bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF THE ANTIDIABETIC AND ANTIOXIDANT EFFECT OF GARLIC JUICE ON ALLOXAN INDUCE DIABETIC RAT
Authors: OMOROWA E. F. , ORIAKHI K. , ANOLIEFO O. N. , ONYENEKE E. C. , OJADOVBA G. A.
Published: March 2023

Medicinal plants may provide valuable therapeutic agents in modern medicine and in traditional system, especially in areas where the modern drugs are unavailable, expensive or predispose to life threatening complications. One of these plants is Garlic (Allium L. liliaceae) which is used as foodstuff, condiment, and flavoring in folk medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of garlic juice on plasma glucose concentration and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity on alloxan induced diabetic rats following injection with alloxan (120 mgkg-1 body weight) to diabetic treated and diabetic control group‘s intraperitoneally. Garlic juice (1ml/100g/body weight) was administered orally to diabetic treated once daily for 28 days. The result showed a statistically significant (P<0.05) decrease in plasma glucose concentration of diabetic treated at day 28 (112.86 ±2.10mg/dl) when compared to day 0 (202.09 ± 1.80mg/dl). SOD activity showed a statistical significant increase (P < 0.05) in the liver of diabetic treated when compared to in diabetic control. There was a statistical non-significant increase (P>0.05) in the heart and kidney of diabetic treated when compared to diabetic control. The result obtained in this study showed that garlic juice has antidiabetic and slight antioxidant effect in plasma and tissues (Liver, Heart andKidney
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL EXTRACT ON FRESH AND PRESERVED EDIBLE MUSHROOM Pleurotus tuber-regium AGAINST SELECTED PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS
Authors: OVIASOGIE F. E. , IGHODARO G. U.
Published: March 2023

The antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of fresh and preserved Pleurotus tuber-regium was investigated against Staphylocococus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Peudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans using agar well diffusion method. Ethanol extract of fresh Pleurotus tuber-regium showed antimicrobial activity against the test organisms: Bacillus cereus (20.0mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.0mm), Escherichia coli (15.0mm), Staphylococcus aureus (14.0mm), and Aspergillus niger (6,0mm). The corresponding activity shown by ethanol extracts of preserved Pleurotus tuber-regium are Bacillus cereus (15.0mm), Staphylococcus aureus (14.0mm), Escherichia coli (12.0mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.0mm) with no activity against Aspergillus niger (0.00mm). Both extracts have no activity against Candida albicans. There was no significant difference in the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) between the fresh and preserved extracts (P > 0.05). This study has shown the potential of using fresh Pleurotus tuber-regium extract as a source of antimicrobial agent against diseases caused by the test microorganisms using the NCCLS M100-S14 (M7) interpretive standards.
THE YIELDS AND PROFITABILITY OF CATFISH JUVENILES FED DIETS FROM NON-CONVENTIONAL FEEDSTUFFS.
Authors: FALAYI B. , SADIKU S. O. .E.
Published: March 2023

Three diets were formulated and produced with Dried Broiler manure (DBM), Maize Offal (MO), Cassava flour meal (CF), Thrashed tilapia Fish (TTF)b and pork-lard (PL). They were compared with conventional feed ingredients for growth, survival, nutrients utilization and cost evaluation indices in 150 days. The biological data obtained from the fish fed at 5% biomass did not revealed any significant differences (P>0.05) between the test diets and the reference. The cost evaluation of feeds and fish revealed significant differences (P<0.05) in feed cost and profit index with higher values in non-conventional diets
HEMATOLOGICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF ALUMINIUM TOXICITY ON ALBINO RAT
Authors: IDUGBOE S. O. , TAWARI-FUFEYIN P. , JIMOH O. P.
Published: March 2023

This investigation was carried out to observe the toxic effect of aluminium chloride on selected tissues and the blood of the albino rat (Rattus novergicus). Aluminium toxicity is a rare condition which occurs when the aluminium metal accumulates in the body either by direct inhalation or from drinking water contaminated by this metal. Analysis of the kidney, liver and stomach tissues of rats administered increasing doses of the toxicant showed varying degrees of changes such as the presence of patches of blood stains which indicated possibility of haemorrhage, the presence of large vacuoles of triglyceride indicating a possibility of fatty liver disease while the presence of dark spots indicated the presence of dilated and congested blood vessels in these tissues. Analysis of the blood revealed an increase in neutrophil, platelet, MCHC, haemoglobin, pack cell volume, MCV, MCH and MPV PL. However, there was a decrease in red blood cell, lymphocyte, mixed (eosinophil and basophil), RDW_CV, PDW PL and P_LCR PL all of which were statistically significant at p<0.05, showing a negative effect of the toxicant. This study thus confirms the toxicity of aluminium chloride and as such its consumption should be completely discouraged
EFFECT OF MEDICAL WASTES ON PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SOIL
Authors: AKINBO M. I. , TAWARI-FUFEYIN P.
Published: March 2023

Human beings are totally dependent on the environment for life itself. In Nigeria, like in other developing countries open dump is the only available option for solid waste disposal in the cities. This study is aimed at determining the physical and chemical parameters of soil from medical waste dumpsites in south western Niger Delta, Nigeria. Samples were collected from University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Irrua Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Stella Obasanjo Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Federal Medical Center, Owo, Ondo State, and Central Hospital, Warri, Delta State with samples from non-medical waste dumpsites around the selected hospitals as controls. Soil samples collected from medical and non-medical waste dumpsites were analyzed using standard procedures. The pH and electrical conductivity values obtained were higher in medical than in non-medical waste dumpsites. The values of calcium, sodium, magnesium, zinc, chromium, cadmium and lead ions were lower in medical waste than in non-medical waste dumpsites. In contrast, the concentrations of potassium, iron, copper, nickel and manganese ions were higher in medical waste than in non-medical waste dumpsites. The mean values of heavy metals obtained in medical and non-medical waste dumpsites did not differ significantly (P<0.05). There was heavy metal contamination of the soil from both medical and non-medical waste dumpsites as their values were above the WHO acceptable limits. The values of heavy metals from medical waste dumpsites were higher than the acceptable limit of WHO and FMEnvMeasures to reduce the contamination of soil from medical and non-medical waste dumpsites are advocated.
ICT AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION: THE ROLE OF MOBILE PHONES AND SOCIAL MEDIA
Authors: EGBOKHARE F. A. , AKWUKWUMA V. V. N.
Published: March 2023

The Internet, mobile phones and social media are tools for various forms of communications and interactions which individuals and nations have implemented for development and poverty alleviation. The arrival of wireless technologies in Nigeria and the low tariffs associated with GSM services made mobile applications affordable as tools for e-commerce. Using qualitative methods, this paper presents the impact of mobile phones and social media in wealth creation on Micro, Small and Medium (MSME) organizations in Nigeria
RE-COLONIZATION OF SOIL MICRO ARTHROPODS FROM 5CM DEPTH WITHIN 5 MONTHS PERIOD OF TREATMENT WITH ENDOSULFAN (ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE) TREATMENT IN BENIN CITY, NIGERIA
Authors: EKRAKENE T. , ILOBA B. N.
Published: March 2023

The re-colonization of soil arthropods was monitored for five months (April to August) 2007 to ascertain whether the application of Endosulfan (an organochlorine pesticide) in varying concentration levels would adversely affect the of sampling soil arthropod groups within a 0-5cm depth. Berlese Tullgren Extraction technique, extraction, sorting and identification were adopted and some soil physiochemical parameters (soil pH, temperature and moisture) were measured. Insects from eight different orders were consistently sampled and included members of Collembola, Coleoptera, Acarina and Isoptera. Others include Hymenoptera, Myriapoda, Crustaeca and Arachnida. There was a general initial decrease in the mean number of sampled soil arthropods in the treated plots from April to May but increased from June to August. Members of Collembola, Coleoptera and Acarina showed highest fauna abundance while species from Isoptera, Hymenoptera, Myriapoda, Crustaeca and Arachnida were least in abundance. Members of Acarina (mites) exhibited the highest re-colonization tendency while Crustacean species were least. The result revealed that, the mean number of sampled soil arthropods were significantly different (P<0.05) on the bases of pesticide concentration compared with the control. Except for soil pH and moisture content which showed positive correlation, soil temperature exhibited negative correlation with mean numbers of soil arthropod sampled. The implication of this survey is that, soil micro arthropod abundance in the farm is dependent among others on the concentration of pesticide applied and where application is not indiscriminate; soil micro arthropods have ability to re-colonize treated plots which could enhance high productivity from the farm in the long run.
DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS AND PROGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT OF ENTERIC FEVER USING FUZZY CLASSIFIER
Authors: IMIANVAN A. A. , OBI J. C.
Published: March 2023

Enteric fever is contracted by the ingestion of the bacteria in contaminated food or water; it is a fever common to poor sanitation environments. Enteric fever is an acute illness associated with fever that is most often caused by the Salmonellatyphi bacteria. It can also be caused by Salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually leads to a less severe illness. Enteric fever can be prevented by avoiding contaminated foods, water and get vaccinated after enteric fever. The symptoms of enteric fever are life-threatening and includes high fever, headache, constipation, malaisechills, mild vomiting, abdominal pain, tongue changes, thirst, diarrhoea, fatigue, slow heartbeat, myalgia and anemia. In this paper, the traditional procedure of the medical diagnosis of Enteric fever employed by physicians is expressed using Fuzzy classifier. The proposed expert system eliminates uncertainty and imprecision associated with the diagnosis of Enteric fever
AN OBJECTIVE FUZZY CLASSIFIER ALGORITHM APPROACH FOR WATER QUALITY RECOGNITION
Authors: OBI J. C. , IMIANVAN A. A.
Published: March 2023

Water is the energy of life. Its usage and want, far out stretch any earth material (minerals, rocks, soil and water). In most cases the quantity of water obtains from its different sources are not quality enough for human usage due to the presence of contaminants. Several research works has been proposed on water quality recognition but none on the area of Artificial Intelligence (AI). This research paper adopts and proposes a fuzzy classifier algorithm approach for water quality recognition utilizing the decision variables pertaining to water, thereby enhancing or extending the traditional (conventional) method. The simulation of the algorithm was handled utilizing Matric Laboratory (MatLab). The result obtained based on the fuzzy scale was subdivided into three (might be pure water?, ?pure water? and ?not pure water?). The proposed expert system eliminates uncertainties and imprecision associated with the recognition of water quality
FLUCTUATIONS OF TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY (TAC) IN FRESH AND REFRIGERATED FRUIT JUICES BOUGHT IN BENIN CITY, NIGERIA
Authors: OBOH H. A. , ITUA O. S.
Published: March 2023

Fruit juices contain phenolic compounds and vitamin C which possess antioxidant capacity. A knowledge of the effect of refrigerated storage on the total antioxidant characteristics of citrus fruits is necessary. Total antioxidant capacities (TAC) of nine Nigerian fruits were collected from a local market. The pulp and seed free juices were obtained using a Gallenkamp juicer. The fresh fruit juices namely; Green Apple, carrot, Grape, Mango (Mangifera indica), ?Bush mango‘(Irvinga gabonesis), Orange, pawpaw, pineapple and watermelon were stored in plastic containers and refrigerated at 20C for 0, 15, 30,60,120, 240,and 360minutes. The juices were thereafter assayed for total antioxidant capacity during the timed intervals. Fresh Mango fruit juice had the highest TAC with a value of 76.62 ± 0.16mM Trolox Equil/L. Pawpaw and pineapple juices had the lowest value of 11.89±1.29 mM and 12.91± 1.05mM Trolox Equil/L respectively. The results showed general fluctuations in the TAC of all the fruit juices. These values fluctuated between 15 and 30minutes period and rose to a peak between thirty minutes to two hours, except for apple which peaked at the fourth hour. Thereafter a downward trend was observed in all the fruit juices. TAC decreased thereafter to values lower than that obtained at 0hr. There were no significant difference at p ? 0.05 between the values for TAC at 0 and 6hr for carrot, grape, apple and pineapple juices. Therefore these juices have the greatest storage stability and the smallest antioxidant capacity decrease. Watermelon and pawpaw juices have the lowest TAC and after 6hours of refrigerated storage, the values were significantly lowered. Fruit juices should be consumed within two hours of its preparation to benefit maximally from its antioxidant content and effect
ANURAN DIVERSITY IN MOSOGAR, A RIPARIAN COMMUNITY IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: OGOANAH S. O. , LUKE D. , AISIEN M.S.O.
Published: March 2023

A survey of anuran species diversity in Mosogar, a riparian community in Delta State, Nigeria was undertaken for two years (April to September, in 2012 and 2013, respectively). Surveys were carried out at night and early hours of the morning using the Visual Acoustic Encounter Survey Method. A total of 223 individuals belonging to 3 families in 5 genera and 14 species of anurans were recorded. The most dominant species was Amietophrynus maculatus, with an abundance of (36%). Species diversity (Hl = 2.20) was much lower than expected in a riparian community. This may be a consequence of various anthropogenic activities, which has reduced habitat diversity and by extension, species diversity. Minimisation of such activities would help in keeping the area suitable for amphibian habitation during the dry season and thus aid biodiversity conservation.
PLACENTAL MALARIA IN SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA; THE ROLE OF GRAVIDAE AND PARITY IN REPEATED BOUT OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPRUM INFECTION
Authors: OKONKWO V. O. , OKAKA C. E. , OKONKWO C. A.
Published: March 2023

Background & Object: The intensity and susceptibility of Malaria infections during pregnancy is of great public health importance and a long standing mystery. Placental Malaria: the role of gravidae and parity in a repeated bout of P.faciparum infection was investigated in Njikoka Local Government of Anambra State
THE EFFECT OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Vernonia amygdalina ON LIPID PEROXIDATION AND SOME ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN THE EARLY STAGE OF CYCASIN INDUCED TESTICULAR CARCINOGENESIS IN RATS
Authors: OSAGIE O. A. , AGUEBOR-OGIE N. B. , ERIYAMREMU G. E.
Published: March 2023

This study evaluated the effect of Vernonia amygdalina (V. amygdalina) on testicular lipid peroxidation, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the early stages of cycasin-induced testicular carcinogenesis in rats. Fifty male Wistar rats with an average weight of 175g were divided into five groups of 10 animals each. Group 1 was fed with a Normal Diet (ND) and acted as experimental control. Group 2 was fed with a Normal Diet compounded with cycasin for 6 weeks. Group 3 to Group 5 were fed with Normal Diet compounded with cycasin V. amygdalina in varied amount and duration for 6 weeks. The results showed a significant (p< 0.05) increase in the level of lipid peroxidation and a significant (p< 0.05) decrease in the antioxidant activities of SOD and CAT in groups exposed to cycasin compared to the control group in both testes tissues. Feeding rats with the V. amygdalina significantly (p< 0.05) and gradually decreased the level of testicular lipid peroxidation compared with the Group 2. A significant (p< 0.05) and a gradual rise in the activity of SOD and CAT were also observed in the rats fed with V. amygdalina. The study shows cycasin fed to rats induces oxidative stress, and administration of V. amygdalina reverses the adversely effect in ways which suggest that V. amygdalina may protect rats from testicular carcinogenesis
IMPACT OF AGE OF CRUDE OIL SPILLAGE ON ARTHROPOD DIVERSITY AT VARIED SOIL DEPTHS IN PART OF NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA
Authors: ROTIMI J. , AGWU E. J. , EL BOKI M. M. , UWAGBAE M. A.
Published: March 2023

Contamination of soil from crude oil spill is a major pollution challenge in Nigeria's Niger Delta region, in order lo detect this impact, soil arthropods wore extracted using Berlese-Tullgren Funnel (dynamic) method from three locations of different ages of crude oil spill incident sites in comparison with natural controlled locality in part of Niger Delta, Nigeria for a period of two successive years. In total, 15,558 individuals belonging to 39 different species, 23 families and 7 orders were identified throughout the study period at the studied sites. Acarina and Collembola ranked the major groups among the identified arthropods in the number of families, species and abundance. Highly significant differences were detected among the study sites in species diversity, richness, evenness, dominance and abundance. Moreover, the spatial variation among the study sites established negative impact on the soil arthropods: where the controlled locality recorded the highest account of species and individuals in comparison to the polluted sites. The ages of occurrence of spill were an important factor in reflecting the diversity. This followed confirmation by results of the spatial variation of diversity between varied soil depths and similarity measure. The overall diversity of soil arthropods demonstrates the negative feedback of crude oil spillage on species composition. This negative feedback diminishes with increase in the age of crude oil spill occurrence
TOXICITY OF THE SEED OIL EXTRACTS OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA ON AEDES AEGYPTI LARVAE
Authors: OKAREDJE K. S. , UMORU P. A.
Published: March 2023

A 12 hour toxicity test of the emulsifiable concentrates of the seed oil extract of Azadirachta indica on Aedes aegypti larvae was carried out in the laboratory.The LC50 of the oil extracts used on 280 Aedes aegypti larvae was 5.0ml of the 2.5% seed oil stock solution. Mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae increased with increase in concentration of the oil extract. This value in relation to mortality was significant (p<0.05) as described by the relationship between the concentration of the seed oil extracts and probit mortality, Probit Y = 4.224X + 2.13. Mortality was thus dependent on the concentration of the oil extracts. The seed oil was very toxic on the larvae. The survival of Aedes aegypti larvae in relation to the seed oil extract decreased with increase in time and increased with decrease in concentration
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TEST OF THE AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF THE ROOT WOOD AND ROOT BARK OF Zanthozylum zanthozyloides (LAM.) ON CLINICAL ISOLATES
Authors: OSHOMOH E. O. , IDU M. , UDIYINWE O. C.
Published: March 2023

Zanthozylum zanthozyloides a common component of the rain forest vegetation is used as a chewing stick. It is known for its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antisickling, antibacterial, antiviral, antihepatoxicity, antiallegic, antitumor and antihypertensive properties. Phytochemicals present include Saponins, Tannins, Phenols, Cardiac glycoside, Flavonoids, Anthracene and Alkaloids. The aqueous extracts of the root bark and root wood are bactericidal and fungicidal against selected clinical microorganisms such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Rhizopus oryzae. Of all the tested microorganisms Proteus mirabilis was the most sensitive to the root wood extract of Z. zanthozyloides at the concentration of 100mg/ml (18.00 mm), while the least sensitive microorganism was K. pneumoniae at concentration of 12.5mg/ml (1.67 mm). S. epidermidis showed the highest sensitivity of 19.67 mm (100mg/ml) to the extract of the root bark of Z. zanthozyloides while E. coli showed the least sensitivity of 1.67 mm at the concentration of 25mg/ml. Majority of the antimicrobial drugs used in this study were less effective against the tested bacteria and fungi isolates compared to the plant extracts, indicating its relevance in the treatment of infectious diseases. Though the root bark possesses more bioactive materials, the result of this study provides a basis for the development of new pharmaceutical drugs from both root wood, root bark or whole root of Z. zanthozyloides
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND PLASMID PROFILE OF BACTERIA PATHOGENS FROM BOREHOLE WATER, SATCHET WATER AND BOTTLED WATER SAMPLES SOLD IN BENIN CITY
Authors: ATUANYA E. I. , UDOEYOH K. C.
Published: March 2023

The occurrence and spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria in humans and animals have become a major global healthcare problem in the 21st century. This study examined antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiles of bacterial pathogens from borehole water, sachet water and bottled water samples sold in Benin city. Coliform and total bacterial counts were done using poor-plating method. The total bacterial counts of water samples ranged from 2.0 x 102 to 8.0 x 102 cfu/ml while the total coliform counts range from 1.0 x 102 to 3.0 x 102 cfu/ml. Five bacterial isolates belonging to five different genera were isolated. These include Staphylococcus aureus (40%), Enterobacter aerogenes (26.0%), Bacillus subtilis (13.3%), Micrococcus luteus (13.3%) and Streptococcus faecalis (6.7%). Susceptibility of the isolated bacteria was determined. The isolates were resistant to most of the commonly used antibiotics. The resistance pattern of these bacterial isolates range from 5 to 8 antibiotics. Plasmid profile of isolates was determined using alkaline lysis method. Plasmid profile studies showed that all resistant isolates harboured plasmids. Furthermore, all resistant isolates shows plasmid mediated resistance to antibiotics which was confirmed by plasmid curing study. The occurrence of plasmid-mediated resistant bacteria in these potable water samples in Benin City is of special public-health concern
GROUNDWATER POLLUTION AS A FUNCTION OF DISTANCE FROM DUMP SITE IN AMMASOMA, BAYELSA STATE (A SEMI-URBAN ENVIRONMENT)
Authors: CHOKOR J. U. , ROBERTS M. B.
Published: March 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of water pollutants as a function of distances away from the dump site in Amassoma, Nigeria (latitude 4.97°N and longitude 6.11°E). Water samples were collected from installed pipes at the various distances 0m, 20m, 40m, 60m, 80m and 100m (control) from the centre of the dumpsite. The water samples were analyzed for physico-chemical and heavy metals properties and checked with WHO (World Health Organisation) and NSDWQ (Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality) standards.The results showed that most of the physico-chemical and heavy metal parameters fall within limits as recommended by WHO (2004) and NSDWQ (2007) except, Alkalinity (46.66mg/l to 273.31mg/l) and iron Fe (0.985mg/l to 5.065mg/l) which were above the recommended standards of 200mg/l and 0.3mg/l respectively. The results indicated that the concentration of the elements decreased with increasing distances from the dump site. The presence of such dump site therefore is a potential source of pollution to the ground water and agriculture. The polluted water requires certain levels of treatment before use. Public enlightenment on waste sorting, adoption of clean technology, using climate change mitigation strategies and the use of sanitary landfill to prevent further contamination of groundwater flow are recommended
THE EFFECTS OF SOIL AMENDMENTS ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD PERFORMANCE OF COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA CV. IFE BROWN) SOWN IN A PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON-POLLUTED SOIL
Authors: IKHAJIAGBE B. , ANOLIEFO G. O. , OMOREGBEE O. , MSHELBULLA, P. B.
Published: March 2023

The present study was on the phytoassessment of a waste engine oil (WEO)-polluted soil after soil amendment, using Vigna unguiculata cv. Ife Brown. Top soil (0 - 10 cm) of constant was measured into buckets. The WEO was poured into the measured soil and thoroughly mixed to obtain 2.5% w/w oil-in-soil concentration. Polluted soils were mixed with manure (MN) and/or sawdust (SD) at 10% w/w respectively. However, when more than a soil amendment was applied, they were both added together in equal proportions to make 10% w/w substrate in soil. Urea (UR) was also applied to soil at 4g/kg soil. The treatments available during the study included, polluted soil (PS), PS+UR+SD+MN, PS+SD+MN, PS+UR+MN, PS+UR+SD, PS+MN, PS+SD and PS+UR an the unpolluted soil (UPS). The entire set up or control was left in an open shade for 3 months without mechanically disturbing the soil. Thereafter the status of the soil was phytoassessment using cowpea. Results showed significant reductions in heavy metal contents of soil. After three months of planting, copper in the polluted soil ranged from 4.8 - 6.4mg/kg while lead (Pb) was from 0.89 - 1.64mg/kg in the amended soils compared to 2.08mg/kg in the unamended but polluted soil at three months after sowing. Comparatively, cow dung amended soils had relatively less heavy metal and hydrocarbons compared to other soil amendments or combinations. Results of the phytoassessment showed that there was depressed vegetative growth and yield performance of cowpea in the oil-polluted soil. Soil amendment however enhanced plant growth and survival. Estimated grain yield was lowest in polluted but not amended soils (222.3kg/ha), compared to 956.04kg/ha in unpolluted soil. However, grain yield was highest in PS+MN (147878.35kg/ha).
SCREENING FOR PECTINASE PRODUCTION IN SOLID STATE FERMENTATION (SSF) OF BANANA PEELS BY BACILLUS SPP
Authors: NWAFOR O. E. , EFEYINI I. E.
Published: March 2023

Solid state fermentation of banana peels by Bacillus spp for pectinase production was investigated using standard methods. Optimum conditions that affect the growth and pectinase production by the microorganism such as incubation temperature ( 35OC), inoculum size ( 3.00mL), incubation period (24h), pH (7), substrate concentration (30g) and additional nitrogen source (0,30%) were determined and employed in the fermentation . Results of enzyme production measured as enzyme activity at these optimum growth conditions were 7.00, 4.00, 3.90, 4.10,3,50 and 3.50 U/mL/min. respectively which were the highest value in each case. Further increase or decrease in growth conditions above the optimum in all cases did not cause any increase in pectinase activity. The finding suggests that the various optimum growth conditions for Bacillus spp in solid state fermentation of banana peels can be of economic value in the production of pectinase, a very useful industrial enzyme. The procedure can also be employed in getting rid of surplus wastes that would otherwise accumulate from large scale cultivation of banana as currently practiced all over the world including Nigeria.
TOXICITY ASSESSMENT OF BIOREMEDIATED CONTAMINATED DOMESTIC WATER SOURCES IN WESTERN NIGER-DELTA BY A PHYTOGENOTOXICTY TEST
Authors: OLORUNFEMI D. I. , LELEKUMO E. , UBAH M.
Published: March 2023

In this study, fungal mycelium was employed for the bioremoval of heavy metals in drinking water samples obtained from boreholes, streams and a pond in six rural communities in Warri North Local Government Area in Delta State. The efficacy of the fungal-based bioremediation technology for toxicity reduction in the contaminated water samples was evaluated using Allium cepa cyto-genotoxicity bioassay in vitro approach before and after treatment with the fungal biofilters. Data obtained from physicochemical analysis after a 24 h myco-filtration treatment of the water samples revealed significant (p < 0.05) reduction/total elimination of heavy metals and microbial load in the samples. Results obtained from the 96 hour macroscopic evaluation of A. cepa showed that, compared to onions grown in untreated samples, there was significant (p < 0.05) reduction in root growth inhibition in onion bulbs cultivated in mycofiltrated samples. Similarly, results obtained from cytological studies by the aceto-orcein squash technique in root tips of A. cepa grown in the contaminated water samples for 48 hours showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in chromosomal aberrations. These findings indicate that the reduction in genotoxicity established by the Allium bioassay is highly correlated with myco-filtration bioremediation of the contaminated drinking water sources.
CYTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SOME NIGERIAN ASTERACEAE- TRIBE SENECIONEAE
Authors: OMOIGUI I. D.
Published: March 2023

Cytological and morphological studies have so far been carried out on 32 taxa belonging to 19 species and 5 genera of members of the tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae) from Nigeria. The report of 12 taxa belonging to 10 species and 4 genera are presented in this study. Pollen fertility test of the species studied revealed that meiosis was normal with regular bivalent pairing thus the plants were stable. Chromosome count of 4 species Gynura miniata (n=5), Senecio baberka (n=5), Senecio lelyi (n=10) and S. manni (n=10) are reported for the first time from the Nigerian flora. The presence of 2 cytotypes of Emilia praetermissa, (n=10) and (n = 12) is reported for the first time in the genus. Achene morphology of all the species studied has been drawn and described for the first time. The distribution maps of all the taxa studied have been provided for the first time and they revealed members of the tribe are prevalent at higher altitudes. There is no correlation between chromosome number and annual habit or between achene morphology and growth habit. Base number of 5 has been suggested for the tribe and a probable pathway of the evolution of the Nigerian Senecioneae has been suggested. The report of Gaillardia pulchella Foug an introduced plant is reported for the first time from our flora
CYTOTAXONOMIC STUDIES ON EBEEBUBULE (Crassocephalum sp) OF THE BENIN SPEAKING PEOPLE OF EDO STATE- SOUTHERN NIGERIA
Authors: OMOIGUI I. D. , OGBE F. M. , AROMOSE O. S. A.
Published: March 2023

Ebeebubule is used by Ohens (traditional doctors) of the Benin speaking people of Edo state for curing fibroid and other female fertility problems. The plants with the same morphological features were collected from different parts of Southern Nigeria. They were identified using International Standard of Nomenclature to belong to the genus Crassocephalum of the tribe Senecioneae and family Asteraceae. Cytological and morphological studies were carried out on 14 taxa belonging to 8 different species. Meiosis was normal with regular bivalent pairing revealing that the plants were stable. Chromosome counts of 3 species C. baoulense (n = 10), C. bougheyanum (n = 12), C. sarcobasis (n = 16), and Crassocephalum sp. are reported for the first time. While 2 species differed from earlier reports i.e. n=12 for C. rubens (pink and white varieties) and n = 24 in C. montuosum. New base numbers of 6 and 8 have been suggested for the genus thus Crassocephalum, is a polybasic genus. Achene morphology of all the species studied have been drawn and described for the first time. The distribution maps of all the taxa are provided for the first time. Fats and oils were present in all the species studied
ACUTE TOXICITY, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DAMAGES TO GILLS OF CARDIOSOMA ARMATUM (RAINBOW CRAB) INDUCED BY EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES (DICHLORVOS AND CYPERMETHRIN)
Authors: AMAEZE N. H. , ONADEKO A. B. , AGBOGBO A. I.
Published: March 2023

The relative acute toxicity of Dichlorvos and Cypermethrin acting singly against Rainbow crab, Cardiosoma armatum was evaluated. The effects of sub lethal concentrations of the pesticides on the oxidative responses and histopathological effects in the gills of the crab were also investigated over a 30 days period. On the basis of 96 hrs LC50 value, Dichlorvos with 96 hr LC50 of 8.86 ?g/L was 2 times more toxic to the crabs than Cypermethrin with 96 hr LC50 of 17.80 ?g/L. The exposures to sub lethal concentrations (1/10th and 1/100th 96 hr LC50) of both pesticides each resulted in increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA) in the gills compared to the control group at both day 15 and 30 of the bioassay . Super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity was inhibited by day 30 relative to control for both pesticides but the activities of Catalase (CAT) did not show a significant trend (P > 0.05). Exposure to sub lethal concentration (1/10th and 1/100th LC50) of both pesticides resulted in various histopathological effects such as curved filaments, fused filaments, epithelial lifting, congestion and odema. The damages to the gills were more severe in those exposed to Dichlorvous. The findings from this study indicates that both pesticides are potential threats to non- target rainbow crab populations and there is a risk of bioaccumulation and transport in the food chain under sub lethal exposures
TEMPERATURE AND PH DEPENDENCE ACTIVITY OF CRUDE ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE ISOLATED FROM YEAST (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) OF Raphia hookeri AND Elaeis guineensis SAPS IN SELECTED LOCATIONS IN NIGER DELTA REGION OF NIGERIA
Authors: ANIGBORO A. A. , UWAKWE A. A.
Published: March 2023

Alcohol dehydrogenase (E.C 1.1.1.1) is an enzyme that catalyses the reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol during fermentation. In this study, the activity of crude alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isolated from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) of fresh Raphia hookeri and Elaeis guineensis palm wine(saps) from Niger Delta region (Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Imo and River States) was determined at a temperature range of 25-70°C and pH 5.0-9.0. The results showed that the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) of yeasts from both R. hookeri and E. guineensis palm saps increased in all the states as the temperature increased from 25-30oC but decreased with further increase in temperature from 40-700C. The optimum activity of the enzyme was recorded at an optimum temperature 300C for all the locations, with yeast ADH from Delta State exhibiting the highest activity (0.00025?mole/min). The study also showed that at various temperatures (30 -70°C), the ADH activities of yeasts isolated from E. guineensis sap were higher than those from R. hookeri sap. The activity of yeast ADH from R. hookeri sap in all the locations increased with increasing pH till 8.0 and declined markedly at pH 9.0. A similar trend was observed in the activity of yeast ADH from E. guineensis sap in all the states.The optimum pH of the enzyme was found to be 8.0 in yeasts from both R. hookeri and E. guineensis saps across all the locations. It is concluded that ADH from S. cerevisae isolated from R. hookeri and E. guineensis saps in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria could be applied by alcohol-producing industries for alcoholic fermentation at an optimum temperature 30°C and pH 8.0, especially ADH from E. guineensis sap yeasts.
PARASITIC HELMINTH EGGS ASSOCIATED WITH READY TO EAT FRUITS AND VEGETABLES SOLD IN MARKETS IN BENIN CITY, EDO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: EDOSOMWAN E. U. , NTEKUME S. I. , UDINYIWE C. O.
Published: March 2023

The prevalence of helminth eggs contamination of fruits and ready to eat vegetables gotten from six different markets in Benin City, was studied between October and December 2011 using floatation and sedimentation methods. A total of 954 ready to eat vegetables and 714 fruits were examined. Out of the 954 ready to eat vegetables examined, 365 (2.61%) were positive for intestinal parasites in which Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) recorded the highest number of eggs (ova), 56(62.22%), while Cabbage (Brassica oleraceacapitata) recorded the least number, 14(58.33%). Out of the 714 fruit samples examined, 281 (2.54%) were positive for intestinal parasites (ova), in which Tangerine (Citrus tangerine) had the highest parasitic contamination 125(69.44%) and Apple (Malus domestica) had the least 0(0%). The highest intensity of parasitic contamination 56(37.09%) occurred at Upper Lawani market, while the lowest intensity of 40(26.49%) occurred at Uselu market. Eight different parasites ova were isolated from the fruits and vegetables samples collected from the six markets. These parasites include: Ascaris lumbricoides (36.25%), Hookworm (11.33%), Entameoba histolytica (10.36%), Strongyloides stercoralis (7.44%), Trichuris trichiuria (5.50%), Hymenolepis nana (13.27%), Toxocara spp. (5.83%)., Taenia spp. (10.03%). Ascaris lumbricoides was found to be most prevalent among fruits and vegetables. The high prevalence of contamination with helminth eggs on fruits and vegetables may have been as a result of poor hygienic status of the market, poor handling and sanitation practices by the traders. Furthermore, the use of animal dung and human waste as manure, waste waters and unhygienic transportation protocol contribute to the contamination of fruit and vegetables. Modern market with necessary amenities such as toilets, potable water, good flooring and drainage systems should be built by the government to reduce the spread of helminthes parasites through fruits and vegetables contamination particularly in market places. Floatation method was better than sedimentation method in this study, (P>0.05).
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF FASCIOLIASIS-INFESTED COMMERCIAL CATTLE LIVERS (CCL) AT MAJOR MARKETS IN BENIN CITY, NIGERIA
Authors: ODIGIE B. E. , ODIGIE J. O.
Published: March 2023

Fascioliasis is an important parasitic foodborne disease responsible for significant public health problems with adverse pathological consequence of human. There are growing concerns about meat hygiene and safety of cattle for commercial purpose. Hence, the present study aimed at randomly reconnoitering some commercial cattle livers (CCL) sold at major markets in Benin City, Nigeria by histopathological examination. Eight hundred and twenty samples of liver tissue with an average weight of 9.25g obtained from 10 major markets in Benin City, Nigeria were examined for fascioliasis infestation between the months of February and August, 2014 using standard histochemical methods. The results showed that 8/820 representing (0.98%) of cattle livers are infested. (Table 1) further revealed that CCL at Aduwawa market had the highest infestation 4/150 representing (2.7%), closely followed by new Benin market 2/110(1.8%); Uselu market 1/80(1.3%) and Oliha market 1/80(1.3%). Gross examination of cattle livers showed multiple patches of necrosis while the histopathology revealed necrosis with dilated hepatic sinusoid, cellular infiltration and inflammatory hepatocyte with marked presence of parasitic infestation. From the preceding, therefore, the hygienic and health status of CCL in Benin City, Nigeria are relatively unsafe. Nonetheless, this is from a histopathology perspective.
SURVEY OF SOME TOXIC VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS IN POPULAR ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES IN BENIN CITY MARKETS, NIGERIA
Authors: OKOLIE N. P. , UZOEKWE A. , OIKEH E. I.
Published: March 2023

This study was carried out to screen for some toxic volatile contaminants in popular alcoholic beverage brands that enjoy huge patronage in Benin City, Nigeria. Two (2) bottles sampled from each of five (5) genuine and five (5) counterfeited brands of popular alcoholic beverages (three brandies and two wines) sold in well-patronized retail shops in Benin City, Nigeria were analysed for some toxic volatile components using gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Toluene was absent in all genuine brands, but values of 387 – 2309 mg/L were obtained in the fake brands (brandy and wine). Methanol concentration was low in genuine wines (9 – 24 mg/L). The genuine brandies had higher levels of methanol (36 - 49 mg/L) while toxic levels (287 – 1754 mg/L) were detected in all fake brandies. Benzene was either undetected or very low in all genuine brands. Urethane was much lower in fake brands (0 – 130 mg/L) than in the genuine ones (0 – 1434 mg/L). Ethyl acetate ranged from 0 – 371 mg/L (genuine) and from 0 – 563 mg/L (fake). For the fake brands, the levels of methanol, toluene and benzene were much higher than NAFDAC recommended limits. These results imply a potential health risk in consumption of adulterated alcoholic beverages
PLACENTAL MALARIA IN SOME PARTS OF ANAMBRA SOUTH-EASTERN NIGERIA
Authors: OKONKWO V. O. , OKAKA C. E. , IKEAKO L. C. , OKONKWO C. A.
Published: March 2023

In the study conducted to determine the prevalence of placental malaria burden in Anambra State, Nigeria, venous and placenta blood samples were collected from 254 pregnant women screened in a cross-sectional hospital – based survey. Malaria parasitaemia was diagnosed by microscopy while anaemia was defined as haemoglobin concentration <12g/l. Malaria species were typed using thin film parasite morphology and count. Of the 254 placental blood sample tested 131 (51.6%) samples were positive for malaria parasite. Age was significantly associated with malaria infection (P=0.0001). The intensity of the malaria infection showed a very strong association with marital status, educational level, fever and anaemia (P=0.0001, respectively). Age, educational status, fever and anaemia were significantly associated with placental malaria. Advocacy and pubic enlightenment on control measures and adequate coverage into hinter land on expectant mother to ensure adherence, acceptance and compliance to control measure.
GENOTOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF A BREWERY EFFLUENT IN BENIN CITY ON ALLIUM CEPA DNA USING THE RAPD TECHNIQUE
Authors: OLORUNFEMI D. I. , OKIEIMEN E. A. , ONOBERHIE A. G.
Published: March 2023

Industrial activities in breweries generate large quantities of wastewater, which if not properly treated, could pollute the receiving water bodies. In this study, the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to assess DNA integrity in Allium cepa L. roots exposed to varying concentrations [1, 5 and 10% (v/v)] of a ?treated? effluent from a brewery plant in Benin City. DNA polymorphism was discernable by changes in the RAPD profiles as variation in the intensity, disappearance of old and appearance of new bands compared to the control. A total of 89 bands were detected and 64 (71.9%) of these fragments were polymorphic. The loss and gain of bands increased with concentration of the effluent. Physicochemical analysis of the wastewater showed that BOD, nitrates, phosphates and conductivity were present at amounts higher than limits set by national (NESREA) and international (USEPA) for effluent discharge. Data obtained from the study imply that the current treatment given to the effluent in the brewery plant is insufficient to guarantee minimal risks on genotoxic effects in living cells associated with its discharge into the environment.
BIOCHEMICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF EXTRACTS OF Acalypha wilkesiana LEAVES IN RABBITS
Authors: OMAGE K. , AZEKE M. A. , IHIMIRE I. I.
Published: March 2023

Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the biochemical implications of oral administration of extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana leaves, using some serum parameters, in normal experimental rabbits. A total of eighteen (18) rabbits were randomized into three groups (A, B and C) of six animals each and treated with aqueous (A) and ethanol (B) extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana leaves. The extracts were administered orally at a dose of 300mg/kg body weight for a period of twenty-one (21) days. Group C animals served as control.Data are represented as Mean ± S.E.M (n = 6). Significance of Difference was tested by ANOVA at P < 0.05.Administration of the aqueous or ethanol extract, at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight, to normal rabbits resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) lower plasma glucose concentration. Treatment with the aqueous or ethanol extract resulted in a non-significantly (P > 0.05) higher serum albumin, HDL-cholesterol and a non-significantly (P > 0.05) lower serum total protein, globulin, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, as compared with the control, in normal rabbits. However, treatment with the ethanol extract resulted in a non-significantly (P > 0.05) higher total cholesterol, while treatment with the aqueous extract resulted in a non-significantly (P > 0.05) lower total cholesterol of the normal rabbits, as compared with the control. This shows that, the aqueous or ethanol extracts have hypoglycaemic and hypocholesterolemic effects on the rabbits.
CYTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SOME NIGERIAN ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE) - TRIBE EUPATORIEAE
Authors: OMOIGUI I. D.
Published: March 2023

Cytological, seed and epidermal studies were carried out of 9 taxa belonging to 4 genera and 6 species of the tribe Eupatorieae. Chromosome counts of 2 species-Adenostemma caffrum (n=10) and A. mauritianum (n=10) are reported for the first time from the Nigerian flora and the report of Ageratum conyzoides (n=18) differed from earlier reports. The report of 2 cytotypes in Ageratum conyzoides is reported for the first time from the Nigerian flora. The pollen fertility test of all the plants studied were high and this revealed that meiosis was normal with regular bivalent pairing and the plants were stable. The achene morphology of all the taxa studied have been drawn and described for the first time. Distribution maps of all the taxa studied have been drawn and described for the first time and this revealed that the plants were of widespread occurrence in the country. The epidermal walls of all the species studied were sinuously walled and their mature stomata was anomocytic in their amphistomatic leaves except for Adenostemma perrottetii that was hypostomatic. The ontogeny of all the plants studied was agenous and this has been presented for the first time. Eglandular multicellular trichomes were present in Chromoleana odorata and Ageratum conyzoides. Contiguous stomata was observed in (Adenostemma mauritianum, A. caffrum, Ageratum conyzoides, Chromoleana odorata and stomata with only one guard cell was observed in Mikania chenopodifolia were the only stomatal abnormality found in the tribe. The stomatal size of Mikania chenopodiifolia was the highest with 46?m x 20?m x 20?m x 4?m. There was no correlation between chromosome number and habit or between achene morphology and their growth habit in the tribe. A probable pathway of the evolution of basic chromosome number in the tribe has been suggested. The results from this study has confirmed the correct placement of the genera in the tribe Eupatorieae.