bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of S. mutans on Base-metal Dental Casting Alloy Toxicity
Authors: McGinley E.L. , Dowling A.H. , Moran G.P. , Fleming G.J.P.
Published: October 2012

We have highlighted that exposure of base-metal dental casting alloys to the acidogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans significantly increases cellular toxicity following exposure to immortalized human TR146 oral keratinocytes. With Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), S. mutans-treated nickel-based (Ni-based) and cobalt-chromium-based (Co-Cr-based) dental casting alloys were shown to leach elevated levels of metal ions compared with untreated dental casting alloys. We targeted several biological parameters: cell morphology, viable cell counts, cell metabolic activity, cell toxicity, and inflammatory cytokine expression. S. mutans-treated dental casting alloys disrupted cell morphology, elicited significantly decreased viable cell counts (p < 0.0001) and cell metabolic activity (p < 0.0001), and significantly increased cell toxicity (p < 0.0001) and inflammatory cytokine expression (p < 0.0001). S. mutans-treated Ni-based dental casting alloys induced elevated levels of cellular toxicity compared with S. mutans-treated Co-Cr-based dental casting alloys. While our findings indicated that the exacerbated release of metal ions from S. mutans-treated base-metal dental casting alloys was the likely result of the pH reduction during S. mutans growth, the exact nature of mechanisms leading to accelerated dissolution of alloy-discs is not yet fully understood. Given the predominance of S. mutans oral carriage and the exacerbated cytotoxicity observed in TR146 cells following exposure to S. mutans-treated base-metal dental casting alloys, the implications for the long-term stability of base-metal dental restorations in the oral cavity are a cause for concern.
Effect of Phosphoric Acid on the Degradation of Human Dentin Matrix
Authors: Tezvergil-Mutluay A. , Mutluay M. , Seseogullari-Dirihan R. , Agee K.A. , Key W.O. , Scheffel D.L.S. , Breschi L. , Mazzoni A. , Tjäderhane L. , Nishitani Y. , Tay F.R. , Pashley D.H.
Published: October 2012

This study determined if dentin proteases are denatured by phosphoric acid (PA) used in etch-and-rinse dentin adhesives. Dentin beams were completely demineralized with EDTA for 30 days. We “acid-etched” experimental groups by exposing the demineralized dentin beams to 1, 10, or 37 mass% PA for 15 sec or 15 min. Control beams were not exposed to PA but were incubated in simulated body fluid for 3 days to assay their total endogenous telopeptidase activity, by their ability to solubilize C-terminal crosslinked telopeptides ICTP and CTX from insoluble dentin collagen. Control beams released 6.1 ± 0.8 ng ICTP and 0.6 ± 0.1 ng CTX/mg dry-wt/3 days. Positive control beams pre-incubated in p-aminophenylmercuric acetate, a compound known to activate proMMPs, released about the same amount of ICTP peptides, but released significantly less CTX. Beams immersed in 1, 10, or 37 mass% PA for 15 sec or 15 min released amounts of ICTP and CTX similar to that released by the controls (p > 0.05). Beams incubated in galardin, an MMP inhibitor, or E-64, a cathepsin inhibitor, blocked most of the release of ICTP and CTX, respectively. It is concluded that PA does not denature endogenous MMP and cathepsin activities of dentin matrices.
As Fathers and Felons
Authors: Turney Kristin , Wildeman Christopher , Schnittker Jason
Published: October 2012

Dramatic increases in the American imprisonment rate since the mid-1970s have important implications for the life chances of minority men with low educational attainment, including for their health. Although a large literature has considered the collateral consequences of incarceration for a variety of outcomes, studies concerned with health have several limitations: Most focus exclusively on physical health; those concerned with mental health only consider current incarceration or previous incarceration, but never both; some are cross-sectional; many fail to consider mechanisms; and virtually all neglect the role of family processes, thereby overlooking the social roles current and former prisoners inhabit. In this article, we use stress process theory to extend this research by first considering the association between incarceration and major depression and then considering potential mechanisms that explain this association. Results from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study ( N = 3,107) show current and recent incarceration are substantially associated with the risk of major depression, suggesting both immediate and short-term implications. In addition, consistent with stress proliferation theory, the results show the well-known consequences of incarceration for socioeconomic status and family functioning partly explain these associations, suggesting the link between incarceration and depression depends heavily on the consequences of incarceration for economic and social reintegration, not only the direct psychological consequences of confinement.
Influence of silk surface modification via plasma treatments on adsorption kinetics of lac dyeing on silk
Authors: Boonla Kanlayanee , Saikrasun Sunan
Published: October 2012

Silk fiber surfaces were modified using oxygen and argon plasma treatments. Adsorption kinetics of lac dyeing on silk fibers was investigated. The treated silk surfaces were notably roughened and the surface roughness was increased with increasing plasma treatment time. The adsorption of lac dye on the untreated silks and treated silks was found to follow the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The adsorption reached the equilibrium at a dyeing time of about 60 min. As seen from the amount of dye adsorbed at equilibrium, the adsorption capacity for the pretreated silks was much improved when compared with that of the untreated sample. The best improvement of adsorption capacity was found in the argon-treated silk-containing system.
Analysis of current running sock structures with regard to blister prevention
Authors: Baussan E , Bueno MA , Rossi RM , Derler S
Published: October 2012

In this paper, in-shoe blister formation during running is analyzed and possibilities to reduce these cutaneous lesions by appropriate sock properties are discussed. Six types of cotton-made athletic socks were studied in order to evaluate the influence of the knitted structure on the sock-to-skin friction (terry jersey, plain jersey, and non-raised jersey duffel structures). The contact conditions between a running shoe and foot areas prone to friction blisters were simulated using a linear reciprocating tribometer, and the friction behavior of the socks in contact with a mechanical skin model was investigated. In additional experiments, the shock absorption properties of the socks were measured. Among the investigated socks, the terry jersey fabric knitted in a specific process and a dense, tight jersey structure, i.e. a plain jersey knitted with two yarns, were found to be most suitable for running socks.
Dyeing of cotton with sulfur dyes using alkaline protease
Authors: Jaruhar Priyadarshi , Chakraborty JN
Published: October 2012

Sulfur dyes are applied on cotton to produce deep shades at low cost; they provide excellent color fastness, except against chlorinating agents. Sodium sulfide used as a reducing and solubilizing agent in this dyeing process is highly toxic and produces unhygienic hydrogen sulfide. In this study, alkaline protease was used in place of sodium sulfide to see if the latter could be substituted with the former, because of its hydrolytic and reducing nature in an alkaline bath. The study revealed that alkaline protease was quite effective in this regard and capable of substituting sodium sulfide with comparable dye strength of dyed cotton along with promising color fastness.
Impact of harvest aid timing and machine spindle harvesting on neps in upland cotton
Authors: Bange Michael P , Long Robert L
Published: October 2012

Neps are fiber entanglements created during the mechanical processing of cotton and are often associated with immature fibers. Even in small amounts neps can affect textile quality and cotton marketability. Machine harvesting, lower fiber linear density (fineness), and more immature bolls at harvest are factors that contribute to neps. However, it is not clear whether differences in fiber linear density or immature bolls at harvest combine with harvest method to substantially affect neps. The aim of this study was to compare machine spindle and hand-harvested cotton collected from four field studies with treatments that differed in percentage of immature bolls and fiber linear density at harvest (resulting from differences in harvest aid timing) and to test for statistical interactions. By systematically varying the timing of harvest aids to cease crop growth, removing fruiting branches, or both, differences in the percentage of immature bolls and fiber linear density were generated. In all studies spindle harvesting increased neps, but there were no significant statistical interactions between the harvest method with harvest aid timing or branch removal treatments. When all measurements of neps were combined across studies there was a multiple regression that explained the level of neps with the harvest method and fiber linear density ( R2 = 0.66). These responses supported the individual season analyses, finding no statistical interaction of harvest method with either variable. Spindle harvesting increased neps by an average of 53 count/g compared to hand harvesting. Identifying reasons for differences in nep levels between cotton growing regions may assist in developing strategies to reduce neps.
The impact of combing and processing parameters on the structure and properties of fine count vortex yarns
Authors: Erdumlu N , Oxenham W , Ozipek B
Published: October 2012

In this paper, the impact of short fiber content, yarn count and yarn delivery speed on the structure and properties of fine count cotton vortex yarns were investigated. The factors affecting the fine count yarn spinning on a vortex spinning system were determined on the basis of yarn structure and properties by using the linear regression technique. Moreover, the spinning limits of combed cotton vortex spun yarns were investigated. The results of the experiments revealed that the short fiber content in the cotton sliver is an important parameter in spinning fine count vortex spun yarns. The lower short fiber content in the sliver allows finer counts to be spun in the vortex spinning system. It was also observed that yarn delivery speed influences the yarn structure, and hence the yarn properties significantly, since it determines the residence time of the fibers in the yarn formation zone, and also affects the fiber control due to the air flow caused by the surface speed of the delivery rollers. In addition, the structure and properties of vortex spun yarns change significantly with regard to yarn count.
Light-emitting fabrics integrated with structured polymer optical fibers treated with an infrared CO2 laser
Authors: Shen Jing , Tao Xiaoming , Ying Diqing , Hui Chiyuan , Wang Guangfeng
Published: October 2012

This paper describes woven fabrics made from polymer optical fibers (POF), which are treated with a CO2 laser so that the resultant surface notches on the POFs facilitate side emission of light. The transmission and side-emitting behavior of POF with surface notches are studied in term of the variation in bending curvatures, which is related to end-usage of the woven fabrics as flexible displays, wearable phototherapy devices and fashion accessories. The measured power of transmission of light from the POF rapidly decreases with increasing bending curvature. However, the measured power of side-emission of light from the notched POFs remains almost constant at various bending curvatures within the experimental range. Theoretical analysis of the light propagation in a notched POF is conducted, which illustrates that more light is reflected from one side of the notch when the bending curvature is increased hence the transmission of the light is decreased. The theoretical and experimental results reach a good agreement.
Fostering Multiscalar Collaboration and Co-operation for Effective Governance of Climate Change Adaptation
Authors: Leck Hayley , Simon David
Published: October 2012

In order to address climate/environmental change successfully and sustainably, it is vital to foster collaborative relationships between national, regional and local government institutions. Insufficient attention has been paid to relational dynamics between multiple levels of governance, and related learning networks outside formal government structures, particularly in the context of development imperatives in poor countries. This paper illustrates these issues via an exploration of relations between two contiguous, yet contrasting local authorities in South Africa and between these local authorities and higher government levels and other networks. To date, most progressive local climate change initiatives have been undertaken autonomously and often there are mismatched priorities between different government spheres regarding climate change efforts. The likely implications for the execution of environmental change adaptation actions and the benefits of effective networking are considered in this light and through deploying conceptual insights from multilevel governance, systems approaches to urban governance and other literatures.
Suburbanism as a Way of Life, Slight Return
Authors: Walks Alan
Published: October 2012

Much attention has been given to increasing dominance of the post-war suburbs, and the concomitant rise of ‘suburbanism’ in ways of life in the ‘post-metropolis’. However, the meaning of suburbanism is rarely specified and there have been insufficient attempts to theorise its relationship to the urban. Drawing on the dialectical analyses of Henri Lefebvre, this article presents a theory of suburbanism as a subset of urbanism, with which it is in constant productive tension. Six distinct dimensions of the urbanism–suburbanism dialectic are identified, derived from extrapolating Lefebvre’s urban theory into second- and third-order analyses. These aspects of suburbanism are conceptualised not as static characteristics but as qualities that dynamically flow through, rather than define, particular places. Suburbanism is thus conceptualised separately from those places often termed suburbs, opening up the potential for interaction between these dimensions and the lived realities of everyday urban life and politics.
Is the Tap Locked? An Event History Analysis of Piped Water Access in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Authors: Dos Santos Stéphanie , LeGrand Thomas
Published: October 2012

In many respects, easy access to water of good quality and in adequate quantity can be regarded as a basic social service that is central to both health and socioeconomic development. Having piped water in the dwelling or in the yard remains the best way of having low cost and easily accessible water, compared with water vendors or standpipes. However, international data estimate that only 35 per cent of urban population in sub-Saharan Africa have piped water access. This research uses event history analysis methods to study the factors affecting sustained piped water access in Ouagadougou, the capital city of Burkina Faso, where only 23 per cent of the urban population had piped water in 2010. The analysis demonstrates the relationship between aspects of one’s life history—particularly residential status—and access to piped water. These results are discussed from the perspective of social and health issues.
Seeking Depth in Science
Authors: Perovic Slobodan
Published: October 2012

Michael Strevens develops kairetic account of causal explanations as a brand of explanatory reductionism. He argues that explanations in higher-level sciences are complete (stand-alone) only because they can be potentially deepened—that is, added kernels of causal processes all the way down to the level of micro-physical relations. Thus, they are, in essence, the result of abstraction from deeper causal explanatory levels. I argue that Strevens’s discussion of the notion of depth in science is limited to a very narrow domain, the boundaries of which are determined by a simplistic amalgam of science textbook and everyday cases analyzed by means of rational metaphysics. In contrast to his view, history of scientific practice shows that scientific explanations are typically bounded within a level and do not draw their viability from their potential for lower-level explanatory deepening. Moreover, a result of such deepening of higher-level explanations produces changes and refinements much more complex than Strevens’s account assumes.
Understanding the Building Blocks of Selection Procedures
Authors: Lievens Filip , De Corte Wilfried , Westerveld Lena
Published: October 2012

This study aims to advance our conceptual understanding of selection procedures by exploring the effect of response fidelity (i.e., written constructed response vs. behavioral constructed response) on test performance, validity, and applicant perceptions. Stimulus fidelity (multimedia stimulus) was kept constant. In a field experiment, 208 applicants for entry-level police officer jobs completed a multimedia situational judgment test with written constructed responses and behavioral responses. We hypothesized the behavioral response mode (a) to be a better predictor of police trainee performance one year later, (b) to be less cognitively saturated, (c) to exhibit higher personality (extraversion) saturation, and (d) to be perceived more positively in terms of media richness. Results suggested support for these hypotheses, although most effect sizes were not large. Implications for a building block approach to personnel selection procedures are discussed.
Too Much of a Good Thing? Psychosocial Resources, Gendered Racism, and Suicidal Ideation among Low Socioeconomic Status African American Women
Authors: Perry Brea L. , Pullen Erin L. , Oser Carrie B.
Published: October 2012

Very few studies have examined predictors of suicidal ideation among African American women. Consequently, we have a poor understanding of the combinations of culturally specific experiences and psychosocial processes that may constitute risk and protective factors for suicide in this population. Drawing on theories of social inequality, medical sociology, and the stress process, we explore the adverse impact of gendered racism experiences and potential moderating factors in a sample of 204 predominantly low socioeconomic status (SES) African American women. We find that African American women’s risk for suicidal ideation is linked to stressors occurring as a function of their distinct social location at the intersection of gender and race. In addition, we find that gendered racism has no effect on suicidal ideation among women with moderate levels of well-being, self-esteem, and active coping but has a strong adverse influence in those with high and low levels of psychosocial resources.
Transnational Migratory Labor and Filipino Fathers
Authors: Harper Scott E. , Martin Alan M.
Published: October 2012

Transnational migratory labor remains a primary method many Filipinos use in an effort to gain financial security for their families. Based on data collected from an urban Southern Visayan province during the summer of 2007, this study examined a sample of 116 OFW (Overseas Filipino Workers) families and a sample of 99 traditional two-parent households. Comparative analyses revealed that mothers from OFW families demonstrated lower levels of warmth when compared with mothers from two-parent homes. Children from OFW families were reported to demonstrate greater internalizing and externalizing problems when compared with children from homes in which both parents lived in the home. Subsequent regression analyses showed that fathers who worked abroad may contribute to mother behaviors and child outcomes in certain direct and indirect paths.
Marital Commitment and Perceptions of Fairness in Household Chores
Authors: Tang Chiung-Ya , Curran Melissa A.
Published: October 2012

We examine how three types of marital commitment—personal, structural, and moral—are associated with perceptions of fairness in chores ( N = 1,839 married couples or 3,678 spouses). Using the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model, we find distinct relationships by type of marital commitment and gender. For personal commitment, both actor and partner effects were positively associated with wives’ perceived fairness of chores, with actor effects more influential to perceptions of fairness for wives versus husbands. For structural commitment, actor and partner effects were negatively associated with husbands’ perceived fairness of chores, with actor effects more influential to perceptions of fairness for husbands versus wives. For moral commitment, actor effects were positively associated with husbands’ perceived fairness, without any gender differences found. Given that employed wives continue to do the disproportionate amount of housework, we discuss how differences by gender in marital commitment explain perceptions of fairness in household chores.
Spontaneous Nonmetastatic Choriocarcinoma, Yolk Sac Carcinoma, Embryonal Carcinoma, and Teratoma in the Testes of a Swiss Albino Mouse
Authors: Jamadagni Shrirang B. , Jamadagni Pallavi S. , Lacy Shannon H. , Williams Bruce , Upadhyay Sachchida N. , Gaidhani Sudesh N. , Hazra J.
Published: October 2012

A 12-week-old Swiss Albino mouse was presented with unilateral (left) testicular enlargement of approximately 1.5 cm in diameter and the right testicle mildly reduced in size and weight. Histopathology evaluation revealed three distinct neoplasms in the left testicle: choriocarcinoma, yolk sac carcinoma, and embryonal carcinoma. Teratoma was diagnosed in the right testicle. The histomorphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the tumor are presented here. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of spontaneous nonmetastasizing choriocarcinoma, yolk sac carcinoma, embryonal carcinoma, and teratoma in testes of a Swiss albino mouse.
Decrease in Respiratory Function and Electron Transport Chain Induced by Airborne Particulate Matter (PM10) Exposure in Lung Mitochondria
Authors: Delgado-Buenrostro Norma Laura , Freyre-Fonseca Verónica , Cuéllar Claudia M. García , Sánchez-Pérez Yesennia , Gutierrez-Cirlos Emma Berta , Cabellos-Avelar Tecilli , Orozco-Ibarra Marisol , Pedraza-Chaverri José , Chirino Yolanda I.
Published: October 2012

Particulate matter, with a mean aerodynamic diameter of ≤10 µm (PM10), exposure is considered as a risk factor for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The mechanism of cell damage induced by PM10 exposure is related to mitochondrial alterations. The aim of this work was to investigate the detailed alterations induced by PM10 on mitochondrial function. Since lung tissue is one of the most important targets of PM10 inhalation, isolated mitochondria from lung rat tissue were exposed to PM10 and structural alterations were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Mitochondrial function was evaluated by respiratory control index (RCI), membrane potential, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, and activity of respiratory chain. Results showed that exposure to PM10 in isolated mitochondria from lung tissue caused enlarged intermembrane spaces and shape alterations, disruption of cristae, and the decrease in dense granules. Oxygraphic traces showed a concentration-dependent decrease in oxygen consumption and RCI. In addition, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP synthesis, and activity of complexes II and IV showed an increase and decrease, respectively, after PM10 exposure. PM10 exposure induced disruption in structure and function in isolated mitochondria from lung rat tissue.
Safety of Florfenicol Administered in Feed to Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)
Authors: Gaikowski Mark P. , Wolf Jeffrey C. , Schleis Susan M. , Tuomari Darrell , Endris Richard G.
Published: October 2012

The safety of Aquaflor® (50% w/w florfenicol [FFC]) incorporated in feed then administered to tilapia for 20 days (2× the recommended duration) at 0, 15, 45, or 75 mg/kg body weight/day (0, 1, 3, or 5× the recommended dose of 15 mg FFC/kg BW/d) was investigated. Mortality, behavioral change, feed consumption, body size, and gross and microscopic lesions were determined. Estimated delivered doses were >96.9% of target. Three unscheduled mortalities occurred but were considered incidental since FFC-related findings were not identified. Feed consumption was only affected during the last 10 dosing days when the 45 and 75 mg/kg groups consumed only 62.5% and 55.3% of the feed offered, respectively. There were significant, dose-dependent reductions in body size in the FFC-dose groups relative to the controls. Treatment-related histopathological findings included increased severity of lamellar epithelial hyperplasia, increased incidence of lamellar adhesions, decreased incidence of lamellar telangiectasis in the gills, increased glycogen-type and lipid-type hepatocellular vacuolation in the liver, decreased lymphocytes, increased blast cells, and increased individual cell necrosis in the anterior kidney, and tubular epithelial degeneration and mineralization in the posterior kidney. These changes are likely to be of minimal clinical relevance, given the lack of mortality or morbidity observed. This study has shown that FFC, when administered in feed to tilapia at the recommended dose (15 mg FFC/kg BW/day) for 10 days would be well tolerated.
Epidemiological and Experimental Links between Air Pollution and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Liu Cuiqing , Ying Zhekang , Harkema Jack , Sun Qinghua , Rajagopalan Sanjay
Published: October 2012

There is increasing evidence suggesting links between exposure to environmental toxins and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). In this review, we summarize the experimental evidence to support this association that has been noted in many epidemiologic studies. Inflammation in response to particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure in air pollution represents a common mechanism that may interact with other pro-inflammatory influences in diet and life style to modulate susceptibility to cardiometabolic diseases. The role of innate immune cytokines released from macrophages in the lung is well known. In addition, chemokine triggers in response to air-pollution exposure may mediate a cellular response from the bone marrow/spleen through toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain receptors (NLRs) pathways to mediate inflammatory response in organs. Emerging data also seem to support a role for PM2.5 exposure in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis and in brown adipose tissue dysfunction. Decreased expression of UCP1 in brown adipose tissue may account for reduced thermogenesis providing another link between PM2.5 and insulin resistance. The implications of an experimental link between air-pollution exposure and type 2 DM are profound as air pollution is a pervasive risk factor throughout the world and even modest alleviation in exposure may provide substantial public health benefits.
Multivariate analysis of countries’ government and health-care system influences on opioid availability for cancer pain relief and palliative care: More than a function of human development
Authors: Gilson Aaron M , Maurer Martha A , LeBaron Virginia T , Ryan Karen M , Cleary James F
Published: October 2012

Background:

Many international governmental and nongovernmental organizations regard unrelieved cancer pain as a significant global public health problem. Although opioids such as morphine are considered essential medicines in the provision of palliative care and for treating cancer pain, especially when the pain is severe, low- and middle-income countries often lack such medications.

Aim:

The primary aim of this study was to examine countries’ government and health-care system influences on opioid availability for cancer pain and palliative care, as a means to identify implications for improving appropriate access to prescription opioids.

Design:

A multivariate regression of 177 countries’ consumption of opioids (in milligrams/death from cancer and AIDS) contained country-level predictor variables related to public health, including Human Development Index, palliative care infrastructure, and health system resources and expenditures.

Results:

Results were highly explanatory (adjusted R2 = 82%) and Human Development Index was the most predictive variable when controlling for all other factors in the statistical model (B = 11.875, confidence interval = 10.216, 13.534, p < 0.0001).

Conclusions:

Study findings demonstrate that a limited number of predictor variables characterizing a country’s government and health-care system infrastructure can explain its opioid consumption level, with the greatest influence being very high Human Development Index. However, Human Development Index is not the most policy-relevant factor, and this finding should be reconciled against the reality that many countries with low or medium Human Development Index have succeeded in creating and sustaining a health-care system to strengthen cancer pain care and palliative care, including through the appropriate use of essential prescription opioids.
Similarities and differences between continuous sedation until death and euthanasia – professional caregivers’ attitudes and experiences: A focus group study
Authors: Anquinet Livia , Raus Kasper , Sterckx Sigrid , Smets Tinne , Deliens Luc , Rietjens Judith AC
Published: October 2012

Background:

According to various guidelines about continuous sedation until death, this practice can and should be clearly distinguished from euthanasia, which is legalized in Belgium.

Aim:

To explore professional caregivers’ perceptions of the similarities and differences between continuous sedation until death and euthanasia.

Design:

Qualitative data were gathered through focus groups. Questions pertained to participants’ perceptions of continuous sedation. The focus groups were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Analyses were conducted by a multidisciplinary research team using constant comparison analyses.

Setting/Participants:

We did four focus groups at Ghent University Hospital: two with physicians (n = 4 and n = 4) and two with nurses (n = 4 and n = 9). The participants could participate if they were ever involved in the use of continuous sedation until death.

Results:

Although the differences and similarities between continuous sedation until death and euthanasia were not specifically addressed in the questions addressed in the focus groups, it emerged as an important theme in the participants’ accounts. Many caregivers elaborated on the differences between both practices, particularly with regard to patients’ preferences and requests, decision-making and physicians’ intentions. However, some stated that the distinction between the two sometimes becomes blurred, especially when the sedating medication is increased disproportionally or when sedation is used for patients with a longer life expectancy.

Conclusions:

The differences and similarities between continuous sedation until death and euthanasia is an issue for several Flemish professional caregivers in their care for unbearably suffering patients at the end of life. Although guidelines strictly distinguish both practices, this may not always be the case in Flemish clinical practice.
Sex, Lies, and Video Games
Authors: Puri Kunal , Pugliese Rudy
Published: October 2012

This study examined video game–playing aggression among graduate and undergraduate students at Rochester Institute of Technology in upstate New York. The following three research questions were posed: In the context of video game playing, what differences are there in levels of aggression in relation to sex? What differences are there in levels of aggression and type of video games played? Are aggression and length of video game playing related? A nonprobability sample of students ( N = 175) was selected and electronically surveyed. The Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire, a widely used self-reported measure, was used to assess aggression. No significant difference was found between men and women with regard to levels of aggression, and no statistically significant relationship was found between aggression and length of video game playing ( r = −.05, p = .52). However, significant differences were found in levels of aggression between playing and nonplaying respondents of action role-playing ( t = −1.48, df = 175, p = .01) and role-playing video games ( t = −1.24, df = 175, p = .02). Players of role-playing games had lower levels of aggression than nonplayers. Since role-playing requires one to take the part of another person, empathy might play a role in reduced levels of aggression. Although exposure to violent video games has been related to decreased empathy, role-playing games show just the opposite. It is suggested that controversies regarding violent video games might best be explained by moral panic theory and that competitive games may attract more aggressive players.
Avatar Gender and Ethical Choices in Fable III
Authors: Schrier Karen
Published: October 2012

This study investigates how players make ethical decisions in Fable III, a video game, with consideration to avatar gender. Thirty males, 18 to 34 years old, were recruited; 20 were assigned to play Fable III, with half assigned to play as a male avatar (Condition 1), and half assigned as a female avatar (Condition 2). Any ethical thinking skills and thought processes used were identified using a researcher-developed coding scheme. Analysis suggests that all game players, regardless of avatar gender, practiced ethical thinking—35 skills and 19 thought processes were identified and categorized. There were few differences found between conditions; however, when gender was a salient factor in a decision, this affected ethical decisions more frequently. Those in Condition 1 more frequently reported a personal connection to their avatar, and Condition 2 participants reported that gender factored into decisions more at the beginning of the game rather than at the end.
Other-Sex Relationship Stress and Sex Differences in the Contribution of Puberty to Depression
Authors: Llewellyn Nicole , Rudolph Karen D. , Roisman Glenn I.
Published: October 2012

Research suggests that the pubertal transition, particularly when experienced earlier than age-matched peers, is associated with heightened depression in girls but less depression in boys. This study examined whether stress within other-sex relationships serves as one process through which puberty differentially contributes to depression for girls and boys. Youth (51 girls, 34 boys; M age = 12.68) and their caregivers reported on pubertal status and age of menarche. Semistructured interviews were conducted to assess youths’ depression and exposure to chronic other-sex stress. As anticipated, more advanced status and earlier timing were associated with more depression in girls and less depression in boys. More advanced status and earlier timing were associated with less other-sex stress in boys; earlier age of menarche was associated with more other-sex stress in girls. Other-sex stress partially mediated the early menarche-depression association in girls, suggesting one process through which puberty promotes risk for depression in girls.
Evidence Synthesis for Decision Making 2
Authors: Dias Sofia , Sutton Alex J. , Ades A. E. , Welton Nicky J.
Published: October 2012

We set out a generalized linear model framework for the synthesis of data from randomized controlled trials. A common model is described, taking the form of a linear regression for both fixed and random effects synthesis, which can be implemented with normal, binomial, Poisson, and multinomial data. The familiar logistic model for meta-analysis with binomial data is a generalized linear model with a logit link function, which is appropriate for probability outcomes. The same linear regression framework can be applied to continuous outcomes, rate models, competing risks, or ordered category outcomes by using other link functions, such as identity, log, complementary log-log, and probit link functions. The common core model for the linear predictor can be applied to pairwise meta-analysis, indirect comparisons, synthesis of multiarm trials, and mixed treatment comparisons, also known as network meta-analysis, without distinction. We take a Bayesian approach to estimation and provide WinBUGS program code for a Bayesian analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. An advantage of this approach is that it is straightforward to extend to shared parameter models where different randomized controlled trials report outcomes in different formats but from a common underlying model. Use of the generalized linear model framework allows us to present a unified account of how models can be compared using the deviance information criterion and how goodness of fit can be assessed using the residual deviance. The approach is illustrated through a range of worked examples for commonly encountered evidence formats.
Contemporary Genetics for Gender Researchers
Authors: Salk Rachel H. , Hyde Janet S.
Published: October 2012

Over the past century, much of genetics was deterministic, and feminist researchers framed justified criticisms of genetics research. However, over the past two decades, genetics research has evolved remarkably and has moved far from earlier deterministic approaches. Our article provides a brief primer on modern genetics, emphasizing contemporary evidence for the complex interplay between genes and environment. We focus particularly on the role of gene–environment interactions for gender-imbalanced disorders such as depression. We review research on epigenetics, which is one mechanism by which environment influences gene expression. Modern genetics is not based on a model of genetic determinism; instead, it recognizes the complexity of genetic influences and the nuanced interplay between genes and environment across life span development. Even with the modern genetics approaches, of course, there is still room for criticism and input from gender researchers. We outline methodological and conceptual issues more generally and from a gender researcher’s perspective. We argue that, with interdisciplinary collaborations, modern genetics can be integrated into gender research and vice versa in ways that will create progress in both fields.
Do Cartilage Repair Procedures Prevent Degenerative Meniscus Changes?: Longitudinal T1ρ and Morphological Evaluation With 3.0-T MRI
Authors: Jungmann Pia M. , Li Xiaojuan , Nardo Lorenzo , Subburaj Karupppasamy , Lin Wilson , Ma C. Benjamin , Majumdar Sharmila , Link Thomas M.
Published: October 2012

Background:

Cartilage repair (CR) procedures are widely accepted for treatment of isolated cartilage defects in the knee joint. However, it is not well known whether these procedures prevent degenerative joint disease.

Hypothesis:

Cartilage repair procedures prevent accelerated qualitative and quantitative progression of meniscus degeneration in individuals with focal cartilage defects.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

Ninety-four subjects were studied. Cartilage repair procedures were performed on 34 patients (osteochondral transplantation, n = 16; microfracture, n = 18); 34 controls were matched. An additional 13 patients received CR and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (CR&ACL), and 13 patients received only ACL reconstruction. Magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0-tesla with T1ρ mapping and sagittal fat-saturated intermediate-weighted fast spin echo (FSE) sequences was performed to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze menisci (Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score [WORMS] assessment). Patients in the CR and CR&ACL groups were examined 4 months (n = 34; n = 13), 1 year (n = 21; n = 8), and 2 years (n = 9; n = 5) after CR. Control subjects were scanned at baseline and after 1 and 2 years, ACL patients after 1 and 2 years.

Results:

At baseline, global meniscus T1ρ values (mean ± SEM) were higher in individuals with CR (14.2 ± 0.5 ms; P = .004) and in individuals with CR&ACL (17.1 ± 0.9 ms; P < .001) when compared with controls (12.8 ± 0.6 ms). After 2 years, there was a statistical difference between T1ρ at the overlying meniscus above cartilage defects (16.4 ± 1.0 ms) and T1ρ of the subgroup of control knees without cartilage defects (12.1 ± 0.8 ms; P < .001) and a statistical trend to the CR group (13.3 ± 1.0 ms; P = .09). At baseline, 35% of subjects with CR showed morphological meniscus tears at the overlying meniscus; 10% of CR subjects showed an increase in the WORMS meniscus score within the first year, and none progressed in the second year. Control subjects with (without) cartilage defects showed meniscus tears in 30% (5%) at baseline; 38% (19%) increased within the first year, and 15% (10%) within the second year.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrated more severe meniscus degeneration after CR surgery compared with controls. However, progression of T1ρ values was not observed from 1 to 2 years after surgery. These results suggest that CR may prevent degenerative meniscus changes.
Analysis of Baseball-to-Helmet Impacts in Major League Baseball
Authors: Athiviraham Aravind , Bartsch Adam , Mageswaran Prasath , Benzel Edward C. , Perse Brian , Jones Morgan H. , Schickendantz Mark
Published: October 2012

Background:

In Major League Baseball (MLB), helmet hit-by-pitch (H-HBP) incidents are a leading cause of concussion. However, not all H-HBPs result in diagnosed concussion.

Purpose:

This study was designed to (1) quantify batter concussion risk as a function of H-HBP pitch velocity, time duration batter spent on the ground post–H-HBP, first responder assessment time duration, and number of days missed post–H-HBP and (2) estimate H-HBP impact locations on the helmet with respect to current National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) helmet test standards and correlate impact locations with concussion diagnosis.

Study Design:

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A retrospective case-control study of 18 MLB players with H-HBP incidents in the 2009 and 2010 seasons was undertaken. A database was compiled via quantitative and qualitative analysis using video coverage obtained from MLB. Quantitative factors included batter concussion diagnosis, pitch velocity, number of days missed post–H-HBP, time duration batter spent on the ground post–H-HBP, and first responder assessment time duration. The H-HBP impact location was among several qualitative factors developed via video analysis of each H-HBP from 4 raters.

Results:

In our study, 9 players (50%) were diagnosed with concussion. Concussion diagnoses were more frequent for posterior versus anterior impacts. The majority of H-HBP impact locations were different from those in the current NOCSAE standard tests. First responders took an average of approximately 65 seconds (time to reach batter plus assessment time) to decide on batter removal/return to play. The 25% logistic regression concussion risk threshold for pitch velocity and days missed was 86.2 mph and 1.3 days, respectively. The number of days missed after H-HBP showed a significant correlation ( P = .02) among concussed and nonconcussed batters.

Conclusion:

In professional baseball H-HBP incidents, first responders should (1) be aware of pitch velocity in excess of 86 mph and (2) be provided ample time when assessing batters’ removal/return to play.

Clinical Relevance:

First responders should not rely solely on visual indicators such as batter reaction, holding head, or amount of time spent on the ground after H-HBP when assessing batters for concussion. Batting helmets in the MLB should maximize protection and mitigate impact dosage for H-HBP impact locations and velocity in addition to NOCSAE standard test locations and velocities.
Prevalence of Abnormal Hip Findings in Asymptomatic Participants
Authors: Register Brad , Pennock Andrew T. , Ho Charles P. , Strickland Colin D. , Lawand Ashur , Philippon Marc J.
Published: October 2012

Background:

The prevalence of abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in an asymptomatic population has yet to be determined.

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to assess a cohort of asymptomatic people to determine the prevalence of hip lesions.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Forty-five volunteers with no history of hip pain, symptoms, injury, or surgery were recruited for enrollment in this institutional review board–approved study. The subjects underwent a unilateral MRI scan with a Siemens 3.0-tesla scanner. The extremity side evaluated by MRI was alternated. All MRI scans were reviewed by 3 fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologists. The scans were mixed randomly with 19 scans from symptomatic patients to blind the radiologists to the possibility of patient symptoms. An abnormal finding was considered positive when 2 of 3 radiologists agreed on its presence.

Results:

The average age of volunteers was 37.8 years (range, 15-66 y); 60% were men. Labral tears were identified in 69% of hips, chondral defects in 24%, ligamentum teres tears in 2.2%, labral/paralabral cysts in 13%, acetabular bone edema in 11%, fibrocystic changes of the head/neck junction in 22%, rim fractures in 11%, subchondral cysts in 16%, and osseous bumps in 20%. Participants older than 35 years were 13.7 times (95% CI, 2.4-80 times) more likely to have a chondral defect and 16.7 times (95% CI, 1.8-158 times) more likely to have a subchondral cyst compared with participants 35 or younger. No other joint lesions were associated with age. Male subjects were 8.5 times (95% CI, 1.2-56 times) more likely to have an osseous bump than female subjects. No other joint lesions were associated with sex.

Conclusion:

Magnetic resonance images of asymptomatic participants revealed abnormalities in 73% of hips, with labral tears being identified in 69% of the joints. A strong correlation was seen between participant age and early markers of cartilage degeneration such as cartilage defects and subchondral cysts.