bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occurrence, structures and estimation of daily intake of trans fatty acids
Authors: Milovanovic Mirjana
Published: October 2010

The present review provides an outline of the current knowledge of trans fatty acids (TFA) including their structure and formation, occurrence in foods, especially in meat and meat products, and some estimation and evaluation of daily intake. Special emphasis is put on conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), related to unique beneficial physiological properties, such as on cancer inhibition via the immune system.
Technical-technological aspects of using machines and tools for new technologies in plant production
Authors: Ercegovic Djuro , Raicevic Dragisa , Vukic Djukan , Radojevic Rade , Gligorevic Kosta , Pajic Milos , Oljaca Mico
Published: October 2010

Agricultural production is complex process and it depends of various factors which can be controlled. Many of them can be improved by using of various means which are not friendly for environment and health of people. It is necessary to apply only those measures which can maintain and improve physical - mechanical, technological and microbiological properties of soil and also the nutritive potential of soil but will not be harmful for environment. The other part of this story demands decrease of energy necessary in the process of soil preparation. The machinery and tools for new technologies in plant production in Serbia is consisted of: vibrating subsoiler VR-5(7), universal self propelled machine for soil arrangement USM-5, draining plough DP-4 and universal Scraper land leveler, and it is developed to apply changed new technologies of soil preparation. This study gives description of machines, tools and technologies necessary for soil preparation in Serbia; this means preparation of soil surface and depth, special note is given to preservation of environment and improvement of soil potential, but also and how to decrease the energy necessary for the process of soil preparation.
International terrorism and Latin America
Authors: Levi Rozita , Pajovic Slobodan
Published: October 2010

The authors give a historical overview of the origin and development of terrorism in Latin America describing the forms in which it appears in this region of the world (political, military, state and narco terrorism). They also explore to what degree the attacks on the USA launched on 11 September 2001 will affect the governments of Latin American countries to harmonize their positions with those of the US government in taking joint actions in their combat to eliminate terrorist activities on the American continent.
The European monetary Union and euro
Authors: Zirojevic Mina , Jelisavac Sanja
Published: October 2010

The authors present and analyses the effects of introducing EURO on the European Union Market. On 1 January 2002, the euro banknotes and coins are introduced in 12 Member States of the European Union. But what is the background to the euro? Which countries are involved? How did the euro evolve? On the following pages, you will find the answers to these and many other questions along with all the information you will need about the biggest monetary changeover in history. So, whether you are in Europe or elsewhere in the world, why not take a journey with us to discover how the euro evolved?
The Oviedo Convention: European charter on bioethics
Authors: Turcinovic Filip
Published: October 2010

In this article the author analyses some problems related to defining of biomedicine and bioethics through international law. As he says, numerous rules in this field are literally scattered around and can be found in various international documents. The author presents in detail the first international agreement that defines this subject - it is Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regards to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, adopted by the Council of Europe in 1996. He is of the opinion that very rapid and complex development of scientific knowledge in the field of biomedicine produces new problems. For that reason there should be soon adopted a convention or charter of universal character that would codify as precisely and fully as possible the rules in the fields of biomedicine and bioethics.
Basic constitutional conceptions in the countries of former Yugoslavia: A comparative analysis
Authors: Djukanovic Dragan
Published: October 2010

This article focuses on the constitutional framework of the states established within the borders of the former SFR of Yugoslavia. The author analyses particularly the following issues: constitutional definitions of the states, human rights regulation, organization of the governance organization of the states, status of the local government and constitutional protection of the ethnic minorities rights.
Constitutional organization of Switzerland experiences and lessons
Authors: Novicic Zaklina
Published: October 2010

The subject of this article is the constitutional organization of Switzerland, based on the current constitution adopted in April 1999. After the brief historical background and presentation of the principal features of the Swiss political community the author analyses the following constitutional arrangements: organization of the federal authority relationship between the federation and cantons, the role and functioning of the local government and political rights of Swiss citizens. The application of this arrangement in practice, with international status of neutrality special political culture that cherishes compromises and coalitions, idea of a nation as a political, not ethnical community and economic wealth, have contributed, in the author's opinion, to the stability of the Swiss highly complex political system.
Democracy, human rights and ethnic conflicts in the globalise world
Authors: Isakovic Zlatko
Published: October 2010

The aim of this paper is to elaborate relationships between democracy, human rights and ethnic conflicts in the globalised world. The first part is devoted to an analysis of the impacts of democracy and human rights on the ethnic conflicts, and second elaborates impacts of the conflicts on the democracy and human rights. Both parts are supposed to elaborate the topic within the context of globalised world. The main conclusion is that if a system cannot be qualified as democratic one and respectful for human rights, appears the complex dilemma what should and would come first developing democracy and/or respecting human rights or eliminating ethnic conflicts or preventing their escalations/deescalating them.
The Russians and the American 'war on terrorism': Lessons learned after September 11
Authors: Rukavisnjikov Vladimir
Published: October 2010

Paper deals with the Russian perception of the American 'war against terrorism' started after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon. It shows how the Russian attitudes towards the American foreign policy have changed during the first year of this war - from September 11, 2001 to September 11, 2002. The American 'global war on terrorism' is reviving and crystallizing deep-seated cultural and ideological differences between the United States and Russia and becoming a factor jeopardizing global stability. The analysis is based on data of opinion surveys, official documents and messages conveyed to the public by the national electronic and printed media.
American 'new economy': Achievements and problems
Authors: Hatibovic Dzemal
Published: October 2010

The author analyses the performances of the American economy since early 1990s till the present days (the GNP, unemployment, consumer prices and current balance of payments trends). Contrary to many expectations, in 1990s the American economy recorded a very strong and the longest rise in its recent history. The greatest contribution to this was made by the so called new economy. According to the author the 'new US economy' has been a creation of the American state. By financing scientific and technological research, the American administrations have made possible a long-term development strategies of key high technologies in the fields of informatics and communications. These technologies make a backbone of the 'new economy', concludes the author.
Regional policy of the European Union
Authors: Medjak Vladimir
Published: October 2010

The author analyses the development of the European Union?s regional policy since 1988 and possible changes that could occur after the eastward enlargement. He examines Delors I and Delors II budgetary packages, covering the period 1988-2000, main principles and objectives, their changes over time and instruments of conducting the policy - Structural Funds. The author also analyses the preparations for enlargement within the scope of Agenda 2000 report, its contents, negotiation process for its adoption and changes made by it. At the end, he examines the effect that regional policy has made so far and possible obstacles for the forthcoming enlargement.
NATO enlargement and relations between Serbia and Montenegro and Bulgaria and Romania
Authors: Fatic Aleksandar
Published: October 2010

The discussion of bilateral relations in modern international relations is usually in the shadow of the new character of global international politics, which is mediated through the large international relations. Bilateral diplomacy is slowly giving way to multilateral diplomacy in the solving of most international issues, including those that have been traditionally perceived as belonging exclusively to the domain of state sovereignty. However, bilateral relations remain crucial in situations where integration processes into large international bodies encounter obstacles and problems. The current development of bilateral diplomacy between Serbia and Montenegro on the one, and Bulgaria and Romania, on the other hand, serves predominantly the purposes of regional harmonisation that will eventually lead to NATO and EU accession, and this process also serves to iron out not so infrequent problems and dissonances in the recent history of bilateral relations, especially between Bulgaria and the former FRY, and particularly during the NATO bombing of FRY in the Spring of 1999. Today, however, all three countries have proclaimed the EU and NATO accession projects as the top priorities of their foreign policies. In the course of pursuit of their accession policies, Bulgaria and Romania have realised that the so-called ?beauty contest? approach, namely the countries' insistence on their own qualifications for membership in the EU and NATO, as opposed to the qualifications of the other countries of the region, is largely futile, and they have opted instead for a regional cooperation approach. The latter approach is consistent with the founding principle of regionalism in the internal organisation of the European Union, and this principle includes, among others, the sub-principle of subsidiarity, whereby all decisions are made on the lowest hierarchical level possible, preferably on the level of European regions. This approach implies that countries that are candidates for membership in the EU must first demonstrate the ability to cooperate and integrate regionally, and this is why Romania and Bulgaria, as well as Serbia and Montenegro, have now refocused their efforts on mutual bilateral relations within the context of NATO (and EU) accession.
International legal treatment of boundary disputes in the territory of former Yugoslavia
Authors: Dimitrijevic Dusko
Published: October 2010

The Yugoslav case is central to any study of the issue of State succession in modern international law. The international response to the Yugoslav crises was largely articulated through the Arbitration Commission of the European Community and its legal opinions in relation to dissolution of SFRY. Reinforcing the principle uti possidetis, Arbitration Commission admitted its general scope in international law. The application of the principle resulted in administrative boundaries being transformed into international frontiers. The territory passes to the new States on the basis of the pre-existing administrative boundaries, regardless of the procedure by which this boundaries were established. This conclusion follows from the principle of respect for the territorial status quo which is essential for stability of the successor States. The succession to existing administrative territorial limits probably cannot extend to the every uti possidetis line between new successor States and therefore no successor State can be deprived of its inherent rights what in Yugoslav case confirms transitional function and retrospective character of principle which is necessary for final international delimitation. This international law principle could be understand only in historical context. The principle has difficult task to produce new international recognized boundaries in order to protect the independence and stability of new States. In positive international law the essence of the principle lies in confirmation of territorial status quo, except where the States concerned agree otherwise. It means that principle not able to resolve all boundary problems. It should perform possible legal title if the formal basis of consent default. In the case of succession of SFRY, a boundary line not preclude the dissentient parties from citing the contents of any ?indicia of title? because the clear legal title hasn?t existed in the former composite State. Where the administrative boundary which is being transformed into international boundaries by virtue of the principle uti possidetis cannot be identified by any legal act or subsequent State practice with regard to a particular territory the new limitrophe States must allow for the application to the other international law rules. That corresponded the principle of ?effectivit?s? which play an essential role. When particular difficulties in the application of general principle arose, the principle of equity infra legem might be possible solution. But analysed international practice has not shown any mandatory legal rules apply in the present context. Although many methods of delimitation could be used in practice. At last the exact location of a boundary line would be amicably settled by the successor States and it therefore is important to unravel the confused boundary stands in order to see the problem in correct perspective.
European Union and Southeastern Europe: A clash of the principle of conditionality and the regional approach
Authors: Wichmann Nina
Published: October 2010

The European Union in June 2003 has made it very clear that the principle of conditionality and the regional approach will be the prime instruments of the EU in South East Europe. The author in this article investigates if some of the stipulations about these instruments do hold. The central stipulation is that only in tandem would the principles provide for stability. The author contents that it remains doubtful whether the proclaimed compatibility of the two approaches is given. Rather, competition seems to exist between them. However, if this rivalry is really given and yet the combination of the two principles remains to be the flagship policy of the EU, this may be counter-effective for reaching the desired stabilization and democratization of the region.
Constitutional restructuring of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Initiatives and possibilities
Authors: Djukanovic Dragan
Published: October 2010

The revision of the Dayton agreement implies only the restructuring of the Annex 4 of the Constitution of Bosnia-Herzegovina or actually the present constitutional construction and territorial composition of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The unfavourable economic and political situation in Bosnia-Herzegovina shows that the achievements resulting from the implementation of the Dayton agreement have been modest so far. The author substantiates this by presenting the data on a very small number of persons who managed to achieve their right to repatriation to their pre-war homes (in the 1995-2003 period). In addition, he notices that many changes of the Dayton agreement have already been made in the last seven years since it has been implemented, presenting the specific activities and decisions taken by the High Representative in Bosnia-Herzegovina. In the period after signing of the Dayton agreement there were several different ideas on the future of Bosnia-Herzegovina - to be established as a centralist state, as a decentralised country, as the one organised in cantons keeping up the two-entity structure at the same time. Therefore, the political parties in BH took different positions regarding the necessity to change some constitutional solutions. The Boshniak, Croatian and civil political parties are pleading for restructuring of the constitutional solutions in the form they are provided for by the Dayton agreement. On the other hand, the Serb political parties speak in favour of keeping up the existing constitutional construction. As the author assesses the new initiatives for constitutional reconstruction of Bosnia-Herzegovina are based on the proposals for decentralisation, regionalisation and (finishing of) cantonisation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, as well as abrogation of entities. Analysing the positions of the leading factors of the international community the author points out that they have not reached consensus on the initiative for restructuring of the existing constitution of Bosnia-Herzegovina. On the contrary, the leading factors of the international community mostly emphasise that citizens/peoples of BH should be the ones to decide on the constitutional construction of their country. The author concludes that it would be unrealistic to expect that the minimum of social and national consensus would be reached on the constitutional restructuring of Bosnia-Herzegovina, as well as on holding of the new international conference (Dayton II). As the author says it seems most realistic that the representatives of the international community will change some of its provisions in the field while implementing the Dayton agreement.
Legal aspects of trademarks protection before civil courts
Authors: Chrissanthis Christos
Published: October 2010

The evolution of trademark law, from the time of the earliest trademark laws till today, is characterized by a continuous effort by courts and legal literature to extend the civil protection provided to trademarks. These efforts resulted in supplementing the legal concept of ?likelihood of confusion? with the concepts of ?likelihood of association?, ?unfair resemblance? and ?dilution?. This conceptual expansion is readily explained by the increasing significance of the advertising and informational functions of the trademark which is evident in contemporary economy; it is also explained by the inadequacy of the concept of "likelihood of confusion" and the "indication of origin" function to provide sufficient legal protection to trademarks.
Foreign direct investment as a factor of growth: The experience of European Union countries
Authors: Kovacevic Radovan
Published: October 2010

The empirical literature on the growth impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) suggests a strong positive relationship between the two. Yet, the lack of evidence of a clear causality from FDI to growth impedes our ability to firmly conclude that FDI inflows are a driver and not just a consequence of higher economic growth. Just as a higher return on investment typically attracts more fixed investment, it should be no surprise that it also attracts more foreign investors. Having said that, we need to acknowledge that the difficulty of finding unambiguous evidence of causality from FDI to growth does not refute the notion that such a relationship nevertheless exists. As the growth literature suggests, many different factors combine to create an environment conducive to higher economic growth. Proper policies and institutions have been found to be particularly important over longer periods of time. In this context, we need to view FDI from a broader perspective than its direct and immediate impact on growth itself. Could it not be the case, for example, that foreign investors are more demanding than indigenous firms as regards a stable and favourable policy environment, good infrastructure and an appropriate human capital stock? If governments introduce policies and create institutions with the purpose of attracting FDI, they may create an environment more generally favourable to growth even though some of this growth is not the result of FDI per se. The evidence is stronger that FDI has been boosting growth directly in Central and Eastern European countries (CEE) than in the 15 countries of the European Union (EU-15). The reason, as we have argued, is that while these countries needed to bridge the technology gap to the more advanced countries, they nevertheless met some key conditions - especially in terms of human capital - which helped them bridge this gap more quickly with the help of FDI. In addition, the sheer magnitude of net FDI inflows helped sustain a higher level of domestic investment than would have been possible on the basis of domestic saving and debt-creating capital inflows alone. While FDI is expected to continue to contribute to economic growth in the CEE countries that have joined the EU, it is less clear whether the economic gains from FDI will be as high as during the transition from plan to market. The more the new EU members come to resemble EU-15 countries in terms of inward FDI stocks as a share of GDP, productivity, efficiency and level of technology, the less likely it is that FDI will have a positive influence on economic growth beyond what is observed in more advanced market economies. That said, FDI and the associated activities of transnational corporations will undoubtedly remain an important welfare-enhancing force - both inside and outside an enlarged European Union.
Inter-state trade within the European Union
Authors: Jovanovic Mihailo
Published: October 2010

Trade is the most important integration link in the overall world production. After the Second World War it induced the establishment of economic integrations. In the last three decades international trade has been more dynamic than the growth of the world production. The data show that the commodity trade is the strongest component of the world purchase and sale, although the international trade in services has grown a bit faster than the commodity trade. However, the share of services in the world trade does not exceed 20 per cent. International trade has most developed among developed countries, keeping up the mutual development of foreign direct investments and know-how and technology transfer. The empirical research shows that apart from the benefits gained by capitalisation of comparative advantages the trade growth is also influenced by benefits resulting from the impact of the economy of scale, competition and spreading of knowledge. Reduction of tariff and elimination of non-tariff barriers constantly opens new opportunities to benefit from international trade in commodities and services. Commodity trade of OECD countries confirms that the volume of trade does not depend only on liberalisation of tariff and non-tariff barriers, but growth to a certain degree reflects the size of the country, geographic elements and transport costs. Therefore, the empirical works predominantly analyse the power of trade as an indicator of the manifested commodity trade, embracing the characteristics such as competition pressures, but not including some deeper political meaning. The previously mentioned factor is significant, since given the policy and competition small countries are naturally more dependent on foreign trade, although competition pressures among big countries largely result from competition inside themselves. A significant change in the trade structure has been recorded in the period of over two years. At first, intra-industrial trade became equal to traditional inter- industrial production, and afterwards it has even exceeded it. For a long time the factors of foreign trade growth have been disputable. The works of Baier and Berstrand show that income growth and reduction of customs produce the main impact on foreign trade growth. In their opinion liberalisation of trade within GATT and WTO is one of the main driving forces in international trade. Reduction of trade costs also produces some impact on foreign trade growth, while approximation of incomes is less significant. Badlinger and Breuss have explored the elements that in the last four decades of the last century made an impact on faster growth of inter-trade of EU-15 member countries. They have estimated the relative impact of the income growth, income equalisation as well reduction of tariffs and trade costs on the intra-trade of EU-15 member countries. The results show that the income growth increases by 70 per cent the intra-trade of these countries. Also, the European integration and liberalisation of GATT and WTO increase by 25 per cent the commodity intra-trade of EU-15.
Key issues in fighting organised crime in the Balkans
Authors: Fatic Aleksandar
Published: October 2010

Traditional definitions of organised crime tend to focus on its links with the market. They depict organised crime as an alternative industry based on the stable supply of a criminal market, characterised by the use of force or threat by it, and motivated by illicit profit or a quest of political power. These definitions arise from the historically most common depictions of specific activities of organised crime, which in most parts of Europe and North America have traditionally been associated with the illegal collection of debts, extortion rackets, contract murders or systemic corruption leading to, and associated with, a transnational trade in drugs. Through the evolution of the definitions, these stereotypes have gradually waned away, and the use of violence, as well as the primary motivation by material profit, has been omitted from the lists of obligatory characteristics that a crime must fulfill in order to be classified as ?organised crime?. More recently, in the European Union definition, the use of violence and motivation by profit alone have been made only conditional criteria, and the quest of institutional power has been recognised as a motivating factor for organised crime equal to that of generating illicit profit. These new definitional approaches have opened the way to revolutionary ways of understanding the development of organised crime, specifically to including white-collar crime and massive fraud in the future definitions of organised crime, as well as further elaborating the aspect of political violence that is present in many organised crime activities across the world. In the Balkans, these new moments in defining organised crime appear to have been tested particularly directly in Serbia, where, first, there has been a long public debate over a systematic ?siphoning away? of public funds to the accounts of private companies through the mass corruption of a former, post-communist government until 2001. Subsequently, organised criminal rings have been accused of having masterminded and executed the assassination of the late Serbian Prime Minister, Dr Zoran Djindjic. The Balkans, and particularly Serbia, have been exposed to some of the most destructive consequences of organised crime. Correspondingly, the region can serve as a polygon or testing grounds for the exploration of the conceptual issues associated with organised crime. Finally, the experiences in crime control gained in this process could be valuable tools to address organised crime elsewhere. This especially concerns the emergence of what has recently become known in criminological discourse as the ?New War-Making Criminal Entity?. This paper explores the key features of organised crime against the background of the Serbian, and, by extension, Balkan circumstances, and draws conclusions as to how these experiences can be useful more globally.
Protection of national minorities between the two world wars: A look back to some special cases
Authors: Krivokapic Boris
Published: October 2010

The work is a brief look back to some special situations between the two world wars and at the time when the so-called Versailles system was applied. This system is also well known by special solutions that were reached in the field of protection of minorities. Peace and minority agreements formed the framework for such solutions, including one-party declarations that were imposed to defeated states (except Germany) and to a number of small- and medium-sized countries. These issues were relatively comprehensively treated in the literature of that time, as well as in the publications after the Second World War. However, in parallel with this, a whole number of specific situations was resolved by adoption of special agreements that included some special situations. This is, actually, the subject of this article. If we look closely, it firstly treats special international agreements on minorities, presenting a survey of the most significant bilateral agreements on protection of minorities and other agreements, including the ones on the exchange of population. After that, the author has presented the most significant characteristics of some special situations that occurred in the period between the two world wars, concerning the status of certain territories and the position of ethnic and some other minorities as well (Dancig, Aland Islands, Upper Schlesia, Memel). Although the author notices the weak points of the considered solutions, that, after all, were of short duration, he points out that they, yet, served to achieve some results. Some of them were of great importance for that time, and they particularly contributed to resolving of some open political issues. For various reasons some of them are interesting even today, and not only as historical documents. All this suggests that the considered agreements and situations should be taken into account at our time, if nothing else, than for the fact they are a group of positive and negative experiences that as such could to some extent help find better solutions for these problems.
“New vs. old Europe”: Contested hegemonies and the dual-guarantee strategy of the East European countries
Authors: Türkes Mustafa
Published: October 2010

The paper analyses the East European countries' (EEC) security strategy in light of contesting US and Franco-German hegemonic projects. The EEC' s quest for a dual-guarantee strategy, which aims to get hard security from the US through NATO and soft security from the EU, is detailed as to show objectives of the EEC. It is concluded that although this strategy may succeed in times of crisis, it is untenable in the long run because the terms of relations between the EEC and both the US and EU are largely defined by the latter two, not by the EEC. Thus, rather than escaping from one-way dependency, the EEC's dual-guarantee strategy may result in dual dependency on both the US and the EU.
The characteristics of informal economy in the Russian Federation
Authors: Vucicevic Milena
Published: October 2010

The informal economy is today the reality of all countries in the world, including both those in transition and the developed ones, but to a varying degree. The author makes special reference to the situation in the Russian Federation, discusses some policy options for reducing the informal economy. The author argues that the implementation of the basic aim - the policy of reintegration of the grey economy into legal system - is through rounding-off a market-oriented economic order, full protection of property, implementation of the policy of macroeconomic stability, stable exchange rate, foreign trade liberalization and the development of financial markets.
Disputes of FR Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) before the International Court of Justice
Authors: Dimitrijevic Dusko
Published: October 2010

The author illustrates the key issues of processes of the FR Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) before the International Court of Justice in The Hague (ICJ). Focused on explanations for the ICJ determination of the legal foundations for jurisdiction in accordance with international law, he gives legal remarks on reasons why the ICJ was able to consider them in the case of the Bosnia and Herzegovina vs. FR Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) and why it decided to lack jurisdiction in the cases against NATO. Examinations of the legal facts of the state responsibility do not prejudge questions of the jurisdiction of the ICJ that should be open in the case between Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro. The author's remarks follow the preliminary procedure of the ICJ and help consider the real state of all instituted proceedings.
The Balkans: From balance of power to balance of human welfare
Authors: Basic Nedzad
Published: October 2010

The principles of territorial integrity and (non)interference halt the influence of self-determination. Legal relationship between these principles become much more complex in the Balkans despite the strong regard given to preserving the territorial integrity of the state. One of the repercussion of this controversial relationship is that human right stay without effectual protection in the case of conflict between these two principles. In this circumstance central government and movement to self-determination are supported to settle its claims by restoring to armed hostilities. The author explains how international community can reduce the inherent conflict as the working out of these principles in light of the forces of democratisation and respect for human rights, peace and development comes to make the parties see them as less and less irreconcilable.
World economy 2000-2005: Basic indicators
Authors: Kovacevic Mladjen , Grecic Vladimir
Published: October 2010

The authors analyze the developments in the world economy during the second half of the 20th century and the first five years of the 21st century. Based on the statistical data published in the editions of international organizations - primarily UN, IMF and WTO, they explain the causes of recession in the world economy at the beginning of this century after it achieved an impressive growth in the second half of the 20th century. The authors also point to the factors that contributed to the accelerated recovery of the world economy and world trade in 2004 and 2005.
Fundamentalism and its stereotypes
Authors: Venkatraman Amritha
Published: October 2010

The author explains that in its origin the term fundamentalism has no direct negative or violent connotation. However, this term has often been applied to those who resort to violence based on the ideological or religious adherence. Historically, most of fundamentalists have been moderate and apply passive and peaceful methods in their activities. Only active fundamentalists use extreme measures to achieve their religious ideals. The heightening existence of the active fundamentalism, and the disruption caused by it, leads to the projection that all fundamentalists are inherently violent in nature. This stereotype has been imposed on Islam particularly in the post-September 11, 2001 period. Investigating the relationship between Islam and fundamentalism the author asserts that, even though fundamentalism can exist in Islam, not all Muslim fundamentalists are active and violent.
Political violence as a value problem for security policy
Authors: Fatic Aleksandar
Published: October 2010

The author argues that the moral dimensions of political violence play a crucial role in the conceptualization of effective ways to combat such violence. It goes on to argue that the ability to empathize with the politically violent is a difficult precondition for the development of effective control strategies, and guilds its interpretation on the philosophical perspectives on the legitimacy of grievances and illegitimacy of methods used to address them by terrorists and the other perpetrators of political violence. The author draws parallels between key controversies in politically violent campaigns and conventional wars, and concludes that despite the alarming in palatability of political violence, the experiential record so far suggests that a de-escalation of mutual perceptions between the politically violent and the mainstream society appears to be a necessary precondition for the resolution of the underlying conflicts.
The new international legal order and new states in the Balkans
Authors: Dimitrijevic Dusko
Published: October 2010

In this study the author attaches a great importance to the theoretical examination of the concept of the New International Legal Order that was embodied in the last decades of the 20th century. The starting point for that reflection is the dissolution of the SFR Yugoslavia that illustrates one of the fundamental legal precedents. Reminding that the basic principle for the post-modern State behavior must be the one that includes minimal disturbance of the existing international legal relations, the author stresses that "the Yugoslav case" was customized in the way to respond to the new reality where the principle of effectiveness played an essential role in valuation of the statehood. It could also be one of the greatest catalysts for all further 'development rules' of international law.
Experiences of the ombudsmen in Sweden and Norway
Authors: Zecevic Radoje
Published: October 2010

The article deals with the genesis and attainments of the ombudsmen institutions in Sweden and Norway. The author presents existing forms organizational structure, functioning of ombudsmen, their competences authorities, the way of financing their functions, rules of procedure and operation of some forms of the ombudsmen. He particularly analyses the institutional and other relationships between the ombudsmen institutions and legislative, executive and judicial authorities in these two countries.
The international continuity of Serbia after secession of Montenegro
Authors: Mrdakovic-Cvetkovic Ruzica
Published: October 2010

The author deals with a set of questions that have emerged after the secession of the Republic of Montenegro from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, and they are as follows: international legal continuity of Serbia, membership of the two now independent states in various international organizations, the issues concerning the succession between Serbia and Montenegro, regulation of various individual rights of the citizens from the former State Union, etc.
Sanctions as tools in the US foreign policy after the cold war
Authors: Joksimovic Aleksandra
Published: October 2010

In searching for various opportunities to act in pursuing its foreign policy and endeavors to achieve a dominant role in the global processes USA has developed a broad range of instruments including a financial assistance as a way to be given support for its positions, intelligence activities, its public diplomacy, unilateral implementation of sanctions and even military interventions. The paper devotes special attention to one of these instruments - sanctions, which USA implemented in the last decade of the 20th century more than ever before. The author explores the forms and mechanisms for implementation of sanctions, the impact and effects they produce on the countries they are directed against, but also on the third parties or the countries that have been involved in the process by concurrence of events and finally on USA as the very initiator of imposing them.
Possibility and limitations of export as a factor of balance of payments of Serbia
Authors: Kovacevic Radovan
Published: October 2010

The precondition for growth of Serbian export to the EU market is restructuring of domestic production in accordance with the import demand of this market. However, increasing of export is not possible without bigger inflow of foreign capital in form of new equipment and modern technology. In implementing measures of economic policy, bigger attention has to be paid to financing production for export, to crediting and insuring export, as well as to export promotion. Role of small and medium size enterprises has to be stronger in domestic production. Connecting between them and distributive chains of parts and intermediate goods within TNC can contribute to growth of sustainable export of Serbia to EU as well as to process of connecting with this integration.
Neorealism and neoliberalism in the contemporary international relations theory
Authors: Novicic Zaklina
Published: October 2010

The author explores some fundamental aspects of international cooperation its functional incentives and structural limitations, by describing the discussion between two most influential approaches in international relations theory: neorealism and neoliberalism, or to be more precise between defensive neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism. During the discussion on possibilities and limitations of international co-operation neorealism and neoliberalism showed their differences, but also similarities of views that resulted in their approach, which is called the neo-neo synthesis in international relations theory. The discussion, that has been going on for three decades in USA also reflects on the practical foreign policy decision making in this country. The discussion contains the ideas that can serve as means to explain some foreign policy approaches in our country as well.
Long-term trends in the world energy market
Authors: Jelisavac Sanja
Published: October 2010

The author points out that energy reserves are adequate to meet demand till 2030. The principal uncertainty in global energy supply prospects is its price. We expect that international trade in energy, and fossil fuels in particular, will be on the rise. Technological advances and technology breakthroughs could radically alter the long-term picture of energy supply beyond 2006.
International trade in services: The role of international shipping
Authors: Popovic-Petrovic Ivana
Published: October 2010

The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is one of the World Trade Organization's most important agreements. This accord is the first and only set of multilateral rules covering international trade in services. It is a framework for international trade in services and a legal basis for resolving conflicting national interests. For the past two decades, trade in services has grown faster than merchandise trade. Currently, they represent more than two thirds of the World Gross Domestic Product. As the term services covers a wide range of intangible and heterogeneous products and activities, there has been an increasing demand for detailed, relevant and internationally comparable statistical information on trade in services. In the last ten years, the share of transportation services in international trade in commercial services was steady and amounted to about one quarter.
Access to information as a tool of the prevention of corruption in EU institutions
Authors: Korac Srdjan
Published: October 2010

The author analyses the impact of exercising the right to access to information and respecting of transparency for the prevention of corruption in the EU institutions. These two issues are the key principles of good governance and basic prerequisites for democratic participation, allowing citizens to effectively protect their fundamental rights and liberties through public scrutiny. The EU standards are assessed by comparison with the internationally recognized standards, and five indicators have been used: the scope of the right to access, the scope of exceptions, the administrative and appeal procedure, the protection of whistleblowers, administration performance openness and political will. The author wonders if the adopted regulations and rules of procedure are strict enough to prevent emergence of corruption and maladministration in the EU institutions.
Portfolio management approach in trade credit decision making
Authors: Michalski Grzegorz
Published: October 2010

The basic financial purpose of an enterprise is maximization of its value Trade credit management should also contribute to realization of this fundamental aim. Many of the current asset management models that are found in financial management literature assume book profit maximization as the basic financial purpose. These book profit-based models could be lacking in what relates to maximization of enterprise value. The enterprise value maximization strategy is executed with a focus on risk and uncertainty. This article presents the consequences that can result from operating risk that is related to purchasers using payment postponement for goods and/or services. The present article offers a method that uses portfolio management theory to determine the level of accounts receivable in a firm.
Anti-terrorist prevention of the state
Authors: Mijalkovski Milan
Published: October 2010

The article considers the significance of the commitment of the state and its factors and forces in preventing the perpetrators of terrorism to manifest themselves in a violent way. The author takes as a starting point the fact that terrorist collectivities make great efforts to take their primary victim (state) by surprise. The response of the state should result in the efficient protection from this danger. The author considers subjective and objective limitations the anti-terrorist forces of the state are facing in the protection of the state from the terrorist surprise. This, among other things, results in porosity of the anti-terrorist prevention in some of its aspects. The volume and character of possible detrimental effects on the security of the state for the occasional porosity of the anti-terrorist prevention is treated within a separate chapter.
International trade and transnational companies: Substitutes or complements
Authors: Stojadinovic-Jovanovic Sandra
Published: October 2010

Transnational companies are the key drivers of foreign direct investments and major actors in international trade. They are involved in more than two-third of international trade and determine its direction, composition and volume. The relationship between transnational companies and international trade is complex and interwoven, raising the following question: are transnational companies substitutes or complements of international trade? The author explores this relationship. She studies the role of these companies in international trade as a whole and in foreign trade of domestic and host countries.
Bretton Woods 2 system and US balance of payment deficit
Authors: Stepanovic-Petrac Zaklina
Published: October 2010

The author explores the evolution, functioning, similarities and differences between the original Bretton Woods international monetary system that operated from 1945 to 1973 and the present modified institution, which is symbolically called Bretton Woods 2 System. The existing international financial architecture keeps on being based on the hegemony of the US dollar, as a dominant reserve currency. However, in spite of the fact that in most cases the present international monetary system implies the regime of flexible foreign exchanges rates, a characteristic of this system is that many countries in different degrees refuse to accept the appreciation of their national currencies to the US dollar. At the same time, the domination of the USA, the most indebted country in the world, is becoming a very serious threat to its sustainability. However, as the author concludes, the creators of the international monetary system, being aware how serious could be the consequences of its cessation, endeavor to extend its operation accepting less expensive consequences of keeping it alive.