bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some in vivo Interactions of Oestradiol with the Mouse Vagina
Authors: Stone GM , Pollard Irina
Published: July 2016

Within 8 min after the intravaginal administration of 25 pg of PHloestradiol <[3HlE2) an equilibrium appeared to have been established between E2 in the 'nuclear' and 'soluble' compartments of vaginal homogenates. When an initial injection of [3HlE2 was followed 4 or 64 min later by an intravaginal injection of unlabelled E2 there was little effect on the retention of the initial dose at 4 min after the second dose and a highly significant decrease in retention at 64 min. However, the distribution of the initial dose between the two compartments was little affected at any time studied. When the second injection contained E2 labelled with 3H or 14C an unexpectedly high proportion of this dose was retained at 4 min. With the [14C]E2 an increase in the proportion of the second dose in the nuclear compartment was observed 64 min after injection. The results suggested considerable recycling of E2 or the receptor complex between the two tissue compartments.
Refractile Granular Inclusions in a Temperature-sensitive Mutant of Escherichia coli K-12
Authors: JMorton D , Egan AF
Published: July 2016

At the restrictive temperature, cells of a temperature-sensitive mutant of E. coli K-12 lyse, and the culture medium is seen to contain ghosts of cells containing large inclusions that are refractile when viewed by phase-contrast microscopy. The addition of sodium chloride (l %) or sucrose (12, 5 %) protects the cells from lysis and under these conditions the refractile inclusions are seen in the intact cells, which are short filaments. At elevated temperatures cells become sensitive to a wide range of inhibitors. Isolated inclusions consist almost entirely of protein and are digested by Pronase or trypsin. Electrophoresis of inclusions on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels shows them to contain a number of protein components. Ultrastructural studies show that granules are commonly found close to the internal surface of the cytoplasmic membrane. In section they are seen to be grainy in appearance but have no ordered structure. Dissociation of the granules by sodium deoxy-cholate or trypsin leads to the formation of spirally wound filaments with a subunit structure.
Rates of Passage of Digesta and Water Absorption along the Large Intestines of Sheep, Cows and Pigs
Authors: Hecker JF , Grovum WL
Published: July 2016

In 5 cows, the mean length of the large intestine was only slightly greater than that of 21 sheep and 3 pigs. At about one-fifth of the way along the large intestine of the sheep and cows, corresponding to the end of the proximal colon and start of the spiral colon, there were marked reductions in the amount of digesta present and in the lumen diameter. In pigs these parameters decreased gradually along the large intestine.
Occurrence in Wild Strains of Neurospora crassa of Genes Controlling Genetic Recombination
Authors: Catcheside DG
Published: July 2016

Each of the main laboratory wild stocks of N. erassa carries one of two alleles at the ree-l and ree-2 loci and one of three at the ree-3 locus. The constitutions of the stocks are given in Fig. 1. Some of those conserved are evidently not the originals. The third ree-3 gene (ree-3L ), found in Lindegren A, controls recombination at the am-l locus to a level between that of ree-3+ and ree-3, the relative levels being 1 : 8 : 25. At the his-210cus ree-3L is indistinguishable from ree-3+ in its level of control. This proves that there are minor differences between the control (con) genes, near to am-l and his-2, which recognize products of ree-3 genes. Further, this is the first clear evidence, though indirect, that the binding sites for products of ree genes are situated in the chromosome regions where recombination is modulated.
Glutathione Peroxidase Activities in Sheep and Rat Muscle and Some Effects of Selenium Deficiency
Authors: Godwin KO , N Fuss Christine , Kuchel RE
Published: July 2016

The activity and distribution of the selenium-containing enzyme, glutathione peroxidase, has been determined in muscle fractions in normal adult rats and sheep. Skeletal and cardiac muscle have been examined, and in both types of muscle the major proportion of the enzyme appeared in the cytosol fraction. Enzyme activity was higher in cardiac muscle than in skeletal muscle in both species, and based on total protein present in fractions, it appears that rat muscle contains more enzyme activity than sheep muscle.
Microbiological Aspects of Wood Chip Storage in Tropical Environments
Authors: Greaves H
Published: July 2016

The microbiology of tropical wood chip storage has been examined in small experimental piles at two sites in New Guinea. Biodeterioration occurred in the forms of wood discoloration and loss of wood substance, including cellulosics; over a period of 2-4 months c. 20% per month of the chip pile by volume was seriously discoloured by microorganisms, and wood substance loss amounted to c. l' 5% per month (microscopic assessment). A range of microorganisms which produce discoloration were isolated. Decay was mainly due to soft-rotting microfungi such as Chaetomium globosum, C. thermophile, Humicola lanuginosa, Cephalosporium acremonium and Gliomastix subiculosa. Wood-rotting basidiomycetes were infrequent, although pockets of decayed (white rot) mycelial-matted chips were observed in the outer 1� 5 m during dismantling of the 4-month-old pile at Vanimo. A successional trend of colonizing microorganisms was established, and profiles of the main zones of microbiological activity have been determined. The rapid rise in temperature, which is characteristic of wood chip piles after construction, had a marked influence on the microbial populations. Thermotolerant isolates included Humicola spp., Aspergillus spp., some actinomycetes, and members of the bacterial genus Bacillus. Reasonable chemical control of biodeterioration was achieved by dipping chip samples in a 1 % solution of sodium pentachlorophenate. Three trichlorophenol formulations were less effective.
The Pattern of Follicular Growth and Atresia in the Ovine Ovary
Authors: Turnbull KE , Braden AWH , Mattner PE
Published: July 2016

The ovaries of 21 2-year-old Merino ewes at various stages of the oestrous cycle were serially sectioned and all follicles > 0�5 mm in diameter were counted and measured. The mean number of normal follicles > 0�5 mm in diameter was 19� 9 per ewe, of which 8�7 were > 1 mm in diameter. The mean numbers of follicles > 0�5 mm in diameter in 'early', 'advanced' and 'late' stages of atresia were 4� 6, 9� 0 and 12� 3 respectively. Early atresia was rarely seen in follicles < 1 mm in diameter; the greatest incidence was in follicles of diameter 1� 5-2' 5 mm.
Plasma Progesterone, FSH and LH Levels Associated with Implantation in the Mouse
Authors: Gidley-Baird AA
Published: July 2016

Measurement of plasma progesterone, LH and FSH were made every 6 h during the first 6 days of pregnancy in the mouse. Plasma progesterone and LH were low on day 1, minimum values being recorded at 24 h post coitus. Concentrations of both these hormones started rising during the second half of day 2 with the rise continuing during day 3 to a progesterone peak of 25 ng/ml early on day 4 and an LH peak of 37 ng/mllate on day 4. Levels of progesterone fell during day 4 and LH during day 5 to approximately half their respective peak values and then remained relatively constant over the remainder of the measurement period. Levels of FSH, which were high early on day 1 (180 ng/ml), fell sharply by midday with a small rise late in the day followed by a decline during day 2 to a minimum level of 20 ng/ml at 48 h post coitus. Early on day 3 FSH values rose to 120 ng/ml then fell to 50-60 ng/ml during the next 6 h and remained relatively stable at this level during days 4 and 5. It is suggested that LH is concerned with progesterone production and maintenance of the corpus luteum whilst FSH is concerned with the production of oestrogen required for implantation in this species.
Metabolism of [14C]Amitraz in Larvae of Boophilus Microplus
Authors: Schuntner CA , Thompson PG
Published: July 2016

Amitraz, 1 ,5-di(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-1 ,3,5-triazapenta-1 ,4-diene, labelled with 14C in the 2-methyl groups was applied to B. micro plus larvae by an immersion technique. The chemical penetrated readily but never appeared in large amounts internally due to rapid cleavage to N-2,4- dimethylphenyl-N'-methylformamidine. The expected complementary cleavage product 2,4- dimethylformanilide was not produced in equivalent quantity. However, large amounts of polar metabolite(s) were produced. Small quantities of 2,4-dimethylaniline and an unidentified non-polar metabolite were also produced. Of the identified chemicals only amitraz and N-2,4-dimethylphenylN'- methylformamidine were toxic to larvae. Piperonyl butoxide applied simultaneously with amitraz had only a slight effect on metabolism but had a three-fold synergistic effect. SKF 525-A similarly applied had a negligible effect on both metabolism and toxicity.
Effects of Abomasal Supplements of Methionine on the Wool Follicles and Skin of Wheat-Fed Sheep
Authors: Chapman RE , Reis PJ
Published: July 2016

In wheat-fed sheep, supplemented abomasally with 1�5-6�0 g methionine per day, poor formation and improper keratinization of the wool fibres were evident 4 days after the start of the methionine supplementation. This led to kinking of the fibres. Subsequently severe distortion of the fibres, accompanied by gross thickening of the outer root sheaths, occurred in the distal (upper) halves of most follicles. Within this thickened region partial degradation of the distorted fibres occurred before emergence from the skin surface, causing a marked reduction in the tensile strength of the wool.
Mechanisms of Resistance to Bromophos-ethyl in Two Strains of the Cattle Tick Boophilus microplus
Authors: Schuntner CA , Thompson PG
Published: July 2016

B. micro plus larvae of the organophosphorus-resistant Biarra and Mt Alford strains were respectively 8 x and 35 x resistant to bromophos-ethyl compared with larvae of the standard organophosphorussusceptible Yeerongpilly strain. Both resistant strains had acetylcholinesterase with decreased sensitivity to inhibition by the oxon of bromophos-ethyl in vitro; this was the only resistance mechanism apparent in the Biarra strain but Mt Alford larvae were protected additionally by increased metabolism of the oxon in vivo to water-soluble products. Total degradation rates for the parent chemical were similar in all strains and relatively slow. Both bromophos-ethyl and its oxon were potent inhibitors of mixed-function oxidase in vivo and it seemed that the slow oxidative metabolism of bromophos-ethyl (the major pathway) could be attributed to substrate and/or product inhibition. No phenolic metabolites were detected and the major water-soluble metabolite was identified electrophoretically as 2,5-dichlorophenyl-o-ethyl phosphate. Some debrominated oxon was detected in all samples of larvae after dosage with bromophos-ethyl or with its oxon, indicating that oxidation of bromophos-ethyl to the oxon, debromination of the oxon followed by deethylation was a major degradative sequence.
Quantitative Development of Adipose Tissue in Foetal Sheep
Authors: Alexander G
Published: July 2016

The development of lipid stores in foetal sheep was examined using quantitative dissection and chloroform extraction.
Isolation of a Cotton Wool Degrading Strain of Cellulomonas: Mutants With Altered Ability to Degrade Cotton Wool
Authors: Choi WY , Haggett KD , Dunn NW
Published: July 2016

A Cellulomonas strain (CSI-I) which could readily degrade cotton wool was isolated from soil. Production of cell-bound and extracellular carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), P-glucosidase and avicelase during growth on different substrates was determined. Methods for the isolation of mutants were assessed and mutants were isolated which were altered in their ability to degrade cotton wool when compared to CSI-L Studies on one mutant (CSl-7) which was able to degrade cotton wool more rapidly than the parent revealed large differences in the levels of cell-bound and extracellular CMCase when compared to CSI-1.
Studies on the Apoproteins of the Major Lipoprotein of the Yolk of Hen's Eggs III. Influence of Salt Concentration During Isolation on the Amount and Composition of the Apoproteins
Authors: Burley RW
Published: July 2016

When the major lipoprotein of hen's eggs was prepared by centrifuging yolk in salt solutions, the ionic strength affected the apoprotein mixture. At high salt concentrations (ionic strength above about 2) more protein was present in the lipoprotein than at lower ionic strength. The extra protein was not removed by subsequently lowering the ionic strength. This extra protein consisted largely of proteins of high molecular weight, including, according to electrophoresis, y-livetin from the aqueous phase of yolk.
Effects of Caecectomy in the Young Adult Female Rat on Digestibility of Food Offered Ad Libitum and in Restricted Amounts
Authors: Ambuhl Suzanne , Williams VJ , Senior W
Published: July 2016

Caecectomized and sham-operated rats were fed a laboratory chow ad libitum and the effects of caecectomy on the digestibility of the food were studied. Compared with sham-operated controls, caecectomized rats showed a decrease in apparent digestibility of organic matter from 77�8 to 73 �0%, of crude protein from 83�0 to 79�4%, and of 'carbohydrate' from 74�6 to 69�0%. However, faecal water content increased from 41�6 to 54�8 %. StCr-labelled EDTA was excreted faster in the faeces after caecectomy. The colon partly adapted to the loss of caecal mucosa by increased length and thus mucosal surface area.
Preservation of Avian Cells at Sub-zero Temperatures
Authors: Ratnamohan N , Spradbrow PB
Published: July 2016

The cryoprotective agents dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and dextran were evaluated for their ability to protect avian cells during storage at sub-zero temperatures. DMSO was the most effective cryoprotective agent for the short- and long-term storage of avian cells and glycerol was also effective when used at low concentrations. PVP and dextran did not protect avian cells during storage in our experiments. Primary chicken cells and avian cells at higher passage levels were successfully recovered after storage with DMSO for periods ranging from 4 to 12 months.
Summer and Winter Cycles in Plasma Melatonin Levels in the Elephant Seal (Mirounga Leonina)
Authors: Griffiths D , Seamark RF , Bryden MM
Published: July 2016

Plasma melatonin concentration of immature male elephant seals was determined by radioimmunoassay. Comparison of concentrations during two 24-h periods, one in midsummer and one in midwinter, showed that there was a marked circadian cycle in winter which was greatly modified during the long day length of summer. It is suggested that in summer there was sufficient ambient lighting during the night hours to depress the nocturnal rise in plasma melatonin. The complexity of pineal cycles in the natural environment is stressed, and in this regard the polar regions are of particular interest due to the extreme seasonal changes in day length there.
Plasma LH and FSH in Ewes That Were Either Fertile or Infertile After Long-Term Grazing of Oestrogenic Pasture
Authors: Rodgers RJ , Clarke IJ , Findlay JK , Brown Ainslie , Cumming IA , Muller BD , Walker SK
Published: July 2016

The levels of plasma LH and FSH were measured in serial blood samples taken at 15-min intervals for 6 h from ewes that had remained fertile after grazing oestrogenic pasture (clover-fertile ewes), from ewes that were permanently affected by clover disease (clover-infertile ewes) and from normal ewes. Two flocks of ewes from different locations were studied. In flock I, tonic LH secretion (total area under the curve of LH concentration versus time, 1 area unit = 1 ng ml- 1 x 1 h) was significantly (P < 0'05) greater in clover-infertile ewes (10'4 area units) during anoestrus than in ewes that had remained fertile after prolonged grazing of oestrogenic clover (5·4 area units). Tonic LH and FSH secretions during the breeding season and FSH secretion during anoestrus were not significantly different. In flock 2, LH levels during the breeding season were significantly (P < 0'05) elevated in clover-infertile ewes (10' 9 area units) compared to normal ewes (5' 4 area units) that had never grazed oestrogenic clover. LH secretion in clover-infertile ewes (7. 8 area units) was intermediate to that found in infertile and control ewes. Concentrations of FSH, progesterone and ovarian vein oestradiol-17 P (Ez) during the breeding season were similar in the three groups.
Amino Acid Composition of Capsid Protein as a Taxonomic Criterion for Classifying the Atypical S Strain of Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus
Authors: Randles JW , Davies C , Gibbs J , Hatta T
Published: July 2016

A virus isolated from a tick bean (Vicia /aba L. var. minor Beck) from South Australia has been shown to be closely related to bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) by its particle length, by the types of inclusion bodies it induced in cells, and by the serological relationships and amino acid composition of its particles. However, its experimental host range and the symptoms it caused differed from those of typical BYMV, and it is concluded therefore that it is a previously undescribed strain of this virus, BYMV-S. Analyses of the coat protein of BYMV-S confirmed the value of using the amino acid composition as a criterion for assessing the relationships of potyviruses and for identifying new isolates.
Bovine a-Lactalbumin C and aS1-, ß- and ?-Caseins of Bali (Banteng) Cattle, Bos (Bihos) Javanicus
Authors: Bell K , Hopper KE , McKenzie HA
Published: July 2016

An electrophoretic examination is made of milk samples taken from eight Bali (banteng) cattle, Bos (Bibos) javanicus, at Beatrice Hills, Northern Territory, Australia. Starch-gel electrophoresis at pH 8� 5 (NaOH-H3B03 buffer) and filter-paper electrophoresis at pH 8� 6 (diethylbarbiturate buffer) indicate that all samples contain a new a-lactalbumin variant, designated a-lactalbumin C. The order of mobility for bovine variants is A > B > C. The C variant differs from the common B variant in having one more amide residue (substitution of Asn for Asp or GIn for Glu).
Production of GJycosaminoglycans by Rat Hair Follicle Cells in Vitro
Authors: Frater R , Hewish D
Published: July 2016

Cultures of cells from rat dermal tissue, containing a large proportion of cells from the hair follicles, were found to produce glycosaminoglycans. The glycans were associated with the cell aggregates which typically form in such cultures, and also appeared to be present in material which was released from the cells. Examination of the glycosaminoglycan species present in the cultures showed the presence of hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin-4-sulfate, heparin and heparan sulfate-C, the first two compounds being secreted.into the culture medium. The patterns of synthesis and sulfation of glycosaminoglycans were found to change with continued time in culture.
Inheritance and Expression of Two Peptidases in the Wallaroo, Macropus Robustus (Gould)
Authors: Briscoe DA , Murray JD , Sharman GB
Published: July 2016

The formal genetics of two peptidase loci in M. robustus are presented. Both loci are autosomal but do not appear to be located on the same chromosome pair. Alleles at both loci are codominantly expressed in neonates, pouch young and adults. The application of autosomal loci segregating for three or more alleles in studies of embryonic gene expression is discussed.
Progressive Changes in Plasma Progesterone, Prolactin and Corticosteroid Levels During Late Pregnancy and the Initiation of Lactose Synthesis in the Rat
Authors: Nicholas KR , Hartmann PE
Published: July 2016

The relationship between progesterone, prolactin, corticosteroids and corticosteroid binding globulin . (CBO) activity in plasma and the initiation of lactation were studied in normal parturient rats, and rats either ovariohysterectomized or Caesarean-sectioned on day 19 of gestation. In chronically cannulated rats the decline in plasma progesterone to low values � 10 p.g/l) in normal parturient rats 20 h before term and in Caesarean-sectioned rats 10--14 h after surgery was closely related to an increase in plasma prolactin.
Effect of Dexamethasone and Cyclophosphamide on Urinary Hydroxyproline to Creatinine Ratios in Sheep
Authors: Gordon AJ
Published: July 2016

The possibility of altering bone collagen turnover rates by injecting large doses of dexamethasone or by administering large doses of cyclophosphamide orally was investigated in sheep on low and high dietary intakes by measuring changes in the ratios of free and total hydroxyproline to creatinine and of calcium to creatinine in the urine. Dexamethasone at the rate of 1�15 mg/kg live weight caused an increase in free hydroxyproline excretion of 111 and 26 % and in calcium excretion of 402 and 243 % in the low and high intake sheep respectively. Cyclophosphamide (10 mg/kg) had little effect except for causing a slight decrease in total hydroxyproline excretion in the sheep on the high dietary intake. Heavier sheep on high dietary intakes excreted more free hydroxyproline than lighter sheep on low intakes. It was concluded that dosing sheep with corticosteroids for the purpose of defleecing could cause abnormal collagen metabolism. Skeletal disorders are a likely result but further long-term field work would be necessary to determine the practical significance of these findings.
Isozyme Studies on the Origin and Evolution of Puccinia Graminis F. SP. Tritici in Australia
Authors: Burdon JJ , Marshall DR , Luig NH , Gow DJS
Published: July 2016

Isozyme phenotypes for eight enzyme systems were used to assess the origins and evolution of P. graminis f. sp. tritici (the wheat stem rust pathogen) in Australia. The results obtained by this approach agreed with pathways postulated on the basis of virulence studies, confirming the suggestion that most of the major changes in the wheat stem rust pathogen flora of Australia have resulted from overseas introductions. Moreover, they suggest that, although the more recent of these were from Africa, the first major change detected occurred as a result of an introduction from elsewhere.
The Structure and Function of Oestrogens. VI The Quinone Methide Hypothesis: Stability of the Benzylic Hydrogen Atoms of meso-Hexoestrol during Oestrogenic Stimulation in Mice
Authors: J Collins David , M Stone Grant
Published: July 2016

A new hypothesis for oestrogen action at the molecular level is that the phenolic moiety of an oestrogen is oxidized to the corresponding quinone methide which is rapidly reduced with, say, NADPH to regenerate the oestrogen; the feedback from the rapid consumption of oxidant and/or reductant in the target organs might be responsible for the local increase in RNA synthesis, and its consequent phenomena. This hypothesis requires continuous removal and replacement of a benzylic hydrogen atom (H9oc of oestradiol) in an oestrogen at the receptor site. When a physiological dose of a mixture meso-(2-'4C)- and meso-(2,3,4,5-3H4 )hexoestrol was administered intravaginally in mice, the 14C: 3H ratio in the phenolic portion of the vaginal extracts was essentially the same as that of the pure test mixture. This indicates that there was no net exchange of benzylic hydrogen in meso-hexoestrol during its stimulation of the mouse vagina.
Metabolism of Pyruvate and Citrate in Lactobacilli
Authors: W Hickey M , Hillier AJ , jago GR
Published: July 2016

Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. casei, L. delbrueckii, L. lactis and L. plantarum contained a pyruvate oxidase for the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl phosphate and acetate. The presence of an acetate kinase converted the acetyl phosphate to acetate. L. casei and L. plantarum produced lactate and acetoin, in addition to acetate, under the conditions used while L. casei also produced diacetyL L. casei and L. plantarum were the only species to utilize citrate. L. helveticus and L. helveticus subsp. jugurti did not utilize pyruvate under the conditions used.
Embryonic signals and the initiation of blastocyst implanation.
Authors: Kennedy TG
Published: July 2016

The earliest sign of blastocyst implantation is an increase in endometrial vascular permeability which is localized in areas adjacent to blastocysts. The localized nature of this response suggests that it occurs in response to a signal from the blastocyst. It has been suggested that this signal may be physical in nature, or may be due to blastocyst-produced histamine, oestrogen or prostaglandins. The evidence for each of these is reviewed. At present, it is not possible to exclude any of these signals, which are not mutually exclusive, with certainty. The bulk of the evidence suggests that prostaglandins have an obligatory role in the initiation of implantation, but they may not necessarily be of blastocyst origin.
Synthesis and Degradation of Labelled Glycogen Pools in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos during Short Periods of in vitro Culture
Authors: Edirisinghe WR , Wales RG , L Pike I
Published: July 2016

The incorporation and turnover of glucose carbon by mouse embryos during short periods of in vitro culture were studied using [U-14C]glucose lis marker. Particular attention was given to the synthesis and degradation of the acid-soluble and acid-insoluble glycogen pools.
Variability in the Apparent Molecular Weight of Inhibin
Authors: WG Baker H , Eddie LW , Hudson B , Niall HD
Published: July 2016

An in vitro bioassay based on suppression of GnRH-stimulated FSH secretion by pituitary cells in culture was used to monitor inhibin activity after dialysis, gel filtration or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of protein preparations from a variety of gonadal secretions and extracts under native and dissociating conditions. The suggestion that inhibin is a peptide of molecular weight less than 5000 was not confirmed. Although some fractions of low molecular weight suppressed FSH secretion, the amount of activity was low and the dose response curves were not parallel with a standard preparation of inhibin. Under most conditions, inhibin eluted with an apparent molecular weight of about 90 000. However, gel filtration of rete testis fluid protein in I M acetic acid resulted in elution of inhibin activity with a lower apparent molecular weight and with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in o� 1% (w/v) sodium dodecylsulfate, the apparent molecular weight was 30 000. It is concluded that inhibin is a protein which tends to aggregate and coelute with larger molecules.
Provisional Mapping of the Gene for a Cell Surface Marker, GA-l, in the Red-necked Wallaby Macropus rufogriseus
Authors: Sykes PJ , Hope RM
Published: July 2016

A series of M. rufogriseus-mouse somatic cell hybrids was constructed and analysed cytologically, enzymatically and immunologically. A monoclonal antibody, GA-l, was prepared against an M. rufogriseus cell surface antigen on an M. rufogriseus-mouse somatic cell hybrid. A gene determining the expression of this antigen was provisionally assigned to the long arm of the M. rufogriseus chromosome 3. The monoclonal antibody also reacted with an M. rufus (red kangaroo)-mouse somatic cell hybrid containing only the M. rufus chromosome 5, the G-banded chromosome identical to M. rufogriseus 3q. The results also suggest synteny of the genes for the marsupial enzymes hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and phosphoglycerate kinase-A.
Development of a Sheep Hind-Limb Muscle Preparation for Metabolic Studies
Authors: Teleni E , Annison EF
Published: July 2016

A sheep hind-limb preparation used for the study of muscle metabolism by arteriovenous (A V) difference procedures was validated by identifying the muscles which contribute to venous drainage at different positions along the lateral saphenous vein. Dissection of the hind limbs of six mature sheep (three wethers and three ewes) showed that venous blood from the plantar group (M. gastrocnemius, M. soleus, M. plantaris, M. flexo digitorum profundus), and from M. semitendinosus, M. biceps femoris, M. gracilis, M. pectineus and M. adductor muscles entered the lateral saphenous vein but the position of the tip of the blood sampling catheter was found to be critical. In order to sample venous blood from all of the muscles listed above, and to minimize the contribution of blood from non-muscular tissues, blood samples must be taken 25-26 cm from the junction of the cranial and caudal branches of the lateral saphenous vein (for average size sheep of body length about 108 cm and height at withers about 73 cm).
Isolation of Two Distinct Activator Proteins For Lipoprotein Lipase from Ovine Plasma
Authors: Tume RK , Thornton RF , Johnson OW
Published: July 2016

Two distinct activator proteins for lipoprotein lipase (LPL) have been isolated in approximately equal amounts from ovine plasma. These low molecular weight proteins were readily separated from each other on the basis of size and charge. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated proteins of Mr about 8000 and 5000, with pI in urea-containing gels of about 5�1 and 4�8 respectively. Each of the ovine activator proteins was as effective as human apolipoprotein C-II (apo C-II) in activating LPL, with I JLg/ml giving near to maximum activation, and in lowering the apparent Km of LPL for triolein substrate. As the ratio of activator to triolein increased from 0�16 to 5� 2 (JLg/mg) the apparent Km fell from about O' 5 to 0 �18 mM. Whereas human apo C-II and the two ovine activators were equally effective in stimulating the hydrolysis of triolein, differences were observed between the human and ovine activators when p-nitrophenylbutyrate was used as substrate. Unlike human apo C-II, which produced significant inhibition of p-nitrophenylbutyrate hydrolysis, the ovine activators were without effect. This suggests that the interaction between the ovine activators and LPL is different from that of human apo C-II.
Development of Sheep Embryos in Vitro in a Medium Supplemented with Different Serum Fractions
Authors: Batt PA , Miller BG
Published: July 2016

Sheep embryos will generally develop into expanded blastocysts in vitro only in culture media supplemented with serum or serum components. In order to better understand how serum supports embryo development, a batch of ovine serum was fractionated by (a) ultrafiltration into two components containing substances with molecular weights greater and less than 10 Kd (kilodaltons), and (b) gel filtration into protein fractions 1, 2 and 3, containing groups of proteins with mean molecular weights of about 500, 150 and 65 Kd, respectively. The principal protein in fraction 3 was albumin. Day 6 sheep morulae were cultured in vitro for 48 hours in a bicarbonate-buffered salt solution supplemented with various concentrations of ovine serum or of these components or protein fractions of serum.
Effect of Anti-oestradiol-17B Antibodies on the Reproductive Response of Ewes Superovulated with PMSG
Authors: Eppleston J , Nancarrow CD , Battye K , Hoskinson RM , M Roberts E
Published: July 2016

A field experiment was conducted to examine the effect of anti-oestradiol-17B antibody titre on the oestrous and ovulatory responses of ewes to low (600 i.u.) or high (1200 i.u.) doses of pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMSG). Merino ewes were treated with intravaginal sponges and were subsequently used as vehicle-treated controls or were immunized to produce reciprocal anti-oestradiol- 17B antibody titres of 1000. Ewes were then treated with PMSG and the incidence of oestrus and ovulation, ovulation rate, and yield of embryos recorded.
Effects of Lys-ß-urogastrone in vivo
Authors: J Campbell Anne , S Adams S , W Davey Mary , Titchen DA
Published: July 2016

Lys-�-urogastrone, an analogue of human {1-urogastrone with an additional N-terminal lysine, was shown to have similar effects in mice and sheep to mouse epidermal growth factor (mEGF). Lys-{1- urogastrone in doses of 0'18-3 �24 "g g-I body weight caused both precocious separation of eyelids and eruption of incisors in neonatal mice.
Algorithmic methods to infer the evolutionary trajectories in cancer progression
Authors: Caravagna Giulio , Graudenzi Alex , Ramazzotti Daniele , Sanz-Pamplona Rebeca , De Sano Luca , Mauri Giancarlo , Moreno Victor , Antoniotti Marco , Mishra Bud
Published: June 2016

Significance

A causality-based machine learning Pipeline for Cancer Inference (PiCnIc) is introduced to infer the underlying somatic evolution of ensembles of tumors from next-generation sequencing data. PiCnIc combines techniques for sample stratification, driver selection, and identification of fitness-equivalent exclusive alterations to exploit an algorithm based on Suppes’ probabilistic causation. The accuracy and translational significance of the results are studied in detail, with an application to colorectal cancer. The PiCnIc pipeline has been made publicly accessible for reproducibility, interoperability, and future enhancements.
Solid tumor therapy by selectively targeting stromal endothelial cells
Authors: Liu Shihui , Liu Jie , Ma Qian , Cao Liu , Fattah Rasem J. , Yu Zuxi , Bugge Thomas H. , Finkel Toren , Leppla Stephen H.
Published: June 2016

Significance

Anthrax toxin proteins engineered to require activation by tumor-associated proteases show high specificity and potency in suppression of solid tumor growth through actions on tumor endothelial cells. The toxin strongly inhibits proliferation of tumor endothelial cells. Importantly, an immunosuppressive regimen (pentostatin plus cyclophosphamide) not only prevents induction of toxin-neutralizing antibodies, allowing multiple courses of toxin treatment, but also has strong synergy with the toxin on solid tumors. The ability to give repeated doses of toxins, coupled with the specific targeting of tumor endothelium, suggests that our strategy should be efficacious for a wide range of solid tumors, meriting its clinical evaluation.
Visualizing in situ translational activity for identifying and sorting slow-growing archaeal−bacterial consortia
Authors: Hatzenpichler Roland , Connon Stephanie A. , Goudeau Danielle , Malmstrom Rex R. , Woyke Tanja , Orphan Victoria J.
Published: June 2016

Significance

One of the biggest challenges in environmental microbiology is to determine the activity of uncultured cells directly in their habitat. We report on the application of bioorthogonal noncanonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT), a high-throughput approach to detecting protein synthesis in individual cells by fluorescence staining, on deep-sea methane seep sediments. By combining BONCAT with fluorescence in situ hybridization, we visualized active archaeal−bacterial consortia catalyzing the anaerobic oxidation of methane. We further developed a novel approach that combines BONCAT with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to separate translationally active cells from complex samples. BONCAT-FACS enabled us to directly link the identities of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea with their partner bacteria for individual active consortia, uncovering previously unknown interactions between these archaea andVerrucomicrobia.
Gpr161 anchoring of PKA consolidates GPCR and cAMP signaling
Authors: Bachmann Verena A. , Mayrhofer Johanna E. , Ilouz Ronit , Tschaikner Philipp , Raffeiner Philipp , Röck Ruth , Courcelles Mathieu , Apelt Federico , Lu Tsan-Wen , Baillie George S. , Thibault Pierre , Aanstad Pia , Stelzl Ulrich , Taylor Susan S. , Stefan Eduard
Published: June 2016

Significance

At the plasma membrane an array of more than 800 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) receive, convert, amplify, and transmit incoming signals. Activated GPCRs team-up with intracellular scaffolding proteins to compartmentalize signal transmission. Scaffolds, such as β-arrestin and A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs), function as a physical nexus between receptors and molecular switches. Typically, these receptor-bound AKAPs recruit protein kinase A (PKA) to assemble dedicated polyvalent signaling complexes that are spatially and temporally confined. Here, we report that the orphan GPCR, Gpr161, is a PKA substrate and also has an AKAP motif embedded in its C-terminal tail. Our results suggest that Gpr161, by directly recruiting type I PKA holoenzymes to the receptor, creates a cAMP-sensing signalosome. Furthermore, we propose that Gpr161 plays a role in recruiting isoform-specific PKA complexes to primary cilia.
Analyzing the electrogenicity of cytochrome
c
oxidase
Authors: Kim Ilsoo , Warshel Arieh
Published: June 2016

Significance

Evaluation of voltage changes in response to charge transfer within membrane proteins can be used in studies of spectroscopically “invisible” electrogenic steps. Previous analyses of such voltage changes used qualitative macroscopic models. Here, we used a coarse-grained model, which includes an explicit description of the membrane, electrolytes, and electrodes, to interpret the observable voltage changes in cytochrome
c
oxidase. These calculations found that different possible electron/proton transfer (ET/PT) paths can lead to the same observed voltage changes, thus challenging the uniqueness of previous conclusions. However, our method offers a general tool for studies of a wide range of electrogenic ET/PT by combining voltage measurements with other experiments and simulations to analyze new mechanistic proposals.
Neighboring genes for DNA-binding proteins rescue male sterility in
Drosophila
hybrids
Authors: Liénard Marjorie A. , Araripe Luciana O. , Hartl Daniel L.
Published: June 2016

Significance

Hybrid sterility is a frequent outcome of crosses between closely related plant and animal species because of incompatibilities that have evolved in the parental genomes. Here, we show that a small region associated with hybrid male sterility between two closely related species of
Drosophila
contains two genes, both encoding DNA-binding proteins, each of which contributes to the hybrid male sterility. These results emphasize that hybrid incompatibility between well-established species is the result of numerous genetic factors, each contributing quantitatively to the incompatibility. Among these factors, DNA-binding proteins are disproportionately represented. Each incompatibility is complex, resulting from interactions between nucleotide sites in different regions of the gene, and is likely to have evolved long after the initial establishment of reproductive isolation.
Genome engineering uncovers 54 evolutionarily conserved and testis-enriched genes that are not required for male fertility in mice
Authors: Miyata Haruhiko , Castaneda Julio M. , Fujihara Yoshitaka , Yu Zhifeng , Archambeault Denise R. , Isotani Ayako , Kiyozumi Daiji , Kriseman Maya L. , Mashiko Daisuke , Matsumura Takafumi , Matzuk Ryan M. , Mori Masashi , Noda Taichi , Oji Asami , Okabe Masaru , Prunskaite-Hyyrylainen Renata , Ramirez-Solis Ramiro , Satouh Yuhkoh , Zhang Qian , Ikawa Masahito , Matzuk Martin M.
Published: June 2016

Significance

In the mouse genome, thousands of genes are predominantly expressed in the testis, where these genes are thought to play important roles in spermatogenesis and fertilization. However, in this study, we report that 54 evolutionarily conserved and testis-enriched genes are not essential individually for male mouse fertility. Because the recent development of the CRISPR/Cas9 system has made it faster and easier to produce knockout mice, our results suggest that one should determine whether a gene of interest is essential for male fertility in vivo before spending significant effort to analyze the molecular function of the gene in vitro.
Acquisition as a gradual process
Authors: Roos Jana
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores the potential of communicative tasks with a developmentally moderated focus on form to promote the acquisition of grammatical features in the EFL classroom. Task-based language teaching in combination with a focus on form is discussed as a methodological approach that can provide learners who are developmentally ready to acquire a structure with opportunities to use it spontaneously and productively in different contexts. Examples of task-based interactions between German learners of English at different levels of acquisition will be presented that illustrate how such tasks can be used to stimulate the acquisition process in the classroom.
Psychometric approaches to language testing and linguistic profiling – A complementary relationship?
Authors: Hagenfeld Katharina
Published: July 2016

The present study investigates as to whether and to what extent Linguistic Profiling can complement shortcomings of proficiency rating scales that are based on the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) (CoE 2001). In order to shed light on possible interfaces between the second language acquisition theory Processability Theory (PT) (Pienemann 1998, 2005) and the CEFR, learners were rated according to the CEFR and diagnosed with two linguistic profiling tools: Rapid Profile (Mackey, Pienemann, & Thornton 1991; Pienemann & Mackey 1993; Keßler 2006, 2008) and Autoprofile (Lin 2012). The emergence criterion (Pienemann 1998; Pallotti 2007) as used in PT as the starting point to determine acquisition is highly predictive in nature and thus taken as the point of departure of an integration of PT into the CEFR. The results show correspondences between CEFR levels and PT stages and suggest a reexamination of early CEFR levels in terms of the complexity of operations beginning learners are assumed to manage.
The cognitive processes elicited by L2 listening test tasks – A validation study
Authors: Rossa Henning
Published: July 2016

This paper is concerned with an investigation into the validity of a listening comprehension test that was developed for a large-scale assessment project. The study draws on qualitative data, employing a think-aloud technique and stimulated recall interviews. The informants (n=18) were purposefully and randomly sampled from a group (n=121) of year 9 learners (ages 14–16) of English as a foreign language (EFL) in German schools. Subjects were asked to think aloud while they were solving the multiple choice-items of the listening test. Construct-relevant and -irrelevant processes were identified and analysed with regard to their distribution across the two subsamples and their relative contribution to correct item responses. The results provide validity evidence for the listening tests in general. A few few test items, however, were shown to elicit test-taking processes and strategies that compromise the measurement outcomes.1. Introduction
Physicochemical structure of SiCx:H to improve DLC adhesion on steel
Authors: Petry E. R. , Boeira C. D. , Cemin F. , Leidens L. M. , Bim L. T. , Larrude D. G. , Maia da Costa M. E. H. , Figueroa C. A.
Published: June 2016

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings show strident properties such as high wear resistance and ultra-low friction. However, a widespread use regarding energy efficiency issues is neglected due to the poor adhesion. Silicon adhesion interlayers (SiC x:H) were deposited at different temperatures from 50 to 500°C with hexamethyldisiloxane followed by DLC. The microstructure was analysed by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The chemical depth profiling and chemical mapping were performed by glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy, respectively. Hardness and critical loads were analysed by nanoindentation tests. At higher deposition temperatures the Si-containing interlayers show lower relative content of H, O and Si and higher relative content of C, allowing the formation of more C–C chemical bonds at the outermost DLC/SiC x:H interface, which is correlated to better adhesion. Finally, an atomistic model is proposed in order to explain the DLC debonding and bonding mechanisms.
For richer, for poorer: why ethnicity often trumps economic cleavages in Kenya
Authors: Bedasso Biniam E.
Published: June 2016

This article aims to examine why ethnic allegiances have persisted as the most dominant platform used by the elites to organise collective action in Kenya. The author formulates a broad theoretical framework centred around the organisational role of ethnicity in negotiating social orders. Empirically, it is shown that ethnic allegiances in Kenya are deeply rooted in group inequalities and feelings of historical injustice. Moreover, the historical structure of the economy has skewed the distribution of economic rents toward group-specific activities and resources. Therefore, the early institutions of the country were designed in such a way that the stability of political order would depend on the elites’ ability to use ethnicity as a bargaining chip. Ethnicity continues to be politically salient partly because economic rents are not individualised enough to sustainably support trans-ethnic forms of organisation.
Diamond pricing and valuation in South Africa’s extractive political economy
Authors: Sharife Khadija , Bracking Sarah
Published: June 2016

This article explores the valuation and marketisation of diamonds in South Africa from 2004 to 2012. It argues that there is no positivist foundation for a ‘real’ or ‘fair’ price from which derogations can be measured, which constitutes a challenge for establishing transfer pricing in the context of tax justice. Instead, there is a performative valuation process wherein artificial underlying values are assigned which then condition prices and tax liabilities. Thus it is not the essential nature of diamonds per se that conditions a ‘resource curse’, but corporate control over the marketisation process in the context of enclavity and oligopoly.
Key comparison BIPM.RI(I)-K6 of the standards for absorbed dose to water at 10 g cm-2 of the NMIJ, Japan and the BIPM in accelerator photon beams
Authors: Picard S , Burns D T , Roger P , Shimizu M , Morishita Y , Kato M , Tanaka T , Kurosawa T , Saito N
Published: June 2016

A comparison of the dosimetry for accelerator photon beams was carried out between the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) and the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) from 9 to 23 April 2015. The comparison was based on the determination of absorbed dose to water at 10 g cm-2 for three radiation qualities at the NMIJ. The results, reported as ratios of the NMIJ and the BIPM evaluations (and with the combined standard uncertainties given in parentheses), are 0.9966 (47) at 6 MV, 0.9965 (60) at 10 MV and 0.9953 (50) at 15 MV. This result is the eighth in the on-going BIPM.RI(I)-K6 series of comparisons.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
A Tale of 3 Trials: ACCORD, SPRINT, and SPS3. What Happened?
Authors: Krakoff Lawrence R.
Published: June 2016

Within the last several years, the National Institutes of Health has supported three randomized clinical trials to determine whether lower than usually recommended goals for treatment of hypertension would have greater benefit for prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke. These were the ACCCORD, SPRINT, and Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) Trials. Together they enrolled 17,114 participants. Results for all three have been reported. The trials differ from each other in their inclusion criteria, target blood pressures for the lower goal (intensive treatment), but are similar in many respects. The results with regard to their primary outcome were different: not significant for ACCORD and SPS3, but definitely significant for SPRINT. Subgroup analysis revealed differences and similarities. When viewed together and with recent large observational studies, they support a conclusion that a systolic pressure in the range of 125–135 mm Hg range is likely to be optimal on treatment for most hypertensive patients.