bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis: A Rare Manifestation of Propylthiouracil Hypersensitivity
Authors: Erem Cihangir , Yücel Yusuf , Ya Ziya , Reis Abdülkadir , Kocak Mustafa , Hacıhasanoglu Arif
Published: August 2005

Objective: We report a case of leukocytoclastic vasculitis as a manifestation of propylthiouracil hypersensitivity. Clinical Presentation and Intervention: A 66-year-old woman with a history of a toxic adenoma was referred for evaluation of a purpuric rash on the legs and buttocks bilaterally. She was biochemically hyperthyroid. Biopsy of the skin lesions revealed leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Propylthiouracil therapy was discontinued, and methimazole started. The purpuric rash resolved and surgical treatment for toxic adenoma resulted in euthyroid state. Conclusion: This report indicated that leukocytoclastic vasculitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with a vasculitic rash. The discontinuation of the propylthiouracil was associated with disappearance of the lesions.
Use of External Ureteral Catheters and Internal Double J Stents in a Modified Ileal Neobladder for Continent Diversion: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Varkarakis Ioannis M. , Delis Athanasios , Papatsoris Athanasios , Deliveliotis Charalambos
Published: August 2005

Introduction: Open-ended straight ureteral stents are typically used for the support of the ureteroileal anastomosis during the creation of an orthotopic ‘S-pouch’ ileal neobladder. The use of double J stents as an alternative in this setting is evaluated. Materials and Methods: Medical charts from 43 patients undergoing radical cystectomy with formation of an ileal ‘S-pouch’ neobladder were retrospectively evaluated. In 30 patients (group A), a 6-Fr open-ended straight ureteral catheter was used to stent the ureteroileal anastomosis, while a double J stent was used for the same reason in 13 patients (group B). The ureteral catheter was removed 15 days after the procedure while the double J stent 3 weeks postoperatively. Hospital stay, early and late complications were evaluated for both groups during a mean follow-up period of 22.5 and 19.6 months respectively. Results: Stricture of the ureteroileal anastomosis was observed in 2 (6.6%) and 1 (7.6%) patient of groups A and B respectively. All complications presented with similar rates, except for an increased but not statistically significant incidence of urethrovesical anastomotic leakage and early urinary tract infections in group B. Hospital stay was significantly (p < 0.005) shorter for patients of group B (9.9 vs. 15.2 days). Conclusions: The use of double J stents to support the ureteroileal anastomosis can be used as an alternative to open-ended ureteral stents. With double J stents a shorter hospital stay was achieved with similar complication rates but a higher incidence of upper urinary tract infections.
Sacral Neuromodulation for Urinary Retention in a Kidney-Transplant Patient
Authors: Kocjancic Ervin , Crivellaro Simone , Favro Michele , Ceratti Giovanni , Monesi Giorgio , Gontero Paolo , Sala Maurizio , Giardiello Gianluca , Frea Bruno
Published: August 2005

Bladder outlet obstruction can negatively affect renal function in the kidney transplant population. Functional obstruction represents a clinical challenge as conventional treatments are either ineffective or not recommended. Sacral neuromodulation was successfully used in functional voiding dysfunction in a kidney transplant patient. This is the first case to be reported in the literature.
Seasonal Rhinitis, Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Asthma
Authors: Bozkurt B. , Karakaya G. , Kalyoncu A.F.
Published: August 2005

Background: The aim was to determine the clinical characteristics of patients with seasonal rhinitis (SR) and to disclose differences in the treatment of SR between an adult allergy clinic and other clinics over time. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted based on clinical records of 774 out of 955 patients diagnosed with SR in an adult allergy clinic between 1 January 1991 and 31 December 2003. Results: The mean age of the patients was 29.1 ± 9.29 years and 62.7% were female. The most common major complaints of the patients were nasal symptoms in 82.3%. The mean duration of the disease was 6.76 ± 6.8 years. The patients were symptomatic with a mean of 3.5 ± 1.7 months a year, mostly during the period between April and July. Skin prick tests were positive in 685 patients (90.3%), where the most common sensitivity was against timothy grass (85.1%). The most common accompanying allergic diseases were food hypersensitivity in 14%, bronchial asthma in 13.4%, and drug allergy and/or intolerance in 9.6%. Although the use of specific immunotherapy and short-acting sedative antihistamines decreased over time, the use of nasal steroids and long-acting nonsedative antihistamines tended to increase before admission to our clinic. Older age (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.06–2.94), presence of familial atopy (OR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.04–2.85), respiratory symptoms (OR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.75–2.50), ocular symptoms (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.61–0.98) and metal allergy (OR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.07–0.89) were associated with the development of asthma in patients with SR. Conclusion: SR lasts approximately 3.5 months and the main cause in Ankara, Turkey is grass pollen sensitivity. Patients with any other allergic conditions make up 39.8% of the patients. SR patients are referred to allergy clinics quite late, which might be due to SR not being considered as a serious disease.
Rice Gruel and Rice Starch Reduce Sorbitol-Induced Diarrhoea in Cecectomized Rats
Authors: Islam Md.Shahidul , Nishiyama Ayae , Sakaguchi Ei
Published: August 2005

Background/Aims: Sorbitol (S), a widely used sugar substitute in sugar-free products, has shown intolerance manifested by abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhoea in children and adults. The nutritional and S-induced diarrhoea-preventive effect of rice gruel (RG) and rice starch (RS) was studied in cecectomized rats. Methods: During the 41-day experimental period, control, RG or RS, S, and S+RG or RS-containing diets were provided in four consecutive phases. The diet compositions were changed depending on the conditions of the diarrhoea. Faecal appearances of S- and S+RG/RS-fed groups were observed daily and scored (diarrhoea = 2, mixed fae ces = 1, normal faeces = 0) to evaluate the degree of diarrhoea. Results: The diarrhoeal scores were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in all phases of the RG- or RS-fed group compared to the control group (S). Serum lipid and colonic organic acid concentrations were decreased while faecal bile acids and neutral sterol concentrations were increased in the RG-fed group compared to the control which were measured in the samples collected from the last phase of the experiment. Conclusion: These results indicate that RG and RS may be useful additives in S-containing food products to prevent the possible risk of diarrhoea in humans.
Perceived Work Performance of Patients who Experienced an Acute Coronary Syndrome Event
Authors: Ellis Jeffrey J. , Eagle Kim A. , Kline-Rogers Eva M. , Erickson Steven R.
Published: August 2005

The objectives of this study were to describe the perceived work performance of patients previously diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and to determine the relationship between patient-specific variables and perceived work performance. This cross-sectional study utilized a mailed survey to all patients discharged from a university affiliated hospital with the diagnosis of ACS during a 3-year period. Perceived work performance was measured using the Work Performance Scale (WPS). Independent variables included health status (SF-8, PCS-8, MCS-8 and EQ-5D visual analog scale), cardiac functional status (Duke activity status index), symptom count, comorbidity index, patient-perceived cardiac disease severity, medication count and compliance, job satisfaction, current employment duration, patient demographics and ACS type. Step-wise multivariate linear regression models determined the independent variables with significant association (p < 0.05) to WPS. Of 1,217 patients surveyed, 490 (40%) responded, including 158 currently working (study sample). The regression model with the highest explanatory ability (r2 = 0.29) included number of symptoms, age, perceived cardiac severity and PCS-8, with more symptoms, higher perceived severity, higher age and lower PCS-8 scores associated with lower WPS. Currently employed ACS patients report a high level of work performance. Symptom burden, perceived disease severity, age and physical function appear to be associated with perceived work performance.
Angiotensin II Stimulates Matrix Metalloproteinase Secretion in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via Nuclear Factor-κB and Activator Protein 1 in a Redox-Sensitive Manner
Authors: Browatzki Michael , Larsen Dina , Pfeiffer Carolein A.H. , Gehrke Sven G. , Schmidt Joachim , Kranzhöfer Alexander , Katus Hugo A. , Kranzhöfer Roger
Published: August 2005

The renin-angiotensin system contributes to atherogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are thought to participate in plaque destabilization through degradation of extracellular matrix. This study tested whether angiotensin II (ANG II) induces MMP in human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). ANG II induced expression of MMP-1, -3, and -9, but not of MMP-2 in SMC. The expression of MMP-1, a key enzyme for collagen degradation, was studied in detail. SMC stimulated with ANG II concentration-dependently released enzymatically active MMP-1. The ANG II type 1 receptor antagonists losartan and candesartan blocked ANG-II-induced MMP-1 release. Inhibition experiments with actinomycin D suggest ANG-II-induced MMP-1 mRNA regulation at the transcriptional level. Decoy oligodeoxynucleotides against nuclear factor-ĸB and activator protein 1 inhibited MMP-1 secretion, demonstrating participation of these transcription factors in MMP-1 transcription. Stimulation of MMP-1 by ANG II depended on cyclooxygenase 2. The antioxidants pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and N-acetylcysteine, the flavin protein inhibitor diphenylene iodonium, and the NADP(H) oxidase inhibitor apocynin blocked MMP-1 release, suggesting a redox-sensitive mechanism involving NADP(H) oxidase. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) donor 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone induced MMP-1 secretion and enhanced ANG-II-stimulated MMP-1 expression. These findings indicate that ROS may increase their own production by activation of NADP(H) oxidase. The capability of ANG II to induce functionally active MMP in human SMC may contribute to the altered plaque composition seen in complicated stages of atherosclerosis.
Current Guidelines for the Treatment of Severe Pneumonia and Sepsis
Authors: Bodmann K.F.
Published: August 2005

Infections in intensive care unit (ICU) patients like severe pneumonia, e.g. nosocomial (NP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), or septicemia must be treated promptly and effectively because of the ensuing high mortality. Treatment is thus empirical and starts before the results of microbiological cultures are known. The risk factors affecting mortality include severity of illness, virulence of etiologic pathogens and the use of inappropriate antibiotic therapy. Several studies have shown that modifying initially inadequate therapy, according to microbiological results, does not result in a better outcome. Due to this, antibiotic treatment requires agents which have an appropriate spectrum covering the likely pathogens causing these infections. In critically ill patients, the need for empirical first-line treatment covering a broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as recommended in international guidelines (e.g. those of the American Thoracic Society or the Infectious Diseases Society of America), is justified in the presence of resistant organisms commonly documented in these patients. To choose an appropriate, initial antibiotic regimen, local and national resistance data have to be considered. With respect to new German resistance trends in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, the Paul Ehrlich Society of Chemotherapy has recently published guidelines for the treatment of infections in hospitalized patients. Especially in ICU patients with severe pneumonia (NP or CAP) or septicemia and risk factors like underlying diseases, antibiotic pretreatment or mechanical ventilation, agents with an appropriate spectrum encompassing Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as other Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp. and Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus, pneumococci and streptococci) are recommended as treatment of choice. Combination therapy with an anti-pseudomonal β-lactam and a fluoroquinolone or an aminoglycoside are recommended for these patients to provide the necessary spectrum of activity and to prevent the emergence of resistant organisms. On the other hand, clinical trials and meta-analyses have shown the efficacy, tolerability and cost-effectiveness of monotherapy regimens even in critically ill and immunocompromised patients. Conclusion: Appropriate β-lactam antibiotics recommended in international and German guidelines for the treatment of severe CAP, NP and septicemia, either as monotherapy or as combination therapy, are the 4th generation cephalosporin cefepime, the carbapenems imipenem and meropenem, and the acylamino-β-lactamase inhibitor combination piperacillin-tazobactam.
Antimicrobial Activities of Seven Novel Tetramethylpiperidine-Substituted Phenazines against Multiple-Drug-Resistant Gram-Positive Bacteria
Authors: Huygens Flavia , O’Sullivan John F. , van Rensburg Constance E.J.
Published: August 2005

Background: A dramatic increase in multiple-drug-resistant (MDR) Gram-positive pathogens has occurred in recent times, leading to increased rates or morbidity and mortality and also associated with high costs for the treatment of these infections. It is clear that there is an urgent need for the development of effective antimicrobial agents. The anti-bacterial activity of seven 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TMP)-substituted phenazines, compared to clofazimine (B663), were tested against 70 clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MDR Streptococcus pneumoniae and resistant Enterococcus sp. Methods: Standard minimum inhibitory concentration agar dilution susceptibility tests were done on all isolates, including ATCC control strains. Results: All the TMP-substituted phenazines were more active than clofazimine against all isolates tested. Compound B4125 was the most active by inhibiting all growth of the organisms tested, including vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Conclusion: Clofazimine has been shown to have anti-staphylococcal activity. We demonstrate enhanced anti-bacterial activity of TMP-substituted phenazines against drug-resistant Gram-positive organisms compared to clofazimine.
Alprazolam Significantly Improves the Efficacy of Granisetron in the Prophylaxis of Emesis Secondary to Moderately Emetogenic Chemotherapy in Patients with Breast Cancer
Authors: Abalı Hüseyin , Oyan Başak , Güler Nilüfer
Published: August 2005

Background: Alprazolam, a newer benzodiazepine, may be useful in the control of nausea and vomiting in breast cancer patients. Methods: Nineteen operable breast cancer patients were included in this randomized prospective crossover open-label trial. Patients received either granisetron (G) alone, or in combination with alprazolam (A). Group A patients received G+A first and then crossed over to G-alone after the 2nd or 3rd cycle. Group B patients received the reverse order. Eighty-four cycles were evaluated. Results: In group A, complete remission (CR) plus major response (MR) was higher (93.9%) with G+A than with G-alone (83.3%; p = 0.0001) in the first 24-hour period. In group B, CR plus MR was higher in G+A cycles (100%) than in G-alone cycles (85.7%; p = 0.035) in the 24-hour period and in the 25- to 129-hour period (92 vs. 90.5%, respectively; p = 0.022). Conclusion: Alprazolam increases the efficacy of granisetron in patients with breast cancer treated with an anthracycline-containing regimen.
Breathing Movements and Breathing Patterns among Healthy Men and Women 20–69 Years of Age
Authors: Ragnarsdóttir María , Kristinsdóttir Ella Kolbrun
Published: August 2005

Background: Measurements in absolute terms of the whole respiratory movement pattern (range, type, symmetry, rhythm and frequency of breathing movements) of healthy individuals are valuable for reference, when assessing patients with conditions affecting respiration. Objective: To establish reference data for breathing movements and patterns for healthy men and women. Methods: Fifty men (mean age 47.8 years) and 50 women (mean age 43.4 years) aged between 20 and 69 years participated in the study. Anterior-posterior breathing movements of the upper and lower thorax and abdomen were measured bilaterally during quiet breathing and deep breathing using the respiratory movement measuring instrument. Descriptive statistics, paired-sample statistics and Kendall’s correlation test were used for analysis. Results: Breathing movements were symmetrical and did not change significantly with increasing age. The average breathing type for men and women was abdominal during quiet breathing. During deep breathing the abdominal movements were significantly less amongst the women than the men (p < 0.05). The average respiratory rate was 14 during quiet and 7.4 during deep breathing for both sexes. The rhythm (inspiration/expiration ratio) was 1:1.21 for men and 1:1.14 for women during quiet breathing and 1:1.23 for men and 1:1.40 for women during deep breathing. Conclusions: As men and women have similar breathing movements during quiet breathing their reference values can be combined. On the other hand, separate reference values are needed for men and women for deep breathing.
Burden and Coping Strategies in Families of Patients under Noninvasive Home Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Tsara V. , Serasli E. , Voutsas V. , Lazarides V. , Christaki P.
Published: August 2005

Background: It is well documented that caregivers of patients with chronic respiratory failure under noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) are at high risk to develop depression, burden, overload and declining health over time. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate the subjective and objective burden imposed on families of patients under NIMV at home and explore the coping strategies they adopt. Methods: The study population consisted of 50 informal caregivers of patients with chronic respiratory failure under NIMV at home for at least 6 months. The burden of the families, as well as the adaptation strategies, were estimated by a modified version of the Family Burden Questionnaire validated in Greek. Results: Profound objective burden was reported in the field of social relations in 49%, in household management in 43.2%, in financial issues in 31.3% and in employment issues in 29.4% of the families. The subjective burden which the families experienced was usually lower and it was reported in household management in 33.4%, in employment issues in 29.4%, in social relations in 21.6% and in financial issues in 21.5% of the families. The strategies adopted by the families in order to cope with the imposed burden included reorientation of goals in 92.2%, resignation in 88.2%, passivity in 62.7%, hopefulness in 45.3%, ambivalence in 19.6% and guilt in 13.7% of the families. Conclusions: The families of patients under NIMV seem to face major problems (severe burden) in household management and their social relations. Families do not seem to subjectively experience the burden that is objectively recorded and, in the vast majority, they adopt healthy coping strategies.
Severe Hyperinsulinaemic Hypoglycaemia in a Baby Born to a Mother Taking Oral Ritodrine Therapy for Preterm Labour
Authors: Kurtoglu Selim , Akcakus Mustafa , Keskin Mehmet , Ozcan Ahmet , Hussain Khalid
Published: August 2005

Hyperinsulinism of infancy is a major cause of persistent hypoglycaemia in the newborn period. Transient mild self-limiting hyperinsulinaemia and hypoglycaemia have been described in neonates born to mothers taking ritodrine therapy for premature labour. Ritodrine crosses the placental barrier and enters the fetal circulation readily but the mechanism of how it causes hyperinsulinaemia and hypoglycaemia is unclear. We report the case of severe prolonged hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycamia in a neonate born to a mother taking ritodrine therapy from 16 weeks’ gestation for preterm labour. The hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia was managed with oral nifedipine as diazoxide was contraindicated due to fluid overload. Possible mechanisms of ritodrine-induced hypoglycaemia and insulin secretion are discussed.
Systemic Antibodies to the Leukotoxin of the Oral Pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Correlate Negatively with Stroke in Women
Authors: Johansson A. , Johansson I. , Eriksson M. , Åhrén A.-M. , Hallmans G. , Stegmayr B.
Published: August 2005

Background: Chronic infections and associated inflammatory markers are suggested risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and stroke. The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β is suggested to play a role in the regulation of local inflammatory responses in both CVD and periodontitis. The leukotoxin from the periodontal pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans has recently been shown to cause abundant secretion of IL-1β from macrophages. The aim of the present study was to compare the prevalence of systemic antibodies to A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin in stroke cases (n = 273) and matched controls (n = 546) in an incident case-control study nested within the Northern Sweden MONICA and Västerbotten Intervention cohorts. Methods: Antibodies to A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin were analyzed in a bioassay with HL-60 cells (leukocytes), purified A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin, and plasma. Plasma samples which inhibited lactate dehydrogenase release from leukotoxin-lysed cells by ≧50% were classified as antibody positive. Results: Antibodies to A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin were detected in 18.8% of the women and 15.2% of the men. Women with those antibodies had a significantly decreased risk for stroke (OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.13–0.59), but not men (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.52–1.51). Conclusion: The immunoreactivity to A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin correlates negatively with a future stroke in woman, but not in men. Further studies are needed to explain the underlying mechanisms, as well as the biological relevance of this finding.
Overexpression of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Stabilizes Already-Formed Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Dai Jianping , Losy Franck , Guinault Anne-Marie , Pages Carine , Anegon Ignacio , Desgranges Pascal , Becquemin Jean-Pierre , Allaire Eric
Published: August 2005

Background—

The cell response to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), a multipotent cytokine with healing potential, varies according to tissue context. We have evaluated the ability of TGF-β1 overexpression by endovascular gene therapy to stabilize abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) already injured by inflammation and proteolysis.

Methods and Results—

Active TGF-β1 overexpression was obtained in already-developed experimental AAAs in rats after endovascular delivery of an adenoviral construct encoding for a mutated form of active simian TGF-β1 and in an explant model using human atherosclerotic AAA fragments incubated with recombinant active TGF-β1. Transient exogenous TGF-β1 overexpression by endovascular gene delivery was followed by induction of endogenous rat TGF-β1. Overexpression of active TGF-β1 in experimental AAAs was associated with diameter stabilization, preservation of medial elastin, decreased infiltration of monocyte-macrophages and T lymphocytes, and a decrease in matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9, which was also observed in the explant model, in both thrombus and wall. In parallel with downregulation of the destructive process, active TGF-β1 overexpression triggered endoluminal reconstruction, replacing the thrombus by a vascular smooth muscle cell–, collagen-, and elastin-rich intima.

Conclusions—

Local TGF-β1 self-induction after transient exogenous overexpression reprograms dilated aortas altered by inflammation and proteolysis and restores their ability to withstand arterial pressure without further dilation. This first demonstration of stabilization of expanding AAAs by delivery of a single multipotent self-promoting gene supports the view that endovascular gene therapy should be considered for treatment of aneurysms.
Blockade of Interleukin-12 Function by Protein Vaccination Attenuates Atherosclerosis
Authors: Hauer A.D. , Uyttenhove C. , de Vos P. , Stroobant V. , Renauld J.C. , van Berkel T.J.C. , van Snick J. , Kuiper J.
Published: August 2005

Background—

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) has been identified as a key inducer of a type 1 T-helper cell cytokine pattern, which is thought to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. We sought to study the role of IL-12 in atherosclerosis by inhibition of IL-12 using a newly developed vaccination technique that fully blocks the action of IL-12.

Methods and Results—

LDL receptor–deficient (LDLr
−/−
) mice were vaccinated against IL-12 by 5 intramuscular injections of IL-12–PADRE complex in combination with adjuvant oil-in-water emulsion (low dose)/MPL/QS21 every 2 weeks. Two weeks thereafter, atherogenesis was initiated in the carotid artery by perivascular placement of silicone elastomer collars. IL-12 vaccination resulted in the induction of anti–IL-12 antibodies that functionally blocked the action of IL-12 as determined in an IL-12 bioassay. Blockade of IL-12 by vaccination of LDLr
−/−
mice resulted in significantly reduced (68.5%;
P
<0.01) atherogenesis compared with control mice without a change in serum cholesterol levels. IL-12 vaccination also resulted in a significant decrease in intima/media ratios (66.7%;
P
<0.01) and in the degree of stenosis (57.8%;
P
<0.01). On IL-12 vaccination, smooth muscle cell and collagen content in the neointima increased 2.8-fold (
P
<0.01) and 4.2-fold (
P
<0.01), respectively.

Conclusions—

Functional blockade of endogenous IL-12 by vaccination resulted in a significant 68.5% reduction in atherogenesis in LDLr
−/−
mice. Vaccination against IL-12 also improved plaque stability, from which we conclude that the blockade of IL-12 by vaccination may be considered a promising new strategy in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
Designing a National Performance Measurement System
Authors: Wright Kevin N.
Published: August 2005

During the past two decades, prison executives have begun to use performance-based management more extensively and frequently. The purpose of performance measurement is to assure accountability by translating agency missions into measurable outcomes, setting performance targets, regularly monitoring performance, and working toward quality improvement. Success among state departments of corrections in improving performance through results-driven management led the Association of State Correctional Administrators (ASCA) to begin an initiative to establish a national performance measurement system. A national system would clarify misunderstandings, establish standards, design measurable outcomes, allow cross-agency evaluations, encourage management to be future oriented, and provide motivation for using performance-based management with the profession. This article reviews ASCA's efforts to select measures of correctional performance, identify indicators of those measures, and specify measurement rules.
Frequency and Characteristics of Prison Escapes in the United States: An Analysis of National Data
Authors: Culp Richard F.
Published: August 2005

This article presents findings of a study on prison escapes in the United States from 1988 through 1998, including escape frequencies, captures, characteristics of escapees, methods employed in escaping, violence against correctional staff, and escapee involvement in further crimes in the community. Secondary analysis of data sets from the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data indicates changing escape rates, inmate characteristics, and prison characteristics through the time period. Analysis of newspaper accounts of 88 prison escapes from 1997 to 1998 provide information on the means used in escaping. The article suggests incorporating a routine activities perspective and multilevel models in research on prison incidents.
“You Know Who You Can Go To”: Cooperation and Exchange Between Incarcerated Women
Authors: Severance Theresa A.
Published: August 2005

Relationship formation among women inmates has long been of interest to researchers. Most studies, however, have focused on pseudofamily or homosexual relationships. This work examines less intimate acquaintance and friendship bonds and their utility for inmate coping and adjustment. Qualitative data, based on unstructured, indepth interviews with 40 incarcerated women, underscore the benefits of inmate relationships and their support functions. Utilizing the strength-of-weak-ties concept, this article examines how female inmates perceive their relationships with each other and assesses the role of these relationships in women's adaptation to incarceration.
Going to Prison: A Prison Visitation Program
Authors: Tewksbury Richard , DeMichele Matthew
Published: August 2005

Drawing on survey data collected from 396 visitors to inmates at a medium-security prison, this research examines the experience of visiting inmates from the visitor's perspective. Data include visitors' demographics, relationships to inmates, social, psychological, and emotional contexts of visits, barriers to visitation, other means of maintaining contact, and perceptions of the visitation program. Analysis also shows that visitors'age, race, education, and frequency of visits are significantly related to perceptions of the visitation experience and environment. Discussion of the value of visitation programs and how correctional administrators can best structure and operate visitation programs is provided.
Power-Efficient Data Propagation Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Boukerche Azzedine , Chatzigiannakis Ioannis , Nikoletseas Sotiris
Published: August 2005

Wireless sensor networks are composed of a vast number of ultra-small, fully autonomous computing, communication, and sensing devices, with very restricted energy and computing capabilities, that cooperate to accomplish a large sensing task. Such networks can be very useful in practice. The authors propose extended versions of two data propagation protocols: the Sleep-Awake Probabilistic Forwarding (SW-PFR) protocol and the Hierarchical Threshold-Sensitive Energy-Efficient Network (H-TEEN) protocol. These nontrivial extensions aim at improving the performance of the original protocols by introducing sleep-awake periods in the PFR case to save energy and introducing a hierarchy of clustering in the TEEN case to better cope with large network areas. The authors implemented the two protocols and performed an extensive comparison via simulation of various important measures of their performance with a focus on energy consumption. Data propagation under this approach exhibits high fault tolerance and increases network lifetime.
On the Implementation and Performance of the (α, t) Protocol on Linux
Authors: Gopalan Anandha , Dwivedi Sanjeev , Znati Taieb , McDonald Bruce
Published: August 2005

This article details the design and implementation of the (α, t) protocol, a clustering and routing protocol for ad hoc networks on Linux. Clustering and routing protocols that are developed are normally tested using simulations. Without actual implementation, it is very difficult to perceive how efficient and effective the protocol would prove to be in the real world. The (α, t)-cluster framework deals with a unified approach to adapt dynamically to changing network topology. Nodes are organized into clusters depending on the ability to bound the probability of path failure due to node movement. This clustering scheme forms the basis for an adaptive routing strategy wherein routes within a cluster are maintained proactively and routes between clusters are managed reactively. The authors conclude the article by discussing an experimental study to evaluate the performance of the (α, t) protocol.
Investigating ordinary people
Authors: Gordon-Till Jonathan
Published: August 2005

In the UK, official registers such as the Electoral Roll or Register of Companies, and unofficial resources such as telephone directory enquiries services and commercial websites, contain information relating to ordinary people. This article discusses the use of those resources, their benefits and limitations, and the legal and ethical framework within which each exists. The benefits for information professionals contrast with the author’s caution over data integrity and unethical temptation.
Business statistics without tears
Authors: Murphy Christopher
Published: August 2005

While information professionals tend to be expert in finding statistical information resources, they tend to be less capable of handling and processing the numerical data that play such an important role in business information. This article reviews some of the basic mathematical and statistical techniques that are intensively used in the economic and business fields, to provide help to information professionals who may work with such material, and reveals how such concepts as series of index numbers and compound annual growth rates can be calculated using tools such as Excel spreadsheet functions. Some of the key elements of the Excel program are set out, including: basic arithmetic; working with percentages; working out CAGR (compound annual growth rate); index numbers; actual numbers; current and constant values; methods of describing data; data ranges; variance and standard deviation; and coefficient of variation. Detailed, worked examples are included to show how the Excel spreadsheets can be used to perform the necessary calculations. The article concludes with some useful statistical data websites, including: UK national statistics (http://www.statistics.gov.uk); Business Information portal (http://www.rba.co.uk); and Biz/ed (http://www.bized.ac.uk).
A resilient, evolving resource
Authors: Raschen Bill
Published: August 2005

This article presents a basic review of taxonomy from the viewpoint of its growing importance for information professionals. It traces the practice and definition of taxonomy back to the 19th century to show the way in which the field has evolved into a systematic means for the organization of knowledge and the provision of a hierarchical structure of concepts by means of terms that assist in the development of a common language for knowledge sharing. It shows how interest in taxonomy has been boosted in recent years by two factors connected with the development of the World Wide Web: the need to improve the way in which knowledge sharing can be improved through its classification and retrieval; and the way in which taxonomies play a vital role in the working of the so-called ‘semantic web’. The article notes that taxonomies can help to avoid the problems created by similar sounding words or words with multiple meanings, and can help to give web resources a more professional, organized look, and improve site navigation. A basic guide is provided for implementing taxonomies by covering some of the basic issues involved, including: the software needed to get started; coordination of work through colleagues; tiers and testing; and implementing the finished taxonomy.
The Spiral of Cynicism Reconsidered
Authors: de Vreese Claes H.
Published: August 2005

Public debate about and scholarly enquiry into the relationship between news media and political attitudes tend to highlight negative aspects. Research has shown that strategic news coverage focusing on politicians’ motives and style rather than content and policies fuels political cynicism. This has been dubbed the ‘spiral of cynicism’. This study, drawing on two-wave panel surveys and content analyses of news media in two countries, challenges this perspective. The negative effects of news on cynicism are contingent upon the level of strategy reporting in the news. Moreover, political sophistication is positively related to cynicism, suggesting that cynicism is perhaps little more than an indication of an ‘interested and critical citizenry’. Finally, when the assumption that cynicism is detrimental to political participation is evaluated, there is in fact little empirical evidence to support a link between cynicism and voter turnout.
Property Identification of the Singularity Loci of a Class of Gough-Stewart Manipulators
Authors: Huang Zhen , Cao Yi
Published: August 2005

In this paper we address the problem of identifying the property of the singularity loci of a class of 6/6-Gough-Stewart manipulators in which the moving and base platforms are two similar semiregular hexagons. After constructing the Jacobian matrix of this class of 6/6-Gough-Stewart manipulators according to the theory of statical equilibrium, we derive a cubic polynomial expression in the moving platform position parameters, which represents the constant-orientation singularity locus of the manipulator. Graphical representations of the singularity locus of the manipulator for different orientations are quite various and complex. Further, we analyze the singularity locus of this class of 6/6-Gough-Stewart manipulators in the principal section, where the moving platform lies. This shows that singularity loci of this class of 6/6-Gough-Stewart manipulators in parallel principal sections are all quadratic expressions. We have also found that, for this class of 6/6-Gough-Stewart manipulators, there are also some special singularity cases in which six lines associated with the six extensible links of the manipulator can intersect one common line and the unwanted instantaneous motion of the manipulator is a pure rotation.
Running in Three Dimensions: Analysis of a Point-mass Sprung-leg Model
Authors: Seipel Justin E. , Holmes Philip
Published: August 2005

We analyze a simple model for running: a three-dimensional spring-loaded inverted pendulum carrying a point mass (3D-SLIP). Our formulation reduces to the sagittal plane SLIP and horizontal plane lateral leg spring (LLS) models in the appropriate limits. Using the intrinsic geometry and symmetries and appealing to the case of stiff springs, in which gravity may be neglected during stance, we derive an explicit approximate mapping describing stride-to-stride behavior. We thereby show that all left-right symmetric periodic gaits are unstable, deriving a particularly simple mapping for sagittal plane dynamics. Continuation to fixed points for the “exact” mapping confirms instability of these gaits, and we describe a simple feedback stabilization scheme for leg placement at touchdown.
Optimization-based Robot Compliance Control: Geometric and Linear Quadratic Approaches
Authors: Matinfar M. , Hashtrudi-Zaad K.
Published: August 2005

Impedance control is a compliance control strategy capable of accommodating both unconstrained and constrained motions. The performance of impedance controllers depends heavily upon environment dynamics and the choice of target impedance. To maintain performance for a wide range of environments, target impedance needs to be adjusted adaptively. In this paper, a geometric view on impedance control is developed for stiff environments, resulting in a “static-optimized” controller that minimizes a combined generalized position and force trajectory error metric. To incorporate the dynamic nature of the manipulator-environment system, a new cost function is considered. A classic quadratic optimal control strategy is employed to design a novel adaptive compliance controller with control parameters adjusted based upon environment stiffness and damping. In steady state, the proposed controller ultimately implements the static-optimized impedance controller. Simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed optimal controller offers smoother transient response and a better trade-off between position and force regulation.
In-line Compounding of Long-fiber Thermoplastics for Injection Molding
Authors: Hawley Ronald C. , Jones Roger F.
Published: August 2005

A new process has been developed for in-line compounding and injection molding in a single operation. Selected short- to long-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic mixtures are created and fed directly into the injection molding barrel while still hot. Compositions containing glass fibers of 3-12 mm in length have been molded successfully on a 230-ton injection press. The new processing system is adaptable to the existing injection molding machines. This novel technology permits molded articles to be produced at cost levels that are less expensive than those incurred when molding parts from the conventional long- and short-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic compounded pellets.
The Structure of Vocational Interests Among Chinese Students
Authors: Leung S. Alvin , Hou Zhi-Jin
Published: August 2005

This study examines the structure of career interest among Chinese high school students in Hong Kong using interest test scores from the Self-Directed Search. Based on findings from exploratory factor analyses in which six-factor and three-factor solutions are examined, confirmatory factor analyses are conducted. Findings reveal that a hierarchical model of interest with six primary interest factors forming three interest clusters seems to be most valid for Chinese high school students. Although realistic and investigative interest forms one cluster, social interest loads on both the artistic cluster and the enterprising-conventional cluster. Implications of the findings are discussed based on the educational and cultural context in Hong Kong.
Career Goals and Retention-Related Factors Among College Freshmen
Authors: Hull-Blanks Elva , Kurpius Sharon E. Robinson , Befort Christie , Sollenberger Sonja , Nicpon Megan Foley , Huser Laura
Published: August 2005

The relationships of four types of career goals (job related, school related, value related, and unknown) with factors of school retention, academic performance, self-esteem, educational self-efficacy, and school and career commitment are studied among 401 first-semester college freshmen. Differences in types of goals based on gender are also considered. Students reporting job-related goals are more likely to make positive persistence decisions than students reporting unknown goals. Men are more likely to report value-related goals than women, whereas women are more likely to report job-related goals than men. Implications of these findings for those working in college settings that help foster students’ career development and academic success are discussed.
The Importance of Mentoring Programs to Women’s Career Advancement in Biotechnology
Authors: Anderson Daun Robin
Published: August 2005

Mentoring programs provide benefits to mentors, protégés, and organizations, but not all organizations have such programs in place. In those that do, women’s exclusion from informal networks limits their visibility and, in turn, their chances of acquiring a mentor. This poses a barrier to women’s career advancement, as does the absence of female role models at senior executive levels. The biotechnology industry provides a context in which many women have penetrated the glass ceiling and reached the upper echelons of their organizations. The unstructured and dynamic nature of most biotechnology companies, along with the presence of women at the top levels of the organization, make an appropriate context for the implementation of formal mentoring programs to facilitate women’s upward mobility.
Factors Influencing International Students’ Career Choice
Authors: Singaravelu Hemla D. , White Lyle J. , Bringaze Tammy B.
Published: August 2005

This study examines the career development behavior of Asian international, non-Asian international, and domestic students, specifically the certainty of career and major choice and environmental factors that have influenced their choices. Environmental factors include family, school counselors, teacher, friends, and government. The results show no difference in the level of career certainty between the three groups. In contrast, influences of family, school counselors, and friends varied among these three groups. Furthermore, only the Asian international students exhibited a positive correlation between level of career certainty and intent to persist. Implications and recommendations for counseling are given based on the research findings.
Reducing Teachers’ Work-Family Conflict
Authors: Cinamon Rachel Gali , Rich Yisrael
Published: August 2005

Work-family conflict is a vocational psychology variable whose antecedents and outcomes have been extensively investigated. In contrast, less effort has been invested in creating practical programs to prevent and reduce it. This article provides the rationale and describes the framework for a comprehensive organizational program designed to ease employees’ work-family conflict. Using an interdisciplinary approach, the program combines primary and secondary interventions aimed at school managers and teachers. The program is grounded in work-family conflict models, social cognitive career theory, and the literature on health promotion in organizations and includes process variables comprising critical career intervention components.
Knowledge-enriched Requirement Specification for One-of-a-kind Complex Systems
Authors: Ratchev Svetan , Pawar Kulwant S. , Urwin Esmond , Mueller Dirk
Published: August 2005

Requirement engineering (RE) process is becoming a key factor for the success of complex one-of-a-kind products. The RE process is commonly viewed as an early system engineering phase with a major bearing on response time, quality, and cost. This study reports on the knowledge acquisition and sharing for requirement engineering (KARE), approach for requirement specification of one-of-a-kind complex systems. The approach provides a generic view of key RE processes clustered into three groups of activities - requirements elicitation, analysis, and negotiation. The process is supported by a set of knowledge functions aimed at facilitating the requirement engineers in matching customer requirements to product characteristics. At the analysis stage, the customer requirements are transformed into product requirements, which can be compared to existing company knowledge, for example, previous products, technology platforms, and production capabilities. The specified product requirements are then interactively evaluated and negotiated against customer and supplier performance indicators.