bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collaborative resonant writing and musical improvisation to explore the concept of resonance
Authors: Lindvang Charlotte , Pedersen Inge Nygaard , Bondo Lars Ole , Jacobsen Stine Lindahl , Ridder Hanne Mette , Beck Bolette Daniels , Gattino Gustavo , Hannibal Niels , Holck Ulla , Anderson-Ingstrup Jens
Published: December 2018

Resonance is often used to characterize relationships, but it is acomplex concept that explains quite different physical,physiological and psychological processes. With the aim of gainingdeeper insight into the concept of resonance, a group of ten musictherapy researchers, all colleagues, embarked on a joint journey ofexploration. This included an aim of letting the internal learningprocess be disseminated in a way that could give others insight, notonly from the findings, but also from the process. Findings includea dual understanding of resonance as (1) a visible and orderedphenomenon consisting of physical vibrations and acousticsounding that offers a clear logic, and (2) a metaphoricalconceptualization used to describe and understand complexpsychological processes of human relationships. The process ofcollaborative writing led to the discovery or development of a ninestepprocedure including different collaborative resonant writingprocedures and musical improvisation, as well as of a series ofmetaphors to explain therapeutic interaction, resonant learning andways of resonant exploration.
Striving for experiential resonance: Critique, postcritique and phenomenology
Authors: Aagaard Jesper
Published: December 2018

Given that qualitative researchers have (rightly) abandoned the ideaof social scientific truths as mirrors of nature, what kind of truth dowe hope to provide to our readers? In other words, what is the pointof reading qualitative research? Taking inspiration from Paul Ricoeur’sdistinction between a hermeneutics of suspicion and a hermeneuticsof faith, this article sketches out two possible answers. It firstpresents a critical approach that exposes hidden truths to educate andemancipate its readers. The concept of ‘critique’ has recently comeunder scrutiny, however, with postcritical scholars denouncing its tautologicalreasoning, its reductionist analytical strategies and its arrogantapproach to other people. Acknowledging these criticisms, thearticle then goes on to present a phenomenological approach thatpoints out unnoticed truths to reverberate and resonate with its readers.It is argued that this self-consciously ‘weak’ approach helps uscircumvent the analytical issues currently associated with critique.
A note on block-and-bridge preserving maximum common subgraph algorithms
for outerplanar graphs
Authors: Kriege Nils , Droschinsky Andre , Mutzel Petra
Published: December 2018

Schietgat, Ramon and Bruynooghe [Schietgal et al., AMAI, 2013] proposed a polynomial-time
algorithm for computing a maximum common subgraph under the block-and-bridge
preserving subgraph isomorphism (BBP-MCS) for outerplanar graphs.
We show that the article contains the following errors:

The running time of the presented approach is claimed to be
$\mathcal{O}(n^{2.5})$ for two graphs of order $n$. We show
that the algorithm of the authors allows no better bound than $\mathcal{O}(n^4)$
when using state-of-the-art general purpose methods to solve the matching
instances arising as subproblems.
This is even true for the special case, where both input graphs are trees.
The article suggests that the dissimilarity measure derived from BBP-MCS
is a metric. We show that the triangle inequality is not always satisfied and,
hence, it is not a metric.
Therefore, the dissimilarity measure should not be used in combination with
techniques that rely on or exploit the triangle inequality in any way.

Where possible, we give hints on techniques that are suitable to improve the
algorithm.
Licitações públicas e sustentabilidade: uma análise da aplicação de critérios ambientais nas compras de órgãos públicos federais em Florianópolis (SC)
Authors: Cristóvam José Sérgio Da Silva , Fernandes Hulisses
Published: December 2018

Pretende-se a análise da aplicação de critérios de sustentabilidade ambiental nas compras de órgãos públicos federais, mais especificamente aqueles sediados em Florianópolis (SC), no biênio 2015/2016. Desde o advento da Lei n. 12.349/2010, que modificou a redação do art. 3º da Lei n. 8.666/1993, além de escolher a melhor proposta econômica, a lei passou a estampar a finalidade de promoção do desenvolvimento nacional sustentável, por meio da inserção de critérios ambientais. A proposta mais vantajosa não é apenas aquela que atenda a questão financeira, mas sim um conjugado de economia e sustentabilidade ambiental. A Administração Pública tem o dever de promover compras públicas comprometidas com o desenvolvimento sustentável, quer pela sua condição de consumidor ou por ser agente público responsável pela regulação da ordem econômica. O procedimento aplicado é o estudo de caso. O método de abordagem adotado é a análise de conteúdo e a técnica utilizada é a coleta e análise quantitativa e qualitativa dos editais de licitações. O estudo de caso indica uma porcentagem de 47,74% de inserção de critérios de sustentabilidade dos 50 (cinquenta) editais de licitação coletados, a demonstrar uma baixa adesão (análise quantitativa). E a maioria dos critérios é inserida sem a individualização na respectiva descrição de cada item (análise qualitativa). Em conclusão, nota-se um enorme potencial a ser utilizado na prática das licitações sustentáveis.
Reforma trabalhista: agronegócio e desenvolvimento
Authors: Pflug Samantha Ribeiro Meyer
Published: December 2018

O agronegócio tem-se destacado com uma das atividades que mais se desenvolvem no País, a despeito da crise econômica que o Brasil enfrenta. No entanto, a necessidade de desenvolvimento do setor deve vir atrelada a garantia dos direitos do trabalhador rural. Destarte, verifica-se que a legislação existente sobre as relações do trabalho no campo é arcaica e anterior a Constituição de 1988 o que gera grande insegurança jurídica para o empregador e o empregado. Nesse particular, examina-se detidamente o perfil do trabalhador rural brasileiro e as modificações propostas para o setor na reforma trabalhista com vistas a garantir maior seguridade jurídica e eficiência. Para tanto utiliza-se o método dedutivo e a pesquisa bibliográfica.
HLA Moleküllerinde Peptit Ligandlarının Kompleks Stabilitesine Olan Etkisinin Araştırılması
Authors: BUNSUZ Asuman , SERÇİNOĞLU Onur , ÖZBEK Pemra
Published: December 2018

Hücre yüzey glikoproteinleri olan Temel Doku Uygunluk Kompleks (MHC) molekülleri yabancı antijenlere bağlanır ve onları uygun immün tanınma için antijen sunucu hücrelerin yüzeyindeki T lenfosit hücrelerine sunar. İlk olarak insanlarda lökosit hücrelerinde tanımlanmış oldukları için, aynı zamanda İnsan Lökosit Antijenleri (HLA) olarak da isimlendirilirler. Son zamanlarda peptit bazlı aşıların tasarlanması üzerine odaklanan çalışmalar, peptitin sitotoksik T hücre aracılı immün cevabı uyarma yeteneği olarak tanımlanan peptit immunojenite mekanizmasının anlaşılmasına olanak sağlamaktadır. Peptit immünojenisitesinin, peptit-HLA kompleksinin stabilitesi ile ilişkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada, AIFQSSMTK and QVPLRPMTYK peptitlerine bağlanan HLA-A*03:01 ve HLA-A*11:01 alellerinin stabilitesinin temel moleküler mekanizmalarını ortaya çıkarmak için moleküler dinamik simülasyonları gerçekleştirilmiştir ve ENCOM sunucusu kullanılarak peptit rezidüleri üzerinde gerçekleştirilen tek nokta mutasyonlarının protein termostabilitesine olan tahmini etkisi araştırılmıştır.
The New Librarianship Field Guide
Authors: Lankes R. David
Published: December 2018

How librarians can be radical positive change agents in their communities, dedicated to learning and making a difference.

This book offers a guide for librarians who see their profession as a chance to make a positive difference in their communities—librarians who recognize that it is no longer enough to stand behind a desk waiting to serve. R. David Lankes, author of The Atlas of New Librarianship, reminds librarians of their mission: to improve society by facilitating knowledge creation in their communities. In this book, he provides tools, arguments, resources, and ideas for fulfilling this mission. Librarians will be prepared to become radical positive change agents in their communities, and other readers will learn to understand libraries in a new way.

The librarians of Ferguson, Missouri, famously became positive change agents in August 2014 when they opened library doors when schools were closed because of civil unrest after the shooting of an unarmed teen by police. Working with other local organizations, they provided children and their parents a space for learning, lunch, and peace. But other libraries serve other communities—students, faculty, scholars, law firms—in other ways. All libraries are about community, writes Lankes; that is just librarianship.

In concise chapters, Lankes addresses the mission of libraries and explains what constitutes a library. He offers practical advice for librarian training; provides teaching notes for each chapter; and answers “Frequently Argued Questions” about the new librarianship.
Renewables
Authors: Aklin Michaël , Urpelainen Johannes
Published: December 2018

A comprehensive political analysis of the rapid growth in renewable wind and solar power, mapping an energy transition through theory, case studies, and policy.

Wind and solar are the most dynamic components of the global power sector. How did this happen? After the 1973 oil crisis, the limitations of an energy system based on fossil fuels created an urgent need to experiment with alternatives, and some pioneering governments reaped political gains by investing heavily in alternative energy such as wind or solar power. Public policy enabled growth over time, and economies of scale brought down costs dramatically. In this book, Michaël Aklin and Johannes Urpelainen offer a comprehensive political analysis of the rapid growth in renewable wind and solar power, mapping an energy transition through theory, case studies, and policy analysis.

Aklin and Urpelainen argue that, because the fossil fuel energy system and political support for it are so entrenched, only an external shock—an abrupt rise in oil prices, or a nuclear power accident, for example—allows renewable energy to grow. They analyze the key factors that enable renewable energy to withstand political backlash, andt they draw on this analyisis to explain and predict the development of renewable energy in different countries over time. They examine the pioneering efforts in the United States, Germany, and Denmark after the 1973 oil crisis and other shocks; explain why the United States surrendered its leadership role in renewable energy; and trace the recent rapid growth of modern renewables in electricity generation, describing, among other things, the return of wind and solar to the United States. Finally, they apply the lessons of their analysis to contemporary energy policy issues.
Barry Commoner and the Science of Survival
Authors: Egan Michael
Published: December 2018

Chronicles the activist career of Barry Commoner, one of the most influential American environmental thinkers, and his role in recasting the environmental movement after World War II.

For over half a century, the biologist Barry Commoner has been one of the most prominent and charismatic defenders of the American environment, appearing on the cover of Time magazine in 1970 as the standard-bearer of "the emerging science of survival." In Barry Commoner and the Science of Survival, Michael Egan examines Commoner's social and scientific activism and charts an important shift in American environmental values since World War II.Throughout his career, Commoner believed that scientists had a social responsibility, and that one of their most important obligations was to provide citizens with accessible scientific information so they could be included in public debates that concerned them. Egan shows how Commoner moved naturally from calling attention to the hazards of nuclear fallout to raising public awareness of the environmental dangers posed by the petrochemical industry. He argues that Commoner's belief in the importance of dissent, the dissemination of scientific information, and the need for citizen empowerment were critical planks in the remaking of American environmentalism. Commoner's activist career can be defined as an attempt to weave together a larger vision of social justice. Since the 1960s, he has called attention to parallels between the environmental, civil rights, labor, and peace movements, and connected environmental decline with poverty, injustice, exploitation, and war, arguing that the root cause of environmental problems was the American economic system and its manifestations. He was instrumental in pointing out that there was a direct association between socioeconomic standing and exposure to environmental pollutants and that economics, not social responsibility, was guiding technological decision making. Egan argues that careful study of Commoner's career could help reinvigorate the contemporary environmental movement at a point when the environmental stakes have never been so high.
Being No One
Authors: Metzinger Thomas
Published: December 2018

According to Thomas Metzinger, no such things as selves exist in the world: nobody ever had or was a self. All that exists are phenomenal selves, as they appear in conscious experience. The phenomenal self, however, is not a thing but an ongoing process; it is the content of a "transparent self-model." In Being No One, Metzinger, a German philosopher, draws strongly on neuroscientific research to present a representationalist and functional analysis of what a consciously experienced first-person perspective actually is. Building a bridge between the humanities and the empirical sciences of the mind, he develops new conceptual toolkits and metaphors; uses case studies of unusual states of mind such as agnosia, neglect, blindsight, and hallucinations; and offers new sets of multilevel constraints for the concept of consciousness. Metzinger's central question is: How exactly does strong, consciously experienced subjectivity emerge out of objective events in the natural world? His epistemic goal is to determine whether conscious experience, in particular the experience of being someone that results from the emergence of a phenomenal self, can be analyzed on subpersonal levels of description. He also asks if and how our Cartesian intuitions that subjective experiences as such can never be reductively explained are themselves ultimately rooted in the deeper representational structure of our conscious minds.

Bradford Books imprint
Building Genetic Medicine
Authors: Parthasarathy Shobita
Published: December 2018

A comparative study of genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer in the United States and Britain that shows the importance of national context in the development and use of science and technology even in an era of globalization.

In Building Genetic Medicine, Shobita Parthasarathy shows how, even in an era of globalization, national context is playing an important role in the development and use of genetic technologies. Focusing on the development and deployment of genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer (known as BRCA testing) in the United States and Britain, Parthasarathy develops a comparative analysis framework in order to investigate how national “toolkits” shape both regulations and the architectures of technologies and uses this framework to assess the implications of new genetic technologies.

Parthasarathy argues that differences in the American and British approaches to health care and commercialization of research led to the establishment of different BRCA services in the two countries. In Britain, the technology was available through the National Health Service as an integrated program of counseling and laboratory analysis, and was viewed as a potentially cost-effective form of preventive care. In the United States, although BRCA testing was initially offered by a number of providers, one company eventually became the sole provider of a test available to consumers on demand.

Parthasarathy draws lessons for the future of genetic medicine from these cross-national differences, and discusses the ways in which comparative case studies can inform policy-making efforts in science and technology.
Committee Decisions on Monetary Policy
Authors: Chappell Henry W. , McGregor Rob Roy , Vermilyea Todd
Published: December 2018

An examination of how the policy preferences of individual members of the Federal Open Market Committee are translated into monetary policy decisions.

In many countries, monetary policy decisions are made by committees. In the United States, these decisions are made by the Federal Reserve's Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), which consists of the seven members of the Board of Governors and the presidents of the twelve district banks. This book examines the process by which the preferences of the FOMC's individual members are translated into collective policy choices. This focus on the aggregation of individual preferences into group decisions is unique and provides an important perspective on the evolution of monetary policy choices.

To study decision making by the FOMC, the authors have used both formal voting records and detailed transcripts and summaries of deliberations contained in the committee's Memoranda of Discussion and FOMC Transcripts. The latter sources have been used to construct data sets describing individual committee members' policy preferences for the 1970-1978 and 1987-1996 periods when the FOMC was chaired by Arthur Burns and Alan Greenspan, respectively. These data are used to estimate monetary policy reaction functions for individual Committee members and to explore the role of majoritarian pressures, pressures for consensus, and the power of the chairman in collective decision making. The rich anecdotal evidence found in the Memoranda of Discussion and FOMC Transcripts inspires the narrative approach taken in two chapters, on the influence of political pressure on FOMC deliberations and on the relevance of the time inconsistency problem for the rise of inflation in the 1970s.
The Computational Nature of Language Learning and Evolution
Authors: Niyogi Partha
Published: December 2018

The introduction of a mathematical and computational framework within which to analyze the interplay between language learning and language evolution.

The nature of the interplay between language learning and the evolution of a language over generational time is subtle. We can observe the learning of language by children and marvel at the phenomenon of language acquisition; the evolution of a language, however, is not so directly experienced. Language learning by children is robust and reliable, but it cannot be perfect or languages would never change—and English, for example, would not have evolved from the language of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. In this book Partha Niyogi introduces a framework for analyzing the precise nature of the relationship between learning by the individual and evolution of the population.

Learning is the mechanism by which language is transferred from old speakers to new. Niyogi shows that the evolution of language over time will depend upon the learning procedure—that different learning algorithms may have different evolutionary consequences. He finds that the dynamics of language evolution are typically nonlinear, with bifurcations that can be seen as the natural explanatory construct for the dramatic patterns of change observed in historical linguistics. Niyogi investigates the roles of natural selection, communicative efficiency, and learning in the origin and evolution of language—in particular, whether natural selection is necessary for the emergence of shared languages.

Over the years, historical linguists have postulated several accounts of documented language change. Additionally, biologists have postulated accounts of the evolution of communication systems in the animal world. This book creates a mathematical and computational framework within which to embed those accounts, offering a research tool to aid analysis in an area in which data is often sparse and speculation often plentiful.
Computers and Commerce
Authors: Norberg Arthur L.
Published: December 2018

The history of a crucial decade in the early development of digital technology, focusing on both technical and business issues at two key firms.

Between 1946 and 1957 computing went from a preliminary, developmental stage to more widespread use accompanied by the beginnings of the digital computer industry. During this crucial decade, spurred by rapid technological advances, the computer enterprise became a major phenomenon. In Computers and Commerce, Arthur Norberg explores the importance of these years in the history of computing by focusing on technical developments and business strategies at two important firms, both established in 1946, Engineering Research Associates (ERA) and Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company (EMCC), from their early activities through their acquisition by Remington Rand. Both ERA and EMCC had their roots in World War II, and in postwar years both firms received major funding from the United States government. Norberg analyzes the interaction between the two companies and the government and examines the impact of this institutional context on technological innovation. He assesses the technical contributions of such key company figures as J. Presper Eckert, John Mauchly, Grace Hopper, and William Norris, analyzing the importance of engineering knowledge in converting theoretical designs into workable machines. Norberg looks at the two firms' operations after 1951 as independent subsidiaries of Remington Rand, and documents the management problems that began after Remington Rand merged with Sperry Gyroscope to form Sperry Rand in 1955.
Do the Right Thing
Authors: Russell Stuart , Wefald Eric H. , Bobrow Daniel G. , Brady Michael , Davis Randall
Published: December 2018

The authors argue that a new theoretical foundation for artificial intelligence can be constructed in which rationality is a property of "programs" within a finite architecture, and their behavior over time in the task environment, rather than a property of individual decisions.

Like Mooki, the hero of Spike Lee's film "Do the Right Thing," artificially intelligent systems have a hard time knowing what to do in all circumstances. Classical theories of perfect rationality prescribe the "right thing" for any occasion, but no finite agent can compute their prescriptions fast enough. In Do the Right Thing, the authors argue that a new theoretical foundation for artificial intelligence can be constructed in which rationality is a property of "programs" within a finite architecture, and their behavior over time in the task environment, rather than a property of individual decisions. Do the Right Thing suggests that the rich structure that seems to be exhibited by humans, and ought to be exhibited by AI systems, is a necessary result of the pressure for optimal behavior operating within a system of strictly limited resources. It provides an outline for the design of new intelligent systems and describes theoretical and practical tools for bringing about intelligent behavior in finite machines. The tools are applied to game planning and realtime problem solving, with surprising results.

This book builds on important philosophical and technical work by his coauthor, the late Eric Wefald.
Does Game Theory Work? The Bargaining Challenge
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: December 2018

A collection of Ken Binmore's influential papers on bargaining experiments, with the author's newly written commentary addressing the challenges to game theory posed by the behavioral school of economics.

This volume brings together all of Ken Binmore's influential experimental papers on bargaining along with newly written commentary in which Binmore discusses the underlying game theory and addresses the criticism leveled at it by behavioral economists.

When Binmore began his experimental work in the 1980s, conventional wisdom held that game theory would not work in the laboratory, but Binmore and other pioneers established that game theory can often predict the behavior of experienced players very well in favorable laboratory settings. The case of human bargaining behavior is particularly challenging for game theory. Everyone agrees that human behavior in real-life bargaining situations is governed at least partly by considerations of fairness, but what happens in a laboratory when such fairness considerations supposedly conflict with game-theoretic predictions? Behavioral economists, who emphasize the importance of other-regarding or social preferences, sometimes argue that their findings threaten traditional game theory. Binmore disputes both their interpretations of their findings and their claims about what game theorists think it reasonable to predict.

Binmore's findings from two decades of game theory experiments have made a lasting contribution to economics. These papers—some co-authored with other leading economists, including Larry Samuelson, Avner Shaked, and John Sutton—show that game theory does indeed work in favorable laboratory environments, even in the challenging case of bargaining.

Does Game Theory Work? The Bargaining Challenge, Volume 2
Essays on Saving, Bequests, Altruism, and Life-cycle Planning
Authors: Kotlikoff Laurence J.
Published: December 2018

This collection of essays, coauthored with other distinguished economists, offers new perspectives on saving, intergenerational economic ties, retirement planning, and the distribution of wealth. The book links life-cycle microeconomic behavior to important macroeconomic outcomes, including the roughly 50 percent postwar decline in America's rate of saving and its increasing wealth inequality. The book traces these outcomes to the government's five-decade-long policy of transferring, in the form of annuities, ever larger sums from young savers to old spenders. The book presents new theoretical and empirical analyses of altruism that rule out the possibility that private intergenerational transfers have offset those by the government.While rational life-cycle behavior can explain broad economic outcomes, the book also shows that a significant minority of households fail to make coherent life-cycle saving and insurance decisions. These mistakes are compounded by reliance on conventional financial planning tools, which the book compares with Economic Security Planner (ESPlanner), a new life-cycle financial planning software program. The application of ESPlanner to U.S. data indicates that most Americans approaching retirement age are saving at much lower rates than they should be, given potential major cuts in Social Security benefits.
Experiments in the Machine Interpretation of Visual Motion
Authors: Murray David W. , Montemayor Roma de Vivar Carlos , Bobrow Daniel G. , Brady Michael , Davis Randall
Published: December 2018

This book describes experimental advances made in the interpretation of visual motion over the last few years that have moved researchers closer to emulating the way in which we recover information about the surrounding world.

If robots are to act intelligently in everyday environments, they must have a perception of motion and its consequences. This book describes experimental advances made in the interpretation of visual motion over the last few years that have moved researchers closer to emulating the way in which we recover information about the surrounding world. It describes algorithms that form a complete, implemented, and tested system developed by the authors to measure two-dimensional motion in an image sequence, then to compute three-dimensional structure and motion, and finally to recognize the moving objects.

The authors develop algorithms to interpret visual motion around four principal constraints. The first and simplest allows the scene structure to be recovered on a pointwise basis. The second constrains the scene to a set of connected straight edges. The third makes the transition between edge and surface representations by demanding that the wireframe recovered is strictly polyhedral. And the final constraint assumes that the scene is comprised of planar surfaces, and recovers them directly.

Contents Image, Scene, and Motion • Computing Image Motion • Structure from Motion of Points • The Structure and Motion of Edges • From Edges to Surfaces • Structure and Motion of Planes • Visual Motion Segmentation • Matching to Edge Models • Matching to Planar Surfaces
Furnishing the Mind
Authors: Prinz Jesse J.
Published: December 2018

Western philosophy has long been divided between empiricists, who argue that human understanding has its basis in experience, and rationalists, who argue that reason is the source of knowledge. A central issue in the debate is the nature of concepts, the internal representations we use to think about the world. The traditional empiricist thesis that concepts are built up from sensory input has fallen out of favor. Mainstream cognitive science tends to echo the rationalist tradition, with its emphasis on innateness. In Furnishing the Mind, Jesse Prinz attempts to swing the pendulum back toward empiricism.

Prinz provides a critical survey of leading theories of concepts, including imagism, definitionism, prototype theory, exemplar theory, the theory theory, and informational atomism. He sets forth a new defense of concept empiricism that draws on philosophy, neuroscience, and psychology and introduces a new version of concept empiricism called proxytype theory. He also provides accounts of abstract concepts, intentionality, narrow content, and concept combination. In an extended discussion of innateness, he covers Noam Chomsky's arguments for the innateness of grammar, developmental psychologists' arguments for innate cognitive domains, and Jerry Fodor's argument for radical concept nativism.

Bradford Books imprint
Global Imbalances and the Lessons of Bretton Woods
Authors: Eichengreen Barry
Published: December 2018

Why the current Bretton Woods-like international financial system, featuring large current account deficits in the center country, the United States, and massive reserve accumulation by the periphery, is not sustainable.

In Global Imbalances and the Lessons of Bretton Woods, Barry Eichengreen takes issue with the argument that today's international financial system is largely analogous to the Bretton Woods System of the period 1958 to 1973. Then, as now, it has been argued, the United States ran balance of payment deficits, provided international reserves to other countries, and acted as export market of last resort for the rest of the world. Then, as now, the story continues, other countries were reluctant to revalue their currencies for fear of seeing their export-led growth slow and suffering capital losses on their foreign reserves. Eichengreen argues in response that the power of historical analogy lies not just in finding parallels but in highlighting differences, and he finds important differences in the structure of the world economy today. Such differences, he concludes, mean that the current constellation of exchange rates and payments imbalances is unlikely to last as long as the original Bretton Woods System.

Two of the most salient differences are the twin deficits and low savings rate of the United States, which do not augur well for the sustainability of the country's international position. Such differences, he concludes, mean that the current constellation of exchange rates and payments imbalances is unlikely to last as long as the original Bretton Woods System. After identifying these differences, Eichengreen looks in detail at the Gold Pool, the mechanism through which European central banks sought to support the dollar in the 1960s. He shows that the Pool was fragile and short lived, which does not bode well for collective efforts on the part of Asian central banks to restrain reserve diversification and support the dollar today. He studies Japan's exit from its dollar peg in 1971, drawing lessons for China's transition to greater exchange rate flexibility. And he considers the history of reserve currency competition, asking if it has lessons for whether the dollar is destined to lose its standing as preeminent international currency to the euro or even the Chinese renminbi.
Interpreting Minds
Authors: Bogdan Radu J.
Published: December 2018

Unlike most current researchers in philosophy and psychology, who view interpretation as a way to understand the minds and behavior of others, Radu J. Bogdan sets out to establish a new evolutionary and practical view of interpretation. According to Bogdan, the ability to interpret others' mental states has evolved under communal, political, and epistemic pressures to enable us to cope with the impact of other organisms on our own goals in the competition to survive. Interpretation evolved among primates by natural and then cultural selection. As an adaptation, it is a competence in the form of a battery of practical skills that serve the interpreter's interests in social interactions. Evolutionary theory does not just deepen our understanding of interpretation; without it, we cannot understand what interpretation is and how it does its job. Interpreting Minds raises many thought-provoking issues for philosophers of mind and culture; evolutionary, developmental, and social psychologists; ethologists; cognitive and cultural anthropologists; evolutionary biologists; and others interested in cognitive development.

Bradford Books imprint
Mind and Mechanism
Authors: McDermott Drew V.
Published: December 2018

An exploration of the mind-body problem from the perspective of artificial intelligence.

In Mind and Mechanism, Drew McDermott takes a computational approach to the mind-body problem (how it is that a purely physical entity, the brain, can have experiences). He begins by demonstrating the falseness of dualist approaches, which separate the physical and mental realms. He then surveys what has been accomplished in artificial intelligence, clearly differentiating what we know how to build from what we can imagine building. McDermott then details a computational theory of consciousness claiming that the mind can be modeled entirely in terms of computation—and deals with various possible objections. He also discusses cultural consequences of the theory, including its impact on religion and ethics.

Bradford Books imprint
Minding Minds
Authors: Bogdan Radu J.
Published: December 2018

Drawing on philosophical, psychological, and evolutionary perspectives, Bogdan analyzes how primates create the resources for "metamentation"—the ability of the mind to think about its own thoughts.

Mental reflexivity, or metamentation—a mind thinking about its own thoughts—underpins reflexive consciousness, deliberation, self-evaluation, moral judgment, the ability to think ahead, and much more. Yet relatively little in philosophy or psychology has been written about what metamentation actually is, or about why and how it came about. In this book, Radu Bogdan proposes that humans think reflexively because they interpret each other's minds in social contexts of cooperation, communication, education, politics, and so forth. As naive psychology, interpretation was naturally selected among primates as a battery of practical skills that preceded language and advanced thinking. Metamentation began as interpretation mentally rehearsed: through mental sharing of attitudes and information about items of common interest, interpretation conspired with mental rehearsal to develop metamentation.

Drawing on philosophical, psychological, and evolutionary perspectives, Bogdan analyzes the main phylogenetic and ontogenetic stages through which primates' abilities to interpret other minds evolve and gradually create the opportunities and resources for metamentation. Contrary to prevailing views, he concludes that metamentation benefits from, but is not a predetermined outcome of, logical abilities, language, and consciousness.

Bradford Books imprint
Models and Cognition
Authors: Waskan Jonathan A.
Published: December 2018

A groundbreaking argument challenging the traditional linguistic representational model of cognition proposes that representational states should be conceptualized as the cognitive equivalent of scale models.

In this groundbreaking book, Jonathan Waskan challenges cognitive science's dominant model of mental representation and proposes a novel, well-devised alternative. The traditional view in the cognitive sciences uses a linguistic (propositional) model of mental representation. This logic-based model of cognition informs and constrains both the classical tradition of artificial intelligence and modeling in the connectionist tradition. It falls short, however, when confronted by the frame problem—the lack of a principled way to determine which features of a representation must be updated when new information becomes available. Proposed alternatives, including the imagistic model, have not so far resolved this problem. Waskan proposes instead the Intrinsic Cognitive Models (ICM) hypothesis, which argues that representational states can be conceptualized as the cognitive equivalent of scale models.

Waskan argues further that the proposal that humans harbor and manipulate these cognitive counterparts to scale models offers the only viable explanation for what most clearly differentiates humans from other creatures: their capacity to engage in truth-preserving manipulation of representations.

Bradford Books imprint
Music and Probability
Authors: Temperley David
Published: December 2018

Exploring the application of Bayesian probabilistic modeling techniques to musical issues, including the perception of key and meter.

In Music and Probability, David Temperley explores issues in music perception and cognition from a probabilistic perspective. The application of probabilistic ideas to music has been pursued only sporadically over the past four decades, but the time is ripe, Temperley argues, for a reconsideration of how probabilities shape music perception and even music itself. Recent advances in the application of probability theory to other domains of cognitive modeling, coupled with new evidence and theoretical insights about the working of the musical mind, have laid the groundwork for more fruitful investigations. Temperley proposes computational models for two basic cognitive processes, the perception of key and the perception of meter, using techniques of Bayesian probabilistic modeling. Drawing on his own research and surveying recent work by others, Temperley explores a range of further issues in music and probability, including transcription, phrase perception, pattern perception, harmony, improvisation, and musical styles.

Music and Probability—the first full-length book to explore the application of probabilistic techniques to musical issues—includes a concise survey of probability theory, with simple examples and a discussion of its application in other domains. Temperley relies most heavily on a Bayesian approach, which not only allows him to model the perception of meter and tonality but also sheds light on such perceptual processes as error detection, expectation, and pitch identification. Bayesian techniques also provide insights into such subtle and advanced issues as musical ambiguity, tension, and "grammaticality," and lead to interesting and novel predictions about compositional practice and differences between musical styles.
The Nature of the Farm
Authors: Allen Douglas W. , Lueck Dean
Published: December 2018

The Nature of the Farm is a theoretical and empirical study of contracts and organization in agriculture based on the transaction cost framework. Transaction costs are important in agriculture because nature (for example, seasonality, weather, pests) plays such a critical role in determining output and limiting the ability of farmers to specialize. The book develops specific models and tests the implications of those models against data sets from across North American agriculture, as well as against historical case studies such as eighteenth-century European land contracts and the late nineteenth-century Bonanza farms in the United States.

The book is organized in three parts. Part I examines the classic question of what determines the optimal choice between fixed rent and cropshare arrangements, concluding that it is determined by a trade-off between incentives to overuse rented land and incentives to underreport shared output. Part II tests several predictions derived from a standard risk-sharing model of contracts and finds little evidence that risk sharing is important in contract choice. Part III extends the transaction costs analysis to broader organizational issues. It introduces seasonality and timeliness costs as forces influencing the gains from specialization and the costs of contracting, and finds that farm ownership and farm organization are routinely shaped by these forces.
The Race for Consciousness
Authors: Taylor John G.
Published: December 2018

Scientists may be approaching the finish-line in the race to understand consciousness. John Taylor introduces the contending theories, including his own.

There is a sense among scientists that the time is finally ripe for the problem of consciousness to be solved once and for all. The development of new experimental and theoretical tools for probing the brain has produced an atmosphere of unparalleled optimism that the job can now be done properly: The race for consciousness is on!

In this book, John Taylor describes the complete scene of entries, riders, gamblers, and racecourses. He presents his own entry into the race, which he has been working on for the past twenty-five years—the relational theory of consciousness, according to which consciousness is created through the relations between brain states, especially those involving memories of personal experiences. Because it is an ongoing and adaptive process, consciousness emerges from past brain activity. It is this highly subtle and delicate process of emergence that leads to the complexity of consciousness. Taylor does not just present another theory of consciousness, but makes comprehensible the nuts-and-bolts methodology behind the myriad attempts to win the race.

Bradford Books imprint
Representation Theory
Authors: Williams Edwin
Published: December 2018

In this theoretical monograph, Edwin Williams demonstrates that when syntax is economical, it economizes on shape distortion rather than on distance. According to Williams, this new notion of economy calls for a new architecture for the grammatical system—in fact, for a new notion of derivation. The new architecture offers a style of clausal embedding—the Level Embedding Scheme—that predictively ties together the locality, reconstructive behavior, and "target" type of any syntactic process in a way that is unique to the model. Williams calls his theory "Representation Theory" to put the notion of economy at the forefront. Syntax, in this theory, is a series of representations of one sublanguage in another.
Seeing Double
Authors: Pesic Peter
Published: December 2018

The unknown history of surveillance in relation to changing systems of representation and visual arts practice.

The separateness and connection of individuals is perhaps the central question of human life: What, exactly, is my individuality? To what degree is it unique? To what degree can it be shared, and how? To the many philosophical and literary speculations about these topics over time, modern science has added the curious twist of quantum theory, which requires that the elementary particles of which everything consists have no individuality at all. All aspects of chemistry depend on this lack of individuality, as do many branches of physics. From where, then, does our individuality come? In Seeing Double, Peter Pesic invites readers to explore this intriguing set of questions. He draws on literary and historical examples that open the mind (from Homer to Martin Guerre to Kafka), philosophical analyses that have helped to make our thinking and speech more precise, and scientific work that has enabled us to characterize the phenomena of nature. Though he does not try to be all-inclusive, Pesic presents a broad range of ideas, building toward a specific point of view: that the crux of modern quantum theory is its clash with our ordinary concept of individuality. This represents a departure from the usual understanding of quantum theory. Pesic argues that what is bizarre about quantum theory becomes more intelligible as we reconsider what we mean by individuality and identity in ordinary experience. In turn, quantum identity opens a new perspective on us.
A Slim Book about Narrow Content
Authors: Segal Gabriel M. A.
Published: December 2018

A good understanding of the nature of a property requires knowing whether that property is relational or intrinsic. Gabriel Segal's concern is whether certain psychological properties—specifically, those that make up what might be called the "cognitive content" of psychological states—are relational or intrinsic. He claims that content supervenes on microstructure, that is, if two beings are identical with respect to their microstructural properties, then they must be identical with respect to their cognitive contents.

Segal's thesis, a version of internalism, is that being in a state with a specific cognitive content does not essentially involve standing in any real relation to anything external. He uses the fact that content locally supervenes on microstructure to argue for the intrinsicness of content. Cognitive content is fully determined by intrinsic, microstructural properties: duplicate a subject in respect to those properties and you duplicate their cognitive contents.

The book, written in a clear, engaging style, contains four chapters. The first two argue against the two leading externalist theories. Chapter 3 rejects popular theories that endorse two kinds of content: "narrow" content, which is locally supervenient, and "broad" content, which is not. Chapter 4 defends a radical alternative version of internalism, arguing that narrow content is a variety of ordinary representation, that is, that narrow content is all there is to content. In defending internalism, Segal does not claim to defend a general philosophical theory of content. At this stage, he suggests, it should suffice to cast reasonable doubt on externalism, to motivate internalism, and to provide reasons to believe that good psychology is, or could be, internalist.

Bradford Books imprint
State Making and Environmental Cooperation
Authors: Weinthal Erika
Published: December 2018

The Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers of Central Asia flow across deserts to empty into the Aral Sea. Under Soviet rule, so much water was diverted from the rivers for agricultural purposes that salinity levels rapidly rose and the sea shrank. There was an upsurge in dust storms containing toxic salt residue, and a new desert began to replace the sea. At the same time, agricultural runoff rendered the drinking water unfit for human consumption.

In this book Erika Weinthal examines how the Central Asian states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan have tackled the Aral Sea Basin crisis since the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union. The Amu Darya now flows through three new nation-states, and the Syr Darya through four. This shakeup of political borders created a collective-action problem for the successor states. While they needed to consolidate domestic sovereignty, they also needed to relinquish sovereignty over their water resources in order to develop a joint solution to the desiccation of the Aral Sea. Weinthal examines why they were able to cooperate over their shared water resources. She emphasizes the roles of nonstate actors (international organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and bilateral aid organizations) in the building of institutions for regional cooperation and for state formation, shows how cooperation was nested within the state-building process when international third-party actors were involved, and highlights the dispensing of side payments (financial and material resources) by nonstate actors to aid both regional cooperation and state formation.