bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RELAPSE PHENOMENA OF SPIRONEMA RECURRENTIS
Authors: Meleney Henry Edmund
Published: June 2004

1. Squirrels and chipmunks were found to be susceptible to infection with the Spironema recurrentis of North China, but no relapses occurred in normal animals.

2. Splenectomy caused an increase in the intensity of the infection and the appearance of one or two relapses.

3. By inoculating splenectomized squirrels with a single human strain of spirochetes, six different strains were produced as a result of relapses.

4. The strains all retained their specific agglutinating characteristics during the period of observation. The oldest strain was observed for 132 days and through 38 transfers, the strain last isolated for 22 days and through 6 transfers.

5. The sequence of strains in relapses was not always the same. Sometimes new strains were produced, at other times there was reversion to an older strain.

6. Certain relationships between strains were established. The related strains were always those which appeared, or theoretically might have appeared, in alternate attacks. In only one case did related strains appear in two consecutive attacks.

7. Squirrels whose spleens were not removed had only one attack and developed immune substances only against the strain inoculated or against closely related strains. It was possible by reinoculation to produce infection in such squirrels with as many as four different strains in succession.

8. The spleen has a protective influence against the development of the relapse in the squirrel, but apparently does not control the formation of specific immune substances.

9. An explanation of the clinical course of relapsing fever is suggested on the basis of the observations recorded.

10. There is, at present, no justification for the division of the spirochetes of relapsing fever into different species.
THE FATE OF HUMAN AND BOVINE TUBERCLE BACILLI IN VARIOUS ORGANS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Lurie Max B.
Published: June 2004

In this study the attempt has been made to follow the fate of tubercle bacilli in the lung, liver, spleen, kidney and bone marrow of rabbits infected intravenously with large and small doses of human and bovine tubercle bacilli by determining the number of colonies recoverable from similar quantities of tissue on egg media at varying intervals during the course of infection. This method offers certain possibili-ties for the elucidation of this problem precluded by the modes of attack used hitherto. Histological methods, while giving precise data in regard to tissue changes produced by the tubercle bacilli, are poor instruments for determining the fate of the bacilli in a given organ. Without stressing the notorious difficulties in staining the organism at all times, histological technique can give no definite answer to the question whether certain stained bacilli are living or dead, and it is the number of living bacilli that is of importance. Again animal inoculation, while an excellent index of the presence of living virulent bacilli, is a very inaccurate index of the number of living bacilli in a given specimen of tissue, for it is possible to infect guinea pigs with even a very few bacilli.
THE EFFECT OF SOME OF THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF TUBERCLE BACILLI ON THE PROTOPLASM OF AMOEBA DUBIA
Authors: Reznikoff Paul
Published: June 2004

1. Protein fractions derived from tubercle bacilli are toxic to the interior of Amœba dubia but have no action on the plasmalemma.

2. Phosphatide fractions dissolve the plasmalemma but have no effect on the internal cytoplasm.

3. The fatty acid fraction has a marked solvent action on the plasmalemma when brought in contact with the surface of the cell. When injected it may slowly penetrate the cytoplasm to dissolve the contiguous plasmalemma.

4. The polysaccharide fraction has no effect upon the surface membrane or upon the internal cytoplasm of Amœba dubia.
THE RELATION OF STREPTOCOCCI TO HERPES VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Long Perrin H.
Published: June 2004

Cultures of microorganisms similar to those described by Evans have been obtained in media inoculated with suspensions of herpes virus-infected brains prepared by grinding. But they have also been isolated from saline suspensions of uninoculated meat particles ground in a sterile mortar, and from dextrose broth treated in the same way. It is believed that these organisms are contaminants introduced during the process of grinding. Since they enter the material in no great number, one may suppose them to be suppressed by animals inoculated with the ground substance. In artificial media, on the other hand, they find favorable conditions for multiplication. In our experience, no growth of microorganisms is obtained in routine cultures of virus-infected brains, when fragments, instead of ground material, are used—a fact which may be taken to support the explanation just given.

The tests of the part played by streptococci in experimental virus encephalitis failed to disclose that the microorganisms have any etiological relationship to the affection. The intracerebral injection of rabbits with the cultures procured in the course of the experiments produces a purulent type of meningoencephalitis which does not resemble virus encephalitis either in its symptom-complex or in its pathology. The same type of meningitis follows the injection of streptococci derived from ground meat particles, from "ground" broth, from normal brains, and those infected with herpes virus. Some rabbits manifested resistance to the streptococci, whereas all that have been inoculated intracerebrally with the three strains of herpes virus used in this study have proved susceptible thereto. Certain of the rabbits just mentioned which had proved resistant to streptococci inoculated into the brain or cornea were injected with herpes virus and reacted typically. Comparative tests have revealed that the streptococci are more sensitive to the destructive effect of 50 per cent glycerol than is herpes virus. From all this, it can be concluded that streptococci are not the visible form of herpes virus, nor do they produce in rabbits effects like those induced in the brain and cornea by the herpes virus.
STUDIES ON BLOOD CELL METABOLISM
Authors: Harrop Geo. A. , Barron E. S. Guzman
Published: June 2004

1. The respiratory metabolism of non-nucleated mammalian erythrocytes is enormously accelerated and approaches the magnitude of the metabolism of the nucleated erythrocytes of birds on the addition of methylene blue (and certain other dyes), to a final concentration of 0.005–0.0005 per cent.

2. In the presence of methylene blue the respiration is accelerated even when M/1000 KCN is also present.

3. The accelerated respiration due to methylene blue occurs at room temperature but it is most active at 38°.

4. Methylene blue in the above concentration accelerates the respiration of avian (goose) erythrocytes to a much smaller extent than it does the respiration of the erythrocytes of mammalian blood, while the effect upon anemic goose blood seems to be less than it is upon cells of normal goose blood.

5. Owing to a rather large initial carbon dioxide formation in defibrinated blood on incubation, which may not be related to the immediate respiratory process, proper respiratory quotients cannot be obtained in whole blood. When the cells are separated from the serum and suspended in Locke's solution, respiratory quotients are obtained upon incubation comparable to those of other resting mammalian cells, as well as of the actively respiring erythrocytes of birds.

6. The hypothesis is advanced that methylene blue acts in the rôle of an oxygen carrier, supplying a substance which has disappeared from adult mammalian non-nucleated erythrocytes and restoring their metabolic activity to an extent comparable to that of the young immature forms, or to that of the actively respiring avian (goose) blood.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RELATION TO THE SUPRARENAL GLAND
Authors: Marmorston-Gottesman J. , Perla David
Published: June 2004

The effect of subcutaneous injections of varying amounts of epinephrine on the hemolysin formation of normal adult albino rats was studied. In one group of experiments the rats received 0.4 mg. per kilo per day in two injections during 3 days prior and 4 days subsequent to the injection of sheep cells. Another series received the same daily amounts but only during 4 days subsequent to the injection of antigen. A third series received the same daily amounts only during 1 day prior and 2 days subsequent to the injection of sheep cells. In a second group of experiments smaller amounts of epinephrine were given during 3 days prior and 4 days subsequent to the injection of antigen. The amounts used were 1/5th, 1/20th, 1/40th, and 1/60th the daily quantity of epinephrine injected in the first group of experiments.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DIATHERMY
Authors: Christie Ronald V.
Published: June 2004

1. A method is described for measuring the relative impedance of living cells to diathermy currents.

2. The diathermy current penetrates the living cell, and heat production is intracellular as well as extracellular.

3. A small proportion of the impedance of living cells to the diathermy current seems not to lead to the production of heat.

4. Evidence is given that the addition of saponin produces an appreciable increase in the conductivity of an electrolyte. Its use is therefore contraindicated when electrical measurements are being made on biological material.

5. The currents used in diathermy behave as do high frequency currents of the pure sine wave form in respect to their passage through biological material.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HÉRELLE
Authors: Hetler D. M. , Bronfenbrenner J.
Published: June 2004

1. During the process of lysis by bacteriophage, there is an appreciable increase in the amount of free amino acid present in the culture.

2. The increase of free amino acid is due to hydrolysis of bacterial protein.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HÉRELLE
Authors: Muckenfuss Ralph S. , Korb Charles
Published: June 2004

1. The production of exotoxin and of endotoxin by normal Shiga dysentery bacilli and by strains resistant to Laudman phage was found to be the same.

2. The presence of phage did not alter toxin production by the resistant organism.
RECIPROCAL AGGLUTINATION AND ABSORPTION OF AGGLUTININ TESTS WITH FIFTY-FOUR STRAINS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI ASSOCIATED WITH AN EPIDEMIC OF PUERPERAL FEVER
Authors: Meleney Frank L. , Zaytzeff Helen , Harvey Harold D. , Zau Zung-Dau
Published: June 2004

1. A study has been made by means of agglutination and absorption of agglutinin tests, of the antigenic relationships of 54 strains of hemolytic streptococci associated with an epidemic of puerperal fever in a large city obstetric hospital.

2. These organisms were cultured from the blood, vaginæ, peritoneal cavities and metastatic foci of patients, from the noses and throats of patients and staff members and from the peritoneum and axillary abscess of two of the nurses.

3. In preliminary agglutination tests twenty-one out of thirty-one cultures from the patients and nine out of twenty-three cultures from the hospital personnel, fell into a single agglutinative group.

4. By reciprocal agglutination and absorption of agglutinin tests, six of these strains were demonstrated to be antigenically identical. Two of these came from patients' blood cultures, three from patients' vaginal cultures and one from the nasal culture of one of the nurses. This nurse was, however, not the original carrier for she did not join the hospital staff until after the epidemic began.

5. By agglutination and complete absorption of agglutinin, sixteen more strains showed their antigenic similarity to, if not identity with, these other six strains. Four of these sixteen came from metastatic foci and two from the vaginæ of four of the five patients which had yielded from another source, the identical strains mentioned in 4. Nine came from eight other patients and one from the axillary abscess of a nurse. No reciprocal tests were possible with these sixteen strains because sera had not been prepared against them.

6. Five other strains which completely absorbed agglutinin had evidently lost their ability to agglutinate. Two of these strains were from the blood cultures and two from the vaginal cultures of two fatal cases. One was from the peritoneal cavity of a nurse.

7. Two of these five strains when injected into rabbits in the usual way for the purpose of producing agglutinating antiserum, stimulated the production of sera which agglutinated completely the six antigenically identical strains but failed to agglutinate the homologous strains used to produce the respective sera.

8. These two strains therefore retained the antigenic properties first of stimulating the agglutinating antibody in normal animals and second of uniting with the agglutinating antibody in the serum but lost the ability to bring about the second phase of agglutination—namely flocculation.

9. We have demonstrated, therefore, a more or less permanent splitting of the phenomenon of agglutination.
SEROLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF STERIC ISOMERS
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer J.
Published: June 2004

The tests presented in Tables I, II, and III show that only in the higher concentration cross reactions do take place, and that there is definite specificity of the two sorts of immune sera for the homologous antigens. Thus it is easy to differentiate the l- and d-antigens in dilutions 1:100 and upwards. The occurrence of cross reactions can readily be ascribed to the fact that the l- and d-acids present in the two antigens are identical in every respect but the position of the groups connected with the asymetric carbon atom. The i-antigen reacts with both sorts of immune sera as could be expected since it must consist of a mixture of equal parts of l- and d-antigen.

The reactions of the i-antigen appear to be only slightly weaker than those of the homologous ones owing to the fact that the intensity of the reactions diminishes but slowly with increasing dilution of the antigens. It is also to be considered that small differences cannot be judged very accurately.

Tests with two l- and four d-immune sera not recorded in the tables confirmed the results already discussed.

Considering that ferments are known to be adapted ordinarily to one type of steric isomers it may be worth noting that antibodies were formed by the same species of animals for optical antipodes.

From the results summarized in Tables IV,a and IV,b one sees that the l- and d-immune sera also differentiate clearly between the l- and d-acids when they are not diazotized and not combined with protein. The l-acid inhibits much more the precipitation of the l-antigen by the homologous immune serum than the d-acid and the converse effect occurs if the inhibiting action is tested on the precipitation of d-antigen by d-immune serum. The inactive phenyl (para-aminobenzoylamino) acetic acid behaved in such tests as a mixture of l- and d-acids, i.e., it acted markedly in both cases, more than the heterologous and less than the homologous acid.

The experiments reported bring a definite proof for the view that the steric configuration of antigenic groups is one of the factors determining serological specificity. In the particular case under consideration the mere difference in the position of H and COOH as indicated in the following formulas sufficed to alter the reactivity.

See PDF for Equation.

The fact that steric isomers are acted upon selectively by immune sera may be supposed to play a significant part in the serological specificity of carbohydrates such as those discovered in bacterial antigens.
THE INFLUENCE OF CHOLESTEROL ON EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

1. Cholesterol, administered intraperitoneally, in these experiments definitely prolonged the lives of tuberculous guinea pigs when the infection was of an acute type produced by inoculation with a small dose of very virulent human type organisms.

2. Intraperitoneally administered cholesterol did not definitely prolong the lives of tuberculous guinea pigs when the infection was of the chronic type produced by the injection of a small dose of human type tubercle bacilli of relatively low virulence, or when the infection was more acute owing to the injection of a large dose of organisms of low virulence. It had no beneficial effect on an acute type of infection produced by the bovine type organism.

3. Cholesteryl chloride, cholesteryl toluide, cholesteryl anilide, sodium cholesterol sulfate, and quinine cholesterylate did not significantly prolong the lives of tuberculous guinea pigs.

4. Sodium cholesterylate, in optimal dosage, definitely prolonged the lives of tuberculous guinea pigs.

5. There was a significant shortening in the duration of life of tuberculous guinea pigs subjected to the trauma of intraperitoneal injection and repeated handling as compared with tuberculous guinea pigs that were not handled or traumatized by intraperitoneal injections.
STUDIES ON INDIFFERENT STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Hitchcock C. H.
Published: June 2004

Serological study of a large number of strains of indifferent streptococci has revealed the existence of a large homogeneous group to which the designation Type I has been applied. It is recognized that members of Type I are not necessarily identical, and that further division into subtypes may be feasible. All strains of Type I ferment inulin and salicin.

The remaining strains are referred to as belonging to Group X. They are distinguished only by their failure to react strongly with Type I serum. While at present this group must be regarded as quite heterogeneous, further work may reveal the presence of other as yet undefined types now included within its limits. The organisms of this group vary in their fermentative reactions with both inulin and salicin.
STUDIES ON INDIFFERENT STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Hitchcock C. H.
Published: June 2004

Indifferent streptococci occur in comparatively the same abundance in the throats of patients suffering from rheumatic fever or early in convalescence from the disease as they do in those who have recovered from the disease, or in those of patients suffering from other diseases.

There is a slightly increased incidence of these microorganisms in the throats of hospital patients as compared with those of normal individuals.

Type I occurs with comparatively equal frequency and abundance in the throats of all four classes of individuals studied.
FURTHER EXPERIMENTS WITH THE INTRADERMAL PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION IN RABBITS
Authors: Goodner Kenneth
Published: June 2004

1. The continuation of our experiments with intradermal Type I pneumococcus infection in rabbits has furnished further evidence of the marked analogies between this condition and that of human lobar pneumonia.

2. It has been found that the amount of antiserum necessary for successful therapy increases as the disease progresses, and that this progression has a definite mathematical character. Such a condition, it seems, can only be caused by a progressive accumulation of some toxic or antagonistic substance, the exact nature of which is not known.

3. Various lots of antipneumococcus sera have been tested for their therapeutic properties. The results from seven such sera show that this therapeutic value does not parallel the mouse-protective value. It is suggested that the rabbit technic may prove useful for the routine comparison and standardization of antipneumococcus sera since it represents a simple method for determining that property for which the serum is to be utilized.

4. The effect of non-specific therapy in this condition has been determined to be a transient disappearance from the blood stream of circulating organisms. This result was obtained with such heterologous materials as normal horse serum and typhoid vaccine but not with the homologous normal rabbit serum.

5. Rabbits recovering from the intradermal disease without treatment or with such inadequate treatment that the disease runs its normal course, were shown to have a definite though not permanent immunity. Cases in which the disease had been arrested at 24 hours by effective therapy with heterologous immune serum showed no immunity after the early disappearance of the passively administered elements. Cases which were brought to early recovery with immune homologous serum did show a definite immunity comparable to that which was developed in other animals as the result of an untreated course of the disease.

6. The immunity conferred by single and multiple vaccination is reported. The possibility of the application of such methods in the pneumonias of man is discussed and a method for such an application is suggested.
INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ENVIRONMENT ON THE ORGANIC CONSTITUTION OF NORMAL RABBITS WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ACTION OF NEON LIGHT
Authors: Brown Wade H. ,   With the Collaboration of Marion Howard.
Published: June 2004

The influence of light environment on the organic constitution of normal rabbits was studied by comparing the weights of organs of animals that had been living under cerrtain conditions for long periods of time.

It was found that the light environment produced an effect on the physical constitution of the rabbits which was comparable to the effects produced on the functional activity of the same animals.
VIRUS III ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Stewart Fred W.
Published: June 2004

Virus III, an active, filterable agent indigenous to rabbits, under experimental conditions produces, in addition to lesions in the cornea, skin, and testicles, an encephalitis which is at times quite similar to that induced by herpetic virus. Virus III and herpetic virus, however, are not immunologically related.
STUDIES ON A PARATYPHOID INFECTION IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

A group of 105 breeders and 36 unweaned guinea pigs was tested to determine the extent of specific fecal excretion and the proportion of serum reactors in a population naturally infected with two types of B. paratyphi. The second, more recent type of organism was isolated from the feces of 3 breeders and 3 young. No carriers of the first type were detected. 86 per cent of the breeders and 72 per cent of the unweaned guinea pigs agglutinated the second type of B. paratyphi in dilutions ranging from 1:10 through 1:640. 13 per cent of the breeders and 28 per cent of the unweaned young agglutinated the initial type. There was a cross or double agglutination in most instances. The serological findings roughly reflected the distribution of the two types as indicated by the mortality rate of the population at large.

50 breeders selected on the basis of agglutination and fecal examination and therefore supposedly free from infection were segregated and kept under close observation. Both types of B. paratyphi subsequently appeared in the group.

During this time carriers were discovered by others in the Department among the stock guinea pigs used for other experiments in that cultures of the entire spleen were positive in perhaps 5 to 10 per cent of the guinea pigs so used.
STUDIES IN THE BIOLOGY OF METALS
Authors: Hammett Frederick S. , Wallace Vilma L.
Published: June 2004

Our study of the effect of the lead ion on the development of the chick embryo has brought out the following facts:

1. Gross growth is retarded.

2. Somite growth is retarded to a degree greater than that exhibited by body length and width.

3. The head and optic anlagen are regions of particular sensitivity. Their differential development is markedly inhibited.

From the purely biological point of view these results are in line with the findings of Child (10) and his school as to the sensitivity of the head end of rapidly growing organisms to harmful influences, and with those of Stockard (11) as to the peculiar sensitivity of the optic anlagen.

It is almost too well known to need repetition that the head region and the somites of embryos are specific areas of intense growth by increase in cell number. Therefore, turning from the general to the particular, the differential retardation of these regions which is caused by lead, is evidence justifying the conclusion that it is areas of rapid growth by cell proliferation which are selectively inhibited by this metallic ion.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HERELLE
Authors: Muckenfuss Ralph S.
Published: June 2004

1. Each bacteriophage is a specific antigen.

2. The antibodies against the bacteriophage are independent of those against the bacterial substrate used in preparing the phage.

3. The reaction of neutralization is closely analogous to that of the neutralization of toxin by antitoxin.

4. The serum of mice experimentally infected with mouse typhoid (M.T.) did not become capable of neutralizing phages acting on the infecting organism.

5. The use of the reaction of neutralization of bacteriophage in the diagnosis of disease as proposed by Sonnenschein seems impractical.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HERELLE
Authors: Muckenfuss Ralph S.
Published: June 2004

1. The phenomenon of phage production by one bacterial culture for another of different sort has been reproduced experimentally.

2. This phenomenon results from phage carried with the culture, and not from the spontaneous appearance of phage in a culture previously free from it.

3. Animals immunized against the lysogenic bacteria may develop antibodies that neutralize the phage carried.

4. The development of neutralizing antibodies on immunization with a bacterial culture is evidence of the presence of bacteriophage in the culture.

5. The failure of such antibodies to appear on immunization with bacteria does not necessarily indicate that bacteriophage is not present.
ON THE INHERITANCE OF AGGLUTINOGENS OF HUMAN BLOOD DEMONSTRABLE BY IMMUNE AGGLUTININS
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Levine Philip
Published: June 2004

The heredity of two agglutinable structures demonstrable by immune agglutinins was studied in 166 families. From the data collected it is evident that one deals with a case of Mendelian inheritance. The main result of the studies is the demonstration that it is feasible to investigate the heredity of serological structures of human blood other than the group agglutinogens. Irrespective of the ultimate theory it seems very probable that the properties M and N do not appear in the offspring when they are absent in both parents—a conclusion substantiated by the examination of ten families with 46 children. These findings offer the prospect of forensic application to cases of disputed paternity and, in our opinion, a correct decision could already be given, at least with great probability, provided the reagents are available and the method properly applied. Of course further work is needed before the test can be adopted as a routine procedure.
VARIANTS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI; THEIR RELATION TO TYPE-SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE, VIRULENCE, AND TOXIN
Authors: Todd E. W. , Lancefield R. C.
Published: June 2004

Hemolytic streptococci, when freshly isolated from pathogenic lesions, form characteristic matt colonies and contain the type-specific substance M.

Two varieties of matt cultures, equally rich in type-specific substance, can be distinguished by the virulence of the organisms for mice: (1) the matt virulent variety, (2) the matt attenuated variety.

The matt forms of hemolytic streptococci can be degraded to a third variety which forms glossy colonies and is always relatively avirulent. This is accomplished by prolonged cultivation on artificial media, by selection of colonies or by cultivation in homologous anti-M serum. In the process of degradation the cocci lose the major part of their type-specific substance but complete disappearance of type-specific substance rarely occurs.

The glossy variant form, when fully degraded, is highly stable; but glossy cultures which have retained some type-specific substance can occasionally be reverted to the original matt form.

Toxic filtrates from matt and glossy cultures are approximately equal in skin reactivity.

No relationship appears to exist between virulence and toxigenicity.
ANTIGENIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MATT HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI AND THEIR GLOSSY VARIANTS
Authors: Lancefield R. C. , Todd E. W.
Published: June 2004

The matt and the glossy forms of four strains of hemolytic streptococci were used to immunize rabbits.

Precipitin tests showed that rabbit sera prepared against matt organisms, whether virulent or avirulent for mice, contained type-specific antibody while sera prepared against completely degraded glossy organisms contained no type-specific antibody.

Type-specific antibody was removed from the sera by absorption with homologous matt organisms but was unaffected by absorption with homologous glossy organisms.

Passive protection experiments on mice showed that anti-matt sera were protective and anti-glossy sera non-protective against infection with homologous virulent organisms.

Vaccination of mice with matt organisms rendered them immune to subsequent infection with homologous virulent cultures; but vaccination with glossy organisms established no active immunity.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE IMMUNITY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION INDUCED IN RABBITS BY IMMUNIZATION WITH R PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Tillett William S.
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits, vaccinated by repeated intravenous injections of suspensions of heat-killed R pneumococci, acquire a marked degree of active immunity to infection with the virulent S forms of Pneumococcus Types I and II. Previously (1) it was shown that the immunization of rabbits with R cells induces active resistance to Type III infection. This immunity is effective when the infecting organisms are injected either intravenously, intraperitoneally, or intradermally.

2. Whole citrated blood or serum of rabbits immunized with R pneumococci, under the experimental conditions described, is capable of passively protecting normal rabbits against Type I and Type III infection. Whole blood appears to be more effective than an equivalent amount of serum.

3. Passive protection of mice by the use of whole blood or serum of the immune rabbits has been entirely ineffectual. This is in striking contrast to the results obtained with type-specific immune serum.

4. This form of acquired resistance to pneumococcus infection, elicited by R organisms which are devoid of type specificity, and exemplified in animals whose sera possess no demonstrable type-specific antibodies, has many characteristics strongly suggesting that the underlying mechanism differs from that concerned in type-specific immunity.
SUPPRESSION OF THE FIRST ATTACK WITH SUBSEQUENT RELAPSE: AN IMMUNE PHENOMENON IN EXPERIMENTAL RELAPSING FEVER
Authors: Meleney Henry Edmund
Published: June 2004

In five splenectomized squirrels and chipmunks which were reinoculated with a strain of Spironema recurrentis which had previously been present in their blood, the first attack was entirely suppressed because the animals were immune to the strain of spirochetes inoculated; but after the interval which usually occurred between attacks, a relapse ensued, in which the strain of spirochetes present in the blood was different from the strain inoculated.
ACID-BASE COMPOSITION OF PANCREATIC JUICE AND BILE
Authors: Gamble James L. , McIver Monroe A. ,   With the Assistance of Pauline Marsh and Maurice M. Tolman.
Published: June 2004

Pancreatic juice contains fixed base at approximately the concentration found in the blood plasma. Chloride ion is present in concentrations varying from one-fourth to one-half the fixed base value and the remainder of the acid equivalence is composed of bicarbonate ion. Fixed base being a nearly stationary factor, variation of bicarbonate and thereby of alkalinity is referable to change in the concentration of chloride ion.

In bile, as delivered by the liver, both the fixed base and chloride ion values correspond closely with their respective concentrations in blood plasma. In gall bladder bile, however, the concentration of fixed base is, roughly, double that in hepatic duct bile, and chloride ion has been almost entirely removed.

From these data it may be inferred that loss of digestive secretions entering the duodenum will, in the absence of replacement of the materials contained, cause dehydration of the blood plasma and reduction of the plasma bicarbonate.
BODY FLUID CHANGES DUE TO CONTINUED LOSS OF THE EXTERNAL SECRETION OF THE PANCREAS
Authors: Gamble James L. , McIver Monroe A. ,   With the Assistance of Pauline Marsh and Dorothy Sloan.
Published: June 2004

From the data given above the following explanation of the effects of continued loss of the external secretion of the pancreas may be offered. The underlying event is a steadily increasing deficit of sodium and of chloride ion due to the large requirement for these electrolytes in the construction of pancreatic juice. In consequence there is continued loss of water, chiefly from the body fluids in which sodium and chloride ion are large factors of total ionic content, viz., interstitial fluids and the blood plasma. During about two-thirds of the survival period the volume and composition of the blood plasma remain approximately normal, the losses of water, sodium, and chloride ion being replaced at the expense of interstitial fluids. Reduction of the volume of these fluids is indicated by loss of body weight beginning directly after establishment of the pancreatic fistula. Ultimately reduction of plasma volume begins and, as it progresses, serious symptoms develop and death occurs unless water, sodium, and chloride ion are abundantly replaced. Owing to the relatively greater loss of sodium than of chloride ion in pancreatic juice, reduction of bicarbonate ion concentration in the plasma tends to occur. The death of the organism may be simply and reasonably explained as the result of progressive impairment of the function of the blood by the physical changes, dehydration and acidosis, produced in the plasma by the continued loss of sodium and of chloride ion in the pancreatic juice.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL EXTRACORPOREAL THROMBOSIS
Authors: Johnson Walter R. , Shionoya Takuji , Rowntree Leonard G.
Published: June 2004

In experimental obstructive jaundice in rabbits, thrombosis is definitely delayed in the extracorporeal loop. White thrombi are laid down at the normal rate in many instances; in others there is a delay in deposition of platelets, while in still others cauliflower-like masses of platelets are rapidly deposited and tend to slow or even stop the blood stream before much fibrin is apparent. Fibrin deposits and formation of the red thrombus usually appear late in the experiment and often only at the ends of the collodion tubes. In vigorous animals, the thrombi rarely tend to obstruct and usually cease growing when they have made up the difference between the lumen of the glass tube and of the collodion tube. On the other hand, if the animal's general condition is poor and its circulation depressed, red thrombus forms more rapidly and tends to encroach progressively on the lumen until obstruction takes place. Even in such cases circulation through the loop persists for periods much longer than in the normal animal. Judging from the gross appearance of the thrombus the quantity and quality of fibrin seem deficient.

Single injections of bile salts yield pictures similar to those seen in experimental obstructive jaundice. White thrombi are deposited but obstruction of the lumen is delayed because of inadequate formation of fibrin. The continuous intravenous injection of bile salts resulted in a progressive increase of the clotting time and in the level of bile acids of the blood. The state of the extracorporeal loop was likewise similar in many respects to that seen in obstructive jaundice. There was, however, a definite decrease in the size and numbers of white thrombi deposited on the collodion membrane.

From the evidence presented it is obvious that the processes of blood coagulation and of thrombosis in the extracorporeal loop are definitely delayed in experimental obstructive jaundice and in animals that have received intravenous injections of bile salts. No attempt is made to explain the changes found in jaundice on the basis of the increased levels of bile acids in the blood although these experiments would indicate that such a possibility has not been ruled out.
THE PRODUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL TYPHOID FEVER IN THE GUINEA PIG WITH AN IN VIVO PREPARED TOXIC FILTRATE OF B. TYPHOSUS
Authors: Harris William H. , Larimore Ogilvie M.
Published: June 2004

When the typhoid bacillus is injected into the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs acute peritonitis and death are produced. The character of the exudate is variable as to the elements present but is usually of a serous type with slight clouding due to the presence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, mononuclear cells and bacteria. When the Berkefeld filtrate of this exudative material is inoculated into normal guinea pigs either subcutaneously, intraperitoneally or intracardially, the character of response obtained on the part of the host is quite at variance with that produced by the inoculation of the living typhoid bacillus. A febrile reaction and marked leucopenia, as a rule, are persistent and are accentuated after each injection the latter often reaching below 1000 cells per c. mm. There is a loss of weight of a variable extent in all animals and in some the emaciation is extreme. The animals were given four such inoculations and all succumbed in from 2 to 4 weeks. The intracardiac route produces death more quickly and the reactions are more clear-cut when this route is employed. At autopsy a general tumefaction and congestion of the lymphoid structures more especially of the abdominal cavity are found. Peyer's patches and the solitary follicles of the intestinal tract are likewise involved and in some of the patches slight ulceration is noted; occasionally, there occur extreme ulceration and necrosis of the patch. The spleen is enlarged and usually softened. Microscopically, marked endothelial cell proliferation is noted especially in the lymphoid structures and in many instances the phagocytic cells of Mallory are found. These cells include within their cytoplasm elements of the surrounding structures. In the spleen there are present congestion, and hemorrhages with many "shadow" red blood cells. Phagocytosis of the red cells by the endothelial cells is present. In the liver, areas of focal necrosis are found and phagocytic cells are seen. In the animals inoculated subcutaneously, localized degenerative changes are observed especially in the muscular structures.

From these results it can be seen that the reactions and injury of the animal body by the toxic filtrate employed, are quite similar to the changes produced by the specific toxin in human typhoid fever.
A NOTE ON THE FILTRATION OF THE VIRUS OF HERPETIC ENCEPHALITIS AND OF VACCINIA
Authors: Ward Hugh K. , Tang Fei-Fang
Published: June 2004

The virus of herpetic encephalitis and the virus of vaccinia can be demonstrated in the filtrate, if a broth emulsion of fresh tissue containing the virus, is passed through a Berkefeld V filter.
CALCIUM AND INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS
Authors: Brown Wade H. ,   With the Collaboration of Marion Howard.
Published: June 2004

A series of experiments was carried out for the purpose of determining whether a light environment comprising radiations of comparatively long wave-length and only a small amount of energy was capable of affecting the chemical equilibrium of the blood as indicated by the calcium and inorganic phosphorus content of the blood of normal rabbits. A study was made of effects produced by prolonged exposure to fixed environmental conditions (neon light and darkness) as compared with a varying environment of diffuse, filtered sunlight and by a change from one environment to another.

It was found that the chemical equilibrium of the blood was definitely affected by the conditions employed and that the effects produced could be correlated with differences in organic constitution on the one hand, and on the other, with certain differences in the functional activity of the same animals, involving nutrition and growth and the proliferative activity of hair follicles.
STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZING PROPERTIES OF THE BACTERIOPHAGE
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. , Schultz Edwin W.
Published: June 2004

1. Marked specific contractions of the uterine horns of guinea pigs, actively sensitized, to phage-lysed Flexner bacilli or to colon bacilli, lysed by the same bacteriophage, occurred on testing either series for anaphylaxis with the homologous phage lysates. These reactions, however, were not due to an antigenic function of the bacteriophage itself, because no reaction whatsoever occurred when the same bacteriophage, propagated on the heterologous organisms, was substituted in the anaphylactic test.

2. Specific uterine reactions of marked intensity were obtained in guinea pigs, actively sensitized to intact or autolyzed Flexner or colon bacilli, respectively, by testing either series for anaphylaxis with homologous, phage-free bacterial antigens.

3. No reaction occurred by testing the uterine strips of animals, sensitized to intact or autolyzed bacilli (either Flexner or coli), for anaphylaxis with homologous phage lysates and, vice versa, there was no contraction of uterine strips sensitized to phage lysates upon contact with homologous bacterial autolysates.

4. The observations made in this paper suggest that a new and immunologically distinct antigenic complex arises from the bacterial protein after lysis of the organisms by the bacteriophage.
A CHEMICAL AND PATHOLOGIC STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF COPPER ON THE LIVER
Authors: Flinn Frederick B. , VonGlahn William C.
Published: June 2004

From the above studies the following conclusions have been reached:

1. That copper or its compounds used does not cause the deposition of pigment in the livers of rabbits, guinea pigs or rats. Neither does it produce a cirrhosis in these animals.

2. That spontaneous deposition of pigment occurs frequently in the livers of normal rabbits on the usual laboratory diet.

3. That the feeding of a diet of carrots exclusively will produce pigment deposition in the livers of rabbits, in every way identical with that ascribed to copper.

4. That the pigment deposited in the livers of rabbits is probably of exogenous origin.
THE GERMICIDAL AND HEMOLYTIC ACTION OF α-BROM SOAPS
Authors: Eggerth Arnold H.
Published: June 2004

1. The soaps of the α-brom fatty acids are usually more germicidal than the unsubstituted soaps. Only when B. typhosus was the test organism was there no increase in germicidal action.

2. For any test organism, germicidal action of the brominated soaps increases rapidly with increasing molecular weight up to a certain point, then diminishes. This is likewise true of the hemolytic titer. The point of maximal germicidal action varies with the different species of tests organisms. In the series studied, brominated soaps of 12 and 14 carbon atoms were most germicidal for the Gram-negative organisms, while soaps of 16 and 18 carbon atoms were most germicidal for Gram-positive organisms.

3. The brominated soaps are, in general, more active in acid that in neutral or alkaline reactions. The reasons for this have been discussed in a previous paper, in which a similar phenomenon with unsubstituted soaps was observed.

4. For certain organisms, the brominated soaps are among the most rapid and potent germicides known.
THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SUBSTANCES REQUIRED FOR CELL MULTIPLICATION
Authors: Baker Lillian E.
Published: June 2004

1. It has been shown that the ash of liver, hemoglobin, and glutathione each exerts a very slight beneficial effect on the growth of sarcomatous fibroblasts of the rat, or on the condition of their cells when cultivated in a synthetic medium.

2. The addition of all three of these substances, or of only glutathione and hemoglobin, to a mixture of casein digest, glycocoll, and nucleic acid gives a medium in which sarcomatous fibroblasts of the rat proliferate for a considerable time as rapidly as in embryo juice.

3. The mixture is not as adequate a nutritive medium as embryo juice, for after a time dead cells are found surrounding the central fragment of the culture, and after several passages the growth becomes thinner.

4. The hypothesis is suggested that glutathione and hemoglobin may function not only by regulating the respiration and oxidation-reduction reactions within the cell, but also by regulating the oxidation-reduction potential of the medium.

5. It is suggested that the failure to obtain growth of fibroblasts in mixtures of amino acids or of the products of complete acid hydrolysis of proteins is in part due to the absence of glutathione, and that this substance is not synthetized by fibroblasts.

6. The growth of normal fibroblasts of the rat is also increased by the addition of the above mentioned substances to a synthetic medium.
STUDIES ON IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Sugg John Y. , Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

The paper reports evidence of an immunological relationship between one variety of Saccharomyces ceremsise and the Type II variety of Diplococcus pneumonix (Pneumococcus). The most convincing data consisted of the reactions of the Type II bacteria with potent antiyeast serum which agglutinated, and protected mice against these pneumococci as well as the average antiserum obtained by immunization of rabbits with Type II bacteria themselves. The reactivity of the antiyeast serum is strictly specific to the Type II variety of Pneumococcus in the sense that it is entirely devoid of antibodies reactive with Type I or III. The results of absorption experiments with both the antiyeast (rabbit) serum and the anti-Type II (horse) serum were the same as those usually obtained in analogous experiments with immunologically related, but not identical, kinds of bacteria.

The immunological relationship of the yeast and the Type II pneumococcus is apparently based upon S-anti-S reactions. It represents an example of heterogenetic specificity which is of particular interest because of the wide genetic separation of the pathogenic schizomycete and the saprophytic ascomycete.

Data on the individual irregularity in the yeast-agglutinating capacity of serum from non-immunized or "normal" rabbits are presented as experimental facts.
ANAPHYLAXIS WITH THE TYPE-SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Tillett William S.
Published: June 2004

1. The type-specific carbohydrates (haptens) of Pneumococcus Types I, II and III, when isolated in protein-free form, are devoid of the property of inducing active anaphylactic sensitization in guinea pigs.

2. The bacterial carbohydrates of Pneumococcus, of which the Type II and Type III substances are nitrogen-free, produce rapid and fatal anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs passively sensitized with the precipitating serum of rabbits immunized with pneumococci of the homologous type; the reactions induced are type-specific.

3. In contrast to the positive results with immune rabbit serum, there is a complete absence of anaphylactic response to pneumococcus carbohydrate in guinea pigs passively sensitized with antipneumococcus horse serum.