bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recombination in the Genome ofChlamydia trachomatisInvolving the Polymorphic Membrane Protein C Gene Relative toompAand Evidence for Horizontal Gene Transfer
Authors: Gomes João P. , Bruno William J. , Borrego Maria J. , Dean Deborah
Published: June 2004

Genome sequencing ofChlamydia trachomatisserovar D has identified polymorphic membrane proteins (Pmp) that are a newly recognized protein family unique to theChlamydiaceaefamily. Cumulative data suggest that these diverse proteins are expressed on the cell surface and might be immunologically important. We performed phylogenetic analyses and statistical modeling with 18 reference serovars and 1 genovariant ofC. trachomatisto examine the evolutionary characteristics and comparative genetics of PmpC andpmpC, the gene that encodes this protein. We also examined 12 recently isolated ocular and urogenital clinical samples, since reference serovars are laboratory adapted and may not represent strains that are presently responsible for human disease. Phylogenetic reconstructions revealed a clear distinction for disease groups, corresponding to levels of tissue specificity and virulence of the organism. Further, the most prevalent serovars, E, F, and Da, formed a distinct clade. According to the results of comparative genetic analyses, these three genital serovars contained two putative insertion sequence (IS)-like elements with 10- and 15-bp direct repeats, respectively, while all other genital serovars contained one IS-like element. Ocular trachoma serovars also contained both insertions. Previously, no IS-like elements have been identified forChlamydiaceae. Surprisingly, 7 (58%) of 12 clinical isolates revealedpmpCsequences that were identical to the sequences of other serovars, providing clear evidence for a high rate of whole-gene recombination. Recombination and the differential presence of IS-like elements among distinct disease and prevalence groups may contribute to genome plasticity, which may lead to adaptive changes in tissue tropism and pathogenesis over the course of the organism's evolution.
Group I Intron Homing inBacillusPhages SPO1 and SP82: a Gene Conversion Event Initiated by a Nicking Homing Endonuclease
Authors: Landthaler Markus , Lau Nelson C. , Shub David. A.
Published: June 2004

Many group I introns encode endonucleases that promote intron homing by initiating a double-stranded break-mediated homologous recombination event. In this work we describe intron homing inBacillus subtilisphages SPO1 and SP82. The introns encode the DNA endonucleases I-HmuI and I-HmuII, respectively, which belong to the H-N-H endonuclease family and possess nicking activity in vitro. Coinfections ofB. subtiliswith intron-minus and intron-plus phages indicate that I-HmuI and I-HmuII are required for homing of the SPO1 and SP82 introns, respectively. The homing process is a gene conversion event that does not require the majorB. subtilisrecombination pathways, suggesting that the necessary functions are provided by phage-encoded factors. Our results provide the first examples of H-N-H endonuclease-mediated intron homing and the first demonstration of intron homing initiated by a nicking endonuclease.
Variation in the Effectors of the Type III Secretion System among
Photorhabdus
Species as Revealed by Genomic Analysis
Authors: Brugirard-Ricaud Karine , Givaudan Alain , Parkhill Julian , Boemare Noel , Kunst Frank , Zumbihl Robert , Duchaud Eric
Published: June 2004

Entomopathogenic bacteria of the genus
Photorhabdu
s harbor a type III secretion system. This system was probably acquired prior to the separation of the species within this genus. Furthermore, the core components of the secretion machinery are highly conserved but the predicted effectors differ between
Photorhabdus luminescens
and
P. asymbiotica
, two highly related species with different hosts.
Characterization of Tn
916
S, a Tn
916
-Like Element Containing the Tetracycline Resistance Determinant
tet
(S)
Authors: Lancaster Holli , Roberts Adam P. , Bedi Raman , Wilson Michael , Mullany Peter
Published: June 2004

We have characterized a transferable tetracycline resistance (Tc
r
) element from a
Streptococcus intermedius
isolate. The gene responsible for this resistance was identified by PCR and Southern hybridization as
tet
(S). Furthermore, the genetic support for this determinant was shown to be a conjugative transposon closely related to Tn
916
. This element has been designated Tn
916
S.
ALGEBRAIC APPROACH TO THE 1/N EXPANSION IN QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
Authors: HOLLANDS STEFAN
Published: June 2004

The 1/N expansion in quantum field theory is formulated within an algebraic framework. For a scalar field taking values in the N by N hermitian matrices, we rigorously construct the gauge invariant interacting quantum field operators in the sense of power series in 1/N and the 't Hooft coupling parameter as members of an abstract *-algebra. The key advantages of our algebraic formulation over the usual formulation of the 1/N expansion in terms of Green's functions are (i) that it is completely local so that infrared divergencies in massless theories are avoided on the algebraic level and (ii) that it admits a generalization to quantum field theories on globally hypberbolic Lorentzian curved spacetimes. We expect that our constructions are also applicable in models possessing local gauge invariance such as Yang–Mills theories.

The 1/N expansion of the renormalization group flow is constructed on the algebraic level via a family of *-isomorphisms between the algebras of interacting field observables corresponding to different scales. We also consider k-parameter deformations of the interacting field algebras that arise from reducing the symmetry group of the model to a diagonal subgroup with k factors. These parameters smoothly interpolate between situations of different symmetry.
IS NEUTRALINO DARK MATTER POSSIBLE IN THE SUPERSTRING THEORY?
Authors: POLLOCK M. D.
Published: June 2004

In the heterotic superstring theory, the decay constant of the QCD axion lies within the range 3×1016≲fa GeV ≲1018, the lower limit referring to the model-independent axion, while the upper limit is due to dimension-five, non-renormalizable effects first calculated by Cvetič. Consequently, the neutralino χ0, assumed to be a nearly pure B-ino, decays into the axino ã on the time scale obtained by Covi et al., [Formula: see text], which is ≲10-3 times the age of the Universe t0≈4×1017 s , but can only be made less than the time t≈1 s of the onset of Big-Bang nucleosynthesis by revising mχ0 to an unnaturally high level, mχ0≳500 TeV . Therefore, it is necessary to set the coefficient Ca YY =0, which is possible for the Kim–Shifman–Vainshtein–Zakharov invisible-axion model if the electric charge q c of the heavy-quark colour representation C vanishes. The neutralino does not then decay and can constitute some fraction of the dark matter of the Universe, depending upon the value of mχ0 (for a gaugino-dominated state, [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is the SU(2) singlet slepton). The consequences of an ultra-light axion with fa≈1018 GeV are also discussed.
NEUTRINO SPECTRUM DISTORTION DUE TO OSCILLATIONS AND ITS BBN EFFECT
Authors: KIRILOVA DANIELA
Published: June 2004

We study the distortion of electron neutrino energy spectrum due to oscillations with the sterile neutrino νe↔νs, for different initial populations of the sterile state δNs at the onset of oscillations. The influence of this spectrum distortion on Big Bang Nucleosynthesis is analyzed. Only the case of an initially empty sterile state was studied in previous publications.

The primordial abundance of 4He is calculated for all possible δNs:0≤δNs≤1 in the model of oscillations, effective after electron neutrino decoupling, for which the spectrum distortion effects on the neutron–proton transitions are the strongest.

It is found that the spectrum distortion effect may be dominant, not only in the case of small δNs, but also in the case of large initial population of νs. For example, in the resonant case it may play a considerable role even for very large δNs~0.8. Cosmological constraints on neutrino mixing for small δNs are discussed.
A STUDY OF THE DE BROGLIE GRAVITATIONAL WAVES
Authors: FEOLI ANTONIO , VALLURI SREERAM
Published: June 2004

We study some interesting properties of the de Broglie gravitational waves. In particular, we investigate the properties of the polarization and the energy momentum tensor and the geodesic deviation associated with these waves. We observe that the polarization tensor has both transverse and longitudinal components and depends on the wave number. We find a new effect which does not occur in the standard gravitational waves. Our waves are responsible of a longitudinal shift of test particles placed along the direction of propagation. The amplitude of the shift decreases when the velocity of the source becomes closer to the speed of light; so slow massive particles must be used for an experimental test of the theory.
REINFORCED URN PROCESSES FOR MODELING CREDIT DEFAULT DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: AMERIO EMANUELE , MULIERE PIETRO , SECCHI PIERCESARE
Published: June 2004

Based on a Reinforced Urn Process introduced by Muliere et al. [11], we propose a stochastic model for the probability of credit default for debt issuers belonging to the same Moody's rated class. The model predicts how a default probability belonging to a given term structure evolves in time as information about credit defaults of debt issuers with the same Moody's rating becomes available. Connections between implied credit default probabilities and credit spreads will be exploited.
Knowledge Sharing Culture: A Case Study
Authors: Handzic Meliha , Agahari Don
Published: June 2004

This paper reports a case study of a knowledge sharing culture in a large Australian consulting firm, Deloitte. An exploratory study was conducted to examine the extent to which knowledge sharing behaviour occurs within Deloitte and its relationships with the firm's core values, structures and practices. The study identified widespread knowledge sharing behaviour as demonstrated by a high degree of communication and collaboration activities. It also identified the firm's core values and corresponding procedures that cultivated trust, redundancy, staff empowerment, motivation and remuneration. Structures and practices were also found to convey a high degree of leadership commitment and provision for continuous learning.
QUANTUM STATISTICAL ENTROPY OF KERR–DE SITTER BLACK HOLE
Authors: DING TIAN-RAN , ZHAO REN
Published: June 2004

By using the method of the membrane model, we derive the entropy of the black hole in non-thermal equilibrium states, and discuss the (n+2)-dimensional de Sitter space-time. We show that the entropy of the black hole in the non-equilibrium state comprises two parts: one is the entropy corresponding to the black hole horizon; the other is the entropy corresponding to the cosmic horizon. Furthermore, we show that the entropy is the inherent property of the black hole and is irrelevant to the radiation field outside the horizon. This deepens our recognition of the relation between the entropy of the black hole and the area of the horizon. We provide a new way by which the bosonic and fermionic entropy of the black hole in higher dimensional non-equilibrium space-time is studied.
pH-dependent modulation of Kv1.3 inactivation: role of His399
Authors: Somodi Sándor , Varga Zoltán , Hajdu Péter , Starkus John G. , Levy Daniel I. , Gáspár Rezső , Panyi György
Published: June 2004

The Kv1.3 K+ channel lacks N-type inactivation, but during prolonged depolarized periods it inactivates via the slow (P/C type) mechanism. It bears a titratable histidine residue in position 399 (equivalent of Shaker 449), a site known to influence the rate of slow inactivation. As opposed to several other voltage-gated K+ channels, slow inactivation of Kv1.3 is slowed when extracellular pH (pHo) is lowered under physiological conditions. Our findings are as follows. First, when His399 was mutated to a lysine, arginine, leucine, valine or tyrosine, extracellular acidification (pH 5.5) accelerated inactivation reminiscent of other Kv channels. Second, inactivation of the wild-type channel was accelerated by low pHo when the ionic strength of the external solution was raised. Inactivation of the H399K mutant was also accelerated by high ionic strength at pH 7.35 but not the inactivation of H399L. Third, after the external application of blocking barium ions, recovery of the wild-type current during washout was slower in low pHo. Fourth, the dissociation rate of Ba2+ was pH insensitive for both H399K and H399L. Furthermore, Ba2+ dissociation rates were equal for H399K and the wild type at pH 5.5 and were equal for H399L and the wild type at pH 7.35. These observations support a model in which the electric field of the protonated histidines creates a potential barrier for potassium ions just outside the external mouth of the pore that hinders their exit from the binding site controlling inactivation. In Kv1.3, this effect overrides the generally observed speeding of slow inactivation when pHo is reduced.
Late systolic onset of regional LV relaxation demonstrated in three-dimensional space by MRI tissue tagging
Authors: Rosen Boaz D. , Gerber Bernhard L. , Edvardsen Thor , Castillo Ernesto , Amado Luciano C. , Nasir Khurram , Kraitchman Dara L. , Osman Nael F. , Bluemke David A. , Lima João A. C.
Published: June 2004

Left ventricular (LV) relaxation entails myocardial deformation that induces LV filling. Yet, the precise mechanisms of the earliest changes in tissue properties that characterize myocardial relaxation remain incompletely understood. Ten healthy volunteers (seven males), 25–43 yr, underwent tagged and cine MRI with high temporal resolution (25–35 ms). Normal strains including radial ( Err), circumferential ( Ecc), and longitudinal ( Ell) strains, shear strains including Ecl (circumferential-longitudinal), Ecr (circumferential-radial), and Erl (radial-longitudinal), and principal strains ( E1, E2, and E3) were calculated using a displacement field-fitting method. Temporal changes in angular strains indicative of shear and torsion release and normal strains were studied during late systole and early relaxation. The onset of individual relaxation strains was heterogeneous relative to LV filling. Shear strains ( Ecr, Erl, and Ecl) and radial thinning were first to develop. Times of onset of Ecr, Erl, Ecl, and Err occurred 108, 93, 67, and 73 ms before aortic valve closure, respectively. Ell, Ecc, and LV volume change commenced significantly later after the onset of diastolic shear strains and radial thinning. The onset of Ecc, Ell, and LV volume change was noted 38 ms before aortic valve closure ( P ≤ 0.05 relative to the onset of shear strains and Err). Myocardial relaxation is characterized by a three-dimensional unfolding deformation that includes release of torsion, shear, and radial thinning beginning before aortic valve closure. This unfolding pattern precedes longitudinal and circumferential elongation and may facilitate early diastolic filling.
PCB disruption of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis involves brain glucocorticoid receptor downregulation in anadromous Arctic charr
Authors: Aluru Neelakanteswar , Jorgensen Even H. , Maule Alec G. , Vijayan Mathilakath M.
Published: June 2004

We examined whether brain glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modulation by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was involved in the abnormal cortisol response to stress seen in anadromous Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus). Fish treated with Aroclor 1254 (0, 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg body mass) were maintained for 5 mo without feeding in the winter to mimic their seasonal fasting cycle, whereas a fed group with 0 and 100 mg/kg Aroclor was maintained for comparison. Fasting elevated plasma cortisol levels and brain GR content but depressed heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) and interrenal cortisol production capacity. Exposure of fasted fish to Aroclor 1254 resulted in a dose-dependent increase in brain total PCB content. This accumulation in fish with high PCB dose was threefold higher in fasted fish compared with fed fish. PCBs depressed plasma cortisol levels but did not affect in vitro interrenal cortisol production capacity in fasted charr. At high PCB dose, the brain GR content was significantly lower in the fasted fish and this corresponded with a lower brain hsp70 and hsp90 content. The elevation of plasma cortisol levels and upregulation of brain GR content may be an important adaptation to extended fasting in anadromous Arctic charr, and this response was disrupted by PCBs. Taken together, the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis is a target for PCB impact during winter emaciation in anadromous Arctic charr.
Glycated albumin activates PAI-1 transcription through Smad DNA binding sites in mesangial cells
Authors: Lee Hyun Soon , Moon Kyung Chul , Song Chi Young , Kim Bong Cho , Wang Suxia , Hong Hye Kyoung
Published: June 2004

Amadori-modified glycated albumin stimulates extracellular matrix and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) expression in cultured mesangial cells. Smad proteins transduce the TGF-β-mediated signal, and Smad-binding CAGA sequences are present in the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) promoter. This study examined whether glycated albumin induces PAI-1 transcription in human mesangial cells (HMC) through Smad-binding sites in the PAI-1 promoter. Quiescent HMC were exposed to 200 μg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA) or glycated BSA (Gly-BSA) for 12–72 h. At 24 h, Gly-BSA stimulated TGF-β1and PAI-1 mRNA expression in HMC to 1.8 and 3.2 times that in the BSA-treated control cells. Gly-BSA also activated the PAI-1 promoter luciferase activity 2.3-fold. Gly-BSA-treated cells enhanced Smad2 and Smad3 protein levels 2.5 times the control levels in the nuclei. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay performed using CAGA sequences as a probe showed that Gly-BSA increased DNA/protein complexes. When nuclear extracts were preincubated with 100-fold molar excess of unlabeled CAGA oligonucleotide, the formation of complex was prevented. The DNA-binding protein was shown to be Smad3 by antibody supershift. Transfection of phosphorothioate CAGA oligonucleotide, a CAGA antisense analog, inhibited Gly-BSA-induced PAI-1 mRNA expression. Cotransfection of phosphorothioate CAGA oligonucleotides with PAI-1 reporter vector also blocked Gly-BSA-induced PAI-1 promoter luciferase activity. These results indicate that Gly-BSA increases DNA binding activity of Smad3 and that it stimulates PAI-1 transcription through Smad-binding CAGA sequences in the PAI-1 promoter in HMC. Thus progression of diabetic nephropathy may be promoted by PAI-1 upregulation mediated by the glycated albumin-induced Smad/DNA interactions.
Modulation of epithelial Na+channel activity by long-chain n–3 fatty acids
Authors: Mies Frédérique , Shlyonsky Vadim , Goolaerts Arnaud , Sariban-Sohraby Sarah
Published: June 2004

The epithelial sodium channel is found in apical membranes of a variety of native epithelial tissues, where it regulates sodium and fluid balance. In vivo, a number of hormones and other endogenous factors, including polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), regulate these channels. We tested the effects of essential n–3 and n–6 PUFAs on amiloride-sensitive sodium transport in A6 epithelial cells. Eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA; C20:5(n–3)] transiently stimulated amiloride-sensitive open-circuit current ( INa) from 4.0 ± 0.3 to 7.7 ± 0.3 μA/cm2within 30 min ( P < 0.001). No activation was seen in the presence of 10 μM amiloride. In cell-attached but not in cell-excised patches, EPA acutely increased the open probability of sodium channels from 0.45 ± 0.08 to 0.63 ± 0.10 ( P = 0.02, paired t-test). n–6 PUFAs, including linoleic acid (C18:2), eicosatetraynoic acid (C20:4), and docosapentanoic acid (C22:5) had no effect, whereas n–3 docosahexanoic acid (C22:6) activated amiloride-sensitive INain a manner similar to EPA. Activation of INaby EPA was prevented by H-89, a PKA inhibitor. Similarly, PKA activity was stimulated by EPA. Nonspecific stimulation of phosphodiesterase activity by CoCl2completely prevented the effect of EPA on sodium transport. We conclude that n–3 PUFAs activate epithelial sodium channels downstream of cAMP in a cAMP-dependent pathway also involving PKA.
Adult skeletal muscle stem cells differentiate into endothelial lineage and ameliorate renal dysfunction after acute ischemia
Authors: Arriero Maria , Brodsky Sergey V. , Gealekman Olga , Lucas Paul A. , Goligorsky Michael S.
Published: June 2004

We previously demonstrated that endothelial cells are severely damaged during renal ischemia-reperfusion and that transplantation of adult human endothelial cells into athymic nude rats subjected to renal ischemia resulted in a dramatic protection of the kidney against injury and dysfunction. Morphological studies demonstrated the engraftment of transplanted cells into renal microvasculature. The goal of the present study was to determine the potential efficacy of in vitro expanded skeletal muscle-derived stem cells (MDSC) differentiated along the endothelial lineage in ameliorating acute renal injury. MDSC obtained from the Tie-2-green fluorescent protein (GFP) mice were used as donors of differentiated and nondifferentiated stem cells. FVB mice, used as recipients, were subjected to renal ischemia and transplanted with the above MDSC. The differentiation of MDSC along the endothelial lineage was monitored by the appearance of Tie-2 promotor-driven expression of GFP. These mouse endothelial cell antigen-, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-, Flk-1-, Flt-1-, and CD31-positive cells engrafted into renal microvasculature and significantly protected short-term renal function after ischemia. Transplantation of nondifferentiated MDSC characterized by the expression of Sca-1 (low levels of CD34, Flk-1, and cKit, and negative for GFP, eNOS, and CD31) did not improve short-term renal dysfunction. In conclusion, the data 1) provide a rich source of MDSC, 2) delineate protocols for their in vitro expansion and differentiation along the endothelial lineage, and 3) demonstrate their efficacy in preserving renal function immediately after ischemic insult.
A Developmental Switch in Acute Sensitization of Small Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) Neurons to Capsaicin or Noxious Heating by NGF
Authors: Zhu Weiguo , Galoyan Sam M. , Petruska Jeffrey C. , Oxford Gerry S. , Mendell Lorne M.
Published: June 2004

Using dissociated rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, we have explored the ability of nerve growth factor (NGF) to acutely (within minutes) sensitize responses of nociceptors to capsaicin or noxious heat during postnatal development. While robust sensitization of noxious heat or capsaicin responses by NGF is observed in adult DRG neurons, responses to such stimuli in trkA-positive neurons from early postnatal animals are not sensitized by NGF. Neurons acquire sensitivity to the hyperalgesic effects of NGF between postnatal days 4 and 10 (P4–P10). In contrast to NGF, bradykinin sensitizes responses to noxious heat in both adult and neonatal DRG neurons. These observations suggest a developmental switch in signal transduction cascades linking trkA receptors to hyperalgesia during postnatal development and differences in the signaling pathways mediating bradykinin- and NGF-induced sensitization.
Differences Between Stereocilia Numbers on Type I and Type II Vestibular Hair Cells
Authors: Moravec W. J. , Peterson E. H.
Published: June 2004

A major outstanding goal of vestibular neuroscience is to understand the distinctive functional roles of type I and type II hair cells. One important question is whether these two hair cell types differ in bundle structure. To address this, we have developed methods to characterize stereocilia numbers on identified type I and type II hair cells in the utricle of a turtle, Trachemys scripta. Our data indicate that type I hair cells, which occur only in the striola, average 95.9 ±16.73 (SD) stereocilia per bundle. In contrast, striolar type II hair cells have 59.9 ± 8.98 stereocilia, and type II hair cells in the adjacent extrastriola average 44.8 ± 10.82 stereocilia. Thus type I hair cells have the highest stereocilia counts in the utricle. These results provide the first direct evidence that type I hair cells have significantly more stereocilia than type II hair cells, and they suggest that the two hair cell types may differ in bundle mechanics and peak mechanoelectric transduction currents.
Visual and Saccade-Related Activity in Macaque Posterior Cingulate Cortex
Authors: Dean Heather L. , Crowley Justin C. , Platt Michael L.
Published: June 2004

Previous neurophysiological studies have reported that neurons in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) respond after eye movements, and that these responses may vary with ambient illumination. In monkeys, PCC neurons also respond after the illumination of large visual patterns but not after the illumination of small visual targets on either reflexive saccade tasks or peripheral attention tasks. These observations suggest that neuronal activity in PCC is modulated by behavioral context, which varies with the timing and spatial distribution of visual and oculomotor events. To test this hypothesis, we measured the spatial and temporal response properties of single PCC neurons in monkeys performing saccades in which target location and movement timing varied unpredictably. Specifically, an unsignaled delay between target onset and movement onset permitted us to temporally dissociate changes in PCC activity associated with either event. Response fields constructed from these data demonstrated that many PCC neurons were activated after the illumination of small contralateral visual targets, as well as after the onset of contraversive saccades guided by those targets. In addition, the PCC population maintained selectivity for small contralateral targets during delays of up to 600 ms. Overall, PCC activation was highly variable trial to trial and selective for a broad range of directions and amplitudes. Planar functions described response fields nearly as well as broadly tuned 2-dimensional Gaussian functions. Additionally, the overall responsiveness of PCC neurons decreased during delays when both a fixation stimulus and a saccade target were visible, suggesting a modulation by divided attention. Finally, the strength of the neuronal response after target onset was correlated with saccade accuracy on delayed-saccade trials. Thus PCC neurons may signal salient visual and oculomotor events, consistent with a role in visual orienting and attention.
The Influences of the Family of Origin on Career Development
Authors: Whiston Susan C. , Keller Briana K.
Published: June 2004

Based on a developmental contextual perspective advocated by Vondracek, Lerner, and Schulenberg, this article provides a comprehensive review of the research published since 1980related to family of origin influences on career developmentandoccupational choice. Because individuals are most likely to seek assistance with career decisions from family members, it is important that counseling psychologists understand how families can have a positive influence and facilitate career development. Influential family contextual factors are identified within four developmentallevels (i.e., children, adolescents, college students/young adults, and adults). Across the lifespan, both family structure variables (e.g., parents’ occupations) and family process variables (e.g., warmth, support, attachment, autonomy) were found to influence a host of career constructs; however, the process by which families influence career development is complex and is affected by many contextual factors such as race, gender, and age. Based on this comprehensivereview, implicationsfor counselingresearch andpracticeare discussed.
From Whence We Came
Authors: Heppner Mary J. , Scott Anne B.
Published: June 2004

As Whiston and Keller’s integrative review illuminates, several contextual factors (e.g., particularly sex and race) have begun to receive attention in the past 20 years in the career development literature. Their review also demonstrates that social class and socioeconomic status (SES), as contextual variables, have not. Authors of this reaction hypothesizeaboutwhy this maybe the case. They alsoarguefor the importanceof investigating the entire spectrum of social class—lower, middle, and upper. In addition, recent methodological advances, such as the social class worldview model and instrumentation, which emphasize the potential power of subjective perceptions of class, are also highlighted. The authors urge us to go beyond merely acknowledging our lack of understanding of this potentially critical variable to developing a rigorous research agenda that places social class and SES variables at the core.
Moving from the Inside Out
Authors: Blustein David L.
Published: June 2004

This article provides a reaction to the Whiston and Keller’s major contribution on the relationships between family of origin and the career development process. Initially, some of the most noteworthy lessons conveyed in the Whiston and Keller article are highlighted, followed by a description of the next steps in research and theory construction that their article suggests. The use of relational perspectives as an organizing framework for subsequent studies of the linkages between interpersonal relationships and vocational behavior is advocated.A recommendationis made to use the “psychology of working” perspective to include individuals who experience little if any volition in their vocationalchoices in future theoretical, research, andpractice efforts regardingrelationships and work.
A Family Therapist’s Reaction to “the Influences of the Family of Origin on Career Development: A Review and Analysis”
Authors: Alderfer Charleen
Published: June 2004

This reaction to Whiston and Keller is that of a family therapist with great respect for the amount of work the article represents. Two theories of family therapy, structural and Bowenian, are discussed with particular attention to the contributions each can make in understanding the influences of families on career choices. The functional and dysfunctional family processes and dynamics of each theory are considered. Examples of how either family structure might influence career choices are included. The need for cooperative research between family therapists and counselors is stressed.
When Will We Start Fertilizing the Brown Spots?
Authors: Flores Lisa Y. , Ali Saba Rasheed
Published: June 2004

In this article, the current state of multicultural vocational research on family of origin issues are evaluated and assessed based on Whiston and Keller’s review. Previous calls to researchers are highlighted and suggestions are provided for future vocational researchers engaging in multicultural studies.
The Career Development Influence of Family of Origin
Authors: Brown Michael T.
Published: June 2004

Family of origin is probably the single most potent determinant of career development and one means by which the sociopolitical salience of race and class are translated into individualcareer trajectories, perhaps most significantly for those of racial/ethnicgroup minorities. However, Whiston and Keller’s critical analysis reveals that scholars have paid little attention to the relation between race/ethnic group membership and key family influencevariables.Inaddition, althoughsocioeconomicclass hasbeen shownto beparticularly influential, a readingof that analysis suggests questions aboutwhether the most important family of origin variables have been investigated. In this article, the author identifies family variables and correlates of likely importance in understanding the career development of persons from diverse racial/ethnic group minorities and diverse social strata. Future scholarship might be advanced by considering race and class in an integrated and psychologically relevant framework.
Friendship Expectations of Early Adolescents in Cuba and Canada
Authors: GonzáLez Yorkys Santana , Moreno Digno Silot , Schneider Barry H.
Published: June 2004

Concepts of friendshipmay reflect the collectivism or individualismof societies or differences in their social structures. We asked Canadian ( N = 300) and Cuban ( N = 294) adolescents to write essays about the features that distinguish their best friends. Acceptance and loyalty were frequent features in the essays from both countries. Despite many cross-national similarities, there were significant differences in the frequency of responses referring to the intimacy potential of the friendship. These responses, which are of particular theoretical importance, were more common in the Cuban data. The Cuban participants also emphasized reciprocal help and admiration of their best friends’characters more frequently than did the Canadian participants. Shared pastimes and a shared history of prior social interaction were more frequent in the Canadian essays. These results provide some confirmation that friendship reasoning reflects the collectivism or individualism of the surrounding society.
Arab Attributions for the Attack on America
Authors: Sidanius Jim , Henry P. J. , Pratto Felicia , Levin Shana
Published: June 2004

There are at least two major ways of understanding the attributions that Arab young people used to explain the September 11th attack on the World Trade Center: (a) in terms of a so-called clash of civilizations or an inherent conflict between Muslim and Western values or (b) in terms of an antidominance reaction to perceived American and Israeli oppression of Arabs in general and Palestinians in particular. The authors compare the relative validities of these two framings using a sample of Lebanese students from the American University of Beirut. The results from analysis of variance, regression, and structural equation modeling showed strong, clear, andconsistentsupportforthe antidominance attributionsandessentially nosupport for the clash-of-civilizations attributions.
Chinese and Dutch Interpretations of Supervisory Feedback
Authors: Van De Vliert Evert , Shi Kan , Sanders Karin , Wang Yongli , Huang Xu
Published: June 2004

Ina Chinese-Dutchscenariostudy( N = 433students), the authorsinvestigated subordinates’covert reactions to supervisory feedback. The study consisted of a 2 (personal orientation: collectivist vs. individualist) × 2 (performance perspective: collective vs. individual) × 2 (feedback favorability: positive vs. negative) completely crossed factorial design. The dependent variables were feedback quality, relational quality, emotional responses, and behavioral intentions. The authors found that feedback quality and relational quality tend to be higher for matched collectivist—collective and individualist—individual situations than for mismatched situations. They also found that collective situations enhance constructive behavioral intentions more than do individual situations and that positive feedback produces better information, better relationships, more pleasant emotions, and more constructive behavioral intentions than does equivalent negative feedback.
Ethnic Differences in Coping with Interpersonal Stressors
Authors: Lam Amy G. , Zane Nolan W. S.
Published: June 2004

This study examines ethnic differences in how Asian and White American students cope with interpersonal stressors and tests whether differences in self-construals mediate the relationship between ethnicity and coping. Asian Americans were found to be more oriented toward secondary control and less oriented toward primary control than White Americans. Independent self-construal fully mediated the ethnic difference in primary control. Greater orientation toward an independent self-construal accounted for the greater use of primary control among Whites, in relation to Asians. Interdependent self-construal partially mediated the ethnic difference in secondary control. Greater orientation toward an interdependent self-construal accountedforthe greateruse ofsecondarycontrolamongAsians, in relationto Whites. Otherfactors, suchas structural variables, may account for further ethnic variations in secondary control coping.
A Theory of Uncertainty Orientation
Authors: Shuper Paul A. , Sorrentino Richard M. , Otsubo Yasunao , Hodson Gordon , Walker A. Marie
Published: June 2004

The present study investigates whether Canadian and Japanese university students differ in how they deal with uncertainty. In addition to examining individual differences in uncertainty orientation, Weinstein's measure of unrealistic optimism and Hofstede’s measures of uncertainty avoidance and individualism-collectivism were examined. Participants were 535 Canadian and Japanese undergraduate men and women. In support of the main prediction, Canadian students were found to be more uncertainty oriented (UO) as compared to Japanese students, who were more certainty oriented(CO) ( p< .001). It is interesting to note that significant Uncertainty Orientation Country interactions on the additional measures were also found. Whereas COs showed high levels of unrealistic optimism and uncertainty avoidance and low levels of individualism in Canada, UOs showed this pattern in Japan. These differences are consistent with the theory of uncertainty orientation in terms of whether cultural orientations toward uncertainty match or do not match one’s self-regulatory style
Cameroonian Forms of Collectivism and Individualism
Authors: PirttilÄ-Backman Anna-Maija , Kassea B. Raul , Ikonen Terhi
Published: June 2004

The aim of this study was to investigate collectivism and individualism in Cameroon. Cameroonians were hypothesized to be more collectivist than individualist and the women to be more collectivist than the men. Specific regional characteristics were also assumed. Four-hundred and fifteen students (university and senior high school) in three different areas filled in questionnaires including the Singelis, Triandis, Bhawuk, and Gelfand (1995)and the Triandis, Chen, and Chan (1998)scales. Later, a groupof university students discussed the preliminary results with the researchers. Cameroonians were shown to be more collectivist than individualist. The women were more individualist than the men. This unexpected finding could be interpreted in terms of the everyday struggles of women. Those in the northern area were more collectivist than those in the central area, and those in the western area fell between the two. The convergence of the results confirm the suitability of the conceptual distinction.
“What, Me Ashamed?” Shame Management and School Bullying
Authors: Ahmed Eliza , Braithwaite Valerie
Published: June 2004

This study focuses on the prediction of self-initiated bullying from family, school, personality, and shame management variables. Reintegrative shaming theory provided a theoretical framework for data gathered from students (n = 1,401) and their parents (n = 978). To test the importance of shame management in relation to bullying, the MOSS-SASD instrument (Management Of Shame State-Shame Acknowledgment and Shame Displacement) was developed. Bullying was related to a child’s unacknowledged shame and its displacement to other-directed blame and anger. The results of path analysis indicated that shame management partially mediated the effects of family, school, and personality variables on bullying. The implications of these findings for creating a safer school environment are discussed.
Using Functional Theory to Promote Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Testing
Authors: Hullett Craig R.
Published: June 2004

This article reports two studies testing the use of the functional theory of attitudes and arousal of guilt in motivating college students to get tested for genital herpes and chlamydia. Value-expressive appeals to get tested for the benevolent purpose of protecting sexual partners could be effective if that goal is desired by message targets who are sexually active and unaware of their sexually transmitted disease status. The appeals’ effectiveness is increased by the arousal of guilt in response to the recognition that failing to get tested is a violation of that value. A model detailing the mediating processes is found to be consistent with the data across two studies. Study 1 found that value-expressive messages tying the importance of getting tested for herpes to the goal of protecting the health of sexual partners is related to increased intentions toward getting tested; being healthy oneself is additional motivation for chlamydia in Study 2.
The Freeway Fight in Washington, D.C.
Authors: Schrag Zachary M.
Published: June 2004

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the proposed Three Sisters Bridge over the Potomac River became one of the most prominent controversies in the national debate over urban freeway construction. Because of the District of Columbia’s uniquefederal status, both highway advocates and opponentssaw the bridgeas a mat- ter of national importance. Previous accounts of the bridge’s defeat and of other highway protests have fo- cused on street demonstrations and grassroots organizations. This article highlights the role of elite highway protestors, who not only fought the bridge with lawsuits and studies but who also penetrated the Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon administrations, creating a freeway revolt within the federal government. Their actions defeated the Three Sisters Bridge and helped move federal transportation policy away from inflexible insistence on urban freeways.
Stop the Road
Authors: Mohl Raymond A.
Published: June 2004

This article analyzes the freeway revolts that erupted in American cities in the 1960s and early 1970s. Until the mid-1960s, state and federal highway engineers had complete control over freeway route locations. In many cities, the new highways ripped through neighborhoods, parks, historic districts, and environmentally sensitive areas. Beginning in San Francisco, citizen movements sprang up to challenge the highwaymen. New federal legislation in the 1960s gradually imposed restraints on highway engineers, providing freeway fighters with grounds for legal action. Leaders in the new U.S. Department of Transportation pushed for a more balanced transportation system and more sensitive highway decision making. Case studies of freeway building and citizen opposition in Miami and Baltimore illustrate larger patterns of the national freeway revolt.
Union Terminal
Authors: Hahn Barbara
Published: June 2004

Early city plans situated railroads to clear slums, linking the long-standing infrastructure interests of businessmen to the agendas of Progressive reformers. In Cincinnati, nineteenth-century business leaders advocated railroad construction and reorganization to institute reasonable freight rates. In the twentieth century, they achieved their desires by establishing a mandate in municipal government for the new profession of urban planning, with its political power to shape the physical city and the use of private property within it.
Whittier Boulevard, Sixth Street Bridge, and the Origins of Transportation Exploitation in East Los Angeles
Authors: Roth Matthew W.
Published: June 2004

Faced with immense increases in automobile traffic, during the 1920s, Los Angeles city engineers improved Whittier Boulevard through the east side. To keep costs low, the engineers took land from parks and playgrounds. In short, local residents, mostly lower-income Mexican Americans, Jews, and other “undesirables,” wouldpaythe social costs ofhighway buildingin East Los Angeles.By the 1940s,poorlyde-signed roads helped fuel the reformist politics of Edward Roybal but also helped state transportation planners to justify extensive freeway constructionin the area. Spatial exploitationforhighways contributed to the projection of place-based ethnic identity among the Mexican American people who became a majority of east side population after World War II.
In the Heart of Darkness
Authors: Baldwin Peter C.
Published: June 2004

In the gaslight era of the mid-1800s, affluent urban Americans worried that any interruption of artificial lighting might set off crime and rioting among the lower classes. Gas lighting seems to have helped middle- class Americans make sense of their place in the chaotic urbanlandscape. In an era when differences in light- ing were a marker of status, blackouts threatened to level a fragile social hierarchy. When the lights failed, so did confidence in the social order. The shock and even panic that accompanied mid-nineteenth-century blackouts can be seen in the reactions of Philadelphians in 1868, Bostonians in 1872, and New Yorkers in 1848, 1871, and 1873. Unlike in the aftermath of the notorious 1977 New York City Blackout, though, tech- nology itself was not blamed or viewed with suspicion; rather, it was thought to be what stood between civilization and anarchy.
Theorizing Land-Cover and Land-Use Change: The Case of Tropical Deforestation
Authors: Walker Robert
Published: June 2004

This article addresses land-cover and land-use dynamics from the perspective of regional science and economic geography. It first provides an account of the so-called spatially explicit model, which has emerged in recent years as a key empirical approach to the issue. The article uses this discussion as a springboard to evaluate the potential utility of von Thünen to the discourse on land-cover and land-use change. After identifying shortcomings of current theoretical approaches to land use in mainly urban models, the article filters a discussion of deforestation through the lens of bid-rent and assesses its effectiveness in helping us comprehend the destruction of tropical forest in the Amazon basin. The article considers the adjustments that would have to be made to existing theory to make it more useful to the empirical issues.
Modeling Deforestation at Distinct Geographic Scales and Time Periods in Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Authors: Mertens BenoÎt , Kaimowitz David , Puntodewo Atie , Vanclay Jerry , Mendez Patricia
Published: June 2004

This article analyzes geo-referenced data to elucidate the relations between deforestation and access to roads andmarkets, attributes of the physical environment, land tenure, andzoningpolicies in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. It presents separate models for Santa Cruz as a whole and for seven different zones within Santa Cruz, as well as for two different time periods (pre-1989 and 1989 to 1994). The relation between deforestation and the explanatory variables varies depending on geographic scale and the zone and time period analyzed. At the department scale, locations closer to roads and the city and places that have more fertile soils and wetter climates have a greater probability of being deforested. The same applies to colonization areas. Protected areas andforest concessionsare less likely to be deforested. Nevertheless, in manyspecific zones, these variables had no significant impact or actually had the opposite impact than in the entire department.Most of these relationswere weaker between 1989and 1994 than in the previous period.
Land Use and Road Improvements: A Spatial Perspective
Authors: Nelson Gerald , De Pinto Alessandro , Harris Virginia , Stone Steven
Published: June 2004

The literature on whether new roads cause deforestation in developing countries has grown rapidly. However, improvements rather than new construction are increasingly common. Renovations are undertaken when prior maintenance expenditures have not been adequateor when economic or political considerations generate sufficient capital funds. As with new construction, the basic outcome of renovation is to lower transport costs. However, the cost reduction is often much less than that of the original road development. Hence, the potential for negative environmental effects is less clear and an understanding of location-specific effects is likely to be especially important. This article estimates econometrically a spatially explicit economic model of a proposed road improvement activity in Panama’s Darién province and simulates locationspecific effects on land use. The authors explore three estimation techniques that deal with different estimation issues. At least for this data set, multinomial nested logit and random parameters logit approaches provide roughly similar results.