bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of ICT Tools in Dissemination of Agromet Advisory Services (AAS) among Farmers in Ballari District, Karnataka
Authors: Naika Jagadeesha , Ramesh B. K. , Huchchannanavar Shilpa
Published: June 2022

Weather and climate are the important features in deciding nation’s food security. Extreme weather events like heavy rains, cyclone, and drought etc cause considerable loss in crop production every year. India Meteorological Department (IMD) and Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) collectively started District Agromet Unit (DAMU) under Gramin Krishi Mausam Seva (GKMS) project at Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) to minimize the farm losses. DAMU started working at ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ballari during November 2019. Various ICT modes were utilized to disseminate the block level weather based agro advisories on every Tuesday and Friday. The impact of DAMU activities was analyzed by conducting a feedback survey through google form by randomly selecting 100 beneficiaries belonging to Ballari district. The majority of the farmers who responded belonged to age group of 40 years (16.2%), followed by 42 years (8.1%).About 54.1% of the farmers said that these weather-based agro advisories were useful in all the seasons of crop cultivation. The farmers under rainfed farming system were benefitted more (48.6%) compared to the other farming system. About 71.1% of the farmers continuously received the bi-weekly (every Tuesday and Friday) forecast and Agromet Advisory Bulletins (AAB) and about 28.9% of farmers did not receive the same. Whatsapp is the major and convenient ICT source to receive the advisory (72.3%). About 32.5% of the farmers said that the advisories were more useful during sowing/transplanting and 78.3% of farmers opined that the rainfall event was most important for their farm operations. 89.2% of the farmers tell that they are highly satisfied with these Agromet Advisory Services (AAS). The best suitable timing to receive the forecast and advisories is the morning hours (7-9 AM) as expressed by 32.5% farmers. The farmers (20.5%) said that an average of more than 40 % of production lost during the crop season was due to bad weather. Majority of the maize growers (53%) followed by sorghum farmers (42.2%) were more benefitted from these advisories. And 16.2% of them responded that they saved Rs.10,000 of their production cost because of timely weather forecast disseminated by KVK, Ballari.
Quality Monitoring of Water Being Fed to Livestock in Haryana - A Case Study
Authors: Anil Kanaujia Samanwita Banerjee , Surbhi Sharma Suruchi Malik
Published: June 2022

The quality of water depends upon several chemical constituents and their concentration, which are derived from the geological formation. The poor quality of drinking water results in sickness and even death, slowing down the labor productivity and economic growth. A sufficient quantity of clean, fresh drinking water is commonly regarded as critical for livestock health, milk yield, optimal growth, and reproduction. The presence of Escherichia coli and coliform in several sources of livestock drinking water in Haryana also shows that water pollution is on the rise, posing a major threat to human health, livestock, and the environment. It is the responsibility of the livestock farmer to monitor the water sources on a regular basis and also to prevent the sources from contamination by human and animal waste, which can harbor a variety of microorganisms.
A Review on Recent Prospectus and Status of Food Based and Ecofriendly Industrial Products from Mushrooms
Authors: Sara Catharin , Prema M. , Swathi K. , Bai S. Priyadharshini , Sivakami C.
Published: June 2022

Mushrooms are well known and reported to be valuable as nutritional and therapeutic food supplement Worldwide. The present paper aims at reviewing the recent prospectus and status of food based and ecofriendly industrial products from mushrooms. Scenario of consumption of mushrooms as food, its substrates, its production, export avenues in India are discussed. Investigations about the value added products related to food and medicine was discussed. Multiple avenues on creative and innovative, ecofriendly industrial products obtained from mushrooms were listed and its importance were explained for future generation. Research is also continuing for few products for its ecofriendly products from these fascinating fungi.
Studies on the Effect of Seed Hardening and Clipping Management Over Different Sowing Window of Sesame at Karaikal Region
Authors: Aruna Sinouvassane , Narayanan A. L. , Mala S. , Nadaradjan S.
Published: June 2022

A field experiment was conducted at Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal to identify a suitable sowing window along with efficient seed hardening and clipping practices in sesame during summer season of 2021 for Karaikal region. The experiment was laid out under Factorial concept of Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with twelve treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of three factors viz., date of sowing [15th February (D1), 22nd February (D2), 1st March (D3)], seed hardening [without seed hardening (S1) and seed hardening with two per cent moringa leaf extract (S2)] and clipping practices [without clipping (C1) and with clipping (C2)]. The earlier sowing on 15th February along with two per cent MLE seed hardening followed by clipping practices recorded higher growth parameters (plant height, leaf area index, dry matter production, number of branches plant-1) and yield parameters (number of capsules plant-1, number of seeds capsule-1, capsule weight, seed weight plant-1, test weight, seed yield [726 kg ha-1] and stover yield). However, the growth and yield parameters reduced with delayed sowings (22nd February, 1st March). The correlation between weather parameters and seed yield revealed that the total bright sunshine hours, mean morning relative humidity, mean evening relative humidity and HUE during the total life span had a significant positive relationship with the seed yield, whereas the regression studies denoted that the seed yield was positively influenced by mean evening relative humidity, GDD and PTU. Therefore, sowing TMV-7 sesame variety on 15th February along with two per cent MLE seed hardening followed by clipping practices could be appropriate for maximizing yield and monetary returns from summer sesame under irrigated conditions in Karaikal region.
Mulching Practices and Awareness of Farmers for Biodegradable Mulches made from Textile Waste from Mansa and Moga
Authors: Kamboj Arpana , Mahajan Surabhi , Singh Kulbir
Published: June 2022

The present investigation was undertaken to study mulching practices and awareness of farmers for textile mulches in Mansa and Moga, which are two high vegetable growing districts from the south western zone of Punjab. Fifteen farmers from each district were selected randomly and an interview schedule was used for collecting data. The results indicated that majority farmers in both districts were in the age group of 25-35 years and were educated at graduate level. Most of the farmers at both places worked on their own land as large and medium farmers. Moga farmers almost grew all different vegetables using both paddy straw and plastic mulches as compared to Mansa farmers who were mostly using paddy straw mulch. Majority farmers (80%) claimed that they always used mulch in cultivation at Moga in contrast to 66.6 percent farmers at Mansa. Maximum farmers at Mansa opined that mulch usage resulted in increase in crop yield by 10 to 20 percent but in Moga farmers estimated that mulch improved the crop yield by 50-60 percent. Motivation for usage of mulch was credited by the farmers to colleagues and Agricultural Technicians from PAU or KVKs. Farmers at both places did not receive any subsidy by the government on mulch usage. At Moga, 86.6 percent farmers hired labour for placing the mulch in field during cultivation which was higher as compared to Mansa farmers. Data on the awareness of the farmers under study for different biodegradable textile mulches indicate that very few farmers (between 30-35%) had the requisite knowledge but most of them were willing to buy and use such mulches. Hence, there is a need to popularize such mulches as these can be easily made on a commercial level because of the availability of textile waste material from different industries in Punjab.
Management of Cylindrosporium mappiae a causal agent of Leaf Spot Disease of Nothapodytes nimmoniana an Anti Cancer Drug Yielding Tree
Authors: Shwetha V. R. , Hegde Gurudatt M.
Published: June 2022

The experiment was carried out during 2015-16 in the department of Forest Biology and Tree improvement at College of Forestry, Sirsi. In order to know the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of different biocontrol agents, plant extracts, fungicides and combi-products, both laboratory and nursery experiments were conducted. The study revealed that, Trichoderma harzianum (IOF strain) Azadiractha indica Tebuconazole250EC, Trifloxistrobin 25% + Tebuconazole 50%, 75% WC, Hexaconazole 4% + Zineb 68%, 72% WP and Hexaconazole 5% + Captan 70%, 75% WP were found effective under in vitro conditions in inhibiting the leaf spot pathogen. The combi product Trifloxistrobin 25% + Tebuconazole 50%, 75% WP has recorded the lowest disease index and found effective under nursery conditions. Thus the integrated use of biofungicides, plant extracts and synthetic fungicides have a greater role in effectively managing leaf spot disease of Nothapodytes nimmoniana which can be suggested to the growers.
A New Quantitative Determination Method of Acetoin
Authors: Xu Hui , Tian Yanjun , Zhu Kunfu , Wang Shanshan , Zhu Lei , He Qiangzhi , Li Wenjing , Liu Jianjun
Published: June 2022

To obtain a new quantitative determination method of Acetoin for reducing the cost of testing and the workload in the process of strain breeding. In an alkaline environment, using 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid with strong oxidizing properties to azeotrope with Acetoin, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid is reduced to 3-amino-5-nitrosalicylic acid and 3-amino-5-nitrosalicylic acid are red-brown substances. The content of Acetoin can be obtained by detecting the absorbance at 540 nm. This new quantitative determination method of Acetoin is a simple, rapid and low-cost method for quantitative determination of Acetoin.
Bioefficacy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strain DGA14 as Potential Microbial Control Agent Against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Causing Papaya Anthracnose
Authors: G. Figueroa Mary Amor
Published: June 2022

Anthracnose is an important fungal disease of papaya and caused major losses to its production worldwide. Common management of the disease involves the use of pesticides however, due to the increasing concern on the use of pesticides, alternative control have been encouraged. Use of microbial control agents are one of the potential alternatives to the management of the disease. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the bioefficacy of B. amyloliquefaciens strain DGA14as potential microbial control agent against C. gloeosporioides Penz causing papaya anthracnose under in vitro and in vivo test conditions and to determine the most effective level of B. amyloliquefaciens against C. gloeosporioides. Increasing levels of the bacterium such as 15 ml, 20 ml, 25 ml, and 30 ml per liter water were tested against the pathogen and were compared to control (sterilized distilled water). The experiments were laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The data were statistically analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the treatment means were compared using Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference (HSD). Results in in vitro test showed that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens at 30ml per liter of water significantly inhibited C. gloeosporioides with zone of growth of 13.30mm and subsequent growth inhibition of 61.75%. Results of the in vivo test likewise showed that B. amyloliquefaciens at 30ml per liter of water applied as fruit-dip delayed the appearance of anthracnose symptom by two days and significantly reduced the severity of papaya anthracnose (DSI=1.42).
Selenium and Vitamin E on Reproductive Health of Dairy Cattle: An Overview
Authors: Dhara Souvik , Thakur Swati , Anwar Sk Md Sadique , Maiti Abhinaba , Ghosh Tanay , Houzha Ruokuobeinuo
Published: June 2022

Production of higher level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than normal level causes oxidative stress to the cells, leading to lipid peroxidation (LPO) and ultimate tissue damage. The endogenous antioxidant system present in the body neutralizes ROS produced in the cells. Selenium (Se) and vitamin E play an antioxidant role and help to scavenge the ROS in the body system. The normal dietary recommendation of Se is approximately 0.1-0.3 ppm of DM intake in dairy cattle. The recommended requirement of vitamin E is about 80 IU/kg DMI in the dry and post-partum period; and about 20 IU/kg during lactation in case of dairy cattle. Both the selenium and vitamin E separately and in combination have potential effects on reproductive health in dairy cattle, especially during the transition period. Deficiency of these may cause free radical accumulation and damage to cell membranes which further disrupt several processes including steroid hormone and prostaglandin synthesis, impaired immune system, lower reproductive performance and reproductive disorders. Normally animals get these two important antioxidants from their natural diet. But if the diet is deficient, then, supplementation is recommended. Supplementation of Se and vitamin E during pre partum period decreases the occurrence of post partum complications in dairy cattle.
Weed Smothering (Corchorus olitorius L.) in Jute by its High Density Broadcast Sowing, using Cover Crop Principle
Authors: Suman Roy A. K. Ghorai
Published: June 2022

Jute being a C3 crop, it cannot compete with the C4 weeds at its early stage and about 40 per cent of total cost of cultivation of jute goes in weeding process alone. Upsurge of new weed flora, labour scarcity, herbicidal resistance and its environmental concern and slow mechanization urged us to control weeds in jute field by its smothering effect. Experiments were conducted at ICAR-CRIJAF, Barrackpore, WB in 2018-19, 2019-20 & 2020-21 with jute (cv. NJ-7010) by its high density broadcast sowing (seed rate @ 6.0 to 7.5 kg/ha). Irrigation, fertiliser and pesticides requirements were standardised for this purpose. Only 45 cm wide strip (5% of total area) around the jute field was manually weeded to prevent seed formation of weeds in boarder areas. The dense jute canopy (200-348 /m2) of 29 cm mean height at 25- DAS reduced the incident light at jute base by 90-95 per cent and dominated all C4 weeds. In this 1st year it reduced the grass, broadleaf, sedges weed population (max 52 m2) and weed bio mass by 98, 98.5, 64.5 and 91.65 per cent respectively over manual weeding twice. Next year at 25 DAS it reduced the grass sedges weed population by 70, and 62% respectively over initial status. In third year most of the grass (507/m2), broadleaved (504/m2) and sedges (52/m2) were smothered by its cover crop effect at early stage (25 DAS). Remaining weeds were rudimentary, incapable of producing seeds. In consecutive three years out, of 20.7 lakh (40 DAS), 26.8 (25 DAS), 34.8 l lakh jute plants/ha (15 DAS), only 3.3, 6.3 and 7.64 lakhs jute plants/ha i.e., 16, 23.5 and 22 % of total initial population were found effective and harvested (125 to135 DAS). The improved experiment of 2nd and 3rd year produced 3.837 & 3.798 t fibre/ha respectively which were at par with manual weeding, chemical herbicide and mechanical weed control process. It eliminated weeding and thinning processes and consumed only 195 and 276 man days/ha from sowing to fibre extraction over conventional method (340 to 365 man days/ha). It saved 89-145 man days/ha (Rs.22500 to 36250/ha). Mesta (Hibiscus cannabinus) also showed similar response as smother crop (2018-19). Pretilachlor 50 EC @ 0.9 l a.i/ha (POE, 7 days) was found effective for weed control in zero till piara crop. Weed smothering by intercropping green garm with jute (1:1)/mixed cropping were also found economic, produced 0.8-1.0 t pulse grain/ha along with 2.7-2.9 t jute fibre and 1.7 to 2 tonnes nutrogen rich (2.35%) pulse waste per ha.. Pre emergence herbicide Pretilachlor 50 EC and Ipfencarbazone 22.8 %SC were found effective for jute. This weed smothering merit of jute can be used for reducing weed seeds in seed bank growing in repeated flushes, it can also be used as cover crops for different crops which will seqester a lot of carbon to soil also. Weed smothering by high density broadcast jute sowing will eliminate dependence on herbicides, mechanical and manual weeding and make jute farming more remunerative and sustainable in nature.
The Impact of Gas from Coal Combustion toward the Degree of Acidity (pH), Biomass Productivity, and Chlorophyll A and B Content of Chlorella emersonii
Authors: Talib Ramanisa Muliani , Dharma Abdi , Syafrizayanti Khandra Fahmy
Published: June 2022

Coal and other industries produced waste in the form of CO2, SOx and NOx gases. CO2 gas from industrial waste is a causal factor of greenhouse emission which could lead toward global warming. Chemical or biological mitigation can be a solution to face this environmental damage problem which is due to excess CO2. Biological mitigation is one of the efficient ways to fixate CO2. Lately, people chose microalgae, due to its capability on CO2 fixation, also could produce biomass, along with other metabolite content it has. Chlorella a kind of microalgae is a strain which could resist toward high CO2 level, and could potentially produce plenty of biomass, Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b. This study aimed to determine the impact of CO2 (with concentration of 0.0%, 0.8%, 1.5%, and 2.3%) toward pH of the medium, specific growth, then the content of Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b. The growth of microalgae is determined by measuring the cell density using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at 680 nm. Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b determined using Spectrophotometer. The result showed that the 2.3% concentration of CO2 resulting from combustion altered the pH of the medium, and increased toward a higher production of biomass, Chlorophyll a, and Chlorophyll b.
Cluster Analysis and Resistotyping of MDR E. coli Isolated from Poultry at Different Age Intervals
Authors: Anjum Femina , Maherchandani Sunil
Published: June 2022

In poultry industry of many countries, antibiotics are usually administered to whole flocks abusively which leads to emergence of resistance in various bacteria which make the infections difficult to treat. So the objective was to evaluate differences in the composition of multidrug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli population at different age intervals of various genetic lines of broilers. One hundred and twenty strains of E. coli isolated from broilers per 10 days of interval from 0day to 30 day of age from three different farms have been tested against 29 antibiotics. All the isolates were MDR and had MAR (Multiple Antibiotic Resistance) index greater than 0.2, showing abusive use of antimicrobials. Beside this the increased resistance from day0 to 30 day of age were observed for cefazolin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, cefepime, ampicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, polymyxin-b, meropenem, kanamycin, amikacin, clindamycin, trimethoprim, co-trimoxazole, doxycycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. Resistotyping revealed increased richness in diversity of E. coli in broilers. Strains of E. coli showed temporal instability as unique strains were observed at each interval of age. So there is need to reduce the abusive use of antimicrobials to reduce the pressure of this global problem.
To Study the Problems Faced by the Employee While Performing their Role in the Workplace
Authors: moni Sikha , hain Borgo
Published: June 2022

The present investigation is conducted to study the “to study the problems faced by the employee while performing their role in the workplace” in Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat with the objectives – I. To know about the facilities they get in this university, II. To identify the problems they feel that act as an obstacle in performing their role efficiently, III. To get some suggestions from the employee for better management of the university. The samples were selected from office employee, 4th grade employee, library employee and from administrative stuff through simple random sampling. Total number of sample was 30. An interview schedule was prepared by the researcher to collect the required information. Survey method was adopted for the proposed study. The data from the respondents were collected with interview method. The study revealed that they are satisfied with their job and their higher authority (100%). But they don’t have the courage to put forward their opinion (23.33%) and sometimes they confused because of order coming from different sources (53.33%).
Effect of Nitrogen and Spacing on Flowering Parameters of Spider Lily (Hymenocallis littoralis L.)
Authors: Ghormade Ashish S. , Haldavnekar P. C.
Published: June 2022

The present investigation entitled “Effect of nitrogen and spacing on flowering of spider lily (Hymenocallis littoralis L.)” was undertaken at College of Horticulture, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli during the year 2019-20 and 2020-21 by considering the commercial importance of spider lily under Konkan agro-climatic conditions. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design using four levels of nitrogen and three levels of spacing with three replications along with the common dosage of phosphorous (150 kg ha-1) and potassium (100 kg ha-1). The observations were recorded on various flowering parameters viz., such as days taken for first spike emergence, days taken for first flower emergence, number of spikes per plant, spike length, spike breadth and number of buds per spike. Days taken for first spike emergence (182.04) and first flower emergence (191.02) were recorded as lowest in N4 (150 kg ha-1). The highest number of spikes per plant (2.73) and flower bud per spike (16.15) were recorded in N1 (300 kg ha-1). However, with regards to effect of spacing, S2 (60 × 60 cm) recorded the lowest days taken for first spike (183.86) and first flower emergence (193.25), while the highest number of spikes per plant (2.33) and number of buds per spike (14.25) was noticed in S3 (30 × 60 cm). Spike length and breadth were found to be non-significant with respect to effect of nitrogen, spacing and their interaction.
A Review on Weed Management in Soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: Shukla Aditya , Shukla Akanksha , Badhai Pradeep , Kumar Harendra
Published: June 2022

The present paper is review of various research findings on weeds and weed control in soybean. Soybean is the most important oil seed and grain legume crop in the world, in terms of total production and international trade. However, losses due to weeds have been one of the major limiting factors in soybean production. So, successful weed control is one of the most important practices for economical soybean production. Weeds that germinate at the same time as soybean, grow faster and maintain a canopy above and below the top of the soybean canopy and result in reduced quality. Common weeds in soybean are common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum), giant foxtail (Setaria faberii), sword grass (Imperata cylindrica), Johnson's grass (Sorghum halepense) and Couch grass (Cynodon dactylon). Different chemicals are used but a mixture of imazethapyr and quizalofop seems to perform best and when these chemicals are supplemented with mechanical or manual weeding it provides weed control throughout the growing period of the crop. Continuous cultivation of a single crop or crops having similar management practices allows certain weed species to become dominant in the system and, over time, these weed species become hard to control. An integral part of a weed program is to take care that weeds do not need to go to seed, harvesting equipment is not transporting weed seeds, and clean seeds are used for all crops in the rotation. Combining weed control method can help keep weed damage before economic threshold levels and shall be performed rather than a separate control method.
Effect of Culture Filtrates of Dominant Seed Mycoflora of Chilli on Seed Germination and Seedling Vigour
Authors: Shivangi S. Kansara M. Sruthy
Published: June 2022

Effect of culture filtrates of most common and dominant fungi viz., Aspergillus niger, Colletotrichum sp. and Fusarium sp. of chilli seed variety GVC 101 and GVC 111 was studied on seed germination, seedling length, fresh weight, dry weight and vigour index.In GVC 101 variety, the seeds treated with culture filtrate of A. niger showed maximum decrease in seed germination (43.35%) followed by Colletotrichumsp. (20.23%) and Fusarium sp. (9.83%). Average seedling length was also decreased maximum in seeds treated with culture filtrate of A. niger (43.70%) followed by Colletotrichum sp. (40.22%) and Fusarium sp. (23.91%). Seeds treated with culture filtrate of A. niger showed maximum reduction of vigour index by 68.09 per cent followed by Colletotrichum sp. (52.31%) and Fusarium sp. (31.34%). In GVC 111 variety, the seeds treated with culture filtrate of A. niger showed maximum decrease in seed germination (35.12%) followed by Colletotrichum sp. (17.89%) and Fusarium sp. (15.12%). Average seedling length was also decreased maximum in seeds treated with culture filtrate of A. niger (61.14%) followed by Colletotrichum sp. (36.64%) and Fusarium sp. (25.54%). Seeds treated with culture filtrate of A. niger showed maximum reduction of vigour index by 74.73 per cent followed by Colletotrichumsp. (47.91%) and Fusarium sp. (36.73%).
Prevalence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Cancer Patients at a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Salunke Gaurav , Biswas Sanjay
Published: June 2022

maltophilia is an environmental bacterium, which poses an upcoming threat to Immune suppressed individuals globally. An emerging resistance to Cotrimoxazole (drug of choice), is a serious concern in clinical practice. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of S. maltophilia in cancer patients at a tertiary care hospital. This retrospective study was conducted from microbiological data collected from January 2020 to December 2021. Routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing to Cotrimoxazole, Levofloxacin, Ceftazidime and Minocycline was also performed. A total of 181 isolates of S maltophilia were studied. 64.4% were males and in all individuals with more than 45 years of age were most affected. It was most susceptible to Minocycline (96.7 %) and least susceptible to Cotrimoxazole (61.9%). S. maltophilia is an emerging global opportunistic pathogen in cancer patients with limited treatment options.
Study on Effect of Filgrastim in Severe Leukopenia Condition in Dogs
Authors: Anusha Koppula , Dinesh Basiri , Ramesh Keshamoni , Shashank Jupaka , Mohanambal K.
Published: June 2022

Filgrastim is a recombinant Methionyl Human Granulocyte- Stimulating Factor (r-metHuGCSF) analog used to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of granulocytes in humans. Young pups and kittens suffer from severe leukopenia and neutropenia condition (etiology may be viral or bacterial or parasitic). Neutrophils being first line of defense in immunity system and decreased count may lead to increased mortality. In the present investigation 3 dogs with severe leukopenia and neutropenia condition when treated dogs with Filgrastim @ 10 μg/ kg b.wt. s.c daily for three days along with other supportive treatment, was found to be effective in correcting the hematological parameters within 48 hours of last dose of treatment and all those showed fast recovery also.
Induction of Host Resistance with Plant Defense Activators against White Rust of Mustard cv. DRMRIJ-31
Authors: Singh Hanuman , Ratnoo R. S.
Published: June 2022

Systemic resistance in plants can be induced through biotic or abiotic plant defense inducers. Efficacy of plant defense activators was tested against Albugo candida causing white rust on mustard cv. DRMRIJ-31 under artificial epiphytotic conditions during two consecutive cropping season. The maximum reduction of the size of pustules was found in Metalaxyl at 0.3 % was 56.61 % and minimum reduction over the check was recorded in check followed by ZnSO4 at 0.50 % was 15.27 %. In non-conventional chemicals maximum reduction of size of pustules over the check was observed in salicylic acid at 0.25 % was 45.99 % followed by CaSO4 at 1.00 % was 38.98 %. The significant minimum number of pustules was observed in Metalaxyl at 0.2% was 1.73 pustules/25 mm2 area in rabi season (Table 3). Among non-conventional chemicals salicylic acid at 0.25% was found better over all the treatments and zinc sulphate at 0.50 % was recorded minimum reduction of the disease over the check. Among the bio control agents, both Trichoderma viride at 1.00 % and Pseudomonas fluorescens at 1.00 % were found significantly better over the check. The per cent disease index in all the treatments, Metalaxyl 0.3% found superior with 48.69 per cent disease reduction over the check. Among non-conventional chemicals salicylic acid at 0.25% was found best with 38.41 per cent reduction over the check followed by calcium sulphate at 1.00 % showed disease index (29.91 %), Borax at 0.50 % (23.93 %) and potassium sulphate at 1.00 % (18.88 %).
Fungal Contamination of Some Common Spices
Authors: Rani S. K. Shiva , Sai Kumari D. , Saxena Neeti
Published: June 2022

Spices form an integral part of our daily diet, medicine, religious rituals, cosmetics and perfumery. Ajowan, black pepper and fennel are extensively used spices in India. Spices are exposed to microbial contamination during pre, post-harvest and storage period. Seed Mycoflora not only deteriorate the quality of spices but also increase the mycotoxin contamination. Tropical countries like India suffer the losses mainly due to storage fungi. The present investigation deals with the isolation and identification of fungi associated with the ajowan, black pepper and fennel. Seed borne fungi was isolated by employing agar plate technique from both unsterilized and surface sterilized test seed samples. Total 26 fungal species were isolated from the test spices. Seven fungal species viz. Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Curvalaria lunta, Mucorsp, Rhizopus nigricans and Penicillium chrysogenum were commonly isolated from all the three spice samples. Aspergillus constitute a dominant storage fungi represented by 9 species.
Effect of Gamma Rays on Germination and Mortality Percentage in M1 and M2 Generation
Authors: Mehetre Nitin , Kshirsagar R. M.
Published: June 2022

The effect of Gamma radiation on germination & Mortality percentage in M1, M2 generation was studied. Gamma beams reduced germination in M1 and increased in M2. T2 and T3 recorded highest reduction while lowest in T1. Mortality percentage was more M1 & M2 generation with increase in doses of gamma rays. M1 generation has highest mortality in T3 (15.50 %) while minimum in T1 (5.60 %) in M2. Mortality percentage was found increased with the increases in doses of gamma rays.
Transposable Elements and Epigenetic Mechanism: Implications and their Significance in Crop Improvement
Authors: Kumari Preeti , Shah Pankaj Kumar , Saha Sajal
Published: June 2022

An understanding of the dynamic potential of the genetic material in living organisms is largely a consequence of the discovery and genetic characterization of plant transposable elements. Repeated DNA sequences makes up a large fraction of a typical mammalian genome and some repetitive elements are able to move within the genome i.e. transposons and retrotransposons. DNA transposons move from one genomic location to another by either copy- and paste or cut-and-paste mechanism. They are powerful forces of genetic change and have played a significant role in the evolution of many genomes. As a genetic tools, DNA transposons can be used to introduce a piece of foreign DNA into a genome. Indeed, they have been used for transgenesis and insertional mutagenesis in different organisms, since these elements are not generally dependent on host factors to mediate their mobility. Thus, DNA transposons are useful tools to analyze the regulatory genome, study embryonic development, identify genes and pathways implicated in disease or pathogenesis of pathogens and even contribute to gene therapy. To understand the impact of transposable elements (TEs) and their importance in host genome evolution, it is essential to study TE epigenetic variation in natural population. Concurrent with these significant developments, “epigenetics” is the study of heritable changes in the pattern of gene expression resulting from the modification of DNA bases, histone proteins or non-coding-RNA biogenesis without altering the underlying nucleotide sequence. It provides a better understanding of how epigenetic mechanisms regulate plant transposons. One of the common mechanisms involved in epigenetic changes is methylation of 5th carbon in the nitrogenous base by the action of the enzyme DNA methyltransferase enzyme. In addition, histone proteins are post-translationally modified which may affect transcription, DNA replication, chromosome segregation/condensation and DNA repair process. Small-RNA (particularly small-interfering RNAs) plays a crucial role in DNA methylation via RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway. The epigenetic changes in plants induced by aforesaid processes can be inherited over the generations in the form of epialleles. A detailed understanding of salient epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, paramutation, genomic imprinting and gene silencing, leads to practical solutions and novel strategies for future plant improvement programmes. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to highlight the significance and implications of transposon function and major epigenetic phenomena in relation to genome evolution, gene regulation and crop improvement.
Estimation of Soil Loss in Chhatra II Micro Watershed under Semi-Arid Agro-Climatic Conditions in Raichur District
Authors: Kaisara Wanano , Satish Kumar Umapathi
Published: June 2022

The detailed land resource inventorization of Chhatra II micro-watershed was carried out to a scale of 1:8000 using IRS imagery and cadastral map of the area as base map aided by ground truth delineation. The contiguous surface soil sampling was done from the grid, each of the size of 6 ha and profile sampling was done at identified sites considering the factors of slope, topography, physiography and land forms. The results which depicted the variability as well as distribution of the aforesaid physical factors within the micro watershed revealed that slope is (gently sloping, 3-5%) about 293 ha, depth (shallow, 25-50 cm) about 369 ha, texture (sandy loam, 48.2%) about 313 ha and gravelliness (gravelly, 39.63%) about 257 ha, hence resulting in 23 soil phase units. The spatial weighted annual average soil loss rate of Chhatra II micro watershed was 290.1 Mg ha-1yr-1 contrary to 343.6 Mg ha-1yr-1 when considering temporal variation under the prevailing agro-climatic conditions. Several soil and water conservation measures such as contour bunding and graded bunding were then proposed.
Supplementation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus in Soymilk to Develop Non-Dairy Functional Food
Authors: Chanpura Jahanvee , Gupte Shilpa
Published: June 2022

Soymilk is one of the popular plant-based beverages among the consumers due to its high nutritive value and multifarious health benefits. However, its beany flavor limits it consumption to only health-conscious population. Fermentation by probiotic microorganisms may increase its nutritive value and provide a pleasant taste profile leading to increased consumer acceptability worldwide. With reference to this, in current study, we have supplemented probiotic organisms (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum JSD25 and Pediococcus pentosaceus JSB11) into soymilk. The inoculum size (8%) was optimized and both the probiotic isolates have shown more than 7 log10 CFU/mL of viability even after 28th day of refrigerated storage. Moreover, they have also shown more than 6 log10 CFU/mL of viability when exposed to gastro-intestinal simulation. Then physico-chemical characterization of probiotic supplemented soymilk samples was done and minimum alterations were observed in pH, titratable acidity, sugar, protein, fat content and viscosity in soymilk sample supplemented with P. pentosaceus. Further, in case of sensory evaluation, higher consumer acceptance was observed in soymilk supplemented with P. pentosaceus followed by soymilk supplemented with L. plantarum with reference to control soymilk. Therefore, the present study results indicate that both the organisms are suitable for the development of probiotic supplemented soymilk.
Chemical Composition and Antifungal Potential of the Essential Oils of Ocimum gratissimum L, Ocimum suave L, Aframomum alboviolaceum Ridley and Zingiber officinale Roscoe against Two Molds associated with to the Alteration of Smoked Fish Ethmalosa fimbriata Bowdich
Authors: Raymond Tchabong Sammuel , Justin Djopnang Djiembie , Majeste Pahane Mbiada , Théophile Collins Yelengwe Ndjamo , Raymond Fokom , Thérèse Ngo Oum , Lambert Sameza Modeste , Severin Tchameni Nguemezi , Francis Mounbain , Pierre Michel Jazet Dogmo , François Tchoumbougnang
Published: June 2022

This study aimed at analyzing the chemical composition of the essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum suave, Aframomum alboviolaceum Ridley and Zingiber officinale Roscoe, and evaluate their antifungal activities. Hydrodistillation with a Clevenger type apparatus was used for the extraction of essential oils from plant materials. Gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry were utilized to identify the chemicals. The antifungal activity of the essential oils was tested in vitro against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. For O. gratissimum the major components identified were thymol (31.71%), p-cymene (17.86%) and γ-Terpinene (5.90%). For A. alboviolaceum, 1.8-Cineole (58.90%), α-Terpinyl acetate (9.58%) and α-pinene (4.86%) were found, while geranial (34%), neral (23.79%) and borneol (9.04%) were identified in the volatile extract of Z. officinale. The essence of O. suave had benzene, 1.2.4-trimethoxy-5- (1-propenyl) - (Z) (22.79%); β-bisabolene (19.10%) and spathulenol (18.69%) as the major compounds. Total inhibition of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger by the essential oil of O. gratissimum L. was observed at 5500 ppm and 4750 ppm, respectively. The presence of compounds such as methyl eugenol, thymol and carvacrol, which have previously demonstrated antimicrobial properties could explainthe effect of O. gratissimum L. The essential oil of Z. officinale totally inhibited Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger at 5000ppm and 4500ppm. Z. officinale's action could be linked with the presence of compounds such as geranial, neral, α-pinene and 1.8-cineole. The antifungal activities of the essential oils of O. gratissimum and Z. officinale stronger than those of O. suave and A. alboviolaceum. The inhibition of mycelia growth of the fungus was significantly (p <0.05) positively correlated with the essential oil concentrations. These essential oils could be a promising alternative as biofungicides for the post-smoking conservation of fish.
Community Participation in Entry Point Activities in Watershed Development in Ananthapur District - A Sustainable Approach
Authors: Reddy P. V. R. M. , Janardhan Reddy B. , Ramana Kumar B. V. , Jhansi Rani R.
Published: June 2022

The thematic report is focused on the importance and role of community in implementation of Entry Point Activities at the watershed project area. Definition of entry point activities as per watershed Programme is “The project initiation activities that make the village community feel the entry of a watershed project in the village. It helps the confidence building among the village community”. The research paper is covered for Batch-IV watershed projects of Anantapur district.
Impact of the PMKSY – Watershed Development Project on Dairy Enterprises Batch IV (2012-13) Projects in YSR Kadapa District, India
Authors: Reddy P. V. R. M. , Janardhan Reddy B. , Ramana Kumar B. V. , Jhansi Rani R.
Published: June 2022

Before proceeding to analyze the impact of PMKSY watershed projects pertaining to Batch IV in YSR kadapa district, it would be worthwhile to have an idea of the genesis of IWMP, objectives, mode of operandi at state level, etc which forms the basis for clear understanding of the research paper. Watershed based integrated development programme is the basic means for drought mitigation and control of desertification. The concept of integrated land and water management on watershed basis through active involvement of the people which alone could improve the environment and productivity of resources was focused. As per guidelines of DPAP and DDP, micro-watershed should be the management unit and in each selected block the micro-watersheds may be classified into high, medium and low priority areas according to their vulnerability to droughts. Developmental programs stress more on restoration of ecological balance through optimum utilization of natural resources which may disturb the optimum land-man-livestock ratio.
To the Question of Research of the Functional State of the Cardiorespiratory System of Lyceum Students in the Conditions of Karakalpakstan
Authors: Ramazanov M. B.
Published: June 2022

In this article the questions of research of the functional state of the cardio respiratory system of lyceums of students are examined in the conditions of Karakalpakstan. It is marked that external breathing, carrying out the interchange of gases between an environment and blood of pulmonary capillaries in the process of the age-related development suffers considerable changes in connection with a height and forming of bronchial vehicle at the lyceums of students, resident in Karakalpakstan.
The Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterization of Hydroxyapatite (HAp) from Local Duck Egg Shells
Authors: Gintu Agung Rimayanto , Kristiani Elizabeth Betty Elok , Martono Yohanes
Published: June 2022

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Biocheramics was the main component of remineralisation agent to the hard tissues; it is commonly synthesized from compounds rich with calcium. One of the compounds recommended as a HAp source was eggshells. This study aimed to synthesize the HAp from local duck eggshells containing Calcium 0,8631 ± 0,0015g/g and Phosphor 0,3118 ± 0,0016g/g. The synthesis process of HAp by Base Precipitation methods showed rendement 85,06 ± 1,0135%. The Physicochemical characterization to the HAp showed the Calcium contains 0,4760 ± 0,0027g/g; Phosphor 0,0897 ± 0,0023g/g; Porosity 82,0106 ± 0,4484%; Biodegradability 5,3506 ± 0,0295%; and Swelling ability 5,7678 ± 0,1897%. The results concluded that the local duck egg shells were recommended as HAp sources. Based on characterisation results, the HAp made from it was potentially applied as a remineralization agent.
Pelatihan Materi KSN-Geografi Untuk Guru Geografi SMA Negeri Kabupaten Bogor
Authors: Muzani Muzani , Suhardjo Suhardjo , Warnadi Warnadi
Published: June 2022

To achieve better achievements in KSN, various preparation efforts are needed, including mastering the material for HOTS questions or higher order thinking skills, namely questions with higher-order thinking skills that will definitely be tested well in KSN. Teachers in schools play a very important role in facilitating and directing their students to become champions at the National level, because: (1). Teachers at school are the ones who understand and understand the condition of their students, always interacting every day. The teacher is also the one who will really know the potential that is in each student. (2). Teachers at schools really understand how the learning attitudes, mental, psychological and various characteristics of each student certain concepts. In order for the important role of this teacher to be maximized, of course, the teacher must also receive guidance and training, because (a) Not all teachers know how to use the strategy to "give birth" to a KSN champion. Therefore, training on the material is carried out KSN is for Geography teachers at Bogor Regency Senior High School in collaboration with Geography MGMP.The partner in this activity is SMAN Parung.

 

ABSTRAK

 

Untuk meraih prestasi yang lebih baik lagi dalam KSN maka diperlukan berbagai usaha persiapan termasuk dengan menguasai materi materi soal HOTS atau higher order thingking skills yaitu soal dengan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi yang pasti akan diujikan baik dalam KSN. Guru di sekolah memegang peranan yang sangat penting dalam memfasilitasi dan mengarahkan siswa/i didiknya untuk menjadi juara di tingkat Nasional, karena : (1). Guru di sekolah lah yang mengerti dan paham mengenai kondisi siswa nya, selalu berinteraksi setiap hari. Guru jugalah yang akan sangat mengetahui potensi yang ada di dalam diri setiap siswanya. (2). Guru di sekolah sangat mengerti bagaimana sikap belajar, mental, psikologis dan berbagai sifat dari setiap siswanya.(3. Guru di sekolah lah yang pertama kali memperkenalkan materi/konsep mulai dari yang paling dasar, yang semula siswa tidak tau menjadi kenal tentang suatu materi/konsep tertentu. Agar peranan penting guru ini dapat dimaksimalkan tentunya bapak/ibu guru juga harus mendapatkan bimbingan dan pelatihan, karena (a). Tidak semua guru mengetahui bagaimana strategi yang harus dilakukan untuk "melahirkan" seorang juara KSN. Olehkarena itu dilakukan pelatihan tentang materi KSN buat guru-guru Geografi SMA Kabupaten Bogor yang bekerjasama dengan MGMP Geografi. Mitra dalam kegiatan ini adalah SMAN Parung.