bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy and density analysis on the H2 molecule from the united atom to dissociation: The Σ, Π, Δ, ϕ, and Γ manifolds
Authors: Corongiu Giorgina , Clementi Enrico
Published: August 2010

We present 140 accurate potential energy curves, PECs, for the Σ, Π, Δ, ϕ, and Γ manifolds for the H2 molecule, mapping all the states with energy below the H ground state. The full configuration interaction, nonrelativistic Born–Oppenheimer computations are performed with large and optimized basis sets of Slater‐type and spherical Gaussian functions; these new basis sets are somewhat larger than those used in recent published studies on the 60 Σ state PECs. The full CI computations are performed twice, with Hartree–Fock and with Heitler–London‐type functions, allowing the identification of the ionic component in the total energy. The computed energies are within 10−5 hartree from the most accurate PECs in literature. We aim (a) at the evaluation of the PECs starting at very short and unexplored internuclear distances (0.01 bohrs) and ending at full dissociation, (b) at the systematic prediction of high excited state PECs dissociating as 1s + 4l and 1s + 5l, and (c) at the characterization of the evolution of the 140 PEC electronic densities from united atom to dissociation. With this work we fill a gap in today literature, which has dealt mainly with low excited states, generally excluding short internuclear distances. The electronic configuration at the united atom persists as dominant configuration well beyond the equilibrium separation, and it switches to that at dissociation often with energy patterns seemingly irregular, in particular when the values of the principal quantum number at dissociation and at the united atom differ by one or more unit. The Hund's singlet‐triplet splitting, which propagates from the united atom to the molecule, is discussed. The singlet and triplet states are rather close in energy in the Π manifolds, and approach degeneracy in the Δ and ϕ manifolds, to become fully degenerate in the Γ manifolds. Discussions on the correlation energy correction, adiabatic correction, spectroscopic constants and on general features of the H2 excited states are presented. The H2 molecule is a system, which—to be understood—needs consideration of both the very short internuclear distances in approaching the united atom and of the very high excited states below H. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Reactivity of polynuclear zinc‐thiolate sites
Authors: Ohanessian Gilles , Picot Delphine , Frison Gilles
Published: August 2010

The proton affinities of a series of mono‐ and polynuclear zinc‐thiolate compounds, mimicking zing finger protein and metallothioneins (MTs) sites, have been investigated by density functional theory calculations. This allows to evaluate the intrinsic nucleophilicity of synthetic and natural zinc‐bound thiolates and to compare their relative reactivities. The site specificity of the experimental thiolate alkylation for the Zn4Cys11clusters in MTs is well reproduced, as well as the relative reactivities of ZnHis2Cys2, ZnHisCys3, and ZnCys4zinc finger sites. Our results also show that terminal thiolates, bound to only one Lewis acid, are more reactive than bridging thiolates. Synthetic inorganic clusters and the Zn4Cys9His2cluster found in a cyanobacterial MT are less reactive than Zn4Cys11and Zn3Cys9clusters in MTs. These results allow discussing the influence of the protein backbone and residues on the reactivity of these natural clusters. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Guanine in water solution: Comprehensive study of hydration cage versus continuum solvation model
Authors: Shukla Manoj K. , Leszczynski Jerzy
Published: August 2010

We report the results of computational investigation of structures and properties of deoxyribonucleic acid base guanine in the isolated and under heavily hydrated conditions. Heavily hydrated condition involves guanine inside the hydrated cage of 65 water molecules. For comparison, results of hydration of guanine with smaller water shells and that in bulk water solution are also presented. Ground state geometries were optimized at the Hartree–Fock and density functional theory (DFT) level using the B3LYP functional. Vertical electronic singlet transitions were computed at the time‐dependent DFT level using the B3LYP optimized geometries. Geometries in the electronic lowest singlet ππ* excited state were optimized at the CIS level of the theory. Effect of bulk water solution was considered using the PCM approach. The standard 6‐311G(d,p) basis set was used in all calculations. The similarity and differences between these two models (bulk water solvation and hydration) in describing the aqueous environment on guanine are also reported. It has been found that hydration with 65 water molecule and PCM solvation both produce similar ground and excited state geometry of guanine. In addition, the possible effect of selective hydration on the excited state dynamics is also discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Three‐dimensional localization for the MagneBike inspection robot
Authors: Tâche Fabien , Pomerleau François , Caprari Gilles , Siegwart Roland , Bosse Michael , Moser Roland
Published: August 2010

The MagneBike inspection robot is a climbing robot equipped with magnetic wheels. The robot is designed to drive on three‐dimensional (3D) complexly shaped pipe structures; therefore it is necessary to provide 3D visualization tools for the user, who remotely controls the robot out of sight. The localization system is required to provide a 3D map of the unknown environment and the 3D location of the robot in the environment's map. The localization strategy proposed in this paper consists of combining 3D odometry with 3D scan registration. The odometry model is based on wheel encoders and a three‐axis accelerometer. Odometry enables the tracking of the robot trajectory between consecutive 3D scans and is used as a prior for the scan matching algorithm. The 3D scan registration facilitates the construction of a 3D map of the environment and refines the robot position computed with odometry. This paper describes in detail the implementation of the localization concept. It presents the lightweight, small‐sized 3D range finder that has been developed for the MagneBike. It also proposes an innovative 3D odometry model that estimates the local surface curvature to compensate for the absence of angular velocity inputs. The different tools are characterized in detail based on laboratory and field experiments. They show that the localization concepts reliably track the robot moving in the specific application environment. We also describe various techniques to optimize the 3D scanning process, which is time consuming, and to compensate for the identified limitations. These techniques are useful inputs for the future automatization of the robot's control and optimization of its localization process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
It was 60 years ago today! Reflections on change in China: A decade framed by two parades
Authors: Lipsher Laurence E.
Published: August 2010

The lyrics below are mine but the tune is “Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.” Though you may have been born after this song hit the airwaves, this Beatles standard should be one of those melodies that is indelibly etched in your mind … so sing, and sing it loud:

It was 60 years ago today Chairman Mao, he had his Beijing day So quickly were the viewing stands made To watch the first ever National Day parade! Here comes the People's Army red flag marching band We hope you do enjoy the show! The KMT they've fled to Taiwan isle No war, let's make the country grow! Chairman Mao's red party, unifying China Chairman Mao's red party, watch us grow! © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physiological responses to temperature and haeme synthesis modifiers in earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (Annelida: Oligochaeta)
Authors: Khan M. A. Q. , Khan Munawwar Ali , Hurlock Peter , Ahmed S. A.
Published: August 2010

Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) acclimated at 2° and 6°C above their average habitat temperature (10°C) had respectively 15 and 40% higher rate of respiration than those at habitat temperature. At 14°C, the rate of respiration and blood hemoglobin (Hb) concentration both increased by ∼60 and 50%, respectively, of the values at habitat temperature. At higher temperatures the rate of respiration and Hb synthesis started decreasing. At 20–23°C, the respiration and Hb concentration decreased respectively by about 85% and 35% of that at 14°C. Decrease in blood Hb concentration at higher temperatures appeared to be due to the lowering of the activity of blood enzyme δ‐aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD). Exposure of 20–23°C‐acclimated pale worms to ALAD inhibitor (lead), lowered the already compromised rate of respiration and blood Hb concentration; while exposure to hexachlorobenzene (HCB, inducer of haeme synthesis) and ferric chloride (enhancer of haeme synthesis) did not overcome the inhibitory effect of high temperature on Hb synthesis. At 20–23°C the affinity of Hb for oxygen also decreased as indicated by the lowering of oxy‐Hb (HbO) concentration in blood. The lowering of concentration of blood Hb and its affinity for oxygen may lower the amount of oxygen delivered to cells, which may limit the level of aerobic metabolism (glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation), as indicated by an increase in blood glucose concentration and a decrease in in vitro activities of mitochondrial electron transport system components (ETS) namely NADH‐cytochrome c reductase, succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, and ATPases. Although the oxygen concentration in air, at sea level, does not decrease significantly from 6° to 20–23°C (lack of hypoxia), lowering of both Hb and HbO concentrations by high temperature may cause significant hypoxemia. The latter may lead to inhibition of the activity of muscle mitochondrial respiratory enzymes (ETS). The resulting inhibition of ATP synthesis and hydrolysis may cause deficit of energy needed for peristalsis/fictive locomotion of body and heart muscles (as indicated by a decrease in heart rate) to facilitate diffusion and transport of gases. The upper critical temperature (20–23°C) also slows down the heart rate and causes hyperosmotic stress (hypovolemia). Thus, a rise in soil temperature above 18°C, which inhibits Hb synthesis, Hb oxygenation, and mitochondrial ETS activity, and slows down the heart rate and causes hyperosmotic stress, can make this and higher temperatures lethal to populations of these earthworms, especially in the presence of metabolic inhibitors and respiratory poisons. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
Effects of streptomycin on growth of algae Chlorella vulgaris and Microcystis aeruginosa
Authors: Qian Haifeng , Li Jingjing , Pan Xiangjie , Sun Zhengqi , Ye Chengbin , Jin Gongqin , Fu Zhengwei
Published: August 2010

Streptomycin is a common contaminant in a variety of industrial and agricultural wastewaters. The available information on the potential toxicity of streptomycin of fresh algae implicated in the treatment of biological wastewater is extremely limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of streptomycin on physiological indices and photosynthesis‐related gene transcription. The results of short‐term batch bioassays indicated that streptomycin was more sensitive to cyanobacteria than to green algae. The EC50 of streptomycin in Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella vulgaris were 0.28 and 20.08 mg L−1, respectively. These selected streptomycin concentrations inhibited algal cell growth and decreased chlorophyll or phycocyanobilin content. Streptomycin also destroyed the overall membrane system, which was speculated from malondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrolyte leakage increasing after streptomycin exposure. Two algae were induced to increase their antioxidant enzyme activities to withstand streptomycin. However, the balance between oxidant substance and antioxidant enzyme was broken, because reactive oxygen species (ROS) content simultaneously increased. Streptomycin inhibited photosynthesis‐related gene transcription in C. vulgaris and M. aeruginosa. Transcript levels of psaB, psbA, and rbcL in C. vulgaris decreased to only 14.5%, 32.2%, and 9.3% of the control, respectively. Similarly, the transcript levels of psaB, psbD, and rbcL in M. aeruginosa decreased markedly in the present of streptomycin. The transcription of these genes was 12.4%, 26.1%, and 28.4% of the control after 0.1 mg L−1 streptomycin exposure, respectively. Our results demonstrate that streptomycin is toxic to fresh algae, affects photosynthesis‐related gene transcription, and blocks electron transport and ROS overproduction. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
Assessment of genotoxic effects induced by selected pesticides on RTG‐2 fish cells by means of a modified fast micromethod assay
Authors: Parra Juan Manuel , Sánchez‐Fortún Sebastián , Castaño Argelia
Published: August 2010

The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects induced by alachlor and dichlorvos, two pesticides broadly used, were studied on RTG‐2 fish cell line. As measure of cytotoxicity, neutral red assay was used to determine the cellular viability. Toxicity ranking based on IC50values found that alachlor was more cytotoxic than dichlorvos. DNA damage has been evaluated on RTG‐2 cultures by means of anin vitroassay based on the ability of PicoGreen® fluorochrome to interact preferentially with double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA), and the results indicated that alachlor induced DNA strand breaks at concentrations above 1.52 μg/mL, equivalent to 1/50‐EC50(48), whereas exposures to dichlorvos induced DNA damage only at the maximal concentrations tested 25 μg/mL (1/10‐EC50(48)). These results confirm the suitability of this method for the screening of genotoxic effects of this type of aquatic pollutants, and we suggest their use in hazard assessment for environmental risk procedures. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
Bioaccumulation and biochemical markers in feral crab (Carcinus maenas) exposed to moderate environmental contamination—The impact of non‐contamination‐related variables
Authors: Pereira Patrícia , Pablo Hilda de , Subida Maria Dulce , Vale Carlos , Pacheco Mário
Published: August 2010

Moderate contamination is a challenging scenario for ecotoxicologists because of the occurrence of subtle biomarker responses and the increased relevance of non‐contamination related variables. This investigative biomonitoring study was performed in a moderately contaminated coastal system (Óbidos lagoon, Portugal) to examine winter–summer variations on biochemical responses and accumulated metals inCarcinus maenas, searching for associations with environmental and biological factors. Males and females were collected in three sites: Barrosa (BB) and Bom‐Sucesso (BS) in upper lagoon, and the middle lagoon (ML), closer to the lagoon inlet. Water and sediment were monitored for metals (Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd). Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathioneS‐transferase (GST), total glutathione content (GSHt), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase (EROD), as well as Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr and Cd were measured in the crabs' hepatopancreas. Inter‐site differences, though infrequent, pointed to the presence of crab stressors at BB. This was particularly obvious in summer when higher GST as well as lower GSHtand EROD were found in females, and accompanied by higher Ni accumulation. Seasonal differences of biochemical responses superimposed spatial variations in line with the contrasting winter–summer conditions regarding water quality and, to a lesser extent, with metal bioaccumulation. CAT, GSHt, and LPO were higher in summer, whereas enhancements of GPx and GST were recorded in winter. Winter increases were in agreement with higher availability of metals in water and enhancement of accumulated levels, particularly in females as emphasized by a bioaccumulation index. On the other hand, increases in summer were mainly driven by non‐contamination related factors. Males and females exhibited different patterns of metal accumulation and biochemical responses, with females being more responsive, as confirmed by a general stress index (IBR). Results recommend gender separation in biomonitoring programs using crabs. The integration of biochemical responses into IBR substantiated data interpretation. This is particularly relevant under moderate contamination allowing for better site‐distinction rather than biochemical responses considered individually. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2010.
Interaction of Water-Soluble CdTe Quantum Dots with Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Poderys Vilius , Matulionyte Marija , Selskis Algirdas , Rotomskis Ricardas
Published: August 2010

Semiconductor nanoparticles (quantum dots) are promising fluorescent markers, but it is very little known about interaction of quantum dots with biological molecules. In this study, interaction of CdTe quantum dots coated with thioglycolic acid (TGA) with bovine serum albumin was investigated. Steady state spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering methods were used. It was explored how bovine serum albumin affects stability and spectral properties of quantum dots in aqueous media. CdTe–TGA quantum dots in aqueous solution appeared to be not stable and precipitated. Interaction with bovine serum albumin significantly enhanced stability and photoluminescence quantum yield of quantum dots and prevented quantum dots from aggregating.
An Explanation of Gexing
Authors: Tianwei XUE , Quan WANG
Published: August 2010

Gexing歌行 is a historical and robust prosodic style that flourished (not originated) in the Tang dynasty. Since ancient times, the understanding of the prosody of gexinghas remained in debate, which focuses on the relationship between gexingand yuefu乐府 (collection of ballad songs of the music bureau). The points-of-view held by all sides can be summarized as a “grand gexing” perspective (defining gexingin a broad sense) and four major “small gexing” perspectives (defining gexingin a narrow sense). The former is namely what Hu Yinglin 胡应麟 from Ming dynasty said, “gexingis a general term for seven-character ancient poems.” The first “small gexing” perspective distinguishes gexingfrom guti yuefu古体乐府 (tradition yuefu); the second distinguishes it from xinti yuefu新体乐府 (new yuefupoems with non-conventional themes); the third takes “the lyric title” as the requisite condition of gexing; and the fourth perspective adopts the criterion of “metricality” in distinguishing gexingfrom ancient poems. The “grand gexing” perspective is the only one that is able to reveal the core prosodic features of gexingand give specification to the intension and extension of gexingas a prosodic style.
Building arks for tRNA: Structure and function of the Arc1p family of non‐catalytic tRNA‐binding proteins
Authors: Karanasios Eleftherios , Simos George
Published: August 2010

Following the intricate architecture of the eukaryotic cell, protein synthesis involves formation of many macromolecular assemblies, some of which are composed by tRNA‐aminoacylation enzymes. Protein–protein and protein–tRNA interactions in these complexes can be facilitated by non‐catalytic tRNA‐binding proteins. This review focuses on the dissection of the molecular, structural and functional properties of a particular family of such proteins: yeast Arc1p and its homologues in prokaryotes and higher eukaryotes. They represent paradigms of the strategies employed for the organization of sophisticated and dynamic nanostructures supporting spatio‐temporal cellular organization.
The Hand
Authors: Bell Charles
Published: August 2010

This 1833 study of the hand by Sir Charles Bell, a leading professor of surgery and anatomy, is one of the Bridgewater Treatises, which arose from the preoccupation of nineteenth-century Christians with interpreting God's creation in the light of contemporary scientific developments. Bell's treatise suggests that by looking in close detail at small subjects, God's role in creation can be clearly seen, whereas more general studies of the universe and the great natural cycles of astronomy and geology can obscure the intelligence behind their specific features. Bell stresses the importance of the hand in human history, the progress of society and the development of technology and design. He considers aspects of the mechanical systems of other animals, and sees their structure as a product of their function. This comparison serves to link humans with other creatures, but also defines their superiority through the sublimity of design.
Shakespeare and the Nature of Man
Authors: Spencer Theodore
Published: August 2010

Analysing Shakespeare's historical background and craft, Spencer's 1943 study investigates the intellectual debates of Shakespeare's age, and the effect these had on the drama of the time. The book outlines the key conflict present in the sixteenth century – the optimistic ideal of man's place in the universe, as presented by the theorists of the time, set against the indisputable and ever-present fact of original sin. This conflict about the nature of man, argues Spencer, is perhaps the deepest underlying cause for the emergence of great Renaissance drama. With detailed reference to Shakespeare's great tragedies, the book demonstrates how Shakespeare presents the fact of evil masked by the appearance of good. Shakespeare's last plays, especially The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, are also analysed in detail to show how they embody a different view from the tragedies, and the discussion is related to the larger perspective of general human experience.
More Worlds Than One
Authors: Brewster David
Published: August 2010

Sir David Brewster (1781–1868) was a distinguished scientist and inventor who frequently turned the results of his research to practical ends; his work on the diffraction of light, for example, led to his developing improved reflectors for lighthouses and inventing two popular Victorian toys, the stereoscope and the kaleidoscope. He was also active as the editor of the Edinburgh Magazine and the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia (1808–1830) and contributed to the seventh and eighth editions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, as well as writing many articles for a variety of philosophical and scientific journals. He was deeply religious, and in More Worlds Than One (1854) he set out to counter the arguments against extra-terrestrial life of William Whewell's recently published Of the Plurality of Worlds (also reissued in this series), urging that Whewell's 'extraordinary doctrine' was wrong on scientific grounds.
Summary of the History and Development of Medieval and Modern European Music
Authors: Parry Charles Hubert Hastings
Published: August 2010

In 1893, the English composer and director of the Royal College of Music C. Hubert H. Parry published Summary of the Development of Medieval and Modern European Music, an overview of European music from the middle ages to the work of Schubert and Brahms. Intended for music students, the book summarises the major composers, their work and the social circumstances that surrounded the creation of their music. This ambitious book is divided into 12 chronological chapters, from the troubadours and plainsong, through Bach and Handel to the rise of the symphony, Mozart, and the emergence of music as an expression of nationalism. In the book's first part, Parry deftly puts music in historical context, discussing England's Wars of the Roses, and the Reformation in relation to the changing styles throughout the sixteenth century; he then explores the music of the Restoration and the rise of opera.
A View of the Evidences of Christianity
Authors: Paley William
Published: August 2010

This two-volume book by the philosopher and theologian William Paley, published in 1794, was considered so important that it was required reading for Cambridge students (including Charles Darwin) well into the nineteenth century. This classic work of apologetics is divided into three parts in which Paley discusses the historical evidence for Christianity and the miracles of Jesus Christ. In the second volume, Paley addresses popular objections to the truth of Christianity, the character of Jesus Christ, the candour of the New Testament writers, the differences between Islam and Christianity, the Jewish rejection of Christ, and how the faith spread throughout the world. Paley's intellectual defence of Christianity was one of the most popular of the day, and his work is considered a direct forerunner to the contemporary theory of intelligent design.
On the Classification and Geographical Distribution of the Mammalia
Authors: Owen Richard
Published: August 2010

English anatomist and biologist Richard Owen (1804–92), who in 1842 coined the word 'dinosaur', published this book in 1859, the year of On the Origin of Species. He reviews ancient and recent studies of mammals in Western science before going on to present his own updated categorisation of the class. Owen's eye for detail and range of scholarship are evident in this work, which is an extensive catalogue of mammals based on biological, geographical and anatomical characteristics. It incorporates, among other things, detailed classifications and sub-classifications of genus based on dental structures, food habits and cerebra. Owen's prose is lucid and precise and his investigations scrupulous, demonstrating the commitment that led him to become one of the foremost anatomists of his time. An appendix reveals Owen's views on the hotly debated theories of transmutation and extinction proposed by scientists such as Lamarck, Lyell and Darwin.
Bibliotheca Pepysiana
Authors: James Montague Rhodes
Published: August 2010

Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) was a student of Magdalene College, Cambridge, and bequeathed his personal library of 3000 volumes to the College on condition that the contents remained intact and unaltered; they remain there, in his original bookcases, to this day. In the early twentieth century, a project to produce a complete catalogue was begun, and four volumes were published between 1914 and 1940. Volume 3 lists 51 volumes of medieval manuscripts, some of them consisting of several items bound together. The author, the outstanding palaeographer and prolific writer of catalogues M. R. James, remarks on the almost total absence of Latin liturgical and theological manuscripts, and calls attention to the historical, literary and scientific writings in English and French, several picture-books, an interesting 'scrapbook' and a unique copybook from 1400 included in Pepys' collection. This book continues to be a valuable resource for medievalists and Pepys scholars alike.
Charles Darwin as Geologist
Authors: Geikie Archibald
Published: August 2010

During his famous Beagle voyage, Darwin collected rocks, fossils and other geological specimens. No previous geologist had amassed such a detailed set of data. He identified raised beaches and remains of marine organisms high above the sea, understanding their significance as evidence of the uprising of landmasses. He also witnessed an earthquake and volcanic eruptions, concluding that both are related to movements of molten rock deep in the Earth. In this 1909 lecture, Sir Archibald Geikie, then President of the Royal Society, outlines Darwin's geological findings and explains how these underpinned his developing ideas. We learn of Darwin's theory of coral reef formation, and his fascination with the activities of earthworms. Finally the lecture considers the importance of Darwin's geological studies in formulating his theory of evolution by natural selection, leading to his masterpiece On the Origin of Species.
Worke for Cutlers
Authors: Sieveking Albert Forbes
Published: August 2010

This edition of Worke for Cutlers was edited by Albert Forbes Sieveking and published in 1904, shortly after it had been staged (probably for the first time in 300 years) at Trinity Hall. The play was originally published anonymously in 1615, and was then described as 'Acted in a Shew in the famous Universitie of Cambridge'. Sieveking gives reasons to believe that Thomas Heywood, whose most famous work is A Woman Killed with Kindness (1603), had at least a part in its writing, and points out the topicality of 'A Merry Dialogue betweene Sword, Rapier and Dagger' at a time when James I was issuing edicts against duelling, which was punishable by heavy fines or even death. The short play is provided with a 'glossarial epilogue' containing explanatory notes.
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of Jesus College
Authors: James Montague Rhodes
Published: August 2010

M. R. James (1862–1936) is probably best remembered as a writer of chilling ghost stories, but he was an outstanding scholar of medieval literature and palaeography, who served both as Provost of King's College, Cambridge, and as Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, and many of his stories reflect his academic background. His detailed descriptive catalogues of manuscripts owned by colleges, cathedrals and museums are still of value to scholars today. This volume contains James' catalogue of the manuscript holdings of Jesus College and will be welcomed by librarians and researchers alike.
Society in America
Authors: Martineau Harriet
Published: August 2010

The British scholar Harriet Martineau spent two years travelling throughout the United States before writing her three-volume commentary, Society in America, in 1837. Her lengthy journey began in New York in the autumn of 1834, less than sixty years after the birth of the United States, and she immersed herself in the politics, economics, civilisation and religions of the country before returning to England in the summer of 1836. Her travels took her to the nation's capital, where she enjoyed the hospitality of the president, witnessed Supreme Court proceedings and visited both houses of Congress. She also went to prisons, hospitals and mental institutions, literary and scientific foundations, factories, plantations and farms around the land; lived in farmhouses and log cabins; and travelled by horse, stagecoach and steamboat. This second volume is devoted to the United States economy of the 1830s, examining American agriculture, transportation, manufacturing and commerce.
Travels in Spain and the East, 1808–1810
Authors: Darwin Francis Sacheverell
Published: August 2010

The son of Erasmus Darwin and uncle of Charles Darwin, Francis Darwin lived a mostly quiet life as a doctor in Lichfield, taking early retirement to a remote part of Derbyshire. As a young man, however, he took an intrepid and eventful Grand Tour of the Mediterranean and kept a detailed journal. The quick succession of places and events and the constant danger due to war, piracy and plague make this a thrilling read, with murder and adventure on every page. Highlights of the journey include a mountain climb with a bottle of laudanum as the only provision, a daring escape over the rooftops of a Greek village from a group of enraged natives, and dinner with Lord Byron, though Darwin frustratingly reveals little about the poet. The journal was edited for publication by his grandson in 1927, in 'tribute to the remarkable pluck and indomitable energy of the author'.
Richard Wagner
Authors: Hueffer Francis
Published: August 2010

Francis Hueffer (1845–89) was born and studied music in Germany, but moved to London in 1869 to pursue a career as a critic and writer on music. He edited the series 'The Great Musicians' for Novello and Co., was music critic of The Times, wrote libretti for some now-forgotten operas, and was an early advocate and interpreter to the British of Wagner. Between his Richard Wagner and the Music of the Future (1874) and his translation of the correspondence of Wagner and Liszt (1888), he wrote Wagner in his own 'Great Musicians' series in 1881 (two years before the composer's death). The book surveys Wagner's life and his musical writings, and a separate chapter is devoted to each of the operas (except Parsifal, which was not performed until 1882). This is a fascinating contemporary assessment of the standard-bearer of the 'music of the future'.
Correspondence of Wagner and Liszt
Authors: Wagner Richard , Liszt Franz
Published: August 2010

Francis Hueffer (1845–89) was born and studied music in Germany, but moved to London in 1869 to pursue a career as a critic and writer on music. He edited the series 'The Great Musicians' for Novello and Co., was music critic of The Times, wrote libretti for some now-forgotten operas, and was an early advocate and interpreter to the British of Wagner. As well as writing Wagner in his own 'Great Musicians' series (1881), and Richard Wagner and the Music of the Future (1874), he translated the correspondence of Wagner and Liszt. This fascinating two-volume selection, published in 1888, covers the period 1841–61. Hueffer signals in his preface the importance to Wagner of the encouragement of Liszt – an established performer when Wagner was barely known and widely ridiculed, a musical mentor, an enthusiastic critic and eventually a father-in-law.
The Tragedy of Coriolanus
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: August 2010

John Dover Wilson's New Shakespeare, published between 1921 and 1966, became the classic Cambridge edition of Shakespeare's plays and poems until the 1980s. The series, long since out-of-print, is now reissued. Each work is available both individually and as a set, and each contains a lengthy and lively introduction, main text, and substantial notes and glossary printed at the back. The edition, which began with The Tempest and ended with The Sonnets, put into practice the techniques and theories that had evolved under the 'New Bibliography'. Remarkably by today's standards, although it took the best part of half a century to produce, the New Shakespeare involved only a small band of editors besides Dover Wilson himself. As the volumes took shape, many of Dover Wilson's textual methods acquired general acceptance and became an established part of later editorial practice, for example in the Arden and New Cambridge Shakespeares.
Titus Andronicus
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: August 2010

John Dover Wilson's New Shakespeare, published between 1921 and 1966, became the classic Cambridge edition of Shakespeare's plays and poems until the 1980s. The series, long since out-of-print, is now reissued. Each work is available both individually and as a set, and each contains a lengthy and lively introduction, main text, and substantial notes and glossary printed at the back. The edition, which began with The Tempest and ended with The Sonnets, put into practice the techniques and theories that had evolved under the 'New Bibliography'. Remarkably by today's standards, although it took the best part of half a century to produce, the New Shakespeare involved only a small band of editors besides Dover Wilson himself. As the volumes took shape, many of Dover Wilson's textual methods acquired general acceptance and became an established part of later editorial practice, for example in the Arden and New Cambridge Shakespeares.
Vocabulaires méthodiques des langues Ouayana, Aparaï Oyampi, Émérillon
Authors: Coudreau Henri Anatole , Adam Lucien
Published: August 2010

Henri Coudreau (1859–1899) was one of the greatest explorers of the nineteenth century. This 1892 book, containing vocabulary lists for four Amazonian indigenous languages, derives from his three expeditions to French Guyana described in La France Equinoxale (1887, also reissued in this series) and Chez nos Indiens (1892). Three of the languages belong to the Carib family, while the fourth, Emerillon is a Guarani-Tupi language. Coudreau's word lists, each organised by topics and grammatical categories, and subdivided partly alphabetically and partly by semantic field, represented a huge advance on previous publications on these languages, both in terms of quantity and in terms of syntactic data (examples of different persons and tenses). Dialect variation is also recorded in the case of Ouayana (Wayana) and Oyampi, which Coudreau encountered in two different areas. Coudreau's record remains a valuable resource for scholars of Native American languages and their history.
Review of research on language teaching, learning and policy published in 2008
Authors: Johnstone Richard
Published: August 2010

The format for the present review is similar to that of previous years, though the number of references to research published before 2008 has been somewhat increased in order to identify a few key studies which have influenced some of 2008's published output. In selecting the texts for discussion, I have sought to offer the reader what I consider to be an overview of key themes emerging from the 2008 research which are in one way or another related to the teaching and learning of additional languages, and policies pertaining thereto. In doing so, I have tried to draw on a fairly broad range of journals, languages, countries, sectors of education and research approaches. However, in the space available (which is generous) I find it possible to discuss only some 80–90 articles out of a field of well over 1000 that would be available, if I had the time and the energy to read them all. Accordingly, there is no sense in which I am claiming that those selected are the cream which has risen to the top. There must be many articles not included in the present review which are equal in quality to those I have been able to include.
Democracy and Distrust
Authors: Warren Mark E.
Published: August 2010

Pierre Rosanvallon is one of the most important political theorists writing in French. Counter-Democracy: Politics in an Age of Distrust is a book about the limits of conventional understandings of democracy. Rosanvallon argues that while most theories of democracy focus on institutionalized forms of political participation (especially elections), the vitality of democracy rests equally on forms of “counter-democracy” through which citizens dissent, protest, and exert pressure from without on the democratic state. This argument is relevant to the concerns of a broad range of political scientists, most especially students of democratic theory, electoral and party politics, social movements, social capital, and “contentious politics.” The goal of this symposium is to invite a number of political scientists who work on these issues to comment on the book from their distinctive disciplinary, methodological, and theoretical perspectives.—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Editor's Introduction
Authors: Isaac Jeffrey C.
Published: August 2010

The American Political Science Association is a global organization, and currently counts among its almost 15,000 members nearly 3000 individuals who are citizens of nation-states other than the US. And only half of its 1600 institutional subscribers are North American. At the same time, the contemporary political science discipline that it represents, however cosmopolitan, is deeply rooted in the distinctive historical experiences of the United States. As Ira Katznelson and Helen V. Milner observed in their 2002 Centennial edition of Political Science: State of the Discipline, the professional association responsible for publishing the words you are now reading was born in the United States during the Progressive Era, as an effort to more scientifically and thus more usefully understand the evolving American state and its national citizenship: “American political science has specialized in developing particular kinds of social knowledge. The modifier American has to be taken seriously” (3–4).
Rough faults, distributed weakening, and off‐fault deformation
Authors: Griffith W. Ashley , Nielsen Stefan , Di Toro Giulio , Smith Steven A. F.
Published: August 2010

We report systematic spatial variations in fault rocks along nonplanar strike‐slip faults cross‐cutting the Lake Edison Granodiorite, Sierra Nevada, California (Sierran wavy fault) and Lobbia outcrops of the Adamello Batholith in the Italian Alps (Lobbia wavy fault). In the case of the Sierran fault, pseudotachylyte formed at contractional fault bends, where it is found as thin (1–2 mm) fault‐parallel veins. Epidote and chlorite developed in the same seismic context as the pseudotachylyte and are especially abundant in extensional fault bends. We argue that the presence of fluids, as illustrated by this example, does not necessarily preclude the development of frictional melt. In the case of the Lobbia fault, pseudotachylyte thickness varies along the length of the fault, but the pseudotachylyte veins thicken and pool in extensional bends. We conduct a quantitative analysis of fault roughness, microcrack distribution, stress, and friction along the Lobbia fault. Numerical modeling results show that opening in extensional bends and localized thermal weakening in contractional bends counteract resistance encountered by fault waviness, resulting in an overall weaker fault than suggested by the corresponding static friction coefficient. The models also predict static stress redistribution around bends in the faults which is consistent with distribution of microcracks, indicating significant elastic and inelastic strain energy is dissipated into the wall rocks due to nonplanar fault geometry. Together these observations suggest that damage and energy dissipation occurs along the entire nonplanar fault during slip, rather than being confined to the region close to the dynamically propagating crack tip.
Spatial‐temporal features of intense snowfall events in China and their possible change
Authors: Sun Jianqi , Wang Huijun , Yuan Wei , Chen Huopo
Published: August 2010

The statistical spatial‐temporal features of the intense snowfall event (ISE) in China are investigated over the period of 1962–2000. The results indicate that eastern China, northern Xinjiang, the eastern Tibetan plateau, and northeastern China are four key regions for the ISE, with more frequency and strong variability. Annual cycle analysis shows the ISE exhibits a unimodal distribution with maximum frequency at winter months for eastern China, a bimodal distribution with maximum frequency at early winter and spring months for northern Xinjiang and northeastern China, and a bimodal distribution with maximum frequency at autumn and spring months for the eastern Tibetan plateau. Linear trend analysis indicates that in the last 39 years, the ISE exhibits a decreasing trend for eastern China and an increasing trend for northern Xinjiang and the eastern Tibetan plateau. The linear trend of the ISE is weak over northeastern China. Based on the simulations of the most recent and comprehensive climate models in the 20th century run, the performance of the current climate models in simulating the Chinese ISE is investigated. The results indicate that, of the 20 models, there are four models that can reasonably reproduce the spatial‐temporal features of the Chinese ISE. Based on these four models' simulation for the 21st century under A1B and A2 scenarios, the future variability of the Chinese ISE is projected. It is found that global warming will cause the ISE frequency over southern China to decrease, while the ISE over northern China will initially increase and then decrease.
Sodium butyrate induces differentiation of gastric cancer cells to intestinal cells via the PTEN/phosphoinositide 3‐kinase pathway
Authors: Bai Zhigang , Zhang Zhongtao , Ye Yingjiang , Wang Shan
Published: August 2010

NaB (sodium butyrate) inhibits cell proliferation and induces differentiation in a variety of tumour cells. In this study, we aimed to determine whether NaB induced differentiation and regulated the expression of the mucosal factor MUC2 through the PTEN/PI3K (phosphoinositide 3‐kinase) pathway. BGC823 cells treated with NaB for 24–72 h showed marked inhibition of cell proliferation and alteration in cellular morphology. NaB treatment markedly increased the expression of PTEN and MUC2, but it decreased the expression of PI3K. These effects were enhanced by intervention with PI3K inhibitors and were reduced by intervention with PTEN siRNA. Hence, we conclude that NaB increased PTEN expression, promoted the expression of MUC2 and induced the differentiation of gastric cancer cells through the PTEN/PI3K signalling pathway.
Indium-doped ZnO nanowires: Optical properties and room-temperature ferromagnetism
Authors: Liu K. W. , Sakurai M. , Aono M.
Published: August 2010

We report the optical and magnetic properties of ZnO, Zn0.97In0.03O, and Zn0.94In0.06O nanowires (NWs). All samples have similar wirelike shape with an average diameter of about 70 nm and a length of about 10 μm. The comparison of photoluminescence (PL) spectra at 10 K indicated that a new broad emission band appeared after indium doping, which is associated with donor-acceptor-pair recombination. Additionally, the intensity of oxygen-vacancies-induced visible emission increased with increasing In content, indicating that In doping can induce many oxygen vacancies. Furthermore, magnetic measurements revealed that pure ZnO NWs are diamagnetic, while indium-doped ZnO NWs exhibit intrinsic ferromagnetism at room temperature. With the increase in In content, the coercive field and the magnetic moment for indium-doped ZnO NWs increase largely. Ferromagnetic ordering can be interpreted as being due to O vacancies induced by In doping, which is in good agreement with PL results.
Femtosecond electron spectroscopy of coronene, benzo[GHI]perylene, and anthracene
Authors: Kjellberg M. , Bulgakov A. V. , Goto M. , Johansson O. , Hansen K.
Published: August 2010

The large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules coronene, benzo[GHI]perylene, and anthracene have been ionized with femtosecond laser pulses at low laser intensities and the ionization process studied with velocity map imaging spectroscopy, supplemented with ion yield measurements. The electron spectra of coronene and benzo[GHI]perylene are structureless. Based on fluence and pulse duration dependence measurements, it is shown that the electron spectra are not produced in field ionization processes, and the ionization mechanism is identified to be a quasithermal statistical electron emission, previously suggested for the fullerenes C60 and C70. The anthracene photoelectron spectra are dominated by above threshold ionization features, but with some indication of quasithermal ionization at longer pulses.
Molecular dynamics study of solubilization of immiscible solutes by a micelle: Free energy of transfer of alkanes from water to the micelle core by thermodynamic integration method
Authors: Fujimoto K. , Yoshii N. , Okazaki S.
Published: August 2010

Free energy of transfer, ΔGw→m, from water phase to a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelle core has been calculated for a series of hydrophobic solutes originally immiscible with water by thermodynamic integration method combined with molecular dynamics calculations. The calculated free energy of transfer is in good correspondence to the experiment as well as the theoretical free energy of transfer. The calculated ΔGw→m’s are all negative, implying that the alkane molecules are more stable in the micelle than in the water phase. It decreases almost linearly as a function of the number of carbon atoms of the alkanes longer than methane with a decrement of 3.3 kJ mol−1 per one methylene group. The calculated free energy of transfer indicates that, for example, at the micelle concentration of 50 CMC (critical micelle concentration), about only 1 of 6 micelles or 1 of 32 000 micelles does not contain a solute methane or n-octane molecule, respectively.