bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meta-Analysis Examining the Importance of Creatine Ingestion Strategies on Lean Tissue Mass and Strength in Older Adults
Authors: Forbes Scott C. , Candow Darren G. , Ostojic Sergej M. , Roberts Michael D. , Chilibeck Philip D.
Published: June 2021

Creatine supplementation in conjunction with resistance training (RT) augments gains in lean tissue mass and strength in aging adults; however, there is a large amount of heterogeneity between individual studies that may be related to creatine ingestion strategies. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to (1) perform updated meta-analyses comparing creatine vs. placebo (independent of dosage and frequency of ingestion) during a resistance training program on measures of lean tissue mass and strength, (2) perform meta-analyses examining the effects of different creatine dosing strategies (lower: ≤5 g/day and higher: >5 g/day), with and without a creatine-loading phase (≥20 g/day for 5–7 days), and (3) perform meta-analyses determining whether creatine supplementation only on resistance training days influences measures of lean tissue mass and strength. Overall, creatine (independent of dosing strategy) augments lean tissue mass and strength increase from RT vs. placebo. Subanalyses showed that creatine-loading followed by lower-dose creatine (≤5 g/day) increased chest press strength vs. placebo. Higher-dose creatine (>5 g/day), with and without a creatine-loading phase, produced significant gains in leg press strength vs. placebo. However, when studies involving a creatine-loading phase were excluded from the analyses, creatine had no greater effect on chest press or leg press strength vs. placebo. Finally, creatine supplementation only on resistance training days significantly increased measures of lean tissue mass and strength vs. placebo.
Nutraceuticals in the Prevention and Treatment of the Muscle Atrophy
Authors: Wang Yanan , Liu Qing , Quan Helong , Kang Seong-Gook , Huang Kunlun , Tong Tao
Published: June 2021

Imbalance of protein homeostasis, with excessive protein degradation compared with protein synthesis, leads to the development of muscle atrophy resulting in a decrease in muscle mass and consequent muscle weakness and disability. Potential triggers of muscle atrophy include inflammation, malnutrition, aging, cancer, and an unhealthy lifestyle such as sedentariness and high fat diet. Nutraceuticals with preventive and therapeutic effects against muscle atrophy have recently received increasing attention since they are potentially more suitable for long-term use. The implementation of nutraceutical intervention might aid in the development and design of precision medicine strategies to reduce the burden of muscle atrophy. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the importance of nutraceuticals in the prevention of skeletal muscle mass loss and recovery of muscle function. We also highlight the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these nutraceuticals and their possible pharmacological use, which is of great importance for the prevention and treatment of muscle atrophy.
Novel N-Arylsulfonylindoles Targeted as Ligands of the 5-HT6 Receptor. Insights on the Influence of C-5 Substitution on Ligand Affinity
Authors: Arrieta-Rodríguez Loreto , Espinoza-Rosales Daniela , Vera Gonzalo , Cho Young Hwa , Cabezas David , Vásquez-Velásquez David , Mella-Raipán Jaime , Lagos Carlos F. , Recabarren-Gajardo Gonzalo
Published: June 2021

A new series of twenty-two C-5 substituted N-arylsulfonylindoles was prepared with the aim of exploring the influence of C-5 substitution on 5-HT6 receptor affinity. Eleven compounds showed moderate to high affinity at the receptor (Ki = 58–403 nM), with compound 4d being identified as the most potent ligand. However, regarding C-5 substitution, both methoxy and fluorine were detrimental for receptor affinity compared to our previously published unsubstituted compounds. In order to shed light on these observations, we performed docking and molecular dynamics simulations with the most potent compounds of each series (4d and 4l) and PUC-10, a highly active ligand previously reported by our group. The comparison brings about deeper insight about the influence of the C-5 substitution on the binding mode of the ligands, suggesting that these replacements are detrimental to the affinity due to precluding a ligand from reaching deeper inside the binding site. Additionally, CoMFA/CoMSIA studies were performed to systematize the information of the main structural and physicochemical characteristics of the ligands, which are responsible for their biological activity. The CoMFA and CoMSIA models presented high values of q2 (0.653; 0.692) and r2 (0.879; 0.970), respectively. Although the biological activity of the ligands can be explained in terms of the steric and electronic properties, it depends mainly on the electronic nature.
Development of Peptide-Based Nanoparticles for Mitochondrial Plasmid DNA Delivery
Authors: Faria Rúben , Vivés Eric , Boisguerin Prisca , Sousa Angela , Costa Diana
Published: June 2021

A mitochondrion is a cellular organelle able to produce cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). As in the nucleus, mitochondria contain their own genome: the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This genome is particularly susceptible to mutations that are at the basis of a multitude of disorders, especially those affecting the heart, the central nervous system and muscles. Conventional clinical practice applied to mitochondrial diseases is very limited and ineffective; a clear need for innovative therapies is demonstrated. Gene therapy seems to be a promising approach. The use of mitochondrial DNA as a therapeutic, optimized by peptide-based complexes with mitochondrial targeting, can be seen as a powerful tool in the reestablishment of normal mitochondrial function. In line with this requirement, in this work and for the first time, a mitochondrial-targeting sequence (MTS) has been incorporated into previously researched peptides, to confer on them a targeting ability. These peptides were then considered to complex a plasmid DNA (pDNA) which contains the mitochondrial gene ND1 (mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 1 protein), aiming at the formation of peptide-based nanoparticles. Currently, the ND1 plasmid is one of the most advanced bioengineered vectors for conducting research on mitochondrial gene expression. The formed complexes were characterized in terms of pDNA complexation capacity, morphology, size, surface charge and cytotoxic profile. These data revealed that the developed carriers possess suitable properties for pDNA delivery. Furthermore, in vitro studies illustrated the mitochondrial targeting ability of the novel peptide/pDNA complexes. A comparison between the different complexes revealed the most promising ones that complex pDNA and target mitochondria. This may contribute to the optimization of peptide-based non-viral systems to target mitochondria, instigating progress in mitochondrial gene therapy.
3D SAR Speckle Offset Tracking Potential for Monitoring Landfast Ice Growth and Displacement
Authors: Choe Byung-Hun , Samsonov Sergey , Jung Jungkyo
Published: June 2021

This study investigates the growth and displacement of landfast ice along the shoreline of the Mackenzie Delta in Northwest Territories, Canada, by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) speckle offset tracking (SPO). Three-dimensional (3D) offsets were reconstructed from Sentinel-1 ascending and descending SAR images acquired on the same dates during the November 2017–April 2018 and October 2018–May 2019 annual cycles. The analysis revealed both horizontal and vertical offsets. The annual horizontal offsets of up to ~8 m are interpreted as landfast ice displacements caused by wind and ocean currents. The annual vertical offsets of approximately −1 to −2 m were observed from landfast ice, which are likely due to longer radar penetration up to the ice–water interface with increasing landfast ice thickness. Numerical ice thickness model estimates supported the conclusion that the cumulative vertical negative offsets correspond to the growth of freshwater ice. Time-series analysis showed that the significant growth and displacement of landfast ice in the Mackenzie Delta occurred between November and January during the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 cycles.
Capacity Development for Use of Remote Sensing for REDD+ MRV Using Online and Offline Activities: Impacts and Lessons Learned
Authors: Carter Sarah , Herold Martin , Jonckheere Inge G. C. , Espejo Andres B. , Green Carly , Wilson Sylvia
Published: June 2021

Four workshops and a webinar series were organized, with the aim of building capacity in countries to use Earth Observation Remote Sensing data to monitor forest cover changes and measure emissions reductions for REDD+ results-based payments. Webinars and workshops covered a variety of relevant tools and methods. The initiative was collaboratively organised by a number of Global Forest Observations Initiative (GFOI) partner institutions with funding from the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF). The collaborative approach with multiple partners proved to be efficient and was able to reach a large audience, particularly in the case of the webinars. However, the impact in terms of use of tools and training of others after the events was higher for the workshops. In addition, engagement with experts was higher from workshop participants. In terms of efficiency, webinars are significantly cheaper to organize. A hybrid approach might be considered for future initiatives; and, this study of the effectiveness of both in-person and online capacity building can guide the development of future initiatives, something that is particularly pertinent in a COVID-19 era.
Infection-Mediated Clinical Biomarkers for a COVID-19 Electrical Biosensing Platform
Authors: Selvarajan Reena Sri , Gopinath Subash C. B. , Zin Noraziah Mohamad , Hamzah Azrul Azlan
Published: June 2021

The race towards the development of user-friendly, portable, fast-detection, and low-cost devices for healthcare systems has become the focus of effective screening efforts since the pandemic attack in December 2019, which is known as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Currently existing techniques such as RT-PCR, antigen–antibody-based detection, and CT scans are prompt solutions for diagnosing infected patients. However, the limitations of currently available indicators have enticed researchers to search for adjunct or additional solutions for COVID-19 diagnosis. Meanwhile, identifying biomarkers or indicators is necessary for understanding the severity of the disease and aids in developing efficient drugs and vaccines. Therefore, clinical studies on infected patients revealed that infection-mediated clinical biomarkers, especially pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins, are highly associated with COVID-19. These biomarkers are undermined or overlooked in the context of diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of infected patients. Hence, this review discusses the potential implementation of these biomarkers for COVID-19 electrical biosensing platforms. The secretion range for each biomarker is reviewed based on clinical studies. Currently available electrical biosensors comprising electrochemical and electronic biosensors associated with these biomarkers are discussed, and insights into the use of infection-mediated clinical biomarkers as prognostic and adjunct diagnostic indicators in developing an electrical-based COVID-19 biosensor are provided.
Effects of Internal CSR Activities on Social Performance: The Employee Perspective
Authors: Adu-Gyamfi Mavis , He Zheng , Nyame Gabriel , Boahen Seth , Frempong Michelle Frempomaa
Published: June 2021

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) continues to receive greater attention in the current business world. Many studies on CSR focus on manufacturing or industrial companies by examining external CSR activities from external stakeholders’ perceptions. However, academic institutions such as higher education institutions (HEIs) remain highly unexplored in the context of internal corporate social responsibility (ICSR). Employees are the most valuable and vital assets for every business organization. Therefore, this study focuses on CSR’s internal dimensions to determine its impact on social performance in HEIs in Ghana. Recognizing the social exchange theory (SET), we specifically examined the effects of five internal CSR dimensions (i.e., health and safety, human rights, training and development, workplace diversity, and work-life balance) on social performance. We used a multi-case approach to assess internal CSR activities in private and public Ghanaian universities. We purposely selected three public universities and one private university because of their varying contexts and academic mandates. We used structured questionnaires to collect data from both teaching and non-teaching staff of the selected universities. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to assess the data. We found that health and safety, workplace diversity, and training and development positively and significantly impact social performance. At the same time, human rights and work-life balance have an insignificant effect on social performance. Thus, ICSR practices have a substantial influence on both employees’ and organization’s performance, and hence this study gives important implications for both researchers and practitioners
System Approach in Complex Integral Design Methodology and Its Application in New Zealand
Authors: Brauner Marcela , Naismith Nicola , GhaffarianHoseini Ali
Published: June 2021

Many New Zealand houses are energy-inefficient, unhealthy, cold, mouldy, and damp. Therefore, a new approach to building design is imminent. This article proposes a framework for the transformation of housing that integrates construction planning and design, optimization, and control tools at strategic, tactical, and operational levels. The introduced Complex Integral Design New Zealand (CIDNZ) represents a comprehensive and balanced system-based design and delivery process that facilitates and accelerates cross-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary expertise and knowledge. CIDNZ delineates a new way of designing the process based on integral, complex, and systems thinking. The emerging novel understanding of sustainability, which guides the transformation process, might lead to a balance between individuals, groups, society, and existing ecosystems. CIDNZ comprises all stages in the life cycle of buildings and all significant factors in the architecture, engineering, and construction industry, particularly, people, processes, technology, and the environment. Therefore, the entire construction process that implements a system approach to buildings as a vital part of environmental systems, goes from the environment to humans and vice versa and offers unlimited possibilities. The consequent practical application of these principles might eliminate or reduce the design defects and lead accordingly to the reduction of costs involved in their rectification.
An Efficient Mechanism to Solve Fractional Differential Equations Using Fractional Decomposition Method
Authors: Alrawashdeh Mahmoud S. , Migdady Seba A. , Argyros Ioannis K.
Published: June 2021

We present some new results that deal with the fractional decomposition method (FDM). This method is suitable to handle fractional calculus applications. We also explore exact and approximate solutions to fractional differential equations. The Caputo derivative is used because it allows traditional initial and boundary conditions to be included in the formulation of the problem. This is of great significance for large-scale problems. The study outlines the significant features of the FDM. The relation between the natural transform and Laplace transform is a symmetrical one. Our work can be considered as an alternative to existing techniques, and will have wide applications in science and engineering fields.
Directional Bilateral Asymmetry in Fish Otolith: A Potential Tool to Evaluate Stock Boundaries?
Authors: Mahé Kélig , MacKenzie Kirsteen , Ider Djamila , Massaro Andrea , Hamed Oussama , Jurado-Ruzafa Alba , Gonçalves Patrícia , Anastasopoulou Aikaterini , Jadaud Angelique , Mytilineou Chryssi , Randon Marine , Elleboode Romain , Morell Alaia , Ramdane Zouhir , Smith Joanne , Bekaert Karen , Amara Rachid , de Pontual Hélène , Ernande Bruno
Published: June 2021

The otolith, found in both inner ears of bony fish, has mainly been used to estimate fish age. Another application that has been developing significantly in recent years, however, is the use of otolith shape as a tool for stock identification. Often, studies have directly used the shape asymmetry between the right and left otoliths. We tested the magnitude of directional asymmetry between the sagittal otoliths (left vs. right) of 2991 individuals according to their catch locations, and we selected species to evaluate whether directional asymmetry may itself be a tool to evaluate stock boundaries. Elliptical Fourier descriptors were used to describe the otolith shape. We used a flatfish, the common sole (Solea solea, n = 2431), from the eastern English Channel and the southern North Sea as well as a roundfish, the bogue (Boops boops, n = 560), from the Mediterranean Sea. Both species showed significant levels of directional asymmetry between the testing locations. The bogue otoliths showed significant asymmetry for only 5 out of 11 locations, with substantial separation between two large areas: the Algerian coast and the western part of the Italian coast. The sole otoliths showed significant asymmetry in the shape analysis (3.84–6.57%), suggesting a substantial separation between two large areas: the English and French parts of the English Channel and the southern North Sea. Consequently, directional bilateral asymmetry in otolith shape is a potential new method for stock identification.
Medialandscape of Kosovo and Metohija
Authors:   Saint Petersburg State University., Shirlina Valeria O.
Published: June 2021

Based on previously poorly studied empirical material, the article examines the process of forming the national media system of Kosovo and Metohija as an example of the functioning of the media in the zone of religious-ethnic conflict under the influence of political and economic factors.
«Television style»: the role of serials in shaping the lifestyle and behavior of the viewer
Authors:   Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Gavryushina Daria Pavlovna , Zhukova Ekaterina Viacheslavovna , Fominykh Nataliia ,   Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
Published: June 2021

The study examines the impact of television broadcasts on human thinking, behavior and principles. Emphasis is placed on an overview of the impact of TV series on people’s lives on the example of the series «Queen’s Gambit», the root causes of change are considered, the typology of thinking is touched upon and visual statistics are presented.
Basic principles of TikTok algorithms
Authors:   Saint Petersburg State University., Alekhin Vasilii Konstantinovich
Published: June 2021

Social network TikTok has strong competitive differentiator in comparing with other platforms. ByteDance exploits machine learning algorithms to generate a recommendation feed (for you page). The algorithm bases on two main mechanisms. The first mechanism provides content database clustering depending on the type, audio track, video captions, and hashtags. The second mechanism analyzes the user’s behavioral patterns based on their actions in the application. The next step is the formation of user interaction scenarios. The difference between the predicted behavior and the real one is the object of analysis. If it equals zero, then the recommendations feed is formed correctly. The user is watching more and more interesting videos, just scrolling through video after video.
FORENSIC INVESTIGATION OF PETROLEUM COMPONENTS OF MIXED MOTOR GASOLINES
Authors: Sych O. , Korniienko A. , Yevtushenko N.
Published: June 2021

The main types of petroleum components that are used in the manufacture of mixed motor gasolines are considered. For the manufacture of mixed motor gasolines, a low-octane base is used, to which high-octane components are added. In many cases, reformate (catalytic reforming gasoline) and isopentane (isopentane fraction) are used as high-octane components of mixed motor gasolines. Straight-run gasoline and stable gasoline are often used as the low-octane gasoline base of blended automobile gasolines.
Reformate is a liquid mixture of aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons used as a high-octane component of automobile (aviation) gasolines and raw materials in the production of aromatic hydrocarbons (arenas). The reformate is obtained by catalytic reforming of straight-run gasoline fractions.
Isopentane (2-methylbutane (CH3)2CHCH2CH3) is a colorless, flammable liquid. The technical product is a mixture of isomeric pentanes and boils within 24 - 34°C. The isopentane fraction can be isolated from gas gasoline, from gasoline direct distillation of oil and gasoline catalytic cracking.
Straight-run gasoline (nefras) is obtained from the processing of crude oil or gas condensate, oil shale or coal, natural gas or oil and gas. Straight run gasoline contains light gasoline fractions of direct distillation of oil with a boiling range of 35 - 180°C.
Gas gasoline (gas stable gasoline) is obtained from natural and petroleum gases containing vapors of gasoline hydrocarbons. To separate them, the gases are compressed and cooled (compression method) or absorbed with oil or activated carbon. Gas gasoline is similar in chemical composition to straight-run gasoline, but contains lighter hydrocarbon fractions.
The article discusses the results of a study of the listed petroleum components of mixed gasoline by gas-liquid chromatography. This method allows you to establish the qualitative and quantitative composition of mixed motor gasolines and their components.
It is shown that from readily available petroleum components (isopentane fraction, aromatic hydrocarbons and gas stable gasoline) without the use of sophisticated technological equipment, a gasoline mixture with high detonation resistance, which is falsified automobile gasoline, can be obtained by mixing method.
When mixed in certain proportions of reformate, isopentane fraction and gas stable gasoline, it is possible to obtain marketable gasoline that will meet the requirements of regulatory documents for gasoline.
The considered technology allows, when mixing commodity gasolines A-92 (A-95) with reformate, isopentane fraction and gasoline gas stable in the calculated proportions, to improve the operational characteristics (detonation resistance) of the obtained gasoline mixture or to increase the volume of the obtained gasoline mixture without improving its performance.
FEATURES OF CONDUCTING FORENSIC AND ECONOMIC EXAMINATIONS RELATED TO THE FINANCIAL POSSIBILITY OF ENTERPRISES AND ORGANIZATIONS TO REPAY SALARY
Authors: Rudaia M. , Zholobetska M.
Published: June 2021

The article is devoted to the generalization of approaches to conducting expert examinations and expert studies of late payment of wages. The main problems of non-payment of wages were discovered and identified and cases of illegal payment of wage arrears in violation of labor law norms were considered.
The features of conducting forensic economic examinations related to the determination of the financial ability of enterprises to repay wage arrears have been studied. Based on the expert practice, the questions are summarized that are often posed to experts, pre-trial investigation bodies and the court during the investigation of criminal proceedings initiated under Article 175 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the subject of expert examinations of this category is formulated and the classification of objects and the purpose of expert research is given. A list of documents has been determined that must be provided to an expert for conducting a study in accordance with the applied methods and selected methods.
CRIMINALISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ILLEGAL POSSESSION OF WATER TRANSPORT
Authors: Bryskovska O. , Hryha M.
Published: June 2021

Illegal possession of water transport and theft (stealing) of sea or river vessels as a kind of criminal business is almost as profitable as illegal possession of motor transport. The nature of the group with a clear planning, the hierarchy of the participants and the distribution of roles often characterize such crimes. However, the investigation of such crimes in practice causes difficulties involved, including the fact that most of them are made without witnesses by virtue of localization of water transport facilities. In this regard, the establishment and analysis of the elements of the forensic characteristics of such crimes as the systems of information about the forensically significant signs of this category of criminal offenses, and the logical connections between them, which contribute to the effective solution of the problems of investigation, seems relevant.
The method of illegal possession of water transport, as a key element of the forensic characteristics, is characterized by the presence of a thorough preparatory stage, which includes the establishment of the characteristics of the storage place of the water vehicle, the selection of tools and technical means for entering the storage facility (parking, mooring), its transportation, etc.
The characteristic features of the offender is the presence of certain watercraft management skills, knowledge of its technical equipment and operating features. Most of these crimes are committed in groups. Between the personality of the offender and the victim, the presence of certain ties (professional, personal, friendship, kinship, etc.) is often stated.
The characteristics of a typical trace pattern of the thefts under consideration are determined by the specifics of the environment in which they were committed. Since the overwhelming majority of such crimes are committed in poorly populated places and places with little infrastructure, not ideal (testimony of the victim, eyewitnesses), but material traces (traces of weapons, criminals, video recordings, etc.) acquire special significance for the investigation.
The situation of the crime characterize the place and time of the commission. Basically, the thieves of water transport are activated at night (with the onset of dusk) on the territory of hangars, garages, summer cottages, sheds, berths, parking lots, piers, bases of security firms, places of storage or temporary stay, etc. Obviously, most of all boats are abducted from unguarded objects.
PROHIBITION OF INTERROGATION AS WITNESSES OF PERSONS WITH PHYSICAL OR MENTAL DISABILITIES
Authors: Polyak U.
Published: June 2021

The purpose of the article is to consider the issue of the need to supplement part 2 of Article 65 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine with a provision prohibiting the interrogation of persons who, due to their physical or mental disabilities, cannot correctly perceive the facts of evidentiary value and testify about them.
The author shares the opinion that the legislator unreasonably excluded from the list of persons not subject to interrogation as witnesses, persons who, according to the conclusion of the forensic psychiatric or forensic medical examination, due to their physical or mental disabilities, cannot correctly perceive the facts of evidentiary value , and testify about them.
It is proposed to prohibit the interrogation as witnesses of persons who, due to physical disabilities, are not able to correctly perceive the circumstances that are important for criminal proceedings. The author agrees with the proposal of scientists to amend part 2 of Article 65 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, which cannot be interrogated as witnesses of persons who, according to the conclusion of a forensic psychiatric or forensic medical examination, through their mental or physical disabilities, cannot correctly perceive the facts, having evidentiary value, and to testify about them.
The analysis of the legislation showed that in the criminal procedure codes of many countries there is a provision prohibiting the interrogation as witnesses of persons who, due to their physical or mental disabilities, cannot correctly perceive the facts that have evidentiary value and testify about them. In addition, these codes contain norms that oblige the investigator and the court to appoint an appropriate expert examination to establish such a circumstance.
In the author's opinion, part 2 of Article 242 of the current Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine must be supplemented with the provision on the mandatory appointment and conduct of a forensic psychiatric or forensic medical examination to establish the mental or physical condition of a witness, if there is doubt about his ability to correctly perceive the circumstances that are important for criminal proceedings, and testify about them.
The introduction of amendments and additions proposed and justified by the author to the current criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine will allow to properly regulate the issue of prohibition of interrogation as witnesses of persons with physical or mental disabilities.
Imagery means of subjective personality assessment based on the example of the german classics
Authors:   National Technical University «Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute», Salamatina Anna
Published: June 2021

The research paper presents the imagery means of the subjective personal assessment in literary works. The aim of the study is the analysis of imagery means when describing characters; their classification and role when depicting characters to identify the stylistic features of German classics as well as thorough study of stylistic means by using specific examples. The linguistic and stylistic analysis of the work is inseparably linked with the general literary work analysis. It plays a significant role when learning foreign languages and it is important for studying the foreign writers’ style. The methods of character creation as well as the language role are considered in the research paper. The huge impact of living colloquial speech on the author's language and how it influences the main features of the imagery-syntactic structure of the character’s direct speech are studied. It is suggested that the stylistic features of characterology should be considered with their functional correspondence to images, aesthetic motivation and appropriateness. One should focus on the general, typical repetitious features of the images, which are determined by the stable concept of the writer’s personal characteristic. When motivating a stylistic phenomenon it is advisable to proceed not only from the figurative idea but also from the author's worldview and the subjective properties of the portrayal object as these subjective properties are reflected in the subjective writer’s vision. The purpose of the study is to identify the techniques used by such writers as E. M. Remarque, T. Mann, A. Zegers and others as well as the means of imagery they used by establishing the peculiarities of the author's language, the language in general and the language of the characters, by classifying the means of imagery according to stylistic and emotional characteristics. The linguistic description method has been used for this purpose. The features of direct and indirect speech are analyzed on the basis of the well-known novels. The significant role in the creation of the literary and artistic character portrait belongs to the character speech, transmitted in a literary text by such methods as direct, indirect, improper direct speech and their mixed forms. It has been found out that direct speech is a method of language transmission that provides linguistic autonomy of characters; indirect speech is a form of coexistence of author’s language and the characters’ language within certain grammaticalized structures. The research demonstrates the role of using indirect speech in showing the ironic content, some characters’ thoughts, gossips etc.
On temporal and spatialconceptualization in typologically distant languages
Authors:   Ukrainian Engineering Pedagogics Academy, Taukchi Olena
Published: June 2021

The article «On Temporaland Spatial Conceptualization in Typologically Distant Languages» continues the series on working by Olena Taukchi. It explores the process of the world conceptualization and internal reflective experience in English, Ukrainian and Russian; analyzes the dependence of conceptualization on various factors: society`s ethno-consciousness, culture and subculture, as well as individual consciousness. Time is a phenomenon that is directly related to people, seemingly understandable, but in fact, controversial and difficult to explicate. Can you describe time? And if so, what does it look like interms of modern linguistics? Our vision of time implies a perspective that cannot be set in objectivity. For example, if time goes horizontally or vertically; if the time arrow directed forward or backward, right or left, up or down; if time is going past us, or are we moving through it? We do not associate those aspects with our knowledge of the objective world, but, be that as it may, we learn about it through language, most of tenth rough spatial metaphors. Observations of this kind enable us to say that linguistic data can be used as a key to understanding and interpreting any culturally significant aspects of objective reality. From our perspective, it is linguistic analysis of lexical units denoting time that appropriately complements the over all picture of research. In the minds of people speaking various languages, time has a single model and is described in the same terms.
The artistic word and the “Language Issue” based on the M. A. Jamalzadeh writings
Authors:   Institute of Philology, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, Kononchuk Oksana
Published: June 2021

The paper is dedicated to the research of the specifics of the reflection of the “language issue” in the writings of M. A. Jamalzadeh – the founder of the modern short story in the Persian literature and to the influence and role of the artistic word in addressing this issue. In spite of the fact that there was one official national language in Iran and that it was the Persian language there was a great gap between the strata of the Iranian society and a huge misunderstanding between those strata because of the language differences of the Persian language spoken by them. The representatives of the Iranian clergy, the majority of poets, writers and scientists used plenty of Arabic words, phrases, quotes, whole sentences in their “Persian”. On the other hand, the Europeanized intellectuals used plenty of words borrowed from Western European languages, mainly from the French language. Both of these versions of the “Persian” were not understandable for common people, neither was the Persian literature, especially prose, created in Iran since XVI–XVII centuries till the very beginning of the XX century. Those were the issues to be addressed and the prominent intellectuals of Iran took the responsibility to deal with them. In 1921 young but much talented writer Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh published his first book – the collection of short stories “Yeki Bud Va Yeki Nabud” (“Once Upon a Time”) and wrote a detailed preface to it in which he expressed his thoughts and ideas on the issue of the Persian language and the Persian literature. He invited the Iranian writers to write their works using new European literary genres, to use clear and understandable Persian and to enrich language of their writings by using elements of live folk speech. This preface became a manifesto of the new generation of the Iranian writers and intellectuals and played a great role in the formation of new Persian prose and in the solution of the problem of the national language of Iran. The stories of the collection “Yeki Bud Va Yeki Nabud” were the artistic illustrations of the ideas of its author proclaimed in the preface. In the brightest way the ideas of Jamalzadeh were embodied in the short story “Farsi Shekar Ast” (“The Persian is Sugar”) which is recognized to be the first Persian short story written in accordance with the rules of this genre in the modern European literature. In this short story M. A. Jamalzadeh managed using artistic methods and means to show much of beauty, richness and diversity of the Persian language and at the same time to show the problem of misunderstanding between the strata of the Iranian society, to show the huge cognitive dissonance between clergy and intellectuals on one hand and those who they were responsible for on the other. The next generation of the Iranian writers followed M. A. Jamalzadeh and in the next years the situation with the Persian language and literature in Iran has much changed.
A kimberlite dyke in the Nigerdlikasik area, Frederikshåb district
Authors: Andrews J.R
Published: June 2021

During recent geological mapping of the Nigerdlikasik area, 45 km due east of Frederikshåb, an intrusive diatreme was discovered. This takes the form of a 50 cm wide vertical dyke, tracable for at least 500 metres. It can be demonstrated that the petrographic features of this and several other bodies occurring in the vicinity, e. g. in the Tigssaluk granite (Emeleus, 1958) and on Midternæs, (A. K. Higgins, personal communication), conform to the definition of a kimberlite as outlined by Dawson (1967).
C14 dates from the Scoresby Sund region, 1971
Authors: Funder S
Published: June 2021

Radiocarbon dates have been obtained on samples of post-glacial lake mud and marine bivalve shelIs collected by the author in 1969 and 1970. The material has been dated by two laboratories; those marked K by Henrik Tauber, Carbon-14 Dating Laboratory, National Museum, Copenhagen and those marked I by Isotopes Inc., Westwood, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Hydrological project at Narssaq Bræ, South Greenland, as part of the International Hydrological Decade Programme
Authors: Larsen L.B
Published: June 2021

Narssaq river valley constitutes the third Danish representative area investigated in the UNESCO International Hydrological Decade (IHD) (see Larsen, 1970). Field work continued there in 1971 from the beginning of June to the end of August. As proposed by UNESCO/IASH (1970) a drainage basin selected for a combined balances project should meet the following requirements: (a) the basin should be well defined hydrologically and include a glacier covering at least 30% of the drainage area, (b) the gIacier should be normal in regard to size, accumulation, activity and other characteristics and (c) there should be a possibility of measuring simultaneously heat, mass and water balances for at least three years during the IHD.
Preliminary results of mapping in the Caledonian rocks of Canning Land and Wegener Halvø, East Greenland
Authors: Caby R
Published: June 2021

The pre-Middle Devonian sediments and igneous rocks of Canning Land and Wegener Halvø (120 km2) were remapped in detail at a scale of 1:50 000 (map 2) during eight weeks of excellent weather in the summer of 1971. This area includes fragments of Caledonian superstructure bounded to the west by Middle Devonian clastics and the Mesozoic terrain of Jameson Land. Canning Land and Wegener Halvø have previously been investigated by Nordenskjold (1907), who gave the first geological map, Noe-Nygaard (1937), who carried out petrographical investigations on the igneous rocks, and Butler (1948), who presented a coherent picture of the stratigraphy and structural geology and a detailed map.
Sampling for oil source rock analysis, Scoresby Sund region, central East Greenland
Authors: Stevens N.B.H , Perch-Nielsen K
Published: June 2021

From the 12th to 25th of July outcrops of bituminous shales and limestones at four localities were visited by the authors. Three of the outcrops, at Fleming Fjord opposite Wegener Halvø, at Nathorst Fjord and at Edderfugledal were of Myalina Limestone of the Triassic Solfaldsdal Member. The fourth locality in the Schuchert Flod area near the western edge of the sedimentary basin involved the Upper Permian Posidonia Shale Member. The main purpose of the field work was for Stevens, as the Survey's consultant, to get acquainted with the geology of the main rock types in the field, mainly with respect to environments of deposition and also to discover indications or proofs of the migration of hydrocarbons. Perch-Nielsen being conversant with the geology from previous seasons mapping acted as field guide. Samples were collected for analysis to increase the information already obtained from samples collected by the Survey during previous mapping.
Airborne geophysical survey in central East Greenland
Authors: Nielsen B.L , Larsen H.C
Published: June 2021

In 1971 aeroradiometric work was carried out in the Scoresby Sund region (see Nielsen, 1972; LØvborg & Nielsen, 1973). In 1973 an airborne geophysical programme was begun in East Greenland between 72° and 76°N. The main topics of this programme were a regional radiometric reconnaissance coupled with an airborne magnetic survey. The greatest importance was attached to the radiometric project, which is a collaboration between GGU and the Danish Atomic Energy Commission's Research Establishment, Risø.
Acid and intermediate intrusions, deformation and gneiss formation, north-east of Fiskenæsset
Authors: Myers J.S
Published: June 2021

The sequence of acid and intermediate intrusions and of deformation provides the chronological framework of the geology of an area of 500 km2 north of inner Fiskenæsfjorden and around inner Grædefjord (Plate 1). The oldest recognisable rocks are amphibolites and ultramafite derived from volcanics, irregular doleritic intrusions and layered, gravity-stratified sills; metasediments, chiefly quartz+ biotite±garnet±sillimanite±magnetite gneisses; and layered, gravity-stratified bodies of anorthosite, leucogabbro and gabbro. These rocks were already partly deformed before the sequence of acid and intermediate igneous intrusions and deformation described below and summarised in Table 1.
Fuchsite and chrome-epidote from Fiskenæsset
Authors: Ghisler M
Published: June 2021

In many places in the Fiskenæsset region the anorthositic rocks show a characteristic emerald green staining. The occurrences are connected with faults and shear zones, along which hydrothermal solutions have circulated, resulting in a bleaching and alteration of the anorthositic rocks (Ghisler, 1970). The plagioclase became saussuritized to white mica and epidote, and occassionally calcite is also found. Mafic minerals were altered to chlorite and more rarely to tale. In some places such as the Majorqap qava area a green rock consisting of epidote and an emerald green mineral is found as 10-50 cm thick lenses in anorthosite. The emerald green mineral mainly occurs.in the vicinity of chromite horizons or where accessory chromite is present in the anorthosite. Chromium was extracted from these chromite grains and entered the lattice of some of the minerals formed as aresult of the breakdown of plagioclase. Some mineralogical data on these two chromium bearing secondary minerals, fuchsite and chrome-epidote, are given below.
Developments in petroleum exploration in and around Greenland 1969-1974
Authors: Henderson G
Published: June 2021

The rapidly increasing interest that has been shown in the petroleum potential of the Arctic during the last decade has caused attention to be focussed on the sedimentary basins of Greenland and its offshore areas. During the period up to 1966 sporadic interest was shown in the petroleum potential of onshore West Greenland. In 1966 parties from two oil companies visited Nûgssuaq and Disko. None of this work was followed up by geophysical surveys or drilling.
Fieldwork on Ubekendt Ejland in the Tertiary basalt province of West Greenland 1971 and 1973
Authors: Larsen J.G
Published: June 2021

A summary ofthe geology of Ubekendt Ejland has been given by Drever & Game (1948) and Drever (1958). The present author started fieldwork as a member of Professor Drever's expedition in 1971 and continued work in 1973 as a member of GGU's mapping team.
Mapping of Archaean rocks in the Godthåbsfjord region, southern West Greenland
Authors: Walton B.J
Published: June 2021

An area of about 600 km2 was mapped on 1:50 000 scale in the inner part ofthe Godthåbsfjord region, during the period June to September 1975 (fig. 25). This area is to the north-east of Godthåb and of the classic area described by McGregor (1973). Terminology of the rock units described here are taken from that paper.
Sedimentological observations in middle and late Triassic rocks, Jameson Land Basin, central East Greenland
Authors: Clemmensen L.B , Andreasen F
Published: June 2021

The middleand late Triassic rocks of Jameson Land and the nearby part ofthe Scoresby Land area in central East Greenland (fig. 33) were studied during the 1975 field season as part of a 2½-year joint GGU-University of Copenhagen project. The work entailed the detailed measurement of several sedimentological sections. Emphasis was laid on the primary sedimentary structures and a large number ofpalaeocurrent measurements were carried out. The ultimate goal of this approach is to understand the palaeogeographical evolution ofthe sedimentary basin during middle and late Triassic time. This note is a preliminary account and delineates only the sedimentary history ofthe basin in very broad terms.
Native iron bearing intrusions of the Hammers Dal Complex, north-west Disko
Authors: Ulff-Møller F
Published: June 2021

In the area between Hammers Dal and Gieseckes Dal on north-west Disko (fig. 10) several native iron bearing intrusions have been found over the years (Münther, 1952, 1973; Pedersen, 1975a). Most of these intrusions were formed at shallow depths as volcanic necks of.iron-bearing, highly contaminated intermediate rocks, which probably served as feeders for the lavas of the Niaqússat member ofthe Maligât Formation (Pedersen, 1975a). In addition a series of interconnected subvolcanic intrusions of a very unusual type - the Hammers Dal Complex (Pedersen, 1975a) - were found in 1972 in the south-facing slopes of Hammers Dal extending a few kilometres towards the north-north-wesl (fig. 11 and Plate 2). Nickel and copper-bearing pyrrhotite mineralization was associated with the wall rock of the intrusions and cumu.late zones of native iron were found in the intllJsions themelves. As these were of potential economic interest a detailed investigation of the complex was desirable. [A preliminary description of the Hammer Dal Complex has aiready been given by Ulff-Møller (1975)].
Tertiary volcanic geology of the Mellemfjord area, south-west Disko
Authors: Pedersen A.K
Published: June 2021

This paper reports on the results of three weeks of investigations in the Mellemfjord-Eqaluit area of south-west Disko, carried out in the summer of 1974. Very little has been published on the geology in this area: Steenstrup (1882, 1883, 1900) described the area briefly and concentrated on native iron bearing lavas, from which samples were petrographically decribed by Lorenzen (1882), Nicolau (1900), and Pauly (1969), who also communicated results from an unpublished field report by W. Fisch. The purpose of the present investigation was threefold, namely the study ofthe youngest exposed voicanic rocks on Disko, the study of native iron bearing voicanic rocks and the study of the structure of the coast area which is of interest for the interpretation of the off-shore geology.