bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Myelination of the Nervous System: Mechanisms and Functions
Authors: Nave Klaus-Armin , Werner Hauke B.
Published: October 2014

Myelination of axons in the nervous system of vertebrates enables fast, saltatory impulse propagation, one of the best-understood concepts in neurophysiology. However, it took a long while to recognize the mechanistic complexity both of myelination by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and of their cellular interactions. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of myelin biogenesis, its lifelong plasticity, and the reciprocal interactions of myelinating glia with the axons they ensheath. In the central nervous system, myelination is also stimulated by axonal activity and astrocytes, whereas myelin clearance involves microglia/macrophages. Once myelinated, the long-term integrity of axons depends on glial supply of metabolites and neurotrophic factors. The relevance of this axoglial symbiosis is illustrated in normal brain aging and human myelin diseases, which can be studied in corresponding mouse models. Thus, myelinating cells serve a key role in preserving the connectivity and functions of a healthy nervous system.
Microscopic Evaluation of Leaves ofMemecylon umbellatumBurm
Authors: Killedar Suresh G. , More Harinath N. , Nadaf Sameer J.
Published: October 2014

Objective. Aim of present work is to perform the microscopic evaluation and physicochemical analysis and to explore the morphology parameters ofMemecylon umbellatumBurm leaves.Methods. Fresh, dried and desiccated powdered leaf samples were studied for their morphology, microscopy, organoleptic characters, and an assortment of other WHO recommended methods for standardisation.Results. The microscopy revealed the dorsiventral nature of the leaf. Midrib showed presence of nonlignified phloem, lignified xylem with well-defined xylem fibers, vessels, and parenchyma. Presence of Phloecentric vascular bundles surrounded by endodermis and crystal sheath. Well-defined patches of collenchyma were observed above and below the vascular bundles in the midrib area. Trichomes are mostly absent and stomata (anomocytic) were observed on both epidermal surfaces.Conclusions. It can be concluded that the microscopic analysis and pharmacognostic parameters can serve as tool for developing standards for proper authentication, quality, and purity ofMemecylon umbellatumBurm leaves.
Interest Measures for Fuzzy Association Rules Based on Expectations of Independence
Authors: Burda Michal
Published: October 2014

Lift, leverage, and conviction are three of the best commonly known interest measures for crisp association rules. All of them are based on a comparison of observed support and the support that is expected if the antecedent and consequent part of the rule were stochastically independent. The aim of this paper is to provide a correct definition of lift, leverage, and conviction measures for fuzzy association rules and to study some of their interesting mathematical properties.
Physical and Aerodynamic Properties of Lavender in relation to Harvest Mechanisation
Authors: Dimitriadis Christos I. , Brighton James L. , O’Dogherty Mike J. , Kokkora Maria I. , Darras Anastasios I.
Published: October 2014

A laboratory study evaluated the physical and aerodynamic properties of lavender cultivars in relation to the design of an improved lavender harvester that allows removal of flowers from the stem using the stripping method. The identification of the flower head adhesion, stem breakage, and aerodynamic drag forces were conducted using an Instron 1122 instrument. Measurements on five lavender cultivars at harvest moisture content showed that the overall mean flower detachment force from the stem was 11.2 N, the mean stem tensile strength was 36.7 N, and the calculated mean ultimate tensile stress of the stem was 17.3 MPa. The aerodynamic measurements showed that the drag force is related with the flower surface area. Increasing the surface area of the flower head by 93% of the “Hidcote” cultivar produced an increase in drag force of between 24.8% and 50.6% for airflow rates of 24 and 65 m s−1, respectively. The terminal velocities of the flower heads of the cultivar ranged between 4.5 and 5.9 m s−1, which results in a mean drag coefficient of 0.44. The values of drag coefficients were compatible with well-established values for the appropriate Reynolds numbers.
The Development of Horner Syndrome following a Stabbing
Authors: Sayan Muhammet , Çelik Ali
Published: October 2014

The features of Horner Syndrome are miosis, ptosis, enophthalmos, and anhidrosis on the same side as the etiologic pathology. Its causes include tumours, aneurysms, neck and chest surgery, and neck and chest trauma. This paper presents a case of Horner Syndrome due to a haemopneumothorax following penetrating chest trauma.
Metastatic Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma Secreting Thyroid Hormone and Radioiodine Avid without Stimulation: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Abid Syed A. , Stack Brendan C. , Bodenner Donald L.
Published: October 2014

Introduction. This is an extremely rare case of a patient with metastatic follicular thyroid cancer who continued to produce thyroid hormone and was iodine scan positive without stimulation after thyroidectomy and radioiodine (I-131) therapy.Patient Findings. A 76-year-old Caucasian male was diagnosed with metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma on lung nodule biopsy. Total thyroidectomy was performed and he was ablated with 160 mCi of I-131 after recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) stimulation. Whole body scan (WBS) after treatment showed uptake in bilateral lungs, right sacrum, and pelvis. The thyroglobulin decreased from 2,063 to 965 four months after treatment but rapidly increased to 2,506 eleven months after I-131. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) remained suppressed and free T4 remained elevated after I-131 therapy without thyroid hormone supplementation. He was treated with an additional 209 mCi with WBS findings positive in lung and pelvis. Despite I-131, new metastatic lesions were noted in the left thyroid bed and large destructive lesion to the first cervical vertebrae four months after the second I-131 dose.Conclusions. This case is exceptional because of its rarity and also due to the dissociation between tumor differentiation and aggressiveness. The metastatic lesions continued to secrete thyroid hormone and remained radioiodine avid with rapid progression after I-131 therapy.
On Construction of Solutions of Evolutionary Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation
Authors: Melnikov Andrey
Published: October 2014

In this work we present an application of a theory of vessels to a solution of the evolutionary nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation. The classes of functions for which the initial value problem is solvable rely on the existence of an analogue of the inverse scattering theory for the usual NLS equation. This approach is similar to the classical approach of Zakharov-Shabath for solving evolutionary NLS equation but has an advantage of simpler formulas and new techniques and notions to understand the solutions.
Lichenoid Dermatitis in Three Patients with Metastatic Melanoma Treated with Anti–PD-1 Therapy
Authors: Joseph Richard W. , Cappel Mark , Goedjen Brent , Gordon Matthew , Kirsch Brandon , Gilstrap Cheryl , Bagaria Sanjay , Jambusaria-Pahlajani Anokhi
Published: October 2014

Therapies that activate the immune system through blocking the binding of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) present on tumors and PD-1 (programmed death 1) present on activated immune cells are revolutionizing the care for patients with cancer. These therapies work by inhibiting negative regulators of the immune system, thereby decreasing a tumor's ability to evade the immune system. The side effects of anti–PD-1/PD-L1 therapies are generally mild and as expected are related to autoimmune reactions. Two of the most common side effects of anti–PD-1/PD-L1 therapies are rash and pruritus occurring in approximately 20% of patients. Although the rash is generally recognized to be immune mediated, the exact mechanisms of the rash remain unclear. Herein, we report three cases of lichenoid dermatitis in three patients treated with MK-3475 (anti–PD-1) that were characterized with marked T-cell infiltrates with few PD-1–positive cells. The rashes in all three patients were relatively mild, allowing treatment to continue despite the rashes. Cancer Immunol Res; 3(1); 18–22. ©2014 AACR.
Implant and Clinical Characteristics for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Patients in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Registry
Authors: Jordan Christopher P. , Freedenberg Vicki , Wang Yongfei , Curtis Jeptha P. , Gleva Marye J. , Berul Charles I.
Published: October 2014

Background—

In 2010, the National Cardiovascular Data Registry enhanced pediatric, nonatherosclerotic structural heart disease and congenital heart disease (CHD) data collection. This report characterizes CHD and pediatric patients undergoing implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation.

Methods and Results—

In this article, we report implantable cardioverter defibrillator procedures (April 2010 to December 2012) in the registry for 2 cohorts: (1) all patients with CHD (atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, Ebstein anomaly, transposition of the great vessels, and common ventricle) and (2) patients <21 years. We evaluated indications and characteristics to include transvenous and nontransvenous lead implants, CHD type, and New York Heart Association class. There were 3139 CHD procedures, 1601 for patients <21 years and 126 for CHD <21 years. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator indications for patients with CHD were primary prevention in 1943 (61.9%) and secondary prevention in 1107 (35.2%). Pediatric patients had 935 (58.4%) primary prevention and 588 (36.7%) secondary prevention devices. Primary prevention had higher New York Heart Association class. Nontransvenous age (35.9±23.2 versus 40.1±24.6 years;
P
=0.05) and nontransvenous height (167.1±18.9 cm; range, 53–193 cm versus 170.4±13.1 cm; range, 61–203 cm;
P
<0.01) were lower than for transvenous patients. CHD and pediatrics had similar rates of transvenous (97%) and nontransvenous (3%) leads and did not differ from the overall registry. Transposition of the great vessels and common ventricle had higher rates of nontransvenous leads.

Conclusions—

Primary prevention exceeds secondary prevention for CHD and pediatrics. Nontransvenous lead patients were younger, with higher rates of transposition of the great vessels and common ventricle patients compared with transvenous lead patients.
Wireless Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring Guides Management to Reduce Decompensation in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Adamson Philip B. , Abraham William T. , Bourge Robert C. , Costanzo Maria Rosa , Hasan Ayesha , Yadav Chethan , Henderson John , Cowart Pam , Stevenson Lynne Warner
Published: October 2014

Background—

No treatment strategies have been demonstrated to be beneficial for the population for patients with heart failure (HF) and preserved ejection fraction (EF).

Methods and Results—

The CardioMEMS Heart Sensor Allows Monitoring of Pressure to Improve Outcomes in NYHA Class III Heart Failure Patients (CHAMPION) trial was a prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial testing the hypothesis that hemodynamically guided HF management decreases decompensation leading to hospitalization. Of the 550 patients enrolled in the study, 119 had left ventricular EF ≥40% (average, 50.6%), 430 patients had low left ventricular EF (<40%; average, 23.3%), and 1 patient had no documented left ventricular EF. A microelectromechanical system pressure sensor was permanently implanted in all participants during right heart catheterization. After implant, subjects were randomly assigned in single-blind fashion to a treatment group in whom daily uploaded pressures were used in a treatment strategy for HF management or to a control group in whom standard HF management included weight-monitoring, and pressures were uploaded but not available for investigator use. The primary efficacy end point of HF hospitalization rate >6 months for preserved EF patients was 46% lower in the treatment group compared with control (incidence rate ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.38–0.70;
P
<0.0001). After an average of 17.6 months of blinded follow-up, the hospitalization rate was 50% lower (incidence rate ratio, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.35–0.70;
P
<0.0001). In response to pulmonary artery pressure information, more changes in diuretic and vasodilator therapies were made in the treatment group.

Conclusions—

Hemodynamically guided management of patients with HF with preserved EF reduced decompensation leading to hospitalization compared with standard HF management strategies.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00531661.
Renal Hemodynamic Effects of Serelaxin in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Voors Adriaan A. , Dahlke Marion , Meyer Sven , Stepinska Janina , Gottlieb Stephen S. , Jones Andrew , Zhang Yiming , Laurent Didier , Slart Riemer H.J.A. , Navis Gerjan J.
Published: October 2014

Background—

Serelaxin is a promising therapy for acute heart failure. The renal hemodynamic effects of serelaxin in patients with chronic heart failure are unknown.

Methods and Results—

In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study, patients with New York Heart Association Class II to III chronic heart failure, left ventricular ejection fraction ≤45%, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 30 to 89 mL/min per 1.73 m
2
received intravenous serelaxin 30 μg/kg per day or placebo for 24 hours. Primarily, we assessed the difference between serelaxin and placebo on renal plasma flow (para-aminohippuric acid clearance) and GFR (iothalamate clearance) over 8 to 24 hours. All 22 patients from 1 clinical site were excluded from primary analyses before unblinding because of implausible measurements. The primary analysis comprised 65 patients, mean age was 68 (±10) years, 89% were male, mean estimated GFR was 64 (±19) mL/min per 1.73 m
2
, and 34% had New York Heart Association Class III symptoms. Renal plasma flow increased by 29% with serelaxin and 14% with placebo (13% relative increase with serelaxin;
P
=0.0386), whereas GFR changes did not differ significantly during 8 to 24 hours. Filtration fraction increased by 36% with serelaxin and 62% with placebo (16% relative decrease with serelaxin;
P
=0.0019) during 8 to 24 hours. Changes in systolic blood pressure were largely similar, and creatinine clearance did not differ between groups. Adverse event rates were similar with serelaxin (20.5%) and placebo (25.0%).

Conclusions—

In patients with chronic heart failure, serelaxin increased renal plasma flow and reduced the increase in filtration fraction compared with placebo, but did not affect GFR. These results suggest beneficial renal hemodynamic effects in patients with chronic heart failure.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01546532.
A miR-208–Mef2 Axis Drives the Decompensation of Right Ventricular Function in Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Paulin Roxane , Sutendra Gopinath , Gurtu Vikram , Dromparis Peter , Haromy Alois , Provencher Steeve , Bonnet Sebastien , Michelakis Evangelos D.
Published: October 2014

Rationale:

Right ventricular (RV) failure is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in pulmonary hypertension, but its mechanism remains unknown. Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (Mef2) has been implicated in RV development, regulating metabolic, contractile, and angiogenic genes. Moreover, Mef2 regulates microRNAs that have emerged as important determinants of cardiac development and disease, but for which the role in RV is still unclear.

Objective:

We hypothesized a critical role of a Mef2-microRNAs axis in RV failure.

Methods and Results:

In a rat pulmonary hypertension model (monocrotaline), we studied RV free wall tissues from rats with normal, compensated, and decompensated RV hypertrophy, carefully defined based on clinically relevant parameters, including RV systolic and end-diastolic pressures, cardiac output, RV size, and morbidity. Mef2c expression was sharply increased in compensating phase of RVH tissues but was lost in decompensation phase of RVH. An unbiased screening of microRNAs in our model resulted to a short microRNA signature of decompensated RV failure, which included the myocardium-specific miR-208, which was progressively downregulated as RV failure progressed, in contrast to what is described in left ventricular failure. With mechanistic in vitro experiments using neonatal and adult RV cardiomyocytes, we showed that miR-208 inhibition, as well as tumor necrosis factor-α, activates the complex mediator of transcription 13/nuclear receptor corepressor 1 axis, which in turn promotes Mef2 inhibition, closing a self-limiting feedback loop, driving the transition from compensating phase of RVH toward decompensation phase of RVH. In our model, serum tumor necrosis factor-α levels progressively increased with time while serum miR-208 levels decreased, mirroring its levels in RV myocardium.

Conclusions:

We describe an RV-specific mechanism for heart failure, which could potentially lead to new biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Resistive and Pulsatile Arterial Load as Predictors of Left Ventricular Mass and Geometry
Authors: Zamani Payman , Bluemke David A. , Jacobs David R. , Duprez Daniel A. , Kronmal Richard , Lilly Scott M. , Ferrari Victor A. , Townsend Raymond R. , Lima Joao A. , Budoff Matthew , Segers Patrick , Hannan Peter , Chirinos Julio A.
Published: October 2014

Arterial load is composed of resistive and various pulsatile components, but their relative contributions to left ventricular (LV) remodeling in the general population are unknown. We studied 4145 participants enrolled in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, who underwent cardiac MRI and radial arterial tonometry. We computed systemic vascular resistance (SVR=mean arterial pressure/cardiac output) and indices of pulsatile load including total arterial compliance (TAC, approximated as stroke volume/central pulse pressure), forward wave amplitude (
P
f
), and reflected wave amplitude (
P
b
). TAC and SVR were adjusted for body surface area to allow for appropriate sex comparisons. We performed allometric adjustment of LV mass for body size and sex and computed standardized regression coefficients (β) for each measure of arterial load. In multivariable regression models that adjusted for multiple confounders, SVR (β=0.08;
P
<0.001), TAC (β=0.44;
P
<0.001),
P
b
(β=0.73;
P
<0.001), and
P
f
(β=−0.23;
P
=0.001) were significant independent predictors of LV mass. Conversely, TAC (β=−0.43;
P
<0.001), SVR (β=0.22;
P
<0.001), and
P
f
(β=−0.18;
P
=0.004) were independently associated with the LV wall/LV cavity volume ratio. Women demonstrated greater pulsatile load than men, as evidenced by a lower indexed TAC (0.89 versus 1.04 mL/mm Hg per square meter;
P
<0.0001), whereas men demonstrated a higher indexed SVR (34.0 versus 32.8 Wood Units×m
2
;
P
<0.0001). In conclusion, various components of arterial load differentially associate with LV hypertrophy and concentric remodeling. Women demonstrated greater pulsatile load than men. For both LV mass and the LV wall/LV cavity volume ratio, the loading sequence (ie, early load versus late load) is an important determinant of LV response to arterial load.
Ischemic Heart Disease Diagnosed Before Sudden Cardiac Arrest Is Independently Associated With Improved Survival
Authors: Stecker Eric C. , Teodorescu Carmen , Reinier Kyndaron , Uy‐Evanado Audrey , Mariani Ronald , Chugh Harpriya , Gunson Karen , Jui Jonathan , Chugh Sumeet S.
Published: October 2014

Background

Sudden cardiac arrest (
SCA
) is a significant public health problem, and rates of survival after resuscitation remain well below 10%. While several resuscitation‐related factors are consistently associated with survival from
SCA
, the impact of specific comorbid conditions has not been assessed.

Methods and Results

The Oregon Sudden Unexpected Study is an ongoing, multisource, community‐based study in Portland, Oregon. Patients with
SCA
who underwent attempted resuscitation between 2002 and 2012 were included in this analysis if there were both arrest and prearrest medical records available. Information from the emergency medical services system, medical examiner, public health division, hospitals, and clinics was used to adjudicate
SCA
, evaluate comorbidities, and identify medical treatments. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate the influence of prearrest comorbidities on survival to hospital discharge. Among 1466 included patients, established resuscitation‐related predictors (Utstein factors) were associated with survival, consistent with prior reports. When a panel of prearrest comorbidities was evaluated along with Utstein factors, recognized coronary artery disease was significantly associated and predicted
higher
odds of survival (unadjusted odds ratio 1.5,
P
<0.001; adjusted odds ratio 1.5,
P
=0.02). In multivariable logistic models, prearrest coronary artery disease modified the survival effects of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation, but did not modify other Utstein factors.

Conclusions

An established diagnosis of coronary artery disease was associated with 50% higher odds of survival from resuscitated
SCA
after adjustment for all arrest‐related predictors. These findings raise novel potential mechanistic insights into survival after
SCA
, while highlighting the importance of early recognition and treatment of coronary artery disease.
New record of the bush cricket, Zvenella yunnana Gorochov (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Podoscirtinae) from India
Authors: MAL JHABAR , NAGAR RAJENDRA , SWAMINATHAN R.
Published: October 2014

The first record of a known species of bush cricket, Zvenella yunnana (Gryllidae: Podoscirtinae), collected from the North-eastern province, Meghalaya (India) is reported. Previously, the species was reported from Thailand and the Indo-China region (Gorochov, 1985, 1988). The other congeneric species reported is Zvenella geniculata (Chopard) from Thailand. The morphological characterization of Z. yunnana has been presented with suitable illustrations.
Gasteruption youngi sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea: Gasteruptiidae)
from South Australia; an unusual species with trichoid sensilla on the ovipositor sheaths
Authors: JENNINGS JOHN T. , PARSLOW BEN
Published: October 2014

Gasteruption youngi, sp. nov. (Evanioidea: Gasteruptiidae) is described based on several female specimens from South Australia. The new species is unusual in that it has stout trichoid sensilla on the ovipositor sheaths and long, thin trichoid sensilla on metasomal tergites T3–T8. The likely host is the colletid bee Euryglossula microdonta (Rayment, 1934).
Impact of Atmosphere and Land Surface Initial Conditions on Seasonal Forecasts of Global Surface Temperature
Authors: Materia Stefano , Borrelli Andrea , Bellucci Alessio , Alessandri Andrea , Di Pietro Pierluigi , Athanasiadis Panagiotis , Navarra Antonio , Gualdi Silvio
Published: October 2014

The impact of land surface and atmosphere initialization on the forecast skill of a seasonal prediction system is investigated, and an effort to disentangle the role played by the individual components to the global predictability is done, via a hierarchy of seasonal forecast experiments performed under different initialization strategies. A realistic atmospheric initial state allows an improved equilibrium between the ocean and overlying atmosphere, increasing the model predictive skill in the ocean. In fact, in regions characterized by strong air–sea coupling, the atmosphere initial condition affects forecast skill for several months. In particular, the ENSO region, eastern tropical Atlantic, and North Pacific benefit significantly from the atmosphere initialization. On the mainland, the effect of atmospheric initial conditions is detected in the early phase of the forecast, while the quality of land surface initialization affects forecast skill in the following seasons. Winter forecasts in the high-latitude plains benefit from the snow initialization, while the impact of soil moisture initial state is particularly effective in the Mediterranean region and central Asia.

However, the initialization strategy based on the full value technique may not be the best choice for land surface, since soil moisture is a strongly model-dependent variable: in fact, initialization through land surface reanalysis does not systematically guarantee a skill improvement. Nonetheless, using a different initialization strategy for land, as opposed to atmosphere and ocean, may generate inconsistencies. Overall, the introduction of a realistic initialization for land and atmosphere substantially increases skill and accuracy. However, further developments in the procedure for land surface initialization are required for more accurate seasonal forecasts.
Influence of SST Anomalies on Winter Turbulent Heat Fluxes in the Eastern Kuroshio–Oyashio Confluence Region
Authors: Sugimoto Shusaku
Published: October 2014

Variations in the turbulent heat flux (THF; the sum of the sensible and latent heat fluxes) in the eastern Kuroshio–Oyashio confluence region (EKOCR; 36°–40°N, 155°–160°E) were investigated over a period of 27 consecutive winters (December–February) from 1985/86 to 2011/12. The THF was calculated from a bulk formula using daily variables [surface wind speed, surface air specific humidity, surface air temperature, and sea surface temperature (SST)] of the objectively analyzed air–sea fluxes (OAFlux) dataset and bulk coefficients based on the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) bulk flux algorithm 3.0. The winter THF over the EKOCR showed low-frequency variations, with larger THF values in the early 2000s and smaller values in the late 1990s and late 2000s. The heat release in the early 2000s was up to ~40% greater than that in the late 1990s and late 2000s. By performing experiments using combinations of daily raw data values and daily climatological data, the relative contributions of SST, surface air specific humidity, surface air temperature, and surface wind speed were quantitatively assessed in determining the THF over the EKOCR. Results showed that SST predominantly determines the THF: large amounts of heat are released during times of positive SST anomalies. By using Argo float (temperature–salinity) profiles of 2003–12 and a satellite altimetry dataset of 1992–2012, it was found that the warm–salty water transported by an occurrence of the Kuroshio bifurcation was responsible for the generation of positive SST anomalies in the EKOCR.
On the Variability of Antarctic Circumpolar Current Fronts Inferred from 1992–2011 Altimetry*
Authors: Kim Yong Sun , Orsi Alejandro H.
Published: October 2014

Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) fronts, defined as water mass boundaries, have been known to respond to large-scale atmospheric variabilities, especially the Southern Hemisphere annular mode (SAM) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Distinct patterns of localized variability in meridional front displacements during 1992–2011 are derived from the analysis of satellite sea surface height data. Major basin-scale differences are found between the southeast Pacific (150°–90°W) and the southeast Indian (75°–150°E) sectors of the ACC. Frontal positions in the southeast Pacific show large year-to-year meridional fluctuations, attributed mostly to ENSO and in part SAM, and no apparent seasonal cycles or long-term trends. In contrast, summer (winter) frontal locations in the southeast Indian extend farther to the south (north) of their long-term mean distribution. A southward drift of ACC fronts is indicated over the Indian sector during the past two decades. This long-term shift is not directly related to the atmospheric variabilities, but this is most likely in response to changes in large-scale ocean circulation, in particular to the poleward expansion of the Indian subtropical gyre. The existence of these localized, contrasting variability patterns suggests that a circumpolar-averaging analysis could possibly smooth out a local climate signal, with an emphasis on a basin-scale investigation for climate studies in the Southern Ocean.
Surface acting in service: A two-context examination of customer power and politeness
Authors: Wessel Jennifer L , Steiner Dirk D
Published: October 2014

To date, the role of employee perceptions of customers has largely been overlooked in the emotional labor literature, particularly in the area of customer power. In two studies, we first examined the relationships between perceptions of the customer (i.e. power and politeness), surface acting and job-related outcomes in a typical service context (a department store; Study 1) and then explored the generalizability of these findings to a health care service context (a nursing home; Study 2), in which customer–employee relationships, the emotional climate and customer behavior norms differ substantially. Survey results indicate that for department store employees, perceiving customers as having higher power was associated with more reported surface acting and that certain negative effects of surface acting were exacerbated by interacting with impolite customers. These results were not replicated in our sample of nursing home employees. Our research suggests that customer-related variables have an impact on surface acting strategies, both in terms of usage and its relationship to job-related outcomes in certain service contexts. Divergent findings across our two studies suggest that different service contexts may require different assumptions regarding surface acting, customer perceptions and outcomes.
The changing status and growth of social work education worldwide: Process, findings and implications of the IASSW 2010 census
Authors: Barretta-Herman Angeline , Leung Patrick , Littlechild Brian , Parada Henry , Wairire Gidraph G
Published: October 2014

The dramatic growth in social work education is documented in the International Association of Schools of Social Work’s 2010 census of institutions offering at least one degree program in social work. The census gathered data on program structure, personnel, student enrollment and curriculum from 473 respondents in the five IASSW regions. Half of the respondents reported requiring course content in social work history, values or ethics, and 20 percent of required courses are taught by non-social work educators. The expansion of social work programs is indicative of social work’s untapped potential for delivering social justice content on the international stage.
Individualism and First Person Pronoun Use in Written Texts Across Languages
Authors: Uz Irem
Published: October 2014

The previous studies showed that the use of first person singular pronoun, that is, “I,” primes the independent self, whereas the use of the first person plural pronoun, that is, “we,” primes the interdependent self. A different line of research discovered a strong correlation between societal level of individualism and the overall requirement of explicit personal pronoun use in a language. The present study provided a competitive test of these two hypotheses by utilizing Google Books Ngram database of published books in different languages. The sample consisted of published work in American English, British English, English publications other than American and British English, Chinese, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Russian, and Spanish corpora. The results extended the previous individual-level priming experiments on first person singular versus plural pronouns and showed that the relative percentage of first person singular pronoun use in written material across languages reflected the cultural-level individualism. However, there was not a reliable relation between the overall use of explicit pronouns and societal level of individualism.
Mutations of real estate actors’ strategies and modes of capital appropriation in contemporary Phnom Penh
Authors: Fauveaud Gabriel
Published: October 2014

The importance of large-scale real estate projects in Phnom Penh’s contemporary development has been stressed in recent research. However, an important part of the local real estate actors, such as small and medium developers, or the emerging elite, has been overlooked. In consequence, important aspects of the reorganisation of the urban spaces production processes after 1980 remain unknown. Using a cross typology of both real estate actors and modes of real estate capital appropriation, I underline the evolution of developer’s actions and strategies since the 1980s. I argue that local real estate actors represent the core of Phnom Penh’s transformations, and have to be studied through a socio-historical perspective. I further argue that an actor-centred approach is necessary to identify the domination structure of the real estate activity. Finally, the article stresses the emergence of new groups of interest (associations of professionals), which will certainly participate to transform power relationships in Phnom Penh’s real estate sector.
The State of Tourism Futures Research
Authors: Yeoman Ian Seymour , Beeton Sue
Published: October 2014

The Asia Pacific region is the focus for the future of world tourism and thus the future catalyst for tourism research as the process of internationalization shapes academic knowledge and creation. This special issue of the Journal of Travel Research came about due to the formation of the Travel and Tourism Research Association (TTRA) Asia Pacific Chapter, in which the guest editors pondered on the present state of tourism futures writing in the region. This Special Issue uses an ontological classification to view how researchers see the future of tourism. The classification is based on two dimensions: truth claim (or not) and explanatory claim (or not). Thus, four entities are formed: prediction, prognosis, science fiction, and utopia/dystopia. Seventy percent of articles published are based upon an entity of prognosis or prediction in which authors claim truthfulness, whereas a minority of the articles are classified as science fiction.
Learning words from labeling and directive speech
Authors: Callanan Maureen A. , Akhtar Nameera , Sussman Lisa
Published: October 2014

Despite the common intuition that labeling may be the best way to teach a new word to a child, systematic testing is needed of the prediction that children learn words better from labeling utterances than from directive utterances. Two experiments compared toddlers’ label learning in the context of hearing words used in directive versus labeling utterances. In Study 1 ( N = 64) 24-month-olds learned a novel label equally well from directive and labeling utterances, whereas 18-month-olds only learned in the labeling context. When the novel label was placed at the end of a directive utterance in Study 2 ( N = 16), even 18-month-olds were able to learn it. These findings highlight young children’s flexibility in interpreting words in a variety of contexts, and the importance of considering the various linguistic and non-linguistic settings where words are encountered.
Personal Initiative and Job Performance Evaluations: Role of Political Skill in Opportunity Recognition and Capitalization
Authors: Wihler Andreas , Blickle Gerhard , Ellen B. Parker , Hochwarter Wayne A. , Ferris Gerald R.
Published: October 2014

In recent years, personal initiative has been found to predict job performance. However, implicit in this direct initiative–performance relationship are more complex process dynamics that can be better understood when contextual antecedents, moderators, and mediators are considered. Drawing from perspectives of proactive behavior as a goal-directed process, a research model of personal initiative was tested in a three-study investigation intended to build upon and advance prior work. Specifically, the model indicates that climate for initiative interacts with the social astuteness dimension of political skill (i.e., opportunity recognition) to influence the demonstration of personal initiative, and this first part of the model is tested and supported in Study 1. Then, personal initiative is hypothesized to interact with the interpersonal influence dimension of political skill (i.e., opportunity capitalization) to predict supervisor assessments of job performance, and this part of the model is tested and supported in Study 2. Study 3 provided a test of the entire model and demonstrated support for moderated mediation, thus adding increased confidence in the validity of the theory and findings through constructive replication.
The Bioeconomy as Political Project
Authors: Goven Joanna , Pavone Vincenzo
Published: October 2014

The bioeconomy is becoming increasingly prominent in policy and scholarly literature, but critical examination of the concept is lacking. We argue that the bioeconomy should be understood as a political project, not simply or primarily as a technoscientific or economic one. We use a conceptual framework derived from the work of Karl Polanyi to elucidate the politically performative nature of the bioeconomy through an analysis of an influential Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) initiative, The Bioeconomy to 2030. We argue that this initiative is a response to some of the most acute challenges facing the current neoliberal-capitalist accumulation regime, which seeks to protect and extend that regime, through both what it occludes and what it promotes. Rather than taking the bioeconomy as a description of some subset of economic activity, we regard it as a promissory construct that is meant to induce and facilitate some actions while deterring others; most explicitly, it is meant to bring about a particular set of political–institutional changes that will shape the parameters of possible future action. The bioeconomy concept highlights the potential dangers of failing to situate ethnographic examinations of horizontal micro-relations within a political–economic macro-context that enables and constrains. Scholarly work in science and technology studies and elsewhere that does not recognize the wider politics of the bioeconomy risks unintentionally contributing to the legitimation of this political project.
Material Ordering and the Care of Things
Authors: Denis Jérôme , Pontille David
Published: October 2014

Drawing on an ethnographic study of the installation and maintenance of Paris subway wayfinding system, this article attempts to discuss and specify previous claims that highlight stability and immutability as crucial aspects of material ordering processes. Though in designers’ productions (such as guidelines or graphic manuals), subway signs have been standardized and their consistency has been invested in to stabilize riders’ environment, they appear as fragile and transforming entities in the hands of maintenance workers. These two situated accounts are neither opposite nor paradoxical: they enact different versions of subway signs, the stabilization of which goes through the acknowledgment of their vulnerability. Practices that deal with material fragility are at the center of what we propose, following Annemarie Mol and Maria Puig de la Bellacasa, to term a care of things. Foregrounding such a care of things is a way to surface a largely overlooked dimension of material ordering and to renew how maintainability issues are generally tackled.
A Research Note on Transitions in Out-of-Pocket Spending on Dental Services
Authors: Manski Richard J. , Moeller John F. , Chen Haiyan , Hyde Jody Schimmel , Pepper John V. , St. Clair Patricia A.
Published: October 2014

Objective: We analyze correlates of the direction and magnitude of changes in out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for dental care by older Americans over a recent 4-year period. Methods: We analyzed data from the 2006 and 2008 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. We estimated multinomial logistic models of the direction and linear regression models of the amounts of OOP changes over survey periods. Results: Financial-based factors were more strongly associated with the direction and magnitude of changing self-payments for dental care than were health factors. Discussion: Findings suggested that dental coverage, income, and wealth and changes in these financial factors were more strongly correlated with the persistence of and changes in OOP payments for dental care over time than were health status and changes in health status. The sensitivity to dental coverage changes should be considered as insurance and retirement policy reforms are deliberated.
Anger in families
Authors: Halberstadt Amy G. , Beale Karen S. , Meade Adam W. , Craig Ashley B. , Parker Alison E.
Published: October 2014

We addressed three questions about anger in the family, including the derivation of anger, the presence of anger contagion, and the degree to which family members share perceptions about anger in the family. Seventh-grade children, mothers, and fathers independently reported on the frequency and intensity of anger in six family relationships (child to mother, mother to child, child to father, father to child, mother to father, and father to mother). Analyses based on the social relations model revealed that family members share the belief that anger in the family is the result of individuals’ own styles of anger and, to a lesser degree, is created within unique relationships. Family members also recognized emotion contagion effects across all familial relationships. Overall, children, mothers, and fathers seemed to share perceptions about anger in the family with one exception. Implications for further research and family relationships are discussed.
Creating a Performance Culture
Authors: Destler Katharine Neem
Published: October 2014

Performance management, despite its popularity as a strategy to improve the quality of public services, has had mixed results. One reason is that successful performance management reform depends not just on changes in formal systems but also on changes in organizational values. This article analyzes a large urban school district to measure the role that external incentives and organizational climate play in the development of performance management values. In contrast with prior research, it finds that organizational incentives have only a small effect on the espousal of performance values and have a negative and significant impact on the adoption of performance management behavior. By contrast, organizational climate has a strong and positive impact on performance values. These findings raise serious questions about the efficacy of high-stakes accountability reforms, and highlight the need for policymakers to consider alternate approaches that foster organizational trust and build up a capacity for reform.
On the effect of natural resources on interstate war
Authors: Reuveny Rafael , Barbieri Katherine
Published: October 2014

Many analysts expect that a decline in natural resources and a rise in resource demand will increase the risk of interstate war in the coming decades. Other researchers reject this expectation. Empirical examinations are mostly qualitative case studies, and the few statistical models center primarily on waters. We argue changing resource levels can provide either an incentive or a disincentive for countries to go to war. The net effects by resource are empirical issues. We offer statistical models for a large sample, including several types of renewable and non-renewable resources, and other variables. We find that resource changes impact interstate war, and the magnitude of their impacts is on par with that of non-resource forces, and the effects of one time resource changes linger. The paper examines implications for the coming decades in light of the United States’ National Intelligence Council’s Global Trends 2030 outlook.
Medication-overuse headache in China: Clinical profile, and an evaluation of the ICHD-3 beta diagnostic criteria
Authors: Dong Zhao , Chen Xiaoyan , Steiner Timothy J , Hou Lei , Di Hai , He Mianwang , Dai Wei , Pan Meiyan , Zhang Mingjie , Liu Ruozhuo , Yu Shengyuan
Published: October 2014

Background

Although medication-overuse headache (MOH) is common in China, its clinical profile is not yet fully established. Meanwhile, ICHD-3 beta has been published, but its diagnostic criteria require further validation.

Methods

We retrospectively classified the clinical features of 240 consecutive patients with MOH (55 males, 185 females), whose demographic data, headache features, overused medications (type, quantity, frequency and duration of use), headache-attributed burden, and outcomes were reviewed. We then applied the criteria of the several versions of ICHD (II, IIR and 3-beta) to these patients.

Results

Compared with those with other headaches, patients with MOH were more likely to be less well educated (64.6% vs 42.0% for secondary school or lower, p < 0.0001), and on lower annual incomes (72.3% vs 56.0% for an income of Chinese yuan (CNY) 30,000 or less, p < 0.0001). Combination analgesics were the most commonly overused medications, and, caffeine (89.9%), aminopyrine (70.0%), phenacetin (53.9%) and phenobarbital (48.8%) were the most commonly used specific components of these. Only two patients (0.8%) had previously been given the diagnosis of MOH; accordingly, the median time to diagnosis after the estimated onset of the disorder was 4.0 years. The majority of patients (83.7%) improved with treatment. All 240 patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for MOH according to ICHD-3 beta; only 134 (55.8%) satisfied the diagnostic criteria for definite MOH according to ICHD-II, while 195 (81.2%) met those of ICHD-IIR.

Conclusions

MOH in China is associated with lower educational level and annual income. MOH has rarely been diagnosed and correctly treated in China. ICHD-3 beta appears to be more appropriate for the diagnosis of MOH than previous versions.
Nutrition and Pancreatic Enzyme Intake in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis With Distal Intestinal Obstruction Syndrome
Authors: Declercq Dimitri , Van Biervliet Stephanie , Robberecht Eddy
Published: October 2014

Background: The etiology of distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) remains unclear. Food intake and pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) are often blamed for its occurrence. This study evaluates the nutrition intake and PERT of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) at a first episode of DIOS. Methods: All patients with CF perform annually a 3‐day intake diary to evaluate their caloric, protein, fat, dietary fiber, liquid, and PERT intake. Patients diagnosed with a first episode of DIOS (n = 12) retrospectively completed an intake diary of the 3 days preceding the DIOS episode supervised by an expert dietitian. Results were compared with those of 1 year before and also with 36 CF controls matched for age, sex, genotype, and disease severity. All were pancreatic insufficient. Results: A first DIOS episode was diagnosed in 12 patients with CF. Only the absolute median fat intake (P = .015) and pancreatic enzyme intake (P = .035) were higher at the time of the DIOS attack in comparison to the preceding year. This could result from the difference in data collection or from the recommendations to increase fat intake and concomitant enzyme intake, since this trend was also found in the control group. The significant difference disappears when enzyme intake is expressed as units of lipase/g of fat. No other significant dietary differences were found. Conclusions: This study provides no indications for a potential role of nutrition factors or pancreatic enzymes in the first occurrence of DIOS.