bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
History and main directions of research on plant protection in the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens
Authors: Plugatar Yu. V. , Balykina E. B.
Published: January 2021

The article provides information on the history of the creation and development of the Department of plant protection in the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens and the results of modern theoretical and applied research on the protection of native and introduced plants for 2000-2020. The main concepts, directions and methods in the development of integrated plant protection systems for fruit and park plantations are considered. There are five stages in solving the main task of plant protection-the rational management of the phytosanitary state of agrobiocenoses: 1. use of agrotechnical methods of control, including mechanical destruction of phytophages; 2. chemical method of plant protection using polytoxic broad-spectrum pesticides; 3. integrated control in the form of the concept of a reduced treatment scheme, taking into account the economic thresholds of abundance and harmfulness and combining all existing methods of control; 4. managing the growth of populations of harmful organisms using biologically active substances of the information type according to integrated indicators; 5. development of a post-genomic approach to limiting the number of phytophages, based on the use of fragments of natural polymers of nucleic acids, development of contact DNA insecticides based on short antisense fragments of genes, as well as preparations based on double-stranded RNA fragments. Modern research has a high theoretical and applied significance for the development of integrated protection systems for fruit, ornamental, and forest crops in the Russian Federation and Crimea. It allows us to objectively assess the phytosanitary state of the garden and park agrobiocenosis, identify the dominant types of pathogens and pests, predict their development trends, and select environmentally safe, cost-effective methods for controlling their numbers.
PELATIHAN PEMBUKUAN SIMPAN PINJAM DENGAN METODE MICROSOFT EXCEL PADA IBU-IBU PEMBERDAYAAN DAN KESEJAHTERAAN KELUARGA (PKK) DI KALURAHAN SONDAKAN, KECAMATAN LAWEYAN, KOTA SURAKARTA
Authors: Qomariyah Nur , Herawati Nunuk
Published: January 2021

Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ini berjudul “Pelatihan Pembukuan Simpan-Pinjam pada Ibu-ibu  Pemberdayaan    dan    Kesejahteraan    Keluarga (PKK) di Kelurahan Sondakan, Kecamatan Laweyan, Kota Surakarta”. Tujuan Pengabdian adalah Agar pengurus  dan anggota PKK dapat mengetahui peranan simpan-pinjam dalam kegiatan PKK, agar pengurus PKK dapat menggerakan masyarakat untuk gemar menabung dan aktif dalam kegiatan simpan-pinjam, agar pengurus dan anggota PKK dapat membuat dan membaca pembukuan simpan-pinjam secara komputerisasi. Kegiatan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat ini berbentuk pelatihan. Sasarannya adalah Ibu-ibu Pemberdayaan dan Kesejahteraan Keluarga (PKK) Kalurahan Sondakan, Kecamatan Laweyan, Surakarta. Jangka waktu Pengabdian adalah 6 bulan. Dampak dilaksanakan pelatihan bagi pengurus dan anggota PKK adalah :memahami manfaat tabungan dalam kegiatan simpan pinjam dalam organisasi PKK, memahami Pembukuan sederhana laporan simpan pinjam PKK, mampu membuat Pembukuan Simpan Pinjam dengan metode Microsoft Excel.Kata Kunci: Pengabdian, PKK, Pembukuan dan Microsoft Excel
MENCETAK WIRAUSAHA DI KELURAHAN NUSUKAN KECAMATAN BANJARSARI SURAKARTA
Authors: Susilowati Eko Meiningsih , Tiningrum Erna
Published: January 2021

Wirausaha merupakan kegiatan yang penting dalam masyarakat. Kegiatan ini mempunyai peran yang besar dalam negara kita antara lain yaitu mengurangi jumlah pengangguran, mengurangi kemiskinan, meningkatkan daya beli masyarakat dan dapat menciptakan lapangan usaha baru yang semua itu  dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi khususnya di Kelurahan Nusukan Kecamatan Banjarsari Surakarta. Pelaksanaan kegiatan ini dilakukan pada tanggal 16 Februari 2019 di wilayah Kelurahan Nusukan Kecamatan Banjarsari Surakarta. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini adalah dengan memberikan pelatihan dan pembinaan kepada masyarakat. Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah para peserta memperoleh bekal ilmu tentang cara berwira usaha dan dapat memulai usaha dengan perencanaan yang matang dan dilakukan dengan baik.Kata kunci: wirausaha, kebutuhan
PENDAMPINGAN PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN KELUARGA ISLAMI BAGI IBU RUMAH TANGGA PELAKU UMKM DI KECAMATAN JATEN KABUPATEN KARANGANYAR
Authors: Nurdyastuti Tri , Sari Cahyani Tunggal , Imron P Lukman Ahmad
Published: January 2021

Salah satu elemen utama dalam kegiatan perekonomian keluarga adalah pengelolaan keuangan. Pengelolaan keuangan  pribadi  dan  keluarga  dalam Islam sendiri bisa disebut dengan Sakinah Finance. Pengelolaan keuangan keluarga sangat penting bagi kesejahteraan setiap individu dan  keluarga  dalam  kehidupan  sehari-hari.   Inti  dari  pengelolaan  keuangan   Islami  adalah pengelolaan dengan menentukan skala prioritas dan anggaran belanja   rumah   tangga.     Ajaran Islam  mendesak  muslim  untuk  mengelola  keuangan    sesuai    dengan    ajaran    Allah  untuk memastikan kesuksesan dalam hidup. UMKM adalah singkatan dari Usaha Mikro, Kecil, Menengah. Adapun UUD yang mengatur UMKM adalah Undang – Undang No 20 Tahun 2008 bahwa pemerintah dan pemerintah daerah memfasilitasi pengembang usaha dengan cara memberikan intensif kepada usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah mengembangkan teknologi dan kelestarian lingkungan hidup. Pelaku UMKM di daerah Jaten belum banyak yang paham arti penting pemisahan keuangan usaha dengan keuangan keluarga sehingga kegiatan PKM ini diharapkan menjadi solusi untuk memperbaiki pengelolaan keuangan tersebut. Tim pengabdian kepada masyarakat tertarik untuk membuat kegiatan pengabdian dengan judul “ Pendampingan Pengelolaan Keuangan Keluarga Islami bagi Ibu Rumah Tangga Pelaku UMKM di Kecamatan Jaten Kabupaten Karanganyar “ Kata kunci :  UMKM, Keuangan keluarga islam, Keuangan Usaha
PENGEMBANGAN PENINGKATAN KUALITAS PEMBUATAN LAPORAN KEUANGAN SEDERHANA HOME INDUSTRY DI LINGKUNGAN KECAMATAN MATESIH KARANGANYAR
Authors: Yulia Yosephine Angelina , Octaviani Andri , Safika Hanif
Published: January 2021

Kabupaten Karanganyar merupakan tempat UMKM yang berkembang. Persebaran skala usaha UMKM di Kabupaten Karanganyar bervariasi dengan rata-rata usia usaha selama 11 tahun. Terdapat sekitar 37 persen UMKM berskala mikro, 32 persen berskala kecil dan 31 persen berskala menengah. Jika dilihat dari aspek pengembangan usaha, secara umum hanya sekitar 17 persen UMKM yang tidak memiliki hambatan berusaha. Beberapa jenis hambatan berusaha tersebut antara lain yaitu: hambatan persaingan (persaingan klaster, persaingan domestik dan persaingan luar negeri), penyelundupan, kebjakan ekonomi, kebijakan harga, penguasaan teknologi, permodalan dan manajerial. Pada kenyataanya praktek kegiatan UKM selalu berjalan tanpa mengandalkan informasi keuangan yang disusun secara tertib dan teratur. Banyak UMKM yang dapat berjalan normal tanpa dukungan informasi keuangan yang memadai. Pelatihan pembuatan laporan keuangan sederhana sangat penting sekali untuk dikuasai terutama sekali tentang cara perhitungannya. Apalagi jika UMKM membutuhkan modal dari Bank, jika UMKM sudah mempunyai laporan keuangan sederhana maka pihak Bank akan lebih mempermudah proses peminjaman dana untuk modal. Selain itu ada banyak kasus usaha kecil yang salah dalam membuat laporan keuangan secara sederhana. Karena seyogyanya dalam membangun usaha, penjual dituntut untuk mampu menghitung dan membuat laporan keuangan untuk usahanya sendiri guna mengetahui secara persis pendapatan yang diterima dan biaya yang dikeluarkan.Kata kunci: kewirausahaan, UMKM, laporan keuangan sederhana
TATACARA PENDIRIAN KOPERASI SYARIAH/BMT DI KAMPUNG MINAPADI, KALURAHAN NUSUKAN, SURAKARTA
Authors: Mulyadi Mulyadi , Wahyudi Ridwan , Haryoso P.
Published: January 2021

Semakin maraknya berbagai jenis lembaga keuangan yang muncul di kota Surakarta, memberikan sebuah pilihan bagi masyarakat didalam mereka akan mencari kredit. Ada yang berbtnuk perbankan, ada juga yang non perbankan misalnya  koperasi. Awalnya koperasi merupakan soko  guru perekonomian di Indonesia. Lambat laun keberadaan koperasi makin menurun kredibilitasnya. Mungkin dampak dari persaingan antarlembaga keuangan yang saling berebut untuk mendapatkan nasabah, Namun sekarang masyarakat sudah mulai sadar bahwa meminjam perlu memperhatikan kemanfaatannya dan dampaknya baik di dunia dan diakhirat.  Yang paling berbahaya adalah dampak terhadap aqidah umat Islam. Kondisi ini dimanfaatkan oleh orang-orang yang tidak bertanggungjawab seperti rentenir.  Mereka memanfaatkan kemiskinan dengan memberikan  pinjaman dengan mudah dan cepat tanpa agunan  dengan konsekuensi bunga yang tinggi. Praktek rentenir yang menjerat hingga saat ini masih terjadi baik di desa maupun di kota. Meskipun kegiatan ini  dengan tegas dilarang dalam agama Islam, dan juga tidak dibernarkan oleh pemerintah melalui undang-undang perbankanNo.10 tahun 2008 yang mengatur siapa saja yang boleh memberikan  pinjaman kepada masyarakat,  namun mereka masih tetap bergeriliya dimana-mana. Di Minapadi Kalurahan Nusukan Banjarsari Surakarta. Keberadaan pra koperasi di sini dianggap masyarakat yang sebagian besar berumat islam  menganggap pra koperasi ini perlu di rubah menjadi pra koperasi syaraiah, agar dalam pelaksanaannya nanti merasa lebih nyaman. Dengan adanya workshop mengenai pendirian  Koperasi Jasa Keuangan Sariah masyarakat sangat antosias untuk segera membentuk, karena sebelumnya pra   koperasi di masyarakat belum memenuhi kaidah islam. Maka tujuan didirikannya Koperasi Jasa Keuangan Sariah tidak hanya bersifat materialistis semata tetapi juga mempunyai tujuan yang   sangat mendasar yaitu mengamalkan AlQuran melalui ekonomi Islam dalam memberantas kemiskinan, memajukan ekonomi mikro, mendidik umat agar giat bekerja, jujur, memakmurkan masyarakat sekitar. Disamping  itu dengan adanya Koperasi Jasa Keuangan Sariah   diharapkan  dapat menjalin  kerjasama,  saling menolong antara masyarakat yang kelebihan dana dengan yang kekurangan dana.
PENDAMPINGAN PENGELOAAN LIMBAH PLASTIK DI KELURAHAN NGADILUWIH KECAMATAN MATESIH KABUPATEN KARANGANYAR
Authors: Brotojoya Endang , Purwantini V. Titi
Published: January 2021

Kerajinan dari sampah plastik merupakan kerajinan yang bisa menjadi alternatif peluang usaha di sekeliling kita. Seperti diketahui plastik merupakan bahan kebutuhan yang banyak dipergunakan dalam kehidupan manusia modern. Penggunaan plastik dalam kehidupan sehari-hari justru semakin meningkat sehinga problem semakin pelik. Solusinya adalah dengan mengurangi penggunaan bahan yang berasal dari plastik atau mendaur ulang sampah plastik menjadi barang yang bermanfaat. Sampah plastik bisa diolah menjadi aneka Kerajinan yang memiliki potensi ekonomi yang cukup baik. Peluang usaha Kerajinan sampah plastik ini disamping mendatangkan rezeki juga mengurangi polusi akibat sampah plastik. Tim Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Adi Unggul Bhirawa memberikan pendampingan dalam pengelolaan limbah plastik dalam kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat.
BROWNIES TAUGE COKLAT
Authors: Mahandika Theresia Gangga Rasya , Kusnila Kusnila , Aisyah Arum , Warjito Warjito , Pranata Herio Heften
Published: January 2021

Tauge merupakan kecambah yang berasal dari tanaman kacang hijau, banyak masyarakat hanya mengolah tauge sebagai bahan campuran makanan seperti soto, kare, dan lain lain. Sehingga dengan adanya program ini tauge diolah menjadi brownies coklat yang berdaya tarik dan sehat untuk dikonsumsi. Sasaran dari program ini  adalah  anak-anak yang biasanya  sulit  untuk  mengkonsumsi sayura khususnya tauge, sehingga dengan olahan tauge menjadi brownies membuat anak-anak  tertarik untuk memakan tauge. Kreasi olahan tauge yang kurang beranekaragam  membuat peluang usaha ini  sangat  besar.  Metode  pelaksanaan usaha pembuatan dan  pemasaran brownies tauge coklat ini antara lain dengan penyusunan rencana usaha (Business Plan), pelaksanaan kegiatan usaha brownies tauge coklat,pengawasan dan pengendalian usaha brownies tauge coklat sehingga produk yang dijual tetap diminati, serta tidak lupa untuk evaluasi jalannya usaha agar usaha dapat terus berkembang. Harapannya dengan adanya program ini dapat menciptakan sebuah peluang usaha yang  layak dijalankan, mendatangkan profit dari terciptanya kreasi olahan baru ini, dan terpenuhinya gizi pada anak.
PELATIHAN AKUNTANSI DAN PENYUSUNAN LAPORAN KEUANGAN USAHA KECIL BAGI SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN (SMK) PGRI DI SURAKARTA
Authors: Sulistyani Lilis , Lathifah Ifah , Marsono Shandy
Published: January 2021

AbstrakPengabdian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pelatihan akuntansi dan penyusunan laporan keuangan Usaha Mikro Kecil Bagi Siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) PGRI  Di Surakarta.Kegiatan pelatihan akuntansi dan penyusunan laporan keuangan Usaha kecil bagi siswa SMK ini dilakukan dengan cara presentasi, diskusi dan simulasi. Sasaran dari kegiatan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ini adalah Siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) PGRI  di Surakarta. Siswa SMK PGRI setelah menerima materi bidang kewirausahaan, dipandang perlu untuk memperoleh pelatihan mengenai akuntansi dan penyusunan laporan keuangan usaha kecil. Solusi yang ditawarkan oleh tim pengabdian kepada masyarakat STIE-AUB-Surakarta yaitu Tim PKM STIE-AUB-Surakarta mengadakan pelatihan akuntansi dan penyusunan laporan keuangan Usaha Kecil Bagi Siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) PGRI  Di SurakartaTindak lanjut dari kegiatan ini yaitu akan dilakukan binaan dan pendampingan berkelanjutan, sehingga peserta pendampingan khususnya Siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) PGRI  di Surakarta, dapat menjalankan praktik akuntansi sederhana sampai dengan penyusunan laporan keuangan untuk usaha kecil sesuai dengan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Entitas Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (SAK EMKM).  Harapan lebih jauh ke depan, Siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) PGRI  di Surakarta ini akan memiliki motivasi yang lebih kuat untuk dapat berwirausaha secara akuntabel. Alasan yang mendasari adalah siswa SMK PGRI Surakarta telah memiliki bekal yang memadai tentang cara mendirikan usaha kecil sekaligus bagaimana menyusun laporan keuangan bagi usaha kecil. Kata Kunci: Akuntansi, Laporan Keuangan, Usaha Kecil, Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan.
Pelatihan Kreativitas Kewirausahaan pada Kelompok UMKM di Kampung Minapadi Kelurahan Nusukan Kecamatan Banjarsari Surakarta
Authors: Nawangsasi Endah , Mahendra Denny , Sutanto Yusuf
Published: January 2021

Kreativitas dalam pengelolaan usaha sangat diperlukan untuk memperoleh peluang pada situasi pandemik Covid-19 saat ini. Persaingan usaha di sektor mikro, kecil ,dan menengah sudah tidak terbendung lagi. Sisi legalitas melalui format pembuatan Surat Ijin Usaha Perdagangan (SIUP) dan Surat Ijin Tempat Usaha adalah salah satu syarat bagi suatu pengusaha UMKM untuk menumbuhkan kepercayaan konsumen bagi produk atau jasa yang dikelolanya. Metode pengabdian masyarakat yang dipakai dalam program  ini adalah pelatihan  pembuatan SIUP dan SITU,serta membangun mental positif untuk menumbuhkan kreativitas dalam memanfaatkan peluang di situasi pandemik ini.Teknik pelatihan dengan melakukan sinergi mitra yang terdiri dari masyarakat di Kelurahan Nusukan (PKK), Bank Sampah Kelurahan Nusukan, Kader BKKBN, Tim Teknis Kreatif Kelurahan Nusukan.Tujuan akhir dari pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah menciptakan kesadaran mengenai aspek legalitas usaha serta memotivasi  kreativitas dalam pengembangan kewrirausahaan sehingga produk dan jasa  dapat dipasarkan dengan media online.Hasil pengabdian ternyztz membawa dampak pada meningkatnya pemahaman aspek legalitas usaha serta mental positif masyarakat dalam memannfaatkan peluang pada situasi pandemik ini dengan kreativitas produk melalui daur ulang sampah plastik.
Pelatihan Aplikasi Administrasi Manajemen Sampah pada Bank Sampah RT. 04 RW. 07 Desa Langenhajo-Grogol-Sukoharjo
Authors: Susanti Nani Irma , Winarno Winarno , Saryanti Endang
Published: January 2021

Sebanyak 25 anggota PKK RT 04 RW 07 Desa Langenharjo Kecamatan Grogol Sukoharjo hadir dalam Pelatihan Aplikasi Manajemen Setoran Sampah pada hari Minggu 14 Juli 2019. Diharap dengan pelatihan ini, penguasaan ketrampilan anggota PKK RT 04 RW 07 Desa Langenharjo Kecamatan Grogol Sukoharjo dapat lebih meningkatkan semangat anggota PKK, terutama pengurus bank Sampah. Laporan keuangan dari hasil setoran sampah harus transparan, sehingga tidak menimbulkan sikap saling curiga antar anggota PKK. Anggota PKK menjadi semakin semangat karena mereka sekarang menyadari jika sampah dikelola dengan baik dan benar malah akan menjadi sumber uang. Aplikasi Manajemen Sampah menggunakan program Microsoft excel yang mudah dan dapat digunakan dengan offline, sehingga diharapkan pengurus semakin dimudahkan dalam mencatat administrasi setoran sampah warga, baik anggota PKK maupun warga sekitar.
Peran Bank Sampah dalam Meningkatkan Pendapatan Ekonomi Ibu-Ibu Rumah Tangga
Authors: Mulyadi Mulyadi , Wahyudi Ridwan , Putri Ika Swasti
Published: January 2021

Pengabdian masyarakat ini dilakukan di Kecamatan Banjarsari, Kota Surakarta, pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat bertempat di Bank Sampah Kampung Minapadi RW IX, Kalurahan Nusukan. Waktu pelaksanaan pada hari Minggu, 15 Desember 2019. Sebanyak 23 peserta yang terdiri dari ibu-ibu rumah tangga melakukan partisipasi dalam kegiatan ini. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini terdiri dari tiga tahapan yang meliputi pemberian materi, diskusi, dan praktik cara pengelolaan bank sampah untuk meningkatkan ekonomi  ibu-ibu rumah tangga. Metode yang digunakan dalam program ini adalah pendampingan tentang pengelolaan Bank Sampah, penyuluhan dan pelatihan pengelolaan sampah, sebagai potensi peningkatan ekonomi masyarakat di Kecamatan Banjarsari.
GENERAL THEORY OF LINGUISTIC VARIATION
Authors: Sultanova Sevara  , Alimov Timur
Published: January 2021

At this stage in the development of linguistics, a special place is occupied by the theory of variability, which for a long time has attracted the close attention of linguists. In order to understand the principles of development of diachrony and synchronicity of the functioning of the language, it is necessary to understand the deep and comprehensive study of variance. In the last decade, the subject of interest of most linguists is the problem of variance and variability, and in theoretical terms it has not yet been studied.
KEY WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS: variance, variability, variant / invariant, language functioning, linguistic units, synchronicity and diachrony.
Incursión del discurso ambiental en la escuela de Colombia
Authors: Zapata Franco Juan José
Published: January 2021

La presente investigación se realizó siguiendo el método arqueológico-genealógico propuesto por Michel Foucault. Así, se construyó el archivo del discurso ambiental que circuló a finales del Siglo XX, a partir de una extensa búsqueda en fuentes primarias que incluyó periódicos, libros escolares, lineamientos curriculares y legislación; lo cual permitió develar que la emergencia del discurso ambiental en la escuela, bajo el nombre de Educación Ambiental, se dio desde la tensión entre diversas fuerzas de tipo económico, político y social, ejercidas por instancias gubernamentales, educativas, internacionales y la sociedad civil.
Conflicto armado y biodiversidad: una mirada desde la ciudadanía cultural y la educación
Authors: Suárez Galvis Viviana , Herrera Martha Cecilia
Published: January 2021

El presente artículo explora las relaciones entre conflicto armado y biodiversidad, considerando los aportes de la ciudadanía cultural, así como el lugar de la educación en la formación de ciudadanos éticamente responsables con el ambiente. Respecto a la ciudadanía cultural, se exponen los hechos políticos y cambios sociales que han hecho plausible históricamente la transformación de la noción y, en tal medida, el reconocimiento de nuevas formas de ciudadanía que pueden responder más apropiadamente a las exigencias de un mundo divergente en términos políticos y culturales, con grandes desafíos en el campo ecológico.
Редките болести през 2020 г. – какво научихме?
Authors: Искров Георги , Стефанов Румен
Published: January 2021

2020 година приключи, но последиците и ефектите от нея ще продължат за дълго време със сигурност. Пандемията от COVID-19 е безпрецедентно предизвикателство за всички общества и здравни системи. От друга страна обаче, всяка криза носи в себе си възможности за преосмисляне, промяна и подобрение. Редките болести и хората, засегнати по някакъв начин или работещи в тази област, са един отличен пример за общество, съумяло да се обедини и да работи заедно за преодоляване на определен проблем. Разбира се, директното сравнение между COVID-19 и редките болести е неприложимо и неуместно. Но в крайна сметка, принципите и ценностите на универсалност, достъп до качествено здравеопазване, справедливост и солидарност са общовалидни и запазват своята основополагаща функция и първостепенно значение при всеки един общественоздравен въпрос.

Един от може би най-важните уроци на 2020 година е осъзнатата роля на комуникацията и споделянето на знания и експертиза във виртуална среда. Това само по себе си съвсем не е нова тема. Всеки досега е общувал активно в интернет, изкарвал е обучителни курсове онлайн и е посещавал виртуални събития. Но масовостта и безалтернативността на виртуалната комуникация през 2020 г. безспорно са нещо ново. Виртуалното общуване не може да измести или запълни присъственото такова, но определено има своите предимства и силни страни. Единадесетата Национална конференция за редки болести и лекарства сираци нагледно демонстрира някои от тях.
MANIFESTATIONS OF SUBACUTE SYSTEMIC TOXICITY OF LEAD OXIDE NANOPARTICLES IN RATS AFTER AN INHALATION EXPOSURE
Authors: Sutunkova M. Р. , Solovyeva S. N. , Chernyshov I. N. , Klinova S. V. , Gurvich V. B. , Shur V. Ya. , Shishkina E. V. , Zubarev I. V. , Privalova L. I , Katsnelson B. A.
Published: January 2021

Outbred white female rats were exposed to an aerosol of lead oxide nanoparticles in a nose-only inhalation setup at an average concentration of 1.30 ± 0.10 mg / m3 during 5 days for 4 hours a day. In parallel, the control group of rats was subjected to sham exposure under similar conditions. The deposition of nanoparticles in the lungs and in the olfactory region of the brain was detected using transmission electron microscopy. Some disorders of the body state were detected in the exposed group, some of which can be considered as the result of a lead-specific toxic effect (an increase in the proportion of reticulocytes and in urinary excretion of δ-aminolevulinic acid), and others - the result of nanoparticles circumventing the blood-brain barrier (axon demyelination, vacuolization of the neurons’ cytoplasm).
ROLE OF RESPIRATORY RATE IN THE TOLERABILITY OF PERSONAL RESPIRATORY PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
Authors: Byalovsky Yu. Yu. , Rakitina I. S.
Published: January 2021

The factor limiting the tolerance of personal respiratory protection equipment should be considered the frequency of respiratory movements, which reflexively changes when additional respiratory resistance occurs. Unfortunately, there is almost no information in the available literature about changes in the tolerability of personal respiratory protection equipment at different rates of respiratory movements. The purpose of this work was to study the tolerability of personal respiratory protection equipment when changing the frequency of respiratory movements.

The study was conducted on practically healthy persons of both sexes (78 people), aged from 20 to 36 years. To simulate the conditions for the use of personal respiratory protection equipment, inspiratory resistive respiratory loads of 20% of the maximum intraoral pressure during the Mueller test were used. The tolerance of personal respiratory protection equipment was assessed using the Borg visual analogue of dyspnea scale, which reflected the level of subjective discomfort that occurs when additional respiratory resistance is turned on. During the action of additional respiratory resistance, the persons were asked to hold the frequency of respiratory movements, which was set using a special setting.

An increase in the rate of respiratory movements against the background of additional respiratory resistance leads to a significant deterioration in the objective and subjective indicators of the functional state of the persons; replacing the inhaled air with an oxygen-rich respiratory mixture with carbon dioxide absorption did not lead to a significant improvement in the functional state. A moderate decrease (up to 70% of the initial frequency of respiratory movements) in the rate of respiration leads to an improvement in the indicators of adaptive activity in conditions of additional respiratory resistance. A significant decrease (up to 35% of the initial frequency of respiratory movements) in the rate of respiration under conditions of additional respiratory resistance leads to a deterioration of objective and subjective indicators of the functional state of the subjects.

An increase in peak respiratory flow rates caused by an increase in the rate of respiration, in accordance with the well – known Rohrer equation, significantly increases inelastic resistance and, as a result, respiratory needs. These needs can be met at some time due to a significant increase in the work of the respiratory muscles, but due to fatigue of the latter, psychoemotional tension increases quite quickly and the use of personal respiratory protection equipment is abandoned.
TOXICITY UNDER A SINGLE INTRAGASTRIC ADMINISTRATION OF THE ACTIVE CLATHRATE COMPLEX OF β-CYCLODEXTRIN WITH 3-(2-PHENYLETHYL)-2-THIOXO-1,3- THIAZOLIDIN-4-ONE
Authors: Erimbetov K. T. , Zemlyanoy R. A. , Bondarenko E. K. , Goncharova A. Ya.
Published: January 2021

The clathrate complex of 3-(2-phenylethyl)-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one with β-cyclodextrin in the form of a nanopowder with an average particle size of 40.5 nm, with a wide range of pharmacological properties, was developed for the first time. It belongs to class VI of relatively harmless drugs according to Hodge and to class 5 in accordance with GOST 32644-2014.
Political language variation: stylistic based study
Authors: Putrayasa Ida Bagus
Published: January 2021

This study aimed at finding out the figures of speech used by the government in the political language variation and the purposes to which they serve. On the basis of the data analysis, it was found that there are sixteen types of figures of speech contained in the political language variation, for example, euphemism, repetition, parallelism, personification, parable, anticlimax, sarcasm, trope, hyperbole, pleonasm, climax, antithesis, synecdoche, anaphor, allusion, and metonymy. The purposes of their uses are to vary sentences, to show respect, to express something in a polite manner, and to give an emphasis or stress meanings. The suggestion made in relation to the uses of the figures of speech in political language variation is for the authority (government) to use words or phrases that are simple to make it easy for the people to understand.
RAIL TRANSPORT IN MILITARY TRANSPORT
Authors: PAWLISIAK Mieczysław
Published: January 2021

Jednostki i instytucje wojskowe realizują zadania szkoleniowe i operacyjne poza miejscem stałej dyslokacji. Zachodzi zatem konieczność przemieszczenia sił i środków na poligon czy też miejsce operacyjnego wykorzystania. Biorąc pod uwagę parametry i ilość sprzętu wojskowego zasadne jest korzystanie w przewozach wojskowych z możliwości transportu kolejowego. Mając na względzie konieczność zaspokojenia potrzeb gospodarki narodowej, jednostki i instytucje wojskowe chcąc korzystać z możliwości przewozowych transportu kolejowego zobowiązane są przestrzegać określonych procedur. Ogół spraw organizacyjnych na czas pokoju jest uregulowany odpowiednimi dokumentami normatywnymi. Jednocześnie jednostki i instytucje wojskowe są poddawane cyklicznemu szkoleniu, co stwarza przesłanki poprawnego korzystania z transportu kolejowego w przewozach wojskowych.
ISSUES OF THE SELECTION OF VEHICLES FOR TASKS IN COMPANIES
Authors: JÓŹWIAK Katarzyna
Published: January 2021

Dobór pojazdów do zadań w przedsiębiorstwach transportowo-logistycznych jest istotnym czynnikiem wpływającym na efektywne funkcjonowanie tych przedsiębiorstw na rynku. W pracy opisano problemy decyzyjne doboru pojazdów do zadań w przedsiębiorstwach transportowo-logistycznych uwzględniając wyznaczenie tras jazdy pojazdów, przy jednoczesnej minimalizacji ich liczby i uwzględnieniu ich typu. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie i poddanie analizie problematyki doboru pojazdów do zadań na przykładzie przedsiębiorstw transportowo-logistycznych. Przedstawiono przedsiębiorstwa transportowo-logistyczne w systemach transportowych oraz opisano modele organizacji przewozu. Następnie zaprezentowano główne źródła potrzeb transportowych i czynniki kształtujące popyt na przewóz.
Refleksi Hermeneutika Dalam Studi Islam
Authors: Nopriyansa Eko , Kesuma Wardani Rama Wijaya
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this literature analysis is to find out the reflection of hermeneutics in Islamic scientific studies, in this effort the method used is qualitative descriptive, namely the study of the literature literature by comprehensively explaining the fundamental problems that become the object of study in research, so that in this study the results of the analysis are found. shows that hermeneutics in Islamic studies can be considered, although it requires analysis and improvement of several aspects of methodology and related problems that are indicated to create a crucial scientific nuance.
Nahdlatul Ulama: Telaah Histori Perkembangan dan Gerakan Dakwahnya di Indonesia
Authors: Taslima Siti Umi
Published: January 2021

Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) is a traditional ulama organization that has a large number of followers, the largest non-governmental organizations still survive and have roots in the lower classes. This paper aims to describe the history of the development and the da'wah movement of this large organization. The reading presentation in this paper is the author's adoption of various literatures, which the author extracts so that it becomes an interesting article for all readers. From this search and study of literature sources, it is hoped that a complete understanding of NU will emerge, which in recent times has often been described in various dynamics.
Depth extraction in computational integral imaging based on bilinear interpolation
Authors: Huihua Huang  , Peng Ge
Published: January 2021

We proposed a method using a merit function to determine the depth of objects in computational integral imaging by analyzing the existing methods for depth extraction of target objects. To improve the resolution of reconstructed slice images, we use a digital camera moving in horizontal and vertical direction with the set interval to get elemental images with high resolution and bilinear interpolation algorithm to increase the number of pixels in slice image which improves the resolution obviously. To show the feasibility of the proposed method, we carried out our experiment and presented the results. We also compared it with other merit functions. The results show that merit function SMD2 to determine the depth of objects is more accurate and suitable for real-time application.
Efficient, low-cost optical coupling mechanism for TiO2-SiO2 sol-gel derived slab waveguide surface grating coupler sensors
Authors: Kaźmierczak Andrzej , Słowikowski Mateusz , Pavłov Krystian , Filipiak Maciej , Vervaeke Michael , Tyszkiewicz Cuma , Ottevaere Heidi , Piramidowicz Ryszard , Karasiński Paweł
Published: January 2021

We present an optical signal coupling scheme for slab waveguide surface grating coupler sensors. The proposed solution is based on the use of polymer microlenses. In this work we analyze two types of compact polymer lenses: the aspheric plano-convex lenses and Fresnel lenses. The feasibility of the proposed scheme is demonstrated by the experimental investigation into the optical signal coupling to the test structure of TiO2-SiO2 slab waveguide surface grating coupler using both types of lenses.
Diffraction mechanism of five-port transmission gratings
Authors: Chenhao Gao  , Bo Wang  , Kunhua Wen  , Ziming Meng  , Qu Wang  , Zhaogang Nie  , Xiangjun Xing  , Li Chen  , Liang Lei  , Jinyun Zhou
Published: January 2021

This paper designs a five-port transmission grating under normal incidence. Rigorous coupled-wave approach is used to optimize the grating parameters. The energy of the grating is mainly dispersed to the 0th, ±1st and ±2nd orders. The efficiency of each diffraction order under both polarizations is close to 20%. The modal method is used to describe the propagation mechanism of the two polarized lights in the grating, and the diffraction behavior of the grating is analyzed. In addition, the grating has a wide range of incident characteristics and a large process tolerance. Therefore, this five-port beam splitter with a connecting layer will be a good polarization-independent beam splitting device.
Hybrid watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition ghost imaging
Authors: Jun-Yun Wu  , Wei-Liang Huang  , Ru-Hong Wen  , Li-Hua Gong
Published: January 2021

A hybrid watermarking algorithm with an optical watermark image based on singular value decomposition (SVD) ghost imaging is designed. Simultaneously, the blended watermarking algorithm is designed based on 4-level discrete wavelet transform (DWT), discrete cosine transform (DCT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). The 4-level diagonal sub-band image is obtained by performing 4-level two-dimensional wavelet transform on the original image, and the coefficient matrix is produced by applying the discrete cosine transform on the 4-level diagonal sub-band image. Then, three matrices are obtained by performing the singular value decomposition on the coefficient matrix. In addition, the optical watermark image is encrypted by an SVD ghost imaging system. The system could generate a secret key, and unauthorized users could not decrypt and reconstruct the original watermark image without this key. Later the encrypted watermark image is generated into the other three matrices by singular value decomposition. Afterwards, the encrypted watermark is embedded in the host image by mutual operation of different matrices in the algorithm. Simulation results validate the feasibility of the proposed hybrid watermarking scheme.
The optical parameters of TiO2 antireflection coating prepared by atomic layer deposition method for photovoltaic application
Authors: Szindler Marek , Szindler Magdalena M.
Published: January 2021

Titanium dioxide thin films have been deposited on silicon wafers substrates by an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method. There optical parameters were investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry and UV/VIS spectroscopy. A material with a refractive index of 2.41 was obtained. Additionally, in a wide spectral range it was possible to reduce the reflection from the silicon surface below 5%. The Raman spectroscopy method was used for structural characterization of anatase TiO2 thin ﬁlms. Their uniformity and chemical composition are confirmed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS).
Die Verschmelzung von Universalität und Globalität. Der Wandel der Wahrnehmung der Welt in Praxis und Theorie der Diplomatie während des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Kleinschmidt Harald
Published: January 2021

Wie erschließen sich die Folgen kulturspezifischen Wandels der Weltwahrnehmung? Die Frage zielt auf die Schnittfläche zwischen Praxis und Theorie weltweiten oder weltweit wirkenden Handelns.1 Worum es dabei geht, soll einleitend an einem Beispiel kurz erläutert
werden. Die frühen portugiesischen und spanischen Expeditionen führten bekanntlich zur sukzessiven Erweiterung des Anteils der von Wasser bedeckten Oberfläche des Planeten im europäischen Weltkartenbild während der ersten Dekade des 16. Jahrhunderts,2 isolierten
dadurch die weiterhin als begehbare Landmasse dargestellte trikontinentale Einheit von Afrika, Asien und Europa von einer zunehmenden Zahl größer werdender ,,Inseln und Festländer“3 zwischen Europa und Asien. Kaiser Maximilian I. wusste schmerzlich genau, dass
weder die kaiserliche Verwaltung noch irgendwelche Herrschaft tragenden Institutionen in den Territorien des Reichs an den frühen portugiesischen und spanischen Expeditionen mitwirkten, und Maximilian sah sich gezwungen, für eine Beteiligung deutscher Kaufleute
an der dritten portugiesischen Fahrt nach Südasien zu werben4 und über diese Fahrten berichten zu lassen.5 Wenn jeder wissen konnte, dass nicht Kaiser und Reich die Expeditionen veranlasst hatten, sondern die Partikularherrscher in der
Iberischen Halbinsel, wurde jede kaiserliche Propaganda hohl, die den direkten Anspruch auf Universalherrschaft artikulieren sollte. Aber genau darauf kam es im Zusammenhang mit den Vorbereitungen zur Kaiserproklamation in der zweiten Hälfte des ersten Jahrzehnts des 16. Jahrhunderts
an. Wenn Maximilian keine Möglichkeit mehr haben sollte, auf legitime Weite irgendeinen Anspruch auf Universalherrschaft zu äußern, war die Legitimität des kaiserlichen Amts in Frage gestellt, die derjenigen der Partikularherrscher voranstehen sollte.
Wie die ,,Stämme“ nach Afrika kamen. Eine transkontinentale Begriffsgeschichte der Islamisierung, Kolonialisierung und Tribalisierung
Authors: Zehnle Stephanie
Published: January 2021

Postkoloniale Debatten werden allgegenwärtig besonders engagiert um wissenschaftlich und politisch korrekte Sprachnormen geführt.1 Diese beiden Verhandlungssphären um eine angemessene Wissenschaftssprache sowie eine politisch vorurteilsfreie Sprache sind zeitgeschichtlich
eng miteinander verwoben, hat sich das an Sprache orientierte Ziel der political correctness doch gleichzeitig mit postkolonialen Theorien in den akademischen Einrichtungen der USA seit den späten 1980ern durchgesetzt:2
Exploring Partnerships in Sport Event Delivery
Authors: Zhou Ran , Ross Walker J. , Pu Haozhoua , Kim Changwook , Kim Jeeyoon , Kaplanidou Kyriaki , Leopkey Rebecca
Published: January 2021

In order to provide high-quality sport events and cultivate economic, social, and environmental benefits in the local community, regional sport commissions in the US form partnerships with organizations across sectors. Building on Parent and Harvey's partnership framework, this study
seeks to reveal the components and processes of the collaboration between sport commissions and their partners in the delivery of sport events and subsequent outcomes. Using purposive and convenient sampling, data were collected from 12 in-depth interviews with leaders in sport commissions
and partnering organizations based on their accessibility and familiarity with the research topic. The study identifies five main areas and multiple subcomponents of event-based partnerships, providing empirical evidence for Parent and Harvey's partnership model. The findings advance this
model by specifying the outcomes, challenges, and positive conditions for event-based partnerships and showing interactions between partnership components. More importantly, the findings contribute to a greater understanding of the partnership complexities and dynamics in the sport event-specific
context and provide practical insights for sport commissions and other sport event organizers to strategically manage and maintain sport event-based partnerships.
Authentic Leadership, Empowerment, and Positive Outcomes: Hearing the Voices of the Events Industry
Authors: Megheirkouni Majd
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate the direct and indirect relationships between authentic leadership and job satisfaction, and those between authentic leadership and organizational commitment, using empowerment as a mediator in the events industry. Quantitative data were obtained from 304 participants from sport, cultural, and personal events in the Middle East. Three hundred and four surveys were completed. The results show that empowerment mediates the relationships between authentic leadership and job satisfaction, as well as between authentic leadership and organizational commitment in the events industry. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed, together with limitations and ideas for future research.
How Athletes Understand the Impact of Sports on their Psychosocial Development, the Problems they face and the Support they Need: a Qualitative Research Analysis
Authors: Georgiou Maria , S Constantinou Costas , Stefanakis Manos , Kioumourtzoglou Efthimis
Published: January 2021

There is evidence to suggest that athletes face multiple challenges during their career from injuries, to pressure from parents, competition, lack of support and so forth. A psychologist is important for helping the athlete overcome individual difficulties and succeed. This study is focusing on understanding the role of sports on athletes’ psychosocial development, the challenges they face and the psychological support they need from the athletes’ perspective. Through a qualitative research analysis, this study shows that a psychologist can have an overarching role and support not only the athlete but also the athletes’ environment such as the coach, parents and teachers. Reflecting this finding, an athlete-centred model is proposed.
A new paradigm of screening and early diagnosis: assessment of benefits and harms
Authors: Давид Заридзе  , Maksimovich Dmitry , Stilidi Ivan
Published: January 2021

Abstract

The article presents scientific evidence that confirms the new paradigm that  “early” diagnosis is not always beneficial, and that screening and early diagnosis can do more harm than good. As a result, of screening, in a number of cases, lesions are diagnosed that, although have histological patterns of cancer, are often clinically insignificant, indolent i.e. overdiagnosis takes place. Such lesions primarily include latent cancers of the prostate and thyroid gland. An increase in the incidence of certain types of cancers in the United States and other developed countries, as a result, of the introduction of PSA screening, mammography, ultrasound examination of the neck and other highly sensitive diagnostic methods, with stable or decreasing mortality, is a sign of overdiagnosis. In Russia, there is also a marked increase in the incidence of cancer of the prostate, breast, thyroid, kidney and melanoma, while mortality from these forms of cancer is stable or decreasing. The increase in the incidence of all malignant formations in Russian, as in American men, is determined by the increase in the incidence of prostate cancer.

In randomized clinical trials of the efficacy of screening for prostate and breast cancer, an excess of the detected cases of cancer in the screening group compared with the control group indicates overdiagnosis. With an increase in follow-up (10-15 years), the number of excess cases in the screening group decreases. However, in some studies even after 10-15 years of follow-up, the excess of cancer cases in the screening group persisted, i.e. overdiagnosis was confirmed. Thus, the problem of overdiagnosis is also relevant to controlled clinical trials, despite a well-verified protocol and strict adherence to it. The danger of overdiagnosis in real life, daily practice, and especially with opportunistic screening, which, by definition, is carried out without quality control, is much higher. Overdiagnosis often leads to unnecessary, sometimes excessive treatment and a deterioration in the quality of life of patients who are not cancer patients.

Refusal of aggressive therapy and active follow-up should be the method of choice for the management of patients with asymptomatic neoplasms identified at the screening. Such tactics will avoid unnecessary and excessive interventions, which, in turn, will prevent a deterioration in the quality of life of patients and, in addition, will reduce the cost of treatment.

Key words: overdiagnosis, screening, early diagnosis, trends in incidence and mortality, prostate cancer, breast cancer, thyroid cancer
Prospect of application of artificial intelligence systems for breast cancer screening
Authors: Ovsyannikov Aleksei , Morozov Sergei , Govorukhina Veronika , Didenko Vera , Puchkova Olga , Pavlov Nikolai , Andreychenko Anna , Ledikhova Natalia , Vladzymyrskyy Anton
Published: January 2021

The article presents a literature review of the databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, Springer eLIBRARY and found via Google Scholar relevant Russian scientific articles. Articles were searched using the keywords: “breast cancer”, “artificial intelligence”, “screening”. The information obtained was then pooled, structured and analyzed in order to review the current state and problems in the field of breast cancer screening and application of artificial intelligence systems in this field in the world and in Russia. The possibility of applying artificial intelligence technologies for breast cancer screening in Russian healthcare system is discussed
Model for making diagnostic decisions in multiparametric ultrasound of breast lesions
Authors: Busko Ekaterina , Goncharova Anastasiya , Rozhkova Nadezhda , Semiglazov Vladislav , Shishova Alena , Zhiltsova Elena , Zinovev Grigory , Beloborodova Kseniya , Krivorotko Petr
Published: January 2021

In order to standardize the description of the breast imaging, the BI-RADS (Breast Imaging Reporting And Data System) imaging system developed by the American College of Radiologists ACR is widely used in world practice. At the same time, numerous visual characteristics of breast lesions with different diagnostic methods complicate the adoption of diagnostic decisions while using the BI-RADS system. The greatest difficulties arise when assessing a variety of multiparametric ultrasound signs of diseases. In this regard, in order to increase the efficiency of these technologies and make fast diagnostic decisions, it becomes relevant to develop a system model based on algorithms using the BI-RADS lexicon.

Materials and methods: from 2017 to 2019 on the basis of the Research Oncology Center named after N.N. Petrov 277 women with various complaints of breast disease were examined using multiparametric ultrasound with elastography and contrast enhancement (2.5 ml Sonovue) on a Hitachi Hi Vision Ascendus ultrasound scanner. The software implementation of the diagnostic decision-making model was carried out using the C # programming language using the Microsoft Visual integrated development environment.

Results: The effectiveness of the developed diagnostic model using the optimal algorithm for the use of various ultrasound technologies in determining the malignancy of the formation showed Sensitivity (Se) = 90.8%, Specificity (Sp) = 95.5%, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) = 88.5%, Negative Predictive Value (NPV) = 96.4%, Accuracy (Ac) = 94.2%. The effectiveness of the developed model in grouping diseases showed Se = 84.2%, Sp = 81.1%, PPV = 62.7%, NPV = 93.1%, Ac = 81.9%.

Conclusions: The proposed system model of the optimal algorithm for making a diagnostic decision based on statistically significant multiparametric ultrasound signs increases the diagnostic efficiency.
Gender Approaches to Cybersecurity: Design, Defence and Response
Authors: Millar Katharine , Shires James , Tropina Tatiana
Published: January 2021

Gender approaches to cybersecurity explores how gender norms shape specific activities pertaining to cybersecurity design, defence and response. In each of these three pillars, the research identifies distinct dimensions of cyber-related activities that have gendered implications and, thus, need to be considered from a gender perspective. The report proposes recommendations for the incorporation of gender considerations throughout international cybersecurity policy and practice, so as to ensure that cybersecurity improves the security of people of all gender identities and expressions, as well as international peace and security. The ultimate conclusion is that these two levels of security cannot be separated.