bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What's new in osteoarthritis pathogenesis?
Authors: Jones G.
Published: February 2016

Osteoarthritis is the leading musculoskeletal cause of disability in the Western society. Despite this, it is still difficult to gain a precise definition of what osteoarthritis actually is. The methods used for the study are narrative review and viewpoint focussing on the knee. It is well known that there is a modest correlation between X‐ray changes and pain. Improvements in imaging have shown that osteoarthritis should be regarded as an umbrella term for a number of pathophysiological processes leading to pain and/or cartilage loss. If these are inside the joint (such as bone marrow lesions, cartilage defects or meniscal tear) then they can be considered osteoarthritis, while those outside the joint (such as obesity, weak muscles and vitamin D deficiency) could be considered the osteoarthritis syndrome. These improvements in basic science are leading to lesion‐specific therapies indicating the importance of trying to pinpoint causes of pain in the individual.
A tertiary hospital audit of the use of medical imaging in the 24 h preceding death
Authors: Liu D. , Weil J. , Boughey M. , Sutherland T.
Published: February 2016

This study aims to investigate the number, modality and indication for imaging studies performed on acute hospital inpatients in the 24 h prior to death. Data were obtained from retrospective analysis of deceased patients from a university affiliated tertiary hospital over a 2‐year period and it was found that around one in five inpatients received medical imaging in the last 24 h of their life (364 of 1855, 19.6%).
How digital storytelling is used in mental health: A scoping review
Authors: De Vecchi Nadia , Kenny Amanda , Dickson‐Swift Virginia , Kidd Susan
Published: February 2016

The creative arts can be used to support stakeholders of mental health services to communicate and share their lived experience. Digital storytelling is one method that has been used to capture people's lived experience. In this scoping review, we were interested in mapping how digital storytelling has been used in mental health, and to identify gaps in the literature. Nine databases were searched to identify peer reviewed literature published between January 2000 and August 2015; 15 articles were included in the review. The articles were categorized across four broad areas: educational interventions, learning skills, learning about other people's lived experience, and learning about personal lived experience. We identify that while digital storytelling has potential as a participatory process to promote mutual understanding of and empathy towards lived experiences in mental health, there is a dearth of research in this area. More research is needed on the use of digital storytelling in mental health to determine its effectiveness in progressing a recovery orientation in service provision that is built on solidarity and a social justice agenda.
Risk of nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infection and effectiveness of control measures to prevent transmission events: a systematic review
Authors: French Clare E. , McKenzie Bruce C. , Coope Caroline , Rajanaidu Subhadra , Paranthaman Karthik , Pebody Richard , Nguyen‐Van‐Tam Jonathan S. ,   Noso‐RSV Study Group, Higgins Julian P. T. , Beck Charles R.
Published: February 2016

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes a significant public health burden, and outbreaks among vulnerable patients in hospital settings are of particular concern. We reviewed published and unpublished literature from hospital settings to assess: (i) nosocomial RSV transmission risk (attack rate) during outbreaks, (ii) effectiveness of infection control measures. We searched the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, together with key websites, journals and grey literature, to end of 2012. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool or Newcastle–Ottawa scale. A narrative synthesis was conducted. Forty studies were included (19 addressing research question one, 21 addressing question two). RSV transmission risk varied by hospital setting; 6–56% (median: 28·5%) in neonatal/paediatric settings (n = 14), 6–12% (median: 7%) in adult haematology and transplant units (n = 3), and 30–32% in other adult settings (n = 2). For question two, most studies (n = 13) employed multi‐component interventions (e.g. cohort nursing, personal protective equipment (PPE), isolation), and these were largely reported to be effective in reducing nosocomial transmission. Four studies examined staff PPE; eye protection appeared more effective than gowns and masks. One study reported on RSV prophylaxis for patients (RSV‐Ig/palivizumab); there was no statistical evidence of effectiveness although the sample size was small. Overall, risk of bias for included studies tended to be high. We conclude that RSV transmission risk varies widely during hospital outbreaks. Although multi‐component control strategies appear broadly successful, further research is required to disaggregate the effectiveness of individual components including the potential role of palivizumab prophylaxis.
Effect of Mechanical Constraint on Domain Reorientation in Predominantly {111}‐Textured Lead Zirconate Titanate Films
Authors: Esteves Giovanni , Wallace Margeaux , Johnson‐Wilke Raegan , Fancher Chris M. , Wilke Rudeger H. T. , Trolier‐McKinstry Susan , Jones Jacob L.
Published: February 2016

Ferroelectric/ferroelastic domain reorientation was measured in 2.0 μm thick tetragonal {111}‐textured PbZr0.30Ti0.70O3 thin films using synchrotron X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Lattice strain from the peak shift in the 111 Bragg reflection and domain reorientation were quantified as a function of applied electric field amplitude. Domain reorientation was quantified through the intensity exchange between the 112 and 211 Bragg reflections. Results from three different film types are reported: dense films that are clamped to the substrate (as‐processed), dense films that are partially released from the substrate, and films with 3% volume porosity. The highest amount of domain reorientation is observed in grains that are misoriented with respect to the {111} preferred (domain engineered) orientation. Relative to the clamped films, films that were released from the substrate or had porosity exhibited neither significant enhancement in domain reorientation nor in 111 lattice strain. In contrast, similar experiments on {100}‐textured and randomly oriented films showed significant enhancement in domain reorientation in released and porous films. Therefore, {111}‐textured films are less susceptible to changes in properties due to mechanical constraints because there is overall less domain reorientation in {111} films than in {100} films.
Black Consciousness as Overcoming Hermeneutical Injustice
Authors: Hull George
Published: February 2016

The ideas of the South African Black Consciousness Movement developed as an intellectual response to the situation of black South Africans under apartheid. Though influential, Black Consciousness ideas about how the injustice of apartheid was to be conceptualised, and what form resistance to it consequently needed to take, have always awoken controversy. Here I defend the original Black Consciousness theorists, Bantu Steve Biko and Nyameko Barney Pityana, against charges of racial inherentism, espousing a prescriptive conception of black identity, and racism. I argue that, on Biko and Pityana's account, a central aspect of the injustice of South African apartheid was a hermeneutical injustice – at first deliberately perpetrated, but structurally self‐reproducing – against the oppressed groups. Thus illuminated, I argue, the ideas of the original Black Consciousness theorists have great plausibility, connect interestingly with contemporary thinking about race and justice, and are of practical relevance today both in South Africa and elsewhere.
Prosthetic treatment outcome in patients with severe hypodontia: a systematic review
Authors: Filius M. A. , Cune M. S. , Raghoebar G. M. , Vissink A. , Visser A.
Published: February 2016

Severe hypodontia (≥6 missing teeth) is associated with aesthetic and functional problems. Its presentation is heterogenic, and a variety of treatment modalities are used resulting in different treatment outcomes. As there is currently no standard treatment approach for patients with severe hypodontia, the literature was systematically reviewed with the focus on treatment outcomes. Medline, Embase and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched (last search 24 August 2015). This was completed with a manual search of the reference lists of the selected studies. To be included, studies had to describe dental treatment outcome measure(s) in patients with severe hypodontia; there were no language restrictions. The methodological quality was assessed using MINORS criteria. Twenty‐one studies were eligible, but the diversity in type and quality did not allow for a meta‐analysis; seventeen studies had a retrospective design; sixteen studies described the results of implant treatment. Treatment with (partial) dentures, orthodontics, fixed crowns or bridges was sparsely presented in the eligible studies. Implant survival, the most frequently reported treatment outcome, ranging from 35·7% to 98·7%, was influenced by ‘location’ and ‘bone volume’. The results of implant treatment in severe hypodontia patients are promising, but due to its heterogenic presentation, its low prevalence and the poor quality of the studies, evidence‐based decision‐making in the treatment of severe hypodontia is not yet feasible, thus prompting further research.
Red ginseng and vitamin C increase immune cell activity and decrease lung inflammation induced by influenza A virus/H1N1 infection
Authors: Kim Hyemin , Jang Mirim , Kim Yejin , Choi Jiyea , Jeon Jane , Kim Jihoon , Hwang Young-il , Kang Jae Seung , Lee Wang Jae
Published: February 2016

Objectives

Because red ginseng and vitamin C have immunomodulatory function and anti-viral effect, we investigated whether red ginseng and vitamin C synergistically regulate immune cell function and suppress viral infection.

Methods

Red ginseng and vitamin C were treated to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-infected BCBL-1, and administrated to Gulo(−/−) mice, which are incapable of synthesizing vitamin C, with or without influenza A virus/H1N1 infection.

Key findings

Red ginseng and vitamin C increased the expression of CD25 and CD69 of PBMCs and natural killer (NK) cells. Co-treatment of them decreased cell viability and lytic gene expression in BCBL-1. In Gulo(−/−) mice, red ginseng and vitamin C increased the expression of NKp46, a natural cytotoxic receptor of NK cells and interferon (IFN)-γ production. Influenza infection decreased the survival rate, and increased inflammation and viral plaque accumulation in the lungs of vitamin C-depleted Gulo(−/−) mice, which were remarkably reduced by red ginseng and vitamin C supplementation.

Conclusions

Administration of red ginseng and vitamin C enhanced the activation of immune cells like T and NK cells, and repressed the progress of viral lytic cycle. It also reduced lung inflammation caused by viral infection, which consequently increased the survival rate.
2015 ACVIM Small Animal Consensus Statement on Seizure Management in Dogs
Authors: Podell M. , Volk H.A. , Berendt M. , Löscher W. , Muñana K. , Patterson E.E. , Platt S.R.
Published: February 2016

This report represents a scientific and working clinical consensus statement on seizure management in dogs based on current literature and clinical expertise. The goal was to establish guidelines for a predetermined, concise, and logical sequential approach to chronic seizure management starting with seizure identification and diagnosis (not included in this report), reviewing decision‐making, treatment strategies, focusing on issues related to chronic antiepileptic drug treatment response and monitoring, and guidelines to enhance patient response and quality of life. Ultimately, we hope to provide a foundation for ongoing and future clinical epilepsy research in veterinary medicine.
The prognostic significance of bacterial DNA in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and suspected infection
Authors: Bruns Tony , Reuken Philipp A. , Stengel Sven , Gerber Ludmila , Appenrodt Beate , Schade Johannes H. , Lammert Frank , Zeuzem Stefan , Stallmach Andreas
Published: February 2016

Background & Aims

Circulating and peritoneal fragments of microbial DNA (bactDNA) are evidence for bacterial translocation in decompensated cirrhosis and may serve as a rational approach for antibiotic therapy when infection is suspected.

Methods

Prospective multicenter study to investigate whether identification of bactDNA from blood or ascitic fluid (AF) by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is associated with increased 90‐day mortality in 218 patients with cirrhosis and signs of infection.

Results

BactDNA in either compartment was detected in 134 (61%) patients, comprising 54 with bactDNA in blood and AF, 48 with AF bactDNA only, and 32 with blood bactDNA only. BactDNA was associated with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and blood stream infections (SBP/BSI), acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF), encephalopathy and markers of inflammation. The prevalence of bactDNA in patients with proven SBP/BSI (36/49; 73%) was similar to that in patients with sterile ACLF (37/52; 71%). Actuarial 90‐day survival was 56 ± 5% in the absence of bactDNA in both compartments and did not differ if bactDNA was detected in blood only (63 ± 9%), AF only (63 ± 7%), or in blood and AF (52 ± 7%). Predictors of 90‐day mortality were SBP (HR = 3.10; 95% CI: 1.90–5.06), BSI (HR = 4.94; 95% CI: 2.71–9.02), and ACLF (HR = 2.20; 95% CI: 1.44–3.35). The detection of resistance genes in blood or AF in the absence of SBP/BSI (n = 11) was associated with poor 1‐year survival (HR = 2.35; 95% CI: 1.03–5.35).

Conclusions

BactDNA in sterile body fluids did not indicate increased mortality in cirrhotic patients with suspected infection. Using multiplex PCR for risk stratification cannot be recommended in these patients.
Regional differences in sorafenib‐treated patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: GIDEON observational study
Authors: Kudo Masatoshi , Lencioni Riccardo , Marrero Jorge A. , Venook Alan P. , Bronowicki Jean‐Pierre , Chen Xiao‐Ping , Dagher Lucy , Furuse Junji , Geschwind Jean‐Francois H. , Ladrón de Guevara Laura , Papandreou Christos , Sanyal Arun J. , Takayama Tadatoshi , Yoon Seung Kew , Nakajima Keiko , Lehr Robert , Heldner Stephanie , Ye Sheng‐Long
Published: February 2016

Background & Aims

Treatment approaches for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) vary across countries, but these differences and their potential impact on outcomes have not been comprehensively assessed. Data from the multinational GIDEON (Global Investigation of therapeutic DEcisions in HCC and Of its treatment with sorafeNib) registry evaluated differences in patient characteristics, practice patterns and outcomes in HCC across geographical regions in patients who received sorafenib.

Methods

GIDEON is a non‐randomised, observational registry study conducted in 39 countries across five global regions. HCC patients in whom a decision to treat with sorafenib was made in clinical practice and according to local practices were included.

Results

3202 patients were evaluable for safety analysis: Asia‐Pacific (n = 928), Japan (n = 508), Europe (n = 1113), USA (n = 563) and Latin America (n = 90). Patients in Japan had earlier‐stage disease at initial diagnosis compared with patients in other regions (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage A; 43.7% vs 9.1–24.3%). Use of locoregional therapies before sorafenib, including transarterial chemoembolisation, was more common in Japan (84.4%) and Asia‐Pacific (67.2%) compared with the USA (49.4%) and Europe (43.5%). Treatment patterns with respect to sorafenib also differed, with a shorter duration of treatment reported in the USA and Asia‐Pacific. Time from initial diagnosis to death was longer in Japan compared with other regions (median, 79.6 months vs 14.8–25.0 months).

Conclusions

Data from GIDEON highlight regional variations in the management of HCC and patient outcomes. Greater standardisation of management may help optimise outcomes for HCC patients.
Translating formative research findings into a behaviour change strategy to promote antenatal calcium and iron and folic acid supplementation in western Kenya
Authors: Martin Stephanie L. , Seim Gretchen L. , Wawire Salome , Chapleau Gina M. , Young Sera L. , Dickin Katherine L.
Published: February 2016

The World Health Organization now recommends integrating calcium supplements into antenatal micronutrient supplementation programmes to prevent pre‐eclampsia, a leading cause of maternal mortality. As countries consider integrating calcium supplementation into antenatal care (ANC), it is important to identify context‐specific barriers and facilitators to delivery and adherence. Such insights can be gained from women's and health workers' experiences with iron and folic acid (IFA) supplements. We conducted in‐depth interviews with 22 pregnant and post‐partum women and 20 community‐based and facility‐based health workers in Kenya to inform a calcium and IFA supplementation programme. Interviews assessed awareness of anaemia, pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia; ANC attendance; and barriers and facilitators to IFA supplement delivery and adherence. We analyzed interviews inductively using the constant comparative method. Women and health workers identified poor diet quality in pregnancy as a major health concern. Neither women nor health workers identified pre‐eclampsia, eclampsia, anaemia or related symptoms as serious health threats. Women and community‐based health workers were unfamiliar with pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia and considered anaemia symptoms normal. Most women had not received IFA supplements, and those who had received insufficient amounts and little information about supplement benefits. We then developed a multi‐level (health facility, community, household and individual) behaviour change strategy to promote antenatal calcium and IFA supplementation. Formative research is an essential first step in guiding implementation of antenatal calcium supplementation programmes to reduce pre‐eclampsia. Because evidence on how to implement successful calcium supplementation programmes is limited, experiences with antenatal IFA supplementation can be used to guide programme development.
Nitrogen transformation rates are affected by cover soil type but not coarse woody debris application in reclaimed oil sands soils
Authors: Kwak Jin‐Hyeob , Chang Scott X. , Naeth M. Anne , Schaaf Wolfgang
Published: February 2016

Forest floor mineral soil mix (FMM) and peat mineral soil mix (PMM) are cover soils commonly used for reclamation of open‐pit oil sands mining disturbed land in northern Alberta, Canada; coarse woody debris (CWD) is another source of organic matter for land reclamation. We investigated net nitrogen (N) transformation rates inFMMandPMMcover soils near and away fromCWD4–6 years after oil sands reclamation. Monthly net nitrification and N mineralization rates varied over time; however, mean rates across the incubation periods and microbial biomass were greater (p< 0.05) inFMMthan inPMM. Net N mineralization rates were positively related to soil temperature (p< 0.001) and microbial biomass carbon (p= 0.045). Net N transformation rates and inorganic N concentrations were not affected byCWD; however, the greater15Nisotope ratio of ammonium nearCWDthan away fromCWDindicates thatCWDapplication increased both gross N mineralization/nitrification (causing N isotope fractionation) and gross N immobilization (no isotopic fractionation). Microbial biomass was greater nearCWDthan away fromCWD, indicating the greater potential for N immobilization nearCWD. We conclude that (1)CWDapplication affected soil microbial properties and would create spatial variability and diverse microsites and (2) cover soil type andCWDapplication had differential effects on net N transformation rates. Applying FMM with CWD for oil sands reclamation is recommended to increase N availability and microsites.
Discovery of HLA‐A*11:01:69, a novel HLA‐A*11:01 variant, in a Taiwanese hematopoietic stem cell donor
Authors: Yang E. K. L. , Hung J. H. , Lin P. Y.
Published: February 2016

One nucleotide replacement at residue 210 of HLA‐A*11:01:01:01 results in a novel allele, HLA‐A*11:01:69.
A novel HLA‐DRB1 allele, HLA‐DRB1*12:48
Authors: Zhu X. , Yang T. , Tan R. , Su P. , Gao H.
Published: February 2016

HLA‐DRB1*12:48 differs from DRB1*12:09, by a single synonymous nucleotide at position 266.
Harvests from bone marrow donors who weigh less than their recipients are associated with a significantly increased probability of a suboptimal harvest yield
Authors: Anthias Chloe , Billen Annelies , Arkwright Rebecca , Szydlo Richard M. , Madrigal J. Alejandro , Shaw Bronwen E.
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of bone marrow (BM) harvest yield in determining transplant outcomes, but little is known regarding donor and procedure variables associated with achievement of an optimal yield. We hypothesized that donor demographics and variables relating to the procedure were likely to impact the yield (total nucleated cells [TNCs]/kg recipient weight) and quality (TNCs/mL) of the harvest.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

To test our hypothesis, BM harvests of 110 consecutive unrelated donors were evaluated. The relationship between donor or procedure characteristics and the BM harvest yield was examined.

RESULTS

The relationship between donor and recipient weight significantly influenced the harvest yield; only 14% of BM harvests from donors who weighed less than their recipient achieved a TNC count of more than 4 × 108/kg compared to 56% of harvests from donors heavier than their recipient (p = 0.001). Higher‐volume harvests were significantly less likely to achieve an optimal yield than lower‐volume harvests (32% vs. 78%; p = 0.007), and higher‐volume harvests contained significantly fewer TNCs/mL, indicating peripheral blood contamination. BM harvest quality also varied significantly between collection centers adding to recent concerns regarding maintenance of BM harvest expertise within the transplant community.

CONCLUSION

Since the relationship between donor and recipient weight has a critical influence yield, we recommend prioritizing this secondary donor characteristic when selecting from multiple well‐matched donors. Given the declining number of requests for BM harvests, it is crucial that systems are developed to train operators and ensure expertise in this procedure is retained.
Transplantation of miRNA‐34a overexpressing adipose‐derived stem cell enhances rat nerve regeneration
Authors: He Xingliang , Ao Qiang , Wei Yujun , Song Jinrui
Published: February 2016

Peripheral nerve injury is an ongoing challenge in reconstructive surgery. Adipose‐derived stem cell (ADSC) application is reported to improve nerve regeneration. In the present study, we evaluated the potential benefit of 34a‐ADSCs for never regeneration. Lentiviral vectors containing miRNA‐34a were constructed and ADSCs were transduced. The obtained 34a‐ADSCs were used to regenerate the sciatic nerve in surgically induced sciatic nerve injury rat model. Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into two groups, a 34a‐ADSC group and an Lv‐ADSC group. Functional nerve recovery was assessed by walking track analysis at 12 weeks after surgery. In addition, histology, including light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry, was utilized to investigate the nerve repair effects of 34a‐ADSC. Results showed that reconstruction of the injured sciatic nerve had been significantly enhanced by restoration of nerve continuity and functional recovery in the 34a‐ADSC group compared with the Lv‐ADSC group. Furthermore, sciatic nerve conduction velocity and compound nerve action potential in the 34a‐ADSC group was much higher than that in the Lv‐ADSC group (30.72 ± 2.95 m/s vs. 22.73 ± 1.91 m/s, p< 0.0001; 11.93 ± 0.76 mV vs. 9.52 ± 0.53 mV, p = 0.0418). This study raises the possibility of using miRNA‐34a overexpressed ADSCs as a promising alternative for nerve regeneration.
Relationships among Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Turnover Intention: Evidence from the Gambling Industry in Macau
Authors: Wang Jen Hung , Tsai Kuan Chen , Lei Luo Jia Ru , Chio Im Fan , Lai Sut Kam
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention of workers in two casinos in Macau. The current study was a correlational study and used convenience sampling, and a total of 105 surveys were retrieved from employees working in two casinos in Macau. For our sample, we found that job satisfaction had a significant and positive correlation with organizational commitment. We also found that the association between job satisfaction and turnover intention was positive but not significant and the association between organizational commitment and turnover intention was negative but not significant. Finally, the regression model indicated that job satisfaction and organizational commitment were effective predictors of employees’ turnover intention.
Investigation of Gasification Reaction of Pulverized Char Under N2/CO2 Atmosphere in a Small-Scale Fluidized Bed Reactor
Authors: Kreitzberg Thobias , Haustein Herman D. , Gövert Benjamin , Kneer Reinhold
Published: February 2016

A method for the experimental investigation of gas–solid reactions in a small-scale fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is presented. This methodology enables high heating rates (≈104 K/s), long timescale observation (up to several hours), operation with small fuel particles (≈100 μm), and accurate control of reaction conditions. In this study, the gasification reaction of biomass-based char particles with carbon dioxide–nitrogen gas mixtures is investigated under atmospheric pressure. On varying process temperature and feed-gas composition over a wide range, consistent results are realized (temperature is varied between 1173 and 1373 K, while the CO2 concentration is adjusted in an interval of 20% up to 80%). Carbon conversion curves and reaction rates are established from real-time gas product analysis by FTIR spectrometry through a detailed data analysis procedure. This procedure employs a particle surface-evolution model and accounts for sampling system signal attenuation. The obtained reaction rates are used to demonstrate the determination of kinetic parameters for different kinetic approaches concerning the heterogeneous CO2 gasification (Boudouard reaction). Throughout this study, a comparison of both different surface-evolution models as well as kinetic approaches with experimental results is performed for the inspection of best consistency.
Pore-Scale Modeling of Non-Newtonian Shear-Thinning Fluids in Blood Oxygenator Design
Authors: Low Kenny W. Q. , van Loon Raoul , Rolland Samuel A. , Sienz Johann
Published: February 2016

This paper reviews and further develops pore-scale computational flow modeling techniques used for creeping flow through orthotropic fiber bundles used in blood oxygenators. Porous model significantly reduces geometrical complexity by taking a homogenization approach to model the fiber bundles. This significantly simplifies meshing and can avoid large time-consuming simulations. Analytical relationships between permeability and porosity exist for Newtonian flow through regular arrangements of fibers and are commonly used in macroscale porous models by introducing a Darcy viscous term in the flow momentum equations. To this extent, verification of analytical Newtonian permeability–porosity relationships has been conducted for parallel and transverse flow through square and staggered arrangements of fibers. Similar procedures are then used to determine the permeability–porosity relationship for non-Newtonian blood. The results demonstrate that modeling non-Newtonian shear-thinning fluids in porous media can be performed via a generalized Darcy equation with a porous medium viscosity decomposed into a constant term and a directional expression through least squares fitting. This concept is then investigated for various non-Newtonian blood viscosity models. The proposed methodology is conducted with two different porous model approaches, homogeneous and heterogeneous, and validated against a high-fidelity model. The results of the heterogeneous porous model approach yield improved pressure and velocity distribution which highlights the importance of wall effects.
Age Does Not Affect the Material Properties of Expanded Polystyrene Liners in Field-Used Bicycle Helmets
Authors: Kroeker Shannon G. , Bonin Stephanie J. , DeMarco Alyssa L. , Good Craig A. , Siegmund Gunter P.
Published: February 2016

Bicycle helmet foam liners absorb energy during impacts. Our goal was to determine if the impact attenuation properties of expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam used in bicycle helmets change with age. Foam cores were extracted from 63 used and unused bicycle helmets from ten different models spanning an age range of 2–20 yrs. All cores were impact tested at a bulk strain rate of 195 s−1. Six dependent variables were determined from the stress–strain curve derived from each impact (yield strain, yield stress, elastic modulus, plateau slope, energy at 65% compression, and stress at 65% compression), and a general linear model was used to assess the effect of age on each dependent variable with density as a covariate. Age did not affect any of the dependent variables; however, greater foam density, which varied from 58 to 100 kg/m3, generated significant increases in all of the dependent variables except for yield strain. Higher density foam cores also exhibited lower strains at which densification began to occur, tended to stay within the plateau region of the stress–strain curve, and were not compressed as much compared with the lower density cores. Based on these data, the impact attenuation properties of EPS foam in field-used bicycle helmets do not degrade with the age.
Drawing Inspiration From Human Design Teams for Better Search and Optimization: The Heterogeneous Simulated Annealing Teams Algorithm
Authors: McComb Christopher , Cagan Jonathan , Kotovsky Kenneth
Published: February 2016

Insights uncovered by research in design cognition are often utilized to develop methods used by human designers; in this work, such insights are used to inform and improve computational methodologies. This paper introduces the heterogeneous simulated annealing team (HSAT) algorithm, a multiagent simulated annealing (MSA) algorithm. HSAT is based on a validated computational model of human-based engineering design and retains characteristics of the model that structure interaction between team members and allow for heterogeneous search strategies to be employed within a team. The performance of this new algorithm is compared to several other simulated annealing (SA) based algorithms on three carefully selected benchmarking functions. The HSAT algorithm provides terminal solutions that are better on average than other algorithms explored in this work.
Remaining Lives of Fatigue Crack Growths for Pipes With Subsurface Flaws and Subsurface-to-Surface Flaw Proximity Rules
Authors: Katsumata Genshichiro , Li Yinsheng , Hasegawa Kunio , Lacroix Valery
Published: February 2016

If a subsurface flaw is located near a component surface, the subsurface flaw is transformed into a surface flaw in accordance with a subsurface-to-surface flaw proximity rule. The recharacterization process from subsurface to surface flaw is adopted in all fitness-for-service (FFS) codes. However, the specific criteria of the recharacterizations are different among the FFS codes. Recently, the authors have proposed a new subsurface-to-surface flaw proximity rule based on experimental data and equivalent fatigue crack growth rate calculations. In this study, fatigue crack growth calculations were carried out for pipes with subsurface flaws, using the proximity rule provided in the current ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Section XI and JSME (The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers) codes and the proposed subsurface-to-surface flaw proximity rule. Different pipe sizes, flaw aspect ratios, and ligament distances from subsurface flaws to inner surface of pipes were taken into account. The results indicate the current proximity rule gives less conservative fatigue lives, when the aspect ratios of the subsurface flaws are small.
Experimental and Computational Thermal Modeling of In Vitro Pin-on-Disk Tests of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene
Authors: Lewicki Kathleen A. , Van Citters Douglas W.
Published: February 2016

Frictional heating occurring during pin-on-flat tribotesting of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) pins was measured and modeled. A full factorial experiment was conducted to determine if testing parameters can produce sufficient frictional heat to alter tribological properties of the bovine serum used as lubricant in the system. Temperature of the surrounding bovine serum was monitored during tribotests using varying pin sizes and sliding speeds to determine typical temperature rises due to frictional heating. This work examined two sliding speeds (40 mm/s and 80 mm/s) and two pin diameters (6.35 mm and 9.5 mm) at a single static load. Gravimetric analysis for wear determination and coefficient of friction measurement were performed for each test. Results showed that frictional heating increased the bulk temperature of the surrounding serum and correlated to sliding speed and average coefficient of friction. No correlation was seen at this temperature range between serum temperature rise and wear rate, providing evidence that the tested parameters are acceptable for tribotesting of UHMWPE. A computational model was developed to predict bulk serum temperature increase. This model closely predicted the temperature increase to within 2 °C, which is sufficient accuracy for identifying if bovine serum protein precipitation is likely during tribotesting. This work serves as an initial estimate and prediction for appropriate testing parameters based on lubricant responses to frictional heating.
Unilateral temporal myositis heralding polymyositis: ultrasonographic and elastographic findings. Case report.
Authors: Damian Laura , Botar Jid Carolina , Rogojan Liliana , Dinu Cristian , Maniu Alma , Fodor Daniela , Rednic Simona , Simon Siao-pin
Published: February 2016

Temporal myositis is a rare inflammatory disease of the temporal muscle. We report a case of unilateral temporal myositis, in which a polymyositis was diagnosed two years thereafter. Although focal myositis may rarely herald polymyositis, isolated temporal myositis preceding inflammatory myopathies has not been described, to our knowledge. In the setting of a temporal pain and swelling, ultrasonography may help in diagnosis, biopsy guidance, disease extension, and progression assessment. Further studies are necessary to establish the role of elastography in differentiating between muscle inflammation and hypertrophy.
Structural tendon changes in patients with acromegaly: assessment of Achilles tendon with sonoelastography.
Authors: Onal Eda Demir , Ipek Ali , Evranos Berna , Idilman Ilkay Sedakat , Cakir Bekir , Ersoy Reyhan
Published: February 2016

Aims: To describe the sonoelastographic appearance of the Achilles tendon in acromegalic patients and to determine whether the blood concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) are associated with the various sonographic elasticity types of Achilles tendons. Material and methods: Eighty-four Achilles tendons of 42 acromegaly patients and 84 Achilles tendons of 42 healthy volunteers were assessed with sonoelastography. The tendons were classified into two main types according to the elasticity features: type 1 blue/green (hard tissue) and type 2 yellow/red within green (intermediate–soft tissue). Two subtypes of these types were also defined. According to the definition, the elasticity of the tissue was in a spectrum ranging from hard to soft as the type progressed from 1a to 2b. Results: The mean thickness of Achilles tendons in patients with acromegaly was significantly higher compared with healthy Achilles tendons (5.1±0.7 mm vs. 4.4±0.5, p<0.001), and patients with active disease had thicker Achilles tendons (5.5±0.8 mm vs. 4.8±0.5 mm in inactive disease, p=0.003). A significantly higher proportion of acromegaly patients had type 2 sonoelastographic appearance of the Achilles tendon (124/252 third; 49.2% vs. 81/252 third; 32.1%, p=0.0001). Activity status of acromegaly and GH/IGF-I levels were similar in patients with different types of elasticity (p>0.05). Conclusions: Sonoelastography revealed structural changes in the tendinous tissue of patients with acromegaly, but it was not sensitive enough to reflect changes in the serum levels of GH/IGF-1.
The use of Doppler ultrasonography for pre- and post-surgery monitoring of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Case report.
Authors: Georgescu Monica Elia , Arbeille Philippe , Dobre Michaela , Stefanescu Victorita
Published: February 2016

A 75 year old male patient was monitored for 3 years by Doppler Ultrasonography (US) for an abdominal aorta aneurysm (AAA). Because the aneurysm increased significantly, an aortic prosthesis was installed via an endovascular procedure. After one month of post-surgery monitoring, both Doppler US exam and contrast enhancement US (CEUS) suspected the presence of a leak at the level of the prosthesis. A new surgical procedure was scheduled and intraoperative arteriography confirmed an endoleak type II. Although not always able to specify the correct type of linkage, CEUS remains a reliable method for investigating  the postoperative complications of AAA.
Refractory knee synovitis due to suprapatellar plica persistence - the role of ultrasonography in diagnosis and management
Authors: Bojinca Violeta , Malitchi Raluca , Micu Mihaela
Published: February 2016

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Contrast enhanced ultrasonography in assessing the treatment response to transarterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Authors: Spârchez Zeno , Mocan Tudor , Radu Pompilia , Anton Ofelia , Bolog Nicolae
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The last decades have known continuous development of therapeutic strategies in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately the disease it still not diagnosed until it is already at an intermediate or even an advanced disease. In these circumstances transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is considered an effective treatment for HCC. The most important independent prognostic factor of both disease free survival and overall survival is the presence of complete necrosis. Therefore, treatment outcomes are dictated by the proper use of radiological imaging. Current guidelines recommend contrast enhanced computer tomography (CECT) as the standard imaging technique for evaluating the therapeutic response in patients with HCC after TACE. One of the most important disadvantage of CECT is the overestimation of tumor response. As an attempt to overcome this limitation contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has gained particular attention as an imaging modality in HCC patients after TACE. Of all available imaging modalities, CEUS performs better in the early and very early assessment of TACE especially after lipiodol TACE. As any other imaging techniques CEUS has disadvantages especially in hypovascular tumors or in cases of tumor multiplicity. Not far from now the current limitations of CEUS will be overcome by the new CEUS techniques that are already tested in clinical practice such as dynamic CEUS with quantification, three-dimensional CEUS or fusion techniques.
A rare case of a giant saphenous vein graft aneurysm with right atrial fistula formation
Authors: Moschonas Konstantinos , Patterson Tiffany , Rajani Ronak , Young Christopher
Published: February 2016

A 57-year-old hypertensive and dyslipidaemic man with a history of coronary artery bypass graft 19 years previously, presented with severe exertional angina and dyspnoea despite optimal anti-ischaemic pharmacological therapy and previous percutaneous coronary intervention to the left circumflex artery. CT revealed an aneurysm of the saphenous vein graft to the posterior left ventricular branch of the right coronary artery. The aneurysm had formed a fistulous connection with the right atrium. Initially, luminal reconstruction with serial stents was deemed the most appropriate treatment strategy. However, the procedure was abandoned due to the inability to visualise the graft distal to the aneurysm and the significant shunt to the right atrium. Surgical correction of the right atrial wall defect and replacement of the diseased grafts led to complete resolution of the patient's symptoms.
Extended longevity and survivorship during amino-acid starvation in a DrosophilaSir2mutant heterozygote
Authors: Slade Jennifer D. , Staveley Brian E.
Published: February 2016

The regulation of energy homeostasis is pivotal to survive periods of inadequate nutrition. A combination of intricate pathways and proteins are responsible for maximizing longevity during such conditions. The sirtuin deacetylase Sir2 is well conserved from single-celled yeast to mammals, and it controls a number of downstream targets that are active during periods of extreme stress. Overexpression of Sir2 has been established to enhance survival of a number of model organisms undergoing calorie restriction, during which insulin receptor signalling (IRS) is reduced, a condition that itself can enhance survivorship during starvation. Increased Sir2 expression and reduced IRS result in an increase in the activity of the transcription factor foxo, an advantageous activation during stress but lethal when overly active. We have found that a lowered gene dosage of Sir2, in mutant heterozygotes, can extend normal longevity and greatly augment survivorship during amino-acid starvation in Drosophila. Additionally, these mutants, in either heterozygous or homozygous form, do not appear to have any disadvantageous effects upon development or cell growth of the organism unlike IRS mutants. These results may advance the understanding of the biological response to starvation and allow for the development of a model organism to mimic the ability of individuals to tolerate nutrient deprivation.
On modules over infinite group rings
Authors: Carlsson Gunnar , Goldfarb Boris
Published: February 2016

Let [Formula: see text] be a commutative ring and [Formula: see text] be an infinite discrete group. The algebraic [Formula: see text]-theory of the group ring [Formula: see text] is an important object of computation in geometric topology and number theory. When the group ring is Noetherian, there is a companion [Formula: see text]-theory of [Formula: see text] which is often easier to compute. However, it is exceptionally rare that the group ring is Noetherian for an infinite group. In this paper, we define a version of [Formula: see text]-theory for any finitely generated discrete group. This construction is based on the coarse geometry of the group. It has some expected properties such as independence from the choice of a word metric. We prove that, whenever [Formula: see text] is a regular Noetherian ring of finite global homological dimension and [Formula: see text] has finite asymptotic dimension and a finite model for the classifying space [Formula: see text], the natural Cartan map from the [Formula: see text]-theory of [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]-theory is an equivalence. On the other hand, our [Formula: see text]-theory is indeed better suited for computation as we show in a separate paper. Some results and constructions in this paper might be of independent interest as we learn to construct projective resolutions of finite type for certain modules over group rings.
A Self-Acquiring Knowledge Process for MCTS
Authors: Fabbri André , Armetta Frédéric , Duchêne Éric , Hassas Salima
Published: February 2016

MCTS (Monte Carlo Tree Search) is a well-known and efficient process to cover and evaluate a large range of states for combinatorial problems. We choose to study MCTS for the Computer Go problem, which is one of the most challenging problem in the field of Artificial Intelligence. For this game, a single combinatorial approach does not always lead to a reliable evaluation of the game states. In order to enhance MCTS ability to tackle such problems, one can benefit from game specific knowledge in order to increase the accuracy of the game state evaluation. Such a knowledge is not easy to acquire. It is the result of a constructivist learning mechanism based on the experience of the player. That is why we explore the idea to endow the MCTS with a process inspired by constructivist learning, to self-acquire knowledge from playing experience. In this paper, we propose a complementary process for MCTS called BHRF (Background History Reply Forest), which allows to memorize efficient patterns in order to promote their use through the MCTS process. Our experimental results lead to promising results and underline how self-acquired data can be useful for MCTS based algorithms.
A PARAMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF CERVICAL DISC PROSTHESES WITH UPWARD AND DOWNWARD NUCLEI ON SPINE BIOMECHANICS
Authors: KAMAL ZEINAB , ROUHI GHOLAMREZA
Published: February 2016

This work aimed at investigating the influence of Baguera and Discocerv cervical disc prostheses, with mobile downward center of rotation (COR) and fixed upward COR, respectively, on the biomechanical behavior of C4–C6 cervical spine. For this purpose, using computed tomography (CT) data, a parametric nonlinear finite element (FE) model of intact C4–C6 spinal segments was developed, and an artificial disc was implanted at C5–C6 level. To assess the influence of implants on the biomechanics of cervical spine, the FE models were analyzed in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation, and the results were presented in the range of motion (ROM) curves, and torsional stiffness. Results of this study, in agreement with the literature, suggested that both Baguera and Discocerv implants might be able to preserve the motion, and limit the alteration of the biomechanics of adjacent levels. Except for the possible confliction of adjacent vertebrae at the implanted level with Baguera implant in lateral bending, results of this study also indicated that the movability and downward COR of Baguera disc prosthesis caused ROMs of the implanted segment to be more similar to the intact model than Discocerv implant. Moreover, the upward COR of Discocerv implant may result in over-distraction on facets in the maximal flexion, with the ratio of 1.22 versus 1.36, and consequently facet syndrome during extension for Bageura and Discocerv disc prostheses, respectively.
Combined experimental and theoretical studies on 4-(2-hydroxy-3-morpholin-4-yl-propoxy)-chromen-2-one
Authors: Priyanka  , Srivastava Sanjay Kumar , Katiyar Diksha
Published: February 2016

The FTIR, UV–Vis and NMR spectra of 4-(2-hydroxy-3-morpholin-4-yl-propoxy)-chromen-2-one (4-HMPC) have been recorded and analyzed. The optimized geometry and harmonic vibrational frequencies of 4-HMPC were obtained by the Hartree–Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) using B3LYP functional with 6-311[Formula: see text]G basis set. The 1H and [Formula: see text]C NMR chemical shifts were calculated by the GIAO method in chloroform. The absorption spectra of 4-HMPC were computed in ethanol and water solutions using TD-B3LYP/6-311[Formula: see text]G(d,p) approach. The correlation of theoretical and experimental results provides a detailed description of the structural and physicochemical properties of the molecule. The results obtained from the studies of HOMO and LUMO were used to calculate the conceptual-DFT-based global reactivity descriptors such as electronic chemical potential, electronegativity, chemical hardness, global softness and electrophilicity index of the compound.