bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Black Hills‐Madison Aquifer Origin for Dakota Aquifer Groundwater in Northeastern Nebraska
Authors: Stotler Randy , Harvey F. Edwin , Gosselin David C.
Published: October 2009

Previous studies of the Dakota Aquifer in South Dakota attributed elevated groundwater sulfate concentrations to Madison Aquifer recharge in the Black Hills with subsequent chemical evolution prior to upward migration into the Dakota Aquifer. This study examines the plausibility of a Madison Aquifer origin for groundwater in northeastern Nebraska. Dakota Aquifer water samples were collected for major ion chemistry and isotopic analysis (18O, 2H, 3H, 14C, 13C, 34S, 18O‐SO4, 87Sr, 37Cl). Results show that groundwater beneath the eastern, unconfined portion of the study area is distinctly different from groundwater sampled beneath the western, confined portion. In the east, groundwater is calcium‐bicarbonate type, with δ18O values (−9.6 to −12.4) similar to local, modern precipitation (−7.4 to −10), and tritium values reflecting modern recharge. In the west, groundwater is calcium‐sulfate type, having depleted δ18O values (−16 to −18) relative to local, modern precipitation, and 14C ages 32,000 to more than 47,000 years before present. Sulfate, δ18O, δ2H, δ34S, and δ18O‐SO4 concentrations are similar to those found in Madison Aquifer groundwater in South Dakota. Thus, it is proposed that Madison Aquifer source water is also present within the Dakota Aquifer beneath northeastern Nebraska. A simple Darcy equation estimate of groundwater velocities and travel times using reported physical parameters from the Madison and Dakota Aquifers suggests such a migration is plausible. However, discrepancies between 14C and Darcy age estimates indicate that 14C ages may not accurately reflect aquifer residence time, due to mixtures of varying aged water.
LOOKING TO THE LIVING WITH EDUCATION IN THE COMMUNITY
Authors: BOATMAN RALPH H.
Published: October 2009

Today, as never before, the need for an intensified and intelligent health education program in the battle against tuberculosis is being felt. We are confronted with complacency because people are aware of the declining tuberculosis mortality rates but they do not know about the number of new cases that are being found; they do not understand the relationship of tuberculosis to socioeconomic conditions and other factors which affect the standards of living of communities. They read about the curative power of “wonder drugs;” of tuberculosis patients dancing in the wards. They read feature stories about the closing of prominent private sanatoria and presume that there no longer is need for beds for tuberculosis patients; and they are beginning to read about out‐patient clinic services and a reduction of the time spent by patients in sanatoria. The tuberculosis picture is changing and we need to keep the public acquainted with the developments which affect this major public health problem.
PALO ALTO'S SCHOOL DENTAL HEALTH PROGRAM
Authors: Hannah E. Pearl
Published: October 2009

Basic Problems Relating to Public Understanding
RESEARCH OF INTEREST
Authors: Staton Wesley M.
Published: October 2009

Abstracts of selected research and reviews of research in school health education, health services and guidance, healthful school living, and health science…
RESEARCH OF INTEREST
Authors: Peterson Louis J. , Whaley Russell F.
Published: October 2009

Ricks, David F. and Wessman, Alden E.

Wright, Derek. “What is Friendship?”

Culliton, Barbara J. “Pot Facing Stringent Scientific Examination,”

Massett, Lawrence. “Marijuana and Behavior: the Unfilled Gaps,”

Feinstein, Sherman C. “Training Issues in Adolescent Psychiatry,”
SCOLIOSIS SCREENING
Authors: Weiler David R.
Published: October 2009

This study, based on observation of 8,096 school children, presents the procedures and results of a scoliosis screening program.
Research of Interest
Authors: Shibuya Ruth R.
Published: October 2009

Kurtines W, Hogan R: Personality dynamics of heroin use.

Gulanick N, Weedburn LT, Rimm DC: Weight gain through self‐control procedures.

Aragona J, Cassady J, Drabman RS: Treating overweight children through parental training and contingency contracting.
Multivariate Statistical Methods—A Means To Improve Research In Health Education
Authors: O'Rourke Thomas W. , Allegrante John P.
Published: October 2009

This paper was presented before the Research Council Scientific Forum at the 50th annual convention of the American School Health Association, New Orleans, Louisiana, October 7, 1976, and is dedicated to the memory of the late Cyrus and Barbara Mayshark who were both killed accidentally on July 24, 1976. Cyrus Mayshark was formerly Professor of Health Education and Dean of the College of Applied Life Studies at the University of Illinois.
An Instrument for the Recording of Student Health Complaints
Authors: Rice D. Michael
Published: October 2009

This study described the development and uses of an instrument for the systematic collection of student health complaints in school. A booklet was prepared listing all student's names for one rural elementary school. A code to indicate date, class period, complaint, and outcome was utilized for collecting data. After a 2.5 month trial period, data were analyzed. The findings revealed 418 visits to the school health room — range of visits by classroom was 3 to 71 — most visits were for stomach ache or physical injury — one classroom accounted for 16% of all visits — fourth and sixth grades had a significantly larger number of visits than grades three, five, and seven.
Children of Alcoholic Parents: A Neglected Issue
Authors: Triplett June L. , Arneson Sara W.
Published: October 2009

Little attention has been focused on the children of alcoholic families, and the few studies that have been conducted indicate that these children are at grave risk for developing long‐lasting psychosocial and educational problems. Their self‐esteem suffers as a result of constant conflict, inconsistency, and role confusion in the home, and it is also known that academic performance and the ability to develop positive peer relationships are also greatly affected. In an effort to determine the scope of this problem, 51 Iowa school nurses attending an Annual School Nurse Conference were queried about: a) their awareness of the problem, b) who should be responsible for intervening with these children, and c) what the role of the school nurse is in working with these youngsters. Based on their responses as well as findings in the literature, suggestions regarding appropriate nursing interventions are offered.
Sixth Graders Can Take Blood Pressures
Authors: Johnson Edgar N. , Stark Ruth
Published: October 2009

A curriculum guide entitled “Heart Health Curriculum Guide” was developed with and by teachers in Pea‐body Public Schools under a Massachusetts Public Health grant to the American Heart Association. The 67‐page manual describes the format of the 12‐hour teacher workshop, background physiology of heart/ circulatory system, hypertension risk factors, a set of 20 lessons, and evaluating procedures. (Copies may be obtained for $3.00 by writing the corresponding author.) As a result of teaching this unit, sixth grade students in each school ran a Blood Pressure Screening Clinic for their parents and school staff.
Laetrile — An Overview
Authors: Price James H. , Price Joy A.
Published: October 2009

The original theory in the 1920s on the mode of action of Laetrile is described along with the research that followed in light of this theory. For over 40 years, studies were conducted, using test animals, in an attempt to substantiate the theory. All of these studies have shown Laetrile does not preferentially kill cancer cells. In spite of these studies, the misconception persists that Laetrile prevents and cures cancer. The legal and socioeconomic implications of Laetrile are examined and the role of health education in combating this problem is explored.
Child Abuse Prevention —Implementation Within the Curriculum
Authors: Riggs Richard S. , Evans Dale W.
Published: October 2009

The number of reported cases of child abuse and neglect is increasing. Most educators are aware of the problem; however, awareness alone has minimal impact on prevention. Specific planning is needed, and this article explores various avenues for including child abuse education as a part of the regular school curriculum. The ultimate goal is to develop educational strategies as one means of preventing abuse when school children grow to adulthood and become parents.
Health Education for the Preadolescent: Basic First Aid
Authors: Parker Mary C.
Published: October 2009

Accidents are the leading cause of death and disability in the preadolescent age group. For this population, the State of California now recommends specific accident and emergency health education. This article discusses the American Red Cross' self‐paced Basic First Aid course which can meet the needs of the student as suggested and integrate the student‐teacher‐nurse in a health education experience profitable for all.
Height/Weight Disproportion in Elementary School Children
Authors: Humphrey Patricia
Published: October 2009

This paper discusses the importance of studying physical growth patterns in children and presents the results of a survey of height and weight measurements collected on 1,953 children ages 5–11 from 12 schools in a city in the southeastern United States. Approximately 40% of the sample children had height/weight disproportion. Twenty‐seven percent of the sample children weighed more than normal for their height. Physical and psychological consequences of childhood obesity are discussed as a basis for intervention with children. The investigators believe that the problems of elevated weight in childhood merits a great deal more study so that groups at risk can be predicted and more effective treatment programs developed. For persons who are overweight, control of weight requires a change in behavior which is essentially an educational process; therefore, it would appear appropriate to have such programs placed within the school setting.
Prenatal Care for Pregnant Adolescents in a Public High School
Authors: Berg Marjorie , Taylor Barbara , Edwards Laura E. , Hakanson Erick Y.
Published: October 2009

Two groups of pregnant adolescents enrolled in the St. Paul, Minnesota Maternal and Infant Care Project were involved in this study. A retrospective analysis of obstetrical summary sheets of delivered pregnant adolescents was conducted to demonstrate the relationship of the availability of a comprehensive, interdisciplinary program of prenatal care in a regular public school setting to the achievement of early and continuous prenatal care and to the minimizing of obstetrical complications of the pregnant adolescents who were students in the school. A total sample of 36 students who received prenatal care in the school clinic (study group) from 1973 to 1976 was compared with a random sample of 36 adolescent patients (matched for race) who received care at a non‐school clinic (comparison group). The data demonstrated that the study group initiated care earlier and had more total prenatal visits than did the comparison group. Also demonstrated were fewer obstetrical complications in the study group than in the comparison group. The comparison group had more low birth weight infants and more complicated deliveries than did the study group. Therefore, the results of this study support the initial objective and may have significance for educators and health personnel.
Self‐Responsibility in Health Care/Promotion: Motivational Factors
Authors: Alderman M. Kay
Published: October 2009

This paper explores motivational factors at play in self‐responsibility in health care and promotion. If people do not take responsibility for their health status, is it because they can not or will not? “Can” refers to the ability or skill to do something, while “will” refers to intention and effort. Each of these factors are analyzed in terms of their role as a cause of behavior in self‐responsibility for the health status. Educational intervention to motivate self‐responsibility is suggested as well as empirical research in how people attribute health outcomes.
Support Services in the School Setting: the Nursing Model
Authors: Steenson Clydia B. , Sullivan Allen R.
Published: October 2009

The multiple components of the school‐based services for the handicapped are collapsed into a support service/instructional intent matrix which gives visual expression to new dimensions in school health services. Student needs for care and coping skills are addressed by a network of professional joint‐practice arrangements built into a nursing service delivery model. A challenge is made to providers for a reciprocal relationship, to improve professional preparedness and thus promote access, excellence and equity in programs for the handicapped.
Psychosocial Assessment of the Handicapped
Authors: Johnson John L.
Published: October 2009

Assessment of the child with a handicap is in a state of flux due to new constraints regarding the use of tests which label and shunt children into restrictive environments. The process of identifying and assessing youngsters is a time‐consuming and costly process, particulary when what we call “standard practices” are employed. The present flux may, in fact, permit a careful re‐evaluation of the role of individualized assessment resulting in positive changes.

The trend of the future suggests a shift to a more comprehensive framework for assessment, one that takes into account the behavior of the environment and its influences upon the individual. Assessors will have to be trained to understand and use these methods, particularly as they contribute to the development of educationally relevant data and more appropriate educational programs for handicapped youngsters. Health workers have an important role to play in this shift, for many of them will recognize that, because of economic and practical constraints, a public health orientation may be important and necessary as we seek to provide a free, publicly supported education to all handicapped children and youth.
Adapted Physical Education ‐ Perspective on Systematic Implementation
Authors: Duke Kenneth W. , Sherrill Claudine
Published: October 2009

Much has been written concerning special education legislation and resulting efforts to initiate appropriate educational programs within established guidelines. One of the specific curriculum areas which has been significantly affected is physical education. This article attempts to clarify the new perspective in which physical education is viewed within the educational process of the handicapped child. The role which health‐related personnel can play in that process is concurrently discussed.
Family Life Education for the Handicapped
Authors: Craig Sol Gordon , Snyder W.
Published: October 2009

Only a small percentage of America's handicapped population presently receives adequate instruction in family life education. The development of healthy attitudes and a positive self‐concept are enhanced by education in sexuality with openness toward this sensitive area. Parents are the primary sex educators of their children, with schools, religious groups and various community agencies playing a supplementary role. In not educating handicapped individuals, society further burdens them with additional insecurities and feelings of inadequacy. People who are exposed to family life education programs tend to act more responsibly in their personal relationships and feel better about themselves.
Financial and Administrative Considerations
Authors: Schipper William
Published: October 2009

The following is a discussion of some of the major achievements and problems in the implementation of PL 94–142 nationally. Existing and projected financial and administrative problems are raised, including a discussion of some of the confusion which has evolved in the provision of related services. The paper concludes with a presentation of decision‐making guidelines regarding related services which may be useful to local educators in the IEP development process.
Adolescent Suicide and the Classroom Teacher
Authors: McKenry Patrick C. , Tishler Carl L. , Christman Karen L.
Published: October 2009

Adolescent suicide is a phenomenon of epidemic proportions, constituting the third leading cause of death in this age group. Various theories of suicide are reviewed and the attention to family variables discussed. These theoretical models indicate the multi‐disciplinary nature of the problem — that is, that adolescent suicide requires a medical, psychological, social and educational approach to the problem. Since school plays a major role in the lives of adolescents, it offers an avenue of approach to adolescent suicide. A list of behavioral changes indicative of emotional distress is provided for teachers for use in identification and referral. Teachers should also serve an educational function. Discussion of suicide dispels myths and modifies the likelihood of an attempt. Several suggestions concerning how school personnel may intervene are provided.
EDUCATION FOR AGING
Authors: McPherson‐Turner Cherry
Published: October 2009

The increasing proportion of older adults within the population has two major implications for health education. First, provision of factual information relating to increasing longevity at optimal levels of wellness is likely to produce a new generation of older adults able to enjoy an improved quality of life during the later years. Second, self‐esteem and positive emotional health can be enhanced through programs emphasizing positive attitudes regarding this stage of the life development cycle. Basic concepts and generalizations related to aging are presented to illustrate how aging content can be integrated within existing health curricula. As each of us ultimately must develop a successful pattern of aging to enjoy older adulthod, the provision of a clearer understanding of the aging process is a responsibility that must be addressed within the arena of the schools.
Introducing Nutrition Education
Authors: Mangham Donna Burnett , Vickery Connie E.
Published: October 2009

Nutrition education was introduced to three levels of junior high students in two local schools using a variety of methods and media. Instruction was preceded by a comprehensive examination to assess the present state of nutrition knowledge, and a similar examination followed the short‐term series. Although no attempt was made to measure the behavior‐determining effect of this instruction, an increase in knowledge was determined to be statistically significant.
An Educational Imperative: Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Anti‐Smoking Program
Authors: Williamson John A. , Campbell Lloyd P.
Published: October 2009

A two‐year follow‐up study conducted by the authors reveals that, unless public school students are in a health education program that is part of a spiral curriculum that builds upon and reinforces those anti‐smoking concepts learned earlier, students are apt to regress in both attitudes toward and knowledge of the dangers of smoking.
Taking the Disaster out of Disease Education
Authors: Harbet Shelia C. , Glogower Debi
Published: October 2009

Information acquisition in the classroom can be both educational and enjoyable. The authors provide an opportunity for classroom teachers to present materials on disease education utilizing a variety of learning experiences.
Profile Report: ASHA Member Survey
Authors: Weinberg Armin D. , Baldl Susan , O'Rourke Thomas
Published: October 2009

Members of the Survey Sub‐committee of the Task Force on Continuing Education and Program Evaluation
PROFILE: Pregnant Teens Who Choose Childbirth
Authors: Ulvedal Susan K. , Feeg Veronica D.
Published: October 2009

The Family Center is an alternative educational program available by choice to pregnant teen‐agers enrolled in Arlington County, VA schools. Students enter the program at various stages of pregnancy and remain until six weeks after delivery. Data from these students were collected for two academic years from clinical interviews in order to describe several characteristics of these pupils with multiple health care needs.
Parental Expectations of School Health Services
Authors: Winkelman Theresa A. , McKaig Charlene
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Parents, as consumers of health care for their children, have the opportunity to incorporate available school health services as part of their child's total health care. This study investigated whether parental expectations of school health services supported the role of health services in the school as part of a total health care delivery system. It also sought to establish differences in the level of parental expectations of school health services as they relate to family size, parental structure in the home, method of family medical payment and current mode of health care management. A three‐part questionnaire was developed to elicit data about parental expectations of school health, family characteristics and current choice of health care. Data analysis showed that parents do expect and accept school health services to be a part of their child's total health care management. No significant relationship was found between parental expectations and family demographic factors or if the child's current health management was maintenance‐oriented or crisis‐oriented. The study suggests that opportunities for parental input into school health programming should be provided. Positive perceptions of school health services may be incorporated into program advocacy in the event of political and financial threats.
Implementing an Industrial Hearing Conservation Program in the Schools
Authors: Roeser Ross J. , Coleman Trudy , Adams Richard M.
Published: October 2009

The harmful effects of exposure to high noise levels have been well‐documented and include auditory and non‐auditory factors. The most notable auditory effect is permanent loss of hearing, many times accompanied by the constant perception of a ringing‐type noise in the ears (tinnitus). Despite this, there has been insufficient attention given to the hazardous effects of noise in the school health education curriculum. The industrial arts program is one area that deserves special attention because of the noise levels that teachers and students are exposed to in the classroom and the assumed future exposure that students will experience in their recreational and work experiences. This report describes a hearing conservation program implemented in the Industrial Arts Program in the Dallas Independent School District that attempts to provide: 1) protection for students and teachers using equipment that produces excessive, damaging noise; and 2) information to students on the hazardous effects of noise, so they will understand the consequences of not protecting their ears when exposed to excessive noise and the available means to protect their hearing. As the cost of the program was minimal, other school districts could implement similar programs with little additional resources and effort.
Project HITE (Health Individualization and Teacher Education): A Health Curriculum for 3‐, 4‐ and 5‐year olds
Authors: Davis Anita Price
Published: October 2009

South Carolina has been a national leader in such health problems as cardiovascular disease, syphillis and gonorrhea. Since many of the problems could be attributed to poor health habits, education of the state's residents seemed in order.

The education/re‐education of inaccessible adults with firmly established health habits — poor or otherwise — was not feasible, but the education of impressionable, readily accessible three‐, four‐ and five‐year olds was possible.

Through a grant from the federal government, an individualized health curriculum that could accommodate the differences of the learners and include vital health content was developed. This project of developing and distributing the health curriculum to teachers of young children was called Project HITE (Health Individualization and Teacher Education).
The Art of Health
Authors: Corbin David E.
Published: October 2009

There is a general trend in education today to stress “the basics,” — often defined as reading, writing and arithmetic. Health‐related professionals have made a valid case that health may be more “basic” than any of these areas. And professionals in the arts have good historical evidence that art, dance and music are “basic” to human existence. Too often the different disciplines are pitted against one another to compete for money and prestige. The intent of this paper is to show how two “basics” can be used in an interdisciplinary approach to help teach children. Using art to teach about health can be an effective and interesting way to promote health discussions.
Evolution of the National Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Strategy: Establishing a Role for the Schools
Authors: Iverson Donald C. , Kolbe Lloyd J.
Published: October 2009

The history and evolution, during the past decade, of the national disease prevention and health promotion strategy is recounted, culminating with a description of the national prevention objectives. Objectives that directly could be attained by: (1) school health education; (2) school health services; (3) efforts to ensure healthy school environments; and (4) school physical education programs are delineated, as are objectives that could be influenced in important ways by school health programs. The nation's schools could contribute significantly and measurably toward improving the health of all Americans, if school health professionals, individually as well as within their various organizations, could seize and create opportunities to work with other health and educational professionals, and the public, to impel and enable schools to attain relevant national prevention objectives.
A Survey of Physician Consultations in an Urban School District
Authors: Boyce W. Thomas , Sprunger Lewis W. , Duncan Burris , Sobolewski Sue
Published: October 2009

A survey of physician encounters was conducted in a large, urban school district following the institution of consultative, rather than full‐time, school physician services. Review of the encounter data over a six‐month period revealed that: (a) the majority of consultations related to the problems of individual children; (b) there was a high prevalence of behavioral and psychosocial issues among the problems addressed; and (c) physicians were prominently involved in cross‐disciplinary interactions. The survey provides an analysis of physician utilization under an emerging model of school health services in which physicians serve as consultant members of a medical and educational team.
Cost‐benefit Analysis of a School Health Education Program: One Method
Authors: Wylie Wayne E.
Published: October 2009

Health education professionals within the school setting must respond to the increasing challenge of satisfying the popular question of program accountability. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a method by which school health education programs can be evaluated in cost‐benefit terms. The methodology presented utilizes a cost‐effective model that has been altered so that monetary values can be assigned to health outcomes or benefits. The procedure is demonstrated to show that school health education programs can be shown to have a positive cost‐benefit ratio. The model can be used in any school health setting.
Project “Hypertension Alert”
Authors: Sailors Emma Lou
Published: October 2009

“Hypertension Alert”, a 1979–80 blood pressure screening‐awareness project of the Yonkers Public Schools, used health aides to work with students and school personnel to determine the blood pressure of 5,399 elementary, middle and high school pupils in 52 public and parochial schools. Using a cutoff of 130/85 mm Hg, 140 students with higher initial readings were followed up by school nurses and nurse teachers. Of these, 36 were referred to their private care providers.

“Hypertension Alert” was received warmly in the schools. Many students appeared to acquire “blood pressure consciousness”. A carry‐over benefit in 1980–81 and 1981–82 has been the greatly increased use of sphygmomanometry in individual school health office programs.
Gifted Children Benefit from Health Classes Accelerated to Their Needs
Authors: Banks Mary Ellen
Published: October 2009

Health education is an optimal route for informing individuals and groups about their bodies and preserving and protecting health. Gifted children have the same health needs regarding health as all children, but because of their accelerated intellectual abilities, their need for information may out‐distance those of peers. This article reflects the experience of a nurse‐educator who taught a special summer health course to a group of academically talented fourth and fifth graders. The children chose this class on their own and were enthusiastic with “hands‐on” experiences of human functioning. Not only were these youngsters a challenge to work with, but their ability to master concepts quickly made the course a truly dynamic learning experience.
School Health: A National Policy Issue In The Soviet Union
Authors: Stone Elaine J.
Published: October 2009

In the Soviet Union school health services are provided as an integral part of the health care delivery system, which is under the Ministry of Health. This paper presents an overview of the Soviet health care delivery system, the model for the delivery of school health services, the role and training of school personnel involved in school health services and implications the Soviet model may have for other countries.
Stepfamilies: A Concern Health Education Should Address
Authors: Gray Bryan J. , “Rusty” Pippin Grover D.
Published: October 2009

In this country there are more than 1 million children who find themselves in a stepfamily situation. Coping with the changes involved can be a difficult process. Health educators need to recognize the fact that many children are in this situation. Through the subunits included in the family life unit, young people can be taught how to deal with the issues involved. In so doing, health education will be addressing another major family life problem in our society.
Employment Trends of School Personnel and Staff 1980–1990
Authors: Frels Lois
Published: October 2009

The American School Health Association's School Nurse Study Committee and the National Association of State School Nurse Consultants requested that a study be conducted to identify future employment trends for school nurses and how these trends compare with employment trends for other personnel employed in the school districts. School districts were asked for numbers of personnel employed in 1980, 1981, and 1982, and to project their intention to increase, decrease, or maintain the same number of personnel until 1990. The results of the study indicated that the profession showing the greatest decrease is the classroom teacher and that school nurses were not identified to have a greater decrease in employment than other professionals.
An Empirical Test of a Cognitive Social Learning Model for Stress Moderation with Junior High School Students
Authors: Price James H. , Jurs Stephen G. , Jurs Jan , Rhonehouse Michael , Isham Karen A.
Published: October 2009

A cognitive social learning model for stress moderation with junior high school students is described. Portions of the model were tested using 531 seventh and eighth grade students. Higher stress levels were found for younger students, white students, females, and those with more upsetting life events. The stress levels did not appear to be moderated by health locus of control, Type A personality, or knowledge about stress. Further research is needed to test additional components of the model.
Staying Alive: A Mini‐unit on Child Molestation Prevention for Elementary School Children
Authors: McNab Warren L.
Published: October 2009

This article describes a mini‐unit to help teachers prevent molestation of elementary school children. The major emphasis of the unit is on safety and survival skills that young people can use to help them in “Staying Alive.” Child molestation is defined, methods of coercion are described, and survival tips and relevant learning activities related to prevention are suggested. The mini‐unit is an example of what elementary school teachers, in cooperation with the school nurse, can do to incorporate survival skills to prevent child molestation into the elementary school classroom.
Message Source Credibility in Drug Education
Authors: Bailey William J.
Published: October 2009

A questionnaire was administered to 1,734 university students and 381 high school students enrolled in drug education programs, surveying student opinions about the credibility of various proposed message sources. Five sets of proposed message sources were presented to each subject; each set consisted of one proposed source category that did not require a college education, one source that required a baccalaureate degree, and one that was a doctoral‐level, university‐trained professional with relevant experience. “Doctoral‐level, university‐trained professionals with relevant experience” was found to be the message source deemed most credible by both groups of students.
Design of the School Health Education Evaluation
Authors: Gunn Walter J. , Iverson Donald C. , Katz Martha
Published: October 2009

The Center for Health Promotion and Education, Centers for Disease Control, and the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Dept. of Health and Human Services, contracted with Abt Associates, Inc., to evaluate the School Health Curriculum Project as compared with three other approaches to school health education. Background on the reasons for initiating this project, a summary of the original design, and highlights of the main features of the actual implementation of the School Health Education Evaluation (SHEE) are detailed.
Factors Associated with Adolescent Participation in a Cardiovascular Risk Factor Assessment Program
Authors: Parker Frank C. , Croft Janet B. , Supik Josie D. , Webber Larry S. , Hunter Saundra MacD , Berenson Gerald S.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: A Student Attitude Survey was administered to high school seniors to determine attitudinal and behavioral factors associated with participation in a longitudinal cardiovascular risk factor screening program. Health beliefs, altitudes, and practices were assessed as were altruism, social skills, self‐concept, conformity, and academic class standing. Male participants showed higher self‐concept scores than non participants. Black participants were younger than black nonparticipants and black participants also showed greater perceived control over their health and more optimistic appraisals of the worth of medical research and practice. White male participants tended to be more likely to reamin home from school or to see a doctor when ill. These obervations suggest that attitudinal and behavioral factors related to participation in a health‐related program can be assessed in childhood.
Health Problems and Sexual Activity of Selected Inner City, Middle School Students
Authors: Smith Peggy B. , Nenney Susan W. , McGill Laurilynn
Published: October 2009

Physical examinations were performed and health and sexual histories were taken on 496 12–14‐year‐old, inner city, middle school students participating in extracurricular activities. Health problems were identified in 9.5% of students. Twenty‐one percent of a subgroup of 276 students reported sexual activity; males were three times as likely as females to report intercourse. More than one‐half of a smaller subgroup named their parents as their primary source of information on sex. The value of the screening exam is discussed, and suggestions are offered on the content of preventive health and sex education curricula for this age group.
Self‐efficacy and Health Education
Authors: Lawrance Lyn , McLeroy Kenneth R.
Published: October 2009

Bandura's theory of self‐efficacy has been applied in many areas of health education including smoking cessation, pain control, eating problems, cardiac rehabilitation, and adherence to regimens. Consequently, self‐efficacy has emerged as an important concept with which health educators should be familiar. Self‐efficacy refers to one's belief in the ability to do a specific behavior. Self‐efficacy is a principle connection between knowledge and action since the belief that one can do a behavior usually occurs before one actually attempts the behavior. Self‐efficacy also affects the choice of behavior, settings in which behaviors are performed, and the amount of effort and persistence to be spent on performance of a specific task. This article will examine self‐efficacy theory, describe sources of self‐efficacy, and present applications of self‐efficacy theory.
Cardiovascular Health Knowledge of Children and School Personnel in Louisiana Public Schools
Authors: Oaks Judy , Warren Barbara , Harsha David
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Questionnaires describing educational and administrative practices and cardiovascular health knowledge tests for fourth, sixth, and 12th grade students, teachers, and principals were used to evaluate cardiovascular health knowledge in a carefully matched, representative sample in Louisiana public schools. Data indicated cardiovascular health knowledge of both professionals and students was low, with several correlations between knowledge and educational or administrative practices. Recommendations for improvements in school health education programs are offered.
Impressions from a Soviet‐American Educational Tour
Authors: Desrosiers Muriel C.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: During summer 1986, the author served as education leader for a professional tour of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. In this article, she recounts the group's experiences including a description of a polyclinic near Moscow and a sanatorium for children with rheumatic fever at Sochi. She shares her impressions of Soviet education and medicine from the perspective of a child health professional.
Healthful School Living: Environmental Health in the School
Authors: Rowe Daryl E.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The author defines environmental health as it relates to schools, and identifies site, chemical, biological, and physical environmental health hazards. Recommendations and precautions to help achieve optimal health, safety, and comfort are presented. Resources from which personnel can get assistance to help improve the environmental health of their schools are noted.
Physical Education and its Role in School Health Promotion
Authors: Pate Russell R. , Corbin Charles B. , Simons‐Morton Bruce G. , Ross James G.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: In this article, the authors promote the concept of health‐oriented physical education, discuss professional standards, examine the current status of physical education programs, and discuss trends affecting physical education. Recommendations to make physical education more effective are provided.
School Nurses' Perceptions of Childhood Obesity
Authors: Price James H. , Desmond Sharon M. , Ruppert Elizabeth S. , Stelzer Cathleen M.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: A random sample of250 nurses from the American School Health Association membership were sent a questionnaire concerning childhood obesity; 88% responded. Most (85%) believed normal weight was important to children's health and that school nurses should be role models by maintaining normal weight (77%). Most also believed counseling children and their parents about weight loss was difficult (71%) and that schools need to do more to alleviate childhood obesity (65%). At least 75% believed all schools should offer a comprehensive health curriculum with units on nutrition and weight control. Likewise, all schools should eliminate “junk food” machines and make special low‐calorie lunches available. Only 25% felt competent to prescribe weight loss programs for children, and only 30% found counseling about weight loss professionally gratifying. One‐fourth believed, that with proper guidance, children could lose significant amounts of weight or maintain that weight loss. The nurses believed in the importance of normal weight, but appeared skeptical of children's abilities to lose weight as well as their own abilities to provide children with guidance to do so. Finally, they perceived a need for schools to be more active and involved in dealing with childhood obesity.
A Three‐year Study of Obesity and its Relationship to High Blood Pressure in Adolescents
Authors: Adeyanju Matthew , Creswell William H. , Stone Donald B. , Macrina David M.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: A sample of 356 matched cases were tracked for three years during high school. Measures taken included self‐reported behavior and clinical measures of height, weight, skinfold, blood pressure, and body mass index. Data were analyzed by ethnic group, age, and sex groups. Three year (1981–1982 to 1984–1985) trends for students who were overfat, overweight, and obese revealed: a relatively greater proportion of female to male students were overfat as seniors; overweight trends for each of the four groups (ethnic group and gender) were stable over the study period; a sharp increase of obesity trends among black females was observed; and significant positive relationships existed between Percent Ideal Body Weight, skinfold thickness. Body Mass Index, and blood pressure among females of both ethnic groups. The hypothesis that the early onset of obesity is an indicator of obesity in older adolescents was supported. Students classified at risk as freshmen are more likely to remain at risk as seniors.
Promoting Child Health in a Smoke‐Free School: Suggestions for School Health Personnel
Authors: Olds R. Scott
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Health effects of involuntary smoking on school‐age children are outlined and suggestions are offered for schools to become smoke‐free environments for students, faculty, and staff. Suggestions are offered for developing and implementing strategies for smoke‐free schools. A data base exists to support health reasons for eliminating smoking in schools, but it is necessary to build on this information to convince school personnel that smoking in schools offers no positive returns and should be eliminated. School health personnel are encouraged to lead the campaign.
Applicability of the Parcel‐Meyer Children's Health Locus of Control Scale
Authors: Hearne Jill , Klockars Alan J.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Locus of control has emerged as an important outcome variable in many health education programs. This study evaluated one instrument designed to measure this construct. Responses to the Parcel‐Meyer Children's Health Locus of Control Scale from two groups of sixth grade students were collected to consider fit of the items to the underlying theoretical model and invariance of the finding from different populations. Factor structures from the two groups did not match one another or Levenson's model. Several items did not have any major loadings. Lack of fit and variance of the results is discussed in terms of the items being inappropriate for this age group, since seven and nine of the 20 items had almost no item variance with 90% or more of students responding with the internal answer. Revision of the scale is recommended.
A Pilot Study on Cholesterol Screening in the School Environment
Authors: Weinberg Armin D. , Trost Rosanne , Chamberlain Robert M. , Hartman‐Stroup Christine
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: A newly‐developed analyzer measures total cholesterol from a single drop of blood and gives results within minutes. This procedure has made mass cholesterol screening inexpensive and less invasive than methods requiring a venipuncture blood sample, and it offers the opportunity for on‐the‐spot counseling and referral. In a pilot study, 610 high school students in the Victoria (Tex.) School District were screened for elevated cholesterol. Eighteen percent were found to have cholesterol levels above 180 mg/dl. Mean cholesterol values were higher for females than males, and higher for blacks and Hispanics than whites. Follow‐up questionnaires indicated students and their parents understood the basic relationship between cholesterol and cardiovascular disease and how to modify their diet to reduce cholesterol intake. Telephone contact with parents of students with elevated cholesterol showed only about 27% of students with elevated cholesterol had visited a physician subsequent to the cholesterol testing.
Factors Affecting Reliability Coefficients of Health Attitude Scales
Authors: Torabi Mohammad R.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study determined the minimum number of health attitude items and minimum sample size required to achieve maximum scale reliability coefficients, using different methods of estimating reliability. A 54‐item alcohol attitude scale was administered to 700 participants. The scale produced .96 and .91 reliability coefficients, using the Cronbach Alpha (CA) and the Split‐half (S‐B) methods, respectively. A computer program randomly selected groups of participants and items from the pool of participants and items using different increments. A matrix of coefficients of reliability for both methods was calculated for different groups of items and sample size. To replicate the study, a 30‐item cancer attitude scale was administered to more than 1,000 representative participants and produced reliability coefficients of .94 (using CA) and .82 (using S‐B). The same computer and statistical procedures were repeated for the second data set. Results from both analyses consistently demonstrated that sample size has an insignificant effect on the coefficient values of reliability. Reliability increased as the number of items reached 18. Adding more items only negligibly increased the coefficients. Overall, the CA method consistently produced higher coefficient values of reliability compared to the S‐B method.
Cross‐cultural Health Education: A Pedagogical Challenge
Authors: Airhihenbuwa Collins O. , Pineiro Odette
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Multicultural education is a necessary ingredient for promoting cultural diversity in the U.S. educational system. School health curricula should incorporate instruction about health problems among ethnic minorities. If we are to educate youth for what we want the future of society to be, educators must encourage and promote diversity. In school health curricula, diversity is critical to adequately promote health for all.
Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention in Wisconsin Public Schools
Authors: Fredisdorf Mark
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This survey assessed the status of Wisconsin public school district programs designed to prevent alcohol and other drug related problems among students. The assessment involved surveying prevention program directors of 102 school districts that received grants for prevention initiatives since 1981. Most districts (70%) implemented programs at the elementary, middle, and senior high school levels. Typical program strategies involved combining information dissemination with refusal skill and self‐concept development. School programs predominantly were school‐based and did not systematically involve community members or agencies. The greatest obstacles to providing effective prevention services include high rates of alcohol and other drug use in homes and communities, denial of alcohol and other drug related problems among students, parents, and community members, and lack of staff time for prevention activities. Project directors indicated a need for schools to initiate greater involvement of parents, nonschool alcohol and drug abuse prevention agencies, and other community organizations in school efforts.