bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facile Fabrication of Dendritic Mesoporous SiO2@CdTe@SiO2 Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Bioimaging
Authors: Zhang Shaohua , Wen Ling , Yang Jianping , Zeng Jianfeng , Sun Qiao , Li Zhen , Zhao Dongyuan , Dou Shixue
Published: February 2016

A seeded watermelon‐like mesoporous nanostructure (mSiO2@CdTe@SiO2, mSQS) composed of a novel dendritic mesoporous silica core, fluorescent CdTe quantum dots (QDs), and a protective solid silica shell is successfully fabricated by loading QDs into dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles through electrostatic interaction, and then coating with a solid silica shell by the modified Stöber method. The shell thickness of mSQS can be tuned from 0 to 32 nm as desired by controlling the reaction parameters, including the amount of silica precursor, tetraethyl orthosilicate, that is introduced, the solvent ratio (H2O:ethanol), and the amount of catalyst (NH3⋅H2O). These fluorescent mSiO2@QDs@SiO2 nanoparticles possess excellent stability and thickness‐dependent cytotoxicity, and are successfully applied to bioimaging.
Improvement in thermoelectric performance of In6Se7 by substitution of Sn for In
Authors: Cheng Min , Chen Shaoping , Du Zhengliang , Liu Xianglian , Cui Jiaolin
Published: February 2016

In this work we have observed a remarkable improvement in the thermoelectric (TE) performance of In6–xSnxSe7 (ZT = ∼0.28 at x = 0.1, 833 K) compared to that of pristine In6Se7 (ZT = 0.015 at 640 K). This improvement is mainly attributed to the creation of active donor defects SnIn3+ as Sn(4+) is energetically favorable to In+ sites. Although Sn (2+), which generates a defect SnIn− as an acceptor when it is incorporated into the In3+ sites, has a negative effect on the transport properties, the counter effect from Sn(4+) and Sn(2+) suggests that In6Se7‐based alloys are prospectively good thermoelectric candidates if their chemical compositions are well optimized.
Crystal orientations of β‐Ga2O3 thin films formed on c‐plane GaN substrate
Authors: Nakagomi Shinji , Kokubun Yoshihiro
Published: February 2016

A β‐Ga2O3 thin film was formed on a (0001) c‐plane GaN template substrate by gallium evaporation in an oxygen plasma. From X‐ray diffraction measurements using ω–2θ and ϕ scans, the film orientation was found to be () β‐Ga2O3 || (0001) GaN || (0001) sapphire. In addition, the β‐Ga2O3 had a sixfold domain structure in which the (010) planes in each crystal domain were parallel to the {} planes of GaN. This structure was confirmed by cross‐sectional and plan‐view transmission electron microscopy images and selected‐area electron diffraction patterns. The crystal orientation of the β‐Ga2O3 formed on (0001) c‐plane GaN is explained using an atomic‐arrangement model.
Biometrical issues in the analysis of adverse events within the benefit assessment of drugs
Authors: Bender Ralf , Beckmann Lars , Lange Stefan
Published: February 2016

The analysis of adverse events plays an important role in the benefit assessment of drugs. Consequently, results on adverse events are an integral part of reimbursement dossiers submitted by pharmaceutical companies to health policy decision‐makers. Methods applied in the analysis of adverse events commonly include simple standard methods for contingency tables. However, the results produced may be misleading if observations are censored at the time of discontinuation due to treatment switching or noncompliance, resulting in unequal follow‐up periods. In this paper, we present examples to show that the application of inadequate methods for the analysis of adverse events in the reimbursement dossier can lead to a downgrading of the evidence on a drug's benefit in the subsequent assessment, as greater harm from the drug cannot be excluded with sufficient certainty. Legal regulations on the benefit assessment of drugs in Germany are presented, in particular, with regard to the analysis of adverse events. Differences in safety considerations between the drug approval process and the benefit assessment are discussed. We show that the naive application of simple proportions in reimbursement dossiers frequently leads to uninterpretable results if observations are censored and the average follow‐up periods differ between treatment groups. Likewise, the application of incidence rates may be misleading in the case of recurrent events and unequal follow‐up periods. To allow for an appropriate benefit assessment of drugs, adequate survival time methods accounting for time dependencies and duration of follow‐up are required, not only for time‐to‐event efficacy endpoints but also for adverse events. © 2016 The Authors. Pharmaceutical Statistics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Influence of Hydrological Connectivity on Plankton Communities in Natural and Reconstructed Side‐Arms of a Large New Zealand River
Authors: Ginders M. A. , Collier K. J. , Duggan I. C. , Hamilton D. P.
Published: February 2016

We sampled natural and reconstructed side‐arms during different stages of hydrological connectivity with a large floodplain river in northern New Zealand, to determine whether re‐establishment of connectivity would be an effective strategy for restoring plankton communities in former side‐arms. Connectivity between side‐arms and the river was moderated by water level and influenced flow rates and closure of inlets and outlets. Physicochemical conditions were more strongly related to the connectivity phase than to habitat type (river, natural or reconstructed side‐arm), except during low connectivity when natural side‐arms in particular were characterised by higher ammonium (NH4‐N) and total phosphorus (P) concentrations, as well as specific conductivity. Dissolved reactive phosphorus (PO4‐P), water temperature, conductivity and dissolved oxygen were identified as explanatory variables of phytoplankton and zooplankton community composition, which along with total nitrogen (phytoplankton) or total suspended solids (zooplankton) explained 44–52% of variation. Phytoplankton community composition and the abundance of several dominant or discriminatory taxa were affected by connectivity but not habitat type, whereas habitat and connectivity both had significant effects on zooplankton communities and abundances of the cladoceran Bosmina meridionalis. Significant interactions between connectivity and paired habitat types occurred for abundances of the diatom Asterionella, the cryptophyte Cryptomonas, the rotifer Synchaeta oblonga and cyclopoid copepods, reflecting differential responses to connectivity among habitats by these taxa. Overall, these results underscore the importance of hydrological connectivity between side‐arms and rivers in moderating plankton community composition, and highlight unpredictable trajectories of community development and alternative transient states that can occur soon after side‐arm reconnection. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of oxidation processes in binary selenides and tellurides
Authors: Berchenko N. , Story T. , Trzyna M. , Fadeev S. , Kurbanov K. , Adamiak S. , Bochnowski W. , Dziedzic A. , Cebulski J.
Published: February 2016

To predict the grain boundaries composition of the nanocomposite thermoelectric IV–VI devices the oxidation processes in PbTe, SnTe, PbSe, SnSe and in some their solid solutions were studied. The initial oxidation stages were investigated by applying the potentiostatic anodic scan. The Auger electron spectroscopy, cathodoluminescence and X‐ray diffraction were used to characterize the composition of the anodic and thermal oxides films. The obtained results demonstrate that the oxidation processes and the oxide composition are near the same at the substitution in the chalcogen sublattice (Te → Se), but they are strongly changed at the substitution in the metal sublattice (Pb → Sn). Under the same growing conditions, the grain boundaries will consist mainly of an amorphous tin oxide in SnTe and SnSe nanocomposites, and the ternary oxide forms the grain boundaries in PbTe and PbSe nanocomposites. In the solid solutions with the Sn occurrence in the metal sublattice tin oxidation becomes a prevailing process, even in case of low tin content. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Cochran–Armitage‐type and a score‐free global test for multivariate ordinal data
Authors: Jelizarow Monika , Mansmann Ulrich , Goeman Jelle J.
Published: February 2016

We propose a Cochran–Armitage‐type and a score‐free global test that can be used to assess the presence of an association between a set of ordinally scaled covariates and an outcome variable within the range of generalized linear models. Both tests are developed within the framework of the well‐established ‘global test’ methodology and as such are feasible in high‐dimensional data situations under any correlation and enable adjustment for covariates. The Cochran–Armitage‐type test, for which an intimate connection with the traditional score‐based Cochran–Armitage test is shown, rests upon explicit assumptions on the distances between the covariates' ordered categories. The score‐free test, in contrast, parametrizes these distances and thus keeps them flexible, rendering it ideally suited for covariates measured on an ordinal scale. As confirmed by means of simulations, the Cochran–Armitage‐type test focuses its power on set‐outcome relationships where the distances between the covariates' categories are equal or close to those assumed, whereas the score‐free test spreads its power over a wide range of possible set‐outcome relationships, putting more emphasis on monotonic than on non‐monotonic ones. Based on the tests' power properties, it is discussed when to favour one or the other, and the practical merits of both of them are illustrated by an application in the field of rehabilitation medicine. Our proposed tests are implemented in the R package globaltest. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Delay Order on Estimation Quality—Experimental Evidence on the Tendency to Consider Continuous Delays as Discrete Delays
Authors: Größler Andreas , Bleijenbergh Inge , Vennix Jac , McCardle‐Keurentjes Marleen
Published: February 2016

The purpose of the study is to test whether people make different estimations regarding the consequences of their decisions when a dynamic task is formulated as either a discrete delay or a continuous delay. We test the assumption that people have a tendency to treat continuous delays in real life situations as discrete delays. We created a dynamic task with two different conditions: hiring when personnel stay in an organisation for exactly 10 years (discrete delay condition) or when personnel stay on average for 10 years (continuous delay condition). The task was performed by 79 participants in an experiment. Findings show no differences regarding decisions being made, indicating that participants treat both discrete and continuous delays similarly. Because participants' estimations are substantially closer to the (simulated) system response when a discrete delay is involved, we assume that people have the tendency to treat all types of lags as discrete delays. The results were replicated with two additional experimental tasks that were (i) similar except with respect to task context and (ii) testing the understanding of the two delay types by additional control questions. Research implications are that perception of delay order and understanding consequences of different delay orders play a substantial role for controlling dynamic systems. Practical implications regard making delay order a salient characteristic in decision‐making tasks within organisations, for instance, in human resource management, and the training of managers to understand behavior of dynamic systems based on delay order in that system. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating potential of synthesized additive in plastic film. Part I. Clay modification and incorporation in LLDPE matrix to assess dual functionality of additive
Authors: Dhanvijay Prarthana U. , Shertukde Vikrant V.
Published: February 2016

Packaging industry demands faster production speeds without compromising properties of plastic films to compete on a global level. To accomplish this, we have synthesized a dual functional additive from erucic acid and oleic acid which induces slip into film as well as modify the clay and acts as an intercalating agent. The slip agent reduces the coefficient of friction (COF) and property enhancement was achieved using nanoclay as filler. The characterization of organoclay by X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and that of film by COF, contact angle using other surface structural characterization techniques such as atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy under realistic and pseudo‐real‐time monitoring confirms that the synthesized additive imparts both slip and intercalation function. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 24:E4–E12, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Citizen science: from detecting pollution to evaluating ecological restoration
Authors: Huddart Joseph E. A. , Thompson Murray S. A. , Woodward Guy , Brooks Stephen J.
Published: February 2016

The proliferation of citizen science water quality monitoring networks suggests there is potential for developing an equivalent river Restoration Assessment Initiative (RAI). This is currently lacking, especially at larger (e.g., national and international) scales. As such, the RAI would provide a much‐needed new tool for stakeholders to evaluate and compare the efficacy of their restoration efforts. We propose a standardized protocol to quantify biotic responses (e.g., changes to the macroinvertebrate community) to restoration efforts, which would facilitate a large‐scale, open‐access database revealing success or failure of commonly used restoration techniques. By combining biotic and abiotic (e.g., habitat and water quality) assessments, a feature typically lacking from restoration monitoring schemes and cited as a major constraint limiting development of the field, integrative approaches (e.g., meta‐analyses and coordinated field experiments) could help untangle their respective effects on restoration outcomes. Water quality initiatives (e.g., the Riverfly Monitoring Initiative) have paved the way for volunteer‐driven pollution monitoring, and provide models designed for sustaining long‐lasting volunteer participation in stream monitoring. These could be developed for the RAI to better detect restoration signals (e.g., adopt a before‐after‐control‐impact (BACI) approach) while continuing to address the key practical challenges associated with implementing citizen science initiatives (e.g., volunteer skills and data quality assurance). Once established, the resultant infrastructure would facilitate expansion to an international scale, increasing the statistical power of the combined database enormously and allowing the addition of novel measures (e.g., ecosystem process rates) for assessing restoration. Clearly citizen scientists need a role in restoration assessment, especially as they are becoming increasingly important drivers of practices on the ground. Developing a coordinated citizen science RAI to ensure data are standardized and disseminated effectively will advance restoration on a more global scale, and also provides a timely solution to keep society and science connected. WIREs Water 2016, 3:287–300. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1138

This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness

Human Water > Water Governance

Science of Water > Water Quality
Small RNAs: essential regulators of gene expression and defenses against environmental stresses in plants
Authors: Wang Hsiao‐Lin V. , Chekanova Julia A.
Published: February 2016

Eukaryotic genomes produce thousands of diverse small RNAs (smRNAs), which play vital roles in regulating gene expression in all conditions, including in survival of biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. SmRNA pathways intersect with most of the pathways regulating different steps in the life of a messenger RNA (mRNA), starting from transcription and ending at mRNA decay. SmRNAs function in both nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments; the regulation of mRNA stability and translation in the cytoplasm and the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the nucleus are the main and best‐known modes of smRNA action. However, recent evidence from animal systems indicates that smRNAs and RNA interference (RNAi) also participate in the regulation of alternative pre‐mRNA splicing, one of the most crucial steps in the fast, efficient global reprogramming of gene expression required for survival under stress. Emerging evidence from bioinformatics studies indicates that a specific class of plant smRNAs, induced by various abiotic stresses, the sutr‐siRNAs, has the potential to target regulatory regions within introns and thus may act in the regulation of splicing in response to stresses. This review summarizes the major types of plant smRNAs in the context of their mechanisms of action and also provides examples of their involvement in regulation of gene expression in response to environmental cues and developmental stresses. In addition, we describe current advances in our understanding of how smRNAs function in the regulation of pre‐mRNA splicing. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:356–381. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1340

This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > RNAi: Mechanisms of Action

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Photoluminescence of Zinc(II) and Cobalt(II) Coordination Polymers Based on Semiflexible 1,4‐Bis(4‐phenoxy)benzenedicarboxylate
Authors: Zheng Changge , Long Ruixue , Hong Jianquan , Wang Yazhao
Published: February 2016

Hydrothermal reactions of Co(NO3)2·6H2O and Zn(NO3)2·6H2O with 1,4‐bis(4‐phenoxy)benzenedicarboxylic acid (H2bcpb) resulted in the formation of the coordination polymers [Zn(bcpb)(Py)]n (1), and [Co(bcpb)(Py)2]n (2), respectively. Their structures were studied by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction methods and further characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Single X‐ray diffraction analyses revealed that complex 1 has a 1D loop chain. Each repeated unit contains two carboxylate ligands and two SBUs (secondary building units), whereas complex 2 has a 2D 4‐connected sql sheet with point symbol (44.62). The complexes are further expanded to 3D supramolecular structures through non‐covalent bonding interactions. Besides, photoluminescent property of complex 1 was also investigated in the solid state at room temperature.
Synthesis and Characterization of Tetrahedral Zinc(II) Complexes with 3, 6,7‐Triamino‐7H‐[1, 2,4]triazolo[4, 3‐b][1, 2,4]triazole as Nitrogen‐Rich Ligand
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Schmid Philipp C. , Stierstorfer Jörg , Szimhardt Norbert
Published: February 2016

Triaminotriazolotriazole (TATOT) was used as a nitrogen‐rich ligand for the formation of the energetic ZnII complexes [ZnCl2(TATOT)2]·H2O (2), [Zn(H2O)(TATOT)3](NO3)2·2H2O (3), and [Zn(TATOT)4](ClO4)2·2H2O (4). The zinc species were prepared in a straightforward and inexpensive synthesis. The complexes 2–4 were structurally characterized using X‐ray diffraction. Additionally, the compounds were characterized using elemental analysis and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Finally, the sensitivities toward thermal and mechanical stimuli were determined by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung) methods.
Implementation of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Across a Provincial Healthcare System: The ERAS Alberta Colorectal Surgery Experience
Authors: Nelson Gregg , Kiyang Lawrence N. , Crumley Ellen T. , Chuck Anderson , Nguyen Thanh , Faris Peter , Wasylak Tracy , Basualdo‐Hammond Carlota , McKay Susan , Ljungqvist Olle , Gramlich Leah M.
Published: February 2016

Background

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) colorectal guideline implementation has occurred primarily in standalone institutions worldwide. We implemented the guideline in a single provincial healthcare system, and our study examined the effect of the guideline on patient outcomes [length of stay (LOS), complications, and 30‐day post‐discharge readmissions] across a healthcare system.

Methods

We compared pre‐ and post‐guideline implementation in consecutive elective colorectal patients, ≥18 years, from six Alberta hospitals between February 2013 and December 2014. Participants were followed up to 30 days post discharge. We used summary statistics, to assess the LOS and complications, and multivariate regression methods to assess readmissions and to estimate cost impacts.

Results

A total of 1333 patients (350 pre‐ and 983 post‐ERAS) were analysed. Of this number, 55 % were males. Median overall guideline compliance was 39 % in pre‐ and 60 % in post‐ERAS patients. Median LOS was 6 days for pre‐ERAS compared to 4.5 days in post‐ERAS patients with the longest implementation (p value <0.0001). Adjusted risk ratio (RR) was 1.71, 95 % CI 1.09–2.68 for 30‐day readmission, comparing pre‐ to post‐ERAS patients. The proportion of patients who developed at least one complication was significantly reduced, from pre‐ to post‐ERAS, difference in proportions = 11.7 %, 95 % CI 2.5–21.0, p value: 0.0139. The net cost savings attributable to guideline implementation ranged between $2806 and $5898 USD per patient.

Conclusion

The findings in our study have shown that ERAS colorectal guideline implementation within a healthcare system resulted in patient outcome improvements, similar to those obtained in smaller standalone implementations. There was a significant beneficial impact of ERAS on scarce health system resources.
Price-based load coordination revisited: augmenting open-loop coordination approaches
Authors: Flath Christoph M. , Gottwalt Sebastian
Published: February 2016

The activation of flexible loads through demand side management offers opportunities for more efficient power systems operations. Price-based incentive are a straight-forward form for decentral coordination of these flexible loads. However, their applicability has recently been seen more pessimistic as they may induce new load peaks due to herding effects. We revisit these results by characterizing desynchronized posted pricing approaches. Illustrating highly flexible load by means of electric vehicle charging, we show that these desynchronized rate can mitigate the occurrence of extreme load spikes, improve the utilization of renewable generation and in summary create significant system cost savings. Our results show that simple open-loop pricing can almost match the efficiency of closed-loop adaptive pricing in settings with limited system flexibility. We find that the more renewable generation and flexible load are present in the system, the better more complex pricing schemes fare compared to simple ones. This insight may guide regulators and utilities in establishing more effective pricing schemes in retail electricity markets.
Effects of blade configuration parameters on helicopter rotor structural dynamics and whirl tower loads
Authors: Kumar M. Rohin , Venkatesan C.
Published: February 2016

The influence of the blade geometric parameters on the structural dynamic characteristics, response and loads of a helicopter rotor under hover condition in a whirl tower was investigated. A general geometry was considered for the rotor blade which included configuration parameters like root offset, torque offset, pre-twist, pre-cone, pre-droop, pre-sweep, tip-sweep and tip-anhedral. The option of placing concentrated masses at any location on the blade was also included. Natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes of the rotating blade were obtained by solving the linear, undamped structural dynamics model in the finite element domain. For calculating the response and loads on the rotor, the complete aeroelastic equation was solved in modal space. Aerodynamic models used in the aeroelastic loads calculations were Peters-He dynamic wake theory for inflow and themodifiedONERA dynamic stall theory for airloads calculations. From the study, the blade structural dynamic characteristics are found to be sensitive to variation in blade geometric parameters. Tip-sweep was found to have significant effects on root oscillatory moments. The moments at the tip junction with the straight portion of the blade were found to be substantially affected by tip-sweep and tip-anhedral.
Stagnation pressure effect on the supersonic flow parameters with application for air in nozzles
Authors: Salhi Merouane , Zebbiche Toufik , Mehalem Abderrahmane
Published: February 2016

When the stagnation pressure of a perfect gas increases, the specific heat and their ratio do not remain constant anymore and start to vary with this pressure. The gas doesn't stay perfect. Its state equation changes and it becomes a real gas. In this case, the effects of molecular size and intermolecular attraction forces intervene to correct the state equation. The aim of this work is to determine the effect of stagnation pressure on the thermodynamic, physical and geometrical supersonic flow parameters in order to find a general form for real gas. With the assumptions that Berthelot's state equation accounts for molecular size and intermolecular force effects, expressions are developed for analysing the supersonic flow for thermally and calorically imperfect gas lower than the dissociation molecules threshold. The design parameters of the supersonic nozzle-like thrust coefficient depend directly on the stagnation parameters of the combustion chamber. The application made for air. A computation of error was made in this case to give a limit of the perfect gas model compared to the real gas model.
Towards imperfection insensitive buckling response of shell structures-shells with plate-like post-buckled responses
Authors: White S. C. , Weaver P. M.
Published: February 2016

The imperfection sensitivity of cylindrical panels under compression loading is shown to be not only reduced but effectively eliminated using stiffness tailoring techniques. Shells are designed with variable angle-tow (VAT) laminae, giving their laminates variable-stiffness properties over the surface co-ordinates. By employing an asymptotic model of the non-linear shell behaviour and a genetic algorithm, the post-buckling stability was maximised with respect to the VAT design variables. Results for optimised straight-fibre and VAT shells are presented in comparison with quasi-isotropic designs. In the straight-fibre case, small improvements in the post-buckling stability are shown to be possible but at the expense of the buckling load. In the VAT case, on the other hand, considerable improvements in the post-buckling stability are obtained and drops in axial stiffness and load associated with buckling are reduced to negligible levels. The improvements are shown to be a result of a benign membrane stress distribution prior to buckling and a localisation of the buckling mode. The asymptotic results are compared with non-linear finite-element analyses and are found to be in good agreement. Potential future multi-objective optimisation studies are discussed.
LEX and wing tip plates’ interaction on the Rocket Plane in tailless configuration
Authors: Kwiek A. , Figat M.
Published: February 2016

The article includes study on the influence of a LEX (leading-edge extension) and wing tip plates on aerodynamic characteristics of the Rocket Plane in tailless configuration for manned suborbital flights. The research was conducted only for the low speed regime in the wind tunnel at the Warsaw University of Technology. Tests were carried out for a few configurations of the Rocket Plane. Moreover, two shapes of LEX were investigated. Analysis of results was focused on the aerodynamic synergism effect only. The influence of LEX and the wing tip plates of the Rocket Plane on the aerodynamic coefficients was identified.
Board Gender Quotas: Exploring Ethical Tensions From A Multi-Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Terjesen Siri , Sealy Ruth
Published: February 2016

Despite 40 years of equal opportunities policies and more than two decades of government and organization initiatives aimed at helping women reach the upper echelons of the corporate world, women are seriously underrepresented on corporate boards. Recently, fifteen countries sought to redress this imbalance by introducing gender quotas for board representation. The introduction of board gender quota legislation creates ethical tensions and dilemmas which we categorize in terms of motivations, legitimacy, and outcomes. We investigate these tensions through four overarching theoretical perspectives: institutional, stakeholder, social identity, and social capital. We outline a future research agenda based on how these tensions offer greater focus to research on quotas and more broadly to ethics and diversity in organizations in terms of theory, anticipated ethical tensions, data, and methodology. In sum, our review seeks to synthesize existing multidisciplinary research and stimulate future enquiry on this expanding set of legislation.
THE PROBLEM OF TYPOLOGY IN CHINESE ARCHAEOLOGY
Authors: Hein Anke
Published: February 2016

Chinese and Western archaeologists (especially those of the anthropologically-oriented tradition) often seem to be talking past each other, not only because they are publishing in different languages, but also because of differences in theory and method. While most of the major theoretical works in Western languages are by now available in Chinese translations, hardly any English-language publications exist that explain Chinese approaches to archaeological method and theory. This article helps to bridge the gap by introducing the history of debates on archaeological method in China to a Western audience, focusing particularly on issues of typology and classification. Discussing in detail the merits—and issues—of approaches suggested by four of the most influential Chinese archaeologists (Li Chi, Xia Nai, Su Bingqi, and K. C. Chang), this article provides a deeper understanding of the preconditions of archaeological research in China. It also suggests future directions for archaeological work by local and foreign archaeologists, including but also going beyond the classification of the rich body of artifacts coming to light in Chinese excavations.
“The Most Blessed Hilary Held an Estate”: Property, Reform, and the Canonical Life in Tenth-Century Aquitaine
Authors: Jones Anna Trumbore
Published: February 2016

This article explores thinking and practice regarding property at houses of canons from the mid-ninth to mid-eleventh centuries, through a case study of the charters of Saint-Hilaire-le-Grand in Poitiers. Since Late Antiquity, Christian orders debated the legitimacy of private property, with most rejecting it in favor of exclusively common holdings. For houses of canons, property became a defining issue in the Central Middle Ages: Carolingian legislation in 816 asserted that canons (unlike monks) could hold private property, while the order of regular canons, which emerged in the eleventh century, rejected it as corrupt. The role of property at houses of canons in the interim period, meanwhile, has been largely neglected by scholars. This essay argues that Saint-Hilaire embraced Carolingian acceptance of private property among canons, but that that stance did not preclude protection of joint property and interest in the common life. The resulting detailed understanding of both the quotidian functioning of property at a tenth-century house and the ideals that drove its regulation inform my concluding comments on two broader topics: the role of wealth and property in a dedicated religious life, and the nature of reform movements in the church of the Central Middle Ages.
Seroras and Local Religious Life in the Basque Country and Navarre, 1550–1769
Authors: Scott Amanda L.
Published: February 2016

In the early modern period, Basque women who could not or did not want to follow the traditional paths of monasticism or secular marriage had a third option. They could become seroras, or celibate laywomen licensed by the diocese and entrusted with caring for a shrine or parish church. Seroras enjoyed significant social prestige and their work was competitively remunerated by the local community; yet despite their central place in the local religious life of the early modern Basque Country and Navarre, the seroras have attracted almost no historical study. The purpose of this article is twofold: first, it summarizes the social and spiritual context that allowed for women to experiment with the more unorthodox religious vocations like that of the seroras; and secondly, it draws from extensive primary documentation concerning the seroras in order to outline the main features of the vocation, by extension differentiating them from better-known categories of the semi-religious life such as the beguines, Castilian beatas, or Italian tertiaries.
Open For Business: Philadelphia Quakers, Thanksgiving, and the Limits of Revolutionary Religious Freedom
Authors: Strauch Tara Thompson
Published: February 2016

In 1863, Sarah Josepha Hale rejoiced that after a decades-long campaign, Thanksgiving had become a national holiday. Hale was not alone in her desire to unite patriotism with spiritual devotion. In her personal correspondence with the president, Eliza Gurney also spoke of the blessings God had bestowed on the nation. Gurney, a devoted Quaker, had met with Lincoln in 1861 to give him spiritual comfort and had continued writing with him ever since. After his public proclamation of Thanksgiving, Gurney wrote to him to demonstrate her “cordial approval of thy late excellent proclamation appointing a day of thanksgiving” despite the fact that as a Quaker she did “not set apart especial seasons for returning thanks.” Gurney saw the holiday as an effective means of making less devout Americans conscious of their God-given blessings and thus supported the federal holiday even while she refused to celebrate it.
When Joseph Smith Met Martin Van Buren: Mormonism and the Politics of Religious Liberty in Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: McBride Spencer W.
Published: February 2016

In the nineteenth century, the Mormons were a minority religious group living on the fringes of the United States in both a geographic and social sense. Yet, in the twenty-first century, historians are increasingly realizing that the history of this marginal religious “other” sheds a great deal of light on the American past broadly conceived. This essay briefly describes an important moment in early Mormon history that illuminates our developing understanding of religious liberty in the early American republic, and the political obstacles Americans outside mainstream protestant Christianity faced in their efforts to obtain equal treatment under the law as American citizens.
The Canadian Override: Constitutional Model orBête Noireof Constitutional Politics?
Authors: Dodek Adam
Published: February 2016

Israeli proponents of the enactment of a legislative override often invoke Canada as a model that Israel should follow. Their proposals would allow the Knesset to ‘override’ a decision of the Supreme Court of Israel that strikes down a law on the ground that it violates a Basic Law. Proponents of an Israeli override seek recourse to various types of argument to support their position. This article focuses on one such argument: the use of Canada as a model to support the Israeli argument for enacting an override. It argues that in order to evaluate both the value of adopting the Canadian override and the likelihood of its transplantation to Israel being successful, one needs to acquire a deep understanding of its operation in Canada. The article contains four sections in addition to the introduction. Section 2 briefly explains what ‘the Canadian override’ is and how it came to be. Section 3 analyses the positive attraction of the Canadian override as a constitutional model, and identifies three different models of the Canadian override. Section 4 focuses on the Canadian experience with its override. It explains why Canadians have come to view it in negative terms – the ‘bête noireof Canadian constitutional politics’– because of the manner in which it was adopted and the circumstances in which it was first used. Section 5 concludes with some thoughts on legal transplants, legitimacy and lessons for Israel from the Canadian experience.
International Migration Law in the Current Legal and Political Reality: Review of Research Handbook on International Law and Migration
Authors: Kritzman-Amir Tally
Published: February 2016

The complex human phenomenon of migration is a challenging one, and throughout history has been considered by many disciplines, including, but not limited to, law, international relations and political science, sociology and anthropology, philosophy, economics, geography and demography and psychology, as well as by multi-disciplinary scholarship. All of this growing body of scholarship has attempted to come to grips with particular aspects of this phenomenon, which has an impact on states, peoples, societies, spaces, cultures, mental states, international organisations and norms.
The Canadian Charter's Override Clause: Lessons for Israel
Authors: Weinrib Lorraine E
Published: February 2016

This article considers the role of legislative override clauses in the Canadian and Israeli rights-protecting systems, which share many institutional features. After providing a detailed account of the adoption of the override clause in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, as a compromise between legislative supremacy and final judicial review, the article analyses the distinctive and unexpected political dynamics generated by this compromise, including its effect on the exercise of public power and elections. Although adopted to appease political leaders who opposed the Charter on substantive and institutional grounds, the legislative override has to date worked to legitimate judicial review and bring Canada further into the model of the modern constitutional state. The article then considers the lessons that Israel might learn from this analysis in the light of proposals to adopt an override clause to apply to a wider range of fundamental rights and to operate against Supreme Court judgments.
Incidence and reporting of sharps injuries amongst ENT surgeons
Authors: Vijendren A , Sanchez J , Yung M
Published: February 2016

Background:

Sharps injuries are a common occupational hazard amongst surgeons. Limited work has been conducted on their effects within the ENT community.

Methods:

A literature review was performed and a survey on sharps injuries was distributed to the entire membership of ENT-UK electronically.

Results:

The literature review revealed 3 studies, with 2 of them performed more than 20 years ago. A total of 323 completed questionnaires were returned (24 per cent response rate). Of the respondents, 26.6 per cent reported having experienced sharps injuries. There was no statistical difference between the occurrence of sharps injuries and the grade, length of time spent in the specialty or subspecialty of respondents. Only 33.7 per cent of afflicted clinicians reported all their injuries as per local institutional policies. No seroconversions were reported.

Conclusion:

The study found poor evidence on sharps injuries amongst ENT surgeons, and low reporting rates that were comparable to other studies conducted in the UK. This highlights the need for further research and increasing awareness on sharps injuries regulations within the specialty.
Oral Fixation or Oral Corrective? A Response to Larry Hurtado
Authors: Iverson Kelly R.
Published: February 2016

Over the last several decades, performance criticism has made significant headway as an interpretive method. However, in a recent issue of this journal, Larry Hurtado argues that the key assumptions of the movement ignore various historical realities regarding the use of texts in the ancient world. The following discussion offers a brief response to what Hurtado suggests are several ‘oversimplifications’. The essay argues that rather than being a ‘fixation’ as Hurtado maintains, the renewed focus on orality and performance is a corrective that helps to provide a broader understanding of how biblical texts were typically experienced in the ancient world.
La portée de la formule τὸ εἶναι ἴσα θεῷ en Ph 2.6
Authors: Focant Camille
Published: February 2016

What is the meaning of the expression τὸ εἶναι ἴσα θεῷ when set within its original context? In this article it is argued that in Philippians 2.6b Paul asserts that Christ did not consider it an advantage to be regarded as equal to a god (or to God). This argument is developed by way of an examination of the structure of the hymn of Philippians 2.6–11, a philological analysis of v. 6, and a contextualisation of the Christ-hymn addressed to Christians living in Philippi, a Roman colony which was like a Rome in miniature.
Le rôle du concept de purification dans l’Épître aux Hébreux : une réaction à quelques propositions de David M. Moffitt
Authors: Moret Jean-René
Published: February 2016

David M. Moffitt has recently put forward an interpretation of Hebrews whereby purification is understood as a victory of life over death, and atonement is effected by the resurrected life of Jesus entering the heavenly sanctuary. We discuss this reading and defend an alternative whereby the moral category of sin is the final target of purification and the notion of ransom, life given in death in place of another life, is key for understanding atonement in Hebrews.
Myxozoans as biological tags for stock identification of the Argentine hake, Merluccius hubbsi (Gadiformes: Merlucciidae)
Authors: CANTATORE D. M. P. , IRIGOITIA M. M. , HOLZER A. S. , TIMI J. T.
Published: February 2016

Myxozoans have been successfully used as tags for fish stock identification around the world. However, few studies using myxozoan tags have been carried out in the Southern Atlantic, a region with complex oceanography that constitutes a potentially suitable scenario for testing the utility of myxozoans as indicators. Its usefulness was tested using six samples of Merluccius hubbsi in two different regions of the Argentine Sea. Generalized linear models were performed to assess the effects of fish size and sex, and year and region of capture and selected using the Information Theoretic approach. Three myxozoan species were recorded: Kudoa rosenbuschi, Myxoproteus meridionalis and Fabespora sp. Results of modelling species individually showed differential capabilities for detecting geographical population structure at different spatial scales, with K. rosenbuschi and Fabespora sp. allowing the discrimination of northern and southern stocks, but Fabespora sp. also as a promissory indicator of intrapopulation sub-structure due to different migratory routes during non-reproductive periods. This work confirms that myxozoans offer a set of suitable markers at different spatial scales, which can be selected individually or in any combination, depending on the geographical extent of the study, constituting tools adaptable to the objectives of further research on fish population structure.
“Which mouse kissed the frog?”Effects of age of onset, length of exposure, and knowledge of case marking on the comprehension ofwh-questions in German-speaking simultaneous and early sequential bilingual children
Authors: ROESCH ANNE DOROTHEE , CHONDROGIANNI VASILIKI
Published: February 2016

Studies examining age of onset (AoO) effects in childhood bilingualism have provided mixed results as to whether early sequential bilingual children (eL2) differ from simultaneous bilingual children (2L1) and L2 children on the acquisition of morphosyntax. Differences between the three groups have been attributed to other factors such as length of exposure (LoE), language abilities, and the phenomenon to be acquired. The present study investigates whether four- to five-year-old German-speaking eL2 children differ from 2L1 children on the acquisition ofwh-questions, and whether these differences can be explained by AoO, LoE, and/or knowledge of case marking. The 2L1 children outperformed the eL2 children in terms of accuracy; however, both bilingual groups exhibited similar error patterns. This suggests that 2L1 and eL2 bilingual children are sensitive to the same morphosyntactic cues, when comprehendingwh-questions. Finally, children's performance on the different types ofwh-questions was explained by a combination of knowledge of case marking, LoE, and AoO.
Historicising the Integration Debate
Authors: Snow Dianne
Published: February 2016

The history of special education is conceived within the integration debate in a way which lends credibility to two broad claims. The first is that governments have been lax in providing educational facilities for children with disabilities, while the second comprises an argument for shifting definitional control of the notion of ‘disability’ from the medical to the educational arena. The recent Report to the Australian Schools Commission on Integration in Australia exemplifies this stance by pointing to the initial reluctance of governments to assume responsibility for educating children with special needs, followed by their eventual involvement in establishing segregated educational facilities. With segregated schooling becoming the norm, the problem now confronting educators is how to integrate these students and their supporting resources into the regular school system.
Language Intervention for Children with Severe Intellectual Disability: The Effects of Different Interventions on Children’s Acquisition of Receptive and Expressive Language
Authors: Rees Roger , Williams Paula
Published: February 2016

Three years of intervention to improve the language skills of children with severe intellectual disability are reported. Family based teaching, therapy and counselling programs were used as the basis of the interventions. Repeated language measures (norm referenced) were used to assess the effects of the interventions. Comparison with other language intervention studies are made. The distinct features of the effective behaviourally oriented teaching program are identified.
Asperger’s Syndrome and Autistic Spectrum Disorders: Diagnosis, Aetiology and Intervention Strategies
Authors: Goble David
Published: February 2016

Autistic disorders are characterised by an absence of two way social interaction, an impairment in communication and a markedly restricted range of interests. Children with an autistic disorder often appear unmotivated and are prone to under utilise important environmental cues. Consequently they are often considered to be ponderous, callous and pedantic. Although debate still exists regarding the aetiology of the condition, a number of researchers (Leslie, 1987; Frith, 1991; Baron-Cohen, 1993) have proposed that what children with autistic disorders are displaying is a lack of “Theory of Mind” which prevents them from recognising that others have their own thoughts, beliefs and emotions. A discussion on the diagnosis of the disorder, with particular reference placed on Asperger’s Syndrome, is presented. Implications for educators and classroom intervention strategies are considered.
Effective Behavioral Support: A Proactive Alternative to School Discipline
Authors: Lewis Chris Timothy J.
Published: February 2016

Schools today are faced with an increase in problem behavior. Behavioral challenges often take extreme forms such as violence and aggression toward teachers and students. Even minor behaviors such as non-compliance are becoming chronic to the point of limiting educator’s ability to effectively teach. For a myriad of reasons, traditional “discipline” procedures are not effective in re-directing students toward more appropriate behavior. This article outlines and describes features of an alternative model that encourages educators to move from a reactive, consequent based system of behavior management to a pro-active instructionally focused system. Examples from on-going research with schools who are currently implementing systems of Effective Behavioral Support (EBS) are also provided.