bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration of banana crop residues as biomass feedstock into conventional production of first‐generation fuel ethanol from sugarcane: a simulation‐based case study
Authors: de Souza Priscila Katerine , Battisti Rodrigo , Souza Ozair , Sellin Noeli , Machado Ricardo Antonio Francisco , Marangoni Cintia
Published: February 2021

Sugar‐based feedstock of banana crop residues (pseudostem, peel, and rejected fruits) were integrated into first‐generation sugarcane ethanol production through simulated proposals using Aspen Hysys®. Different contents of sugars (6.5, 10, 15, 20, and 22 wt%) in the concentrated broth from banana residues were evaluated. The increase in sugar content in the broth led to an increase of 25% in the energy requirement of the evaporation stage. However, there was a reduction up to 55.31% in the energy requirement of the ethanol recovery stage with 22 wt% of sugar content. Addition of residue broth of 6.5, 10 and 15 wt% until the sugarcane broth is diluted by 20 wt% led to an increase in fermentation volume of 14.3, 19.2 and 39.7%, and an increase in ethanol productivity of 4.1, 7.9 and 26.1%, respectively. The integration of banana crop residues for a scaled‐up process showed technical viability, producing 21.97 ton h–1 of ethanol 99.50 wt%, although energy requirements of biomass pretreatment steps are still a limiting factor for the industry. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A systematic literature review of antecedent and reinforcement‐based behavioral feeding interventions without the implementation of escape extinction
Authors: Tereshko Lisa , Leaf Justin B. , Weiss Mary Jane , Rich Amy , Pistorino Morgan
Published: February 2021

Restrictive and avoidant patterns of eating behavior can be seen in children with and without a diagnosed disability, and these patterns may then lead to avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. The three main categories of feeding problems often observed in children are food refusal, refusal to self‐feed, and food selectivity. This literature review includes 21 articles that implemented feeding interventions, without the use of escape extinction or other intrusive interventions, to increase food acceptance. Each article was analyzed across several dimensions (participants, setting, assessments conducted, experimental design, intervention implemented, and outcome and generalization). From this analysis, information regarding the use of antecedent and reinforcement‐based practices for feeding intervention is discussed, as well as limitations in the current literature and suggestions for future research.
Modeling of copy number variability in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Lu Amos E. , Maloney Andrew J. , Dalvie Neil C. , Brady Joseph R. , Love Kerry R. , Love J. Christopher , Braatz Richard D.
Published: February 2021

Development of continuous biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes is an area of active research. This study considers the long‐term transgene copy number stability of Pichia pastoris in continuous bioreactors. We propose a model of copy number loss that quantifies population heterogeneity. An analytical solution is derived and compared with existing experimental data. The model is then used to provide guidance for stable operating timescales. The model is extended to consider copy number dependent growth such as in the case of Zeocin supplementation. The model is also extended to analyze a continuous seeding strategy. This study is a critical step towards understanding the impact of continuous processing on the stability of Pichia pastoris and the resultant products.
Control of surge tanks for continuous manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Thakur Garima , Nikita Saxena , Tiwari Anamika , Rathore Anurag S.
Published: February 2021

Surge tanks are critical but often overlooked enablers of continuous bioprocessing. They provide multiple benefits including dampening of concentration gradients and allowing process resumption efforts in case of equipment failure or unexpected deviations, which can occur during a continuous campaign of weeks or months. They are also useful in enabling steady‐state operation across a continuous train by facilitating mass balance between unit operations such as chromatography which have periodic loading and elution cycles. In this paper, we propose a design of a system of surge tanks for a monoclonal antibody (mAb) production process consisting of cell culture, clarification, capture chromatography, viral inactivation, polishing chromatography, and single‐pass ultrafiltration and diafiltration. A Python controller has been developed for robust control of the continuous train. The controller has four layers, namely data acquisition, process scheduling, deviation handling, and real‐time execution. A set of general guidelines for surge tank placement and sizing have been proposed together with process control strategies based on the design space of the individual unit operations, failure modes analysis of the different equipment, and expected variability in the process feed streams for both fed‐batch and perfusion bioreactors. The control system has been successfully demonstrated for several continuous runs of up to 36 h in duration and is able to leverage surge tanks for robust control of the continuous train in the face of product variability as well as process errors while maintaining critical quality attributes. The proposed set of strategies for surge tank control are adaptable to most continuous processing setups for mAbs, and together form the first framework that can fully realize the benefits of surge tanks in continuous bioprocessing.
A new insight into subinteractomes of functional antagonists: Thromboxane (CYP5A1) and prostacyclin (CYP8A1) synthases
Authors: Ershov Pavel V. , Yablokov Evgeniy , Zgoda Victor , Mezentsev Yuri , Gnedenko Oksana , Kaluzhskiy Leonid , Svirid Andrey , Gilep Andrei , Usanov Sergey A. , Ivanov Alexis
Published: February 2021

The current article aims to summarize all possible spectrum of protein–protein interactions for thromboxane A synthase (CYP5A1) and prostacyclin synthase (CYP8A1). These enzymes metabolize the same substrate (prostaglandin H2) and can participate in cardiovascular, inflammatory, immune processes, and apoptosis modulation, as well as significantly influence the risk of cancers. Binary protein–protein and multiprotein complexes are of great importance in enzyme‐regulating and signal‐transduction pathways. However, protein partners of CYP5A1 and CYP8A1 are not yet fully identified, although both synthases are considered as prospective drug targets. At least 36 novel protein partners of CYP5A1 and CYP8A1 were revealed from different tissue types using an approach based on affinity isolation and mass spectrometry. Enrichment analysis showed that these proteins have different molecular functions: folding (refolding), unfolded protein and chaperon binding, protein transport (export/import), posttranslational modification, protein domain‐specific binding, antioxidant activity, and glutathione homeostasis. A significant part of them, belonging to molecular chaperones, were common partners for CYP5A1 and CYP8A1, while other proteins were unique with the tissue‐dependent distribution. New aspects of CYP5A1 and CYP8A1 interactomics and hetero‐complex formation with different protein partners, including cytochrome P450s are discussed.
Plaster pipes and crystalized graphite: Open transventricular transcatheter aortic valve replacement for failed mechanical aortic valve prostheses in the porcelain aorta
Authors: Yong Matthew S. , Camuglia Anthony C. , Cox Stephen V. , Cole Christopher M.
Published: February 2021

Patients with a true porcelain aorta and a failed mechanical aortic valve prosthesis have limited treatment options. Using a hybrid of an open trans‐ventricular approach with peripheral cardiopulmonary bypass and integration of transcatheter techniques this challenge can be overcome. Trans‐ventricular mechanical valve extraction (with transcatheter endovascular occlusion and cardioplegia) followed by direct ante‐grade transcatheter heart valve implantation offers a potential solution to this conundrum. The procedure described is a novel technique that allows for the effective treatment of patients with failed mechanical surgical aortic valve prostheses in the setting of an inoperable porcelain aorta. In addition, a collaborative integrated multi‐disciplinary heart team environment is required for the management of these complex patients.
Characteristics and outcomes of surgically ineligible patients with multivessel disease treated with percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Shields Mary C. , Ouellette Michelle , Kiefer Nicholas , Kohan Luke , Taylor Angela M. , Ailawadi Gorav , Ragosta Michael
Published: February 2021

Objectives

In this study we evaluated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of surgically ineligible patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Background

Patients with multivessel CAD who are surgically ineligible and undergo PCI are not well represented in large trials.

Methods

Out of 1,061 consecutive patients who underwent a non‐emergent PCI for unprotected left main or multivessel CAD at the University of Virginia Medical Center, 137 patients were determined to be surgically ineligible for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery by a heart team. The clinical characteristics and reasons for surgical ineligibility were collected. The coronary angiograms were reviewed and the SYNTAX score calculated. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score was calculated. Outcomes were determined at 30 days and 1‐year.

Results

The mean age of the cohort was 71 and 59% were women. Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, tobacco abuse, and diabetes were common comorbidities. The average SYNTAX score was 22. The most commonly cited reasons for surgical ineligibility were advanced age, frailty, severe lung disease, ejection fraction ≤ 30% and STS score ≥ 8%. Outcomes at 30 days were excellent and better than those predicted by STS for surgery. Frailty and STS score predicted one‐year outcomes.

Conclusions

Patients undergoing PCI for multivessel disease who are surgically ineligible have multiple risk factors and comorbidities. Frailty, lung disease, poor left ventricular function, and high STS score represent common reasons for surgical ineligibility. Frailty and the STS score better predict one‐year outcomes after PCI compared to the SYNTAX score.
Electrochromic Polymer Ink Derived from a Sidechain‐Modified EDOT for Electrochromic Devices with Colorless Bright State
Authors: Macher Sven , Sassi Mauro , Beverina Luca , Posset Uwe , Schott Marco , Giffin Guinevere A. , Löbmann Peer
Published: February 2021

Printable organic electrochromic materials are the key component of flexible low power and low weight displays and dynamic shading systems. A vast number of more or less well‐performing materials is reported in the literature, but only a very limited number of them have been tested in an industrially‐relevant environment so far. Upscaling requires simplicity of synthesis, overall sustainability, low cost and compatibility with simple and high throughput wet‐chemical deposition techniques, such as slot‐die coating or inkjet printing. In the present paper, an original process is described that enables the controlled oxidative polymerization of a water insoluble, functionalized 3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene (EDOT) derivative. This process leads to the formation of an ink that consists solely of active polymeric material (no dispersing agents) and has suitable rheological properties for use in roll‐to‐roll slot‐die coating or ink‐jet printing. The straightforward deposition, followed by a simple thermal treatment, directly yields stable and homogeneous thin films with state‐of‐the‐art electrochromic performance.
A granular fertilizer carrier impregnated with metsulfuron injures centipedegrass when applied at excessive rates
Authors: Gonçalves Clebson G. , McElroy J. Scott , Brown Austin M. , McCullough Patrick E. , Leon Ramon Gonzalez , McCarty Lambert B.
Published: February 2021

To understand the observed injury, the objectives of this research were (a) to correlate combination of nitrogen fertilization and metsulfuron [methyl 2‐(4‐methoxy‐6‐methyl‐1,3,5‐triazine‐ 2‐ylcarbamoylsulfamoyl) benzoate] with excessive injury to centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.] and (b) to determine how simultaneous high nitrogen fertilizer and the resulting increased metsulfuron rates exacerbated the observed injury. Field research was conducted at Auburn University, Clemson University, University of Florida, the University of Georgia, and H&H Sod Company in St. Cloud, FL, in 2015. Treatments included: a nontreated control, fertilizer alone (32–0–10 N–P–K and 32–0–9 N–P–K), metsulfuron (60% water‐dispersible granules), metsulfuron on an inert carrier, metsulfuron on fertilizer (32–0–9 N–P–K), and atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino1,3,5‐triazine) on fertilizer (29–0–10 N–P–K) applied at rates ranging from one to eight times the labeled rate. Metsulfuron on fertilizer induced more injury as the rate increased than any other treatment across all locations. The highest rates of metsulfuron on fertilizer (348.5 lb N acre–1 plus 0.24 lb metsulfuron acre–1) reduced centipedegrass ground cover by 79 and 81% at 28 and 42 d after treatment, respectively.  From these data, we conclude that metsulfuron applied on a granular fertilizer carrier can induce greater injury than metsulfuron on an inert granular carrier.
Additive‐free Aqueous Dispersions of Two‐Dimensional Materials with Glial Cell Compatibility and Enzymatic Degradability
Authors: Lobo Kenneth , Sahoo Priyabrata , Kurapati Rajendra , Krishna K. Vijaya , Patil Vaibhav , Pandit Abhay , Matte H. S. S. Ramakrishna
Published: February 2021

Water‐dispersible two‐dimensional (2D) materials are desirable for diverse applications. Aqueous dispersions make processing safer and greener and enable evaluation of these materials on biological and environmental fronts. To evaluate the effects of 2D materials with biological systems, obtaining dispersions without additives is critical and has been a challenge. Herein, a method was developed for obtaining additive‐free aqueous dispersions of 2D materials like transition metal dichalcogenides and hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN). The nanosheet dispersions were investigated through spectroscopic and microscopic methods, along with the role of size on stability. The aqueous media enabled investigations on cytocompatibility and enzymatic degradation of molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) and h‐BN. Cytocompatibility with mixed glial cells was observed up to concentrations of 100 μg mL−1, suggesting their plausible usage in bioelectronics. Besides, biodegradation using human myeloperoxidase (hMPO) mediated catalysis was investigated through Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The findings suggested that additive‐free 2H‐MoS2 and h‐BN were degradable by hMPO, with 2H‐phase exhibiting better resistance to degradation than the 1T‐phase, while h‐BN exhibited slower degradation. The findings pave a path for incorporating 2D materials in the burgeoning field of transient bioelectronics.
Naphthalenediimides with High Fluorescence Quantum Yield: Bright‐Red, Stable, and Responsive Fluorescent Dyes
Authors: Keshri Sudhir Kumar , Mandal Kalyanashis , Kumar Yogendra , Yadav Devendra , Mukhopadhyay Pritam
Published: February 2021

The naphthalenediimide (NDI) scaffold in contrast to its higher congeners possess low‐fluorescence. In spite of elegant synthetic developments, a highly emissive NDI is quite rare to find, as well as, a green‐light‐emitting NDI is yet to be explored. Herein, we report a novel class of symmetric and asymmetric NH2‐substituted core‐NDIs (1–5) with tunable fluorescence in the visible region and extending to the NIR frontier. Importantly, the bis‐NH2‐substituted NDI 2 revealed quantum yield,
of ≈81 and ≈68 % in toluene and DMSO, respectively, suggesting versatility of the fluorophore in a wide range of solvent polarity. The dye 1 is shown to be the first NDI‐based green‐light emitter. The donor piperidine group in 5 diminish the
by 40‐fold providing a lever to modulate the excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process. Our synthetic protocol applies a Pd catalyst and a benign hydride source simplifying the non‐trivial −NH2 group integration at the NDI‐core. TD‐DFT calculations predicted strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the excited state in the bulk nonpolar medium and responsiveness to solvent polarity. The maximization of the NDI emission outlined here would further boost the burgeoning repertoire of applications of the NDI scaffold.
(Trifluoromethylselenyl)methylchalcogenyl as Emerging Fluorinated Groups: Synthesis under Photoredox Catalysis and Determination of the Lipophilicity
Authors: Grollier Kevin , De Zordo‐Banliat Arnaud , Bourdreux Flavien , Pegot Bruce , Dagousset Guillaume , Magnier Emmanuel , Billard Thierry
Published: February 2021

The synthesis of molecules bearing (trifluoromethylselenyl)methylchalcogenyl groups is described via an efficient two‐step strategy based on a metal‐free photoredox catalyzed decarboxylative trifluoromethylselenolation with good yields up to 88 %, which raised to 98 % in flow chemistry conditions. The flow methods allowed also to scale up the reaction. The mechanism of this key reaction was studied. The physicochemical characterization of these emerging groups was performed by determining their Hansch–Leo lipophilicity parameters with high values up to 2.24. This reaction was also extended to perfluoroalkylselenolation with yields up to 95 %. Finally, this method was successfully applied to the functionalization of relevant bioactive molecules such as tocopherol or estrone derivatives.
Polyampholytic Graft Copolymers as Matrix for TiO2/Eosin Y/[Mo3S13]2− Hybrid Materials and Light‐Driven Catalysis
Authors: Nabiyan Afshin , Max Johannes Bernhard , Neumann Christof , Heiland Magdalena , Turchanin Andrey , Streb Carsten , Schacher Felix Helmut
Published: February 2021

An effective strategy to enhance the performance of inorganic semiconductors is moving towards organic‐inorganic hybrid materials. Here, we report the design of core–shell hybrid materials based on a TiO2 core functionalized with a polyampholytic (poly(dehydroalanine)‐graft‐(n‐propyl phosphonic acid acrylamide) shell (PDha‐g‐PAA@TiO2). The PDha‐g‐PAA shell facilitates the efficient immobilization of the photosensitizer Eosin Y (EY) and enables electronic interactions between EY and the TiO2 core. This resulted in high visible‐light‐driven H2 generation. The enhanced light‐driven catalytic activity is attributed to the unique core–shell design with the graft copolymer acting as bridge and facilitating electron and proton transfer, thereby also preventing the degradation of EY. Further catalytic enhancement of PDha‐g‐PAA@TiO2 was possible by introducing [Mo3S13]2− cluster anions as hydrogen‐evolution cocatalyst. This novel design approach is an example for a multi‐component system in which reactivity can in future be independently tuned by selection of the desired molecular or polymeric species.
Effect of coal particle size on gasification performance of two‐stage entrained‐flow coal gasifier
Authors: Fan Qiang , Liu Yinhe , Li Guangyu , Che Defu
Published: February 2021

To clarify the effect of coal particle sizes on gasification performance of an advanced two‐stage entrained‐flow coal gasifier for IGCC (integrated gasification combined cycle) application, a comprehensive three‐dimensional numerical model is established by incorporating the shrinking core model combined with the Langmuir‐Hinshelwood kinetic rate expression, which considers the inhibitory effect of CO on char‐CO2 reaction. The flow, temperature, and species distributions were obtained, and the results are consistent with the operating data. Results show that the helical flow and eight recirculation zones in the gasifier improve carbon conversion efficiency through extending the residence time of coal particles. Slow devolatilization of large particles caused by slow heating retards volatiles combustion, and thus char combustion and gasification. As a result, less char gasification and higher gas temperature appear in the injection region of the first stage. Higher inertia of larger particles produces higher slip velocity, which enhances heat transfer and mass diffusion to char particles and increases char consumption rate in diffusion‐limited regions. The regions of high inner wall temperature spread from locations around burners to the whole inner wall of the injection and bottom regions in the first stage with increase of coal particle sizes.
Design, Synthesis, and Structure‐Activity Relationship Study of Pyrazolones as Potent Inhibitors of Pancreatic Lipase
Authors: Zhang Jing , Yang Yang , Qian Xing‐Kai , Song Pei‐Fang , Zhao Yi‐Shu , Guan Xiao‐Qing , Zou Li‐Wei , Bao Xiaoze , Wang Hong
Published: February 2021

Pancreatic lipase (PL), a key target for the prevention and treatment of obesity, plays crucial roles in the hydrolysis and absorption of in dietary fat. In this study, a series of pyrazolones was synthesized, and their inhibitory effects against PL were assayed by using 4‐methylumbelliferyl oleate (4‐MUO) as optical substrate for PL. Comprehensive structure–activity relationship analysis of these pyrazolones led us to design and synthesize a novel compound P32 (5‐(naphthalen‐2‐yl)‐2‐phenyl‐4‐(thiophen‐2‐ylmethyl)‐2,4‐dihydro‐3H‐pyrazol‐3‐one) as a potent mixed‐competitive inhibitor of PL (IC50=0.30 μM). In addition, P32 displayed some selectivity over other known serine hydrolases. A molecular docking study for P32 demonstrated that the inhibitory activity of P32 towards PL could be attributed to the π‐π interactions of 2‐naphthyl unit (R1) and hydrophobic interactions of phenyl moiety (R3) with the active site of PL. Thus, P32 could serve as promising lead compound for the development of more efficacious and selective pyrazolones‐type PL inhibitors for biomedical applications.
Structural Evolution of Boron Clusters on Ag(111) Surfaces – From Atomic Chains to Triangular Sheets with Hexagonal Holes
Authors: Sun Yi , Zhang Xiuyun , Tang Jingyi , Guo Tianxia , Zhou Min , Yao Xiaojing , Liu Lili , Liu Yongjun , Ding Feng
Published: February 2021

Unlike graphene and other 2D materials, borophene is 2D polymorphic with diverse hexagonal holes (HHs)‐triangles ratios and the concentrations of HHs are highly substrate dependent. Here, we systematically explored the evolution of boron cluster on Ag(111) surface, BN@Ag(111) (N=1∼36), to understand the nucleation of 2D boron sheet on metal surface. Our calculation showed that, with the size increasing, the structures of most stable BN clusters undergo an evolution from compact triangular lattice, such as double‐chains or triple‐chains, to the ones with mixed triangular‐hexagonal lattices. The first single‐HH appears at N=12 and the first double‐HH appears at N=27. The stability of large BN clusters with mixed structures is derived from the charge transfer between triangular lattice and the HHs, as well as between the substrates and the BN clusters. Our results provide a deep understanding on the formation of small boron clusters in the initial nucleation stage of borophene growth.
Development and validation of the multidimensional version of the fear of self questionnaire: Corrupted, culpable and malformed feared possible selves in obsessive–compulsive and body‐dysmorphic symptoms
Authors: Aardema Frederick , Radomsky Adam S. , Moulding Richard , Wong Shiu F. , Bourguignon Lysandre , Giraldo‐O'Meara Martha
Published: February 2021

In recent years, cognitive‐behavioural models of OCD have increasingly recognized the potential role of feared possible selves in the development and maintenance of OCD, while simultaneously re‐examining factors that have historically been linked to self‐perceptions in OCD. The current article describes the development and validation of a multidimensional version of the Fear of Self Questionnaire (FSQ‐EV) in a non‐clinical (N = 626) and clinical OCD sample (N = 79). Principal component analyses in the non‐clinical sample revealed three conceptually and factorially distinct components revolving around a feared corrupted possible self, a feared culpable possible self and a feared malformed possible self. The questionnaire showed a strong internal inconsistency, and good divergent and convergent validity, including strong relationships to obsessional symptoms. In particular, the corrupted feared self predicted OCD symptoms independently from depression and other related self‐constructs and obsessive beliefs, while also strongly interacting with importance and control of thoughts in the prediction of almost all specific symptoms of OCD. Results are consistent with the notion that self‐constructs can be conceptually and empirically distinguished from obsessive beliefs and appraisals with significant potential to improve our understanding of OCD and related disorders.
Parallel surface reconstruction for large‐scale scenes in the wild
Authors: Cao Mingwei , Gao Hao , Jia Wei
Published: February 2021

Recovering a high‐quality texture model in a short time still a pursued goal in both computer vision and graphics communities. Thus, in the past decade, several methods have been proposed for fitting a texture model from the dense point clouds. However, these methods are computational intensity and also suffer from noise especially in outdoor. Moreover, with the popularization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), it is getting easier to capture image data. While modern methods have much novelty, they may spend a long time on big image datasets. To accelerate the process of texture modeling, in this paper we present a parallel approach to fitting a texture model from the dense point clouds. The presented method makes use of the parallel computing technology and is implemented in parallel octree structure as well as parallel marching cubes. Finally, we conduct a comprehensive experiment on several benchmarking datasets and experimental results show that our method outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art methods and has also a 20 times acceleration.
Retracted: A novel optimized Bat Extreme Learning intrusion detection system for smart Internet of Things networks
Authors: Balasundaram Jothi , M Pushpalatha
Published: February 2021

Rapid growth in technology has triggered the exponential growth in an advancement of the profoundly associated ubiquitous biological system of unavoidable gadgets, all things considered, called as Internet of Things (IoT). Although these devices make everyone's life as flexible and comfortable, they also suffer from various security breaches. Current scenario of security systems which are employed to safeguard the IoT devices are still in darker side, which has been considered as attractive prey for the attackers. This paper proposes the novel BEL three‐tier intrusion detection architecture which is based novel bat optimized extreme learning machines to detect the various cyber‐attacks over the IoT network. The proposed system consists of (1) design of scalable IoT deployable software which is used to collect the data which are used to classify the different behaviors of IoT networks and (2) data analyzer mechanism (DAM) which analyzes the various malicious characteristics of IoT networks after incurring the attacks in the networks and classifies the type of attacks that has been injected. The real‐time scenario of smart IoT networks for smart automation has been created using API NDNOMNeT which is an extension of OMNeT++ in which the 100 IoT devices has been deployed and attack methodology has been created by Python API. The efficiency of the projected IDS planning has been evaluated on the above test beds, deploying different attacks categories such as denial of services (DoS), man in middle (MIM)/spoofing, replay, and data leakage. The experiments demonstrate that the performance of the proposed IDS architecture has outperformed the other existing learning‐based IDS in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, time complexity, and reliability.
A feasibility study evaluating lisdexamfetamine dimesylate for the treatment of adults with bulimia nervosa
Authors: Keshen Aaron R. , Dixon Laura , Ali Sarrah I. , Helson Thomas , Nunes Abraham , Milliken Heather , Gamberg Susan , Sadek Joseph , Kaplan Allan , McElroy Susan L.
Published: February 2021

Objective

This study examined the feasibility, safety, and potential efficacy of lisdexamfetamine (LDX) as a treatment for adults with bulimia nervosa (BN).

Method

An open‐label 8‐week feasibility study was conducted in participants with BN. Enrollment rate, dropout rate, safety outcomes, and eating disorder symptom change were examined.

Results

Eighteen of 23 participants completed the study per protocol. There was no participant‐initiated dropout due to adverse drug reactions and no severe and unexpected adverse drug reactions. An average increase in heart rate of 12.1 beats/min was observed. There was a mean weight reduction of 2.1 kg and one participant was withdrawn for clinically significant weight loss. In the intent‐to‐treat sample, there were reductions in objective binge episodes and compensatory behaviors from Baseline to Post/End‐of‐Treatment (mean difference = −29.83, 95% confidence interval: −43.38 to −16.27; and mean difference = −33.78, 95% confidence interval: −48.74 to −18.82, respectively).

Discussion

Results of this study indicate that a randomized controlled trial would be feasible with close monitoring of certain safety parameters (especially over a longer time period as long‐term safety is unknown). However, the results should not be used as evidence for clinicians to prescribe LDX to individuals with BN before its efficacy and safety are properly tested.

Trial Registration Number

NCT03397446.
Predator community and resource use jointly modulate the inducible defense response in body height of crucian carp
Authors: Meo Ilaria de , Østbye Kjartan , Kahilainen Kimmo K. , Hayden Brian , Fagertun Christian H. H. , Poléo Antonio B. S.
Published: February 2021

Phenotypic plasticity can be expressed as changes in body shape in response to environmental variability. Crucian carp (Carassius carassius), a widespread cyprinid, displays remarkable plasticity in body morphology and increases body depth when exposed to cues from predators, suggesting the triggering of an antipredator defense mechanism. However, these morphological changes could also be related to resource use and foraging behavior, as an indirect effect of predator presence. In order to determine whether phenotypic plasticity in crucian carp is driven by a direct or indirect response to predation threat, we compared twelve fish communities inhabiting small lakes in southeast Norway grouped by four categories of predation regimes: no predator fish, or brown trout (Salmo trutta), perch (Perca fluviatilis), or pike (Esox lucius) as main piscivores. We predicted the body shape of crucian carp to be associated with the species composition of predator communities and that the presence of efficient piscivores would result in a deeper body shape. We use stable isotope analyses to test whether this variation in body shape was related to a shift in individual resource use—that is, littoral rather than pelagic resource use would favor the development of a specific body shape—or other environmental characteristics. The results showed that increasingly efficient predator communities induced progressively deeper body shape, larger body size, and lower population densities. Predator maximum gape size and individual trophic position were the best variables explaining crucian carp variation in body depth among predation categories, while littoral resource use did not have a clear effect. The gradient in predation pressure also corresponded to a shift in lake productivity. These results indicate that crucian carp have a fine‐tuned morphological defense mechanism against predation risk, triggered by the combined effect of predator presence and resource availability.
Fine root dynamic characteristics and effect on plantation’s carbon sequestration of three Salix shrub plantations in Tibetan Plateau alpine sandy land
Authors: He Lingxianzi , Jia Zhiqing , Li Qingxue , Zhang Youyan , Wu Rina , Dai Jie , Gao Ya
Published: February 2021

Desertification land in Gonghe Basin of Tibetan Plateau, China accounts for 91.9% of the total land area. Vegetation restoration and reconstruction with desert shrubs in degraded ecosystem are effective ways to prevent and control desertification. However, the evaluation studies of fine root dynamic characteristics of desert shrubs and their contribution to carbon sequestration of plantation are limited. To gain a better understanding of vegetation restoration, the vertical distribution of fine root biomass, fine root decomposition, fine root turnover was investigated, as well as their coupling effect on carbon sequestration of plantation in three desert vegetation. The results estimated that the total decomposition time of fine roots of Salix cheilophila (S. cheilophila), Salix psammophila (S. psammophila), and Salix microstachya (S. microstachya) are 39.00, 27.99 and 35.95 years. Biomass carbon density for three Salix plantations ranged from 1.42 to 2.39 t/hm2, which showed that three Salix plantations in alpine sandy land are an important carbon pool. In addition, fine root biomass carbon density for the three shrub plantations varied significantly. Fine root biomass carbon density for S. psammophila reached the largest among the three plantations, which was 1.48 t/hm2, accounting for the ratio of 62% of the plantation total biomass carbon density. The results indicated that the root system of S. psammophila, especially the fine roots, was very developed, which was conducive to soil water transportation and carbon sequestration. Therefore, S. psammophila might be a better species for carbon sequestration of plantation in alpine sandy areas. The carbon input from the fine roots of the three shrub plantations through decomposition and turnover into the plantations accounts for 11.5% to 15.5% of total carbon sequestration of plantations. Therefore, the fine roots dynamics must be considered for long‐term carbon pool estimations in three Salix plantations, otherwise the total carbon sequestration of plantations would be underestimated.
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate amplifies Treg differentiation via increased IL‐2 expression to ameliorate DSS‐induced colitis
Authors: Pandit Mahesh , Acharya Suman , Gu Ye , Seo Sang‐Uk , Kweon Mi‐Na , Kang Ben , Chang Jae‐Hoon
Published: February 2021

Blocking the mevalonate pathway for cholesterol reduction by using statin may have adverse effects including statin‐induced colitis. Moreover, one of the predisposing factors for colitis is an imbalanced CD4+ T cell, which can be observed on the complete deletion of HMG‐CoA reductase (HMGCR), a target of statins. In this study, we inquired geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) is responsible for maintaining the T‐cell homeostasis. Following dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis, simvastatin increased the severity of disease, while cotreatment with GGPP, but not with cholesterol, reversed the disease magnitude. GGPP ameliorated DSS‐induced colitis by increasing Treg cells. GGPP amplified Treg differentiation through increased IL‐2/STAT 5 signaling. GGPP prenylated Ras protein, a prerequisite for extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) pathway activation, leading to increased IL‐2 production. Higher simvastatin dose increased the severity of colitis. GGPP ameliorated simvastatin‐increased colitis by increasing Treg cells. Treg cells, which have the capacity to suppress inflammatory T cells and were generated through IL‐2/STAT5 signaling, increased IL‐2 production through prenylation and activation of the Ras/ERK pathway.
Gallium(III) Corrole Complexes as Near‐Infrared Emitter – Synthesis, Computational and Photophysical Study
Authors: Haas Michael , Krisch Dominik , Gonglach Sabrina , Bechmann Matthias , Scharber Markus C. , Ertl Martin , Monkowius Uwe , Schöfberger Wolfgang
Published: February 2021

We report on the chemical synthesis and characterization of free‐base A2B‐ and A3‐meso‐TIPS ethynyl corroles, which serve as a precursor for metalation with gallium(III)chloride and subsequent in‐situ sila Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction. Under ambient conditions and with a common catalyst system the reaction with different aryliodides proved to be successful. Compared to the well‐known Ga(III)‐pyr‐5,10,15‐trispentafluorophenylcorrole complex, the emission wavelengths of such gallium(III) corroles complexes could be shifted bathochromically by up to ∼3100 cm−1 to the near‐infrared region (NIR). The described synthetic procedure establishes a facile way to obtain organic near‐infrared‐emitters based on gallium(III) meso‐aryl‐ethynyl corrole complexes.
Combining psychrometrics and fluid dynamics in a cyclone: A sustainable indirect evaporative cooling design
Authors: Ribeiro Dias Daiane , Ullmann Grégori , de Oliveira Silva Danylo , Martins Vieira Luiz Gustavo
Published: February 2021

Brazilian countryside has well‐defined dry seasons that are mainly characterized by low relative humidity. The warm, dry air provides a thermal cooling effect when it interacts with wet porous structures (psychrometric effect). Depending on temperature conditions and relative humidity, it is possible to achieve up to 18.0 K reduction in the temperature of the structure, caused by water evaporation. Thus, the objective of this study was to propose and numerically investigate a low cost and sustainable air conditioning system by combining the potential of warm, dry air and characteristics of the flow within cyclones covered with thin wet cotton fabric. A validated mathematical model was developed, and the numerical results indicate that the cyclonic‐psychrometric system can provide up to 7.0 K reduction in a 20.0 m2 room on a warm day (305.0 K) with low relative humidity (20.0%). Energy balances and technical estimates showed that the electric power consumed by the proposed system would represent only 19.8% of the power required by a conventional 18,000 Btu air conditioner to promote the same reduction of temperature. This energy‐saving would have a direct and positive impact on the budget of users, especially those with low income and that live in dry regions.
Effect of polyamine on growth, intermediates and 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline formation by Aspergillus awamori
Authors: Wongsadee Thippharak , Vatanyoopaisarn Savitri , Rungsardthong Vilai , Thumthanaruk Benjawan , Puttanlek Chureerat , Uttapap Dudsadee , Wetprasit Nuanchawee
Published: February 2021

2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (2AP) is a typical food flavour found in aromatic rice, pandan leaf and coconut. Though the extraction from pandan leaf can be made, the amount obtained was low. This research showed the potential 2AP production by Aspergillus awamori and the enhancement occurred in the presence of polyamine supplement. Using different nitrogen sources (2 g/L of putrescine or ammonium sulphate) did not affect cell growth, but existence of putrescine was essential for 2AP production. In addition, supplying polyamine (20 mg/L of spermine, spermidine or putrescine) after 24 h of primary growth led to significant enhancement of cell growth as well as 2AP formation. The dry weight was 7.4 and 6.9 g/L and amount of 2AP was 4.50 and 3.08 mg/L when spermine or spermidine, respectively, was added. As compared to the control, only 6.2 g/L dry weight and 1.51 mg/L 2AP was detected. In contrast, the same medium using ammonium sulphate as the sole N‐source did not produce 2AP. Only when a polyamine (spermine, spermidine or putrescine) was supplied, then small detectable amounts of 2AP were found (1.06, 0.67 and 0.31 mg/L). Furthermore, putrescine was measurable in mycelial cells grown in the medium adding only spermine or spermidine without putrescine, indicating that spermine or spermidine can be converted into putrescine intracellularly. In vitro reaction between crude enzyme, extracted from mycelia, and individual precursors showed that 2AP occurred in the presence of each polyamine. Likewise, 1‐pyrroline was observed as an intermediate for 2AP production, while putrescine was an intermediate found in the reaction flask where the substrate was spermine or spermidine. Thus, in A awamori, polyamine addition resulted in higher production of 2AP.
Interrater agreement in dementia diagnosis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cerullo Enzo , Quinn Terry J. , McCleery Jenny , Vounzoulaki Elpida , Cooper Nicola J. , Sutton Alex J.
Published: February 2021

Objectives

Dementia remains a clinical diagnosis with a degree of subjective assessment and potential for interrater disagreement. We described interrater agreement of clinical dementia diagnosis for various diagnostic criteria.

Methods

We conducted a PROSPERO‐registered (CRD42020168245) systematic review and meta‐analysis. We searched multiple cross‐disciplinary databases from inception until April 2020 for relevant papers, extracted data and described study quality in duplicate. Study quality was assessed using the Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies. We used random‐effects models to obtain summary estimates of interrater agreement using kappa and, where possible, Gwet's AC1/2 coefficients.

Results

We found 7577 titles and 22 eligible studies. Meta‐analysis was possible for all‐cause dementia using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders third edition revised (DSM‐III‐R) criteria (kappa = 0.66, 95% CI = [0.53,0.78]), Alzheimer's disease using the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS‐ADRDA) criteria (kappa = 0.71, 95% CI = [0.65,0.77] for presence/absence and AC2 = 0.61, 95% CI = [0.53,0.70] when distinguishing probable/possible cases), and vascular dementia using the International Classification of Diseases version 10 (ICD‐10) criteria kappa = 0.79 (95% CI = [0.70,0.87]). Data was more limited for other criteria and dementia types. AC1/2 coefficients generally indicated higher agreement. One study was rated as high quality.

Conclusions

Diagnostic criteria for clinical dementia may have good but imperfect agreement. This has important implications for clinical practice and research studies, which frequently assume these criteria are perfect tests, such as diagnostic test accuracy studies frequently conducted for biomarkers and neuropsychological tests, and for trials where incident dementia is the outcome.
Predictive nomograms for oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma applying the American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union Internationale Contre le Cancer 8th edition staging system
Authors: Balasubramanian Deepak , Subramaniam Narayana , Missale Francesco , Marchi Filippo , Dokhe Yogesh , Vijayan Smitha , Nambiar Ajit , Mattavelli Davide , Calza Stefano , Bresciani Lorenzo , Piazza Cesare , Nicolai Piero , Peretti Giorgio , Thankappan Krishnakumar , Iyer Subramania
Published: February 2021

Background

Nomograms applying the 8th edition of the TNM staging system aimed at predicting overall (OS), disease‐specific (DSS), locoregional recurrence‐free (LRRFS) and distant recurrence‐free survivals (DRFS) for oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) are still lacking.

Methods

A training cohort of 438 patients with OTSCC was retrospectively enrolled from a single institution. An external validation set of 287 patients was retrieved from two independent institutions.

Results

Internal validation of the multivariable models for OS, DSS, DRFS and LRRFS showed a good calibration and discrimination results with optimism‐corrected c‐indices of 0.74, 0.75, 0.77 and 0.70, respectively. The external validation confirmed the good performance of OS, DSS and DRFS models (c‐index 0.73 and 0.77, and 0.73, respectively) and a fair performance of the LRRFS model (c‐index 0.58).

Conclusions

The nomograms herein presented can be implemented as useful tools for prediction of OS, DSS, DRFS and LRRFS in OTSCC.
Proposal of a scoring system for predicting pathological risk based on a semiautomated analysis of whole slide images in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Sung Yeoun Eun , Kim Min‐Sik , Lee Youn Soo
Published: February 2021

Background

The study aimed to evaluate the risk factors based on pathological findings comprehensively in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using image analysis.

Methods

Scanned images of hematoxylin and eosin‐, pan‐cytokeratin‐, CD3‐, and CD8‐stained slides of OSCC cases from 256 patients were analyzed, and six variables were obtained including the tumor–stroma ratio, tumor budding per tumor bed area, and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes‐associated variables. We determined the “score” of all cases based on the variables, and all cases were classified into low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐risk groups.

Results

A significant difference in prognosis was confirmed between the risk groups (p < 0.001), and even when evaluated within different tumor‐node‐metastasis (TNM) stages, the high‐risk groups were associated with poor survival.

Conclusions

We report our work on a possible descriptive model that can predict prognosis based on pathological and imaging findings regardless of the TNM stage.
Model of theta frequency perturbations and contextual fear memory
Authors: Castegnetti Giuseppe , Bush Daniel , Bach Dominik R.
Published: February 2021

Theta oscillations in the hippocampal local field potential (LFP) appear during translational movement and arousal, modulate the activity of principal cells, and are associated with spatial cognition and episodic memory function. All known anxiolytics slightly but consistently reduce hippocampal theta frequency. However, whether this electrophysiological effect is mechanistically related to the decreased behavioral expression of anxiety is currently unclear. Here, we propose that a reduction in theta frequency affects synaptic plasticity and mnemonic function and that this can explain the reduction in anxiety behavior. We test this hypothesis in a biophysical model of contextual fear conditioning. First, we confirm that our model reproduces previous empirical results regarding the dependence of synaptic plasticity on presynaptic firing rate. Next, we investigate how theta frequency during contextual conditioning impacts learning. These simulations demonstrate that learned associations between threat and context are attenuated when learning takes place under reduced theta frequency. Additionally, our simulations demonstrate that learned associations result in increased theta activity in the amygdala, consistent with empirical data. In summary, we propose a mechanism that can account for the behavioral effect of anxiolytics by impairing the integration of threat attributes of an environment into the cognitive map due to reduced synaptic potentiation.