bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geofísica aplicada ao estudo de fluxos da água no solo
Authors: Morais Fernando , Bacellar Luis de Almeida Prado
Published: April 2011

A eletrorresistividade vem sendo bastante aplicada em estudos que buscam compreender como se dá o fluxo de água no solo e consequentemente a recarga de aquíferos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a interferência de algumas propriedades físicas do solo na determinação da frente de saturação predita com o uso da eletrorresistividade e comparar como se dá a percolação na zona não-saturada, observando a variação de perfis de resistividade obtidos em um intervalo de tempo determinado. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em solos da região sudeste do complexo de rochas do embasamento cristalino (Complexo Bação), no interior do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, centro-sul do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram selecionadas duas áreas que se distinguem pelas características geomorfológicas. A primeira, em encosta com formas côncavas em planta e em perfil, com predomínio de argissolos; a segunda, em encosta com forma convexa em planta e perfil, com predomínio de solos bem desenvolvidos (latossolos). Os resultados mostraram que o método da eletrorresistividade se mostrou eficiente para a delimitação da frente de saturação e avaliação da recarga mesmo em se tratando de diferenças sutis nas propriedades hídricas do solo. Foi possível ainda estabelecer que na feição geomorfológica em forma convexa (nose) a percolação se dá de maneira mais rápida que na de forma côncava (hollow).
La geología, geomorfología, pedología y uso de la tierra en las municipalidades de Puerto López (Colombia) y Uberlândia (Brasil)
Authors: Atehortúa Maryory Rodríguez , Sanabria Yolanda Rubiano , Brito Jorge Luis Silva , Rodrigues Silvio Carlos
Published: April 2011

Debido a la preocupación en elevar la calidad de vida de los habitantes en Brasil y en Colombia, se desarrollaron estudios aislados para conocer los principales recursos físicos y humanos y así, establecer normas para una adecuada administración y aprovechamiento del territorio. El objetivo de este trabajo fue mapear y comparar la geología, la geomorfología, los suelos y el uso de la tierra y cobertura vegetal natural, de las altillanuras en los municipios de Uberlândia (Brasil) y Puerto López (Colombia). Fue utilizado el Sistema de Procesamiento de Informaciones Georreferenciadas (SPRING) para el almacenamiento, manipulación y procesamiento de informaciones colectadas en el campo y en las imágenes de satélite. Los resultados muestran que existen variadas e importantes diferencias entre los municipios de Puerto López y Uberlândia, lo que hace que sea reconsiderada la idea de hacer transferencias de paquetes tecnológicos no modificables, en relación a las condiciones propias de cada lugar, donde serán implementados. No es recomendable usar deliberadamente los mismos métodos o tecnologías para la producción agrícola en los dos municipios.
A inserção subordinada do Brasil na divisão internacional do trabalho: consequências territoriais e perspectivas em tempos de globalização
Authors: Pereira Mirlei Fachini Vicente
Published: April 2011

A divisão internacional do trabalho resulta diretamente numa divisão territorial do trabalho que cada Estado nação acolhe em seu território, e é por isso que ela se torna tema de interesse e de importância na análise geográfica. O texto pretende avaliar as formas de inserção subordinada do Brasil na divisão internacional do trabalho, buscando compreender as consequências desta situação de subordinação para o território nacional.
Flexibilização do capital na reserva extrativista Chico Mendes e seu entorno: o cronômetro entrou na floresta
Authors: Negret Juan Felipe
Published: April 2011

A flexibilização do capital, que aqui é constatada inclusive dentro de Áreas Protegidas da Amazônia, em específico na Reserva Extrativista Chico Mendes, é um paradigma produtivo que tem se fortalecido durante o processo de globalização. A natureza dessa flexibilização é analisada e discutem-se os impactos deste paradigma nas tradições e condições de vida das comunidades da Reserva e do seu entorno.
Análise da vulnerabilidade ambiental de um fragmento florestal urbano na Amazônia: Parque Estadual Sumaúma
Authors: Cavalcante Davi Grijó , Pinheiro Eduardo da Silva , Macedo Mariza Alves de , Martinot Jan Feldmann , Nascimento André Zumak Azevedo , Marques Jenifer Pereira Castilho
Published: April 2011

Desde a criação da Zona Franca e implantação do Distrito Industrial de Manaus, a paisagem da cidade vem sendo alterada devido ao crescimento urbano. Este processo contribui para a redução da cobertura florestal e o surgimento de fragmentos florestais. Neste estudo foi analisada a vulnerabilidade ambiental do Parque Estadual Sumaúma, Manaus/AM, um dos poucos fragmentos florestais protegidos na área urbana da cidade. A unidade de conservação está inserida no bairro mais populoso de Manaus. O uso e cobertura da terra do Parque e seu entorno de 300 metros foram mapeados a partir da interpretação de uma imagem do satélite QuickBird. As trilhas e estradas foram mapeadas com uso de GPS e as declividades foram derivadas de um Modelo Digital de Elevação. Para integração dos dados foi aplicada a técnica de suporte à decisão AHP. Na unidade de conservação os maiores problemas de vulnerabilidade ambiental estão localizados ao longo do seu perímetro, nos limites com a área urbana e nas trilhas do Parque.
Avaliação do nível de consciência ambiental em meios de hospedagem: uma abordagem exploratória
Authors: Freitas André Luís Policani , Almeida Georgia Maria Mangueira de
Published: April 2011

Nos últimos anos um crescente número de estabelecimentos hoteleiros vem adotando práticas direcionadas à redução de recursos com a justificativa de preservação do meio ambiente. Entretanto, um dos grandes desafios é detectar se tais práticas realmente refletem uma consciência ambiental ou apenas destinam-se a redução de custos. Neste contexto, este artigo propõe uma abordagem exploratória para avaliar o nível de consciência ambiental em meios de hospedagem, segundo a percepção dos empresários e hóspedes. Um estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de captar: (i) o perfil dos estabelecimentos e dos hóspedes; (ii) o nível de consciência ambiental do administrador/empresário e dos hóspedes; (iii) as ações praticadas pelos estabelecimentos; e (iv) a postura dos hóspedes em relação ao meio ambiente e à hospedagem.
Land rehabilitation with the use of biological geotextiles, in two different countries
Authors: Guerra Antonio José Teixeira , Bezerra José Fernando Rodrigues , Lima Luis Dias da Mota , Mendonça Jane Karina Silva , Guerra Tatiana Teixeira , Buhmann Christl , Paterson David Garry , Pienaar Gerry , Nell J. Piet , Mulibana Nthanyiseni Elvis , Van Deventer Pieter Willem , Fullen Michael Augustine
Published: April 2011

This paper assesses the role of biological geotextiles on non-agricultural erosion environments, based on studies in the mine tailings Gauteng Province (South Africa) and urban area of São Luis City (Brazil). Gauteng Province (South Africa) has suffered immense problems related to sustainable rehabilitation of mine dumps. This is a huge challenge, as wastes are highly susceptible to both water and wind erosion. Establishing a grass cover to reduce erosion is the dominant reclamation method. Covering the slopes with biological geotextiles might constitute another option for mining companies to reduce erosion and aid natural re-vegetation. The objective of the waste part of this study was to determine the beneficial effect of palm mat cover on erosion control, using rainfall simulation. Results clearly illustrated that application of palm-mats more than halved the sediment load in runoff, thereby having the potential to effectively stabilize tailing dam slopes. Covering tailings with palm-mats did not reduce runoff or improve water infiltration, however. In São Luis City, biological geotextile mats were constructed from palm leaves which are an effective, sustainable and economically-viable soil conservation technique. At Sacavém Community biological geotextile mats were used in association with barriers of wooden stakes and the construction of terraces along contour lines. The aim is to minimize soil erosion, by intercepting rainfall, retarding runoff velocity and sediment loss.
Paisagem dunar em área urbana consolidada: natureza, ciência e política no espaço urbano de Fortaleza, Brasil
Authors: Claudino-Sales Vanda
Published: April 2011

Fortaleza é capital do Estado do Ceará, situado no Nordeste do Brasil. Tem 314 km² e aproximadamente 2,5 milhões de habitantes, sendo a quinta cidade do Brasil em população e a de maior densidade demográfica, com cerca de 8.000 hab/km². Do ponto de vista geoambiental, é uma cidade litorânea com 35 km de praias, dunas e pequenos estuários. Tais elementos naturais encontram-se drasticamente degradados ou virtualmente extintas na área urbana. Quanto às dunas, que são residuais, datações realizadas nessa pesquisa indicaram idade em torno de 2.200 anos. O presente artigo caracteriza do ponto de vista natural e evolutivo o campo de dunas de Fortaleza, tipicamente formado por dunas barcanas e parabólicas. Salienta-se a evolução singular das dunas parabólicas, que iniciam barcanas e, submetidas à fixação, evoluem para a forma final. Em contexto de clima tropical tendendo à semi-aridez, as dunas colocam-se como importantes agentes catalisadores da qualidade do ambiente, por gerarem lagoas interdunares, que engendram ecossistemas costeiros aptos a abrigarem espécies da fauna continental e aquática. As dunas atuam também como captadoras de águas pluviais, alimentando os lençóis freáticos e garantindo perenidade dos rios, além de inibir cheias urbanas. O artigo trata também da grande mobilização social, realizada na perspectiva de preservar 15 ha de dunas situados em área de elevada valorização imobiliária. A luta socioambiental, vitoriosa, pela primeira vez sobressaiu-se em relação aos interesses do mercado imobiliário, resultado da interrelação entre diversos segmentos sociais, cientes e ciosos da necessidade de preservação do campo de dunas milenar "do Cocó".
Zoneamento geoambiental no oeste do Rio Grande do Sul: um estudo em bacias hidrográficas em processo de arenização
Authors: Nardin Dionara De , Robaina Luís Eduardo de Souza
Published: April 2011

O presente artigo tem como tema o zoneamento geoambiental de bacias hidrográficas afluentes do Rio Ibicuí, no sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul. A metodologia empregada inclui mapeamentos temáticos, com o auxílio de SIGs (Sistemas de Informação Geográfica), e trabalhos de campo e de laboratório, que servem de base para o zoneamento. Os dados levantados indicam que as zonas de maior fragilidade ocorrem no Sistema Sanga da Areia, no qual se desenvolvem com frequência areais e voçorocas e onde se identificam os primeiros plantios de espécies arbóreas exóticas. Destaca-se a contribuição da vegetação nativa, sugerindo-se, de imediato, devido às pressões das monoculturas, a preservação da unidade butiá-anão, espécie endêmica do Bioma Pampa.
Hazardous Substances, CERCLA, and Nanoparticles – Can the Three be Reconciled?
Authors: Bashaw John
Published: April 2011

Toxicology research in the nanotechnology area has focused primarily on human inhalation, ingestion or dermal exposure. Less research has been published on the impact to ecological systems resulting from a release of nanomaterials. Environmental laws such as CERCLA (“Superfund”) address the release of “hazardous substances” by obligating the party releasing the substance to (a) report the release and (b) investigate the nature and extent of the release and to then remediate it to some objective cleanup standard. Applying this regime to the release of nanomaterials, however, is complicated. First, is the nanomaterial a hazardous waste, toxic substance, or hazardous substance as defined under the environmental laws? A compound that may be defined as hazardous or toxic could have properties at the nano level that are distinctly non-hazardous. Second, what constitutes a release of a nanoparticle that would require reporting under applicable environmental laws? Typically, release reporting is based upon the weight of the hazardous substance that is released, but for nanomaterials a weight threshold might be meaningless. Third, how do you sample nanoparticles in the field and analyze them using existing instrumentation? There are few approved tests for nanomaterials. Fourth, how do you determine an objective risk-based cleanup standard for the thousands of possible nanomaterials?
Altered Skeletal Muscle Lipase Expression and Activity Contribute to Insulin Resistance in Humans
Authors: Badin Pierre-Marie , Louche Katie , Mairal Aline , Liebisch Gerhard , Schmitz Gerd , Rustan Arild C. , Smith Steven R. , Langin Dominique , Moro Cedric
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE

Insulin resistance is associated with elevated content of skeletal muscle lipids, including triacylglycerols (TAGs) and diacylglycerols (DAGs). DAGs are by-products of lipolysis consecutive to TAG hydrolysis by adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and are subsequently hydrolyzed by hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). We hypothesized that an imbalance of ATGL relative to HSL (expression or activity) may contribute to DAG accumulation and insulin resistance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We first measured lipase expression in vastus lateralis biopsies of young lean (n = 9), young obese (n = 9), and obese-matched type 2 diabetic (n = 8) subjects. We next investigated in vitro in human primary myotubes the impact of altered lipase expression/activity on lipid content and insulin signaling.

RESULTS

Muscle ATGL protein was negatively associated with whole-body insulin sensitivity in our population (r = −0.55, P = 0.005), whereas muscle HSL protein was reduced in obese subjects. We next showed that adenovirus-mediated ATGL overexpression in human primary myotubes induced DAG and ceramide accumulation. ATGL overexpression reduced insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis (−30%, P < 0.05) and disrupted insulin signaling at Ser1101 of the insulin receptor substrate-1 and downstream Akt activation at Ser473. These defects were fully rescued by nonselective protein kinase C inhibition or concomitant HSL overexpression to restore a proper lipolytic balance. We show that selective HSL inhibition induces DAG accumulation and insulin resistance.

CONCLUSIONS

Altogether, the data indicate that altered ATGL and HSL expression in skeletal muscle could promote DAG accumulation and disrupt insulin signaling and action. Targeting skeletal muscle lipases may constitute an interesting strategy to improve insulin sensitivity in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Fasting Plasma Glucose and Clustering of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Normoglycemic Outpatient Children and Adolescents
Authors: Di Bonito Procolo , Sanguigno Eduardo , Forziato Claudia , Saitta Francesco , Iardino Maria Rosaria , Capaldo Brunella
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether fasting plasma glucose (FPG) within a normoglycemic range is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) among children and adolescents in an outpatient setting.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Subjects (780; age 6–16 years) with FPG <100 mg/dL were divided into tertiles of FPG.

RESULTS

BMI, waist circumference, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, systolic blood pressure, and white blood cell (WBC) count (P < 0.0001) increased across tertiles of FPG. Subjects with high-normal FPG (89–99 mg/dL) showed a higher risk of insulin resistance, hypertension, and high WBC count compared with subjects with low-normal FPG, independent of BMI z score.

CONCLUSIONS

In outpatient children and adolescents, higher FPG within the normal range is associated with several CMRF, independent of obesity. Thus the simple measurement of FPG may help identify subjects who warrant some monitoring in relation to cardiovascular risk.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Therapeutic Doses of Basal Insulins NPH, Glargine, and Detemir After 1 Week of Daily Administration at Bedtime in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Lucidi Paola , Porcellati Francesca , Rossetti Paolo , Candeloro Paola , Cioli Patrizia , Marzotti Stefania , Andreoli Anna Marinelli , Fede Raffaela , Bolli Geremia B. , Fanelli Carmine G.
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE

To compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of NPH, glargine, and detemir insulins in type 2 diabetic subjects.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This study used a single-blind, three-way, cross-over design. A total of 18 type 2 diabetic subjects underwent a euglycemic clamp for 32 h after a subcutaneous injection of 0.4 units/kg at 2200 h of either NPH, glargine, or detemir after 1 week of bedtime treatment with each insulin.

RESULTS

The glucose infusion rate area under the curve0–32 h was greater for glargine than for detemir and NPH (1,538 ± 688; 1,081 ± 785; and 1,170 ± 703 mg/kg, respectively; P < 0.05). Glargine suppressed endogenous glucose production more than detemir (P < 0.05) and similarly to NPH (P = 0.16). Glucagon, C-peptide, free fatty acids, and β-hydroxy-butyrate were more suppressed with glargine than detemir. All 18 subjects completed the glargine study, but two subjects on NPH and three on detemir interrupted the study because of plasma glucose >150 mg/dL.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with NPH and detemir, glargine provided greater metabolic activity and superior glucose control for up to 32 h.
Serum Carotenoids and Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Women With Type 1 Diabetes and Preeclampsia
Authors: Azar Madona , Basu Arpita , Jenkins Alicia J. , Nankervis Alison J. , Hanssen Kristian F. , Scholz Hanne , Henriksen Tore , Garg Satish K. , Hammad Samar M. , Scardo James A. , Aston Christopher E. , Lyons Timothy J.
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE

Increased oxidative stress and immune dysfunction are implicated in preeclampsia (PE) and may contribute to the two- to fourfold increase in PE prevalence among women with type 1 diabetes. Prospective measures of fat-soluble vitamins in diabetic pregnancy are therefore of interest.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Maternal serum carotenoids (α- and β-carotene, lycopene, and lutein) and vitamins A, D, and E (α- and γ-tocopherols) were measured at first (12.2 ± 1.9 weeks [mean ± SD], visit 1), second (21.6 ± 1.5 weeks, visit 2), and third (31.5 ± 1.7 weeks, visit 3) trimesters of pregnancy in 23 women with type 1 diabetes who subsequently developed PE (DM PE+) and 24 women with type 1 diabetes, matched for age, diabetes duration, HbA1c, and parity, who did not develop PE (DM PE−). Data were analyzed without and with adjustment for baseline differences in BMI, HDL cholesterol, and prandial status.

RESULTS

In unadjusted analysis, in DM PE+ versus DM PE−, α-carotene and β-carotene were 45 and 53% lower, respectively, at visit 3 (P < 0.05), before PE onset. In adjusted analyses, the difference in β-carotene at visit 3 remained significant. Most participants were vitamin D deficient (<20 ng/mL), and vitamin D levels were lower in DM PE+ versus DM PE− throughout the pregnancy, although this did not reach statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONS

In pregnant women with type 1 diabetes, low serum α- and β-carotene were associated with subsequent development of PE, and vitamin D deficiency may also be implicated.
Normal Fasting Plasma Glucose and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Brambilla Paolo , La Valle Elisa , Falbo Rosanna , Limonta Giuseppe , Signorini Stefano , Cappellini Fabrizio , Mocarelli Paolo
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association of normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and the risk for type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Data concerning 13,845 subjects, aged 40–69 years, who had their FPG measured at least three times between 1992 and 2008 were extracted from a database. Three FPG groups were defined (51–82, 83–90, and 91–99 mg/dL). A Cox proportional hazards analysis was applied to estimate the risk of incident diabetes adjusted for other risk factors.

RESULTS

During 108,061 person-years of follow-up (8,110 women and 5,735 men), 307 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were found. The final model demonstrated a hazard ratio of 2.03 (95% CI 1.18–3.50) for 91–99 mg/dL and 1.42 (0.42–4.74) for 83–90 mg/dL.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that FPG between 91 and 99 mg/dL is a strong independent predictor of type 2 diabetes and should be used to identify people to be further investigated and aided with preventive measures.
Diapression: An Integrated Model for Understanding the Experience of Individuals With Co-Occurring Diabetes and Depression
Authors: Ciechanowski Paul
Published: April 2011

IN BRIEF

One in eight individuals with diabetes has major depression, and another one-fifth may have less severe but clinically significant depressive symptoms. Diabetes patients with comorbid depression can have worse self-care and treatment adherence, glycemic control, and increased morbidity and mortality. The symptoms of diabetes and depression often intertwine in what can be termed “diapression.” Approaching diapression in an integrated manner may be a novel approach to improve patient care.
Diabetes in the Emergency Department: Acute Care of Diabetes Patients
Authors: McNaughton Candace D. , Self Wesley H. , Slovis Corey
Published: April 2011

IN BRIEF

This article reviews the most common and immediately life-threatening diabetes-related conditions seen in hospital emergency departments: diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, and hypoglycemia. It also addresses the evaluation of patients with hyperglycemia and no previous diagnosis of diabetes.
Interdisciplinary Team Care for Diabetic Patients by Primary Care Physicians, Advanced Practice Nurses, and Clinical Pharmacists
Authors: Willens David , Cripps Rebecca , Wilson Amy , Wolff Kathleen , Rothman Russell
Published: April 2011

IN BRIEF

Most diabetic patients are managed by primary care physicians, but clinical inertia and limited time with patients hamper efforts to meet treatment goals. Successfully caring for the medical and psychosocial needs of the expanding diabetic population seen in primary care will require new strategies. This article reviews interdisciplinary efforts by primary care physicians, advanced practice nurses, and clinical pharmacists that can achieve improvements in clinical processes and outcomes at reasonable costs.
Anaerobic treatment of biodiesel by-products in a pilot scale reactor
Authors: Kolesárová Nina , Hutňan Miroslav , Špalková Viera , Kuffa Rastislav , Bodík Igor
Published: April 2011

In this work, long-term operation of a pilot scale mixed anaerobic reactor processing crude glycerol and rapeseed meal is discussed. These materials are generated as by-products of biodiesel production. Mixed reactor was operated under mesophilic conditions for the period of 654 days. Total cumulative production of biogas reached 379 m3 (at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature). Maximum volumetric loading achieved during the operation was 2.17 kg m−3 d−1 for the crude glycerol dose of 2 L. When dosing crude glycerol as a single substrate, average specific production of biogas of 0.76 m3 per L of the g-phase was achieved. The lack of nutrients in the g-phase had to be compensated by an addition of ammonium nitrogen in the form of urea into the reactor. Long term processing of crude glycerol demonstrated that accumulation of dissolved inorganic salts in the reactor can lead to inhibition of the methanogenic activity of microorganisms, causing breakdown of the system. Co-fermentation of crude glycerol with rapeseed meal provided stable biogas production and it was shown to be a feasible way of anaerobic degradation of these substrates. At the maximum volumetric load of 1.33 kg m−3 d−1 (500 mL of g-phase and 500 g of rapeseed meal), the average biogas production reached 0.58 m3 d−1.
Theoretical thermo-optical patterns relevant to glass crystallisation
Authors: Kocifaj Miroslav , Kovár Vladimír , Majling Ján
Published: April 2011

Mie computations are performed to evaluate light scattering on the virtual microstructures relevant to lithium disilicate glass internal crystallisation. The computations are expressed in the form of optical transmission (OT) patterns evolved on a scale of growing lithium disilicate crystals. Input data include the crystals number density, their size, the wavelength of the incident electromagnetic radiation, the indices of refraction of the lithium disilicate glassy and crystalline phases and the thickness of the virtual glass slab. In the computations, the spherical shape of crystals and their random distribution are assumed. The results reveal the quantitative effects of individual input data constants on the overall course of the computed OT patterns. They also relate the computed OT data magnitudes to the corresponding glass crystallinity (α). In addition, they point to singular combinations of the input data constants defining the conditions under which the OT data could potentially stand for the kinetically important α data. Finally, the results aid better recognition of some fundamental as well as practical properties of the optical thermal methods based on the optical transmission measurements.
Microfluidic fuel cell systems
Authors: Ho Bernard , Kjeang Erik
Published: April 2011

A microfluidic fuel cell is a microfabricated device that produces electrical power through electrochemical reactions involving a fuel and an oxidant. Microfluidic fuel cell systems exploit co-laminar flow on the microscale to separate the fuel and oxidant species, in contrast to conventional fuel cells employing an ion exchange membrane for this function. Since 2002 when the first microfluidic fuel cell was invented, many different fuels, oxidants, and architectures have been investigated conceptually and experimentally. In this mini-review article, recent advancements in the field of microfluidic fuel cell systems are documented, with particular emphasis on design, operation, and performance. The present microfluidic fuel cell systems are categorized by the fluidic phases of the fuel and oxidant streams, featuring gaseous/gaseous, liquid/gaseous, and liquid/liquid systems. The typical cell configurations and recent contributions in each category are analyzed. Key research challenges and opportunities are highlighted and recommendations for further work are provided.
The role of collapsing and cone rafting on eruption style changes and final cone morphology: Los Morados scoria cone, Mendoza, Argentina
Authors: Németh Karoly , Risso Corina , Nullo Francisco , Kereszturi Gabor
Published: April 2011

Payún Matru Volcanic Field is a Quaternary monogenetic volcanic field that hosts scoria cones with perfect to breached morphologies. Los Morados complex is a group of at least four closely spaced scoria cones (Los Morados main cone and the older Cones A, B, and C). Los Morados main cone was formed by a long lived eruption of months to years. After an initial Hawaiian-style stage, the eruption changed to a normal Strombolian, conebuilding style, forming a cone over 150 metres high on a northward dipping (∼4°) surface. An initial cone gradually grew until a lava flow breached the cone’s base and rafted an estimated 10% of the total volume. A sudden sector collapse initiated a dramatic decompression in the upper part of the feeding conduit and triggered violent a Strombolian style eruptive stage. Subsequently, the eruption became more stable, and changed to a regular Strombolian style that partially rebuilt the cone. A likely increase in magma flux coupled with the gradual growth of a new cone caused another lava flow outbreak at the structurally weakened earlier breach site. For a second time, the unstable flank of the cone was rafted, triggering a second violent Strombolian eruptive stage which was followed by a Hawaiian style lava fountain stage. The lava fountaining was accompanied by a steady outpour of voluminous lava emission accompanied by constant rafting of the cone flank, preventing the healing of the cone. Santa Maria is another scoria cone built on a nearly flat pre-eruption surface. Despite this it went through similar stages as Los Morados main cone, but probably not in as dramatic a manner as Los Morados. In contrast to these examples of large breached cones, volumetrically smaller cones, associated to less extensive lava flows, were able to heal raft/collapse events, due to the smaller magma output and flux rates. Our evidence shows that scoria cone growth is a complex process, and is a consequence of the magma internal parameters (e.g. volatile content, magma flux, recharge, output volume) and external conditions such as inclination of the pre-eruptive surface where they grew and thus gravitational instability.
Can a Mixed-Method Literacy Intervention Improve the Reading Achievement of Low-Performing Elementary School Students in an After-School Program?
Authors: Kim James S. , Capotosto Lauren , Hartry Ardice , Fitzgerald Robert
Published: April 2011

The authors describe an independent evaluation of the READ 180 Enterprise intervention designed by Scholastic, Inc. Despite widespread use of the program with upper elementary through high school students, there is limited empirical evidence to support its effectiveness. In this randomized controlled trial involving 312 students enrolled in an after-school program, the authors generated intention-to-treat and treatment-on-the-treated estimates of the program’s impact on several literacy outcomes of fourth, fifth, and sixth graders reading below proficiency on a state assessment at baseline. READ 180 Enterprise students outperformed control group students on vocabulary ( d = .23) and reading comprehension ( d = .32) but not on spelling and oral reading fluency. The authors interpret the findings in light of the theory of instruction underpinning the READ 180 Enterprise intervention.
ORIENTATION TO BASELINES FOR BUILDING SITE NETWORK / STATYBOS TINKLO BAZĖS ORIENTAVIMAS / ОРИЕНТИРОВАНИЕ БАЗЫ СТРОИТЕЛЬНОЙ СЕТИ
Authors: Kala Vello
Published: April 2011

Design engineers prefer working with actual ground distances. Therefore, the points of building site network should have the coordinates of the national grid system and the independent site grid system (“flat Earth”). The site network is usually formed and adjusted as a closed loop traverse (or triangulateration braced quadrilaterals or polygons with a central point) that commences from the first point with a direction angle of the baseline. These conditions cause some special requirements and methods of traverse adjustment and orientation (or other type of a network). This study determines the allowed deviation of baseline orientation from its ideal values of a typical building site network.

Santrauka

Statybų inžinieriams patogiau dirbti turint realius atstumus, tačiau statybos tinklą privaloma koordinuoti valstybinėje koordinačių sistemoje. Dėl priimtos kartografinės projekcijos tenka skaičiuoti ir taikyti pataisas. Statybos tinklas paprastai išlyginamas kaip uždaras poligonometrijos ėjimas (arba trianguliacijostrilateracijos kvadratų tinklas ar poligonai su centriniu tašku), kuris prasideda bazinės linijos direkciniu kampu. Dėl šios sąlygos taikytini specialūs ėjimo (ar kito tipo tinklo) išlyginimo ir orientavimo reikalavimai ir metodai. Straipsnyje nustatomi leistinieji tipinio statybos tinklo bazinės linijos krypties nuokrypiai nuo idealiųjų reikšmių.

Резюме

Для работы на стройках инженерам удобнее иметь реальные расстояния, однако строительную сеть обязательно следует координировать в государственной системе координат. Для принятой картографической проекции приходится вычислять и применять поправки. Строительная сеть обычно уравнивается как замкнутый полигонометрический ход (или сеть квадратов, или полигоны с центральной точкой триангуляции – трилатерации), который начинается с дирекционного угла базовой линии. С этой целью применяются специальные методы и требования к уравниванию и ориентированию хода (или сети другого типа). В статье устанавливаются допустимые отклонения от идеальных значений направления базовой линии типичной строительной сети.
MODELLING LAND UPLIFT RATES AND THEIR ERROR PROPAGATION / ŽEMĖS PLUTOS KILIMO GREIČIŲ IR JŲ PAKLAIDŲ SKLAIDOS MODELIAVIMAS / МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ СКОРОСТЕЙ ПОДНЯТИЯ ЗЕМНОЙ КОРЫ И РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ ИХ ПОГРЕШНОСТЕЙ
Authors: Kollo Karin , Vermeer Martin
Published: April 2011

The article describes a method for deriving the precision of a predicted land uplift value at an arbitrary terrain point which is assumed connected in height to a levelling benchmark using GNSS and a precise geoid model. We derive a statistical model for predicting the uplift rate from the existing point rates along with its empirical signal covariance function. One of our aims is a study on how a land uplift rate model and its empirical covariance function can be determined and then used for calculating changes in height over the time interval between precise levellings or GNSS heightings.

Santrauka

Aprašomas numatomos Žemės plutos kilimo reikšmės tikslumo pasirinktame taške, susietame su niveliacijos punktu pagal GPNS ir precizinį geoido modelį, nustatymo metodas. Pasiūlytas statistinis modelis kilimo greičiui prognozuoti, turint žinomus taškų greičius, pagal jų empirinę signalo kovariacinę funkciją. Vienas iš tikslų yra ištirti, kaip apibrėžti Žemės plutos kilimo greičių modelį ir jo empirinę kovariacinę funkciją ir kaip toliau ją taikyti aukščių kitimui apskaičiuoti einant laikui tarp precizinių niveliacijų ar GPNS aukščių nustatymo epochų.

Резюме

В статье описан метод определения точности значения поднятия земной коры в определенной точке, связанной с нивелирным пунктом с применением GPNS измерений и прецизионной модели геоида. Предложена статистическая модель для прогнозирования скорости поднятия земной коры по отношению к точкам с известной скоростью, основанная на применении эмпирической ковариационной функции сигнала. Основной целью работы было исследование возможностей построения модели скорости поднятия земной коры и эмпирической ковариационной функции и применение этой функции для вычисления изменения высот с течением времени между нивелировками или между эпохами определения высот с помощью измерений GPNS.
AGRO-ENVIRONMENTAL LESSONS FROM THE ‘SUSTAINABLE HIGHLAND AGRICULTURE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIA’ (SHASEA) PROJECT / ŽEMĖS ŪKIO IR APLINKOSAUGINĖ PATIRTIS VYKDANT PROJEKTĄ „TVARUSIS ŽEMĖS ŪKIS PIETRYČIŲ AZIJOS AUKŠTUMOSE“ / СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫЙ И ПРИРОДООХРАННЫЙ ОПЫТ, ПОЛУЧЕННЫЙ ПРИ ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИИ ПРОЕКТА «РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ СЕЛЬСКОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО НА ВОЗВЫШЕННОСТЯХ ЮГО-ВОСТОЧНОЙ АЗИИ»
Authors: Fullen Michael A. , Booth Colin A. , Panomtaranichagul Mattiga , Subedi Madhu , Mei Li Yong
Published: April 2011

To promote sustainable agro-environmental development in the highlands of South-East Asia, an international multidisciplinary research team examined the effectiveness of selected agronomic and soil conservation treatments (both modified and novel cropping practises) using farmer-managed runoff plots. The study sites were located in the highlands of Yunnan Province (Wang Jia Catchment), China and Mae Honson Province (Pang Mapa District), Northern Thailand. Project lessons relating to co-operation, research partnerships, time horizons, multidisciplinarity, income generation, information dissemination and education are discussed.

Santrauka

Tvariajai žemės ūkio plėtrai skatinti Pietryčių Azijos aukštumose tarptautinių tarpdisciplininių mokslinių tyrimų grupė ištyrė pasirinktų argonominių bei dirvos apsaugos būdų efektyvumą (taikyta ir modifikuotieji, ir nauji žemdirbystės būdai) dirbamuose ūkininkų laukuose. Tyrimo vietos pasirinktos Junanio provincijoje (Wang Jia baseine) Kinijoje ir Mae Honson provincijoje (Pang Mapa srityje) Šiaurės Tailando aukštumose. Straipsnyje aptariama projekto pamokos, susijusios su bendradarbiavimo plėtojimu, mokslinių tyrimų partneryste, investavimu, tarpdisciplininių metodų taikymu, pajamų augimu, informacijos sklaida ir švietimo klausimais.

Резюме

С целью содействовать рациональному развитию сельского хозяйства на возвышенностях юго-восточной части Азии группа ученых, занимающаяся междисциплинарными научными исследованиями, исследовала эффективность некоторых агрономических и почвоохранных мер с применением как модифицированных, так и новых способов земледелия на обрабатываемых сельскохозяйственных полях. Для исследований были выбраны места в провинциях Юнань (в бассейне Wang Jia) в Китае и Мае Гонсон (Pang Mapa) на возвышенностях Северного Таиланда. Проанализирован опыт, полученный при осуществлении проекта и касающийся развития сотрудничества, партнерства в сфере научных исследований, инвестирования, применения междисциплинарных методов, роста доходов, распространения информации и вопросов просвещения.
Consistency of Knee Pain and Risk of Knee Replacement: The Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study
Authors: WISE BARTON L. , FELSON DAVID T. , CLANCY MARGARET , NIU JINGBO , NEOGI TUHINA , LANE NANCY E. , HIETPAS JEAN , CURTIS JEFFREY R. , BRADLEY LAURENCE A. , TORNER JAMES C. , ZHANG YUQING
Published: April 2011

Objective.

To examine whether the consistency or persistence of knee pain, in addition to its severity, predicts incident total knee replacement (TKR).

Methods.

The Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study (MOST) is a longitudinal study of persons aged 50 to 79 years with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis or at high risk of disease. Subjects were queried about the presence of knee pain on most days of the previous 30 days (i.e., frequent knee pain; FKP) at 2 timepoints: a telephone screen followed by a clinic visit (median separation 4 weeks). We defined a knee as having “consistent pain” if the subject answered positively to the FKP question at both timepoints, “inconsistent pain” if FKP was positive at only one timepoint, or as “no FKP” if negative at both. We examined the association between consistent FKP and risk of TKR using multiple binomial regression with generalized estimating equations.

Results.

In 3026 persons (mean age 63 yrs, mean body mass index 30.4), 2979 knees (50%) had no FKP at baseline, 1279 knees (21.5%) had inconsistent FKP, and 1696 knees (28.5%) had consistent FKP. Risk of TKR over 30 months was 0.8%, 2.6%, and 8.8% for knees with no, inconsistent, and consistent FKP, respectively. Relative risks of TKR over 30 months were 1.2 (95% CI 0.6–2.3) and 2.3 (95% CI 1.2–4.4) for knees with inconsistent and consistent FKP, compared with those without FKP. This association was consistent across each level of pain severity on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index.

Conclusion.

Consistency of frequent knee pain is associated with an increased risk of TKR independently of knee pain severity.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Serious Infection in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated with Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors: A Report from the Registry of Japanese Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients for Longterm Safety
Authors: KOMANO YUKIKO , TANAKA MICHI , NANKI TOSHIHIRO , KOIKE RYUJI , SAKAI RYOKO , KAMEDA HIDETO , NAKAJIMA ATSUO , SAITO KAZUYOSHI , TAKENO MITSUHIRO , ATSUMI TATSUYA , TOHMA SHIGETO , ITO SATOSHI , TAMURA NAOTO , FUJII TAKAO , SAWADA TETSUJI , IDA HIROAKI , HASHIRAMOTO AKIRA , KOIKE TAKAO , ISHIGATSUBO YOSHIAKI , EGUCHI KATSUMI , TANAKA YOSHIYA , TAKEUCHI TSUTOMU , MIYASAKA NOBUYUKI , HARIGAI MASAYOSHI
Published: April 2011

Objective.

To compare tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors to nonbiological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) for the risk of serious infection in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods.

Serious infections occurring within the first year of the observation period were examined using the records for patients recruited to the Registry of Japanese Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients for Longterm Safety (REAL), a hospital-based prospective cohort of patients with RA. The analysis included 1144 patients, 646 of whom were treated with either infliximab or etanercept [exposed group: 592.4 patient-years (PY)]. The remaining 498 patients received nonbiological DMARD with no biologics (unexposed group: 454.7 PY).

Results.

In the unexposed group, the incidence rate for all serious adverse events (SAE) was 9.02/100 PY and for serious infections, 2.64/100 PY. In the exposed group, SAE occurred in 16.04/100 PY and serious infections in 6.42/100 PY. The crude incidence rate ratio comparing serious infections in the exposed group with the unexposed group was 2.43 (95% CI 1.27–4.65), a significant increase. A multivariate analysis revealed that the use of TNF inhibitors is a significant independent risk factor for serious infection (relative risk 2.37, 95% CI 1.11–5.05, p = 0.026).

Conclusion.

Our study has provided the first epidemiological data on Japanese patients with RA for the safety of TNF inhibitors compared to nonbiological DMARD for up to 1 year of treatment. Anti-TNF therapy was associated with a significantly increased risk for serious infections, compared to treatment with nonbiological DMARD.
Prevalence of Thyroid Autoimmunity in Patients with Spondyloarthropathies
Authors: PELUSO ROSARIO , LUPOLI GELSY ARIANNA , DEL PUENTE ANTONIO , IERVOLINO SALVATORE , BRUNER VINCENZO , LUPOLI ROBERTA , DI MINNO MATTEO NICOLA DARIO , FOGLIA FRANCESCA , SCARPA RAFFAELE , LUPOLI GIOVANNI
Published: April 2011

Objective.

To evaluate the prevalence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) in a group of patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA).

Methods.

We evaluated serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine, and free thyroxine, and titers of antithyroglobulin and antithyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies in 357 consecutive patients with SpA. We also recruited 318 healthy age-matched controls. Ultrasonography of the thyroid gland was performed in all subjects and rheumatic activity was evaluated.

Results.

Indices of thyroid autoimmunity were significantly more frequent in patients with SpA than in controls (24.09% vs 10.69%, respectively; p < 0.05). In the SpA group, a higher prevalence of HT was found in patients with an active disease than in those with low-moderate disease levels. Also in the SpA group, patients with a disease duration > 2 years had a higher prevalence of HT and anti-TPO antibodies positivity than patients with a disease duration ≤ 2 years. Ultrasonography detected a significantly higher frequency of thyroid nodules and hypoechoic pattern in patients with SpA than in controls. Among patients with SpA, HT and anti-TPO antibodies positivity were significantly more frequent in patients with peripheral involvement (68.6%) than in patients with axial involvement (31.4%; p < 0.05).

Conclusion.

Our study shows a significantly higher prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in patients with SpA as compared to controls. Thyroiditis occurs more frequently in patients with longer disease duration and active rheumatic disease. We suggest that thyroid function tests be part of the clinical evaluation in patients with SpA.
The Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada Registry for Spondyloarthritis
Authors: GLADMAN DAFNA D. , RAHMAN PROTON , COOK RICHARD J. , SHEN HUA , ZUMMER MICHEL , THOMSON GLEN , NAIR BINDU , ROHEKAR SHERRY , AYEARST RENISE , INMAN ROBERT D. , MAKSYMOWYCH WALTER P.
Published: April 2011

The Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Cananda (SPARCC) is a transdiscliplinary research network of investigators interested in spondyloarthritis. The group has been supported by a new research initiative by The Arthritis Society. SPARCC aims to address the genetic basis of susceptibility of the disease and develop and validate clinical and imaging outcomes to assess disease activity and structural damage over time, the response to therapy, and the clinical burden of illness in terms of quality of life and disability. The first step was to develop a database that would allow ascertainment of phenotype for genetic studies, as well as accurate and detailed longitudinal information for disease expression and outcome studies. This article describes the SPARCC database and outlines difficulties and possible solutions for maintaining such a database.
Heterotopic Ossification of the Temporomandibular Joint in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: RINGOLD SARAH , THAPA MAHESH , SHAW ELIZABETH A. , WALLACE CAROL A.
Published: April 2011

Objective.

To describe the clinical, laboratory, pathologic, and radiographic imaging characteristics of a series of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and radiographic imaging evidence of heterotopic ossification of their temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

Methods.

Children were identified through search of an administrative database of imaging results at Seattle Children’s Hospital. Retrospective chart review was performed to collect data on each patient’s clinical and laboratory characteristics, systemic therapies, timing and number of TMJ intraarticular corticosteroid injections (IAS), TMJ symptoms, and TMJ findings on physician examination. TMJ imaging studies for which heterotopic ossifications were reported were reviewed. Pathology specimens were reviewed for the 2 children who underwent synovial biopsy of their TMJ.

Results.

Twelve children were identified. The average duration between onset of JIA and detection of heterotopic ossification of TMJ on an imaging study was 36 months (range 19–94). Half the children had abnormal mouth-opening for age when the calcifications were first detected. In each case, the heterotopic ossification was first detected by computed tomography scan, and in 11 of the cases they were associated with synovial pannus formation as documented on an imaging study. Two children underwent synovial biopsy, which revealed reactive parosteal osteochondromatosis in one case and findings consistent with an intraarticular rheumatoid nodule in the other.

Conclusion.

Heterotopic ossifications of the TMJ may be seen in children with JIA and are associated with particularly severe TMJ arthritis, joint destruction, and pannus formation. Pathology from these joints suggests that the heterotopic ossification may result from multiple pathological processes.
Cutting Edge: PHLPP Regulates the Development, Function, and Molecular Signaling Pathways of Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Patterson Scott J. , Han Jonathan M. , Garcia Rosa , Assi Kiran , Gao Tianyan , O’Neill Audrey , Newton Alexandra C. , Levings Megan K.
Published: April 2011

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have a reduced capacity to activate the PI3K/Akt pathway downstream of the TCR, and the resulting low activity of Akt is necessary for their development and function. The molecular basis for the failure of Tregs to activate Akt efficiently, however, remains unknown. We show that PH-domain leucine-rich-repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP), which dephosphorylates Akt, is upregulated in Tregs, thus suppressing Akt activation. Tregs expressed higher levels of PHLPP than those of conventional T cells, and knockdown of PHLPP1 restored TCR-mediated activation of Akt in Tregs. Consistent with their high Akt activity, the suppressive capacity of Tregs from PHLPP1−/− mice was significantly reduced. Moreover, the development of induced Tregs was impaired in PHLPP1−/− mice. The increased level of Akt’s negative regulator, PHLPP, provides a novel mechanism used by T cells to control the Akt pathway and the first evidence, to our knowledge, for a molecular mechanism underlying the functionally essential reduction of Akt activity in Tregs.