bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Customer is king”: Staging consumer culture in a food aid organization
Authors: Andriessen Thirza , Van der Horst Hilje , Morrow Oona
Published: July 2020

This paper intervenes in critical debates on the role of charitable food aid in meeting the material, social, emotional, and cultural needs of the people who depend on this aid. It offers a detailed case study of a social grocery in Belgium that attempts to circumvent the power inequalities and negative social and emotional impacts of charitable giving through staging consumer culture, and treating clients as customers. This is accomplished with supporting performances of consumption norms around product choice, the act of paying, and the selection of appropriate foods – which improves the ability of participants to meet their personal needs as well as the broader standards of consumer society that they are otherwise excluded from. These other ways of doing food aid are theorized through the lens of consumer culture, to explain what is at stake in performing the norms of market exchange in a consumer society.
Implementing genuine participatory action research with Aboriginal Elders: The Ngulluk Koolunga Ngulluk Koort project
Authors: Scrine Clair , Farrant Brad , Michie Carol , Shepherd Carrington , Wright Michael
Published: July 2020

This paper describes the processes involved in establishing a genuinely collaborative and participatory role for nine Aboriginal Elders in a five-year participatory action research project focused on early child development in the Perth metropolitan area of Western Australia. The project goals are to better inform and align policy and program design with Aboriginal values, world views and concepts of childhood. The Elder’s authority in the design, conduct and outputs of the research are intended to adhere to a decolonising approach, whereby Aboriginal people have power and voice in ways that are aligned to their values and beliefs. Requirements for research that is collaborative, relational, participatory and reflexive are not straightforward or easily achieved, and the process of working with the nine Elders in their roles as Co-researchers has not been without its challenges. This paper explores the challenges and opportunities of working with Aboriginal Elders as Co-researchers and seeks to enhance understanding of the necessity of incorporating an Aboriginal worldview and knowledge framework in this way.
Tips for Navigating the Academic Job Market
Authors: Hudson Darrell
Published: July 2020

There are many unwritten rules in the academy, and much of the advice that doctoral students receive about the academic job search is from their mentors. For many doctoral students, navigating the academic job market can be bewildering. In this article, an associate professor of public health with experience navigating the job market as well as experience on numerous job search committees provides tips on preparing for and navigating the esoteric academic job market for early career professionals seeking academic faculty positions.
Development and characterization of warp knitted spacer fabrics for helmet comfort liner application
Authors: Muthu Kumar N , Thilagavathi G , Periasamy S
Published: July 2020

The inner padding layer of the motorcycle helmet is one of the important components that control the factors of comfort during wearing the helmet and provides a perfect fit and stability of the helmet on the head. The inner padding consists of a low-density flexible polyurethane layer attached to a soft fabric layer that is in direct contact with the head. The present study aims to replace foam in the comfort liner of a helmet with spacer fabrics to avoid the risk of heat stress during the use of the helmet. In this work, 9 warp-knitted spacer fabrics were produced by varying the course/cm (10, 12 & 14) and thickness (3, 3.5, and 4 mm). Air permeability, thermal, and water vapour resistance of the developed spacer fabrics were characterized along with compression properties and compared with commercially available standard liner. The results showed that warp-knitted spacer fabrics had better energy absorption compared to the standard liner. Also, the developed spacer fabrics had better breathability and evaporative heat transfer compared to the standard liner.
Ethnography and Public Scholarship: Ethical Obligations, Tensions, and Opportunities
Authors: Clemens Randall F. , Lincoln Yvonna S.
Published: July 2020

The article introduces the special issue, “Ethnography and Public Scholarship: Ethical Obligations, Tensions, and Opportunities.” The editors begin with a discussion of Alice Goffman’s On the Run. The popularity and influence of Goffman’s ethnography, coupled with critique and controversy, represent the promise and peril of ethnography as public scholarship. The case operates as a portal to explore at once familiar and still often unanswered methodological and ethical questions as ethnographers engage in public scholarship. After reviewing key considerations, the editors provide snapshots of the papers, papers that explore topics such as ethnography as policy-relevant research, representations of marginalized populations, compliance with regulatory agencies, protection of participants’ rights, and documentation and sharing of data. Recognizing the importance of Mills’ appeal to encourage the sociological imagination, the editors argue that, taken as a whole, the papers demonstrate complex methodological and ethical considerations as well as immense possibilities to inform and reframe social issues.
Development of EFL Student Global Mindedness Through Transformative Learning in the Literature Classroom at a Thai University
Authors: Kaowiwattanakul Sukanya
Published: July 2020

This study investigated English as a foreign language learners’ global mindedness through the use of transformative learning experiences in the literature classroom. The sample consisted of 50 second-year English major students who were enrolled in the introduction to literature course in the academic year 2018 at a public university in the northern part of Thailand. The instruments included six lesson plans using transformative learning theory to promote global mindedness, a Global Mindedness Scale, a classroom observation schedule, and a list of semi-structured interview questions. The t test was used to compare the participants’ global mindedness before and after engaging in the activities based on transformative learning theory. Content analysis was also performed on the students’ work output to explore their transformational learning experiences. This study found that student global mindedness following participation in activities based on transformative learning theory was significantly higher compared to their global mindedness prior to engaging in the activities.
Enhanced Descending Corticomuscular Coupling During Hand Grip With Static Force Compared With Enhancing Force
Authors: Gao Lin , Wu Hongjian , Cheng Wei , Lan Beidi , Ren Haipeng , Zhang Lu , Wang Ling
Published: July 2020

The interaction between cortex and muscles under hand motor with different force states has not been quantitatively investigated yet, which to some extent places the optimized movement tasks design for brain-computer interface (BCI) applications in hand motor rehabilitation under uncertainty. Converging evidence has suggested that both the descending corticospinal pathway and ascending sensory feedback pathway are involved in the generation of corticomuscular coupling. The present study aimed to explore the corticomuscular coupling during hand motor task with enhancing force and steady-state force. Twenty healthy subjects performed precision grip with enhancing and static force using the right hand with visual feedback of exerted force. Mutual information and Granger causal connectivity were assessed between electroencephalography (EEG) over primary motor cortex and electromyography (EMG) recordings, and statistically analyzed. The results showed that the mutual information value was significantly larger for static force in the beta and alpha frequency band than enhancing force state. Furthermore, compared with enhancing force, the Granger causal connectivity of descending pathways from cortex to muscle was significantly larger for static force in the beta and high alpha frequency band (10-20 Hz), indicating the connection between the primary motor cortex and muscle was strengthened for static force. In summary, the hand grip with static force resulted in an increasing corticomuscular coupling from EEG over the primary motor cortex to EMG compared with enhancing force, implying more attention was required in the static force state. These results have important implications toward motor rehabilitation therapy design for the recovery of impaired hand motor functions.
Localizing the Primary Motor Cortex of the Hand by the 10-5 and 10-20 Systems for Neurostimulation: An MRI Study
Authors: Silva Leandro Moura , Silva Karl Marx S. , Lira-Bandeira Wigínio Gabriel , Costa-Ribeiro Adriana Clementino , Araújo-Neto Severino Aires
Published: July 2020

Background. The primary motor cortex of the hand (M1-Hand) is a target used in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for the treatment and evaluation of motor neurological diseases. Magnetic resonance imaging–guided neuronavigation locates the M1-Hand with high precision, but at a high cost. Although less accurate, the C3/C4 points of the international 10-20 system (IS 10-20) are routinely used to locate the M1-Hand. The international 10-5 system (IS 10-5) was developed with additional points (C3h/C4h), which could make it more accurate, but has not yet been tested on the location of the M1-Hand. Objective. To analyze and compare the accuracy of C1/C2, C3h/C4h and C3/C4 points in locating the M1-Hand correspondence on the scalp. Methods. The authors comparatively analyzed the distances from points C1/C2, C3h/C4h, and C3/C4 to the correspondence of the M1-Hand on the scalp in 30 MRI head exams. Results. In most cases, the M1-Hand was located between C1-C3h and C2-C4h in the left and right hemispheres of the brain, respectively. The C3h (0.98 ± 0.49 cm) and C4h (0.98 ± 0.51 cm) points presented the shortest distances from the M1-Hand, with a significant difference when compared with C3/C4. The accuracy between C1/C2 and C3h/C4h was not statistically significant. Conclusion. The C3h/C4h and C1/C2 points were more accurate when compared with the C3 and C4 points in locating the M1-Hand correspondence on the scalp.
Typical subdural contrast effusion secondary to endovascular treatment of a pediatric pial arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Yan Wen-Tao , Li Xiu-Zhen , Yan Chang-Xiang , Liu Jia-Chun
Published: July 2020

Subdural contrast effusion secondary to endovascular treatment is exceptionally rare and might be mistaken as subdural hematoma because of similar hyperattenuation on computer tomography. The authors present the case of a 13-month-old girl with a history of increased head circumference and developmental retardation. Cerebral digital subtraction angiography showed a high-flow pial arteriovenous fistula fed by multiple arteries on the right cerebellar surface, with occlusion of the right sigmoid sinus and severe stenosis of the left sigmoid sinus. Staged endovascular treatments were performed to eliminate the fistula. Follow-up head computer tomography scans performed 3 h after both procedures demonstrated typical high-density subdural effusion with computer tomography attenuation value similar to hemorrhage. These effusions did not aggravate the condition and disappeared spontaneously 32 h after the first treatment and 29 h after the second, respectively.
Study of CO2 adsorption and separation using modified porous carbon
Authors: Jonnalagadda Madhavi , Anjum Rumana , Burri Harshitha , Mutyala Suresh
Published: July 2020

Porous carbon and La2O3/porous carbon materials are synthesized for the study of CO2 adsorption and separation by the volumetric method. The synthesized adsorbents are characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, Raman spectra and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Characterization results confirm the existence of porosity in the synthesized carbon materials and uniform distribution of lanthanum(III) oxide on porous carbon. The CO2 adsorption capacity for porous carbon and La2O3/porous carbon is 21 and 33 cm3 g−1, respectively, at 298 K and 1 bar. High adsorption of CO2 is obtained for La2O3/porous carbon because of the electrostatic interaction between La2O3 and CO2. Moreover, the N2 adsorption capacity is 2.8 cm3 g−1 for porous carbon and 2.2 cm3 g−1 for La2O3/porous carbon at 298 K and 1 bar. The change in N2 adsorption is due to the decrease in surface area. For La2O3/porous carbon, the selectivity of CO2/N2 is 33.5 and the heat of CO2 adsorption is 36.5 kJ mol−1 at low adsorption of CO2. It also shows constant CO2 adsorption capacity in each adsorption cycle.
A simple surgical technique for correcting malunion after midshaft clavicle fracture
Authors: van Essen Tom , Hillen Robert Jan
Published: July 2020

Clavicle malunion occurs in two-thirds of all clavicle fractures treated conservatively. It can lead to pain, shoulder dysfunction and cosmetic complaints. Surgical treatment of all midshaft fractures will lead to overtreatment, as not all malunions are symptomatic. In the past, several treatment modalities for correcting malunion of the clavicle have been described, and all have been successful but none have shown superiority. This article describes a new surgical technique with excising a wedge to realign the clavicle malunion.
Hand X-ray examination in two planes is not required for radiographic assessment of hand osteoarthritis
Authors: Staats Kevin , Sunk Ilse-Gerlinde , Weidekamm Claudia , Kerschbaumer Andreas , Bécède Manuel , Supp Gabriela , Stamm Tanja , Windhager Reinhard , Smolen Josef S. , Bobacz Klaus
Published: July 2020

Aims:

Radiographic imaging is essential in the diagnosis of hand osteoarthritis (HOA); however, it is unknown whether a multiplanar examination would add essential information to dorso-palmar (dp) views alone. This study evaluated whether an additional radiographic view would aid clinicians in the diagnostic process of HOA.

Methods:

The dp radiographs of both hands from 159 HOA patients were assessed according to the scores described by Kellgren and Lawrence (K/L). In oblique view images, structures similar to classic ostophytes (OPs) were found, namely bony proliferations on the dorsal and/or ventral margins of joints, and were documented as dorsal/ventral OPs (dvOPs). Function and pain were assessed by applying standardised read-out systems. Logistic regression analysis and Mann–Whitney tests were implemented.

Results:

The presence of dvOPs was associated with the degree of joint damage; however, dp views were sufficient to estimate radiographic changes. Only a few joints showed dvOPs as the only structural alteration; nevertheless, in almost all cases, classical radiographic OA changes were found in dp views of other joints of the same or the contralateral hand. The presence of dvOPs did not affect joint function or pain according to established scores, but was associated with radiographic progression in distal interphalangeal joints.

Conclusion:

This is the first study to confirm that additional radiographic planes, oblique/lateral views, are not necessary in the diagnostic process in HOA in daily clinical practice. Nevertheless, the presence of dvOPs reflect more severe joint damage and is associated with radiographic progression in HOA; hence, oblique/lateral views could be a useful tool for academic purposes.
Medical cannabis for orthopaedic patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain: does evidence support its use?
Authors: Johal Herman , Vannabouathong Christopher , Chang Yaping , Zhu Meng , Bhandari Mohit
Published: July 2020

The treatment of chronic, non-cancer musculoskeletal pain has become a topic growing interest as it is believed to be one of the reasons for the current opioid epidemic. The medicinal use of cannabis has a long history as a number of active compounds in cannabis have been shown to interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system to reduce pain. This position paper provides a history on the evolution of cannabis, the science behind its therapeutic effects, and review of the evidence and current guideline recommendations on its use as a treatment for patients with chronic, non-cancer musculoskeletal pain. Results from systematic reviews have demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in chronic pain conditions with cannabinoids, compared with placebo, although the effects might be considered small and did not reach the minimally important difference. More adverse events were reported in the cannabinoid group than in the placebo group with longer than 2 weeks of treatment. There is a lack of evidence on dependence. With changes to policies, patients’ perception has changed to be more positive toward the use of medical cannabis. Current recommendations from North America, Latin America, Europe, Australia and Iran support the use of medical cannabis for chronic, non-cancer pain. Based on the current evidence, it is our position that cannabinoids may be considered as an adjunctive therapy after recommended first- and second-line therapies have failed to provide sufficient efficacy or tolerability. Patients should consider the balance between the desirable and undesirable effects of taking cannabis for chronic pain, and comprehensively consider their own values and preferences, as well as cost-effectiveness factors, based on the information provided by their physician.
The ages and TSH values of patients being prescribed levothyroxine
Authors: Jonklaas Jacqueline , DeSale Sameer
Published: July 2020

Background:

Levothyroxine is a commonly prescribed medication. Some data suggest that levothyroxine may be initiated for mild degrees of hypothyroidism and used without considering age-specific reference ranges or individual patient factors when prescribing.

Methods:

The electronic medical record of a health care system operating in the Washington, DC and Maryland area was interrogated to determine the number of patients who were being prescribed levothyroxine during the time period 2008–2016, the number of prescriptions supplied to these individuals, an associated diagnosis of hypothyroidism, and whether the prescriptions were new or existing prescriptions. Information was also extracted about the age of patients receiving prescriptions and the thyroid stimulating hormone level documented prior to levothyroxine initiation.

Results:

Although the number of levothyroxine prescriptions provided annually increased over this time period, when corrected for the number of patients in the database, the percentage of patients receiving levothyroxine prescriptions showed a slight downward trend. Levothyroxine was both most frequently prescribed and frequently initiated in those of ages 50–59 years and 60–69 years. The doses of levothyroxine most commonly prescribed were 50 µg and 100 µg and the pattern of levothyroxine doses being used was unaffected by whether a diagnosis of hypothyroidism was documented or not. Levothyroxine prescription initiation was associated with mean thyroid stimulating hormone values that were modestly elevated and in the range of 7.5–13.8 mIU/L.

Conclusion:

This analysis showed that although the percentage of patients being prescribed levothyroxine is stable or slightly declining, with most decrement in those without a diagnosis of hypothyroidism, there is nevertheless continued initiation of levothyroxine in those with mild degrees of thyroid stimulating hormone elevation, and in those of older age, raising concerns about both unnecessary treatment and iatrogenic thyrotoxicosis. Such data suggest the need for great consideration of both the degree of thyroid stimulating hormone elevation and the patient context when considering whether treatment of an elevated thyroid stimulating hormone value, versus ongoing monitoring, is indicated.
Computed tomography calcium scoring association and reclassification of clinical cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic Mexican patients
Authors: Vázquez Mézquita Aldo Javier , Williams Michelle Claire , Choza Chenhalls Rafael , Guzmán Martínez Nancy Berenice , Chischistz Condey Ana Patricia , Acosta Falomir Maria José , Téliz Meneses Marco Antonio , Vázquez Sánchez María Nayeli
Published: July 2020

Objectives:

To establish tailored preventive treatment, we studied the ability of coronary artery calcium scoring to reclassify patients with intermediate cardiovascular risk and its association with additional risk factors in our Mexican preventive care center.

Materials and methods:

In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed 520 asymptomatic patients from a Mexican primary prevention population between 2014 and 2018. Coronary artery calcium scoring, laboratory results, and anthropometric measurements (abdominal circumference and body mass index) were assessed. The Framingham risk score and American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk algorithm were calculated. Correlations between coronary artery calcium scoring, anthropometric measurements, and clinical cardiovascular risk scores were assessed. We assessed the ability of coronary artery calcium scoring to reclassify patients recommended for statin therapy compared with the cardiovascular risk scores.

Results:

Patients had a mean age of 67.5 years ( SD ± 9.8) and 294 subjects (56.5%) were male. Coronary artery calcium scoring has a positive correlation with age, AHA/ACC atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk algorithm, and Framingham risk score ( p < 0.001 for all). Coronary artery calcium scoring was prevalent, occurring in 63.2% of patients with a median Agatston score of 22 with and interquartile range of 178. Male gender, older age, smoking habit, diabetes, and abdominal circumference were independent predictors of coronary artery calcium scoring ( p < 0.001). Coronary artery calcium scoring downwardly reclassified 44.9% of patients in intermediate cardiovascular risk categories by the AHA/ACC atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk algorithm and 43.9% by the Framingham risk score. Coronary artery calcium scoring upwardly reclassified 46.8% of patients in intermediate risk categories by the AHA/ACC atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk algorithm and 56% by the Framingham risk score.

Conclusion:

Coronary artery calcium scoring is prevalent in this Mexican primary prevention cohort and has the ability to reclassify a significant percentage of intermediate cardiovascular risk patients.
Laparoscopic treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors located at the duodenojejunal junction
Authors: Lee Seokyoun , Kwon Jungnam , Lee Junhee
Published: July 2020

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are the most common subepithelial tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are commonly detected in the stomach followed by the small intestine. Surgery for gastrointestinal stromal tumors affecting the duodenojejunal junction is technically challenging because of the anatomical complexity of this area. A 56-year-old woman visited the outpatient clinic with the chief complaint of melena associated with dizziness from 5 days ago. Abdominal computed tomography revealed an enhancing small bowel mass measuring 4 cm × 5 cm in the left upper abdomen abutting the duodenojejunal junction. She underwent successful laparoscopic small bowel segmental resection of the duodenojejunal junction area. Laparoscopic segmental resection with side-to-side duodenojejunostomy for a gastrointestinal stromal tumor at the duodenojejunal junction is an advanced and challenging procedure requiring experience and a good surgical technique.
Effectiveness of Latent TB Screening and Treatment in People Initiating Dialysis in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Romanowski Kamila , Rose Caren , Cook Victoria J. , Sekirov Inna , Morshed Muhammad , Djurdjev Ognjenka , Levin Adeera , Johnston James C.
Published: July 2020

Background:

People undergoing chronic dialysis are at an increased risk of active tuberculosis (TB). In 2012, the Canadian province of British Columbia began systematically screening people initiating dialysis for latent TB using interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), and treating when appropriate.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to compare active TB rate in people who initiated dialysis and were screened using an IGRA compared with those not screened during the same period.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:

British Columbia (BC), a Canadian province of 5.0 million people with an active TB incidence of 5.1 per 100 000 population.

Participants:

All people in BC who initiated at least 90 days of dialysis between January 2012 and May 2017 were included in the study. People were excluded if they were <18 years of age or had a prior history of active TB diagnosis or treatment for latent TB.

Methods:

A retrospective cohort was created of British Columbians who initiated dialysis between 2012 and 2017. Individuals were stratified into a screened and nonscreened group. Multivariable Cox regression was used to determine the association between latent TB screening and the development of active TB. The primary outcome was incident active TB, either microbiologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed.

Results:

Of the 3190 people included in the study, 1790 (56.1%) were screened, of which 152 (8.5%) initiated latent TB treatment postscreening. During follow-up, incident active TB was diagnosed in 6 (0.3%) of the 1790 people screened, compared with 11 (0.8%) of the 1400 people who received no screening. In multivariable analysis, latent TB screening and treatment was associated with a significant reduction in the rate of active TB (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.3, 95% confidence interval = 0.1-0.8; P < .01).

Limitations:

This was an observational retrospective study and the potential for unmeasured confounding should be carefully assessed.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that systematically screening and treating people initiating dialysis can significantly decrease the rate of active TB in this high-risk population. Given the importance of screening high-risk groups, the results from this analysis could inform scale-up of TB screening in dialysis programs in other low incidence regions. Trial registration is not applicable as this was a retrospective cohort analysis and not a randomized trial.
Short-term outcomes of pediatric multiple sclerosis patients treated with alemtuzumab at a Canadian University multiple sclerosis clinic
Authors: Jure Hunt David , Traboulsee Anthony
Published: July 2020

There is a lack of literature documenting the use of alemtuzumab in pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Here we describe a 16-year-old and a 17-year-old patient receiving alemtuzumab and being followed for 37 months and 20 months, respectively. Both patients experienced a 1.0 decrease in Expanded Disability Status Scale since initial alemtuzumab infusion and had stable disease. No serious infusion reactions, infections, or definite relapses were recorded on follow-up. Alemtuzumab has been relatively well-tolerated and effective; however, larger, longer-term studies are necessary to understand the specific risks and benefits of alemtuzumab in pediatric MS.
Pathways Between Alcohol Use and Internalizing Symptoms Across Emerging Adulthood: Examination of Gender Differences in Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Processes
Authors: Danzo Sarah , Connell Arin M. , Stormshak Elizabeth
Published: July 2020

Pathways between alcohol use and internalizing symptoms, controlling for comorbid externalizing symptoms, within a sample of 593 ethnically diverse emerging adults (age 20–22; 49% female) collected between 2013 and 2018 in the United States were examined. Peer deviance and emotional disengagement were used to examine mediation between internalizing symptoms and alcohol use. Results demonstrate that alcohol and internalizing pathways varied across gender. For males, no significant direct paths between internalizing symptoms and alcohol use were observed. However, there was an indirect path between age 20 alcohol use and reduced age 22 internalizing symptoms, via age 21 peer deviance. For females, significant bidirectional links between alcohol use and internalizing symptoms were observed from age 21 to 22. Additionally, an indirect path between age 20 internalizing symptoms and increased age 22 alcohol use via age 21 emotional disengagement was observed. Results suggest unique targets for intervention for males and females.
Risk and Resilience in an Acute Stress Paradigm: Evidence From Salivary Cortisol and Time-Frequency Analysis of the Reward Positivity
Authors: Ethridge Paige , Ali Nida , Racine Sarah E. , Pruessner Jens C. , Weinberg Anna
Published: July 2020

Both abnormal stress and reward responsivity are consistently linked to multiple forms of psychopathology; however, the nature of the associations between stress and reward sensitivity remains poorly understood. In the present study, we examined associations between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis stress response and event-related potentials sensitive to the receipt of reward-related feedback in a pre–post experimental paradigm. Neural responses were recorded while male participants completed a simple monetary-reward guessing task before and after the Montreal Imaging Stress Task. Results demonstrated that acute psychosocial stress significantly reduced the magnitude of neural responses to feedback in the reward-sensitive delta-frequency band but not the loss-sensitive theta-frequency band. In addition, a larger delta-frequency response to rewards at baseline predicted reduced overall cortisol response in the stress condition. These findings suggest, therefore, that neural reward circuitry may be associated with both risk for and resilience to stress-related psychopathology.
How Do We Explain the Social, Political, and Economic Determinants of Health? A Call for the Inclusion of Social Theories of Health Inequality Within U.S.-Based Public Health Pedagogy
Authors: Harvey Michael
Published: July 2020

New public health educational competencies include the ability to explain social phenomena—such as politics, globalization, and racism—and their relationship to health and disease. Formal explanations of social phenomena call for social theory. However, public health pedagogy is principally concerned with behavioral theory. This piece surveys the behavioral theoretical status quo within public health pedagogy and discusses its implication. The concept of “social theories of health inequality”—that is, explanations of health-relevant social phenomena and their role in producing differences in health, morbidity, and mortality—is proposed as one way of fulfilling new educational competencies. Emerging social theories of health inequality are identified and discussed in relation to public health pedagogy.
How Can We Study Children’s/Youth’s Out of School Experiences to Inform Classroom Practices?
Authors: McCarthey Sarah , Duke Nell K. , Bloome David , Faust Sara , García-Sánchez Inmaculada M. , Stornaiuolo Amy , Alvermann Donna
Published: July 2020

The collection of papers represented in the Integrative Research Review responds to the question: How can we study children’s/youth’s out of school experiences to inform classroom practices? Using a variety of lenses to address the question, the authors consider how to understand, respond to, and serve children and youth in a variety of contexts. Duke explores a quasi-experimental design showing the potential impact on student achievement and motivation in schools that incorporate literacy practices from children’s lives outside of school compared to the traditional curriculum. Bloome and Faust take a philosophical approach to explore the languaging of the relationship between students’ out-of-school lives and classroom practices and its implications for the construction of personhood by examining one classroom event from a microethnographic discourse analysis perspective. García-Sánchez highlights the methodological features that allow linguistic anthropologists to make visible the agentive and innovative character of immigrant children’s communicative practices in a variety of learning situations. Drawing on the transliteracies approach, Stornaiuolo considers work with a group of young people to study multimodal composing and the development of school makerspaces in a 6-year partnership project with a local innovation high school. Alvermann discusses the papers, pointing out the affordances and challenges of each perspective.
Intergenerational Literacies: The Racial, Linguistic, and Cultural Resources of Families in Raising Young Children of Color
Authors: Flores Tracey T. , Schwab Emily Rose , Johnson Wintre Foxworth , Rusoja Alicia
Published: July 2020

In this article, we share findings from three qualitative studies, illustrating how children of color and their families make meaning of the racial, linguistic, cultural, and gendered worlds in which they develop. The first study examines how White adoptive Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer (LGBTQ) parents engage in race conscious child-rearing of their young African American son and the dialogism of racial identity formation and racial literacies; the second study examines the family literacy learning and teaching practices of one adult English to Speakers of Other Languages student; the third study examines how Latinx parents engage intergenerational sharing of stories as tools of resistance. Utilizing critical race theory, LatCrit theory, and sociocultural perspectives on literacy and intergenerational learning as analytical lenses, this article illuminates the consequential nature of intergenerational learning that occurs through the lived and embodied literacy practices of children and families of color and the implications for literacy researchers and practitioners.
Medical Decision-Making in the Physician Hierarchy: A Pilot Pedagogical Evaluation
Authors: Rosasco John , McCarroll Michele L , Gothard M David , Myers Jerry , Hughes Patrick , Schwartz Alan , George Richard L , Ahmed Rami A
Published: July 2020

Purpose:

Recently, the American College of Graduate Medical Education included medical decision-making as a core competency in several specialties. To date, the ability to demonstrate and measure a pedagogical evolution of medical judgment in a medical education program has been limited. In this study, we aim to examine differences in medical decision-making of physician groups in distinctly different stages of their postgraduate career.

Methods:

The study recruited physicians with a wide spectrum of disciplines and levels of experience to take part in 4 medical simulations divided into 2 categories, abdominal pain (biliary colic [BC] and renal colic [RC]) or chest pain (cardiac ischemia with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI] and pneumothorax [PTX]). Evaluation of medical decision-making used the Medical Judgment Metric (MJM). The targeted selection criteria for the physician groups are administrative physicians (APs), representing those with the most experience but whose current duties are largely administrative; resident physicians (RPs), those enrolled in postgraduate medical or surgical training; and mastery level physicians (MPs), those deemed to have mastery level experience. The study measured participant demographics, physiological responses, medical judgment scores, and simulation time to case resolution. Outcome differences were analyzed using Fisher exact tests with post hoc Bonferroni-adjusted z tests and single-factor analysis of variance F tests with post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference, as appropriate. The significance threshold was set at P < .05. Effect sizes were determined and reported to inform future studies.

Results:

A total of n = 30 physicians were recruited for the study with n = 10 participants in each physician group. No significant differences were found in baseline demographics between groups. Analysis of simulations showed a significant ( P = .002) interaction for total simulation time between groups RP: 6.2 minutes (±1.58); MP: 8.7 minutes (±2.46); and AP: 10.3 minutes (±2.78). The AP MJM scores, 12.3 (±2.66), for the RC simulation were significantly ( P = .010) lower than the RP 14.7 (±1.15) and MP 14.7 (±1.15) MJM scores. Analysis of simulated patient outcomes showed that the AP group was significantly less likely to stabilize the participant in the RC simulation than MP and RP groups ( P = .040). While not significant, all MJM scores for the AP group were lower in the BC, STEMI, and PTX simulations compared with the RP and MP groups.

Conclusions:

Physicians in distinctly different stages of their respective postgraduate career differed in several domains when assessed through a consistent high-fidelity medical simulation program. Further studies are warranted to accurately assess pedagogical differences over the medical judgment lifespan of a physician.
Certolizumab-Induced Paradoxical Psoriatic Alopecia
Authors: Ferraresso María Guillermina , Garlatti María Luz Bollea , Perez-Chada Lourdes María , Martin Mariana Soledad , Mazzuoccolo Luis Daniel
Published: July 2020

Introduction:

Biologic drugs have revolutionized the treatment of chronic inflammatory immunologic diseases. However, their use is associated with adverse reactions, including paradoxical adverse events. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–associated psoriatic alopecia (TiAPA) is a paradoxical adverse event that has been rarely reported in the literature. Only 1 case secondary to certolizumab has been recently described.

Case Presentation:

We described a case of scalp alopecia secondary to certolizumab in a 27-year old female patient with Crohn disease. The skin biopsy showed psoriasiform changes and loss of sebaceous lobule compatible with TiAPA. The patient presented significant improvement in the clinical findings and hair regrowth after 4 weeks of treatment with clobetasol unguent 0.05% and discontinuation of certolizumab. Months later she received infliximab for her Crohn disease, achieving good control of the illness until today.

Discussion:

This is a paradoxical adverse event that has been rarely reported in the literature. Most of the cases were related with infliximab and adalimumab. There is no standard approach for the management of TNF inhibitor–induced psoriasis, but around 20% require discontinuation of treatment.

Conclusions:

The recognition of anti-TNF drug–induced alopecia has allowed description of a new form of alopecia, clinically and histologically mimicking primary psoriatic alopecia with the recently described finding of loss of sebaceous lobules. Recognizing this form of alopecia can enable effective treatment while allowing, in most cases, anti-TNF therapy to continue.
VWF maturation and release are controlled by 2 regulators of Weibel-Palade body biogenesis: exocyst and BLOC-2
Authors: Sharda Anish V. , Barr Alexandra M. , Harrison Joshua A. , Wilkie Adrian R. , Fang Chao , Mendez Lourdes M. , Ghiran Ionita C. , Italiano Joseph E. , Flaumenhaft Robert
Published: July 2020

von Willebrand factor (VWF) is an essential hemostatic protein that is synthesized in endothelial cells and stored in Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs). Understanding the mechanisms underlying WPB biogenesis and exocytosis could enable therapeutic modulation of endogenous VWF, yet optimal targets for modulating VWF release have not been established. Because biogenesis of lysosomal related organelle-2 (BLOC-2) functions in the biogenesis of platelet dense granules and melanosomes, which like WPBs are lysosome-related organelles, we hypothesized that BLOC-2–dependent endolysosomal trafficking is essential for WPB biogenesis and sought to identify BLOC-2–interacting proteins. Depletion of BLOC-2 caused misdirection of cargo-carrying transport tubules from endosomes, resulting in immature WPBs that lack endosomal input. Immunoprecipitation of BLOC-2 identified the exocyst complex as a binding partner. Depletion of the exocyst complex phenocopied BLOC-2 depletion, resulting in immature WPBs. Furthermore, releasates of immature WPBs from either BLOC-2 or exocyst-depleted endothelial cells lacked high-molecular weight (HMW) forms of VWF, demonstrating the importance of BLOC-2/exocyst-mediated endosomal input during VWF maturation. However, BLOC-2 and exocyst showed very different effects on VWF release. Although BLOC-2 depletion impaired exocytosis, exocyst depletion augmented WPB exocytosis, indicating that it acts as a clamp. Exposure of endothelial cells to a small molecule inhibitor of exocyst, Endosidin2, reversibly augmented secretion of mature WPBs containing HMW forms of VWF. These studies show that, although BLOC-2 and exocyst cooperate in WPB formation, only exocyst serves to clamp WPB release. Exocyst function in VWF maturation and release are separable, a feature that can be exploited to enhance VWF release.
Hematopoietic cell transplantation in chronic granulomatous disease: a study of 712 children and adults
Authors: Chiesa Robert , Wang Junfeng , Blok Henric-Jan , Hazelaar Sheree , Neven Benedicte , Moshous Despina , Schulz Ansgar , Hoenig Manfred , Hauck Fabian , Al Seraihy Amal , Gozdzik Jolanta , Ljungman Per , Lindemans Caroline A. , Fernandes Juliana F. , Kalwak Krzysztof , Strahm Brigitte , Schanz Urs , Sedlacek Petr , Sykora Karl-Walter , Aksoylar Serap , Locatelli Franco , Stepensky Polina , Wynn Robert , Lum Su Han , Zecca Marco , Porta Fulvio , Taskinen Mervi , Gibson Brenda , Matthes Susanne , Karakukcu Musa , Hauri-Hohl Mathias , Veys Paul , Gennery Andrew R. , Lucchini Giovanna , Felber Matthias , Albert Michael H. , Balashov Dmitry , Lankester Arjan , Güngör Tayfun , Slatter Mary A.
Published: July 2020

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency resulting in life-threatening infections and inflammatory complications. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) can cure the disease, but the indication to transplant remains controversial. We performed a retrospective multicenter study of 712 patients with CGD who underwent allo-HCT transplantation from March 1993 through December 2018. We studied 635 children (aged <18 years) and 77 adults. Median follow-up was 45 months. Median age at transplantation was 7 years (range, 0.1-48.6). Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) at 3 years were 85.7% and 75.8%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, older age was associated with reduced survival and increased chronic graft-versus-host disease. Nevertheless, OS and EFS at 3 years for patients ≥18 years were 76% and 69%, respectively. Use of 1-antigen-mismatched donors was associated with reduced OS and EFS . No significant difference was found in OS, but a significantly reduced EFS was noted in the small group of patients who received a transplant from a donor with a >1 antigen mismatch. Choice of conditioning regimen did not influence OS or EFS. In summary, we report an excellent outcome after allo-HCT in CGD, with low incidence of graft failure and mortality in all ages. Older patients and recipients of 1-antigen-mismatched grafts had a less favorable outcome. Transplantation should be strongly considered at a younger age and particularly in the presence of a well-matched donor.
Robust expansion of HIV CAR T cells following antigen boosting in ART-suppressed nonhuman primates
Authors: Rust Blake J. , Kean Leslie S. , Colonna Lucrezia , Brandenstein Katherine E. , Poole Nikhita H. , Obenza Willimark , Enstrom Mark R. , Maldini Colby R. , Ellis Gavin I. , Fennessey Christine M. , Huang Meei-Li , Keele Brandon F. , Jerome Keith R. , Riley James L. , Kiem Hans-Peter , Peterson Christopher W.
Published: July 2020

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting CD19+ hematologic malignancies have rapidly emerged as a promising, novel therapy. In contrast, results from the few CAR T-cell studies for infectious diseases such as HIV-1 have been less convincing. These challenges are likely due to the low level of antigen present in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed patients in contrast to those with hematologic malignancies. Using our well-established nonhuman primate model of ART-suppressed HIV-1 infection, we tested strategies to overcome these limitations and challenges. We first optimized CAR T-cell production to maintain central memory subsets, consistent with current clinical paradigms. We hypothesized that additional exogenous antigen might be required in an ART-suppressed setting to aid expansion and persistence of CAR T cells. Thus, we studied 4 simian/HIV-infected, ART-suppressed rhesus macaques infused with virus-specific CD4CAR T cells, followed by supplemental infusion of cell-associated HIV-1 envelope (Env). Env boosting led to significant and unprecedented expansion of virus-specific CAR+ T cells in vivo; after ART treatment interruption, viral rebound was significantly delayed compared with controls (P = .014). In 2 animals with declining CAR T cells, rhesusized anti–programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody was administered to reverse PD-1–dependent immune exhaustion. Immune checkpoint blockade triggered expansion of exhausted CAR T cells and concordantly lowered viral loads to undetectable levels. These results show that supplemental cell-associated antigen enables robust expansion of CAR T cells in an antigen-sparse environment. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show expansion of virus-specific CAR T cells in infected, suppressed hosts, and delay/control of viral recrudescence.
CAR-modified memory-like NK cells exhibit potent responses to NK-resistant lymphomas
Authors: Gang Margery , Marin Nancy D. , Wong Pamela , Neal Carly C. , Marsala Lynne , Foster Mark , Schappe Timothy , Meng Wei , Tran Jennifer , Schaettler Maximilian , Davila Marco , Gao Feng , Cashen Amanda F. , Bartlett Nancy L. , Mehta-Shah Neha , Kahl Brad S. , Kim Miriam Y. , Cooper Matthew L. , DiPersio John F. , Berrien-Elliott Melissa M. , Fehniger Todd A.
Published: July 2020

Natural killer (NK) cells are a promising cellular immunotherapy for cancer. Cytokine-induced memory-like (ML) NK cells differentiate after activation with interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-15, and IL-18, exhibit potent antitumor responses, and safely induce complete remissions in patients with leukemia. However, many cancers are not fully recognized via NK cell receptors. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have been used to enhance tumor-specific recognition by effector lymphocytes. We hypothesized that ML differentiation and CAR engineering would result in complementary improvements in NK cell responses against NK-resistant cancers. To test this idea, peripheral blood ML NK cells were modified to express an anti-CD19 CAR (19-CAR-ML), which displayed significantly increased interferon γ production, degranulation, and specific killing against NK-resistant lymphoma lines and primary targets compared with nonspecific control CAR-ML NK cells or conventional CAR NK cells. The 19-CAR and ML responses were synergistic and CAR specific and required immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif signaling. Furthermore, 19-CAR-ML NK cells generated from lymphoma patients exhibited improved responses against their autologous lymphomas. 19-CAR-ML NK cells controlled lymphoma burden in vivo and improved survival in human xenograft models. Thus, CAR engineering of ML NK cells enhanced responses against resistant cancers and warrants further investigation, with the potential to broaden ML NK cell recognition against a variety of NK cell–resistant tumors.