bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics, nature, and formation of palaeosurfaces within dunes on Fuerteventura
Authors: Roettig Christopher-Bastian , Varga György , Sauer Daniela , Kolb Thomas , Wolf Daniel , Makowski Vera , Espejo José Manuel Recio , Zöller Ludwig , Faust Dominik
Published: October 2018

The appearances of palaeosurfaces intercalated into palaeo-dune fields on Fuerteventura are multifaceted. Although reddened layers in these dune sediments might suggest that strong soil-formation processes have taken place, the combination of aridity and parent material, namely biogenic carbonate sand of shelf origin, reveals that strong soil formation seems unlikely. These sediments rather represent de- and recalcification processes only. Solely in the case of admixed material of volcanic origin and dust deposits further soil-forming processes seem to be possible. Hematite-rich Saharan dust contributes to reddish colouration of the palaeosurfaces. In addition, CaCO3-coated iron particles appear to be ingredients of dust being leached after deposition and transformed to hematite. Overall, we propose much weaker soil-forming processes during the Pleistocene than previously postulated. Our findings support the relevance of local environments. Carbonate sands of shelf origin hinder strong soil formation and the reddish layers separating dune generations are palaeosurfaces, which mainly consist of Saharan dust. After deposition of allochthonous material, these layers are overprinted by weak soil-forming processes. The formation of palaeosurfaces primarily depends on morphodynamically stable periods during limited sand supply. Our data suggest a cyclicity of processes in the following order: (1) sand accumulation, (2) dust accumulation and weak soil formation, and (3) water-induced erosion. For the Canary Islands, we support the assumption of glacial maxima being periods of increased levels of moisture. In combination with rising sea level, we propose that favorable conditions of surface stability occur immediately after glacial maxima during periods of starting transgression, whereas regression periods immediately after sea-level high stands seem to yield the highest sand supply for the study area.
Estimation of the inventory of14C and other key radionuclides in irradiated RBMK-1500 graphite based on limited measurements and full 3D core modeling
Authors: Narkunas Ernestas , Poskas Povilas , Smaizys Arturas , Norris Simon
Published: October 2018

Ignalina NPP contains two Units with RBMK-1500 reactors. After shutdown, several Unit 1 systems and equipment were radiologically characterized and dismantled. The highest volume of reactor structures is attributed to the graphite stack of the reactor core, radiological characterization of which has not yet been performed. The stack can be visualized as a vertical cylinder 8 m high and 14 m diameter, made up of 2488 columns where each column is made up from several graphite blocks. The total mass of the graphite stack blocks is about 1700 tonnes. Therefore, the main goal of work reported in this paper was to estimate the inventory of14C and other key radionuclides in the irradiated graphite by a combination of activity measurements and full 3D reactor graphite stack neutron activation modeling. Obtained results show that, based on the combination of modeling and measurement techniques, the total inventory of14C in graphite stack is estimated at 3.22×1014Bq at 9 years after Unit 1 reactor final shutdown.14C activity is the highest among the analyzed radionuclides; the second highest is60Co (~6 times lower).
Fatty acid positional distribution (sn-2 fatty acids) and phospholipid composition in Chinese breast milk from colostrum to mature stage
Authors: Wu Ke , Gao Runying , Tian Fang , Mao Yingyi , Wang Bei , Zhou Lili , Shen Liwei , Guan Yan , Cai Meiqin
Published: October 2018

This study quantified the fatty acid profile with emphasis on the stereo-specifically numbered (sn) 2 positional distribution in TAG and the composition of main phospholipids at different lactation stages. Colostrum milk (n70), transitional milk (n96) and mature milk (n82) were obtained longitudinally from healthy lactating women in Shanghai. During lactation, total fatty acid content increased, with SFA dominating in fatty acid profile. A high ratio ofn-6:n-3 PUFA was observed as 11:1 over lactation due to the abundance of linoleic acid in Chinese human milk. As the main SFA, palmitic acid showed absolutesn-2 selectivity, while oleic acid, linoleic acid andα-linolenic acid, the main unsaturated fatty acids, were primarily esterified at thesn-1 andsn-3 positions. Nervonic acid and C22 PUFA including DHA were more enriched in colostrum with ansn-2 positional preference. A total of three dominant phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM)) were analysed in the collected samples, and each showed a decline in amount over lactation. PC was the dominant compound followed by SM and PE. With prolonged breast-feeding time, percentage of PE in total phospholipids remained constant, but PC decreased, and SM increased. Results from this study indicated a lipid profile different from Western reports and may aid the development of future infant formula more suitable for Chinese babies.
ON IWASAWA THEORY OF RUBIN–STARK UNITS AND NARROW CLASS GROUPS
Authors: MAZIGH YOUNESS
Published: October 2018

Let K be a totally real number field of degree r. Let K∞ denote the cyclotomic -extension of K, and let L∞ be a finite extension of K∞, abelian over K. The goal of this paper is to compare the characteristic ideal of the χ-quotient of the projective limit of the narrow class groups to the χ-quotient of the projective limit of the rth exterior power of totally positive units modulo a subgroup of Rubin–Stark units, for some $\overline{\mathbb{Q}_{2}}$-irreducible characters χ of Gal(L∞/K∞).
Interactions between nutrients in the maternal diet and the implications for the long-term health of the offspring
Authors: Rees William D.
Published: October 2018

Nutritional science has traditionally used the reductionist approach to understand the roles of individual nutrients in growth and development. The macronutrient dense but micronutrient poor diets consumed by many in the Western world may not result in an overt deficiency; however, there may be situations where multiple mild deficiencies combine with excess energy to alter cellular metabolism. These interactions are especially important in pregnancy as changes in early development modify the risk of developing non-communicable diseases later in life. Nutrient interactions affect all stages of fetal development, influencing endocrine programming, organ development and the epigenetic programming of gene expression. The rapidly developing field of stem cell metabolism reveals new links between cellular metabolism and differentiation. This review will consider the interactions between nutrients in the maternal diet and their influence on fetal development, with particular reference to energy metabolism, amino acids and the vitamins in the B group.
Translation and the professional selves of Mercer Cook
Authors: Ní Loingsigh Aedín
Published: November 2018

This article explores the ways in which African American Mercer Cook's translation practice reflects complex overlaps between his professional/personal selves and an ideological backdrop that encompasses black internationalism, US race struggles and mid-twentieth-century diplomatic relations with Africa. A first section explores how Cook, a university professor of French, uses what he terms the “close-to-home” value of translation in order to expose his African American students to what has been written about them in French. At the same time, translation is seen by him as essential to building a “shared elsewhere” where his students can reflect on their place within a black world that is neither nation-bound nor monolingual. A second section examines the way in which Cook's translation practice is inflected by his role as US ambassador in francophone West Africa during the 1960s. In this context, the convergence of US civil rights with official US Cold War policy on postcolonial African states is key to understanding Cook's stance as a translator and the way in which he seeks diplomatically to propel his translations of L.S Senghor's texts towards a racially riven US readership.
The movers of the text: Monénembo's nomad subjects
Authors: Grayson Hannah
Published: November 2018

Transnational African author Tierno Monénembo is known for his unstable narratives and travelling storytellers. In this article I will discuss two of his novels,Pelourinho(1995) andLes Coqs cubains chantent à minuit(2015). Drawing on nomadic thought, the article will argue that Monénembo's lesser-seen subjects are figures of mobiledébrouillardisewho embody and play out a collective nomadic thinking with which they mediate unstable space. Translation is indirectly addressed here as part of thatdébrouillardpractice, whereby stories, situations, and agency are mediated by these secondary characters. Monénembo translates their wily movement and flexibility into French by keeping mobility at the centre of his structural and linguistic choices. This reading will be framed in an understanding of subjectivity as always conditioned by mobility (after Braidotti), an essential lens for viewing postcolonial African subjects in the era of ongoing decolonization (Mbembe). Though written 20 years apart, the novels are remarkably similar in their depiction of space and character. Mirrored journeys westwards across the Atlantic seek to draw out the African heritage of lost relations in Latin America. Encounters with multiple, unfamiliar faces are reflected linguistically in the collision of several languages, and I will suggest that where such translingual environments are hostile for some, there is a simultaneous emergence of creativity. This happens both at character level and with the author's own negotiation of different languages and styles. Monénembo demotes protagonists and place to emphasize secondary characters who shape their own space. Drawing on the work of Rosi Braidotti, I use nomad thought to frame these figures as always mobile, savvy, and innovative. This is a positive vision of subjects as dynamic entities, ready to transform, and to translate.
Time, precarisation and age normality: on internal job mobility among men in manual work
Authors: Krekula Clary
Published: October 2018

This article explores the conditions for extended working life from an organising perspective. Based on the idea that temporality makes up a fundamental organising dimension, it discusses conceptions of internal job mobility, and if and when employees are expected to relocate to a different unit at work. The material consists of interviews with 11 men between the ages of 56 and 74, working in manual and managerial capacities at a foundry of a Swedish branch of a large international steel company. The results show that internal work mobility is regulated by normative assumptions of mobility in terms of on- and off-time. This socio-temporal order constructs younger age groups as the age normality while designating the older employees’ transitions as a normative breach. It is also shown that the temporal order constitutes a disciplining element steering employees from an early stage to plan for limitations that may arise as a result of ageism and/or physical changes. The result confirms that transition to less-physically demanding tasks is a prerequisite for continuing working in a physically demanding job. These transitions are not, however, included in the socio-temporal order of the company, but are presented as the older employees’ individual problem. All together, these results show the need to introduce organisational practices and corporate strategies in the debate on extended working life.
Pre-industrial welfare between regional economies and local regimes: rural poor relief in Flanders around 1800
Authors: Van den Broeck Nick , Lambrecht Thijs , Winter Anne
Published: November 2018

This study uses data on income and distribution of relief payments from local poor relief tables for 512 rural parishes in Flanders (present-day Belgium) in 1807 to examine spatial variation in poor relief practices in a region characterised by well-established local poor relief institutions and marked socio-economic differences. By combining data on poor relief with local data on population, landholding and occupational structure, we map out the relative importance of regional economies and local variation in producing distinct poor relief regimes. The results show that although local variation was considerable, the nature and extent of this variation interacted with structural socio-economic characteristics to produce regional patterns, signalling that local variation did not so much contradict as constitute regional patterns in poor relief regimes. The importance of socio-economic characteristics in determining both regional patterns and local variation supports our more general contention that local and regional levels of analysis represent a more fruitful avenue for understanding variations in poor relief practices than national differences in legislation, and therefore has implications for the comparative study of poor relief practices in a wider international context.
Developing oral communication in Spanish lower-level courses: The case of voice recording and videoconferencing activities
Authors: Tecedor Marta , Campos-Dintrans Gonzalo
Published: October 2018

This study adds to the literature on computer-mediated communication (CMC) by examining the impact of online voice recording (VR) activities and peer-to-peer videoconferencing (VC) conversations on the development of beginning Spanish learners’ speaking performance. Specifically, this paper explores (1) whether VR and VC activities promote oral proficiency, and if so, whether those gains can be seen both in presentational and interpersonal modes of communication; and (2) whether VR and VC activities foster oral proficiency in similar ways to face-to-face (F2F) communication. A quasi-experimental, pre-/post-test design was used in the study. Three sections of a first semester Spanish course were assigned to one of the following conditions: F2F, VR, and VC. Complexity, accuracy, and fluency measures were used to analyze learners’ speaking performance in the two tasks. A mixed effects model analysis was used to investigate differences across time as well as among groups. Results show that both F2F communication and VR activities promote complexity and fluency in presentational tasks and fluency in interpersonal tasks, although F2F produces superior results regarding complexity in presentational tasks. VC activities promote complexity and fluency in presentational tasks and complexity, accuracy, and fluency in interpersonal tasks. Overall, this study shows that medium is not merely a delivery device but has important implications for learning outcomes. In this sense, these findings contribute to answering the wider question of how the use of technology in second language instruction plays a decisive role in current teaching practices.
Polynomial Mixing of the Edge-Flip Markov Chain for Unbiased Dyadic Tilings
Authors: CANNON S. , LEVIN D. A. , STAUFFER A.
Published: October 2018

We give the first polynomial upper bound on the mixing time of the edge-flip Markov chain for unbiased dyadic tilings, resolving an open problem originally posed by Janson, Randall and Spencer in 2002 [14]. A dyadic tiling of size n is a tiling of the unit square by n non-overlapping dyadic rectangles, each of area 1/n, where a dyadic rectangle is any rectangle that can be written in the form [a2−s, (a + 1)2−s] × [b2−t, (b + 1)2−t] for a, b, s, t ∈ ℤ⩾ 0. The edge-flip Markov chain selects a random edge of the tiling and replaces it with its perpendicular bisector if doing so yields a valid dyadic tiling. Specifically, we show that the relaxation time of the edge-flip Markov chain for dyadic tilings is at most O(n4.09), which implies that the mixing time is at most O(n5.09). We complement this by showing that the relaxation time is at least Ω(n1.38), improving upon the previously best lower bound of Ω(n log n) coming from the diameter of the chain.
Prehospital Airway Management Examined at Two Pediatric Emergency Centers
Authors: Tweed Jefferson , George Taylor , Greenwell Cynthia , Vinson Lori
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Routine advanced airway usage by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) has had conflicting reports of being the secure airway of choice in pediatric patients.

Hypothesis/Problem

The primary objective was to describe a pediatric cohort requiring airway management upon their arrival directly from the scene to two pediatric emergency departments (PEDs). A secondary objective included assessing for associations in EMS airway management and patient outcomes.

Methods

Retrospective data from the health record were reviewed, including EMS reports, for all arrivals less than 18 years old to two PEDs who required airway support between May 2015 and July 2016. The EMS management was classified as basic (oxygen, continuous positive airway pressure [CPAP], or bag-valve-mask [BVM]) or advanced (supraglottic or endotracheal intubation [ETI]) based on EMS documentation. Outcomes included oxygenation as documented by receiving PED and hospital mortality.

Results

In total, 104 patients with an average age 5.9 (SD=5.1) years and median EMS Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of nine (IQR 3-14) were enrolled. Basic management was utilized in 70% of patients (passive: n=49; CPAP: n=2; BVM: n=22). Advanced management was utilized in 30% of patients (supraglottic: n=4; ETI: n=27). Proper ETI placement was achieved in 48% of attempted patients, with 41% of patients undergoing multiple attempts. Inadequate oxygenation occurred in 18% of patients, including four percent of ETI attempts, nine percent of BVM patients, and 32% of passively managed patients. Adjusted for EMS GCS, medical patients undergoing advanced airway management experienced higher risk of mortality (risk-ratio [RR] 2.98; 95% CI, 1.18-7.56; P=.021).

Conclusion

With exception to instances where ETI is clearly indicated, BVM management is effective in pediatric patients who required airway support, with ETI providing no definitive protective factors. Most of the patients who exhibited inadequate oxygenation upon arrival to the PED received only passive oxygenation by EMS.

TweedJ,GeorgeT,GreenwellC,VinsonL.Prehospital airway management examined at two pediatric emergency centers.Prehosp Disaster Med.2018;33(5):532–538.
Epidemiological Evaluation of Dogs Rescued in the Fukushima Prefecture Following the Great East Japan Earthquakes of 2011
Authors: Tanaka Aki , Martinez-Lopez Beatriz , Kass Philip
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Dogs left behind in the restricted area by the Great East Japan Earthquakes of 2011 (Fukushima Prefecture, Japan) were initially rescued at a temporary first response shelter under chaotic conditions: poor housing and husbandry was maintained by unfamiliar/untrained staff, and lack of exercise was associated with deterioration of the mental and physical health of the impounded dogs. The objectives of this study were to report characteristics, disposition, and health status of dogs rescued in the Fukushima Prefecture, and to perform a retrospective epidemiological evaluation of factors associated with disposition and disease incidence at shelters.

Problems

The problems addressed in this study were shelter-related health issues at the first response shelter and reasons for retained adoption at the secondary shelter that caused delayed closure of the shelter.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was performed with all dogs that were rescued from the restricted area in the Fukushima Prefecture. Kaplan-Meier time-to-event analysis was performed to estimate the median days to outcomes. A chi-square test of homogeneity was used to determine whether ownership status was associated with breed. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the association between time-to-adoption with ownership status, age, sex, and breed, the association between time to onset of diarrhea with age and breed, and between duration of diarrheic symptoms with the number of antibiotics and the number of medications.

Results

Five-hundred and twenty-nine dogs were admitted to the Ihno and Miharu shelters (Fukushima Prefecture), including 179 that had detailed medical records. Seventy-six percent of dogs were mixed breed. Twenty-six percent of dogs had verified ownership, and almost 16% of dogs were reclaimed by their owners. Sixty-six percent of dogs developed diarrhea, and 17 different antibiotics were used to treat it. Using three or more different antibiotics was associated with prolonged signs of diarrhea. Dogs with verified ownership took longer for adoption than those without verified ownership. Breed and sex were not significantly associated with time to adoption. Age was associated with prolonged time to adoption.

Conclusion

To improve the welfare of dogs in disasters, responsible owner education, a well-organized registered volunteer training program for care of animals at shelters, proper disease management protocols, and enrichment strategies to prevent stress and disease in shelter setting are essential.

TanakaA,Martinez-LopezB,KassP.Epidemiological evaluation of dogs rescued in the Fukushima Prefecture following the Great East Japan Earthquakes of 2011.Prehosp Disaster Med.2018;33(5):478–583.
C.P. Snow, Sputnik and the Cold War
Authors: Guillemin Jeanne
Published: October 2018

In his reflections on the divide between science and the humanities, C.P. Snow made only passing reference to the Cold War context of his epoch. Yet great challenges to science and its impact on human society were being played out in political arenas far from the protected academic enclave in which Snow lived and wrote. This article explores the hostile uses to which advanced science of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were put in the name of national progress and security, and the contributions of philosophers and scientists influenced by humanism in attempting to undo the harmful consequences of such inventions, especially nuclear weapons.
Extractive multi-document summarization based on textual entailment and sentence compression via knapsack problem
Authors: NASERASADI ALI , KHOSRAVI HAMID , SADEGHI FARAMARZ
Published: October 2018

By increasing the amount of data in computer networks, searching and finding suitable information will be harder for users. One of the most widespread forms of information on such networks are textual documents. So exploring these documents to get information about their content is difficult and sometimes impossible. Multi-document text summarization systems are an aid to producing a summary with a fixed and predefined length, while covering the maximum content of the input documents. This paper presents a novel method for multi-document extractive summarization based on textual entailment relations and sentence compression via formulating the problem as a knapsack problem. In this approach, sentences of documents are ranked according to the extended Tf-Idf method, then entailment scores of selected sentences are computed. Through these scores, the final score of each sentence is calculated. Finally, by decreasing the lengths of sentences via sentence compression, the problem has been solved by greedy and dynamic Programming approaches to the knapsack problem. Experiments on standard summarization datasets and evaluating the results based on the Rouge system show that the suggested method, according to the best of our knowledge, has increased F-measure of query-based summarization systems by two per cent and F-measure of general summarization systems by five per cent.
Edwin Seligman, initiator of global progressive public finance
Authors: Woker Madeline
Published: October 2018

This article surveys the global acquaintances of Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman, a world-renowned authority on progressive public finance and professor of political economy at Columbia University between 1885 and 1933. Through his published writings, networks, and internationalist efforts, Seligman extended an emerging theory of progressive taxation to an international arena. This empowered his students, especially his Asian students, to build an analysis of the limitations of imperial political accountability and suggest bold financial reform. These links are uncovered for the first time and reveal Seligman’s place in the intellectual and political history of tax reform in American and European formal and informal empires. Consequently, the article also sheds new light on the history of what the legal historian Ajay Mehrotra has called the ‘early Columbia school of taxation and economic development’.
Global perspectives on Welsh Patagonia: the complexities of being both colonizer and colonized
Authors: Taylor Lucy
Published: October 2018

The nationalist Welsh colony in Patagonia, Y Wladfa, offers a peripheral vantage point from which to reconsider core assumptions about settler colonialism and the British World. Taking a fresh approach to settler colonial studies, this article both pays close attention to settler motives before embarkation and also analyses the case from a global perspective. It foregrounds the role of unequal power relations in Britain, the British World, and the global arena in shaping social relations at home and in the colony, as well as locating Y Wladfa within a constellation of Welsh sites and influences around the world. Analysis reveals the Welsh to occupy a complex position within such global hierarchies, and to be colonizing Patagonia from a colonized position. As such, this case at the margins of settler power reveals important ambiguities, tensions, and affinities that challenge assumptions in settler colonial theory, and open spaces that might enrich and deepen analysis of this fundamentally global relationship of power.
Secular trends 2013–2017 in overweight and visible dental decay in New Zealand preschool children: influence of ethnicity, deprivation and the Under-5-Energize nutrition and physical activity programme
Authors: Rush Elaine , Kirk Madeline , Parmar Priya , Young Leanne , Obolonkin Vladimir
Published: October 2018

Early-life intervention to reduce obesity and poor dental health through early-life nutrition will improve health outcomes in later life. This study examined the prevalence of overweight and obesity and visual dental decay in 4-year old children in New Zealand between 2013 and 2017, and the impact of a nutrition and physical activity intervention programme, Under-5-Energize (U5E), on prevalence of these conditions within ethnic groups and by deprivation. The data set included 277,963 4-year-old children, including 25,140 from the Waikato region children of whom 8067 attended one of the 121 early childhood centres (ECC) receiving the U5E programme from 2014. Purposively the U5E-ECC selected were attended by higher proportions of indigenous Māori children and children living in higher deprivation areas than non-U5E-ECC. From 2013 to 2017, the overall prevalence of obesity, as defined by World Health Organisation criteria, declined slightly but rates of dental decay did not change. In the Waikato region, the prevalence of obesity declined in non-Māori children from 2015 to 2017 and children attending U5E-ECC had lower rates of dental decay than non-U5E children. Binary logistic regression showed that between 2015 and 2017 visible dental decay was more likely in children who were Māori (3.06×3.17), living in high deprivation (1.54×1.66) and male (1.10) but less likely if attending an U5E-ECC (0.83×0.79). Early-life intervention had efficacy at reducing dental decay, and demonstrated that the origins of disparities in health such as ethnicity and deprivation need to be addressed further to break the intergenerational cycles of poor health.
Why I Stopped Believing in Customary International Law
Authors: JOYNER Daniel H.
Published: October 2018

There has been a recent proliferation of scholarship on the development, identification, and determination of customary international law [CIL]. Much of this has focused on explication of the theoretical and practical problems inherent in the modern use of CIL as a source of international law. However, there are influential voices who argue that CIL nevertheless continues to play a necessary role in the international legal system, and that many of the problems that have been identified are exaggerated. This paper maintains that the problems which have been identified in the processes of identification and determination of CIL are of such a serious and institutionalized nature as to produce a presumptive distrust of any statement about what is or is not CIL. It argues that the process of identifying and authoritatively determining CIL must evolve to more objectively evidence the positive assent of states to the making of customary rules.
Todesursache «Intoxikation» – alles eine Frage der Konzentration?
Authors: Steuer Andrea E.
Published: October 2018

Zusammenfassung. Die Beantwortung der Frage nach der Todesursache stellt eine wesentliche Indikation für eine rechtsmedizinische Untersuchung dar. Zur Abklärung einer möglichen Intoxikation wird bei Lebenden üblicherweise die im Blut gemessene Konzentration einer pharmakologisch/toxikologisch aktiven Substanz beurteilt. Eine analoge Beurteilung ist postmortal oft nicht so einfach möglich. Bereits unmittelbar nach dem Todeseintritt kommt es zu einer Reihe biochemischer Prozesse, welche die Blutkonzentration massiv verändern können und die Interpretation erschweren oder sogar verunmöglichen. Die Blutkonzentration postmortal widerspiegelt somit mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit nicht jene im Zeitpunkt des Todes. Eine Vorhersage, ob und in welchem Ausmass solche Veränderungen im Einzelfall aufgetreten sind, ist bis heute nicht möglich. Interpretationen müssen daher mit entsprechender Vorsicht und unter Berücksichtigung aller vorhandenen Fallumstände erfolgen.
Sonografischer Abklärungs-Algorithmus bei akuter Dyspnoe
Authors: Horn Rudolf
Published: October 2018

Zusammenfassung. In der Notfallmedizin geht es darum, einem Patienten mit Dyspnoe verzugslos die optimale Therapie zukommen zu lassen, auch wenn die definitive Diagnose noch nicht gesichert ist. Der fokussierte Ultraschall der Lunge und des Herzens ist ein diagnostisches Hilfsmittel, das unverzüglich und repetitiv eingesetzt werden kann und dem behandelnden Arzt in kürzester Zeit die notwendige Information zur Therapie gibt. Einige Diagnosen werden aufgrund einer Ultraschall-Untersuchung gestellt (z.B. Pneumothorax, Pleuraerguss, Perikarderguss). Zur Beurteilung der klinischen Wertigkeit müssen weitere Befunde erhoben werden (Anamnese, Untersuchung des Patienten). Weitere Diagnosen können nur in Zusammenschau aller erhobenen Befunde beurteilt werden (z.B. Lungenembolie, Herzinsuffizienz mit Lungenödem).
The Flux and Emission of Dimethylsulfide From the Great Barrier Reef Region and Potential Influence on the Climate of NE Australia
Authors: Jones Graham , Curran Mark , Deschaseaux Elisabeth , Omori Yuko , Tanimoto Hiroshi , Swan Hilton , Eyre Bradley , Ivey John , McParland Erin , Gabric Albert , Cropp Roger
Published: October 2018

Concentrations of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), dimethylsulfide (DMS), and DMS flux are reported for the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Great Barrier Reef Lagoon (GBRL), and Coral Sea. Generally higher concentrations of dimethylsulfoniopropionate and DMS occurred in coral reef waters, compared with GBRL concentrations. DMS flux from GBR coral reefs in summer ranged from nondetectable to 153 μmol m−2 d−1 (mean 6.4), while winter fluxes ranged from 0.02 to 15 μmol m−2 d−1 (mean 2.4). No significant seasonal difference in DMS flux occurred for the GBRL. High DMSw concentrations and DMS fluxes periodically occur at coral reefs during very low tides and elevated sea surface temperatures (SSTs). For the GBRL and GBR coral reefs there was a significant correlation between seawater DMSw concentrations and SST (p < 0.001), up to temperatures of 30 °C. During coral bleaching DMS flux from reefs almost completely shuts down when SSTs are >30 °C. The GBRL and associated coral reefs emit 439 and 32 MmolS per year, respectively. Cyclones on average produce 170 MmolS to the GBR atmosphere in summer. This amount can markedly increase during severe cyclones such as severe tropical Cyclone Debbie in March 2017. Overall, the annual DMS emission estimate from the GBRL and coral reefs in the GBR is 0.64 GmolS, with cyclones contributing 27% or greater of the annual emission estimate, depending on the cyclone intensity. Oxidation of atmospheric DMS can potentially affect solar radiation, SSTs, low‐level cloud cover, and rainfall causing cooling and warming of the climate in the GBR region as recent modeling predicts.
Reward and aversion processing in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: functional neuroimaging with visual and thermal stimuli
Authors: Elman Igor , Upadhyay Jaymin , Langleben Daniel D. , Albanese Mark , Becerra Lino , Borsook David
Published: November 2018

In patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a decrease in the brain reward function was reported in behavioral- and in neuroimaging studies. While pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this response are unclear, there are several lines of evidence suggesting over-recruitment of the brain reward regions by aversive stimuli rendering them unavailable to respond to reward-related content. The purpose of this study was to juxtapose brain responses to functional neuroimaging probes that reliably produce rewarding and aversive experiences in PTSD subjects and in healthy controls. The stimuli used were pleasant, aversive and neutral images selected from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) along with pain-inducing heat applied to the dorsum of the left hand; all were administered during 3 T functional magnetic resonance imaging. Analyses of IAPS responses for the pleasant images revealed significantly decreased subjective ratings and brain activations in PTSD subjects that included striatum and medial prefrontal-, parietal- and temporal cortices. For the aversive images, decreased activations were observed in the amygdala and in the thalamus. PTSD and healthy subjects provided similar subjective ratings of thermal sensory thresholds and each of the temperatures. When 46 °C (hot) and 42 °C (neutral) temperatures were contrasted, voxelwise between-group comparison revealed greater activations in the striatum, amygdala, hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex in the PTSD subjects. These latter findings were for the most part mirrored by the 44 vs. 42 °C contrast. Our data suggest different brain alterations patterns in PTSD, namely relatively diminished corticolimbic response to pleasant and aversive psychosocial stimuli in the face of exaggerated response to heat-related pain. The present findings support the hypothesis that brain sensitization to pain in PTSD may interfere with the processing of psychosocial stimuli whether they are of rewarding or aversive valence.
TXNDC9 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by positive regulation of MYC-mediated transcriptional network
Authors: Chen Dawei , Zou Jixue , Zhao Zhenguo , Tang Xiaodong , Deng Zhicheng , Jia Jingchao , Liu Shuanghai
Published: October 2018

The thioredoxin domain containing proteins are a group of proteins involved in redox regulation and have been recently reported to be associated with tumor progression. However, the role of thioredoxin proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains largely unknown. Here in our study, we demonstrated that thioredoxin domain containing protein 9 (TXNDC9) was over-expressed in HCC and promoted HCC progression. We found that TXNDC9 expression was amplified in HCC tissues and associated with an advanced grade of HCC. And, we demonstrated that overexpression of TXNDC9 was correlated with poor prognosis of HCC. Furthermore, by using CRISPR-Cas9 mediated TXNDC9 knockout and RNA-seq analysis, we found that TXNDC9 accelerated HCC proliferation regulation. Moreover, we demonstrated that TXNDC9 directly interacted with MYC and knockout/knockdown of TXNDC9 decreased the protein levels of MYC and inhibited MYC-mediated transcriptional activation of its targets. Besides, we identified that TXNDC9 was trans-activated by FOXA1, JUND, and FOSL2 in HCC. Taken together, our study unveiled an oncogenic role of TXNDC9 in HCC and provided a mechanistic insight into the TXNDC9 mediated gene regulation network during HCC development.
A deadly dance: the choreography of host–pathogen interactions, as revealed by single-cell technologies
Authors: Chattopadhyay Pratip K. , Roederer Mario , Bolton Diane L.
Published: October 2018

Pathogens have numerous mechanisms by which they replicate within a host, who in turn responds by developing innate and adaptive immune countermeasures to limit disease. The advent of high-content single-cell technologies has facilitated a greater understanding of the properties of host cells harboring infection, the host’s pathogen-specific immune responses, and the mechanisms pathogens have evolved to escape host control. Here we review these advances and argue for greater inclusion of higher resolution single-cell technologies into approaches for defining immune evasion mechanisms by pathogens.
Author Correction: Dilution of whisky – the molecular perspective
Authors: Karlsson Björn C. G. , Friedman Ran
Published: October 2018

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
Unravelling the Role of O-glycans in Influenza A Virus Infection
Authors: Mayr Juliane , Lau Kam , Lai Jimmy C. C. , Gagarinov Ivan A. , Shi Yun , McAtamney Sarah , Chan Renee W. Y. , Nicholls John , von Itzstein Mark , Haselhorst Thomas
Published: October 2018

The initial stage of host cell infection by influenza A viruses (IAV) is mediated through interaction of the viral haemagglutinin (HA) with cell surface glycans. The binding requirement of IAVs for Galβ(1,4)Glc/ GlcNAc (lactose/lactosamine) glycans with a terminal α(2,6)-linked (human receptors) or α(2,3)-linked (avian receptors) N-acetylneuraminic residue commonly found on N-glycans, is well-established. However the role and significance of sialylated Galβ(1,3)GalNAc (core 1) epitopes that are typical O-glycoforms in influenza virus pathogenesis remains poorly detailed. Here we report a multidisciplinary study using NMR spectroscopy, virus neutralization assays and molecular modelling, into the potential for IAV to engage sialyl-Galβ(1,3)GalNAc O-glycoforms for cell attachment. H5 containing virus like particles (VLPs) derived from an H5N1 avian IAV strain show a significant involvement of the O-glycan-specific GalNAc residue, coordinated by a EQTKLY motif conserved in highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains. Notably, human pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses shift the preference from ‘human-like’ α(2,6)-linkages in sialylated Galβ(1,4)Glc/GlcNAc fragments to ‘avian-like’ α(2,3)-linkages in sialylated Galβ(1,3)GalNAc without involvement of the GalNAc residue. Overall, our study suggests that sialylated Galβ(1,3)GalNAc as O-glycan core 1 glycoforms are involved in the influenza A virus life cycle and play a particularly crucial role during infection of HPAI strains.
Multi-parametric functional ultrasound imaging of cerebral hemodynamics in a cardiopulmonary resuscitation model
Authors: Demené Charlie , Maresca David , Kohlhauer Matthias , Lidouren Fanny , Micheau Philippe , Ghaleh Bijan , Pernot Mathieu , Tissier Renaud , Tanter Mickaël
Published: October 2018

Patient mortality at one year reaches 90% after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Temperature management is one of the main strategies proposed to improve patient outcome after resuscitation and preclinical studies have shown neuroprotective effects when hypothermia is achieved rapidly, although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. State-of-the-art brain imaging technologies can bring new insights into the early cerebral events taking place post cardiac arrest and resuscitation. In this paper, we characterized cerebral hemodynamics in a post-cardiac arrest rabbit model using functional ultrasound imaging. Ultrasound datasets were processed to map the dynamic changes in cerebral blood flow and cerebral vascular resistivity with a 10 second repetition rate while animals underwent cardiac arrest and a cardiopulmonary resuscitation. We report that a severe transient hyperemia takes place in the brain within the first twenty minutes post resuscitation, emphasizing the need for fast post-cardiac arrest care. Furthermore, we observed that this early hyperemic event is not spatially homogeneous and that maximal cerebral hyperemia happens in the hippocampus. Finally, we show that rapid cooling induced by total liquid ventilation reduces early cerebral hyperemia, which could explain the improved neurological outcome reported in preclinical studies.
Author Correction: Assessing animal affect: an automated and self-initiated judgement bias task based on natural investigative behaviour
Authors: Jones Samantha , Neville Vikki , Higgs Laura , Paul Elizabeth S. , Dayan Peter , Robinson Emma S. J. , Mendl Michael
Published: October 2018

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
Multilocus sequence typing of Candida albicans isolates from the oral cavities of patients undergoing haemodialysis
Authors: Gong Yan-Bing , Jin Bo , Qi He , Zhang Rong , Zhang Xiu-Ying , Yuan Ping , Zhao Tong-Xiang , Geng Xing-Hua , Zhang Min , Zheng Jian-Ling
Published: October 2018

This study evaluates the prevalence, diversity, and genetic profiles ofCandida albicansisolates recovered from the oral cavities of haemodialysis patients. Oral swab samples were obtained from haemodialysis patients (n = 126) and healthy control subjects (n = 233) andCandidaspecies were characterised. There was no significant difference between the haemodialysis and control groups in the prevalence of yeast carriers (23.6%vs. 31.0%, respectively) orC. albicanscarriers (19.8%vs. 21.0%, respectively).C. albicanswas the most populous species in both cohorts, followed byC. parapsilosis.C. parapsilosisandC. glabratawere more prevalent in the haemodialysis group than in the control group (C. parapsilosis5.6%vs. 0.9% andC. glabrata3.2%vs. 0.4%, respectively;P < 0.05).C. albicansisolates were analysed by multilocus sequence typing and the results were used to construct a phylogenetic tree. Most haemodialysis isolates were placed into Clade 4 (20.0%) and Clade 19 (16.0%) and most control isolates into Clade 8 (17%) and Clade 4 (14.9%). Differences in the strain abundance in each clade were not statistically significant between the two groups. Moreover, there was no significant association between the health status or diagnosis and either the sequence types or clades.
High-precision gas refractometer by comb-mode-resolved spectral interferometry
Authors: Yang Lijun , Li Yan , Wei Haoyun
Published: October 2018

High-accuracy knowledge of gas refractivity is typically crucial for optical interferometry, precise optical systems, and calculable pressure standard development. Here, we demonstrate an absolute gas refractometer by spectral interferometry and a high-resolution spectrometer. The spectral interferometry relies on a comb with fiber Fabry–Pérot filtering cavity, and a double-spaced vacuum cell. The spectrometer employs a virtually imaged phased array, diffraction grating and near-infrared camera to fully resolve the comb modes. Finally, by means of fast-Fourier-transform, the group refractivity can be derived from the spectrally resolved interferograms of the two beams propagating in the inside and outside of the vacuum cell. To confirm the feasibility and performance of the gas refractometer, the measurement of ambient air was conducted. The proposed scheme has a combined uncertainty of 1.3 × 10−9 for air and a single measurement only takes 10 ms, which is applicable for gas refractivity monitoring and compensating in real time.
A bacteria-derived tail anchor localizes to peroxisomes in yeast and mammalian cells
Authors: Lutfullahoğlu-Bal Güleycan , Seferoğlu Ayşe Bengisu , Keskin Abdurrahman , Akdoğan Emel , Dunn Cory D.
Published: October 2018

Prokaryotes can provide new genetic information to eukaryotes by horizontal gene transfer (HGT), and such transfers are likely to have been particularly consequential in the era of eukaryogenesis. Since eukaryotes are highly compartmentalized, it is worthwhile to consider the mechanisms by which newly transferred proteins might reach diverse organellar destinations. Toward this goal, we have focused our attention upon the behavior of bacteria-derived tail anchors (TAs) expressed in the eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we report that a predicted membrane-associated domain of the Escherichia coli YgiM protein is specifically trafficked to peroxisomes in budding yeast, can be found at a pre-peroxisomal compartment (PPC) upon disruption of peroxisomal biogenesis, and can functionally replace an endogenous, peroxisome-directed TA. Furthermore, the YgiM(TA) can localize to peroxisomes in mammalian cells. Since the YgiM(TA) plays no endogenous role in peroxisomal function or assembly, this domain is likely to serve as an excellent tool allowing further illumination of the mechanisms by which TAs can travel to peroxisomes. Moreover, our findings emphasize the ease with which bacteria-derived sequences might target to organelles in eukaryotic cells following HGT, and we discuss the importance of flexible recognition of organelle targeting information during and after eukaryogenesis.
Enhanced food-related responses in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex in narcolepsy type 1
Authors: van Holst Ruth Janke , Janssen Lieneke K. , van Mierlo Petra , Lammers Gert Jan , Cools Roshan , Overeem Sebastiaan , Aarts Esther
Published: October 2018

Narcolepsy type 1 is a chronic sleep disorder caused by a deficiency of the orexin (hypocretin) neuropeptides. In addition to sleep regulation, orexin is important for motivated control processes. Weight gain and obesity are common in narcolepsy. However, the neurocognitive processes associated with food-related control and overeating in narcolepsy are unknown. We explored the neural correlates of general and food-related attentional control in narcolepsy-type-1 patients (n = 23) and healthy BMI-matched controls (n = 20). We measured attentional bias to food words with a Food Stroop task and general executive control with a Classic Stroop task during fMRI. Moreover, using multiple linear regression, we assessed the relative contribution of neural responses during Food Stroop and Classic Stroop to spontaneous snack intake. Relative to healthy controls, narcolepsy patients showed enhanced ventral medial prefrontal cortex responses and connectivity with motor cortex during the Food Stroop task, but attenuated dorsal medial prefrontal cortex responses during the Classic Stroop task. Moreover, the former activity but not the latter, was a significant predictor of spontaneous snack intake. These findings demonstrate that narcolepsy, characterized by orexin deficiency, is associated with decreased dorsal medial prefrontal cortex responses during general executive control and enhanced ventral medial prefrontal cortex responses during food-driven attention.