bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Creative Process: Effort and Effortless Cognition
Authors: Doyle Charlotte L.
Published: February 2016

Education at its best allows students to experience the fruitfulness and joy of the creative process. One complexity of applying research findings to education is that creative work unfolds in phases and the various phases engage distinctively different cognitive processes. Since Wallas first described four phases, psychologists have elaborated on them and pointed to additional phases and subphases. Some involve effortful conscious processes; others entail implicit cognition and/or effortless attention. The field has benefitted from research in related areas as well as from direct studies of conditions that enhance various phases of creative performance. This article reviews current knowledge on the phases and incorporates findings from related areas. The challenge for educators is to structure student work in ways which support the different phases—both deliberate phases such as preparation and evaluation and those which appear to emerge spontaneously such as insight and flow. The findings underscore of the value of specific classroom activities, activities which scaffold and/or invite the different phases of creative work. The cognitive processes engaged by the creative process also benefit from other activities which enhance executive function, elevate mood, and allow opportunities for flow.
An Exploratory Pilot Study of Student Learning Experiences in Engineering Technology Courses Designed to Promote Creativity
Authors: Katz-Buonincontro Jen , Davis Orin , Aghayere Abi , Rosen Dave
Published: February 2016

We report on the findings from an exploratory pilot study using the experience-sampling method (ESM) and interviews to examine learning in two undergraduate engineering technology courses designed to promote creativity. Results of the ESM analysis showed that students’ positive experience decreased slightly in the first course and increased slightly in the latter course. Surprisingly, both instructors’ presence caused students to report lower levels of willingness to express a creative idea and feel like other students were really listening. Interviews revealed student perceptions about the importance of creativity as essential to the engineering industry and beliefs about being creative in the classroom during the stages of the design process, which relies heavily on group work. Discussion builds on these themes for facilitating creative classrooms emphasizing work with peers as an integral part of curricular and instructional design.
Creative Learning: A Fresh Look
Authors: Beghetto Ronald A.
Published: February 2016

That creativity can play a role in learning seems clear. Indeed, creativity researchers and educational scholars have long asserted that theories of learning need to be broadened to include creative cognition. What is less clear, however, is the specific nature of that role. The purpose of this article is to introduce a new model of creative learning. The article opens with a brief discussion of previous work on learning and creativity. Next, a model of creative learning is introduced, specific assertions based on the model are discussed, and an example of how the model might be applied to classroom learning is presented. The article closes with a discussion of implications for future research on creative learning.
Factors That Influence Where Babies Sleep in the United States
Authors: Kendall-Tackett Kathleen , Cong Zhen , Hale Thomas
Published: February 2016

Overview: Bedsharing is common in the United States in spite of numerous public health campaigns telling parents not to do it. This suggests that generic, never-bedshare messaging does not result in safe-sleep behavior. It also suggests we know little about the characteristics of mothers who bedshare. This study addresses this gap by examining demographic characteristics of mothers including race/ethnicity, income, education, partner status, and maternal age.

Sample: The sample was the U.S. cohort (N = 4,789) of the Survey of Mothers’ Sleep and Fatigue.

Results: Consistent with previous findings, we found that African American and American Indian mothers were more likely to bedshare, as were lower income and single mothers. We also found that bedsharing mothers were more likely to have lower education levels, be younger age at first birth, and were less likely to be currently employed. There were also striking racial/ethnic differences on location of night feeds, where mothers think babies should sleep, and their reasons for engaging in their nighttime parenting practices.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the mothers’ demographics are related to bedsharing practices. Furthermore, simply describing bedsharing in terms of “cultural differences” oversimplifies a complex set of behaviors and beliefs. Safe sleep messaging, including safe bedsharing, needs to be tailored to address the various subgroups of mothers living in the United States.
Lactation Consultants’ Perceptions of Musculoskeletal Disorders Affecting Breastfeeding
Authors: Lavigne Valérie
Published: February 2016

Objective: The study aimed to investigate IBCLCs’ demographic profile, perceptions of breastfeeding musculoskeletal disorders in infants, and referral patterns.

Method: IBCLCs from Canada and the United States (N = 13,017) were invited to participate in an online survey questionnaire emailed by the International Board of Lactation Consultant Examiners.

Results: Response rate was 18.9% (N = 2,457). Most IBCLCs had a nursing background (64.8%) and practiced in a hospital setting (57%). Most reported referral of infants for musculoskeletal treatment (73.9%). The first professional referral was made to a pediatrician (47%), followed by craniosacral therapist (16%), and chiropractor (14%). Professional expertise was the chief reason for referral (43%). The most common latch issues referred for were tongue-tie (27%), painful latch (24%), neck problems (18%), and nonlatching (9%). Congenital torticollis (25%) and neck tension (14%) were the main musculoskeletal problems recognized by IBCLCs. Approximately half the respondents (51%) were comfortable recognizing musculoskeletal issues in babies. Most respondents (91%) noticed breastfeeding improvement following manual treatment.

Conclusion: IBCLCs refer to musculoskeletal specialists promptly following the first visit. More collaboration between professions may help foster the wide interprofessional support needed to improve breastfeeding rates.
Breastfeeding Without Birthing
Authors: Robertson Barbara
Published: February 2016

Alyssa has been helping parents and babies with breastfeeding for the past 13 years. She has been accredited as an IBCLC since 2009. Her private practice, Sweet Pea Breastfeeding Support, provides individual lactation consultations, both locally and nationwide, via phone or Skype. She is excited to announce that early 2016, Sweet Pea Breastfeeding Support will be expanding to provide online community support as well, with podcasts and webinars called Breastfeeding Outside the Box: Nourishing and Nurturing Babies in Extraordinary Families. Alyssa enjoys working with all mothers and babies, but she has an extra special place in her heart for helping mothers through adoption and surrogacy to breastfeed their babies. She is the author of Breastfeeding Without Birthing: A Breastfeeding Guide for Mothers Through Adoption, Surrogacy, and Other Special Circumstances. Alyssa is the proud mother of three breastfed children, two by birth and one by adoption.
A Survey of Current and Projected Ethical Dilemmas of Rehabilitation Counselors
Authors: Hartley Michael T. , Cartwright Brenda Y.
Published: February 2016

Purpose:This study surveyed current and projected ethical dilemmas of rehabilitation counselors.

Method:As a mixed-methods approach, the study used both quantitative and qualitative analyses.

Results:Of the 211 participants who completed the survey, 116 (55.0%) reported an ethical dilemma. Based on the descriptions, common themes involved roles and relationships with clients, professional responsibility and competence, and confidentiality and privacy. In addition, projected dilemmas involved social media, health care legislation, insurance concerns, and professional competence.

Conclusions:Implications address areas for ongoing discussion, including considerations for future revisions to the Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification Code of Ethics.
Persons Living With HIV/AIDS: Employment as a Social Determinant of Health
Authors: Hergenrather Kenneth C. , Zeglin Robert J. , Conyers Liza , Misrok Mark , Rhodes Scott D.
Published: February 2016

Purpose: For persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy has increased their longevity and quality of life. As HIV progresses, many PLWHA present declined domains of functioning that impede their ability to work. The authors explore employment as a social determinant of health to identify issues impacting employment outcomes for PLWHA.

Methods: The authors reviewed the literature addressing HIV across the domains of mental health functioning, neurocognitive functioning, and physical function and employment.

Results: When providing employment services to PLWHA, considerations for rehabilitation practitioners and educators include HIV/AIDS education, functional assessment, social support, considerations for women with HIV, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV/AIDS stigma, and employment resources for PLWHA.

Conclusion: With more than 1.2 million PLWHA in the United States, and most of new infections among persons 25–44 years of age, the prevalence of PLWHA seeking employment and inclusive of the U.S. workforce will continue to increase. Proving employment services for PLWHA is a complex process that is best served by an integrative service approach.
Vocational Rehabilitation Transition Outcomes of Youth With Disabilities From a Midwestern State
Authors: Awsumb Jessica M. , Balcazar Fabricio E. , Alvarado Francisco
Published: February 2016

Purpose: To examine the outcomes (rehabilitated vs. nonrehabilitated) of youth with disabilities (ages 14–22 years) participating in the transition program from a midwestern state.

Method: Five years of vocational rehabilitation transition data (N = 6,252) were analyzed to determine what demographic and system-level factors were related to rehabilitated or nonrehabilitated outcomes.

Results: Postsecondary and employment outcomes were predicted by race, gender, type of disability, office region, total number of services, and case expenditure. Hispanic youth had the highest percentage of rehabilitation; males faired significantly better than females and participants in small towns were significantly more likely to be rehabilitated than participants living in large urban areas.

Conclusions: Based on the data findings, it was recommended that the vocational rehabilitation agency alters and updates its transition program. Strategies to help youth with disabilities achieve positive employment and postsecondary educational outcomes are discussed.
High-frequency plant regeneration and histological analysis of callus in Cichorium intybus: An important medicinal plant
Authors: Dakshayini K. , Vaman Rao C. , Karun Anitha , Bhavyashree U. , Ujwal P.
Published: February 2016

An efficient in vitro propagation and in vitro flowering protocols were developed for the medicinal plant Cichorium intybus (Asteraceae) using leaf disc explants. Media supplemented with the growth regulator naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (1.5 mg/l) + 6-benzyle adenine (0.25 mg/l) was used for the initial induction of the callus and further subcultured to the same media for the proliferation of the callus. Pale yellow and green calli were noticed, which depends on incorporation of the growth hormones and their varying concentrations. Murashige and Skoog medium in addition with 2 mg/l kinetin+ 0.5 mg/l indole-3-acetic acid (IBA) + 500 mg/l casein hydrolysate resulted in maximum regeneration. Media supplemented via IBA (0.5 mg/l) and NAA (0.5 mg/l) (98%) was found to be
optimum for rhizogenesis for in vitro regenerated plants. For acclimatization 5-6 weeks mature in vitro regenerated plants were transferred into the greenhouse for acclimatization. The histological study revealed the presence actively dividing meristematic cells in callus. The occurrence of the peripheral meristematic zone associated with callus was noticed in after 20 days, which formed the shoot meristems after 45 days of incubation. To our knowledge, this is the first report on high-frequency plant regeneration which was carried out indirectly from the
leaf explants which was grown in controlled environment with varying concentration of the growth regulators and histology of callus of different stages from leaf explants of C. intybus.
Could Land-Only Taxation Save Local Government in Indiana?
Authors: Ross Justin , Lee Gyeoreh
Published: February 2016

This paper articulates a case for Indiana to exempt all non-land property from the taxable portion of the property tax base. This moves the state closer to a tax system that has great support among economists for its advantages in encouraging economic growth, progressivity, and reducing environmental damage from urban sprawl. Indiana might particularly benefit from a land only tax because of its unique system of property tax caps. The merits of this approach hinge on driving a wedge between gross assessed value and net taxable value. Future empirical research is needed to determine the distributional impact that would result from such a policy change.
A “Dirty” Approach to Efficient Revenue Forecasting
Authors: McDonald, III Bruce D
Published: February 2016

A “dirty forecast” refers to any forecast conducted where non-traditional, coincident indicators are included. These coincident indicators tell us about the behavior within an environment in the here and now rather than measure the environment itself. By focusing on behavior, dirty forecasts are able to pick up changes in the environment well before the changes become measurable outcomes. Dirty processes have been used for some time in economics, but their use in local government forecasting is relatively new. This paper explores the use by discussing what dirty forecasts are and how they can be used to obtain better, more efficient estimates of local government revenues and expenditures. This foundation is then demonstrated with a case study from the city of Seattle.
Rural Decline and Revival: State and Local Partnerships in Creating “Stellar Communities” in Rural Indiana
Authors: Mitchell-Brown JoAnna
Published: February 2016

In recent years, public-public and public-private partnerships have become a topic of increasing interest in efforts to establish and implement holistic community revitalization initiatives. One example of this effort is Indiana’s Stellar Communities program. The program is a multi-agency partnership designed to fund comprehensive community development projects in Indiana’s smaller communities. This innovative program entails three participating state agencies, the Indiana Housing and Community Development Authority, Indiana Office of Community and Rural Affairs, and Indiana Department of Transportation. This research paper explores the progress, issues, and impacts of the Indiana Stellar Communities Program. It focuses specifically on describing program goals, planning, and implementation in the first four communities designated as “Stellar” between 2011 and 2012.  In doing so, it highlights community context, best practices, and lessons learned (to date), while providing an assessment of current economic and social impacts to local communities, as well as regional implications.
Does Ignorance Matter? The Relative Importance of Civic Knowledge and the Human Tendency to Engage in Motivated Reasoning
Authors: Dusso Aaron , Kennedy Sheila Suess
Published: February 2016

It has long been understood that political knowledge in the U.S. is very low.  For those who care about the quality of American democracy, this is a big problem. In attempting to find a solution, many people often blame education. While increasing civic knowledge is a laudatory goal, increased political sophistication does not necessarily turn individuals into good democratic citizens. Research in cognitive and social psychology paints a picture of people as motivated reasoners. Instead of having an open-minded engagement with issues, individuals typically only seek, see, and understand information in a manner that reinforces what they already believe. Here, we examine  motivated reasoning and argue that the strongest partisans and the most committed ideologues will be the most susceptible to holding contradictory policy positions with regard to same-sex marriage and religious freedom.
Understanding the Diverse Forms of Nonprofit Collaborations: A Case Study of Communities in Schools of North Texas and its Partner Organizations
Authors: Jang Hee Soun , Valero Jesus , Kim JungWook , Cramb Kristina
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this study is to understand and categorize the diverse forms of collaborations, and explore the challenges of cross sector collaborations.  To achieve these purposes, we analyze documentation of 132 collaborative partnerships of Communities in School of North Texas (CISNT), and conduct interviews with select partners of CISNT.  Our results suggest that the nature of collaborations vary. Partnerships tend to be informal and resource sharing. The findings further indicate that nonprofits face challenges in the collaborative process including management of accountability and interorganizational communication.
Evaluating Community Inclusion: A Novel Treatment Program for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Webb Natalie J. , Candreva Ilene Allinger , Hickey-Strum Deirdre , Richter Anke , Dwelle Todd
Published: February 2016

A state-funded, non-profit organization developed an innovative inclusion program for children with Autism spectrum disorders and developmental delays, Including Special Kids, which offers activities for children with developmental delays alongside typically developing children in collaboration with well-established local youth programs. This case study examines the ISK intervention program at the original community host sites to determine if the evidence supports a measurable and demonstrable change in behaviors in a real-world setting that may lead to increased quality of life and greater inclusion in the community. Using evidence-based data, we measured the progress of 30 children over 6-24 months. Children participating in the program showed average improvement in all but two function areas and improvement in all composite scores. While these results do not prove program success, they offer an indication that the program helps children learn skills and behaviors to successfully navigate and become part of community-based, after-school recreational programs.
Breakthrough curves of oil adsorption on novel amorphous carbon thin film
Authors: El-Sayed M. , Ramzi M. , Hosny R. , Fathy M. , Abdel Moghny Th.
Published: February 2016

A novel amorphous carbon thin film (ACTF) was prepared by hydrolyzing wood sawdust and delignificating the residue to obtain cellulose mass that was subjected to react with cobalt silicate nanoparticle as a catalyst under the influence of sudden concentrated sulfuric acid addition at 23 °C. The novel ACTF was obtained in the form of thin films like graphene sheets having winding surface. The prepared ACTF was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The adsorption capacity of ACTF to remove oil from synthetic produced water was evaluated using the incorporation of Thomas and Yoon–Nelson models. The performance study is described through the breakthrough curves concept under relevant operating conditions such as column bed heights (3.8, 5 and 11 mm) and flow rate (0.5, 1 and 1.5 mL.min−1). It was found that the oil uptake mechanism is favoring higher bed height. Also, the highest bed capacity of 700 mg oil/g ACTF was achieved at 5 mm bed height, and 0.5 mL.min−1 flow rate. The results of breakthrough curve for oil adsorption was best described using the Yoon–Nelson model. Finally, the results illustrate that ACTF could be utilized effectively for oil removal from synthetic produced water in a fixed-bed column system.
Life cycle assessment comparison of activated sludge, trickling filter, and high-rate anaerobic-aerobic digestion (HRAAD)
Authors: Postacchini Leonardo , Lamichhane Krishna M. , Furukawa Dennis , Babcock Roger W. , Ciarapica F. E. , Cooney Michael J.
Published: February 2016

This paper conducts a comparative assessment of the environmental impacts of three methods of treating primary clarifier effluent in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) through life cycle assessment methodology. The three technologies, activated sludge (AS), high rate anaerobic-aerobic digestion (HRAAD), and trickling filter (TF), were assessed for treatment of wastewater possessing average values of biochemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids of 90 mg L−1 and 70 mg L−1, respectively. The operational requirements to process the municipal wastewater to effluent that meets USEPA regulations have been calculated. The data for the AS system were collected from the East Honolulu WWTP (Hawaii, USA) while data for the HRAAD system were collected from a demonstration-scale system at the same plant. The data for the TF system were estimated from published literature. Two different assessment methods have been used in this study: IMPACT 2002+ and TRACI 2. The results show that TF had the smallest environmental impacts and that AS had the largest, while HRAAD was in between the two but with much reduced impacts compared with AS. Additionally, the study shows that lower sludge production is the greatest advantage of HRAAD for reducing environmental impacts compared with AS.
Community Schools
Authors: Heers Marieke , Van Klaveren Chris , Groot Wim , Maassen van den Brink Henriëtte
Published: February 2016

Community schools offer children an integrated set of educational and social services, but sound scientific evidence on their effectiveness is lacking. Therefore, this study reviews the literature on community schools. First, we characterize community schools and find that their key activities are cooperating with other institutions, involving parents, and offering extracurricular activities. Second, we describe an exemplary community school for which causal evidence shows improved academic achievement. Third, we explore whether the three main activities of community schools influence academic performance, dropout, and risky behavior. Academic performance does not appear to be influenced by extracurricular activities. On the other hand, extracurricular activities do appear to be related to reduced dropout and risky behavior. In addition, there is a positive association of cooperation and parental involvement with academic achievement, and a negative correlation of these two factors with dropout and risky behavior. However, more causal evidence is needed before it can be concluded that community schools are effective.
Angiogenesis and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin protein in myocardial infarction rat model
Authors: Zheng Chenglong , Yang Panchu , Zhang Lu , Wang Zhiyong , Chen Kun , Lan Yue , Zhai Xing , Huang Kun , Guo Shuwen
Published: February 2016

The aim of this study was the effects of supplementing qi and herbs that promote neovascularization on angiogenesis and expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin protein in experimentally induced acute myocardial infarction in rats. Left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated to establish the acute myocardial infarction model. Microvascular vascular count and expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin protein were detected and indexes were detected at 7th, 14th and 28th day. The results showed large doses of qi herbs combined with small doses of activating herbs are superior to other groups in promoting the angiogenesis, increasing vascular endothelial growth factor protein expressions and reducing endostatin protein expressions. It also showed that there was a dose-response effect of supplementing qi and activating blood circulation herbs promoting angiogenesis. The mechanism of supplementing qi and activating blood circulation herbs and combination of both promoted angiogenesis due to possibly to increased vascular endothelial growth factor protein expressions and reduced endostatin protein expressions.
Transient hybridization, not homoploid hybrid speciation, between ancient and deeply divergent conifers
Authors: Worth James R. P. , Larcombe Matthew J. , Sakaguchi Shota , Marthick James R. , Bowman David M. J. S. , Ito Motomi , Jordan Gregory J.
Published: February 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Homoploid hybrid speciation is receiving growing attention due the increasing recognition of its role in speciation. We investigate if individuals intermediate in morphology between the two species of the conifer genusAthrotaxisrepresent a homoploid hybrid species,A. laxifolia, or are spontaneous F1hybrids.

METHODS:

A total of 1055 individuals ofAthrotaxis cupressoidesandA. selaginoides, morphologically intermediate individuals, and two putative hybrid swarms were sampled across the range of the genus and genotyped with 13 microsatellites. We used simulations to test the power of our data to identify the pure species, F1s, F2s, and backcross generations.

KEY RESULTS:

We found thatAthrotaxis cupressoidesandA. selaginoidesare likely the most divergent congeneric conifers known, but the intermediates are F1hybrids, sharing one allele each fromA. cupressoidesandA. selaginoidesat six loci with completely species specific alleles. The hybrid swarms contain wide genetic variation with stronger affinities to the locally dominant species,A. selaginoidesandA. selaginoidesbackcrosses outnumberingA. cupressoidesbackcrosses. In addition, we observed evidence for isolated advanced generation backcrosses within the range of the pure species.

CONCLUSIONS:

We conclude that, even though they can be large and long‐lived,Athrotaxishybrid swarms are on a trajectory of decline and will eventually be reabsorbed by the parental species. However, this process may take millennia and fossil evidence suggests that such events have occurred repeatedly since the early Quaternary. Given this timeline, our study highlights the many obstacles to homoploid hybrid speciation.
Is employability detrimental to unions ? An empirical assessment of the relation between self-perceived employability and voice behaviours
Authors: Bourguignon Rémi , Noël Florent , Schmidt Géraldine
Published: February 2016

Le concept d’employabilité fait débat. Non seulement, il pose le problème du partage des responsabilités entre employeurs et salariés au sujet des trajectoires professionnelles, mais surtout, un courant de recherche émergent tend à examiner les effets du développement de l’employabilité perçue sur le comportement des salariés à l’égard des organisations syndicales. Dans la continuité du modèle Exit-Voice-Loyalty développé par Hirschman, cet article contribue à ce courant qui reste encore peu exploré empiriquement. La littérature existante hésite encore sur le sens à donner à la relation entre employabilité et prise de parole, notamment par l’intermédiaire des organisations syndicales : l’employabilité peut certes diminuer les coûts associés à une décision de démission et ainsi diminuer la nécessité de prendre la parole ; mais, inversement, en facilitant un hypothétique reclassement, l’employabilité peut être conçue comme une ressource que le salarié peut mobiliser dans un rapport de force, en ce sens qu’elle diminue le coût ou la probabilité de représailles associées à l’expression d’une insatisfaction, et ceci tout particulièrement lorsque le climat des relations professionnelles est positif. Pour aller plus loin, nous introduisons une distinction, d’une part, entre employabilité interne et externe et, d’autre part, entre prise de parole “directe” et “représentative”, c’est-à-dire par l’intermédiaire des représentants du personnel. Nous testons nos hypothèses grâce aux réponses à un questionnaire adressé à l’ensemble des salariés d’une grande banque de réseau française. Nos résultats montrent que l’employabilité interne favorise la prise de parole directement auprès du management, alors que l’employabilité externe semble n’avoir aucun effet sur aucune forme de prise de parole, sauf lorsque que le climat des relations professionnelles est coopératif. Cela confirme la nécessité de différencier la dimension interne de la dimension externe de l’employabilité. Enfin, nos résultats ne permettent pas de conclure que le développement de l’employabilité se fait au détriment des organisations syndicales : ce n’est pas nécessairement par l’instauration d’un pouvoir collectif de négociation et d’opposition que les syndicats peuvent contribuer à l’amélioration de la position des salariés, mais plutôt en créant les conditions d’une relation coopérative avec la ligne managériale.
The management device in the blind spot to resistance to change
Authors: Teglborg Ann-Charlotte , Gilbert Patrick , Raulet-Croset Nathalie
Published: February 2016

L’exploration du rôle de la résistance des acteurs non humains dans le cadre d’un changement organisationnel constitue un sujet de recherche émergeant que cet article vise à approfondir. En mobilisant la théorie de l’acteur-réseau (Actor-Network-Theory), nous proposons d’ouvrir la boîte noire que constitue le dispositif de gestion en vue d’analyser la résistance des acteurs non humains. S’appuyant sur une étude de cas longitudinale de l’introduction d’un dispositif d’innovation participative au sein d’une entreprise européenne de télécommunications, l’article montre que la résistance au changement des acteurs non humains est liée à l’interrelation au sein des dispositifs entre acteurs humains et acteurs non humains et permet d’identifier trois types de résistance. Elle peut provenir d’un impensé ou d’un biais de conception de l’artefact managérial (acteur non humain), ou elle peut résulter d’un effet de système, lorsque les effets de résistance au sein du dispositif se combinent et ont un effet démultiplicateur. En outre, nous démontrons que si les effets de la résistance des acteurs non humains peuvent être obstructifs, ils peuvent également être productifs en ce qu’ils sont capables de générer des apprentissages.
Contribution de la marque employeur à l’attractivité : les limites des approches cognitives analytiques
Authors: Maclouf Étienne , Belvaux Bertrand
Published: February 2016

Les frontières entre la GRH et le marketing s’estompent et les concepts de la relation client sont de plus en plus mobilisés pour décrire la relation employeur. Certains concepts issus du marketing sont ainsi mobilisés en GRH pour aider à mieux comprendre le recrutement, l’implication ou encore la fidélisation. La marque-employeur est sans conteste celui qui a retenu le plus l’attention. Cependant, la plupart des travaux suivant cette approche souffrent de plusieurs limites, à la fois théoriques, méthodologiques et managériales. Cette recherche reprend les concepts de marque théorisés en marketing afin de les adapter au cadre des RH et propose une méthodologie mesurant la portée de la marque-employeur sur l’attractivité d’une entreprise. Une application de celle-ci menée auprès de 196 individus souligne que l’effet semble exister, mais à un niveau relativement secondaire.
Retour vers le futur
Authors: Allal Amin
Published: February 2016

Si on les a souvent citées, et parfois même ânonnées, les « origines économiques » de la révolution en restent pourtant le plus grand impensé. Pourquoi donc ? C’est à la compréhension de cette étrange ellipse que cet article tente d’œuvrer. La focalisation sur les enjeux des « règles du jeu démocratique » a pernicieusement détourné le regard de l’objectif des luttes économiques quotidiennes, des (non-)régulations qu’elles connaissent et des contradictions qu’elles produisent en termes politiques. Pourtant, avec la fin du « guichet unique » du rcd , le parti tentaculaire de Ben Ali, la question de la protection sociale, et les chocs qu’elle connaît, est toujours vivace.
La constitution : élaboration et contenu
Authors: Riahi Mouldi
Published: February 2016

Issue des élections du 23 octobre 2011, l’Assemblée nationale constituante a exprimé dans la nouvelle Constitution la volonté du peuple tunisien de rompre avec l’injustice, l’iniquité et la corruption, et de fonder un État de droit sur les valeurs de la liberté, de la dignité et de la justice. Une Tunisie attachée à son identité et à sa culture dans un esprit d’ouverture et de tolérance, aux valeurs humaines et aux principes universels des droits de l’homme ; un régime républicain démocratique et participatif dans le cadre d’un État civil ; un système politique mixte et un gouvernement responsable devant l’Assemblée des représentants du peuple ; un pouvoir judiciaire indépendant garanti ; un pouvoir local fondé sur une véritable décentralisation ; cinq instances constitutionnelles qui veillent à la mise en œuvre de tous ces choix, à leur pérennité et aux droits des générations futures. Tels sont les fondements de la nouvelle Constitution.
La transition tunisienne : du compromis démocratique à la réconciliation forcée
Authors: Marzouki Nadia
Published: February 2016

Célébrée comme le seul succès du Printemps arabe, la Tunisie a réussi à faire face à de nombreux défis de la période post-révolutionnaire grâce à la capacité des principaux acteurs politiques et sociaux à formuler des compromis. Il faut toutefois examiner de façon critique les multiples formes de compromis qui caractérisent la transition tunisienne et leurs implications pour le pluralisme démocratique. Cet article analyse les transactions politiques institutionnelles qui ont eu lieu depuis 2011 en montrant qu’elles ont été marquées par deux façons d’envisager le compromis, l’affrontement raisonné et l’endiguement. Ce faisant, il cherche à montrer comment, entre 2011 et 2015, l’opposition tant débattue entre islamistes et sécularistes a été remplacée par une autre opposition, plus déterminante, entre adeptes du pluralisme démocratique et partisans du consensus forcé.
Ennahdha : démocratie et pluralisme
Authors: Amrani Fayçal
Published: February 2016

Cet article s’intéresse à deux éléments centraux de la doctrine politique d’Ennahdha : le pluralisme et la démocratie. Il montre, en s’appuyant sur les documents officiels du mouvement et les écrits de son leader, que la conception d’Ennahdha concernant ces deux concepts souffre de multiples ambiguïtés. Ils sont, à certains égards, vidés de leur substance et ne servent parfois qu’à justifier, auprès de la base militante notamment, des positions politiques compromettantes.
Armée, police et justice dans la Tunisie contemporaine
Authors: Boumediene Malik
Published: February 2016

L’armée, la justice et la police constituent ce que l’on peut appeler le pouvoir sécuritaire, garant de l’ordre public et de la sécurité. Or, en Tunisie, le pouvoir sécuritaire fut, jusqu’à la fin du régime Ben Ali, avant tout un instrument au service du pouvoir politique. La chute du président Ben Ali va alors avoir pour conséquence un mouvement de démocratisation de ce pouvoir. Cependant, certains éléments poussent à s’interroger sur ce mouvement qui risque fort d’être remis en cause ou sérieusement ralenti.
Les rapports de genre au cœur de la révolution
Authors: Kréfa Abir
Published: February 2016

Rompant avec les tropismes médiatiques et déplaçant la focale des « femmes » vers les rapports de genre et de sexualité, l’article explique la distribution des places et des postes par les cultures et structures organisationnelles. Il met en évidence les renouvellements générationnels chez les féministes et montre que la focalisation sur les droits juridiques a éclipsé la question sociale, dont les effets sont fortement genrés.
The Punishment of Mentally Ill Offenders in Belgium: Care as Legitimacy for Control.
Authors: Cartuyvels Yves , Cliquennois Gaëtan
Published: February 2016

Since 1930, Belgium has a law for the protection of society aimed at guarding society against the dangerously insane. That law responded to one of the prevailing issues in late 19th century Europe: the question of “abnormal individuals”, a category that included insane offenders perceived as dangerous. The 1930 Social Defense Act prescribed a special regime for insane offenders and immediately demonstrated deep-seated ambivalence. We propose to analyze the origin of this law, its content and its evolutions over time by adopting an approach taking into account long duration. This approach allows us to highlight continuities and discontinuities in the treatment of criminal insanity and dangerousness over the last century. We also rely on several recent empirical inquiries dedicated to the regime of insane offenders oscillating between care and safety, the assessment of dangerousness and the role held by expertise, insane offender’s trajectory and their release increasingly characterized by risk management approach and techniques.
Cutting Edge: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Aerobic Glycolysis in Human Alveolar Macrophages That Is Required for Control of Intracellular Bacillary Replication
Authors: Gleeson Laura E. , Sheedy Frederick J. , Palsson-McDermott Eva M. , Triglia Denise , O’Leary Seonadh M. , O’Sullivan Mary P. , O’Neill Luke A. J. , Keane Joseph
Published: February 2016

Recent advances in immunometabolism link metabolic changes in stimulated macrophages to production of IL-1β, a crucial cytokine in the innate immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To investigate this pathway in the host response to M. tuberculosis, we performed metabolic and functional studies on human alveolar macrophages, human monocyte-derived macrophages, and murine bone marrow–derived macrophages following infection with the bacillus in vitro. M. tuberculosis infection induced a shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis in macrophages. Inhibition of this shift resulted in decreased levels of proinflammatory IL-1β and decreased transcription of PTGS2, increased levels of anti-inflammatory IL-10, and increased intracellular bacillary survival. Blockade or absence of IL-1R negated the impact of aerobic glycolysis on intracellular bacillary survival, demonstrating that infection-induced glycolysis limits M. tuberculosis survival in macrophages through induction of IL-1β. Drugs that manipulate host metabolism may be exploited as adjuvants for future therapeutic and vaccination strategies.
Metabolic Reprogramming Supports IFN-γ Production by CD56bright NK Cells
Authors: Keating Sinéad E. , Zaiatz-Bittencourt Vanessa , Loftus Roisín M. , Keane Ciara , Brennan Kiva , Finlay David K. , Gardiner Clair M.
Published: February 2016

Human NK cells can be classified into phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets based on levels of CD56 receptor. CD56dim cells are generally considered more cytotoxic, whereas the CD56bright cells are potent producers of IFN-γ. In this study, we define the metabolic changes that occur in peripheral blood NK cells in response to cytokine. Metabolic analysis showed that NK cells upregulate glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in response to either IL-2 or IL-12/15 cytokine combinations. Despite the fact that both these cytokine combinations robustly upregulated mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 in human NK cells, only the IL-2–induced metabolic changes were sensitive to mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 inhibition by rapamycin. Interestingly, we found that CD56bright cells were more metabolically active compared with CD56dim cells. They preferentially upregulated nutrient receptors and also differed substantially in terms of their glucose metabolism. CD56bright cells expressed high levels of the glucose uptake receptor, Glut1 (in the absence of any cytokine), and had higher rates of glucose uptake compared with CD56dim cells. Elevated levels of oxidative phosphorylation were required to support both cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production in all NK cells. Finally, although elevated glycolysis was not required directly for NK cell degranulation, limiting the rate of glycolysis significantly impaired IFN-γ production by the CD56bright subset of cells. Overall, we have defined CD56bright NK cells to be more metabolically active than CD56dim cells, which supports their production of large amounts of IFN-γ during an immune response.
FVB/N Mice Spontaneously Heal Ulcerative Lesions Induced by Mycobacterium ulcerans and Switch M. ulcerans into a Low Mycolactone Producer
Authors: Marion Estelle , Jarry Ulrich , Cano Camille , Savary Caroline , Beauvillain Céline , Robbe-Saule Marie , Preisser Laurence , Altare Frederic , Delneste Yves , Jeannin Pascale , Marsollier Laurent
Published: February 2016

Buruli ulcer, a debilitating disease, is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. The incidence of this neglected tropical disease is steadily increasing. As a rule, without treatment, skin ulcers occur and a lengthy healing process may be observed associated with severe functional disabilities. Mouse models are already available to study establishment of lesions or evaluation of therapy but a lack of a suitable animal model, mimicking all clinical stages, in particular the healing process, remains an obstacle to understand the pathophysiology of M. ulcerans infection. M. ulcerans was s.c. inoculated in three consanguine mouse strains, that is, BALB/c and C57BL/6, classically used to study mycobacterial infection, and FVB/N. Strikingly, FVB/N mice, although as sensitive as all other mouse strains with respect to M. ulcerans infection, presented a spontaneous healing after the ulcerative phase despite stable bacterial load, and mycolactone toxin was not detected in the healed tissues. The spontaneous healing process was accompanied by an activation of the innate immune system. The adaptive response initiated by FVB/N mice was not involved in the healing process and did not confer protection against M. ulcerans. Our work highlights the importance of innate immune responses to control M. ulcerans infection. This in vivo model of M. ulcerans infection now paves the way for new avenues of research toward the elucidation of critical stages of this disease, such as the characterization of the regulation of mycolactone production, a better understanding of the pathophysiology of M. ulcerans infection, and the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Expression Profiling of Macrophages Reveals Multiple Populations with Distinct Biological Roles in an Immunocompetent Orthotopic Model of Lung Cancer
Authors: Poczobutt Joanna M. , De Subhajyoti , Yadav Vinod K. , Nguyen Teresa T. , Li Howard , Sippel Trisha R. , Weiser-Evans Mary C. M. , Nemenoff Raphael A.
Published: February 2016

Macrophages represent an important component of the tumor microenvironment and play a complex role in cancer progression. These cells are characterized by a high degree of plasticity, and they alter their phenotype in response to local environmental cues. Whereas the M1/M2 classification of macrophages has been widely used, the complexity of macrophage phenotypes has not been well studied, particularly in lung cancer. In this study we employed an orthotopic immunocompetent model of lung adenocarcinoma in which murine lung cancer cells are directly implanted into the left lobe of syngeneic mice. Using multimarker flow cytometry, we defined and recovered several distinct populations of monocytes/macrophages from tumors at different stages of progression. We used RNA-seq transcriptional profiling to define distinct features of each population and determine how they change during tumor progression. We defined an alveolar resident macrophage population that does not change in number and expresses multiple genes related to lipid metabolism and lipid signaling. We also defined a population of tumor-associated macrophages that increase dramatically with tumor and selectively expresses a panel of chemokine genes. A third population, which resembles tumor-associated monocytes, expresses a large number of genes involved in matrix remodeling. By correlating transcriptional profiles with clinically prognostic genes, we show that specific monocyte/macrophage populations are enriched in genes that predict outcomes in lung adenocarcinoma, implicating these subpopulations as critical determinants of patient survival. Our data underscore the complexity of monocytes/macrophages in the tumor microenvironment, and they suggest that distinct populations play specific roles in tumor progression.
Cutting Edge: Enhanced Clonal Burst Size Corrects an Otherwise Defective Memory Response by CD8+ Recent Thymic Emigrants
Authors: Deets Katherine A. , Berkley Amy M. , Bergsbaken Tessa , Fink Pamela J.
Published: February 2016

The youngest peripheral T cells (recent thymic emigrants [RTEs]) are functionally distinct from naive T cells that have completed postthymic maturation. We assessed the RTE memory response and found that RTEs produced less granzyme B than their mature counterparts during infection but proliferated more and, therefore, generated equivalent target killing in vivo. Postinfection, RTE numbers contracted less dramatically than those of mature T cells, but RTEs were delayed in their transition to central memory, displaying impaired expression of CD62L, IL-2, Eomesodermin, and CXCR4, which resulted in impaired bone marrow localization. RTE-derived and mature memory cells expanded equivalently during rechallenge, indicating that the robust proliferative capacity of RTEs was maintained independently of central memory phenotype. Thus, the diminished effector function and delayed central memory differentiation of RTE-derived memory cells are counterbalanced by their increased proliferative capacity, driving the efficacy of the RTE response to that of mature T cells.
Gardening
Authors: Marsh Roderick
Published: February 2016

Gardening, and Gardening.
Abundance, Excess, Waste
Authors: De Luca Rox
Published: February 2016

Rox De Luca is a visual artist based in Sydney, Australia. Her recent work focuses on the concepts of abundance, excess and waste. These concerns translate directly into vibrant and colourful garlands that she constructs from discarded plastics collected on Bondi Beach where she lives.The process of collecting is fastidious, as is the process of sorting and grading the plastics by colour and size. This initial gathering and sorting process is followed by threading the components onto strings of wire. When completed, these assemblages stand in stark contrast to the ease of disposability associated with the materials that arrive on the shoreline as evidence of our collective human neglect and destruction of the environment around us.The contrast is heightened by the fact that the constructed garlands embody the paradoxical beauty of our plastic waste byproducts, while also evoking the ways by which those byproducts similarly accumulate in randomly assorted patterns across the oceans and beaches of the planet.
The Determinants of Intellectual Capital Disclosure: Evidence from French stock exchange
Authors: Kateb Inès
Published: February 2016

The objective of this paper is to identify the determinants of voluntary intellectual capital disclosure (ICD) by analyzing a panel of French listed companies observed over the period 2006-2010. The results confirm that ownership structure, size, debts and the weight of activated goodwill are the determinants of voluntary ICD which allows managers to reduce agency conflicts and solve the inadequacy of financial reporting by disclosing relevant information (signals) for investors. However, our results disprove that voluntary ICD could be a process of legitimizing targeting other stakeholders.