bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of In-Season, Low-Volume Sprint Interval Training With and Without Sport-Specific Actions on the Physical Characteristics of Elite Academy Rugby League Players
Authors: Dobbin Nick , Highton Jamie , Moss Samantha L. , Twist Craig
Published: January 2020

Purpose: To determine the utility of running-only and rugby-specific, in-season sprint interval interventions in professional rugby league players. Methods: Thirty-one professional academy rugby players were assigned to a rugby-specific (SITr/s, n = 16) or running-only (SITr, n = 15) sprint interval training group. Measures of speed, power, change of direction ability, prone Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (Yo-Yo IR1) performance, and heart rate recovery were taken before and after the 2-week intervention as were submaximal responses to the prone Yo-Yo IR1. Internal, external, and perceptual responses were collected during SITr/s and SITr, with well-being and neuromuscular function assessed before each session. Results: Despite contrasting (possible to most likely) internal, external, and perceptual responses to the SIT interventions, possible to most likely within-group improvements in physical characteristics, heart rate recovery, and submaximal responses to the prone Yo-Yo IR1 were observed after both interventions. Between-group analysis favored the SITr/s intervention (trivial to moderate) for changes in 10-m sprint time, countermovement jump, change of direction, and medicine ball throw as well as submaximal (280–440 m) high metabolic power, PlayerLoad™, and acceleration distance during the prone Yo-Yo IR1. Overall changes in well-being or neuromuscular function were unclear. Conclusions: Two weeks of SITr/s and SITr were effective for improving physical characteristics, heart rate recovery, and submaximal responses to the prone Yo-Yo IR1, with no clear change in well-being and neuromuscular function. Between-group analysis favored the SITr/s group, suggesting that the inclusion of sport-specific actions should be considered for in-season conditioning of rugby league players.
Fragile epitopes—Antibody’s guess is as good as yours
Authors: Janes Kevin A.
Published: January 2020

Critical research antibodies need systematic validation (Frohner
et al
. and Schüchner
et al
., in 28 January 2020 issue).
Case Commentary: the Need for Cefiderocol Is Clear, but Are the Supporting Clinical Data?
Authors: Shields Ryan K.
Published: January 2020

Cefiderocol is a newly approved siderophore cephalosporin that demonstrates expanded
in vitro
activity against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. In two challenging cases reported here, cefiderocol shows potential utility as salvage therapy against difficult-to-treat pathogens with limited or no treatment options; however, two multicenter, randomized clinical trials have yielded mixed results among cefiderocol-treated patients. Taken together, clinicians must balance a clear need for cefiderocol in clinical practice with the uncertainties that have stemmed from the available data.
Assessment of Tedizolid
In Vitro
Activity and Resistance Mechanisms against a Collection of
Enterococcus
spp. Causing Invasive Infections, Including Isolates Requiring an Optimized Dosing Strategy for Daptomycin from U.S. and European Medical Centers, 2016 to 2018
Authors: Carvalhaes Cecilia G. , Sader Helio S. , Flamm Robert K. , Streit Jennifer M. , Mendes Rodrigo E.
Published: January 2020

High-level aminoglycoside resistance was noted in 30.0% of
Enterococcus faecalis
and 25.2% of
Enterococcus faecium
isolates. Only 3.3% and 2.1% of
E. faecalis
isolates had elevated daptomycin MIC (≥2 mg/liter) and vancomycin resistance, respectively. In contrast, 37.4% to 40.3% of
E. faecium
isolates exhibited these phenotypes. Tedizolid inhibited 98.9% to 100.0% of enterococci causing serious invasive infections, including resistant subsets.
Fosamprenavir with Ritonavir Pharmacokinetics during Pregnancy
Authors: Eke Ahizechukwu C. , Wang Jiajia , Amin Khadija , Shapiro David E. , Stek Alice , Smith Elizabeth , Chakhtoura Nahida , Basar Michael , George Kathleen , Knapp Katherine M. , João Esaú C. , Rungruengthanakit Kittipong , Capparelli Edmund , Burchett Sandra , Mirochnick Mark , Best Brookie M. ,   for the P1026s Protocol Team, Bettica Linda , Calilap-Bernardo Charmane , Bardeguez Arlene , Buschur Shelley , Jackson Chivon , Paul Mary , La Russa Philip , Florez Claudia , Bryan Patricia , Stone Monica , McLaud Debra , Yarrington Christina , Clarke Diana , Deygoo Nagamah , Borkowsky William , Kamer Françoise , Spencer LaShonda , Homans James , Joao Esau C. , Braga Camille Medeiros , Losso Marcelo H. , Ivalo Silvina A. , Hakim Alejandro , Schmidt Julie , McNichols Maureen , Aziz Mariam , Deville Jaime G. , Nielsen Karin , Ank Bonnie , Knapp Katherine M. , Sublette Nina , Thorpe Edwin
Published: January 2020

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted fosamprenavir during pregnancy and postpartum. Amprenavir (the active moiety of fosamprenavir) and ritonavir intensive pharmacokinetic evaluations were performed at steady state during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and postpartum. Plasma concentrations of amprenavir and ritonavir were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. The target amprenavir area under the concentration-versus-time curve (AUC) was higher than the 10th percentile (27.
Engineering of Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase Reveals pH-Regulated Mechanism of Enhanced Long-Chain Glycosylated Sophoricoside Specificity
Authors: Han Ruizhi , Ni Jie , Zhou Jieyu , Dong Jinjun , Xu Guochao , Ni Ye
Published: January 2020

The low water solubility of sophoricoside seriously limits its applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Long-chain glycosylated sophoricosides show greatly improved water solubility. Here, the product specificity of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) for long-chain glycosylated sophoricosides was significantly affected by pH. Our results reveal the pH-regulated mechanism of the glycosylated product specificity of CGTase. This work adds to our understanding of the synthesis of long-chain glycosylated sophoricosides and provides guidance for exploring related product specificity of CGTase based on pH regulation.
Hepatic epitheloid haemangioendothelioma: a rare malignant tumour
Authors: Lund Pernille Strecker , Willemoe Gro Linno , Hansen Lasse Bremholm , Warnecke Mads
Published: January 2020

Our case concerns a 66-year-old man. After experiencing recurrent episodes of abdominal pain, an initial CT scan, ultrasound and gastroscopy was carried out. All of which showed normal findings.

As a consequence of persisting symptoms, another CT scan was performed. This scan revealed a hypodense area in the right lobe of the liver. This was interpreted as a possible haemangioma. Subsequent MRI scans indicated an intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. A final ultrasound-guided liver biopsy was performed and histology demonstrated epitheloid haemangioendothelioma, which was locally advanced and inoperable.
An umbrella review comparing computer-assisted and conventional total joint arthroplasty: quality assessment and summary of evidence
Authors: Hasan Mohamed Mosaad , Zhang Manrui , Beal Matthew , Ghomrawi Hassan M K
Published: January 2020

Background

Systematic reviews (SRs) of computer-assisted (CA) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) report conflicting evidence on its superiority over conventional surgery. Little is known about the quality of these SRs; variability in their methodological quality may be a contributing factor. We evaluated the methodological quality of all published SRs to date, summarized and examined the consistency of the evidence generated by these SRs.

Methods

We searched four databases through December 31, 2018. A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2) was applied to assess the methodological quality. Evidence from included meta-analyses on functional, radiological and patient-safety outcomes was summarized. The corrected covered area was calculated to assess the overlap between SRs in including the primary studies.

Results

Based on AMSTAR 2, confidence was critically low in 39 of the 42 included SRs and low in 3 SRs. Low rating was mainly due to failure in developing a review protocol (90.5%); providing a list of excluded studies (81%); accounting for risk of bias when discussing the results (67%); using a comprehensive search strategy (50%); and investigating publication bias (50%). Despite inconsistency between SR findings comparing functional, radiological and patient safety outcomes for CA and conventional procedures, most TKA meta-analyses favored CA TKA, whereas most THA meta-analyses showed no difference. Moderate overlap was observed among TKA SRs and high overlap among THA SRs.

Conclusions

Despite conclusions of meta-analyses favoring CA arthroplasty, decision makers adopting this technology should be aware of the low confidence in the results of the included SRs. To improve confidence in future SRs, journals should consider using a methodological assessment tool to evaluate the SRs prior to making a publication decision.
Maternal education and language development at 2 years corrected age in children born very preterm: results from a European population-based cohort study
Authors: Sentenac Mariane , Johnson Samantha , Charkaluk Marie-Laure , Sëppanen Anna-Veera , Aden Ulrika , Cuttini Marina , Maier Rolf , Mannamaa Mairi , Zeitlin Jennifer
Published: January 2020

Background

Socioeconomic factors influence language development in the general population, but the association remains poorly documented in children born very preterm (VPT). We assessed the impact of maternal education on language development in children born VPT and effect modification by perinatal risk.

Methods

Data were from the Effective Perinatal Intensive Care in Europe (EPICE) population-based cohort of children born <32 weeks’ gestational age (GA) in 2011/2012. Regions from six countries (Estonia, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden and UK) used a validated short form MacArthur Developmental Communicative Inventories Checklist to assess language at 2 years corrected age. Perinatal variables were collected from clinical records. We assessed expressive language delay (ELD), defined as (a) not combining words; and (b) expressive vocabulary <10th percentile of norms for age and sex. Perinatal risk (low, moderate and high) was determined using GA, small for GA and neonatal morbidities. We estimated adjusted risk ratios (aRR) of ELD by maternal education with inverse weighting to account for non-response bias.

Results

Of 2741 children, 24.6% were not combining words and 39.7% had a low expressive vocabulary. Low maternal education (lower secondary or less compared with a bachelor’s degree or more) increased risks of ELD: not combining words: aRR=1.52 (95% CI 1.36 to 1.69); low expressive vocabulary: aRR=1.25 (1.04 to 1.51). For children with low perinatal risk, the aRR were 1.88 (1.26 to 2.80) and 1.44 (1.06 to 1.95), respectively, compared with those with high perinatal risks: 1.36 (1.10 to 1.67) and 1.11 (0.97 to 1.27), respectively.

Conclusion

Low maternal education affects ELD for children born VPT, although the association appears attenuated among those with highest perinatal risk.
Response and outcomes after anti-CTLA4 versus anti-PD1 combined with stereotactic body radiation therapy for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: retrospective analysis of two single-institution prospective trials
Authors: Chen Dawei , Menon Hari , Verma Vivek , Guo Chunxiao , Ramapriyan Rishab , Barsoumian Hampartsoum , Younes Ahmed , Hu Yun , Wasley Mark , Cortez Maria Angelica , Welsh James
Published: January 2020

Background

This study compared response rates and outcomes of combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy (iRT) based on the type of checkpoint inhibitor (anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) vs antiprogrammed death-1 (PD1)) for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed two prospective trials of radiation combined with anti-CTLA4 or anti-PD1 for patients with mNSCLC. Patients undergoing non-salvage stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) to lung sites were selected from both trials and grouped by the immunotherapeutic compound received. Endpoints included in-field and out-of-field response rates, and overall response rate (complete or partial response) (all by response evaluation criteria in solid tumors). Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results

Median follow-up times for the 33 patients (n=17 SBRT+anti-CTLA4, n=16 SBRT+anti-PD1) were 19.6 and 19.9 months. Response rates for out-of-field lesions were similar between anti-PD1 (37%) and anti-CTLA4 (24%) (p=0.054). However, global response rates for all lesions were 24% anti-CTLA4 vs 56% anti-PD1 (p=0.194). The PFS was 76% for anti-CTLA4 vs 94% anti-PD1 at 3 months, 52% vs 87% at 6 months, 31% vs 80% at 12 months, and 23% vs 63% at 18 months (p=0.02). Respective OS values were 76% vs 87% at 6 months, 47% vs 80% at 12 months, and 39% vs 66% at 18 months (p=0.08).

Conclusions

Both anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 agents prompt a similar degree of in-field and out-of-field responses after iRT, although the global response rate and PFS were statistically higher in the anti-PD1 cohort. Further dedicated study and biological mechanistic assessment is required.

Trial registration numbers

NCT02239900andNCT02444741.
Germline mutations in the new E1’ cryptic exon of the VHL gene in patients with tumours of von Hippel-Lindau disease spectrum or with paraganglioma
Authors: Buffet Alexandre , Calsina Bruna , Flores Shahida , Giraud Sophie , Lenglet Marion , Romanet Pauline , Deflorenne Elisa , Aller Javier , Bourdeau Isabelle , Bressac-de Paillerets Brigitte , Calatayud María , Dehais Caroline , De Mones Del Pujol Erwan , Elenkova Atanaska , Herman Philippe , Kamenický Peter , Lejeune Sophie , Sadoul Jean Louis , Barlier Anne , Richard Stephane , Favier Judith , Burnichon Nelly , Gardie Betty , Dahia Patricia L , Robledo Mercedes , Gimenez-Roqueplo Anne-Paule
Published: January 2020

Backgrounds

The incidence of germline mutations in the newly discovered cryptic exon (E1’) of VHL gene in patients with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease and in patients with paraganglioma or pheochromocytoma (PPGL) is not currently known.

Methods

We studied a large international multicentre cohort of 1167 patients with a previous negative genetic testing. Germline DNA from 75 patients with a single tumour of the VHL spectrum (‘Single VHL tumour’ cohort), 70 patients with multiple tumours of the VHL spectrum (‘Multiple VHL tumours’ cohort), 76 patients with a VHL disease as described in the literature (‘VHL-like’ cohort) and 946 patients with a PPGL were screened for E1’ genetic variants.

Results

Six different genetic variants in E1' were detected in 12 patients. Two were classified as pathogenic, 3 as variants of unknown significance and 1 as benign. The rs139622356 was found in seven unrelated patients but described in only 16 patients out of the 31 390 of the Genome Aggregation Database (p<0.0001) suggesting that this variant might be either a recurrent mutation or a modifier mutation conferring a risk for the development of tumours and cancers of the VHL spectrum.

Conclusions

VHL E1’ cryptic exon mutations contribute to 1.32% (1/76) of ‘VHL-like’ cohort and to 0.11% (1/946) of PPGL cohort and should be screened in patients with clinical suspicion of VHL, and added to panels for Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) diagnostic testing of hereditary PPGL. Our data highlight the importance of studying variants identified in deep intronic sequences, which would have been missed by examining only coding sequences of genes/exomes. These variants will likely be more frequently detected and studied with the upcoming implementation of whole-genome sequencing into clinical practice.
Conflict-related sexual violence: a review
Authors: Stachow Ela
Published: January 2020

Conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) is a concerning yet prevalent feature of historical and current conflict. The term encompasses any form of sexual violence associated with conflict, including rape, sexual assault and forced marriage or prostitution. Acts of CRSV have been perpetrated by both military personnel and civilians against men, women and children. The aetiology of CRSV is complex and unique to each conflict and circumstance. It may arise as a deliberate tactic of war or as opportunistic criminal acts at times of the relative lawlessness resulting from conflict. CRSV can also be related to certain sociocultural attitudes surrounding conflict.

CRSV can result in profound medical, psychological and social sequelae for victims and management requires a holistic approach to address these. The global political response to CRSV has been gaining momentum in recent decades. Although the practical reaction to political stances has been limited at times, some consistent messages have arisen from collaborative work between the United Nations and other multinational bodies. Advances have also been made in the judicial response to CRSV.

Due to the widespread nature of the issue, there is the potential for the exposure of Defence Medical Services (DMS) personnel to CRSV. This may occur while operating in a conflict zone or when participating in humanitarian operations. DMS personnel should maintain an awareness of the prevalence of CRSV and of any current political measures in place to tackle it. When appropriate, CRSV should feature in operational medical planning and pre-deployment training to assist personnel in managing any cases they encounter.
2,4-D exposure and urinary markers of oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation: a longitudinal study
Authors: Lerro Catherine Chase , Andreotti Gabriella , Wong Jason YY , Blair Aaron , Rothman Nathaniel , Beane Freeman Laura E
Published: January 2020

Objective

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a herbicide that is commonly used commercially, agriculturally and residentially worldwide. There is concern about its potential for carcinogenicity based on studies in laboratory animals demonstrating the potential for induction of oxidative stress. We conducted a longitudinal biomarker study of 31 pesticide applicators in Kansas who heavily applied 2,4-D and 34 non-applicator controls.

Methods

We used multivariable generalised linear mixed-effect models to evaluate the association between urinary 2,4-D and natural log-transformed 8-iso prostaglandin F2α (8-isoprostane) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), adjusting for urinary creatinine, age, tobacco use and concomitant use of the herbicide picloram.

Results

Compared with non-applicator controls, urinary 2,4-D in the third quartile of exposure was associated with elevated 8-isoprostane (eβ=1.38, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.84). There was no association among the highest exposed and no exposure-response trend. 2,4-D exposure was not associated with 8-OHdG. Results were unchanged when restricted to participants who only applied 2,4-D (no picloram use).

Conclusions

We did not find evidence that increasing 2,4-D exposure was associated with 8-isoprostane or 8-OHdG. Future work should carefully evaluate potential confounders of this association, such as diet and physical activity, as well as additional biological markers of oxidative stress and damage.
Effects of dietary Korean garlic extract aged byLeuconostoc mesenteroidesKCCM35046 on growth performance, digestibility, blood profiles, gas emissions, and microbiota in weanling pigs
Authors: Cho J.H. , Liu S.D. , Kim I.H.
Published: January 2020

A total of 150 crossbred pigs [(Duroc × Yorkshire) × Landrace; body weight (BW) = 5.74 ± 1.15 kg; weaned at day 21 after birth] were assigned to one of five dietary treatments (six pens per treatment and five pigs per pen) by BW and sex (two barrows and three gilts) for a 6 wk experiment. The pen was considered the experimental unit in the statistical model. Treatments were corn–soybean meal diets supplemented with 0.0033% tiamulin as well as 0%, 0.05%, 0.10%, or 0.20% fermented garlic (FG). The average daily gain, average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio were linearly (p < 0.05) increased by FG inclusion during days 21–42 and days 0–42. Dietary supplementation of FG linearly increased (p < 0.05) the coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and gross energy as well as blood immunoglobulin G concentration during week 6. The fecal ammonia (NH3), total mercaptan emissions, and Escherichia coli counts were linearly (p < 0.05) reduced by FG in the diet. Dietary supplementation of FG increased (p < 0.05) ADFI during days 21–42 and days 0–42 and reduced (p < 0.05) fecal NH3emissions compared with pigs fed tiamulin. In conclusion, the results indicate that FG can enhance growth performance and digestibility, and reduce fecal E. coli counts as well as fecal gas emissions in weanling pigs.
Geochemical constraints on Eocene–Miocene geodynamic and magmatic evolution of the Varan-Naragh area, Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc, Iran
Authors: Zheira Ghosoun , Masoudi Fariborz , Rahimzadeh Bahman
Published: January 2020

Two different types of igneous rock formed during separate Cenozoic magmatic phases in the Varan-Naragh area in the central part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA) of Iran as a part of the Alpine-Himalayan system. The first phase comprises late Eocene – early Oligocene Naragh gabbroic rocks (Ns), and the second phase is characterized by the emplacement of both volcanic and plutonic rocks of the early Miocene. Both phases display moderate enrichment of large rare earth elements and depletion of high field strength elements coupled with negative Nb, Ti, and P anomalies, indicative of subduction-related magmatic events within an active continental margin. Initial values of 87Sr/86Sr and εNdT are 0.70684 and +0.15 and 0.70560–0.70654 and +2.55 to +3.49 for Ns and early Miocene intrusive and volcanic rocks, respectively. Comparisons of rare earth element patterns and mantle-like isotopic ratios suggest that Ns mafic and early Miocene magmatic rocks were derived from partial melting of a common subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Geochemical and isotopic ratios of Ns gabbroic rocks, in combination with the data related to other coeval and proximal mafic-intermediate intrusions (such as Nashalj), suggest enrichment of the lithospheric mantle by slab-derived fluids with a minor subducted sediment melt. The low εNdT of Ns gabbroic rocks can reflect involvement of slab-derived components. The geochemical similarity and the close spatial and temporal association of Varan intrusive and volcanic rocks suggest a common petrogenetic relationship. Geochemical, isotopic, and geochronological evidence from the region indicate three major phases of igneous activity in the Kashan magmatic segment of the central UDMA during late Eocene to Miocene, resulting in complex tectonic regime transition from compressional subduction to extensional post-collisional settings. Integrated with published studies, the new results support a model suggesting that subduction-related magmatic activity was still influencing the central UDMA in the early Miocene time and are also consistent with the notion of oblique and diachronous collision along the northeast margin of the Arabia plate.
Can oscillating neutrino states be formulated universally?
Authors: Tureanu Anca
Published: January 2020

A standing problem in neutrino physics is the consistent and universal definition of oscillating neutrino states as coherent superpositions of massive neutrino states. This problem is solved in a quantum field theoretical framework of neutrino mixing developed in analogy with the Nambu–Jona–Lasinio model for the dynamical generation of nucleon masses. The massive neutrino states are Bogoliubov quasiparticles and their vacuum is a condensate of “Cooper pairs” of massless flavour neutrinos. Their superpositions as oscillating neutrino states have intrinsic quantum coherence by construction. In this quantization framework, the standard phenomenological flavour neutrino states and oscillation probability formula are validated in the ultrarelativistic approximation.
The role of relay ramp evolution in governing sediment dispersal and petroleum prospectivity of syn-rift stratigraphic plays in the Northern North Sea
Authors: Williams Ryan M. , Underhill John R. , Jamieson Rachel J.
Published: January 2020

Interpretation of a 3D seismic survey located on the western margin of the Northern North Sea Basin demonstrates how the propagation, overlap and linkage of two north–south-striking, en echelon normal fault segments exerted a powerful influence over prospective subtle stratigraphic traps. The relay ramp that formed between the segments appears to have focused sediment dispersal, controlled reservoir distribution and aided post-depositional petroleum migration. Integration of electrical well log data, root-mean-square (RMS)-amplitude analysis and biostratigraphy with seismic interpretation demonstrates that a series of elongate, linear, sand-prone (reservoir) channel complexes characterize the depositional slopes generated by fault growth. The combination of synsedimentary rotation of bedding due to fault propagation and associated footwall uplift led to erosion and truncation of a laterally extensive, older channelized system (Lower Sequence), the downdip parts of which extend beyond the relay ramp. Its subsequent drape by transgressive shales created the subtle stratigraphic trap that now hosts the Cladhan Field, with charge occurring because the sandstones belonging to the Lower Sequence extend as far as the active kitchen in the neighbouring (hanging-wall) depocentre situated downdip and to the east. In contrast, the exploration of a younger, Upper Sequence of sandstones has proven to be disappointing due to their more restricted distribution, lack of access to charge, and occurrence of faults that offset and breach the thin end of the stratigraphic wedge. The implication is that partially breached relay ramps not only provide a preferential site for syn-rift clastic reservoirs to develop but also form important migration pathways through which oil passed from a petroleum kitchen into a trap.

Thematic collection:
This article is part of the Under-explored plays and frontier basins of the UK continental shelf collection available at:
http://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/under-explored-plays-and-frontier-basins-of-the-uk-continental-shelf
Gaze-Contingent Ocular Parallax Rendering for Virtual Reality
Authors: Konrad Robert , Angelopoulos Anastasios , Wetzstein Gordon
Published: January 2020

Immersive computer graphics systems strive to generate perceptually realistic user experiences. Current-generation virtual reality (VR) displays are successful in accurately rendering many perceptually important effects, including perspective, disparity, motion parallax, and other depth cues. In this article, we introduce ocular parallax rendering, a technology that accurately renders small amounts of gaze-contingent parallax capable of improving depth perception and realism in VR. Ocular parallax describes the small amounts of depth-dependent image shifts on the retina that are created as the eye rotates. The effect occurs because the centers of rotation and projection of the eye are not the same. We study the perceptual implications of ocular parallax rendering by designing and conducting a series of user experiments. Specifically, we estimate perceptual detection and discrimination thresholds for this effect and demonstrate that it is clearly visible in most VR applications. Additionally, we show that ocular parallax rendering provides an effective ordinal depth cue and it improves the impression of realistic depth in VR.
Detecting an Odd Hole
Authors: Chudnovsky Maria , Scott Alex , Seymour Paul , Spirkl Sophie
Published: January 2020

We give a polynomial-time algorithm to test whether a graph contains an induced cycle with length more than three and odd.
Perspective—Electrospun Nanofibrous Structures for Electrochemical Enzymatic Glucose Biosensing: A Perspective
Authors: Puttananjegowda Kavyashree , Taksi Arash , Thomas Sylvia
Published: January 2020

Biosensing has capitalized on the excellent characteristics and properties of nanostructures for detecting glucose levels in diabetic patients. In glucose sensing systems, the fabrication of a suitable matrix for immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOx) has become more interesting for the application of nanofibers in enzymatic electrochemical biosensors. These nanofiber based electrochemical biosensors are superior in manufacturability and performance due to low cost, diversity of materials, ease of miniaturization, response time, durability, and structure versatility. This perspective highlights the latest material integration of various nanofibrous composite membranes of carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, conductive nanoparticles and conductive polymers, that provide large matrix-like, porous surfaces to enhance the immobilization of enzymes, for the fabrication of glucose biosensors.
Review—Heterogeneous 3D Graphene Derivatives for Supercapacitors
Authors: Venkateshalu Sandhya , Grace Andrews Nirmala
Published: January 2020

With the increasing industrialization and growing population, there is a great demand in developing efficient energy storage devices. One such device is a supercapacitor, which has been gaining attention in the past decade with its excellent energy and power density. By varying the electrode materials of the supercapacitor, its properties could be fine tuned to a greater extent. A heterogeneous functional material such as graphene is the widely used electrode material among the carbonaceous electrode materials. Graphene, a 2D structured material often suffers from agglomeration thereby limiting its performance. Restacking of sheets into a 3D structure enables them to provide numerous properties beneficial in improving the supercapacitance. This review focuses on the synthesis and application of various heterogeneous 3D graphene derivatives such as foam, sponge, aerogel, hydrogel, fibers, tubes, spheres etc., in supercapacitors.
Decisions on Dual-Channel Supply Chains under Market Fluctuations and Dual-Risk Aversion
Authors: Liu Guangdong , Yang Tianjian , Wei Yao , Zhang Xuemei
Published: January 2020

Considering market fluctuations and risk aversion, this paper analyzes the decisions of a dual-channel supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer and compares the differences in the centralized structure, manufacturer-dominated structure, retailer-dominated structure, and Nash equilibrium structure. This paper also analyzes the impacts of market fluctuations and risk aversion on supply chain profits. The results show that the direct selling price is not influenced by market fluctuations and risk aversion under the retailer’s risk aversion, and the manufacturer-dominated structure and the retail price, direct selling price, and wholesale price in other power structures are negatively correlated with market fluctuations and risk aversion, but the order quantity in the four power structures is positively correlated with market fluctuations and risk aversion, and the profits of supply chain are impacted differently by the market fluctuations and risk aversion.
A Simplified Diagnostic Classification Scheme of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Huang Han-Wei , Wu Pei-Ying , Su Pei-Fang , Li Chung-I , Yeh Yu-Min , Lin Peng-Chan , Hsu Keng-Fu , Shen Meng-Ru , Chang Jang-Yang , Lin Chou-Ching K.
Published: January 2020

Background and Objective. The main purpose of this study was to develop a simple automatic diagnostic classification scheme for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Methods. This was a prospective cohort study that enrolled patients with colorectal or gynecologic cancer post chemotherapy for more than 1 year. The patients underwent laboratory examinations (nerve conduction studies and quantitative sensory tests), and a questionnaire about the quality of life. An unsupervised classification algorithm was used to classify the patients into groups using a small number of variables derived from the laboratory tests. A panel of five neurologists also diagnosed the types of neuropathies according to the laboratory tests. The results by the unsupervised classification algorithm and the neurologists were compared. Results. The neurologists’ diagnoses showed much higher rates of entrapment syndromes (66.1%) and radiculopathies (55.1%) than polyneuropathy (motor/sensory: 33.1%/29.7%). A multivariate analysis showed that the questionnaire was not significantly correlated with the results of quantitative sensory tests (r=0.27) or the neurologists’ diagnoses (r=0.2). All of the patients were classified into four groups by the unsupervised classification algorithm. The classification corresponded to the severity of neuropathy and correlated well with the neurologists’ diagnoses and the scales of neurological examinations. The overall correct rate of classification by the unsupervised classification algorithm was 78.8% (95% confidence interval: 73.1%-88.3%). Conclusion. The results of our unsupervised classification algorithm based on three variables of laboratory tests correlated well with the neurologists’ diagnoses.
Evaluation of Brain Tortuosity Measurement for the Automatic Multimodal Classification of Subjects with Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Barbará-Morales Eduardo , Pérez-González Jorge , Rojas-Saavedra Karla C. , Medina-Bañuelos Verónica
Published: January 2020

The 3D tortuosity determined in several brain areas is proposed as a new morphological biomarker (BM) to be considered in early detection of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is measured using the sum of angles method and it has proven to be sensitive to anatomical changes that appear in gray and white matter and temporal and parietal lobes during mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Statistical analysis showed significant differences (p<0.05) between tortuosity indices determined for healthy controls (HC) vs. MCI and HC vs. AD in most of the analyzed structures. Other clinically used BMs have also been incorporated in the analysis: beta-amyloid and tau protein CSF and plasma concentrations, as well as other image-extracted parameters. A classification strategy using random forest (RF) algorithms was implemented to discriminate between three samples of the studied populations, selected from the ADNI database. Classification rates considering only image-extracted parameters show an increase of 9.17%, when tortuosity is incorporated. An enhancement of 1.67% is obtained when BMs measured from several modalities are combined with tortuosity.
Hypoxia Induces Growth Differentiation Factor 15 to Promote the Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer via PERK‐eIF2α Signaling
Authors: Zheng Hongtu , Wu Yuchen , Guo Tianan , Liu Fangqi , Xu Ye , Cai Sanjun
Published: January 2020

Hypoxia plays an essential role in orchestrating Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and promoting metastasis of colorectal cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not well elucidated. Here, we present that hypoxic exposure causes endoplasmic reticulum stress and activates the unfolded protein response pathways, which drives GDF15 expression in colorectal cancer cells. Mechanistically, upregulated CHOP led by activated PERK‐eIF2α signaling promotes GDF15 transcription via directly binding to its promoter. Further study implicates that hypoxia‐induced GDF15 is required for the EMT and invasion of colorectal cancer cells; enforced expression of GDF15 promotes the mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids in colorectal cancer cells. Moreover, the abrogation of GDF15 results in smaller xenograft tumors in size and impaired metastasis. GDF15 is expressed much more in tumor tissues of CRC patients and displays positive correlations with CHOP and HIF1α in mRNA levels. Our study demonstrates a novel molecular mechanism underlying hypoxia‐promoted metastasis of CRC and provides PERK signaling‐regulated GDF15 as a new and promising therapeutic target for clinical treatment and drug discovery.
Robust Optimization of Planar Constrained Mechanical System with Varying Joint Clearance Size Based on Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Gao Yong , Zhang Fang , Li Yuanyuan
Published: January 2020

This paper is devoted to a general methodological study on sensitivity analysis and robust optimization for a planar crank-slider mechanism in presence of joint clearances and random parameters and investigate the effects of parameter uncertainty on optimization results when joint clearance sizes are constantly changing due to wear. The first-order sensitivity analysis based on the response surface proxy model is performed. Then, a multiobjective robust optimization algorithm based on sensitivity analysis is carried out to reduce the undesirable effects of joint clearances and random parameters. In the algorithm, a multiobjective robust optimization model derived from the mean and variance of the objective function is constructed. Here, the objective function is defined based on the consideration of reducing the contact force generated at all clearance joints. Additionally, in order to balance computational accuracy and efficiency in the multiobjective robust optimization process, high-precision Kriging agent models are established. The optimum values of design variables are determined by combining Monte Carlo sampling and multiobjective particle swarm optimization method. By combining the Baumgarte approach with Lankarani–Nikravesh contact force model and Coulomb friction model, the dynamic equations of the planar multibody system with clearance joints are established. The uniform probability distribution is applied for characterizing random parameters. Simulation results show that the influence of design variable variations on the objective function changes in relation to the joint clearance size, but their relative influence degree on the objective function will not vary with the size of joint clearances. Moreover, the optimal solution selected on the Pareto front will affect the average levels and peak fluctuations of the dynamic responses in multibody systems.
Antibacterial Therapeutic Agents Composed of Functional Biological Molecules
Authors: Li Dawei , Zhou Bing , Lv Bei
Published: January 2020

Antibacterial agents are a group of materials that selectively destroy bacteria by interfering with bacterial growth or survival. With the emergence of resistance phenomenon of bacterial pathogens to current antibiotics, new drugs are frequently entering into the market along with the existing drugs, and the alternative compounds with antibacterial functions are being explored. Due to the advantages of their inherent biochemical and biophysical properties including precise targeting ability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, long blood circulation time, and low cytotoxicity, biomolecules such as peptides, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids have huge potential for the antimicrobial application and have been extensively studied in recent years. In this review, antimicrobial therapeutic agents composed of three kinds of functional biological molecules were summarized. In addition, the research progress of antibacterial mechanism, chemical modification, and nanoparticle coupling of those biomolecules were also discussed.
Comprehensive Risk Assessment of Health-Related Hazardous Events in the Drinking Water Supply System from Source to Tap in Gaza Strip, Palestine
Authors: Abuzerr Samer , Hadi Mahdi , Zinszer Kate , Nasseri Simin , Yunesian Masud , Mahvi Amir Hossein , Nabizadeh Ramin , Hussien Mohammed Shimels
Published: January 2020

Background. The traditional approach in the management of the quality drinking water, and relying on end-product testing, has proven ineffective in protecting public health. Therefore, the transition to a systematic approach in drinking water supply systems management from the source to the consumer tap was taken as a water safety plan (WSP). Objective. The study aims to investigate the health-related hazardous events in order to decide on the best risk-reduction strategies in the supply of drinking water in the Gaza strip. Methods. A semiquantitative matrix method for risk assessment was applied. Also, chlorine residual, electrical conductivity, and nitrate concentration further tested in 109 water wells, 109 small-scale water desalination plants, 197 tanker trucks, and 384 households distributed over five governorates of the Gaza strip. Results. The mean of the measured chlorine residual values was less than the recommended national and international limits (0.2–1 mg/liter). The mean of electrical conductivity at catchment points and household municipal water taps was 2165.1 μS·cm−1 and 2000 μS·cm−1, respectively. Furthermore, zero percent of water samples met the recommended criteria, indicating that the groundwater in the Gaza strip is nonpotable. Only 12.8% and 8.8% of water samples met the permissible levels at catchment areas and municipal water at household, respectively, indicating sever health impacts on the public. Moreover, the most hazardous events were related to high levels of groundwater salinity, the low level of disinfection, the effect of electricity outages on the efficiency of the desalination process, and leakage of water from the tanker truck tank reservoirs. Therefore, urgent interventions are required to improve the quality of water and to mitigate the possible health effects. Conclusion. The prioritization of hazardous events that are proportional to the degree of their attributed risk could help guide in making the right risk-reduction decisions. Urgent interventions are required to improve the quality of water and to mitigate the possible health effects.
Progress of Catalytic Valorization of Bio-Glycerol with Urea into Glycerol Carbonate as a Monomer for Polymeric Materials
Authors: Zhang Heng , Li Hu , Wang Anping , Xu Chunbao (Charles) , Yang Song
Published: January 2020

Versatile polymers with highly adjustable characteristics and a broad range of applications are possibly developed owing to the contemporary industrial polymerization techniques. However, industrial production of large amounts of chemicals and polymers heavily depends on petroleum resources which are dwindling and unsustainable. Of particular interest is to utilize sustainable and green resources for the manufacture of polymeric materials. The efficient transformation of bio-glycerol to the relevant functional derivatives are being widely investigated owing to the increasing demand for enhancing the value of glycerol manufactured by biodiesel and oleochemical industries. With respect to glycerol-based polymer chemistry and technology, considering the economy and environmental benefits, using effective catalysts for the selective transformation of bio-glycerol and urea into glycerol carbonate (GC) as a polymer monomer is of great significance. In this review, recent studies on GC synthesis involving the catalysts such as zinc, magnesium, tungsten, ionic liquid-based catalysts, reaction conditions, and possible pathways are primarily described. Some critical issues and challenges with respect to the rational development of heterogeneous catalytic materials like well-balanced acid-base sites are also illustrated.
Idiopathic Acute Exudative Polymorphous Vitelliform Maculopathy: Insight into Imaging Features and Outcomes
Authors: Torres-Costa Sónia , Penas Susana , Carneiro Ângela , Santos-Silva Renato , Moura Rodolfo , Brandão Elisete , Falcão-Reis Fernando , Figueira Luís
Published: January 2020

The authors describe imagiological findings in idiopathic exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy. A 41-year-old woman complained of bilateral blurry vision. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 bilaterally. Bilateral small serous neurosensory detachments in the fovea were seen at fundoscopy and confirmed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Fluorescein angiography was unremarkable. Indocyanine green angiography presented discrete hyperfluorescent spots on the posterior pole. Later, more bleb-like lesions with a vitelliform appearance and hyperautofluorescent on blue fundus autofluorescence were detected. One year later, a complete resolution of the fluid was observed. To conclude, multimodal evaluation of patients with idiopathic exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy is essential for the correct diagnosis of this disease.
Early Readmissions after Esophagectomy for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma: Does Facility Case-Volume Matter?
Authors: Adu-Gyamfi Kwabena Oware , Pant Chaitanya , Deshpande Abhishek , Jassim Hassanain , Olyaee Mojtaba
Published: January 2020

Increased esophagectomy procedures over the past four decades have correlated with the rise in incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Despite advances in technology and procedural expertise, esophagectomy remains a high-risk surgical procedure. Higher volume facilities have more experience with esophagectomy and would be expected to have a lower incidence of surgical complications and attendant morbidity and mortality. By analyzing information from a nationwide United States hospital database, we sought to find out if there is a significant difference between facilities stratified by case volume, with regards to 30-day readmission after esophagectomy. The findings of this study indicated that even with a large applied differential, early readmissions did not differ significantly between high- and low-volume centers. Also, analyzed and discussed were any associated demographic and comorbidity factors as they relate to early readmissions after esophagectomy for esophageal adenocarcinoma across the country. This is the first study to specifically address these variables.
Meta-Analysis of Expression Profiling Data Indicates Need for Combinatorial Biomarkers in Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Li Xinxiu , Lee Eun Jung , Gawel Danuta R. , Lilja Sandra , Schäfer Samuel , Zhang Huan , Benson Mikael
Published: January 2020

Background. Unbiased studies using different genome-wide methods have identified a great number of candidate biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment response in pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC). However, clinical translation has been proven difficult. Here, we hypothesized that one reason could be differences between inflammatory responses in an inflamed gut and in peripheral blood cells.Methods. We performed meta-analysis of gene expression microarray data from intestinal biopsies and whole blood cells (WBC) from pediatric patients with UC and healthy controls in order to identify overlapping pathways, predicted upstream regulators, and potential biomarkers.Results. Analyses of profiling datasets from colonic biopsies showed good agreement between different studies regarding pathways and predicted upstream regulators. The most activated predicted upstream regulators included TNF, which is known to have a key pathogenic and therapeutic role in pediatric UC. Despite this, the expression levels ofTNFwere increased in neither colonic biopsies nor WBC. A potential explanation was increased expression ofTNFR2, one of the membrane-bound receptors of TNF in the inflamed colon. Further analyses showed a similar pattern of complex relations between the expression levels of the regulators and their receptors. We also found limited overlap between pathways and predicted upstream regulators in colonic biopsies and WBC. An extended search including all differentially expressed genes that overlapped between colonic biopsies and WBC only resulted in identification of three potential biomarkers involved in the regulation of intestinal inflammation. However, two had been previously proposed in adult inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), namely, MMP9 and PROK2.Conclusions. Our findings indicate that biomarker identification in pediatric UC is complicated by the involvement of multiple pathways, each of which includes many different types of genes in the blood or inflamed intestine. Therefore, further studies for identification of combinatorial biomarkers are warranted. Our study may provide candidate biomarkers for such studies.