bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Technique to Develop Rock Strength Correlation Using Artificial Intelligence Tools
Authors: Tariq Zeeshan , Elkatatny Salaheldin , Mahmoud Mohammed , Ali Abdelwahab Z. , Abdulraheem Abdulazeez
Published: May 2017

Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) is the key parameter to; estimate the insitu stresses of the rock, design optimal hydraulic fracture geometry and avoid drilling problems like wellbore instability. UCS can be estimated by rock mechanical tests on core plugs retrieved from the depth of interest but retrieving reservoir rock samples throughout the depth of the reservoir section and performing laboratory tests on them are extremely expensive as well as time consuming. In absence of core plugs, UCS can be estimated from empirical correlations. Most of the empirical correlations for UCS prediction reported in the literature are based on elastic parameters or on compressional wave velocity. These correlations were developed using linear or non-linear regression techniques. Artificial intelligence tools once optimized for training can successfully model UCS since these tools can capture highly complex and non-linear relationship between input parameters and the output parameter.

The objective of this research study is to accurately predict UCS of rock using basic geophysical well logs namely; bulk density, compressional, and shear wave velocities, by applying different artificial intelligence techniques namely; Support Vector Machine (SVM), Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and Artificial neural network (ANN).

The data set used in this study, comprised of 200 laboratory measured UCS values on core plugs and their corresponding well logs. The data were collected from 10 wells which were located in a giant carbonate reservoir. Based on minimum average absolute percentage error (AAPE) and highest coefficient of determination (R2) between actual and predicted data, ANN model proposed as the best model to predict UCS. A rigorous empirical correlation was developed using the weights and biases of ANN model to predict without the need of any software incorporating AI. A comparison of proposed model with other correlations to predict UCS on new data set also suggested that the proposed model gives less AAPE. Therefore, the proposed model seems very promising and can serve as a handy tool to help geo-mechanical engineers to determine the UCS of the carbonate rock.
Uncertainty Assessment in Production Forecasting and Optimization for a Giant Multi-Layered Sandstone Reservoir Using Optimized Artificial Neural Network Technology
Authors: Wei Chenji , Wang Yuhe , Ding Yutao , Li Yong , Shi Jing , Liu Shuangshuang , Tian Changbing , Li Baozhu , Xiong Lihui , Zhang Qi
Published: May 2017

This paper presents an uncertainty assessment project using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for a giant multi-layered sandstone reservoir in Middle East, which contains several uncertainties and associated risks. Uncertainty quantification in history matching, production forecasting and optimization approaches often requires hundreds of thousands of forward flow simulations to explore the uncertain parameter space, causing forbidden computational time requirement, especially for large-scale reservoir models. In order to bypass this limitation, one can use a proxy to replace the time-consuming flow simulator. In this work, an optimized ANN is used as the proxy and an uncertainty assessment workflow is implemented for the giant Cretaceous multi-layered sandstone reservoir using a global optimizer. Using the ANN based uncertainty assessment framework, the impacts of the main uncertain parameters on production forecasting are assessed for this multi-layered sandstone reservoir. Then, field development optimization is also performed to optimize wells injection and production rates to maximize the economic measures considering uncertainties. Using a real field as a case study, the capability of our uncertainty assessment workflow is demonstrated. The optimized ANN successfully captures the complex nonlinear dynamics as a proxy and significantly reduced the computation time.
Dynamic Permeability Models in Dual-Porosity System for Unconventional Reservoirs: Case Studies and Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Liang Yu , Sheng Jie , Hildebrand Jeffery
Published: May 2017

Dynamic Permeability is one of the most important key features for unconventional reservoir. The production of unconventional reservoirs, such as shale oil and gas, tight oil and gas, coal bed methane etc., heavily depends on the effective permeability of fracture. However, its permeability changes nonlinearly due to dual-porosity system, which affects the accuracy of unconventional reservoir simulation. This paper investigates two commonly accepted dynamic permeability models in details, S&D model and G&W model. Furthermore, these models are compared and applied in field cases. This study can help us understand the physics behind dynamic permeability in dual porosity system, and facilitate applying dynamic permeability model from core scale to field scale.

Firstly, unconventional oil and gas recovery process in dual porosity system is analyzed to determine the key petrophysical controlling factors. In particular, the relation between permeability and fracture porosity is analyzed and discussed in details. Then the most popular two models, S&D model and G&W model, are compared and analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of those models are discussed, including gas desorption effect, matrix shrinkage effect, micropososity change effect. In addition, the models are applied to several field cases, and the results of these two models are discussed and compared with each other. Finally, the models are applied to pressure transient analysis, to test their feasibility in unconventional reservoir simulation.

By analyzing the model, the important role of fracture porosity in permeability prediction is addressed. The results of cases study validate the accuracy of G&W model, which can give a better prediction of dynamic permeability, and perfectly describe rebounding pressure phenomenon as pore pressure decreases. For different models, the sensitivities of several parameters in geomechanical equations and Langmuir isothermal equation are analyzed by Monte Carlo method, and these key sensitive parameters have impact on the simulation results for unconventional reservoirs.

From geomechanical perspective, the effects of fracture porosity on permeability change are investigated and discussed in details, which is critical in dual porosity system. The field cases and relevant sensitivity analyses are essential in understanding the physics behind the problem. By comparison and applications of the models, it is concluded that dynamic permeability models can be applied to unconventional reservoir simulation.
Characterization and Uncertainty Reduction on Facies Distribution and Probability Cubes with Ensemble Kalman Filter History Matching
Authors: Abadpour Anahita , Adejare Moyosore , Chugunova Tatiana , Deboaisne Renaud
Published: May 2017

Power of ensemble based data assimilation methods to history match oil and gas reservoirs has been revealed during the past couple of years by different field application works (Oliver and Chen, 2011). Moreover the achievements in advanced parameterization (Lorentzen et al. 2011) and (Hanea et. al. 2014) to deliver posterior models which respect prior geology drastically enhanced the robustness of the procedures. In this study a huge filed case represented by a mega geological model has been the candidate for assisted history matching with ensemble based techniques, ES-MDA (Emrick, Raynold 2013) in particular.

To insure the geological realism of history matched models, a parameterization approach similar to (Hanea et. al. 2014) has been adapted and improved, as the initial workflow for lithological modeling has been based on truncated Gaussian simulations (TGS). Adding 3D uncertain facies proportion distributions which has been produced by stochastic inversion of seismic information was the way to enrich and ameliorate the method. These proportions have been used as the base of truncation procedure in TGS.

In this work we showed how to use geological and geophysical based uncertainties in reservoir modeling, and with an appropriate parameterization, one could obtain fully realistic models which honors all a priori information and also matches the field measurement data.

The main challenge with proposed approach was to insure honoring the well data which is normally constraining data in facies modeling procedure, taking into account that both underlying Gaussian variable and proportion values are modified by data assimilation process. To insure such a conditioning certitude, all well data has been reflected in probability maps by an a priori kriging on well location and closed by areas. This strategy guaranteed unchanged well data conditioning on all final realizations.
Determination of Three-Phase Relative Permeability in CHOPS Processes by Use of an Improved Iterative Ensemble Smoother
Authors: Fan Zhaoqi , Yang Daoyong , Li Xiaoli
Published: May 2017

In this paper, a robust and pragmatic technique has been proposed to determine the three-phase relative permeability of cold heavy oil production with sand (CHOPS) processes by comprehensively incorporating dynamic wormhole growth and foamy oil flow with an improved iterative ensemble smoother (IES), which is achieved by normalizing both model parameters and measured production profiles. More specifically, a recently proposed pressure-gradient-based sand failure criterion has been applied to characterize the dynamic wormhole propagations, while the evolution of foamy oil has been achieved through kinetic reactions embedded in a reservoir simulator. Only the three-phase relative permeability of the wormhole network has been parameterized using a power-law model since the multi-phase flow within the wormholes dominates, in particular, production performance of the CHOPS processes. Then, the model parameter matrix consisting of coefficients of the power-law model, the pressure-gradient-based sand failure criterion, and the foamy oil reactions can be inversely and implicitly estimated through the improved IES algorithm, provided that the production profiles of the CHOPS processes are made available. Effects of the wormhole growth and the foamy oil flow on the three-phase relative permeability are implicitly examined through the integrated and improved model parameter matrix. Subsequently, the newly proposed technique was validated by use of a CHOPS experiment in the literature. In addition to the converged three-phase relative permeability, the well matched experimental measurements (i.e., cumulative oil, gas, and sand production) have synergistically proven that the newly proposed method is qualified for accurately determining the three-phase relative permeability in the CHOPS processes. In order to reproduce the transition stage on production profiles, both one set and two sets of three-phase relative permeability were used during the entire production period, though the former fails to do so. It has been substantiated that two sets of the three-phase relative permeability are able to reproduce the transition stage through considering the effects of sand failure and foamy oil of the CHOPS processes. In addition, residual oil saturation of the wormhole network is found to dramatically reduce once the sand production is initialized. Also, it is found that gas relative permeability is more sensitive to the gas saturation for the second set, though it is relatively smaller than that of the first set.
Highly Accurate Simulation of Frontal Instabilities at Extremely Large Mobility Contrasts in Solvent-Based Oil Recovery
Authors: Yuan Qingwang , Wang Jinjie , Yao Shanshan , Zeng Fanhua , Knorr Kelvin D. , Imran Muhammad
Published: May 2017

Solvent-based processes have great potential to enhance oil recovery. The injected solvent is able to significantly reduce the viscosity of the oil and improve its mobility. In displacement processes, the frontal instability happening at the interface between solvent and oil can increase their surface contact area, while it also leads to earlier breakthrough time and less sweep efficiency if such instabilities develop too severely. Especially at very large mobility contrasts, the less viscous injected solvent can easily bypass the highly viscous heavy oil. Most of the previous studies on simulations of frontal instability are restricted to a small range of mobility ratio. In the present study, we adopted a highly accurate numerical method to simulate the detailed development of solvent fingering at extremely large mobility ratios in fully miscible displacements. At certain conditions, the case with a maximum mobility ratio as large as 22026.5 could be successfully modeled. This allowed analysis of the flow dynamics and mass transfer at such a large mobility contrast in miscible displacement processes. The breakthrough time and sweep efficiency at breakthrough were also investigated at small and extremely large values of mobility ratio through numerical simulations. With an increase in mobility ratio, the breakthrough time decreased, first very rapidly and then slowly. The breakthrough time varied as a power relationship with the mobility ratio for various Peclet numbers. Similar relationships were found for the sweep efficiency versus mobility ratio. This approach would be helpful for the accurate prediction of breakthrough time and sweep efficiency in miscible displacement under extremely large mobility contrasts.
Factors Influencing Corn Canopy Throughfall at the Row Scale in Northeast China
Authors: Sun Zenghui , Li Zizhong , Li Baoguo , Sun Tao , Wang Huanxi
Published: May 2017

Core Ideas

Throughfall was statistically different among five measurement locations.

Cumulative throughfall of 24 to 36 cm from row exceeded that of 0 to 12 cm and 48 to 60 cm by 46 to 88%.

Coefficient of variation of throughfall decreased with rainfall amount and increased with leaf area index and plant height.

Understanding throughfall (TF) and its influencing factors at crop row scale is a key step to reveal the mechanisms of soil water recharging, soil erosion, and evaporation of intercepted rainfall. The objective of this study was to determine the amount and the variation of TF in relation to plant canopy and rainfall. In this study, TF was measured by a rectangular plexiglass collector at five measurement locations (MLs) with the distances of the (A) 0 to 12 cm, (B) 12 to 24 cm, (C) 24 to 36 cm, (D) 36 to 48 cm, and (E) 48 to 60 cm from corn (Zea mays L.) row during the period of corn plant height growth (HT) approximately from 50 to 250 cm when the leaf area index (LAI) increases from 0.4 to 4.0 in 2013 and 2014. Throughfall increased with total rainfall amount (RA) but decreased with LAI and HT values. The lowest TF values were recorded at the MLs of 0 to 12 cm and 48 to 60 cm near the corn row, and the highest TF values occurred at the ML of 24 to 36 cm at the center of between row areas. The cumulative TF at the ML of 24 to 36 cm exceeded that at the MLs of 0 to 12 cm and 48 to 60 cm by approximately 88 and 46% in 2013 and 2014, respectively. These results have potential values in irrigation scheduling and agrochemical application in the Corn Belt of Northeast China (CBNC).
Physiological Basis of Sprouting Potential in Bermudagrass
Authors: Van Tran Thinh , Fukai Shu , van Herwaarden Anthony F. , Lambrides Christopher J.
Published: May 2017

Core Ideas

Large genotypic variation for sprouting of stolons was identified.

Sprouting percentage was strongly associated with stolen diameter.

Sprouting was related photoassimilate supply on an amount per node basis.

The size and/or maturity of the axillary buds were also possible factors.

Despite the popularity of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) around the world, there are few studies that report genotypic and seasonal variation for sprouting of stolons used in pasture establishment or revegetation of disturbed land. This study investigated the genotypic/seasonal variation and the physiological basis of sprouting from nodes of aboveground stolons among 12 bermudagrasses. Sprouting percentage, total nodes per m2 (Nds), stolon diameter (SD), total aboveground biomass (TaB), and concentration of water soluble carbohydrate [WSC], concentration of starch [starch], concentration of non‐structural carbohydrate [NSC], and concentration of crude protein [CP] were determined in different seasons including winter 2013, winter 2014, spring 2014, summer 2015, and fall 2015. Sprouting percentage for stolons sampled in spring and summer was higher than that for winter and fall. Large genotypic variation for sprouting was observed ranging from 44.1 to 80.2% of all nodes when averaged across seasons. Sprouting percentage among genotypes was strongly associated with SD, TaB, and Nds; and weakly associated with concentrations of photoassimilates such as [WSC], [starch], and [CP] in the aboveground biomass. However, when these photoassimilates were calculated as an amount per node, sprouting percentage was highly correlated with water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) (r = 0.80), crude protein (CP) (r = 0.82), and WSC + CP (r = 0.88). These data suggested that the size and/or maturity of the axillary buds at nodes and the available assimilate supply was underlying the sprouting potential of the bermudagrasses, however, more research under field conditions is required to validate this claim.
Combined Effect of Sodium Chloride and Boron in Irrigation Water on Cotton Growth
Authors: Chen Wenling , Jin Menggui , Xian Yang , Ferré Ty P.A.
Published: May 2017

Core Ideas

Cotton growth parameters varied with different NaCl and B concentrations in irrigation water.

An antagonistic effect of NaCl and B on cotton growth and yield was observed.

The combination of NaCl and B affected nutrient ion absorption of cotton.

Brackish water moderately promoted cotton yield, possibly because of the extra quantity of NaCl‐resistant nutrient elements such as K and Ca.

The NaCl and B levels of brackish water are higher than those of fresh water. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is probably affected by simultaneous NaCl and B stress when irrigated with brackish water, but little is understood regarding the combined effect of NaCl and B on cotton growth and the absorption of nutrient elements. Cotton growth and nutrient element content were measured at different NaCl and B concentrations in pot experiments. Cotton growth parameters varied with different NaCl and B concentrations in irrigation water. Cotton stem dry weight (DW) and lint yield decreased with an increase of NaCl concentrations from 15 to 75 mmol L−1 at the B toxicity stress in irrigation water. An antagonistic relationship for the combined effect of NaCl and B on cotton growth was revealed by the experiments. Boron content in cotton leaves increased with an increased B concentration in the 0.046 to 0.736 mmol L−1 range. The combined effect of NaCl and B accelerated the Na accumulated in cotton leaves when NaCl and B were present in high concentrations. The reduction of K and Ca uptake potential at increased NaCl concentrations resulted in lower K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratios, thereby inhibiting cotton vegetative growth and lint yield. Brackish water with a total dissolved solid (TDS) content of 1.49 to 1.68 g L−1 moderately promoted cotton growth.
Dryland Maize Yield and Water‐Use Efficiency Responses to Mulching and Tillage Practices
Authors: Zhang Qingping , Wang Zhennan , Miao Fuhong , Wang Guoliang
Published: May 2017

Core Ideas

The highest yield and water‐use efficiency were under plastic mulching and the lowest in conventional practice.

Maize yields were more sensitive to soil water at sowing under mulching and subsoiling tillage practices in the Loess Plateau.

The synthesis demonstrates that ridge furrow mulching was the optimum practice for maximizing maize yield.

Mulching and tillage practices is widely used to increase crop productivity and reduce water evaporation in semiarid regions. This study was conducted to determine which management practice was optimal through improving grain yield and water‐use efficiency (WUE). Based on an analysis of 44 recent publications, we synthesized maize (Zea mays L) yield, WUE, and evapotranspiration (ET) in response to ridge furrow mulching (RFM), flat mulching (FM), straw mulching (SM), mulching with other materials (MOM), mulching with two materials combined (MTMC), rotational tillage (RT), no‐tillage (NT), and subsoiling tillage (ST) on the Loess Plateau at a broad scale. Yield ranged from 1.0 to 14.6 t ha−1, WUE from 0.30 to 5.70 kg m−3, and ET from 158 to 660 mm under mulching practices; yield ranged from 5.19 to 11.92 t ha−1, WUE from 1.45 to 3.43 kg m−3, and ET from 308 to 556 mm under tillage practices. The maximum yield and WUE were achieved under RFM (ridge and furrow mulched with plastic film) the minimum under conventional tillage (CT). Maize yield is largely related to soil water storage (SWS) at sowing under RFM, FM, SM, MOM, MTMC, and ST practices compared to NT and RT. Ridge furrow mulching and ST increased the maize yields by 58 and 9%, respectively, and corresponding for WUE by 61 and 9%. Therefore, we suggested that increasing the capture of soil water storage (SWS) at maize sowing and encouraging use of RFM practice to improve grain yield and WUE in this region.
Application of Data Envelopment Analysis to Assess Performance Efficiency of Eight Faba Bean Varieties
Authors: Etemadi Fatemeh , Hashemi Masoud , Shureshjani Roohollah Abbasi , Autio Wesley R.
Published: May 2017

Core Ideas

Seed size along with yield should be considered for evaluation of faba bean varieties.

Data envelopment analysis can be implemented for ranking the efficiency of faba bean varieties.

Varieties ranked high by data envelopment analysis models can promote faba bean production in the Northeast.

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seeds are generally large which limits its adoption as cover crop and/or dual purpose cover crop/cash crop due to the high seed cost. The purpose of this study was to apply data envelopment analysis (DEA) by using seed size as input and fresh pod, fresh seed, and L‐Dopa yield as output to evaluate efficiency of eight faba bean varieties. Eight faba bean varieties were evaluated in a 2‐yr study. Four common methods of DEA were used for ranking faba bean varieties. Aquadulce and Delle Cascine out‐yielded other varieties in both years. Averaged over 2 yr Aquadulce and Delle Cascine produced 16.15 and 16.27 Mg ha−1fresh pod, respectively. However, Aquadulce had 21% lower seed size than Delle Cascine which significantly reduces the cost of production. L‐Dopa yield ranged from 4 kg ha−1 in Sweet Lorane to 46 kg ha−1 in Aquadulce. Although no significant difference was found in fresh pod yield and fresh seed yield of Aquadulce and Delle Cascine, Aquadulce ranked first in both years while Delle Cascine ranked fourth in 2015 and third in 2016 due to its larger seed size and lower L‐Dopa. Bell bean and Sweet Lorane had the smallest seed size yet their efficiency ranked last due to their low fresh pod yield, fresh seed yield, and L‐Dopa yield. Results revealed that DEA could successfully use multiple traits in a single mathematical model without the need for the specification of tradeoffs among multiple measurements.
First‐Season Crop Yield Response to Organic Soil Amendments: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Wortman Sam E. , Holmes Ashley A. , Miernicki Elizabeth , Knoche Kaelyn , Pittelkow Cameron M.
Published: May 2017

Core Ideas

Organic amendments are promoted as sustainable alternatives to synthetic fertilizer.

Crop yield increased by an average of 43% in the first season after organic soil amendment.

Yield benefit from organic amendments was greater in leafy crops than root crops.

Poultry manure was commonly used and provided the greatest agronomic benefit.

Yield benefit of organic amendment was lower in arid regions with poor soil quality.

Organic soil amendments are increasingly promoted as a sustainable alternative to synthetic fertilizers and as a tool for building soil quality through improved chemical, physical, and biological properties. However, short‐term yield response to organic amendments is highly variable. A meta‐analysis of 53 studies was conducted to (i) develop a global estimate of first‐season crop yield response to organic amendments, and (ii) determine the effect of crop type, amendment characteristics, soil properties, cultural practices, and climate on the magnitude of this yield response. Yield response ratios were calculated (organic amendment yield compared to a non‐fertilized control) and differences among groups were determined using 95% bootstrap confidence intervals (CI). Across all studies, crop yield increased 43±7% (95% CI) in the first‐season after an organic amendment. Yield response was greatest for leafy crops (71±26% increase) and lowest for root/tuber/bulb crops (29±10% increase). Poultry manure/compost was the most commonly used amendment and provided a yield increase of 76±21%. In contrast, plant‐based amendments increased yield by only 27±9%. Amendment application rate alone was not an effective predictor of yield response, and there were not enough studies available to explore the possible interaction between amendment type and rate. Yield benefits of organic amendments were muted in soils with high organic matter and in arid climates. These results help identify options for maximizing the agronomic value of organic amendments, and suggest research is needed to improve agronomic efficiency of amendments in arid regions with poor soil quality.
Successful Introgression of Abiotic Stress Tolerance from Wild Tepary Bean to Common Bean
Authors: Souter Jodi R. , Gurusamy Valarmathi , Porch Timothy G. , Bett Kirstin E.
Published: May 2017

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production is limited due to abiotic stresses, including drought and subzero temperatures. Tepary bean (P. acutifolius Gray), a relative of common bean, has been reported to be tolerant to these stresses. Preliminary studies screening wild tepary accessions for cold tolerance demonstrated that W6 15578 is a potential donor of cold tolerance, so an interspecific backcross population derived from a cross between it and common bean (NY5‐161) was developed. A 3‐yr field study was conducted in Saskatoon, SK, to identify lines able to withstand subzero temperatures better than the common bean parent at the seedling stage. Introgression lines were also tested for response to terminal drought under field conditions in Isabela, PR, over 3 yr. Days to flowering and yield measurements, along with subzero temperature and drought stress tolerance data, are presented. Although the interspecific introgression lines were backcrossed twice to common bean to improve the fertility and increase the proportion of common bean genome, several introgression lines performed better than the common bean parent under both stress conditions. Future breeding objectives include backcrossing to tepary to try to recover additional abiotic stress tolerance genes, as well as using selected introgression lines as breeding material to develop common bean varieties with increased subzero temperature stress and drought stress tolerance. Interspecific introgression of portions of the tepary bean genome into common bean is a promising method for increasing abiotic stress tolerance in common bean.
An evaluation of bank acquisition using an accounting based measure: a case of Amalgamated Bank of South Africa and Barclays Bank Plc.
Authors: Goodlife Ntuli Mbuyiseni
Published: May 2017

In 2005, Barclays Bank Plc acquired 56.4 percent stake of Amalgamated Bank of South Africa (ABSA). The performance of this acquisition has never been evaluated. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to evaluate the performance of the acquired ABSA through an accounting based measure. The primary source of data was the 2004-2015 ABSA audited financial statements. The audited financial statements are publicly available. The period 2004-2015 includes a period before, during and after the acquisition. In this article, a financial statement analysis method through accounting based measure was the preferred research method. The financial statement analysis method was preferred because of its strength and ability to assess viability, stability and profitability by using formulae, ratios and calculations. Therefore, this article used financial formulae and ratios as acceptable accounting based measures to evaluate the performance of the acquired ABSA. The major finding is that the acquired ABSA is doing better than at the pre-acquisition stage and the share price of the acquired ABSA has been increasing since 2005 to 2015.
ANALISIS PENGARUH FINANCING TO DEPOSIT RATIO (FDR) TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS PERBANKAN SYARIAH DI INDONESIA
Authors: Suryani Suryani
Published: May 2017

This study aimed to (1) analyze the condition of Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR) of Islamic Banking in Indonesia, (2) analyze the profitability of sharia banking in Indonesia; and (3) to analyze the influence of Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR) of the profitability of sharia banking in Indonesia. This study took samples at Islamic banks in Indonesia including 11 Islamic Banks (BUS), 23 Business Units of Sharia Banking (UUS). The research data is from Islamic Banking Statistics published by Bank Indonesia from January 2008 until December 2010 (Financial Ratio Study to BUS and UUS period 2008-2010). The number of Islamic banks used is 34 banks. The technique uses simple linear regression analysis with the help of the program EVIEWS version 5.

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Kajian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menganalisis kondisi Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR) pada Perbankan Syariah di Indonesia, (2) menganalisis profitabilitas perbankan syariah di Indonesia (3) menganalisis pengaruh Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR) profitabilitas perbankan syariah di Indonesia. Sampel dari kajian ini meliputi 11 bank syariah (BUS), 23 Unit Usaha Syariah (UUS). Data peneitian ini diperoleh dari Statistik Perbankan Syariah yang diterbitkan oleh Bank Indonesia dari bulan Januari 2008 hingga Desembar 2010 (Kajian mengenai Financial Ratio BUS dan UUS dalam periode 2008-2010) Sebanyak 34 bank dilibatkan dalam penelitian ini. Adapun teknik yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah analisis regresi linear dengan bantuan program EVIEWS versi 5.
ETIKA BISNIS ISLAMI DALAM PRAKTEK BISNIS RASULULLAH
Authors: Saifullah Muhammad
Published: May 2017

Historical study of the Muhammad’s behavior and business ethics before being appointed as messenger is an interesting study, because the conduct and business ethics that Mohammed applied was based on the study of the verses of the Koran. After appointed as messenger (40 years old), the life of prophet Muhammad was more guided by the revelations of the Qur'an. Some principles which the prophet applied are honest, amanah, accurate in weighting, avoid gharar, not hoard goods, not execute al-ghab and tadlis among seller and buyer.

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Kajian sejarah mengenai perilaku dan etika bisnis Muhammad sebelum ditunjuk sebagai nabi merupakan kajian yang menarik, karena peri laku dan etika bisnis yang diterapkan oleh Muhammad didasarkan pada kajian ayat-ayat al-Qur’an. Setelah ditunjuk sebagai nabi (usia 40 tahun), kehidupan Nabi Muhammad lebih dibimbing oleh wahyu-wahyu al-Qur’an. Beberapa prinsip yang diterapkan oleh Muhammad adalah jujur, amanah, timbangan yang tepat, menghindari gharar, tidak menimbun barang, tidak melakukan al-ghalb dan tadlis di antara penjual dengan pembeli.
MUJAHID VERSUS TERORIS
Authors: Supena Ilyas
Published: May 2017

War of opinions about the victims of Bali blast in public media was observed in two national newspaper, Republika and Kompas. Although the both newspapers are of national level, but in fact the request to be objective in informing opinions toward all community class and groups is some-thing difficult to achieve. This is based in the idea that every communication action contains any interrest—the more in mass media. In the side of Republika the execution of Amrozi seen as universal humanity problem, meanwhile for Kompas it only seen as local case that is related to the persons involved in the incident. Republika provides enough room for developing the discourse on jihad and terorism in order to build a counter opinion on the news that oftenly offense Amrozi meanwhil Kompas convines it self for not to involve in the discourse of theology.

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Perang opini tentang korban ledakan Bali di media massa diamati di dua surat kabar nasional, yaitu Republika dan Kompas. Walaupun kedua surat kabar ter­sebut berskala nasional, namun dalam kenyataannya tuntutan untuk obyektif dalam menyampaikan opini kepada masyarakat merupakan hal yang sulit. Ini didasarkan pada gagasan bahwa setiap tindakan komunikasi me­ngandung kepentingan. Di pihak Republika ekskusi Amrozi dipandang sebagai masalah kemanusiaan universal, sementara bagi Kompas ekskusi tersebut hanya dipandang sebagai kasus lokal yang terkait dengan pribadi yang terlibat dalam ke­jadian tersebut. Republika memberikan ruang yang cukup bagi pe­ngembang­an diskursus mengenai jihad dan terorisme dalam rangka untuk membangun opini imbangan terhadap berita-berita yang seringkali menentang Amrozi sementara Kompas membatasi diri untuk tidak masuk ke dalam diskursus teologi.
INTERAKSI DAN HARMONI UMAT BERAGAMA
Authors: Haryanto Joko Tri
Published: May 2017

The community of Singkawang constituted the multi cultural society, in religion, ethnic, and culture. Historically Singkawang society was able to maintain inter religious harmony. The associative social interaction seemed to be potential to support the harmony in the society. Based on the paradigm of functional-structural, society was assumed as an organic system having inter-relatednes between one organ and another in order to maintain the existence of the society. Social interaction within Singkawang society was developed by the the interaction in the cyrcle of family, neighbourhood, economical activities, religious leaders, and the relation within culture and tradition. Inspite of this the relation between the element of society is still cosmo­politant, on which the society members are less active in developing community harmony.

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Masyarakat Singkawang adalah masyarakat yang terdiri atas berbagai kelompok suku bangsa dan agama. Secara historis, masyarakat Singkawang mampu mem­pertahankan harmoni antar agama. Model interaksi sosial yang bersifat asosiatif tampaknya potensial untuk mendukung harmoni di dalam masyarakat. Ber­dasarkan paradigma fungsional-struktural, masyarakat diasumsikan sebagai sistem organik yang memiliki huungan antar bagiannya untuk mempertahankan masyarakat. Interaksi sosial di dalam masyarakat Singkawang dikembangkan melalui interaksi di dalam lingkup keluarga, lingkungan sekitar, aktifitas ekonomi, para pimpinan agama, dan hubungan di dalam lingkup budaya dan tradisi. Meskipun demikian, hubungan antar unsur masyarakat masih kosmopolitan, yang di dalamnya anggota masyarakat kurang aktif dalam mengembangkan harmoni masyarakat.
Irrigation sector in Bulgaria: impact of post-socialist policy reforms
Authors: Theesfeld Insa
Published: May 2017

In Bulgaria's irrigation sector, collective action solutions have been propagated by the Bulgarian Government and the World Bank in recent years. However, the introduction of a World Bank Project, the enforcement of the Bulgarian Water Law in 2000 and the Water User Association Act in 2001 find no common ground where collective action can grow. Given that villagers often hardly know anything about the water user associations that had been established on paper, the local situation is closer to one of open access, with efforts by some powerful individuals to exert some authority.

This paper will show that what formally gives the impression of being a devolution-oriented policy reform by turning over decision power in resource management to local communities is, in fact, a further concentration of power in the irrigation sector. Empirical evidence is provided for pseudo devolution which is due to the actual implementation process of Bulgaria's recent legislation in the irrigation sector, which results in a concentration of property rights with state authorities. Likewise, individual actors who are capable of achieving short-term access to and management rights for the resource system are able to take advantage of the actual ambiguous local assignments of property rights and gain private benefits.
BIOLOGICAL AND DOCKING STUDIES OF NOVEL AROYLHYDRAZONES
Authors: Manjula J. , Maheswari R.
Published: May 2017

Objective: Novel aroylhydrazone schiff bases were synthesized and were screened for their biological activities.Methods: Using HCl as a catalyst, all the compounds were synthesized at room temperature and were characterized by IR and NMR techniques. The synthesized Schiff bases were screened for antibacterial, antifungal activities. In silico molecular docking, method was performed to study their anti-tuberculosis activity against enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (PDB id: 2NSD). Results: Compound P1 showed good antibacterial activity against gram positive (S. aureus) and gram negative (E. coli) bacterial strains and compound J1 showed good antifungal activity against A. niger. Molecular docking results reveal that compound B1 made two numbers of electrostatic interactions with 2NSD with more negative C docker interaction value. This indicated that the compound B1 was more active with minimum binding potential which is comparable with that of standard compound isoniazid.Conclusion: Aroylhydrazones having good biologically activities compared to that of standards were prepared.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF ARIPIPRAZOLE IN SWAB SAMPLES ON PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING EQUIPMENT SURFACES FOR CLEANING VALIDATION
Authors: Kaur Sukhpreet , Bala Indu , Kamboj Anjoo
Published: May 2017

Objective: To validate simple analytical method and its application in the determination of residual aripiprazole in production area equipment and to confirm the efficiency of cleaning procedure.Methods: The swab sampling and UV method for residual estimation of aripiprazole in swab samples from equipment surfaces after manufacturing of three consecutive batches of aripiprazole 10 mg uncoated tablets were developed and validated.Results: The swab sampling method was developed and validated in order to obtain the suitable recovery (>90%). The swabs were saturated with acetonitrile. The UV method was developed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 255 nm. The calibration curve was linear (r2 =1.0000) over a concentration range of 1-30 µg/ml. The LOD and LOQ were 0.43 µg/ml and 1.32µg/ml, respectively. No interference from swab solution was observed and samples were stable for 24h. The determined concentration varying from 1.00-5.687µg/swab was well below the calculated limit of contamination i.e., 24.2µg/swab or 24.2 µg/25 cm2.Conclusion: The results obtained from cleaning procedure confirmed that the proposed procedure was able to remove aripiprazole from equipment surfaces below the value of 10 ppm criteria. So the proposed validated UV method with appropriate swab wipe procedure could be applicable for cleaning validation on residues of aripiprazole.
ESTIMATION OF THE ANXIOLYTIC-LIKE EFFECT OF THE β-CARBOLINE ALKALOID HARMINE ON STRESSED PREGNANT RATS
Authors: Benatoui Rima , Bairi Abdelmadjid , Tahraoui Abdelkrim
Published: May 2017

Objective: During the last decade, the role of the β-carboline alkaloid harmine has essentially been studied with regard to its anxiolytic effect, as it was done in our laboratory; therefore, this study has been progressed to cover the effect of this alkaloid on pregnant wistar rats.Methods: The molecule was used at doses of 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, pregnant female rats were divided into three groups according to the stage of pregnancy: first, second, and the third week of pregnancy. Each group has been subdivided into seven subgroups: control group, two treated groups with harmine, acute footshock stress at 1,2mA, sub-acute footshock stress at 0,4mA, psychological stress, and the treated group that footshocked after with 1,2mA, all groups were carried out open field test, plus maze test and light/dark box test.Results: Thigmotaxis is reflected by the significant increase in the traveled distance in peripheral area in the open field of the three groups ‘weeks’ at dose of 10 mg/kg, the enhancement in the number and time of rearing, at both doses, during the second and the last week, the significant increase in the number of entries ‘in open arms’ in plus-maze during the first and third weeks at 15 mg/kg, and the significant decreased in time spent in the light compartment of the light/dark box at the same dose of all groups ‘weeks’ were noticed, which confirm the anxiolytic effect of the alkaloid, even in the case of the footschock stressed pregnant rats of all groups ‘weeks’ that enhancement of number of enties into open arms during the plus maze test.Conclusion: So we can conclude that the anxiolytic effect of harmine not shortening to male rats, but expands to female pregnant wistar rats, and establishes its effect by diminishing time in light compartment of light/dark box and number of entries in open arms of plus maze, in other hand, the increase in the number and the time of rearing reflects the enhancement of exploratory behavior.
RAPID ISOLATION OF THE BIOACTIVE METABOLITE OF CYMBOPOGON PROXIMUS AND DEVELOPMENT OF LC METHOD
Authors: El-houssini Ola Mohamed , Metwally Ghada Farouk
Published: May 2017

Objective: Development of a rapid isolation method to afford the bioactive metabolite (proximadiol: prox) from its herb (Cymbopogan proximus Stapf.) in the purest form and validate an LC method for its determination was our goal in this work. Methods: Prox was isolated by chromatographic techniques from the dichloromethane extract of the herb on alumina column, using petroleum ether-ethyl acetate solvent mixtures with increasing polarity.The determination of prox was achieved by LC method. The chromatographic separation was carried out on Thermo Hypersil ODS (4.5 x 250 mm, 10 µm) column, in the presence of 8-chlorotheophylline as an internal standard. The mobile phase was composed of 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH: 3.5): methanol (60:40 v/v) and was pumped at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The detection and quantification were done at 210 nm.Results: The structure elucidation of the isolated compound was identified on the basis of its spectral data.A simple and reproducible LC method was developed for the determination of the isolated purified Prox. Adequate separation and good resolution were obtained between prox and 8-chlorotheophylline. Quantification was achieved at 210 nm over concentration range 12.00-33.60 µg/ml with mean percentage recovery of 99.29±0.340. The method was validated in accordance with USP specifications. All analytical criterions were within acceptable range. The validity of the results was assessed by applying standard addition technique. The results obtained were compared with the reported method.Conclusion: The proposed method could be applied for routine quality control analysis of pharmaceutical formulations containing prox.
FOLIC ACID-CONJUGATED DOXORUBICIN-LOADED PHOTOSENSITIZING MANGANESE FERRITE NANOPARTICLES: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITY AGAINST HUMAN CERVICAL CARCINOMA CELL LINE (HELA)
Authors: Safdar Muhammad Hassan , Hasan Humna , Anees Mariam , Hussain Zahid
Published: May 2017

Objective: On account of several complications and adverse effects associated with the use of conventional chemotherapeutic regimen, the advanced drug-targeted therapies have gained the remarkable attention of the researchers due to their fabulous pharmaceutical and therapeutic advantages. The present study was designed with the aim to synthesize manganese ferrite nanoparticles (MnFe2O4 NPs) and folic acid-conjugated doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded manganese ferrite bovine serum albumin NPs (FA-BSA-DOX-MnFe2O4 NPs) using desolvation cross-linking method.Methods: Having assessed their physicochemical characteristics, the prepared NPs were evaluated for hem compatibility, photo-mediated cytotoxicity, and anti-cancer potential against human cervical carcinoma cell line (HeLa) using a range of in vitro assays which include hemolysis assay, sulforhodamine B (SRB) and MTT assays.Results: Spectroscopic characterization revealed that MnFe2O4 NPs were spherical with an average size diameter of approx. 15 nm and a band gap of 1.4 eV. Another remarkable feature of FA-BSA-DOX conjugated MnFe2O4 NPs was high entrapment efficiency (approx. 95%). MTT assay demonstrated that MnFe2O4 NPs revealed potential photosensitizing ability upon exposure to sunlight. FA-BSA-DOX conjugated MnFe2O4 NPs showed promising cytotoxicity against human cervical epithelial malignant carcinoma cell line (HeLa). Interestingly, the cytotoxicity of these NPs was gradually increased with time of exposure to sunlight.Conclusion: These findings suggested that FA-BSA-DOX conjugated MnFe2O4NPs exhibit promising photosensitizing and anticancer potential against human cervical carcinoma and thus can be considered as an alternative targeted therapy against human cervical cancer.
NEUROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF FRACTIONAL FLOWER EXTRACTS OF MIRABILIS JALAPA AGAINST ALUMINIUM HYDROCHLORIDE INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY IN MALE WISTER RATS
Authors: Babu Sitty Manohar , Swain Suryakanta , Renuka Karanam
Published: May 2017

Objective: The major objective of this present study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of fractional flower extracts (acetone, petroleum ether, methanol and aqueous) of Mirabilis jalapa (MJ) against aluminium hydrochloride-induced neurotoxicity in male wister rats.Methods: From the different fractional flower extracts of Mirabilis jalapa (MJ), two doses (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) of each extract was initially selected and administered per orally 30 min prior to aluminium hydrochloride administration to the different animal groups once a day for a period of 45 d. Rat serum was collected from different animal groups on 1st, 15th, 30th and 45th days for estimation of marker enzymes, where a reduction in marker was observed. Animal was sacrificed by decapitation and the whole brain of rats was analyzed to estimate the levels of nitrite, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (DOS), catalase, reduced glutathione and acetylcholinesterase (AchE).Results: On the 9th day the Wister rats were sacrificed and cerebral cortex was removed. One-half of the cerebral cortex samples from different groups of Aluminium hydrochloride treated rats were stored in FAM mixture (40% formaldehyde, acetic acid and methanol in the ratio of 1:1:8) for histological analysis. From the study confirmed that dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg bwt of methanolic extract of MJ significantly (p˂0.001) increases the reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase level, whereas petroleum ether, acetone and aqueous fractional flower extracts of MJ significantly (p˂0.01) decreases nitrite, TBARS and AchE levels of aluminium hydrochloride treated groups.Conclusion: This result is indicating evidence for Mirabilis jalapa had a significant neuroprotective effect on aluminium hydrochloride-induced neurotoxicity and also supports by histopathological studies.