bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Narrative Analysis
Authors: Boswell John
Published: November 2022

The ‘deliberative turn’ in normative political theory has coincided with something of a ‘narrative turn’ in empirical social science. Scholars in communication studies, psychology, sociology, politics, public administration, and beyond have increasingly focused their attention on the role that narratives play in social interaction. There is increasing awareness of the importance of narrative for those interested in assessing deliberation. After all, normative ideas about the way people ought to make sense of and stake claims about personal, social, and political phenomena can only be strengthened by closer engagement with empirical accounts of how they actually do so. While narrative analysis has much to offer scholars of deliberation, the growing interest in, and adoption of, this approach in social science research presents some complexities and confusions. Like deliberation itself, narrative means different things to different analysts. It is operationalized in different ways to different ends. The aims of this chapter, then, are twofold. First, it seeks to put forward a version of narrative analysis that is grounded in the traditions of interpretive policy analysis. It makes a case for why this version can answer unresolved questions for scholars of deliberation. Second, this chapter draws on examples from the author’s own research experience to open up about the often-hidden interpretive craft of narrative analysis and demonstrate what it entails in the work of assessing deliberation in practice.
Talk-based Analysis
Authors: Sanyal Paromita
Published: November 2022

Deliberative democracy has surpassed the boundary of normative theorizing and gained a foothold as a real-world model of governance. Its appeal is in the promise of deepening democracy by giving citizens direct voice in reaching collective decisions on civic matters. With this, how citizens participate in discussions aimed at decision-making has come to the centre stage of scholarly attention. This chapter offers a qualitative, talk-based approach for dissecting deliberation by analysing and interpreting talk, that is, by paying attention to who speaks, what they speak about, and how they speak. It offers a way for assessing citizen’s ‘oral competency’ by analysing the nature and framing of their speech. This method is paired with an interpretive stance that takes a semiotic view and treats speech as a signifier of performance. In this framework, citizens’ speeches signify their civic performances, and political leaders’ and frontline bureaucrats’ speeches signify state enactments. An application of this method is illustrated with research on Indian village assemblies, which is the largest case worldwide of deliberation-based, institutionalized participatory democracy. Qualitative assessment of large-scale institutions of deliberative democracy is full of complexity and subjectivity. Yet, without qualitative approaches, our understanding of what occurs in real-world institutions of deliberative democracy is likely to remain sterile. Incorporating talk-based methods and performance-based interpretations are the best hope we have to grasp the full sociological and political import of deliberative democracy.
NATO’s Nations, Relevance, and Cohesion
Authors: Tardy Thierry
Published: November 2022

The first chapter of the volume draws on the country chapters to offer a number of reflection points on the current nature of the Alliance and, most specifically, its relevance and cohesion. It first builds a typology of allies based on how they see, and behave within, the Alliance. Three categories of ally are identified: the ‘non-NATO-aligned with a broad security agenda’, a group composed of the United States, France, and Turkey; the ‘NATO-aligned with a Russian-centric security agenda’, a group composed of the three Baltic States, Norway, Poland, and Romania; and the ‘NATO-aligned with a non-Russian-centric security agenda’, which include the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Spain. Second, the chapter draws on the subsequent country analysis to identify seven key findings that characterize contemporary NATO: these range from the persistent need for NATO, the nature of the bilateral link with the United States, and the centrality of collective defence, to the debate about task expansion, the existence of alternatives to NATO, the importance of values, and the level of strategic thinking within allies. Third, the chapter reflects on those findings to assess the level of relevance and cohesion that the Alliance enjoys. In many ways, NATO’s relevance and cohesion are being challenged by a complex security environment, yet it is largely this complexity that makes the Alliance still essential to its Nations.
The United States
Authors: Hardt Heidi
Published: November 2022

This chapter confronts the modern transatlantic security landscape by examining the United States’ contributions to NATO’s cohesion and relevance. In the aftermath of an isolationist US presidency, debates persist about the commitment of NATO’s most powerful ally to its treaty obligations. The chapter begins with an overview of the extent to which the United States remains engaged in the Alliance. It considers the legacy of the Trump administration and the current administration’s renewed strategy. Whereas US public support for NATO has long remained strong, the United States and its allies have endeavoured to realign interests in light of changing US priorities, including counterterrorism and deterring (or confronting) China. The United States’ decision to withdraw from Afghanistan has also prompted NATO to reconsider its investments in crisis management. Subsequently, the chapter assesses the central role that the United States plays in NATO policymaking and the ideational overlap that it maintains with allies. Sections also review the United States’ material contributions (e.g. operations). In the final section, we examine a set of challenges that the United States faces in its efforts to reassure allies and reinvest in the alliance while balancing its own shifting strategic direction.
The United Kingdom
Authors: Webber Mark
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines the British policy towards the North Atlantic Alliance. The United Kingdom has always been unambiguous in its position on NATO. London helped to establish the Alliance in 1949 and ever since has striven to be its most important European ally. In consequence, the United Kingdom has provided a significant material contribution to NATO missions and command and sees itself as at the forefront of debates on NATO strategy and purpose. With rare exception (the case of Scottish nationalism), NATO membership is beyond question in domestic politics—and the Alliance has never obtained the same controversial status as the European Union. UK foreign and defence policies retain pretensions towards global influence, evidenced in the 2021 Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy. High standing within NATO is one means by which that influence is to be exercised. The United Kingdom has also traditionally seen NATO as an essential bridge in its relationship with the United States, and this is even more so after Brexit. For London, transatlanticism is key to the Alliance, but this has, at times, created tensions with Paris and occasionally with Berlin. Overall, the chapter portrays the United Kingdom as being amongst NATO’s most stalwart and reliable allies and predicts that this is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future.
Yoknapatawpha Road Trip; or, William Faulkner in Car Country
Authors: Watson Jay
Published: November 2022

Chapter two explores the contradictions of petromodernity through the optic of the motor excursion, revealing Faulkner as a keen student of the ontological, phenomenological, aesthetic, epistemological, and ecological dimensions of US petroleum consumption. The Yoknapatawpha road trip contests the ideology of modern automobility, its aura of freedom, mastery, and expansiveness, with an insistent emphasis on the contingencies of personal motoring: the accidents, breakdowns, traffic jams, refueling stops, citations, sudden swerves, Jim Crowed roadways, and other exigencies that constitute the dialectical otherness within transportation modernity. “Elmer,” The Sound and the Fury, Sanctuary, Light in August, “Monk,” The Wild Palms, and The Mansion introduce a new Faulknerian genre, the filling station narrative; and Intruder in the Dust, Knight’s Gambit, and Requiem for a Nun merge crime fiction with road fiction to make detective work hinge on the act of driving. The Reivers’ Ned McCaslin finally illustrates the challenges of motoring while Black.
The F/act of Gandhian Walks
Authors: Siganporia Harmony
Published: November 2022

This section investigates how Gandhi turns the act of walking into a symbol which comes to connote him by direct extension. It analyses his time in London as a young and poor international student, compelled to turn to walking out of necessity, but soon recognizing the power of this ‘method’ as a way of learning new environments, even as it grounds and locates him firmly within them. This is followed by an examination of what walking meant to Gandhi’s political organizing in South Africa before closing with an exploration of how, within the Gandhian schema, walking is simultaneously praxis (that which a body does) and theory (experiential episteme building).
Field-Notes, or
Authors: Siganporia Harmony
Published: November 2022

This section of the book is based on the author’s field-notes and explorations on the walk proper: each day on the road is treated first from the lens of the present, and is followed by an account of what Gandhi and his Marchers saw and did whilst in the same locations in 1930. Sub-sections are clustered loosely around the theme of the dominant crop in each district traversed: sugar-cane in the Surat district; cotton in Bharuch; Tobacco in Anand etc.—and what this means for the socio-economic web of relations and dominant structuring principles which ‘locate’ lives in these areas to-day.
Iris Murdoch and the Quality of Consciousness
Authors: Lovibond Sabina
Published: November 2022

Murdoch’s moral philosophy lays stress on the need to resist our natural tendency to self-absorption and turn our attention outward, so as to appreciate the value present in nature, art, and (above all) other persons. In this way, she argues, we can work to amend the quality of our states of consciousness, and hence (indirectly) of our actions. By way of commentary on this view, the present essay suggests that Murdoch’s early apprenticeship in Marxist politics—and her subsequent rejection of Marxism—may have left a trace both in the idea that ‘our states of consciousness differ in quality’ (and thus admit of improvement); and also in the specific, distinctively ‘idealist’ course indicated by her mature philosophy for the project of moral self-criticism.
Judith Butler on Political Agency
Authors: Lovibond Sabina
Published: November 2022

The ‘critique of reason’ in feminist and postmodernist theory calls upon us to rethink conceptions of the rational subject—the subject of thought and choice—inherited from the Enlightenment. As an element in her critique of this humanist tradition, Judith Butler (following Nietzsche) rejects the conception of the subject as a ‘doer behind the deed’, and offers an alternative model of resistance to our familiar imperatives of gender identity. Drawing mainly on the introduction to Butler’s Bodies That Matter, this essay aims to clarify what she thinks is wrong with the kind of feminism that opposes ‘sex’ (the biological datum) to ‘gender’ (the cultural construct)—that is, with the main current of feminist thinking since the 1970s. It suggests that Butler may have exaggerated the ideological difference between herself and those feminists who have appealed to a sex/gender distinction.
Nominal morphology
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: November 2022

This chapter is a detailed account of the structure of nouns and adjectives, which are grouped together as ‘nominals’ since they show identical morphology. The case system has ten terms—absolutive, ergative, accusative, locative, allative, ablative, dative, instrumental, aversive, and comitative. Each of these is characterised. There is then discussion of tests to distinguish suffixal homonymy—ergative and instrumental, dative, and allative, locative and aversive. Two suffixes undertake ‘double duty’, as derivation and as inflection. There is then an inventory of derivational suffixes. The final section describes the inchoative (intransitive) and causative (transitive) verbalising suffixes. And the rather special set of delocutive verbs.
Noun markers, demonstratives, and verb markers—base part
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: November 2022

An unusual and intriguing feature of Dyirbal grammar is the pervasive roles of noun markers and verb markers. Noun markers are like determiners, typically accompanying a noun within an NP. The base part of a noun marker has three components. Two of them are pieces of new information: (a) the gender of the noun (note that a noun marker is the only place where gender is shown); (b) whether the referent of the noun is visible and near the speaker, ya(la)- (‘here’), visible and not near the speaker, ba(la)- (‘there’), not visible ŋa(la)-, or questioned/indefinite wuñje- (‘where/somewhere’). The third component of the base part of a noun marker shows a core or non-spatial peripheral case, or simple genitive, agreeing with the inflection of the noun it is modifying. A verb marker has two components, the first is identical to (b) for noun makers, the second is statement of a spatial peripheral case, which agrees with an accompanying nominal in this case. There is also discussion—inter alia—of the semantics of the ‘not visible’ base; of the role of the nominal demonstrative; and of the additional base form gila - ‘somewhere’ (with a defective paradigm).
Particles
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: November 2022

Particles are independent, non-inflecting words which relate to a whole clause, either to a main clause or to a relative clause in which they occur. Some—such as guru ‘not’— have a simple meaning, others a more intricate one. The particle añja is phonologically unique (being the only word in the language which does not have an initial consonant) and grammatically wide-ranging. Four basic uses can be recognised: (I) marking a new pivot; (II) marking a new type of activity; (III) marking a new state; and (IV) marking the culmination of some sequence of activities. There are 18 other particles. Four relate to endeavour and four more have a negative nuance. A number have fascinating meanings. For example, birri ‘could have happened but didn’t’ and mugu ‘couldn’t be helped’. Chloe Grant commented that putting mugu in made it ‘that’s alright’. That is, one can’t be blamed for something which is unavoidable. There is full description of the meaning and function of each particle.
Following the Dead
Authors: Singh Ravi Nandan
Published: November 2022

The funerary territory of the ghat where cremations take place in Banaras is broadly organized around two kinds of publics. One, the relatively stable public of the in-residence funeral workers, who manage the open-air manual cremation, and two, the shifting public of the funeral travellers who accompany a funeral. The chapter is an introduction to the ways in which these two types of publics come together to make the river edge cremation complex an intersecting site of ritual practice, bargaining of funeral fees, the dexterous performance of cremation work, as well as that of pyre gazing and contemplation. A complex form of spoken expression, what I call as ‘sighing speech’ surfaces here in perceiving the place, its publics, and its relation to life and death. Such an emergent and contingent genre of speech surprisingly gives expression to how death forms a continuum with the rough texture of life. While face to face with the pyres nothing is truer than death, yet the moment you turn away, death must metamorphose itself to accompany the living. In this chapter, the author proposes that it is this duel between being true to death (and the dead) and death seemingly obliviated by life that informs both mourning and the return to the ordinary for the living. This introductory chapter sets the tone for the funeral travelling described in the book.
Crying and Listening
Authors: Singh Ravi Nandan
Published: November 2022

Chapter 4 is a necrological account of the dead as kin. In his great little book, American Kinship, David Schneider while speaking to his informants about the ‘relative as a person’ is tellingly asked by his interviewees if he wants to know about ‘the dead ones too?’. This chapter is a descriptive ‘yes’ to that counter question. Like a miming, joking act, it provides an elaborate auto-response such that the ethnographer becomes both the surveyor and the respondent in his colloquia with the dead. In building this response, the dead emerge as a recursive social condition. We encounter in the chapter a foreshadowing of one’s own death and the recognition of the dead as an extension of ourselves. True to the wisdom of the sighing speech, it emerges that this foreshadowing and the recognition of one’s own death in the narratives of relatives’ deaths does not cancel out or entirely diminish the potentials of life even as a low echo of permanent mourning comes to line these potentials into the everyday.
Conversation of Pyres
Authors: Singh Ravi Nandan
Published: November 2022

Chapter 5 builds upon the classic anthropological discussion on dead and their names. It shows how proper names are lost for a short duration at death and also how the corpse occupies different generic names as it moves from one threshold to another. The sociological matrix of funerary work, municipal handling of the dead at the electric crematorium, and other associated concerns find their way into these descriptions. Anthropologists have rightly approached the meaning of Hindu death as a closure by following the communitarian route of the funeral, from the cremation ghat to home. While this chapter does the same, it also maps the converse. By staying at the ghat after the respective funeral travellers have left the author records their dead as social relations of remainders. Tracking these remainders, the author moves to a conversation of pyres. This conversation brings up the context of cremation-related environmental anguish in a comparative perspective by drawing from his ethnography of recirculation of heat in a Danish crematorium. The chapter’s end alludes to an incommensurate ethical parallel between the various names of the city and the registers of pravah and parvah to signify the funeral act in Banaras as a coming together of contemplation, mourning, and care in the flow of life.
Look to Understand
Authors: Mariani Maria Anna
Published: November 2022

This chapter brings the book to a close by probing the moral dilemma of the bystander: what responsibility do we have for a historic catastrophe when it is viewed at a distance? Pasolini’s Rage, with its critical montage of traumatic images from the twentieth century, especially those of the atomic mushroom, urges us to reflect on this dilemma. It does so by delving into two related issues: how the suffering of others is transformed into a sublime spectacle and how geographic distance inhibits any spontaneous impulse of compassion. Using the defamiliarizing genre of the essay-film, Pasolini invites viewers to set aside the gaze of the bystander and instead adopt an alternative way of looking that transforms viewers into active interpreters of what unfolds before them. This is the gaze of those who recognize that they are fully implicated in the events shown: those who, despite remaining spectators, lose the privilege of distance and the brazen luxury of indifference.
Norway
Authors: Strøm Kaare W.
Published: November 2022

Norway has, since 1945, had one of highest incidences of minority governments among parliamentary democracies, and this incidence has increased in recent decades. Three conditions have been favorable to minority government formation: (1) a permissive institutional environment including negative parliamentarism and multiple avenues for opposition influence; (2) a pronounced two-bloc party system format with increasingly competitive elections; and (3) a high level of social and political trust in which opposition politicians have few concerns that parties holding executive office may abuse their powers. Under these conditions, Norwegian minority governments have in general been durable and effective.
Minority Governments in France
Authors: Rozenberg Olivier
Published: November 2022

Minority governments are not numerous in France given the use of the majority voting system and the domination of the presidential elections on domestic politics. Yet, such a situation did occur during a full parliamentary term in 1988–1993. This experience indicates that Premier ministers can use a diversity of institutional and political tools to be able to govern in such exceptional circumstances. In addition, the election of a new president has occasionally been followed by a one-month period of minority government, illustrating further the president’s domination over the political system.
The Necessity, Making and Reform of Investment Treaties and Investor-State Arbitration in Africa
Authors: Dagbanja Dominic Npoanlari
Published: November 2022

Chapter 6 concludes that there is the need for the treaty-based standards of investment protection to be reconciled with the constitutional and general international law duties of African states to protect the environment and human rights and to initiate and implement development policy and in light of judicial sovereignty. It is only by being guided by the very legal norms which justify regulatory autonomy when entering into investment treaties that that autonomy can be reclaimed or retained. This requires that African states do not enter into investment treaties at all or that if they do then the treaty terms must be effectively qualified by legally enforceable exceptions, rather than mere general exceptions, to accommodate the right to regulate. Existing investment treaties must be revised, and certain terms must be excluded from them or qualified to make room for the exercise of the right to regulate.
Autonomy without Collapse
Authors: Dawson Mark , Jachtenfuchs Markus
Published: November 2022

This chapter is devoted to setting out the central dilemma discussed in the book as a whole: how to foster national autonomy within the European Union without threatening dis-integration or the systemic ‘collapse’ of the Union. In the chapter, we discuss the roots of the Union’s current predicament, which we relate to the inability of the Union either to decisively consolidate its political and legal order or to return competences to the Member States. We further define the categories of ‘autonomy’ and ‘collapse’ and suggest two main routes to addressing the dilemma explored in the volume as a whole: the differentiated integration of EU law and policy, and altering central principles of the EU’s present constitutional structure.
The Law as Tool and Constraint of Differentiated Integration
Authors: Witte Bruno de
Published: November 2022

This chapter describes the role of law in affecting the preferences that states and EU institutions have with regard to differentiated integration, including with regard to the choice among different forms of differentiation. The first part of the chapter sketches a contrast between two types of differentiation that coexist in the legal toolbox and have both been widely used in the past decades: the ‘orthodox’ forms of differentiated integration that are provided for, and partially regulated, by the European Treaties, and the ‘wilder’ à la carte forms of differentiation that preserve the policy discretion and operational control of the participating governments. The second part of the chapter shows that both forms of differentiation face a different set of legal constraints, which affect the conditions for their use and makes one more attractive than the other, depending among other things on the policy domain in which they are used.
Interpretative Pluralism and the Constitutionalization of the EU Legal Order
Authors: Davies Gareth
Published: November 2022

Constitutional pluralism tries to provide a legitimating theoretical frame for stubborn disagreements between the European Court of Justice and national constitutional courts. However, in accepting the legal separateness of constitutions and EU law it offers a depressingly Cold War vision of the European constitutional space. Interpretative pluralism instead conceives of these texts as a composite whole, with the task of courts to read them as such, seeking interpretations of one that do not do violence to the other. The disagreements between courts should not be about which text takes precedence, but about what they mean. The difference in practice is that national constitutional courts should never say that EU law conflicts with their constitutions. Rather, they should read it so that it does not, even if that means disagreeing with an interpretation offered by the European Court of Justice. Normatively this approach has the merit that it encourages national courts to engage more deeply with EU law, a necessary step in the construction of a working and legitimate European legal order. Descriptively, it also corresponds increasingly to what national apex courts actually do.
“Tools” of Progress
Authors: Miller-Melamed Paul
Published: November 2022

This chapter provides a sweeping overview of European politics, culture, and society in the decades before World War I, when Europe’s global power was uncontested. How, it asks, could a single assassination plunge Europe’s Great Powers—Britain, Germany, France, Russia, and Austria-Hungary—into civil war? After describing the discrepancies between and within the powers, the chapter considers how mid-nineteenth-century certainties about “progress” and “reason,” emerging from the vast changes of the Industrial and French revolutions, shifted toward fin-de-siècle cultural expressions of anxiety, irrationalism, degeneracy, and despair. These feelings were reflected in the era’s aggressive militarism and nationalism on one side, and large pacifist/anti-militarist movements on the other, the latter epitomized by the Hague Peace Conferences (1899, 1907). The chapter concludes by arguing that the decisions that led to war in 1914, but not during the previous crises, illustrate how the international system had come to resemble the anxious age.
Worlds Apart
Authors: Miller-Melamed Paul
Published: November 2022

This chapter provides an in-depth look at the book’s protagonists: Bosnian peasant-assassin Gavrilo Princip and the heir to the throne of the Habsburg Empire, Archduke Franz Ferdinand. First, it situates them in the context of the “South Slavic Question” concerning the rights of the monarchy’s southern Slavs. It then shows how this issue was affected by the decline of the Ottoman Empire (Eastern Question) on Austria-Hungary’s southeastern periphery. In particular, the national rebellions known as the Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878) carved out new nation-states in the Balkans, and the Berlin Congress transferred control of Bosnia-Herzegovina from the Ottoman to the Habsburg dynasty. Franz Ferdinand and Princip were products of these changes despite their polar opposite backgrounds. Ironically, they also shared distinctive personality traits—obstinancy, individualism, deep sensitivities. This chapter argues that rather than “chance” or “fate,” the protagonists’ own, individual natures and common geopolitical context determined their convergence in Sarajevo.
News Nerds
Authors: Kosterich Allie
Published: November 2022

Journalism, at the core, is the presentation of news through media. The content of news has not changed much over the last century—politicians, wars, crime, and sports dominate past and present headlines. Yet, the ways in which journalists both gather and disseminate information have been turned on their head. Gone are the days of editors assigning stories to writers, who then research, inquire, and write what they found. Today’s journalists are coding, programming, running analytics, and developing apps. These “news nerds” are working in jobs at the intersection of traditional journalist positions and technologically-intensive positions that were once largely separate. Their titles and jobs might differ, but one thing is common: they are using technology differently and the institutionalized view of a professional journalist has changed. Understanding the reasons for that turn, its mechanics, timing, and impact are the goals of this book. News Nerds explores how technological, economic, and societal changes are impacting the institutionalized profession of journalism. Allie Kosterich draws on a mixed-method research design combining interviews with professional journalists, textual analysis of trade press, and social network analysis of journalist career histories. Taken together, these data reveal the ways in which the institution of the profession of journalism is evolving to incorporate new technological skillsets and new routines of production. In telling these stories and sharing these findings, she directly confronts what happens when new skillsets and new ways of understanding and producing news start to collide with the old routines of journalism.
The Spanish Armada
Authors: Sims Jennifer E.
Published: November 2022

The Spanish Armada’s attempt to defeat England in 1588 was an early, if unusual, form of asymmetric warfare. Surprisingly, the weaker English won. Most historians have discounted the role of intelligence in this case, with the English having long seemed more lucky than smart. This chapter reviews the terrain of uncertainty during the larger Anglo-Spanish war of which the Armada was a part, identifying four factors generating serious uncertainties for both sides: the stability of ruling regimes; the nature of military power, especially at sea; the effects of time and distance on assessing and exercising power; and divine preference or “acts of God.” The discussion of these uncertainties reveals that the English did have some opening advantages, but so did the Spanish. That Philip II decided to sail his warships into the English Channel in 1588 tipped the terrain of uncertainty in Queen Elizabeth I’s favor. So the question arises whether the queen relied on that lucky turn of events or sought to engineer an intelligence advantage of a more substantial kind and, if so, how she did it.
Intelligence Lessons from the Spanish Armada
Authors: Sims Jennifer E.
Published: November 2022

Queen Elizabeth and King Philip both suffered from poor strategic intelligence, but the queen’s intelligence and counterintelligence gained her identifiable advantages at every other level. Lessons from the Armada case include these: (1) Decision-makers are integral to the process of gaining intelligence advantages. The queen’s seemingly indecisive style contributed to her ability to balance contradictory sources, generate competitive collection architectures, and learn under pressure. (2) Intelligence works best when competitors understand relative uncertainties and build intelligence into their strategies. (3) Certainty almost always decreases the likelihood of warning because it discourages collection on the possibility of error; covert action, which is the secret execution of pre-determined policy, has a similar effect, while also putting sources at risk of loss or politicization. (4) Intelligence liaison can close gaps in intelligence collection but at the risk of increased counterintelligence threats, potential loss of sources and methods, and vulnerabilities to deception. (5) Counterintelligence (CI) can contribute to or damage positive intelligence. It improved England’s relative intelligence capabilities by revealing what Spain thought it needed to know or do to win (its competitive strategies). But, by influencing or eliminating the king’s sources on what England planned to do, CI damaged Spain’s situational awareness.
Battlefield Intelligence
Authors: Sims Jennifer E.
Published: November 2022

During the American Civil War, rival commanders shared traditions, experiences, and mindsets about how to fight and win. Still, the Union and the Confederacy started with uneven advantages in knowledge about how battles would be fought and what they needed to know to win. Shared uncertainties at the start of the war (First Manassas, 1861) included the readiness of conscripted troops and volunteers; the effects of varying weapons, including rifling, on troop performance and battlefield tactics; the availability of maps and mapmakers and the implications for the movement of large armies; the vulnerabilities of railroads and their relevance to strategy; the utility of telegraph systems in war; the uses of ballooning; and the requirements for effective cavalry operations. In almost everything except cavalry operations, the Union had opening informational advantages.
Intelligence Lessons from the Battlefield
Authors: Sims Jennifer E.
Published: November 2022

The obvious point that strategic intelligence is not enough to win on the battlefield has a flip side: intelligence-enabled strategic surprise offers no guarantee of battlefield victories. First Manassas, Chancellorsville, and the run-up to Gettysburg offer eight lessons: (1) Communications is the pillar of superior operational and battlefield intelligence. (2) Maps, like most forms of intelligence, do not necessarily improve with greater detail or more accuracy; whether such added truth is worth the cost of getting it depends on the competitive context. (3) Public-private partnerships are key to knowing the technologically possible; they can also constitute the Achilles heel for a commander at war if they trigger competitive infighting among intelligence providers. (4) Intelligence reform during battle is dangerous because crucial victories for intelligence can be hidden within battlefield defeats. (5) Intelligence advantage can turn on the momentarily inconsequential—the tiny puzzle piece that makes sense out of years of archived collection. (6) Intelligence advantage can be lost to fratricidal intelligence fights on one’s own side. (7) Neither blanket secrecy nor intelligence sharing is always advantageous; a capacity for selective secrecy is essential to decision advantage. (8) Covert (open but secretly sponsored) collection is easier for competitors operating on their own turf, but it presents special management challenges. The foregoing lessons all underscore the point that decision-makers are responsible for gaining intelligence advantages, and for engineering them in ways that serve their strategies.
Intelligence and Decision in 1938
Authors: Sims Jennifer E.
Published: November 2022

This chapter explores Hitler’s and Chamberlain’s decisions to negotiate Czechoslovakia’s fate rather than fight for it, comparing their decision-making at comparable moments. European decision-making in the run-up to WWII was almost as dimly lit as in July 1914, but with one difference: professional intelligence organizations were involved. They helped only marginally. Hitler’s primary objectives from 1937 to 1938 were domestic. He knew he needed to build his military while subjugating his generals, who believed they, not he, were the guarantors of the state. France and Britain missed Hitler’s moves in these regards, so missed learning his practical plans for territorial aggression against Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and France. Not knowing Hitler’s intelligence operations against his military, the Allies did not know to be skeptical of sources within the German military who thought they knew Hitler’s mind when they not; in fact, these sources were being positively manipulated. If Hitler thus gained repeated intelligence advantages in the run-up to Munich, Chamberlain won an intelligence advantage during those meetings. Afterward, most French officials and British citizens believed the problem of European order was not Britain’s failure to stand up for it or to understand and properly accommodate Hitler’s objectives; the problem was Hitler himself: he was lying about his territorial ambitions.
A Theory of Intelligence in International Politics
Authors: Sims Jennifer E.
Published: November 2022

The case studies have illustrated four measures or capacities of intelligence power that must be superior to an adversary’s for intelligence advantage to be achieved: (1) collection (the number, integration, central management, and range over domain); (2) anticipation or sufficient detachment from policy to discover the unexpected (quality of oversight); (3) transmission (the level of trust measured by sharing of sources and methods and policy requirements across the intelligence-policy divide); and (4) selective secrecy. Which of these capacities will be most important in any given contest will depend on the terrain of uncertainty: the opening distribution of knowledge (uncertainty) among the contestants and the extent to which strategies exploit that distribution. The importance of intelligence readiness—the optimization of all four capacities—cannot be overemphasized when designing an intelligence system. Often, reforms are based on the last perceived failure, thus doing damage to capabilities essential for general readiness. Counterintelligence targets, not just an adversary’s intelligence operations, but all four missions or capacities. The United States optimized its collection capabilities during the Cold War, but failed to develop readiness for when it would end. Some capacities were allowed to wither; others were actively dismissed, such as the transmission function, which manifests now as overclassification system and vulnerability to deception.
Trigger Warnings and Safe Spaces
Authors: Vivian Bradford
Published: November 2022

The popular appeal of viewpoint diversity as an apparently new model of intellectual diversity is deeply connected to hyperbole about trigger warnings and safe spaces on college campuses. Sensational narratives about those topics throughout the mid-2010s seldom presented fair and accurate information about universities. Those narratives generated, instead, popular new stereotypes about students from historically disenfranchised communities, personified in the figure of the pathologically coddled student. This chapter argues that fixations with trigger warnings and safe spaces are foundational to campus misinformation. It also contends that such fixations have helped to normalize new forms of sociopolitical invective beyond college campuses, which exacerbate sociopolitical divisions instead of promoting constructive intellectual disagreement. Dispelling hyperbole about trigger warnings and safe spaces can help to promote better-quality information about university teaching while offering valuable insights into norms of sociopolitical disagreement.
First Amendment Hardball
Authors: Vivian Bradford
Published: November 2022

Allegations about a free speech crisis in higher education have helped to popularize questionable ideas about free speech and First Amendment freedoms. Campus misinformation assesses the state of free speech in higher education by employing the language of First Amendment hardball, defined as highly selective interpretations of free speech rights that seek to control conditions of speech rather than protecting the speech of everyone. Alarmism about free speech crises on college campuses reflects the tactics of movements or organizations that undermine open debate, intimidate historically marginalized groups, and effectively suppress the speech of others by citing ideals of free speech. The political exploitation of First Amendment hardball based on campus misinformation, moreover, indicates rising pro-authoritarian sentiment in US society. This chapter offers affirmative and explanatory arguments about the First Amendment centered on the vital role of democratic counter-speech.
Campus Information
Authors: Vivian Bradford
Published: November 2022

This chapter encourages readers to replace campus misinformation with campus information. A more empirically and ethically responsible framework of debate about past and present realities of US higher education forms the substance of that information. The concluding argument of the book rests on a series of claims that emphasize the value of liberal arts education and pro-diversity messages to academic freedom as well as the importance of fair and accurate information about diverse college and university communities. This chapter contends that promoting more constructive deliberations about colleges and universities is a critical academic and democratic project alike because institutions of higher education provide vital bulwarks against all forms of misinformation.
The Gratifications of Whiteness
Authors: Myers Ella
Published: November 2022

This chapter opens by illustrating the resurgence of interest in Du Bois’s thought, especially his idea of compensatory whiteness, following the 2016 presidential election. It explains that this book affirms the continued salience of Du Bois’s thought but also pushes beyond simplistic understandings of the “wages of whiteness.” This chapter lays the theoretical foundation for the book. First, it explains the significance of the concept of gratifications, which counters dominant ways of thinking about contemporary whiteness. Next, the chapter reflects on and defends the book’s focus on “whiteness” against valid concerns about “whiteness studies.” Finally, this chapter explains why the book focuses on the US context and why it employs a white/Black conceptual frame to do so. The chapter concludes with a roadmap of the coming chapters.
Resistances
Authors: Myers Ella
Published: November 2022

This chapter asks what the preceding analysis of white gratification suggests about anti-racist struggle today. What strategies can interrupt the varied, plural forms of racialized reward that have long helped sustain white supremacy? The chapter first examines Du Bois’s persistent interest in “propaganda” as an indispensable tool for combatting white-over-Black domination. It shows that especially in Dusk of Dawn, Du Bois uses this term to signal a wide-ranging and multifaceted collective project—political, aesthetic, and economic—that would be capable of addressing the wide-ranging and multifaceted reality of white supremacy. The second part of the chapter looks at the creative protest tactics of Black Lives Matter (BLM) and suggests that their varied repertoire resonates with Du Bois’s vision of an inventive, protean politics of Black liberation.
Building the Tranquil Child
Authors: Austin Emily A.
Published: November 2022

This chapter addresses the Epicurean view on marriage and children. Some scholars argue that Epicurus opposes both, but the original textual evidence, the historical record of Epicurus’ school, and the lives of his followers suggests otherwise. Among other things, Epicurus raised his best friend Metrodorus’ children, one of whom was named Epicurus, and he encouraged Metrodorus’ daughter to marry. Like any normal person, Epicurus no doubt recognized that raising children can be an extreme source of anxiety. This anxiety, like all anxiety for Epicurus, stems largely from the parent’s extravagant and corrosive desires for both themselves and their children. For Epicurus, good parenting begins with the parents’ desires and extends outward.
Introduction
Authors: Hudson Benjamin
Published: November 2022

William Shakespeare’s play about Macbeth probably was inspired by the visit of King James I to Oxford in 1605. Echoes are found in the Tragedie of Macbeth, which might have been acted in the summer of 1606. Shakespeare did not invent Macbeth. When he began to write the Tragedie of Macbeth, he had at his disposal a legend that developed over centuries as well as a topic that had been presented to the public in a different form a few years earlier. Macbeth had made the journey from historical prince to literary character, together with his contemporaries Duncan, Malcolm Canmore, and Edward the Confessor. Their stories went from historical records to historical recreation to political theory to popular theater. Working backward, this book traces the legend as well as the historical king.
Macbeth Emerges
Authors: Hudson Benjamin
Published: November 2022

Macbeth’s elevation as king of all the Scots was an unlikely achievement. When his father Finlay son of Rory was slain in 1020, he was merely another unsuccessful prince. Macbeth, however, survived and in less than a decade he succeeded his cousin Malcolm as king. At the beginning of his reign he was forced into political affairs in Scandinavia when Cnut of England and Denmark negotiated with him to side with the Danes as they fought for control of Scandinavia. Immediately this put Macbeth in opposition with his cousin Jarl Thorfinn of the Orkney Isles, who not only was a supporter of Cnut’s foe St. Olaf of Norway but was also casting covetous eyes on northern Scotland. Yet it was Macbeth, not Thorfinn, who became the king of the Scots.
Fame and Defamation
Authors: Hudson Benjamin
Published: November 2022

In the aftermath of his death, King Macbeth was succeeded by his stepson Lulach and then by his rival Malcolm Canmore. Malcolm’s career was an influence on the legend of Macbeth. The success of the Canmore dynasty in holding power was due to their ties with the English kings and an adroit mixture of diplomacy, intimidation, and military might; they justified their actions through a selective reading of history. Image and public opinion were equally important in the Middle Ages as in the modern world, and the consequences of an unfavorable assessment were more severe. During the twelfth century a process of vilification of Canmore rivals was started with Macbeth’s clan as their main target. Through the manipulation of the historical record, the hero, so to speak, of the Macbeth legend became his nemesis Malcolm Canmore; as the fortunes of Clan “Canmore” prospered, those of Macbeth’s family fell.
Not the Beginning of the Legend
Authors: Hudson Benjamin
Published: November 2022

The legend of Macbeth is usually dated to the fourteenth-century Chronicle of the Scottish Nation by John of Fordun. This chapter argues that the beginning was earlier and uses the Romance of Fergus as an example of the literary form preferred by the Scots. Scattered items that include Macbeth, such as a list of kings, record only the length of his reign and one or two details such as the manner of his death and prosperity of his reign. In the hands of John of Fordun, Macbeth appears, but only as a minor character in the legend of Malcolm Canmore.
The Literary Scot in Tudor England
Authors: Hudson Benjamin
Published: November 2022

The legend of Macbeth became an international story with its reception in England as a part of Raphael Holinshed’s Chronicles, which followed Hector Boece’s story of Macbeth. The Chronicles was the main source used by Shakespeare. Comparison of the Macbeth legend with English representations of Scots during the last decade of the sixteenth century, when Shakespeare was active as a playwright, indicates some of the concerns of the English theatergoing public. Perception of the Scots, Scottish history, and the story of Macbeth among the English at that time was multi-faceted rather than unremittingly bigoted and hostile, even though those aspects have received the majority of scholarly attention. There is evidence that popular feeling toward the Scots was more mixed than is sometimes imagined, and many English had a considerably benign attitude toward their northern neighbors.