bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Steerable Tube Thoracostomy System Compatible with a Flexible Bronchoscope
Authors: Pastis Nicholas J ,   Associate Professor, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, US, Tanner Nichole T ,   Assistant Professor, Health Equity and Rural Outreach Innovation Center, Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Hospital Charleston, South Carolina, US, Taylor Katherine K ,   Research Coordinator, Silvestri Gerard A ,   Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina, US
Published: February 2016

Tube thoracostomy is effective at draining the pleural space; however, when fluid or air is loculated, drainage may be compromised. For this reason, a steerable chest tube with a redirecting stylet was developed. This tube also allows use of a flexible bronchoscope in the pleural space without significant limitations in mobility as seen in prior studies.Methods:We tested the ability of a steerable tube thoracostomy system in a porcine subject to change position, drain fluid, and utilize a flexible bronchoscope in the pleural space. Fiducial markers were implanted into the parietal pleura to demonstrate maneuverability of the bronchoscope and the ability to take forceps biopsies.Results:Bronchoscope positions in the pleural space were confirmed fluoroscopically: apical, medial, lateral, anterior diaphragm, and posterior diaphragm. All fiducial markers and tissue along the parietal pleura were located and biopsied via flexible forceps with the bronchoscope. The tube was repositioned into all dependent areas where fluid collected.Conclusions:This steerable tube and a flexible bronchoscope can access and visualize the pleural space, locate and biopsy implanted markers on the parietal pleural surface, and drain fluid from the pleural space. Further studies will be needed to evaluate the usefulness of this procedure in the clinical setting.
O galego nos textos metalinguísticos portugueses (séculos XVI-XIX)
Authors: Duarte Sónia
Published: February 2016

O presente estudo tem como objeto a representação do galego no discurso metalinguístico português dos séculos XVI a XIX. Nesse sentido, trabalhar-se-á aqui sobre um corpus de textos selecionados da tradição metalinguística portuguesa desse período, abrangendo diferentes tipologias textuais. Com base no referido corpus, proceder-se-á ao levantamento de referências explícitas ao galego e à interpretação do significado das mesmas, especialmente. Nesse levantamento e análise privilegiar-se-ão os âmbitos do conhecimento recíproco e do estatuto do galego relativamente ao português no espaço mais amplo do enquadramento peninsular. Tal abordagem será aqui desenvolvida dentro das linhas metodológicas da Historiografia Linguística e tendo como referência fundamental o trabalho monográfico de Vázquez Corredoira (1998), mas também os estudos de Monteagudo (1988) e de Duarte (2007), sobre o discurso metagramaticográfico acerca do galego no quadro cronológico aqui delimitado.
Galnet: o WordNet do galego. Aplicacións lexicolóxicas e terminolóxicas
Authors: Solla Portela Miguel Anxo , Guinovart Xavier
Published: February 2016

Neste artigo amosaremos as diferentes metodoloxías e os recursos que se utilizaron durante o proceso de elaboración de Galnet, a versión galega de WordNet. Presentarase tamén a ferramenta Termonet, desenvolvida para a consulta e verificación en corpus de léxicos de especialidade extraídos de WordNet. Por último, describirase a experimentación orientada ao deseño automático de áreas semánticas mediante a explotación das relacións léxico-semánticas de WordNet.
Recensión: Belén López Meirama / María Álvarez de la Granja, Léxico dispoñible en galego
Authors: López-Viñas Xoán
Published: February 2016

Recensión: Belén López Meirama / María Álvarez de la Granja, Léxico dispoñible en galego, Anexo 71 de Verba, Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico da USC, 2014, 199 páxinas.
Recensión: Janet Davies, The Welsh Language. A History. Cardiff
Authors: Sánchez Rei Xosé Manuel
Published: February 2016

Recensión: Janet Davies, The Welsh Language. A History. Cardiff, Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru / University of Wales Press. 2014, 208 páxinas.
Outcome analysis of surgically managed unstable burst fracture
Authors: G. Ram Ganesan , Vijayaraghavan P. V. , Karthik Kailash Kannan
Published: February 2016

Background:Burst fractures are common injuries of dorsolumbar spine. In indicated cases, surgery is the treatment of choice. Significant controversy exists regarding surgical intervention for these fractures. Posterior decompression, anterior decompression and instrumentation, and combined anterior decompression and posterior instrumentation have been recommended in various studies. Here we are going to evaluate unstable burst fractures of thoracic and lumbar spine treated by isolated anterior decompression and instrumented fusion with TSM-Bone graft composite.

Methods: Prospective study of thirty-six cases of unstable fracture of thoracic and lumbar spine treated in Sri Ramachandra Medical centre from January 2011 to January 2014. The inclusion criteria were burst fractures of thoracic or lumbar spine complete or incomplete neurological deficit and burst fractures of thoracic or lumbar spine without neurological deficit but with mechanical instability. The exclusion criteria were pathological fractures, chance fracture, stable burst, wedge compression and osteoporotic compression fractures. The results were analyzed during the follow-up using the Pain – Visual analogue scale, Fusion status and radiographic parameter – K-angle .For pain score were given as 3,2,1 for absent, moderate and severe pain respectively. Regarding fusion status score of 3,2,1 were given when fusion was good, fair and no sign of fusion respectively.

Results:Mean pre-operative K-angle was 28o. Average loss of correction at final follow up was 3o.Mean correction of K-angle was 140.Moderate to severe loss of correction of K- angle was observed in 4 patients. Mild to moderate pain in 5 patients treated with analgesics. Average TSM subsidence was 3mm.

Conclusions:Bone graft composite provides stable biomechanical support to deficient anterior column in burst fractures and allows early rehabilitation and mobilization. Neural recovery may occur after anterior decompression, stabilization and fusion with TSM-Bone graft composite in dorsolumbar burst fractures with incomplete cord injury.
Cumulative effect of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in 40 known cases of active rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Saxena Rahul , Suneja Shilpa , Saxena Raj , Sharma Dilutpal , Lal Alok Milton
Published: February 2016

Background: Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases such as cancer, hypertension and inflammatory diseases. Although previous evidences provided extensive literature about the biological role of antioxidant enzymes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), there is a paucity of satisfactory explanation regarding the alteration in the level of antioxidant enzymes along with marker of systemic inflammation in RA. The objective of present study was to estimate the level of C-reactive protein (CRP), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and Ceruloplasmin in active RA patients.

Methods: 40 patients of either sex (30-50 years age group) suffering from active RA and 40 normal healthy individuals served as control; were included in the study. Above mentioned parameters were estimated using standard methods and data from patients and controls were compared by using Student’s t-test.

Results: Erythrocyte SOD, CAT and GSHPx activity were significantly low in RA subjects (P<0.001) whereas plasma Ceruloplasmin level was found to be significantly high (P<0.001) as compared to healthy controls.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that combined effect of inflammation and free radical generation is involved in the pathogenesis of active RA, characterized by imbalance in antioxidant enzyme status and enhanced CRP levels, which served as an excellent marker of oxidative stress and systemic inflammation in active RA.
Is laryngeal involvement in pemphigus vulgaris rare? A review
Authors: Bansal Mohan
Published: February 2016

The lesions of pemphigus in the larynx have been reported as case reports. However, the frequency with which it occurs is not known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of laryngeal involvement in pemphigus vulgaris and to examine the laryngeal lesions and the treatment in detail. The databases searched were PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Google scholar. The involvement of larynx in patients with pemphigus vulgaris is common. The most common parts involved are epiglottis and arytenoids. This study indicates that laryngeal symptoms are common in pemphigus vulgaris. Laryngeal findings must be considered at the beginning of diagnosis for the better management and to prevent life threatening complications.
HIV-2: an overview
Authors: Borkar Mangala S. , Kashid Akshay A.
Published: February 2016

HIV-2 is much less common compared to HIV-1, has to be confirmed by HIV-2 Western Blot test and is resistant to Efavirinz and Nevirapine. There are two HIV viruses, HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-2 is relatively rare in India. The clinical course of HIV-2 infection is slower, plasma HIV-2 RNA levels are lower as compared to HIV-1 infection, but once the illness progresses to AIDS, the course is similar to HIV-1. In few cases, there may be mixed infection with both HIV-1 and HIV-2,but the course of the illness is like in HIV-1 However ,even in mixed infections, one has to give the therapy as we would in isolated HIV-2 infection. In general it is accepted that therapy in cases of HIV-2 infection should be started before there is clinical progression. Studies recommend starting therapy when CD4 count drops below 500. HIV-2 is intrinsically resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Therapy in HIV-2 patients should include two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus an HIV-2 active boosted protease inhibitor or integrase strand transfer inhibitors. Monitoring of CD4 cell counts and clinical improvement should be used to assess response to treatment. Drugs used in Government ART centres in India under the umbrella of NACO are Tenofovir 300mg + Lamivudine 300 mg + Lopinavir 200 mg + Ritonavir 50 mg and are observed to be beneficial clinically in terms of weight gain, increase in CD4 levels ,prevention and control of opportunistic infections and improved sense of well-being.
To achieve target international normalized ratio with concurrent warfarin and rifampicin therapy is a challenge: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Jha Subhash Chandra
Published: February 2016

A 60-year-old man with a history of deep vein thrombosis put on anticoagulation therapy with warfarin 2 mg daily. Achieving a therapeutic level of anticoagulation was difficult despite escalating doses of warfarin, because of the interaction with rifampicin. A 5 to 6 fold increase in warfarin dose was prescribed to reach therapeutic international normalized ratios (INRs), but even these increases were insufficient to maintain his INR in the therapeutic range. After rifampicin was discontinued, warfarin doses were gradually reduced over the next 2 months. When concurrent warfarin-rifampicin therapy is necessary, vigilant monitoring of INR is imperative and rifampicin should be stopped. Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant used to get target INR to prevent thrombosis in various cardiovascular diseases. Its metabolism is affected by dugs, diet and individual characteristics. It is metabolized in liver by microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme. Rifampicin is an essential component of first line antitubercular   regimen. It induces enzyme P450, responsible for metabolism of warfarin. So to get target INR 2.5 to 3.5 is very difficult even with maximum possible dose of warfarin when patient taking simultaneously both drugs. In this case, rifampicin was stopped to achieve target INR. Tuberculosis patient on warfarin should not take rifampicin as component of first line antitubercular regimen.
Gestión de notificaciones de errores de medicación por entidades regulatorias
Authors: Sánchez C. Julián
Published: February 2016

Un error de medicación (EM) es todo aquel incidente prevenible que se produce en cualquiera de los pasos de la cadena terapéutica y puede causar daño en el paciente o propiciar el uso inadecuado del medicamento. Actualmente se requiere que los programas de farmacovigilancia a nivel de entidades regulatorias evalúen con un sistema de reporte y una metodología específica los errores de medicación. Por esta situación, producto de la investigación, el presente estudio propone un procedimiento para gestión de errores de medicación.

Métodos. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de literatura indexada relacionada con definición, clasificación, causas y análisis de errores de medicación.

Resultados. La propuesta planteada contiene los siguientes elementos: 1. Notificación voluntaria del error de medicación, 2. Evaluación y análisis, 3. Registro en la base de datos, 4. Análisis bajo el protocolo de Londres, 5. Plan de gestión de riesgos y 6. Informe de seguridad. La responsabilidad del adecuado cumplimiento es compartida por los reportantes y la entidad regulatoria. El estricto cumplimiento permitirá mejores resultados.
Conclusión. La propuesta es producto de la revisión bibliográfica, puede ser adaptada por entidades regulatorias para un cumplimiento por instituciones y entidades regulatorias, con una responsabilidad compartida para obtener mejores resultados.
Guía fármacoterapeutica de amenaza de parto pretérmino
Authors: Osorio R. Ana María , García C. Julio César
Published: February 2016

El parto pretérmino representa un reto terapéutico ya que su tratamiento oportuno disminuye la morbilidad y mortalidad neonatal. Afecta de 5 a 11% de todos los partos en el mundo, entre 9 y 10% en países de bajos ingresos y de 6 a 11,9% en países con altos ingresos. Es el responsable de 70% de las muertes neonatales y 37% de las muertes en infantes así como el causante de 25 a 50% de los casos de falla en el desarrollo neurológico en niños. Por lo anterior, es importante realizar un adecuado tamizaje y tratamiento de las pacientes que se encuentran en riesgo de parto pretérmino. Para ello, se realizó una guía fármacoterapeutica basada en la mejor evidencia para su manejo.
Panhipopituitarismo congénito secundario a interrupción del tallo hipofisario: informe de caso
Authors: Agudelo P. Sergio , Maldonado C. María José , Tovar S. Ximena , Salinas J. Claudia Marcela
Published: February 2016

La disrupción del tallo hipofisario es una patología infrecuente que causa hipogenesia de la pituitaria anterior y agenesia o ectopia de la hipófisis posterior. El diagnóstico se realiza tardíamente cuando aparecen mayores alteraciones antropométricas o disminuciones en la velocidad de crecimiento. Se estima que solo el 23% de los casos se diagnostica en el periodo neonatal, con lo cual se logra disminuir la mortalidad y morbilidades secundarias. Este estudio describe el caso de un recién nacido con hipoglicemia persistente desde el nacimiento, micropene e incisivo único central. Se solicitó resonancia magnética cerebral y determinación sérica hormonal para confirmar el diagnóstico de panhipopituitarismo congénito secundario a la disrupción del tallo hipofisario. Se inició el reemplazo hormonal de forma temprana.
Cómo evitar los posibles obstáculos en un programa de intercambio de estudiantes internacionales
Authors: Cadena Sandra Janashak
Published: February 2016

La diversidad cultural y su impacto en el cuidado del paciente contribuyen a desigualdades persistentes en el cuidado de la salud a pesar de las necesidades por una competencia cultural. Las facultades de enfermería buscan oportunidades internacionales como una forma de facilitar las diversas experiencias culturales de los estudiantes en sus cursos de pregrado y desarrollar estrategias de implementación para experiencias internacionales, que puedan facilitar encuentros comprensivos y efectivos para los estudiantes. Es un proceso que está dirigido al desarrollo de la construcción de relaciones entre miembros profesionales de diferentes países y culturas que puedan ayudar a facilitar las relaciones profesionales, disminuir las barreras y compartir al máximo oportunidades de enseñanza para relaciones internacionales.
TIPOLOGI IDEOLOGI RESEPSI AL QURAN DI KALANGAN MASYARAKAT SUMENEP MADURA
Authors: Fathurrosyid Fathurrosyid
Published: February 2016

Islamic teachings in the Quran are fused in the community life of West Pakandangan Village, district Bluto at Sumenep Madura. It is not only expressed through reading and exploring the moral messages, or is treated as magical and powerful objects, but also is an aesthetic reception. For instance using a piece of written verses as accessories at homes, mosques and others. This research is qualitative in nature, employing both literary review and field research. It uses phenomenological analysis and content analysis. The findings show; first, the ideological typology of Quran reception in West Pakandangan involves exegetical, aesthetic and functional receptions. Second, the surface structure of reception symbols presents the religious community. While the deep structure exists in the form of social harmony, social stratification, educational media and pragmatic logical structure on the miracle of Quran. Thirdly, the typology reception of West Pakandangan society in the discourse of Quran and commentary can be categorized as a realist and transformative interpretation, that is dialectic and negotiated interpretation with the social context developed in the community.
RITUAL, KEPERCAYAAN LOKAL DAN IDENTITAS BUDAYA MASYARAKAT CIOMAS BANTEN
Authors: Humaeni Ayatullah
Published: February 2016

This article discusses the local beliefs, the characteristics and cultural identity as well as the socio-religious rituals of Ciomas society. It is a field research using ethnographical method based on anthropological perspective. To analyze the data, the researcher uses structural-functional approach. The finding shows the champion character of jawara is frequently identified with negative labels by several authors such as Willams and Kartodirdjo. The fame of Golok Ciomas that has historical and cultural values for Bantenese society in general is also often referred to champion figures who are rude, valiant, and act like a criminal. As a matter of fact, for majority of Bantenese society, such distinctive characteristics have more positive meanings that were inherited by their ancestors and they still possess religious values maintained up to the present.
REPRESENTASI ETIKA BUDAYA JAWA DALAM KOMIK PANJI KOMING: PERSPEKTIF PENDIDIKAN ISLAM
Authors: Ismail Ismail , Nugroho Heru , Simatupang G.R. Lono Lastoro
Published: February 2016

The representation of Javanese cultural ethic in the comic Panji Koming can be identified from a few scenes, for example, physical action, speech and moral values through education and learning process since childhood in Javanese culture. The comic performs the Javanese principles and ethics in each edition. Javanese society upholds the manners. Accordingly, respect is the key for harmonious living in the society as a whole. The respect is shown in various ways: gesture, hand movements, voice, greeting, and the level of the language used. However, the discourse on Javanese female stereotype is clearly viewed, because of the simple representation that reduces women to a series of exaggerated characteristics and usually imply a negative connotation. The stereotype has reduced, naturalized, created a basis, and set a difference. While in the perspective of Islamic education the educational values are taught so that their children have good manners and language reflecting the values of Javanese custom which is still applied and maintained.
Bullying Among South Korean Adolescents: Prevalence and Association With Psychological Adjustment
Authors: Yun Ilhong , Kim Seung-Gon
Published: February 2016

This study assessed the prevalence rates of physical, verbal, relational, property, and cyber bullying among a sample of South Korean middle school students. Associations between bullying and a list of psychopathological symptoms were also examined. Finally, whether a link between bullying and psychopathological symptoms is modified by the level of parental attachment was examined. Results show that, contrary to Western studies, girls were more likely than boys to be involved in school bullying. Significant interaction effects between parental attachment and bully/victim status on depression were also discovered.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Formulation With Chronic Pain
Authors: Cheng Michael K. , Flamenbaum Ricardo
Published: February 2016

This article presents fear- and non-fear-based schemas hypothesized to be important in the development and maintenance of pain related disability. Identified schemas are based on the clinical experience of the authors and a review of the literature. Schemas are presented with the aim of increasing recognition of heterogeneity and improving case formulation and treatment planning including matching of pain problems with interventions. Two case studies are included.
Distress Tolerance and Impulsivity Are Associated With Drug and Alcohol Use Consequences in an Online Community Sample
Authors: Greenberg Lauren P. , Martindale Sarah L. , Fils-Aimé Laura R. , Dolan Sara L.
Published: February 2016

Impulsivity and distress tolerance (DT) have been implicated as key features in development and maintenance of substance use disorders. This study expanded on previous research by exploring the four factors of DT (Absorption, Appraisal, Regulation, Tolerance) and their interaction with impulsivity in relation to substance use. Participants were 105 men and 150 women who completed measures of impulsivity, DT, and substance use. Results indicated that Appraisal DT was a better predictor of substance use problems over and above overall DT or other DT factors. Mediation analysis indicated that Appraisal partially mediated the relationship between impulsivity and DT. Results suggest that DT, particularly Appraisal, plays a role in substance use problems, specifically in the relationship between impulsivity and substance use problems. Treatments emphasizing DT skills, particularly the appraisal of aversive emotions, may be useful to employ when attempting to reduce harmful drinking or drug use behaviors.
Evaluating the Efficacy of EMDR With Grieving Individuals: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Meysner Larissa , Cotter Prudence , Lee Christopher W.
Published: February 2016

This study compared the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with an integrated cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention for grief. Nineteen participants (12 females and 7 males) who identified themselves as struggling with grief were randomly allocated to treatment conditions. Each participant was wait-listed for 7 weeks and then received 7 weeks of therapy. There were no significant improvements on any measure in the wait-list period. In contrast, participants in both treatment groups improved on measures of grief (ηp2 = .47), trauma symptoms (ηp2 = .60), and distress (ηp2 = .34). There was no significant improvement in participants’ scores on a quality of life measure (ηp2 = .11). Neither treatment approach produced better outcomes than the other. For those who scored in the clinical range at intake, 72% achieved clinical and reliable change on the grief measure and 82% on the trauma measure. The study had several strengths, including randomization to treatment condition, multiple therapists, formal assessment of treatment fidelity, and the pretreatment and follow-up assessments were conducted by researchers blind to treatment assignment. Overall, the findings indicate that EMDR and CBT are efficacious in assisting those struggling with grief, and that those individuals reporting higher levels of distress and lower levels of functioning may benefit the most from an intervention.
Perceptions and Use of EMDR Therapy in Rape Crisis Centers
Authors: Edmond Tonya , Lawrence Karen A. , Schrag Rachel Voth
Published: February 2016

Sexual violence is pervasive and generates significant trauma symptoms that can last a lifetime for survivors. Rape crisis centers provide critically important services for survivors of child sexual abuse and adult sexual assault, including individual and group counseling. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been found to be an effective treatment for a wide array of trauma symptoms in both children and adults. This study sought to determine the extent to which rape crisis centers use EMDR therapy, practitioners’ perceptions of EMDR, and the provider characteristics that might support or hinder implementation of EMDR in this setting. A statewide web-based survey generated responses from 76 counselors working within 47 rape crisis centers. Results indicate that there is a low-use rate of EMDR (8%) in this setting, perceptions of EMDR were predominately marked by uncertainty, reflecting a lack of familiarity, but there is strong interest in receiving training. The desire for training is complicated by the range of education levels of counseling staff in rape crisis centers with only 54% holding advanced degrees. There is an opportunity and need to build capacity for the implementation of EMDR in this vital service sector, but there are also significant challenges that will need to be addressed.
EMDR Within Crisis Resolution and Home Treatment Teams
Authors: Proudlock Simon , Hutchins Jonathan
Published: February 2016

This article describes how eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) can be used in a National Health Service (NHS) mental health crisis team with individuals who are expressing strong desire and intent to die by suicide. It explores previous research in this area and examines how offering EMDR therapy may expedite recovery for clients and how offering immediate access to specialized treatment can result in NHS Trusts reducing costs associated with further psychological treatment in the community. Nine cases are presented of clients who were under the care of an NHS crisis resolution and home treatment team and who received brief EMDR therapy. Treatment directly addressed recent or historical traumatic experiences, without extensive preparation even though clients had suicidal intent and were in crisis. All clients showed marked improvement in their mental state and a reduction in their risk regarding harm to self and harm to others. An audit of the patient electronic database was used to examine contact with mental health services 12 months posttreatment. Three of the nine clients reaccessed crisis services at 6, 8, and 11 months, respectively, concerning new crises unrelated to the material initially processed with EMDR. EMDR therapy has the potential to significantly improve the outcomes of clients experiencing a mental health crisis but more research is needed in this area.
Vascular Fragility and the Endothelial Glycocalyx in the Tissues Lining the Healthy Gingival Crevice
Authors: Townsend David , D’Aiuto Francesco , Deanfield John
Published: February 2016

Background: The aim of this study is to investigate vascular fragility and endothelial glycocalyx (ECG) in images of the healthy gingival crevice (GC). The ECG is a surface layer lining the luminal walls of blood vessels composed of proteoglycans and glycoproteins with other components. Degradation of the layer has been shown to drastically affect microvascular flow, permeability, and immune function.

Methods: Videomicroscopic images from tissues lining the healthy GC in 20 healthy volunteers were analyzed to determine the presence of microhemorrhage related to branched dilated microvessels. Imaging of capillary ECG in human labial mucosa was achieved by the use of a 1‐mm‐diameter 0.5 numerical aperture gradient index objective lens and one‐sided oblique illumination using light at 450 nm. This allows resolution of red blood cells within the capillary and the endothelial cell wall of the lumen. The cell‐free plasma gap between the red cell and endothelial wall represents the ECG.

Results: In the healthy GC there was no evidence of microhemorrhage in participants that had only simple capillary loops (seven of 20). Microhemorrhage was present in the majority of participants with branched dilated microvessels (11 of 13) (McNemar Test for equal distribution, P = 0.05). A cell‐free plasma gap representing the ECG could be imaged in the superficial tissues lining the labial sulcus. No such cell‐free plasma gap could be detected in the branched dilated microvessels in tissues lining the GC.

Conclusions: There is an association between the presence of vascular microhemorrhage and branched dilated microvessels in the tissues lining the clinically healthy GC. Loss of ECG might be part of the inflammatory process in these tissues.
Accounting For Stock Options: Comparison Of Alternative Approaches
Authors: Lobo Gerald J. , Rue Joseph C.
Published: February 2016

The Financial Accounting Standards Board in Standard No. 123 requires the disclosure of the annual option expense assuming a market based static model is used to measure the option "value" at issue data. This study reviews and tests alternative measures of accounting for stock options that were previously proposed by the Board. Our results suggest the exercise date model provides a measure of option expense which more consistently reflexes the changes in the market value of the option.
Analysis Of Faculty Retirement Intention: Using A Proportional Odds Model
Authors: Bahrami Bahman , Stockrahm Jerome W.
Published: February 2016

This paper uses data from a random national sample of faculty, age 50 and older, and explores factors affecting faculty member's retirement decisions for three expected retirement age categories.  The variables such as end of mandatory retirement, age, current salary, expected others sources of income, early retirement incentives, and years of education have a significant effect on faculty retirement decisions.  An understanding of these factors can help decision making for staffing purposes.
The Relationship Between Attitudes Toward Technology, Adaptability, And Customer Orientation Among Professional Salespeople
Authors: Keillor Bruce D. , Pettijohn Charles E. , D'Amico Michael
Published: February 2016

The use of computer technology is increasingly becoming a way of life for professional salespeople.  Given the increased use of technology in virtually aspects of sales, it would seem natural to reconcile both the uses of, and attitudes toward, computers among professional salespeople with traditionally emphasized sales constructs such as adaptability and customer orientation.  The results of such an analysis would have implications for both academic sales research as well as sales managers and trainers who would benefit from an investigation into a propensity to accept computer technology and the ability to engage in significant sales activities that represent the human dimension.  The current study addresses this issue by assessing the relationships between salespersons’ attitudes toward computer technology, adaptability, and customer orientation.  The findings generally indicate a positive predisposition toward computer usage and a significant positive relationship between those attitudes and both adaptability and customer orientation among a sample of professional salespeople.
The Relevance Of Firms Accounting And Market Performance For CEO Compensation
Authors: Duru Augustine I. , Iyengar Raghavan J.
Published: February 2016

This paper investigates the relationship between several different CEO compensation components and several firm performance metrics using canonical correlation analysis (CCA).  The principal findings presented in this paper offer evidence supporting the pay-performance relationship in corporate America. CEOs bonuses   are closely associated with accounting measures of performance whereas CEO’s long-term compensation is directly linked to firm’s market performance.  Furthermore, a substantial portion of the variance in CEOs bonus is explained by firm performance variables.  Firm performance measures have some predictive power for CEO bonus but very little predictive power for other compensation measures.
Issues In The Development, And Enforcement, Of International Humanitarian Law: A Primer
Authors: Forster Bruce A. , Forster Jessica D.
Published: February 2016

Forster and Forster (2010) reviewed the development of international humanitarian law for the protection of refugees during civil war in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In this paper we consider the development of international humanitarian law for the prevention of genocide and the protection of women and children with reference to SSA. We outline the various courts which have jurisdiction in international law, and consider cases where the relevant laws are being ignored, especially in the case of rape and other sexual abuse of women, and the use of child soldiers. We also discuss the current alleged genocide occurring in the Darfur region of Sudan, and the issuance of warrants for arrest for war crimes, crimes against humanity and the crime of genocide in Darfur. The paper then considers some explanations for the flaunting of the laws including, rent-seeking behavior relative to natural resource assets, and appeals to state sovereignty. The development of the Responsibility to Protect principle is discussed as an alternative to conventional views of state sovereignty.
Social Skills Preferences Among Internal Auditors An Explanatory Study Using The FIRO-B
Authors: Siegel Philip H. , Schultz Todd
Published: February 2016

This study applies the FIRO-B technique to analyze the social interaction preferences of certified internal auditors working in U.S. corporations. Surveys were developed using the FIRO-B technique and obtained information on internal auditors from corporations located in the Western and Southeastern sections of the United States. This study will determine the social interaction scores of certified internal auditors, and compare them to the scores of other accounting professionals. This study indicates that social interaction skills are of increasing importance to the working success of internal auditors. The SII number is higher than prior research of CPAs employed in large international CPA firms but similar to those results found among accountants at regional CPA firms and national business professionals. This study did not segment the sample by industry to determine if there are any effects due to industry or company size. Future research might compare the internal auditors might make these comparisons. Also, the study did not include samples from outside of the United States. Understanding the social interaction of certified internal auditors is important since such information sheds light on the types of professionals who are most likely to succeed in the diverse work environment that internal auditors face. This is the first exploratory study using the FIRO-B on internal auditors.
Intraday Relationship Between Market Activity And Public Announcements
Authors: Cellier Alexis , Louhichi Waël
Published: February 2016

This paper aims to study the relationship between public information arrival and Euronext Paris intraday activity. The information flow is measured as the number of news items recorded by Reuters and conditional volatility is modeled by an EGARCH process. Our results reveal a strong positive relationship between public information flow and trading volume and a moderate positive relation between stock returns volatility and the information flow. These results are available for the CAC40 Index as well as for individual stocks and are robust even after controlling for the impact of the intraday patterns.
Partnerships, Suppliers And Coercive Influence
Authors: Bignoux Stephane , Gray David
Published: February 2016

This paper adapts intra-firm influence strategies to an inter-firm context. In the process it retests the link between coercive influence strategies and supplier performance. Qualitative data is drawn from interviews conducted with 17 informants in the Australian Recruitment Industry. In line with expectations, the study shows that intra-firm influence strategies are adaptable to an inter-firm context. Contrary to predictions, the study finds that suppliers use frequent checking and persistent reminders (pressure strategy), benefits and favors (exchange strategy), form coalitions with other suppliers and buyer managers (coalition strategy) and go over a buyer managers head (upward appeals) to improve their performance in partnerships. These findings suggest that suppliers use a wider set of influence strategies than previously reported in the literature. In short, influence strategies are more heterogeneous than previously implied in the literature.
A Model For Technology Adoption In China: Extending Caselli And Coleman
Authors: Salazar Ronald J. , Wang Jifu , Oswald Sharon
Published: February 2016

Focusing on China, a country pushing toward a more market-oriented system at warped speed, we suggest that previous models of technology adoption and/or diffusion may not be suitable for countries migrating from centralized control. We support the work of Au and Yeung (2007), who suggest that China may suffer from a risk avoidance attitude at the firm level based on previous attitudes of control. Relying on the literature and supported by an in-depth analysis of the Chinese machine tool industry we extend the work of Caselli and Coleman (2001, 2002) and advance an expanded model of technology adoption specific to emerging markets, such as China, experiencing a transformation from centrally controlled economy toward a market one.
Development Of Transversal Skills In Content And Language Integrated Learning Classes
Authors: Macianskiene Nemira
Published: February 2016

The issue of transversal or soft skill development is an important challenge for educational institutions preparing prospective employees for successful integration in the modern global labour market. The implementation of content and language integrated learning (CLIL) provides ample opportunities for the development of soft skills, apart from in-depth learning of the subject and development of language competences. The study presents some insights gained during the in-service training courses for secondary school teachers, while implementing the European Social Fund supported project “Synergy of Content and Foreign Language” at the Institute of Foreign Languages of Vytautas Magnus University in Lithuania, with regard to possibilities to better prepare graduates for social integration through efficient implementation of CLIL at school. Among other objectives, the project aimed at professional development of secondary school subject teachers by raising their awareness of CLIL methodology, including transversal skill development. The paper presents investigation into teacher perception of the importance of soft skills and their self-evaluation of practice of soft skill integration into their subject teaching. The issue of transversal skill development is discussed as an integral constituent of project activities, an added value and/or the synergic effect which may be achieved while implementing CLIL at school. The study concludes that CLIL implementation requires the whole school policy, new approach to subject and language teacher in-service training and presents some recommendations for educational policy developers.
Indirect Factors Affecting Personal Solvency: Empirical Analysis Of Lithuanian Consumer Credit Market
Authors: Jureviciene Daiva , Taujanskaite Kamile , Sukacevskyte Vytaute
Published: February 2016

The aim of this article is to analyze the interrelationship between solvencies of consumer credits customers and indirect factors such as borrowing motivation as well as demographical and socioeconomic factors characterizing the borrowers’ personality. The results of this research were obtained using statistical software SPSS. Systemic scientific literature analysis, correlation analysis of randomly selected records from consumer credit contracts, Student t-test criteria application for testing hypothesis, analysis of Levine's and Pearson’s correlation criteria are used in the article. In addition, previously carried out expert evaluation research results were compared with actual consumer credit contracts data. The novelty of this research is classification of factors influencing personal solvency into direct and indirect. The influence of indirect factors (demographic, socioeconomic and borrowing motives) has been investigated in risky consumer credit market of Lithuania. The results show that the most influencing indirect factor is the purpose of consumer credit.
Internationalization: Choosing The Right Entry Mode: Lessons From Ebay’s Strategy In China
Authors: Ofili Onyeka Uche
Published: February 2016

This paper considers the motivations for businesses to expand to other countries using the entry of eBay into China as a case study. It observed that eBay adopted the wrong entry mode by acquiring 100 percent of EachNet. The company would have performed better if it had adopted the joint venture approach with minority stake as it later did with Tom Online or if it had only retained minority stake, as was the case when it acquired 33 percent of EachNet. It was discovered that the various entry modes have their pros and cons depending on the peculiarity of the host market. This paper therefore, recommends that in entering a new market, companies should ensure to have a proper understanding of the local business dynamics before settling for any entry strategy.
Causes De La Reticence Des Etudiants Marocains VisA-Vis De La Geologie; Cas De La Faculte Des Sciences Dhar Mahraz De Fes
Authors: Chmanti-Houari Imane , Hassani Mohammed Oudrhiri , Lachkhem Hassan , Sayad Ahmed
Published: February 2016

In this work, we try to diagnose the causes of reluctance of Moroccan students’ towards the geology. To achieve our goal, a study was conducted on the first year students of the Faculty of Science Dhar El Mehraz. Then a questionnaire was made and administered to professors and first year students. The obtained results revealed that the students' reluctance is mainly due to pedagogical difficulties.
Russia/Nigeria Diplomatic Ties: An Historical Perspective
Authors: Waliyullahi Abimbola Damilola
Published: February 2016

The Diplomatic relations between Nigeria and USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) now Russia started over 55 years ago. Russia, being the legitimate heir to the USSR in 1961, opened its Embassy in Lagos with Ambassador Feodor Pavlovich Dolya as the Head of the Mission, Nigeria reciprocated in 1962 in Moscow with Ambassador C.O Ifeagwu as the Head and till this day, both countries have maintained cordial political, economic and cultural relationships but not without some disagreements. However, Soviet involvement in Nigeria, just like in many other African countries diminished greatly in the wake of Mikhail Gorbachev’s perestroika (reconstruction) of the middle 80s. With the Cold War continuing and the Soviet economy in shambles, the USSR had little incentive to continue its active presence in Africa. By the time of Soviet Union disintegration in 1991, the country had lost much of its influence and prominence in Nigeria and Africa. Nigeria is a focus of this paper as this article examines Russia/Nigeria diplomatic ties from the historical point of view relying on diplomatic theory as a tool to trace the existing diplomatic ties between the two countries.
Factors Affect Students Achievement in Their Examinations
Authors: Elnagar Bakheit Mohammed
Published: February 2016

This study investigates the factors which affect the students' achievement in their examinations, mainly test anxiety. The effect of this anxiety was traced among Arab learners of English as a Foreign Language. The researcher used a questionnaire in order to get the necessary data about this psychological phenomenon. Data analysis was used to indicate that test anxiety is a natural psychological phenomenon that occurs due to lack of readiness or because of getting poor marks or grades. Moreover frantic reviews just before the test are more confusing methods than helpful ones. Students can reduce test anxiety through study habits and skills. Some recommendations were given to reduce these causes of anxiety.
Impact Of Mobile Phone Usage On Academic Performance Among Secondary School Students In Taraba State, Nigeria
Authors: Rabiu Haruna , Muhammed Aisha Indo , Umaru Yunusa , Ahmed Hadiza Tukur
Published: February 2016

This study employed survey design in investigating the influence of mobile phone usage on academic performance among secondary school student in Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria. The sample for the study was 300 respondents selected from the total population of 6,482 respondents. Stratified sampling technique was employed to select the sample. The Mobile Phone Usage Questionnaire (MPUQ) adapted from Twum (2011), Mathematic Achievement Test (MAT) and English Language Achievement test (ELAT), were the instrument used for this study. Data collected were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA to answer the research questions and hypotheses. The finding of this study, revealed that mobile phone usage significantly influence academic performance among male and female senior secondary school students (t = 6.113, P = 0.02), age difference was not a significant factor in mobile phone usage on academic performance among senior secondary school students (f = 6.431, P = 0.022), parent’s occupation was not a significant factor in mobile phone usage on academic performance among senior secondary school students (f = 9.005, p= 0.031) and that the frequency of mobile phone usage does not significantly influence academic performance among male and female senior secondary school students (t = 8.131, p = 0.02). It was recommended that, School psychologists, teachers, school administrators, parents and students should be sensitized on the influence of mobile phone usage on academic performance among secondary school students irrespective of gender and age differences.
Liberalization, Investment, and Regulation: The Key Factors for the Development of the Electronic Communications Market
Authors: Gjika Jonida
Published: February 2016

The key factors for the development of the electronic communication market include partial liberalization; full, direct, or indirect investments; and competitive regulation based on transparency and non-discrimination. They are used efficiently in preventing anti-competitive practices through the use of appropriate basic instruments of transparency and non-discrimination. They are used in the proper selection of the “best practice” design and implementation of primary and secondary laws. It is an efficient regulatory framework; it creates adequate space; and they are together considered necessary in influencing the positive development of the electronic communication sector. Proper selection of the "innovative dilemma" that comes from the "technology push" in the sector and harmonization of the time required between the necessary innovation and investment, determines the quality of products/services for the sector tomorrow and its internal markets. At the same time, it determines the eligibility of the request-offer and their quality. The close connection between innovation and entrepreneurship as well as the proper implementation through investments is made tangible and measurable to the quality, price, and their persistence. When these factors are considered in harmony, it will ultimately result in effective competition in the sector. Also, their values are identified by the maximization of social welfare to increased consumer benefits.