bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of rhenium as a surrogate for technetium in Hanford low activity waste borosilicate glasses: Speciation, solubility, and redox effects
Authors: Gan Hao , McKeown David A. , Xie Xiaogang , Pegg Ian L.
Published: August 2022

Re is often used as a nonradioactive surrogate for Tc in borosilicate melts because both elements have similar valences, ionic radii, and coordination environments. Re solubility in high sodium borosilicate waste glasses is sensitive to melter redox conditions; at 1150°C the solubility is ∼4130 ppm under oxidizing atmospheres. Raman, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction show that Re dissolved in waste glasses under oxidizing conditions is in perrhenate tetrahedra; under more reducing conditions, Re0 separates from the melt. From air to ∼ 10−4 atm, both Re7+ and Tc7+ are dominant species in borosilicate melts. However, Tc and Re behaviors deviate between < 10−4 atm and > 10−8 atm, where Tc4+ becomes dominant, whereas Re7+ remains stable. Unlike Tc4+, Re4+ is not observed in borosilicate melts at 1150°C and associated glasses. Near = 10−8 atm, Tc4+ reduces to Tc0, whereas below = 10−8 atm, Re7+ reduces to Re0. Re is found to be a good surrogate for Tc under oxidizing conditions (> 10−4 atm) and under highly reducing conditions (< 10−9 atm). Redox and solubility behaviors of Tc and Re are also sensitive to glass chemistry, such that the fair assessment of Re modeling Tc behavior should be glass specific.
Traceability of the local cultivar ‘Caaveiro’ in flour mixtures used to produce Galician bread by simple sequence repeats and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction technology
Authors: Ramos‐Cabrer Ana María , Fernández‐Canto Nerea , Almeida‐García Fernando , Gorostidi Ana , Lombardero‐Fernández Matilde , Romero‐Rodríguez María Ángeles , Pereira‐Lorenzo Santiago
Published: August 2022

The analysis of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and of bulk ground samples by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) was investigated as an alternative to individual kernel testing for assessing the presence of local cultivars in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varietal blends. The recent Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) of ‘Pan Galego’ (Galician bread) requires that the flour comprise a minimum 25% local wheat cultivars. As a test for compliance with this minimum level, wheat flours were prepared by mixing commercial flours with 0%, 5%, 20%, 25% and 30% ‘Caaveiro’ and 100% ‘Caaveiro’ and 100% commercial flours were used as controls. A second analysis was performed with a second set of wheat flours with 5% and 25% ‘Caaveiro’. These were mixed with two different commercial flours to assess the potential ability of five SSRs to identify the percentage of ‘Caaveiro’, constituting the first reference of the use of SSRs in the traceability of specific autochthonous cultivars in flour blends. ddPCR using the QX200 system platform was used to the targeted proportions across the simulated range with two out of five SSRs, indicating that they can be used in the traceability of ‘Caaveiro’ in mixed flours and breads.
Genetic epidemiology of human neutrophil antigen variants suggests significant global variability
Authors: Rophina Mercy , Scaria Vinod
Published: August 2022

Human neutrophil antigens possess significant clinical implications especially in the fields of transfusion and transplantation medicine. Efforts to estimate the prevalence of genetic variations underpinning the antigenic expression are emerging. However, there lacks a precise capture of the global frequency profiles. Our article emphasizes the potential utility of maintaining an organized online repository of evidence on neutrophil antigen‐associated genetic variants from published literature and reports. This, in our opinion, is an emerging area and would significantly benefit from the awareness and understanding of population‐level diversities.
Waiting for guardianship in a public hospital geriatric inpatient unit: a mixed methods observational case series
Authors: Connolly Joanna , Peisah Carmelle
Published: August 2022

Background

Patients in acute hospital settings waiting for guardianship and financial management (FM) hearings experience extended length of stay (LOS), with known consequences for frail elderly. This, together with universal agreement that substitute decision‐making is a last resort measure, an imperative exists to examine guardianship and FM applications made from within hospital for geriatric inpatients.

Aims

This study aims to examine processes around Guardianship applications in a public hospital Geriatric inpatient setting including times to, reasons for and outcomes of referral; and to explore the content of the medical records in relation to criteria for application.

Method

This was a mixed methods observational case series using descriptive data supplemented by qualitative case‐note analysis of inpatients referred for guardianship (with/without FM) from 2018 to 2020 in a New South Wales Geriatric Medicine inpatient unit. Medical records were examined for evidence of operationalised criteria for guardianship, aligned with disability, capacity and need/risk common to most Australian jurisdictions.

Results

Of 45 patients with guardianship applications, 98% were granted guardians and 33 of 37 (89%) FM applications. Multiple risks underpinned applications, most commonly frequent falls (49%) and medication mismanagement (49%). Although only 29% were in receipt of services preadmission, 98% were discharged to residential care. Average hospital LOS was 70 days (interquartile range, 35), contributed to by delays between admission and decision to apply for guardianship/FM (median, 28 inpatient days) and uncertainties around or lack of documented capacity assessments.

Conclusion

This study identifies potential points along pathways towards guardianship in hospital settings, which might be targeted to streamline if not divert some of these applications. Points of intervention include at initiation of applications, with consideration of alternatives to substitute decision‐making by addressing patient needs and using supported decision‐making, while improving clinician understanding of capacity assessment and guardianship.
High internalized stigma among community‐dwelling patients with schizophrenia: Associations with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, personality traits and health‐related quality of life
Authors: Hsiao Chiu‐Yueh , Lu Huei‐Lan
Published: August 2022

Stigma attached to schizophrenia among patients is a global concern to mental health advocates. The extent of internalized stigma experienced by consumers with schizophrenia living in the community and its correlates have not been fully explored. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of high internalized stigma and its association with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, personality traits and aspects of health‐related quality of life among community‐dwelling consumers with schizophrenia. A descriptive, correlational study with a cross‐sectional design was conducted with 149 consumers from outpatient psychiatric clinics of two hospitals in Taiwan. Face‐to‐face interviews with structured questionnaires were adopted. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics, chi‐squares tests, independent t‐tests and a binary logistic regression analysis. Approximately 41.6% of consumers with schizophrenia experienced high internalized stigma. In the subscales, a high experience of discrimination experience (43.6%) was reported, followed by alienation (34.2%), social withdrawal (28.2%), stereotype endorsement (24.8%) and stigma resistance (20.8%). Being younger at the onset of schizophrenia, attaining lower education, having a history of suicidality, fewer positive personality traits and poor aspects of health‐related quality of life were significantly associated with high internalized stigma. Personality traits in the domains of emotional stability and conscientiousness and social and environmental aspects of health‐related quality of life appeared to be the most relevant to risk of high internalized stigma. Anti‐stigma initiatives coupled with personality‐traits modules and modifications of health‐related quality of life are suggested for mental health professionals and policy makers to ameliorate internalized stigma among community‐dwelling consumers with schizophrenia.
The relationship between size and metabolic rate of juvenile crown of thorns starfish
Authors: Deaker Dione J. , Byrne Maria
Published: August 2022

Despite the notoriety of the corallivorous crown of thorns starfish (COTS, Acanthaster sp.), with population outbreaks that decimate reefs throughout the Indo‐Pacific, the physiology of the juvenile stage remains poorly understood. We determined the feeding rate and metabolic rate of juvenile COTS during their initial algae‐eating stage. The metabolic rate of juveniles after their ontogenetic diet transition from a diet of coralline algae to coral was also investigated. We found that the weight‐specific metabolic rate of both the herbivorous (mean = 0.052 mg O2 g−1 h−1) and corallivorous (mean = 0.034 mg O2 g−1 h−1) juveniles increased exponentially with juvenile size. Juveniles consumed ~4 mm2 of algae (Amphiroa sp.) in 1 day, and consumption rate also increased with juvenile size. Juveniles may impact the distribution of coralline algae for other herbivores on coral reefs and the settlement habitat for many invertebrate larvae. Increased metabolism of both herbivorous and corallivorous juveniles with size is indicative of their increasing ecological impact as they grow, highlighting the importance of understanding the juvenile physiology of influential species such as COTS.
New insights into intrinsic point defects of delafossite CuAlO2 as optoelectronic materials
Authors: Zhao Zong‐Yan , Zhang Jia‐Xin , Chen Xian‐Lan
Published: August 2022

Delafossite CuAlO2 has great potential in optoelectronics applications. The intrinsic point defects play the decisive roles in the optoelectronic properties and application of CuAlO2. However, there are still disputes about their relevant underlying physical mechanisms at the atomic scale. Here, the formation of intrinsic point defects of CuAlO2 and their effects on optical absorption spectra and electronic structure have been systematically investigated using first‐principles calculations. In oxygen‐rich and oxygen‐poor chemical environments, acceptor‐type defects such as Cu vacancy and Cu substitution on the Al site can spontaneously form and produce p‐type conductivity at room temperature. This is the important physical basis for CuAlO2 to be widely used as transparent conductive oxide films. The shallow acceptor‐type levels produced by Cu substitution on Al site and O vacancy, and the shallow donor‐type levels produced by interstitial Cu, are favorable for the separation of photo‐generated electron–hole pairs, which can be suitable for applications in photocatalysis and photovoltaics. The Cu or Al vacancy can produce delocalized energy band at the top of valence band and pinning Fermi level at the same time, which may make CuAlO2 a degenerate semiconductor and produce local surface plasmon resonance effect. Al substitution on Cu site and interstitial Al or O form complex deep defect energy bands in the forbidden band and produce significant multiband optical absorption in the visible–NIR region. They are expected to become alternative materials for photoluminescence and photoelectric detection. This work demonstrates the importance of intrinsic defect engineering for optimizing optoelectronic properties and thus promoting the discovery of novel optoelectronic materials.
Effect of material parameters on thermal shock crack of ceramics calculated by phase‐field method
Authors: Zuo Chuandong , Li Qingxian , Wang Qian , Li Yuqiao , Li Long , Wei Jiachen , Shao Yingfeng , Song Fan
Published: August 2022

Based on alumina ceramics, we employ the phase‐field method to study the effects of thermal conductivity, specific heat, density, thermal expansion coefficient, Young's modulus, and fracture toughness on thermal shock cracks. The results show that increasing thermal conductivity and fracture toughness will reduce thermal shock damage. That is, the long crack length becomes shorter, or the crack density becomes smaller. However, increasing the thermal expansion coefficient and Young's modulus will increase thermal shock damage. It is consistent with the previous thermal shock theory. The effect of material parameters on crack propagation speed was also considered. In addition, we carried out a thermal shock test of the zirconia. The results of the phase‐field calculation are the same as the thermal shock results of the zirconia. This paper verifies that the phase‐field method is suitable for simulating thermal shock cracks in other ceramics.
Bulk GdBCO–Ag superconductors with holes
Authors: Radušovská Monika , Diko Pavel , Hajdová Petra , Volochová Daniela , Antal Vitaliy , Hlásek Tomáš , Plecháček Vladimír , Antončík Filip
Published: August 2022

Bulk single‐grain GdBCO–Ag superconductors with and without holes grown using a top‐seeded melt‐growth process are analyzed. The levitation force at 77 K is higher for the sample with holes. From the performed complex microstructural analysis, we were able to assess the positive, negative, or neutral contribution of the analyzed microstructural elements in the studied samples. It turns out that the macroscopic superconducting properties can be negatively affected by defects arising during the absorption of the holes by the growth front of the crystal. Other microstructural features, such as a higher volume fraction of Gd2BaCuO5 (Gd211) in the a‐growth sector (GS) than in the c‐GS and the presence of tetragonal regions of GdBa2Cu3O7−x (Gd123) are similar in both samples and cannot significantly affect the observed difference in macroscopic superconducting properties. In terms of macroscopic superconducting properties, in our opinion the most important is the lower porosity of the a‐GSs in the upper part of the sample with holes.
Phase behavior, proton concentration, and conductivity of La2Ce2O7 doped with Y, Ho, Er, Tm, or Yb
Authors: Ismail Sara Adeeba , Han Donglin
Published: August 2022

La2Ce2O7 is a fluorite‐type oxide, showing almost pure oxide ion conduction in dry oxygen atmosphere. Under wet oxygen atmosphere, protons are introduced into La2Ce2O7 through hydration reaction, making the material proton‐conducting. However, compared with the oxide ion conductivity, the proton conductivity is negligibly small in La2Ce2O7. Here we report the effect of doping trivalent rare earth cations R3+ (R = Y, Ho, Er, Yb, or Tm) and elevating partial pressure of water vapor on the proton concentration and conductivity of La2Ce2O7. The samples show single fluorite phases with the doping level up to 0.2, and the solubilities of these dopants were within 0.2–0.3 in La2Ce2O7. The proton concentration increased by doping, due to higher amount of hydratable oxygen vacancies, and statistical coordination of oxide ions surrounded by R3+ in addition to La3+. The sample with the Y content (x) of 0.05 showed the highest conductivity at 600°C among La2(Ce1−xYx)2O7−δ (x = 0–0.3) samples, possibly due to the balance between the improved hydration ability and decreased mobility of protons with the increasing Y doping level. Then, the dopant content was fixed to 0.05, and La2(Ce0.95R0.05)2O7−δ (R = Y, Ho, Er, Tm, or Yb) was prepared. It was found that as the water vapor partial pressure increased, the proton concentration and conductivity increased regardless of the dopants. Y‐doped La2Ce2O7−δ ha the highest proton concentration and conductivity.
Therapeutic hypothermia alleviates myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury by inhibiting inflammation and fibrosis via the mediation of the SIRT3/NLRP3 signalling pathway
Authors: Zhang Jing , Lu Yimei , Yu Peng , Li Zhangwang , Liu Yang , Zhang Jun , Tang Xiaoyi , Yu Shuchun
Published: August 2022

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) may attenuate myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury, thereby improving outcomes in acute myocardial infarction. However, the specific mechanism by which TH alleviates MIRI has not been elucidated so far. In this study, 120 healthy male Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups. Haemodynamic parameters, myocardial infarction area, histological changes and the levels of cardiac enzymes, caspase‐1 and inflammatory cytokines were determined. In addition, the extent of myocardial fibrosis, the degree of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and the expression levels of SIRT3, GSDMD‐N, fibrosis‐related proteins and inflammation‐related proteins were estimated.TH reduced myocardial infarct area and cardiac enzyme levels, improved cardiomyopathic damage and haemodynamic indexes, and attenuated myocardial fibrosis, the protein expression levels of collagen I and III, myocardial apoptosis, the levels of inflammatory cytokines and inflammation‐related proteins. Notably, the immunofluorescence and protein expression levels of SIRT3 were upregulated in the 34H+DMSO group compared to the I/R group, but this protective effect was abolished by the SIRT3 inhibitor 3‐TYP. After administration of Mcc950, the reversal effects of 3‐TYP were significantly abolished, and TH could protect against MIRI in a rat isolated heart model by inhibiting inflammation and fibrosis. The SIRT3/NLRP3 signalling pathway is one of the most important signalling pathways in this regard.
Tonic and phasic irritability in 6‐year‐old children: differential correlates and outcomes
Authors: Silver Jamilah , Mackin Daniel M. , Bufferd Sara J. , Dougherty Lea R. , Goldstein Brandon L. , Carlson Gabrielle A. , Klein Daniel N.
Published: August 2022

Objective

Irritability is a common and clinically important problem in children and adolescents and a risk factor for later psychopathology and impairment. Irritability can manifest in both tonic (e.g., irritable, touchy mood) and phasic (e.g., temper outburst) forms, and recent studies of adolescents suggest that they predict different outcomes. However, no studies have examined whether tonic and phasic irritability are empirically distinguishable in 6‐year‐old children and whether they have distinct correlates and outcomes.

Method

We utilized data from a longitudinal study of an unselected community sample of four hundred fifty‐two 6‐year‐olds followed at 3‐year intervals to age 15. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using relevant items from a diagnostic interview and several parent‐report inventories.

Results

The CFA identified dimensions that were consistent with tonic and phasic irritability. Tonic irritability was independently associated with concurrent parent‐reported temperamental negative affectivity and internalizing and externalizing disorders at age 6 and predicted higher rates of internalizing psychopathology, and suicidal ideation, in adolescence. Phasic irritability was independently associated with concurrent parent‐reported temperamental negative affectivity, surgency, and low effortful control, maladaptive parenting styles and practices, and externalizing disorders at age 6, and predicted higher rates of externalizing psychopathology in adolescence.

Conclusions

Tonic and phasic irritability in 6‐year‐old children appear to be distinguishable constructs with different temperament and parenting correlates and psychopathological outcomes. Distinguishing these components has implications for research on the etiology and pathophysiology of irritability and developing effective treatments.
Portable food diagnostic devices and methods: A review
Authors: Kapse Shrikant , Kausley Shankar , Rai Beena
Published: August 2022

The instantaneous detection of food quality is of paramount importance as it can help in taking different decisions in real time. These include the decision on consumption, inventory management, maintaining the storage conditions and even to repurpose the food if it cannot be used for the desired application. In this review, different portable food diagnostic devices and methods are studied and compared as consumers are interested in knowing the food's quality before consumption. The quality of food in real‐time will help in avoiding many problems such as the consumption of unsafe food and taking prompt decisions to avoid wastage in the food supply chain. Portable food diagnostic devices provide advantages such as easy to use, compact, handheld, connectivity with smartphone for rapid diagnosis, as well as these devices have the potential to eliminate traditional method problems such as the requirement of a trained user, bulky equipment, and lengthy diagnosis procedure. In this study, different types of portable food diagnostic devices and methods are compared in terms of their working principle, features, applications, and limitations. These devices are classified in three main categories, as composition analysis, safety, and security based on application. Further these devices are subclassified in single/multiple composition analysis devices, toxic, allergen detecting devices, and methods. Portable food diagnostic devices and methods provide a rapid and on‐site diagnosis. However, the success of these devices depends upon their accuracy, simplicity, and cost‐effectiveness.

Practical Applications

The study provides comparative analysis of different portable food diagnostic devices, which help in selecting an appropriate device in terms of its accuracy, size and cost suitable under different supply chain scenarios. This will ultimately help in decision making required for minimizing the food losses. These devices will benefit farmers, suppliers, retailers, and operators in food processing industries. The individual users can also use these devices to manage the food quality. The study also provides the limitations of exiting devices and the need of new research for developing more compact devices measuring multiple constituents in the food in a precise and cost‐effective manner.
Moisture‐dependent engineering properties of underutilized browntop millet (unhulled and hulled) and characterization of milled flour
Authors: Niranjan Thota , Dwivedi Madhuresh
Published: August 2022

Browntop millet is an underutilized indigenous cereal crop. It is termed as the nutricereal due to its superiority in terms of nutritional quality. The current study attempted to investigate the effect of moisture content (10%–27%) on properties such as physical, mechanical, aerodynamic, and textural properties of unhulled and hulled browntop millet to uncover the gaps in developing the efficient primary processing machinery. In addition, we investigated the impact of milling on the biochemical, functional, color, structural, and powder flow properties of browntop millet flour. The results revealed that as the moisture content increased, the principle dimensions, 1000 grain weight, terminal velocity, angle of repose, and static coefficient of friction were linearly increased. In the same moisture content range, characteristics such as true density, bulk density, porosity, and hardness displayed an inverse trend. Milling showed a substantial (p < 0.05) influence on the nutritional, functional and color parameters. FTIR spectra and X‐ray diffraction patterns demonstrated a slight change in functional groups and a slight decrease in starch crystallinity respectively. All three millet flours were cohesive. These flours, however, exhibited a positive correlation with bulk density and a negative correlation with wall friction and effective internal friction angles as the principle consolidating stress increased.

Practical Application

Millets are a globally significant food crop with major economic influence in developing nations. They are one of the most significant drought‐resistant crops, and a good source of health‐promoting complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, phenolic compounds, and phytochemicals. Despite of their high nutritional superiority and environmental friendliness, production and consumption have declined over the years. The significant factor contributing to this decline is the lack of machinery or equipment available to process on a commercial and residential scale after harvest. The knowledge of the measured properties will encourage researchers to develop and modernize equipment used for destoning, grading, sorting, separation, dehulling, and conveying. The measured nutritional, mineral, functional, structural, and powder flow properties of milled browntop millet fractions will help develop a new product. So that millet can be used to its full potential.
Prevalence of cholelithiasis in lion tamarins (Leontopithecus spp.) kept under human care by using abdominal ultrasound
Authors: Felippi Daniel Angelo , Franco Paolla Nicole , Bonatelli Shayra Peruch , da Silva Jeana Pereira , Guimarães Victor Yunes , Breda Maria Rosa Santos , Pagani Rafael , dos Santos Bruna , Takahira Regina Kiomi , Rahal Sheila Canevese , Mamprim Maria Jaqueline
Published: August 2022

Background

Cholelithiasis is a digestive system disorder of multifactorial origin that occurs due to stones formed in the gallbladder. This study aimed at investigating by abdominal ultrasound examination the prevalence of cholelithiasis in lion tamarins kept under human care.

Methods

Thirty lion tamarins from five Brazilian zoos, including 17 golden lion tamarins and 13 golden‐headed lion tamarins, were evaluated.

Results

Considering all lion tamarins, the overall frequency of cholelithiasis was 53.3% (16/30). There were no significant differences between species and sex. Cholelithiasis was predominant (75.0%) in lion tamarins older than 5 years. Septate gallbladder was observed in 86.6% (26/30) of the lion tamarins. Of these, 53.8% (14/26) had gallstones. Biochemical analysis revealed a moderate positive correlation between gamma‐glutamyl transferase and the number of gallstones.

Conclusions

Asymptomatic cholelithiasis is frequent in lion tamarins kept under human care. Therefore, systematic monitoring through ultrasound should be part of the preventive care of these animals.
The impact of COVID‐19 on the management of neuroendocrine tumors (NETS): An international NET CONNECT survey of NET patients and healthcare professionals treating net patients
Authors: Cives Mauro , Hernando Jorge , Lamarca Angela , Bouvier Catherine , Caplin Martyn , Pavel Marianne
Published: August 2022

The COVID‐19 outbreak has added complexity in the management of patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Little information is currently available regarding the real impact of the pandemic in current practice. The present study aimed to capture patients' and healthcare professionals' experiences on how the NET management has changed during the pandemic and how it should be modified in a foreseeable post‐pandemic environment. Physicians and nurses working in ENETS Centers of Excellence or other hospitals with high volume of NET patients (n = 48), as well as NET patients residing worldwide (n = 353), were asked to respond to two online anonymous surveys addressing different aspects of NET care. Deferred diagnoses, delayed surveillance procedures and postponed elective surgeries were among the main negative consequences of the COVID‐19 outbreak according to 40%, 54% and 46% of healthcare professionals (HPs) respectively. Somatostatin analogs were increasingly used as bridging strategy for delaying surgery based on the views of 31% of HPs and were self‐injected or delivered by home care services more frequently than before the initiation of the pandemic (53% of patients during the pandemic vs. 44% before the pandemic). Multidisciplinary tumor boards kept their usual schedule according to 58% of HPs, but were held virtually in the 77% of cases. The contact with healthcare professionals was maintained by remote methods more often than in the past (69% of patients), but only 34% of patients (59% among subjects < 41 years) would prefer telemedicine to face‐to‐face consultations in the future. New health policy measures should guarantee the highest standard of treatment to NET patients, regardless of the trajectory followed by the COVID‐19 pandemic in the next months. Pros and cons of telemedicine should be carefully weighted before systematic implementation.
Clinical scoring systems for the risk of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: A simple tool
Authors: Menduni Marika , D'Amato Cinzia , Leoni Martina , Izzo Valentina , Staltari Mariateresa , Greco Carla , Abbatepassero Andrea , Seminara Giuseppe , D'Ippolito Ilenia , Lauro Davide , Spallone Vincenza
Published: August 2022

This study was aimed at developing a clinical risk score for cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In a retrospective cross‐sectional one‐centre study in an unselected population, 115 participants with type 1 diabetes (age 41.1 ± 12.2 years) and 161 with type 2 diabetes (age 63.1 ± 8.9 years), well‐characterized for clinical variables, underwent standard cardiovascular reflex tests (CARTs). Strength of associations of confirmed CAN (based on 2 abnormal CARTs) with clinical variables was used to build a CAN risk score. CAN risk score was based on resting heart rate, HbA1c, retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular disease in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and on HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and smoking in type 1 diabetes or insulin treatment and physical activity in type 2 diabetes (range 0‐10). In type 1 diabetes, CAN risk score showed an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.890 ± 0.034, and at cut‐off of 4 sensitivity of 88%, specificity of 74.4%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 95.7% for confirmed CAN. In type 2 diabetes, CAN risk score showed an AUC of 0.830 ± 0.051 and at the cut‐off of 4 sensitivity and specificity of 78.6% and 73.5%, respectively, and NPV of 97.3% for confirmed CAN. These newly developed CAN risk scores are accessible in clinical practice and, if confirmed in a validation study, they might identify asymptomatic individuals with diabetes at greater risk of CAN to be referred to CARTs, thus limiting the burden of a universal screening.
Filler injections in the pre‐auricular space: Be aware of the parotid gland
Authors: Schelke Leonie , Schoonen Tamar , Velthuis Peter J.
Published: August 2022

Backgroud

In recent years the pre‐auricular area is increasingly used for filler injections.

Aims

Assessment of depth of the subcutaneous fat and the process of realtime filler injection.

Materials & Methods

Ultrasonographic data of two cases and a video are studied.

Results

These show how filler injections may very easily be delivered inside the parotid gland. This may go unnoticed by injector and client.

Discussion

This study and data from literature prove that filler injections in the pre‐auricular area may end up inside or in the vicinity of the parotid gland, and this can lead to an inflammatory response.

Conclusion

It is recommended to be careful with filler injections in this area. Prior sonographic assessment of the subcutaneous depth in this area is advised.
Doing diversity in the legal profession in England and Wales: why do disabled people continue to be unexpected?
Authors: FOSTER DEBORAH , HIRST NATASHA
Published: August 2022

A call for socio‐legal scholars to interrogate the relationship between law, disablement, ableism, and justice was recently made in this journal. Using research co‐produced with disabled people in the legal profession in England and Wales, this article responds by asking why, in a profession that has made a significant investment in widening access and diversity, do disabled people continue to be unexpected? The apparent absence of disabled people in the profession belies a complex reality. Identity concealment is widespread and maintained by genuine fears of career disadvantage. The effect of this is that disabled legal professionals are unable to access their legal rights to reasonable adjustments. Findings suggesting that status, success, and economic power offer little protection from ill treatment exposes the contradictory position that disabled people occupy in a profession that has increasingly favoured ‘business case’ over social justice diversity discourses.
Strategy as Practice Research: Reflections on its Rationale, Approach, and Contributions
Authors: Prashantham Shameen , Healey Mark P.
Published: August 2022

Strategy as practice (SAP) research has developed into an established area of study, and the Journal of Management Studies (JMS) has played an important role in this as a hospitable outlet, including via a foundational special issue in 2003. This article offers a bird's eye view of the domain and a ready source of relevant literature to both seasoned scholars and newcomers to this topic. We make three observations that reflect both the JMS thematic collection and the wider literature on SAP and help to shed light on some of the key tensions facing scholars who seek to develop a distinct body of research. First, in terms of the rationale for SAP research, this body of work has grappled with its framing as building upon, yet distinct from strategy process research, to delve into practices within strategy process. Second, in terms of the approach to research (and community‐building), SAP research has reflected European intellectual roots which has helped to deliver on its broad research purpose but has perhaps also impeded its impact on more mainstream strategy. Third, in terms of the contribution of SAP research, there has been a large volume of high quality work, appearing in well‐regarded journals, generating a considerable diversity of perspectives.
Oral health‐related quality of life in patients with osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint—Results of a systematic review
Authors: Ning Wanchen , Schmalz Gerhard , Li Ping , Huang Shaohong
Published: August 2022

Objectives

The aim of this systematic review was to assess the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

Methods

This systematic literature search applied the search terms "oral health‐related quality of life AND osteoarthritis of jaw OR arthritis of temporomandibular joint AND oral health‐related quality of life" in PubMed, Medline, Web of Science and Scopus. Eligibility criteria were publication until 31 August 2021, examination of children or adults with OA of TMJ, reporting of any OHRQoL measurement and a full text in English language. Two different, independent and experienced reviewers performed this systematic literature search. The analysis of respective data was qualitative. For quality appraisal, the available checklist from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) was applied.

Results

Out of 102 findings, eight studies were included in qualitative analysis. Seven clinical investigations were performed in adults aged between 34 and 43 years. The other included study was performed on children. The quality of two studies was moderate, and six studies were evaluated as of high quality. Most studies applied the 14‐item short form of the oral health impact profile (OHIP 14) for assessment of OHRQoL. OHIP 14 ranged between 9.24 and 38.86 points in means of sum score. Comparison with healthy individuals revealed worse OHRQoL of OA patients in two studies. Associations between OHRQoL with either oral health, general quality of life or disease‐related parameters were rarely reported and heterogeneous. Five of the included studies reported subscales of OHIP 14, showing an impairment in all subscales.

Conclusions

There are hints that patients with OA of the TMJ show a reduced OHRQoL. More studies are needed, especially regarding oral health, disease‐related parameters and pain intensity and its potential influence on OHRQoL.
Maxillary overdenture on three implants retained by low‐profile stud attachments – A prospective cohort study
Authors: Mo Arild , Hjortsjö Carl , Jokstad Asbjørn
Published: August 2022

Background

Clinical data are needed on long‐term outcomes of removable implant‐supported prostheses in the fully edentulous maxilla as a function of the number of implants, effects of the attachment system and other clinical variables.

Objective

To restore individuals with an edentate maxilla with a metal‐reinforced removable prosthesis without palatal coverage retained by low‐profile stud attachments on three implants.

Methods

The regional ethics committee approved a prospective cohort study that included all consecutive patients treated in a private speciality clinic. Primary outcomes were patients reported, that is denture satisfaction scale and oral health‐related quality of life – OHIP‐20. Secondary outcomes were implant‐ (bone loss, implant complications and peri‐implant conditions) and prosthesis‐related (prosthesis complications, maintenance needs and mucosa condition).

Results

Thirty‐two study participants were recruited between March 2007 and October 2016 and followed for a minimum of five years. According to Kruskal–Wallis tests, the OHIP‐20 and Denture Satisfaction Scale questionnaire pre‐treatment scores differed significantly. After an average of 6.7 years, peri‐implant bone loss of more than 2 mm was observed on 17% of all implants, while no or minor bone loss was seen on 38%. The estimated success of implants was 0.95 at 168 months. The estimated success of the prosthesis, that is no adverse events or need for any repairs, was 0.55 at 156 months.

Conclusion

The positive findings in the current clinical study strengthen the notion that for many individuals with an edentulous maxilla, a removable prosthesis retained by three implants fitted with low‐profile stud‐attachment is a reliable technical solution.
The effects of tongue elevation using a weighted plastic bottle on the tongue pressure and activity of suprahyoid muscles
Authors: Nanto Tomoki , Ono Takahiro , Hori Kazuhiro , Murakami Kazuhiro , Uchiyama Yuki , Maeda Yoshinobu , Domen Kazuhisa
Published: August 2022

Background

A rise in tongue pressure coincides with an increase in the suprahyoid muscle activity.

Objectives

The aim was to investigate the effects of holding a weighted plastic bottle on tongue pressure and the suprahyoid muscle activity.

Methods

Eighteen participants (8 men and 10 women; mean age 42 ± 16 years) participated in this study. All participants had no history of speech, language, hearing or swallowing disorders and no tooth loss, and they did not require dentures. Healthy participants held gauzes connected with a plastic bottle with increasing resistive loads of 0 g, 250 g, 500 g and 750 g, between their palate and tongue. The maximum tongue pressure and average tongue pressure were measured during a 5 s hold. The average tongue pressure was defined as the mean tongue pressure data in each task. The suprahyoid muscle activity was measured using the electromyogram (EMG). The root mean square of the EMG signals measured while lifting different loads and while performing the head lifting exercises was compared. All variables were examined using the Friedman's test and Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.

Results

The maximum tongue pressure (p < .05) and average tongue pressure values (p < .05) increased gradually in the anterior‐median region with increasing resistive loads, and the root mean square amplitudes for 250 g, 500 g and 750 g were not significant compared with head lifting exercises.

Conclusion

These results indicated that plastic bottle holding could be a potential strength training tool for the tongue and the suprahyoid muscles.
Energy, protein and redox metabolism underlying adaptive responses in New Zealand versus North American Holstein cows in pasture‐based dairy systems
Authors: Jorge‐Smeding Ezequiel , Carriquiry Mariana , Casal Alberto , Armand‐Ugon Diego , Mastrogiovanni Mauricio , Trotschansky Andrés , Mendoza Alejandro , Astessiano Ana L.
Published: August 2022

This study explored the metabolic adaptions to grazing conditions of two Holstein genetic strains (GS; North American, NAH; New Zealand, NZH) in two feeding strategies (FS; restricted, P30, vs. maximised, PMAX, grazing). Four groups (NAH‐P30, NZH‐P30, NAH‐PMAX and NZH‐PMAX; n = 10 cows each) were compared between −45 and 180 days in milk (DIM). NZH cows had lower (p = 0.02) fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) yield and a tendency for lower (p = 0.09) body condition score concomitantly with a trend (p < 0.07) for higher average plasma insulin and lower (p = 0.01) 3‐methylhistidine (3MH) at −45 DIM than NAH. Plasma glucose tended to be affected by the triple interaction GS × FS × DIM (p = 0.06) as it was similar between NAH‐P30 and NZH‐P30, but higher (p ≤ 0.02) for NZH‐PMAX than NAH‐PMAX except at 21 DIM. The physiological imbalance index was affected by the GS × FS interaction (p < 0.01) as it was lower (p < 0.01) only for NZH‐PMAX versus NAH‐PMAX. NZH cows had higher (p = 0.01) plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances at −45 DIM and tended to have higher protein carbonyls (p = 0.10) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (p = 0.06) on average, and had higher (p < 0.01) α‐tocopherol during mid‐lactation than NAH Regarding the FS, FPCM was similar (p = 0.12) among them, but PMAX cows had higher (p < 0.01) plasma non‐esterified fatty acids and 3MH, and lower insulin (p < 0.01) than P30 at 100 DIM. PMAX cows showed higher average SOD activity (p = 0.01) and plasma α‐tocopherol at 100 and 180 DIM (p < 0.01). Under grazing, NZH cows can have a better energy status and lower muscle mobilisation but a higher redox reactivity. Maximising grazing can worsen energy status and muscle mobilisation while improving antioxidant response with no effect on FPCM.
Advanced emergency braking system reduces the risk of motor vehicle collisions caused by falling asleep while driving in patients with untreated obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Arita Aki , Kumagai Hajime , Sawatari Hiroyuki , Hoshino Tetsuro , Konishi Noriyuki , Murase Yoko , Urabe Ayako , Nomura Atsuhiko , Sasanabe Ryujiro , Shiomi Toshiaki
Published: August 2022

Obstructive sleep apnea leads to excessive daytime sleepiness and cognitive dysfunction, which are risk factors for motor vehicle collisions. We aimed to clarify if vehicles with an advanced emergency braking system could reduce motor vehicle collisions caused by falling asleep while driving among patients with untreated obstructive sleep apnea. We enrolled patients with untreated obstructive sleep apnea who underwent polysomnography. The questionnaires included the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, history of drowsy driving accidents, and use of an advanced emergency braking system. Multivariate analysis was performed, and odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. This study included 1097 patients (mean age, 51.2 ± 12.9 years). Collisions caused by falling asleep while driving were recorded in 59 (5.4%) patients, and were more frequently observed in vehicles without an advanced emergency braking system (p = 0.045). Multivariate analysis showed that these collisions were associated with use of an advanced emergency braking system (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 0.39 [0.16–0.97], p = 0.04), length of driving (2.79 [1.19–6.50], p = 0.02), total sleep time (2.40 [1.62–3.55], p < 0.0001), sleep efficiency (0.94 [0.90–0.98], p = 0.003) and periodic limb movement index (1.02 [1.01–1.03], p = 0.004). The collision risk caused by falling asleep while driving in vehicles with an advanced emergency braking system was significantly lower. This study indicates that advanced emergency braking systems may be a preventive measure to reduce motor vehicle collisions among patients with untreated obstructive sleep apnea.
Comparison of biochemical and hematologic values obtained via jugular venipuncture and peripheral intravenous catheters in dogs
Authors: Guarino Aria L. , Specht Andrew J. , Beatty Sarah S. K. , O'Kell Allison L.
Published: August 2022

Background

Sampling from a peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) might be a more efficient and less traumatic collection of blood for serum biochemistry (SB) or CBC than direct venipuncture (DV). Agreement between results of samples obtained by these methods has not been evaluated in dogs.

Objectives

The primary objectives were to determine whether sampling from PIVC could be used in place of DV for dogs. We hypothesized DV and PIVC samples would have clinically equivalent SB and CBC results.

Animals

Sixty‐one client‐owned dogs were included in each study arm.

Methods

This was a partially randomized method‐comparison study. Paired DV and PIVC samples obtained within 1 to 2 minutes after, or approximately 24 hours after, placement of a PIVC in a cephalic vein were evaluated for agreement and bias using percentage difference plots (with a priori application of consensus total allowable error), Bland‐Altman analysis, Passing‐Bablok regression analysis, Wilcoxon signed rank test, and McNemar's test.

Results

There was statistically and clinically acceptable agreement and no bias between sampling methods for the majority of results. Analytes with the most frequent disagreement were aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, potassium, bicarbonate, and leukocyte differential counts, as well as red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and packed cell volume in the hospitalized PIVC sampling group. Few observed differences would change clinical decision making.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

PIVC sampling can provide generally acceptable SB and CBC results for most dogs, but clinicians should be aware of a few values for which disparate results might occasionally be obtained.
Taxonomic and functional dynamics during chytrid epidemics in an aquatic ecosystem
Authors: Li Luen‐Luen , Delgado‐Viscogliosi Pilar , Gerphagnon Mélanie , Viscogliosi Eric , Christaki Urania , Sime‐Ngando Télesphore , Monchy Sébastien
Published: August 2022

Fungal parasitism is common in plankton communities and plays a crucial role in the ecosystem by balancing nutrient cycling in the food web. Previous studies of aquatic ecosystems revealed that zoosporic chytrid epidemics represent an important driving factor in phytoplankton seasonal successions. In this study, host–parasite dynamics in Lake Pavin (France) were investigated during the spring diatom bloom while following chytrid epidemics using next generation sequencing (NGS). Metabarcoding analyses were applied to study changes in the eukaryotic microbial community throughout diatom bloom–chytrid epidemics. Relative read abundances of metabarcoding data revealed potential “beneficiaries” and “victims” during the studied period. Subsequently, metatranscriptomic analyses on samples before and during the chytrid epidemic unveiled the active part of the community and functional/metabolic dynamics in association with the progress of chytrid infection. Diatom functions involving lipases, transporters, histones, vacuolar systems, the proteasome, proteases and DNA/RNA polymerases were more abundant during the diatom bloom. Chytrid functions related to a parasitic lifestyle including invasion, colonization and stress tolerance were up‐regulated during the chytrid epidemic. In addition, functions related to the degradation/metabolism of proteins, lipids and chitin were in higher proportion in the community during the epidemic event. Results of NGS and bioinformatics analyses offered a panorama of dynamic biodiversity and biological functioning of the community.