bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk management strategy for preventing the reduced treatment effectiveness from the position of drug interactions and polypharmacy in patients with coronary heart disease
Authors: Gruzdeva Anna A. , Khokhlov Alexander L. , Ilyin Mikhail V.
Published: December 2020

Introduction: In modern clinical practice, various drug combinations are widely used, especially in cardiological pa­tients. The existing clinical recommendations necessitate using organ protective agents, especially with a patient having a comorbid pathology and with an ineffective monotherapy. In some cases, drug interaction decreases the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and increases the risk of developing adverse events (AE).

The purpose of the study was to analyze the modern pharmacotherapy of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), identify polypharmacy of treatment, evaluate its significance for the treatment process, and determine ways to solve the problem of using a multi-component system of pharmacotherapy risk management.

Materials and methods: The study involved 156 patients with CHD, among whom 39 received more than 8 drugs at a time.

Results and discussion: In these patients, the evaluation of drug interactions revealed 580 variants (48 were danger­ous, 428 – significant, 104 – insignificant). The administration of a therapy to comorbid patients, taking into account possible changes in the activity of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, is one of the promising ways to improve the safety of a combined pharmacotherapy.

Conclusion: It was revealed that with a mutated cytochrome P450 most of processes of drug biotransformation occurs. And there is a greater risk of developing AE against the background of polypragmasia in polymorbid patients, which makes it possible to individually adjust the dose of beta-blockers, thus affecting the frequency of their development. The choice of management measures should be determined considering all the areas of personalized medicine, includ­ing pharmacogenetic predictors, pharmacoepidemiological data, pharmacoeconomic effectiveness, the development of adverse reactions, polypragmasia, and medical and social risk factors.
Using the combined gene approach and multiple analytical methods to improve the phylogeny and classification of Bombus (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in China
Authors: Wang Liu-Hao , Liu Shan , Tang Yu-Jie , Chen Yan-Ping , Wu Jie , Li Ji-Lian
Published: December 2020

Bumble bees are vital to our agro-ecological system, with approximately 250 species reported around the world in the single genusBombus. However, the health of bumble bees is threatened by multiple factors: habitat loss, climate change, pesticide use, and disease caused by pathogens and parasites. It is therefore vitally important to have a fully developed phylogeny for bumble bee species as part of our conservation efforts. The purpose of this study was to explore the phylogenetic relationships of the dominant bumble bees on the Tibetan plateau and in northern China as well as their placement and classification within the genusBombus. The study used combined gene analysis consisting of sequence fragments from six genes, 16S rRNA, COI, EF-1α, Argk, Opsin and PEPCK, and the phylogenetic relationships of 209Bombusspecies were explored. Twenty-six species, including 152 gene sequences, were collected from different regions throughout China, and 1037 gene sequences representing 183 species were obtained from GenBank or BOLD. The results suggest that the 209 analyzed species belong to fifteen subgenera and that most of the subgenera inBombusare monophyletic, which is in accordance with conventional morphology-based classifications. The phylogenetic trees also show that nearly all subgenera easily fall into two distinct clades: short-faced and long-faced. The study is the first to investigate the phylogenetic placement ofBombus turneri(Richards),Bombus opulentusSmith,Bombus pyrosomaMorawitz,Bombus longipennisFriese,Bombus minshanensisBischoff, andBombus lantschouensisVogt, all of which are widely distributed throughout different regions of China. The knowledge and understanding gained from the findings can provide a molecular basis to accurately classifyBombusin China and to define strategies to conserve biodiversity and promote pollinator populations.
The marine fishes of St Eustatius Island, northeastern Caribbean: an annotated, photographic catalog
Authors: Robertson David Ross , Estapé Carlos J. , Estapé Allison M. , Peña Ernesto , Tornabene Luke , Baldwin Carole C.
Published: December 2020

Sint Eustatius (Statia) is a 21 km2 island situated in the northeastern Caribbean Sea. The most recent published sources of information on that island’s marine fish fauna is in two non-governmental organization reports from 2015–17 related to the formation of a marine reserve. The species-list in the 2017 report was based on field research in 2013–15 using SCUBA diving surveys, shallow “baited underwater video surveys” (BRUVs), and data from fishery surveys and scientific collections over the preceding century. That checklist comprised 304 species of shallow (mostly) and deep-water fishes. In 2017 the Smithsonian Deep Reef Observation Project surveyed deep-reef fishes at Statia using the crewed submersible Curasub. That effort recorded 120 species, including 59 new occurrences records. In March-May 2020, two experienced citizen scientists completed 62 SCUBA dives there and recorded 244 shallow species, 40 of them new records for Statia. The 2017–2020 research effort increased the number of species known from the island by 33.6% to 406. Here we present an updated catalog of that marine fish fauna, including voucher photographs of 280 species recorded there in 2017 and 2020. The Statia reef-fish fauna likely is incompletely documented as it has few small, shallow, cryptobenthic species, which are a major component of the regional fauna. A lack of targeted sampling is probably the major factor explaining that deficit, although a limited range of benthic marine habitats may also be contributing.
Alcoolisme et stigmatisation : repères sociohistoriques et importance des liens sociaux
Authors: Suissa Jacob Amnon , Lalart Pierre
Published: December 2020

Si le passé éclaire le présent, existe-t-il sur le plan historique et social des représentations de l’alcoolisme associées à la maladie/sitigmate qui peuvent nous aider à mieux saisir ce phénomène ? Quels sont les acteurs principaux qui ont permis de valider l’équation d’alcoolisme à maladie ? Quelle place occupe le lien social dans ce processus d’étiquetage ? Le but de cet article est de réfléchir et d’analyser la tendance sociale du recours à la stigmatisation de la condition d’alcoolique comme étant une maladie. En premier lieu, nous procéderons à un essai de définition du concept de stigmatisation. En deuxième lieu, nous nous limiterons aux phases importantes ayant associé historiquement les modes de consommation à la déviance, voire à la stigmatisation. En troisième lieu, nous illustrerons des exemples en Amérique du Nord, en Europe et auprès des premières nations (Amérindiens). En guise de conclusion, nous considérerons le facteur du lien social comme une composante majeure dans la saisie de ce phénomène complexe.
Laïcité : solution ou problème ?
Authors: Valadier Paul
Published: December 2020

Les horribles assassinats d’un professeur d’histoire et de géographie à Conflans-Sainte-Honorine, Samuel Paty, le 16 octobre 2020, puis de fidèles dans la basilique Notre-Dame de l’Assomption à Nice, le 30 octobre, ont provoqué un choc considérable dans le pays. Ces crimes mettent la laïcité française à rude épreuve : n’est-elle pas la solution face aux atteintes de la liberté d’expression, la garante de la vie démocratique comme acceptation de nos différences ? Mais tous les citoyens peuvent-ils accepter cette « séparation » que suppose la laïcité française entre les sphères religieuse et politique ?
Exploring Challenges and Possibilities in Pre-Service Teacher Education
Authors: Kasumagić-Kafedžić Larisa
Published: December 2020

Twenty years after the war (1992-1995) in Bosnia and Herzegovina the country is still very fragile, dysfunctional and continues to face numerous political and socio-economic challenges. Ethnically fragmented and exclusivist approaches to education in Bosnia and Herzegovina are anathema to the development of critical thinking and analytical skills necessary to open young minds, reduce intolerance and question the ethnic status quo narrative (Perry, 2015). This paper will try to present a good example of academic and social successes achieved with students who are attending an English language teacher education program at the University of Sarajevo in the context of challenging teaching and learning environments. The paper will explore the possibilities and challenges for using a critical pedagogy framework and intercultural approach to foreign language education in pre-service teacher education courses that emphasizes reflection, critical thinking, empathy, multiperspectivity along with other aspects of intercultural communicative competences which are integrated in this course.
The Development of the Entrepreneurial Mindset, Critical Thinking Skills, and Critical Reflective Practices Through Experiential Learning Activities in Graduate Business School
Authors: Norris Sharon E.
Published: December 2020

The value and relevance of graduate business education is enhanced when students are prepared for ongoing changes in the competitive global marketplace. Some of the most sought-after characteristics among business professionals include the entrepreneurial mindset and entrepreneurial orientation in addition to critical thinking and reflective skills. Individuals with an entrepreneurial mindset use self-leadership strategies. They are creative and possess improvisational abilities. People with an entrepreneurial orientation are innovative and proactive, and they are not risk-averse. Critical thinking skills along with the capacity for critical reflection allows individuals to make effective decisions, consider the consequences of their attitudes and actions, as well as make changes to reset trajectories of effective performance. Experiential learning activities embedded throughout the business curriculum will afford graduate business students the opportunity to develop these skills and competencies and thus equip them for service in organizations in the future.
Designs of Mixed Method Research
Authors: Manzoor Amir
Published: December 2020

Mixed methods research is becoming an increasingly popular approach in the discipline fields of sociology, psychology, education and health sciences. Calls for the integration of quantitative and qualitative research methods have been advanced in these fields. A key feature of mixed methods research is its methodological pluralism, which frequently results in research which provides broader perspectives than those offered by mono-method designs. The central premise of mixed methods is that the use of quantitative and qualitative approaches in combination provides a better understanding of research problems and complex phenomena than either approach alone. The purpose of this chapter is to review designs of mixed methods research. The study surveys the common designs of mixed methods research and examine the main characteristics of each in terms of purposes, strengths, and issues, and posits suggestions on the application of these designs.
Developing Teaching Presence in Online Learning Through Shared Stakeholder Responsibility
Authors: Johnson Carol , Altowairiki Noha
Published: December 2020

Transitioning from a face-to-face teaching environment to online teaching requires a shift in paradigm by stakeholders involved (i.e., instructors and students). This chapter provides an extensive literature review to help novice online instructors understand the nature of online teaching presence to help position their students towards more active participation. Premised on the Community of Inquiry framework (Garrison, Anderson & Archer, 2000) and constructivism, we highlight a conceptual framework of four iterative processes for developing online teaching presence: preparations for facilitation, designing the facilitation, implementing the facilitation, and assessing the facilitation. Based on this framework, strategies are articulated for overcoming the challenges of online learning through shared stakeholder responsibility.
Critical Ways of Thinking and Learning
Authors: Dahle-Huff Kari , Stutelberg Erin , Bulatowicz Donna Marie
Published: December 2020

It is important for teacher preparation programs to develop 21st century skills, suggested by the Common Core State Standards as necessary for student success, with the pre-service teachers who will be expected to incorporate these skills into their pedagogy. This chapter traces the critical thinking tools practiced in two different pre-service teacher education courses. A commonality between the courses was the use of particular young adult literature novels to explore critical thinking with pre-service teachers. The authors first identify and explicate six critical ways of thinking and learning employed with pre-service teachers. Second, the authors frame critical thinking through the use of multiple narratives with pre-service teachers. All of the critical thinking tools described in the chapter are supported with examples and provide valuable suggestions for teacher preparation programs.
Dino Lab
Authors: Butcher Kirsten R. , Runburg Madlyn , Altizer Roger
Published: December 2020

Dino Lab is a serious game designed to explore the potential of using games in scientific domains to support critical thinking. Through collaborations with educators and scientists at the Natural History Museum of Utah (NHMU), game designers and learning scientists at the University of Utah, and Title I middle school teachers and students, the authors have developed a beta version of Dino Lab that supports critical thinking through engagement in a simulation-based game. Dino Lab is organized around four key game stages that incorporate high-level goals, domain-specific rule algorithms that govern legal plays and resulting outcomes, embedded reflection questions, and built-in motivational features. Initial play testing has shown positive results, with students highly engaged in strategic game play. Overall, results suggest that games that support critical thinking have strong potential as student-centered, authentic activities that facilitate domain-based engagement and strategic analysis.
The Pedagogic Possibilities of Student-Generated Case Studies
Authors: Starr-Glass David
Published: December 2020

In management and other business-related studies, case studies have become popular and ubiquitous. Case studies certainly provide significant opportunities for learners and instructors; however, the possibilities of case studies are often not fully utilized. Under-utilization of the case study becomes particularly apparent when students generate their own cases, which are often narrowly focused and constrained by a logic that understands the case as simply an exemplification of existing theory. This chapter advocates that undergraduate exposure to case work should be more expansive, incorporate greater complexity, and explore the possibilities of critically challenging old theories and of generating new ones. It is argued that this teaching approach gives learners a richer appreciation of the case study, introduces them to the challenges and methodology of case construction, and provides them with greater competency in using and in generating case studies in their learning and professional lives.
A Novel ‘Game Design' Methodology for STEM Program
Authors: Viswanathan Shekar , Radhakrishnan B.
Published: December 2020

A novel approach to teaching concepts using game design in the graduate sustainability and engineering management programs is illustrated. These student-built games tied to demonstrate the course learning outcomes (CLOs) were tested in a classroom environment. This pilot study's impact on student learning, motivation, creativity, engagement, innovation, team interactions, and instructor leadership, and its contribution towards the achievement of CLOs were assessed in multiple courses. The results from this pilot study involving students indicated that the game design, creation, and play is an effective and innovative pedagogical tool that could promote student engagement, motivation, critical thinking, and learning skills with minimal educational tools. In addition, this innovative teaching tool could help change the declining and waning interest in STEM+ programs at the graduate level.
The Interplay between Theory and Practice in HRD
Authors: Gosney Matthew W.
Published: December 2020

While few would argue that a tension exists between HRD theoreticians and practitioners, few models explain why such tension exists. Leveraging Gosney's Model of Modern Era Theory & Practice Generation in HRD (Gosney, 2014; Gosney & Hughes, 2015), a careful evaluation of current HRD context and informing philosophy reveals compelling reason for the theory-practice gap. In reviewing both the current historical context, capitalism, and the predominant informing philosophy, pragmatism, both theoreticians and practitioners are better equipped to understand and ameliorate the divide. The chapter concludes with specific recommendations to the discipline, including a more robust exploration by theoreticians of pragmatism as an informing philosophy in HRD and the adoption of critical thinking as a core competency in practitioners.
Formative Evaluations of Teaching
Authors: Mariano Gina , Hammonds Frank , Chambers Sheridan , Spear Gracie
Published: December 2020

Students engaging in the assessment and evaluation process is becoming increasingly popular because it helps students become active participants in their own learning. In this chapter we discuss ways to involve students in the assessment and evaluation process in the classroom. It brings together multiple perspectives on critical thinking, metacognition, interteaching and student evaluations of teaching (SETs). The commonality between these four key elements is the importance of engaging students to become active participants in their own learning because they can help improve student learning outcomes. This chapter goes on to examine how these assessments and evaluations play a role in developing critical thinking skills and metacognition in students.
Using Metacognitive Strategies in the STEM Field
Authors: Mariano Gina J. , Figliano Fred J. , Dozier Autumn
Published: December 2020

Too often, we teach students what to think but not how to think. This quote embodies the concept of metacognition and its importance to student learning. Students frequently do not use learning techniques to truly learn information and develop long-term understanding of the curriculum at hand. Instead they memorize information for exams without understanding the depth of what they have studied. This in turn can create a pseudo-understanding of the curriculum. The metacognitive strategies we teach students allow them to become good learners. In this chapter we discuss the relationships between metacognition and critical thinking, problem solving, motivation, and academic performance. Specifically, the STEM area of mathematics is discussed. The chapter brings together multiple perspectives on metacognition and the importance of engaging students in metacognitive activities and strategies to improve learning outcomes.
Encouraging Preservice Teachers' Critical Thinking Development Through Practitioner Inquiry
Authors: Higgins Mary , Wolkenhauer Rachel
Published: December 2020

This chapter presents findings from a phenomenological study that investigated the experiences of elementary preservice teachers engaged in semester-long inquiries during a yearlong student teaching internship. The authors found that practitioner inquiry was a means to support the critical analysis of teaching practices and classroom experiences. The preservice teachers first identified an aspect of teaching from which they wanted to learn, systematically studied their practices in that area, and transferred that knowledge to other aspects of their teaching. This research supports that practitioner inquiry can be used in teacher education coursework to encourage preservice teachers to take more active roles in their learning to become critical thinkers and to generate knowledge for student learning and professional growth.
An Automatic Group Formation Method to Promote Student Interaction in Distance Education Courses
Authors: Ullmann Matheus , Ferreira Deller , Camilo-Junior Celso
Published: December 2020

This article proposes an automatic group formation method applying the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to boost the quality of students' online interactions. The groups were heterogeneous regarding their levels of knowledge and their interests, and three different leadership roles were distributed among group members. A case study with 66 undergraduate students was performed. Discourse analysis was applied using two coding schemes to measure the critical thinking apparent in the students' online discussions and evaluate the socio-cognitive aspects of group interactions. The results provided evidence that groups of undergraduate students formed by the proposed method achieved better scores in most categories analyzed when compared to the randomly formed groups.
Critical Thinking, Critical Doing
Authors: Husbye Nicholas E. , Rust Julie , Buchholz Beth A. , Wessel Powell Christy , Vander Zanden Sarah
Published: December 2020

This chapter outlines five instructional routines utilized by teacher educators to support the development of not only critical thinking but critical doing for future educators. The five routines—collaborative facilitation, behind-the-glass peer reviews, lesson play, virtual peer coaching, and rehearsals—are both described and expanded in a worked example using data from undergraduate coursework for pre-service teachers in literacy education. Individual routines foreground and background particular elements of the teaching process; however, all maintain an emphasis on critical thinking and doing as a core competency. Importantly, these instructional routines were found to be most effective when (1) preservice teachers are given opportunities to engage in multiple iterations of each routine and (2) preservice teacher doing is surrounded by substantial amounts of teacher educator feedback.
Critical Thinking and Design Education in China
Authors: Ceppi Stefano
Published: December 2020

“If a science of societies exists, one must certainly not expect it to consist of a mere paraphrase of traditional prejudices. It should rather cause us to see things in a different way from the ordinary man, for the purpose of any science is to make discoveries, and all such discoveries more or less upset accepted opinions” (Durkheim, 1982). The aim of this paper is to describe the surrounding aspects and difficulties for western teachers to teach the important skill of “critical thinking” in China, and to provide a general point of reference about how to do it. Furthermore, this paper's aim is to introduce the development of significant cultural changes in Chinese society in the last twenty-five years. This paper offers a theory of how these changes effect society Critical thinking learning capabilities are deeply related to the community identity and have a relevant influence on many social aspects such as: relationships, behaviour, communication and business. It is also crucial to foster them in design education to promote innovation and the development of emerging nations.
Developing Employability Skills in Information System Graduates
Authors: Osmani Mohamad , Hindi Nitham M. , Weerakkody Vishanth
Published: December 2020

It is widely acknowledged that traditional teaching methods such as lectures, textbooks and case study techniques on their own are not adequate to improving the most in-demand employability skills for graduates. The aim of this article is to explore the potential impact that novel learning and teaching methods can have on improving the employability skills of Management Information System (MIS) graduates. To do so, the article reports the results of an experiment that was conducted with MIS students at the Faculty of Business and Economics in Qatar University, that combined lectures, case study-based workshops, flipped classrooms, presentations, problem-based learning and collaborative learning. The findings of this experiment suggest that known methods of classroom-based learning and teaching used for MIS graduates are failing to develop important graduate skills such as, critical thinking, time management and how to conduct research when faced with challenging problems.
Planning for Critical Thinking in Language Arts Instruction
Authors: Holder Shaneise J. , Jordan Kahdia L.
Published: December 2020

This chapter focuses on the importance of planning for critical thinking in language arts instruction based on the Caribbean classroom. It seeks to identify traits of critical thinking, outline suggestions for planning for the inclusion of critical thinking, and highlight methods for incorporating critical thinking into language arts and provide solutions and recommendations. The chapter ends with suggestions for future research directions and summarizes the importance and many benefits associated with critical thinking in language arts.
Exploring relationships between the distribution of giant red shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1827) and environmental factors in the Central-Western Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Podda Cinzia , Palmas Francesco , Cabiddu Serenella , Pesci Paola , Sabatini Andrea
Published: December 2020

Mediterranean giant red shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1827) is one of the dominant species in deep-sea megafaunal assemblages, plays a key role in deep-sea communities and it is considered one of the most important targets of deep-water trawl fishing. Although a large number of studies have analysed the spatial distribution of epibenthic crustaceans in bathyal habitats with respect to environmental, geomorphological and hydrological factors, as well as fishing pressure, the manner in which these variables synergistically affect the spatio-temporal changes of giant red shrimp is unclear. To analyse the possible effects of abiotic predictors on the spatio-temporal distribution of giant red shrimp, Generalized Additived Models (GAMs) and Regression Trees were produced. Biological data were collected during the MEDITS trawl surveys carried out in the Sea of Sardinia (2009-2014), during which environmental data were obtained with a multiparametric probe. A longitudinal (west-east) trend was found, with higher abundances at depths of 400-600 m, corresponding to salinity values of 38.1-38.5 psu and temperatures of 13.6-13.8°C. Our results confirm the existence of a tight linkage between the distribution of the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) from the eastern Mediterranean Sea and the preferential habitat characteristics of the giant red shrimp. We suggest that a deeper knowledge of the relationships between abiotic (hydrological) factors in the water column and the distribution of Mediterranean resources, such as the giant red shrimp, can provide valuable support for their better management, at the local scale (Sardinia) and across the whole Mediterranean Sea.
A review on food recognition technology for health applications
Authors: Allegra Dario , Battiato Sebastiano , Ortis Alessandro , Urso Salvatore , Polosa Riccardo
Published: December 2020

Food understanding from digital media has become a challenge with important applications in many different domains. On the other hand, food is a crucial part of human life since the health is strictly affected by diet. The impact of food in people life led Computer Vision specialists to develop new methods for automatic food intake monitoring and food logging. In this review paper we provide an overview about automatic food intake monitoring, by focusing on technical aspects and Computer Vision works which solve the main involved tasks (i.e., classification, recognitions, segmentation, etc.). Specifically, we conducted a systematic review on main scientific databases, including interdisciplinary databases (i.e., Scopus) as well as academic databases in the field of computer science that focus on topics related to image understanding (i.e., recognition, analysis, retrieval). The search queries were based on the following key words: “food recognition”, “food classification”, “food portion estimation”, “food logging” and “food image dataset”. A total of 434 papers have been retrieved. We excluded 329 works in the first screening and performed a new check for the remaining 105 papers. Then, we manually added 5 recent relevant studies. Our final selection includes 23 papers that present systems for automatic food intake monitoring, as well as 46 papers which addressed Computer Vision tasks related food images analysis which we consider essential for a comprehensive overview about this research topic. A discussion that highlights the limitations of this research field is reported in conclusions.
Preemptive non-selective bronchial artery angioembolization to reduce recurrence rate of hemoptysis
Authors: Keshmiri Mohammad Sadegh , Shafaghi Shadi , Sharif-Kashani Babak , Sadoughi Ali , Ghorbani Fariba , Naghashzadeh Farah , Abedini Atefeh
Published: December 2020

Background: Massive hemoptysis which is presented in advanced lung diseases is a life-threatening condition. Bronchial artery embolization as a minimally invasive procedure is the treatment of choice either in first or recurrent hemoptysis. This study aimed to assess the early and late efficacy of bronchial angioembolization (BAE) without microcatheter.Methods: In this prospective cohort study, all patients with hemoptysis who had undergone BAE from August 2018 to March 2019 were included. Angiographic patterns including bleeding sources, number of involved vessels, the underlying etiology, and recurrence rate were evaluated in a one-year follow-up.Results: 153 patients were included with mean age of 55 ±16 years. 68% of them were male and 58% had life-threatening massive hemoptysis. Three distinct angiographic patterns were recognized. The culprit bleeding vessel was bronchial in 126 (92%), intercostal in 4 (3%), and both vessels in 7 (5%) of cases (P<0.05). One vessel involvement was seen in 56 patients; however it was observed in 69% of non-cystic fibrosis lobar bronchiectasis patients. In 1, 3 and 12 months follow up, recurrent hemoptysis was reported in 15 (11%), 4 (2.5%), and 24 (15.5%), respectively. In 52% of cases, no abnormal vessels were observed during aorta injection, but culprit bronchial or intercostal arteries were found in selective investigational angiography.Conclusion: BAE was successful in the control of hemoptysis and resulted in a low rate of recurrence in different types of lung diseases. This could be due to the embolization of all pathological arteries found during angiography which might have prevented recurrent bleeding.
Meeting Personal Health Care Needs in Primary Care: A Response From the Athletic Training Profession
Authors: Green Wade , Sauers Eric
Published: December 2020

Context

Review of the origins, history, and attributes of primary care demonstrates continued challenges for the future of primary care and care delivery. The profession of athletic training may benefit from a critical self-review to examine its readiness to assist in reinventing primary care.

Objective

To explore parity between primary care attributes and athletic training practice and promote a timely and relevant discussion of primary care and public health integration native to athletic training practice, competency-based education with an emphasis on milestones, and the development of clinical specialists to prepare a well-trained workforce.

Background

General practitioners developed educational reforms through graduate medical education that resulted in primary care as it is known today. Graduate medical education has refined its assessment of students to include milestones for the purpose of describing the progression of clinical competence with identifiable behaviors. The development of future clinical specialists in primary care will also involve competence in public health.

Recommendation(s)

Practicing clinicians and educators should begin to critically explore the congruencies between the primary care attributes and athletic training practice. It is important to conceptualize traditional models of care within the frameworks of primary care and public health, given that athletic training practice routinely engages patients at personal, community, and environmental levels. The athletic training skill mix should be purposefully presented within interprofessional health care teams in primary care so that stakeholders can appropriately integrate athletic trainers (ATs) at the point of first contact. It is plausible that continued structural changes in the traditional practice settings will be required to facilitate integration of ATs into primary care.

Conclusion(s)

The impact of ATs in ambulatory settings and primary care possesses a foundation in the current literature. The ATs are uniquely suited to create a symbiotic pattern of care integrating both primary care and public health for improved outcomes.
Double Tract Reconstruction Reduces Reflux Esophagitis and Improves Quality of Life after Radical Proximal Gastrectomy for Patients with Upper Gastric or Esophagogastric Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ji Xin , Jin Chenggen , Ji Ke , Zhang Ji , Wu Xiaojiang , Jia Ziyu , Bu Zhaode , Ji Jiafu
Published: December 2020

Purpose The aim of the present study was to compare the difference between double tract reconstruction and esophagogastrostomy.Materials and Methods Patients who underwent radical proximal gastrectomy with esophagogastrostomy or double tract reconstruction were included in this study.Results Sixty-four patients were included in this study and divided into two groups according to reconstruction method. The two groups were well balanced in perioperative safety and 3-year overall survival (OS). The rates of postoperative reflux esophagitis in the double tract reconstruction group and esophagogastrostomy group were 8.0% and 30.8%, respectively (p=0.032). Patients in the double tract reconstruction group had a better global health status (p < 0.001) and emotional functioning (p < 0.001), and complained less about nausea and vomiting (p < 0.001), pain (p=0.039), insomnia (p=0.003), and appetite loss (p < 0.001) based on the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 questionnaire. Regarding the EORTC QLQ-STO22 questionnaire, patients in the double tract reconstruction group complained less about dysphagia (p=0.030), pain (p=0.008), reflux (p < 0.001), eating (p < 0.001), anxiety (p < 0.001), dry mouth (p=0.007), and taste (p=0.001). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that reconstruction method, postoperative complications, reflux esophagitis, and operation duration had a linear relationship with the global health status score.Conclusion Double tract reconstruction could better prevent reflux esophagitis and improve quality of life without scarifying perioperative safety or 3-year OS.
О восстановлении дифференциальных операторов Штурма-Лиувилля
на временных шкалах
Authors: Kuznetsova Maria Andreevna
Published: December 2020

Исследуются дифференциальные операторы Штурма-Лиувилля
на временных шкалах, состоящих из конечного числа
изолированных точек и отрезков. В предыдущей работе автора
установлено, что данные операторы однозначно определяются
по спектральным характеристикам всех классических типов.
В настоящей работе получен алгоритм их восстановления,
основанный на методе спектральных отображений. Также установлено,
что собственные значения двух краевых задач Штурма-Лиувилля
на временной шкале с одним общим краевым условием перемежаются.
Библиография: 28 названий.
A historical appraisal of the tropical forages collection conserved at CIAT
Authors: Schultze-Kraft Rainer , Peters Michael , Wenzl Peter
Published: December 2020

A report on the tropical forage germplasm collection conserved in the CIAT genebank is presented. Emphasis is firstly on the assembling of the collection during 1972‒1993 through about 70 major and minor collecting missions in tropical America, Africa and Southeast Asia. Along with introductions from existing collections, currently some 1,600 accessions of 134 grass species and 21,000 accessions of 637 legume species are being maintained. Secondly, information on the utilization of the collection, with emphasis on cultivar development based on selection of accessions from the CIAT collection, is presented. Worldwide, a total of 44 grass and 34 legume cultivars derived from germplasm maintained at CIAT are reported. Information on germplasm distribution and knowledge sharing during the last four decades is also presented as well as a brief discussion on future needs.
Phenotypic characterization of sheep populations in Tahtay Maichew district, Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Hailu Abebe , Mustefa Amine , Asegede Tesfalem , Assefa Abraham , Sinkie Seble , Tsewene Semere
Published: December 2020

Eighteen quantitative measurements and fourteen qualitative characteristics taken from 306 adult sheep (57 rams and 249 ewes) were used to characterize sheep populations of district, Ethiopia. Most traits showed significant variation by zone, sex and age groups with higher values generally recorded for rams as compared to ewes. Middle age group animals displayed highest values for several traits, reflecting the optimal production age. zone affected ewes more than rams. The highland sheep height at withers, widest shoulder points and longest hair, indicative of adaptation to their environment. Qualitative characteristics of the studied sheep populations such as tail shape, plain coat color pattern, skin, hairy fiber and the absence of horn, toggle, ruff and beard suggest that they constitute a previously sheep breed. Tan coat color differentiated high and midland sheep from lowland sheep where white and brown colors were dominant. Canon bone length, height at withers and tail length were the three most important variables used in discriminating the sheep populations. On average 66% of the animals could be classified into their respective zone. Our data suggest that highland sheep populations are distantly related to lowland sheep, while midland sheep are more closely related to lowland sheep. It can be concluded that breeding programs specific to each zone need to be designed for sustainable utilization and conservation of the studied sheep populations. Furthermore, molecular based studies might allow further characterization of Ethiopian sheep breeds.
System Modelling of the Cereal Grading System in Tunisia
Authors: Lakhoua M. N.
Published: December 2020

After a presentation of the cereal activities in Tunisia, we present, according to a systemic analysis approach, the cereal grading system. A model describing the functioning of complex system was established and has allowed identifying the information that ruled it. An information matrix is defined and elaborated, it enables on the one hand to identify the produced and consumed information concerning each activity and on the other hand to determine the relations between the activities.
Seed productivity and reproduction features of Schisandra chinensis under conditions of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden
Authors: Skrypchenko Nadiia , Slyusar Galina
Published: December 2020

Data on seed productivity and peculiarities of reproduction of Schisandra chinensis under the conditions of introduction at the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NBG) are discussed. The study was carried out in 2016–2018 on experimental fields and in the NBG laboratory using plants and seeds of Ukrainian selection S. chinensis ‘Sadovyi-1’. Sections were examined with the microscope Carl Zeiss STEMI 2000-S. Qualitative and quantitative composition of higher fatty acids has been identified by НР-6890 chromatograph. It was found that S. chinensis of local reproduction have a much lower percentage of the seeds without embryo (about 10 %) compared to those of natural origin (30–90 %). Because of long-term storage of S. chinensis seeds the biochemical transformations take place: the content of fats and proteins decreased from 37.5 to 28.0 %, and from 19.7 to 11.2 %, respectively, the acid number of oil increased from 2.42 to 5.70 mg KOH/g, and its iodine value decreased from 32.5 to 30.3 g І2 / 100 g after storage of seeds during ten months. Fatty oil of S. chinensis seeds has a high linoleic acid content, which reaches 80–81.1 % of the total content of fatty acids. The storage of seeds under different illumination and temperature conditions resulted in minor changes in the acid number of the oil and the quantitative content of fatty acids. The optimal storage conditions of seeds (without access to light and at the temperature of +4 °С) were determined. Such storage conditions reduce the intensity of oxidative processes in the seeds, ensuring the highest germination rate. The optimal ways of S. chinensis reproduction by seeds are the spring sowing of stratified seeds and autumn sowing of freshly reaped seeds, which gain natural stratification. Using these ways resulted in 65 % and 63 % of seeds germination, respectively.
Formation of the introduced coenopopulation of Crocus reticulatus on the botanical-geographical plot “Steppes of Ukraine” at the M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine
Authors: Gritsenko Victoria
Published: December 2020

The research was carried out during Crocus reticulatus flowering time in 2002–2020 at the botanical-geographical plot “Steppes of Ukraine” of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NBG). Crocus reticulatus was introduced to the NBG from the natural habitats in 2002–2003. Ten generative individuals were planted in an area of 2 m2. The area of coenopopulation and the number of individuals increased gradually until 2018. In 2019–2020, there was a rapid increase in the covered area and number of individuals. However, the average density of individuals decreased. The percentage of pregenerative plants (juvenile, immature, and virginal) increased, and the percentage of generative individuals decreased. As of 2020, the area of introduced coenopopulation of C. reticulatus at the NBG reached 195 m2. It consists of 175 individuals (38 juvenile, 21 immature, 23 virginal, and 93 generative). The average density is 0.9 individuals per 1 m2. The spatial distribution of individuals is characterized as random and in groups. This is due to the predominance of the myrmecochoric and barochoric propagation. Indicators of the area, number, and average density of the introduced coenopopulation are within the normal ranges of the natural populations; however, they are smaller than those in maternal populations. The number of individuals of different age states and the number of individuals with one and two or three flowers in the introduced coenopopulation is close to such parameters of the natural population from Kyiv Plateau. Flowers of different colors were observed both in the introduced coenopopulation and in natural populations of C. reticulatus. As of 2020, the introduced coenopopulation of C. reticulatus is in the phase of logistic growth.
A Unique Feature of the Jewish Calendar - Deĥiyot
Authors: Belenkiy Ari
Published: December 2020

From the 2nd century AD the coincidence of Passover and Easter was recognized as a problem for the Christian church by the church authorities, and in the 4th century, after Christianity became the Roman state religion, Roman authorities took steps to prevent Passover and Easter coinciding. This effort was complicated by the growing separation between the churches in Rome and Constantinople. Though from the 2nd century the majority of Jews lived in the diaspora, at least up to the 10th century the calendar was governed by a rabbinical court in Eretz Israel (the Land of Israel). Here we discuss the changes in the Jewish calendar in the 5-8th centuries AD, the middle (c. 636 AD) of which period witnessed an abrupt transition from Byzantine rule over Eretz Israel to Arab rule. In this period no serious changes were made in the basic mathematics of the Jewish calendar; the only changes had a political context. Here we discuss a single but singular feature of the Jewish calendar, the 'Deĥiyot' [postponements] of Rosh Hashana. Our major claim is that Deĥiyah D [postponement from Wednesday to Thursday] and Deĥiyah U [postponement from Friday to Saturday] entered the calendar c. 532 AD as an ingenious Jewish response to Emperor Justinian's ban against the Passover feast (Nisan 14) falling on a Saturday, instituted to mend a famous calendar rift between the Roman and Alexandrian churches. Next we claim that Deĥiyah A [postponement from Sunday to Monday] became part of the calendar no earlier than when the 2nd day of the festivals Rosh Hashana [New Year] and Sukkot [Tabernacles] acquired the status of sacred day and we raise the lower historical boundary of Deĥiyah A's introduction in the calendar up to the time of the first Gaonim [heads of talmudic academies in the Arab caliphate] (c. 658 AD). We also suggest the reasons for the timing of three other deĥiyot.
A Goddess Arrives: Nineteenth Century Sources of the New Age Triple Moon Goddess
Authors: Jones Prudence
Published: December 2020

The Triple Moon Goddess of contemporary Pagan and New Age thought is generally assumed to be an invention ex nihilo of the 20th century, with no precursor in classical antiquity, created by the poetic imagination of Robert Graves (1895-1985), with possible inspiration from the classicist and anthropologist Jane Ellen Harrison (1850-1928). However this hypothesis is incorrect. The Triple Goddess was presented in the 20th century before Graves. In addition, this paper is the first to reveal some astrological and esoteric as well as scholarly writings of the 19th century which presented and discussed a triple moon goddess from the ancient world whose identity would have been familiar to most educated men (and a few women) of the time.
Representing the Moon
Authors: Murdin Paul
Published: December 2020

I describe representations of the Moon in western art from an astronomer’s perspective. In particular I analyse 34 lunar paintings by Samuel Palmer. There are at least four kinds of representation of the Moon. They are the iconic, which has only symbolic reference to the natural appearance, the accurate, which attempts to reproduce the natural appearance, the ‘better than accurate’, a representation which conveys more than the natural appearance and the atmospheric, in which the Moon is either iconic or accurate, but which adds to the mood of the picture. Palmer’s pictures are iconic and atmospheric.
Inside Tokugawa Religion: Stars, Planets and the Calendar-as-method
Authors: Breen John
Published: December 2020

The study of religion in early modern (Tokugawa) Japan has failed to keep pace with the study of religion in the periods that preceded and followed it. What has been lacking particularly are explorations of religious praxis. The present study proposes a novel approach to this subject with its critical focus on the Tokugawa calendar and its almanac commentaries. Calendars, and their multiple prescriptions for particular types of action and non-action, informed as they are by the cosmic wisdom of yin yang (onmyō) and five-phases-of-matter thinking (gogyō shisō), offer unique insights into precisely the neglected field of religious practice. This study sets out to decode the calendar and explore the ways in which it determined religious practice in early modern Japan. It discloses the centrality of the worship of stellar kami.