bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Elaterid from the Middle Jurassic Daohugou Biota (Coleoptera: Elateridae: Protagrypninae)
Authors: Fabing DONG , Diying HUANG
Published: December 2011

A new genus and species of fossil elaterid namely Clavelater ningchengensis gen. et sp. nov. assigned to the subfamily Protagrypninae based on one specimen from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation near Daohugou Village, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, northeastern China is described and illustrated. This specimen displays a pair of large antennae that easily differs from those of most Mesozoic elaterids. There are around 36 species within 20 genera referred to elateroids described from the Early Jurassic to Miocene of China, with another three species within three genera reviewed, but the taxonomic assignment of at least seven species within three genera is doubted. The systematic position of fossil elateriform beetles reported from China is reviewed and the evolution of Mesozoic elateroids briefly discussed.
Planktic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds in Kangmar, Southern Tibet, China
Authors: Guobiao LI , Xiaoqiao WAN , Mao PAN
Published: December 2011

The planktic foraminifera of the Chuangde Formation (Upper Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds, CORBs) as exposed at Tianbadong section, Kangmar, southern Tibet has been firstly studied for a detailed for a detailed biostratigraphy elaboration. A rich and well‐preserved planktic foraminifera were recovered from the Chuangde Formation of the Tianbadong section and the Globotruncanita elevata, Globotruncana ventricosa, Radotruncana calcarata, Globotruncanella havanensis, Globotruncana aegyptiaca, Gansserina gansseri and Abathomphalus mayaroensis zones have been recognized. The planktic foraminiferal assemblage points to an early Campanian to Maastrichitian age for the CORBs of the eastern North Tethyan Himalayan sub‐belt, which also provides a better understanding of the shifting progress of the Indian Plate to the north and the evolution of the Neotethyan ocean. The lithostratigraphy of the Chuangde Formation of the Tianbadong section comprises two lithological sequences observed in ascending succession: a lower unit (the Shale Member) mainly composed of purple (cherry‐red, violet‐red) shales with interbedded siltstones and siliceous rocks; and an upper unit (the Limestone Member) of variegated limestones. The strata of the Chuangde Formation in the Tianbadong section are similar to CORBs in other parts of the northern Tethyan Himalaya area of Asia (Gyangze, Sa'gya, Sangdanlin, northern Zanskar, etc.). The fossil contents of the Chuangde Formation in the sections (CORBs) studied provide a means of correlation with the zonation schemes for those of the northern Tethyan Himalayan sub‐belt and the Upper Cretaceous of the southern Tethyan Himalayan sub‐belt. Paleogeographic reconstruction for the Late Cretaceous indicates that the Upper Cretaceous Chuangde Formation (CORBs) and correlatable strata in northern Zanskar were representative of slope to basinal deposits, which were situated in the northern Tethyan Belt. Correlatable Cretaceous strata in Spiti and Gamba situated in the southern Tethyan Belt in contrast were deposited in shelf environments along the Tethyan Himalayan passive margin. CORBs are most likely formed by the oxidation of Fe(II)‐enriched, anoxic deep ocean water near the chemocline that separated the oxic oceanic surface from the anoxic.
The Seismogenic Structure of the 2010 Suining Ms 5.0 Earthquake and its Geometry, Kinematics and Dynamics Analysis
Authors: Renqi LU , Dengfa HE , Suppe JOHN , Yongsheng MA , Shuwei GUAN , Yanpeng SUN , Jinwei GAO
Published: December 2011

In January 2010, the Suining Ms5.0 earthquake occurred in central Sichuan Basin, with the epicenter in Moxi‐Longnvsi structural belt and a focal depth of 10 km. Based on structural interpretations of seismic profiles in this area, we recognized a regional detachment fault located at a depth of 9–10 km in the Presinian basement of the Suining area, transferring its slipping from NW to SE orientation. This detachment fault slipped from NW to SE, and underwent several shears and bends, which caused the basement to be rolled in and the overlaying strata fold deformation. It formed a fault‐bend fold in the Moxi area with an approximate slip of 4 km. Correspondingly, the formation of the Moxi anticline is related to the detachment fault. With the earthquake's epicenter on the ramp of the detachment fault, there is a new point of view that the Suining earthquake was caused by re‐activation of this basement detachment fault. Since the Late Jurassic period, under the influence of regional tectonic stress, the detachment fault transfered its slip from the Longmen Mountains (LMS) thrust belt to the hinterland of the Sichuan Basin, and finally to the piedmont zone of southwest Huayingshan (HYS), which indicates that HYS might be the final front area of the LMS thrust belt.
Comparative Study of Magmatism in East Pacific Rise Versus Nearby Seamounts: Constraints on Magma Supply and Thermal Structure Beneath Mid‐ocean Ridge
Authors: Guoliang ZHANG
Published: December 2011

Major elements of 2202 basalts from the East Pacific Rise (EPR) and 888 basalts from near‐EPR seamounts are used to investigate their differences in magma crystallization pressures and mantle melting conditions. Crystallization pressure calculation from basalts with 5.0wt%<MgO<8.0wt % shows that magma crystallization pressures beneath near‐EPR seamounts are positively and negatively correlated with Na8 and Fe8, respectively. However, these correlations are indistinct in axial lavas, which can be explained by chemical homogenization induced by extensive mixing processes. In each segment divided by major transforms and over‐lapping spreading centers (OSCs), near‐EPR seamount lavas have higher magma crystallization pressures, higher Fe8 and lower Na8 than the EPR lavas, which indicate cooler lithosphere, lower degrees and shallower melting depths beneath near‐EPR seamounts than the EPR. The correlations between magma crystallization pressures and melting conditions beneath near‐EPR seamounts imply that the source thermal state controls the melting degree and melt flux, and then melting process controls the shallow lithosphere temperature and magma crystallization depth (pressure). The cooler mantle sources beneath near‐EPR seamounts produce a lower degree of melting and a less robust magma supply, which results in a deep thermal equilibrium level and high magma crystallization pressure. The magma crystallization pressure decreases significantly as spreading rate of the EPR increases from ∼80 mm/year in the north (16°N) to ∼160 mm/year in the south (19°S), while this trend is unobvious in near‐EPR seamounts. This suggests that the magma supply controlled by spreading rate dominates the ridge crust temperature and magma crystallization depth, while the near‐EPR seamount magma supply is not dominated by the axial spreading rate. Because most seamounts form and gain most of their volume within a narrow zone of 5–15 km from ridge axis, they provide good constraint on magma supply and thermal structure beneath the EPR. High magma crystallization pressures in seamounts indicate dramatic temperature decrease from the EPR. The crystallization pressures of seamount lavas are well correlated with mantle melting parameters but in a blurry relationship with axial spreading rate. Despite the adjacency of the EPR and nearby seamounts, the thermal structure beneath the near‐EPR seamounts are controlled by their own magma supply and conductive cooling, chemically and thermally unaffected by magmatism beneath the ridge axis.
Data Analysis of Chang'E‐1 Gamma‐Ray Spectrometer and Global Distribution of U, K, and Th Elemental Abundances
Authors: Yongliao ZOU , Liyan ZHANG , Jianzhong LIU , Lingli MU , Xin REN , Guangliang ZHANG , Jin CHANG , Jun YAN , Nan ZHANG , Hongbo ZHANG , Chang LÜ , Jianjun LIU , Wei ZUO , Yan SU , Weibin WEN , Wei BIAN , Min WANG , Chun XU , Chunlai LI , Ziyuan OUYANG
Published: December 2011

Gamma‐ray spectrometer (GRS) is one of the main payloads on the Chang'E‐1 (CE‐1) lunar probe, mainly aimed to detect the elemental abundances and distributions on the lunar surface. At 03:58 on 28 November 2007, it performed the first observation of the lunar gamma rays. As of 24 October 2008, 2105 h of effective gamma rays spectra had been acquired by CE‐1 GRS, which covers the whole surface of the moon. This paper mainly describes the data processing procedures and methods of deriving the elemental abundances by using the CE‐1 GRS time series corrected spectra: first, to bin data into pixels for mapping; then, to perform a background deduction of the cumulative spectra and obtain a peak area of the elements; and finally, to use the elemental abundances inversion model to produce the elemental abundances. Based on these processing methods, the global abundance maps of U, K, and Th at a 5°×5° equal‐area pixel are acquired by CE‐1 GRS data. The paper gives a preliminary analysis of the uncertainties of the elemental abundances.
Radiometric Zircon Ages of a Tuff Sample from the Baishantou Member of Wuyun Formation, Jiayin: A Contribution to the Search for the K‐T Boundary in Heilongjian River Area, China
Authors: Shigeyuki SUZUKI , Ge SUN , KNITTEL Ulrich , Tohru DANHARA , Hideki IWANO
Published: December 2011

The existence of the Cretaceous‐Tertiary (K/T) boundary in the non‐marine succession is expected at Jiayin in the Heilongjiang River area, China. Zircons from a tuff sample from the Baishantou Member of Wuyun Formation in Jiayin were analyzed by the laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) U‐Pb dating and fission‐track dating methods. Ages of 64.1±0.7 Ma (U‐Pb) and 61.7±1.8 Ma (fission‐track dating) were obtained, which allow re‐evaluation of a previously reported late Maastrichian age for the tuff layer that was in conflict with the paleontological evidence. These results confirm the Danian age of the section in agreement with the paleontological evidence.
Permian Tectonic Evolution in Southwestern Khanka Massif: Evidence from Zircon U‐Pb Chronology, Hf isotope and Geochemistry of Gabbro and Diorite
Authors: Huahua CAO , Wenliang XU , Fuping PEI , Xingzhou ZHANG
Published: December 2011

Laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) zircon U‐Pb dating and geochemical data for the Permian gabbros and diorites in the Hunchun area are presented to constrain the regional tectonic evolution in the study area. Zircons from gabbro and diorite are euhedral‐subhedral in shape and display fine‐scale oscillatory zoning as well as high Th/U ratios (0.26–1.22), implying their magmatic origin. The dating results indicate that the gabbro and diorite formed in the Early Permian (282±2 Ma) and in the Late Permian (255±3 Ma), respectively. In addition, the captured zircons with the weighted mean age of 279±4 Ma are also found in the diorite, consistent with the formation age of the gabbro within uncertainty. The gabbros belong chemically to low‐K tholeiitic series, and are characterized by low rare earth element (REE) abundances, flat REE pattern, weak positive Eu anomalies (δEu), and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSEs, Nb, Ta, and Ti), similar to the high‐aluminum basalts from island arc setting. Initial Hf isotopic ratios of zircons from the gabbro range from +7.63 to +14.6, suggesting that its primary magma could be mainly derived from partial melting of a depleted lithospheric mantle. The diorites belong to middle K calc‐alkaline series. Compared with the gabbros, the diorites have higher REE abundance, weak negative Eu anomalies, and more depletion in HFSEs (Nb, Ta, and Ti), similar chemically to the volcanic rocks from an active continental margin setting. Initial Hf isotopic ratios and Hf two‐stage model ages of zircons from the diorite range from +11.22 to +14.17 and from 424 to 692 Ma, respectively, suggesting that its primary magma could be mainly derived from partial melting of the Early Paleozoic and/or Neoproterozoic accretted lower crust. Taken together, it is suggested that geochemical variations from the Early Permian gabbros to the Late Permian diorites reveal that the subduction of the Paleo‐Asian oceanic plate beneath the Khanka Massif and collision between the arc and continent (Khanka Massif) happened in the late stage of the Late Paleozoic.
Isotopic Chronological Study of the Huangsha‐Tieshanlong Quartz Vein‐ Type Tungsten Deposit and Timescale of Molybdenum Mineralization in Southern Jiangxi Province, China
Authors: Fan HUANG , Chengyou FENG , Yuchuan CHEN , Lijuan YING , Zhenghui CHEN , Zailin ZENG , Wenjun QU
Published: December 2011

The Huangsha‐Tieshanlong quartz‐vein tungsten polymetallic ore deposit, located in the northern Pangushan‐Tieshanlong tungsten ore field in eastern Ganxian‐Yudu prospecting areas of the Yushan metallogenic belt, is a well‐known tungsten deposit in southern Jiangxi province, China. SHRIMP‐determined dating of zircons from the Tieshanlong granite yields ages of 168.1±2.1 Ma (n=11, MSWD=1.3). Rhenium and osmium isotopic dating of molybdenite from the Huangsha quartz‐vein tungsten deposit determined by ICP‐MS yields a weighted average ages of 153±3 Ma and model ages of 150.2±2.1 Ma – 155.4±2.3 Ma. The age of the Huangsha tungsten deposit is 10 to 15 Ma later than the Tieshanlong granite, which shows that there might have been another early Late Jurassic magmatic activity between 150 and 160 Ma, a process which is closely related with tungsten mineralization in this area. The Tieshanlong granite, the Huangsha tungsten deposit and the Pangushan‐Tieshanlong ore field were all formed around 150–170 Ma, belonging to products of a Mesozoic second large‐scale mineralization. According to the collected molybdenite Re‐Os dating results in southern Jiangxi province, the timescale of the associated molybdenum mineralization is 2–6 Ma in the tungsten deposit and the timescale of independent molybdenum mineralization is 1–4 Ma, implying the complexity of tungsten mineralization. Times of molybdenum mineralization are mainly concentrated in the Yanshanian, which includes three stages of 133∼135 Ma, 150–162 Ma, and 166–170 Ma, respectively. The 150–162 Ma‐stage is in accordance with ages of large‐scale W‐Sn mineralization, which is mainly molybdenum mineralization characterized by associated molybdenum mineralization with development of an even greater‐intensity independent molybdenum mineralization. Independent molybdenum mineralization occurred before and after large‐scale W‐Sn mineralization, which indicates that favorable prospecting period for molybdenum may be in Cretaceous and early late Jurassic.
Discovery, Genesis and Significance of Metallic Minerals in Evaporate Series in the Kuqa Basin
Authors: Yangtong CAO , Chenglin LIU , Zhiqiang XUAN , Pengcheng JIAO , Yongzhi CHEN , Chunlian WANG
Published: December 2011

A large‐scale evaporate series is developed in Paleogene‐Neogene strata in the Kuqa basin. The series is composed mainly of evaporate with thin beds of clastic rock (mainly mudstone and siltstone). In grayish white medium‐ and coarse‐grained sandstone in Miocene strata, the formation of copper minerals is in close connection with brine. In joint planes, which are developed in vertical strata, are filled with gypsum. Gypsum and copper‐mineralized sandstone contains enormous copper minerals, mainly atacamite. According to the SEM analysis for salt rock, gypsum rock, limestone, grayish green siltstone, grayish white medium‐coarse‐grained sandstone, some minerals are composed of metallic elements including Au, Ag, Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, Ni and U etc., in which Au occurs in a native form, Cu occurs in a native form or as atacamite in salt rock, gypsum rock and limestone, Ag occurs as silver sulfide in gypsum, and Zn, Pb, Co, Ni, U occur as compounds along with the above metallic ions in evaporate or clastic rock From SEM images, we can see that metallic elements or their compounds (oxides or sulfides) “take root” as grains in salt or gypsum crystals, which belong to primary chemical sedimentation along with evaporate, while some grains “float” on surface of salt or gypsum. In the former case, mineral grains were formed together with salt (gypsum) crystals; while in the latter case, minerals were enriched from internal metallic ions (Paleogene evaporate samples) or external metallic ions (Neogene gypsum samples) in the late stage of evaporate formation. The metallic ions in Paleogene evaporate samples might originate from weathered or denudated materials in the south Tianshan Mountains. The metallic ions in the Neogene evaporate samples might be from metal‐bearing brine, which migrated upward to surface along fractures and leached into evaporate (gypsum). Occurrence of metallic minerals and their compounds (elementary substance) in Paleogene evaporate proves that diversified metallic minerals exist in evaporate. The source of metallic ions in the Neogene evaporate series shows that evaporate could provide materials for late‐stage metallic mineralization.
Geochemical Record of the Cenomanian‐Turonian Anoxic Event in Tunisia: Is it Correlative and Isochronous to the Biotic Signal?
Authors: SOUA Mohamed , ZAGHBIB‐TURKI Dalila , BEN JEMIA Hela , SMAOUI Jalel , BOUKADI Amel
Published: December 2011

In Tunisia, five Bahloul spaced sections, Bargou, Jerisa, Guern Halfaya, Kherij and Gafsa were analyzed for biostratigraphy (foraminifera and radiolarians) and major and trace elements. This high‐resolution biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic integrated analyses for the Late Cenomanian‐Early Turonian Bahloul Formation provide new insight into the palaeoceanographic evolution of the southern Tethyan margin. Relative low abundance of related terrigenous Ti/Al and K/Al ratios and enrichment of some productivity proxies such as Ba, Cu, and Ni (organic matter related trace elements) suggests that the Bahloul, deposited during a relatively short period (0.5 Ma), was of relatively elevated primary productivity and minimal detrital input. While higher D* values concurrent with lower Ti/Al ratios are interpreted as caused by enhanced fluvial material contribution, due to more humid climate during the OAE‐2. Enhanced humidity triggered probably fluvial influxes, resulted in a sluggish water circulation and consequent anoxic/euxinic conditions favoring the preservation of organic matter at the bottom. Enrichments in redox‐sensitive trace metals U, V, and Mo in the Bahloul Formation deposits and redox indices, such as V/(V+Ni), U/Th, V/Cr, and Ni/Co, indicate that oxygen‐restricted conditions prevailed during the Late Cenomanian to earliest Turonian times and correlate well with relative abundances of some foraminiferal and radiolarian paleo‐environmental relevant indicators. High Baxs values and Uauth may indicate anoxic conditions at least at the water–sediment interface during the Bahloul Formation deposition and provide information about low to moderate sulfate‐reduction reactions.
Molecular beam epitaxy control and photoluminescence properties of InAsBi
Authors: Svensson S. P. , Hier H. , Sarney W. L. , Donetsky D. , Wang D. , Belenky G.
Published: December 2011

Thick InAsBi layers were grown for photoluminescence (PL) characterization. The As to In overpressure ratio was carefully characterized and adjusted to achieve Bi-droplet-free surfaces. A closed loop feedback system was used to maintain the As overpressure during a 5-h deposition sequence. Despite a high degree of control of the growth parameters, evidence for local phase separation was observed in the PL spectra.
How Can “Weightless” Astronauts be Weighed?
Authors: Carnicer Jesus , Reyes Francisco , Guisasola Jenaro
Published: December 2011

In introductory physics courses, within the context of studying Newton's laws, it is common to consider the problem of a body's “weight” when it is in free fall. The solution shows that the “weight” is zero1 and this leads to a discussion of the concept of weight.2,3 There are permanent free-fall situations such as astronauts in a spacecraft orbiting the Earth, for example, the International Space Station. However, it is important for an astronaut's health to control any variations in his/her body mass while on the orbiting spacecraft. This paper examines the following scenario: How can astronauts be weighed while in free fall?
Surface Bubbles in the Bathtub and Reflections on Ripple Tanks
Authors: Greenslade Thomas B.
Published: December 2011

Bathtubs are splendid places for studying physics! Recently I was happily splashing about and noticed that the light from the lamp above me was being focused as bright spots on the bottom of the tub. Closer inspection showed that the spots were surrounded by dark rings. This pattern turned out to be due to the lensing effect of bubbles floating on the surface of the water.
More on Systematic Error in a Boyle's Law Experiment
Authors: McCall Richard P.
Published: December 2011

A recent article1 in The Physics Teacher describes a method for analyzing a systematic error in a Boyle's law laboratory activity. Systematic errors are important to consider in physics labs because they tend to bias the results of measurements. There are numerous laboratory examples and resources that discuss this common source of error.2–7
Rolling Motion of a Ball Spinning About a Near-Vertical Axis
Authors: Cross Rod
Published: December 2011

A ball that is projected forward without spin on a horizontal surface will slide for a short distance before it starts rolling. Sliding friction acts to decrease the translation speed v and it acts to increase the rotation speed ω. When v = Rω, where R is the ball radius, the ball will start rolling and the friction force drops almost to zero since the contact point at the bottom of the ball comes to rest on the surface. The coefficient of rolling friction is much smaller than that for sliding friction. A different situation arises if the ball is projected forward while it is spinning about a vertical or near vertical axis. The latter situation arises in many ball sports. It arises if a player attempts to curve a ball down a bowling alley,1 or when a billiards player imparts sidespin or “English” to a ball,2 and it can arise in golf if a player strikes a ball with a putter at a point well away from the middle of the putter head. The situation also arises in the game of curling,3 although in that case the object that is projected is a cylindrical rock rather than a spherical ball, and it arises in tennis when a ball lands on the court spinning about a near vertical axis, as it does in both a slice serve and a kick serve. In a slice serve, the axis is almost vertical. In a kick serve, the axis is tilted about 30 degrees away from the vertical in order to increase the amount of topspin.4
An Unexpected Heat Engine
Authors: Trout K. P. , Gaston Charles A.
Published: December 2011

It's common knowledge that light can produce chemical and electronic changes (photography is based on those effects); however, many people consider light to have no mechanical effect. Some are familiar with the novelty of a radiometer that spins when placed in the light. Fewer are aware that a cymbal will vibrate audibly if hit by the light from a camera flash.1 It came to our attention that the bubble in an ultra-sensitive level would move toward a flashlight beamed at the level from one end. Our investigations of this phenomenon show that it is thermal in nature and the effect large enough to be demonstrated in a classroom. With the addition of a small heating wire, the bubble level can be converted into a small heat engine.
Two Simple Activities to Bring Rainbows into the Classroom
Authors: Isik Hakan , Yurumezoglu Kemal
Published: December 2011

A rainbow reveals the colors of sunlight in a breathtaking way, but the formation of this natural event cannot be controlled by human beings. Transforming this out-of-class experience into a teaching activity is a challenge for science educators. This paper outlines two activities for rainbow formation in the science classroom in cases of good sunlight availability and artificial light.
Creativity and Introductory Physics
Authors: Guilaran Ildefonso (Fonsie) J.
Published: December 2011

When I was an undergraduate physics major, I would often stay up late with my physics major roommate as we would digest the physics content we were learning in our courses and explore our respective imaginations armed with our new knowledge. Such activity during my undergraduate years was confined to informal settings, and the first formal creativity assignment in my physics education did not come until well into my graduate years when my graduate advisor demanded that I write a prospectus for my dissertation. I have often lamented the fact that the first formal assignment in which I was required to be creative, take responsibility for my own learning and research objectives, and see them to completion during my physics education came so late, considering the degree to which creative attributes are celebrated in the personalities of great physicists. In this essay I will apply some of the basic concepts as defined by creativity-related psychology literature to physics pedagogy, relate these concepts to the exchanges in this journal concerning Michael Sobel's paper1 “Physics for the Non-Scientist: A Middle Way,” and provide the framework for a low-overhead creativity assignment that can easily be implemented at all levels of physics education.
Using a High-Speed Camera to Measure the Speed of Sound
Authors: Hack William Nathan , Baird William H.
Published: December 2011

The speed of sound is a physical property that can be measured easily in the lab. However, finding an inexpensive and intuitive way for students to determine this speed has been more involved. The introduction of affordable consumer-grade high-speed cameras (such as the Exilim EX-FC100) makes conceptually simple experiments feasible. Since the Exilim can capture 1000 frames a second, it provides an easy way for students to calculate the speed of sound by counting video frames from a sound-triggered event they can see. For our experiment, we popped a balloon at a measured distance from a sound-activated high-output LED while recording high-speed video for later analysis. The beauty of using this as the method for calculating the speed of sound is that the software required for frame-by-frame analysis is free and the idea itself (slow motion) is simple. This allows even middle school students to measure the speed of sound with assistance, but the ability to independently verify such a basic result is invaluable for high school or college students.
Insider conference tips
Authors: Tennant Jill
Published: December 2011

Attending an educator conference and its associated exhibit hall can be a rewarding experience for your brain. But if you keep in mind these insider's tips, your feet, arms, stomach, and wallet will also thank you.
THE STORY OF THE TEVATRON ACCELERATORS: ACCELERATOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BREAKTHROUGHS, ACHIEVEMENTS AND LESSONS
Authors: SHILTSEV V.
Published: December 2011

For almost a quarter of a century, the Tevatron proton–antiproton collider was the centerpiece of the world's high energy physics program — since it began operation in December of 1985, until it was overtaken by LHC in 2011. The aim of this unique scientific instrument was to explore the elementary particle physics reactions with center of mass collision energies of up to 1.96 TeV. The initial design luminosity of the Tevatron was 1030cm-2s-1, however as a result of two decades of upgrades, the accelerator has been able to deliver 430 times higher luminosities to each of two high luminosity experiments, CDF and D0. The Tevatron has been shut off since September 30, 2011. The collider was arguably one of the most complex research instruments ever to reach the operation stage and is widely recognized for many technological breakthroughs and numerous physics discoveries. In this paper, we briefly present the history of the Tevatron, major advances in accelerator physics, technology implemented during the long quest for better and better performance, and the lessons learned from our experience.
MAPPING HAWKING TEMPERATURE IN THE SPINNING CONSTANT CURVATURE BLACK HOLE SPACES INTO UNRUH TEMPERATURE
Authors: LI HUAIFAN , HU BIN
Published: December 2011

We established the equivalence between the local Hawking temperature measured by the time-like Killing observer located at some positions r with finite distances from the outer horizon r+ in the five-dimensional spinning black hole space with both negative and positive constant curvature, and the Unruh temperature measured by the Rindler observer with constant acceleration in the six-dimensional flat space by employing the globally embedding approach.
Modeling key compromise impersonation attacks on group key exchange protocols
Authors: Gorantla M. C. , Boyd Colin , Nieto Juan Manuel González , Manulis Mark
Published: December 2011

Two-party key exchange (2PKE) protocols have been rigorously analyzed under various models considering different adversarial actions. However, the analysis of group key exchange (GKE) protocols has not been as extensive as that of 2PKE protocols. Particularly, an important security attribute called
key compromise impersonation (KCI) resilience
has been completely ignored for the case of GKE protocols. Informally, a protocol is said to provide KCI resilience if the compromise of the long-term secret key of a protocol participant
A
does not allow the adversary to impersonate an honest participant
B
to
A
. In this paper, we argue that KCI resilience for GKE protocols is at least as important as it is for 2PKE protocols.

Our first contribution is revised definitions of security for GKE protocols considering KCI attacks by both outsider and insider adversaries. We also give a new proof of security for an existing two-round GKE protocol under the revised security definitions assuming random oracles. We then show how to achieve insider KCIR in a generic way using a known compiler in the literature. As one may expect, this additional security assurance comes at the cost of an extra round of communication. Finally, we show that a few existing protocols are not secure against outsider KCI attacks. The attacks on these protocols illustrate the necessity of considering KCI resilience for GKE protocols.
Server-side verification of client behavior in online games
Authors: Bethea Darrell , Cochran Robert A. , Reiter Michael K.
Published: December 2011

Online gaming is a lucrative and growing industry but one that is slowed by cheating that compromises the gaming experience and hence drives away players (and revenue). In this paper we develop a technique by which game developers can enable game operators to validate the behavior of game clients as being consistent with valid execution of the sanctioned client software. Our technique employs symbolic execution of the client software to extract constraints on client-side state implied by each client-to-server message, and then uses constraint solving to determine whether the sequence of client-to-server messages can be “explained” by any possible user inputs, in light of the server-to-client messages already received. The requisite constraints and solving components can be developed either simultaneously with the game or retroactively for existing games. We demonstrate our approach in three case studies on the open-source game
XPilot
, a game similar to
Pac-Man
of our own design, and an open-source multiplayer version of
Tetris
.
A Distributed Platform for Global-Scale Agent-Based Models of Disease Transmission
Authors: Parker Jon , Epstein Joshua M.
Published: December 2011

The Global-Scale Agent Model (GSAM) is presented. The GSAM is a high-performance distributed platform for agent-based epidemic modeling capable of simulating a disease outbreak in a population of several billion agents. It is unprecedented in its scale, its speed, and its use of Java. Solutions to multiple challenges inherent in distributing massive agent-based models are presented. Communication, synchronization, and memory usage are among the topics covered in detail. The memory usage discussion is Java specific. However, the communication and synchronization discussions apply broadly. We provide benchmarks illustrating the GSAM’s speed and scalability.
Reversible Parallel Discrete Event Formulation of a TLM-Based Radio Signal Propagation Model
Authors: Seal Sudip K. , Perumalla Kalyan S.
Published: December 2011

Radio signal strength estimation is essential in many applications, including the design of military radio communications and industrial wireless installations. For scenarios with large or richly featured geographical volumes, parallel processing is required to meet the memory and computation time demands. Here, we present a scalable and efficient parallel execution of the
sequential
model for radio signal propagation recently developed by Nutaro et al. [2008]. Starting with that model, we (a) provide a vector-based reformulation that has significantly lower computational overhead for event handling, (b) develop a parallel decomposition approach that is amenable to reversibility with minimal computational overheads, (c) present a framework for transparently mapping the conservative time-stepped model into an optimistic parallel discrete event execution, (d) present a new reversible method, along with its analysis and implementation, for inverting the vector-based event model to be executed in an optimistic parallel style of execution, and (e) present performance results from implementation on Cray XT platforms. We demonstrate scalability, with the largest runs tested on up to 127,500 cores of a Cray XT5, enabling simulation of larger scenarios and with faster execution than reported before on the radio propagation model. This also represents the first successful demonstration of the ability to efficiently map a conservative time-stepped model to an optimistic discrete-event execution.
A Decision Support System for Placement of Intrusion Detection and Prevention Devices in Large-Scale Networks
Authors: Puzis Rami , Tubi Meytal , Elovici Yuval , Glezer Chanan , Dolev Shlomi
Published: December 2011

This article describes an innovative Decision Support System (DSS) for Placement of Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (PIDPS) in large-scale communication networks. PIDPS is intended to support network security personnel in optimizing the placement and configuration of malware filtering and monitoring devices within Network Service Providers’ (NSP) infrastructure, and enterprise communication networks. PIDPS meshes innovative and state-of-the-art mechanisms borrowed from the domains of graph theory, epidemic modeling, and network simulation. Scalable network exploitation models enable to define the communication patterns induced by network users (thereby establishing a virtual overlay network), and parallel attack models enable a PIDPS user to define various interdependent network attacks such as: Internet worms, Trojans horses, Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, and others. PIDPS incorporates a set of deployment strategies (employing graph-theoretic centrality measures) in order to facilitate intelligent placement of filtering and monitoring devices; as well as a dedicated network simulator in order to evaluate the various deployments. Experiments with PIDPS indicate that incorporating knowledge on the overlay network (network exploitation patterns) into the placement and configuration of malware filtering and monitoring devices substantially improves the effectiveness of intrusion detection and prevention systems in NSP and enterprise networks.
Last House on the Hill
Authors: Ashley Michael , Tringham Ruth , Perlingieri Cinzia
Published: December 2011

The aim of our project, Last House on the Hill (LHotH), is to holistically reconstitute the rich multimedia and primary research data with the impressive texts of the monograph, the printed final report of the Berkeley Archaeologists at Çatalhöyük (BACH) project, in which a team from UC Berkeley excavated a group of Neolithic 9000-year old buildings at this famous cultural heritage location in Central Anatolia, Turkey. The Last House on the Hill brings together the published text, complete project database (including all media formats such as photographs, videos, maps, line drawings), related Web sites, data and media outside the direct domain of the BACH project, and recontextualized presentations of the data as remixes, movies, and other interpretive works by BACH team members and many others. We are achieving this through an event-centered, CIDOC-CRM-compatible implementation ontology, expressed through an open-source Web publishing platform, providing open access, transparency and open-endedness to what is normally the closed and final process of monograph publication.

The idea of embedding, interweaving, entangling, and otherwise linking the data and media from archaeological excavations with their interpretation and meaningful presentation in an open access sharable platform has long been an ambition of those of us working in the digital documentation of archaeological research and the public presentation of cultural heritage. Formidable barriers still exist to making it possible for projects to achieve these aims, ranging from intellectual property concerns to providing commitments to the long-term sustainability of the digital content. We believe that our event-centered implementation ontology will make it far easier for archaeologists and researchers in other disciplines to organize, manage, and share their data while gaining the significant benefits of the CIDOC-CRM framework.

This article describes the strategy, goals, architecture, and implementation for the project, emphasizing the novel and innovative approaches that were required to make the project successful.
Choose-your-own-adventure routing
Authors: Rubin Raphael , Dehon André
Published: December 2011

Aggressive scaling increases the number of devices we can integrate per square millimeter but makes it increasingly difficult to guarantee that each device fabricated has the intended operational characteristics. Without careful mitigation, component yield rates will fall, potentially negating the economic benefits of scaling. The fine-grained reconfigurability inherent in FPGAs is a powerful tool that can allow us to drop the stringent requirement that every device be fabricated perfectly in order for a component to be useful. To exploit inherent FPGA reconfigurability while avoiding full CAD mapping, we propose lightweight techniques compatible with the current single bitstream model that can avoid defective devices, reducing yield loss at high defect rates. In particular, by embedding testing operations and alternative path configurations into the bitstream, each FPGA can avoid defects by making only simple, greedy decisions at bitstream load time. With 20% additional tracks above the minimum routable channel width, routes can tolerate 0.01% switch and wire defect rates, raising yield from essentially 0% to near 100%.
Exploiting data-level parallelism for energy-efficient implementation of LDPC decoders and DCT on an FPGA
Authors: Chen Xiaoheng , Akella Venkatesh
Published: December 2011

We explore the use of Data-Level Parallelism (DLP) as a way of improving the energy efficiency and power consumption involved in running applications on an FPGA. We show that static power consumption is a significant fraction of the overall power consumption in an FPGA and that it does not change significantly even as the area required by an architecture increases, because of the dominance of interconnect in an FPGA. We show that the degree of DLP can be used in conjunction with frequency scaling to reduce the overall power consumption.
Net-length-based routability-driven power-aware clustering
Authors: Easwaran Lakshmi , Akoglu Ali
Published: December 2011

The state-of-the-art power-aware clustering tool, P-T-VPack, achieves energy reduction by localizing nets with high switching activity at the expense of channel width and area. In this study, we employ predicted individual postplacement net length information during clustering and prioritize longer nets. This approach targets the capacitance factor for energy reduction, and prioritizes longer nets for channel width and area reduction. We first introduce a new clustering strategy, W-T-VPack, which replaces the switching activity in P-T-VPack with a net length factor. We obtain a 9.87% energy reduction over T-VPack (3.78% increase over P-T-VPack), while at the same time completely eliminating P-T-VPack's channel width and area overhead. We then introduce W-P-T-VPack, which combines switching activity and net length factors. W-P-T-VPack achieves 14.26% energy reduction (0.31% increase over P-T-VPack), while further improving channel width by up to 12.87% for different cluster sizes. We investigate the energy performance of routability (channel width)-driven clustering algorithms, and show that W-T-VPack consistently outperforms T-RPack and iRAC by at least 11.23% and 9.07%, respectively. We conclude that net-length-based clustering is an effective method to concurrently target energy and channel width.
Test compression for dynamically reconfigurable processors
Authors: Inoue Hiroaki , Yamada Junya , Yoneda Hideyuki , Togawa Katsumi , Motomura Masato , Furuta Koichiro
Published: December 2011

We present the world's first test compression technique that features automation of compression rules for test time reduction on dynamically reconfigurable processors. Evaluations on an actual 40-nm product show that our technique achieves a 2.7 times compression ratio for original configuration information (better than does GZIP), the peak decompression bandwidth of 1.6 GB/s, and 2.7 times shorter test times.
The challenges of writing portable, correct and high performance libraries for GPUs
Authors: Leeser Miriam , Yablonski Devon , Brooks Dana , King Laurie Smith
Published: December 2011

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are widely used to accelerate scientific applications. Many successes have been reported with speedups of two or three orders of magnitude over serial implementations of the same algorithms. These speedups typically pertain to a specific implementation with fixed parameters mapped to a specific hardware implementation. The implementations are not designed to be easily ported to other GPUs, even from the same manufacturer. When target hardware changes, the application must be re-optimized.

In this paper we address a different problem. We aim to deliver working, efficient GPU code in a library that is downloaded and run by many different users. The issue is to deliver efficiency independent of the individual user parameters and without a
priori
knowledge of the hardware the user will employ. This problem requires a different set of tradeoffs than finding the best runtime for a single solution. Solutions must be adaptable to a range of different parameters both to solve users' problems and to make the best use of the target hardware.

Another issue is the integration of GPUs into a Problem Solving Environment (PSE) where the use of a GPU is almost invisible from the perspective of the user. Ease of use and smooth interactions with the existing user interface are important to our approach. We illustrate our solution with the incorporation of GPU processing into the Scientific Computing Institute (SCI)Run Biomedical PSE developed at the University of Utah. SCIRun allows scientists to interactively construct many different types of biomedical simulations. We use this environment to demonstrate the effectiveness of the GPU by accelerating time consuming algorithms in the scientist's simulations. Specifically we target the linear solver module, including Conjugate Gradient, Jacobi and MinRes solvers for sparse matrices.
Power profiling and optimization for heterogeneous multi-core systems
Authors: Tsoi Kuen Hung , Luk Wayne
Published: December 2011

Processing speed and energy efficiency are two of the most critical issues for computer systems. This paper presents a systematic approach for profiling the power and performance characteristics of application targeting heterogeneous multi-core computing platforms. Our approach enables rapid and automated design space exploration involving optimisation of workload distribution for systems with accelerators such as FPGAs and GPUs. We demonstrate that, with minor modification to the design, it is possible to estimate performance and power efficiency trade off to identify optimized workload distribution. Our approach shows that, for N-body computation, the fastest design which involves 2 CPU cores, 10 FPGA cores and 40960 GPU threads, is 2 times faster than a design with only FPGAs while achieving better overall energy efficiency.
GPU implementation and optimization of electromagnetic simulation using the FDTD method for antenna designing
Authors: Dohi Keisuke , Shibata Yuichiro , Oguri Kiyoshi , Fujimoto Takafumi
Published: December 2011

This paper describes electromagnetical field simulation using the 3D-FDTD method for antenna designing on a CUDAcompatible GPU. We use the Split Perfectly Matched Layer as an absorbing boundary condition. As is well known, the 3D-FDTD method is a kind of stencil computation and is considered better at GPU implementation. In order to find the best blocking size for the target GPU architecture, we empirically explore a design space of blocking size. We also propose a kernel fusing method as one of the efficient optimization methods, which improves the total performance about 10% at the cost of a small increase in memory usage. As a result of evaluation, our implementation of the 3D-FDTD method on a GeForce GTX295 platform achieves about 130 times performance improvement compared to a simple CPU implementation, which is expected to be faster than an ideally parallelized CPU implementation using multicore and SIMD instructions.
CoreSymphony
Authors: Nagatsuka Tomoyuki , Sakaguchi Yoshito , Matsumura Takayuki , Kise Kenji
Published: December 2011

This paper describes
CoreSymphony
, a cooperative and reconfigurable superscalar processor architecture that improves single-thread performance in chip multiprocessor. CoreSymphony enables some narrow-issue cores to be fused into a single wide-issue core. In this paper, we describe the problems associated with achieving the cooperative superscalar processor. We then describe techniques by which to overcome these problems. The evaluation results obtained using SPEC2006 benchmarks indicate that four-core fusion achieves 88% higher IPC than an individual core.
An implementation of out-of-order execution system for acceleration of computational fluid dynamics on FPGAs
Authors: Akamine Takayuki , Inakagata Kenta , Osana Yasunori , Fujita Naoyuki , Amano Hideharu
Published: December 2011

CFD is an important tool for designing aircraft components. FaSTAR is one of the most recent CFD program package with various solvers and automatic generation of grid data. However, FaSTAR is difficult to be executed in parallel machines because of its irregular data structure. Here, the surface integral module, one of cores of FaSTAR is implemented in an FPGA for future acceleration using a platform FLOPS-2D.

However, even with hardware execution, the pipeline module suffers from frequent stalls caused by irregular and successive memory access. In order to rid of the problem, a data controller for Out-Of-Order execution was designed and implemented. With the controller, the number of stall was at most 0.02% of the case with inorder execution. The designed module worked at 2.35- fold speed of Intel Core 2 Duo.