bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Striatal Degeneration Induced by Kainic Acid Administration: Relevance to Morphological Changes in Huntington's Disease
Authors: Marasigan Simeon M. , Sato Masayasu , Miyoshi Koho
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In an attempt to reproduce the characteristic neuronal degeneration pattern in the striatum of human patients with Huntington's disease, the histological and ultra‐structuralfeatures of the degeneration of medium‐sized nerve cells in the striatum and its processes are described in young rats induced by a direct injection of a small amount of kainic acid into the striatum. A light microscopic examination revealed initial edema and necrotic changes at the site of injection. The area surrounding the needle track showed neuronaland dendritic swelling and eosinophilic neurons without the apparent involvement of the passing axons. Later changes consisted of a marked neuronal loss particularly of the smallcells with consequent severe astrocytosis. Electron microscopy showed specific neuronal alterations in the form of ballooned Golgi apparatuses, swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum, dendritic swelling, proliferated neurofilaments and aggregation of polysomes together with a marked disruption of neuropil. Neuronal debris and small dense bodies appeared. The majority of neuronal loss consisted of medium‐sized nerve cells: Type I. Some spheroid bodies and lipid droplets were also observed.
Variables Relating to the Mental Development of Children with Infantile Autism
Authors: Kurita Hiroshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Among 54 variables studied in 194 autistic children, nine variables–meaningful words, pointing, eating without assistance, crane symptoms (maneuvers of letting a person manipulate an object by grasping his or her hand and bringing it close to the object), echolalia, changing clothes without assistance, speech loss (loss of once‐emerged meaningful words before 30 months of age), establishment of toilet‐training and diagnosis of MBD–were correlated significantly to the children's mental development levels with absolute values of Kendall's tau 6 over 0.2. A discriminant analysis showed that three positive correlates, i.e., meaningful words, pointing and echolalia, and a negative correlate, i.e., crane symptoms, were important in distinguishing between young autistics with and without unfavorable mental development and possible poor outcomes.
Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis with Thyrotropin‐Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Authors: Yamane Kiyomi , Osawa Mikio , Kobayashi Itsuro , Maruyama Shoichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Despite the efforts of many workers, the cause and therapy has not been clarified. We carried out the therapeutic trial of thyrotropin releasing hormon (TRH) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) from January, 1979 to January, 1983. There were 16 subjects. The patients were given a low dose (0.5‐2 mg) of TRH intravenously or intramusculary.

Mild to moderate improvement was found in 9 (56%) of 16 patients.

TRH has been reported to have the activating effects on the pyramidal tract, brainstem motor nuclei, and motoneuron in the spinal cord as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. We thought such action of TRH to be useful to the therapy of ALS.
Neurochemical Findings in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Schizophrenic Patients with Tardive Dyskinesia and Neuroleptic‐Induced Parkinsonism
Authors: Saito Toshikazu , Ishizawa Hideaki , Tsuchiya Fumiaki , Ozawa Hiroki , Takahata Naohiko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Monoamine and their acid metabolites were determined in the CSF of 18 drug‐treated chronic schizophrenic patients with the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic‐induced Parkinsonism (Parkinsonism). Six healthy volunteers were used as the control group.

The norepinephrine (NE) levels were found to be significantly higher in the patients with tardive dyskinesia than in the controls. Furthermore, elevated CSF NE levels were also observed in the patients with Parkinsonism. Epinephrine (E) and Dopamine (DA) were not present in the CSF of the control group, whereas measurable levels of DA could be detected in 4 out of 9 and E was found in 8 out of 9 patients with tardive dyskinesia. The mean concentration of HVA was slightly but not significantly elevated in the patients with tardive dyskinesia and Parkinsonism. The mean values of CSF 5‐HIAA were all within the normal range in both patient groups. From the above results, it was suggested that abnormal adrenergic activity rather than abnormal dopaminergic activity may play an important role as a mechanism in the etiopathogenesis of extrapyramidal disorders. Furthermore, in the patients with Parkinsonism, CSF neurochemical observations were similar to those of the patients with tardive dyskinesia in this study. It may help to explain the clinical coexistence of tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic‐induced Parkinsonism.
Focal Perivascular Alterations of White Matter in Herpes Simplex Encephalitis —A Histological and Immunocytochemical Study—
Authors: Hamano Kenzo , Robain Olivier , Gray Franchise , Farkas‐Bargeton Edith
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Several cases of human herpes simplex encephalitis treated with Vidarabin have been investigated with the histological and immunocytochemical techniques. Cases with a subacute evolution revealed areas of focal perivascular myelin destruction in the white matter. The distribution of herpes simplex antigen did not show any preferential localization of the virus in perivascular oligoglia! cells. In contrast, a spatial and temporal relationship has been found between the appearance of immunoglobulin‐bearing cells around the vessels and that of areas of focal perivascular myelin damage. Therefore, it is postulated that the areas of focal destruction of myelin are not related to the cytotoxic effect of the virus but are rather dependent on the immune response of the host.
Interstitial Deletion of the Long Arm of Chromosome 8 without Langer‐Giedion Syndrome
Authors: Kazukawa Satoru , Endo Masaomi , Fujii Tsutomu , Hori Ariyuki , Yamada Kiyomi , Yamaguchi Toshikazu , Aizawa Tadashi , Maruyama Shoji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A case of interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 8 is reported. A chromosome analysis by a high resolution banding revealed the abnormal karyotype, 46, XY, del (8) (qll.2ql3). Although some reports describe an association of 8q deletion with the Langer‐Giedion syndrome, this patient did not have the typical features of this syndrome. It was noted that the patient had amino aciduria, EEG and ECG abnormalities together with other pathological findings.
Chronic Lithium Treatment Decreases [3H]‐Imipramine Binding in Rat Brain
Authors: Maeda Kiyoshi , Tanimoto Kenji , Terada Teruhisa
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effect of a chronic lithium treatment on the [3H]‐imipramine binding in rat brain regions was investigated. In the striatum, an oral administration of lithium for 30 days induced a decrease in the [3H]‐imipramine binding at the concentration of [3′H]‐imipramine, 1.0 nM, compared to the control. Lithium did not affect the [3H]‐imipramine binding in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus. A Scatchard analysis in the striatum revealed a decrease in the number of [3H]‐imipramine binding sites with no changes in the binding affinity. These results suggest that the chronic lithium treatment may produce subsensitivity of the [3H]‐imipramine binding in man and that this effect of the ion may be closely related to the established effect of lithium in the treatment of affective disorders.
Effects of Centrally Acting Drugs on the Frontal Midline Theta Activity in Man
Authors: Mizuki Yasushi , Hamasaki Junko , Hirano Hitoshi , Miyoshi Akira , Yamada Michio , Inanaga Kazutoyo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The frontal midline theta activity which appears during a performance of mental tasks has been designated as Fmθ. Sixteen male university students who showed the appearance of Fm(9 in 3 consecutive days were given 4 centrally acting drugs, i.e., diazepam 5 mg, amobarbital 80 mg, methylphenidate 15 mg and placebo, in a double‐blind, crossover design. Scores were made on the state anxiety scale of Spielberger's State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and EEGs were recorded monopolarly before and during the performance of an arithmetic addition. The test was done twice, before and one hour after the drug administration. Placebo increased the appearance time of Fmθ, decreased the STAI scores and increased the tasks. Diazepam increased the appearance of Fmθ and decreased the state of anxiety but did not influence the amount of tasks. Amobarbital changed neither the appearance of Fmθ nor STAI scores but decreased the tasks slightly. Methylphenidate failed to influence the appearance of Fmθ but increased both the STAI scores and performed tasks. These results suggest that the appearance of Fmθ is influenced by the drugs and that the relief from anxiety might be involved in the appearance of Fmθ.
A Trial of Discontinuation of Barbiturates in Patients with Secondary Generalized Epilepsy
Authors: Kugoh Toshiaki , Hosokawa Kiyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The vast majority of patients with secondary generalized epilepsy (SGE) were under polytherapy including barbiturates. We were able to completely withdraw barbiturates in 17 cases with a refractory course of SGE.

Valproic acid (VPA) is considered as one of the best drugs for SGE. Barbiturates decrease the serum level of VPA and this may lead to a reduced efficacy of VPA. The dosage of VPA was adjusted to attain the level of 100‐150 ju.g/ml. Barbiturates were then gradually decreased and finally discontinued. After six months of follow‐up, 13 patients (76%) showed a reduced seizure frequency. Also, the physical and psychological conditions improved in a good number of cases. Barbiturates are not necessarily required in pharmacotherapy of SGE and may be safely withdrawn.
Three Cases of Chronic Bromisoval Intoxication: Clinical Symptoms and Application of Energy Dispersive X‐ray Analysis (EDX) to Detect Bromine in Serum, Urine and Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Kurokawa Yasuo , Fukatsu Ryo , Takasaka Yoichiro , Chiba Tatsuo , Yamashita Itaru , Asano Yutaka
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Bromisoval has been used as a hypnotic forthe past several decades, and its abuse was known to cause various neurological as well as psychiatric symptoms. Three patients showed a variety of symptoms which could not be explained neuroanatomically: nystagmus, gait disturbance and hyperreflexia of the limbs in all the cases, dysarthria, double vision, hypotonia, ataxic gait and disturbance of consciousness occasionally and auditory agnosia in one case. For the purpose of determining the diagnosis, an energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis (EDX) was used to detect bromine. Five μl of specimens were placed on the carbon‐coated mesh, and using a TN‐2000 analyzer, characteristic X‐ray peaks of bromine were detected in the serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. The sensitivity to detect bromine in the serum was 30 μg/ml.
Familial Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy with Stroke‐like Episodes and Episodic Disturbances of Consciousness: A Study of Pedigree Including Three Generations with Multisystemic Abnormalities
Authors: Shimoji Akitomo , Katsuragi Shoichi , Miyakawa Taihei , Hira Ryoichi , Watanabe Kenjiro , Miyakawa Kohei , Ishitsu Takateru , Miike Teruhisa
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We report here two cases in a family with pleomorphic clinical features which include mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, stroke‐like episodes, episodic disturbances of consciousness and other multisystemic abnormalities. The other signs observed in multisystemic abnormalities were ophthalmoplegia, short stature, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, renal dysfunction, optic atrophy, retinal degeneration, impairment of hearing and mental retardation or deterioration. A symptomatological variation was observed in cases in the same family. It is suggested that these widely varying symptoms may be expressions caused by a common biochemical defect which involves different tissuesin different individuals in the family. The syndromes observed in the present cases were compared with other possibly‐related mitochondrial encephalomyopathies.
Individual Differences in Psychophysiological Responses after Alcohol Ingestion
Authors: Tanaka Takamichi , Mukasa Hirokazu , Yamada Shigeto , Hashimoto Masahiko , Inanaga Kazutoyo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We have conducted a study on the individual differences in psychophysiological responses to alcohol. The subjects were 12 flushers and 12 non‐flushers. In the flushers, significant increases in the blood acetaldehyde (AcH) level, skin temperature and pulse rate were found. In the non‐flushers, on the contrary, no significant increase was observed. There was no difference between the flushers and the non‐flushers concerning the change in the blood ethanol (EtOH) level nor the change of P1 and P2 latencies in photopalpebral reflex (PPR). Also, no difference was found in the change of the state anxiety level.

From these results, we concluded that there exists an obvious discrepancy between the central inhibitory response (elicited by EtOH) and the autonomic response (elicited by AcH) of the human subjects to a small amount of alcohol.
Pharmacokinetic Profiles and Temporal Changes in Quantitative EEG after Imipramine Administrations
Authors: Morita Yoshio , Iwaya Nobuaki , Shinkuma Denji , Miyoshi Koho
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A study of the relationship between pharmacokinetic profiles and temporal changes in quantitative EEG following imipramine administrations showed that a single dose of imipramine administered by different routes decreased the alpha‐power spectra of healthy subjects. The EEG changes were time‐related and their latent period and duration depended not on the plasma levels, but on the pharmacokinetic parameters. These effects were produced by imipramine without the influence of its desmethylated product, desipramine. Also, both single and multiple doses after oral or intramuscular imipramine administrations to depressive patients led to two types of EEG responses, with Type 1 patientsexhibiting fast improvement of their symptoms. Therefore, chronologically‐recorded quantitative EEG should be useful in judging the clinical prognosis of depressive patients after the imipramine treatment. At a steady state, however, neither the EEG recording nor theevaluation of the plasma level is adequate for the judgment.
Kurt Schneider's Schizophrenia –The Picture of Schizophrenia in a Schneider‐Oriented University Clinic–
Authors: Marneros Andreas , Rohde Anke , Deister Arno , Sakamoto Kaoru
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Even in a Schneider‐oriented university clinic, the majority of thediagnoses “schizophrenia” are based on non‐first‐rank symptoms. About one‐fifth of the cases diagnosed as having schizophrenia showed nonproductive symptoms such as disturbances of thought, of affect and of behavior. But the nonproductive forms showed a relatively high density of symptoms. Two‐thirds of the patients are women, one‐third men. Schizophrenia is most frequently diagnosed in the third decade of life. Single people with a low education are more commonly represented. But all this is not valid any longer if we separate schizoaffective psychoses and other atypical psychoses from “pure” schizophrenia.
Industrialization and Mental Health in Japan –Mental Health of Large Enterprise Employees in Their 40s and 50s–
Authors: Kasahara Yomishi , Fujita Osamu , Sakai Katsumasa
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Some difficulties in dealing with the mental health of large company employees in their 40s and 50s are discussed based on the authors' experiences as infirmary psychiatrists over the last decade. Some characteristics of Japanese enterprise are introduced and explained, such as “Tanshin‐Funin,”“Madogiwazoku” and “Shuk‐ko,” which are intimately related to the management system of modern Japanese companies. The most prevalent psychiatric disorders among company employees are briefly discussed. They are usually diligent and hard‐working middle management employees at least until the disorder becomes manifest. From the socio‐psychiatric viewpoint, it is assumed to be of increasing importance to deal with such a large cohort of individuals working in large companies as oneof the significant objects of contemporary hygienic activities.
Essai ďAnalyse Phénoménologico‐destinale
Authors: Bouderlique Joël
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The following article attempts to introduce a coupled analytical method simultaneously based on “Daseinsanalyse” and “Schicksalsanalyse” that we call “phe‐menological analysis of fate.”

One instance of its use is presented here concerning a young French woman who has been hospitalized for a month in a private Japanese hospital before being repatriated to France. During her hospitalization she went through three different phases that we analyse, first according to Schicksalsanalyse, then to Daseinsanalyse and finally from the point of view of the combined approach. Before doing so we present the foundaments of the “phenomenological analysis of fate” showing how it can complement the above methods used separately.

We conclude the article by pointing out that this analytical method is mainly descriptive and that its insight can allow a more specifically adapted therapeutic help.
Serum Levels of Maprotiline and Its Adverse Effects on Depressed Patients
Authors: Kurata Kouichi , Kido Hideki , Hasegawa Mitsuru , Inoue Masao , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The relationships between the side effects of maprotiline (MPT) andthe serum concentration of MPT and desmethylmaprotiline (DMPT) were investigated with 27 blood samplings in 15 depressed inpatients. There were significant correlations between the side effects and serum levels of MPT and DMPT. Mild side effects frequently occurred at levels of more than 130 ng/ml of MPT and 70 ng/ml of DMPT. At more than 220 ng/ml of the MPT levels and 110 ng/ml of DMPT levels, severe side effects occurred. Nearly sigmoidalserum level/side effect response curves occurred with both compounds.
A Comparison of Maprotiline and Its Desmethylated Metabolite Serum Concentrations in Outpatients and Inpatients
Authors: Kurata Kouichi , Kido Hideki , Hasegawa Mitsuru , Inoue Masao , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: An investigation was conducted on drug defaulting in 26 depressed patients (11 outpatients and 15 inpatients) treated with maprotiline (MPT), using the interrogation methods and measurements of drug serum levels. All the outpatients visited the clinic regularly and complied with taking the prescripted drugs as directed. The results were as follows: (1) The relationships between the MPT and desmethylmaprotiline (DMPT) serum levels and the daily MPT doses showed highly linear regressions in all the patients, and in the inpatients and outpatients separately. There were significant differences between the regression coefficients obtained in the outpatients and inpatients with respect to MPT (P < 0.01) and DMPT (P < 0.001). There was a discrepancy between the results from the patients' reports and measurements of the drug serum levels. This finding indicated noncompliance by the outpatients. (2) Comparing various factors of the outpatients to thoseof the inpatients, the DMPT/MPT ratio of the former was higher than that of the latter (P< 0.05). This was also due to the patients' noncompliance, and this ratio, therefore, wasconsidered to be a sensitive marker for checking the compliance of the patients treated with MPT.
Serial Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Authors: Murata Ryosuke , Matsuoka Osamu , Nakajima Seijun , Kawawaki Hisashi , Hattori Hideji , Isshiki Gen , Inoue Yuichi , Maekubo Kuniaki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of a 17‐year‐old girl with subacutesclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) was done several times to monitor the morphological changes and clinical course of the disease by comparison with computed tomographic (CT) scans. The MR image showed lesions that corresponded to the clinical symptoms in the early stages where no abnormalities appeared on the CT scans. The MR images delineated the extentof abnormal areas more clearly than the CT scans. However, the course of neurological manifestations did not always correspond to the MR findings. Serial MR imaging was useful inthe detection and observation of the stages and clinical progress of SSPE.
Intractable Epilepsy and Disturbed Visuomotor Performance
Authors: Yagi Kazuichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The factors relevant to intractability, types of epilepsy and impairment of dexterity in patients with intractable epilepsy were studied independently in different groups of patients. The factors relevant to intractable epilepsy that were disclosed in 202 patients, who required hospitalization more than twice, were as follows: strong seizure propensity, neuropsychiatric disorders including mental deterioration of various degrees, ataxia, personality changes and psychotic episodes, intolerance to antiepileptic drugs due to acute or chronic side effects, idiosyncrasy and internal disorders, self‐induced seizure, misdiagnosis and mistreatment, and breakdown of family care of patients. The types of epilepsy in 224 patients with intractable epilepsy whose seizures were not adequately controlled and recurred on a monthly basis in spite of hospitalization were classified as follows: 101 patients with localization‐related epilepsies or syndromes, 106 with generalized epilepsies or syndromes, 16 with undetermined epilepsies or syndromes and one with specific syndrome. In regard to partial epilepsies, frontal lobe epilepsy and partial epilepsy with multiple foci were at least partially intractable as temporal lobe epilepsy. With respect to intractable generalized epilepsies, miscellaneous symptomatic generalized epilepsies like intractable grand mal epilepsy with progressive mental retardation in childhood were as important as Lennox‐Gastaut or West syndrome though it defies classification into any established syndromes. The proposed International Classification of Epileptic Syndromes and Epilepsies1 was found adequate for analysis of intractable epilepsy. The disturbance of fine motor performance found in 84 patients who participated in occupational therapy was investigated by test programs comprising nine subbatteries. Disturbance of manual dexterity was found in about 80% of the patients and that of the visuomotor performance in about 90%. These impairments seemed to be responsible for the patients failing to be properly employed. It is necessary that in addition to persisting seizures, neuropsychological impairment must be identified for better social care for patients with intractable epilepsy.
Changes in Brain Thyrotropin‐Releasing Hormone (TRH) of El Mice
Authors: Yamashita Kimio , Nakashima Makoto , Kajita Saburo , Hiramatsu Midori , Ogawa Norio , Mori Akitane , Sato Mitsumoto
Published: March 2008

The present study showed that DN‐1417 had a dose‐dependent anticonvulsant activity on El mouse seizure. This finding is consistent with other reports using the kindling model of epilepsy. Since both the El mouse and kindling preparations have been regarded as complex partial seizure with secondary generalization, endogenous brain TRH, as well as exogenous TRH, may act as an anticonvulsant substance to such a seizure type of epilepsy. Moreover, this study showed IR‐TRH of the El mouse changed significantly in the striatum or hippocampus genetically or postictally without a change in the TRH receptor binding. A transient decrease in hippocampal IR‐TRH after convulsion shown in this study may suggest an increased release of TRH during and after the seizure.

Further studies are required to clarify the relationship between a change in the brain TRH system and seizure susceptibility in the El mouse.
Epileptic Convulsion in Chimera Mice
Authors: Fueta Yukiko , Mita Takashi , Matsuoka Shigeaki
Published: March 2008

Using a method of aggregation of embryos from the Fl progenies of ddY X El and ddY X C57BL/6J, seven chimera mice were produced. These seven chimera mice manifested various distributions of the white coat color derived from the Fl progeny of ddY X El. It was found that the chimera mouse, which had a larger percent of the white coat color, had a higher susceptibility to epileptic convulsion, the susceptibility having been proportional to the degree of the tissue mosaicism.
Some Properties of Protein in Synaptosomal Fractions from El Mouse Cerebral Cortices
Authors: Yamagami Sakae , Furutsuka Daisuke , Mori Koichi , Kawakita Yukio
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Synaptosomal and TCA insoluble proteins were prepared from the cerebral cortices of El(f) during the interictal periods, E1(0) which did not stimulate and convulse at all, the seizure‐nonsusceptible ddY mice. Both the proteins analyzed by SDS‐PAGE electrophoresis indicated 5 major bands and 20–30 minor bands. In the major bands, 67K protein of the synaptosomal and TCA insoluble proteins in the El(+) mice was significantly lower than those of the ddY or El(0) mice and of the ddY mice, respectively.
Tuberous Sclerosis and Partial Epilepsy
Authors: Fukushima Katsuyuki , Okabe Minora , Muranaka Hideki , Ohtani Kazumasa , Morikawa Tateki , Yagi Kazuichi , Seino Masakazu
Published: March 2008

Partial epilepsy associated with tuberous sclerosis began at earlier ages and no epileptic seizure started after 15 years of age.

According to the seizure manifestations at the onset, partial epilepsy was classified into 4 groups (I, C, NC and P Groups). The I Group manifested itself by 12 months. Partial seizure appeared between 4 and 7 years of age after the control of infantile spasms.

The seizure prognosis and social adaptability of those cases were not necessarily unfavorable.

In the C Group, the seizure started by 3 years of age and evolved into partial seizure with unsatisfactory prognosis and social adaptability.

In the NC Group, the seizure developed by 2 years of age and the seizure type was modified in the time course. The seizure prognosis and social adaptability tended to be comparatively favorable.

In the P Group, the seizure started after 4 years of age without an evolutionary modification of the seizure type. The seizure prognosis and social adaptability seemed to be satisfactory.

The evolution of the seizure types was observed in all but the P Group, which occurred in the period between 4 and 7 years of age.

The cases showing these evolutions amounted to 75% of partial epilepsy accompanying tuberous sclerosis, particularly 25% of which began with West syndrome.
Initial Clinical Manifestations of Seizures Originating from the Occipital Area
Authors: Muranaka Hideki , Otani Kazumasa , Inoue Yushi , Fukushima Katsuyuki , Yagi Kazuichi , Seino Masakazu
Published: March 2008

1. Oculogyric deviation was the most common initial seizure manifestation.

2. Oculogyric symptoms were accompanied by focal runs of 8–20 Hz spike patterns, and oculoclonic symptoms by 2.5–4 Hz patterns of high‐amplitude slow waves.

3. Contralateral deviation toward ictal EEG foci was found in 9 (64%) out of 14 seizures, and ipsilateral deviation in 5 (36%). Patients with ipsilateral deviation were all younger than 13 years of age.
Neuropsychological and Neuropsychiatric Findings in Right Hemisphere Damaged Patients
Authors: Motomura Naoyasu , Sawada Tohru , Inoue Noriko , Asaba Hiroyuki , Sakai Toshiaki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We evaluated 46 patients with right hemisphere strokes for unilateral spatial neglect (USN), anosognosia, hemiasomatognosia, extinction, constructional disturbance, motor Impersistence organic mental syndrome. High correlations were found among the incidences of USN, anosognosia, hemiasomatognosia, extinction, motor impersistence constructional disturbance.

USN, hemiasomatognosia, motor impersistence, constructional disturbance anosognosia tended to occur with large lesions. Organic personality syndrome was frequent (33%) was more often associated with USN, anosognosia, hemiasomatognosia, extinction, constructional disturbance motor impersistence than other psychiatric symptoms.
Dysarthria after Large Doses of Intravenous Diazepam
Authors: Ishikawa Tatsuya , Hato Motoki , Tauchi Akira , Wada Yoshiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This is a description of a 34–month‐old girl with dysarthria after a dosage of 37.5 mg/ 15 hours of intravenous diazepam (DZP). Dysarthria lasted 180 hours after the final dose. However, her respiration blood pressure were normal, disturbance of consciousness was mild normalized at 77 houn. The clinical correlations of the concentrations of DZP its active metabolite are discussed.
Thyroid Function Therapeutic Efficacy of Thyroxine in Depression
Authors: Okuno Yoko , Nakayasu Nobuo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The authors administered 50–100 pg of thyroxine (T,) alone for 2 weeks to 20 patients with primary major depressive disorders, evaluated clinical changes, compared the thyroid functions before after the trial.

The results showed a significant decrease in the Hamilton Rating Scale scores, the efficacy of thyroid hormone alone was demonstrated against depression. It was also shown that this antidepressive effect varied widely from marked improvement to mild aggravation.

The degree of clinical improvement had no significant relationship with sex, age, subtype of depression, severity of symptoms before treatment. But it had significant positive correlations with the pre‐trial T39 T49 T3 uptake, free T, index BMR. That is, patients with a higher pre‐trial thyroid function showed a greater improvement. Thus, it was suggested that the antidepressive effects is closely associated with the mechanism which suppresses endogenous thyroid hormones.
Episodic Twilight State with Severe Autonomic Symptoms in an Epileptic Patient
Authors: Kido Hideki , Mizuno Yoshiharu , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi , Kurata Kouichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A boy suffering from epileptic seizures experienced five episodes of a twilight state. His twilight states continued for at least two weeks, were characterized by behavioral disorders severe autonomic symptoms. Sometimes functional ileus was present. The electroencephalographic finding in the first episode was 6–per‐second phantom spike wave complex (PSW). For treatment, a combination of carbamazepine sodium valproate was useful in preventing the reappearance of the episode of the twilight state in suppressing PSW. From the clinical electroencephalographic findings therapeutic response to antiepileptics, the episodes were considered to have originated in localized epileptic discharges in the hippocampal, amygdaloidal hypo‐thalamic regions.
A Graves' Disease of Identical Twins with Mental Disorder
Authors: Mizukami Katsuyoshi , Shiraishi Hiroyasu , Koizumi Junzo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We present here the clinical cases of identical twins with Graves' disease associated with various mental disorders. They showed restlessness, hyperexcitability, emotional instability, anxiety, depressive state, obsessive‐compulsive manifestations, delusions of persecution reference. In the case of twin A, the psychiatric symptoms Graves' disease were in parallel with their clinical course, his psychiatric symp toms disappeared after a subtotal thyroidectomy.

In the case of twin B, however, the psychiatric symptoms had almost disappeared during the period of hypothyroidism for two months after a subtotal thyroidectomy, but the symptoms recurred in spite of the data of euthyroidism in blood examinations after that period of time.

It was suggested that the psychiatric symptoms of twin B were due to the euthyroid Graves' disease. The close resemblance of the psychiatric symptoms in both twin A B might be based on the same genetic disposition due to their being identical twins.
The Concept Nosology of Heller's Syndrome: Review of Articles Report of Two Cases
Authors: Kurita Hiroshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Based on a review of 60 historical cases of dementia infantilis its synonyms (i.e., Heller's disease, Heller's dementla, Heller's syndrome disintegrative psychosis) a report of 2 new cases, the concept nosology of Heller's syndrome, the most appropriate generic name for such conditions, were studied. In the age of onset, sex ratio, symptoms a favorable prognosis in terms of life, a group of etiologically diverse conditions called Heller's syndrome differs from adult demeath appears classifiable in pervasive developmental disorders according to DSM‐III or DSM‐III‐R, even though its validity as a clinical syndrome remains to be studied.
Regulation of Dopamine Release by the Autoreceptor after Repeated Methamphetamine Treatment in Rats: An Intracerebral Dialysis Study
Authors: Kazahaya Yasuko , Hamamura Takashi , Otsuki Saburo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A group of rats received intraperitoneal injections of methamphetamine (MAP) once a day for 14 days. Seven days after the last injection, the striatal dopamine efflux its inhibition by a low dose (100 μg/kg) of apomorphine were examined by in vivo intracerebral dialysis. The extent of inhibition was not altered after the MAP pretreatment, which does not suggest the presence of subsensitivity of dopamine auto‐receptors.
Histopathological Changes Induced by Disturbance of Microcirculation in the Rat Brain
Authors: Watanabe Kenjiro , Miyakawa Taihei , Katsuragi Shoichi , Shimoji Akitomo , Kuramoto Ryoko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Microcirculatory disturbance was induced in 8 rats after injecting micro‐sphere latex (5 micron in diameter) from the right carotid artery.

Ultrastructural observations revealed that initial changes occurred in the vascular feet of astroglial cells the subsequent swelling of postsynapses.

Succeedlngly presynapses nerve cells also became atrophic but this was considered to be caused by astrocytic degeneration.

From these findings, it is speculated that the neuronai atrophy was secondary to the changes in the neuropil around the capillary caused by disturbance of the nutritional supply from the blood induced by micmcirculatory disturbance.

The above described findings seemed to have some similarity to those of nonspecific degeneration of the cortex observed in the brain, such as Alzheimer's disease.
Complex Partial Status Epilepticus of Frontal Lobe Origin
Authors: Takeda Akio
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Nonconvulsive status epilepticus may be subdivided into generalized (absence) status and complex partial status. The latter is generally considered as a rare condition, whereas the former is fairly common to have been reported in many articles. We have reported here a case of complex partial status epilepticus in which the seizure origin was thought to be located in the frontal but not temporal lobe. After looking over the relevant literatures we commented that the incidence of complex partial status of extratemporal origin does not seem to be as rare as it has been believed to be. The main reason for this is the frequency with which it is misdiagnosed. The diagnostic errors are due to a failure to recognize the epileptic cause of the attacks or to appreciate localizing the clinical seizure characteristics and misleading scalp EEG findings. By making a closer observation of clinical manifestations, the likelihood that a correct diagnosis can be made will be increased.
Cognitive Function during Absence Seizures
Authors: Sengoku Akira , Kanazawa Osamu , Kawai Itsuo , Yamaguchi Toshio
Published: March 2008

One patient with frequent spike‐waves in EEG was studied by a neuropsychologicaI test. The spike‐waves caused an obvious prolongation of cognitive processing. This delay was considered to be caused not only by motor inhibition but also by impaired cognitive function.
Psychopathology of K. Schneider's Mania
Authors: Marneros Andreas , Deister Arno , Rohde Anke , Sakamoto Kaoru
Published: March 2008

Abstract: An investigation of 107 patients diagnosed as having mania, according to the criteria of K. Schneider, showed that this mania is a syndrome of affective, psycho‐motor, behavioral and formal thought disturbances, while productive psychotic symptoms are rare. Four psychopathological subgroups were defined: (1) mixed mania, (2) irritable mania, (3) megalomania, and (4) flight‐of‐ideas mania.
The Significance of Preadolescent Mentality in the Treatment of Borderline Patient
Authors: Ushijima Sadanobu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: After reviewing the history of conceptual and procedural changes in borderline patients, the author pointed out that the recent emphasis on the aggression and its origination in infancy in its treatment seems to blur the developmental issues in pre‐adolescence and adolescence and to present difficulty in concluding the treatment. And a borderline case of the patient, a 20–year‐old single woman with various symptoms, was presented. An examination of the course of treatment revealed that in order to better understand the process of therapeutic change it would be best to set the third phase with a strong narcissistic coloration between the working‐through and separateiontermination phases described by Masterson, J.F. Finally, it was emphasized that this narcissistic phase is a repetition not only found in childhood, but also in the preadolescent development and its disturbances.
Influence of Sex on Age at Onset of Schizophrenia
Authors: Shimizu Akinori , Kurachi Masayoshi , Noda Makiko , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi , Torii Hosaku , Isaki Kiminori
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The age at onset of schizophrenia was investigated in 2,417 inpatients (1,433 males and 984 females) meeting the DSM‐III criteria for schizophrenia. About 80% of the patients became schizophrenic before the age of 30. The mean age at onset of the male patients was slightly earlier than that of the female patients. There was a higher cumulative percentage of the male patients who became affected at each age quinquennium. More men than women became schizophrenic before the age of 30.
Tourette's Disorder Coupled with Infantile Autism: A Prospective Study of Two Boys
Authors: Kano Yukiko , Ohta Masataka , Nagai Yoko , Yokota Keiji , Shimizu Yasuo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In a longitudinal study, two boys in the Outpatient Psychiatric Clinic at Tokyo University were found to exhibit Tourette's disorder in addition to the original diagnoses of infantile autism. This paper addresses problems of applying the diagnostic criteria of DSM‐III in term of voluntary tic suppression in diagnosing patients with both disorders. Differences between motor tics and stereotyped movements in patients with both infantile autism and Tourette's disorder have been clearly distinguished. This may enable us to identify more autistic individuals with Tourette's disorder by focusing on these differences. In contrast to Burd et al.s findings and implications, these two boys have not manifested spurts in language and social relationships nor have their conditions significantly improved, despite the development of Tourette's disorder.
A Relationship between Clomipramine Brain Concentration and Its Effect on Serotonin Metabolism
Authors: Kurata Kouichi , Kurachi Masayoshi , Kishitani Kazuyuki , Kido Hideki , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The relationship between clomipramine (CMP) brain concentration and its inhibitory effect on serotonin (5HT) turnover was investigated in rats treated with a single dose and multiple doses of CMP. CMP reduced the 5‐hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA) brain levels in two groups of rats. Concerning the 5HT turnover measured by the probenecid (PBC) technique, there were significant correlations between the CMP brain level (x) and 5HIAA brain level (y) after PBC injections in both acute and chronic experiments. The regression lines for the respective groups were y = 764 ‐ 117 log x (r = 0.84, P < 0.001) and y ‐ 770 ‐ 97.7 log x (r ‐ 0.68, P < 0.001). The regression coefficient for the acute experiment was greater than that for the chronic one (p < 0.001), indicating a less dose‐response in the latter. From these findings, the acute dosing with CMP seemed to reduce the 5HT turnover without reference to the dose but a prolonged administration seemed to vary in its effect. This may be due to a compensatory mechanism in the 5HT system induced by chronic CMP‐treatment.
The Perimenarche Syndrome (A Proposal)
Authors: Ushijima Sadanobu , Kobayashi Ryuji
Published: March 2008

Abstract:We present here two cases with depression and obsessional symptoms, in which the patients were 11–year‐old girls just prior to the advent of menarche. Their clinical picture WM fairly different from the one which Deubsch, H., Jacobson, E. and Blos, P. described in their classical cases 80 far. In our cam the regression to preoedipal level was very prominent, that is, the rapprochement crieis‐Like state (Mahler, M.S.) with transitional objects such M stuffed animals and dolls (Winnicott, D.W.) WM observed. It was believed that with such a background there were changes in the parent‐child relationship in preadolescence which the premature physical growth among recent children had brought about, and changes in the concept of the mother and father which cultural vicissitudes had induced. It was also indicated that this kind of direct observation would contribute not only to the encouragement of the sound development in this period of life, but also the understanding and treatment of adolescent or adult cases.
Continuous Observations of Daytime EEG Patterns in Normal Subjects under Restrained Conditions while Sitting in Armchair or on Stool Part 1 Sleep State
Authors: Nakagawa Yasuaki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: While stabilizing both behavioral and environmental factors as far as possible, continuous EEG observations were made on the level of consciousness of 32 normal healthy subjects aged 19–23. The experiment started at 11 p.m. by obtaining the sleep record for each subject. After spontaneous awakening in the morning, each subject was requested to maintain the same posture while sitting in an armchair or on a stool until the end of the experiment, and was asked not to fall asleep in the daytime. The behaviors of each subject were continuously video‐recorded throughout the period of the experiment.

From inspection of the EEG records, simultaneous video monitoring and recording of the subjects' daytime behavior, and the subsequent data analysis, the following conclusions were drawn:

1) The subjects had a strong tendency to fall asleep in the restrained armchair‐sitting posture during the daytime. The EEG and video records of the subjects showed that sleep accounted for about 25–45% (average 37.6%) of the daytime period.

2) In 23 recordings of the subjects sitting in an armchair, 109 sleep blocks were observed, in comparison with 42 sleep blocks while sitting on a stool. On the basis of their characteristics, the sleep blocks could be divided into five categories. Ail the five types of sleep blocks were observed in the armchair‐sitting posture, but only NREM‐REM and SOREMP types of a short duration were observed in the stool‐sitting posture. SOREMPs were observed in the daytime in both postures.

3) The REM cycle found in nocturnal sleep did not appear in the daytime. However, another rhythm, a 4–hour waking‐sleep cycle after spontaneous awakening, was observed.
Metronidazole Neuropathy: A Case Report
Authors: Takeuchi Hiroaki , Yamada Atsuo , Touge Tetsuo , Miki Hitoshi , Nishioka Mikio , Hashimoto Shigeo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 67–year‐old man developed peripheral neuropathy characterized by glove and stocking type sensory disturbances after the ingestion of 101.25g of metronidazole for hepatk amebiasis. The clinical pictures of metronidazole‐induced neuropathy appears to be the same as that of myeloneuropathy. The morphological study of a sural nerve biopsy showed a sevew loss of myelinated fibers (2,400 per mm2). The density of unmyelinated fibers was at a lower limit of the normal range (23,530 per mm2). Elec‐tronmicroscopy confirmed the axonal degeneration of both the myelinated fibers and unmyelinated fibers.
Topographical Displays of Somatosensory Evoked Potentials
Authors: Nakashima Kenji , Takahashi Kazuro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The distribution of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) after stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist was examined in 10 normal subjects using isopotential maps. The latencies of continuous negative and positive peaks were measured in each lead. The differences of the potentials at these latencies were measured in all the leads and the isopotential maps were constructed. The distribution of P0–NI was all similar. The latencies of P0 were almost the same in all the leads at about 13 msec. The distribution of NI‐PI‐NII was divided into three types—N16–P20–N28 localized in the frontal region, N17–P22–N30 localized in the central region and N19–P25–N33 distributed in the parieto‐occipito‐temporal regions. The distributions of NII‐PII and PII‐NIII were all similar, with high amplitudes in the central region. The latencies of PII and NIII were almost the same in all the leads at about 45 msec and 68 msec.
Pathological Findings of the Sural Nerve in Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy
Authors: Katsuragi Shoichi , Shimoji Akitomo , Watanabe Kenjiro , Miyakawa Taihei
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We examined the muscle and peripheral nerve of a 55–year‐old woman with familial mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. In the gastrocnemius muscle, many ragged red fibers and mitochondria containing paracrystalline inclusions in those fibers were observed by light and electron microscopy, respectively. Histopathological studies of the sural nerve revealed a marked decrease in the number of large myelinated fibers. Electron microscopic studies showed an accumulation of glycogen particles and mitochondria containing abnormal, structurally obscure cristae in the Schwann cell cytoplasm. These results suggest that the cause of loss of the large myelinated fibers may be some disturbance of metabolism in the Schwann cells due to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Acute Kindling: Interstimulation Interval Effects and Spontaneous Interictal or Ictal Epileptiform Discharges
Authors: Jibiki Itsuki , Kubota Takashi , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: With regard to “acute kindling” that signifies progressive changes in various epileptiform discharges produced with repeated electrical stimulations in a brief time span in acute experiments, the interstimulation interval effect was examined. Kindling developments produced respectively with 3 and 30–minute interval stimulations to the visual cortex of rabbits were compared with each other. Eventually, in kindling with a longer interstimulation interval, after‐discharges induced in every trial of stimulation were often lengthened in duration more prominently than those with the shorter interstimulation interval and, furthermore, occasional slight relapses in the afteadischarge duration occurred more infrequently in the former than in the latter. These results suggest that the interstimulation interval plays an important role in the development of acute kindling, presumably in relation to postictal inhibition. In addition, spontaneous interictal or ictal epileptiform discharges occasionally arising during the 3–minute interstimulation intervals were reported. These spontaneous discharges may suggest a high epileptogenicity in acute kindling.