bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of the shadow banking system in Zimbabwe: A blessing from the shadows?
Authors: Mutize Misheck , Mugobo Virimai Victor
Published: December 2016

The rising of shadow banking institutions in Zimbabwe has been very quick for formal banking institutions and regulators to strategise against the threats that came with their development. This study applied qualitative data analysis and find that, the growth of a shadow banking system was market driven. Lack of confidence and financial innovation on the mainstream banking system to structure financial products that improve intermediation gave space for shadow banking growth. In response to this development, the researcher recommended that regulatory focus should be on the functions of shadow banks rather than institutions; this will be more inclusive and efficient in avoiding innovative creation of new entities that perform the same shadow banking functions. Also, the Zimbabwean formal banking system should be innovative in-line with the development of the international banking models
Impact of banking institutions on national economy an empirical study of time series analysis in Pakistan
Authors: Badar Nouman , Badar Munib
Published: December 2016

This paper examines the long and short term relationship of financial sector development on economic growth of Pakistan where development of financial sector is detected by the variables truly depicts the efficiency of financial sector i.e. Money Supply, size of Advances, Private sector Credit growth and Bank’s equity with economic growth which is pronounced by Gross Domestic Product in this study. Data of almost 22 years ranges from 1992 to 2013 of overall banking industry is taken to obtain results by employing Johnson and Jusellious co integration technique to detect long run association while Granger Casualty test is used to determine cause and effect relationship and to measure short term dynamics Vector Error correction model is used. The result shows that both long and short run relationship exists between growth of financial sector and economy of Pakistan.
Is the market size hypothesis relevant for Botswana? Vector error correction framework
Authors: Tsaurai Kunofiwa
Published: December 2016

The current study investigated the relevancy of the market size hypothesis of FDI in Botswana in Botswana using the VECM approach with data ranging from 1975 to 2013. The study used FDI net inflows (% of GDP) as a measure of FDI and GDP per capita as a proxy of market size. The findings of the study are threefold: (1) observed that there exists a long run uni-directional causality relationship running from GDP per capita to FDI in Botswana, (2) there is no long run causality running from FDI to GDP per capita in Botswana between 1975 and 2013 and (3) failed to establish any short run causality either from GDP per capita to FDI or from FDI to GDP per capita in Botswana.
Although, GDP per capita of Botswana was a conditional characteristic that attracted FDI, Botswana did not economically benefit from FDI net inflows during the period from 1975 to 2013. The findings defied the theory that mentions that FDI brings into the host country an improvement of human capital development and technology improvement among other advantages which boost economic growth. Possibly, there are other host country characteristics that Botswana needs to address if it hopes to benefit from FDI. The current study recommends further research to find out which are the other conditional characteristics that Botswana authorities need to put in place in ensure that FDI inflows is translated into economic benefits for the country.
Determinants of corporate dividend payment policies: A case of the banking industry in South Africa
Authors: Kasozi Jason , Ngwenya Amkela
Published: December 2016

Dividends are of strategic importance to organisations because they form the nexus of organisations’ capital structures and have an important bearing on firm value. Consequently, this study sought to investigate factors affecting dividend policy formulations and practices of South African banks by assessing the application of ex ante dividend theory literature on these firms. Our approach followed a mixed-methods design of analysis with a behavioural stand point of eliciting responses from banking experts through a survey. Findings indicate that factors relating to financial performance, investor needs and preferences and regulatory considerations are crucial for dividend decisions among banks. Overall, findings cast doubt on signalling, clientele and catering hypotheses, yet find favourable support for agency and lifecycle theories.
Leadership features influencing transformation in the post-merger and post-incorporation era: A case of the Durban University of technology
Authors: Ngcamu Bethuel Sibongiseni , Teferra Damtew
Published: December 2016

This study examines features possessed by leaders at Durban University of Technology (DUT) and their influence on transformation in the South African post-merger and post-incorporation era. University leaders in this institution do not apply effective leadership styles, though their influence on transformation is imminent. This study employed qualitative semi-structured interviews carried out with 28 university leaders in middle and senior management positions at DUT. The study revealed that the university leaders understood the concept of leadership as referring to changes taking place in the university rather than the ‘soft skills’ possessed by managers. To influence transformation, this study recommends that the university should initiate an in-house management or leadership development programme with more emphasis on different leadership styles applicable for use in universities.
Effectiveness of non-monetary factors on staff retention within the South African banking sector
Authors: Ngcobo Sandiso , Naidoo Vannie
Published: December 2016

The recent global recession resulted in many job losses across the world with the financial industry being most severely impacted. Today the focus for many banks is to do more with less employees and to reduce the cost to income ratio on their balance sheets. It is therefore pertinent that they devise strategies that will enable them to retain talented employees. This paper mainly employed a quantitative approach in which a questionnaire was utilised as the instrument for data collection with a focus on non-monetary incentives and turnover intentions. Small scale interviews were used to supplement the collected quantitative data. The findings revealed that non-financial rewards are an important factor in employee retention that cannot be ignored.
The further the distance, the closer the ties.
Authors: Jordaan André
Published: December 2016

In his article ‘death of distance’, Caincross (1997) challenged the orthodoxy with regard to the role and direction of proximity in international trade. The mainstream model for trade analysis, the gravity model has only two prominent determinants – one of which is distance. But while this theory predicts a negative impact of distance on trade, empirical evidence seems to be evenly split between those finding a positive and those finding a negative impact of distance on trade. South Africa’s total exports to three groups of countries at different distances are measured to determine the impact of distance. The results indicate that distance shows a negative sign when African countries are concerned but turns positive when European countries, even more distant, enter the equation.
Worker participation and job satisfaction amongst academic and administrative staff at a South African university
Authors: Ngonyama Thuli , Ruggunan Shaun
Published: December 2016

The aim of the study was twofold. Firstly it investigated the relationship between worker participation and job satisfaction amongst academic staff and administrative staff at a South African university. Secondly it investigated if there is a statistically significant difference between worker participation levels of academic and non-academic staff. Most empirical work on worker participation has focused on workers in the industrial and manufacturing sectors of the economy, with limited focus on worker participation in the services sector. This study aims to address this gap through this exploratory study of the impact of worker participation on job satisfaction at a South African University.
Validation of an employee satisfaction model: A structural equation model approach
Authors: Ledimo Ophillia , Martins Nico
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this study was to validate an employee satisfaction model and to determine the relationships between the different dimensions of the concept, using the structural equation modelling approach (SEM). A cross-sectional quantitative survey design was used to collect data from a random sample of (n=759) permanent employees of a parastatal organisation. Data was collected using the Employee Satisfaction Survey (ESS) to measure employee satisfaction dimensions. Following the steps of SEM analysis, the three domains and latent variables of employee satisfaction were specified as organisational strategy, policies and procedures, and outcomes. Confirmatory factor analysis of the latent variables was conducted, and the path coefficients of the latent variables of the employee satisfaction model indicated a satisfactory fit for all these variables. The goodness-of-fit measure of the model indicated both absolute and incremental goodness-of-fit; confirming the relationships between the latent and manifest variables. It also indicated that the latent variables, organisational strategy, policies and procedures, and outcomes, are the main indicators of employee satisfaction. This study adds to the knowledge base on employee satisfaction and makes recommendations for future research.
On Hamel’s equations
Authors: Zenkov Dmitry
Published: December 2016

This paper reviews recent results on the extension of Hame?s formalism to
infinite-dimensional mechanical systems and to variational integrators. Of a
particular interest are applications to the dynamics and numerical
integration of systems with velocity constraints.
The Rise of Massage and Medical Gymnastics in London and Paris before the First World War
Authors: Quin Grégory
Published: December 2016

Massage and medical gymnastics experienced a rapid institutionalization across Europe and North America between 1850 and 1914. This article explores how this process took place in London and Paris. Physiotherapy developed many of the hallmarks of an independent discipline during this period, including an identified corpus of manipulations and exercises, some autonomous training courses and degrees for future practitioners, and even the creation of departments within several hospitals. The article analyzes all of the processes surrounding this rise, paying special attention to the influence of the ambassadors of Swedish gymnastics (which led to the re-invention of massage across Europe), to the installation of physiotherapy in hospitals in London and in Paris, and to the practical and institutional innovations driven by nurses in England and by doctors in France.
La place de l’art dramatique dans un cours de français oral de 2eannée universitaire
Authors: Black Catherine
Published: December 2016

Depuis les années 70, des chercheurs en didactique des langues vantent les mérites de l’art dramatique dans l’enseignement des langues, car elle motive, encourage la confiance en soi et facilite la communication ainsi que la coopération chez l’apprenant tout en faisant appel à sa créativité et au développement de son imagination. Cet article décrit un cours de français oral de 2eannée universitaire utilisant l’art dramatique. L’article montre comment le cours est organisé et évalué. Il offre aussi de nombreuses ressources aux enseignants de FLE ou FLS qui seraient tentés d’utiliser cette approche.
Cannabis use among Canadian Armed Forces Veterans
Authors: Sterniczuk Roxanne , Whelan John
Published: December 2016

Introduction: Despite rapidly changing cannabis use regulations in Canada, including health care support for Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) Veterans, the prevalence of and reasons for cannabis use in this population have not been studied. Methods: An online 28-item anonymous survey was used to examine the prevalence of cannabis use among CAF Veterans who reported undergoing treatment of PTSD ( N=120). We aimed to estimate the prevalence of cannabis use among CAF Veterans, as well as to explore the reasons for cannabis use in this population. We also examined the relationships between cannabis use and other aspects of health in CAF Veterans, namely other substance use, PTSD symptom severity, and chronic pain severity. Results: Approximately half of the respondents reported a history of cannabis use. Of these, approximately 35.5% reported beginning cannabis use before a military-related trauma, 23% reported beginning after a traumatic event, and 42% reported beginning after release. Participants stated that they used cannabis primarily for relaxation and emotional calm, and for pain management. Only 10% reported its use specifically for PTSD-related symptoms and anxiety. Chronic cannabis users (i.e., one or more years) endorsed a greater number of cannabis abuse symptoms than acute users (i.e., one time to less than three months). Cannabis users were also more likely to use both prescription and non-prescription drugs. No relationships were found between cannabis use and military-related PTSD symptom severity or pain severity. Discussion: Cannabis use, along with other substance use, is common among CAF Veterans, and the reasons for cannabis use vary greatly. Cannabis use does not appear to have an impact on PTSD- and pain-related symptom expression; however, further study is recommended.
The Experiential Learning for Veterans in Assistive Technology and Engineering (ELeVATE) program
Authors: Cooper Rory A. , Goldberg Mary , Milleville Maria , Williams Randy
Published: December 2016

Experiential Learning for Veterans in Assistive Technology and Engineering, or ELeVATE, is a program to assist wounded, injured, and ill Veterans in transitioning into university science, technology, engineering, and mathematics programs, with a special emphasis on assistive technology and engineering. This paper examines whether the ELeVATE model, by addressing academic preparation, professional development, rehabilitation counselling, and community reintegration, increases the academic success (defined as enrolling and excelling in a plan of study through a post-secondary institution) of transitioning Veterans with disabilities. Post-program surveys completed by seven participants indicated that they were satisfied with the efficacy of the program. Students rated the research paper and oral presentation of research, the networking seminar, and the resume writing workshop as “very helpful.” They found the group meetings with the vocational coordinator, the introduction to adaptive sports seminar, and the poster presentation to be “moderately helpful.” Seventy-one percent of the students indicated that being part of ELeVATE's supportive cohort of Veterans was “very” or “extremely” valuable. They rated the effectiveness of the support they provided to their peers higher than the support they received from their peers. Over time, ELeVATE participants demonstrated increased self-efficacy (via General Self-Efficacy instrument scores) to succeed in STEM and increased engagement in campus life (via National Survey of Student Engagement scores), and ELeVATE's impact even went beyond helping Veterans achieve their academic and personal goals.
Do DSM-5 changes to PTSD symptom cluster criteria alter the frequency of probable PTSD when screening treatment-seeking Canadian Forces members and Veterans?
Authors: Roth Maya , St. Cyr Kate , Levine Amanda , King Lisa , Richardson Don
Published: December 2016

Introduction: DSM-5 diagnostic criteria revisions for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have raised concerns about PTSD prevalence – particularly the new requirement of one avoidance symptom. We examined the frequency of positive screening results for probable PTSD in treatment-seeking Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) personnel and Veterans when both DSM-5 and DSM-IV-TR symptom cluster criteria were applied. Methods: Previously collected data from 382 CAF personnel and Veterans were used to identify the frequency of positive screens using both sets of diagnostic criteria. Results: 71.2% ( n=272) of participants screened positively for probable PTSD using DSM-5 symptom cluster criteria, compared to 77.7% ( n=297) using DSM-IV-TR symptom cluster criteria. Percent agreement analyses found that negative percent agreement was 100.0%, positive percent agreement was 91.6%, and overall percent agreement was 93.5%. Discussion: The number of individuals who screened positively for probable PTSD using DSM-IV-TR criteria was higher than those who screened positively using DSM-5 criteria. The requirement of at least one avoidance symptom appears to have a noticeable impact on the frequency of positive screens for probable PTSD among treatment-seeking military personnel. This has important implications for pension adjudication and treatment entitlement.
Family/household characteristics and positive mental health of Canadian military members: mediation through social support
Authors: Therrien Megan E. , Richer Isabelle , Lee Jennifer E.C. , Watkins Kimberley , Zamorski Mark A.
Published: December 2016

Introduction: The characteristics of one's social environment, including one's family or household composition, are recognized determinants of health and well-being. At the same time, a great deal of research has demonstrated the positive effect of social support on mental health in military populations. Methods: The aim of the current study was to provide a description of the various family/household characteristics of a sample of 6,696 CAF Regular Force members, including their marital status, living arrangement, and number of dependants, as well as the relationships of these characteristics with positive mental health (PMH). In addition, this study explored the role of social support as a possible mediating mechanism in these relationships. Results: Without accounting for levels of social support, it was found that service members who were married or in a common-law relationship demonstrated higher PMH, while those who were separated or divorced demonstrated lower PMH compared to their single counterparts. PMH also differed by living arrangement, with higher levels reported by service members living with others. Further analysis revealed that greater PMH reported by service members who were married or in a common-law relationship or who live with others could be attributed to their higher levels of social support. Discussion: Taken together, results emphasize the importance of social support as one of the mechanisms involved in the relationship between PMH and family/household composition. Given the limited research available on the combined effect of a variety of family/household factors, results of this work fill an important gap in the literature on the understanding of more complex relationships among these factors.
Systematic review of ventricular peritoneal shunt and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a safe combination
Authors: Oterdoom Leendert H. , Marinus Oterdoom D. L. , Ket Johannes C. F. , van Dijk J. Marc C. , Scholten Pieter
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE

Various international and national gastrointestinal guidelines take different positions on whether ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) insertion is a contraindication to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). The objective of this meta-analysis was to try to answer the question of whether VPS insertion is a contraindication to PEG.

METHODS

A systematic review of the literature was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. Electronic databases PubMed and Embase were searched using variations of the terms “ventriculo-peritoneal shunt” and “percutaneous (endoscopic) gastrostomy.” This search resulted in 70 studies, 9 of which were relevant. These were cross-referenced, and 1 additional study was found, resulting in 10 studies in this systematic review.

RESULTS

The 10 relevant studies in adult cohorts included 208 patients. All studies save one were retrospective and, in general, poor quality. Among the studies with relevant data, there were 26 (12.5% of 208 cases) VPS infections and 4 (4.4% of 90 cases) VPSs that malfunctioned. In 137 patients the VPS had been placed before the PEG tube, with a VPS infection rate of 4.4%. More VPS infections occurred among the 55 patients who first had a PEG and a subsequent VPS (21.8%) and in the 16 patients who had simultaneous PEG tube and VPS placement (50%). The heterogeneity of the studies in this analysis prohibited statistical comparisons of the timing of VPS and PEG tube placement.

CONCLUSIONS

This systematic review indicated that VPS placement in combination with a PEG has a high but acceptable VPS complication rate. Therefore, VPS insertion should not be considered a contraindication to the placement of a PEG tube. Preferably, a PEG tube should be placed after the VPS. Waiting 7–10 days between VPS insertion and a PEG seems reasonable, but this could not be corroborated in this review.
Elevated preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of worse survival after resection in patients with brain metastasis
Authors: Mitsuya Koichi , Nakasu Yoko , Kurakane Takeshi , Hayashi Nakamasa , Harada Hideyuki , Nozaki Kazuhiko
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE

The median postoperative survival duration of patients with brain metastases who undergo tumor resection is 12 months. Most of these patients die of systemic metastases or the progression of primary cancer but not brain metastases. The criteria for indicating resection are still controversial. Systemic assessment is restricted, especially in patients who need emergent management for their large-size or life-threatening brain metastases. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is reported to correlate with survival time or progression-free survival in patients with various cancers. However, NLR has not been assessed in patients with brain metastases. The impact of NLR on the survival data of patients who had undergone resection of brain metastases was retrospectively analyzed.

METHODS

The clinical records of patients who underwent resection of brain metastases at Shizuoka Cancer Center between May 2007 and January 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. NLR was calculated by using the data obtained from the latest examination before resection and before the administration of steroid therapy. Kaplan-Meier curves were used for the assessment of overall survival (OS).

RESULTS

Of the 105 patients included, 67 patients were male. The median age of the patients was 63 years (range 36–90 years). The primary cancers were lung, colon, breast, uterus, and other cancers in 48, 19, 10, 8, and 20 patients, respectively. The postresection median survival duration was 12 months (range 1–91 months) for the entire series. The optimum NLR threshold value was identified as 5. A significant difference in the median OS was found: 14 months for 82 patients with an NLR < 5 versus 5 months for 23 patients with an NLR ≥ 5 (p = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, an elevated preoperative NLR is a predictor of worse survival after resection for brain metastases. NLR is a simple, systemic marker and can be used in clinical settings for decision making regarding resection in patients with brain metastases.
Use of magnetic resonance imaging to detect occult spinal dysraphism in infants
Authors: O'Neill Brent R. , Gallegos Danielle , Herron Alex , Palmer Claire , Stence Nicholas V. , Hankinson Todd C. , Corbett Wilkinson C. , Handler Michael H.
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE

Cutaneous stigmata or congenital anomalies often prompt screening for occult spinal dysraphism (OSD) in asymptomatic infants. While a number of studies have examined the results of ultrasonography (US) screening, less is known about the findings when MRI is used as the primary imaging modality. The object of this study was to assess the results of MRI screening for OSD in infants.

METHODS

The authors undertook a retrospective review of all infants who had undergone MRI of the lumbar spine to screen for OSD over a 6-year period (September 2006–September 2012). All images had been obtained on modern MRI scanners using sequences optimized to detect OSD, which was defined as any fibrolipoma of the filum terminale (FFT), a conus medullaris ending at or below the L2–3 disc space, as well as more complex lesions such as lipomyelomeningocele (LMM).

RESULTS

Five hundred twenty-two patients with a mean age of 6.2 months at imaging were included in the study. Indications for imaging included isolated dimple in 235 patients (45%), asymmetrically deviated gluteal cleft in 43 (8%), symmetrically deviated (Y-shaped) gluteal cleft in 38 (7%), hemangioma in 28 (5%), other isolated cutaneous stigmata (subcutaneous lipoma, vestigial tail, hairy patch, and dysplastic skin) in 31 (6%), several of the above stigmata in 97 (18%), and congenital anomalies in 50 (10%).

Twenty-three percent (122 patients) of the study population had OSD. Lesions in 19% of these 122 patients were complex OSD consisting of LMM, dermal sinus tract extending to the thecal sac, and lipomeningocele. The majority of OSD lesions (99 patients [81%]) were filar abnormalities, a group including FFT and low-lying conus.

The rate of OSD ranged from 12% for patients with asymmetrically deviated gluteal crease to 55% for those with other isolated cutaneous stigmata.

Isolated midline dimple was the most common indication for imaging. Among this group, 20% (46 of 235) had OSD. There was no difference in the rate of OSD based on dimple location. Those with OSD had a mean dimple position of 15 mm (SD 11.8) above the coccyx. Those without OSD had a mean dimple position of 12.2 mm (SD 19) above the coccyx (p = 0.25).

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of OSD identified with modern high-resolution MRI screening is significantly higher than that reported with US screening, particularly in patients with dimples. The majority of OSD lesions identified are FFT and low conus. The clinical significance of such lesions remains unclear.
Correlation of mortality with lesion level in patients with myelomeningocele: a population-based study
Authors: Borgstedt-Bakke Joel Haakon , Fenger-Grøn Morten , Rasmussen Mikkel Mylius
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to assess myelomeningocele mortality, correlate these findings to lesion level, and investigate mortality evolution.

METHODS

From the population-based western Denmark myelomeningocele database, the authors extracted the records of 187 patients born between January 1, 1970, and July 1, 2015. Patients were categorized according to their most rostral lesion level into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, or sacral groups. Furthermore, patients were categorized based on their birth dates (1970–1979, 1980–1989, and 1990–2015). Mortality data was extrapolated from the university hospital's electronic charts, which are based on the Danish Civil Registration System, and compared according to mortality, lesion level, and date of birth. Data were also extracted from nationwide Danish registers. Additionally, the authors divided the patients according to date of birth before or after the advent of prenatal detection (2004), and compared mortality rates of these two groups.

RESULTS

A thoracic lesion level was associated with a significantly higher mortality rate (p = 0.01). Two patients had a cervical lesion and were alive at the end of follow-up. The mortality rate decreased over time, although not significantly for the subsequent time periods. Prenatal detection did not affect mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

The presented data suggest increased mortality with ascending lesion level in patients with myelomeningocele, except for patients with cervical lesions. The mortality rate improved over time, suggesting that modern treatment modalities improve survival in patients with myelomeningocele.
Radiofrequency ablation of spinal osteoid osteoma: a prospective study
Authors: Faddoul Joe , Faddoul Yara , Kobaiter-Maarrawi Sandra , Moussa Ronald , Rizk Tony , Nohra Georges , Okais Nabil , Samaha Elie , Maarrawi Joseph
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE

Surgery has been considered the standard treatment for spinal osteoid osteomas that are refractory to analgesic agents. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a less invasive technique with established efficiency for the treatment of peripheral osteoid osteomas. The main objectives of this study are to evaluate the safety of RFA based on the results of a previous experimental study in rats conducted in the authors' laboratory and to identify its short- and long-term efficiency in the treatment of spinal osteoid osteomas.

METHODS

Between March 2009 and July 2016, 8 consecutive patients with spinal osteoid osteomas were enrolled in the study and underwent 9 CT-guided RFA procedures. All patients presented with spinal pain (median preoperative visual analog scale [VAS] score 7.55, range 6–8.8) predominantly during the night, and they all had normal neurological examination results before the procedure. Pain (according to the VAS score) and neurological status were reassessed immediately before discharge, with further follow-up at 1, 6, and 12 months after the procedure. At the final follow-up, VAS score, neurological examination, patient satisfaction, and a radiological control (CT scan) were documented (median 48 months, range 12–84 months). VAS scores before and after the procedure were compared during the 3 days before surgery (D0), on the day of the surgery, Day 1 (D1), and at the final follow-up.

RESULTS

No neurological deficit was documented following the procedure or at the final follow-up. A statistically significant reduction in the VAS score was observed on Day 1 (mean 2.56 ± 0.68, p = 0.005) compared with D0. At the final follow-up, all patients reported a VAS score of 0 and a satisfaction rate of 100%. Only 1 patient had recurrent symptoms (pain, VAS score 8.1) 6 months after the initial RFA. A second procedure was performed, and the patient was subsequently symptom free at the final follow-up. CT scanning performed in all patients (12–84 months post-RFA) showed residual sclerosis in 4 patients and complete resolution of the radiological lesion in the remaining 4 patients.

CONCLUSIONS

CT-guided RFA appears to be a safe and effective method for the management of spinal osteoid osteoma and can be safely performed for lesions close to the dura or exiting nerve root based on the motor response threshold testing performed during the procedure. It should be considered the treatment of choice for spinal osteoid osteomas refractory to conservative treatment, thus avoiding more aggressive spinal approaches with subsequent potential morbidity.
Successful treatment of mixed yolk sac tumor and mature teratoma in the spinal cord: case report
Authors: Mukasa Akitake , Yanagisawa Shunsuke , Saito Kuniaki , Tanaka Shota , Takai Keisuke , Shibahara Junji , Ikegami Masachika , Nakao Yusuke , Takeshita Katsushi , Matsutani Masao , Saito Nobuhito
Published: December 2016

Primary spinal germ cell tumors are rare, and spinal nongerminomatous germ cell tumors represent an even rarer subset for which no standard therapy has been established. The authors report the case of a 24-year-old woman with multifocal primary spinal germ cell tumors scattered from T-12 to L-5 that consisted of yolk sac tumor and mature teratoma. After diagnostic partial resection, the patient was treated with 30 Gy of craniospinal irradiation and 30 Gy of local spinal irradiation, followed by 8 courses of chemotherapy based on ifosfamide, cisplatin, and etoposide (ICE). Salvage surgery was also performed for residual mature teratoma components after the third course of ICE chemotherapy. Chemotherapy was continued after the operation, but ifosfamide was entirely eliminated from the ICE regimen because severe myelosuppression was observed after previous courses. The patient remains recurrence free as of more than 5 years after the completion of chemotherapy. This case suggests that this treatment strategy is an effective option for primary spinal yolk sac tumor.
Impurities in multiband superconductors
Authors: Korshunov M M , Togushova Yu N , Dolgov O V
Published: December 2016

Disorder — impurities and defects violating the ideal long-range order — is always present in solids. It can result in interesting and sometimes unexpected effects in multiband superconductors, especially if the superconductivity is unconventional, thus having symmetry other than the usual s-wave. This paper uses the examples of iron-based pnictides and chalcogenides to examine how both nonmagnetic and magnetic impurities affect superconducting states with s± and s++ order parameters. We show that disorder causes the transition between s± and s++ states and examine what observable effects this transition can produce.
Properties of turbulence driven by random external force in the Burgers model
Authors: Zybin K P , Il’yn A S
Published: December 2016

This paper reviews the statistical properties and calculates the velocity structure functions of flows produced by a large-scale random scaling force in the Burgers model.
Generalized Characterization Methodology for Performance Modelling of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Stroe Daniel-Ioan , Swierczynski Maciej , Stroe Ana-Irina , Knudsen Kær Søren
Published: December 2016

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are complex energy storage devices with their performance behavior highly dependent on the operating conditions (i.e., temperature, load current, and state-of-charge (SOC)). Thus, in order to evaluate their techno-economic viability for a certain application, detailed information about Li-ion battery performance behavior becomes necessary. This paper proposes a comprehensive seven-step methodology for laboratory characterization of Li-ion batteries, in which the battery’s performance parameters (i.e., capacity, open-circuit voltage (OCV), and impedance) are determined and their dependence on the operating conditions are obtained. Furthermore, this paper proposes a novel hybrid procedure for parameterizing the batteries’ equivalent electrical circuit (EEC), which is used to emulate the batteries’ dynamic behavior. Based on this novel parameterization procedure, the performance model of the studied Li-ion battery is developed and its accuracy is successfully verified (maximum error lower than 5% and a mean error below 8.5 mV) for various load profiles (including a real application profile), thus validating the proposed seven-step characterization methodology.
Saccharomyces species in the Production of Beer
Authors: Stewart Graham
Published: December 2016

The characteristic flavour and aroma of any beer is, in large part, determined by the yeast strain employed and the wort composition. In addition, properties such as flocculation, wort fermentation ability (including the uptake of wort sugars, amino acids, and peptides), ethanol and osmotic pressure tolerance together with oxygen requirements have a critical impact on fermentation performance. Yeast management between fermentations is also a critical brewing parameter. Brewer’s yeasts are mostly part of the genus Saccharomyces. Ale yeasts belong to the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae and lager yeasts to the species Saccharomyces pastorianus. The latter is an interspecies hybrid between S. cerevisiae and Saccharomyces eubayanus. Brewer’s yeast strains are facultative anaerobes—they are able to grow in the presence or absence of oxygen and this ability supports their property as an important industrial microorganism. This article covers important aspects of Saccharomyces molecular biology, physiology, and metabolism that is involved in wort fermentation and beer production.
Hidden but Possibly Fatal Misconceptions in Photocatalysis Studies: A Short Critical Review
Authors: Ohtani Bunsho
Published: December 2016

This short review paper shows some misconceptions hidden in the discussion on the mechanism of heterogeneous photocatalysis, which may lead to fatal errors in conclusions. Topics described in this review are semiconductor photocatalysis, control experiments for proof of photocatalysis, and converse-proposition pitfalls in discussion.
Design of an Affibody-Based Recognition Strategy for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) Detection by Electrochemical Biosensors
Authors: Ilkhani Hoda , Ravalli Andrea , Marrazza Giovanna
Published: December 2016

In this study, we have designed and realized three simple electrochemical bioassays for the detection of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) cancer biomarker using magnetic beads coupling screen-printed arrays. The different approaches were based on a sandwich format in which affibody (Af) or antibody (Ab) molecules were coupled respectively to streptavidin or protein A-modified magnetic beads. The bioreceptor-modified beads were used to capture the HER2 protein from the sample and sandwich assay was performed by adding the labeled secondary affibody or the antibody. An enzyme-amplified detection scheme based on the coupling of secondary biotinylated bioreceptor with streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase enzyme conjugate was then applied. The enzyme catalyzed the hydrolysis of the electro-inactive 1-naphthyl-phosphate to the electro-active 1-naphthol, which was detected by means of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Each developed assay has been studied and optimized. Furthermore, a thorough comparison of the analytical performances of developed assays was performed. Finally, preliminary experiments using serum samples spiked with HER2 protein were also carried out.
Osteonecrosis of the Jaws (ONJ) after Bisphosphonate Treatment in Patients with Multiple Myeloma: Decreasing ONJ Incidence after Adoption of Preventive Measures
Authors: Catania Gioacchino , Monaco Federico , Limberti Giulia , Alessio Manuela , De Martino Iolanda , Barile Cecilia , Fasciolo Antonella , Baraldi Anna , Ladetto Marco , Fusco Vittorio
Published: December 2016

Bisphosphonates (BPs) are administered to Multiple Myeloma (MM) patients with bone lytic lesion. Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) is a complication reported since 2003 in patients treated with intravenous (IV) BPs such as zoledronic acid and pamidronate, with 6%–26.3% frequency in early literature series, before some preventive measures were recommended. We evaluated the occurrence of ONJ with and without dental preventive measures in MM patients treated with BPs in our centre between 1996 and 2015. Since 2005, MM patients (already under treatment or before treatment) underwent a baseline mouth assessment (dental visit, Rx orthopantomography, and eventual tooth avulsion or dental care if necessary) and were followed by a multidisciplinary team. We reviewed the charts of 119 MM patients receiving IV BPs, classified into 3 groups: (a) “historic group” (21 patients who had started BP treatment in years before the awareness of ONJ); (b) “screening group” (20 patients starting BPs without baseline evaluation); and (c) “prevention group” (78 patients starting therapy only after baseline preventive assessment and eventual dental care measures). ONJ was observed in 3/21 patients (14.2%) from group a, in 2/20 patients (10%) from group b, and in no patients from group c (0%). Notably, the median number of IV BP administrations decreased after 2005. Our data confirmed a meaningful reduction of ONJ risk in MM patients treated with BPs if preventive measures are applied. Both implementation of prevention measures and reduction of cumulative doses of IV BPs could have contributed to a decreased incidence of ONJ.
Relevancy of the Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) about Sustainable Energy for Adolescents
Authors: Aksela Maija , Wu Xiaomeng , Halonen Julia
Published: December 2016

Sustainable energy is one of the biggest global challenges today. This paper discusses how we can promote adolescents’ learning of sustainable energy with the help of an international massive open online course (MOOC). The aim of this case study is to understand: (i) What do the adolescents find relevant in the MOOC course about sustainable energy? and (ii) What are the opportunities and challenges of the MOOC for the adolescents to learn sustainable energy? In our study, 80 voluntary adolescents around the world, who were at least 15 year old, took part in two surveys. The themes of our MOOC course were, e.g., sustainable growth, solar power, wind power, biofuel production and smart power generation. This 38 work-hour, free of charge, online course includes an introduction video, interviews of specialists, lecture videos, reading materials of the newest research and multiple choice questions on the topics. Research data was classified by using content analysis. The study indicates that adolescents feel that both the MOOC course and sustainable energy as a subject are relevant to them. Their decision to take part in an online course was mostly influenced by individual relevance and partly influenced by both societal and vocational relevance, according to the relevancy theory used. The MOOC was experienced to be relevant for the three following reasons: (i) good content (e.g., energy production) and implementation of the course; (ii) the course makes it possible to study in a new way; and (iii) the course is personally useful. The characteristics of the MOOC, such as being available anywhere and anytime, free access, and online learning, bringing out a flexible, new way of learning and thus promoting Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in the context of sustainable energy at school level around the world. This MOOC provided the school students with choice-based learning and expanded their learning opportunities in understanding sustainable energy. In the designing of MOOCs for studying sustainable energy, it is important to take the following things into consideration: (i) the balance between theory and practical examples; (ii) the support for interaction; and (iii) other support (e.g., technical and learning strategies) for students. Communication with other learners and getting feedback from teachers and tutors remain the vital challenges for the developers of MOOCs in the future.
The Current Situation of Hypertension among Rural Minimal Assurance Family Participants in Liaoning (China): A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Chen Yintao , Yu Shasha , Chen Shuang , Guo Xiaofan , Li Yuan , Li Zhao , Sun Yingxian
Published: December 2016

In China, the prevalence of hypertension is increasing and is showing an epidemic accelerating trend. However, there is a lack of studies reporting the hypertension status of rural residents with minimum living allowances. We performed a cross-sectional study including 11,435 (5285 men and 6150 women) from the general population aged ≥35 years in the Liaoning Province of China from 2012 to 2013, of which 1258 (11.0%) participants came from minimal assurance families. Anthropometric measurements, laboratory examinations and self-reported lifestyle factor information were collected by trained personnel. Multivariate logistic regression was used to detect the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and the risk of hypertension. We found that the prevalence of hypertension was as high as 61.9% in participants from minimal assurance families and the odd ratio for hypertension was 1.32 (95% CI: 1.15–1.52). The awareness, treatment, and control rates among treated hypertensive participants did not increase with higher level of income and education. In the total sample, the lower income levels increased the risk for hypertension, but education didn’t show a significant association with hypertension. Thus, there is a severe hypertension situation in the Liaoning rural population of minimal assurance families, which need more attention and prevention and control measures for hypertension.
Exosomes as miRNA Carriers: Formation–Function–Future
Authors: Yu Xiaojie , Odenthal Margarete , Fries Jochen
Published: December 2016

Exosomes, which are one of the smallest extracellular vesicles released from cells, have been shown to carry different nucleic acids, including microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs significantly regulate cell growth and metabolism by posttranscriptional inhibition of gene expression. The rapidly changing understanding of exosomes’ formation and function in delivering miRNAs from cell to cell has prompted us to review current knowledge in exosomal miRNA secretion mechanisms as well as possible therapeutic applications for personalized medicine.
Reduction of Bromo- and Iodo-2,6-bis(diphenylphosphanylmethyl)benzene with Magnesium and Calcium
Authors: Koch Alexander , Krieck Sven , Görls Helmar , Westerhausen Matthias
Published: December 2016

Arylmagnesium and -calcium reagents are easily accessible; however, ether degradation processes limit storability, especially of the calcium-based heavy Grignard reagents. Ortho-bound substituents with phosphanyl donor sites usually block available coordination sites and stabilize such complexes. The reaction of bromo-2,6-bis(diphenylphosphanylmethyl)benzene (1a) with magnesium in tetrahydrofuran yields [Mg{C6H3-2,6-(CH2PPh2)2}2] (2) after recrystallization from 1,2-dimethoxyethane. However, the similarly performed reduction of bromo- (1a) and iodo-2,6-bis(diphenylphosphanylmethyl)benzene (1b) with calcium leads to ether cleavage and subsequent degradation products. α-Deprotonation of tetrahydrofuran (THF) yields 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphanylmethyl)benzene. Furthermore, the insoluble THF adducts of dimeric calcium diphenylphosphinate halides, [(thf)3Ca(X)(µ-O2PPh2)]2 [X = Br (3a), I (3b)], precipitate verifying ether decomposition and cleavage of P–C bonds. Ether adducts of calcium halides (such as [(dme)2(thf)CaBr2] (4)) form, supporting the initial Grignard reaction and a subsequent Schlenk-type dismutation reaction.
Management of Mechanical Ventilation in Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: Kuhn Brooks , Bradley Laura , Dempsey Timothy , Puro Alana , Adams Jason
Published: December 2016

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a life-saving intervention for respiratory failure, including decompensated congestive heart failure. MV can reduce ventricular preload and afterload, decrease extra-vascular lung water, and decrease the work of breathing in heart failure. The advantages of positive pressure ventilation must be balanced with potential harm from MV: volutrauma, hyperoxia-induced injury, and difficulty assessing readiness for liberation. In this review, we will focus on cardiac, pulmonary, and broader effects of MV on patients with decompensated HF, focusing on practical considerations for management and supporting evidence.
An Investigation of Sintering Parameters on Titanium Powder for Electron Beam Melting Processing Optimization
Authors: Drescher Philipp , Sarhan Mohamed , Seitz Hermann
Published: December 2016

Selective electron beam melting (SEBM) is a relatively new additive manufacturing technology for metallic materials. Specific to this technology is the sintering of the metal powder prior to the melting process. The sintering process has disadvantages for post-processing. The post-processing of parts produced by SEBM typically involves the removal of semi-sintered powder through the use of a powder blasting system. Furthermore, the sintering of large areas before melting decreases productivity. Current investigations are aimed at improving the sintering process in order to achieve better productivity, geometric accuracy, and resolution. In this study, the focus lies on the modification of the sintering process. In order to investigate and improve the sintering process, highly porous titanium test specimens with various scan speeds were built. The aim of this study was to decrease build time with comparable mechanical properties of the components and to remove the residual powder more easily after a build. By only sintering the area in which the melt pool for the components is created, an average productivity improvement of approx. 20% was achieved. Tensile tests were carried out, and the measured mechanical properties show comparatively or slightly improved values compared with the reference.