bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Temporal Analysis of Persuasion Principles in Phishing Emails
Authors: Zielinska Olga A. , Welk Allaire K. , Mayhorn Christopher B. , Murphy-Hill Emerson
Published: September 2016

Eight hundred eighty-seven phishing emails from Arizona State University, Brown University, and Cornell University were assessed by two reviewers for Cialdini’s six principles of persuasion: authority, social proof, liking/similarity, commitment/consistency, scarcity, and reciprocation. A correlational analysis of email characteristics by year revealed that the persuasion principles of commitment/consistency and scarcity have increased over time, while the principles of reciprocation and social proof have decreased over time. Authority and liking/similarity revealed mixed results with certain characteristics increasing and others decreasing. Results from this study can inform user training of phishing emails and help cybersecurity software to become more effective.
The Effect of Control Device on Performance in a Robotic Arm Task
Authors: Long Shelby K. , Bliss James P.
Published: September 2016

Task operators are using robotic arms more often and in more settings than ever before. However, little is known about what type of control device, zero- or first-order control, will result in the best performance in a teleoperation task. The goal of this research was to investigate the difference in task performance using two different control devices: a joystick controller and a gesture controller. In the experiment, thirty-four undergraduate participants manipulated switches and knobs on a task board with a robotic arm using Xbox and Leap controllers. Performance was reflected by time spent on each task and task completion rate. Data were analyzed using a 2 (control device) x 4 (actuator type) repeated measures ANOVA. The results indicate significant performance differences when manipulating two actuator types, vertical continuous and rotary. We concluded that performance with the Leap controller was superior for some tasks and performance with the Xbox controller was superior for others, particularly the rotary task.
Point with your eyes not with your hands
Authors: Mead Patrick , Keller David , Kozub Megan
Published: September 2016

The emergence of gesture based controls like the Microsoft Kinect provides new opportunities for creative and innovative methods of human computer interaction. However, such devices are not without their limitations. The gross-motor movements of gestural interaction present physical limitations that may negatively affect interaction speed, accuracy, and workload, and subsequently affect the design of system interfaces and inputs. Conversely, interaction methods such as eye tracking require little physical effort, leveraging the unconscious and natural behaviors of human eye-movements as inputs. Unfortunately, eye tracking, in most cases, is limited to a simple pointing device. However, this research shows by combining these interactions into gaze-based gestural controls it is possible to overcome the limitations of each method, improving interaction performance by associating gestural commands to interface elements within a user’s field of view.
Use of Hand Biometric Information in Gender Identification
Authors: Jee Soo-Chan , Rhie Ye Lim , Kim Minjee , Kim Yong Min , Ahn Sung Hee , Yun Myung Hwan
Published: September 2016

These days, mobile devices are expected to act as biometric readers due to their increasing number of sensors. However, few studies have suggested a method to identify the user’s demographic profile by collecting biometric information through smart devices, whereas demographic characteristics are an important factor that determines the overall preferences of the interface and content. Therefore, this paper suggests a method to identify the user’s gender based on the biometric information of users. Since the hand is one of the most frequently used body parts in touch interfaces, four hand dimensions and the EMG activities of four hand muscles were measured. The hand length, hand breadth, hand thickness, and hand circumference of 321 Koreans were collected as hand dimensions, and the EMG activities of 27 participants when using mock-ups of mobile phones were observed. As a result of discriminant analysis, hand dimensions could predict males and females with over 75% accuracy, while %MVC showed relatively lower accuracy. The results revealed that simple hand dimensions are a more efficient method to recognize the gender of users. In a further study, other biometric data could be utilized in sensing various types of demographic information considering that identification technologies are growing fast.
Differing Perceptions of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)
Authors: Crump Caroline , Cades David , Lester Benjamin , Reed Scott , Barakat Brandon , Milan Laurene , Young Douglas
Published: September 2016

The extent to which drivers’ attitudes toward the use of autonomous vehicle systems can be influenced by various driver factors (e.g., driver age, experience with the systems, etc.) has yet to be firmly established. To investigate driver perceptions and acceptance of advanced vehicle systems, the current research examined initial and repeated exposure to systems while driving under various commonly encountered on-road situations (e.g., emergency braking). Somewhat surprisingly, driver perceptions of safety when driving vehicles with assistive technologies diminished following repeated exposure to the technologies. However, when drivers were afforded more extensive experience, they reported a heightened appreciation of the systems—especially drivers who might benefit most from this assistance (e.g., distracted or older drivers).
Application of Functional Resonance Analysis Method to Sustain Human-Centered Design Practice in Road Construction
Authors: Pazell Sara , Burgess-Limerick Robin , Horberry Tim
Published: September 2016

The Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) involves mapping out interrelated functions to gain an understanding of how to monitor and optimize system performance. A FRAM model was applied to study the application of predictive, human-centered design review of an asphalt job truck for road construction. The model provided for a constructive means to communicate, reflect upon, and strategize methods to support ongoing human-centered design practice in the business. Practical recommendations were made with regard to resource allocation and management activity. This paper will describe the development of the model, the application, and the findings.
A Qualitative Observational Study in Pediatric ICUs
Authors: Yang Yushi , Rivera A. Joy
Published: September 2016

Handsfree Communication Devices (HCDs) provide healthcare providers with an efficient way to communicate. However, they create new pathways for interruptions. The aim of this study is to understand how nurses use HCDs for interruptions from a systems perspective. Five Registered Nurses (RNs) in pediatric Intensive Care Units (ICU) were shadowed for a total of 15 hours. Fourteen interruptions mediated by HCDs were recorded and coded based on the identified themes. Results show that both interrupters and interruptees have to make decisions in the way of communicating with other people using HCDs. However, there is no standard way of making the choice, creating opportunities for medical errors. Based on this understanding, we propose several work system design recommendations at different levels.
Contextual Analysis of Strategies and Interaction Motivations with Smartphones in Vehicles
Authors: Quaresma Manuela , Gonçalves Rafael Cirino , Rodrigues Marcela
Published: September 2016

Smartphone applications for drivers are rapidly growing in the market and the services available to optimize the driving task are also increasing. Although the benefits, the use of applications while driving may cause driver distraction. So, designers need to know how the drivers are actually using their smartphones applications during the driving task in order to have reasonable inputs to design usable and safe interfaces. Therefore, aiming to better understand users’ strategies of use, attitudes and motivations, a qualitative study was conducted through contextual inquiries. The results showed that some variables influence the drivers’ behaviors when interacting with the Smartphone, such as technology affinity, time spend on traffic and driving pleasure.
Similarity, Complementarity, and Agency in HRI
Authors: Warta Samantha F. , Kapalo Katelynn A. , Best Andrew , Fiore Stephen M.
Published: September 2016

Robotic teammates are becoming prevalent in increasingly complex and dynamic operational and social settings. For this reason, the perception of robots operating in such environments has transitioned from the perception of robots as tools, extending human capabilities, to the perception of robots as teammates, collaborating with humans and displaying complex social cognitive processes. The goal of this paper is to introduce a discussion on an integrated set of robotic design elements, as well as provide support for the idea that human-robot interaction requires a clearer understanding of social cognitive constructs to optimize human-robot collaboration. We develop a set of research questions addressing these constructs with the goal of improving the engineering of artificial cognitive systems reliant on natural human-robot interaction.
Assessment of the Impacts from the Addition of Novel Assistive Technologies in Mental Health Care
Authors: Garafalo Jenna , Nathan-Roberts Dan
Published: September 2016

This proceeding seeks to understand changes to the current model of mental health care that will occur if computer programs and smartphone applications that augment therapy become widely used in practice. Current human factors research in home healthcare, as well as the application of the SEIPS 2.0 model to the current system of mental health care are used to predict the potential risks involved in these new technologies. This proceeding explores technologies that seek to assist in normal treatment protocols as well as technologies that are intended to replace normal psychological visits. Using this model to compare assistive versus replacement technologies for mental health treatment, it was found that replacement technologies pose greater risk and should be thoroughly assessed within the system context of mental health. This paper points to areas that should be explored further to assess the safety of these applications and to fuel designs that are safe and usable by a broader population.
System Reliability, Trust, and Complacency in Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring
Authors: Zybak Samantha , Scerbo Mark W. , Ashdown Amanda
Published: September 2016

As more sophisticated fetal heart rate monitoring systems are introduced into hospitals, it is important to understand how system reliability affects the potential for complacency in users. The goal of the present study was to examine differences in system reliability on trust and patterns of responding to system alerts tied to simulated fetal heart rate tracings. Three reliability conditions were examined: low reliability, high reliability, and a single error condition. The results showed that participants were more likely to respond appropriately when the system issued correct alerts and less likely to respond appropriately to incorrect alerts. Further, not one participant rejected the incorrect alert in the single error condition. Subjective reports of trust did not differ across reliability conditions. These results confirm the idea that a FHR monitoring system with high levels of reliability can lull operators into a state of complacency where incorrect alerts are more likely to go unnoticed.
Towards a Taxonomy for Classifying Intuitive Usability Prediction Strategies in Non-Experts
Authors: Sublette M.A. , Carswell C.M. , Lee M. , Kent T.
Published: September 2016

In order to compare the strategies consumers use to make predictions about the ease-of-use of products, the authors conducted a card sorting exercise with subject-matter experts (SMEs) to refine a coding scheme from current, widely-used usability definitions and measurement tools. Nine SMEs sorted 83 cards containing aspects found in usability definitions, guidelines, measurement tools and descriptions. The resulting fifteen clusters define a coding scheme that is both comprehensive and flexible. The refined taxonomy does not seek to redefine usability, but to provide a mechanism for researchers wanting to use a coding scheme that includes methods for classifying strategies such as usability attribution to system features, metacognitive behaviors (planning and evaluating), and exemplar-based strategies (memory for performing similar tasks).
Various Aspects of the Human Factor in Online Education
Authors: Nikolaeva Shantimora Gala , Nathtan-Roberts Dan
Published: September 2016

The goal of this proceeding is to summarize the current research trends in human factors of studying Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), and to quantify the frequency of literature publications each of these trends. This proceeding performs quantitative analysis of 154 sources, grouped by key aspects of research: psychological, technological, and physiological, and by the main object/subject of study: learner, instructor, or teaching methodologies. Based on the results of this analysis, two suggestions can be made: a.) further research of effective human-computer interactions in online education may involve studying basic physiological and psychological processing of information received through mobile devices and computer interfaces, and b.) more attention may be devoted to instructor’s side of MOOCs: their experience, needs, and feedback.
Exploring the Effects of Text Length and Difficulty on RSVP Reading
Authors: Hester Michelle , Werner Steffen , Greenwald Cassie , Gunning Jessica
Published: September 2016

Recent marketing efforts claim that by removing saccades, well designed Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) text displays can increase reading speed without an overall loss of comprehension. Due to the cognitive load when displaying long text it has been suggested that RSVP is better utilized in shorter text or longer text presented in small sections. With the introduction of smart watches as display mediums, opportunities for these types of text display have become more prominent due to their small form-factor. These small screen displays have limited space and often are used to convey short messages, which have motivated a closer look at RSVP. In the current study, we investigate the effects of text length and text reading level on comprehension. We compare RSVP to traditional (left-to-right) text presentations. In line with previous studies our results show that there were no differences between comprehension for RSVP and traditional text displays at normal reading speeds. Future, research may focus on the effects of training and familiarity with RSVP and its performance at the marketed higher readings speeds.
Confusion in the Cockpit
Authors: Ross Garrin , Tomko Linda
Published: September 2016

Persistent and pervasive, pilot confusion reigns as the most frequently reported, yet under-investigated, human factor in aviation mishaps. Using Aviation Safety Reporting System incident reports with pilot self-appraisal of confusion, the current study analyzed pilot confusion, and the relationships of confusion-related antecedents, conditions, and events. Results indicated that types and patterns of pilot confusion exist, and these can be classified in the context of operational-specific conditions and the nature of the confusing events. Results further revealed that when both pilots experienced confusion during the same event, it was not inherently shared confusion. Crew configuration and phase of flight were associated, as well as phase of flight and type of confusion. Significant differences were revealed in the human factors, contributing factors, and primary problems associated with incidents of pilot confusion. A novelty matrix for classifying incidents was evaluated, and revisions recommended for adaptation to aviation-specific use.
Does an Abstract Weld Pool Visualization Help Novice Welders Assess the Performance of a Weldbot?
Authors: Kent Travis M. , Fu Bo , Walls Brittany D. , Seidelman Will , Sublette M.A. , Lee Michael , Carswell C. Melody , Yang Ruigang
Published: September 2016

The domain of welding recently has seen the introduction of numerous potential aids to the practitioners who monitor welding robots (“welbots”) or perform welds themselves. One such aid is the visual augmentation or visualization of particular weld pool parameters. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential effects of a simple, geometric weld pool visualization on the ability of novice welders to relate what they witnessed in welding videos to the completed welds on physically-present pipes (a situation awareness outcome). In addition to participants’ accuracies on the situation awareness measure, perceived usability and subjective workload were also assessed. There was no reliable benefit for the augmented condition compared to the raw, unedited video condition. The results may indicate a task specificity for the type of augmentation utilized or possible limitations of the current rendering methods.
Agent Transparency and the Autonomous Squad Member
Authors: Selkowitz Anthony R. , Lakhmani Shan G. , Larios Cintya N. , Chen Jessie Y.C.
Published: September 2016

The present study investigated the effect of including information to support transparency, based on the Situation awareness-based Agent Transparency (SAT) model, in the interface for an autonomous agent known as the Autonomous Squad Member (ASM). In four different SAT model-based display conditions, participants used the ASM’s interface to gain information about the ASM and simulated squad’s status as they completed a route containing obstacles. Results indicated that participants had greater trust in the ASM and were most effective at maintaining situation awareness when the ASM provided outcome predictions (SAT Level 3), in addition to planned actions (SAT Level 1) and a rationale for those actions (SAT Level 2). No differences in participant workload, while monitoring the ASM, were observed between SAT display conditions.
Flashy or Functional
Authors: Popham Jamey , Lee Michael , Sublette Michelle , Kent Travis , Carswell C. Melody
Published: September 2016

Résumés sometimes contain graphical elements, and the use of such “graphical résumés” may be increasing. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of including different types of graphical elements in a résumé on the most important outcome measure from the perspective of the applicant – the probability of a positive selection decision by the evaluator. There was a reliable preference for a textual résumé when participants asked which design they thought would be most effective. However, there was no reliable effect of résumé design on evaluator’s decisions about the applicant whose qualifications were represented.
Drivers’ trust in an autonomous system
Authors: Wright Timothy J. , Horrey William J. , Lesch Mary F. , Rahman Md Mahmudur
Published: September 2016

Drivers’ trust in automation will likely determine the extent that autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles are adopted, and once adopted, used properly. Unfortunately, previous studies have typically utilized overt subjective measures in determining an individual’s level of trust in automation. The current study aims to evaluate a covert behavioral measure of trust based on drivers’ body (head, hand, and foot) movements as they experience a simulated autonomous system. Videos of drivers interacting with an autonomous driving system in a driving simulator were coded. Body movement counts and average durations were derived from this coding and these data were compared across quartile rankings (based on self-reported trust) to examine body movements’ sensitivity to drivers’ level of trust. Results suggest body movements are not sensitive to individual differences in reported trust. Future work should further examine the utility of this covert behavioral metric by further examining situational differences.
Analysis of Disaster Risk Attitudes in Situation Awareness
Authors: Helander Martin G. , Khalid Halimahtun M.
Published: September 2016

Most research on disaster use a social vulnerability approach. Social vulnerability to disaster is dynamic process that is rooted in culture, gender, ethnicity, age and other power relationships. This assumes that disasters are effects of human constructs due to their use of natural and built environments. Disaster risk is socially distributed in ways that reflect social divisions existing in society. Hence, our study investigated the effects of cultural groups and gender on risk attitudes for two types of disasters, namely natural and human-induced disasters. Risk attitude in this study is a summative of five components: risk identification, cognition, affect, trust and behavior. There were significant differences in risk attitudes between cultural groups, namely, Malaysian and Indonesian, and genders at three levels of situation awareness: perception, comprehension and projection. In addition, the study revealed utility of using attitudes and experience of disasters in psycho-cultural analysis of social vulnerabilities.
Modeling Relationships among Workload, Trust, and Visual Scanning in an Automated Flight Task
Authors: Karpinsky Nicole D. , Chancey Eric T. , Yamani Yusuke
Published: September 2016

The present study explored relationships among operators’ workload, subjective trust, and visual scanning patterns during their interaction with imperfect automation in a low-fidelity flight simulation task. Participants performed both a manual tracking task and a secondary system monitoring task (automated; FA- vs. miss-prone) under high and low load conditions manipulated by central task demand. The high load condition produced, 1) less frequent saccades toward system monitoring, 2) greater subjective workload, and 3) lower levels of subjective trust, compared to the low load condition. A mediation analysis revealed that subjective workload mediated the effect of load on visual scanning patterns whereas subjective trust did not. The results imply that, when the central task demands more attention, operators strategically reduce sampling rates of information from the system monitoring task assisted by imperfect automation depending on their subjective workload but not on subjective trust.
Visual Cues to Reorient Attention from Head Mounted Displays
Authors: Ward Matthew , Barde Amit , Russell Paul N. , Billinghurst Mark , Helton William S.
Published: September 2016

Current head mounted displays (HMDs) cover only a small section of the user’s visual field, preventing the use of peripheral onset cues. This study investigates whether a centrally positioned cue can use the pursuit motion reflex to reorient attention away from HMDs more quickly than arrow cues. Thirty participants recruited from the University of Canterbury campus were required to find and mark targets which appeared within a 200° visual arc of a central focused position after being given no directional cue, an arrow cue or a pursuit motion cue. A subgroup of less than half of the participants failed to extract directional information from pursuit motion cues and the remaining participants responded more slowly to the pursuit cues than the arrow cues. Arrow cues were responded to only 40ms slower than targets appearing within the participants’ peripheral vision indicating that the search for a reflexive orientation cue may be unnecessary.
Gaze behavior during curb approach
Authors: Kim Robyn , Lester Benjamin D. , Schwark Jeremy , Cades David , Hashish Rami , Moorman Helene , Young Douglas
Published: September 2016

Mobile device use is becoming increasingly prevalent during everyday activities. The simultaneous use of such technology while performing various activities may increase risk of human error and accidents, such as falls. In addition to effects on cognitive and attentional resources, mobile device use may influence visual behavior, thus affecting the user’s ability to perceive obstacles in the environment and respond appropriately. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of texting on gaze behavior during the approach and negotiation of a simulated curb. Wireless eye-tracking was used to record gaze during locomotion, with and without concurrent texting. Semantic Gaze Mapping (SMI, Inc.) was used to co-register participants’ gaze to different areas of interest (AOIs). Texting resulted in significant reductions in gaze dwell time on the curb and the number of times the curb was fixated. These findings suggest that mobile device use may have a negative effect on navigation during locomotion by reducing visual attention to task-relevant areas along the future path of travel.
Augmented Mirrors
Authors: Smith Missie , Kane Valerie , Gabbard Joseph L. , Burnett Gary , Large David R.
Published: September 2016

This study investigates the effects of Augmented Reality (AR) graphics on a drivers’ distance estimation and depth perception when using a video-based, AR-enhanced driver’s side mirror. Sixteen participants took part in the study, eight in a driving simulator and eight outside in a stationary vehicle. Participants experienced three different AR display image conditions, three different glance patterns, three different target vehicle speeds, and two own-vehicle image conditions. Distance data and confidence data were collected for each particpant and analyzed for any correlation between the conditions and performance. The results suggest that various AR images affected depth judgements and confidence levels. In addition, the vehicle speed and glance pattern of the videos also had significant effects.
Surgeon’s Perception of Soft Tissue Constraints and Distance-to-Break in a Simulated Minimally Invasive Surgery Task
Authors: Long Lindsay O. , Pagano Chris C. , Singapogu Ravikiran B. , Burg Timothy C.
Published: September 2016

Accurately perceiving biomechanical properties of tissues is imperative for minimizing tissue trauma and preventable injuries in minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Research has demonstrated that novice observers are able to perceive and use the higher-order mechanical information in compliant, deformable materials which denotes the point at which the material will fail, or break, known as Distance -to-Break (DTB). The present study explored the effect of experience on the perception of DTB. Specifically, this study investigated whether surgeons are able to perceive and utilize DTB in compliant tissue materials more precisely than novices. Using a simulated probing task, results demonstrated that surgeons were more sensitive to DTB, were more accurate at estimating the point at which materials would fail, and were more accurate at applying force onto materials without breaking them. Findings underscore the importance of haptic invariants such as DTB in surgical tasks and the efficacy of using simulators to train haptic skills.
Improving Food Labels for Health and Safety
Authors: Grishin John , Wogalter Michael S. , Walkington Will
Published: September 2016

Finding the ingredients on food product labels can be critical for safety and health. This study examines whether the amount of time it takes to locate an ingredients list on a food product label depends on its physical location, or its position relative to a conspicuous landmark, the nutrition facts panel (NFP). The position of the ingredients list was manipulated with respect to 6 potential label locations and its position relative to the NFP, yielding 30 possible combinations of locations for the ingredients list and NFP. Participants were shown the set of 30 layouts in random order, with instructions to find the ingredients list on each layout. Response time (ms) for finding the ingredients list was recorded. Analyses indicated a significant vertical position effect, with placement on the bottom producing longer response times than the top or middle positions. Other analyses examined the relative distance between the ingredients and the NFP, which showed that participants found the ingredients list faster when it were located near the NFP, as opposed to placements furthest away. Implications for the understanding search times on relatively complex labels are discussed. Benefits for health and safety through better food labeling are described.
Evaluating ANSI Z535-Formatted Warning Labels as an Integrative System
Authors: Kalsher Michael J. , Obenauer William G. , Weiss Christopher F.
Published: September 2016

Debate continues regarding the relative effectiveness of the ANSI Z535 guidelines for the design and placement of warnings. Research shows consistent positive effects of these guidelines on precursors to warning compliance (e.g., noticing, reading, intended compliance), but less consistency on compliance behavior. Challenges in interpreting these findings stem from factors such as small sample sizes, varying research designs and experimental conditions, and treating the ANSI Z535 guidelines as a singular entity rather than as an integrative system of separable features. Here, we address these issues by testing perceptions of warning label effectiveness using a large sample ( n=533) and systematically manipulating variables cited in the Z535 guidelines. Collectively, we tested eight label designs for a (2-drawer and 4-drawer) file cabinet and found statistically significant relationships between design recommendations from the ANSI Z535 guidelines and perceptions of effectiveness. The presence of a warning header and pictogram exerted the largest effects. Bulleted text and (larger) font size were also related to increased perceptions of effectiveness.
Exploring the relationship between risk perception and U.S. driver acceptance of a 0.05% BAC limit
Authors: Shah Raina J. , Burhans Charles G. , Wise Michael J. , Frantz J. Paul , Rhoades Timothy P.
Published: September 2016

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has recently recommended that states reduce the legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for driving from 0.08% to 0.05%. This study assessed attitudes of drivers toward this recommendation. It also assessed the extent to which attitudes toward lowering the legal BAC limit were related to the perceived risk of driving at different BAC levels as compared to other factors. A majority of drivers surveyed (54%) were in favor of the 0.05% BAC limit proposal, with 26% against it and 20% neutral toward it. Those who believed that driving at 0.05% BAC posed an increased risk for a crash were more likely to support the proposal than those who did not think that driving at 0.05% BAC posed an increased crash risk. However, perceptions about the risk posed by driving at various BACs did not completely determine policy preferences. Some participants supported the 0.05% BAC limit even though they did not perceive a risk reduction benefit, while others perceived a risk reduction benefit of a 0.05% BAC limit but still did not support the policy. Implications for the role of risk perceptions in policy preferences are discussed.
Handhold location and utilization during bathtub ingress/egress and sit-to-stand tasks
Authors: Batista Natasha A. , Bertani Luiz Felipe Bruder Bertuluce , Young Justin G.
Published: September 2016

Installation of grab bars and handholds are recommended to reduce risk of injuries commonly resulting from unsuccessful transfers in the bath/shower/tub. However, few empirical investigations or studies of handhold and grab bar placement are available to guide installation and aging-in-place renovations. This paper presents a pilot experiment that aims to identify the locations where handholds are most utilized during bathtub ingress/egress and sit-to-stand tasks. Nine young volunteers were videotaped while getting in and out of a simulated bathtub alcove that had a grid arrangement of vertical and horizontal handholds spanning the walls. Analysis of the resulting distribution of grasped handholds shows a clear preference for horizontal handholds in specific locations, as well as a consistent utilization of bathtub rims for stand-sit-stand scenarios. Preferred grab bar configurations are discussed in the context of existing standards. Results support the need for further studies to help inform safe installation of grab bars in residential homes, aging-in-place renovations, and hotel chains.
A Heuristic Based Framework for Improving Design of Unmanned Systems by Quantifying and Assessing Operator Trust
Authors: Jackson Kimberly F. , Prasov Zahar , Vincent Emily C. , Jones Eric M.
Published: September 2016

Operator trust in autonomous capability is a critical factor affecting the success of fielded unmanned systems. However, current means of identifying trusted system behavior do not sufficiently inform guidelines for designing an engineering solution. We present a novel Trust Assessment Framework for providing actionable and formative feedback for building an unmanned system that promotes operators’ initial adoption of and reliance on its autonomous capabilities. Based on a review of the unmanned systems literature and a series of inquiries focusing on operators of unmanned aerial vehicles, we have identified a set of Heuristics for Trusted Autonomy and behaviorally anchored Trust Assessment Scales that enable quantitative feedback for each heuristic category. The Heuristics and Scales were incorporated into a Trust Assessment Process consisting of a Heuristic Evaluation and subsequent scoring. This trust assessment methodology can be applied directly to assessing autonomous aerial systems. Extensions to other platforms and domains are being investigated.
Levels of SysML Compatibility for Collaborative Human System Development
Authors: Handley Holly A. H. , Amissah Matthew , Kandemir Cansu
Published: September 2016

Developing human centered systems across multiple design and development teams requires a common framework to ensure seamless transition of models between collaborators. It is not sufficient to simply exchange data that is syntactically correct, it is also important to ensure that the information exchanged has shared meaning among team members. A current design project that included human architecting, human performance modeling and system engineering teams provided the foundation for a level of compatibility framework for Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) using the System Modeling Language (SysML). This framework provides descriptions of four different levels of model maturity that can be used for collaborative development. At each stage, the benefits of the model are described as well as its limitations. The Levels of SysML Compatibility can be used to integrate the Human Views, Soldier System library models and IMPRINT simulations to produce a comprehensive human system modeling approach.
Computational Modeling of Finger Swipe Gestures on Touchscreen
Authors: Jeong Heejin , Liu Yili
Published: September 2016

Although swiping (also called flicking) is one of the commonly used touchscreen gestures, few modeling studies have been conducted. In this paper, a computational model that focuses on touchscreen swipe gestures was developed by extending the QN-MHP (Queuing Network-Model Human Processor) architecture. The model assumed that the swiped-route follows a three-dimensional path. To model the finger swipe gesture, an operator (i.e., “ Swipe-with-finger”) for the Queuing Network Cognitive Architecture was developed using an existing regression equation for predicting the finger movement time in 3D space (Cha and Myung, 2013). The model was validated with two corresponding experimental results in the literature. As a result, the swiping times generated by the model were well fit with the human subject data.
The Identification and Application of Human System Integration Software Tools to Support the Systems Engineering Lifecycle and the Acquisition Process
Authors: Sebok Angelia , Walters Brett
Published: September 2016

This paper discusses the challenges associated with ensuring Human System Integration (HSI) efforts are performed throughout long-duration projects, including the systems engineering lifecycle and the acquisition process. It describes an approach to support this process by identifying relevant software tools that can be used across the lifecycle. The paper also discusses a project to develop a catalog of relevant HSI software tools and to map these tools to the acquisition process and systems engineering lifecycle at the Department of Homeland Security.
Antarctica
Authors: Morris Drew M , Powell Robert B , Pilcher June J
Published: September 2016

A growing tourism industry in Antarctica raises concerns about occupational health risks. Risks associated with cold exposure were explored during three voyages of an Antarctic cruise vessel. Eight expedition leaders were monitored for skin temperature, physical activity, and subjective cold perception and comfort during 35 excursions. Results showed that those participants involved in zodiac boat sightseeing excursions with low activity and high wind chill had significantly greater body cooling than other participants involved in kayaking or snorkeling (down 2°F). However those involved in kayaking reported the greatest cold awareness and subjective cold discomfort. Prior experience with the Antarctic occupations was not indicative of cold tolerance. Findings suggest that the type of activity engaged in will vary the amount of occupational risk associated with cold exposure. This study is one of the first of its kind to provide pragmatic information for the occupational safety sector of the Antarctic tourism industry.
ATC Weather Knowledge & Skills
Authors: King Jayde M. , Ortiz Yolanda , Blickensderfer Beth L.
Published: September 2016

Aviation weather continues to challenge General Aviation (GA) operations. The majority of weather related incidents that result in fatality occur within the GA community. Limited research has been conducted to investigate Air Traffic Control’s (ATC) role within weather related emergencies. The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss the role of ATC in the GA community within weather related incidents. This paper reviews aviation weather concepts, describes ATC’s function during inadvertent meteorological conditions, identifies possible deficiencies and limitations pilots and ATC confront during meteorological related incidents, and suggests recommendations to mitigate ATC operating limitations. ATC challenges include a possible lack of aviation weather knowledge, insufficient practice on weather emergency scenarios, and a disadvantage in regards to weather equipment and tools. Recommended solutions to these challenges include innovation of weather products and technology and new ATC training protocols to accompany these technological advances.
Sleep, Workload and Boredom
Authors: Volante W. G. , Merz M. , Stowers K. , Hancock P. A.
Published: September 2016

As human spaceflight evolves toward long duration space missions (LDSM), it becomes increasingly important to design mission specifications and crew schedules that account for fluctuations in cognitive and psychomotor workload. Such schedules should optimize both sleep and workload to maintain high levels of mission performance. Effective sleep and workload scheduling tools are thus imperative for success, as they facilitate enhanced sleep quality and adjustable workload profiles for superior task performance. Here we examine issues related to sleep in space by taking two approaches: (1) completion of a systematic literature analysis, and (2) completion of interviews with Subject Matter Experts. Both of these approaches are summarized, with key findings and implications discussed.
Putting the Brakes on Autonomous Vehicle Control
Authors: Funkhouser Kelly , Drews Frank
Published: September 2016

The assimilation of automation in commuter vehicles is rapidly increasing, as too are the concerns with these technologies. Human interaction with autonomous vehicles must be thoroughly researched to understand the quantification and qualification of interactive behaviors with these systems. We developed a study using a high-fidelity driving simulator to mimic probable breakdowns with these systems to better understand the subsequent human responses and to explore the necessary technological requirements to overcome potential problems. 30 participants engaged in a driving scenario switching between manual and autonomous vehicle control. We accounted for individual differences in braking reaction time while simultaneously engaging in a secondary cognitive task during times of autonomous vehicle control. Results show the average RT for baseline scenarios without the cognitive task was 832.1 milliseconds while the average RT for baseline scenarios with the cognitive task was 908.4 milliseconds; a 9.17% significant increase. The average RT for the autonomous scenario was 1357.0 milliseconds; a significant increase of 49.38% over the baseline scenario with the cognitive task that can be attributed to the addition of automation. We found a positive linear correlation of time spent in autonomous control and subsequent braking reaction time. Additionally, cognitive task difficulty, attention allocation, self-reported mental demand, fatigue, and heart rate affect reaction time when cued to take control of the vehicle.
Gaming to Safety
Authors: Xie Jeanne Y. , Chen Huei-Yen Winnie , Donmez Birsen
Published: September 2016

The risk of crash or near-crash significantly increases when drivers make long off-road glances to engage in distracting tasks. Providing drivers with feedback that integrates elements of game design could increase driver motivation for adopting safer behaviors. In an ongoing between-subjects simulator study with young drivers ( n=29 reported in this paper), we compare four conditions for off-road glance behaviors: no feedback, real-time feedback system, post-drive feedback system (real-time feedback + post-drive feedback), and gamification feedback system (real-time feedback + post-drive feedback + game design elements). Shorter average glance duration and less frequent risky (≥2 s) glances to an in-vehicle display were observed for the post-drive system, compared to no feedback and real-time feedback, and for the gamification system, compared to no feedback. Although no added benefit of gamification over the post-drive feedback system was observed for these eye glance metrics, longer-term exposure and assessment could show improvements to be more stable with the inclusion of game design elements.
Effectiveness of Driver Compensation to Avoid Vehicle Collision under Visual Field Contraction
Authors: Lee Jieun , Itoh Makoto , Inagaki Toshiyuki
Published: September 2016

Visual field contraction is an important contributing factor to road traffic accidents. Visually impaired drivers may compensate for the adverse effects of the visual field contraction. This study investigated the effectiveness of two types of compensation: (1) reducing vehicle speed and (2) looking around more frequently. Furthermore, we focused on a hazardous event, where a hazardous object comes into driver’s field of view again after passing out of sight. We conducted an experiment by using a driving simulator and special eyeglasses that reduce healthy people’s field of view to approximately 10 degrees. We set up 3 experimental conditions: driving without contraction, driving with contraction following two different instructions: reduce speed or look around more frequently. Statistically, reducing speed was effective in reducing the risk of collision compared to looking around frequently. However, it was difficult to determine whether the drivers recognized the hazard or not based on driver’s behavioral data or an interview that carried out to check whether participants recognize the hazard after collision.
Measuring Cognitive Efficiency of Novel Speedometer Displays
Authors: Yang Shiyan , Ferris Thomas K.
Published: September 2016

Cognitive efficiency has been defined as the ratio of display informativeness to mental workload required for processing information. In the study, we used Cognitive Efficiency (CE) metric to measure the efficiency of novel speedometer displays which were previously used to aid multitask performance in driving. The study also investigated whether encoding information into ‘beat pattern’, a redundant dimension, improves the cognitive efficiency of the displays. The level of cognitive efficiency was found to be similar among the ambient-visual, auditory, and tactile speedometer displays and it increased largely when information was encoded into a redundant beat pattern of the auditory display. In addition, the cognitive efficiency of novel speedometer display was sensitive to contextual factors such as wind effects. These findings enlarge our understanding of multifactor constructs of cognitive efficiency, which are expected to be more predictive of multitask performance than the measure of each of its constituent components.
The Evolving Role of Automation in Transportation
Authors: Allahyar Maryam , Becic Ensar , Chappell Sheryl , Fisher Donald , Lohrenz Maura , Monk Chris , Philips Brian
Published: September 2016

Automation is not only in our future, it is already here. This has long been the case for aviation (FAA). But it is increasingly the case for our highly connected systems of vehicles (NHTSA), highways (FHWA), and railroads (FRA). Clearly we must educate the operators about the capabilities and limitations of these new automated systems (NTSB). The purpose of this panel is to share, at this critical point in the development of automation, the knowledge that has been gained across the different modes of transportation about how best to develop systems that may help reduce the approximately 94% of crashes attributed to human error. The five presenters (Allahyar, Becic, Chappell, Monk, and Philips) come from the different modes and have been centrally involved in the efforts to understand the role of the human operator in automated systems. Active engagement with the audience is expected.
The Challenges of Building Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Teams
Authors: Bonner Desmond , Gilbert Stephen , Dorneich Michael C. , Winer Eliot , Sinatra Anne M. , Slavina Anna , MacAllister Anastacia , Holub Joseph
Published: September 2016

Intelligent Tutoring Systems have been useful for individual instruction and training, but have not been widely created for teams, despite the widespread use of team training and learning in groups. This paper reviews two projects that developed team tutors: the Team Multiple Errands Task (TMET) and the Recon Task developed using the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT). Specifically, this paper 1) analyzes why team tasks have significantly more complexity than an individual task, 2) describes the two team-based platforms for team research, and 3) explores the complexities of team tutor authoring. Results include a recommended process for authoring a team intelligent tutoring system based on our lessons learned that highlights the differences between tutors for individuals and team tutors.