bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glass Beads, Markers of Ancient Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa: Methodology, State of the Art and Perspectives
Authors: Koleini Farahnaz , Colomban Philippe , Pikirayi Innocent , Prinsloo Linda C.
Published: August 2019

Glass beads have been produced and traded for millennia all over the world for use as everyday items of adornment, ceremonial costumes or objects of barter. The preservation of glass beads is good and large hoards have been found in archaeological sites across the world. The variety of shape, size and colour as well as the composition and production technologies of glass beads led to the motivation to use them as markers of exchange pathways covering the Indian Ocean, Africa, Asia, Middle East, the Mediterranean world, Europe and America and also as chronological milestones. This review addresses the history of glass production, the methodology of identification (morphology, colour, elemental composition, glass nanostructure, colouring and opacifying agents and secondary phases) by means of laboratory based instruments (LA-ICP-MS, SEM-EDS, XRF, NAA, Raman microspectroscopy) as well as the mobile instruments (pXRF, Raman) used to study glass beads excavated from sub-Saharan African sites. Attention is paid to the problems neglected such as the heterogeneity of glass (recycled and locally reprocessed glass). The review addresses the potential information that could be extracted using advanced portable methods of analysis.
Health Risk and Resilience Assessment with Respect to the Main Air Pollutants in Sichuan
Authors: Xiong Junnan , Ye Chongchong , Zhou Tiancai , Cheng Weiming
Published: August 2019

Rapid urbanization and industrialization in developing countries have caused an increase in air pollutant concentrations, and this has attracted public concern due to the resulting harmful effects to health. Here we present, through the spatial-temporal characteristics of six criteria air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3) in Sichuan, a human health risk assessment framework conducted to evaluate the health risk of different age groups caused by ambient air pollutants. Public health resilience was evaluated with respect to the risk resulting from ambient air pollutants, and a spatial inequality analysis between the risk caused by ambient air pollutants and hospital density in Sichuan was performed based on the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient. The results indicated that high concentrations of PM2.5 (47.7 μg m−3) and PM10 (75.9 μg m−3) were observed in the Sichuan Basin; these two air pollutants posed a high risk to infants. The high risk caused by PM2.5 was mainly distributed in Sichuan Basin (1.14) and that caused by PM10 was principally distributed in Zigong (1.01). Additionally, the infants in Aba and Ganzi had high health resilience to the risk caused by PM2.5 (3.89 and 4.79, respectively) and PM10 (3.28 and 2.77, respectively), which was explained by the low risk in these two regions. These regions and Sichuan had severe spatial inequality between the infant hazard quotient caused by PM2.5 (G = 0.518, G = 0.493, and G = 0.456, respectively) and hospital density. This spatial inequality was also caused by PM10 (G = 0.525, G = 0.526, and G = 0.466, respectively), which is mainly attributed to the imbalance between hospital distribution and risk caused by PM2.5 (PM10) in these two areas. Such research could provide a basis for the formulation of medical construction and future air pollution control measures in Sichuan.
Evaluation of a Violence-Prevention Programme with Jamaican Primary School Teachers: A Cluster Randomised Trial
Authors: Baker-Henningham Helen , Scott Yakeisha , Bowers Marsha , Francis Taja
Published: August 2019

This study investigated the effect of a school-based violence prevention programme implemented in Grade 1 classrooms in Jamaican primary schools. Fourteen primary schools were randomly assigned to receive training in classroom behaviour management (n = 7 schools, 27 teachers/classrooms) or to a control group (n = 7 schools, 28 teachers/classrooms). Four children from each class were randomly selected to participate in the evaluation (n = 220 children). Teachers were trained through a combination of workshop and in-class support sessions, and received a mean of 11.5 h of training (range = 3–20) over 8 months. The primary outcomes were observations of (1) teachers’ use of violence against children and (2) class-wide child aggression. Teachers in intervention schools used significantly less violence against children (effect size (ES) = −0.73); benefits to class-wide child aggression were not significant (ES = −0.20). Intervention teachers also provided a more emotionally supportive classroom environment (ES = 1.22). No benefits were found to class-wide prosocial behaviour, teacher wellbeing, or child mental health. The intervention benefited children’s early learning skills, especially oral language and self-regulation skills (ES = 0.25), although no benefits were found to achievement in maths calculation, reading and spelling. A relatively brief teacher-training programme reduced violence against children by teachers and increased the quality of the classroom environment.
Aggravation of Human Diseases and Climate Change Nexus
Authors: Khan Mohd Danish , Thi Vu Hong Ha , Lai Quang Tuan , Ahn Ji Whan
Published: August 2019

For decades, researchers have debated whether climate change has an adverse impact on diseases, especially infectious diseases. They have identified a strong relationship between climate variables and vector’s growth, mortality rate, reproduction, and spatiotemporal distribution. Epidemiological data further indicates the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases post every single extreme weather event. Based on studies conducted mostly between 1990-2018, three aspects that resemble the impact of climate change impact on diseases are: (a) emergence and re-emergence of vector-borne diseases, (b) impact of extreme weather events, and (c) social upliftment with education and adaptation. This review mainly examines and discusses the impact of climate change based on scientific evidences in published literature. Humans are highly vulnerable to diseases and other post-catastrophic effects of extreme events, as evidenced in literature. It is high time that human beings understand the adverse impacts of climate change and take proper and sustainable control measures. There is also the important requirement for allocation of effective technologies, maintenance of healthy lifestyles, and public education.
Dose Tapering Strategy for Heroin Abstinence among Methadone Maintenance Treatment Participants: Evidence from A Retrospective Study in Guangdong, China
Authors: Lu Qian , Zou Xia , Liu Yin , Gong Cheng , Ling Li
Published: August 2019

Around half of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) participants choose the tapering phase, however, the guidelines on tapering differ between countries and only include the tapering rate. Physicians need more evidence to guide clinical practice. We aimed to explore a specific tapering strategy to improve heroin abstinence among MMT participants. We conducted a retrospective study from 2006 to 2017 at nine MMT clinics in Guangdong, China, involving 853 participants with 961 treatment episodes. We performed two-level hierarchical logistic regression models to identify tapering phase characteristics associated with heroin abstinence. Among all treatment episodes, 419 (43.6%) were heroin abstinent. Participants who started tapering after 52 weeks, had a taper start dose of less than 60 mg and a taper ratio of less than 5%/week, while a dose reduction in 75%–89% of the tapering weeks provided the highest odds of heroin abstinence. This study highlights the need for a more gradual taper than current guidelines recommend and strongly suggests the inclusion of other tapering phase characteristics. Those who start the tapering phase later, have a lower dose of methadone, with a more gradual rate of taper, and a dose reduction in 75%–89% of the tapering phase increased the odds of heroin abstinence.
Cd, Cu, and Zn Accumulations Caused by Long-Term Fertilization in Greenhouse Soils and Their Potential Risk Assessment
Authors: Liao Zhongbin , Chen Yali , Ma Jie , Islam Md. Shafiqul , Weng Liping , Li Yongtao
Published: August 2019

The intense management practices in greenhouse production may lead to heavy metal (HM) accumulations in soils. To determine the accumulation characteristics of HM and to evaluate possible HM sources in greenhouse soils, thirty typical greenhouse soil samples were collected in Shouguang District, Shandong Province, China. The results indicate that the Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations are, respectively, 164.8%, 78.6%, and 123.9% higher than their background values. In the study area, Cd exhibits certain characteristics, such as wide variations in the proportion of its exchangeable form and the highest mobility factor and geo-accumulation index, which are indicative of its high bioavailability and environmental risk. In addition, there is a significant positive correlation between pairs of Cd, P, soil organic carbon, and cultivation age. Combined with principal component analysis, the results indicate the clear effects that agricultural activities have on Cd, Cu, and Zn accumulation. However, Cr, Ni, and Pb have a significant correlation with soil Fe and Al (hydr)-oxides, which indicates that these metals mainly originate from parent materials. This research indicated that long-term intensive fertilization (especially the application of chemical fertilizers and livestock manure) leads to Cd, Cu, and Zn accumulation in greenhouse soils in Shouguang. And the time required to reach the maximum permeable limit in agricultural soils for Cd, Cu, and Zn is 23, 51, and 42 years, respectively, based on their current increasing rates.
Effectiveness of Reverse vs. Traditional Linear Training Periodization in Triathlon
Authors: Clemente-Suárez Vicente Javier , Ramos-Campo Domingo Jesús
Published: August 2019

The present research aimed to analyze the modification in performance, body composition, and autonomic modulation of reverse and traditional linear training periodization in amateur triathletes. We analyzed running and swimming performance, strength manifestation, body composition, and autonomic modulation before and after a traditional linear training periodization (four weeks of volume-based training plus four weeks of intensity-based training plus two-week tapering), a reverse linear training periodization (four weeks of intensity-based training plus four weeks of volume-based training plus two-week tapering), and a free training control physical active group (10-week free training) in 32 amateur athletes. Independently of the periodization model, the combination of two four-week mesocycles followed by a two-week taper is an efficiency strategy to avoid overreaching, obtaining an increase in parasympathetic modulation. Moreover, both types of training periodization proposed in this study do not modified body composition of amateur triathletes. Also, compared with traditional periodization, reverse periodization efficiently improves horizontal jump performance. Finally, reverse and traditional periodization were an effective strategy to improve running biomechanical, performance, and physiological variables, as well as efficient periodization strategies to improve swimming technical ability, aerobic, and anaerobic swimming performance.
Impact of an Extreme Winter Storm Event on the Coagulation/Flocculation Processes in a Prototype Surface Water Treatment Plant: Causes and Mitigating Measures
Authors: Qiu Fuguo , Lv Huadong , Zhao Xiao , Zhao Dongye
Published: August 2019

Climate change has often caused failure in water treatment operations. In this study, we report a real case study at a major surface water treatment plant in Alabama, USA. Following a severe winter storm, the effluent water turbidity surged to >15.00 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU), far exceeding the 0.30 NTU standard. As a result, the plant operation had to be shut down for three days, causing millions of dollars of losses and affecting tens of thousands of people. Systematic jar tests were carried out with sediment samples from 22 upstream locations. The coagulation and settleability of sediment particles were tested under simulated storm weather conditions, i.e., low temperature (7 °C) and in the presence of various types and concentrations of natural organic matter (NOM) that was extracted from the local sediments. Experimental results proved that elevated NOM (6.14 mg·L−1 as Total Organic Carbon, TOC) in raw water was the root cause for the failure of the plant while the low temperature played a minor but significant role. Pre-oxidation with permanganate and/or elevated coagulant dosage were found effective to remove TOC in raw water and to prevent similar treatment failure. Moreover, we recommend that chemical dosages should be adjusted based on the TOC level in raw water, and a reference dosage of 0.29 kg-NaMnO4/kg-TOC and 19 kg- polyaluminum chloride (PACl) /kg-TOC would be appropriate to cope with future storm water impacts. To facilitate timely adjustment of the chemical dosages, the real time key water quality parameters should be monitored, such as turbidity, TOC, Ultraviolet (UV) absorbance, pH, and color. The findings can guide other treatment operators to deal with shock changes in the raw water quality resulting from severe weather or other operating conditions.
Screening Value of Social Frailty and Its Association with Physical Frailty and Disability in Community-Dwelling Older Koreans: Aging Study of PyeongChang Rural Area
Authors: Park Hyungchul , Jang Il-Young , Lee Hea yon , Jung Hee-Won , Lee Eunju , Kim Dae Hyun
Published: August 2019

Population aging is a challenge, therefore efficient frailty screening has been increasingly emphasized for mass older populations. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of social frailty and its association with physical frailty, geriatric syndromes and activity of daily living (ADL) disability in community-dwelling older adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 408 older adults (mean age, 75 years; 58% female) in the Aging Study of PyeongChang Rural Area. A five-item social frailty index was administered (range: 0–5); (1) going out less frequently; (2) rarely visiting the homes of friends; (3) feeling unhelpful to friends and family; (4) being alone; and (5) not talking with someone every day. Social frailty was defined as ≥2 positive responses. Physical frailty was assessed according to the Cardiovascular Health Study frailty phenotype criteria. We used logistic regression to examine whether social frailty can identify older adults with common geriatric syndromes including ADL disability, independently of age, gender, and physical frailty. Social frailty was present in 20.5% (14.5% in male and 25.0% in female) and 11.5% was not overlapped with physical frailty. Social frailty increased risk of ADL disability (odds ratio, 2.53; 95% confidence interval, 1.26–5.09) and depressed mood (odds ratio, 4.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.30–12.39) independently of age, gender, and physical frailty. The predictive power for disability was maximized by using both frailty indices (C statistic 0.73) compared with either frailty index alone (C statistic: 0.71 for social frailty and 0.68 for physical frailty). Social frailty screening is important as it can identify frail older adults who are not captured by demographic characteristics and physical frailty. Moreover, assessment of both social frailty and physical frailty can better detect disability and geriatric syndromes.
Influence of Emotional Intelligence, Motivation and Resilience on Academic Performance and the Adoption of Healthy Lifestyle Habits among Adolescents
Authors: Trigueros Rubén , Aguilar-Parra José M. , Cangas Adolfo J. , Bermejo Rosario , Ferrandiz Carmen , López-Liria Remedios
Published: August 2019

Included among the basic objectives of Physical Education (PE) classes is the consolidation of habits of a healthy lifestyle among adolescents. However, the main studies in this field have focused on cognitive aspects related to students during these classes, yet they ignore the role that emotions can play in the adoption of future habits. Objectives: To analyze how emotions (emotional intelligence and emotional state) can influence the resilience and motivation of adolescents, as well as academic performance and adoption of healthy lifestyle habits. Methodology: 615 secondary school students between the ages of 14 and 19 participated (M = 16.02; SD = 1.57) in the study. A structural equations model was developed using the main variables and by applying some of the principles of Self-Determination Theory. The results show that emotional intelligence is positively related to positive emotions and negatively related to negative emotions. Positive emotions positively predict both self-motivation towards physical education classes and resilience. Resilience positively predicts self-motivation. Finally, self-motivation acts as a predictor of both academic performance and regular participation in physical activity. Conclusions: This study successfully shows the importance of focusing on emotions in PE classes inasmuch as emotion increases the tendency to get good grades and maintain active lifestyle habits. In this sense, focusing on the emotions of students in PE could prove quite beneficial.
Examining the Multi-Scalar Unevenness of High-Quality Healthcare Resources Distribution in China
Authors: Yu Meng , He Shenjing , Wu Dunxu , Zhu Hengpeng , Webster Chris
Published: August 2019

Healthcare disparity is, to a large extent, ascribable to the uneven distribution of high-quality healthcare resources, which remains insufficiently examined, largely due to data unavailability. To overcome this barrier, we synthesized multiple sources of data, employed integrated methods and made a comprehensive analysis of government administrative structures and the socio-economic environment to build probably the most inclusive dataset of Chinese 3-A hospitals thus far. Calibrated on a sample of 379 hospitals rated by a reputable organization, we developed a realistic and viable evaluation framework for assessing hospital quality in China. We then calculated performance scores for 1246 3-A hospitals, which were aggregated and further analyzed at multiple scales (cities, provinces, regions, and economic zones) using general entropy indexes. This research shows that the fragmented governance and incoordination of “kuai” and “tiao” is rooted deeply in China’s legacy of centrally-planned systems, and has had a far-reaching yet partially contradictory influence over the contemporary distribution and performance of healthcare resources. Additionally, the unevenness in the distribution of healthcare resources is related closely to a city’s administrative rank and power. This study thus suggests that the policy design of healthcare systems should be coordinated with external socio-economic transformation in a sustainable manner.
Noise Disturbances and Calls for Police Service in València (Spain): A Logistic Model with Spatial and Temporal Effects
Authors: Seguí Lia , Iftimi Adina , Briz-Redón Álvaro , Martínez-Garay Lucía , Montes Francisco
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this paper is to explore the presence of spatial and temporal effects on the calls for noise disturbance service reported to the Local Police of València (Spain) in the time period from 2014 to 2015, and investigate how some socio-demographic and environmental variables affect the noise phenomenon. The analysis is performed at the level of València’s boroughs. It has been carried out using a logistic model after dichotomization of the noise incidence variable. The spatial effects consider first- and second-order neighbors. The temporal effects are included in the model by means of one- and two-week temporal lags. Our model confirms the presence of strong spatio-temporal effects. We also find significant associations between noise incidence and specific age groups, socio-economic status, land uses, and recreational activities, among other variables. The results suggest that there is a problem of "social" noise in València that is not exclusively a consequence of coexistence between local residents. External factors such as the increasing number of people on the streets during weekend nights or during summer months severely increase the chances of expecting a noise incident.
Ecological and Epidemiological Findings Associated with Zoonotic Rabies Outbreaks and Control in Moshi, Tanzania, 2017–2018
Authors: Mtui-Malamsha Niwael , Sallu Raphael , Mahiti Gladys R. , Mohamed Hussein , OleNeselle Moses , Rubegwa Bachana , Swai Emmanuel S. , Makungu Selemani , Otieno Edward G. , Lupindu Athuman M. , Komba Erick , Mdegela Robinson , Assenga Justine A. , Bernard Jubilate , Marandu Walter , Warioba James , Makondo Zacharia , Chang’a Jelly , Mramba Furaha , Nonga Hezron , Killewo Japhet , Kafeero Fred , Makonnen Yilma J. , Rivas Ariel L. , Fasina Folorunso O.
Published: August 2019

Approximately 1500 people die annually due to rabies in the United Republic of Tanzania. Moshi, in the Kilimanjaro Region, reported sporadic cases of human rabies between 2017 and 2018. In response and following a One Health approach, we implemented surveillance, monitoring, as well as a mass vaccinations of domestic pets concurrently in >150 villages, achieving a 74.5% vaccination coverage (n = 29, 885 dogs and cats) by September 2018. As of April 2019, no single human or animal case has been recorded. We have observed a disparity between awareness and knowledge levels of community members on rabies epidemiology. Self-adherence to protective rabies vaccination in animals was poor due to the challenges of costs and distances to vaccination centers, among others. Incidence of dog bites was high and only a fraction (65%) of dog bite victims (humans) received post-exposure prophylaxis. A high proportion of unvaccinated dogs and cats and the relative intense interactions with wild dog species at interfaces were the risk factors for seropositivity to rabies virus infection in dogs. A percentage of the previously vaccinated dogs remained unimmunized and some unvaccinated dogs were seropositive. Evidence of community engagement and multi-coordinated implementation of One Health in Moshi serves as an example of best practice in tackling zoonotic diseases using multi-level government efforts. The district-level establishment of the One Health rapid response team (OHRRT), implementation of a carefully structured routine vaccination campaign, improved health education, and the implementation of barriers between domestic animals and wildlife at the interfaces are necessary to reduce the burden of rabies in Moshi and communities with similar profiles.
Survival of Microorganisms on Filtering Respiratory Protective Devices Used at Agricultural Facilities
Authors: Jachowicz Anita , Majchrzycka Katarzyna , Szulc Justyna , Okrasa Małgorzata , Gutarowska Beata
Published: August 2019

Bioaerosol is a threat at workplaces, therefore the selection and safe use of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) is important in preventive activities. The aim of the study was to assess the survival of microorganisms on materials used for FFRs construction. The parameters for microorganism growth under model conditions were described using the Gompertz equation, model verification was also carried out using FFRs at the farmers’ workplaces. We found that the factors determining a high survival of microorganisms were as follows: moisture corresponding to the conditions of use and storage of FFRs at workplaces, the presence of sweat and organic dust; inorganic dust and addition of biocide in nonwovens limited the growth of microorganisms, resulting in a shortening of the stationary growth phase and decreased cell numbers (5–6 log). Dust concentration at workplaces was higher than EU occupational exposure limit values and WHO recommendations for airborne particulate matter. Microbial contaminations of the air (103–104 CFU/m3), settled dust (104–106 CFU/g) and FFRs (105 CFU/4cm2) during the grain harvest were high, the main contamination being bacteria (actinomycetes, Pseudomonas fluorescens) and xerophilic fungi. A high correlation was found between the number of microorganisms and the weight of dust on FFRs (R2 = 0.93–0.96).
Biological Response to Macroporous Chitosan-Agarose Bone Scaffolds Comprising Mg- and Zn-Doped Nano-Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Kazimierczak Paulina , Kolmas Joanna , Przekora Agata
Published: August 2019

Modification of implantable scaffolds with magnesium and zinc for improvement of bone regeneration is a growing trend in the engineering of biomaterials. The aim of this study was to synthesize nano-hydroxyapatite substituted with magnesium (Mg2+) (HA-Mg) and zinc (Zn2+) (HA-Zn) ions in order to fabricate chitosan-agarose-hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds (chit/aga/HA) with improved biocompatibility. Fabricated biomaterials containing Mg2+ or Zn2+ were tested using osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells to determine the effect of incorporated metal ions on cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. The study was conducted in direct contact with the scaffolds (cells were seeded onto the biomaterials) and using fluid extracts of the materials. It demonstrated that incorporation of Mg2+ ions into chit/aga/HA structure increased spreading of the osteoblasts, promoted cell proliferation on the scaffold surface, and enhanced osteocalcin production by mesenchymal stem cells. Although biomaterial containing Zn2+ did not improve cell proliferation, it did enhance type I collagen production by mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular matrix mineralization as compared to cells cultured in a polystyrene well. Nevertheless, scaffolds made of pure HA gave better results than material with Zn2+. Results of the experiments clearly showed that modification of the chit/aga/HA scaffold with Zn2+ did not have any positive impact on cell behavior, whereas, incorporation of Mg2+ ions into its structure may significantly improve biocompatibility of the resultant material, increasing its potential in biomedical applications.
A Hydroquinone-Based Derivative Elicits Apoptosis and Autophagy via Activating a ROS-Dependent Unfolded Protein Response in Human Glioblastoma
Authors: Zappavigna Silvia , Cossu Alessia Maria , Abate Marianna , Misso Gabriella , Lombardi Angela , Caraglia Michele , Filosa Rosanna
Published: August 2019

5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) has been reported to be highly expressed in brain tumors and to promote glioma cell proliferation. Therefore, we investigated the anticancer activity of the novel 5-LO inhibitor derivative 3-tridecyl-4,5-dimethoxybenzene-1,2-diol hydroquinone (EA-100C red) on glioblastoma (GBM) cell growth. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. The effects of the compound on apoptosis, oxidative stress and autophagy were assessed by flow cytometry (FACS). The mode of action was confirmed by Taqman apoptosis array, Real Time qPCR, confocal microscopy analysis and the western blotting technique. Our results showed that EA-100C Red had a higher anti-proliferative effect on LN229 as compared to U87MG cells. The compound induced a significant increase of apoptosis and autophagy and up-regulated pro-apoptotic genes (Bcl3, BNIP3L, and NFKBIA) in both GBM cell lines. In this light, we studied the effects of EA-100C red on the expression of CHOP and XBP1, that are implicated in ER-stress-mediated cell death. In summary, our findings revealed that EA-100C red induced ER stress-mediated apoptosis associated to autophagy in GBM cells through CHOP and Beclin1 up-regulation and activation of caspases 3, 9, JNK and NF-kappaB pathway. On these bases, EA-100C red could represent a promising compound for anti-cancer treatment.
Retrotransposons in Plant Genomes: Structure, Identification, and Classification through Bioinformatics and Machine Learning
Authors: Orozco-Arias Simon , Isaza Gustavo , Guyot Romain
Published: August 2019

Transposable elements (TEs) are genomic units able to move within the genome of virtually all organisms. Due to their natural repetitive numbers and their high structural diversity, the identification and classification of TEs remain a challenge in sequenced genomes. Although TEs were initially regarded as “junk DNA”, it has been demonstrated that they play key roles in chromosome structures, gene expression, and regulation, as well as adaptation and evolution. A highly reliable annotation of these elements is, therefore, crucial to better understand genome functions and their evolution. To date, much bioinformatics software has been developed to address TE detection and classification processes, but many problematic aspects remain, such as the reliability, precision, and speed of the analyses. Machine learning and deep learning are algorithms that can make automatic predictions and decisions in a wide variety of scientific applications. They have been tested in bioinformatics and, more specifically for TEs, classification with encouraging results. In this review, we will discuss important aspects of TEs, such as their structure, importance in the evolution and architecture of the host, and their current classifications and nomenclatures. We will also address current methods and their limitations in identifying and classifying TEs.
Tobacco Cutworm (Spodoptera Litura) Larvae Silenced in the NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase Gene Show Increased Susceptibility to Phoxim
Authors: Ji Hong-Yi , Staehelin Christian , Jiang Yan-Ping , Liu Shi-Wei , Ma Zhi-Hui , Su Yi-Juan , Zhang Jia-En , Wang Rui-Long
Published: August 2019

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs) function as redox partners of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s). CPRs and P450s in insects have been found to participate in insecticide resistance. However, the CPR of the moth Spodoptera litura has not been well characterized yet. Based on previously obtained transcriptome information, a full-length CPR cDNA of S. litura (SlCPR) was PCR-cloned. The deduced amino acid sequence contains domains and residues predicted to be essential for CPR function. Phylogenetic analysis with insect CPR amino acid sequences showed that SlCPR is closely related to CPRs of Lepidoptera. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to determine expression levels of SlCPR in different developmental stages and tissues of S. litura. SlCPR expression was strongest at the sixth-instar larvae stage and fifth-instar larvae showed highest expression in the midgut. Expression of SlCPR in the midgut and fat body was strongly upregulated when fifth-instar larvae were exposed to phoxim at LC15 (4 μg/mL) and LC50 (20 μg/mL) doses. RNA interference (RNAi) mediated silencing of SlCPR increased larval mortality by 34.6% (LC15 dose) and 53.5% (LC50 dose). Our results provide key information on the SlCPR gene and indicate that SlCPR expression levels in S. litura larvae influence their susceptibility to phoxim and possibly other insecticides.
Olmesartan Attenuates Kidney Fibrosis in a Murine Model of Alport Syndrome by Suppressing Tubular Expression of TGFβ
Authors: Suh Sang Heon , Choi Hong Sang , Kim Chang Seong , Kim In Jin , Ma Seong Kwon , Scholey James W. , Kim Soo Wan , Bae Eun Hui
Published: August 2019

Despite the wide use of angiotensin II receptor blockers in the treatment of Alport syndrome (AS), the mechanism as to how angiotensin II receptor blockers prevent interstitial fibrosis remains unclear. Here, we report that treatment of olmesartan effectively targets the feedback loop between the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signals in tubular epithelial cells and preserves renal angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in the kidney of Col4a3–/– mice, a murine model of experimental AS. Morphology analyses revealed amelioration of kidney fibrosis in Col4a3–/– mice by olmesartan treatment. Upregulation of TGFβ and activation of its downstream in Col4a3–/– mice were attenuated by olmesartan in Col4a3–/– mice. Intriguingly, TGFβ expression was preferentially upregulated in damaged tubular epithelial cells in Col4a3–/– mice. Concurrent upregulation of TNFα-converting enzyme and downregulation of ACE2 suggested RAS activation in Col4a3–/– mice, which was prevented by olmesartan. Mechanistically, olmesartan suppressed TGFβ-induced RAS activation in tubular epithelial cells in vitro. Collectively, we concluded that olmesartan effectively suppresses the progression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in AS by interrupting RAS-TGFβ feedback loop to counterbalance intrarenal RAS activation.
Blockade of TRPV2 is a Novel Therapy for Cardiomyopathy in Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Iwata Yuko , Matsumura Tsuyoshi
Published: August 2019

Muscular dystrophy and dilated cardiomyopathy are intractable diseases and their treatment options are very limited. Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V, member 2 (TRPV2), is a stretch-sensitive Ca2+-permeable channel that causes sustained intracellular Ca2+ increase in muscular cells, which is a pathophysiological feature of degenerative muscular disease. Recent reports have clarified that TRPV2 is concentrated and activated in the sarcolemma of cardiomyocytes/myocytes during cardiomyopathy/heart failure and muscular dystrophy. Furthermore, these reports showed that inactivation of TRPV2 ameliorates muscle dysgenesis to improve cardiac function and survival prognosis. Although TRPV2 is a potential therapeutic target for cardiomyopathy, there were no TRPV2 inhibitors available until recently. In this review, we introduce our recent findings and discuss the current progress in the development of TRPV2 inhibitors and their therapeutic applications for cardiomyopathy associated with muscular dystrophy.
Matrix Metalloproteases as Influencers of the Cells’ Social Media
Authors: Young Daniel , Das Nabangshu , Anowai Anthonia , Dufour Antoine
Published: August 2019

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been studied in the context of cancer due to their ability to increase cell invasion, and were initially thought to facilitate metastasis solely through the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMPs have also been investigated in the context of their ECM remodeling activity in several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. However, after several MMP inhibitors failed in phase III clinical trials, a global reassessment of their biological functions was undertaken, which has revealed multiple unanticipated functions including the processing of chemokines, cytokines, and cell surface receptors. Despite what their name suggests, the matrix aspect of MMPs could contribute to a lesser part of their physiological functions in inflammatory diseases, as originally anticipated. Here, we present examples of MMP substrates implicated in cell signaling, independent of their ECM functions, and discuss the impact for the use of MMP inhibitors.
Enzymatic Biotransformation of Balloon Flower Root Saponins into Bioactive Platycodin D by Deglucosylation with Caldicellulosiruptor bescii β-Glucosidase
Authors: Kil Tae-Geun , Kang Su-Hwan , Kim Tae-Hun , Shin Kyung-Chul , Oh Deok-Kun
Published: August 2019

Platycodin D (PD), a major saponin (platycoside) in Platycodi radix (balloon flower root), has higher pharmacological activity than the other major platycosides; however, its content in the plant root is only approximately 10% (w/w) and the productivities of PD by several enzymes are still too low for industrial applications. To rapidly increase the total PD content, the β-glucosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii was used for the deglucosylation of the PD precursors platycoside E (PE) and platycodin D3 (PD3) in the root extract into PD. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the enzyme completely converted the PD precursors into PD with the highest productivity reported so far, increasing the total PD content to 48% (w/w). In the biotransformation process, the platycosides in Platycodi radix were hydrolyzed by four pathways: deapiosylated (deapi)-PE → deapi-PD3 → deapi-PD, PE → PD3 → PD, polygalacin D3 → polygalacin D, and 3″-O-acetyl polygalacin D3 → 3″-O-acetyl polygalacin D.
Civil Infrastructure Management Models for the Connected and Automated Vehicles Technology
Authors: Sobanjo John O.
Published: August 2019

The new concept of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) necessitates a need to review the approach of managing the existing civil infrastructure system (highways, bridges, sign structures, etc.). This paper provides a basic introduction to the CAV concept, assesses the infrastructure requirements for CAVs, and identifies the appropriateness of the existing infrastructure, and needs, in terms of the condition assessment and deterioration modeling. With focus on the Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) requirements for CAVs, the main elements required on the infrastructure are the Roadside Units (RSUs), which are primarily for communication; they are similar to non-structural transportation assets, such as traffic signals, signs, etc. The ongoing pertinent efforts of agencies and the private industry are reviewed, including the V2I Deployment Coalition (American Association of State Transportation Officials (AASHTO), the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), and the Intelligent Transportation Society of America (ITS America)). Current methods of transportation asset management, particularly, of non-structural elements, are also reviewed. Two reliability-based models were developed and demonstrated for the deterioration of RSUs, including the age replacement model, and a combined survivor function considering the vulnerability of the CAV elements to natural hazards, such as the hurricanes. The paper also discusses the implications of the CAV technology on traffic models, particularly, how it affects user costs’ computations.
The Year of the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) with Respect to Its Physiology and Immunity: A Search for Biochemical Markers of Longevity
Authors: Kunc Martin , Dobeš Pavel , Hurychová Jana , Vojtek Libor , Poiani Silvana , Danihlík Jiří , Havlík Jaroslav , Titěra Dalibor , Hyršl Pavel
Published: August 2019

It has been known for many years that in temperate climates the European honey bee, Apis mellifera, exists in the form of two distinct populations within the year, short-living summer bees and long-living winter bees. However, there is only limited knowledge about the basic biochemical markers of winter and summer populations as yet. Nevertheless, the distinction between these two kinds of bees is becoming increasingly important as it can help beekeepers to estimate proportion of long-living bees in hives and therefore in part predict success of overwintering. To identify markers of winter generations, we employed the continuous long-term monitoring of a single honey bee colony for almost two years, which included measurements of physiological and immunological parameters. The results showed that the total concentration of proteins, the level of vitellogenin, and the antibacterial activity of haemolymph are the best three of all followed parameters that are related to honey bee longevity and can therefore be used as its markers.
A Mutation in ZNF143 as a Novel Candidate Gene for Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy
Authors: Kim Yonggoo , You Hye Jin , Park Shin Hae , Kim Man Soo , Chae Hyojin , Park Joonhong , Jekarl Dong Wook , Kim Jiyeon , Kwon Ahlm , Choi Hayoung , Kim Yeojae , Paek A Rome , Lee Ahwon , Kim Jung Min , Park Seon Young , Kim Yonghwan , Joo Keehyoung , Lee Jooyoung , Jung Jongsun , Chung So-Hyang , Mok Jee Won , Kim Myungshin
Published: August 2019

Corneal dystrophies (CDs) are a diverse group of inherited disorders with a heterogeneous genetic background. Here, we report the identification of a novel ZNF143 heterozygous missense mutation in three individuals of the same family with clinical and pathological features that are consistent with endothelial CD. Ophthalmologic examination revealed diffuse corneal clouding and edema with decreased endothelial cell density. Pathological findings showed increased corneal thickness due to edema of basal epithelial cells and stroma, and abnormal metaplastic endothelium with stratified epithelium-like changes. Patients’ metaplastic corneal endothelial cells expressed predominantly cytokerain 7, cytokeratin 19, and E-cadherin. Although Sanger sequencing did not detect any mutation associated with endothelial CDs, whole exome sequencing identified the ZNF143 c.937G>C p.(Asp313His) mutation as a candidate gene for our patients’ endothelial CD. In-vitro functional studies demonstrated that mutant ZNF143 promoted the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition; it upregulated the expression of genes associated with epithelialization in human corneal endothelial cells. Additionally, proinflammatory cytokine responsive genes were significantly enriched after mutant ZNF143 transfection, which may contribute to the severe phenotype of the three patients. These findings link a mutation in ZNF143 with endothelial CD for the first time.
Approach to the Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patient
Authors: Sas Valentina , Moisoiu Vlad , Teodorescu Patric , Tranca Sebastian , Pop Laura , Iluta Sabina , Pasca Sergiu , Blag Cristina , Man Sorin , Roman Andrei , Constantinescu Catalin , Rus Ioana , Buse Mihail , Fetica Bogdan , Marian Mirela , Selicean Cristina , Berindan-Neagoe Ioana , Petrushev Bobe , Bumbea Horia , Tanase Alina , Zdrenghea Mihnea , Fuji Shigeo , Kitano Shigehisa , Tomuleasa Ciprian ,   Romanian-Japanese Working Group of the Romanian Society for Bone Marrow Transplantation
Published: August 2019

During recent decades, understanding of the molecular mechanisms of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has improved considerably, resulting in better risk stratification of patients and increased survival rates. Age, white blood cell count (WBC), and specific genetic abnormalities are the most important factors that define risk groups for ALL. State-of-the-art diagnosis of ALL requires cytological and cytogenetical analyses, as well as flow cytometry and high-throughput sequencing assays. An important aspect in the diagnostic characterization of patients with ALL is the identification of the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, which warrants the addition of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) to the chemotherapy backbone. Data that support the benefit of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in high risk patient subsets or in late relapse patients are still questioned and have yet to be determined conclusive. This article presents the newly published data in ALL workup and treatment, putting it into perspective for the attending physician in hematology and oncology.
Electrical Impedance Tomography for Cardio-Pulmonary Monitoring
Authors: Putensen Christian , Hentze Benjamin , Muenster Stefan , Muders Thomas
Published: August 2019

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a bedside monitoring tool that noninvasively visualizes local ventilation and arguably lung perfusion distribution. This article reviews and discusses both methodological and clinical aspects of thoracic EIT. Initially, investigators addressed the validation of EIT to measure regional ventilation. Current studies focus mainly on its clinical applications to quantify lung collapse, tidal recruitment, and lung overdistension to titrate positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and tidal volume. In addition, EIT may help to detect pneumothorax. Recent studies evaluated EIT as a tool to measure regional lung perfusion. Indicator-free EIT measurements might be sufficient to continuously measure cardiac stroke volume. The use of a contrast agent such as saline might be required to assess regional lung perfusion. As a result, EIT-based monitoring of regional ventilation and lung perfusion may visualize local ventilation and perfusion matching, which can be helpful in the treatment of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Prevention, Treatment, and Monitoring of Seizures in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Strein Micheal , Holton-Burke John P. , Smith LaTangela R. , Brophy Gretchen M.
Published: August 2019

The diagnosis and management of seizures in the critically ill patient can sometimes present a unique challenge for practitioners due to lack of exposure and complex patient comorbidities. The reported incidence varies between 8% and 34% of critically ill patients, with many patients often showing no overt clinical signs of seizures. Outcomes in patients with unidentified seizure activity tend to be poor, and mortality significantly increases in those who have seizure activity longer than 30 min. Prompt diagnosis and provision of medical therapy are crucial in order to attain successful seizure termination and prevent poor outcomes. In this article, we review the epidemiology and pathophysiology of seizures in the critically ill, various seizure monitoring modalities, and recommended medical therapy.
Visfatin Connection: Present and Future in Osteoarthritis and Osteoporosis
Authors: Franco-Trepat Eloi , Guillán-Fresco María , Alonso-Pérez Ana , Jorge-Mora Alberto , Francisco Vera , Gualillo Oreste , Gómez Rodolfo
Published: August 2019

Musculoskeletal pathologies (MSPs) such as osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis (OP), are a set of disorders that cause severe pain, motion difficulties, and even permanent disability. In developed countries, the current incidence of MSPs reaches about one in four adults and keeps escalating as a consequence of aging and sedentarism. Interestingly, OA and OP have been closely related to similar risk factors, including aging, metabolic alterations, and inflammation. Visfatin, an adipokine with an inflammatory and catabolic profile, has been associated with several OA and OP metabolic risk factors, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes. Furthermore, visfatin has been associated with the innate immune receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which plays a key role in cartilage and bone inflammatory and catabolic responses. Moreover, visfatin has been related to several OA and OP pathologic features. The aim of this work is to bring together basic and clinical data regarding the common role of visfatin in these pathologies and their major shared risk factors. Finally, we discuss the pitfalls of visfatin as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in both pathologies.
Remifentanil-Sparing Effect of Pectoral Nerve Block Type II in Breast Surgery under Surgical Pleth Index-Guided Analgesia during Total Intravenous Anesthesia
Authors: Choi Jung Ju , Jo Youn Yi , Kim Seung Hwan , Jung Wol Seon , Lee Dongchul , Kim Kwan Yeong , Kwak Hyun Jeong
Published: August 2019

The pectoral nerve block type II (Pecs II block) can provide adequate perioperative analgesia in breast surgery. The surgical pleth index (SPI) is used to monitor the nociception balance using pulse oximetry. We investigated the remifentanil-sparing effect of Pecs II block under SPI guided analgesia during total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). Thirty-nine patients undergoing breast surgery under remifentanil-propofol anesthesia were randomly assigned to the intervention (Pecs group, n = 20) or control group (n = 19). Remifentanil and propofol concentrations were adjusted to maintain an SPI of 20–50 and a bispectral index of 40–60, respectively. The Pecs group received an ultrasound-guided Pecs II block preoperatively using 30 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine. Total infused remifentanil during the surgery was significantly less in the Pecs group than in the control group (6.8 ± 2.2 μg/kg/h vs. 10.1 ± 3.7 μg/kg/h, p = 0.001). Pain scores on arrival at the postanesthetic care unit (PACU) (3 (2–5) vs. 5 (4–7)) and the rescue analgesic requirement in the PACU (9 vs. 2) was significantly lower in the Pecs group than in the control group. In conclusion, Pecs II block was able to reduce the intraoperative remifentanil consumption by approximately 30% and improve the postoperative pain in PACU in patients undergoing breast surgery under SPI-guided analgesia during TIVA.