bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The End of Days
Authors: Harper Matthew
Published: May 2017

For 4 million slaves, emancipation was a liberation and resurrection story of biblical proportion, both the clearest example of God’s intervention in human history and a sign of the end of days. This book demonstrates how black southerners’ theology, in particular their understanding of the end times, influenced nearly every major economic and political decision they made in the aftermath of emancipation. From considering what demands to make in early Reconstruction to deciding whether or not to migrate west, African American Protestants consistently inserted themselves into biblical narratives as a way of seeing the importance of their own struggle in God’s greater plan for humanity. Phrases like “jubilee,” “Zion,” “valley of dry bones,” and the “New Jerusalem” in black-authored political documents invoked different stories from the Bible to argue for different political strategies. This study offers new ways of understanding the intersections between black political and religious thought of this era. Until now, scholarship on black religion has not highlighted how pervasive or contested these beliefs were. This narrative, however, tracks how these ideas governed particular political moments as African Americans sought to define and defend their freedom in the forty years following emancipation.
A Table Prepared by Our Enemies
Authors: Harper Matthew
Published: May 2017

This chapter explains how black southerners interpreted early Jim Crow politics in light of the theological expectations they held from emancipation. Despite new forms of segregation, intensified racial violence, and disfranchisment efforts, black Protestants in North Carolina were encouraged by Fusion, a successful biracial political movement, and black autonomy in that state’s black regiment for the Spanish American War. Then, a devastating white supremacy campaign in 1898 left African Americans in mourning. Black Protestant leaders turned to the crucifixion narrative to make sense of the loss. Just as Jesus faced abandoned by God on the cross only days before his glorious resurrection, black southerners still had reason to hope. Their theological expectations forced them to see their own struggle for freedom as uninterrupted by the politics of Jim Crow.
Epilogue
Authors: Harper Matthew
Published: May 2017

By the 1910s, even as some cities held major parades for the semincentennial anniversary of emancipation, annual emancipation day celebrations were already ending in some places. Some black leaders, especially the generation that could not remember the emancipation of southern slaves, wanted “a new emancipation,” not the memory of an old one. This epilogue argues that even though emancipation gradually lost its place in black thought as the fulcrum of divine and human history, many features of African Americans’ hopeful eschatology, or the understand of the end times, remained the same in the twentieth century. Black political decisions in the Great Migration, Garveyism, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Nation of Islam depended upon a particular retelling of the past and a claim to God-ordained race destiny that had their roots in the theological meaning black southerners gave emancipation.
Introduction
Authors: Kurashige Lon
Published: May 2017

Visitors to Los Angeles’s historic center, if they look carefully, will find information about the city’s original Chinatown not far from Our Lady Queen of Angels Catholic Church, Avila Adobe, a monument to Latino American war veterans, and the Mexican-themed commercial district of Ol-vera Street. One sidewalk placard marks the location on Calle de los Negros where on October 24, 1871, a mob of “500 locals shot, hung, and stabbed innocent Chinese residents.” This “massacre,” the marker reads, erupted during a period when “anti-Chinese legislation and social discrimination greatly affected Chinese American families and their community life” and “left them without legal protection.”...
Conclusion
Authors: Kurashige Lon
Published: May 2017

The historical marker remembering the Chinese massacre in Los Angeles discussed at the start of this book stands as testimony to the dark side of the Asian American experience. The importance of such institutional memory is obvious given the history of exclusionism as told in these pages. We, as a society, must prevent acts of violence and discrimination meted out to groups based on race, color, culture, national origin, and legal status—and this ...
Introduction
Authors: Syrett Nicholas L.
Published: May 2017

The introduction argues that the marriage of minors has always been relatively common in the United States, though explanations for its prevalence vary over time. In earlier eras children married because childhood was not strictly demarcated from adulthood; in later eras, Americans’ discomfort with adolescent sexuality has allowed many to countenance youthful marriage. While there are real instances of exploitation to be found in minors’ marriages, paradoxically many youth also found marriage one of the few ways to achieve adulthood prematurely, emancipating themselves from their parents and legally protecting sex with older spouses. The introduction also explains terminology, methods, and sources.
Wholly Unfit for the Marriage Condition
Authors: Syrett Nicholas L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter revisits the laws documented in the first chapter and demonstrates that even though they prohibited marriage below certain ages, many children continued to marry, often extralegally. When parents objected to these marriages, as in the case of Susan Hervey to the marriage of her daughter Sarah to Thomas Parton, they may have done so not because their children were too young for marriage (reflecting the growth of age consciousness), but because such a marriage would deprive parents of the labor of their children. When judges decided the cases brought by aggrieved parents, they almost always upheld the marriages so as not to create single, non-virginal girls, some of whom might be pregnant. They also wanted to hold men to the promises they had made to the state regarding the permanence of marriage.
My Little Girl Wife
Authors: Syrett Nicholas L.
Published: May 2017

By the later nineteenth century, ideas about childhood and about marriage had undergone significant transformations in the United States, especially among the middle class. Children were now seen as innocents in need of protection and marriage was meant to be a complementary (if still unequal) union of two companionate souls. Both of these trends meant that child marriage increasingly came into disfavor. Focusing on depictions of child marriage in newspapers, debates about statutory rape laws, and marriage and divorce reform leagues, this chapter documents succesful efforts to raise the age of consent to marriage. It also shows the ways that working-class parents, generally those least likely to identify age as a meaningful category of identity, used these new laws to prevent their minor children from marrying.
Introduction
Authors: Kilgore John Mac
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the book’s historical, political, and literary material. It is broken into three sections. The first section situates “enthusiasm” in relationship to the modern critique of revolution and leveling democracy, specifically the American and French Revolution, through discussions of Edmund Burke and William Blake. The second section argues for enthusiasm’s importance to transnational studies of American literature, histories of American protest and American religion, affect theory, and philosophies of emancipation (or “the event”). The third section defines what the author calls “literatures of enthusiasm” as a convulsive writing of political crisis encouraging acts of dissent and liberation, using Frederick Douglass and Walt Whitman as examples.
The Road to Madness
Authors: Walker J. Samuel , Roberts Randy
Published: May 2017

The NCAA basketball tournament is one of the iconic events in American sports. Now known for its size (sixty-eight teams) and myriad upsets, before the tournament expanded in 1974, it consisted of twenty-five teams (one per college conference) and had been dominated by one team, the UCLA Bruins, for over a decade. By the time the 1973-74 season started, coach John Wooden and UCLA had become symbols of success and stability during a time of cultural, political, and economic turmoil in the United States. But North Carolina State’s defeat of UCLA in the 1974 tournament--and subsequent capture of the title--marked the end of a basketball dynasty, and gave birth to the cultural touchstone now known as March Madness.In WHEN MARCH BECAME MADNESS, J. Samuel Walker and Randy Roberts offer the first in-depth, historical account of the pivotal 1973-74 college basketball season and the controversial decisions that led to the expansion of the collegiate tournament. Blending oral history and extensive research in primary sources, Walker and Roberts provide a richly detailed chronicle of the players, coaches, universities, and public figures instrumental in creating one of the nation’s major sporting events.
The Target
Authors: Walker J. Samuel , Roberts Randy
Published: May 2017

John Wooden, the basketball coach at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) from 1948 until his retirement in 1975, was a man who lived by long-honored traditions and values. In many ways, he belonged to an older America—a nation of homespun virtues, the self-improvement maxims of Benjamin Franklin, the plucky plot lines of Horatio Alger, and the Christian themes of Harold Bell Wright. By 1973, he looked out of place sitting on the bench at courtside before tip-off. With short salt-and-pepper hair parted straight as a razor, large bookish glasses, a serenely beatific smile, and a conservative banker’s suit, he appeared more like a church deacon than a basketball coach. In a polyester age of florid shirts, bell-bottom slacks, and Nehru jackets, the Wizard of Westwood (a nickname he detested) was a wool and cotton man, so out of touch with the fashions of the times that it would not have occurred to him to notice—or care—how far behind he had fallen....
Bracketology 1974
Authors: Walker J. Samuel , Roberts Randy
Published: May 2017

In 1974 only twenty-five teams qualified for the NCAA tournament, and only one team from the major conferences. Most of the conferences chose their champions based on conference standing. And independent programs gained admission into the tournament based on their season records. But there was still intense drama. Indiana University, coached by Robert “Bobby” Knight, and the University of Michigan tied for the Big 10 title and had to have a play-off to decide who would receive the NCAA invitation. But the most drama was in the ACC, where the ACC tournament decided who would go to the NCAA tournament.
Introduction
Authors: Walker Rebecca L. , Rivkin-Fish Michele , Buchbinder Mara
Published: May 2017

The introduction to Understanding Health Inequalities and Justice: New Conversations Across the Disciplines describes the terrain of health justice and inequalities and the multiple disciplinary perspectives that explore it. In the introduction, the editors advance the view that how we approach health inequalities and justice is a matter of great import, and argue for the positive impact multiple disciplinary perspectives may have when engaged in conversations together on these matters. The introduction offers a substantive discussion of normative paradigms informing health justice including egalitarian, libertarian, utilitiarian, rights-based, and principles-based bioethics approaches. In addition to examining each of the three sub-headings of the volume: 1. Interrogating Normative Perspectives on Health Inequality and Justice, 2. Disrupting Assumptions and Expanding Perspectives through Cases, and 3. Rethinking Evidence and the Making of Policy, each chapter is given a detailed introduction and described in relationship to other relevant chapters in the volume.
Health Inequalities and Relational Egalitarianism
Authors: Kelleher J. Paul
Published: May 2017

Much of the philosophical literature on health inequalities seeks to establish the superiority of one or another conception of luck egalitarianism. In recent years, however, an increasing number of self-avowed egalitarian philosophers have proposed replacing luck egalitarianism with alternatives that stress the moral relevance of distinct relationships, rather than the moral relevance of good or bad luck. After briefly explaining why the author is not attracted to luck egalitarianism, the author distinguishes and clarify three views that have been characterized in the philosophical literature as forms of relational egalitarianism. The author calls these three relational views equality of treatment, equality of concern, and social egalitarianism. The author argues that each deserves the title “egalitarianism” and (more importantly) that these three views are not competitors; rather, each brand of relational egalitarianism describes a plausible plank of distributive justice that bears on the evaluation of health inequalities and on the political institutions that create, sustain, or exacerbate them. To illustrate this pluralistic relational egalitarian approach, the author draws on a case study by Horton and Barker (this volume) to discuss how each of the three planks might be brought to bear on the evaluation of oral health disparities among the children of migrant Latino farmworkers in California.
Embodied Inequalities
Authors: Horton Sarah , Barker Judith C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter combines ethnographic and social epidemiological approaches to analyze the causes of Latino children’s high rates of oral disease as well as their cumulative effects. Social epidemiological approaches suggest the complex interplay of biology and social structure at multiple levels in creating health inequalities. How can we use ethnography to operationalize this model, illustrating the varying role of familial, clinical, and sociopolitical contexts in creating farmworker youths’ health inequalities? Moreover, how can social epidemiology heed the insights of ethnography, and what happens when we assign equal truth status to parents’ “local” knowledge and to expert knowledge of epidemiological reports? This chapter serves as a lens both for understanding the roots of farmworker children’s poor oral health and as a thought experiment for considering the provocative methodological and epistemological questions posed by an interdisciplinary dialogue on health inequalities. Using a life course perspective, we examine the way that farmworker young adults’ poor oral health feeds back into a system of social inequality. Using the lens of oral health, this chapter presents a vivid argument for why health inequalities are cause for policy intervention—that is, why they are a matter not only of fairness but also of equity and justice.
Chasing Virtue, Enforcing Virtue
Authors: DeBruin Debra , Lyerly Anne Drapkin , Liaschenko Joan , Marshall Mary Faith
Published: May 2017

Judgments about risk of harm raise issues of profound moral significance. This chapter criticizes prevailing assumptions about risk management in pregnancy. While bioethicists tend to focus on beneficence when analyzing issues of risk, beneficence does not exhaust the moral significance of risk and judgments about risk also raise issues of social justice. The chapter begins by highlighting criteria for adequate understanding of social justice as transcending the distribution of harms and benefits standardly thought to constitute justice. The chapter then considers how culture shapes the normative significance of risk: how we think about risk, what measures we feel justified taking to manage risks, whose interests are promoted by various approaches to risk, whom we hold responsible and for what. Moving beyond criticism, reforms of cultural attitudes toward pregnancy and its management are proposed and recent claims that “fetal origins” research provides a basis for such reform are assessed. This chapter argues that recognition of the significance of social determinants of health plays a critical role in transforming the management of risk in pregnancy. Overall, the analysis engages foundational philosophical questions about the nature of social justice in concert with attention to cultural context.
Into the Heart of the Beast
Authors: Cline David P.
Published: May 2017

Charles Sherrod was one of two SNCC students who began organizing in Southwest Georgia in 1961 what eventually became the Albany Movement. In 1964, he attended Union Theological Seminary in New York City to pursue an advanced degree and joined forces with SIM, recruiting a number of students who would travel to work with him in Georgia in greater numbers each year between 1965 and 1968. Students in Southwest Georgia encountered entrenched racism and white supremacy and focused their efforts on voter registration, electoral politics, economic development and education. As the term “Black Power” gained currency during these years, Sherrod interpreted it to mean black economic and political power and independence, and although most in the nation thought the Albany Movement long over, Sherrod and the SIM students continued to make great advances in Southwest Georgia.
Introduction
Authors: Foote Lorien
Published: May 2017

The Yankees spread across the South Carolina and North Carolina countryside like a plague of biblical proportions, according to one observer. They dug sweet potatoes out of farmers’ fields, broke into barns, and burrowed into haylofts. Their bodies were infested with millions of lice and they carried these vermin to every place they stopped for the night. Every day one of the pestilential Yankees accosted an unsuspecting white or black southerner going about his or her daily business. In Caldwell County, North Carolina, the Reverend Isaac Oxford discovered a Yankee napping under neath his fodder. The Federal awoke and attacked Oxford, who finally subdued the man after a brutal fistfight. Oxford later captured three others that he encountered while squirrel hunting. In the same county, near Lenoir, the wife of the local doctor used her watchdog to subdue a Yankee trying to slip past the fence on her property. Slaves who lived near the road between Columbia and Spartanburg in South Carolina awoke to find a Yankee who had entered their cabins looming over their beds. He wanted food and a guide....
God’s Country
Authors: Foote Lorien
Published: May 2017

Thousands of escaped prisoners, refugees, Confederate deserters, recruits for the Union Army, raiders, and guerrillas moved through the Appalachian Mountains in the last winter of the Civil War. The lack of clear jurisdiction among the various Confederate military departments and a dysfunctional command structure hampered an effective response to the movement of internal and external enemies across borders. Thomas’s Legion, a Confederate unit that captured a number of escaped prisoners, exemplified the confused state of the Confederacy’s military bureaucracy. Escaped prisoners joined forces with southern recruits for the Union Army to navigate the dangerous conditions of East Tennessee.
Epilogue
Authors: Foote Lorien
Published: May 2017

The death of the Confederate prison system, like the death of the Confederacy itself, was an uneven process across space and time. After the exchange at the Northeast Cape Fear River, the Confederacy acquired new Federal prisoners of war during the subsequent military campaigns of Schofield and Sherman. Recaptured prisoners from the great escapes of late February still populated county jails. One thousand prisoners returned to Andersonville in early April. A few days before Robert E. Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to Ulysses S. Grant, Colonel Henry Forno, the Confederate prison bureaucrat still in charge of the system in the Carolinas, wrote the new commissary general of prisoners, Brigadier General Daniel Ruggles, about building a new prison on a site eighteen miles from Columbia on the Charlotte & South Carolina Railroad line. “I am receiving small lots of prisoners and have no place to keep them but open fields,” Forno informed his superior. He estimated it would take him ten days to erect a stockade....
Cutting Sides
Authors: Jarrett Michael
Published: May 2017

Production before the advent of magnetic tape—in the era of 78-RPM records—emphasized "pre-production." A&R men (short for "artists and repertoire") chose artists to record, and they paired songs from the publishing firms of Tin Pan Alley with artists. The A&R work of Milt Gabler (at Commodore and Decca Records) and John Hammond and George Avakian (at Columbia) is exemplary. Gabler organized a series of jam sessions, which he recorded. Avakian produced Chicago Jazz (1940), the first jazz "album" of original material. As part of their popular music divisions the major labels—Columbia, Decca, and RCA Victor—record and market jazz. A number of specialty labels emerge: Commodore, Prestige, Contemporary, Verve, Blue Note, Atlantic, Riverside, and Savoy. Though dependent on pressing plants owned by the majors, they reflect the production philosophies of the connoisseurs who founded and owned them.
Introduction
Authors: Kinch Michael
Published: May 2017

The traffic was unusually heavy for a Monday afternoon. I left my office at the Yale University Center for Molecular Discovery, just four miles from the intended destination, and encountered a backup on I-95 North that was usually reserved for later in the week. Being a beautiful summer day, it seemed a few too many fellow commuters in New York City and western Connecticut had decided to call it an early day. Leaving the highway for the back roads, I pulled into the parking lot five minutes late....
Trials and Tribulations
Authors: Kinch Michael
Published: May 2017

The testing of new medicines is a complex, labor- and cost-intensive practice that has evolved over the past 200 years. This chapter explains some of the jargon used by medical practioners and industry scientists to explain how the cure for scurvy by a promising young British Navy captain gave rise to the naming of Royal Navy sailors as “limeys.” More than a century later, the Nazi atrocities of the Second World War likewise contributed to the rise of modern ethical practices and examples of how these have been implemented include the approval of breakthrough cancer medicines. In doing so, we discuss the different “phases” of clinical trials and relate the lessons learned from a tragic 2006 clinical trial in London that caused one volunteer's head to swell so large that he was referred to as “the Elephant Man.” By understanding how the size and intensity of clinical trials has grown over time, one begins to appreciate the parallel escalation of drug costs. Finally, we discuss the thalidomide crisis and how the bravery and persistance of a new female FDA employee overrode a multi-national conglomerate to prevent America from falling victim to the severe birth defects experienced by many other countries.
Triumph and Tragedy
Authors: Kinch Michael
Published: May 2017

Industry growth mirrored innovation taking place in all aspects of understanding disease and ways to ameliorate it. All of this knowledge was needed to tackle the most deadly disease of modern times, HIV/AIDS. The surprisingly old history of a modern disease is related as well as the role that a key research organization, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), played in combatting the deadly virus. We also demonstrate how serendipity intervened in the form of a set of failed cancer medicines developed by a Detroit scientist years before AIDS was widely recognized. The discovery and advancement of pain-relieving medicines, from aspirin to Vioxx, is related. The triumphs and tragedies of these needed medicines fave rise to patient activism and critique of the FDA, some of which reflects an imbalance between resource availability and reactions to over- and under-regulation.
The DNA of Biotechnology
Authors: Kinch Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter relates the birth of the biotechnology industry, whose origins can be traced back to the Spanish flu and which would later revolutionize both fundamental understanding of life as well as create new and improved products. We then relate how the birth of biotechnology transitioned from St Louis, Missouri to San Francisco largely based on the inspiration of one man and how this controversial revolution was almost upended by popular culture. Our story then turns to the creation of one of the earliest biotechnology companies, Genentech, and why the creation of this company was mired by criticism that cost two key inventors of DNA research the Nobel prize. Genentech and other companies would soon come to embrace a technology, known as monoclonal antibodies, which allowed for selective targeting analogous to the use of modern smart bombs and create its own conflicts with the rise of aggressive patenting. The opportunities arising from the technologies inspired many government and academic investigators to become entrepreneurs, foster companies such as MedImmune to develop revolutionary new therapies to prevent a major killer of premature infants, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).
After Work
Authors: Livingston James
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the breakdown of the labor market not as an economic crisis, but as a moral opportunity to rethink our relationship to work and to one another. It examines the work of John Maynard Keynes. It looks at the fear, among advocates of a universal basic income, of idleness.
New particle formation in the Svalbard region 2006–2015
Authors: Heintzenberg Jost , Tunved Peter , Galí Martí , Leck Caroline
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Events of new particle formation (NPF) were analyzed in a 10-year data set of hourly particle size distributions recorded on Mt. Zeppelin, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Three different types of NPF events were identified through objective search algorithms. The first and simplest algorithm utilizes short-term increases in particle concentrations below 25 nm (PCT (percentiles) events). The second one builds on the growth of the sub-50 nm diameter median (DGR (diameter growth) events) and is most closely related to the classical banana type of event. The third and most complex, multiple-size approach to identifying NPF events builds on a hypothesis suggesting the concurrent production of polymer gel particles at several sizes below ca. 60 nm (MEV (multi-size growth) events). As a first and general conclusion, we can state that NPF events are a summer phenomenon and not related to Arctic haze, which is a late winter to early spring feature. The occurrence of NPF events appears to be somewhat sensitive to the available data on precipitation. The seasonal distribution of solar flux suggests some photochemical control that may affect marine biological processes generating particle precursors and/or atmospheric photochemical processes that generate condensable vapors from precursor gases. Notably, the seasonal distribution of the biogenic methanesulfonate (MSA) follows that of the solar flux although it peaks before the maxima in NPF occurrence. A host of ancillary data and findings point to varying and rather complex marine biological source processes. The potential source regions for all types of new particle formation appear to be restricted to the marginal-ice and open-water areas between northeastern Greenland and eastern Svalbard. Depending on conditions, yet to be clarified new particle formation may become visible as short bursts of particles around 20 nm (PCT events), longer events involving condensation growth (DGR events), or extended events with elevated concentrations of particles at several sizes below 100 nm (MEV events). The seasonal distribution of NPF events peaks later than that of MSA and DGR, and in particular than that of MEV events, which reach into late summer and early fall with open, warm, and biologically active waters around Svalbard. Consequently, a simple model to describe the seasonal distribution of the total number of NPF events can be based on solar flux and sea surface temperature, representing environmental conditions for marine biological activity and condensation sink, controlling the balance between new particle nucleation and their condensational growth. Based on the sparse knowledge about the seasonal cycle of gel-forming marine microorganisms and their controlling factors, we hypothesize that the seasonal distribution of DGR and, more so, MEV events reflect the seasonal cycle of the gel-forming phytoplankton.
An Evaluation of three methods for measuring black carbon at Alert, Canada
Authors: Sharma Sangeeta , Leaitch W. Richard , Huang Lin , Veber Dan , Kolonjari Felicia , Zhang Wendy , Hanna Sarah J. , Bertram Allan K. , Ogren John A.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Absorption of sunlight by black carbon (BC) warms the atmosphere, which may be important for Arctic climate. The measurement of BC is complicated by the lack of a simple definition of BC and the absence of techniques that are uniquely sensitive to BC (e.g. Petzold et al., 2013). At the Global Atmosphere Watch baseline observatory at Alert, Nunavut (82.5 °N), BC mass is estimated in three ways, none of which fully represent BC: conversion of light absorption measured with an Aethalometer to give equivalent black carbon (EBC), thermal desorption of elemental carbon from weekly-integrated filter samples to give elemental carbon (EC), and measurement of incandescence from the refractory black carbon (rBC) component of individual particles using a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2). Based on measurements between March 2011 and December 2013, EBC and EC are 2.7 and 3.1 times higher than rBC respectively. The EBC and EC measurements are influenced by factors other than just BC, and higher estimates of BC are expected from these techniques. Some bias in the rBC measurement may result from calibration uncertainties that is difficult to estimate here. Considering a number of factors, our best estimate of BC mass at Alert, which may be useful for evaluation of chemical transport models, is an average of the rBC and EC measurements with a range bounded by the rBC and EC combined with the respective measurement uncertainties. Winter, spring, summer, and fall averaged (± atmospheric variability) estimates of BC mass at Alert for this study period are 49 ± 28 ng m−3, 30 ± 26 ng m−3, 22 ± 13 ng m−3, and 29 ± 9 ng m−3, respectively. Average coating thicknesses estimated from the SP2 are 25 % to 40 % of the 160–180 nm diameter rBC core sizes. For particles of approximately 200–400 nm optical diameter, the fraction containing rBC cores is estimated to be between 10 % and 16 %, but the possibility of smaller undetectable rBC cores in some of the particles cannot be excluded. Mass absorption coefficients (MAC) ± uncertainty at 550 nm wavelength, calculated from light absorption measurements divided by the best estimates of BC mass concentrations, are 8 ± 4, 8 ± 4, 5 ± 2.5 and 9 ± 4.5 m2 g−1, for winter, spring, summer and fall respectively. Adjusted to better estimate absorption by BC only, the winter and spring values of MAC are 7.6 ± 3.8 and 7.7 ± 3.8 m2 g−1. There is evidence that the MAC values increase with coating thickness.
Diurnal variations of BrONO2 observed by MIPAS-B at mid-latitudes and in the Arctic
Authors: Wetzel Gerald , Oelhaf Hermann , Höpfner Michael , Friedl-Vallon Felix , Ebersoldt Andreas , Gulde Thomas , Kazarski Sebastian , Kirner Oliver , Kleinert Anne , Maucher Guido , Nordmeyer Hans , Orphal Johannes , Ruhnke Roland , Sinnhuber Björn-Martin
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The first stratospheric measurements of the diurnal variation of the inorganic bromine (Bry) reservoir species BrONO2 around sunrise and sunset are reported. Arctic flights of the balloon-borne Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS-B) were carried out from Kiruna (68°N, Sweden) in January 2010 and March 2011 inside the stratospheric polar vortices where diurnal variations of BrONO2 around sunrise have been observed. High nighttime BrONO2 volume mixing ratios of up to 21 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) were detected in the late winter 2011 in the absence of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). In contrast, the amount of measured BrONO2 was significantly lower in January 2010 due to low available NO2 amounts (for the build-up of BrONO2), heterogeneous destruction of BrONO2 on PSC particles, and the gas-phase interaction of BrO (the source to form BrONO2) with ClO. A further balloon flight took place at mid-latitudes from Timmins (49°N, Canada) in September 2014. Mean BrONO2 mixing ratios of 22 pptv were observed after sunset in the altitude region between 21 and 29 km. Measurements are compared and discussed with the results of a multi-year simulation performed with the chemistry climate model ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC). The calculated temporal variation of BrONO2 is in principal agreement with the balloon-borne observations. Using the nighttime simulated ratio between BrONO2 and Bry, the amount of Bry observed by MIPAS-B was estimated to about 21–25 pptv in the lower stratosphere.
Unveiling aerosol-cloud interactions Part 1: Cloud contamination in
satellite products enhances the aerosol indirect forcing estimate
Authors: Christensen Matthew W. , Neubauer David , Poulsen Caroline , Thomas Gareth , McGarragh Greg , Povey Adam C. , Proud Simon , Grainger Roy G.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Increased concentrations of aerosol can enhance the albedo of warm lowlevel cloud. Accurately quantifying this relationship from space is challenging due in part to contamination of aerosol statistics near clouds. Aerosol retrievals near clouds can be influenced by stray cloud particles in areas assumed to be cloud-free, particle swelling by humidification, shadows and enhanced scattering into the aerosol field from (3D radiative transfer) clouds. To screen for this contamination, we have developed a new 5 Cloud-Aerosol Pairing Algorithm (CAPA) to link cloud observations to the nearest aerosol retrieval within the satellite image. The distance between each aerosol retrieval and nearest cloud is also computed in CAPA. Results from two independent satellite imagers, the Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) and MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) show a marked reduction in the strength of the intrinsic aerosol indirect forcing when selecting aerosol pairs that are located farther away from the clouds (−0.28 ± 0.26 W/m2) compared to those 10 including pairs that are within 15 km of the nearest cloud (−0.49 ± 0.18 W/m2). The larger aerosol optical depths in closer proximity to cloud artificially enhance the relationship between aerosol loading, cloud albedo, and cloud fraction. These results suggest that previous satellite-based radiative forcing estimates represented in key climate reports may be exaggerated due to including retrieval artefacts in the aerosol located near clouds.
Simulation of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument Aerosol Index using the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Aerosol Reanalysis Products
Authors: Colarco Peter R. , Gasso' Santiago , Ahn Changwoo , Buchard Virginie , da Silva Arlindo M. , Torres Omar
Published: May 2017

Abstract. We provide an analysis of the commonly used Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aerosol index (AI) product for qualitative detection of the presence and loading of absorbing aerosols. In our analysis, simulated top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiances are produced at the OMI footprints from a model atmosphere and aerosol profile provided by the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-5) Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications aerosol reanalysis (MERRAero). Having established the credibility of the MERRAero simulation of the OMI AI in a previous paper we describe updates in the approach and aerosol optical property assumptions. The OMI TOA radiances are computed in cloud-free conditions from the MERRAero atmospheric state, and the AI is calculated. The simulated TOA radiances are fed to the OMI aerosol retrieval algorithms, and its retrieved AI (OMAERUV AI) is compared to the MERRAero calculated AI. Two main sources of discrepancy are discussed: one pertaining the OMI algorithm assumptions of the surface pressure, which are generally different from what the actual surface pressure of an observation is, and the other related to simplifying assumptions in the molecular atmosphere radiative transfer used in the OMI algorithms. Surface pressure assumptions lead to systematic biases in the OMAERUV AI, particularly over the oceans. Simplifications in the molecular radiative transfer lead to biases particularly in regions of topography intermediate to surface pressures of 600 hPa and 1013.25 hPa. Generally, the errors in the OMI AI due to these considerations are less than 0.2 in magnitude, though larger errors are possible, particularly over land. We recommend that future versions of the OMI algorithms use surface pressures from readily available atmospheric analyses combined with high-spatial resolution topographic maps and include more surface pressure nodal points in their radiative transfer lookup tables.
Simultaneous shifts in stoichiometric and fatty acid composition
of Emiliania huxleyi in response to environmental changes
Authors: Bi Rong , Ismar Stefanie M. H. , Sommer Ulrich , Zhao Meixun
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Climate-driven changes in environmental conditions have significant and complex effects on marine ecosystems. Variability in phytoplankton elements and biochemicals can be important for global ocean biogeochemistry and ecological functions, while there is currently limited understanding on how elemental stoichiometry and biochemicals respond to the changing environments in key coccolithophore species such as Emiliania huxleyi. We investigated responses of stoichiometric C : N : P ratios, PIC : POC contents and ratios, and fatty acid (FA) composition in a strain of E. huxleyi under three temperatures (12, 18 and 24 °C), three N : P supply ratios (10 : 1, 24 : 1 and 63 : 1 mol mol−1) and two pCO2 levels (560 and 2400 µatm). Overall, C : N : P biomass ratios showed the most pronounced response to N : P supply ratios, with low N : C and N : P biomass ratios in low N-media, and low P : C and high N : P biomass ratios in low P-media. PIC : POC ratios and polyunsaturated FA proportions strongly responded to temperature and pCO2, both being lower under high pCO2 and higher with warming. We observed synergistic interactions between warming and nutrient deficiency (and high pCO2) on PIC and POC cellular contents in most cases, indicating the enhanced effect of warming on E. huxleyi calcification and photosynthesis under nutrient deficiency (and high pCO2). Our results suggest differential sensitivity of elements and FAs to the changes in temperature, nutrient availability and pCO2 in E. huxleyi, which is to some extent unique compared with non-calcifying algal classes. Thus, simultaneous changes of elements and FAs should be considered when predicting future roles of E. huxleyi in the biotic-mediated connection between biogeochemical cycles, ecological functions and climate change.
Decadal resolution record of Oman upwelling indicates solar forcing of the Indian summer monsoon (9–6 ka)
Authors: Munz Philipp M. , Steinke Stephan , Böll Anna , Lückge Andreas , Groeneveld Jeroen , Kucera Michal , Schulz Hartmut
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is an important conveyor in the ocean–atmosphere coupled system on a trans-regional scale. Here we present a study of a sediment core from the northern Oman margin, revealing early to mid-Holocene ISM conditions on a near-20-year resolution. We assess multiple independent proxies indicative of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) during the upwelling season together with bottom-water conditions. We use geochemical parameters, transfer functions of planktic foraminiferal assemblages and Mg /  Ca palaeothermometry, and find evidence corroborating previous studies showing that upwelling intensity varies significantly in coherence with solar sunspot cycles. The dominant  ∼  80–90-year Gleissberg cycle apparently also affected bottom-water oxygen conditions. Although the interval from 8.4 to 5.8 ka BP is relatively short, the gradually decreasing trend in summer monsoon conditions was interrupted by short events of intensified ISM conditions. Results from both independent SST proxies are linked to phases of weaker oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) conditions and enhanced carbonate preservation. This indicates that atmospheric forcing was intimately linked to bottom-water properties and state of the OMZ on decadal timescales.
A complete representation of uncertainties in layer-counted paleoclimatic archives
Authors: Boers Niklas , Goswami Bedartha , Ghil Michael
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Accurate time series representation of paleoclimatic proxy records is challenging because such records involve dating errors in addition to proxy measurement errors. Rigorous attention is rarely given to age uncertainties in paleoclimatic research, although the latter can severely bias the results of proxy record analysis. Here, we introduce a Bayesian approach to represent layer-counted proxy records – such as ice cores, sediments, corals or tree rings – as sequences of probability distributions on absolute, error-free time axes. The method accounts for both proxy measurement errors and uncertainties arising from layer-counting–based dating of the records. An application to oxygen isotope ratios from the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) record reveals that the counting errors, although seemingly small, lead to substantial uncertainties in the final representation of the oxygen isotope ratios. In particular, for the older parts of the NGRIP record, our results show that the total uncertainty originating from dating errors has been seriously underestimated. Our method is next applied to deriving the overall uncertainties of the Suigetsu radiocarbon calibration curve, which was recently obtained from varved sediment cores at Lake Suigetsu, Japan. This curve provides the only terrestrial radiocarbon calibration for the time interval 12.5–52.8 kyr BP. The uncertainties derived here can be readily employed to obtain complete error estimates for arbitrary radiometrically dated proxy records of this recent part of the last glacial interval.
Subcatchment characterization for evaluating green infrastructure
using the Storm Water Management Model
Authors: Lee Joong Gwang , Nietch Christopher T. , Panguluri Srinivas
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Urban stormwater runoff quantity and quality are strongly dependent upon catchment properties. Models are used to simulate the runoff characteristics, but the output from a stormwater management model is dependent on how the catchment area is subdivided and represented as spatial elements. For green infrastructure modeling, we suggest a discretization method that distinguishes directly connected impervious area from the total impervious area. Pervious buffers, which receive runoff from upgradient impervious areas should also be identified as a separate subset of the entire pervious area. This separation provides an improved model representation of the runoff process. With these criteria in mind, an approach to spatial discretization for projects using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Storm Water Management Model is demonstrated for the Shayler Crossing watershed, a well–monitored, residential suburban area occupying 100 ha, east of Cincinnati, Ohio. The model relies on a highly resolved spatial database of urban land cover, stormwater drainage features, and topography. To validate the spatial discretization approach, six different representations were evaluated with eight 24 h synthetic storms. With minimal calibration effort, the suggested approach out–performed other options and was highly correlated with the observed values for a two month continuous simulation period (Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient = 0.852; R2 = 0.871). The approach accommodates the distribution of runoff contributions from different spatial components and flow pathways that would impact green infrastructure performance. We found that when all subcatchments are discretized with the same land cover types, instead of using an j × k array of calibration parameters, based on j subcatchments and k parameters per subcatchment, the values used for the parameter set for one subcatchment can be applied in all cases (i.e., just k parameters). This approach not only reduces the number of modeled parameters, but also is scale–independent and can be applied directly to a larger watershed without further amendment. Finally, with a few model adjustments, we show how the simulated stream hydrograph can be separated into the relative contributions from different land cover types and subsurface sources, adding insight to the potential effectiveness of the planned green infrastructure scenarios at the watershed scale.
Probabilistic flood extent estimates from social media flood observations
Authors: Brouwer Tom , Eilander Dirk , van Loenen Arnejan , Booij Martijn J. , Wijnberg Kathelijne M. , Verkade Jan S. , Wagemaker Jurjen
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The increasing number and severity of floods, driven by phenomena such as urbanization, deforestation, subsidence and climate change, create a growing need for accurate and timely flood maps. In this paper we present and evaluate a method to create deterministic and probabilistic flood maps from Twitter messages that mention locations of flooding. A deterministic flood map created for the December 2015 flood in the city of York (UK) showed good performance (F(2) =  0.69; a statistic ranging from 0 to 1, with 1 expressing a perfect fit with validation data). The probabilistic flood maps we created showed that, in the York case study, the uncertainty in flood extent was mainly induced by errors in the precise locations of flood observations as derived from Twitter data. Errors in the terrain elevation data or in the parameters of the applied algorithm contributed less to flood extent uncertainty. Although these maps tended to overestimate the actual probability of flooding, they gave a reasonable representation of flood extent uncertainty in the area. This study illustrates that inherently uncertain data from social media can be used to derive information about flooding.
Methanesulfonic acid (MSA) migration in polar ice: Data synthesis and theory
Authors: Osman Matthew , Das Sarah B. , Marchal Olivier , Evans Matthew J.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Methanesulfonic acid (MSA; CH3SO3H) in polar ice is a unique proxy of marine primary productivity, synoptic atmospheric transport, and regional sea ice behavior. However, MSA can be mobile within the firn and ice matrix, a post-depositional process that is well known but poorly understood and documented, leading to uncertainties in the integrity of the MSA paleoclimatic signal. Here, we use a compilation of 22 ice core MSA records from Greenland and Antarctica and a model of soluble impurity transport in order to comprehensively investigate the vertical migration of MSA from summer layers, where MSA is originally deposited, to adjacent winter layers in polar ice. The shallowest depths of MSA migration reported in our compilation vary over a wide range (~ 2 m to 400 m), and our analysis suggests that these depths are positively correlated with snow accumulation rate and negatively correlated with ice concentration of Na+ (typically the most abundant cationic sea salt). Although the considered soluble impurity transport model provides a useful mechanistic framework for studying MSA migration, it remains limited by inadequate constraints on key physicochemical parameters, most notably, the diffusion coefficient of MSA in cold ice (DMS). We derive a simplified version of the model, which includes DMS as the sole parameter, in order to illuminate aspects of the migration process. Using this model, we show that the progressive phase alignment of MSA and Na+ concentration peaks observed along a high-resolution West Antarctic core is most consistent with 10–12 m2 s-1