bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of soil moisture and temperature on survival of microbial control agents
Authors: O'Callaghan M. , Gerard E. , Johnson V.W.
Published: October 2019

Microbial control of soil dwelling pests and pathogens depends on the survival of microbial inocula in soil Three microbes Beauveria bassiana A6 Serratia entomophila 626 and Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0Rif were inoculated into soil microcosms at three soil moistures and temperatures Survival was determined at regular intervals Beauveria bassiana survived well in soil; after 3 months the populations were maintained at levels close to those immediately following inoculation under most soil conditions Serratia entomophila and P fluorescens populations declined gradually Soil moisture impacted on survival of P fluorescens with populations declining most rapidly in the dry soil at all temperatures Pseudomonas fluorescens was not recovered after 54 days at 20C The rate of population decline of S entomophila increased with soil temperature but populations remained above the minimum level of detection after three months with soil moisture having little effect on survival Formulation of S entomophila into granules greatly improved the survival of this bacterium in soil
The population dynamics of Heterodera trifolii in a Manawatu pasture
Authors: Kyi P.P. , Long P.G. , Mercer C.
Published: October 2019

Changes in numbers of all stages of clover cyst nematode Heterodera trifolii in white clover roots and in soil were studied in a white clover/ ryegrass permanent pasture Soil samples were taken with a soil corer at fortnightly intervals between March 1999 and March 2001 There were two distinct cycles of H trifolii invasion and development in a year Distinct peaks in numbers of J2 in soil were seen in late winter and again in late summer followed by peaks in J2 numbers in roots possibly reflecting optimum soil temperatures in spring and autumn The numbers of females peaked 24 weeks after those of J2 in roots No distinct peaks were found in the numbers of new and old cysts Amounts of clover root in cores were generally higher in autumn and in spring Numbers of all stages of H trifolii and weights of clover root tended to be lower in 2000 than in 1999
Relationship between Sitona lepidus larval numbers and white clover seed production
Authors: Gerard P.J.
Published: October 2019

Plots of two cultivars of white clover (Trifolium repens) Grasslands Prestige (smallleaved early flowering) and Grasslands Kopu (largeleaved later flowering) were established in coldframe beds Clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus) larval numbers were manipulated to obtain winter larval densities ranging from 0 to over 1000/m2 Increasing winter larval densities increased Prestige seed production (g/m2) when harvested on 28 December and 10 January and the trend was still evident on 24 January No such relationships were found in Kopu for the early and middle harvests but at the late harvest increasing winter larval densities had a negative impact on seed production The results indicate that the effect of clover root weevil larvae on second year clover seed crops may vary substantially between cultivars and may even be positive rather than negative
Importation to New Zealand quarantine of a candidate biological control agent of clover root weevil
Authors: Goldson S.L. , Phillips C. , McNeill M.M. , Proffitt J.R , Cane R.P.
Published: October 2019

Several candidate biological control agents of Sitona lepidus have been identified since a search commenced in 1997 Interestingly Microctonus aethiopoides from Europe is a much more effective parasitoid of S lepidus than the M aethiopoides ecotype already established in New Zealand To assess further the suitability of the European M aethiopoides for biological control of S lepidus 1599 infected S lepidus were shipped to New Zealand quarantine during late 2000 These yielded 267 parasitoid pupae from which 204 adult parasitoids were reared This material was obtained from a wide geographical range in Europe and has been used to establish cultures in New Zealand quarantine based on genetic material from France England Norway Finland Romania Ireland Scotland Italy and Wales This contribution presents an overview of the work associated with the importation of the parasitoids and the effort now being made to maintain genetic diversity Planned research is also discussed
Effects of washing additives on the incidence of rots and an enumeration of surface microbes in stored squash
Authors: Krishna H. , Carpenter A. , Potter F.
Published: October 2019

Postharvest losses through rot in squash fruit exported to Japan result in poor quality or rejected fruit Mechanical washing aids in the removal of soil microorganisms and other debris from fruit surfaces Washing agents could enhance this removal but their effect on the incidence of rots and on the total number of surface microorganisms in squash is unknown This study evaluated the effect of two commercial washing agents on the incidence of rots and used platedilution to enumerate microbes on the surfaces of squash fruit in storage The commercial washing agents VeggiWash and the experimental formulation Y14258 reduced the incidence of rots by about 42 and 18 respectively compared to unwashed squash The estimated populations of microorganisms on squash fruit without lesions after 7 weeks in storage ranged between 1x103 1x105 colony forming units/cm2
Brassica crops and a Streptomyces sp as potential biocontrol for clubroot of brassicas
Authors: Cheah L-H , Kent G. , Gowers S.
Published: October 2019

Two glasshouse experiments and a field trial were carried out to evaluate the potential of brassica crops which contain high levels of glucosinolates for control of clubroot of brassicas Brassica rapa crops were grown for about 70 days in a field which was infested with Plasmodiophora brassicae In the first glasshouse experiment the leaf and stem of the plants were harvested chopped into small pieces and mixed with clubrootinfested soil in punnets Chinese cabbage seedlings were then transplanted into the punnets In the second glasshouse experiment soil samples were taken in punnets from plots where the B rapa crops had been rotary hoed and left to decompose for about three weeks Chinese cabbage seedlings were transplanted into the punnets In both experiments B rapatreated soil reduced (P
Compatibility of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum C52 with selected fungicides
Authors: McLean K.L. , Hunt J. , Stewart A.
Published: October 2019

Trichoderma harzianum C52 is an effective biocontrol agent of the onion white rot pathogen Sclerotium cepivorum For this biocontrol agent to be integrated into an existing disease management programme it must be compatible with the fungicides commonly used on onions The sensitivity of T harzianum spores to the field rate of eight fungicides commonly applied to onions was determined in an in vitro assay Results indicate that T harzianum was least sensitive to procymidone and captan and most sensitive to mancozeb tebuconazole and thiram A glasshouse pot trial confirmed that T harzianum was sensitive to mancozeb but tolerant of captan This research indicates that in furrow applications of T harzianum would be compatible with a captan and/or benomyl seed treatment for control of other seedling diseases
New adjuvant technology for pesticide use on wine grapes
Authors: Gaskin R.E. , Manktelow D.W. , Elliott G.S.
Published: October 2019

Wine grape growing is under increasing pressure to reduce pesticide use A project was undertaken to develop new adjuvant prescriptions to reduce spray volumes required throughout fullseason pesticide programmes in vineyards and to improve spray coverage and retention on foliage and grape bunches A preharvest field trial confirmed improved targeting of Chardonnay foliage and bunches with markedly lowered spray application volumes when a novel organosilicone adjuvant DuWett was included in the spray mix Application volumes of le;200 litres/ha maximised retention and distribution of pesticide sprays containing the organosilicone The optimal DuWett rate required in sprays targeting foliage was lower (0204 litres/ha) than that in sprays directed at grape bunches (0208 litres/ha) The results suggest spray application volumes on grapes could be greatly reduced with use of appropriate adjuvants without compromising pesticide efficacy
Influence of sugars on the foliar uptake of bentazone and glyphosate
Authors: Liu Z.Q.
Published: October 2019

The effect of sugars on the uptake of bentazone and glyphosate into bean (Vicia faba) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) foliage was studied The addition of 05 glucose or sucrose significantly increased the uptake of bentazone into bean and wheat leaves This effect was also observed in the presence of a surfactant especially in wheat Glucose and sucrose also improved the uptake of glyphosate into wheat leaves especially in combination with surfactants of low ethylene oxide content When used at 2 concentration both sugars completely overcame the antagonistic effect of an organosilicone surfactant (Silwet L77) on glyphosate uptake into wheat leaves The results are discussed in relation to the solute dose on the leaf surface as influenced by surfactants and sugars
Lower formulation pH does not enhance bentazone uptake into plant foliage
Authors: Liu Z.Q.
Published: October 2019

Lower pH generally favours the diffusion of weak acid compounds in vitro into plant cells Such a rule may not be applicable to the uptake of formulated weak acid herbicides applied to plant foliage in vivo In this study the effect of spray formulation pH (5 7 and 9) on the foliar uptake of a weak acid herbicide bentazone which is used as a formulated salt was investigated using three plant species mustard (Sinapis alba) wheat (Triticum aestivum) and bean (Vicia faba) Greater uptake of the herbicide occurred at pH 9 and pH 7 than at pH 5 on mustard and wheat leaves Uptake of bentazone into bean was slow (< 20 after 24 h) regardless of carrier pH However in the presence of a surfactant faster uptake was achieved with higher pH The results are discussed in relation to the lipophilicity and the solubility of weak acid chemicals as influenced by pH
Herbicide runoff studies in an arable soil under simulated rainfall
Authors: M?ller K. , Trolove M. , James T.K. , Rahman A.
Published: October 2019

Runoff potential of five herbicides (acetochlor atrazine hexazinone pendimethalin and terbuthylazine) was investigated on a fallow Hamilton clay loam soil with a 10 slope Twentyfour hours after the herbicide application simulated rainfall was applied at three intensities Sediment amounts and herbicide concentrations were determined in the water phase of runoff samples Herbicide residues attached to sediment were estimated using Kdvalues determined locally for the Hamilton clay loam soil Pesticide concentrations were the highest in the first runoff samples and decreased exponentially with further rain Results show that herbicides were primarily transported in their dissolved forms in runoff and that losses are dependent on the time to runoff and runoff rates Rainfall intensity had no significant effect on herbicide losses In all cases losses were
Establishment techniques for dichondra ground covers in orchards
Authors: Harrington K.C. , Anderson B.J. , Cameron E.A.
Published: October 2019

A field trial evaluated several different techniques for establishing strips of dichondra (Dichondra micrantha) under newly planted apple trees for weed control purposes Each technique involved planting a line of dichondra either side of the tree row with lateral spread of the plants eventually allowing the two strips of ground cover to merge Plugs of dichondra allowed more rapid establishment than transplanted strips of material or sown seeds However all methods gave total ground cover after 12 months In a separate pot trial several herbicide treatments suitable for controlling weeds during this establishment phase were assessed for their effects on young dichondra Herbicides that were tolerated by the dichondra included haloxyfop clopyralid tribenuron metsulfuron oxadiazon oryazalin glyphosate and propyzamide Several application rates and mixtures of some herbicides were assessed Plugs of dichondra tolerated more herbicides than young seedlings The best strategies for establishing dichondra ground covers in orchards are discussed
Efficacy of a certified organic herbicide based on pine essence
Authors: James T.K. , Rahman A. , Trolove M. , Frith H.
Published: October 2019

Six trials were conducted to evaluate a new certified organic herbicide Organic Interceptor (680 g/litre pine essence) which is the only weedkiller approved for use by BIO GRO NZ This herbicide was trialled on both newly emerged and established weeds On newly emerged weeds in freshly cultivated soil pine essence at rates of 50 100 kg/ha was as effective as traditional systemic herbicides such as glufosinateammonium or glyphosate Larger established weeds required higher rates per hectare to achieve good control Pine essence is a contact weedkiller which causes rapid plant dehydration through cuticle damage and finally resulting in cell rupture For best results full plant coverage must be achieved Therefore optimum application volumes are dependent on weed canopy density and height On a dense pasture sward mown to 50 mm optimum application volumes ranged from 1600 to 3200 litres/ha
Emergence of weeds as affected by vertical seed distribution in arable soils
Authors: James T.K. , Rahman A. , Webster T. , Waller J.
Published: October 2019

A glasshouse study examined weed seedling emergence in soils collected from 20 sites Soil was placed in open topped columns of differing heights and the number of seedlings that emerged were counted A total of 77 different weed species emerged but most were in small numbers Four summer broadleaf weeds black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) fathen (Chenopodium album) spurrey (Spergula arvensis) and willow weed (Polygonum persicaria) showed little restriction and emerged freely from depths up to 50 mm Of the grasses summer grass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and annual poa (Poa annua) were clearly constrained at depths greater than 20 mm while smooth witchgrass (Panicum dichotomiflorum) was not Of the other broadleaf weeds waxweed (Hydrocotyle sp) and Lotus sp were constrained at depths greater than 30 mm while two smallseeded species cudweed (Gnaphalium sp) and toad rush (Juncus bufonius) did not emerge from depths greater than10 mm
Weed suppressing ability of parthenin a sesquiterpene lactone from Parthenium hysterophorus
Authors: Batish D.R. , Singh H.P. , Saxena D.B. , Kohli R.K.
Published: October 2019

To find alternate chemicals with novel mode of action allelochemicals which are natural plant products are being investigated This study was undertaken to explore the effect of parthenin (chemically a sesquiterpene lactone from Parthenium hysterophorus L) on two weed species viz Amaranthus viridis and Chenopodium murale In a laboratory bioassay germination seedling growth and dry weight accumulation of the weeds were significantly reduced by treating with parthenin The chlorophyll content and the respiratory activity were also significantly affected in the treated plants The study concluded that phytotoxicity of parthenin could be useful as a natural herbicide for future weed management programmes
Germination requirements of laboratory stored seeds of Solanum nigrum and Solanum physalifolium
Authors: Bithell S.L. , McKenzie B.A. , Bourdot G.W. , Hill G.D. , Wratten S.D.
Published: October 2019

As part of a study of the biology of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and hairy nightshade (Solanum physalifolium) in New Zealand the germination requirements of freshly harvested seed stored at 5C were investigated Previous studies of black nightshade germination have given conflicting evidence for optimum temperature regimes In this study alternating temperature pregermination chilling and light were all required to germinate black nightshade seed Seeds of hairy nightshade germinated only when treated with potassium nitrate (02) suggesting the presence of a primary dormancy The relevance of these results to field germination and management of freshly shed seed is discussed
Evaluation of some pre and postemergence herbicides for weed control in yacon
Authors: Scheffer J.J.C. , Douglas J.A. , Triggs C.M.
Published: October 2019

Weed control was investigated in yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius Asteraceae) a herbaceous perennial that produces edible tubers Eight preemergence (alachlor acetochlor simazine diuron pendamethalin dimethanamid methabenzthiazuron and metribuzin) and two postemergence (linuron and methabenzthiazuron) herbicides were evaluated in field trials at Pukekohe All preemergence herbicides except metribuzin were tolerated by yacon but the best weed control was achieved with acetochlor metribuzin and dimethanamid Weeds in the untreated control caused a 62 reduction (Plt;005) in root weight relative to acetochlor alachlor metribuzin and dimethanamid The postemergence herbicides were both phytotoxic to yacon top growth but the plants subsequently recovered and plant crown production at harvest was not reduced relative to the control (P>005)
Imidacloprid seed treatments for the control of springtails in seedling brassicas
Authors: Addison P.J. , Fisher P.W.
Published: October 2019

Two pot trials and two field trials were conducted to evaluate imidacloprid seed treatments for springtail control in forage brassica seedlings Imidacloprid at rates from 175 to 210 g ai/kg seed reduced garden springtail (Bourletiella hortensis) and lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis) numbers by 6888 relative to the untreated controls Springtail damage was reduced and seedling establishment enhanced Imidacloprid proved as or more effective than furathiocarb or thiodicarb seed treatments and phorate granules Imidacloprid seed treatment had no adverse effect on either brassica germination or early seedling growth
Epidemiology and control of leaf and awn spot of barley caused by Ramularia collocygni
Authors: Harvey I.C.
Published: October 2019

Leaf and awn spot of barley caused by the fungus Ramularia collocygni (Ovularia hordei) has been prevalent in crops in Canterbury New Zealand over the last few seasons causing rapid leaf senescence late in the season Control can readily be achieved with a single triazole and strobilurin fungicide application but timing of application at late booting is important A rate response to a triazole fungicide was noted but there was no response to the rates of the strobilurin fungicides tested Good control is achieved at both high and low application rates with strobilurins The correlation between disease severity and grain yield shows a nonlinear relationship with low levels of disease having a major influence on grain yield Seed infection has also been noted but the significance has not been evaluated
Effects of fungicides applied at anthesis on Fusarium head blight and mycotoxins in wheat
Authors: Cromey M.G. , Parkes R.A. , Sinclair K.I. , Lauren D.R. , Butler R.C.
Published: October 2019

Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat can cause yield losses of 3070 More importantly affected grain may be less palatable to stock than healthy grain and may contain mycotoxins A field trial in 2000/01 tested several fungicides and fungicide combinations for FHB control FHB incidence was 91 in untreated plots The greatest reduction of FHB incidence grain Fusarium and mycotoxins was achieved with triazoles a benzimadazole or a combination of these Strobilurin fungicides reduced FHB although less effectively than the triazoles and carbendazim but Fusarium incidence was greater in grain harvested from strobilurintreated plots than in grain from untreated plots Combining strobilurin fungicides with fungicides from other groups did not further reduce Fusarium levels in harvested grain Nine Fusarium species and Microdochium nivale were isolated from grain harvested from the trial Fusarium graminearum and F avenaceum were most commonly isolated with F crookwellense and F culmorum also common
Possibility of control of painted apple moth (Teia anartoides) using single component mating disruption
Authors: Suckling D.M. , Charles J.G. , Allen D. , Stevens P.S.
Published: October 2019

Disruption of mate location by painted apple moth males was tested using two 3M sprayable formulations of Z6heneicosen11one applied in field cages at Glendene Auckland Four Acacia branches were installed upright in each field cage and the sprays were applied at 50 l pheromone in 1 litre of water to the foliage and walls A third field cage located upwind was left untreated Up to 50 of males located virgin female moths in the control cage compared to very low or zero in the cages treated with sprayable pheromone The test indicates that single component mating disruption of painted apple moth is a potentially useful tactic that warrants small plot testing and further evaluation of feasibility The legislative constraints to the development of this technology are discussed
Sterilisation of painted apple moth Teia anortoides (Lepidoptera Lymantriidae) by irradiation
Authors: Suckling D.M. , Hackett J.K. , Barrington A.M. , Daly J.M.
Published: October 2019

The Australian painted apple moth (Teia anartoides) has been the target of an eradication programme in Auckland This has included an extensive trapping programme underpinned by moth dispersal studies Sterilisation of males was considered essential before release to avoid exacerbating the eradication problem Late stage male pupae were irradiated using 125 MeV gamma rays from a Cobalt60 source at six doses (60 80 100 120 140 and 160 Gy) No effects were measurable on male emergence or mating performance in the treated compared to control insects Significant effects were observed in the F1 generation with increasing doses producing increased mortality At the highest doses 100 sterility was achieved in the F2 generation Male flight in a wind tunnel was not significantly affected by irradiation at 160 Gy Markrelease recapture experiments were successfully conducted with the maximum recorded dispersal distance of several kilometers by irradiated sterile male moths
Biosecurity and aphids in New Zealand
Authors: Teulon D.A.J. , Stufkens M.A.W.
Published: October 2019

About 110 introduced aphid species (Hemiptera Aphididae) have been recorded in New Zealand Only 12 indigenous species have been recorded On average there has been about one new aphid incursion into New Zealand per year over the last 130 years although this rate has declined dramatically in recent years The origins of introduced aphids appear to include most parts of the globe Many introduced aphids damage economically important plants through their feeding and transmitting plant viruses Less quantifiable environmental impacts include injury to native plants and the displacement of native aphids on their host plants Aspects of aphid biology such as small size parthenogenetic reproduction high reproductive rates short generation time rapid dispersal and eruptive population dynamics pose particularly difficult challenges for aphid biosecurity in New Zealand
Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera Thripidae) could it survive in New Zealand
Authors: Dentener P.R. , Whiting D.C. , Connolly P.G.
Published: October 2019

Melon thrips (Thrips palmi Karny) is one of several Risk Group 2 pests on New Zealand MAF Biosecurity Authoritys list of unwanted pests Its wide host plant range and its presence worldwide including several countries in the Pacific region underpin its biosecurity status In this case study we used CLIMEX a climate matching software program to determine likely locations in New Zealand where melon thrips could establish once introduced Possible establishment was based on climate match with overseas locations where melon thrips is present and on a range of biological parameters specific to the response of melon thrips to climatic conditions The upper North Island is predicted to be most suited to melon thrips establishment This also matches the known New Zealand distribution of Hercinothrips bicinctus banana thrips a species found worldwide in locations similar to that of melon thrips
The yellow flower wasp Radumeris tasmaniensis Saussure (Hymenoptera Scoliidae) potential threat to New Zealand native fauna
Authors: Barratt B.I.P. , Willoughby B.E. , Wilson D. , Booth A.M.
Published: October 2019

The yellow flower wasp Radumeris tasmaniensis Saussure was first reported in Northland New Zealand in February 2000 R tasmaniensis is a solitary wasp which occurs naturally in Australia and Papua New Guinea It is an ectoparasitoid of scarabaeid larvae A survey was carried out during February and March 2001 to determine the distribution and potential host range of R tasmaniensis in Northland This confirmed that R tasmaniensis was present at the three sites from which it was first reported in 2000 but appeared not to have established more widely A small extension to its known range was discovered in a further survey in MarchApril 2002 Parasitised scarabaeid larvae were not detected by soil sampling but Pericoptus spp (Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) was the species most commonly found The rationale and methodology of the survey is presented and the conservation implications of the establishment of this species in New Zealand are discussed
Tropical grass webworm (Herpetogramma licarsisalis) implications for dairy farming in Northland
Authors: Willoughby BE. , Barns S.A.
Published: October 2019

The presence of larvae of Herpetogramma licarsisalis (tropical grass webworm (TGW)) in pasture on the Aupouri Peninsula in Northland New Zealand was confirmed in March 1999 A delineation survey undertaken in late March 1999 found an infested area of approximately 37 000 ha of which 4450 ha was in dairying The establishment of TGW in the area has been confirmed by ongoing monitoring of populations from 1999 to the present Populations decline to extremely low numbers over the winter months with the main pasture damage period in early autumn (March/April) Infestations to date have been mainly confined to kikuyu pastures In 1999 and 2002 visual estimations were made of pasture damage by TGW The implications of this damage are discussed within the context of management practices and economic constraints for dairy farming in the area
New diseases of asparagus a threat to New Zealands biosecurity
Authors: Cheah L-H , Davis R.D.
Published: October 2019

Three diseases asparagus rust Phomopsis stem blight and asparagus anthracnose were detected for the first time during 2000 on asparagus in Australia These diseases especially asparagus rust are likely to spread to other states in Australia and New Zealand They are a threat to New Zealands biosecurity Early detection of the diseases and application of control measures are essential to prevent the diseases spreading and enable eradication
Evaluation of field grown potato lines transgenic for a cry1Ac9 gene conferring resistance to potato tuber moth
Authors: Davidson M.M. , Takla M.F.G. , Reader J.K. , Butler R.C. , Wratten S.D. , Conner A.J.
Published: October 2019

Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) potato tuber moth (PTM) is an important pest of potatoes The larvae of this insect are difficult to control with insecticides because they mine into foliage and tubers Seven potato cultivars were genetically engineered with a Bacillus thuringiensis cry1Ac9 gene to confer resistance to PTM larvae Fiftysix transgenic lines were established in the field at Lincoln Canterbury as small plots of 10 plants along with replicate control plots of the same but nontransgenic cultivars Fortyfour of the transgenic lines were phenotypically normal Foliage excised from these plants was challenged with PTM larvae in the laboratory All but one line inhibited larval growth compared to nontransgenic plants (Plt;005) For transgenic plants the growth indices of larvae fed fieldgrown foliage were similar to those fed greenhousegrown foliage Thirteen of the 43 resistant lines inhibited larval growth by 8805;40 and produced tuber yields comparable to the nontransgenic plants
Effects of biotinbinding proteins on eight species of pasture invertebrates
Authors: Malone L.A. , Burgess E.P.J. , Mercer C.F. , Christeller J.T. , Lester M.T. , Murray C. , Phung M.M. , Philip B.A. , Tregidga E.L. , Todd J.H.
Published: October 2019

Biotinbinding proteins (BBPs) such as avidin and streptavidin represent potent insect control compounds which could be delivered via transgenic plants The effects of BBPs on some pasture pests were determined Black field cricket nymphs (Teleogryllus commodus) had significantly reduced growth and survival when fed on lettuce leaves painted with purified avidin Adult clover root weevils (Sitona lepidus) were unharmed when fed clover foliage painted with avidin In contrast neonate or oneweekold S lepidus larvae had poor survival when fed on artificial diets containing avidin or streptavidin Neonate larval Argentine stem weevils (Listronotus bonariensis) had significantly reduced survival when fed with artificial diet containing streptavidin or avidin Slugs (Deroceras reticulatum) and snails (Cantareus aspersus) were not harmed when fed with avidinpainted lettuce Similar numbers of eggs were laid and galls produced by the rootknot nematodes Meloidogyne javanica Meloidogyne hapla and Meloidogyne incognita inoculated onto transgenic tobacco plants expressing avidin and nontransgenic controls
Effects of two protease inhibitors on larvae of Argentine stem weevil and clover root weevil
Authors: Todd J.H. , Malone L.A. , Gatehouse H.S. , Burgess E.P.J. , Christeller J.T. , Philip B.A. , Tregidga E.L.
Published: October 2019

Protease inhibitors (PIs) cause mortality in a range of insects and transgenic plants expressing PIs have been protected against pest attack The effects of feeding two purified PIs to larvae of Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) and clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus) were investigated in laboratory bioassays The serine PI aprotinin and the cysteine PI E64 were administered continuously in artificial diets to neonate or oneweekold larvae Aprotinin had no effect on clover root weevil larvae but significantly inhibited growth of Argentine stem weevil larvae E64 caused significant mortality in clover root weevil larvae and significant reductions in growth of Argentine stem weevil larvae
A strong inhibitor of chymotrypsin/elastase is highly antimetabolic to Helicoverpa armigera larvae
Authors: Gatehouse L.N. , Christeller J.T. , Gatehouse H.S. , Zou X.Y.
Published: October 2019

Chymostatin is a small nonprotein polyamino acid that specifically inhibits chymotrypsinlike enzymes by covalently binding to their active site It is therefore a model for tightbinding proteinaceous protease inhibitors of chymotrypsin/elastase specificity The Lepidopteran Helicoverpa armigera was raised on an artificial diet containing 003 chymostatin After 14 days the experimental animals were approximately twentyfold smaller than the controls although there was no increase in mortality The RNA expression levels of the main trypsin gene group were found to decrease while that of the chymotrypsin/elastase gene group increased Changes in activity of the midgut protease enzymes did not correlate to these changes in RNA expression
Species of Fusarium on Pinus radiata in New Zealand
Authors: Dick M.A. , Dobbie K.
Published: October 2019

The common diseases of pines caused by Fusarium species in New Zealand are dampingoff and root rot disorders of seedlings in forest nurseries The emergence of pine pitch canker disease caused by Fusarium subglutinans f sp pini as a serious threat to Pinus radiata plantations has increased the need for an awareness of the species associated with pines in New Zealand Standard morphological procedures were used to identify Fusarium cultures isolated from diseased pines and from soil in forest nurseries Fusarium oxysporum and F solani were the most commonly found species in bareroot P radiata nurseries and were obtained from both seedlings and from soil The species most frequently obtained from branches and needles of older trees in plantations were F avenaceum and F sambucinum but these were not associated with serious disease
Advances in understanding the mode of action of MBT fungicide used in wood protection
Authors: Singh T. , Wakeling R. , Kreber B. , Jaspers M.V. , Stewart A.
Published: October 2019

Interactions between methylene bisthiocyanate (MBT) and common wood degrading fungi of Pinus radiata were investigated The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MBT was determined in yeastmalt liquid medium and on radiata pine Higher treatment concentrations of MBT were required to control fungal growth on wood than in liquid culture irrespective of the test fungus used There were significant differences between the test fungi for MIC levels of MBT on diptreated wood with the highest degree of tolerance observed for Trichoderma viride (MIC le; 064 w/v) Further experiments suggested that vapour action and diffusibility both contributed to the fungitoxicity of MBT
Potential of Beauveria and Metarhizium as control agents of pinhole borers (Platypus spp)
Authors: Glare T.R. , Placet C. , Nelson T.L. , Reay S.D.
Published: October 2019

Three species of pinhole borer (Platypus spp) are known in New Zealand They are pests of beech and some other trees boring deep into living and dead trees which allows the ingress of sapstain and other fungi Although the species are native to New Zealand they can still cause localised problems to trees when populations reach epidemic levels We investigated the virulence of a selection of New Zealand isolates of three entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana B brongniartii and M anisopliae against Platypus The fungi were mainly from soil in beech forests All isolates tested could kill and sporulate on Platypus The ability of adult Platypus to contaminate larvae by transfer of spores was tested and found to occur in the laboratory The possibilities of using Beauveria for localised Platypus control are discussed
Species composition and abundance of leafrollers in a Canterbury pine plantation
Authors: Brockerhoff E.G. , Jactel H. , Leckie A.C. , Suckling D.M.
Published: October 2019

Several leafroller species (Tortricidae) are known to occasionally cause considerable defoliation in Pinus radiata plantation forests We conducted pheromone trapping for five indigenous species Ctenopseustis herana Ctenopseustis obliquana Planotortrix excessana Planotortrix notophaea and Planotortrix octo and the exotic Epiphyas postvittana to determine their abundance in 20 P radiata stands in Eyrewell Forest North Canterbury Trapping from December 2001 to February 2002 indicated that E postvittana and C obliquana were very abundant (with mean catches of 077 and 044 moths/trap/day respectively) while the other species were rarely caught Results for the native leafrollers differ considerably from those reported from other plantation forests and other habitats in Canterbury such as apple orchards where P octo and C herana are generally more common
The risk to Solanum spp in New Zealand from Gargaphia decoris (Hem Tingidae) a potential biocontrol agent against woolly nightshade S mauritianum
Authors: Withers T.M. , Olckers T. , Fowler S.V.
Published: October 2019

Woolly nightshade Solanum mauritianum (Solanaceae) is a serious environmental and forestry weed in New Zealand The leaffeeding lace bug Gargaphia decoris (Tingidae) was released in South Africa in 1999 after rigorous host specificity testing revealed that natives and crops in the genus Solanum were unlikely to be attacked All three New Zealand native Solanum spp were similarly tested in South Africa Neither Solanum laciniatum Solanum aviculare (poroporo) nor Solanum americanum (smallflowered nightshade) supported feeding by nymphs or adults of G decoris in nochoice tests During multichoice tests 97 of adults selected S mauritianum while 2 selected eggplant cv Black Beauty (S melongena) Oviposition occurred only on S mauritianum The risks of nontarget attack are therefore low enough to warrant further evaluation of G decoris as a biocontrol agent in New Zealand
Satellite mapping of gorse at regional scales
Authors: Shepherd J.D. , Lee W.G.
Published: October 2019

The spatial distribution of gorse in the Wellington Region was mapped using Landsat satellite imagery This satellite is capable of mapping at regional scales (150 000) with a large spatial extent (180 km x 180 km) and has spectral bands in both the visible and infrared parts of the spectrum (6 bands in total) A spring Landsat image distinguished flowering gorse enabling mapping of gorse as a separate scrub type We chose a minimum patch size of 05 ha with a boundary precision of 15 m An error assessment using 1200 stratified random samples across the Wellington region compared the satellite classified result with colour aerial orthophotography and found the mapping accuracy of gorse to be 95 Gorse area by catchment was calculated using an existing GIS of catchment boundaries The area and percent cover of gorse within a catchment is a potential way to target management at regional scales
Future changes in New Zealands hill country pasture weeds
Authors: Popay A.I. , Rahman A. , James T.K.
Published: October 2019

This paper examines the current and possible future status of weed problems in hill country pastures in New Zealand Factors like lower fertiliser inputs stocking rates rural depopulation and changing land use that have affected pastures and pasture management in recent years were assessed The possible effects of climate change on pastures and weed invasions were also considered In addition farmers Regional Councils chemical companies and other stakeholders were surveyed for their opinions on existing and increasingly important weed problems Survey results indicated a resurgence of woody weeds in hill country probably as a result of lower fertiliser input/stocking rates and changing livestock classes due to marginalisation of hill country farming There were few indications of any new weed species appearing in hill country pastures Suggestions were made for increasing surveillance efforts to assist in the early detection of newly emerging weeds in pastures
Estimating economic losses due to pasture weeds
Authors: Bourd?t G.W. , Saville D.J.
Published: October 2019

A method is presented for estimating the economic loss sustained by a pastoral industry due to a nonpalatable herbaceous weed The method requires monthly estimates of weed ground cover and dry matter produced by noninfested pasture along with the per annum production revenue and an estimate of the percentage of the industrys pastureland infested by the weed Applied to giant buttercup (Ranunculus acris L) in dairy pastures in New Zealand the method estimated the national economic loss due to this weed to be NZ 118 million in the 19992000 year
Controlling Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense) through pasture management
Authors: Eerens J.P.J. , Seefeldt S.S. , Garry G. , Armstrong M.L.
Published: October 2019

The impact of grazing pasture to different heights on the development of Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense) was simulated over two years in container trials Californian thistle field densities were simulated by transplanting seedlings into perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) that had been sown at 20 and 5 kg/ha respectively In a high fertility situation adding fertiliser did not influence Californian thistle development in the pasture sward Californian thistle grown without companion ryegrass and white clover grew the best reaching the highest levels of biomass (shoot and root material) and number of shoots (supra and subterranean) Californian thistle grown with the highest level of pasture competition fared the worst with the lowest level of biomass and number of shoots The results show that grazing to a higher residual severely reduces Californian thistle growth and is a useful tool to assist in the control of Californian thistle
Weed establishment in the second year after high pasture sowing rates
Authors: Armstrong M.L. , Harrington K.C. , Seefeldt S.S.
Published: October 2019

A field and an outdoor tray experiment were conducted to determine whether weed control benefits of high sowing rates of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) continue into the second year after sowing Seeds of Scotch thistle (Cirsium vulgare) nodding thistle (Carduus nutans) and hedge mustard (Sisymbrium officinale) were sown into perennial ryegrass swards that were established 12 months earlier at differing densities Emerging weed seedlings were mapped at regular intervals to enable their fate to be followed Weed emergence and survival did not decline with increased ryegrass sowing rates indicating that 12 months after sowing the competitive ability of pasture sown at low density towards weeds equalled that of pasture sown at high density
Autumn and spring control of black cherry aphid on sweet cherry in Central Otago
Authors: McLaren G.F. , Fraser J.A.
Published: October 2019

Black cherry aphid Myzus cerasi has the potential to cause major damage to both the shoots and fruit of sweet cherries It has traditionally been treated with insecticides during the growing season from early spring until close to harvest An investigation into the time of arrival of females followed by males in autumn and egg hatch in spring in Central Otago showed that there was potential to achieve some control before flowering by treating either in autumn or spring The trials identified options for use under organic (mineral oil canola oil or pyrethrum) or integrated fruit production systems (mineral oil or pirimicarb) with carefully timed treatments Aphid numbers in spring (assessed in late October) were significantly reduced by treating in either late April of the previous autumn or in late August at the end of egg hatch Further work is needed to develop fully effective control programmes using combinations of autumn and spring treatments
Temperaturedependent development of parasitoids on two species of armoured scale insects
Authors: Logan D.P. , Thomson C.
Published: October 2019

The duration of development of the parasitoid Encarsia citrina (Craw) (Hymenoptera Aphelinidae) on its hosts greedy scale Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) and oleander scale Aspidiotus nerii Bouché (Hemiptera Diaspididae) and of Signiphora merceti (Malenotti) (Hymenoptera Signiphoridae) on greedy scale was determined at five constant temperatures Weibull functions were fitted to the cumulative distribution of parasitoid emergence times and development rates for 5 50 and 95 emergence were calculated Development rates for each parasitoidscale combination were described by the same linear regression equations for 50 emergence and for 95 emergence Developmental threshold and thermal constant for 50 and 95 emergence of parasitoids was 103C and 3638 D and 103C and 4412 D The threshold and thermal constant for 5 emergence varied from 93C to 123C and 2254 D to 3282 D Duration of development in the field was simulated using 13 months of hourly temperatures recorded at Te Puke
Selection of wild hosts for feeding by passion vine hopper Scolypopa australis (Walker) (Hemiptera Ricaniidae) in the Bay of Plenty
Authors: Logan D.P. , Allison P.A. , Stannard K.
Published: October 2019

Passion vine hopper Scolypopa australis (Walker) (Hemiptera Ricaniidae) a pest of kiwifruit occurs on a wide range of native and introduced plants that are probably not equally preferred as hosts First instar nymphs and adults were observed on 69 and 53 respectively of 42 plant species found at varying frequency in a survey of gullies adjacent to kiwifruit orchards in the Bay of Plenty In choice tests with four plant species common in gullies firstinstar nymphs and adults preferred the native species mahoe (Melicytus ramiflorus) Under nochoice conditions survival from first to late instar was also best on mahoe Of 10 plant species in a nochoice test adults survived best and laid most eggs on the native species wineberry (Aristotelia serrata)
Adult activity patterns of Cnephasia jactatana Walker (Lepidoptera Tortricidae)
Authors: Jimenez-Perez A. , Wang Q. , Markwick N.P.
Published: October 2019

The New Zealand leafroller Cnephasia jactatana Walker is an important pest of kiwifruit Larvae of this species feed on dead or live plant tissues and damage the surface of the fruit or burrow deep into the flesh To provide important information for the development of adult monitoring and control methods we studied circadian rhythms and lifespan activity patterns of C jactatana The investigation was carried out at 20 2C 75 10 RH and a photoperiod of 168 h lightdark Females needed a significantly longer time to complete their life cycle than males Most moths emerged during the photophase On a circadian basis courtship activity peaked 3 and 6 h into scotophase; mating peaked 46 h into scotophase and most ovipositions occurred in the first 2 h of scotophase In the lifespan of this species male courtship display started 2 days after emergence and peaked 1 day later; mating and oviposition peaked 3 and 7 days after emergence respectively Most females initiated oviposition 1 day after mating
Effect of pesticides on cymbidium orchid pollencap mite and its predator Hypoaspis sp
Authors: Workman P.J. , Martin N.A.
Published: October 2019

Pots of orchidgrowing media augmented with pollencap mite Tyrophagus neiswanderi and its predator Hypoaspis sp were drenched with carbaryl deltametrin dimethoate and methiocarb to compare their efficacy for mite control with natural predation Mite populations were monitored by heat extraction from 50 ml of potting media on days 0 2 7 and 14 after treatment and compared with water treated controls All pesticide treatments initially reduced pollencap mite numbers (P
European earwig phenology and effect of understorey management on population estimation
Authors: Burnip G.M. , Daly J.M. , Hackett J.K. , Suckling D.M.
Published: October 2019

European earwigs (Forficula auricularia L) were sampled in a Canterbury apple orchard over two growing seasons using shelter traps comprised of corrugated cardboard rolls Adult activity peaked during December and January in both seasons while activity of nymphs peaked two weeks earlier Earwig counts were consistently higher in a block receiving herbicide treatments compared with an adjacent block receiving pea straw mulch Competition between the sampling unit and the surrounding peastraw habitat probably explains this effect Factors affecting the sampling method used are discussed and the need for an alternative sampling system that better reflects absolute abundance is concluded
Relationships between autumn black spot leaf litter and Venturia inaequalis ascospore production in apple orchards
Authors: Horner I.J. , Horner M.B.
Published: October 2019

Ascospore production from pseudothecia in apple leaf litter in the spring is a critical step in the disease cycle of Venturia inaequalis Leaf litter management is potentially an important component of an integrated pest and disease management strategy An orchard study was carried out in Hawkes Bay to investigate the relationships between the incidence of black spot on leaves in autumn the density of apple leaf litter on the orchard floor in spring and the number of ascospores produced in spring A total of 22 blocks on eight orchards were surveyed for black spot incidence in autumn 2000 The following spring remaining leaf litter was measured and ascospore production was quantified using spore traps Autumn black spot levels and spring litter levels were accurate predictors of spring ascospore production Management strategies employed on different blocks influenced spring leaf litter and ascospore levels Blocks with high autumn black spot generally had high spring ascospore production Management practices that substantially reduced litter levels resulted in reduced V inaequalis inoculum