bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The choriothete of Glossina austeni Newst.
Authors: Tobe S. S. , Davey K. G.
Published: July 2009

The choriothete of Glossina austeni Newst. was examined in dissections and in histological sections. The choriothete is a highly modified invagination of the anteroventral wall of the uterus forming a tongue-like organ broadly attached to the floor of the uterus. Secretory cells in the choriothete epithelium produce a mucoprotein which finds its way onto the surface of the choriothete through pores in the cuticular intima. The mucoprotein serves as cement to fasten the chorion to the surfaceof the choriothete. Muscles in the choriothete maintain a tension on the ohorion and aid in the removal of the chorion when it is torn by the egg-tooth of the first-instar larva.No evidence was obtained which suggested that the choriothete served a similar function during larval ecdyses.
The eradication of Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newst. and Glossina tachinoides Westw. in part of a river flood plain in Northern Nigeria by chemical means. Part II.
Authors: Kirkby W. W. , Blasdale P.
Published: July 2009

A stretch of river with its flood plain, a habitat of Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newst. and G. tachinoides Westw. in the Sudan savannah zone of Northern Nigeria, which is an important cattle-raising area, is described.

An effective technique for the eradication of both species of tsetse has been developed, using a single application of a 5 per cent, aqueous suspension of DDT by knapsack sprayer in the places of dry-season concentration of the fly, and on the principal midday resting sites, viz., between ground-level and a height of 5 ft. on tree trunks greater than 6 in. in diameter.
A thermal preference method of bioassay of the toxicity of insecticidal films to house-flies.
Authors: Ward J. , Gillham E. M. , Potter C.
Published: July 2009

Methods that have been used to confine insects to the test surface during exposure to insecticidal deposits are briefly reviewed, and their limitations are discussed. Some unsuccessful preliminary experiments on alternative methods are mentioned.

A temperature-preference method of inducing house-flies, Musca domestica L., to remain on a treated surface is described, and the apparatus is illustrated. The treated surface forms the floor of a chamber; it is maintained at a higher temperature than the walls and lid. The flies are introduced by means of a plunger device.
The green scales of coffee in Africa south of the Sahara (Homoptera, Coccidae).
Authors: De Lotto G.
Published: July 2009

The true identity of the specimens from Africa recorded as Coccus africanus (Newst.) and C. viridis (Green) is reviewed in detail. Four other species of green scales attacking coffee in Africa south of the Sahara are described as new. These are: C. alpinus—for more than 40 years confused with africanus—C. celatus, C. consimilis and C. viridulus.
Phase Variation and Rate of Development in the Algerian Race of the Migratory Locust (Locusta migratoria, L.)
Authors: Uvarov B. P. , Hamilton A. G.
Published: July 2009

1. The Algerian race of Locusta migratoria, L., although never known to occur in the gregarious phase in nature can be transformed into almost typical ph. gregaria by breeding in crowded cages.

2. Biometric characters of such individuals indicate a relationship of the Algerian race to the subsp. migratoria, but the data are insufficient for a final decision on this point.

3. The rate of embryonic and hopper development in the Algerian race is the same as in the tropical African subsp. migratorioides when bred at the same temperature and relative humidity.

4. The rate of sexual maturation is very much slower in the Algerian race than in the tropical one bred under the same conditions.
The Oriental Migratory Locust (Locusta migratoria manilensis, Meyen 1835)
Authors: Uvarov B. P.
Published: July 2009

The form of the Migratory Locust (Locusta migratoria, L.) appearing in swarms in south-eastern tropical Asia, the Malay Archipelago and the Philippine Islands, is usually referred to the subspecies migratorioides (Reiche & Fairmaire) which occurs in tropical Africa. However, even a superficial examination of series of specimens of the gregarious phase is sufficient to show that the Oriental locusts are somewhat different in their size and structure from the African ones. It was, therefore, of interest to compare the two forms biometrically and the results as described below have proved that the Oriental Migratory Locust should be regarded as a subspecies distinct from the African one, as well as from the three other subspecies of Locusta migratoria so far distinguished (Uvarov & Zolotarevsky, 1929).
Locusta migratoria migratorioides, R. & F.: an Ecological Reconnaissance of the suspected Middle Niger Outbreak Area
Authors: Lean O. B.
Published: July 2009

The present paper is an account of a preliminary reconnaissance, undertaken during the wet season of 1932, of the suspected middle Niger outbreak area of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides, R. & F.
A List of the Termites of Tanganyika Territory, with Descriptions of two new Species
Authors: Harris W. Victor
Published: July 2009

As a basis for further work on the biology of termites, the need for which is now being generally recognized in view of the importance of this group of insects as pests in all tropical countries, the present list of the termites of Tanganyika Territory has been prepared. It incorporates the results so far obtained from the examination of a collection made by the writer during the past three years in a number of widely separated localities in Tanganyika, with the records given by Sjöstedt (1926). Previous records have been mainly from the Kilimanjaro-Usambara area in the extreme north-east of the Territory.
On the control of Household Ants
Authors: Thompson H. W. , Johnson L. R.
Published: July 2009

1. Methods of controlling ants invading houses are discussed.

2. Various methods have been tried, particularly against Monomorium pharaonis. The more general methods in use such as syrup baiting and the use of various insecticidal powders and sprays show at best a palliative effect and do not exterminate the pest. Destruction of the nest is effective where it can be carried out.

3. The use of a thallium sulphate-syrup as a poison bait devised by Popenoe has been tried with success against M. pharaonis and A. (Donisthorpea) niger. This inexpensive method is likely to prove useful in places where it is not practicable to find and destroy the nest, which invariably involves considerable structural alterations.
On the Biology of Emphytus Cinctus, L., and Blennocampa Waldheimi, Gimm. (Hym, Symphyta)
Authors: Miles Herbert W.
Published: July 2009

In the course of investigations on sawflies of economic importance, Emphytus cinctus, L., and Blennocampa waldheimi, Gimm., have been found causing injury to Rosaceae.
The physical Ecology of Microplectron fuscipennis, Zett. (Hym. Chalc.)
Authors: Ullyett G. C.
Published: July 2009

1. The influence of atmospheric humidity on the various stages in the life-cycle of Microplectron fuscipennis, Zett., is examined. Both the longevity of the adults and the extent of oviposition are found to be proportional to the saturation deficiency of the atmosphere. Under favourable temperature conditions, functional activities are at their maximum in a moist climate, but a wide tolerance is exhibited so far as oviposition is concerned. At normal humidities no effect on the developmental period of the parasite is apparent when the humidity is varied, and this is shown to be due to the protection afforded by the host cocoon.

2. Temperature affects the parasite in a normal manner. The threshold of development is approximately at 8·3°C., and the zone of functional activity is from 15° to a little over 35°C. Optimum conditions for oviposition and development occur between 20° and 35°C. Death occurs at 40°C., while at the lower temperatures, near freezing point, starvation of adults takes place after a lengthy exposure. The hibernating parasite can withstand temperatures very much below freezing point, field records coming from countries where the winter temperature falls to so little as −37°C.

3. The relation of Microplectron to climate is discussed and an explanation is offered of the wide variation in natural parasitism occurring in European countries.

4. The actual and possible distributions of the parasite in Europe are discussed and a map is presented depicting the position as known at present.

5. The possible distribution of the parasite in North America, after liberations have been made, is dealt with and it is shown that the present trend of dispersal of Diprion polytomum is in the direction of climatic conditions that are more favourable to the parasite than are those in the area where the parasite has already become established.
Pests attacking Citrus in Jamaica
Authors: Edwards W. H.
Published: July 2009

Oranges, and to a lesser extent grapefruit, have been exported from Jamaica for many years but to an extent considerably under the potentialities of production of the country. In order that the Colony may derive full benefit from natural conditions definitely propitious to the growth of these crops, as well as from the possibilities afforded by an exceptionally advantageous geographical position with regard to world markets and trade routes, the Department of Agriculture is at present organising and developing production of citrus fruits for export on a much larger scale.
Fissure fills along faults: Variscan examples from Gower, South Wales
Authors: WRIGHT V. , WOODCOCK N. H. , DICKSON J. A. D.
Published: July 2009

The extent to which persistent, rather than transient, fissures (wide planar voids) can exist along upper crustal faults is important in assessing fault permeability to mineral and hydrocarbon-bearing fluids. Variscan (late Carboniferous) faults cutting Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous) limestones on the Gower peninsula, South Wales, host clear evidence for fissures up to several metres wide. Evidence includes dendritic hematite growth and elongate calcite growth into open voids, spar ball and cockade breccia formation, laminated sediment infill and void-collapse breccias. Detailed mapping reveals cross-cutting geometries and brecciation of earlier fissure fills, showing that fissures were formed during, rather than after, active faulting. Fissures therefore probably formed by geometric mismatch between displaced fault walls, rather than by solution widening along inactive faults.
Information, Trading Volume, and International Stock Return Comovements: Evidence from Cross-Listed Stocks
Authors: Gagnon Louis , Karolyi G. Andrew
Published: July 2009

We investigate the joint dynamics of returns and trading volume of 556 foreign stocks cross-listed on U.S. markets. Heterogeneous-agent trading models rationalize how trading volume reflects the quality of traders’ information signals and how it helps to disentangle whether returns are associated with portfolio-rebalancing trades or information-motivated trades. Based on these models, we hypothesize that returns in the home (U.S.) market on high-volume days are more likely to continue to spill over into the U.S. (home) market for those cross-listed stocks subject to the risk of greater informed trading. Our empirical evidence provides support for these predictions, which confirms the link between information, trading volume, and international stock return comovements that has eluded previous empirical investigations.
Welfare, Asylum and the Politics of Judgment
Authors: MORRIS LYDIA
Published: July 2009

This article examines 14 judgments over a ten-year period of challenge to the removal of welfare support from ‘late claimers’ for asylum. The case history spans a period of transition in Britain from the general principles of the Common Law to the implementation of the Human Rights Act (HRA) (Home Office, 1998), but indeterminacy is to the fore in such a developing area of law, allowing considerable scope for judicial interpretation. The focus of this article is therefore the cumulative dynamic of the judgments, their strategic delivery and their policy impact. The analysis demonstrates the force of general principles in yielding a solution, while also providing evidence of judgment as political dialogue over competing visions of society.
Simulations of full impact of the Large Hadron Collider beam with a solid graphite target
Authors: Tahir N.A. , Schmidt R. , Brugger M. , Shutov A. , Lomonosov I.V. , Piriz A.R. , Hoffmann D.H.H.
Published: July 2009

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will operate with 7 TeV/c protons with a luminosity of 1034 cm−2 s−1. This requires two beams, each with 2808 bunches. The nominal intensity per bunch is 1.15 × 1011protons and the total energy stored in each beam is 362 MJ. In previous papers, the mechanisms causing equipment damage in case of a failure of the machine protection system was discussed, assuming that the entire beam is deflected onto a copper target. Another failure scenario is the deflection of beam, or part of it, into carbon material. Carbon collimators and beam absorbers are installed in many locations around the LHC close to the beam, since carbon is the material that is most suitable to absorb the beam energy without being damaged. In case of a failure, it is very likely that such absorbers are hit first, for example, when the beam is accidentally deflected. Some type of failures needs to be anticipated, such as accidental firing of injection and extraction kicker magnets leading to a wrong deflection of a few bunches. Protection of LHC equipment relies on the capture of wrongly deflected bunches with beam absorbers that are positioned close to the beam. For maximum robustness, the absorbers jaws are made out of carbon materials. It has been demonstrated experimentally and theoretically that carbon survives the impact of a few bunches expected for such failures. However, beam absorbers are not designed for major failures in the protection system, such as the beam dump kicker deflecting the entire beam by a wrong angle. Since beam absorbers are closest to the beam, it is likely that they are hit first in any case of accidental beam loss. In the present paper we present numerical simulations using carbon as target material in order to estimate the damage caused to carbon absorbers in case of major beam impact.
Infinitely generated free nilpotent groups: completeness of the automorphism groups
Authors: TOLSTYKH VLADIMIR
Published: July 2009

We transfer the results of Dyer, Formanek and Kassabov on the automorphism towers of finitely generated free nilpotent groups to infinitely generated free nilpotent groups. We prove that the automorphism groups of infinitely generated free nilpotent groups are complete. By combining the results of Dyer, Formanek and Kassabov with the results in this paper, one gets that the automorphism tower of any free nilpotent group terminates after finitely many steps.
Scientific advice seen from the perspective of a minister of science
Authors: Riesenhuber Heinz
Published: July 2009

Thea purpose of science funding policy is to pave the way into new territory without knowing the final outcome to be expected. This needs the input of a wide range of scientific advice in response to well defined questions. There must be a serious intention to listen and if possible act on such advice.
Immigration and integration in Germany since 1945
Authors: Bade Klaus J.
Published: July 2009

The immigration pattern in Germany has changed from emigration to immigration. The state has yet to recognize this fact and to come to terms with the social requirements that this entails. Public attitudes emphasize the difficulties that emigrants bring but are insufficiently attuned to the positive economic and cultural aspects of emigration.
The crisis of progress
Authors: Touraine Alain
Published: July 2009

The idea of continuous progress for mankind is no longer unquestioned. Problems of equality, rationality and emotion are unsolved. Conflict exists between cultural conformity and the threat of internationalism. In particular, modern rationalism is in conflict with traditional beliefs.
De la biologie à l'éthique les comités d'éthique de biologie
Authors: Bernard Jean
Published: July 2009

Bioethics has been stimulated by two happenings. Indignation provoked by the behaviour of Hitler's regime against the unfortunate deportees and the splendid progress of biology and medicine. One can distinguish two periods in the history of ethical committees. Firstly a period concerned only with local regional, hospital or university committees and a later period concerned with national committees (the first was created in France in 1983).

Three revolutions which pose important ethical questions have changed medicine in the last fifty years:

1. A therapeutic revolution with therapeutic trials (well organised trials on healthy volunteers, or comparative trials which are both morally necessary and necessarily immoral).

2. Organ transplantation with questions about the donor (dead or living) or the recipient who becomes a chimera.

3. Epidemiological enquiries with the difficult question of creating a register.

The biological revolution which came later has given man three masteries:

1. Developments in birth control, such as the RU of Baulieu, which can terminate pregnancy.

2. Artificial insemination ranging from treating male infertility to a matter of convenience.

3. In vitro fertilisation leads to the problem of what to do with supernumerary embryos.

Genetic developments lead to progress in predicting the predisposition to disease as well as the power to modify the inherited genetic makeup. The invention but not the discovery can be patented. Finally progress in knowledge of the nervous system leads to two important bioethical problems, psychopharmacology and nerve tissue grafts.

These difficult questions and the tensions that they have engendered have led ethical committees to formulate the following principles to guide their judgement:

1. The definition of a person at the very beginning of life, with the tendency to consider an embryo as a potential person.

2. Respect for knowledge depends on two precautions; confining some research to a small number of laboratories and having a moratorium on some new findings.

3. Eliminating the financial element from blood transfusions or organ donation.

4. The responsibility of the researcher who should deal with the ethical problems created by his or her research as it develops.

What is the role of the law in ethics? What legislation can be and what cannot be forecast? How can we develop the teaching of bioethics particularly in higher education, medicine and law? Can we start sufficiently early teaching morality in schools? How do we develop the necessary international arrangements? By increasing meetings? By creating a European bioethics committee? Finding an answer to these questions was the object of a meeting in Madrid in March 1992 of the chairmen of the national ethical committees of Europe.
Swords into ploughshares: co-operation in conversion
Authors: Arunachalam V. S.
Published: July 2009

Converting military technologies and manufacturing to meet civilian needs is beset with many difficulties as the rationale for the two are very different. The problem gets compounded in countries where the political and economic systems underwrite military manufacturing over other national priorities. This is what is happening now in the countries formed out of the former Soviet Union. In a single step, they are trying to convert military–industrial complexes into civilian manufacturing units and also transform the centrally commanded economy into a market driven and delegated one. Results available up until now of this Russian experiment are disappointing: appropriate civilian technologies and their market demands are not easily seen; there are no links connecting vendors, designers, manufacturers and the market. The only institution that can help in this impasse is the Design Bureau. This is a unique institution created by the Soviets for integrating various partners working in technology design, development and manufacturing. Though resented by many partners, the bureaux have worked satisfactorily in the past, and provided the technological expertise and manufacturing strength. It is suggested that this institution should be revived to integrate the various components of Russian manufacturing, taking care to replace the authoritarian structure of the bureau by a collaborative one. Among the institutions available today in Russia, the Design Bureaux are the only ones that appear capable of effecting Conversion among the many military–industry complexes of that country.
The importance of being imperfect
Authors: Cottrell Alan
Published: July 2009

We imagine crystals as Platonic ideals of perfection, but real ones are always faulty and impure. Most could not even have formed without faults. The endless variety of crystalline nature, leading for example to mechanical strength, brittleness, plasticity, transparency, reflectivity, colour, electrical conductivity, transistor behaviour, phosphorescence and photographic sensitivity, is largely brought about by faults and impurities.
Glass and the virtue of disorder
Authors: Zarzycki J.
Published: July 2009

Glasses can be defined as non-crystalline solids with a disordered liquid-like structure. After recalling the concepts of order and disorder in various states of aggregation of matter, the problem of glass formation by quench of melt is described as well as other ways of obtaining disordered solids. The evolution of the technology of glass-making is outlined and various applications of traditional and novel glasses are presented. The extraordinary development of glasses, which are essential in a modern economy, can be explained by the fact that these non-crystalline materials combine the properties of their parent crystals with those of liquids where the constraints linked with order are no longer present.
Extinction from a paleontological perspective
Authors: Raup David M.
Published: July 2009

Extinction of widespread species is common in evolutionary time (millions of years) but rare in ecological time (hundreds or thousands of years). In the fossil record, there appears to be a smooth continuum between background and mass extinction; and the clustering of extinctions at mass extinctions cannot be explained by the chance coincidence of independent events. Although some extinction is selective, much is apparently random in that survivors have no recognizable superiority over victims. Extinction certainly plays an important role in evolution, but whether it is constructive or destructive has not yet been determined.
Reflections on the ‘Tears of wine’ phenomena in materials
Authors: Hondros E. D.
Published: July 2009

Surface tension effects, due to the accumulation of minor components in the surface, play an important part in the processing and properties of materials. The ‘tears of wine’ is an example of such processes.
The fifth freedom; an essay review
Authors: Perutz Max
Published: July 2009

The greatest problem of civilization is the inexorable growth in population. This essay examines the problems in the context of two recent books concerned with the development of birth control pills.
Museums: evolving institutions
Authors: des Portes Elisabeth
Published: July 2009

Museums have been increasing in number and the attendance at them has grown tremendously in recent years. During the same period the concept of what constitutes a museum has underdone considerable evolution. This article discusses the changing ideas of museums.
National museums and international museums
Authors: Wilson David M.
Published: July 2009

At a time when nationalism grows more strident, the role of national museums assumes great importance. National museums encourage not only an understanding of national identity, but also patriotism. While this is natural, it has dangers in that the museum can be used politically to endorse racial and other charged emotions. The great international museums have provided an antidote to such tendencies by providing a universal view of the culture and natural history of the world from the earliest times. Because these museums have important material from other countries they are often attacked as odious relics of colonialism. Rather they should be seen as representative of internationalism and encouraged to collect as widely as possible—within the law. They should not be pressurized into returning material to its country of origin for narrow nationalistic purposes. National museums should themselves collect outside their own national boundaries so that countries can see themselves against the background of other cultures. As nationalism grows, internationalism must be stressed in national museums so that countries may understand each others' culture and points of view.
Archaeological sites as alternative exhibitions: the case of Akrotiri, Thera
Authors: Doumas Christos
Published: July 2009

Archaeological sites can be excellent alternative museums. They need appropriate enclosures and an imaginative arrangement of archaeological objects or replicas.
Habitat dioramas as ecological theatre
Authors: Wonders Karen
Published: July 2009

Habitat dioramas are natural history scenarios which typically feature mounted zoological specimens arranged in a foreground that replicates their native surroundings in the wild. Ideally, the three-dimensional foreground merges imperceptibly into a painted background landscape, creating an illusion—if only for a moment—of atmospheric space and distance. More profoundly, some of the major controversies hidden in the diorama concept are: taxonomic versus ecologic understanding; art versus science; popular education versus scientific documentation; culturally biased perception versus ‘objectivity’; and ‘Omni-max’ versus diorama.
Nationalism and politics in Eastern Europe
Authors: Gellner Ernest
Published: July 2009

The article restates the theory of Nationalism, which it links to the transition from agrarian to industrial or industrializing society. In an agrarian society, culture is used to underscore a complex and fairly stable system of statuses. Political units themselves are complicated and overlapping and ill-defined, and culture does not demarcate their boundaries. In an industrial society, work ceases to be physical and becomes semantic, and society itself is highly mobile. Under these circumstances, a shared and standardized, codified culture, inculcated by formal education, becomes a precondition of social participation and employability. When shared, literacy-linked culture is very important, people identify with it and thus become ‘nationalists’. The article also traces the five stages which Europe has passed in the course of this transition: the perpetuation of the old dynastic/religious political system in 1815, the century of nationalist irredentism, the setting up of a political system in 1918 based on nationalities which was weak and self-defeating, the most intensive period of ‘ ethnic cleansing’ in the 1940s under the cover of war-time secrecy and post-war retaliation, and finally a certain demolition of the intensity of ethnic feeling during advanced industrialism, thanks to the partial convergence of industrial cultures and the softening impact of affluence.
Nation and state in East Central Europe
Authors: Kosáry Domokos
Published: July 2009

A fully integrated Europe implies an increased diversity in composition but can only be an association of states which preserve their identity within a framework characterized by mutual tolerance. Historically, nationalities and ethnic groups lived intermingled and in relative harmony, this changed after nations became more separated after 1918. The old concept of nation state is not compatible with contemporary circumstances.
State building and nation building
Authors: Linz Juan J.
Published: July 2009

This essay discusses, from a historical and contemporary perspective, the processes of state and nation building. The difficulties of making every nation a state and every state a nation, and the fact that people live intermingled within the borders of states and have different and often dual identity leads to arguments for multi-national states, states which abandon the dream of becoming nation states and ‘nations’ willing to live in a multi-national democratic liberal state.
Collective minority rights and problems in their legal protection: the example of Yugoslavia
Authors: Varady Tibor
Published: July 2009

The article starts with an analysis of minority protection in Tito's Yugoslavia, and points out the merits and the shortcomings of this system. It has been suggested that after the collapse of Tito's Yugoslavia the standard was lost, and there were no more confines halting the escalation of ethnic hatred and violence. In this situation, setting new standards deserves an utmost priority. The article suggests some starting points for new standards. In doing so, an endeavour has been made to define the notion of minorities on the territories of the former Yugoslavia. The article also pleads for the recognition of collective minority rights in addition to individual human rights. Suggestions are made regarding appropriate internal and international legal mechanisms for the protection of minority rights.
Can there be a European law?
Authors: Mestmäcker E.-J.
Published: July 2009

In the wake of the Maastricht Treaty on European Union the legitimacy of European institutions and their law-making powers are questioned in all Member States. These questions are related to the understanding of sovereignty as the final arbiter of right and wrong in the democratic nation state. The role of law in this context is analysed by relying on European thinkers of the enlightenment who have shaped our understanding of law and legal systems to this day: Jeremy Bentham, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant. An analysis of the case law of the European Court of Justice reveals the constitutionalization of European law. The chain that bound sovereignty and law together was broken when the Court ruled that the Treaty confers upon citizens the right to enforce specific Treaty obligations of Member States in their domestic Courts of law. The task for the Community is to develop standards of Community law that limit the Community's jurisdiction just as it limits the power of Member States.
Parallels in nerve and muscle research
Authors: Huxley A. F.
Published: July 2009

The history of research on nerve conduction and muscle contraction shows many interesting parallels not only in the development of ideas about the underlying mechanisms but also in over-emphasis on certain ‘principles’ and in the loss of valid discoveries made at the turn of the century.
The origins of Pergamon Press: Rosbaud and Maxwell
Authors: Cahn Robert W.
Published: July 2009

Two men, as different in personality as it is possible to be, Paul Rosbaud and Robert Maxwell, each played a part in forming Pergamon Press, one of today's leading scientific publishers. This article outlines the tale.
The policy agenda: challenges for the new Europe
Authors: Sharp Margaret
Published: July 2009

This article argues that, just as science and technology policies played a key role in the early 1980s in dispelling Euro-pessimism and establishing a new momentum towards European integration, so, in the early 1990s, science and technology policies offer a viable way to confront Europe's present crisis of confidence. The agenda has shifted. Today the issues of unemployment, the environment and how best to assimilate the countries of Eastern and Central Europe jostle for priority alongside the older issues of competitiveness and globalization. In spite of the pessimism, none of these challenges is insuperable. On the contrary, it is argued, a co-ordinated supply-side response which gives priority, East and West, to encouraging investment in new equipment, new skills and energy-saving clean technologies, provides a route both out of recession and to increased competitiveness in the global market place.
What is scientific literacy?
Authors: Durant John
Published: July 2009

Scientific literacy should not be taken to mean the knowledge of a lot of science, but rather the understanding of how science really works.
The awareness of global climatic and environmental change
Authors: Oeschger Hans
Published: July 2009

Present understanding suggests that a doubling of CO2emission will occur in about 50 years and will lead to global warming of 2–4°C. Data from the past supports this. The paper analyses the factors influencing climatic change and the challenges to humanity this presents.
Scientific accounts of the universe from antiquity to Kepler
Authors: Pedersen Olaf
Published: July 2009

The paper describes very briefly the development of theoretical accounts of the system of the world from Antiquity to Kepler. It shows how all the three great scientific traditions—the Aristotelian, the Platonic and the Archimedean—have been active throughout this history. There is no single ‘scientific’ approach to the phenomena of nature.
Observations which contradict the hypothesis of a big bang universe
Authors: Arp Halton
Published: July 2009

The Big Bang theory requires all matter and galaxies to have been created simultaneously 15 billion years ago. But many young galaxies have been observed which must have been created more recently. Moreover, these younger objects, although demonstrably nearby, have large redshifts which cannot be due to recession velocity in an expanding universe. The fundamental assumption in the Big Bang is that extragalactic redshifts are caused only by the velocity of recession. It is shown here how every observational test which can be made on galaxies, and even stars, contradicts the assumption. It is described how a more general and more correct solution of the Einstein general relativity equations yields a non-expanding, continuous creation universe of unlimited age and size.
Poetics now?
Authors: Davies-Mitchell Margaret
Published: July 2009

This study of the problems which, in the light of developing literary theory, still confront the critic of poetry, concentrates on the lyric. Its close relationship to music throughout its evolution leads to an analysis—with examples—of the way in which sound and thought patterns combine both in the making of the poem and in its effects on the reader. In this context I indicate possibilities for future studies in the nature of reader reception and suggest that benefit might be derived from interdisciplinary research involving cognitive scientists. Throughout, I stress the obligation for the critic to take into account the holistic nature of the poem.
The return of the Jews to Spain
Authors: Lacave José Luis
Published: July 2009

The 500th anniversary of the expulsion of the Jews from Spain was marked on 31 March 1992 by a solemn ceremony in a Madrid synagogue at which the King of Spain welcomed Sephardic Jews back to their own country. This article examines the many benefits conferred on medieval Spain by its highly cultured Jewish population, the political background to the decree of expulsion and the gradual stages by which Sephardic Jews came to be welcomed back to their ancestral land, Sefarad.
Two fin de siècles
Authors: Wesseling H. L.
Published: July 2009

Is the end of the 20th century comparable with the end of the 19th century, the so-called fin de siècle? To what extent are the cultural characterizations of that decade—for fin de siècle is first and foremost a cultural concept—applicable to our days? The answer to this question is not easy to give because there are similarities as well as dissimilarities. The central preoccupation of the fin de siècle however was the feeling of decadence, the idea that European civilization was past its prime and on to the end. This notion is not a characteristic of the present day's cultural climate and therefore there exists a fundamental difference between the two periods.
The Fin de Siècles in literature
Authors: Neubauer John
Published: July 2009

Jacques Derrida's remark, ‘What is proper to a culture is to not be identical to itself,’ serves as a point of departure for a discussion of artistic and ethnic identities in late-19th and late 20th century literatures. The first part of this paper studies the images of the European and the colonized ‘Other’ in Joseph Conrad's The Heart of Darkness and J. M. Coetzee's Waiting for the Barbarians. The second part examines notions of artistic and ethnic identity in the culture of fin de siècle Vienna. The ‘crisis of liberalism’, which plays a pivotal role in Carl Schorske's study of that culture, gains new and urgent meaning through the ethnic conflicts that arose in the wake of the dissolution of the Soviet empire. Studying artistic identity today, we must distinguish between notions of diffuse identity in post-modern culture and the ethnic identity that writers not infrequently assume in Middle-and Eastern Europe.
Nationalism in thefin de siècleHabsburg monarchy
Authors: Sked Alan
Published: July 2009

This paper examines the nationality problem in the Habsburg monarchy at the end of the 19th century and looks at the ways in which it has been treated by historians. It analyses present-day Europe and concludes, perhaps ominously, that European Union is in danger of becoming a second Habsburg Empire.
The pharmacology of long-term memory
Authors: Mondadori Cesare
Published: July 2009

If information enters memory under the influence of a memory-enhancing substance, for about 16 hours thereafter the recollection of that information is no better than if it had been acquired without any treatment. Later tests of retention, however, performed one or more days, or even weeks, after the experience, show a drug-induced improvement of memory. Memory-enhancing compounds thus appear to facilitate the formation of the long-term memory trace. On the assumption that differences between treated and untreated animals emerge from that moment on when memory is based on the products of the processes modulated by the drugs, it can be postulated that long-term memory comes into play after about 16–20 hours.
Relationships between the social and the natural sciences
Authors: Fenstad Jens Erik
Published: July 2009

An integrated science and technology policy is both complex and urgent. We have gradually come to understand that the relationship between science and technology is not neat and linear: it is not a case of first some basic science; thereafter some design and development; and then products, profits and the end to unemployment! A comprehensive science and technology policy is not a matter which is internal to science and technology, it also lies within the domain of several of the social sciences. This article reflects, in some generality, upon the relationship between the social and natural sciences, and examines some of the differences and similarities in methods and models as used by the social and natural sciences.
New combinations
Authors: Rip Arie
Published: July 2009

By looking at science as a search process, disciplinary demarcations become secondary, and new combinations—which occur all the time—can be better recognized. The practices of natural science contain social science components (to discipline the world) and humanities components (telling of stories), and the quality of these components can be enhanced. The search perspective unifies science and scholarship; the important differences are not between natural science, social science and humanities, but between ‘grammar’, ‘(hi)story’ and ‘nomology’, three ideal–typical approaches in search processes. Existing scientific/scholarly developments and new combinations can be located on this map. An integrated science policy should create a stimulating environment for new combinations.
The future of cities in Western Europe
Authors: Hall Peter
Published: July 2009

The cities of Western Europe are profoundly affected by major global forces, which affect both the competitive advantage of different cities and the location of activities between cities and suburbs. These forces will impinge differentially on the main levels of the urban hierarchy; it is useful to distinguish between global cities, regional cities, older industrial cities and county-level cities.
Memory formation: its molecular and cell biology
Authors: Rose Steven P. R.
Published: July 2009

Memories are stored in the brain in the form of changes in synaptic connectivity brought about through a cascade of molecular processes. Transient synaptic changes result in alterations in gene expression and, ultimately, the synthesis of a family of cell adhesion molecules which are responsible for holding the synapse in a new configuration. However, memory remains a dynamic property of the brain system as a whole, rather than ‘residing’ in any particular small region.
The expansion of Europe, the division of the world and the development of science and technology
Authors: Wesseling H. L.
Published: July 2009

The history of the modern world has been dominated by two major events: the industrial revolution and the expansion of Europe. These two processes were interrelated. Their combination made it possible for Europe and, eventually, for the West to dominate the world. Science and technology played a major role in this. The relations between these processes are discussed in this paper.
Nation, nationalism and citizenship
Authors: Touraine Alain
Published: July 2009

The idea of nation has been created in Holland and Britain, in the United States and France, as a community of citizens, as a political society which gives a practical expression to universal rights by transforming freedom, equality and justice, into laws and reforms.

But, even if the claim for national independence has often associated universalistic principles with the defense of a concrete, historically and culturally defined community, from the second half of the XIXth Century on, aggressive nationalism has been more and more predominant as the defense of the specificity and even of the superiority of a givenVolkorNarod, to mention German and Russian notions. We reached extreme points of anti-liberalism, both with a racial or ethnic definition of the nation and with a cultural or a religious one.

It is inaccurate to think that economic globalization overcomes and limits nationalism. On the contrary, our world is dominated by the growing separation between ‘open’ economies and ‘closed’ cultures, dissociation which entails a basic crisis or even a decomposition of all social and political mediations.

We feel the necessity to reassert the role of political, national or local institutions not as instruments of legitimation of the State but as mediations between globalized economies and identity-obsessed cultures.
Switzerland—a paradigm for Europe?
Authors: Frey Bruno S. , Bohnet Iris
Published: July 2009

Learning from the Swiss experience, this article argues that federalism and direct democracy are effective mechanisms for dealing with the diversity of interests, languages, cultures and religions in Europe. These institutions only partly harmonize economic, social and cultural politics. By far more important is that federalism and referenda foster competition between the various interests, but do so within a well-defined basic constitutional design so that competition produces beneficial effects. Federalism is not an alternative to referenda but rather a prerequisite for the effective working of a direct democracy. In small communities, the information cost of voters deciding on issues or judging representatives' performance are much lower than in a large jurisdiction. The more fiscal equivalence is guaranteed, the better the benefits of publicly supplied goods can be acknowledged and the corresponding costs be attributed to the relevant political programmes or actors. Thus, while federalism provides for cheaper information, referenda enable citizens to use this knowledge effectively in the political process. The interdependence of federalism and referenda also works the other way around: referenda improve the working of federalism. Besides the possibility of voting with their feet, citizens may also vote directly. This represents a double incentive for politicians to take their citizens' preferences into account; otherwise, they may lose their tax base to another jurisdiction or may be forced by referenda and initiatives to meet the demands of the voters.
Tree-rings, absolute chronology and climatic change
Authors: Kromer Bernd , Becker Bernd
Published: July 2009

In the Hohenheim tree-ring laboratory, two long tree-ring chronologies have been built, spanning the past 11 600 years. This is the world's longest continuous tree-ring calendar. It has become the backbone of the calibration of the radiocarbon time scale, offering absolute and accurate dates for archaeology, vegetation history and paleoclimate studies. 14C analyses of the tree-ring chronologies provide insight into the process controlling the production of cosmogenic nuclides, i.e. mainly the geomagnetic dipole moment and solar variability. They also set geochemical constraints to variations in the carbon cycle during a major climatic excursion.
Progress in Genetic Engineering of Plants
Authors: Simoens Chris , Van Montagu Marc
Published: July 2009

Plant gene engineering has become a promising sector of biotechnology. Recently, genetically engineered tomato and pumpkin varieties have been put on the market in the US. Many other crops are undergoing field tests and will soon be commercially available. The development of pest-resistant varieties may provide a substantial contribution to a sustainable agriculture. Pest resistance and higher yield are important in the face of the growing world population. There are also major industrial applications, such as engineering a desired oil or starch composition and increasing the level of certain valuable secondary metabolites.
Postmodernism in music
Authors: Flotzinger Rudolf
Published: July 2009

The relevance of the term ‘postmodernism’ to a discussion of the music of this century is examined. Postmodernism in music does not have any precise meaning but can be used to evaluate a number of aspects of contemporary music.
Doctors under Tension
Authors: Hoffenberg Raymond
Published: July 2009

The practice of medicine should be humanitarian, in which the primary object is the relief of suffering and the interests of patients are paramount. In certain circumstances even the best of doctors might find it difficult to sustain these principles. Doctors, especially those employed by the State, may be expected to participate in aspects of corporal or capital punishment, which introduces a conflict of loyalties and subordinates the interests of individuals to those of the State. Others, in the prison or police services, may get drawn into or comply with physical abuse and torture, most commonly through failing to report incidents that come to their notice. In this paper I discuss some aspects of medicine under tension in the light of the South African experience.
Toward green mobility: the evolution of transport
Authors: Ausubel Jesse H. , Marchetti Cesare , Meyer Perrin S.
Published: July 2009

We envisage a transport system producing zero emissions and sparing the surface landscape, while people, on average, range hundreds of kilometres daily. We believe this prospect of ‘green mobility’ is consistent in general principles with historical evolution. We lay out these general principles, extracted from widespread observations of human behaviour over long periods, and use them to explain past transport and to project the next 50 to 100 years. Our picture emphasizes the slow penetration of new technologies of transport, adding speed in the course of substituting for the old ones in terms of time allocation. We discuss in increasing detail railroads, cars, aeroplanes, and magnetically levitated trains (maglevs).