bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Active Surveillance of Prostate Cancer: Use, Outcomes, Imaging, and Diagnostic Tools
Authors: Tosoian Jeffrey J. , Loeb Stacy , Epstein Jonathan I. , Turkbey Baris , Choyke Peter L. , Schaeffer Edward M.
Published: October 2018

Active surveillance (AS) has emerged as a standard management option for men with very low-risk and low-risk prostate cancer, and contemporary data indicate that use of AS is increasing in the United States and abroad. In the favorable-risk population, reports from multiple prospective cohorts indicate a less than 1% likelihood of metastatic disease and prostate cancer–specific mortality over intermediate-term follow-up (median 5–6 years). Higher-risk men participating in AS appear to be at increased risk of adverse outcomes, but these populations have not been adequately studied to this point. Although monitoring on AS largely relies on serial prostate biopsy, a procedure associated with considerable morbidity, there is a need for improved diagnostic tools for patient selection and monitoring. Revisions from the 2014 International Society of Urologic Pathology consensus conference have yielded a more intuitive reporting system and detailed reporting of low-intermediate grade tumors, which should facilitate the practice of AS. Meanwhile, emerging modalities such as multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and tissue-based molecular testing have shown prognostic value in some populations. At this time, however, these instruments have not been sufficiently studied to consider their routine, standardized use in the AS setting. Future studies should seek to identify those platforms most informative in the AS population and propose a strategy by which promising diagnostic tools can be safely and efficiently incorporated into clinical practice.
The Advantages and Challenges of Testing Children for Heritable Predisposition to Cancer
Authors: Kesserwan Chimene , Friedman Ross Lainie , Bradbury Angela R. , Nichols Kim E.
Published: October 2018

The increased application of germline genetic testing is expanding our understanding of the risk factors associated with childhood cancer development, and, in some cases, such testing is also informing clinical management. Nonetheless, the incorporation of genetic testing into the pediatric oncology setting is complex and associated with many ethical and practical challenges. The decision as to whether to pursue clinical genetic testing for hereditary cancer predisposition for children should always be guided by the best interest of the child. Despite this fundamental ethical principle, patients, parents, and health care providers may differ in their opinions. Clinical genetic testing to detect the presence of predisposition syndromes associated with childhood-onset cancers, particularly those for which surveillance and preventive measures have proven to enhance outcome, is currently well accepted. On the other hand, clinical genetic testing of children for syndromes associated with adult-onset cancers has raised many concerns about the potential for psychological harm and disrespect of patient autonomy. As a consequence, such testing is not encouraged. The challenges surrounding germline genetic testing are further complicated when testing is done in the research setting and/or when it involves whole-exome or whole-genome sequencing approaches, which can uncover genetic variants that may or may not be associated with the disease under study. Accordingly, there is great debate around these processes and the most appropriate approaches regarding the return of test results. Future research is needed to enhance knowledge about how best to incorporate genomic information into clinical practice.
Fertility, Cardiac, and Orthopedic Challenges in Survivors of Adult and Childhood Sarcoma
Authors: Lipshultz Emma R. , Holt Ginger E. , Ramasamy Ranjith , Yechieli Raphael , Lipshultz Steven E.
Published: October 2018

The combination of cisplatin, doxorubicin, and methotrexate was established as the standard backbone of contemporary osteosarcoma therapy in 1986. Since then, however, further improving the survival of patients with osteosarcoma has been challenging—30% to 40% of patients with osteosarcoma still die of this disease. In addition, these patients often experience loss of fertility at a young age, short- and long-term treatment-related cardiotoxicity, and adverse orthopedic effects from surgical resection of the tumor or endoprosthetic reconstructions. Cancer treatment often markedly increases the risk of infertility later in life, causing many patients substantial distress and regret. Sperm banking and oocyte cryopreservation are standard of care and should be available to all at-risk patients. Newer techniques, such as autologous gonadal tissue transplant for prepubertal children, are being developed, and newer systemic agents have infertility risk profiles that remain undefined and warrant further study. Cost and access remain barriers to these options. The late effects of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity are also increasingly a problem for these patients. These effects are often progressive and can be disabling. Adding dexrazoxane to doxorubicin therapy significantly reduces the risk for most adverse cardiac outcomes without compromising the efficacy of induction chemotherapy. Limb salvage surgery remains the standard of care for treatment in the majority of patients with extremity sarcomas. Modular metal prostheses and allograft reconstructions comprised the majority of surgical procedures for limb salvage surgery. The most common mechanism of failure of these implants is infection and mechanical failure of the implant.
Operable Melanoma: Screening, Prognostication, and Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Therapy
Authors: Tarhini Ahmad A. , Lorigan Paul , Leachman Sancy
Published: October 2018

The importance of reducing the numbers of patients with late-stage melanoma, identifying which patients are most likely to progress, and treating these patients at the earliest possible stage cannot be overemphasized. Improved screening of patients prior to diagnosis has the advantage of identifying early-stage disease that is for the most part treatable by surgical methods. The process of melanoma screening is rapidly evolving through population-based programs, mobile health technologies, and advanced imaging tools. For patients with newly diagnosed melanoma, accurately estimating disease prognosis has important implications for management and follow-up. Prognostic factors are individual host- or tumor-related factors or molecules that correlate with genetic predisposition and clinical course. These include clinical covariates and host and tumor proteomic/genomic markers that allow the prognostic subclassification of patients. Adjuvant therapy for high-risk surgically resected melanoma targets residual micrometastatic disease with the goal of reducing the risk of relapse and mortality. In the United States, three regimens have achieved regulatory approval for adjuvant therapy, including high-dose interferon alpha, pegylated interferon alpha, and ipilimumab at 10 mg/kg. Phase III trials have reported benefits in relapse-free survival (all regimens) and overall survival (high-dose interferon alpha and ipilimumab). The management of locally/regionally advanced melanoma may benefit from neoadjuvant therapy, which is the subject of several ongoing studies. Recent studies have shown promising clinical activity and yielded important biomarker findings and mechanistic insights.
The Road of Mentorship
Authors: Cooke Kelly J. , Patt Debra A. , Prabhu Roshan S.
Published: October 2018

Mentorship can be the cornerstone of professional development and career satisfaction. There is literature to support that mentorship not only improves job satisfaction, but also improves productivity, facilitates personal growth, and can rekindle our passion while lessening the risk of compassion fatigue. Mentorship is a developmental relationship that changes as the relationship evolves. There are two broad categories of mentorship: traditional and transformational. There are four subtypes within each of those areas: formal, informal, spot, or peer. Mentorship is critical to the professional development of junior colleagues. Good mentorship is guiding and steering younger partners and other colleagues toward paths of success. As a mentor, one should be looking for opportunities for formal professional development and engagement of mentees. Self-motivation is the hallmark of the successful mentee. The mentee should be able to set his or her own goals, strive to actively seek feedback, ask questions, and keep an accurate record of progress. Although the onus is on the mentee to reach out, mentorship has bidirectional value directly related to the efforts of both parties. There are many benefits to mentorship, such as the promotion of learning, personal development, improved job satisfaction, and improved job performance. Barriers exist, including the rapidly changing landscape of oncology, time constraints, lack of self-awareness, and generational differences. Through a career, mentoring needs will change, as will mentors.
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Improving Prevention and Survivorship
Authors: Sohal Davendra P. S. , Willingham Field F. , Falconi Massimo , Raphael Kara L. , Crippa Stefano
Published: October 2018

Pancreatic cancer is a growing problem in oncology, given slowly rising incidence and continued suboptimal outcomes. A concerted effort to reverse this tide will require prevention, early diagnosis, and improved systemic therapy for curable disease. We focus on these aspects in detail in this study. Hereditary pancreatic cancer is an underappreciated area. With the growing use of genomics (both somatic and germline) in cancer care, there is increasing recognition of hereditary pancreatic cancer cases: around 10% of all pancreatic cancer may be related to familial syndromes, such as familial atypical multiple mole and melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome, hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, Lynch syndrome, and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Screening and surveillance guidelines by various expert groups are discussed. Management of resectable pancreatic cancer is evolving; the use of multiagent systemic therapies, in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings, is discussed. Current and emerging data, along with ongoing clinical trials addressing important questions in this area, are described. Surveillance recommendations based on latest ASCO guidelines are also discussed. Finally, the multimodality management of borderline resectable pancreatic cancer is discussed. The various clinicoanatomic definitions of this entity, followed by consensus definitions, are described. Then, we focus on current opinions and practices around neoadjuvant therapy, discussing chemotherapy and radiation aspects, and the role of surgical resection.
Deploying Immunotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer: Defining Mechanisms of Response and Resistance
Authors: Beatty Gregory L. , Eghbali Shabnam , Kim Rebecca
Published: October 2018

The immune reaction to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a strong prognostic determinant of clinical outcomes and may be a promising therapeutic target. We use multiplex immunohistochemistry to illustrate distinct patterns of T-cell and myeloid cell infiltration seen in PDAC that have therapeutic implications and discuss the current state of immunotherapy in this disease. Based on collective findings from clinical and preclinical studies, two conceptual models have emerged for applying immunotherapy in PDAC that involve (1) restoring elements of T-cell immunosurveillance and (2) redirecting myeloid cells to condition tumors with increased sensitivity to cytotoxic therapies. Overall, the success of immunotherapy in PDAC will most likely rely on strategic combinations of therapies that are informed by well-designed correlative analyses that consider the spatial heterogeneity of immune responses detected in malignant tissues.
Understanding the New WHO Classification of Lymphoid Malignancies: Why It's Important and How It Will Affect Practice
Authors: Jaffe Elaine S. , Barr Paul M. , Smith Sonali M.
Published: October 2018

Improved delineation of lymphoid malignancy biology has prompted refinement of the 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of hematopoietic and lymphoid tumors with a new framework introduced in 2016. This knowledge has provided valuable insights regarding management. Early clonal proliferations have been set apart given their limited potential for malignant dissemination. Increasing knowledge of molecular drivers of aggressive lymphomas has allowed subclassification and opportunity for clinical investigations to personalize therapy. New insights into T-cell pathophysiology has allowed grouping based on shared molecular and cellular features. This article will summarize the key changes in terms of diagnosis and histopathologic definitions, the impact of these changes on clinical management, and the challenges of future research in this field.
Improving Quality and Value of Cancer Care for Older Adults
Authors: Ramsdale Erika E. , Csik Valerie , Chapman Andrew E. , Naeim Arash , Canin Beverly
Published: October 2018

The concepts of quality and value have become ubiquitous in discussions about health care, including cancer care. Despite their prominence, these concepts remain difficult to encapsulate, with multiple definitions and frameworks emerging over the past few decades. Defining quality and value for the care of older adults with cancer can be particularly challenging. Older adults are heterogeneous and often excluded from clinical trials, severely limiting generalizable data for this population. Moreover, many frameworks for quality and value focus on traditional outcomes of survival and toxicity and neglect goals that may be more meaningful for older adults, such as quality of life and functional independence. A history of quality and value standards and an evaluation of some currently available standards and frameworks elucidate the potential gaps in application to older adults with cancer. However, narrowing the focus to processes of care presents several opportunities for improving the care of older adults with cancer now, even while further work is ongoing to evaluate outcomes and efficiency. New models of care, including the patient-centered medical home, as well as new associated bundled payment models, would be advantageous for older adults with cancer, facilitating collaboration, communication, and patient-centeredness and minimizing the fragmentation that impairs the current provision of cancer care. Advances in information technology support the foundation for these models of care; these technologies facilitate communication, increase available data, support shared decision making, and increase access to multidisciplinary specialty care. Further work will be needed to define and to continue to tailor processes of care to achieve relevant outcomes for older patients with cancer to fulfill the promise of quality and value of care for this vulnerable and growing population.
Practice-Changing Abstracts From the 2016 Society for Neuro-Oncology Annual Scientific Meeting
Authors: Penas-Prado Marta
Published: October 2018

The most relevant practice-changing presentations at the 2016 Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) Annual Scientific Meeting revolved around the topic of the new 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. The most notable change in this new classification is the introduction of molecular markers into the morphologic classification of diffuse gliomas (isocitrate dehydrogenase [IDH] mutation, 1p19q codeletion, and H3K27M mutation), ependymomas (RELA fusion), medulloblastomas (WNT- and sonic hedgehog–activated), and other embryonal tumors (C19MC amplification), thus allowing for more precise diagnosis of these entities compared with the use of morphologic features alone. Among the clinical trials presented, only one phase III trial evaluating a device therapy for treatment of newly diagnosed glioblastoma (EF14; tumor-treating fields) met prespecified statistical criteria for success, showing a modest benefit in progression-free survival and overall survival in patients without progression after radiation and concurrent temozolomide. Other topics of interest included the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of primary brain tumors and the prevalence of burnout among neuro-oncologists.
Novel Targeted Agents and Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer
Authors: Mayer Ingrid A. , Dent Rebecca , Tan Tira , Savas Peter , Loi Sherene
Published: October 2018

The treatment of breast cancer is generally determined according to breast cancer subtype: hormone receptor–positive (luminal), triple-negative (basal-like), and HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. Recent years have seen the development of exciting novel and potent therapeutics based on molecular pathways, immune modulation, and antibody conjugates. In this article, we cover new and emerging therapeutic areas and ongoing clinical trials that may result in further improvements in breast cancer outcomes.
Systemic Therapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: From Current Standards to Future Molecular Targeted Approaches
Authors: Atreya Chloe E. , Yaeger Rona , Chu Edward
Published: October 2018

Over the past 20 years, substantial advances have been made in the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). In particular, there is now a wide range of options for the front-line treatment of mCRC. Sophisticated molecular technologies have been developed to identify novel prognostic and predictive biomarkers for CRC. DNA sequencing technology has made remarkable advances in recent years, primarily as a result of the development of next-generation sequencing and whole exome sequencing, which are powerful new tools for the discovery of predictive molecular biomarkers to facilitate the delivery of personalized medicine. In addition to tumor tissue, recent efforts have focused on analyzing circulating tumor DNA in peripheral blood. Herein, we review the evolution of standard chemotherapy and targeted therapy strategies for the treatment of mCRC in the front-line setting, the molecular technologies that are presently being used to facilitate our ability to practice individualized medicine, and the practical aspects of applying molecular biomarkers to everyday clinical practice.
Therapeutic Bone-Modifying Agents in the Nonmetastatic Breast Cancer Setting: The Controversy and a Value Assessment
Authors: Gnant Michael , Van Poznak Catherine , Schnipper Lowell
Published: October 2018

Clinical trials and meta-analyses investigating bisphosphonates as an adjuvant breast cancer therapy have shown a consistent trend, with postmenopausal women and women receiving ovarian suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy gaining improved breast cancer outcomes with the use of adjuvant bisphosphonate therapy. The interpretation of these data is controversial, because the primary endpoints of the majority of adjuvant bisphosphonate studies have been negative. Pros and cons as well as the value of adjuvant bisphosphonate therapy are discussed here.
Metabolic Pathways in Kidney Cancer: Current Therapies and Future Directions
Authors: Rathmell W. Kimryn , Rathmell Jeffrey C. , Linehan W. Marston
Published: October 2018

Background

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has become known as a metabolic disease, owing to the diverse array of metabolic defects and perturbations that occur as a result of the unique genetics that can drive these tumors. Recent attention to this feature of RCCs has fueled interest in targeting metabolism as a therapeutic strategy.

Methods

We conducted a literature search to develop themes around discrete pathways or processes of cellular metabolism, provide a framework for understanding emerging therapeutic strategies, and consider future interventions.

Results

Defects occur in metabolic pathways ranging from glycolysis to mitochondrial function and affect not only the tumor cell functionality, but also the local environment. We identified opportunities for therapeutic intervention associated with each pathway.

Conclusion

The metabolism of RCC cells presents a special environment of tumor susceptibilities, with opportunities for novel imaging applications and treatment paradigms that are being tested in monotherapy or as adjuncts to targeted or immune-based strategies.
Idiopathic Cluneal Neuralgia Successfully Treated With Radiofrequency Nerve Ablation: A Case Report
Authors: Zheng Danielle , Lamer Tim J.
Published: October 2018

Middle cluneal nerve entrapment neuropathy/neuralgia (MCN-EN) is a rare and potentially underdiagnosed etiology for chronic low back pain. Symptoms include pain in the buttock and posterior superior iliac spine area that is increased by activity and direct pressure over the area, and is “neuropathic” in nature. Previous case reports describe successful treatment of MCN-EN with nerve block and/or surgical decompression of the MCN. We present a case report detailing the first successful use of radiofrequency nerve ablation in treating MCN-EN.
The Costs of Patronage: Evidence from the British Empire
Authors: Xu Guo
Published: October 2018

I combine newly digitized personnel and public finance data from the British colonial administration for the period 1854–1966 to study how patronage affects the promotion and incentives of governors. Governors are more likely to be promoted to higher salaried colonies when connected to their superior during the period of patronage. Once allocated, they provide more tax exemptions, raise less revenue, and invest less. The promotion and performance gaps disappear after the abolition of patronage appointments. Patronage therefore distorts the allocation of public sector positions and reduces the incentives of favored bureaucrats to perform. (JEL D73, F54, H83, J45, M51, N43, N44)
Can Small Incentives Have Large Effects? The Impact of Taxes versus Bonuses on Disposable Bag Use
Authors: Homonoff Tatiana A.
Published: October 2018

This paper examines a simple element of financial incentive—design whether the incentive takes the form of a fee for bad behavior or a reward for good behavior—to determine if the framing of the incentive influences the policy’s effectiveness. I investigate the effect of two similar policies aimed at reducing disposable bag use: a $0.05 tax $0.05 bonus for reusable bag use. While the tax decreased disposable bag use by over 40 percentage points, the bonus generated virtually no effect on behavior. These results are consistent with a model of loss aversion. (JEL D12, D91, H23)
The Persistent Effects of Place-Based Policy: Evidence from the West-German Zonenrandgebiet
Authors: Ehrlich Maximilian v. , Seidel Tobias
Published: October 2018

Using a natural experiment, we show that temporary place-based subsidies generate persistent effects on economic density. The spatial regression discontinuity design controls for continuous local agglomeration externalities, so we attribute an important role to capital formation in explaining persistent spatial patterns of economic activity. This persistence is driven by higher local public investment levels, which local governments could maintain after the end of the program because of a persistently higher tax base. We also find evidence for significant local relocation of economic activity, which raises doubts that the net effect of the policy is positive. Finally, we show that transfers have capitalized in land rents such that pretreatment landowners have benefited from the program. (JEL H71, H76, O18, R11, R12, R51, R58)
Supply-Side Drug Policy in the Presence of Substitutes: Evidence from the Introduction of Abuse-Deterrent Opioids
Authors: Alpert Abby , Powell David , Pacula Rosalie Liccardo
Published: October 2018

Overdose deaths from prescription opioid pain relievers nearly quadrupled between 1999 and 2010. We study the consequences of one of the largest supply disruptions to date to abusable opioids—the introduction of an abuse-deterrent version of OxyContin in 2010. Supply-side interventions that limit access to opioids may have the unintended consequence of increasing use of substitute drugs, including heroin. Exploiting cross-state variation in OxyContin exposure, we find that states with the highest initial rates of OxyContin misuse experienced the largest increases in heroin deaths. Our results imply that the recent heroin epidemic is largely due to the reformulation of OxyContin. (JEL I12, I18)
How Punishment Severity Affects Jury Verdicts: Evidence from Two Natural Experiments
Authors: Bindler Anna , Hjalmarsson Randi
Published: October 2018

This paper studies the effect of punishment severity on jury decision making using archival data from London’s Old Bailey Criminal Court from 1772 to 1871. We exploit two natural experiments in English history, resulting in sharp decreases in punishment severity: the offense-specific abolition of capital punishment and the temporary halt of penal transportation during the American Revolution. Using difference-in-differences to study the former and a pre-post design for the latter, we find a large, significant, and permanent impact on jury behavior: juries are more likely to convict overall and across crime categories. Moreover, the effect size differs with defendants’ gender. (JEL K41, K42, N43)
Setting the Bar: The Evaluative and Allocative Roles of Organizational Aspirations
Authors: Keum Dongil D. , Eggers J. P.
Published: October 2018

This study explores the determinants of organizational aspirations, proposing that aspirations play dual roles that create important tension for managers. On one hand, aspirations serve an evaluative role as a benchmark for assessing performance. On the other, they have an allocative role in influencing the acquisition of limited resources. Our theory suggests that managers strategically adapt organizational aspirations to balance the tension between the two concerns. They set more aggressive aspirations when facing increased pressure to acquire resources, but set more conservative targets when the costs of missing performance targets are higher. In the context of annual management forecasts, which allow us to directly observe performance targets and their deviation from traditional aspiration measures, we find that external factors influencing the intensity of resource pressure and the cost of missing performance targets determine the aggressiveness of organizational aspirations. This study highlights a novel antecedent of aspirations that complements existing explanations, linking agency and governance research with behavioral theory.
A autoridade do educador no cenário tecnológico: interlocuções freireanas
Authors: Conte Elaine , Habowski Adilson Cristiano
Published: October 2018

O estudo, de bases hermenêuticas, problematiza a questão da crise da autoridade do educador no cenário tecnológico, tomando como lócus investigativo a perspectiva freireana. Discutimos a questão da autoridade frente às múltiplas possibilidades de construção do conhecimento autoral na cultura digital. Em meio às contradições vigentes, trata-se de revitalizar as bases dialógicas entre autoridade e liberdade, pois é nesta tensão que se reconhecem e se retroalimentam as práticas formativas marcadas pela sensibilidade dialética e pelo respeito aos saberes pedagógicos. Há que se compreender e incorporar as novas linguagens digitais à reeducação dos conhecimentos, criando vínculos autônomos e cooperativos para fazer valer a autoridade da autocrítica e das inter-relações humanas.
A Simulation Study to Estimate Effects of Wildfire and Forest Management on Hydrology and Sediment in a Forested Watershed, Northwestern U.S.
Authors: Srivastava Anurag , Wu Joan Q. , Elliot William J. , Brooks Erin S. , Flanagan Dennis C.
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Suitable fuel reduction treatments are needed in the Colville National Forest, Washington, to reduce the risk of severe wildfire. This study aimed to identify high-risk erosion hillslopes following wildfire to aid in forest fuel reduction planning and to evaluate the effects of fuel treatments on the watershed hydrological response. The specific objectives were (1) to assess the soil burn severity associated with wildfires and use that information to identify critical hillslopes for forest fuel treatments, and (2) to evaluate the potential changes in water yield and peak flows from pre-treatment (undisturbed forest) to post-treatment (thinning and prescribed burn) conditions, in the East Deer Creek Watershed (EDCW), a subwatershed of the Colville National Forest. Assessments were made using a modeling approach for hypothetical wildfire and fuel treatment scenarios. FlamMap, a fire behavior model, was used to predict the spatial distribution of wildfire intensity for a hypothetical event under current vegetation conditions. WEPP simulations were subsequently completed to obtain sediment and water yields based on fire intensity and topography. WEPP erosion estimations following a simulated wildfire showed hillslope sediment yield varying from 0 to 49.4 Mg ha-1 year-1 from the 777 hillslopes, which were ranked in descending order of sediment yield to identify critical hillslopes for fuel treatments. The WEPP model calibrated for a nearby gauged watershed was then applied to the EDCW for pre-treatment and post-treatment conditions. At the watershed scale, the increase in water yield from pre-treatment to post-treatment conditions ranged from 0.7% to 5.6% on hillslopes delivering 10% to 50% of the predicted post-fire sediment. Simulated water balance components at the treated hillslopes showed substantial changes. Surface runoff, subsurface lateral flow, and deep percolation increased 150% (5 mm), 50% (9 mm), and 40% (41 mm), respectively, whereas evapotranspiration (ET) decreased 23% (124 mm). The relative differences between pre- and post-harvest peak flows showed no clear trends as treatment area increased. The results suggest that thinning and prescribed burns to treated hillslopes in the EDCW may lead to an increase in water yield and significant alterations in hydrological processes. Keywords: Fuel treatments, Modeling, Peak flows, Sediment, Water yield, Wildfire.
Heat Transfer Properties of Hog Cooling Pad
Authors: Cabezon Francisco A. , Schinckel Allan P. , Stwalley Carol S. , Stwalley III Robert M.
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Thermal stress on sows in modern farrowing operations has become a significant issue for the commercial pork industry. Purdue University researchers have developed a simple conductive hog cooling pad that has the potential to effectively alleviate a significant portion of that heat stress. The heat transfer properties of the cooling pad are crucial to the characterization of the pad and the success of the pad in the field. This article presents data collected showing the thermal profile of the cooling pad, the energy transfer of the pad in operation, and the effectiveness of the pad as a function of the amount of coolant used to affect heat transfer from a simulated animal to the coolant. A variety of operating conditions and coolant flows were investigated, and those results are detailed in this article. Intermittent coolant flow over modest time intervals appeared to provide the best results with the cooling pad under the investigated operating conditions. Keywords: Conduction, Convection, Cooling, Cooling systems, Farrowing, Heat transfer, Swine, Thermal stress.
Evaluation of Four Parameterization Strategies for the APEX Model
Authors: Senaviratne G. M. M. M. Anomaa , Baffaut Claire , Lory John A. , Udawatta Ranjith P. , Nelson Nathan O. , Bhandari Ammar B.
Published: October 2018

Abstract.

State-of-the-art model parameterization consists of calibrating and validating the model using monitored data. When data are not available, many studies have relied on alternate strategies, including parameter sets obtained for eco-hydrologically similar watersheds and best professional judgment (BPJ). The objectives of this study were to (1) test the accuracy of four APEX parameterization strategies to predict runoff quantity and quality in a small agricultural watershed and (2) compare the effects of the different parameter sets on relative and absolute water quality outcomes for different conservation practice scenarios. A BPJ and three parameter sets obtained on nearby and more distant sites, including two fully calibrated parameter sets, i.e., for runoff, sediment, and total phosphorus (TP), and one partially calibrated parameter set, i.e., for runoff and TP only, were evaluated based on edge-of-field runoff, sediment loss, and TP loss, as well as for long-term annual predictions and relative changes for six conservation practice scenarios. Only the parameter sets that were fully calibrated met the model performance criteria on the test watershed and produced similar 30-year average annual predictions for the conservation practices. Relative changes in conservation outcomes were similar for the fully and partially calibrated parameter sets. They were different for the BPJ parameter set for at least one conservation practice. In the absence of site-specific data, the best parameterization strategy was to use parameter sets from a model calibrated for runoff, sediment, and nutrient losses from an eco-hydrologically similar site. Partial calibration of the model was sufficient to obtain consistent relative effects of the conservation practices. Keywords: Conservation practices, Hydrologic modeling, Model parameterization, Phosphorus, Sediment.
A Precision Pruning Strategy for Improving Efficiency of Vibratory Mechanical Harvesting of Apples
Authors: Zhang Xin , He Long , Majeed Yaqoob , Whiting Matthew David , Karkee Manoj , Zhang Qin
Published: October 2018

Abstract. The state of Washington is the biggest fresh market apple ( Borkh.) producer in the U.S., and the state’s annual apple production has exceeded 60% of the national production. Due to the extensive labor requirements for harvesting fresh market apples, there is burgeoning demand for mechanical harvest solutions. Our transdisciplinary studies on mechanical harvest systems for apples have shown that fruit removal efficiency (FRE) with a vibratory system can be improved with precision canopy management. In this study, we evaluated the effect of precision pruning strategies on FRE in two groups (106 and 107, respectively) of randomly selected horizontal branches of ‘Jazz/M.9’ apple trees in a commercial orchard. Fruiting lateral branches were pruned to either shorter than 15 cm (guideline 1, G1) or 23 cm (guideline 2, G2). Harvest tests were conducted using a shake-and-catch harvester prototype developed by Washington State University with a fixed vibrating frequency of 20 Hz and shaking duration of 5 s. FRE for branches treated with G1 was significantly higher (91%) than FRE for branches treated with G2 (81%). We recorded a negative relationship between FRE and lateral shoot length. FRE was up to 98% when shoots were shorter than 5 cm, and FRE was only 56% for shoots of 25 cm or longer. We developed a shoot diameter-to-length index (S-index) to better understand the effect of shoot size on FRE. FRE was as high as 98% when the S-index was greater than 0.15. In addition, mechanically harvested fruit quality was assessed by categorizing the fruit into Extra Fancy, Fancy, and Downgrade fresh market classes based on USDA standards; however, no significant difference was found between the two treated groups. These results suggest that pruning lateral fruiting branches to less than 15 cm or to an S-index greater than 0.03 is required to achieve FRE of 85% with no negative impacts on fruit quality. Keywords: Canopy management, Fresh market fruit, Fruit removal efficiency, Mechanical harvest, Shoot pruning severity.
Pregnancy Intentions, Contraceptive Knowledge And Educational Aspirations Among Community College Students
Authors: Cabral Marta A. , Schroeder Rosalyn , Armstrong Elizabeth Mitchell , El Ayadi Alison M. , Gürel Aleka L. , Chang Janet , Harper Cynthia C.
Published: October 2018

CONTEXT

Community college students, representing more than one‐third of U.S. undergraduates, are a diverse population of young people motivated to seek higher education who are at elevated risk of unintended pregnancy. However, it is unknown how well prepared they are to prevent pregnancy and what they think about it in terms of their educational aspirations.

METHODS

In‐depth interviews were conducted with 57 students aged 18–25, inclusive of all genders, in three community colleges in California in 2015. Content analysis was used to code data and identify themes.

RESULTS

All participants reported strong desires to prevent pregnancy in the next year and perceived their pregnancy risk as low, but many reported unprotected sex with opposite‐sex partners. Participants had specific timelines for completing their degrees and believed pregnancy would make that far more challenging, but would not ultimately prevent them from achieving their goals. Female students expressed concern about the risks of exacerbated poverty, housing instability and unachieved career goals. Participants had little knowledge of their pregnancy risks and of the health benefits, side effects or effectiveness of contraceptives. They held negative beliefs about hormonal contraception (including emergency contraception, IUDs and the implant), fearing long‐lasting effects and infertility. Gay or bisexual students shared concerns about contraceptives, although several were using methods for noncontraceptive reasons.

CONCLUSION

Many community college students not desiring pregnancy have limited awareness of pregnancy risk and prevention.
What does a prince do?: Postfeminist girlhood and boyhood in Disney Junior cartoons
Authors: McCoy Kelli
Published: October 2018

The Disney Junior television network provides 24-hour-a-day programming aimed at preschool-aged children. Its popular animated series depict female characters in ways that are stronger than ever before. The girls are brave, heroic, adventurous, and are the moral anchors for the shows. However, their efforts are undermined by many of the male characters, who tend to represent stereotypical tropes of masculinity, including the braggart, the buffoon and the reckless younger brother. Therefore, these programmes are representative of a postfeminist and neoliberal culture, in which girls are expected to do more than boys in order to be successful, while boys take risks with few negative consequences.
Smuggled or Trafficked? Refugee or job seeker? Deconstructing rigid classifications by rethinking women’s vulnerability
Authors: Serughetti Giorgia
Published: October 2018

In the context of recent large-scale migratory flows from North Africa to the European Union, significant convergence and overlap has been observed between human trafficking and migrant smuggling, and between ‘economic’ and ‘forced’ migration. This paper draws on the case of Nigerian women asylum seekers, most of whom are identified as potential victims of human trafficking, to illustrate the problems that arise when migrants are separated into discrete categories—trafficked/smuggled, voluntary/forced—to establish their treatment. These problems derive from the application of rigid bureaucratic labels to increasingly fluid migratory identities, and from gendered and neo-colonial stereotypes that inform views of agency and vulnerability. The paper discusses vulnerability as a core concept in the construction of the ‘deserving victim’ in order to critique stereotypical representations of ‘vulnerable subjects’ in light of feminist political philosophy and philosophy of law. In doing so, it highlights the role of receiving states in producing migrant women’s vulnerability, and argues that state institutions have a duty to both guarantee protection and acknowledge the subjects’ agency.
Addressing Overlapping Migratory Categories within New Patterns of Mobility in Peru
Authors: Blouin Cécile , Button Emily
Published: October 2018

This article reflects on the construction and application of different migratory categories in the Peruvian context, including irregular migrants, refugees, victims of trafficking, and smuggled migrants. Through legal analysis and interviews with key migration actors in the country, the paper explores the ways in which Peru responds to migrants in these different categories, in view of the recent changes in human mobility in the country. The article aims to shed light on the fragmentation of migratory categories and the negative effects this has on migrants’ human rights. It is exploratory in nature and serves as a starting point for further debate on the subject.
TENAGA KERJA INDONESIA DALAM KONTEKS MASYARAKAT TAIWAN YANG MENUA
Authors: Setyaningsih Rita Pawestri
Published: October 2018

Taiwan’s ageing population has boosted the high rate of demand for caretakers. Many caretakers came from Southeast Asian countries such as the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, and Indonesia. Since 2005 Indonesian Workers have dominated the market share of the welfare sector. However in 2015 the Indonesian government launched a zero-maid policy, in order to terminate the sending of unskilled workers. The other goal is to provide better protection for migrant workers abroad. Taiwan becomes one of the targets of this policy. In fact, this policy will certainly create great impact on the supply of labor in the welfare sector in the future. Moreover, Taiwan has launched a national ten-year long-term care. So, how the Taiwanese government respond to this policy? Will the Indonesian workers’ shalt position be replaced by other Southeast Asian workers? This article aims firstly, to understand the position of migrant workers among other foreign workers working in the welfare sector in Taiwan. Secondly, to understand the Taiwan government’s efforts in response to the Indonesian government’s plan. This study uses literature study and interviews. This issue will be analyzed using economic and social approaches. The data used are from the range of 1992 to 2015.Keywords: ageing society, Taiwan, Indonesian workers, employment policyAbstrakPenuaan penduduk Taiwan mendorong tingginya laju permintaan akan tenaga perawat. Selama ini tenaga perawat didatangkan dari negara-negara Asia Tenggara, seperti Filipina, Vietnam, Thailand, dan Indonesia. Sejak 2005 Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (TKI) mendominasi pangsa pasar sektor kesejahteraan sosial. Namun di tahun 2015, Pemerintah Indonesia mencanangkan zero-maid policy, yaitu penghentian pengiriman TKI tidak terampil. Tujuannya tidak lain adalah untuk memberikan perlindungan yang lebih besar bagi TKI di luar negeri. Taiwan menjadi salah satu target dari kebijakan ini. Kebijakan ini tentu akan berdampak pada ketersediaan tenaga kerja pada sektor kesejahteraan sosial di Taiwan di masa depan. Apalagi Taiwan sudah mencanangkan national ten-year long-term care. Lantas, bagaimana respon pemerintah Taiwan terhadap kebijakan ini? akanlah TKI digantikan posisinya oleh TKA lainnya? Artikel ini bertujuan untuk pertama, memahami posisi TKI di antara tenaga kerja asing lainnya yang bekerja di sektor informal di Taiwan. Kedua, memahami upaya pemerintah Taiwan dalam menanggapi rencana pemerintah Indonesia tersebut. Studi ini menggunakan studi literatur dan wawancara. Persoalan ini akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan pendekatan ekonomi dan sosial. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dari tahun 1992 hingga 2015.Kata kunci: ageing society, Taiwan, TKI, kebijakan ketenagakerjaan
Analysis of the Motivations and Satisfaction towards Ecotourism in a National Recreation Area: The Samanes Park in Guayaquil, Ecuador
Authors: CARVACHE - FRANCO Mauricio , CARVACHE - FRANCO Wilmer , ARCE -BASTIDAS Rafael , PROAÑO MOREIRA José Luis
Published: October 2018

Studying the motivations and satisfaction of visitors in protected areas is increasingly important for the interaction with nature. The Samanes Park recreation area located in the city of Guayaquil in Ecuador is visited by national and international tourists for outdoor activities and for the purpose of being in contact with nature. The present empirical study was carried out in situ, for which univariate and bivariate techniques were applied using a questionnaire. The results show that the main motivations of the visit are "to enjoy its environment and pure air", "to enjoy its public recreation spaces", "to perform sports" and "to carry out activities in nature", which indicates the importance of ecotourism in this destination. The most valued attributes in satisfaction are "security", followed by "places of recreation". Visitors to the Samanes Park find general satisfaction in their visit and the vast majority are totally satisfied. All these findings show the importance of this site for ecotourism in Ecuador.
HOW DO SOCIOLOGISTS KEEP UP WITH A SOCIAL WORLD?
Authors: MURJI Karim , NEAL Sarah
Published: October 2018

No abstract provided
ARE SOCIOLOGISTS READY FOR ‘ARTIFICIAL SOCIALITY’? CURRENT ISSUES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR STUDYING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
Authors: REZAEV Andrey V. , TREGUBOVA Natalia D.
Published: October 2018

Current sociology doesn’t have a settled view on what to do with a phenomenon that in the literature has been titled as “artificial intelligence” (AI). Sociological textbooks, handbooks, encyclopedias, and sociology classes’ syllabi typically either don’t have entries about AI at all or talk about it haphazardly with a stress on AI’s social effects and without discerning the underlying logic that moves the prodigy on. This paper is an invitation to a professional conversation about what and how social sciences can/should study “artificial intelligence”. It is based on a discussion of the preliminary results of an on-going three-year research project that has been launched at the ISA Congress in Toronto. The paper examines AI in relation with ‘artificial sociality’. It argues that research on AI-based technologies is flourishing mainly outside established disciplinary boundaries. Thus, social sciences have to look for new theoretical and methodological frameworks to approach AI and ‘artificial sociality’.
The diffeomorphism type of small hyperplane arrangements is combinatorially determined
Authors: Gallet Matteo , Saini Elia
Published: October 2018

It is known that there exist hyperplane arrangements with the same underlying matroid that admit non-homotopy equivalent complement manifolds. Here we show that, in any rank, complex central hyperplane arrangements with up to 7 hyperplanes and the same underlying matroid are isotopic. In particular, the diffeomorphism type of the complement manifold and the Milnor fiber and fibration of these arrangements are combinatorially determined, that is, they depend only on the underlying matroid. To prove this, we associate to every such matroid a topological space, that we call the reduced realization space; its connectedness, shown by means of symbolic computation, implies the desired result.
A review of clinical reasoning in nursing education: based on high-fidelity simulation teaching method
Authors: Luo Qiao-Qian , Petrini Marcia A
Published: October 2018

Objective

Clinical reasoning is an essential feature of health care practice; it is also a crucial ability for providing patient care of high quality. It has been identified that graduate nurses may lack the clinical reasoning skills to deliver safe and effective patient care. It is therefore of paramount importance to enhance nursing students' clinical reasoning ability. High-fidelity simulation (HFS) is proved to be an effective teaching and learning method, which may also have some advantages over other teaching methods.

Methods

The authors retrospectively reviewed the related literature, illustrated the application of high-fidelity simulation teaching method in nursing education, putting the focus on the use of it in teaching with clinical reasoning.

Results

The application of high-fidelity simulation to nursing education can simulate the clinical situation, thus to create a safe, continuous and efficient learning environment for students, and it can effectively improve students' clinical reasoning ability.

Conclusions

high-fidelity simulation is effective for clinical reasoning teaching in nursing education. The extension of its application in China should be of great value. The relevant further study is suggested focusing on how to overcome its own limitations and have it better applied in nursing education in China.