bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH PERBEDAAN LETAK GEOGRAFI TERHADAP POLA PRODUKSI TAHUNAN TANAMAN KARET
Authors: Junaidi Junaidi
Published: November 2016

Posisi Indonesia sesungguhnya menguntungkan sebagai negara penghasil karet alam karena berada pada dua posisi yakni di Utara dan Selatan khatulistiwa sehingga puncak produksi diperoleh secara bergantian. Artikel ini mempelajari pola poduksi tahunan di negara-negara produsen karet alam lainnya berdasarkan hasil penelitian sebelumnya dan data statistik dari International Rubber Study Group (IRSG) selama tahun 2008 -2012. Dari penelitian-penelitian yang telah dilakukan diketahui bahwa pola umum produksi tahunan dapat dibedakan berdasarkan perbedaan letak geografinya. Puncak produksi tanaman karet di wilayah Selatan khatulistiwa cenderung diperoleh pada semester I (Januari – Juni), sedangkan produksi rendah umumnya terjadi pada semester II (Juli – Desember). Sebaliknya, di wilayah Utara khatulistiwa produksi tinggi pada semester II dan produksi rendah pada semester I. Karena sebagian besar produsen berada di Utara khatulistiwa, maka pola produksi karet alam dunia mengikuti pola produksi di Utara khatulistiwa. Indonesia merupakan negara eksportir karet alam dengan wilayah karet dominan di Selatan khatulistiwa, ekspor Indonesia mengalami peningkatan pada bulan Mei – Juli dimana negara eksportir lainnya cenderung mengalami periode ekspor yang rendah namun hal ini tidak banyak berpengaruh terhadap peta perdagangan karet alam dunia.
Chemical composition and amino acid profile of differently processed feather meal
Authors: Adejumo Oluseun , Adetunji Oluwaseun , Ogundipe Kunle , Osademe Ndudi
Published: November 2016

Feather wastes represent potential alternative ingredients for animal
feedstuffs which can ameliorate the protein shortage for food and feed.
Previous attempts to provide information about the nutrient composition of
feather meal are either too complicated for rural livestock farmers in
developing countries or they provided incomplete information on chemical
composition. Washed feathers were subjected to different processing
techniques such as pre-soaking in distilled water, wood ash, 0.3M NaOH, a
mixture of wood ash and 0.3M NaOH, incubated at 37?C and boiled at 150?C for
60 minutes. Treated feather meals were analysed for chemical composition and
amino acid profile. The overall result showed that feather meal pre-soaked
with wood ash for 24 hr boiled at 150oC for 60 minutes, those pre-soaked with
0.3M NaOH and wood ash incubated at 37?C for 24 hr boiled at 150?C for 60
minutes and raw feather meal pre-soaked in distilled water for 24 hr boiled
at 150?C for 60 minutes gave better results. Wood ash and 0.3M NaOH and their
mixture could enhance the nutritional value of feather meal.
Effectiveness of granular matrix sensors in different irrigation treatments and installation depths
Authors: Markovic Monika , Josipovic Marko , Sostaric Jasna , Zebec Vladimir , Rapcan Irena
Published: November 2016

Continuous monitoring of soil moisture content plays a key role in irrigation
scheduling and yield formation. This study was conducted to derive the
technique and efficiency of application of granular matrix sensors (GMSs) in
a sprinkler irrigation system of maize (Zea mays L.). Two irrigation (a2 =
60%- 100% of field capacity (FC), a3 = 80%-100% of FC) treatments were
imposed during two growing seasons (2010, 2012) and compared with rainfed
control plots (a1). GMSs are used as an indirect method for monitoring soil
water status at two depths (b1 = 15 cm and b2 = 30 cm) in order to make a
decision on when to irrigate. The sensors used in this study were calibrated
using a mass-based gravimetric method. In both growing seasons, irrigation
treatment and installation depths have a significant influence (P<0.01) on
soil water content. Sensors have shown a satisfactory response to wetting and
drying periods in irrigation scheduling at 30-cm depth. Yet, due to
variability of weather conditions, a slow response to wetting and drying was
recorded in periods with intensive rainfall events (2010) and drought
conditions with frequent irrigation intervals (2012).
Spectrophotometric characterization of red wine color from the vineyard region of Metohia
Authors: Babincev Ljiljana , Guresic Dejan , Simonovic Ranko
Published: November 2016

Five types of red wine produced from the grape varieties from the Metohia
region (vintage 2014) were characterized on the basis of their chromatic
properties. The properties of bottled wines: Merlot, Vranac, Prokupac,
Cabernet and Game were analyzed. Chromatic characteristics of these wines
were observed four times during the year - spectrophotometer measurements
were performed on wines aged 0, 4, 8 and 12 months. Intensity, hue and
brilliance of color of these wines were determined (by the usual method of
Glories). The amount of coloring matter was determined by the usual method of
Durmishidze and the percentage of polymeric anthocyanins was calculated as
well. Wine ageing decreased the color intensity while the color hue value
increased. It was also found that contribution of wine color red pigment
decreased with wine ageing, while the percentage of yellow pigment in wine
increased. The total amount of colored substances in wines studied decreased
with wine ageing, while the percentage of polymeric pigments in wine
increased. This study presents the methodology for analyses of the chromatic
characteristics, and explains the origin influence of wine on these
properties. On the basis of these correlations the quality of red wine can be
established.
Sun protection behavior among adolescents: A comparative study conducted in 2008 and 2012
Authors: Miljkovic Suzana , Jovanovic-Ljeskovic Natasa
Published: November 2016

Introduction. Adolescents should limit their exposure to sun and apply sun
protection measures. The purpose of this study was to establish changes in
adolescents` behavior regarding sun protection beetwen years 2008 and 2012,
as well as to assess the impact of sex and skin phototype on behavior in
order to suggest positive sun protection behavior practised in other
countries and to improve educational program. Material and Methods. An
original, tailor-made questionnaire (about the skin types, exposure to sun
and the use of sunbed) was distributed among 16 and 17-year-old students in
high school in Belgrade, Serbia to be fulfilled within the frame?work of the
educational project in 2008 and 2012. Data were analyzed by the Pearson?s chi
square test and logistic regression analyses. Results. The total number of
questionnaires completed in 2008 and in 2012 was 1138 and 583, respectively.
In 2012, the students spent less time outdoors. According to the 2008 survey,
the girls used more sun protection measures, but reported more sunburns and
the use of sunbed than the boys. In 2012 more sun?burns were reported by the
boys as well as the increased use of the sunglasses, wearing a hat/cap and
staying in the shade. Conclusion. There were statistically significant
changes in behavior of adolescents regarding exposure to sun between 2008 and
2012, and between male and female gender. It is recommended to organize
regular educational interventions at schools which should emphasize the
following: the importance of sun protection measures, limited sunbathing and
outdoor physical activities as well.
Relationship between head posture and parameters of sagittal position and length of jaws
Authors: Vukicevic Vladanka , Petrovic Djordje
Published: November 2016

Introduction. Head posture in relation to the cervical spine is correlated
with the morphology of the face and jaw, the position and the mutual
relationship of the maxilla and mandible, their length and inclination. The
aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the head posture and
parameters of the sagittal position and length of the jaws. Material and
Methods. The study included 90 subjects (30 for I, II and II skeletal class
each) between the ages of 8 and 14 years, who were examined at the Department
of Dentistry of Vojvodina in Novi Sad. Each subject had the lateral
cephalogram made, and the analysis was performed by means of the computer
program ?Onyx Ceph.? The following parameters were analyzed: craniocervical
angle, angle of maxillary prognathism, angle of mandibulary prognathism, the
difference angles of maxillary and mandibulary prognathism, length of
maxillae, and length of mandible. Results. The angle of maxillary prognathism
was in positive correlation with the craniocervical angle in the patients
with class I and II, and they were negatively correlated in the patients with
class III. The angle of mandibulary prognathism was in positive correlation
with the craniocervical angle in the patients with class I and III, but they
were negatively correlated in the patients with class II. The patients with
class II had a statistically significant positive correlation between the
craniocervical angle and length of the maxilla, and a significant, but
negative correlation between the craniocervical angle and length of the
mandible. Conclusion. Increased extension of the head in relation to the
cervical spine can be a contributing factor to the formation of class II
malocclusion.
The ligation of the intersphinetric tract procedure of the perianal fistula: Case report
Authors: Stosic Momcilo , Stojanovic Igor , Mihajlovic Svetlana
Published: November 2016

Introduction. Perianal fistula is usually of cryptoglandular origin, namely
it results from inflammation of the anal glands. The main challenge in its
management is how to resolve a fistula but avoid its recurrence as well as
incontinence, which is even a bigger problem. Several treatment methods have
been described and they all focus on cutting the anal sphincter and ?opening?
the fistula, placing the seton, plug technique, creating a mucosal
advancement flap, injecting medical occlusive agents or using a combination
of methods. In 2007 a method of managing a fistula by ligation of the
intersphincteric fistula tract was described. The procedure is still getting
a wider application. Case Report. A 60-year old male patient had had a
fistula for 30 years. He underwent incision of perianal abscess on multiple
occasions resulting in multiple scars in the gluteus area. The diagnosis
revealed a high transsphincteric fistula. The inner ostium was diagnosed by
injecting hydrogen-peroxide and by probing. The patient?s general condition
was satisfactory. For the first time the ligation of intersphincteric fistula
tract procedure was applied in our regional hospital. Under general
anesthesia, in a lithotomy position, the ligation of intersphincteric fistula
tract procedure was successfully performed in approximately 30 minutes. The
external opening of the fistula and the scars were widely excised. The
postoperative course was uneventful. After 6 months there was no recurrence.
Conclusion. The ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract procedure for
transsphincteric fistulae can be a treatment of choice in all hospitals
treating colorectal patients because the incontinence risk is low and the
disease is curable at a high percentage.
Nikola Tesla and medicine: 160th anniversary of the birth of the genius who gave light to the world - part I
Authors: Vucevic Danijela , Djordjevic Drago , Radosavljevic Tatjana
Published: November 2016

Introduction. The interest in Nikola Tesla, a scientist, physicist, engineer
and inventor, is constantly growing. In the millennia-long history of human
civilization, it is almost impossible to find another person whose life and
work has been under so much scrutiny of such a wide range of researchers,
medical professionals included. Although Tesla was not primarily dedicated to
biomedical research, his work significantly contributed to the development of
radiology, and high frequency electrotherapy. This paper deals with the
impact of Tesla?s work on the development of a new medical branch -
radiology. Nikola Tesla and the Discovery of X-ray radiation. Tesla pioneered
the use of X-rays for medical purposes, practically laying the foundations of
radiology. Namely, since 1887, Tesla periodically experimented with X-rays,
at that time still unknown and unnamed, which he called "shadowgraphs".
Moreover, at the end of 1894, he conducted extensive research focusing on
X-rays, but unfortunately it was interrupted after the fire burning down his
laboratory in 1895. In 1896 and 1897, Tesla published ten papers on the
biologic effects of X-ray radiation. All his studies on X-rays were
experimental. During 1896 and 1897, Tesla continued improving X-ray devices.
Apart from this, Tesla was the first to point out the harmful effects of
exposure to X-ray radiation on human body. Conclusion. Nikola Tesla was a
visionary genius of the future. Tesla?s pioneer steps, made more than a
century ago in the domain of radiology, are still being used today.
120 years since the discovery of X-rays
Authors: Babic Rade , Babic Stankovic , Babic Strahinja , Babic Nevena
Published: November 2016

This paper is intended to celebrate the 120th anniversary of the discovery of
X-rays. X-rays (Roentgen-rays) were discovered on the 8th of November, 1895
by the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. Fifty days after the
discovery of X-ray, on December 28, 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen published a
paper about the discovery of X-rays - ?On a new kind of rays? (Wilhelm Conrad
Roentgen: ?ber eine neue Art von Strahlen. In: Sitzungsberichte der
W?rzburger Physik.-Medic.-Gesellschaft. 1895.). Therefore, the date of 28th
of December, 1895 was taken as the date of X-rays discovery. This paper
describes the work of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, Nikola Tesla, Mihajlo Pupin
and Maria Sklodowska-Curie about the nature of X-rays. The fantastic four -
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, Nikola Tesla, Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin and Maria
Sklodowska-Curie set the foundation of radiology with their discovery and
study of X-rays. Five years after the discovery of X-rays, in 1900, Dr Avram
Vinaver had the first X-ray machine installed in Sabac, in Serbia at the time
when many developed countries did not have an X-ray machine and thus set the
foundation of radiology in Serbia.
Electronic study of carbon nanotube (6,0) doped with transition metals: Copper, silver and gold
Authors: Dasilva S. , López-Planes R.
Published: November 2016

In view of the unique chemical and physical properties of CNTs, it was proposed a theoretical study of carbon nanotube doped with metals: Cu, Ag and Au, to observe the electronic variations occasioned. Calculations were done using a Hybrid Functional (B3PW91) of Functional Density Theory and the LANL2DZ basis set. In all structures, it was calculated: band gap energy of the electrical conduction, electric charges NBO and adsorption energy of metals at the nanotube. It was found that in all positions of the metallic dopants, the value of the gap energy is increased. The metal position with small gap energy, the copper, was outside of the tube, however, for silver and gold it was inside. This indicates that it exists an intrinsic relationship of each metal with the nanotube. For metallic adsorptions, there was a tendency to form physical bond interactions with the carbon nanotube.
Model for the simulation of light naphtha cracking in an inverted cyclone reactor
Authors: Lucena M. , González Y. , Galiasso R.
Published: November 2016

Light naphtha thermal cracking to produce ethylene and propylene in an inverted cyclone reactor has been proposed not only as an alternative for the cracked light naphtha recovery but also as a way to improve conventional cracking. A mathematical model was developed in order to assess the performance of this new process under changing operating conditions and design reactor parameters. A kinetic scheme for the naphtha cracking based on molecular reactions was selected and the mass and energy balances were performed. Rosenbrock's numerical method was used to find the numerical solutions to the model's equations. The simulation results allowed for a clear description of the light naphtha cracking behavior in an inverted cyclone reactor, showing that the heat exchange between solid and gas phases determines the conversion and product yields. Also, solid initial temperature and solid mass flow rate were found to be the operational parameters with the greatest impact on products formation while the steam temperature and steam/oil ratio are of lesser importance. In addition, injection angle determines the residence time, hence significantly affecting the overall performance.
Physisorption of amino acids on TiO2: Changes in the nonlinear optical properties
Authors: Marcano Emildo , Cisneros José Gregorio , Alayón Johana , Murgich Juan
Published: November 2016

Calculations at HF, DFT (CAM-B3LYP) level were carried out with the 6-31+G(d,p) basis set for estimate the polarizability (α), the first hyperpolarizability (β) and the second hyperpolarizability (γ) for aromatic amino acids: tryptophan ( Trp), tyrosine ( Tyr) and phenylalanine ( Phe), before and after of the physisorption on an anatase nanoparticle model. The results show that, the values for < α >, β total and < γ > increases as different indole, phenol, or benzene moieties were substituted, according to the sequences Phe < Tyr < Trp. Therefore, these properties enhance when the electronic delocalization is increased due to the substitution of aromatic systems. Moreover, the increase in the value of the polarizability, were accompanied by a decrease in the adsorption energy for the amino acid-anatase interaction, suggesting an increment in the stability for the complex linking by a weak attractive dispersion force to be induced between them. In relation to the adsorption energy, the negative E ads indicated that the amino acid adsorption is exothermic for the structures studied and thus the adsorption system is energetically stable. Indole, phenol, and benzene substitution on amino acid structure had a low impact on the E ads values, and the order for physisorption stability was Tyr > Phe > Trp. For β total, the values showed a much higher sensitivity to the physisorption effect. We propose that amino acid studied can be used as target system in the study of interaction amino acid-anatase with nonlinear optical microscopy techniques.
Kinetic modeling of the anaerobic oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butane
Authors: Mirena Juan , Moreno María , Sogne Gerardo , Papa José , Pittol José
Published: November 2016

This paper describes the kinetic modeling for the anaerobic oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butane over a V/MgO catalyst supported on α-Al2O3. Based on the experimental data reported by Fandiño and Guaran (2007), a mathematical model for the experimental reactor was proposed together with a model that describes the depletion of the catalyst's mobile oxygen throughout the process. Different kinetic models were developed; two of them (M3 and M4) were based on proposed reaction networks with reaction mechanisms for each one of the involved reactions. Other two models (M5 and M6) were based on a semi-empirical approximation for the expression of the reaction rates. A non-linear regression algorithm was developed and used to obtain the kinetic parameters for each model. Afterwards, several statistical tests (mean-squared error test, chi-squared test and t-test) and a cross-validation test were conducted to evaluate and discriminate between models. The kinetic parameters and their corresponding confidence intervals were determined for each model. All named models exhibited a satisfactory fit to the experimental data. The results show that models M3 and M5 can be discarded, while models M4 and M6 can be retained and used to predict the behavior of the ODH of n-butane at the studied conditions.
Authentication system for stateless RESTful Web service
Authors: Lee Sungchul , Jo Ju-Yeon , Kim Yoohwan
Published: November 2016

REST protocol is a commonly used Web-based communication interface in various areas (e.g., Web service, IoT devices). Current REST protocol faces several challenges to solve the authentication system. This paper describes an ID-based authentication algorithm using Boneh-Franklin ID-based encryption to achieve a secure and stateless RESTful Web service. This ID-based authentication process allows a server to handle client requests by acknowledging the client's URI rather than storing client's state, thereby simplifying the process. This paper discusses the shortcomings of current authentication mechanisms, the concept of ID-based encryption (IBE), and the process of stateless secure REST protocol.
An extensible platform for building remote experiment control
Authors: Bauer Michael , McIntyre Stewart , Sherry Nathaniel , Armstrong Chris , Haley John , Cross Matt , Qin Jinhui , Khaladj Azade , Khosravi Arash , McIssac Ken
Published: November 2016

Research equipment, experiment control devices and even industrial equipment, typically require individuals to be present to make use of that equipment. In many cases, this requires researchers to travel to the equipment or move the equipment to specific locations and operate it. With network connectivity becoming more available, even in remote locations, remote operation of such equipment is increasingly possible. This can reduce travel costs, increase the efficiency of use of such equipment and even help with safety. This paper describes work on the creation of a software platform of generic services for access to and use of devices for research, education and potentially for industrial use. The current set of services, the underlying middleware and architecture of the platform are described. Use of the platform to develop remote operation services for a mechatronics laboratory for use by engineering students is presented. The longer term goal is to make the software available to researchers to allow better remote access to experiments in environments such as undersea, deep space, high radiation, and toxic gases.
Efficient grayscale thinning on parallel hardware
Authors: Weiss John M. , Karlsson Christer
Published: November 2016

Thinning is an important task in many image processing applications, including remote sensing, photogrammetry, optical character recognition, and medical imaging. In this study, we compare the performance of thinning algorithms on parallel hardware. Grayscale thinning involves a substantial amount of computation per pixel, and may be accelerated in several ways: algorithmic improvements, code optimization, and parallelization. We describe an algorithmic improvement that speeds up grayscale thinning several-fold, and demonstrate scalable acceleration from multi-core CPU concurrency libraries (such as OpenMP), coprocessor hardware (such as the Xeon Phi), and GPUs (such as CUDA-enabled NVIDIA graphics cards). GPU processing appears to offer the most cost-effective approach for high performance grayscale thinning applications.
Decision-Making Model under Risk Assessment Based on Entropy
Authors: Dong Xin , Lu Hao , Xia Yuanpu , Xiong Ziming
Published: November 2016

Decision-making under risk assessment involves dealing with the matter of uncertainty, especially in projects such as tunnel construction. Risk control should include not only measures to reduce the possible consequence of incident, but also exploration measures (information collecting measures) to reduce the uncertainty of the incident. The classical risk assessment model in engineering is R = P × C which only takes account of the assessment and decision-making of possible consequences. It cannot provide theoretical guidance for taking exploration measures. The paper presents an advanced methodology to assess the effectiveness of exploration measures in decision-making. The methodology classifies risk into two attributes: hazard (expected value) and uncertainty (entropy). On this basis, a generalized model of decision-making under risk assessment is proposed. This model extends the use of the classical assessment model to a more general case. The reason for taking exploration measures and assessment of such measures’ effectiveness could be explained well by this developed model. This model can also serve as a descriptive model for many risk problems and provide a decision-making basis for a variety of risk types. Moreover, the assessment process and calculation method are applied with some case studies.
Efficient Multi-Label Feature Selection Using Entropy-Based Label Selection
Authors: Lee Jaesung , Kim Dae-Won
Published: November 2016

Multi-label feature selection is designed to select a subset of features according to their importance to multiple labels. This task can be achieved by ranking the dependencies of features and selecting the features with the highest rankings. In a multi-label feature selection problem, the algorithm may be faced with a dataset containing a large number of labels. Because the computational cost of multi-label feature selection increases according to the number of labels, the algorithm may suffer from a degradation in performance when processing very large datasets. In this study, we propose an efficient multi-label feature selection method based on an information-theoretic label selection strategy. By identifying a subset of labels that significantly influence the importance of features, the proposed method efficiently outputs a feature subset. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can identify a feature subset much faster than conventional multi-label feature selection methods for large multi-label datasets.
A Novel Algorithm for Efficient Downlink Packet Scheduling for Multiple-Component-Carrier Cellular Systems
Authors: Chung Yao-Liang
Published: November 2016

The simultaneous aggregation of multiple component carriers (CCs) for use by a base station constitutes one of the more promising strategies for providing substantially enhanced bandwidths for packet transmissions in 4th and 5th generation cellular systems. To the best of our knowledge, however, few previous studies have undertaken a thorough investigation of various performance aspects of the use of a simple yet effective packet scheduling algorithm in which multiple CCs are aggregated for transmission in such systems. Consequently, the present study presents an efficient packet scheduling algorithm designed on the basis of the proportional fair criterion for use in multiple-CC systems for downlink transmission. The proposed algorithm includes a focus on providing simultaneous transmission support for both real-time (RT) and non-RT traffic. This algorithm can, when applied with sufficiently efficient designs, provide adequate utilization of spectrum resources for the purposes of transmissions, while also improving energy efficiency to some extent. According to simulation results, the performance of the proposed algorithm in terms of system throughput, mean delay, and fairness constitute substantial improvements over those of an algorithm in which the CCs are used independently instead of being aggregated.
Resource Utilization by Native and Invasive Earthworms and Their Effects on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Puerto Rican Soils
Authors: Huang Ching-Yu , González Grizelle , Hendrix Paul
Published: November 2016

Resource utilization by earthworms affects soil C and N dynamics and further colonization of invasive earthworms. By applying 13C-labeled Tabebuia heterophylla leaves and 15N-labeled Andropogon glomeratus grass, we investigated resource utilization by three earthworm species (invasive endogeic Pontoscolex corethrurus, native anecic Estherella sp, and native endogeic Onychochaeta borincana) and their effects on soil C and N dynamics in Puerto Rican soils in a 22-day laboratory experiment. Changes of 13C/C and 15N/N in soils, earthworms, and microbial populations were analyzed to evaluate resource utilization by earthworms and their influences on C and N dynamics. Estherella spp. utilized the 13C-labeled litter; however, its utilization on the 13C-labeled litter reduced when cultivated with P. corethrurus and O. borincana. Both P. corethrurus and O. borincana utilized the 13C-labeled litter and 15C-labeled grass roots and root exudates. Pontoscolex corethrurus facilitated soil respiration by stimulating 13C-labeled microbial activity; however, this effect was suppressed possibly due to the changes in the microbial activities or community when coexisting with O. borincana. Increased soil N mineralization by individual Estherella spp. and O. borincana was reduced in the mixed-species treatments. The rapid population growth of P. corethrurus may increase competition pressure on food resources on the local earthworm community. The relevance of resource availability to the population growth of P. corethrurus and its significance as an invasive species is a topic in need of future research.
Association between the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Genetic Polymorphism and Diabetic Retinopathy—A Meta-Analysis Comprising 10,168 Subjects
Authors: Luo Shasha , Shi Chao , Wang Furu , Wu Zhifeng
Published: November 2016

Aims—to address the inconclusive findings of the association of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism on risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR), a meta-analysis was conducted. Methods—we conducted a meta-analysis on 4252 DR cases and 5916 controls from 40 published studies by searching electronic databases and reference lists of relevant articles. A random-effects or fixed-effects model was used to estimate the overall and stratification effect sizes on ACE I/D polymorphism on the risk of DR. Results—we found a significant association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and the risk of DR for all genetic model (ID vs. II: OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.00–1.30; DD vs. II: OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.11–1.71; Allele contrast: OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.05–1.30; recessive model: OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.02–1.51 and dominant model: OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.06–1.38, respectively). In stratified analysis by ethnicity and DM type, we further found that the Asian group with T2DM showed a significant association for all genetic models (ID vs. II: OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01–1.30; DD vs. II: OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.14–2.08; Allele contrast: OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.09–1.47; recessive model: OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.07–1.88 and dominant model: OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.07–1.49, respectively). Conclusion—our study suggested that the ACE I/D polymorphism may contribute to DR development, especially in the Asian group with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Prospective and more genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are needed to clarify the real role of the ACE gene in determining susceptibility to DR.
Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions: The Pharmacogenomics from Research to Clinical Implementation
Authors: Su Shih-Chi , Hung Shuen-Iu , Fan Wen-Lang , Dao Ro-Lan , Chung Wen-Hung
Published: November 2016

Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), previously thought to be idiosyncratic or unpredictable, are a deadly form of adverse drug reactions with skin manifestations. Current pharmacogenomic studies of SCARs have made important strides, as the prevention of SCARs, to some extent, appears attainable with the identification of genetic variants for genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes and human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). Despite the improvement of incidence, a treatment guideline for this devastating condition is still unavailable, highlighting the inadequacy of contemporary accepted therapeutic interventions. As such, prompt withdrawal of causative drugs is believed to be a priority of patient management. In this review, we discuss recent cutting-edge findings concerning the discovery of biomarkers for SCARs and their clinical utilities in the better prediction and early diagnosis of this disease. The knowledge compiled herein provides clues for future investigations on deciphering additional genetic markers for SCARs and the design of clinical trials for the prospective identification of subjects at genetic risk for this condition, ultimately personalizing the medicine.
Does Herd Immunity Exist in Aquatic Animals?
Authors: Standish Isaac , Brenden Travis , Faisal Mohamed
Published: November 2016

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus genotype IVb (VHSV-IVb) is presently found throughout the Laurentian Great Lakes region of North America. We recently developed a DNA vaccine preparation containing the VHSV-IVb glycoprotein (G) gene with a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter that proved highly efficacious in protecting muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) and three salmonid species. This study was conducted to determine whether cohabitation of VHSV-IVb immunized fishes could confer protection to non-vaccinated (i.e., naïve) fishes upon challenge. The experimental layout consisted of multiple flow-through tanks where viral exposure was achieved via shedding from VHSV-IVb experimentally infected muskellunge housed in a tank supplying water to other tanks. The mean cumulative mortality of naïve muskellunge averaged across eight trials (i.e., replicates) was significantly lower when co-occurring with immunized muskellunge than when naïve muskellunge were housed alone (36.5% when co-occurring with vaccinated muskellunge versus 80.2% when housed alone), indicating a possible protective effect based on cohabitation with vaccinated individuals. Additionally, vaccinated muskellunge when co-occurring with naïve muskellunge had significantly greater anti-VHSV antibody levels compared to vaccinated muskellunge housed alone suggesting that heightened anti-VHSV antibodies are a result of cohabitation with susceptible individuals. This finding could contribute to the considerably lower viable VHSV-IVb concentrations we detected in surviving naive muskellunge when housed with vaccinated muskellunge. Our research provides initial evidence of the occurrence of herd immunity against fish pathogens.
Brain Biomarkers of Long-Term Outcome of Neonatal Onset Urea Cycle Disorder
Authors: Mourad Maha , Häberle Johannes , Whitehead Matthew , Stricker Tamar , Gropman Andrea
Published: November 2016

Urea cycle disorders (UCDs) are common inborn errors of metabolism, with an incidence of one in 30,000 births. They are caused by deficiencies in any of six enzymes and two carrier proteins, the most common being Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency (OTCD). OTCD results in impairment to excrete nitrogen, causing toxic buildup of ammonia with resultant encephalopathy. Hyperammonemia (HA) induces the conversion of glutamate to glutamine in the brain. Excess glutamine in the brain causes osmotic changes, cerebral edema, changes in astrocyte morphology, and cell death. Acute symptoms of HA include vomiting, hyperventilation, seizures, and irritability. Long-term neurological effects include deficits in working memory and executive function. To date, there are no predictors of prognosis of infants with neonatal onset OTCD outside of the plasma ammonia level at presentation and duration of a hyperammonemic coma. We provide a comprehensive analysis of a 16-year-old male with neonatal onset of OTCD as an example of how brain biomarkers may be useful to monitor disease course and outcome. This male presented at 8 days of life with plasma ammonia and glutamine of 677 and 4024 micromol/L respectively, and was found to have a missense mutation in Exon 4 (p. R129H). Treatment included protein restriction, sodium benzoate, and citrulline, arginine, and iron. Despite compliance, he suffered recurrent acute hyperammonemic episodes triggered by infections or catabolic stressors. We discuss the long-term effects of the hyperammonemic episodes by following MRI-based disease biomarkers.
Comparison of Electrochemical Methods for the Evaluation of Cast AZ91 Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Tkacz Jakub , Minda Jozef , Fintová Stanislava , Wasserbauer Jaromír
Published: November 2016

Linear polarization is a potentiodynamic method used for electrochemical characterization of materials. Obtained values of corrosion potential and corrosion current density offer information about material behavior in corrosion environments from the thermodynamic and kinetic points of view, respectively. The present study offers a comparison of applications of the linear polarization method (from −100 mV to +200 mV vs. EOCP), the cathodic polarization of the specimen (−100 mV vs. EOCP), and the anodic polarization of the specimen (+100 mV vs. EOCP), and a discussion of the differences in the obtained values of the electrochemical characteristics of cast AZ91 magnesium alloy. The corrosion current density obtained by cathodic polarization was similar to the corrosion current density obtained by linear polarization, while a lower value was obtained by anodic polarization. Signs of corrosion attack were observed only in the case of linear polarization including cathodic and anodic polarization of the specimen.
Metoprolol Dose Equivalence in Adult Men and Women Based on Gender Differences: Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulations
Authors: Eugene Andy
Published: November 2016

Recent meta-analyses and publications over the past 15 years have provided evidence showing there are considerable gender differences in the pharmacokinetics of metoprolol. Throughout this time, there have not been any research articles proposing a gender stratified dose-adjustment resulting in an equivalent total drug exposure. Metoprolol pharmacokinetic data was obtained from a previous publication. Data was modeled using nonlinear mixed effect modeling using the MONOLIX software package to quantify metoprolol concentration–time data. Gender-stratified dosing simulations were conducted to identify equivalent total drug exposure based on a 100 mg dose in adults. Based on the pharmacokinetic modeling and simulations, a 50 mg dose in adult women provides an approximately similar metoprolol drug exposure to a 100 mg dose in adult men.
Hot Deformation Behavior of As-Cast and Homogenized Al0.5CoCrFeNi High Entropy Alloys
Authors: Zhang Yu , Li Jinshan , Wang Jun , Niu Sizhe , Kou Hongchao
Published: November 2016

The hot deformation behavior of as-cast and homogenized Al0.5CoCrFeNi high entropy alloys (HEAs) during isothermal compression was investigated as a function of temperature and strain rate. Results indicated that flow stress in a homogenized state was always higher than that in an as-cast state under the same deformation conditions. Moreover, the optimum thermo-mechanical processing (TMP) conditions for the hot working of the homogenized state were identified as 945–965 °C and 10−1.7–10−1.1 s−1 and were easier to determine in practice. Constitutive equations, for both states, correlating the flow stress of Al0.5CoCrFeNi with strain rate and deformation temperature were also determined.
Precision Position Control of a Voice Coil Motor Using Self-Tuning Fractional Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative Control
Authors: Chen Syuan-Yi , Chia Chen-Shuo
Published: November 2016

The object of this study is to develop a self-tuning fractional order proportional-integral-derivative (SFOPID) controller for controlling the mover position of a direct drive linear voice coil motor (VCM) accurately under different operational conditions. The fractional order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controller can improve the control performances of the conventional integer order PID controller with respect to the additional fractional differential and integral orders; however, choosing five interdependent control parameters including proportional, integral, and derivative gains, as well as fractional differential and integral orders appropriately is arduous in practical applications. In this regard, the SFOPID controller is proposed in which the five control parameters are optimized dynamically and concurrently according to an adaptive differential evolution algorithm with a high efficiency adaptive selection mechanism. Experimental results reveal that the SFOPID controller outperforms PID and FOPID controllers with regard to the nonlinear VCM control system under both nominal and payload conditions.
3C-Silicon Carbide Microresonators for Timing and Frequency Reference
Authors: Wood Graham , Sviličić Boris , Mastropaolo Enrico , Cheung Rebecca
Published: November 2016

In the drive to miniaturise and integrate reference oscillator components, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resonators are excellent candidates to replace quartz crystals. Silicon is the most utilised resonator structural material due to its associated well-established fabrication processes. However, when operation in harsh environments is required, cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) is an excellent candidate for use as a structural material, due to its robustness, chemical inertness and high temperature stability. In order to actuate 3C-SiC resonators, electrostatic, electrothermal and piezoelectric methods have been explored. Both electrothermal and piezoelectric actuation can be accomplished with simpler fabrication and lower driving voltages, down to 0.5 V, compared to electrostatic actuation. The vibration amplitude at resonance can be maximised by optimising the design and location of the electrodes. Electrical read out of the resonator can be performed with electrostatic or piezoelectric transduction. Finally, a great deal of research has focused on tuning the resonant frequency of a 3C-SiC resonator by adjusting the DC bias applied to the electrodes, with a higher (up to 160-times) tuning range for electrothermal tuning compared to piezoelectric tuning. Electrothermal tuning lowers the frequency, while piezoelectric tuning can be used to raise the frequency.
Deprotection Reagents in Fmoc Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis: Moving Away from Piperidine?
Authors: Luna Omar , Gomez Johana , Cárdenas Constanza , Albericio Fernando , Marshall Sergio , Guzmán Fanny
Published: November 2016

The deprotection step is crucial in order to secure a good quality product in Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis. 9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) removal is achieved by a two-step mechanism reaction favored by the use of cyclic secondary amines; however, the efficiency of the reaction could be affected by side reactions and by-product formation. Several aspects have to be taken into consideration when selecting a deprotection reagent: its physicochemical behavior, basicity (pKa) and polarity, concentration, and time of reaction, toxicity and disposability of residues and, finally, availability of reagents. This report presents a comparison of the performance of three strategies for deprotection using microwave-assisted Fmoc peptide synthesis. Four peptide sequences were synthesized using Rink amide resin with a Liberty Blue™ automated synthesizer and 4-methylpiperidine (4MP), piperidine (PP), and piperazine (PZ) as Fmoc removal reagents. In the first instance all three reagents behaved similarly. A detailed analysis showed a correlation between the hydrophobicity and size of the peptide with the yield and purity of the obtained product. The three reagents are interchangeable, and replacement of piperidine could be advantageous regarding toxicity and reagent handling.
Innovative Self-Cleaning and Biocompatible Polyester Textiles Nano-Decorated with Fe–N-Doped Titanium Dioxide
Authors: Nica Ionela , Stan Miruna , Dinischiotu Anca , Popa Marcela , Chifiriuc Mariana , Lazar Veronica , Pircalabioru Gratiela , Bezirtzoglou Eugenia , Iordache Ovidiu , Varzaru Elena , Dumitrescu Iuliana , Feder Marcel , Vasiliu Florin , Mercioniu Ionel , Diamandescu Lucian
Published: November 2016

The development of innovative technologies to modify natural textiles holds an important impact for medical applications, including the prevention of contamination with microorganisms, particularly in the hospital environment. In our study, Fe and N co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles have been obtained via the hydrothermal route, at moderate temperature, followed by short thermal annealing at 400 °C. These particles were used to impregnate polyester (PES) materials which have been evaluated for their morphology, photocatalytic performance, antimicrobial activity against bacterial reference strains, and in vitro biocompatibility on human skin fibroblasts. Microscopic examination and quantitative assays have been used to evaluate the cellular morphology and viability, cell membrane integrity, and inflammatory response. All treated PES materials specifically inhibited the growth of Gram-negative bacilli strains after 15 min of contact, being particularly active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PES fabrics treated with photocatalysts did not affect cell membrane integrity nor induce inflammatory processes, proving good biocompatibility. These results demonstrate that the treatment of PES materials with TiO2-1% Fe–N particles could provide novel biocompatible fabrics with short term protection against microbial colonization, demonstrating their potential for the development of innovative textiles that could be used in biomedical applications for preventing patients’ accidental contamination with microorganisms from the hospital environment.
“English Disease”: Historical Notes on Rickets, the Bone–Lung Link and Child Neglect Issues
Authors: Zhang Mingyong , Shen Fan , Petryk Anna , Tang Jingfeng , Chen Xingzhen , Sergi Consolato
Published: November 2016

Nutritional or classical rickets (here labeled as “rickets”) is a worldwide disease involving mostly infants and young children having inadequate sunlight exposure, often associated with a low dietary intake of Vitamin D. Rickets targets all layers of society independently of economic status with historical information spanning more than two millennia. Vitamin D is critical for the absorption of calcium and prevention of rickets in children as well as osteomalacia in adults. The initial and misleading paradigm of the 19th and 20th centuries that rickets may have been the consequence of infection has been, indeed, reversed following the identification of the Vitamin D molecule’s important role in the function of the immune system. Although traditionally considered limited to osteopathology, Vitamin D deficiency is now known to be linked to infection, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. In this review, we consider the key historical (Whistler, pre-Whistler and post-Whistler descriptors) and social facts around rickets; highlight the osteo-pathological features of rickets and the pathology of the upper and lower respiratory tract, stressing the fact that lungs remain the main secondary organ affected by Vitamin D deficiency; and emphasize the public health role in identifying the cases of child neglect or abuse based on the evaluation of the costochondral region.
Development of a Web-Based 24-h Dietary Recall for a French-Canadian Population
Authors: Jacques Simon , Lemieux Simone , Lamarche Benoît , Laramée Catherine , Corneau Louise , Lapointe Annie , Tessier-Grenier Maude , Robitaille Julie
Published: November 2016

Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls can provide high-quality dietary intake data, but are considered expensive, as they rely on trained professionals for both their administration and coding. The objective of this study was to develop an automated, self-administered web-based 24-h recall (R24W) for a French-Canadian population. The development of R24W was inspired by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Automated Multiple-Pass Method. Questions about the context of meals/snacks were included. Toppings, sauces and spices frequently added to each food/dish were suggested systematically. A list of frequently forgotten food was also suggested. An interactive summary allows the respondent to track the progress of the questionnaire and to modify or remove food as needed. The R24W prototype was pre-tested for usability and functionality in a convenience sample of 29 subjects between the ages of 23 and 65 years, who had to complete one recall, as well as a satisfaction questionnaire. R24W includes a list of 2865 food items, distributed into 16 categories and 98 subcategories. A total of 687 recipes were created for mixed dishes, including 336 ethnic recipes. Pictures of food items illustrate up to eight servings per food item. The pre-test demonstrated that R24W is easy to complete and to understand. This new dietary assessment tool is a simple and inexpensive tool that will facilitate diet assessment of individuals in large-scale studies, but validation studies are needed prior to the utilization of the R24W.