bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonglandular silicified trichomes are essential for rice defense against chewing herbivores
Authors: Andama Joackin B. , Mujiono Kadis , Hojo Yuko , Shinya Tomonori , Galis Ivan
Published: April 2020

Interspecific New Rice for Africa (NERICA) varieties have been recently developed and used in Sub‐Saharan Africa but herbivore resistance properties of these plants remain poorly understood. Here we report that, compared to a local Japanese cultivar Nipponbare, NERICA 1, 4 and 10 are significantly more damaged by insect herbivores in the paddy fields. In contrast to high levels of leaf damage from rice skippers and grasshoppers, constitutive and induced volatile organic compounds for indirect plant defense were higher or similar in NERICAs and Nipponbare. Accumulation of direct defense secondary metabolites, momilactones A and B, and p‐coumaroylputrescine (CoP) was reduced in NERICAs, while feruloylputrescine accumulated at similar levels in all varieties. Finally, we found that Nipponbare leaves were covered with sharp nonglandular trichomes impregnated with silicon but comparable defense structures were virtually absent in herbivory‐prone NERICA plants. As damage to the larval gut membranes by Nipponbare silicified trichomes that pass intact through the insect digestive system, occurs, and larval performance is enhanced by trichome removal from otherwise chemically defended Nipponbare plants, we propose that silicified trichomes work as an important defense mechanism of rice against chewing insect herbivores.
The state of the evidence for voluntary home‐based human immunodeficiency virus counseling and testing in the community: A proposed model for evidence translation
Authors: Cheng Ling Jie , Lau Ying
Published: April 2020

Background

Home‐based voluntary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counseling and testing (HBVCT) plays a significant role in reducing HIV‐related risk‐taking behaviors. Adopting evidence‐based interventions is essential, but few conceptual models exist to guide the development, implementation, and evaluation of these interventions.

Aims

Our proposed model for evidence translation based on evidence review describes the implementation process of HBVCT in the community.

Materials and Methods

Our study adopted the translating research into practice model, which incorporates information needs about the implementation, planning, and execution required for consideration by clinicians. Thirteen systematic reviews published in the English language from January 1, 2000 to February 9, 2020 were retrieved and reviewed from four electronic databases and journals, including EMBASE, PubMed, JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, and Cochrane Library.

Results

The analysis of the review papers based on the phenomenon of interest, results, and the population revealed some distinctions in the number of socioecological levels used by this evidence synthesis. These levels of factors include individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policies. HBVCT is an essential component of HIV prevention programs and a critical entry point for adequate care and treatment.

Discussion

This collaborative model demonstrates the application of research to a real‐world health care setting.
Policy Adoption and Policy Intensity: Emergence of Climate Adaptation Planning in U.S. States
Authors: Rai Saatvika
Published: April 2020

The United States is experiencing growing impacts of climate change but currently receives a limited policy response from its national leadership. Within this policy void, many state governments are stepping up and taking action on adaptation planning. Yet we know little about why some states adopt State Adaptation Plans (SAPs), while others do not. This article investigates factors that predict the emergence of SAPs, both in terms of policy adoption and policy intensity (goal ambitiousness). Applying the diffusion of innovation theory, I consider the relative influence of internal state characteristics, regional pressures, and test for conditional effects between government ideologies and severity of the problem. The results show interesting differences between predictors that influence policy adoption and ambitiousness. States are more motivated to adopt a policy when faced with greater climate vulnerability, have more liberal citizenry, and where governments have crossed policy hurdles by previously passing mitigation plans. The intensity of policies and goal setting, moreover, is more likely to be driven by interest group politics and diffuse through policy learning or sharing information among neighboring states in Environmental Protection Agency regions. These findings support an emerging scholarship that uses more complex dependent variables in policy analysis. These variables have the potential to differentiate symbolic from substantive policies and capture finer information about predictors of importance.
Short Versus Long Supply Chains in Agri‐Food Sectors: Peaceful Coexistence or Political Domination? The Case of foie gras in South‐West France
Authors: Joltreau Thibaut , Smith Andy
Published: April 2020

This article examines the extent to which short supply chains affect the structuration of agri‐food sectors economically and politically. To do so, it first presents a theoretical framework drawing on regulationist economics and constructivist political science which guides research to examine the entire range of actors, processes, institutions and power relations which structure agri‐food sectors. It then applies this framework to the case of foie gras in South‐West France to target the relationship between ‘short’ and ‘long’ supply chains. Based on thirty interviews with farmers and public officials, it finds that a commonly heard discourse that both chains ‘complement each other’ masks the political domination of ‘the long’ over ‘the short’. Through tracing this domination across two policy issues, namely product labelling and ‘biosecurity’ hygiene measures, and the way actors have worked politically to deal with them, the article demonstrates that this power asymmetry has been the principal cause of policy outcomes and, therefore, institutional reproduction.
Displacement measurement of concrete bridges by the sampling Moiré method based on phase analysis of repeated pattern
Authors: Ri S. , Wang Q. , Tsuda H. , Shirasaki H. , Kuribayashi K.
Published: April 2020

Measuring accurate deformation distribution of large‐scale structures inexpensively and efficiently is a crucial challenge of structural health monitoring. Phase‐based imaging technique has great potential for accurate and robust multipoint displacement measurement in the field. In this study, the sampling Moiré method—one of the promising optical techniques—was applied to the displacement measurement of a concrete bridge for the high‐speed railway in Japan. Using retroreflective Moiré markers, the two‐dimensional in‐plane displacements at multiple locations could be easily measured from recorded digital images at a distance of 20 m regardless of day and night. Results of the dynamic deflection obtained from the sampling Moiré method were in good agreement with those from a conventional laser Doppler vibrometer. The time series of two‐dimensional displacement analyses when the outbound or inbound trains passed at the speed of 150 or 320 km/h through the bridge revealed that the points at the centre and the quarter of the bridge span demonstrated complex deformation behaviour showing elliptical rotation. The effects of random noise of the recorded image were quantitatively investigated, and the air fluctuation was discussed from the field experiments. We proved that measurements using the sampling Moiré method could be more stable at night than daytime.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐A*31:01:34 allele by polymerase chain reaction sequencing‐based typing
Authors: Wang Li , Wang Fang , Zhang Wei , He Ji , Zhu Faming
Published: April 2020

HLA‐A*31:01:34 differs from HLA‐A*31:01:02:01 by one nucleotide substitution at position 123 C>G.
EMU and trade: A PPML re‐assessment with intra‐national trade flows
Authors: Esteve‐Pérez Silviano , Gil‐Pareja Salvador , Llorca‐Vivero Rafael , Martínez‐Serrano José Antonio
Published: April 2020

This paper examines the EMU effect on trade for the eleven early joiners and Greece relying for the first time on data that include both international and intra‐national trade flows, in line with all the microfoundations of the structural gravity model of trade. We find that the overall EMU impact on trade is positive between its members and, specially, for trade between members and non‐members. Interestingly, we further show that the effect of the EMU on bilateral trade remarkably differs across countries. For Ireland, Belgium–Luxembourg, Spain, Portugal and Austria, we find robust evidence that EMU has boosted trade both with other members and with third countries, while for Finland, France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands, the results suggest that only trade with third countries has been enhanced by the EMU. Greece is the only country that shows a negative impact in trade with other EMU members and no effect in trade with non‐members. Finally, the results across countries according to the direction of the trade flows (exports versus imports) do not show significant differences in any case.
Performance estimation of a wind farm with a dependence structure between electricity price and wind speed
Authors: Casula Laura , D'Amico Guglielmo , Masala Giovanni , Petroni Filippo
Published: April 2020

This paper aimed to estimate the income generated by a wind turbine over a given time interval. The income depends on two main variables: the wind speed that determines the produced energy and electricity price. Both wind speed and electricity price evolve randomly in time and are correlated. To consider this dependency, we applied a vector autoregressive process (VAR) that links both variables. An application was performed using real data from a hypothetical wind turbine located in Sardinia (Italy). The income simulated by using the VAR model was closer to the empirical value compared with that obtained by simulating wind speed and electricity prices as independent variables. The results were also discussed in relation to the introduction of the SAPEI submarine cable, which produces a significant change in the income value.
Cyclooxygenase‐2 expression is associated with infiltration of inflammatory cells in oral and skin canine melanomas
Authors: Silveira Tatiany L. , Veloso Emerson S. , Gonçalves Ivy N. N. , Costa Renato F. , Rodrigues Michele A. , Cassali Geovanni D. , Del Puerto Helen L. , Pang Lisa Y. , Argyle David J. , Ferreira Enio
Published: April 2020

Melanoma is a fast‐growing tumour in dogs and represents 7% of the total malignant neoplasms from the skin and is the most common tumour found in the oral cavity. In these tumours, high expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is associated with a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to verify if the overexpression of COX‐2 is related to the modulation of lymphocytes and if it is associated with the angiogenic and proliferative capacity of the melanoma. Canine melanoma samples (n = 85) were analysed by immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of S‐100, Melan‐A, PNL‐2, COX‐2, Factor VIII, Ki‐67 and immune cells markers (CD3, CD4, FOXP3 and MAC387); and expression levels of MAC387, NOS and CD206 were determined by immunofluorescence. Our study showed a concurrent difference between the expression of COX‐2 and inflammatory cell infiltration: Oral melanomas showed positivity for COX‐2 in 34% of the cases and this expression was associated with CD3 positivity in the inflammatory infiltrate and angiogenesis; whereas cutaneous melanomas presented positivity for COX‐2 in 42% of the cases and this expression was associated with positive staining for CD3, CD4, FOXP3 and MAC387. These markers are associated with inflammatory cells, angiogenesis and proliferation. Interestingly, melanomas were highly infiltrated by FOXP3+ cells, this is related to angiogenesis, whereas CD3, CD4 and MAC387 expression was only associated with cutaneous melanomas. The macrophage profile analysis showed that both oral and cutaneous melanomas with low COX‐2 expression have an M1 phenoptype, whereas the cases with high COX‐2 expression demonstrate a hybrid M1/M2 profile pattern. We concluded that the COX‐2 is overexpressed in 42% of cutaneous melanomas and in 34% of oral melanomas, with a direct association with angiogenesis, proliferation, and intratumoral lymphocyte infiltration. We propose that COX‐2 is a key regulator of immune cell infiltration and may drive tumour associated macrophage activation.
Multimodality treatment including ONCEPT for canine oral melanoma: A retrospective analysis of 131 dogs
Authors: Turek Michelle , LaDue Tracy , Looper Jayme , Nagata Koichi , Shiomitsu Keijiro , Keyerleber Michele , Buchholz Julia , Gieger Tracy , Hetzel Scott
Published: April 2020

Canine oral melanoma (OM) is an aggressive cancer with a high rate of metastasis. Surgery and/or radiotherapy (RT) are effective local treatments, yet many dogs succumb to distant metastasis. Immunotherapy represents an attractive strategy for this potentially immunogenic tumor. The objective of this multi‐institutional retrospective study was to examine the clinical outcome of dogs with OM treated with ONCEPT melanoma vaccine. Most dogs also underwent surgery and/or RT (8 Gy × four weekly fractions). Dogs with distant metastasis at diagnosis and those receiving concurrent chemotherapy were excluded. One hundred thirty‐one dogs treated with ONCEPT were included: 62 had adequate local tumor control defined as complete tumor excision or irradiation of residual microscopic disease; 15 were treated in the microscopic disease setting following an incomplete excision without adjuvant RT; and 54 had gross disease. Median time to progression, median progression‐free survival, and median tumor‐specific overall survival were 304, 260, and 510 days, respectively. In multivariable analysis, presence of gross disease correlated negatively with all measures of clinical outcome. Other negative prognostic indicators were primary tumor ≥2 cm, higher clinical stage (stages 2 and 3), presence of lymph node metastasis at diagnosis, and caudal location in the oral cavity. Radiotherapy had a protective effect against tumor progression. To date, this is the largest reported series of dogs with OM treated with ONCEPT. Several previously reported prognostic indicators were confirmed.
Young Age and Crime in Society: A Study on Youth Prisoners in Bangladesh
Authors: Haque Israt Eshita , Haque Mehjabin , Muniruzzaman Md.
Published: April 2020

In a given society, crime is a social phenomenon and an inconsistent act of social order. Engagement of young boys and girls in diverse criminal activities is becoming a universal and more complicated issue in human society. The involvement of youths in different types of crimes is also becoming a major concern in Bangladesh. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the factors influencing the young prisoners in the involvement of various criminal activities. The major theoretical perspectives of criminology, including Strain Theory, Differential Association Theory, Social Disorganization Theory, and Labeling Theory, were used to provide explanations for causes of criminal behavior among young prisoners. The study was conducted employing a mixed approach, that is, taking into consideration both quantitative and qualitative methods because of its nature and subject matter. A survey was carried out by using a structured questionnaire. Moreover, in-depth interviews were carried out to have a deeper understanding of the phenomena under study. The study found that while problematic family relationship and family crisis is the main driving factor influencing the young prisoners for committing the crime, other factors including the influence of neighborhood, peers, poverty, media and social reaction towards individual have also played an influential role.
Comparison of Artificial Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic Approaches for the Prediction of In-Cylinder Pressure in a Spark Ignition Engine
Authors: Solmaz Özgür , Gürbüz Habib , Karacor Mevlüt
Published: April 2020

In first stage, a machine learning (ML) was performed to predict in-cylinder pressure using both fuzzy logic (FL) and artificial neural networks (ANN) depending on the results of experimental studies in a spark ignition (SI) engine. In the ML phase, the experimental in-cylinder pressure data of SI engine was used. SI engine was operated at stoichiometric air–fuel mixture (φ = 1.0) at 1200, 1400, and 1600 rpm engine speeds. Six different ignition timings, ranging from 15 to 45 °CA, were used for each engine speed. Correlations (R2) between data from in-cylinder pressure obtained via FL and ANN models and data form experimental in-cylinder pressure were determined. R2 values over 0.995 were obtained at an ML stage of ANN model for all test conditions of the engine. However, R2 values were remained between range of 0.820–0.949 with the FL model for different engine speeds and ignition timings. In the second stage, in-cylinder pressure prediction was performed by using an ANN model for engine operating conditions where no experimental results were obtained. Furthermore, indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) values were calculated by predicting in-cylinder pressure data for different engine operation conditions, and then compared with experimental IMEP values. The results show that the in-cylinder pressure and IMEP results estimated with the trained ANN model are fairly close to the experimental results. Moreover, it was found that using the trained ANN model, the ignition timing corresponding to the maximum brake torque (MBT) used in the engine management systems and engine studies could be determined with high accuracy.
Characterization of the Interdependence Between the Light Output and Self-Heating of Gallium Nitride Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Chatterjee Bikramjit , Lundh James Spencer , Shoemaker Daniel , Kim Tae Kyoung , Kim Hoyeon , Giebnik Noel C. , Kwak Joon Seop , Cho Jaehee , Choi Sukwon
Published: April 2020

With the advent of gallium nitride (GaN) as an enabling material system for the solid-state lighting industry, high-power and high-brightness light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with wavelengths ranging from near ultraviolet to blue are being manufactured as part of a tremendously large and ever-increasing market. However, device self-heating and the environment temperature significantly deteriorate the LED's optical performance. Hence, it is important to accurately quantify the LED's temperature and correlate its impact on optical performance. In this work, three different characterization methods and thermal simulation were used to measure and calculate the temperature rise of an InGaN/GaN LED, as a result of self-heating. Nanoparticle-assisted Raman thermometry was used to measure the LED mesa surface temperature. A transient Raman thermometry technique was utilized to investigate the transient thermal response of the LED. It was found that under a 300 mW input power condition, self-heating is negligible for an input current pulse width of 1 ms or less. The temperature measured using nanoparticle-assisted Raman thermometry was compared with data obtained by using the forward voltage method (FVM) and infrared (IR) thermal microscopy. The IR and Raman measurement results were in close agreement whereas the data obtained from the widely accepted FVM underestimated the LED temperature by 5–10%. It was also observed that an increase in environment temperature from 25 °C to 100 °C would degrade the LED optical power output by 12%.
New Approach to Stiff-String Torque and Drag Modeling for Well Planning
Authors: Oyedere Mayowa , Gray K. E.
Published: April 2020

During the process of drilling, the drillstring inadvertently comes in contact with the wellbore generating frictional losses in rotating moment (torque) and axial force (drag). These losses reduce the rotational power available at the drill bit, thus making adequate torque and drag modeling a critical piece in the drilling puzzle. The simplifying assumptions of the widely used soft-string model for torque and drag modeling make it less accurate for new complex well designs, therefore creating the need for the use of the more robust stiff-string model. This work focuses on a new approach for developing a stiff-string model that can be easily implemented for well planning. The stiff-string model addresses the pitfalls of the soft-string model by using cubic splines for its well-path trajectory and solving three coupled, non-linear ordinary differential equations that describe the motion of the drillstring at each survey point to account for the shear forces and bending stiffness. The stiff-string model is then applied to design 4 horizontal wells. In comparison with the soft-string model, results show that the stiff-string model is able to capture the extra contact loads as the drillstring goes through bends, consequently predicting higher hookload and torque values than the soft-string model. This paper also highlights how both models can be applied to well planning for improved results.
Effect of Heating Rate on Chemical Kinetics of Chicken Manure With Different Gas Agents
Authors: Selim Osama M. , Hussein Mohamed S. , Amano Ryoichi S.
Published: April 2020

This paper presents the study on the effect of different heating rates on the pyrolysis and gasification process of the chicken manure. The obtained results are shown by the extent of reaction, the kinetics of the reaction, and differential thermal analysis. In total, 24 cases were carried out; eight heating rates with three different gas agents each. The results show that when using nitrogen or carbon dioxide as gas agents, the reactions were endothermic. Consequently, the energy must be supplied in terms of heating to sustain the reaction. Furthermore, the air gasification was exothermic, which means that the reaction can be sustained without external heating, where the self-ignition was observed between 450 °C–600 °C. The thermal degradation of the three main components of the chicken manure was obtained. The pyrolysis process was divided into two regions at 360 °C and the order of reaction of five for both regions. For the gasification process, it was observed that carbon dioxide had the most complicated mechanism with four stages. Finally, it is recommended to use the lowest heating rate to allow a quasi-equilibrium state through slow heating. Consequently, the delay in response or any transient error can be avoided as they are the main reason for measurement errors. These chemical kinetic parameters can be used in the future for the chicken manure simulation using the order of reaction mechanism for solid-state gasification.
Particulate Morphology Characterization of Butanol–Gasoline Blend Fueled Spark-Ignition Direct Injection Engine
Authors: Sharma Nikhil , Agarwal Avinash Kumar
Published: April 2020

Butanol is an oxygenated renewable fuel and therefore is a potential candidate to be blended with gasoline to reduce particulate emissions. In this experimental investigation, particle number-size (PN-size) distribution and morphology (physical characterization) of soot emitted by the butanol–gasoline blend in a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine have been investigated. The effect of engine load and fuel injection pressure (FIP) on particulates was investigated for two test fuels: gasoline and Bu15 (85%, v/v, gasoline blended with 15%, v/v, butanol) in a 0.5 L single-cylinder GDI engine using an engine exhaust particulate sizer (EEPS) and a partial flow dilution tunnel for collecting particulate samples on a filter paper. The physical characterization of particulates included primary particle size (Dp) and particle agglomerate characterization parameters such as agglomerate length (L), agglomerate width (W), skeletal length (Lsk) and skeletal width (Wsk), which were determined using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and corresponding image analyses. PN-size distribution was relatively lower for Bu15, which decreased with increasing FIP. Regardless of the GDI engine operating condition, classical sphere and chain-like agglomerates having nearly similar nano-scale morphology were detected. The primary particle diameter changed with varying engine operating conditions. A comparative analysis of soot originating from Bu15 and gasoline was presented, which may be useful for gasoline particulate filter (GPF) design and to understand the regeneration of GPFs in practical engine applications.
Performance of S1210 Profile Used in Current Turbine Blades With Tubes Inserted at a Regular Interval
Authors: Kundu Parikshit , Sarkar Arunjyoti , Nagarajan Vishwanath
Published: April 2020

The annual power output of a current turbine is affected by flow separation followed by the stall condition in an environment of varying current speed. Flow separation appears as the fluid in the boundary layer over the blade surface loses its kinetic energy. Delaying this separation process is essential to extract more power throughout the year considering the variation in the current speed. Several active and passive means are available in the literature today to achieve a delay in the flow separation process. Inserting tubes in an aero/hydrofoil at a constant spacing, connecting the fluid near the leading edge and a downstream location on the suction side is a novel approach that has been numerically investigated here. The baseline profile chosen here is S1210, which is used in the current turbine blades. The hydrodynamic performance of the profile with tubes has been compared with the baseline profile in terms of the force coefficients, lift to drag ratio, and stall angle. The maximum lift has been noticed to be increased by 18% and the stall is delayed by 2 deg (from 10 deg to 12 deg). The maximum lift to drag ratio is increased by 130% at 12 deg (beyond the stall of the baseline profile). The results show that the insertion of tubes can make the existing profile more efficient for the stated application.
Techno-Economic Analysis of Micro-Grid Based Photovoltaic/Diesel Generator Hybrid Power System for Rural Electrification in Kerkennah, Tunisia
Authors: Dardour Houda , Chouaieb Olfa , Sammouda Habib
Published: April 2020

This paper scrutinizes the techno-economic feasibility of a solar hybrid off-grid power system, in a rural area in Tunisia. Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (homer) is used for the design and the optimization of a hybrid photovoltaic (PV)/diesel power system consisting of photovoltaic panels, a diesel generator, a converter, and a battery bank. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to investigate the impact of the key system parameters such as the average load, the diesel fuel price, and the reliability constraints on the system outputs and performance. Sensitivity analysis is also used to compare different system configurations and to identify thresholds and situations in which one configuration is more cost-effective than another. Three system types are considered: PV/battery, PV/diesel/battery, and diesel/battery. The results showed that beyond a certain load threshold, the hybrid system is the most cost-effective and that micro-grid projects based on hybrid PV/Diesel power systems can be a solution for rural electrification in Tunisia where there is no possibilities for the national electric grid extension.
Talker variability in word recognition under cochlear implant simulation: Does talker gender matter?
Authors: Tamati Terrin N. , Sijp Lissy , Başkent Deniz
Published: April 2020

Normal-hearing listeners are less accurate and slower to recognize words with trial-to-trial talker changes compared to a repeating talker. Cochlear implant (CI) users demonstrate poor discrimination of same-gender talkers and, to a lesser extent, different-gender talkers, which could affect word recognition. The effects of talker voice differences on word recognition were investigated using acoustic noise-vocoder simulations of CI hearing. Word recognition accuracy was lower for multiple female and male talkers, compared to multiple female talkers or a single talker. Results suggest that talker variability has a detrimental effect on word recognition accuracy under CI simulation, but only with different-gender talkers.
Training a U-Net based on a random mode-coupling matrix model to recover acoustic interference striations
Authors: Li Xiaolei , Song Wenhua , Gao Dazhi , Gao Wei , Wang Haozhong
Published: April 2020

A U-Net is trained to recover acoustic interference striations (AISs) from distorted ones. A random mode-coupling matrix model is introduced to generate a large number of training data quickly, which are used to train the U-Net. The performance of AIS recovery of the U-Net is tested in range-dependent waveguides with nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs). Although the random mode-coupling matrix model is not an accurate physical model, the test results show that the U-Net successfully recovers AISs under different signal-to-noise ratios and different amplitudes and widths of NLIWs for different shapes.
Altitude and Heat Training in Preparation for Competitions in the Heat: A Case Study
Authors: Carr Amelia J. , Saunders Philo U. , Garvican-Lewis Laura A. , Vallance Brent S.
Published: April 2020

Purpose: To quantify, for an elite-level racewalker, altitude training, heat acclimation and acclimatization, physiological data, and race performance from January 2007 to August 2008. Methods: The participant performed 7 blocks of altitude training: 2 “live high:train high” blocks at 1380 m (total = 22 d) and 5 simulated “live high:train low” blocks at 3000 m/600 m (total = 98 d). Prior to the 2007 World Championships and the 2008 Olympic Games, 2 heat-acclimation blocks of ~6 weeks were performed (1 session/week), with ∼2 weeks of heat acclimatization completed immediately prior to each 20-km event. Results: During the observation period, physiological testing included maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max, mL·kg−1·min−1), walking speed (km·h−1) at 4 mmol·L−1 blood lactate concentration [La−], body mass (kg), and hemoglobin mass (g), and 12 × 20-km races and 2 × 50-km races were performed. The highest VO2max was 67.0 mL·kg−1·min−1 (August 2007), which improved 3.1% from the first measurement (64.9 mL·kg−1·min−1, June 2007). The highest percentage change in any physiological variable was 7.1%, for 4 mmol·L−1 [La−] walking speed, improving from 14.1 (June 2007) to 15.1 km·h−1 (August 2007). Personal-best times for 20 km improved from (hh:mm:ss) 1:21:36 to 1:19:41 (2.4%) and from 3:55:08 to 3:39:27 (7.1%) in the 50-km event. The participant won Olympic bronze and silver medals in the 20- and 50-km, respectively. Conclusions: Elite racewalkers who regularly perform altitude training may benefit from periodized heat acclimation and acclimatization prior to major international competitions in the heat.
The Effects of Therapeutic Exercise With and Without Mobilization in Participants With Chronic Ankle Instability: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Bolton Cameron , Hale Sheri , Telemeco Todd
Published: April 2020

Context: Manual therapy (MT) is reported to increase range of motion (ROM), improve balance, and decrease pain in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Additional literature is needed to examine the effectiveness of the addition of MT to a therapeutic exercise regimen in individuals with CAI. Objective: To examine the combined effects of thrust joint manipulation (TJM) and exercise on function in participants reporting CAI. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Research laboratory. Participants: A convenience sample of 30 participants (mean age 23.7 [3.65] y; mean height 169.50 [9.50] cm; mean mass 66.48 [10.64] kg). Intervention: Participants were randomly allocated to the exercise (n = 15) or exercise + TJM group (n = 20) and completed an exercise program. The exercise + TJM group also received MT at the talocrural, proximal, and distal tibiofibular joints in the first 3 sessions. Main Outcome Measures: Self-reported outcomes were recorded at baseline and follow-up using the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM), the FAAM-Sport (FAAM-S) subscale, and the Ankle Joint Functional Assessment Tool (AJFAT). The side-hop test, figure-of-8 hop test, 3 directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test, and dorsiflexion ROM were also assessed at baseline and follow-up. Results: Only the exercise + TJM group demonstrated an improvement in weight-bearing dorsiflexion with the knee flexed following treatment (P = .02). For all outcome measures, except ROM, subjects improved significantly at follow-up regardless of group assignment (P ≤ .01). Conclusions: Our data suggest that rehabilitation of patients with CAI is related to improved ROM, function, and self-reported outcomes. This provides evidence that the addition of MT to exercise may enhance improvements in ROM as compared with exercise alone. Additional research is needed to identify optimal parameters to maximize therapeutic benefit.
The International Anti-doping Movement and the Council of Europe: An Unexamined Influence
Authors: Macedo Emmanuel
Published: April 2020

This study explains how the Council of Europe (CE) influenced the international anti-doping movement from the 1960s until the establishment of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 1999. As a European regional intergovernmental organization, the CE endeavored to cultivate a unified Europe by guiding countries in harmonizing their laws and by facilitating cultural exchanges. This mission led the CE to recruit sport as a tool for cultural exchange and to in turn enact anti-doping legislation. Moreover, given its structure, the CE’s work in anti-doping took the form of harmonized international legislation that helped lay the foundations for an international anti-doping movement. Ultimately, the CE’s work served as a touchstone for many sport organizations, especially the International Olympic Committee and its efforts to manage doping in elite sport. This kind of involvement, including collaboration in the setup of WADA in 1999, makes a plausible case to consider the CE a main, rather than periphery, player in anti-doping history and one of the greater influencers regarding the international anti-doping governance structure and legislation.
Structures of cell wall arabinosyltransferases with the anti-tuberculosis drug ethambutol
Authors: Zhang Lu , Zhao Yao , Gao Yan , Wu Lijie , Gao Ruogu , Zhang Qi , Wang Yinan , Wu Chengyao , Wu Fangyu , Gurcha Sudagar S. , Veerapen Natacha , Batt Sarah M. , Zhao Wei , Qin Ling , Yang Xiuna , Wang Manfu , Zhu Yan , Zhang Bing , Bi Lijun , Zhang Xian’en , Yang Haitao , Guddat Luke W. , Xu Wenqing , Wang Quan , Li Jun , Besra Gurdyal S. , Rao Zihe
Published: April 2020

Drug inhibition of glycosyltransferases

Mycobacteria, including the species that causes tuberculosis (TB), synthesize a complex cell wall that helps to support and protect the bacterial cells. The major components of the cell wall include complex heteropolysaccharides that are synthesized in the periplasmic space. Zhang
et al.
determined the cryo–electron microscopy structures of two transmembrane glycosyltransferase enzyme complexes that use a lipid-anchored sugar donor to append arabinose units to the cell wall polysaccharides. They also captured the anti-TB drug ethambutol bound within these complexes and observed that it binds in a site overlapping both donor and acceptor sugars. Mapping of resistance mutants provides a structural understanding of how resistance emerges while preserving function of the enzyme and may help to guide the development of next-generation anti-TB drugs that target these enzymes.

Science
, this issue p.
1211
Population Pharmacokinetic Analyses for Omadacycline Using Phase 1 and 3 Data
Authors: Lakota Elizabeth A. , Van Wart Scott A. , Trang Michael , Tzanis Evan , Bhavnani Sujata M. , Safir M. Courtney , Friedrich Lawrence , Steenbergen Judith N. , Ambrose Paul G. , Rubino Christopher M.
Published: April 2020

Omadacycline, a novel aminomethylcycline antibiotic with activity against Gram-positive and -negative organisms, including tetracycline-resistant pathogens, received FDA approval in October 2018 for the treatment of patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP). A previously developed population pharmacokinetic (PK) model based on phase 1 intravenous and oral PK data was refined using data from infected patients. Data from 10 phase 1 studies used to develop the previous model were pooled with data from three additional phase 1 studies, a phase 1b uncomplicated urinary tract infection study, one phase 3 CABP study, and two phase 3 ABSSSI studies.
Role of Toxoplasma gondii IgG Avidity Testing in Discriminating between Acute and Chronic Toxoplasmosis in Pregnancy
Authors: Teimouri Aref , Mohtasebi Sina , Kazemirad Elham , Keshavarz Hossein
Published: April 2020

Risk of mother-to-child transmission of
Toxoplasma gondii
during pregnancy is much greater in women who are exposed to primary
T. gondii
infection (toxoplasmosis) after conception compared to those who were exposed to the infection before conception. Therefore, laboratory tests that help classify recent primary toxoplasmosis are important tools for the management of pregnant women suspected to have
T. gondii
exposure. Detection of
Toxoplasma
IgM (Toxo IgM) is a sensitive indicator of primary toxoplasmosis, but the indicator specificity is low because sometimes natural IgM antibodies react with
Toxoplasma
antigens in the absence of the infection.
Differentiating the Roles of UL16, UL21, and Us3 in the Nuclear Egress of Herpes Simplex Virus Capsids
Authors: Gao Jie , Finnen Renée L. , Sherry Maxwell R. , Le Sage Valerie , Banfield Bruce W.
Published: April 2020

The membrane deformation activity of the herpesvirus nuclear egress complex (NEC) allows capsids to transit through both nuclear membranes into the cytoplasm. NEC activity must be precisely controlled during viral infection, and yet our knowledge of how NEC activity is controlled is incomplete. To determine how pUL16 and pUL21, two viral proteins required for nuclear egress of herpes simplex virus 2, function in nuclear egress, we examined how the lack of each protein impacted NEC distribution. These analyses revealed a function of pUL16 in nuclear egress distinct from that of pUL21, uncovered a novel role for pUL21 in regulating NEC activity, and shed new light on how a viral kinase, pUs3, regulates nuclear egress. Nuclear egress of capsids is required for all herpesviruses. A complete understanding of all aspects of nuclear egress, including how viral NEC activity is controlled, may yield strategies to disrupt this process and aid the development of herpes-specific antiviral therapies.
Early sulfide saturation is not detrimental to porphyry Cu-Au formation
Authors: Du Jingguo , Audétat Andreas
Published: April 2020

Ore-forming magmas are commonly considered to have been unusually metal rich. Because Cu and Au are strongly chalcophile, early sulfide saturation has been regarded as detrimental to porphyry Cu-Au mineralization. Here we demonstrate, based on amphibole-rich cumulate xenoliths and amphibole megacrysts from the Tongling porphyry(-skarn) Cu-Au mining district in southeastern China, that this view is not necessarily correct. Age data combined with petrological and geochemical evidence suggest that the mineralizing magmas at Tongling underwent significant fractional crystallization of amphibole, clinopyroxene, and magmatic sulfides in the middle to lower crust. The fact that the silicate melts nevertheless were able to produce substantial porphyry(-skarn) Cu-Au deposits implies that the formation of metal-rich cumulates at depth was not detrimental to their fertility. On the contrary, the common association of porphyry Cu (Au, Mo) deposits with high-Sr/Y magmas suggests that amphibole fractionation at depth even promotes the mineralization potential, despite the likely loss of metals.
Massive pulmonary embolism in pregnancy: intra-arrest thrombolysis and resuscitative hysterotomy
Authors: Taylor John Edward Ashbridge , Ngua Chen Wen , Carwardine Matthew
Published: April 2020

Massive pulmonary embolism (PE) is a leading cause of maternal death and may require intra-arrest thrombolysis as well as resuscitative hysterotomy. The case presented is a primigravida in her mid-30s at 28 weeks gestation. The patient presented to the emergency department after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was achieved but not sustained. Episodic cardiopulmonary resuscitation with epinephrine boluses was required. Resuscitative hysterotomy was performed intra-arrest. Echocardiography revealed a dilated right heart consistent with massive PE and thrombolysis was administered. ROSC was obtained thereafter and output was sustained. Subsequent CT brain revealed irreversible hypoxic injury. Treatment was withdrawn with the support of family. Postmortem examination confirmed massive PE. Thrombolysis can restore and improve cardiovascular status in cardiac arrest caused by massive PE. Thrombolysis is not contraindicated in maternal resuscitation where resuscitative hysterotomy may also be required.
Remitting seronegative symmetric synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE) with painful erythematous nodules
Authors: Laidler Nicholas Kevin , Delaney Thomas
Published: April 2020

Remitting seronegative symmetric synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE) is an uncommon syndrome characterised by acute onset severe synovitis of the radiocarpal and small joints of the hands, with associated pitting edema. Discussed here is the case of a 69-year-old man who presented to the emergency department of a tertiary hospital with acute bilateral hand swelling. This was on a background of a recent diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the caecum and subsequent hemicolectomy. There was a history of general malaise, fever and lethargy for 5 days prior to the swelling of the hands. On examination, the upper limbs were swollen to the elbow bilaterally. Painful erythematous nodules were noted on the dorsal and palmar aspects of the hands and violaceous periungual discolouration was observed on the right fourth and fifth fingers. Prednisolone was commenced resulting in a dramatic resolution of the articular and cutaneous manifestations within 3 weeks.
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma and its response to immune checkpoint inhibitors nivolumab and ipilimumab
Authors: Lee Mee-young , Bernabe-Ramirez Carolina , Ramirez Daniel C , Maki Robert G
Published: April 2020

Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) is a rare and unusual cancer that arises from sustentacular cells of the lymph node that present antigen to B cells, rather than lymphocytes themselves. While surgery for primary disease is still paramount in primary management, for unresectable, recurrent and metastatic tumours, FDCS is frequently treated with anthracycline-based lymphoma chemotherapy regimens. In recent years, it is clear that Programmed Cell Death 1 (PD1)-directed immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are active in Hodgkin lymphoma, but significantly less active in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. These data raised the question of whether FDCS respond to ICI therapy. We present two patients with FDCS who were treated with nivolumab and ipilimumab with evidence of tumour response. These cases also highlight the difficulty in arriving at a proper diagnosis, emphasising the need for expert review of pathology to optimise treatment for these and other patients with sarcoma.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in the management of pulmonary spindle cell carcinoma
Authors: Awobajo Moyosore D , Vaporciyan Ara A , Lu Charles , Gandhi Saumil J
Published: April 2020

A 69-year-old woman underwent routine screening with CT scan of the chest, which showed a new right upper lobe lesion. Interval increase in size of the right upper lobe nodule over 3 months, prompted a CT-guided biopsy of the lung that confirmed a diagnosis of malignant pulmonary spindle cell carcinoma (PSCC) with 90% programmed death ligand 1 expression. Positron emission tomography CT demonstrated localised stage IIA disease. Given histologically proven PSCC and the rapid growth of her tumour, curative radiation with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) to the right upper lobe primary tumour was planned as patient was deemed not to be a surgical candidate. Repeat imaging with a CT chest 2 months after SBRT demonstrated good local control of the primary disease in the right upper lobe despite rapidly advancing distant metastasis. The patient continues systemic therapy with pembrolizumab, to which she has shown good response.
Prognostic factors for relapse and survival among patients with ocular adnexal lymphoma: validation of the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM classification
Authors: Kwon Miyoung , Lee Ji Sung , Lee Chunghyun , Yoon Dok Hyun , Sa Ho-Seok
Published: April 2020

Background/Aims

To validate the prognostic performance of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) eighth edition classification for ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL).

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of 140 consecutive patients treated for primary OAL between March 2010 and September 2017. Associations between T/N/M categories at presentation and disease-related outcomes, including relapse, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated.

Results

Seventy-nine women and 61 men (median age, 52 (range 20–84) years; median follow-up, 57 (range 7–131) months) were included. Histological subtypes included mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (92.1%, n=129), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (5.0%, n=7), follicular lymphoma (1.4%, n=2) and mantle cell lymphoma (1.4%, n=2). Patients with ≥T2 disease had significantly higher risks of overall relapse (unadjusted HR)=4.32, p=0.016), decreased PFS (uHR=5.19, p=0.004) and decreased OS (uHR=9.21, p=0.047). Patients with ≥N1 disease had significantly higher risks of overall relapse (uHR=9.17, p<0.001) and decreased PFS (uHR=9.24, p<0.001). M1 disease was significantly associated with higher risks of overall relapse (uHR=3.62, p=0.036), decreased PFS (uHR=5.13, p=0.001) and decreased OS (uHR=9.24, p=0.013). On considering TNM categories as continuous data, the uHRs for per level increase in T, N and M categories were 1.77, 1.83 and 2.30 for overall relapse and 1.72, 1.87 and 2.78 for decreased PFS, respectively (p<0.05 for each comparison).

Conclusion

The T, N and M categories of the AJCC eighth edition classification have prognostic value for relapse and survival among patients with primary OAL. Particularly, nodal/metastatic involvement at presentation indicated less favourable outcome.