bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dysregulation of apoptotic signaling in cancer: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities
Authors: Plati Jessica , Bucur Octavian , Khosravi‐Far Roya
Published: May 2008

Apoptosis is a tightly regulated cell suicide program that plays an essential role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis by eliminating unnecessary or harmful cells. Defects in this native defense mechanism promote malignant transformation and frequently confer chemoresistance to transformed cells. Indeed, the evasion of apoptosis has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Given that multiple mechanisms function at many levels to orchestrate the regulation of apoptosis, a multitude of opportunities for apoptotic dysregulation are present within the intricate signaling network of cell. Several of the molecular mechanisms by which cancer cells are protected from apoptosis have been elucidated. These advances have facilitated the development of novel apoptosis‐inducing agents that have demonstrated single‐agent activity against various types of cancers cells and/or sensitized resistant cancer cells to conventional cytotoxic therapies. Herein, we will highlight several of the central modes of apoptotic dysregulation found in cancer. We will also discuss several therapeutic strategies that aim to reestablish the apoptotic response, and thereby eradicate cancer cells, including those that demonstrate resistance to traditional therapies. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 1124–1149, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective amino acid restriction differentially affects the motility and directionality of DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells
Authors: Fu Ya‐Min , Yu Zu‐Xi , Lin Huimin , Fu Xing , Meadows Gary G.
Published: May 2008

We previously found that selective restriction of amino acids inhibits invasion of two androgen‐independent human prostate cancer cell lines, DU145 and PC3. Here we show that the restriction of tyrosine (Tyr) and phenylalanine (Phe), methionine (Met) or glutamine (Gln) modulates the activity of G proteins and affects the balance between two actin‐binding proteins, cofilin and profilin, in these two cell lines. Selective amino acid restriction differentially reduces G protein binding to GTP in DU145 cells. Tyr/Phe deprivation reduces the amount of Rho‐GTP and Rac1‐GTP. Met deprivation reduces the amount of Ras‐GTP and Rho‐GTP, and Gln deprivation decreases Ras‐GTP, Rac‐GTP, and Cdc42‐GTP. Restriction of these amino acids increases the amount of profilin, cofilin and phosphorylation of cofilin‐Ser3. Increased PAK1 expression and phosphorylation of PAK1‐Thr423, and Ser199/204are consistent with the increased phosphorylation of LIMK1‐Thr508. In PC3 cells, Tyr/Phe or Gln deprivation reduces the amount of Ras‐GTP, and all of the examined amino acid restrictions reduce the amount of profilin. PAK1, LIMK1 and cofilin are not significantly altered. These data reveal that specific amino acid deprivation differentially affects actin dynamics in DU145 and PC3. Modulation on Rho, Rac, PAK1, and LIMK1 likely alter the balance between cofilin and profilin in DU145 cells. In contrast, profilin is inhibited in PC3 cells. These effects modulate directionality and motility to inhibit invasion. J. Cell. Physiol. 217: 184–193, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metastasis to the breast from an adenocarcinoma of the colon
Authors: Ho Yvonne Y. , Lee Wai‐Kit
Published: May 2008

Metastases to the breast from extramammary malignancies are rare. We report a case of metastasis to the breast from a colonic adenocarcinoma in a 50‐year‐old man who was 6 years status after a right hemicolectomy for T3N1M1 adenocarcinoma of the ascending colon. Sonographic evaluation of the right breast lump showed a hypoechoic mass with slightly irregular margins, but there was no internal vascularity. Chest CT also documented a poorly enhancing suspicious mass in the right breast. The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma metastasis to the breast was achieved with sonographically guided core biopsy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009
Spatially and temporally resolved thermal imaging of cyclically heated interconnects by use of scanning thermal microscopy
Authors: Barbosa Nicholas , Slifka Andrew J.
Published: May 2008

A scanning thermal microscope with a Wollaston probe was used to investigate the spatial distribution and temporal variation of temperature in interconnect structures subjected to thermal cycling. The probe, utilized in passive temperature sensing mode, was calibrated from 20°C to 200°C using a single‐layer aluminum microdevice. Spatial measurements were performed on nonpassivated aluminum interconnects sinusoidally heated by a 6 MA/cm2 current at 200 Hz. The interconnects were determined to have temperatures that decreased with position from a maximum located at the center of both the interconnect length and width. Time‐resolved temperature measurements were performed on the same structures sinusoidally heated by a 6 MA/cm2 current at 2 Hz. Both the peak‐cycle temperature and average‐cycle temperature were found to decrease with increasing distance from the center of the width of the interconnects. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A morphometric model to minimize subjectivity in the histological assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma and its precursors in cirrhosis
Authors: Vertemati Maurizio , Vizzotto Laura , Moscheni Claudia , Dhillon Arjun , Dhillon Amar , Quaglia Alberto
Published: May 2008

Objective: To explore how morphometry can minimize subjectivity in the assessment of liver nodules in cirrhosis using a novel classification tool. Study design: Ten hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 6 large regenerative nodules (LRN), and 34 regenerative (cirrhotic) nodules (RN), obtained from cirrhotic explant livers, were analyzed using a Kontron‐Zeiss KS400 image analyzer. We generated a morphometric model based on the analysis of volume fractions occupied by hepatocyte nuclei/cytoplasm, sinusoidal endothelium and lumen, neoplastic acini, fibrosis, centrilobular veins, portal arteries, veins and bile ducts, individual lesional arteries (smooth muscle actin), and capillarized sinusoids (CD34), and on surface fraction occupied by reticulin, and number in unit volume and size distribution of hepatocyte nuclei, and mean hepatocyte nucleus diameter and volume. Results: Volume fraction of capillarized sinusoids and of individual lesional arteries were more prominent in HCC and LRNs, when compared with RN, whereas surface fraction of reticulin was markedly decreased in HCC. The morphometric values of these three features were integrated into our classification tool to construct a hybrid system, which reclassified the nodules in the same categories. Conclusion: Our novel hybrid classification tool may minimize subjectivity in the histological assessment of nodular lesions in cirrhosis. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reducing the consistency strength of an indestructibility theorem
Authors: Apter Arthur W.
Published: May 2008

Using an idea of Sargsyan, we show how to reduce the consistency strength of the assumptions employed to establish a theorem concerning a uniform level of indestructibility for both strong and supercompact cardinals. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Long Borel hierarchies
Authors: Miller Arnold W.
Published: May 2008

We show that there is a model of ZF in which the Borel hierarchy on the reals has length ω2. This implies that ω1 has countable cofinality, so the axiom of choice fails very badly in our model. A similar argument produces models of ZF in which the Borel hierarchy has exactly λ + 1 levels for any given limit ordinal λ less than ω2. We also show that assuming a large cardinal hypothesis there are models of ZF in which the Borel hierarchy is arbitrarily long. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of Picard groups in dimension 1
Authors: Lombardi Henri , Quitté Claude
Published: May 2008

We compare two Picard groups in dimension 1. Our proofs are constructive and the results generalize a theorem of J. Sands [11]. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High‐Molecular‐Weight Polyoxirane Copolymers and their Use in High‐Performance Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Petrov Petar , Berlinova Iliyana , Tsvetanov Christo B. , Rosselli Silvia , Schmid Andreas , Zilaei Ameneh Bamedi , Miteva Tzenka , Dürr Michael , Yasuda Akio , Nelles Gabriele
Published: May 2008

Low‐crystalline random and gradient P(EO‐co‐PO) copolymers and amorphous PPO and PBO of high molecular weight were synthesized by anionic coordination polymerization. Polymer gel electrolytes based on these (co)polymers were prepared and tested for long‐term performance of DSSC. The DSSC based on P(EO‐co‐PO) copolymers have longer life time compared to the homo‐PEO‐ and homo‐PPO‐based DSSC, respectively. The cells containing the chemically crosslinked copolymer gel exhibited a high efficiency of 6% after 25 d performance, whereas the solar cells based on physically crosslinked copolymer gel showed fast degradation.

magnified image
A lattice model for the fermionic projector in a static and isotropic spacetime
Authors: Finster Felix , Plaum Wätzold
Published: May 2008

We introduce a lattice model for a static and isotropic system of relativistic fermions. An action principle is formulated, which describes a particle‐particle interaction of all fermions. The model is designed specifically for a numerical analysis of the nonlinear interaction, which is expected to lead to the formation of a Dirac sea structure. We discuss basic properties of the system. It is proved that the minimum of the variational principle is attained. First numerical results reveal an effect of spontaneous symmetry breaking. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Surfactant‐Induced Helix Formation of Cylindrical Brush Polymers with Poly(L‐lysine) Side Chains
Authors: Gunari Nikhil , Cong Yang , Zhang Bin , Fischer Karl , Janshoff Andreas , Schmidt Manfred
Published: May 2008

The complex formation of oppositely charged surfactants with some polypeptides is known to induce β‐sheet or helix formation. Here, we report on the complex formation of cylindrical brush polymers with poly(L‐lysine) side chains and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). With increasing amount of added surfactant the cylindrical polymers first adopt a helical conformation with a pitch of approximately 14–24 nm followed by a spherically collapsed structure before eventually precipitation occurs. CD measurements suggest that the helix formation of the cylindrical brush polymers is driven by the hydrophobicity of the β‐sheets formed by the PLL side chain–SDS complexes.

magnified image
Flow‐Induced Morphologies of Diblock Copolymers in a Nanotube Studied by Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Feng Jian , Liu Honglai , Hu Ying , Jiang Jianwen
Published: May 2008

Morphologies of diblock copolymers confined in a cylindrical nanotube under a Poiseuille flow were studied by dissipative particle dynamics simulation. Varying with flow intensity, a symmetric diblock copolymer in a neutral tube exhibits parallel lamellae or stacked disks, stacked bowls, or cylinders; the morphologies in a non‐neutral tube are relatively less influenced by flow. An asymmetric diblock copolymer is helical in a neutral tube, but becomes hexagonal under flow; the morphologies in a non‐neutral tube are parallel to the tube axis and vary in a less pronounced manner than in a neutral tube. The simulation results reveal that confinement and external flow significantly affect the phase transitions among a variety of morphologies, particularly for copolymers with domains not parallel to the tube axis.

magnified image
A MAPK pathway is involved in the control of cortical granule reaction and mitosis during bovine fertilization
Authors: Tae Jin Cheol , Kim Eun Young , Jeon Kilsoo , Lee Keum Sil , Lee Chang Hyun , Kim Yeon Ok , Park Se Pill , Kim Nam‐Hyung
Published: May 2008

In order to understand the mechanism by which mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) regulates fertilization, we examined the effect of the MAPK pathway inhibitor U0126 on polyspermy, cortical granule reaction and mitosis in bovine oocytes during and after fertilization. Oocytes were treated with 30 µM U0126 for 30 min prior to insemination, or from 15 to 27 hr following insemination. Western blotting with antibodies that detect active, phosphorylated MAPK revealed that MAPK activity was decreased in U0126 treated oocytes. Oocytes that were treated with U0126 before insemination displayed a significantly higher incidence of polyspermic penetration and incomplete cortical granule reaction than that observed in untreated oocytes (P < 0.05). Exposure of oocytes to 30µM U0126 15–27 hr after insemination induced aberrant microtubule assembly and cell division, often resulting in the formation of two or three daughter cells with altered shapes and sizes. These results suggest that an ERK‐like cascade is part of a mechanism that controls cortical granule reaction and the formation of the mitotic spindle following sperm penetration in the bovine. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75: 1300–1306, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elevated testicular temperature modulates expression patterns of sperm proteins in Holstein bulls
Authors: Newton L.D. , Kastelic J.P. , Wong B. , van der Hoorn F. , Thundathil J.
Published: May 2008

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of elevated testicular temperature on the expression patterns of sperm proteins in bulls. Ejaculates were collected from sexually mature Holstein bulls (n = 6) twice weekly for 10 weeks. Testicular temperature was elevated in all bulls by scrotal insulation for 72 consecutive hours during Week 2. Triton X‐100 extracts of sperm proteins were prepared and subjected to SDS–PAGE. Sperm proteins in the 110 kDa range decreased from pre‐thermal insult to Day 28 (start of thermal insult = Day 0), concurrent with decreases in sperm concentration, motility, and morphology, and subsequently increased, approaching pre‐thermal insult values by Day 40. Based on mass spectrometry, this band was comprised of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), Hexokinase‐1, and the α‐4 subunit of Na+/K+ATPase. Changes in the expression patterns of these proteins were confirmed by immunoblotting, including the use of a custom antibody against the α‐4 subunit of Na+/K+ATPase (testis‐specific isoform). Furthermore, a 25 kDa sperm protein (identified as tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐2; TIMP‐2), had a low expression level in pre‐thermal insult samples, increased to Day 28 of post‐thermal insult, and subsequently decreased to the pre‐thermal insult level by the end of the experimental period. In conclusion, we identified proteins that may serve as molecular markers of impaired sperm function due to elevated testicular temperature, with important implications for fertility predictions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the identification of a testis‐specific isoform of Na+/K+ATPase in bovine sperm. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 109–118, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cine‐MRI versus two‐dimensional echocardiography to measure in vivo left ventricular function in rat heart
Authors: Stuckey Daniel J. , Carr Carolyn A. , Tyler Damian J. , Clarke Kieran
Published: May 2008

Two‐dimensional echocardiography is the most commonly used non‐invasive method for measuring in vivo cardiac function in experimental animals. In humans, measurements of cardiac function made using cine‐MRI compare favourably with those made using echocardiography. However, no rigorous comparison has been made in small animals. Here, standard short‐axis two‐dimensional (2D) echocardiography (2D‐echo) and cine‐MRI measurements were made in the same rats, both control and after chronic myocardial infarction. Correlations between the two techniques were found for end diastolic area, stroke area and ejection fraction, but cine‐MRI measurements of ejection fraction were 12 ± 6% higher than those made using 2D‐echo, because of the 1.8‐fold higher temporal resolution of the MRI technique (4.6 ms vs 8.3 ms). Repeated measurements on the same group of rats over several days showed that the cine‐MRI technique was more reproducible than 2D‐echo, in that 2D‐echo would require five times more animals to find a statistically significant difference. In summary, caution should be exercised when comparing functional results acquired using short‐axis 2D‐echo vs cine‐MRI. The accuracy of cine‐MRI allows identification of alterations in heart function that may be missed when using 2D‐echo. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A warm footbath before bedtime and sleep in older Taiwanese with sleep disturbance
Authors: Liao Wen‐Chun , Chiu Ming‐Jang , Landis Carol A.
Published: May 2008

A single‐group crossover design was used to examine the effects of a warm footbath on body temperatures, distal‐proximal skin temperature gradient (DPG), and sleep outcomes in 15 Taiwanese elders with self‐reported sleep disturbance. Body temperatures and polysomnography were recorded for three consecutive nights. Participants were assigned randomly to receive a 41°C footbath for 40 minutes before sleep onset on night 2 or night 3. Mean DPG before lights off was significantly elevated on the bathing night. There were no significant differences in sleep outcomes between the two nights. However, when the first two non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep periods were examined, the amount of wakefulness was decreased in the second NREM period on the bathing night. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 31:514–528, 2008
Factors associated with health‐related quality of life among low‐compliant asthmatic adults in Korea
Authors: Choi Ja Yun , Hwang Seon Young
Published: May 2008

This cross‐sectional descriptive study was conducted to identify the factors associated with health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in low‐compliant Korean adults with asthma. The sample consisted of 178 patients referred by a physician to the education clinic at a University hospital in Korea. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that previous hospital admissions, recent asthma‐related symptoms within the previous week, lower peak expiratory flow rate, and lower level of asthma knowledge were independently associated with lower HRQoL and accounted for 46% of the total variance. Health care providers should focus on these factors to increase perceptions of HRQoL among low‐compliant patients. Interventional strategies need to be developed to emphasize the importance of compliance to the self‐monitoring regimen and management protocols. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 32:140–147, 2009
A method of HIV‐1 inactivation compatible with antibody‐based depletion of abundant proteins from plasma
Authors: Bosley Allen , Marshall Heather N. , Badralmaa Yunden , Natarajan Ven
Published: May 2008

We have examined several methods, including heat treatment and treatment with detergents, to inactivate HIV‐1 present in plasma to be depleted of abundant proteins utilizing an antibody‐based technology. Treatment with Triton X‐100 was not compatible with abundant protein depletion with an antibody column and heat treatment alters the composition of the plasma proteome. However, treatment with 1.2% N‐octylglucoside for 5 min completely inhibited HIV‐1 infectivity. The detergent was easily removed through buffer exchange, and this treatment had no discernable effect on protein depletion.
MOVPE of InN films on GaN templates grown on sapphire and silicon(111) substrates
Authors: Jamil Muhammad , Arif Ronald A. , Ee Yik‐Khoon , Tong Hua , Higgins John B. , Tansu Nelson
Published: May 2008

This paper reports the study of MOVPE of InN on GaN templates grown on sapphire and silicon(111) substrates. Thermodynamic analysis of MOVPE of InN performed using NH3 as nitrogen source and the experimental findings support the droplet‐free epitaxial growth of InN under high V/III ratios of input precursors. At a growth pressure of 500 Torr, the optimum growth temperature and V/III ratio of the InN film are 575–650 °C and >3 × 105, respectively. The surface RMS roughness of InN film grown GaN/sapphire template is ∼0.3 nm on 2 μm × 2 μm area, while the RMS roughness of the InN film grown on GaN/Si (111) templates is found as ∼0.7 nm. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurement reveals the (0002) texture of the InN film on GaN/sapphire template with a FWHM of 281 arcsec of the InN (0002) ω rocking curve. For the film grown on GaN/Si template under identical growth conditions, the XRD measurements show the presence of metallic In, in addition to the (0002) orientation of InN layer. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interatomic potential calculations of III(Al, In)–N planar defects with a III‐species environment approach
Authors: Kioseoglou J. , Komninou Ph. , Karakostas Th.
Published: May 2008

III–N compound semiconductors are nowadays widely used in electronic device technology. Due to the complexity of their structures planar and linear defects may have various atomic configurations. Since in the wurtzite structure of AlN and InN the second‐neighbor distance is very close to the stable “metallic” Al–Al and In–In distances respectively, a III‐species environment approach based on a Tersoff empirical bond order interatomic potential is developed in which the cut‐off distance for Al–Al and In–In interactions is tuned. In particular, the work is focused on two issues: the development of an approach for the calculation of defected structures in III‐nitrides and the application of this method on a series of planar defects in wurtzite structure. Various structural and energy‐related conclusions are drawn that are attributed to the complexity of the III–III metal type and N–N interactions in connection with the difference of the lattice parameters and the elastic constants. Molecular dynamic simulations are led to the conclusion that structural transformations may also occur. The Austerman–Gehman and Holt models for the inversion domain boundary (IDB) on the (10$ \bar 1 $0) plane are higher in energy than the IDB* model of Northrup, Neugebauer, and Romano. The model of Blank et al. for the translation domain boundary (TDB) on the {1$ \bar 2 $10} plane is unstable with respect to Drum's model. The Austerman model for the IDB on the {1$ \bar 2 $10} plane is unstable with respect to the IDB* model appropriate for this plane. The Austerman {10$ \bar 1 $0} IDB model is recognized as a strong candidate, among the IDB atomic configurations. Moreover, models for IDBs on {10$ \bar 1 $0} planes in which the boundary plane intersects two bonds (type‐2 models) are less stable than models in which the boundary plane intersects one bond (type‐1 models), in all cases considered. It is confirmed that the III‐species environment approach describes the “wrong”‐bonded defect local configuration structures more realistically with respect to the standard approach. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The role of metals in amyloid aggregation—Experiments and ab initio simulations
Authors: Minicozzi V. , Morante S. , Rossi G. C. , Stellato F. , Christian N. , Jansen K.
Published: May 2008

With a combination of modern spectroscopic techniques and numerical first principle simulations it is possible to investigate the physico‐chemical basis of the β‐amyloid aggregation phenomenon, which is suspected to be at the basis of the development of the Alzheimer disease. On the experimental side, in fact, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy can be successfully used to determine the atomic structure around the metal binding site in samples where β‐amyloid peptides are complexed with either Cu2+ or Zn2+ ions. Exploiting spectroscopic information obtained on a selected set of fragments of the natural Aβ‐peptide, the residues that along the sequence are coordinated to the metal are identified. Although copper data can be consistently interpreted assuming that oligopeptides encompassing the minimal 1–16 amino acidic sequence display a metal coordination mode which involves three Histidines (His6, His13, and His14), in complexes with zinc a four Histidines coordination mode is seen to be preferred. Lacking a fourth Histidine in the Aβ1–16 fragment, this geometrical arrangement hints to a Zn2+ promoted inter‐peptide aggregation mode. On the theoretical side, first principle ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of the Car–Parrinello type, which have proved to be of invaluable help in understanding the microscopic mechanisms of chemical bonding both in solid‐state physics and structural biophysics, have been employed in an effort to give a microscopic basis and find a phenomenological interpretation of the body of available experimental data on Aβ‐peptides–metal complexes. Using medium size PC‐clusters as well as larger parallel platforms, it is possible to deal with systems comprising 300–500 atoms and 1,000–2,000 electrons for simulation times as long as 2–3 ps. We present structural results that nicely compare with NMR and XAS data. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Intermountain basins use in subtropical regions and their influences on benthic fauna
Authors: Fernandez H. R. , Romero F. , Domínguez E.
Published: May 2008

Conversion of high mountain forests into pastures or croplands and changes in land uses have produced changes in hydrology, vegetation cover and terrestrial aquatic linkages, resulting in increased nutrient loads on water bodies. The developing countries today need to obtain an indicator response signature under multiple stressor scenario, to identify causes of water bodies impairment. Intermountain land use impact on a Subtropical Andean River was studied in Tucumán province, Northwestern Argentina. Benthic macroinvertebrates were used as indicators of diffuse alterations produced by anthropic activities on a small valley at ca. 1000 m.a.s.l. The objectives were: (a) test the effect of land use on macroinvertebrate assemblages; (b) test the response of benthic fauna to diffuse organic pollution and (c) test the accuracy of the current biological water quality indices. Nutrient levels were higher than international standards. First axis in multivariate analysis shows an important upstream–downstream gradient meanwhile the second axis shows seasonal effects. These effects are specially produced by monsoonal regime of rainfall (ca. 80% in summer). No effect of the land use or diffuse pollution was detected on the macroinvertebrate assemblage structure, probably due to the good oxygen availability. Of the several biotic indices (BI) and metrics tested, only one worked on acceptable levels being ‘affected’ by small oxygen variations. Dry winter, dry and warm spring with high sunlight exposure plus high levels of nutrients could be an undesirable combination for standing waters of a reservoir projected in this watershed. A correct monitoring of water quality and alternatives as management of reforested margins is the right beginning. These actions and more studies represent interesting alternatives for poor regions of undeveloped countries. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reproductive and developmental toxicity screening study of 2,4‐dinitrophenol in rats
Authors: Takahashi Mika , Sunaga Masao , Hirata‐Koizumi Mutsuko , Hirose Akihiko , Kamata Eiichi , Ema Makoto
Published: May 2008

Rats were treated by gavage once daily with 2,4‐dinitrophenol (DNP) at 0 (control), 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg bw. Males were dosed for 46 days, beginning 14 days before mating, and females were dosed for 40–47 days, from 14 days before mating to day 3 of lactation. No deaths were observed in males and females of any group. A significant decrease in body weight gain and significant increase in liver weight were found in males and females at 30 mg/kg bw/day. The number of live pups on postnatal days (PNDs) 0 and 4, live birth index, and body weight of live male and female pups on PNDs 0 and 1 were significantly lowered at 30 mg/kg bw/day. External and internal examinations of pups revealed no increased incidence of malformations in DNP‐treated groups. On the basis of these findings, we concluded that DNP has general and reproductive/developmental toxicity, but not teratogenicity, under the present conditions. The NOAEL of DNP is considered to be 10 mg/kg bw/day in rats. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2009.
Synthesis and Structures of Dimanganese(II) Complexes with Spirotricyclic [Mn(μ‐Ge2Se7)Mn] and [Mn(μ‐Sn2Se6)Mn] Cores
Authors: Kromm Anna , Sheldrick William S.
Published: May 2008

Solvothermal reaction of [MnCl2(cyclam)]Cl with GeSe2 at a 1:1 molar ratio in CH3OH/H2O (1/1) at 150 °C affords the dimanganese(II) complex [{Mn(cyclam)}2(μ‐Ge2Se7)]·CH3OH·1.5H2O (1) with a spirotricyclic [Mn(μ‐Ge2Se7)Mn] core. The strained four‐membered Mn‐Set‐Ge‐Set′ rings (Set = terminal Se atom) exhibit long Mn‐Set distances in the range 2.725(2)–2.745(2) Å and narrow average Set‐Mn‐Set′ angles of 85.87(4)°. The solvothermal reaction of [MnCl2(cyclam)]Cl with SnSe and Se leads to formation of the analogous complex [{Mn(cyclam)}2(μ‐Sn2Se6.15)] (2), in which bridging [Sn2Se6]4− and [Sn2Se7]4− ligands are disordered at a ratio of 85:15. Employment of [MnCl2(terpy)] under similar conditions generates two complexes of the formula [{Mn(terpy)}2(μ‐Sn2Se6)] 3 and 4, of which the former also contains a spirotricyclic core, whereas the Set atoms of the latter coordinate symmetry‐related MnII atoms in a 1‐D polymer. The Mn‐Set bond distances of 2.584(1) and 2.549(1) Å in the resulting chair‐shaped eight‐membered rings of 4 are much shorter than in 1 and 2.
Die Molekül‐ und Kristallstrukturen von (η5‐Cyclopentadienyl)bis‐(triphenylphosphan)cobalt(I)–(Hexan/Toluol) (2/1), (η5‐Cyclopentadienyl)‐{1,1′‐[(1,2‐η)‐ethin‐1,2‐diyl]bis(benzol)}(triphenylphosphan)cobalt(I) und (η5‐Cyclopentadienyl)(1,2,3,4‐tetraphenyl‐buta‐1,3‐dien‐1,4‐diyl)(triphenyl‐phosphan)cobalt(I)
Authors: Hoffmann Florian , Wagler Jörg , Roewer Gerhard
Published: May 2008

The Molecular and Crystal Structures of (η5‐Cyclopentadienyl)bis‐(triphenylphosphane)cobalt(I)–(hexane/toluene) (2/1), (η5‐Cyclopentadienyl)‐{1,1′‐[(1,2‐η)‐ethyne‐1,2‐diyl]bis(benzene)}(triphenylphosphane)cobalt(I), and (η5‐Cyclopentadienyl)(1,2,3,4‐tetraphenyl‐buta‐1,3‐diene‐1,4‐diyl)(triphenyl‐phosphane)cobalt(I)

The molecular and crystal structures of (η5‐cyclopentadienyl)bis(triphenylphosphane)cobalt(I)–(hexane/toluene) (2/1) CpCo(PPh3)2·0.5 (C6H14/C7H8), (η5‐cyclopentadienyl){1,1′‐[(1,2‐η)‐ethyne‐1,2‐diyl]bis(benzene)}(triphenylphosphane)cobalt(I) CpCo(PPh3)(PhC≡CPh), and (η5‐cyclopentadienyl)(1,2,3,4‐tetraphenyl‐buta‐1,3‐diene‐1,4‐diyl)(triphenylphosphane)cobalt(I) CpCo(PPh3)C4Ph4 were determined. Their NMR, IR, and UV‐VIS data and a modified preparation of CpCo(PPh3)2·0.5 (C6H14/C7H8) are also presented.
Crystallochemical Studies in the Family of Crystals Ba7−xNayF12Cl2−zBrz (x < 0.1, y < 0.2, z < 1.5)
Authors: Hagemann H. , Penhouet T. , Rief A. , Kubel F.
Published: May 2008

A series of mixed crystals with general formula Ba7−xNayF12Cl2−zBrz in the ordered modification (space group P‐6) has been studied by single crystal x‐ray diffraction. Depending on synthesis conditions, the disorder in the channels (i.e. occupation of 0 0 z sites) can be changed. The disorder is found to be correlated with the refined Na content, and its effect on Ba‐Cl(Br) bond length is discussed.
Crystal Structure of Ce3Ni2(BN)2N and Magnetic Behavior of (CeNi(BN))2(CeN)x with x = 0, 1
Authors: Glaser Jochen , Mori Takao , Meyer H.‐Jürgen
Published: May 2008

The new compound Ce3Ni2(BN)2N was synthesized by a modified solid state metathesis reaction. The crystal structure of Ce3Ni2(BN)2N was found to be isotypic with the superconducting compound La3Ni2(BN)2N, according to Rietveld refinements performed on X‐ray powder data (I4/mmm, Z = 2, a = 3.5817(1) Å, c = 20.283(1) Å).

Corresponding solid state reactions of mixtures composed of CeN/NiB and CeNi/BN yielded CeNi(BN) and a mixture of the two closely related layered structures (CeNi(BN))2(CeN)x with x = 0 and 1.

Magnetization experiments on these samples revealed temperature independent paramagnetic behavior for Ce3Ni2(BN)2N and CeNi(BN) without any magnetic ordering down to 5 K.
Bis[(μ‐iodo)iodo‐η‐cyclopentadienylruthenium(III)], ‘CpRuI2’ = [CpRuI2]2: a Further Example of a [CpXM(μ‐X)2MXCp] Parent with cis Arrangement
Authors: Bruce Michael I. , Jevric Martyn , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: May 2008

The very limited array of (structurally described) adducts of the form [CpMX2]2 ≡ [CpMX(μ‐X)2MXCp] with the unsubstituted/parent Cp (≡ C5H5, cyclopentadienyl) ligand is augmented by a study of [CpIRu(μ‐I)2RuICp], found to be isotypic with the recently described chloride and, with it, providing the only examples of such dimers in their ‘cis’ form, i.e., the terminal‐X and Cp pairs to the same side of the Ru2(μ‐X)2 arrays, which are appreciably folded at the X···X lines, with the short Ru···Ru distances (2.7748(6) (X = Cl), 2.9034(8) Å (X = I)), consistent with the presence of appreciable metal‐metal bonding (cf. the M = Cr, X = Cl counterpart which is trans, Cr···Cr 3.3447(8) Å).
Lanthanoidorganische und Hauptgruppenmetallorganische Verbindungen in einem ungewöhnlichen supramolekularen Verbund: {[Ln(2,4‐Me2C5H5)3]2·[NaAlEt4]4} (Ln = Nd, La)
Authors: Kunze Michael R. , Sieler Joachim , Taube Rudolf
Published: May 2008

Organo‐Lanthanide and Organo‐Main Group Metal Compounds in an Unusual Supramolecular Composition: {[Ln(2,4‐Me2C5H5)3]2·[NaAlEt4]4}(Ln = Nd, La)

The pure organometallic supramolecular complexes {[Ln(2,4‐Me2C5H5)3]·[NaAlEt4]4} (Ln = Nd, 1; Ln = La, 2) were obtained by reaction of the known compounds Ln2(η5‐2,4‐Me2C5H5)4Br2 (Ln = Nd, La) with two equivalents of NaAlEt4 in toluene as well crystallized substances. The supramolecular structure of both complexes could be elucidated by X‐ray crystal structure analysis and is described in some details with special consideration of the intermolecular bonding interaction between the different organometallic components. The formation of the Ln(η5‐2,4‐Me2C5H5)3 component is explained by an anion exchange initiated by NaAlEt4.
BIAZA statistics guidelines: toward a common application of statistical tests for zoo research
Authors: Plowman Amy B.
Published: May 2008

Zoo research presents many statistical challenges, mostly arising from the need to work with small sample sizes. Efforts to overcome these often lead to the misuse of statistics including pseudoreplication, inappropriate pooling, assumption violation or excessive Type II errors because of using tests with low power to avoid assumption violation. To tackle these issues and make some general statistical recommendations for zoo researchers, the Research Group of the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums (BIAZA) conducted a workshop. Participants included zoo‐based researchers, university academics with zoo interests and three statistical experts. The result was a BIAZA publication Zoo Research Guidelines: Statistics for Typical Zoo Datasets (Plowman [2006] Zoo research guidelines: statistics for zoo datasets. London: BIAZA), which provides advice for zoo researchers on study design and analysis to ensure appropriate and rigorous use of statistics. The main recommendations are: (1) that many typical zoo investigations should be conducted as single case/small N randomized designs, analyzed with randomization tests, (2) that when comparing complete time budgets across conditions in behavioral studies, G tests and their derivatives are the most appropriate statistical tests and (3) that in studies involving multiple dependent and independent variables there are usually no satisfactory alternatives to traditional parametric tests and, despite some assumption violations, it is better to use these tests with careful interpretation, than to lose information through not testing at all. The BIAZA guidelines were recommended by American Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) researchers at the AZA Annual Conference in Tampa, FL, September 2006, and are free to download from www.biaza.org.uk. Zoo Biol 27:226–233, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The sulfonation of castor oil with sulfur trioxide
Authors: Kremers F. J.
Published: May 2008

Castor oil can be sulfonated directly with SO3 in commercially available continuous and batch equipment. The product has good color, excellent water solubility and improved acid stability. The process has the following advantages. It is more direct and considerably faster than the present process. It requires fewer man hours and, therefore, is more economical. Conditions can be varied to give a wide range of products having different solubility characteristics and combined SO3 content. Since the reaction, batch or continuous, is stoichiometric, no waste products are formed, thus eliminating any pollution problems.
On a correlation between the surface chemistry and the felting behavior of wool
Authors: Stigter D.
Published: May 2008

The felting behavior of wool fibers is found to be correlated with their flocculation properties. The interaction between the fibers is suggested as the common factor responsible for this correlation. It is observed that in a felting medium there is attraction between natural wool fibers. Such attraction is observed to be greatly diminished, or absent, after the wool has been shrinkproffed by any one of several chemical modification treatments. Hydrophobic attraction and electrostatic repulsion are proposed as significant components of the interaction between fibers in aqueous media. These components are linked to the surface chemistry of natural and chemically modified wool. It is proposed that the hydrophobic nature of the fiber surface promotes the felting shrinkage of natural wool fabrics, that shrink‐resist chemical treatments of wool top make the fiber surface more hydrophilic and may increase the electrostatic repulsion between fibers, and that the influence of surfactants on felting depends on the adsorption energy of the surfactant at the fiber surface. These ideas are presented as a guide for the development of further shrink‐resist chemical modifications of wool.
Industrial chemical uses of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2008

Production of vegetable, animal and marine oils containing more than about 40% unsaturated fatty acids totaled 15,000 million pounds in 1968, almost on the scale of petrochemical production. The greater share (64%) of this nonfossil oil production was directed toward food uses, the remainder toward industrial and animal feed uses. The variety of chemical reactions carried out on these unsaturated fatty acid products include hydrogenation, interesterification, dimerization, sulfation, formation of nitrogen compounds, epoxidation, alkaline cleavage and oxidative ozonolysis. Some of these reactions have been developed at Utilization Research and Development Divisions of the Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Research is continuing in developing new reactions for potential industrial application. An example is reductive ozonolysis of unsaturated fatty esters to produce monofunctional aldehydes and bifunctional aldehyde esters.
Regeneration of spent earth by wet oxidation
Authors: Kalam Abul , Joshi J. B.
Published: May 2008

Regeneration of deoiled spent earth by wet oxidation has been investigated. Molecular oxygen was used as an oxidizing agent. Effects of operating parameters such as speed of agitation, temperature, oxygen partial pressure, slurry concentration, and cycle of regeneration have been studied. Kinetics of regeneration was found to be first order with substrate concentration and also with dissolved oxygen concentration.

Decolorization capacity of regenerated earth was the same as that of its virgin bleaching earth. Adsorption isotherm data was fitted in Freundlich equation. The values of Freundlich constants of regenerated earth were comparable with the values of virgin bleaching earth.
Federal Government Policies and the “Housing Quotient” of Black American Families
Authors: Leigh Wilhelmina A.
Published: May 2008

The “housing quotient”—the condition of and access to housing—is defined for black American families and is examined in conjunction with the major relevant federal policies and programs. Policies considered include fair housing and the national urban policy. Programs examined include public housing and rental assistance. The lack of data constrains the completeness of the analysis, although certain programs seem to enroll blacks in disproportion to the rest of the population. The paper concludes that blacks currently are served by all federal programs, even though many programs historically have failed to live up to their potential to assist blacks.
U.S. detergent/surfactant trends— 1980s1
Authors: Haupt D. E.
Published: May 2008

The U.S. surfactant market is large, mature, and likely to grow at a rate of 2‐3% over the next 10 years. The household, personal care and industrial markets will maintain roughly the same market shares of the total that they have held historically. Within the household market, there should be a continued trend toward the use of alcohol‐based surfactants at the expense of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS). Several factors point to greater usage of nonionics in the future: popularity of heavy‐duty liquids and detergents containing enzymes and fabric softeners, a trend to lower laundry wash temperatures and decreasing dependence on phosphate builders. In personal care end uses, alpha olefin sulfonates are expected to show growth due to cost performance advantages in liquid soaps and shampoos. The industrial surfactant market will remain highly segmented and will grow at ca. 3% annually, mainly as a result of overall industrial expansion. Ample capacity and anticipated feedstock availability at acceptable prices will allow producers of synthetic surfactants to satisfy demand through the rest of the decade. Research will lead to formulations aimed at cooler laundry washing conditions and increased enzyme usage. Enhanced oil recovery may involve new surfactants, but large‐scale consumption will not begin before the end of the decade.
Poverty and Protectionism
Authors: Wilson Stephanie Y.
Published: May 2008

The United States had a trade deficit of $170 billion in 1987 and, even though the value of the dollar has been declining, the deficit has shown no consistent pattern of improvement. The magnitude and persistence of the trade imbalance has led to a great deal of discussion of its impact on the U.S. economy and of policies that might be used to correct the imbalance. One major consideration that is often overlooked is the distributional and equity effect of the trade situation on the poor. While some advocates embrace protectionist policies as a means of “saving” jobs for low-income Americans, others argue that these measures raise the cost of goods used by the poor with no guarantee that jobs are actually saved. The following article reviews the available evidence on the position of low-income Americans under a policy of protectionism.
W. Arthur Lewis Lecture: Should there be a Marshall Plan for Eastern Europe?
Authors: Adelman Irma
Published: May 2008

The desirability of massive financial aid to support the transition of East European countries to market economies is considered in the light of structural adjustment experience of Latin American countries. It is argued that, politically, an autonomous state is necessary to guide the restructuring. The democratization of Eastern Europe decreases the autonomy of the state. Economically, recent experience in Latin America and Eastern Europe has demonstrated that reforms take place during periods of stringency rather than affluence. It is therefore argued that trade and foreign investment are preferable to generous aid.
Judicial Politics in the D.C. Circuit Court. By Christopher P. Banks. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. 200p. $38.00.
Authors: Unah Isaac
Published: May 2008

For decades the U.S. courts of appeals were afflicted with the proverbial middle child syndrome. They were given less than deserved attention by legal scholars and political scientists, and their decisions commanded less media and popular attention than rulings by the Supreme Court and even decisions of federal district courts. To many observers, the appeals courts were relatively invisible. Circuit courts are convalescing from this affliction because increasingly political scientists are turning their analytical attention to these thirteen important stations of judicial power in American society.
Maximization, Whatever the Cost: Race, Redistricting, and the Department of Justice. By Maurice T. Cunningham. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001. 192p. $62.50.
Authors: Rush Mark E.
Published: May 2008

With the Supreme Court decision in Easley v. Cromartie, the 1990s round of redistricting litigation came to an end just in time for the new decade's round to commence. Looking back upon the Court decisions from the 1990s as well as the extensive scholarly commentary on them, anyone new to the field of voting rights in the United States might wonder how the Voting Rights Act, which was a straightforward attempt to remedy indisputably unjust political practices, could have given rise to the I-85 district in North Carolina.
Joseph Schumpeter's Two Theories of Democracy. By John Medearis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. 263p. $45.00.
Authors: Isaac Jeffrey C.
Published: May 2008

Joseph Schumpeter's “elitist” theory of democracy has been the subject of much discussion in political theory. It is commonly considered to have been seminal for the “empirical” approaches to democracy that emerged in American political science after World War II. In this excellent book, John Medearis presents an impressive, careful, and relatively comprehensive account of Schumpeter's writings on the topic of democracy. He argues that Schumpeter has been widely misunderstood, and the richness of his thinking has been wrongly reduced to the chapters of Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (1942) in which the “elitist” theory is developed.
The Vocations of Political Theory. Edited by Jason A. Frank and John Tambornino. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000. 400p. $57.95 cloth, $22.95 paper.
Authors: Gunnell John G.
Published: May 2008

A generation ago, Sheldon Wolin evoked an image of the vocation of political theory as an alternative to the behavioral program of theory and scientific inquiry that had come to dominate political science. His call also summoned those who believed that, in the midst of the political turmoil of the 1960s, the mainstream of the discipline had become politically quiescent and, at least by its inaction, even implicated in the political crises of the time. Intellectual and ideological choices were, indeed, involved, but Wolin was implicitly also giving voice to a professional identity for a large segment of the academic subfield of political theory that had been evolving for at least three decades. His articulation of the vocation was, however, as mythical as the method of science to which much of political science had subscribed, and these hegemonic legitimating myths ultimately could neither withstand critical scrutiny nor suppress the latent differences within each.
Taylored Citizenship: State Institutions and Subjectivity. By Char Roone Miller. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2001. 224p. $66.00.
Authors: Schneck Stephen
Published: May 2008

Few political scientists would recognize the name Frederick Winslow Taylor. Yet by Char Roone Miller's analysis, Taylor's early-twentieth-century “scientific” reforms in management and administrative practices play out in a ubiquitous and subtle process that shapes citizenship in modern America. The application of Taylor-inspired techniques to the reform of the military in the mid-twentieth century and their curiously parallel application in educational reforms receive Miller's closest attention. Much in the spirit of Michel Foucault's (1975) Discipline and Punish, Miller is concerned with demonstrating that ostensibly progressive efforts at efficient organization effectively routinize the production of consciousness, desire, and even the body.