bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subjective cognitive decline, APOE ε4, and incident mild cognitive impairment in men and women
Authors: Müller‐Gerards Diana , Weimar Christian , Abramowski Jessica , Tebrügge Sarah , Jokisch Martha , Dragano Nico , Erbel Raimund , Jöckel Karl‐Heinz , Moebus Susanne , Winkler Angela ,   Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigative Group
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Possible joint effects of subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype on incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were examined for men and women separately.

Methods

Cognitively normal participants with and without SCD were included from the first follow‐up examination of the population‐based Heinz Nixdorf Recall study. Sex‐stratified logistic regression models estimated main effects and interactions (additive, multiplicative) of SCD at the first follow‐up (yes+/no−) and APOE ε4 (positive+/negative−) groups for MCI 5 years later.

Results

Odds for MCI 5 years later were higher in SCD/APOE ε4 group +/+ than the sum of groups +/− and −/+ in women, with a trend for positive interaction. Odds for incident MCI in men was highest in group +/−, with no interaction effect.

Discussion

Our findings indicate that APOE ε4 may play an important role in the association of SCD and incident MCI, especially considering sex. Further studies need to examine these associations with larger sample sizes.
The Enduring Potential of Justified Hypernorms
Authors: Scholz Markus , de los Reyes Gastón , Smith N. Craig
Published: March 2019

The profound influence of Thomas Donaldson and Thomas Dunfee’s integrative social contracts theory (ISCT) on the field of business ethics has been challenged by Andreas Scherer and Guido Palazzo’s Habermasian approach, which has achieved prominence of late with articles that expressly question the defensibility of ISCT’s hypernorms. This article builds on recent efforts by Donaldson and Scherer to bridge their accounts by providing discursive foundations to the hypernorms at the heart of the ISCT framework. Extending prior literature, we propose an ISCT* framework designed to retain ISCT’s practical virtue of managerial guidance while answering the demands of Scherer and Palazzo’s discursive account. By subscribing to a suitable portfolio of discursively justified hypernorms, we argue, companies unlock the valuable moral guidance of ISCT*, which says to treat these hypernorms as unequivocal outer bounds to the pursuit of business and as a starting point to tailor local norms through discursive stakeholder engagement.
AN EXTENSION OF A THEOREM OF ZERMELO
Authors: VÄÄNÄNEN JOUKO
Published: March 2019

We show that if $(M,{ \in _1},{ \in _2})$ satisfies the first-order Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms of set theory when the membership relation is ${ \in _1}$ and also when the membership relation is ${ \in _2}$, and in both cases the formulas are allowed to contain both ${ \in _1}$ and ${ \in _2}$, then $\left( {M, \in _1 } \right) \cong \left( {M, \in _2 } \right)$, and the isomorphism is definable in $(M,{ \in _1},{ \in _2})$. This extends Zermelo’s 1930 theorem in [6].
TWO QUESTIONS, ONE ANSWER: UNAMBIGUOUS RATIONALITY
Authors: Mueller Andy
Published: March 2019

Timothy Williamson recently argued that the notion of epistemic rationality is ambiguous between a Content-oriented schema and a Disposition-oriented schema. I argue that the Disposition-oriented schema suggested by Williamson is not faithful to the main idea behind it and that it should be replaced with the Disposition-Manifestation schema. This replacement suffices for avoiding Williamson's ambiguity thesis.
Drawing blood cultures through intravascular catheters: Controversy and update
Authors: Mermel Leonard A.
Published: March 2019

Studies published between 1999 and 2011 demonstrated increased blood culture contamination with catheter-drawn cultures compared with percutaneously-drawn cultures. Studies published between 2012 and 2015 reported that use of antiseptic barrier caps on central venous catheter hubs significantly reduces the incidence of catheter-drawn blood culture contamination. Local guidelines regarding sites for blood culture collection should reflect institution-level blood culture contamination rates for percutaneously-drawn and catheter-drawn cultures using currently available technologies that reduce contamination at both sites.
Vortex axis tracking by iterative propagation (VATIP): a method for analysing three-dimensional turbulent structures
Authors: Zhu Lu , Xi Li
Published: March 2019

Vortex is a central concept in the understanding of turbulent dynamics. Objective algorithms for the detection and extraction of vortex structures can facilitate the physical understanding of turbulence regeneration dynamics by enabling automated and quantitative analyses of these structures. Despite the wide availability of vortex identification criteria, they only label spatial regions belonging to vortices, without any information on the identity, topology and shape of individual vortices. This latter information is stored in the axis lines lining the contours of vortex tubes. In this study, a new tracking algorithm is proposed which propagates along the vortex axis lines and iteratively searches for new directions for growth. The method is validated in flow fields from transient simulations where vortices of different shapes are controllably generated. It is then applied to statistical turbulence for the analysis of vortex configurations and distributions. It is shown to reliably extract axis lines for complex three-dimensional vortices generated from the walls. A new procedure is also proposed that classifies vortices into commonly observed shapes, including quasi-streamwise vortices, hairpins, hooks and branches, based on their axis-line topology. Clustering analysis is performed on the extracted axis lines to reveal vortex organization patterns and their potential connection to large-scale motions in turbulence.
UNIVERSAL THEORIES AND COMPACTLY EXPANDABLE MODELS
Authors: CASANOVAS ENRIQUE , SHELAH SAHARON
Published: March 2019

Our aim is to solve a quite old question on the difference between expandability and compact expandability. Toward this, we further investigate the logic of countable cofinality.
DESTRUCTIBILITY OF THE TREE PROPERTY AT ${\aleph _{\omega + 1}}$
Authors: HAYUT YAIR , MAGIDOR MENACHEM
Published: March 2019

We construct a model in which the tree property holds in ${\aleph _{\omega + 1}}$ and it is destructible under $Col\left( {\omega ,{\omega _1}} \right)$. On the other hand we discuss some cases in which the tree property is indestructible under small or closed forcings.
Elite Defection under Autocracy: Evidence from Russia
Authors: REUTER ORA JOHN , SZAKONYI DAVID
Published: March 2019

Elite cohesion is a fundamental pillar of authoritarian stability. High-level defections can signal weakness, embolden the opposition, and sometimes, lead to regime collapse. Using a dataset of 4,291 ruling party candidates in Russia, this paper develops and tests hypotheses about the integrity of elite coalitions under autocracy. Our theory predicts that ruling elites defect when there is greater uncertainty about the regime’s willingness to provide spoils. Regimes that share power with the opposition, limit access to spoils, and lack formal institutions see more defections. Co-opting the opposition assuages outside threats but leaves regime insiders disgruntled and prone to defection. Those with personal followings and business connections are the most likely to defect, since they can pursue their political goals independently of the regime. Taken together, our results highlight important tradeoffs among authoritarian survival strategies. Many of the steps autocrats take to repel challenges simultaneously heighten the risk of defections.
SYMMETRIC ITINERARY SETS
Authors: BARNSLEY MICHAEL F. , MIHALACHE NICOLAE
Published: March 2019

We consider a one-parameter family of dynamical systems $W:[0,1]\rightarrow [0,1]$ constructed from a pair of monotone increasing diffeomorphisms $W_{i}$ such that $W_{i}^{-1}:$$[0,1]\rightarrow [0,1]$$(i=0,1)$. We characterise the set of symbolic itineraries of $W$ using an attractor $\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}}$ of an iterated closed relation, in the terminology of McGehee, and prove that there is a member of the family for which $\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}}$ is symmetrical.
Prebiotics and synbiotics: concepts and nutritional properties
Authors: Roberfroid M. B.
Published: March 2019

The main role of diet is to provide enough nutrients to meet the requirements of a balanced diet, while giving the consumer a feeling of satisfaction and well-being. The most recent knowledge in bioscience supports the hypothesis that diet also controls and modulates various functions in the body, and, in doing so, contributes to the state of good health necessary to reduce the risk of some diseases. It is such an hypothesis which is at the origin both of the concept of ‘functional food’ and the development of a new scientific discipline of ‘functional food science’. In the context of this paper the potential ‘functional foods’ to be discussed are the prebiotics and the synbiotics. The prebiotics developed so far are the non-digestible oligosaccharides and especially the non-digestible fructans among which chicory fructans play a major role. The chicory fructans are β (2-1) fructo-oligosaccharides classified as natural food ingredients. They positively affect various physiological functions in such a way that they are already or may, in the future, be classified as functional food ingredients for which claims of functional effects or of disease risk reduction might become authorized. They are classified as prebiotic and have been shown to induce an increase in the number of bifidobacteria in human faecal flora. As part of a synbiotic-type product, they are already bifidogenic at a dose of 2·75 g/d and the effect lasts for at least 7 weeks. The other potential functional effects are on the bioavailability of minerals, but also, and more systemically, on the metabolism of lipids. Potential health benefits may concern reduction of the risk of intestinal infectious diseases, cardiovascular disease, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis and cancer. However, except for the prebiotic effect, and tentatively the improvement of calcium bioavailability, the evidence to support such effects is still missing in humans though hypotheses already exist to justify nutrition studies.
Dietary modulation of the human gut microflora using prebiotics
Authors: Gibson Glenn R.
Published: March 2019

The human colonic flora has both beneficial and pathogenic potentials with respect to host health. There is now much interest in manipulation of the microbiota composition in order to improve the potentially beneficial aspects. The prebiotic approach dictates that non-viable food components are specifically fermented in the colon by indigenous bacteria thought to be of positive value, e.g. bifidobacteria, lactobacilli. Any food ingredient that enters the large intestine is a candidate prebiotic. However, to be effective, selectivity of the fermentation is essential. Most current attention and success has been derived using non-digestible oligosaccharides. Types primarily being looked at include those which contain fructose, xylose, soya, galactose, glucose and mannose. In particular, fructose-containing oligosaccharides, which occur naturally in a variety of plants such as onion, asparagus, chicory, banana and artichoke, fulfil the prebiotic criteria. Various data have shown that fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are specifically fermented by bifidobacteria. During controlled feeding studies, ingestion of these prebiotics causes bifidobacteria to become numerically dominant in faeces. Recent studies have indicated that a FOS dose of 4g/d is prebiotic. To exploit this concept more fully, there is a need for assessments of (a) improved determination of the gut microbiota composition and activity; (b) the use of molecular methodologies to assess accurately prebiotic identities and develop efficient bacterial probing strategies; (c) the prebiotic potential of raw and processed foods; and (d) the health consequences of dietary modulation.
Dietary carbohydrate intake, glycaemic index, glycaemic load and digestive system cancers: an updated dose–response meta-analysis
Authors: Cai Xianlei , Li Xueying , Tang Mengyao , Liang Chao , Xu Yuan , Zhang Miaozun , Yu Weiming , Li Xiuyang
Published: March 2019

Several studies analysed the associations between dietary carbohydrate intake, glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) and digestive system cancers; however, the results remain controversial. This study was to perform a meta-analysis evaluating the quantitative and dose–response associations between carbohydrate intake, GI and GL, and risk of digestive system cancers. We searched medical and biological databases up to June 2018 and identified twenty-six cohort studies and eighteen case–control studies. Meta-analytic fixed or random effects models were applied to process data. We also performed dose–response analysis, meta-regression and subgroup analyses. We found that high levels of GI were significantly associated with the risk of digestive system cancers at the highest compared with the lowest categories from cohort studies (summary relative risk (RR)=1·10, 95 % CI 1·05, 1·15). Similar effects were observed from case–control studies of the comparison between the extreme categories, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (summary OR=1·28, 95 % CI 0·97, 1·69). We also observed significant dose–response association between GI and digestive system cancers, with every 10-unit increase in GI (summary RR=1·003; 95 % CI 1·000, 1·012 for cohort studies; summary OR=1·09; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·11 for case–control studies). In addition, both cohort studies and case–control studies indicated that neither dietary carbohydrate intake nor GL bore any statistical relationship to digestive system cancers from the results of the highest compared with the lowest categories analyses and dose–response analyses. The results suggest a moderate association between high-GI diets and the risk of digestive system cancers.
Symptoms are not the solution but the problem: Why psychiatric research should focus on processes rather than symptoms
Authors: Elbau Immanuel G. , Binder Elisabeth B. , Spoormaker Victor I.
Published: March 2019

Progress in psychiatric research has been hindered by the use of artificial disease categories to map distinct biological substrates. Efforts to overcome this obstacle have led to the misconception that relevant psychiatric dimensions are not biologically reducible. Consequently, the return to phenomenology is once again advocated. We propose a process-centered paradigm of biological reduction compatible with non-reductive materialism.
Networks, intentionality and multiple realizability: Not enough to block reductionism
Authors: Eronen Markus I. , Bringmann Laura F.
Published: March 2019

Borsboom et al. propose that the network approach blocks reductionism in psychopathology. We argue that the two main arguments, intentionality and multiple realizability of mental disorders, are not sufficient to establish that mental disorders are not brain disorders, and that the specific role of networks in these arguments is unclear.
Indeed, not really a brain disorder: Implications for reductionist accounts of addiction
Authors: Field Matt , Heather Nick , Wiers Reinout W.
Published: March 2019

Borsboom et al.’s formulation provides an opportunity for a fundamental rethink about the “brain disease model” of addiction that dominates research, treatment, policy, and lay understanding of addiction. We also demonstrate how the American opioid crisis provides a contemporary example of how “brain disease” is not moderated by the environmental context but is instead crucially dependent upon it.
The value of clinical and translational neuroscience approaches to psychiatric illness
Authors: Hur Juyoen , Tillman Rachael M. , Fox Andrew S. , Shackman Alexander J.
Published: March 2019

Borsboom et al. confuse biological approaches with extreme biological reductionism and common-cause models of psychopathology. In muddling these concepts, they mistakenly throw the baby out with the bathwater. Here, we highlight recent work underscoring the unique value of clinical and translational neuroscience approaches for understanding the nature and origins of psychopathology and for developing improved intervention strategies.
Therapy and prevention for mental health: What if mental diseases are mostly not brain disorders?
Authors: Ioannidis John P. A.
Published: March 2019

Neurobiology-based interventions for mental diseases and searches for useful biomarkers of treatment response have largely failed. Clinical trials should assess interventions related to environmental and social stressors, with long-term follow-up; social rather than biological endpoints; personalized outcomes; and suitable cluster, adaptive, and n-of-1 designs. Labor, education, financial, and other social/political decisions should be evaluated for their impacts on mental disease.
Making a case for constructive reductionism
Authors: Müller Christian P.
Published: March 2019

Borsboom and colleagues argue that reductionism in psychopathology research has not provided the expected insights. Instead, they suggest a systems approach of interacting syndromes, which, however, falls short of a perspective for empirical testing. Here, a combination of both approaches is suggested: a reductionistic empirical approach allowing testability, synergistic with a constructivistic systems appraisal of syndrome networks – a constructive reductionism.
Reductionism – simplified and scientific
Authors: Perlovsky Leonid
Published: March 2019

In this commentary on Borsboom et al.’s target article, I address an inadequate, simplified use of the idea of “reductionism” in clinical psychology and psychiatry. This is important because reductionism is a fundamental methodology of science. Explaining mental states and processes in terms of biological and brain states and processes is fundamental for the science of psychology. I also briefly address a fundamental methodology of the goal of psychology as a hard science.
The biology of mental disorders: What are we talking about?
Authors: Troisi Alfonso
Published: March 2019

After the Darwinian revolution, biology is not only the study of the operation of structural elements (functional biology), but also the study of adaption and phylogenetic history (evolutionary biology). From an evolutionary perspective, the biology of mental disorders is not just “neurobiology and genetic constitution” but also adaptive reactions to adverse situations. Evolutionary explanations of mental disorders are biological and non-reductionist.
What's in a model? Network models as tools instead of representations of what psychiatric disorders really are
Authors: van Loo Hanna M. , Romeijn Jan-Willem
Published: March 2019

Network models block reductionism about psychiatric disorders only if models are interpreted in a realist manner – that is, taken to represent “what psychiatric disorders really are.” A flexible and more instrumentalist view of models is needed to improve our understanding of the heterogeneity and multifactorial character of psychiatric disorders.
Reductionist thinking and animal models in neuropsychiatric research
Authors: Baran Nicole M.
Published: March 2019

Reductionist thinking in neuroscience is manifest in the widespread use of animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Broader investigations of diverse behaviors in non-model organisms and longer-term study of the mechanisms of plasticity will yield fundamental insights into the neurobiological, developmental, genetic, and environmental factors contributing to the “massively multifactorial system networks” which go awry in mental disorders.
Why not be pluralists about explanatory reduction?
Authors: Tabb Kathryn
Published: March 2019

Borsboom et al. convincingly argue that, from their symptom network perspective, mental disorders cannot be reduced to brain disorders. While granting that network structures exist, I respond that there is no reason to think they are the only psychiatric phenomena worth explaining. From a pluralist perspective, what is required is not a full-scale rejection of explanatory reductionism but a critical attention to the circumstances of its application.
Chinese Migration to Singapore, 1896-19411
Authors: Ee Joyce
Published: March 2019

Emigration from China to Singapore in particular and South-East Asia in general during the nineteenth century was not an easy process at all. The Chinese authorities at first frowned on it and sometimes the emigrants were refused re-entry into their homeland. At the same time these emigrants were not well treated on the voyage down and on arrival at their destination. Yet despite this hazardous existence once a person left China, the emigrants increased in number from 2,069 in 1838-1839, to 10,928 in 1849-1850. By 1890 the annual figure had risen to 95,400 and it passed the 100,000 mark in 1895, with 190,901. The reasons for this phenomenal rise in the number of emigrants were to be found partly in the conditions in China which were so bad that the Chinese -were willing to brave any danger to make a new start in life, but mainly in the new attractions of Singapore and South-East Asia which were so promising that they could induce the Chinese, a people naturally conservative and tied to the homeland for ancestral reasons, to emigrate, even permanently in some cases. These may seem to be sweeping statements, but a further analysis of the the facts will confirm them.
Opium in the Straits Settlements, 1867-19101
Authors: Wen Cheng U
Published: March 2019

Throughout the nineteenth century, the revenue of the Straits Settlements Colony was derived to a very considerable extent from opium. Imported from India, opium in bulk was sold by the Government to Chinese merchants in Malaya who applied for the right to retail it. This monopoly, or farm, supplied the Government with almost half of its annual revenue. By 1904, in fact, it accounted for 59% of the revenue, and although measures of control were introduced in 1910, leading reluctantly to measures of restriction, the sale of opium provided Singapore and the two other Straits Settlements (Penang and Malacca), with a revenue right up to the outbreak of the Pacific War.
The Chinese Protectorate in Singapore, 1877-1900
Authors: Yoong Ng Siew
Published: March 2019

Soon after Raffles founded Singapore in 1819, the Chinese began to arrive in slowly increasing numbers and to form an important section of its population. Most of the immigrants came from the two southernmost maritime provinces of Kwangtung and Fukien. In the Straits there were five major groups: the Macaos, natives of Canton and neighbouring towns and villages; the Khehs from the interior of the province of Kwangtung; the Teychews, from Swatow and its vicinity; the Hailams, natives from the Island of Hainan; and the Hokiens, from Amoy and the other places in the province of Fukien.
Monocular Vision-based Sense and Avoid of UAV Using Nonlinear Model Predictive Control
Authors: Zhang Yizhai , Wang Wenhui , Huang Panfeng , Jiang Zainan
Published: March 2019

The potential use of onboard vision sensors (e.g., cameras) has long been recognized for the Sense and Avoid (SAA) of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), especially for micro UAVs with limited payload capacity. However, vision-based SAA for UAVs is extremely challenging because vision sensors usually have limitations on accurate distance information measuring. In this paper, we propose a monocular vision-based UAV SAA approach. Within the approach, the host UAV can accurately and efficiently avoid a noncooperative intruder only through angle measurements and perform maneuvers for optimal tradeoff among target motion estimation, intruder avoidance, and trajectory tracking. We realize this feature by explicitly integrating a target tracking filter into a nonlinear model predictive controller. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified through extensive simulations.
Preferences: neither behavioural nor mental
Authors: Guala Francesco
Published: March 2019

Recent debates on the nature of preferences in economics have typically assumed that they are to be interpreted either as behavioural regularities or as mental states. In this paper I challenge this dichotomy and argue that neither interpretation is consistent with scientific practice in choice theory and behavioural economics. Preferences are belief-dependent dispositions with a multiply realizable causal basis, which explains why economists are reluctant to make a commitment about their interpretation.
Exploring Professionals’ Experiences in the Rehabilitation of Older Clients with Dual-Sensory Impairment
Authors: Fraser Sarah A. , Southall Kenneth E. , Wittich Walter
Published: March 2019

En vue de mieux comprendre et d’améliorer le processus de réadaptation des personnes âgées présentant à la fois une déficience auditive et visuelle, soit une double déficience sensorielle (DDS), cette étude s’est penchée sur les perspectives des professionnels de la santé qui œuvrent chez cette population. Treize professionnels aux parcours variés ont été interviewés en lien avec leur expérience de travail auprès de personnes âgées avec DDS. Les entrevues ont été transcrites et codées, et une analyse de contenu a été effectuée. Les participants des diverses professions ont perçu qu’ils devaient assumer les rôles additionnels suivants : (1) conseiller, (2) guide, (3) formateur ou rééducateur. Ces rôles consistaient à aider les personnes avec DDS et leurs familles présentant une dépression, des problèmes d’acceptation, des consultations répétées et des parcours complexes dans le système de santé. Selon les professionnels interviewés, ces rôles supplémentaires accroissent leur charge de travail et les confrontent à des problématiques pour lesquelles ils n’ont pas reçu de formation. Ils suggèrent l’implantation d’une formation sur les DDS pour les professionnels et les membres de la famille concernés, ainsi qu’une approche de réadaptation en équipe multidisciplinaire.
Development of aggressive-victims from childhood through adolescence: Associations with emotion dysregulation, withdrawn behaviors, moral disengagement, peer rejection, and friendships
Authors: Ettekal Idean , Ladd Gary W.
Published: March 2019

At multiple developmental periods spanning from middle childhood through adolescence, we investigated the development of aggressive-victims. Multiple-informant data collected across four grade levels (1, 5, 8, and 11; N = 482; 50% females) was used to perform person-centered analyses including latent profile and latent transition analyses in order to examine the co-occurring development of multiple forms (i.e., physical, verbal, and relational) of aggression and peer victimization. Results indicated that there were two distinct subgroups of aggressive-victims, one of which was more relational in form (i.e., relational aggressive-victims), and children in these two subgroups were distinguishable with respect to their individual characteristics (emotion dysregulation, withdrawn behaviors, and moral disengagement) and relational experiences (peer rejection and friendships). Furthermore, the findings elucidated the mechanisms by which developmental continuity and change (i.e., transitions) among the subgroups occurred across childhood and adolescence.
Attention bias to reward predicts behavioral problems and moderates early risk to externalizing and attention problems
Authors: Morales Santiago , Miller Natalie V. , Troller-Renfree Sonya V. , White Lauren K. , Degnan Kathryn A. , Henderson Heather A. , Fox Nathan A.
Published: March 2019

The current study had three goals. First, we replicated recent evidence that suggests a concurrent relation between attention bias to reward and externalizing and attention problems at age 7. Second, we extended these findings by examining the relations between attention and behavioral measures of early exuberance (3 years), early effortful control (4 years), and concurrent effortful control (7 years), as well as later behavioral problems (9 years). Third, we evaluated the role of attention to reward in the longitudinal pathways between early exuberance and early effortful control to predict externalizing and attention problems. Results revealed that attention bias to reward was associated concurrently and longitudinally with behavioral problems. Moreover, greater reward bias was concurrently associated with lower levels of parent-reported effortful control. Finally, attention bias to reward moderated the longitudinal relations between early risk factors for behavioral problems (gender, exuberance, and effortful control) and later externalizing and attention problems, such that these early risk factors were most predictive of behavioral problems for males with a large attention bias to reward. These findings suggest that attention bias to reward may act as a moderator of early risk, aiding the identification of children at the highest risk for later behavioral problems.
Allocentric Versus Egocentric Neglect in Stroke Patients: A Pilot Study Investigating the Assessment of Neglect Subtypes and Their Impacts on Functional Outcome Using Eye Tracking
Authors: Upshaw Jennifer N. , Leitner Damian W. , Rutherford Barbara J. , Miller Harry B.D. , Libben Maya R.
Published: March 2019

Objective: Few studies have investigated the assessment and functional impact of egocentric and allocentric neglect among stroke patients. This pilot study aimed to determine (1) whether allocentric and egocentric neglect could be dissociated among a sample of stroke patients using eye tracking; (2) the specific patterns of attention associated with each subtype; and (3) the nature of the relationship between neglect subtype and functional outcome. Method: Twenty acute stroke patients were administered neuropsychological assessment batteries, a pencil-and-paper Apples Test to measure neglect subtype, and an adaptation of the Apples Test with an eye tracking measure. To test clinical discriminability, twenty age- and education-matched control participants were administered the eye tracking measure of neglect. Results: The eye tracking measure identified a greater number of individuals as having egocentric and/or allocentric neglect than the pencil-and-paper Apples Test. Classification of neglect subtype based on eye tracking performance was a significant predictor of functional outcome beyond that accounted for by the neuropsychological test performance and Apples Test neglect classification. Preliminary evidence suggests that patients with no neglect symptoms had superior functional outcomes compared with patients with neglect. Patients with combined egocentric and allocentric neglect had poorer functional outcomes than those with either subtype. Functional outcomes of patients with either allocentric or egocentric neglect did not differ significantly. The applications of our findings, to improve neglect detection, are discussed. Conclusion: Results highlight the potential clinical utility of eye tracking for the assessment and identification of neglect subtype among stroke patients to predict functional outcomes. (JINS, 2019, 25, 479–489)
Dietary patterns and abnormal glucose tolerance among Japanese: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Survey, 2012
Authors: Okada Emiko , Takahashi Kunihiko , Nakamura Koshi , Ukawa Shigekazu , Takabayashi Saeka , Nakamura Mieko , Sasaki Satoshi , Tamakoshi Akiko , Takimoto Hidemi
Published: March 2019

Objective

Previous studies have associated dietary patterns with diabetes risk in Western countries, but such studies among the Japanese population are scarce. The present study aimed to investigate dietary patterns associated with abnormal glucose tolerance determined by elevated glycated Hb (HbA1c) levels.

Design

The 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHNS) database was used for the cross-sectional study. Dietary patterns were analysed by factor analysis of twenty-five food items from the dietary intake survey and household-based semi-weighed dietary records. OR and 95 % CI for elevated HbA1c levels (≥6·5 %) according to dietary patterns were estimated using logistic regression models.

Setting

Japan.

Participants

The study population comprised 9550 Japanese aged ≥40 years registered in the nationwide NHNS.

Results

Three dietary patterns were identified: (i) high-bread and low-rice; (ii) high-meat and low-fish; and (iii) vegetable. The high-bread and low-rice pattern, characterised by high frequent consumption of bread, milk and dairy products, and fruits, and low rice intake, was associated with marginally decreased prevalence of elevated HbA1c levels (P
trend=0·047). The vegetable pattern, characterised by vegetables, mushrooms, soyabeans and soybean products, was significantly inversely associated with elevated HbA1c levels (4th v. 1st quartile: multivariable OR=0·68; 95 % CI 0·49, 0·95; P
trend=0·007).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the vegetable pattern is associated with decreased prevalence of elevated HbA1c levels among Japanese.
IT-Outsourcing und Arztgeheimnis
Authors: Widmer Michael , Egli Philipp
Published: March 2019

Zusammenfassung. Bei IT-Outsourcing durch Arztpraxen müssen insbesondere die Voraussetzungen des Datenschutzrechts sowie des Berufsgeheimnisses berücksichtigt werden. Datenschutzrechtlich ist für eine Auslagerung an Dritte u.a. erforderlich, dass eine Vereinbarung abgeschlossen wird und dass der Outsourcingnehmer die Daten nur so bearbeitet, wie es der Arzt selbst tun dürfte. Darüber hinaus darf die Auslagerung nicht durch eine gesetzliche oder vertragliche Geheimhaltungspflicht, wie z.B. das ärztliche Berufsgeheimnis, verboten sein. Die Bestimmungen über das Berufsgeheimnis wurden in den vergangenen Jahren im Zusammenhang mit Outsourcing von Leistungen durch Ärzte rege diskutiert. Trotz anderweitiger, restriktiver Standpunkte sollte IT-Outsourcing allerdings weiterhin als zulässig betrachtet werden, wenn es sich aus sachlichen Gründen rechtfertigen lässt, sich im Rahmen des bei Ärzten Üblichen und Erforderlichen hält und wenn verhältnismässige Massnahmen zur Vermeidung der Bekanntgabe von Personendaten getroffen werden.
CME: Abklärung bei Hypokaliämie
Authors: Diebold Matthias , Kistler Andreas D.
Published: March 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die Hypokaliämie stellt im klinischen Alltag eine der häufigsten Elektrolytstörungen dar, sie ist meist asymptomatisch, kann aber schwerwiegende Folgen haben. Die Ursache einer Hypokaliämie ist oft rasch evident oder lässt sich anhand der Anamnese eruieren. In anderen Fällen ist die Ursache nicht unmittelbar offensichtlich und eine systematische Abklärung unter Berücksichtigung physiologischer bzw. pathophysiologischer Einflüsse auf den Kaliumspiegel ist notwendig. Pathophysiologisch lässt sich grob zwischen einer verminderten Aufnahme, einem transzellulären Shift und einem vermehrten Verlust über Urin, Gastrointestinaltrakt oder Schweiss bzw. einer Kombination dieser Faktoren unterscheiden. Wir diskutieren in diesem Artikel die differenzialdiagnostischen Überlegungen und das diagnostische Vorgehen bei dieser häufigen Elektrolytstörung.
Der Zusammenhang zwischen Schlafproblemen, unzureichender Schlafdauer und psychischen Auffälligkeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Gest Stephanie , Frank Mirjam , Holtmann Martin , Schölmerich Axel , Legenbauer Tanja
Published: March 2019

Zusammenfassung. Schlafprobleme und eine unzureichende Schlafdauer können die psychische Gesundheit im Kindes- und Jugendalter nachhaltig beeinträchtigen. Daten von 6.670 Jungen und Mädchen im Alter von 11 – 13 und 14 – 17 Jahren, aus dem Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurvey (KIGGS), wurden getrennt nach Geschlechtern analysiert, um zu untersuchen, ob Schlafprobleme und eine unzureichende Schlafdauer mit einer höheren Risikowahrscheinlichkeit für psychische Auffälligkeiten einhergehen. Während Schlafprobleme unabhängig von Geschlecht und Alter mit einem höheren Risiko für alle Symptombereiche (OR = 1.52 – 3.49) verbunden sind, findet sich hinsichtlich einer geringen Schlafdauer nur bei Mädchen eine höheres Risikowahrscheinlichkeit für Auffälligkeiten im externalisierenden und internalisierenden Bereich. Damit scheint sich der Zusammenhang zwischen unzureichender Schlafdauer und psychischen Auffälligkeiten bei Jungen und Mädchen zu unterscheiden. Mögliche Ursachen und Implikationen für die pädiatrische und psychiatrische Praxis werden diskutiert.
Long‐Term Cumulative Effects of Intra‐Annual Variability of Unsteady River Discharge on the Progradation of Delta Lobes: A Modeling Perspective
Authors: Gao Weilun , Shao Dongdong , Wang Zheng Bing , Nardin William , Rajput Prateek , Yang Wei , Sun Tao , Cui Baoshan
Published: March 2019

Rivers, regardless of their scales and geographic locations, are characterized with natural and human‐induced variability in their discharges. While previous studies have established the effects of both interannual and intra‐annual variabilities of unsteady river discharge on delta morphological evolution, the long‐term cumulative effects of intra‐annual unsteadiness on the progradation of delta lobes has remained hitherto elusive. To address this issue, numerical experiments using simplified unsteady discharges were performed in Delft3D and compared with those assuming constant bank‐full discharges. A modified box model was further used to explore the effects of varying intra‐annual unsteadiness on the progradation of delta lobes at reduced computational cost. While the overall trends of the progradation and the ultimate area created were found to be similar between the unsteady discharge scenarios and their corresponding constant bank‐full discharge scenarios, the nuances of intermittent zig‐zag variation in natural delta lobe area were well reproduced by model simulations assuming unsteady river discharges. In addition, long‐term predictions suggested the potential existence of a tipping point in the area growth trajectory beyond which the delta lobe area declines during periods of low discharge. When confounding factors such as waves and variable sediment capture ratio were further taken into consideration, simulation results for unsteady river discharge scenarios exhibit significant deviations from constant bank‐full discharge scenarios. The implications of the modeling results for delta protection and restoration measures, such as the water‐sediment regulation scheme in the Yellow River and artificial channel diversions in the Mississippi River Delta, are also discussed.
Benefits of a Multiproxy Approach to Detrital Mineral Provenance Analysis: An Example from the Merrimack River, New England, USA
Authors: Gaschnig Richard M.
Published: March 2019

The advantages in provenance research of U‐Pb dating different detrital minerals along with simultaneously analyzing trace elements is demonstrated in a study of sand from the mouth of the Merrimack River in New England, USA. Zircon ages record episodes of magmatism in the Early Paleozoic, peaking in the Early Devonian, followed by quiescence through the remainder of the Paleozoic and additional magmatic episodes in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Simultaneous measurement of trace elements in zircons reveals a shift from arc magmatism to crustal melting associated with terrane collision in the Early Devonian, while many Jurassic grains are clearly derived from A‐type granites. Detrital monazites and rutiles have Devonian and Permian ages. Many of the older monazites have trace element characteristics suggestive of igneous origin, while Permian monazites are clearly metamorphic and record orogenesis that is absent from the detrital zircon record. Rutile grains have trace element chemistry indicative of mostly metasedimentary source rocks, and Zr thermometry indicates growth under amphibolite facies conditions. Age offsets between monazite and rutile populations provide information about the region's cooling history. Titanite grains have trace element chemistry mostly consistent with igneous origin and U‐Pb ages lining up with minor zircon age populations in the Ordovician‐Silurian and the Middle Devonian, suggesting that these magmatic episodes produced metaluminous compositions. These results show that combining trace element fingerprinting with dating and analyzing multiple detrital mineral species provide a more complete portrait of the geologic history of the sediment source region than U‐Pb dating of zircon alone.
Initial Rifting of the Lhasa Terrane from Gondwana: Insights From the Permian (~262 Ma) Amphibole‐Rich Lithospheric Mantle‐Derived Yawa Basanitic Intrusions in Southern Tibet
Authors: Zeng Yun‐Chuan , Xu Ji‐Feng , Ducea Mihai N. , Chen Jian‐Lin , Huang Feng , Zhang Le
Published: March 2019

The Permian tectonic setting of the Lhasa Terrane in southern Tibet remains controversial (i.e., continental rift vs. subduction‐collision) and is crucial to palinspastic reconstructions of the eastern Tethys during the breakup of Gondwana. In this study, we present new geochronological, geochemical, and mineralogical data for the Permian (~262 Ma) Yawa intrusions in the southern Lhasa Terrane. These rocks are silica‐undersaturated and alkaline, with high TiO2 and moderate MgO, and exhibit enrichments in Th, light rare earth elements, and Nb‐Ta, and depletions in K. These chemical compositions, combined with uniform whole‐rock (87Sr/86Sr)i (0.7039–0.7044), εNd(t) (1.85–2.81), and εHf(t) (4.21–6.90) values, and zircon εHf(t) (4.53–9.97) and δ18O (5.04‰–5.76‰) values, indicate the magmas were derived by partial melting of amphibole‐rich lithospheric mantle. The magmas subsequently underwent fractionation of clinopyroxene, amphibole, and Fe‐Ti oxides. The amphibole in the lithospheric mantle likely formed as cumulates from low‐degree asthenospheric melts during incipient extension. Given that the amphibole‐rich metasomatic veins have a lower melting temperature than the surrounding peridotite, they were susceptible to melting during the early stages of thermal perturbation of the mantle. Because there is no evidence of Permian continental subsidence in the Lhasa Terrane, we suggest the Yawa intrusions were formed at the onset of lithospheric extension associated with initial rifting of the Lhasa Terrane from the Indian Plate during Gondwana breakup, which was a precursor to the opening of the Neo‐Tethys Ocean.
A Midlatitude HF Propagation Experiment Over New Mexico
Authors: Munton David , Rainwater D. , Gaussiran T. , Calfas R. , Reay M. , Schofield J. , Fleischmann A.
Published: March 2019

We describe a midlatitude ionospheric measurement experiment conducted 19–27 January 2014 at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, United States. This experiment was one of a series of experiments conducted under the IARPA high‐frequency Geo program. The objective was to develop a data set to be used by data assimilation studies focused on modeling of the bottomside of ionosphere and high‐frequency signal propagation. We outline the specific objectives of the experiment and the experimental configuration and describe the transmit sites and antenna array that allowed us to estimate angles‐of‐arrival for both O‐ and X‐mode signals. We provide a detailed example from 22 January 2014. This period shows the variations characteristic of medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances. We use the data from this period to estimate the resolution of our angle‐of‐arrival measurements to be about 0.1°.
Correction: Management of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: novel agents, antibodies, immunotherapies and beyond
Authors: Chim C. S. , Kumar S. K. , Orlowski R. Z. , Cook G. , Richardson P. G. , Gertz M. A. , Giralt S. , Mateos M. V. , Leleu X. , Anderson K. C.
Published: March 2019

Following the publication of this article the authors noted that the MRD data under the Table 1 column “Remark” of Aspire should go to that of Pollux. The authors wish to apologize for any inconvenience caused. The corrected table is attached to this correction.
A full vectorial mapping of nanophotonic light fields
Authors: le Feber B. , Sipe J. E. , Wulf M. , Kuipers L. , Rotenberg N.
Published: March 2019

Light is a union of electric and magnetic fields, and nowhere is the complex relationship between these fields more evident than in the near fields of nanophotonic structures. There, complicated electric and magnetic fields varying over subwavelength scales are generally present, which results in photonic phenomena such as extraordinary optical momentum, superchiral fields, and a complex spatial evolution of optical singularities. An understanding of such phenomena requires nanoscale measurements of the complete optical field vector. Although the sensitivity of near-field scanning optical microscopy to the complete electromagnetic field was recently demonstrated, a separation of different components required a priori knowledge of the sample. Here, we introduce a robust algorithm that can disentangle all six electric and magnetic field components from a single near-field measurement without any numerical modeling of the structure. As examples, we unravel the fields of two prototypical nanophotonic structures: a photonic crystal waveguide and a plasmonic nanowire. These results pave the way for new studies of complex photonic phenomena at the nanoscale and for the design of structures that optimize their optical behavior.
Bright-field holography: cross-modality deep learning enables snapshot 3D imaging with bright-field contrast using a single hologram
Authors: Wu Yichen , Luo Yilin , Chaudhari Gunvant , Rivenson Yair , Calis Ayfer , de Haan Kevin , Ozcan Aydogan
Published: March 2019

Digital holographic microscopy enables the 3D reconstruction of volumetric samples from a single-snapshot hologram. However, unlike a conventional bright-field microscopy image, the quality of holographic reconstructions is compromised by interference fringes as a result of twin images and out-of-plane objects. Here, we demonstrate that cross-modality deep learning using a generative adversarial network (GAN) can endow holographic images of a sample volume with bright-field microscopy contrast, combining the volumetric imaging capability of holography with the speckle- and artifact-free image contrast of incoherent bright-field microscopy. We illustrate the performance of this “bright-field holography” method through the snapshot imaging of bioaerosols distributed in 3D, matching the artifact-free image contrast and axial sectioning performance of a high-NA bright-field microscope. This data-driven deep-learning-based imaging method bridges the contrast gap between coherent and incoherent imaging, and enables the snapshot 3D imaging of objects with bright-field contrast from a single hologram, benefiting from the wave-propagation framework of holography.