bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adolescents With d-Transposition of the Great Arteries Corrected With the Arterial Switch Procedure
Authors: Bellinger David C. , Wypij David , Rivkin Michael J. , DeMaso David R. , Robertson Richard L. , Dunbar-Masterson Carolyn , Rappaport Leonard A. , Wernovsky Gil , Jonas Richard A. , Newburger Jane W.
Published: August 2011

Background—

We report neuropsychological and structural brain imaging assessments in children 16 years of age with d-transposition of the great arteries who underwent the arterial switch operation as infants. Children were randomly assigned to a vital organ support method, deep hypothermia with either total circulatory arrest or continuous low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass.

Methods and Results—

Of 159 eligible adolescents, 139 (87%) participated. Academic achievement, memory, executive functions, visual-spatial skills, attention, and social cognition were assessed. Few significant treatment group differences were found. The occurrence of seizures in the postoperative period was the medical variable most consistently related to worse outcomes. The scores of both treatment groups tended to be lower than those of the test normative populations, with substantial proportions scoring ≥1 SDs below the expected mean. Although the test scores of most adolescents in this trial cohort are in the average range, a substantial proportion have received remedial academic or behavioral services (65%). Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities were more frequent in the d-transposition of the great arteries group (33%) than in a referent group (4%).

Conclusions—

Adolescents with d-transposition of the great arteries who have undergone the arterial switch operation are at increased neurodevelopmental risk. These data suggest that children with congenital heart disease may benefit from ongoing surveillance to identify emerging difficulties.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00000470.
Platelet Reactivity and Cardiovascular Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Price Matthew J. , Angiolillo Dominick J. , Teirstein Paul S. , Lillie Elizabeth , Manoukian Steven V. , Berger Peter B. , Tanguay Jean-François , Cannon Christopher P. , Topol Eric J.
Published: August 2011

Background—

In the Gauging Responsiveness With A VerifyNow P2Y12 Assay: Impact on Thrombosis and Safety (GRAVITAS) trial, 6 months of high-dose clopidogrel did not reduce cardiovascular events compared with standard-dose clopidogrel in patients with high on-treatment platelet reactivity (OTR) after percutaneous coronary intervention, defined as OTR ≥230 P2Y12 reaction units according to the VerifyNow P2Y12 platelet function test. The aim of this analysis was to examine the relationship between outcomes and OTR over the course of the trial.

Methods and Results—

OTR was measured at 12 to 24 hours and 30±7 days after percutaneous coronary intervention. Cox proportional hazards models with OTR as a time-varying covariate were used to determine the association between OTR and the primary end point of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stent thrombosis. Of the 2800 enrolled patients, 2796 (99.98%) had evaluable platelet function data. OTR <208 P2Y12 reaction units was significantly associated with a lower risk of the primary end point at 60 days (hazard ratio, 0.18; 95% confidence interval, 0.04 to 0.79;
P
=0.02) and at 6 months (hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.23 to 0.82;
P
=0.01). After adjustment for other significant predictors of outcome, OTR <208 P2Y12 reaction units remained independently associated with the primary end point at 60 days (hazard ratio, 0.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.05 to 0.98;
P
=0.047) and tended to be associated at 6 months (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.28 to 1.04;
P
=0.065).

Conclusions—

In the GRAVITAS trial, achievement of on-clopidogrel reactivity <208 P2Y12 reaction units at 12 to 24 hours after percutaneous coronary intervention or during follow-up was associated with a lower risk for cardiovascular events. The efficacy of an individualized strategy to target a level of OTR below this threshold merits investigation.

Clinical Trial Registration—

http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00645918.
Early Life Stress Enhances Angiotensin II–Mediated Vasoconstriction by Reduced Endothelial Nitric Oxide Buffering Capacity
Authors: Loria Analia S. , Kang Kyu-Tae , Pollock David M. , Pollock Jennifer S.
Published: August 2011

We reported previously that maternal separation (MS) sensitizes adult rats to angiotensin II (Ang II)–induced hypertension. The aim of this study was to investigate the vascular reactivity to Ang II and the role of renin-angiotensin system components, reactive oxygen species production, and NO synthase (NOS) buffering capacity mediating the exacerbated Ang II–induced responses. MS rats were separated from their mothers for 3 h/d from days 2 to 14 of life. Controls were nonhandled littermates. At 12 weeks of age, aortic Ang II–induced constriction was greater from MS rats compared with controls (
P
<0.05); moreover, endothelial denudation abolished this difference. The response to other constrictors was unchanged. Angiotensin type 2 receptor function was reduced in aortic Ang II–induced constriction from MS rats compared with controls. Angiotensin type 1 receptor function was similarly abolished in both groups. However, protein expressions of angiotensin type 1 and angiotensin type 2 receptors were similar in aortic rings from MS and control rats. Preincubation with superoxide inhibitor or scavenger attenuated the Ang II–induced vasoconstriction in control but not in MS rats. However, acute preincubation with an NOS inhibitor enhanced aortic Ang II–induced constriction in aorta from control rats, but this effect was significantly reduced in MS rats compared with control rats. Accordingly, a further increase in Ang II–induced hypertension attributed to chronic NOS inhibition (days 10 to 13) was blunted in MS rats compared with control rats. Similar NOS expression and activity were observed in control and MS rats. In conclusion, MS induces a phenotype with reduced endothelial NOS buffering capacity leading to dysfunctional endothelial Ang II–mediated signaling and sensitization to Ang II–induced vasoconstriction.
High-Dose Treatment With Telmisartan Induces Monocytic Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Target Genes in Patients With the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Bähr Ilse-Nirmala , Tretter Patrizia , Krüger Janine , Stark Renee G. , Schimkus Julia , Unger Thomas , Kappert Kai , Scholze Jürgen , Parhofer Klaus G. , Kintscher Ulrich
Published: August 2011

The present study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory effects and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ)–activating properties of the angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker telmisartan by analysis of serum interleukin 6 levels and monocytic PPARγ target gene expression in drug-naïve patients with the metabolic syndrome. This was a 14-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 2-center study with telmisartan 80 mg/d and telmisartan 160 mg/d in 54 patients with the metabolic syndrome. In addition to clinical laboratory measurements, peripheral monocytes were extracted by negative isolation using a Dynal Monocyte kit to evaluate ligand-activated PPARγ target gene expression (CD36 and CD163) at baseline and study end using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. In this low-risk patient population, telmisartan (80 and 160 mg) treatment did not significantly affect serum interleukin 6 levels. Expression of the PPARγ target gene CD36 in monocytes was markedly induced by telmisartan from baseline to study end (telmisartan 80 mg: 2.3±1.5-fold change versus placebo [
P
value not significant]; telmisartan 160 mg: 3.5±0.9-fold change versus placebo [
P
<0.05]). The recently reported PPARγ target gene CD163 was slightly induced by telmisartan (telmisartan 80 mg: 1.1±0.3-fold change versus placebo [
P
value not significant]; telmisartan 160 mg: 1.4±0.4-fold change versus placebo [
P
value not significant]), which did not reach statistical significance. This is the first clinical description of monocytic PPARγ target gene regulation with high-dose telmisartan treatment. These data implicate that the angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker telmisartan activates PPARγ in circulating monocytes of patients with the metabolic syndrome.
Decreased Slow Wave Sleep Increases Risk of Developing Hypertension in Elderly Men
Authors: Fung Maple M. , Peters Katherine , Redline Susan , Ziegler Michael G. , Ancoli-Israel Sonia , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth , Stone Katie L. ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Research Group
Published: August 2011

The importance of sleep to health and cardiovascular disease has become increasingly apparent. Sleep-disordered breathing, sleep duration, and sleep architecture may all influence metabolism and neurohormonal systems, yet no previous study has evaluated these sleep characteristics concurrently in relation to incident hypertension. Our objective was to determine whether incident hypertension is associated with polysomnography measures of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep duration, and sleep architecture in older men. Participants were 784 community-dwelling, ambulatory men ≥65 years of age (mean age: 75.1±4.9 years) from the Outcomes of Sleep Disorders in Older Men Study who did not have hypertension at the time of their in-home polysomnography sleep studies (2003–2005) and who returned for follow-up (2007–2009). Of 784 older men included in this report, 243 met criteria for incident hypertension after a mean follow-up of 3.4 years. In unadjusted analyses, incident hypertension was associated with increased hypoxemia, increased sleep stages N1 and N2, and decreased stage N3 (slow wave sleep [SWS]). After adjustment for age, nonwhite race, study site, and body mass index, the only sleep index to remain significantly associated with incident hypertension was SWS percentage (odds ratio for lowest to highest quartile of SWS: 1.83 [95% CI: 1.18 to 2.85]). No attenuation of this association was seen after accounting for sleep duration, sleep fragmentation, and indices of sleep-disordered breathing. Percentage time in SWS was inversely associated with incident hypertension, independent of sleep duration and fragmentation, and sleep-disordered breathing. Selective deprivation of SWS may contribute to adverse blood pressure in older men.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Familial Hyperaldosteronism
Authors: Mulatero Paolo , Tizzani Davide , Viola Andrea , Bertello Chiara , Monticone Silvia , Mengozzi Giulio , Schiavone Domenica , Williams Tracy Ann , Einaudi Silvia , La Grotta Antonio , Rabbia Franco , Veglio Franco
Published: August 2011

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most frequent cause of secondary hypertension, and patients display an increased prevalence of cardiovascular events compared with essential hypertensives. To date, 3 familial forms of PA have been described and termed familial hyperaldosteronism types I, II, and III (FH-I to -III). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of the 3 forms of FH in a large population of PA patients. Three-hundred consecutive PA patients diagnosed in our unit were tested by long-PCR of the
CYP11B1/CYP11B2
hybrid gene that causes FH-I, and all of the available relatives of PA patients were screened to confirm or exclude PA and, thus, FH-II. Urinary 18-hydroxycortisol and 18-oxocortisol were measured in all of the familial PA patients. Two patients were diagnosed with FH-I (prevalence: 0.66%), as well as 21 of their relatives, and clinical phenotypes of the 2 affected families varied markedly. After exclusion of families who refused testing and those who were not informative, 199 families were investigated, of which 12 were diagnosed with FH-II (6%) and an additional 15 individuals had confirmed PA; clinical and biochemical phenotypes of FH-II families were not significantly different from sporadic PA patients. None of the families displayed a phenotype compatible with FH-III diagnosis. Our study demonstrates that familial forms of hyperaldosteronism are more frequent than previously expected and reinforces the recommendation of the Endocrine Society Guidelines to screen all first-degree hypertensive relatives of PA patients.
Prognostic Significance of Serum Uric Acid in Women With Gestational Hypertension
Authors: Bellomo Gianni , Venanzi Sandro , Saronio Paolo , Verdura Claudio , Narducci Pier Luca
Published: August 2011

Aim of our study was to ascertain, prospectively, whether serum uric acid is a suitable predictor of preeclampsia and/or the delivery of small-for-gestational-age infants in women with gestational hypertension. We screened 206 primiparas, with a singleton pregnancy, referred for recent onset of hypertension. At presentation, we measured serum uric acid, creatinine, blood glucose, hemoglobin and platelet level, and 24-hour proteinuria, as well as office and 24-hour blood pressures. We followed the women until 1 month after delivery and recorded pregnancy outcome. After logistic regression analysis, uric acid resulted a significant predictor of preeclampsia, with an unadjusted odds ratio of 9.1 (95% CI: 4.8 to 17.4;
P
<0.001); after adjustment for age, gestation week, hemoglobin and platelet levels, serum creatinine, office and 24-hour average systolic and diastolic blood pressures, it was 7.1 (95% CI: 3.2 to 15.7;
P
<0.001). Regarding the association between maternal serum uric acid and the chance of giving birth to a small-for-gestational-age infant, the unadjusted odds ratio was 1.7 (95% CI: 1.4 to 2.2;
P
<0.001), and it was 1.6 (95% CI: 1.1 to 2.4;
P
=0.02) after adjustment. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that serum uric acid, at a 309-μmol/L cutoff, predicted the development of preeclampsia (area under the curve: 0.955), with 87.7% sensitivity and 93.3% specificity, and the delivery of small-for-gestational-age infants (area under the curve: 0.784) with 83.7% sensitivity and 71.7% specificity. In conclusion, the results of our study show that serum uric acid is a reliable predictor of preeclampsia in women referred for gestational hypertension.
Beyond the Mandela decade: The ethic of reconciliation?
Authors: Sitas Ari
Published: August 2011

The author claims that there is an emergent ethic of reconciliation which influences social and political action in the recent period. This ethic of reconciliation has four sources: neo-Gandhian dispositions in the global South that provide a critique of arms and of military solutions; post-racist and pro-peace and feminist discourses in the West that emerged through significant social movements of reflexive modernization; and post-Stalinist socialist ideas and practices that have renovated Marxism and the work of the arts, literature and performance. The article goes on to point to some serious sociological reasons why this ethic of reconciliation has consolidated its presence and how the experience of war, violence and instrumental reason have been and are seriously challenged.
‘Fear of numbers’: Reflections on the South African case
Authors: Maré Gerhard
Published: August 2011

Arjun Appadurai’s The Fear of Small Numbers: An Essay on the Geography of Anger (2006) draws largely on the case of India for empirical data. The ‘fear of small numbers’ that he discusses relates to the insecurity of contemporary societies, where ‘pollution’ of the national body by minority groups leads not only to irritation and discomfort but at times to the need for the violent cleansing of the pollutant, to conflict. Neville Alexander (2008) , similarly, said that ‘to define yourself into a minority corner in a situation such as the transition in South Africa is to play with fire in an almost literal sense’. In South Africa, historically, concerns with population numbers concern neither minorities nor majorities, but the manipulation of both through classification and counting of categories. South Africa presents us with the fear of numbers, both large and small. Such an approach demands acknowledgement of the complexity and international comparative studies of census-taking.
Creolization, colonial citizenship(s) and degeneracy: A critique of selected histories of Sierra Leone and South Africa
Authors: Erasmus Zimitri
Published: August 2011

This work examines the nexus between creolization, colonial citizenship(s) and discourses of degeneration. It focuses on two sites: (1) 19th- and 20th-century Freetown, Sierra Leone, and (2) the early Cape and 20th-century South Africa. The author engages three key thinkers: Edouard Glissant, Jean-Loup Amselle and Mahmood Mamdani to illustrate how these colonial administrations deployed creolization to construct partial citizenships derived from ideas of ‘mixed race’ and ‘corrupted’ or ‘lacking’ culture. The author argues that ‘Creole’ and ‘creole’ signified, in the colonial imagination, a ‘degenerate type’ behind its legal category, ‘non-native’, and shows how uses of the concepts ‘creolization’ and ‘creole’, in selected histories of the Cape and Freetown, surrender to their colonial meanings, obscure their biopolitical significance and so, collude with discourses of degeneration. The article concludes first, that Edouard Glissant’s conception of creolization as method counters ethnological reasoning and second, that his concept ‘Relation’ enables citizenship(s) that contest social inequality and live with difference.
Race, attitudes and behaviour in racially-mixed, low-income neighbourhoods in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Muyeba Singumbe , Seekings Jeremy
Published: August 2011

The end of apartheid in South Africa has not led to widespread racial desegregation and racial integration. Racial segregation and antipathy appear to have deep and enduring roots. There has been some racial desegregation in middle-class or elite neighbourhoods, due to the rapid upward mobility of some ‘African’, ‘coloured’ and ‘Indian’ people, but very little racial desegregation across most of the country. This article examines exceptional cases of racial desegregation and racial integration in low-income neighbourhoods in Cape Town, where mixes of coloured and African people have been allocated new public housing. Because residents of these neighbourhoods did not choose to live in racially-integrated areas, the study of their evolving inter-racial interactions helps us to understand anew the possibility of transcending racial division in a society like South Africa. The article finds that residents of these neighbourhoods retain a highly racialized discourse and subscribe to some racial stereotypes. At the same time, however, a variety of positive inter-racial interactions occur, and friendships form, beyond people’s expectations. The dominant culture is a racialized but tolerant multiculturalism.
Cigarette Smoking and Inflammation
Authors: Lee J. , Taneja V. , Vassallo R.
Published: August 2011

Cigarette smoke (CS) causes considerable morbidity and mortality by inducing cancer, chronic lung and vascular diseases, and oral disease. Despite the well-recognized risks associated with smoking, the habit remains unacceptably prevalent. Several toxins present in CS have immunomodulatory effects. CS also contains trace amounts of microbial cell components, including bacterial lipopolysaccharide. These and other CS constituents induce chronic inflammation at mucosal surfaces and modify host responses to exogenous antigens. The effects of CS on immunity are far-reaching and complex; both pro-inflammatory and suppressive effects may be induced. The net effect of CS on immunity depends on many variables, including the dose and type of tobacco, the route and chronicity of exposure, and the presence of other factors at the time of immune cell stimulation, such as Toll receptor ligands or other inflammatory mediators. CS impairs innate defenses against pathogens, modulates antigen presentation, and promotes autoimmunity. CS also impairs immunity in the oral cavity and promotes gingival and periodontal disease and oral cancer. The recognition of specific mechanisms by which CS affects host immunity is an important step toward elucidating mechanisms of tobacco-induced disease and may identify novel therapeutic approaches for the management of diseases that afflict smokers.

Abbreviations: AP-1, activator protein-1; CD, cluster of differentiation; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; IFNγ, interferon gamma; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B; RAGE, receptors for advanced glycation end-products; ROS, reactive oxidative species; RORγτ, retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor transcription factor; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; T-bet, T-box transcription factor; Th, T-helper; TLR, Toll-like receptors; TNFα, Tumor necrosis factor alpha; and TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoeitin.
Application of Strategic Management Tools After an NPM-Inspired Reform
Authors: Hansen Jesper Rosenberg
Published: August 2011

Strategic management is said to become increasingly relevant in public organizations due to new public management (NPM) changes. However, there is a lack of studies investigating how public organizations actually apply strategic management tools which is an important aspect of strategy as practice. This article investigates which strategic management tools are applied and whether changes take place in the application of different types of tools after an NPM-inspired reform. In addition, explanations are sought for the application of different types of tools. This is investigated in Danish upper secondary schools where a reform made the schools self-governed and taximeter financed.
Transparency Reforms in the Public Sector: Beyond the New Economics of Organization
Authors: Arellano-Gault David , Lepore Walter
Published: August 2011

This article challenges the arguments of the new economics of organization (NEO) on the phenomenon of transparency in the public sector. This is achieved by conducting an empirical study of 16 federal agencies in Mexico, which analyzes the implementation of the federal transparency law. Our findings indicate that some organizations are developing internal dynamics well beyond those anticipated by the law, while others are just complying with the minimum legal requirements. We suggest that there is a dynamic of transparency ‘internalization’ in these organizations that the NEO has been neglecting, and also a basic contradiction in the construction of the NEO theory, which affects the design and implementation of transparency laws. Solving this problem would demand a change of the underlying paradigm that sustains transparency reforms. Instead of taking opportunism, selfishness, and a profound distrust attitude toward public servants as departure points, effective transparency reforms require trustworthy public officials in order to endorse and implement successful organizational transformations that foster public openness and transparency.
The Grit in the Oyster: Professionalism, Managerialism and Leaderism as Discourses of UK Public Services Modernization
Authors: O’Reilly Dermot , Reed Mike
Published: August 2011

The representation of organizational agency in UK policy discourse on public service modernization is analysed in order to disclose the legitimation of elite organizational centres and the structuring of organizational peripheries and their potential for resistance. Three discourses are identified and explored: the residual, but still potent, discourse of professionalism; the dominant discourse of managerialism; and the emergent discourse of leaderism. The emergent discourse of leaderism is shown to be linked to an imaginary of neo-bureaucratic organizing, which represents an evolution of New Public Management. As such, the analysis of leaderism, a new form of privileged agency, contributes an insight into the dynamics of public service modernization. This is developed through exploring leaderism’s tension between its strong affinity with unitarist managerialism and its weaker linkages to quasi-pluralist stakeholder networks which create potentialities for new forms of active resistance.
Adolescent Bullies on Cyber Island
Authors: Strom Paris , Strom Robert , Walker Jenny , Sindel-Arrington Tricia , Beckert Troy
Published: August 2011

Decisions regarding school improvement are based on observations of adults. A more accurate picture of institutional assets and limitations emerges when observations of students are also considered. This presentation shows how student polling can help principals enhance conditions of learning and safety. Implications of Cyberbully Poll results at one junior high are summarized so that stakeholders can understand local severity, motivation for abuse, and need for greater parent orientation to this danger. The leadership role of principles is emphasized.
How to Aggregate Health? Separability and the Effect of Framing
Authors: Turpcu Adam , Bleichrodt Han , Le Quang A. , Doctor Jason N.
Published: August 2011

Background. Unweighted summation or quality-adjusted life year (QALY) utilitarianism is the most common way to aggregate health benefits in a cost-effectiveness analysis. A key qualitative principle underlying QALY utilitarianism is separability: those individuals unaffected by a policy choice should not influence the policy choice. Separability also underlies several of the alternatives for QALY utilitarianism that have been proposed. Objectives. To test separability and to test whether the support for separability is affected by the framing of the choice questions. Methods. In 2 experiments, 345 student subjects (162 in the first experiment, and 183 in the second experiment) were asked to select 1 of 2 possible treatments, with each treatment resulting in a different distribution of health across individuals. The only aspect that varied across choice questions was the state of the patients whose health was unaffected by the act of choosing a policy. In each experiment, we used 2 frames. In the implicit frame, it was implied but not plainly expressed what outcomes the treatments had in common. In the explicit frame, common outcomes of the 2 treatments were directly stated. The 2 experiments differed in the way the explicit frame was presented (verbal v. numerical). Results. The support for separability was significantly greater in the explicit frame. The proportion of violations in the implicit frame was 44% in Experiment 1 and 31% in Experiment 2, while in the explicit frame, the proportion of violations was 28% in Experiment 1 and 8% in Experiment 2. Conclusions. Framing affected the support for separability, raising issues as to whether it is possible to achieve a canonical representation of social choices.
A comparison between rapid expressions for evaluation of the critical J-integral in plates with U-notches under mode I loading
Authors: Barati E , Berto F
Published: August 2011

In this paper, some practical linear-elastic equations for evaluation of the critical value of the J-integral in plates with U-notches under mode I loading are presented and applied to brittle and quasi-brittle materials. The relationship between the J-integral and strain energy averaged over a well-defined control volume, depending on the static properties of the material, is applied, with the aim of obtaining the final expressions. It is found that these three proposed equations provide the same results, with any differences being negligible. By using one of these equations, one can evaluate Jcr and then predict the critical fracture load by means of the Jcr criterion. The results have shown that the critical value of the J-integral ( Jcr) is a function of the ratio of the material control radius to the notch-root radius ( Rc/ρ), the ratio of specimen width to notch depth ( w/ a), the notch acuity ( a/ρ), and the loading condition (tensile or bending loadings) in U-notches under mode I loading. However, the effect of the loading condition, a/ρ and w/ a ratios may be negligible. Therefore only the Rc/ρ ratio (i.e. the material properties and the notch-root radius of the specimen) affects Jcr.
Glenohumeral Muscle Activation During Provocative Tests Designed to Diagnose Superior Labrum Anterior-Posterior Lesions
Authors: Wood Vanessa J.C. , Sabick Michelle B. , Pfeiffer Ron P. , Kuhlman Seth M. , Christensen Jason H. , Curtin Michael J.
Published: August 2011

Background: Despite considerable medical advances, arthroscopy remains the only definitive means of superior labrum anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesion diagnosis. Natural shoulder anatomic variants limit the reliability of radiographic findings and clinical evaluations are not consistent. Accurate clinical diagnostic techniques would be advantageous because of the invasiveness, patient risk, and financial cost associated with arthroscopy.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the behavior of the joint-stabilizing muscles in provocative tests for SLAP lesions. Electromyography was used to characterize the muscle behavior, with particular interest in the long head of the biceps brachii (LHBB), as activation of the long head and subsequent tension in the biceps tendon should, based on related research, elicit labral symptoms in SLAP lesion patients.

Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.

Methods: Volunteers (N = 21) without a history of shoulder injury were recruited. The tests analyzed were active compression, Speed’s, pronated load, biceps load I, biceps load II, resisted supination external rotation, and Yergason’s. Tests were performed with a dynamometer to improve reproducibility. Muscle activity was recorded for the long and short heads of the biceps brachii, anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, infraspinatus, and supraspinatus. Muscle behavior for each test was characterized by peak activation and proportion of muscle activity.

Results: Speed’s, active compression palm-up, bicep I, and bicep II produced higher long head activations. Resisted supination external rotation, bicep I, bicep II, and Yergason’s produced a higher LHBB proportion.

Conclusion: Biceps load I and biceps load II elicited promising long head behavior (high activation and selectivity). Speed’s and active compression palm up elicited higher activation of the LHBB, and resisted supination and Yergason’s elicited selective LHBB activity. These top performing tests utilize a unique range of test variables that may prove valuable for optimal SLAP test design and performance.

Clinical Relevance: This study examines several provocative tests that are frequently used in the clinical setting as a means of evaluating a potential SLAP lesion.
Effect of Chronic Iron Deficiency on Neuropsychological Domains in Infants
Authors: Beltrán-Navarro Beatriz , Matute Esmeralda , Vásquez-Garibay Edgar , Zarabozo Daniel
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of chronic iron deficiency on neuropsychological traits in infants. We established the nutritional iron status and assessed the neuropsychological characteristics of 58 Mexican 14- to 18-month-old infants. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development, preschool language scales and an environmental sound perception task designed expressly for the study, were used. The infants’ mothers were asked to fill out 2 questionnaires concerning their child’s sociodemographic background. Six different neuropsychological domains were analyzed. Results showed that the chronic iron deficiency group did show significantly lower scores on language, environmental sound perception, and motor measures, when compared with infants with normal nutritional iron status at 6 and 14 to 18 months. Our conclusion is that the development of language and motor skills and environmental sound perception appeared to be sensitive to the effects of chronic iron deficiency in infants.
A Long-Term Open-Label Extension Study Assessing Cognition and Behavior, Tolerability, Safety, and Efficacy of Adjunctive Levetiracetam in Children Aged 4 to 16 Years With Partial-Onset Seizures
Authors: Schiemann-Delgado Jimmy , Yang Haichen , Loge Christine de la , Stalvey Tracy J. , Jones John , LeGoff Daniel , Mintz Mark
Published: August 2011

The objective of this study was to assess cognition and behavior in children (4-16 years; n = 103) with partial-onset seizures using the Leiter-R International Performance Scale and Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist. The study was a multicenter, open-label, noncomparative 48-week extension study (NCT00152516) of adjunctive levetiracetam (20-100 mg/kg/d, mean 50.2 mg/kg/d). Improvement from baseline in Leiter-R Memory Screen composite score at weeks 24 and 48 (mean [SD] change, +4.8 [12.6] and +4.5 [15.3]) was similar to changes observed with levetiracetam and placebo in a prior study. Child Behavior Checklist Syndrome scores improved from baseline at weeks 24 and 48 (total problems mean [SD] change, –9.3 [22.2] and –10.4 [23.4]). Adjunctive levetiracetam was well tolerated (most frequently reported central nervous system–related treatment-emergent adverse events: headache [24.3%], aggression [7.8%], irritability [7.8%]). Of the patients, 4.9% discontinued because of treatment-emergent adverse events. Levetiracetam provided good and sustained seizure control (median percentage reduction from baseline in partial-onset seizure frequency/wk during maintenance: 86.4%); 24.7% of patients had continuous seizure freedom from all seizure types for ≥40 weeks. In children, adjunctive levetiracetam was associated with long-term stability in cognitive functioning and improvement in emotional/behavioral functioning over time.
Roy’s Adaptation Model
Authors: Clarke Pamela N. , Barone Stacey H. , Hanna Debra , Senesac Pamela M.
Published: August 2011

This column presents a dialogue with three Roy scholars. They discuss research, practice, administration, and education issues in nursing from a Roy perspective and present data on curriculum in schools across the United States in relation to the use of nursing theory and Roy’s model.
How are we creative together? Comparing sociocognitive and sociocultural answers
Authors: Glăveanu Vlad-Petre
Published: August 2011

The present article aims to distinguish between a sociocognitive and a sociocultural approach to forms of “collective” creativity. While the first is well-illustrated by studies of group or team creativity, the second has generally supported investigations of collaborative creativity, most of them performed in the last few decades. The comparison between these two fields takes different levels into account, from the epistemological position adopted to issues concerning the theories and methods used. Special attention is given to reviewing models of creativity. However, although the literature on group creativity contains several cognitive models, there is a scarcity of such constructions for collaborative creativity. This is why a secondary aim of this material is to introduce a sociocultural theoretical framework and discuss its implications for developing situated models of creativity. In the end, the similarities and differences between the two paradigms are examined with reference to both theory and research and arguments are given for why it would be beneficial for sociocognitivists and socioculturalists to engage in a more consistent dialogue.
Sado-masochism and feminist desire: The other measure of true love bleeds
Authors: Morgan Mandy
Published: August 2011

This paper engages the notion of parallax: the moment of irreconcilable difference, the gap, the tension, in the presentation of things seen from different perspectives. In this case the particular “thing seen” from different perspectives is something like a subject position in which women’s desire is inscribed as sado-masochistic—both in popular accounts of intimate violence and in more academic accounts of feminist textual resistances within the discourse of victimization. In the process, two stories involving encounters with sado-masochism and feminist desire dialogue with other texts to create problematics within the irreconcilable subject positions they produce when a feminist woman narrates.
The impasses of encounter: Psychoanalysis and feminism: A response to Mandy Morgan
Authors: Ror Malone Kareen
Published: August 2011

This paper is a response to Mandy Morgan’s “Sado-Masochism and Feminist Desire: The Other Measure of True Love Bleeds.” It attempts to take her ambiguities in authorial voice and interrogation of sado-masochism in narrativity and within subjectivity as serious impasses for the understanding of a feminist transformative desire. Although far from touching on all dimensions of the text, the response essay indicates how the dilemma of violence itself erupts in the text and lays out the problematic with which Morgan struggles in all of its complexity. I discuss Morgan’s dialogue with the Lacanian Žižek in relation to his allusion to sexual violence and love. I also discuss some notions of love and trauma as it is framed within a Lacanian perspective.
Awareness and insight in psychopathology: An essential distinction?
Authors: Marková Ivana S. , Berrios German E.
Published: August 2011

In psychiatry/clinical psychology, the language of psychopathology remains the main clinical and research tool as it seeks to capture the clinical phenomena underlying mental disorders. It is thus important periodically to review it in order to clarify and refine its relationship to its referent phenomena. This paper argues for a fundamental distinction to be made, in a technical sense, between awareness and insight as, respectively, the narrower and wider form of self-knowledge patients have concerning their conditions.This distinction is based on differences between “objects” of such self-knowledge. Where “objects” refer to impairment of function, as in the neurosciences, the corresponding phenomenon of self-knowledge (awareness) is narrow, based on a direct appraisal of impairment, and evaluated quantitatively . Where “objects” refer to mental symptoms/disorders, as in clinical psychology/psychiatry, the corresponding phenomena of self-knowledge (insight) are wide, based on both direct and indirect appraisals of change, and are evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. The technical distinction between awareness and insight is important because it differentiates between structural differences in phenomena, indicative of differences in underlying mechanisms, and in turn suggesting the need to adopt different approaches to their study.
Encountering impasses: Yet another story
Authors: Morgan Mandy
Published: August 2011

In turn, I reply here to Kareen Ror Malone’s response to my paper “Sado-Masochism and Feminist Desire: The Other Measure of True Love Bleeds.” The multiple possibilities of recognition and puzzlement that emerge from my reading of “The Impasses of Encounter: Psychoanalysis and Feminism” are fecund; though the space to consider them here is seriously limited. In place of revisiting questions of form and style associated with écriture feminine, or feminist desire, I’ve addressed some contradictions located where the domain of law and answering one’s accounting don’t meet. Still, at this point my reply is reduced to comments in passing and another couple of stories about encountering impasses. They are stories that, for me, continue to resonate with the relevance of écriture feminine.
Vygotsky’s idea of Gestalt and its origins
Authors: Blunden Andy
Published: August 2011

The origins of Vygotsky’s conception of Gestalt in Goethe, Hegel, and Marx is traced, demonstrating how this concept not only forms a methodological foundation for Vygotsky, but also is the key concept through which this series of thinkers has overcome various forms of dualism. Vygotsky’s use of the concept in his unfinished work on child development is reviewed and it is shown how this conception of Gestalt sheds new light on the concept of the zone of proximal development.
A Review of Morphing Aircraft
Authors: Barbarino Silvestro , Bilgen Onur , Ajaj Rafic M. , Friswell Michael I. , Inman Daniel J.
Published: August 2011

Aircraft wings are a compromise that allows the aircraft to fly at a range of flight conditions, but the performance at each condition is sub-optimal. The ability of a wing surface to change its geometry during flight has interested researchers and designers over the years as this reduces the design compromises required. Morphing is the short form for metamorphose; however, there is neither an exact definition nor an agreement between the researchers about the type or the extent of the geometrical changes necessary to qualify an aircraft for the title ‘shape morphing.’ Geometrical parameters that can be affected by morphing solutions can be categorized into: planform alteration (span, sweep, and chord), out-of-plane transformation (twist, dihedral/gull, and span-wise bending), and airfoil adjustment (camber and thickness). Changing the wing shape or geometry is not new. Historically, morphing solutions always led to penalties in terms of cost, complexity, or weight, although in certain circumstances, these were overcome by system-level benefits. The current trend for highly efficient and ‘green’ aircraft makes such compromises less acceptable, calling for innovative morphing designs able to provide more benefits and fewer drawbacks. Recent developments in ‘smart’ materials may overcome the limitations and enhance the benefits from existing design solutions. The challenge is to design a structure that is capable of withstanding the prescribed loads, but is also able to change its shape: ideally, there should be no distinction between the structure and the actuation system. The blending of morphing and smart structures in an integrated approach requires multi-disciplinary thinking from the early development, which significantly increases the overall complexity, even at the preliminary design stage. Morphing is a promising enabling technology for the future, next-generation aircraft. However, manufacturers and end users are still too skeptical of the benefits to adopt morphing in the near future. Many developed concepts have a technology readiness level that is still very low. The recent explosive growth of satellite services means that UAVs are the technology of choice for many investigations on wing morphing. This article presents a review of the state-of-the-art on morphing aircraft and focuses on structural, shape-changing morphing concepts for both fixed and rotary wings, with particular reference to active systems. Inflatable solutions have been not considered, and skin issues and challenges are not discussed in detail. Although many interesting concepts have been synthesized, few have progressed to wing tunnel testing, and even fewer have flown. Furthermore, any successful wing morphing system must overcome the weight penalty due to the additional actuation systems.
Select Features in Finale 2011 for Music Educators
Authors: Thompson Douglas Earl
Published: August 2011

A feature-laden software program such as Finale is an overwhelming tool to master—if one hopes to master many features in a short amount of time. Believing that working with a fewer number of features can be a helpful approach, this article looks at a select number of features in Finale 2011 of obvious use to music educators. These features are examined under three main headings: (a) Worksheets and Repertoire for Classroom Use, (b) Notation Options, and (c) Music Import/Export Features.
Realizing Empowerment in Difficult Diabetes Care
Authors: Zoffmann Vibeke , Kirkevold Marit
Published: August 2011

Although health professionals advocate empowerment in patient care, they often fail to realize it in practice. Through grounded theories we previously explained why barriers to empowerment were seldom overcome in diabetes care. Zoffmann used these theories as a basis for developing a decision-making and problem-solving method called guided self-determination (GSD). To realize empowerment, health professionals need detailed knowledge of the barriers, their own roles in these barriers, ways to overcome them, and recognizable evidence of having succeeded. Through theory-driven, qualitative evaluation, the previously developed grounded theories helped us recognize changes consistent with empowerment in dyads of nurses and patients with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes. By completing GSD reflection, patients remarkably improved their ability to identify, express, and share unique and unexpected difficulties related to living with diabetes. As signs of empowerment, patients and health professionals accomplished shared decision making, resolved life–disease conflicts, and established meaningful and effective relationships.
The Relationship Between Symbolic Interactionism and Interpretive Description
Authors: Oliver Carolyn
Published: August 2011

In this article I explore the relationship between symbolic interactionist theory and interpretive description methodology. The two are highly compatible, making symbolic interactionism an excellent theoretical framework for interpretive description studies. The pragmatism underlying interpretive description supports locating the methodology within this cross-disciplinary theory to make it more attractive to nonnursing researchers and expand its potential to address practice problems across the applied disciplines. The theory and method are so compatible that symbolic interactionism appears to be part of interpretive description’s epistemological foundations. Interpretive description’s theoretical roots have, to date, been identified only very generally in interpretivism and the philosophy of nursing. A more detailed examination of its symbolic interactionist heritage furthers the contextualization or forestructuring of the methodology to meet one of its own requirements for credibility.
Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Bisceglia Michele , Dimitri Lucia , Giannatempo Giuseppe , Carotenuto Vincenzo , Bianco Mario , Monte Vincenzo , D’Angelo Vincenzo , Magro Gaetano
Published: August 2011

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) of the central nervous system was first described in 1996. A number of cases have been reported since. The authors present 5 new cases: 4 intracranial and 1 intraspinal. All patients were adults (age range, 47 to 75 years); 4 were male and 1 female; 4 cases were primary tumors; and 1 was a second tumor recurrence. All patients were surgically treated with gross total removal. All cases were histologically examined with immunohistochemical confirmation; 2 tumors exhibited diffuse classic histology, 1 tumor was a cellular variant, 1 tumor was myxoid, and 1 was predominantly classic with focal myxoid features and focally pleomorphic. The postoperative course was uneventful in all. The patient with the cellular variant experienced 2 local recurrences and eventually died of disease 10 years after the initial diagnosis. The patient with the myxoid variant—the tumor studied—which was the second recurrence of a previously misdiagnosed fibrous meningioma surgically treated 15 years earlier, had a recurrence after 2 years for the third time and eventually died of disease. Three patients are alive and well 11.6, 6, and 4 years after surgery. SFT is a rare tumor that needs to be differentiated from some mimickers, mainly fibrous meningioma, hemangiopericytoma, and with regard to the myxoid variant, also adult-onset myxochordoid meningioma and myxoid peripheral nerve sheath tumor. Immunohistochemistry is crucial for the correct diagnosis of SFT. The authors also performed a review of the literature and found a little more than 200 cases on record.