bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced energy harvesting from shaded PV systems using an improved particle swarm optimisation
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Satheesh Krishnan , Kinattingal Sundareswaran , Simon Sishaj Pulikottil , Ark Kumar Kevin
Published: March 2020

This research work is concerned with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic (PV) systems under partially shaded conditions (PSCs) through an improved particle swarm optimisation (PSO). The traditional PSO is investigated toward MPPT and the reasons for delayed convergence characteristics are investigated. Then, a modified PSO is proposed, in which population is reduced sequentially by eliminating less‐promising particles. The new concept is applied to a 30 kW PV plant situated in a school building and the results are analysed. The new methodology is also experimentally verified on a 400 W prototype PV system in the laboratory. Enhanced energy harvesting from the existing 30 kW PV plant is highlighted considering realistic shading patterns and full bright conditions of solar insolation. The computed and measured results clearly demonstrate that the new PSO is a promising candidate for MPPT in PV systems under PSC.
Distributed LMI‐based control of heterogeneous microgrids considering fixed time‐delays and switching topologies
Authors: Raeispour Mohammad , Atrianfar Hajar , Baghaee Hamid Reza , Gharehpetian Gevork B.
Published: March 2020

In this study, a distributed cooperative control protocol for inverter‐based islanded microgrids (MGs) is presented. The MG consists of distributed generation units and battery energy storage systems (BESSs). Despite most of the reported works which assumed the ideal conditions and did not considered any delay in information exchange between local controllers, the authors design a controller for the restoration of voltage and frequency fluctuations, achieving accurate active power‐sharing and state of charge (SoC) balancing of BESS in the presence of fixed communication time‐delay and changing topology of the network. The stability analysis is performed based on the Lyapunov–Krasovskii method, and sufficient conditions are presented based on linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) to guarantee the system stability and to reach consensus under arbitrary switching topologies. The upper bound of communication delay that the system can tolerate is given, too. Finally, to evaluate the performance of the control laws, offline digital time‐domain simulation studies are performed on a test MG system in MATLAB/Simulink, and simulation results reveal the effectiveness, efficiency, authenticity and accuracy of the proposed method in regulating MG voltage and frequency and providing accurate proportional active power‐sharing and SoC balancing.
Development of a regenerated Beryllium target and a thermal test facility for Compact Accelerator-based Neutron Sources
Authors: Muraz Jean-François , Santos Daniel , Ghetta Véronique , Giraud Julien , Marpaud Julien , Hervé Marine , Sortais Pascal , Forlino Mauro
Published: March 2020

Recently, the possibility to use compact accelerators coupled to high current ion sources for the production of intense low energy proton or deuteron beams has motivated many research laboratories to develop accelerator based neutrons sources for several purposes, including Neutron Capture Therapy (NCT). The NCT needs a high flux, about 10 9 n.cm-2.s-1, of thermal neutrons (E<10 keV) at the tumour site. Up to now, the NCT required neutron flux was mainly delivered by nuclear reactors. However, the production of such neutron flux is now possible using proton or deuteron beams on specific targets able to stand a high pow er (~15- 30 kW) on a small area (~10 cm2). This specific target design, materials and supports, has to cope with extreme physical constraints . The LPSC team has conceived an original solution formed by a thin (8 μm) rotating beryllium target depos ited on a graphite wheel and coupled with a beryllium sputtering device for periodic 9Be layer restoration. By means of 9Be (d,n) 10B nuclear reaction, this target irradiated by a 10- -20 mA deuteron beam (1.45 MeV) should produce the required neutron flux. In order to validate the target design of the neutron flux production and the beryllium target thermal capabilities, we built a 30 cm diameter rotating Beryllium target prototype and a compact electron beam line able to deliver a power density of 3kW/cm2.
Cryostat for the provision of liquid hydrogen with a variable ortho-para ratio for a low-dimensional cold neutron moderator
Authors: Eisenhut Sebastian , Klaus Marcel , Baggemann Johannes , Rücker Ulrich , Beßler Yannick , Schwab Alexander , Haberstroh Christoph , Cronert Tobias , Gutberlet Thomas , Brückel Thomas , Lange Carsten
Published: March 2020

A significant contribution to the enhancement of the neutron brilliance achievable with Compact Accelerator-driven Neutron Sources (CANS) can be made by an optimized cold moderator design. When using liquid para-H2 as the moderating medium, the concept of low-dimensional cold moderators can be employed to increase the neutron brightness (as currently foreseen at the European Spallation Source ESS). Para-H2 shows a drop in the scattering cross section by about one order of magnitude around 15 meV, resulting in a large deviation between the mean free paths of thermal and cold neutrons. Taking advantage of this effect, the cold moderator geometry can be optimized to allow the intake of thermal neutrons through a relatively large envelope surface and then extracting them in an efficient way towards the neutron guides. One drawback of this solution is the lack of thermalization of the cold neutrons. In the context of the HBS (High Brilliance Neutron Source) project, efforts are made to overcome this problem by increasing the scattering cross section of the H2 in a defined way. The idea is to admix small amounts of ortho-H2, which maintains its large scattering cross section in the region below 15 meV. Like this, the neutron spectrum can be shifted towards lower energies and adjusted for the needs of the respective instruments. In a cooperation between TU Dresden and FZ Jülich, an experimental setup has been created to prove the feasibility of this concept. The main component of the experimental setup is a LHe-cooled flow cryostat that enables the separate condensation of a para-H2 and a normal-H2 flow and a subsequent mixing of the two in precise proportions. The resulting LH2 mixture at 17 - 20 K is fed into a small cold moderator vessel (approx. 200 ml). In this work, the current status of the setup is presented. The construction and commissioning of the mixing cryostat have been completed and first test runs show that different ortho-para-H2 mixtures can be produced. In the near future, the system will be ready for measurements at a neutron source.
Directional reflection of cold neutrons using nanodiamond particles for compact neutron sources
Authors: Jamalipour Mostafa , Zanini Luca , Gorini Giuseppe
Published: March 2020

Nanodiamond Particles (NDP) are new candidates for neutron reflection. They have a large scattering and low absorption cross-sections for low-energy neutrons. Very Cold Neutrons (VCN) are reflected from NDP with large scattering angles while Cold Neutrons (CN) have a quasi-specular reflection at small incident angles. A new scattering process has been added in Geant4 in order to examine the directional reflection of CN in an extraction beam made of NDP layer. Impurities in NDP are responsible for the up-scattered neutrons, especially hydrogen which has a large cross-section. Other impurities are also considered in Geant4 in order to produce a more accurate model for NDP scattering. The new scattering process is used to model a possible configuration of target-moderator-reflector in Compact Neutron Sources (CNS). A 13 MeV proton beam striking a beryllium target is chosen. Parahydrogen is placed as a cold moderator in order to produce CN. NDP are placed around the extraction beam for scattering the CN toward the exit of the beam. The results show that CN exiting the extraction beam can be increased thanks to the implemented NDP layer.
Thermal neutron intensity measurement with fission chamber in current, pulse and Campbell modes
Authors: Zeinalov Shakir , Sidorova Olga , Sedyshev Pavel , Shvetsov Valery , Lee Youngseok , Nam Uk-Won
Published: March 2020

In thermal nuclear reactors, most of the power is generated by thermal neutron induced fission. Therefore, fission chambers with targets that respond directly to slow neutrons are of great interest for thermal neutron flux measurements due to relatively low sensitivity to gamma radiation. However, the extreme conditions associated with experiments at very low cross section demand highly possible thermal neutron flux, leading often to substantial design changes. In this paper we report design of a fission chamber for wide range (from 10 to 1012 n/cm2 sec) measurement of thermal neutron flux. Test experiments were performed at the first beam of IBR2 pulsed reactor using digital pulse processing (DPP) technique with modern waveform digitizers (WFD). The neutron pulses detected by the fission chamber in each burst (5 Hz repetition rate) of the reactor were digitized and recorded to PC memory for further on-line and off-line analysis. New method is suggested to make link between the pulse counting, the current mode and the Campbell technique.
Onkologische Versorgungsforschung mit Krebsregistern
Authors: Bubenzer Rainer
Published: March 2020

Versorgungsforschung mit Daten aus klinischen Krebsregistern war Thema einer eher dünn besetzten wissenschaftlichen Sitzung bei der vergangenen DGHO-Jahrestagung. Das funktionell immer noch nicht umgesetzte Krebsfrüherkennungs- und -registergesetz soll hier zwar viele neue Einsichten bringen. Möglicherweise bringen andere Analysen aber rascher tiefere Einblicke, etwa das 2. DGHO-Gutachten zur deutschlandweiten Prognose der Inzidenz und Prävalenz häufiger Krebserkrankungen und Auswirkungen auf die Versorgung. Auf jeden Fall sind an Registerstudien in der Versorgungsforschung die gleichen hohen Anforderungen zu stellen wie an alle therapierelevanten Studienarten.
ASH 2019: Bispezifischer Antikörper beim Non-Hodgkin-Lymphom
Authors: Schmale Ine
Published: March 2020

In der Präsidentensitzung wurden beim ASH vielversprechende Ergebnisse für die Behandlung von intensiv vorbehandelten Patienten mit B-Zell-Non-Hodgkin- Lymphom (B-Zell-NHL) gezeigt. Bei dem Wirkstoff Mosunetuzumab handelt es sich um einen vollständig humanisierten CD3/CD20-gerichteten IgG1-bispezifischen Antikörper, der T-Zellen für die Elimination von malignen B-Zellen reaktiviert. Im Gegensatz zur CAR-T-Zelltherapie ist keine Ex-vivo- Manipulation der T-Zellen notwendig, womit die Therapie den Patienten schneller verabreicht werden kann.
Fork-tip needle biopsy versus fine-needle aspiration in endoscopic ultrasound-guided sampling of solid pancreatic masses: a randomized crossover study
Authors: Oppong Kofi W. , Bekkali Noor L. H. , Leeds John S. , Johnson Sarah J. , Nayar Manu K. , Darné Antony , Egan Mark , Bassett Paul , Haugk Beate
Published: March 2020

Background A novel fork-tip fine-needle biopsy (FNB) needle has recently been introduced for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided sampling. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of fork-tip FNB histology and standard fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in the diagnosis of solid pancreatic masses.

Methods A randomized crossover study was performed in patients referred for EUS-guided sampling. Three passes were taken with each needle in a randomized order. Only samples reported as diagnostic of malignancy were considered positive. The primary end point was the sensitivity of diagnosis of malignancy. Secondary end points included the amount of sample obtained, ease of diagnosis, duration of tissue sampling, pathologist viewing time, and cost.

Results 108 patients were recruited. Median age was 69 years (range 30 – 87) and 57 were male; 85.2 % had a final diagnosis of malignancy. There were statistically significant differences in sensitivity (82 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 72 % to 89 %] vs. 71 % [95 %CI 60 % to 80 %]), accuracy (84 % [95 %CI 76 % to 91 %] vs. 75 % [95 %CI 66 % to 83 %]), proportion graded as a straightforward diagnosis (69 % [95 %CI 60 % to 78 %] vs. 51 % [95 %CI 41 % to 61 %]), and median pathology viewing time (188 vs. 332 seconds) (P < 0.001) between FNB and FNA needles, respectively. There was no significant difference in cost between an FNB or FNA strategy.

Conclusion The diagnostic performance of the fork-tip FNB needle was significantly better than that of FNA; it was associated with ease of diagnosis, shorter pathological viewing times, and was cost neutral.
Contrasting Role of Dose Increase in Modulating Sofosbuvir-Induced Hepatocyte Toxicity
Authors: Yousefsani Bahare Sadat , Nabavi Nasim , Pourahmad Jalal
Published: March 2020

Sofosbuvir, the oral direct-acting antiviral, is a medication, which used as the effective treatment for hepatitis C infection. Although sofosbuvir thought to have few adverse-effects, there have been some experiences of serious drug-induced hepatotoxicity. In this research, the molecular/cellular pathways that lead to sofosbuvir-induced hepatotoxicity were evaluated on isolated rat hepatocytes. Rat hepatocytes were isolated using collagenase reperfusion technique. In evaluating the different pathways of sofosbuvir-induced hepatotoxicity, ROS formation, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, lysosomal membrane damage, glutathione depletion, and the percentage of apoptosis versus necrosis were determined. Our data demonstrated that the cytotoxic effect of sofosbuvir in lower concentrations (25, 50 and 100 µM) is mediated by above stream pathways. On the other hand, sofosbuvir acts in opposite directions at higher concentrations (400 µM) and acts as an antioxidant and hepatoprotective. We concluded that sofosbuvir while looking toxic and pro-oxidant in lower concentrations, acts as protective and antioxidant in higher concentrations.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy by Viscoelastography
Authors: Hartmann Jan , Walsh Mark , Grisoli Anne , Thomas Anthony V. , Shariff Faisal , McCauley Ross , Vande Lune Stefani , Zackariya Nuha , Patel Shivani , Farrell Michael S. , Sixta Sherry , March Robert , Evans Edward , Tracy Rebecca , Campello Elena , Scărlătescu Ecaterina , Agostini Vanessa , Dias João , Greve Sarah , Thomas Scott
Published: March 2020

This article explores the application of viscoelastic tests (VETs) in trauma-induced coagulopathy and trauma resuscitation. We describe the advantages of VETs over conventional coagulation tests in the trauma setting and refer to previous disciplines in which VET use has reduced blood product utilization, guided prohemostatic agents, and improved clinical outcomes such as the mortality of critically bleeding patients. We describe different VETs and provide guidance for blood component therapy and prohemostatic therapy based on specific VET parameters. Because the two most commonly used VET systems, rotational thromboelastometry and thromboelastography, use different activators and have different terminologies, this practical narrative review will directly compare and contrast these two VETs to help the clinician easily interpret either and use the interpretation to determine hemostatic integrity in the bleeding trauma patient. Finally, we anticipate the future of new viscoelastic technologies that can be used in this setting.
Data Model Requirements for a Digital Cognitive Aid for Anesthesia to Support Intraoperative Crisis Management
Authors: Schild Stefanie , Gruendner Julian , Gulden Christian , Prokosch Hans-Ulrich , St Pierre Michael , Sedlmayr Martin
Published: March 2020

Objective The aim of this study is to define data model requirements supporting the development of a digital cognitive aid (CA) for intraoperative crisis management in anesthesia, including medical emergency text modules (text elements) and branches or loops within emergency instructions (control structures) as well as their properties, data types, and value ranges.

Methods The analysis process comprised three steps: reviewing the structure of paper-based CAs to identify common text elements and control structures, identifying requirements derived from content, design, and purpose of a digital CA, and validating requirements by loading exemplary emergency checklist data into the resulting prototype data model.

Results The analysis of paper-based CAs identified 19 general text elements and two control structures. Aggregating these elements and analyzing the content, design and purpose of a digital CA revealed 20 relevant data model requirements. These included checklist tags to enable different search options, structured checklist action steps (items) in groups and subgroups, and additional information on each item. Checklist and Item were identified as two main classes of the prototype data model. A data object built according to this model was successfully integrated into a digital CA prototype.

Conclusion To enable consistent design and interactivity with the content, presentation of critical medical information in a digital CA for crisis management requires a uniform structure. So far it has not been investigated which requirements need to be met by a data model for this purpose. The results of this study define the requirements and structure that enable the presentation of critical medical information. Further research is needed to develop a comprehensive data model for a digital CA for crisis management in anesthesia, including supplementation of requirements resulting from simulation studies and feasibility analyses regarding existing data models. This model may also be a useful template for developing data models for CAs in other medical domains.
Multi-scale features of volatility spillover networks: A case study of China's energy stock market
Authors: Liu Xueyong , Jiang Cheng
Published: March 2020

The objective of this study is to examine the multi-scale feature of volatility spillover in the energy stock market systematically. To achieve this objective, a framework is proposed. First, the wavelet theory is used to divide the original data to subsequences to analyze the multi-scale features, and then the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity model with Baba, Engle, Kraft, and Kroner specification (GARCH-BEKK) and the complex network theory are used to construct the spillover networks. Finally, the stock prices in the energy sector of China from 2014 to 2016 are used to conduct experiments. The main contribution of this paper is that we find various features of volatility spillover transmission in different time scales among energy stock prices. The results indicate that the volatility spillover effects are more fragmented in the short term, while the volatility changes will be only transmitted by a small number of important stock prices in the long term. In addition, we captured the key paths of volatility transmission by using the smallest directed tree of network under different timescales.
Dimension-free path-integral molecular dynamics without preconditioning
Authors: Korol Roman , Rosa-Raíces Jorge L. , Bou-Rabee Nawaf , Miller Thomas F.
Published: March 2020

Convergence with respect to imaginary-time discretization (i.e., the number of ring-polymer beads) is an essential part of any path-integral-based molecular dynamics (MD) calculation. However, an unfortunate property of existing non-preconditioned numerical integration schemes for path-integral molecular dynamics—including essentially all existing ring-polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) and thermostatted RPMD (T-RPMD) methods—is that for a given MD time step, the overlap between the exact ring-polymer Boltzmann–Gibbs distribution and that sampled using MD becomes zero in the infinite-bead limit. This has clear implications for hybrid Metropolis Monte Carlo/MD sampling schemes, and it also causes the divergence with bead number of the primitive path-integral kinetic-energy expectation value when using standard RPMD or T-RPMD. We show that these and other problems can be avoided through the introduction of “dimension-free” numerical integration schemes for which the sampled ring-polymer position distribution has non-zero overlap with the exact distribution in the infinite-bead limit for the case of a harmonic potential. Most notably, we introduce the BCOCB integration scheme, which achieves dimension freedom via a particular symmetric splitting of the integration time step and a novel implementation of the Cayley modification [R. Korol et al., J. Chem. Phys. 151, 124103 (2019)] for the free ring-polymer half-steps. More generally, we show that dimension freedom can be achieved via mollification of the forces from the external physical potential. The dimension-free path-integral numerical integration schemes introduced here yield finite error bounds for a given MD time step, even as the number of beads is taken to infinity; these conclusions are proven for the case of a harmonic potential and borne out numerically for anharmonic systems that include liquid water. The numerical results for BCOCB are particularly striking, allowing for nearly three-fold increases in the stable time step for liquid water with respect to the Bussi–Parrinello (OBABO) and Leimkuhler (BAOAB) integrators, while introducing negligible errors in the calculated statistical properties and absorption spectrum. Importantly, the dimension-free, non-preconditioned integration schemes introduced here preserve ergodicity and global second-order accuracy, and they remain simple, black-box methods that avoid additional computational costs, tunable parameters, or system-specific implementations.
Interface charge engineering in down-scaled AlGaN (<6 nm)/GaN heterostructure for fabrication of GaN-based power HEMTs and MIS-HEMTs
Authors: Zhao Rui , Huang Sen , Wang Xinhua , Li Yuchen , Shi Jingyuan , Zhang Yichuan , Fan Jie , Yin Haibo , Chen Xiaojuan , Wei Ke , Wu Shan , Yang Xuelin , Shen Bo , Liu Xinyu
Published: March 2020

The physical mechanism for recovery of 2D electron gas (2DEG) in down-scaled AlGaN/GaN heterostructures with SiNx layers grown by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) was investigated by means of Hall-effect characterization, scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM), and self-consistent Poisson–Schrödinger calculations. Observations using SKPM show that the surface potential of the AlGaN/GaN heterostructure remained nearly unchanged (∼1.08 eV) as the thickness of the AlGaN barrier was reduced from 18.5 to 5.5 nm and likely originated from the surface pinning effect. This led to a significant depletion of 2DEG from 9.60 × 1012 to 1.53 × 1012 cm−2, as determined by Hall measurements, toward a normally OFF 2DEG channel. Based on a consistent solution of the Schrödinger–Poisson equations and analytical simulations, approximately 3.50 × 1013 cm−2 of positive fixed charges were confirmed to be induced by a 20-nm LPCVD-SiNx passivation over the AlGaN/GaN heterostructures. The interface charge exerted a strong modulation of band bending in the down-scaled AlGaN/GaN heterostructure, contributing to the efficient recovery of 2DEG charge density (∼1.63 × 1013 cm−2). E-mode ultrathin-barrier AlGaN/GaN metal–insulator–semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors with a low ON-resistance (RON), high ON/OFF current ratio, and steep subthreshold slope were implemented using LPCVD-SiNx passivation.
Two-dimensional graphene-like Xenes as potential topological materials
Authors: Zhao Aidi , Wang Bing
Published: March 2020

Since the discovery of quantum spin Hall (QSH) effect in graphene, searching for two-dimensional (2D) QSH materials with larger bulk gap has been an active field in the past decade. As cousins of graphene, the elemental graphene-like 2D materials (Xenes, X refers to group-IV, group-V, or group-VI elements) have been particularly interested in search of the QSH state as they share a similar honeycomb lattice with graphene. For those Xenes with heavier elements, theory predicted an extraordinarily large bulk gap suitable for room-temperature applications that have been experimentally verified in recent epitaxially grown bismuthene and stanene samples. We briefly review the progress in theoretical and experimental investigations of 2D Xenes as possible QSH topological materials.
Defect evolution in Mg ions implanted GaN upon high temperature and ultrahigh N2 partial pressure annealing: Transmission electron microscopy analysis
Authors: Iwata Kenji , Sakurai Hideki , Arai Shigeo , Nakashima Takuya , Narita Tetsuo , Kataoka Keita , Bockowski Michal , Nagao Masaharu , Suda Jun , Kachi Tetsu , Ikarashi Nobuyuki
Published: March 2020

Defects in Mg ion-implanted GaN epitaxial layers formed after annealing at 1573 K and at 1753 K were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Degradation of the GaN surface, which occurs at temperatures higher than about 1573 K, was avoided by ultra-high-pressure annealing under a N2 atmosphere at 1 GPa. Annealing for damage recovery in ion-implanted compound semiconductors generally requires temperatures at about two-thirds of their melting point, which is reportedly 2518 K or higher for GaN. Thus, defect analysis in ion-implanted GaN annealed at temperatures higher than 1573 K is necessary to understand the defect recovery. Atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that interstitial-type extended defects and inversion domains with Mg segregation were formed during the annealing at 1573 K. These defects were not observed in a sample annealed at 1753 K; instead, vacancy-type extended defects were formed. Such evolution of defects can be explained by previous theoretical studies that indicated that the migration energy of vacancy-type defects is higher than that of interstitial-type defects. Moreover, the formation of vacancy-type extended defects implies a reduction in the concentrations of vacancies and their complexes. Since the vacancies and their complexes can compensate for Mg acceptors, their reduced concentration should increase the acceptor activation efficiency. Also, the disappearance of Mg segregation during high-temperature annealing should increase the activation efficiency since the segregated Mg atoms are electrically inactive. It is thus concluded that the evolution of defects caused by high-temperature annealing above 1573 K increases the activation efficiency of acceptors in Mg ion-implanted GaN.
In-plane crystal field constrained electronic structure of stanene
Authors: Li Jinmei , Lei Tao , Wang Jiaou , Wu Rui , Qian Haijie , Ibrahim Kurash
Published: March 2020

Stanene was grown on two substrates (Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3) with different in-plane lattice constants by molecular beam epitaxy under ultrahigh vacuum conditions, and the electronic structure tuned by the lattice constant of the substrate was investigated by in situ angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The metallic surface state of stanene on Bi2Te3 is characterized by an upward cone-like structure with a strong warping effect. Compared with the anisotropic Fermi surface of stanene on Bi2Te3 modified by the hexagonal in-plane crystal field, the band dispersion of stanene on Sb2Te3 steepens which is caused by the smaller in-plane lattice parameter, and the anisotropy of the Fermi surface evolves into quasi-isotropy. Band evolution, bandgap, and anisotropic effects of stanene are initially associated with the structural symmetry and lattice parameter, and this phenomenon can be used as a general rule extended to other similar low dimensional systems.
Fabrication and growth of c-axis textured Nd2Fe14B thin films by high-rate sputtering
Authors: Tsuchida Takayuki , Fukushima Jun , Hinata Shintaro , Hayashi Yamato , Saito Shin , Takizawa Hirotsugu
Published: March 2020

To apply Nd–Fe–B thin films for mass-produced heat-assisted magnetic recording media, we investigated the high-rate sputtering conditions required to obtain c-axis textured Nd2Fe14B thin films and analyzed the growth mechanism. Magnetization curves indicated that higher substrate temperatures and sputtering rates resulted in a higher degree of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy; a Nd–Fe–B layer deposited at a substrate temperature (Tsub_0) of 600 °C and a sputtering rate (Rsp) of 2.6 nm/s had the easy axis perpendicular to the film plane. The dependence of the magnetic properties on the sputtering rate was due to a decrease in the substrate temperature during sputtering; there was a threshold for obtaining a high squareness ratio. X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the c-axis textured Nd2Fe14B crystal phase was formed in the Nd–Fe–B layer deposited at Tsub_0 = 600 °C and Rsp = 2.6 nm/s, which resulted in the highly perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. In addition, the TEM images showed a layer of Nd2Fe14B with no obvious lattice fringes near the interface between the Nd–Fe–B layer and Mo underlayer, while the lattice fringes of the Nd2Fe14B phase were not parallel to this interface but gently curved along the Mo cap layer. We propose that the c-axis orientation was achieved by the rotation of the c plane, which has the lowest surface energy in the Nd2Fe14B phase, toward the vacuum-side surface during sputtering.
Near-infrared-sensitive photorefractive Sn2P2S6 crystals grown by the Bridgman method
Authors: Shumelyuk O. M. , Volkov A. Yu. , Skrypka Ya. M. , Halliburton L. E. , Giles N. C. , Lenyk C. A. , Basun S. A. , Grabar A. A. , Vysochansky Yu. M. , Odoulov S. G. , Evans D. R.
Published: March 2020

Ferroelectric tin hypothiodiphosphate (Sn2P2S6) crystals are well-known for their significant piezoelectric, electro-optic, and nonlinear optical properties. These crystals have usually been grown by a vapor transport technique. We report in this paper on the first study of photorefractive nonlinearity in Sn2P2S6 crystals grown by the Bridgman method. Pronounced photorefraction is observed in the near-infrared region of the spectrum even with no preliminary optical sensitizing.
Extended Lagrangian Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics using a Krylov subspace approximation
Authors: Niklasson Anders M. N.
Published: March 2020

It is shown how the electronic equations of motion in extended Lagrangian Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations [A. M. N. Niklasson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 123004 (2008); J. Chem. Phys. 147, 054103 (2017)] can be integrated using low-rank approximations of the inverse Jacobian kernel. This kernel determines the metric tensor in the harmonic oscillator extension of the Lagrangian that drives the evolution of the electronic degrees of freedom. The proposed kernel approximation is derived from a pseudoinverse of a low-rank estimate of the Jacobian, which is expressed in terms of a generalized set of directional derivatives with directions that are given from a Krylov subspace approximation. The approach allows a tunable and adaptive approximation that can take advantage of efficient preconditioning techniques. The proposed kernel approximation for the integration of the electronic equations of motion makes it possible to apply extended Lagrangian first-principles molecular dynamics simulations to a broader range of problems, including reactive chemical systems with numerically sensitive and unsteady charge solutions. This can be achieved without requiring exact full calculations of the inverse Jacobian kernel in each time step or relying on iterative non-linear self-consistent field optimization of the electronic ground state prior to the force evaluations as in regular direct Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics. The low-rank approximation of the Jacobian is directly related to Broyden’s class of quasi-Newton algorithms and Jacobian-free Newton–Krylov methods and provides a complementary formulation for the solution of nonlinear systems of equations.
Highly concentrated LiN(SO2CF3)2/dinitrile electrolytes: Liquid structures, transport properties, and electrochemistry
Authors: Ugata Yosuke , Tatara Ryoichi , Ueno Kazuhide , Dokko Kaoru , Watanabe Masayoshi
Published: March 2020

Liquid structures, transport properties, and electrochemical properties of binary mixtures of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide (LiTFSA) and dinitrile solvents [succinonitrile (SN), glutaronitrile (GN), and adiponitrile (ADN)] were investigated. In the LiTFSA/SN and LiTFSA/ADN systems, the stable crystalline solvates of LiTFSA–(SN)1.5 [melting point (Tm): 59 °C] and LiTFSA–(ADN)1.5 (Tm: 50 °C) were formed, respectively. In contrast, the LiTFSA/GN mixtures of a wide range of compositions were found to be glass-forming liquids at room temperature. Raman spectroscopy of LiTFSA/GN liquid mixtures revealed that increasing the LiTFSA concentration results in the formation of the solvent-bridged network structure Li+–GN–Li+. In addition, the considerable formation of contact ion pairs and ionic aggregates was observed in highly concentrated electrolytes. In the liquids, the Li+ ion dynamically exchanged ligands (GN and TFSA) and higher LiTFSA concentrations led to an increase in the ratio of the self-diffusion coefficients of Li+ and TFSA−, DLi/DTFSA, as determined by pulsed field gradient NMR spectroscopy. The Li+ transference number (tLi+) of the [LiTFSA]/[GN] = 1/1.5 electrolyte in an electrochemical cell under anion-blocking conditions was estimated to be as high as 0.74. Furthermore, electrochemical measurements revealed that the reductive stability of the LiTFSA/GN electrolyte increases with increasing LiTFSA concentration. A [LiTFSA]/[GN] = 1/1.5 electrolyte is stable against the Li metal electrode, provided that the polarization is relatively small. Owing to high tLi+, a Li–S battery with the [LiTFSA]/[GN] = 1/1.5 electrolyte showed a high rate discharge capability despite its low ionic conductivity (0.21 mS cm−1) at room temperature.
Aspects of word formation processes in Luro
Authors: Abbi Anvita , R Vysakh
Published: March 2020

Luro, an Austroasiatic language of the Mon-Khmer group is spoken in the Teressa island of the Andaman and Nicobar
group of islands in the Bay of Bengal, India. Luro is a critically endangered language spoken by less than 2,000 speakers (Directorate of Census Operations 2011). The morphology of Luro is virtually undescribed
in detail so far. The previous works are restricted to deRoepstorff (1875), Cruz (2005), Man (1889) and Rajasingh (2019) which are limited to wordlists and a partial dictionary. This is the
first-ever account of word formation process in the language. Word formation processes include among others, compounding and
derivation across grammatical categories. Incorporation is used in verb morphology. Although language does not have an extensive
case marking system postpositions appear on some nouns optionally. Nouns are marked for duality and plurality but not for gender.
Negation is indexed with pronoun morphology and participates in formation of antonyms. Kinship terminology and Number System have
also been dealt with to represent diverse word formation processes.1
Radical analyticity and radical pro-drop scenarios of diachronic change in East and mainland Southeast Asia, West Africa and Pidgins and Creoles
Authors: Bisang Walter
Published: March 2020

The paucity or absence of inflectional morphology (radical analyticity) and the omission of verbal arguments with no concomitant agreement (radical pro-drop) are well-known characteristics of East and mainland Southeast Asian languages (EMSEA). Both of them have a special status in typology and linguistic theory. Radical analyticity is known under the term of ‘morphological isolation’ and has recently been described as ‘diachronically anomalous’ (McWhorter 2016), while radical pro-drop is a theoretical challenge sinceRizzi (1986). The present paper offers an alternative view on these characteristics based on data from EMSEA languages, radically analytic West African languages and pidgins and creoles. It develops diachronic evolutionary scenarios combining the specific properties of languages in their diachronic and geographic situations with two different notions of complexity (hidden vs. overt complexity) and factors which tend to block the development of inflectional morphological paradigms. From such a perspective, radical analyticity and radical pro-drop are by no means extraordinary. Given the enormous size of the task, the paper is a thought experiment based on available data and discussions on the above languages for stimulating further research.
Linguistic manifestations of fictive change participants
Authors: Izutsu Katsunobu , Kim Yong-Taek
Published: March 2020

This paper presents a discourse-pragmatic analysis of event conceptions with an accusative-, dative-, and
comitative-marked participant and thereby accounts for somewhat irregular accusative marking in Korean and Japanese. The three
cases can basically be analyzed as serving to mark participants in physical or mental events that involve a factive or fictive
change as a primary element. The accusative marks a change-constitutive participant (so-called affected or effected entity), while
the dative and comitative mark a change-independent participant. Unlike Japanese, Korean exhibits the tendency to extend the
accusative case to the marking of an entity that constitutes some fictive change in a discourse-based event conception. In
contrast, Japanese is liable to recruit the accusative case in an extended use for the marking of an entity that undergoes a
fictive change in the conceptions of mental/bodily experiences. These conceptual characterizations can provide a further
explanation for the discrepant and idiosyncratic accusative marking in verb phrases such as ‘ride a bus,’ ‘meet a person,’
‘come/go to a place,’ and ‘give a person a book.’
Choosing to become an interpreter
Authors: Rosiers Alexandra , Plevoets Koen , Eyckmans June
Published: March 2020

Within the world of interpreting, persistent clichés exist about an interpreter’s required personality and cognitive traits. For instance, an interpreter is thought to be communicative, stress-resistant and to have excellent memory skills. Yet, while research has been conducted into interpreters’ personality type and into their cognitive skills, these two aspects have not yet been combined in one research design. In this contribution we will explore whether some of these traits increase the likelihood of a language major opting for a study programme in interpreting and for a language professional opting for an interpreting career. Through a principal component analysis, we identified five latent components (personality, inhibition, updating, shifting, and working memory span) in a battery of personality and cognitive variables. Binary logistic regression showed that personality and working memory span are strong predictors of language majors and language professionals’ choice for a study programme or career path in interpreting.
“Article 1103: oh pff… yes—then concerns… the… um… unilateral contract…”
Authors: Griebel Cornelia
Published: March 2020

Hesitation and lexical repair markers are part of almost every audibly pronounced sentence. Empirical linguistics generally bases its examinations on spontaneous speech production. This paper uses the discourse analytical approach of empirical linguistics to analyse think-aloud protocols produced by translators and lawyers in a mixed methods study combining thinking aloud and eyetracking. Two expert groups—lawyers and translators, comprising both professionals and students—read complex legal texts in French and summarised them in German, their mother tongue. A mainly qualitative analysis evaluates and categorises the occurrences and functions of various German hesitation and discourse markers. This not only provides information about the use of fillers and repair actions during speech but also insights into reception processes and perceptions of text difficulty. A quantitative analysis of pause fillers suggests that the reception processes of lawyers and translators differ.
Predicting translation behaviorsby using Hidden Markov Model
Authors: Lu Sheng , Carl Michael , Yao Xinyue , Su Wenchao
Published: March 2020

The translation process can be studied as sequences of activity units. The application of machine learning
technology offers researchers new possibilities in the study of the translation process. This research project developed a
program, activity unit predictor, using the Hidden Markov Model. The program takes in duration, translation phase, target
language and fixation as the input and produces an activity unit type as the output. The highest prediction accuracy reached is
61%. As one of the first endeavors, the program demonstrates strong potential of applying machine learning in translation process
research.
Raw machine translation use by patent professionals
Authors: Nurminen Mary
Published: March 2020

This article examines the use of raw, unedited machine-translated texts by patent professionals using the
framework of distributed cognition. The goals of the study were to evaluate whether the concept of distributed cognition is a
useful theoretical lens for examining and explaining raw MT reception, and to contribute to our knowledge of raw MT use through an
analysis of a real-life use case. The study revealed that patent professionals often rely on a large network of artifacts and
people to help them in the task of understanding raw MT, and therefore the concept of distributed cognition was applicable and
useful. The study also contributed new knowledge to our overall understanding of the use of raw MT.
Corpus Linguistic Onomastics: A Plea for a Corpus-Based Investigation of Names
Authors: Motschenbacher Heiko
Published: March 2020

Corpus linguistics is, to date, still an underexplored methodology in onomastics. This article seeks to advance the field through a theoretical discussion of onomastic issues from a corpus linguistic point of view. It presents an overview of the linguistic status, meaning and grammar of proper names in order to highlight aspects that lend themselves to corpus linguistic inquiry. Earlier onomastic research is adduced, to highlight how corpus linguistic methods have substantially improved our understanding of names in language use. While previous onomastic work has often concentrated on the description of names in their own right, without necessarily taking the usage context into account, it is argued that the investigation of the semantics and the grammar of names needs to be complemented by work that draws on usage-based, corpus linguistic evidence. A stronger integration of four types of corpus linguistic analysis (frequency analysis, concordance analysis, collocation analysis, keyword analysis) is suggested for future research.
Cyanobacterial multi-copy chromosomes and their replication
Authors: Watanabe Satoru
Published: March 2020

While the model bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis harbor single chromosomes, which is known as monoploidy, some freshwater cyanobacteria contain multiple chromosome copies per cell throughout their cell cycle, which is known as polyploidy. In the model cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, chromosome copy number (ploidy) is regulated in response to growth phase and environmental factors. In S. elongatus 7942, chromosome replication is asynchronous both among cells and chromosomes. Comparative analysis of S. elongatus 7942 and S. sp. 6803 revealed a variety of DNA replication mechanisms. In this review, the current knowledge of ploidy and DNA replication mechanisms in cyanobacteria is summarized together with information on the features common with plant chloroplasts. It is worth noting that the occurrence of polyploidy and its regulation are correlated with certain cyanobacterial lifestyles and are shared between some cyanobacteria and chloroplasts.

Abbreviations

NGS: next-generation sequencing; Repli-seq: replication sequencing; BrdU: 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine; TK: thymidine kinase; GCSI: GC skew index; PET: photosynthetic electron transport; RET: respiration electron transport; Cyt b6f complex: cytochrome b6f complex; PQ: plastoquinone; PC: plastocyanin.
Non-invasive characterisation of a laser-driven positron beam
Authors: Alejo A , Samarin G M , Warwick J , McCluskey C , Cantono G , Ceccotti T , Dobosz Dufrénoy S , Monot P , Sarri G
Published: March 2020

We report on an indirect and non-invasive method to simultaneously characterise the energy-dependent emittance and source size of ultra-relativistic positron beams generated during the propagation of a laser-wakefield accelerated electron beam through a high-Z converter target. The strong correlation of the geometrical emittance of the positrons with that of the scattered electrons allows the former to be inferred, with high accuracy, from monitoring the latter. The technique has been tested in a proof-of-principle experiment where, for 100 MeV positrons, we infer geometrical emittances and source sizes of the order of

ϵ

e
+

≈

3 µm and

D

e
+

≈

150 µm, respectively. This is consistent with the numerically predicted possibility of achieving sub-µm geometrical emittances and micron-scale source sizes at the GeV level.
Bistability and oscillations in cooperative microtubule and kinetochore dynamics in the mitotic spindle
Authors: Schwietert Felix , Kierfeld Jan
Published: March 2020

In the mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores via catch bonds during metaphase, and microtubule depolymerization forces give rise to stochastic chromosome oscillations. We investigate the cooperative stochastic microtubule dynamics in spindle models consisting of ensembles of parallel microtubules, which attach to a kinetochore via elastic linkers. We include the dynamic instability of microtubules and forces on microtubules and kinetochores from elastic linkers. A one-sided model, where an external force acts on the kinetochore is solved analytically employing a mean-field approach based on Fokker–Planck equations. The solution establishes a bistable force–velocity relation of the microtubule ensemble in agreement with stochastic simulations. We derive constraints on linker stiffness and microtubule number for bistability. The bistable force–velocity relation of the one-sided spindle model gives rise to oscillations in the two-sided model, which can explain stochastic chromosome oscillations in metaphase (directional instability). We derive constraints on linker stiffness and microtubule number for metaphase chromosome oscillations. Including poleward microtubule flux into the model we can provide an explanation for the experimentally observed suppression of chromosome oscillations in cells with high poleward flux velocities. Chromosome oscillations persist in the presence of polar ejection forces, however, with a reduced amplitude and a phase shift between sister kinetochores. Moreover, polar ejection forces are necessary to align the chromosomes at the spindle equator and stabilize an alternating oscillation pattern of the two kinetochores. Finally, we modify the model such that microtubules can only exert tensile forces on the kinetochore resulting in a tug-of-war between the two microtubule ensembles. Then, induced microtubule catastrophes after reaching the kinetochore are necessary to stimulate oscillations. The model can reproduce experimental results for kinetochore oscillations in PtK1 cells quantitatively.