bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of fluorescence in situ hybridization and gene expression profiling in myeloma risk stratification
Authors: Hose Dirk , Seckinger Anja , Jauch Anna , Reme Thierry , Moreaux Jerome , Bertsch Uta , Neben Kai , Klein Bernard , Goldschmidt Hartmut
Published: June 2012

Multiple myeloma patients? survival under treatment varies from a few months
to more than 15 years. Clinical prognostic factors, especially
beta2-microglobulin (B2M) and the international staging system (ISS), allow
risk assessment to a certain extent, but do not identify patients at very
high risk. As malignant plasma cells are characterized by a variety of
chromosomal aberrations and changes in gene expression, a molecular
characterization of CD138-purified myeloma cells by interphase fluorescence
in situ hybridization (iFISH) and gene expression profiling (GEP) can be used
for improved risk assessment. iFISH allows a risk stratification with
presence of a translocation t(4;14) and/or deletion of 17p13 being the best
documented adverse prognostic factors. A deletion of 13q14 is no longer
considered to define adverse risk. Patients harbouring a t(4;14) seems to
benefit from a bortezomib- or lenalidomide containing regimen, whereas
patients with deletion 17p13 seem only to benefit from a high dose therapy
approach using long term bortezomib (in induction and maintenance) and
autologous tandem-transplantation as used in the GMMG-HD4 trial, or the total
therapy 3 concept. Gene expression profiling allows the assessment of high
risk scores (IFM, UAMS), remaining prognostic despite treatment with novel
agents, and prognostic surrogates of biological factors (e.g. proliferation)
and (prognostic) target gene expression (e.g. Aurora-kinase A). Thus,
assessment of B2M and ISS-stage, iFISH, and GEP is considered extended
routine diagnostics in therapy requiring multiple myeloma patients for risk
assessment and, even now, to a certain extent selection of treatment.
Induction therapy and the role of stem cell transplantation in the treatment of myeloma multiplex in patients aged below 65 years
Authors: Stamatovic Dragana , Tukic Ljiljana , Balint Bela
Published: June 2012

Therapeutical concept for myeloma mulitplex (MM) patients has been
significantly improved over the previous years. As in other haematological
malignancies, in MM also, induction treatment goal is to achieve complete
remission (CR) of the disease. The importance of CR on overall survival (OS)
in MM was first estimated in the high dose chemotherapy (CT) with autologous
stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Induction treatment with 3-6 cycles of
combined CT based on Dexamethason (VAD) following with one or two courses of
high doses of Melphalan with ASCT leads to 20-40% CR and 40-55% CR/VGPR with
median survival of 4-5 years. These are significantly better results compared
to previous conventional therapy, and considering such findings, ASCT became
the treatment of choice for MM patients aged below 65 years. The introduction
of novel agents, such as immunomodulatory drugs (Thalidomid, Lenalidomid) and
proteasome inhibitors (Bortezomib) into induction therapy have improved
treatment of MM patients even more. The combination of Dexamethason with
Thalidomid, Bortezomib or Lenalidomid, on the average in 3-4 cycles, arises
the level of CR/ VGPR (very good partial response) even to 60-75%. Bortezomib
based regimens are recommended in the treatment of ?high risk? group of
patients with MM. Recommended conditioning regimen is 200 mg/m2 of Melphalan.
If either CR or VGPR is not achieved, recommendation is to perform the second
ASCT as a part of ?tandem?concept. Thalidomid applied as a ?maintenance
therapy? after ASCT may prolong OS. Until now, allogeneic ASCT, as the first
line treatment for MM patients aged below 65 years, has been applied only in
clinical trials.
New concept of the treatment in elderly patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Bila Jelena , Gotic Mirjana , Mihaljevic Biljana
Published: June 2012

The traditional concept of treatment of patients aged over 65 years with
multiple myeloma is historical combination of melphalan and prednisone (MP).
The introduction of novel agents, such as immunomodulatory drugs and
proteasome inhibitors, has crucially changed the course and prognosis of this
disease. The new gold standard of treatment in elderly patients with multiple
myeloma is based on synergistic combination of standard MP chemotherapy and
novel agents such as thalidomide and bortezomib, as a part of MPT and MVP
regimens. Furthermore, promising results have been also obtained with MP plus
new generation of immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide. In some patients aged
over 65 years and in good general condition, reduced-intensity autologous
stem cell transplantation can be an option with application of reduced
intensity conditioning regimens and novel agents incorporated into
pre-transplant induction treatment and post-transplant consolidation. Certain
concern regarding treatment-related adverse events can be overcome by
adequate prophylaxis, conscientious follow-up, timely dose-reduction, and
application of reducedintensity MPT and MPV in patients aged over 75 years.
The last therapy of choice should be individually tailored according to the
clinical profile of the patient and expected toxic effects of planned
treatment.
Current approaches to supportive care in multiple myeloma
Authors: Govedarovic Nenad , Vukicevic Tomislav
Published: June 2012

Myeloma multiplex is a malignant blood disease in which monoclonal expansion
of malignant plasma cells occurs, together with hyperproduction of monoclonal
protein,as well as impairment of normal haematopoiesis. Specific features of
myeloma include bone destruction, renal failure and immunologic deficiency
which decreases the overall quality of the patient?s life. Thus, prevention
and supportive therapy of skeletal disease, anaemia, pain, nausea, infection
and hypercalcemia, represent the essential part of therapy in myeloma
patients. Improvements achieved in the specific haematological treatment,
including supportive measures of complications of multiple myeloma,
previously defined as incurable malignant disease, results in the improvement
of the overall survival and the quality of life of these patients, thus
qualifing multiple myeloma into a chronic condition.
‘Managing’ Managerialism: The Impact of Educational Auditing on an Academic ‘specialist’ School
Authors: Hardy Ian
Published: June 2012

This article seeks to nuance arguments about the impact of broad policy technologies of auditing processes upon teachers' practices by providing empirical evidence of the effects of such processes, in context. Specifically, the article draws upon a cross section of teachers' accounts of schooling practices in a specialist, academically oriented secondary school and languages college in the British Midlands to reveal the complex ways audit practices influence teachers' work, professional development and student learning under current policy conditions. The article reveals that teachers endeavoured to actively ‘manage’ audit processes by strategically focusing upon student needs, and critiquing and problematising the more superficial aspects of performance management, systemic inspections and a narrow focus upon academic results. However, even as these tactics were employed, there was also evidence of a simultaneous focus upon simply ‘managing’ to cope, particularly when audit processes added considerable pressure upon teachers to improve students' test scores, and when they encouraged conditions antithetical to more educative concerns. This sometimes had dramatic effects upon student and teacher learning and teacher identity. Capturing this empirical complexity, in the context of specific schooling settings, provides evidence to nuance the more general literature on educational auditing, including in European and other transnational settings, and existing understandings of such practices at local sites more generally.
Honouring Higher Education?
Authors: Ballatore Magali
Published: June 2012

Long forgotten as being part of the sociology of education, today higher education is the subject of many research studies, as well as numerous publications. This essay is based on the critical reading of several works recently published in Europe and the USA (between 2009 and 2011) that explore higher education and research. There are three levels: that of European public action, that of the influence it has on national ‘evaluative’ reforms and policies, and, lastly, on a more micro-sociological level, examining the impact of these public actions on universities and on their various actors. Sarah Croché's (2011) work on the Bologna process will help us understand the reformulation of higher education policies, as well as the transformation in society's view of universities. Through my reading of Croché, we shall see how the European Commission became the main architect of the Europeanisation of how higher education is organised, in an area that used to be of uniquely national competence. Next, we shall look at a book provocatively entitled Torri d'avorio in frantumi? Dove vanno le università europee (‘Ivory Towers Crumbling? Where Are European Universities Heading?’), co-edited by Roberto Moscati, Marino Regini and Michele Rostan (2010). This book sets out the results of an international comparative research study on the reorganisation of university systems within the European knowledge economy. It helps us better understand two collective works, one of which was co-authored by two French researchers — Véronique Bedin and Anne Jorro (2009) — and the other, on the renewal and development of the question of evaluation at university, inherent to the construction of a European higher education space, by Paul Servais et al (2011) from the Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium. Lastly, we shall look at a book entitled Higher Education? How Colleges Are Wasting Our Money and Failing Our Kids — and What We Can Do About It, by two American political scientists (Hacker & Dreifus, 2010). This work will take us to the USA, from where — according to Sarah Croché (2011) — the new bases for a system of thought for higher education have been imported, a system of thought that is increasingly criticised and that favours competition and evaluation.
Vocabulary Learning through Assisted and Unassisted Repeated Reading
Authors: Webb Stuart , Chang Anna C-S
Published: June 2012

Abstract:

Previous research investigating the effects of unassisted and assisted repeated reading has primarily focused on how each approach may contribute to improvement in reading comprehension and fluency. Incidental learning of the form and meaning of unknown or partially known words encountered through assisted and unassisted repeated reading has yet to be examined in an ecologically valid context. This study investigated the effects of assisted and unassisted repeated reading on incidental vocabulary learning with beginner readers over two seven-week periods. A total of 82 students who were 15–16 years old and studying English as a foreign language in Taiwan read or read and listened to 28 short texts several times. To measure the effects of each condition, a modified vocabulary-knowledge scale was used in a pre-test and post-test design. The results indicated that both types of repeated reading contributed to vocabulary learning with assisted repeated reading leading to significantly greater vocabulary knowledge. The implications for the development of reading skills and vocabulary size are discussed in detail.
L’utilisation d’une mesure de la mémoire phonologique auprès d’une population d’enfants linguistiquement hétérogène
Authors: Fortier Véronique , Simard Daphnée , French Leif
Published: June 2012

Résumé:

Cette étude avait comme objectif de mettre à l’essai une tâche de répétition de non-mots destinée à une population francophone auprès d’une population dont la langue d’origine n’est pas le français. Un groupe de locuteurs de langues d’origine (n = 27) a été apparié à un groupe de locuteurs natifs du français (n = 27) possédant des connaissances lexicales réceptives comparables. Nous avons comparé les résultats des deux groupes à une tâche de répétition de non-mots. Les résultats des analyses de variance indiquent que les participants de langues d’origine ont obtenu des résultats équivalents à ceux des locuteurs natifs, et ce malgré le fait que leur langue d’origine ne soit pas celle à partir de laquelle les non-mots ont été construits. Cette étude met en lumière la possibilité d’utilisation d’une tâche de répétition de non-mots auprès d’une population linguistiquement hétérogène, tout en fournissant des pistes de réflexion relativement à l’unité de mesure qui devrait être privilégiée, soit la mesure de syllabes réussies, afin de tenter de limiter le plus possible l’influence de différents facteurs pouvant intervenir lors de la réalisation de la tâche.
The Commemorative Ceremonies of the Expellees: Tag der Heimat and Volkstrauertag
Authors: Luppes Jeffrey
Published: June 2012

This article discusses the respective origins and developments of the German expellee organizations' chief days of commemoration, the Tag der Heimat and the Volkstrauertag, and investigates key elements of the commemorative ceremonies that take place on these occasions, in particular, their liturgical setups, thematic mottos, recitations of Totenehrungen, and the performance of "Ich hatt' einen Kameraden." Despite assertions that the expulsion has been insufficiently commemorated in the Federal Republic, and in spite of recent calls for a national day of remembrance to rectify this commemorative lacuna, this article shows how the expulsion has been memorialized on various levels for decades. Moreover, it argues that the expellee organizations' historical narratives have been one-sided and de-contextualized and sheds light on how the ceremonies bring these understandings of the past to life by highlighting German wartime suffering.
SD118-Xanthocillin X (1), a Novel Marine Agent Extracted from Penicillium commune, Induces Autophagy through the Inhibition of the MEK/ERK Pathway
Authors: Zhao Ying , Chen Huan , Shang Zhuo , Jiao Binghua , Yuan Bin , Sun Weizhang , Wang Bingui , Miao Mingyong , Huang Caiguo
Published: June 2012

A compound named SD118-xanthocillin X (1) (C18H12N2O2), isolated from Penicillium commune in a deep-sea sediment sample, has been shown to inhibit the growth of several cancer cell lines in vitro. In the present study, we employed a growth inhibition assay and apoptotic analysis to identify the biological effect and detailed mechanism of SD118-xanthocillin X (1) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. SD118-xanthocillin X (1) demonstrated a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the growth of HepG2 cells and caused slight cellular apoptosis and significantly induced autophagy. Autophagy was detected as early as 12 h by the conversion of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3-I) to LC3-II, following cleavage and lipid addition to LC3-I. The pharmacological autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine largely attenuates the growth inhibition and autophagic effect of SD118-xanthocillin X (1) in HepG2 cells. Our data also indicated that the autophagic effect of SD118-xanthocillin X (1) occurs via the down-regulation of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway and the up-regulated class III PI3K/Beclin 1 signaling pathway.
Le traitement médiatique des affaires de délits d'initiés
Authors: Bouthinon-Dumas Hugues
Published: June 2012

Les affaires de délits d’initiés retiennent volontiers l’attention des médias. Si cette médiatisation a le mérite de constituer une sanction redoutable, susceptible de dissuader les intervenants sur les marchés de commettre des abus de marché, elle peut aussi représenter une atteinte illégitime aux droits des personnes mises en cause et des entreprises citées. Une étude empirique des articles consacrés à ce genre d’affaires par deux journaux de référence, Le Monde et Les Échos , permet de mettre en évidence que la médiatisation des enquêtes et des procédures en cours est disproportionnée par rapport aux informations données sur les condamnations et les mises hors de cause. En outre, l’étude de la manière dont les affaires sont rapportées dans la presse met en lumière de nombreuses formes d’atteintes à la présomption d’innocence. Ces constats conduisent à recommander un traitement médiatique plus équilibré et plus scrupuleux des affaires. C’est à cette condition que l’on peut attendre des médias qu’ils apportent utilement une contribution méconnue à la régulation des marchés financiers.
Leishmania donovani Exploits Host Deubiquitinating Enzyme A20, a Negative Regulator of TLR Signaling, To Subvert Host Immune Response
Authors: Srivastav Supriya , Kar Susanta , Chande Ajit G. , Mukhopadhyaya Robin , Das Pijush K.
Published: June 2012

TLRs, which form an interface between mammalian host and microbe, play a key role in pathogen recognition and initiation of proinflammatory response thus stimulating antimicrobial activity and host survival. However, certain intracellular pathogens such as Leishmania can successfully manipulate the TLR signaling, thus hijacking the defensive strategies of the host. Despite the presence of lipophosphoglycan, a TLR2 ligand capable of eliciting host-defensive cytokine response, on the surface of Leishmania, the strategies adopted by the parasite to silence the TLR2-mediated proinflammatory response is not understood. In this study, we showed that Leishmania donovani modulates the TLR2-mediated pathway in macrophages through inhibition of the IKK–NF-κB cascade and suppression of IL-12 and TNF-α production. This may be due to impairment of the association of TRAF6 with the TAK–TAB complex, thus inhibiting the recruitment of TRAF6 in TLR2 signaling. L. donovani infection drastically reduced Lys 63-linked ubiquitination of TRAF6, and the deubiquitinating enzyme A20 was found to be significantly upregulated in infected macrophages. Small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of A20 restored the Lys 63-linked ubiquitination of TRAF6 as well as IL-12 and TNF-α levels with a concomitant decrease in IL-10 and TGF-β synthesis in infected macrophages. Knockdown of A20 led to lower parasite survival within macrophages. Moreover, in vivo silencing of A20 by short hairpin RNA in BALB/c mice led to increased NF-κB DNA binding and host-protective proinflammatory cytokine response resulting in effective parasite clearance. These results suggest that L. donovani might exploit host A20 to inhibit the TLR2-mediated proinflammatory gene expression, thus escaping the immune responses of the host.
Top to bottom geophysical perspective on Purcell Anticlinorium architecture, British Columbia
Authors: Thomas M D
Published: June 2012

The presentation "Top to Bottom Geophysical Perspective on Purcell Anticlinorium Architecture, British Columbia" was one of eight presentations in the program that constituted the short course "The Wealth of Basins". The availability of the PowerPoint file was
announced to participants, several of whom requested copies. It was intended at the time to follow up with a set of brief slide notes that could again be made available on request. Given the large number of slides that covered a broad spectrum of geophysical applications, and because of the
specialized nature of the subject matter, it was decided to make descriptions more robust than originally intended, thereby providing, together with the slide images, a fairly comprehensive overview of the utility of geophysics in the Purcell anticlinorium. It was felt that such documentation would
provide a foundation in geophysics for anyone involved in geological studies or exploration within the anticlinorium.
Canadian Hazards Information Service automated public earthquake information via social network messaging
Authors: Edwards W N , Hayek K , Majewski C
Published: June 2012

In the wake of the Val-des-Bois 5.0 Mw earthquake on June 23, 2010, the Canadian Hazards Information Service (CHIS) and EarthquakesCanada identified a need to rapidly disseminate earthquake information to the general population after a seismic event. In response,
an automated process was developed, tested and implemented by which the continuous stream of seismic event solutions generated by the automated location algorithm AUTOLOC are screened. Automated seismic event solutions are reviewed to determine their robustness and filtered using a series of
physically and statistically-based criteria and thresholds. Robust seismic events greater than magnitude 4.0 located within Canada trigger automatic alerts to on-duty seismologists and generate automatic notifications in both official languages to be sent directly to the public via the social
networking service Twitter from @CANADAquakes and @CANADAseisme. Rates and accuracies of these automated notifications were tested with a series of simulations using six years of automated AUTOLOC solutions and the seismologist reviewed Canadian National Seismic Network (CNSN) earthquake catalogue.
Early results of the implemented real-time system show a good correspondence between predicted and actual notification posting rates and the event magnitude accuracy.
Electron radiation belt data assimilation with an ensemble Kalman filter relying on the Salammbô code
Authors: Bourdarie S. A. , Maget V. F.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. In this study we implement a data assimilation tool using a 3-D radiation belt model and an ensemble Kalman filter approach. High time and space reanalysis of the electron radiation belt fluxes is obtained over the time period 5 October to 25 October 1990 by combining sparse observations with the Salammbô 3-D model in an optimal way. The convergence of the ensemble Kalman filter is analyzed carefully. The risk of using a biased physical model is discussed and relative consequences are highlighted. Finally, a validation against CRRES data and major improvements compared to pure physics based model are presented.
GEWEX Cloud System Study (GCSS) cirrus cloud working group: development of an observation-based case study for model evaluation
Authors: Yang H. , Dobbie S. , Mace G. G. , Ross A. , Quante M.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The GCSS working group on cirrus focuses on an inter-comparison of model simulations ranging from very detailed microphysical and dynamical models through to general circulation models (GCMs). The past GCSS cirrus cloud inter-comparison highlighted the wide range in modelling results that was a surprise to the modelling community. That inter-comparison was idealised and, therefore, a key issue was that it did not benefit from observations to help distinguish between model performances. In this work, we aim to address this key issue by developing an observationally based case study to be used for the GCSS cirrus modelling inter-comparison study. We focused on developing a case that had sufficient observations with which to evaluate models, to help identify which models in the inter-comparison are performing well and highlight areas for model development. Furthermore, it will provide a base case for future model comparisons or testing of new or updated models. This paper outlines the modelling case development and the inter-comparison results will be presented in a follow-on paper. The case was based on the 9 March 2000 Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) during an intensive observation period (IOP). The case was developed utilising various observations including ARM SGP remote sensing including the MilliMeter Cloud Radar (MMCR), radiometers, radiosondes, aircraft observations, satellite observations, objective analysis and complemented with results from the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) model as well as bespoke gravity wave simulations used to provide the best estimate for large scale forcing. The retrievals of ice water content, ice number concentration and fall velocity provide several constraints to evaluate model performances. Initial testing of the case has been reported using the UK Met Office Large Eddy Simulation Model (LEM) which suggests the case is appropriate for the model inter-comparison study. To our knowledge, this case offers the most detailed case study for cirrus comparison available and we anticipate this will offer significant benefits over past comparisons which have mostly been loosely based on observations.
A data based mechanistic real-time flood forecasting module for NFFS FEWS
Authors: Leedal D. , Weerts A. H. , Smith P. J. , Beven K. J.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The data based mechanistic (DBM) approach for identifying and estimating rainfall to level, and level to level models has been shown to perform well for flood forecasting in several studies. The DELFT-FEWS open shell operational flood forecasting system provides a framework linking hydrological/meteorological real-time data, real-time forecast models, and a human/computer interaction interface. This infrastructure is used by the UK National Flood Forecasting System (NFFS) and the European Flood Alert System (EFAS) among others. The open shell nature of the FEWS framework has been specifically designed to make it easy to add new forecasting models written as FEWS modules. This paper shows the development of the DBM forecast model as a FEWS module and presents results for the Eden catchment (Cumbria UK) as a case study.
Performing Bronchoalveolar Lavage in the Mouse
Authors: Daubeuf François , Frossard Nelly
Published: June 2012

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a simple technique commonly used in humans to sample the contents of the epithelial lining fluid and determine the cellular and molecular composition of the pulmonary airways. In murine models, BAL makes it possible to sample immunological and inflammatory cell populations; it is indispensable for studying cell influx in disease models of the airways such as asthma and COPD. Cell counts can be combined with methods such as ELISA, immunoblot, immunohistochemistry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and HPLC to assess such inflammatory components as cytokines, growth factors, analytes, and receptors expressed at the cell membrane. Performing BAL in a reproducible manner is a hallmark of airway research in the mouse. Several procedures may be implemented. This unit describes a basic, rapid, inexpensive, and highly reproducible procedure to collect BAL fluid and cells that can be counted efficiently and reproducibly. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 2:167‐175 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stereospecific Reduction of Methyl o‐Chlorobenzoylformate at 300 g⋅L−1 without Additional Cofactor using a Carbonyl Reductase Mined from Candida glabrata
Authors: Ma Hongmin , Yang Linlin , Ni Yan , Zhang Jie , Li Chun‐Xiu , Zheng Gao‐Wei , Yang Huaiyu , Xu Jian‐He
Published: June 2012

In order to search for oxidoreductases suitable for the preparation of methyl (R)‐o‐chloromandelate [(R)‐CMM], the key intermediate for clopidogrel, the homologous proteins of Gre2p were expressed in Escherichia coli, among which CgKR1 showed the most satisfactory activity and stereoselectivity towards methyl o‐chlorobenzoylformate (CBFM). Using the crude enzyme of CgKR1 and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), as much as 300 g⋅L−1 of CBFM was almost stoichiometrically converted to (R)‐CMM with excellent enantiomeric excess (98.7% ee). More importantly, the reaction could be performed without external addition of an expensive cofactor. The substrate profile indicates that keto esters serve as the most suitable substrate, which was confirmed by gram‐scale preparations. Homology modeling and docking analysis revealed the molecular basis for the high stereoselectivity of CgKR1. These demonstrate not only the feasibility of in silico mining of novel enzymes based on sequence homology but also the applicability of this new reductase for the practical production of optically active (R)‐CMM.
Three‐Step One‐Pot Synthesis of Imidazo[2,1‐b]chalcogenazoles via Intramolecular Cyclization of N‐Alkynylimidazoles
Authors: Roehrs Juliano Alex , Pistoia Renan P. , Back Davi F. , Zeni Gilson
Published: June 2012

Imidazo‐chalcogenazoles are easily accessible from the corresponding N‐alkynylimidazoles by a three‐step, one‐pot chalcogenation reaction. The generality of this reaction has been established with various substituted N‐alkynylimidazoles as well as elemental chalcogens. By accessing the key intermediate 2‐chalcogenolate‐N‐alkynylimidazole it was also possible to prepare dichalcogenide derivatives.
Selbstorganisierte Multivalenz: dynamische Ligandenanordnungen für hochaffine Bindungen
Authors: Barnard Anna , Smith David K.
Published: June 2012

Die Anwendung multivalenter Wechselwirkungen ist eine leistungsfähige Strategie biologischer Systeme, um eine hochaffine molekulare Erkennung zu erzielen. Seit kurzem richtet die Aufmerksamkeit der Synthesechemie vermehrt auf die selbstorganisierte anstelle einer kovalenten Synthese zur Anordnung von Liganden. Dieser Ansatz bietet mehrere Vorteile, z. B. eine einfache Synthese/Assemblierung, gezielt einstellbare Morphologien und Liganden, die Möglichkeit zum Einbau mehrerer aktiver Einheiten und die responsive Natur der Selbstorganisation. Wir zeigen, dass selbstorganisierte Multivalenz eine Strategie mit fundamentaler Bedeutung für den Entwurf synthetischer Nanosysteme ist, die in biologische Reaktionswege eingreifen können und potenzielle Anwendungen in der Nanomedizin finden.
The effects of gas counter pressure and mold temperature variation on the surface quality and morphology of the microcellular polystyrene foams
Authors: Chen Shia‐Chung , Hsu Ping‐Shun , Hwang Shyh‐Shin
Published: June 2012

In this study, we developed a foaming control system using the Gas Counter Pressure (GCP) combined with mold temperature control during the microcellular injection molding (MuCell) process and investigated its influence on the parts' surface quality and foams structures. The results revealed that under GCP control alone when GCP is greater than 10 MPa, part surface roughness for transparent polystyrene (PS) improved by 90%. When GCP increased, the skin thickness also increased, the weight reduction decreased and the average cell size reduced to about 30 μm. For black PS parts, when GCP is greater than 10 MPa, the part gloss reaches the same value as that molded by conventional injection molding. By increasing gas holding time, the cell density decreased and the cell size distribution became more uniform. The increase in amount of supercritical fluid foaming agent also increased the cell density. Applying mold temperature control alone with temperature in the range of 90–120°C (near Tg), the surface roughness improved by 65%. Increasing mold temperature decreased the skin thickness; however, the cell size distribution became significantly nonuniform. It was found that thin skin, small and uniform cell size as well as good surface quality can be achieved efficiently by simultaneous combining of GCP and mold temperature control. The proposed innovative approach may lead to a significant improvement and a more broad application for MuCell process. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Evaluation of cure state of vinylester resins
Authors: Acha Betiana A. , Carlsson Leif A.
Published: June 2012

The objective of this investigation is to characterize the effect of time and moisture on the degree of cure of two room temperature (RT)‐curable vinylester resins (VE), VE8084, and VE510A. Both resins were cured at RT for 24 h. Following the initial cure, some specimens were cured at RT over an extended period of time; others were immersed in seawater or a humidity chamber (85% RH) at 50°C, or post‐cured (PC) at elevated temperatures. Dynamic‐mechanic analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry techniques were performed to characterize the degree of cure. The degree of cure for 24 h RT‐cured and seawater exposed specimens ranged from 83 to 86% for VE510A and from 86 to 93% for VE8084. After PC at elevated temperature, or exposure to 85% RH at 50°C, the degree of cure of both resins increased to about 99–100%. Analysis of the viscoelastic response of the resins by DMA revealed two heterogeneous transitions for partially cured VE resins and a single transition for fully cured resins. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Deinked and acetylated fiber of newspapers
Authors: Nedjma Samira , Djidjelli Hocine , Boukerrou Amar , Benachour Djafer , Chibani Nacera
Published: June 2012

Recently, the incorporation of lignocellulosic materials as reinforcing agents or as fillers in polymer composites has received an increased attention. Although natural fibers have a number of advantages over glass fibers, the strong polar character of their surface is a limiting factor, as compatibility with strongly apolar thermoplastic matrices is very low. Such problems of incompatibility may be overcome with fiber pretreatments, which can enhance compatibility, albeit having a negative impact on the economics. In this study, the newspaper is deinked and acetylated. The effect of esterification between the acetyl groups and the hydroxyl groups of the fiber was examined by Fourier transform infrared. X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the crystallinity and the surface morphology of the untreated deinked and acetylated fibers (newspaper). The thermal stability of deinked and acetylated fibers was slightly decreased. It was also shown that the deinking increased the crystallinity of newspaper fibers while acetylating decreased this crystallinity. Cellulose acetate is one of the most important cellulose derivatives and its main applications are its use in composites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Morphology and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy of ternary polymer blends of polyamide6, polypropylene, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene co‐polymer: Influence of compatibilizer and multiwall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Panda Biswajit , Bhattacharyya Arup R. , Kulkarni Ajit R.
Published: June 2012

Morphological investigation was carried out with melt‐mixed ternary polymer blends of polyamide6 (PA6), polypropylene (PP) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer (ABS) in the presence of compatibilizer and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). 80/10/10 (wt/wt/wt) PA6/PP/ABS and 80/10/10 (wt/wt/wt) PP/PA6/ABS blends exhibited “core‐shell” morphology, whereas 80/10/10 (wt/wt/wt) ABS/PP/PA6 blends exhibited “separately dispersed” phase morphology. The type of phase morphology was unaltered in the presence of either compatibilizer or MWNTs in the respective ternary polymer blends. The morphological refinement in the presence of compatibilizer was explained on the basis of melt‐interfacial reaction. In contrast, the refinement in the dispersed droplets in the presence of MWNTs was due to the localization of MWNTs in the specific phase. Dynamic relaxation spectroscopic analysis indicated an increase in the relaxation time of PA6 chain in the presence of compatibilizer in the corresponding ternary blends. The variation in the relaxation time was dependent on the efficiency of the compatibilizer. The variation in the relaxation time for PA6 in the presence of 1 wt% MWNTs in the respective ternary blends also followed a similar trend; however, the extent of mobility of PA6 phase was influenced by the state of dispersion of MWNTs in the corresponding blends. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis, characterization, and anticoagulant activity of carboxymethyl starch sulfates
Authors: Fan Lihong , Gong Yugui , Cao Mi , Gao Song , Sun Yi , Chen Lingyun , Zheng Hua , Xie Weiguo
Published: June 2012

To develop a renewable and compatible anticoagulant as potential heparin alternative, carboxymethyl starch sulfate (CMSS) was prepared by the reaction of carboxymethyl starch (CMS) and sulfating reagent [N(SO3Na)3]. The chemical structures of CMS and CMSS were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. The influences of reaction parameters, including the pH of sulfating reagent, the molar ratio of sulfating reagent to CMS, reaction time, and temperature on the degree of substitution of sulfate groups (DS) of CMSS were studied. Meantime, the DS of each CMSS was determined by barium sulfate–glutin nephelometery method. Moreover, the anticoagulant activity of CMSS was investigated by the coagulation assays of activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and prothrombin time. The results revealed that the anticoagulant activity of CMSS was closely related to the DS value and concentration. The anticoagulant activity was promoted with the increasing of the DS and concentration. The molecular weight (Mw) in measured range had little impact on anticoagulant activity in contract to the DS and concentration. In this article, the CMSS with the DS of 1.91, concentration of 75 μg/mL and the Mw of 2.61 × 104 had the best blood anticoagulant activities. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effect of polyarylene ether nitriles on processing and mechanical behaviors of phthalonitrile‐epoxy copolymers and glass fiber laminated composites
Authors: Zhao Xin , Guo Heng , Lei Yajie , Zhao Rui , Zhong Jiachun , Liu Xiaobo
Published: June 2012

A series of copolymers and glass fiber composites were successfully prepared from 2,2‐bis [4‐(3,4‐dicyanophenoxy) phenyl] propane (BAPh), epoxy resins E‐44 (EP), and polyarylene ether nitriles (PEN) with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulfone as curing additive. The gelation time was shortened from 25 min to 4 min when PEN content was 0 wt % and 15 wt %, respectively. PEN could accelerate the crosslinking reaction between the phthalonitrile and epoxy. The initial decomposition temperatures (Ti) of BAPh/EP copolymers and glass fiber composites were all more than 350°C in nitrogen. The Tg of 15 wt % PEN glass fiber composites increased by 21.2°C compared with that of in comparison with BAPh/EP glass fiber composite. The flexural strength of the copolymers and glass fiber composites reached 119.8 MPa and 698.5 MPa which increased by 16.6 MPa and 127.3 MPa in comparison with BAPh/EP composite, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Highly Carboxylic‐Acid‐Functionalized Ethane‐Bridged Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas: Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Properties
Authors: Kao Hsien‐Ming , Chung Chih‐Hsuan , Saikia Diganta , Liao Shih‐Hsiang , Chao Pei‐Ying , Chen Yu‐Han , Wu Kevin C.‐W.
Published: June 2012

Functionalization of periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) with high loadings of pendant organic groups to form bifunctional PMOs with ordered mesostructures remains a challenging objective. Herein, we report that well‐ordered ethane‐bridged PMOs functionalized with exceptionally high loadings of pendant carboxylic acid groups (up to 80 mol % based on silica) were synthesized by the co‐condensation of 1,4‐bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane (BTME) and carboxyethylsilanetriol sodium salt (CES) with Pluronic P123 as the template and KCl as an additive under acidic conditions. The bifunctional materials were characterized by using a variety of techniques, including powder X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen‐adsorption/desorption, TEM, and solid‐state 13C and 29Si NMR spectroscopy. Zeta‐potential measurements showed that the surface negative charges increased with increasing the CES content. This property makes them potential candidates for applications in drug adsorption. The excellent adsorption capacity of these bifunctional PMOs towards an anticancer drug (doxorubicin) was also demonstrated.
Alcohol‐Processable Organic Amorphous Electrolytes as an Effective Electron‐Injection Layer for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Liu Gang , Li Yan‐Hu , Tan Wan‐Yi , He Zhi‐Cai , Wang Xiao‐Tie , Zhang Chi , Mo Yue‐Qi , Zhu Xu‐Hui , Peng Junbiao , Cao Yong
Published: June 2012

A new series of monoammonium‐based organic electrolytes with the tetrafluoroborate (BF4−) counteranion have been synthesized. Replacing the pendant ethyl groups in the fluorenyl unit with 4‐ethoxyphenyl groups dramatically improves both solubility and morphological stability. The characterization of the alcohol‐processable amorphous ionic compounds as an electron‐injection layer in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) reveals that the organic electrolyte that comprises a rigid linear‐conjugated unit provides better device performance, with respect to its counterpart containing a branched bulky moiety. The capability of these compounds to facilitate electron injection from air‐stable aluminum metal is preliminarily discussed on the basis of the investigations of the electron‐only devices and photovoltaic experiments.
ExtendedPoisson process modelling and analysis of grouped binary data
Authors: Faddy Malcolm J. , Smith David M.
Published: June 2012

A simple extension of thePoisson process results in binomially distributed counts of events in a time interval. A further extension generalises this to probability distributions under‐ or over‐dispersed relative to the binomial distribution. Substantial levels of under‐dispersion are possible with this modelling, but only modest levels of over‐dispersion – up toPoisson‐like variation. Although simple analytical expressions for the moments of these probability distributions are not available, approximate expressions for the mean and variance are derived, and used to re‐parameterise the models. The modelling is applied in the analysis of two published data sets, one showing under‐dispersion and the other over‐dispersion. More appropriate assessment of the precision of estimated parameters and reliable model checking diagnostics follow from this more general modelling of these data sets.
Multi‐dimensional fractionation and characterization of crude protein mixtures: Toward establishment of a database of protein purification process development parameters
Authors: Nfor Beckley K. , Ahamed Tangir , Pinkse Martijn W.H. , van der Wielen Luuk A.M. , Verhaert Peter D.E.M. , van Dedem Gijs W.K. , Eppink Michel H.M. , van de Sandt Emile J.A.X. , Ottens Marcel
Published: June 2012

A multi‐dimensional fractionation and characterization scheme was developed for fast acquisition of the relevant molecular properties for protein separation from crude biological feedstocks by ion‐exchange chromatography (IEX), hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), and size‐exclusion chromatography. In this approach, the linear IEX isotherm parameters were estimated from multiple linear salt‐gradient IEX data, while the nonlinear IEX parameters as well as the HIC isotherm parameters were obtained by the inverse method under column overloading conditions. Collected chromatographic fractions were analyzed by gel electrophoresis for estimation of molecular mass, followed by mass spectrometry for protein identification. The usefulness of the generated molecular properties data for rational decision‐making during downstream process development was equally demonstrated. Monoclonal antibody purification from crude hybridoma cell culture supernatant was used as case study. The obtained chromatographic parameters only apply to the employed stationary phases and operating conditions, hence prior high throughput screening of different chromatographic resins and mobile phase conditions is still a prerequisite. Nevertheless, it provides a quick, knowledge‐based approach for rationally synthesizing purification cascades prior to more detailed process optimization and evaluation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 3070–3083. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Peptide Bicycles that Inhibit the Grb2 SH2 Domain
Authors: Quartararo Justin S. , Wu Pianpian , Kritzer Joshua A.
Published: June 2012

Developing short peptides into useful probes and therapeutic leads remains a difficult challenge. Structural rigidification is a proven method for improving the properties of short peptides. In this work, we report a strategy for stabilizing peptide macrocycles by introducing side‐chain‐to‐side‐chain staples to produce peptide bicycles with higher affinity, selectivity, and resistance to degradation. We have applied this strategy to G1, an 11‐residue peptide macrocycle that binds the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of growth‐factor‐bound protein 2 (Grb2). Several homodetic peptide bicycles were synthesized entirely on‐resin with high yields. Two rounds of iterative design produced peptide bicycle BC1, which is 60 times more potent than G1 and 200 times more selective. Moreover, BC1 is completely intact after 24 hours in buffered human serum, conditions under which G1 is completely degraded. Our peptide‐bicycle approach holds promise for the development of selective inhibitors of SH2 domains and other phosophotyrosine (pTyr)‐binding proteins, as well as inhibitors of many other protein–protein interactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Tailormade Bi4MO4(PO4)2 Structural Type (M: Mg, Zn).
Authors: Endara Diana , Colmont Marie , Huve Marielle , Tricot Gregory , Carpentier Laurent , Mentre Olivier
Published: June 2012

The title compounds are synthesized by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of Bi2O3, MO (M: Zn, Mg), and (NH4)2HPO4 (850 °C, 96 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Highly Efficient Ca2SiO4:Eu2+ Green Emitting Phosphor by a Liquid Phase Precursor Method.
Authors: Luo Y. Y. , Jo D. S. , Senthil K. , Tezuka S. , Kakihana M. , Toda K. , Masaki T. , Yoon D. H.
Published: June 2012

The title phosphor is synthesized by conventional solid state reaction, a new liquid phase precursor approach using SiO2 sol, and a liquid phase precursor approach using a water‐soluble silicon compound (obtained from Si(OEt)4, propylene glycol, and HCl at 80 °C for 48 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of the R6Si4Se17 (R: La and Ce) Compounds.
Authors: Marchuk O. V. , Daszkiewicz M. , Gulay L. D. , Kaczorowski D.
Published: June 2012

The title compounds are characterized by powder and single crystal XRD and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Cation‐Induced Synthesis of New Polyoxopalladates.
Authors: Wang Bo , et al. et al.
Published: June 2012

Compounds (IV), (VI), and (VIII) are characterized by single crystal XRD, FTIR, UV/VIS, and ESI‐MS.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction in Aqueous Conditions Using a Chiral Iron(II) Bipyridine Catalyst.
Authors: Ollevier Thierry , Plancq Baptiste
Published: June 2012

The Fe‐catalyzed Mukaiyama aldol reaction of aromatic silyl enol ethers with aldehydes proceeds in aqueous solvent to give the product β‐hydroxy ketones (III) and (V) with moderate to high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities (up to 98% e.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of 1‐Nitrobicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes and Fused Isoxazoline‐N‐oxides from Primary Nitro Compounds.
Authors: Kamimura Akio , Takeuchi Ryota , Ikeda Kosuke , Moriyama Takaaki , Sumimoto Michinori
Published: June 2012

Treatment of nitroalkenes of type (III) with Ag2O, I2, and DBU allows a simple, new, and stereoselective access to nitrobicyclohexanes and/or fused isoxazoline‐N‐oxides.
ChemInform Abstract: C—H Functionalization of Tertiary Amines by Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions: Solvent‐Free Synthesis of α‐Aminonitriles and β‐Nitroamines under Aerobic Condition.
Authors: Alagiri Kaliyamoorthy , Prabhu Kandikere Ramaiah
Published: June 2012

MoO2(acac)2 is an efficient catalyst for synthesis of α‐aminonitriles by oxidative cyanation of tertiary amines (I), (VI), and (XI), whilst vanadium pentoxide is a good catalyst for the aza‐Henry reaction of amines (Ib) and (VI) with nitroalkanes.
ChemInform Abstract: Cross‐Metathesis of Allyl Halides with Olefins Bearing Amide and Ester Groups.
Authors: Yun Jeong In , Kim Hyoung Rae , Kim Sang Kyum , Kim Deukjoon , Lee Jongkook
Published: June 2012

Several effects that influence the title reactions are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Acyl DBN Tetraphenylborate Salts as N‐Acylating Agents.
Authors: Taylor James E. , Jones Matthew D. , Williams Jonathan M. J. , Bull Steven D.
Published: June 2012

The title salts (IVa)—(IVe) are efficient N‐acylating agents, which allow the convenient formation of a number of secondary and tertiary amides as well as acylated sulfonamides.