bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dispositions, Constituencies, and Cross-Pressures: Modeling Roll-Call Voting on the North American Free Trade Agreement in the U.S. House
Authors: Wink Kenneth A. , Livingston C. Don , Garand James C.
Published: January 2007

The vote on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) created significant cross-pressures for members of the U.S. House of Representa tives. African-Americans and Latinos, two groups that are often in agree ment, staked out different positions on this legislation, and President Clinton joined Republicans in supporting NAFTA over the opposition of organized labor, liberals, and the Democratic leadership. We explore the degree to which constituency, institutional, and dispositional forces worked at cross- purposes in shaping House members' roll-call behavior on this legislation. We find that votes on NAFTA were affected by members' ideological orien tations, general presidential support, representation of a Western state, Latino and African-American constituency strength, urbanization, unem ployment, electoral margin, and an interaction between Latino constitu ency strength and electoral margin. Surprisingly, we find only modest impacts of constituency union membership and the Perot vote on roll-call voting on NAFTA.
The Relationship Between Personal and National Concerns in Public Perceptions About the Economy
Authors: Funk Carolyn L. , Garcia-Monet Patricia A.
Published: January 2007

Although a large body of evidence has highlighted public perceptions of the national economy as a critical determinant of political evaluations, there is still considerable debate over how to interpret this relationship. Sociotropic voting is sometimes taken as evidence of civic-minded concern for collective conditions among the masses. Critics of this interpretation argue that self- interest operates indirectly through perceptions of national economic condi tions to influence political evaluations. We separate out the indirect self-interest explanation from the sociotropic voting model in order to evaluate this ex planation. We test the indirect self-interest hypothesis with both a cross-sec tional and longitudinal design using data from the 1990 and 1992 NES surveys. We find some support for the idea that personal experience influences judg ments of national economic conditions and, therefore, indirectly impacts political judgments. However, the evidence is weak overall. While personal and collective experience cannot be completely divorced, political judgments derive largely from collective-level considerations which are quite separate from personal economic experiences.
The Perot Candidacy and Attitudes toward Government and Politics
Authors: Koch Jeffrey
Published: January 2007

Prior studies of third-party movements document both an individual- and aggregate-level relationship between disatisfaction with government and its leaders and third party support. Unfortunately, these studies are unable to determine whether citizen dissatisfaction precedes third-party support or if third-party support results in heightened negativity toward the political system. Using American National Election Study data to ex amine 1992 Perot voters, I demonstrate that the causal direction is from third-party support to decreased trust in government and external effi cacy. Additionally, this research reveals that the Perot campaign increased voter turnout in 1992 by enhancing citizens' interest in that year's cam paigns and strengthening the relationship between interest in campaigns and voter turnout. These findings indicate that American third party movements can perform the mobilizing and mentoring functions com monly associated with the major parties.
Witnesses at the Confirmations? The Appearance of Organized Interests at Senate Hearings of Federal Judicial Appointments, 1945-1992
Authors: Flemming Roy B. , Macleod Michael C. , Talbert Jeffery
Published: January 2007

Previous research suggests that groups increasingly dominate the se lection of federal court judges. We evaluate this conventional wisdom with longitudinal data tracing the appearance of organized interests at nearly 2,000 lower court confirmation hearings between 1945-1992. We find mixed support for the conventional wisdom. Organized interests do not appear more often before the Senate Judiciary Committee than in the past but there has been a considerable shift in the kinds of groups that testify. We also find that the incidence of controversial nominations has declined while the intensity of conflicts when they occur has increased. These changes, we suggest, reflect the evolution of differential group ac cess to the selection process as a function of shifting opportunities and incentives generated by broader political forces altering the electoral, policy, and institutional interests of the key players in the process.
The American Welfare State, or States?
Authors: Howard Christopher
Published: January 2007

Previous studies of the American welfare state have proceeded in two different directions, one specializing in developments at the national level and one at the state level. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate the nature of this gap and why it is problematic. Specific suggestions are offered for narrowing the gap to produce a richer and more coherent understanding of the American welfare state.
Glucotoxicity Inhibits Late Steps of Insulin Exocytosis
Authors: Dubois Mathilde , Vacher Pierre , Roger Benoı̂t , Huyghe Deborah , Vandewalle Brigitte , Kerr-Conte Julie , Pattou François , Moustaïd-Moussa Naima , Lang Jochen
Published: January 2007

Prolonged exposure of β-cells to high glucose (glucotoxicity) diminishes insulin secretion in response to glucose and has been linked to altered generation of metabolism-secretion coupling factors. We have investigated whether glucotoxicity may also alter calcium handling and late steps in secretion such as exocytosis. Clonal INS-1E β-cells cultured at high glucose (20 or 30 mmvs. 5.5 mm) for 72 h exhibited elevated basal intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), which was KATP-channel dependent and due to long-term activation of protein kinase A. An increased amplitude and shortened duration of depolarization-evoked rises in [Ca2+]i were apparent. These changes were probably linked to the observed increased filling of intracellular stores and to short-term activation of protein kinase A. Insulin secretion was reduced not only by acute stimulation with either glucose or KCl but more importantly by direct calcium stimulation of permeabilized cells. These findings indicate a defect in the final steps of exocytosis. To confirm this, we measured expression levels of some 30 proteins implicated in trafficking/exocytosis of post-Golgi vesicles. Several proteins required for calcium-induced exocytosis of secretory granules were down-regulated, such as the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-sensitive factor attachment receptor (SNARE) proteins VAMP-2 [vesicle (v)-SNARE, vesicle-associated membrane protein 2] and syntaxin 1 as well as complexin. VAMP-2 was also reduced in human islets. In contrast, cell immunostaining and expression levels of several fluorescent proteins suggested that other post-trans-Golgi trafficking steps and compartments are preserved and that cells were not degranulated. Thus, these studies indicate that, in addition to known metabolic changes, glucotoxicity impedes generation of signals for secretion and diminishes the efficiency of late steps in exocytosis.
Targeting nitric oxide for cancer therapy
Authors: Hirst David , Robson Tracy
Published: January 2007

A blueprint for the ideal anticancer molecule would include most of the properties of nitric oxide (NO•), but the ability to exploit these characteristics in a therapeutic setting requires a detailed understanding of the biology and biochemistry of the molecule. These properties include the ability of NO• to affect tumour angiogenesis, metastasis, blood flow and immuno surveillance. Furthermore NO• also has the potential to enhance both radio- and chemotherapy. However, all of these strategies are dependent on achieving appropriate levels of NO•, since endogenous levels of NO• appear to have a clear role in tumour progression. This review aims to summarize the role of NO• in cancer with particular emphasis on how the properties of NO• can be exploited for therapy.
Shifts in metabolic parameters surrounding glucose homoeostasis resulting from tricyclic antidepressant therapy: implications of insulin resistance?
Authors: Chadwick W , Wilson G , van de Venter M , Oelofsen W , Roux S
Published: January 2007

This study displayed the physiological effects the tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline or trimipramine have on glucose homoeostasis in male Wistar rats. An insulin secreting cell line (INS-1) was also used to determine effects tricyclic antidepressants have on insulin secretion and insulin displacement. Thirty rats each received a 1 mg kg−1 dose of amitriptyline or trimipramine for a period of 14 weeks; another 14 rats served as the control group. Blood glucose, serum insulin and muscle and liver glycogen levels were determined. Kidney, liver and muscle insulin degradation was measured and compared with insulin degrading enzyme concentrations in the latter two tissues. INS-1 cells were used to determine the effect 1μM amitriptyline has on insulin secretion. Displacement studies for [3H]glibenclamide by amitriptyline or trimipramine were undertaken on INS-1 cells. A significant increase in blood glucose (P < 0.01) was found for both test groups after 6 and 14 weeks of receiving the medication, which may be related to a significant decrease in liver and muscle glycogen levels (P < 0.001). Serum insulin levels remained unchanged, although a significant increase in insulin degradation was observed in the muscle, liver and kidney, which may be related to a significant increase in insulin degrading enzyme (P < 0.001) that was found. A significant increase in insulin secretion was observed for the INS-1 cells treated with amitriptyline, although no significant displacement for the [3H]glibenclamide was evident for amitriptyline or trimipramine. The significant alterations in glucose homoeostasis observed, as well as the significant changes associated with insulin secretion and degradation associated with amitriptyline or trimipramine treatment, imply that prolonged use of these medicines may lead to insulin resistance and full blown diabetes.
In-vitro and in-vivo anti-inflammatory action of the ethanol extract ofTrachelospermi caulis
Authors: Lee Mu Hong , Lee Jeong Min , Jun Sung Hoon , Ha Chul Gyu , Lee Seung-Ha , Kim Nam Wook , Lee Jun Ho , Ko Na Young , Mun Se Hwan , Park Seung Hwa , Kim Bo Kyung , Her Erk , Kim Young Mi , Choi Wahn Soo
Published: January 2007

In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity, antinociceptive activity and the action mechanism of Trachelospermi caulis extract. The anti-inflammatory effects were investigated using arachidonic acid, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate or carrageenan-induced oedema assays. Antinociceptive activity, using the acetic acid-induced writhing model, was also tested in mice. The extract exhibited dose-dependent and significant (P & 0.05 at 100–400 mg kg−1) anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity in the animals. To further understand the mechanism of activity, we investigated whether the extract inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of TNF-α from murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Similar to the in-vivo activity, the iNOS expression, NO production and TNF-α expression were found to be dose dependent and significantly suppressed by the extract through the inhibition of the p38 MAP kinase/NF-κB pathway. Taken together, the results presented here suggest that T. caulis extract may be useful for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
Highly Efficient Plastic Dye-sensitized Photoelectrodes Prepared by Low-temperature Binder-free Coating of Mesoscopic Titania Pastes
Authors: Kijitori Yujiro , Ikegami Masashi , Miyasaka Tsutomu
Published: January 2007

Mesoporous TiO2 layers were prepared on a plastic conductive electrode by low-temperature coating of a binder-free nanocrystalline TiO2 paste capable of interparticle connection. Dye-sensitized solar cell with optimized TiO2 particle size and electrolyte composition yielded a highest energy conversion efficiency of 6.4%.
An Overview of Hydrogen Storage Technologies
Authors: Ni Meng
Published: January 2007

How to store hydrogen efficiently, economically and safely is one of the challenges to be overcome to make hydrogen an economic source of energy. This paper presents an overview of present hydrogen storage technologies, namely, high-pressure gas compression, liquefaction, metal hydride storage, and carbon nanotube adsorption. The energy efficiency, economic aspect, environmental and safety issues of various hydrogen storage technologies were compared. Presently, high-pressure gas compression is favorable due to its high energy efficiency as well as low capital and operation costs. Liquefaction is mainly employed in space applications because of its high volumetric and gravimetric efficiency. The disadvantages are low energy efficiency and high cost. Due to their high volumetric efficiency, metal hydride storage and carbon nanotube adsorption are promising hydrogen storage technologies and are expected to play a key role in hydrogen economy in the future.
Coal Accumulation Zones and Their Contribution to the Enrichment of Multi-Energy Source Deposits in the Ordos Basin
Authors: Zengxue Li , Jifeng Yu , Mingzhen Wang , Meilian Han , Dawei Lv
Published: January 2007

The formation of coal accumulation units requires specific geological conditions, including fossil plants, palaeostructure, palaeoclimate and palaeogeography. The Ordos Basin has experienced multiple sedimentary environments during its evolution. The different depositional systems and system tracts represents the important sedimentary events during the basin's evolution. Therefore the different coal accumulation conditions results in various characteristics across the coalfield. Coal was the most important energy source from late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sediments in the Ordos basin. It generates abundant coalbed methane. The coal accumulation zones developed generally in the basin slope environment, where many sand bodies were located. Abundant petroleum, natural gas and uranium exist in these sand bodies. Our study indicates that the oil, gas and uranium are related to the location of the coal accumulation in the Ordos basin. The transgressive coal and the allochthonous tempestite coal were developed in the Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic.
Experimental Study of Decay Conditions of Organic Matter and its Significant for Immature Oil Generation
Authors: Sun Yuzhuang , Lu Jialan , Chen Jiangping , Li Ping , Jin Kankun , Wang Ping
Published: January 2007

In order to study the decay conditions of organic matter in early stage of sedimentation, 23 samples were simulated in a low temperature (80°C), long-term condition (>1 year). Gypsum, metals, salt, were used as catalysts, and coniferae and algae were used as original source of oil generation in this experiment. The results indicate that coniferae and algae can produce oil in briny conditions in a very short time (<30 days), and oil was expelled from organic matter at different times dependent on the simulation conditions.
Wind Potential Assessment Using the Weibull Model at the Inner Mongolia of China
Authors: Yingni Jiang , Xiuling Yuan , Xiaojun Cheng , Xiaoyun Peng
Published: January 2007

The Weibull density function is used to estimate the wind energy potential of fifteen stations at the Inner Mongolia of China. Based on 10 years(1991–2000) of measured daily average wind speed data, the scale and shape parameters of the Weibull model are estimated and the probability density distributions are derived from the time-series data. The wind energy potential of the stations are also evaluated by the Weibull model.
Analysis of the Load-Deformation Behaviour and Debonding for FRP-Strengthened Concrete Structures
Authors: Neale K. W. , Ebead U. A. , Baky H. M. Abdel , Elsayed W. E. , Godat A.
Published: January 2007

Results from nonlinear finite element analyses of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP)-strengthened concrete beams and slabs are presented. The direct shear test, a basic application that provides insight into FRP-concrete interfacial behaviour, is also considered. The motivation for this work is the fact that, although there is a large amount of experimental data available on the FRP strengthening of concrete structures, a full understanding of the various load–deformation behaviours and debonding phenomenon is still lacking. The numerical models presented in this paper adopt a displacement-controlled solution and are capable of simulating FRP-strengthened beams either in shear or in flexure, as well as slabs strengthened using either passive or prestressed FRP laminates. Results of the different applications are presented and compared with published test data, and a very good agreement in terms of the ultimate load carrying capacities, load–deflection behaviour and modes of failure, is obtained.
Bond Behavior of CFRP Strengthened Steel Structures
Authors: Schnerch D. , Dawood M. , Rizkalla S. , Sumner E. , Stanford K.
Published: January 2007

Recent research has focused on rehabilitation and strengthening of steel structures and bridges using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) materials. The bond behavior of FRP materials to steel structures is quite different from that of concrete structures. Preliminary test results showed the occurrence of very high bond stresses for most strengthening applications due to the amount of strengthening required for steel structures and bridges. In this paper, surface preparation methods and means of preventing galvanic corrosion are discussed. The results of an experimental program for selection of suitable adhesives through determination of the development length is discussed as well as preliminary testing showing the importance of proper detailing of the ends of the FRP strips. The shear stress distribution determined in the experimental program is compared to analytical models using a stress-based approach. The remainder of the paper focuses on the current methods for determining bond stresses and their use for the design of FRP strengthening system for steel structures.
The Validity of Probability Samples in Research on Deafness
Authors: Crain Kelly Lamar , Kluwin Thomas N
Published: January 2007

This article addresses the problem of small nonprobability samples in research in the education of the deaf and hard of hearing in the face of a current and increasing emphasis on "scientifically based research" as required by recent No Child Left Behind (NCLB) federal legislation. The authors examine the gains and losses in information generated using non-probability samples in our field, describe the conditions required for generalizable research results, and identify several factors in the field of research in the education of the deaf that limit the ability to generate probability samples. Finally, the authors consider possible solutions to the problem, including more creative recruitment strategies, alternate research designs, and alternate reviewing strategies.
Lost in a Giant Database: The Potentials and Pitfalls of Secondary Analysis for Deaf Education
Authors: Kluwin Thomas N , Morris Connie S
Published: January 2007

Secondary research or archival research is the analysis of data collected by another person or agency. It offers several advantages, including reduced cost, a less time-consuming research process, and access to larger populations and thus greater generalizability. At the same time, it offers several limitations, including the fact that the original design of the study may not be adaptable to the purposes of the archival researcher. This paper describes an attempt to replicate the Kluwin and Stinson (1993) longitudinal study of the effects of mainstreaming deaf high school students by using the National Educational Longitudinal Study data set. The authors report several limitations to the secondary analysis of this kind of public data, including the need for better definitions of handicapping conditions in these large-scale studies, the inclusion of larger numbers of low-incidence handicaps, and the need for variables of use to researchers in specific handicaps.
Improving Mathematics Teaching and Learning Experiences for Hard of Hearing Students With Wireless Technology-Enhanced Classrooms
Authors: Liu Chen-chung , Chou Chien-Chia , Liu Baw-Jhiune , Yang Yui-wen
Published: January 2007

Hard of hearing students usually face more difficulties at school than other students. A classroom environment with wireless technology was implemented to explore whether wireless technology could enhance mathematics learning and teaching activities for a hearing teacher and her 7 hard of hearing students in a Taiwan junior high school. Experiments showed that the highly interactive communication through the wireless network increased student participation in learning activities. Students demonstrated more responses to the teacher and fewer distraction behaviors. Fewer mistakes were made in in-class course work because Tablet PCs provided students scaffolds. Students stated that the environment with wireless technology was desirable and said that they hoped to continue using the environment to learn mathematics.
Italo Svevo and Charlie Chaplin: Dramatic Irony and the Psychoanalytic Stance
Authors: Rushing Robert A
Published: January 2007

The article takes off from a revealing slip in an article about Italo Svevo's novel, Zeno's Conscience, in which the Italian critic, Massimo Verdicchio, attempts to show that the novel is fundamentally philosophical, not psychoanalytic. In doing so, he misreads Svevo's indebtedness to Charcot as a debt to Charlie Chaplin's character Charlot. But when are we justified in calling such a misreading a Freudian slip? Can one legitimately claim to have insight into the workings of a literary critic one has never met? Invoking Daniel Dennet's notion of the "intentional stance," as well as the inherently intersubjective notion of dramatic irony, the author argues that there are times, clearly definable, in which one is obliged to adopt a "psychoanalytic stance," and both Verdicchio's article and Svevo's novel present such an occasion. Although the name of Svevo's protagonist links him to the ancient philosopher, Zeno of Elea, known for his paradoxes, he is likewise a "stranger to himself," and thus a quintessentially psychoanalytic subject.
Transversality of CR mappings
Authors: Ebenfelt Peter , Rothschild Linda P.
Published: January 2007

We prove here new results about transversality and related geometric properties of a holomorphic, formal, or CR mapping, sending one generic submanifold of C N into another. One of our main results is that a finite mapping is transversal to the target manifold provided this manifold is of finite type. For the case of hypersurfaces, transversality in this context was proved by Baouendi and the second author in 1990. The general case of generic manifolds of higher codimension, which we treat in this paper, had remained an open problem since then. Applications of this result include a sufficient condition for a finite mapping to be a local diffeomorphism.
Asymptotic cohomological functions on projective varieties
Authors: Küronya Alex
Published: January 2007

We consider certain cohomological invariants called asymptotic cohomological functions, which are associated to irreducible projective varieties. Asymptotic cohomological functions are generalizations of the concept of the volume of a line bundle—the asymptotic growth of the number of global sections—to higher cohomology. We establish that they give a notion invariant under the numerical equivalence of divisors, and extend uniquely to continuous functions on the real Néron–Severi space. To illustrate the theory, we work out these invariants for abelian varieties, smooth surfaces, and certain homogeneous spaces.
Intersection bodies and valuations
Authors: Ludwig Monika
Published: January 2007

All GL (n) covariant star-body-valued valuations on convex polytopes are completely classified. It is shown that there is a unique nontrivial such valuation. This valuation turns out to be the so-called "intersection operator"—an operator that played a critical role in the solution of the Busemann-Petty problem.
Eteocles, Polynices, and the Economics of Violence in Statius' Thebaid
Authors: Coffee Neil
Published: January 2007

In the Thebaid, Statius follows Vergilian epic precedent in using economic language, including prosaic financial terms, for its ethical connotations. These connotations are based in Roman notions of how improper modes of commodity and reciprocal exchange can disrupt society and lead to violence. This article considers how Statius uses this language to provide further insight into his characters' motivations and, in particular, to distinguish between the warring brothers of the Thebaid by assimilating the behavior of Eteocles to that of a stereotypical merchant and Polynices to a young Roman prodigal.
Horace to Torquatus: Epistle 1.5 and Ode 4.7
Authors: Putnam Michael C. J
Published: January 2007

This article documents and explores the relationship between Horace Epist. 1.5 and Ode 4.7, one a verse epistle, the other one of Horace's most magnificent odes, both addressed to a certain Torquatus. It first analyzes each poem individually in detail and then goes on to examine the overlap between the two in search of Horace's purposes behind the interaction. The epistle, an invitation to a convivium at the speaker's home on the evening before Augustus' birthday, deals with the importance of self-discovery in a private setting where confidentiality is crucial. The ode pits this individuality against far larger spatial and temporal universals, and it reminds us of our mortality and of the loss of self that accompanies death.
Indian Patriots on Last Stand Hill
Authors: Elliot Michael A
Published: January 2007

This article seeks to illuminate the ways that the public history of the nineteenth-century Indian Wars continue to matter in twenty-first century formulations of the relationship between indigenous peoples of North American and the United States. It pursues this topic by focusing on a single event, the 2003 dedication of a new memorial at the Little Bighorn Battlefield commemorating the lives those who fought there. Situating the history of commemoration at the battlefield within the larger history of "Custerology," the article pays particular attention to articulations of national patriotism. Such patriotism at the Little Bighorn involves not only allegiance to the United States, but also to the specific tribal nations of the American Indians who come there. The article contends that the dedication of the Indian memorial at the Little Bighorn reveals an articulation of anti-American Americanism. Unlike forms of postnational cosmopolitanism, this kind of patriotism is thoroughly saturated by national allegiances, even if those allegiances may seem to be in logical contradiction with one another. "Indian Patriots on Last Stand Hill" unravels these forms of patriotism by attending to the speeches, ceremonies, and architecture of memorialization at the Little Bighorn Battlefield. It describes the dramas of reconciliation that were staged there in the early twentieth century, as well as the conflicts over commemoration that took place from the 1970s to the 1990s. Crucial to all of these acts is the unique texture of defeat at the Little Bighorn: The United States can claim the status of the defeated in the battle, whereas American Indian nations have the moral authority of the defeated in their longer struggles against colonization. As a corollary, the Little Bighorn is also a place where both sides claim victory—the United States in its territorial consolidation of the North American plains, and the Indian nations in the battle of the Little Bighorn itself. This peculiar configuration of victory and defeat creates the possibility for the Little Bighorn to function as a place where both Indians and non-Indians can converge to articulate the contradictions of the status of Indian nations and Indian people in the contemporary United States.
In Contact with the Dead: Nora Rong Khru Chao Ban Ritual of Thailand
Authors: Jungwiwattanaporn. Parichat
Published: January 2007

Nora is a performance tradition in which dance, drama, ritual, and magic are intertwined to create a bridge between the mundane world and the supernatural. An ancestral rite known as nora rong khru chao ban is an important part of a living tradition in a certain southern villages of Thailand. For three days, the nora master prays, sings, dances, and acts out a dance-drama, while directing the ritual sequences invoking the ancestral spirits to descend from their heavenly realm to enter the trance mediums. The ritual not only gives opportunities for the nora practitioners to have a significant social and artistic function, but it also serves as a social/cultural/spiritual net that brings about an ideal of "communitas."
The Impact of Shinpa on Early Chinese Huaju
Authors: Liu Siyuan
Published: January 2007

Focusing on the decade following the 1907 Spring Willow Society (Chunliu She) production of Uncle Tom's Cabin in Tokyo, this paper provides a brief introduction to the impact of Japanese shinpa, as well as that of Western theatre through shinpa, on the formation of early Chinese huaju (spoken drama), also known as xinju (new drama) or wenmingxi (civilized drama). After watching shinpa productions, some Chinese students in Tokyo started staging plays with the help of well-known shinpa actors such as Fujisawa Asajirō. Returning to Shanghai, they brought with them a set of Westernized theatrical conventions. A study of the wenmingxi repertoire reveals shinpa's influence in adaptations of both shinpa versions of European plays such as Tosca and original shinpa productions such as Hototogisu (Cuckoo). In addition, many original wenmingxi plays emulated either the social commentary style of early shinpa or domestic drama of late Meiji shinpa. In terms of acting, shinpa's influence is found in the styles of many wenmingxi stars and the use of female impersonators who followed shinpa onnagata.
The New Sakata Tojuro's Grand Kabuki Show and the Rebirth of Kamigata (Kansai) Kabuki
Authors: Kominz Laurence Richard
Published: January 2007

In November 2005, Nakamura Ganjirō III, founder of the Chikamatsu-za, assumed the name Sakata Tōjūrō, the most illustrious name in the history of kabuki in the Kansai region. The name Sakata Tōjūrō has gone unused for over 200 years.
Primary Colors: A Play by Mishima Yukio: Introduction
Authors: Pearce Christopher L
Published: January 2007

Primary Colors (Sangenshoku) is a 1955 play by MishimaYukio that brings up issues of homosexuality and bisexuality. Its positive treatment of homosexual themes contrasts with the darkness of Forbidden Colors, the author's novel of the same period. While the play has received only a few professional productions, its poetry and theme help us understand Mishima's developing aesthetic.
From Zheng Qiang to Jiang Shuiying: The Feminization of a Revolutionary Hero in Maoist Theatre's Song of the Dragon River
Authors: Roberts Rosemary
Published: January 2007

Since the 1980s, analysis of the representation of women in Maoist theatre has argued that the heroines of the Cultural Revolution "model works" (yangbanxi) were "genderless revolutionaries" "erased" of anything feminine. This article challenges such a view through a case study of Song of the Dragon River in which the male hero of the 1964 spoken drama version was changed to a female in the 1972 yangbanxi adaptation. Evidence is presented that the characterization of the heroine in the latter work conforms closely not only with traditional beliefs in innate female characteristics but also with current Chinese beliefs in the characteristics of successful women in leadership.
Adaptation and Staging of Greek Tragedy in Hebei Bangzi
Authors: Tian Min
Published: January 2007

This article is a critical study of the adaptation and staging of Greek tragedy in hebei bangzi (Hebei clapper opera). It examines the rationale for these adaptations and contrasts their dramaturgy, staging, and performance with the premises of Greek theatre. The author argues that because of the inherent differences in dramaturgy, staging, and performance between hebei bangzi and Greek tragedy, these adaptations, conceived as a "fusion" of these two theatrical traditions, are, in fact, a displacement of Greek tragedies from their theatrical and artistic contexts and an appropriation of them as raw materials to meet the dramatic, scenic, and performance prerequisites of hebei bangzi. The significance of these adaptations is twofold: first, as they use a complete and authentic form of Chinese xiqu and the stories from Greek tragedy, they are effective in facilitating the understanding of Chinese xiqu in the West; second, they provide yet another approach to performing Greek tragedy and help materialize our modernist imagination of its performance style.
Caught Between the Old and the New--Walther Straub (1874-1944), the Question of Drug Receptors, and the Rise of Modern Pharmacology
Authors: Prüll Cay-Rüdiger
Published: January 2007

This paper deals with an important development of scientific pharmacology, focusing on the reaction of the German pharmacologist Walther Straub to the receptor concept, which was a new approach to explain the binding of drugs to cells in the young discipline of pharmacology after 1900. The article analyzes how Straub as an important representative of his field between 1900 and 1944 was influenced by nineteenth-century thinking, and how he developed a rival physical theory to combat the receptor concept. Straub is seen as a man of transition, who on the one side tackled a core question of drug research with modern experimental methods, but on the other side was hardly able to accept new results in chemistry.
Parliament, Physicians, and Nuisances: The Demedicalization of Nuisance Law, 1831-1855
Authors: Hanley James G. (James Gerald)
Published: January 2007

In Britain in 1830, nuisances legally comprised a heterogeneous collection of irritants, united by their ability to cause hurt, inconvenience, or damage. The only legal remedies for nuisances that applied to the entire country were provided through the common law. Though respected, common-law procedure was time consuming, costly, uncertain, and intended to protect the enjoyment of property, not of health. Dangers to health could be removed if they were a nuisance, yet health hazards were not conceptualized separately from nuisances in general, nor were they dealt with differently in practice. This paper demonstrates that during the 1831â32 cholera epidemic, and again in 1846, the executive and the legislature created a strictly medicalized health hazard as part of the transformation in nuisance law and practice. The paper argues, however, that the creation of a medicalized health hazard was a defensive reaction on the part of central authorities. Indeed, after 1846 Parliament retreated from a strictly medicalized health hazard in the face of local resistance and skepticism, and by 1855 physicians played only a marginal and supporting role in nuisance practice. The development of nuisance law thus illustrates the local inspiration for sanitary reform and the often highly contested nature of central interventions.
Time Out of Joint: The Narcotic Effect of Prolepsis in Christopher Reeve's Still Me
Authors: Scott Catherine
Published: January 2007

In this article I examine Christopher Reeve's memoir Still Me, in which
Reeve explores the painful and traumatic shift from his previous able-body to
his present disabled body. I explore not only the way in which Reeve struggles
with his public image as Superman, but also the way in which Reeve's
narrative continually fast forwards through episodes of pain and suffering, in
order to keep the strong and powerful image of the Super-Crip intact.
The Utility of Short Lives
Authors: Walter James
Published: January 2007

"Short lives" were the earliest manifestations of biography. Their memorializing
intent remains alive (in obituaries and biographical dictionaries). That
said, these essays were tendentious—making arguments, or exemplifying
moral conduct—rather than simply celebrating individuals. Given that biography,
since the romantic age, has tended to celebrate individuals, what can
we learn by revisiting more tendentious "brief lives"? This article suggests that some research agendas and some disciplinary imperatives are conducive to
short lives. Noting the ways in which tendentious essays are deployed in current
life writing, this article identifies generic differences between full-scale
biography and (contemporary) short lives to argue that the potential of the
latter should be more fully appreciated.
"This reversed order of things": Re-Orientation aboard HMS Beagle
Authors: Harley Alexis
Published: January 2007

This essay explores how Darwin's Beagle Diary navigates between geographical and intellectual travel in logging a literal voyage of discovery; it focuses on the diary's allegorical use of geography in a narrative of religious disorientation, and on Darwin's descriptions of the disorienting effects of encountering different cultures and environments.
An Inviting Parish: Community without Propinquity in Postwar Italian Toronto
Authors: Stanger-Ross Jordan
Published: January 2007

Religious association and social practices in Toronto's Little Italy changed dramatically in the second half of the twentieth century. Previously a site of local, neighbourhood life, Toronto's oldest surviving Italian parish issued an invitation to geographic outsiders, drawing Italians into a shared ethnic space. Italian ethnics from the rest of the city, elsewhere in southern Ontario, and beyond gathered in postwar Little Italy, forging intimate social bonds across great distances. Responding to the political, social, and economic development of Toronto, postwar Italian ethnics built a community that did not depend on locality. Italian experience in Toronto illustrates that Catholic parishes and ethnic communities take shape within particular historical contexts, and suggests that Canadian social historians can make a distinctive contribution to international discussions of postwar cities.

Dans l'article, on explique que les fr�quentations religieuses et les usages sociaux ont grandement �volu� dans la Petite Italie de Toronto durant la deuxi�me moiti� du XXe si�cle. Auparavant un lieu de vie de quartier et de voisinage, la plus ancienne paroisse italienne encore en activit� � Toronto a lanc� une invitation aux personnes de l'ext�rieur, rassemblant ainsi les Italiens dans un espace ethnique commun. Les autres communaut�s italiennes de la ville, du sud de l'Ontario et d'ailleurs se sont r�unies dans la Petite Italie d'apr�s-guerre pour forger des liens sociaux intimes malgr� les grandes distances qui les s�parent. En r�ponse au d�veloppement �conomique, social et politique de Toronto, les Italiens ont b�ti une communaut� non ax�e sur l'appartenance locale. L'exp�rience des Italiens � Toronto r�v�le que les paroisses catholiques et les communaut�s ethniques se forment dans des contextes historiques particuliers, ce qui sugg�re que les historiens sociaux du Canada soient en mesure d'apporter une contribution distincte lors des discussions internationales sur les villes de l'apr�s-guerre.
The Church at Nanrantsouak: SÃ©bastien RÃ¢le, S.J., and the Wabanaki of Maine's Kennebec River
Authors: Clark William A
Published: January 2007

French Jesuit Sébastien Râle arrived in Canada in 1689 and was missioned to the Wabanaki natives of the Kennebec River in what is now Maine. Râle accompanied the Wabanaki for thirty years, eventually dying with many of them during an English raid on their principal village, Nanrantsouak ("Norridgewock"). For three centuries, Râle's reputation, for good and ill, has depended primarily on perceptions of his role in the geopolitical and religious rivalries of the Europeans. The initiative of the Wabanaki themselves has usually been ignored. The author references recent scholarship from the native viewpoint, and original documentary sources, in an attempt to take the Wabanaki seriously as a local church—a community of Christians who, through the particular emphases of Râle's missionary method, came both to embrace Christianity and to make it their own in significant ways.
The Bautain Circle and Catholic-Jewish Relations in Modern France
Authors: Kselman Thomas A. (Thomas Albert)
Published: January 2007

Strasbourg in the 1820's was the site for the formation of a circle of religious seekers who gathered around the philosopher Louis-Eug�ne-Marie Bautain.�This group, which included Jews as well as Catholics, encouraged for a time the Jewish members to practice their religion and serve their community, "to become good Jews" in the words of Bautain.�Although the Jewish members, including Th�odore Ratisbonne, the founder of the Congregation of Our Lady of Sion, ultimately were baptized and ordained as Catholic priests, the exchanges in the circle, as recorded in Bautain's Philosophie du christianisme (1835), suggest the potential for a more tolerant attitude on the part of Catholics, one that respected the religious value of Judaism and the religious liberty of Jews.�
The Clothes Make the Fan: Fashion and Online Fandom when Buffy the Vampire Slayer Goes to eBay
Authors: Stenger Josh
Published: January 2007

The public's reception of eBay's auction of Buffy the Vampire Slayer wardrobe items marked an instructive collision of online fandom, television production/consumption and e-commerce. As opportunities for critique and fantasy production, the clothes crystallized tensions within the series and among fans: between ownership and authorship; a viable feminist politics and the sexualization of cast and characters; the perceived egalitarianism of online communities and eBay's explicit competitiveness.
Predicting Diagnosed Depression and Anti-depressant Treatment in Institutionalized Older Adults by Symptom Profiles: A Closer Look at Anhedonia and Dysphoria
Authors: Stones Michael J. , Clyburn Leah D. , Gibson Margaret C. , Woodbury M. Gail
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of diagnosis and treatment of depression with anhedonic and dysphoric symptom presentation, using the Minimum Data Set 2.0. Participants were from two sectors of long-term care: 70 nursing home residents and 92 residents in a Veterans' Care Service. The samples differed in their sex distribution and in cognition. A series of logistic regressions that controlled for demographics, type of facility, and cognition showed that dysphoric symptoms predicted diagnosed depression, whereas anhedonic symptoms predicted anti-depressant medication use without a concomitant diagnosis. The findings are consistent with a hypothesis that, in long-term care settings, anhedonic symptoms contribute less to a diagnosis of depression than do dysphoric symptoms. However, findings that anhedonic symptoms relate to treatment have implications for care-planning protocols.
Confidence in Argument
Authors: Adler Jonathan E.
Published: January 2007

When someone presents an argument on a charged topic and it is (credibly) alleged that the arguer has a strong personal interest and investment in the conclusion, the allegation, directed to the reception or evaluation of the argument, typically gives rise to two seemingly conflicting reactions:

I. The allegation is an unwarranted diversion (a species ofargumentum ad hominemorgenetie fallacy).The prejudices or biases of the arguer are irrelevant to thecogencyof the argument. ('Cogency’ is used broadly to refer both to correct support relations, validity, in the case of deductive arguments, and to the soundness, warrant, and relevance of the premises.) In particular, it is a distraction from the crucial judgment of whether the argument is cogent to press the question of whether the arguer truly holds his conclusion on the grounds that he offers, or whether he believes it on some illicit or suspect basis (prejudice, ideology, self-interest, wishful thinking, bias).
Theory, Observation, and the Role of Scientific Understanding in the Aesthetic Appreciation of Nature
Authors: Parsons Glenn
Published: January 2007

Much recent discussion in the aesthetics of nature has focused on Scientific cognitivism, the view that in order to engage in a deep and appropriate aesthetic appreciation of nature, one must possess certain kinds of scientific knowledge. The most pressing difficulty faced by this view is an apparent tension between the very notion of aesthetic appreciation and the nature of scientific knowledge. In this essay, I describe this difficulty, trace some of its roots and argue that attempts to dismiss it fail. I then develop a response to the problem, drawing on the notion of the theory-ladenness of observation. I conclude by considering the relationship between this response and one common approach to the problem, the appeal to expressive qualities in nature.
The History of Public and Private Social Policy in the United States
Authors: Béland Daniel
Published: January 2007

In recent years, an increasing number of scholars have written about the evolving relationship between public and private social benefits in the United States. Following political scientist Jacob S. Hacker, historian Jennifer Klein traces the development of private health and pension benefits since the Progressive Era, with a specific focus on the years 1910--60. More recent episodes, such as the enactment of ERISA (Employee Retirement Income Security Act) and the debate over Clinton's health security proposal, are briefly discussed in the concluding chapter. Despite similarities with Hacker's book, For All These Rights offers a distinct perspective on the public--private dichotomy in US social policy. This review essay formulates a critical overview of this excellent book before sketching a research agenda for the comparative analysis of the public--private dichotomy in social policy. As much as Hacker's book, For All These Rights is an excellent starting point for this type of comparative research.
R�sum�: Au cours des derni�res ann�es, un nombre croissant de chercheurs ont �crit sur les liens de plus en plus serr�s qui existent entr� les avantages sociaux publics et priv�s aux Etats-Unis. Suivant les traces du politicologue Jacob S. Hacker, l'historienne Jennifer Klein dresse un tableau de l'�volution des prestations de maladie et de retraite depuis de d�but de � l'�re progressive �, avec une attention toute particuli�re pour les ann�es de 1910 �1960. Des exemples plus r�cents, comme la promulgation du programme ERISA (Employee Retirement Income Security Act) et le d�bat suscit� par la proposition de Services de sant� avanc�e par Clinton, sont analys�s bri�vement dans le dernier chapitre. Malgr� ses similarit�s avec l'ouvrage de Hacker, For All These Rights, de Jennifer Klein, offre une vision particuli�re de la dichotomie des services publics et priv�s dans les politiques sociales am�ricaines. Le pr�sent compte-rendu propose une analyse critique de cet excellent ouvrage avant d'esquisser un programme de recherche visant � r�aliser une �tude compar�e de cette dichotomie. Au m�me titre que l'ouvrage de Hacker, For All These Rights est un excellent point de d�part pour une �tude compar�e de ce type.