bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fish carcass deposition to suppress invasive lake trout through hypoxia causes limited, non‐target effects on benthic invertebrates in Yellowstone Lake
Authors: Briggs Michelle A. , Albertson Lindsey K. , Lujan Dominique R. , Tronstad Lusha M. , Glassic Hayley C. , Guy Christopher S. , Koel Todd M.
Published: October 2022

Invasive species can have negative effects on native biodiversity and ecosystem function, and suppression is often required to minimize the effects. However, management actions to suppress invasive species may cause negative, unintended effects on non‐target taxa. Across the United States, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) are invasive in many freshwater ecosystems, reducing native fish abundance and diversity through predation and competition. In an integrated pest management approach, lake trout embryos in Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming, are suppressed by depositing lake trout carcasses onto spawning sites; the carcasses reduce dissolved oxygen concentrations as they decay, causing embryo mortality. We conducted a field experiment during one ice‐free season at four sites in Yellowstone Lake to investigate the non‐target effects of carcass treatment on benthic invertebrates, which could have consequences for native fish diets. While overall invertebrate density and biomass did not respond to carcass treatment, Chironomidae midges and Sphaeriidae fingernail clams decreased in abundance. Carcass treatment altered invertebrate community structure based on density, but not biomass. Carcass treatment to suppress invasive fish embryos has spatially localized, non‐target effects on some benthic invertebrate taxa. Given the small spatial extent of carcass treatment within the lake, we conclude it is unlikely that carcass treatment will alter food availability for native fishes.
Economic feasibility of fish cage culture in Lake Victoria, Kenya
Authors: Obiero Kevin , Brian Mboya Jimmy , Okoth Ouko Kevin , Okech Dave
Published: October 2022

Fish cage culture has rapidly grown throughout Lake Victoria's shores, with Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) being the primarily cultured species. However, there is inadequate information on its economic viability. The study investigated the economic feasibility of fish cage farming system in Lake Victoria, Kenya, by evaluating the relationship between cost of inputs and revenue from fish sales and analysing the overall profitability of the fish cage culture in the lake. Systematic sampling was employed to select 200 cage farmers for the study. Structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, multiple regression analysis, gross margin analysis, net farm income and profitability ratios. The average quantity of fish produced in the production cycle was 11,971.53 kg from which an average of 9020.77 kg was sold at an average selling price of Kenyan Shillings (KSH) 281.36 (USD 2.60) per kg. The multiple regression results revealed that the cost of feeds (coefficient of −0.603) and fish seed (coefficient of −0.387) had a significant influence on returns from fish cage culture business at p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively. The costs of feeds and fish seed were significant components of the total production cost, accounting for 60.25% and 33.50%, respectively. Fish cage production was profitable, with an average gross margin of KSH 1146,727.68 (USD 10,545.59) and net farm income of KSH 1020,518.78 (USD 9384.94) in a production cycle, with a benefit cost ratio of 1.43, an expense structure ratio of 0.06, a gross revenue ratio of 0.70 and a return on investment of 0.43. The study recommends formulation of friendly policies, legislations, operating guidelines and an enabling environment for feed and fish seed producers by policy makers to enhance fish feed and seed production and subsequently reduce prices of feed and seed. Through this, economic viability of fish cage culture will be enhanced.
Biological effects on Palmer amaranth surviving glufosinate
Authors: Jones Eric , Leon Ramon. G. , Everman Wesley Jay
Published: October 2022

Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) is a difficult weed to manage due to competitive growth, fecundity, and evolved herbicide resistance. Limited information exist on the fecundity of vegetative stage Palmer amaranth surviving glufosinate applied at different timings. In addition, research has not investigated the germination or glufosinate susceptibility of the offspring from these surviving plants. Field experiments were conducted across three locations in 2019 to determine (a) the fecundity of Palmer amaranth plants surviving glufosinate applied at different vegetative growth stages, and (b) if the offspring from the surviving plants exhibited differential germination and susceptibility to glufosinate. Palmer amaranth was treated at three different vegetative sizes (5 cm, 7–10 cm, > 10 cm) and orthogonal combinations of these application timings. The application timings corresponded to early‐, mid‐ and late‐postemergence applications. Palmer amaranth plants surviving the mid‐, late‐, and the mid postemergence followed by late postemergence glufosinate application were fecund. Palmer amaranth plants surviving the mid postemergence followed by late postemergence application produced less seed than the plants surviving the mid postemergence and late postemergence application. Palmer amaranth was controlled with other glufosinate applications resulting in no seed production. Germination was affected across location and glufosinate treatments, but no clear trend/pattern was observed. The offspring from Palmer amaranth plants surviving glufosinate applications were controlled by all glufosinate rates tested. These experiments provide evidence that Palmer amaranth surviving glufosinate in the vegetative stages may remain fecund, but fecundity can vary with application timing. No measurable effect on the offspring germination or susceptibility to glufosinate was apparent.
Design of a Liquid‐Driven Laser Scanner with Low Voltage Based on Liquid‐Infused Membrane
Authors: Zhang Chunqi , Mo Hangjie , Zheng Liushuai , Zhao Han , Feng Gang , Sun Dong
Published: October 2022

Laser energy is commonly used in tissue ablation, wound suturing, and other precise manipulations during surgery. However, currently available laser scanners require further improvements in terms of miniaturization, driving voltage, and stability to steer the laser beam accurately within a constrained environment. Herein, the development of a liquid‐driven laser scanner installed on the end effector of a continuum endoscope to perform fast and reliable laser steering is proposed. The developed laser scanner is 7 mm in diameter and 7 mm in length, and it is actuated with a voltage lower than 15 V due to the liquid‐infused membrane. The miniature size and low driving voltage of the proposed laser scanner facilitate safe laser‐assisted surgery in confined spaces. A theoretical model is established to predict laser spot position quantitatively, and laser steering ability is also tested experimentally. The fiber‐delivered laser beam can be steered for 21.2° (±10.6°) with a standard deviation of 0.3° in 1000 cycles, demonstrating excellent stability. A laser steering speed of up to 27.3 mm s−1 and a reflection loss of less than 3.1% are achieved.
Increasing participant diversity in AD research: Plans for digital screening, blood testing, and a community‐engaged approach in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 4
Authors: Weiner Michael W. , Veitch Dallas P. , Miller Melanie J. , Aisen Paul S. , Albala Bruce , Beckett Laurel A. , Green Robert C. , Harvey Danielle , Jack Clifford R. , Jagust William , Landau Susan M. , Morris John C. , Nosheny Rachel , Okonkwo Ozioma C. , Perrin Richard J. , Petersen Ronald C. , Rivera‐Mindt Monica , Saykin Andrew J. , Shaw Leslie M , Toga Arthur W. , Tosun Duygu , Trojanowski John Q. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: October 2022

Introduction

The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) aims to validate biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical trials. To improve generalizability, ADNI4 aims to enroll 50‐60% of its new participants from underrepresented populations (URPs) using new biofluid and digital technologies. ADNI4 has received funding from the National Institute on Aging beginning September 2022.

Methods

ADNI4 will recruit URPs using community‐engaged approaches. An online portal will screen 20,000 participants, 4000 of whom (50‐60% URPs) will be tested for plasma biomarkers and APOE. From this, 500 new participants will undergo in‐clinic assessment joining 500 ADNI3 rollover participants. Remaining participants (∼3500) will undergo longitudinal plasma and digital cognitive testing. ADNI4 will add MRI sequences and new PET tracers. Project 1 will optimize biomarkers in AD clinical trials.

Results and Discussion

ADNI4 will improve generalizability of results, use remote digital and blood screening, and continue providing longitudinal clinical, biomarker, and autopsy data to investigators.
European consensus for the diagnosis of MCI and mild dementia: Preparatory phase
Authors: Festari Cristina , Massa Federico , Cotta Ramusino Matteo , Gandolfo Federica , Nicolosi Valentina , Orini Stefania , Aarsland Dag , Agosta Federica , Babiloni Claudio , Boada Mercè , Borroni Barbara , Cappa Stefano , Dubois Bruno , Frederiksen Kristian S. , Froelich Lutz , Garibotto Valentina , Georges Jean , Haliassos Alexander , Hansson Oskar , Jessen Frank , Kamondi Anita , Kessels Roy P. C. , Morbelli Silvia , O'Brien John T. , Otto Markus , Perret‐Liaudet Armand , Pizzini Francesca B. , Ritchie Craig W. , Scheltens Philip , Vandenbulcke Mathieu , Vanninen Ritva , Verhey Frans , Vernooij Meike W. , Yousry Tarek , Van Der Flier Wiesje M. , Nobili Flavio , Frisoni Giovanni B.
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Etiological diagnosis of neurocognitive disorders of middle‐old age relies on biomarkers, although evidence for their rational use is incomplete. A European task force is defining a diagnostic workflow where expert experience fills evidence gaps for biomarker validity and prioritization. We report methodology and preliminary results.

Methods

Using a Delphi consensus method supported by a systematic literature review, 22 delegates from 11 relevant scientific societies defined workflow assumptions.

Results

We extracted diagnostic accuracy figures from literature on the use of biomarkers in the diagnosis of main forms of neurocognitive disorders. Supported by this evidence, panelists defined clinical setting (specialist outpatient service), application stage (MCI‐mild dementia), and detailed pre‐assessment screening (clinical‐neuropsychological evaluations, brain imaging, and blood tests).

Discussion

The Delphi consensus on these assumptions set the stage for the development of the first pan‐European workflow for biomarkers’ use in the etiological diagnosis of middle‐old age neurocognitive disorders at MCI‐mild dementia stages.

Highlights

Rational use of biomarkers in neurocognitive disorders lacks consensus in Europe.

A consensus of experts will define a workflow for the rational use of biomarkers.

The diagnostic workflow will be patient‐centered and based on clinical presentation.

The workflow will be updated as new evidence accrues.
Relocation to avoid costs: A hypothesis on red carotenoid‐based signals based on recent CYP2J19 gene expression data
Authors: Alonso‐Alvarez Carlos , Andrade Pedro , Cantarero Alejandro , Morales Judith , Carneiro Miguel
Published: October 2022

In many vertebrates, the enzymatic oxidation of dietary yellow carotenoids generates red keto‐carotenoids giving color to ornaments. The oxidase CYP2J19 is here a key effector. Its purported intracellular location suggests a shared biochemical pathway between trait expression and cell functioning. This might guarantee the reliability of red colorations as individual quality signals independent of production costs. We hypothesize that the ornament type (feathers vs. bare parts) and production costs (probably CYP2J19 activity compromising vital functions) could have promoted tissue‐specific gene relocation. We review current avian tissue‐specific CYP2J19 expression data. Among the ten red‐billed species showing CYP2J19 bill expression, only one showed strong hepatic expression. Moreover, a phylogenetically‐controlled analysis of 25 red‐colored species shows that those producing red bare parts are less likely to have strong hepatic CYP2J19 expression than species with only red plumages. Thus, both production costs and shared pathways might have contributed to the evolution of red signals.
A rare presentation of spontaneous rupture of splenic vein aneurysm as cardiac arrest: A case report
Authors: Ilyas Hamid , Akram Hina , Abd Ur Rehman Muhammad , Haris Huda Syed
Published: October 2022

Splenic vein aneurysm (SVA) is a rare condition associated primarily with portal hypertension. This case highlights a potentially fatal, rare SVA complication in a young patient who presented in cardiac arrest, creating a diagnostic enigma in the emergency department until a POCUS revealed a possible underlying etiology.
Investigation of methods to prevent pin‐holing defect in tableware ceramic industry
Authors: Hasanuzzaman Muhammad , Islam Faridul , Rashid ARMH
Published: October 2022

Pin‐holing is one of the major glazing defects that the tableware ceramic industry is experiencing. It is evident from this research work that the pin‐holing defect can be prevented or at least reduced by optimizing composition and sintering profile, which in turn yields pin‐hole‐free tableware ceramics. Differential scanning calorimeter/thermo gravimetric analysis and dilatometer are found to be effective to understand the thermal behavior of specific ceramic tableware bodies and glaze. Dilatometry was employed to investigate the densification behavior and it was found that densification of the ceramic body reached completion by 1300°C. The final optimum firing temperature and soaking time, which are believed to influence the microstructure and mechanical properties of the ceramicware, were found to be 1300°C and 90 min, respectively. The microstructural change of the ceramic body and glaze sintered at different temperatures and times is observed under field emission scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the existence of pin‐holing defect largely depends on the feldspar and quartz content in glaze raw material as well as the applied firing profile, and the result was found satisfactory when the ratio (quartz/feldspar) was ∼2.
HPDA/Zn as aCREBInhibitor for Ultrasound Imaging and Stabilization of Atherosclerosis Plaque†
Authors: Chen Linzi , Jiang Zhenqi , Yang Lifei , Fang Ye , Lu Shuwei , Akakuru Ozioma U. , Huang Shuaishuai , Li Juan , Ma Suya , Wu Aiguo
Published: October 2022

Comprehensive Summary

Thrombosis, secondary to rupture of unstable plaque, is a fatal risk factor for myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. At present, more novel methods are needed for the diagnosis and treatment of vulnerable plaque. Here, we report a hollow polydopamine/Zn (HPDA/Zn) ultrasound contrast agent. Through western‐blot, Elisa, and other experiments, we found that in addition to having a good contrast‐enhancement capability in ultrasound imagingin vitroandin vivo, HPDA/Zn also has the effect of reducing the expression of CREB. CREB protein and its downstream‐regulated proteins and factors are closely related to the stability of plaque. HPDA/Zn has the effect of reducing the expression of CREB protein, which leads to the decrease of expression of MMP‐9, the regulatory protein downstream of the CREB protein. In addition, it also reduces the secretion of inflammatory factors hs‐CRP and IL‐17A. Thus, HPDA/Zn can stabilize plaque by inhibiting CREB and reducing plaque vulnerable markers and inflammatory factors. In a word, HPDA/Zn is a kind of ultrasound contrast agent, which can stabilize plaques by inhibiting CREB protein.
Adaptive local binary descriptor statistics: A novel feature set for heart disease diagnosis
Authors: Andhare Chetan Vikram , Ingle Dayanand
Published: October 2022

Heart disease is among the most common causes of death worldwide, and it is critical to recognize the condition early on. Clinical professionals face a difficult task in determining whether or not a person is at risk of coronary artery disease since it necessitates extensive knowledge and the use of rigorous clinical tests. The goal of this study is to create a revolutionary heart disease prediction paradigm by going through three primary phases: “feature extraction, optimum feature selection, and prediction.” Initially, attributes such as “statistical and higher‐order statistical features” are retrieved from the provided input data. “local binary pattern (LBP), arithmetic mean based LBP, harmonic mean based LBP, and geometric mean based LBP features” are retrieved from the suggested higher‐order statistical characteristics. In addition, the original characteristics of the input datasets are retrieved. However, in this case, the “curse of dimensionality” appears to be the most serious problem, necessitating the extraction of the best features. As a result, a new lion using the suggested cub growth function algorithm selects the optimum features from the retrieved data. Finally, an optimized deep convolution neural network is used to forecast the specified characteristics.
A multiple transform based approach for robust and blind image copyright protection
Authors: Sinhal Rishi , Ansari Irshad Ahmad
Published: October 2022

Digital image sharing and utilization have increasing in a speedy manner at present time. Therefore, copyright/ownership protection for digital images has been an essential requirement in the modern world of digital advancements. This work offers an image watermarking scheme to provide ownership/copyright verification in an effective manner with no conciliation with imperceptibility. The image is first partitioned into small size blocks. During embedding, a multilevel transform domain‐based framework is employed to embed the watermark information into blocks. Additionally, the block selection process is made randomize (key‐based) to offer high security against illegal manipulations/access. Before embedding, the watermark is encrypted using the Arnold transform‐based approach for additional security. The scheme has blind nature, high imperceptibility and it is robust enough to endure a different variety of processing attacks. Experimental results on different images illustrate that the proposed watermarking approach has high imperceptibility, high robustness, decent embedding capacity, and significant security features. The relative comparison with the existing robust watermarking schemes (having the same payload) shows the superiority of the proposed work over existing methods presented in the recent past.
Genetic association of agronomic traits with partial resistance to gray leaf spot in elite maize germplasm
Authors: Nyanapah James O. , Ayiecho Patrick O. , Nyabundi Julius O. , Otieno Washington , Ojiambo Peter S.
Published: October 2022

Studies on gray leaf spot (GLS) of maize have reported inconsistencies in the relationship between partial disease resistance and agronomic traits. Understanding this variation could facilitate the use of agronomic traits as a basis for selection to improve partial resistance to GLS. Coinheritance of nine agronomic traits with partial resistance to GLS was examined among 48 maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines artificially infected with Cercospora zeina in field evaluations across nine environments in western Kenya in 2013 and 2014. Five measures of disease severity and two disease resistance components were evaluated for their association with agronomic traits. Standardized area under disease progress curve (SAUDPC) was the most efficient in delineating differences in GLS severity between genotypes, whereas latent period (LP) was the least effective. Among maize genotypes, values of SAUDPC ranged from 29.3 to 97.9 across environments. Genotypic and phenotypic correlations were strongest between SAUDPC and the absolute rate of disease increase (ρ; r = .71), final percent diseased leaf area (r = .66) and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) disease severity grade (r = .60), but weakest between SAUDPC and LP (r = −.19). Correlations of SAUDPC were significant (P = .05) with eight of the 11 agronomic traits examined, with the strongest being between SAUDPC and the stay‐green characteristic (SGR; r = −.87), days to maturity (DTM; r = −.60) and ear/plant height ratio (r = −.52). Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of correlation of SAUDPC with agronomic traits were all negative. Overall, absolute genotypic correlations were numerically larger than the corresponding coefficients of phenotypic correlation with the magnitude and direction of coheritability estimates mimicking trends in genotypic and phenotypic correlations. Causal mediation analysis indicated that covariation of GLS resistance with agronomic traits was mainly due to direct effects of days to anthesis and DTM and indirect effects of SGR and silking–maturity interval.
Electrocatalytic Conversion of CO2 to Formate at Low Overpotential by Electrolyte Engineering in Model Molecular Catalysis
Authors: Vichou Elli , Solé‐Daura Albert , Mellot‐Draznieks Caroline , Li Yun , Gomez‐Mingot Maria , Fontecave Marc , Sánchez‐Sánchez Carlos M.
Published: October 2022

An electrolyte engineering strategy was developed for CO2 reduction into formate with a model molecular catalyst, [Rh(bpy)(Cp*)Cl]Cl, by modifying the solvent (organic or aqueous), the proton source (H2O or acetic acid), and the electrode/solution interface with imidazolium‐ and pyrrolidinium‐based ionic liquids (ILs). Experimental and theoretical density functional theory investigations suggested that π+‐π interactions between the imidazolium‐based IL cation and the reduced bipyridine ligand of the catalyst improved the efficiency of the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) by lowering the overpotential, while granting partial suppression of the hydrogen evolution reaction. This allowed tuning the selectivity towards formate, reaching for this catalyst an unprecedented faradaic efficiency (FEHCOO−) ≥90 % and energy efficiency of 66 % in acetonitrile solution. For the first time, relevant CO2 conversion to formic acid/formate was reached at low overpotential (0.28 V) using a homogeneous catalyst in acidic aqueous solution (pH=3.8). These results open up a new strategy based on electrolyte engineering for enhancing carbon balance in CO2RR.
Digitalization Platform for Sustainable Battery Cell Production: Coupling of Process, Production, and Product Models
Authors: Ventura Silva Gabriela , Thomitzek Matthias , Lippke Mark , Heckmann Thilo , Karaki Hassan , Lischka Clemens , Möhlen Felix , Mayer Dominik , Hagemeister Jan , Daub Rüdiger , Fleischer Jürgen , Nirschl Hermann , Schröder Daniel , Scharfer Philip , Schabel Wilhelm , Kwade Arno , Herrmann Christoph
Published: October 2022

Lithium‐ion batteries are used in a wide range of applications, with the electromobility sector being the main contributor to the increasing demand predicted for the next decade. Although batteries play an important role in decarbonizing the transportation sector, their production includes energy‐intensive processes that hinder a more sustainable production. Moreover, the production processes are characterized by a manifold of parameters leading to complex cause–effect relations along the process chain which influences the battery cell quality. Therefore, a sustainable future for battery production and the electromobility sector depends on the environmentally and economically efficient production of high‐performance batteries. Against this background, this work presents a digitalization platform based on the coupling of mechanistic models to digitally reproduce the battery cell production and provide a deeper understanding of the interdependencies on the process, production, and product levels. In addition to a description of the individual models contained in the platform, this work demonstrates their coupling on a use case to study the effects of different solids contents of the coating suspension. Besides providing a multilevel assessment of the parameter interdependencies, considering quality, environmental and economic aspects, the presented framework contributes to knowledge‐based decision support and improvement of production and battery cell performance.
Analysis of distillation characteristics via CFD (computational fluid dynamics) of Korean traditional ‘Sojutgori’ and study on structure for distillation efficiency enhancement
Authors: Kim Ung‐soo , Kim Jin‐ho , Kim Tae‐Wan , Choi Jung‐hoon
Published: October 2022

The design of the Korean traditional distiller ‘sojutgori’ was extracted as a digital sketch, and the internal fluid flow in the distillation process was tracked through computer simulation. Based on this, a new design was derived to improve distillation efficiency and its changes were researched. The ethanol particles vaporized inside the distiller were stagnated or their discharge was accelerated according to the magnitude and frequency of vortex. If the center is narrow and the fluid rotates, the vortex decreases or changes to a regular form. To effectively control the vortex, six simple models and two materialized models were designed and the optimal design was derived. When compared with the traditional distiller, the outlet fluid speed of the final design increased by 78% and the residence time dispersion of ethanol particles decreased by 39%. Furthermore, to suppress the temperature spread of fermented wash, a streamlined blade structure that can promote convection current was added. This structure had the effect of reducing the temperature spread of fermented wash by 57%. In addition, a reflux ring structure that can control the recondensed fermented wash caused by heat loss at the inner wall of the distiller was designed and applied. The reflux ring structure minimized the temperature change of the fermented wash and decreased temperature change by 23% compared to the condition without the reflux ring structure.
Preventing early harsh parenting and toddler behavior problems: The role of neighborhood collective efficacy among low‐income Latine families
Authors: Martoccio Tiffany L. , Berlin Lisa J. , Harden Brenda Jones
Published: October 2022

Harsh parenting behaviors are alarmingly prevalent during infancy and toddlerhood. From an ecological perspective, predicting and preventing harsh parenting requires probing not only micro‐ and exosystem‐level processes but also the interactions among them. In the current longitudinal study, we examined associations among maternal depressive symptoms, harsh parenting, and neighborhood collective efficacy in 142 low‐income Latina mothers and their infants (Mchild age = 14.11 months, SD = 3.60). We hypothesized that there would be a mediated pathway from maternal depressive symptoms to harsh parenting to toddler behavior problems, and that neighborhood collective efficacy would moderate this pathway. As predicted, maternal depressive symptoms predicted toddler behavior problems, and harsh parenting significantly mediated this association. Moreover, neighborhood collective efficacy was a significant moderator such that this indirect pathway was maintained in the context of low neighborhood collective efficacy only. When collective efficacy was high, this pathway was not significant. Results are discussed in terms of the buffering potential of neighborhood collective efficacy. Tentative implications for leveraging neighborhood supports to prevent early harsh parenting are suggested.
The impact of stakeholder orientation on tax avoidance: Evidence from a natural experiment
Authors: Chen Gary , Mathers Ani Manakyan , Wang Bin , Wang Xiaohong (Sara)
Published: October 2022

We study the effect of stakeholder orientation on corporate tax avoidance. Using the staggered passage of constituency statutes across U.S. states between 1983 and 2006, we show that greater stakeholder orientation results in increased tax avoidance. We further find greater tax avoidance among firms with limited financial resources and that employees benefit from the change. Our results are consistent with stakeholder salience theory that resource‐constrained managers prioritize the claims of salient stakeholders, such as employees, at the expense of secondary stakeholders, such as the government.
Systematic review on spheroids from adipose‐derived stem cells: Spontaneous or artefact state?
Authors: Di Stefano Anna Barbara , Urrata Valentina , Trapani Marco , Moschella Francesco , Cordova Adriana , Toia Francesca
Published: October 2022

Three‐dimensional (3D) cell cultures represent the spontaneous state of stem cells with specific gene and protein molecular expression that are more alike the in vivo condition. In vitro two‐dimensional (2D) cell adhesion cultures are still commonly employed for various cellular studies such as movement, proliferation and differentiation phenomena; this procedure is standardized and amply used in laboratories, however their representing the original tissue has recently been subject to questioning. Cell cultures in 2D require a support/substrate (flasks, multiwells, etc.) and use of fetal bovine serum as an adjuvant that stimulates adhesion that most likely leads to cellular aging. A 3D environment stimulates cells to grow in suspended aggregates that are defined as “spheroids.” In particular, adipose stem cells (ASCs) are traditionally observed in adhesion conditions, but a recent and vast literature offers many strategies that obtain 3D cell spheroids. These cells seem to possess a greater ability in maintaining their stemness and differentiate towards all mesenchymal lineages, as demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo studies compared to adhesion cultures. To date, standardized procedures that form ASC spheroids have not yet been established. This systematic review carries out an in‐depth analysis of the 76 articles produced over the past 10 years and discusses the similarities and differences in materials, techniques, and purposes to standardize the methods aimed at obtaining ASC spheroids as already described for 2D cultures.
An updated climatology of atmospheric blocking in the eastern Atlantic‐European region
Authors: Toumpos Michalis , Flocas Helena A. , Kouroutzoglou John , Hatzaki Maria
Published: October 2022

Atmospheric blocking is an important aspect of weather in middle latitudes. Stationary, long‐lasting weather patterns can lead to extreme conditions, such as very high temperatures or heavy rainfall. This study provides an updated climatology of blocking in the eastern Atlantic‐European region, with the aid of a modified PV‐θ wave‐breaking index at the latitude of the climatological storm track. The seasonal and spatial variability of the blocking index, the blocking frequency, duration, and strength of blocking episodes are examined for the period 1979–2019 using ECMWF ERA5 datasets. The blocking index, a measure of possible reversals of potential temperature field, is characterized by a high day‐to‐day variability, especially in the vicinity of the Atlantic jet. Despite the different methodology, the higher spatial resolution and the most recent period covered by ERA5 data, no considerable differences in blocking frequencies were found with previous analyses. The longest events coincide with blocking frequency maxima while the strength of blocking episodes is generally independent of the blocking frequency. Indeed, the strongest blocking episodes were found over the eastern Atlantic where blocking is less frequent. A small decrease in mean strength of blocking episodes was found compared to previous studies for all longitudes. Finally, regarding the evolution of daily intensities of blocking episodes, no evidence is found that a typical evolution of strength during a blocking event exists.
Foliar application of phosphite reduces grain weight of soybean facing postflowering phosphorus deficiency
Authors: Duarte Fernando C. N. , Cipriano Matheus A. P. , Andrade Sara A. L. , Zambrosi Fernando C. B.
Published: October 2022

Background and aim

We aimed to contribute with the foundation to adopt foliar P fertilization on soybean.

Methods

Treatments were a combination of contrasting postflowering root P supply versus foliar application of phosphate (Pi) or phosphite (Phi).

Results

Pi improved grain yield of P‐limited plants, while Phi was detrimental because of negative effects on grain weight.

Conclusions

Thus, cautions should be taken with foliar application of Phi during the generative phase of soybean under low‐P stress, as Phi impairs grain filling process.
Characterization of the chemical constituents and metabolic profile of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. in rat plasma, urine, and feces by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with Quadrupole‐Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry
Authors: Ji Li , Shi Wenjun , Wang Liting , Qin Ming , Xu Guang , Guo Yuying , Li Yanling , Ma Qun
Published: October 2022

Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. is a traditional and popular Chinese medicine with a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects such as anti‐bacterial, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐tumor activities together with other health effects like lowering lipids, preventing diabetes, and regulating the immune system. It is of great significance to explore the complex chemical constituents and metabolic process of Polygonum cuspidatum in vivo to further clarify the effective substances. However, studies on its metabolism in vivo were not comprehensive in previous literature. In this study, ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with Quadrupole‐Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry was used to comprehensively identify the chemical constituents in Polygonum cuspidatum and further analyze its metabolic profile in rats. Compared with reference substances, various databases, and literature retrieval, 62 compounds were inferred from the Polygonum cuspidatum extract. Furthermore, a total of 119 compounds, including 44 prototype compounds and 75 metabolites, were annotated in rat plasma, urine, and feces. The main metabolic pathways of Polygonum cuspidatum in rats included hydrogenation reduction, hydroxylation, dehydration, methylation, sulfation, and glucuronidation. This is the first systematic study on the chemical constituents of Polygonum cuspidatum and its metabolic profile in vivo, which contributes to finding its bioactive components and seeking its therapeutic targets.
Remote sensing of plastic‐covered greenhouses and plastic‐mulched farmlands: Current trends and future perspectives
Authors: Veettil Bijeesh Kozhikkodan , Van Dong Doan , Quang Ngo Xuan , Hoai Pham Ngoc
Published: October 2022

The application of intensive plasticulture farming has resulted in an increased yield of horticulture crops during the last few decades in the world, particularly in China, Spain, and Italy. Proper monitoring of plastic‐covered greenhouse (PCG) farming areas and plastic‐mulched farmlands (PMF) is necessary for the sustainable development of horticulture, including high‐quality agricultural production in limited areas with cost‐effectiveness, and reduced pollution. The development of sophisticated image processing algorithms, such as pixel‐based, object‐based, and machine learning approaches, for mapping landscape and land use changes have revolutionized monitoring plasticulture areas in recent decades. Even though a complex task, remote sensing offers cost‐effective, large‐scale monitoring of plasticulture areas. Advancements in UAV technology are expected to improve the mapping and monitoring accuracy of PCGs and PMFs in the future in addition to high resolution optical data combined with digital surface models (DSM) with high vertical accuracy.
Holistic sleep improvement strategies for frontline nurses served during a public health emergency (COVID‐19) in Wuhan, China: A quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Zhang Yanli , Tang Manli , Zhou Yanrong
Published: October 2022

Aim

To examine effects of holistic sleep improvement strategies on frontline nurses who served in Wuhan, China, during a public health emergency (COVID‐19).

Design

A pre–post‐test design with single group was conducted with a convenience sample applied the Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Non‐randomized Designs statement.

Methods

Fifty‐two nurses were recruited from a COVID‐19 designated hospital, receiving holistic sleep improvement intervention, which concentrated on scientific human resource management, comfortable sleep environment establishment, self‐relaxation and self‐adjustment training and humanistic care. Data was collected at baseline and 4‐week follow‐up post intervention using self‐reported questionnaires.

Results

The total score of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scale was 8.69 ± 4.346 at baseline. After 4 weeks of follow‐up, the score statistically significantly decreased to 7.48 ± 3.691. Subjective sleep quality (p = .016), sleep efficiency (p = .015), sleep disturbances (p = .007) were statistically significantly improved after the intervention, while there were no statistically significant differences in sleep latency (p = .205), sleep duration (p = .375), sleep medication (p = .723) or daytime dysfunction (p = .747).
Seed treatment with chlorantraniliprole and carbaryl mixture for managing fall armyworm on maize: systemic synergism, control efficiency and synergistic mechanism
Authors: Wang Qinqin , Yang Daibin , Rui Changhui , Zhou Lin , Li Runan , Wang Li , Huang Weiling , Ji Xuejiao , Yang Qingjie , Liang Pei , Yuan Huizhu , Cui Li
Published: October 2022

BACKGROUND

Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is one of the major invasive pests in China, and has been widely controlled by labor‐intensive foliar sprays of agrochemicals in maize (Zea mays L.).

RESULTS

Systemic bioassay showed that mixtures of chlorantraniliprole (Chlor) and carbaryl (Carb) had dramatically synergistic effect on toxicity to S. frugiperda. Particularly, a mixture of Chlor with Carb at a mass ratio of 2:1 (MCC) exhibited the highest toxicity to S. frugiperda. Therefore, seed treatment of Chlor mixed with Carb was studied as a simple, accurate, efficient and low‐cost control technology. Our results showed that MCC treatment shortened the median lethal time and 90% lethal time to S. frugiperda compared to Chlor‐ and Carb‐alone treatments. Meanwhile, smaller leaf consumption by S. frugiperda was recorded under MCC treatment compared to Chlor‐ and Carb‐alone treatments. In field trial, maize‐seed treatment with MCC showed efficacy up to 39 days post‐emergence in preventing S. frugiperda foliar damage at a low infestation pressure. Moreover, chemical quantification by ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) showed that Chlor residues were more absorbed and concentrated in maize leaves of MCC treatment, compared to that of Chlor‐alone treatment.

CONCLUSION

These results suggested that seed treatment with MCC can be applied to increase the control efficacy and reduce the cost of Chlor‐alone treatment for controlling S. frugiperda. The present study provided evidence of an enhanced translocation and accumulation of Chlor residues in maize leaves under MCC treatment, which likely contributed to a synergistic effect against S. frugiperda. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Azole fungicide sensitivity and molecular mechanisms of reduced sensitivity in IrishPyrenopeziza brassicaepopulations
Authors: Bucur Diana E. , Huang Yong‐Ju , Fitt Bruce D. L. , Kildea Steven
Published: October 2022

BACKGROUND

Light leaf spot, caused byPyrenopeziza brassicae, is amongst the most damaging diseases of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus), and currently the sterol 14α‐demethylase (CYP51) inhibitors (azoles) represent the main class of fungicides used to control light leaf spot development. However, a shift in sensitivity to azole fungicides inP. brassicaepopulations has been observed in different European countries, including Ireland.

RESULTS

To assess the sensitivity status of IrishP. brassicaepopulations to azole fungicides, three collections ofP. brassicaefrom 2018–2020 were testedin vitroagainst tebuconazole and prothioconazole‐desthio, and thePbCYP51gene targeted by this class of fungicides was genotyped in different isolates. A change in sensitivity to azole fungicides was observed and differences in sensitivity to tebuconazole between Irish populations were present. There were two substitutions withinPbCYP51(G460S and S508T) and inserts of different sizes in its promoter region. The presence of the G460S/S508T double mutant was reported for the first time, and the diversity in insert size was greater than previously known. Compared to wild type isolates, those carrying G460S or S508T were less sensitive to both fungicides and, where inserts were also identified, they further reduced sensitivity to azole fungicides.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study suggest that azole fungicides are still very effective in controlling light leaf spot in Ireland. However, using azole fungicides in mixtures of fungicides with different modes of action is recommended. © 2022 The Authors.Pest Management Sciencepublished by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
The role of IL‐1β during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection
Authors: Yaseen Mahmoud M. , Abuharfeil Nizar M. , Darmani Homa
Published: October 2022

Interleukin (IL)‐1β is a key innate cytokine that is essential for immune activation and promoting the inflammatory process. However, abnormal elevation in IL‐1β levels has been associated with unwanted clinical outcomes. IL‐1β is the most extensively studied cytokine among the IL‐1 family of cytokines and its role in pathology is well established. During the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) infection, the level of this proinflammatory cytokine is increased in different anatomical compartments, particularly in lymphatic tissues, and this elevation is associated with disease progression. The aim of this review is to address the pathological roles play by IL‐1β in the light of enhancing HIV‐1 replication, driving immune cell depletion, and chronic immune activation. The role of IL‐1β in HIV‐1 transmission (sexually or vertically ‘from mother‐to‐child’) will also be discussed. Additionally, the impact of the available antiretroviral therapy regimens on the levels of IL‐1β in HIV‐1 treated patients is also discussed. Finally, we will provide a glance on how IL‐1β could be targeted as a therapeutic strategy.
Charge Transfer Doping of Carbon Nitride Films through Noncovalent Iodination for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Performance: Combined Experimental and Computational Insights
Authors: Tian Haoran , Zhao Yanling , Oo May Thawda , Huang Fei , Huang Miaoyan , Xiong Wei , Yu Yaoguang , Zhang Rui‐Qin
Published: October 2022

To improve the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of photocatalysts, the doping strategy through covalent functionalization is often adopted to adjust material electronic structures. By contrast, this work demonstrates that the noncovalent interaction in the case of iodinated graphitic carbon nitride (g‐CN) film can also enhance the PEC performance. Through a facile synthesis method of rapid thermal vapor condensation (RTVC), the prepared iodinated g‐CN film shows a significantly improved photocurrent density (38.9 µA cm−2), three times that of pure g‐CN film (13.0 µA cm−2) at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. Computations reveal that the noncovalent attachment of iodine anion (I−) on g‐CN plays a crucial role in modulating the bandgap states and broadening of the visible‐light absorption range as well as the charge carrier separation with the photo‐induced hole confined to I− and electron to g‐CN film. The fully filled valence orbitals (4d105s25p6) of I− determine its noncovalent attachment on the g‐CN film and so do the iodine species of I3−, I5−, etc. This work offers a favorable synthesis method to achieve efficient doping through noncovalent charge transfer between thin film and certain dopants and provides a useful modification strategy for the establishment of multi‐channel transportation of charge carriers in general photocatalysts.
A Precipitation‐Enhanced Emission (PEE) Strategy for Increasing the Brightness and Reducing the Liver Retention of NIR‐II Fluorophores
Authors: Li Jinwei , Pu Ruihua , He Xiaoyan , Chen Qimingxing , Liu Suhong , Liu Weimin , Li Jianfeng
Published: October 2022

The lack of organic fluorophores with high quantum yields (QYs) and low liver retention in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) window has become a bottleneck in the bioimaging field. An approach to address these problems is proposed by encapsulating phosphorylated fluorescent dyes into biodegradable calcium phosphate nanoparticles. First, an NIR‐II molecule, LJ‐2P, is designed with increased water solubility by introducing two phosphate groups. Meanwhile, LJ‐2P co‐precipitates with calcium ions to form LJ‐2P nanoparticles (NPs). The QYs of LJ‐2P NPs in aqueous solution is increased by 36.57‐fold to 5.12% compared with that of LJ‐2P. This unique phenomenon is named as precipitation‐enhanced emission (PEE), whose detailed mechanism is explored by femtosecond transient absorption. It is demonstrated that co‐precipitation of LJ‐2P with calcium ions changes the micro‐environment, which restricts the molecular rotation and reduces the interaction of water molecules, especially the excited‐state proton transfer. In addition, due to the pH‐sensitive nature, more than 80% of the LJ‐2P NPs are metabolized in the liver within 24 h. Based on the excellent optical properties and good biocompatibility, high‐contrast vascular visualization and breast tumor detecting are achieved. This strategy can apply to other NIR‐II fluorophores to achieve high QYs and low liver retention.
Thermal Percolation of Antiperovskite Superionic Conductor into Porous MXene Scaffold for High‐Capacity and Stable Lithium Metal Battery
Authors: Li Yang , Kong Long , Yang Haochen , Li Shuai , Deng Zhi , Li Shuo , Wang Liping , Lee Jim Yang , Zhao Yusheng , Chen Po‐Yen
Published: October 2022

Lithium metal battery is considered an emerging energy storage technology due to its high theoretical capacity and low electrochemical potential. However, the practical exploitations of lithium metal batteries are not realized because of uncontrollable lithium deposition and severe dendrite formation. Herein, a thermal percolation strategy is developed to fabricate a dual‐conductive framework using electronically conductive Ti3C2TxMXene aerogels (MXAs) and Li2OHCl antiperovskite superionic conductor. By melting Li2OHCl at a low temperature, the molten antiperovskite phase can penetrate the MXA scaffold, resulting in percolative electron/ion pathways. Through density functional theory calculations and electrochemical characterizations, the hybridized lithiophilic (MXA)−lithiophobic (antiperovskite) interfaces can spatially guide the deposition of lithium metals and suppress the growth of lithium dendrites. The symmetric cell with MXA–antiperovskite electrodes exhibits superior cycling stability at high areal capacities of 4 mAh cm−2over 1000 h. Moreover, the full cell with MXA−antiperovskite anode and high‐loading LiFePO4cathode demonstrates high energy and power densities (415.7 Wh kgcell−1and 231.0 W kgcell−1) with ultralong lifespans. The thermal percolation of lithium superionic conductor into electronically conductive scaffolds promises an efficient strategy to fabricate dual‐conductive electrodes, which benefits the development of dendrite‐free lithium metal anodes with high energy/power densities.