bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Replacement of Wheat Flour by Chickpea Flour in Muffin Batter: Effect on Rheological Properties
Authors: Alvarez María Dolores , Herranz Beatriz , Fuentes Raúl , Cuesta Francisco Javier , Canet Wenceslao
Published: March 2016

The effect on rheological properties of muffin batter of replacing wheat flour (WF) with chickpea flour (CF) was studied by using viscoelastic and steady‐state shear tests to characterize the physical structure and predict both processing and batter performances. CF was used to replace WF in the batter partially (25, 50, 75% w/w) or totally (100% w/w, i.e., CF‐based gluten‐free muffin batter), and compared with a control made only with wheat (100% WF batter). Viscoelasticity and rebuild time decreased significantly with the increase in the percentage of WF replacement. Gluten‐free muffin batter had the highest viscosity after shearing reflecting a trend toward a dilatant flow behavior associated with higher intermolecular aggregation interactions due to higher protein content. Rheological properties of the batters are dominated by the starch and protein contents present in the formulations. Replacement of WF by CF also increased the number of air bubbles which were smaller.

Practical Applications

Gluten‐free muffins should resemble those made from WF, overcoming problems of quality defects and low nutritional value. Potential for use of CF in gluten‐free muffins is related to its high protein content, playing a healthy and functional role. Formulation of gluten‐reduced and gluten‐free muffins involves studying batter rheology and resulting baked product characteristics. Various CF‐based muffin batters were formulated and rheologically characterized under small and large deformations to attain insights of structural status and mechanical behavior. Higher WF batter viscoelasticity is related to higher starch content, whereas higher CF batter viscosity after shearing correlated well with higher protein content. CF with starch content adjusted to the level of WF could decrease differences in rheological properties of batters. CF helped to incorporate air into the batter, which is essential for achieving appropriate final volume and spongy texture.
Prevalence and Characterization of Multi‐Resistant Staphylococcus SPP. Isolated from Poultry Liver
Authors: Ruzauskas Modestas , Siugzdiniene Rita , Butrimaite‐Ambrozeviciene Ceslova , Zymantiene Judita , KlimienE Irena , Vaskeviciute Lina , Mockeliunas Raimundas , Virgailis Marius
Published: March 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and to characterize multi‐resistant Staphylococcus spp. in raw poultry liver intended for human consumption. Staphylococcus was isolated from 116 of 120 raw liver samples (96.7%; CI 95% ± 3.2). One hundred and thirty‐six isolates (73.1% CI 95% ±7.93) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial while 30 isolates (25.9% CI 95% ±7.97) were resistant to at least three antimicrobial agents. Nine species of staphylococci were identified among the multi‐resistant isolates. Ten out of 30 multi‐resistant isolates were resistant to methicillin, including four MRSA strains. The most common multi‐resistance combination was toward tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and macrolides/lincosamides. All Staphylococcus isolates from poultry liver remain susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, rifampin, sulfamethoxazole‐trimethoprim and streptogramins. The most prevalent genes encoding resistance were tetK, tetM (tetracyclines), blaZ, mecA (beta‐lactams), ermB, ermC, msrA (macrolides and lincosamides) and aac(6′)‐Ie‐aph(2″)‐Ia (aminoglycosides).

Practical Applications

Staphylococcus spp. frequently contaminates raw poultry liver sold in retail markets. Multi‐resistant staphylococci are potential hazard for consumers as they often are resistant to critically important antimicrobials for humans including beta‐lactams (cefalosporins and penicillinase resistant penicillins), macrolides and fluoroquinolones.

Hygienic measures in raw food‐production should be strongly enforced. Personal hygiene during marketing is also very important since multi‐resistant bacteria could easily spread among salespersons and consumers. More stringent requirements for sanitary standards in retail markets need to be set, and the existing requirements should be more strongly enforced on a daily basis.
Different precore/core mutations of hepatitis B interact with, limit, or favor liver fibrosis severity
Authors: Ducancelle Alexandra , Pivert Adeline , Bertrais Sandrine , Boursier Jérôme , Balan Viorica , Veillon Pascal , le Guillou‐Guillemette Hélène , Thibault Vincent , Castelain Sandrine , Roquebert Bénédicte , Coste‐Burel Marianne , Mackiewicz Vincent , Schvoerer Evelyne , Larrat Sylvie , Maylin Sarah , Alain Sophie , Loustaud‐Ratti Véronique , Gordien Emmanuel , Gozlan Joël , Brodard Véronique , Chevaliez Stéphane , Calès Paul , Lunel‐Fabiani Françoise
Published: March 2016

Background and Aim

The impact of basal core promoter (BCP) and precore (PC) mutants of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) on liver disease severity remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to screen BCP and PC mutations in 252 HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positive carriers in France and to assess relationships between these mutations and severe fibrosis.

Methods

Direct sequencing of the precore/core gene was used to detect A1762T/G1764A and G1757A mutations in the BCP and G1896A and G1899A mutations in the PC region.

Results

The prevalences of A1762T/G1764A, G1757A, G1896A, and G1899A mutations were 34.1%, 38.7%, 54.9%, and 29.3% (P < 0.001), respectively. The independent predictors of severe fibrosis (≥F3 Metavir) were older age (P < 0.001), male gender (P = 0.012), elevated alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.001), and the double A1762T/G1764A mutant with no other mutations (P = 0.011). Interestingly, the association of the G1899A mutation with the double A1762T/G1764A mutant significantly counteracted the deleterious effect of the sole double A1762T/G1764A mutant (odds ratio [OR] = 0.28 vs. OR = 3.55, respectively, P = 0.028).

Conclusions

Patients with the A1762T/G1764A mutation have a higher risk of severe fibrosis. The G1899A mutation is a protective factor against severe fibrosis that counteracted the deleterious effect of the A1762T/G1764A mutation. Finally, host phenotypic and HBV genotypic markers independently predict fibrosis severity.
Ritonavir‐boosted danoprevir plus peginterferon alfa‐2a and ribavirin in Asian chronic hepatitis C patients with or without cirrhosis
Authors: Kao Jia‐Horng , Tung Shui‐Yi , Lee Younjae , Thongsawat Satawat , Tanwandee Tawesak , Sheen I.‐Shyan , Wu Jinzi J. , Li Hui , Brennan Barbara J. , Zhou Julian , Le Pogam Sophie , Najera Isabel , Thommes James A. , Hill George
Published: March 2016

Background and Aim

Chronic hepatitis C is an important public health problem in Asia. We evaluated the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of fixed‐dose ritonavir‐boosted danoprevir plus peginterferon alfa‐2a/ribavirin in treatment‐naive Asian patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype (G)1 infection.

Methods

Treatment‐naive G1 patients in Taiwan, Thailand, and Korea with serum HCV‐RNA level ≥ 105 IU/mL received ritonavir‐boosted danoprevir 125/100 mg twice daily plus peginterferon alfa‐2a/ribavirin for either 12 (noncirrhotic patients: Arm A, n = 34) or 24 weeks (cirrhotic patients: Arm B, n = 27) in this phase II open‐label study. Sustained virologic response was defined as HCV‐RNA < 25 IU/mL 12 weeks after end of treatment (SVR12).

Results

Similar SVR12 rates were achieved in Arms A (88.2%; 95% confidence interval, 73.4–95.3%) and B (88.9%; 71.9–96.2%). Most patients had G1b infection, among whom SVR12 rates in Arms A and B were 96.7% and 91.7%, respectively. The overall SVR12 rate was 94.0% in noncirrhotic Taiwanese patients (100% in the subset of G1b patients). No patients withdrew for safety reasons. Three (11%) cirrhotic patients (Arm B) experienced serious adverse events, none of which was considered to be related to treatment. No Grade 3/4 alanine aminotransferase elevations were reported. The pharmacokinetic properties of danoprevir were broadly overlapping in noncirrhotic and cirrhotic patients both on Days 1 and 14.

Conclusions

Ritonavir‐boosted danoprevir plus peginterferon alfa‐2a/ribavirin produced sustained virologic response rates > 90% after 12 weeks' treatment in noncirrhotic and 24 weeks' treatment in cirrhotic Asian patients with G1b infection and was well tolerated. These regimens are well suited to countries where G1b predominates.
Pollen size strongly correlates with stigma depth among Pedicularis species
Authors: Wang Xiang‐Ping , Yu Wen‐Bin , Sun Shi‐Guo , Huang Shuang‐Quan
Published: March 2016

Darwin proposed that pollen size should be positively correlated with stigma depth rather than style length among species given that pollen tubes first enter the stigma autotrophically, then grow through the style heterotrophically. However, studies often show a positive relationship between pollen size and style length. Five floral traits were observed to be correlated among 42 bumblebee‐pollinated Pedicularis species (Orobanchaceae) in which stigmas are distinct from styles. The phylogenetic independent contrast analysis revealed that pollen grain volume was more strongly correlated with stigma depth than with style length, consistent with Darwin's functional hypothesis between pollen size and stigma depth.
A retrospective analysis of the Alzheimer's disease vaccine progress – The critical need for new development strategies
Authors: Marciani Dante J.
Published: March 2016

The promising results obtained with aducanumab and solanezumab against Alzheimer's disease (AD) strengthen the vaccine approach to prevent AD, despite of the many clinical setbacks. It has been problematic to use conjugated peptides with Th1/Th2 adjuvants to induce immune responses against conformational epitopes formed by Aβ oligomers, which is critical to induce protective antibodies. Hence, vaccination should mimic natural immunity by using whole or if possible conjugated antigens, but biasing the response to Th2 with anti‐inflammatory adjuvants. Also, selection of the carrier and cross‐linking agents is important to prevent suppression of the immune response against the antigen. That certain compounds having phosphorylcholine or fucose induce a sole Th2 immunity would allow antigens with T‐cell epitopes without inflammatory autoimmune reactions to be used. Another immunization method is DNA vaccines combined with antigenic ones, which favors the clonal selection and expansion of high affinity antibodies needed for immune protection, but this also requires Th2 immunity. Since AD transgenic mouse models have limited value for immunogen selection as shown by the clinical studies, screening may require the use of validated antibodies and biophysical methods to identify the antigens that would be most likely recognized by the human immune system and thus capable to stimulate a protective antibody response.

image

To induce an anti‐Alzheimer's disease protective immunity and prevent possible damage triggered by antigens having B‐cell epitopes‐only, whole antigens might be used; while inducing Th2 immunity with sole anti‐inflammatory fucose‐based adjuvants. This approach would avert a damaging systemic inflammatory immunity and the suppression of immunoresponse against the antigen because of carrier and cross‐linkers; immune requirements that extend to DNA vaccines.
Evaluation of lifting and antiwrinkle effects of calcium hydroxylapatite filler. In vitro quantification of contractile forces of human wrinkle and normal aged fibroblasts treated with calcium hydroxylapatite
Authors: Courderot‐Masuyer Carol , Robin Sophie , Tauzin Hélène , Humbert Philippe
Published: March 2016

Background

As it ages, the skin changes, it loses its natural hydration and its fundamental substance degenerates. Due to a lack of hydration and nutrients, collagen production decreases. This support tissue of the skin weakens, losing tone and firmness. Depressions form on the skin's surface: these are wrinkles. Wrinkles are one of the first visible signs of the skin's aging, and mainly occur on the face.

Objectives

The purpose of the study was firstly to study the differences between contractile forces developed by normal aged fibroblasts (NF) and wrinkle fibroblasts (WF) of the same patients evaluating the loss of skin tone and secondly to evaluate the effects of a filler composed of calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHa) on the development of contractile forces of NF and WF.

Methods

Biopsies were performed on wrinkled and normal aged skin of facelifts of three patients. The forces generated by the both fibroblast lines in tense collagen lattices were quantified using GlaSbox device before and after the addition of a mixture composed of CaHa.

Results

The forces developed by WF were significantly lower than those of NF. In the presence of the mixture with CaHa, the contractile forces developed by normal NF were significantly increased. WF treated with CaHa also developed higher contractile forces in comparison with nontreated WF.

Conclusion

The mixture composed of CaHa tends to restore the contractile properties of WF to the same level as NF. Therefore, this study shows that CaHa has positive overall effects on aging.
Evaluation of patients' sleep by nurses in an ICU
Authors: Ritmala‐Castren Marita , Virtanen Irina , Vahlberg Tero , Leivo Sanna , Kaukonen Kirsi‐Maija , Leino‐Kilpi Helena
Published: March 2016

Aims and objectives

To determine how intensive care unit evaluations of patients' sleep by nurses correspond to polysomnography and if changes in patients' physiologic parameters could be helpful in sleep evaluation.

Background

The evaluations of patients' sleep by nurses have not corresponded very well with objective sleep recordings, so there is a need for further knowledge in this field.

Design

Correlational study of patients' sleep, nurses' sleep evaluations and the sleep‐related heart rate and blood pressure changes.

Methods

The standard overnight polysomnography was recorded on 21 patients. Simultaneously, nurses marked into an electronic patient care documentation system all the changes noted in the patients' sleep status. Patients' arterial blood pressure and heart‐rate data were automatically saved into the electronic patient care documentation.

Results

The evaluations of patients' sleep/wake state by nurses corresponded to polysomnography 68% of the time. A correlation was found between nurses' evaluations and polysomnography recordings only on total sleep time. There was no correlation in the other sleep aspects (sleep latency, amount of awakenings or movements during sleep). Most patients' blood pressures and heart rate varied according to sleep/wake state. There was less variation if the patient had received noradrenalin for blood pressure control.

Conclusion

The evaluations of patients' sleep/wake state by nurses only correspond to the polysomnography two‐thirds of the time. Thus, more sophisticated evaluation methods should be developed to aid nurses in sleep evaluations. Sleep‐related changes in blood pressure and heart rate can be seen in intensive care unit patients, so using these parameters as part of the patients' sleep evaluation should be further explored.

Relevance to clinical practice

The nurses' evaluation practices of intensive care unit patients' sleep need further development. Monitoring the changes in patients' heart rate and blood pressure may aid in evaluating his/her sleep.
A systematic literature review on nurses’ and health care support workers’ experiences of caring for people with dementia on orthopaedic wards
Authors: Moonga Jubilee , Likupe Gloria
Published: March 2016

Aims and objectives

To review literature on nurses’ and health care workers’ experiences of caring for people with dementia on orthopaedic wards.

Background

Dementia is a condition that affects a large number of the older population worldwide. It is estimated that there are 47·5 million people worldwide living with dementia with 4·6 million new cases being diagnosed annually. This number is said to increase to 75·6 million by 2030 and triple by 2050. It is also acknowledged that older people are at a greater risk of falls that are a devastating problem causing a tremendous amount of morbidity, mortality and use of health care services (Rubestein, Age and Ageing, 35, 2006, 37). Falls usually result from identified risk factors such as weakness, unsteady gait, confusion and certain medication. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that a large population of older people suffering from dementia may be admitted to orthopaedic wards with various injuries. Nurse and support health workers may experience a range of difficulties when caring for this population of patients.

Design

A systematic review.

Methods

An extensive literature search using; CINAHL, MEDLINE, Academic Search Complete, National Health Service Evidence, websites like Department of Health, Dementia and Alzheimer's Society.

Results

The search generated several articles on dementia in general, however, only 14 articles dealing with care of these people in an acute hospital setting were found. No studies dealing with the care of people with dementia on orthopaedic wards were found; therefore, this review has taken a generalist nature and applies the findings to orthopaedic wards. The main themes identified from the review were: challenging behaviour and unsuitable care environment; lack of education on dementia; strain from nursing patients with dementia; and ethical dilemmas arising from care of people with dementia.

Conclusion

It would be an over‐simplification to say that the care of people with dementia on medical wards is the same as the care of trauma patients with dementia. Therefore, there is a need for a study to explore nurses’ and health care worker's experiences of caring for trauma patients with dementia on orthopaedic wards.

Relevance to clinical practice

The results of this study could provide guidance on the effective care of people with dementia on orthopaedic wards.
Australian nurses' perceptions of the use of manual restraint in the Emergency Department: a qualitative perspective
Authors: Chapman Rose , Ogle Kaye Robyn , Martin Catherine , Rahman Asheq , McKenna Brian , Barnfield Jakqui
Published: March 2016

Aims and objectives

To explore emergency nurses perceptions of the use of manual restraint.

Background

Manual restraint of patients has historically been an accepted practice, though little is known about the use of manual restraint in general hospitals.

Design

A qualitative, descriptive, exploratory, study was undertaken.

Method

Fifteen semi‐structured interviews with emergency nurses were completed. Data were analysed using qualitative thematic analysis procedures.

Results

The following themes were identified: ‘part of the job’, ‘reasons for manual restraint’, ‘restraint techniques’, ‘consequences’ and ‘lack of documentation’. Manual restraint occurred frequently each shift and most were not documented. This may be due to nurse's perceptions that manually restraining a patient did not comprise formal restraint and was the only option. Nurses used manual restraint to manage patients who were violent and aggressive or to perform procedures. However, they reported a lack of education and training in manual restraint. Nurses identified several consequences for the patient, staff and the organisation as a result of these events including psychological and physical injuries.

Conclusions

Empirical research of prevalence and issues surrounding manual restraint events is required to inform health care organisations and government to develop, implement and evaluate appropriate policies and strategies to ensure safety of patients and staff. The employment of peer support workers and professionals with expertise in mental health and dementia may aid in the reduction of manual restraint events and improve care of all patients within the Emergency Department. Research on manual restraint in health settings is also needed.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses need to be aware that manual restraint is not just an accepted part of their work, but is a strategy of last resort that should be documented. Organisations must implement standardised educational programmes for nurses together with policies and processes to monitor and evaluate manual restraint events.
The effect of mentoring on clinical perioperative competence in operating room nursing students
Authors: Mirbagher Ajorpaz Neda , Zagheri Tafreshi Mansoureh , Mohtashami Jamileh , Zayeri Farid , Rahemi Zahra
Published: March 2016

Aims and objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mentoring on the clinical perioperative competence of nursing operating room students in Iran.

Background

Mentoring is an essential part of clinical education, which has been studied in different populations of students. However, there is a need to assess its effectiveness in operating room students' competence.

Design

A randomised controlled trial was performed.

Methods

Sixty nursing operating room students were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Both the control and experimental groups had routine training in the form of faculty supervision. The experimental group had an additional mentoring program. Using the Persian Perceived Perioperative Competence Scale‐Revised, clinical competence was compared between the two groups, before and after the intervention. Using SPSS 19, descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi‐square and t‐tests, were conducted.

Results

In the experimental group, the difference between the mean scores of clinical competence before (19·43 ± 2·80) and after (27·86 ± 1·87) the intervention was significant (p ≤ 0·001). After intervention, the difference between the mean scores of the control (3·9 ± 0·15) and experimental (8·61 ± 0·68) groups was significant (p ≤ 0·003).

Conclusion

Findings affirmed the positive effect of mentorship programmes on clinical competence in nursing operating room students.

Relevance to clinical practice

Mentoring is an effective method for preparing nursing students in practice. Health care systems may improve as a result of staff‐student relationships that ultimately increase the quality care for patients.
Influences on independent nurse prescribers' antimicrobial prescribing behaviour: a systematic review
Authors: Ness Valerie , Price Lesley , Currie Kay , Reilly Jacqueline
Published: March 2016

Aims and objectives

To present the findings of a systematic review which explored the influences on the antimicrobial prescribing behaviour of independent nurse prescribers.

Background

Antimicrobial resistance is an urgent public health concern and inappropriate antibiotic prescribing is linked to an increase in this resistance. With a growing number of nursing staff potentially prescribing.

Design

A systematic review.

Methods

A comprehensive search strategy was employed to identify appropriate research papers. Results were screened for relevance using eligibility criteria, and the assessment of the methodological quality of the papers was conducted using a critical appraisal tool.

Results

Seven studies were found which explored influences on nurse prescribers' antimicrobial prescribing behaviour. Three of these expected that an antimicrobial would be given and therefore influences discussed were on the choice of the antimicrobial given. Guidelines/protocols, safety, tolerability and efficacy of the antimicrobial itself, patient/parent pressure and training/experience were mentioned as influencing factors within the reported studies. The other four studies explored influences on whether to prescribe an antimicrobial or not and also found that guidelines/protocols were an influencing factor, however, the influence occurring most frequently was diagnostic uncertainty.

Conclusions

The studies were limited by methodological issues and therefore further research is recommended to explore all influencing factors on prescriber behaviour. Relevance to clinical practice: It has been recommended that interventions to change healthcare professionals' behaviour must be based on theory‐based research. Future research should therefore focus on the use of sound theoretical frameworks in the planning of the studies if we are to be able to understand and, if required, change nurses' behaviours.
Prediction of spontaneous preterm birth in women with cervical insufficiency: Comprehensive analysis of multiple proteins in amniotic fluid
Authors: Lee Seung Mi , Park Kyo Hoon , Jung Eun Young , Cho Soo‐Hyun , Ryu Aeli
Published: March 2016

Aim

The purpose of this study is to determine whether proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in amniotic fluid (AF), alone or in combination with clinical risk factors, can predict spontaneous preterm delivery (SPTD) at < 34 weeks in women with cervical insufficiency.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included 57 consecutive singleton pregnant women (17–28 gestational weeks) with cervical insufficiency who underwent amniocentesis. AF was assayed for five cytokines (interleukin [IL]‐6, IL‐8, monocyte chemotactic protein‐1, macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]‐1α, and MIP‐1β) and five MMPs (MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐8, and MMP‐9) using multiplex immunoassay kits. The primary outcome measure was SPTD at < 34 weeks.

Results

The AF concentrations of MMP‐1, MMP‐3, MMP‐8, MMP‐9, IL‐6, IL‐8, MIP‐1α and MIP‐1β were significantly higher in women with SPTD at < 34 weeks. Women who had SPTD at < 34 weeks were younger, had significantly more advanced cervical dilatation at presentation and a higher rate of positive AF cultures. Using stepwise regression analysis, a combined prediction model was developed that included maternal age, cervical dilatation at presentation, AF MMP‐1 and AF MMP‐8 (area under the curve [AUC] 0.951). The AUC for this model was significantly greater than for any single protein alone in AF or for each of the clinical risk factors alone.

Conclusion

A model combining proteins in AF and clinical factors can improve the accuracy of risk prediction for preterm birth and this combination is more accurate than each of the biomarkers alone in women with cervical insufficiency.
Tailored treatment strategies: a new approach for modern management of atrial fibrillation
Authors: Van Gelder I. C. , Hobbelt A. H. , Marcos E. G. , Schotten U. , Cappato R. , Lewalter T. , Schwieler J. , Rienstra M. , Boriani G.
Published: March 2016

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is not benign. Cardiovascular diseases and risk factors differ importantly amongst patients. Careful phenotyping with the aim to start tailored therapy may improve outcome and quality of life. Furthermore, structural remodelling plays an important role in initiation and progression of AF. Therapies that interfere in the remodelling processes are promising because they may modify the atrial substrate. However, success is still limited probably due to variations in the underlying substrate in individual patients. The most favourable effects of lifestyle changes on success of rhythm control have been demonstrated in obese patients with AF. Differences in genotype may also play an important role. Common gene variants have been associated with recurrence of AF after electrical cardioversion, antiarrhythmic drug therapy and catheter ablation. Therefore, both phenotyping and genotyping may become useful for patient selection in the future. Beside the choice of rate or rhythm control, and type of rhythm control, prevention of complications associated with AF may also differ depending on genotype and phenotype. Efficacy of stroke prevention has been well established, but bleeding remains a clinically relevant problem. Risk stratification is still cumbersome, especially in low‐risk patients and in those with a high bleeding risk. The decision whether to start anticoagulation (and if so which type of anticoagulant) or, alternatively, to implant an occlusion device of the left atrial appendage may also be improved by genotyping and phenotyping. In this review, we will summarize new insights into the roles of phenotype and genotype in generating more tailored treatment strategies in patients with AF and discuss several patient‐tailored treatment options.
Understanding Grandfamilies: Characteristics of Grandparents, Nonresident Parents, and Children
Authors: Pilkauskas Natasha V. , Dunifon Rachel E.
Published: March 2016

Using data from the Year 9 Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N ∼ 3,182), we investigated the characteristics grandfamilies (grandparents raising their grandchildren with no parent present, N = 84) and compared them to other key groups, including children's nonresident parents and other economically disadvantaged families with children. Results show that grandparents raising their grandchildren were generally better off in terms of educational attainment, marital status, and economic well‐being than the child's parents. Grandparents raising their grandchildren also had characteristics very similar to other disadvantaged mothers. Academic and socioemotional well‐being were poorer among children in grandfamilies compared with those living with their mothers, but parenting practices were very similar. These findings suggest that although children in grandfamilies may be at a disadvantage academically and socioemotionally, grandparent caregivers are in many ways similar to other fragile‐family mothers. Overall, this study enhances our knowledge of an important yet understudied family type.
The moderating influence of personality on individual outcomes of social networks
Authors: Regts Gerdien , Molleman Eric
Published: March 2016

Advantageous structural positions in a social network provide opportunities for employees. In this study, we examined whether the interaction between the personality traits neuroticism and extraversion affects the extent to which employees benefit from network centrality. Data from a sample of 299 nurses from four Dutch hospitals revealed that affect‐based network centrality was associated with higher job satisfaction and that in‐degree advice network centrality was associated with higher ratings by supervisors with respect to job performance, but only for extraverts low in neuroticism and introverts high in neuroticism. The results show that the existence and magnitude of the positive relationship between affect‐based network centrality and job satisfaction, and the positive relationship between advice network centrality and supervisor ratings of job performance, may crucially depend on the specific interactional combination of personality traits. These findings provide an explanation for the variation in results regarding the network centrality–job satisfaction link and extend empirical evidence for the network centrality–job performance link. The current findings offer team managers insight into how a combination of personality traits influences the effect of network centrality on individual work outcomes. Implications for social networks and selection of employees are discussed.

Practitioner points

The positive relationship between affect‐based network centrality and job satisfaction and the positive relationship between advice network centrality and job performance depend on the specific interactional combination of neuroticism and extraversion.

Employees benefit most from network centrality when they are high on extraversion and low on neuroticism, or when they are low on extraversion and high on neuroticism.

For jobs that require much social interaction, extraverts low in neuroticism are preferred.
PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway proteins are differently expressed in oral carcinogenesis
Authors: Martins Fabiana , de Sousa Suzana COM , dos Santos Elisa , Woo Sook‐Bin , Gallottini Marina
Published: March 2016

Background

PI3K–AKT–mTOR signaling pathway is associated with several cellular functions and is frequently changed in several malignancies. The aim of this study was to characterize the immunohistochemical expression pattern of components in PI3K–AKT–mTOR signaling pathway in oral epithelial dysplasia (OED), comparing to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and non‐dysplastic oral tissues (NDOT).

Methods

A total of 186 cases of NDOT, OED and OSCC were retrieved. Nuclear staining and cytoplasmic staining of the keratinocytes were considered positive, and the percentage of positive cells was calculated.

Results

Increased immunoreactivity from NDOT to OED and OSCC was seen for all proteins. In NDOT cases, positivity was found only for pS6 (52.9%) and p4EBP1 (13.5%). In OED, immunoreactivity was observed for pAKT (62.2%), pmTOR (28.6%), pS6 (70.8%), and p4EBP1 (42.9%). In OSCC cases, immunoreactivity was found for pAKT (83.3%), pmTOR (50%), pS6 (77.4%), and p4EBP1 (50%). The pAKT and pmTOR expression was higher in OED (<0.001, Fisher's exact test) and OSCC (<0.001, Fisher's exact test).

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated higher pAKT and pmTOR expression during carcinogenesis of oral mucosa, differing considerably among OED and OSCC specimens when compared to NDOT. These proteins can be considered potential diagnostic markers for early detection of cancer.
GOVERNMENT QUALITY AND THE ECONOMIC RETURNS OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT IN EUROPEAN REGIONS
Authors: Crescenzi Riccardo , Di Cataldo Marco , Rodríguez‐Pose Andrés
Published: March 2016

Transport infrastructure investment is a cornerstone of growth‐promoting strategies. However, the link between infrastructure investment and economic performance remains unclear. This may be a consequence of overlooking the role of government institutions. This paper assesses the connection between regional quality of government and the returns of different types of road infrastructure in the regions of the European Union. The results unveil the influence of regional quality of government on the economic returns of transport infrastructure. In weak institutional contexts, investment in motorways—the preferred option by governments—yields significantly lower returns than the more humble secondary road. Government institutions also affect the returns of transport maintenance investment.
Strategic Transparency and Electoral Pressure
Authors: MORETTI LAURA , SUZUKI TORU
Published: March 2016

This paper investigates how an office‐motivated incumbent can use transparency enhancement on public spending to signal his budgetary management ability and win re‐election. We show that, when the incumbent faces a popular challenger, transparency policy can be an effective signaling device. It is also shown that electoral pressure can have a nonmonotonic effect on transparency, but a higher electoral pressure always increases the informativeness of signaling and the voter's utility.
Influences on preschool children's oral health‐related quality of life as reported by English and Spanish‐speaking parents and caregivers
Authors: Born Catherine D. , Divaris Kimon , Zeldin Leslie P. , Rozier R. Gary
Published: March 2016

Objective

This study examined young, preschool children's oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) among a community‐based cohort of English and Spanish‐speaking parent–child dyads in North Carolina, and sought to quantify the association of parent/caregiver characteristics, including spoken language, with OHRQoL impacts.

Methods

Data from structured interviews with 1,111 parents of children aged 6–23 months enrolled in the Zero‐Out Early Childhood Caries study in 2010–2012 were used. OHRQoL was measured using the overall score (range: 0–52) of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). We examined associations with parents' sociodemographic characteristics, spoken language, self‐reported oral and general health, oral health knowledge, children's dental attendance, and dental care needs. Analyses included descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate methods based upon zero‐inflated negative binomial regression. To determine differences between English and Spanish speakers, language‐stratified model estimates were contrasted using homogeneity χ2 tests.

Results

The mean overall ECOHIS score was 3.9 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.6–4.2]; 4.7 among English‐speakers and 1.5 among Spanish speakers. In multivariate analyses, caregivers' education showed a positive association with OHRQoL impacts among Spanish speakers [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.12 (95% CI = 1.03–1.22), for every added year of schooling], whereas caregivers' fair/poor oral health showed a positive association among English speakers (PR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.02–1.41).

Conclusions

The overall severity of ECOHIS impacts was low among this population‐based sample of young, preschool children, and substantially lower among Spanish versus English speakers. Further studies are warranted to identify sources of these differences in – actual or reported – OHRQoL impacts.
Paradoxical effects of temperature and solar irradiance on the photodegradation state of killed phytoplankton
Authors: Amiraux Rémi , Jeanthon Christian , Vaultier Frédéric , Rontani Jean‐François
Published: March 2016

The aim of this paper was to study the effects of temperature and irradiance on the photodegradation state of killed phytoplankton cells. For this purpose, killed cells of the diatom Chaetoceros neogracilis RCC2022 were irradiated (photosynthetically active radiation) at 36 and 446 J · s−1 · m−2 (for the same cumulative dose of irradiation energy) and at two temperatures (7°C and 17°C). Analyses of specific lipid tracers (fatty acids and sterols) revealed that low temperatures and irradiances increased photooxidative damages of monounsaturated lipids (i.e., palmitoleic acid, cholesterol and campesterol). The high efficiency of type II photosensitized degradation processes was attributed to: (i) the relative preservation of the sensitizer (chlorophyll) at low irradiances allowing a longer production of singlet oxygen and (ii) the slow diffusion rate of singlet oxygen through membranes at low temperatures inducing more damages. Conversely, high temperatures and irradiances induced (i) a rapid degradation of the photosensitizer and a loss of singlet oxygen by diffusion outside the membranes (limiting type II photosensitized oxidation), and (ii) intense autoxidation processes degrading unsaturated cell lipids and oxidation products used as photodegradation tracers. Our results may explain the paradoxical relationship observed in situ between latitude and photodegradation state of phytoplankton cells.
Implementing Residual‐Based KPSS Tests for Cointegration with Data Subject to Temporal Aggregation and Mixed Sampling Frequencies
Authors: Miller J. Isaac , Wang Xi
Published: March 2016

We show how different data types (stocks and flows) and temporal aggregation affect the size and power of the dynamic ordinary least squares residual‐based Kwiatkowski–Phillips–Schmidt–Shin (KPSS) test of the null of cointegration. Size may be more effectively controlled by setting the minimum number of leads equal to one – as opposed to zero – when selecting the lag/lead order of the dynamic ordinary least squares regression using aggregated data, but at a cost to power. If high‐frequency data for one or more series are available – that is, the model has mixed sampling frequencies – we show how to effectively utilize the high‐frequency data to increase power while controlling size.
High baseline bilirubin and low albumin predict liver decompensation and serious adverse events in HCV‐infected patients treated with sofosbuvir‐containing regimens
Authors: Perumalswami P. V. , Patel N. , Bichoupan K. , Ku L. , Yalamanchili R. , Harty A. , Motamed D. , Khaitova V. , Chang C. , Grewal P. , Liu L. , Schiano T. D. , Woodward M. , Dieterich D. T. , Branch A. D.
Published: March 2016

To conduct surveillance and determine the safety profile of new hepatitis C virus treatments in real‐world clinical practice. Hepatic decompensation and other serious adverse events were investigated in an observational cohort study of 511 patients treated with regimens containing sofosbuvir, December 2013–June 2014. Among 499 previously stable patients (no history of hepatic decompensation during the previous 12 months), a nested case–control study was performed to identify predictors of decompensation/serious adverse event. Cases and controls were matched 1:5 based on treatment regimen and duration. Matched conditional logistic regression was used for analysis. Providers scored the likelihood that events were treatment‐related (scale = 0–4). The cumulative incidence of decompensation/events was 6.4% for the total cohort. Among 499 previously stable patients, the incidence of decompensation/events was 4.5%; the mortality rate was 0.6%. Sixteen of the 499 experienced one or more serious complications considered to be at least potentially treatment‐related, and the sustained virological response rate was 7/16 (44%). Two cases, both on sofosbuvir/simeprevir (without interferon or ribavirin), had complications consistent with autoimmune events (score 3, ‘likely treatment‐related’), and one experienced a flare of autoimmune hepatitis. Compared to controls, cases had higher baseline median model for end‐stage liver disease scores (14 vs 8, P < 0.01). Decompensation/events was independently associated with lower baseline albumin (OR = 0.12/g/dL, P = 0.01) and higher total bilirubin (OR = 4.31/mg/dL, P = 0.01). Reduced hepatic function at baseline increased the risk of liver decompensation/events.
New insights into the natural history of hepatitis E virus infection through a longitudinal study of multitransfused immunocompetent patients in France
Authors: Servant‐Delmas A. , Abravanel F. , Lefrère J.‐J. , Lionnet F. , Hamon C. , Izopet J. , Laperche S.
Published: March 2016

Little is known about the natural history of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in immunocompetent individuals. The prevalence, the course of infection and the occurrence of transmission by transfusion were investigated in multitransfused immunocompetent patients/blood donor pairs included in a longitudinal sample repository collection and followed up between 1988 and 2010. Ninety‐eight subjects aged 6–89 years and suffering from acquired haemoglobinopathies were tested for HEV markers (IgM, IgG and RNA) in serial samples collected every 2 or 3 years. Eighteen patients (18.4%) were positive for HEV‐IgG at baseline with a prevalence increasing from 12.5% below 26 years to 32% above 56 years. Nine patients remained IgG positive along the study and nine lost their antibodies after a mean follow‐up of 7.4 years (1–22 years). One seropositive patient showed an increase of IgG level and RNA‐HEV reappearance 1 year after inclusion, suggesting a reinfection and one seroconversion, probably acquired through blood transfusion was observed. This first longitudinal study including immunocompetent individuals confirms that HEV infection is common in Western Europe and that transfusion transmission occurs probably less frequently than expected. In addition, seroreversion and reinfection seem to be common. This suggests that the anti‐HEV may not persist overtime naturally. However, repeat exposure to the virus related to the high prevalence of HEV infection may result in a sustainable specific IgG response.
Efficacy of Adding Dutasteride to α‐Blocker Therapy Treated Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Patients with Small Volume Prostate (<30 mL)
Authors: HASHIMOTO Mamoru , SHIMIZU Nobutaka , SUGIMOTO Koichi , HONGOH Sachiko , MINAMI Takafumi , NOZAWA Masahiro , YOSHIMURA Kazuhiro , HIRAYAMA Akihide , TAHARA Hideo , UEMURA Hirotsugu
Published: March 2016

Objectives

To assess the efficacy of dutasteride add‐on therapy for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) with small prostates who have been treated with α‐blocker therapy for >3 months.

Methods

A total of 110 men with clinical BPH were enrolled. There were 17 and 93 subjects with a prostate volume (PV) <30 and ≥30 mL, respectively. All subjects had been treated with α‐blocker therapy for >3 months. Subjective and objective clinical variables were assessed using the total International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS‐T), IPSS quality of life (IPSS‐QoL), IPSS voiding subscore (IPSS‐V), IPSS storage subscore (IPSS‐S), overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS), PV, prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, post‐void residual (PVR), and maximum flow rate (Qmax). These variables were assessed at baseline and every 3 months for 1 year.

Results

In the small prostate group, IPSS‐T and IPSS‐V showed improvements from baseline at 6 and 9 months, storage subscore at 6 months, and OABSS at 3 months, but no sustained improvements were observed. During the study period, only the IPSS QoL scores did not show any improvement. Conversly, dutasteride was significantly effective at improving IPSS‐T, IPSS‐V, IPSS‐S, and IPSS‐QoL scores throughout the study period in the large prostate BPH group. PSA levels and PV significantly decreased in both groups throughout the study.

Conclusions

Benign prostatic hyperplasia in LUTS patients with small prostates did not show a sustainable benefit from the addition of dutasteride to α‐blocker therapy.
Lowest Acceptable Bladder Capacity for Interpretation of Uroflowmetry Tests in Children
Authors: CHANG Shang‐Jen , CHEN Judy Y.‐C. , CHIANG I‐Ni , YANG Stephen S.‐D.
Published: March 2016

Objective

To determine the age‐specific lowest acceptable value of bladder capacity (LABC) for interpretation of uroflowmetry tests in children.

Methods

From September 2008 through July 2012, healthy children aged 4–9 years were enrolled. All children were asked to have two sets of uroflowmetry and post‐void residual (PVR) tests. We selected the tests with lower bladder capacity (voided volume+ PVR) of each child to analyze the LABC. Only bell shaped curves were regarded as normal. PVR >20 mL and Qmax <15 mL/s in children aged 4–6 years, and PVR >10 mL, Qmax <15.0 mL/s in children aged 7–9 years were defined as abnormal, respectively. Receiver operative characteristic curves were used to determine the age‐specific cut‐off value of LABC. The upper boundary of optimal bladder capacity (OBC) for interpretation of uroflowmetry was defined at 115% expected bladder capacity, and LABC as lower boundary. Linear regression was used to establish the relationship between age and LABC.

Results

Totally, 930 children were eligible for analysis of LABC. Through ROC curve analysis and regression analysis, the best fitted age specific LABC defined though differentiating low Qmax is 52.08 mL + age in years × 4.78 mL. For simplicity, the proposed LABC is age in years × 5 + 50. Good reproducibility of normal flow pattern, Qmax and PVR in each child were observed in the uroflowmetry tests within OBC.

Conclusion

Through the large scale study for uroflowmetry tests in children, we proposed the age‐specific lowest acceptable bladder capacity for interpretation of uroflowmetry tests as age in years × 5 + 50 mL.