bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Finite Element Approach for Modeling and Simulation of CNT/Polymer Composites
Authors: Schiebold Michael , Schmidt Henry , Mehner Jan
Published: April 2019

The mechanical properties of carbon nanotube/polymer composites are determined using a multi‐scale approach. Starting bottom‐up, the stiffness of equivalent cylinders is calculated to replace the randomly distributed carbon nanotubes in the polymer matrix. In the following, finite element simulations of the CNT/polymer composites are conducted to determine the mechanical properties of the composite. Furthermore, micromechanical homogenization techniques like Mori–Tanaka are investigated and compared with the presented approach.
Tailoring the Charge Transport Properties of Printable Si‐NCs By Conjugated Organic Ligands
Authors: Makhdoom Muhammad Atif , Sgobba Vito , Khanzada Laraib S. , Fladischer Stefanie , Spiecker Erdmann
Published: April 2019

Silicon is dominating the world in photovoltaic technology. The widely used mono crystalline and poly crystalline wafer technologies are expensive to process. As an alternative, technology of silicon nanocrystals (Si‐NCs) is a necessity for economical processing of PV modules. In this work, commercially prepared Si‐NCs with a mean diameter of 60 nm is utilized with a pre‐treatment process followed by functionalization. Styryl and 1‐ethenyl‐4‐fluoro benzyl conjugate moieties are grafted on hydrogen‐terminated Si‐NCs via hydrosilylation of phenylacetylene and 1‐ethynyl‐4‐fluoro benzene, respectively. Thick‐films of these functionalized Si‐NCs with different thicknesses are prepared and analyzed in a purposed device architecture at room temperature which reveals a p‐type character of functionalized Si‐NCs films. Detail analysis of current density–voltage (J–V) characteristics of styryl functionalized Si‐NCs films shows that the drifting of charge carriers follows a power law relationship (J ≈ Vn) in the presence of exponentially distributed trap states. Moreover, a unique voltage dependence of the J–V curves also reveals a transition between direct and Fowler–Nordheim (F–N) tunneling mechanisms.
A computational investigation on core‐expanded subphthalocyanines
Authors: Peng Suoping , Zheng Shaohui
Published: April 2019

Subazaphenalenephthalocyanines are the derivatives of boron subphthalocyanine chloride with a core‐expanded six‐membered ring, which have a wide absorption range in the visible region and seem to have great potential to be new photo‐electro materials. However, it is still an open question how the core expansion influences the electronic and optical properties of boron subphthalocyanine chloride. In the present work, three subazaphenalenephthalocyanine molecules, having one, two, and three six‐membered rings, are explored by using density functional theory. The relaxation energy, electronic structures, UV‐Vis spectra, and exciton binding energy of three molecules are calculated, and the open circuit voltages of subazaphenalenephthalocyanine/C60 solar cells are roughly predicted using an empirical equation. The results show that the planarity, the wavelength of absorption peaks, and HOMO energy increase gradually along with the increasing number of expanded rings, while the trends of open circuit voltage and relaxation energy are opposite. We find that the subazaphenalenephthalocyanine molecule with three six‐membered rings seems to have great potential to be a new donor material of organic solar cell because it has the smallest exciton binding energy and relaxation energy, and strong absorption strength in the visible region.
Phlegmasia cerulea dolens: a rare cause of shock
Authors: Lewis Christopher Bob , Hensley Matthew Kevin , Barrett Julie Elizabeth , Van Norman Steven Burke , Taylor Alexander Stuart , Horowitz Jeffrey Craig
Published: April 2019

Phelgmasia cerulea dolens (PCD) is a rare cause of shock that can complicate deep venous thrombosis and carries a high risk of mortality. We present a case of extensive bilateral lower extremity deep vein thrombosis associated with an inferior vena cava filter which rapidly progressed to PCD and refractory shock.
Palladium Grafted Functionalized Nanomaterial: An Efficient Catalyst for the CO2 Fixation of Amines and Production of Organic Carbamates
Authors: Ghosh Swarbhanu , Ghosh Aniruddha , Biswas Surajit , Sengupta Manideepa , Roy Dipanwita , Islam Sk. Manirul
Published: April 2019

Chemical fixation of carbon dioxide through suitable catalytic pathways is very demanding in the context of sustainable environment. An environmentally benign synthetic studies of N‐formylated amine derivatives by carbon dioxide fixation of amines have been investigated in presence of Merrifield resin supported palladium nanomaterial (Pd‐PS‐amtp catalyst) at ambient temperature. Poly(methylhydrosiloxane) was employed as a susceptible hydride transferring agent in the present CO2 fixation reaction. Further this catalyst exhibited an extended catalytic activity for the production of organic carbamates from dimethyl carbonate and aromatic amines. The Pd‐PS‐amtp nanomaterial has been produced by two step strategies and systematically characterized by FTIR, UV‐Vis, FE‐SEM and TGA‐DTA analysis. The benefits of this system are quite economical, high recycling efficiency and consuming short reaction time to allow significant product yield. The production of organic carbamates in presence of the present catalyst is a phosgene‐free procedure where dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is utilized both as carboxylating agent and solvent. The recovery of Pd‐PS‐amtp nanomaterial could easily be performed after the reactions and recyclable up to six times without considerable reduction in catalytic activity.
Highly Stretchable, Adaptable, and Durable Strain Sensing Based on a Bioinspired Dynamically Cross‐Linked Graphene/Polymer Composite
Authors: Lin Shuyuan , Zhao Xuanliang , Jiang Xin , Wu Anqi , Ding Hanlin , Zhong Yujia , Li Jing , Pan Jialiang , Liu Bin , Zhu Hongwei
Published: April 2019

Flexible strain sensors can detect physical signals (e.g., temperature, humidity, and flow) by sensing electrical deviation under dynamic deformation, and they have been used in diverse fields such as human motion detection, medical care, speech recognition, and robotics. Existing sensing materials have relatively low adaptability and durability and are not stretchable and flexible enough for complex tasks in motion detection. In this work, a highly flexible self‐healing conductive polymer composite consisting of graphene, poly(acrylic acid) and amorphous calcium carbonate is prepared via a biomineralization‐inspired process. The polymer composite shows good editability and processability and can be fabricated into stretchable strain sensors of various structures (sandwich structures, fibrous structures, self‐supporting structures, etc.). The developed sensors can be attached on different types of surfaces (e.g., flat, cambered) and work well both in air and under water in detecting various biosignals, including crawling, undulatory locomotion, and human body motion.
Electric Field Induced Molecular Assemblies Showing Different Nanostructures and Distinct Emission Colors
Authors: Ma Yun , Zhao Weiwei , She Pengfei , Liu Suyi , Shen Liang , Li Xiangling , Liu Shujuan , Zhao Qiang , Huang Wei , Wong Wai‐Yeung
Published: April 2019

Application of external stimuli in self‐assembly processes would offer greater degrees of freedom to regulate the supramolecular nanostructures and functions of self‐assembling molecules. In particular, the utilization of electric field to control molecular self‐assembly is of fundamental significance, and it contributes to the development of applications in nanofabrication and optoelectronic fields. Here, the self‐assembly of an anionic platinum complex ([Pt(tfmpy)(CN)2]−Bu4N+, tfmpy = 2‐(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pyridine) is studied in the absence or presence of an electric field. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images demonstrate an interesting morphological transformation from rod‐like to flower‐shaped nanoaggregate structures. For rod‐like nanostructure, selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis suggest that the Bu4N+ cations are squeezed between adjacent platinum(II) complex anions, forming alternating layers of two ions. In addition, SAED result suggests that the flower‐shaped nanoaggregate is constructed by a layer‐by‐layer packing through the formation of Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt and π–π stacking interactions. Importantly, confocal fluorescence imaging shows that these two different stable assemblies possess distinct emission colors and lifetimes. This unique feature might be useful in various optoelectronic applications including data recording, anti‐counterfeiting, smart windows, etc.
Rationally Programmable Paper‐Based Artificial Trees Toward Multipath Solar‐Driven Water Extraction from Liquid/Solid Substrates
Authors: Xiao Peng , He Jiang , Liang Yun , Zhang Chang , Gu Jincui , Zhang Jiawei , Huang Youju , Kuo Shiao-Wei , Chen Tao
Published: April 2019

Solar vaporization, which is emerged as a promising candidate for harvesting solar energy in sewage purification and/or seawater desalination, has attracted increasing interests during the last few years. Although tremendous advances are made, it is still challenging to realize simple fabrication protocols, low‐cost, and rationally editable 3D structures toward multipath water extraction from liquid/solid media. Inspired by natural plants with hierarchical structures rooted in soils, herein, an artificial tree of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) film/paper hybrid with tunable transpiration toward multipath water extraction under solar illumination is rationally designed. In this system, an interfacial‐assisted transfer strategy is developed to alternatively transfer the self‐assembled CNT films at the air/water interface onto one side of arbitrary substrates in a uniform/patterned way. The paper‐based photothermal absorbers with favorable tailorability and foldability allow the transformation of the 2D evaporators to tree‐like 3D ones. The achieved 3D evaporators with specific structures can extract purified water ranging from conventional liquid phase (e.g., water) to solid phase (e.g., sand), which can significantly extend the application of water extraction.
Experimental Investigation of the Influence of a Centered Line Sparger on the Jet from the Shroud in a 1:3 Water Model of a Tundish
Authors: Thumfart Maria , Pelss Arnis , Pfeifer Herbert
Published: April 2019

In a continuous casting plant a tundish serves two main purposes. Firstly, it is a buffer vessel between the ladles and the mold and secondly, it is designed to remove non‐metallic particles from the melt. As the demands on the quality of the cast product have increased strongly, floatation (removal of particles using bubbles) of the particles becomes necessary. These bubbles alter the global flow field in the tundish. At large gas flow rates this influence needs to be considered in the positioning of mechanical flow control devices such as wears or impact pads. In this paper the influence of a line sparger on the global flow field is investigated using a 1:3 water model. A series of PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) measurements have been performed at a wide range of air and water flow rates showing the influence of the bubbles on the shape of the liquid jet from the shroud. In addition, a dimensionless number is derived, which can be used to scale the gas flow rate from different experiments. This number is shown to be valid within the range of the experiments presented in this paper.
Study on assessment of slope stability and mixed disposal of overburden in voids of Singrauli Coalfield
Authors: Shirin Saba , Jamal Aarif , Ranjan Pushkar , Yadav Akhilesh Kumar
Published: April 2019

The mining industry can be considered the backbone of the Indian economy as well as facilitating the power that drives most of the other industries in the company. The overburden and waste rocks produced during coal mining are major concerns in regard to the amount of land that is required for their disposal, as well as the stability of dumps for these materials, which are of increasing height. Land reclamation issues are also a concern. In this work the adverse impacts caused by the dumping of overburden on land and acidic mine water on water bodies is discussed. Remote sensing tools were used along with the laboratory experimentation to assess the various impacts. This study also shows that silt released from waste dumps, can affected the angle of repose of the overburden dump slope. The angle of repose of the overburden materials varies with particle size composition. Thus, use of in‐pit crushers in large opencast mining operations can effectively reduce the area locked under the waste dumps. The acid neutralization potential of fly ash and overburden for the treatment of acid water was tested in the laboratory by using fly ash and waste rock materials on acidic coalfield water. The results are encouraging, and fly ash may prove to be a good acid neutralizer when used in conjunction of coal overburden material.
Triple‐faced polypropylene: Fire retardant, thermally stable, and antioxidative
Authors: Vahabi Henri , Paran Seyed Mohammad Reza , Shabanian Meisam , Dumazert Loïc , Sonnier Rodolphe , Movahedifar Elnaz , Zarrintaj Payam , Saeb Mohammad Reza
Published: April 2019

A halogen‐free nitrogen‐rich additive was used to make polypropylene (PP) prepared for three different missions: fire retardancy, thermal stability, and antioxidative properties. The prepared additive was composed of a cyclodextrin, a nanohydroxyapatite, and a poly[[6‐[(1,1,3,3,‐tetramethylbutyl)amino]‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diyl][(2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐4‐piperidinyl)imino]‐1,6‐hexanediyl[2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐4‐piperidinyl)imino] (SABO®STAB) integrated into a unique molecule, namely, BSDH. Fire retardancy performance of BSDH in PP was compared with that of 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) commercially available additive in terms of cone calorimeter results. Thermal stabilities of PP/BSDH and PP/DOPO composites were compared by changes observed in pyrolysis activation energy values measured in thermogravimetric analysis under nitrogen atmosphere at various heating rates. Flame retardancy of PP/BSDH composite was reflected in a drop in the peak of Heat Release Rate by ca. 31% with respect to neat PP. Very interestingly, the results show that BSDH additive retarded thermal oxidation of PP macromolecular chains when compared with DOPO commercially available flame retardant, as signaled by a rise in oxidation induction time value as well as an increased early‐stage activation energy needed for thermal decomposition of PP in the presence of BSDH. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 25:366–376, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Recursion relations for anomalous dimensions in the 6d (2, 0) theory
Authors: Abl Theresa , Heslop Paul , Lipstein Arthur E.
Published: April 2019

Abstract

We derive recursion relations for the anomalous dimensions of double-trace operators occurring in the conformal block expansion of four-point stress tensor correlators in the 6d (2, 0) theory, which encode higher-derivative corrections to supergravity in AdS
7 × S
4 arising from M-theory. As a warm-up, we derive analogous recursion relations for four-point functions of scalar operators in a toy non-supersymmetric 6d conformal field theory.
Evaluation of Indicators of Female Sexual Dysfunction in Adult Entertainers
Authors: Dubin Justin M. , Greer Aubrey B. , Valentine Cadence , O’Brien Ian T. , Leue Eric P. , Paz Lisa , Lynne Charles M. , Winter Ashley G. , Ramasamy Ranjith
Published: April 2019

Introduction

Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) incorporates a wide range of sexual issues within the female population; however, it has not been evaluated among female adult entertainers.

Aim

To evaluate the prevalence of FSD in women working in the adult entertainment industry.

Methods

A 53-question online survey was distributed to female adult entertainers via e-mail through collaboration with the Free Speech Coalition, the North American Trade Association of the Adult Industry. Surveys were sent by the Free Speech Coalition to those within the Performer Availability Screening Services database who met the criteria of having biological vaginas and having experience as adult entertainers. The surveys were answered anonymously. Statistical analysis was performed with Stata/IC 15.1.

Main Outcome Measures

The survey acquired baseline characteristics, use of contraceptives, sexual activity, work vs home sexual satisfaction, and orgasm, in addition to evaluation of female sexual function using the Female Sexual Function Index survey, with a total score <26.55 indicative of FSD.

Results

Of the 147 respondents, 96 (65%) met inclusion criteria of adequately completing the survey, having a biological vagina, and working in the adult entertainment industry. The mean age was 34.1 ± 10.3 years (range 20–66). The average Female Sexual Function Index score was 28.7 ± 5.6, and 24.0% (23 of 96) of entertainers had scores indicative of FSD. Overall, women found their personal sex lives more satisfying when compared with their professional sex lives (3.99 ± 1.40 vs 3.08 ± 1.52, P < .01). When comparing women with FSD to those without FSD, women with FSD had less sexual satisfaction at home (2.8 ± 1.7 vs 4.4 ± 1.0, P < .01), fewer overall sexual events (7.0 ± 6.7 FSD vs 12.9 ± 10.0 non-FSD, P < .01), and fewer satisfying sexual events overall (3.3 ± 4.2 vs 10.7 ± 8.7, P < .01).

Clinical Implications

FSD is prevalent among all women, including those within the adult entertainment industry, and must be addressed during patient interactions.

Strength & Limitation

This is the first study to evaluate the novel group of female adult entertainers. Despite this novel population, the study size is rather small and is susceptible to response bias.

Conclusion

FSD appeared to be less prevalent among female adult entertainers than rates commonly quoted for the general population and was more often seen in the women with less satisfying personal sex lives.
How bilingual verbs are built: evidence from Belizean varieties of contact Spanish
Authors: Fuller Medina Nicté
Published: April 2019

Bilingual Compound Verbs (BCVs) in Spanish-English bilingual speech, as in (1), are made up of the Spanish do-verb (hacer) and an English-origin component which together form a complex predicate.
Editing entomology: natural-history periodicals and the shaping of scientific communities in nineteenth-century Britain
Authors: WALE MATTHEW
Published: April 2019

This article addresses the issue of professionalization in the life sciences during the second half of the nineteenth century through a survey of British entomological periodicals. It is generally accepted that this period saw the rise of professional practitioners and the emergence of biology (as opposed to the older mode of natural history). However, recent scholarship has increasingly shown that this narrative elides the more complex processes at work in shaping scientific communities from the 1850s to the turn of the century. This article adds to such scholarship by examining the ways in which the editors of four entomological periodicals from across this time frame attempted to shape the communities of their readership, and in particular focuses upon the apparent divide between ‘mere collectors’ and ‘entomologists’ as expressed within these journals. Crucially, the article argues that non-professional practitioners were active in defining their own distinct identities and thereby claiming scientific authority. Alongside the periodicals, the article makes use of the correspondence archive of the entomologist and periodical editor Henry Tibbats Stainton (1822–1892), which has hitherto not been subject to sustained analysis by historians.
A Manuscript of Ovid's Heroides
Authors: Owen S. G.
Published: April 2019

In spite of the labours of Sedlmayer,1 Ehwald2 and Palmer,3 it cannot be said that there exists a completely satisfactory edition of Ovid's Heroides. One or all of these editors sometimes leave a corrupted text, sometimes adhere too closely to a manuscript reading, and sometimes introduce untenable emendations. A new edition is called for, with revised collati
ons of the known manuscripts, and an augmented apparatus criticus, exhibiting the large class of what I may term the ‘Vulgate’ manuscripts, which represents a tradition different from, and probably later than that of our chief authority, the excellent but unfortunately incomplete eleventh-century Parisinus (P), which, like all primary manuscripts of this type, contains many readings or corruptions which should not on account of its mere authority be accepted slavishly. Light is often thrown on the text from less important sources, and the truth may be recovered from manuscripts of the ‘Vulgate’ family, where our better authority fails. In this connexion the study of my own manuscript (O) has led me to some conclusions in certain passages which I venture to set forth as suggestions towards an improved constitution of the text of the Heroides. Though it is clear from the preceding investigation into its nature that O is no primary manuscript, but belongs rather to that large class which has passed through various stages of reproduction involving alterations (as is natural in the case of so popular an author as Ovid) due either to carelessness of copyists or, more rarely, to deliberate alteration, it presents at the same time a phenomenon not unusual with such manuscripts, inasmuch as it often supports the best tradition, and in some cases preserves a reading which yields the truth, or from which the truth can be elucidated. I have used the following symbols:

P = Parisinus 8242 s. xi.

E = Etonensis s. xi.

G = Gueferbytanus s. xii.

V = Schedae Vindobonenses s xii.

O = my manuscript s. xiv.

D = Dresdensis s. xiii.

ω = all or the majonly of the ‘Vulgate’ manuscripts.

ζ = some of these manuscripts.
ON THE ARITHMETIC OF MORI MONOIDS AND DOMAINS
Authors: ZHONG QINGHAI
Published: April 2019

Let R be a Mori domain with complete integral closure
$\widehat R$, nonzero conductor
$\mathfrak f = (R: \widehat R)$, and suppose that both v-class groups
${{\cal C}_v}(R)$ and
${{\cal C}_v}(3\widehat R)$ are finite. If
$R \mathfrak f$ is finite, then the elasticity of R is either rational or infinite. If
$R \mathfrak f$ is artinian, then unions of sets of lengths of R are almost arithmetical progressions with the same difference and global bound. We derive our results in the setting of v-noetherian monoids.
The Politics of Paradise: Augustine's Exegesis of Genesis 1–3 Versus that of John Chrysostom
Authors: Pagels Elaine
Published: April 2019

Is a human being capable of self-government? Christians who defied the Roman government that hounded them as criminals emphatically answered yes. Early Christian spokesmen, like Jews before them and the American colonists long after, claimed to find in the biblical creation account divine sanction for declaring their independence from governments they considered corrupt and arbitrary. Unlike its Babylonian counterpart, the Hebrew creation account of Genesis 1 indicates that God gave the power of earthly rule toadam—not to the king or emperor, but simply to “mankind” (and some even thought this might include women). Most Christian apologists from the first through the fourth centuries would have agreed with Gregory of Nyssa who, following the lead of rabbinic tradition, explains that after God created the world “as a royal dwelling place for the future king” he made humanity “as a being fit to exercise royal rule” by making it “the living image of the universal King.”
The Red Cross and Non-International Conflicts
Authors: Veuthey Michel
Published: April 2019

Whilst from the outset the Red Cross was founded essentially to help the victims of conflicts between States, and the various Geneva Conventions since 1863 were relevant to conflicts of that kind, it must be recognized that internal conflicts have given rise to hundreds of thousands of victims who, all too often, could not effectively be helped due to legal or political barriers to Red Cross action.

The Red Cross could not be true to its mission and at the same time indifferent to the plight of victims of such conflicts, the horror and ferocity of which frequently exceeded those of the usual international wars.
This world, ‘Adams worlds’, and the best of all possible worlds
Authors: GROVER STEPHEN
Published: April 2019

‘Adams worlds’ are possible worlds that contain no creature whose life is not worth living or whose life is overall worse than in any other possible world in which it would have existed. Creating an Adams world involves no wrongdoing or unkindness towards creatures on the part of the creator. I argue that the notion of an Adams world is of little value in theodicy. Theists are not only committed to thinking that this world was created without wrongdoing or unkindness but also must rule out the possibility that the world might have been better had God not existed. Nor is there much reason, independent of the availability of a satisfactory theodicy, for believing that the actual world is an Adams world. The need for a theodicy constructed along Leibnizian lines, incorporating the claim that this world is the best possible, is thus reinforced.
Cicero as Orator and Philosopher: The Value of the Pro Murena for Ciceronian Political Thought
Authors: Stem Rex
Published: April 2019

This essay seeks to demonstrate that the different generic parts of Cicero's corpus are but different sides of the mind of the same man, and, thus, that all parts of the corpus—including the forensic speeches, once they have been corroborated by other passages in his corpus—should be regarded as valuable evidence for understanding Ciceronian political thought. A comparison of Cicero's Peripatetic criticism of the Younger Cato's Stoicism in the Pro Murena to the view of Cato's politics expressed in his private correspondence of 61–60 BC and in De Finibus 4.61 reveals that this criticism is more than just a humorous digression to win the case. As an extended expression of Cicero's belief that the inflexible moral certainties of Cato's Stoicism could be detrimental to the managing of the consensus necessary to political life in a republic, the Pro Murena should also be recognized as an articulation of Cicero's philosophical approach to the practice of politics.
NON-ABSOLUTE RIGHTS AND LIBERTARIAN TAXATION
Authors: Mack Eric
Published: April 2019

Rights-oriented libertarian theory asserts the existence of robust
individual rights - including robust rights of property. If these property
rights are absolute, then it seems that all taxation is theft. However, it
also seems that, if an individual is (faultlessly) in dire straits, it is
permissible for him to seize or trespass in order to escape from those
straits. It does seem that in this sense property rights are non-absolute.
This essay examines what contribution this non-absoluteness of rights
makes to the justification of taxation for the sake of rescuing
individuals from their dire straits. The essay investigates how dire an
individual's circumstances have to be for him to have a dispensation from
the normal obligation to respect property. It distinguishes among
different dispensations that individuals in dire enough circumstances may
have. And it emphasizes how precarious is the path from the premise that
sometimes individuals possess one or another of these dispensations to the
conclusion that taxation to rescue people from dire straits is
justified.
A Late Maoist Industrial Revolution? Economic Growth in Jiangsu Province (1966–1978)
Authors: Bramall Chris
Published: April 2019

According to the conventional wisdom, the promise of the Chinese revolution of 1949 went unfulfilled in the Maoist era. Instead of taking off, the economy grew slowly, and widespread rural poverty persisted. The economic turning point was instead the famous political climacteric of 1976–78. But this metric of aggregates is the wrong criterion by which to judge China's economic record because industrial revolutions have regional beginnings. They invariably take place against a backcloth of slow aggregate growth and stagnant material living standards. Accordingly, we should dwell neither on China's slow overall growth nor its widespread poverty before 1978 but look instead for evidence of an emerging regional growth pole. This article argues that Jiangsu was such a growth pole in the late Maoist era, and that its record bears comparison with that of Lancashire and Yorkshire during the early years of Britain's industrial revolution. This holds out the intriguing possibility that a Chinese economic take-off, diffusing out of the Yangtze Delta, would have occurred even without post-1978 policy changes.
Nonlinear eigenvalue–eigenvector problems for STP matrices
Authors: Elias Uri , Pinkus Allan
Published: April 2019

Let Ai, i = 1, …, m, be a set of Ni × Ni−1 strictly totally positive (STP) matrices, with N0 = Nm = N. For a vector x = (x1, …, xN) ∈ RN and arbitrary p > 0, set

We consider the eigenvalue-eigenvector problem

where p1 … pm−1 = r. We prove an analogue of the classical Gantmacher-Krein theorem for the eigenvalue-eigenvector structure of STP matrices in the case where pi ≥ 1 for each i, plus various extensions thereof.
On conservation laws and necessary conditions in the calculus of variations
Authors: Francfort G. , Sivaloganathan J.
Published: April 2019

It is well known from the work of Noether that every variational symmetry of an integral functional gives rise to a corresponding conservation law. In this paper, we prove that each such conservation law arises directly as the Euler-Lagrange equation for the functional on taking suitable variations around a minimizer.
Prevalence and risk factors of HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C in a forensic population of rapists and child molesters
Authors: GIOTAKOS O. , BOURTSOUKLI P. , PARASKEYOPOULOU T. , SPANDONI P. , STASINOS S. , BOULOUGOURI D. , SPIRAKOU E.
Published: April 2019

The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence as well as the possible risk factors of HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C, in 194 male prisoners who had been convicted for rape (n=105) or child molestation (n=89). HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, anti-HCV and anti-HIV-1/2 were tested for. The participants also completed a standard sociodemographic questionnaire, indicating possible risk factors, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and the life-time history of aggression. Anti-HIV antibodies were not found in any of the prisoners. HBsAg was found in 25 (13%), anti-HBc in 94 (49%), anti-HBs in 40 (21%) and anti-HCV in 13 (6·5%) subjects. Logistic regression analysis showed that anti-HCV positivity was associated with intravenous drug use (OR 20·7, 95% CI 1·1–4·9, P<0·001), while HBsAg positivity was associated separately with being foreign (OR 4·0, 95% CI 0·2–2·5, P<0·01), as well as with impulsiveness score (OR 1·06, 95% CI 0·01–0·11, P<0·02). The prevalence of HBV and HCV infection in this sex offender sample was highly increased in relation to the general population. Since it has been proved that sex offenders are a high-risk group for reoffending, monitoring their health is a necessary step towards prevention of sexually transmitted diseases being spread.
Milkborne general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease, England and Wales, 1992–2000
Authors: GILLESPIE I. A. , ADAK G. K. , O'BRIEN S. J. , BOLTON F. J.
Published: April 2019

From 1 January 1992 to 31 December 2000, 27 milkborne general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease (IID) were reported to the Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS) Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre (CDSC). These outbreaks represented a fraction (2%) of all outbreaks of foodborne origin (N=1774) reported to CDSC, but were characterized by significant morbidity. Unpasteurized milk (52%) was the most commonly reported vehicle of infection in milkborne outbreaks, with milk sold as pasteurized accounting for the majority of the rest (37%). Salmonellas (37%), Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157 (33%) and campylobacters (26%) were the most commonly detected pathogens, and most outbreaks were linked to farms (67%). This report highlights the importance of VTEC O157 as a milkborne pathogen and the continued role of unpasteurized milk in human disease.
Abstract machines, optimal reduction, and streams
Authors: Lai Anna Chiara , Pedicini Marco , Piazza Mario
Published: April 2019

In this paper, we propose and explore a new approach to abstract machines and optimal reduction via streams, infinite sequences of elements. We first define a sequential abstract machine capable of performing directed virtual reduction (DVR) and then we extend it to its parallel version, whose equivalence is explained through the properties of DVR itself. The result is a formal definition of the λ-calculus interpreter called Parallel Environment for Lambda Calculus Reduction (PELCR), a software for λ-calculus reduction based on the Geometry of Interaction. In particular, we describe PELCR as a stream-processing abstract machine, which in principle can also be applied to infinite streams.
ON SUB-CLASS SIZES OF FINITE GROUPS
Authors: QIAN GUOHUA , YANG YONG
Published: April 2019

For every element $x$ of a finite group $G$, there always exists a unique minimal subnormal subgroup, say, $G_{x}$ of $G$ such that $x\in G_{x}$. The sub-class of $G$ in which $x$ lies is defined by $\{x^{g}\mid g\in G_{x}\}$. The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of the sub-class sizes on the structure of finite groups.
WEIGHTED WEAK TYPE ENDPOINT ESTIMATES FOR THE COMPOSITIONS OF CALDERÓN–ZYGMUND OPERATORS
Authors: HU GUOEN
Published: April 2019

Let $T_{1}$, $T_{2}$ be two Calderón–Zygmund operators and $T_{1,b}$ be the commutator of $T_{1}$ with symbol $b\in \text{BMO}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$. In this paper, by establishing new bilinear sparse dominations and a new weighted estimate for bilinear sparse operators, we prove that the composite operator $T_{1}T_{2}$ satisfies the following estimate: for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}>0$ and weight $w\in A_{1}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$, $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & & \displaystyle w(\{x\in \mathbb{R}^{n}:\,|T_{1}T_{2}f(x)|>\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\})\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & & \displaystyle \qquad \lesssim [w]_{A_{1}}[w]_{A_{\infty }}\log (\text{e}+[w]_{A_{\infty }})\int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\frac{|f(x)|}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}\log \bigg(\text{e}+\frac{|f(x)|}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}\bigg)w(x)\,dx,\nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$ while the composite operator $T_{1,b}T_{2}$ satisfies $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & & \displaystyle w(\{x\in \mathbb{R}^{n}:\,|T_{1,b}T_{2}f(x)|>\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\})\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & & \displaystyle \qquad \lesssim [w]_{A_{1}}[w]_{A_{\infty }}^{2}\log (\text{e}+[w]_{A_{\infty }})\int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\frac{|f(x)|}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}\log ^{2}\bigg(\text{e}+\frac{|f(x)|}{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}\bigg)w(x)\,dx.\nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
Assessing the Foundational Studies on Adverse Childhood Experiences
Authors: Hartas Dimitra
Published: April 2019

This article critically reviews the foundational studies carried out by Felitti in the US and Bellis in the UK and their colleagues examining the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and adult health and morbidity. These studies have paved the way for much research on childhood adversity and its impact on child development and brain functioning at a family level. ACEs have gained traction in the UK in terms of policy targeting dysfunctional families through early intervention to stop the intergenerational effects of adverse childhood experiences. This article questions the foundational research that argues for family-level, parent-based intervention, especially in light of substantial evidence about the biological embedding of poverty and the direct links between disadvantage and child development. It also hopes to raise awareness about the contested nature of ACEs and their growing influence on family policy.
The Personal is Political: Gendered Morality in Indonesia's Halal Consumerism
Authors: Rakhmani Inaya
Published: April 2019

Recent scholarship on the shift to the right in Asian democracies has predominantly been focused on political organisations, leaving social movements outside of them largely understudied. This article brings forth the link between the rise of right-wing politics in Indonesia—often associated with Islamic populist narratives—and the role of the market. It studies the way halal consumerism has helped shape the narrative of the ummah, an idea that was mobilised during the largest religiously-driven demonstration in the capital city Jakarta on 2 December 2016. By explicating the melding of Islamic piety and consumerism, this study illustrates how halal consumerism aid middle-class Muslims in navigating the neo-liberal social world they live in. The article uses survey data to explore the social status and religious views of participants in the mass rally, and delves deeper through interviews with urban, middle-class female Muslims who envision a cross-class ummah that defends Islam against an imagined oppressor. This paper discusses their role in social process related to politico-religious conservatism, specifically in defending the ideal marriage and family through market mechanisms. Through this analysis, I find that the combination of Islamic morality and neo-liberal values politicises the domestic and traditional role of the female Muslim; this has contributed to social changes that hinder democratic developments.
Effects of Maternal Flaxseed Supplementation on Female Offspring of Diabetic Rats in Serum Concentration of Glucose, Insulin, and Thyroid Hormones
Authors: Suzuki Akemi , Correia-Santos André Manoel , Vicente Gabriela Câmara , Velarde Luiz Guillermo Coca , Boaventura Gilson Teles
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of maternal consumption of flaxseed flour and oil on serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, and thyroid hormones of the adult female offspring of diabetic rats. Methods: Wistar rats were induced to diabetes by a high-fat diet (60%) and streptozotocin (35 mg/kg). Rats were mated and once pregnancy was confirmed, were divided into the following groups: Control Group (CG): casein-based diet; High-fat Group (HG): high-fat diet (49%); High-fat Flaxseed Group (HFG): high-fat diet supplemented with 25% flaxseed flour; High-fat Flaxseed Oil group (HOG): high-fat diet, where soya oil was replaced with flaxseed oil. After weaning, female pups (n = 6) from each group were separated, received a commercial rat diet and were sacrificed after 180 days. Serum insulin concentrations were determined by ELISA, the levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined by chemiluminescence. Results: There was a significant reduction in body weight at weaning in HG (−31%), HFG (−33%) and HOG (44%) compared to CG (p = 0.002), which became similar by the end of 180 days. Blood glucose levels were reduced in HFG (−10%, p = 0.044) when compared to CG, and there was no significant difference between groups in relation to insulin, T3, T4, and TSH after 180 days. Conclusions: Maternal severe hyperglycemia during pregnancy and lactation resulted in a microsomal offspring. Maternal consumption of flaxseed reduces blood glucose levels in adult offspring without significant effects on insulin levels and thyroid hormones.
Studentische Bewertung und Präferenz von Hochschulprüfungen mit Aufgaben im offenen und geschlossenen Antwortformat
Authors: Lindner Marlit A. , Mayntz Sonja M. , Schult Johannes
Published: April 2019

Zusammenfassung. Multiple-Choice-Aufgaben (MCA) werden gegenüber Freitextaufgaben (Constructed-Response-Aufgaben [CRA]) in Hochschulprüfungen zunehmend eingesetzt. Diese Studie betrachtet formatspezifische Einstellungen und Präferenzen von Studierenden, die relevant für selbstreguliertes Lernverhalten sein könnten (vgl. Assessment Drives Learning). Dreihundertfünfzig Studierende bewerteten MCA und CRA auf verschiedenen Dimensionen separat, aber mit identischen Frageformulierungen. Wie angenommen finden sich signifikante ( p ≤ .001) Bewertungsunterschiede: Die Erwartung eines (geringeren) Lernaufwandes ( d = 1.22), die Erfolgserwartung von Testbearbeitungsstrategien ( d = 0.70) sowie die wahrgenommene Bewertungsobjektivität ( d = 1.47) und Fairness ( d = 0.27) fielen höher für MCA gegenüber CRA aus. CRA schnitten dagegen hinsichtlich des wahrgenommenen Potenzials Leistung zu zeigen deutlich stärker ab ( d = –2.53). Allgemein zeigten sich eher individuelle Präferenzen zugunsten eines der Formate, die teilweise durch die Formatbewertungen erklärbar waren. Implikationen für die Prüfungspraxis an Hochschulen werden diskutiert.
Seasonal Depletion of the Dissolved Iron Reservoirs in the Sub‐Antarctic Zone of the Southern Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Mtshali T. N. , van Horsten N. R. , Thomalla S. J. , Ryan‐Keogh T. J. , Nicholson S.‐A. , Roychoudhury A. N. , Bucciarelli E. , Sarthou G. , Tagliabue A. , Monteiro P. M. S.
Published: April 2019

Seasonal progression of dissolved iron (DFe) concentrations in the upper water column was examined during four occupations in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. DFe inventories from euphotic and aphotic reservoirs decreased progressively from July to February, while dissolved inorganic nitrogen decreased from July to January with no significant change between January and February. Results suggest that between July and January, DFe loss from both euphotic and aphotic reservoirs was predominantly in support of phytoplankton growth (iron‐to‐carbon uptake ratio of 16 ± 3 μmol/mol), highlighting the importance of the “winter DFe reservoir” for biological uptake. During January to February, excess loss of DFe relative to dissolved inorganic nitrogen (iron‐to‐carbon uptake ratio of 44 ± 8 μmol/mol and aphotic DFe loss rate of 0.34 ± 0.06 μmol·m−2·day−1) suggests that scavenging is the dominant removal mechanism of DFe from the aphotic, while continued production is likely supported by recycled nutrients.
Assessing Landscape Dust Emission Potential Using Combined Ground‐Based Measurements and Remote Sensing Data
Authors: von Holdt J. R. C. , Eckardt F. D. , Baddock M. C. , Wiggs G. F. S.
Published: April 2019

Modeled estimates of eolian dust emission can vary by an order of magnitude due to the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of emissions. To better constrain location and magnitude of emissions, a surface erodibility factor is typically employed in models. Several landscape‐scale schemes representing surface dust emission potential for use in models have recently been proposed, but validation of such schemes has only been attempted indirectly with medium‐resolution remote sensing of mineral aerosol loadings and high‐resolution land surface mapping. In this study, we used dust emission source points identified in Namibia with Landsat imagery together with field‐based dust emission measurements using a Portable In‐situ Wind Erosion Laboratory wind tunnel to assess the performance of schemes aiming to represent erodibility in global dust cycle modeling. From analyses of the surface and samples taken at the time of wind tunnel testing, a Boosted Regression Tree analysis identified the significant factors controlling erodibility based on Portable In‐situ Wind Erosion Laboratory dust flux measurements and various surface characteristics, such as soil moisture, particle size, crusting degree, and mineralogy. Despite recent attention to improving the characterization of surface dust emission potential, our assessment indicates a high level of variability in the measured fluxes within similar geomorphologic classes. This variability poses challenges to dust modeling attempts based on geomorphology and/or spectral‐defined classes. Our approach using high‐resolution identification of dust sources to guide ground‐based testing of emissivity offers a valuable means to help constrain and validate dust emission schemes. Detailed determination of the relative strength of factors controlling emission can provide further improvement to regional and global dust cycle modeling.
A Moist Entropy Budget View of the South Asian Summer Monsoon Onset
Authors: Ma Ding , Sobel Adam H. , Kuang Zhiming , Singh Martin S. , Nie Ji
Published: April 2019

Using a high‐resolution global model with explicit representation of convection, the physical processes involved in the abrupt onset of South Asian summer monsoon are investigated within a moist entropy budget framework. The monsoon onset is a two‐stage transition. During the first stage, which starts around 2 months before onset, the source terms of column‐integrated moist entropy gradually increase, while the export by the large‐scale circulation slowly strengthens. The second stage is marked by a sudden increase of radiative heating and surface latent heat flux 10 days prior to the onset, followed by abrupt strengthening of large‐scale export of moist entropy. When either cloud‐radiative or wind‐evaporation feedback is disabled in numerical experiments, the monsoon experiences much smoother and weaker onset. The evolution of the system in a gross moist stability plane demonstrates that these positive feedbacks destabilize the system and are responsible for the abruptness of the transition.
Synergistic catalysis for cascade allylation and 2-aza-cope rearrangement of azomethine ylides
Authors: Wei Liang , Zhu Qiao , Xiao Lu , Tao Hai-Yan , Wang Chun-Jiang
Published: April 2019

The efficient construction of enantiomerically enriched molecules from simple starting materials via catalytic asymmetric synthesis strategies is a key challenge in synthetic chemistry. Metallated azomethine ylides are commonly-used synthons for the preparation of N-heterocycles and α-amino acids. Remarkably, to date, the utilization of azomethine ylides for the facile access to chiral amines has proven elusive. Here, we report that a synergistic Cu/Ir-catalytic system combined with careful tuning of the steric congestion can be used to convert aldimine esters to a variety of chiral homoallylic amines via a cascade allylation/2-aza-Cope rearrangement. The elucidation of the distinct effects of each stereogenic center of the allylation intermediates on the stereochemical outcome and chirality transfer in the rearrangement further guided the selection of catalysts combination.
Effects of chlorine dioxide on the germination, oxidative metabolism and growth of barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Authors: Wang Ruiming , Chen Bingcui , Wang Tengfei , Li Piwu , Ding Feng
Published: April 2019

The effects of chlorine dioxide, ClO2, on the germination, oxidative metabolism and growth of barley seedlings were investigated. Barley seeds were separately treated with 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg.L−1 ClO2 solutions. Differences in the percentage of seed germination were observed in treatments with 1000 and 2000 mg.L−1 ClO2 solutions only. However, 1000 and 2000 mg.L−1 ClO2 significantly decreased the germination percentage. No significant difference in the MDA content, electrolyte leakage and amount of chlorophyll was observed in seedlings germinated from seeds treated with 0, 500 and 1000 mg.L−1 of ClO2. Similarly, POD and CAT activities showed no significant differences in seedlings germinated from seeds treated with 0 and 500 mg.L−1 while with 1000 mg.L−1 ClO2 there was an increase of these activities. Although there was no significant difference in the above ground part fresh weight between barley seedlings in which seeds were treated with distilled water and ClO2, the fresh weight of barley roots in which seeds were treated with ClO2 was significantly higher than that of control. The total length of barley roots and the number of roots were also increased. The lignin content of barley roots was markly reduced. Staining with Evans blue indicated that barley roots were not obviously damaged. Furtherly, the stimulation of the cell membrane H+-ATPase activity and root activity were observed to be induced by ClO2.