bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A facile approach to fabricate porous nylon 6 nanofibers using silica nanotemplate
Authors: Shi Quan , Vitchuli Narendiran , Ji Liwen , Nowak Joshua , McCord Marian , Bourham Mohamed , Zhang Xiangwu
Published: October 2010

Porous Nylon 6 nanofibers were prepared using silica nanoparticles as the template. Firstly, Nylon 6/silica composite nanofibers were prepared as precursors by electrospinning Nylon 6 solutions containing different contents of silica nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine the surface morphology and the inner structure of composite nanofibers; where it was found that silica nanoparticles were distributed both inside and on the surface of nanofibers. Analytical techniques [Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction) were used to study the structure and properties of these composite nanofibers. The glass transition, melting, and crystallization processes of the fibers were affected by the addition of silica nanoparticles. Secondly, porous Nylon 6 nanofibers were obtained by removing silica nanoparticles via hydrofluoric acid treatment. The removal of silica nanoparticles was confirmed using FTIR and TGA tests. SEM and TEM observations revealed the formation of the porous structure in these nanofibers. After the formation of the porous structure, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface areas of nanofibers were increased as compared to solid Nylon 6 and composite nanofibers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Phase separation and thermal aging behavior of styrene‐butadiene rubber vulcanizates using liquid polymers as plasticizers studied by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical spectroscopy
Authors: Nakazono Takeo , Ozaki Anri , Matsumoto Akikazu
Published: October 2010

Styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) vulcanizates were prepared using plasticizers including the four liquid types of styrene–butadiene copolymers (LPSB), polybutadiene (LPB), polyisoprene (LPI), and the hydrogenated polyisoprene (LHPI) as well as the conventional process oil, and their phase‐separated structures and mechanical properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical spectroscopy. The phase separation was observed for the SBR vulcanizates when LPI and LHPI were used as the plasticizers, while the LPSB and LPB gave homogeneous structures because of the good miscibility with the SBR. The phase‐separated structure of the SBR vulcanizate prepared using LPI changed to the homogeneous during the thermal aging. We revealed the role of the liquid polymers as the plasticizers in maintaining the physical and mechanical properties of the SBR vulcanizates during the thermal aging process when the plasticizers were miscible to the SBR. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
High‐performance hyperbranched poly(phenylene oxide) modified bismaleimide resin with high thermal stability, low dielectric constant and loss
Authors: Huang Pingzhen , Gu Aijuan , Liang Guozheng , Yuan Li
Published: October 2010

High‐performance hyperbranched poly(phenylene oxide)‐modified bismaleimide resin with high thermal stability, low dielectric constant, and loss was developed, which is made up of hyperbranched poly(phenylene oxide) (HBPPO), 4,4′‐bismaleimidodiphenylmethane (BDM), and o, o′‐diallylbisphenol A (DBA). The curing reactivity, morphology, and performance of BDM/DBA/HBPPO resin were systemically investigated, and similar investigations for BDM/DBA resin were also carried out for comparison. Results show that BDM/DBA/HBPPO and BDM/DBA resins have similar curing mechanism, but the former can be cured at lower temperature than the later; in addition, cured BDM/DBA/HBPPO resin with suitable HBPPO content has better thermal stability and dielectric properties (lower dielectric constant and loss) than BDM/DBA resin. The difference in macroproperties between BDM/DBA/HBPPO and BDM/DBA resins results from the different chemical structures and morphologies of their crosslinking networks. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Degradation and initiation polymerization mechanism of α‐methylstyrene‐containing macroinitiators
Authors: Jiang Shan , Deng Jianping , Yu Qiang , Yang Wantai
Published: October 2010

Copolymers obtained from radical copolymerization of α‐methylstyrene (AMS) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) behave as macroinitiators, when heated in the presence of a second monomer, giving rise to block copolymers. The relevant degradation and initiation polymerization mechanism of the macroinitiators were studied. Thermal depropagation of the macroinitiators generated monomers, identified by 1H‐NMR, photoionization mass spectroscopy and FT‐IR. According to the results of structure analysis by GPC, ESR and NMR spectroscopy, the AMS‐GMA (head‐head) and AMS‐AMS (head‐head) bonds in the macroinitiators are easily scissored providing free radicals when the temperature is above 80°C. The radicals lead to subsequent polymerization of the second monomer, and thereby block copolymers are formed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Three‐dimensional morphometrical analysis of the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery: Potential clinical and neurosurgical implications
Authors: Żurada Anna , Gielecki Jerzy , Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios , Maksymowicz Wojciech , Cohen‐Gadol Aaron A. , Michalak Maciej , Chlebiej Michał , Żurada‐Zielińska Agnieszka
Published: October 2010

With an increase in the understanding of the formation and treatment of cerebral aneurysms and an improvement in imaging technology, actual standardized measurement values for the cerebral arteries are necessary. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide a detailed assessment of the three‐dimension (3D) morphology (vessel's curvature and trajectory) and 3D‐morphometry of the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery using computer tomography angiography (CTA) images. The DICOM files from CTA of 40 male and 75 female individuals with a mean age of 50.1 years were analyzed using an interactive postprocessing 3D volume‐rendering algorithm. Specifically, the M1 segment was evaluated. Calculations included the length, internal diameter, volume, deviation (DI) and tortuosity indices (TI). The M1 segment had a mean internal diameter of 2.23 mm and was greater in men. M1 asymmetry was identified in 23.4% of the individuals and was more common in women. The mean length was 15.62 mm and the left M1 segments were a little longer. The mean volume of the M1 segments was 63.92 mm3, and this was typically greater in men and on the left sides. The mean TI and DI for the M1 segment were 0.91 and 2.17 mm, respectively. Therefore, the M1 segments are only slightly curved or straight in their course. In addition, the longest vascular M1 segments are more deviated (curved) and more tortuous. Such standardized data as presented herein may be useful in the preprocedural evaluation of patients with intracranial vascular pathology of the M1 segment. Clin. Anat. 24:34–46, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ectopic pancreas, intussusception, and a ruptured mesenteric band: An unusual association
Authors: Ganapathi Senthil , Villa Francesco , Perera Ranmith , Wan Andrew
Published: October 2010

Although ectopic pancreas and intussusception are not unusual conditions, intussusception caused by ectopic pancreas is extremely rare. Its presence along with a ruptured congenital mesenteric vascular band raises the possibility of an anomaly of the vitelline vascular system. We report the case of a 26‐year‐old man presenting with acute abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. CT scan showed a large amount of free fluid in his abdomen and an ileo‐ileal intussusception. At laparotomy he was found to have hemoperitoneum with a ruptured, actively bleeding congenital band attached to the ileal mesentery, which was ligated, with ileo‐ileal intussusception that was resected. Histopathology showed ectopic pancreatic tissue as the lead point for the intussusception. It was likely to be a ruptured mesodiverticular band and along with other findings suggested a constellation of anomalies of the vitello‐intestinal tract. Clin. Anat. 24:128–132, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure and functional significance of the transverse vesical fold
Authors: Boaz N.T. , Martin A.H. , Thompson K. , Ferreira C. , Forest‐Nearn L.
Published: October 2010

The plica vesicalis transversa or transverse vesical fold (TVF) is a peritoneal fold extending from the lateral side of the bladder to the side of the lesser pelvis near the deep inguinal ring. It is an important landmark in laparoscopic surgery of the pelvis but is variably observed in the embalmed cadaver. We investigated the gross anatomy of this structure in the cadaver and confirmed that its medial portion corresponds to the location of the superior vesical artery(ies), thus supporting the idea that the TVF is “mesovesical.” However, no large vessels were observed grossly in the lateral portion of the TVF. The hypothesis that the lateral TVF has a suspensory function was tested histologically by comparison with the suspensory ligament of the duodenum and the phrenicocolic ligament, both of which have smooth muscle contributing to their inferred suspensory function. Microscopic examination of prepared samples from 20 cadavers shows that the TVF evinces no smooth muscle in either its lateral or medial segments. The TVF is demonstrated to be a mesentery‐like reflection of peritoneum raised by branches of the superior vesical artery which provides no demonstrable structural support for the bladder. Implications of these findings include avoidance of sectioning of medial TVF during laparoscopic surgery because of its vascular nature, and inadvisability of utilizing any portion of theTVF for an anchor in reconstruction of the anterior pelvic floor within the paravesical fossae. Clin. Anat. 24:62–69, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical variations of the human sural nerve and its role in clinical and surgical procedures
Authors: Eid Essam M. , Hegazy Ahmed M.S.
Published: October 2010

The sural nerve is the most commonly nerve used in nerve transplantation, and so the aim of this study was to determine the variations of the sural nerve in the back of the leg, its relations to the calcaneal tendon and lateral malleolus, and determine the patterns of its distribution on the dorsum of the foot. Twenty‐four Egyptian legs and feet were dissected. The results showed that the sural communicating nerve connected with the sural nerve in 87.5%. The predominant site of union between these two nerves was in the lower one‐third of the leg and ankle region (62%). There was only one right leg that the sural nerve passed through the gastrocnemius. The small saphenous vein passed along the medial side of the sural nerve in 100%. The sural nerve crossed the lateral border of the calcaneal tendon in 50%. The distance between the sural nerve and insertion of calcaneal tendon was 16 + 7 mm in 91.7%. There were four types of pattern of innervation of the toes by the sural nerve. The predominant pattern was type I (45.8%), where the lateral side of the little toe was supplied by the sural nerve alone. The second pattern was type IV (29.2%), where the lateral 2 ½ toes were supplied by the sural nerve alone. These findings are important for sural nerve biopsy and grafts, surgical repair of the calcaneal tendon, and regional anesthesia of the foot. Clin. Anat. 24:237–245, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkyne Competition in the Benzannulation Reaction with Chromium Carbene Complexes.
Authors: Wu Chunrui , Berbasov Dmytro O. , Wulff William D.
Published: October 2010

It is found that chromium carbene complexes react much faster with terminal alkynes than with internal alkynes which allows highly selective formation of products of type (IV), (VII), and (XII) after oxidation.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(0) Nanoparticle Catalyzed sp2 C—H Activation: A Convenient Route to Alkyl—Aryl Ketones by Direct Acylation of Aryl Bromides and Iodides with Aldehydes.
Authors: Adak Laksmikanta , Bhadra Sukalyan , Ranu Brindaban C.
Published: October 2010

Optimized conditions are developed for in situ generation of Pd(0) nanoparticles.
ChemInform Abstract: Reinvestigating the Synthesis of N‐Arylbenzamidines from Benzonitriles and Anilines in the Presence of AlCl3.
Authors: Koutentis Panayiotis A. , Mirallai Styliana I.
Published: October 2010

By modifying the mode of addition and by moderating the reaction temperature, the AlCl3 catalyzed reaction of benzonitriles (I) or (IV) with anilines affords benzamidines with significantly improved yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation via Soft Enolization: A Biomimetic Asymmetric Mannich Reaction of Phenylacetate Thioesters.
Authors: Kohler Mark C. , Yost Julianne M. , Garnsey Michelle R. , Coltart Don M.
Published: October 2010

The approach to enolization using the cinchona based amino thiourea catalyst PCU is based on the cooperative action of a carbonyl‐activating hydrogen bonding thiourea moiety and an amine base contained within a single catalytic entity to facilitate intracomplex deprotonation.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 2‐Alkylthio‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydrobenzothieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones.
Authors: Zeng Xiao‐Hua , Liu Min , Ding Ming‐Wu , He Hong‐Wu
Published: October 2010

The title compounds (VI) (15 examples) are obtained starting from easily available materials without using the highly toxic thiophosgene.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Optically Active α‐(Allenyl)‐ and α‐Substituted‐α‐(allenyl)glycines.
Authors: Okada Takuya , Oda Naoko , Suzuki Hiroyuki , Sakaguchi Kazuhiko , Ohfune Yasufumi
Published: October 2010

Various types of title compounds are synthesized through a dianionic Claisen rearrangement as the key step followed by different deprotection modes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐Substituted 7,8‐Benzomorphans by Intramolecular Cyclization of N‐Protected 4,4‐Disubstituted 1,4‐Dihydropyridines.
Authors: Schmaunz Cornelia E. , Pabel Joerg , Wanner Klaus T.
Published: October 2010

Acid‐mediated cyclization of substrates (I) and (IV) proceeds via N‐acyliminium ions that undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction at the benzyl substituent to afford the target compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: A Review of the Isobaric (Vapor + Liquid + Liquid) Equilibria of Multicomponent Systems and the Experimental Methods Used in Their Investigation
Authors: Gomis Vicente , Pequenin Ana , Asensi Juan Carlos
Published: October 2010

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Model Studies in Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Freund H.‐J.
Published: October 2010

Review: 121 refs.
Photothermal multispectral image cytometry for quantitative histology of nanoparticles and micrometastasis in intact, stained and selectively burned tissues
Authors: Nedosekin Dmitry A. , Shashkov Evgeny V. , Galanzha Ekaterina I. , Hennings Leah , Zharov Vladimir P.
Published: October 2010

There is a rapidly growing interest in the advanced analysis of histological data and the development of appropriate detection technologies in particular for mapping of nanoparticle distributions in tissue in nanomedicine applications. We evaluated photothermal (PT) scanning cytometry for color‐coded imaging, spectral identification, and quantitative detection of individual nanoparticles and abnormal cells in histological samples with and without staining. Using this tool, individual carbon nanotubes, gold nanorods, and melanoma cells with intrinsic melanin markers were identified in unstained (e.g. sentinel lymph nodes) and conventionally‐stained tissues. In addition, we introduced a spectral burning technique for histology through selective laser bleaching areas with nondesired absorption background and nanobubble‐based PT signal amplification. The obtained data demonstrated the promise of PT cytometry in the analysis of low‐absorption samples and mapping of various individual nanoparticles' distribution that would be impossible with existing assays. Comparison of PT cytometry and photoacoustic (PA) cytometry previously developed by us, revealed that these methods supplement each other with a sensitivity advantage (up to 10‐fold) of contactless PT technique in assessment of thin (≤100 μm) histological samples, while PA imaging provides characterization of thicker samples which, however, requires an acoustic contact with transducers. A potential of high‐speed integrated PT–PA cytometry for express histology and immunohistochemistry of both intact and stained heterogeneous tissues with high sensitivity at the zepromolar concentration level is further highlighted. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Cytologic diagnosis of recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma with oncocytic change twenty‐one years post‐thyroidectomy: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Tranchida Paul , Estigarribia Juan , Sethi Seema , Giorgadze Tamar
Published: October 2010

A 66‐year‐old woman presented 21 years prior with diarrhea and elevated serum calcitonin levels. The left lobe of the thyroid was aspirated but specimen was unsatisfactory. Nevertheless, based on the radiological and clinical impressions, the patient underwent total thyroidectomy and the histologic examination established the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Approximately 5 years later, the patient had a recurrence of the disease and underwent a neck lymph node dissection, which showed metastatic MTC in a lymph node. Sixteen years later, the patient presented with left neck mass detected by ultrasound in the area of thyroid bed. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of this area was performed and the FNA diagnosis was consistent with oncocytic variant of MTC. This case illustrates a first report of this uncommon variant of MTC diagnosed by FNA cytology of the thyroid bed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensitivity and workload for manual and automated gynecologic screening: Best current estimates
Authors: Renshaw Andrew A. , Elsheikh Tarik M.
Published: October 2010

Sensitivity for screening gynecologic cytology appears to be correlated with workload, but data in the literature is limited. We gathered all known published data that included independently estimated measures of sensitivity and workload, for manual and automated screening, including individual cytotechnologist (CT) and laboratory data. We then attempted to synthesize the best estimates of sensitivity with workload volume. While this interpretation is limited by the scarcity of collected data and the few assumptions needed to combine the data, our results suggest that manual and automated screening correlate differently with workload. Manual screening was directly related to total workload volume, appeared to reach near 100% sensitivity for some individual CTs at workloads of ∼30 slides/day, and decreased to below 80% sensitivity at ∼70 slides /day. Most CTs performed at a higher sensitivity than the laboratory averages, but a small subset of CTs had significantly lower sensitivities with similar workload volumes. Sensitivity of automated screening, on the other hand, was more closely correlated with epithelial cell abnormality (ECA)‐adjusted workload (ECA × total slides/day). While these results are preliminary and additional studies are warranted to confirm them, our results may be useful in monitoring workload limits in gynecologic cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Papillary tissue fragments in cervicovaginal (Pap) smears: Cytomorphologic characteristics and clinicopathologic significance
Authors: Stoll Lisa M. , Johnson Michael W. , Ali Syed Z.
Published: October 2010

Papillary epithelial fragments (PEFs) are a rarely described architectural feature in cervicovaginal (Pap) smears. Morphologically, PEFs often consist of small, finely branching glandular tissue fragments with varying cytomorphology. This study identified 21 Pap smears (1978–2009) containing PEFs to determine the clinicopathologic significance of such findings. Patients ranged in age from 36 to 81 years (mean, 54 years). The Pap smear diagnoses consisted of 48% overt malignant neoplasms, 24% atypical fragments, and 28% benign entities. The papillary fragments featured a range of cytomorphologies consisting of benign features, mild to marked atypia, and overt malignancy. PEFs were more commonly found (57%) in specimens from patients with significant pathologic outcomes. Hence, the presence of PEFs in a Pap smear should raise concern for a neoplastic process. In smears displaying atypical to malignant cytomorphologic features recommendations for further clinical work‐up and/or tissue studies should be made. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellient™ automated cell block versus traditional cell block preparation: A comparison of morphologic features and immunohistochemical staining
Authors: Wagner David G. , Russell Donna K. , Benson Jenna M. , Schneider Ashley E. , Hoda Rana S. , Bonfiglio Thomas A.
Published: October 2010

Traditional cell block (TCB) sections serve as an important diagnostic adjunct to cytologic smears but are also used today as a reliable preparation for immunohistochemical (IHC) studies. There are many ways to prepare a cell block and the methods continue to be revised. In this study, we compare the TCB with the Cellient™ automated cell block system. Thirty‐five cell blocks were obtained from 16 benign and 19 malignant nongynecologic cytology specimens at a large university teaching hospital and prepared according to TCB and Cellient protocols. Cell block sections from both methods were compared for possible differences in various morphologic features and immunohistochemical staining patterns. In the 16 benign cases, no significant morphologic differences were found between the TCB and Cellient cell block sections. For the 19 malignant cases, some noticeable differences in the nuclear chromatin and cellularity were identified, although statistical significance was not attained. Immunohistochemical or special stains were performed on 89% of the malignant cases (17/19). Inadequate cellularity precluded full evaluation in 23% of Cellient cell block IHC preparations (4/17). Of the malignant cases with adequate cellularity (13/17), the immunohistochemical staining patterns from the different methods were identical in 53% of cases. The traditional and Cellient cell block sections showed similar morphologic and immunohistochemical staining patterns. The only significant difference between the two methods concerned the lower overall cell block cellularity identified during immunohistochemical staining in the Cellient cell block sections. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loss of Reprimo and S100A2 expression in human gastric adenocarcinoma
Authors: Luo Jun , Zhu Youqing , Yang Guifang , Gong Lingling , Wang Bicheng , Liu Huan
Published: October 2010

Reprimo and S100A2 are two newly identified candidate tumor‐suppressor genes, which play an important role in the regulation of p53‐dependent cell cycle. In this study, we examined the expressions of Reprimo and S100A2 in surgical specimens of gastric adenocarcinoma and correlated these results with pathological and clinical parameters. Tissues were obtained from 100 gastric adenocarcinoma patients that underwent curative gastrectomy. Reprimo and S100A2 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. Loss of Reprimo and S100A2 expressions occurred in 65 and 52% of the patients, respectively. Loss of Reprimo expression was significantly correlated with the depth of tumor invasion (P = 0.000), lymphatic vessel invasion (P = 0.006), and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.000). Loss of S100A2 expression was significantly associated with histological type (P = 0.009), depth of invasion (P = 0.033), lymphatic vessel invasion (P = 0.01), and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001). In addition, there was a significant positive association between the expressions of Reprimo and S100A2 (P < 0.01). The results suggest that loss of Reprimo and S100A2 expressions occurs frequently in gastric adenocarcinomas. The expressions of Reprimo and S100A2 may be potential biomarkers for gastric adenocarcinomas detection. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disseminated blastomycosis diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration of the thyroid
Authors: Harvey Aaron M. , Mody Dina R. , Amrikachi Mojgan
Published: October 2010

Blastomycosis is an uncommon disease caused by the dimorphic fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis. It can manifest as chronic pulmonary symptoms or disseminated disease. Only three previous cases of blastomycosis involving the thyroid have been reported, of which two were diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration. We present a case of disseminated blastomycosis initially diagnosed by thyroid fine‐needle aspiration. Our case was a 47‐year‐old man with past medical history significant for diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and chronic pancreatitis who presented with a 2‐week history of fever, chills, rigors, constipation, and 10 pound weight loss. Abdominal CT revealed chronic pancreatitis and a calcified mass in the pancreas. Chest CT revealed a single 1.5–2 cm thyroid mass and innumerably small 2‐3 mm pulmonary nodule bilaterally. Fine‐needle aspiration of the thyroid demonstrated 10–20 μm broad‐based budding yeasts with thick‐walled, refractile capsules amidst a background of granulomatous inflammation, and was diagnosed as a fungal infection consistent with blastomycosis. The patient was started on treatment with itraconazole based upon the FNA diagnosis. Concurrent lung biopsy demonstrated rare possible yeast forms on histology. A specimen from the lung was sent for culture, and was positive for B. dermatitidis, confirming the diagnosis. Disseminated blastomycosis rarely involves the thyroid. However, the thyroid is amenable to fine‐needle aspiration. Fungal and mycobacterial cultures and special stains for fungal organisms should be requested on all thyroid fine‐needle aspiration biopsies with granulomatous inflammation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transthyretin, identified by proteomics, is overabundant in pancreatic juice from pancreatic carcinoma and originates from pancreatic islets
Authors: Lv Shunli , Gao Jun , Zhu Feng , Li Zhaoshen , Gong Yanfang , Xu Guoming , Ma Lie
Published: October 2010

Analyses of pancreatic juice by proteomics have identified many proteins that are overabundant in pancreatic cancer (PC) juice. The mechanism by which secretion of these proteins occur remains unclear.

Pancreatic juice was collected from patients with three pancreatic diseases: PC, chronic pancreatitis (CP), and simple choledocholithiasis (CDS), and analyzed by 2‐DE, MALDI‐TOF/MS, and Western blot. Five PC cell lines, 30 PC tissues and their corresponding adjacent pancreatic tissues were used to validate the expression of genes which code for overabundant proteins in PC juice. The mRNA and protein levels were measured by RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively.

Using proteomics, it was demonstrated that the protein transthyretin (TTR) was upregulated more than 2‐fold in PC juice compared with CP and CDS, while apolipoprotein A‐I, lithostathine, and regenerating islet‐derived 1 beta precursor were downregulated more than 2‐fold. Western blots confirmed that TTR was overabundant in the PC juice. However, TTR mRNA was not detected in any of the five PC cell lines, and was only detected in islet cells. By microscopy, it was shown that islet architecture was almost completely destroyed, and the islet's maximum diameter appeared larger in PC tissues than in normal.

Some overabundant proteins in PC juice, such as TTR expressed only in islets, leak into the pancreatic ductal system due to hyperplasia and architectural damage in PC tissues. The destruction of organ and tissue architecture by tumor growth may result in novel tumor markers even if the markers are not secreted directly by tumor cells. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Indirect dating of historical land use through mining: Linking heavy metal analyses of fluvial deposits to archaeobotanical data and written accounts
Authors: Schmidt‐Wygasch Carolin , Schamuhn Silke , Meurers‐Balke Jutta , Lehmkuhl Frank , Gerlach Renate
Published: October 2010

Man‐made heavy metal contamination of floodplains has existed for centuries—even dating back to the Middle Ages. Up to now, these contaminants have been analyzed with very time‐consuming and costly techniques. Thus, to determine historical heavy metal contamination, the aim of this study is to link the following approaches to generate better comprehensive and interdisciplinary understanding of historical land use of the Inde River, Germany: (1) to analyze anthropogenic heavy metal contamination of fluvial deposits from before ca. 2800 B.C. onward; (2) to investigate the historical land use by applying archaeobotanical data; and (3) to weave information from written accounts, in order to indirectly date fluvial deposits. In this study, heavy metal concentrations were measured in situ using X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Subsequently, pollen and macroremains dating from the Early Modern Period were archaeobotanically analyzed. Finally, historical accounts were studied. We found that fluvial deposits of varying age show distinctly different concentrations of lead, zinc, and copper. Moreover, the archaeobotanical analyses indicated intensive land use through farming, husbandry, and forestry. Finally, the written accounts described mining activities since the Roman Period or even before. In conclusion, linking these three interdisciplinary approaches is ideal for gaining insight into the historical anthropogenic impact on the environment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SO3H‐functionalized ionic liquids catalyzed the synthesis of α‐aminophosphonates in aqueous media
Authors: Fang Dong , Jiao Changmei , Ni Chunjie
Published: October 2010

SO3H‐functionalized halogen‐free ionic liquids were prepared and used as efficient and recyclable catalysts for the synthesis of α‐aminophosphonates at room temperature via the one‐pot three‐component condensation reaction in aqueous media with good yields of 80–96%. The postprocessing was simple, and the catalysts could be reused at least six times without noticeably decreasing the catalytic activity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:546–550, 2010; View this article online atwileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20644
Gene expression profiling in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Clinical perspectives
Authors: Lallemant Benjamin , Evrard Alexandre , Chambon Guillaume , Sabra Omar , Kacha Sophie , Lallemant Jean‐Gabriel , Lumbroso Serge , Brouillet Jean‐Paul
Published: October 2010

Background.

To date, more than 60 gene expression profiling (GEP) studies have been published in the field of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) with variable objectives, methods, and results.

Methods.

The purpose of this study was to present a state‐of‐the‐art review of GEP in HNSCC focusing on the current advances and perspectives for clinical applications.

Results.

Gene expression signatures have been developed to identify screening and diagnostic molecular markers, to improve tumor staging (cervical lymph node and distant metastasis prediction), to differentiate lung metastasis of HNSCC from primary lung squamous cell carcinoma, to predict tumor response to chemoradiotherapy, and to provide outcome predictors.

Conclusion.

Some transcriptional signatures that could improve HNSCC management have been identified, but further analyses are required to properly validate and to precisely evaluate their clinical relevance. After an exploratory phase, the completion of large scale projects with stringent methodology is now necessary to transfer GEP from bench to bedside. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
High rates of regional failure in squamous cell carcinoma of the hard palate and maxillary alveolus
Authors: Morris Luc G. T. , Patel Snehal G. , Shah Jatin P. , Ganly Ian
Published: October 2010

Background.

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of neck metastasis in hard palate and maxillary alveolus squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and to identify factors predictive of regional failure.

Methods.

In 139 patients treated for SCC of the hard palate and maxillary alveolus (from 1985–2006), the incidence rates of regional metastasis at presentation and at recurrence were calculated. Factors predictive of regional recurrence‐free survival were identified on Cox multivariable regression analysis.

Results.

Regional failure occurred in 28.4% of patients and was significantly associated with pathologic T classification, ranging from 18.7% (pT1) to 37.3% (pT4). T classification was an independent predictor of regional recurrence‐free survival (RRFS) on multivariable analysis. Most patients (65.6%) with regional recurrence were not able to be salvaged.

Conclusion.

Patients with T2 to T4 primary tumors of the hard palate and maxillary alveolus exhibited high rates of regional failure. In most cases, successful salvage was not achieved. Elective treatment of the neck with surgery or radiation is therefore recommended. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Micro‐RNA profiles in osteosarcoma as a predictive tool for ifosfamide response
Authors: Gougelet Angélique , Pissaloux Daniel , Besse Anthony , Perez Jennifer , Duc Adeline , Dutour Aurélie , Blay Jean‐Yves , Alberti Laurent
Published: October 2010

Micro‐RNAs (miRNA) are currently used as cancer biomarkers for hematological cancers and solid tumors. Osteosarcoma is the first primary malignant bone tumor, characterized by a complex genetic and resistance to conventional treatments. For this latter property, the median survival has not been improved since 1990 despite preoperative administration of chemotherapeutic agents. The prediction of tumor response before chemotherapy treatment would constitute a major progress for this pathology. We assessed in this study if miRNA profiling could surpass the current limitations for osteosarcoma diagnosis. We measured the miRNA expression in different osteosarcoma samples: (i) 27 osteosarcoma paraffin‐embedded tumors from patients, (ii) human osteosarcoma cell lines, and (iii) tumors from a syngeneic rat osteosarcoma model, recapitulating human osteosarcoma. miRNA profiles were determined using microfluidic cards performing high‐throughput TaqMan®‐based PCR assays, called TaqMan®Low Density Arrays. Osteosarcoma of rat and human origins showed a miRNA signature, which could discriminate good from bad responders. In particular, we identified five discriminating miRNAs (miR‐92a, miR‐99b, miR‐132, miR‐193a‐5p and miR‐422a) in patient tumors, which could be easily transferable to diagnosis. These discriminating miRNAs, as well as those identified in rat, targeted the TGFβ, the Wnt and the MAP kinase pathways. These results indicate that our platform constitutes a potent diagnostic tool to predict tumor sensitivity to a drug in attempt to better adapt treatment to tumor biological specificities and also to identify new potential therapeutic strategies.
Risk factors for non‐Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes defined by histology and t(14;18) in a population‐based case‐control study
Authors: Chang Cindy M. , Wang Sophia S. , Dave Bhavana J. , Jain Smrati , Vasef Mohammad A. , Weisenburger Dennis D. , Cozen Wendy , Davis Scott , Severson Richard K. , Lynch Charles F. , Rothman Nathaniel , Cerhan James R. , Hartge Patricia , Morton Lindsay M.
Published: October 2010

The t(14;18) chromosomal translocation is the most common cytogenetic abnormality in non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), occurring in 70–90% of follicular lymphomas (FL) and 30–50% of diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas (DLBCL). Previous t(14;18)‐NHL studies have not evaluated risk factors for NHL defined by both t(14;18) status and histology. In this population‐based case‐control study, t(14;18) status was determined in DLBCL cases using fluorescence in situ hybridization on paraffin‐embedded tumor sections. Polytomous logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between a wide variety of exposures and t(14;18)‐positive (N = 109) and ‐negative DLBCL (N = 125) and FL (N = 318), adjusting for sex, age, race, and study center. Taller height, more lifetime surgeries, and PCB180 exposure were associated with t(14;18)‐positivity. Taller individuals (third tertile vs. first tertile) had elevated risks of t(14;18)‐positive DLBCL (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–3.0) and FL (OR = 1.4, 95%CI 1.0–1.9) but not t(14;18)‐negative DLBCL. Similar patterns were seen for individuals with more lifetime surgeries (13+ vs. 0–12 surgeries; t(14;18)‐positive DLBCL OR = 1.4, 95%CI 0.7–2.7; FL OR = 1.6, 95%CI 1.1–2.5) and individuals exposed to PCB180 greater than 20.8 ng/g (t(14;18)‐positive DLBCL OR = 1.3, 95%CI 0.6–2.9; FL OR = 1.7, 95%CI 1.0–2.8). In contrast, termite treatment and high alpha‐chlordane levels were associated with t(14;18)‐negative DLBCL only, suggesting that these exposures do not act through t(14;18). Our findings suggest that putative associations between NHL and height, surgeries, and PCB180 may be t(14;18)‐mediated and provide support for case‐subtyping based on molecular and histologic subtypes. Future efforts should focus on pooling data to confirm and extend previous research on risk factors for t(14;18)‐NHL subtypes.
Herpesvirus saimiri‐based endothelin‐converting enzyme‐1 shRNA expression decreases prostate cancer cell invasion and migration
Authors: Hong Yue , Macnab Stuart , Lambert Louise A. , Turner Anthony J. , Whitehouse Adrian , Usmani Badar A.
Published: October 2010

The zinc metalloprotease, endothelin‐converting enzyme‐1 (ECE‐1), which converts the mitogenic peptide endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) from its biologically inactive precursor big‐ET‐1, is commonly upregulated in prostate cancer (PC) cells. Consequently, we have sought to suppress ECE‐1 expression by using RNAi as a potentially novel therapeutic approach. Therefore, a synthetic 64‐nt short‐hairpin RNA (shRNA), designed to target the ECE‐1 gene, was expressed in an Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS)‐based delivery vector. ECE‐1 expression in cells transduced with the vector was examined by real‐time PCR and Western blotting. The effects of ECE‐1 knockdown on PC cell migration and invasion were studied using a scratch assay and Matrigel invasion. These studies, in vitro and ex vivo, demonstrated that the HVS‐shRNA viruses could infect and silence ECE‐1 expression effectively in human PC cells. Furthermore, it was observed that ECE‐1 knockdown in either stromal cells or epithelial cells could significantly reduce invasion of PC‐3 cells in coculture by 33 and 31%, respectively. In addition, suppressed migration was also observed in HVS‐ECE‐1 shRNA‐infected PC‐3 cells compared to uninfected and HVS‐GFP‐infected control cell cultures. These findings highlight the potential tumor‐suppressing effect of ECE‐1 knockdown in cancer cells and novel strategies for future therapeutic developments in advanced PC.
Unique variants of human papillomavirus genotypes 52 and 58 and risk of cervical neoplasia
Authors: Chang Ya‐Ju , Chen Hui‐Chi , Lee Bor‐Heng , You San‐Lin , Lin Ching‐Yu , Pan Mei‐Hung , Chou Yi‐Chun , Hsieh Chang‐Yao , Chen Yi‐Ming A. , Cheng Yu‐Juen , Chen Chien‐Jen ,   CBCSP‐HPV Study Group
Published: October 2010

Human papillomavirus (HPV) 52 and 58 are oncogenic HPV types prevalent in Asia. Our study aims to explore intratypic variants of HPV 52 and 58 in Taiwan. A total of 11,923 women were enrolled from seven townships in 1991–1992. HPV DNA in their cervical cells was detected and typed by EasyChip® HPV blot. Among 424 participants infected with HPV 52 and/or 58, nucleotide variations were determined in cervical cell samples of 406 participants by the polymerase chain reaction sequencing of the long control region, E6 and E7 genes. Nonprototype‐like variants including lineages B and C were detected in 278 (99.3%) of 280 HPV 52 samples. The prototype and prototype‐like group (lineage A) of HPV58 was found in 132 (98.5%) of 134 HPV 58 samples, with sublineage A1, A2 and A3 variant in 14.2, 27.6 and 56.7%, respectively. Among women infected with single HPV 52 type, the C variant (vs. B variant) was associated with an increased prevalence of cytologically diagnosed high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or worse lesions showing an age‐adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval, CI) of 5.2 (1.0–27.6) and an increased prevalence of histologically confirmed high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or more severe lesions with an age‐adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of 7.6 (1.3–43.8). It was concluded that frequency distributions of HPV 52 and 58 variants in Taiwan were different from those in European and American populations. The association between C variant of HPV 52 and prevalence of cervical neoplasia needs further validation.
Single‐walled carbon nanotubes alter Schwann cell behavior differentially within 2D and 3D environments
Authors: Behan Brenda L. , DeWitt Daniel G. , Bogdanowicz Danielle R. , Koppes Abigail N. , Bale Shyam S. , Thompson Deanna M.
Published: October 2010

Both spinal cord injury (SCI) and large‐gap peripheral nerve defects can be debilitating affecting a patient's long‐term quality of life and presently, there is no suitable treatment for functional regeneration of these injured tissues. A number of works have suggested the benefits of electrical stimulation to promote both glial migration and neuronal extension. In this work, an electrically conductive hydrogel containing single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) for neural engineering applications is presented and the Schwann cell (SC) response to SWCNT is examined in both 2D and 3D microenvironments. Results from clonogenic and alamarBlue® assays in 2D indicate that SWCNT (10–50 μg mL−1) inhibit SC proliferation but do not affect cell viability. Following SWCNT exposure in 2D, changes in SC morphology can be observed with the nanomaterial attached to the cell membrane at concentrations as low as 10 μg mL−1. In contrast to the results gathered in 2D, SC embedded within the 3D hydrogel loaded with 10–50 μg mL−1 of SWCNT exhibited little or no measurable change in cell proliferation, viability, or morphology as assessed using a digestion assay, alamarBlue, and confocal microscopy. Collectively, this highlights that an electrically‐conductive SWCNT collagen I‐Matrigel™ biomaterial may be suitable for neural tissue engineering and is able to sustain populations of SC. Findings suggest that 2D nanoparticle toxicity assays may not be accurate predictors of the 3D response, further motivating the examination of these materials in a more physiologically relevant environment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2010.
Early tissue response to citric acid–based micro‐ and nanocomposites
Authors: Chung Eun Ji , Qiu Hongjin , Kodali Pradeep , Yang Scott , Sprague Stuart M. , Hwong James , Koh Jason , Ameer Guillermo A.
Published: October 2010

Composites based on calcium phosphates and biodegradable polymers are desirable for orthopedic applications because of their potential to mimic bone. Herein, we describe the fabrication, characterization, and in vivo response of novel citric acid–based microcomposites and nanocomposites. Poly(1,8‐octanediol‐co‐citrate) (POC) was mixed with increasing amounts of hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles or microparticles (up to 60 wt %), and the morphology and mechanical properties of the resulting composites were assessed. To investigate tissue response, nanocomposites, microcomposites, POC, and poly(L‐lactide) were implanted in osteochondral defects in rabbits and harvested at 6 weeks for histological evaluation. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed increased surface roughness of microcomposites relative to nanocomposites. The mechanical properties of both types of composites increased with increasing amounts of HA (8–328 MPa), although nanocomposites with 60 wt % HA displayed the highest strength and stiffness. Based on tissue–implant interfacial assessments, all implants integrated well with the surrounding bone and cartilage with no evidence of inflammation. Both nanocomposites and microcomposites supported bone remodeling; however, nanocomposites induced more trabecular bone formation at the tissue–implant interface. The mechanical properties of citric acid–based composites are within the range of human trabecular bone (1–1524 MPa, 211 ± 78 MPa mean modulus), and tissue response was dependent on the size and content of HA, providing new perspectives of design and fabrication criteria for orthopedic devices such as interference screws and fixation pins. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
A theoretical survey on the structures, energetics, and isomerization pathways of the B5O radical
Authors: Shao Chang‐Bin , Jin Lin , Ding Yi‐Hong
Published: October 2010

Boron‐centered radicals have received growing interest. Recently, two groups reported density functional theory investigations (GGA‐PW91 and B3LYP) on a hexa‐atomic boron‐oxide radical, B5O, which has led to great discrepancies on the type of low‐lying structures. In this article, we not only explore the energetics of doublet and quartet B5O isomers at high electron‐correlated levels (CCSD(T)/6‐311+G(2df), CCSD(T)/aug‐cc‐pVTZ, and G3B3) but also investigate the isomerization and fragmentation stability of the low‐lying B5O isomers. All the high‐level studies consistently show that the B5O radical possesses a belt‐like ground structure 201 in doublet electronic state followed by isomer 202 with an exocyclic BO moiety at around 3.0 kcal/mol. Kinetically, 201 and 202 are separated by a considerable barrier of about 20 kcal/mol. Thus, the two isomeric forms of B5O radical should be very promising for isolation in laboratory. However, the other four isomers reported recently are all kinetically unstable toward conversion to 201 and 202. The high thermodynamic and kinetic stability of 201 and 202 might make them as important building cores in the growth of boron‐oxide clusters. This results would also help deeply understand the oxidation and doping mechanism of pure boron clusters. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011