bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finding the sweet spot: What levels of larval mortality lead to compensation or overcompensation in adult production?
Authors: Neale Zoey R. , Juliano Steven A.
Published: September 2019

Extrinsic mortality impinging on negative density‐dependent populations can result in no change in the number of survivors (compensation) or an increase (overcompensation) by releasing the population from density‐dependent effects on survivorship. The relationship between the level of extrinsic mortality (i.e., percentage of mortality) and the level and likelihood of overcompensation is theoretically important, but rarely investigated. We tested the hypothesis that overcompensation occurs below a threshold value of extrinsic mortality that is related to density‐dependent mortality rate and that additive extrinsic mortality occurs above this threshold. This hypothesis predicts that survivorship vs. extrinsic mortality will (1) be best described by a two‐segmented model with a threshold; (2) have a slope >0 below the threshold; and (3) have a slope = −1 above the threshold. We also tested whether mortality imposed by real predators and random harvest have equivalent effects on adult production and whether magnitude of overcompensation is related to species sensitivity to density dependence. These hypotheses were tested in the container mosquitoesAedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes triseriatus,andCulex pipiens(Diptera: Culicidae). Cohorts of 150 larvae were exposed to random harvest of 0–70% two days after hatch or to predation by 1–3Mesocyclops longisetus(Crustacea: Copepoda). Overcompensation occurred inA. aegyptiin a pattern consistent with predictions.Aedes triseriatusshowed strong overcompensation but no evidence of a threshold, whereasA. albopictusandC. pipienshad survival consistent with compensatory mortality but no evidence of a threshold. Compared to random harvest, mortality from predation yielded greater adult production inA. aegyptiandA. albopictus, lesser adult production inC. pipiens,and no difference in adult production inA. triseriatus. Our results are largely consistent with our hypothesis about overcompensation, with the caveat that thresholds for additive mortality appear to occur at very high levels of extrinsic mortality. Magnitudes of overcompensation for the threeAedeswere inversely related to survival in the 0% mortality treatment, consistent with our hypothesis that overcompensation is related to sensitivity to density dependence. A broad range of extrinsic mortality levels can yield overcompensation, which may have practical implications for attempts to control pest populations.
On the relationships between size and abundance in plants: beyond forest communities
Authors: Dillon Kelsey T. , Henderson Amanda N. , Lodge Alexandra G. , Hamilton Nina I. , Sloat Lindsey L. , Enquist Brian J. , Price Charles A. , Kerkhoff Andrew J.
Published: September 2019

The inverse relationship between size and abundance is a well‐documented pattern in forests, and the form of size–density relationships depends on the balance between growth and mortality rates in the community. Traditionally, studies of plant size distributions have focused on single‐species populations and forests, but here we examine diverse communities dominated by plants with varied life histories, including grasses, forbs, shrubs, and succulents. In particular, we test whether the parameters of the individual size distribution differ systematically across community types, whether they fit the contrasting predictions of metabolic or demographic theories, and whether they share a common cross‐community scaling relationship with forest communities and crop populations. All thirteen of our study sites better fit the predictions of demographic equilibrium theory, but interestingly, fits of both demographic and metabolic models showed little systematic variation across community types, despite large differences in environmental conditions and dominant life forms. Finally, analysis of the cross‐community scaling relationship demonstrates that natural and restored non‐forest communities conform to patterns of size and abundance observed among forest, plantation, and crop systems. Taken together, our results suggest that common ecological mechanisms govern plant community size structure across broad environmental gradients, regardless of the dominant plant life forms or limiting resources.
Fog computing–based node‐to‐node communication and mobility management technique for 5G networks
Authors: Babu S. , Biswash Sanjay Kumar
Published: September 2019

In this paper, we present a Fog computing–based node‐to‐node communication architecture for 5G networks. It supports the minimum network infrastructure dependent communication. In order to establish the connection, associated next generation evolve node base station (gNB) imports the required information from nearby Fog servers. The retrieved pieces of information are processed in data analytic units (DAUs). The DAUs are in‐build processing units and closely tie‐up with Fog servers/gNBs. The Fog servers and data analytic units are frequently deployed in the coverage area. They always offer and receive the services from gNBs to establish node‐to‐node communication. A robust mobility management scheme is also proposed for dynamic mobile users to achieve node‐to‐node communication. The signaling cost, energy consumption, delay, and latency are the performance parameters for the proposed work. The numerical and system level simulation results are produced to validate the proposed contributions. We compare the obtained results with 4G/LTE cellular networks in order to check the effectiveness of work. We achieved 26% to 63% of performance improvement as compared to legacy networks w.r.t. listed parameters.
U.K. utility weights for the EORTC QLU‐C10D
Authors: Norman Richard , Mercieca‐Bebber Rebecca , Rowen Donna , Brazier John E. , Cella David , Pickard A. Simon , Street Deborah J. , Viney Rosalie , Revicki Dennis , King Madeleine T. ,   On behalf of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Group and the MAUCa Consortium
Published: September 2019

The EORTC QLU‐C10D is a new multi‐attribute utility instrument derived from the widely used cancer‐specific quality of life questionnaire, EORTC QLQ‐C30. It contains 10 dimensions (physical functioning, role functioning, social functioning, emotional functioning, pain, fatigue, sleep, appetite, nausea, bowel problems), each with four levels. The aim of this study was to provide U.K. general population utility weights for the QLU‐C10D.

A U.K. online panel was quota‐sampled to align the sample to the general population proportions of sex and age (≥18 years). The online valuation survey included a discrete choice experiment (DCE). Each participant was asked to complete 16 choice‐pairs, each comprising two QLU‐C10D health states plus duration. DCE data were analysed using conditional logistic regression to generate utility weights.

Data from 2,187 respondents who completed at least one choice set were included in the DCE analysis. The final U.K. QLU‐C10D utility weights comprised decrements for each level of each health dimension. For nine of the 10 dimensions (all except appetite), the expected monotonic pattern was observed across levels: Utility decreased as severity increased. For the final model, consistent monotonicity was achieved by merging inconsistent adjacent levels for appetite. The largest utility decrements were associated with physical functioning and pain. The worst possible health state (the worst level of each dimension) is −0.083, which is considered slightly worse than being dead.

The U.K.‐specific utility weights will enable cost–utility analysis (CUA) for the economic evaluation of new oncology therapies and technologies in the United Kingdom, where CUA is commonly used to inform resource allocation.
Long noncoding RNA SAMMSON promotes papillary thyroid carcinoma progression through p300/Sp1 axis and serves as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker
Authors: Shao Liang , Sun Wei , Wang Zhihong , Dong Wenwu , Qin Yuan
Published: September 2019

Accumulating evidence suggests that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) plays a fundamental role in cancer progression. However, its biological function in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has not been fully elucidated. Here, we deciphered the essential role of lncRNA SAMMSON in PTC. SAMMSON was identified to be notably upregulated in PTC cells, tissues, and plasma, and could be used as an effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for PTC patients. Knockdown of SAMMSON significantly inhibited PTC cell proliferation and invasion in vitro as well as tumorigenicity and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, SAMMSON was transcriptionally elevated by oncogenic Sp1, in turn, upregulated SAMMSON was capable of acting as a scaffold to recruit p300 to increase H3K9ac and H3K27ac levels on Sp1 promoter region, leading to transcriptional activation of Sp1, thereby facilitating PTC progression. Taken together, our data demonstrate that SAMMSON is an oncogenic lncRNA and unveil the crucial role of SAMMSON/Sp1 positive feedback loop in tumorigenesis and aggressiveness of PTC.
Phase dual‐slopes in frequency‐domain near‐infrared spectroscopy for enhanced sensitivity to brain tissue: First applications to human subjects
Authors: Blaney Giles , Sassaroli Angelo , Pham Thao , Fernandez Cristianne , Fantini Sergio
Published: September 2019

We present a first in vivo application of phase dual‐slopes (DSϕ), measured with frequency‐domain near‐infrared spectroscopy on four healthy human subjects, to demonstrate their enhanced sensitivity to cerebral hemodynamics. During arterial blood pressure oscillations elicited at a frequency of 0.1 Hz, we compare three different ways to analyze either intensity (I) or phase (ϕ) data collected on the subject's forehead at multiple source‐detector distances: Single‐distance, single‐slope and DS. Theoretical calculations based on diffusion theory show that the method with the deepest maximal sensitivity (at about 11 mm) is DSϕ. The in vivo results indicate a qualitative difference of phase data (especially DSϕ) and intensity data (especially single‐distance intensity [SDI]), which we assign to stronger contributions from scalp hemodynamics to SDI and from cortical hemodynamics to DSϕ. Our findings suggest that scalp hemodynamic oscillations may be dominated by blood volume dynamics, whereas cortical hemodynamics may be dominated by blood flow velocity dynamics.
Mac-1 triggers neutrophil DNA extracellular trap formation to Aspergillus fumigatus independently of PAD4 histone citrullination
Authors: Silva Juliana C. , Rodrigues Najara C. , Thompson-Souza Glaucia A. , Muniz Valdirene de S. , Neves Josiane S. , Figueiredo Rodrigo T.
Published: September 2019

Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) is an environmental fungus and a human pathogen. Neutrophils are critical effector cells during the fungal infections, and neutropenia is a risk factor for the development of pulmonary aspergillosis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are released by neutrophils in response to A. fumigatus and inhibit the conidial germination. In this work, we observed that the receptors TLR2, TLR4, and Dectin-1 were dispensable for the A. fumigatus induced NET release. In contrast CD11b/CD18 was critical for the NET release in response to A. fumigatus conidia, and this required the CD11b I-domain-mediated recognition, whereas the blockade of the CD11b lectin domain did not affect the A. fumigatus induced NET release. A. fumigatus induced NET release relied on the activity of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), Src family kinase(s), and class IA PI3 kinase δ. Although A. fumigatus promoted histone citrullination, this process was dispensable for the NET release in response to A. fumigatus conidia. The A. fumigatus induced NET release required the reactive oxygen species generation by the NOX2 complex, in a downstream pathway requiring CD11b/CD18, Src kinase family activity, Syk and PI3K class IA δ. Our findings thus reveal the signaling pathways involved in the formation of NETs in response to A. fumigatus.
High diagnostic yield of direct Sanger sequencing in the diagnosis of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses
Authors: Jilani Abdulhakim , Matviychuk Diana , Blaser Susan , Dyack Sarah , Mathieu Jean , Prasad Asuri N. , Prasad Chitra , Kyriakopoulou Lianna , Mercimek‐Andrews Saadet
Published: September 2019

Background

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses are neurodegenerative disorders. To investigate the diagnostic yield of direct Sanger sequencing of the CLN genes, we reviewed Molecular Genetics Laboratory Database for molecular genetic test results of the CLN genes from a single clinical molecular diagnostic laboratory.

Methods

We reviewed electronic patient charts. We used consent forms and Research Electronic Data Capture questionnaires for the patients from outside of our Institution. We reclassified all variants in the CLN genes.

Results

Six hundred and ninety three individuals underwent the direct Sanger sequencing of the CLN genes for the diagnosis of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. There were 343 symptomatic patients and 350 family members. Ninety‐one symptomatic patients had molecular genetic diagnosis of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses including CLN1 (PPT1) (n = 10), CLN2 (TPP1) (n = 33), CLN3 (n = 17), CLN5 (n = 7), CLN6 (n = 10), CLN7 (MFSD8) (n = 10), and CLN8 (n = 4) diseases. The diagnostic yield of direct Sanger sequencing of CLN genes was 27% in symptomatic patients. We report detailed clinical and investigation results of 33 NCL patients. Juvenile onset CLN1 (PPT1) and adult onset CLN6 diseases were nonclassical phenotypes.

Conclusion

In our study, the diagnostic yield of direct Sanger sequencing was close to diagnostic yield of whole exome sequencing. Developmental regression, cognitive decline, visual impairment and cerebral and/or cerebellar atrophy in brain MRI are significant clinical and neuroimaging denominators to include NCL in the differential diagnosis.
Paediatric image‐guided radiation therapy: determining and evaluating appropriate kilovoltage planar exposure factors for the Varian on‐board imager
Authors: Ryan John , Willis David
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Kilovoltage (kV) orthogonal imaging is commonly used for image‐guided radiation therapy (IGRT) in paediatrics. Paediatrics have an increased sensitivity to radiation. Exposure factors need to be optimised so that imaging dose is kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).

Methods

A table of low‐dose IGRT radiographic exposure factors for paediatric IGRT was determined through a phantom study. Four anatomical sites, head and neck, thorax, abdomen and pelvis, were investigated. The table was evaluated against standard manufacturer pre‐sets. Dose was evaluated in terms of system‐reported entrance surface air kerma (ESAK). Qualified participants volunteered to perform offline image matching in a further phantom study, recording misalignments detected and providing subjective assessments of image quality using an electronic survey tool. A statistical comparison of matching accuracy was conducted.

Results

Twelve radiation therapists or radiation oncologists completed the image matching task and survey. The low‐dose exposure table reduced imaging dose by 20–94% compared to manufacturer pre‐sets. No significant difference was observed in the accuracy of image matching (head and neck P = 0.82, thorax P = 0.15, abdomen P = 0.33, pelvis P = 0.59). Participant image exposure preference was largely equivocal.

Conclusions

Optimising radiographic exposures in paediatric IGRT is feasible, logical and therefore reasonably achievable. Implementation of the low‐dose exposure table presented in this study should be considered by paediatric radiotherapy departments wishing to image gently without compromising the potential to detect set up errors. Further study using a contrast detail phantom and contrast to noise image analysis software is recommended.
Predictors of recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation in patients with normal left atrial diameter
Authors: Yano Masamichi , Egami Yasuyuki , Yanagawa Kyosuke , Matsuhiro Yutaka , Nakamura Hitoshi , Yasumoto Koji , Okamoto Naotaka , Tanaka Akihiro , Matsunaga‐Lee Yasuharu , Nakamura Daisuke , Yamato Masaki , Shutta Ryu , Nishino Masami , Tanouchi Jun
Published: September 2019

Background

Enlarged left atrium (LA) is an established predictor of recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), but occasionally recurrences of AF/atrial tachycardia (AT) are experienced in patients with normal left atrial diameter. Therefore, the predictors of AF recurrence and AF triggers were evaluated in patients with normal LA.

Methods

We enrolled 168 patients with normal LA (<40 mm) who underwent PVI. Various predictors were compared, including age, gender, coronary risk factors, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), medications, echocardiographic parameters, and procedure parameters, between recurrence and nonrecurrence groups.

Results

The recurrence group consisted of 50 patients (29.8%). A univariate analysis demonstrated that the ratio of females, high BNP levels, severe tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR), and relapses of AF/AT during catheter ablation (CA) were significantly higher in the recurrence group. Multivariate analyses showed that a high BNP, severe TR, and AF/AT relapses during CA were independent factors associated with AF recurrence. During the second CA sessions, nonpulmonary vein (PV) triggers were therapeutic targets in 18 patients (46.2%), which was higher than that previously reported.

Conclusion

A high BNP, severe TR and AF/AT relapses during CA may be correlated with AF recurrence after PVI in the patients with normal LA.
Understanding the Relationship Between Commitment Anxiety and Career Tension
Authors: Finklea J. Tyler , Osborn Debra S.
Published: September 2019

Many college students experience a degree of anxiety and indecision related to choosing a major or career path. This study examined the relationship between commitment anxiety, as defined by cognitive information processing theory, and career tension in 101 undergraduate college students enrolled in a career planning class. Results of Pearson product–moment correlations showed a significant positive relationship and medium effect size between a student’s commitment anxiety and career tension levels. The results suggest that commitment anxiety and career tension are distinct but related constructs and that career counselors can help clients by reducing and managing these emotional concerns that often accompany career concerns.
In‐Vivo Efficacy of Recombinant Human Hyaluronidase (rHuPH20) Injection for Accelerated Healing of Murine Retrocalcaneal Bursitis and Tendinopathy
Authors: Rezvani Sabah N. , Chen Jinnan , Li Jun , Midura Ron , Cali Valbona , Sandy John D. , Plaas Anna , Wang Vincent M.
Published: September 2019

The deposition of aggrecan/hyaluronan (HA)‐rich matrix within the tendon body and surrounding peritenon impede tendon healing and result in compromised biomechanical properties. Hence, the development of novel strategies to achieve targeted removal of the aggrecan‐HA pericellular matrix may be effective in treating tendinopathy. The current study examined the therapeutic potential of a recombinant human hyaluronidase, rHuPH20 (FDA approved for reducing HA accumulation in tumors) for treating murine Achilles tendinopathy. The 12‐week‐old C57Bl/6 male mice were injected with two doses of rHuTGF‐β1 into the retrocalcaneal bursa (RCB) to induce a combined bursitis and tendinopathy. Twenty‐four hours following induction of injury, treatment groups were administered rHuPH20 Hyaluronidase (rHuPH20; Halozyme Therapeutics) into the RCB. At either 6 h (acute), 9 days, or 25 days following hyaluronidase treatment, Achilles tendons were analyzed for gene expression, histology and immunohistochemistry, fluorophore‐assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis, and biomechanical properties. The rHuPH20 treatment was effective, particularly at the acute and 9‐day time points, in (a) removing HA deposits from the Achilles tendon and surrounding tissues, (b) improving biomechanical properties of the healing tendon, and (c) eliciting targeted increases in expression of specific cell fate, extracellular matrix metabolism, and inflammatory genes. The potential of rHuPH20 to effectively clear the pro‐inflammatory, HA‐rich matrix within the RCB and tendon strongly supports the future refinement of injectable glycosidase preparations as potential treatments to protect or regenerate tendon tissue by reducing inflammation and scarring in the presence of bursitis or other inducers of damage such as mechanical overuse. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:59–69, 2020
Global travertine deposition modulated by oscillations in climate
Authors: Ricketts Jason W. , Ma Lin , Wagler Amy E. , Garcia Victor H.
Published: September 2019

Travertine deposits are important records of past fluid flow in the Earth's crust, and document fluid migration through both tectonic activity and changes in climate. While many studies hint at possible relationships between travertine formation and global climate, none have investigated these connections on a global scale. Here we compile 1649 published travertine ages from six continents to test the hypothesis that global and/or regional changes in climate regulate travertine deposition. Peaks in bedded travertine ages occur with main frequencies that correspond to 100‐kyr changes in global climate, where most peaks occur during glacial terminations or interglacial periods, including a large peak that coincides with the Early Holocene climatic optimum. Time–series analysis also suggests a possible connection with 41‐kyr obliquity cycles. At regional scales, many peaks also correspond with local times of high precipitation or wet conditions. This can be attributed to higher groundwater recharge rates, providing the necessary water to form travertine. Many bedded travertine‐depositing systems may therefore be water‐limiting and sufficient CO2 may be present even during times of no travertine deposition. Exceptions to this conclusion are banded vein travertine deposits, which typically form during times of dry climate when water tables are low. Copyright © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intraductal Salivary Gland Infusion With Botulinum Toxin
Authors: Schwalje Adam T. , Hoffman Henry T.
Published: September 2019

Background

Administration of botulinum toxin through intraductal salivary infusion may decrease the risks of percutaneous needle injection and improve delivery to permeate the entire gland parenchyma.

Methods

The safety of intraductal salivary gland infusion was tested with prospective evaluation of two patients using interviews, clinical examination, and pressure measurement during infusion. Retrospective chart review of two subsequently treated patients assessed treatment of a parotid‐cutaneous fistula and sialorrhea.

Results

No complications were identified in the safety study. Pressure changes during infusion supported the concept of botulinum neurotoxin delivery to permeate the gland. Patient‐assessed success was subjectively reported as a reduction in the parotid‐cutaneous output “by 95%” and the sialorrhea “by 90%” at 2‐week follow‐up.

Conclusions

The intraductal route of botulinum toxin delivery to salivary glands was without complication and was effective in two patients treated therapeutically. Pressure measurements during infusion may be helpful to direct treatment.

Level of Evidence

4
ENAM mutations and digenic inheritance
Authors: Zhang Hong , Hu Yuanyuan , Seymen Figen , Koruyucu Mine , Kasimoglu Yelda , Wang Shih‐Kai , Wright John Timothy , Havel Michael W. , Zhang Chuhua , Kim Jung‐Wook , Simmer James P. , Hu Jan C.‐C.
Published: September 2019

Background

ENAM mutations cause autosomal dominant or recessive amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) and show a dose effect: enamel malformations are more severe or only penetrant when both ENAM alleles are defective.

Methods

Whole exome sequences of recruited AI probands were initially screened for mutations in known AI candidate genes. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm sequence variations and their segregation with the disease phenotype. The co‐occurrence of ENAM and LAMA3 mutations in one family raised the possibility of digenic inheritance. Enamel formed in Enam+/+Ambn+/+, Enam+/−, Ambn+/−, and Enam+/−Ambn+/− mice was characterized by dissection and backscattered scanning electron microscopy (bSEM).

Results

ENAM mutations segregating with AI in five families were identified. Two novel ENAM frameshift mutations were identified. A single‐nucleotide duplication (c.395dupA/p.Pro133Alafs*13) replaced amino acids 133‐1142 with a 12 amino acid (ATTKAAFEAAIT*) sequence, and a single‐nucleotide deletion (c.2763delT/p.Asp921Glufs*32) replaced amino acids 921‐1142 with 31 amino acids (ESSPQQASYQAKETAQRRGKAKTLLEMMCPR*). Three families were heterozygous for a previously reported single‐nucleotide ENAM deletion (c.588+1delG/p.Asn197Ilefs*81). One of these families also harbored a heterozygous LAMA3 mutation (c.1559G>A/p.Cys520Tyr) that cosegregated with both the AI phenotype and the ENAM mutation. In mice, Ambn+/− maxillary incisors were normal. Ambn+/− molars were also normal, except for minor surface roughness. Ambn+/− mandibular incisors were sometimes chalky and showed minor chipping. Enam+/− incisor enamel was thinner than normal with ectopic mineral deposited laterally. Enam+/− molars were sometimes chalky and rough surfaced. Enam+/−Ambn+/− enamel was thin and rough, in part due to ectopic mineralization, but also underwent accelerated attrition.

Conclusion

Novel ENAM mutations causing AI were identified, raising to 22 the number of ENAM variations known to cause AI. The severity of the enamel phenotype in Enam+/−Ambn+/− double heterozygous mice is caused by composite digenic effects. Digenic inheritance should be explored as a cause of AI in humans.
Case Report: Transitioning to a Mixed‐Oil Intravenous Lipid Emulsion in an Adult Patient Receiving Home Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Bathgate Jennifer R. , Matarese Laura , Ziegler Jane , Touger‐Decker Riva
Published: September 2019

A potential risk of long‐term parenteral nutrition (PN) is intestinal failure–associated liver disease (IFALD). One recommendation for mitigating risk is limiting the fat dose to reduce the harmful effects of the ω‐6 fatty acids, which are the main ingredient in traditional fats. SMOFlipid (SMOF) (Kabi‐Fresenius, Bad Homburg, Germany) is a combination of soybean oil, medium‐chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil emulsion. This fat source may alleviate the risk of IFALD and improve liver function tests. A patient with a long history of PN reliance and IFALD is presented in this case report. After 4 months on SMOF, total and direct bilirubin levels improved.
Surgery in Patients with Super Obesity: Medium‐Term Follow‐Up Outcomes at a High‐Volume Center
Authors: Bhandari Mohit , Ponce de Leon‐Ballesteros Guillermo , Kosta Susmit , Bhandari Mahak , Humes Terrel , Mathur Winni , Fobi Mathias
Published: September 2019

Objective

There is a need to determine which bariatric operations are the most effective for patients with super obesity and super‐super obesity.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was performed on patients with super obesity and super‐super obesity at Mohak Bariatrics and Robotics Surgery Center in Indore, India.

Results

Five hundred fourteen patients with super obesity and super‐super obesity had surgery at our center from January 2010 through December 2013. The baseline characteristics were different in different operations. The initial average age, weight, and BMI were 44.4 (SD 11.9) years, 145.4 (SD 24.2) kg, and 55.48 (SD 5.32) kg/m2, respectively. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) (227 [44.2%]) was the most common procedure, followed by one‐anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) (124 [24.1%]), Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) (102 [19.8%]), banded sleeve gastrectomy (BSG) (33 [6.4%]), and banded Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (BRYGB) (28 [5.4%]). After 3 years, the percentages of excess body weight loss (%EBWL) for SG, OAGB, RYGB, BSG, and BRYGB were 62.38%, 78.59%, 69.55%, 85.11%, and 75.77% (P < 0.0001), respectively. Failure to achieve BMI < 35 kg/m2 was more frequent in the group who underwent SG (67.9%), followed by RYGB (29.16%), BRYGB (22.2%), OAGB (9.87%), and none in the BSG group.

Conclusions

BSG, OAGB, and BRYGB have very good to excellent midterm outcomes for patients with super obesity and super‐super obesity, whereas RYGB and SG have average outcomes at 3 years. There is a need for multicenter, long‐term, and prospective studies to be performed to confirm these findings.
Neuregulin 4: A “Hotline” Between Brown Fat and Liver
Authors: Blüher Matthias
Published: September 2019

The discovery that functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans is inversely related to body fat mass and may reflect metabolic health has stimulated adipose tissue research to explore activation of BAT as a potential target for antiobesity treatments. In addition to the capacity of BAT to increase energy expenditure and glucose and lipid uptake, BAT secretes factors that may contribute to the regulation of whole‐body metabolism. Among signals released from BAT, neuregulin 4 (NRG4) has been recently identified as an endocrine factor that may link the activation of BAT to protection against diet‐induced obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis. NRG4 was shown to directly reduce lipogenesis in hepatocytes, and it could indirectly activate BAT via sympathetic neurons or via inducing brown adipocyte–like signatures in white adipocytes in a paracrine manner. However, the potential relevance of NRG4 as a diagnostic tool or target for the treatment of obesity‐related diseases remains to be explored.
Helmholtz decomposition of compressible flow data at Mach 0.8
Authors: Schoder Stefan , Freidhager Clemens , Kaltenbacher Manfred
Published: September 2019

The Helmholtz decomposition separates a compressible velocity field into vortical and compressible structures. Based on the original Helmholtz theorem for an unbounded domain, we use a modified theorem to take bounded domains into account. Furthermore, we present two different calculation procedures of the obtained equations and show results of an application to a compressible flow field. For this purpose the Helmholtz decomposition is applied to a Mach 0.8 flow over a rectangular cavity.
Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata [Wurmb.] Merr) starch films containing sugar palm nanofibrillated cellulose as reinforcement: Water barrier properties
Authors: Ilyas R. A. , Sapuan S. M. , Atiqah A. , Ibrahim Rushdan , Abral Hairul , Ishak M. R. , Zainudin E. S. , Nurazzi N. M. , Atikah M. S. N. , Ansari M. N. M. , Asyraf M. R. M. , Supian A. B. M. , Ya Hamdan
Published: September 2019

Sugar palm fiber (SPF) is an agro‐waste plant that can be used as potential source of biomass for various biomaterial applications. In this study, sugar palm nanofibrillated cellulose (SPNFC) that was isolated from SPF was used as a nanofiller to reinforce sugar palm starch (SPS) to produce bionanocomposites. To attain SPNFCs, SPF was undergo strong acid and alkaline treatments. Later, the SPNFCs were prepared from SPFs via high pressurized homogenization process. The reinforcement of SPNFCs (0‐1.0 wt%) and SPS is done by using solution casting methods. The films were characterized in terms of physical properties such as light transmittance, moisture content, water solubility, and water absorption. The resulting nanocomposites permitted better water resistance, low moisture absorption, and low light transmittance as compared to control SPS film. Adding 1 wt% SPNFCs loading significantly improved the water absorption and water solubility of the composite film by 24.13% and 18.60%, respectively, compared with the control SPS film. This was attributed to the high compatibility between the SPNFCs and SPS matrixes, which composed of the multi‐hydroxyl polymer having three hydroxyl groups per monomer. Thus, this study is to show the potential of SPS/SPNFCs nanocomposite films in packaging industries.
Modeling and experimental investigation of polymer micropart demolding from a Zr‐based bulk metallic glass mold
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Wang Zhenxing , Li Haotong , Hou Chuanyu , Kong Xiaoya , Zhang Yu Shrike , Li Qian , Song Xiaohui , Zhao Huadong , Wang Lixia
Published: September 2019

Demolding is a necessary process in polymer micro molding, which requires energy for fracture of the bonds between the mold and the polymer. This often leads to structural defects due to an inappropriate combination of process parameters, including demolding temperature, embossing force or injection pressure, separation rate, and separation mode. In this article, we focus on the theoretical analysis and experimental optimization of the process parameters for polymer micro‐part demolding from a zirconium (Zr)‐based bulk metallic glass mold. We developed a theoretical model to predict the demolding work, in which we considered the effects of sidewall friction combined with deformation and adhesion. We also optimized the parameters for the demolding process based on the Taguchi method. The experimental results showed that the embossing force and the separation mode had significant effects on the demolding work of hot embossing. We determined the optimum process parameters and found that with these parameters the demolding work could be decreased to 10.36 mJ in this case. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:2202–2210, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Impact of a New Consumer Form on the Quantity and Quality of Adverse Event Reports Submitted to the United States Food and Drug Administration
Authors: Muñoz Monica A. , Delcher Chris , Dal Pan Gerald J. , Kortepeter Cindy M. , Wu Eileen , Wei Yu‐Jung Jenny , Xiao Hong , Winterstein Almut G
Published: September 2019

Study Objective

Consumers and healthcare professionals can voluntarily report adverse experiences associated with drug products to the United States Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Consumers and healthcare professionals used the same general voluntary reporting form (GVR) until mid‐2013, when a consumer voluntary reporting form (ConVR), written in plain language, was implemented. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the ConVR on the quality and quantity of consumer reports submitted directly to FAERS.

Design

Descriptive; quasi‐experimental.

Data Source

FAERS database.

Measurements and Main Results

We identified all consumer and healthcare professional reports received directly by the FDA from January 1, 2011, through December 31, 2015. Report quality was defined by the completeness of 15 individual data fields and a structured tool measuring clinical documentation. An interrupted time series design was used to evaluate the impact on the quantity of consumer reports. Consumer reports submitted on the ConVR generally included more patient, product, and event data in the structured data fields than those submitted on the GVR. Fields with the greatest absolute percentage difference after the ConVR was introduced included race/ethnicity (+77.2%), product start and stop dates (+43% and +40.3%, respectively), dechallenge and rechallenge information (+19.1% and +29.4%, respectively), and medical history (+27%). Our structured assessment also classified more reports received on the ConVR as well documented relative to the GVR consumer reports (64.9% vs 37.8%, p<0.01). The time series model demonstrated an immediate increase of 499 consumer reports in the month following the ConVR's implementation (p<0.01).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the ConVR has contributed positively to both the quality and quantity of consumer reports in FAERS.
Hydrostatic Pressure Effect on the Pinning Mechanism of α‐BiPd Noncentrosymmetric Superconductors
Authors: Kannan Murugesan , Arumugam Sonachalam , Thiyagarajan Raman , Kalaiselvan Ganesan , Manikandan Krishnan , Neha Prakriti , Patnaik Satyabrata
Published: September 2019

Temperature and field dependence of magnetic measurements under hydrostatic pressure are carried out on a noncentrosymmetric superconductor α‐BiPd up to ≈1 GPa, and a 3D (temperature—magnetic field—pressure) phase diagram is reported for the first time. The experimental results are analyzed using various theoretical approaches, such as the Ginzburg–Landau formula, Bean's critical state model, Dew–Hughes model, and collective pinning theory, and several superconducting parameters are also estimated. Critical temperature, critical current density, and pinning force are decreased with the application of both pressure and magnetic field. It is observed that pressure diminishes the superconductivity moderately and changes the mean free path, which leads to crossover from the δTc pinning mechanism to δl type in α‐BiPd.
Transient Resistive Switching for Nonvolatile Memory Based on Water‐Soluble Cs4PbBr6 Perovskite Films
Authors: Chen Ruqi , Xu Jun , Lao Meimei , Liang Zhiwei , Chen Yukai , Zhong Chujie , Huang Linjun , Hao Aize , Ismail Muhammad
Published: September 2019

All‐inorganic halide perovskite Cs4PbBr6 thin films are synthesized at low temperature through a facile chemical deposition method. The deposited films are implemented as a dielectric and dissolvable layer with the Au/Cs4PbBr6/PEDOT:PSS/ITO configuration for transient memory electronic devices. The bipolar resistive switching phenomena, good switching cycling (endurance), and long data retention (104 s) are demonstrated on as‐grown nonvolatile memory device to evaluate its high stability, reliability, and reproducibility. The I–V relationship shows ohmic conduction behavior at the low‐resistance state, whereas space charge limited current mechanism is dominating at the high‐resistance state. The conductive filaments formation and rupture, accompanied by Br− vacancies in Cs4PbBr6 layer, are employed to elucidate switching mechanism. More interestingly, the soluble insulation layer of the devices is quickly dissolved and the color of films transforms from yellow to white as fast as 2 s in deionized water, which exhibits good transient performance. Moreover, the electrical characteristics as well as optical properties vanish absolutely to further demonstrate the abovementioned transition after the memory devices dissolve in deionized water. This work offers a novel way to prepare disposable electronic memory devices by utilizing cheap perovskite‐based materials for transient electronics memory area as well as implantable electronics systems.
6,7,4′‐Trihydroxyflavone inhibits osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Kim Eun‐Nam , Kim Yu Gyeong , Lee Jeong‐Hyung , Min Byung Sun , Jeong Gil‐Saeng
Published: September 2019

The balance between the osteoblasts and the osteoclasts is important for the maintenance of the skeleton of the human body. The osteoclasts absorb bone after differentiated into polymorphonuclear cells by the fusion of monocytes/macrophages. We have found that 6,7,4′‐Trihydroxyflavone (THF), a compound from the heartwood of Dalbergia Odorifera inhibits receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL)‐induced osteoclast differentiation, actin ring formation, and bone resorption in RAW 264.7 cells and bone marrow macrophage. THF significantly inhibited the c‐Jun‐N‐terminal kinase signaling pathway without affecting extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, p38, and AKT signaling. Moreover, THF inhibited the expression of c‐Fos, nuclear factor‐activated T cells cytoplasm 1, cathepsin K, and c‐src by RANKL. We used a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced bone loss model in mice. Consequently, bone volume per tissue volume, trabecular number's reduction was recovered in THF‐treated mice, and trabecular separation's augmentation was also attenuated by THF administration. In summary, THF inhibits RANKL‐induced osteoclast differentiation by MAPK signaling pathway and inhibits bone resorption by destroying the actin ring in mature osteoclasts. THF also prevented LPS‐induced bone loss in a mice model. Thus, THF may be useful in the treatment of bone diseases associated with excessive osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption.
Native ion mobility mass spectrometry reveals that small organic acid fragments impart gas‐phase stability to carbonic anhydrase II
Authors: Veale Clinton G.L. , Mateos Jimenez Maria , Mackay C. Logan , Clarke David J.
Published: September 2019

Rationale

A key element of studies that utilise ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM‐MS) under native electrospray conditions for the analysis of protein–ligand binding is the maintenance of the native conformation of a protein during the removal of bulk solvent. Ruotolo and co‐workers have demonstrated that the binding and subsequent dissociation of the anionic component of inorganic salts stabilise native protein conformations in the gas phase. In this study, we investigated the effect that organic acid fragments identified from a fragment‐based drug discovery (FBDD) campaign might have on the gas‐phase stability of carbonic anhydrase II (CA II).

Methods

We utilised native IM‐MS to monitor changes in the conformation of CA II in the absence and presence of four acidic fragments. By performing a series of collision‐induced unfolding (CIU) experiments we determined the effect of fragment binding on the gas‐phase stability of CA II.

Results

Binding and dissociation of acidic fragments result in increased gas‐phase stability of CA II. CFU experiments revealed that the native‐like compact gas‐phase conformation of the protein is stable with higher degree of pre‐activation when bound to a series of acidic fragments. Importantly, although acetate was present in high concentrations, the stabilising effect was not observed without the addition of the acidic fragments.

Conclusions

Binding and subsequent dissociation of acidic fragments from CA II significantly delayed CIU in a manner which is probably analogous to the effect of inorganic anions. Furthermore, we saw a slightly altered stabilising effect between the different fragments investigated in this study. This suggests that the prevention of CIU by organic acids may be tuneable to specific properties of a bound ligand. These observations may open avenues to exploit IM‐MS as a screening platform in FBDD.
A complex matrix characterization approach, applied to cigarette smoke, that integrates multiple analytical methods and compound identification strategies for non‐targeted liquid chromatography with high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Arndt Daniel , Wachsmuth Christian , Buchholz Christoph , Bentley Mark
Published: September 2019

Rationale

For the characterization of the chemical composition of complex matrices such as tobacco smoke, containing more than 6000 constituents, several analytical approaches have to be combined to increase compound coverage across the chemical space. Furthermore, the identification of unknown molecules requiring the implementation of additional confirmatory tools in the absence of reference standards, such as tandem mass spectrometry spectra comparisons and in silico prediction of mass spectra, is a major bottleneck.

Methods

We applied a combination of four chromatographic/ionization techniques (reversed‐phase (RP) – heated electrospray ionization (HESI) in both positive (+) and negative (−) modes, RP – atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in positive mode, and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) – HESI positive) using a Thermo Q Exactive™ liquid chromatography/high‐resolution accurate mass spectrometry (LC/HRAM‐MS) platform for the analysis of 3R4F‐derived smoke. Compound identification was performed by using mass spectral libraries and in silico predicted fragments from multiple integrated databases.

Results

A total of 331 compounds with semi‐quantitative estimates ≥100 ng per cigarette were identified, which were distributed within the known chemical space of tobacco smoke. The integration of multiple LC/HRAM‐MS‐based chromatographic/ionization approaches combined with complementary compound identification strategies was key for maximizing the number of amenable compounds and for strengthening the level of identification confidence. A total of 50 novel compounds were identified as being present in tobacco smoke. In the absence of reference MS2 spectra, in silico MS2 spectra prediction gave a good indication for compound class and was used as an additional confirmatory tool for our integrated non‐targeted screening (NTS) approach.

Conclusions

This study presents a powerful chemical characterization approach that has been successfully applied for the identification of novel compounds in cigarette smoke. We believe that this innovative approach has general applicability and a huge potential benefit for the analysis of any complex matrices.
Outcomes in single‐stage multilevel surgery for obstructive sleep apnea: Transoral robotic surgery, expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty and septoplasty
Authors: Cambi Jacopo , Chiri Zaira M. , De Santis Sante , Franci Elisabetta , Frusoni Federica , Ciabatti Pier G. , Boccuzzi Simone
Published: September 2019

Background

Many patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) have multiple obstructive sites simultaneously such as the oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx. Multilevel surgery is starting to be widely performed by ENT surgeons and accepted by patients.

Methods

Twenty consecutive patients with moderate or severe OSAS were treated with single‐stage multilevel surgery. They underwent transoral robotic surgery for tongue base reduction or epiglottoplasty, expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty, and septoplasty.

Results

The average length of hospitalization was 5.2 ± 0.9 days. No serious complications were observed. At the postoperative control with polysomnography, the apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) had decreased by at least 50% in 90% of patients; improvements were observed in all sleep parameters.

Conclusion

Single‐stage multilevel surgery has proven to be effective in treating patients with moderate to severe OSAS, without experiencing persistent complaints. Despite multiple levels of obstruction being operated in a single stage, airway safety was maintained in all patients.
Ultrabroad Band Microwave Absorption of Carbonized Waxberry with Hierarchical Structure
Authors: Sun Xianxian , Yang Minglong , Yang Shuang , Wang Shasha , Yin Weilong , Che Renchao , Li Yibin
Published: September 2019

Developing microwave absorption materials with broadband and lightweight characters is of great significance. However, it is still a great challenge for carbonized biomass without loading magnetic particles to cover the broad microwave frequency. Herein, it is proposed to carbonize freeze‐dried waxberry to make full use of its natural hierarchical gradient structure to target the ultrabroad band microwave absorption. The carbonized freeze‐dried waxberry shows radial‐gradient and hierarchical structure. The different components of hierarchical waxberry demonstrate gradient dielectric properties: the outer component shows anisotropic dielectric constants with smaller value, while the inner core shows higher dielectric constants. This gradient dielectric property is beneficial to the impedance matching and strong polarization. As a result, the bandwidth of carbonized waxberry exhibits an ultrabroad band microwave absorption, ranging from 1 to 40 GHz with the reflection loss value below −8 dB. Meanwhile, the bandwidth can cover from 8 to 40 GHz when the reflection loss is below −15 dB. The ultrabroad microwave absorption is attributed to the hierarchical radial‐gradient structure of carbonized waxberry, which provides good impedance matching with air media. This achievement paves the way for the exploitation of natural hierarchical biomass as a superlight and broadband high‐performance microwave absorption material.