bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of a Shock Incarceration and Aftercare Program for Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Wells James B. , Minor Kevin I. , Angel Earl , Stearman Kelli D.
Published: June 2006

Research conducted to date has not shown juvenile shock incarceration (boot camp) programs to favorably affect recidivism. The authors extend the literature by comparing the recidivism of juveniles who completed a shock incarceration program that included a systematic aftercare phase with recidivism among a matched control group of juveniles released from more traditional residential placements. Findings were mixed as regards recidivism at 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow-ups. There were no differences in reconvictions at 8-or 12-month follow-ups and no differences in reoffense seriousness across time frames. However, a significantly lower proportion of the boot camp group recidivated during the initial 4-month aftercare phase, and at 12 months, a lower proportion had been recommitted to residential placements. Older juveniles had significantly higher recidivism scores than did younger ones. The findings demonstrate the importance of combining shock incarceration with quality aftercare.
Predictors of Mental Health Service Enrollment Among Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Lopez-Williams Andy , Stoep Ann Vander , Kuo Elena , Stewart David G.
Published: June 2006

The objective was to identify predictors of public mental health service enrollment among detained juvenile offenders. A representative sample of 228 juvenile detainees was interviewed with measures of psychological symptoms and impairment, associated risk factors, and demographic variables. Logistic regression analyses determined how the 110 youth enrolled in mental health services differed from the 118 youth not enrolled. Main effects were found for age, gender, and number of prior detention stays such that younger offenders, female offenders, and recidivists were more likely to have received mental health services. Mental health status, level of functioning, and frequency of substance use were not related to service enrollment. Race interacted with mental health symptoms and recidivism such that Caucasians with greater numbers of symptom elevations and prior detention stays were more likely to be enrolled in mental health services, whereas symptom elevations and recidivism were not related to service enrollment among African American offenders. Systematic assessment and referral procedures may be a necessary step toward improving the likelihood that mental health services are distributed to juvenile offenders on the basis of mental health need.
Evaluation of a multiplex PCR for bacterial pathogens applied to bronchoalveolar lavage
Authors: Strålin K. , Korsgaard J. , Olcén P.
Published: June 2006

The present study assessed the diagnostic usefulness of a multiplex PCR (mPCR) forStreptococcus pneumoniae,Haemophilus influenzae,Mycoplasma pneumoniaeandChlamydophila pneumoniaeapplied to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL).

Fibreoptic bronchoscopy was performed on 156 hospitalised adult patients with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and 36 controls. BAL fluid was analysed with bacterial culture and mPCR.

By conventional diagnostic methods,S. pneumoniae,H. influenzae,M. pneumoniaeandC. pneumoniaewere aetiological agents in 14, 21, 3.2 and 0% of the LRTI patients, respectively. These pathogens were identified by BAL mPCR in 28, 47, 3.2 and 0.6% of cases, respectively, yielding sensitivities of 86% forS. pneumoniae, 88% forH. influenzae, 100% forM. pneumoniaeand 0% forC. pneumoniae, and specificities of 81, 64, 100 and 99% forS. pneumoniae,H. influenzae,M. pneumoniaeandC. pneumoniae, respectively. Of the 103 patients who had taken antibiotics prior to bronchoscopy,S. pneumoniaewas identified by culture in 2.9% and by mPCR in 31%. Among the controls, mPCR identifiedS. pneumoniaein 11% andH. influenzaein 39%.

In lower respiratory tract infection patients, bronchoalveolar lavage multiplex PCR can be useful for identification ofStreptococcus pneumoniae,Mycoplasma pneumoniaeandChlamydophila pneumoniae. The method appears to be particularly useful in patients treated with antibiotics.
Prognostic score systems and community-acquired bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia
Authors: Spindler C. , Örtqvist Å.
Published: June 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of three score systems: the pneumonia severity index (PSI); CURB-65 (confusion; urea >7 mM; respiratory rate ≥30 breaths·min-1; blood pressure <90 mmHg systolic or ≤60 mmHg diastolic; aged ≥65 yrs old); and modified American Thoracic Society rule for predicting intensive care unit (ICU) need and mortality due to bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia.

All adult patients (n = 114) with invasive pneumococcal pneumonia at the Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden, 1999–2000, were included in the study. Severity scores were calculated and the independent prognostic importance of different variables was analysed by multiple regression analyses.

PSI ≥IV, CURB-65 ≥2, and the presence of one major or more than one minor risk factor in mATS all had a high sensitivity, but somewhat lower specificity for predicting death and ICU need. The death rate was 12% (13 out of 114). Severity score and treatment in departments other than the Dept of Infectious Diseases were the only factors independently correlated to death. Patients treated in other departments more often had severe underlying illnesses and were more severely ill on admission. However, a significant difference in death rates remained after adjustment for severity between the two groups.

In conclusion, all score systems were useful for predicting the need for intensive care unit treatment and death due to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. The pneumonia severity index was the most sensitive, but CURB-65 was easier to use.
AceTree: a tool for visual analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis
Authors: Boyle Thomas J , Bao Zhirong , Murray John I , Araya Carlos L , Waterston Robert H
Published: June 2006

Background

The invariant lineage of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has potential as a powerful tool for the description of mutant phenotypes and gene expression patterns. We previously described procedures for the imaging and automatic extraction of the cell lineage from C. elegans embryos. That method uses time-lapse confocal imaging of a strain expressing histone-GFP fusions and a software package, StarryNite, processes the thousands of images and produces output files that describe the location and lineage relationship of each nucleus at each time point.

Results

We have developed a companion software package, AceTree, which links the images and the annotations using tree representations of the lineage. This facilitates curation and editing of the lineage. AceTree also contains powerful visualization and interpretive tools, such as space filling models and tree-based expression patterning, that can be used to extract biological significance from the data.

Conclusion

By pairing a fast lineaging program written in C with a user interface program written in Java we have produced a powerful software suite for exploring embryonic development.
Duration of hospital participation in a nationwide stroke registry is associated with improved quality of care
Authors: Hills Nancy K , Johnston S Claiborne
Published: June 2006

Background

There are several proven therapies for patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), including prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and initiation of antithrombotic medications within 48 h and at discharge. Stroke registries have been promoted as a means of increasing use of such interventions, which are currently underutilized.

Methods

From 1999 through 2003, 86 U.S. hospitals participated in Ethos, a voluntary web-based acute stroke treatment registry. Detailed data were collected on all patients admitted with a diagnosis of TIA or ischemic stroke. Rates of optimal treatment (defined as either receipt or a valid contraindication) were examined within each hospital as a function of its length of time in registry. Generalized estimating equations were used to adjust for patient and hospital characteristics.

Results

A total of 16,301 patients were discharged with a diagnosis of stroke or TIA from 50 hospitals that participated for more than 1 year. Rates of optimal treatment during the first 3 months of participation were as follows: 92.5% for antithrombotic medication within 48 h, 84.6% for antithrombotic medications at discharge, and 77.1% for DVT prophylaxis. Rates for all treatments improved with duration of participation in the registry (p < 0.05), with the most dramatic improvements in the first year.

Conclusion

In a large cohort of patients with stroke or TIA, three targeted quality-improvement measures improved among hospitals participating in a disease-specific registry. Although the changes could be attributed to interventions other than the registry, these findings demonstrate the potential for hospital-level interventions to improve care for patients with stroke and TIA.
VEGF receptors on PC12 cells mediate transient activation of ERK1/2 and Akt: comparison of nerve growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor
Authors: Berger Ingrid , Stahl Sonja , Rychkova Natalia , Felbor Ute
Published: June 2006

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endostatin are angiogenic and anti-angiogenic molecules, respectively, that have been implicated in neurogenesis and neuronal survival. Using alkaline phosphatase fusion proteins, we show that the PC12 neuronal cell line contains cell membrane receptors for VEGF but not for endostatin and the collagen XV endostatin homologue. Immunocytochemistry confirmed that proliferating and differentiated PC12 cells express VEGF receptors 1, 2 and neuropilin-1. While no functional effects of VEGF on PC12 cell proliferation and differentiation could be observed, a slight VEGF-induced reduction of caspase-3 activity in differentiated apoptotic PC12 cells was paralleled by transient activation of ERK1/2 and Akt. In direct comparison, nerve growth factor proved to be a strikingly more potent neuroprotective agent than VEGF.
The subplacenta of the red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina L)
Authors: Rodrigues Rosangela Felipe , Carter Anthony M , Ambrosio Carlos Eduardo , dos Santos Tatiana Carlesso , Miglino Maria Angelica
Published: June 2006

Background

Hystricognath rodents have a lobed placenta, comprising labyrinthine exchange areas and interlobular trophoblast. These correspond to the labyrinthine and spongy zones of other rodent placentae. Beneath them, however, is a structure unique to hystricognath rodents called the subplacenta. We here describe the subplacenta of the red-rumped agouti and examine the possible functional correlates of this structure.

Methods

Placentae were collected from early in midgestation to near term of pregnancy and examined by standard histological techniques, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, to study the microvasculature of the subplacenta, vessel casts were inspected by scanning electron microscopy

Results

In the subplacenta, lamellae of connective tissue support a layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells. Beneath this is found syncytiotrophoblast. Clusters of multinuclear giant cells occur in the transition zone between the subplacenta and decidua. There are prominent intercellular spaces between the cytotrophoblast cells. The basal membrane of these cells is often close to fetal blood vessels. The syncytiotrophoblast surrounds an extensive system of lacunae. Microvilli project into these lacunae from the plasma membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast. The syncytial cytoplasm contains electron-dense granules. This is probably the amylase-resistant PAS-positive material identified by histochemistry. The subplacenta is supplied entirely from the fetal circulation. Within it the vessels pursue a tortuous course with sinusoidal dilatations and constrictions.

Conclusion

The functions that have been attributed to the subplacenta include hormone production. Our findings are consistent with this interpretation, but suggest that hormone secretion is directed towards the fetal circulation rather than the maternal tissues.
Not enough there, too many here: understanding geographical imbalances in the distribution of the health workforce
Authors: Dussault Gilles , Franceschini Maria Cristina
Published: May 2006

Access to good-quality health services is crucial for the improvement of many health outcomes, such as those targeted by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted by the international community in 2000. The health-related MDGs cannot be achieved if vulnerable populations do not have access to skilled personnel and to other necessary inputs. This paper focuses on the geographical dimension of access and on one of its critical determinants: the availability of qualified personnel. The objective of this paper is to offer a better understanding of the determinants of geographical imbalances in the distribution of health personnel, and to identify and assess the strategies developed to correct them. It reviews the recent literature on determinants, barriers and the effects of strategies that attempted to correct geographical imbalances, with a focus on empirical studies from developing and developed countries. An analysis of determinants of success and failures of strategies implemented, and a summary of lessons learnt, is included.
Generation of a single pulmonary pressure-volume curve does not durably affect oxygenation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Roch Antoine , Forel Jean-Marie , Demory Didier , Arnal Jean-Michel , Donati Stéphane , Gainnier Marc , Papazian Laurent
Published: June 2006

Introduction

It is possible that taking a static pressure-volume (PV) measurement could durably affect oxygenation and thus interfere with early evaluation of a therapeutic intervention delivered just after that measurement. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects over time of a single static PV measurement on gas exchange and haemodynamics; the PV measurements were taken using a super syringe and by using the constant flow method in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Method

We conducted a prospective, randomized and controlled interventional study in an intensive care unit. The study was conducted in 17 patients with early acute respiratory distress syndrome ventilated with a tidal volume of 6.9 ± 1.0 ml/kg, a plateau pressure of 27 ± 7 cmH2O and a positive end-expiratory pressure [PEEP] of 10 cmH2O. They were all evaluated for 1 hour after each of the following two measurements was taken and during a control period (in a randomized order): generation of a PV curve using a 2 l super syringe (PVSS; insufflated volume = 1824 ± 381 ml, plateau pressure = 46 ± 9 cmH2O); and generation of a PV curve using the constant flow method on the ventilator (PVCF; insufflated volume = 1120 ± 115 ml in zero end-expiratory pressure after 20 s expiratory pause, plateau pressure = 46 ± 11 cmH2O). The maximal airway pressure allowed during PV measurement was 60 cmH2O. PEEP was set to 10 cmH2O immediately after PV measurement. Partial arterial oxygen tension (Pao2), partial carbon dioxide tension (Paco2) and mean arterial pressure were recorded each minute.

Results

PV measurement did not significantly affect Pao2, Paco2, mean arterial pressure and lung mechanics. Two patients exhibited a sustained increase in Pao2 by more than 20% after PVCF (>60 minutes). Two patients exhibited a decrease in Pao2 by more than 20% after PVSS, which was sustained in one. These latter patients had an upper inflection point identified on the PV curve. After PVSS, Paco2 increased by more than 10 mmHg in two patients and returned to baseline values after 15 minutes. One patient exhibited a decrease in mean arterial pressure by more than 10 mmHg for less than 5 minutes after PVSS and one patient after PVCF.

Conclusion

Evaluation of the effects of a strategy aimed at improving oxygenation can be reliably recorded early after a single PV measurement that is not followed by a change in PEEP level. PV measurement using the constant flow method improves oxygenation in a limited number of patients.
Cognitive stimulation therapy for people with dementia: cost-effectiveness analysis
Authors: Knapp Martin , Thorgrimsen Lene , Patel Anita , Spector Aimee , Hallam Angela , Woods Bob , Orrell Martin
Published: June 2006

Background

Psychological therapy groups for people with dementia are widely used, but their cost-effectiveness has not been explored.

Aims

To investigate the cost-effectiveness of an evidence-based cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) programme for people with dementia as part of a randomised controlled trial.

Method

A total of 91 people with dementia, living in care homes or the community, received a CST group intervention twice weekly for 8 weeks; 70 participants with dementia received treatment as usual. Service use was recorded 8 weeks before and during the 8-week intervention and costs were calculated. A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted with cognition as the primary outcome, and quality of life as the secondary outcome. Cost-effectiveness acceptability curves were plotted.

Results

Cognitive stimulation therapy has benefits for cognition and quality of life in dementia, and costs were not different between the groups. Under reasonable assumptions, there is a high probability that CST is more cost-effective than treatment as usual, with regard to both outcome measures.

Conclusions

Cognitive stimulation therapy for people with dementia has effectiveness advantages over, and may be more cost-effective than, treatment as usual.
Family Life and Relationships in the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA)
Authors: MacGregor Caitriona Aine , Sheerin Declan
Published: June 2006

Aims and Method

The Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA) were developed as a routine measure of outcomes in child and adolescent psychiatry. In a preliminary study we administered sub-scale 12 of HoNOSCA (Family Life and Relationships) to 20 families and compared the results with two well-established measures of family functioning and a measure of abnormal psychosocial situations associated with psychopathology.

Results

Strong correlations were found between HoNOSCA sub-scale 12 and both self-assessed and clinician-assessed measures of family functioning. However, there was little relationship between HoNOSCA (12) and a measure of abnormal psychosocial situations.

Clinical Implications

HoNOSCA (12) appears to provide a quick and valid assessment of overall family dysfunction and can be used in a time-efficient manner as a means to assess where further more comprehensive family assessment or family therapy may be required.
Parental support: mothers' experience of electronic encounters
Authors: Nyström Kerstin , Öhrling Kerstin
Published: June 2006

Five mothers with normal pregnancies and healthy children met regularly during the infants' first year through an e-meeting portal. The technology made it possible to meet using realtime videoconferencing through the Web, both one to one and in groups. An experienced child-health nurse was the leader of the group. The intervention data included interviews and diary notes. Personal tape-recorded narrative interviews were conducted with the mothers, one midway through the study and one at the end. Qualitative content analysis was applied to the data and two major categories were identified: feeling support through confirmation and solidarity, and the technology presents possibilities and limitations. The mothers felt that sharing experiences with others was supportive and that having new friends reduced their feeling of loneliness. The mothers discussed the technology as fun and exciting. However, they were disturbed by sound problems and the realities of caring for an infant. The opportunity to meet other mothers in the same situation via electronic encounters and to share experiences of being a mother facilitated everyday life for these mothers.
Quality assessment and cataloguing of telemedicine applications
Authors: Bedini R , Belardinelli A , Giansanti D , Guerriero L , Macellari V , Morelli S
Published: June 2006

We created a Web catalogue of approved telemedicine systems that authoritative Italian research bodies had made available for more general use. The evaluation process was divided into two stages: (1) classification of the telemedicine systems and rough preliminary evaluation; (2) assessment of the telemedicine products and services. The scoring method was applied to four well-known telemedicine systems that had been tested in health-care settings: an echocardiology teleconsulting and analysis system; a ward nursing management system; a virtual cooperative system for the management of oncology patients and a telepathology system based on remotely controlled microscopy. After technical revision during the standardization/qualification process, the applications were transferred successfully to eight new health-care facilities. The methodology achieved the main goal of providing effective tools, such as a set of quality control procedures for telemedicine and telehealth projects and a Web catalogue of telemedicine applications with a standardized level of quality, available to all interested parties.
Legal and ethical aspects of telemedicine
Authors: Stanberry Benedict
Published: June 2006

There are many issues of concern regarding the legal and ethical aspects of telemedicine. These include the responsibilities and potential liabilities of the health professional, the duty to maintain the confidentiality and privacy of patient records, and the jurisdictional problems associated with cross-border consultations. There is also the issue of reimbursement for care provided using a telemedicine service. Telemedicine allows the transmission of health information across the borders of nation states. Cross-border telemedicine services have begun, particularly in specialties such as teleradiology, but questions of jurisdiction and registration have yet to be answered definitively. While this may be true of many of the legal and ethical aspects of telemedicine generally, it is also the case that health-care professionals who undertake telemedicine in a prudent manner will minimize the possibility of medicolegal complications.
A subset of Mer1p-dependent introns requires Bud13p for splicing activation and nuclear retention
Authors: Scherrer Frederick W. , Spingola Marc
Published: June 2006

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mer1p is expressed only during meiosis, and its expression is linked to the splicing of at least three mRNAs: MER2, MER3, and AMA1. Previous evidence suggests that Mer1p activates splicing by directly recruiting snRNPs or stabilizing intermediate splicing complexes formed on pre-mRNA that contains an intronic Mer1p enhancer element. However, some splicing factors, especially accessory/non-snRNP factors, have critical roles in retaining unspliced pre-mRNAs in the nucleus. We tested if Mer1p may indirectly regulate splicing by preventing the export of pre-mRNAs to the cytoplasm and also demonstrated that a second subunit of the Retention and Splicing (RES) complex, Bud13p, has transcript-specific effects on Mer1p-activated splicing. The results indicated that Mer1p can retain unspliced pre-mRNA in the nucleus; however, nuclear retention could not be uncoupled from splicing activation. In the absence of Mer1p, the AMA1 pre-mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm, translated, but not subjected to nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) despite a premature stop codon in the intron. These data imply that Mer1p can retain pre-mRNAs in the nucleus only by facilitating their interaction with the spliceosome and that two subunits of the RES complex modulate Mer1p function on two of the three Mer1p-dependent introns. The results also support models for cytoplasmic degradation of unspliced pre-mRNAs that fail to assemble into spliceosomes in yeast.
The role of RNA structure in the interaction of U1A protein with U1 hairpin II RNA
Authors: Law Michael J. , Rice Andrew J. , Lin Patti , Laird-Offringa Ite A.
Published: June 2006

The N-terminal RNA Recognition Motif (RRM1) of the spliceosomal protein U1A interacting with its target U1hairpin II (U1hpII) has been used as a paradigm for RRM-containing proteins interacting with their RNA targets. U1A binds to U1hpII via direct interactions with a 7-nucleotide (nt) consensus binding sequence at the 5′ end of a 10-nt loop, and via hydrogen bonds with the closing C–G base pair at the top of the RNA stem. Using surface plasmon resonance (Biacore), we have examined the role of structural features of U1hpII in binding to U1A RRM1. Mutational analysis of the closing base pair suggests it plays a minor role in binding and mainly prevents “breathing” of the loop. Lengthening the stem and nontarget part of the loop suggests that the increased negative charge of the RNA might slightly aid association. However, this is offset by an increase in dissociation, which may be caused by attraction of the RRM to nontarget parts of the RNA. Studies of a single stranded target and RNAs with untethered loops indicate that structure is not very relevant for association but is important for complex stability. In particular, breaking the link between the stem and the 5′ side of the loop greatly increases complex dissociation, presumably by hindering simultaneous contacts between the RRM and stem and loop nucleotides. While binding of U1A to a single stranded target is much weaker than to U1hpII, it occurs with nanomolar affinity, supporting recent evidence that binding of unstructured RNA by U1A has physiological significance.
Vector bundles and theta functions on curves of genus 2 and 3
Authors: Beauville Arnaud
Published: May 2006

Let SU C (r) be the moduli space of vector bundles of rank r and trivial determinant on a curve C . A general E in SU C (r) defines a divisor Θ E in the linear system | r Θ|, where Θ is the canonical theta divisor in Pic g -1 ( C ). This defines a rational map Θ: SU C (r) → | r Θ|, which turns out to be the map associated to the determinant bundle on SU C (r) (the positive generator of Pic ( SU C (r) ). In genus 2 we prove that this map is generically finite and dominant. The same method, together with some classical work of Morin, shows that in rank 3 and genus 3 the theta map is a finite morphism - in other words, every vector bundle in SU C (3) admits a theta divisor.
The maximum likelihood degree
Authors: Catanese Fabrizio , Hoşten Serkan , Khetan Amit , Sturmfels Bernd
Published: May 2006

Maximum likelihood estimation in statistics leads to the problem of maximizing a product of powers of polynomials. We study the algebraic degree of the critical equations of this optimization problem. This degree is related to the number of bounded regions in the corresponding arrangement of hypersurfaces, and to the Euler characteristic of the complexified complement. Under suitable hypotheses, the maximum likelihood degree equals the top Chern class of a sheaf of logarithmic differential forms. Exact formulae in terms of degrees and Newton polytopes are given for polynomials with generic coefficients.
The enumerative geometry of Del Pezzo Surfaces via degenerations
Authors: Coskun Izzet
Published: May 2006

This paper investigates low-codimension degenerations of Del Pezzo surfaces. As an application we determine certain characteristic numbers of Del Pezzo surfaces. Finally, we analyze the relation between the enumerative geometry of Del Pezzo surfaces and the Gromov-Witten invariants of the Hilbert scheme of conics in P N .
On surfaces of class VII + 0 with numerically anticanonical divisor
Authors: Dloussky Georges
Published: May 2006

We consider minimal compact complex surfaces S with Betti numbers b 1 = 1 and n = b 2 > 0. A theorem of Donaldson gives n exceptional line bundles. We prove that if in a deformation, these line bundles have sections, S is a degeneration of blown-up Hopf surfaces. Besides, if there exists an integer m ≥ 1 and a flat line bundle F such that H 0 ( S,-mK ⊗ F ) ≠ 0, then S contains a Global Spherical Shell. We apply this last result to complete classification of bihermitian surfaces.
The regularity of Tor and graded Betti Numbers
Authors: Eisenbud David , Huneke Craig , Ulrich Bernd
Published: May 2006

Let S = K [ x 1 , . . . , x n ], let A, B be finitely generated graded S -modules, and let m = ( x 1 , . . . , x n ) ⊂ S . We give bounds for the regularity of the local cohomology of Tor k (A, B) in terms of the graded Betti numbers of A and B , under the assumption that dim Tor 1 ( A, B ) ≤ 1. We apply the results to syzygies, Gröbner bases, products and powers of ideals, and to the relationship of the Rees and symmetric algebras. For example we show that any homogeneous linearly presented m -primary ideal has some power equal to a power of m ; and if the first [( n - 1)/2] steps of the resolution of I are linear, then I 2 is a power of m .
Two-phase problems for a class of fully nonlinear elliptic operators. Lipschitz free boundaries are C 1,γ
Authors: Ferrari Fausto
Published: May 2006

We prove C 1,γ regularity of Lipschitz free boundaries of two-phase problems for a class of homogeneous fully nonlinear elliptic operators F (D 2 u ( x ), x ) with Hölder dependence on x , containing convex (concave) operators.
Lower bounds for L -functions at the edge of the critical strip
Authors: Gelbart Stephen S. , Lapid Erez M.
Published: May 2006

We prove a coarse lower bound for L -functions of Langlands-Shahidi type of generic cuspidal automorphic representations on the line Re ( s ) = 1. We follow the path suggested by Sarnak using Eisenstein series and the Maass-Selberg relations. The bounds are weaker than what the method of de la Vallée Poussin gives for the standard L -functions of GL n , but are applicable to more general automorphic L -functions. Our Theorem answers in a strong form a conjecture posed by Gelbart and Shahidi [ J. Amer. Math. Soc. 14 (2001)], and sharpens and considerably simplifies the proof of the main result of that paper.
Dispersive estimates for the three-dimensional Schrödinge equation with rough potentials
Authors: Goldberg M.
Published: May 2006

The three-dimensional Schrödinger propogator e itH , H = -Δ + V , is a bounded map from L 1 to L ∞ with norm controlled by | t | -3/2 provided the potential satisfies two conditions: An integrability condition limiting the singularities and decay of V , and a zero-energy spectral condition on H . This is shown by expressing the spectral measure of H in terms of its resolvents and proving a family of L p mapping estimates for the resolvents. Previous results in this direction had required V to satisfy explicit pointwise bounds.
Positivity in equivariant quantum Schubert calculus
Authors: Mihalcea Leonardo Constantin
Published: May 2006

A conjecture of D. Peterson, proved by W. Graham, states that the structure constants of the ( T -)equivariant cohomology of a homogeneous space G/P satisfy a certain positivity property. In this paper we show that this positivity property holds in the more general situation of equivariant quantum cohomology.
Cancellation in additively twisted sums on GL(n)
Authors: Miller Stephen D.
Published: May 2006

In a previous paper with Schmid we considered the regularity of automorphic distributions for GL (2,R), and its connections to other topics in number theory and analysis. In this paper we turn to the higher rank setting, establishing the nontrivial bound Σ n ≤ T a n e 2 π i n α = O ε ( T 3/4+ε ), uniformly in α ∈ R, for a n the coefficients of the L -function of a cusp form on GL (3, Z)\ GL (3,R). We also derive an equivalence (Theorem 7.1) between analogous cancellation statements for cusp forms on GL ( n ,R), and the sizes of certain period integrals. These in turn imply estimates for the second moment of cusp form L -functions.
Fame, Virtue, and Government: Margaret Cavendish on Ethics and Politics
Authors: Boyle Deborah
Published: May 2006

This paper offers an account of Margaret Cavendish's moral and political philosophy. In some respects Cavendish's theoury echoes Hobbes. However, although Cavendish agrees with Hobbes that morality is based on self-interest, she holds that morality derives from our natural desire for public recognition, not the desire for self-preservation. Via the desire for fame, self-love can motivate people to pursue virtue, which, for Cavendish, means establishing and maintaining a good government (in particular, absolute sovereignty). The paper explores how Cavendish thinks such a government can be established and maintained. Cavendish's account of female virtue and its connection with honor and fame is also discussed.
Crisis
Authors: Koselleck Reinhart , Richter Michaela
Published: May 2006

Reinhart Koselleck is among the most original German theorists of history and historiography. His international reputation is due in part to his contributions as theorist and editor of the remarkable lexicon Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe (GG). The GG is an exceptional reference work that goes far towards realizing Koselleck's program and distinctive version of Begriffsgeschichte (the history of concepts, conceptual history). What is presented here is a translation in full of Koselleck's own entry on Krise (crisis). Few articles in the GG demonstrate more successfully Koselleck's theoretical concerns, his method, and innovative use of sources.
Embodying the Mind, Producing the Nation: Philosophy on French Television
Authors: Matheson Tamara Chaplin
Published: May 2006

Following WWII the French state deployed television as an instrument of nation-building. The televising of philosophy, visible in 3500 programs aired between 1951 and 1999, contributed to this project. This article examines forty philosophy shows produced for national broadcast in France during the 1960s. It argues that philosophy's dialogic structure rendered it suited to capitalize on television technology. These shows (featuring Hyppolite, Canguilhem, Ricoeur, Foucault and Badiou) also demonstrate how the state used philosophy to reify an image of national superiority at a time when, under the impress of decolonization and modernization, France's role in the global arena was in question.
Practices of Unmasking: Polyhistors, Correspondence, and the Birth of Dictionaries of Pseudonymity in Seventeenth-Century Germany
Authors: Mulsow Martin
Published: May 2006

Around 1700 collective efforts arose throughout Europe and in Germany in particular to compile dictionaries of anonymous and pseudonymous works. Why this sudden urge to "unmask" the hidden identities of authors? This essay seeks to establish a relationship between these efforts to identify potential heresy and emphasizes the ambivalent aspects of the learned guardians of order as a "police force of learning." It connects the reconstruction of practices of learning with reflections about the development of a critical public sphere and it strives to combine the History of Scholarship with newer research on the establishment of a clandestine underground during the Enlightenment period. At the same time, the subject matter presents itself as relevant for contemporary discussions about anonymity and authorship, as well as pseudonymity, intellectual property, and the protection of privacy.
Introduction: Translation of Reinhart Koselleck's "Krise," in Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe
Authors: Richter Melvin , Richter Michaela
Published: May 2006

Reinhart Koselleck is among the most original German theorists of history and historiography. His international reputation is due in part to his contributions as theorist and editor of the remarkable lexicon Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe (GG). The GG is an exceptional reference work that goes far towards realizing Koselleck's program and distinctive version of Begriffsgeschichte (the history of concepts, conceptual history). What is presented here is a translation in full of Koselleck's own entry on Krise (crisis). Few articles in the GG demonstrate more successfully Koselleck's theoretical concerns, his method, and innovative use of sources.
Funkenstein on the Theological Origins of Historicism: A Critical Note
Authors: Socher Abraham P
Published: May 2006

Response to Samuel Moyn's "Amos Funkenstein on the Theological Origins of Historicism," published in the Journal of the History of Ideas, volume 64 (2003), pages 639-57.
Having an Idea of Matter: A Peircean Refutation of Berkeleyan Immaterialism
Authors: De Waal Cornelis
Published: May 2006

This paper explores Berkeley's denial of matter in the light of criticisms voiced by Charles S. Peirce, who wrote two extensive review essays, one in 1871 and one in 1901, on the Fraser editions of Berkeley's Works. Elaborating upon Peirce's criticisms and utilizing Peirce's semiotics and pragmatism (two doctrines for which Peirce gives partial credit to Berkeley), it is shown that Berkeley's argument against matter is inconclusive, that the hypothesis of matter can be made to fit within Berkeley's thought, and that doing so need not undermine the latter's esse is percipi doctrine.
Poblacion, tenencia de tierra, uso del suelo, y deforestacion en el Parque Nacional Sierra de Lacandon
Authors: Carr David L , Barbieri Alisson F. (Alisson Flavio)
Published: May 2006

Desde los ochenta, se ha reducido dramáticamente la cobertura boscosa del segundo parque nacional más grande de Guatemala: el Parque Nacional Sierra de Lacandón (PNSL). Entre 1993 - 1998, la expansión agrícola y el crecimiento poblacional, fueron menores entre las cooperativas agroforestales en el área de la ruta a Bethel (lado sur del parque), que en las comunidades de tierras invadidas de la ruta a Naranjo (lado norte del parque). Una extensa literatura ha debatido las causas de la deforestación en los trópicos y la incidencia de la tenencia de tierra en la conservación de los bosques tropicales. Los datos de este estudio sugieren que, a nivel regional, la tenencia segura brindada por comunidades cooperativas agroforestales pudiera contribuir a un mayor grado de conservación -tanto para frenar la inmigración como para contener la agricultura extensiva.

Since the 1980s the forest cover of Guatemala's second largest national park, the Sierra de Lacandón, has been dramatically reduced. Between 1993 and 1998 agricultural expansion and population growth were less pronounced among the agro-forestry cooperatives in the Ruta a Bethel region (southern portion of the park) relative to the squatter communities along the Ruta a Naranjo (northern region of the park). A large body of literature has debated the causes of deforestation in the tropics and the affect of land tenure on tropical forest conservation. The data in this study suggest that, at the regional level, secure land titling among agro-forestry cooperative communities can contribute to improved forest conservation, by slowing in-migration and by reducing agricultural extensification.
Paraguay 1975: Thinking Back on the Fieldwork Moment
Authors: Gade Daniel W.
Published: May 2006

Geographical fieldwork in Latin America has generally had as its objective data collection and analysis, but personal observations and predicaments are also a part of the total experience. Three decades after an intensive two-month stint in 1975, I have further analyzed the project undertaken, the country, the government, the state of geographical knowledge, notable changes and human encounters during that time. Commentary about language, Jesuit missions, cities, citrus behavior, and the German connection in ethnic colonies and an enigmatic expatriate scientist, demonstrates how a particular research style makes connections with diverse ideas. Remembrances of fieldwork past open larger thoughts on the geographical imagination, different kinds of interlocutors, permutations in conceptualizing research programs, and the advantages of reporting on the total research and living experience as what we do and who we are as geographers.

El trabajo de campo geográfico en América Latina se ha centrado, por lo general, en la recolección y análisis de datos como resultado final. No obstante, observaciones generales sobre la tierra y aprietos personales constituyen también parte de la experiencia.. Luego de tres décadas y de un período intenso de dos meses de investigación en el Paraguay, en el año 1975, se ha analizado el proyecto emprendido, el país, el gobierno, el estado de conocimientos geográficos, ciertos cambios en el paisaje con el tiempo, y además los encuentros personales durante la estadía. En este informe se destacan aspectos relacionados con la lengua, las misiones jesuíticas, las ciudades, la tendencia de cítricos de naturalisarse, el enlace alemán en colonias étnicas, y con un enigmático científico expatriado. Estos recuerdos del campo paraguayo me han conducido al pensamiento reflexivo sobre la imaginación geográfica, los diferentes tipos de interlocutores, las permutaciones en las conceptualizaciones de los programas de investigación, y la necesidad de reportar sobre la experiencia de trabajo científico y de la vida cotidiana. El conjunto identifica lo que hacemos y lo que somos como geógrafos.
Sacred Sustenance: Maize, Storytelling, and a Maya Sense of Place
Authors: Huff Leah A
Published: May 2006

A sense of place is key to identity, and for Maya agriculturalists of Guatemala, maize is the central cultural object that represents a Maya connection to the land. Stories are ideal tools for communicating a shared identity, and should be considered indispensable to ethnogeographers who wish to understand an indigenous sense of place. This study explores the subject of maize through oral storytelling traditions in order to answer the question of why maize is considered sacred to Maya peoples, how it is representative of a Maya sense of place, and to illustrate the value of stories and storytelling in ethnogeographic literature.

El sentimiento de pertenencia a un lugar es fundamental para el sentido de identidad y, para los agricultores Mayas en Guatemala, el maíz es el símbolo cultural principal que representa su conexión con la tierra. Los cuentos son herramientas ideales para comunicar una identidad compartida; los mismos deberían ser considerados indispensables entre los etnogeógrafos que desean entender el sentimiento del indígena de pertenencia a un lugar. Este estudio explorara el maíz como sujeto en las tradiciones orales para responder a la pregunta del porque el maíz para los mayas es considerado sagrado y, al mismo tiempo, demostrar el valor de los cuentos y de sus relatos en la literatura etnogeográfica.
Artesania, mobility and the crafting of indigenous identities among Purhepechan women in Mexico
Authors: Nelson Lise
Published: May 2006

This article examines the history of women's craft commercialization in the Purhépecha region of Mexico, drawing on women's life stories collected in the community of Cherán. In the late 1960s, in response to deepening economic crisis, women began to periodically leave the community in order to commercialize embroidered linens historically destined for local consumption. This process redrew the spatiality of women's lives, reworking local understandings of femininity and indigeneity. First, women artisans' new mobility created struggles over femininity within the community as they transgressed gendered distinctions between public and private that marked the home as women's proper place. Second, their historically unprecedented and repeated interactions with non-indigenous Mexican society during these early commercialization journeys (experiences that included discrimination and resistance) shifted women's understandings of indigeneity and their community's "place" within Mexican society. Rather than seeing these two dynamics as separate, a Lefebvrian approach to the production and coding of space reveals the layering of racialized and gendered spatialities in the context of capitalist transformation.

Este artículo examina la historia de la comercialización de la artesanía femenina en la región Purhépecha de México. Se trata de una historio de vida basada en entrevistas orales de mujeres de la comunidad de Cherán. A finales de los años sesenta, en respuesta a la profundización de una crisis económica, las mujeres comenzaron a salir de su pueblo para comercializar trabajos de costura que históricamente habían sido destinados al consumo local. Este proceso transformó tanto la espacialidad de la vida de las mujeres como las ideas locales de lo femenino y de lo indígena. Primero, la nueva movilidad de las artesanas generó tensiones sobre la feminidad en la comunidad porque se traspasaban las distinciones entre lo público y lo privado que marcaba la casa como el lugar apropiado para las mujeres. Segundo, las interacciones repetidas y sin precedentes con la sociedad mexicana, no indígena, durante estos viajes de comercio (experiencias que incluían la discriminación y la resistencia) cambiaron la manera cómo las mujeres entendían lo indígena y el lugar de su comunidad dentro de la sociedad mexicana. En vez de analizar estas dinámicas por separado, un enfoque sobre la producción y la codificación del espacio, con base en Henri Lefebvre, revela la estratificación racial y las espacialidades por género dentro del contexto de la transformación capitalista.
Mobilizing Indigenous Video: the Mexican Case
Authors: Smith Laurel C
Published: May 2006

This article introduces the organizational practices and cultural politics that have shaped the emergence of indigenous video production in Mexico. The first section provides an overview of an innovative program of the Instituto Nacional Indigenista that was designed to connect indigenous organizations with video technologies and the skills to use them. Then it traces the way in which key actors gradually relocated this program by establishing an NGO with very similar goals in the southern state of Oaxaca. The next section takes a look at a different but related NGO that is based in both Chiapas and Chicago. It outlines this bi-national NGO's intersections with the Zapatista movement, and indicates how it networks with other allies that are also dedicated to enabling and exhibiting indigenous video productions. The third section considers the challenges of disseminating indigenous videos made in Mexico, and in an effort to remedy such limited distribution, this section also outlines the ways in which university instructors can access and use two particular productions. The article's conclusion argues that indigenous videos are important tools for reworking the production and circulation of authoritative knowledge concerned with indigenous geographies.

Este artículo presenta las prácticas y políticas culturales que han dado forma a la aparición de la producción del video indígena en México. La primera sección provee un bosquejo de un programa innovador del Instituto Indigenista Nacional que fue diseñado para conectar las organizaciones indígenas con tecnologías de video y las habilidades para usarlas. Luego se remonta a la forma en que unos actores claves progresivamente reubicaron este programa a través de establecer una ONG con objetivos similares en el estado de Oaxaca. La próxima sección examina otra ONG, relacionada pero distinta, basada en Chicago y Chiapas y describe cómo esta ONG binacional se relaciona con el movimiento Zapatista, e indica cómo establece conexiones con otras dedicadas a permitir y exhibir las producciones de videos indígenas. La tercera sección considera los desafíos de la diseminación de videos realizados en México y, como esfuerzo de remediar tal distribución limitada, se perfilan las maneras a través de las cuales los profesores universitarios pueden acceder y usar estas dos producciones específicas. El artículo concluye en que los videos indígenas son herramientas importantes para rehacer la producción y circulación del conocimiento autorizado acerca de las geografías indígenas.