bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Territorial Behavior in Public Settings
Authors: Costa Marco
Published: April 2011

This study provides a novel observational method to observe repetitive seating patterns chosen by students in a classroom. Although prior work that relied on self-reports suggests that students claim the same seats repeatedly, the main hypothesis of the study was that in a repeated use of a public space, people tend to occupy the same position, thus establishing a form of territoriality. Student seating locations were observed in two university lecture halls, 6 times during a span of 4 weeks. Observations were carried out on a sample of 47 and 31 students for Lecture Halls A and B, respectively. Two parameters were computed: mean displacement and mean territory dimension. The results showed very low mean displacements in both halls and the establishment of very small territories inside the halls. The results are explained in terms of conflict and anxiety avoidance, and the interaction between spatial preference and goal fulfillment driven by motivational and personality factors.
Transnational terrorism, US military aid, and the incentive to misrepresent
Authors: Bapat Navin A
Published: April 2011

This study proposes a strategic explanation for the USA’s continued provision of military aid to host states with problems of terrorism, despite its poor empirical record. Using a game theoretic model, I demonstrate that US military aid creates a moral hazard problem. If host states are provided with the tools to pacify their territory only if terrorist campaigns are ongoing, but will lose this aid once the problem of terrorism ceases, host states have little incentive to accelerate the demise of terrorist groups. However, the model demonstrates that while military aid does not accomplish the US goal of disarming terrorists, military aid is effective at preventing host states from negotiating with terrorist organizations. The provision of military aid provides a disincentive for host states to reach a negotiated settlement with terrorist groups, and therefore prevents terrorist organizations from altering the status quo that is favorable to the USA. This suggests that while military aid may not be effective at actually disarming terrorist groups, it can be effective at keeping terrorist groups out of power. These hypotheses are tested using the Jones & Libicki (2008) data on terrorism from 1997 to 2006. The empirical results support the conclusions of the theoretical model.
Legislative response to international terrorism
Authors: Epifanio Mariaelisa
Published: April 2011

This article presents a new dataset dubbed LeRIT which identifies the legislative response to international terrorism in 20 liberal Western democracies, 2001–08. The dataset distinguishes 30 regulations governments may implement with the intention of reducing the risk of terrorist attacks. LeRIT covers legislation dealing with, inter alia, the rights of the executive to intercept, collect and store communications for anti-terrorist purposes, changes in pre-charge detention for terror suspects and modifications of immigration regimes. I aggregate these distinct regulations into three composite indices, distinguishing according to the main target of regulations, citizens, suspects, and immigrants. This dataset contributes to the analysis of the consequences of international terrorism and provides a detailed account of the patterns in the legislative response to international terrorism from 2000 to 2008. I show that while all liberal Western democracies reinforced their counter-terrorist legislation, the scope of countries' regulatory response to terrorism differed largely. Some countries (i.e. the UK and the USA) implemented the full battery of regulatory responses while others (i.e. Scandinavian countries but also Canada and Switzerland) remained reluctant to cut deeply into the net of civil rights for citizens, suspects and immigrants alike. To further demonstrate the potential usefulness of the dataset, the article includes an example of analysis on the legislative response to international terrorism. The reported baseline model suggests that a combination of risk assessment and political factors influence governments' willingness to cut deep into the net of civil rights.
Measuring Community Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Problem Behaviors
Authors: Maguire Edward R. , Wells William , Katz Charles M.
Published: April 2011

Most published research on community risk and protective factors for adolescent problem behaviors has been carried out in developed nations. This article examines community risk and protective factors in a sample of more than 2,500 adolescents in Trinidad and Tobago, a developing Caribbean nation. The authors examine the construct and concurrent validity of five community risk factors and two community protective factors. The findings of this study suggest that existing measures of risk and protective factors have weak construct validity when applied to a sample of youth from Trinidad and Tobago. The revised model specifications this study developed fit the data better than the original models developed in the United States. However, the concurrent validity of both sets of measures is weak. Our findings suggest the need for caution when transplanting measures of risk and protective factors from developed to developing nations.
The Effects of a Fluency Training Package on Paraprofessionals’ Presentation of a Reading Intervention
Authors: O’Keeffe Breda V. , Slocum Timothy A. , Magnusson Renee
Published: April 2011

Paraprofessionals are widely employed in response to intervention (RTI) settings to provide instruction to students at-risk for reading disabilities. However, little research has addressed effective and efficient ways to train these paraprofessionals to deliver instruction with high fidelity. In addition, given the limited time and finances available in most districts, training needs to be as efficient as possible. This study assessed the effects of a 5-hour fluency training package on the presentation rates, praise rates, and error correction accuracy of five paraprofessionals providing supplemental reading instruction within an RTI system using a multiple baseline design across participants. Students’ reading accuracy and percentage of intervals with on-task behavior were evaluated. Paraprofessionals generally increased their presentation rates, praise rates, and error correction accuracy. Students’ behaviors were affected less.
Frank Tannenbaum: The Making of a Convict Criminologist
Authors: Yeager Matthew G.
Published: April 2011

Frank Tannenbaum (1893-1969) is best known in criminology for his depiction of the dramatization of evil, an early precursor of labeling theory which caught on in the 1960s. Less well known is the fact that Tannenbaum was a convict criminologist. In 1914, he served a year on Blackwell’s Island (New York City) for labor disturbances involving a group of 200 unemployed and hungry men on the lower west side of Manhattan. At that time, Tannenbaum, who was only 21, was a fledgling member of the International Workers of the World (IWW). In 1922, Tannenbaum published Wall Shadows (Tannenbaum, 1922b) on his experiences with the American penal system. He served as the official reporter to the Wickersham Commission’s study on Penal Institutions, Probation and Parole (Volume 9) in 1931. Two years later, he published a biography on prison reformer Thomas Mott Osborne, a former warden of Sing Sing prison. This article discusses the career of Frank Tannenbaum as an early American convict criminologist, focusing on his personal papers in the custody of the Butler Library at Columbia University.
Characterizing Structural Changes in Point-Bonded Nonwoven Fabrics During Load-Deformation Experiments
Authors: Kim H. S. , Deshpande A. , Pourdeyhimi B. , Abhiraman A. S. , Desai P.
Published: April 2011

Current efforts to establish links between processing conditions and the structure and properties of nonwoven fabrics in general, and for point-bonded (spot-bonded) nonwovens in particular, would be served significantly by in situ experimental visualization and measurement of the structural changes that occur during controlled deformation experiments. The features of a simultaneous “tensile testing/image acquisition” instrument that can serve this critical need are described in this report. The instrument is effective in providing quantitative measures of the orientation distribution function (ODF) of the fibers, the bond spot strain, the unit bond repeat pattern strain, and the shear deformation of this unit cell as a function of applied macroscopic deformation. It is also useful in determining the failure mode as a function of the method of applying deformation to the nonwoven fabric. These features are exemplified through analysis of a point-bonded carded nonwoven, which is anisotropic in its fiber orientation distribution and in the geometry and distribution of its patterned thermal bond spots.
Tribology of Sized Glass Fibers Part II: Using an Electronic Microbalance Technique to Study Stick-Slip Behavior
Authors: Behary N. , Caze C. , Perwuelz A. , El Achari A.
Published: April 2011

This part of the series presents an analysis of stick-slip motion during sliding of two crossed, sized, glass fibers on the basis of experiments with an electronic microbalance as described in Part I. The vertical movement of a fixed horizontal fiber generates a discontinuous or stick-slip motion of the vertical fiber linked to the microbalance. A large number of friction measurements are stored and then interpreted by a computer program. While Part I showed that friction force values are correlated to those measured by lateral force microscopy, this paper seeks a better understanding of stick-slip: static friction forces, as well as their amplitude and frequency, and the effects produced by changes in the sliding velocity and applied load. Results show that static friction coefficient values do not vary considerably with increasing speeds, but these values increase drastically when the load is decreased. Whatever the conditions, the amplitude of the stick phases is related to cohesive forces between filaments, which can be evaluated by “pull-off” experiments, and each stick amplitude is proportional to its duration such that the slope of the stick is always constant. This stick slope depends on the nature of the sizing, the applied load, and the sliding velocity. Variation of work done during decohesion with the sliding speed is attributed to viscoelastic effects.
Design of a New Streaming Potential Measurement Flow Cell for Polymer Films
Authors: Muraoka Yoichiro , Igarashi Chiaki , Shimizu Shunsuke , Nishizawa Kazuo
Published: April 2011

We have designed a flat plate flow cell to measure the streaming potential of the obverse and reverse sides of polymer surfaces separately to obtain information about the ζ-potential. Experiments involve an 0.3-mm flow passage height, and the flow is verified to be laminar due to the Reynolds number in the cell flow passage. At the maximum flow rate, Q0 is 500 ml/min, and the inner diameter of the Teflon® inlet tube is chosen to be 10 mm to make the dynamic pressure in the inlet tube negligibly small compared to the total pressure loss. Because of this, a spanwise uniform flow can be achieved downstream from the flow passage. The sample width is fixed at 20 mm and the pressure gradient measurement length is 250 mm, which is long enough compared to the entrance length to obtain a fully developed flow. The ζ-potential values of nylon 66 film from this flow cell are reproducible and are comparable to values from an ordinary block cell used for various purposes obtained with the same film and nylon 66 fabric in the pH range 4-8.
Neural-Fuzzy Classification for Fabric Defects
Authors: Huang Chang-Chiun , Chen I-Chun
Published: April 2011

Image classification by a neural-fuzzy system is presented for normal fabrics and eight kinds of fabric defects. This system combines the fuzzification technique with fuzzy logic and a back-propagation learning algorithm with neural networks. Four input features—the ratio of projection lengths in the horizontal and vertical directions, the gray-level mean and standard deviation of the image, and the large number emphasis (LNE) based on the neighboring gray level dependence matrix for the defect area—are selected and their usefulness is justified. The neural network is also implemented and compared with the neural-fuzzy system. The results demonstrate that the neural-fuzzy system is superior to the neural network in classification ability.
Nonformaldehyde Crease-Resistant Finishing of Ramie with Glyoxal in the Presence of a Swelling Agent
Authors: Oh Kyung Wha , Jung Eun Ju , Choi Hyung-Min
Published: April 2011

The feasibility of glyoxal treatment for ramie fabric in the presence of a swelling agent is studied. Adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) 600 or a higher molecular weight PEG to the glyoxal finishing bath provides an optimum balance between the wrinkle recovery angle and strength retention by maximizing ramie swelling during the crosslinking reaction. Adding PEG also increases the water of imbibition, moisture regain, whiteness index, and color strength of treated ramie fabrics. The durability of glyoxal finished fabric in the presence of PEG is also acceptable during multiple launderings. Therefore, glyoxal treatment with PEG can be used for crease-resistant finishing of ramie and ramie-blended fabrics to obtain superior performance properties.
Effects of Feed Sliver Moisture Content on Rotor Spinning Performance and Rotor Spun Yarn Properties
Authors: Bşal Güldemet , Rust Jon P.
Published: April 2011

The aim of this study is to determine if high feed sliver moisture content will improve spinnability in rotor spinning without deteriorating yarn properties. Yarns are produced at a high rotor speed and low twist level. Two different count rotor spun yarns (18's and 24's) are spun from 100% cotton sliver at two different feed sliver moisture contents and two different opening roller speeds. Results indicate that high moisture content reduces the number of ends down, but increases yarn unevenness and the frequency of thin places, thick places, and neps. In addition, yarn elongation and work-to-break results are worse at high moisture content during spinning. In the case of fine yarn, a high opening roller speed tends to improve spinnability by reducing the number of ends down. Yarn evenness and thin and thick place results are also better. Overall, the results suggest that feed slivers with high moisture content can provide better spinning performance in rotor spinning. In other words, high moisture content can increase the production rate of open-end rotors, thus reducing the production cost of rotor spun yarns. However, a high moisture content also tends to deteriorate yarn evenness, increase the frequency of imperfections, and decrease yarn elongation.
Static Dissipation Mechanism in Carpets Containing Conductive Fibers
Authors: Maclaga Brian , Fisher W. Keith
Published: April 2011

The mechanism of static charge dissipation in carpets containing electrically conductive fibers is investigated. Incorporating conductive fibers in a carpet, even as isolated conductors, results in greatly reduced static charge accumulation on people as they walk across the carpet. Results of this work show that static charge dissipation depends on free ion formation around the tips of conductive fibers by corona discharge. We propose that the amount of charge accumulated by a person walking on a carpet is an equilibrium between the rate of charge formation and rate of charge neutralization through recombination with free ions of opposite sign produced by corona discharge around conductive fibers. We describe a method of measuring the corona current emanating from carpet tufts containing conductive fibers as a function of voltage. The amount of charge built up on a person walking on a carpet is inversely related to the corona current.
Effects of Silicone Treatments on the Dimensional Properties of Wool Fabric
Authors: Kang Tae Jin , Kim Min Sun
Published: April 2011

This study evaluates the effects of silicone softeners on the dimensional properties of wool fabric. Samples are treated with a simple pad-dry-cure process in an aqueous bath with aminofunctional and epoxyfunctional silicone softeners. The results indicate that dimensional stability and performance properties improve. The maximum effect is obtained with a 1:1 proportion of aminofunctional and epoxyfunctional silicone softeners, probably due to the synergistic effect of both softeners by the catalyzing reaction of the amine group. A hydrophilic epoxyfunctional silicone softener seems to increase fiber swelling and prevents the reduction of hygral expansion. As for the other properties, there are no significant variations when different kinds of epoxyfunctional silicone softeners are used. The most significant effect of the softeners is the surface coating, which reduces interfiber or interyarn friction.
Modeling the Mono- and Bicomponent Fiber Meltblown Process with Surface Response Methodology
Authors: Zhang Dong , Sun Christine , Wadsworth Larry C.
Published: April 2011

Mono- and bicomponent (bico) meltblown webs are produced on a 24-inch wide Reicofil® side-by-side bicomponent meltblown system using polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), poly[ethylene terephthalate] (PET), poly[butylene terephthalate] (PBT), polyamide (PA), and their bicomponent (bico) combinations, such as PP/PE, PP/PET, PE/PET, PP/PA, PBT/PE, and PBT/PP. Extensive tests reveal the character of the webs, including their fiber diameter, bulk density, web uniformity, filtration efficiency, air permeability, hydrostatic head, bursting strength, flexural rigidity, and tensile strength. In addition, DSC and SEM are used to examine bico distribution across the die and fiber structure in the webs. Fiber diameters in the range of 1.64-2.85 μm and high uniformity are achieved for both mono and bico meltblown webs at polymer throughputs of 0.55-1.1 g/hole/min (20-40 kg/hr). Since meltblowing is a highly complex and multivariable process where knowledge of the mechanistic model is lacking, and because the new bico capability makes the process much more complicated, surface response methodology (SRM) is suggested for further study of the process. Preliminary work shows that SRM is an efficient and effective method for meltblown process optimization and product development.
Changes in the Covalently Bound Surface Lipid Layer of Damaged Wool Fibers and Their Effects on Surface Properties
Authors: Ito Hiraku , Yaida Osamu , Miyamoto Takeaki
Published: April 2011

The surface of wool fibers consists of cuticular cells, the surface of which is hydrophobic in nature due to the existence of a lipid layer on the epicuticle. This layer is known to consist of covalently bound fatty acids such as 18-methyl eicosanoic acid. Wool fibers are damaged by physical and chemical treatments during processing. In this study, we investigate changes in the covalently bound surface lipid layer by chemical (chlorination) and physical (corona discharge) treatments, and try to evaluate the covalently bound surface lipid contents of damaged fibers. We also evaluate surface characteristics such as contact angle and hand values by the KES-FB method, and we discuss these results in terms of the covalently bound surface lipid contents.
Durable Antimicrobial Finishing of Nylon Fabrics with Acid Dyes and a Quaternary Ammonium Salt
Authors: Kim Young Hee , Sun Gang
Published: April 2011

A new finishing method of preparing durable antimicrobial nylon fabrics, developed recently, uses acid dyes as bridges to link antimicrobial agents such as quaternary ammonium salts to synthetic fabrics. The durability of antimicrobial functions is determined by the ionic interactions of the dyes with a quaternary ammonium salt, and by the add-on amount of the salt on the fabrics. Add-on amounts of the quaternary ammonium salt on fabrics are controlled by varying the concentrations of finishing baths. Curing time and curing temperature impact the durable antimicrobial functions of the finished fabric. When nylon fabric is treated with a solution containing 4% quaternary ammonium salt and then cured at 150°C for 10 minutes, it maintains durable antimicrobial properties even after ten Launder-Ometer washings. The antimicrobial properties of the finished fabrics are also durable in conventional laundering. Furthermore, the finished fabrics possess good color fastness after ten Launder-Ometer washes.
Electrospinning and Properties of Some Nanofibers
Authors: Buer A. , Ugbolue S. C. , Warner S. B.
Published: April 2011

Electrospinning is a unique process that is capable of producing fibers with diameters ranging over several orders of magnitude, from the micrometer range typical of conventional fibers down to the nanometer range. Electrospun fibers possess unusually large surface-to-volume ratios and are expected to display morphologies and material properties different from their conventional counterparts. In this paper, details of recent designs and construction of equipment for controllable and reproducible electrospinning or electrostatic spinning are presented. An understanding of the electrospinning process is linked to processing conditions and polymer fluid characteristics, as well as the structure and properties of the final electrospun nanofibers.
Determining Yarn Tension in Ring Spinning
Authors: Skenderi Zenun , Orešković Vladimir , Perić Petar , Kalinovčić Hrvoje
Published: April 2011

A procedure is established to determine yarn tension for various regions of a yarn path by measuring two yarn force components at the yarn guide as well as by using well known theoretical and empirical equations. Two components of ring rail acceleration are measured in the direction of the measured force to eliminate the influence of various disturbances on the measurement of force at the yarn guide. Yarn tension is analyzed without the influence of air drag force or gravitational and Coriolis acceleration. To track the influence of spinning position, winding diameter, feeding yarn angle, and balloon angle at the yarn guide on yarn tension, a slowly variable force component is analyzed. The slowly varying component of the measured force is determined by numerical filtering with a computer. The angle of the yarn balloon at the yarn guide is determined by recording the balloon with an SVHS camera, whereas the feeding yarn angle at the yarn guide is determined mathematically from the kinematics of ring rail and yarn guide movement.
Method of Producing a Polyester/Viscose Core-Spun Yarn Containing Spandex Using a Modified Ring Spinning Frame
Authors: Babaarslan Osman
Published: April 2011

Core yarns are known as multi-component yarns in which one component, the core material, stays nearly at the center of the yarn while the others cover it. Stretch knitted or woven fabrics can be made from core yarns in which the core is an elastomeric filament such as Dorlastan®, Lycra®, Glospan®, etc., and the covering is made from staple fibers. Elastomeric core-spun yarns are usually made on cotton, worsted, or woolen spinning systems. In this study, we briefly describe a method of producing a polyester/viscose covered Lycra core yarn on a modified short-staple ring spinning frame. We also examine the polyester/viscose staple yarn and the polyester/viscose core-spun yarns produced on the modified system. The experiment and test results show that core positioning has a direct effect on the structure, properties, and performance of these core-spun yarns.
Enzymatic Bleaching of Cotton Fabric with Glucose Oxidase
Authors: Buschle-Diller Gisela , Yang Xiang Dong , Yamamoto Ryohei
Published: April 2011

Cotton fabric is desized with amyloglucosidase and combined with bioscouring with two different kinds of pectinase in the presence and absence of cellulase. The treatment bath, rich in glucose, is initially reused for biobleaching with glucose oxidase under neutral conditions. Finally, all three preparatory processes are combined. The whiteness, water absorbency, tensile strength, and degree of polymerization of the treated cotton goods are evaluated. The process yields products with acceptable whiteness very close to the whiteness of commercially bleached goods and excellent mechanical properties. The amount of rinse water can be drastically reduced.
Evaluating Fluorinated Acrylic Latices as Textile Water and Oil Repellent Finishes
Authors: Castelvetro Valter , Francini Giorgia , Ciardelli Gianluca , Ceccato Massimo
Published: April 2011

Three fluoropolymer latices, two of them commercially available and the third synthesized as a reference material, are applied by padding to wool, cotton, and polyester fabrics, and their performance is evaluated by means of technological standard test methods for water repellency, oil repellency, fabric hand, and mechanical properties. Surface modifications are further characterized by electron microscopy and less conventional techniques such as static and dynamic contact angle measurements, in order to assess the relevance of the surface composition and structure, at the microscopic level, for the observed properties of the fabric at the macroscopic level. The fluorinated coating does not significantly alter textile hand. Improved water and oil repellency, assessed by technological tests, generally correlate well to observed static and dynamic contact angle variations, although the latter are the result of a combination of contributions, including those deriving from composition and morphological heterogeneity of the surface exposed to wetting.
Investigating the Knot Performance of Silk, Polyamide, Polyester, and Polypropylene Sutures
Authors: Bayraktar E. Karaca , Hockenberger A. Şengönül
Published: April 2011

The knot performance of four different nonabsorbable sutures—silk, polyester, polyamide, and polypropylene—is investigated by using square knots with two and three throws. All sutures are USP 2/0 in size. An instrument that can be mounted on the Instron tensile tester measures the knot performance of the sutures. The results are given as stress-elongation graphic, knot slippage, and knot break values. The effects of the number of throws and the structure of the sutures on knot performance are studied. For the knot performance tests, the effect of the physical structure (braided or monofilament) is clearly seen. For monofilament polyamide and polypropylene sutures, the knot with two throws unties before it breaks. For silk and polyester braided sutures, which have reasonably good two-throw square knot strength, the added throw does not remarkably increase strength and at the same time places more suture material in the tissue, which increases the risk of infection. Three-throw knot results reveal that the suture material plays an important role in knot strength.
New Objective Evaluation of Fabric Smoothness Appearance
Authors: Kang Tae Jin , Cho Dae Hwan , Kim Sung Min
Published: April 2011

A new evaluation system is presented for measuring the smoothness appearance of fabric surfaces objectively and quantitatively. In this system, the contour of the fabric surface is measured with the stereo vision algorithm, and the data are then used to evaluate fabric smoothness by fractal geometry, which explicitly explains the degree of ruggedness of the fabric surface as a decimal fraction with precise grading. This study illustrates the stereo vision technique and its image processing for 3D measurements of surface contours using AATCC Test Method 124. The fractal dimensions of replicas are obtained by a fractal geometry algorithm such as reticular cell counting or cube counting. A new equation is established from a linear regression between the fractal dimensions of replicas and their grades. The experimental results show that the new grading based on 3D vision and the fractal dimension corresponds to a visual assessment of fabric smoothness with more accuracy and reliability. The new equation based on the fractal dimension should determine an objective rating of fabric smoothness that can substitute for the conventional subjective AATCC rating method for fabric smoothness and provide a quantitative reliable value to assess fabric smoothness with more accuracy and reproducibility.
Crosslinking of Cotton Cellulose with Pre-reacted DMDMDHEU-AA. Part I: Physical Properties of Treated Fabrics
Authors: Chen Jui-Chin , Chen Cheng-Chi
Published: April 2011

Cotton fabrics finished with pre-reacted dimethyldimethyloldihydroxylethyleneurea and acrylic acid (DMDMDHEU-AA) show that the wet crease recovery angle (WCRA), moisture regain (MR), and wicking height (WH) values of the treated fabrics increase with increasing pre-reaction temperature, time, hydrogen peroxide content, and AA content. The WCRA, MR, and WH values for the fabric samples finished with the pre-reacted DMDMDHEU-AA are higher than those with the DMDMDHEU for all cases, and the MR values are similar to those of the unfinished cotton fabric. For the same mole ratio of DMDMDHEU to AA, the finished fabric samples for the pre-reacted solutions have higher WCRA, MR, and WH values compared with those for unreacted solutions. Additionally, fabrics finished with the DMDMDHEU-AA pre-reacted in the presence of hydrogen peroxide/sodium sulfite, hydrogen peroxide/sodium thiosulfate, and hydrogen peroxide/thiourea in the pre-reaction solutions also have higher WCRA, MR, and WH values. Finished fabrics treated with pre-reacted DMDMDHEU-maleic acid have significantly higher dry and wet crease recovery angles than those treated with DMDMDHEU-AA.
Effects of Aqueous Exposure on the Mechanical Properties of Wool Fibers—Analysis by Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Gibson C. T. , Myhra S. , Watson G. S. , Huson M. G. , Pham D. K. , Turner P. S.
Published: April 2011

Treated and untreated wool fibers are analyzed by methodologies based on atomic force microscopy. Untreated fibers are known to have an intact native surface lipid layer, while KOH treatment has the effect of removing this layer as well as disrupting the molecular substructure. The effective bulk Young's modulus of the untreated fibers is measured in air and in situ during exposure to water. There is a nearly instantaneous drop by a factor of two from approximately 1.2 GPa. after onset of aqueous exposure. The surface stiffness of both untreated and KOH treated fibers is measured in situ during aqueous exposure for durations up to 12 X 103 seconds. A decrease by a factor of two is observed for the untreated surface, while there is a more rapid decrease by a factor of ten for the KOH treated surface. Measurements of an equivalent Young's modulus for the near-surface layers obtained by transverse compression of less than 200 nm by the tip result in values of less than 1 MPa. Because wool is an inhomogeneous and anisotropic medium, the outcomes of the two different measurements of the modulus are complementary but not comparable. Tip-to-surface adhesion is also monitored during aqueous exposure, with the KOH treated surface exhibiting the lower value by a factor of approximately ten. There are also trends showing lower adhesion with duration of exposure. Rapid ingress of water into the bulk appears to be associated with decreased bulk stiffness, but has little immediate effect on surface and near-surface properties. The decrements in surface stiffness and observed effects on adhesion from aqueous exposure are then due to a much slower radial ingress of water, which is additionally rate-limited by the native lipid layer.
Fluid Simulation of the Airflow in Interlacing Nozzles
Authors: Rwei Syang-Peng , Pai Hsin-I , Wang I-Chun
Published: April 2011

The airflow in interlacing nozzles is simulated on a computer to understand flow behavior inside the nozzle. The interlacing degree and loop frequency of the airflow are calculated with respect to different interlacing conditions while processing fine denier yarn thread. The results reveal that better interlacing is produced when the cross-sectional area of the inlet hole or the length of the yarn channel decreases or the inlet air pressure increases. A yarn channel with a round cross section outperforms other shapes. In addition, neither the divergent nor the seriously convergent exit provides any positive effect, except that a modest convergence might somewhat enhance interlacing. Finally, a slight obliqueness or tangential air inlet hole insertion favors the interlacing process. All these results are compared with the experimental observations by other researchers and good agreement is found.
Molecular Weight Dependence of Tensile Properties of Ramie and Linen Fibers
Authors: Miyake Hajime , Nagura Masanobu
Published: April 2011

This study examines the dependence of ramie and linen tensile properties on the molecular weight of cellulose as a function of moisture absorption. The influence of the crystalline region and molecular weight on tensile properties is investigated using mercerized and acid hydrolyzed cotton fibers. No influence of the crystalline region on ramie and linen tensile properties is detected, and the effects of moisture regain on the tensile strength and elongation of ramie and linen fibers decrease with decreasing molecular weight. The slope in the plot of tensile properties versus moisture regain becomes negative when the molecular weights of ramie and linen are below about 1.22 X 105 and 0.99 X 105, respectively. Changes in tensile strength and elongation with moisture absorption depend mainly on the number of molecular chain ends in the amorphous region.
Effect of Process Variables on Textured Yarn Instability
Authors: Kothari V. K. , Mukhopadhyay A. , Kaushik R. C. D.
Published: April 2011

Textured yarn instability is affected by the interactions of overfeed with texturing speed and of air pressure with texturing speed. With increased overfeed and texturing speed, yarn instability increases. Changes in instability are quite extensive when textured yarn is produced with higher overfeed coupled with higher texturing speed. With increased air pressure, yarn instability decreases at lower texturing speeds but increases at higher texturing speeds.
Model to Predict Interfacial Pressures in Multilayer Elastic Fabric Tubes
Authors: Hui C. L. , Ng S. F.
Published: April 2011

In apparel production, many compressive garments such as girdles and corsets are generally made from more than one layer of elastic fabric, the layers sewn together to improve the functionality of the garments. To increase the versatility of the design and production of pressure garments used for burn rehabilitation, it is necessary to develop a model for predicting the skin and garment interfacial pressure exerted on a fabric tube with multilayers and with the varying tensile properties of the various elastic fabrics. In this study, we attempt to formulate a theoretical model of predicting skin and garment interfacial pressure for a multilayer fabric tube with the varying tensile properties of its elastic fabrics. Our experimental results support our theoretical calculation.
Antimicrobial Activity of Wool Treated with a New Thiol Cationic Surfactant
Authors: Diz M. , Infante M. R. , Erra P. , Manresa A.
Published: April 2011

Wool can be an appropriate medium for growing and transferring microorganisms under favorable temperature and humidity conditions. These microorganisms can result in wool damage, skin irritation, or infections. A new and effective quaternary ammonium surfactant, N-dodecyl-N, N-dimethyl glycine cysteamine hydrochloride (DABM), has recently been synthesized. DABM can react with wool by means of its thiol group, either with cysteine-S-sulphonate residues (Bunte salts) of sodium bisulphite pretreated wool or with the disulfide bond of cystine wool, forming an asymmetrical disulfide bond. The antimicrobial activity of bisulphite-pretreated and untreated wool, both treated with DABM, is studied against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by means of the protective antibacterial AATCC, test method 100-1989 and SEM observation. Both wool samples show biocide activity against B. pumilus and bacteriostatic activity against S. aureus. The absence of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria attached to the wool surface fibers is observed by SEM.
Objective Evaluation of the Handle of Blankets
Authors: Niwa Masako , Inoue Mari , Kawabata Sueo
Published: April 2011

This study develops mathematical equations for an important quality of blankets, good handle, based on the compression and surface properties, thickness, weight, and thermal parameters. The handle of blankets is subjectively evaluated by thirty-nine judges. Two methods are investigated for evaluating the quality of blankets on the basis of these subjective evaluations. The first method uses Equations KN101-W and KN301-W, which were developed for evaluating the quality of men's winter suiting, to predict blanket quality. Equation KN101-W converts the fabric characteristic parameters into primary hand values ( HV), then the overall quality value (total hand value or THV) is derived from these primary hand values using Equation KN301-W. The application of these equations to blankets is based on the idea that there may be similarities between the human sensation-based concept of good handle for men's winter suiting and that for blankets. The second method involves a new equation for directly evaluating the THV of blankets from the compression, surface, construction, and thermal properties of the blankets. This second method is based on the idea that the effects of thermal properties on THV must be investigated, although the interrelation of these thermal properties and primary hand is not explained by Equation KN101-W. Some characteristic parameters that are applied to Equation KN101-W may be omitted because they are less important to the THV of blankets. This makes the equation simpler, and applying the equation to blanket design becomes easier. The evaluation equations are investigated to ascertain their ability to predict the handle of blankets.
Modeling the Evolution of Deformed Fabric Surfaces as a Nonlinear Dynamical System
Authors: Postle Jacqueline R. , Postle Ron
Published: April 2011

Fabric drape is modeled as a nonlinear dynamical system. A localized two-dimensional deformation ( e.g., folding or buckling), considered as the initial state, evolves, yarn by yarn, through the fabric, which bifurcates into complex wave configurations to form a three-dimensional fabric surface. Differential equations that arise in modeling fabric deformation such as buckling, folding, and drape can be generalized to the sine-Gordon equation. Tchebyshev nets are used to propose a generalized mathematical model for fabric deformation. The sine-Gordon equation is the compatibility condition that yields the net coordinates over the deformed fabric surface. Complex solutions of the sine-Gordon equation are constructed and plotted in three dimensions.
Thermal Stability of Conductive Polyaniline-Nylon 6 Composite Fabrics Doped by a Mixture of Protonic Acids
Authors: Oh Kyung Wha , Hong Kyung Hwa
Published: April 2011

We have studied the thermal stability of conductive polyaniline (PANI)-nylon 6 composite fabrics doped by a mixture of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and various organic aryl sulfonic acids such as benzenesulfonic acid (BSA), dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA), and ρ-toluenesulfonic acid (TSA). Conductive fabrics are prepared by immersing the nylon 6 fabrics in an aqueous hydrochloride solution of 0.5 M aniline and by initiating successive polymerization with an oxidant in various doping solutions. When the same molar ratio of HC1 in the diffusion bath and various protonic acids in the polymerization bath are mixed and serve as the dopant for polyaniline, the highest fabric conductivity is obtained with HC1/BSA, and HC1/TSA, HC1/DBSA, and HC1/HC1 in decreasing order. The conductivity of all doped PANI-nylon 6 composite fabrics decays at elevated temperatures in air. Among the various dopants, HC1/DBSA shows the best thermal stability, followed by HC1/TSA > HC1/BSA > HC1 in decreasing order.
Quantifying the Handle and Sensibility of Woven Silk Fabrics
Authors: Na Youngjoo , Kim Chunjeong
Published: April 2011

This paper attempts to identify the handle and sensibility of woven silk fabrics for neckties to determine any relationships between them and purchasing preferences. Male and female students evaluate the specimens with a semantic differential scale of handle and sensibility adjectives: twenty-one hand adjectives are grouped as four—“surface sense,” “thermal sense,” “flexibility sense,” and “dryness sense”—and twenty-five sensibility adjectives are grouped as four—“modern,” “classic,” “character,” and “natural”—through factor analysis. Fabrics with a “flat” and “warm” touch result in a classic sensibility, but those that feel “flat” and “cool” represent a modern feeling. The “rough” fabrics with “warm” touch are natural, but those with a “cool” touch show character. Fabrics evaluated as high in handle and purchasing preferences for neckties show a “soft” and “flat” touch, and display modern and classic sensibilities. These relations between handle, sensibility, and fabric type are shown in image diagrams.
Modeling and Analyzing Liquid Wetting in Fibrous Assemblies
Authors: Zhong W. , Ding X. , Tang Z. L.
Published: April 2011

A statistical model, the Ising model, is used to simulate liquid wetting of fibrous assemblies. The adhesive energy between fiber and liquid and the cohesive energy within the liquid are calculated by applying the Lifshitz theory under the assumption that the interactions between a fiber cell and a liquid cell and between two liquid cells are dominated by Van der Waals forces. The work of extrinsic force, the surface tension, is taken into account by its contribution to the energy of the system. To test the validity of the model, wicking experiments involve a set of polypropylene filament yarns with the same yarn count but different fiber finenesses. Computer simulations are also made to show the relationship between the traveling height of the liquid front in the fibrous assemblies and the time taken. Experimental and simulation results show considerable accord.
Dynamic Analysis of Yarn Unwinding from Cylindrical Packages. Part I: Parametric Studies of the Two-Region Problem
Authors: Ghosh Tushar K. , Batra Subhash K. , Murthy A. S.
Published: April 2011

In recent years, the interest in studying balloon formation during unwinding has been rekindled by recent publication of several significant papers on the dynamic analysis of moving yarns in rotational modes. The renewed interest can be partially attributed to the availability of powerful computing tools needed to solve problems of this kind. This paper is the first of a series of papers reporting results of ongoing research at NCSU. In this paper, apart from a critical evaluation of some recently published work, the physics of unwinding as proposed by earlier publications is examined through extensive parametric studies. That is, two parameters of high practical importance, balloon shape and unwinding tension, are calculated as functions of the direction of unwinding (from front-to-back and back-to-front), wind angle, residual tension in the yarn on the package, and the coefficient of yarn-package drag. In addition, limitations of a two-region analysis are addressed.
Transient Comfort Phenomena Due to Sweating
Authors: Dent Robin W.
Published: April 2011

Of the many transient phenomena mentioned in the fabric comfort literature, two involve vapor diffusion (without liquid water transfer) from the surface of a perspiring “sweat-covered” body: the “… buffering effect of hygroscopic clothing” at the onset of sweating noted by Spencer-Smith and the “after-exercise chill” discussed by Woodcock. Both Woodcock and Spencer-Smith made laboratory studies with “sweating” hot plates to try to understand the significance of these phenomena. Their fabrics did not touch the wet plate, so there was no liquid water transfer.
Bath Concentration and Add-on Control in Wet-on-Wet Padding
Authors: Yang Yiqi , Hensley Steven
Published: April 2011

One concern associated with wet-on-wet processing is the changing chemical concentration in the pad bath. After processing for several hundred yards or so, chemical add-on considerably decreases, resulting in poor performance properties of finished goods or decreased shade depth. To obtain a constant bath concentration and add-on, an appropriate initial concentration and a reconstitution stream with higher concentration than the initial concentration should be used. The validity of a mathematical model relating parameters in wet-on-wet padding is proven by experimental data from both laboratory and production scales. Using that model, changes in pad bath concentration can be quantitatively described. For given processing conditions and add-on requirements, an initial pad concentration and a different reconstitution concentration can be obtained from the model to assure a constant add-on from the beginning to the end of the wet-on-wet process.
Effect of Splitting and Finishing on Absorption/Adsorption Properties of Split Polyester Microfiber Fabrics
Authors: Park Myung-Ja , Kim Seong Hun , Kim Seong Joo , Jeong Sung Hoon , Jaung Jae-yun
Published: April 2011

Nylon/polyester (N/P) conjugate fibers are split by alkaline hydrolysis and then finished with an antimicrobial agent, and the effect of splitting and finishing on the absorption/adsorption properties of the microfibers is studied. The split microfiber fabrics vary in weight loss and pore structure depending on the various splitting conditions. The absorption behavior of microfiber fabrics is analyzed by the degree of splitting, shrinkage, fabric density, and weight loss. Optimum splitting conditions are investigated for superior absorption rate and capacity. Even and complete splitting produces fine fibers closely packed in a parallel structure, which creates capillary channels that transport water into fabric treated at 140°C with about 10% weight loss. Values of adsorption, add-on (%), and good durability to repeated laundering and dry cleaning of the agent on the finished N/P microfiber fabrics are high, in contrast to a conventional fiber fabric. This is most likely due to the high surface area and surface irregularities caused by splitting and hydrolysis. The absorption capacity of the finished fabrics decreases because some pore spaces are filled with the adsorbed agent, while the absorption rate increases due to capillary sorption. The water absorption instrument newly devised for this study is an excellent measurement system. It is possible to measure the amount of water absorption with time, and to distinguish the differences in absorbency of the split N/P microfiber knitted fabrics, which have pore structures that vary in shape and size, created by and deformed during the splitting and finishing process.
A Constitutive Model for Blended Yarn Extension with Fragmented Low-Elongation Fibers
Authors: Godfrey Thomas A. , Rossettos John N.
Published: April 2011

A simple micromechanical model is developed for the interactions in a parallel square-stacked mixed array of elastic fibers representing the microstructure of a blended yarn undergoing axial extension. The mixed array consists of a small fraction of relatively high modulus, low elongation-to-break (LE) fibers dispersed among high elongation-to-break ((HE) fibers. The LE fibers are assumed to break into fragments, and the LE fiber fragments are assumed to slip relative to neighboring fibers in regions near the fragment tips. The fiber array experiences lateral compression arising from the remote tension on the twisted yarn, and frictional forces acting at slipping fiber-to-fiber contact surfaces are assumed to obey Amontons' law. Solutions of a dimensionless boundary value problem for deformations in a unit cell of the fiber array are presented. Dimensionless parameters involving the constituent LE and HE fiber properties are identified and their influence on blended yarn tensile behavior is illustrated.