bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Violent Incidents in an Adolescent Forensic Unit
Authors: Kelsall M , Dolan M , Bailey S
Published: January 2017

Violent incidents in psychiatric institutions have been the focus of much study over the past few decades. But there has been little work looking at similar incidents in child and adolescent units. The authors set out to examine whether some of the patterns observed in adult populations are true of adolescent groups.

The Gardener Unit was considered appropriate in light of reports of a higher frequency of assaultative behaviour among younger clients and because of the nature of problems presented by clients needing a secure environment.

All violent incidents are automatically recorded. The violent incident register was examined between 1 June 1991 and 1 June 1992 and the information cross-checked with case notes and nursing reports. Demographic details, etc. were obtained from case notes.

The results indicated a slightly higher daily incident rate than adult studies. At least half of the population were involved in some form of violent episode over the 12-month period.

The majority of incidents were minor in nature. Nursing staff were the most frequent targets, although females showed an excess of inwardly directed aggression (self harm).

A prior history of violent behaviour did not serve as a realistic predictor of frequency of violent incidents in this study.

With increasing concern regarding the care of this disturbed group of young people, it was felt important to look closely at the nature of and handling of violent incidents on this unit. A second paper will consider in detail how these incidents were dealt with.
3. Forensic Investigations in an Arson Case
Authors: Gaur J R
Published: January 2017

A case of arson is presented from the State of Himachal Pradesh, India. The case was initially reported as an accidental fire due to electrical short circuiting but was suspected by the police to be arson as Government money worth 1.32 lakh rupees was also stated to have been burned in the fire. Forensic investigations proved the case to be arson but no currency notes had been burned in the fire.
Enzyme Histochemistry of the Liver in Autopsy Material at Different Post-Mortem Times
Authors: Mello De Oliveira Jose Alberto , Santos-Martin Carmen Cinira
Published: January 2017

The authors report the enzyme histochemistry of the liver obtained from autopsy material in 22 corpses (2 to 12 hours post-mortem) and performed to evaluate the sensitivity of enzyme activities to the autolysis process and the use of enzymes to estimate time in forensic pathology. The earliest sample was at 2 hours post-mortem; there was five cases up to 5 hours; eight cases up to 8 hours and eight cases up to 12 hours since death. Active phosphorylase (PHYLA a) and total phosphorylase (PHYLA t) were negative two hours after death. PHYLA t reaction represents the activity of PHYLA a increased with the inactive phosphorylase b which can be activated by the addition of ATP and Mg2+ to the incubation medium for phosphorylase a; this activation proved to be ineffective in the post-mortem periods of this study. Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P-A) also showed a tendency to be sensitive to the autolysis process, displaying a reaction progressively weaker or negative in the post-mortem periods of observation. The results indicate these enzymes as a possible tool to estimate time in forensic pathology deserving further investigation. Lactate dehydrogenase (L-D), α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α-GP-D) and β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (β-HOB-D) instead showed stronger reactions as the autolysis process evolved.
Approved Social Workers: Safety and Professional Support
Authors: Curran Christopher , Bingley William , Rodgers Elizabeth
Published: January 2017

The issue of violence and potential violence against Approved Social Workers (ASWs) cannot be discussed in isolation from its occurrence in mainstream social work. The contents of this article highlight some key issues, raise areas of concern and offer some constructive ideas regarding the planning of a strategy and policy for Approved Social Workers.
Forensic Psychiatry and Elderly People — A Retrospective Review
Authors: Farragher B , O'Connor A
Published: January 2017

Elderly offenders have rarely been studied. We describe a population of elderly offenders referred to a forensic psychiatric service over a 20-year period (1972–1992). Patients over 65 years charged with a criminal offence were eligible for inclusion. For the purpose of the study they were divided into four study groups. Demographic data, forensic and psychiatric history, alcohol abuse, charge and psychiatric diagnosis are reported. The possible reasons for the high proportion of sex offences are discussed. Difficulties were encountered in the transfer of longstay elderly offenders back to their local area. Finally, we recommend that most of the elderly patients referred to the forensic service for treatment would best be cared for in their local catchment area hospital rather than in a high security hospital.
Texas Statewide Hepatitis C Counseling and Testing, 2000–2005
Authors: Heseltine Gary , McFarlane Jenny
Published: January 2017

In 1999, the Texas legislature funded a statewide hepatitis C education and prevention program. Hepatitis training was incorporated into training for all human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), sexually transmitted disease (STD), and substance abuse counselors. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) counseling and HCV-antibody (anti-HCV) testing services were integrated into 20 HIV/STD service provider programs. Hepatitis C counseling and testing became available in 2000. Through 2005, 38,717 tests were administered, with 8,964 (23.2%) anti-HCV positive. Injection drug use was reported by 7,105 people (79.3%) who tested positive. In Texas, a state-initiated and almost entirely state-funded program supported statewide HCV counseling and anti-HCV testing among high-risk adults.
Does Integrating Viral Hepatitis Services into a Public STD Clinic Attract Injection Drug Users for Care?
Authors: Hennessy Robin R. , Weisfuse Isaac B. , Schlanger Karen
Published: January 2017

Objective.

Injection drug users (IDUs) are at high risk for multiple health problems, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), viral hepatitis, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and are likely to have poor access to health care. To more effectively serve high-risk clients, experts recommend that programs accessed by such client populations offer integrated services. In 2000, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene integrated viral hepatitis services (vaccine and screening) into a publicly funded STD clinic. We evaluated integrated service delivery to high-risk IDUs at this clinic.

Methods.

Hepatitis data were reviewed to identify clients who self-reported as IDUs. STD medical records of these clients were abstracted to ascertain primary reason for clinic visit, STD/HIV services received, and diagnoses made.

Results.

Between May 2000 and March 2004, 8,778 individuals received hepatitis services, of whom 3% (279/8,778) reported injection drug use. Nearly 60% (161/279) of IDUs reported availability of hepatitis services as the primary reason for the clinic visit. Of these 161 clients, 103 (64%) also received other services; 54% (55/103) had an STD exam (yielding 12 new STD diagnoses), and 59% (61/103) had HIV counseling and testing (yielding two new HIV cases). Of these 103 clients, 31 (30%) were referred to the clinic for hepatitis services from a drug treatment center, and 77% (24/31) tested positive for the antibody to hepatitis C virus.

Conclusions.

Integrated hepatitis services appeared to attract IDUs to this STD clinic, where many also benefited from STD/HIV exams, testing, treatment, and referrals they may not have received otherwise.
Viral Hepatitis Vaccination in an Opioid Treatment Program: Hartford, Connecticut, 2002–2005
Authors: McLaughlin Paul
Published: January 2017

Hartford Dispensary, a private, not-for-profit behavioral health care organization specializing in opioid treatment program services, serves more than 4,200 clients per day in seven licensed facilities. In May 2002, the Dispensary began offering free combined hepatitis A and B vaccine for all eligible clients in two Hartford clinics. Initial eligibility criteria required a client to be hepatitis C antibody positive, hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) negative, not pregnant, and not have a contraindication due to a medical condition.

From May 2002 through April 2005, 5,419 doses of combined vaccine were given. Of the 2,072 clients who received a first dose, 92% (1,914) received the second dose and 69% (1,433) completed the series. Long treatment duration, frequent client visits, availability of medical staff, and counseling support contributed to high rates of combined vaccine series completion in the two programs. Opioid treatment programs appear to be good settings in which to provide hepatitis vaccination for high-risk adults.
Promoting HCV Treatment Completion for Prison Inmates: New York State's Hepatitis C Continuity Program
Authors: Klein Susan J. , Wright Lester N. , Birkhead Guthrie S. , Mojica Benjamin A. , Klopf Linda C. , Klein Laurence A. , Tanner Ellen L. , Feldman Ira S. , Fraley Edward J.
Published: January 2017

This article describes the development of a statewide program providing continuity of hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment to prisoners upon release to the community. We discussed length of stay as a barrier to treatment with key collaborators; developed protocols, a referral process, and forms; mobilized staff; recruited heath-care facilities to accept referrals; and provided short-term access to HCV medications for inmates upon release. The Hepatitis C Continuity Program, including 70 prisons and 21 health-care facilities, is a resource for as many as 130 inmates eligible to start treatment annually. Health-care facilities provide fairly convenient access to 87.1% of releasees, and 100% offer integrated HCV-human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome care. As of March 2006, 24 inmates had been enrolled. The program was replicated in the New York City Rikers Island jail. The program is operational statewide, referrals sometimes require priority attention, and data collection and other details are still being addressed.
Barriers to Routine HIV Testing among Massachusetts Community Health Center Personnel
Authors: Mimiaga Matthew J. , Johnson Carey V. , Reisner Sari L. , VanDerwarker Rodney , Mayer Kenneth H.
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

We assessed the extent to which Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations have influenced routine HIV testing among Massachusetts community health center (CHC) personnel, and identified specific barriers and facilitators to routine testing.

Methods.

Thirty-one CHCs were enrolled in the study. We compared those that did and did not receive funding support from the federal Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program. An anonymous survey was administered to a maximum five personnel from each CHC, including a senior administrator, the medical director, and three medical providers. Overall, 137 participants completed the survey.

Results.

Among all CHCs, 53% of administrators reported having implemented routine HIV testing at their CHCs; however, only 33% of medical directors/providers reported having implemented routine HIV testing in their practices ( p<0.05). Among administrators, 60% of those from Ryan White-supported CHCs indicated that both they and their CHCs were aware of CDC's recommendations, compared with 27% of administrators from non-Ryan White-supported CHCs. The five most frequently reported barriers to the implementation of routine HIV testing were (1) constraints on providers' time (68%), (2) time required to administer counseling (65%), (3) time required to administer informed consent (52%), (4) lack of funding (35%), and (5) need for additional training (34%). In a multivariable logistic regression model, the provision of on-site HIV testing by nonmedical staff resulted in increased odds of conducting routine HIV testing (odds ratio [OR] = 9.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.77, 54.70). However, the amount of time needed to administer informed consent was associated with decreased odds of providing routine testing (OR=0.21, 95% CI 0.05, 0.92).

Conclusions.

Routine HIV testing is not currently being implemented uniformly among Massachusetts CHCs. Future efforts to increase implementation should address personnel concerns regarding time and staff availability.
Tuberculosis in Indigenous Peoples in the U.S., 2003–2008
Authors: Bloss Emily , Holtz Timothy H. , Jereb John , Redd John T. , Podewils Laura Jean , Cheek James E. , McCray Eugene
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

We examined trends and epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) across racial/ethnic groups to better understand TB disparities in the United States, with particular focus on American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) and Native Hawaiians/other Pacific Islanders (NH/PIs).

Methods.

We analyzed cases in the U.S. National Tuberculosis Surveillance System and calculated TB case rates among all racial/ethnic groups from 2003 to 2008. Socioeconomic and health indicators for counties in which TB cases were reported came from the Health Resources and Services Administration Area Resource File.

Results.

Among the 82,836 TB cases, 914 (1.1%) were in AI/ANs and 362 (0.4%) were in NH/PIs. In 2008, TB case rates for AI/ANs and NH/PIs were 5.9 and 14.7 per 100,000 population, respectively, rates that were more than five and 13 times greater than for non-Hispanic white people (1.1 per 100,000 population). From 2003 to 2008, AI/ANs had the largest percentage decline in TB case rates (–27.4%) for any racial/ethnic group, but NH/PIs had the smallest percentage decline (–3.5%). AI/ANs were more likely than other racial/ethnic groups to be homeless, excessively use alcohol, receive totally directly observed therapy, and come from counties with a greater proportion of people living in poverty and without health insurance. A greater proportion of NH/PIs had extrapulmonary disease and came from counties with a higher proportion of people with a high school diploma.

Conclusions.

There is a need to develop flexible TB-control strategies that address the social determinants of health and that are tailored to the specific needs of AI/ANs and NH/PIs in the U.S.
Disparities in Influenza Vaccination Coverage among Women with Live-Born Infants: PRAMS Surveillance during the 2009–2010 Influenza Season
Authors: Ahluwalia Indu B. , Ding Helen , Harrison Leslie , D'Angelo Denise , Singleton James A. , Bridges Carolyn ,   The PRAMS Influenza Working Group
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

Vaccination during pregnancy significantly reduces the risk of influenza illness among pregnant women and their infants up to 6 months of age; however, many women do not get vaccinated. We examined disparities in vaccination coverage among women who delivered a live-born infant during the 2009–2010 influenza season, when two separate influenza vaccinations were recommended.

Methods.

Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) data from 29 states and New York City, collected during the 2009–2010 influenza season, were used to examine uptake of seasonal (unweighted n=27,153) and pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (pH1N1) ( n=27,372) vaccination by racially/ethnically diverse women who delivered a live-born infant from September 1, 2009, through May 31, 2010.

Results.

PRAMS data showed variation in seasonal and pH1N1 influenza vaccination coverage among women with live-born infants by racial/ethnic group. For seasonal influenza vaccination, coverage was 50.5% for non-Hispanic white, 30.2% for non-Hispanic black, 42.1% for Hispanic, and 48.2% for non-Hispanic other women. For pH1N1, vaccination coverage was 41.4% for non-Hispanic white, 25.5% for non-Hispanic black, 41.1% for Hispanic, and 43.3% for non-Hispanic other women. Compared with non-Hispanic white women, non-Hispanic black women had lower seasonal (crude prevalence ratio [cPR] = 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55, 0.64) and pH1N1 (cPR=0.62, 95% CI 0.57, 0.67) vaccination coverage; these disparities diminished but remained after adjusting for provider recommendation or offer for influenza vaccination, insurance status, and demographic factors (seasonal vaccine: adjusted PR [aPR] = 0.80, 95% CI 0.74, 0.86; and pH1N1 vaccine: aPR=0.75, 95% CI 0.68, 0.82).

Conclusion.

To reduce disparities in influenza vaccination uptake by pregnant women, targeted efforts toward providers and interventions focusing on pregnant and postpartum women may be needed.
Development and Validation of an Instrument to Assess Imminent Risk of Homelessness among Veterans
Authors: Montgomery Ann Elizabeth , Fargo Jamison D. , Kane Vincent , Culhane Dennis P.
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

Veterans are overrepresented within the homeless population compared with their non-veteran counterparts, particularly when controlling for poverty. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) aims to prevent new episodes of homelessness by targeting households at greatest risk; however, there are no instruments that systematically assess veterans' risk of homelessness. We developed and tested a brief screening instrument to identify imminent risk of homelessness among veterans accessing VA health care.

Methods.

The study team developed initial assessment items, conducted cognitive interviews with veterans experiencing homelessness, refined pilot items based on veterans' and experts' feedback and results of psychometric analyses, and assigned weights to items in the final instrument to indicate a measure of homelessness risk.

Results.

One-third of veterans who responded to the field instrument reported imminent risk of homelessness (i.e., housing instability in the previous 90 days or expected in the next 90 days). The reliability coefficient for the instrument was 0.85, indicating good internal consistency. Veterans who had a recent change in income, had unpaid housing expenses, were living temporarily with family and friends, needed help to get or keep housing, and had poor rental and credit histories were more likely to report a risk of homelessness than those who did not.

Conclusion.

This study provides the field with an instrument to identify individuals and households at risk of or experiencing homelessness, which is necessary to prevent and end homelessness. In addition, it supports VA's investment in homelessness prevention and rapid rehousing services for veterans who are experiencing or are at risk for homelessness.
Effectiveness of the U.S. National HIV Testing Day Campaigns in Promoting HIV Testing: Evidence from CDC-Funded HIV Testing Sites, 2010
Authors: Van Handel Michelle , Mulatu Mesfin S.
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

We assessed if HIV testing and diagnoses increased during the week of National HIV Testing Day (NHTD) and if characteristics of people who were tested varied compared with control weeks.

Methods.

We analyzed HIV testing data from the 2010 National HIV Prevention Program Monitoring and Evaluation system to compare NHTD week (June 24–30, 2010) with two control weeks (January 7–13, 2010, and August 12–18, 2010) for the number of HIV testing events and new HIV-positive diagnoses, by demographics and other HIV-related variables. Characteristics associated with testing during NHTD week compared with control weeks were identified using Chi-square analyses.

Results.

In 2010, an average of 15,000 more testing events were conducted and 100 more new HIV-positive diagnoses were identified during NHTD week than during the control weeks ( p<0.001). Compared with control weeks, people tested during NHTD week were significantly less likely to be aged 20–29 years and non-Hispanic white and significantly more likely to be ( 1) aged ≥50 years, ( 2) non-Hispanic black or African American, ( 3) men who have sex with men, ( 4) low-risk heterosexuals, ( 5) tested with a rapid HIV test, or ( 6) tested in a non-health-care setting.

Conclusion.

In 2010, CDC-funded HIV testing events and new HIV-positive diagnoses increased during NHTD week compared with control weeks. HIV testing programs increased the use of rapid tests and returned a high percentage of test results. NHTD campaigns reached populations disproportionately affected by HIV and further expanded testing to people traditionally less likely to be tested. Incorporating strategies used during NHTD in programs conducted throughout the year may assist in increasing HIV testing and the number of HIV-positive diagnoses.
Change in Cotton, Linen, Rayon, and Cellulose Secondary Acetate with Temperature of Steaming
Authors: Ester Virginia C. , Gerber Ruth , Edgar Rachel
Published: January 2017

Reaction of woven cotton, linen, rayon, and cellulose secondary acetate with steam at three temperatures from 115.2° to 153.0° is measured, after rinsing of cloth in water, as amount of change in brightness, reducing action, weight, and wet strength of each polar polymer and change in acetyl of the cellulose secondary acetate. The trends of interdependence among these changes and the linearity of the relationship between logarithm of change and reciprocal of absolute temperature are compared as slopes.

Apparent energies of interaction are evaluated as parameters of the Arrhenius and Eyring equations for temperature dependence of rate of reaction under the assumption that increment in copper(II) reduced to copper (I) by residual fiber and decrement in acetyl of the cellulose secondary acetate were each directly proportionate to rate of reversible reaction. The logarithm of the pre-exponential parameter is shown to increase linearly with Arrhenius energy of activation as change in entropy increases linearly with change in enthalpy accompanying depolymerization of the bleached linen, bleached cotton, rayon, and desized unbleached cotton.
Urea in Reactive Dyeing
Authors: Kissa Erik
Published: January 2017

The effect of urea on formation and cleavage of a covalent bond between a reactive dye and cellulose has been investigated. The evidence presented is consistent with the view that urea increases the bonded dye yield by keeping the reactive dye in solution during the diffusion of the dye to its reaction site. Urea does not increase the water content of the fabric by retarding evaporation during drying; with urea, the water content of the fabric is lower. Urea can also decrease the bonded dye yield. In combination with alkali and heat, urea enhances cleavage of an ether-type dye-cellulose bond, but has only a slight effect on an ester-type bond. The over-all effect of urea on reactive dyeing is shown to depend upon the solvolytic stability of a dye-fiber bond under specific dyeing conditions.
Spinning of Fibers from Graft Copolymers of Polyacrylonitrile and Poly(Methyl Acrylate)
Authors: El-Garf Samy Abdel Monem
Published: January 2017

Fibers were spun from graft copolymers of polyacrylonitrile and poly(methyl acrylate). Increasing poly(methyl acrylate) side chains from 5 to 8% decreased the viscosity of the spinning solution in dimethylformamide. The spinning solutions were unstable. When the graft copolymer contained 5% side chains, the viscosity of these solutions returned to almost its initial value by heating.

Fibers were obtained from graft copolymers containing from 5–13% poly(methyl acrylate) side chains. These were formed at the temperature of the coagulation bath (50°C), while at temperatures less than 50°C the fibers were not obtained. Weak fibers were produced from a graft copolymer containing 13% side chains at the temperatures of the coagulation bath (20 and 50°C). No fibers were obtained from graft copolymer containing 25% side chains. The method of dissolution of the graft copolymers does affect the drawing of fibers produced from them. It was observed that the heating of the spinning solution decreases the amount of drawing of the produced fibers. The presence of the flexible side chains of poly(methyl acrylate) in the graft copolymer improves the maximum possible degree of drawing of the fibers relative to that of fibers from the initial linear copolymer and homopolyacrylonitrile.
Moisture-Related Properties of Cotton-Polyester Blend Fabrics
Authors: Harper R. J. , Bruno J. S. , Blanchard E. J. , Gautreaux G. A.
Published: January 2017

The moisture-related properties of a series of cotton-polyester blend broadcloths and sheetings were investigated. The composition of the broadcloth ranged from all-cotton to 68% polyester and 32% cotton, and the sheeting varied from all-cotton to 50% polyester and 50% cotton. The moisture properties measured were drop absorbency, wicking time, moisture regain, vapor transport, liquid transport, and total absorbency. The fabrics were tested untreated and finished with various durable-press treatments. Chemical additives either decreased or increased a number of measured moisture properties, some of which might be related to comfort.
Structural Studies in Continuous-Filament Yarns
Authors: Gupta Bhupender S. , Chang Pei-Tsing
Published: January 2017

In this paper the experimental work is extended to the study of the effect of fiber friction on migration behavior, which has been neglected in all past migration studies. The increased importance of this study lies in the fact that friction would be expected to influence only that portion of the total observed migration which results from the actual physical interchange of radial positions. The present study, thus, provided the effective means necessary to check the validity of the earlier conclusions reached concerning the nature and the magnitude of this migration. Fiber-to-fiber friction was varied by coating the nylon 66 filaments with a number of commercially available lubricating agents. In the first stage of the investigation the effect of the concentration of the various lubricants on the coefficient of fiber friction was determined. From these measurements a number of lubricating agents with certain concentrations to give desired values of friction were selected for the second stage— i.e. for final lubrication and twisting of yarns. The twisting apparatus described in Part I was modified to allow for both the lubrication and friction measurements in the first stage and the continuous lubrication and processing of yarns for migration studies in the final stage of investigation. The yarns were made by both the ribbon and the circular form of twisting methods. This study confirmed the earlier finding that in conventional commercial yarns, where a large magnitude of migration is generally observed, the migration which arises due to the actual physical interchange of positions during the process of yarn formation, and which would normally involve surface contacts and rubbing, is expected to be only a small proportion of the total. The major part is expected to be the consequence of the geometric mechanism and the “random” or still “undetermined” causes.
Flame-Resisting Wool with Halo-Organic Compounds
Authors: Thorsen W. J.
Published: January 2017

Several aromatic compounds have been synthesized and/or tested for their ability to flame-resist wool. Bromine is incorporated in the molecule to impart flame retardancy, sulfonic acid or other groups for water solubility or emulsifiability in aqueous systems, and nucleophilic or other reactive sites for the subsequent attachment of specialized fiber reactive groups to provide covalent bonding to wool where washfastness is desired. Flame resistance increases as the acidic nature of the molecule increases. Tribromometanilic acid and tetrabromophthalic acid, although not wash-fast, were the most promising of the compounds tested. Tribromometanilic acid is capable of flame-resisting wool fabrics which have been made shrink-resistant with ozone.
The Iodometric Determination of P(III) in Flame Retardants for Cotton
Authors: Frank Arlen W. , Vail Sidney L.
Published: January 2017

An iodometric method was developed for the determination of P(III) in cotton fabrics finished with Thpc/amide flame retardants. The method is applicable to a wide range of Thpc/amide resins, including those of urea, melamine, the cyclic ureas, and the carbamates, but not those of iodine-sensitive compounds such as thiourea, dihydroxyethyleneurea, or the triazones. The validity of the method was corroborated by experiments with the phosphorus-free resins and their precursors. The phosphorus in the Thpc/amide resins was found to be predominantly trivalent, surviving both the heat cure and the soap-soda boil largely intact.
Theoretical Considerations of Wrinkle Recovery for Blend Fabrics
Authors: Chapman B. M.
Published: January 2017

A theoretical relationship is derived for the wrinkle recovery of a fabric, constructed from a blend of two fiber types, as a function of both blend proportion and the properties of the two fabrics composed entirely of each separate component. It is shown that, in general, this relationship is not linear with blend proportion, as has often been expected, but is a monotonic curve, the curvature being controlled in nature and extent by the ratio of the bending stiffnesses of the two pure fabrics (defined under certain specified experimental conditions). By suitable choice of appropriate fiber and fabric parameters, the theory suggests ways to optimize the blend proportions. The theory is successfully applied to experimental data already published for a series of wool/polyester blend fabrics.
Inorganic Content of Cotton Dusts, Trash, and Bracts
Authors: Fornes R. E. , Gilbert R. D. , Sasser Preston
Published: January 2017

The exact etiological agents responsible for the biological effects of cotton dust are unidentified, but most investigators believe they are organic in nature. Inorganic compounds have not been considered as significant factors. However, cotton dusts, trash, and bracts have high inorganic contents (7–43% ash), as reported here; more importantly, aqueous extracts of the trash and bracts have inorganic contents as high as 65%, which means a significant amount (10–36%) of the inorganic compounds in trash or bract is water extractable. Elements present in the ash include: N2, Cl2, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, S, and O2. KCl and K2SO4 have been definitively identified. It is suggested that greater attention should be given to the inorganic nature of cotton dust in the etiology of byssinosis.
The Mechanism of Catalysis in the Crosslinking of Cotton with Formaldehyde
Authors: Meyer U. , Müller K. , Zollinger H.
Published: January 2017

Crosslinking of cotton cellulose with formaldehyde by the pad-dry-cure process has been studied kinetically. The reaction is catalyzed by hydroxonium ions, and this catalytic reaction accounts for more than 98% of all crosslinks formed. MgCl2 and mixtures of MgCl2 and tartaric acid have no detectable, direct catalytic effect but owe their activity to the fact that they bring about an increase in the concentration of hydroxonium ions under curing conditions.
Some Interactions of Water-Soluble Solutes with Cellulose and Sephadex
Authors: Rowland Stanley P. , Bertoniere Noelie R.
Published: January 2017

Elution of a variety of types of water-soluble solutes from gel-permeation columns of chopped native cotton and of Sephadex G-15 was studied. Evidence was obtained concerning (a) the fraction of internal water that is available as solvent water for selected types of solutes, (b) the sorption of strong donor and acceptor hydrogen-bonding solutes on cellulose and Sephadex surfaces, and (c) negative sorption (or repulsion) of carboxyl-containing solutes.
Selection of Process Conditions for Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Textile Yarn
Authors: Broderick T. , Broughton R.
Published: January 2017

A method is given for predicting birefringence, natural draw, and maximum elongation of continuous-filament polyethylene terephthalate) yarn when the take-up speed and spun denier are known. The method is accurate for yarns made from the normal molecular weight in common use in the industry and can be adjusted for any filament count. In addition, an approximation is given which is useful in choosing the proper draw ratio for draw texturizing.
Length-Change Phenomena Accompanying Liquid-Ammonia and Caustic Mercerization
Authors: Andrews F. R. , Hassenboehler C. B. , Nelson M. L. , Markezich A. R.
Published: January 2017

Changes in length of cotton yarns were monitored during treatment with liquid ammonia and with sodium hydroxide of mercerizing strength. Yarns were placed under levels of tension ranging from 1% to approximately 70% of average breaking strength, either before or after the swelling agent was applied. Some general relationships between method of treatment and the resulting yarn-length changes should be useful in understanding the physical changes that take place upon technical applications of mercerizing agents.
Ballistics of Transversely Impacted Fibers
Authors: Roylance David
Published: January 2017

The rate-independent theory of transverse impact of textile fibers is reviewed and cast in a form that provides convenient preliminary guidance to designers of impact-resistant textile structures. It is shown that energy-absorption rate increases monotonically with fiber modulus, but that decreased ductility at high modulus may result in an optimum fiber stiffness for transverse critical velocity. A reaction-rate fraction model is suggested as a means of rationalizing the observed variation in experimental transverse critical velocities.
Investigations into the Mechanisms of Flame Retardation on Wool
Authors: Gordon P. G. , McMahon D. T. W. , Stephens L. J.
Published: January 2017

A number of flame-retardant systems have been applied to wool, and their flame-inhibiting efficiencies in atmospheres containing oxygen and nitrous oxide have been compared in order to explore the mechanisms by which they operate. The retardant systems investigated include phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, and their ammonium salts, hexafluorophosphate, borax, boric acid, fluoroborate, antimony oxide/hydrochloric acid, hexafluorozirconate, hexafluorotitanate, hexafluorostannate, and dichromate. Most of the systems apparently operate in the solid phase though by different mechanisms. The antimony-based system inhibits in the gas phase. The chromium system, as well as catalyzing the thermal decomposition of wool, also inhibits gas-phase reactions, probably by a heterogeneous mechanism. Fluorostannate when padded onto wool also exhibits gase-phase inhibition properties, but when exhausted onto wool it appears to inhibit in the solid phase. The fluorotitanate treatment shows a dependence on the nature of the oxidizing atmosphere, but this may be due to the fact that a metal oxide-oxygen species complex is necessary for retardation. Fluorozirconate does not show the same dependence, though it is closely related chemically to the fluorotitanate system. A preliminary investigation has been made into the effectiveness of combinations of the padded fluorozirconate system with the sulfamic acid, fluoroborate, boric acid, and antimony oxide/hydrochloric acid systems.
Development of Resilience and Retention of Strength and Abrasion Resistance in Durable-Press-Treated Flame-Retardant Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Rowland Stanley P. , Mason John S.
Published: January 2017

Durable-press (DP) treatments were applied to cotton sheeting that was flame-retarded (FR) with 7 different types of commercial candidate finishes. The finishes, based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC), neutralized THPC (THPOH), Fyrol 76, and Pyrovatex CP were: THPOH-NH2, THPOH-urea-trimethylolmelamine, Proban-NH3, THPC-urea-Na2HPO4, Fyrol 76, Fyrol 76-N-methylolacrylamide, and Pyrovatex CP-methylolmelamine. Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea in conjunction with glycolic acid was employed for the DP treatment of each type of FR cotton at each of three levels of add-on. Textile performance properties of DP-FR cotton fabrics are reported as a function of add-on of each of the FR finishes. The relationships of retained strength and abrasion resistance to developed resilience are discussed.

Actual responses of the various types of FR cottons to DP treatments were quite different, but they were generally similar in that they showed decreased increments in DP appearance rating as the amount of FR agent on the fabric increased. Although some of the samples of DP-FR fabrics had DP appearance ratings that fell in an acceptable range (3.5-4.0), none exhibited a particularly attractive combination of resilience with retention of strength and abrasion resistance on this lightweight fabric. It is expected that overall performance would be better on heavier weight fabrics.
Interactions of Nonaqueous Solvents with Textile Fibers
Authors: Weigmann H.-D. , Scott M. G. , Ribnick A. S. , Matkowsky R. D.
Published: January 2017

Investigation of the temperature dependence of the coefficients of diffusion for dye in untreated and solvent-treated polyester yarns has shown that solvent treatments that increase dyeability do not change the dye-diffusion mechanism. The free-volume mechanism, which depends on polymer segmental mobility for the transport of dye through temporary holes, is operative in solvent-treated as in untreated polyester. The significant increase in dye-diffusion coefficients resulting from solvent treatment is attributed to increased segmental mobility in noncrystalline domains of the treated fiber. This increased segmental mobility is reflected in lowered α-dispersion temperatures, as determined from dynamic mechanical properties. Treatments with dimethylformamide and heat treatments at temperatures approximately 80°C higher both yield polyester yarns that have the same segmental mobility, as indicated by dynamic mechanical measurements, but the saturation dye uptake in the solvent-treated yarns is much higher. This increased amount of dye is believed to be held in voids in the fiber structure formed during solvent treatment. Diffuse scattering in small-angle x-ray diffraction patterns of solvent-treated yarns has been taken as evidence for the existence of such voids.
Effect of Glove Liners on Sweat Rate, Comfort, and Psychomotor Task Performance
Authors: Branson Donna H. , Abusamra Lynda , Hoener Carolyn , Rice Sandra
Published: January 2017

Military subjects participated in a study to evaluate four glove liners worn beneath chemical protective gloves, with regard to sweating of the hands, manual dexterity performance, and perceived comfort in a moderate thermal environment. Although there was a trend for subjects wearing the standard Army liner to experience the lowest sweat rate, the liner effect was not significant due to individual variation. No liner differences were found for manual dexterity performance, hand skin temperature, perceived temperature, and thermal comfort. Differences by liner were found for tactile descriptors used to assess liner comfort. Skin temperature, perceived temperature, and perceived thermal discomfort increased over the duration of the two-hour test, regardless of the liner worn.
Urban climate adaptation and the reshaping of state–society relations: The politics of community knowledge and mobilisation in Indore, India
Authors: Chu Eric K
Published: January 2017

Current research on climate change adaptation in cities highlights the role of local governments in facilitating adaptation actions, but rarely assesses whether (and if so, how) local communities organise around emerging climate priorities to affect political change. This paper explores changing state–society relationships through the reconstitution of community collectives and advocacy organisations for advancing climate change adaptation in the Indian city of Indore. The paper shows that communities are indeed recognising the need for adaptation but are, at the same time, integrating adaptation actions with existing strategies for advocating development rights. Communities are also rebuilding alliances between municipal and local institutions for public service and infrastructure provision, which point to the centrality of community politics in urban climate adaptation processes. However, such mobilisations are often dependent on existing political networks and a legacy of advocacy around poverty alleviation needs, which sideline more transformative agendas around inclusiveness, equity, and resilient urban futures.
Reproductive health services in Punjab: Evidence of access for Scheduled Castes and non-Scheduled Castes
Authors: Sharma Pawan Kumar , Parthi Komila
Published: January 2017

Primary data for 1,000 households, 500 each sampled from Rupnagar and Patiala districts of Punjab showed that contrary to the popular notion, SCs and STs did not overall display much difference in terms of access to reproductive health services. The overall favourable picture seems to be linked to the fact that the social gap between the non-SCs and SCs is not as wide in Punjab as in other parts of India, maybe in part due to the egalitarian influence of Sikhism. Some concerns do however remain. Punjab, despite having highest per capita income in the country, is not comfortably placed on the count of maternal mortality. The challenge can be met only by further strengthening the reproductive health services in the State.
Issues in implementation of public policies: The involvement of the army in the law and order sector in Bangladesh
Authors: Panday Pranab Kumar
Published: January 2017

Bangladesh had been passing through a crisis, acute and unprecedented, for a considerable time. Lawlessness, misadministration, corruption at every level and smuggling had brought the country to the brink of the abyss. It was not possible for the police to restore law and order in the country for a number of reasons, one among which was that a section of them are extremely corrupt and reportedly connive in giving shelter to violent terrorists, drug traders and smugglers. Finding no other alternative, the Government of Bangladesh deployed the army on 17th October, 2002, in a campaign against crime. The operation was given the nomenclature Operation Clean Heart’. Operation Clean Heart’ sent fear into the hearts of those who ruled our lives by fear and held us captive in their reign of terror. It also brought us a sense of relief that is comparable to that of the people when liberating forces enter occupied territories. All said and done, the army campaign has loosened the noose of crime around our necks, however short-lived it may be. This goes counter to the view that programmes which require major organisational changes will be difficult to carry out and are unlikely to be successfully implemented.
Youth in Planned development in India
Authors: Kohli A. S. , Narula Vani
Published: January 2017

India's five year plans, from 1951 to date, analysed to ascertain the place of ‘youth”, show a number of lacunae, among them, the failure to consistently define who constitute the target group and who do not and policy fuzziness on whether we are aiming at the welfare or development of youth. The duplication that arises when ‘youth’ is taken as a category for which planning is done with respect to housing, education etc., and the emergence of new programmes that duplicate the elements of the old are other concerns. There is a need to emphasise the implementation of present schemes, with suitable modification after monitoring and evaluation. Notwithstanding the limitations, the various plans show one consistency, namely, the recognition of youth as a creative and important resource in national development.
Indian census: Past and present
Authors: Das Bhaswati , Das Dipendra Nath
Published: January 2017

The current paper is an effort towards highlighting the i) changes in terms of its content and coverage, ii) steps towards modernisation. It will attempt to stress the changes made in the Indian census since its inception with special emphasis on the 2001 census. However, changes in definitions related to different concepts used in the Indian census are not in the scope of this paper.
Homelessness in the context of the Delhi Master Plan 2001: Some results from the census
Authors: Gupta Sreoshi , Ghosh Sourabh
Published: January 2017

After the announcement of the Delhi Master Plan (DMP) 2001, the Supreme Court ordered an immediate closure of the polluting industries in particular, in all the residential areas. A large number of workers lost their jobs and homes, especially the jhuggis in which they lived in and around their workplace. A simultaneous drive was geared towards demolishing the unauthorised jhuggis, without taking any account of the poor residents. The urban situation looks awful when a large section of the poor, the majority of whom are migrants from the rural areas find shelter in commercial areas and congested localities, streets and pavements, under the bridges, open spaces like parks, shops, temples, etc, and even on the rickshaws and carts. This paper attempts to analyse homelessness arising out of urban regeneration and renewal in the context of the DMP 2001.
Structural challenges, development goals and concerns for equity: A case of caste in India
Authors: Trivedi Prashant Kumar
Published: January 2017

This paper discusses caste as a structural challenge for development goals oriented towards equity. In an attempt to do so, it takes an overview of the process of development in post-independence India. Focusing on the interface of caste and state, it notes that experiences of modernisation in India have been different from that of the West, or as envisaged in classical literature. On the one hand, caste has not remained unimpressed by economic and political changes, on the other hand, many formal institutions were incorporated within the traditional social structure. It notes that modernisation, as conceived in the Indian context, was not free from an elitist bias. Taking cognisance of the close relationship between caste and class, this paper argues that the social structure and the State interact with each other in a mutually reinforcing relationship. If caste posed a serious challenge to the development goals pursued by the State, the Indian establishment too, pursued policies that helped the continuation of inequalities based on caste and class.
People and public sphere in India
Authors: Singh Shashi Ratnaker
Published: January 2017

The public sphere as conceptualised by Habermas is a bourgeois institution that had emerged in European countries as a “discursive platform ” to engage in critical discussion and deliberations with the idea of delivering “common good”. The institution has been replicated in many countries including India. But the institution as a whole has inherent assumptions that of the social structures of a bourgeois society. The platform that is supposed to generate “common good” is transforming into the one which almost bringing together socially unequal cultures, whereby the language of the dominant overrules the subordinate. There is no socio-political safeguard to the pluralism of the masses and hence the “common good” is decided by the motivations of private interest in place of public interest. Therefore it becomes crucially important to take a re-look at the present structure of “public sphere” in the Indian context as to how far the institution itself is democratic to deliver “common good” to the society.
The Incidence of Legionella Pneumophila: A Prospective Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India
Authors: Chaudhry Rama , Dhawan Benu , Dey A B
Published: January 2017

The prevalence of Legionella pneumophila causing community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in patients who were admitted to hospital was investigated. Between April 1997 and December 1998, 60 patients admitted to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences with CAP, were included in the study. Aetiological diagnosis was based on the results of routine microbiological blood culture for bacteria and serological test by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for L. pneumophila serogroup 1–7. Eight (13%) patients had a conventional bacterial aetiology and nine (15%) had serological evidence of recent infection with L. pneumophila. Legionella pneumophila may be an important cause of CAP in adults in developing countries. Empiric antimicrobial treatment should include a combination of agents to cover both atypical agents and bacterial pathogens.