bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacto Vital del Paso por un COD en la Adolescencia. la Experiencia de Cuatro Adultos de Temuco
Authors: Pérez-Luco Ricardo , Lagos Leonardo , Rozas Rodrigo , Santibáñez Jorge
Published: November 2013

El estudio, de carácter cualitativo, recoge una mirada retrospectiva de las vivencias asociadas a la experiencia de vida de cuatro hombres que en su adolescencia permanecieron internados en el COD de Temuco por problemas de conducta. Para conseguir el objetivo se hizo uso de la técnica de Entrevista en Profundidad, la cual permitió indagar acerca de lo que los participantes consideran más relevante en sus experiencias, usando como tema eje el periodo de la adolescencia. El análisis de los datos se realiza mediante la técnica Análisis de Contenido Jerárquico Ponderado; y su validación, a través de las técnicas de Triangulación y Contrachequeo. Los resultados emergentes del relato de los participantes muestran que el paso por el COD es un hecho determinante en sus vidas, pues dividen su experiencia en un “antes”, un “durante” y un “después” de éste; siendo muy relevante en los tres momentos los vínculos establecidas, primero con la familia, segundo con los amigos y “tíos” y tercero con familia, pareja y amigos; son éstas las relaciones que los participantes refieren como detonantes y sostenedoras de su comportamiento adaptativo o desadaptativo posterior. La profundidad de la comprensión lograda permite sostener la hipótesis de que una vinculación afectiva tempranamente dañada o interferida,en la adolescencia se puede consolidar como alteración de la vinculaciónenmarcada en una “identidad delictual”, si el joven no logra su “reparación” mediante el apoyo de figuras sustitutas socialmente adaptadas
Percepción de Funcionalidad Familiar y Trauma Infantojuvenil: un estudio cualitativo
Authors: Florenzano Ramón , González Isabel , Errázuriz Paula , Ventura Raúl , Gibbons Allister , Blümel Bernardita , Muñiz Carolina , Marty Carolina , Weil Kristina , Carvajal Cesar
Published: November 2013

Se comparan las características de quince mujeres hospitalizadas en un hospital general publico en Santiago de Chile, que recuerdan más de tres experienciastraumáticas antes de los 16 años, con 15 casos que no recuerdan ninguno. En los 30 casos se estudian características socio-demográficas, y se aplican las siguientes escalas:  Acontecimientos Traumáticos de Perry (TAI), las escalas de percepción familiar de Valdés y Cols (CTF-CSF) y la Escala Abreviada de Conductas de Riesgo (ECRA). Se comparan ambos grupos, constatándose una mayor frecuencia de dificultades en las relaciones interpersonales, disfuncionalidad familiar y conductas de riesgo en las mujeres con antecedentes anamnésticos de polipsicotrauma antes de los 16 años. Se concluye insistiendo en la importancia de la prevención de la violencia intrafamiliar y de los tratamientos adecuados para las víctimas.
Las Dos Culturas de/en la Psicología
Authors: Cornejo A. Carlos
Published: November 2013

El recurrente diagnóstico que la psicología es una ciencia en crisis puede ser analizado como la pugna entre dos concepciones de psicología: la cientificista y la comprensiva. Ambas coexisten desde los inicios de la disciplina, definiendo objetos y métodos de estudio divergentes y constituyendo hoy culturas antagónicas. El análisis historiográfico muestra que ambas culturas corresponden a una expresiónintradisciplinaria de la dicotomía de las culturas científica y humanista en la sociedad occidental. El análisis muestra también que el reconocimiento de las múltiples dimensiones implicadas en el fenómeno de estudio psicológico apela a la integración de la precisión metodológica de la cultura cientificista y de la adecuación objetal de la cultura comprensiva
Proceso de inserción laboral de personas con esquizofrenia: análisis desde una institución de apoyo
Authors: Díaz Daniel , Chacón Sergio
Published: November 2013

Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio exploratorio que describe, desde la perspectiva de los participantes en un centro de rehabilitación laboral, las condiciones facilitadoras y obstaculizadoras para la inserción laboral de personas con esquizofrenia. Para el muestreo y análisis de datos se utilizó metodología cualitativa (el enfoque llamado Grounded Theory). Los resultados se presentan distinguiendo tres ámbitos de análisis: el social, el institucional y el personal. En el plano social, la información disponible y su calidad apareció como facilitador, mientras que el obstaculizador resultó ser un cierto grado de prejuicio. En lo institucional, la existencia de una estructura de trabajo integral y estable es percibida como facilitador, mientras que ciertas visiones asistencialistas pueden obstaculizar el resultado del proceso de inserción. Finalmente, a nivel individual, la presencia de motivación es fundamental para facilitar la inserción, mientras que carencias educacionales o de habilidades interpersonales se convierten en obstaculizadores de este proceso.Se aporta evidencia empírica que puede ser referencia para el diseño de dispositivos de apoyo al proceso de inserción laboral de personas con esquizofrenia. Se analizan las variables involucradas y se entregan elementos que informan sobre criterios de evaluación para este tipo de programas. Se incluyen orientaciones para futuros estudios.
Graphene Growth and Carbon Diffusion Process during Vacuum Heating on Cu(111)/Al2O3Substrates
Authors: Ogawa Shuichi , Yamada Takatoshi , Ishidzuka Shinji , Yoshigoe Akitaka , Hasegawa Masataka , Teraoka Yuden , Takakuwa Yuji
Published: November 2013

In this study, the behavior of carbon atoms in the annealing/cooling process of graphene/Cu(111) substrates is investigated using photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy. After the growth of graphene on Cu(111) surfaces, Cu2O was formed at the graphene/Cu interface during transportation through air atmosphere. The Cu2O layer completely disappeared by vacuum annealing at 500 °C. Graphene was decomposed and carbon atoms diffused into the Cu substrate by further elevation of annealing temperature to 950 °C. When the sample was cooled down, the carbon atoms did not segregate on the surface and remained in the Cu substrate. This result indicates the carbon atoms easily diffuse into Cu substrates in vacuum annealing while the amount of diffused carbon atoms in the thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process is smaller, suggesting that the barrier layer, which prevents the diffusion of C atoms, exists on Cu surfaces in the graphene CVD growth.
Control of Surface Work Function by Depositing Insulating Oxide Capping Layers
Authors: Susaki Tomofumi , Hosono Hideo
Published: November 2013

We have studied the work function modulation in pulsed laser deposited nonpolar MgO (100) and polar MgO (100) and LaAlO3(100) insulating oxide films on Nb:SrTiO3(100) and (111) substrates using Kelvin probe measurements. The work function modulation in MgO/Nb:SrTiO3is ∼1 eV, which may be understood by the “electron compression model”, where the leaked-out electrons from Nb:SrTiO3surface are pushed back by MgO layer, reducing the surface dipole moment. By forming double insulating top layer in LaAlO3/nondoped SrTiO3/Nb:SrTiO3(100), we have realized the work function as low as ∼2.2 eV, which would be originated in the formation of high-density electrons at the LaAlO3/nondoped SrTiO3interface and can be very close to the top surface. The present results demonstrate that chemically stable oxides can be used as low work function devices employing heterostructure form.
Nanoindentation Analysis for Mechanical Properties of Electroless NiP Imprinting Mold Replicated from Self-Assembled-Monolayer Modified Master Mold
Authors: Lin Cheng Ping , Saito Mikiko , Homma Takayuki
Published: November 2013

A NiP imprinting mold with patterns, whose size is from nanometer to submicrometer (170, 500, and 1000 nm diameter), was fabricated by electroless deposition of NiP on a 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) modified master mold. The NiP deposit as a replicate mold was then detached from the master mold. The initial NiP deposition in patterns of the master mold was investigated; moreover, nanoindentation was successfully performed on a single NiP pattern for investigating the hardness. The NiP had a similar grain size in different sizes of patterns of the master mold during the initial deposition, as well as the same hardness of the NiP patterns (approximately 12 GPa) was observed. These results indicated that the initial NiP deposition and hardness of NiP were not size dependent above 170 nm. The surface morphology of the NiP detached from the master mold and NiP pattern of different sizes were investigated as well.
Characterization of Cu3SnS4Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Flowers Synthesized by a Microwave-Refluxing Method
Authors: Tipcompor Narongrit , Thongtem Somchai , Thongtem Titipun
Published: November 2013

Cu3SnS4nanoparticles and nanostructured flowers were synthesized by 100, 300, 600, and 800 W microwave refluxing of the mixture containing 3 mmol CuCl2·2H2O, 1 mmol SnCl2·2H2O, and 4 mmol thiosemicarbazide (NH2NHCSNH2) in 50 ml ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH). X-ray diffraction (XRD), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), Raman analysis, and photoluminescence (PL) spectrophotometry revealed the morphology transformation of pure tetragonal Cu3SnS4with nanoparticles at 100 W into three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical flower-like structure at 800 W, including the presence of 2Cu+, Cu2+, Sn4+, and 4S2-containing in the sulfide, the PL emission of the 3D hierarchical flower-like Cu3SnS4at 366 nm, and the prominent Raman peak of Cu–Sn vibration at 319 cm-1. In this research, a formation mechanism was also proposed according to the experimental results.
Optical Switch Based on Shape-Deformable Liquids
Authors: Xu Miao , Ren Hongwen , Lee Myong-Hyung
Published: November 2013

We report an optical switch based on shape-deformable liquids. Two immiscible liquids are sandwiched between glass substrates. One liquid is clear and the other is black. The clear liquid forms a droplet, which presents a cylindrical shape upon touching both glass substrates. The black liquid is used to fill the space outside the droplet. The dielectric constant of the clear liquid is larger than that of the black liquid. In the voltage-off state, the cylindrical droplet opens a channel that allows incident light to pass through. When a voltage is applied to the liquids, the diameter of the channel reduces, causing the intensity of the transmitted light to decrease. In contrast to previous liquid-based optical switch devices, this device operates in the normal mode. Such a device has the advantages of easy fabrication, large variability of the aperture size, and good mechanical stability.
Conductive Filament Expansion in TaOxBipolar Resistive Random Access Memory during Pulse Cycling
Authors: Ninomiya Takeki , Katayama Koji , Muraoka Shunsaku , Yasuhara Ryutaro , Mikawa Takumi , Wei Zhiqiang
Published: November 2013

The post-cycling data retention of filamentary operated resistive random access memory (ReRAM) can be improved by minimizing conductive filament expansion during pulse cycling. We find that filament size gradually grows with increasing pulse cycles due to oxygen diffusion from the region surrounding each filament. To achieve long term use of ReRAM while suppressing filament expansion, the key is to control both electric power and pulse width input during switching. We minimize CF expansion based on this concept and demonstrate long data retention even after 106pulse switchings under optimized reset conditions.
Optimization of In0.68Ga0.32As Thermophotovoltaic Device Grown on Compositionally Nonmonotonically Graded InAsP Buffer by Metal–Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Tan Ming , Lu Shulong , Ji Lian , Zhu Yaqi , Chen Zhiming
Published: November 2013

An In0.68Ga0.32As thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cell on a compositionally nonmonotonically graded InAsP buffer with a band gap energy of 0.60 eV grown by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) has been fabricated. The performance of the TPV device was greatly improved with optimized material growth, the use of an absorption layer of suitable width, and appropriate TiO2/SiO2 antireflective coating design. Under standard AM1.5G spectra, the open circuit voltage (V
oc) increases from 0.19 to 0.23 V, the short-circuit current density (J
sc) increases from 43 to 56 mA/cm2, and the conversion efficiency increases from 5.31 to 8.06%. By illumination at a high intensity of 50 suns, a high conversion efficiency of 12.3% with a V
oc of 0.35 V is reached.
Effects of Potassium Ion Substitution on Lattice Parameters and Proton Migration in Barium Phosphate
Authors: Jeong Yong-Chan , Kim Byung-Kook , Kim Yeong-Cheol
Published: November 2013

The effects of substituting a potassium ion for a barium ion in barium phosphate on lattice parameters and proton migration were investigated using density functional theory. A proton inserted into the material preferred to be attached to an oxygen ion near the potassium ion to compensate for the positive charge of the potassium ion that is less than that of the barium ion. Lattice parameters were investigated as a function of the potassium ion concentration. The lattice parameter a increased linearly with the potassium ion concentration, while the lattice parameter c remained almost constant. These trends were in good agreement with the experimental results. When the proton migrated from the a
b-plane containing the potassium ion to the plane free of the potassium ion, a high energy barrier of 0.58 eV was required for proton migration. This value was also in good agreement with the experimentally measured energy barriers (0.53–0.58 eV).
Public Outreach Events at 2013 AGU Fall Meeting
Authors: Tamalavage Anne
Published: November 2013

On Sunday, 8 December, two free family events will kick off the 2013 AGU Fall Meeting.
Dessler, Jimenez, Klein, and Nenes Receive 2012 Atmospheric Sciences Ascent Awards: Response
Authors: Klein Stephen A.
Published: November 2013

I am honored to receive this recognition. I wish to thank all those who have helped me in my career, including those from where I received my education as well as those I have encountered at the different positions I have held. I have been very fortunate in interacting with many great people.
Dessler, Jimenez, Klein, and Nenes Receive 2012 Atmospheric Sciences Ascent Awards: Response
Authors: Nenes Athanasios
Published: November 2013

It is a rare privilege and a deeply fulfilling experience to pursue science while helping shape future generations of scientists and engineers. To be awarded on top of it is humbling to say the least. I am deeply grateful to my nominator and supporters and thank the AGU Atmospheric Sciences Section Awards Committee for this honor. What makes the Ascent Award even more special is its strong vote of confidence for the future, which is both energizing and inspiring.
Is the electrical conductivity of the northwestern Pacific upper mantle normal?
Authors: Baba Kiyoshi , Tada Noriko , Zhang Luolei , Liang Pengfei , Shimizu Hisayoshi , Utada Hisashi
Published: November 2013

The Normal Oceanic Mantle project, based on ocean bottom geophysical observations, has been underway since 2010 to investigate the physical state of the oceanic lithosphere and asthenosphere. We have conducted electromagnetic surveys on old (∼130 Ma) seafloor in the northwestern Pacific region, where no active tectonic processes have been identified, in order to image the electrical conductivity structure beneath the region. So far, data have been collected at four sites through a pilot survey conducted from June 2010 to August 2012. A one‐dimensional electrical conductivity model was obtained by preliminary analysis of the data by using the magnetotelluric method. The model shows that the resistive (<0.01 S m−1) lithospheric mantle is as thick as ∼80 km, and that the asthenospheric mantle below has a conductivity of ∼0.03 S m−1. The resistive layer is slightly thicker than that beneath the Philippine Sea but significantly thinner than that beneath the area off the Bonin Trench in the Pacific Ocean. There is a greater difference in age between the survey area and the Philippine Sea (0–60 Ma) than between the survey area and the area off the Bonin Trench (140–155 Ma). This comparison suggests that the relation between age and lithospheric thickness is not as simple as that predicted by the concept of lithospheric cooling. It also suggests that the lithosphere beneath the area off the Bonin Trench in the Pacific Ocean is abnormally thick if the mantle beneath the survey area in this study is “normal,” as expected from the plate cooling model.
Geolocation assessment for CrIS sensor data records
Authors: Wang Likun , Tremblay Denis A. , Han Yong , Esplin Mark , Hagan Denise E. , Predina Joe , Suwinski Lawrence , Jin Xin , Chen Yong
Published: November 2013

As important as spectral and radiometric calibration, the geometric calibration is one of the requisites for the Suomi National Polar‐Orbiting Partnership Cross‐track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) Sensor Data Records (SDR). In this study, spatially collocated measurements from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) band I5 are used to evaluate the geolocation performance of the CrIS SDR by taking advantage of high spatial resolution and accurate geolocation of VIIRS measurements. The basic idea is to find the best collocation position between VIIRS and CrIS measurements by shifting VIIRS images in the track and scan directions. The retrieved best collocation position is then used to evaluate the CrIS geolocation performance by assuming the VIIRS geolocation as a reference. Sensitivity tests show that the method can well detect geolocation errors of CrIS within 30° scan angle. When the method was applied to evaluate the geolocation performance of the CrIS SDR, geolocation errors that were caused by software coding errors were successfully identified. After this error was corrected and the engineering packets V35 were released, the geolocation accuracy is 0.347 ± 0.051 km (1σ) in the scan direction and 0.219 ± 0.073 km in the track direction at nadir.
Climate change‐sensitive hydrologic design under uncertain future precipitation extremes
Authors: Teegavarapu Ramesh S. V.
Published: November 2013

Precipitation as an important component of hydrologic cycle bears a significant influence on hydrologic design and water resources management. The uncertainties associated with future climate change coupled with limitations of climate change models and uncertainties in projections, our inability to quantify these introduce additional complexities in hydrologic design using future precipitation extremes. A new optimal compromise hydrologic design of a stormsewer system using a fuzzy mixed integer nonlinear mathematical programming (MINLP) model with discrete, binary variables and logical constraints is developed and evaluated in this study. Preferences of hydrologists toward expected uncertain future changes in precipitation extremes are modeled using linear, nonlinear, triangular and Gaussian fuzzy membership functions. Methods for deriving membership functions based on multimodel multiple scenario GCM‐based simulations are also suggested. Incorporation of triangular functions in optimization formulation required the use of binary variables. A hypothetical hydrologic design example with realistic parameter values is used to obtain compromise elements of stormsewer system. Results from the study suggest a compromise design is possible based on the preferences and a balance between over and under design of stormsewer infrastructure is achievable. The nature of membership functions reflecting the preferences attached to future extremes influence the optimal solutions obtained resulting in changes in cost‐based performance measures.
An examination of the relationship between personality and aggression using the general aggression and five factor models
Authors: Hosie Julia , Gilbert Flora , Simpson Katrina , Daffern Michael
Published: November 2013

This study examined the relationships between personality and aggression using the general aggression (GAM, Anderson and Bushman [2002] Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27–51) and five factor models (FFMs) (Costa and McCrae [1992] Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO‐PI‐R) and NEO Five‐Factor Inventory (NEO‐FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources). Specifically, it examined Ferguson and Dyck's (Ferguson and Dyck [2012] Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 220–228) criticisms that the GAM has questionable validity in clinical populations and disproportionately focuses on aggression‐related knowledge structures to the detriment of other inputs, specifically personality variables. Fifty‐five male offenders attending a community forensic mental health service for pre‐sentence psychiatric and/or psychological evaluation were assessed for aggressive script rehearsal, aggression‐supportive normative beliefs, FFM personality traits, trait anger and past aggressive behavior. With regard to relationships between five factor variables and aggression, results suggested that only agreeableness and conscientiousness were related to aggression. However, these relationships were: (1) weak in comparison with those between script rehearsal, normative beliefs and trait anger with aggression and (2) were not significant predictors in hierarchical regression analysis when all of the significant univariate predictors, including GAM‐specified variables were regressed onto life history of aggression; normative beliefs supporting aggression, aggressive script rehearsal, and trait anger were significantly related to aggression in this regression analysis. These results provide further support for the application of the GAM to aggressive populations. Aggr. Behav. 40:189–196, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hand and fibrillin‐1 deposition abnormalities in Loeys–Dietz syndrome—expanding the clinical spectrum
Authors: Chung Brian H.Y. , Bradley Tim , Grosse‐Wortmann Lars , Blaser Susan , Dirks Peter , Hinek Aleksander , Chitayat David
Published: November 2013

Loeys–Dietz syndrome (LDS) is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder characterized by hypertelorism, bifid uvula, cleft palate and arterial tortuosity. We report on a patient with LDS, bearing mutation in the TGFβR2 gene, whose prenatal examination demonstrated clenched fists and club feet, suggesting arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Postnatal assessment showed digital abnormalities, including brachydactyly, camptodactyly, partial syndactyly and absent distal phalanges. With the lack of fibrillin‐1 microfibril deposition as well as impaired and inadequate elastic fiber assembly in our patient's fibroblasts, we speculate that the skeletal abnormalities seen in this patient with LDS are the result of lack of these components in embryonal perichondrium and in blood vessels. We suggest that LDS should be included in the differential diagnosis of joint contractures seen pre and postnatally. Prenatal diagnosis of LDS would be important in parental counseling and early post natal diagnosis could prompt treatment before the development of detrimental vascular complications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Large π‐Conjugated Chromophores Derived from Tetrathiafulvalene
Authors: Jia Hongpeng , Ding Jie , Hauser Andreas , Decurtins Silvio , Liu Shi‐Xia
Published: November 2013

A large π‐conjugated chromophore composed of two dipyrido[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine units directly fused to the central tetrathiafulvalene core has been prepared as a bridging ligand and its strong binding ability to Ru2+ to form a new dinuclear complex is presented. The electronic absorption and luminescence spectra and the electrochemical behavior of the free ligand and the Ru2+ complex have been investigated in detail. The free ligand shows a very strong band in the UV region consistent with ligand‐centered π–π* transitions and an intense broad band in the visible region that corresponds to an intramolecular charge‐transfer (ILCT) transition. Upon coordination, a metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer band appears at 22520 cm−1, and the ILCT band is bathochromically shifted by 1620 cm−1. These electrochemically amphoteric chromophores have also been characterized by spectro‐electrochemical methods. The oxidized radical species of the free ligand show a strong tendency to undergo aggregation, in which long‐distance attractive interactions overcome the electrostatic repulsion. Moreover, these two new chromophores reveal an ILCT fluorescence with large solvent‐dependent Stokes shifts and quantum efficiencies of 0.052 for the free ligand and 0.016 for its dinuclear Ru2+ complex in CH2Cl2.
Asymmetric Boron Conjugate Additions to Enones in Water Catalyzed by Copper(0)
Authors: Kitanosono Taku , Kobayashi Shū
Published: November 2013

The use of copper(0) powder in water enables chiral induction as well as high catalytic activity. Water plays a prominent role to determine both the catalytic activity and enantioselection. Elevated temperature is indispensable for the regular reaction pathway, and an active species tends to aggregate after the completion of the reaction. Selective deuteration implies enantiofacial differentiation of the deuteron toward an O‐enolate intermediate. Strict substrate specificity suggests the vital interaction between copper(0) and an enone. A very weak isotope effect is indicative of instantaneous protonation. Accordingly, a redox copper cycle (0→II) is tentatively proposed, in which transmetalation of a cyclometalated enone with diboron would furnish a boron enolate, followed by hydrolysis and reductive elimination. However, a single electron transfer process cannot be excluded on the available evidence and a more detailed mechanistic study is under way.
Virtual immunology: Software for teaching basic immunology
Authors: Berçot Filipe Faria , Fidalgo‐Neto Antônio Augusto , Lopes Renato Matos , Faggioni Thais , Alves Luiz Anastácio
Published: November 2013

As immunology continues to evolve, many educational methods have found difficulty in conveying the degree of complexity inherent in its basic principles. Today, the teaching–learning process in such areas has been improved with tools such as educational software. This article introduces “Virtual Immunology,” a software program available free of charge in Portuguese and English, which can be used by teachers and students in physiology, immunology, and cellular biology classes. We discuss the development of the initial two modules: “Organs and Lymphoid Tissues” and “Inflammation” and the use of interactive activities to provide microscopic and macroscopic understanding in immunology. Students, both graduate and undergraduate, were questioned along with university level professors about the quality of the software and intuitiveness of use, facility of navigation, and aesthetic organization using a Likert scale. An overwhelmingly satisfactory result was obtained with both students and immunology teachers. Programs such as “Virtual Immunology” are offering more interactive, multimedia approaches to complex scientific principles that increase student motivation, interest, and comprehension. © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 41(6):377–383, 2013
New Insights into Additive Structure Effect on Crystal Agglomeration of L‐Valine
Authors: Yoshiura H. , Nagano H. , Hirasawa I.
Published: November 2013

Specific small amounts of amino acids caused agglomeration of L‐valine (L‐Val) crystals during evaporative crystallization from aqueous solutions. The agglomeration of L‐Val occurred only under acidic condition when guest amino acids satisfied several conditions. Only L‐form amino acids that have carboxylic acid groups and sufficiently long alkyl chain in the side‐chains could induce agglomeration of L‐Val. The length of alkyl chain in the side‐chains controls the degree of agglomeration. Data indicated only 0.5 wt % of L‐2‐aminoadipic acid, which has a similar chemical structure to L‐glutamic acid (L‐Glu), produced the large agglomerates > 1000 μm. The particle size was ∼ 500 μm when using the same amount of L‐Glu. Based on the results from previous tests and this paper, the whole mechanism for the L‐Val agglomeration in the presence of specific guest amino acids has been revealed.
Remarkable Regioisomer Control in the Hydrogel Formation from a Two‐Component Mixture of Pyridine‐End Oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene)s and N‐Decanoyl‐L‐alanine
Authors: Bhattacharjee Subham , Datta Sougata , Bhattacharya Santanu
Published: November 2013

N‐Decanoyl‐L‐alanine (DA) was mixed with either colorless 4,4′‐bipyridine (BP) or various derivatives such as chromogenic oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene) (OPV) functionalized with isomeric pyridine termini in specific molar ratios. This mixtures form salt‐type gels in a water/ethanol (2:1, v/v) mixture. The gelation properties of these two‐component mixtures could be modulated by variation of the position of the ′′N′′ atom of the end pyridyl groups in OPVs. The presence of acid–base interactions in the self‐assembly of these two‐component systems leading to gelation was probed in detail by using stoichiometry‐dependent UV/Vis and FTIR spectroscopy. Furthermore, temperature‐dependent UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy clearly demonstrated a J‐type aggregation mode of these gelator molecules during the sol‐to‐gel transition process. Morphological features and the arrangement of the molecules in the gels were examined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Calculation of the length of each molecular system by energy minimization in its extended conformation and comparison with the XRD patterns revealed that this class of gelator molecules adopts lamellar organizations. Rheological properties of these two‐component systems provided clear evidence that the flow behavior could be modulated by varying the acid/amine ratio. Polarized optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and XRD results revealed that the solid‐phase behavior of such two‐component mixtures (acid/base=2:1) varied significantly upon changing the proton‐acceptor part from BP to OPV. Interestingly, the XRD pattern of these acid/base mixtures after annealing at their associated isotropic temperature was significantly different from that of their xerogels.
Diazadioxa[8]circulenes: Planar Antiaromatic Cyclooctatetraenes
Authors: Hensel Thomas , Trpcevski Denis , Lind Christopher , Grosjean Rémi , Hammershøj Peter , Nielsen Christian B. , Brock‐Nannestad Theis , Nielsen Bjarne E. , Schau‐Magnussen Magnus , Minaev Boris , Baryshnikov Gleb V. , Pittelkow Michael
Published: November 2013

In this paper we describe a new class of antiaromatic planar cyclooctatetraenes: the diazadioxa[8]circulenes. The synthesis was achieved by means of a new acid‐mediated oxidative dimerization of 3,6‐dihydroxycarbazoles to yield the diazadioxa[8]circulenes in high yields. The synthetic protocol appears to be general, and is a one‐pot transformation in which two CC bonds and two CO bonds are formed with the loss of two molecules of water. We also present a detailed characterization of the optical and electrochemical properties of this new class of stable planar cyclooctatetraenes. The properties of the diazadioxa[8]circulenes are compared with the properties of isoelectronic tetraoxa[8]circulenes and azatrioxa[8]circulenes. We discuss the antiaromatic nature of the planar central cyclooctatetraene moiety. The antiaromatic nature of the planar cyclooctatetraenes was studied by using computational methods (NICS calculations), and these calculations reveal that the central eight‐membered ring has antiaromatic character.
Synthesis of Multifunctionalized 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydropyridines, 2,3‐Dihydropyridin‐4(1H)‐ones, and Pyridines from Tandem Reactions Initiated by [5+1] Cycloaddition of N‐Formylmethyl‐Substituted Enamides to Isocyanides: Mechanistic Insight and Synthetic Application
Authors: Lei Chuan‐Hu , Wang De‐Xian , Zhao Liang , Zhu Jieping , Wang Mei‐Xiang
Published: November 2013

Tandem reactions for the efficient synthesis of multifunctionalized 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyridines, 2,3‐dihydropyridin‐4(1H)‐ones, and pyridine derivatives have been developed and reaction mechanisms have been investigated. Synthetic cascades are initiated by the Zn(OTf)2‐mediated [5+1] cycloaddition of N‐formylmethyl‐substituted tertiary enamides to isocyanides, thus leading to the versatile heterocyclic enamino imine intermediates. Interception of the intermediates by diastereoselective reduction of imine functionality with Me4NBH(OAc)3 afforded 1,6‐disubstituted trans‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐arylamino‐ or ‐alkylamino‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyridines, whereas acylation of the imino group followed by acidic hydrolysis produced 1,6‐disubstituted 3‐acyloxy‐2,3‐dihydropyridin‐4(1H)‐ones. Aerobic oxidation led to the aromatization followed by intermolecular acyl‐group transfer from the pyridinium nitrogen to the 3‐hydroxy moiety, thereby yielding substituted 3‐acyloxy‐4‐aminopyridines. Synthetic potentials of the resulting products have been demonstrated by expedient and highly stereoselective synthesis of cis,cis‐4,5‐dihydroxy‐2‐phenylpiperidine and trans,trans‐4‐amino‐5‐hydroxy‐2‐phenylpiperidine compounds, which are important in medicinal chemistry, through simple and practical reduction reactions.
Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study: Objectives, Methods, and Cohort Description
Authors: Kanaya Alka M. , Kandula Namratha , Herrington David , Budoff Matthew J. , Hulley Stephen , Vittinghoff Eric , Liu Kiang
Published: November 2013

Background

South Asians (individuals from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka) have high rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) that cannot be explained by traditional risk factors. There are few prospective cohort studies investigating antecedents of CVD in South Asians.

Objectives

The Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study is investigating the prevalence, correlates, and outcomes associated with subclinical CVD in a population‐based sample of South Asian men and women age 40–79 years at 2 US clinical field centers.

Population and Methodology

This cohort is similar in methods and measures to the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) to allow for efficient cross‐ethnic comparisons. Measurements obtained at the baseline examination include sociodemographic information, lifestyle and psychosocial factors, standard CVD risk factors, oral glucose tolerance testing, electrocardiography, assessment of microalbuminuria, ankle and brachial blood pressures, carotid intima‐media wall thickness using ultrasonography, coronary artery calcium measurement, and abdominal visceral fat measurement using computed tomography. Blood samples will be assayed for biochemical risk factors. Between October 2010 and March 2013, we enrolled 906 South Asians with mean age of 55 ± 9 years (46% women; 98% immigrants who have lived 27 ± 11 years in the United States). The sociodemographic characteristics of this cohort are representative of US South Asians. Participants are being followed with annual telephone calls for identification of CVD events including acute myocardial infarction and other coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, congestive heart failure, therapeutic interventions for CVD, and mortality.

Conclusions

The MASALA study will provide novel data on the prevalence and associations of cardiovascular risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis in South Asians living in the United States.
Two‐Phase Free Boundary Problems for Parabolic Operators: Smoothness of the Front
Authors: Ferrari Fausto , Salsa Sandro
Published: November 2013

We continue to develop the regularity theory of general two‐phase free boundary problems for parabolic operators. In a 2010 paper, we establish the optimal (Lipschitz) regularity of a viscosity solution under the assumptions that the free boundary is locally a flat Lipschitz graph and a nondegeneracy condition holds. Here, on one side we improve this result by removing the nondegeneracy assumption; on the other side we prove the smoothness of the front. The proof relies in a crucial way on a local stability result stating that, for a certain class of operators, under small perturbations of the coefficients flat free boundaries remain close and flat. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Minimizing total busy time in offline parallel scheduling with application to energy efficiency in cloud computing
Authors: Tian Wenhong , Yeo Chee Shin
Published: November 2013

Our paper considers the following fundamental scheduling problem. There are n deterministic jobs to be scheduled offline on multiple identical machines, which have bounded capacities. Each job is associated with a start‐time, an end‐time, a process time, and demand for machine capacity. The goal is to schedule all of the jobs non‐preemptively in their start‐time‐end‐time windows, subject to machine capacity constraints such that the total busy time of the machines is minimized. We refer to this problem as minimizing the total busy time for the scheduling of multiple identical machines (MinTBT). This problem has important applications in power‐aware scheduling for Cloud computing, optical network design, customer service systems, and other related areas. Scheduling to minimize busy times is already NP‐hard in the special case where all jobs have the same process time and can be scheduled in a fixed time interval. One best‐known result for this problem is a 5‐approximation algorithm for special instances using first‐fit‐decreasing algorithm. In this paper, we propose and prove a 3‐approximation algorithm, modified first‐fit‐decreasing‐earliest for the general case and obtain more results for special cases. We then show how our results are applied in cloud computing to improve the energy efficiency. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐Pot Conversions of Raffinose into Furfural Derivatives and Sugar Alcohols by Using Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Dabral Saumya , Nishimura Shun , Ebitani Kohki
Published: November 2013

Inedible and/or waste biomass reserves are being strongly focused upon as a suitable new energy and chemical source. Raffinose, which is an indigestible trisaccharide composed of glucose, galactose, and fructose, is found abundantly in beet molasses, sugar cane, and seeds of many leguminous plants. Herein, we demonstrate the one‐pot synthesis of furan derivatives and sugar alcohols from raffinose by using heterogeneous acid, base, and/or metal‐supported catalysts. The combination of Amberlyst‐15 and hydrotalcite (HT) showed a high activity (37 % yield) for 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furaldehyde (HMF) through continuous hydrolysis, isomerization, and dehydration reactions. In addition, the use of a hydrotalcite‐supported ruthenium catalyst (Ru/HT) successfully afforded 2,5‐diformylfuran (DFF, 27 % yield) from HMF produced by raffinose, directly. Moreover, the hydrogenation of hexoses obtained by raffinose hydrolysis into sugar alcohols (galactitol, mannitol, sorbitol) was also achieved in a high yield (91 %) with Amberlyst‐15 and Ru/HT catalysts. Thus, we suggest that raffinose has great potential for the synthesis of important industrial intermediates under mild reaction conditions.
Characterizing metabolites and potential metabolic pathways for the novel psychoactive substance methoxetamine
Authors: Menzies E. L. , Hudson S. C. , Dargan P. I. , Parkin M. C. , Wood D. M. , Kicman A. T.
Published: November 2013

The classic approach of controlled volunteer studies to study drug metabolism is difficult or impossible to undertake for novel psychoactive substances (NPS), as there is generally very limited information available to allow appropriate dose finding and safety. A viable and powerful alternative is the identification and characterization of phase I and II metabolites of such drugs by examining the concordance of data gathered from analysis of microsomal incubates with that from analysis of specimens collected from individuals with analytically confirmed use of NPS. Liquid chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry provides the ability to reliably identify such metabolites. We used this technique here to study the metabolism of the ketamine analogue methoxetamine. A large number of metabolites were identified in the in vitro studies including normethoxetamine, O‐desmethylmethoxetamine, dihydromethoxetamine, dehydromethoxetamine and several structural isomers of hydroxymethoxetamine and hydroxynormethoxetamine. pH dependent liquid‐liquid extraction was used to discriminate phenolic from alcoholic metabolites. Phase II glucuronide conjugates included those of O‐desmethylmethoxetamine, O‐desmethylnormethoxetamine and O‐desmethylhydroxymethoxetamine. The majority of these phase I and II metabolites were confirmed to be present in urine collected from three individuals presenting with acute methoxetamine toxicity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Cyclization of Methyl Perfluoroalk‐2‐ynoates with o‐Aminophenyl Ketones: Access to 2‐Perfluoroalkylated Quinolines
Authors: Han Jing , Li Li , Shen Yangyong , Chen Jie , Deng Hongmei , Shao Min , Lu Xuesheng , Zhang Hui , Cao Weiguo
Published: November 2013

One‐pot, two‐step cyclization of o‐aminophenyl ketones 1 and methyl perfluoroalk‐2‐ynoates 2 takes place in the presence of copper(I) as catalyst and diisopropylethylamine as base, leading to 2‐perfluoroalkylated quinolines. Compared with previous methods that have been used to generate quinoline skeletons, this technique uses inexpensive copper salt as catalyst, methyl perfluoroalk‐2‐ynoate as fluorinated building block and proceeds smoothly under mild conditions, which makes the transformation both sustainable and practical.
Properties of concrete made with recycled coarse aggregate from waste brick
Authors: Zhang Shiping , Zong Lan
Published: November 2013

Demolition of old buildings has produced a large amount of waste material. In this paper, experiments were performed to design the mix proportion of concrete made with recycled coarse aggregate from waste brick, and the workability, mechanical performance, and durability of the concrete with different contents of recycled coarse aggregate have also been investigated. Waste brick was used to replace natural aggregate after being treated, called recycled coarse aggregate (RA). Furthermore, fly ash was used as 0, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight replacements of cement. Workability was evaluated through slump and cohesiveness testing, and results implied that the concrete samples showed good workability except the mix containing 40% RA. Mechanical performance testing indicated that addition of RA decreased compressive strength, and replacing up to 30% of natural aggregate with RA produced concrete samples which met the requirements of strength standards. Concrete with RA presented a little higher chloride ion penetration coefficient and carbonation depth than normal concrete due to the higher porosity. Pore structure testing also indicated that recycled aggregate from waste brick can increase the porosity of the concrete. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 1283–1289, 2014
District heating from industrial surplus heat in avilés (spain)
Authors: Villar Arturo , Parrondo Jorge , Arribas Juan José
Published: November 2013

This article presents a study on a waste‐to‐energy (WtE) technology and its application for district heating (DH) at a particular site in the city of Avilés (Spain). The study is based on the recovery of surplus heat from a cooling facility at a steel mill in the neighborhood of Avilés. The thermal energy demanded by the potential users, which include apartment blocks, a hotel, and a sport, and spa center, has been estimated in 1.1 MW in winter and 0.5 MW in summer, during daytime. The process proposed has two main stages: first, surplus hot air is collected by hoods in the factory and circulated through a heat exchanger, and second, the resulting hot water is transported to the destination sites by means of a new insulated pipeline network. Total technical costs (not including financial nor insurance costs) have been estimated in 660 k€. The study raised a number of key issues such as the necessity of simulation tools to predict the process performance when modifying the plant scheme or the convenience for additional economical or social incentives, like those related to the current municipal project denoted as “Isla de la Innovación.” © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 1380–1388, 2014
Performance analysis for downlink massive MIMO system with ZF precoding
Authors: Zhao Long , Zheng Kan , Long Hang , Zhao Hui
Published: November 2013

This paper investigates the performance for the downlink massive multiple‐input multiple‐output system when the base station serves multiple user terminals (UTs) using zero‐forcing precoding. The tight lower bound of average area spectrum efficiency ( A2SE) is derived as a function of the number of transmission antennas, the number of UTs and the equivalent transmission signal‐to‐noise ratio. Regarding the lower bound as the approximate A2SE, the optimal number of UTs maximising the A2SE is attained for given the number of transmission antennas and the equivalent transmission signal‐to‐noise ratio. After formulating the realistic power consumption model in consideration of both the transmission power and circuit power, the trade‐off between energy efficiency (EE) and A2SE is established, and the optimal EE with respect to A2SE is deduced. Moreover, both the outage probability and bit error ratio expressions are derived related to the degrees of freedom, defined as the difference between the number of transmission antennas and the number of UTs. Simulation results coincide to the analysis well, and they indicate that deploying more transmission antennas or multiplexing a rational number of UTs can improve the A2SE and EE, increasing the degrees of freedom will better both the outage probability and bit error ratio. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Parametric Analysis on DMFC Anode Degradation
Authors: Bresciani F. , Casalegno A. , Zago M. , Marchesi R.
Published: November 2013

Degradation is one of the critical issues of direct methanol fuel cells. The experimental investigations found in the literature show that degradation has both permanent and temporary contributions. The latter can be recovered after operation interruption, but its origins are not fully understood. This work aims to investigate the anodic degradation by measuring the anode overpotential setting the cathode as a dynamic hydrogen electrode. Experimental degradation tests are performed in cycling operation, which consists in cycles of 20 min of continuous operation at constant current and a variable number of minutes at OCV. Experimental results show that the anode overpotential decreases after OCV period, demonstrating the existence of anode temporary degradation. Moreover the temporary contribution is strongly affected by the duration of OCV period: long operation interruption lowers temporary degradation. From the interpretation of impedance spectra, it is reasonable to attribute the anode temporary degradation mainly to the dehydration of the anode electrode and the reduction of methanol concentration due to CO2 accumulation that determines a gas diffusion layer and electrode saturation reduction. Instead hydrogen crossover from cathode to anode has a negligible effect. Finally, a physical model of anode impedance is used to support the proposed origins of anode temporary degradation.