bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of an IPMC Soft Actuator Using Adaptive Full-Order Recursive Terminal Sliding Mode
Authors: Ekbatani Romina Zarrabi , Shao Ke , Khawwaf Jasim , Wang Hai , Zheng Jinchuan , Chen Xiaoqi , Nikzad Mostafa
Published: February 2021

The ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuator is a kind of soft actuator that can work for underwater applications. However, IPMC actuator control suffers from high nonlinearity due to the existence of inherent creep and hysteresis phenomena. Furthermore, for underwater applications, they are highly exposed to parametric uncertainties and external disturbances due to the inherent characteristics and working environment. Those factors significantly affect the positioning accuracy and reliability of IPMC actuators. Hence, feedback control techniques are vital in the control of IPMC actuators for suppressing the system uncertainty and external disturbance. In this paper, for the first time an adaptive full-order recursive terminal sliding-mode (AFORTSM) controller is proposed for the IPMC actuator to enhance the positioning accuracy and robustness against parametric uncertainties and external disturbances. The proposed controller incorporates an adaptive algorithm with terminal sliding mode method to release the need for any prerequisite bound of the disturbance. In addition, stability analysis proves that it can guarantee the tracking error to converge to zero in finite time in the presence of uncertainty and disturbance. Experiments are carried out on the IPMC actuator to verify the practical effectiveness of the AFORTSM controller in comparison with a conventional nonsingular terminal sliding mode (NTSM) controller in terms of smaller tracking error and faster disturbance rejection.
Comparison of Fecal Microbiota of Horses Suffering from Atypical Myopathy and Healthy Co-Grazers
Authors: Wimmer-Scherr Christina , Taminiau Bernard , Renaud Benoît , van Loon Gunther , Palmers Katrien , Votion Dominique , Amory Hélène , Daube Georges , Cesarini Carla
Published: February 2021

Equine atypical myopathy (AM) is caused by hypoglycin A (HGA) and methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPG) intoxication resulting from the ingestion of seeds or seedlings of some Acer tree species. Interestingly, not all horses pasturing in the same toxic environment develop signs of the disease. In other species, it has been shown that the intestinal microbiota has an impact on digestion, metabolism, immune stimulation and protection from disease. The objective of this study was to characterize and compare fecal microbiota of horses suffering from AM and healthy co-grazers. Furthermore, potential differences in fecal microbiota regarding the outcome of diseased animals were assessed. This prospective observational study included 59 horses with AM (29 survivors and 30 non-survivors) referred to three Belgian equine hospitals and 26 clinically healthy co-grazers simultaneously sharing contaminated pastures during spring and autumn outbreak periods. Fresh fecal samples (rectal or within 30 min of defecation) were obtained from all horses and bacterial taxonomy profiling obtained by 16S amplicon sequencing was used to identify differentially distributed bacterial taxa between AM-affected horses and healthy co-grazers. Fecal microbial diversity and evenness were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in AM-affected horses as compared with their non-affected co-grazers. The relative abundance of families Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae and Akkermansiaceae were higher (p ≤ 0.001) whereas those of the Lachnospiraceae (p = 0.0053), Bacteroidales (p < 0.0001) and Clostridiales (p = 0.0402) were lower in horses with AM, especially in those with a poor prognosis. While significant shifts were observed, it is still unclear whether they result from the disease or might be involved in the onset of disease pathogenesis.
Descriptive Histopathological and Ultrastructural Study of Hepatocellular Alterations Induced by Aflatoxin B1 in Rats
Authors: Ali Fatma Abo Zakaib , Abdel-Maksoud Fatma M. , Abd Elaziz Hekmat Osman , Al-Brakati Ashraf , Elmahallawy Ehab Kotb
Published: February 2021

Liver sinusoids are lined by fenestrated endothelial cells surrounded by perisinusoidal cells, Kupffer cells, and pit cells, as well as large granular lymphocytes. The functional ability of the liver cells can be substantially modified by exposure to toxins. In the current work, we assessed the histopathological and ultrastructural effects of a time-course exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on the hepatic structures of rats. A total of 30 adult female Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: a control group, a group orally administered 250 µg/kg body weight/day of AFB1 for 5 days/week over 4 weeks, and a group that received the same AFB1 treatment but over 8 weeks. Histopathological and ultrastructural examinations of hepatocytes revealed massive vacuolar degeneration and signs of necrosis. Furthermore, the rat liver of the treated group exhibited damage to the sinusoidal endothelium, invasion of the space of Disse with hyperactive Kupffer cells, and some immune cells, as well as Ito cells overloaded with lipids. In addition, damaged telocytes were observed. Taken together, our results indicate that AFB1 induces irreversible adverse effects on the livers of rats.
Effects of Storage on Quality Traits of Sausages Made with Chicken Breast Meat Affected by Wooden Breast
Authors: Oliveira Rodrigo Fortunato de , Fávero Maísa Santos , Mello Juliana Lolli Malagoli de , Ferrari Fábio Borba , Cavalcanti Erika Nayara Freire , Souza Rodrigo Alves de , Pereira Mateus Roberto , Giampietro-Ganeco Aline , Villegas-Cayllahua Erick Alonso , Fidelis Heloisa de Almeida , Souza Pedro Alves de , Borba Hirasilva
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of storage on the quality of sausages made with breast from chickens affected by wooden breast myopathy (WBM). Breast samples from male broilers slaughtered at 48 days old were used. Normal (absence of myopathy), moderate degree (hardness only in one region of the breast) and severe degree samples (hardness over the entire length of the breast) were processed into sausages and evaluated prior to storage and after being vacuum-packed and stored for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4 °C. There was a decrease (p < 0.001) in pH and an increase (p < 0.001) in cooking weight loss in samples of sausages, regardless of the myopathy, after 28 days of storage. Sausages produced with chicken breast samples affected by wooden breast myopathy presented higher (p < 0.0001) moisture concentration (72% for the severe degree) and higher (p = 0.0224) protein concentration (17.27% and 17.36%, respectively, for the moderate and severe degrees) than sausages made of normal samples (70.72% and 14.32%, respectively). The results indicate that sausages produced with meat from birds moderately and severely affected by the myopathy show higher oxidative stability. Fresh sausages produced with breast meat from birds affected by wooden breast syndrome may be stored (4 °C) for up to 28 days without exhibiting the characteristic rancid taste and smell. In sensory analysis, no differences were observed between the formulations, which suggests that the consumers approved the samples regardless of the disease severity in the meat used for the making of the sausages. The current results show that chicken meat affected by wooden breast myopathy can be used for producing fresh sausages in the industry.
Soybean Molasses in Animal Nutrition
Authors: Rakita Sladjana , Banjac Vojislav , Djuragic Olivera , Cheli Federica , Pinotti Luciano
Published: February 2021

Concerning the increasing global demand for food and accumulation of huge amounts of biomass waste from the agro-food industry whose manipulation is usually inadequate, the potential of livestock to convert by-products as alternative feed ingredients into valuable proteins has been proposed as an outstanding option. Soybean molasses present a by-product of soybean protein concentrate production with low commercial cost but high nutritive and functional value. It is a rich source of soluble carbohydrates in the form of sugars and soybean phytochemicals. Therefore, this paper provides a review of published works about the production of soybean molasses, chemical composition, and nutritive value. In addition, the possibility of the application of soybean molasses in animal nutrition as a pelleting aid and functional feed ingredient is also discussed. Special attention is devoted to the influence of the inclusion of soybean molasses in the diets for ruminants, non-ruminants, and aquaculture on animal performance and health.
Lipotoxic Impairment of Mitochondrial Function in β-Cells: A Review
Authors: Römer Axel , Linn Thomas , Petry Sebastian F.
Published: February 2021

Lipotoxicity is a major contributor to type 2 diabetes mainly promoting mitochondrial dysfunction. Lipotoxic stress is mediated by elevated levels of free fatty acids through various mechanisms and pathways. Impaired peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling, enhanced oxidative stress levels, and uncoupling of the respiratory chain result in ATP deficiency, while β-cell viability can be severely impaired by lipotoxic modulation of PI3K/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. However, fatty acids are physiologically required for an unimpaired β-cell function. Thus, preparation, concentration, and treatment duration determine whether the outcome is beneficial or detrimental when fatty acids are employed in experimental setups. Further, ageing is a crucial contributor to β-cell decay. Cellular senescence is connected to loss of function in β-cells and can further be promoted by lipotoxicity. The potential benefit of nutrients has been broadly investigated, and particularly polyphenols were shown to be protective against both lipotoxicity and cellular senescence, maintaining the physiology of β-cells. Positive effects on blood glucose regulation, mitigation of oxidative stress by radical scavenging properties or regulation of antioxidative enzymes, and modulation of apoptotic factors were reported. This review summarizes the significance of lipotoxicity and cellular senescence for mitochondrial dysfunction in the pancreatic β-cell and outlines potential beneficial effects of plant-based nutrients by the example of polyphenols.
Assessment of Natural Radioactivity and Radiological Risks in River Sediments from Calabria (Southern Italy)
Authors: Caridi Francesco , Di Bella Marcella , Sabatino Giuseppe , Belmusto Giovanna , Fede Maria Rita , Romano Davide , Italiano Francesco , Mottese Antonio Francesco
Published: February 2021

This study was developed to carry out a comprehensive radiological assessment of natural radioactivity for river sediment samples from Calabria, southern Italy, and to define a baseline background for the area on a radiation map. In the studied area, elevated levels of natural radionuclides are expected, due to the outcropping acidic intrusive and metamorphic rocks from which the radioactive elements derive. To identify and quantify the natural radioisotopes, ninety river sediment samples from nine selected coastal sampling points (ten samples for each point) were collected as representative of the Ionian and the Tyrrhenian coastline of Calabria. The samples were analyzed using a gamma ray spectrometer equipped with a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The values of mean activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K measured for the studied samples are (21.3 ± 6.3) Bq kg−1, (30.3 ± 4.5) Bq kg−1 and (849 ± 79) Bq kg−1, respectively. The calculated radiological hazard indices showed average values of 63 nGy h−1 (absorbed dose rate), 0.078 mSv y−1 (effective dose outdoors), 0.111 mSv y−1 (effective dose indoors), 63 Bq kg−1 (radium equivalent), 0.35 (Hex), 0.41 (Hin), 0.50 (activity concentration index) and 458 µSv y−1 (Annual Gonadal Equivalent Dose, AGED). In order to delineate the spatial distribution of natural radionuclides on the radiological map and to identify the areas with low, medium and high radioactivity values, the Surfer 10 software was employed. Finally, the multivariate statistical analysis was performed to deduce the interdependency and any existing relationships between the radiological indices and the concentrations of the radionuclides. The results of this study, also compared with values of other locations of the Italian Peninsula characterized by similar local geological conditions, can be used as a baseline for future investigations about radioactivity background in the investigated area.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Solid Waste Management in Saudi Arabia—Analysis of Growth Dynamics and Mitigation Opportunities
Authors: Rahman Muhammad Muhitur , Rahman Syed Masiur , Rahman Mohammad Shahedur , Hasan Md Arif , Shoaib Syed Abu , Rushd Sayeed
Published: February 2021

The continuous growth in population, urbanization, and industrial development has been increasing the generation of solid waste (SW) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Consequently, the associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emission is also following an increasing trend. The collection and use of greenhouse gases emitted from solid waste management practices are still limited. A causality analysis examined the driving factors of the emissions from solid waste management. The methane (CH4) emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) increased with an increase in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and urban population, and an increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and literacy rate was likely to reduce CH4 emissions from municipal solid waste and vice versa. The CH4 emission generated from industrial solid wastes was found to be positively related to GDP per capita, urban population, and FDI inflows. However, a decrease in the unemployment rate was likely to increase CH4 emissions from industrial solid wastes. The future greenhouse gas emissions were projected under different possible socio-economic conditions. The scenario analysis based on different variations of population and GDP growth revealed that methane emission from total waste would increase at an average annual rate of 5.13% between 2020 and 2050, and is projected to reach about 4000 Gg by the end of the year 2050. Although the Kingdom has been taking some initiatives towards climate change mitigation, it has significant opportunities to adopt some of the best practices in solid waste management including reduction, recycling, composting and waste-to-energy, and carbon capture and utilization. This study also put emphasis on developing appropriate policy approaches for climate change mitigation based on the circular economy which is gaining momentum in the Kingdom.
Determination of Genotoxicity Attributed to Diesel Exhaust Particles in Normal Human Embryonic Lung Cell (WI-38) Line
Authors: Lee Joong Won , Lee Hee Jae , Lee Young-Joo , Lim Yong-beom , Sim Woo Jong , Jang Ji-Hye , Heo Hye-Ryeon , Lim Hyun Joung , Jung Ji-Won , Kim Jin Sik
Published: February 2021

Several epidemiological studies concluded that inhalation of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) is associated with an increase in the relative risk of lung cancer. In vitro research evaluating the genetic damage and/or changes in gene expression have been attempted to explain the relationship between DEP exposure and carcinogenicity. However, to date, investigations have been largely confined to studies in immortalized or tumorigenic epithelial cell models. Few studies have investigated damage at the chromosomal level to DEP exposure in normal cell lines. Here, we present the genotoxic effects of DEP in normal cells (embryonic human lung fibroblasts) by conventional genotoxicity testing (micronuclei (MN) and comet assay). We show the differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways in DEP-exposed WI-38 cells using RNA sequencing data. We observed a significant increase in single-strand DNA breaks and the frequency of MN in DEP-exposed cells in a dose-dependent manner. The differentially expressed genes following DEP exposure were significantly enriched in the pathway for responding to xenobiotics and DNA damage. Taken together, these results show that DEP exposure induced DNA damage at the chromosomal level in normal human lung cells and provide information on the expression of genes associated with genotoxic stress.
Fungal Metabolites with Antagonistic Activity against Fungi of Lithic Substrata
Authors: Masi Marco , Petraretti Mariagioia , De Natale Antonino , Pollio Antonino , Evidente Antonio
Published: February 2021

Fungi are among the biotic agents that can cause deterioration of building stones and cultural heritage. The most common methods used to control fungal spread and growth are based on chemical pesticides. However, the massive use of these synthetic chemicals produces heavy environmental pollution and risk to human and animal health. Furthermore, their use is time dependent and relies on the repetition of treatments, which increases the possibility of altering building stones and culture heritage through environmental contamination. One alternative is the use of natural products with high antifungal activity, which can result in reduced toxicity and deterioration of archeological remains. Recently, three fungal strains, namely Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum, were isolated as damaging agents from the external tuff wall of the Roman remains “Villa of Poppea” in Oplontis, Naples, Italy. In this manuscript, three selected fungal metabolites, namely cyclopaldic acid, cavoxin and epi-epoformin, produced by fungi pathogenic for forest plants, were evaluated as potential antifungal compounds against the above fungi. Cavoxin and epi-epoformin showed antifungal activity against Asperigillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum, while cyclopaldic acid showed no activity when tested on the three fungi. The same antifungal activity was observed in vitro experiments on infected stones of the Neapolitan yellow tuff (NYT), a volcanic lithotype widely diffused in the archeological sites of Campania, Italy. This study represents a first step in the use of these two fungal metabolites to allow better preservation of artworks and to guarantee the conditions suitable for their conservation.
Paper-Based Screen-Printed Electrodes: A New Generation of Low-Cost Electroanalytical Platforms
Authors: Costa-Rama Estefanía , Fernández-Abedul María Teresa
Published: February 2021

Screen-printed technology has helped considerably to the development of portable electrochemical sensors since it provides miniaturized but robust and user-friendly electrodes. Moreover, this technology allows to obtain very versatile transducers, not only regarding their design, but also their ease of modification. Therefore, in the last decades, the use of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) has exponentially increased, with ceramic as the main substrate. However, with the growing interest in the use of cheap and widely available materials as the basis of analytical devices, paper or other low-cost flat materials have become common substrates for SPEs. Thus, in this revision, a comprehensive overview on paper-based SPEs used for analytical proposes is provided. A great variety of designs is reported, together with several examples to illustrate the main applications.
Patient-Derived Xenograft Models in Cancer Research
Authors: van Weerden Wytske M.
Published: February 2021

This series of 12 articles, consisting of 9 original articles and 3 reviews, is presented by international leaders in translational cancer research [...]
Is EBV Associated with Breast Cancer in Specific Geographic Locations?
Authors: Sinclair Alison J. , Moalwi Manal H. , Amoaten Thomas
Published: February 2021

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a virus that establishes a life-long infection in people, and infection with EBV is nearly ubiquitous by adulthood. EBV was identified from biopsy material from a child with Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) in sub-Saharan Africa. EBV has a well-characterised role in the development of some cancers, notably, Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL), Hodgkin’s disease (HD), gastric carcinoma (GC), and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Links have also been made between EBV and breast cancer (BC), but these have been controversial. For all EBV-associated cancers, the ubiquitous nature of infection with EBV, contrasted with the relatively rare development of cancer, highlights a problem of determining whether EBV is an aetiological agent of cancer. In addition, the geographic distributions of some EBV-associated cancers point to contributions from additional co-factors. Recent meta-analyses of the incidence of EBV within BC biopsies has revealed that the diversity in the conclusions remain, however, they also show more of an association between EBV and BC biopsies in some study locations. Here, we review the evidence linking EBV with BC, and conclude that the evidence for the presence of EBV in BC biopsies is concentrated in specific geographic regions but is currently insufficient to provide a causal link. We pose some questions that could help to resolve the question of whether EBV contributes to BC and probe the contribution EBV might make to the aetiology of BC.
Rationale for Early Detection of EWSR1 Translocation-Associated Sarcoma Biomarkers in Liquid Biopsy
Authors: Clanchy Felix I. L.
Published: February 2021

Sarcomas are mesenchymal tumours that often arise and develop as a result of chromosomal translocations, and for several forms of sarcoma the EWSR1 gene is a frequent translocation partner. Sarcomas are a rare form of malignancy, which arguably have a proportionally greater societal burden that their prevalence would suggest, as they are more common in young people, with survivors prone to lifelong disability. For most forms of sarcoma, histological diagnosis is confirmed by molecular techniques such as FISH or RT-PCR. Surveillance after surgical excision, or ablation by radiation or chemotherapy, has remained relatively unchanged for decades, but recent developments in molecular biology have accelerated the progress towards routine analysis of liquid biopsies of peripheral blood. The potential to detect evidence of residual disease or metastasis in the blood has been demonstrated by several groups but remains unrealized as a routine diagnostic for relapse during remission, for disease monitoring during treatment, and for the detection of occult, residual disease at the end of therapy. An update is provided on research relevant to the improvement of the early detection of relapse in sarcomas with EWSR1-associated translocations, in the contexts of biology, diagnosis, and liquid biopsy.
Alteration of Metabolic Conditions Impacts the Regulation of IGF-II/H19 Imprinting Status in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Kingshott Georgina , Biernacka Kalina , Sewell Alex , Gwiti Paida , Barker Rachel , Zielinska Hanna , Gilkes Amanda , McCarthy Kathryn , Martin Richard M. , Lane J. Athene , McGeagh Lucy , Koupparis Anthony , Rowe Edward , Oxley Jon , Holly Jeff M. P. , Perks Claire M.
Published: February 2021

Prostate cancer is the second major cause of male cancer deaths. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer risk are linked. Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is involved in numerous cellular events, including proliferation and survival. The IGF-II gene shares its locus with the lncRNA, H19. IGF-II/H19 was the first gene to be identified as being “imprinted”—where the paternal copy is not transcribed—a silencing phenomenon lost in many cancer types. We disrupted imprinting behaviour in vitro by altering metabolic conditions and quantified it using RFLP, qPCR and pyrosequencing; changes to peptide were measured using RIA. Prostate tissue samples were analysed using ddPCR, pyrosequencing and IHC. We compared with in silico data, provided by TGCA on the cBIO Portal. We observed disruption of imprinting behaviour, in vitro, with a significant increase in IGF-II and a reciprocal decrease in H19 mRNA; the increased mRNA was not translated into peptides. In vivo, most specimens retained imprinting status apart from a small subset which showed reduced imprinting. A positive correlation was seen between IGF-II and H19 mRNA expression, which concurred with findings of larger Cancer Genome Atlas (TGCA) cohorts. This positive correlation did not affect IGF-II peptide. Our findings show that type 2 diabetes and/or obesity, can directly affect regulation growth factors involved in carcinogenesis, indirectly suggesting a modification of lifestyle habits may reduce cancer risk.
Targeting of CXCR4 by the Naturally Occurring CXCR4 Antagonist EPI-X4 in Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia
Authors: Kaiser Lisa Marie , Harms Mirja , Sauter Daniel , Rawat Vijay P. S. , Glitscher Mirco , Hildt Eberhard , Tews Daniel , Hunter Zachary , Münch Jan , Buske Christian
Published: February 2021

CXCR4 expression and downstream signaling have been identified as key factors in malignant hematopoiesis. Thus, up to 40% of all patients with Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia (WM) carry an activating mutation of CXCR4 that leads to a more aggressive clinical course and inferior outcome upon treatment with the Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib. Nevertheless, little is known about physiological mechanisms counteracting CXCR4 signaling in hematopoietic neoplasms. Recently, the endogenous human peptide EPI-X4 was identified as a natural CXCR4 antagonist that effectively blocks CXCL12-mediated receptor internalization and suppresses the migration and invasion of cancer cells towards a CXCL12 gradient. Here, we demonstrate that EPI-X4 efficiently binds to CXCR4 of WM cells and decreases their migration towards CXCL12. The CXCR4 inhibitory activity of EPI-X4 is accompanied by reduced expression of genes involved in MAPK signaling and energy metabolism. Notably, the anti-WM activity of EPI-X4 could be further augmented by the rational design of EPI-X4 derivatives showing higher binding affinity to CXCR4. In summary, these data demonstrate that a naturally occurring anti-CXCR4 peptide is able to interfere with WM cell behaviour, and that optimized derivatives of EPI-X4 may represent a promising approach in suppressing growth promoting CXCR4 signaling in WM.
Enhanced Hydrocarbons Biodegradation at Deep-Sea Hydrostatic Pressure with Microbial Electrochemical Snorkels
Authors: Aulenta Federico , Palma Enza , Marzocchi Ugo , Cruz Viggi Carolina , Rossetti Simona , Scoma Alberto
Published: February 2021

In anaerobic sediments, microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons is limited by the rapid depletion of electron acceptors (e.g., ferric oxide, sulfate) and accumulation of toxic metabolites (e.g., sulfide, following sulfate reduction). Deep-sea sediments are increasingly impacted by oil contamination, and the elevated hydrostatic pressure (HP) they are subjected to represents an additional limitation for microbial metabolism. While the use of electrodes to support electrobioremediation in oil-contaminated sediments has been described, there is no evidence on their applicability for deep-sea sediments. Here, we tested a passive bioelectrochemical system named ”oil-spill snorkel” with two crude oils carrying different alkane contents (4 vs. 15%), at increased or ambient HP (10 vs. 0.1 MPa). Snorkels enhanced alkanes biodegradation at both 10 and 0.1 MPa within only seven weeks, as compared to nonconductive glass controls. Microprofiles in anaerobic, contaminated sediments indicated that snorkels kept sulfide concentration to low titers. Bulk-sediment analysis confirmed that sulfide oxidation by snorkels largely regenerated sulfate. Hence, the sole application of snorkels could eliminate a toxicity factor and replenish a spent electron acceptor at increased HP. Both aspects are crucial for petroleum decontamination of the deep sea, a remote environment featured by low metabolic activity.
Rho GTPase Signaling in Health and Disease: A Complex Signaling Network
Authors: Brakebusch Cord
Published: February 2021

Rho GTPases are a family of small G-proteins of the Ras superfamily [...]
Effect of Riveting Angle and Direction on Fatigue Performance of Riveted Lap Joints
Authors: Liang Qingxiao , Zhang Tianpeng , Zhu Chunrun , Bi Yunbo
Published: February 2021

Riveting is the most commonly used connection method in aircraft assembly, and its quality has a crucial effect on the fatigue performance of aircraft. Many factors affect the riveting quality, among which the influence of the riveting angle and direction is not clear. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element model of single-rivet lap joints is established and verified by the driven head geometry and the riveting force data obtained from the riveting experiments. Then, by adjusting the angle and direction of the punch in the finite element model, the riveting process is simulated at the angles of 0°, 1°, 2°, and 3° and the directions of 0° and 180° to investigate the deformation of the lap joints, the stress distribution around the hole, and the stress distribution of the rivet. Finally, the fatigue tests of the single-rivet lap joints are performed and the influence of the riveting angle and direction on the connection quality and fatigue performance of the riveting joints is analyzed.
Nitric Oxide Generating Formulation as an Innovative Approach to Topical Skin Care: An Open-Label Pilot Study
Authors: Settelmeier Stephan , Rassaf Tienush , Hendgen-Cotta Ulrike B. , Stoffels Ingo
Published: February 2021

Nitric oxide (NO) plays multiple roles in both normal and abnormal skin processes. Its deranging disbalance is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple dermatologic diseases such as acne vulgaris, pointing towards beneficial therapeutic directions. A novel NO-producing gel-formulation was tested beneficial in the treatment of acne vulgaris in an open-label pilot study using clinical evaluation scores. It showed a decrease of comedones and inflammatory pustulae and reduced the Global Acne Grading System score by 50% within eight weeks. In addition, we demonstrate a potential use as cosmetic agent where NO therapy leads to an increase of skin integrity and a reduction of skin ageing processes.
The Effect of Education and Macroeconomic Variables on Corruption Index in G20 Member Countries
Authors: Maria Nugroho S. B. , Susilowati Indah , Fathoni Salman , Mafruhah Izza
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of several macroeconomic variables consisting of gross domestic products (GDP) per capita, economic openness, government effectiveness index, inflation, and the level of education on the corruption index in G20 member countries. This study focused on the effect of education on the level of corruption in the G20 member countries by treating other macroeconomic variables as control variables that were not analyzed in depth. This research used mixed methods with multiple regression with two stage least square (2SLS) estimation method followed by phenomenological analysis. This study found that primary education enrolment and the lifelong learning index did not significantly influence the level of corruption for all G20 member countries, developed member countries, and developing member countries. Secondary education enrolment showed a negative and significant influence on the level of corruption in all categories of countries (all members, developing, and developed countries). Tertiary education enrolment had a negative and significant influence on the level of corruption in all members and developing countries, but had a positive influence in the developed countries. GDP per capita had a contrasting influence: negative and significant influence in the developed countries, but positive and significant influence in the developing countries. Similar to secondary education, the government effectiveness index had a negative and significant influence in all categories of countries (all members, developing, and developed countries). In contrast, inflation and economic openness had a positive and significant influence on the level of corruption, but only in developing countries. The policy implication of this study is the prioritization of secondary education to tackle corruption problems.
Torque Ripple Suppression of PMSM Based on Robust Two Degrees-of-Freedom Resonant Controller
Authors: Huang Mingfei , Deng Yongting , Li Hongwen , Liu Jing , Shao Meng , Fei Qiang
Published: February 2021

This paper concentrates on a robust resonant control strategy of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) for electric drivers with model uncertainties and external disturbances to improve the control performance of the current loop. Firstly, to reduce the torque ripple of PMSM, the resonant controller with fractional order (FO) calculus is introduced. Then, a robust two degrees-of-freedom (Robust-TDOF) control strategy was designed based on the modified resonant controller. Finally, by combining the two control methods, this study proposes an enhanced Robust-TDOF regulation method, named as the robust two degrees-of-freedom resonant controller (Robust-TDOFR), to guarantee the robustness of model uncertainty and to further improve the performance with minimized periodic torque ripples. Meanwhile, a tuning method was constructed followed by stability and robust stability analysis. Furthermore, the proposed Robust-TDOFR control method was applied in the current loop of a PMSM to suppress the periodic current harmonics caused by non-ideal factors of inverter and current measurement errors. Finally, simulations and experiments were performed to validate our control strategy. The simulation and experimental results showed that the THDs (total harmonic distortion) of phase current decreased to a level of 0.69% and 5.79% in the two testing environments.
Ranking EU Agricultural Sectors under the Prism of Alternative Widths on Window DEA
Authors: Kyrgiakos Leonidas Sotirios , Vlontzos George , Pardalos Panos M.
Published: February 2021

Providing food security while preserving natural resources and reducing the use of production factors (land, labor, and capital), is a critical challenge for EU agricultural sectors in the 21st century. Sustainable Development goals adoption has increased the need for eliminating Greenhouse gas emissions across all EU sectors, while production should remain stable or even increase. For this purpose, Window Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has been selected as a benchmarking technique, in order to assess input use efficiency of agricultural sectors of EU countries for the 2005–2019 period. Moreover, three-year projections (until 2022) have been calculated in order to acquire future efficiency scores. Emphasis has been given on the selection of alternative window widths, examining their influence on calculating efficiency scores for both projected and actual dataset. From a methodological point of view, this paper aims to highlight the assumption of zero technological change within Window DEA frames and present their differences. At the same time, results indicate that Estonia (1.000), the Netherlands (0.999) and Slovenia (0.999) are the most efficient countries in terms of input use efficiency, while Finland, UK, and Hungary (0.670, 0.755 and 0.771) score the least. Countries of central Europe (Hungary, Czech Rep., Croatia, Slovakia, and Austria) should redesign their agricultural strategies, so as to achieve the nine objectives of the upcoming CAP (2021–2027).
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Investigation of the Damage Causes in Safety Elements of Powered Roof Supports—A Case Study
Authors: Świątek Janina , Janoszek Tomasz , Cichy Tomasz , Stoiński Kazimierz
Published: February 2021

The paper describes a case study of the safety hydraulic system damage in the working of a longwall in a Polish coal mine. The safety elements are a component of the powered roof supports which secure the shield against damage during rock burst incidents. The damage event, which occurred in the hydraulic system during the mining process, caused the uncontrolled lowering of the powered roof support height during the mining process. The uncontrolled lowering of a shield may cause the danger of the loss of the stability along the longwall working in the form of a rock burst and collapses and may represent a serious and immediate danger to the safety and health of employees. Based on the results of the computational fluid dynamics methods (CFD) analysis of the safety elements in the hydraulic system of longwall 2-leg shield, the causes of damage were diagnosed and presented. The CFD and the strength analysis by the finite element method (FEM) were used for numerical modeling. The diagrams and maps of changes of parameters having an impact on the damage mechanism in safety elements of the hydraulic leg were developed based on the results of model tests. The forecasted values of stress distributions in the safety system of the hydraulic leg have made it possible to identify the reasons of the damage causes, verified by real observations.
Case Study of Roadway Deformation Failure Mechanisms: Field Investigation and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Li Guang , Ma Fengshan , Guo Jie , Zhao Haijun
Published: February 2021

The safety of underground roadways is a major issue in mining engineering, with economic impacts and potential threats to the lives of workers. Elucidating the deformation failure mechanisms is necessary to solve these problems. The deformation failure modes and characteristics of roadways buried at various depths were investigated using a detailed field survey in the Jinchuan nickel mine. At greater depths, roadway deformation was more serious, the creep phenomena were more prominent, and support structures were more prone to failure. Numerical simulations were performed on the roadways under various geo-stresses and rock mass structures, which indicated that the roadway deformation mode was mainly controlled by a rock mass structure in a lower stress environment and the control effect was weakened with the gradual increase of ground stress. Six deformation failure types were proposed to examine roadway deformation failure mechanisms. Field representation of each failure type was characterized under natural or induced conditions. The findings provide a reference for stability evaluation and support the design of roadway engineering under similar geological conditions.
A Unifying Perspective on Transfer Function Solutions to the Unsteady Ekman Problem
Authors: Lilly Jonathan M. , Elipot Shane
Published: February 2021

The unsteady Ekman problem involves finding the response of the near-surface currents to wind stress forcing under linear dynamics. Its solution can be conveniently framed in the frequency domain in terms of a quantity that is known as the transfer function, the Fourier transform of the impulse response function. In this paper, a theoretical investigation of a fairly general transfer function form is undertaken with the goal of paving the way for future observational studies. Building on earlier work, we consider in detail the transfer function arising from a linearly-varying profile of the vertical eddy viscosity, subject to a no-slip lower boundary condition at a finite depth. The horizontal momentum equations, rendered linear by the assumption of horizontally uniform motion, are shown to transform to a modified Bessel’s equation for the transfer function. Two self-similarities, or rescalings that each effectively eliminate one independent variable, are identified, enabling the dependence of the transfer function on its parameters to be more readily assessed. A systematic investigation of asymptotic behaviors of the transfer function is then undertaken, yielding expressions appropriate for eighteen different regimes, and unifying the results from numerous earlier studies. A solution to a numerical overflow problem that arises in the computation of the transfer function is also found. All numerical code associated with this paper is distributed freely for use by the community.
Application of White Mustard Bran and Flour on Bread as Natural Preservative Agents
Authors: Torrijos Raquel , Nazareth Tiago de Melo , Quiles Juan Manuel , Mañes Jordi , Meca Giuseppe
Published: February 2021

In this study, the antifungal activity of white mustard bran (MB), a by-product of mustard (Sinapis alba) milling, and white mustard seed flour (MF) was tested against mycotoxigenic fungi in the agar diffusion method. The results obtained were posteriorly confirmed in a quantitative test, determining the minimum concentration of extract that inhibits the fungal growth (MIC) and the minimum concentration with fungicidal activity (MFC). Since MF demonstrated no antifungal activity, the MB was stored under different temperature conditions and storage time to determine its antifungal stability. Finally, an in situ assay was carried out, applying the MB as a natural ingredient into the dough to avoid P. commune CECT 20767 growth and increase the bread shelf life. The results demonstrated that the antifungal activity of MB was dose-dependent. The higher assayed dose of MB (10 g/kg) reduced the fungal population in 4.20 Log CFU/g regarding the control group. Moreover, the shelf life was extended four days compared to the control, equaling its effectiveness with the synthetic preservative sodium propionate (E-281). Therefore, MB could be an alternative to chemical additives in bread formulations since it satisfies consumer requirements. Also, the formulation of bread with MB valorizes this by-product generated during mustard seed milling, thereby helping the industry move forward sustainably by reducing environmental impact.
Analysis of RNA Modifications by Second- and Third-Generation Deep Sequencing: 2020 Update
Authors: Motorin Yuri , Marchand Virginie
Published: February 2021

The precise mapping and quantification of the numerous RNA modifications that are present in tRNAs, rRNAs, ncRNAs/miRNAs, and mRNAs remain a major challenge and a top priority of the epitranscriptomics field. After the keystone discoveries of massive m6A methylation in mRNAs, dozens of deep sequencing-based methods and protocols were proposed for the analysis of various RNA modifications, allowing us to considerably extend the list of detectable modified residues. Many of the currently used methods rely on the particular reverse transcription signatures left by RNA modifications in cDNA; these signatures may be naturally present or induced by an appropriate enzymatic or chemical treatment. The newest approaches also include labeling at RNA abasic sites that result from the selective removal of RNA modification or the enhanced cleavage of the RNA ribose-phosphate chain (perhaps also protection from cleavage), followed by specific adapter ligation. Classical affinity/immunoprecipitation-based protocols use either antibodies against modified RNA bases or proteins/enzymes, recognizing RNA modifications. In this survey, we review the most recent achievements in this highly dynamic field, including promising attempts to map RNA modifications by the direct single-molecule sequencing of RNA by nanopores.
Implementing Precision Medicine in Human Frailty through Epigenetic Biomarkers
Authors: García-Giménez José Luis , Mena-Molla Salvador , Tarazona-Santabalbina Francisco José , Viña Jose , Gomez-Cabrera Mari Carmen , Pallardó Federico V.
Published: February 2021

The main epigenetic features in aging are: reduced bulk levels of core histones, altered pattern of histone post-translational modifications, changes in the pattern of DNA methylation, replacement of canonical histones with histone variants, and altered expression of non-coding RNA. The identification of epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to the early detection of age-associated subclinical changes or deficits at the molecular and/or cellular level, to predict the development of frailty, or even more interestingly, to improve health trajectories in older adults. Frailty reflects a state of increased vulnerability to stressors as a result of decreased physiologic reserves, and even dysregulation of multiple physiologic systems leading to adverse health outcomes for individuals of the same chronological age. A key approach to overcome the challenges of frailty is the development of biomarkers to improve early diagnostic accuracy and to predict trajectories in older individuals. The identification of epigenetic biomarkers of frailty could provide important support for the clinical diagnosis of frailty, or more specifically, to the evaluation of its associated risks. Interventional studies aimed at delaying the onset of frailty and the functional alterations associated with it, would also undoubtedly benefit from the identification of frailty biomarkers. Specific to the article yet reasonably common within the subject discipline.
The Allocation of Water Resources in the Midstream of Heihe River for the “97 Water Diversion Scheme” and the “Three Red Lines”
Authors: Geng Wenjie , Jiang Xiaohui , Lei Yuxin , Zhang Jinyan , Zhao Huan
Published: February 2021

Rapid economic and societal development increases resource consumption. Understanding how to balance the discrepancy between economic and social water use and ecological water use is an urgent problem to be solved, especially in arid areas. The Heihe River is the second-largest inland river in China, and this problem is notable. To ensure the downstream ecological water use, the “Water Distribution Plan for the Mainstream of the Heihe River” (97 Water Diversion Scheme) controls the discharge of Yingluo Gorge and Zhengyi Gorge, while the “Opinions of applying the strictest water resources control system” (Three Red Lines) restricts the water use. With the development of the economy and agriculture in the midstream, Zhengyi Gorge’s discharge cannot reach the Heihe River’s ecological water downstream. This paper is under the constraints of the “97 Water Diversion Scheme” of Heihe River and the “Three Red Lines” of the total water use control index for Zhangye County. We constructed a water resource allocation model for the midstream of Heihe River to reasonably allocate water resources in the Heihe River’s midstream and downstream. This model is divided into three parts: Establish the mathematical equation, simulate the water consumption under the different inflow conditions, and ensure each water user’s demand. The result showed that if we fail to confine total water consumption in the midstream, through the reasonable allocation of water resources, the real water use and water consumption of the middle Heihe River will be greater than the “97 Water Diversion Scheme” and the “Three Red Lines.” If we confine water consumption, they will be within the “97 Water Diversion Scheme” and the “Three Red Lines,” at the same time, they can reach the downstream of the Heihe River’s ecological water. Besides, under the premise of satisfying the economic water and ecological water downstream of the Heihe River, returning farmland to wasteland and strengthening water-saving measures will improve water efficiency and be more conducive to allocating water resources.
Differences in Abnormal Water Metabolism between SD Rats and KM Mice Intoxicated by Microcystin-RR
Authors: Xiao Wenqing , Zhong Qing , Sun Feng , Wang Weiguang , Zhao Zhiyao , Gu Kangding
Published: February 2021

The effects of microcystin-RR (MC-RR) on water metabolism were studied on Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats and KunMing (KM) mice. In the single dose toxicity test, polydipsia, polyuria, hematuria and proteinuria were found in group of rats receiving a MC-RR dose of 574.7 μg/kg, and could be relieved by dexamethasone (DXM). Gradient damage was observed in kidney and liver in rats with gradient MC-RR doses of 574.7, 287.3, and 143.7 μg/kg. No significant water metabolic changes or kidney injuries were observed in mice treated with MC-RR doses of 210.0, 105.0, and 52.5 μg/kg. In the continuous exposure test, in which mice were administrated with 140.0, 70.0, and 35.0 μg/kg MC-RR for 28 days, mice in the 140.0 μg/kg group presented increasing polydipsia, polyuria, and liver damage. However, no anatomic or histological changes, including related serological and urinary indices, were found in the kidney. In summary, abnormal water metabolism can be induced by MC-RR in rats through kidney injury in single dose exposure; the kidney of SD rats is more sensitive to MC-RR than that of KM mouse; and polydipsia and polyuria in mice exposed to MC-RR for 28 days occurred but could not be attributed to kidney damage.