bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating Atlantic meridional heat transport through Bayesian modelling of altimetry, Argo and GRACE data
Authors: Vallivattathillam Parvathi , Calafat Francisco M
Published: March 2024

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) plays a pivotal role in the meridional transport of heat, freshwater and major dissolved gases such as carbon, and oxygen, making it a crucial component of earth’s climate system and the biosphere. On millennial timescales, the AMOC is believed to act as a conveyor belt of ocean currents wherein the flow varies coherently across latitudes. Past studies have drawn on this conveyor-belt idea to establish links between the AMOC and the Earth's climate tipping points. However, recent research and observations suggest that, on shorter timescales (days to decades), the AMOC may not operate as coherent flow of water. Understanding AMOC variability and coherence on such timescales and how these might respond to anthropogenic influences is crucial to predicting the climate of the next decades. This is, however, challenging due to the sparseness of the observational data in both time and space. Here, we present a Bayesian Hierarchical modelling framework that combines observations from altimetry, gravimetry, and Argo floats to estimate meridional heat transport across the Atlantic. Our approach considers error structures jointly and accounts for spatiotemporal dependencies between processes (thermosteric, halosteric and ocean mass), providing a coherent way to propagate uncertainty and overcoming the limitations of hydrography-only based analyses. Our estimate of heat transport is in very good agreement (correlation of ~0.8 for 3-month means) with that from RAPID observations at 26°N. A meticulous comparison of mean and variance further underscores the precision of our estimates compared to those derived from heat budgets. Our method can be extended to gain further insights into the dynamics and meridional coherence of AMOC at shorter timescales.
Contribution of high-frequency sea level oscillations to the sea level extremes along European coasts
Authors: Balić Marijana , Šepić Jadranka
Published: March 2024

Extreme sea levels can result in catastrophic flooding of coastal regions, endangering the lives of residents and destroying coastal infrastructure. Due to climate change they are becoming more frequent and therefore more dangerous. Extreme sea levels occur on different temporal and spatial scales, including sub-hourly scales, which we have only recently been able to assess due to the recent enhancement of the temporal resolution of the tide gauge measurements.To quantify the contribution of sub-hourly sea level oscillations to positive sea level extremes, raw sea level data from 288 tide gauges along the European coasts, with a sampling resolution of less than 20 minutes, were obtained from: (1) the IOC-SLSMF website (263 stations); (2) National agencies (Portugal, Finland, Croatia – 24 stations). Large portions of the raw dataset had numerous data quality issues (i.e., spikes, shifts, drifts), thus quality control procedure was required. Out of range values and spikes were automatically removed, remaining data were visually examined, and spurious data were removed manually. After quality control, all data series were de-tided, and residuals were split into a low-frequency (T > 2 h) and a high-frequency (T < 2 h) component.The five highest positive sea level extremes per year were extracted from the residual series and the high-frequency series. These were defined as residual extremes and high-frequency extremes, respectively. The contribution of the high-frequency sea level oscillations to the total sea level extremes along the European coasts was estimated. The contribution was shown to be significantly geographically and station-dependent, and it is important to take it into account when estimating flooding levels.
Assessing the Effect of DEM’s resolution on Model Transferability of soil types: A case study of Lombardy region, Italy
Authors: Adeniyi Odunayo David , Bernini Alice , Mearker Michael
Published: March 2024

Mapping soil classes to retrieve information for specific soil management strategies according to capabilities and limitations of soil types is an important and very useful application of Digital Soil Mapping (DSM). DSM harnesses auxiliary data, including Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and remote sensing information, to establish crucial relationship between soil characteristics and landscape attributes, facilitating the creation of soil maps. DEMs, offering detailed morphometric information about the Earth's surface, provide quantitative measurements of terrain features for GIS-based soil-mapping applications. Derived from DEMs, terrain attributes, including elevation, slope, aspect, and curvature profiles, along with secondary attributes like solar radiation and moisture index, play a pivotal role in characterizing spatial-specific landscape processes essential to soil formation. These morphometric attributes, integral to DSM due to their role in the paedogenetic process, have become indispensable auxiliary variables. The success of DSM depends heavily on the quality of input environmental covariates, with spatial resolution serving as a critical indicator. The spatial resolution of environmental covariates in DSM, often determined by the DEM's subjective spatial distribution, influences the modelling outcomes and processing efficiency. This study investigates the impact of DEM resolution on soil type classification and model transferability, focusing on the Lombardy region, Italy. Utilizing three different DEMs sources with resolutions of 5 m, 10 m, and 25 m, the research employs the Random Forest algorithm, and nested Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation (nested-LOOCV) techniques to assess model performance. The findings reveal a pivotal role for spatial resolution in determining model transferability, with distinct challenges observed during upscaling and downscaling. The study emphasizes the need for a nuanced approach to variable selection based on DEM resolution and provides valuable insights for optimizing soil classification models across diverse landscapes. The research contributes to advancing Digital Soil Mapping methodologies and underscores the significance of careful consideration of spatial resolution in enhancing the applicability of soil classification models.
Assessing the microclimate conditions in urban green spaces and the effects of underlying driving factors in Switzerland
Authors: Yin Yuxin , Manoli Gabriele , Cook Lauren
Published: March 2024

Urbanization and climate change are leading to an increase in urban heat, posing a threat to human health and well-being. Urban green spaces (UGS), such as parks and gardens, have been recognized as an effective strategy for heat mitigation because they dissipate heat within their boundaries and in the surrounding areas. The magnitude of the cooling effect of UGS varies across locations and is affected by various factors, such as background climate, urban fabric, and vegetation properties. However, previous research studying the effect of UGS typically focused on specific case study areas and particular aspects of driving factors.To do so, we integrate modeling, remote sensing datasets, and on-site measurements to assess the microclimate conditions of five different UGS (allotment gardens, public parks, private gardens, real estate yards, and ruderal sites.) in three Swiss cities with different biophysical conditions (Zurich, Geneva, and Lugano). Urban Tethys-Chloris (UT&C) model, a novel urban ecohydrological model with an explicit representation of urban canyon and vegetation properties, is applied to simulate the microclimate for each UGS and city. The models are validated using on-site measurements for air temperature, relative humidity, and surface temperature from July to October 2023. Preliminary results for Zurich show a good fit between simulation results and on-site measurements for both three variables, especially for air temperature and surface temperature with both R-squares larger than 0.8.During the simulation period from June 21 to October 3, results will identify diurnal and daily patterns of microclimate conditions, including how different vegetation properties (i.e., height, canopy width, leaf area index, stomatal conductance) affect the microclimate. Subsequently, statistical regression will be employed to explore how the cooling effect of UGS is related to the distinct urban fabric and background conditions. Overall, the study will explain how various factors influence urban microclimate and provide insights on which factors will help to enhance the cooling effect in urban green space design.
New data from Făgăraș and Retezat Massifs set the timeframe of the last glacial activity in Southern Carpathins during Younger Dryas and Early Holocene
Authors: Pascal Daniela , Vespremeanu-Stroe Alfred , Braucher Regis , Popescu Razvan , Enachescu Mihaela , Berbecariu Alexandru , Vasile Adrian
Published: March 2024

Past glaciations extent and chronology in the Romanian Carpathians have been disputed along most of the 20th century. Despite the recent studies presenting numerical age datings of the glacial deposits and erosion surfaces, the view on the latest glacial activity remained in debate due to results from Retezat Massif (one of the high and best studied massifs from Southern Carpathians), where authors found no evidences of Younger Dryas glaciers. In this context, we bring in the discussion new data from Retezat but even more from the Făgăraș Massif, which is the highest and largest massif from Southern Carpathians but less studied in relation to the Pleistocene glaciations with only a handful of numerical ages obtained so far. The new 10Be exposure ages collected from the highest morraines, fit the Younger Dryas - Early Holocene interval, in good agreement with European records, suggesting the glaciers reformation and advance during the Younger Dryas. It appears that some of the Younger Dryas glaciers survived in the first two millenia of the Early Holocene or reformed during Pre-Boreal Oscillation when cool and humid conditions have been present over Europe. Finally, we modeled the presence of Younger Dryas glaciers for the whole Făgăraș massif using the topographic and microclimatic characteristics of the glacial cirques which hosted new glaciers (proven by numerical ages) and found that ca 90 glaciers restricted to cirques formed during Younger Dryas in the Făgăraș massif. Samples were chemically processed at LN2C at CEREGE, France and at RoAMS Laboratory - IFIN HH, Romania. Targets of purified BeO were prepared for AMS measurements and measured at ASTER, the French National AMS Facility (CEREGE, Aix en Provence).
Probabilistic inversion of geoelectric and induced polarization measurements on reduced model spaces using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo
Authors: Hase Joost , Wagner Florian M. , Weigand Maximilian , Kemna Andreas
Published: March 2024

The probabilistic formulation of geoelectric and induced polarization inverse problems using Bayes’ theorem inherently accounts for data errors and uncertainties in the prior assumptions, both of which are propagated naturally into the solution. Due to the non-linearity of the physics underlying the geoelectric forward calculation, the inverse problem must be solved numerically. Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods provide the capability to create a sample of the corresponding posterior distribution, based on which statistical estimators of interest can be approximated. In a typical geoelectric imaging application, the subsurface is discretized as a 2-D mesh with the model parameters representing the averaged values of the imaged electrical conductivity within the individual cells. The resulting model space is often of high dimensionality and usually insufficiently resolved by the measurements, posing a challenge to the efficient application of MCMC methods. In our work, we use the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) method to sample from the posterior distribution and operate on a reduced model space to enhance the efficiency of the inversion. The basis of the reduced model space is constructed via a principal component analysis of the model prior term. We consider different resolution measures to ensure that the information lost by operating in the reduced model space is negligible. In addition to the inversion of electrical resistivity tomography measurements in real variables, we also demonstrate the model space reduction and subsequent application of HMC for the solution of the complex resistivity tomography inverse problem in complex variables, imaging the distribution of the complex electrical conductivity in the subsurface. This study contributes to the needed increase of uncertainty quantification in the inversion of geoelectric and induced polarization measurements, aiming to provide a reliable basis for the processing and interpretation of geophysical imaging results.
Salt Intrusion in a salt wedge estuary under extreme drought conditions
Authors: Pietrzak Julie , Geraeds Marlein , Wegman Tess , Gerritsma Avelon , Verlaan Martin , Katsman Caroline , Horner Devine Alex , Ralston Dave , Kranenburg Wouter , Dijkstra Henk
Published: March 2024

Deltas are home to billions of people and are often highly developed and engineered systems. Extreme weather events such as droughts are a threat to deltas worldwide. During droughts salt can intrude far inland and threaten the drinking, agricultural and industrial water supply of many people. Under climate change the frequency of extreme events is expected to increase and the threat of salt intrusion may intensify. Here we use data and models to explore salt intrusion in the Rhine-Meuse Delta (RMD) during the severe European drought in the summer of 2022. The RMD is one of the most highly managed deltas in the world, with numerous interconnected waterways and an open connection to the sea at the mouth of the Rotterdam Waterway. The outflow of the Rhine River through the Rotterdam Waterway generates the strongly stratified Rhine River plume. Under normal conditions a salt wedge intrudes about 16-18 km inland on every tide. In contrast, under drought conditions in summer 2022, observations show salt intruding over 42 km inland and the Rhine River plume diminished in size. We explore the changes in estuarine dynamics during the drought using velocity, salinity and temperature data from various field campaigns near the mouth of the Rotterdam Waterway and within the delta, together with numerical models. We also compare drought condition observations with data from prior field campaigns during normal discharge conditions. Shifts in the relative strength of the dominant mechanisms of landward salt flux throughout the drought are explored and linked to the changes in estuarine response.
Advanced Wildfire Risk Mapping: A Novel Global Approach Using AI and Socio-Ecological Data
Authors: Marquez Torres Alba , Bengochea Paz Diego
Published: March 2024

In an era of increasing wildfire incidents worldwide, fire risk mapping has emerged as a crucial tool for ecosystem management and environmental safeguarding against the significant loss of socio-ecological value. Our research introduces a novel daily global fire risk model, combining the probability of fire ignition as a fire hazard model with an analysis of exposure and vulnerability. This model was calculated with over 4 million historical fire and non-fire ignitions recorded between 2000 and 2020 and tested with more than 24 million ignition points. It integrates key explanatory variables encompassing climatic conditions, agro-environmental factors, terrain, and social drivers at the time of fire ignition, processed through advanced machine learning techniques, such as the XBoost Random Forest algorithm.Further enhancing our model's robustness, we incorporate a suite of socio-ecological models, previously developed using machine reasoning, an AI algorithm based on semantics, through the k.LAB platform. These models cover critical areas such as vegetation carbon mass, pollination, outdoor recreation, and soil retention, enabling us to identify regions where humans and nature are most vulnerable to fire hazards.Adhering to FAIR principles, our approach ensures that our data and models are findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable. This commitment not only advances scientific research but also promotes broader application and collaboration. The global fire risk model provides temporally and spatially explicit results on a daily basis, offering a dynamic and precise tool for understanding and preventing fire risks.This research has significant implications for policymaking and emergency response planning. By offering a detailed and dynamic understanding of fire risks, stakeholders can make informed decisions that can mitigate the impact of wildfires. The combination of diverse datasets, advanced analytical techniques, and a focus on practical applications makes this model a valuable resource in the global effort to address the increasing challenges of wildfires.
Contrasting regional ice margin dynamics of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet revealed by the landform record
Authors: Dulfer Helen , Boyes Benjamin , Dewald Nico , Butcher Frances , Clark Chris , Ely Jeremy , Hughes Anna
Published: March 2024

Under current climate conditions the Greenland and Antarctic sheets are rapidly losing mass and these losses are projected to accelerate into the future. Consequently, potential changes in the ice marginal environment across these ice sheets are a future concern. Palaeo-ice sheets, such as the Scandinavian Ice Sheet, provide an opportunity to investigate ice-marginal changes over longer timescales that span a variety of physiographic and geological settings and climate conditions. Landform signatures across Fennoscandia reveal a range of palaeo-ice marginal settings, including lake-terminating, marine-terminating, and higher-altitude environments. This makes the landform record of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet a rich and diverse archive for studying ice margin behaviour. Furthermore, high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) that exist for the former bed of this ice sheet allow us to examine ice marginal settings and dynamics in unprecedented and consistent detail across Norway, Sweden and Finland.We present a geomorphological ice margin dataset of ~56,000 mapped features that categorises each ice margin by its dominant landform type of moraine, hummocky moraine, lateral meltwater channel or glaciofluvial sediment. We then use the morphology of the landforms and overprinting relationships to determine which landforms were likely formed prior to the last deglaciation. The distribution of landform-types in our dataset provides interesting insights into the behaviour of different sectors of the ice sheet. For example, we find ice margins characterised by lateral meltwater channels are almost exclusively found in locations of Quaternary sediment cover, which may indicate that surficial sediment thickness influences their formation, rather than the thermal regime of the ice. We also find ice margins defined by hummocky moraines are more prevalent at higher latitudes. We hypotheses this pattern may be controlled by lower ablation rates at higher latitudes. Additionally, we find contrasts in the density and size of the ice margins between the aquatic and land terminating environments, which results from differences in sedimentation processes within each environment.
Transport and fluxes of atmospheric models deduced from laboratory data 
Authors: Harlander Uwe , Mancho Ana M.
Published: March 2024

Isaac M. Held writes in his introduction of the book by Schneider and Sobel (2007) "A theory for the general circulation of the atmosphere has at its core a theory for the quasi-horizontal eddy fluxes of energy, angular momentum, and water vapor by the macro-turbulence of the troposphere." An analog of this atmospheric macro-turbulence can be studied by using data from the differentially heated rotating annulus laboratory experiment (e.g. Fowlis and Hide, 1965). From simultaneous measurements of surface temperature and horizontal flow it is possible to study elementary structures of Lagrangian tracer fluxes (Agaoglou, 2024) as well as eddy fluxes of heat and momentum. In a fluid layer, the three fluxes for PV, momentum M, and heat  T are connected via the Margules equation PV=∂M/∂y + f/H T. Here y is the north-south direction, f is the Coriolis parameter and H the layer depth. From our data we are able to compute all three fluxes and it is instructive to compare the results with fluxes from simplified models. E.g., in the Eady model T does not depend on z and we can thus obtain the total heat flux from this model using the surface data. Moreover, since M is zero for the Eady model, the PV flux is proportional to the heat flux. Using an even simpler model, the surface geostrophic approximation, we can deduce the flow from the temperature field alone. However, this model does not have the correct phase difference between the velocity and the temperature field and gives a wrong mean heat flux. Applying a phase difference such that the heat flux becomes comparable to the one from the Eady model allows to estimate the vertical flow structure from the temperature field alone. The result might be helpful for the construction of flow fields from satellite sea surface temperature data (LaCasce and Mahadevan, 2006).  M. Agaoglou and V. J. García-Garrido and U. Harlander and A. M. Mancho (2024) Building transport models from baroclinic wave experimental data, Physics of Fluids, in press.W. W. Fowlis and R. Hide (1965) Thermal convection in a rotating annulus of liquid: effect of viscosity on the transition between axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric flow regimes, J. Atmos. Sci., 22, 541-558. J. H. LaCasce and A. Mahadevan (2006) Estimating subsurface horizontal and vertical velocities from sea-surface temperature, Journal of Marine Research 64, 695–721.    T. Schneider and A. H. Sobel (Eds.) (2007) The Global Circulation of the Atmosphere, Princeton University Press.
Detection and analysis of GLOF events at Alemania (Roncagli) Glacier, Cordillera Darwin
Authors: Schliermann Maria , Tabone Ilaria , Farias-Barahona David , Arndt Jan Erik , Giesecke Ricardo
Published: March 2024

The rapid retreat of glaciers due to warmer temperatures has resulted in an increase in both number, size and volume of glacial lakes across the Andes. Indeed, a recent study found that Patagonian lakes have more than doubled in volume during the last three decades. These lakes, constrained by unstable moraine dams or ice walls, hold the potential for catastrophic outbursts, known as Glacial Lakes Outburst Flood (GLOF) events. Glacial inventories are available since 1986 for Central Andes, Northern Patagonia and Southern Patagonia and GLOF occurrence and distribution has been widely studied for Chilean and Argentinian Andes. However, very few information on glacial lakes and related GLOF events exists in the Cordillera Darwin. Although the sudden release of immense volumes of water, sediments, and debris in such a remote area does not have the potential of affecting communities and infrastructures downstream, as in more populated areas, it still poses severe threats to the fiords ecosystems. Here we present the detection and analysis of a GLOF event at Alemania (Roncagli) glacier, in the south-western flank of the Cordillera Darwin, occurred in April 2023. The GLOF event was initially identified through FerryBox data collected across the Beagle Channel and subsequently confirmed using satellite imagery, analysing changes in the area of Lake Martinic, where the secondary front of Alemania glacier terminates. Moreover, a detailed analysis of 35 satellite images reveals a regular occurrence of such events since 2018, emphasising the repetitive nature of GLOFs at Alemania Glacier and its potential of disrupting the Beagle Channel ecosystem. 
Characterization of Ground Displacement over Mining Sites and Landslides in Lvliang, Shanxi Province, China, Using InSAR Time Series Analysis
Authors: Wu Penghui , Hu Xie
Published: March 2024

Lvliang, located in Shanxi Province, was built on the loess plateau where the loess is characterized by high potential of collapsibility. Monsoonal precipitation, steep slopes, and anthropogenic activities such as coal mining make this terrain even more fragile. To better inform the farmland allocation, village relocation, and resettlement for the local residents, we have to assess the hazard exposure to fractures and landslides across the entire region. Here we use a double differencing method, i.e., computing the differential interferograms after applying distinct filtering windows, to pinpoint high-frequency signals suggesting drastic ground displacement. We further apply small baseline subset (SBAS) time-series analysis using Copernicus Sentinel-1 images collected from July 16th 2015 to May 16th 2023 to generate displacement time series. Our results show seasonal variations in displacement rates distributed on hillslopes. Our study demonstrates the efficacy of InSAR time series analysis in monitoring deformation with various natural and anthropogenic origins for the ultimate goal of disaster prediction, prevention, and reduction.
Ice-dammed lake-glacier interactions: Modelling the impact on Fennoscandian Ice Sheet retreat
Authors: Pramanik Ankit , Greenwood Sarah , Carl Regnéll Carl , Gyllencreutz Richard
Published: March 2024

Ice-dammed lakes expedite glacier retreat, leading to the expansion of lakes and an elevated risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs), and delay the freshwater inflow to the ocean. The escalating number of ice-dammed lakes in Greenland, High Mountain Asia, and Patagonia, driven by the swift retreat of glaciers amid rapid warming, poses a significant threat of natural disasters. In the geological record, evidence indicates the rapid retreat of the Fennoscandian ice sheet, marked by the formation, expansion, and drainage of large (10s-1000s km2 surface area and up to 100s m deep) ice-dammed proglacial lakes along the entire length of the late-deglacial ice margin. The deglaciation and ice-lake interactions of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (FIS) provide a valuable analogue for projecting the future retreat of the Greenland ice sheet, where a manifold increase in the number and volume of ice-dammed lakes is anticipated.Despite extensive research on marine-terminating glaciers, the dynamics of lacustrine-terminating glaciers remain poorly understood. While there are some notable differences in thermo-mechanical processes between marine and lacustrine glaciers, a significant contrast lies in the fact that the calving of lake-terminating glaciers is governed by the stress balance induced by rapidly fluctuating lake levels and thermodynamics inherent of lakes. Our study delves into accessing the impact of critical factors, such as lake size and bathymetry, on the retreat of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet, using the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM). Furthermore, we aim to evaluate the influence of calving, subaqueous melt, and rapidly fluctuating lake levels on the FIS retreat. The model's accuracy will be ensured through calibration and validation against geologically reconstructed ice sheet boundaries and lake levels.
Water consumption of mature European beech and Douglas fir trees growing in pure and mixed stands
Authors: Paligi Sharath , Coners Heinz , Hackmann Christina , Leuschner Christoph
Published: March 2024

In recent decades, the frequency and intensity of hotter droughts have increased, posing a serious threat to our forests. During hot droughts, increasing evapotranspiration depletes soil moisture reserves and thus exposes the trees’ xylem to critical water potentials. Several of Central Europe’s major timber species have been found to be especially susceptible to repeated summer droughts. Therefore, the forestry sector is increasingly considering the establishment of mixed stands and the inclusion of putatively more drought-resistant non-native tree species. However, silvicultural decisions about increasing the cultivation of non-native species and planting them in mixture requires empirical data on species-specific water consumption in pure and mixed culture in order to assess climate risks and to avoid potential negative competition effects.To address these questions, we installed 32 dual-method-approach type sap-flow sensors capable of measuring the entire range of sap flow rates in pure European beech and Douglas fir stands as well as in a nearby mixed beech-Douglas fir stand on deep sandy soil in northern Germany. Additionally, heat-field-deformation type sap-flow sensors were used for measuring the radial sap flow profile in the xylem of each individual tree. The trees equipped with sensors covered a broad DBH range which allowed extrapolating to stand-level water consumption. Sap flow, soil moisture, soil matric potential and weather conditions were monitored over the wet year 2021 and the dry year 2022. We further applied time-dependent probe misalignment correction to account for measurement errors related to sensor installation and to changes in stem water content over the growing season.Sapwood depth increased with the increasing DBH of a tree and ranged for beech from 6.5 to 15.5 cm and for Douglas fir from 7.5 cm to 14.5 cm. In general, both beech and Douglas fir in mixture had deeper sap flow profiles compared to their pure stands. Stand-level water consumption was higher in the pure beech than in the Douglas fir stand; the mixed stand consumed even more water than the two pure stands. Further, tree-level water use was related to tree size and the radial sap flow profile. Total tree water consumption was markedly higher in the dry year 2022 than in the moist year 2021 due to a higher evaporative demand.The findings of this study are crucial for supporting foresters in silvicultural decision making and for better understanding the water cycle dynamics in forest ecosystems in the face of climate change.
NOx emissions over Europe from Sentinel 5P and towards Sentinel 4
Authors: van der A Ronald , Ding Jieying , Eskes Henk
Published: March 2024

Since the launch of the Sentinel 5P satellite, NO2 observations have become available with a resolution of 3.5x5 km, which allows for the monitoring of NOx emissions at the scale of city districts and industrial facilities. For Europe, emissions are annually reported for country totals and large industrial facilities and these are made publicly available via the European Environmental Agency . Satellite observations can provide independent and more timely information on NOx and NH3 emissions. A new version of the inversion algorithm DECSO (Daily Emissions Constraint by Satellite Observations) has been developed for deriving NOx and NH3 emissions for Europe on a daily basis, averaged to monthly mean maps. These are based on observations of TROPOMI (Sentinel 5p) and CrIS. In a newly developed post-processing step anthropogenic NOx emissions are separated from soil NOx emissions. These satellite-derived emissions from DECSO have been compared for industrial locations, cities and country totals to the officially reported European emissions and spatial-temporal disaggregated emission inventories like CAMS. In addition, a branch of DECSO is developed to derive hourly NOx emissions. This new approach has been demonstrated for a high latitude region (around 70 degree North) in summer time, when multiple orbits of Sentinel 5P cover the same location on a single day.
Change of Phaeocystis globosa ecology displayed by a 50-year time series (Dutch Wadden Sea)
Authors: Serre-Fredj Léon , van den Oever Anneke , van Weerlee Evaline , Peck Myron , Philippart Catharina J.M.
Published: March 2024

Phaeocystis globosa is a colony-forming microalgal species with a complex multiple morphotype life cycle that can produce Harmful algal bloom (HAB) inducing ecological and societal issues. In the Dutch Wadden Sea the P.globosa colony and solitary cell densities have been monitored since 1974 as a component of a long-term phytoplankton series. During these years this ecosystem has endured anthropic effects through eutrophication and climate change modifying the drivers of the phytoplankton communities. Along the phytoplankton series, numerous variables (e.g. temperature, chl a, nutrients) are measured to better describe the changes and the impacts of those changes. Generalized Additives Modelling (GAM) is used to describe the change of ecology of P.globosa along the time series and pinpoint which drivers. In the longest term, the analysis highlights a shift from a period of eutrophication with high densities of P.globosa followed by the treatment of water inducing a reduction of densities. Whereas in recent years marked by the rise of temperature, the densities seem to decrease slightly. Throughout the year insolation has increased and temperature while after the eutrophic period, phosphorus has been reduced. These three parameters are pinpointed as the main drivers controlling the densities of P.globosa. Temperature and phosphorus also control the occurrence of bloom. As the temperature pattern has changed the phenology of bloom has also been modified with earlier bloom. Since 1994 the proportion of the colony morphotype has also increased steadily modifying the ecology of the species. The time series allows demonstrating how extremes in condition are affecting and driving densities ecology and phenology of P.globosa with potential consequences on human activities and higher trophic levels. 
How the rigidity of the subducting plate affects the geometry of accretionary prisms?
Authors: Le Pourhiet Laetitia , Gauthier Alexis , Cubas Nadaya , Tugend Julie , Mohn Geoffroy
Published: March 2024

Simulations of accretionary prisms are most of the time realized either using a simplified set up that cannot account for the evolution of temperature with the growth of the prism nor deformable basement or using a very large size simulation of the complete subduction zone using a larger resolution locally. The first method is over-simplified and discards the possibility to study crustal scale accretionary prism, the second method is very costly numerically.  Here, we present simulations of accretionary prisms that use 1/ heatflux as boundary condition allowing the temperature at the base of the model to evolve as the accretionary prism grows and 2/ flexural deformation of the basement in response to the growth of the accretionary prism. This new boundary condition is very cheap to compute as we implemented it by solving analytically the flexure equation using sinus decomposition and image method.  We then present a set of numerical simulations of crustal scale accretionary prism with particular focus on the geometry of the subducting basement in order to better understand how the alternation between period of subduction erosion and accretion affects the geometry of the accretionary prism and its thermal history as a function of the rigidity of the subducting plate. We compare our simulations with a set of east-west trending seismic profiles located southwest of Taiwan showing along strike structural variations of the accretionary prism.    
Sedimentary ancient DNA connects land carbon sources and marine carbon sinks
Authors: Herzschuh Ulrike , Weiß Josefine , Stoof-Leichsenring Kathleen , Harms Lars , Nuernberg Dirk , Mueller Juliane
Published: March 2024

Marine sediments contain abundant organic matter which forms a major carbon sink. About one third of it originates from land plants. The main source taxa and source region as well as the large-scale translocation are hitherto poorly understood, mainly because we lack a proxy that can identify the source taxa with high taxonomic resolution. Here, we investigate the land plant component of sedimentary ancient DNA in six globally distributed marine sediment cores as a proxy for the terrestrial organic matter quantity and preservation as well as the source taxa. The spatial and temporal plant composition reflects mainly the vegetation composition and dynamics from the nearby continents as revealed by pollen records. However, we also find indications of a global north-to-south translocation of organic matter. The plant composition shows that upland vegetation is strongly underrepresented compared to riverine and coastal sources and there is a high contribution from mosses and ferns, particularly at high latitudes during the Holocene. We find that plant matter has a higher share and is better preserved in samples from the Late Glacial, which is characterized by high runoff and mineral load. Our results suggest that plant DNA in marine sediments may provide the missing proxy that links terrestrial plant sources to marine sedimentary carbon sinks. This represents the basis of how climate change and land-use change translates into carbon-sink dynamics and also informs about natural carbon-capture solutions.
Reconstructing the nature of the metamorphic basement in the Cyclades, Greece, by the isotopic signature of hydrothermal minerals
Authors: Wind Sandra , Schneider David , Hannington Mark , Hector Simon , Patten Clifford
Published: March 2024

In complex continental back-arc settings, such as the Cycladic realm of southeast Greece, polymetallic mineralization can provide information about past tectonic events and help to reconstruct the architecture of the metamorphic basement. In the Cyclades archipelago, slab rollback generated Miocene crustal extension and the formation of metamorphic core complexes, where hydrothermal systems occurring in the upper crust track one of the latest events in the geodynamic evolution. Lead isotope ratios of galena (PbS) and Sr isotope ratios of barite (BaSO4) of the polymetallic ore deposits, which are exposed on most of the islands, reveal two distinct sources of lead and strontium in the underlying basement of the core complexes. A clear division exists between 206Pb/204Pb≤18.84 and 87Sr/86Sr≥0.711 in the north-central Cyclades and 206Pb/204Pb≥18.84 and 87Sr/86Sr≤0.711 in the west Cyclades. This regional pattern corresponds with the exposures of the high-pressure/low-temperature Upper and Lower Cycladic Blueschist nappes on the islands, respectively. Moreover, the pattern follows the surface trace of the proposed synorogenic Trans-Cycladic Thrust, a subduction-related structure that imbricated the high-pressure units. In addition, the isotopic composition of the hydrothermal minerals indicate that the structurally lower Cycladic Basement has a stronger influence on the metal sources of deposits occurring in the hanging wall of the Trans-Cycladic Thrust than in the footwall. Observations featuring the isotopic signature of hydrothermal minerals are complemented by a compilation of new and published isotopic and geochemical whole-rock data of the basement rock types. This allows us to further interpret the geodynamic significance of the apparent heterogeneities in the exposed rocks of the metamorphic core complexes and correlate the scattered exposures of the metamorphic basement. Furthermore, regional patterns in the isotopic and geochemical signature of the basement lithologies help to reconstruct the nature of the continental margin prior to Cretaceous-Eocene subduction.
Writing the Earth: what happens when you bring creative writers and geoscientists together to explore climate and sustainability issues?
Authors: McAuliffe Fergus , Bistany Valerie , O'Rourke Fiona
Published: March 2024

“Writing The Earth” was an interdisciplinary and collaborative programme between the Irish Writers Centre and the SFI Research Centre in Applied Geosciences, which brought six creative writers and ten geoscientists together to research and write about climate and geoscience in various genres or narrative forms to reach new public audiences.In a collaborative process of talks, facilitated workshops and mentoring across six months, the programme brought the worlds of geoscience and creative writing together. New writings to have been created and performed for the public through the programme included: scenes from two new plays that explore the health of the planet and mass extinction through razor-sharp satire and earnest pathos. Other writings explored the intimate human connection between worker and object, consumer and extracted raw materials, and our relationship with groundwater through the lens of family history, mythology and science.Writing the Earth sought to explore the commonality between geoscientists and writers as both narrators and observers of our world, and to create a safe space for deliberation, dialogue and creative expression on what can sometimes be complex, and contentions, geoscience topics. Central to the success of the programme, and in the creation of the new narrative writings, was the geoscientist-writer relationship. What a geoscientist does is to research and investigate a topic methodically, and to reach conclusions based on a series of observations which are often complex to explain to a general audience. What a writer often does is to make sense of our world, often the indecipherable parts of our existence, through language, imagery and emotion.  Whether scientist, or writer, both ultimately use the written word to describe the world to the reader.We will share our experiences of running a creative, interdisciplinary programme, short extracts from the new writings, the results of the pre-, mid- and post-evaluation, and key takeaways on how to run a similar programme.
Unexpected energetic particle observations near the Sun by Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter
Authors: Malandraki Olga , Cohen Christina M. S. , Giacalone Joe , Mitchell John G. , Chhiber Rohit , McComas David J. , Rodríguez -Pacheco Javier , Wimmer-Schweingruber Robert , Ho George C. , Janitzek Niels , Desai Mihir
Published: March 2024

Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) constitute an important contributor to the characterization of the space environment. They are emitted from the Sun in association with solar flares and Coronal Mass ejection (CME)-driven shock waves. SEP radiation storms may have durations from a period of hours to days or even weeks and have a large range of energy spectrum profiles. These events pose a threat to modern technology strongly relying on spacecraft, are a serious radiation hazard to humans in space, and are additionally of concern for avionics and commercial aviation in extreme circumstances. However, our knowledge of the origin, acceleration and transport of these particles from close to the Sun through the interplanetary medium has advanced dramatically in the last 40 years, many puzzles have still remained unsolved due to the scarcity of in situ measurements well inside 1 AU. The Solar Orbiter (SolO) ESA mission and NASA Parker Solar Probe (PSP) pioneering missions have been providing unprecedented measurements of energetic particles in the near-Sun environment. In this work, unexpected energetic particle observations as measured by the PSP Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun (ISʘIS) and the SolO Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) experiments will be presented which revealed surprises that challenge our understanding.
Influence of the UV absorber distribution on the temperature and circulation ofthe Venusian cloud region
Authors: Han Peng , Lebonnois Sébastien
Published: March 2024

Until now, the Venus PCM (Planetary Climate Model) was using precomputed tables for the distribution of the solar heating rates in the atmosphere of Venus. A new scheme is now implemented to compute online the radiative transfer of the solar flux, which allows more flexibility to study sensitivity to opacity sources. We have investigated the sensitivity of the temperature and circulation of the Venusian cloud region to the distribution of the UV absorber. Different vertical distributions of the UV absorber, as well as variations of this along latitudes, have been tested, and comparison is discussed of the vertical profile of computed solar heating rates, temperature distribution in the cold collar region, as well as the resulting mean zonal wind field.
Cryospheric Change as a Driver of Antarctic Seep Emergence 
Authors: Seabrook Sarah , Thurber Andrew , Ladroit Yoann , Cummings Vonda , Tait Leigh , Maurice Alicia , Law Cliff
Published: March 2024

While the climate sensitivity and significance of subsurface fluid and greenhouse gas reservoirs have received attention in the Arctic, the presence of these features in Antarctica and their contribution to global methane and the carbon cycle remains unknown. Here, we report the discovery of extensive and emergent seafloor seeps, some initiated within the last decade, that are releasing climate-reactive fluids and gases in the coastal Ross Sea. Emission of methane in these shallow waters would expedite transfer to the atmosphere, as reported at other shallow global seep systems. While the origin, driving mechanisms, and environmental consequence of these emerging Antarctic seep systems remains unknown, we postulate that the emergent seepage results from cryospheric cap degradation, which initiates new fluid flow pathways and liberates subsurface fluids and gases. This mechanism is inherently climate sensitive with potential for positive feedback, and may be widespread around the Antarctic Continent, yet the magnitude and scale is currently undetermined. 
Introducing the path-integrated attenuation as an additional filter in the quality index of spaceborne and ground-based radar calibration bias estimates
Authors: Loulli Eleni , Bühl Johannes , Michaelides Silas , Loukas Athanasios , Hadjimitsis Diofantos
Published: March 2024

This study analyses polarimetric weather radar data to explore their potential for comprehensive and reliable precipitation and thus, drought monitoring in Cyprus. For this purpose, we compare reflectivity measurements from the two ground-based X-band dual-polarization radars of the Department of Meteorology of the Republic of Cyprus with measurements obtained from the Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) onboard NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The comparison considers six years (2017–2023) of observations. It is implemented using the volume-matching method proposed by Schwaller and Morris (2011), as extended by Crisologo et al (2018) to take into account the beam blockage fraction as the basis of a quality index. To further enhance the consistency and precision of the calibration bias, we introduce path-integrated attenuation as an additional filter in the quality index. The path-integrated attenuation of the ground radars is estimated using a forward gate-by-gate attenuation correction method based on an iterative approach with scalable constraints. The level of path-integrated attenuation of the GPM Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar is evaluated based on the GPM 2AKu variable piaFinal.AcknowledgementsThe authors acknowledge the ‘EXCELSIOR’: ERATOSTHENES: EΧcellence Research Centre for Earth Surveillance and Space-Based Monitoring of the Environment H2020 Widespread Teaming project (www.excelsior2020.eu). The ‘EXCELSIOR’ project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No 857510, from the Government of the Republic of Cyprus through the Directorate General for the European Programmes, Coordination and Development and the Cyprus University of Technology.The authors also acknowledge the Department of Meteorology of the Republic of Cyprus for providing the X-band radar data.