bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
aridec: an open database of litter mass loss from aridlands worldwide with recommendations on suitable model applications
Authors: Sarquis Agustín , Siebenhart Ignacio Andrés , Austin Amy Theresa , Sierra Carlos A.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Plant litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems involves the physical and chemical breakdown of organic matter. Development of databases is a promising tool for achieving a predictive understanding of organic matter degradation at regional and global scales. In this paper we present aridec: a comprehensive open database con-taining litter-mass loss data from aridlands across the world. We describe in detail the structure of the database and discuss general patterns in the data. Then, we explore what are the most appropriate model structures to inte-grate with data on litter decomposition from the database by conducting a collinearity analysis. The database includes 184 entries from aridlands across the world, representing a wide range of climates. For the majority of the data gathered in aridec it is possible to fit models of litter decomposition that consider initial organic matter as a homogenous reservoir (one pool models), as well as models with two distinct types of organic compounds that decompose at different speeds (two pool models). Moreover, these two carbon pools can either decompose without interaction (parallel models), or with matter transfer from a labile pool to a slow-decomposing pool after transformation (series models). Although most entries in the database can be used to fit these models, we suggest potential users of this database to test identifiability for each individual case as well as the number of degrees of freedom. Other model applications that were not discussed in this publication might also be suitable for use with this database. Lastly, we give some recommendations for future decomposition studies to be potentially added to this database. The extent of the information included in aridec in addition to its open-science approach makes it a great platform for future collaborative efforts in the field of aridland biogeochemistry. The aridec version 1.0.1 is archived and publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6025969 (Sarquis et al., 2022), and the database is managed under a version-controlled system and centrally stored in GitHub (https://github.com/AgustinSarquis/aridec, last access: 9 February 2022).
Are maps of nitrate reduction in groundwater altered by climate and land use changes?
Authors: Seidenfaden Ida Karlsson , Sonnenborg Torben Obel , Refsgaard Jens Christian , Børgesen Christen Duus , Olesen Jørgen Eivind , Trolle Dennis
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Nitrate reduction maps have been used routinely in northern Europe for calculating the efficiency of remediation measures and the impact of climate change on nitrate leaching. These maps are, therefore, valuable tools for policy analysis and mitigation targeting. Nitrate reduction maps are normally based on output from complex hydrological models and, once generated, are largely assumed constant in time. However, the distribution, magnitude, and efficiency of nitrate reduction cannot necessarily be considered stationary during changing climate and land use as flow paths, nitrate release timing, and their interaction may shift. This study investigates the potential improvement of using transient nitrate reduction maps, compared to a constant nitrate reduction map that is assumed during land use and climate change, both for nitrate loads and the spatial variation in reduction. For this purpose, a crop and soil model (DAISY) was set up to provide nitrate input to a distributed hydrological model (MIKE SHE) for an agricultural catchment in Funen, Denmark. Nitrate reduction maps based on an observed dataset of land use and climate were generated and compared to nitrate reduction maps generated for all combinations of four potential land use change scenarios and four future climate model projections. Nitrate reduction maps were found to be more sensitive to changes in climate, leading to a reduction map change of up to 10 %, while land use changes effects were minor. The study, however, also showed that the reduction maps are products of a range of complex interactions between water fluxes, nitrate use, and timing. What is also important to note is that the choices made for future scenarios, model setup, and assumptions may affect the resulting span in the reduction capability. To account for this uncertainty, multiple approaches, assumptions, and models could be applied for the same area. However, as these models are very time consuming, this is not always a feasible approach in practice. An uncertainty of the order of 10 % on the
reduction map may have major impacts on practical water management. It is,
therefore, important to acknowledge if such errors are deemed acceptable in
relation to the purpose and context of specific water management situations.
Assessment of the observability of coastal currents in LRM and SAR altimetry observations: a north-western Mediterranean Sea case study
Authors: Carret Alice , Birol Florence , Estournel Claude , Zakardjian Bruno
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Over the last three decades, satellite altimetry has observed Sea Surface Height variations, providing a regular monitoring of the ocean circulation. Altimetry measurements have an intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio that strongly limits the space scales, and then the geophysical information that can be captured with this instrument. However, the recent progress made on both altimetry sensors and data processing, offers new perspectives in terms of research-oriented and operational applications. In this paper we present a methodological study that helps to better quantify the impact of this progress in terms of coastal circulation. We focus on a case study: the Northern Current, a narrow slope current (less than 60 km wide) located in the North Western Mediterranean Sea. We first use a high resolution numerical model validated with HF radars and underwater glider data to define the general characteristics of the Northern Current in terms of surface velocity and sea surface height signature. These characteristics are then compared with corresponding estimates of sea surface height velocity derived from 1-Hz altimetry data sets from three missions: Jason 2 (Ku-band LRM), SARAL (Ka-band LRM) and Sentinel-3A (SAR). The data from all missions were processed with the coastal-specific X-TRACK strategy. We show that near Toulon, the model is very close to the observations in terms of current estimates, providing a very good reference for altimetry data located in this area. The Northern Current is observed 15 km to the coast on average, with a mean core velocity of 0.44 m s−1. Its signature in sea level consists of a drop whose mean value at 6.14° E is 6.9 +/− 2.2 cm extending over 18 +/− 4 km. These variations show a clear seasonal pattern, but high frequency signals are also present most of the time. In 1-Hz altimetry data, the mean sea level drop associated with the Northern Current is overestimated by 3.6 cm for Jason 2, 0.3 cm for SARAL and 1.4 cm for Sentinel-3A. In terms of corresponding sea level variability, Jason 2 and SARAL altimetry estimates are larger than the model reference (+1.3 cm and +1 cm, respectively) whereas Sentinel-3A shows closer values (−0.4 cm). Without any sea level data filtering, the standard deviation of altimetry-derived velocity values is 3.7, 2.4 and 2.9 times too large for Jason-2, SARAL and Sentinel-3A, respectively. When filtering sea level data, the distribution of altimetry velocities tends to converge towards the model reference with a 50-km, 30-km and 40-km cutoff wavelength for Jason-2, SARAL and Sentinel-3A data, respectively.
Numerical Simulation of Present-day Kinematics at the Northeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Li Liming , Li Xianrui , Yang Fanyan , Pan Lili , Tian Jingxiong
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The slip rates of active faults at the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau (NETP) must be clarified to understand the lateral expansion of the Tibetan Plateau and assess the seismic hazards in this region. To obtain the continuous slip rates of active faults at the NETP, we constructed a three-dimensional geomechanics-numerical model of the NETP. The model explains the fault systems, topographic undulations, and crustal stratigraphy of the study area. It also accounts for the physical rock properties, gravity fields, fault friction coefficients, initial crustal stresses, and boundary conditions. The horizontal and vertical crustal velocities and slip rates of active faults in the study area were obtained from simulations using the aforementioned model. The results were then validated against independent geographic datasets. Based on the analysis of the fault kinematics in the study area, the Laohushan, middle–southern Liupanshan, and Guguan–Baoji faults, as well as the locked fault zone at the junction of the Maxianshan and Zhuanglanghe faults, represent potential hazard areas for strong earthquakes. However, as these faults are currently in the stress accumulation stage, they are unlikely to cause a major earthquake in the short term. In contrast, it is likely that the Jinqiangshan–Maomaoshan fault will generate a ~MS7.0 earthquake in the coming decades. Based on the analysis of several profiles across the NETP, the deformations at the NETP are continuous in the Bayan Har and Qaidam blocks, as well as in the block-like in Qilian Block, particularly around the Haiyuan Fault.
Scientific Challenges to Characterizing the Wind Resource in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Shaw William , Berg Larry , Debnath Mithu , Deskos Georgios , Draxl Caroline , Ghate Virendra , Hasager Charlotte , Kotamarthi Rao , Mirocha Jeffrey , Muradyan Paytsar , Pringle William , Turner David , Wilczak James
Published: February 2022

Abstract. With the increasing level of offshore wind energy investment, it is correspondingly important to be able to accurately characterize the wind resource in terms of energy potential as well as operating conditions affecting wind plant performance, maintenance, and lifespan. Accurate resource assessment at a particular site supports investment decisions. Post-construction, accurate wind forecasts are needed to support efficient power markets and integration of wind power with the electrical grid. To optimize the design of wind turbines, it is necessary to accurately describe the environmental characteristics, such as precipitation and waves, that erode turbine surfaces and generate structural loads as a complicated response to the combined impact of shear, atmospheric turbulence, and wave stresses. Despite recent considerable progress both in improvements to numerical weather prediction models and in coupling these models to turbulent flows within wind plants, major challenges remain, especially in the offshore environment. Accurately simulating the interactions among winds, waves, wakes, and their structural interactions with offshore wind turbines requires accounting for spatial (and associated time) scales from O(1 m) to O(100 km). Computing capabilities for the foreseeable future will not be able to resolve all of these scales simultaneously, necessitating continuing improvement in subgrid-scale parameterizations within highly non-linear models. In addition, observations to constrain and validate these models, especially in the rotor-swept area of turbines over the ocean, remains largely absent. Thus, gaining sufficient understanding of the physics of atmospheric flow within and around wind plants remains one of the grand challenges of wind energy, particularly in the offshore environment. This paper provides a review of prominent scientific challenges to characterizing the offshore wind resource using as examples phenomena that occur in the rapidly developing wind energy areas off the United States. Such phenomena include horizontal temperature gradients that lead to strong vertical stratification; consequent features such as low-level jets and internal boundary layers; highly non-stationary conditions, which occur with both extratropical storms (e.g., nor’easters) and tropical storms; air-sea interaction, including deformation of conventional wind profiles by the wave boundary layer; and precipitation with its contributions to leading-edge erosion of wind turbine blades. The paper also describes the current state of modeling and observations in the marine atmospheric boundary layer and provides specific recommendations for filling key current knowledge gaps
Effects of spatial heterogeneity on the estimation of diatom assemblage composition: an example of Lake Imbradas (NE Lithuania)
Authors: Balakauskas Lauras , Vaikutienė Giedrė , Paškevičiūtė Miglė , Valskys Vaidotas , Spiridonov Andrej
Published: February 2022

High spatial resolution diatom and loss-on-ignition analyses were carried out on the surface sediments of a shallow, medium-sized lake in north-eastern Lithuania to examine the degree of spatial heterogeneity of diatom assemblages in the lake, as well as the influence of water depth on diatom compositions. The compositional properties of sediments and diatom assemblages show a strong relationship with water depth; some less prominent changes were attributed to the tributary catchment. Diatom assemblage compositions are rather homogenous throughout the lake (Morisita-Horn similarity indices make >0.9 in most locations of the lake, in relation to others), especially in its deeper parts. Our case shows that the most representative point does not lie in the centre of the lake, as it is assumed in most of fossil studies. Studies of spatial heterogeneity of modern diatoms can facilitate site selection and fossil diatom data interpretation.
No Warfare: Let us render unto metaphor’s paradox we live by
Authors: Abdullah Muhammad Tanweer, Khadija   Nowaira
Published: February 2022

This essay discusses metaphor as a cognitive paradox. It is divided into two parts. The first part outlines a schema explaining the paradox that the authors call ‘prodigal-within-prodigy’ in terms of how metaphor conception creates a contextual opposition within mutuality. They argue that such [re]cognition of paradoxical context actually helps mutualize mainstream oppositions we come across in metaphor literature: cognitive linguistic vs.psycholinguistic/cultural, empirical vs. intuitive, inductive vs.deductive, realization of what we call the real-world. In the second part, the authors discuss how the prodigal-prodigy schema could resolve the conflicting positions on metaphor—disengaging from what Gibbs (2017) calls Metaphor Wars. In this regard, to assess the scope of this cognitive paradox vis-à-visa disengagement from warfare, a set of ‘critical methodological concerns’ raised on metaphor conception (Gibbs, 2009) are discussed. This discussion points to contemporary debateson metaphor conception thatunderlie ‘conceptual metaphor theory’, ‘traditional theory of metaphor’, ‘deliberate metaphor theory’, and ‘contemporary...new and improved theory’ of metaphor, among others. The authors claim, with examples from earlier work (Abdullah, 2016), how a cognitive paradox creates ‘metaphorical truth-values’ that sustain the spatiotemporal context. Towards the scope of evolving a unified theory of metaphor, this paper reaffirms Gibbs’ argument that no single explanation in literature alone can comprehend the scopeof metaphor in thought and practice.
Manajemen Keuangan Dalam Perspektif Iman Kristen Bagi Lembaga-lembaga Kristen
Authors: Candrawati Candrawati
Published: February 2022

Manajemen Keuangan Dalam Perspektf Iman Kristen adalah suatu kajian manajemen keuangan yang bersumber pada Alkitab sebagai firman Tuhan dan penting bagi suatu lembaga Kristen untuk menerapkannya. Lembaga Kristen adalah lembaga yang jarang menerapkan manajemen karena berbagai alasan: ketidakmengertian tentang manajemen, asumsi yang keliru, kurangnya fleksibilitas dalam penerapannya dan menganggapnya sebagai suatu ilmu pengetahuan sekuler dan tidak dapat diterapkan dalam suatu lembaga Kristen atau bahkan menganggapnya bertentangan dengan iman Kristen. Tujuan penulis adalah:  1) untuk memahami prinsip-prinsip Manajemen Keuangan dalam perspektif iman Kristen. 2) untuk mengetahui sejauhmana prinsip manajemen keuangan dalam perspektif iman Kristen diterapkan oleh Lembaga Kristen.  3) untuk mengetahui kendala-kendala penerapan prinsip manajemen keuangan dalam perspektif Iman Kristen sehingga dapat menolong Lembaga Kristen memiliki Manajemen Keuangan yang bertanggung jawab.  Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif menggunakan paradigma alamiah.  Dalam pengumpulan data, penulis menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data observasi, wawancara dan telaah dokumen tertulis. Sebaliknya, analisis data menggunakan analisis domain, analisis taksonomi, analisis komponen dan analisis tema.  Hasil Penelitiannya adalah bahwa: 1) Manajemen Keuangan dalam Perspektif Iman Kristen kurang dipahami secara menyeluruh dan tidak secara khusus dapat mengaitkannya dengan manajemen keuangan sehingga menemui kesulitan dalam hal praktis implementasi dalam pelayanan.  2) Penerapan Prinsip Manajemen Keuangan Dalam Perspektif Iman Kristen sebagian besar belum dilakukan dan belum terorganisir dengan baik.  3) Lembaga-Lembaga Kristen secara umum menyadari tanggung jawab keuangan yang dipercayakan namun menemui banyak kendala, sebagai berikut:  a) Sumber daya manusia tidak dilatih khusus untuk mengelola dalam disiplin ilmu keuangan dan mengerjakannya dengan sikap yang benar. b) Lembaga Kristen kurang fokus melakukan manajemen keuangan karena kurangnya pemahaman mengenai manajemen keuangan dalam perspektif iman Kristen.
KELUARGA KRISTEN YANG DIBERKATI TUHAN: OBSERVASI TERHADAP MAZMUR 133:1-3
Authors: Manaransyah Awasuning
Published: February 2022

Tema “Keluarga Kristen yang Diberkati Tuhan” di atas merupakan tujuan dari setiap keluarga Kristen, yakni untuk mengalami kerukunan dan kebahagiaan dalam keluarga. Di sisi lain, penulis juga melihat bahwa saat ini, ada begitu banyak keluarga Kristen yang mengalami konflik antara suami dengan istri dan antara orangtua dengan anak-anak. Oleh karena itu, ada banyak keluarga Kristen mengalami keretakan dalam rumah tangga bahkan perceraian antara suami dengan istri. Dengan memahami konsep keluarga Kristen yang hidup bersama dalam kerukunan yang diberkati Tuhan, saya berharap bahwa kualitas keluarga akan lebih baik, sehingga mereka akan mampu bertahan hidup di era ini, dengan hidup berjalan bersama-sama dengan Tuhan, bersekutu dalam keluarga, membaca Alkitab, berdoa dan menyanyikan puji-pujian kepada Tuhan bersama-sama setiap hari.
TRADISI PEMAKAMAN DALAM MASYARAKAT SUMBA TIMUR SEBAGAI PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL
Authors: Lu Yuliana
Published: February 2022

Tuhan menciptakan manusia dengan kemampuan berbudaya, termasuk masyarakat Sumba Timur. Namun di kecenderungan manusia, meekspresikan budaya mereka, tidak bisa dipisahkan dengan ekspresi spiritual mereka, karena manusia memang adalah makhluk spiritual, yang selalu berkerinduan untuk memiliki relasi dengan Sang Pencipta. Berbagai usaha dilakukan manusia, yang biasanya sarat dengan penyembahan berhala. Masyarakat Sumba Timur, juga sarat dengan penyembahan berhala, sejak seorang bayi berada di kandungan ibunya, hingga dia harus meninggalkan dunia ini. Namun bagi  Masyarakat Sumba Timur yang sudah bertobat dan menjadi orang Kristen sebaliknya harus merefleksikan imannya yang relevan dan bermakna bagi masyarakat dan budaya Sumba Timur. Adapun rekomendasi-rekomendasi yang penulis berikan kepada Masyarakat Sumba Timur adalah sebagai berikut: 1) Harus menghindari ritus-ritus yang tidak sesuai dengan Firman Allah. Orang Kristen harus bersikap kritis terhadap budaya-budaya setempat yang merusak iman Kristen. Firman Tuhan harus menjadi tolak ukur etika; 2) Orang Kristen juga harus menjadi saksi yang hidup bagi masyarakat yang masih terlibat dalam upacara pemakaman. Misalnya dalam upacara pemakaman ini, pemukulan gong dengan irama duka bisa dilaksanakan oleh orang Kristen sebagai pertanda bahwa di tempat tersebut terjadi kematian. Tetapi pemukulan gong dengan irama pata lamba yang bertujuan untuk memanggil arwah leluhur (marapu) tidak boleh dilakukan oleh orang Kristen. Pemotongan hewan untuk menjamu makan para keluarga dan kerabat yang datang melayat untuk dimakan, orang Kristen dapat melakukannya. Tetapi pemotongan hewan yang tidak untuk dimakan, namun hanya sebagai simbol mendampingi arwah si mati, atau sebagai bekal si mati menuju alam baka tidak perlu dilakukan oleh orang Kristen, dan gereja harus melarang hal ini karena dari segi ekonomi hal tersebut sangat merugikan, dan dari segi teologis hanyalah menyia-nyiakan berkat Tuhan. Penyimpanan mayat yang terlalu lama dari segi kesehatan tidak menguntungkan, demikian juga dari segi ekonomi sangat merugikan karena membutuhkan biaya yang sangat besar. Sebaliknya seluruh keluarga berembuk dan menyelesaikan pertikaian, yang mungkin ada, dalam waktu yang tidak terlalu lama, agar si mati dapat dikubur cepat. Upacara padita waimata dapat dilakukan oleh orang Kristen dalam bentuk ibadah pengucapan syukur tutup duka. Upacara paludungu (menyampaikan arwah si mati) tidak perlu dilakukan oleh orang Kristen. Karena bagi orang Kristen setelah mati ia kembali berada dalam tangan Tuhan Sang Pencipta bukan menjadi marapu.
TUHAN MENGUBAH MARA MENJADI MATOV ( KITAB RUT)
Authors: Manaransyah Awasuning
Published: February 2022

Firman Tuhan dalam kitab Rut ini sangat istimewa. Pada bagian awal, kita melihat kepahitan hidup yang sangat menyedihkan hati Naomi, namun di bagian akhir, kepahitan hati Naomi diselesaikan Tuhan dengan rencana Tuhan yang spektakuler. Tentu Naomi tidak pernah berpikir dan merencanakan bahwa ia akan menjadi seorang nenek (band. Rut 1:11-13), tetapi Tuhan membuat lebih dari pada itu. Penghiburan dan pemulihan yang Tuhan kerjakan dalam kehidupan Naomi, harus dijalani oleh Naomi tahap demi tahap dan inilah yang disebut dengan proses. Proses itu sendiri membutuhkan waktu, ketekunan, kesetiaan, kebergantungan kepada Tuhan. Saya ingin katakan bahwa belajarlah, berusahalah mengerti kehendak Tuhan dari kepahitan hati yang terjadi. Bangkit dan arahkan langkah hidupmu ke dalam persekutuan yang intim dengan Tuhan. Nikmatilah setiap langkah-langkah yang Tuhan pimpin menuju kehidupan yang sangat/sungguh indah bersama dengan Tuhan.
PASTORAL KONSELING BAGI PASANGAN SUAMI ISTRI YANG TIDAK SEIMAN BERDASARKAN 1 KORINTUS 7:12-16
Authors: Waruwu Mansyukur
Published: February 2022

Dari bentuk-bentuk Pastoral Konseling yang sudah diuraikan di atas, maka dari 1 Korintus 7:12-16, ada 4 nasehat Pastoral Konseling yang dilakukan Paulus kepada jemaat Korintus bagi pasangan yang tidak seiman, nasehat tersebut diberikan untuk memberikan solusi atas pertanyaan dan persoalan yang dihadapi, dialami jemaat Korintus. Nasehat tersebut adalah model pastoral konseling bagi pasangan yang tidak seiman yaitu; Model Pastoral Konseling Edukatif, Supportif, Model Spiritual, dan Model konfrontatif.
PASTORAL KONSELING KEPADA REMAJA KRISTEN INDONESIA DALAM MENGHADAPI PERGAULAN BEBAS
Authors: Sanjaya Agus
Published: February 2022

Berdasarkan acuan pada kajian teoritik, hasil penelitian dan pembahasan hasil penelitian sesuai dengan fokus dan sub fokus, maka peneliti memberikan kesimpulan sebagai berikut: Pertama, ditemukannya kelemahan model pelayanan pastoral konseling terhadap remaja Kristen Indonesia. Hamba Tuhan / pendeta sebagai gembala yang bertanggung jawab atas jemaatnya, tidak konsen terhadap pelayanan pastoral konseling, ini ditandai kurang dipersiapkannya pemimpin komsel yang ditugaskannya untuk memimpin dan membimbing remaja dengan ilmu-ilmu konseling sedangkan remaja sangat membutuhkan bimbingan atau pendampingan agar mereka tidak terpengaruh oleh pergaulan bebas. Oleh karena itu pemimpin komsel kurang memahami tentang pengertian konseling, khususnya konseling Kristen sehingga pemimpin komsel tidak memberikan pemahaman yang benar dan membimbing dengan maksimal remaja Kristen. Kedua, keterbatasan waktu yang dimiliki oleh pemimpin komsel atau konselor dalam memberikan pembimbingan dan perhatian kepada remaja, mengakibatkan remaja terpengaruh oleh ajakan teman dan lingkungan sekitar sehingga mereka pergi dan menikmati pergaulan bebas. Ketiga, konselor atau pemimpin komsel belum mempersiapkan model pastoral konseling dan bahan-bahan pembimbingan yang cocok dan sesuai untuk digunakan dalam pembimbingan agar dapat dipahami dan diterima oleh remaja sehingga mereka mampu dalam  menghadapi pergaulan bebas.
PELAYANAN KONSELING KRISTEN KEPADA PASANGAN SUAMI ISTERI DALAM MENYELESAIKAN KONFLIK KELUARGA
Authors: Yudhono Agus Suryo Jarot
Published: February 2022

Pelayanan konseling Kristen kepada pasangan suami-isteri dalam menyelesaikan konflik keluarga adalah langkah penting yang harus segera dilakukan oleh setiap pelaku gereja (hamba Tuhan) yang berperan sebagai konselor. Sebab ada beberapa hal yang menjadi pertimbangan bahwa pelayanan konseling Kristen kepada pasangan suami-isteri dalam menyelesaikan konflik adalah penting dan maka dapat ditarik simpulan sebagai berikut: (1) Pelayanan konseling Kristen sebagai representatif Tuhan Yesus Kristus, Sang Konselor Agung, seharusnya pelayanan konseling Kristen dilakukan dengan sungguh-sungguh dan penuh tanggung jawab sebagai bentuk meneladani figure Tuhan Yesus dalam melakukan konseling kepada umat manusia. Sehingga peran pelayanan konseling Kristen kepada jemaat khususnya kepada pasangan suami-isteri dalam menyelesaikan konflik keluarga memberikan dampak yang besar secara rohani, dimana setiap jemaat dan keluarga Kristen tetap kokoh di dalam iman dan mampu menyelesaikan konflik keluarga dengan baik sesuai prinsip-prinsip Alkitabiah; (2) Pelayanan konseling Kristen kepada pasangan suami-isteri dalam menyelesaikan konflik keluarga perlu mendapat perhatian khusus bagi gembala jemaat, gembala bertanggungjawab untuk memperhatikan langsung kegiatan pelayanan konseling Kristen tersebut karena seluruh pembinaan kerohanian jemaat, termasuk pelayanan konseling Kristen menjadi tanggung jawab seorang gembala jemaat. Jika gembala jemaat tidak aktif ada di tempat, maka pendelegasian kepada para pengerja gereja yang telah ditunjuk oleh gembala jemaat untuk melayani konseling Kristen kepada jemaat bisa dilaksanakan dengan sebaik-baiknya dengan penuh tanggung jawab; (3) Pelayanan konseling Kristen kepada pasangan suami-isteri dalam menyelesaikan konflik keluarga menjadisolusi yang tepat di tengah-tengah perubahan dan perkembangan jaman yang semakin kompleks. Sekaligus persoalan dan permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh setiap keluarga juga semakin kompleks sehingga dengan adanya pelayanan konseling Kristen mampu membantu memberikan jawaban dan jalan keluar bagi keluarga yang menghadapi konflik keluarga; (4) Bentuk keseriusan pelayanan konseling Kristen terhadap keluarga dalam menyelesaikan konflik perlu diwujudkan dengan proaktif. Sehingga gereja sebagai pelaku/konselor dari pelayanan konseling Kristen dapat berkontribusi dan berdampak terhadap keluarga yang sedang dalam menghadapi konflik sehingga keutuhan dan keharmonisan keluarga bisa tetap terjaga dengan baik; dan (5) Diperlukan kerjasama yang baik antara pihak gereja (gembala dan para pengerja) dengan seluruh jemaat, khususnya kepada pasangan suami-isteri dalam menyelesaikan konflik keluarga untuk aktif melakukan konseling Kristen jika memerlukan konseling dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan maupun konflik keluarga yang tidak dapat terselesaikan secara pribadi. Maka pasangan suami-isteri perlu melibatkan pihak gereja untuk melakukan konseling Kristen dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan atau konflik keluarga.
Development of Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Models for Manually Operated Rain Gauge Catchment: A Case Study of Port Harcourt Metropolis Using 50 Years Rainfall Data
Authors: Ogbozige Francis
Published: February 2022

Hydraulic structures such as surface drainages and culverts are usually constructed in urban areas with the intention of draining runoff into nearby streams and rivers in order to avoid flooding. However, most of these structures frequently fail to serve the intended use due to the occurrence of high intensity rainfall accompanied with long duration, which produce runoff discharge higher than their designed capacities. This is common in many developing countries as drainages and culverts are most times constructed without considering hydrological analysis of the catchment. Hence, this research considered Port Harcourt city as a case study by utilizing 50 years rainfall data to develop rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves that will be used for subsequent design of drainages and culverts within the city and its environs. The IDF curves were developed using Gumbel, Pearson type III and Log-Pearson type III distributions at return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 years. However, the durations considered were 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 300, 360 and 420 minutes. Results showed that the IDF equations developed for the three frequency distributions highly correlate with the observed intensities since there goodness of fit (R2 ) ranges from 0.9766 – 0.9865. Also, it was noted that there was no significant difference (p < 0.01) between the predicted rainfall intensities from all the IDF equations and the observed intensities. Notwithstanding, the IDF equation developed for Gumbel distribution was recommended to be given higher priority since it has the highest R2 value.
HAZARD ANALYSIS DUE TO THE INFLUENCE OF THE STRONG FIRES IN THE ROAD TUNNELS
Authors: Lanchava Omar , Nozadze Giorgi , Bochorishvili Naomi , Lebanidze Zurab , Arudashvili Nino
Published: February 2022

In this article presented an analysis of the hazards caused by the influence of strong fires in the road tunnels. Have been considered the main factors that affect the reliability of the results of definition of the period of time during which there is the possibility of evacuation of people. The dependence of the period of time marked by the characteristic parameters of fire: from the power of spatial localization and duration of the ascending phase of its development. The paper noted that the duration of the evacuation period, will be less than the duration of the ascending phase of development of a fire and also noted that this period tends to narrowing due to the influence of turbulent diffusion fluxes. In this paper it is assumed that the turbulent diffusion fluxes occur between the zones in which the ruling are toxic carbon gases of fire and fresh ventilation air flow.
SEASONAL CHANGE OF SIZE AND DIRECTION OF NATURAL DRAFT IN RIKOTI ROAD TUNNEL
Authors: Lanchava Omar , Shuradze Nani
Published: February 2022

With the purpose of an establishment of character of parameters change of natural draft in Rikoti road tunnel are carried out experimental supervisions The depression of natural draft caused by the climatic factors is reduced to a difference of pressure at portals. The statistical parameters of natural draft and intensity of movement the automobiles are given. There is judged possible expediency of application of the longitudinal circuit of airing in the given tunnel.
Treasury Single Account (TSA) and Performance of Public Sector in Enugu State, Nigeria
Authors: Okorocha Chinomso Chioms
Published: February 2022

The importance of the introduction of treasury single account cannot be overemphasized given that it is principally to ensure accountability of government revenue, enhance transparency and avoid expropriation of public funds. This study examined the effect of treasury single account on the performance of selected Federal Ministries in Enugu State. The study adopted survey research design. The method ensured that the researcher collects his data at a particular period from the selected sample to describe a large population at that particular point in time. The study area of this research is selected federal ministries namely Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Education all located in Enugu state. The population of the study constitutes of the staff of two selected federal ministries in Enugu state namely; Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Federal Ministry of Education. The population of the two selected ministries is totaled two hundred and eighty-seven (287) staff. The sample size was derived using the Cochran statistic and the value derived was three hundred and eighty-five (385). To determine the number of staff to be selected from each ministry, the proportionate stratified random sampling approach was used. The data was collected with the aid of a questionnaire that is properly drafted using the 5 scale Likert system for questionnaire. The Cronbach Alpha reliability test was utilized to conduct the reliability test. A cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.78 was derived and was considered acceptable. Frequency tables and percentages was adopted to analyse the demographic characteristics of the respondents and leading research questions while the regression analysis was adopted to test the hypotheses of the study. The major findings of the study were that treasury single account has not significantly ameliorated fund misappropriation in selected federal ministries in Enugu State and treasury single account has not significantly enhanced prompt release of funds for goods and services in selected federal ministries in Enugu State. It is therefore the recommendation of the study that the adoption of TSA alone may not be sufficient to curb corruption in the Nigerian public sector hence the need for the judiciary, police, anti-graft agencies and the media in the country be strengthened to tackle the issues of corruption and ensure transparency, probity and timeliness in handling corruption related cases.
Nexus Between Real Exchange Rate Misalignment and Economic Growth: A Case of Pakistan
Authors: Ali Muhammad Asad , Aqil Muhammad
Published: February 2022

This study investigates the nexus between real effective exchange rate (REER) misalignment and the economic growth of Pakistan. It relies on a single equation model for estimating equilibrium exchange rate using the autoregressive distributive lags (ARDL) approach. The study further uses the growth equation to explore the effects of misalignment of RER on growth proxies. The data were obtained from the official websites of the World development indicator, IMF, Penn World Table, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, and Ministry of Finance Pakistan. In terms of trade, the data was available on three different bases in different editions of the economic survey of Pakistan. All unit values of imports and exports were changed as per new base 1991 so that the data from editions of survey becomes uniform. The study takes data from 1970 to 2020. The study findings show that gross capital formation, trade openness, and government spending have a substantial role in defining the equilibrium REER. The findings also identify a positive and significant effect of REER misalignment on the economic growth of Pakistan. This paper contributes by measuring the degree of misalignment of real exchange rates using the single equation approach which is rare in the case of Pakistani literature. The single equation approach not only measures the misalignment by PPP factor but also considers basic economic fundamentals such as trade openness, terms of trade, productivity differentials etc. The study further provides evidence of misalignment with economic growth over a longer period (1970-2020). The findings suggest the effective use of exchange rate policy to control exchange rate misalignment to get higher and more sustainable economic growth. The study is useful for policymakers in the long-term economic planning of Pakistan. The results can be generalized for other economies with similar features.
Students’ Motivation in Reading English Text: A Survey of Junior High School in Palembang
Authors: Apriani Depi , Manallulaili Manallulaili , Kurniasari Renny
Published: February 2022

This study investigated students’ reading motivation in English text. The Quantitative research methodology carried out in this study is in order to collect information or data that is donated. Researcher used a survey with descriptive analysis that is research whose source of data and information is mainly obtained from respondents as a research sample using questionnaires as an instrument of data collection to describe students reading motivation of junior high school in Palembang. This study was conducted at SMP N 7 Pemulutan with 104 as the participants taken from the nine grade students of that school by using simple random sampling. in collecting data, the researcher used Motivation Reading Questionnaire (MRQ). The questionnaire consisted of 53 items with eleven indicators. The result covers 1. Self efficacy can make students more motivated in reading. 2. Intrinsic factor included enjoyable and students’ interest in reading. 3. Extrinsic factor covered such as for finishing assignment, for getting high getting praises, in getting high score.
The Effect of Critical Reading Strategy on Students’ Reading Ability in Comprehending Expository Text
Authors: Handayani Fitriyanti Agil , Martina Feny , Rizal Syamsul
Published: February 2022

This research is aimed at finding out the effect of critical reading strategy on student's reading ability in comprehending expository text of the second grade students of MAN 1 (MODEL) Lubuklinggau in the academic year 2019/2020. This research used quantitative research with quasi experimental design. The total population of students at the second grade was 312 students of MAN 1 (MODEL) Lubuklinggau in the academic year 2019/2020. The research chose two classes as the samples of the research. The sample was selected by using purposive sampling technique. The second grade students of XI MIPA 2 was experimental class who were taught using Critical Reading Strategy and the second grade students of XI MIPA 1 was control class who were taught by the teacher. The data were collected by using test. The data were analyzed by using T-test formula. The mean score in experimental class was 79.90 while the mean score of control class was 72.31. The mean different between them was 7.59. The result of t-test showed that the value of t-count (3.970) was higher than t-table (2.024) in df 38 (0.05). Therefore, the alternative Hypothesis (Ha) was accepted while the null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected. Based on the result above, the research finding was Critical Reading Strategy was effective on students’ reading ability in comprehending expository text for the second grade students of MAN 1 (MODEL) Lubuklinggau in academic year of 2019/2020.
Frozen Cartoon Film as a Learning Media to Improve the Students' Pronunciation Ability
Authors: Rahma Shilvyna , Mubarok Husni
Published: February 2022

Pronunciation is an important factor in measuring achievement in learning speaking in English. Proof of speaking fluency by students is shown when they communicate verbally with a native speaker. This study aims to explain the use of the Frozen cartoon film as a learning medium to improve the students’ pronunciation ability. The research focuses are the Frozen 1 cartoon synopsis, the stages, and procedures for implementing the dubbing and subtitling method and screening the film using the dubbing method. This study uses a descriptive research method with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out by library research (library research). Sources of data in the form of written materials consist of primary data sources and secondary data sources. The validity of the data test emphasizes the validity and reliability test. The results of the study were analyzed using the content analysis method. The results showed that the cartoon "Frozen" as a learning medium was very appropriate to be practiced in improving students' pronunciation skills. This media provides several benefits: (a) being a solution in communicating English orally, (b) providing interesting, attractive teaching media, and (c) choosing the right learning method so that it is effective for students. The presentation of the “frozen” cartoon is packaged with interesting storyline pictures and audio sound that makes students involved in the film. The dubbing and subtitling methods are learning methods to motivate students to communicate in English. Effective and efficient media and methods can help students engage in learning English and at the same time be motivated to communicate in English.
Language Politeness Among Adolescents: Sociolinguistic Study
Authors: Citra Koni Hasa Enda , Kasmantoni Kasmantoni , Friantary Heny
Published: February 2022

The problem raised in this study is how to comply with the principles of politeness in language and is there a violation of the principles of politeness in language among teenagers in Telaga Dewa V RT 15 Bengkulu City in terms of communicating and interacting. The purpose of this study is to describe the adherence to the principles of language politeness and violations of the principles of language politeness among adolescents in Telaga Dewa V RT 15 Bengkulu City in terms of communicating and interacting. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research. The subject of this study is the act of politeness in language performed by teenagers in Telaga Dewa V, RT 15, Bengkulu City in the form of conversation or interaction. While the informants in this study were several teenagers who lived in Telaga Dewa V, RT 15, Bengkulu City. Data collection techniques in the form of observation, documentation and interviews. The results of this study conclude that there are four maxims that are obeyed by adolescents in Telaga Dewa V, RT 15, Bengkulu City, namely tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim and modesty maxim which consists of 23 utterances. There were four violations of the principle of politeness in language at Telaga Dewa V, RT 15, Bengkulu City, namely the maxim of wisdom, the maxim of generosity, the maxim of appreciation/praise and the maxim of simplicity/humility which consists of 11 utterances.
Changes of Meaning in Rejang Language
Authors: Epriani Neza , Kasmantoni Kasmantoni , Friantary Heny
Published: February 2022

This study aims to describe changes in meaning and the factors that cause changes in the meaning of the Rejang language in Ujung Tanjung Dua Village, Lebong Regency. The research method used in this study is a qualitative research method. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the change in meaning extends to the Rejang language which consists of six vocabularies, namely (1) awas, (2) Carai, (3) Esep, (4) Gen, (5) Gonong, (6) Mlai, the form of change in the meaning of amelioration consists of fifteen vocabularies, namely (1) Stir, (2) Inok, (3) Bisay, (4) Beleseng, (5) Bolon, (6) Ubo, (7) Danua, (8) Ganau, (9) Gupuak, (10) Jalet, (11) Nasea, (12) Ko os, (13) Mojoa, (14) Nokoa, (Pajuak). Based on the research, it can be concluded that there is a change in the meaning of the Rejang language in Ujung Tanjung Dua Village, Lebong Regency.
Reflexões Sobre Educação Especial e Inclusiva
Authors: Santos André Cordeiro dos , Oliveira Izabel Cristina Barbosa de
Published: February 2022

Este livro reúne reflexões sobre educação especial e inclusiva apresentadas no Primeiro Simpósio de Educação Especial e Inclusiva – I SIMPEI –, realizado pelos Núcleos de Atendimento a Pessoas com Necessidades Específicas do Instituto Federal de Alagoas – Campus Piranhas e do Instituto Federal de Pernambuco – Campus Pesqueira. O evento surgiu com o intuito de abrir espaços formativos para docentes, pesquisadores e público interessado, no sentido de promover uma educação efetivamente inclusiva e os textos reunidos neste livro cumprem o objetivo de fazer avançar reflexões e discussões sobre educação especial e inclusiva.
Plan de gestion de données – Recommandations à l’ANR
Authors: Ancion Zoé , Andre Francis , Cadorel Sarah , Feret Romain , Hologne Odile , Maussang Kenneth , Moguen-Toursel Marine , Stoll Véronique
Published: February 2022

Dans cette note, le Comité pour la science ouverte émet 15 recommandations à l'Agence nationale de la recherche dans la mise en place d’un plan de gestion des données. Le comité attire l'attention sur l'adoption d'une démarche progressive qui favoriserait une adhésion des communautés et une meilleure adaptation à l’évolution des pratiques.
Sobre la santidad de Mónica, la madre de San Agustín
Authors: Luis Vizcaíno Pio de
Published: February 2022

Los hagiógrafos de santa Mónica la presentan como una gran santa; biógrafos y otros estudiosos de san Agustín ofrecen de ella una imagen menos edificante. ¿A quiénes da la razón san Agustín, a quien debemos cuanto conocemos de ella? El presente estudio examina las Confesiones del santo –la fuente de más abundante de información– desde esa perspectiva. La primera parte se ocupa de los libros 1-8; la segunda, del libro 9. En la primera se muestra cómo el hijo combina, desde el punto de vista moral-espiritual, alabanzas y críticas a la madre por el papel que desempeñó mientras lo acompañaba en su doble recorrido: hacia una vida cristiana coherente dentro de la Iglesia católica y hacia el éxito en la sociedad del imperio; en la segunda se muestra cómo Agustín elimina esa dicotomía, ofreciendo una imagen unificada de Mónica, la que se impuso entre los fieles. En medio hubo una conversión de la madre, equiparable en cierta medida a la del hijo.
Review on Potassium Research in Sudan: Past, Present and Future Prospects
Authors: Elsheikh Mohammed Abdalla , ElTilib AbdelMoneim Mohammed Ahmed
Published: February 2022

The objective of this review is to explore the possibility of changing the old perception among agriculturist from various disciplines that Sudanese soils are rich in potassium, this article reviewed the work that had been conducted on potassium in soils of Sudan since 1927.Hereby, potassium did not receive the worth attention in Sudan agricultural system. This article reviewed the work that had beenconducted on potassium in soils of Sudan since 1927. However, research work on soil potassium status and response of crops to the applied potassium is little. Early studies showed that some crops, like cotton and wheat, did not respond to the added potassium, however, sugarcane, banana, potato, and sweet potato crops responded well to the addedpotassium. Nevertheless, it is evident that application of potassium is a key factor in crops growth and quality. Accordingly, to improve crop production in Sudan, research for enhancing utilization of potassium element is needed. Many possible research for future directions have been suggested in the final part of this article.
Response of Five Wild Colocynth [Citrullus colocynthis ( L.) Schrad.] Ecotypes to Sowing Date, Regarding Their Growth, Seed Yield and Seed Oil Content
Authors: Eldosh Zeinab E. E. M. , Elsiddig Marmar A. , Ali Abdalla Mohamed
Published: February 2022

The rational exploitation of medicinal and aromatic plants can be through cultivation to conserve them as potential high economic value crops. The objective of this research was to evaluate the response of wild ecotypesof colocynth plants to sowing date regarding their growth, seed yield and seed oil content. The layout of the experiment was a split plot design with three replications. Treatments were two sowing dates and five wild ecotypes.Sowing dates of mid-July (autumn) And mid-March (summer) were randomized in the main plots. The five ecotypes were randomized in the subplots. The experiment was carried out for two seasons, 2013/14 and 2014/15. Parameters measured were ,days to 50 % emergence, days to 50 %flowering, mean number of fruits per plant, mean number of seeds per fruit,, weight of1000 seeds, seed yield and seed oil content. Number of days to 50 % emergence was significantly different between sowing dates only in the first season; however ecotypes were significantly different in both seasons.Number of days to 50 % flowering was not significantly different between sowing dates in both seasons, but was significantly different among ecotypes.

Numbers of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit and seed yield were significantly different between sowing dates and among ecotypes in both seasons. Most importantly, mean seed oil content of cultivation (sowingdates) was higher (16.4 %) than wild seed oil content (12.05). In conclusion, cultivation of colocynth was advantageous regarding plant growth, seed yield and oil content.