bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sentences on Christian Bk's Eunoia: writing after language writing, Oulipo and conceptual art
Authors: Jaeger Peter
Published: July 2009

Kenneth Goldsmith's recent recasting of Sol LeWitt's 1967 article Paragraphs on Conceptual Art as Paragraphs on Conceptual Writing flags a significant tendency in contemporary poetics. For Goldsmith, as for LeWitt, the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work. Much like
the conceptual art of the 1960s, in which all planning and decisions were made beforehand and the execution was a perfunctory affair (LeWitt 1967: 5), a number of contemporary writers have attempted to eliminate the arbitrary, the capricious and the subjective from their texts. While it is
true that early conceptualists frequently used language, the turn towards a more overt conceptual poetics in the North American context has occurred in the wake of language writing; this turn means that conceptual writing draws from the insights and practices of both literary and visual art
discourse. My critical essay will consider conceptual poetics, with a special focus on the Canadian writer and performer Christian Bk, whose work offers readers a useful site for questioning the interrelationships of performance, concept and writing. Since the early 1990s Bk has produced sound
performances, visual texts, artist's bookworks, pataphysical literary theory and formally innovative poetry. My discussion will also address wider questions about the intersection of post-language school poetics and the visual arts. Many of the writers published in L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E and
related journals were keenly interested in the complex relationship among reading, reference and subjectivity, a relationship which they saw as having political as well as aesthetic consequences. To what extent does conceptual poetics continue this interest? What is the relationship between
sonic performance and page-based writing? And finally, to what extent do the visual aspects of this work dialogue with its conceptual and sonic dimensions?
Mechanisms of liver disease: cross-talk between the NF-κB and JNK pathways
Authors: Papa Salvatore , Bubici Concetta , Zazzeroni Francesca , Franzoso Guido
Published: July 2009

The liver plays a central role in the transformation and degradation of endogenous and exogenous chemicals, and in the removal of unwanted cells such as damaged, genetically mutated and virus-infected cells. Because of this function, the liver is susceptible to toxicity caused by the products generated during these natural occurrences. Hepatocyte death is the major feature of liver injury. In response to liver injury, specific intracellular processes are initiated to maintain liver integrity. Inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are key mediators of these processes and activate different cellular response such as proliferation, survival and death. TNFα induces specific signaling pathways in hepatocytes that lead to activation of either pro-survival mediators or effectors of cell death. Whereas activation of transcription factor NF-κB promotes survival, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and caspases are strategic effectors of cell death in the TNFα-mediated signaling pathway. This review summarizes recent advances in the mechanisms of TNFα-induced hepatotoxicity and suggests that NF-κB plays a protective role against JNK-induced hepatocyte death. Identification of the mechanisms regulating interplay between the NF-κB and JNK pathways is required in the search for novel targets for the treatment of liver disease, including hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Immunologic hurdles of therapeutic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Utermöhlen Olaf , Baschuk Nikola , Abdullah Zeinab , Engelmann Afra , Siebolts Udo , Wickenhauser Claudia , Stocking Carol , Krönke Martin
Published: July 2009

Detailed knowledge of the immunologic properties of embryonic stem (ES) cells is a prerequisite for safe applications of ES cell-based regenerative medicine. Recently, the long-standing assumption that ES cells are ignored by immunocompetent hosts was disproved. Instead, it is becoming increasingly clear that ES cells actively protect themselves via several immunomodulatory and immunoevasive mechanisms against cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Here we review current knowledge about the immunologic properties of ES cells and discuss the implications for ES cell-based regenerative medicine, for the immunobiology of the embryo as a semi-allogeneic graft, and for the regenerative capacity of adult stem cells.
Dissection of gene regulatory networks in embryonic stem cells by means of high-throughput sequencing
Authors: Beisel Christian , Paro Renato
Published: July 2009

Transcription factor regulation of gene expression and chromatin-controlled epigenetic memory systems are closely cooperating in establishing the pluripotent state of embryonic stem (ES) cells and maintaining cell fate decisions throughout development of an organism. A thorough understanding of the regulatory transcriptional circuitry that rules the underlying plastic yet heritable gene expression programs in ES cells is of great importance. With the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies facilitating the quantitative assessment of functional genomics assays it is now feasible to interrogate transcription networks at a genome-wide scale. Here, we discuss the application of next-generation sequencing in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying ES cell function.
Interplay between host cell and hepatitis C virus in regulating viral replication
Authors: Bode Johannes G. , Brenndörfer Erwin D. , Karthe Juliane , Häussinger Dieter
Published: July 2009

Viral life cycle as that of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) completely relies on host cell infrastructure, presupposing that the virus has evolved mechanisms to utilize and control all cellular molecules or pathways required for viral life cycle. Hence, HCV must have acquired the ability to gain access to key pathways controlling processes, such as cell growth, apoptosis and protein synthesis, which are all considered to also be crucial for liver regeneration. This occurs in a balanced way permitting persistent replication of viral genomes and production of infectious particles without endangering host cell viability and survival. In particular during the last decade, accumulating evidence indicates that HCV utilizes signaling pathways of the host with major impact on cellular growth, viability, cell cycle or cellular metabolism, such as epidermal growth factor-receptor mediated signals, the PI3K/Akt cascade or the family of Src kinases. Furthermore, HCV specifically interacts with parts of the cellular machinery involved in protein translation, processing, maturation and transport, such as components of the translation complex, the heat shock protein family, the immunophilins or the vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated proteins A and B. The present review focuses on the interplay between viral proteins and these factors of the host cell enabling the virus to utilize host cell infrastructure.
The chemokine scavenging receptor D6 limits acute toxic liver injury in vivo
Authors: Berres Marie-Luise , Trautwein Christian , Zaldivar Mirko Moreno , Schmitz Petra , Pauels Katrin , Lira Sergio A. , Tacke Frank , Wasmuth Hermann E.
Published: July 2009

The chemokine decoy receptor D6 is a promiscuous chemokine receptor lacking classical signaling functions. It negatively regulates inflammation by targeting CC chemokines to cellular internalization and degradation. Here we analyze the function of D6 in acute CCl4-induced liver damage in constitutive D6-/- and wild-type mice. The degree of liver injury was assessed by liver histology, serum transaminases, IL-6, and TNFα mRNA expression. Protein levels of D6 ligands (CCL2, CCL3, CCL5) and the non-D6-ligand CXCL9 within the livers were determined by ELISAs. The intrahepatic infiltration of immune cells was characterized by FACS. Genetic deletion of D6 led to prolonged liver damage after acute CCl4 administration. The augmented liver damage in D6-/- mice was associated with increased protein levels of intrahepatic inflammatory chemokines CCL2, CCL3, and CCL5 after 48 h, whereas CXCL9 was not different between knockout and wild-type mice. Functionally, increased intra-hepatic CC chemokine concentrations led to increased infiltration of CD45+ leukocytes, which were mainly identified as T and NK cells. In conclusion, the chemokine scavenger receptor D6 has a non-redundant role in acute toxic liver injury in vivo. These results support the importance of post-translational chemokine regulation and describe a new mechanism of immune modulation within the liver.
Hepatic and pancreatic stellate cells in focus
Authors: Kordes Claus , Sawitza Iris , Häussinger Dieter
Published: July 2009

Stellate cells are vitamin A-storing cells of liver and pancreas and have been described in all vertebrates ranging from lampreys (primitive fish) to humans, demonstrating their major importance. This cell type is thought to contribute to fibrosis, a condition characterized by an excess deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. Recently, the expression of stem/progenitor cell markers, such as CD133 (prominin-1) and Oct4, was discovered in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) of rats. Moreover, HSCs possess signaling pathways important for maintenance of stemness and cell differentiation, such as hedgehog, β-catenin-dependent Wnt, and Notch signaling, and are resistant to CD95-mediated apoptosis. In analogy to a stem cell niche, some characteristics of quiescent HSC are maintained by aid of a special microenvironment located in the space of Dissé. Finally, stellate cells display a differentiation potential as investigated in vitro and in vivo. Collectively all these properties are congruently found in stem/progenitor cells and support the concept that stellate cells are undifferentiated cells, which might play an important role in liver regeneration. The present review highlights findings related to this novel aspect of stellate cell biology.
Zwischen Wort und Zeichen. Die graphische Markierung suprasegmentaler Einheiten in der Frühen Neuzeit
Authors: Voeste Anja
Published: July 2009

Variation is an essential feature of Early New High German orthography. I attribute this phenomenon to the exhortation to pursue stylistic diversification, a striving for which rhetoricians like Erasmus expressed support. The segmentation and transformation of written words in the 16th century shows that variation led to conditions favorable for an analysis that contributed to the establishment of new—morphological and syllabic—principles for spelling words. Examples such as  (instead of ) and  (instead of ) demonstrate morphological segmentation of the written word form. Distinctive syllabic features in historically unfounded spellings like  and  call attention to a syllabic analysis. Both new spelling principles document a process of turning away from the segmental-phonographic practice that had prevailed prior to that time. These new spellings refer to a fundamental change in how the written word was perceived.
Measurement of Water Permeability of Roof Tiles and Influence of Entrapped Air
Authors: Iba Chiemi , Hokoi Shuichi
Published: July 2009

Freezing damage in roof tiles is caused by a temperature drop in conjunction with a percent of saturation inside the tile. In order to understand the freezing-thawing process, it is necessary to know the moisture transport characteristics of a roof tile. In general, Japanese roof tiles have surface finishes. In this study, the water permeability of roof tiles with and without surface finishes was measured. The measured results showed that tiles with surface finishes had water resistances a few thousand-fold higher than tiles without surface finishes. Furthermore, it appears that the air entrapped within the tile has a significant influence on moisture transport in the tile. The influence of air was examined by numerical analysis, which demonstrated that an increase in the entrapped air pressure suppressed water infiltration.
Adiabatic Compression Testing—Part I: Historical Development and Evaluation of Fluid Dynamic Processes Including Shock-Wave Considerations
Authors: Newton Barry E. , Steinberg Ted
Published: July 2009

Adiabatic compression testing of components in gaseous oxygen is a test method that is utilized worldwide and is commonly required to qualify a component for ignition tolerance under its intended service. This testing is required by many industry standards organizations and government agencies. This paper traces the background of adiabatic compression testing in the oxygen community and discusses the thermodynamic and fluid dynamic processes that occur during rapid pressure surges. This paper is the first of several papers by the authors on the subject of adiabatic compression testing and is presented as a non-comprehensive background and introduction.
Chapter 2: Distillation Measurement at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Montemayor Rey G.
Published: July 2009

THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES THE DETAILS OF DIStillation measurement test methods for petroleum products performed at atmospheric pressure. The test methods covered are ASTM D86-04b “Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure” [1], D850-03 “Standard Test Method for Distillation of Industrial Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Materials” [2], and D1078 “Standard Test Method for Distillation Range of Volatile Organic Liquids” [2]. The salient features of these test methods are discussed in detail to provide information that is essential to a fuller understanding of the test procedure and to allow the practitioners of this measurement to perform the test in a manner assuring conformance to the method. Examples are given for calculations required to illustrate how reported distillation results are obtained, and explanations are provided for details of the test method that may not be obvious to users of the method. A brief discussion of D402-02 “Standard Test Method for Distillation of Cut-Back Asphaltic (Bituminous) Products” [3] will be given at the end of the chapter to complete the discussion on distillation measurements for petroleum products.
Chapter 6: An Overview of On-Line Measurement for Distillation and Vapor Pressure
Authors: Lau Alex T. C. , Collier Michael A.
Published: July 2009

AS WE HAVE SEEN IN PREVIOUS CHAPTERS, THE measurement of distillation and vapor pressure characteristics are vital pieces of information for the classification and volatility property certification of petroleum products. While these measurements are typically conducted under standard laboratory conditions and practices, there also exists a need for measurement of these same parameters under the dynamic conditions encountered during the actual production process of these fuels and other products. This chapter provides a high level, non-technical overview to introduce readers to the subject matter. Measurements under these types of dynamic conditions are generally accomplished through the application of on-line analytical instrumentation systems. These systems are designed to tap, either directly or indirectly, into the process streams contained within a refineries production facility. These systems are generally capable of making continuous or periodic measurements of the distillation or vapor pressure characteristic during the actual dynamic production of the product. This provides for near continuous feedback of information about the volatility characteristics of a product directly to the process plant operators, such that the necessary adjustments to key process parameters can be made in order to have the final product meet the desired (or targeted) volatility properties. In modern day refineries, this process control function is typically carried out through automated control systems based on complex mathematical models of the manufacturing process, with the plant operators acting primarily in a supervisory role and to deal with unexpected disturbances. Last but not least, the on-line measurement system produced results can be used in providing continuous quality control and statistical analysis of the volatility properties of the monitored product stream. The design of these on-line measurement systems is non-trivial. For most applications, the design considerations begin with the process control requirement and objective. Since these systems are intended to operate continuously, unsupervised, and within the production facility, system hardware design must meet specific safety requirements and standards developed through ASTM, ISA, and other industry consortiums.
Chapter 7: Distillation and Vapor Pressure Data of Crude Oil
Authors: Montemayor Rey G.
Published: July 2009

CRUDE OIL IS A HIGHLY COMPLEX MIXTURE OF MOlecular species made up of hydrogen and carbon (commonly referred to as hydrocarbons), heterocyclic molecular species (hydrocarbons with cyclic structures containing other chemical species such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur or a combination thereof), organometallic compounds (hydrocarbons containing metal chemical species), inorganic sediments, and water. Crude oil can vary greatly in composition, and can exhibit highly variable physical and chemical characteristics. This is due to the fact that crude oils are not pure materials, but usually contain colloidally suspended components, dispersed solids, and emulsified water. No two crude oils will be chemically or physically identical. The composition of crude oil can vary from highly flammable light ends to highly viscous and heavy tar-like materials. The chemical composition of crude oil varies from field to field, between regions, and even within the same geologic formation. The physical and chemical analyses of crude oil to determine its quality and processability is known as a crude oil assay. The results of a crude oil assay testing can provide extensive detailed data useful for refiners, oil traders, and producers. Assay data can help refineries determine if a crude oil is compatible for a particular petroleum refiner, or if the crude oil can cause yield, quality, production, environmental, and other problems. To determine the desired information, two different analytical schemes are commonly used, namely an inspection assay and a comprehensive assay. Inspection assays generally involve a few limited properties such as API gravity or density, sulfur content, sediment, and water. Occasionally pour point is determined to determine the fluidity of the crude oil. There is very limited agreement on what constitutes an inspection assay. Different oil companies generally do additional tests that will provide information that can be used in the processing of a given crude oil. Comprehensive assays involve more tests than what are performed on an inspection assay. The overriding issue in doing a comprehensive assay on a given crude oil is economics. Comprehensive assays of crude oil are done to determine: (a) the slate of products that can be produced with a given refinery's process technology, (b) processing difficulties that may arise as a result of the inherent composition and impurities of the crude oil, and (c) downstream processing and upgrading activities to optimize yields of high-value products. Since this manual is concerned mainly with distillation and vapor pressure measurements of crude oil, the focus of this chapter is on the distillation and vapor pressure data. There are a number of other tests which are performed during an inspection assay or a comprehensive assays. These are discussed in detail elsewhere [1].
Chapter 9: Distillation and Vapor Pressure Data of Diesel Fuels
Authors: Montemayor Rey G.
Published: July 2009

THE DIESEL ENGINE IS A TYPE OF INTERNAL COMbustion engine. More specifically, it is a compression ignition engine in which the fuel is ignited by exposure to the high temperature and pressure of a compressed gas instead of a separate source of ignition such as a spark plug, as is the case of gasoline engines. The diesel cycle was invented in 1892 by Rudolf Diesel, and he received a patent for the diesel engine in 1893. Diesel experimented and built working models of his engine, the first model running under its own power with a 26% efficiency. By 1897, he ran the “first diesel engine suitable for practical use,” which operated at a 75% efficiency. In 1898, he demonstrated his engine at the Exhibition Fair in Paris, fueled by peanut oil, a renewable biomass fuel, which was his original intent. The early diesel engines were not small or light enough for anything but stationary use due to the size of the fuel injection pump. Diesel engines were produced primarily for industry and shipping in the early 1900s. Ships and submarines benefited greatly from the efficiency of the new diesel engine which began gaining popularity. The 1920s brought a new injection pump design that allowed the introduction of fuel as it entered the engine without the need of pressurized air and its accompanying tank. The engine was now manageable in size and small enough to be used in vehicles. During the mid-1920s, trucks using diesel engines became available. In 1936, Mercedez Benz built the first automobile with a diesel engine. The development and the use of diesel engines in North America were largely due to the efforts of Clessie L. Cummins who, after he purchased the rights to the diesel engine in 1919, had worked with diesel engine problems prevailing at the time. Over the years, Cummins, founder of the Cummins Corporation, has continued to improve the efficiency of the diesel engine, providing technological innovations that set a high standard for the industry, exceeding the requirements of the Clean Air Act of 1970.
Chapter 11: Distillation and Vapor Pressure Data of Solvents
Authors: Montemayor Rey G. , Young John W.
Published: July 2009

THE TERM “SOLVENT” REFERS TO A SUBSTANCE, usually a liquid, which is able to dissolve or disperse a particular substance or ingredient. Solvents are used in numerous industrial, commercial, and consumer products. Specifications for solvents and chemical intermediates (a substance with a distinct molecular composition that is produced or consumed in a chemical process) invariably include volatility parameters such as initial and final boiling points as well as boiling point range. In this chapter, solvent volatility properties and how they relate to evaporation rate will be covered.
Distillation and Vapor Pressure Measurement in Petroleum Products
Authors: Montemayor Rey G.
Published: July 2009

Description

Twelve comprehensive chapters give you the latest practical information regarding distillation and vapor pressure measurement of petroleum products, as well as the significance of distillation and vapor pressure data in various petroleum products. The emphasis is on practical applications, rather than scientific technology.

Manual 51 is a hands-on, practical reference manual for test operators, laboratory technicians, laboratory technologist, research workers, laboratory managers, and others, who need to have a good understanding of the routine measurement test method and procedures used to determine the characteristics and properties of various petroleum products. It provides useful information for the practitioners of routine petroleum test measurements and offers insight on how these measured properties apply to and affect the performance of these products.
Sampling of Mineral Aggregates
Authors: Proudley C. E.
Published: July 2009

Significance of test results is no greater than the extent to which the sample is representative of the mineral aggregate under consideration. Samples may be required for the purpose of indicating the average characteristics of a deposit or for the control of uniformity of production. In either case, experience and sound judgment on the part of the sampler are necessary to assure fairness to both the producer and the purchaser. The point at which samples are taken and the size and frequency of samples are discussed, as well as the causes of inaccuracy in sampling, and methods which will help to overcome the most common difficulties. Sampling during production, during transportation, and after arrival at the job are considered in sequence. This includes sampling from conveyor belt, bins, chutes, freight cars, barges, and stockpiles with reference to the A.S.T.M. Tentative Methods of Sampling Stone, Slag, Gravel, Sand and Stone Block for Use as Highway Materials (D 75 - 46T). Recommendations regarding the responsibility of the sampler are given.
Lightweight Aggregates
Authors: Davis Raymond E. , Kelly J. W.
Published: July 2009

Lightweight mineral aggregates as discussed herein are those used in the manufacture of portland-cement concrete having a unit weight less than about 120 lb. per cu. ft. Air-cooled blast-furnace slag is excluded, not only because it produces concretes of unit weight greater than about 130 lb. per cu. ft. but also because it is specified and used in the same manner as ordinary crushed-stone aggregates. Certain aggregates of extremely limited use or which have only been produced experimentally are not included in the present discussion. Acknowledgment is hereby made to the many experimenters whose data, together with personal observations of the authors, form the basis for this discussion. Lack of space prevents listing all of these in the appended bibliography.
Mineral Aggregates for Bituminous Construction
Authors: Pauls J. T. , Carpenter C. A.
Published: July 2009

Aggregates for bituminous construction fall naturally into two general categories“those that are processed or “manufactured” to conform to rather stringent specifications for use in high-type construction, and those that are simply taken from pits, stream beds, or other sources and, with no special preparation or with only a nominal amount of processing, are used under much less stringent specifications for the low-cost and intermediate types of construction. Considering the country as a whole, there is a wide range in the quality and character of the aggregates generally available. Because of these differences, the use of standard specifications in either the high-cost or the low-cost field is, at times, entirely impractical although standard specifications are always helpful as guides in the selection and preparation of the local materials. Mr. R. W. Crum in his paper introducing the 1929 A.S.T.M. Symposium on Mineral Aggregates (1), states the case very well in his comment that, “It is doubtful whether it will ever be possible to devise standard specifications for aggregates that will be anything more than a form upon which to hang the requirements best adapted to the different localities.” In the selection of aggregates for bituminous surfacings, the first consideration is the type of construction, that is, whether it is macadam, surface treatment, or a mixture. Also important is the class of service that the road will have to provide.
Mineral Aggregates in the Chemical and Processing Industries and in Certain other Uses
Authors: Kriege Herbert F.
Published: July 2009

The uses of mineral aggregates can be grouped into these three general classes: (a) That in which the aggregate serves the desired purpose without any binder, such as filter bed material, railroad ballast, etc., and remains practically as prepared throughout its useful lifetime, (b) That in which the aggregate is mixed with some cementing material, such as in bituminous or portland-cement concrete, etc., to form a new shape and mass, and be used in some phase of construction, and (c) That in which the aggregation loses its identity, undergoes some chemical or physical change, and may enter into combination with other materials chemically, as in the case of flux stone, mineral wool aggregate, agricultural liming products, and so forth. The statistics given in the preprints of the chapters on “Stone” and “Sand and Gravel” of the Minerals Yearbook for 1946 (1) have been regrouped in Table I to permit quick appraisal of the tonnages of mineral aggregates according to their various usages. The uses in each group are arranged in order of their tonnage reported for that year, which is the latest information available. The first group contains all the aggregates entering the general field of construction, roads, and railroads. These materials have been covered by the other papers in this Symposium.
Needed Research
Authors: Woolf D. O.
Published: July 2009

In the earlier symposium on mineral aggregates, Jackson (1) discussed the problem of needed research and made several statements which still apply. Possibly the most important of these statements are the ones concerning the inability of research to keep pace with the needs of construction and the need for a thorough review and digest of the available information. He commented briefly on the great demand for aggregates for use in concrete and road construction and on the time required for any comprehensive study of the fundamental characteristics of aggregates. Consequently, it was not surprising that many materials were used in construction before the real properties of these materials were known. At the present time, the same condition which existed a generation ago still prevails in that construction is using materials before research can effectively determine their properties. On the other hand, research has developed information concerning materials and their use which construction has not attempted to apply in practice. Good reasons for both of these conditions are readily available. With particular reference to aggregates, the demand for knowledge of the characteristics of materials has increased so greatly in the past few years that it has become necessary to widen to a major degree the scope of the examination of materials. Due to this expansion in the necessary studies of materials and to the fact that in some instances a considerable length of time is required for the tests, it has not been possible for research to furnish construction with all the information regarding all of the materials as fast as this information is needed. Consequently, construction has been forced to use such data as are available and to depend upon service records of materials similar and presumably of the same characteristics as those proposed for use. In the second case where research has made recommendations for changes in the use of materials which construction has not followed, the principal reason for this has been due to the expense involved. As a specific example, the improvement in the uniformity of concrete that can be obtained through the use of separated sizes of both fine and coarse aggregate might be mentioned. The cost of the construction may dictate whether changes in construction methods will be made.
The Car
Authors: Kreusser O. T.
Published: July 2009

Down through the ages the three essential requirements for the continued existence of the human race have been food, clothing and shelter. These essentials are still fundamental, but with the development of social and economic phases of civilization, as distinct from the mere struggle for existence, the fourth element—transportation—has become equally important. It is impossible to conceive life as we know it without the facilities for moving men and materials from place to place. Today we are living in an age that is absolutely dependent on an abundant supply of fossilized fuel, and the automobile, although still in an early stage of development, represents the most useful and convenient form of transportation available to civilized peoples.
Manufacturing Lime for the Glass Industry
Authors: Nieman A. H.
Published: July 2009

The glass industry, as most others, has placed more rigid specifications on their raw materials in order to make a better finished product which can match the requirements of the high standards of today. The manufacturer of lime and limestone products has therefore a very definite task to perform in controlling the quality and uniformity of his product, be it limestone or burned lime. The present annual consumption by the glass industry is 216,074 tons of burned lime, which represents nearly 9 per cent of the total lime production, and an additional 162,050 tons of limestone. The choice between burned lime and limestone rests with the glass manufacturer, since both are used with good success. There are certain advantages to burned lime: namely, lower shipping cost per ton of oxide and generally more careful inspection of the material shipped. There is generally also less danger of overcrowding a furnace when burned lime is used in the mix since it occupies less space and melts closer to the front end of the tank. In order to be able to manufacture a lime suitable for the glass industry, the lime first of all must have a low iron content and, secondly, must be of uniform chemical composition to insure a proper batch mixture. A good grade of glass-making lime must contain less than 0.15 per cent iron oxide and have a very uniformly low ignition loss. Other impurities such as celestite must be very low. This is especially important in sheet and window glass manufacture.
Factors Affecting Milks of Lime Employed in Industry
Authors: Washburn D. E.
Published: July 2009

Chemical and industrial processes requiring the use of lime embrace a widely diversified field, involving causticization, coagulation, distillation, precipitation, neutralization, etc. Such major industries as steel, iron and steel products, paper, water treating, leather, sandlime brick, calcium carbide and cyanamide, sugar, bleach, glue and gelatin, soda, insecticides, fungicides, disinfectants, pigments, etc., employ for the most part (either directly or indirectly) large tonnages of high-calcium quicklimes. Generally such quicklimes contain a minimum of 90 per cent CaO and less than 3 per cent CaCO3. In some instances the quicklime is first hydrated to a dry powder consisting essentially of Ca(OH)2. For all chemical reactions the CaO must first take on the hydroxyl ion, or in other words, CaO is converted into Ca(OH)2. Many processes, therefore, require that quicklime be first slaked with water to form a milk of lime before it can be effectively utilized. Leather chemists maintain that only the Ca(OH)2 actually in solution (not suspension) is readily effective in the removal of hair from hides and otherwise conditioning them for the tanning process. Therefore, many leather chemists require a water-soluble test on lime as a measure of its availability. Also, almost invariably they insist that the milk of lime holds up well in suspension. Realizing that CaO is sparingly soluble in cold water (approximately one part of CaO to one thousand parts of water by weight), no doubt a more or less continued suspension of Ca(OH)2 particles is deemed necessary to facilitate solubility and maintain saturation. Whether or not the Ca(OH)2 must actually go into solution in order to be a readily effective reagent, it is only logical to assume that a continued suspension facilitates chemical reaction through the medium of fine particles having low densities. The settling rates and the final volumes of solids should in a measure at least be indicative of chemical reactivity and serve as a basis for comparing various high-calcium quicklimes.
Quality of Lime Desired for Water Treatment
Authors: Hoover Charles P.
Published: July 2009

Lime has numerous applications in water treatment. It is widely used as a softener for the precipitation of magnesium compounds and for the removal of carbonate hardness. For the removal of turbidity, it may be applied to hard water as a coagulant, and it is used extensively to produce the proper pH zone for maximum coagulation results. It is also added as a secondary treatment to adjust the pH value and reduce corrosion. In conjunction with lime treatment, it has been shown that lime has a high bactericidal action, reduces organic matter and thus assists to some slight extent in the removal of tastes and odors from water. Either quicklime or hydrated lime of high calcium content can be used for water treatment. Quicklime if made from pure calcium carbonate is calcium oxide. It slakes and produces considerable heat upon the addition of water. Lime is usually produced however from commercial limestone and may be high-calcium lime, calcium lime, magnesium lime, high-magnesium lime or hydraulic lime, depending upon the quality of the stone burned. For water treatment purposes, high-calcium or calcium lime only is used. Hydrated lime, Ca(OH)2, is a dry powder and is produced by adding sufficient water to quicklime to combine chemically with its calcium oxide content to produce calcium hydroxide: CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2. In other words, hydrated lime is the product obtained when from 22 to 27 per cent of water have been added to quicklime. High-calcium quicklime usually contains from 88 to 90 per cent watersoluble calcium oxide, and calcium lime 80 to 85 per cent. High-calcium hydrated lime usually contains from 67 to 70 per cent calcium oxide, equivalent to about 90 to 95 per cent calcium hydroxide. Calcium hydrated limes usually contain from 62 to 65 per cent calcium oxide, equivalent to about 84 to 87 per cent calcium hydroxide.
Preliminary Investigation of the Determination of Fluorine in Lime
Authors: Koehler C. J.
Published: July 2009

Since it has been found that small amounts of fluorine produce undesirable biological reactions, of which mottled teeth is an example, a great deal of attention has been paid to the determination of fluorine in foods and drugs. Since chemical lime is used as a raw material in the manufacture of certain food products, the manufacturer of such products is particularly interested in the fluorine content of the lime he uses. The lime producer is likewise interested in eliminating, in so far as possible, this element in the lime he proposes to furnish the food industry.
Fundamental Mechanics of Calcination and Hydration of Lime and Methods of Control
Authors: Azbe Victor J.
Published: July 2009

Most of the many mooted problems that have confronted lime men as unsolvable, are readily explainable upon fairly simple physical grounds. The subject now before us is not overly complex and should be understandable to everyone with sufficient imagination to be able to visualize, that individual invisible particles can and do behave in elementary ways and collectively create gross characteristics. The greatest marvel of this entire subject of calcination is that limestone calcined at the mildest temperature for the shortest necessary time, retains as lime the original dimensions of the stone. It has lost 44 per cent of the initial weight but all the volume is still there. Although we well know that the true specific gravity of oxide is 3.4, the apparent gravity of this lime is only 1.46. Half of the volume is free space. The Ca atoms remain as a whole still approximately in their original positions, and the voids created by removal of CO result in a perfectly porous mass. It seems incredible that this delicate structure could be retained without some rearrangement and natural aggregation, but if there is change it must be inconsequential for otherwise the original volume would not persist. Lime so burned could be crudely compared to a city in which the buildings occupy half of the space and the interlacing boulevards the other half, all widely open for rapid traffic, only in fact so minute as to be atomic in dimensions. There is traffic of CO2 molecules rushing at high speed outwards and, during hydration, of water molecules inward.
Introduction to Symposium on Oil Procurement Practices
Authors: Boyd T. A.
Published: July 2009

The suggestion was made recently that Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants should prepare purchase specifications for lubricants. That suggestion was in line with a growing desire on the part of consumers for the development of tests and specifications relating to the goods they must buy. It is part of a demand which has been recognized by the Society in making provision for the extension of its activities in the development of standards for ultimate consumer goods. On behalf of Committee D-2, a special committee of qualified men—a committee composed both of producers and purchasers—was accordingly appointed to consider the request for oil purchase specifications and to recommend the proper procedure to follow in respect to oil purchasing. This was done because, the question of preparing purchase specifications for lubricants having of course been considered before, it was recognized that the problem is not a simple one. The procedure thus followed was also in conformity with thepolicy set up by the Society that standardization work on ultimate consumer goods should proceed carefully and that it should deal only with such commodities as can be definitely evaluated by engineering methods. The special committee named made a a careful study of the problem of preparing purchase specifications for lubricants. Because of the important bearing of that group's findings upon this symposium,it is the purpose of this introduction to present at the outset the report which they made to Committee D-2 under date of December 26, 1945. Their report was as follows: The Special Subcommittee on Oil Purchase Specifications of Committee D-2 was appointed by the D-2 Advisory Committee on June 11, 1945. The original membership was as follows: Dr. L. C. Beard, Jr., Asst. Director, Socony-Vacuum Laboratories Mr. M. P. Davis, Chief Chemist, Otis Elevator Co. Dr. A. E. Flowers, Engineer, The DeLaval Separator Co. Dr. J. C. Geniesse, Research Engineer, The Atlantic Refining Co. Mr. C. M. Larson, Chief Consulting Engineer, Sinclair Refining Co. Mr. T. C. Smith, (Chairman), Engineer, Motor Vehicles and Construction Apparatus, American Telephone and Telegraph Co. Mr. C. B. Veal, Manager and Secretary, Coordinating Research Council, Inc.
Eastman Kodak Purchase Specifications for Lubricants
Authors: Pope C. L.
Published: July 2009

The Eastman Kodak Co. has used specifications in the purchase of its lubricants for approximately eighteen years. Fourteen specifications for oils, and five for greases, have provided suitable lubricants for all but a few applications where the use of special products is indicated. Five additional oil specifications are under consideration at the present time to describe the additive type of lubricants. A discussion of a tentative specification for an additive type of lubrication (see Appendix A) will indicate the use of the specifications and our philosophy.
A Recommended Practice for the Purchase of Lubricants
Authors: Voshell B. C.
Published: July 2009

There were three interpretations that might be placed on the phrase “purchase specifications,” as applied to lubricating oils. Such specifications might: 1. Prescribe the methods of refining and manufacture, the components and additives employed, and even state the source of the crude oil—in other words, composition specifications. 2. State the physical and chemical properties capable of being measured in any laboratory by standard methods of test on small current samples representing conditions at the date of test—what we might call physical specifications. 3. Require a statement or guarantee of future performance in service or in “life tests” under actual or similar conditions—that is, performance specifications.
U. S. Navy Oil Procurement Practices
Authors: Costello J. P.
Published: July 2009

Procurement of petroleum products, as well as all other materials for the Naval services, is made by the Bureau of Supplies and Accounts. The process or mechanics of the procurement consists essentially of seven steps; namely, (1) determining the needs of the service for the material, (2) obtaining specifications which define the product desired, (3) preparation of schedules or proposals, (4) advertising or forwarding of schedules to qualified bidders, (5) awarding of contract, (6) inspection of material to determine its compliance with contract specifications, and (7) distribution of the petroleum products to the using activities. The requirements are divided into three different groups, continental U. S., marine bunker, and off-shore, each of which is determined and handled separately. Marine bunker and continental U. S. requirements of the Navy Department and of other departments of the Government which procure under Navy contracts are estimated from replies to questionnaires circulated to the various activities, and from stock reports furnished quarterly by the different Naval stocking depots and shipyards.
The Quality of Materials for Fusion Welding
Authors: Texter C. R. , Speller F. N.
Published: July 2009

The ideal welded joint obviously is that one in which the properties of the weld metal and the base metal are similar both chemically and physically. Although at the present time this objective does not seem commercially attainable, such an ideal should be kept constantly in mind and investigation pointed in that direction. In the light of available information the choice of materials for welding apparently does not depend so much upon the process employed as upon welding technique and the careful control of contributing factors such as temperature and pressure, in the case of plastic welding; speed and current density, in the case of electric welding; kind of flame and its proper manipulation, in the case of gas welding flux used, etc. It is not possible to definitely define all the factors which influence weldability and the statement in some specifications that steel shall be of good weldable quality leaves the manufacture in somewhat of a quandary. Subcommittee XXI on Steel for Welding of the Society's Committee A-1 on Steel passed a motion about a year ago with respect to plate material for fusion welding, which was slightly amended January 15, 1931, to read as follows: 1. It was voted that it is not necessary at present to write separate and complete specifications for steel for fusion welding in view of the number of standard specifications under which satisfactory material has been purchased for this purpose. 2. It was voted as the opinion of the committee that steel made under the following A.S.T.M. specifications can be welded satisfactorily by the usual fusion processes now in general use: A 7-29 Structural Steel for Bridges A 9-29 Structural Steel for Buildings A 113 — 29 Structural Steel for Locomotives and Cars A 12-21 Structural Steel for Ships A 30-24 Boiler and Firebox Steel for Locomotives A 70-27 Boiler and Firebox Steel for Stationary Service A 78-30 Steel Plates of Structural Quality for Forge Welding A 89-30 Steel Plates of Flange and Firebox Quality for Forge Welding A 83-30 Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel and Lap-Welded Iron Boiler Tubes A 53-30 Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe (with carbon restriction) A 82-27 Cold-Drawn Steel Wire for Concrete Reinforcement A 106-29 Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service A 129 — 30 T Open-Hearth Iron Plates of Flange Quality A 120-28 T Black and Hot-Dipped Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe for Ordinary Uses