bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State-Nonstate Alliances in Civil War
Authors: Biberman Yelena
Published: July 2019

This chapter develops a new balance-of-interests framework for understanding how states and nonstate actors identify and enlist one another as allies in times of civil war. It begins by considering the relevant terms and develops the concepts and categories useful for the study of state-nonstate alliances. A brief overview of the relevant scholarly approaches provides potential explanations as well as the foundation for a new theoretical framework, which is then detailed. The chapter also considers the scope conditions for the argument. It concludes by describing the research design and methodologies used for data collection and analysis.
Meet the Twentysomethings
Authors: Clydesdale Tim , Garces-Foley Kathleen
Published: July 2019

Four young adults with thoughtful religious, spiritual, and secular views are profiled. Maria, a devout Catholic Latina who is a graduate student in speech pathology; Jeremy, an enthusiastic Mainline Protestant whose gay and biracial identity left him wary of religion; Lee, an Evangelical convert who switched from a Chinese to a multiracial congregation; and Abby, who rejected the White middle-class Evangelicalism of her childhood for atheism and then adopted an eclectic spirituality. Emerging adulthood is then described, as is the book’s qualitative and survey methodology and its focus on 91% of American twentysomethings who identify as Catholic, Mainline Protestant, Evangelical, or religiously unaffiliated (i.e., Nones). The book’s seven scholarly contributions are stated and the next six chapters are introduced.
Evangelicals
Authors: Clydesdale Tim , Garces-Foley Kathleen
Published: July 2019

Chapter 5 explores the religious, spiritual, and secular lives of Evangelical twentysomethings, who account for 30% of all twentysomethings. Using congregational ethnographies of two Evangelical churches, this chapter describes why and how religiously active Evangelicals, which includes most Evangelicals, select a church to join. Relying on in-depth interviews, this chapter identifies what draws Evangelicals to church and what kinds of churches appeal to them. This chapter also describes the distinctive strategies deployed by Black and multiracial churches to attract young adults. Using the National Study of American Twentysomething findings, the chapter examines what distinguishes Active, Nominal, and Estranged Evangelical twentysomethings. In conclusion, this chapter closes with analysis of the similarities and differences among Evangelical, Mainline Protestant, and Catholic twentysomethings.
Nones
Authors: Clydesdale Tim , Garces-Foley Kathleen
Published: July 2019

Relying on in-depth interviews and the National Study of American Twentysomethings, this chapter describes the heterogeneous young adults who are religious unaffiliated. Known in the popular press as the Nones, most of these young adults were raised in a Christian religious tradition, which they now reject, but that does not mean they have no interest in religion. Some are anti-religious and many are disinterested, but others hold traditional beliefs in a personal God and in an afterlife while rejecting religious institutions. Still others create an eclectic spirituality that draws from many religious traditions. The chapter provides estimated proportions of Nones who are philosophical secularists, indifferent secularists, spiritual eclectics, and unaffiliated believers. This chapter examines the role of context in the fluid religious, spiritual, and secular identities of twentysomething Nones and reports on the values, behaviors, and confidence in social institutions of this growing population.
The Causality of Creation
Authors: Kerr Gaven
Published: July 2019

In this chapter the causality involved in creation is considered. The chapter offers an account of causality in general and proceeds to outline the key distinction between per se and per accidens series and how they function in the metaphysics of creation. The chapter begins by looking at causality in general and then moving on to consider God’s primary causality as bringing all things into existence. It is then considered whether or not Aquinas is committed to any preexisting potential essences of which God makes use in creating. The summary anticipates future chapters. It is noted in the closing section of the chapter that the considerations here focus on God as primary cause of all things, but we also need to consider God as final cause.
The Object of Creation
Authors: Kerr Gaven
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on the object of creation given that God is the primary cause of all things. In considering the object of creation Aquinas’s metaphysics of substance is considered and how creation is the production of the total substance in being.
Motivations of the adherent
Authors: Owen Nicholas
Published: July 2019

Chapter 3 explores the three principal motivations that have been proposed to explain altruistic behavior—rational self-interest, moral obligations, and social norms—and asks to what extent they are plausible explanations of the motivations of adherents and how they are distinct from the motivations of the constituents. It shows how the adherents’ disjoint (i.e., asymmetric) motivations differ from the conjoint (i.e., reciprocal) motivations of constituents. It proposes that adherents are motivated by self-owned moral obligations to others and disjoint norms of service. It also explores the associated costs of these motivations for the social movement, showing how these too differ.
Problems of belonging in solidarity work
Authors: Owen Nicholas
Published: July 2019

Chapter 8 explores the dilemmas of belonging that arise in the solidarity orientation, in work aimed at increasing group and movement cohesion. The chapter considers first whether constituents and adherents can share work-in-common within the movement itself. It distinguishes between three approaches: disjoint “unlived politics,” conjoint “prefiguration,” and “self-sufficiency.” The chapter also considers whether constituents and adherents can derive the same emotional satisfaction from the life of the social movement. It argues that the emotions that motivate constituents differ from those that motivate adherents. The adherent’s disjoint emotions—felt for or in relation to others—are hard to share with the constituents, whose own emotions—hurt, anger, pride—shared conjointly with each other, are hard to share with the adherents. The theory is used to explain the last of the puzzling cases: the difficulties of middle-class Victorian socialists in achieving fellowship with the workers.
Conclusion
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn
Published: July 2019

Even if according to all plausible theories of distributive justice, spending more on the care and cure of patients suffering from mental illness should be a priority rather than on marginal life extension, this will not happen. The reason has to do with fear of death and human irrationality. Does the fact that we will not abide by any one of the theories, even if we are convinced that it is true, mean that there is something wrong with it? Does our reluctance to act on the theories mean that they must be false? I think not. Here I avail myself in my argument of moral realism. If there is a truth in the matter, there is no reason to believe that the correct moral theory must be such that we abide by it, once we accept it (theoretically speaking) as true. This means that our unwillingness to live according to the theories does not show that they are unreasonable. The problem lies not with the theories themselves but rather with our unwillingness to abide by them. We are to blame, not abstract moral theory.
Melchizedek the Man in the Context of Gen. 14
Authors: Cargill Robert R.
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the structure of the overall narrative and the context of the Abram-Melchizedek interaction in Gen. 14. It explores the origin of the name Malki-Ṣedeq, which it concludes to mean “My king is [the deity] Ṣedeq.” It then examines the prevalence of Ṣedeq worship throughout Canaan and the deity’s association with salt. Finally, this chapter examines the prevalence of priest-kings in Phoenicia, Canaan, and early Israel. The chapter concludes that the idea of a priest-king early monarchic Israel would not have been surprising, but instead the norm, as rulers serving a symbolic priestly role was typical of Phoenician and Canaanite kings.
The Tithes That Bind
Authors: Cargill Robert R.
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores the grammatical problem caused by the exchange of goods, commonly interpreted as a tithe, in Gen. 14:20. The chapter argues that the unstated direction of the exchange should actually be from Melchizedek to Abram (contra traditional Jewish and Christian interpretation) and that the exchange should not be viewed in a cultic setting as a tithe but as a part of the negotiation of the exchange of goods and people that immediately follows between Abram and the king of Sodom. This chapter argues that one motivation for understanding the exchange of goods as a tithe and of the reversal of direction of the exchange to one from Abram to Melchizedek was to establish a biblical precedent of tithing to Jerusalem priests by none other than Abram himself.
Understanding Exclusionary Inclusion
Authors: Behl Natasha
Published: July 2019

Chapters 4 utilizes interview and participant observation data to focus on Sikh women’s lived experience of exclusionary inclusion in civil society and the home. Chapter 4 demonstrates how research participants construct the category of woman in relation to home and marriage, and how they naturalize exclusionary inclusion through the following unwritten and informal rules: (1) women’s rights and duties, (2) public policies, (3) women’s religiosity, (4) women’s purity, and (5) women as perpetual outsiders. A majority of research participants understand gender equality and religious autonomy as competing goals, which makes it more difficult to achieve equality. The ethnographic data reveals that Sikh women do not experience civil society as an uncoerced space of voluntary associational life, and they do not experience the home as a place of safety, security, and respect. Rather they experience exclusionary inclusion in both these spaces.
Challenging Exclusionary Inclusion
Authors: Behl Natasha
Published: July 2019

Chapter 5 uses interview and participant observation data to demonstrate how Sikh women uphold and resist exclusionary inclusion in religious community. Sikh women often struggle to escape contradictory gendered norms that essentialize women as inferior, polluted, and suspect. Yet, for some women, membership in Sukhmani Seva Societies (devotional organizations) is an unexpected resource for active citizenship, where they sometimes reinforce but sometimes also resist socially prescribed gender roles. These women enact their citizenship rights through acts of devotion, which upends long-standing assumptions about religious space as inherently undemocratic. Sikh women envision and enact more egalitarian interpersonal and community relations through their devotional practices, which understand gender equality and minority rights as coexisting and human and divine agency as interdependent. Their experience suggests that religious practices can be understood as a form of active citizenship that can potentially challenge exclusionary inclusion and negotiate between state, community, and gender in new ways.
Trial and Error
Authors: Hutton Clare
Published: July 2019

This chapter looks at the compositional genesis of Ulysses, its early production history, and the circumstances by which the editors of the Little Review became embroiled in a trial in New York in February 1921. The composition of Joyce’s text is discussed in detail, from the moments of conception through to April 1921, when Joyce realized that the Little Review serialization would not continue, and made arrangements for the publication of his work in volume form with Sylvia Beach’s Parisian bookshop, Shakespeare and Company. The trial of the Little Review editors—on the grounds of the putative obscenity of the last instalment of chapter 13 (‘Nausicaa’)—is also discussed in detail. In particular the chapter looks at the sexual politics of the trial, including the homophobia of John Quinn, the lawyer who gave significant financial support to both Joyce and the Little Review.
The Serial Style and Beyond
Authors: Hutton Clare
Published: July 2019

This chapter argues that the specific text of Ulysses as published in the Little Review is of critical interest. It looks at the style and nature of Ulysses as a serial and gives an initial account of the ways in which Joyce changed the serial text for the volume version of February 1922. Digital resources have transformed the possibility of studying textual variation, and an early section in the chapter looks at those transformations and focuses, in particular, on the significance of word counts as a key for understanding how Joyce’s text changed. Dushan Popovich, printer of the Little Review, and the first typographer to face the challenge of typesetting Joyce’s challenging text, is discussed in some detail. Pound disliked Joyce’s candour, and the various revisions which he imposed on the serial text are reviewed here. So too are the various ways in which Joyce subsequently revised his text for publication in volume form.
The Noble Knight
Authors: Crouch David
Published: July 2019

The knight was included within the origin myth of Nobility by 1210, which was an elevation that depended on defining knights by the hypermoral expectations of their Nobility of Mind. The knight had moral expectations laid on him already in the early twelfth century, but by the end of the century these were intensifying to include the same moral expectations laid on anyone claiming to be noble. This can be traced in the 1180s through the appearance of two grades of knighthood—that of banneret being the nobler, and the rise of the genre of chivalric tract—the origins of both being traceable to the courtly society dominated by Philip of Flanders and the sons of Henry II of England. Simultaneously, literature stigmatized mercenary knights and bourgeois knights as beyond the bounds of noble knighthood. The sacralization of the sword the knight bore was another tactic to raise the order.
Fetched from Oblivion
Authors: James David
Published: July 2019

This opening chapter traces a modernist genealogy for the poetics of consolation in contemporary writing. It considers the way Virginia Woolf probed in self-contesting fashion the consolations of experimental form. The legacy of her arguments with the redemptive efficacy of aesthetic form in To the Lighthouse (1927) becomes evident even in contemporary novels that maintain a combative stance towards modernism itself. Ian McEwan’s Atonement (2001) is one such text: a genre-medley of wartime romance and high-modernist pastiche that dissects the ethical ramifications of solace as a contentious aspect of artistic reparation, especially when that reparative impulse also turns out to be a morally compromised stimulus for artistic creativity.
Description as Redress
Authors: James David
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the poetics and ethics of literary description as mode of redress in traumatic fictions that evoke seemingly indescribable circumstances. It discusses the affective energy of style as it counterpoints catastrophe and suffering in the work of Cormac McCarthy and W. G. Sebald. In so doing, the chapter poses larger questions that establish some of the book’s principal interpretive coordinates. Namely, can expression compensate for plot? What ethical implications does the brilliant description of devastation in The Road (2006) and Austerlitz (2001) magnify, when athletic acts of depiction counterweigh the material or mental damage they elegantly convey? Behaving as such, how does literary style probe as much as it affirms its own consolatory affordances? Over the course the chapter, description emerges as a form of narration in its own right. And the importance of reading for description highlights the need to distinguish this kind of analytical attention from the proposed aims of so-called ‘descriptive reading’.
Life-Righting and Magical Thinking
Authors: James David
Published: July 2019

In Chapter 5 parallel or potential fortunes become the dramatic subject and aesthetic trigger for texts that enter the consolatory scene of magical thinking: Joan Didion’s now-iconic The Year of Magical Thinking (2005) and Doris Lessing’s final book, Alfred and Emily (2008). Taken together, Didion and Lessing present us with works of ‘life-righting–’, revealing the inescapably tempting yet formally generative prospect of rewriting what cannot be rectified. Simultaneously conjuring and questioning consolatory counterlives, their books draw rhetorical and structural energy from existential speculation, while confronting the dilemmas of recreating the dead. Lessing and Didion countenance only to rescind the hypothetical amelioration of scarred fortunes and the compensations of magical thought, respectively—mobilizing this process of affective self-examination as a formal catalyst for contemporary memoir.
The Question of Practical Reason
Authors: Southwood Nicholas
Published: July 2019

Practical reasoning is often said to involve undertaking to settle the practical question of how we are to act. But what is this “question?” One view—that it is a theoretical question with a practical subject matter—cannot capture both the correct responsiveness aspect and the authoritative aspect of practical reason. An alternative holds that it is a distinctively practical kind of question—the question of what to do—that is distinct from the question of what one will do and the question of what one ought or has reason to do. Such a view can easily accommodate the authoritative aspect of practical reason. This chapter argues that it can also accommodate the correct responsiveness aspect once we appreciate that correct answers to the question of what to do depend exclusively on our actual attitudes. It concludes by considering the implications of this view for several important issues in meta-ethics and the philosophy of normativity.
When Rational Reasoners Reason Differently
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G. , Kopec Matthew
Published: July 2019

Different people reason differently, which means that sometimes they reach different conclusions from the same evidence. We maintain that this is not only natural, but rational. This chapter explores the epistemology of that state of affairs. First it canvasses arguments for and against the claim that rational methods of reasoning must always reach the same conclusions from the same evidence. Then it considers whether the acknowledgment that people have divergent rational reasoning methods should undermine one’s confidence in one’s own reasoning. Finally it explores how agents who employ distinct yet equally rational methods of reasoning should respond to interactions with the products of each others’ reasoning. The chapter finds that the epistemology of multiple reasoning methods has been misunderstood by a number of authors writing on epistemic permissiveness and peer disagreement.
The Role of Finance and Banks in Moroccan Cronyism
Authors: Oubenal Mohamed
Published: July 2019

This chapter studies business elites in Morocco to illustrate the importance of the control of the financial sector for the domination of the royal monarchy and its allies. It first highlights the role of banks in the history of Moroccan capitalism, from the setting up of a French protectorate over Morocco to the dominance of some major family groups in a private oligopoly. It then describes the importance of the financial sector in Moroccan cronyism and the growing role it has come to play in Morocco’s recent strategy of exploring African markets. Using a network analysis of board members of Moroccan listed companies, the chapter shows the centrality of finance compared to other key sectors of the economy. It argues that crony interlockers, who are members of royal foundations and represent an institutional investor, or a holding family that owns a bank and/or an insurance company are central actors in the network of listed companies. Finally, the chapter highlights how the financial sector is deployed in the post-Arab Spring strategy of expansion in sub-Saharan markets.
Situated approaches to musical experience
Authors: Seibert Christoph
Published: July 2019

Informed by a review of recent attempts in cognitive science to overcome head-bound conceptions of the mind, this chapter investigates the contribution of ‘situated’ approaches to understanding music and consciousness, focusing on musical experience. It develops a systematic framework for discriminating between situated approaches, and based on this framework and an analysis of specific scenarios discusses the ways in which musical experience may be conceptualized as ‘situated’, elucidating the implications and explanatory potential of different approaches. Finally, there is a consideration of the framework’s value as a research tool for the analysis of situated aspects of musical practices. The aim is to advance an understanding of music and consciousness by contributing to conceptual clarity and by enriching the relationship between theoretical considerations and observation of musical practice.
Empathy and the ecology of musical consciousness
Authors: Clarke Eric
Published: July 2019

Consciousness, both generally and in music, has been regarded as an individual capacity or attribute, despite increasing recognition of the extended, embodied, embedded, and enactive character of the human mind, and the intersubjectivity of human experience. This chapter proposes empathy as a fruitful way to engage with the collective quality of musical consciousness. It touches upon broader and narrower conceptions of empathy, and considers the ways in which aesthetic objects, including music, as well as living subjects, can afford empathic engagement. A discussion of neuroscientific, psychological, and cultural understandings of empathy leads to a consideration of empirical evidence for musically mediated empathy, and a more speculative attempt to understand people’s ‘strong experiences with music’ in terms of empathic musical consciousness—with a particular focus on the voice. Recordings of performances by Janis Joplin and Chet Baker illustrate what it is about their voices that may afford empathic engagement and a palpable sense of intersubjective musical consciousness.
Conscious and non-conscious perception and action in musical performance
Authors: Harris Robert , de Jong Bauke M.
Published: July 2019

The dual-stream model of perception and action maintains the existence of two separate, but interacting, higher-order auditory systems tailored to conscious perception and non-conscious sensorimotor control. During performance, implicit knowledge of musical syntax embodied within the motor system may thus be accessed non-consciously via the dorsal stream, facilitating audiomotor transformation and making it possible to play ‘by ear’ and to improvise. In an fMRI study contrasting improvising with score-dependent musicians, significantly larger activation of the right dorsal frontoparietal network was interpreted as evidence of enhanced audiomotor transformation in improvising musicians. This notion was supported by a subsequent behavioural study confirming their superior ability to replicate and transpose aurally presented music at the keyboard. It is proposed that enhanced audiomotor transformation may be associated with the generation of a more accurate forward model in improvising musicians as a consequence of the non-conscious learning processes in which they engage. The failure of current educational methods to foster implicit, non-conscious knowledge of music in performance may be traced to the conceptual partition of explicit knowledge and the biological and physical environments in which it operates.
Dual consciousness and unconsciousness: The structure and spirituality of polymetric tabla compositions
Authors: Virani Vivek
Published: July 2019

This chapter considers the question of the extent to which composers can manipulate the conscious and unconscious experience of performers and listeners. It addresses a subset of solo tabla compositions by Suresh Talwalkar called mūrchana racanā, meaning ‘compositions that make one bewildered, insensible, or unconscious’. These compositions are so named due to Talwalkar’s belief that their musical structure, based on a complex polymetre, can facilitate altered states of consciousness (ASC). The chapter analyses these rhythmic structures and their possible effects on consciousness, distinguishing between the experiences of listeners and performers. It also discusses how narratives and experiences of ‘mūrchana consciousness’ draw upon pre-existing cultural and philosophical beliefs underlying the North Indian classical music performance context. It concludes that musical structure, performance setting, and metaphysical beliefs all play essential roles in shaping unique experiences of musically altered consciousness.
Wellbeing, young people, and music scenes
Authors: Bennett Andy , Nikulinsky Lisa
Published: July 2019

This chapter considers how young people’s involvement in a local or virtual music scene can be important in terms of providing them with a sense of self-worth and esteem. Although the topic of music scenes has been comprehensively researched in academic scholarship, the connection between scene membership and physical and psychological wellbeing has not to date been a topic of focus. The chapter draws on original empirical data generated during interviews with young people in Margaret River, Western Australia, in 2016–17. Although our research findings originate from a localized source, they can be extrapolated to broader debates concerning the relationship between young people, music, and wellbeing.
Social media, adolescent developmental tasks, and music
Authors: Pluretti Roseann , Bobkowski Piotr S.
Published: July 2019

Social media platforms have transformed young people’s use of music. These mediated environments alter how young people consume, identify, and connect with music. Social media platforms further emphasize a social relationship to music. Young people can use social media to present their musical preferences, connect with others who share their musical affinities, and even communicate with musicians and celebrities. In this chapter, we discuss how music and social media intersect in the context of three developmental tasks that young people face. We focus on social development, identity development, including personal and social identities, and physical development as three key developmental tasks that mark and affect young people’s growth. Social media provide tools and environments for these developmental tasks, and music can play a role in how young people use social media to negotiate these developmental tasks. The chapter maps existing literature on the interplay between music, adolescent development, and social media, and identifies research directions that are yet to be addressed.
TPP and China: A Tale of Two Economic Orderings?
Authors: Tao Jing
Published: July 2019

How China reacts to a potential US-led TPP or the current TPP11, and whether a China-centric ordering is compatible with a US-led one, will be determined by both domestic and geopolitical factors. These include China’s domestic economic structure and reform agenda, as well as China’s relative power vis-à-vis the United States and the strategic interaction between the two countries. Due to a variety of domestic constraints—such as the dominant role of SOEs and a reliance on industrial policy to move up GVCs—TPP or TPP11 is unlikely to make China substantially deepen its domestic economic reform or converge toward a hard law-based liberal economic ordering. Nevertheless, China’s perception of the potential negative economic and geo-political impacts of a US-led TPP has strengthened its will and efforts to establish a China-centric regional ordering: China has accelerated both its RCEP negotiations and the implementation of its ambitious Belt and Road Initiative. A China-centric ordering will exhibit mixed features of both market and statist components.
Power and Inequality in Megaregulation: The TPP Model
Authors: Chimni B. S.
Published: July 2019

Neo-Marxist approaches have begun again to exercise influence in contemporary critiques of globalization. This chapter sketches a transnational and national class-based analysis of international trade-regulatory agreements, using the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) as the representative ideal type. With this framework, it looks at the implications of the TPP model for developing countries in the area of foreign investment and intellectual property rights in the matrix of the recent evolution of these two regimes. It further examines strategies available to the United States and India as their different domestic class constellations struggle over the countries’ political positioning towards economic globalization.
TPP’s Business Asymmetries: Megaregulation and the Conditions of Competition Between MNCs and SMEs
Authors: Ciuriak Dan
Published: July 2019

Megaregulation promises a seamless operating environment to facilitate international engagement by firms large and small. However, it also entails fixed costs of access to preferential trade windows, trade facilitation mechanisms, and consultative mechanisms, which weigh more heavily on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) than on larger competitors, and features other asymmetries that play to the advantage of the already large, established firms. This chapter takes up the question of whether pro-SME measures built into megaregional agreements can effectively offset these biases and promote conditions of competition both internationally and domestically that enhance business dynamism or whether it reinforces observed trends toward greater concentration and waning business dynamism.
Thailand and Public Health: Looking Beyond the Intellectual Property Chapter of TPP
Authors: Adachi Kiyoshi
Published: July 2019

Thailand is one of a handful of countries that is contemplating accession to CPTPP. Despite the pronouncements of its leaders, however, national consensus for early accession to join the treaty remains elusive. This contribution contrasts the accession debate in Thailand with the negotiation and ratification process of Vietnam, which is a party to the treaty. The analysis shows that the lack of consensus in Thailand is rooted in deeper causes that may not be addressed by the suspension of certain intellectual property and investor–state dispute settlement clauses from the original TPP12 text.
Childhood memories
Authors: Lev Kenaan Vered
Published: July 2019

An analysis in which the Homeric digression intersects with Freud’s notion of regression leads into a comprehensive reading of the Homeric episode of the foot washing of the Odyssey, Book 19. The chapter concentrates on the mnemonic function of the scar in the Homeric epic and Sophocles’ tragedy. The chapter considers the significance of Oedipus’ childhood memories in shaping the tragic plot of Oedipus Rex as a tragedy of recollection. Oedipus’ and Odysseus’ scars bring home something that has collapsed into forgetfulness. The chapter discusses the significance of ancient and Freudian figures and images of scars as junctions of forgetting and remembering, and shows how ancient narratives of memory (Odysseus) and forgetfulness (Oedipus) can inform our understanding of Freud’s notion of the dream navel.
The unconscious as a figura futurorum
Authors: Lev Kenaan Vered
Published: July 2019

The triangulation of classics, psychoanalysis, and comparative literature is the proper context for discussing the exegetical significance of what Erich Auerbach, the father of comparative literature, turned into a conceptual cornerstone: the figura futurorum. Reading Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex through the lens of Auerbach’s figura futurorum, the chapter explains the fruitfulness of analogy for psychoanalysis and comparative literature and the kinds of linking (Oedipus–Hamlet, savage–neurotic) that have been crucial in the making of Oedipus’ future into the central plot of psychoanalysis. The universalism of Freud’s claims for psychoanalysis are examined, and shown to depend on his relation to classical antiquity in the formulation of his own experience.
Bonhoeffer’s Theological Anthropology and the Greater Tradition, Part I
Authors: Zimmermann Jens
Published: July 2019

Chapter 2 (together with the subsequent Chapter 3) explores the similarities between Bonhoeffer’s theological anthropology and patristic views of human nature to show that Bonhoeffer’s anthropology is not a reversal of patristic thought but rather its creative continuation. The common root of their humanistic theology is Christology, particularly the recapitulation of humanity in Christ. After discussing the possible extent of patristic influence on his theology, the chapter outlines patristic humanism based on the fathers’ Christological interpretation of the imago dei and then aligns this view with the centrality of the incarnation in Bonhoeffer’s work. The remaining sections unfold further theological parallels between Bonhoeffer and patristic humanism in the Eucharist, the doctrine of the logos, Trinitarian communion, deification, and especially the congruence between Irenaeus’ recapitulation and Bonhoeffer’s Stellvertretung (vicarious representation). Already in earlier works, but particularly in Discipleship and later in Ethics, Bonhoeffer clearly shares Irenaeus’ assumption that Christ summed up and renewed in himself all of humanity, wherefore Christianity is not a belief system or religion but participation in the new humanity of Christ and therefore sharing in a new human reality.
In God’s Image
Authors: Zimmermann Jens
Published: July 2019

Chapter 4 falls into two parts. The first relates Bonhoeffer’s interpretation of the imago dei in the biblical creation account to patristic readings. Bonhoeffer’s anthropology stresses freedom, relationality, embodiment, and stewardship of creation, affirming a human bond with animals and the earth. Bonhoeffer warns against the distortive effects of disordered desire that perverts these relations. The second part describes Bonhoeffer’s highly original phenomenology of the Christian self that informs his humanism. Based mainly on his distinction between the pathological Sicut Deus and the restored Imago Dei states of selfhood, Bonhoeffer accords a central role to conscience as indicative of a divided self whose freedom for discerning moral action in Christ is only restored through God’s healing power of grace. Only in communion with God does a unified self and holistic, fully human existence become possible. The chapter ends by outlining implications of Bonhoeffer’s anthropology for the existential humanisms of Heidegger, Sartre, and Camus.
Living Freely before God
Authors: Zimmermann Jens
Published: July 2019

Chapter 6 outlines the main features of Bonhoeffer’s Christian Humanist ethics. Bonhoeffer’s ethical realism and rejection of moralistic legalism is based on ethics defined as participation in Christ whose incarnation and person structure reality as a whole. The chapter begins by showing that the personal and eschatological structure of this Christological realism exonerates Bonhoeffer from the charge of collapsing reality into Christ. The next section delineates the goal of Bonhoeffer’s ethics as Christformation with its essential aspects of renewal into the divine image through the work of the Holy Spirit, through ecclesial communion, through Christian action in the world, and by means of the sedimentation of Christian virtues in cultural traditions. Next, the chapter takes up from the previous one the hermeneutic element of discernment in describing ethics with Bonhoeffer as realistic responsible action. Realistic responsible action denotes the call to action in response to concrete circumstances within a creation oriented toward Christ. Such realistic action includes the risk of freedom along with the assumption of guilt. Realistic responsible action explains the meaning of this famous and often misunderstood concept of guilt bearing in Bonhoeffer rooted in his sacramental, participatory ontology. The chapter ends with a summative description of Bonhoeffer’s Humanist ethics as living freely before God.
The Vulnerability of the Word
Authors: Zimmermann Jens
Published: July 2019

Chapter 7 demonstrates the importance of biblical interpretation to Bonhoeffer’s Christian humanism. Beginning with the Barthian inspiration for a theological reading of scripture as the book of the church, Bonhoeffer develops a biblical hermeneutic for transformative, humanist reading of the Bible that incorporates historical critical tools in seeking out God’s address in concrete life situations. After describing Bonhoeffer’s incarnational approach to the biblical text, and his criticism of verbal inspiration, the middle portion of this chapter describes Bonhoeffer’s theological interpretation of the Old Testament, pointing out striking parallels to patristic interpretation, including the Bible’s sacramental role for Christformation. The same sacramental ontology that governs his general hermeneutics and ethics also help explain Bonhoeffer’s often misunderstood notions of non-religious interpretation of biblical concepts, non-religious Christianity, and a world come of age. The remainder of the chapter clarifies the meaning and humanist implications of these ideas, showing their congruence with Bonhoeffer’s increasing appreciation of the Old Testament’s importance for a this-worldly Christianity that celebrates God’s presence in the midst of life.
Billy Budd and Melville’s Retirement
Authors: Riley Peter
Published: July 2019

This chapter reassesses biographical and critical accounts of Melville’s exit from the workforce in 1885, examining the vocational vacillations that produced Billy Budd. Melville’s final writings did not signal a release from the quotidian world of work into one last affirmative creative garret, but another opportunity to practice his ongoing commitment to “becoming-other”: “Billy in the Darbies” consciously sets up and then undermines the Romantic trope of an isolated solitary singer, finally “set free.” “Late Melville” approached literary composition and revision as an extension of other forms of work and his diverse writings consistently display a preoccupation with challenging preconceptions concerning the writer’s calling. Though seen as the archetype of frustrated vocation in American Letters, Melville remained intensely self-conscious and skeptical of vocational thinking throughout his career.
The United States of America
Authors: Dombrowski Peter , Reich Simon
Published: July 2019

The study of American grand strategy is dominated by historians who describe former grand strategies, and international relations scholars who prescribe what it should be. In contrast to either approach, this chapter has three components: First, it identifies the national cultural influences, the key elements of the mythic “American Creed,” that provide the emblematic foundations of contemporary American grand strategy. Second, it describes the historical evolution of the institutional mechanisms that both formulate and implement American grand strategy, and how those institutions actually operate in the modern era. And third, relating these elements, it explains the parameters of American grand strategic planning—how it operates in practice. This includes an overt reliance on military instruments and a conscious sensitivity to field conditions in implementation that may undermine the most grand strategic designs. The chapter concludes by contemplating the prospects for continuity and change in American grand strategy.
Israel
Authors: Shamir Eitan
Published: July 2019

A traditional approach views grand strategy as primarily concerned with a state’s external affairs: consolidating national security by employing a combination of state capabilities that utilize economic, diplomatic, and military power instruments. Israel’s founders, in contrast, stressed the importance of internal factors such as legitimacy, social cohesion, and economic disparity as essential conditions for national survival. Bearing these benchmark features in mind, Israel’s varied, enduring challenges continue to raise the dilemma of what constitutes both the theoretical and practical boundaries of the country’s grand strategy. Indeed, an examination of the country’s strategic blueprint reveals a constant ambivalence—between focusing on domestic issues and the urgent need to respond to security and diplomatic challenges. The continuous definition and redefinition of what comprises grand strategy reflect the various forces in play in shaping the country’s strategic choices, in the context of an environment where these three founding considerations are continually challenged.
Celestial Cartography
Authors: Owens Thomas
Published: July 2019

Chapter 2 documents the place of the Moon and the night sky in the communal life of the Wordsworths and Coleridge at Alfoxden and Grasmere by tracing an interwoven series of scientific, natural, and typographical crescents in their poems, notebooks, and letters, before culminating in a reading of the 1802 revisions made to the Preface to Lyrical Ballads. It shows that star-gazing, far from being injurious to their sensibilities, was most often a memorializing pleasure for the poets and their families in the absence of John Wordsworth. The chapter focuses on the workings of allusion and communal memory in Dorothy Wordsworth’s Journals; Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, ‘A Letter to ——’, and ‘A Soliloquy of the Full Moon’; and Wordsworth’s ‘Peter Bell’ and ‘The Thorn’.
Circuits
Authors: Burnham Michelle
Published: July 2019

This chapter reads the dynamics of gender and racial violence in Leonora Sansay’s 1808 novel Secret History in transoceanic context. Even as the French Atlantic triangle generated enormous wealth through enormous exploitation, encounters and events in the transnational Pacific were laying bare the unequal terms and coercive relations that underpinned such triangles and the circuits that spun around them. Set in Saint Domingue during the Haitian Revolution, the novel situates the violence of both marital and plantation intimacies within the turning global circuits of sexual-economic drive and their production of disproportion and inequality. By presenting French European and French creole desire in terms of a sexualized colonialism and a pornographic capitalism, Secret History exposes the rotations of capitalist drive as a violent obscenity, and revolution as its violent offspring.
Bayesian Statistics for Beginners
Authors: Donovan Therese , Mickey Ruth M.
Published: July 2019

Bayesian Statistics for Beginners is an entry-level book on Bayesian statistics. It is like no other math book you’ve read. It is written for readers who do not have advanced degrees in mathematics and who may struggle with mathematical notation, yet need to understand the basics of Bayesian inference for scientific investigations. Intended as a “quick read,” the entire book is written as an informal, humorous conversation between the reader and writer—a natural way to present material for those new to Bayesian inference. The most impressive feature of the book is the sheer length of the journey, from introductory probability to Bayesian inference and applications, including Markov Chain Monte Carlo approaches for parameter estimation, Bayesian belief networks, and decision trees. Detailed examples in each chapter contribute a great deal, where Bayes’ Theorem is at the front and center with transparent, step-by-step calculations. A vast amount of material is covered in a lighthearted manner; the journey is relatively pain-free. The book is intended to jump-start a reader’s understanding of probability, inference, and statistical vocabulary that will set the stage for continued learning. Other features include multiple links to web-based material, an annotated bibliography, and detailed, step-by-step appendices.
Taking Prudence Seriously
Authors: Fletcher Guy
Published: July 2019

Philosophers have long theorized about which things make people’s lives go well, and why, and the extent to which morality and self-interest can be reconciled. Yet little time has been spent on meta-prudential questions, questions about prudential discourse. This is surprising given that prudence is, prima facie, a normative form of discourse and, as such, cries out for further investigation. Chapter 4 takes up two major meta-prudential questions. It first examines whether there is a set of prudential reasons, generated by evaluative prudential properties, and defends the view that evaluative well-being facts generate agent-relative reasons (for action or for attitudes) for the relevant agent. It also investigates whether prudential discourse is normative. It is proposed that prudential discourse is normative by arguing that prudential judgements are normative judgements. The case for this is presented by analogy with moral discourse by showing that the features of moral judgements that metaethicists appeal to when articulating, explaining, and justifying the claim that moral judgements are normative are also possessed by prudential judgements. Various objections to the analogy are also considered.
International Heritage Law for Communities
Authors: Lixinski Lucas
Published: July 2019

This book critically engages the shortcomings of the field of international heritage law, seen through the lenses of the five major UNESCO treaties for the safeguarding of different types of heritage. It argues that these five treaties have, by design or in their implementation, effectively prevented local communities, who bear the brunt of the costs associated with international heritage protection, from having a say in how their heritage is managed. The exclusion of local communities often alienates them not only from international decision-making processes but also from their cultural heritage itself, ultimately meaning that systems put in place for the protection of cultural heritage contribute to its disappearance in the long term. The book adds to existing literature by looking at these UNESCO treaties not as isolated regimes, which is the common practice in the field, but rather as belonging to a discursive continuum on cultural heritage. Rather than scrutinizing the regimes themselves, the book focuses on themes that cut across the relevant UNESCO regimes, such as the use of expert rule in international heritage law, economics, and the relationship between heritage and the environment. It uses this mechanism to highlight the blind spots and unintended consequences of UNESCO treaties and how choices made in their drafting have continuing and potentially negative impacts on how we think about and safeguard heritage. The book is of interest to cultural heritage scholars and practitioners across all disciplines, as well as to international lawyers interested in the dynamics of fragmented subfields.
The orbitofrontal cortex, depression, and other mental disorders
Authors: Rolls Edmund T.
Published: July 2019

An approach to depression is described, in which there is over-sensitivity of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex non-reward attractor system, and under-sensitivity of the medial orbitofrontal cortex reward system. Many functional connectivities involving the lateral orbitofrontal cortex are increased in depression, and many functional connectivities involving the medial orbitofrontal cortex are decreased in depression. Involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex in bipolar disorder, autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and compulsivity including obsessive-compulsive disorder, is also described.