bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A zebrafish forward genetic screen identifies an indispensable threonine residue in the kinase domain of PRKD2
Authors: Giardoglou Panagiota , Bournele Despina , Park Misun , Kanoni Stavroula , Dedoussis George V. , Steinberg Susan F. , Deloukas Panos , Beis Dimitris
Published: February 2021

Protein kinase D2 belongs to a family of evolutionarily conserved enzymes regulating several biological processes. In a forward genetic screen for zebrafish cardiovascular mutants, we identified a mutation in the prkd2 gene. Homozygous mutant embryos develop as wild type up to 36 h post-fertilization and initiate blood flow, but fail to maintain it, resulting in a complete outflow tract stenosis. We identified a mutation in the prkd2 gene that results in a T757A substitution at a conserved residue in the kinase domain activation loop (T714A in human PRKD2) that disrupts catalytic activity and drives this phenotype. Homozygous mutants survive without circulation for several days, allowing us to study the extreme phenotype of no intracardiac flow, in the background of a functional heart. We show dysregulation of atrioventricular and outflow tract markers in the mutants and higher sensitivity to the Calcineurin inhibitor, Cyclosporin A. Finally we identify TBX5 as a potential regulator of PRKD2. Our results implicate PRKD2 catalytic activity in outflow tract development in zebrafish.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Tensins – emerging insights into their domain functions, biological roles and disease relevance
Authors: Liao Yi-Chun , Lo Su Hao
Published: February 2021

Tensins are a family of focal adhesion proteins consisting of four members in mammals (TNS1, TNS2, TNS3 and TNS4). Their multiple domains and activities contribute to the molecular linkage between the extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal networks, as well as mediating signal transduction pathways, leading to a variety of physiological processes, including cell proliferation, attachment, migration and mechanical sensing in a cell. Tensins are required for maintaining normal tissue structures and functions, especially in the kidney and heart, as well as in muscle regeneration, in animals. This Review discusses our current understanding of the domain functions and biological roles of tensins in cells and mice, as well as highlighting their relevance to human diseases.
A retrospective study of medical emergency management in a Health Center in Greece
Authors: Kampouridou Georgia , Arkouda Amalia , Toylia Georgia , Gerogianni Georgia , Marvaki Christina
Published: February 2021

Ιntroduction: Primary Health Centers face a plethora of emergencies of different nature and severity and it is necessary  a decision -whether or not to refer patients to the nearest hospital for further treatment and investigation- to be made.Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the management of emergencies in a HC of regional type near a large urban center.Material and Methods: This was a retrospective study. The data of 400 randomly selected patients admitted to the health center with acute conditions during the years 2017-2018 were recorded.Results: Out of all cases examined, 22% were rated as truly medical emergencies and 44% as not; 34% were classified as urgent; 25.9% of patients had arrived within the first hour of onset of symptoms, while 81.7% had already reached within the first 24 hours. Pain and respiratory diseases were the most common problems. In 15% of cases the patient was ambulance-transported to hospital. The proportion of ambulance referral to the nearest hospital was higher in patients with comorbidities (18.8%) than in those without (14.9%); 76% of cases were treated in accordance with evidence-based practice.Conclusions: Despite the significant progress made in treating patients in the community, it is necessary to improve management of non-emergency cases, as well as to improve the procedures for emergencies management in the HCs.
Prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia in Attica region, Greece
Authors: Pavlatou Niki , Rovina Nikoletta , Toylia Georgia , Kadda Olga , Marvaki Christina , Kapadochos Theodore , Kolovou Genovefa , Koutsoukou Antonia
Published: February 2021

Background: Dyslipidemias are one of the major modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most common genetic metabolic disorder; it is estimated that around 14-34 million people worldwide have FH but only 25% of FH patients have been diagnosed. Aim: The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence of FH in Attica region, Greece.Methods: Attica region was divided into 8 regional units. A predesigned questionnaire was used to collect demographic and clinical data. Data analysis was performed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), ver. 20.Results: The studied sample consisted of 1578 Greek inhabitants of Attica region. The majority of the sample was women (59.9%). The mean age of the studied participants was 47.1 (±14.9) years. According to Simon Broome criteria, the probability of an FH diagnosis as unlikely is determined in 98.7% of the studied sample, probable in 0.8% of the participants or definite in 0.5% of the participants, based on this data, the prevalence of FH in Attica region, Greece is 1:200. Qualitative factors found to be associated with the onset of the disease were medication (p-value = 0.001) and hypolipidemic therapy (p-value = 0.001). The quantitative factors found to be associated with disease onset were body mass index (p-value = 0.044), and systolic (p-value = 0.001) and diastolic (p-value = 0.007) pressure.Conclusions: Based on our data, the prevalence of FH in Attica region, Greece is 1:200. Early identification of contributing factors in FH development and proper treatment is vital and reduce the risk of premature and severe atherosclerotic disease.
Case Report: Ziprasidone induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Authors: Sedhai Yub Raj , Atreya Alok , Phuyal Prabin , Basnyat Soney , Pokhrel Sagar
Published: February 2021

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a well-recognized neurologic emergency. It presents with classic features including hyperthermia, autonomic instability, muscle hypertonia, and mental status changes. The syndrome is potentially fatal and is associated with significant morbidity due to complications such as rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, and ventricular arrhythmias due to the trans-cellular electrolyte shift. NMS is conventionally associated with the first-generation antipsychotic agents, however, has been described with the use of atypical and novel antipsychotics including Ziprasidone. A case of NMS with Ziprasidone use at the therapeutic dose is reported here.
HACIENDO Y DESHACIENDO BALDÍOS: DINÁMICAS DE VALOR Y CONFLICTOS ENERGÉTICOS EN LA CATALUÑA SUR
Authors: Franquesa Jaume
Published: February 2021

In Spain, wind energy development has followed a centralized, extractivist model, with wind farms concentrated in peripheralized and impoverished rural territories. The ability of developers to extract value and electricity from these areas rests upon the latter’s economic, ecological and cultural devaluation, that is to say, on its discursive and material construction as wastelands. This paper examines the dialectical relationship between devaluation and wind energy development through a specific case study from Southern Catalonia, a region that concentrates a large array of energy-related infrastructure. Basing my description on long-term ethnographic fieldwork, I explore the mechanisms through which wind developers aimed to materially and discursively devalue the region, and more specifically its land and the livelihoods it supports. Finally, I argue that opposition to wind energy development emerges, fundamentally, as a reaction against these devaluation practices. A struggle – which takes place through and in the idiom and dignity – that aims to assert and preserve the value of local reproductive strategies and the objective and subjective conditions that make them possible
ECOLOGISMO Y CONFLICTO AMBIENTAL EN EL PARQUE NATURAL “LOS ALCORNOCALES”. (ANDALUCÍA-ESPAÑA): CRECENTISMO VERSUS ECOLOGISMO.
Authors: Coca Agustín , Talego Vázquez Félix , del Río Ángel
Published: February 2021

The following pages define the participation and influence of environmental entities in the different environmental conflicts in a protected natural area in the south of the Iberian Peninsula. Their trajectories and positions are analyzed reflecting on the significance and controversies contained in the political proposal of environmental organizations in the current context of “growthism” development.
Hierarchy between Domestic and International Tribunals: Utopia or Near Future?
Authors: Petrova Georgieva Virdzhiniya
Published: February 2021

e l e stablecimiento d e u na j erarquía f ormal e ntre t ribunalesinternos e internacionales ha sido un “tabú” para los estudiosos delderecho internacional y los actores de los sistemas jurídicos interno einternacional. No obstante, es posible y deseable pensar las relacionesentre órganos judiciales internos e internacionales en términos jerárquicos.La jerarquía permite la ejecución eficaz de las sentencias de los tribunalesque operan en un determinado orden jurídico y evita el surgimiento detodo tipo de conflictos entre dichas jurisdicciones. Adicionalmente, estarefuerza la uniformidad y la certeza en la interpretación y aplicación de lasmismas normas y principios jurídicos por parte de múltiples y distintostribunales. Por último, la jerarquía garantiza la igualdad ante la ley delos intervinientes en los procedimientos contenciosos ante los órganosjudiciales. Tanto los tribunales internos como los internacionales ya hanutilizado mecanismos jerárquicos para regular sus relaciones. En consecuencia,puede comprobarse que el establecimiento de jerarquía entretribunales internos e internacionales no es utópica,
Modeling Defender-Attacker Problems as Robust Linear Programs with Mixed-Integer Uncertainty Sets
Authors: Borrero Juan S. , Lozano Leonardo
Published: February 2021

We study a class of sequential defender-attacker optimization problems where the defender’s objective is uncertain and depends on the operations of the attacker, which are represented by a mixed-integer uncertainty set. The defender seeks to hedge against the worst possible data realization, resulting in a robust optimization problem with a mixed-integer uncertainty set, which requires the solution of a challenging mixed-integer problem, which can be seen as a saddle-point problem over a nonconvex domain. We study two exact solution algorithms and present two feature applications for which the uncertainty is naturally modeled as a mixed-integer set. Our computational experiments show that the considered algorithms greatly outperform standard algorithms both in terms of computational time and solution quality. Moreover, our results show that modeling uncertainty with mixed-integer sets, instead of approximating the data using convex sets, results in less conservative solutions, which translates to a lower cost for the defender to protect from uncertainty.

Summary of Contribution: We consider a class of defender-attacker problems where the defender has to make operational decisions that depend on uncertain actions from an adversarial attacker. Due to the type of information available to the defender, neither probabilistic modeling, nor robust optimization methods with convex uncertainty sets, are well suited to address the defender’s decision-making problem. Consequently, we frame the defender’s problem as a class of robust optimization problems with a mixed-integer uncertainty sets, and devise two exact algorithms that solve this class of problems. A comprehensive computational study shows that for the considered applications, our algorithms improves the performance of existing robust optimization approaches that can be adapted to solve this class of problems. Moreover, we show how mixed-integer uncertainty sets can reduce the level of over-conservatism that is a known issue of robust optimization approaches.
Freemium Pricing in Digital Games with Virtual Currency
Authors: Meng Zixuan , Hao Lin , Tan Yong
Published: February 2021

Providers of free-to-play games often gain revenue by monetizing players’ playtime, for example, through in-game advertising and by selling premium modules of the game. One emerging strategy to sell the premium module, known as the virtual selling strategy, is to set the module price based on an amount of virtual currency that players can either spend on playtime to earn or use real currency to buy. In this paper, we examine how the virtual selling strategy leads to different market outcomes than the traditional real selling strategy where players can purchase the premium module using real currency only. We focus on the differences caused by one specific feature—players can pay for the module indirectly using their playtime in the virtual selling strategy. We show that when the provider’s efficiency of monetizing players’ playtime, that is, the time revenue rate, is above a threshold, the virtual selling strategy will benefit the provider and hurt the overall consumer surplus compared with the real selling strategy, even though players in the virtual selling strategy have one additional way, that is, using their playtime, to pay for the module. We identify an undocumented overcompensation effect that causes the profit augmentation and the surplus reduction. The overcompensation effect also results in a U-shaped relationship between the equilibrium module price and the time revenue rate in the virtual selling strategy when the module only provides a small number of new gaming stages. It contradicts the traditional result from the real selling strategy that the provider shall reduce the module price when she becomes more efficient in monetizing players’ playtime.
Standing Up or Standing By: Understanding Bystanders’ Proactive Reporting Responses to Social Media Harassment
Authors: Wong Randy Yee Man , Cheung Christy M. K. , Xiao Bo , Thatcher Jason Bennett
Published: February 2021

Social media harassment, a cyberbullying behavior, poses a serious threat to users and platform owners of social media. In this paper, we contextualize the bystander intervention framework and reporting literature to social media in order to understand why bystanders report social media harassment. Our contextualized intervention framework focuses on three sociotechnical aspects—the online social environment, characteristics of the technology platform, and their interplay—that explain bystander reporting on social media platforms. We tested the model using data gathered from active Facebook users. Our findings direct practitioners’ attention to the role of the platform in encouraging bystanders to help stop social media harassment. For policy makers, our findings direct attention to supporting programs that encourage social media users to feel responsible for reporting harassment and making transparent the outcomes of reporting social media harassment using anonymous reporting tools. For platform owners, our findings direct attention to investing in tools that enable anonymous reporting, to fostering a climate that encourages reporting, and to ensuring that all users understand that reporting social media harassment results in swift, effective responses from platform owners. Taken together, we believe our research offer insight into how to build safer and secure social media platforms.
Examining the Impact of Television-Program-Induced Emotions on Online Word-of-Mouth Toward Television Advertising
Authors: Nian Tingting , Hu Yuheng , Chen Cheng
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we exploit a large-scale TV program, the Super Bowl 2016, to investigate the impact of television program–induced emotions on viewers’ online word-of-mouth (WOM) behavior on Twitter toward the Super Bowl ads aired during the game. The results obtained from a difference-in-differences analysis support our hypotheses on the direct and congruence effects of television program–induced emotions. Findings on the direct effect suggest that television program–induced emotional shocks (e.g., frustration after a fumble or joyness after a touchdown) have a significant effect on the arousal and valence of viewers’ online WOM toward ads subsequently. We additionally find that a match between television program–induced emotional shocks and the emotional content of ads leads to a more significant increase in the arousal and more favorable valence of online WOM responses to ads subsequently. Our findings suggest that advertisers should pay attention to the emotional context of ads in which the ads are placed and the content of ads. It would be more optimal to allocate ads into different programs or different positions in a certain program such that the context of ads and the content of ads are carefully matched or contrasted, especially when ads are likely to stimulate positive feedback from the audience.
Coupons or Free Shipping? Effects of Price Promotion Strategies on Online Review Ratings
Authors: Wu Ji , Zhao Haichuan , Chen Haipeng (Allan)
Published: February 2021

Practice-Oriented Abstract
Bounded Rationality in Strategic Decisions: Undershooting in a Resource Pool-Choice Dilemma
Authors: Hsee Christopher K. , Zeng Ying , Li Xilin , Imas Alex
Published: February 2021

This research studies a resource pool-choice dilemma, in which a group of resource seekers independently choose between a larger pool containing more resources and a smaller pool containing fewer resources, knowing that the resources in each pool will be divided equally among its choosers, so that the more (fewer) people choose a certain pool, the fewer (more) resources each of them will get. This setting corresponds to many real-world situations, ranging from students choosing majors as a function of job opportunities to entrepreneurs choosing markets as a function of customer bases. Ten studies reveal a systematic undershooting bias: fewer people choose the larger pool relative to both the normative equilibrium benchmark and chance (random choice), thus advantaging those who choose the larger pool and disadvantaging those who choose the smaller pool. We present evidence showing that the undershooting bias is driven by bounded rationality in strategic thinking and discuss the relationship between our paradigm and other coordination games.

This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, decision analysis.
Data-Driven Transit Network Design at Scale
Authors: Bertsimas Dimitris , Ng Yee Sian , Yan Julia
Published: February 2021

Mass transit remains the most efficient way to service a densely packed commuter population. However, reliability issues and increasing competition in the transportation space have led to declining ridership across the United States, and transit agencies must also operate under tight budget constraints. Recent attempts at using bus network redesign to improve ridership have attracted attention from various transit authorities. However, the analysis seems to rely on ad hoc methods, for example, considering each line in isolation and using manual incremental adjustments with backtracking. We provide a holistic approach to designing a transit network using column generation. Our approach scales to hundreds of stops, and we demonstrate its usefulness on a case study with real data from Boston.
Mean Field Equilibrium: Uniqueness, Existence, and Comparative Statics
Authors: Light Bar , Weintraub Gabriel Y.
Published: February 2021

The Uniqueness of a Mean Field Equilibrium
Unbundling and Managing Uncertainty Surrounding Emerging Technologies
Authors: Kapoor Rahul , Klueter Thomas
Published: February 2021

Emerging technologies, while offering enormous potential for economic growth, carry a high degree of uncertainty regarding whether and when that potential may be realized. How can firms evaluate the uncertainty surrounding an emerging technology? To address this question, we offer a structured approach that unbundles the uncertainty surrounding emerging technologies, incorporating both supply- and demand-side factors. These include the focal technology itself, the potential market applications, the users adopting the technology, the ecosystem of activities that support the technology’s value creation, and the business model with which the technology is being commercialized. We further consider that the uncertainty surrounding each of these sources may not be resolved in a vacuum, but, rather, that it may interact with other sources of uncertainty in a pooled, sequential, or reciprocal way. Such a structured approach of evaluating uncertainty can help firms and managers in terms of the cognitive processes and the managerial practices and provide microfoundations for dynamic managerial capabilities. We illustrate the applicability of the framework for two emerging technologies—gene therapy and autonomous vehicles—and how the framework can be integrated with prominent managerial practices for managing uncertainty.
A Diffusion-Based Analysis of a Multiclass Road Traffic Network
Authors: Mandjes Michel , Storm Jaap
Published: February 2021

This paper studies a stochastic model that describes the evolution of vehicle densities in a road network. It is consistent with the class of (deterministic) kinematic wave models, which describe traffic flows based on conservation laws that incorporate the macroscopic fundamental diagram (a functional relationship between vehicle density and flow). Our setup is capable of handling multiple types of vehicle densities, with general macroscopic fundamental diagrams, on a network with arbitrary topology. Interpreting our system as a spatial population process, we derive, under natural scaling, fluid, and diffusion limits. More specifically, the vehicle density process can be approximated with a suitable Gaussian process, which yield accurate normal approximations to the joint (in the spatial and temporal sense) vehicle density process. The corresponding means and variances can be computed efficiently. Along the same lines, we develop an approximation to the vehicles’ travel time distribution between any given origin and destination pair. Finally, we present a series of numerical experiments that demonstrate the accuracy of the approximations and illustrate the usefulness of the results.
The rare reports of dermal filler reactions following the COVID-19 vaccine–and why it is still safe
Authors: Bawa Manav
Published: February 2021

Following reports of patients experiencing adverse effects to their dermal filler site after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine, concerns have been raised about safety. Dr Manav Bawa details the reactions, the mechanisms that can cause these effects and why the vaccine is still safe
The evidence behind the biophysical properties of hyaluronic acid dermal fillers
Authors: Baker Anna
Published: February 2021

With the breadth and variety of hyaluronic acid hydrogels available, it can be challenging to understand the evolving product characteristics and associated terminology. Similarly, different hyaluronic acid hydrogels can share the same indication, and yet consist of different rheological and physiochemical properties. In this paper, hyaluronic acid biophysical properties, such as molecular weights, stabilisation (crosslinking), modification and hyaluronic acid concentration, are explored in relation to findings from current literature. The significance for these specific properties is explored in relation to specific indications and anti-ageing benefits.
Virtual exams: has COVID-19 provided the impetus to change assessment methods in medicine?
Authors: Pettit Matthew , Shukla Shivani , Zhang James , Sunil Kumar Karadi Hari , Khanduja Vikas
Published: February 2021

Aims

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted and delayed medical and surgical examinations where attendance is required in person. Our article aims to outline the validity of online assessment, the range of benefits to both candidate and assessor, and the challenges to its implementation. In addition, we propose pragmatic suggestions for its introduction into medical assessment.

Methods

We reviewed the literature concerning the present status of online medical and surgical assessment to establish the perceived benefits, limitations, and potential problems with this method of assessment.

Results

Global experience with online, remote virtual examination has been largely successful with many benefits conferred to the trainee, and both an economic and logistical advantage conferred to the assessor or organization. Advances in online examination software and remote proctoring are overcoming practical caveats including candidate authentication, cheating prevention, cybersecurity, and IT failure.

Conclusion

Virtual assessment provides benefits to both trainee and assessor in medical and surgical examinations and may also result in cost savings. Virtual assessment is likely to be increasingly used in the post-COVID world and we present recommendations for the continued adoption of virtual examination. It is, however, currently unable to completely replace clinical assessment of trainees. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(2):111–118.
Wi-Fi for Affordable Broadband & 5G in Rural Areas
Authors: Thakur Kishore Kumar , Prasad Ramjee
Published: February 2021

The importance of Internet in our lives today cannot be overemphasized. So much so that access to Internet has been declared a fundamental right of citizens in several countries such as Finland, Spain, and Greece [1]. In most of the developed countries, high-speed Internet connectivity is enabled through wired communication infrastructure such as Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) and Very high bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL). Unfortunately, the situation is not particularly encouraging in developing countries due to non-availability of such a pervasive communication infrastructure. The difference in the fiber-deployed-to-population ratio across developed and developing countries further underscores this disparity; while this ratio is 1.2 in USA, it is barely 0.1 in India [2]. Owing to this inadequacy of fiber/DSL availability, cellular access technology has emerged as the primary broadband access mechanism in developing countries.

However, the penetration of cellular network is limited in rural areas as its deployment becomes unviable due to challenges such as low average revenue per user, sparse population density, and intermittent availability of electricity. This situation leaves majority of the rural people unconnected thereby creating a massive rural urban digital divide. The next generation cellular system along with the use of unlicensed Wi-Fi Technology can bridge this divide if we overcome the above-mentioned challenges. However, since the Fifth Generation (5G) cellular technology has focus on requirements such as 10 Gbps data rate, 1 ms latency, and very high speed mobility, the problems of coverage and affordability are likely to persist, further widening the digital divide [3]. This article explains how Wi-Fi is being used for affordable high speed broadband in rural areas. A successfully implemented case study of Jharkhand state is also presented, and it can be adopted as reliable business model for 5G or 5G type services in rural areas [4].
ROC Analysis of EEG Subbands for Epileptic Seizure Detection using Naïve Bayes Classifier
Authors: Sameer Mustafa , Gupta Bharat
Published: February 2021

This paper presents analysis of Electroencephalograms (EEGs) and subbands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma) using image descriptors for epileptic seizure detection. Short-time Fourier transform (STFT) has been utilized to convert 1-D EEG data into image. All subbands are separated from the time-frequency (t-f) matrix and Haralick features of each subband is fed in the Naïve Bayes (NB) classifier. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis has been used for performance evaluation of classifier. Among all subbands, gamma band alone shows a maximum AUC of 0.98 to classify between ictal and healthy class, while beta band shows a maximum AUC of 0.96 to differentiate between ictal and interictal class. Significance of this work is it shows the medical advantage of different subbands for the detection process.
The Green Multi Business Model Innovation Brain
Authors: Lindgren Peter
Published: February 2021

Advanced Green technologies integrated in Business Models and Green Multi Business Model Innovation processes introduce a new leadership and management agenda of Green Business Models. Fast innovation of sensing, persuasive and virtual Business Modelling that can operate autonomously and dynamically primarily lead by machines. Green Multi Business Model Innovation Brains will soon be the state of the art in Business that want to become Green – but also for businesses that want to do circular and/or sustainable business modelling.

Businesses will build Green Multi Business Model Innovation competence and advanced Green Multi Business Models Innovation Brains capable to innovated and operate Green Business Models to all kinds of Business Model Ecosystems. This will open up to new Green Multi Business Model Innovation potential and create a new generation or archetypes of Business Models, new practice of Multi Business Model Innovation.

The paper is a second articles and extension of a conceptual paper on Multi Business Model Brains. First paper was presented at the BIT Sindri IEEE Conference 2020 conceptualizing on how a Multi Business Model Brain could be constructed and would operate supported by advance sensor technologies, artificial intelligence technologies, deep learning, persuasive technologies, Multi Business Model Innovation pattern analysis and libraries of BM archetypes. In combination they will all be important supporting tools to the Multi Business Model Innovation Brain – but now also to the Green Multi Business Model Innovation Brain. 8 case examples shows how Green Multi Business Model Innovation Brains can work in different contexts – in physical, digital, virtual and combined Business Model ecosystems.
State-of-the-Art of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Prasad Ramjee , Choudhary Purva
Published: February 2021

Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a technology has existed for less than a century. In spite of this, it has managed to achieve great strides. The rapid progress made in this field has aroused the curiosity of many technologists around the globe and many companies across various domains are curious to explore its potential. For a field that has achieved so much in such a short duration, it is imperative that people who aim to work in Artificial Intelligence, study its origins, recent developments, and future possibilities of expansion to gain a better insight into the field. This paper encapsulates the notable progress made in Artificial Intelligence starting from its conceptualization to its current state and future possibilities, in various fields. It covers concepts like a Turing machine, Turing test, historical developments in Artificial Intelligence, expert systems, big data, robotics, current developments in Artificial Intelligence across various fields, and future possibilities of exploration.
Optimising Indian Railways Infrastructure by AI
Authors: Prasad Chandrika , Jamuar Sudhanshu S.
Published: February 2021

The pressure on the Indian railway (IR) networks has increased due to higher demand for mobility and growth in India’s population over past several decades. In order to meet the higher demand,  IR has put priority in capacity building by increasing the number of coaches per train, running more trains, and building more tracks. Building more tracks or increasing the number of coaches or increasing the number of trains have the potential to solve the problem with high infrastructure cost. Unfortunately, it also comes with added vulnerability in safety in running the system. IR with its investment of over 5,00,000 Cr is presently struggling to make its Operating ratio (expenditure / earning) below 100 %. During the last 166 years of its operation, much technological input has been made on its Infrastructure, Locomotives and Rolling stock but its Train Control practices have remained Conventional – locally controlled and experience-based. The developments in the area of signal processing, communication systems, and artificial intelligence (AI) etc. have great potential for applications in Indian Railway right from ticketing to movement of trains, maintenance etc. The potential of AI has been felt in different applications like predicting delays, preventive maintenance of tracks and rolling stocks, forecasting algorithm for the railway systems. The use of AI in the operation of IR will improve performance by using clever algorithms with efficient software and hardware. This in turn will provide lower latency with information sharing and the use of AI in rail operation will surely improve the efficiency in train operation. This paper highlights the potential contributions of AI in improving the operation of India’s railway system and how the application of recent technological advancement in Information Science and Artificial Intelligence can bring a change in the train operation scenario at a railway station and Control Centre and add to the profitability of Indian Railways.
1.LA PROTESTA MAPUCHE COMO PROCESO INTERACTIVO: ESPACIOS Y DINÁMICAS DEL CONFLICTO EN EL RETORNO DE PIÑERA
Authors: Rojas Pedemonte Nicolás , Gálvez Diego
Published: February 2021

Este artículo analiza el curso de la protesta mapuche durante el año 2018. A partir de una revisión exhaustiva de prensa, tanto corporativa como independiente (incluidos medios mapuche), los autores describen la magnitud y el tipo de repertorios de protesta desplegados por el movimiento mapuche en su territorio históricamente habitado. Junto con el análisis estadístico descriptivo de las frecuencias y tipos de repertorios, se desarrolla un análisis geoestadístico para identificar territorialmente su distribución y su concentración en las provincias de Arauco, Malleco y Cautín. Los autores apuestan por situar la protesta en el escenario político, identificando las causas particulares asociadas a la acción colectiva registrada y los principales hitos del conflicto que la contextualizan. Finalmente, el análisis se concentra en aquellos ciclos de mayor conflictividad y se destaca la interacción entre las medidas gubernamentales concretas de supresión de las protestas y la movilización mapuche. En aquellas coyunturas de mayor conflictividad se identifica una estrecha relación entre la violencia policial y la violencia política mapuche, como fenómeno de (contra)violencia.
2. CRÍMENES Y MONTAJE COMO POLÍTICA INDÍGENA: EL CASO HURACÁN, EL COMANDO JUNGLA Y LOS EFECTOS EN NIÑOS, NIÑAS Y ADOLESCENTES MAPUCHE
Authors: Centro de Investigaciones y Defensa Sur. Equipo CIDSUR
Published: February 2021

El artículo trata de la política de criminalización implementada en contra de las comunidades mapuche que se han movilizado estas últimas décadas por reivindicaciones políticas y territoriales. Se sustenta sobre diversos casos de estudio, además de la misma experiencia de los autores en materia de defensa penal y de litigación estratégica en el contexto de reivindicación mapuche. Un primer apartado explica cómo la criminalización se ha vuelto una verdadera política pública, antes de analizar dos casos clave, el caso Huracán y el asesinato de Camilo Catrillanca, que muestran cómo las propias comunidades, con el apoyo de abogados públicos e independientes, han usado el derecho en contra del mismo Estado chileno. Por último, se presentan los efectos de esta criminalización, en particular sobre las niñas, los niños, los adolescentes y los jóvenes de comunidades mapuche en resistencia. Los distintos casos analizados dan cuenta de una política sistémica y generalizada de criminalización hacia el movimiento mapuche, lo que permite concluir que crímenes y montajes forman parte de las políticas actuales del Estado chileno para responder, no solo a legítimas reivindicaciones en torno a derechos indígenas reconocidos intencionalmente, sino también a demandas relacionadas de democratización del país y de su sistema judicial.
3. CONFLICTO EN TERRITORIO MAPUCHE Y DERECHOS HUMANOS
Authors: Molinet Soledad
Published: February 2021

El capítulo echa una breve mirada a los derechos humanos y el pueblo mapuche, y analiza las principales demandas de este pueblo, junto con la respuesta proporcionada por el Estado, la cual, lejos de atender las reclamaciones, ha violado de manera sistemática los derechos del mayor pueblo indígena de Chile. Se señala que, a pesar de existir una estructura jurídica (nacional e internacional) de protección de los derechos, los avances han sido escasos, y se ha puesto en evidencia la persecución de las autoridades tradicionales del pueblo mapuche y, en especial, de las mujeres, quienes han levantado su voz para defender su territorio y la dignidad de su pueblo.Palabras clave:
7.	EXPERIENCIAS DE RECUPERACIÓN TERRITORIAL A PARTIR DE RESISTENCIAS AL MODELO DE PRODUCCIÓN FORESTAL
Authors: Fuenzalida Manuel , Arce Simón
Published: February 2021

Se describen diversas experiencias de recuperación territorial a partir de resistencias al modelo de producción forestal de monocultivo en comunidades mapuches lafkenches de Tirúa, en el litoral sur de la región del Bío-Bío, Chile. El valor que adquieren las resistencias está determinado por el hecho de que, en el periodo comprendido entre 1997 y 2014, la proporción de superficie comunal cubierta por plantación forestal aumentó de 33% a 45,4%. A través del trabajo desarrollado sobre el terreno durante los últimos cuatro años, ha sido posible rescatar historias de resistencias en distintas comunidades, como lo son la Comunidad Kellgko en la localidad de San Ramón, la Comunidad Lorenzo Quintrileo en la localidad de Quidico, Comunidad Milla Rayen en la localidad de Las Misiones y finalmente, Comunidad Alto Primer Agua.
Tiene ideología, el confinamiento? Una aproximación a la crisis sanitaria de la COVID-19: Individualización, control y excepción de responsabilidades
Authors: Soto Merola Joana
Published: February 2021

El objetivo principal de este artículo es describir los mecanismos simbólicos que las autoridades políticas y sanitarias establecieron durante los primeros meses de pandemia. Bajo este propósito, se intentarán descifrar los discursos que se esconden tras el abordaje que las autoridades sanitarias y políticas han hecho de esta crisis y qué ideología se esboza tras las medidas aparentemente neutras del desconfinamiento. A grandes rasgos, el texto apunta que volcar la responsabilidad casi de forma exclusiva en la población olvida la competencia que las instituciones tienen sobre el sistema sanitario público y, por tanto, libera tanto la Generalitat como el Estado español de sus responsabilidades.Palabras clave:
“Perdimos mucho tiempo peleando entre nosotros”: aproximaciones teóricas a la participación de barras de fútbol en la revuelta sociopolítica chilena de 2019-2020
Authors: Cuevas Bascuñán Ricardo
Published: February 2021

El presente trabajo parte de la necesidad de investigar y analizar los distintos componentes que han dado forma a la revuelta sociopolítica chilena vigente desde octubre de 2019, la que ha sido señalada como una de las mayores crisis desde la Dictadura Militar (1973-1990) materializada en la ruptura del tejido social entre Estado y Sociedad. En este caso, se abordan las prácticas discursivas de las barras de fútbol y el protagonismo asumido durante determinados momentos de la revuelta, con el fin de realizar aproximaciones teóricas al actuar colectivo transgresor, e intentar sentar las bases y una apertura al tema desde las teorías post estructuralistas y los estudios de las relaciones de poder en la definición y codificación de territorios y las resistencias emergentes que surgen como respuesta a estos procesos, bajo su potencialidad colectiva, política, estética y revolucionaria. Conceptos teóricos como desterritorialización y reterritorialización, aportados por los académicos Gilles Deleuze y Félix Guattari, sirven como caja de herramientas para dar forma al análisis de estas crisis del sistema y su estructura sociopolítica.
Un año más de desencuentros: participación y política institucional mapuche en 2019
Authors: Tricot Víctor , Bidegain Germán
Published: February 2021

Este artículo continúa el trabajo realizado en el marco del Anuario 2018, analizando, en el contexto del conflicto entre el Estado de Chile y el Pueblo Mapuche, las actuaciones mapuche durante 2019 en la arena institucional chilena. Para esto, se analizan acciones, declaraciones y la participación de organizaciones y población mapuche mediante diversos canales institucionales. Pese a que 2019 está inevitablemente marcado por el Estallido Social, ocurrido en octubre de ese año, la participación mediante instituciones excede a esta coyuntura crítica. El presente artículo tendrá tres apartados. En primer lugar, se realizará una somera actualización de lo visto en el artículo “Participación y política institucional mapuche durante 2018”; posteriormente, se profundizará en la fallida Consulta Indígena del Gobierno, para finalmente analizar el rol de lo institucional post octubre de 2019.
El movimiento mapuche y la Primavera Chilena
Authors: Tricot Tito
Published: February 2021

El presente texto tiene como objetivo central exponer los posibles vínculos entre el Movimiento Mapuche –particularmente el autonomista–, el Estallido Social y el movimiento que devino del mismo. Lo intenta hacer mediante dos grandes dimensiones. Primero, desde el ángulo del poder, fundamentalmente, aquello que remite a los dispositivos utilizados para la preservación del modelo neoliberal: los valores, relatos, discurso, técnicas e instrumentos represivos. Y segundo, desde el prisma del contra-poder, buscando abordar la plausible vinculación entre el movimiento social chileno y el Movimiento Mapuche, aproximándose analizando las interrelaciones, símiles, diferencias, repertorios de acciones, simbologías, discursos, continuidades y rupturas, mitos, leyendas y memorias individuales y colectivas, entre otros elementos movimentales. Así, se aborda la relación entre el Estado-Nación chileno y los movimientos sociales.
El cubrimiento mediático de los acuerdos de paz en Colombia al inicio de la era de Iván Duque. Entre el pesimismo y la negatividad
Authors: Charry Joya Carlos Andrés , García Ramírez Diego , Ortiz Leiva Germán
Published: February 2021

El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la manera como algunos de los principales medios de comunicación colombianos han abordado el tema del proceso de paz y la implementación de los acuerdos logrados con la extinta guerrilla de las FARC. En la primera sección, se hace un abordaje del sentido informativo de la noticia como marco conceptual general que permite identificar sus dimensiones y características. En la segunda, se aborda el clima de opinión que se ha configurado en Colombia tras la toma de posesión del presidente Iván Duque. Por último, en la tercera sección, a partir de una perspectiva fundamentada en los métodos mixtos, se analizan las principales tendencias informativas reproducidas por los medios de comunicación sobre el proceso de paz y la implementación de los acuerdos durante los primeros meses del nuevo Gobierno. El artículo termina con unas conclusiones, en las que se presentan algunas de las posibles consecuencias de las malas noticias en los procesos de formación de opinión pública en Colombia en la actualidad.
Posverdad. La nueva guerra contra la verdad y cómo combatirla. De Mattew d’Ancona, Alianza Editorial, 2019
Authors: Vives Sebastià
Published: February 2021

Mentira y posverdad. Formas de manipulación política y mediática
Pueblos, libre determinación y pluralismo jurídico. Aproximación sociojurídica crítica en Puelmapu y el Principat de Catalunya
Authors: Di Nella Dino , Ibañez Victoria
Published: February 2021

Este texto aborda las tendencias actuales de los procesos de descolonizaciones, autodeterminaciones y/o independencias de los pueblos-nación marginalizados de los Estados centrales del capitalismo mundial, presentando los casos del pueblo-nación mapuche y el pueblo-nación catalán como forma de aproximación a la cuestión. Para ello, se analiza el derecho de libre determinación (o a la existencia diferenciada) de los pueblos-nación sin Estado propio, en Estados plurinacionales o bajo Estados opresores, en el contexto de los actuales debates y teorizaciones sobre los pueblos y los Estados plurinacionales, desde una perspectiva de pluralismo jurídico crítico. El trabajo se efectúa a instancias del Programa Memorias, Pueblos y Estados, dependiente de la Secretaría de Relaciones Institucionales y radicado en el Centro de Investigación en Derecho Crítico de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, y el patrocinio y apoyo del Colectivo de Acción Jurídica, Social y Cultural Copolis-Adalquí (Sede Atlántica de la Universidad Nacional de Río Negro/Fundación Adalquí), el Col·lectiu de Solidaritat amb els PaïsosCatalans, y el Grupo Interuniversitario Copolis. Bienestar, Comunidad y Control Social (Universidad de Barcelona)
Optical and thermal performance of a toroidal compound parabolic concentrator
Authors: Ortega A. Balbuena , Terán-Franco A. , Castro J. Carlos , del Río J. A.
Published: February 2021

The design, construction, and ray simulation of a new compound parabolic concentrator based on a toroidal shape (toroidal compound parabolic concentrator, TCPC) are addressed. Such analysis indicates that the amount of concentrated radiation is independent of the Sun trajectory. Thus, the TCPC has the advantage of concentrating Sun rays in a spot, and if positioned with an inclination corresponding to the latitude, a solar tracker would not be needed. Experimental measurements with a prototype model are shown to be in good agreement with the simulation results. The possibility of a variety of applications, as natural illumination for this TCPC device, is also pointed out. The simple design, fabrication, and implementation of the TCPC make it an excellent alternative for low concentration in a spot. We present the analysis of the TCPC in natural illumination as one of these applications.
Pedestal analysis of jitter in a 20.97  GHz regeneratively mode-locked laser formed with a short polarization-maintaining fiber amplifier
Authors: Ng W. , Stasyuk V. , Reddy K. V.
Published: February 2021

We demonstrated a 20.97 GHz regeneratively mode-locked Er fiber laser that has a short ring length of 5.84 m. The short active ring enabled large filter-rejection of adjacent supermodes during extraction of its clock signal for regenerative feedback. Very stable mode locking was observed with the generation of

∼

5.5

p
s

Gaussian pulses. A characterization of the noise pedestals in the photodetected first and second harmonics of the mode-locked pulses indicated there was cross-correlated coupling between the timing and amplitude jitter. From an analysis of the noise pedestals in these harmonics, as well as the noise spectrum at baseband, we estimated an amplitude jitter of

∼

0.19

%

, and a timing jitter of

∼

60

f
s

. Using a generalized harmonic analysis approach, we estimated a cross correlation of 0.11% between the timing and amplitude jitter.