bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insights into the flow dynamics and rotor performance of a Savonius turbine with dynamic venting using controllable flaps
Authors: Fatahian Hossein , Mohamed-Kassim Zulfaa , Chang Wei Shyang
Published: November 2022

The drag-driven vertical-axis turbines with semicircular rotor blades, commonly known as Savonius turbines, remain potentially beneficial to extract renewable energy from wind and water streams, especially in terms of their practicality to provide low-cost solutions to rural areas. However, they suffer drawbacks due to the negative torques on their returning blades. We propose a novel solution by dynamically venting out these returning blades using controllable flaps, which retained their omnidirectional capability. Results from unsteady numerical simulations showed that the vented rotor attained a maximum average power coefficient (CP) of 0.275 at the tip-speed ratio (symbolized as λ) of 0.9, which was 21.7% better than that on the unvented rotor. Furthermore, the proposed dynamically vented blades produced large improvements in the average torque coefficient (CT), with maximum gains of 38.3% on the returning blade at λ = 0.4 and 24.8% on the full rotor at λ = 1.0, relative to those on the unvented rotor. The controlled dynamic venting was beneficial because it modified the pressure distributions surrounding the returning blade and changed the flow structure downstream of the vented blade that improved the torque on the subsequent blade entering the returning side. Elucidation on the flow dynamics revealed that the flows were vented outward through the flap aperture onto the convex side of the returning blade, rather than inward into its concave side, as initially hypothesized.
Multiple Marangoni flows in a binary mixture sessile droplet
Authors: Kim Hyoungsoo
Published: November 2022

A multicomponent droplet evaporation problem has widely been investigated due to diverse industrial applications, including ink-jet printing, surface coating and patterning, medical diagnosis, spraying cooling, and fuel combustion. During evaporation, the Marangoni flow caused by selective evaporation should be observed, and it plays an important role in determining the drying process and the final dried deposit pattern. However, most of the works focused on measuring the internal flow field although the Marangoni flow mainly occurred near the liquid–gas interface. In this study, using particle image velocimetry, we tried to measure the interfacial Marangoni flows where the measurement focal plane was set in the vicinity of the apex of the binary mixture droplet. We observed distinctive multiple Marangoni flows in time, such as (i) directional circulating flow, (ii) complicated mixing flow, and (iii) spontaneous bursting flow. Finally, we found that the Reynolds number is different for each case. Based on the flow field measurement result and dimensionless number analysis, we considered a stress balance model that qualitatively described the local surface tension gradient and Marangoni stress.
Wind plant controls
Authors: Hamilton Nicholas , Gayme Dennice , Cal Raúl Bayoán
Published: November 2022

The development of operational strategies for wind farms as an integrated plant system to achieve a variety of goals from elevating power production to reducing maintenance needs has generated a great deal of interest in recent years. Achieving these operational goals requires an estimate of the energy available and the wind conditions affecting each turbine. The importance of the aerodynamic interaction of wind turbines with the dynamic atmospheric resource means that wakes (the momentum deficit due to power extraction) and their interactions through the farm have the largest influence on the available energy. Predicting the influence of wakes and their interactions, therefore, form the basis of wind farm control strategies to reduce power production losses, track a power signal, mitigate structural loading, or balance the wear and tear on wind turbines to decrease operation and maintenance costs. The articles in the “Advances in Wind Plant Controls: Strategies, Implementation, and Validation” Special Topic in the Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy describe the further development and evaluation of wake models and new approaches to wake steering that exploit advances in sensing or estimation to improve control performance.
Oleic acid, independent of insulin, promotes differentiation of goat primary preadipocytes
Authors: Tian Wen , Xiang Hua , Li Qian , Wang Yong , Zhu Jiangjiang , Lin Yaqiu
Published: November 2022

Context Oleic acid together with insulin is widely used to induce preadipocyte differentiation in humans and mammals, and is also used alone in chicken preadipocytes from abdominal adipose tissue. However, it is not clear whether oleic acid alone promotes goat primary intramuscular preadipocyte differentiation. Aims The aim of the present study was to identify the role of oleic acid in regulating primary preadipocyte differentiation in goats. Methods Three healthy, 7-day-old Jianzhou goats were randomly selected. After slaughter, the longissimus dorsi tissues were collected from each goat under sterile procedures and mixed equally. The primary preadipocytes were then prepared using collagenase type I digestion, and treated with 5 mg/L insulin or different concentrations of oleic acid, including 0 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM, 150 μM and 300 μM. The results were determined using microscopy and Oil Red O staining. The expression of genes related to preadipocyte differentiation were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Lower concentrations of oleic acid (50 μM, 100 μM and 150 μM) did not affect the cell morphology and cell growth, whereas 300 μM oleic acid led to severe cytotoxicity compared with the control (0 μM). The treatment of oleic acid (100 μM) enhanced cellular accumulation and lipid droplets deposition significantly, which was not affected by supplementary insulin. In addition, insulin alone treatment did not alter cellular adipogenesis in goat intramuscular preadipocytes. Treatment with oleic acid significantly increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, CCAAT enhancer-binding protein alpha and fatty acid binding protein 4, and decreased the expression of lipoprotein esterase on Day 2 after cell differentiation, all of which decreased continually on Day 4 and Day 6. Expression of all genes increased significantly on Day 8 after oleic acid treatment in goat intramuscular preadipocytes. Conclusion The results underscore the role of oleic acid independent of insulin in promoting intramuscular preadipocytes in goats, and probably via the control of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein alpha. Implications These data provide insight into the mechanism underlying preadipocyte differentiation.
Higher fundamental forms of the conformal boundary of asymptotically de Sitter spacetimes
Authors: Gover A Rod , Kopiński Jarosław
Published: November 2022

We provide a partial characterization of the conformal infinity of asymptotically de Sitter spacetimes by deriving constraints that relate the asymptotics of the stress-energy tensor with conformal geometric data. The latter is captured using recently defined objects, called higher conformal fundamental forms. For the boundary hypersurface, these generalize to higher order the trace-free part of the second form.
An improved GNSS/INS navigation method based on cubature Kalman filter for occluded environment
Authors: Liu Wei , Shi Yihang , Hu Yuan , Hsieh Tsung-Hsuan , Wang Shengzheng
Published: November 2022

Global navigation satellite systems and inertial navigation systems (GNSSs/INSs) based on the cubature Kalman filter (CKF) can provide an effective land vehicle navigation and positioning solution. The accuracy of CKF depends mainly on the prior probability density function (PDF), which is inaccurate when the GNSS signal is temporarily blocked in an urban environment. Although the improved CKF (ICKF) can reduce cubature point errors by using the historical information obtained iteratively, the generation of cubature points is still related to measurement noise. To obtain a more accurate PDF, adjustment off the sensor measurement noise is necessary. In this paper, an adaptive ICKF for GNSS/INS system based on the Mahalanobis distance called MD-ICKF is proposed, which expands the usability of the micro-electronic mechanical system based integrated navigation system in an urban environment. Two lower triangular matrices obtained by Cholesky decomposition are used to adjust the cubature point errors during each iteration. Furthermore, the measurement noise will be inflated to obtain a more accurate PDF when it exceeds the threshold calculated by the MD and chi-square test. The field experiment results show that the proposed method has better positioning accuracy and performance than CKF and ICKF in an occluded environment
Measuring the central wavelength and bandwidth of an LED with the Michelson interferometer
Authors: Zeng Jiazhong , Zeng Xiaoqi
Published: November 2022

A method for measuring the central wavelength and bandwidth of a light emitting diode (LED) using the Michelson interferometer is proposed. It is easy to see the interference fringes on the screen by setting the optical path properly. Based on it, the central wavelength and bandwidth of LEDs with three different colours are measured, and the experimental results are consistent with the results from a spectrometer. The experiment will be helpful for students to understand the spectral and coherence characteristics of LEDs. It can also be an extended content of Michelson interferometer.
Oscillations of convective flow around a continuous optical discharge in high-pressure xenon
Authors: Kotov Mikhail A , Lavrentyev Sergey Yu , Shemyakin Andrey N , Solovyov Nikolay G , Yakimov Mikhail Yu
Published: November 2022

Laser-sustained plasma or continuous optical discharge (COD), predicted and first obtained in pioneering works initiated and inspired by Professor Raizer et al (1970 JETP Lett.
11 120–3; 1970 JETP Lett.
11 302–4; 1972 Sov. Phys.—JETP
34 763–9), is still a unique method of sustaining localized dense plasma in the laboratory and some special devices such as high-brightness broadband radiation sources [6–10]. Although the parameters determining the COD state can be stabilized, in practice, COD tends to regular oscillations. As stated in the paper, the oscillations may be attributed to the regular pulsing of thermal gravitational convective plumes around the COD. Application problems arising from instability of this type is pulsing of the emission from promising radiation sources utilizing COD plasma. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the experimental data on COD convective plume radii and oscillation frequencies depending on the plasma-forming gas pressure. The analysis leads to a similarity relation for the oscillation frequency. The similarity relation turns out to be common for optical discharges and laminar flames under conditions of prevailing buoyancy forces. This indicates the hydrodynamic nature of the instability considered, regardless of whether the energy input method is in the form of absorbed laser radiation or a chemical reaction. To support the idea of a hydrodynamic origin of the pulsations, a numerical simulation of a convective plume from a concentrated heat source was carried out. The thermal dissipation power of the heat source was equal to that of the COD. The results of numerical simulations demonstrate good agreement with those of the experiments. The dynamic temperature, density and gas velocity distributions obtained show that the direct cause of the oscillations is the dynamics of the toroidal vortices developed in the convection plume. The pulsing frequency equal to the frequency of the vortex formation may be increased under incoming additional forced gas flow that may also suppress the convective oscillations. The results obtained may be useful for studying optical discharges, and improving the parameters of high-brightness broadband laser-plasma radiation sources based on them.
Electric field distribution in a non-self-sustained RF discharge with ionization generated by Ns discharge pulses
Authors: Raskar Sai , Orr Keegan , Yang Xin , Adamovich Igor V
Published: November 2022

Electric field in a capacitively coupled, non-self-sustained RF discharge nitrogen plasma with external ionization generated by high-voltage ns pulses has been measured by ps Electric field induced second harmonic generation (EFISH). The measurements are made both in the bulk of the plasma and in the sheaths, using the absolute calibration by the Laplacian field between two plane electrodes. The results are compared with the kinetic modeling calculations. The RF electric field in the sheaths is significantly higher compared to that in the plasma, due to the displacement of the electrons by the drift oscillations and the resultant plasma self-shielding. However, the kinetic modeling predictions indicate that the electron impact ionization in the sheaths is largely ineffective, due to the low electron density. The reduction of the electric field in the plasma by the self-shielding in the sheaths is moderate, such that the energy is coupled to the plasma by the below-breakdown RF field. The peak RF field in the plasma is in the range of 15–25 Td, indicating the efficient vibrational excitation of N2 by electron impact. The modeling predictions suggest that the targeted vibrational excitation of molecular species in a non-self-sustained RF discharge with external ionization is scalable to high pressures, electron densities, and discharge powers. The present approach can be extended to the vibrational excitation of other molecular species where the vibrational relaxation is relatively slow, such as CO, CO2, and H2.
Zero-dimensional models for gravitational and scalar QED decoherence
Authors: Xu Qidong , Blencowe M P
Published: November 2022

We investigate the dynamics of two quantum mechanical oscillator system–bath toy models obtained by truncating to zero spatial dimensions linearized gravity coupled to a massive scalar field and scalar quantum electrodynamics (QED). The scalar-gravity toy model maps onto the phase damped oscillator, while the scalar QED toy model approximately maps onto an oscillator system subject to two-photon damping. The toy models provide potentially useful insights into solving for open system quantum dynamics relevant to the full scalar QED and weak gravitational field systems, in particular operational probes of the decoherence for initial scalar field system superposition states.
Unidirectionality and Husimi functions in constant-width neutrino billiards
Authors: Dietz Barbara
Published: November 2022

We investigate the spectral properties and Husimi functions of relativistic quantum billiards (QBs) consisting of a spin-1/2 particle governed by the Dirac equation and confined to a planar domain of constant-width (CW) by imposing boundary conditions (BCs) on the spinor components. We consider those of neutrino billiards (NBs) proposed in (Berry and Mondragon 1987 Proc. R. Soc. A 412 53). The classical dynamics of billiards of corresponding shape is predominantly chaotic. CW billiards attracted particular attention because they exhibit unusual properties. Their classical dynamics features unidirectionality, whereas in the corresponding nonrelativistic QB a change of the rotational direction of motion is possible via dynamical tunneling, and the spectral properties coincide with those of typical quantum systems with violated time-reversal invariance. Unidirectionality of the quantum dynamics would arise in the structure of the Husimi functions. We analyze them for two realizations of CW NBs in the ultra-relativistic, i.e. the massless case and for massive cases and come to the result, that the modes can be separated into clockwise and counterclockwise modes and dynamical tunneling is absent. This is attributed to the BCs and the unidrectionality of the local current arising from them.
A conundrum in 3-D genome organization and expression?
Authors: Pederson Thoru
Published: November 2022

Recent advances in our understanding of how the genome is folded within the nucleus have included cases in which this positioning correlates with gene expression, either positively or negatively. But is the 3-D location of a gene a cause or an effect of its expression? In this Perspective I articulate the problem and then cite as guideposts recent cases where causation has indeed been arguably established. The hope is to critically illuminate this issue for continued consideration in this important, evolving field.
Funding the Black Arts Repertory Theatre/School
Authors: Kotin Joshua
Published: November 2022

The Black Arts Repertory Theatre/School (BARTS) opened in Harlem in May 1965 and closed less than a year later. During that year, it became a center for arts and activism, a target of government surveillance and infiltration, and a symbol in a national controversy about government spending and accountability, and Black nationalism and civil disobedience. Today, BARTS is recognized as the inspiration for the Black Arts Movement. This article presents a history of BARTS by detailing how it was funded. The article also intervenes in debates about government sponsorship of the arts, and complicity and cooption.Did federal funding lead to the destruction of BARTS? If so, was there any alternative?
Genetic and epigenetic variation separately contribute to range expansion and local metalliferous habitat adaptation during invasions ofChenopodium ambrosioidesinto China
Authors: Zhang Hanchao , Tang Yongwei , Li Quanyuan , Zhao Shangjun , Zhang Zhou , Chen Yahua , Shen Zhenguo , Chen Chen
Published: November 2022

Background and Aims

Invasive plants often colonize wide-ranging geographical areas with various local microenvironments. The specific roles of epigenetic and genetic variation during such expansion are still unclear. Chenopodium ambrosioides is a well-known invasive alien species in China that can thrive in metalliferous habitats. This study aims to comprehensively understand the effects of genetic and epigenetic variation on the successful invasion of C. ambrosioides.

Methods

We sampled 367 individuals from 21 heavy metal-contaminated and uncontaminated sites with a wide geographical distribution in regions of China. We obtained environmental factors of these sampling sites, including 13 meteorological factors and the contents of four heavy metals in soils. Microsatellite markers were used to investigate the demographic history of C. ambrosioides populations in China. We also analysed the effect of epigenetic variation on metalliferous microhabitat adaptation using methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) markers. A common garden experiment was conducted to compare heritable phenotypic variations among populations.

Key Results

Two distinct genetic clusters that diverged thousands of years ago were identified, suggesting that the eastern and south-western C. ambrosioides populations in China may have originated from independent introduction events without recombination. Genetic variation was shown to be a dominant determinant of phenotypic differentiation relative to epigenetic variation, and further affected the geographical distribution pattern of invasive C. ambrosioides. The global DNA unmethylation level was reduced in metalliferous habitats. Dozens of methylated loci were significantly associated with the heavy metal accumulation trait of C. ambrosioides and may contribute to coping with metalliferous microenvironments.

Conclusions

Our study of C. ambrosioides highlighted the dominant roles of genetic variation in large geographical range expansion and epigenetic variation in local metalliferous habitat adaptation.
Neoepitopes prediction strategies: an integration of cancer genomics and immunoinformatics approaches
Authors: Dhanda Sandeep Kumar , Mahajan Swapnil , Manoharan Malini
Published: November 2022

A major near-term medical impact of the genomic technology revolution will be the elucidation of mechanisms of cancer pathogenesis, leading to improvements in the diagnosis of cancer and the selection of cancer treatment. Next-generation sequencing technologies have accelerated the characterization of a tumor, leading to the comprehensive discovery of all the major alterations in a given cancer genome, followed by the translation of this information using computational and immunoinformatics approaches to cancer diagnostics and therapeutic efforts. In the current article, we review various components of cancer immunoinformatics applied to a series of fields of cancer research, including computational tools for cancer mutation detection, cancer mutation and immunological databases, and computational vaccinology.
WDR45 variants cause ferrous iron loss due to impaired ferritinophagy associated with nuclear receptor coactivator 4 and WD repeat domain phosphoinositide interacting protein 4 reduction
Authors: Tsukida Kiwako , Muramatsu Shin-ichi , Osaka Hitoshi , Yamagata Takanori , Muramatsu Kazuhiro
Published: November 2022

Static encephalopathy of childhood with neurodegeneration in adulthood/β-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration is a neurodegenerative disorder with brain iron accumulation caused by the variants of WDR45, a core autophagy-related gene that encodes WD repeat domain phosphoinositide interacting protein 4. However, the pathophysiology of the disease, particularly the function of WDR45/WD repeat domain phosphoinositide interacting protein 4 in iron metabolism, is largely unknown. As no other variants of core autophagy-related genes show abnormalities in iron metabolism, the relation between autophagy and iron metabolism remains to be elucidated. Since iron deposition in the brain is the hallmark of static encephalopathy of childhood with neurodegeneration in adulthood/β-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration, iron chelation therapy has been attempted, but it was found to worsen the symptoms; thus, the establishment of a curative treatment is essential. Here, we evaluated autophagy and iron metabolism in patient-derived cells. The expression of ferritin and ferric iron increased and that of ferrous iron decreased in the patient cells with WDR45 variants. In addition, the expression of nuclear receptor coactivator 4 was markedly reduced in patient-derived cells. Furthermore, divalent metal transporter 1, which takes in ferrous iron, was upregulated, while ferroportin, which exports ferrous iron, was downregulated in patient-derived cells. The transfer of WDR45 via an adeno-associated virus vector restored WD repeat domain phosphoinositide interacting protein 4 and nuclear receptor coactivator 4 expression, reduced ferritin levels, and improved other phenotypes observed in patient-derived cells. As nuclear receptor coactivator 4 mediates the ferritin-specific autophagy, i.e. ferritinophagy, its deficiency impaired ferritinophagy, leading to the accumulation of ferric iron-containing ferritin and insufficiency of ferrous iron. Because ferrous iron is required for various essential biochemical reactions, the changes in divalent metal transporter 1 and ferroportin levels may indicate a compensatory response for maintaining the intracellular levels of ferrous iron. Our study revealed that the pathophysiology of static encephalopathy of childhood with neurodegeneration in adulthood/β-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration involves ferrous iron insufficiency via impaired ferritinophagy through nuclear receptor coactivator 4 expression reduction. Our findings could aid in developing a treatment strategy involving WDR45 manipulation, which may have clinical applications.
Labor force participation during COVID-19 and risk of depression: a Danish register study
Authors: Hellmann Sophie S , Møller Sanne P , Ersbøll Annette K , Santini Ziggi I , Nielsen Maj Britt D , Grønbæk Morten K , Ekholm Ola , Thygesen Lau C
Published: November 2022

Background

COVID-19 caused economic insecurity for businesses and their employees. Understanding effects of changes in labor force participation on depression risk during economic recession is fundamental for early diagnosis. The study evaluates if changes in labor force participation are associated with depression risk during COVID-19 in Denmark.

Methods

A register-based longitudinal study of Danes aged 25–67 years without depression 2 years prior to baseline defined as February 2020. An eight-level categorical variable on stable or changing labor force participation was defined from monthly employment percentage gradients in the Danish Register-based Evaluation and Marginalization Database from February 2020. The cohort was followed until 31 December 2020 for depressions overall and mild-, moderate- and severe depression. Sex-stratified cox regression models with hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were performed accounting for important confounders.

Results

In total, 1 619 240 (50.3%) men of mean age 45.6 years and 1 598 587 (49.7%) women of mean age 45.9 years were included. Becoming unemployed implied an increased HR of depression in men (HR 2.02; 95% CI 1.94–2.10) and women (2.19; 2.12–2.26) compared to a steady-state full-time employment. Being outside the labor force or employed part-time implied an elevated HR in men (3.02; 2.82–3.23 and 2.41; 2.35–2.48) and women (3.13; 2.30–3.31 and 2.30; 2.26–2.35), respectively, compared to a steady-state full-time employment.

Conclusions

Changes in labor force participation were associated with higher risk of depression relative to a steady-state full-time employment particularly among individuals with low labor force participation during COVID-19.
Chronic, Mild Hypothermic Environmental Temperature Does Not Ameliorate Cognitive Deficits in an Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse
Authors: McFadden Samuel , Sime Lindsey N , Cox MaKayla F , Findley Caleigh A , Peck Mackenzie R , Quinn Kathleen , Fang Yimin , Bartke Andrzej , Hascup Erin R , Hascup Kevin N
Published: November 2022

Metabolic dysfunction increases with age and is a contributing factor to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) development. We have previously observed impaired insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in the APP/PS1 model of AD. To improve these parameters, we chronically exposed male and female mice to mild hypothermic environmental temperature (eT), which positively modulates metabolism. Although a hypothermic eT normalized insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance was still impaired in both sexes of AD mice. We observed increased plasma glucagon and B-cell activating factor in both sexes, but additional sexually dimorphic mechanisms may explain the impaired glucose homeostasis in AD mice. Hepatic Glut2 was decreased in females while visceral adipose tissue TNFα was increased in male APP/PS1 mice. A mild hypothermic eT did not improve spatial learning and memory in either sex and increased amyloid plaque burden in male APP/PS1 mice. Overall, plasma markers of glucose homeostasis and AD pathology were worse in females compared to male APP/PS1 mice suggesting a faster disease progression. This could affect the therapeutic outcomes if interventional strategies are administered at the same chronological age to male and female APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, this data suggests a dichotomy exists between mechanisms to improve metabolic function and cognitive health that may be further impaired in AD.
Defining the characteristics of interferon-alpha–stimulated human genes: insight from expression data and machine learning
Authors: Chai Haiting , Gu Quan , Robertson David L , Hughes Joseph
Published: November 2022

Background

A virus-infected cell triggers a signalling cascade, resulting in the secretion of interferons (IFNs), which in turn induces the upregulation of the IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that play a role in antipathogen host defence. Here, we conducted analyses on large-scale data relating to evolutionary gene expression, sequence composition, and network properties to elucidate factors associated with the stimulation of human genes in response to IFN-α.

Results

We find that ISGs are less evolutionary conserved than genes that are not significantly stimulated in IFN experiments (non-ISGs). ISGs show obvious depletion of GC content in the coding region. This influences the representation of some compositions following the translation process. IFN-repressed human genes (IRGs), downregulated genes in IFN experiments, can have similar properties to the ISGs. Additionally, we design a machine learning framework integrating the support vector machine and novel feature selection algorithm that achieves an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.7455 for ISG prediction. Its application in other IFN systems suggests the similarity between the ISGs triggered by type I and III IFNs.

Conclusions

ISGs have some unique properties that make them different from the non-ISGs. The representation of some properties has a strong correlation with gene expression following IFN-α stimulation, which can be used as a predictive feature in machine learning. Our model predicts several genes as putative ISGs that so far have shown no significant differential expression when stimulated with IFN-α in the cell/tissue types in the available databases. A web server implementing our method is accessible at http://isgpre.cvr.gla.ac.uk/. The docker image at https://hub.docker.com/r/hchai01/isgpre can be downloaded to reproduce the prediction.
Partitions among elastic waves for dynamic surface loads in a layered medium
Authors: Piña-Flores José , Cárdenas-Soto Martín , García-Jerez Antonio , Sánchez-Sesma Francisco J
Published: November 2022

The relationship between the Green's function and the average correlations of the elastic displacements within a diffuse field has been firmly established. The energies of horizontal and vertical motion in such a field are proportional to the imaginary part of the corresponding diagonal components of the Green's tensor for coincident source and receiver. Given this remarkable connection, we examine the partitions of elastic waves due to dynamic horizontal and vertical surface loads in a layered elastic media. The elastic radiation characteristics for horizontally layered media are much more complicated than for the homogeneous half-space. While the corresponding power partitions of the different types of waves in a half-space do not vary with respect to frequency, even in an elastic medium consisting of layers over a half-space, the modal structure shows strong variations in the frequency, mainly around the main peak and the minimum of the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR). Using a test model with a moderately high impedance contrast, we find that most of the energy density of the horizontal displacements is concentrated in the fundamental mode of the Love waves, reaching ∼80 per cent of the power in the horizontal components. The vertical displacement of the P-SV body waves reaches a maximum of ∼85 per cent, while the fundamental mode of Rayleigh waves reaches a maximum of ∼99 per cent of the available power in the vertical motion. With this analysis, it is possible to analyse the multimodal effects in the dispersion diagrams and explicitly relate the partition of the energy density with the dispersion curves and the HVSR under the diffuse field assumption.
Prevalence of Parvovirus B19 Viremia Among German Blood Donations and the Relationship to ABO and Rhesus Blood Group Antigens
Authors: Healy Katie , Aulin Linda B S , Freij Urban , Ellerstad Marie , Brückle Lena , Hillmering Helen , Svae Tor-Einar , Broliden Kristina , Gustafsson Rasmus
Published: November 2022

Background

Asymptomatic blood donors can transmit human parvovirus B19 (B19V).

Methods

We assessed the B19V prevalence among a large cohort of blood donations collected in Germany during 2015–2018.

Results

In total, 167 123 donations were screened for B19V deoxyribonucleic acid with 22 cases of viremia identified (0.013% positive). Infections peaked at a 4-year interval and the highest number of cases occurred in the summer months. All 22 infections were found in rhesus D-antigen-positive donations, suggesting a protective factor in donors who lack this antigen.

Conclusions

These findings contribute to our understanding of risk factors for B19V infection among central European blood and plasma donors.
Integrating Structural and Reduced-Form Methods in Empirical Finance
Authors: Whited Toni M
Published: November 2022

I discuss various ways in which inference based on the estimation of the parameters of statistical models (reduced-form estimation) can be combined with inference based on the estimation of the parameters of economic models (structural estimation). I discuss five basic categories of integration: directly combining the two methods, using statistical models to simplify structural estimation, using structural estimation to extend the validity of reduced-form results, using reduced-form techniques to assess the external validity of structural estimations, and using structural estimation as a sample selection remedy. I illustrate each of these methods with examples from corporate finance, banking, and personal finance. I conclude by exploring the role of robust estimation techniques in structural estimation in corporate finance.
The social determinants of health, law, and urban development: using human rights to address structural health inequalities in our cities
Authors: Montel Lisa
Published: November 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated profound inequalities in the conditions in which people live, work, and age. Law plays a critical role in shaping these structural health inequalities, which have existed for decades. This dynamic can be observed at the local level, with cities operating as environments unequally distributing the risks of non-communicable diseases between population groups. This article first focuses on urban development to explore the conceptual links between health inequalities and the role of law. I expand this observation and I posit that the social determinants of health are about human rights. With that in mind, I argue that human rights are necessary to address the issue of unequally unhealthy urban environments, hence recognising that people are entitled to a minimum essential level of the conditions in which they live, work, and age, which the State is responsible to fulfil. By way of strengthening my argument, I lay out how a human rights framework can improve these conditions and ameliorate unfair inequalities. Finally, I recognise and respond to the limits of a human rights approach.
Magnetic fluxes of solar active regions of different magneto-morphological classes – I. Cyclic variations
Authors: Abramenko Valentina I , Suleymanova Regina A , Zhukova Anastasija V
Published: November 2022

Data for 3046 solar active regions (ARs) observed since 1996 May 12 to 2021 December 27 were utilized to explore how the magnetic fluxes from ARs of different complexity follow the solar cycle. Magnetograms from the Michelson Doppler Imager instrument on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory and from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager instrument on the Solar Dynamics Observatory were utilized. Each AR was classified as a regular bipolar AR (classes A1 or A2), or as an irregular bipolar AR (class B1), or as a multipolar AR (classes B2 or B3). Unipolar ARs were segregated into a specific class U. We found the following results. Unsigned magnetic fluxes from ARs of different classes evolve synchronously following the cycle, the correlation coefficient between the flux curves varies in a range of 0.70–0.99. The deepest solar minimum is observed simultaneously for all classes. Only the most simple ARs were observed during a deepest minimum: A1- and B1-class ARs. The overall shape of a cycle is governed by the regular ARs, whereas the fine structure of a solar maximum is determined by the most complex irregular ARs. Approximately equal amount of flux (45–50 per cent of the total flux) is contributed by the A-class and B-class ARs during a solar maximum. Thus, observations allow us to conclude that the appearance of ARs with the magnetic flux above 1021 Mx is caused by the solar dynamo that operates as a unique process displaying the properties of a non-linear dynamical dissipative system with a cyclic behaviour and unavoidable fluctuations.
Discovery of δ Sct components in eclipsing binary systems IQ CMa, AW men and W Vol
Authors: Ulaş Burak , Ulusoy Ceren
Published: November 2022

We present the first evidence on the δ Sct type pulsations of the primary components of three eclipsing binaries IQ CMa, AW Men, and W Vol in the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) field. A comprehensive investigation of the binary properties is conducted. The light curves of the systems are analysed and the frequency analyses are performed to residual data. The systems are compared to the binaries of the same morphological types, and the primaries are examined in contrast to the δ Sct type pulsators. The results show that the systems are oscillating eclipsing Algol-type systems.
From Galactic chemical evolution to cosmic supernova rates synchronized with core-collapse supernovae limited to the narrow progenitor mass range
Authors: Tsujimoto T
Published: November 2022

Massive (≥8 M⊙) stars perish via one of two fates: core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe), which release synthesized heavy elements, or failed supernovae, thereby forming black holes. In the conventional Galactic chemical evolution (GCE) scheme, a substantial portion of massive stars, e.g. all stars in the mass range of 8–100 M⊙, are assumed to enrich the Galaxy with their nucleosynthetic products. However, this hypothesis conflicts with the observations, namely, few CCSNe whose progenitor stars are more massive than ∼18 M⊙. Here, we show that the chemical characteristics shaped by local thin disc stars are compatible with the predictions by enrichment via CCSNe limited to less massive progenitors in the new paradigm of Galactic dynamics that allows stars to migrate from the inner disc. This renewed GCE model predicts that the bursting star formation events − which are considered to take place in the Galactic bulge and in the thick disc − generate more numerous low-mass CCSNe than those expected from the locally determined canonical initial mass function. This finding suggests a high rate of CCSNe in early-type galaxies, which reflects a unique cosmic history of the CCSN rate. With considerable contributions from these galaxies to the cosmic star formation rates in the early Universe, we predict a more steeply increasing slope of the CCSN rate with increasing redshift than that in proportion to cosmic star formation. This predicted redshift evolution agrees well with the measured rates for $0 \lesssim z \lesssim 0.8$; however, its predicted CCSN rate for higher z calls for more precise data from future surveys.
Evolution of massive black hole binaries in collisionally relaxed nuclear star clusters – Impact of mass segregation
Authors: Mukherjee Diptajyoti , Zhu Qirong , Ogiya Go , Rodriguez Carl L , Trac Hy
Published: November 2022

Massive Black Hole (MBH) binaries are considered to be one of the most important sources of Gravitational Waves (GW) that can be detected by GW detectors like LISA. However, there are a lot of uncertainties in the dynamics of MBH binaries in the stages leading up to the GW-emission phase. It has been recently suggested that Nuclear Star Clusters (NSCs) could provide a viable route to overcome the final parsec problem for MBH binaries at the centre of galaxies. NSCs are collisional systems where the dynamics would be altered by the presence of a mass spectrum. In this study, we use a suite of high-resolution N-body simulations with over 1 million particles to understand how collisional relaxation under the presence of a mass spectrum of NSC particles affects the dynamics of the MBH binary under the merger of two NSCs. We consider MBH binaries with different mass ratios and additional non-relaxed models. We find that mass-segregation driven by collisional relaxation can lead to accelerated hardening in lower mass ratio binaries but has the opposite effect in higher mass ratio binaries. Crucially, the relaxed models also demonstrate much lower eccentricities at binary formation and negligible growth during hardening stages leading to longer merger time-scales. The results are robust and highlight the importance of collisional relaxation on changing the dynamics of the binary. Our models are state-of-the-art, use zero softening, and high enough particle numbers to model NSCs realistically.
Mapping separase-mediated cleavage in situ
Authors: Boukaba Abdelhalim , Wu Qiongfang , Liu Jian , Chen Cheng , Liang Jierong , Li Jingjing , Strunnikov Alexander V
Published: November 2022

Separase is a protease that performs critical functions in the maintenance of genetic homeostasis. Among them, the cleavage of the meiotic cohesin during meiosis is a key step in producing gametes in eukaryotes. However, the exact chromosomal localization of this proteolytic cleavage was not addressed due to the lack of experimental tools. To this end, we developed a method based on monoclonal antibodies capable of recognizing the predicted neo-epitopes produced by separase-mediated proteolysis in the RAD21 and REC8 cohesin subunits. To validate the epigenomic strategy of mapping cohesin proteolysis, anti-RAD21 neo-epitopes antibodies were used in ChIP-On-ChEPseq analysis of human cells undergoing mitotic anaphase. Second, a similar analysis applied for mapping of REC8 cleavage in germline cells in Macaque showed a correlation with a subset of alpha-satellites and other repeats, directly demonstrating that the site-specific mei-cohesin proteolysis hotspots are coincident but not identical with centromeres. The sequences for the corresponding immunoglobulin genes show a convergence of antibodies with close specificity. This approach could be potentially used to investigate cohesin ring opening events in other chromosomal locations, if applied to single cells.
Identity, immigration, and subjective well-being: why are natives so sharply divided on immigration issues?
Authors: Howley Peter , Waqas Muhammad
Published: November 2022

We put forward differences in the form of national identity across natives as a key mechanism explaining the sharp public divide on immigration issues. We show that inflows of migrants into local areas can be harmful for the self-reported well-being of natives, but this is only true for natives who self-identify with an ethnic form of national identity. On the other hand, we provide some evidence to suggest that immigration may be utility enhancing for natives with a civic form of national identity. We also show how differences in national identity significantly predict voting preferences in the UK referendum on European Union membership where concern with immigration issues were a salient factor. Drawing on identity economics, our proposed explanation is that for natives with an ethnic form of national identity, any positive economic benefits associated with immigration may not be enough to outweigh losses in identity-based utility.
Formulations of the elastodynamic equations in anisotropic and multiphasic porous media from the principle of energy conservation
Authors: Zhou Yinqiu , Zhang Xiumei , Liu Lin , Liu Tingting , Wang Xiuming
Published: November 2022

Elastodynamic equations have been formulated with Newton's second law of motion, Lagrange's equation, or Hamilton's principle for over 150 years. In this work, contrary to classical continuum mechanics, a novel strategic methodology is proposed for formulating general mechanical equations using the principle of energy conservation. First, based on Hamilton's principle, Hamilton's equations, Lagrange's equation, and the elastodynamic equation of motion are derived in arbitrarily anisotropic and multiphasic porous elastic media, for the first time. Secondly, these equations are all formulated using the principle of energy conservation for the related media. Both formulation results using the two kinds of principles are compared and validated by each other. The advantages of our methodology lie in that the elastodynamic equation of motion, Lagrange's equation, and Hamilton's equations in continuum mechanics are directly formulated using a simple constraint of energy conservation without introducing variational concepts. It is easy to understand and has clear physical meanings. Our methodology unlocks the physics essences of Hamilton's principle in continuum mechanics, which is a consequence of the principle of energy conservation. Although the linear stress–strain constitutive relation is considered, our methodology can still be used in a nonlinear dynamical system. The methodology also paves an alternative way of treating other complex continuous dynamical systems in a broad sense. In addition, as an application, the continuity conditions at various medium interfaces are also revisited and extended using our proposed approach, which explains the law of reflections and refractions.
Ethnoracial Variation in Risk for Psychotic Experiences
Authors: DeVylder Jordan , Anglin Deidre , Munson Michelle R , Nishida Atsushi , Oh Hans , Marsh Jonathan , Narita Zui , Bareis Natalie , Fedina Lisa
Published: November 2022

Background & Hypothesis

Psychotic disorders are inequitably distributed by race in the United States, although it is not known whether this is due to assessment biases or inequitable distributions of risk factors. Psychotic experiences are subclinical hallucinations and delusions used to study the etiology of psychosis, which are based on self-report and therefore not subject to potential clinician biases. In this study, we test whether the prevalence of psychotic experiences (PE) varies by race and if this variance is explained by socioenvironmental risk factors.

Study Design

Data on demographics, PE, and socioenvironmental risk factors were collected through the National Survey of Poly-victimization and Mental Health, a national probability sample of US young adults. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine whether PE prevalence varied by race/ethnicity and, if so, whether this was attenuated with inclusion of indicators of income, education, urban/rural living, discrimination, and trauma exposure.

Study Results

Black and Hispanic respondents reported PE at significantly greater rates than White or “other” ethnoracial groups, with hallucinations more commonly reported by Hispanic respondents. PE were significantly associated with police violence exposure, discrimination, adverse childhood experiences, and educational attainment. These factors statistically explained ethnoracial differences in the likelihood of overall PE occurrence and of nearly all PE subtypes.

Conclusions

Previously observed racial differences in psychosis extend beyond clinical schizophrenia, and therefore, are unlikely to be explained entirely by clinician biases. Instead, racial disparities in PE appear to be driven by features of structural racism, trauma, and discrimination.
Therapeutic use of cannabis in the US
Authors: Klein Tracy A. , Clark Carey S.
Published: November 2022

NPs are likely to encounter patients using cannabis with therapeutic intent, with or without legal authorization. During the clinical history and assessment process, NPs need to engage in frank discussion about cannabis therapeutics, including the risks and benefits, evidence for use, dosing considerations, potential drug interactions, and harm reduction.