bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Free Vibration of a Rotating Sandwich Plate with Viscoelastic Core and Functionally Graded Material Constraining Layer
Authors: Joseph Shince. V. , Mohanty S. C.
Published: February 2017

Free vibration analysis of a sandwich plate with viscoelastic material core and functionally graded material (FGM) constraining layer under centrifugal force field is investigated herein. One edge of the sandwich plate is fixed to a rotating hub. The first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is used in the finite element modeling of the problem. The effects of strains due to the longitudinal and transverse deformations are also considered in addition to the shear deformation of the core. Various parametric studies are carried out to examine the effects of volume fraction index, setting angle, hub radius and rotational speed on the vibration characteristics of the sandwich plate. It is found that the fundamental frequency of the plate decreases with an increase in the volume fraction index of the FGM layer, viscoelastic core thickness and setting angle. The first mode loss factor increases with respect to the increasing volume fraction index. Increase in rotational speed and hub radius lead to an increase in the natural frequencies and a decrease in the modal loss factors.
The Conservative Splitting High-Order Compact Finite Difference Scheme for Two-Dimensional Schrödinger Equations
Authors: Wang Bo , Liang Dong , Sun Tongjun
Published: February 2017

In this paper, a new conservative and splitting fourth-order compact difference scheme is proposed and analyzed for solving two-dimensional linear Schrödinger equations. The proposed splitting high-order compact scheme in two dimensions has the excellent property that it preserves the conservations of charge and energy. We strictly prove that the scheme satisfies the charge and energy conservations and it is unconditionally stable. We also prove the optimal error estimate of fourth-order accuracy in spatial step and second-order accuracy in time step. The scheme can be easily implemented and extended to higher dimensional problems. Numerical examples are presented to confirm our theoretical results.
Photophysical properties of sinoporphyrin sodium and explanation of its high photo-activity
Authors: Zang Lixin , Zhao Huimin , Fang Qicheng , Fan Ming , Chen Tong , Tian Ye , Yao Jianting , Zheng Yangdong , Zhang Zhiguo , Cao Wenwu
Published: February 2017

Sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS) is a novel photosensitizer with high photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect. Reasons for its high photo-activity were investigated according to the study of photophysical characteristics of DVDMS. Extinction coefficients ([Formula: see text] of DVDMS at 405 nm and 630 nm are 4.36 × 105 and 1.84 × 104 M[Formula: see text].cm[Formula: see text]; fluorescence quantum yield ([Formula: see text] is 0.026; quantum yield of lowest triplet state formation is 0.94 and singlet oxygen quantum yield ([Formula: see text] is 0.92. Although [Formula: see text] of DVDMS is only 10% higher than that of Photofrin[Formula: see text] (0.83), the extinction coefficient of DVDMS at 630 nm is 10-fold greater than that of Photofrin[Formula: see text]. This leads to its higher singlet oxygen generation efficiency ([Formula: see text]. The higher [Formula: see text] of DVDMS can result in an effective reduction of dosage (1/10 of Photofrin[Formula: see text] reaching the same cytotoxic effect as Photofrin[Formula: see text]. Even though [Formula: see text] is approximately equal to that of Photofrin[Formula: see text], brightness ([Formula: see text] of DVDMS is 10-fold greater than that of Photofrin[Formula: see text] because of the 10-fold greater extinction coefficient. Thus, fluorescence diagnosis ability of 0.2 mg/kg DVDMS is comparable to that of 2 mg/kg Photofrin[Formula: see text] used in PDT. Overall, the 10-fold greater extinction coefficients are responsible for the high brightness and singlet oxygen generation efficiency of DVDMS.
MODELING LAND USE AND THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN BRAZIL
Authors: FARIA WESLEM RODRIGUES , HADDAD EDUARDO AMARAL
Published: February 2017

This paper discusses the development of a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model with detailed specification for land use. The model considers two aspects of land use: land as a measure of production cost and land as a physical entity that can be used in a variety of ways. To analyze the economic effects of climate change, we integrated the CGE model and an econometric model. The results based on this model, which captures how land allocation responds to changes in temperature and precipitation, are introduced as elasticities in the CGE model to offset the demand curve for land among 13 different land uses in 27 regions of Brazil. The simulations are based on climate data from a benchmark period (1975–2005) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change climate projection scenarios for the periods 2010–2039, 2040–2069, and 2070–2099. The results predict negative changes in real gross domestic product ranging from [Formula: see text]0.0054% to [Formula: see text]0.0198%, depending on the scenario.
Preparation, crystal structure, and dielectric characterization of Li2W2O7ceramic at RF and microwave frequency range
Authors: Chen Jinwu , Li Chunchun , Wang Dan , Xiang Huaicheng , Fang Liang
Published: February 2017

Single phase Li2W2O7with anorthic structure was prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction method at 550[Formula: see text]C and the anorthic structure was stable up to 660[Formula: see text]C. The dielectric properties at radio frequency (RF) and microwave frequency range were characterized. The sample sintered at 640[Formula: see text]C exhibited the optimum microwave dielectric properties with a relative permittivity of 12.2, a quality factor value of 17,700[Formula: see text]GHz (at 9.8[Formula: see text]GHz), and a temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency of [Formula: see text]232[Formula: see text]ppm/[Formula: see text]C as well as a high relative density [Formula: see text]94.1%. Chemical compatibility measurement indicated Li2W2O7did not react with aluminum electrodes when sintered at 640[Formula: see text]C for 4[Formula: see text]h.
Genomics, Physiology, and Molecular Breeding Approaches for Improving Salt Tolerance
Authors: Ismail Abdelbagi M. , Horie Tomoaki
Published: February 2017

Salt stress reduces land and water productivity and contributes to poverty and food insecurity. Increased salinization caused by human practices and climate change is progressively reducing agriculture productivity despite escalating calls for more food. Plant responses to salt stress are well understood, involving numerous critical processes that are each controlled by multiple genes. Knowledge of the critical mechanisms controlling salt uptake and exclusion from functioning tissues, signaling of salt stress, and the arsenal of protective metabolites is advancing. However, little progress has been made in developing salt-tolerant varieties of crop species using standard (but slow) breeding approaches. The genetic diversity available within cultivated crops and their wild relatives provides rich sources for trait and gene discovery that has yet to be sufficiently utilized. Transforming this knowledge into modern approaches using genomics and molecular tools for precision breeding will accelerate the development of tolerant cultivars and help sustain food production.
Novel Insights into Tree Biology and Genome Evolution as Revealed Through Genomics
Authors: Neale David B. , Martínez-García Pedro J. , De La Torre Amanda R. , Montanari Sara , Wei Xiao-Xin
Published: February 2017

Reference genome sequences are the key to the discovery of genes and gene families that determine traits of interest. Recent progress in sequencing technologies has enabled a rapid increase in genome sequencing of tree species, allowing the dissection of complex characters of economic importance, such as fruit and wood quality and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Although the number of reference genome sequences for trees lags behind those for other plant species, it is not too early to gain insight into the unique features that distinguish trees from nontree plants. Our review of the published data suggests that, although many gene families are conserved among herbaceous and tree species, some gene families, such as those involved in resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and in the synthesis and transport of sugars, are often expanded in tree genomes. As the genomes of more tree species are sequenced, comparative genomics will further elucidate the complexity of tree genomes and how this relates to traits unique to trees.
Defense Priming: An Adaptive Part of Induced Resistance
Authors: Mauch-Mani Brigitte , Baccelli Ivan , Luna Estrella , Flors Victor
Published: February 2017

Priming is an adaptive strategy that improves the defensive capacity of plants. This phenomenon is marked by an enhanced activation of induced defense mechanisms. Stimuli from pathogens, beneficial microbes, or arthropods, as well as chemicals and abiotic cues, can trigger the establishment of priming by acting as warning signals. Upon stimulus perception, changes may occur in the plant at the physiological, transcriptional, metabolic, and epigenetic levels. This phase is called the priming phase. Upon subsequent challenge, the plant effectively mounts a faster and/or stronger defense response that defines the postchallenge primed state and results in increased resistance and/or stress tolerance. Priming can be durable and maintained throughout the plant's life cycle and can even be transmitted to subsequent generations, therefore representing a type of plant immunological memory.
Multiple Functions and Regulation of Mammalian Peroxiredoxins
Authors: Rhee Sue Goo , Kil In Sup
Published: February 2017

Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) constitute a major family of peroxidases, with mammalian cells expressing six Prx isoforms (PrxI to PrxVI). Cells produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at various intracellular locations where it can serve as a signaling molecule. Given that Prxs are abundant and possess a structure that renders the cysteine (Cys) residue at the active site highly sensitive to oxidation by H2O2, the signaling function of this oxidant requires extensive and highly localized regulation. Recent findings on the reversible regulation of PrxI through phosphorylation at the centrosome and on the hyperoxidation of the Cys at the active site of PrxIII in mitochondria are described in this review as examples of such local regulation of H2O2signaling. Moreover, their high affinity for and sensitivity to oxidation by H2O2confer on Prxs the ability to serve as sensors and transducers of H2O2signaling through transfer of their oxidation state to bound effector proteins.
Protective and Harmful Immunity to RSV Infection
Authors: Openshaw Peter J.M. , Chiu Chris , Culley Fiona J. , Johansson Cecilia
Published: February 2017

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an exceptional mucosal pathogen. It specializes in infection of the ciliated respiratory epithelium, causing disease of variable severity with little or no direct systemic effects. It infects virtually all children by the age of three years and then repeatedly infects throughout life; this it does despite relatively slight variations in antigenicity, apparently by inducing selective immunological amnesia. Inappropriate or dysregulated responses to RSV can be pathogenic, causing disease-enhancing inflammation that contributes to short- and long-term effects. In addition, RSV's importance as a largely unrecognized pathogen of debilitated older people is increasingly evident. Vaccines that induce nonpathogenic protective immunity may soon be available, and it is possible that different vaccines will be optimal for infants; older children; young to middle-age adults (including pregnant women); and elderly persons. At the dawn of RSV vaccination, it is timely to review what is known (and unknown) about immune responses to this fascinating virus.
Thymic Epithelial Cells
Authors: Abramson Jakub , Anderson Graham
Published: February 2017

Intrathymic T cell development is a complex process that depends upon continuous guidance from thymus stromal cell microenvironments. The thymic epithelium within the thymic stroma comprises highly specialized cells with a high degree of anatomic, phenotypic, and functional heterogeneity. These properties are collectively required to bias thymocyte development toward production of self-tolerant and functionally competent T cells. The importance of thymic epithelial cells (TECs) is evidenced by clear links between their dysfunction and multiple diseases where autoimmunity and immunodeficiency are major components. Consequently, TECs are an attractive target for cell therapies to restore effective immune system function. The pathways and molecular regulators that control TEC development are becoming clearer, as are their influences on particular stages of T cell development. Here, we review both historical and the most recent advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling TEC development, function, dysfunction, and regeneration.
Progress Toward a Molecular Mechanism of Water Oxidation in Photosystem II
Authors: Vinyard David J. , Brudvig Gary W.
Published: February 2017

The active site of photosynthetic water oxidation is the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) in the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center. The OEC is a Mn4CaO5 cluster embedded in the PSII protein matrix, and it cycles through redox intermediates known as Si states (i = 0–4). Significant progress has been made in understanding the inorganic and physical chemistry of states S0–S3 through experiment and theory. The chemical steps from S3 to S0 are more poorly understood, however, because the identity of the substrate water molecules and the mechanism of O–O bond formation are not well established. In this review, we highlight both the consensuses and the remaining challenges of PSII research.
Development of New Density Functional Approximations
Authors: Su Neil Qiang , Xu Xin
Published: February 2017

Kohn–Sham density functional theory has become the leading electronic structure method for atoms, molecules, and extended systems. It is in principle exact, but any practical application must rely on density functional approximations (DFAs) for the exchange-correlation energy. Here we emphasize four aspects of the subject: (a) philosophies and strategies for developing DFAs; (b) classification of DFAs; (c) major sources of error in existing DFAs; and (d) some recent developments and future directions.
Conflict and Cooperation on Nuclear Nonproliferation
Authors: Debs Alexandre , Monteiro Nuno P.
Published: February 2017

This article critically reviews scholarship on the role of conflict and cooperation in conditioning nuclear proliferation. We start by laying out the trajectory of scholarship on the causes of proliferation, organizing it in three waves: (a) security and (b) nonsecurity drivers of proliferation, and (c) supply constraints on nuclear acquisition. We then examine the recent turn in the proliferation literature toward a strategic interaction approach, focusing on how conflict and cooperation between proliferators, their adversaries, and their allies shape the spread of nuclear weapons. We argue for an integrated framework for analyzing the tools states can deploy to foster or stymie proliferation. Finally, we sketch an agenda for research on nuclear proliferation. Here, we argue that scholarship should (a) incorporate nonsecurity dynamics into the strategic interaction approach to the study of proliferation and (b) combine rigorous theory with careful historical research to further our understanding of the causes of proliferation.
Wealth Inequality and Democracy
Authors: Scheve Kenneth , Stasavage David
Published: February 2017

What do we know about wealth inequality and democracy? Our review shows that the simple conjectures that democracy produces wealth equality and that wealth inequality leads to democratic failure are not supported by the evidence. Why are democracy and high levels of wealth inequality sustainable together? Three key features of democratic politics can make this outcome possible. When societies are divided along cleavages other than wealth, this can inhibit the adoption of wealth-equalizing policies. Likewise, voter preferences for the redistribution of wealth depend on the beliefs they form about the fairness of these measures, and some voters without wealth may feel that redistribution is unfair. Finally, wealth-equalizing policies may be absent if the democratic process is captured by the rich; however, the evidence explaining when, where, and why capture accounts for variation in wealth inequality is less convincing than is often claimed. This phenomenon is a useful avenue for future research.
The β3-adrenergic receptor is dispensable for browning of adipose tissues
Authors: de Jong Jasper M. A. , Wouters René T. F. , Boulet Nathalie , Cannon Barbara , Nedergaard Jan , Petrovic Natasa
Published: February 2017

Brown and brite/beige adipocytes are attractive therapeutic targets to treat metabolic diseases. To maximally utilize their functional potential, further understanding is required about their identities and their functional differences. Recent studies with β3-adrenergic receptor knockout mice reported that brite/beige adipocytes, but not classical brown adipocytes, require the β3-adrenergic receptor for cold-induced transcriptional activation of thermogenic genes. We aimed to further characterize this requirement of the β3-adrenergic receptor as a functional distinction between classical brown and brite/beige adipocytes. However, when comparing wild-type and β3-adrenergic receptor knockout mice, we observed no differences in cold-induced thermogenic gene expression ( Ucp1, Pgc1a, Dio2, and Cidea) in brown or white (brite/beige) adipose tissues. Irrespective of the duration of the cold exposure or the sex of the mice, we observed no effect of the absence of the β3-adrenergic receptor. Experiments with the β3-adrenergic receptor agonist CL-316,243 verified the functional absence of β3-adrenergic signaling in these knockout mice. The β3-adrenergic receptor knockout model in the present study was maintained on a FVB/N background, whereas earlier reports used C57BL/6 and 129Sv mice. Thus our data imply background-dependent differences in adrenergic signaling mechanisms in response to cold exposure. Nonetheless, the present data indicate that the β3-adrenergic receptor is dispensable for cold-induced transcriptional activation in both classical brown and, as opposed to earlier studies, brite/beige cells.
Cough and expiration reflexes elicited by inhaled irritant gases are intensified in ovalbumin-sensitized mice
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Lin Ruei-Lung , Hong Jeff , Khosravi Mehdi , Lee Lu-Yuan
Published: February 2017

This study was designed to determine the effect of active sensitization with ovalbumin (Ova) on cough responses to inhaled irritant gases in mice. Conscious mice moved freely in a recording chamber, while the pressure change in the chamber and audio and video signals of the mouse movements were recorded simultaneously to measure the frequencies of cough reflex (CR) and expiration reflex (ER). To further verify the accuracy of cough analysis, the intrapleural pressure was also recorded by a telemetry sensor surgically implanted in the intrapleural space in a subgroup of mice. During the irritant gas inhalation challenge, sulfur dioxide (SO2; 200 and 400 ppm) or ammonia (NH3; 0.1% and 0.2%) was drawn into the chamber at a constant flow rate for 8 min. Ova sensitization and sham sensitization with vehicle (Veh) were performed over a 25-day period in separate groups of mice. Our results showed that 1) both SO2 and NH3 inhalation challenges increased CR and ER frequencies in a concentration-dependent manner before Ova sensitization; 2) the baseline CR frequency was significantly elevated after Ova sensitization, accompanied by pronounced airway inflammation; and 3) Ova sensitization also markedly augmented the responses of CR and ER to both SO2 and NH3 inhalation challenges; in sharp contrast, the cough responses did not change after sham sensitization in the Veh group. In conclusion, Ova sensitization caused distinct and lingering increases in baseline cough frequency, and also intensified both CR and ER responses to inhaled irritant gases, which probably resulted from an allergic inflammation-induced hypersensitivity of airway sensory nerves.
Network-wide oscillations in the parkinsonian state: alterations in neuronal activities occur in the premotor cortex in parkinsonian nonhuman primates
Authors: Wang Jing , Johnson Luke A. , Jensen Alicia L. , Baker Kenneth B. , Molnar Gregory F. , Johnson Matthew D. , Vitek Jerrold L.
Published: February 2017

A number of studies suggest that Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with alterations of neuronal activity patterns in the basal-ganglia-thalamocortical circuit. There are limited electrophysiological data, however, describing how the premotor cortex, which is involved in movement and decision-making, is likely impacted in PD. In this study, spontaneous local field potential (LFP) and single unit neuronal activity were recorded in the dorsal premotor area of nonhuman primates in both the naïve and parkinsonian state using the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of parkinsonism. In both animals, we observed a shift of power in LFP power spectral densities (1−350 Hz) from higher to lower frequency bands; parkinsonism resulted in increased power in frequencies <8 Hz and decreased power at frequencies >30 Hz. A comparable but not identical trend was observed in the power spectral analysis of single unit spike trains: alpha power increased in both animals and gamma power decreased in one; power in other frequency bands remaining unchanged. Although not consistent across animals, we also observed changes in discharge rates and bursting activity. Overall, the LFP and single unit analysis suggest that abnormalities in premotor neural activity are a feature of parkinsonism, although specific details of those abnormalities may differ between subjects. This study further supports the concept that PD is a network disorder that induces abnormal spontaneous neural activities across the basal-ganglia-thalamocortical circuit including the premotor cortex and provides foundational knowledge for future studies regarding the relationship between changes in neuronal activity in this region and the development of motor deficits in PD.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study begins to fill a gap in knowledge regarding how Parkinson’s disease (PD) may cause abnormal functioning of the premotor cortex. It is novel as the premotor activity is examined in both the naïve and parkinsonian states, in the same subjects, at the single unit and LFP level. It provides foundational knowledge on which to build future studies to explore the relationships between premotor activities and specific parkinsonian motor and cognitive deficits.
Multidigit force control during unconstrained grasping in response to object perturbations
Authors: Naceri Abdeldjallil , Moscatelli Alessandro , Haschke Robert , Ritter Helge , Santello Marco , Ernst Marc O.
Published: February 2017

Because of the complex anatomy of the human hand, in the absence of external constraints, a large number of postures and force combinations can be used to attain a stable grasp. Motor synergies provide a viable strategy to solve this problem of motor redundancy. In this study, we exploited the technical advantages of an innovative sensorized object to study unconstrained hand grasping within the theoretical framework of motor synergies. Participants were required to grasp, lift, and hold the sensorized object. During the holding phase, we repetitively applied external disturbance forces and torques and recorded the spatiotemporal distribution of grip forces produced by each digit. We found that the time to reach the maximum grip force during each perturbation was roughly equal across fingers, consistent with a synchronous, synergistic stiffening across digits. We further evaluated this hypothesis by comparing the force distribution of human grasping vs. robotic grasping, where the control strategy was set by the experimenter. We controlled the global hand stiffness of the robotic hand and found that this control algorithm produced a force pattern qualitatively similar to human grasping performance. Our results suggest that the nervous system uses a default whole hand synergistic control to maintain a stable grasp regardless of the number of digits involved in the task, their position on the objects, and the type and frequency of external perturbations.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY We studied hand grasping using a sensorized object allowing unconstrained finger placement. During object perturbation, the time to reach the peak force was roughly equal across fingers, consistently with a synergistic stiffening across fingers. Force distribution of a robotic grasping hand, where the control algorithm is based on global hand stiffness, was qualitatively similar to human grasping. This suggests that the central nervous system uses a default whole hand synergistic control to maintain a stable grasp.
A Model to Determine the Propagation Losses Based on the Integration of Hata-Okumura and Wavelet Neural Models
Authors: Pedraza Luis F. , Hernández Cesar A. , López Danilo A.
Published: February 2017

Radioelectric spectrum occupancy forecast has proven useful for the design of wireless systems able to harness spectrum opportunities like cognitive radio. This paper proposes the development of a model that identifies propagation losses and spectrum opportunities in a channel of a mobile cellular network for an urban environment using received signal power forecast. The proposed model integrates the Hata-Okumura (H-O) large-scale propagation model with a wavelet neural model. The model results, obtained through simulations, show that the wavelet neural model forecasts with a high degree of precision, which is consistent with the observed behavior in experiments carried out in wireless systems of this type.
An SDN-Based Fingerprint Hopping Method to Prevent Fingerprinting Attacks
Authors: Zhao Zheng , Liu Fenlin , Gong Daofu
Published: February 2017

Fingerprinting attacks are one of the most severe threats to the security of networks. Fingerprinting attack aims to obtain the operating system information of target hosts to make preparations for future attacks. In this paper, a fingerprint hopping method (FPH) is proposed based on software-defined networks to defend against fingerprinting attacks. FPH introduces the idea of moving target defense to show a hopping fingerprint toward the fingerprinting attackers. The interaction of the fingerprinting attack and its defense is modeled as a signal game, and the equilibriums of the game are analyzed to develop an optimal defense strategy. Experiments show that FPH can resist fingerprinting attacks effectively.
Allium stipitatum Extract Exhibits In Vivo Antibacterial Activity against Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Accelerates Burn Wound Healing in a Full‐Thickness Murine Burn Model
Authors: Karunanidhi Arunkumar , Ghaznavi-Rad Ehsanollah , Jeevajothi Nathan Jayakayatri , Abba Yusuf , Belkum Alex van , Neela Vasanthakumari
Published: February 2017

The in vivo antibacterial and burn wound healing potency of Persian shallot bulbs (Allium stipitatum) were explored in a mice burn model infected with methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Hexane (ASHE) and dichloromethane (ASDE) extracts were tested. Female BALB/c mice were inflicted with third‐degree thermal injury followed by infection with MRSA. ASHE and ASDE formulated with simple ointment base (SOB) at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 5% (w/w) were topically applied to burn wounds twice a day for 20 days. Silver sulfadiazine (1%) served as drug positive control. Microbiological analysis was carried out on 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 days postwounding (dpw) and histopathological analysis at the end of the experiment (20 dpw). Both ointments demonstrated strong antibacterial activity with complete elimination of MRSA at 48–72 h after infection. The rate of wound contraction was higher (95–100%) in mice groups treated with ASHE and ASDE ointments after 15 dpw. Histological analysis revealed significant increase (p < 0.05) in epithelialization and collagenation in treated groups. The ASHE and ASDE were found to be relatively noncytotoxic and safe to Vero cell line (383.4 μg mL−1; 390.6 μg mL−1), suggesting the extracts as safe topical antibacterial as well as promising alternatives in managing thermal injuries.
Island Posterior Thigh Flap Revisited in Covering Extensive Sacral Wounds: Our Experience with Two Patients
Authors: Wanjala F. Nangole , Martin Ajujo
Published: February 2017

Deep sacral wounds are best covered by flaps. Posterior thigh flaps have routinely been used to cover such wounds. The flap can however be modified as an island flap. Two patients with extensive sacral wounds were managed with island posterior thigh flaps. Both patients were admitted secondary to road traffic accident with subsequent soft tissue loss of the sacral area. The sacral defects in both patients were approximately 17 cm by 23 cm in dimensions. Unilateral island posterior thigh flap was raised and used to cover the wounds. Postoperatively both patients did well; the donor site and recipient sites healed without any complications. Island posterior thigh flap is thus an option in covering extensive defects of the sacral area. The flap is reliable and easy to raise and has minimal donor site morbidity. By raising it as an island flap the dog ear defect is avoided and the flap is able to be tunneled under the gluteal muscle. This maneuver enables the flap to be advanced further allowing it to cover more distal and extensive defects.
Patch Based Multiple Instance Learning Algorithm for Object Tracking
Authors: Wang Zhenjie , Wang Lijia , Zhang Hua
Published: February 2017

To deal with the problems of illumination changes or pose variations and serious partial occlusion, patch based multiple instance learning (P-MIL) algorithm is proposed. The algorithm divides an object into many blocks. Then, the online MIL algorithm is applied on each block for obtaining strong classifier. The algorithm takes account of both the average classification score and classification scores of all the blocks for detecting the object. In particular, compared with the whole object based MIL algorithm, the P-MIL algorithm detects the object according to the unoccluded patches when partial occlusion occurs. After detecting the object, the learning rates for updating weak classifiers’ parameters are adaptively tuned. The classifier updating strategy avoids overupdating and underupdating the parameters. Finally, the proposed method is compared with other state-of-the-art algorithms on several classical videos. The experiment results illustrate that the proposed method performs well especially in case of illumination changes or pose variations and partial occlusion. Moreover, the algorithm realizes real-time object tracking.
Blind Separation of Cyclostationary Sources Sharing Common Cyclic Frequencies Using Joint Diagonalization Algorithm
Authors: Brahmi Amine , Ghennioui Hicham , Corbier Christophe , Guillet François , Lahbabi M’hammed
Published: February 2017

We propose a new method for blind source separation of cyclostationary sources, whose cyclic frequencies are unknown and may share one or more common cyclic frequencies. The suggested method exploits the cyclic correlation function of observation signals to compose a set of matrices which has a particular algebraic structure. The aforesaid matrices are automatically selected by proposing two new criteria. Then, they are jointly diagonalized so as to estimate the mixing matrix and retrieve the source signals as a consequence. The nonunitary joint diagonalization (NU‐JD) is ensured by Broyden‐Fletcher‐Goldfarb‐Shanno (BFGS) method which is the most commonly used update strategy for implementing a quasi‐Newton technique. The efficiency of the method is illustrated by numerical simulations in digital communications context, which show good performances comparing to other state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Existence and Exponential Stability of Solutions to Stochastic Neutral Functional Differential Equations
Authors: Hu Ling , Wu Zheng , Wei Zhangzhi , Wang Lianglong
Published: February 2017

In this paper we consider the existence and stability of solutions to stochastic neutral functional differential equations with finite delays. Under suitable conditions, the existence and exponential stability of solutions were obtained by using the semigroup approach and Banach fixed point theorem.
Integrated Filtering Microstrip Duplex Antenna Array with High Isolation
Authors: Lin Xian-Jing , Xie Ze-Ming , Zhang Pei-Sheng
Published: February 2017

This paper presents a 2 × 1 integrated filtering microstrip duplex antenna array with high isolation and same polarization. The antenna consists of two radiating patches fed by two T-shaped probes and a power distributing duplex network (PDDN). The PDDN is composed of two bandstop filters and a 180-degree phase shift power divider. And the PDDN is designed to achieve the functions of power division, frequency selectivity, and port isolation. A Transmission Line (TL) model is adopted to design the PDDN, and the detailed synthesis procedure is presented. For demonstration, the proposed antenna is designed and fabricated. The implemented antenna achieves an average gain of 10 dBi, a cross-polarization ratio of 20 dB, and an isolation of 35 dB within the operation band.
Optical Nonlinear Properties of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized by Laser Ablation in Polymer Solution
Authors: Tajdidzadeh M. , Zakaria A. B. , Talib Z. Abidin , Gene A. S. , Shirzadi S.
Published: February 2017

In the present study, gold nanoparticles were synthesized in various polymer solutions by means of employing laser ablation technique at the same ablation time. Specifically, gold nanoparticles were synthesized in polyethylene glycol and chitosan solutions, in order to compare the effects of the liquid media which served as stabilizers for particle size and volume fraction of nanoparticles. In addition, this experiment was repeated in distilled water for reference purposes. As the findings indicated, the particle size which was obtained in polyethylene glycol was about 7.49 nm, that is, smaller than those of chitosan solution and distilled water, respectively. In contrast, it was observed that the volume fraction of gold nanoparticles increased in polyethylene glycol in comparison with the other media which indicated an effect on the formation of NPs. On the other hand,Z-scan technique was employed to measure the nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient of nanofluids containing gold nanoparticles. Consequently, the nonlinear properties of nanofluids pointed to a significant contribution with the number of nanoparticles observed in fluids and both optical nonlinear parameters were observed to increase by means of a prior increase in the volume fraction of Au-NPs in polyethylene glycol solution.
Bernoulli Collocation Method for Solving Linear Multidimensional Diffusion and Wave Equations with Dirichlet Boundary Conditions
Authors: Zogheib Bashar , Tohidi Emran , Shateyi Stanford
Published: February 2017

A numerical approach is proposed for solving multidimensional parabolic diffusion and hyperbolic wave equations subject to the appropriate initial and boundary conditions. The considered numerical solutions of the these equations are considered as linear combinations of the shifted Bernoulli polynomials with unknown coefficients. By collocating the main equations together with the initial and boundary conditions at some special points (i.e., CGL collocation points), equations will be transformed into the associated systems of linear algebraic equations which can be solved by robust Krylov subspace iterative methods such as GMRES. Operational matrices of differentiation are implemented for speeding up the operations. In both of the one-dimensional and two-dimensional diffusion and wave equations, the geometrical distributions of the collocation points are depicted for clarity of presentation. Several numerical examples are provided to show the efficiency and spectral (exponential) accuracy of the proposed method.
Modified Splitting FDTD Methods for Two‐Dimensional Maxwell’s Equations
Authors: Gao Liping , Zhai Shouhui
Published: February 2017

In this paper, we develop a new method to reduce the error in the splitting finite‐difference method of Maxwell’s equations. By this method two modified splitting FDTD methods (MS‐FDTDI, MS‐FDTDII) for the two‐dimensional Maxwell equations are proposed. It is shown that the two methods are second‐order accurate in time and space and unconditionally stable by Fourier methods. By energy method, it is proved that MS‐FDTDI is second‐order convergent. By deriving the numerical dispersion (ND) relations, we prove rigorously that MS‐FDTDI has less ND errors than the ADI‐FDTD method and the ND errors of ADI‐FDTD are less than those of MS‐FDTDII. Numerical experiments for computing ND errors and simulating a wave guide problem and a scattering problem are carried out and the efficiency of the MS‐FDTDI and MS‐FDTDII methods is confirmed.
Investigations on Binding Pattern of Kinase Inhibitors with PPARγ: Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamic Simulations, and Free Energy Calculation Studies
Authors: Mazumder Mohit , Ponnan Prija , Das Umashankar , Gourinath Samudrala , Khan Haseeb Ahmad , Yang Jian , Sakharkar Meena Kishore
Published: February 2017

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a potential target for the treatment of several disorders. In view of several FDA approved kinase inhibitors, in the current study, we have investigated the interaction of selected kinase inhibitors with PPARγusing computational modeling, docking, and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS). The docked conformations and MDS studies suggest that the selected KIs interact with PPARγin the ligand binding domain (LBD) with high positive predictive values. Hence, we have for the first time shown the plausible binding of KIs in the PPARγligand binding site. The results obtained from these in silico investigations warrant further evaluation of kinase inhibitors as PPARγligands in vitro and in vivo.
Optimizing Greenhouse Lighting for Advanced Agriculture Based on Real Time Electricity Market Price
Authors: Mahdavian Mehdi , Wattanapongsakorn Naruemon
Published: February 2017

The world’s growing demand for food can be met by agricultural technology. Use of artificial light to supplement natural sunlight in greenhouse cultivation is one of the most common techniques to increase greenhouse production of food crops. However, artificial light requires significant electrical energy, which increases the cost of greenhouse production and can reduce profit. This paper models the increments to greenhouse productivity as well as the increases in cost from supplemental electric lighting, in a situation where the greenhouse is one of the elements of a smart grid, a system where the electric energy market is dynamic and prices vary over time. We used our models to calculate the optimum values for supplemental light and the required electrical energy for HPS lamps in the greenhouse environment, using cherry tomato cultivation as a case study crop. We considered two optimization techniques: iterative search (IS) and genetic algorithm (GA). The two approaches produced similar results, although the GA method was much faster. Both approaches verify the advantages of using optimal supplemental light in terms of increasing production and hence profit.
Th1/Th17-Related Cytokines and Chemokines and Their Implications in the Pathogenesis of Pemphigus Vulgaris
Authors: Timoteo Rodolfo Pessato , da Silva Marcos Vinicius , Miguel Camila Botelho , Silva Djalma Alexandre Alves , Catarino Jonatas Da Silva , Rodrigues Junior Virmondes , Sales-Campos Helioswilton , Freire Oliveira Carlo Jose
Published: February 2017

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of IgG autoantibodies against desmoglein-3. Despite the variety of findings, the chemokine and cytokine profiles that characterize the immune response in the disease are still poorly explored. Thus, 20 PV patients and 20 controls were grouped according to gender, ethnicity, place of residence, and clinical parameters of the disease. Then, the levels of chemokines and of Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg/Th9/Th22-related cytokines were assessed in the serum. PV patients had higher levels of inflammatory Th1/Th17 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-23), as well as higher levels of CXCL8 and reduced levels of Th1/Th2-related chemokines (IP-10 and CCL11). However, no differences in the levels of IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-9, IL-12, TGF-β, IL-33, MCP-1, RANTES, and MIP-1α were found between PV patients and their control counterparts. Furthermore, PV patients with skin lesions had higher serum levels of IL-6 and CXCL8 when compared to PV patients without lesions. Taken together, our findings describe the role of cytokines and chemokines associated with Th1/Th17 immune response in PV patients. Finally, these data are important for better understanding of the immune aspects that control disease outcome, and they may also provide important information about why patients develop autoantibodies against desmogleins.
Analysis of Step Responses in Nonlinear Dynamic Systems Consisting of Antagonistic Involvement of Pneumatic Artificial Muscles
Authors: Rimár Miroslav , Šmeringai Peter , Fedak Marcel , Hatala Michal , Kulikov Andrii
Published: February 2017

The paper describes a set of experimental measurements carried out on the experimental equipment with a drive based on pneumatic artificial muscles. Based on the analysis of the PAMS control systems issue in relation to the issue of a position control, a control algorithm has been designed and verified. The requirements of the control systems do not arise only from the condition of the desired positioning point rapid achievement, but also from the subsequent dynamics and accuracy repeatability. This algorithm enables an efficient way of stabilization of the actuator position in various dynamic conditions during the operation. It allows eliminating undesirable vibrations oscillating around the point of the required position and dampening them appropriately. The article describes a set of performed verification experimental measurements confirming the applicability in relation to the system that controls the position of the actuator utilizing the described algorithm. The algorithm application enables a positive influencing and optimization of the actuator positioning accuracy and a full-valued automation of its operation.
Effects of Sugar Substitution with “Stevianna” on the Sensory Characteristics of Muffins
Authors: Gao Jingrong , Brennan Margaret A. , Mason Susan L. , Brennan Charles S.
Published: February 2017

Sugar is a main ingredient of muffins and other baked products, so removal or reduction of sucrose negatively affects product appearance, texture, and mouthfeel. The aim of this study was to investigate the colour, textural properties, and sensory characteristics of sugar replaced muffins made using stevianna in combination with cocoa powder and/or vanilla. Optimal results were obtained with 50% stevianna, leading to muffins similar to the control products and having a high level of acceptance in sensory evaluation. Sugar-free muffins (100% stevianna) were harder in texture and more compact in crumb compared to the control. Results from sensory evaluation also illustrated that 100% stevianna addition led to muffins with poorer acceptance, harder texture, and a drier mouthfeel when compared against the control. This study also investigated the use of cocoa powder and/or vanilla to mask the stevianna bitterness in terms of aftertaste.
An ECC-Based Blind Signcryption Scheme for Multiple Digital Documents
Authors: Tsai Chien-Hua , Su Pin-Chang
Published: February 2017

The popularity of the Internet has comprehensively altered the traditional way of communication and interaction patterns, such as e-contract negotiations, e-payment services, or digital credential processes. In the field of e-form systems, a number of studies investigate the ability of the blind signature to fulfill the basic properties of blindness and untraceability. However, most literatures exploring the blind signature mechanisms only address research and technology pertaining to single blind signature issues. Further, most of the topics only deal with signing rather than encryption. Thus, we propose a new blind signature scheme for multiple digital documents based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). Our scheme incorporates the design of signcryption paradigm into the blind signature scheme to strengthen high levels of security. This innovative method also enhances computational efficiency during processing multiple electronic documents since the ECC provides a shorter key length and higher processing speed than other public-key cryptosystems on equivalent secrecy. The analysis results show that the present scheme achieves better performance at low communication overheads as well as with higher level of security. By helping the design of the intrinsic properties, the proposed cryptosystem can be applied to many areas to protect sensitive data in ubiquitous computing environments.
Cancer Mortality in Hispanic Ethnic Groups
Authors: Pinheiro Paulo S. , Callahan Karen E. , Siegel Rebecca L. , Jin Hongbin , Morris Cyllene R. , Trapido Edward J. , Gomez Scarlett Lin
Published: February 2017

Background: Cancer is the leading cause of death among Hispanics. The burden of cancer mortality within Hispanic groups has not been well quantified.

Methods: Cancer mortality rates for 2008–2012 in Florida were computed on the basis of race, ethnicity, and birthplace, specifically focusing on major Hispanic groups—Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Central Americans, South Americans, and Dominicans. Age-adjusted mortality rate ratios derived from negative binomial regression were used to compare Hispanics, aggregated and by group, to nonHispanic whites (NHW).

Results: A total of 205,369 cancer deaths from 2008–2012 were analyzed, of which 22,042 occurred in Hispanics. Overall cancer mortality rates were lower for Hispanics, 159 and 100 per 100,000 in males and females, respectively, compared with 204 and 145 per 100,000 in NHWs, largely driven by relatively low rates of lung and breast cancers among Hispanics. However, Hispanics had a higher risk of death from stomach and liver cancers, both infection-related. Of all Hispanic groups, Mexicans had the lowest mortality, whereas Cubans had the highest, with significantly higher mortality for colorectal, endometrial, and prostate cancers.

Conclusions: Compared with other Hispanic groups, Cubans and Puerto Ricans had significantly higher rates. For these longer-established populations in the United States, increases in diet and obesity-related cancers are evident. Some groups show excesses that clearly fall out of the common Hispanic patterns, with implications for public health: Cubans for colorectal cancer, Puerto Ricans for liver cancer, and Dominicans for prostate cancer.

Impact: Cancer mortality outcomes in Hispanics vary between ethnic groups. Research and public health strategies should consider this heterogeneity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(3); 376–82. ©2017 AACR.