bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variability of Surface Strengthening of Aluminum Cylinders of Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Kolenchin Nikolay F. , Denisenko Denis V.
Published: June 2021

This article discusses the ways of intensification of the oxidation process with the formation of surface properties necessary to increase the service life of one of the parts of an internal combustion engine - a cylinder made of cast aluminum alloy. A brief overview of existing technologies for hardening the aluminum surface is presented. Environmentally friendly options are proposed for using the potential of processes that have accumulated energy within an electrolytic cell by activating the interelectrode gap and forming an oxide with desired properties. The main difference from the existing model approaches of oxide formation lies in the parallel excitation of the main participant in the process, oxygen, in order to dominate it over other, oxygen-containing donors. Ways of using the energy of cavitation phenomena due to acoustic resonance in an electrolytic solution are proposed. Redistribution of the field potential by replacing a flat cathode with a pointed one changed the conductivity conditions in the interelectrode gap as a result of the electroconvective action. The structure of the oxide layer, phase changes, and physical properties confirming the originality of oxide coatings have been investigated.
Numerical Investigation of Fluid-Structure Thermal Coupling under the Transient Flow Effect
Authors: Oudrane Abdellatif , Aour Benaoumeur , Hamouda Messaoud
Published: June 2021

This work is based on a numerical study of the fluid-structure thermal coupling in a concrete slab intended for habitable heating. A rectangular cross-section pipe in which a hot fluid flow is installed in this concrete slab. The Navier-Stokes equations that govern this flow have been solved numerically. To this end, these equations have been discretized by an implicit finite difference method. The systems of algebraic equations thus obtained have been solved by the Gauss and Thomas algorithms. The conduction equation in the concrete slab was solved using the same methodology as that of flow. In fact, we have based on an algorithm that makes an unsteady solid medium interact with a fluid medium consisting of permanent states series while ensuring the equality of fluxes and temperatures on the common interface between both media at every moment. The numerical simulation of heat transfer and the thermal behavior of the heating slab were analyzed for different parameters influencing thermal diffusion. The results obtained by the numerical model adopted for the control of the fluid-structure coupling are in good agreement with those of the literature results.
Experimental Investigation to Evaluate the Behavior of Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Columns under the Effect of the Distribution of the ‎Total Steel Area between the Internal Concrete Core and the External Steel Tube
Authors: Tawfic Yasser Riffat , Sayed Ahmad Saudi A. , Eid Mohamed A. , Abd el-Hafez L.M.
Published: June 2021

Composite columns are generally installed in high-rise buildings and bridges. As well as being smaller and lighter than conventional reinforced concrete columns, composite columns offer high efficiency and ductility. In this research, experimental and analytical studies were carried out to investigate the optimal distribution of the ‎total steel area of the Concrete-Filled Hollow Steel Tube (CFHST) columns; the experimental program included 20 CFHST columns. ‎The main variables of the experimental study were the distribution of the total steel cross-sectional area over the internal concrete core (steel reinforcement) and the external steel tube, the cross-sectional shape, the width-to-breadth ratio t/b, and the presence or absence of shear connectors. In addition, using equations of different codes, comparison was conducted between the experimental and analytical results. For a constant steel cross-sectional area, the use of internal steel bars and external steel tubes, together with the use of shear connectors, was found to exhibit a better ultimate load capacity, stiffness, and ductility for the CFHST columns.
Edaravone attenuates sustained pial arteriolar vasoconstriction independently of endothelial function after unclamping of the abdominal aorta in rabbits
Authors: Michino Tomohiro , Tanabe Kumiko , Takenaka Motoyasu , Akamatsu Shigeru , Uchida Masayoshi , Iida Mami , Iida Hiroki
Published: June 2021

Background: Cerebral blood flow (CBF) has direct effects on neuronal function and neurocognitive disorders. Oxidative stress from abdominal aortic surgery is important in the pathophysiology of CBF impairment. We investigated the effect of edaravone on the pial arteriolar diameter changes induced by abdominal aortic surgery and the involvement of the endothelium in the changes.Methods: The closed cranial window technique was used in rabbits to measure changes in pial arteriolar diameter after the unclamping of abdominal aortic cross-clamping with an intravenous free radical scavenger, edaravone (control group [n = 6], edaravone 10 μg/kg/min [n = 6], 100 μg/kg/min [n = 6]). Pial vasodilatory responses to topical application of acetylcholine (ACh) into the cranial window were investigated before abdominal aortic cross-clamping and after unclamping with intravenous administration of edaravone (control group [n = 6], edaravone 100 μg/kg/min [n = 6]).Results: Aortic unclamping-induced vasoconstriction was significantly attenuated by continuous infusion of edaravone at 100 μg/kg/min. Topical ACh after unclamping did not produce any changes in pial arteriolar responses in comparison to before aortic cross-clamping in the control or edaravone groups. The changes in the response to topical ACh after unclamping in the saline and edaravone groups did not differ significantly.Conclusions: Free radicals during abdominal aortic surgery might have contracted cerebral blood vessels independently of endothelial function in rabbits. Suppression of free radicals attenuated the sustained pial arteriolar vasoconstriction after aortic unclamping. Thus, the free radical scavenger might have some brain protective effect that maintains CBF independently of endothelial function.
Dental Implant Failure Causes, Treatment, and Diagnosis
Authors: Sagar Kamal , Bhagavatheeswaran Subramony , Singh Cheena , Gumber Bhumika
Published: June 2021

Despite the high success rates and stability of dental implants, failures do occur. The most important etiological factors for early implant failure are surgical trauma together with bone volume and quality, while etiology of late failures is more controversial. Occlusal overload and peri-implantitis could be associated with late failures. Suboptimal implant design and improper prosthetics also play an important role in implant complications and failure. Early detection and treatment of initial progressive bone loss around dental implants by mechanical debridement with plastic/titanium/gold-plated instruments, antimicrobial therapy, and regenerative therapy are the keys for the revival of early failing implants. The aim of this paper is to describe different causes of failure in detail and treatment modalities to deal with dental implant failure.
Proliferative fasciitis arising from the abdominal wall
Authors: Dey Ashish , Ahuja Anmol , Mittal Tarun , Sheikh Mohd Taha Mustafa , Dhawan Shashi , Malik Vinod K.
Published: June 2021

Proliferative fasciitis (PF) is a rare pseudosarcomatous lesion arising from the subcutaneous fascia and the fibrous septa. Only few hundred cases have been reported in the literature. In the largest series of 53 patients, only two patients had PF lesion arising from the flank. The most common site of origin is extremities followed by abdomen and head and neck. Its origin from the abdominal wall layer and presentation as the fever has been rarely reported in the literature. A PF lesion larger than 5 cm dimension has been sparsely noted. We report the presence of this rare entity in a 68-year-old gentleman who presented to us with low-grade fever and the presence of large lump arising from the abdominal wall. In our patient, the lesion was arising from transervsalis fascia and was excised in toto laparoscopically without damaging the abdominal muscles. It is imperative to differentiate both these lesions from sarcoma on histopathological examination as the follow-up treatment protocols for both vary.
The Importance of Hemoglobin Levels Before and During Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Carcinoma Cervix
Authors: Sequeira Lanisha Jolitha , Fernandes Donald , Shankar Sharaschandra , Athiyamaan MS , Rao Sandesh B , Vidyasagar MS , Mohsina V , Santhmayer Sheeba
Published: June 2021

Purpose:

Carcinoma cervix forms a major burden among malignancies in women in India. Anemia is very common among Indian women and a high proportion of carcinoma cervix patients present with anemia. Previous studies show that hemoglobin level may be considered as a prognostic factor in carcinoma cervix. It has been observed that anemia is associated with diminished radiocurability in patients with carcinoma of the cervix. However, the therapeutic benefit of the measures to correct anemia remains debatable. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of hemoglobin concentrations and its correction by blood transfusions before and during treatment and the response to chemoradiation.

Materials and Methods:

Fifty patients with histologically proven squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (Stage II to IV) from December 2018 to May 2020 were taken up for this study. Patients received definitive chemoradiation of 50 Gy in 25 fractions, 2 Gy/fraction, 5 fractions per week, along with-weekly injection cisplatin/carboplatin, followed by brachytherapy. All patients had their pretreatment hemoglobin levels measured at the first consultation. The effects of hemoglobin concentrations at presentation and during therapy on the clinical response to radiotherapy were studied. Blood transfusions and the time point when transfusions were given were recorded.

Results:

Eighteen patients received packed red blood cell transfusion before the start of radiation therapy and 9 patients received packed cell transfusion during radiation therapy. Out of the 18 patients who received transfusion before RT, 3 patients had complete response. Out of the 9 patients who received transfusion during radiation, 4 had complete response. The presence of anemia had a significant impact on the response rate. Pretreatment anemia was associated with poor response and local control among patients who underwent chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer.

Conclusion:

Pretreatment hemoglobin and hemoglobin levels during radiation therapy were prognostic factors for local control, in addition to stage and histology, which might have independently predicted the outcome.
Cellular responses against Schistosoma mansoni in immunized Balb/c mice with soluble proteins from intermediate host, Biomphalaria pfeifferi
Authors: Kuria Kennedy M. , Waihenya Rebecca , Kutima Hellen , Njoki Peninnah , Yole Dorcas S.
Published: June 2021

Scores of millions of people around the world are infected by Schistosoma mansoni causing considerable morbidity, mortality and loss of productivity. Safe chemotherapeutic agents have been used though there are challenges of re-infection due to resistance.  Both epidemiological and experimental data suggest that acquired cell mediated immunity play significant roles in regulating the intensity of S. mansoni infection as well as its patho-physiologic sequelae. Improved control of this trematode parasite may be obtained with immunization to enhance the resistance of individuals to risk of infection.  This study investigated the cellular responses of mice immunized with soluble proteins from foot and digestive gland of the vector snail and challenged with S. mansoni. The proteins were used to immunize the experimental groups then challenged with the S. mansoni.  The experimental groups were FT (immunized with foot protein) and DG (immunized with digestive gland). The parameters, which were analyzed to demonstrate protection, included; the worm counts and cellular (IFN-γ, IL-5 cytokines) responses. It was observed that, the experimental groups showed significant protection in terms of worm reduction and immune responses. The group vaccinated with foot protein showed higher protection (87.5%) as compared to the group vaccinated with the digestive gland (50%) in terms of worm reduction. Cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-5) production was present in different levels during the assay time points which showed an aspect of protection. The Foot protein of the vector showed more immunizing power than the digestive gland. Research towards utilizing the two proteins as feasible vaccine candidates is encouraged
Early Marjolin’s ulcer developing in a penile human bite scar of an adult patient presenting at Bugando Medical Centre, Tanzania: A Case Report
Authors: Chalya Phillipo L. , Mabula Joseph B. , Gilyoma Japhet M. , Rambau Peter , Masalu Nestory , Simbila Samson
Published: June 2021

Marjolin’s ulcer is a rare but well documented cutaneous malignancy that arises in a scar or chronic ulcer, and is characterized by an aggressive course. The latent period from the injury to the appearance of cancer has been reported to be 25-40 years. Early occurring Marjolin’s ulcer has rarely been described in the literature and its development in a penile human bite scar is still rare. We report a rare case of a 33 year-old patient who presented with an early appearance of Marjolin’s ulcer developing in a penile human bite scar. On histological examination it was found to be poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. He was managed by total penile amputation. Five months after surgery, the patient presented to our surgical outpatient clinic with inguinal lymph node metastases and distant metastases to the lung, liver and bones. However, the patient died shortly after admission. This report highlights the possibility of early appearance of Marjolin’s ulcer arising from a chronic ulcer or healed scar in an unusual sites such as the penis. It is therefore recommended that all chronic ulcers should be thoroughly investigated at presentation, to avoid labelling malignancies ‘chronic ulcers’, leading to delay in appropriate treatment. Early recognition and aggressive treatment of Marjolin's ulcers and close follow-up are urgently needed to improve outcomes in our environment.
Immune recovery among HIV-infected patients in northwestern Tanzania after 2 years of anti-retroviral therapy use: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mpondo Boniventura C.T. , Kabangila Rodrick , Lucheri Ephraim , Ernest Alex , Kidenya Benson R.
Published: June 2021

Background: The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with significant and sustained decrease in the viral RNA levels that allows the immune system to recover. The extent of this immune recovery depends on the baseline CD4 count. Evidence on the extent of immune recovery in patients with advanced HIV from resource limited settings is scarce. The objective of this study was to determine immune recovery in a cohort of HIV infected outpatients after using ART for a period of 2 years. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in an outpatient HIV clinic at Bugando Medical Centre in northwestern Tanzania. CD4+ T-cell counts for HIV-positive adults at the time of enrolment were measured and retrospectively followed up during ART eligibility screening process prior to initiation of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. We then compared the CD4+ T-cell counts at baseline and that during the enrolment. Results: A total of 238 patients files were screened for enrolment. Of the 238 patients, 171 (71.8%) fulfilled the criteria and were enrolled for the study. The lack of participation was due to death 17 (7.1%), lost to follow-up 32 (13.4%) and refusal 18 (9.5%). Of the 171 patients, the median CD4 count at the time of ART initiation was 153 cells/µl [Interquartile range (IQR): 78 – 199], 164 (95.9%) had increased their CD4 cells count, with 74.3% having an increase of more than 150 cells/µl. Only 8 (4.7%) patients had a decline of CD4 cell count. The median CD4 cells count after a 2-year follow up was significantly higher (396 [IQR: 295 – 567]) than at baseline (153 [IQR: 78 – 199]) cells/ul; p-value <0.0001). Conclusion: The CD4 cells count increased significantly after a follow up period of 2 years after ART use in this cohort. Early diagnosis and ART initiation could therefore improve outcomes in HIV-infected patients in resource limited settings.
Brucellosis serology as an alternative diagnostic test for patients with malaria-like symptoms
Authors: Orsel Karin , Ho Jeremy , Hatfield Jennifer , Manyama Mange , Ribble Carl , Van der Meer Frank
Published: June 2021

Background: In a low transmission zone for malaria, we explored the presence of brucellosis as an alternative diagnosis in febrile patients. Specifically, the objective of our study was to determine the proportion of patients presenting to the hospital with malaria-like febrile symptoms that were concurrently brucellosis sero-positive, and assess related risk factors.Methods: The study was done at the rural hospital in Endulen, in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA), Tanzania. Hospital patients were enrolled showing malaria-like febrile symptoms and were tested for malaria (microscopy) as well as brucellosis (agglutination test, plus commercial ELISAs for IgM and for IgG). Patient demographic characteristics and risk factors for brucellosis were determined using a questionnaire interview.Results: A total of 159 patients were enrolled, of which 57 were positive for malaria and 58 were positive by ELISA for brucellosis, with 54 (93%) of these brucellosis-positives solely positive for isotype IgG, 1 (1.7%) solely for isotype IgM, and 3 (5.2%) positive for both IgM and IgG. However, the brucellosis agglutination test was only positive in 9 of 159 samples. Co-infections of malaria and brucellosis occurred, but malaria disease status was not significantly correlated with brucellosis status. Patients serologically positive for brucellosis were more likely to have had contact with aborted animal materials (p=0.002).Conclusions: Brucellosis is a potentially missed diagnosis amongst pastoralists in rural Tanzania with malaria-like symptoms. However, concurrent and isotope-specific serology is integral to ensure detection and appropriate clinical management.
Blood transfusion practice in surgery at Bugando Medical Centre in northwestern Tanzania
Authors: Chalya Phillipo L , Mbunda Fidelis , Mabula Joseph B , Massinde Anthony N , Kihunrwa Albert , Gilyoma Japhet M
Published: June 2021

Background: Preoperative over-ordering of blood for surgical intervention, in excess of the actual and anticipated needs is a common practice in many developing countries. This can be decreased by simple means of changing the blood cross matching and ordering schedule depending upon the type of surgery performed. The aim of this study was to assess the blood transfusion practice in surgery at Bugando Medical Centre in northwestern Tanzania.Methods and Patients: This was a prospective cross sectional study among patients undergoing major operations at Bugando Medical Centre. We evaluated blood ordering and transfusion practices in emergency and elective surgical procedures at our centre and calculated different indices such as cross-match to transfusion ratio (C/T ratio), transfusion probability (% T) and transfusion index (TI). Next Maximal Surgical Blood Ordering System (MSBOS) was estimated for each procedure.Results: The overall blood utilization was only 28.2% at our centre, consisting of 17.1% in the elective operations and 26.9% in the emergency operations. Significant blood utilization was nil in most of the routine elective cases suggesting cross-matching of blood to be a culture than necessity. Generally, the overall blood transfusion of the requested blood as indicated by indices of C/T ratio, %T, TI and MSBOS were 3.5, 28.7%, 0.33 and 0.45, respectively. The overall CT ratio, %T, Ti and MSBOS in the elective operations were 5.8, 15.9%, 0.2 and 0.3, respectively. In the emergency operations, the overall CT ratio, %T, Ti and MSBOS were 3.7, 22%, 0.32 and 0.48, respectively.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that over-ordering of blood in excess of the actual needs is a common practice in our setting.  Blood ordering pattern needs to be revised and over-ordering of blood should be minimized. This can be possible by the estimation of MSBOS for each procedure and requisition as calculated.
Oral candida infection among HIV patients at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in northern, Tanzania
Authors: Ngasala Gwakisa , Mgabo Maseke R. , Mrema John G. , Sabuni Janet , Mwakalinga Steven , Kajeguka Debora C.
Published: June 2021

Background: Oral candidiasis has been a global health challenge especially in immunocompromised patients particularly with HIV infection. Though the incidence and prevalence of opportunistic infections have been reduced due to the use of anti-retroviral therapy (ART), oral candidiasis remains the most frequently HIV-associated oral lesion in Tanzania. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of oral candida infection in HIV positive patients and investigate the relationship between oral manifestations and the level of immunosuppression. Method: This study was carried out at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Moshi, Tanzania. The study included 314 HIV patients with complete clinical results records who were diagnosed with HIV and who were on ARV and attending the hospital for care and treatment. Results: Prevalence of oral candida was 42.0% (132/314). Age group 6-27 years accounted for half of the infections (49/98).  A significantly higher prevalence of candida infection  (66.7%; 24/36) was obseved among patients with <200 cells/µl than in those with 200-500 cells/µl or >500 cells/µl (Chi-square χ2=14.9, p=0.001). The mean CD4+T-cell counts in HIV patients infected with oral candida was lower (523±35) than patients without oral candida infection (645±31 cells/µl), (ANOVA, p= 0.009). The mean CD4+ T-cell count among HIV patients on ART and those not on ART was not statistically different. Conclusion: The prevalence of oral candida infection was significantly higher in patients with CD4+ cell counts less than 200 cells/µl.
High seroprevalence of specific Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies among HIV/AIDS patients with immunological failure attending a tertiary hospital in northwestern Tanzania
Authors: Mirambo Mariam M. , Kivambe Charles , Mushi Martha F. , Zinga Maria , Mngumi Elifuraha B. , Mtebe Majigo , Mshana Stephen E.
Published: June 2021

Toxoplasmosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced HIV disease. However, there is limited data on the magnitude of toxoplasmosis among HIV patients with immunological treatment failure. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the seroprevalence of specific Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies among HIV/AIDS patients attending Bugando Medical Centre in Mwanza, Tanzania. Immunological treatment failure was defined using the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and specific T.gondii IgG antibodies were determined using indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent (ELISA). A total of 178 non-repetitive sera from HIV/AIDS patients were analyzed. The mean age of study participants was 38.5±11.3 years. Majority of study participants were males 120 (67.42%). Out of 178 patients, 38 (21.34%) were diagnosed to have immunological failure. T.gondii specific IgG antibodies were found in 26 (68.4%) of the patients with immunological failure compared to 46 (32.86%) of those without immunological failure (OR: 4.42, CI: 2.05-9.55; p<0.001). The seroprevalence of T.gondii infection is high among patients with immunological treatment failure and place them at a high risk of T. gondii encephalitis necessitating sustained trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole prophylaxis to prevent reactivation.
Group A Streptococcus pharyngitis among schoolchildren in Mbulu District, Tanzania
Authors: Makuka Fatuma , Mwakalinga Steven , Mattaka Hassan , Kipanyula Maulilio , Manjurano Alphaxard
Published: June 2021

Streptococcal pharyngitis continues to be one of the most common childhood illnesses throughout the world. Recent evidence indicates an increased incidence of group A Streptococcal (GAS) infections, which is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity on the global scale. The objective of this study was to determine prevalence of group A Streptococcus infection among primary schoolchildren in Mbulu district, northern Tanzania. This study was carried out in five primary schools, namely Mangisha, Gunyoda, Kainam, Hyloto and Tsaayo. GAS pharyngitis was diagnosed clinically and confirmed by laboratory investigation using a rapid test. A total of 320 study participants were recruited in the study. Overall, more than half (53.8%) of the children were females.  The overall prevalence of Group a Streptococcal infection was 6.9% (95%CI [4.4-10.2]).  The highest frequency of GAS infection was observed among children at Hyloto primary school (14.3%) while, none of the children in Tsaayo had GAS infection. This study potentially indicates that group A Streptococcal infection prevalent among schoolchildren in Mbulu district calling for the need of education to create awareness of the condition in the community.
Magnitude and factors associated with injection site infections among underfives in a district hospital, northern Tanzania
Authors: Mushi Martha F. , Mushi Clara T. , Moremi Nyambura , Mirambo Mariam M. , Mshana Stephen E.
Published: June 2021

Injections are among the major procedures in health care facilities which need to be handled under sterile conditions. Unsafe injections have been found to cause deaths due to its associated complications.  The burden of injection site infections is unknown in Tanzania. This study was designed to determine the burden of injection site infections and factors associated to it among underfives in a district hospital, northern Tanzania. This cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted at Huruma Hospital in Rombo District, northern Tanzania from November to December 2013. This study included children of less than five years attending reproductive child health clinic for the routine immunization. Demographic data and clinical information were collected using pre-tested self-administered questionnaires, with both closed and open ended questions. A total of 200 underfives attending clinics for vaccination were recruited. Majority (n=125, 62.5%) were males. Out of 200 underfives, 60 (30%) were infants. Injection site infections were observed in 18 (9%, 95% CI: 5-12.9) of children; of whom 13 (72.2%) were females. Factors associated with injection site infections were female sex (OR 5.03, 95% CI; 1.58-18.71, P=0.001), severe malnutrition (OR 90, 95% CI; 9.5-398, p<0.001) and HIV infection (OR 21.5, 95% CI; 4.27-114.19, p<0.001). In conclusion, injection site infection rate is relatively high in this hospital and was associated with female sex, malnutrition and positive HIV status.  Proper care and follow up should be instituted when injections are given to this high risk group of underfives.
Insecticide susceptibility status of human biting mosquitoes in Muheza, Tanzania
Authors: Emidi Basiliana , Kisinza William N. , Kaaya Robert D. , Malima Robert , Mosha Franklin W.
Published: June 2021

Background: There has been a rapid emergence in insecticide resistance among mosquito population to commonly used public health insecticides. This situation presents a challenge to chemicals that are currently used to control mosquitoes in sub-Saharan African. Furthermore, there is limited information on insecticide susceptibility status of human-biting mosquitoes in some areas of Tanzania. This study aimed to determine insecticide susceptibility status of human biting mosquitoes in a rural area of north-eastern Tanzania.Methods: The study was conducted in two villages in Muheza district, Tanzania. Insecticide susceptibility bioassays were performed according to the World Health Organization standard operating procedures on two to five-day old human biting mosquitoes. The mosquitoes of each species were exposed to four classes of insecticides commonly used for malaria vector control. Mosquito mortality rates (%) were determined after 24 hours post insecticide exposure.Results: Mosquito species tested were Anopheles gambiae s.l., An. funestus, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus species. Real-time PCR have showed that the main sibling species of An. gambiae complex and An. funestus group were An. gambiae s. s. (58.2%) and An. funestus s. s. (91.1%), respectively. All mosquitoes, except Ae. aegypti formosus were susceptible to pirimiphos-methyl (0.25%). An. gambiae s. l. was found to be resistant to permethrin (0.75%) but showed possibility of resistance to DDT (4%) and bendiocarb (0.1%). Our findings have shown that, An. funestus was fully susceptible to all insecticide tested.Conclusion: The present study has revealed different levels of insecticide susceptibility status to four classes of commonly used insecticides in the most common mosquito vectors of human diseases in north-eastern Tanzania. The findings of the present study call for integrated vector control interventions.
A recurrent gestational choriocarcinoma case complicated by a silent postpartum ruptured uterus: a unique presentation
Authors: Mchome Bariki L. , Masenga Gileard G. , Taylor Peyton
Published: June 2021

Gestational trophoblastic diseases comprise of potentially malignant conditions arising from defective proliferation of trophoblastic tissue. Among the different types, gestational choriocarcinoma constitutes a malignant form with significant cure rate and minimal sequel if treated adequately and followed up consistently. In this case report, we describe a patient who previously had history of choriocarcinoma and was treated with six courses of combination chemotherapy and was not followed up consistently and 14 months later conceived and delivered a live 1.3 kg female baby at 31 weeks of gestation. Two weeks post-delivery she was diagnosed with ruptured uterus. Long term complication following choriocarcinoma is a rare event. Moreover, coexistence of choriocarcinoma with normal pregnancy and a subsequent ruptured uterus two week after delivery constitutes an atypical presentation. Complications and challenges described in this report highlight some of the difficulties encountered in managing gestational trophoblastic neoplasia in limited resource setting of Tanzania.
The impact of microfinance programmes on access to health care, knowledge to health indicators and health status among women in Moshi, Tanzania
Authors: Mtamakaya Christopher D. , Kessy Joachim , Jeremia Damian , Msuya Sia , Stray-Pedersen Babill
Published: June 2021

Background:  Microfinance Institutions (MFI) award small loans and women are the primary target. Whilst much literature has explored and acknowledged its impact on poverty alleviation and gender equality few studies have examined whether the added income also improves health outcomes to program clients. This study examined the association between participation in MFI programmes and wellbeing of clients and their family members via social determinants of health in Moshi, Tanzania.Methods: Cross-sectional data among non-elderly women were collected between October and December 2011. Multistage random sampling technique was employed to obtain study participants. The primary predictor variable was participation in MFI programs while the outcome measures were: odds of facing exclusion to health care, knowledge to health indicators related to health promotion, and self-assessed health status. A questionnaire was used to collect extensive data on demographic and socioeconomic information of the study participants.Results: A total of 900 women participated in the study. Program participation was found to be associated with increasing age (p<0.001), increasing number of living children (p<0.002) and level of income (p<0.001).  We found no association between program participation and access to health care, knowledge to health indicators related to health promotion and self-assessed health status. Only one out of seven indicators (14.2%) was significantly associated with MFI participation and access to health care. Two out of six (33.3%) health indicators showed association to MFI programme participation, while only 3 out of 15 (20%) dimensions measured in self-assessed health status showed significant association to MFI programme participation.Conclusion: These findings indicate that MFI programme participation is not associated with improved health outcomes of clients and their family members in Moshi. Strategies are needed to enhance the health-promoting capacity of MFI programmes in Moshi as shown elsewhere.
Utilisation of voluntary counselling and testing services among bar waitresses in Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Tengia-Kessy Anna , Lyamuya Dominica E.
Published: June 2021

Background: Tanzania is among sub-Saharan countries severely affected by the HIV and AIDS epidemic, with an increased burden among high-risk populations, such as bar waitresses. Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) is among effective approaches to slow down the spread of HIV infection and minimize its impact. However, little information is available on the extent of utilisation of VCT services among bar waitresses. The study examined utilisation of VCT services and its influencing factors among bar waitresses in Kinondoni district, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Methods: We used an interview schedule to gather information on VCT utilisation from 378 bar waitresses, identified using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (Version 15.0). A p-value less than 0.05 was used as a cut-off value for availability of a statistical association between VCT utilisation and related independent factors. Logistic regression models were employed to assess independent correlates of VCT use.Results: The mean (standard deviation) age of the respondents was 26.1 (5.0) years. About 60% had never been married and about 70% had at least one child at the time of the survey. Majority of the bar waitresses (89.7%) affirmed to have ever utilized VCT services at some point in their lifetime. Despite the high level of knowledge on VCT (71.4%), the services were irregularly utilized with less than half (45.5%) of the respondents utilizing them within six months prior to the survey. Independent predictors for service utilisation included having a child, having higher knowledge on VCT, using a condom in the most recent sexual act as well as lack of fear of positive HIV results or stigmatization.Conclusions: Utilisation of VCT services is high among bar waitresses in Kinondoni district. However, the services are not utilised regularly as recommended for high-risk populations. Findings call for comprehensive strategies to enhance effective service utilisation and further studies based on a broader and more inclusive sample size.
Knowledge about goitre among female school-going children in Wellega Province, Ethiopia
Authors: Abessa Zekarias F. , Mashalla Yohana J.
Published: June 2021

Background: About 30% of the world population is affected by Iodine Deficiency Disorder and Ethiopia is among the top ten countries in the world with severe iodine deficiency. The objective of this study was to explore the knowledge about goitre and preventive measures among female school children aimed at reducing the occurrence of goitre.Methods: Quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional study design was used to explore the knowledge about goitre among school-going children in three schools in Wellega Province, Ethiopia. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse, organise and interpret the findings.Results: A total of 364 girls aged between 15–19 years participated in the study. Overall, 71.4% did not have the knowledge about goitre, one third (28.6%) knew that goitre is caused by iodine deficiency and less than half (48.4%) knew that iodinated salt prevents occurrence of goitre. Sixty one per cent did not know which local foods aggravate goitre, 35.7% indicated that goitre affects both males and females and a small proportion identified pregnant women, children and adolescents as vulnerable groups for goitre. Only 38% received information about goitre from the schools.Conclusion: The level of knowledge about goitre among school girls in Wellega Province is low. It is recommended that concerted efforts targeting adolescents to acquire knowledge about the causes and prevention of goitre should be made and further studies should be done to explore perceptions and cultural factors that may contribute to the knowledge gap.
Seroprevalence and risk factors for human brucellosis in agro-pastoral areas in Tanzania
Authors: Asakura Shingo , Makingi George , John Kunda , Kazwala Rudovick , Makita Kohei
Published: June 2021

Background: Brucellosis is an endemic zoonosis in Tanzania. This study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence of human brucellosis and its risk factors in agro-pastoral areas in Morogoro Region, Tanzania.

Methods: Questionnaire survey and blood sampling were conducted from January to February 2018 at four villages. Anyone living in the villages and wished to participate were involved. Competitive ELISA was used for diagnosis. Risk factor analysis for sero-positivity in human and analysis for the association of sero-positivity between cattle and human within each farm were conducted, using the data of farm-level bovine brucellosis status from our bovine brucellosis research performed in 2016.

Results: The seroprevalence was 33.3% (44/132). In univariable analysis, the Maasai were significantly more sero-positive (56.5%) than other tribes (28.4%) (OR = 3.23, 95% CI: 1.28–8.41). Drinking raw milk was a risk factor in both univariable and multivariable analyses (OR = 3.97, 95% CI: 1.61–10.20). A negative association between sero-positivity in cattle and human within each farm was found (p<0.01). The Maasai performed more risk-taking behaviours for human infection than other tribes: drinking raw milk (p<0.01) or blood (p<0.01) and helping delivery of cattle with bare hands (p=0.03).

Conclusions: The Maasai were at high risk of human brucellosis. More detailed survey and educational interventions are urgently needed.
An Approximate Analytical Approach for Systems of Fredholm Integro-Differential Equations of Fractional Order
Authors: Alnobani Mudaffer , Al Yaqin Omar Abu
Published: June 2021

A new technique for solving a system of fractional Fredholm integro-differential equations (IDEs) is introduced in this manuscript. Furthermore, we present a review for the derivation of the residual power series method (RPSM) to solve fractional Fredholm IDEs in the paper done by Syam, as well as, corrections to the examples mentioned in that paper. The numerical results demonstrated the new technique’s applicability, efficacy, and high accuracy in dealing with these systems. On the other hand, a comparison has been done between the two schemes using the two corrected examples in addition to a problem that had been solved in many previous studies, and the results of these studies were compared with the new technique and RPSM. The comparison demonstrated clear superiority of our method over the RPSM for solving this class of equations. Moreover, they dispel the misconception that the RPSM works effectively on fractional Fredholm IDEs as mentioned in the paper done by Syam, whereas two problems solved by the RPSM produced an unaccepted error. Also, the comparison with the previous studies indicates the importance of the new method in dealing with the fractional Fredholm IDEs despite its simplicity, ease of use, and negligible computational time.
Profitability Ratio Analysis at PT. Medikaloka Hermina, TBK
Authors: Miransyah Giri Gintang , Dempo Sri Rahayu Sangra , Sutisna Sutisna
Published: June 2021

This study aims to determine the company's financial performance by using profitability ratio analysis, where the profitability ratio is a ratio that aims to determine the company's ability in generating profit over a certain period and also provides an overview of the level of management effectiveness in carrying out its operations. Profitability ratio consists of three ratios, among others Return On Assets, Return On Equity and Net Profit Margin. The research object is PT Medikaloka Hermina Tbk, where the health services company has done IPO (Initial Public Offering) or initial public offering so that economic growth of company very rapidly. The purpose of this study is to test and analyze the financial performance of the company at PT. Medikaloka Hermina Tbk. year 2018 - 2020 if reviewed from the profitability ratio. The sample of this research is financial reports from PT Medikaloka Hermina Tbk for 2018 – 2020 published on the Indonesia Stock Exchange website
COMMUNICATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Authors: Opeyemi Onasanya O.
Published: June 2021

Abstract: Conflict is a situation that occurs when two people did not come to agree with each other, having varying opinion about a subject matter. Wherever human beings are congregated or made to co-exist with one another, conflict is inevitable. This is because each individual emanated from different background, family cycle, educational background, class, race etc. Therefore we are meant to think differently, observe things differently and also react to issues differently. The ability of the manager to manage this conflict well to the advantage of the organization is our area of focus.
Making Climate Data Accessible: Methods for Producing NEX-GDDP and LOCA Downscaled Climate Indicators
Authors: Gassert Francis , Cornejo Enrique , Nilson Emily
Published: June 2021

The change in climate, fueled by the increase in global greenhouse gas concentrations, will alter our relationship with the planet, impacting agriculture, infrastructure, disaster management, and human conflict, among others. It is critical to anticipate these new trends so we can understand and adapt to variations in crop productivity, energy demand, disaster risk, and water resource management. Climate models provide projections of how weather patterns are expected to shift over time. But climate data are difficult to access, process, and utilize, and the information that can be derived from them is largely underused. In this paper, we describe the process used to summarize global climate data into simple indicators and publish them as open datasets in common geospatial formats. We attempt to lower the barriers to using climate data so they can more easily be used to inform decisions on how to adapt to a changing climate. The climate data are visualized and available for download at PREPdata and Resourc Watch. Source code to produce these data is available on GitHub.
Protection of Cultural Values during Wars and Armed Conflicts
Authors: Soloshenko V.
Published: June 2021

The article focuses on the problem of cultural values, which as a result of the World War ІІ, were scattered in the world – taken out of Germany, Austria, Poland, Ukraine, displaced or permanentlylost. There are found out the ways of how cultural values, as a result of military action, occurred in different countries-museums, private collections. The movement of cultural values due to the sale andchange of the owner far beyond the country of origin is shown, the problem of alienation of cultural values of violent way is singled out. It is drawn down the contractual-legal base, which gives groundsfor protection of cultural heritage, and it was analyzed German-Polish dialogue in the case of return and restitution of cultural values, displaced or lost during the World War ІІ. Along with the aftermathof World War II and the complexities that have to be overcome, the examples of the return of priceless paintings taken during the war are presented. The history of the picture “Lady with an ermine” andGerman-Polish dialogue on the possibilities of its return is described. This masterpiece from the Museum of Chartoryiskikh in Krakow is considered one of the most valuable pieces of Poland. The keyissues that develop and that hamper dialogue on protection of cultural values during wars and armed conflicts and also restrict their return and restitution have been revealed.
SENTENCE OF LIFE IMPRISONMENT IN THE LAW OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND CASE LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors: Simović Miodrag , Simović Marina , Simović Vladimir
Published: June 2021

In the system of measures of societal reaction towards the perpetrators of criminal offences, all the modern criminal laws, including the new legislation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, recognise sentences in the first place. They are the main types of criminal sanctions whose purpose can be achieved to the fullest, and that is the protection of society and social goods from all forms and types of injury and threat caused by the commission of criminal offences. Given that in the structure of criminal offences occur those with serious consequences, violating the highest social values, committed with a severe form of guilt by a repeat offender, in concurrence or by a group or organised crime group, it is logical that all penal systems recognise the harshest sentence - longterm or life imprisonment - especially after the abolition of the death sentence - capital punishment, for the severest forms of crimes. The paper analyses issues related to the harshest sentence, long-term, or life imprisonment in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the special emphasis on the European Court of Human Rights case law.
KONSEP REFORMASI BIROKRASI PELAYANAN PUBLIK DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM KEPEGAWAIAN
Authors: Adrie Adrie
Published: June 2021

To get a good government, bureaucratic reform is something that must be done from the beginning. Bureaucracy as a component of government must be returned to the functions, duties, and principles of public service. To develop public services that characterize good governance practice there are certainly many aspects that need to be addressed in the public bureaucracy. Writing of this scientific paper aims to know the concept of public service bureaucracy reform in the perspective of personnel law and to know the thinking of bureaucracy that can encourage good governance.
Writing of this scientific paper using approach method that is normative juridical by way of researching library material which is secondary data and also referred [as] with research of library law. For data collection on the writing of this scientific paper, the author uses literature study techniques by reviewing data in the form of library materials by reading and studying literature books and legislation related to the issues discussed author.
The conclusions of the writing of this scientific paper include: (1) The establishment of Regulation Number 5 of 2014 on the Civil State Apparatus enacted on January 15, 2014 which has brought new hope to accelerate the creation of a professional civil servants (ASN), free from political intervention, clean from corrupt practices, collusion and nepotism, able to provide public services for the community and able to perform the role as a glue of unity and national unity in order to achieve national goals; (2) Bureaucracy reform becomes an important part in realizing good governance. Bureaucracy reform is directed at efforts to prevent and accelerate the eradication of corruption in a sustainable manner, in creating good governance, clean governance, and free of KKN.