bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Input Parallel Output Series Structure of Planar Medium Frequency Transformers for 200 kW Power Converter: Model and Parameters Evaluation
Authors: La Ganga Alessandro , Re Roberto , Guglielmi Paolo
Published: March 2021

Nowadays, the demand for high power converters for DC applications, such as renewable sources or ultra-fast chargers for electric vehicles, is constantly growing. Galvanic isolation is mandatory in most of these applications. In this context, the Solid State Transformer (SST) converter plays a fundamental role. The adoption of the Medium Frequency Transformers (MFT) guarantees galvanic isolation in addition to high performance in reduced size. In the present paper, a multi MFT structure is proposed as a solution to improve the power density and the modularity of the system. Starting from 20kW planar transformer model, experimentally validated, a multi-transformer structure is analyzed. After an analytical treatment of the Input Parallel Output Series (IPOS) structure, an equivalent electrical model of a 200kW IPOS (made by 10 MFTs) is introduced. The model is validated by experimental measurements and tests.
A Production Prediction Method for Shale Gas Wells Based on Multiple Regression
Authors: Niu Wente , Lu Jialiang , Sun Yuping
Published: March 2021

The estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of a single shale gas well is one of the important evaluation indicators for the scale and benefit development of shale gas, which is affected by many factors such as geological and engineering, so its accurate prediction is difficult. In order to realize the accurate prediction of ultimate recovery, this study considered 172 shale gas wells in the Weiyuan block as samples and selected 19 geological and engineering factors that affect the ultimate recovery of shale gas wells. Furthermore, eight key controlling factors were selected by means of the Pearson correlation coefficient and maximum mutual information coefficient comprehensive evaluation method. The data were divided into training and testing samples. Different numbers of training samples were selected and seven schemes were designed. Based on the key controlling factors, the ultimate recovery prediction model for shale gas wells in this block was established through multiple regression methods. The effectiveness of the prediction model was verified by analyzing the testing samples. The result shows that with the increase of the size of training samples, the error of the ultimate recovery predicted by the model gradually decreases gradually. When predicting the single gas well, the average absolute error of ultimate recovery is less than 20% if the number of the training gas well is more than 80. When analyzing the development potential of similar blocks without drilling, the error of the sum of ultimate recovery is less than 10% if the size of the training gas well reaches 60.
The Place of Photovoltaics in Poland’s Energy Mix
Authors: Gnatowska Renata , Moryń-Kucharczyk Elżbieta
Published: March 2021

The energy strategy and environmental policy in the European Union are climate neutrality, low-carbon gas emissions, and an environmentally friendly economy by fighting global warming and increasing energy production from renewable sources (RES). These sources, which are characterized by high investment costs, require the use of appropriate support mechanisms introduced with suitable regulations. The article presents the current state and perspectives of using renewable energy sources in Poland, especially photovoltaic systems (PV). The specific features of Polish photovoltaics and the economic analysis of investment in a photovoltaic farm with a capacity of 1 MW are presented according to a new act on renewable energy sources. This publication shows the importance of government support that is adequate for the green energy producers.
The Effect of Heat Exchange Fluid Composition on the Performance of a Liquid Nitrogen Engine System
Authors: Sechenyh Vitaliy , Christodoulou Fanos , Zhao Huayong , Garner Colin , Fennell Daniel
Published: March 2021

It has been proven that performance gains in liquid nitrogen (LN2) engine systems, generating simultaneous cooling and auxiliary power, can be achieved through integration of a dedicated heat exchange fluid (HEF) circuit. The novel, HEF enhanced LN2 engine system can be utilised as an optimised hybrid solution for commercial refrigeration trucks. Although the benefits arising from HEF addition have been researched, there are no articles investigating the effect of changing the HEF composition on engine performance. This article reports a detailed experimental investigation on the performance of a novel, HEF enhanced LN2 engine system. The key contribution of the current study is the knowledge generated from investigating the impact of different HEF compositions on the engine performance under different HEF temperatures, N2 inlet conditions and engine speeds. The HEF composition was varied through changing the water content in the mixture. A thermodynamic model based on an idealised cycle was used to assist interpretation of the experimental results and assess the potential of the proposed engine architecture. The experimental study demonstrated up to 42.5% brake thermal efficiency, up to 2.67 kW of brake power and up to 174 kJ/kg specific energy, which were higher than previously published figures for LN2 engine systems. A reduction in the HEF water content was found to generally increase the engine power output at a HEF temperature of 30 °C. However, at a HEF temperature of 60 °C, the impact of HEF composition was found to be minor and nonmonotonic. The thermodynamic model predicted the upper and lower limits of the measured indicated power and indicated thermal efficiency with acceptable accuracy.
Integrated Performance Optimization of Higher Education Buildings Using Low-Energy Renovation Process and User Engagement
Authors: Ahmed Abdullahi , Mateo-Garcia Monica , Arewa Andrew , Caratella Kassim
Published: March 2021

Building performance improvement through low-energy renovation traditionally involves building performance diagnostics of the existing building, technology evaluation, selection and implementation. Effective building performance diagnostics, post-retrofit assessment and user engagement are essential to deliver performance as well as achieving socio-economic and environmental benefits at every stage of the renovation project life cycle. User’s views are often ignored when renovating a building, causing sub-optimal energy performance, user comfort and wellbeing. This paper seeks to critically evaluate the low-energy renovation process and the role of user and stakeholder engagement in the strategic implementation of low-energy retrofit technologies for performance improvement of higher education buildings. The research focuses on renovation methodology, innovative materials/systems and end-user engagement throughout the renovation project phases (pre-renovation, the renovation process and post renovation). A mixed research method was adopted, which includes building performance modelling, monitoring and user evaluation questionnaires pre and post-renovation. The research is part of European Union (EU)-funded project, targeting 50% reduction in energy consumption using innovative materials and technologies in existing public buildings. The surveys allow comparative analysis of comfort levels and user satisfaction as an indicator of the efficacy of renovation measures. A new renovation process and user engagement framework was developed. The findings suggest that there is a direct relationship between retrofit intervention, improving energy performance of low-carbon buildings and the comfort of occupants. The technologies and strategies also appear to have different impacts on user satisfaction.
5G-Enabled UAVs with Command and Control Software Component at the Edge for Supporting Energy Efficient Opportunistic Networks
Authors: Koumaras Harilaos , Makropoulos George , Batistatos Michael , Kolometsos Stavros , Gogos Anastasios , Xilouris George , Sarlas Athanasios , Kourtis Michail-Alexandros
Published: March 2021

Recently Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have evolved considerably towards real world applications, going beyond entertaining activities and use. With the advent of Fifth Generation (5G) cellular networks and the number of UAVs to be increased significantly, it is created the opportunity for UAVs to participate in the realisation of 5G opportunistic networks by carrying 5G Base-Stations to under-served areas, allowing the provision of bandwidth demanding services, such as Ultra High Definition (UHD) video streaming, as well as other multimedia services. Among the various improvements that will drive this evolution of UAVs, energy efficiency is considered of primary importance since will prolong the flight time and will extend the mission territory. Although this problem has been studied in the literature as an offline resource optimisation problem, the diverse conditions of a real UAV flight does not allow any of the existing offline optimisation models to be applied in real flight conditions. To this end, this paper discusses the amalgamation of UAVs and 5G cellular networks as an auspicious solution for realising energy efficiency of UAVs by offloading at the edge of the network the Flight Control System (FCS), which will allow the optimisation of the UAV energy resources by processing in real time the flight data that have been collected by onboard sensors. By exploiting the Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) architectural feature of 5G as a technology enabler for realising this offloading, the paper presents a proof-of-concept implementation of such a 5G-enabled UAV with softwarized FCS component at the edge of the 5G network (i.e., the MEC), allowing by this way the autonomous flight of the UAV over the 5G network by following control commands mandated by the FCS that has been deployed at the MEC. This proof-of-concept 5G-enabled UAV can support the execution of real-time resource optimisation techniques, a step-forward from the currently offline-ones, enabling in the future the execution of energy-efficient and advanced missions.
Uncertainty Matters: Bayesian Probabilistic Forecasting for Residential Smart Meter Prediction, Segmentation, and Behavioral Measurement and Verification
Authors: Roth Jonathan , Chadalawada Jayashree , Jain Rishee K. , Miller Clayton
Published: March 2021

As new grid edge technologies emerge—such as rooftop solar panels, battery storage, and controllable water heaters—quantifying the uncertainties of building load forecasts is becoming more critical. The recent adoption of smart meter infrastructures provided new granular data streams, largely unavailable just ten years ago, that can be utilized to better forecast building-level demand. This paper uses Bayesian Structural Time Series for probabilistic load forecasting at the residential building level to capture uncertainties in forecasting. We use sub-hourly electrical submeter data from 120 residential apartments in Singapore that were part of a behavioral intervention study. The proposed model addresses several fundamental limitations through its flexibility to handle univariate and multivariate scenarios, perform feature selection, and include either static or dynamic effects, as well as its inherent applicability for measurement and verification. We highlight the benefits of this process in three main application areas: (1) Probabilistic Load Forecasting for Apartment-Level Hourly Loads; (2) Submeter Load Forecasting and Segmentation; (3) Measurement and Verification for Behavioral Demand Response. Results show the model achieves a similar performance to ARIMA, another popular time series model, when predicting individual apartment loads, and superior performance when predicting aggregate loads. Furthermore, we show that the model robustly captures uncertainties in the forecasts while providing interpretable results, indicating the importance of, for example, temperature data in its predictions. Finally, our estimates for a behavioral demand response program indicate that it achieved energy savings; however, the confidence interval provided by the probabilistic model is wide. Overall, this probabilistic forecasting model accurately measures uncertainties in forecasts and provides interpretable results that can support building managers and policymakers with the goal of reducing energy use.
β-Glucan Production by Levilactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus claussenii for In Situ Enriched Rye and Wheat Sourdough Breads
Authors: Bockwoldt Julia A. , Fellermeier Johanna , Steffens Emma , Vogel Rudi F. , Ehrmann Matthias A.
Published: March 2021

Sourdough fermentation is a common practice spread across the globe due to quality and shelf life improvement of baked goods. Above the widely studied exopolysaccharide (EPS) formation, which is exploited for structural improvements of foods including baked goods, β-glucan formation, by using lactic acid bacteria (LAB), offers additional values. Through renunciation of sucrose addition for bacterial β-d-glucan formation, which is required for the production of other homopolysaccharides, residual sweetness of baked goods can be avoided, and predicted prebiotic properties can be exploited. As promising starter cultures Levilactobacillus (L.) brevis TMW (Technische Mikrobiologie Weihenstephan) 1.2112 and Pediococcus (P.) claussenii TMW 2.340 produce O2-substituted (1,3)-β-d-glucan upon fermenting wheat and rye doughs. In this study, we have evaluated methods for bacterial β-glucan quantification, identified parameters influencing the β-glucan yield in fermented sourdoughs, and evaluated the sourdough breads by an untrained sensory panel. An immunological method for the specific detection of β-glucan proved to be suitable for its quantification, and changes in the fermentation temperature were related to higher β-glucan yields in sourdoughs. The sensory analysis resulted in an overall acceptance of the wheat and rye sourdough breads fermented by L.brevis and P.claussenii with a preference of the L. brevis fermented wheat sourdough bread and tart-flavored rye sourdough bread.
Pea Protein Extraction Assisted by Lactic Fermentation: Impact on Protein Profile and Thermal Properties
Authors: Emkani Mehrsa , Oliete Bonastre , Saurel Rémi
Published: March 2021

Although pea protein has been widely explored, its consumption is still limited by undesirable sensory characteristics and low solubility. All these properties can be modified during protein extraction process. Besides, previous studies showed that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have a positive effect on legume protein ingredients in terms of flavor and functional properties. Hence, the objective of this work was to explore an alternative extraction method based on alkaline extraction/isoelectric precipitation (AEIEP) resulting in globulin-rich and residual albumin-rich fractions. Here, the decrease in pH was achieved by lactic fermentation instead of mineral acid addition. Different bacteria strains (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis) have been used alone or in co-culture, and the results were compared with the usual acidification. The extraction assisted by fermentation led to the increase by 20–30% in protein content/yield of the albumin fraction, meaning that the solubility of the extracted pea protein was increased. This result could be explained by the proteolytic activity of bacteria during lactic fermentation. Therefore, the thermal denaturation properties of the isolated protein fractions measured by differential scanning calorimetry could be mainly ascribed to differences in their polypeptide compositions. In particular, higher denaturation enthalpy in globulin fractions after fermentation compared to AEIEP (~15 J/g protein vs. ~13 J/g protein) revealed the relative enrichment of this fraction in pea legumins; a higher part of 7S globulins seemed to be consumed by lactic acid bacteria.
An Italian-Mediterranean Dietary Pattern Developed Based on the EAT-Lancet Reference Diet (EAT-IT): A Nutritional Evaluation
Authors: Tucci Massimiliano , Martini Daniela , Del Bo’ Cristian , Marino Mirko , Battezzati Alberto , Bertoli Simona , Porrini Marisa , Riso Patrizia
Published: March 2021

There is an urgent need to promote healthy and sustainable diets that are tailored to the preferences and cultures of different populations. The present study aimed to (i) define a Mediterranean dietary pattern in line with the EAT-Lancet Commission reference diet (ELCRD), based on 2500 kcal/day and adapted to the Italian food habits (EAT-IT); (ii) develop a mid/long-term dietary plan based on EAT-IT and a dietary plan based on the Italian Dietary Guidelines (IDG); (iii) compare the two dietary plans in terms of portions, frequencies of consumption, and nutritional adequacy based on the nutrient and energy recommendations for the Italian adult population. The main differences between the two plans were related to the higher amount of fruit and vegetables in the IDG compared to the EAT-IT, while the EAT-IT plan was higher in nuts and legumes, which represent the main protein sources in the ELCRD. Differences in the protein sources, especially milk and derivatives, and for cereal-based foods, were also found. Dietary plans were comparable for most nutrients, except for higher energy from lipids and vegetal protein, a higher amount of fiber, and lower levels of calcium that were evidenced for the EAT-IT dietary plan compared to the IDG-based one. In conclusion, the analysis of the EAT-IT demonstrated certain nutritional issues. It remains to be determined whether this may represent a health concern in further studies aimed at investigating the feasibility of sustainable dietary patterns.
Trends in Using IoT with Machine Learning in Health Prediction System
Authors: Aldahiri Amani , Alrashed Bashair , Hussain Walayat
Published: March 2021

Machine learning (ML) is a powerful tool that delivers insights hidden in Internet of Things (IoT) data. These hybrid technologies work smartly to improve the decision-making process in different areas such as education, security, business, and the healthcare industry. ML empowers the IoT to demystify hidden patterns in bulk data for optimal prediction and recommendation systems. Healthcare has embraced IoT and ML so that automated machines make medical records, predict disease diagnoses, and, most importantly, conduct real-time monitoring of patients. Individual ML algorithms perform differently on different datasets. Due to the predictive results varying, this might impact the overall results. The variation in prediction results looms large in the clinical decision-making process. Therefore, it is essential to understand the different ML algorithms used to handle IoT data in the healthcare sector. This article highlights well-known ML algorithms for classification and prediction and demonstrates how they have been used in the healthcare sector. The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive overview of existing ML approaches and their application in IoT medical data. In a thorough analysis, we observe that different ML prediction algorithms have various shortcomings. Depending on the type of IoT dataset, we need to choose an optimal method to predict critical healthcare data. The paper also provides some examples of IoT and machine learning to predict future healthcare system trends.
Nutritional Status and Feeding Regimen of Patients with Esophagus Cancer—A Study from Vietnam
Authors: Pham Van Binh , Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa , Le Thi Huong , Nguyen Le Tuan Anh , Dang Thi Thu Hang , Dang Viet Dung
Published: March 2021

Background: Esophagus cancer patients are at high risk of malnutrition. This study was performed to assess the nutritional status and dietary intake of newly diagnosed esophageal cancer patients in Vietnam National Cancer Hospital (NCH). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 206 early esophageal cancer inpatients after gastrostomy from September 2017 to June 2018. The chi-squared test, Fisher exact test, and Mann–Whitney test were performed. The software of the Vietnam National Institute of Nutrition was used to evaluate the dietary intake of patients. Results: All the participants were male with a mean age of 57.1 ± 8.5 years. Overall, 87.4% of patients had dysphagia. Furthermore, 82.5% and 90.8% of patients reported weight loss one and six months pre-diagnosis, respectively. Moreover, 52.9% of patients suffered from mild/moderate malnutrition and 29.6% of patients had severe malnutrition according to the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). The body mass index (BMI) and mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) measurement revealed 47.6% and 50% of undernourished patients, respectively. The proportions of patients having malnutrition were 10.7%, 55.8%, and 27.2% according to albumin, prealbumin, and total lymphocyte counts, respectively. The means of energy, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate in the patients’ 24 h preoperative diets were 973.6 ± 443.0 kcal/day, 42.4 ± 21.6 g/day, 31.0 ± 15.5 g/day, and 130.0 ± 64.5 g/day. The total energy, total protein, animal protein, total lipid, and plant lipid in the dietary intake of patients were strongly correlated with age, economic classification, and PG-SGA (each p < 0.05). The total energy intake increased day by day, with the average energy intake of 1343.9 ± 521.3 kcal on the seventh day. Energy and protein response rates increased day by day and were highest at 7 days post-operation at 18.0% and 19.4%. Conclusion: Malnutrition and insufficient intake are noteworthy in esophageal cancer patients. The PG-SGA is strongly correlated with the dietary intake of patients. The results from this study will help medical staff to prevent malnutrition and improve the nutritional status of esophageal cancer inpatients. Furthermore, public awareness should be raised on recognizing weight loss as an early symptom of esophageal cancer and the utilization of preoperative assessment tools for nutritional assessment and malnutrition management.
Sexuality Attitudes and Beliefs Survey (SABS): Validation of the Instrument for the Spanish Nursing Students
Authors: Aguiar Frias Ana Maria , Soto-Fernandez Irene , Mota de Sousa Luís Manuel , Gómez-Cantarino Sagrario , Ferreira Barros Maria da Luz , Bocos-Reglero Maria Jesús , Aaberg Vicki , Caldeira Ermelinda , Sim-Sim Margarida
Published: March 2021

Patient sexuality is a fundamental subject in nursing student’s education. However, beliefs about patient sexuality can influence the care offered. The aim of this psychometric study was to describe the validation process and the psychometrics properties of the Sexuality Attitudes and Beliefs Survey (SABS) for Spanish nursing students. The convenience sample was 283 nursing students from a state university in Spain. Participants ranged from 18 to 30 years (M = 19.66; SD = 1.85). Data collection happened in 2019–2020. The translation, back translation and adaptation to Spanish was discussed and refined, ensuring the semantic, idiomatic and conceptual meaning of the items. The psychometric properties were assessed through analysis of validity and reliability. The Cronbach’s alpha for the final version of 12 items was 0.65. Although it has low reliability, the Spanish version of the SABS seems to be a valid and useful tool to measure nursing students’ beliefs about patient sexuality. In addition, it can be a resource for the assessment of the ability of Spanish nursing faculty in engaging topics involving the student’s vision of patient sexuality.
Factors Associated with Failure of Bakri Balloon Tamponade for the Management of Postpartum Haemorrhage. Case Series Study and Systematic Review
Authors: Ruiz Labarta Francisco Javier , Pintado Recarte María Pilar , Joigneau Prieto Laura , Bravo Arribas Coral , Bujan Julia , Ortega Miguel A. , De León-Luis Juan A.
Published: March 2021

Background: Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is an unpredictable obstetric emergency that requires a multidisciplinary approach. Bakri balloon tamponade (BBT) is recommended when PPH does not respond to medical treatment. Nowadays few published studies have performed a multivariate analysis to determine the variables independently associated with BBT failure. Methods: Our study purpose was to determine the variables independently associated with BBT failure: first, in a large single-centre cohort study between 2010 and 2020, and second, in a systematic literature review using Medline and the Cochrane Library. Maternal and perinatal variables, PPH characteristics, technique-related variables and complications were recorded in the case series study, comparing between successful and failed BBT patients. Study characteristic and variables significantly associated with BBT failure were recorded in the systematic review. All studies used a logistic regression test. Results: The case series included 123 patients. The profile of these patients were primiparous, with vaginal delivery and a full-term new-born. BBT was successful in 81.3% of cases. Five studies were included in the systematic review, providing data from 551 patients. BBT was successful in 79.5% of cases. Conclusions: Maternal age, caesarean delivery, ≥7 red blood cells units (RBCU) transfused and curettage before BBT insertion, history of caesarean section, pre-pregnancy obesity, anteriorly placed placenta, placenta accreta, caesarean delivery, estimated blood loss before insertion of BBT, long operation duration, and coagulopathy were independent factors for BBT failure.
The Usefulness of the QR Code in Orthotic Applications after Orthopedic Surgery
Authors: Cho Jaeho , Seo Gi-Won , Lee Jeong Seok , Cho Hyung Ki , Kang Eun Myeong , Kim Jahyung , Chun Dong-Il , Yi Young , Won Sung Hun
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of QR (quick response) codes in explaining the proper method for orthotic use after orthopedic surgery. A questionnaire survey was adopted to evaluate patient satisfaction with education and training in orthotic applications after orthopedic surgery. The study periods were 1 April to 30 April 2017, and 1 October to 31 October 2017. The oral training involving the conventional orthoses was conducted in April, and the videos with the orthosis on the QR code were captured in October. The QR code containing the data was distributed and the education was conducted. A total of 68 patients (QR-code group: 33) participated in the questionnaire survey. After the QR code application, the number of retraining cases increased from 62.9 to 93.9% (p-value < 0.01). The mean scores of the four items measuring the comprehension increased from 10.97 to 14.39. The satisfaction level rose from 7.14 to 9.30, and the performance increased from 7.14 to 9.52 (p-value < 0.01). The QR code is expected to be a valuable method for explaining the orthotic application after orthopedic surgery, and especially when repeated explanations are needed for elderly patients.
Assessment of Chilling Requirement and Threshold Temperature of a Low Chill Pear (Pyrus communis L.) Germplasm in the Mediterranean Area
Authors: Ferlito Filippo , Di Guardo Mario , Allegra Maria , Nicolosi Elisabetta , Continella Alberto , La Malfa Stefano , Gentile Alessandra , Distefano Gaetano
Published: March 2021

In temperate climates, bud break and shoot and flower emission of deciduous fruit tree species are regulated by precise chilling and heating requirements. To investigate this aspect, sixty-one accessions of European pear (Pyrus communis L.) collected in Sicily were phenotyped for three consecutive years for harvest date, bud sprouting and blooming to determine both the chilling requirements and the threshold temperature using the Chill Days model. The whole germplasm collection was grown in two different experimental fields located at 10 and 850 m above sea level representing two Mediterranean-type climates in which pear is commonly cultivated. Results revealed a mean threshold temperature of 6.70 and 8.10 °C for the two experimental fields, respectively, with a mean chilling requirement ranging from −103 and −120 days. Through this approach, novel insights were gained on the differences in chilling requirement for early flowering cultivars to overcome dormancy. Furthermore, to better dissect differences in chilling requirement between accessions, the sprouting bud rate of six cultivars was assessed on excised twigs stored at 4 ± 0.1 °C from 300 to 900 h followed by a period at 25 ± 0.1 °C varying from seven to twenty-eight days. Results of both experiments highlighted that Sicilian pear germplasm is characterized by a low chilling requirement compared to other pear germplasm, making Sicilian local accessions valuable candidates to be used for selecting novel cultivars, coupling their low chilling requirements with other traits of agronomical interest.
Characterization and Genetic Mapping of Black Root Rot Resistance in Gossypium arboreum L.
Authors: Wilson Iain W. , Moncuquet Philippe , Ellis Marc , White Rosemary G. , Zhu Qian-Hao , Stiller Warwick , Llewellyn Danny
Published: March 2021

Black root rot (BRR) is an economically important disease of cotton and other crops, especially in cooler regions with short growing seasons. Symptoms include black discoloration of the roots, reduced number of lateral roots and stunted or slow plant growth. The cultivated tetraploid Gossypium species are susceptible to BRR. Resistance to BRR was identified in G. arboreum accession BM13H and is associated with reduced and restricted hyphal growth and less sporulation. Transcriptome analysis indicates that BM13H responds to infection at early time points 2- and 3-days post-inoculation, but by day 5, few differentially expressed genes are observed between infected and uninfected roots. Inheritance of BM13H resistance to BRR was evaluated in an F6 recombinant inbred population and shows a single semi-dominant locus conferring resistance that was fine mapped to a region on chromosome 1, containing ten genes including five putative resistance-like genes.
Bioinformatic Analysis of Structure and Function of LIM Domains of Human Zyxin Family Proteins
Authors: Siddiqui M. , Badmalia Maulik , Patel Trushar
Published: March 2021

Members of the human Zyxin family are LIM domain-containing proteins that perform critical cellular functions and are indispensable for cellular integrity. Despite their importance, not much is known about their structure, functions, interactions and dynamics. To provide insights into these, we used a set of in-silico tools and databases and analyzed their amino acid sequence, phylogeny, post-translational modifications, structure-dynamics, molecular interactions, and functions. Our analysis revealed that zyxin members are ohnologs. Presence of a conserved nuclear export signal composed of LxxLxL/LxxxLxL consensus sequence, as well as a possible nuclear localization signal, suggesting that Zyxin family members may have nuclear and cytoplasmic roles. The molecular modeling and structural analysis indicated that Zyxin family LIM domains share similarities with transcriptional regulators and have positively charged electrostatic patches, which may indicate that they have previously unanticipated nucleic acid binding properties. Intrinsic dynamics analysis of Lim domains suggest that only Lim1 has similar internal dynamics properties, unlike Lim2/3. Furthermore, we analyzed protein expression and mutational frequency in various malignancies, as well as mapped protein-protein interaction networks they are involved in. Overall, our comprehensive bioinformatic analysis suggests that these proteins may play important roles in mediating protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions.
Current Understanding of the Involvement of the Insular Cortex in Neuropathic Pain: A Narrative Review
Authors: Wang Ning , Zhang Yu-Han , Wang Jin-Yan , Luo Fei
Published: March 2021

Neuropathic pain is difficult to cure and is often accompanied by emotional and psychological changes. Exploring the mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain will help to identify a better treatment for this condition. The insular cortex is an important information integration center. Numerous imaging studies have documented increased activity of the insular cortex in the presence of neuropathic pain; however, the specific role of this region remains controversial. Early studies suggested that the insular lobe is mainly involved in the processing of the emotional motivation dimension of pain. However, increasing evidence suggests that the role of the insular cortex is more complex and may even be related to the neural plasticity, cognitive evaluation, and psychosocial aspects of neuropathic pain. These effects contribute not only to the development of neuropathic pain, but also to its comorbidity with neuropsychiatric diseases. In this review, we summarize the changes that occur in the insular cortex in the presence of neuropathic pain and analgesia, as well as the molecular mechanisms that may underlie these conditions. We also discuss potential sex-based differences in these processes. Further exploration of the involvement of the insular lobe will contribute to the development of new pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy treatments for neuropathic pain.
Liquid Biopsies in the Clinical Management of Germ Cell Tumor Patients: State-of-the-Art and Future Directions
Authors: Lobo João , Leão Ricardo , Jerónimo Carmen , Henrique Rui
Published: March 2021

Liquid biopsies constitute a minimally invasive means of managing cancer patients, entailing early diagnosis, follow-up and prediction of response to therapy. Their use in the germ cell tumor field is invaluable since diagnostic tissue biopsies (which are invasive) are often not performed, and therefore only a presumptive diagnosis can be made, confirmed upon examination of the surgical specimen. Herein, we provide an overall review of the current liquid biopsy-based biomarkers of this disease, including the classical, routinely used serum tumor markers—the promising microRNAs rapidly approaching the introduction into clinical practice—but also cell-free DNA markers (including DNA methylation) and circulating tumor cells. Finally, and importantly, we also explore novel strategies and challenges for liquid biopsy markers and methodologies, providing a critical view of the future directions for liquid biopsy tests in this field, highlighting gaps and unanswered questions.
Clinical Perspective on Proteomic and Glycomic Biomarkers for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Prediction of Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Hanna-Sawires Randa G. , Schiphuis Jorinde H. , Wuhrer Manfred , Vasen Hans F. A. , van Leerdam Monique E. , Bonsing Bert A. , Mesker Wilma E. , van der Burgt Yuri E. M. , Tollenaar Rob A. E. M.
Published: March 2021

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is known as a highly aggressive malignant disease. Prognosis for patients is notoriously poor, despite improvements in surgical techniques and new (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy regimens. Early detection of PDAC may increase the overall survival. It is furthermore foreseen that precision medicine will provide improved prognostic stratification and prediction of therapeutic response. In this review, omics-based discovery efforts are presented that aim for novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of PDAC. For this purpose, we systematically evaluated the literature published between 1999 and 2020 with a focus on protein- and protein-glycosylation biomarkers in pancreatic cancer patients. Besides genomic and transcriptomic approaches, mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics and glycomics of blood- and tissue-derived samples from PDAC patients have yielded new candidates with biomarker potential. However, for reasons discussed in this review, the validation and clinical translation of these candidate markers has not been successful. Consequently, there has been a change of mindset from initial efforts to identify new unimarkers into the current hypothesis that a combination of biomarkers better suits a diagnostic or prognostic panel. With continuing development of current research methods and available techniques combined with careful study designs, new biomarkers could contribute to improved detection, prognosis, and prediction of pancreatic cancer.
Encapsulation of Synthesized Plant Growth Regulator Based on Copper(II) Complex in Chitosan/Alginate Microcapsules
Authors: Kudasova Darikha , Mutaliyeva Botagoz , Vlahoviček-Kahlina Kristina , Jurić Slaven , Marijan Marijan , Khalus Svetlana V. , Prosyanik Alexander V. , Šegota Suzana , Španić Nikola , Vinceković Marko
Published: March 2021

A new copper complex, trans-diaqua-trans-bis [1-hydroxy-1,2-di (methoxycarbonyl) ethenato] copper (abbreviation Cu(II) complex), was synthesized and its plant growth regulation properties were investigated. The results show a sharp dependence of growth regulation activity of the Cu(II) complex on the type of culture and its concentration. New plant growth regulator accelerated the development of the corn root system (the increase in both length and weight) but showed a smaller effect on the development of the wheat and barley root systems. Stimulation of corn growth decreased with increasing Cu(II) complex concentration from 0.0001% to 0.01% (inhibition at high concentrations—0.01%). The development of corn stems was also accelerated but to a lesser extent. Chitosan-coated calcium alginate microcapsules suitable for delivery of Cu(II) complex to plants were prepared and characterized. Analysis of the FTIR spectrum showed that complex molecular interactions between functional groups of microcapsule constituents include mainly electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds. Microcapsules surface exhibits a soft granular surface structure with substructures consisting of abundant smaller particles with reduced surface roughness. Release profile analysis showed Fickian diffusion is the rate-controlling mechanism of Cu(II) complex releasing. The obtained results give new insights into the complexity of the interaction between the Cu(II) complex and microcapsule formulation constituents, which can be of great help in accelerating product development for the application in agriculture
Sofosbuvir Selects for Drug-Resistant Amino Acid Variants in the Zika Virus RNA-Dependent RNA-Polymerase Complex In Vitro
Authors: Boccuto Adele , Dragoni Filippo , Picarazzi Francesca , Lai Alessia , Della Ventura Carla , Veo Carla , Giammarino Federica , Saladini Francesco , Zehender Gianguglielmo , Zazzi Maurizio , Mori Mattia , Vicenti Ilaria
Published: March 2021

The nucleotide analog sofosbuvir, licensed for the treatment of hepatitis C, recently revealed activity against the Zika virus (ZIKV) in vitro and in animal models. However, the ZIKV genetic barrier to sofosbuvir has not yet been characterized. In this study, in vitro selection experiments were performed in infected human hepatoma cell lines. Increasing drug pressure significantly delayed viral breakthrough (p = 0.029). A double mutant in the NS5 gene (V360L/V607I) emerged in 3 independent experiments at 40–80 µM sofosbuvir resulting in a 3.9 ± 0.9-fold half- maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) shift with respect to the wild type (WT) virus. A triple mutant (C269Y/V360L/V607I), detected in one experiment at 80 µM, conferred a 6.8-fold IC50 shift with respect to the WT. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that the double mutant V360L/V607I impacts the binding mode of sofosbuvir, supporting its role in sofosbuvir resistance. Due to the distance from the catalytic site and to the lack of reliable structural data, the contribution of C269Y was not investigated in silico. By a combination of sequence analysis, phenotypic susceptibility testing, and molecular modeling, we characterized a double ZIKV NS5 mutant with decreased sofosbuvir susceptibility. These data add important information to the profile of sofosbuvir as a possible lead for anti-ZIKV drug development.
Excess TGF-β1 Drives Cardiac Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to a Pro-Fibrotic Commitment in Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Maione Angela Serena , Stadiotti Ilaria , Pilato Chiara Assunta , Perrucci Gianluca Lorenzo , Saverio Valentina , Catto Valentina , Vettor Giulia , Casella Michela , Guarino Anna , Polvani Gianluca , Pompilio Giulio , Sommariva Elena
Published: March 2021

Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (ACM) is characterized by the replacement of the myocardium with fibrotic or fibro-fatty tissue and inflammatory infiltrates in the heart. To date, while ACM adipogenesis is a well-investigated differentiation program, ACM-related fibrosis remains a scientific gap of knowledge. In this study, we analyze the fibrotic process occurring during ACM pathogenesis focusing on the role of cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells (C-MSC) as a source of myofibroblasts. We performed the ex vivo studies on plasma and right ventricular endomyocardial bioptic samples collected from ACM patients and healthy control donors (HC). In vitro studies were performed on C-MSC isolated from endomyocardial biopsies of both groups. Our results revealed that circulating TGF-β1 levels are significantly higher in the ACM cohort than in HC. Accordingly, fibrotic markers are increased in ACM patient-derived cardiac biopsies compared to HC ones. This difference is not evident in isolated C-MSC. Nevertheless, ACM C-MSC are more responsive than HC ones to TGF-β1 treatment, in terms of pro-fibrotic differentiation and higher activation of the SMAD2/3 signaling pathway. These results provide the novel evidence that C-MSC are a source of myofibroblasts and participate in ACM fibrotic remodeling, being highly responsive to ACM-characteristic excess TGF-β1.
Altered Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites in Hypertension of Developmental Origins: Exploring Differences between Fructose and Antibiotics Exposure
Authors: Hsu Chien-Ning , Chan Julie Y. H. , Wu Kay L. H. , Yu Hong-Ren , Lee Wei-Chia , Hou Chih-Yao , Tain You-Lin
Published: March 2021

Gut microbiota-derived metabolites, in particular short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and their receptors, are linked to hypertension. Fructose and antibiotics are commonly used worldwide, and they have a negative impact on the gut microbiota. Our previous study revealed that maternal high-fructose (HF) diet-induced hypertension in adult offspring is relevant to altered gut microbiome and its metabolites. We, therefore, intended to examine whether minocycline administration during pregnancy and lactation may further affect blood pressure (BP) programmed by maternal HF intake via mediating gut microbiota and SCFAs. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received a normal diet or diet containing 60% fructose throughout pregnancy and lactation periods. Additionally, pregnant dams received minocycline (50 mg/kg/day) via oral gavage or a vehicle during pregnancy and lactation periods. Four groups of male offspring were studied (n = 8 per group): normal diet (ND), high-fructose diet (HF), normal diet + minocycline (NDM), and HF + minocycline (HFM). Male offspring were killed at 12 weeks of age. We observed that the HF diet and minocycline administration, both individually and together, causes the elevation of BP in adult male offspring, while there is no synergistic effect between them. Four groups displayed distinct enterotypes. Minocycline treatment leads to an increase in the F/B ratio, but decreased abundance of genera Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, and Odoribacter. Additionally, minocycline treatment decreases plasma acetic acid and butyric acid levels. Hypertension programmed by maternal HF diet plus minocycline exposure is related to the increased expression of several SCFA receptors. Moreover, minocycline- and HF-induced hypertension, individually or together, is associated with the aberrant activation of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). Conclusively, our results provide a new insight into the support of gut microbiota and its metabolite SCAFs in the developmental programming of hypertension and cast new light on the role of RAS in this process, which will help prevent hypertension programmed by maternal high-fructose and antibiotic exposure.
Development of Breeder-Friendly KASP Markers for Low Concentration of Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor in Soybean Seeds
Authors: Rosso M. Luciana , Shang Chao , Song Qijian , Escamilla Diana , Gillenwater Jay , Zhang Bo
Published: March 2021

Trypsin inhibitors (TI), a common anti-nutritional factor in soybean, prevent animals’ protein digestibility reducing animal growth performance. No commercial soybean cultivars with low or null concentration of TI are available. The availability of a high throughput genotyping assay will be beneficial to incorporate the low TI trait into elite breeding lines. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a breeder friendly Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) assay linked to low Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) in soybean seeds. A total of 200 F3:5 lines derived from PI 547656 (low KTI) X Glenn (normal KTI) were genotyped using the BARCSoySNP6K_v2 Beadchip. F3:4 and F3:5 lines were grown in Blacksburg and Orange, Virginia in three years, respectively, and were measured for KTI content using a quantitative HPLC method. We identified three SNP markers tightly linked to the major QTL associated to low KTI in the mapping population. Based on these SNPs, we developed and validated the KASP assays in a set of 93 diverse germplasm accessions. The marker Gm08_44814503 has 86% selection efficiency for the accessions with low KTI and could be used in marker assisted breeding to facilitate the incorporation of low KTI content in soybean seeds.
Migraine: Calcium Channels and Glia
Authors: Kowalska Marta , Prendecki Michał , Piekut Thomas , Kozubski Wojciech , Dorszewska Jolanta
Published: March 2021

Migraine is a common neurological disease that affects about 11% of the adult population. The disease is divided into two main clinical subtypes: migraine with aura and migraine without aura. According to the neurovascular theory of migraine, the activation of the trigeminovascular system (TGVS) and the release of numerous neuropeptides, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are involved in headache pathogenesis. TGVS can be activated by cortical spreading depression (CSD), a phenomenon responsible for the aura. The mechanism of CSD, stemming in part from aberrant interactions between neurons and glia have been studied in models of familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), a rare monogenic form of migraine with aura. The present review focuses on those interactions, especially as seen in FHM type 1, a variant of the disease caused by a mutation in CACNA1A, which encodes the α1A subunit of the P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channel.