bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Azithromycin and Warfarin Interaction
Authors: Shrader Sarah P. , Fermo Joli D. , Dzikowski Amy L.
Published: July 2004

A 57‐year‐old Caucasian woman came to the clinic with symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection. She was treated with a 5‐day course of oral azithromycin 500 mg on day 1, then 250 mg/day for 4 days. During this period, the patient decreased her cigarette smoking from 1 pack/day to 1 pack every 3 days. No additional confounding variables were present. Two days after the completion of therapy, her international normalized ratio (INR) was 8.32. Six case reports documented in the literature have suggested an azithromycin‐warfarin interaction with a resultant increase in INR. Many confounding variables existed in each of these cases, such as hepatic dysfunction, poor appetite, and concomitant drugs that resulted in an increased anticoagulant response. We report a case that involved only one potential confounding variable. Continued documentation of azithromycin‐warfarin interactions is valuable considering no mention of this drug interaction exists in most tertiary references and in the package insert for azithromycin, the demonstration that no drug interaction occurred in a retrospective review of 52 cases, and the widespread use of azithromycin in the community. Clinicians should be mindful when prescribing azithromycin in combination with warfarin, and INR values should be monitored.
1,3,6,8‐Tetraphenylpyrene Derivatives: Towards Fluorescent Liquid‐Crystalline Columns?
Authors: de Halleux V. , Calbert J.‐P. , Brocorens P. , Cornil J. , Declercq J.‐P. , Brédas J.‐L. , Geerts Y.
Published: July 2004

Tetraphenylpyrene has been selected as a discotic core to promote liquid‐crystalline fluorescent columns in view of its high fluorescence quantum yield in solution and ease of substitution by flexible lateral side chains. The synthesis and characterization of ten new derivatives of pyrene have been carried out; the pyrene core has been substituted at the 1,3,6,8‐positions by phenylene rings bearing alkoxy, ester, thioether, or tris(alkoxy)benzoate groups on the para position; the compounds have been characterized by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR and UV‐vis spectroscopies. In order to generate liquid‐crystalline phases, the nature, number, and size of the side chains as well as the degree of polarity around the tetraphenylpyrene core have been varied. However, the desired liquid‐crystalline behavior has not been observed. The supramolecular order together with the absorption and emission properties in solution and the solid state are discussed and compared to theoretical predictions. Quantum‐chemical calculations rationalize the high solid‐state fluorescence of a tetraphenylpyrene derivative for which the crystal structure has been determined.
Oxygen diffusion modeling in diesel particulate filter regeneration
Authors: Haralampous O. A. , Koltsakis G. C.
Published: July 2004

This study introduces a coupled reaction–diffusion model able to account for O2 diffusion in the wall flow honeycomb particulate filter. The diffusion model is incorporated on a previously published single‐channel model for the calculation of flow distribution, heat transfer, and soot oxidation reaction. A computational study is carried out aiming at evaluating the importance of O2 diffusion effects as the function of operating conditions similar to those encountered in the real world. During controlled regeneration conditions, the effect of oxygen diffusion is minor and observable only at high soot loadings. On the other hand, the role of oxygen diffusion is shown to be critical in uncontrolled regeneration conditions, which are important for filter thermal failure. Traditional models neglecting diffusion effects are shown to strongly underpredict the maximum temperatures during uncontrolled regeneration with moderate to high soot loadings. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2008–2019, 2004
Early blood–brain barrier disruption in human focal brain ischemia
Authors: Latour Lawrence L. , Kang Dong‐Wha , Ezzeddine Mustapha A. , Chalela Julio A. , Warach Steven
Published: July 2004

Loss of integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) resulting from ischemia/reperfusion is believed to be a precursor to hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and poor outcome. We used a novel magnetic resonance imaging marker to characterize early BBB disruption in human focal brain ischemia and tested for associations with reperfusion, HT, and poor outcome (modified Rankin score >2). BBB disruption was found in 47 of 144 (33%) patients, having a median time from stroke onset to observation of 10.1 hours. Reperfusion was found to be the most powerful independent predictor of early BBB disruption (p = 0.018; odds ratio, 4.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.28–13.1). HT was observed in 22 patients; 16 (72.7%) of those also had early BBB disruption (p < 0.001; odds ratio, 8.11; 95% confidence interval, 2.85–23.1). In addition to baseline severity (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score >6), early BBB disruption was found to be an independent predictor of HT. Because the timing of the disruption was early enough to make it relevant to acute thrombolytic therapy, early BBB disruption as defined by this imaging biomarker may be a promising target for adjunctive therapy to reduce the complications associated with thrombolytic therapy, broaden the therapeutic window, and improve clinical outcome. Ann Neurol 2004
Bioseparations
Authors: Lightfoot E.N. , Moscariello J.S.
Published: July 2004

Here we review key applications of separation technology in applied biology. We first sketch out the field as a whole, but then narrow our scope to the processing of fermentation products, particularly to high‐value biologicals such as proteins and nucleotides. We go on to provide a qualitative overview describing the importance and general nature of this large field, major trends, and the strategies that have proven most fruitful in evolving effective separation and purification processes. We then give a detailed description of individual separations equipment and the principles governing their operation. We concentrate throughout on making the available literature accessible to the reader; we provide what is hoped to be a representative set of basic references. However, these references, in turn, include some that suggest promising new developments as well as a number of more specialized reviews. We hope that our overall result provides the reader with access to the most relevant literature. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Performance and characterization of a nanophased porous hydroxyapatite for protein chromatography
Authors: Jungbauer Alois , Hahn Rainer , Deinhofer Karin , Luo Ping
Published: July 2004

Nanophased porous hydroxyapatite beads with particle diameters of 25 μm and 30 μm intended for use in protein and biomolecule separation are characterized with respect to chromatographic characteristics. These particles were produced from a hydroxyapatite gel by a controlled spray process yielding microspheres containing hydroxyapatite nanocrystals. By calcification of the microspheres, nanophased porous hydroxyapatite beads were obtained. As a reference material, ceramic hydroxyapatite Types I and II with a particle diameter of 40 μm was chosen. SEM pictures show that the surface of the nanophased hydroxyapatite is very rough compared to ceramic hydroxyapatite Types I and Type II. The calcium‐to‐phosphorous ratio of this nanophased hydroxyapatite is 1.6, which is slightly below the theoretical ratio of 1.67 of pure hydroxyapatite. The porosity is greater than 60%. An IgG binding capacity of 60.7 mg/ml for Bio‐Rad Type I and 36.0 mg/ml for Type II, 42.0 mg/ml for the nanophased material with 25 μm and 19.7 mg/ml for the nanophased material with 30 μm were observed. The nanophased material with 30 μm had the lowest mass transfer resistancy as indicated by the dependency of the dynamic binding capacity on velocity. It is assumed that the mass transport properties are characterized by a low particle diffusion resistancy or by slight intraparticle convection. The material also showed high selectivity for IgG. When culture supernatant with 5% FCS containing 3 mg/ml was loaded, pure IgG could be eluted by linear gradient with increasing sodium phosphate concentration. This nanophased material comprises a novel stationary phase for IgG separation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography selectivity changes among three stable proteins: conformation does not play a major role
Authors: Tibbs Jones Tara , Fernandez Erik J.
Published: July 2004

Interesting retention and selectivity changes have been noted for a number of proteins in hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). In this study, we investigated the degree to which conformational changes may be responsible for selectivity changes of stable proteins. Hydrogen‐deuterium isotope exchange detected by mass spectrometry was used to investigate changes in solvent accessibility during adsorption on HIC media. Lysozyme was determined to exhibit EX2 hydrogen exchange kinetics both in solution and adsorbed to Butyl Sepharose 4 Fast Flow and Phenyl Sepharose 6 Fast Flow high sub surfaces. A small, but significant, increase in solvent accessibility was observed upon adsorption. Similar approaches were used to analyze solvent accessibility of three stable proteins with melting temperatures above 50°C exhibiting significant selectivity changes on Butyl Sepharose and Toyopearl Butyl 650M. While all three proteins (lysozyme, chymotrypsinogen A, and ovalbumin) exhibited enhanced exchange while adsorbed, no differences in solvent accessibility on the different adsorbents were observed. More detailed studies of lysozyme showed no significant changes in labeling prior or during elution. These results demonstrate that HIC surfaces examined here do not dramatically alter the structure of these stable proteins and that differences in conformation are not responsible for the selectivity changes observed. Thus, other factors such as different preferred binding orientations or variations between the media pore structure, size, and/or surface chemistry must be responsible. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development and validation of an affinity chromatography step using a peptide ligand for cGMP production of factor VIII
Authors: Kelley Brian D. , Tannatt Molly , Magnusson Robert , Hagelberg Sigrid , Booth James
Published: July 2004

An affinity chromatography step was developed for purification of recombinant B‐Domain Deleted Factor VIII (BDDrFVIII) using a peptide ligand selected from a phage display library. The peptide library had variegated residues, contained both within a disulfide bond‐constrained ring and flanking the ring. The peptide ligand binds to BDDrFVIII with a dissociation constant of ∼1 μM both in free solution and when immobilized on a chromatographic resin. The peptide is chemically synthesized and the affinity resin is produced by coupling the peptide to an agarose matrix preactivated with N‐hydroxysuccinimide. Coupling conditions were optimized to give consistent and complete ligand incorporation and validated with a robustness study that tested various combinations of processing limits. The peptide affinity chromatographic operation employs conditions very similar to an immunoaffinity chromatography step currently in use for BDDrFVIII manufacture. The process step provides excellent recovery of BDDrFVIII from a complex feed stream and reduces host cell protein and DNA by 3–4 logs. Process validation studies established resin reuse over 26 cycles without changes in product recovery or purity. A robustness study using a factorial design was performed and showed that the step was insensitive to small changes in process conditions that represent normal variation in commercial manufacturing. A scaled‐down model of the process step was qualified and used for virus removal studies. A validation package addressing the safety of the leached peptide included leaching rate measurements under process conditions, testing of peptide levels in product pools, demonstration of robust removal downstream by spiking studies, end product testing, and toxicological profiling of the ligand. The peptide ligand affinity step was scaled up for cGMP production of BDDrFVIII for clinical trials. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correctional treatment for co‐occurring disorders: results of a national survey
Authors: Peters Roger H. , LeVasseur Michelle E. , Chandler Redonna K.
Published: July 2004

The significant expansion of correctional populations in the last decade, coupled with the gradual erosion of community treatment infrastructure and health insurance, have brought greater attention to the needs of offenders who have co‐occurring mental health and substance use disorders. Individuals with co‐occurring disorders frequently cycle through acute care facilities in the community and increasingly are placed in jails or prisons. Approximately 16% of inmates in correctional facilities have major mental health disorders (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1999), and a large majority of these inmates have co‐occurring substance use disorders. Few studies have examined the effectiveness of correctional treatment for co‐occurring disorders, and there is little information available regarding clinical and programmatic approaches used with this population.

The current study provides findings from a comprehensive national survey of co‐occurring disorder treatment programs in correctional settings. A total of 20 co‐occurring disorder treatment programs from 13 state correctional systems were identified and surveyed. Many of the programs featured modified therapeutic communities, but there was significant diversity in the duration of treatment and type of services provided. Several unique structural and clinical modifications to treatment have been developed in these settings. Implementation of co‐occurring disorder treatment programs has led to enhanced collaboration with prison health services and community supervision and treatment agencies, and greater use of interdisciplinary staff to provide outreach and case management services. Research is now being conducted to examine outcomes in several of these correctional treatment programs. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multimedia‐integrated application for computer‐assisted teaching of technical drawing (AIMEC‐DT)
Authors: Peñín Pedro I. Álvarez , Morales Máximo Román Pérez , García D. Ramón Rubio , Díaz Rafael Pedro García , Quirós Javier Suárez
Published: July 2004

This application contributes two fundamental tools for the improvement of the educational process in graphic engineering. On the one hand, the students can develop the training features of the subject by means of a computer program that allows them to have feedback from their work, and on the other, develop abilities in the use of Computer Assisted Drawing (CAD) systems for the execution of technical drawings. Everything is developed in a self‐determining way starting from a strategy that the professor has previously personalized. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 12: 136–144, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20003
An educational tool for fuzzy logic controller and classical controllers
Authors: Akcayol M. A. , Elmas C. , Erdem O. A. , Kurt M.
Published: July 2004

In this study, an educational tool has been presented to teach fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and classical controllers to undergraduate and graduate level students, so that students could establish a thorough understanding and be able to compare FLC with classical controllers. The tool has flexible structure and user‐friendly graphical interface. Direct current (DC) motor speed control has been presented to help students learn and compare the FLC and classical controllers. Students practice on both controller, interpret and draw conclusions related to system parameters by changing parameters of FLC and classical controller with various working conditions. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 12: 126–135, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20007
Analysis of interleukin‐13 receptor α2 expression in human pediatric brain tumors
Authors: Kawakami Mariko , Kawakami Koji , Takahashi Satoru , Abe Masato , Puri Raj K.
Published: July 2004

BACKGROUND

Compared with normal brain tissue cells, human malignant glioma cells express higher levels of interleukin‐13 receptor (IL‐13R). However, whether this receptor is expressed in situ has not been carefully examined. With IL‐13R–targeted cytotoxin (IL13‐PE38QQR, comprising IL‐13 and a mutated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin [PE]) being tested in three Phase I/II clinical trials for the treatment of adult human glioma, and with pediatric studies being planned, the authors set out to analyze pediatric brain tumor tissue specimens for the expression of IL‐13R.

METHODS

Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining, the authors examined 58 pediatric brain tumor specimens for expression of the predominant IL‐13 binding and internalizing protein (IL‐13Rα2) chain at the mRNA and protein levels.

RESULTS

Overall, approximately 83% of pediatric brain tumor samples expressed IL‐13Rα2. One hundred percent (11 of 11) high‐grade astrocytoma, 79% (26 of 33) low‐grade astrocytoma, 67% (4 of 6) medulloblastoma, and 67% (2 of 3) ependymoma samples were positive for IL‐13Rα2. Among IL‐13Rα2–positive samples, 88% (42 of 48 samples) had positive expression in ≥ 50% of all tumor fields. The results obtained using both assays were consistent with each other.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study established that pediatric brain tumor specimens expressed the IL‐13Rα2 chain. Because the IL‐13Rα2 chain is a major binding component of the IL‐13R complex, these results suggest that the targeting of IL‐13R may represent a useful approach for the treatment of pediatric brain tumors. Cancer 2004. Published 2004 by the American Cancer Society.
Efficacy of radiotherapy for ovarian ablation
Authors: Hughes Lorie L. , Gray Robert J. , Solin Lawrence J. , Robert Nicholas J. , Martino Silvana , Tripathy Debu , Ingle James N. , Wood William C. ,   For the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group,   the Southwest Oncology Group,   Cancer and Leukemia Group B,   and The North Central Cancer Treatment Group
Published: July 2004

BACKGROUND

In 1994, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) initiated for the Breast Intergroup a randomized clinical trial (E3193) in premenopausal patients with early‐stage breast carcinoma (lymph node‐negative and receptor‐positive, with tumors measuring ≤ 3 cm) comparing tamoxifen as adjuvant systemic therapy with tamoxifen and ovarian ablation by one of three different methods. Ovarian ablation could be accomplished either via radiotherapy (RT) (20 Gray [Gy]/10 fractions to a modified pelvic volume), surgical oophorectomy, or goserelin/leuprolide injections as per patient/physician choice. In the current study, we report the efficacy of pelvic RT with this dose‐fractionation scheme in the induction of ovarian ablation.

METHODS

Twenty‐two of 174 patients (13%) who were randomized to treatment with tamoxifen and ovarian ablation received RT for ovarian ablation. RT quality assurance was performed. Of the 22 patients, 19 were treated per protocol, 1 patient had a minor violation (20 elapsed days for 10 RT fractions), and 2 patients had major violations (1 patient who was treated with RT as per protocol but who was treated at a non‐Intergroup center, and 1 patient who was treated at a dose of 15 Gy/5 fractions).

RESULTS

No acute Grade 3 or 4 (according to the Common Toxicity Criteria of the National Cancer Institute) toxicities were reported during RT. Of the 22 patients receiving RT, evaluable follow‐up data were available for 20 patients. Based on postmenopausal levels of estradiol or follicle‐stimulating hormone at varying intervals after the completion of RT, 15 of 20 patients (75%) achieved successful ovarian ablation with RT. At a median follow‐up of 54 months (range, 21–66 months), no Grade 3 or 4 complications from RT were observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Ovarian ablation by RT as performed in the current trial (given at a dose of 20 Gy in 10 fractions to a modified pelvic treatment volume) was found to be effective for ovarian ablation in the majority of patients, but may take some months to be complete. Consequently, patients should be evaluated to ascertain that ablation has been accomplished. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Islet‐1 expression in the developing chicken inner ear
Authors: Li Huawei , Liu Hong , Sage Cyrille , Huang Mingqian , Chen Zheng‐Yi , Heller Stefan
Published: July 2004

The cell types of the inner ear originate from the otic placode, a thickened layer of ectoderm adjacent to the developing hindbrain. The placode invaginates and forms the otic pit, which pinches off as a small vesicle called the otocyst. Presumptive cochleovestibular neurons delaminate from the anterior ventral part of the otocyst and form the cochleovestibular ganglion of the inner ear. Here we show that the LIM/homeodomain protein islet‐1 is expressed in cells of the ventral part of the otic placode and that this ventral expression is maintained at the otic pit and the otocyst stages. Auditory and vestibular neurons originate from this islet‐1‐positive zone of the otocyst, and these neurons maintain islet‐1 expression until adulthood. We also demonstrate that islet‐1 becomes up‐regulated in the presumptive sensory epithelia of the inner ear in regions that are defined by the expression domains of BMP4. The up‐regulation of islet‐1 in developing inner ear hair and supporting cells is accompanied by down‐regulation of Pax‐2 in these cell types. Islet‐1 expression in hair and supporting cells persists until early postnatal stages, when the transcriptional regulator is down‐regulated in hair cells. Our data is consistent with a role for islet‐1 in differentiating inner ear neurons and sensory epithelia cells, perhaps in the specification of cellular subtypes in conjunction with other LIM/homeodomain proteins. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:1–10, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ERp29, a general endoplasmic reticulum marker, is highly expressed throughout the brain
Authors: MacLeod Jennifer C. , Sayer Rod J. , Lucocq John M. , Hubbard Michael J.
Published: July 2004

ERp29 is a recently discovered resident of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that is abundant in brain and most other mammalian tissues. Investigations of nonneural secretory tissues have implicated ERp29 in a major role producing export proteins, but a molecular activity remains wanting for this functional orphan. Intriguingly, ERp29 appears to be heavily utilized in the cerebellum, a brain region not conventionally regarded as neurosecretory. To elucidate this functional quandary, we used immunochemical approaches to characterize the regional, cellular, and subcellular distributions of ERp29 in rat brain. Immunohistochemistry revealed ubiquitous expression in neuronal and nonneuronal cells, with a distinctive variation in somatic ERp29 levels. Highly expressing cells were found in diverse locations, implying that ERp29 is not biased towards the cerebellum functionally. Using immunolocalization data mined from the literature, a proteomic profile was developed to assess the functional significance of ERp29's characteristic expression pattern. Surprisingly, ERp29 correlated poorly with classical markers of neurosecretion, but strongly with a variety of major membrane proteins. Together with immunogold localization of ERp29 to somatic ER, these observations led to a novel hypothesis that ERp29 is involved primarily in production of endomembrane proteins rather than proteins destined for export. This study establishes ERp29 as a general ER marker for brain cells and provides a stimulating clue about ERp29's enigmatic function. ERp29 appears to have broad significance for neural pathophysiology, given its ubiquitous distribution and prominence in brain over classical ER residents like BiP and protein disulfide isomerase. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:29–42, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of regulatory genes during differentiation of thalamic nuclei in mouse and monkey
Authors: Jones Edward G. , Rubenstein John L.R.
Published: July 2004

Expression patterns of genes implicated in development of the thalamus were examined in mice and monkeys, using in situ hybridization with RNA probes complementary to Cad6, Dlx1, Dlx2, Dlx5, Gbx2, Id2, and Lef1 cDNAs. Expression patterns were related to the evolving cytoarchitecture in mice at birth (P0) and in adulthood, and in fetal monkeys early and late in the period of gestation when thalamic nuclei are becoming histologically differentiated out of a series of pronuclear masses. At the earlier developmental stage, each gene was expressed in a pattern that appeared to be pronucleus‐specific and maintained a nucleus‐specific pattern into adulthood, with the possible exception of Gbx2. Each gene displayed a unique expression pattern in the dorsal thalamus, ventral thalamus, and epithalamus, and no gene was expressed throughout all three divisions or in every nucleus of a division. With the exception of Dlx2, whose expression disappeared at the later time point, all continued to be expressed into adulthood at higher levels and with identical patterns. Despite late appearance of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of mice, no Dlx genes, which promote formation of a GABAergic phenotype elsewhere, were detected in dorsal thalamus. Each thalamic nucleus was distinguished by expression of a combination of genes, and homologous nuclei in mouse and monkey exhibited the same combination. The presence of a centre médian nucleus and four pulvinar nuclei in monkeys was marked by patterns of expression not found in mice. The centre médian nucleus was marked by high expression of Id2, which was expressed only weakly in very few nuclei of mice. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:55–80, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factor neuroD is expressed in the rod lineage of the teleost retina
Authors: Hitchcock Peter , Kakuk‐Atkins Laura
Published: July 2004

Persistent rod genesis in the retinas of teleost fish was first described over 2 decades ago, but little is known regarding the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms that govern this phenomenon. Because of its function in the developing mammalian retina and persistently mitotic adult tissues, we sought to characterize the cellular expression of the basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factor neuroD in the persistently neurogenic retina of adult teleosts. We show here that, in the adult retina of the goldfish, neuroD is expressed by putative amacrine cells, nascent cones, and the mitotically active cells of the rod lineage. neuroD is the first gene shown to be expressed by rod precursors, the immediate antecedents of rod photoreceptors. In contrast to the vertebrate classes described previously, neuroD is not expressed in multipotent progenitors in the teleost retina. Combining neuroD in situ hybridizations with cell‐cycle‐specific markers suggests that, in rod precursors, neuroD expression is cell cycle specific. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:108–117, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Circuit analog of a beam and its application to multimodal vibration damping, using piezoelectric transducers
Authors: Porfiri M. , dell'Isola F. , Frattale Mascioli F. M.
Published: July 2004

In this paper we solve the synthesis problem of finding a completely passive electric circuit analog to a vibrating beam. The synthesis problem is of interest when one wants to suppress beam mechanical vibrations by using distributed piezoelectric transduction. Indeed, an effective electromechanical energy transduction is guaranteed when the electric circuit (interconnecting the transducers' terminals) is resonant at all mechanical resonance frequencies and is able to mimic all the mechanical modal shapes. The designed electric circuit behaves as an electric controller of mechanical vibrations (i.e. an electric vibration damper) once suitably endowed with a set of resistors. Because of its completely passive nature, it does not require external power units and stands as an economical means of controlling vibrations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Daily stress, coping, and dietary restraint in binge eating
Authors: Freeman Lisa M. Yacono , Gil Karen M.
Published: July 2004

Objective

The current study evaluated whether psychological stress, use of specific coping strategies, and trait dietary restraint would prospectively predict binge eating episodes.

Method

After completing a baseline measure of restraint, 46 binge eating college women kept daily diaries assessing depressed affect, stress, coping, and binge eating for 30 days.

Results

Regardless of level of depressed mood, higher stress was associated with increased risk of same‐day binge eating; distraction coping was associated with increased risk of future binge eating; social support was associated with decreased risk of same‐day binge eating; and women with high versus low dietary restraint showed different patterns of relationship for stress, coping, and binge eating.

Discussion

Vulnerability to binge eating in women who differ in terms of dietary restraint level may vary as a function of their coping responses to stress. Results highlight the complexities of stress and coping in binge eating. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 204–212, 2004.
Cerebellar atrophy in a patient with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Miwa Hideto , Nakanishi Ichiro , Kodama Rieko , Kondo Tomoyoshi
Published: July 2004

Reversible cerebral atrophy (pseudoatrophy) is observable in patients with anorexia nervosa. However, it is extremely rare to see marked cerebellar atrophy.

Objectives

We report on a patient who developed cerebellar atrophy after the severe deterioration of cardiac and respiratory functions resulting from undernutririon.

Results

A 30‐year‐old Japanese woman was admitted to the Wakayama Medical University Hospital (Wakayama, Japan) because of unsteadiness of gait. She had a 7‐year history of anorexia nervosa and had been admitted to an emergency hospital because of asthenic shock resulting from severe undernutrition at the age of 28. On admission to our hospital, neurologic examination revealed dysarthria and cerebellar ataxia of the trunk and lower extremities without nystagmus. A brain magnetic resonance imaging scan demonstrated marked atrophy of the cerebellum.

Discussion

Because her cerebellar ataxia appeared during severe deterioration of her general condition, and there has been no subsequent progression, it is possible that her cerebellar atrophy was induced by undernutrition. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 238–241, 2004.
Secondary prevention for eating disorders: The impact of education, screening, and referral in a college‐based screening program
Authors: Becker Anne E. , Franko Debra L. , Nussbaum Karin , Herzog David B.
Published: July 2004

Objective

The first National Eating Disorders Screening Program (NEDSP), conducted on more than 400 college campuses in 1996, was an educational and two‐stage screening program designed to detect potentially clinically significant disordered eating attitudes and behaviors and offer referrals for further evaluation when warranted. The current study assessed the impact of the NEDSP on participants.

Method

A randomly selected subset of this sample (n = 289) was contacted approximately 2 years after the NEDSP to assess the impact of the program on knowledge and treatment‐seeking behaviors for eating disorders.

Results

For greater than 80% of the participants, the program made participants aware of the danger of eating disorders and the availability of treatment. Of those who received a recommendation for further clinical evaluation of disordered eating (n = 109), nearly one half (47.7%) followed up on this recommendation and kept at least a first appointment and 39.4% actually sought treatment subsequent to the NEDSP.

Discussion

The results of the current study suggest that educational and screening programs may be a promising strategy for secondary prevention of eating disorders. They also suggest that awareness of the risks of disordered eating and available treatment may not be sufficient to motivate individuals to adhere to recommendations to seek treatment. Clinicians should, therefore, be vigilant for nonadherence to treatment recommendations and proactive in facilitating treatment. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 157–162, 2004.
The associations between laxative abuse and other symptoms among adults with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Kovacs Dora , Palmer Robert L.
Published: July 2004

Objective

The purpose of the current study was to examine the association between laxative abuse and other symptoms and features among adult patients presenting with anorexia nervosa.

Method

One hundred and seventeen patients with anorexia nervosa were studied. Laxative abusers and nonabusers were compared.

Results

Compared with nonabusers, laxative‐abusing patients had higher ratings on the Ineffectiveness, Body Dissatisfaction, and Drive for Thinness subscales on the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI), as well as more depressive and somatization symptoms. There was an association between laxative abuse and low self‐esteem.

Discussion

Laxative abuse appears to be associated with especially severe psychopathology and low self‐esteem among subjects with anorexia nervosa. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 224–228, 2004.
Pancreatitis causing death in bulimia nervosa
Authors: Birmingham Carl Laird , Boone Sharon
Published: July 2004

Objective

We report the case of a 19‐year‐old woman with bulimia nervosa who died of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Our objective is to raise awareness that because the symptoms of both conditions are very similar, the pre‐existence of an eating disorder should not distract physicians from the possibility that potentially lethal acute pancreatitis may coexist.

Method

The study includes autopsy results and a review of the literature.

Results

Pancreatitis usually presents with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

Discussion

In patients with eating disorders who may already have exhibited these symptoms pancreatitis may not be considered. Elevated serum amylase values may occur in subjects with bulimia nervosa without pancreatitis. If the serum amylase value is elevated, pancreatitis can be confirmed by measuring the levels of serum lipase, trypsinogen, pancreatic isoenzyme of amylase, or by abdominal computerized tomography (CT). © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 234–237, 2004.
The contribution of anxiety and food restriction on physical activity levels in acute anorexia nervosa
Authors: Holtkamp Kristian , Hebebrand Johannes , Herpertz‐Dahlmann Beate
Published: July 2004

Objective

Excessive exercise is present in 40%–80% of anorexia nervosa (AN) patients. Hyperactivity often plays a role in developing and maintaining AN and represents an obstacle to weight gain in refeeding. Interconnections among caloric restriction, psychopathology, and physical activity in humans with AN are poorly investigated.

Methods

Physical activity and food restriction during the last 3 months and status of body image/slimness ideal were assessed by the Structured Interview of Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa (SIAB) in 30 adolescent patients with acute AN at admission to inpatient treatment. Anxiety, depression, and obsessive‐compulsiveness were assessed with the Symptom Check‐List‐90‐Revised (SCL‐90‐R). A regression model based on the independent variables body mass index, food reduction, body image/slimness ideal, anxiety, depression, and obsessive‐compulsiveness was calculated to determine the relevant prediction variables of physical activity.

Results

The regression model explained 64% (R2 = .64, p = .000) of the variance of physical activity. Only food restriction (p = .006) and anxiety (p = .004) contributed significantly to the variance.

Discussion

Our results indicate that anxiety symptoms and food restriction synergistically contribute to increased levels of physical activity in the acute phase of AN. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 163–171, 2004.
Determining control parameters for dendritic cell‐cytotoxic T lymphocyte interaction
Authors: Ludewig Burkhard , Krebs Philippe , Junt Tobias , Metters Helen , Ford Neville J. , Anderson Roy M. , Bocharov Gennady
Published: July 2004

Dendritic cells (DC) are potent immunostimulatory cells facilitating antigen transport to lymphoid tissues and providing efficient stimulation of T cells. A series of experimental studies in mice demonstrated that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can be efficiently induced by adoptive transfer of antigen‐presenting DC. However, the success of DC‐based immunotherapeutic treatment of human cancer, for example, is still limited because the details of the regulation and kinetics of the DC‐CTL interaction are not yet completely understood. Using a combination of experimental mouse studies, mathematical modeling, and nonlinear parameter estimation, we analyzed the population dynamics of DC‐induced CTL responses. The model integrates a predator‐prey‐type interaction of DC and CTL with the non‐linear compartmental dynamics of T cells. We found that T cell receptor avidity, the half‐life of DC, and the rate of CTL‐mediated DC‐elimination are the major control parameters for optimal DC‐induced CTL responses. For induction of high avidity CTL, the number of adoptively transferred DC was of minor importance once a minimal threshold of approximately 200 cells per spleen had been reached. Taken together, our study indicates that the availability of high avidity T cells in the recipient in combination with the optimal application regimen is of prime importance for successful DC‐based immunotherapy.
Commentary: The role of the IL‐18 system and other members of the IL‐1R/TLR superfamily in innate mucosal immunity and the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease: friend or foe?
Authors: Reuter Brian K. , Pizarro Theresa T.
Published: July 2004

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are examples of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and are multifaceted chronic autoimmune disorders with unknown etiology; to date, there is no known cure. IBD is thought to occur as a result of an inappropriate immune response to environmental factors in a genetically predisposed host, and it has become increasingly clear that cytokines play an important role in this process. In recent years, several groups have provided evidence that IL‐18 is significantly up‐regulated during the course of chronic intestinal inflammation and appears to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of human IBD, particularly in Crohn's disease. IL‐18 is a pleiotropic cytokine with several biological functions, but is most commonly associated with its ability to synergistically induce the expression of IFN‐γ. However, although IL‐18 has been extensively studied in both human IBD as well as in murine models of colitis, no definitive function of IL‐18 during the initiation and perpetuation of chronic gut inflammation has been firmly established, and its precise role in the pathogenesis of IBD has yet to be determined. In light of the recent observation that the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor‐1 has the ability to regulate the functional activity of IL‐18, and concomitantly disease severity, in a murine model of colitis through altered expression of its endogenous inhibitor, IL‐18‐binding protein, this commentary will review what is currently known regarding the role of IL‐18 in normal mucosal immunity and during the pathogenesis of IBD.

See accompanying article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200425124
Three New Organically Templated Polyoxomolybdates with Capping Selenite Anions
Authors: Feng Mei‐Ling , Mao Jiang‐Gao
Published: July 2004

Three new organically templated polyoxomolybdates with selenite anions as capping groups have been synthesized by hydrothermal reactions and structurally characterized. The structure of {Hbipy}3{KMo4O13(SeO3)} (1; bipy = 4,4′‐bipyridine) features a 1D anionic double chain of {KMo4O13(SeO3)}3− units. Four MoVIO6 octahedra in compound 1 form a planar Mo4O13 cluster unit through corner‐, edge‐ and face‐sharing. The Mo4O13 cluster unit is further capped by an SeIVO3 group in a bidentate fashion. These monocapped cluster units are further interconnected by bridging K+ cations into a 1D double chain. Both {H2bipy}2{Mo5O15(SeO3)2}·H2O (2) and {H2pip}2{Mo5O15(SeO3)2}·3H2O (3; pip = piperazine) contain a bicapped Mo5O15 cluster unit in which five MoVIO6 octahedra form a planar Mo5O15 cluster unit through edge‐ and corner‐sharing, with the two SeIVO3 anions as tridentate capping groups on the two open sides of the cluster unit to form an {Mo5O15(SeO3)2}4− anion. The {Mo5O15(SeO3)2}4− cluster anions in compounds 2 and 3 are further inter‐linked by the organic templates through hydrogen bonds to form a 2D layer. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Taraxacum prunicolor sp. nova, a new species of the Taraxacum scanicum group (sect. Erythrosperma)
Authors: Schmid† M. , Vašut R. J. , Oosterveld P.
Published: July 2004

A Central European population of Taraxacum that had been previously determined as T. scanicum Dahlst. were recognized to be different from those originally described from Sweden. T. scanicum s. str. is widespread in the northern and western part of Europe, but it is replaced in the south‐eastern part of Central Europe by closely related newly distinguished species, Taraxacum prunicolor Mart. Schmid, R.J.Vašut & P.Oosterveld sp. nova. Morphological, ecological and distributional characteristics of T. prunicolor as well as major differences to similar taxa are given. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new look at Kedarnatha P.K.Mukh. & Constance (Umbelliferae)
Authors: Pimenov M. G. , Kljuykov E. V.
Published: July 2004

A field investigation of Kedarnatha sanctuarii P.K.Mukh. & Constance in its locus classicus and subsequent carpological analysis show the identity of the species and Trachydium garhwalicum H.Wolff, described from the same region of Tehri Garhwal (Uttaranchal, India). As this species differs in some essential characters from Trachydium, Trachyspermum, Chamaesium, Chamaesciadium, Schulzia, the genus Kedarnatha must be retained, and Indoschulzia Pimenov & Kljuykov is to be considered as its latter synonym. A new nomenclatural combination, K. garhwalica (H.Wolff) Pimenov & Kljuykov comb. nov. have been proposed to name the type species. Cortia oreomyrrhiformis Farille & Malla and Trachydium hamelianum Farille & Malla are transferred to Kedarnatha [K. oreomyrrhiformis (Farille & Malla) Pimenov & Kljuykov comb. nov. and K. hameliana (Farille & Malla) Pimenov & Kljuykov comb. nov.]. Two new additional species, K. meifolia Pimenov & Kljuykov sp. nova from India and K. vaginata Pimenov & Kljuykov sp. nova from Burma, are described. As a result, the genus contains five species, distributed from Himachal Pradesh (India) to Burma. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis of carbon‐14 labelled (5Z)‐4‐bromo‐5‐(bromomethylene)‐2(5H)‐furanone: a potent quorum sensing inhibitor
Authors: Persson Tobias , Johansen Steen K. , Martiny Lars , Givskov Michael , Nielsen John
Published: July 2004

The potent quorum sensing inhibitor (5Z)‐4‐bromo‐5‐(bromomethylene)‐2(5H)‐[2‐14C]furanone has been prepared in five steps in 7.7% overall yield starting from bromo[1‐14C]acetic acid. Condensation of ethyl bromo[1‐14C]acetate with ethyl acetoacetate followed by decarboxylation was accelerated by microwave heating to afford [1‐14C]levulinic acid. Subsequently, bromination and oxidation gave the targeted furan‐2‐one with a radiochemical purity of > 97% and a specific activity of 57 mCi/mmol. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [13C]‐isotopomers of indole and tryptophan for use in the analysis of indole‐3‐acetic acid biosynthesis
Authors: Ilić Nebojša , Cohen Jerry D.
Published: July 2004

The direct conversion of indole to indole‐3‐acetic acid without tryptophan as an intermediate has previously been shown to occur in vivo, as well as in vitro, with seedlings of plants. In order to facilitate the purification of the enzymes that carry out the enzymatic synthesis of indole‐3‐acetic acid from labeled indole, it was necessary to develop an assay that had both high sensitivity and analytical precision. To obtain the required analytical resolution and to allow definitive product identification, [13C6]indole was synthesized for use in GC‐MS assays of the enzymatic conversion. Plants have been shown to be able to synthesize indole‐3‐acetic acid either directly from indole as well as by degradation of tryptophan. Thus, in order to allow the biochemical discrimination between these processes, the synthesized [13C6]indole was used as a starting material for a novel enzymatic synthesis of [13C]isotopomers of L‐tryptophan labeled at specific positions. Together, these isotope labeled indolic compounds offer powerful new approaches to understanding and differentiating routes of indole‐3‐acetic acid biosynthesis in vitro and in vivo. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural Effect on Thermal Cure and Property of Naphthalene‐Based Epoxies: Preparation and Characterization
Authors: Xu Kai , Chen Mingcai , Zhang Xiuju , Zhang Kui
Published: July 2004

Summary: Three naphthalene‐based epoxy monomers containing different size of linkages between two naphthalene rings: CC covalent bond (1), methylene (2), cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon derived from limonene (3) were prepared, and the effect of molecular structure on thermal cure behavior and property analyzed. Judged from the combination of the dynamic DSC and isothermal FTIR results, the cure reactivities were found to increase in the order of 1 > 2 > 3 when dicyandiamide was used in the curing systems, and the situation was slightly different in the monomer/4,4′‐methylenedianiline systems. The differences in reactivity as well as in thermal and mechanical properties for the epoxies can be attributed to the differences of configuration and conformational changes during the formation of crosslinked networks. These thermosets exhibited high glass transition temperature (Tg) and had excellent thermal oxidative resistance.

DSC thermograms for epoxy/dicyandiamide systems at a heating rate of 10 °C · min−1.

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DSC thermograms for epoxy/dicyandiamide systems at a heating rate of 10 °C · min−1.
Role of cyclooxygenase‐1 and ‐2 in satellite cell proliferation, differentiation, and fusion
Authors: Mendias Christopher L. , Tatsumi Ryuichi , Allen Ronald E.
Published: July 2004

Skeletal muscle satellite cells play an important role in muscle regeneration. Previous work has suggested that nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs may inhibit their activity. We cultured skeletal muscle satellite cells from 9‐month‐old Sprague‐Dawley rats and exposed them to naproxen sodium (a nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor), NS‐398 (a selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor), and SC‐560 (a selective cyclooxygenase‐1 inhibitor) for 96 h. Cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibition alone resulted in decreased satellite cell proliferation, and inhibition of both cyclooxygenase‐1 and cyclooxygenase‐2 resulted in decreased satellite cell differentiation and fusion. This study suggests that the cyclooxygenase enzymes appear to play an important part in satellite cell proliferation, differentiation, and fusion and that nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory medication may have an adverse effect on muscle regeneration following injury. The use of a selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor over nonspecific cyclooxygenase inhibitors in the treatment of muscle injuries is not supported. Muscle Nerve 30: 497–500, 2004