bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ICTIS DISENTANGLED, AND THE BRITISH TIN TRADE
Authors: HAWKES C.F.C.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Recent writers here, on routes by sea to ancient Britain, have revived the quest for Ictis, recorded as a port for the trade in its tin. Apart from Caesar's De Bello Gallico, nearly all the relevant sources are in Greek, and one of the few in Latin is from previous Greek. The relevant archaeology, marine technology and natural sciences, should still be advantaged by attention to these texts, in their wording and their contexts and chronology. They comprise three groups: Pytheas and Timaeus, before and after 300 BC, Polybius and Posidonius, before and after 100, Diodorus in the middle first century and Strabo near its end. Pliny, after the middle first century AD, quotes Timaeus. Each of the three groups throws light on the trade, Diodorus almost certainly, and nearly always Strabo, reflecting what had been shed by writers before them. It is Diodorus, expected here to be using Posidonius, who tells us of Ictis. But the various dates of the evidence altogether, when compared with the archaeological and scientific findings, let routes for the trade be distinguished not only in geography, but also in the chronology of their use. This essay takes account of all relevant work done hitherto, but advances beyond it wherever this is seen to be feasible. It disentangles the location of Ictis from persistent error, though doing so cannot yet fix it with final probability; but putting all the ancient sources for the trade to a critical scrutiny, with exact translations, enhances their accord with archaeology.
INTRUSIVE BURIAL GROUPS IN THE LATE ROMAN CEMETERY AT LANKHILLS, WINCHESTER—A REASSESSMENT OF THE EVIDENCE1
Authors: BALDWIN ROBERT
Published: May 2007

This paper examines the evidence brought forward by the excavator to support his hypothesis that foreign ethnic groups were buried in the late Roman cemetery at Lankhills, Winchester, and that these groups are identifiable from their burial rites. The report is reassessed within the pattern of diversity which is the demonstrable norm of burial practice worldwide. The value of strongly theoretical explanations of funerary layout is questioned in the light of case‐studies where historical sources add an otherwise unavailable dimension to the context of the known archaeological data.
ARCHAEOLOGY, ECONOMICS AND EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE
Authors: ASTILL G.
Published: May 2007

This paper assesses the contribution Richard Hodges has made to the archaeological study of the early medieval economy. After a review of methodology, three themes are considered: reciprocal exchange; the emporia; and regions and markets. The nature of exchange may be more complex, and more difficult to characterise, than Hodges allows. It is argued that the role of the king in exchange has been exaggerated, particularly with regard to Dorestad, while the extent to which inland regions and inland ports were involved in exchange may have been underestimated; this has led to a false appreciation of the emporia. Further work is needed to characterise the economy of the regions of early medieval Europe.
THE SITING OF NEOLITHIC STONE QUARRIES—EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY AT GREAT LANGDALE, CUMBRIA
Authors: BRADLEY RICHARD , FORD STEPHEN
Published: May 2007

Summary. Although the general distributions of stone axes and their sources have been studied for many years, it is not clear whether the production of these artefacts was carried out by specialists. One way of resolving the problem may be to consider the efficiency with which raw material was extracted. This paper describes an attempt to assess the factors influencing the siting of the Group VI stone quarries at Great Langdale. It is concluded that there is only a limited relationship between the most suitable locations, as suggested by detailed sampling of the outcrop, and those sites where stone working actually took place. This suggests that some of those using such sites may have lacked a detailed knowledge of the area.
AN ASSEMBLAGE OF BRONZE ARTEFACTS FROM IVINGHOE, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE
Authors: DALWOOD HAL
Published: May 2007

Summary.An assemblage of 20 bronze artefacts discovered together is described, which includes 17 Late Bronze Age objects belonging to the Wilburton tradition (including one decorated sword hilt). The assemblage also includes three other objects, of later dates, and the separate discovery of a Wilburton sword, found nearby, is also described. The origin of the Wilburton items as part of a hoard is discussed and the likely history of the assemblage is considered. A metallurgical report on all the objects, by J.P. Northover is included.
WHEELS WITH THICKENED SPOKES, AND THE PROBLEM OF CULTURAL CONTACT BETWEEN THE AEGEAN WORLD AND EUROPE IN THE LATE BRONZE AGE
Authors: PARE CHRISTOPHER
Published: May 2007

Summary. A technological advance in wheel construction, entailing spokes with thickened or strengthened ends, can be detected in Central Europe at the start of the Late Bronze Age. Spokes with thickened ends are seen in Central Europe on full‐size wheels, wagon models and wheel depictions. It is argued that this technological innovation had its source in the Aegean, where wheels with thickened spokes are seen not only depicted on late Mycenaean craters but also on Linear B wheel ideograms. The second part of the article discusses a closely‐related Central European group of wheel‐shaped designs, characterised by forked spokes, found on pin‐heads, pendants, decorated belt‐sheets, phalerae and belt‐hooks. As some of these designs refer to real wheels constructed with thickened or strengthened spoke ends, it is concluded that the designs really represent wheels, although the designs are often so simplified that this is not immediately apparent.
THE ROLE OF DAGGERS IN EARLY BRONZE AGE BRITAIN: THE EVIDENCE OF WEAR ANALYSIS
Authors: WALL JULIA
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper examines the detailed condition of 55 Early Bronze Age daggers from central southern England. It appears that the more elaborate weapons had remained in circulation for a longer period than other examples.
FOSSIL DIATOMS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Authors: MANNION A.M.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The relationship between environmental archaeology and diatom analysis, a well established technique in palaeoecology, is explored. The development of diatom analysis for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction is briefly considered and flow diagrams are presented to illustrate laboratory techniques. Examples of research in Mexico, North America, Britain and Europe are discussed to illustrate the potential of diatom analysis as a means of assessing human impact on the environment, notably lake water quality, and as a means of elucidating the palaeoenvironmental conditions under which archaeological sediments have accumulated. Consideration is also given to the role of diatom analysis in examining land/sea‐level changes, especially those which may have affected prehistoric resource use, and to its significance in the reconstruction of local environments in and around archaeological sites. Finally, the potential of fossil diatoms for provenancing pottery is explored with particular reference to Dutch and Finnish examples.
A MELIAN RELIEF REDISCOVERED
Authors: CHESTERMAN JAMES
Published: May 2007

Summary. A fifth‐century B.C. ‘Melian’clay relief showing Odysseus has been rediscovered in a private collection. It is here related to other specimens and the creation of a nineteenth‐century forgery of a related type is discussed.
SHEEPSKIN FROM ANCIENT KERMA, NORTHERN SUDAN
Authors: RYDER M. L.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The material described came from the Ancient Kerma civilisation (c. 2000 B. C.) and comprised 19 haired skin samples from Kerma itself with a further nine from the site of Kadruka. Diameter distributions were determined on hair cut from the skin, and the skin itself was sectioned histologically in a plane parallel to the skin surface.

Most of the samples had a non‐fleeced‘Hair’type of coat, but three were immensely interesting in suggesting fleeces of hairy medium type, which represents the first indication of the development of a fleece.

The distribution of most of the hair diameters was that of the winter coat suggesting that the animals had been killed during the winter. This was supported by the presence of inactive wool roots within the skin.
THE CASE FOR CONTINUITY IN FIFTH‐CENTURY CANTERBURY RE‐EXAMINED
Authors: BROOKS DODIE A.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Brooks (1986) concluded that there was no compelling evidence for continuity between the late Roman and early Anglo‐Saxon periods in any of the major towns of Roman Britain. Important new evidence, especially from the Marlowe I–IV and Marlowe Theatre sites, necessitates a re‐examination of the position in Canterbury. The conclusions reached are that (a) the gap in occupation in Canterbury is much shorter than previously thought, and perhaps as little as 20 years; (b) nevertheless, because there is no evidence of cultural mingling between the Romano‐British and the Anglo‐Saxons, or of agricultural use of the dark soil, there still is a gap, and continuity in Canterbury therefore still remains to be proved.
THE OCCURRENCE OF DRILLED HOLES IN LATER NEOLITHIC POTTERY
Authors: CLEAL ROSAMUND
Published: May 2007

Summary.Holes drilled after firing are an occasional occurrence in earlier prehistoric pottery, and are generally accepted as intended to enable repair of cracks or breaks by binding. It would seem reasonable to expect that rates of repair would be fairly consistent, but this is not the case with later Neolithic ceramics in southern Britain. There, drilled holes are more common in the Grooved Ware tradition than in the Beaker or Peterborough traditions, and it is suggested that this may be owing to the high symbolic content of Grooved Ware rendering the repair of such vessels particularly worthwhile to their users. Other factors likely to influence the decision to repair rather than discard vessels are considered, and in this connection the fabrics of repaired vessels in the earlier Neolithic assemblage at Maiden Castle are also briefly discussed. A short list of sites with repaired vessels is appended.
IRON AGE COIN DEPOSITION AT HARLOW TEMPLE, ESSEX
Authors: HASELGROVE COLIN
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper evaluates the depositional patterning, associations and regional context of the Iron Age coins found during previous excavations at the Romano‐Celtic temple at Harlow, west Essex, in the light of renewed work now taking place there. Together, the patterns which emerge suggest that the bulk of the Iron Age coin finds from the temple site were not deposited until the late pre‐Conquest era at the earliest. Most indeed are more probably offerings of the early Roman period, when deposition of coins and brooches was at its most intensive. The nature and significance of the pre‐Conquest use of the hillock is briefly reconsidered in relation to later Iron Age and early Roman ritual and mortuary practices elsewhere in south‐east England and beyond.
MODELS OF CONTINUITY
Authors: REECE RICHARD
Published: May 2007

Summary. Recent discussions of continuity between Roman and Saxon Britain have not considered in detail the bases of dating, or the model which is being used to explain the transition from one state to the other. This builds considerable dangers and uncertainties into any future work. The problems inherent in late Roman and Early Saxon chronology are aired, the two most obvious current models of transition are considered, rejected, and replaced by a model involving minimal population movement but total change in fashions.
THE TETRARCHIC IMAGE
Authors: WALDEN CATHERINE
Published: May 2007

Summary. The portraits of the Tetrarchs form a relatively coherent group after the confusion of images of earlier third century emperors (for a recent catalogue see L'Orange 1984). Their distinctive style, with its square, stylised features, has been labelled ‘cubist’(e.g. Vermeule 1962a). The use of such images as the porphyry figures in Venice (Fig. 1) appears to have been deliberate imperial policy (L'Orange 1984, 103 for references). The aim of this article is to discuss what the Tetrarchic image was intended to express, how it was evolved and what influence it had on the course of Roman portraiture.
NEOLITHIC SOILS, MIDDENS AND ALLUVIUM IN THE LOWER WELLAND VALLEY
Authors: FRENCH C.A.I.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The soil micromorphological analysis of buried soils and probable ‘midden’ deposits buried beneath alluvium from six sites in the lower Welland valley between Maxey and Etton (Cambridgeshire) has revealed a deforested early Neolithic landscape which quickly became subject to seasonal alluviation. This paper suggests that the Neolithic/Bronze Age use of this landscape is directly related to its interpretation as an alluviated floodplain rather than an alluviated, former dry‐land landscape.
BEFORE HILLFORTS
Authors: CUNLIFFE BARRY
Published: May 2007

Summary. The origins of four Hampshire hillforts are examined and their relationships to linear ditch systems are defined. Comparable sites are briefly considered. From this evidence a pattern of change covering the first half of the first millennium BC can be distinguished beginning with open settlement and ending with strongly defended hillforts set in a densely occupied landscape. Reasons for the transformation are considered, the most likely being a change from communally owned land to the individual control of defined territories.
TRITON'S TRUMPET: A NEOLITHIC SYMBOL IN ITALY
Authors: SKEATES ROBIN
Published: May 2007

Summary. The distribution and uses of triton shells in Italy from the Neolithic to modern times are described in detail, along with a summary of examples from the Neolithic and Copper Age of Central Europe and the central and eastern Mediterranean. Attention is then focused upon the triton shell trumpet, which is interpreted both as a Neolithic visual symbol and an oral signal, and suggestions are offered concerning its changing meaning in historical and more recent times.
ATTIC RED‐FIGURED LEKYTHOI, SECONDARY TYPES: CLASS 6L
Authors: COOK B.F.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Studies in the attribution of Greek figured pottery follow a convention laid down by Beazley that attributions to ‘Groups’ are based on the style of drawing, while those on the potting are to ‘Classes'. Another distinct class of red‐figured lekythoi is here added to those identified by Beazley himself. The distinguishing features of the Class are described, and discussion follows of its origin and development, its chronology, and its relationship to various Painters and Groups initially recognised or later accepted by Beazley himself.
DATING THE BRONZE AGE IN SPAIN
Authors: HARRISON R.J. , WAINWRIGHT J.
Published: May 2007

Summary. How can archaeologists combine and use C14 determinations when they have irregular recalibrated dates? This question is solved by an example with six determinations from the Bronze Age settlement of El Castillo in the mountains of eastern Spain. For the first time we can date precisely the end of the Eneolithic to 2150–2110 BC, and the start of a Bronze Age expansion stage by 1960 BC. Each has a distinctive material culture; that of the Bronze Age stage is linked closely to the climax of the Motillas in La Mancha, and more distantly to El Argar in SE Spain.
SONGS OF A WAYFARING LAD
Authors: RUIZ‐GÁLVEZ MARISA
Published: May 2007

Summary. Trade languages are an indispensable mechanism of communication and acculturation in direct and long term trade relationships. In such cases, the aim of this paper is to suggest that Lusitanian, the old Indoeuropean language spoken in West Iberia, arrived in this way from the Atlantic region in the Late Bronze Age, together with technical improvements and a new ideology that deeply influenced the local population, which preserved these cultural features unchanged until the Roman conquest.
POSSIBLE TIMBER CIRCLES AT DORCHESTER‐ON‐THAMES
Authors: GIBSON ALEX
Published: May 2007

Summary:This paper re‐examines the pit circles at Dorchester on Thames in the light of the recently excavated timber circle at Sarn‐y‐bryn‐caled. It is suggested that the Dorchester sites were originally timber circles whose posts were later dug out prior to their secondary use as cremation cemeteries. Pits in the base of the segmented ditches, interpreted as ‘Bothroi’or votive pits by Atkinson, may represent the bases of the posts. These might survive either as a result of incomplete digging out or digging in to ensure that the tops of posts of unequal length were level. Duplication of post‐bases in some of the Dorchester sites finds parallel in the recently exacavated timber circle of Dorchester 3.
THE EARLY NEOLITHIC of WESTERN FRANCE and MEGALITHIC ORIGINS IN ATLANTIC EUROPE
Authors: SCARRE CHRIS
Published: May 2007

Summary: Recent work on the early neolithic of western France has demonstrated the importance of influences and ideas from both the early farming communities of the Paris basin and the early neolithic groups of the Mediterranean zone. the complex pattern resulting from the interplay of these two sources has led to lively debates about the origins of the megalithic tombs of Brittany and west‐central France. Much emphasis has been placed on the impact of neolithic expansion from the east and its role as cause or catalyst in the development of megalithic tombs. the present article argues that explanations which look to the east for the origin of west French megaliths pay insufficient attention to the nature of early megalithic tombs, especially passage graves, as an essentially Atlantic phenomenon.
THERA, SULPHUR, and CLIMATIC ANOMALIES
Authors: MANNING STURT W.
Published: May 2007

Summary: A major climatic ‘event’is known from the 17th century BC, and some scientists and archaeologists have sought to associate it with the large Late Bronze Age eruption of the Thera volcano in the Aegean. Sulphur production is the key to the climatic impact of a volcanic eruption, and petrologic estimates of the sulphur production of the Thera eruption appeared to show that it was far too small to have caused the climatic event, and, in particular, the 17th century BC sulphuric acid spike in a Greenland ice‐core. However, study of recent eruptions demonstrates that petrologic estimates can be very significant under‐estimations, and so the Theran sulphur production may have been much greater than presently thought. Therefore Thera is again a candidate as the cause of the 17th century BC climatic disturbances, and, from current chronometric evidence, perhaps the best candidate. Further multi‐parameter chronometric research could very soon enable possibilities and probabilities to become more definite.
THE WILD GOAT and FIKELLURA STYLES: SOME SPECULATIONS
Authors: COOK R.M.
Published: May 2007

Summary: It is suggested that the Wild Goat style began and was formed at Miletus and later was adopted with variations by other East Greek cities, and that when around 600 BC the North Ionian school developed a successful incising style, the old style persisted elsewhere, probably till the advent of Fikellura about 560 BC. Fikellura, it is argued, was a sudden creation, without a long transitional stage.
THE ORGANISATION of the MEDIEVAL TILE INDUSTRY
Authors: STOPFORD J.
Published: May 2007

Summary: This paper looks at the organisation of medieval tileries, concentrating particularly on kiln sites thought to have produced floor tiles. Models for different forms of organisation are applied to excavated sites. the economic implications of changes in modes of operation are discussed.
MATERIAL CULTURE and CHRONOLOGY of the MIDDLE NEOLITHIC of WESTERN FRANCE
Authors: CASSEN SERGE
Published: May 2007

Summary: The article is meant to update the sequence of the various ‘cultural groups’making up the Middle Neolithic of the French west coast, and sets out a few definitions of the ceramic sets on which the periodization is based, between Normandy and Gironde, from 5500 BP to 4600 BP (4400‐3400 BC Cal.).
CHARCOAL ANALYSIS and the VEGETATIONAL EVOLUTION of NORTH‐WEST PORTUGAL
Authors: FIGUEIRAL I.
Published: May 2007

Summary: The palaeoenvironment of north‐west Portugal is investigated from the late Bronze Age to Roman times. This research is based on the analysis of charcoal from seven archaeological sites. the results contain important information for a better understanding of the vegetational environment of man during this period. Man‐environment relations are also examined.
PHOENICIAN UNGUENT FACTORIES IN DARK AGE GREECE: SOCIAL APPROACHES to EVALUATING the ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
Authors: JONES DONALD W.
Published: May 2007

Several cases of overseas branches of Phoenician unguent factories have been hypothesized for Dark Age Greece. Efforts to evaluate the hypotheses to date have focused on technical and artistic characteristics of artifactual remains. This paper shifts that focus to examination of social and economic prerequisites and concomitants of foreign branch plants, and implications for archaeological testing. the economic structure of the problem is characterized as involving factory location and foreign direct investment; these concepts are examined for anachronisms. the size of establishment required to make the branch factory hypothesis plausible may not have been an insuperable problem, but the capacity to repatriate profits in the Greek Dark Age places more serious restrictions on the branch plant hypothesis. One of the more reasonable alternatives to the branch plant hypothesis is the immigrant craftsman, the implications of which are discussed.
COIN SCALES IN LATE PRE‐ROMAN IRON AGE BRITAIN
Authors: VAN ARSDELL ROBERT D.
Published: May 2007

A survey of excavation reports for sixty‐one LPRIA sites in Britain reveals five ‘fine’ balances and objects possibly representing seven more. This paper describes the scales and discusses their use in Iron Age Britain.
SOTIRA KAMINOUDHIA AND THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN CYPRUS
Authors: MANNING STURT W. , SWINY STUART
Published: May 2007

Summary. The Early Bronze Age (EBA) of Cyprus is a key phase of transformation in the prehistory of the island. Major developments are observed in the economic, social and artistic arenas, but owing to the lack of excavated settlements no firm chronology has ever existed for this period. Excavations in southern Cyprus at Sotira Kaminoudhia, a site with an assemblage belonging in broad terms to the Early Cypriot (EBA) Red Polished ceramic tradition, have helped to fill the lacuna. This paper presents the analyses of a series of radiocarbon determinations from well stratified organic samples in the settlement. These both confirm the EBA status of the site and provide the first firm absolute chronology for the Cypriot EBA. In addition, the new data from Sotira Kaminoudhia provide an opportunity to examine the beginning of this period on Cyprus — specifically the much debated issue of the so‐called Philia Phase — both in chronological and socio‐economic terms.
WHO INVENTED THE CLAW CHISEL?
Authors: PALAGIA OLGA , BIANCHI ROBERT STEVEN
Published: May 2007

Summary.Part I discusses the problem of the introduction of the claw chisel in stone masonry and sculpture. This tool was thought to have been invented in 6th‐century Greece for the needs of marble carving. The detection of its traces on a tomb of 7th‐century Egypt in soft limestone, however, now suggests not only that the Greeks borrowed it from the Egyptians but also that it was not originally a marbleworker's tool. Part II deals with both the tomb and career of an Egyptian official designated Nespeqashuty D in order to place into a chronological framework one of the earliest securely dated attestations for the use of the claw chisel in Egyptian art. Both parts are intended to place the impact of Egypt on Greece into sharper focus.
MIGRAINE, LIGHT AND HALLUCINOGENS: THE NEUROCOGNITIVE BASIS OF IRISH MEGALITHIC ART
Authors: DRONFIELD JEREMY
Published: May 2007

Irish passage‐tomb art has been interpreted as a representation of endogenous visual phenomena associated with consciousness‐altering practices. This paper describes an analysis of passage‐tomb art in which a detailed breakdown of shape distributions is used to identify the specific means of inducing these visual phenomena at each tomb. This suggests three major sources for the art: migraine, light flicker and hallucinogenic substances, which are evident in different combinations at different tombs.
HEROIC TIME: MONUMENTS AND THE PAST IN MESSENIA, SOUTHWEST GREECE
Authors: SPENCER NIGEL
Published: May 2007

The archaeological structure of a landscape in terms of the history of settlement and burial in a particular locale through time, together with the construction, development and importance of the monuments placed within it, has become a feature of recent landscape archaeology in the study of Neolithic and Bronze Age Britain. The present paper introduces some of these themes into the study of the Messenia, southwest Greece, approaching two main problems. First, how the location chosen for the Late Bronze Age Palace of Nestor related to earlier patterns of habitation of the Middle Helladic period (an issue hitherto ignored by previous ‘period‐specific’studies) and, secondly, the later relevance of the Bronze Age landscape in the Iron Age when issues such as the ‘Past’and ‘History’came to be of great significance in Messenia.
LECHAION, WESTERN PORT OF CORINTH: A PRELIMINARY ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY
Authors: ROTHAUS RICHARD
Published: May 2007

Lechaion was the western port of the prosperous city of Corinth, and thus much of the Corinthia, Argolid and Peloponnesos. The position of Lechaion ensured that the port was used for traffic with the western Mediterranean as well as central Greece. Lechaion was separated from the city by agricultural land, but remained a dependent entity; in the classical period the port was connected to the city by long walls. The port contained an outer and inner harbor with a combined area of approximately 150,000 m2 The outer harbor works consisted of two large moles; the inner harbor was artificially excavated. Multiple periods of construction are suggested by the archaeological remains. The construction phases of the harbor may be related to the expansive economic activity in Corinth at the beginning of the sixth century B. C., c. A.D. 45, and perhaps again c. A.D. 355.
AN INSCRIPTION FROM NORTHERN ITALY, THE ROMAN TEMPLE COMPLEX IN BATH AND MINERVA AS A HEALING GODDESS IN GALLO‐ROMAN RELIGION *
Authors: SAUER EBERHARD
Published: May 2007

This article is about a dedication to Minerva by a Roman officer, made in a healing sanctuary in northern Italy, fulfilling a vow he had taken in Britain(?) In both northern Italy and in Britain Minerva was sometimes venerated as a healing goddess, for example at the spa of Bath which had possibly been visited by the officer in search of a cure. It is argued that this cult originated in the equation of pre‐Roman healing goddesses who had similar functions to Minerva. The inscription is taken as a starting point for an investigation into the geographical distribution and form of the cult in general. A major aim of this compilation of evidence is to show that central aspects of the veneration of Minerva as a healing goddess which are only attested in single cases can be taken with caution as comparative examples for her cult in other sanctuaries such as Bath, thus giving (despite many uncertainties) a more complete and vivid picture of the complexity of the religious life there and an idea of the attitude of people towards the goddess and of their hopes and emotions.
SOME SYRIAN GLYPTIC
Authors: BOARDMAN JOHN
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper restudies an Early Iron Age group of haematite seals of Syrian origin, adding an important example from an 18th‐century British collection, and going on to consider seals of comparable style from the same area, and Syrian glyptic in general of the 9th and 8th century B.C.
Lineage identification of Galápagos tortoises in captivity worldwide
Authors: Russello M. A. , Hyseni C. , Gibbs J. P. , Cruz S. , Marquez C. , Tapia W. , Velensky P. , Powell J. R. , Caccone A.
Published: May 2007

Ex situ conservation strategies may be substantially informed by genetic data, and yet only recently have such approaches been used to facilitate captive population management of endangered species. The Galápagos tortoise Geochelone nigra is an endangered species that has benefited greatly from the application of molecular and population genetic data, but remains vulnerable throughout its range. The geographic and evolutionary origins of 98 tortoises in private collections and zoos on three continents were identified using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences and multi‐locus microsatellite genotype data relative to a large database of representative samplings from all extant populations, including historical population allele frequency data for the Geochelone nigra abingdoni taxon on Pinta by way of museum specimens. All but six individuals had mtDNA haplotypes previously sampled, with the novel haplotypes identified as most closely related to robust populations on the islands of Santa Cruz and Isabela. Multi‐locus genotypic assignments corroborated the results obtained from the mtDNA analyses, with 83.7% of individuals consistently assigned to the same locality by both datasets. Overall, the majority of captive unknowns sampled were assigned to the La Caseta Geochelone nigra porteri population, with no fewer than six individuals of hybrid origin detected. Although a purported Pinta individual was revealed to be of Pinzón ancestry, the two females currently housed with Lonesome George exhibited haplotypic and genotypic signatures that indicate that they are among the most appropriate matches for captive breeding. More generally, molecular approaches continue to represent important tools for assessing conservation value, minimizing hybridization and guiding management programs for preserving the distinctiveness of G. nigra taxa in captivity.
The Readiness of Primary Schools to Teach the National Curriculum in Art and Design
Authors: CLEMENT ROBERT
Published: May 2007

This paper summarises the findings of the research and development project, ‘Supporting Primary Art’ which was established at the Centre for the Study of the Arts in Primary Education at the Rolle Faculty of Education of the University of Plymouth in October 1992 with support and funding from the Calouste Gulbenkian and Paul Hamlyn Foundations. It is the intention of the project to investigate the response of teachers in primary schools to the introduction of the national curriculum in art and, on the basis of the understandings gained, to develop and evaluate appropriate forms of in‐service training and support materials to address those difficulties and concerns identified by teachers in meeting the overall requirements of the Statutory Orders for Art.

The project has in mind the significant advantage to the development of art and design education in our schools that is presented by the introduction of the national curriculum in art and the opportunities here to reinforce and extend the richness and quality of the teaching of art to a wider cohort of schools.

We hope that this report will help LEAs and those involved in the initial, postgraduate and in‐service training of teachers in their work in preparing students and supporting teachers to understand, teach and deliver the national curriculum in art.
Roundtable Discussion: Hypertension and Comorbidities
Authors: Moser Marvin , Miller Nancy Houston , Jaffe Marc , Gifford Ray
Published: May 2007

Following a symposium on hypertension sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in San Francisco in April, 2000, a panel was convened to discuss the management of high‐risk hypertensive patients with comorbid diseases. The roundtable consisted of Nancy Houston Miller of Stanford University School of Medicine; Dr. Marc Jaffe of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Group of Northern California; and Dr. Ray Gifford, Jr., Emeritus Chief of Hypertension and Nephrology at the Cleveland Clinic. The panel was chaired by Dr. Marvin Moser of the Yale University School of Medicine.
Obesity, Body Fat Distribution, and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Lurbe Empar , Alvarez Vicente , Redon Josep
Published: May 2007

Obesity is a common disease with an ever‐increasing prevalence and usually with late‐onset consequences. If acquired during childhood, it tracks into adult life to some extent, and since the relationship between obesity and hypertension is well established in adults, obese children appear to be at particularly high risk of becoming hypertensive adults. In the authors'study, obese children seemed to have significantly higher casual and ambulatory blood pressure than nonobese children, except for nighttime diastolic blood pressure. The health effects of obesity may depend on the anatomic distribution of body fat, which in turn may be a better indicator of endocrinologic imbalance, environmental stress, or genetic factors than is fatness per se. Subjects with a higher waist‐to‐hip ratio or a larger waist, as an estimate of central obesity, tend to have higher blood pressure values even during childhood. Prevention of the onset of obesity in early life may be important to reducing the risk of coronary heart disease in later life.
Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in Combination: Theory and Practice
Authors: Sica Domenic A. , Elliott William J.
Published: May 2007

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are commonly used to treat hypertension and/or a range of progressive end‐organ diseases. The success of each of these drug classes in disease‐state management is without dispute, and has led to speculation that given together the observed response would improve upon that observed with a member of each drug class individually given. Few studies are available, however, which carefully address the effect(s) of the combination of an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor and an angiotensin receptor blocker. Review of available studies would seem not to strongly support combination therapy with an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor and an angiotensin receptor blocker as preferred therapy in the broad base of general hypertensive patients with or without end‐organ disease. Additional clarifying studies are needed to determine if specific patient subsets exist that might benefit from such combination therapy.
Angioneurotic Edema
Authors: Prisant L. Michael
Published: May 2007

Angioneurotic edema is nonpitting edema involving the face, lips, tongue, larynx, and other locations. It may occur with use of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, vasopeptidase inhibitors, and, less frequently, angiotensin receptor blockers. Most episodes occur within the first 6 months of therapy. Predisposing factors for converting enzyme inhibitor angioedema include previous idiopathic angioedema, African American race, and transplant‐related immunocompromise. Treatment is directed to preventing airway compromise.
The Effect of a Losartan‐Based Treatment Regimen on Isolated Systolic Hypertension
Authors: Cushman William C. , Brady William E. , Gazdick Lisa P. , Zeldin Robert K.
Published: May 2007

This study was conducted to compare the antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability, over 12 weeks, of a losartan‐based treatment regimen and placebo in patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Three hundred eight patients ≥35 years of age with isolated systolic hypertension, defined as trough sitting blood pressure between 140 and 200 mm Hg systolic and between 70 and 89 mm Hg diastolic, were randomized to losartan 50 mg (n=157) or placebo (n=151) once daily, with titration as necessary to achieve a goal trough sitting systolic blood pressure (SBP) <140 mm Hg. At baseline, mean trough sitting SBP was 140–159 mm Hg in 20.5% of patients, 160–179 mm Hg in 62.7%, and 180–200 mm Hg in 16.9%, and was similar in the two groups (losartan, 165.3 mm Hg; placebo, 166.1 mm Hg). At 12 weeks, mean trough sitting SBP decreased significantly (p<0.001) in both the losartan‐based treatment group (by 19.2 mm Hg) and in the placebo group (by 7.6 mm Hg). The reduction in sitting SBP was significantly greater for losartan than placebo (−11.6 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, −14.8 to −8.4). In patients with isolated systolic hypertension, a once‐daily losartan‐based treatment regimen significantly lowered SBP. The losartan‐based regimen exhibited antihypertensive efficacy that was superior to that of placebo, with a similar tolerability profile.
Labetalol‐Induced Hepatitis in a Patient With Chronic Hepatitis B Infection
Authors: Marinella Mark A.
Published: May 2007

Drug‐induced hepatotoxicity is an important cause of hepatocellular injury. Hepatic necrosis may range from asymptomatic elevations in transaminases to fulminant hepatic failure and death. A 50‐year‐old Asian man developed moderate elevations of hepatic transaminases after commencing labetalol therapy for a hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage. Extensive evaluation revealed evidence of chronic hepatitis B infection, of which the patient was previously not aware. Hepatic transaminases normalized after discontinuation of labetalol.
Clinical Benefits of Consistent Reduction in the Daily Blood Pressure of Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Mancia Giuseppe
Published: May 2007

Mean 24‐hour blood pressure (BP) values are more closely associated with cardiovascular events and target organ damage than are clinic measurements, and therefore may be more useful for assessing drug efficacy. Clinically important information may also be contained in other data derived from ambulatory BP measurement. For example, both daytime and nighttime Bps are correlated with organ damage and cardiovascular events. BP variability is also correlated with organ damage and events. This observation is important because BP variability may differ greatly among individuals and may increase markedly in hypertension. A large increase in BP variability may also occur with some antihypertensive drugs, particularly those whose efficacy declines as they are metabolized. The most important aim of antihypertensive therapy should be the dynamic control of BP—lower BP and lower BP variability.
Calcium Channel Blocker Induced Gingival Overgrowth
Authors: Prisant L. Michael , Herman Wayne
Published: May 2007

Gingival overgrowth occurs with phenytoin, cyclosporin, and calcium antagonists. It can be disfiguring and painful. The prevalence of gingival overgrowth with the use of calcium antagonists may be as high as 38%. The prevalence with nifedipine may be greater than with other calcium blockers. Overgrowth occurs 3.3‐times more commonly in men than in women. Plaque control is necessary. Some patients may require gingival surgery.
Renal Artery Stenosis: Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Vagaonescu Tudor D. , Dangas George
Published: May 2007

Renal artery stenosis is considered to be one of the more frequent causes of secondary arterial hypertension. Through its progression renal artery stenosis can cause renal insufficiency, uncontrolled hypertension, and increased cardiovascular morbidity. A thorough clinical examination and the presence of a typical abdominal bruit may provide helpful hints to identify hypertensive patients with possible renal artery stenosis. Testing for renovascular hypertension includes renal artery imaging, assessment of its functional significance, and evaluation for possible revascularization. Renal artery stenosis secondary to fibromuscular dysplasia should be mechanically corrected. For atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis, medical management can be attempted so long as it does not cause a decline of kidney function. In patients who are candidates for renovascular revascularization, surgical intervention can be helpful in improving blood pressure control and possibly halting the progression of renal failure. Randomized controlled trials comparing direct stenting with other surgical methods are necessary to define the best revascularization strategy in patients with renovascular hypertension. A careful follow‐up study after renal artery revascularization should evaluate possible benefits in halting the deterioration of chronic renal insufficiency.
ACE Inhibitor‐Related Angioedema: Can Angiotensin‐Receptor Blockers Be Safely Used?
Authors: Sica Domenic A. , Black Henry R.
Published: May 2007

Angioedema is a well‐recognized side effect of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy. Angioedema can also be seen with angiotensin receptor blocker therapy but much less frequently than is the case with ACE inhibitors. For unclear reasons, ACE inhibitor‐related angioedema occurs more commonly in black patients. Angioedema can be life threatening but more times than not its occurrence can be managed with conservative treatment measures including discontinuation of the medication and/or administration of an antihistamine. Occasionally, epinephrine and/or steroid therapy may be warranted. In a patient having experienced ACE inhibitor‐related angioedema, angiotensin receptor blockers should be used cautiously if at all. If angiotensin receptor blocker therapy is being considered in a patient with prior ACE inhibitor‐related angioedema there should be some justification for the use. Such justification might include the presence of heart failure or proteinuric nephropathic states among other considerations.
Comparative Effects of Telmisartan in the Treatment of Hypertension
Authors: White William B.
Published: May 2007

Three separate randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group, 12‐week trials compared telmisartan with enalapril, lisinopril, and amlodipine for treating mild to moderate hypertension. Telmisartan 80 mg was associated with a significantly greater mean decrease in trough systolic and diastolic blood pressure than enalapril 20 mg (p<0.05). Mean decreases in trough systolic and diastolic blood pressure with telmisartan (40, 80, and 160 mg) and lisinopril (10, 20, and 40 mg) were similar. Telmisartan (40, 80, and 120 mg) provided greater decreases in mean hourly systolic and diastolic blood pressure throughout the 24‐hour dosing interval, including the last 4 hours of the dosing period, than amlodipine (5 and 10 mg). Telmisartan was associated with a lower incidence of treatment‐related cough than lisinopril and enalapril and less treatment‐related angioedema than amlodipine. These data suggest that for treating mild to moderate hypertension, telmisartan has efficacy similar to lisinopril, greater efficacy than enalapril and amlodipine throughout the 24‐hour dosing interval, and better tolerability than these angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and amlodipine.
The soluble transferrin receptor in dysplastic erythropoiesis in myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Metzgeroth Georgia , Rosée Paul La , Kuhn Christian , Schultheis Beate , Dorn‐Beineke Alexandra , Hehlmann Rüdiger , Hastka Jan
Published: May 2007

Objectives: In individuals without iron deficiency, the soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) directly reflects the erythropoietic activity. This study investigated sTfR concentrations in ineffective, dysplastic erythropoiesis in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Methods: To exclude influences of other myeloid cells on sTfR, only patients with refractory anemia (RA), refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts (RARS) and 5q– syndrome were included. sTfR was measured nephelometrically (normal range 0.81–1.75 mg/L). Results: Thirty‐four untreated MDS patients (RA = 14, RARS = 10, 5q– syndrome = 10) were enrolled and analysed. The mean sTfR value of all MDS patients (1.30 ± 0.8 mg/L, range 0.2–3.8) did not differ from our control group. In 5q– syndrome, the mean sTfR concentration (0.80 ± 0.5 mg/L) was significantly lower than in RA (1.32 ± 0.4 mg/L, P = 0.02) and RARS (1.75 ± 1.1 mg/L, P = 0.03). Subdividing MDS according to their amount of erythroid mass in bone marrow a significant difference of sTfR between patients with decreased (0.70 ± 0.4 mg/L), normal (1.32 ± 0.4 mg/L) and increased (2.06 ± 0.9 mg/L) erythropoiesis was observed. MDS patients with sTfR values below the reference range of 0.81 mg/L required transfusions in 90% of cases and showed higher erythropoietin levels compared to MDS patients with sTfR levels ≥0.81 mg/L (P = 0.01). There was a good agreement between sTfR and the amount of polychromatic erythroblasts observed (r = 0.68, P < 0.001). Conclusion: In conclusion, the serum concentration of sTfR reflects erythropoietic activity in MDS, but it is in particular determined by the degree of erythroid maturation and the severity of ineffective erythropoiesis. Low sTfR values in MDS are associated with a reduced, poorly differentiated erythropoiesis and requirement of blood transfusions.
STABILITY OF CAROTENOIDS IN MODEL AQUEOUS SYSTEMS1
Authors: RAMAKRISHNAN T. V. , FRANCIS F. J.
Published: May 2007

The stability of the carotenoids, beta‐carotene, apo‐8′‐carotenal and canthaxanthin, was studied in the model systems of cellulose and starch equilibrated under different relative humidities. Water perse was found to exert a protective influence on these carotenoids and this effect was evident below and above the monolayer coverage for the two systems. The extent of protection increased with the moisture content and was also modified by the nature of the system and the type of carotenoid pigments. In general, canthaxanthin was the most stable and betacarotene was the least stable. The protective effect of water is probably due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between water and hydroperoxide molecules and the resultant extension of the monomolecular rate period.
NOTES ON CONSUMER ORIENTED SENSORY EVALUATION
Authors: MOSKOWITZ HOWARD R. , CHANDLER JOHN
Published: May 2007

There are two approaches of sensory evaluation to consumer‐product assessment. One can either start with (1) the taxonomy or list of different test methods, and show where these are applied, or else, (2) begin with a series of business decisions which require consumer feedback, and illustrate different sensory tests that are used to insure the adequacy of these decisions. This paper shows the second approach. It illustrates how consumer responses can be adequately gauged in situations where the result is measured by marketing decisions with dollars and cents returns.
COUPLED OXIDATION OF CAROTENOIDS IN FATTY ACID ESTERS OF VARYING UNSATURATION
Authors: RAMAKRISHNAN T. V. , FRANCIS F. J.
Published: May 2007

The effect of the fatty acid portion of xanthophyll on the disruption of the chromophoric system and the coupled oxidation of β‐carotene in methyl esters of fatty acids has been studied to explore the possible mechanism and the nature of the products formed. The disruption of the chromophoric system and the resultant color loss of the cryptoxanthin esters were found to be significantly influenced by the nature of the fatty acid portion. β‐carotene was most stable in hexene and less prone to the attack of free radicals in fatty acid systems of higher saturation. The differences between the quality and quantity of unsaturation of fatty acid esters in relation to the coupled oxidation of β‐carotene have been explained. The observations seemed to indicate that a hydrogen abstraction mechanism may probably be important in the coupled oxidation of carotenoids.
RELATING SUBJECTIVE AND INSTRUMENTAL MEASURES A PSYCHOPHYSICAL OVERVIEW
Authors: MOSKOWITZ HOWARD R.
Published: May 2007

Various methods interrelate subjective and instrumental measures. The two principal interrelations are correlation and regression analyses. They differ in their fundamental premises. Correlational analysis seeks to show only that a relation exists between two sets of measures. Regression analysis seeks the nature of the relation. Correlational analysis provides information that must be augmented by additional, extrinsic research. In contrast, regression analysis allows for immediate action to modify stimuli in order to induce a desired change. This paper considers both approaches in the light of recent advances in psychophysical measurement.