bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The correlations among the fragility of supercooled liquids, the fragility of superheated melts, and the glass-forming ability for marginal metallic glasses
Authors: Song Kaikai , Bian Xiufang , Lv Xiaoqian , Xie Meiting , Jia Ran
Published: January 2009

In an individual alloy system for marginal metallic glasses (MGs), the fragility of supercooled liquids (m) is inversely proportional to the fragility of superheated melts (M), which depends on the differently inherent characteristic temperatures. The more stable the superheated melt, the more fragile the supercooled liquid becomes and the better the glass-forming ability (GFA). The strong supercooled liquids correspond to the bad GFA resulting from heterogeneous nucleation in liquids. For the whole Al-based MGs, m has general linear relations with the GFA and M, respectively.
Dislocation density and band structure effects on spin dynamics in GaN
Authors: Brimont Christelle , Gallart Mathieu , Gadalla Atef , Crégut Olivier , Hönerlage Bernd , Gilliot Pierre
Published: January 2009

We present experimental results obtained on wurtzite epitaxial GaN layers grown on sapphire and SiC substrates. Thanks to a set of samples with different values of the residual strain, we demonstrate that the high dislocation density enhances the spin relaxation rate through the Elliott–Yafet mechanism. This fact is validated by the T−1 temperature dependence of the spin-relaxation times. The influence of the valence-band structure on the hole-spin relaxation is also highlighted. In particular, a decrease in the hole-spin relaxation rate, accompanied by a strong polarization rate (∼50%) of the differential reflectivity signal (ΔR/R), is observed when the splitting ΔEAB between the heavy-hole and the light-hole bands is larger than the broadening ΓA of the A excitonic transition. On the contrary, the overlap of the A and B resonances for ΓA>ΔEAB is responsible for a decrease in the ΔR/R polarization rate (∼10%) and an enhancement of the spin relaxation rate.
American physicists in the current quarter century
Authors: White Marsh W.
Published: January 2009

The current quarter century, which began in 1931, the year of the founding of the American Institute of Physics, has witnessed the most remarkable growth and development of the status of physics as a profession that this country has experienced. History has given weight to the thesis that the progress of science is directly proportional to the support given to scientists by the professional societies in the field. A study of the physics research journals will show how their growth and influence have closely paralleled the organization and increase of membership of the various professional physics societies.
Do it yourself
Authors: Mckeehan L. W.
Published: January 2009

A previous speaker, my friend Pollard, has emphasized our collective aspect, and the relation of the world of physics to the universe of mankind. I have chosen a much narrower subject, for I am asking each of you to think about his individual duties and privileges. To the extent that I thus ignore societies, even the American Physical Society, and institutions, even Yale University, I am a reactionary, but I am looking into the future as well as into the past when I now proceed to the subject of my speech, not announced in advance, and urge each and every one of you, as often as you can, to “Do it yourself.”
CERN Symposium on High-Energy Accelerators and Pion Physics
Authors: Blewett M. Hildred
Published: January 2009

During the two weeks of June 11 to 23, this summer, a conference was held in Geneva, Switzerland, to discuss present and future problems in the building of high-energy accelerators, instruments for using them, and the results obtained or to be expected from them. The three to four hundred physicists present represented more than twenty countries, ranging alphabetically from Australia to Yugoslavia, with the largest delegations, of over 50 each, from the United States and the Soviet Union. Hosts for the conference were the members of CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research): the organization, established by 12 Western European countries, that is building a laboratory for research in nuclear physics located just outside the city of Geneva.
Physics in South America
Authors: Korff S. A.
Published: January 2009

South America is a continent in which there are ten independent countries with full national sovereignty, and three small colonies of European powers. The independent countries range in size from tiny Uruguay, smaller than the state of Minnesota, to its huge neighbor Brazil, which is larger than the United States. As one might expect, there is a wide variation in the number and quality of the educational institutions dispensing instruction and engaging in research in physics. As there are no universities teaching physics in the three Guianas, we shall omit these colonies from the account that follows.
The research-grants program in physics at the National Science Foundation
Authors: McMillen J. Howard
Published: January 2009

The Congress of the United States, in 1950, laid down an unprecedented science policy. For the first time in our history, a special agency—the National Science Foundation—was established to encourage and stimulate basic research in physical, biological, and other sciences. Support of basic research in physics is a dynamic part of the Foundation research-grants program which has now been operating for about four years. The purpose of this report is to highlight this program of research grants in physics.
Physics in the Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Korff S. A.
Published: January 2009

At Honolulu, on the island of Oahu in the Hawaiian island group, the University of Hawaii has an active Physics Department. The faculty there consists of four persons of professional grade with differing research interests. Professor Willard H. Eller, former chairman, is at present devoting most of his time to building up the instruction in electrical engineering. The present chairman is Professor Iwao Miyake, whose chief interests are in electronics and acoustics. The system of rotating department chairmanship is used. Professor K. Watanabe is principally interested in the spectroscopy of the extreme ultraviolet, and Professor Walter Steiger is interested in geophysics and solar physics. This latter field has received a large impetus of late in connection with the forthcoming International Geophysical Year.
The meetings in Mexico…the distaff side
Authors: Brode Bernice
Published: January 2009

There were two conferences held in Mexico this late summer, 1955. The first was the Asamblea Conjunta de la American Physical Society y de la Sociedad Mexicana de Fisica, in Mexico City for three days in the last of August, and the second was the Congreso Internacional de Radiacion Cosmica, in Guanajuato and lasting about 10 days. There was a long week end in between the two meetings.
International cooperation in science
Authors: Rabi I. I.
Published: January 2009

Science, since it is an objective inquiry (rather, at least, as objective as human beings can be) into the nature of the universe, and of man and his place in the universe, is therefore universal in its appeal. I do not mean that everybody loves to study science. Unfortunately, this is very far from the case, but in every land irrespective of color, creed, and tradition there are people with the capacity and interest to join in this inquiry. Perhaps adventure would be a better word for it. The appeal of science lies very deep in men, because it expresses fundamentally the desire to explore, to understand, to know how things hang together, to get behind the superficial evidence of the senses, and, not least, to utilize this knowledge for human purpose.
Physics and physicists of the past fifty years
Authors: Birge Raymond T.
Published: January 2009

Dr. Wigner, Members of the American Physical Society and of other Societies associated with the American Institute of Physics, and Guests: In the case of British organizations such as the Royal Society and the British Association, it is quite customary for the president to deliver an address of a general, nontechnical character. On the other hand, in the case at least of the American Physical Society, a purely technical paper is much more common. It seems to me, however, that at a meeting where several hundred technical papers appear on the program, at least one nontechnical paper may appropriately find a place.
AIP annual report: 1955
Authors: Barton Henry A.
Published: January 2009

The January 1956 “25th Anniversary Issue” of A Physics Today contains articles reviewing what the American Institute of Physics is, relating its history, and presenting statistics about its membership. Reference is made to that issue for such background information. It is timely, however, to recall that the Institute was founded to keep the family of physicists together. The provisions for adhering groups were purposely made flexible to meet varying circumstances. Now several new groups involving many physicists are being formed. They have nothing to lose by becoming Affiliated Societies of the Institute. Unless they do so, the physicists doing full-time work in the fields served by these groups will become detached and lose some of the professional identity which they laboriously gained by years of graduate study. The relationship between Affiliated Societies and the Institute involves no financial commitment on their part nor any restriction other than to maintain appropriate standards. It would be a healthy thing also if some well-established society became interested in becoming a full Member Society of the Institute along with the original five. In view of its purpose, the AIP should not be an exclusive, crystallized organization. The resources and prestige of the Institute are now such that it has much to offer a new member society. An appropriate new member should be welcomed by the old ones.
The world's highest mountain laboratory
Authors: Bowen Theodore
Published: January 2009

About an hour and a half ride over a rough, steeply climbing road from the city of La Paz, Bolivia, brings one to the Chacaltaya High-Altitude Laboratory. Situated 5220 meters (17 100 feet) above sea level, in one of the poorest and least developed countries in Latin America, one is surprised to find a group of large stone buildings which comprise one of the world's best equipped high-altitude laboratories. The road is open throughout the year. The power line from La Paz can supply 1200 kilowatts of reliable electrical power. The buildings provide 2500 square feet of laboratory space as well as living quarters for twelve scientists. Working and living quarters are electrically heated. Living facilities, in addition to three bedrooms, include living room, dining room, kitchen, and two baths. At present, direct current converters to provide up to 420 kilowatts of dc power, enough to operate even the largest of cloud chamber magnets, are being installed. At the same time, living quarters are being enlarged to accommodate eighteen research workers.
International Conference on the Quantum Interactions of the Free Electron: A Summary Report
Authors: Mendlowitz Harold
Published: January 2009

The electron has been a bona fide member of the family of elementary particles for over a half of a century and a great deal is now known about its properties. As is usual in scientific endeavor, the more one learns about something the more one finds further questions which need to be answered. The International Conference on the Quantum Interactions of the Free Electron served somewhat as a pause to recapitulate what has been learned and understood and to reformulate the pertinent questions that we would like to have answered.
The teapot effect…a problem
Authors: Reiner Markus
Published: January 2009

As probably everybody has experienced to his or her dismay, when tea is poured out of a teapot, the jet, more often than not, has a tendency not to flow in a nice ballistic curve, as intended, into the cup, but to follow the underside of the spout, and soil the table cloth. Every physicist from a large number whose opinion I asked on the possible reason for this phenomenon, replied it must be due to surface tension or, in other terminology, capillary action or adhesion. Now, surface tension is one of the most nebulous terms of physics; many textbooks on the subject will tell the student that there is no such thing, and that the proper term is surface energy. We need not go into this question here, suffice it to say that when the physicist is pressed to express himself more clearly, he will say that this teapot effect is obviously due to the adhesion between the liquid (tea) and the solid (spout), and that the “phenomenon” was no problem and not worth another minute's thought.
Physics then and now
Authors: Foote Paul D.
Published: January 2009

I have been a member of the American Physical Society for forty-six years and accordingly must be classed as an “old timer”. Chronologically speaking, I am next to the oldest surviving past president. Dr. Swann was president in 1932, and I followed him in 1933. All the preceding presidents have passed to their final reward.
Second Sound Propagation in liquid helium II
Authors: Pellam John R.
Published: January 2009

One of the strangest anomalies thus far exhibited by matter has been the special thermal wave property of liquid helium II, known as second sound. Characteristic of no other substance than helium II—that weird form adopted by liquid helium below the λ-temperature of 2.19°K—second sound is essentially an undamped thermal wave propagation. Such thermal waves display all the usual properties of wave phenomena, including resonance and reflection characteristics. This property of heat flow conforming to a wave equation, rather than to the classical diffusive heat flow equation, results in such seemingly paradoxical situations as heat flowing uphill against thermal gradients. Anomalous even in name, second sound never activates microphones and is generated by heat impulses rather than by mechanical impulses. Finally, its behaviour provides perhaps the most effective means for investigating and understanding the true nature of this so-called quantum liquid, helium II, and the associated quantum hydrodynamics.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Chew G. F.
Published: January 2009

The third annual session of the Summer School for Theoretical Physics, which is located near Les Houches in the French Alps, was held from July 6 to August 29, 1953. As in preceding years there were thirty students, half of them French and most of the others from nearby European countries. Represented this year were Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Sweden, Turkey, Ireland, Portugal, Egypt, and China.
High-Altitude Laboratories
Authors: Korff Serge A.
Published: January 2009

Joint Commission Meeting in Denver.
Science and secrecy
Authors: DeWolf Smyth Henry
Published: January 2009

It is often useful to distinguish between basic science and applied science, or technology. There are many ways of making this distinction. Perhaps the simplest is in terms of objective and motivation. The objective of science is to understand the laws of nature, whereas the objective of technology is the immediate improvement of the material condition of man.
Physicists in California
Authors: DuBridge Lee A.
Published: January 2009

During the past thirty years great changes have taken place in physics not only in California but throughout the country. The membership lists of the American Physical Society for 1920, 1930, 1940, and 1951 provide illuminating data on these changes.
Laboratory Teaching
Authors: Allen Mildred
Published: January 2009

Discussed at AAPT Annual Meeting
Recent advances in high-energy physics
Authors: Noyes Henry Pierre
Published: January 2009

The past year has seen what may turn out to be the start of great progress in our understanding of meson problems. This was brought into focus at the Third Annual Rochester Conference on High-Energy Physics, held December 18–20, 1952, and the topics discussed there form a convenient framework for presenting recent work in this field. The series of Rochester conferences, organized by R. E. Marshak and made possible by the support of a group of Rochester industries together, in the present instance, with that of the National Science Foundation, has consisted of informal sessions in which the latest experimental and theoretical results have been mulled over by representatives of most of the American and some of the foreign groups directly concerned with high-energy physics.
Ionizing Radiations
Authors: Shapiro Philip
Published: January 2009

Seminar at Evans Signal Lab.
Science and national strength
Authors: Berkner Lloyd V.
Published: January 2009

This evening I would direct our attention for a few moments toward a fundamental problem that is the mutual concern of both science and politics. It is the problem that arises from the growing power of the atom as an offensive weapon, and the lack of comparable progress in defensive measures. The continual improvement of nuclear weapons, the increasing potentialities of biological and chemical warfare, have strengthened the potentialities of the offense to such an extent that if it remains unchecked it may soon be capable of destroying our present civilization. To put it bluntly, the United States has acquired a terrific punch with which to meet an all-out war; but it has at the same time acquired a “glass jaw,” because of its own vulnerability to atomic attack. The problem I would have you consider is this: How can the ideas emerging from science be employed to restore balance between the offensive and defensive capabilities that influence nations in their acts and policies, so that our choices of action are less brutally stark?
Who are the physicists?
Authors: Haberly A. A.
Published: January 2009

Although the number of American physicists has increased during the last twenty years, the demand for them has increased even more so. The field of atomic physics alone has consumed a major portion of the physicists this last decade. The nation needs all the physicists it can produce, and the critical problem is how to induce students to enter this highly specialized field. In attacking the problem it would be well to consider the physicists we now have and how they entered a career in physics. Who are the physicists? What backgrounds, what training, and what experiences do they have and how have these influenced their decisions to become physicists?
Man as a meter
Authors: Michels Walter C. , Helson Harry
Published: January 2009

The use of units such as the foot and the mile, which are obviously of physiological origin, indicates that physical measurements are based on direct human experiences. The definitions of many fundamental physical quantities have resulted from attempts to quantify direct sensory experiences. Thus, our scale of masses has grown from the distinction “heavier-lighter”; our temperature scale from “hotter-colder”; our light intensity scale from “brighter-dimmer”. It is true that the physicist has, to a large extent, replaced these personal judgments by the pointer readings or the counts given by quantitative instruments, but surprisingly accurate quantitative measurements may be made by the human organism without the aid of such instruments. In comparing the human meter with devices which the physicist is more inclined to trust, we shall find it advisable to set up a parallelism between the terms used by the physicist and those used by the psychologist. The signal supplied to a meter is exactly analogous to the stimulus to which the human reacts. The ordinary meter yields its measurement in terms of a pointer reading, the human meter indicates the magnitude of the stimulus by some sort of a motor or verbal response.
The AEC's physics research program
Authors: Johnson Thomas H.
Published: January 2009

The Atomic Energy Commission and the members of the American Physical Society have many mutual interests. For several years, their affairs have been closely interwoven. The atomic energy project, comprising activities formerly administered by the Corps of Engineers, and now under the Atomic Energy Commission, is a product of physics and physicists had a great deal to do with getting it started. I can think of no other industrial project of comparable size which relies as much on the wisdom of physicists for guiding its operations. Moreover, the growth of American physics and the welfare of American physicists owe a great deal to the Commission and its contractors. This agency gives employment to a large percentage of the membership of this Society; it also budgets for U.S. Treasury support for essential research facilities. Much of the work reported at this meeting, I note, has been financed by the AEC.
Pittsburgh Conference
Authors: Gerjuoy E.
Published: January 2009

On Medium Energy Nuclear Physics
AAPT
Authors: Williamson Charles
Published: January 2009

Summer Meeting at Pittsburgh
A Fulbrighter in Baghdad
Authors: Weber Louis R.
Published: January 2009

“To bring about better understanding between the United States and other countries through an exchange of professors, research scholars, teachers and students,” I read on the wall of the modest suite of offices of the Fulbright Foundation in Iraq. My spine tingled as I read these words, for nearby was my name with “College of Arts and Sciences” as my assignment. With this, the first year of the complete Fulbright Program in Iraq, this statement presented a challenge as well as an important responsibility.
Physics Curriculum for Engineers
Authors: Woodside E. L.
Published: January 2009

THE varied suggestions as to subjects to be included in a physics course for engineers seem to be the result of a varied bias for different branches of engineering. In other words, the variation in suggestions is largely the result of variations in the “objective” as conceived by the several suggesters. It is doubted that any close agreement as to a course content can be reached until some degree of uniformity is attained in our concept of the “objective” of such a course.
Technology and national research policy
Authors: Tuve Merle A.
Published: January 2009

The tremendous changes which have been wrought by technology in the private lives of perhaps a quarter of the people of the world, and its effects on the lives of all the others, the impact of technology on public affairs in every country, and on the whole range of international exchanges and needs and stresses, make it appropriate to include some discussion of technological developments in your examination this week of “The Outlook for the Free World”.
The future supply of American physicists
Authors: White Marsh W.
Published: January 2009

Physicists-in-training have been declining in number since 1950. This decrease has been relatively sharp for undergraduate physics majors. The numbers of graduate students in physics have decreased only slightly, but this reduction seems likely to continue until about 1958. The production of doctorates in physics reached a peak in the academic year 1952–53 just closed. It is to be expected that physics PhD's will continue to be graduated in slowly diminishing numbers until about 1962, after which there should be substantial increases.
Mesons and nuclear forces
Authors: Bethe Hans A.
Published: January 2009

The history of the subject of mesons and nuclear forces is an example, as good as any I know in recent scientific progress, of both the wisdom and the folly of scientists. The theory of nuclear forces began in 1932 with the discovery of the neutron. This made possible a consistent picture of the structure of the nucleus, namely, to consider the nucleus as composed of neutrons and protons which are held together by very strong forces, different from and stronger than any other forces which we had known in nature before. Only three years after the discovery of the neutron and the start of nuclear theory, Yukawa suggested that the nuclear forces were transmitted between the nuclear particles, the neutron and the proton, by other particles as yet undiscovered, which have now come to be known by the name of mesons. Yukawa predicted that there should be such particles, that they should have a mass of 100 to 200 times the electron mass, that they should be charged, and that they should have integral spin, probably either zero or one.
Microwave Optics
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: January 2009

Symposium at McGill University
Science and national affairs
Authors: Frank Nathaniel H.
Published: January 2009

It is indeed an honor and a pleasure to have the opportunity of addressing you on the occasion of Science Day of the sesquicentennial celebration of the founding of Hebron Academy. It is perhaps somewhat rash of me to undertake the presentation of a topic as ramified and complex as the relations of science to national affairs, but the profound significance of this subject, both for the individual and for the country as a whole, has provided me with the courage for such an undertaking. I am deeply concerned about a number of rather widespread misunderstandings about these matters, and I hope to be able in the following remarks to clarify some of the subtler points which, when viewed superficially, lead to erroneous and even to potentially harmful conclusions. My remarks, I trust, will be applicable with equal validity both to the physical sciences—mathematics, chemistry, physics, geology, etc.—and to the life sciences—biology, botany, zoology, etc.—and you will forgive me if I draw most heavily on physics because of my own more intimate acquaintance with this science.
The independent research institution
Authors: Bush Vannevar
Published: January 2009

It is sometimes maintained that the day of the independent research institution is over, that henceforth fundamental research belongs to the universities with heavy governmental subsidy, and that such an institution no longer occupies a unique position in the national scene as it once did. When this view is based on more than a casual estimate of national trends, it usually implies two criticisms: first, that the research institution is isolated and that the interchange and cross-fertilization of a university community is necessary for best progress in these days when disciplines are becoming more intimately interlinked; second, that fundamental research and the education of brilliant students should be closely related and that the research institution is prone to become ingrowing and stodgy in the absence of the continual impact of young minds.
Winds in the ionosphere
Authors: Chapman Sydney
Published: January 2009

The evidence for the existence of winds in the ionosphere is now manifold. It is partly directly visual, from the motion of luminous meteor trails and high luminous night clouds and patchiness in the night airglow. It is partly based on inference from indirect observations, such as the geomagnetic variations at the earth's surface; these are ascribed to electric currents partly flowing in the ionosphere, which are explained by dynamo action of ionospheric motions. Another type of indirect observational evidence is provided by the scintillation of radio stars. The most abundant and varied evidence, however, is afforded by inference from observations in which human experiment also plays a vital part, namely by the transmission of radio beams to the ionosphere and their reception after they have been modified by passage through that region, either solely by the influence of ionospheric motion, or by the fleeting presence there of ionized meteor trails.
Reserve Forces Act of 1955
Authors: Trytten M. H.
Published: January 2009

The Reserve Forces Act of 1955 has been placed on the statutes and thus the military manpower program of the nation has been settled for a time—possibly a long time. It seems unlikely that the Congress will open up these touchy issues short of a gathering international storm. The present legislation could be with us a long time.
Enrico Fermi
Authors: Metropolis Nicholas
Published: January 2009

In an extraordinary plenary session at its annual Washington meeting, the American Physical Society honored the memory of Enrico Fermi. Most appropriately the program was arranged and presided over by his friend, Hans Bethe. The history of Fermi's accomplishments was presented by five speakers, each of whom described one period of his unique career. The chairman began the story and by his interpolated remarks created a beautiful synthesis.
Yukawa Hall and modern physics in Japan
Authors: Kobayasi M.
Published: January 2009

The award of the 1949 Nobel Prize for physics to Dr. Hideki Yukawa, professor of Kyoto University, was a matter of considerable importance to Japan. This news was received with tremendous joy by the Japanese and encouraged the scientists in Japan to continue their researches in spite of the economic condition of postwar Japan.
Employment problems ofyoung physicists
Authors: Livingston M. Stanley
Published: January 2009

Information on the present attitudes of young scientists toward their prospective employment is useful in assessing the effects of graduate training, in evaluating the motivations of students, in aiding placement offices to find suitable jobs for graduates, and in many other ways. The increasing demand for scientists in our growing industrial system and in government defense laboratories requires accurate estimates of the supply of young scientists and of how they are being assimilated. Considerable evidence has been presented to show that the numbers now being trained are insuffident to meet future needs. A new problem has arisen in recent years, concerning the security status of scientists. It is of interest to know, for example, whether the unpleasant publicity given to several prominent security clearance cases has had a significant effect on the willingness of young Scientists to accept employment which requires Security clearence.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Howes Walton
Published: January 2009

THE importance of Dr. Heinz Haber's aptly titled article “Safety Hazard of Tinted Automobile Windshields” in the June Journal of the Optical Society of America should not go unheeded by members of the Institute.
Some current work at Bell Telephone Laboratories
Authors: Darrow Karl K.
Published: January 2009

Faraday spoke in this hall, and many other eminent men of his century and of this one. Even for a Briton it must be thrilling to stand where they have stood, and for this American it is positively awe-inspiring. One wishes that their words had been preserved on records—and then one realizes that one would hardly care to meet their competition in this place. One indulges in the pastime, useless but harmless, of wondering what Faraday would say could he return to this stage. Looking around the city, I think he would be amazed to see the transformations wrought through his discoveries in the lighting, the transport and the industry of this great capital, in the heart of which the Royal Institution stands now as it stood then. Looking over the scene in physics, he would be astonished by the number of the research institutions and by the size of many of them; he would be amazed by the total amount of work, and surprised by the large fraction of it that is team-work. If he saw our budgets he might consider some of us, the nuclear physicists in particular, extravagant beyond reason. We could reply to him that he exhausted the surface-layers of the mine, and it is not our fault if the remaining ore is very deep down. In listening to a speech like this one he would be pleased to hear such words as “current” and “magnet” over and over again, but he would be confounded by some of the words that are mixed with them. From time to time he would be led into a realm entirely new to him. It is into such a realm that I will first lead you. This is not with the object of impressing Faraday, but I will admit to getting a little whimsical pleasure out of beginning in a field of which you hardly expected to hear in a talk with a title like mine.
The complementary role of physics and mechanics in engineering education
Authors: Murphy Glenn
Published: January 2009

Among the many ideas being explored in the continual attempt to improve engineering education is that of eliminating unnecessary duplication of effort in allied departments. At the outset, it is evident that some duplication of subject matter, particularly as it relates to principles, is essential. However, undue duplication robs the student of the opportunity to receive instruction in additional areas which may be vital to his continued growth and development throughout his professional career.
Report of conference on electricity and magnetism in engineering education
Authors: Potter J. G. , Olsen L. O.
Published: January 2009

Thirty-four electrical engineers and physicists met at Lehigh University February 7–9, 1955, to discuss desiderata in instruction by electrical engineering and physics departments for undergraduates in electrical engineering and other engineering in view of the changing demands on engineering education. Appropriate prerequisite and concurrent mathematical instruction was also considered. The deliberations of the conference led to the assignment of various committees to formulate the collective attitudes of the conference in reports which were then revised and adopted by the conference. The following reports were adopted without dissent, with the single exception that one dissenter wished to go on record on one of the reports.
CERN: European Organization for Nuclear Research
Authors: Bakker C. J.
Published: January 2009

The Council meeting of the European Organization held in Geneva on October 7 and 8, 1954, was a great occasion. In his opening address R. Valeur of France, retiring President of the interim Council, notified the Council of the entering into force of the Convention for the establishment of a European Organization for Nuclear Research, as a sufficient number of instruments of ratification had been deposited by then.
CERN Conference on High-Energy Nuclear Physics
Authors: Polkinghorne J. C.
Published: January 2009

Geneva is a city accustomed to international conferences but even the Genevans must have been a little surprised to find two conferences on nuclear topics occurring in their midst in one week. One was the East-West meeting of experts to discuss nuclear test detection. The other was the “Rochester” Conference come to Europe under the hospitable and efficient auspices of CERN. Science was showing its twin faces: applied science, with its inevitable political significance, and pure science, which advances through combining the work of men of many nations.
Argentine High-Altitude Station
Authors: Korff Serge A.
Published: January 2009

While visiting Argentina.
A Letter from an Editor
Authors: Goudsmit S. A.
Published: January 2009

The following communication.
Free radicals research symposium
Authors: Moyer James W.
Published: January 2009

A symposium was held September 18–20, 1957, at the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., on the Formation and Stabilization of Free Radicals. The title of the meeting reflected the current interest of sponsors' committee representatives, Professor F. O. Rice of the Catholic University of America, Dr. S. N. Foner of the Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University, Professor Roy Anderson of the University of Maryland, and Dr. A. M. Bass of the Bureau of Standards' Free Radicals Research Section, who served as chairman of the Symposium Committee.
Meeting in Yugoslavia on nuclear reactions
Authors: Porter Charles E.
Published: January 2009

The Yugoslavian Summer Meeting on Nuclear Reactions was held from July 12 to 29 at Mali Lošinj, Lošinj Island, Yugoslavia. Present at the conference, which was organized by Professor Z. Janković of the Institut Rudjer Bošković in Zagreb, were seventy-two participants the majority (thirty-nine) of whom came from Yugoslavia and the others (thirty-three) from all parts of Europe. The meeting was arranged to be something between a summer school and a research conference. Every morning there were three lectures of a review nature which lasted for three hours, and in the evening an hour was devoted to a research seminar. The afternoons were left open for study and recreation.
Introducing the Fritz London Award
Authors: Brickwedde F. G.
Published: January 2009

Fritz London was greatly admired in the United States and abroad. Though an American by adoption he belonged to the world. Therefore, this Award for low-temperature research bearing his name is international and open to persons of all countries.
Semiconductor research in the USSR
Authors: Dunlap W. Crawford
Published: January 2009

The trip described in the present report was an experiment in determining to what extent a private American tourist could visit scientific establishments in the USSR. The author had no official sponsorship by either the Soviet or the American governments, nor any official mission or invitation.
The 6th Scintillation Counter Symposium
Authors: Morton G. A.
Published: January 2009

The scintillation counter, since it was first described as a means for detection of gamma rays by H. Kallmann in Germany and Coltman and Marshall in the United States in 1947, has developed very rapidly and is now one of the most important tools for nuclear research. In order to keep those interested in the field informed of the progress that is being made, a series of symposia has been held biennially. These symposia bring together both those who use the scintillation counter as a tool to further their research and those charged with the development of the device itself. The value of most technical meetings lies not only in the formal papers presented but also in the informal discussions which occur between (and sometimes during) the formal sessions. This is particularly true of the Scintillation Counter Symposia where many of those in attendance are top-level experts in the field.
Our universities' research-associate positions in physics
Authors: McMillen J. Howard
Published: January 2009

Research associates play an impressive role in our university physics research. Without them research in universities would lose much of its vitality and certainly move at a slower pace. The research-associate positions have been a boon to fresh young PhD's wishing to extend their experience and obtain post-PhD training. A year or two of apprenticeship as a research associate is considered the best entree to better jobs and an opportunity of doing research under burden-free conditions.
Exploratory research
Authors: Zahl Harold A. , Reilley Edward M.
Published: January 2009

Many military laboratories are today being subjected to increasingly severe requirements as this country seeks to emphasize its scientific effort. The immediate problems of defense, the missile program, and the now intense interest in the race for outer space, all call for trying to buy ten years time in two. The relatively calm environment of many military research laboratories is gradually being replaced by crash requirements, deadlines, and “budget hassles”. In such a situation research having generalized long-term objectives always seems to yield to the exigencies of the immediate.
Corrections to the American Institute of Physics Handbook
Authors: Gray Dwight E.
Published: January 2009

The corrections given below comprise the second such list of errata for the American Institute of Physics Handbook (McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1957). The first compilation of changes appeared in the August 1957 issue of Physics Today (pp. 19–20) and the corrections were made in the second printing of the Handbook. The changes in this new list appear in the third printing. Notification of any further errors that come to the attention of readers of the Handbook will be gratefully received. Such information can be sent to Dr. Dwight E. Gray, Coordinating Editor, AIP Handbook, 306 Northwest Drive, Silver Spring, Md.
Conference on photonuclear reactions
Authors: Leiss James E.
Published: January 2009

Scientists from ten countries, representing leading centers for the study of photon-induced nuclear reactions, met at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C., on April 30 and May 1, 1958, for the Sixth Conference on Photonuclear Reactions. Previous conferences have been held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Pennsylvania, Case Institute of Technology, and the University of Chicago. Cosponsors of the meeting were the US Atomic Energy Commission, the Office of Naval Research, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and the National Bureau of Standards.
The visiting scientists program in physics
Authors: Kelly W. C.
Published: January 2009

Academic year 1957–58 was the first year of the visiting physicists program. Seventy-five prominent physicists packed their bags and, putting aside research and administration for a few days, set out on visits to colleges to talk about physics. Another twenty-eight visited high schools for a day. The activities during the visits left no doubt that physicists have a common interest in educational problems and that progress in solving the problems requires cooperation of the kind that made the visits possible.
Weak hysteresis in a simplified model of the L-H transition
Authors: Malkov M. A. , Diamond P. H.
Published: January 2009

A simple one-field L-H transition model is studied in detail, analytically and numerically. The dynamical system consists of three equations coupling the drift wave turbulence level, zonal flow speed, and the pressure gradient. The fourth component, i.e., the mean shear velocity, is slaved to the pressure gradient. Bursting behavior, characteristic for predator-prey models of the drift wave - zonal flow interaction, is recovered near the transition to the quiescent H-mode (QH) and occurs as strongly nonlinear relaxation oscillations. The latter, in turn, arise as a result of Hopf bifurcation (limit cycle) of an intermediate fixed point (between the L- and H-modes). The system is shown to remain at the QH-mode fixed point even after the heating rate is decreased below the bifurcation point (i.e., hysteresis, subcritical bifurcation), but the basin of attraction of the QH-mode shrinks rapidly with decreasing power. This suggests that the hysteresis in the H-L transition may be less than that expected from S-curve models. Nevertheless, it is demonstrated that by shaping the heating rate temporal profile, one can reduce the average power required for the transition to the QH-mode.
Light-induced absorption in lead lanthanum zirconate titanate ceramics
Authors: Schaab S. , Granzow T. , Woike Th. , Schaniel D.
Published: January 2009

Transient light-induced absorption in the near infrared (IR) and visible (vis) spectral range is observed in transparent lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titante piezoelectric ceramics by means of a pump-and-probe-type experiment after pulsed illumination with 532 nm. Its temporal behavior in the IR range is satisfactorily described by a single stretched exponential function, whereas in the vis range a sum of two stretched exponential functions is necessary. The results prove the existence of at least two defect levels in the energetic band gap.
Optical properties and structural characteristics of ZnMgO grown by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Wassner Thomas A. , Laumer Bernhard , Maier Stefan , Laufer Andreas , Meyer Bruno K. , Stutzmann Martin , Eickhoff Martin
Published: January 2009

Wurtzite Zn1−xMgxO thin films with Mg contents between x=0 and x=0.37 were grown on c-plane sapphire substrates by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy using a MgO/ZnMgO buffer layer. The a-lattice parameter is independent from the Mg concentration, whereas the c-lattice parameter decreases from 5.20 Å for x=0 to 5.17 Å for x=0.37, indicating pseudomorphic growth. The near band edge photoluminescence shows a blueshift with increasing Mg concentration to an emission energy of 4.11 eV for x=0.37. Simultaneously, the energetic position of the deep defect luminescence shows a linear shift from 2.2 to 2.8 eV. Low temperature transmission measurements reveal strong excitonic features for the investigated composition range and alloy broadening effects for higher Mg contents. The Stokes shift as well as the Urbach energy is increased to values of up to 125 and 54 meV for x=0.37, respectively, indicating exciton localization due to alloy fluctuations.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy investigation of Al-related dipole at the HfO2/Si interface
Authors: Zhu L. Q. , Barrett N. , Jégou P. , Martin F. , Leroux C. , Martinez E. , Grampeix H. , Renault O. , Chabli A.
Published: January 2009

The presence of an ultrathin oxide layer at the high-k/SiO2 interface may result in an interfacial dipole related to the specific high-k dielectric used for the gate stacks. 1 nm HfO2/x nmAl2O3/SiO2/Si stacks with different x values (x=0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2) have been prepared by atomic layer deposition. Using photoelectron spectroscopy, an Al-related interfacial dipole in the HfO2/Al2O3/SiO2 gate stack has been identified. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis shows that the dipole is correlated with the formation of an interfacial Al-silicate. The dipole is located at the Al-silicate interface between Al2O3 and SiO2, and its strength increases with the increase in Al2O3 thickness because of Al silicate growth. Such Al-related interfacial dipole should have potential applications in future positive metal-oxide-semiconductor devices.
Physical science and the objectives of the scientist
Authors: FitzGerald John J.
Published: January 2009

The history of western thought since the seventeenth century leaves little doubt as to the practical validity of the method of controlled quantitative analysis discovered by Galileo, interpreted by Descartes, and variously generalized by Newton and Einstein. The impact of its success on every level of human activity—religious, political, industrial, and educational (to mention only the more obvious ones)—has awakened the most diverse and even contradictory speculations as to the specific character of the science it yields and the precise intentions of those who engage in it. Often enough, one gathers the impression that these speculations are founded on an arbitrary and quite uncritical conception of the nature of modern science; a conception formulated in terms of what one thinks or wishes to think science is from its effects upon the extrascientific domain (which, in the present context, includes philosophy) rather than in terms of a patient and sustained critical analysis of its characteristic structure.
A report by the AEC General Advisory Committee
Authors: Buckley Oliver E. , Conant James B. , Dubridge Lee A. , Libby Willard F. , Murphree Eger V. , Von Neumann John , Rabi I. I. , Whitman Walter G. , Oppenheimer J. R.
Published: January 2009

The Atomic Energy Act of 1946 provides in Section 2(b) that “There shall be a General Advisory Committee to advise the Commission on scientific and technical matters relating to materials, production, and research and development, to be composed of nine members, who shall be appointed from civilian life by the President.” The Act further directs that “The Committee shall designate one of its own members as Chairman. The Committee shall meet at least four times in every calendar year.” Beyond that, the Act does not specify how the Committee is to perform its advisory functions, how it is to obtain the information and analysis on which to base its advice, nor how to determine the issues to which it should direct its attention.