bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevention of HIV infection and new technologies
Authors: Chequer Pedro
Published: June 2016

Este artigo discorre sobre a pandemia do HIV, ressaltando aspectos históricos relevantes desde sua identificação, implicações na vida cotidiana e sua repercussão em áreas do conhecimento científico e comportamentais, numa perspectiva de contextualizar o arsenal que se encontra em desenvolvimento no campo da prevenção. Descreve sumariamente estratégias de prevenção e tendências da epidemia de acordo com sua operacionalização, a partir de estudos e modelos matemáticos recentemente propostos; de modo sucinto oferece analise das pesquisas clinicas em andamento segundo níveis e estágios de desenvolvimento – as de resultados já disponíveis, resultados num futuro próximo e em longo prazo. Aponta também sucessos e fracassos das diversas estratégias investigadas nesse campo e focaliza a carência de recursos financeiros em nível global, insuficientes não apenas para fazer frente às necessidades de pesquisa como também para implementação de estratégias já existentes e de comprovada eficácia.
State of the art of the Latin American HIV/Aids epidemic after 30 years theonset
Authors: Alonso Mónica , Montesdeoca Yaiza Rivero
Published: June 2016

The authors make a careful review of available information on the HIV/aids epidemics in Latin America. 4 ey start from the characteristics of the epidemic in the región, which is restricted to certain groups of population, and they describe the situation among those groups, some of them de' ned by their behavior (MSM,IDU, commercial sex workers), or special situations (incarcerated men, migrants), reaching a more open population (women, youth). Descriptions are illustrated with results of seroprevalence studies. Also they report the decline in the condom use prevalence among CSW as they become older, but these prevalences are higher than the obtained among men who have comercial sex with other men (less than 50% have safe sex).
A RELAÇÃO ENTRE AS CAPACIDADES DE PRECIFICAÇÃO E O DESEMPENHO VAREJISTA
Authors: Alves Carlos Alberto , Varotto Luis Fernando , Gonçalves Marcelo Neves
Published: June 2016

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar empiricamente a relação entre as capacidades de precificação e o desempenho da varejista.Foi realizado um survey com 333 varejistas e utilizada análise estrutural para avaliar as relações entre caminhos.Os resultados apontam que,nas empresas varejistas, os preços baseados nas expectativas do cliente e os preços baseados nas condições concorrenciais do mercado possuem relação positiva e significativa com a Capacidade de Precificação que, por sua vez, possui relação positiva e significativa com o Desempenho Varejista.
BARREIRAS IMPOSTAS PELA CULTURA NA IMPLANTAÇÃO DE BALANCED SCORECARD EM UMA INDÚSTRIA DE ALIMENTOS
Authors: Pereira Danilo Dias , Terra Leonardo Augusto Amaral
Published: June 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é explorar o desenvolvimento de barreiras impostas pela cultura organizacional na implantação de Balanced Scorecards (BSC), através estudo em uma grande indústria de alimentos. O artigo contempla a abordagem da cultura organizacional em uma visão sistêmica, suportada pela metodologia de P. Checkland - Soft Systems Methodology, com a criação de modelos para posterior análise das relações entre os atores.A principal barreira cultural identificada foi a falha no processo de transferência do conhecimento. Os autores propõem a utilização de reforços positivos nos operadores que detém o conhecimento, de modo a difundi-lo em toda a unidade.
A INFLUÊNCIA DAS CARACTERÍSTICAS CULTURAIS BRASILEIRAS NA NEGOCIAÇÃO INTERNACIONAL
Authors: Gaviraghi Monique , Lazzari Fernanda , Milan Gabriel Sperandio
Published: June 2016

Este estudo analisou as principais características culturais brasileiras e seu impacto na negociação internacional. O método escolhido para operacionalizar a pesquisa foi o estudo qualitativo-exploratório, com a aplicação de entrevistas individuais, sendo quatro delas realizadas com experts e outras oito com negociadores de diversas nacionalidades, que têm frequente contato com a cultura e executivos brasileiros. Fatores culturais como distância de poder, coletivismo, nepotismo, aversão à incerteza, orientação de curto prazo, proximidade espacial, complexo de inferioridade e religiosidade são características presentes na cultura brasileira e que podem causar alguma influência na negociação que envolve a interação com pessoas de diferentes nacionalidades.
RESPONSABILIDADE SOCIAL E A IMAGEM CORPORATIVA: O CASO DE UMA EMPRESA DE MARCA GLOBAL
Authors: Azevedo Juliana Birkan , Ende Marta Von , Wittmann Milton Luiz
Published: June 2016

Este trabalho consistiu em um estudo de caso de uma empresa de grande porte que produz e comercializa uma marca global utilizando-se de ações de responsabilidade social corporativa (RSC). Os resultados indicam que estas ações não apenas melhoram a imagem da empresa, mas se associam a questões de ordem econômica e de riscos que se refletem em resultados competitivos. Metodologicamente, este estudo de caso descritivo é de natureza qualitativa, fruto de entrevistas e de pesquisa a documentos da empresa. Como conclusão, inferiu-se que as ações de RSC desenvolvidas pela organização não têm função única de estratégia mercadológica ou de melhoria direta nos resultados de eficiência e eficácia, pois a organização reconhece que as mesmas resultaram em melhorias positivas na imagem da empresa aos olhos do consumidor, influenciando o desempenho competitivo da empresa no mercado.
Defining HIV and SIV Reservoirs in Lymphoid Tissues
Authors: Deleage Claire , Wietgrefe Stephen W. , Del Prete Gregory , Morcock David R. , Hao Xing-Pei , Piatak, Jr. Michael , Bess Julian , Anderson Jodi L. , Perkey Katherine , Reilly Cavan , McCune Joseph M. , Haase Ashley T. , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Schacker Timothy W. , Estes Jacob D.
Published: June 2016

A primary obstacle to an HIV-1 cure is long-lived viral reservoirs, which must be eliminated or greatly reduced. Cure strategies have largely focused on monitoring changes in T cell reservoirs in peripheral blood (PB), even though the lymphoid tissues (LT) are primary sites for viral persistence. To track and discriminate viral reservoirs within tissue compartments we developed a specific and sensitive next-generation in situ hybridization approach to detect vRNA, including vRNA+ cells and viral particles (“RNAscope”), vDNA+ cells (“DNAscope”) and combined vRNA and vDNA with immunohistochemistry to detect and phenotype active and latently infected cells in the same tissue section. RNAscope is highly sensitive with greater speed of analysis compared to traditional in situ hybridization. Highly sensitive and specific DNAscope detected SIV/HIV vDNA+ cells, including duplexed detection of vDNA and vRNA or immunophenotypic markers in the same section. Analysis of LT samples from macaques prior to and during combination antiretroviral therapy demonstrated that B cell follicles are an important anatomical compartment for both latent and active viral persistence during treatment. These new tools should allow new insights into viral reservoir biology and evaluation of cure strategies.
Hepatitis Delta Virus Detected in Salivary Glands of Sjögren’s Syndrome Patients and Recapitulates a Sjögren’s Syndrome-Like Phenotype in Vivo
Authors: Weller Melodie L. , Gardener Matthew R. , Bogus Zoe C. , Smith Michael A. , Astorri Elisa , Michael Drew G. , Michael Donald A. , Zheng Changyu , Burbelo Peter D. , Lai Zhennan , Wilson Paul A. , Swaim William , Handelman Beverly , Afione Sandra A. , Bombardieri Michele , Chiorini John A.
Published: June 2016

Background: Low-level, chronic viral infections have been suspect in the development of select autoimmune diseases, including primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS). Multiple studies have shown stimulation of antiviral response pathways in pSS tissues suggestive of a viral infection. Yet, with this data in hand, a causal link between a viral infection and development of pSS had not been identified. Therefore, a study was designed to further define the viral landscape within pSS-affected salivary gland tissue to identify potential viral-mediated triggers in the pathogenesis of this autoimmune disease.Methods: A viral microarray was utilized to measure viral transcripts present in salivary gland tissue from patients diagnosed with pSS compared to healthy controls. Murine models of salivary gland localized HDV antigen expression were developed to evaluate the capacity of a chronic HDV signature to trigger the development of a pSS-like phenotype.Results: Through this analysis, two distinct viral profiles were identified, including the increased presence of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) in 50% of pSS patients evaluated. Presence of HDV antigen and sequence were confirmed in minor salivary gland tissue. Patients with elevated HDV levels in salivary gland tissue were negative for detectible hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen and antibodies to HBV or HDV. Expression of HDV antigens in vivo resulted in reduced stimulated saliva flow, increase in focal lymphocytic infiltrates, and development of autoantibodies.Conclusion: Identification of HDV in pSS patients and induction of a complete pSS-like phenotype in vivo provides further support of a viral-mediated etiopathology in the development of pSS.
Wakan Tipi and Indian Mounds Park: Reclaiming an Indigenous feminine sacred site
Authors: Gould Roxanne , Rock Jim
Published: June 2016

The colonization of Turtle Island (North America) resulted in genocide and attempts to erase the Indigenous and feminine cosmologies that permeated Indigenous lands, particularly Indigenous centers of power. This article uses a case study approach to critically examine the history, cosmology, destruction and restoration of an Indigenous sacred site located near present-day St. Paul, Minnesota, known to the Dakota peoples as Wakaη Tipi or Wakaηyaη Tipi, names once incompletely translated as “sacred dwelling place” or “they live sacredly.” Wakaη Tipi, with its feminine birth mounds and unique ecology, is the place that connects earth and sky. The site has drawn Indigenous peoples from all over the world to learn from its teachings. The article includes discussion on the collaboration that has restored this sacred place from a toxic waste dump to a site where ceremony and learning can take place once again.
Assessment of tempranillo grapes quality in the vineyard by Vitur score-sheet
Authors: Tardáguila Javier , Martínez de Toda Fernando
Published: June 2016

Aims: The main objective of this study is to determine whether the Vitur score-sheet could be applied as a reliable method for assessing winegrape quality in the vineyard.

Methods and results: Grape assessment of vineyards (Vitis vinifera L. 'Tempranillo') in the Rioja Appellation was performed by Vitur scoresheet, proposed by Tardáguila and Martínez de Toda (2005). Vegetative growth, yield components and the chemical composition of the grapes were also determined. Correlation analysis between vineyard variables and the chemical composition of the grapes were performed to identify characteristics associated with grape quality. The Vitur value was the studied parameter that displayed the best correlation with the chemical composition of the grapes. Vitur value was significantly correlated with extractable and total anthocyanins, total polyphenols index, sugar content, titratable acidity, tartaric acid and malic acid content.

Conclusions: This article reports a new approach to winegrape assessment in the vineyard. The Vitur methodology was a fast and reliable method for assessing Tempranillo grape quality in the vineyard under Spanish conditions.

Significance and impact of study: The results suggest that wine industry could use a Vitur methodology, as tool to classify grapes in a simple and rational manner before the harvest and winemaking
Whithin-field temporal stability of some parameters in Viticulture: potential toward a site specific management
Authors: Tisseyre Bruno , Mazzoni Catherine , Fonta Hélène
Published: June 2016

Aims: The goal of this paper is to present the results of a study run over 7 consecutive years which aims at characterising the Temporal Stability of Within-Field Variability (TSWFV) for the most routinely measured vine parameters. In the context of precision viticulture TSWFV is of importance to know whether or not it is relevant to use the within-field variability of the year « n » to design a site-specific management strategy for the year « n+1 ».

Methods and results: The experiment was based on 6 vine parameters measured at 30 sites located within a non-irrigated vineyard block. Parameters measured included indicators of a vine capacity to produce biomass (pruning weight, yield and size of the canopy) as well as indicators of harvest quality (sugar content, pH and Total Titrable Acidity). For each parameter a significant temporal variability of the field average was observed from one year to another. This temporal variability led us to define the TSWFV as the occurrence of consistently high value or low value zones within the field. The definition of high and low values is done according to the average field value of the year for each parameter.

Conclusion: TSWFV analysis allows the parameters to be classified into two distinct types. Type 1 parameters (pruning weight, yield and canopy size) which present a significant TSWFV and type 2 parameters (sugar, Total Titrable Acidity and pH) which present no TSWFV.

Significance and impact of study: For precision viticulture management these results are significant. They show that yield or vigour (pruning weight, size of the canopy) maps of the previous years are relevant in designing site-specific management strategies in the year « n+1 » or subsequent years. Conversely, maps of quality parameters from previous years are not useful in determining how to manage harvest quality in the year « n+1 ».
Suitability of some mid-season table grape cultivars and types for minimally processed produce
Authors: Ergun Muharrem , Akkaya Özden , Ergun Nazan
Published: June 2016

Aims: The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether some midseason table grape cultivars and types can be used as minimally processed produce and to investigate the negative effects of minimal processing on the quality of the table grapes.

Methods and results: Changes in quality losses as defects, weight loss, soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH by minimally processed 13 cultivars and 4 types were recorded during a 10-day storage period at 4 °C. Browning on the stem end was the major defect followed by collapse on the stem end, decay both on the stem end and on the berry surface, and splitting on the berry surface. Big Perlon, Hatun Parmagi and Ribol among the cultivars/types were found be less prone to defects after minimal processing and storing at 4 °C.

Conclusion: The defects or problems which minimally processed table grapes most likely to face are collapse, browning and decay on the stem end, and splitting and decay on the berry surface. The quality losses in Big Perlon, Hatun Parmagi and Ribol cultivars with a very large berry size were lower than other 14 cultivars/types after 10 days, suggesting that berry size is very important attribute for choosing table grape cultivars as minimally processed produce.

Significance and impact of study: The study involving 13 cultivars and 4 types with different colored skin, berry sizes and types presents reliable information of suitability of the grapes for fresh-cut produce. Furthermore, the quality assessment used for this study provides a very detailed clarification what kind of problems minimally processed table grapes might face.
Effect of bunch rot on the sensory characteristics of the Gewürztraminer wine
Authors: Meneguzzo Julio , Miele Alberto , Rizzon Luiz-Antenor , Ayub Marco Antonio Zachia
Published: June 2016

Aims: The aim of this work was to determine the effect of grapes infected by bunch rot on the sensory characteristics of the Brazilian Gewürztraminer wine.

Methods and results: The treatments consisted of wine made from bunch rot infected grapes containing 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 %, weight basis, of bunch rot. Variables evaluated were related to vision, smell and taste/flavor. Results show that the presence of increasing proportions of infected grapes had significant effect on the visual, smelling and tasting aspects of the Gewürztraminer wine. Results show that healthy grapes and treatment with 2.5 % of infected grapes produced better wines.

Conclusion: The results of this work show that wine quality is greatly dependent on the grape health arriving at the winery. Wines made from grapes having up to 2.5 % of grapes rot were the best ones in the visual, smelling and tasting aspects.

Significance and impact of the study: In viticultural regions characterized by rainy and hot summers many pathogens have appropriate conditions to develop. In this way, to make quality wines it is very important to control grape rot diseases in the vineyards and to avoid grapes infected with pathogens related to these diseases during vinification.
Influence of elevation and slope exposure upon productivity and must quality of "Touriga Nacional" (Sub-region of Douro Superior)
Authors: Oliveira Ana Alexandra , Correia Maria José
Published: June 2016

Aims: This work presents the results of a 3 year study on the influence of elevation and slope exposure upon the productivity and quality of the Touriga Nacional variety.

Methods and results: Touriga Nacional variety standing on 18 plots dispersed along the sub-region of Douro Superior (laid out in a randomized complete block design). We determinate productivity, alcohol, volume, mass, total acidity, chromatic characteristics, anthocyanins, polyphenol index, maturation index, vegetative mass, vigour estimation and ravaz index.

Conclusion: The results revealed a decrease in most parameters related to productivity and quality as the elevation increases and, simultaneously, the concentration of phenolic compounds increased proportionally in relation to elevation. In relation to the plots set either on northern or southern exposures, the SW and NW exposures surpass the N, S, NE, and SE exposures in terms of the concentrations phenolic compounds, but all other parameters, either productivity or quality related, had lower values.

Significance and impact of study: The results confirm the importance of elevation and slope exposure of sub-region Douro Superior, in productivity and must quality of Touriga Nacional.
Long term effects of nitrogen and water supply on confered vigour and yield by SO4 and Riparia gloire de Montpellier rootstocks
Authors: Tandonnet Jean-Pascal , Soyer Jean-Pierre , Gaudillère Jean-Pierre , Decroocq Stéphanie , Bordenave Louis , Ollat Nathalie
Published: June 2016

Aims: the present study was designed to test the hypothesis according to which rootstock effects on scion growth and yield are related to fundamental physiological traits which are expressed consistently and independently of environmental conditions.

Methods and results: Pruning weights and yield components from two independent rootstock experiments are reported. In the first experiment, the effect of two levels (30 and 70 kgN/ha/year) was studied during 15 years on Cabernet-Sauvignon vines grafted onto SO4 and Riparia Gloire de Montpellier (RGM). In the second one, Cabernet-Sauvignon and Merlot vines grafted on SO4 and RGM were submitted to two levels of soil fertility shortly after plantation: control and high (100 kgN/ha/year + irrigation) and data from the plantation to year 6 were recorded. In both experiments, vine vigour and yield were significantly affected by rootstocks and fertilisation/irrigation treatments. No interaction was recorded. The devigorating effect of RGM in comparison to SO4 was observed in both experiments, regardless of other parameters. Cabernet-Sauvignon was more affected by rootstock than Merlot.

Conclusion: Rootstock effects on vine vegetative and reproductive development were consistently expressed, indicating that scion-rootstock interactions are governed not only by adaptative, but also by specific physiological traits.

Significance and impact of study: This work provides information on scion-rootstock interactions which may be useful in rootstock breeding programs and may help to better choose the rootstock according to the scion and the environment.
The impact of differences in soil texture within a vineyard on vine vigour, vine earliness and juice composition
Authors: Trought Michael C. T. , Dixon Robyn , Mills Tessa , Greven Marc , Agnew Rob , Mauk Jeffrey L. , Praat John-Paul
Published: June 2016

Aims: The young alluvial soils of the Wairau Plains, Marlborough, New Zealand, are considered to play an important role in determining this unique wine style. The aim of this experiment was to investigate, within a single vineyard, the impact of soil texture on vine vigour, vine earliness and fruit composition.

Methods and results: Trunk circumference and pruning weights, were greater as the depth to gravel increased. Soil conductivity measurements, using an electromagnetic sensor (EM38) in conjunction with global positioning related well to vine trunk circumference. Where gravels came to the surface, soil temperatures measured at 30 cm depth were consistently higher by 1 to 2 °C (air temperature was unaffected) and vine phenology was more advanced, when compared to the deep silt soils. At harvest, fruit soluble solids and pH were higher and titratable acidity lower when vines grown on shallow soils, but soil type had no significant effect on fruit yield.

Conclusions and significance of the study: Vine phenology during the growing season and fruit composition at harvest but not yield, reflect changes in soil texture over quite short distances within vineyards on the Wairau Plains. Within a vineyard, the higher the proportion of gravelly soils, the more advanced the vine phenology and the riper the fruit and wine style will exhibit riper (more tropical) and lower unripe (herbaceous) characteristics on a particular date.
Cork-wine interaction studies: liquid absorption and non-volatile compound migration
Authors: González-Adrados José Ramón , González-Hernández Florentino , García de Ceca José Luis , Cáceres-Esteban María José , García-Vallejo María Concepción
Published: June 2016

Aims: To provide a better knowledge of cork-wine interaction, focussing on absorption of liquid by the cork stopper and overall migration of non-volatile compounds from the cork-stopper to liquid.

Methods and results: Natural cork stoppers and 1+1 technical cork stoppers (agglomerate cork body ended with natural cork washers), with and without surface treatment, were used to close bottles filled with 12 % v/v ethanolic solution and removed after 3, 6, 12 and 24 months of contact. Mean and limit values of absorption and overall migration at each time are used to compare treated and non-treated stoppers. Variation of absorption with contact time was studied by adjusting the ABSORPTION = a · Ãt model (R2: 0.8572 - 0.9756).

Conclusion: Most of the overall migration is due to natural components of cork. Contact time and type of cork stopper are the factors responsible for the greatest variability. Surface treatment increases overall migration (2 mg/stopper) and reduces liquid absorption (more than 10 %).

Significance and impact of the study: The results show how a correct characterization of stopper and surface treatment is needed to predict the evolution of cork-wine interaction.
Climate trends in a specific Mediterranean viticultural area between 1950 and 2006
Authors: Laget Frédéric , Tondut Jean-Luc , Deloire Alain , Kelly Mary T.
Published: June 2016

Aims: An analysis of climate data between 1950 and 2006 in the Hérault department, situated in the Mediterranean of France is presented.

Methods and results: Data presented include the evolution of mean annual and seasonal temperatures, the Huglin index, total solar radiation, night freshness index, the distribution and efficiency of rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (pET). Results showed an increase in mean annual temperatures of +1.3 °C between 1980 and 2006 and an increase in the mean pET which was 900 mm / year since 1999. Also, harvest dates advanced by up to three weeks and sugar concentrations at harvest increased by up to 1.5 % potential alcohol.

Conclusion: The indicators show that in this area certain climatic parameters have evolved over the period studied. Changes are observable in some of the parameters (notably temperature) for the last 30 years whereas others have evolved only in the past few years (e.g. pET). Therefore it is necessary to be circumspect in drawing conclusions on climate change in the area, particularly as regards the possible consequences for viticulture. However, at the plot level, it is clear that irrigation of the vines is becoming increasingly necessary in this region.

Significance and impact of study: Climate is a major factor in vine cultivation and in the understanding of viticultural terroirs and wine typicality. The climate trends observed over a 50-year period are discussed in the viticultural context of a Mediterranean region. However, the interaction between climate change and technical progress in viticulture and oenology complicate the analysis over the time frame under consideration.
Anthocyanins and tannins in four grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.). Evolution of their content and extractability
Authors: Ortega-Regules Ana , Romero-Cascales Inmaculada , Ros García José María , Bautista-Ortín Ana Belén , López-Roca José María , Fernández-Fernández José Ignacio , Gómez-Plaza Encarnación
Published: June 2016

Aims: The knowledge of parameters as the quantity of anthocyanins and tannins present during grape maturation, their evolution during the ripening period and extractability data could improve the management of red wine fermentation and help predict the color of wines.

Methods and results: Grapes from Vitis vinifera var. Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Merlot and Monastrell were harvested in 2002, 2003 and 2004 from a commercial vineyards and their physicochemical characteristics together with the anthocyanin and tannin evolution during ripening were followed. The results showed that differences were found in the evolution of these compounds due to variety and year.

Conclusions: Some of the studied parameters seemed to be clearly related to variety (berry weight and extractability index) and others seemed to be clearly affected by soil and edaphoclimatic conditions. The high extractability index in Monastrell reflects the difficulty involved in extracting their anthocyanins. The short maturation period observed for Merlot grapes and the high seed tannin index could lead to excessively astringent wines.

Significance and impact of the study: This study demonstrate that the ripening period of some varieties (Merlot) in very warm conditions is too short, promoting the rapid accumulation of sugar in the pulp and an incomplete seed maturation that may lead to excessively astringent wines. Other varieties, e.g. Monastrell, show longer maturation period that usually permits pulp and seed maturity to be reached at the moment of harvest. The extractability index seems to be closely related to the grape variety and this is also an important fact to take into account when planning a vinification process.
Anthocyanin extractability assesment of grape skins by texture analysis
Authors: Rolle Luca , Torchio Fabrizio , Zeppa Giuseppe , Gerbi Vincenzo
Published: June 2016

Aims: The aim of this work was to evaluate the kinetics of anthocyanin extraction in berries of cv Brachetto and Nebbiolo, having the same level of total soluble solids, but with different skin hardness.

Methods and results: A puncture test was carried out on berries calibrated according to their density, estimated by flotation in different salt solutions. For each variety, two groups of berries of different skin hardness were selected: soft (< medium value) and hard (> medium value). Spectrophotometric and HPLC methods were used to evaluate the kinetics of anthocyanin extraction in a hydroalcoholic buffer solution. In each of the examined cultivars, the grapes with a higher break skin force produced extracts with a higher content in total anthocyanin. The anthocyanin profile of extracts of Brachetto hard skin is characterized by a higher content of acetyl-glucosides.

Conclusion: Texture analysis, which is fast and inexpensive, turned out to be an excellent analytical technique to verify skin hardness measurements. The break skin force proved to be a mechanical parameter able to estimate the extractability of anthocyanins with adequate reliability.

Significance and impact of study: The possibility of having an easy way to determine maturity index able to estimate the extractability of phenol compounds with sufficient reliability, can be a valuable tool for the enological community.
Comparing Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Conservative Therapy for Treating Osteoporotic Compression Fractures in the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine
Authors: Mattie Ryan , Laimi Katri , Yu Sloane , Saltychev Mikhail
Published: June 2016

Background:

Vertebral compression fractures are a common complication of osteoporosis and are often treated by percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP). The ability of this procedure to relieve pain better than conservative treatment is still debated. The purpose of this study was to compare the degree and duration of pain relief following PVP with that following conservative treatment for osteoporotic compression fractures by means of meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Methods:

The CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), and Web of Science databases were queried for randomized controlled trials comparing PVP with conservative treatment or placebo/sham. The methodological quality was assessed according to the Cochrane Collaboration’s domain-based evaluation framework. Random-effects meta-analysis of the raw mean difference between groups in change in pain level was performed, with sensitivity analyses and the Egger test for potential publication bias.

Results:

Of 209 records found, 11 were considered relevant, involving 1,048 participants. The risk of bias was considered low in 10 studies and high in 1. The 531 patients treated with PVP had a significantly lower pain level compared with the control group at 1 to 2 weeks, 2 to 3 months, and 12 months. The 95% CI (confidence interval) of the pooled effect size at every time interval included the score of 1.5, considered to be the minimal clinically important difference. The largest pooled effect size of −1.4 (95% CI, −2.3 to −0.5) was found during the first 1 to 2 weeks. The heterogeneity was high at all 3 time points (I
2
, 71% to 96%). No significant publication bias was detected.

Conclusions:

Up to 1 year postoperatively, the effect of PVP exceeded the effect of conservative therapy with respect to pain relief in patients with osteoporotic compression fractures. The effect size was significant and close to the minimal clinically important difference.
Postoperative Pain Management Among Dominican and American Health-Care Providers
Authors: Devine Christopher A. , Yu Amy , Kasdin Rachel G. , Bogart Laura M. , Davis Aileen M. , Alcántara Abreu Luis , Ghazinouri Roya , Thornhill Thomas S. , Katz Jeffrey N.
Published: June 2016

Background:

U.S. practitioners have prescribed opioid analgesics increasingly in recent years, contributing to what has been declared an opioid epidemic by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Opioids are used frequently in the preoperative and postoperative periods for patients undergoing total joint replacement in developed countries, but cross-cultural comparisons of this practice are limited. An international medical mission such as Operation Walk Boston, which provides total joint replacement to financially vulnerable patients in the Dominican Republic, offers a unique opportunity to compare postoperative pain management approaches in a developed nation and a developing nation.

Methods:

We interviewed American and Dominican surgeons and nurses (n = 22) during Operation Walk Boston 2015. We used a moderator’s guide with open-ended questions to inquire about postoperative pain management and factors influencing prescribing practices. Interviews were recorded and transcripts were analyzed using content analysis.

Results:

Providers highlighted differences in the patient-provider relationship, pain medication prescribing variability, and access to medications. Dominican surgeons emphasized adherence to standardized pain protocols and employed a paternalistic model of care, and American surgeons reported prescribing variability and described shared decision-making with patients. Dominican providers described limited availability of potent opioid preparations in the Dominican Republic, in contrast to American providers, who discussed opioid accessibility in the United States.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that cross-cultural comparisons provide insight into how opioid prescribing practices, approaches to the patient-provider relationship, and medication access inform distinct pain management strategies in American and Dominican surgical settings. Integrating lessons from cross-cultural pain management studies may yield more effective pain management strategies for surgical procedures performed in the United States and abroad.
Eighty-six Percent Failure Rate of a Modular-Neck Femoral Stem Design at 3 to 5 Years
Authors: Bernstein Derek T. , Meftah Morteza , Paranilam Jaya , Incavo Stephen J.
Published: June 2016

Background:

While innovation drives advancement, it is not immune to failure. Previously, we reported a corrosion-related revision rate of 28% (23 of 81 total hip arthroplasties) among patients who received the Rejuvenate modular-neck stem implant with short-term follow-up. Because we observed a dramatic interval failure rate after our initial report, we undertook this study.

Methods:

We prospectively followed a cohort of patients who had undergone implantation of the Rejuvenate modular-neck stem, as previously reported. At a minimum of 3 years of follow-up (range, 3.0 to 5.5 years), 73 hips in 63 patients (90% of the original group) were available for analysis. The mean serum cobalt and chromium ion levels were obtained preoperatively and postoperatively. Elevated serum cobalt ion levels (>4 μg/L), pain, or abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were indications for revision surgery. Patient factors and serum metal ion levels were correlated to revision surgery. Additionally, post-revision serum cobalt and chromium ion level trends were assessed.

Results:

An 86% clinical failure rate (63 of the 73 hips) was observed at a mean follow-up of 4.2 ± 0.6 years (range, 3.0 to 5.5 years); 57 (78%) of the hips underwent revision at a mean of 3.2 ± 1.0 years (range, 1.0 to 5.5 years), and 6 (8%) of the hips were scheduled for revision. Patients who underwent revision surgery were younger and had greater serum metal ion levels and greater pain compared with patients who did not undergo revision. An elevated serum cobalt ion level was the most important independent factor associated with revision surgery. Cobalt ion levels decreased sharply after revision; however, some patients demonstrated persistent elevation with more gradual decline.

Conclusions:

Emphasizing the reporting of positive results may leave orthopaedic surgeons reticent to publicize negative results; however, the high failure rate of this implant design within 5 years prompted this report. We believe that patients and orthopaedic surgeons should be made aware of this implant’s clinical problems and patients should be followed closely. Expedient revision is necessary when failure is identified, to minimize potentially severe tissue damage and metal toxicity.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Alpha-Defensin Immunoassay and Leukocyte Esterase Colorimetric Strip Test for the Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Infection
Authors: Wyatt M.C. , Beswick A.D. , Kunutsor S.K. , Wilson M.J. , Whitehouse M.R. , Blom A.W.
Published: June 2016

Background:

Synovial biomarkers have recently been adopted as diagnostic tools for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), but their utility is uncertain. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize the evidence on the accuracy of the alpha-defensin immunoassay and leukocyte esterase colorimetric strip test for the diagnosis of PJI compared with the Musculoskeletal Infection Society diagnostic criteria.

Methods:

We performed a systematic review to identify diagnostic technique studies evaluating the accuracy of alpha-defensin or leukocyte esterase in the diagnosis of PJI. MEDLINE and Embase on Ovid, ACM, ADS, arXiv, CERN DS (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire Document Server), CrossRef DOI (Digital Object Identifier), DBLP (Digital Bibliography & Library Project), Espacenet, Google Scholar, Gutenberg, HighWire, IEEE Xplore (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers digital library), INSPIRE, JSTOR (Journal Storage), OAlster (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting), Open Content, Pubget, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched for appropriate studies indexed from inception until May 30, 2015, along with unpublished or gray literature. The classification of studies and data extraction were performed independently by 2 reviewers. Data extraction permitted meta-analysis of sensitivity and specificity with construction of receiver operating characteristic curves for each test.

Results:

We included 11 eligible studies. The pooled diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of alpha-defensin (6 studies) for PJI were 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82 to 1.00) and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.89 to 0.99), respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) for alpha-defensin and PJI was 0.99 (95% CI, 0.98 to 1.00). The pooled diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of leukocyte esterase (5 studies) for PJI were 0.81 (95% CI, 0.49 to 0.95) and 0.97 (95% CI, 0.82 to 0.99), respectively. The AUC for leukocyte esterase and PJI was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.95 to 0.98). There was substantial heterogeneity among studies for both diagnostic tests.

Conclusions:

The diagnostic accuracy for PJI was high for both tests. Given the limited number of studies and the large cost difference between the tests, more independent research on these tests is warranted.

Level of Evidence:

Diagnostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Biological Basis for Nonunions
Authors: Brinker Mark R. , O’Connor Daniel P.
Published: June 2016

➢ Fracture nonunion is a failure of the biological processes of fracture-healing.

➢ Critical cellular events in fracture-healing include the inflammatory response, differentiation and proliferation of progenitor cells, formation of fibrocartilage callus, angiogenesis and subsequent mineralization of the callus, vascular union (restoration of normal medullary circulation), and conversion of woven bone to lamellar bone.

➢ All critical events are closely regulated and coordinated by numerous cytokines and growth factors, which are expressed in complex spatial and temporal patterns throughout the repair process.

➢ At all phases of fracture-healing, poor cellular and metabolic capacity (e.g., chronic disease), excessive instability, and poor vascularity inhibit cellular responses and healing.

➢ Many biological treatments to prevent or treat nonunions are emerging in clinical use, including stem-cell and bone-marrow-aspirate preparations, various progenitor cells and growth factors (e.g., recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins), and gene therapy.
The Free Improvisation Game: Performing John Zorn’s Cobra
Authors: Van der Schyff Dylan
Published: June 2016

The use of improvisation is wide spread in musical practice around the world. Nevertheless, Western academic circles tend to ignore this ubiquitous activity and have maintained a focus on composition and interpretation. This is beginning to change, however, and the role of improvisation in performance and music education is receiving an increasing amount of attention. This paper contributes to this project by examining the practice of ‘free improvisation’ in a large ensemble context. A rehearsal and performance of John Zorn’s Cobra––a ‘game’ piece for improvisers––is analyzed from a first-person perspective; relevant research in music psychology is considered; and suggestions are made with regard to how we may better understand the nature of musical communication in improvised contexts. Pedagogical applications are also considered.
Maize Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Upper Midwest Irrigated Sandy Soils
Authors: Rubin John C. , Struffert Anne M. , Fernández Fabián G. , Lamb John A.
Published: June 2016

Corn (Zea mays L.) in irrigated coarse‐textured soils can be very productive with N applications, but excess N can increase groundwater contamination. Our objectives were to (i) determine the economic optimum nitrogen rate (EONR) for continuous corn (CC) and corn after soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (CSb), (ii) evaluate corn yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of split urea‐N and single pre‐plant application of enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers, and (iii) determine the utility of canopy sensors and basal stalk nitrate‐N test to manage N. Rotations of CC in Dakota County, Minnesota, and CC, CSb, and soybean after corn (SbC) in Pope County, Minnesota, were established in 2011 to 2014 with 0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, and 315 kg urea‐N ha−1 as split‐application (half at pre‐plant and half at V4), and pre‐plant applications of SuperU (Koch Fertilizer LLC, Wichita, KS) at 180 kg N ha−1, ESN(Agrium Advanced Technologies, Loveland, CO)/urea blend 90/90 kg Nha−1, and ESN at 180 and 225 kg N ha−1. The EONR for CC was 233 kg N ha−1. The fertilizer replacement value in CSb was 56 kg N ha−1 and the EONR was 49 kg N ha−1 less than in CC. Canopy sensors and basal stalk nitrate‐N generally under estimated N rate. A split‐urea application increased corn grain yield by 5.4% (0.63 Mg ha−1), partial factor productivity (PFP) by 6% and agronomic efficiency (AE) by 12% relative to mean single pre‐plant application of enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers. In irrigated sandy soils, applying high rates of N needed for economic optimum yield is best accomplished by splitting the application.

Core Ideas

In irrigated sandy soils, applying high rates of N needed for economic optimum yield is best accomplished by splitting the application.

Canopy sensors and basal stalk nitrate‐N generally under estimated N rate needed to optimize grain yield.

Enhanced efficiency fertilizers applied at pre‐plant are not as effective as split applications of urea in irrigated sandy soils.
Heterogeneity in Rice Tillers Yield Associated with Tillers Formation and Nitrogen Fertilizer
Authors: Wang Yang , Ren Tao , Lu Jianwei , Ming Ri , Li Pengfei , Hussain Saddam , Cong Rihuan , Li Xiaokun
Published: June 2016

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) farmers generally overcome low seeding rates with additional nitrogen (N) fertilization to develop more productive tillers. However, not every tiller provides high productivity; instead, a sufficient N source leads to the production of tillers with low yield potential. The objectives of this study were (i) to quantify the heterogeneity within tillers regarding yield formation at different N levels and (ii) to examine the differences in tiller growth period, grain yield, and carbon (C) and N concentrations at different N levels. In 2013 to 2014, field experiments consisted of a randomized complete block design with three N fertilizer rates. Gini coefficient was adopted to analyze the heterogeneities of various tillers regarding grain yield. Results showed that tiller heterogeneity was enhanced with increasing N levels. Under the same N rate condition, the grain yield of productive tillers decreased with the later‐emerging tillers. The early‐emerging tillers possessed the characteristics of long growth period, strong intercepted photosynthetic active radiation, and high C/N ratio in straw. The N‐induced enhancement in rice population mainly occurred due to the increase in grain yield of early‐emerging tillers. However, this upward trend would emerge peak value after sufficient N supply. Therefore, analyzing the limiting factors for low production of late‐emerging tillers may provide a novel perspective on further improving the rice population yield.

Core Ideas

Heterogeneity in rice tillers yield is increased with increasing N rates.

Short growth period is not the key limiting factor to late‐emerging tillers.

Early‐emerging tillers pre‐empt the uppermost light source and shade the late‐emerging tillers.

Early‐emerging tillers possess higher C/N ratio in straw than late‐emerging tillers.

Late‐emerging tillers have higher yield potential under sufficient N supply.
Tinjauan Proses Perencanaan Heritage Trails Sebagai Produk Pariwisata dalam RIPPDA Kota Bandung
Authors: Patria Teguh Amor
Published: June 2016

Despite the fact that Bandung boasts a large number of heritage buildings as tourism potentials which become one of priorities in Rencana Induk Pengembangan Pariwisata Daerah (RIPPDA) Kota Bandung 2007-2016 (municipal tourism development plans), such plan is assumed as less detailed and comprehensive. It also emphasizes only on supply and spatial aspect. This paper reviewed the planning process of heritage trails as tourism product in the tourism development plan. A comparative study between actual and ideal condition was conducted and was presented in descriptive way. It consists of introduction, theoretical background relating to tourism product planning process and heritage tourism, research methodology, actual conditions of heritage trails development in Bandung, critical review of heritage trails in Bandung, and conclusion andrecommendation. Such findings reveal the actual condition of heritage trails development as a growing tourism product in Bandung today, which lacks details, depth, and comprehensiveness, data from the past, and review from supply side in order to plan for a better heritage tourism activity.
Pengaruh Bauran Promosi terhadap Peningkatan Penjualan Kamar di Hotel Benua Bandung
Authors: Rahadian Dani , Pratomo Adithya
Published: June 2016

The purpose of this research is to find out the influence of promotion mix on the increase of room sale at Hotel Benua Bandung. The results of this research are expected to be used as consideration by the hotel manager in determining the influence of promotion mix on room sale, as well as using some other variables in promotion mix. This research was based on the use of data of all promotion costs and room sales at Hotel Benua Bandung during the past five years. Data were then processed by calculating the percentage using basic regression method on SPSS program. The findings proved a positive influence of promotion mix on the increase of room sales at Hotel Benua Bandung.
Strategi Bauran Pemasaran di Agrowisata Buana Ametha Sari
Authors: Pasaribu Nami Fitricia
Published: June 2016

Object of this research is Agrowisata Buana Amertha Sari, Bali. Limitation on this study is marketing mix, especially on product and promotion. Coffee is the main comodity in Agrowisata Buana Amertha Sari, while promotion is conducted through words of mouth method and in cooperation with local guides. Agrowisata Buana Amertha Sari uses website to promote its products. Within this research, it is expected the use of social media Facebook and Twitter could make contribution in boosting the recognition to global customers. This research is qualitative using interview and observation at one time in May 2013.