bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O desamparo dos adolescentes pobres na cidade de Maringá
Authors: Caniato Angela Maria Pires , Capelasso Mônica Salci
Published: August 2017

Na contemporaneidade os vínculos interpessoais mostram-se mais frouxos, o consumismo se intensifica e a violência é incorporada de modo cada vez mais hostil, especialmente com relação aos adolescentes pobres. À luz da Psicopolítica (Freud e Theodor Adorno), foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico para obter maior compreensão das ideologias que perpassam tais acontecimentos e das suas interferências na intensificação da apatia, do preconceito e do desamparo. Essas diferentes expressões da violência fragilizam a identidade subjetiva dos adolescentes de classes socioeconômicas desfavorecidas da cidade de Maringá - PR. Nesse cenário social, esses adolescentes pobres introjetam tais atributos sociais de malignidade e periculosidade e não conseguem se apropriar de uma reflexão crítica - consequentemente, exibem um funcionamento egoico fragilizado. Esse artigo está vinculado ao Projeto Pesquisa Intervenção “PHENIX: A Ousadia do Renascimento do Indivíduo-Sujeito – Fase III”, que sustenta essa compreensão e orienta uma proposta de cooperação junto a estes adolescentes.
Detection of O4 absorption around 328 nm and 419 nm in measured
atmospheric absorption spectra
Authors: Lampel Johannes , Zielcke Johannes , Schmitt Stefan , Pöhler Denis , Frieß Udo , Platt Ulrich , Wagner Thomas
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Retrieving the column of an absorbing trace gas from spectral data requires that all absorbers in the corresponding wavelength range are sufficiently well known. This is especially important for the retrieval of weak absorbers, whose absorptions are often in the 10-4 range. Previous publications on the absorptions of the oxygen dimer O2-O2 (or short: O4) list absorption peaks at 328 nm and 419 nm, for which no spectrally resolved literature cross-sections are available. As these absorptions potentially influence the spectral retrieval of various trace gases, such as HCHO, BrO, OClO and IO, their shape and magnitude needs to be quantified. We assume that the shape of the absorption peaks at 328 nm and 419 nm can be approximated by their respective neighboring absorption peaks. Using this approach we obtain estimates for the wavelength of the absorption and its magnitude. Using Longpath Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (LP-DOAS) observations and Multi-Axis (MAX)-DOAS observations, we estimate the peak absorption cross-sections of O4 to be (1.7 ± 0.2) x 10-47 cm5 molec-2 and determine the wavelength of its maximum at 328.51 ± 0.15 nm. For the absorption at 419.0 ± 0.4 nm a peak O4 cross-section value is determined as (3.7 ± 2.7) x 10-48 cm5 molec-2.
An inventory of Arctic Ocean data in the World Ocean Database
Authors: Zweng Melissa M. , Boyer Tim P. , Baranova Olga K. , Reagan James R. , Seidov Dan , Smolyar Igor V.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The World Ocean Database (WOD) contains over 1.3 million oceanographic casts collected in the Arctic Ocean basin and its surrounding marginal seas. The data come from many submitters and countries, and were collected using a variety of instruments and platforms. These data, along with the derived products World Ocean Atlas (WOA) and the Arctic Regional Climatologies, are uniquely useful – the data are presented in a standardized, easy to use format and include metadata and quality control information. Collecting data in the Arctic Ocean is challenging, and coverage in space and time ranges from excellent to nearly non-existent. WOD has compiled the most complete collection of Arctic Ocean profile data, ideal for oceanographic, environmental and climatic analyses (https://doi.org/10.7289/V54Q7S16).
Precipitation alters plastic film mulching impacts on soil respiration in an arid area of Northwest China
Authors: Ming Guanghui , Hu Hongchang , Tian Fuqiang , Peng Zhenyang , Yang Pengju , Luo Yiqi
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Plastic film mulching (PFM) has been widely used for saving water and improving yield around the world, particularly in arid areas. However, the effect of PFM in agriculture on soil respiration is still unclear, and this effect may be confounded with irrigation and precipitation. To detect the effects of PFM, irrigation and precipitation on the temporal and spatial variations in soil respiration, plastic mulched and non-mulched drip irrigation contrast experiments were conducted in the arid area of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Northwest China. PFM generated more complicated spatial heterogeneity in the microclimate with increased albedo, improved soil temperature, soil moisture and crop growth, and led to the stronger spatial heterogeneity of the soil respiration. The soil respiration in the plant holes was larger than in the furrows, and plastic mulch itself can emit up to 2.75 μmol m−2 s−1 CO2, which indicates that furrows, plant holes and plastic mulch were the important pathways for CO2 emissions in the mulched field. Frequent irrigation and precipitation made the soil respiration much more dynamic and fluctuated. The sensitivity of the soil respiration to soil temperature was weakened by extreme variations in the soil moisture with lower correlation and Q10 values. In the wetting-drying cycle, both irrigation and precipitation restrained the soil respiration at a high soil water content (SWC) with a threshold of 60 % water-filled pore space (WFP) in the furrows and 50 % WFP in the ridges, and the restrain effect decreased gradually with the depleting of soil moisture. The accumulated soil respiration calculated from the area ratio of the different parts in the furrows and ridges in the mulched field were both larger than in the non-mulched field during the growing season. However, this magnitude decreased with increasing precipitation over three experimental years. It was speculated that the effect of drip irrigation on the soil respiration was primarily on the ridges while the effect of precipitation mostly concentrated in the furrows and ridges in the non-mulched field because of the mulch barrier. Therefore, the precipitation accelerated more respiration in the mulched than in the non-mulched field. The difference in soil respiration between the mulched and non-mulched fields was observed to have a positive correlation with precipitation per the findings of other studies. In a humid climate with much more precipitation, soil respiration in the non-mulched field can also exceed that of the mulched field and explains why certain studies concluded that plastic mulch decreased soil respiration. The above results indicate that both irrigation and precipitation alter soil respiration and this effect can be modified by plastic mulch. Therefore, whether the PFM increases soil respiration compared to a non-mulched field largely depends on precipitation in the field.
Multistable slip of a one-degree-of-freedom spring-slider model in the presence of thermal-pressurized slip-weakening friction and viscosity
Authors: Wang Jeen-Hwa
Published: August 2017

Abstract. This study is focused on multistable slip of earthquakes based on a one-degree-of-freedom spring-slider model in the presence of thermal-pressurized slip-weakening friction and viscosity by using the normalized equation of motion of the model. The major model parameters are the normalized characteristic displacement, Uc, of the friction law and the normalized viscosity coefficient, η, between the slider and background plate. Analytic results at small slip suggest that there is a solution regime for η and γ ( = 1∕Uc) to make the slider slip steadily. Numerical simulations exhibit that the time variation in normalized velocity, V∕Vmax (Vmax is the maximum velocity), obviously depends on Uc and η. The effect on the amplitude is stronger due to η than due to Uc. In the phase portrait of V∕Vmax versus the normalized displacement, U∕Umax (Umax is the maximum displacement), there are two fixed points. The one at large V∕Vmax and large U∕Umax is not an attractor, while that at small V∕Vmax and small U∕Umax can be an attractor for some values of η and Uc. When Uc<0. 55, unstable slip does not exist. When Uc ≥ 0. 55, Uc and η divide the solution domain into three regimes: stable, intermittent, and unstable (or chaotic) regimes. For a certain Uc, the three regimes are controlled by a lower bound, ηl, and an upper bound, ηu, of η. The values of ηl, ηu, and ηu − ηl all decrease with increasing Uc, thus suggesting that it is easier to yield unstable slip for larger Uc than for smaller Uc or for larger η than for smaller η. When Uc<1, the Fourier spectra calculated from simulation velocity waveforms exhibit several peaks, thus suggesting the existence of nonlinear behavior of the system. When Uc>1, the related Fourier spectra show only one peak, thus suggesting linear behavior of the system.
Moving toward Theory for the 21st Century: The Centrality of Nonwestern Semiperipheries to World Ethnic/Racial Inequality
Authors: Dunaway Wilma A. , Clelland Donald A.
Published: August 2017

While there has been much attention to the economic, political, and transformative potential of the semiperiphery, scholars have failed to explore the ways in which this zone of the world-system causes, contributes to, and exacerbates world ethnic/racial inequality. By 2015, a majority of the world’s population is concentrated in 41 nonwestern semiperipheries that generate 40 percent of the world Gross Domestic Product. For those reasons, this essay decenters analysis of global ethnic/racial inequality by bringing the nonwestern semiperiphery to the foreground. Part I examines the ascent of nonwestern semiperipheries over the last half century, calling into question the popular “global apartheid model” which posits “white supremacy” as the singular cause of global ethnic/racial inequality. In Part II, we conceptualize, and present empirical data to support, ten conjunctures between the nonwestern semiperipheries and world ethnic/racial inequality. Part III offers a “theoretical retrenchment” in which we call for new approaches that bring the nonwestern semiperiphery to the foreground of theory and research about global ethnic/racial inequality. We argue that future theory building must pay particular attention to the rise of the Asian semiperiphery where two-fifths of world population is concentrated. Drawing upon previous world-systems research, we aggregate and update lists of countries in the core, semiperiphery and periphery in 1960, 1980 and 2015.
Splintering South: Ecologically Unequal Exchange Theory in a Fragmented Global Climate
Authors: Ciplet David , Roberts J. Timmons
Published: August 2017

The article examines the changing nature of politics in the United Nations climate negotiations through the lens of ecologically unequal exchange theory, focusing on the lead up to and aftermath of the 2015 Paris negotiations. We identify and discuss three areas of tension that have emerged within the G-77 coalition: tensions within the global semi-periphery, tensions between the semi-periphery and periphery, and tensions within the periphery. Together, these tensions challenge the main link of solidarity in the G-77 coalition: the idea that all countries in the global South share a common predicament in the global system, with the North solely to blame. Drawing upon this case, we offer three related insights to develop ecologically unequal exchange theory. First, theory and empirical work must better consider the role of the semi-periphery, and divisions within the semi-periphery, in reproducing ecologically unequal societies. Second, theory should account for how fragmentation between the periphery and semi-periphery may produce distinct challenges for peripheral states to resist governance forms which intensify ecologically unequal exchange. Third, theory should better account for the ways in which ecologically unequal exchange as mobilized as a collective action frame reflects and diverges from the real-world distribution of environmental goods and bads in the world system.
The Treadmill of Destruction in Comparative Perspective: A Panel Study of Military Spending and Carbon Emissions, 1960-2014
Authors: Bradford John Hamilton , Stoner Alexander M.
Published: August 2017

This article analyzes a unique panel data set to assess the effect of militarism on per capita carbon dioxide emissions.   We extend previous research examining the effects of military expenditures on carbon emissions by including in our analyses over 30 years of additional data.  In addition, we compare our preliminary results to those obtained from other estimation procedures.  Specifically, we report and visually illustrate the results of 54 cross-sectional models (one for each year) and 36 unique panel regression models on both balanced and unbalanced panels.  We assess how this relationship has changed over time by testing for interactions between military spending and time and by systematically re-analyzing our data across 180 panel regressions with varying time frames.  A strong and enduring association between military spending and per capita carbon emissions is indicated in cross-sectional comparisons.  Our panel analyses reveal a much weaker and varying relationship that has become stronger in recent decades. Moreover, we find that the effect of military spending on per capita carbon emissions is moderated by countries’ level of economic development, with military spending of more wealthy countries having relatively larger net effects on carbon emissions.  We partially confirm previous findings on the temporal stability of the environmental impacts of militarism.  Our analyses show, however, that this temporal stability has emerged relatively recently, and that the relationship between military expenditures and carbon emissions is weaker prior to the 1990s.
Environmentalism in the Periphery: Institutional Embeddedness and Deforestation among Fifteen Palm Oil Producers, 1990 – 2012
Authors: Henderson Kent , Shorette Kristen
Published: August 2017

Environmental sociologists highlight the exploitative nature of the global capitalist economy where resource extraction from nations in the periphery tends to disproportionately benefit those of the core. From the Brazilian Amazon to mineral-rich Sub-Saharan Africa, the practice of “unequal ecological exchange” persists. Simultaneously, a “global environmental regime” has coalesced as a prominent feature of the contemporary world system. In the post-World War II era, legitimate nation-states must take steps to protect the natural environment and prevent its degradation even at their own economic expense. Stronger national ties to global institutions, particularly international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) consistently yield more positive environmental outcomes. However, previous work suggests that normative expectations for improved environmental practice will be weak or nonexistent in the periphery. We use the case of palm oil production and its relationship to deforestation to provide a more nuanced analysis of the relationship between material and institutional forces in the periphery. Using unbalanced panels of fifteen palm oil producing countries from 1990 to 2012, we find that stronger national ties to world society via citizen memberships in INGOs result in greater primary forest area among palm oil producers. However, this effect is strongest where production is lowest and weakens as production increases. Even in the cases of Indonesia and Malaysia, where palm oil production is substantially higher than any other producer, ties to global institutions are significantly related to reduced forest loss. These results indicate the variable importance of national embeddedness into global institutions within the periphery of the world system.
The Paradoxical Relationship between Renewable Energy and Economic Growth: A Cross-National Panel Study, 1990-2013
Authors: Thombs Ryan P
Published: August 2017

This cross-national study employs a time-series cross-sectional Prais-Winsten regression model with panel-corrected standard errors to examine the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth, and its impact on total carbon dioxide emissions and carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP. Findings indicate that renewable energy consumption has its largest negative effect on total carbon emissions and carbon emissions per unit of GDP in low-income countries. Contrary to conventional wisdom, renewable energy has little influence on total carbon dioxide emissions or carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP at high levels of GDP per capita. The findings of this study indicate the presence of a “renewable energy paradox,” where economic growth becomes increasingly coupled with carbon emissions at high levels of renewable energy, and the negative effect of economic growth on carbon emissions per unit of GDP lessens as renewable energy increases. These findings suggest that public policy should be directed at deploying renewable energy in developing countries, while focusing on non-or-de-growth strategies accompanied with renewable energy in developed nations.
Is Racism Global?
Authors: Winant Howard
Published: August 2017

N/A
Christopher K. Chase-Dunn Circa 1970
Authors: Meyer John W.
Published: August 2017

Reflections on Chris Chase-Dunn's career
Reflections on Christopher Chase-Dunn as a Mentor and His Influence on Global Environmental Sociology
Authors: Jorgenson Andrew
Published: August 2017

N/A
Costs versus Benefits: The Fiscal Realities of the Death Penalty in Pennsylvania
Authors: Tortorice Marla D.
Published: August 2017

Costs versus Benefits: The Fiscal Realities of the Death Penalty in Pennsylvania
La expresión del humor infantil a través de la formación de palabras en narraciones escritas
Authors: Santamaría Pérez M. Isabel
Published: August 2017

El desarrollo de la competencia metapragmática es directamente proporcional al desarrollo cognitivo de los infantes, de manera que conforme se avanza en edad, hay una maduración lingüística de estos que les permite emplear los recursos de la lengua para producir de manera consciente determinados efectos o intenciones en su discurso como el humor. En este estudio ponemos nuestro foco de atención en determinados fenómenos morfológicos como indicadores o marcas del humor en español tales como la sufijación apreciativa o los procedimientos léxico-genéticos empleados para la creación de palabras dentro de un discurso narrativo -previamente se indica que ha de ser humorístico- elaborado por niños y niñas de 8 y 12 años. Por un lado, se analizan los datos cuantitativos sobre el uso de estos recursos y su distribución por edad y género; por otro, se observa si estos elementos morfológicos y léxicos anuncian o comportan humor.
A IDEIA DE ESPAÇO NO TRATADO DA NATUREZA HUMANA, DE HUME
Authors: Cachel Andrea
Published: August 2017

Passando por uma abordagem do contexto de análise no qual Hume está inserido, o debate entre Locke e Berkeley quanto à abstração da extensão,o artigo expõe a discussão humeana acerca da ideia de espaço, a partir da sua rejeição da tese da divisibilidade infinita da extensão e da sua defesa do atomismo perceptivo. Nesse contexto, é apresentado o debate humeano que resulta na sustentação da existência dos pontos matemáticos, bem como a sua análise quanto à natureza da matemática, especialmente da geometria. Pretende-se apontar, por fim, como a concepção relacional do espaço é a forma humeana de buscar a mediação entre o atomismo perceptivo e o abstracionismo.
SOBRE O ÚTIL E O HONESTO EM MONTAIGNE: ENTRE O ESTOICISMO E A RAZÃO DE ESTADO
Authors: Bueno Taynam Santos Luz
Published: August 2017

Este trabalho se propõe a analisar o primeiro texto do terceiro livro dos Ensaios de Montaigne, intitulado “Do útil e do honesto”, estabelecendo um paralelo entre as ideias de Montaigne com, em primeiro plano, as construções do moralismo estoico bem como, com os preceitos desenvolvidos por Maquiavel. Com isso, pretendemos evidenciar que, no contexto político de sua época, Montaigne afirma a ideia de fides como elemento capaz de garantir a manutenção e a conservação das instituições políticas de modo mais eficaz que a simples ética de resultados professada pelos defensores dos argumentos da razão de Estado, unindo, portanto, tanto a moral estoica, quanto as correntes de pensamento de seu tempo.
PRECIPITATED NANO ZINC HYDROXIDE ON THE SILICA SURFACE AS AN ALTERNATIVE CURE ACTIVATOR IN THE VULCANIZATION OF NATURAL RUBBER
Authors: Alam Md. Najib , Potiyaraj Pranut
Published: August 2017

We synthesized precipitated zinc hydroxide on the surface of precipitated silica via a conventional precipitation method. The zinc hydroxide is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscope, X-ray diffraction, and field-emission scanning electron microscope measurements. The synthesized zinc hydroxide is a platelike structure with an average nano dimension of 40 nm in crystalline depth. The aim of the present study is to reduce the cure activator level of conventional environment pollutant zinc oxide in the vulcanization of natural rubber. To study the effects of the synthesized zinc hydroxide on the vulcanization of natural rubber curing, mechanical and thermal properties were determined and compared with the vulcanized properties of conventional 5 phr (per hundred grams of rubber) zinc oxide cured rubber vulcanizate. A strong enhancement in the cross-link density and mechanical properties (namely, modulus, tensile strength, and hardness) with only 2 phr of synthesized zinc hydroxide cured rubber system compared with 5 phr of conventional zinc oxide cured rubber system was found. A slightly higher thermal stability of 2 phr zinc hydroxide cured vulcanizate was observed because of better cross-link density than conventional 5 phr zinc oxide cured rubber vulcanizate. Thus, by this novel method, a greater than 60% reduction of the conventional cure activator level can be possible with improved physical properties in the vulcanization of natural rubber.
The Use of a Virtual Patient to Follow Pleural Pressure Changes Associated with Therapeutic Thoracentesis
Authors: Gólczewski Tomasz , Stecka Anna M. , Michnikowski Marcin , Grabczak Elżbieta M. , Korczyński Piotr , Krenke Rafał
Published: August 2017

Purpose

Influence of therapeutic thoracentesis on the pleural pressure (Pp) has been discussed in many clinical studies, however reasons of Pp changes are not precisely established. The aim of the study was to use a previously elaborated virtual cardiopulmonary patient (VP) in analysis of impact of physiological factors on Pp during the procedure.

Methods

Simulations were performed on VP with default values of parameters for which VP simulated the respiratory system of the average 50-year-old healthy Polish woman according to spirometric examination. Alterations of Pp and the amplitude of Pp changes related to breathing (AP) were analyzed. Model parameters related to chosen factors were deviated from their default values to analyze the degree of their impact on Pp and AP. The analysis was based on and supported by our own clinical data.

Results

The Pp and AP alteration intensity appeared to be most sensitive to the compliances of the rib cage and mediastinum, and the nonlinearity of the dependence between the recoil pressure and the lung volume: the lower the compliances and the higher the nonlinearity were, the deeper the Pp fall during the procedure and the bigger the AP increase were observed.

Conclusions

Experiments in silico are very useful in analyzing sophisticated physiological and medical problems. They made it possible to show which factors are particularly responsible for changes in Pp during thoracentesis. In the future, they may be useful in establishing objective conditions under which thoracentesis needs to be stopped.
Extraction of trapped double J in ureteroscope: a novel technique
Authors: Akhavizadegan Hamed
Published: August 2017

Introduction:

Urological endoscopes and percutaneous devices are expensive and their maintenance and cleaning need special attention. Sometimes urologists can help repairing their devices.

Case description:

During taking out a Double J, Double J was trapped in the working channel of ureteroscope unintentionally. It was not possible to take it out by pushing methods. Finally, Double J was pulled out by a changed nephrostomy needle to a small curve hook.

Conclusions:

Using the hand-made hook to pull out a trapped Double J from ureteroscope does not destroy the device.
Communities of peer practitioners. Experiences from an Academic Writing Group
Authors: Søraa Roger Andre , Ingeborgrud Lina , Suboticki Ivana , Solbu Gisle
Published: August 2017

Learning academic writing is important for communicating research and participating in scholarly debates. This learning is traditionally conceptualized through a hierarchical teacher-student relation or individual accomplishment. However, in this paper we ask how we might understand the development of academic writing skills as a collective practice within a writing community. We draw on experiences from our own departmental writing group of PhD candidates and highlight our specific peer community as a tool and the draft texts we deliver as boundary objects through which we develop and broaden our academic skills.
Credit Expansion, Free Cash Flow and Enterprise Investment: An Empirical Study Based on Listed Companies in China
Authors: Zhou Nan , Shum Wai Yan , Chan Sze Nam , Lai Fujun
Published: August 2017

By using the data of 936 listed companies from 2009 to 2014 in China, we use GMM method to empirically investigate whether credit expansion and free cash flow connect with the investment in enterprises. We decompose the ineffective investment into over-investment and insufficient-investment by drawing up Richardson’s over-investment measurement method. The empirical results find that credit expansion and free cash flow promote corporate new investment and over-investment, which is also confirmed by the robustness test.
Konfliktperspektiver i religionsundervisning og religionsdidaktikk - en bredere og bedre tilnærming til religion?
Authors: Andreassen Bengt Ove
Published: August 2017

Artikkelen drøfter ulike sider ved eksplisitt å åpne for konfliktperspektiver i religionsundervisningen. En slik tilnærming er faglig utfordrende, men gir innblikk i en side ved religion som i norsk religionsdidaktisk sammenheng har vært lite utforsket. Norske religionsdidaktikere er i all hovedsak rekruttert fra teologiske fagmiljøer og har hentet perspektiver fra økumenikk og religionsdidalog i stedet for å kunne utforske konflikter der religion inngår, for å lære noe om religioner. Artikkelen trekker inn bidrag fra religionsvitenskapen og legger til grunn en forståelse av religion som i noen grad skiller seg fra etablerte perspektiver i norsk religionsdidaktikk.
Fagkunnskap og pedagogisk tilnærming i samspill – En klasseromsstudie av undervisning i faget Religion, livssyn og etikk
Authors: Husebø Dag
Published: August 2017

Artikkelen analyserer tros- og livssynsundervisning gjennomført i lærerutdanningens obligatoriske praksisopplæring ved Universitetet i Stavanger (UiS) 2008-2009. Undervisningen inngikk i det ordinære valgemnet Religion, livssyn og etikk (RLE), og var samtidig integrert i FoU-prosjektet Religionsundervisning og mangfold (ROM). Målsetningen i ROM var å prøve ut en bestemt religionspedagogikk med tanke på håndtering av religiøst mangfold i skole og lærerutdanning. I lærerutdanningsdelen av prosjektet etablerte fem lærerstudenter, to praksislærere og to faglærere et praksisfellesskap som arbeidet individuelt og kollektivt i lys av aksjonsforskningsprisipper. Hver deltaker utviklet sitt didaktiske utprøvingsprosjekt med forankring i den valgte teorien, støttet av praksisfellesskapet. Praksisfellesskapets samhandling ble bl.a. dokumentert gjennom bruk av audio- og videoopptak. Spørsmålet som stilles er på hvilken måte den pedagogiske teorien som ble prøvd ut avdekket behov for bestemt fagkunnskap i undervisningen, og hvordan elevene responderte på denne RLE-undervisningen. Funn i videomaterialet som indikerer at valg av religionspedagogisk teori påvirket behovet for bestemt fagkunnskap i undervisningen, analyseres nærmere.
Visions for Teacher Education – Experiences from Finland [VISIONS 2011: Teacher Education]
Authors: Hansén Sven-Erik , Forsman Liselott , Aspfors Jessica , Bendtsen Marina
Published: August 2017

The study of teacher education in different countries reveals that many basic problems seem quite similar, although we might use different ways of categorizing and labeling the constituent elements. These differences can be specific to certain contexts, at least partly due to different traditions. To allow educationalists to understand and learn from each other on a global level, it is important to find ways of communicating these issues. The present article provides a meta-analysis of various empirical studies conducted by the authors and other Finnish researchers. The discussion entails exposing the plan and composition of characteristic features constituting Finnish teacher education. However, its ambition goes beyond describing the state of affairs: Despite a unanimous appreciation of its design, both nationally and abroad, Finnish teacher education is facing many kinds of tensions and challenges, which we in the following characterize as dilemmas. The overall aim of this article is to discuss some of these dilemmas, and also to suggest some possible ways of dealing with these. We will discuss four types of dilemmas: (1) the organization of teacher education in higher education institutions and its internal organization, (2) the relationship between general and subject-specific didactics, (3) a research-based approach versus practice-oriented approaches, and (4) the dilemma of the transition from education to work.
Tradisjonalisme og faktaorientering blant historielærere? Utvelgelsesprosesser for læreverk i historie i videregående skole: en pilotundersøkelse
Authors: Justvik Nils Martinius
Published: August 2017

Denne artikkelen rapporterer fra en pilotstudie av utvelgelsesprosesser og kriterier som benyttes i valg av læreverk i historie i videregående skole. Problemstillingene som belyses er følgende: Hvilke prosesser settes i gang når nye læreverk skal velges i de 18 videregående skolene på Agder? Hvilke kriterier benyttes for dette valget? Hvorfor ble det foretrukne læreverket valgt?

Materialet som er brukt i artikkelen er tilbakemeldinger fra de 18 videregående skolene på Agder som har historie som studieforberedende fag. En sammenligning med landet for øvrig gjøres med utgangspunkt i Cappelen Damms oversikt over de ulike historieverks markedsandeler.

På landsplan er det eldste verket fra Cappelen (”gamle” Cappelen) og Tidslinjer like store, mens på Agder har ”gamle” Cappelen over 40 % av markedet, og Tidslinjer og Portal ligger likt - under 30 % hver. Tre skoler har valgt to læreverk, men ikke for bruk i samme klasse. Utvelgelsesprosessene varierer i grundighet, og lærerne er enerådende i prosessen. Kriteriene for valg varierer fra lengre kriterierekker til tradisjon som eneste kriterium. Fem skoler nevner læreplanen som kriterium, ni har elevens opplevelse av læreverket som fokus og åtte skoler bruker forlagenes nettportaler.

Undersøkelsen samstemmer på de fleste felt med Agnete Bueies funn fra 2002, men viser sterkere innflytelse fra forlagenes nettportaler og dokumenterer erfaringsbaserte valgprosesser på skoler som bruker flere læreverk. Tradisjonskriteriet synes å stå relativt sterkt på Agder, mens læreplanen som kriterium synes å stå relativt svakt, noe som indikerer at sentrale intensjoner om en læreplanstyrt skole har begrenset gjennomslag i forhold til valg av lærebok.
Henrik Berggren Jessen & Claus Madsen: Ildfast i krydsild – standhaftig skoleledelse i brændpunktet
Authors: Hall Jeffrey
Published: August 2017

«Å være ildfast – altså å tåle sterk varme gjennom lengre tid uten å krakelere og gå i stykker – må være en viktig egenskap for en skoleleder, eller for den saks skyld for enhver leder» (s. 13). Dette er bokens definisjon av hva som kreves av en leder i kryssilden mellom ulike interesser i læringsorganisasjoner, og der treffer den relativt godt.

I boken «Ildfast i krydsild – standhaftig skoleledelse i brændpunktet» redegjør de danske forfatterne Henrik Berg Jessen og Claus Madsen for flere svært ulike perspektiver innen utdanningsledelse og management som har mer eller mindre sentrale i løpet av de siste to decenniene.
Skolefaget engelsk. Fra britisk engelsk til mange slags "engelsker" - og veien videre
Authors: Simensen Aud Marit
Published: August 2017

I artikkelen redegjør jeg for valg av engelskvariant i skolefaget engelsk i Norge, fra Skoleloven av 1936, da engelsk ble innført som fag i den obligatoriske folkeskolen, og fram til i dag. Skolefagets læreplaner utgjør her kildene til kunnskap om engelskvariant som modell for elevenes egen læring av uttale, elevenes forståelse av ulike uttalevarianter og opprinnelseslandet til kulturelementer representert. Analysen viser at først i 1987 ble de to hovedvariantene av engelsk uttale, britisk engelsk og amerikansk engelsk, formelt likestilt. Denne læreplanen hadde videre som målsetting at elevene skulle lytte til uttalevarianter også fra verden utenfor Storbritannia og USA og lære å akseptere dem som likeverdige. I den påfølgende planen fra 1997 skulle elevene også lære å skille mellom ulike uttalevarianter. Både 1987- og 1997-planen refererer til engelsk som internasjonalt språk, men først i læreplanen fra 2006 konkretiseres dette blant annet ved at elevene skal få innsikt i hvordan språket brukes som internasjonalt kommunikasjonsmiddel. Kulturkomponenten i skolefaget blir ikke studert per se i artikkelen, men trekkes inn i den grad den kan forstås som en drivkraft for valg av språkvariant. I en ramme rundt artikkelens hovedmålsetting skiller jeg blant annet mellom hovedtyper brukere av engelsk, og jeg diskuterer den internasjonale debatten i samtiden om å gjøre engelsk som lingua franca til modell for fremmedspråkopplæringen men viser samtidig til undersøkelser av holdninger og meninger hos norske elever og lærere som påviser at den innfødte talers modell fortsatt står sterkest.
Fremmedsprog på universitet - for profit only? En analyse af aktører og anbefalinger i dansk uddannelsespolitik
Authors: Verstraete-Hansen Lisbeth , Andersen Mette Skovgaard
Published: August 2017

Formålet med denne artikel er at bidrage til en forståelse af, hvilke aktører og antagelser, der driver udviklingen inden for universiteternes fremmedsprogsuddannelser i Danmark og på den baggrund diskutere, hvilke scenarier, der aktuelt tegner sig for disse uddannelser. Artiklen undersøger udvalgte anbefalinger for udviklingen af fremmedsprogsuddannelser i Danmark. Denne udvikling kan naturligvis ikke ses isoleret fra internationale aftaler som Bolognaprocessen og Lissabonstrategien, men artiklen har primært et nationalt/nordisk fokus. Ved hjælp af begreber fra public policy-analyse placeres aktørerne fra fire udvalgte uddannelsespolitiske rapporter fra den danske regering eller regeringsnedsatte arbejdsgrupper i tidsrummet 2006-2013 i aktørgrupper. Dernæst analyseres nogle af rapporternes nøglebegreber – samfundets behov, kvalitet og relevans – med henblik på at afdække, hvilket indhold aktørernes giver dem. I denne del betjener analysen sig af udvalgte diskursanalytiske begreber som flydende betegnere, ækvivalenskæder og antagonismer. Analyserne viser, at det primært er de politisk-administrative aktører, der deltager i agenda-settingen for fremmedsprogsuddannelsernes udvikling i Danmark, og at disse aktører i stor udstrækning ækvivalerer samfundets behov med arbejdsmarkedets erkendte behov og derfor ligestiller uddannelsernes kvalitet med uddannelsernes arbejdsmarkedsrelevans, når fremmedsprogsuddannelserne og deres udviklingsperspektiver vurderes. Et sådant instrumentelt sprogsyn har store konsekvenser for danske fremmedsprogsuddannelsers udviklingsbetingelser og artiklen konkluderer, at ideen om fremmedsprogsuddannelser som selvstændig akademisk disciplin er under stærkt pres.
Engelsk som tredjespråk: Har lærere kompetanse til å støtte flerspråklighet?
Authors: Dahl Anne , Krulatz Anna
Published: August 2017

Denne artikkelen handler om norske engelsklæreres kompetanse i å arbeide med barn som har et annet morsmål enn norsk, og som lærer engelsk som fremmedspråk. Problemstillingene er "Hva slags utdanning og kunnskap innen flerspråklighet har engelsklærere i Norge?," "I hvilken grad føler engelsklærere i Norge seg forberedt på å undervise i flerkulturelle og flerspråklige klasserom?" og "Hvilken type kunnskap, ferdigheter og ressurser føler de behov for?". Vi presenterer resultater fra en nasjonal spørreundersøkelse hvor i alt 176 engelsklærere deltok. I tillegg presenterer vi resultater fra fokusintervjuer med i alt fire lærere fra to skoler. Resultatene viser at selv om engelsklærerne til en viss grad føler seg forberedt på arbeid med elever som ikke har norsk som morsmål, har svært få av dem utdanning som fokuserer på flerspråklighet. Svarene fra spørreundersøkelsen og fra intervjuene viser at engelsklærerne gjerne vil ha mer kompetanse på dette området. Vi vil derfor understreke betydningen av utdanning i teori og praksis om flerspråklig utvikling og flerkulturell utdanningsteori, og ikke minst betydningen av tilgang til faglig utvikling som fokuserer på flerspråklighet i skolen og i samfunnet for engelsklærere i Norge.Nøkkelord: engelsklærere, kompetanse, språkpedagogisk kunnskap,flerspråklighet, lærerutdanningAbstractThis paper examines the extent to which English teachers in Norway are prepared to work with children whose mother tongue is not Norwegian, and who are acquiring English as a foreign language. The research questions are “What type of education and knowledge in the area of multilingualism do English teachers in Norway have?,” To what extent do English teachers in Norway feel they are prepared to teach in a multicultural and multilingual classroom?,” and “What kinds of knowledge, skills and resources do they feel a need for?” We present the results of a national survey completed by 176 teachers. In addition, we present results from focused interviews with four English teachers from two schools. The results show that although English teachers feel somewhat prepared for work with students who are not native speakers of Norwegian, very few of them have an education with focus on multilingualism. Responses from the survey and the interviews show that English teachers would like to have more expertise in this area. Therefore, we want to emphasize the importance of providing English teachers in Norway with education in theory and practice of multilingual development and multicultural education as well as access to professional development that focuses on multilingualism in schools and in society.Key words: English teachers, preparedness, knowledge of language teaching methods, multilingualism, teacher education
Lærerarbejdet mellem konceptstyring og professionsetos - om liv og modstandsformer i skolestrukturerne
Authors: Olsen Bent
Published: August 2017

Artiklen følger tre lærere, der alle har set sig nødsaget til at revidere den lærergerning, de havde forberedt sig til. Deres møde med lokale og centrale styringsformer af skolen har begrænset anvendelsen af deres erhvervede kundskaber i et sådant omfang, at de enten har måttet revidere deres væren i erhvervet eller helt forlade det. De tre cases bearbejdes med udgangspunkt i de spændinger mellem individ og institution som E. Goffman og P. Bourdieu har undersøgt som tilpasnings- og modstandsformer. Artiklen behandler disse to spørgsmål: Under hvilke sociale betingelser bliver den hengivne identifikation med lærererhvervet til, hvad betinger ’ildsjælens’ investeringer i sit arbejde? Og hvad sker der med lærerens selvforståelse, når rummet for mulige mod standsformer svinder ind?Nøgleord: Lærer; modstand; afprofessionalisering; Goffman; BourdieuAbstractThe article follows three teachers, who have all felt pressured to revise the professional life they all had prepared for. Their encounters with local and central legal authorities responsible for school administration seem to have limited the exercise of their acquired skills to such an extent that they either have had to consider whether they are to remain in the profession or simply leave it. The three cases are analysed with focus on the tension involved in being an individual in an institutional setting. Contradictions of assimilation and resistance in the teachers’ lives are handled using the theoretical frameworks of E. Goffman and P. Bourdieu. The article deals with two questions: What kind of social conditions promote the devoted and highly enthusiastic professional teacher? And what happens to the teachers’ self-recognition when the scope of possible forms of resistance becomes restricted?  Keywords: Teacher; resistance; deprofessionalization; Goffman; Bourdieu
Teacher Education as Transformation: Some Lessons Learned from a Center for Excellence in Education
Authors: Lund Andreas , Eriksen Tone Malmstedt
Published: August 2017

Denne artikkelen presenterer noen utfordringer som synes å forekomme ofte innenfor både lærerutdanning og forskning på lærerutdanning. Vi argumenterer for at prinsipper knyttet til aktørskap i endringsprosesser (transformative agency) samt dobbel stimulering (Sannino, 2014; Vygotsky, 1978) utgjør et begrepsmessig rammeverk egnet til å undersøke endringer i lærerutdanningen, og som kan bidra til forståelsen av hvordan vi kan designe fremtidsrettede studieprogrammer. Vi syntetiserer noen funn fra et antall prosjekter der rekonfigurering av lærerutdanning står sentralt og der man har søkt å overskride epistemologiske dikotomier for å forberede vordende lærere på en verden i endring. Metodologisk bruker vi nevnte ramme­verk i en post hoc-analyse av en serie formative intervensjoner i lærerutdanningen. Felles­nevneren ligger i å overskride tradisjonelt akademisk kunnskapsarbeid i lærerutdanningen. Vår konklusjon er at transformasjon og rekonfigurering av forholdet mellom teori og praksis er mulig, og at de prosjektene vi her bruker som empiriske linser, kan fungere som bærere av nye innsikter i hvordan vi kan transformere lærerutdanningen i kunnskapssamfunnet.Nøkkelord: lærerutdanning, transformasjon, aktørskap (agency), integrasjon, universitet, skole, knunnskapsformerAbstractThis article presents some challenges that appear to be common in the current landscape of teacher education and teacher education research. We argue that the principles of trans­formative agency and double stimulation (Sannino, 2014; Vygotsky, 1978) offer a conceptual framework for studying changes in teacher education and can contribute to the understanding of how we can design future-oriented study programs. We synthesize some common findings from a number of projects attempting to reconfigure teacher education, transcend epistemo­logical dichotomies and prepare teachers for a changing world. Methodologically, we use the conceptual framework mentioned above to conduct a post hoc analysis of a series of forma­tive interventions in teacher education. The common denominator is transcending traditional academic work in teacher education. We conclude that the reconfiguration of educational research and practice in teacher education is doable and that the examples of projects presented serve as empirical lenses and carriers of new understandings of how to transform teacher education in the knowledge society.Key words: teacher education, transformation, agency, integration, university, school, know­ledge types
Por que não escutar as mulheres? O que elas têm a dizer sobre seus abortos?
Authors: Curi Paula Land
Published: August 2017

O aborto é um tema complexo que se apresenta como um fenômeno atravessado por inúmeras controvérsias, que tende a nos capturar, ensurdecer, assim como dificultar a proposição de políticas públicas para lidar com o problema. Assim sendo, este trabalho pretende discutir a questão do aborto em nosso país, ratificando que se trata de um problema de saúde pública e, por isso, demanda a implementação de políticas públicas mais específicas no campo da saúde sexual e reprodutiva das mulheres, capazes de proteger as mulheres de tornarem-se mais vulneráveis ao se submeterem ao aborto inseguro. Contudo, este também convoca a algumas reflexões para além daquelas que advém do campo político. Tenta dar lugar a alguns achados que se apresentaram, a partir da escuta clínica de mulheres em situação de abortamento. A clínica nos convocou a indagar porque essas mulheres não são escutadas para que elas nos digam o que têm a dizer sobre seus abortos. Ao dar-lhes voz, desloca-se das antigas versões proferidas sobre o aborto e evidencia-se que não é um processo que se dá sem conflitos, pois, as mulheres nos mostraram que se sentiam compelidas a se submeterem ao aborto, mesmo quando diziam que desejavam ser mães.
Problemas de comunicação em uma unidade de saúde: novas tecnologias aplicadas para velhas soluções.
Authors: Cordeiro Leonardo Ayres , Teodoro Marcel Rocha
Published: August 2017

O presente artigo apresenta características de uma unidade de saúde ligada ao programa saúde da família, em um município da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Foram avaliadas suas características físicas, de funcionamento e dificuldades no que tange as questões de comunicação interna, entre os funcionários e entre os gestores e funcionários. Os problemas de comunicação, como o silêncio organizacional, a falta de canais oficiais de informação e a comunicação feita de forma ineficiente, dentro do município, traziam dificuldades à gestão. Foram sugeridas diversas estratégias para corrigir as questões levantadas. Este trabalho fornece uma referência para que gestores que lidam com a saúde pública desenvolvam medidas corretivas para melhorar a comunicação, com o uso de tecnologias de informação ligada ao crescente mercado de aplicativos para celular. A gestão pública pode se aproveitar desse avanço tecnológico para acelerar o andamento das correções necessárias. Ganhos em eficiência, produtividade e melhorias no ambiente de trabalho são possíveis reflexos destas ações.
A ESCOLA, A INFÂNCIA E O PROCESSO CIVILIZADOR NO BRASIL DO SÉCULO XIX
Authors: Da Silva Fabiana Da Silva
Published: August 2017

Neste artigo procuro analisar o processo de escolarização no Brasil, no século XIX, adotando como referencial teórico as proposições do sociólogo alemão Norbert Elias. Dedico-me, mais especificamente, à teoria do processo civilizador e procuro a partir dela compreender a relação entre a formação do Estado imperial brasileiro e a organização do serviço de instrução pública primária. Minha hipótese é que a constituição do Estado nacional brasileiro demandou a produção e a valorização de certos modelos sociais como o do cidadão civilizado; modelo do qual decorreram várias outras representações: como o do bom pai de família, da boa mãe e do filho dócil e educado. Concomitantemente, ocorreu a institucionalização de espaços destinados à formação do povo e à defesa daqueles comportamentos sociais mais desejáveis e adequados à nova realidade do país. Daí a grande importância conferida, no discurso de políticos e intelectuais, à escola pública primária e aos saberes elementares que ela tinha a função de transmitir.