bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychology of the Scientist: XXXII. God at the Synapse: Research Activities of Clinical, Experimental, and Physiological Psychologists
Authors: Pasewark Richard A. , Fitzgerald B. J. , Sawyer Robert N.
Published: September 2011

Compared to experimental and to physiological psychologists ( n = 482), clinical psychologists' research productivity is quite limited. Factors of age, membership status in APA, and academic affiliation are highly related to clinicians' but not to experimental or physiological psychologists' productivity.
Alterations of Body-Image in Response to Aniseikonic Spatial Distortions
Authors: Fisher Seymour , Radin Mitchell
Published: September 2011

The impact of aniseikonic spatial distortion on body feelings and fantasies was studied. 16 males and 21 females responded to Holtzman inkblots both before and during aniseikonic alteration. This was done to evaluate alterations in the body-image boundary. Ss also responded to questionnaires measuring unusual body-image sensations and minor body symptoms, and they rated their perceptual experience on a variety of Semantic Differential continua. The major positive finding substantiated the hypothesis that the boundary of the male is more vulnerable to disruption than is the boundary of the female.
Components of Perceived Sense of Humor Ratings of Self and other
Authors: Fine Gary Alan
Published: September 2011

120 college students were asked to rate themselves and their same-sex best friend on sense of humor and several other measures relating to humorous behavior. As in other studies, the mean sense of humor rating was quite high for both self and best friend. A regression analysis showed that the major determinant of one's own sense of humor is the quality of the jokes which one appreciates; the major determinant of the sense of humor of one's best friend is the quality of jokes that he or she tells. The results are discussed in terms of the actor-observer dimension postulated by attribution theory.
Vicarious Punishment: An Investigation of Timing
Authors: Giuseppe Raymond Di
Published: September 2011

The effect of varying the temporal locus of vicarious and directly experienced punishment was investigated. Boys 5 to 8 yr. old ( n = 10 per cell) in the direct experienced conditions received either early, late or no punishment. Those in the vicarious conditions observed models receiving either early, late or no punishment. It was hypothesized that subjects in the direct early-punishment condition would emit more resistance than those receiving direct late punishment and that the vicarious early-punishment condition would elicit more resistance to temptation than vicarious late punishment. It was also hypothesized that there would be no differences between direct experience and vicarious conditions when temporal locus was constant. All hypotheses were confirmed on three behavioral dependent measures.
Mexican-American and White Reactions to Stimulus Persons of Same and Different Race: Similarity and Attraction as a Function of Prejudice
Authors: Goebel James B. , Cole Steven G.
Published: September 2011

44 Mexican-American Ss and 44 white Ss in grade 9 rated a white and a Mexican-American stimulus person whose beliefs were unknown on a Similarity, Friendliness, and Social Distance Scale. High- and low-prejudiced Ss were identified by scores on the Social Distance Scale. The high-prejudiced white Ss perceived the white stimulus person as significantly more similar to themselves and reported that they would be significantly more friendly toward that person than toward the Mexican-American stimulus person. No significant difference was obtained for the high-prejudiced Mexican-American Ss' ratings of the Mexican-American and white stimulus persons for either similarity or friendliness or for ratings of low-prejudiced Ss, either white or Mexican-American. Ratings on similarity and friendliness were generally correlated for both Mexican-American and white Ss when level of prejudice was ignored. When level of prejudice was considered, ratings were significantly correlated for high-prejudiced Ss but not for low-prejudiced Ss.
Heart Rate in Anticipation of Shocks Which Have Different Probabilities of Occurrences
Authors: Elliott Rogers
Published: September 2011

Subjects waited for 30-sec. countdown periods for shocks of varying probability of occurrence, 0%, 50%, or 100%, while heart rate, eye blink activity, and gross movement were recorded. If shock was anticipated at all, heart rate and blink activity were significantly higher than when it was not, but there was no difference associated with uncertainty, i.e., between 50% and 100%. Gross movement did not covary with the other measures. Heart rate was uniquely elevated on the first trial.
Development of Lexicon in Normal and Retarded Persons
Authors: Winters John J. , Brzoska Mary Anne
Published: September 2011

One group of 24 noninstitutionalized retarded Ss and three groups of normal Ss ( ns = 26, 26, 21) labeled chromatic pictures of nouns in a study of the development of their lexicons. Lexical store development was related more to cognitive development (MA) than chronological age. This development was also more highly related with Carroll and White's measure of age of acquisition of words than to word frequencies in the Thorndike-Lorge word count. The retarded group's relative efficiency decreased as ease of labeling increased; this led to increasing decrement in performance below expected performance for that MA. This regress in lexical lag was discussed in terms of ages at which words are acquired and the earlier deficiencies of retarded children's lexicons. Comparisons of the several corpora were made in terms of their use in matching normal and retarded groups on experimental tasks in verbal learning.
An Individual Testing Course: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Le Unes Arnold
Published: September 2011

Reports from 20 graduate students in a beginning course in individual testing were analyzed to determine who was tested and what tests were used when students were given limited structure with regard to these points. Several conclusions may be drawn from an analysis of 243 reports: (a) Persons tested scored substantially above average in intelligence. (b) The average age of tested persons was relatively young. (c) More females than males were tested. (d) The various Wechsler measures were quite popular with students in the class. (e) These graduate students were quite capable of self-direction and self-discipline in a testing course. Additional structure must be provided where more specific course objectives are desired.
In Defense of Psychological Territory
Authors: Larwood Laurie , Legault Jeanne
Published: September 2011

128 subjects won or lost to a confederate on sex-appropriate or inappropriate tasks. Sex of confederate, subject, and experimenter was also varied factorially. Defense of intellectual territory was operationalized as shock administered to the confederate in an aggression paradigm following loss at a sex-appropriate task. The concept received support for male subjects having male experimenters. An association of masculinity with the differentiation of aggressive response was also noted.
A Causal-Correlational Analysis of Expectancy Theory Hypotheses
Authors: Schmitt Neal
Published: September 2011

Expectancy theory proposes that job effort is a function of the values individuals place on work outcomes and the expectations they have concerning the likelihood of attaining these outcomes. Another hypothesis is that effort or work motivation produces changes in performance level. Utilizing cross-lagged correlations to evaluate the expectancy-effort and effort-performance relationships, it was found that grades in an introductory psychology course may have affected effort. Some support was also indicated for the contention that performance causes attitudes toward both performance (good grades in psychology) and work (studying psychology).
Water Balance and Titrated Pain Thresholds
Authors: Flynn W. E. , Schauer C. A. , Tedford W. H.
Published: September 2011

Changes in sensitivity to electric foot shock were manipulated by subjecting 2 rats to 3 levels of water deprivation. Shock intensity was continuously titrated every 2 sec. through 20 increasing steps of alternating current. A bar-press reset the shock to its minimal value. The animals performed under conditions of 0, 21.5, and 45.5 hr. water deprivation. When water deprived, animals showed decreased sensitivity to shock. Frequency of bar-press responses at each of the 20 shock values served as the dependent measure. Findings were discussed in terms of competing techniques for measurement of analgesia.
Validity of a Symbolic Measure of Authoritarianism
Authors: Hogan H. Wayne
Published: September 2011

A symbolic, non-verbal measure of authoritarianism was responded to by male and female, white and black commercial business school students, undergraduates, and graduate social work students ( N = 287). Scores on the symbolic measure showed low (.35 to .39) predictable “known groups” validity and were generally correlated as theoretically anticipated with both objectively measured and self-perceived conservatism, birth order, religious fundamentalism, subjective social-class position, and intrafamilial consistency of psychological attributes and socio-political ideologies. Given the methodological limitations of verbal authoritarianism measures, these results suggest some potential advantages of the presently reported non-verbal test of the authoritarianism dimension.
Further Comments on Deleterious Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Sound
Authors: Morley Barbara J. , Abelson Robert M.
Published: September 2011

The use of ultrasonic sound as a means of controlling rat populations is questioned. The following points are discussed: (1) the processes of refraction and decreased audiogenic seizure susceptibility with repeated exposure to sound; (2) the genetic variability of the rat with respect to auditory behaviors; (3) the behavioral and physiological responses of organisms other than the rat; and (4) the behavioral responses of rats to ultrasonic sound at distances from the sound source. It is concluded that such a device may be effective under certain circumstances, but more data are needed with respect to the behavioral and physiological effects of ultrasonic sound before it is used for rat control.
Validity of Family Informants' Ratings of Psychiatric Patients: General Validity
Authors: Zimmermann Robert L. , Vestre Norris D. , Hunter Sara H.
Published: September 2011

149 psychiatric patients were rated by members of their families, using the Katz Adjustment Scale. The validity of these ratings was assessed against entrance diagnosis, global ratings of pathology by patient, nurse, and psychiatric resident, and standard ward- and self-ratings. The family ratings had validity levels comparable to ward- and self-ratings.
Model and Observer Learning of Low, Medium, and High Level Concepts
Authors: Walls Richard T. , Rude Stanley H. , Gulkus Steven P.
Published: September 2011

Low (conjunctive), medium (disjunctive), and high (biconditional) level concept attainment problems were used to assess whether high level versus low and/or medium difficulty concept rules yield less positive transfer for observers than models. Direct learning and transfer of models were compared with vicarious learning and transfer of observers. 30 subjects in the latter condition observed 30 yoked models solve the initial problem before solving the intrarule-transfer task themselves. Conjunctive results were similar for models and observers with efficient solution occurring for both. However, greater positive transfer was apparent for models than observers in the biconditional task. Significant positive transfer occurred for both models and observers attaining the disjunctive rule.
Openness, Creativity and Complexity
Authors: Rouff L. Lynne
Published: September 2011

In a study of personality style, relationships between dogmatism, creativity and complexity were examined for 108 undergraduates. The finding of a significant negative r (—0.25) between dogmatism and creativity corroborated theory concerning open-mindedness and creativity. Dogmatism and complexity were also correlated (—0.17).
A Research Strategy for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Authors: Gross Steven J. , Miller Jeffrey O.
Published: September 2011

A classification scheme is proposed that integrates previous outcome studies in psychotherapy. Studies are classified into one of three frameworks according to the question addressed, the assumptions made, and the experimental designs used. Strengths and weaknesses of the three frameworks are examined within the context of specific studies of outcome. Evidence from the three frameworks suggests an alternative formulation of the question about outcome and a new experimental design. Specifically, the design involves evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy with respect to a population of patients deemed appropriate for psychotherapy. This design avoids random assignment of patient to psychotherapist and permits the investigator to address the question of whether psychotherapists are effective with patients whom they regard as appropriate for their particular type of therapeutic intervention.
Effects of Situational Variables on Performance of Inbred Mice in Active- and Passive-Avoidance Situations
Authors: Sprott Richard L. , Stavnes Karen
Published: September 2011

A group of experiments were conducted to assess the interaction between environmental factors and specific genetic loci upon the performance of mice in avoidance learning situations. The performance of all mice was better in passive-avoidance than in active-avoidance situations. The performance of C57BL/6J mice was generally superior to that of DBA/2J mice. C57BL/6J mice usually avoided foot-shocks, while DBA/2J mice attempted to escape them. DBA/2J mice performed poorly in the presence of mild foot-shocks, while C57-BL/6J mice performed poorly in the presence of intense foot-shocks. Analysis of the data suggested that the loci involved probably exerted their influence by affecting the subject's response to its environment.
Study of Values as a Predictor of Helping Behavior
Authors: Annis Lawrence
Published: September 2011

Students who had previously completed the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values participated in a “lady in distress” measure of emergency helping behavior. The results do not support earlier suggestions that the Study of Values differentiates helpers ( n = 33) and nonhelpers ( n = 35).
Role of Contract Negotiation in Self-Management of Study Time: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Champlin Stephen M. , Karoly Paul
Published: September 2011

Suggestive findings are presented supporting the active role of the client in the establishment of contract conditions which facilitate self-control of study behavior. The need for a replication with a larger N is suggested.
Sex Composition of Groups and Pattern of Self-Disclosure by High School Females
Authors: Kraft Lee Wagner , Vraa Calvin W.
Published: September 2011

6 groups of 8 members (mixed and same sex) met 1 hr./wk. for 6 to 9 wk. with a leader. Analysis of verbal exchanges showed girls disclosed more about themselves. Sex differences must be considered in designing research.
Factor Analysis of Repeated State Hostility and Guilt Measures: Males
Authors: Saklofske Donald H. , Schulz Henry W.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the argument that trait estimates of hostility and guilt may be obtained from repeated testings with state measures. A sample of 77 male high school students were administered a checklist of 38 adjectives eight times over 4 wk. Stability of the items indicated by correlations for repeated-measures ranged from –.59 to .64. A factor analysis of items summed over administrations indicated that as many as seven factors may exist. There are, however, a number of serious psychometric difficulties with this procedure: scales tended not to produce a normal distribution, and average repeated-measures correlations for items varied widely about .18.
Psychology of Charismatic Followers
Authors: Hummel Ralph P.
Published: September 2011

An operational psychological definition of charisma is possible on the basis of Freud's projection theory. This shows that (a) the social sources of charisma lie in object-loss, (b) the intense love of the follower for the leader is the result of projection, and (c) the experience of the leader's qualities as uncanny is the result of the follower's inability to make his conscious aware of the unconsciously undertaken projection. Three cases are examined: those of the followers of pre-Exile Judaic prophets, of Jesus, and of Hitler.
Case Study: Elimination of Smoking Behavior through Aversive Smoking and other Procedures
Authors: Dawley Harold H. , Aurich L. W.
Published: September 2011

The present report discusses the effectiveness of aversive smoking in the elimination of smoking behavior of a 27-yr.-old female. Treatment involved nine sessions of aversive smoking (handling cigarette litter, warm stale, smoky air and rapid smoking). The drinking of water was encouraged as a substitute behavior. Total cessation occurred within 2 wk. Subsequent booster aversive-smoking sessions were administered as requested by S. Follow-up sessions at 3 and 6 mo. show no relapse.
Generalizability of Position Error in Ranking
Authors: Rand Thomas M. , Wagner Edwin E.
Published: September 2011

A study investigating the generalizability of intrinsic position error to an industrial setting where supervisors made performance rankings of subordinates was conducted. Supervisors who were qualified to make judgments were selected to rank-order lists of 5 and 10 subordinates on over-all job performance, further broken down by groups, which were all of average performance and of differing performance levels, i.e., poor to superior. The results indicated that, when supervisors were presented with a longer list (10 names) consisting of subordinates of the same performance level, the postulated intrinsic position error significantly affected rankings. Over-ranking biases were concentrated on the initial ranking position. General implications of the results were discussed.
“Dwelling” Time, Operant Measure of “Depression” Effect in Escape Conditioning
Authors: Calef Richard S. , Hamilton Keith E. , Kaufman Barbara A. , Rogers Richard N. , Olita Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of rats ( n = 16) were given escape conditioning in the operant chamber. Time between depression and release of the lever (“dwelling” time) for experimental rats shifted from high to low intensity shock was longer than controls' maintained on low intensity (“depression”).
Effect of Rejection and Acceptance from a Group on Conformity to Two Types of Social Influence
Authors: Saltzstein Herbert D.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that after rejection from a group subjects will conform more to group requests to act like the group than to act differently from the group. The conformity behavior of 76 female subjects to requests to act like the others (similarity) or differently from them (dissimilarity) was compared after rejection from or acceptance by the group. Both rejected and accepted subjects conformed mote when asked to act like others than to act differently. Intropunitive reactions by the rejected subjects were positively associated with conformity but only in the dissimilarity condition. These and other results are discussed in terms of the invidious meaning of behavioral dissimilarity in a threatening situation.
Factor Analysis of Zuckerman's Sensation-Seeking Scale
Authors: Stewart David W. , Griffith G. Mac
Published: September 2011

A principal components analysis of Sensation-seeking Scale IV ( n = 156 undergraduates) followed by a varimax rotation provided some support to the factorial validity of some of Zuckerman's subscales. It is suggested that the dimensions of sensation seeking were arbitrarily limited in earlier work on the problem.
Contiguous Approach Conditioning: A Model for Negative Reinforcement
Authors: Maples Ernest G. , Tomporowski Phillip D. , Haraway Maury M.
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to provide an empirical basis for Denny's account of negative reinforcement by showing that stimuli contiguously paired with shock termination can become conditioned elicitors of approach. 20 experimental Ss received 15 trials in which the onset of a 6-w light was paired with the termination of a 30-sec., 1-ma. scrambled shock, independently of Ss' behavior. 20 control Ss received an equivalent number of light and shock presentations, but these were unpaired. On a single test trial, S was exposed to a 6 w light in one arm (randomly selected) of a modified T-maze. 17 of 20 experimental Ss approached the light whereas only 11 of 20 control Ss approached the light. The difference between proportions was significant ( p = .05).
Note: Social Desirability Set in Measurement of Ethnic Stereotypes
Authors: Weiss Robert W.
Published: September 2011

The influence of social desirability set in ethnic stereotype measurement was demonstrated via the paired comparison method. The substantial positive correlation between the favorability value of an adjective and the percentage of 114 subjects choosing the adjective to describe a target group, holds for both salient and also unfamiliar target ethnic groups.
Comparative Indices of School Achievement by Black Children from Different Preschool Programs
Authors: Dill John R. , Bradford Corine , Grossett Marjorie
Published: September 2011

First, second, and third grade black children (368 boys, 360 girls) living in a large Northern metropolitan area were categorized according to their preschool experience (developmental day care, custodial day care, Head Start, and none). The children's school records were used to obtain four indices of school achievement: demographic-family variables, class ranking and attendance, personal-social behavior ratings, and academic achievement. Analyses showed children from developmental day-care programs were more likely to be born in the North, were enrolled in higher ranked classes and had higher levels of reading performance. Results suggest that the type of preschool program an urban child attends can influence his early school achievement. Secondly, it is important to include additional dimensions of achievement for these children.
Possible Differential Wisc Patterns for Retarded Delinquents
Authors: Lewandowski Denis G. , Saccuzzo Dennis P.
Published: September 2011

Under controlled conditions, an attempt was made to assess the generalizability of Wechsler's WAIS hypotheses for the non-defective adolescent sociopath to 80 retarded juvenile offenders. Groups were separated according to race and sex while IQ, socio-economic status, and geographic location were controlled. The criteria for selection of subjects were incarceration in a state juvenile correctional facility and a Full Scale WISC IQ below 70. Results suggested that many of Wechsler's WAIS signs applicable to non-defective IQ ranges probably are not appropriate for WISC scores of these retarded delinquents. The difficulty in identifying the signs from such a truncated range of scaled scores was discussed. Post hoc analysis, nevertheless, provided some potentially useful WISC signs for combinations of race and sex of retarded delinquents. The need for cross-validation of these signs was stressed.
Naturalistic Analysis of Verbal Behavior in Psychotherapy
Authors: Saccuzzo Dennis P.
Published: September 2011

A parallel-response questionnaire, the Therapy Session Report, was administered to the 57 patients and 19 therapists of the Kent State University Psychological Clinic immediately following each intake session. The purpose of the study was to provide normative data on the content of dialogue in psychotherapy and to extend the generalizability of previous results. Data analysis focused on the frequency, structure, and patient-therapist agreement of the topics discussed. Items most frequently endorsed by both patients and therapists were: “Relations with the opposite sex,” “Mother,” and “Hopes or fears about the future.” Factor analysis resulted in 7 factors for therapists and 7 for patients, 5 of which were highly similar. Results were interpreted as underscoring the necessity of specificity in process research. A proposal for conducting process research is presented.
A Leak in Test Security
Authors: Oles Henry J.
Published: September 2011

An effort was made to determine if publishers' test manuals designed to accompany various basic college textbooks, can easily be obtained by students using fictitious names, university stationery and a campus box number. More than one-half of the manuals requested were received. Only one of 23 requests was detected as being illegitimate. Although 3 companies said there was no manual, 7 did not reply. The validity of any test will be seriously impaired if simple precautions are not taken to ensure against its unauthorized availability.
Personality and Dogmatism among Selected Groups of Orthodox Jews
Authors: Hoffnung Robert A.
Published: September 2011

Four groups of male Orthodox Jews differing in current religious practices and educational affiliation were administered the California Psychological Inventory and the Dogmatism Scale. Matched tetrads of 30 subjects each controlled for age, social class, and generation (how long the subject's family had been in the United States) were then formed. For the analysis of scores of the California Psychological Inventory, Gough's college norms were used. Significant group differences in personality and dogmatism were found, supporting the importance of subcultural religious affiliation as a determinant of personality and dogmatism.
Phonetic Mediation in A-B, A-B' Transfer with Young Children
Authors: Minnigerode Fred A.
Published: September 2011

60 4-, 5- and 6-yr.-old children learned two 3-item paired-associate lists. A mixed-list design was used. List 2 contained pairs representing A-B, C-D, A-B, A-B', and A-B, A-C transfer paradigms. Terms B and B' were related via rhyme. In second-list learning, more correct responses in the first two anticipation trials occurred on A-B' pairs than on A-C pairs and more correct responses on C-D pairs than on A-B' pairs. Age differences were nonsignificant. Conditions under which children might successfully utilize mediational rhyme strategies in paired-associate learning were suggested.
An Exploratory Study of Correlates of Success in a Vocational Training Program for Ex-Addicts
Authors: Lester David , Narkunski Abraham , Burkman J. Herbert , Gandica Alfonso
Published: September 2011

Completion of a 9-mo. vocational training program by 22 of 51 ex-addicts was unrelated to general personality traits and the degree of psychopathology as assessed by 6 standard psychological tests. Completion of the program was related to having more mature attitudes about careers and more knowledge of and competency in career decision-making, as assessed by the Career Maturity Inventory.
Changes in Patterns of Psychological Disturbance among College Students
Authors: Jacob Theodore , Rehm Lynn , Nisenson Roy
Published: September 2011

Presenting problems in a university counseling center were assessed in 1955 ( n = 194) and 1970 ( n = 206) as to their content, mode of symptom expression, and interpersonal effect of symptom. Disturbance reported in 1970 was stimulated more often by personal-social concerns than by academic matters than in 1955. Male students in 1970 were less troubled by academic failure and more troubled by uncertainty and/or dissatisfaction with vocational choice and future goals than in 1955. Problem content differentiated males and females in 1955 but not in 1970.
Factorial Structure of the Death Concern Scale
Authors: Klug Leo , Boss Marvin
Published: September 2011

Dickstein's (1972) 30-item Death Concern Scale was developed as a measure of the extent to which an individual consciously contemplates death and evaluates it negatively. Scoring procedures provide a single score as a measure of death concern. Dickstein's definition of death concern and an examination of the items support the authors' contention that two aspects of death concern are being measured. Factor analyses of the item scores of 671 college students indicated the presence of two distinct factors in the Death Concern Scale. One factor represented Dickstein's “conscious contemplation of death” component, the other the “negative evaluation” component. The results of the factor analyses corroborated the subjective judgments of 5 independent judges and the authors of this article. It is suggested that the usefulness of this instrument may be enhanced by the utilization of separate scores for each of these two factors.
Delay of Information in Paired-Associate Learning among Incarcerated Groups of Sociopaths and Heroin Addicts
Authors: Gullick Eugenia L. , Sutker Patricia B. , Adams Henry E.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effects of information delay or delay of reinforcement on rate of acquisition in a paired-associate learning task using the anticipation method and appearance of the S-R term as knowledge of results in three groups of socially deviant males. Sociopaths, sociopathic addicts, and nonsociopathic controls ( n = 90) practiced on a paired-associate task under three conditions of reinforcement: nondelay, 4-sec. delay, and 8-sec. delay. Learning performance was a complex function of subject group and duration of information delay. Rate of acquisition was significantly impaired by imposition of information delay among sociopathic and sociopathic addict learners as compared to nonsociopathic controls. Findings suggest that groups of sociopaths and sociopathic addicts, because of personality features shared in common, demonstrate greater variability in learning performance than those categorized as normal depending upon the type, timing, and conditions under which reinforcement occurs.
Effect of Crowded Rearing on Negative Incentive Contrast Effect
Authors: Cox W. Miles , Stainbrook Gene L. , Sakellaris Peter C. , Levitt Lynn
Published: September 2011

Female Sprague-Dawley rats were reared under crowded (12 animals per cage) or uncrowded (2 animals per cage) conditions beginning at 30 days of age. At 90 days of age, the subjects were trained to traverse a straight runway for a large or a small food reward, after which all subjects were given additional trials with the small reward. During the preshift phase, crowded and uncrowded subjects did not perform differently, but performance was more rapid with the large magnitude of reward. A trend toward a less disruptive reaction to the downshift in reward among the uncrowded than among the crowded subjects was noted. Since the uncrowded subjects also had heavier adrenal glands (and thus presumably a higher chronic level of stress), it was suggested that they had greater tolerance for the stressful reduction in reward.
Are Channels Relevant to Order of Recall? Yes
Authors: Arenberg David , Thorne Phillip
Published: September 2011

Lists of 2 pairs and 3 pairs of digits were presented dichotically (different digits to each ear) and mixed (both simultaneous digits to each ear) at a rate of 2 pairs per sec. to 32 men 17 to 39 yr. old. At each list length, a higher proportion of correctly recalled lists was reported sequentially for dichotic than for mixed lists. An interaction between order (whether dichotic lists were presented before or after mixed lists) and presentation condition suggests that dichotic listening induces sequential responding which also increases the incidence of sequential responding to mixed lists (immediately following dichotic lists) for some subjects. Savin's finding that channels are not necessary for sequential responding was replicated and extended to 3-pair lists; but his assertion that channels serve no role in sequential responding was contradicted by these results.
Effect of Discriminative Cues and Time Interval on Tolerance of Pain as a Measure of Fear
Authors: Rakover Sam S.
Published: September 2011

In two experiments fear thresholds were measured in a modified shuttle box. Rats were exposed to electric shock in the left box to determine the maximal intensity they would tolerate rather than stop freezing (freezing threshold) and cross over to the right fear-arousing box (crossing threshold). Changing the surface color of the right box, in at least one of the experimental procedures, tended to reduce these thresholds. When thresholds were measured immediately after the fear conditioning stage, the crossing thresholds generalization curve tended to be steeper than the freezing threshold curve. If threshold measurements were taken 24 hr. later, the crossing thresholds generalization gradients were flattened. Rats which had to enter the right fear-arousing box to escape shock did not do so immediately, although they had already stopped freezing. These results were interpreted as consistent with the hypothesis that fear arouses freezing while finding a way to escape the source of fear arouses withdrawal.
Risk as Value: A Switch of Set Hypothesis
Authors: Kelling George W. , Zirkes Rhea , Myerowitz Deena
Published: September 2011

Advisers are expected to be cautious. Typical instructions in research on risky shift induce the adviser role. However, subjects may take the role of the story's hero when they can identify with the hero. It is acceptable for people to be daring when acting for themselves. This hypothesis of a switch of set predicts that subjects should consider themselves more risky than the majority of their peers, a way of expressing the value of risk, when they are similar to the story's hero. High school students rated themselves and the majority on stories dealing with situations common to their age group and on stories dealing with adult problems. Sex of hero was also manipulated. Results supported the hypothesis of a switch of set. Subjects displaced themselves more when the situation was similar to those they might face; in addition, subjects displaced themselves more when the story's hero was of their sex. No sex differences in general tendency to risky displacement were found.
Specificity of Patients' Requests in the Initial Interview
Authors: Eisenthal Sherman , Lazare Aaron
Published: September 2011

The concept of the patient's request is described in detail in relation to a negotiated approach to conduct an initial interview in a walk-in clinic and in relation to other related concepts such as patient's goals. The verbalization of specific requests of 363 patients to the psychiatric walk-in clinic of a general hospital was investigated, using a structured pre-intake interview. Although a majority of the patients (69.5%) verbalized a specific request, it was significantly less than the percentage (93%) who endorsed at least one request on the Patient Request Form. Specificity was related to socialization in the mental patient role, conditions of entry into the mental health system, and presenting complaint, but not related to demographic measures. The nonspecific patient is likely to come to the clinic at the suggestion of someone else, to be new to the clinic, having no past treatment history, and having general or situational complaints. The implications of these results for the conduct of an initial interview using the negotiated approach were discussed.
Use of Reinforcement to Produce Loose Construing: Differential Effects for Schizotypic and Nonschizotypic Normals
Authors: Higgins Kenneth , Schwarz J. Conrad
Published: September 2011

Conceived within the framework of Kelly's personal construct theory, the study tested the influence of social reinforcement on construct-use by normal college students and subgroups of schizotypes and nonschizotypes as identified by the Sc scale of the MMPI. In an adaptation of a procedure first used by Rehm, 40 subjects were contingently reinforced for attributing 2 typically related constructs (kind and sincere) to people in an atypical, inversely related manner (unkind and sincere or kind and insincere). Five groups of 20 photos were rated with the ostensible purpose of assessing subjects' ability to judge personality from photographs. 40 control subjects rated the photos without feedback. As predicted, subjects in the contingent reinforcement condition exhibited progressive loosening of the initial construct relation while the control group remained unchanged. The schizotypic subgroup showed significantly greater loosening under contingent reinforcement than the nonschizotypic subgroup.
An Application of Roth's Mother-Child Relationship Evaluation to Some Mothers of Handicapped Children
Authors: Jillings Charles R. , Adamson Carol A. , Russell Terry
Published: September 2011

The Mother-Child Relationship Evaluation has been described by Roth (1961) as establishing “a frame of reference of attitudes by which mothers relate to their children” (p. 1). Four scales are provided, one measuring acceptance and three purporting to measure forms of non-acceptance. How appropriate is it to utilize such an instrument in a clinical setting where many of the mothers have enrolled clearly handicapped children in programs designed to produce change? Data from 56 such mothers showed a pattern of scale intercorrelations similar to that cited by Roth (1961) as indicating construct validity. On the other hand, 8 of 48 items did not correlate significantly with total scale scores.
Effects of Choice of Instructional Methods on Verbal Learning Tasks
Authors: Berk Ronald A.
Published: September 2011

62 children in Grades 2 through 5 were matched on the variables of sex, race, and age. Each member of the matched pairs was randomly assigned to a choice (treatment) or no-choice (control) group. Subjects in the choice group were asked to choose between individualized and group instructional methods; those in the control were assigned the methods by a teacher. Two verbal tasks and measures were administered to all subjects. A 2 (choice) × 4 (age) factorial analysis of variance yielded a significant difference in the predicted direction for choice. The results substantiate current practices.
Effect of Age Restrictions and Pornographic Content on Desirability of Reading Material
Authors: Pincus Steven , Waters L. K.
Published: September 2011

Evaluation of reading materials by 96 male and 96 female subjects under 21 yr. of age was investigated for combinations of age restriction and pornographic content. Information purportedly from a book's cover indicated the book was pornographic to half the subjects and that the purchase of the book was restricted to those 21 yr. and older for half of the subjects. Combinations of pornographic content (indicated, not indicated) and age restrictions (21 yr. and older, no indication) defined the treatment for both sexes. A significant interaction of age restriction and pornographic content was obtained for dependent measures of wanting to read and perceived liking of the book. In both cases, age restriction had a significant effect (higher ratings when the book was said to be restricted) when no explicit pornographic content was indicated. However, when the book was indicated to be pornographic, ratings under the restricted and unrestricted conditions did not differ. These results partially support the prediction from commodity theory that restricting the availability of materials increases their desirability. It was suggested that a social desirability response-set may have influenced ratings when the book was said to be pornographic.
Utilization of Irrelevant Information by High and Low Creatives
Authors: Russell James
Published: September 2011

12 high and 12 low scorers on the Remote Associates Test and a written test for uses of objects and plot of a story were selected. High creatives recalled more words and semantic groupings after a sorting task than others. This irrelevant material did not reflect greater distractability.
Multidimensional Approach to Predicting Effectiveness of Complex Questioning Behavior
Authors: Urbansok Carole J.
Published: September 2011

Criteria were developed for describing aspects of a complex teaching behavior, questioning, perceived by observers as critical to performance in a natural classroom context. High interobserver agreement was obtained to establish the criterion list consisting of procedural techniques and cognitive levels of questions. Results for 21 Ss in two teaching situations showed that selected procedural criteria were substantially more effective than selected cognitive levels in predicting the over-all effectiveness of the Ss questioning in encouraging student interaction in class discussion.
Apprehension about Evaluation, Paralanguage Cues and the Experimenter-Bias Effect
Authors: Burkhart Barry R.
Published: September 2011

Previous research had implicated the magnitude of evaluation apprehension in subjects and the existence of vocal paralanguage cues in experimenter instructions as critical to the transmission of experimenter-bias effects. To examine the interrelationship of these variables, 106 female nursing students participated in the standard Rosenthal picture-rating task. The 3×2×2 factorial design included three types of paralanguage cues: strongly positive, strongly negative, and neutral; high and low apprehension about evaluation; and a third condition transposing the sequence of presentation of the paralanguage cues and the manipulation of apprehension about evaluation. No significant main effects were demonstrated and only the interaction of important paralanguage cues and apprehension about evaluation achieved statistical significance. Contrary to predictions, the subjects high in apprehension about evaluation responded negativistically to differential-emphasis cues, whereas the control subjects or those low in apprehension about evaluation conformed to the cues for differential emphasis.
Physical Attractiveness and Friendliness in Interpersonal Attraction
Authors: Smits Gerard J. , Cherhoniak Irene M.
Published: September 2011

36 male students, 29 undergraduate, and 7 graduate, were given a photograph of one of two women (one of whom was judged to be considerably more attractive than the other) and one of two “autobiographical” statements (one of which depicted a warm, friendly person and the other a cold, unfriendly person). Each subject examined the material from one of the four possible treatment levels and rated the woman for personality, social, and physical attractiveness. The subjects also rated themselves for physical attractiveness. Two 2 × 2 multivariate analyses of variance were performed to evaluate subjects' ratings of personality and social attractiveness and a 2 × 2 analysis of variance was used to evaluate ratings of physical attractiveness. Personality ratings were significantly increased by the friendliness and physical attractiveness of the stimulus while the social attractiveness of the woman was significantly increased only by her physical attractiveness. Ratings of physical attractiveness were significantly influenced only by the photographs. The subjects' self-ratings were uncorrelated with their ratings of the women's physical attractiveness.
Interference in Delayed Free Recall
Authors: Sowder Calvin , Gaines Dennis
Published: September 2011

116 research participants learned a series of three lists and recalled two of them following the delayed free-recall procedure of Shiffrin (1970). Each list was either short (8-items) or long (24-items). Unlike Shiffrin (1970) observed interference effects in recall ( p < .01) were attributable to the length of interfering lists. The explanation offered for the difference in results for the two experiments was that, with a series of only three lists, interference was less likely to reach asymptote whereas with the long series of lists (20) used by Shiffrin interference reached asymptote and was not observed. As in Shiffrin's study, probability of recall from a list varied inversely with length of list ( p < .01).
Repression and Sensitization as Determinants of Responses to a Message Designed to Arouse Thoughts of One's Own Death
Authors: Schulman Karen R.
Published: September 2011

The present experiment assessed the construct validity of Byrne's theory of repression-sensitization in relation to the fear of death. College women who customarily employ repressive modes of ego defense were expected to manifest only covert anxiety when given a message designed to arouse thoughts of one's own death, while those identified as sensitizers would display both overt and covert anxiety in response to the message. Two levels of treatment (death-threat vs neutral) were factorially combined with the two defensive extremes (repression vs sensitization). The general prediction was not supported for 40 undergraduates; the two main effects were not simultaneously operative, and no interactions were significant. Results cannot be interpreted as supporting Byrne's theory.
Inhibition of Fixed Interval Bar-Pressing in Rats during Exposure to a Trained Companion
Authors: Deni Richard , Jorgensen Bruce W.
Published: September 2011

The operant behavior of 6 adult male hooded rats was assessed in a double Skinner box during exposure to three companion conditions: a trained companion present, untrained companion present, and no companion present. Bar-pressing and water-tube licking were recorded while subjects performed on an FI 60-sec. schedule. The schedule-induced response pattern for both bar-pressing and licking established response probabilities as a function of point of measurement within each interval. Bar-pressing was more probable at the end of each interval, licking was more probable at the beginning. This response-dominance continuum between the two behaviors may represent a more literal interpretation of Zajonc's “dominant response” concept. Findings indicated that dominant bar-press probability and total bar-press frequency were significantly lower during exposure to trained companions compared to the no-companion condition. This result is the opposite of what Zajonc's theory would predict for previously learned behavior; however, the fixed interval schedule used here calls attention to the possibility that his general assumptions regarding effects of companions may not hold for rats' operant behavior.
Litter Size, Emotionality, Learning, and Social Interaction in C57Bl/6J Mice
Authors: Deitchman Robert , Lavine Alan , Burkholder Joel
Published: September 2011

Activity in the open field, weight, escape learning, and social interaction were assessed as a function of amount of stimulation during the preweaning period in C57BL/6J mice. The results showed that subjects in small litters (5 pups) were more active and had shorter latencies to cross the first square in the open field than subjects in large litters (10 pups). The social-interaction task indicated that subjects in large litters had shorter latencies to initiate body contact. However, no differences in weight or escape learning were reported. Competition for nipple sites, the amount of maternal behavior, and expectancy of contact were described as possible variables affecting the performance of subjects reared in large and small litters.
Self-Evaluation and Suicide Potential
Authors: Wenz Friedrich Volker
Published: September 2011

This study reports on the presence and extent of self-evaluation among 60 acute and 60 low suicide-risk subjects and whether self-evaluation decreases from 60 nonsuicidal subjects to acute suicide attempters. Results show that the acute suicidal scored lower than nonsuicidal persons on self-evaluation. Low self-evaluation might be an important factor in the adoption of self-destructive behavior.
A Questionnaire Technique for Measurement of Episodic Long-Term Memory
Authors: Johnson James H. , Klingler Daniel E.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a questionnaire for use in the study of episodic long-term memory. Reliability and validity information are presented. Considerations regarding the appropriate use of this measure are discussed.