potential as an electrode material for supercapacitor research.