bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Worker skill and client outcome in child protection
Authors: Trotter Chris
Published: August 2002

The research in child protection and in work with other involuntary clients suggests that the use of certain skills by child protection workers is likely to be related to positive client outcomes. In particular, effective practice involves: helping clients and client families to understand the role of the child protection worker; working through a problem‐solving process which focuses on the client's rather than the worker's definitions of problems; reinforcing the client's pro‐social expression and actions; making appropriate use of confrontation; and using these skills within a collaborative client/worker relationship. This study attempts to identify the extent to which child protection workers make use of these skills and how these skills relate to client outcomes. Data were sought through 50 interviews with child protection workers and 282 interviews with family members. The child protection workers provided information about 247 client families. It was clear that when workers used the skills, their clients had better outcomes—the workers believed their clients showed better progress, the clients were more satisfied with the outcomes and the cases were more likely to have been closed 16 months later. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abusive relationships, care and control conflicts and insecure attachments
Authors: Reder Peter , Duncan Sylvia
Published: August 2002

Many studies of adults who are violent to others or abuse their children suggest long‐standing interpersonal difficulties that can be traced back to severe adverse experiences in childhood. Different models have been proposed to understand these difficulties, including attachment theory. However, attachment concepts tend to be used loosely and we suggest that the notion of ‘unresolved care and control conflicts’ is a more practically useful framework, which also has parallels in attachment theory and offers pointers for risk assessment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Percutaneous coronary intervention with bivalirudin anticoagulation, immediate sheath removal, and early ambulation: A feasibility study with implications for day‐stay procedures
Authors: Ormiston John A. , Shaw Bronwyn L. , Panther Monique J. , Ruygrok Peter N. , Devlin Gerard P. , Stewart Ralph A.H. , Webster Mark W.I.
Published: August 2002

We assessed the feasibility and safety of a strategy of transfemoral percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with bivalirudin anticoagulation, immediate sheath removal, early ambulation, and, where possible, same‐day discharge in 100 consecutive patients. Ambulation was achieved by 2 hr 30 min in 85% of patients and same‐day discharge in 26%. PCI was angiographically successful in 97%. In hospital, there were no deaths or Q‐wave myocardial infarctions. One patient suffered a non–Q‐wave infarction, another in‐hospital surgical revascularization and one required blood transfusion for rectal bleeding. Femoral access site hematoma > 5 cm diameter occurred in two patients. In addition, by 1 month there had been one death (at 10 days) and one pseudoaneurysm treated nonsurgically. In this preliminary study, the strategy of bivalirudin bolus anticoagulation, immediate sheath removal, and 2‐hr ambulation after PCI appeared safe, with same‐day discharge possible in 26% of unselected patients with stable or unstable angina. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:289–293. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of fenoldopam to prevent radiocontrast nephropathy in high‐risk patients
Authors: Madyoon Hooman , Croushore Linda , Weaver Douglas , Mathur Vandana
Published: August 2002

We evaluated the ability of fenoldopam, a newly available renal vasodilator, to prevent radiocontrast nephropathy in high‐risk patients undergoing interventional diagnostic and therapeutic angiographic procedures. We reviewed the results from 46 consecutive procedures in patients with serum creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dL if diabetic and ≥ 1.7 mg/dL if nondiabetic. We compared our results to a previously published cohort of similarly at‐risk patients. The incidence of radiocontrast nephropathy, defined as an increase in serum creatinine of ≥ 25% at 48 hr following the procedure, was 13% in the group treated with fenoldopam, compared to an expected 38%. The percentage change in serum creatinine at 48 hr was +16% vs. +118%, respectively, in the two groups. In this preliminary experience, the use of fenoldopam in high‐risk patients appears to minimize the likelihood of radioncontrast nephropathy. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:341–345. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and circular dichroism studies of N,N‐bis(2‐quinolylmethyl)amino acid Cu(II) complexes: Determination of absolute configuration and enantiomeric excess by the exciton coupling method
Authors: Holmes Andrea E. , Zahn Steffen , Canary James W.
Published: August 2002

We report a method to determine the absolute configuration of α‐amino acids by exciton coupled circular dichroism (ECCD). Naturally occurring amino acids were successfully derivatized with 2‐bromomethylquinoline. Complexation of these conformationally flexible ligands with Cu(II) salts yielded defined propeller‐like structures. The direction of the twist (i.e., the relative orientation of the chromophores to each other) is governed by the asymmetric amino acid carbon center. The transition moments of the chromophores couple and yield a bisignate circular dichroism spectrum, the sign of which corresponds to the absolute configuration of the chiral center of the amino acid. Enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of amino acid derivatives is linearly related to the differential extinction coefficient Δε and can be assessed easily utilizing a standard curve. This efficient, sensitive technique requires low analyte concentrations, offers several advantages over established methods, and could be applied in medicinal, pharmaceutical, or chemical retail and manufacturing industry. Chirality 14:471–477, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of chiral compounds from unresolved peaks in capillary electrophoresis using multivariate calibration with experimental design and artificial neural networks
Authors: Dohnal Vlastimil , Li Hua , Farková Marta , Havel Josef
Published: August 2002

Quantitation of optical isomers can be achieved even from incompletely resolved peaks with a multivariate calibration applying a combination of experimental design and artificial neural networks (ANN). Using the proposed approach, method development can be more efficient and analysis time shortened while quantitation of optical isomers with acceptable precision (±1–3%) can be achieved. Chirality 14:509–518, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Phase II study of gemcitabine and docetaxel in patients with metastatic pancreatic carcinoma
Authors: Ryan David P. , Kulke Matthew H. , Fuchs Charles S. , Grossbard Michael L. , Grossman Steven R. , Morgan Jeffrey A. , Earle Craig C. , Shivdasani Ramesh , Kim Haesook , Mayer Robert J. , Clark Jeffrey W.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Patients with metastatic pancreatic carcinoma have a poor survival. Chemotherapy with gemcitabine is the standard first‐line treatment. In a Phase II trial at one academic cancer center, the clinical safety and activity of combining gemcitabine and docetaxel were assessed.

METHODS

Patients with previously untreated, advanced pancreatic carcinoma were eligible. Bidimensionally measurable disease or evaluable disease with an elevated tumor marker, good performance status, and adequate organ function were required. Patients received docetaxel 60 mg/m2 on Day 1 and gemcitabine 600 mg/m2 on Days 1, 8, and 15 every 28 days. Ciprofloxacin was administered on Days 8–18. Dose attenuations were made as indicated for toxicity. Patients were restaged radiographically after every two cycles.

RESULTS

Thirty‐four patients were enrolled, and 33 patients were evaluable for response. There were 23 men and 10 women among the evaluable patients. The median age was 63 years, and all patients had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1. Three patients had received prior chemoradiation for postresection adjuvant therapy. One hundred forty‐six cycles of chemotherapy were administered, and 5 cycles (3%) in 4 patients (12%) were complicated by febrile neutropenia. Twenty percent and 11% of patients on Day 8 and Day 15 doses of gemcitabine, respectively, were omitted for toxicity. The objective response rate was 18%, and the median survival was 8.9 months (95% confidence interval, 5.2–11.2 months). The 1‐year survival rate was 29%.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of gemcitabine and docetaxel in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma is well tolerated and is associated with moderate activity despite aggressive dose reduction. Whether combination regimens are more effective than single agents in the treatment of patients with pancreatic carcinoma awaits evaluation in randomized studies. Cancer 2002;94:97–103. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
High‐dose‐rate versus low‐dose‐rate intracavitary therapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix
Authors: Hareyama Masato , Sakata Koh‐ichi , Oouchi Atushi , Nagakura Hisayasu , Shido Mitsuo , Someya Masanori , Koito Kazumitsu
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

This was a prospective randomized clinical trial undertaken at our institution to compare low‐dose‐rate (LDR) intracavitary radiation therapy versus high‐dose‐rate (HDR) intracavitary radiation therapy for the treatment of cervical carcinoma.

METHODS

From January 1984 to December 1997, a total of 132 patients with Stage II or IIIB of invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix were entered into this randomized study. Treatment arm by HDR or LDR was allocated according to the month of each patient's birth. External irradiation consisted of whole pelvis irradiation and pelvic irradiation. Doses of external irradiation for both groups were identical. The authors used 0.588 as the conversion factor of total intracavitary dose from LDR to HDR.

RESULTS

The 5‐year disease specific survival rates of Stage II and III patients treated with HDR were 69% and 51% whereas those with LDR were 87% and 60%, respectively. The 5‐year pelvic recurrence free survival rates of Stage II and III patients treated with HDR were 89% and 73% whereas those with LDR were 100% and 70%, respectively. There was no significant difference in disease specific survival or pelvic recurrence free survival rates between HDR and LDR. The actuarial complication rate (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Grade 3, 4, or 5) at 5 years was 10% in the HDR group and 13% in the LDR group, and the difference between the HDR and LDR groups was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

The pelvic control or actuarial complication rates were comparable between HDR and LDR treatment. The difference between the disease specific survival rates for HDR and LDR was not statistically significant for Stage II or III, although in Stage II, patients treated with LDR appeared to have a better survival rate than those treated with HDR. Cancer 2002;94:117–24. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Persistence of myeloma protein for more than one year after radiotherapy is an adverse prognostic factor in solitary plasmacytoma of bone
Authors: Wilder Richard B. , Ha Chul S. , Cox James D. , Weber Donna , Delasalle Kay , Alexanian Raymond
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Prognostic factors for solitary plasmacytoma of bone (SPB), whether measured before or after radiotherapy (RT), have not been established. The authors analyzed multiple factors for myeloma‐free survival (MFS) and cause‐specific survival (CSS) in SPB patients treated with RT alone.

METHODS

Between 1965 and 2000, 60 patients with carefully staged SPB were treated with RT alone at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Patient ages ranged from 29–77 years (median, 54 years), and 75% of patients had a myeloma (M) protein in the blood and/or urine. No patients showed other lesions on skeletal survey or, in recent years, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine; marrow aspirate was normal in all patients. Radiotherapy to the solitary lesion was given to a total dose of 30–70 Gy (median, 46 Gy). The authors analyzed the impact of multiple factors on MFS and CSS, including resolution v. persistence of M protein after RT, secretory v. nonsecretory disease at diagnosis, presence v. absence of an associated soft tissue mass on computed tomography or MRI scan, magnitude of serum M protein elevation at diagnosis, age, spinal v. nonspinal location, Karnofsky performance status, total RT dose, and tumor size.

RESULTS

Median follow‐up was 7.8 years (range, 1.0–25.5 years). On multivariate analysis, persistence of M protein more than one year after RT was the only independent adverse prognostic factor for MFS (P = 0.005) and CSS (P = 0.04). Most patients with M protein that persisted for more than one year after RT were diagnosed with multiple myeloma within 2.2 years of treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with M protein that persists for more than one year after RT should be monitored frequently and considered for standard chemotherapy followed by intensive consolidation therapy when they either develop symptoms or show an increasing M protein level. Cancer 2002;94:1532–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10366
pT1 clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Cheville John C. , Zincke Horst , Lohse Christine M. , Sebo Thomas J. , Riehle Darren , Weaver Amy L. , Blute Michael L.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The majority of patients with pT1 clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are cured with nephrectomy. However, a few patients will die of RCC. In several studies, MIB‐1 proliferative activity was identified as an independent predictor of survival in patients with RCC. The objective of the current study was to examine MIB‐1 proliferative activity in a large series of patients with pT1 clear cell RCC who were treated uniformly with radical nephrectomy, and to examine the association between proliferative activity and cancer specific survival in a multivariate model incorporating tumor size, nuclear grade, and tumor necrosis.

METHODS

Patients with solitary pT1 clear cell RCC who underwent radical nephrectomy between 1970–1997 were eligible for the current study. For each of the 40 patients who died of RCC, a stratified random sample of at least 3 year‐matched patients who still were alive or had died of other causes at the time of last follow‐up was selected. Patient age at nephrectomy, patient gender, tumor size, nuclear grade, and tumor necrosis were evaluated, and the MIB‐1 proliferative activity was assessed using digital image analysis. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were fit to assess the features associated with cancer specific survival. The associations between MIB‐1 proliferative activity and pathologic features were assessed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.

RESULTS

The mean MIB‐1 value for those patients who died of clear cell RCC was 6.5% compared with 3.6% for those patients who died of other causes or were still alive at the time of last follow‐up. Patients whose tumor had an MIB‐1 proliferative activity ≥ 5.0% were more than twice as likely to die of RCC than patients whose tumors had a MIB‐1 activity < 5% (P = 0.02). However, after adjusting for tumor size, nuclear grade, and necrosis, MIB‐1 proliferative activity was not found to be associated significantly with cancer specific survival. There was a significant association between MIB‐1 proliferative activity and tumor size, nuclear grade, and necrosis.

CONCLUSIONS

After adjusting for tumor size, nuclear grade, and necrosis, MIB‐1 proliferative activity was not found to be an independent predictor of outcome in patients with pT1 clear cell RCC who were treated with radical nephrectomy. There was a significant association between MIB‐1 and other well established pathologic prognostic features of pT1 clear cell RCC. Cancer 2002;94:2180–4. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10433
Viral load is a significant prognostic factor for hepatitis B virus‐associated hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Ohkubo Kazuaki , Kato Yuji , Ichikawa Tatsuki , Kajiya Yuji , Takeda Yoshio , Higashi Shinnichirou , Hamasaki Keisuke , Nakao Kazuhiko , Nakata Keisuke , Eguchi Katsumi
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is closely linked to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The objective of the current study was to identify the factors involved in the prognosis of patients with HBV‐associated HCC using multivariate analysis.

METHODS

The current study included 74 patients with HBV‐associated HCC who were admitted to Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan, between 1983–1998. Of these, 13 patients underwent surgical tumor resection; 43 patients received nonsurgical treatment with transcatheter arterial embolization, percutaneous ethanol injection, or both; and 18 patients were followed without any active treatment. The significance of the patient's age; gender; history of blood transfusion; alcohol use; serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, α‐fetoprotein, and HBV‐DNA; number and size of liver tumors; clinical stage; and histologic diagnosis of HCC as prognostic factors was evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses.

RESULTS

The 3‐year, 5‐year, and 10‐year postdiagnosis cumulative survival rates were 36%, 21%, and 17%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified the level of serum HBV‐DNA and tumor size at diagnosis as independent and significant prognostic factors (P = 0.0022 and P = 0.0106, respectively). In addition, a low level of viremia was found to be associated with longer survival (P = 0.0057) even in patients who were negative for the hepatitis B e antigen.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study suggest that viral load is a useful prognostic marker for HBV‐related HCC and that HCC patients with a less favorable course appear either to clear the virus poorly or to have a greater level of virus production. Cancer 2002;94:2663–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10557
Comparative immunohistochemical studies of bcl‐2 and p53 proteins in benign and malignant ovarian endometriotic cysts
Authors: Nezhat Farr , Cohen Carmel , Rahaman Jamal , Gretz Herbert , Cole Patrick , Kalir Tamara
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

A number of histologic and epidemiologic studies have suggested an association between endometriosis and ovarian carcinoma. Some reports have described a transition from endometriosis to atypical endometriosis to carcinoma. Using immunohistochemistry, the authors compared staining patterns in benign endometriotic cysts with ovarian tumors and the endometriotic cyst lining from which they arose, in an attempt to identify sequential or etiologic correlations.

METHODS

One hundred thirteen formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded sections were studied (30 benign ovarian endometriotic cysts, 24 endometriotic cysts containing endometrioid carcinomas, 19 endometriotic cysts harboring clear cell carcinomas, and 40 ovarian papillary serous cystadenocarcinomas). All sections were immunostained with anti‐bcl‐2 and anti‐p53 antibodies using the streptavidin‐biotin method.

RESULTS

bcl‐2 was reported to stain 23% of benign endometriotic cysts, 67% of endometrioid carcinomas, 73% of clear cell carcinomas, and 50% of papillary serous carcinomas. Approximately 42% of benign endometriotic lesions adjacent to the endometrioid carcinoma and 73% adjacent to clear cell carcinomas were found to stain for bcl‐2 (p = 0.274 [not significant (NS)] and P = 0.008, respectively). p53 staining was negative in the benign endometriotic cyst group and was positive in 37–55% of the group with tumors. p53 staining was positive in 25% of the benign endometriotic lesions next to the endometrioid carcinoma and in 9% of the benign endometriotic lesions next to clear cell carcinoma (P = 0.014 and P = 0.239 [NS], respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study suggest that alterations in bcl‐2 and p53 may be associated with the malignant transformation of endometriotic cysts. Cancer 2002;94:2935–40. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10566
Cortical and thalamic connections of the parietal ventral somatosensory area in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Qi Hui‐Xin , Lyon David C. , Kaas Jon H.
Published: August 2002

Microelectrode mapping methods were used to define the parietal ventral somatosensory area (PV) on the upper bank of the lateral sulcus in five marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). In the same animals, neuroanatomical tracers were placed into electrophysiologically identified sites in PV and/or the second somatosensory area (S2). Foci of anterograde and retrograde label were related to electrophysiological maps of cortical areas and cortical and thalamic architecture. The results lead to the following conclusions: (1) Multiunit recordings from cortex on the upper bank of the lateral sulcus demonstrate that PV is somatotopically organized, with the face representation adjoining area 3b and the hindlimb and tail representations away from this border in cortex deep on the upper bank of the lateral sulcus. The forelimb representation is caudal in PV adjacent to the S2 forelimb representation. The body surface representation in PV approximates a mirror image of that in S2; (2) Areas PV and S2 are less myelinated and have less cytochrome oxidase enzyme activity than area 3b; (3) The ventroposterior inferior nucleus (VPI) of the thalamus provides the major somatosensory projections to PV. PV is reciprocally connected with VPI and anterior pulvinar; (4) PV has ipsilateral cortical connections with areas 3a, 3b, 1, and M1 and higher order somatosensory fields, and at least most of these connections are somatotopically matched; and (5) Callosal connections of PV are with S2 and PV of the other cerebral hemisphere. These results further establish PV as one of at least four somatosensory areas of the lateral sulcus of primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 443:168–182, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glutamate receptors at rod bipolar ribbon synapses in the rabbit retina
Authors: Li Wei , Trexler E. Brady , Massey Stephen C.
Published: August 2002

In the mammalian retina, maximum sensitivity is achieved in the rod pathway, which serves dark‐adapted vision. Rod bipolar cells carry the highly convergent rod input and make ribbon synapses with two postsynaptic elements in the inner retina. One postsynaptic neuron is the AII amacrine cell, which feeds the rod signal into the cone pathways. The other postsynaptic element is either an S1 or S2 amacrine cell. These two wide‐field GABA amacrine cells both make reciprocal synapses with rod bipolar terminals but their individual roles are unknown. AII and S1/S2 dendrites come in close together and form a dyad opposing the presynaptic ribbon, which is the site of glutamate release. Therefore, two postsynaptic neurons sense the very same neurotransmitter yet serve different functions in the rod pathway. This functional diversity could be derived partly from the expression of different glutamate receptors on each postsynaptic element. In this study, we labeled all pre‐ and postsynaptic combinations and a signal‐averaging method was developed to locate glutamate receptor subunits. In summary, GluR2/3 and GluR4 are expressed by AII amacrine cells but not by S1/S2 amacrine cells. In contrast, the orphan subunit δ1/2 is exclusively located on S1 varicosities but not on AII or S2 amacrine cells. These results confirm the prediction of divergence mediated by different glutamate receptors at the rod bipolar dyad. Each different amacrine cell type appears to express specific glutamate receptors. Finally, the differential expression of glutamate receptors by S1 and S2 may partly explain the need for two wide‐field GABA amacrine cells with the same feedback connections to rod bipolar terminals. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:230–248, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of nonmuscle myosin‐II in honeybee photoreceptors and its possible role in maintaining compound eye architecture
Authors: Baumann Otto
Published: August 2002

Photoreceptor and accessory cells in the insect compound eye exhibit a characteristic architecture, probably established and maintained by the contribution of membrane‐associated cytoskeletal elements. The present study identifies and localizes nonmuscle myosin‐II in honeybee photoreceptors by use of an affinity‐purified antibody against scallop muscle myosin‐II heavy chain (MHC). Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining confirmed cross‐reactivity of the antibody with honeybee muscle MHC. In the compound eye, the antibody identified a protein that comigrated with muscle MHC on sodium dodecylsulfate‐polyacrylamide gels. Association with the cytoskeleton, ATP‐dependent binding to exogenous actin filaments, and cross‐reactivity with several other antibodies against MHC, including an antibody toDrosophilanonmuscle MHC, support the conclusion that the cross‐reacting protein represents nonmuscle MHC. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy on honeybee eyes showed that the motor protein was highly enriched at distinct regions of the photoreceptor surface next to the light‐receptive compartment, the rhabdom. To determine the function of myosin‐II in these cells, retinal tissue was incubated with 2,3‐butanedione 2‐monoxime (BDM), an inhibitor of myosin activity. BDM treatment resulted in an increase in surface curvature at precisely those membrane areas that exhibited intense immunoreactivity for MHC. Moreover, the positioning and alignment of the rhabdoms was altered after exposure to BDM. These results suggest that the activity of nonmuscle myosin‐II in the visual cells exerts tension on a distinct surface region next to the rhabdom, contributes to the positioning of the rhabdom, and, thus, plays a role in maintaining the cellular architecture within the compound eye. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:364–378, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Erbb transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors are differentially expressed throughout the adult rat central nervous system
Authors: Gerecke Kimberly M. , Wyss J. Michael , Karavanova Irina , Buonanno Andres , Carroll Steven L.
Published: August 2002

The neuregulin (NRG) family of growth and differentiation factors and their erbB receptors contribute importantly to the development of the nervous system, but their distribution and function in the adult brain are poorly understood. The present study showed that erbB2, erbB3, and erbB4 transcripts and protein are distributed throughout all areas of adult rat brain. These three receptors were differentially expressed in neurons and glia. Some neurons expressed only a subset of erbB kinases, whereas other neurons expressed all three erbB receptors but sequestered each of these polypeptides into distinct cellular compartments. In synapse‐rich regions, erbB immunoreactivity appeared as punctate‐, axon‐, and/or dendrite‐associated staining, suggesting that NRGs are involved in the formation and maintenance of synapses in adult brain. ErbB labeling also was present in neuronal soma, indicating that NRGs act at sites in addition to the synapse. Glia in adult brain also differentially expressed erbB3 and erbB4. Approximately half of the erbB3 labeling in white matter was associated with S100β+/glial fibrillary acidic protein negative macroglia (i.e., oligodendrocytes or glial fibrillary acidic protein negative astrocytes). In contrast, macroglia in gray matter did not express erbB3. The remaining erbB3 immunoreactivity in white matter and erbB4 glial staining seemed to be associated with microglia. These results showed that erbB receptors are expressed widely in adult rat brain and that each erbB receptor subtype has a distinct distribution. The differential distributions of erbB receptors in neurons and glia and the known functional differences between these kinases suggest that NRGs have distinct effects on these cells. The continued expression of NRGs and their erbB receptors in mature brain also implies that these molecules perform important functions in the brain throughout life. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:86–100, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lateral hypothalamus: Early developmental expression and response to hypocretin (orexin)
Authors: Van Den Pol Anthony N. , Patrylo Peter R. , Ghosh Prabhat K. , Gao Xiao‐Bing
Published: August 2002

Hypocretin is a recently discovered peptide that is synthesized by neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area (LH) and is believed to play a role in sleep regulation, arousal, endocrine control, and food intake. These functions are critical for the development of independent survival. We investigated the developmental profile of the hypocretin system in rats. Northern blot analysis showed that the expression of hypocretin mRNA increased from postnatal day 1 to adulthood. Both of the identified hypocretin receptor mRNAs were strongly expressed very early in hypothalamic development, and expression subsequently decreased in the mature brain. Immunocytochemistry revealed hypocretin‐2 peptide expression in the cell bodies of LH neurons and in axons in the brain and spinal cord as early as embryonic day 19. Whole‐cell patch clamp recordings from postnatal P1‐P14 LH slices demonstrated a robust increase in synaptic activity in all LH neurons tested (n = 20) with a 383% increase in the frequency of spontaneous activity upon hypocretin‐2 (1.5 μM) application. A similar increase in activity was found with hypocretin‐1 application to LH slices. Hypocretin‐2 evoked a robust increase in synaptic activity even on the earliest day tested, the day of birth. Furthermore, voltage‐clamp recordings and calcium digital imaging experiments using cultured LH cells revealed that both hypocretin‐1 and ‐2 induced enhancement of neuronal activity occurred as early as synaptic activity was detected. Thus, as in the adult central nervous system, hypocretin exerts a profound excitatory influence on neuronal activity early in development, which might contribute to the development of arousal, sleep regulation, feeding, and endocrine control. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:349–363, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and cell type heterogeneities of the inner ear epithelia in adult and juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Bang Pascal I. , Sewell William F. , Malicki Jarema J.
Published: August 2002

Although the zebrafish has become an important model for genetic analysis of the vertebrate auditory system, a comprehensive description of the zebrafish ear has been provided for embryonic and larval development only (Haddon and Lewis [1996] J. Comp. Neurol. 365:113). Here we describe the development of sensory maculae in juvenile fish and the morphology of the adult zebrafish ear. This description was obtained via three‐dimensional reconstruction of serial sections and confocal microscopy of immunolabeled preparations and includes the Weberian ossicles and fluid spaces. Phalloidin staining, which labels actin filaments of stereocilia, was used to delineate the sensory epithelia, to visualize the distribution of hair cells, to estimate their density in different areas of the maculae, and to perform hair cell counts. Morphology of ciliary bundles in different regions of the lagena, saccule, utricle, macula neglecta, and cristae was characterized with an anti‐acetylated tubulin antibody and by phalloidin staining. We have identified two antibodies characterized by region‐specific staining patterns in the inner ear epithelia. Zn‐1 antibody staining largely correlates with the presence of short‐bundle hair cells in the peripheral regions of sensory epithelia. Zn‐4 antibody, on the other hand, labels a zone of epithelial cells surrounding the sensory maculae. These analyses extend previous observations of cell‐type heterogeneity in both sensory and nonsensory epithelia of the fish ear. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:173–190, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Presynaptic localisation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor β2 subunit immunoreactivity in rat nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurones
Authors: Jones Ian W. , Bolam J. Paul. , Wonnacott Susan
Published: August 2002

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) are widely distributed in the central nervous system, where they exert a modulatory influence on synaptic transmission. For the striatum, pharmacological evidence supports the presence of presynaptic α3β2* and α4β2* nAChR that modulate dopamine release from nigrostriatal terminals. The objective of this study was to examine the precise subcellular distribution of the nAChR β2 subunit in these neurones and its localisation at presynaptic sites. Double immunolabelling with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) at the confocal level revealed that the cell bodies and axon terminals (synaptosomes) of nigrostriatal neurones were also immunoreactive for the nAChR β2 subunit. Double‐preembedding electron microscopy confirmed that β2‐immunogold labelling was enriched in TH‐positive terminals in the dorsal striatum. Quantitative analysis of doubly immunogold‐labelled sections in postembedding electron microscopy showed that 86% of TH‐positive axonal boutons are also labelled for the nAChR β2 subunit, whereas 45% of β2 subunit‐immunolabelled boutons do not contain TH. Thus the β2 subunit is localised within at least two populations of axon terminals in the dorsal striatum. In these structures, 15% of β2 subunit immunoreactvity was at the plasma membrane but was rarely associated with synapses. These findings are compatible with functional presynaptic β2‐containing nAChR that may be stimulated physiologically by acetylcholine that diffuses from synaptic or nonsynaptic sites of acetylcholine release. These results demonstrate the presynaptic localisation of an nAChR subunit in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurones, providing morphological evidence for the presynaptic nicotinic modulation of dopamine release. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:235–247, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical distribution of delta opioid receptors in the rat central nervous system: Evidence for somatodendritic labeling and antigen‐specific cellular compartmentalization
Authors: Cahill Catherine M. , McClellan Kelly A. , Morinville Anne , Hoffert Cyrla , Hubatsch Doug , O'Donnell Dajan , Beaudet Alain
Published: August 2002

Many studies have reported on the distribution of delta opioid receptors (δOR) in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) by using a variety of techniques. However, no general consensus has emerged with regards to the localization of this receptor due to inconsistencies in the immunohistochemical literature. In the present study, we analyzed the cellular and subcellular distribution of immunoreactive δOR in the rat CNS using two different antibodies (directed against a sequence in the C‐terminus or N‐terminus of the rat δOR). By using Western blotting, these two antibodies recognized similar forms of the δOR in COS‐7 cells transfected with this receptor, but distinct forms in membranes from the rat spinal cord. By using light microscopic immunohistochemistry, both antibodies recognized identical populations of nerve cell bodies throughout the CNS; the distribution of these cell bodies conformed to that of δOR mRNA‐expressing cells detected by in situ hybridization. However, whereas the C‐terminus‐directed antibody recognized predominantly perikarya and proximal dendrites, the N‐terminus–directed antibody also labeled extensively dendritic and terminal arbors. Furthermore, by using electron microscopy, the two antibodies were found not only to label differentially somatodendritic versus axonal compartments, but also plasma membrane versus cytoplasmic ones, suggesting that distinct immunological forms of the receptor are being targeted preferentially to different cellular and subcellular domains. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:65–84, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and physiology of the polyaxonal amacrine cells in the rabbit retina
Authors: Völgyi Béla , Xin Daiyan , Amarillo Yimy , Bloomfield Stewart A.
Published: August 2002

We examined the morphology and physiological response properties of the axon‐bearing, long‐range amacrine cells in the rabbit retina. These so‐called polyaxonal amacrine cells all displayed two distinct systems of processes: (1) a dendritic field composed of highly branched and relatively thick processes and (2) a more extended, often sparsely branched axonal arbor derived from multiple thin axons emitted from the soma or dendritic branches. However, we distinguished six morphological types of polyaxonal cells based on differences in the fine details of their soma/dendritic/axonal architecture, level of stratification within the inner plexiform layer (IPL), and tracer coupling patterns. These morphological types also showed clear differences in their light‐evoked response activity. Three of the polyaxonal amacrine cell types showed on‐off responses, whereas the remaining cells showed on‐center responses; we did not encounter polyaxonal cells with off‐center physiology. Polyaxonal cells respected the on/off sublamination scheme in that on‐off cells maintained dendritic/axonal processes in both sublamina a and b of the IPL, whereas processes of on‐center cells were restricted to sublamina b. All polyaxonal amacrine cell types displayed large somatic action potentials, but we found no evidence for low‐amplitude dendritic spikes that have been reported for other classes of amacrine cell. The center‐receptive fields of the polyaxonal cells were comparable to the diameter of their respective dendritic arbors and, thus, were significantly smaller than their extensive axonal fields. This correspondence between receptive and dendritic field size was seen even for cells showing extensive homotypic and/or heterotypic tracer coupling to neighboring neurons. These data suggest that all polyaxonal amacrine cells are polarized functionally into receptive dendritic and transmitting axonal zones. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:109–125, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural pathways connecting the deutocerebrum and lateral protocerebrum in the brains of decapod crustaceans
Authors: Sullivan Jeremy M. , Beltz Barbara S.
Published: August 2002

The olfactory and accessory lobes of eureptantian decapod crustaceans are bilateral brain neuropil regions located within the deutocerebrum. Although the olfactory lobe seems to receive only primary olfactory inputs, the accessory lobe receives higher‐order multimodal (including olfactory) inputs. The output pathways from both the olfactory and accessory lobes are provided by the axons of a large population of projection neurons, whose somata lie adjacent to the lobes. The axons of these neurons form a large tract that projects bilaterally to the medulla terminalis and hemiellipsoid body in the lateral protocerebrum. To gain insights into the ways in which olfactory information is processed on leaving the deutocerebrum, we examined the neuroanatomy of the projection neuron pathways of three species of eureptantian decapod crustaceans: the freshwater crayfish, Procambarus clarkii and Orconectes rusticus, and the clawed lobster, Homarus americanus. Projection neurons were labeled by focal injections of the lipophilic tracers DiI and DiA into the olfactory and accessory lobes. In all three species, projection neurons innervating the accessory lobe were found to exclusively innervate the neuropils of the hemiellipsoid body. In contrast, projection neurons innervating the olfactory lobes primarily target neuropil regions of the medulla terminalis. The results of this study indicate, therefore, that the projection neuron pathways from the olfactory and accessory lobes project to separate, largely nonoverlapping regions of the lateral protocerebrum. The implications of these findings for our understanding of the processing of olfactory information in the brains of decapod crustaceans are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:9–22, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A prominent soma‐dendritic distribution of Kv3.3 K+ channels in electrosensory and cerebellar neurons
Authors: Rashid Asim J. , Dunn Robert J. , Turner Ray W.
Published: August 2002

The expression pattern and subcellular distribution of a teleost homologue of the mammalian Kv3.3 potassium channel, AptKv3.3, was examined in the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) and two cerebellar lobes in the hindbrain of the weakly electric gymnotiform Apteronotus leptorhynchus. AptKv3.3 expression was brain specific, with the highest level of expression in the cerebellum and 56% relative expression in the ELL. In situ hybridization revealed that AptKv3.3 mRNA was present in virtually all cell classes in the ELL as well as in the cerebellar lobes eminentia granularis pars posterior (EGp) and corpus cerebellum (CCb). Immunocytochemistry indicated a distribution of AptKv3.3 channels over the entire soma‐dendritic axis of ELL pyramidal, granule, and polymorphic cells and over the soma and at least proximal dendrites (100 μm) of multipolar cells and neurons of the ventral molecular layer. AptKv3.3 immunolabel was present at the soma of cerebellar granule, golgi, eurydendroid, and CCb Purkinje cells, with an equally intense label throughout the dendrites of CCb Purkinje cells and EGp eurydendroid cells. Immunolabel was virtually absent in afferent or efferent axon tracts of the ELL but was detected on climbing fiber axons and on the axons and putative terminal boutons of CCb Purkinje cells. These data reveal a prominent soma‐dendritic distribution of AptKv3.3 K+ channels in both principal output and local circuit neurons, a pattern that is distinct from the soma‐axonal distribution that characterizes all other Kv3 K+ channels examined to date. The widespread distribution of AptKv3.3 immunolabel in electrosensory cells implies an important role in several aspects of signal processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:234–247, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Planelike minimizers in periodic media
Authors: Caffarelli Luis A. , de la Llave Rafael
Published: August 2002

We show that given an elliptic integrand 𝒥 in ℝd that is periodic under integer translations, and given any plane in ℝd, there is at least one minimizer of 𝒥 that remains at a bounded distance from this plane. This distance can be bounded uniformly on the planes. We also show that, when folded back to ℝd/ℤd, the minimizers we construct give rise to a lamination. One particular case of these results is minimal surfaces for metrics invariant under integer translations.

The same results hold for other functionals that involve volume terms (small and average zero). In such a case the minimizers satisfy the prescribed mean curvature equation. A further generalization allows the formulation and proof of similar results in manifolds other than the torus provided that their fundamental group and universal cover satisfy some hypotheses. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An analysis of the Perona‐Malik scheme
Authors: Esedoḡlu Selim
Published: August 2002

We investigate how the Perona‐Malik scheme evolves piecewise smooth initial data in one dimension. By scaling a natural parameter that appears in the scheme in an appropriate way with respect to the grid size, we obtain a meaningful continuum limit. The resulting evolution can be seen as the gradient flow for an energy, just as the discrete evolutions are gradient flows for discrete energies. It involves, except at special isolated times, solving a system of heat equations coupled to each other through nonlinear boundary conditions. At the special times, the solutions experience gradient blowup; nevertheless, there is a natural continuation for the solutions beyond these singular times. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A temporal object‐oriented model for digital libraries of documents
Authors: Aramburu Cabo M. J. , Berlanga Llavori R.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a model for the representation and retrieval of structured documents considering their temporal properties. The purpose of this model is to serve as a platform for the development of digital library applications. Thus, it consists of both a new data model and a query language that are specially adapted to the requirements of these applications. The main elements of the data model are a flexible type system for structured documents, and two temporal dimensions that represent the temporal properties of documents and the evolution of the database schema. As for its query language, it allows the retrieval of documents by specifying conditions on their structure, contents and temporal properties. This query language has been designed for exploiting the temporal information stored into a large digital library, making possible to relate document contents in time, as well as to analyse the evolution of topics. The paper also includes some guidelines for the efficient implementation of databases of structured documents by adopting the proposed data and query models. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy adherence scale: inter‐rater reliability, adherence to protocol and treatment distinctiveness
Authors: Segal Zindel V. , Teasdale John D. , Williams J. Mark , Gemar Michael C.
Published: August 2002

The development of the Mindfulness‐Based Cognitive Therapy Adherence Scale (MBCT‐AS) is described. This 17‐item scale measures therapist adherence to the treatment protocol for Mindfulness‐Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), a treatment for the prevention of recurrence in Major Depressive Disorder. The MBCT‐AS assesses therapist behaviours specific to (MBCT) as well as therapy practices that MBCT shares with Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT). To determine the utility of this scale, we compared delivery of group MBCT against group CBT, with independent ratings of taped sessions provided to measure adherence to MBCT and CBT for therapists in both groups. The results showed that: (a) raters can reliably use the MBCT‐AS; (b) MBCT therapists demonstrated adherence to the treatment protocol, as measured by the MBCT‐AS; and (c) MBCT is distinguishable from CBT on both the MBCT‐AS and a scale measuring adherence to CBT (CBT‐AS). These findings indicate that the MBCT‐AS may be a useful tool for ensuring the proper delivery of MBCT in future research, and may be helpful in determining the elements of MBCT that are unique to that treatment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phosphorylation at threonine‐18 in addition to phosphorylation at serine‐19 on myosin‐II regulatory light chain is a mitosis‐specific event
Authors: Gerashchenko Bogdan I. , Ueda Kozue , Hino Mizuki , Hosoya Hiroshi
Published: August 2002

Background

Cell division is an inevitable and vitally indispensable event in cell life, when the nucleus and cytoskeleton undergo profound reorganization. Cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) is known to occur immediately after the end of nuclear division, when the nuclear envelope breaks down, and chromosomes condense and segregate, but its driving mechanism remains enigmatic. Myosin, particularly myosin‐II, is thought to be required for cytokinesis as a force‐generating element, the activity of which is mainly regulated through phosphorylations on its 20‐kDa regulatory light chains (RLCs).

Materials and Methods

Multiparameter flow cytometric analysis was performed on fixed HeLa S3 cells (suspension culture cells) sequentially stained with the polyclonal antibody (termed PP1) against both phosphorylated sites (serine‐19 and threonine‐18) on the RLC, and with propidium iodide for DNA. “Positive” cells were sorted, followed by their microscopic examination. Fluorescence microscopy was employed to visualize the cell‐cycle‐dependent distribution of immunolabeled diphosphorylated RLCs in both HeLa S3 and adherent HeLa cells.

Results and Conclusions

Doubly phosphorylated myosin RLCs were highly expressed in mitotic cells, suggesting the positive regulatory role of diphosphorylation in the redistribution of RLCs between daughter cells and then in cytokinesis. The increased immunofluorescence signal from the phosphorylated forms of RLC, together with flow cytometry, provides a clue with which to investigate the mechnisms governing the function of nonmuscle myosins during various cell motile events, including cytokinesis. Cytometry 47:150–157, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.