bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One‐Pot Reaction of (β‐Amino‐α,α‐difluoroethyl)phosphonates with Trifluoromethylated Ketones via Aza‐Wittig Reagents
Authors: Wang Qian , Liu Jiang , Wang Nana , Pajkert Romana , Mei Haibo , Röschenthaler Gerd‐Volker , Han Jianlin
Published: April 2022

We report a one‐pot reaction of (β‐amino‐α,α‐difluoroethyl)phosphonates involving aza‐Wittig reagents, in which, difluoromethylphosphonate‐containing diazo and trifluoromethylated ketones assemble to furnish azo‐containing α‐fluorovinylphosphonates. Mechanism studies disclose a pathway, which contains an aza‐Wittig reaction, water addition to hydrazone, and C−F bond cleavage with an aza‐Wittig reagent as a key intermediate. This reaction is conducted at 60 °C affording a series of α‐fluorovinylphosphonate compounds in 42–94% yields and Z‐stereoselectivity. This work opens a vision for the difluoroalkyl‐substituted diazos, and provides a strategy for the synthesis of α‐fluorovinylphosphonate derivatives.

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Endothelial Cells Mediated by UCP2 Control the Neurogenic‐to‐Astrogenic Neural Stem Cells Fate Switch During Brain Development
Authors: Wang Wenwen , Su Libo , Wang Yanyan , Li Chenxiao , Ji Fen , Jiao Jianwei
Published: April 2022

During mammalian cortical development, neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) gradually alter their characteristics, and the timing of generation of neurons and glial cells is strictly regulated by internal and external factors. However, whether the blood vessels located near NSCs affect the neurogenic‐to‐gliogenic transition remain unknown. Here, it is demonstrated that endothelial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) deletion reduces blood vessel diameter and affects the transition timing of neurogenesis and gliogenesis. Deletion of endothelial UCP2 results in a persistent increase in astrocyte production at the postnatal stage. Mechanistically, the endothelial UCP2/ROS/ERK1/2 pathway increases chymase‐1 expression to enhance angiotensin II (AngII) secretion outside the brain endothelium. The endotheliocyte‐driven AngII‐gp130‐JAK‐STAT pathway also regulates gliogenesis initiation. Moreover, endothelial UCP2 knockdown decreases human neural precursor cell (hNPC) differentiation into neurons and accelerates hNPC differentiation into astrocytes. Altogether, this work provides mechanistic insights into how endothelial UCP2 regulates the neurogenic‐to‐gliogenic fate switch in the developing neocortex.
Oxygen‐Independent Sulfate Radical for Stimuli‐Responsive Tumor Nanotherapy
Authors: Ding Dandan , Mei Zihan , Huang Hui , Feng Wei , Chen Liang , Chen Yu , Zhou Jianqiao
Published: April 2022

Variant modalities are quested and merged into the tumor nanotherapy by leveraging the excitation from external or intratumoral incentives. However, the ubiquitous hypoxia and the insufficient content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in tumor microenvironments inevitably hinder the effective production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To radically extricate from the shackles, peroxymonosulfate (PMS: HSO5−)‐loaded hollow mesoporous copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared as the distinct ROS donors for sulfate radical (•SO4−)‐mediated and stimuli‐responsive tumor nanotherapy in an oxygen‐independent manner. In this therapeutic modality, the second near‐infrared laser irradiation, together with the released copper ions as well as the heat produced by CuS after illumination, work together to activate PMS thus triply ensuring the copious production of •SO4−. Different from conventional ROS, the emergence of •SO4−, possessing a longer half‐life and more rapid reaction, is independent of the oxygen (O2) and H2O2 content within the tumor. In addition, this engineered nanosystem also exerts the function of photoacoustic imaging and skin restoration on the corresponding animal models. This study reveals the enormous potential of sulfate radical in oncotherapy and broadens pave for exploring the application of multifunctional and stimuli‐responsive nanosystems in biomedicine.
Droplet breakup in the square microchannel with a short square constriction to generate slug flow
Authors: Wang Xiaoda , Liu Yuanyuan , Liu Dayu , Ge Xuehui , Li Ling , Qiu Ting
Published: April 2022

Droplet breakup in microconstrictions is an important phenomenon in industrial applications. This work aimed to investigate the droplet breakup in the square microchannel with a short square constriction to generate the slug flow, which drew little attention before. Mechanism analysis indicated that this breakup process included the shear‐force‐dominated, squeezing‐force‐dominated, and pinch‐off stages. Nonuniform daughter droplets were generated in the constriction with their interface restricted in the horizontal and perpendicular directions by the microchannel walls. The average relative deviation of the daughter droplet size was <30%, much lower than that for the breakup with the daughter droplet restricted only in one direction. An empirical equation with a deviation of <20% was provided to show the dependence of the daughter droplet size on the operation conditions. The comparison results suggested that the different restriction effects of microchannel wall on daughter droplets led to the different breakup mechanisms in different constrictions.
Drought, psychosocial stress, and ecogeographical patterning: Tibial growth and body shape in Samburu (Kenyan) pastoralist children
Authors: Straight Bilinda , Hilton Charles E. , Naugle Amy , Olungah Charles Owuor , Ngo Duy , Qiao Xi , Needham Belinda L.
Published: April 2022

Objectives

This study of Samburu pastoralists (Kenya) employs a same‐sex sibling design to test the hypothesis that exposure in utero to severe drought and maternal psychosocial stress negatively influence children's growth and adiposity. As a comparison, we also hypothesized that regional climate contrasts would influence children's growth and adiposity based on ecogeographical patterning.

Materials and Methods

Anthropometric measurements were taken on Samburu children ages 1.8–9.6 years exposed to severe drought in utero and younger same‐sex siblings (drought‐exposed, n = 104; unexposed, n = 109) in two regions (highland, n = 128; lowland, n = 85). Mothers were interviewed to assess lifetime and pregnancy‐timed stress.

Results

Drought exposure associated to lower weight‐for‐age and higher adiposity. Drought did not associate to tibial growth on its own but the interaction between drought and region negatively associated to tibial growth in girls. In addition, drought exposure and historically low rainfall associated to tibial growth in sensitivity models. A hotter climate positively associated to adiposity and tibial growth. Culturally specific stressors (being forced to work too hard, being denied food by male kin) associated to stature and tibial growth for age. Significant covariates for child outcomes included lifetime reported trauma, wife status, and livestock.

Discussion

Children exposed in utero to severe drought, a hotter climate, and psychosocial stress exhibited growth differences in our study. Our results demonstrate that climate change may deepen adverse health outcomes in populations already psychosocially and nutritionally stressed. Our results also highlight the value of ethnography to identifying meaningful stressors.
Enantioselective Cobalt‐Catalyzed Hydroboration of Ketone‐Derived Silyl Enol Ethers
Authors: Dong Wenke , Ye Zhiyang , Zhao Wanxiang
Published: April 2022

Catalytic asymmetric hydroboration of alkenes is a powerful tool for the synthesis of natural products, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals via the versatile transformations of chiral alkyl boronic esters. However, the scope of available alkenes is limited to styrenes, activated alkenes, and compounds with directing groups. The catalytic enantioselective hydroboration of heteroatom‐substituted alkenes is rarely explored and those catalyzed by earth‐abundant metals are yet to be reported. Herein, we report a cobalt‐catalyzed asymmetric hydroboration of ketone‐derived silyl enol ethers and provide a convenient approach to access valuable enantiopure β‐hydroxy boronic esters. This protocol features mild reaction conditions, a broad substrate scope, and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee). This approach was applied in the successful synthesis of salmeterol and albuterol, demonstrating its potential to streamline complex molecule synthesis.
Vacuum‐Assisted Thermal Annealing of CsPbI3for Highly Stable and Efficient Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yu Guanghui , Jiang Ke‐Jian , Gu Wei‐Min , Li Yawen , Lin Yuze , Xu Yanting , Jiao Xinning , Xue Tangyue , Zhang Yiqiang , Song Yanlin
Published: April 2022

Inorganic cesium lead iodide perovskite CsPbI3is attracting great attention as a light absorber for single or multi‐junction photovoltaics due to its outstanding thermal stability and proper band gap. However, the device performance of CsPbI3‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is limited by the unsatisfactory crystal quality and thus severe non‐radiative recombination. Here, vacuum‐assisted thermal annealing (VATA) is demonstrated as an effective approach for controlling the morphology and crystallinity of the CsPbI3perovskite films formed from the precursors of PbI2, CsI, and dimethylammonium iodide (DMAI). By this method, a large‐area and high‐quality CsPbI3film is obtained, exhibiting a much reduced trap‐state density with prolonged charge lifetime. Consequently, the solar cell efficiency is raised from 17.26 to 20.06 %, along with enhanced stability. The VATA would be an effective approach for fabricating high‐performance thin‐film CsPbI3perovskite optoelectronics.
Binding and Assembly of a Benzotriazole Cavitand in Water
Authors: Rahman Faiz‐Ur , Wang Rui , Zhang Hui‐Bin , Brea Oriana , Himo Fahmi , Rebek Julius , Yu Yang
Published: April 2022

A water‐soluble cavitand bearing a benzotriazole upper rim was prepared and characterized. It exists as a dimeric velcraplex in D2O, but forms host–guest complexes with hydrophobic and amphiphilic guests. Alkanes (C5 to C10), cyclic ketones (C6–C10), cyclic alcohols (C6–C8) and various amphiphilic guests form 1 : 1 cavitand complexes. A cyclic array of hydrogen bonds, bridged by solvent/water (D2O) molecules, stabilizes the vase conformation of the complexes. With longer alkanes (C12–C15), symmetrical dialkyl amine, urea and phosphate, 2 : 1 host:guest capsules are formed. Computations indicate that additional waters on the upper rim create a self‐complementary hydrogen‐bonding pattern for capsule formation.
Polyurethane adhesives from castor oil and modified lignin via reaction with propylene carbonate
Authors: Antonino Leonardo Dalseno , Garcia Guilherme Elias Saltarelli , Gouveia Julia Rocha , Santos Amanda Nascimento Braga , da Silva Bisneto Manuel Patricio , dos Santos Demetrio Jackson
Published: April 2022

Over the last several years, lignin hydroxypropylation with propylene oxide (PO) has been used as the main strategy to overcome lignin limitations, such as its low reactivity, poor dispersion, and high stiffness, in the context of polyurethane (PU) synthesis. However, PO is a flammable, toxic, and carcinogenic compound. Propylene carbonate (PC), a compound with low toxicity and biodegradability, has emerged as a feasible alternative to PO. Although this compound has potential for use in syntheses, lignin hydroxypropylation with PC has not yet been explored in PU synthesis. In this work, PU adhesives are synthesized using castor oil (CO) and hydroxypropylated lignin via the reaction with PC (HKL_PC) as a polyol. HKL_PC is incorporated in CO at different concentrations (10 wt%, 20 wt%, and 30 wt%). Curing kinetics is investigated with temperature‐modulated optical refractometry (TMOR). Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) demonstrates an increase in Tg after lignin addition. Furthermore, Young's modulus and practical adhesion are improved with increasing HKL_PC concentration. Results prove that hydroxypropylation with PC is a feasible method for lignin‐based PU synthesis and reveals the potential of this approach as an alternative for the PO‐based method.
Effect of expandable graphite and molybdenum trioxide in nitrogen/phosphorus synergistic system on acoustic performance and fire safety in rigid polyurethane foam
Authors: Lyu Xiongxian , Zhang Huiping , Yan Ying
Published: April 2022

To explore acoustic performance and flame retardancy of expandable graphite (EG) and molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) in rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) with nitrogen/phosphorus synergistic system, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), diethyl ethylphosphonate (DEEP), EG, and MoO3 were employed in RPUF. Compared with flame‐retarded RPUFs, neat‐RPUF attained an open porosity value of 45.3%, which provided good tortuosity for wave propagation and acoustic attenuation, and therefore had the best performance in acoustic absorption. Although the addition of flame retardant sacrificed sound‐absorbing properties, the flame retardancy performance of foams were indeed significantly improved. The Limited Oxygen Index (LOI) value of RPUF with 70 php EG alone increased from 19.4% of Neat‐RPUF to 35.6%. Regarding to CO and CO2 emission, RPUF with 10 php MoO3, 30 php APP, and 30 php DEEP gained minimum value of average CO yield and average CO2 yield, which were 0.06 kg/kg and 0.78 kg/kg, respectively, ascribed to the accelerated formation of the compact carbon layers by MoO3.
Flame retardancy efficacy of phytic acid: An overview
Authors: Mokhena Teboho Clement , Sadiku Emmanuel Rotimi , Ray Suprakas Sinha , Mochane Mokgaotsa Jonas , Matabola Kgabo Phillemon , Motloung Mpho
Published: April 2022

The article reviews the different methods of which, phytic acid (PA) can be employed as a flame retardant (FR) filler for different polymeric materials. The methods are critically discussed, based on the available literature and patents. Depending on the method used and the addition of FRs into a PA flame retarded system, different flame retarding modes of action and fire resistance performances are attained. The mechanism of action for PA‐based system remains similar to those observed in other phosphorus‐based FRs, namely, condensed and gas‐phase mechanisms.
Flexible composites by ionic liquid/silver/graphene in towel‐gourd sponge fibers: Synergistic effect and dual‐band electromagnetic interference shielding in X‐band and terahertz‐band
Authors: Xiang Meng , Zhu Sheng‐Qing , Qin Sai , Yang Jingjing , Fan Wangxi , Lin Wei , Yang Zhou , Dong Shuang
Published: April 2022

Flexible polymer composites applied to such dual‐band electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding were prepared by a facile approach. Firstly, heterogeneous conducting framework was fabricated by incorporating reduced graphene oxide (rGO), silver (Ag) followed with ionic liquids (IL) sequentially in the micro channels of towel‐gourd sponge (TS) fibers to increase the synergistic effect in conductivity. After that, the TS fibers modified by rGO, Ag, and IL (TS@IL‐Ag‐rGO) were blended with melting polyamide elastomer (PA) matrix in the internal mixer to obtain the PA/TS@IL‐Ag‐rGO composites. The composites exhibited high‐EMI shielding effectiveness of 32.3 dB in X‐band and 18.3 dB in THz‐band with 12 wt% fillers content due to the synergistic effect in the heterogeneous conducting framework, which opens an avenue for stretchable materials applied in shielding electromagnetic waves in X‐band and THz‐band at the same time.
Thermomechanical and tribological properties of polyimide and polyethersulfone blends reinforced with expanded graphite particles at various elevated temperatures
Authors: Xue Ya‐Hong , Yan Shi‐Cheng , Chen Yuan
Published: April 2022

Expanded graphite (EG) particles were introduced into the polyimide (PI) and polyethersulfone (PES) blend to enhance the dynamic thermomechanical and tribological performances of this polymer composite at evaluated temperatures ranging from room temperature to 250°C. The influences of EG dosage, evaluated temperature and vertical loads on the high‐temperature tribological behaviors, worn surface morphologies and wear mechanisms of EG/PES/PI composites were analyzed. Experimental results suggest that tensile strength, dynamic storage modulus, glass transition temperature as well as thermal stability of EG/PES/PI composites are superior to those of the PES/PI blend and they are raised as the EG additions increase. Whether at room temperature or at the high temperature of 250°C, the EG/PES/PI composites display the better friction‐reducing and abrasion resistant performances than the PES/PI blend. Among all these composites, the 7.0 wt% EG/PES/PI composite demonstrates the best friction and wear properties (0.23, 5.68 × 10−16 m3/[N·m]) at evaluated temperatures. The noticeable improvement in abrasive property of EG/PES/PI composites at high‐evaluated temperatures stems from extraordinary porous microstructures and outstanding lubrication characteristics of EG particles as well as the formation of uniform self‐lubricating polymer tribofilms. This composite as antifriction and wear‐resistant materials possesses potential applications in high‐temperature engineering tribology, such as rolling bearing retainer, and so forth.
Tailored recycling chemicals and fuels from poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate: A review
Authors: Kang Shimin , Liang Jianhao , Yuan Haojun , Lin Fenggui , Deng Dongyao , Fu Jinxia
Published: April 2022

With the threat of ‘white pollution’, the large‐scale production and application of biodegradable plastics have become crucial. Poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is the simplest and most used member of the polyhydroxyalkanoate family, with a uniform C4 structural unit (C4H6O2). To reduce the impact of PHB on waste treatment, various recycling strategies have been developed for the tailored conversion of PHB to targeted chemicals and fuels. Given the special structural unit, PHB and its plastic forms have the potential to serve as a sustainable feedstock for producing a series of value‐added chemicals and fuels, including (i) crotonic acid via pyrolysis, (ii) (R)‐β‐hydroxybutyric acid via hydrolysis, (iii) propylene via depolymerization and decarboxylation, (iv) liquid fuels via deoxygenation and oligomerization, (v) n‐biobutanol via catalytic hydrogenolysis, (vi) methyl crotonate via thermolysis and esterification, (vii) (R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate methyl ester via catalytic methanolysis, and (viii) β‐aminobutyric acid via ammonolysis. This review article provides a systematic review focusing on the reaction pathways, primary applications and market potential of the target products, and the pros and cons of current bio‐refineries in comparison with conventional petroleum refineries. The thermochemical processes developed for PHB degradation and polypropylene (a typical petroleum‐derived plastic to be replaced by PHB) are also comprehensively evaluated to reveal the future opportunities and challenges of PHB's broad‐scale production and utilization. PHB‐derived chemicals and fuels have a mature market already, and it is confirmed that the tailored valorization of PHB is a promising pathway to expand the market and gain more environmental and energy benefits. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustainable supply chain management of automotive sector in context to the circular economy: A strategic framework
Authors: Sonar Harshad , Mukherjee Ayon , Gunasekaran Angappa , Singh Rajesh Kr
Published: April 2022

In the era of circular economy (CE), sustainability in the supply chain provides a competitive edge over other organizations in a globally competitive environment. There have been an increasing number of studies in sustainable supply chain practices in the recent past. Limited studies have been done to identify the key strategic factors for sustainable operations of automotive sector in context to developing countries like India. The primary goal of this research is to undertake a thorough assessment and give a brief understanding of the barriers of sustainability in the automotive supply chain. Various barriers are identified from experts' interviews and past academic literature. An integrated approach comprising of the “decision‐making trial and evaluation laboratory method” (DEMATEL) and “interpretive structural modelling” (ISM) method is employed to develop a contextual and hierarchical relationship among the identified barriers. The lack of awareness concerning reverse logistics adoption has the greatest causal effect. This is followed by a lack of information sharing on sustainable practices and complexity in measurement and monitoring of suppliers' environmental activities. To ensure the robustness of the model, sensitivity analysis has been also performed. The novelty of this work is that it identified several barriers towards a sustainable supply chain in automotive sector with a special focus on India. This work will help the practitioners to prioritize the strategic actions needed to be taken for developing sustainable supply chain management. This research has crucial policy implications for stakeholders working to build a sustainable CE by remanufacturing and reusing production waste.
The effect of the two‐chair dialogue intervention on self‐compassion ‐ adding an emotional evocative component to a basic Rogerian condition
Authors: Reidar Stiegler Jan , Uleberg Vildalen Victoria , Heggem Tora , Båfjord Ismaili Sara , Schanche Elisabeth
Published: April 2022

Objective

How people relate to themselves when facing distress or failure influences general psychological well‐being and vulnerability to psychological disorders. The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of an emotionally evocative intervention on self‐compassion.

Methods

The data were retrieved from a larger study of Emotion‐Focused Therapy (EFT) utilising a multiple baseline design comparing two treatment phases. The baseline phase consisted of 5, 7 or 9 therapy sessions where the therapist solely adhered to Rogerian relational conditions, as prescribed in EFT. A two‐chair dialogue intervention was then added for five sessions. The sample consisted of 18 self‐critical clients with clinically significant symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. The “Self‐Compassion Scale” (SCS) was administered pre, mid and post therapy.

Results

The baseline phase did not lead to significant changes in self‐compassion. However, the addition of the two‐chair dialogue was associated with a significant increase in self‐compassion. This increase was due to reductions in the negative subscales, especially the isolation subscale.

Conclusion

The emotionally evocative two‐chair dialogue was associated with a significant change in self‐to‐self relating, compared to relational conditions alone. The two‐chair dialogue, thus, seems to be a promising intervention for promoting healthier self‐to‐self relating.
Insight into Interfacial Charge Transfer during Photocatalytic H2 Evolution through Fe, Ni, Cu and Au Embedded in a Mesoporous TiO2@SiO2 Core‐shell
Authors: Xu Qian , Knezevic Marija , Laachachi Abdelghani , Franger Sylvain , Colbeau‐Justin Christophe , Ghazzal Mohamed Nawfal
Published: April 2022

The efficiency of charge transfer at the interface of transition metals loaded on TiO2 as well as the active reduction site undoubtedly define the kinetics of H2 production. Here, we report the interfacial charge process of various transition metals (Fe, Ni, Cu, and Au) embedded in mesoporous core‐shell nanostructures, which provides further insight into the photocatalytic H2 evolution. Au was found to be the most active cocatalyst for the H2 evolution. Au nanoparticles (NPs) collect electrons and become a very efficient reduction site, promoting both charge separation and H2 evolution. The scavenging capacity of Au was found to be the highest compared to other NPs. Cu(I), which is as active as Au, but at a higher loading, also shows an ability for electron scavenging and acts as an active site under UV excitation, or rather injects electrons into the TiO2 conduction band under visible excitation. Ni(II) NPs were found to be involved in charge‐carrier separation through hole collection and their contribution to hydrogen evolution is expected to be limited to visible absorption and electron injection. The same behavior occurs with Fe(III), however, it is less efficient for H2 generation due to the weak charge‐carrier lifetime. We show that only Cu(I) could compete with noble metals such as Au, presenting electron‐scavenging behavior. Understanding the charge‐carrier dynamics will help design a very efficient system for photocatalytic H2 generation system.
Piezodeposition of Metal Cocatalysts for Promoted Piezocatalytic Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Hydrogen in Water
Authors: Xu Wenxiu , Li Kai , Shen Lanbo , Liu Xiaoyi , Chen Yi , Feng Junkun , Zhao WeiWei , Zhao Lili , Zhou Weijia , Wang Wenjun , Li Jianhua
Published: April 2022

Piezocatalysis in aqueous medium has shown great potential for various applications, however the efficiency of piezocatalytic nanoparticles is harmed by the limited utilization of piezoelectric charge and the lack of active catalytic interface. In this study, BaTiO3@Metal (BTO@M, M=Pt, Pd and Au) hetero‐nanostructures were synthesized by using a piezodeposition method. The deposited metal cocatalysts significantly promote the separation and migration of piezogenerated charge, consequently enhancing the piezocatalytic reactions on different metal cocatalyst interfaces. Specifically, BTO@Au under ultrasonic vibrations exhibited most efficient generation of reactive oxidative species via a two‐electron reduction pathway in the presence of dissolved oxygen, while BTO@Pt showed promoted hydrogen evolution in the absence of oxygen. The metal‐piezoelectric hetero‐nanostructures proposed in this work highlight the key role of noble metal as cocatalysts for piezoelectricity‐driven oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions, which could further advance piezocatalysis in the field of clean energy, water disinfection and biomedicine.
Mechanistic understanding of the charge storage processes in FeF2 aggregates assembled with cylindrical nanoparticles as a cathode material for lithium‐ion batteries by in situ magnetometry
Authors: Hu Zhengqiang , Zhang Fengling , Liang Huanyu , Zhang Hao , Wang Huaizhi , Wang Tiansheng , Liu Renbin , Liu Jie , Li Yadong , Dong Xiaotong , Bao Lianyu , Liang Zhuan , Wang Yaqun , Yan Shishen , Li Qiang , Li Hongsen
Published: April 2022

Transition metal fluorides (TMFs) cathode materials have shown extraordinary promises for electrochemical energy storage, but the understanding of their electrochemical reaction mechanisms is still a matter of debate due to the complicated and continuous changing in the battery internal environment. Here, we design a novel iron fluoride (FeF2) aggregate assembled with cylindrical nanoparticles as cathode material to build FeF2 lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and employ advanced in situ magnetometry to detect their intrinsic electronic structure during cycling in real time. The results show that FeF2 cannot be involved in complete conversion reactions when the FeF2 LIBs operate between the conventional voltage range of 1.0–4.0 V, and that the corresponding conversion ratio of FeF2 can be further estimated. Importantly, we first demonstrate that the spin‐polarized surface capacitance exists in the FeF2 cathode by monitoring the magnetic responses over various voltage ranges. The research presents an original and insightful method to examine the conversion mechanism of TMFs and significantly provides an important reference for the future artificial design of energy systems based on spin‐polarized surface capacitance.
Iron‐doped Ag/Ni2(CO3)(OH)2 hierarchical microtubes for highly efficient water oxidation
Authors: Zhang Huiwen , Liu Shuxuan , Hu Enlai , Yang Yunfei , Zhang Huimin , Zhu Yuting , Yan Lijing , Gao Xuehui , Zhang Jing , Lin Zhan
Published: April 2022

Doping of foreign atoms and construction of unique structures are considered as effective approaches to design high‐activity and strong‐durability electrocatalysts. Herein, we report Fe‐doped nickel hydroxide carbonate hierarchical microtubes with Ag nanoparticles (denoted Ag/NiFeHC HMTs) through hydrolysis precipitation process. Experimental tests and density functional theory calculations reveal that Fe doping can tune the electron configuration to enhance the conductivity, markedly improve the electrochemical surface area to expose more active sites, and act as reactive centers to lower the free energy of the rate determination step. In addition, the unique hierarchical structure can also offer active sites and excellent cycling stability. Benefitting from these advantages, the as‐obtained Ag/NiFeHC HMTs show excellent oxygen evolution reaction activity, with an overpotential of 208 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M KOH. Also, it could achieve long‐term stability at a current density of 20 mA cm−2 for 24 h.
Se‐(Fluoromethyl) Benzenesulfonoselenoates: Shelf‐Stable, Easily Available Reagents for Monofluoromethylselenolation
Authors: Guo Rui‐Li , Zhang Xing‐Long , Bu Xian‐Pan , Wang Meng‐Yue , Zhao Bao‐Yin , Gao Ya‐Ru , Jia Qiong , Wang Yong‐Qiang
Published: April 2022

A new class of electrophilic monofluoromethylselenolation reagents, Se‐(fluoromethyl) benzenesulfonoselenoates, has been developed. They can be readily prepared from sodium benzenesulfinates, Se powder and ClCFH2 in one step under mild reaction conditions. Se‐(fluoromethyl) benzenesulfonoselenoates are efficient electrophilic monofluoromethylselenolation reagents for a wide range of nucleophiles including indole, 6‐azaindole, pyrrole, thiophene, electron‐rich arene, aryl boronic acid and alkyne. The monofluoromethylselenolation approach features mild and environmentally friendly reaction conditions, good tolerance of various functional groups, and broad substrate scope.
Promising Therapeutic Approach for SARS‐CoV‐2 Infections by Using a Rutin‐Based Combination Therapy
Authors: Mazik Monika
Published: April 2022

The development of new therapeutic approaches for SARS‐CoV‐2 infections is of particular current importance. The combination therapy proposed here is based on already proven, safe and inexpensive compounds. The natural compound rutin, one of the six therapy components, has the potential to inhibit both viral and host cell targets. In addition, this therapy involves the use of acetylsalicylic acid, vitamin C and vitamin D3, which should be administered together with calcium and magnesium. The importance of each component is briefly described in this article. Due to multiple anti‐infective properties of rutin, it provides a basis for combating a SARS‐CoV‐2 infection as well as various viral and bacterial co‐infections. There are strong indications for a good effect of this simple combination therapy, especially in the early stages of infection. It has the potential to be of interest both prophylactically and therapeutically, and offers the possibility of protection against severe disease progression.
Opportunities and Challenges for Decentralized Clinical Trials: European Regulators’ Perspective
Authors: de Jong Amos J. , van Rijssel Tessa I. , Zuidgeest Mira G. P. , van Thiel Ghislaine J. M. W. , Askin Scott , Fons‐Martínez Jaime , De Smedt Tim , de Boer Anthonius , Santa‐Ana‐Tellez Yared , Gardarsdottir Helga ,   the Trials@Home Consortium
Published: April 2022

Decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) have the potential to improve accessibility, diversity, and retention in clinical trials by moving trial activities to participants’ homes and local surroundings. In this study, we conducted semi‐structured interviews with 20 European regulators to identify regulatory challenges and opportunities for the implementation of DCTs in the European Union. The key opportunities for DCTs that were recognized by regulators include a reduced participation burden, which could facilitate the participation of underserved patients. In addition, regulators indicated that data collected in DCTs are expected to be more representative of the real world. Key challenges recognized by regulators for DCTs include concerns regarding investigator oversight and participants’ safety when physical examinations and face‐to‐face contact are limited. To facilitate future learning, hybrid clinical trials with both on‐site and decentralized elements are proposed by the respondents.
YTHDF2 interference suppresses the EMT of cervical cancer cells and enhances cisplatin chemosensitivity by regulating AXIN1
Authors: Wu Min , Chen Guozhong , Liao Xiaowen , Xiao Lihua , Zheng Jianqing
Published: April 2022

M6A reader YTH structural domain family 2 (YTHDF2) has been recognized to play an oncogenic role in numerous tumors, but its role in cervical cancer has not been extensively discussed yet. This paper was designed to explore the role of YTHDF2 in cervical cancer and identify its underlying mechanism. The expression of YTHDF2 was first determined in cervical cancer cells by quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Then, the migration, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process were observed in YTHDF2‐knockdown Hela cells using wound healing, transwell and immunofluorescence assays. The cisplatin chemosensitivity of Hela cells was also investigated by assessing cell activity with cell counting kit‐8 and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling). After MeRIP‐Seq assay and actinomycin D treatment to confirm the binding relationship between YTHDF2 and AXIN1, the migration, invasion, EMT process, and cisplatin chemosensitivity were assessed again in Hela cells silenced by YTHDF2 and AXIN1 or treated with Wnt agonist. YTHDF2 was increased in cervical cancer cells, and depletion of YTHDF2 led to reduced migration, invasion and EMT process but enhanced chemosensitivity of cisplatin in Hela cells. Furthermore, YTHDF2 could bind to and stabilize the expression of AXIN1. When the YTHDF2‐knockdown Hela cells were further transfected with AXIN1 knockdown or treated with Wnt agonist, the effects of YTHDF2 knockdown on the migration, invasion and EMT process were partially abolished, together with reduced cisplatin chemosensitivity. To sum up, we reported that YTHDF2 interference could suppress the EMT of cervical cancer cells and enhance cisplatin chemosensitivity by regulating AXIN1.
Sensor technology in eating disorders research: A systematic review
Authors: Presseller Emily K. , Patarinski Anna Gabrielle G. , Fan Stephanie C. , Lampe Elizabeth W. , Juarascio Adrienne S.
Published: April 2022

Objective

Sensor technologies offer exciting potential to objectively measure psychopathological correlates of eating pathology and eating disorder (ED) research utilizing sensors has rapidly proliferated in the past several years. The aims of the present review are: (1) characterize the types of sensors that have been utilized in ED research, (2) identify the psychopathological factors relevant to EDs that have been assessed using sensors, (3) describe the data supporting the validity and reliability of these sensors, (4) discuss limitations associated with these sensors, and (5) identify gaps that persist within the ED literature with regard to use of sensor technologies.

Method

A systematic search was conducted of PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, ProQuest, and “gray” literature sources. Eligible publications were empirical studies that utilized sensors to measure at least one psychological variable among clinical ED populations.

Results

Sensors have been utilized with ED samples to measure eating behaviors, physical activity, sleep, autonomic nervous system activity, eyeblink startle response, visual attention, and visual‐haptic object integration. The reliability and validity of these sensors varies widely and there are a number of significant gaps that remain in the literature with regard to the types of sensors utilized, context in which sensors have been used, and populations studied.

Discussion

The existing literature utilizing sensors within ED research largely support the feasibility and acceptability of these tools. Sensors should continue to be utilized within the field, with a specific focus on examining the reliability and validity of these tools within ED samples and increasing the diversity of samples studied.

Public Significance Statement

Sensor technologies, such as those included in modern smartwatches, offer new opportunities to measure factors that may maintain or contribute to symptoms of eating disorders. This article describes the types of sensors that have been used in eating disorders research, challenges that may arise in using these sensors, and discusses new applications of these sensors that may be pursued in future research.
The roles of negative emotion intensity, negative emotion differentiation, and self‐compassion in loss of control eating
Authors: Bicaker Ege , Lane Sean P. , Sadikaj Gentiana , Racine Sarah E.
Published: April 2022

Objective

Negative affect intensity is robustly related to binge eating, but the relationship between negative emotion differentiation (i.e., the ability to differentiate negatively‐valenced emotions) and binge eating is unclear. Further, little is known about factors that might reduce emotion intensity and/or enhance emotion differentiation, thereby reducing binge eating. Self‐compassion is consistently linked to less binge eating, which may be due to decreased negative affect and/or an enhanced ability to differentiate emotions. The current study examined the roles of negative emotion intensity, negative emotion differentiation, and self‐compassion in binge eating using ecological momentary assessment.

Method

Participants were 201 university students (52.2% female) who completed questionnaires assessing affect seven times a day, and engagement in loss of control (LOC) eating episodes at the end of each day, for 10 days. The average of sadness, fear, guilt, and hostility subscales represented negative emotion intensity; intraclass correlations across negative affect subscales defined negative emotion differentiation. Both daily (i.e., within‐person) and trait (i.e., between‐person) emotion variables were examined as predictors.

Results

Between‐person negative emotion intensity, but not negative emotion differentiation, significantly predicted LOC eating occurrence. Self‐compassion had a significant effect on LOC eating frequency, and this relationship was partially mediated via negative emotion intensity, but not via negative emotion differentiation.

Discussion

Lower levels of negative emotion intensity partially account for the relationship between greater self‐compassion and less frequent LOC eating. These findings highlight the importance of cultivating self‐compassion to down‐regulate negative emotions and to reduce LOC eating.

Public significance statement

Our findings suggest that university students who approach their limitations compassionately experience fewer negative emotions in daily life and engage in less loss of control eating. Lower levels of negative affect partially explain this relationship between self‐compassion and loss of control eating. These results highlight the importance of cultivating an understanding and a compassionate attitude toward oneself for reducing eating pathology.
Optimizing relapse prevention and changing habits (REACH+) in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Steinglass Joanna E. , Attia Evelyn , Glasofer Deborah R. , Wang Yuanjia , Ruggiero Julia , Walsh B. Timothy , Thomas J. Graham
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Relapse rates in anorexia nervosa (AN) are high, even after full weight restoration. This study aims to develop a relapse prevention treatment that specifically addresses persistent maladaptive behaviors (habits). Relapse Prevention and Changing Habits (REACH+) aims to support patients in developing routines that promote weight maintenance, encourage health, and challenge habits that perpetuate illness. The clinical trial design uses the Multiphase Optimization STrategy (MOST) framework to efficiently identify which components of treatment contribute to positive outcomes.

Methods

Participants will be 60 adults with AN who have achieved weight restoration in an inpatient setting. Treatment will consist of 6 months of outpatient telehealth sessions. REACH+ consists of behavior, cognitive, and motivation components, as well as food monitoring and a skill consolidation phase. A specialized online platform extends therapy between sessions. Participants will be randomly assigned to different versions of each component in a fractional factorial design. Outcomes will focus on maintenance of remission, measured by rate of weight loss and end‐of‐trial status. Interventions that contribute to remission will be included in an optimized treatment package, suitable for a large‐scale clinical trial of relapse prevention in AN.
A trait‐based plant economic framework can help increase the value of reforestation for conservation
Authors: Axelsson Erik Petter , Abin Jane Vanessa , T Lardizabal Maria Lourdes , Ilstedt Ulrik , Grady Kevin C.
Published: April 2022

While reforestation is gaining momentum to moderate climate change via carbon sequestration, there is also an opportunity to use tree planting to confront declining global biodiversity. Where tree species vary in support of diversity, selecting appropriate species for planting could increase conservation effectiveness. We used a common garden experiment in Borneo using 24 native tree species to examine how variation among tree species in their support of beetle diversity is predicted by plant traits associated with “acquisitive” and “conservative” resource acquisition strategies. We evaluate three hypotheses: (1) beetle communities show fidelity to host identity as indicated by variation in abundance and diversity among tree species, (2) the leaf economic spectrum partially explains this variation as shown by beetle preferences for plant species that are predicted by plant traits, and (3) a small number of selected tree species can capture higher beetle species richness than a random tree species community. We found high variation among tree species in supporting three highly intercorrelated metrics of beetle communities: abundance, richness, and Shannon diversity. Variation in support of beetle communities was predicted by plant traits and varied by plant functional groups; within the dipterocarp family, high beetle diversity was predicted by conservative traits such as high wood density and slow growth, and in non‐dipterocarps by the acquisitive traits of high foliar K and rapid growth. Using species accumulation curves and extrapolation to twice the original sample size, we show that 48 tree species were not enough to reach asymptote levels of beetle richness. Nevertheless, species accumulation curves of the six tree species with the highest richness had steeper slopes and supported 33% higher richness than a random community of tree species. Reforestation projects concerned about conservation can benefit by identifying tree species with a disproportional capacity to support biodiversity based on plant traits.
Phenotypes and environment predict seedling survival for seven co‐occurring Great Basin plant taxa growing with invasive grass
Authors: Agneray Alison C. , Parchman Thomas L. , Leger Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2022

Trait–environment correlations can arise from local adaptation and can identify genetically and environmentally appropriate seeds for restoration projects. However, anthropogenic changes can disrupt the relationships between traits and fitness. Finding the best seed sources for restoration may rely on describing plant traits adaptive in disturbed and invaded environments, recognizing that while traits may differ among species and functional groups, there may be similarities in the strategies that increase seedling establishment. Focusing on three grass genera, two shrub species, and two forb genera, we collected seeds of all taxa from 16 common sites in the sagebrush steppe of the western United States. We measured seed and seedling characteristics, including seed size, emergence timing, and root and shoot traits, and compiled a suite of environmental variables for each collection site. We described trait–environment associations and asked how traits or environment of origin were associated with seedling survival in invaded gardens. Sampling seven taxa from the same sites allowed us to ask how trait–environment–performance associations differ among taxa and whether natural selection favors similar traits across multiple taxa and functional groups. All taxa showed trait–environment associations consistent with local adaptation, and both environment of origin and phenotypes predicted survival in competitive restoration settings, with some commonalities among taxa. Notably, rapid emergence and larger seeds increased survival for multiple taxa. Environmental factors at collection sites, including lower slopes (especially for grasses), greater mean annual temperatures (especially for shrubs and forbs), and greater precipitation seasonality were frequently associated with increased survival. We noted one collection site with high seedling survival across all seven taxa, suggesting that conditions within some sites may result in selection for traits that increase establishment for multiple species. Thus, choosing native plant sources with the most adaptive traits, along with matching climates, will likely improve the restoration of invaded communities.
Sequential invasions by fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Pacific and Indian Ocean islands: A systematic review
Authors: Duyck Pierre‐François , Jourdan Hervé , Mille Christian
Published: April 2022

The aim of our review was to examine the cases of Tephritidae invasions across island systems in order to determine whether they follow a hierarchical mode of invasion. We reviewed the literature on factors and mechanisms driving invasion sequences in Pacific and Southwest Indian Ocean islands and gathered every record of invasion by a polyphagous tephritid in island groups. From invasion date or period, we defined an invasion link when a new fruit fly established on an island where another polyphagous tephritid is already resident (that was indigenous or a previous invader). Across surveyed islands, we documented 67 invasion links, involving 24 tephritid species. All invasion links were directional, i.e., they involved a series of invasions by invaders that were closely related to a resident species but were increasingly more competitive. These sequential establishments of species are driven by interspecific competition between resident and exotic species but are also influenced by history, routes, and flows of commercial exchanges and the bridgehead effect. This information should be used to improve biosecurity measures. Interactions between trade flow, invasive routes, and the presence of invasive and resident species should be integrated into large‐scale studies.