bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smelly interactions: host-borne volatile organic compounds triggering behavioural responses in mosquitoes, sand flies, and ticks
Authors: Bezerra-Santos Marcos Antonio , Benelli Giovanni , Germinara Giacinto Salvatore , Volf Petr , Otranto Domenico
Published: May 2024

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemicals emitted as products of cell metabolism, which reflects the physiological and pathological conditions of any living organisms. These compounds play a key role as olfactory cues for arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, sand flies, and ticks, which act in the transmission of pathogens to many animal species, including humans. Some VOCs may influence arthropod behaviour, e.g., host preference and oviposition site selection for gravid females. Furthermore, deadly vector-borne pathogens such as Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania infantum are suggested to manipulate the VOCs profile of the host to make them more attractive to mosquitoes and sand fly vectors, respectively. Under the above circumstances, studies on these compounds have demonstrated their potential usefulness for investigating the behavioural response of mosquitoes, sand flies, and ticks toward their vertebrate hosts, as well as potential tools for diagnosis of vector-borne diseases (VBDs). Herein, we provide an account for scientific data available on VOCs to study the host seeking behaviour of arthropod vectors, and their usefulness as attractants, repellents, or tools for an early diagnosis of VBDs.

Graphical Abstract
Successful pregnancy using immature oocytes retrieved from resected borderline ovarian tumor: a case report and literature review
Authors: Higuchi Shotaro , Miyamoto Tsutomu , Oka Kenji , Kobara Hisanori , Shiozawa Tanri
Published: May 2024

Background

Despite the recent progress of fertility preservation technique, achievement of pregnancy in women with ovarian tumor is still challenging. Here, we report a case of OTO-IVM (ovarian tissue oocyte in-vitro maturation) resulting in a successful delivery.

Case presentation

The patient, a 33-year-old woman with a history of left borderline ovarian tumor (BOT) who underwent left salpingo-oophorectomy three years ago, presented with an enlarged right ovary during infertility treatment, indicating the recurrence of BOT. Because the patient disagreed with curative surgery and normal part-preservation surgery, we eventually performed OTO-IVM. A right salpingo-oophorectomy was first performed. Eight immature oocytes were immediately aspirated not only from visible follicles, but also from entire cortex for invisible follicles, of the removed ovary. In addition, IVM procedure generated six mature oocytes, and were subjected to intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Accordingly, three embryos were obtained and cryopreserved. Three months after surgery, hormone replacement therapy was initiated, and a frozen-thawed embryo was transferred, resulting in a successful pregnancy. Although a cesarean section was performed at 36 weeks due to maternal ileus, the baby was delivered without complications.

Conclusions

This report indicates this treatment to be an effective approach for fertility preservation in BOT patients, especially, the importance of collecting oocytes from the entire ovarian cortex was suggested.
Early initiation of complementary feeding practice and its associated factors among children aged 6 to 24 months in Northeast Ethiopia
Authors: Wasihun Yitbarek , Addissie Getahun , Yigezu Muluken , Kebede Natnael
Published: May 2024

Background

Even if there is currently no research on food integration practices, there is an unreliable hole in the data for the first motives, especially 6 to 24 months, research at ages varies in different ways, always, but the child’s development affects an important part of both the child and the parents. This gap limits our comprehensive knowledge of strategic choices and—their potential impact on children’s overall health and well-being. Therefore, the aim of this study was factors shaping complementary feeding for 6 to 24-Month-Olds in Northeast Ethiopia.

Methods

A community-based survey was conducted in northeastern Ethiopia from June to July 2022. A sample of 409 mothers with infants aged 6 to 24 months was selected using a simple random sampling method. A structured questionnaire was adopted and data were collected by an interviewer. Collected data were entered into Epi Data version 4.6 and subsequently converted to SPSS version 21 for further analysis. Variables with a P-value <  = 0.25 in the bivariate analysis were included in the multivariable logistic regression model. Multivariable logistic regression analyses aimed at identifying independent associations between early initiation of supplement feeding and determinants-adjusted odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine the strength of associations. P-values less than or equal to 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

A total of 409 mothers with their children were included in the analysis, revealing a prevalence of 38.1% for early initiation of complementary feeding among children aged 6–24 months. Factors associated with -early initiation included place of residence (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 3.63, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.1–11.95), husband’s educational status (AOR 16.83, 95% CI 1.98–24.8), maternal occupation (AOR 21.2, 95% CI 1.11–46.9), number of antenatal care (ANC) visits (AOR 25.94, 95% CI 22.7–85.67), initial breastfeeding time (AOR 4.98, 95% CI 1.22–14.9), and medical illness (AOR 2.81, 95% CI 1.12–3.6.

Conclusion

Significant associations with Complementary Feeding were identified with the number of antenatal care (ANC) visits, postnatal care (PNC) check-ups, current residency, breastfeeding initiation time, maternal medical illness, and occupational status. To mitigate the early initiation of complementary feeding, it is recommended to enhance ANC/PNC services and educate mothers about the precise timing for introducing complementary foods to their infants.
Highlight selection of radiochemistry and radiopharmacy developments by editorial board
Authors: Toyohara Jun , Vugts Danielle , Kiss Oliver C. , Todde Sergio , Li Xiang-Guo , Liu Zhibo , Yang Zhi , Gillings Nic , Cazzola Emiliano , Szymanski Wiktor , Meulen Nick van der , Reilly Raymond , Taddei Carlotta , Schirrmacher Ralf , Li Zijing , Lagebo Yohannes Jorge , Bentaleb Naoual , Souza Albernaz Marta de , Lapi Suzanne , Ramogida Caterina , Mukherjee Archana , Ajenjo Javier , Deuther-Conrad Winnie , Bourdeau Cécile
Published: May 2024

Background

The Editorial Board of EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry releases a biannual highlight commentary to update the readership on trends in the field of radiopharmaceutical development.

Main body

This selection of highlights provides commentary on 24 different topics selected by each coauthoring Editorial Board member addressing a variety of aspects ranging from novel radiochemistry to first-in-human application of novel radiopharmaceuticals.

Conclusion

Trends in radiochemistry and radiopharmacy are highlighted. Hot topics cover the entire scope of EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry, demonstrating the progress in the research field in many aspects.
Investigating causes of femicide in Egypt: review
Authors: Hassan Fatma Mohamed , Hussein Maged Nabil , Moawad Asmaa Mohammad
Published: May 2024

Background

Femicide is a fundamental human rights violation that compromises one’s life, liberty, and personal safety and impedes social and economic advancement. In recent years, Egypt has witnessed an alarming rise in the number of femicide cases. Unfortunately, there is limited data about the magnitude of this problem or factors contributing to the surge in femicide incidents. Consequently, this review aims to discuss the phenomenon of femicide in Egypt, provide an analysis of its causes, and propose possible solutions.

Main body

Gender disparity, cultural and social norms, impunity, poverty, poor educational level, and insufficient aid services could be contributing factors to femicide in Egypt.

Conclusion

Identifying the potential causes of femicide in Egypt is essential to prevent and reduce its incidence. So, comprehensive studies to understand the true scope of the problem and to monitor femicide trends in Egyptian society are highly recommended. Policymakers in Egypt should take actual steps to develop an effective action plan to combat femicide.
Envisaging challenges for the emerging medicinal Cannabis sector in Lesotho
Authors: Thetsane Regina M.
Published: May 2024

Background

Cultivation of Cannabis and its use for medical purposes has existed for millennia on the African continent. The plant has also been widely consumed in the African continent since time immemorial. In particular, Lesotho has been largely growing Cannabis since approximately the 1550s and was illegally grown and unlawfully used for both medicinal and recreational purposes. It was only in 2017 when Lesotho started licensing Cannabis companies and regulating cultivation of Cannabis for medicinal purposes. However, the Lesotho Cannabis industry seems to have excluded the Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) in the legalisation of Cannabis, the sector has the potential for small Cannabis enterprises in Lesotho.

Objective

This study attempts to examine challenges facing the evolving Cannabis sector in Lesotho as envisaged by Cannabis company managers with the aim of being proactive while addressing such challenges.

Methods

The qualitative descriptive method was employed using both primary and secondary data. For the selection of the three Cannabis managers exponential non-discriminative snowball sampling was adopted and interviews with the managers were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the descriptive explanations of the Cannabis managers to determine the themes that were further consolidated into categories.

Results

The implementation and compliance with the laws in the Lesotho medicinal Cannabis sector has proved very challenging, with long timeframes for finalising regulatory frameworks and not being applied objectively. The industry does not provide opportunities for Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) to venture into the Cannabis business.

Conclusion

In Lesotho, the Cannabis sector appears to be faced with many challenges emanating from the implementation and enforcement of Cannabis laws. The Lesotho Government should review its Cannabis laws and regulations with a view to benefiting SMMEs and legalising Cannabis production so as to serve both the domestic and international markets.
Role of the sigma factor AlgU in regulating growth, virulence, motility, exopolysaccharide production, and environmental stress adaptation of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae QSY6
Authors: Zhang Yiju , Fu Min , Wang Qian , Zhang Lei , Chang Xiaoxi , Zhang Lixin
Published: May 2024

The extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor AlgU is involved in the regulation of various virulence-related pathways in Pseudomonas syringae, especially alginate biosynthesis and motility, and the role of AlgU differs among P. syringae pathovars. However, to date, the mechanism of its regulation in virulence of P. syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is still unclear. ECF sigma factors are a class of alternative sigma factors that typically function with anti-sigma factors as part of cell-surface signaling systems. Under non-inducing conditions, AlgU remains inhibited by anti-sigma factors such as MucA and MucB. To investigate the function of AlgU in Psa, mutant strains lacking algU or lacking algU with mucA and mucB genes, as well as complementary and overexpression strains of algU were generated, respectively. The results showed that AlgU was highly conserved among P. syringae pathovars and positively regulated growth rate, pathogenicity, and resistance to osmotic and oxidative stress of Psa QSY6. While AlgU did not affect the motility and exopolysaccharide production of Psa, its abundant expression enhanced the swimming ability of QSY6 and reduced its production of extracellular polysaccharides. Furthermore, AlgU regulates a number of virulence-related factors, including the Hrp system, the type VI secretion system, and flagellar synthesis. Specifically, AlgU induced the expression of hrpL and hrpRS in vivo, and repressed the transcription of hrpL and tssC in vitro, while promoting the expression of hrpS, fliC, and tssJ. This study contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms of virulence regulation of AlgU in Psa.
Diagnostic reliability of chest CT qualitative and quantitative assessment to predict survival and morbidity in oncology patients with COVID-19 infection
Authors: Saleh Gehad A. , Mounir Ahmad M. , Elhawary Mohammed A. , Saleh Marwa , Hamed Manar , Atwa Sara , Sakr Doaa H. , Alghandour Reham
Published: May 2024

Background

To estimate the diagnostic utility of chest CT qualitative assessment and chest CT total severity score (TSS) to predict mortality in oncology patients with COVID-19 infection.

Methods

This retrospective study included 151 oncology patients with COVID-19 infection. 67, 84 were male and female, respectively. Their mean age (years) ± SD was 49.7 ± 14.9. Two radiologists individually reviewed the chest CT and scored the pulmonary abnormalities using TSS. Inter-observer agreement was determined using the Bland–Altman plot. Correlation between TSS and COVID-19 severity, complication, mortality, cancer status and effect in anticancer therapy plan was done.

Results

There was a statistically significant excellent agreement between the independent observers in quantitative pulmonary assessment using TSS with interclass correlation (ICC) > 0.9 (P < 0.001). ROC curve analysis revealed that TSS was statistically significantly higher in non-survivors using an optimum cut-off value of 5 to predict in-hospital mortality. Univariate analysis showed that age, pulmonary predominant pattern, pleural effusion, tree-in-bud, ECOG PS, tumour stage 4 and post-COVID cancer status were a statistically significant predictor of mortality. Multivariate analysis reported that consolidation versus ground-glass opacity (GGO), crazy paving pattern versus GGO and progressive versus remittent cancer diseases were statistically significant independent predictors of mortality among those patients.

Conclusions

TSS demonstrated excellent inter-observer agreement to assess COVID-19 in oncology patients with low cut-off value to predict in-hospital mortality, thus raising the attention to rapid proper care in this setting. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between TSS and delayed chemotherapeutic schedule.
Analysis and evaluation of peer group support for doctors in postgraduate training following workplace violence and aggression
Authors: Carter Rowena , Paphitis Sharli , Oram Sian , McMullen Isabel , Curtis Vivienne
Published: May 2024

Aims and method

Workplace violence and aggression toward healthcare staff has a significant impact on the individual, causing self-blame, isolation and burnout. Timely and appropriate support can mitigate harm, but there is little research into how this should be delivered. We conducted multi-speciality peer groups for London doctors in postgraduate training (DPT), held over a 6-week period. Pre- and post-group burnout questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used to evaluate peer support. Thematic analysis and descriptive statistical methods were used to describe the data.

Results

We found four themes: (a) the experience and impact of workplace violence and aggression on DPT, (b) the experience of support following incidents of workplace violence and aggression, (c) the impact and experience of the peer groups and (d) future improvements to support. DPTs showed a reduction in burnout scores.

Clinical implications

Peer groups are effective support for DPT following workplace violence and aggression. Embedding support within postgraduate training programmes would improve access and availability.
Play in the nursery
Authors: Σταμάτογλου Μαρία
Published: May 2024

Αυτή η μελέτη εξετάζει τις κατασκευές παιχνιδιού και μάθησης από μικρά παιδιά και ενήλικες στο νηπιαγωγείο. Το κάνει μέσω μιας ετήσιας εθνογραφικής μελέτης ενός μόνο σκηνικού στη Βόρεια Αγγλία. Εκατόν είκοσι μικρά παιδιά ηλικίας 3:6 έως 4:6 ετών, 24 γονείς και 9 υπάλληλοι του νηπιαγωγείου συμμετείχαν σε αυτή τη μελέτη. Αυτή η μελέτη είναι ξεχωριστή επειδή ερευνά τις προοπτικές των μικρών παιδιών χρησιμοποιώντας μια σειρά από «παιδοκεντρικές» ερευνητικές μεθόδους με ιδιαίτερη προσοχή στην ανάγκη συμμετοχής των μικρών παιδιών ως ενεργών πληροφορητών στην προσχολική εκπαιδευτική έρευνα. Το θεωρητικό πλαίσιο που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την ανάλυση των δεδομένων αυτής της μελέτης βασίζεται στις αναπτυξιακές καθώς και στις κοινωνικο-πολιτιστικές απόψεις για το παιχνίδι. Από τη μια πλευρά, οι Hutt et al. (1989) η ταξινόμηση του παιχνιδιού χρησιμοποιείται ως πλαίσιο για την ανάλυση δεδομένων και προτείνεται μια αναθεωρημένη ταξινόμηση. Από την άλλη πλευρά, τα δεδομένα αναλύονται με βάση τους έξι τομείς μάθησης που παρέχονται από το Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage (QCA, 2000). Τα δεδομένα εννοιολογούνται τελικά μέσω θεματικής ανάλυσης και εξετάζονται για συνέχειες και ασυνέχειες μεταξύ των τριών ομάδων.
Strengthening district health management and planning: an evaluation of a multi-country initiative in Eastern and Southern Africa
Authors: Rogers Braeden M. , Gooding Kate , Appleford Gabrielle , Bennett Martina , Webb Mazinyo Ernesha
Published: May 2024

Background District health management and leadership capacity is increasingly recognised as critical to health system performance. District health managers play a central role in effective implementation and tailoring of national health policies, and they need adequate skills and support. The District Health System Strengthening Initiative (DHSSi) was implemented over 2019-22 in Malawi, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda to strengthen sub-national capacity for evidence-based planning and a broader set of management competencies needed to operationalize district plans. To support learning and adaptation, a three-year evaluation was conducted to assess progress against outcomes and to inform ongoing implementation and future investment. Methods The evaluation used a mixed-methods theory-based approach. Evaluation questions were structured using criteria of relevance, coherence, efficiency, effectiveness, sustainability and impact, and corresponded to outputs, outcomes and impacts in the DHSSi Theory of Change. The evaluation was conducted over three annual rounds, and combined data from document review, observation, interviews and group discussions with cross-country, national and district stakeholders, and analysis of secondary quantitative data. Results Experience of DHSSi implementation indicated the relevance of supporting district management and planning, with gaps in current capacity, government interest, and indications of the potential to improve district practice. DHSSi experience also highlighted challenges to effective achievement of stronger capacity, and to translation of skills to improved management practice and, ultimately, to improved service delivery. A range of factors beyond skills affected district capacities, motivation and opportunities for effective planning and management, including areas such as funding, planning templates, health information systems, staff turnover, partner alignment and political structures. Conclusions Strengthening sub-national health management is an important agenda in efforts to expand high-quality primary health care. Future initiatives should prioritize detailed understanding of the range of influences on district management, and work to strengthen the enabling environment for effective district practice.
AntiMicro.ai: An Artificial Intelligence powered web application for predicting antibacterial/antifungal susceptibility and constructing personalized machine learning models
Authors: Mutisya Fredrick , Kanguha Rachael
Published: May 2024

Background To train and develop machine learning models on the Pfizer antibacterial and antifungal datasets with subsequent deployment to an interactive Web Application. Methods We utilized R version 4.3.1 to perform descriptive analysis to obtain features/predictors. Python 3.10 libraries NumPy, Pandas, Scikit learn, Pycaret were used to train machine learning models. All these models were scored using area under the curve, recall, precision, F1, Kappa and the Mathews correlation coefficient. The best performing model was then deployed into a web application built on Streamlit after which deployment was done using GitHub and Streamlit cloud. A prototype android app was also developed using GoNative. Results The exploratory data analysis, S Aureus (17.2%) was the most common species however in the sub group analysis of the isolates with genotypic values, K Pneumoniae(48.2%) and E Coli (36.9%) were dominant. Amongst the fungi, Candida albicans (38.3%) and Candida glabrata (15.5%) were dominant. Feature selection was done using Shapley additive explanation plots. Using Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), we were able to achieve 99% and 97.8% AUC in the prediction of antibacterial and antifungal susceptibility respectively with minimal overfitting. Conclusions Decision tree based methods are a viable options of predicting antibacterial and antifungal drug resistance. When presented in visually appealing modes like web applications and android apps, it can be a useful guide to clinicians on initial treatment while awaiting definitive phenotypic testing. It can also be a surveillance tool that can craft antimicrobial resistance strategies.
The genome sequence of the Box-tree Moth, Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859)
Authors: Broad Gavin R. , Boyes Douglas , Poloni Riccardo ,   Natural History Museum Genome Acquisition Lab,   University of Oxford and Wytham Woods Genome Acquisition Lab,   Darwin Tree of Life Barcoding collective,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Management, Samples and Laboratory team,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Scientific Operations: Sequencing Operations,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Core Informatics team,   Tree of Life Core Informatics collective,   Darwin Tree of Life Consortium
Published: May 2024

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Cydalima perspectalis (the Box-tree Moth; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Crambidae). The genome sequence is 483.7 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 32 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the Z and W sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 15.25 kilobases in length.
Educational Expansion as a Driver of Longer Working Lives?
Authors: Riekhoff Aart-Jan , Kuitto Kati
Published: May 2024

This study investigates the contribution of educational expansion to changes in labour force participation among Europeans aged 55-74 between 2000 and 2019, while accounting for changes in educational inequalities in labour market activity. We use data from the European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) for 26 countries and Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition methods to analyse the extent to which changes in the education structure may account for rises in labour force participation rates among older workers in these countries, and the degree to which returns to education have changed. Overall, we found that educational expansion is positively associated with increases in labour force participation, albeit with substantial cross-country variation in the scale of this association. A driving factor was the decrease in the share of the population with low education levels, followed by an increase in the share of those with high education levels. While activity rates rose in most countries and among all levels of education, the largest increases were observed among people with a medium level of education. Activity rates of low-educated older workers, especially women, grew at a substantially lower pace in some countries, exacerbating educational inequalities in labour force participation at older ages. The study suggests that educational expansion has been a driver of longer working lives in Europe. However, it also indicates that changes in health, working conditions and age norms at the microlevel, as well as pension and labour market reforms at the macrolevel, can be assumed to have played a dominant role in countries where increases in labour force participation were the most significant.
Bouveret's Syndrome: Diagnostic Dilemmas and Therapeutic Strategies - A Comprehensive Educational Approach for Healthcare Professionals
Authors: Dąda Paweł , Pawlik Paweł , Zaroda Przemysław , Niewinna Patrycja , Żuchowski Michał , Mańdziuk Dominika , Kołodziej Klaudia , Kołodziej Wojciech , Wawrzkowicz Jakub , Korga Monika
Published: May 2024

Bouveret's syndrome, a rare complication of gallstone disease, poses a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, particularly in elderly individuals with multiple comorbidities. The mortality rate ranges from 12-30%, emphasizing the importance of prompt and accurate diagnosis. Nonspecific symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, contribute to delayed diagnosis. Healthcare professionals, especially those involved in gastroenterology and surgery, require comprehensive education on Bouveret's syndrome. Training should emphasize the diverse diagnostic modalities, including the use of imaging techniques such as X-rays, ultrasound, and MRI. Awareness of the syndrome's rarity and collaboration among specialists from various fields are crucial for effective management. Additionally, educational programs should underscore the need for individualized treatment plans, considering patient parameters such as age, comorbidities, and the inflammatory state of surrounding tissues. While endoscopic procedures exhibit lower success rates, they are often preferred due to the high risk associated with open surgical procedures in elderly patients. Continuous medical education should also highlight the potential link between diabetes and Bouveret's syndrome, emphasizing the importance of recognizing risk factors and ensuring timely medical intervention. In conclusion, enhancing the knowledge base of healthcare professionals through targeted education is essential for improving the diagnosis and management of Bouveret's syndrome, ultimately contributing to better patient outcomes.
Step 4 for the treatment of periodontal diseases: implementing a supportive periodontal care programme
Authors: Leyland Stephanie , Hughes Francis J , McCarthy Claire
Published: May 2024

The long-term success of periodontal treatment is critically dependent on the implementation of a regular programme of supportive periodontal care (SPC). An SPC programme involves regular recall intervals of between 3 and 12 months according to a range of factors, including patient compliance, presence of risk factors and severity of initial disease. An SPC visit will include repeat examination of the periodontal tissues, assessments of gingival bleeding and probing depths, patient plaque control and presence of new deposits. Reinforcement of OH procedures is carried out, and any professional mechanical removal of deposits carried out as required. Evidence of relapse of disease may require referral for further active therapy.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: Successful periodontal treatment in the long term is dependent on a regular supportive periodontal care programme.
Management of mobile teeth
Authors: Shah Chandni , Claydon Nick
Published: May 2024

Tooth mobility leads to a reduced quality of life characterized by patient discomfort, masticatory dysfunction and aesthetic concern. It may be caused by different factors that are important to identify in order to aid management, which may be non-surgical (monitoring, periodontal debridement, splinting and/or occlusal adjustment) or surgical (periodontal surgery or extractions). This article addresses the diagnostic process, aetiology and management of tooth mobility. The aim is to deliver and maintain a healthy periodontium and improve quality of life by restoring function and comfort to the patient.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: Tooth mobility is a common yet challenging problem within dentistry to identify and manage.
The Effectiveness of Glycopyrronium in Drooling Managment: A Scoping Review Protocol
Authors: Dell’Isola Giovanni Battista , De Lillo Antonella , Perinelli Martina Giorgia , Ottaviani Valeria , Striano Pasquale , Verrotti Alberto
Published: May 2024

The management of pediatric drooling presents challenges requiring tailored therapeutic approaches. This scoping review examines the efficacy and safety of glycopyrronium in addressing drooling across diverse pediatric populations. Glycopyrronium, an anticholinergic medication, inhibits salivary gland activity, offering promise in managing drooling. Clinical trials and observational studies consistently demonstrate its effectiveness, particularly in children with neurological disabilities like cerebral palsy. Notably, glycopyrronium exhibits efficacy even at lower dosages, emphasizing personalized treatment. However, potential side effects such as dry mouth and vision changes necessitate careful monitoring. Future research should explore predictors of treatment response and include diverse patient populations to optimize management strategies. Overall, glycopyrronium emerges as a valuable therapeutic option for pediatric drooling, improving quality of life for affected children. This review underscores the importance of tailored approaches and highlights the need for further research to enhance outcomes in pediatric drooling management.
INFECTED CHARCOT ANKLE NEUROARTHROPATHY: ANY HOPE BEFORE AMPUTATION? A PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Galhoum A.E. , Abd-Ella M.M. , ElGebeily M. , Rahman A.F. Abdel , Zahlawy H. El , Ramadan A. , Valderrbano V.
Published: May 2024

Background

Charcot neuroarthropathy is a destructive disease characterized by progressive bony fragmentation as a result of the isolated or accumulative trauma in patients with decreased sensation that manifests as dislocation, periarticular fractures and instability. Although amputation can be a reasonable cost economic solution, many patients are willing to avoid that if possible. We explored here one of the salvage procedures.

Methods

23 patients with infected ulcerated unstable Charcot neuroarthropathy of the ankle were treated between 2012 and 2017. The mean age was 63.5 ±7.9 years; 16 males and 7 females. Aggressive open debridement of ulcers and joint surfaces, with talectomy in some cases, were performed followed by external fixation with an Ilizarov frame. The primary outcome was a stable plantigrade infection free foot and ankle that allows weight bearing in accommodative foot wear.

Results

Limb salvage was achieved in 91.3% of cases at the end of a mean follow up time of 25 months (range: 19–32). Fifteen (71.4%) solid bony unions were evident clinically and radiographically, while 6 (28.5%) patients developed stable painless pseudoarthrosis. Two patients had below knee amputations due to uncontrolled infection.

Conclusion

Aggressive debridement and arthrodesis with ring external fixation can be used successfully to salvage severely infected Charcot arthropathy of the ankle. Pin tract infection, delayed wound healing and stress fracture may complicate the procedure but can be easily managed. Amputation may be the last resort in uncontrolled infection.
COMPARING MIS TO OPEN CALCANEAL OSTEOTOMY: ARE THEY BENIGN PROCEDURES?
Authors: Tweedie B.P. , Townshend D. , Coorsh J. , Murty A. , Kakwani R.
Published: May 2024

Lateral approach open calcaneal osteotomy is the described gold standard procedure in the management of hindfoot deformity. With development of minimally invasive surgery, a MIS approach has been described, citing fewer wound complications and lower risk of sural nerve injury. This audit compares MIS to the traditional procedure. A retrospective review of all patients undergoing calcaneal osteotomy in Northumbria Trust in the past 5 years was performed. A total of 105 osteotomies were performed in 97 patients; 28 (13M:15F) in MIS group and 77 (40M:37F) had an open approach. The average age was 52.1 (range 16–83) for MIS and 51.5 (range 18–83) in the open group. All patients were followed up for development of wound complication, nerve injury and fusion rate. Wound complications were similar (10.7% in MIS group vs 10.3% in Open group) with no significant difference (p=0.48). Patients were treated for infection in 3(3.8%) cases in the open group and 2(7.1%) in the MIS group. This difference was not significant (p=0.43). 4 (14.3%) patients in the MIS group had evidence of sural nerve dysfunction post-operatively (managed expectantly), compared to 12(15.5%) patients in the open group (p=0.44). Of these, 2 went on to undergo neuroma exploration. There was no difference in nerve dysfunction in varus or valgus correction. Mean translation in the open group was measured as 7.3mm(SD=1.91;3 to 13mm) and 7.5mm(SD=1.25;5 to 10mm) in the MIS group. Translation was similar in varus or valgus correction. Non-union occurred in 2 patients in the MIS group and none in the open group (p= 0.06). MIS calcaneal osteotomy is a safe technique, that works as effectively as osteotomy performed through an open approach. There were lower rates of nerve injury, wound complication and infection, but this was not significantly different comparing groups. There was a higher risk of non-union in MIS technique.
TRENDS IN TOTAL ANKLE ARTHROPLASTY IN SCOTLAND
Authors: Ha T.T. , Higgs Z. , Watling C. , Osam C.S. , Madeley N.J. , Kumar C.S.
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Total ankle replacement (TAR) is performed for post-traumatic arthritis, inflammatory arthropathy, osteoarthritis and other indications. The Scottish Arthroplasty Project (SAP) began collection of data on TAR in 1997. In this study, using data from the SAP, we look at trends in the use and outcomes of TAR in Scotland.

Methods

We identified 499 patients from the SAP who underwent TAR between 1997 and 2015 with imaging available on the National Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS). We identified, and looked at trends in, implant type over the following time periods: 1998–2005; 2006–2010 and 2011–2015. Age, gender, indication and outcomes for each time period were examined and also trends with implant type over time.

Results

There were 499 primary TAR procedures with an overall incidence of 0.5/105 population per year. Eight different implants were identified with significant changes in the numbers of each type used over time. The peak incidence of TAR was in the 6th decade. The mean age of patients undergoing TAR from 59 years in 1997–2005, to 65 years in 2011–15 (p< 0.0001). The percentage of patients with inflammatory arthropathy was 52% in 1997–2005, compared with 10% in 2011–2015. Subsequent arthrodesis and infection rates appeared to be higher during the first time period. The female to male ratio also changed over time. The incidence of TAR increased overall during the study period (r= 0.9, p=< 0.0001). This may be due to a broadening range of indications and patient selection criteria, in turn due to increased surgeon experience and the evolution of implant design.

Conclusion

This study examines a large number of TARs from an established arthroplasty registry. The rate of TAR has increased significantly in Scotland from 1997 to 2015. Indication and patient age has changed over time and this could potentially impact outcomes after ankle replacement.
THE HINTEGRA TOTAL ANKLE REPLACEMENT: SURVIVORSHIP, FAILURE MODES, AND PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOMES IN 70 CONSECUTIVE CASES WITH A MINIMUM FIVE-YEAR FOLLOW-UP
Authors: Clifton L. , Kingman A. , Rushton P. , Murty A. , Kakwani R. , Coorsh J. , Townshend D.
Published: May 2024

Introduction

We report the functional outcome and survivorship of the Hintegra Total Ankle Replacement (TAR), in consecutive cases by multiple surgeons in a single UK institution. Between 2010–2014 the Hintegra TAR held 7.1% UK market share and surgeons should be aware of failure mechanisms.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of prospectively collected data for 70 consecutive Hintegra TAR cases in a single institution between 2010–2014. Data collected included patient demographics, complications, reoperations, patient reported outcome measures (PROMS: AOS, MOX-FQ, pain VAS) and patient satisfaction.

Results

The 70 patients (54 male/ 16 female) had an average age of 69 (range 48–84 years). Mean follow up was 76 months (range 60–04), 10 patients died during the follow up. Implant survivorship was 81.4% at most recent follow up. The commonest radiographic finding was periprosthetic cysts (n=28, 40%), size range (7–40mm), location of cysts: isolated talus (n=14), isolated tibia (n=6), mixed (n=8). 10 failed TARs were revised to Inbone TAR at a mean of 48 months (range 9–69). 3 Failed TARs were revised to arthrodesis (2 tibiotalar fusions, 1 hindfoot nail). 11 patients required reoperation with implant retention: 8 periprosthetic cyst debridement and grafting at a mean of 61 months (range 27–91), 1 lateral gutter debridement and 1 periprosthetic fracture ORIF. PROMS data was available for all patients. Overall patients showed marked improvement in functional outcome scores between pre-operative and final follow up questionnaires. Mean pre-op AOS: 62, MOX-FQ: 68 and pain VAS: 67.5 with mean final follow up scores of: AOS: 35, MOX-FQ: 36 and pain VAS: 30.

Conclusion

Our experience demonstrates improved PROMS following ankle arthroplasty for patients with a mean follow up of 6.4 years. Implant survivorship is similar to other TAR studies. We have identified a high incidence of periprosthetic cysts and would recommend ongoing surveillance of these patients.
Kalman filtering approach to polarimetric calibration of an optical imager
Authors: Letros Daniel , Bourassa Adam , Degenstein Doug
Published: May 2024

The
Mueller matrix of an optical instrument describes the polarimetric
effects the instrument will have on the optical observations it makes
in terms of the Stokes parameters. The calibration of the instrument
relies on a robust characterization of the elements of this matrix. In
this paper, we present what we believe is a new technique that uses
Kalman filtering to characterize the Mueller matrices of optical
instrumentation based on a set of lab calibration measurements. Kalman
filtering is a ubiquitous statistical optimizer that works by
comparing measurements and a model of the observed physical system to
minimize error. Typically, this technique is applied as a filter to
refine a set of observations, but it can also be used to retrieve the
properties of the physical system that are not directly measured. We
demonstrate the use of the Kalman approach to polarimetric calibration
through simulation of measurements, where the polarimetric behavior of
optical elements is represented by the Mueller matrices of individual
components. The elements of these Mueller matrices are then retrieved
with the uncertainty estimates using the Kalman filter approach. The
results of this simulation are compared to the standard polarimetric
calibration technique as a benchmark, demonstrating the superior
performance of the Kalman approach. Then, both the Kalman technique
and the standard technique are applied to real measurements from a
multispectral polarimetric imager used for atmospheric aerosol remote
sensing.
Behaviors of laser-induced damage of dye cell windows at low fluences and their mechanism analysis
Authors: Yang Qiunan , Liu Yudong , Chang Shunzhou , Zhang Xiaowei
Published: May 2024

In most liquid dye lasers, dye cell windows are the optical components most susceptible to laser damage even at very low fluences. Although various mechanisms and mitigation techniques have been explored, damage still occurs at some point, and some behaviors of the process cannot be effectively explained. In this work, we investigated three special behaviors of dye cell window damage which cannot be explained by ordinary laser-induced damage mechanisms. We proposed that damage to dye cell windows can be caused by a contamination process similar to laser-induced contamination (LIC) on space optics, and used the LIC mechanism to analyze the cause of those damage behaviors. Additional experiments and calculations were conducted, providing more evidence in support of the analysis. In addition, it was found that dye molecules, which are necessary for dye lasers, are the primary contaminants in the LIC process. This explains the inevitable damage to dye cell windows.
Three-dimensional detection of CO2 and wind using a 1.57 µm coherent differential absorption lidar
Authors: Yu Saifen , Guo Kexin , Li ShengHao , Han Haobin , Zhang Zhen , Xia Haiyun
Published: May 2024

A 1.57-µm coherent differential absorption lidar is demonstrated for measuring three-dimensional CO2 and wind fields simultaneously. The maximum detection range of CO2 is up to 6 km with a range resolution of 120 m and a time resolution of 1 min. A preliminary assessment of instrument performance is made with a 1-week continuous observation. The CO2 concentration over a column from 1920 to 2040 m is compared with the one measured by an optical cavity ring-down spectrometer placed on a 2 km-away meteorological tower. The concentration is strongly correlated with the in-situ spectrometer with a correlation coefficient and RMSE of 0.91 and 5.24 ppm. The measurement accuracy of CO2 is specified with a mean and standard deviation of 2.05 ppm and 7.18 ppm, respectively. The regional CO2 concentration and the three-dimensional wind fields are obtained through different scanning modes. Further analysis is conducted on vertical mixing and horizontal transport of CO2 by combining with the measured wind fields.
Neural network enabled fringe projection through scattering media
Authors: Yang Shile , Shen Yuecheng , Luo Jiawei , Wang Zhengyang , Wu Daixuan , Liang Jiaming , Zhang Zhiling , Qi Dalong , Yao Yunhua , Deng Lianzhong , Zhang Bin , Sun Zhenrong , Zhang Shian
Published: May 2024

The projection of fringes plays an essential role in many applications, such as fringe projection profilometry and structured illumination microscopy. However, these capabilities are significantly constrained in environments affected by optical scattering. Although recent developments in wavefront shaping have effectively generated high-fidelity focal points and relatively simple structured images amidst scattering, the ability to project fringes that cover half of the projection area has not yet been achieved. To address this limitation, this study presents a fringe projector enabled by a neural network, capable of projecting fringes with variable periodicities and orientation angles through scattering media. We tested this projector on two types of scattering media: ground glass diffusers and multimode fibers. For these scattering media, the average Pearson’s correlation coefficients between the projected fringes and their designed configurations are 86.9% and 79.7%, respectively. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed neural network enabled fringe projector. This advancement is expected to broaden the scope of fringe-based imaging techniques, making it feasible to employ them in conditions previously hindered by scattering effects.
Error-compensation network for ringing artifact reduction in holographic displays
Authors: Yuan Ganzhangqin , Zhou Mi , Peng Yifan , Chen Muku , Geng Zihan
Published: May 2024

Recent advances in learning-based computer-generated holography (CGH) have unlocked novel possibilities for crafting phase-only holograms. However, existing approaches primarily focus on the learning ability of network modules, often neglecting the impact of diffraction propagation models. The resulting ringing artifacts, emanating from the Gibbs phenomenon in the propagation model, can degrade the quality of reconstructed holographic images. To this end, we explore a diffraction propagation error-compensation network that can be easily integrated into existing CGH methods. This network is designed to correct propagation errors by predicting residual values, thereby aligning the diffraction process closely with an ideal state and easing the learning burden of the network. Simulations and optical experiments demonstrate that our method, when applied to state-of-the-art HoloNet and CCNN, achieves PSNRs of up to 32.47 dB and 29.53 dB, respectively, surpassing baseline methods by 3.89 dB and 0.62 dB. Additionally, real-world experiments have confirmed a significant reduction in ringing artifacts. We envision this approach being applied to a variety of CGH algorithms, paving the way for improved holographic displays.
On the origin of the enhanced light extraction efficiency of DUV LED by using inclined sidewalls
Authors: Wang Liu , Jia Tong , Liu Zhaoqiang , Chu Chunshuang , Tian KangKai , Zhang Yonghui , Zhang Zi-Hui
Published: May 2024

It is known that light extraction efficiency (LEE) for AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet (DUV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be enhanced by using an inclined sidewall of mesa. However, the reported optimal inclined angles are different. In this work, to explore the origin for enhancing the LEE of DUV LED by using inclined sidewalls, we investigate the effect of an inclined sidewall angle on the LEE for AlGaN-based DUV LEDs with different mesa diameters by using ray tracing. It is found that when compared to large-size DUV LEDs with inclined sidewall, the LEE of small-size DUV LEDs with inclined sidewall is enhanced from both the bottom and side surfaces due to the reduced scattering length and material absorption. Additionally, the optimal inclined sidewall angle is recommended within the range of 25°–65°, and the optimal angle for DUV LEDs decreases as the chip size increases. It can be attributed to the fact that there are two scattering mechanisms for the inclined sidewall. For smaller chip sizes, most of the light is directly scattered into escape cones by the inclined sidewall, resulting in a larger optimal angle. For larger chip sizes, the light firstly experiences total internal reflections by the out-light plane and then is scattered into escape cones by the inclined sidewalls, leading to a smaller optimal angle.
High average output power, dual-wavelength synchronously self-mode-locked Ho:LLF laser operating at 2068.5 and 2069.2 nm
Authors: Kang Panqiang , Zhang Xinlu , Jing Xiaofan , Zhang Longyi , Shen Changchang , Gu Bingxu , Huang Jinjer , Wang Yulei , Li Li , Lu Zhiwei
Published: May 2024

A dual-wavelength synchronously self-mode-locked Ho:LLF laser operating at 2068.5 and 2069.2 nm was demonstrated. The maximum average output power was as high as 2.6 W with a pulse repetition frequency of 3.03 GHz. Meanwhile, the output power ratio of the dual-wavelength lasers can be effectively controlled by varying the incident pump power. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dual-wavelength synchronously self-mode-locked Ho-doped fluoride solid state laser; moreover, our current experimental results represent the highest average output power from a GHz self-mode-locked oscillator in the 2 µm wave band.