bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serviços clássicos na restauração comercial: proposta de padronização e esclarecimentos para futuras pesquisas
Authors: Krause Rodolfo Wendhausen , Bahls Álvaro Augusto Dealcides Silveira Moutinho
Published: August 2016

Esse estudo tem como objetivo principal sintetizar os conhecimentos científicos do referencial teórico com os conhecimentos empíricos dos autores desse presente artigo sobre os quatro principais tipos/estilos de serviços individuais em estabelecimentos gastronômicos de serviço completo. Além disso busca-se, como objetivos secundários, simplificar e padronizar os tipos de serviços clássicos em restauração. Esses objetivos foram cumpridos através de uma abordagem metodológica positivista. Teve como técnicas de pesquisa uma análise comparativa e síntese do estado da arte sobre a tipologia de serviços clássica com os conhecimentos empíricos dos autores. Posteriormente, foi feita a validação da proposta de padronização por parte de um painel de avaliadores. Chegou-se a simplificação dos serviços em três categorias básicas: o serviço à francesa, à inglesa direto e serviço empratado. Entende-se que, por tratar-se de um estudo exploratório, a referida proposta é o inicia da pesquisa cientifica sobre o tema, tendo de ser averiguada com maior profundidade em estudos posteriores. O campo de pesquisa referente ao mise en place mostra-se, consequentemente, o que mais carece de pesquisas dessa natureza.
Lazer nos rios urbanos da Tríplice Fronteira: transformações, contradições e significados
Authors: Narita Sandra Akemi , Gomes Christiane Luce
Published: August 2016

A discussão sobre os rios urbanos, na sua interface com o lazer, foi o tema desta pesquisa, com foco na cidade brasileira de Foz do Iguaçu – localizada na Tríplice Fronteira que reúne, ainda, Puerto Iguazú (Argentina) e Ciudad del Este (Paraguai). O objetivo geral foi identificar e discutir as apropriações sociais e vivências de lazer realizadas nos rios urbanos Paraná e Iguaçu, e suas margens. Procurou-se entender suas transformações e contradições e, ainda, de que maneira os moradores significam esses ambientes fluviais. A metodologia desta pesquisa qualitativa contou com estudo bibliográfico, observações e entrevistas com 23 moradores de Foz do Iguaçu. Nesse trabalho, verificou-se que as apropriações e vivências de lazer tornaram-se pontuais à medida que as mudanças urbanísticas e no meio natural praticamente desprezaram um sentido integrativo entre a cidade e o ambiente fluvial. Restam, no entanto, nos rios e nas suas margens, práticas como pesca por lazer e esportes de aventura, que imprimem múltiplos significados, por meio de vivências lúdicas, contemplativas, espirituais e interativas com as águas. Houve, no município, uma opção pelo olhar privilegiado voltado ao turista, fato que impacta diretamente nos espaços públicos e democráticos de lazer, para os moradores, como os localizados nos rios e suas margens.
O turismo potiguar que chegou a perder 100 mil desembarques!
Authors: Araujo Maria Valéria , Barbosa de Freitas Holliver Breno , Gomes Julia Silva , Medeiros Brito Maria Isabel
Published: August 2016

O Caso para Ensino “O turismo potiguar que chegou a perder  100 mil desembarques’” descreve um cenário de peculiaridades e desafios no qual o destino turístico Natal está inserido. Para tanto, apresenta o histórico de investimentos ocorridos na cidade para desenvolvimento da atividade, como  também discute as decisões que deverão ser tomadas pelo atual Secretário de Turismo de Natal diante das dificuldades enfrentadas com a redução da demanda deste destino entre os turistas internacionais.  Esta redução deu-se, principalmente, após a crise econômica mundial, com a redução de voos charters para Natal. Questões de infraestrutura e de segurança pública também contribuíram para uma redução no número de visitantes à cidade. É neste contexto que se propõe uma reflexão sobre o cenário no qual Natal está inserida, com o objetivo de mostrar a importância da implantação de políticas públicas, das ações de marketing turístico, das análises de ambientes interno e externo do destino e do estabelecimento de vantagens competitivas. Para a elaboração do caso, foram coletados dados verídicos do turismo divulgados em jornais, revistas e artigos científicos. O caso para ensino pode ser aplicado nos cursos de Graduação ou Pós- Graduação em Administração, Marketing e Turismo.
Fatores que afetam o apoio dos residentes para o desenvolvimento do turismo religioso: o caso de Santa Cruz (RN), Brasil
Authors: Silva Gilmara Barros da , Marques Junior Sérgio
Published: August 2016

Este estudo versa sobre a gestão do stakeholder primário - a comunidade residente, com o objetivo principal de analisar os fatores que influenciam o apoio dos residentes para o desenvolvimento do turismo religioso em Santa Cruz, Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, assim como as inter-relações existentes entre esses fatores. Para se atingir tal objetivo, fez-se necessário a utilização da pesquisa descritiva, seguida de uma abordagem quantitativa com aplicação de questionários com 422 residentes da cidade de Santa Cruz-RN. O estudo baseou-se no modelo de relacionamento de variáveis proposto por Nunkoo e Ramkissoon (2012), utilizando-se da técnica de Modelagem de Equações Estruturais – MEE, visando explicar os relacionamentos entre os constructos estudados. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que quanto mais os residentes perceberem os benefícios gerados pelo turismo, assim como confiem em atores governamentais responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento da atividade turística, mais existirá uma propensão ao apoio comunitário para o desenvolvimento do turismo religioso. Conclui-se que o modelo estrutural que melhor representa a realidade de Santa Cruz-RN é composto pelos constructos benefícios e custos do desenvolvimento do turismo no local, assim como a confiança do residente nos atores governamentais responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento do turismo.
N‐Glycosylation is essential for the secretion of extracellular superoxide dismutase
Authors: Ota Fumi , Kizuka Yasuhiko , Kitazume Shinobu , Adachi Tetsuo , Taniguchi Naoyuki
Published: August 2016

Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC‐SOD or SOD3) protects against various oxidative stress‐related diseases by scavenging reactive superoxides in the extracellular space. It is the only SOD isozyme that is secreted and glycosylated (at asparagine 89). However, the physiological roles of its glycosylation are poorly understood. In this study, we found that the glycosylation site on EC‐SOD is well conserved and that a glycosylation‐deficient EC‐SOD mutant retains its enzymatic activity, but is not secreted. This impairment in secretion may, in part, be due to the ability of the mutants to form unusual higher order oligomers. Our findings reveal that the glycan modification is a key regulator of EC‐SOD secretion and contributes to the understanding of the roles of glycans in EC‐SOD‐related diseases.
Structural properties of mobile armors formed at different flow strengths in gravel‐bed rivers
Authors: Powell D. Mark , Ockelford Annie , Rice Stephen P. , Hillier John K. , Nguyen Thao , Reid Ian , Tate Nicholas J. , Ackerley David
Published: August 2016

Differences in the structure of mobile armors formed at three different flow strengths have been investigated in a laboratory flume. The temporal evolution of the bed surfaces and the properties of the final beds were compared using metrics of surface grain size, microtopography, and bed organization at both grain and mesoscales. Measurements of the bed condition were obtained on nine occasions during each experiment to describe the temporal evolution of the beds. Structured mobile armors formed quickly in each experiment. At the grain scale (1–45 mm; 9 ≤ Ds50 ≤ 17 mm where Ds50 is the median surface particle size), surface complexity decreased and bed roughness increased in response to surface coarsening and the development of the mobile armor. Particles comprising the armor also became flow aligned and developed imbrication. At a larger scale (100–200 mm), the surface developed a mesoscale topography through the development of bed patches with lower and higher elevations. Metrics of mobile armor structure showed remarkable consistency over prolonged periods of near‐constant transport, demonstrating for the first time that actively transporting surfaces maintain an equilibrium bed structure. Bed structuring was least developed in the experiments conducted at the lowest flow strength. However, little difference was observed in the structural metrics of the mobile armors generated at higher flows. Although the range of transport rates studied was limited, the results suggest that the structure of mobile armors is insensitive to the formative transport rate except when rates are low (τ* ≈ 0.03 where τ* is the dimensionless shear stress).
High upward fluxes of formic acid from a boreal forest canopy
Authors: Schobesberger Siegfried , Lopez‐Hilfiker Felipe D. , Taipale Ditte , Millet Dylan B. , D'Ambro Emma L. , Rantala Pekka , Mammarella Ivan , Zhou Putian , Wolfe Glenn M. , Lee Ben H. , Boy Michael , Thornton Joel A.
Published: August 2016

Eddy covariance fluxes of formic acid, HCOOH, were measured over a boreal forest canopy in spring/summer 2014. The HCOOH fluxes were bidirectional but mostly upward during daytime, in contrast to studies elsewhere that reported mostly downward fluxes. Downward flux episodes were explained well by modeled dry deposition rates. The sum of net observed flux and modeled dry deposition yields an upward “gross flux” of HCOOH, which could not be quantitatively explained by literature estimates of direct vegetative/soil emissions nor by efficient chemical production from other volatile organic compounds, suggesting missing or greatly underestimated HCOOH sources in the boreal ecosystem. We implemented a vegetative HCOOH source into the GEOS‐Chem chemical transport model to match our derived gross flux and evaluated the updated model against airborne and spaceborne observations. Model biases in the boundary layer were substantially reduced based on this revised treatment, but biases in the free troposphere remain unexplained.
Internal structure of ex‐Typhoon Phanfone (2014) under an extratropical transition as observed by the research vessel Mirai
Authors: Katsumata Masaki , Mori Shuichi , Geng Biao , Inoue Jun
Published: August 2016

The internal structure of Typhoon Phanfone (2014) undergoing “extratropical transition” over ocean was captured from the research vessel Mirai. The observed time series from world first shipboard polarimetric weather radar and frequent radiosonde launches revealed both dynamic and thermodynamic structure simultaneously in detail for four phases: cirrus shield, warm front, precipitation core, and western flank. To the east of the low‐pressure center, a warm front developed along the midlatitude baroclinic zone. In the eastern vicinity of the center, remnants of the warm core worked to enhance precipitation through convergence and frontogenesis against cold ambient air. This frontogenesis and related latent heating/cooling are suggested to maintain/enhance convection in these phases. In contrast, the warm core suppressed convection in the northern/western vicinity of the low‐pressure center.
Impact of the lower atmosphere on the ionosphere response to a geomagnetic superstorm
Authors: Pedatella N. M.
Published: August 2016

Numerical simulations in the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) thermosphere‐ionosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model (TIE‐GCM) are performed to elucidate the impacts of lower atmosphere forcing on the ionosphere response to a geomagnetic superstorm. In particular, how the ionosphere variability due to the October 2003 Halloween storm would be different if it occurred in January coincident with a major sudden stratosphere warming (SSW) event is investigated. The TIE‐GCM simulations reveal that the E× B vertical drift velocity and total electron content (TEC) respond differently to the geomagnetic forcing when the lower atmosphere forcing is representative of SSW conditions compared to climatological lower atmosphere forcing conditions. Notably, the storm time variations in the E× B vertical drift velocity differ when the SSW‐induced zonal mean and tidal variability in the lower thermosphere are considered, and this is in part due to effects of the SSW on the equatorial ionosphere being potentially misinterpreted as being of geomagnetic origin. Differences in the TEC response to the geomagnetic storm can be up to 100% (∼30 TEC unit (TECU: 1 TECU = 1016 el m−2)) of the storm‐induced TEC change, and the temporal variability of the TEC during the storm recovery phase is considerably different if SSW effects are considered. The results demonstrate that even during periods of extreme geomagnetic forcing, it is important to consider the effects of lower atmosphere forcing on the ionosphere variability.
Polar cap patch transportation beyond the classic scenario
Authors: Zhang Qing‐He , Moen Jøran , Lockwood Michael , McCrea Ian , Zhang Bei‐Chen , McWilliams Kathryn A. , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Zhang Shun‐Rong , Ruohoniemi J. Michael , Thomas Evan G. , Dunlop Malcolm W. , Liu Rui‐Yuan , Yang Hui‐Gen , Hu Hong‐Qiao , Lester Mark
Published: August 2016

We report the continuous monitoring of a polar cap patch, encompassing its creation, and a subsequent evolution that differs from the classic behavior. The patch was formed from the storm‐enhanced density plume, by segmentation associated with a subauroral polarization stream generated by a substorm. Its initial antisunward motion was halted due to a rapidly changing of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions from strong southward to strong eastward with weaker northward components, and the patch subsequently very slowly evolved behind the duskside of a lobe reverse convection cell in afternoon sectors, associated with high‐latitude lobe reconnection, much of it fading rapidly due to an enhancement of the ionization recombination rate. This differs from the classic scenario where polar cap patches are transported across the polar cap along the streamlines of twin‐cell convection pattern from day to night. This observation provides us new important insights into patch formation and control by the IMF, which has to be taken into account in F region transport models and space weather forecasts.
Interactions between magnetosonic waves and ring current protons: Gyroaveraged test particle simulations
Authors: Fu Song , Ni Binbin , Li Jinxing , Zhou Chen , Gu Xudong , Huang Shiyong , Zhang Hui , Ge Yasong , Cao Xing
Published: August 2016

Gyroaveraged test particle simulations are implemented to quantitatively investigate interactions between linearly polarized magnetosonic waves (i.e., equatorial noises) and ring current protons inside and outside the plasmasphere at L = 4.5. For magnetosonic waves at the frequency of 33.3 Hz (fw/fcp = 6.4 at the magnetic equator, for L = 4.5), it is found that wave‐particle interactions at the resonance order corresponding to the lowest resonant proton energy (i.e., N = 6) are dominant. The interactions at other resonance orders make much less contribution. Near the equatorial loss cone at L = 4.5, magnetosonic waves produce strongest proton pitch angle diffusion at ~ 20 keV inside the plasmasphere and at ~ 100 keV outside the plasmasphere, respectively, reaching a rate above 10−6 s−1. The corresponding energy diffusion dominates over pitch angle diffusion at high pitch angles; therefore, magnetosonic waves are likely to accelerate protons at a few keV inside the plasmasphere and at ~ 10 keV outside the plasmasphere. Due to the emission equatorial confinement, the effect of transit time scattering also occurs for interactions of magnetosonic waves with ring current protons and tends to be increasingly important outside the plasmasphere, which is consistent with previous studies on interactions of magnetosonic waves with radiation belt electrons.
Seismic anisotropy of the lithosphere and asthenosphere beneath southern Madagascar from teleseismic shear wave splitting analysis and waveform modeling
Authors: Reiss M. C. , Rümpker G. , Tilmann F. , Yuan X. , Giese J. , Rindraharisaona E. J.
Published: August 2016

Madagascar occupies a key position in the assembly and breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana. It has been used in numerous geological studies to reconstruct its original position within Gondwana and to derive plate kinematics. Seismological observations in Madagascar to date have been sparse. Using a temporary, dense seismic profile across southern Madagascar, we present the first published study of seismic anisotropy from shear wave splitting analyses of teleseismic phases. The splitting parameters obtained show significant small‐scale variation of fast polarization directions and delay times across the profile, with fast polarization rotating from NW in the center to NE in the east and west of the profile. The delay times range between 0.4 and 1.5 s. A joint inversion of waveforms at each station is applied to derive hypothetical one‐layer splitting parameters. We use finite‐difference, full‐waveform modeling to test several hypotheses about the origin and extent of seismic anisotropy. Our observations can be explained by asthenospheric anisotropy with a fast polarization direction of 50°, approximately parallel to the absolute plate motion direction, in combination with blocks of crustal anisotropy. Predictions of seismic anisotropy as inferred from global mantle flow models or global anisotropic surface wave tomography are not in agreement with the observations. Small‐scale variations of splitting parameters require significant crustal anisotropy. Considering the complex geology of Madagascar, we interpret the change in fast‐axis directions as a ~150 km wide zone of ductile deformation in the crust as a result of the intense reworking of lithospheric material during the Pan‐African orogeny. This fossil anisotropic pattern is underlain by asthenospheric anisotropy induced by plate motion.
Scaling relationships and physics for mixed heating convection in planetary interiors: Isoviscous spherical shells
Authors: Weller Matthew B. , Lenardic Adrian , Moore William B.
Published: August 2016

We use a suite of 3‐D numerical experiments to test and expand 2‐D planar isoviscous scaling relationships of Moore (2008) for mixed heating convection in spherical geometry mantles over a range of Rayleigh numbers (Ra). The internal temperature scaling of Moore (2008), when modified to account for spherical geometry, matches our experimental results to a high degree of fit. The heat flux through the boundary layers scale as a linear combination of internal (Q) and basal heating, and the modified theory predictions match our experimental results. Our results indicate that boundary layer thickness and surface heat flux are not controlled by a local boundary layer stability condition (in agreement with the results of Moore (2008)) and are instead strongly influenced by boundary layer interactions. Subadiabatic mantle temperature gradients, in spherical 3‐D, are well described by a vertical velocity scaling based on discrete drips as opposed to a scaling based on coherent sinking sheets, which was found to describe 2‐D planar results. Root‐mean‐square (RMS) velocities are asymptotic for both low Q and high Q, with a region of rapid adjustment between asymptotes for moderate Q. RMS velocities are highest in the low Q asymptote and decrease as internal heating is applied. The scaling laws derived by Moore (2008), and extended here, are robust and highlight the importance of differing boundary layer processes acting over variable Q and moderate Ra.
Topographic gravity modeling for global Bouguer maps to degree 2160: Validation of spectral and spatial domain forward modeling techniques at the 10 microGal level
Authors: Hirt Christian , Reußner Elisabeth , Rexer Moritz , Kuhn Michael
Published: August 2016

Over the past years, spectral techniques have become a standard to model Earth's global gravity field to 10 km scales, with the EGM2008 geopotential model being a prominent example. For some geophysical applications of EGM2008, particularly Bouguer gravity computation with spectral techniques, a topographic potential model of adequate resolution is required. However, current topographic potential models have not yet been successfully validated to degree 2160, and notable discrepancies between spectral modeling and Newtonian (numerical) integration well beyond the 10 mGal level have been reported. Here we accurately compute and validate gravity implied by a degree 2160 model of Earth's topographic masses. Our experiments are based on two key strategies, both of which require advanced computational resources. First, we construct a spectrally complete model of the gravity field which is generated by the degree 2160 Earth topography model. This involves expansion of the topographic potential to the 15th integer power of the topography and modeling of short‐scale gravity signals to ultrahigh degree of 21,600, translating into unprecedented fine scales of 1 km. Second, we apply Newtonian integration in the space domain with high spatial resolution to reduce discretization errors. Our numerical study demonstrates excellent agreement (8 μGgal RMS) between gravity from both forward modeling techniques and provides insight into the convergence process associated with spectral modeling of gravity signals at very short scales (few km). As key conclusion, our work successfully validates the spectral domain forward modeling technique for degree 2160 topography and increases the confidence in new high‐resolution global Bouguer gravity maps.
CH4 concentrations over the Amazon from GOSAT consistent with in situ vertical profile data
Authors: Webb Alex J. , Bösch Hartmut , Parker Robert J. , Gatti Luciana V. , Gloor Emanuel , Palmer Paul I. , Basso Luana S. , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Correia Caio S. C. , Domingues Lucas G. , Feng Liang , Gonzi Siegfried , Miller John B. , Warneke Thorsten , Wilson Christopher
Published: August 2016

The Amazon Basin contains large wetland ecosystems which are important sources of methane (CH4). Spaceborne observations of atmospheric CH4 can provide constraints on emissions from these remote ecosystems, but lack of validation precludes robust estimates. We present the first validation of CH4 columns in the Amazon from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) using aircraft measurements of CH4 over five sites across the Amazon Basin. These aircraft profiles, combined with stratospheric results from the TOMCAT chemical transport model, are vertically integrated allowing direct comparison to the GOSAT XCH4 measurements (the column‐averaged dry air mole fraction of CH4). The measurements agree within uncertainties or show no significant difference at three of the aircraft sites, with differences ranging from −1.9 ppb to 6.6 ppb, while at two sites GOSAT XCH4 is shown to be slightly higher than aircraft measurements, by 8.1 ppb and 9.7 ppb. The seasonality in XCH4 seen by the aircraft profiles is also well captured (correlation coefficients from 0.61 to 0.90). GOSAT observes elevated concentrations in the northwest corner of South America in the dry season and enhanced concentrations elsewhere in the Amazon Basin in the wet season, with the strongest seasonal differences coinciding with regions in Bolivia known to contain large wetlands. Our results are encouraging evidence that these GOSAT CH4 columns are generally in good agreement with in situ measurements, and understanding the magnitude of any remaining biases between the two will allow more confidence in the application of XCH4 to constrain Amazonian CH4 fluxes.
A statistical approach for isolating fossil fuel emissions in atmospheric inverse problems
Authors: Yadav Vineet , Michalak Anna M. , Ray Jaideep , Shiga Yoichi P.
Published: August 2016

Independent verification and quantification of fossil fuel (FF) emissions constitutes a considerable scientific challenge. By coupling atmospheric observations of CO2 with models of atmospheric transport, inverse models offer the possibility of overcoming this challenge. However, disaggregating the biospheric and FF flux components of terrestrial fluxes from CO2 concentration measurements has proven to be difficult, due to observational and modeling limitations. In this study, we propose a statistical inverse modeling scheme for disaggregating winter time fluxes on the basis of their unique error covariances and covariates, where these covariances and covariates are representative of the underlying processes affecting FF and biospheric fluxes. The application of the method is demonstrated with one synthetic and two real data prototypical inversions by using in situ CO2 measurements over North America. Inversions are performed only for the month of January, as predominance of biospheric CO2 signal relative to FF CO2 signal and observational limitations preclude disaggregation of the fluxes in other months. The quality of disaggregation is assessed primarily through examination of a posteriori covariance between disaggregated FF and biospheric fluxes at regional scales. Findings indicate that the proposed method is able to robustly disaggregate fluxes regionally at monthly temporal resolution with a posteriori cross covariance lower than 0.15 µmol m−2 s−1 between FF and biospheric fluxes. Error covariance models and covariates based on temporally varying FF inventory data provide a more robust disaggregation over static proxies (e.g., nightlight intensity and population density). However, the synthetic data case study shows that disaggregation is possible even in absence of detailed temporally varying FF inventory data.
Sensitivity of Barnes Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Canada, to climate state and internal dynamics
Authors: Gilbert A. , Flowers G. E. , Miller G. H. , Rabus B. T. , Van Wychen W. , Gardner A. S. , Copland L.
Published: August 2016

Barnes Ice Cap is a remnant of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which covered much of northern North America during the Last Glacial Maximum. Barnes reached a quasi‐equilibrium state ~2000 years ago and has remained similar in size since then, with a small increase during the Little Ice Age. In this study, we combine historical observations (1960–1980) with more recent satellite and airborne data (1995–2010) to drive a mass balance model coupled to a transient thermomechanical model with an adaptive mesh geometry. The model is used to characterize the current state of the ice cap and to investigate its stability as a function of climate and its own internal dynamics. On millennial time scales we show that ice flow is influenced by adjustment of an unsteady shape, by gently sloping bedrock, and by contrasting viscosities between the Pleistocene and Holocene ice. On shorter time scales, Barnes is affected by surge activity. Sensitivity tests reveal that Barnes experienced climate conditions which enabled its stability 2000 to 3000 years ago but will disappear under current climate conditions in the next millennium.
Convergence in nitrogen deposition and cryptic isotopic variation across urban and agricultural valleys in northern Utah
Authors: Hall S. J. , Ogata E. M. , Weintraub S. R. , Baker M. A. , Ehleringer J. R. , Czimczik C. I. , Bowling D. R.
Published: August 2016

The extent to which atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition reflects land use differences and biogenic versus fossil fuel reactive N sources remains unclear yet represents a critical uncertainty in ecosystem N budgets. We compared N concentrations and isotopes in precipitation‐event bulk (wet + dry) deposition across nearby valleys in northern Utah with contrasting land use (highly urban versus intensive agriculture/low‐density urban). We predicted greater nitrate (NO3−) versus ammonium (NH4+) and higher δ15N of NO3− and NH4+ in urban valley sites. Contrary to expectations, annual N deposition (3.5–5.1 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and inorganic N concentrations were similar within and between valleys. Significant summertime decreases in δ15N of NO3− possibly reflected increasing biogenic emissions in the agricultural valley. Organic N was a relatively minor component of deposition (~13%). Nearby paired wildland sites had similar bulk deposition N concentrations as the urban and agricultural sites. Weighted bulk deposition δ15N was similar to natural ecosystems (−0.6 ± 0.7‰). Fine atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5) had consistently high values of bulk δ15N (15.6 ± 1.4‰), δ15N in NH4+ (22.5 ± 1.6‰), and NO3− (8.8 ± 0.7‰), consistent with equilibrium fractionation with gaseous species. The δ15N in bulk deposition NH4+ varied by more than 40‰, and spatial variation in δ15N within storms exceeded 10‰. Sporadically high values of δ15N were thus consistent with increased particulate N contributions as well as potential N source variation. Despite large differences in reactive N sources, urban and agricultural landscapes are not always strongly reflected in the composition and fluxes of local N deposition—an important consideration for regional‐scale ecosystem models.
CH4 exchanges of the natural ecosystems in China during the past three decades: The role of wetland extent and its dynamics
Authors: Wei Da , Wang Xiaodan
Published: August 2016

CH4 is the second largest contributor to human‐induced global warming. However, large uncertainties still exist regarding the magnitude and temporal variation of CH4 exchanges in China's natural ecosystems, especially under climate changes. In this study, we assessed its uncertainty and temporal variation during 1979–2012, by integrating a biogeochemical model, extensive in situ measurements, and various sources of wetland maps. Uncertainty analyses suggested that previous studies might have underestimated CH4 emissions, primarily due to bias in wetland extents in NE China. After that, 1 km resolution wetland maps were used to drive the model, together with a 0.1° resolution climate data set. The model showed that China's natural wetlands emitted 4.56 ± 1.24 Tg CH4 yr−1 during the 1980s, which decreased to 3.86 ± 1.09 Tg CH4 yr−1 in the 2000s, mainly due to wetland drainage in NE China. However, recent glacier‐melt‐induced wetland expansion has enhanced CH4 emissions by 28% on the Tibetan Plateau since the 1980s. The magnitude of CH4 uptake by the natural ecosystems has remained relatively stable, e.g., −2.57 ± 0.18 and −2.70 ± 0.19 Tg CH4 yr−1 in the 1980s and 2000s, respectively. In summary, the net CH4 balance of China's natural ecosystems has shown a decreasing pattern, i.e., 1.99 ± 1.42 and 1.16 ± 1.28 Tg CH4 yr−1 in the 1980s and 2000s, respectively, despite distinct regional differences between NE China and the Tibetan Plateau. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the correct representation of wetland extent and its dynamics, i.e., wetland drainage in populated regions and wetland expansion in glacier‐fed regions, in driving the decadal CH4 exchange magnitude.
Predicting Low Disease State and Remission in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis in the First Six Months, Comparing the Simplified Disease Activity Index and European League Against Rheumatism Response Measures: Results From an Early Arthritis Cohort
Authors: Omair Mohammed A. , Keystone Edward , Bykerk Vivian , Lin Daming , Xiong Juan , Sun Ye , Boire Gilles , Thorne J. Carter , Tin Diane , Pope Janet , Hitchon Carol , Haraoui Boulos , Akhavan Pooneh S. ,   on behalf of the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort Investigators
Published: August 2016

Objective

To compare the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and Simplified Disease Activity Index 50% (SDAI50) response measures (RMs) and their impact on future response to treatment in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA).

Methods

Biologic agent–naive ERA patients from the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort study with complete data at baseline, 3, and 6 months were evaluated. Kappa statistics were used to evaluate the agreement between the EULAR (moderate or good response) and SDAI50 RMs. The RMs at 3 months were also compared for their ability to predict low disease activity state (LDAS) or remission (REM) at 6 months.

Results

A total of 1,124 patients were evaluated. Of those, 215 patients (30%) and 294 patients (45%) failed to achieve a EULAR and SDAI50 response, respectively. There was a good agreement between EULAR and SDAI50 RMs with a kappa of 0.59 (95% confidence interval 0.53–0.66). Throughout the range of disease activity, the SDAI50 response was shown to be more stringent than the EULAR response. Multivariable linear regression analysis demonstrated that both RMs at 3 months were associated with LDAS or REM at 6 months, and SDAI50 had a more significant impact on this outcome compared to the EULAR response.

Conclusion

There is a good agreement between the EULAR and SDAI50 RMs. Although a minority of patients have discordant RMs at each end of the disease activity spectrum at baseline, the SDAI50 response at 3 months appears to be a more significant predictor of outcomes at 6 months than EULAR response.
Temporomandibular Joint Involvement in Association With Quality of Life, Disability, and High Disease Activity in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Frid Paula , Nordal Ellen , Bovis Francesca , Giancane Gabriella , Larheim Tore A. , Rygg Marite , Pires Marafon Denise , De Angelis Donato , Palmisani Elena , Murray Kevin J. , Oliveira Sheila , Simonini Gabriele , Corona Fabrizia , Davidson Joyce , Foster Helen , Steenks Michel H. , Flato Berit , Zulian Francesco , Baildam Eileen , Saurenmann Rotraud K. , Lahdenne Pekka , Ravelli Angelo , Martini Alberto , Pistorio Angela , Ruperto Nicolino ,   for the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation
Published: August 2016

Objective

To evaluate the demographic, disease activity, disability, and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) differences between children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and their healthy peers, and between children with JIA with and without clinical temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement and its determinants.

Methods

This study is based on a cross‐sectional cohort of 3,343 children with JIA and 3,409 healthy peers, enrolled in the Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation HRQOL study or in the methotrexate trial. Potential determinants of TMJ involvement included demographic, disease activity, disability, and HRQOL measures selected through univariate and multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Clinical TMJ involvement was observed in 387 of 3,343 children with JIA (11.6%). Children with TMJ involvement, compared to those without, more often had polyarticular disease course (95% versus 70%), higher Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (odds ratio [OR] 4.6), more disability, and lower HRQOL. Children with TMJ involvement experienced clearly more disability and lower HRQOL compared to their healthy peers. The multivariable analysis showed that cervical spine involvement (OR 4.6), disease duration >4.4 years (OR 2.8), and having more disability (Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index >0.625) (OR 1.6) were the most important determinants for TMJ involvement.

Conclusion

Clinical TMJ involvement in JIA is associated with higher disease activity, higher disability, and impaired HRQOL. Our findings indicate the need for dedicated clinical and imaging evaluation of TMJ arthritis, especially in children with cervical spine involvement, polyarticular course, and longer disease duration.
Tofacitinib in Combination With Conventional Disease‐Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: Patient‐Reported Outcomes From a Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Strand Vibeke , Kremer Joel M. , Gruben David , Krishnaswami Sriram , Zwillich Samuel H. , Wallenstein Gene V.
Published: August 2016

Objective

Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We compared patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) in patients with RA treated with tofacitinib or placebo in combination with conventional disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).

Methods

In a 12‐month, phase III randomized controlled trial (ORAL Sync), patients (n = 795) with active RA and previous inadequate response to therapy with ≥1 conventional or biologic DMARD were randomized 4:4:1:1 to tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily (BID), tofacitinib 10 mg BID, placebo advanced to 5 mg BID, or placebo to 10 mg BID, in combination with stable background DMARD therapy. PROs included patient global assessment of arthritis (PtGA), patient assessment of arthritis pain (Pain), physical function (Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index [HAQ DI]), health‐related quality of life (Short Form 36 health survey [SF‐36]), fatigue (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Fatigue [FACIT‐F]), and sleep (Medical Outcomes Study Sleep [MOS Sleep]).

Results

At month 3, statistically significant improvements from baseline versus placebo were reported in PtGA, Pain, HAQ DI, all 8 SF‐36 domains, FACIT‐F, and MOS Sleep with tofacitinib 10 mg BID, and in PtGA, Pain, HAQ DI, 7 SF‐36 domains, FACIT‐F, and MOS Sleep with tofacitinib 5 mg BID. Improvements were sustained to month 12. Significantly more tofacitinib‐treated patients reported improvements of greater than or equal to the minimum clinically important differences at month 3 versus placebo in all PROs, except the SF‐36 role‐emotional domain (significant for tofacitinib 10 mg BID).

Conclusion

Patients with active RA treated with tofacitinib combined with background conventional DMARD therapy reported sustained, significant, and clinically meaningful improvements in PROs versus placebo.
Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 and the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Provisional Remission Definitions as Predictors of Radiographic Outcome in a Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trial With Tocilizumab
Authors: Khawaja Muznay N. , Bergman Martin J. , Yourish Jeffrey , Pei Jinglan , Reiss William , Keystone Edward
Published: August 2016

Objective

The American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism established definitions of remission for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) based on composite scores, including tender (TJC) and swollen joint counts (SJC), patient global visual analog scale (VAS) score, laboratory tests, and, in the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), the physician global score. Time constraints on a physician's schedule demand an easy yet accurate tool to measure disease activity. We assessed the predictive ability of the Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 (RAPID3) with and without a single swollen joint versus the SDAI and/or Boolean remission criteria for functional and radiographic outcomes.

Methods

Data were from the Tocilizumab Safety and the Prevention of Structural Joint Damage phase III trial in RA patients. We assessed the ability at year 1 of a RAPID3 score of ≤3 + 1 SJC, RAPID3 score of ≤3 (remission) without SJC, SDAI score of ≤3.3 (remission), and/or Boolean remission (SJC, TJC, patient global VAS, and C‐reactive protein level [mg/dl] all ≤1) to predict year 2 Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index (DI) score of ≤0.5 (normal), no worsening of HAQ DI score from year 1, and no worsening of Genant‐modified Total Sharp Score from year 1.

Results

Among 690 patients, the mean ± SD baseline Disease Activity Score in 28 joints was 6.5 ± 0.96, RAPID3 score was 14.2 ± 5.51, and the SDAI score was 41.7 ± 13.01. Achieving year 1 measures was associated with good functional and radiographic outcomes at year 2. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values were 49.1%, 83.2%, 37.4%, and 88.9% (RAPID3 remission); 26.4%, 91.7%, 36.8%, and 87.1% (RAPID3 + 1 SJC); 26.7%, 90.9%, 37.3%, and 85.9% (SDAI remission); and 17.0%, 96.6%, 47.4%, and 86.4% (Boolean remission), respectively.

Conclusion

The predictive ability of RAPID3 (with or without joint count) was similar to that of SDAI and Boolean criteria.
External Validation of the Lupus Impact Tracker in a Southeastern US Longitudinal Cohort With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Brandt Jennifer E. , Drenkard Cristina , Kan Hong , Bao Gaobin , Dunlop‐Thomas Charmayne , Pobiner Bonnie , Chang David J. , Jolly Meenakshi , Lim S. Sam
Published: August 2016

Objective

To examine the external validity of the Lupus Impact Tracker (LIT), a systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)‐specific, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) tool in a population‐based cohort of patients with SLE in Atlanta, Georgia. We modeled the association of LIT scores with patient‐reported measures of SLE activity (Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire [SLAQ]) and organ damage (self‐administered Brief Index of Lupus Damage [SA‐BILD]). We investigated the association of LIT scores with general HRQoL using the Short Form 12 (SF‐12).

Methods

Correlation, multivariable regression, and longitudinal analyses using general linear modeling with fixed effects were performed to investigate the association between the LIT and patient‐reported disease activity (SLAQ); patient‐reported disease damage (SA‐BILD); mental health (mental component summary [MCS] of the SF‐12); and physical health (physical component summary [PCS] of the SF‐12). Demographic trends related to the LIT were also assessed using cross‐sectional analysis.

Results

The LIT was significantly associated with disease activity (SLAQ), organ damage (SA‐BILD), MCS scores, and PCS scores in both adjusted and unadjusted regression analysis (P < 0.0001). Longitudinal analysis demonstrated a significant association between the LIT and disease activity (SLAQ), MCS scores, and PCS scores (P < 0.0001), but not organ damage (SA‐BILD).

Conclusion

The LIT is a simple, patient‐centered tool that can be used to assess HRQoL in patients with SLE. This study provides external validity of the LIT in a population‐based cohort with a large number of African American patients with a relatively high disease burden.
Validation of International Classification of Diseases Codes for the Epidemiologic Study of Dermatomyositis
Authors: Kwa Michael C. , Ardalan Kaveh , Laumann Anne E. , Nardone Beatrice , West Dennis P. , Silverberg Jonathan I.
Published: August 2016

Objective

To assess the validity of using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9‐CM) code 710.3 to identify adult patients with dermatomyositis in outpatient and inpatient settings.

Methods

Electronic medical records of adult patients with ICD‐9 code 710.3 between January 2001 and November 2014 (n = 511) were examined. Physician diagnosis, clinical findings, and diagnostic testing results were recorded. A dermatomyositis rating scale was assigned based on classic cutaneous findings and at least 2 additional clinical and diagnostic findings from the Bohan criteria. Sensitivity and positive predictive values (PPVs) were determined. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the accuracy of multiple ICD‐9 codes in the outpatient setting, as well as primary and secondary inpatient codes.

Results

The sensitivity and PPV for multiple 710.3 ICD‐9 codes in the outpatient setting were 0.89 and 0.35, respectively. The PPV for primary and secondary 710.3 inpatient codes was 0.95 and as high as 0.8. However, the sensitivity of ICD‐9 code 710.3 was poor in the inpatient setting (primary 0.23 and secondary 0.26). The most common reason for failure to meet appropriate dermatomyositis criteria was miscoding as diabetes mellitus (32%), followed by diagnosis at an outside institution (19%), dermatomyositis as a rule‐out diagnosis (10%), cutaneous dermatomyositis (8%), and juvenile dermatomyositis (6%).

Conclusion

One or more occurrences of ICD‐9 code 710.3 is insufficient to support the diagnosis of dermatomyositis in the outpatient setting. However, ICD‐9 710.3 codes appear to be valid in the inpatient setting.
Exercise in Takayasu Arteritis: Effects on Inflammatory and Angiogenic Factors and Disease‐Related Symptoms
Authors: Oliveira Diego S. , Shinjo Samuel K. , Silva Marilda G. , de Sá‐Pinto Ana L. , Lima Fernanda R. , Roschel Hamilton , Mello Suzana B. V. , Costa‐Hong Valéria , Irigoyen Maria C. C. , Pereira Rosa M. , Gualano Bruno
Published: August 2016

Objective

To investigate the effects of acute and chronic exercise in female patients with remissive Takayasu arteritis (TAK).

Methods

This was a 2‐part prospective study. In study 1, cytokines and soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors were assessed at rest and every 60 minutes during a 3‐hour recovery period following an acute exercise session in TAK (n = 11) and heathy control (n = 10) groups. In study 2, a subsample from the TAK group (n = 6) underwent a 12‐week exercise training program. Before and after training, the acute session of aerobic exercise was performed and cytokines and soluble TNF receptors were assessed at the same time points described above. Muscle function, strength, aerobic capacity, endothelial function, quality of life, and walking impairment scores were evaluated.

Results

In study 1, the acute session of aerobic exercise led to overall similar responses on cytokine kinetics in the TAK and heathy control groups. In study 2, the exercise training program did not exacerbate inflammatory cytokines in TAK patients, while the proinflammatory cytokine TNF was diminished both at rest and following the acute session of aerobic exercise. In addition, the exercise training program increased the pro‐angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (at rest) and platelet‐derived growth factor AA (at rest and in response to the acute session of aerobic exercise). The exercise training program improved muscle strength and function, whereas aerobic capacity, quality of life, and endothelial function parameters remained unchanged.

Conclusion

Exercise could be a well‐tolerated, safe, and effective intervention able to induce immunomodulatory and pro‐angiogenic effects and to increase strength and function in patients with TAK.
Wettability of Low Weight Borides by Commercial Aluminum Alloys − A Basis for Metal Matrix Composite Fabrication
Authors: Ploetz Steven , Nowak Rafal , Lohmueller Andreas , Sobczak Natalia , Singer Robert F.
Published: August 2016

Boron compounds are promising candidates for reinforcement of metals because of their high strength and stiffness at low specific weight. For composite fabrication the wetting behavior is important. Isothermal wetting of B4C, AlB2, CaB6, MgB2, and TiB2 by liquid pure aluminum (99.5%) and the alloy AlSi10MgMn is studied at 700 °C for 15 min in vacuum using the dispensed drop method. No wetting occurs during testing for all substrates. The contact angles remain constant for CaB6, MgB2, and TiB2, while for AlB2 and B4C substrates a continuous decrease in contact angle value with time is observed.