bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Polysaccharide Derived from a Trichosporon sp. Culture Strongly Primes Plant Resistance to Viruses
Authors: Chiu Yi-Shu , Chen Pi-Yu , Kuan Tung , Wang Po-Chuan , Chen Ying-Ju , Yang Yu-Liang , Yeh Hsin-Hung
Published: June 2018

Plant viruses cause devastating diseases in plants, yet no effective viricide is available for agricultural application. We screened cultured filtrates derived from various soil microorganisms cultured in vegetable broth that enhanced plant viral resistance. A cultured filtrate, designated F8 culture filtrate, derived from a fungus belonging to the genus Trichosporon, induced strong resistance to various viruses on different plants. Our inoculation assay found the infection rate of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-inoculated Nicotiana benthamiana with F8 culture filtrate pretreatment may decrease to 0%, whereas salicylic acid (SA)-pretreated N. benthamiana attenuated TMV-caused symptoms but remained 100% infected. Tracking Tobacco mosaic virus tagged with green fluorescence protein in plants revealed pretreatment with F8 culture filtrate affected the initial establishment of the virus infection. From F8 culture filtrate, we identified a previously unknown polysaccharide composed of D-mannose, D-galactose, and D-glucose in the ratio 1.0:1.2:10.0 with a α-D-1,4-glucan linkage to be responsible for the induction of plant resistance against viruses through priming of SA-governed immune-responsive genes. Notably, F8 culture filtrate only triggered local defense but was much more effective than conventional SA-mediated systematic acquired resistance. Our finding revealed that microbial cultured metabolites provided a rich source for identification of potent elicitors in plant defense.
Cropping Practices and Soil Properties Associated with Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Corn Fields in Ohio
Authors: Simon A. C. M. , Lopez-Nicora Horacio D. , Niblack Terry L. , Dayton Elizabeth A. , Tomashefski David , Paul Pierce A.
Published: June 2018

Ten morphological groups of plant-parasitic nematodes (spiral, lesion, lance, dagger, stunt, pin, ring, stubby-root, cyst, and miscellaneous tylenchids) were detected in corn fields in Ohio, but the presence and population density of these groups varied among fields. Binary and ordinal logistic regression models were fitted to the data to estimate the odds of each group being present, and the lesion, lance, spiral, and pin nematode population densities being at moderate-high risk levels based on soil region, cropping sequence, tillage, and soil pH, silt content, and electrical conductivity. All covariates were associated with at least one nematode group, but soil region had the greatest and most consistent effect. Dagger and ring nematodes were more likely to be present in region 6 than in any of the other regions, whereas lance, stunt, pin, stubby-root, and spiral nematodes were more likely to be present in regions 1 to 5 than 6. Spiral, lance, and pin nematode population densities were more likely to be at moderate-high risk levels in regions 3 and 4 than in region 6. Fields under conservation tillage were two times more likely to have moderate-high risk lance nematode population densities than fields under conventional tillage. Similarly, pin nematode population densities were two times more likely to be at moderate-high risk levels in fields under rotation than in continuous corn. For every unit increase in soil pH, the odds of the spiral nematode population density being at moderate-high risk levels increased by 43%, but the odds of the lesion and pin nematode population densities being at the same risk level decreased by 63 and 29%, respectively. The predicted probability of lesion and lance population densities being at moderate-high risk levels decreased as the silt content of the soil increased. These finding will be useful for developing future nematode sampling protocols and for assessing the risk associated with nematodes in corn fields in Ohio.
NSAIDs hypersensitivity: questions not resolved
Authors: Blanca-Lopez Natalia , Somoza-Alvarez Maria L. , Bellon Teresa , Amo Gemma , Canto Gabriela , Blanca Miguel
Published: June 2018

Purpose of review

NSAIDs are the drugs most frequently involved in hypersensitivity reactions (HSR). These are frequently prescribed at all ages. HSR are of great concern and can affect people at any age. These drugs can induce reactions by stimulating the adaptive immune system (IgE or T cell), known as selective responders or more frequently by abnormalities in biochemical pathways related with prostaglandin metabolism. These are known as cross-intolerant. With some exceptions, skin testing and in-vitro studies are of little value in selective responders.

Recent findings

In the last years, several classifications have been provided based on clinical symptoms, time interval between drug intake and appearance of symptoms, response to other nonchemically related NSAIDs and the underlying disease. Based on this classification, several well differentiated categories within each group of entities cross-intolerant and selective responders are now recognized. The most complex groups for evaluation are cross-intolerant in which three major groups exist: NSAIDs exacerbated respiratory disease, NSAIDs exacerbated cutaneous disease and NSAIDs-induced urticaria/angioedema in the absence of chronic spontaneous urticaria. Within the selective responders, there are two mechanisms involved: drug-specific IgE or T-cell effector responses. New entities have been added to this classification like mixed reactions within the cross-intolerant category, that must manifest as anaphylaxis and multiple immediate selective reactions.

The precise evaluation of patients with NSAIDs hypersensitivity following established guidelines will improve not only our understanding but also the management of these entities. As the number of patients affected with NSAIDs is important, further studies are warranted.
Dexmedetomidine Prevents Excessive γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Function after Anesthesia
Authors: Wang Dian-Shi , Kaneshwaran Kirusanthy , Lei Gang , Mostafa Fariya , Wang Junhui , Lecker Irene , Avramescu Sinziana , Xie Yu-Feng , Chan Nathan K. , Fernandez-Escobar Alejandro , Woo Junsung , Chan Darren , Ramsey Amy J. , Sivak Jeremy M. , Lee C. Justin , Bonin Robert P. , Orser Beverley A.
Published: June 2018

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background

Postoperative delirium is associated with poor long-term outcomes and increased mortality. General anesthetic drugs may contribute to delirium because they increase cell-surface expression and function of α5 subunit-containing γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors, an effect that persists long after the drugs have been eliminated. Dexmedetomidine, an α2 adrenergic receptor agonist, prevents delirium in patients and reduces cognitive deficits in animals. Thus, it was postulated that dexmedetomidine prevents excessive function of α5 γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors.

Methods

Injectable (etomidate) and inhaled (sevoflurane) anesthetic drugs were studied using cultured murine hippocampal neurons, cultured murine and human cortical astrocytes, and ex vivo murine hippocampal slices. γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptor function and cell-signaling pathways were studied using electrophysiologic and biochemical methods. Memory and problem-solving behaviors were also studied.

Results

The etomidate-induced sustained increase in α5 γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor cell-surface expression was reduced by dexmedetomidine (mean ± SD, etomidate: 146.4 ± 51.6% vs. etomidate + dexmedetomidine: 118.4 ± 39.1% of control, n = 8 each). Dexmedetomidine also reduced the persistent increase in tonic inhibitory current in hippocampal neurons (etomidate: 1.44 ± 0.33 pA/pF, n = 10; etomidate + dexmedetomidine: 1.01 ± 0.45 pA/pF, n = 9). Similarly, dexmedetomidine prevented a sevoflurane-induced increase in the tonic current. Dexmedetomidine stimulated astrocytes to release brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which acted as a paracrine factor to reduce excessive α5 γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor function in neurons. Finally, dexmedetomidine attenuated memory and problem-solving deficits after anesthesia.

Conclusions

Dexmedetomidine prevented excessive α5 γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor function after anesthesia. This novel α2 adrenergic receptor- and brain-derived neurotrophic factor-dependent pathway may be targeted to prevent delirium.
Current treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kesireddy Nithin , Kheireldin Rowida K. , Lu Alex , Cooper Jonathan , Liu Jiayong , Ebraheim Nabil A.
Published: June 2018

To compare the current treatments for congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia, a total of 33 studies were reviewed. Vascularized fibular graft with external fixation or combined fixation had the fastest time till initial union (P<0.05). Bone morphogenetic protein had no advantage in terms of initial union, time till union, and refracture rates. This meta-analysis supports that fixation methods with corticocancellous bone autograft utilizing the combined technique of Ilizarov external fixation and intramedullary rod stabilization ensure a statistically significant reduction in the number of refractures compared with standalone fixation methods and would be the preferred method for preventing long-term complications in patients with congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia.
Antegrade Percutaneous Intramedullary Fixation Technique for Metacarpal Fractures: Prospective Study on 150 Cases
Authors: Rocchi Lorenzo , Merendi Gianfranco , Mingarelli Luigi , Fanfani Francesco
Published: June 2018

Objectives:

The aim of our study was to assess the results of antegrade percutaneous intramedullary Kirschner wire (K-wire) fixation, for the treatment of unstable displaced metacarpal fractures in a large number of cases, in order to support the usage of this mini-invasive technique in the largest variety of fractures as possible.

Material and Methods:

Every patient meeting the inclusion criteria was treated with closed reduction and antegrade intramedullary fixation with 1 or 2 K-wire from January 2013. A total of 150 patients with 165 metacarpal fractures were evaluated until February 2016. Average follow-up duration was 10 weeks. The clinical outcome was assessed by the total active motion of the digit, presence of rotational deformity, Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (Q-DASH) score, and Patient-Rated Wrist/Hand Evaluation (PRWHE) score. The radiographic outcome was assessed by evaluating the dorsal angulation and shortening of the metacarpal, comparing the postoperative radiography and the first radiography showing fracture healing.

Results:

Comparing the injured and contralateral digit average total active motion after 10 weeks from surgery, no statistical significance emerged. No patient developed extensor tendon irritation, so that there was no need to perform tenolysis, ever. The average Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score was 12.3 (range, 0 to 37). The average Patient-Rated Wrist/Hand Evaluation score was 19 (range, 0 to 41). Fracture union was steadily achieved. Radiographic assessment showed a nonsignificant postoperative loss of reduction.

Conclusions:

Antegrade intramedullary K-wire fixation technique is valid, reproducible, cheap, and perfectly suited to the treatment of metacarpal fractures requiring surgery, providing immediate mobilization and excellent outcomes for a very wide variety of fractures.
Robotic Platform for an IPAA
Authors: Lightner Amy L. , Kelley Scott R. , Larson David W.
Published: June 2018

INTRODUCTION:

An IPAA is the preferred operative approach for restoration of intestinal continuity in patients with ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis. As minimally invasive approaches have become more widely adopted, their use in IPAA has also become increasingly commonplace. Laparoscopy has the same limitations during the proctectomy portion as seen in operations for rectal cancer, including dissection in the mid-to-lower rectum attributed to angles created by bony confines of the deep pelvis and lack of visibility when constructing the anastomosis. Robotic surgery provides improved 3-dimensional and high-definition visualization of the pelvis and multiple degrees of freedom, which greatly enhance performance during the proctectomy and construction of the anastomosis.

TECHNIQUE:

In the setting of a previous subtotal colectomy, the ileostomy site is taken down and stapled across. A 15-mm balloon trocar is placed in the site to achieve insufflation, and the robotic ports are placed horizontally just above the umbilicus. The lateral mesenteric attachments are mobilized laparoscopically, then the J-pouch is constructed through the ostomy site. The J-pouch is placed back into the abdomen with the anvil in place, and the proctectomy is performed after docking the robot. The rectum is stapled with the robotic stapler and exteriorized from the ileostomy site, and the anastomosis is constructed under direct robotic visualization.

RESULTS:

In addition to the potential ergonomic advantages, the maneuverability and visualization in the pelvis during the proctectomy and construction of the anastomosis are reported by many surgeons to be improved as compared with laparoscopy, especially in male or obese patients.

CONCLUSIONS:

A robotic approach during the proctectomy and IPAA offers significant advantages to a laparoscopic approach, expanding our armamentarium of minimally invasive surgical techniques to IPAA.
Exposure to Community Violence and Self-harm in California
Authors: Matthay Ellicott C. , Farkas Kriszta , Skeem Jennifer , Ahern Jennifer
Published: June 2018

Background:

Self-harm is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Exposure to community violence is an important and potentially modifiable feature of the social environment that may affect self-harm, but studies to date are limited in the samples and outcomes examined.

Methods:

We conducted a population-based, nested case–control study. Cases were all deaths and hospital visits due to self-harm in California, 2006–2013. We frequency-matched California resident population-based controls from the American Community Survey to cases on age, gender, race/ethnicity, and year of survey/injury. We assessed past-year community violence using deaths and hospital visits due to interpersonal violence in the community of residence. We estimated risk difference parameters that were defined to avoid extrapolation and to capture associations between changes in the distribution of community violence and the population-level risk of self-harm.

Results:

After adjustment for confounders, setting past-year community violence to the lowest monthly levels observed within each community over the study period was associated with a 30.1 (95% confidence interval = 29.6, 30.5) per 100,000 persons per year lower risk of nonfatal self-harm but no difference in the risk of fatal self-harm. Associations for a parameter corresponding to a hypothetical violence prevention intervention targeting high-violence communities indicated a 5% decrease in nonfatal self-harm at the population level. In sensitivity analyses, results were robust.

Conclusions:

This study strengthens evidence on the relationship between community violence and self-harm. Future research should investigate reasons for differential associations by age and gender and whether community violence prevention programs have meaningful impacts on self-harm.
Impact of POR and CYP3A5 Polymorphisms on Trough Concentration to Dose Ratio of Tacrolimus in the Early Post-operative Period Following Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Phupradit Annop , Vadcharavivad Somratai , Ingsathit Atiporn , Kantachuvesiri Surasak , Areepium Nutthada , Sra-ium Supasil , Auamnoy Titinun , Sukasem Chonlaphat , Sumethkul Vasant , Kitiyakara Chagriya
Published: June 2018

Background:

Tacrolimus, a critical dose drug, is widely used in transplantation. Knowing the contribution of genetic factors, which significantly influence tacrolimus variability, is beneficial in the personalization of its starting dose. The significant impact of CYP3A5*3 polymorphisms on tacrolimus exposure has been reported. Conflicting results of the additional influence of POR*28 polymorphisms on tacrolimus pharmacokinetic interindividual variability have been observed among different populations. The objective of this study was to explore the interaction between POR*28 and CYP3A5*3 polymorphisms and their main effects on tacrolimus trough concentration to dose ratios on day 7 after kidney transplantation.

Methods:

Two hundred sixteen adult kidney transplant recipients participated in this retrospective study. All participants received a twice daily tacrolimus regimen. Blood samples and data were collected on day 7 after transplantation. A 2-way analysis of covariance was performed. Tested covariates were age, hemoglobin, serum albumin, and prednisolone dose.

Results:

A 2 × 2 analysis of covariance revealed that the interaction between CYP3A5 polymorphisms (CYP3A5 expresser and CYP3A5 nonexpresser) and POR polymorphisms (POR*28 carrier and POR*28 noncarrier) was not significant (F(1, 209) = 2.473, P = 0.117,

JOURNAL/thdm/04.03/00007691-201810000-00003/inline-formula1/v/2023-08-14T203421Z/r/image-tiff

= 0.012). The predicted main effect of CYP3A5 and POR polymorphisms was significant (F(1, 209) = 105.565, P < 0.001,

JOURNAL/thdm/04.03/00007691-201810000-00003/inline-formula2/v/2023-08-14T203421Z/r/image-tiff

= 0.336 and F(1, 209) = 4.007, P = 0.047,

JOURNAL/thdm/04.03/00007691-201810000-00003/inline-formula3/v/2023-08-14T203421Z/r/image-tiff

= 0.019, respectively). Hemoglobin, age, and steroid dose influenced log C0/dose of tacrolimus (F(1, 209) = 20.612, P < 0.001,

JOURNAL/thdm/04.03/00007691-201810000-00003/inline-formula4/v/2023-08-14T203421Z/r/image-tiff

= 0.090; F(1, 209) = 14.360, P < 0.001,

JOURNAL/thdm/04.03/00007691-201810000-00003/inline-formula5/v/2023-08-14T203421Z/r/image-tiff

= 0.064; and F(1, 209) = 5.512, P = 0.020,

JOURNAL/thdm/04.03/00007691-201810000-00003/inline-formula6/v/2023-08-14T203421Z/r/image-tiff

= 0.026, respectively).

Conclusions:

After adjusting for the influences of hemoglobin, age, and prednisolone dose, significant impacts of the CYP3A5 and POR polymorphisms on tacrolimus exposure were found. The effect of POR*28 and CYP3A5*3 polymorphisms during the very early period after kidney transplantation is independent of each other.
Privately practicing nurse practitioner services in Australia and patient access to care: Results from realist interviews
Authors: Currie Jane , Chiarella Mary , Buckley Thomas
Published: June 2018

Background:

To facilitate the expansion of nurse practitioners working in community and primary health settings, legislative changes were enacted in 2010. These led to privately practicing nurse practitioners (PPNPs) being enabled to provide care subsidized through the Australian Government Medicare Benefits Schedule and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. Little is known about the impact of this legislation on patient access to care in Australia.

Purpose:

To explore how, why and in which contexts PPNP services in Australia impact on patient access to care.

Methods:

Semistructured interviews using realist evaluation were undertaken with 20 participants, selected through stratified sampling using geographic criteria (State/territory in which practicing) and dividing the sample representatively between those who worked solely in private practice and those who worked in both private and public practice. Thematic analysis of qualitative data was undertaken.

Conclusion:

Findings suggest that PPNPs have increased access to care for patients, predominantly in community and primary health settings.

Implications for practice:

In increasing access to care, PPNPs have the potential to reduce hospital and general practitioner attendance, thereby potentially reducing the ever-increasing demand for health care.
Transmission and colonization of Streptococcus mutans in children
Authors: Assiry Ali A.
Published: June 2018

The present article aims to review the current knowledge about acquisition, transmission and colonization of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), especially in children. S. mutans is the primary species associated with the development of dental caries in children. Various serological strains of this bacteria have been identified. A recently discovered strain, serotype k, of S. mutans is strongly associated with causing systemic disease and endocarditis. Being transmitted primarily from the saliva of the mother, this bacterium colonizes the mouth of an infant as soon as the primary teeth erupt. There is an interplay of various host and bacterial factors that are associated with the colonization of S. mutans in the oral cavity of children. Despite a vast knowledge of microbial ecology and pathogenicity of S. mutans, dental caries continues to be one of the most chronic prevalent oral diseases in the population worldwide. An explorative research about the pathogenic strains of this bacterium could help in preventing dental caries right at the stages of infancy thus providing a control on its outbreak.
Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy Incisions for Cancer Extirpation Prospective Cohort Trial: Perfusion, Complications, and Patient Outcomes
Authors: Odom Elizabeth B. , Parikh Rajiv P. , Um Grace , Kantola Simone W. , Cyr Amy E. , Margenthaler Julie A. , Tenenbaum Marissa M. , Myckatyn Terence M.
Published: June 2018

Background:

Nipple-sparing mastectomy offers several advantages for women seeking postmastectomy breast reconstruction, but compromised skin and nipple perfusion may lead to skin and nipple necrosis. It is unclear whether the incisional approach contributes to these complications; therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the impact of incision type on outcomes in patients undergoing nipple-sparing mastectomy.

Methods:

This is a prospective cohort study of patients undergoing nipple-sparing mastectomy with prosthetic breast reconstruction through an inframammary fold versus a lateral radial incision. Skin and nipple perfusion as represented by fluorescence intensity, mammometric parameters, patient-reported outcomes, and clinical outcomes were analyzed and compared for the two cohorts, and multivariable logistic regression models were performed to evaluate the effects of covariates on outcomes.

Results:

Seventy-nine patients were studied: 55 in the inframammary fold cohort and 24 in the lateral radial cohort. The inframammary fold group had significantly less fluorescence intensity to the inferior (21.9 percent versus 36.9 percent; p = 0.001) and lateral portions of breast skin (23.1 percent versus 40.7 percent; p = 0.003) after reconstruction. Decreased fluorescence intensity was associated with smoking, decreased mean arterial pressure, and greater specimen weight. Postreconstruction breast volumes were increased over preoperative volumes in the inframammary fold group (38.3 percent) versus the lateral radial (31.2 percent) group; however, patients with a lateral radial incision had a greater increase in satisfaction with their breasts and psychosocial well-being.

Conclusions:

There are significant differences in patient-reported outcomes and final breast volumes based on the incisional approach to nipple-sparing mastectomy. These data can be used to guide providers and counsel patients considering nipple-sparing mastectomy with prosthetic reconstruction.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, II.
Opioid Use following Outpatient Breast Surgery: Are Physicians Part of the Problem?
Authors: Hart Alexandra M. , Broecker Justine S. , Kao Leslieann , Losken Albert
Published: June 2018

Background:

The increasing rate of opioid abuse warrants standardization of postoperative pain management. The purpose of this study was to analyze the use of opioids in pain control and patient satisfaction following ambulatory breast surgery.

Methods:

This was a prospective study of a consecutive series of patients undergoing secondary breast reconstruction (n = 60) or breast reduction (n = 35). All patients were given a pain questionnaire preoperatively. Postoperatively, women received 30 tablets of oxycodone 5.0 mg/acetaminophen 325 mg. Patients were contacted three times: postoperative days 3 to 5, 8 to 10, and 30 or higher. All patients were queried on narcotic use, pain level (0 to 10), and satisfaction with pain control. Patients with allergies or taking narcotics preoperatively were excluded.

Results:

Most in the secondary breast reconstruction group (61.5 percent) had stopped taking opioids by postoperative day 5. Patients consumed a mean of 11.4 tablets following secondary breast reconstruction and a mean of 17.5 tablets after breast reduction. A majority reported feeling satisfied with their pain management. At postoperative day greater than 30, most experienced very mild pain, with an improvement of 3.74 points following breast reduction. There were 18.6 and 12.5 tablets per patient left over for secondary breast reconstruction and breast reduction, respectively. A total of 1551 unused tablets were left over for the entire cohort at postoperative day greater than 30. There was no significant difference in average pain scores or interference with enjoyment or activity between those who did or did not take pain medication.

Conclusions:

This commonly prescribed pain regimen provides adequate pain relief and satisfaction for breast surgery, with a substantial number of leftover tablets. Physicians as prescribers should be aware of discrepancies. Prescription of 30 opioid tablets after outpatient breast surgery appears unnecessary and excessive.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, IV.
A Report of 736 High-Definition Lipoabdominoplasties Performed in Conjunction with Circumferential VASER Liposuction
Authors: Hoyos Alfredo , Perez Mauricio E. , Guarin David E. , Montenegro Alvaro
Published: June 2018

Background:

Several innovations and modifications to the abdominal lipectomy procedure have been performed through the years. Despite recent improvements, the lack of natural results, including high scars, navel deformities, and “tense” abdomen, are still challenging. The objective of this study is to present an alternative technique of combined 360-degree truncal liposuction with abdominal definition, abdominoplasty, and neoumbilicoplasty.

Methods:

From January of 2005 to June of 2017, 736 VASER-assisted lipoabdominoplasties were performed. Only healthy women with a body mass index below 33 were included. A three-step procedure was performed: (1) truncal liposculpture, (2) dermolipectomy and plication of the rectus abdominis muscle, and (3) neoumbilicoplasty through a butterfly technique. The follow-up included photographs and medical assessment with a mean of 2 years (up to 5 years). A nonstandardized survey was performed to self-evaluate the results.

Results:

Six hundred seventy patients answered the survey (91 percent). Six hundred fifteen patients were satisfied with the procedure (91.79 percent). Minor complications were reported: seroma in 7.3 percent, prolonged bruising in 10 percent, and swelling in 18 percent. Neither flap necrosis nor infections were reported. Neoumbilicoplasty was performed in all patients. Additional procedures were required in 4.6 percent.

Conclusions:

Ultrasound-assisted lipoabdominoplasty is an alternative lipectomy technique that prevents stigmata of the procedure. The abdominal definition improves the shape and recreates the superficial anatomy. Neoumbilicoplasty shape, form, and choice of its position over the abdominal wall provide significant improvements in results.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, IV.
The Use of Bone Dust to Correct the Open Roof Deformity in Rhinoplasty
Authors: Taş Süleyman
Published: June 2018

Background:

Hump removal frequently results in an open roof during rhinoplasty, which is conventionally closed with lateral osteotomies. However, if the patient has a narrow bony vault, lateral osteotomies are problematic. In this article, the author presents a new and practical approach to fix the open roof deformity.

Methods:

A total of 240 patients (female, n = 187; male, n = 53) were enrolled and operated on with the presented technique. This approach has four steps, as follows: complete submembranous dissection, preparation of spreader flaps, harvesting of bone dust from the bony hump, and placement of the bone dust. The patient’s nasal dorsum was evaluated by ultrasonography. During the follow-up period, all patients were photographed postoperatively from standard views using a digital camera. Photographs were inspected by two independent plastic surgeons. A palpation test for the nasal dorsum was conducted by a senior surgeon to identify any irregularities. A rhinoplasty outcomes evaluation questionnaire was administered to all patients at a 1-year follow-up visit. Functional improvement was assessed with self-evaluation of nasal patency. The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.

Results:

Of the 240 patients, 182 completed the 1-year follow-up period and rhinoplasty outcomes evaluation questionnaire. Thirty-seven patients were evaluated by ultrasonography at 1 year postoperatively. During the follow-up period, no resorption or displacement was detected. High patient satisfaction was achieved, and no complications were encountered.

Conclusion:

The presented four-step surgical concept was useful for rhinoplasty surgeons to successfully manage open roof deformity in selected patients.
Neuroimaging of brain trauma
Authors: Douglas David B. , Muldermans Jonathan L. , Wintermark Max
Published: June 2018

Purpose of review

The purpose of this review is to provide an update on advanced neuroimaging techniques in traumatic brain injury (TBI). We will focus this review on recent literature published within the last 18 months and the advanced neuroimaging techniques of perfusion imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).

Recent findings

In the setting of a moderate or severe acute closed head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale <13), the most appropriate neuroimaging study is a noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scan. In the setting of mild TBI, the indication for neuroimaging can be determined using the New Orleans Criteria or Canadian CT Head Rules or National Emergency X-Ray Utilization Study-II clinical criteria. Two advanced neuroimaging techniques that are currently being researched in TBI include perfusion imaging and DTI. Perfusion CT has a higher sensitivity for detecting cerebral contusions than noncontrast CT examinations. DTI is a sensitive at detecting TBI at the group level (TBI-group versus control group), but there is insufficient evidence to suggest that DTI plays a clinical role for diagnosing mild TBI at the individual patient level.

Future research in advanced neuroimaging techniques including perfusion imaging and DTI may improve the accuracy of the diagnosis and prognosis as well as improve the management of TBI.
Defining the seafloor microbiome of the Gulf of Mexico and its response to oil perturbation
Authors: Overholt Will A. , Schwing Patrick , Raz Kala M. , Hastings David , Hollander David J. , Kostka Joel E.
Published: June 2018

The microbial ecology of oligotrophic deep ocean sediments is understudied relative to their shallow counterparts, and this lack of understanding hampers our ability to predict responses to current and future perturbations. The Gulf of Mexico has experienced two of the largest accidental marine oil spills, the 1979 Ixtoc-1 blowout and the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) discharge. Here, microbial communities were characterized for 29 sites across multiple years in >700 samples. The composition of the seafloor microbiome was broadly consistent across the region and was well approximated by the overlying water depth and depth within the sediment column, while geographic distance played a limited role. Biogeographical distributions were employed to generate predictive models for over 4000 OTU that leverage easy-to-obtain geospatial variables which are linked to measured sedimentary oxygen profiles. Depth stratification and putative niche diversification are evidenced by the distribution of taxa that mediate the microbial nitrogen cycle. Further, these results demonstrate that sediments impacted by the DWH spill had returned to near baseline conditions after two years. The distributions of benthic microorganisms in the Gulf can be constrained, and moreover deviations from these predictions may pinpoint impacted sites and aid in future response efforts or long-term stability studies.
Mass Mortality of Wood Frogs (Rana sylvatica) in the Ozark National Forest: Is it Acid Rain?
Authors: McCallum Malcolm L. , Klotz Tracy , Stephens William , Bouldin Jennifer , Gillespie Ken , Feldman David , Wheeler Benjamin A. , Trauth Stanley E.
Published: June 2018

We describe observations of a continuing mass mortality event primarily involving wood frogs, but involving other amphibians to a lesser degree. The investigation took place from Spring 2000 through Spring 2004. No definitive correlations between environmental variables and mortality could be identified. Forensic analysis could not isolate causal pathogens. Although mortality fluctuated during the study, it may have spread to other species. Our report identifies population level problems in the eastern part of the Ozark National Forest but is unable to identify a cause. Future studies that more thoroughly address contaminants, pathogens/parasites, and other potential environmental problems in the Ozark National Forest are warranted.
Molecular tools for phytoplankton monitoring samples
Authors: Frazão Bárbara , Silva Alexandra
Published: June 2018

HABs can have severe impacts in fisheries or human health by the consumption of contaminated bivalves. Monitoring assessment (quantitative and qualitative identification) of these organisms, is routinely accomplished by microscopic identification and counting of these organisms. Nonetheless, molecular biology techniques are gaining relevance, once these approaches can easily identify phytoplankton organisms at species level and even cell number quantifications. This work tests 12 methods/kits for genomic DNA extraction and seven DNA polymerases to determine which is the best method for routinely use in a common molecular laboratory, for phytoplankton monitoring samples analyses. From our work, Direct PCR master mix for tissue samples, proved to be the most adequate by its velocity of processivity, practicability, reproducibility, sensitiveness and robustness. However, brands such as Omega Biotek, GRISP, Qiagen and MP Biomedicals also showed good results for conventional DNA extraction as well as all the Taq brands tested (GRISP, GE Healthcare Life Sciences, ThermoFisher Scientific and Promega). Lugol’s solution, with our tested kits did not show negative interference in DNA amplification. The same can be said about mechanical digestion, with no significant differences among kits with or without this homogenization step.
Transmission cycles generate diversity in pathogenic viruses
Authors: Sigal Daniel , Reid J.N.S. , Wahl L.M.
Published: June 2018

We investigate the fate ofde novomutations that occur during the in-host replication of a pathogenic virus, predicting the probability that such mutations are passed on during disease transmission to a new host. Using influenza A virus as a model organism, we develop a life-history model of the within-host dynamics of the infection, using a multitype branching process with a coupled deterministic model to capture the population of available target cells. We quantify the fate of neutral mutations and mutations affecting five life-history traits: clearance, attachment, budding, cell death, and eclipse phase timing. Despite the severity of disease transmission bottlenecks, our results suggest that in a single transmission event, several mutations that appearedde novoin the donor are likely to be transmitted to the recipient. Even in the absence of a selective advantage for these mutations, the sustained growth phase inherent in each disease transmission cycle generates genetic diversity that is not eliminated during the transmission bottleneck.
Differential Expression of Immune Related Genes in Taste Buds of Fed and Fasted Mice
Authors: Crosson SM , Currlin S , Moskalenko O , Yegorova S , Dotson CD , Zolotukhin S
Published: June 2018

To study the effects of feeding on taste receptor cell transcriptional regulation, we performed RNA-seq analysis of circumvallate taste buds isolated from mice before or after food consumption. Here we report and compare the taste bud transcriptomes obtained from food-deprived, satiated, and ad libitum fed control mice. Despite sample heterogeneity inherent to the whole taste bud transcriptome, bioinformatics analysis yielded 144 differentially expressed transcripts associated with immunity, cytoskeletal structure, and protein folding between these groups. We also profiled the transcriptome obtained from ad libitum fed control mice based on receptor related gene ontology terms, demonstrating a use of this dataset in the identification of novel TRC receptors. The data presented here suggest that transcriptional regulation of immune cytokine signaling occurs in TRCs shortly after meal consumption, though additional analysis is required to confirm this hypothesis.
Effect of mounding, drainage and fertilization on CH4 fluxes and methane-cycling functional genes in waterlogged forest stands
Authors: Levy-Booth David J. , Prescott Cindy E. , Grayston Susan J.
Published: June 2018

Site preparation techniques including mounding, drainage and nitrogen (N) fertilization can enhance seedling survival and site productivity, particularly in waterlogged, low-productivity forest stands. However, practices that alter soil conditions and site hydrology can lead to the unintended alteration of biogeochemical process rates, such as CH4 fluxes. This study sought to measure CH4 fluxes measured using static closed chambers at a sub-boreal spruce site and a coastal cedar-hemlock site that underwent mounding and drainage, respectively, to manipulate water table depth relative to planted seedlings, as well as fertilization. The abundance of methyl coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) gene found in methanogenic archaea and the particulate methane monooxygenase (pmoA) gene found in methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) were examined. The use of sulphate as a potential method to stimulate sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and reduce methanogen activity was also investigated using the dissimilatory sulfite reductase β-subunit (dsrB) gene. qPCR was used to link mcrA,pmoA and dsrB gene abundance to soil factors and GHG fluxes. Mounding created hot-spots of CH4 emissions at the spruce site. Drainage improved soil aeration at the coastal cedar-hemlock site and reduced CH4 emission rates. Fertilization did not affect CH4 emissions from either site. CH4 rates were influenced by soil water content and mcrA abundance. Measurements of microbial functional genes can elucidate the effects of site preparation on GHG fluxes in waterlogged forest stands.
Pinetree: a step-wise gene expression simulator with codon-specific translation rates
Authors: Jack Benjamin R. , Wilke Claus O.
Published: June 2018

Motivation

Stochastic gene expression simulations often assume steady-state transcript levels, or they model transcription in more detail than translation. Moreover, they lack accessible programming interfaces, which limits their utility.

Results

We present Pinetree, a step-wise gene expression simulator with codon-specific translation rates. Pinetree models both transcription and translation in a stochastic framework with individual polymerase and ribosome-level detail. Written in C++ with a Python front-end, any user familiar with Python can specify a genome and simulate gene expression. Pinetree was designed to be efficient and scale to simulate large plasmids or viral genomes.

Availability

Pinetree is available on GitHub (https://github.com/benjaminjack/pinetree) and the Python Package Index (https://pypi.org/project/pinetree/).
Associations between Afrotropical bats, parasites, and microbial symbionts
Authors: Lutz Holly L. , Jackson Elliot W. , Dick Carl W. , Webala Paul W. , Babyesiza Waswa S. , Kerbis Peterhans Julian C. , Demos Terrence C. , Patterson Bruce D. , Gilbert Jack A.
Published: June 2018

Bats are among the most diverse animals on the planet and harbor numerous bacterial, viral, and eukaryotic symbionts. The interplay between bacterial community composition and parasitism in bats is not well understood and may have important implications for studies of similar systems. Here we present a comprehensive survey of dipteran and haemosporidian parasites, and characterize the gut, oral, and skin microbiota of Afrotropical bats. We identify significant correlations between bacterial community composition of the skin and dipteran ectoparasite prevalence across four major bat lineages, as well as links between the oral microbiome and malarial parasitism, suggesting a potential mechanism for host selection and vector-borne disease transmission in bats. In contrast to recent studies of host-microbe phylosymbiosis in mammals, we find no correlation between chiropteran phylogenetic distances and bacterial community dissimilarity across the three anatomical sites, suggesting that host environment is more important than shared ancestry in shaping the composition of bat-associated bacterial communities.

SIGNIFICANCE

Animals rely on bacterial symbionts for numerous biological functions, such as digestion and immune system development. Increasing evidence suggests that host-associated microbes may play a role in mediating parasite burden. This study is the first to provide a comprehensive survey of bacterial symbionts from multiple anatomical sites across a broad taxonomic range of Afrotropical bats, demonstrating significant associations between the bat microbiome and parasite prevalence. This study provides a framework for future approaches to systems biology of host-symbiont interactions across broad taxonomic scales, emphasizing the interdependence between microbial symbionts and vertebrate health in the study of wild organisms and their natural history.
Characterisation and structure determination of a llama-derived nanobody targeting the J-base binding protein 1
Authors: Van Beusekom Bart , Heidebrecht Tatjana , Adamopoulos Athanassios , Fish Alexander , Pardon Els , Steyaert Jan , Joosten Robbie P. , Perrakis Anastassis
Published: June 2018

The J-base Binding Protein 1 (JBP1) contributes to biosynthesis and maintenance of base J (β-D-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil), a modification of thymidine confined to some protozoa. Camelid (llama) single domain antibody fragments (nanobodies) targeting JBP1 were produced for use as crystallization chaperones. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) screening identified Nb6 as a strong binder, recognising JBP1 with a 1:1 stoichiometry and high affinity (kD=30nM). Crystallisation trials of JBP1 in complex with Nb6, yielded crystals diffracting to 1.47Å resolution.

However, the asymmetric unit dimensions and molecular replacement with a nanobody structure, clearly showed that the crystals of the expected complex with JBP1 were of the nanobody alone. Nb6 crystallizes in spacegroup P31 with two molecules in the asymmetric unit; its crystal structure was refined to a final resolution of 1.64Å. Ensemble refinement suggests that on the ligand-free state one of the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) is flexible while the other two adopt well-defined conformations.

Synopsis

A camelid single domain antibody fragment (nanobody) is shown to have high affinity towards its recognition target, the J-base binding protein 1 (JBP1). The serendipitous crystallisation of this nanobody alone, and its crystal structure solution and refinement to 1.64Å resolution are described. Ensemble refinement suggests that on the ligand-free state one of the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) is flexible while the other two adopt well-defined conformations.
Diverse lineages ofCandida albicanslive on old oaks
Authors: Bensasson Douda , Dicks Jo , Ludwig John M. , Bond Christopher J. , Elliston Adam , Roberts Ian N. , James Stephen A.
Published: June 2018

The human pathogen,Candida albicans, is considered an obligate commensal of animals, yet it is occasionally isolated from trees, shrubs and grass. We generated deep genome sequence data for three strains ofC. albicansthat we isolated from oak trees in an ancient wood-pasture, and compared these to the genomes of the type strain and 21 other clinical strains.C. albicansstrains from oak are similar to clinicalC. albicansin that they are predominantly diploid and can become naturally homozygous at the mating locus through whole-chromosome loss of heterozygosity (LOH). LOH regions in all genomes arose recently suggesting that LOH mutations usually occur transiently inC. albicanspopulations. Oak strains differed from clinical strains in showing less LOH, and higher levels of heterozygosity genome-wide. Using phylogenomic analyses,in silicochromosome painting, and comparisons with thousands moreC. albicansstrains at seven loci, we show that each oak strain is more closely related to strains from humans and other animals than to strains from other oaks. Therefore, the isolation ofC. albicansfrom oak is not easily explained as contamination from a single animal source. The high heterozygosity of oak strains could arise as a result of reduced mitotic recombination in asexual lineages, recent parasexual reproduction or because of natural selection. Regardless of mechanism, the diversity ofC. albicanson oaks implies that they have lived in this environment long enough for genetic differences from clinical strains to arise.
Tobacco TGA7 mediates gene expression dependent and independent of salicylic acid
Authors: Stos-Zweifel Vlatka , Neeley David , Konopka Evelyn , Meissner Meike , Hermann Meike , Maier Felix , Häfner Verena , Pfitzner Artur J.P. , Pfitzner Ursula M.
Published: June 2018

Basic region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors of the TGA family control gene expression in response to diverse stimuli. Arabidopsis clade II and clade III TGA factors mediate salicylic acid (SA)-induced expression of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENE1 (PR-1) via interplay with NONEXPRESSOR OF PR GENES1 (NPR1, a.k.a. NIM1). Interaction with TGA factors occurs through the central ankyrin repeat domain of NPR1. In a yeast two-hybrid screen with the NPR1 bait, we identified TGA7, a novel member of the tobacco (Nt) TGA family grouping to clade III. TGA7 is most similar to NtTGA1a, and, like NtTGA1a, TGA7 displays transcription activity in yeast. Unexpectedly, TGA7 preferentially and uniquely interacts with the SA-sensitive C-terminal region of NtNPR1, demonstrating that NtNPR1 harbors multiple distinct TGA factor binding sites. Interaction with NPR1 impairs TGA7 transcription activity in yeast. Furthermore, TGA7 binding to the NtNPR1 C-terminus is outcompeted by SA-induced type 2 NIM1-INTERACTING (NIMIN) proteins. In tobacco plants, a TGA7–Gal4 DNA-binding domain chimeric protein (TGA7GBD) mediates SA-responsive reporter gene expression in young leaf tissue and spontaneous reporter activation in older leaves displaying PR-1 gene expression. Astonishingly, TGA7GBD is also able to activate the reporter independent from PR-1 gene expression in noninduced cotyledons of tobacco seedlings. Together, our findings support a model in which TGA7 mediates both SA-dependent and SA-independent gene activation controlled by the plant’s developmental stage and by the C-terminal region of constitutively accumulating NtNPR1.