bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geneva’s Use of Lies, Deceit, and Simulation in Their Efforts to Reform France, 1536–1563
Authors: Balserak Jon
Published: February 2019

The Genevan Reformation was subjected to a trenchant ethical critique during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries by Roman Catholics, Lutherans, Anabaptists, and Radicals who identified both Calvin and Beza as unscrupulous, dishonest, and immoral. By contrast, modern scholars have paid little attention to such matters. They have either stated explicitly that both men were upright and honest in their lives and ministries or implied it. A handful of scholars have, however, alluded to dishonest conduct on their parts. The present article takes up this topic in detail, looking particularly at Geneva’s ministry to France. It contends that duplicity characterized Calvin and Beza’s French ministry between 1536 and 1563. It commences by examining their understanding of mendacity, which provides the standard for our analysis of their ministry. After outlining what Calvin and Beza did to support and strengthen Calvinist churches in France, the article sets forth and explains the system Calvin devised to hide their ministry from the French Catholic government and probably from the Nicodemites as well. This system depended on lies, deceit, and simulation.
Temporal bone meningoencephaloceles and cerebrospinal fluid leaks: experience in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Gupta A , Sikka K , Irugu D V K , Verma H , Bhalla A S , Thakar A
Published: February 2019

Objective

To recount experience with cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea and temporal bone meningoencephalocele repair in a tertiary care hospital.

Method

A retrospective review was conducted of 16 cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea and meningoencephalic herniation patients managed surgically from 1991 to 2016.

Results

Aetiology was: congenital (n= 3), post-traumatic (n= 2), spontaneous (n= 1) or post-mastoidectomy (n= 10). Surgical repair was undertaken by combined middle cranial fossa and transmastoid approach in 3 patients, transmastoid approach in 2, oval window plugging in 1, and subtotal petrosectomy with middle-ear obliteration in 10. All patients had successful long-term outcomes, except one, who experienced recurrence after primary stage oval window plugging, but has been recurrence-free after second-stage subtotal petrosectomy with middle-ear obliteration.

Conclusion

Dural injury or exposure in mastoidectomy may lead to cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea or meningoencephalic herniation years later. Congenital, spontaneous and traumatic temporal bone defects may present similarly. Middle cranial fossa dural repair, transmastoid multilayer closure and subtotal petrosectomy with middle-ear obliteration were successful procedures. Subtotal petrosectomy with middle-ear obliteration offers advantages over middle cranial fossa dural repair alone; soft tissue closure is more robust and is preferred in situations where hearing preservation is not a priority.
Reducing waste in nutritional epidemiology: review and perspectives
Authors: Hawwash Dana , Yang Chen , Lachat Carl
Published: February 2019

We discuss efforts in improving the value of nutrition research. We organised the paper in five research stages: Stage 1: research priority setting; Stage 2: research design, conduct and analysis; Stage 3: research regulation and management; Stage 4: research accessibility and Stage 5: research reporting and publishing. Along the stages of the research cycle, varied initiatives exist to improve the quality and added value of nutrition research. However, efforts are focused on single stages of the research cycle without vision of the research system as a whole. Although research on nutrition research has been limited, it has potential to improve the quality of nutrition research and develop new tools and instruments for this purpose. A comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of research waste in nutrition and consensus on priority actions is needed. The nutrition research community at large needs to have open discussions on the usefulness of these tools and lead suitable efforts to enhance nutrition research across the stages of the research cycle. Capacity building is essential and considerations of nutrition research quality are vital to be integrated in training efforts of nutrition researchers.
“Frozen-Ground Cartoons”: Permafrost comics as an innovative tool for polar outreach, education, and engagement
Authors: Bouchard Frédéric , Sansoulet Julie , Fritz Michael , Malenfant-Lepage Julie , Nieuwendam Alexandre , Paquette Michel , Rudy Ashley C. A. , Siewert Matthias B. , Sjöberg Ylva , Tanski George , Habeck J. Otto , Harbor Jon
Published: February 2019

Permafrost occupies 20 million square kilometres of Earth’s high-latitude and high-altitude landscapes. These regions are sensitive to climate change and human activities; hence, permafrost research is of considerable scientific and societal importance. However, the results of this research are generally not known by the general public. Communicating scientific concepts is an increasingly important task in the research world. Different ways to engage learners and incorporate narratives in teaching materials exist, yet they are generally underused. Here we report on an international scientific outreach project called “Frozen-Ground Cartoons”, which aims at making permafrost science accessible and fun for students, teachers, and parents through the creation of comic strips. We present the context in which the project was initiated, as well as recent education and outreach activities. The future phases of the project primarily involve a series of augmented reality materials, such as maps, photos, videos, and 3D drawings. With this project we aim to foster understanding of permafrost research among broader audiences, inspire future permafrost researchers, and raise public and science community awareness of polar science, education, outreach, and engagement.
‘Just another day’: the lived experience of being a hundred years old for ten New Zealanders
Authors: Ratan Ashwina , de Vries Kay
Published: February 2019

The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the experiences of extended longevity as perceived by centenarians. Centenarians (people over 100 years of age) are the fastest growing group of the ageing population in developed countries. Ten centenarians aged between 100 and 106 years, living in the Lower North Island of New Zealand, participated in the study. The biographical narrative interpretive method of inquiry guided data collection through face-to-face interviews, and thematic analysis was subsequently undertaken. Four themes were identified: (a) ‘becoming a centenarian: ‘Just another day’; (b) ‘growing up in a privileged environment’ that revealed four sub-themes: ‘having freedom and choice’, ‘being loved and nurtured’, ‘living healthy lifestyles’ and having ‘good education prospects’; (c) ‘unique opportunities in adult life’; and (d) ‘positive ageing and celebration of longevity’. The centenarians spoke nonchalantly about their experience of turning 100 and positive personalities were prominent features of the participants, who all expressed a sense of acceptance and satisfaction with life and contentment with living in the present, a feature throughout their lives that was ongoing and at an intergenerational level. This study has provided further insights into the existing literature on longevity and through the narratives of the centenarians has demonstrated the value of Erikson's psycho-social stages of development and Tornstam's theory of gerotranscendence when considering positive ageing.
Talking Black in America
Authors: Wolfram Walt , Waldorf Kellynoel
Published: February 2019

African American Language (AAL) is the most widely recognized – and controversial – ethnic variety of English in the world. In the United States national controversies about the speech of African Americans have erupted periodically for more than a half-century now, from the difference-deficit debates in the 1960s (Labov, 1972) to the Ebonics controversy in the 1990s (Rickford, 1999) and linguistic profiling in the 2000s (Baugh, 2003, 2018). Further, the adoption of performance genres from AAL into languages other than English, such as hip-hop and rap, has given the speech of African Americans even wider international recognition and global status (Omoniyi, 2006). The curiosities and controversies about African American speech symbolically reveal (1) the depth of people's beliefs and opinions about language differences; (2) the widespread level of public misinformation about language diversity; and (3) the need for informed knowledge about language variation in public life and in education.
Reference values for two-dimensional myocardial strain echocardiography of the left ventricle in healthy children
Authors: Koopman Laurens P. , Rebel Bas , Gnanam Devi , Menting Mirthe E. , Helbing Willem A. , Boersma Eric
Published: February 2019

Background

Myocardial deformation by speckle tracking echocardiography provides additional information on left ventricular function. Values of myocardial deformation (strain and strain rate) depend on the type of ultrasound machine and software that is used. Normative values for QLAB (Philips) are scarce, especially for children. It is important to evaluate the influence of age and body size on myocardial deformation parameters, since anthropometrics strongly influence many standard echocardiographic parameters. The aim of this study was to provide comprehensive normal values for myocardial deformation of the left ventricle using a Philips platform and to evaluate the association with anthropometric and standard echocardiographic parameters.

Methods

Healthy children between 1 and 18 years of age were prospectively examined using a standard echocardiographic protocol. Short-axis and apical four-chamber, two-chamber, and three-chamber views were used to measure peak systolic circumferential and longitudinal strain and systolic and early diastolic strain rate of the left ventricle using dedicated software.

Results

A total of 103 children were included with a mean age of 10.8 and inter-quartile range 7.3–14.3 years. Global circumferential strain values (±SD) were −24.2±3.5% at basal, −25.8±3.5% at papillary muscle, and −31.9±6.2% at apex levels. Global left ventricular longitudinal strain values were −20.6±2.6% in apical four-chamber view, −20.9±2.7% in apical two-chamber, and −21.0 ±2.7% in apical three-chamber. Age was associated with longitudinal strain, longitudinal systolic and early diastolic strain rate, but not with circumferential strain.

Conclusions

Normal values for left ventricular deformation parameters in children are obtained using a Philips platform. Age partly explains normal variation of strain and strain rate.
Should antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia be given for a lifetime? Replication of a naturalistic, long-term, follow-up study of antipsychotic treatment
Authors: Glick Ira D. , Zamora Daisy , Kamis Danielle , Davis John M.
Published: February 2019

Objective

Because ethically and practically a randomized control trial of antipsychotics will never be done, we recently conducted and reported a 8- to 50-year, naturalistic follow-up from an academic clinic of patients with chronic schizophrenia on antipsychotic medication. We found that better medication adherence was a statistically significant predictor of better long-term global outcome and life satisfaction. Because there were important limitations on our findings, we now in this communication, using similar methodology, detail outcomes for a very different sample—inner city patients with chronic schizophrenia with a long past history of antipsychotic treatment, who were enrolled in clinical trials for new medications for schizophrenia.

Methods

This is a retrospective, naturalistic, longitudinal 6- to 49-years antipsychotic treatment (mean average, 20) follow-up of a consecutive series of patients volunteering for screening for studies with schizophrenia. Lifetime data were collected on (1) their medication adherence, (2) long-term global outcome, and (3) life satisfaction. Outcomes were rated by 2 different clinicians, 1 with information on medication adherence (nonblind rater) and 1 without (blind rater). We used linear regression models adjusted for age, family support, substance use disorder, race, marital status, and number of years in treatment to estimate the association between adherence and each outcome.

Results

A total of 34 patients were assessed. Medication adherence was positively associated with the blind clinician’s rating of global outcome (P value=0.03) and the global assessment of functioning (P value=0.05). In the nonblinded clinician rating, medication adherence was unrelated to global outcome (P value=0.26) and to patients’ report of life satisfaction (P value=0.54).

Conclusion

This replication study, like our previous study, is not inconsistent with the recommendation for continuous, long-term treatment for chronic schizophrenia unless medically contraindicated.
Wang Shu’s design practice and ecological phenomenology
Authors: Chau Hing-Wah
Published: February 2019

Wang Shu (b. 1963) is a locally trained Chinese architect who has received widespread media coverage in the last decade, especially after receiving the prestigious Pritzker Prize in 2012, often considered the Nobel Prize of architecture. Numerous articles and interviews have been published concerning Wang Shu and his design practice, however, there is a lack of analysis of his work from what might be called the perspective of his ecological phenomenology. Wang acknowledges his interest in phenomenological thinking and expresses an ongoing concern about human relationships with place and nature, the continuity of craftsmanship in the face of technological development, as well as the materiality and tactility of bodily perception. Before analysing Wang's work, relevant ideas of Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) and Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908–1961) and their influence on architectural discourse are firstly examined. Both of them were seminal philosophers who offered inspiring insights to ecological discourse.
Discrepancy between heritage speakers' use of suprasegmental cues in the perception and production of Spanish lexical stress
Authors: Kim Ji Young
Published: February 2019

This study investigates Spanish heritage speakers' perception and production of Spanish lexical stress. Stress minimal pairs in various prosodic contexts were used to examine whether heritage speakers successfully identify the stress location despite varying suprasegmental cues (Experiment 1) and whether they use these cues in their production (Experiment 2). Heritage speakers' performance was compared to that of Spanish monolinguals and English L2 learners. In Experiment 1, the heritage speakers showed a clear advantage over the L2 learners and their performance was comparable to that of the monolinguals. In Experiment 2, both the heritage speakers and the L2 learners showed deviating patterns from the monolinguals; they produced a large overlap between paroxytones and oxytones, especially in duration. The discrepancy between heritage speakers' perception and production suggests that, while early exposure to heritage language is beneficial for the perception of heritage language speech sounds, this factor alone does not guarantee target-like production.
Property-Based Testing for Spark Streaming
Authors: RIESCO A. , RODRÍGUEZ-HORTALÁ J.
Published: February 2019

Stream processing has reached the mainstream in the last years, as a new generation of open-source distributed stream processing systems, designed for scaling horizontally on commodity hardware, has brought the capability for processing high-volume and high-velocity data streams to companies of all sizes. In this work, we propose a combination of temporal logic and property-based testing (PBT) for dealing with the challenges of testing programs that employ this programming model. We formalize our approach in a discrete time temporal logic for finite words, with some additions to improve the expressiveness of properties, which includes timeouts for temporal operators and a binding operator for letters. In particular, we focus on testing Spark Streaming programs written with the Spark API for the functional language Scala, using the PBT library ScalaCheck. For that we add temporal logic operators to a set of new ScalaCheck generators and properties, as part of our testing library sscheck.
Die Entwicklung der Psychopharmakologischen Behandlung von 1952 bis 1957 in den kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Kliniken Weissenau und Gütersloh
Authors: Kaufung Carolin , Holtmann Martin , Boege Isabel
Published: February 2019

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Im Rahmen der aktuellen Diskussionen um Medikamentenmissbrauch an Kindern in der Nachkriegszeit wurden zwei Kliniken der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie (KJP) hinsichtlich Psychopharmakotherapie und therapeutischer Verfahren untersucht. In den Fokus genommen wurde insbesondere der zunehmende Gebrauch von Psychopharmaka und die Frage nach der Vergabe von Versuchspräparaten. Methodik: Methodisch wurden 966 stationäre Akten aller Patienten der Jahrgänge 1952 und 1957 aus der KJP Weissenau und der KJP Gütersloh analysiert. Ergebnisse: Das Aufkommen und Verwenden von Neuroleptika verhielt sich in den zu vergleichenden Institutionen ähnlich, wohingegen die Anteile der damals schon gebräuchlichen Psychopharmaka insgesamt sich je nach Klinikkonzept anders entwickelten. Behandlungsmethoden wie medikamentös induzierte Schocktherapie mit Insulin und Fieberinduktion wurden auch 1957 noch angewandt. Vereinzelt ließen sich erste Ansätze von therapeutischen Verfahren erkennen. Versuchspräparate wurden eingesetzt, jedoch nicht im Sinne systematischer Medikamentenstudien verabreicht. Schlussfolgerung: Die unterschiedlichen Aufträge und Charakteristika der Institutionen brachten verschiedene Behandlungsmethoden und medikamentöse Behandlungsstrategien mit sich, ohne dass gefährliche Medikamentenstudien nachweisbar waren.

Schlüsselwörter: Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychopharmaka, Neuroleptika, Versuchspräparate, Therapiemethoden
Effect of Foreign Accent on Immediate Serial Recall
Authors: Chan Kit Ying , Chiu Ming Ming , Dailey Brady A. , Jalil Daroon M.
Published: February 2019

Abstract. This study disentangled factors contributing to impaired memory for foreign-accented words – misperception and disruption of encoding. When native English and Cantonese-accented words were presented auditorily for serial recall (Experiment 1), intrusion errors for accented words were higher across all serial positions (SPs). Participants made more intrusion errors during auditory presentation than visual and auditory presentation, and more errors for accented words than native words. Lengthening the interstimulus intervals in Experiment 2 reduced intrusion, repetition, order, and omission errors in the middle and late SPs during accented word recall, suggesting that extra time is required for identification and encoding of accented words into memory. Analyses of the intrusions showed that a majority of them were misperceptions and sounded similar to the stimulus words. These findings suggest that effortful perceptual processing of accented speech can induce perceptual difficulty and interfere with downstream memory processes by exhausting the shared pool of working memory.
Task Switching Hurts Memory Encoding
Authors: Muhmenthaler Michèle C. , Meier Beat
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Research consistently shows that task switching slows down performance on switch compared to repeat trials, but the consequences on memory are less clear. In the present study, we investigated the impact of task switching on subsequent memory performance. Participants had to switch between two semantic classification tasks. In Experiment 1, the stimuli were univalent; in Experiment 2, the stimuli were bivalent (relevant for both tasks). The aim was to disentangle the conflicts triggered by task switching and bivalency. In both experiments, recognition memory for switch and repeat stimuli was tested subsequently. During encoding, task switching produced switch costs. Critically, subsequent memory was lower for switch compared to repeat stimuli in both experiments, and this effect was increased in Experiment 2 with bivalent material. We suggest that the requirement to switch tasks hurts the encoding of task-relevant information and thus impairs subsequent memory performance.
Widespread Pollution From Secondary Sources of Organic Aerosols During Winter in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Shah Viral , Jaeglé Lyatt , Jimenez Jose L. , Schroder Jason C. , Campuzano‐Jost Pedro , Campos Teresa L. , Reeves John M. , Stell Meghan , Brown Steven S. , Lee Ben H. , Lopez‐Hilfiker Felipe D. , Thornton Joel A.
Published: February 2019

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from pollution sources is thought to be a minor component of organic aerosol (OA) and fine particulate matter beyond the urban scale. Here we present airborne observations of OA in the northeastern United States, showing that 58% of OA over the region during winter is secondary and originates from pollution sources. We observed a doubling of OA mass from SOA formation in aged emissions, with unexpected similarity to OA growth observed in polluted areas in the summer. A regional model with a simple SOA parameterization based on summer measurements reproduces these winter observations and shows that pollution SOA is widespread, accounting for 14% of submicron particulate matter in near‐surface air. This source of particulate matter is largely unaccounted for in air quality management in the northeastern United States and other polluted areas.
Interannual Variability of the Sulawesi Sea Circulation Forced by Indo‐Pacific Planetary Waves
Authors: Hu Xiaoyue , Sprintall Janet , Yuan Dongliang , Tranchant Benoît , Gaspar Philippe , Koch‐Larrouy Ariane , Reffray Guillaume , Li Xiang , Wang Zheng , Li Yao , Nugroho Dwiyoga , Corvianawatie Corry , Surinati Dewi
Published: February 2019

The regional INDESO model configured in the Indonesian seas from 2008 to 2016 is used to study the mechanisms responsible for the variability of the currents in the Sulawesi Sea of the Indonesian seas. The model simulation compares reasonably with the seasonal to interannual variability of the moored current meter observations in the upper 350 m or so of the Maluku Channel during 2015 and 2016. The interannual variability of the currents in the eastern Sulawesi Sea in the model is found to be associated with both the Pacific and Indian Ocean remote forcing. Lag correlation analysis and a theoretical linear wave model simulation suggest that both the equatorial Kelvin waves from the Indian Ocean and the coastally trapped Kelvin waves from the western Pacific along the Philippine coast can propagate through the Indonesian seas and arrive at the Maluku Channel. In particular, from mid‐2015 to 2016 the Indian Ocean Kelvin waves are found to significantly impact the sea level anomaly variability in the Maluku Channel. The results indicate the importance of Indo‐Pacific planetary waves to the interannual variability of the currents in the Sulawesi Sea at the entrance of the Indonesian seas.
Whitecap Fraction From Satellite Measurements: Algorithm Description
Authors: Anguelova Magdalena D. , Bettenhausen Michael H.
Published: February 2019

Many air‐sea interaction processes are quantified in terms of whitecap fraction W because whitecaps are the most visible and direct way of observing breaking waves with air entrainment in the open ocean. Photographs or video images of the sea state collected from towers, ships, and aircrafts have been used over the years to obtain W. Satellite remote sensing of W is a recent development that allows long‐term, consistent observations of whitecapping on a global scale. The method for estimating W uses the variations of ocean surface emissivity at microwave frequencies (6 to 37 GHz) due to presence of sea foam on a rough sea surface. Satellite‐borne microwave radiometers detect these variations at the ocean surface as changes of the brightness temperature TB at the top of the atmosphere. We present the physical and parameterized models, as well as the input data, necessary to calculate W from WindSat TB observations with our W (TB) algorithm. We describe the implementation versions through which the W (TB) algorithm has developed. We show that satellite‐based W data vary with the frequency and polarization of the TB observations. The wind speed dependence of the W retrievals at horizontal and vertical polarizations shows different behavior and compares differently with in situ W data and existing wind speed parameterizations W(U10). We discuss the applicability of our methodology to other radiometric data. We indicate possible modifications and tuning of the models in the W (TB) algorithm that can help to further improve the accuracy of the satellite W retrievals.
MESSENGER Gamma Ray Spectrometer and Epithermal Neutron Hydrogen Data Reveal Compositional Differences Between Mercury's Hot and Cold Poles
Authors: Wilson Jack T. , Lawrence David J. , Peplowski Patrick N. , Feldman William C.
Published: February 2019

The presence of hydrogen, most likely in the form of water ice, is well established in Mercury's permanently shaded polar craters. But lower concentrations that may exist away from the poles have not previously been well constrained. In this work we use data from the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) Gamma‐Ray and Neutron Spectrometer to produce the first map of the absolute hydrogen abundance in Mercury's northern hemisphere. We find a mean abundance of
 ppm and a latitudinal trend that agrees with earlier results showing enhanced hydrogen contained within Mercury's radar bright craters. Additionally, we observe a middle‐ and low‐latitude variation in hydrogen abundance that is correlated most strongly with temperature 20 cm beneath Mercury's surface.
The Role of Lithospheric Flexure in the Landscape Evolution of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin and Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica
Authors: Paxman Guy J. G. , Jamieson Stewart S. R. , Ferraccioli Fausto , Bentley Michael J. , Ross Neil , Watts Anthony B. , Leitchenkov German , Armadillo Egidio , Young Duncan A.
Published: February 2019

Reconstructions of the bedrock topography of Antarctica since the Eocene‐Oligocene Boundary (approximately 34 Ma) provide important constraints for modeling Antarctic ice sheet evolution. This is particularly important in regions where the bedrock lies below sea level, since in these sectors the overlying ice sheet is thought to be most susceptible to past and future change. Here we use 3‐D flexural modeling to reconstruct the evolution of the topography of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin (WSB) and Transantarctic Mountains (TAM) in East Antarctica. We estimate the spatial distribution of glacial erosion beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, and restore this material to the topography, which is also adjusted for associated flexural isostatic responses. We independently constrain our post‐34 Ma erosion estimates using offshore sediment stratigraphy interpretations. Our reconstructions provide a better‐defined topographic boundary condition for modeling early East Antarctic Ice Sheet history. We show that the majority of glacial erosion and landscape evolution occurred prior to 14 Ma, which we interpret to reflect more dynamic and erosive early ice sheet behavior. In addition, we use closely spaced 2‐D flexural models to test previously proposed hypotheses for a flexural origin of the TAM and WSB. The pre‐34 Ma topography shows lateral variations along the length of the TAM and WSB that cannot be explained by uniform flexure along the front of the TAM. We show that some of these variations may be explained by additional flexural uplift along the south‐western flank of the WSB and the Rennick Graben in northern Victoria Land.
Reconstruction of Global Lightning Activity Based on Schumann Resonance Measurements: Model Description and Synthetic Tests
Authors: Prácser E. , Bozóki T. , Sátori G. , Williams E. , Guha A. , Yu H.
Published: February 2019

An inversion algorithm for multistation Schumann resonance measurements is presented and tested in this paper. The location and intensity of the lightning activity is estimated in absolute unit (C2 km2/s) from the Schumann resonance electromagnetic field components measured at distant observation sites on the globe. We summarize the main steps of the forward modeling for single and multiple sources and describe the main characteristics of the applied inversion. The applicability of the inversion algorithm is tested via synthetic data.
Development of an Intrawedge Tectonic Mélange by Out‐of‐Sequence Thrusting, Buttressing, and Intraformational Rheological Contrast, Mt. Massico Ridge, Apennines, Italy
Authors: Smeraglia Luca , Aldega Luca , Billi Andrea , Carminati Eugenio , Di Fiore Fabrizio , Gerdes Axel , Albert Richard , Rossetti Federico , Vignaroli Gianluca
Published: February 2019

The Mt. Massico ridge (central southern Apennines, Italy) is characterized by a ~150‐m‐thick tectonic mélange located at the base of a Tortonian‐lower Messinian heterogeneous clastic succession consisting of layered sandstones, limestones, marls, and claystones with intercalated mass wasting deposits and isolated olistoliths, which deposited above Meso‐Cenozoic limestones. Geological mapping and structural analyses, integrated with illite‐smectite paleothermal indicators and U‐Pb dating of syntectonic calcite veins and slickenfibers, allowed us to unravel (1) the tectonic evolution of the Mt. Massico ridge and (2) the development of the intrawedge tectonic mélange in the framework of the Apennine accretionary wedge evolution. Results show that after thrusting and folding of Meso‐Cenozoic limestones during late Tortonian times (7.0 ± 1.6 Ma), late Messinian‐early Pliocene out‐of‐sequence thrusting (5.1 ± 3.7 Ma) juxtaposed ~3,300‐m‐thick, imbricate thrust sheets above the Tortonian‐lower Messinian clastic succession. During out‐of‐sequence thrusting, the base of the weak clastic deposits acted as a décollement horizon due to the rheological contrast and mechanical buttress with the underlying competent Mesozoic‐Cenozoic limestones. Heterogeneous deformation along the base of the clastic succession was accommodated by ductile pressure solution of claystones and marls, by brittle stratal disruption and fracturing/veining of competent olistoliths and primary foliation (i.e., sandstones and limestones strata), thus leading to the development of a tectonic mélange. The compressional phase was followed by extensional tectonics after the late Pliocene (minimum age 2.9 ± 0.5 Ma). We conclude that out‐of‐sequence thrusting, buttressing, and intraformational rheological contrast can be fundamental factors for the development of intrawedge tectonic mélange.
Modeling Runoff and Nitrogen Loads From a Watershed at Different Levels of Impervious Surface Coverage and Connectivity to Storm Water Control Measures
Authors: Bell Colin D. , Tague Christina L. , McMillan Sara K.
Published: February 2019

Urban development of watersheds increases runoff and nitrogen loads by adding urban impervious surfaces and increasing the hydrologic connectivity of these surfaces to streams. Storm water control measures (SCMs) are designed to disrupt this connectivity by retaining water in biologically active depressions where nitrogen retention, transformation, and removal occur. This work applies a mechanistic, spatially distributed, hydroecological model (RHESSys) to a suburban watershed in Charlotte, NC, with 15% total imperviousness (TI) and 33% watershed area mitigated by SCMs. We developed emergent relationships between watershed‐scale predictors (TI and connectivity to SCMs) and water and nitrogen response variables (storm water runoff ratios and nitrogen load by species). Results showed that annual runoff ratios were insensitive to increases in connectivity to SCMs (varying by ~1% of rainfall) because SCMs did not substantially increase evaporation but that runoff ratios increased by an average 0.2% per 1% increase in TI due to decreases in transpiration in the watershed. Generally, nitrate loads increased with TI but decreased as more surfaces were mitigated by SCMs. However, these nitrate reductions corresponded to increased export of dissolved organic nitrogen and ammonium. Together, these results indicate that SCMs act as both removers and transformers of nitrogen at the watershed scale. SCMs showed a net assimilation of nitrogen in warm months and net release in cool months, which offset the timing of nitrogen export relative to inputs. This work highlights that using a hydroecological, process‐based model reveals both the emergent relationships between watershed condition and response and the processes controlling those relationships.
The Climatic Water Balance and Topography Control Spatial Patterns of Atmospheric Demand, Soil Moisture, and Shallow Subsurface Flow
Authors: Hoylman Zachary H. , Jencso Kelsey G. , Hu Jia , Holden Zachary A. , Martin Justin T. , Gardner W. Payton
Published: February 2019

Catchment hydrometeorology and the organization of shallow subsurface flow are key drivers of active contributing areas and streamflow generation. However, understanding how the climatic water balance and complex topography contribute to these processes from hillslope to catchment scales remains difficult. We compared time series of vapor pressure deficits and soil moisture to the climatic water balance and topographic variables across six zero‐order catchments in the Lubrecht Experimental Forest (Montana, USA). We then evaluated how local hydrometeorology (volumetric water content and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit) affected the spatial occurrence of shallow subsurface flow. Generalized linear mixed model analysis revealed significant, temporally stable (monthly and seasonal average) patterns of hydrometeorology that can be predicted by the topographic wetness index and the dynamic climatic water deficit (CWD = potential evapotranspiration − actual evapotranspiration). Intracatchment patterns were significantly correlated to the topographic wetness index, while intercatchment patterns were correlated to spatiotemporal variance in the CWD during each time period. Spatial patterns of shallow subsurface flow were related to the hydrometeorological conditions of the site. We observed persistent shallow subsurface flow in convergent hillslope positions, except when a catchment was positioned in locations with high CWDs (low elevations and southerly aspects). Alternatively, we observed persistent subsurface flow across all hillslope positions (even 70‐m upslope from the hollow) when catchments were positioned in locations with especially low CWDs (northerly aspects and high elevations). These results highlight the importance of considering the superposition of the catchment‐scale climatic water balance and hillslope‐scale topography when characterizing hydrometeorology and shallow subsurface flow dynamics.
Evaluation of Groundwater Levels in the Arapahoe Aquifer Using Spatiotemporal Regression Kriging
Authors: Ruybal Christopher J. , Hogue Terri S. , McCray John E.
Published: February 2019

Groundwater monitoring is fundamental to understanding system dynamics, trends in storage, and the long‐term sustainability of an aquifer. Water‐level data are the key source of information used to understand the response. However, groundwater‐level data are often irregularly sampled, leading to temporal gaps in the record, and are not adequately distributed spatially across an aquifer. This presents challenges when spatially interpolating potentiometric surfaces and creating groundwater maps due to data availability. We present a spatiotemporal kriging methodology to improve spatial and temporal confidence in groundwater‐level predictions at unsampled locations. The space–time data set consists of a trend and residual component modeled with a linear regression and utilize a sum‐metric model to represent spatiotemporal covariances. The Arapahoe aquifer is used as a case study to demonstrate the benefits of spatiotemporal kriging over spatial kriging across a sparsely gauged and irregularly sampled aquifer. The Arapahoe aquifer is a major source of water for many residents along the Rocky Mountain Front Range in Colorado. The results show superior performance of spatiotemporal kriging to predict groundwater levels over the traditional spatial kriging. Spatiotemporal kriging represents realistic temporal and spatial changes in water levels and avoids some of the problems inherent to spatial kriging. This study demonstrates the power of spatiotemporal kriging to help inform system dynamics in irregularly sampled aquifers.
Dihydroartemisinin inhibits prostate cancer via JARID2/miR-7/miR-34a-dependent downregulation of Axl
Authors: Paccez Juliano D. , Duncan Kristal , Sekar Durairaj , Correa Ricardo G. , Wang Yihong , Gu Xuesong , Bashin Manoj , Chibale Kelly , Libermann Towia A. , Zerbini Luiz F.
Published: February 2019

Axl expression is deregulated in several cancer types, predicts poor overall patient survival and is linked to resistance to drug therapy. Here, we evaluated a library of natural compounds for inhibitors of Axl and identified dihydroartemisinin, the active principle of the anti-malarial drug artemisinin, as an Axl-inhibitor in prostate cancer. Dihydroartemisinin blocks Axl expression leading to apoptosis, decrease in cell proliferation, migration, and tumor development of prostate cancer cells. Dihydroartemisinin treatment synergizes with docetaxel, a standard of care in metastatic prostate cancer increasing overall survival of mice with human xenografts. Dihydroartemisinin control of miR-34a and miR-7 expression leads to inhibition of Axl expression in a process at least partially dependent on regulation of chromatin via methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 residues by Jumonji, AT-rich interaction domain containing 2 (JARID2), and the enhancer of zeste homolog 2. Our discovery of a previously unidentified miR-34a/miR-7/JARID2 pathway controlling dihydroartemisinin effects on Axl expression and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumor formation provides new molecular mechanistic insights into dihydroartemisinin anticancer effect on prostate cancer with potential therapeutic implications.
Expanding the repertoire of miRNAs and miRNA-offset RNAs expressed in multiple myeloma by small RNA deep sequencing
Authors: Agnelli Luca , Bisognin Andrea , Todoerti Katia , Manzoni Martina , Taiana Elisa , Galletti Serena , Cutrona Giovanna , Gaffo Enrico , Bortoluzzi Stefania , Neri Antonino
Published: February 2019

Microarray analysis of the multiple myeloma (MM) miRNome has unraveled the differential expression of miRNAs in cytogenetic subgroups, their involvement in the tumor biology and their effectiveness in prognostic models. Herein, the small RNA transcriptional landscape in MM has been investigated exploiting the possibilities offered by small RNA-seq, including accurate quantification of known mature species, discovery and characterization of isomiRs, and miRNA-offset RNAs (moRNAs). Matched small RNA-seq and miRNA GeneChip® microarray expression profiles were obtained in a representative panel of 30 primary MM tumors, fully characterized for genomic aberrations and mutations. RNA-seq and microarray gave concordant estimations of known species. Enhanced analysis of RNA-seq data with the miR&moRe pipeline led to the characterization of 655 known and 17 new mature miRNAs and of 74 moRNAs expressed in the considered cohort, 5 of which (moR-150-3p, moR-24-2-5p, moR-421-5p, moR-21-5p, and moR-6724-5p) at high level. Ectopic expression of miR-135a-3p in t(4;14) patients, upregulation of moR-150-3p and moR-21-5p in t(14;16)/t(14;20) samples, and of moR-6724-1-5p in patients overexpressing CCND1 were uncovered and validated by qRT-PCR. Overall, RNA-seq offered a more complete overview of small non-coding RNA in MM tumors, indicating specific moRNAs that demand further investigations to explore their role in MM biology.
The flavonoid 4,4′-dimethoxychalcone promotes autophagy-dependent longevity across species
Authors: Carmona-Gutierrez Didac , Zimmermann Andreas , Kainz Katharina , Pietrocola Federico , Chen Guo , Maglioni Silvia , Schiavi Alfonso , Nah Jihoon , Mertel Sara , Beuschel Christine B. , Castoldi Francesca , Sica Valentina , Trausinger Gert , Raml Reingard , Sommer Cornelia , Schroeder Sabrina , Hofer Sebastian J. , Bauer Maria A. , Pendl Tobias , Tadic Jelena , Dammbrueck Christopher , Hu Zehan , Ruckenstuhl Christoph , Eisenberg Tobias , Durand Sylvere , Bossut Noélie , Aprahamian Fanny , Abdellatif Mahmoud , Sedej Simon , Enot David P. , Wolinski Heimo , Dengjel Jörn , Kepp Oliver , Magnes Christoph , Sinner Frank , Pieber Thomas R. , Sadoshima Junichi , Ventura Natascia , Sigrist Stephan J. , Kroemer Guido , Madeo Frank
Published: February 2019

Ageing constitutes the most important risk factor for all major chronic ailments, including malignant, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. However, behavioural and pharmacological interventions with feasible potential to promote health upon ageing remain rare. Here we report the identification of the flavonoid 4,4′-dimethoxychalcone (DMC) as a natural compound with anti-ageing properties. External DMC administration extends the lifespan of yeast, worms and flies, decelerates senescence of human cell cultures, and protects mice from prolonged myocardial ischaemia. Concomitantly, DMC induces autophagy, which is essential for its cytoprotective effects from yeast to mice. This pro-autophagic response induces a conserved systemic change in metabolism, operates independently of TORC1 signalling and depends on specific GATA transcription factors. Notably, we identify DMC in the plant Angelica keiskei koidzumi, to which longevity- and health-promoting effects are ascribed in Asian traditional medicine. In summary, we have identified and mechanistically characterised the conserved longevity-promoting effects of a natural anti-ageing drug.
Magnetic field alignment of stable proton-conducting channels in an electrolyte membrane
Authors: Liu Xin , Li Yi , Xue Jiandang , Zhu Weikang , Zhang Junfeng , Yin Yan , Qin Yanzhou , Jiao Kui , Du Qing , Cheng Bowen , Zhuang Xupin , Li Jianxin , Guiver Michael D.
Published: February 2019

Proton exchange membranes with short-pathway through-plane orientated proton conductivity are highly desirable for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Magnetic field is utilized to create oriented structure in proton exchange membranes. Previously, this has only been carried out by proton nonconductive metal oxide-based fillers. Here, under a strong magnetic field, a proton-conducting paramagnetic complex based on ferrocyanide-coordinated polymer and phosphotungstic acid is used to prepare composite membranes with highly conductive through-plane-aligned proton channels. Gratifyingly, this strategy simultaneously overcomes the high water-solubility of phosphotungstic acid in composite membranes, thereby preventing its leaching and the subsequent loss of membrane conductivity. The ferrocyanide groups in the coordinated polymer, via redox cycle, can continuously consume free radicals, thus helping to improve the long-term in situ membrane durability. The composite membranes exhibit outstanding proton conductivity, fuel cell performance and durability, compared with other types of hydrocarbon membranes and industry standard Nafion® 212.
Specialized rainforest hunting by Homo sapiens ~45,000 years ago
Authors: Wedage Oshan , Amano Noel , Langley Michelle C. , Douka Katerina , Blinkhorn James , Crowther Alison , Deraniyagala Siran , Kourampas Nikos , Simpson Ian , Perera Nimal , Picin Andrea , Boivin Nicole , Petraglia Michael , Roberts Patrick
Published: February 2019

Defining the distinctive capacities of Homo sapiens relative to other hominins is a major focus for human evolutionary studies. It has been argued that the procurement of small, difficult-to-catch, agile prey is a hallmark of complex behavior unique to our species; however, most research in this regard has been limited to the last 20,000 years in Europe and the Levant. Here, we present detailed faunal assemblage and taphonomic data from Fa-Hien Lena Cave in Sri Lanka that demonstrates specialized, sophisticated hunting of semi-arboreal and arboreal monkey and squirrel populations from ca. 45,000 years ago, in a tropical rainforest environment. Facilitated by complex osseous and microlithic technologies, we argue these data highlight that the early capture of small, elusive mammals was part of the plastic behavior of Homo sapiens that allowed it to rapidly colonize a series of extreme environments that were apparently untouched by its hominin relatives.
Revisiting the distribution of oceanic N2 fixation and estimating diazotrophic contribution to marine production
Authors: Tang Weiyi , Wang Seaver , Fonseca-Batista Debany , Dehairs Frank , Gifford Scott , Gonzalez Aridane G. , Gallinari Morgane , Planquette Hélène , Sarthou Géraldine , Cassar Nicolas
Published: February 2019

Marine N2 fixation supports a significant portion of oceanic primary production by making N2 bioavailable to planktonic communities, in the process influencing atmosphere-ocean carbon fluxes and our global climate. However, the geographical distribution and controlling factors of marine N2 fixation remain elusive largely due to sparse observations. Here we present unprecedented high-resolution underway N2 fixation estimates across over 6000 kilometers of the western North Atlantic. Unexpectedly, we find increasing N2 fixation rates from the oligotrophic Sargasso Sea to North America coastal waters, driven primarily by cyanobacterial diazotrophs. N2 fixation is best correlated to phosphorus availability and chlorophyll-a concentration. Globally, intense N2 fixation activity in the coastal oceans is validated by a meta-analysis of published observations and we estimate the annual coastal N2 fixation flux to be 16.7 Tg N. This study broadens the biogeography of N2 fixation, highlights the interplay of regulating factors, and reveals thriving diazotrophic communities in coastal waters with potential significance to the global nitrogen and carbon cycles.
Suppression of autophagic activity by Rubicon is a signature of aging
Authors: Nakamura Shuhei , Oba Masaki , Suzuki Mari , Takahashi Atsushi , Yamamuro Tadashi , Fujiwara Mari , Ikenaka Kensuke , Minami Satoshi , Tabata Namine , Yamamoto Kenichi , Kubo Sayaka , Tokumura Ayaka , Akamatsu Kanako , Miyazaki Yumi , Kawabata Tsuyoshi , Hamasaki Maho , Fukui Koji , Sango Kazunori , Watanabe Yoshihisa , Takabatake Yoshitsugu , Kitajima Tomoya S. , Okada Yukinori , Mochizuki Hideki , Isaka Yoshitaka , Antebi Adam , Yoshimori Tamotsu
Published: February 2019

Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved cytoplasmic degradation system, has been implicated as a convergent mechanism in various longevity pathways. Autophagic activity decreases with age in several organisms, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we show that the expression of Rubicon, a negative regulator of autophagy, increases in aged worm, fly and mouse tissues at transcript and/or protein levels, suggesting that an age-dependent increase in Rubicon impairs autophagy over time, and thereby curtails animal healthspan. Consistent with this idea, knockdown of Rubicon extends worm and fly lifespan and ameliorates several age-associated phenotypes. Tissue-specific experiments reveal that Rubicon knockdown in neurons has the greatest effect on lifespan. Rubicon knockout mice exhibits reductions in interstitial fibrosis in kidney and reduced α-synuclein accumulation in the brain. Rubicon is suppressed in several long-lived worms and calorie restricted mice. Taken together, our results suggest that suppression of autophagic activity by Rubicon is one of signatures of aging.