bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Study of Insanity
Authors: Mercier Charles
Published: August 2008

When the doctrine of Insanity emerged from its primitive condition of a belief in demoniacal possession, a belief highly spiritualistic in form, and highly materialistic in fact, it became re-moulded in the current forms of thought, and assumed a shape much like that which now obtains among the uninstructed. The concept of mind having attained to but a low degree of differentiation, and the boundaries between mental and material processes being but vaguely defined, alienism in its early stages could not but reflect the imperfections of the knowledge upon which it was compelled to rest. The alienist, observing that his own actions were preceded or accompanied by mental processes, that the more pronounced his actions the more vivid the feeling which accompanied them, that from each action he could trace backward the line of thought which prompted it; and being generally impressed with the close interconnection between his mental states and his conduct; looked at them as in the relation of cause and effect, and shared the then prevailing doctrine that the Mind, by means of that portion or faculty called the Will, directly produced the bodily actions, much as the force stored in the mainspring of a watch produces the movements of the hands.
On the Early Phases of Mental Disorder, and their Treatment
Authors: Kesteven W. B.
Published: August 2008

To recognise disorder of the mind in its early phases, places it within our reach at the most opportune season for checking or arresting its progress. The first signs of alienation, if duly appreciated, should afford warnings to have recourse, without delay, to the means of cutting it short. The consequences of overlooking or neglecting these timely indications may soon become irreparable. With what thankfulness do we not hail prevention in malignant or infectious maladies; with equal eagerness ought we not also to be on the watch for, and ready to avail ourselves of, means of staying the approach of symptoms that may apparently be less urgent or less obvious, but which are nevertheless certain indications of an affliction which may blight the hopes of a whole life, bringing with it unhappiness and misery incalculable.
The Knee-jerk in General Paralysis
Authors: Mickle Wm. Julius
Published: August 2008

A study of the so-called reflexes, both superficial and deep, is of considerable interest in general paralysis of the insane. Of these the knee-phenomenon, knee-jerk (Gowers), or patellar tendon-reflex, is one so easily examined, so well known, and of such valuable import, that what follows will mainly be devoted to the consideration of this physiological phenomenon.
Observations on Cannabis Indica and Syphilis as Causes of Mental Alienation in Turkey, Asia Minor, and Morocco
Authors: Davidson John H.
Published: August 2008

A recent holiday sojourn in Morocco having enabled me to complete certain information which I obtained some years ago while on a tour through Turkey and Asia Minor with respect to how far cannabis indica and syphilis are factors in the production of mental disease in the East, I proceed to record the following information which I have gathered on the subject:—
The Philosophy of Restraint in the Management and Treatment of the Insane
Authors: Cameron Robert W. D.
Published: August 2008

There is a very general impression among members of the medical profession abroad that it is only by the free use of stupifying drugs that British alienists are able to dispense with the use of mechanical appliances in the management of the insane. It cannot be gainsaid that, by the use of toxic remedies, noisy and violent patients may be as effectually controlled for the time being as by any species of mechanical appliance; nor can it be denied that in many of our asylums narcotics and sedatives are employed in such doses, so continuously, arid for such purposes as to justify the appellation of “chemical restraint.” But there are no facts to bear out the assumption that it is by excessive drugging we are enabled to avoid the use of restraining apparatus in our asylums. On the contrary, there is incontrovertible evidence to show that in foreign asylums where mechanical restraint is extensively practised, chemical restraint is likewise employed to an extent not thought of in this country. Dr. Wilbur∗ has been at pains to collect statistics for purposes of comparing the relative extent to which mechanical and chemical restraint is carried in British and American asylums. The result of his investigation clearly shows that in British asylums and in the few American asylums conducted on non-restraint principles, chemical restraint is not the substitute or alternative for mechanical restraint, but that, on the contrary, the general rule seems to be: the more mechanical restraint, the more chemical restraint.
Prognosis in Cases of Refusal of Food
Authors: Sutherland Henry
Published: August 2008

“May good digestion wait on appetite, and health on both.” So speaks the greatest of our English poets—the immortal Shakespeare.
Tubercular Meningitis in Insane Adults
Authors: Mickle Wm. Julius
Published: August 2008

Some examples of tubercular meningitis occurring in adult insane males will be briefly summarized.
2. Danish Retrospect
Authors: McDowall T. W.
Published: August 2008

1. Beretninger om den Kjöbenhavnske, den Nörrejyske, Ostifternes og den Viborgske Sindssygeanstalt i 1880.
On the Pathology of Certain Cases of Melancholia Attonita or Acute Dementia
Authors: Wiglesworth Joseph
Published: August 2008

Since a knowledge of the Physiology of Mind is essential to a clear comprehension of its Pathology, we may fitly introduce a paper purporting to deal with one form of abnormal mental action, with a few considerations concerning mental action in general.
Remarks on some Minor Matters of Management in Asylums
Authors: Campbell J. A.
Published: August 2008

At the annual meeting for 1880, one of the Editors of our Journal asked the members present for contributions on the subject of practical details in asylum management, pointed out the value of improvements in such directions, and expressed the opinion that such topics came most properly within the scope of a good asylum physician.
1. German Retrospect
Authors: Ireland W. W.
Published: August 2008

Dr. Ripping, in the “Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie (Band xxxix., Heft 1), considers the important clinical question of the relation of the diseases of the sexual organs in women to mental alienation. While he admits that changes in the uterus and its appendages, whether physiological or pathological, have an effect upon the mental susceptibilities of women, he is doubtful whether this effect is profound enough to become a potent cause of insanity. He is rather disposed to place such affections in the second or third line of causes as adjuvantia. The uterine diseases and the mental disturbance are sometimes the result of a common cause. “I have never observed,” writes Dr. Ripping, “a single case in which the insanity was a pure reflex neurosis of disease of the genital organs.” If in some patients this seemed to be probable, it was found on more careful examination that there were other circumstances which gave an easy and unforced explanation of the mental derangement. It is only after uterine disorders which, from their severity, implicate the whole organism, or lower the strength, as in continued bleedings, that insanity can be held to supervene as a result.
The Case of Gouldstone
Authors: Savage Geo. H.
Published: August 2008

First and foremost among the Occasional Notes of the Quarter the case of Gouldstone calls for comment. The observations to be made upon it will be ranged under the following heads: First, the history of the man and his crime; second, the examination in Court of skilled witnesses, with remarks on the futility of such examinations from a scientific point of view; and thirdly, the question of the legal dicta on responsibility.
On Certain Residual Prejudices of the Convalescent and Recovered Insane
Authors: Noble Daniel
Published: August 2008

In the ordinary experience of psychological physicians, whose sphere of observation is largely in private practice and within the walls of an asylum for the middle and higher classes of society, many circumstances arise which do not present themselves, at least with the same distinctness and prominence, to those whose experience may be upon a much more extensive scale, yet almost exclusively among the artisan and pauper classes of the community, in large public institutions. The reports and the disquisitions with which the medical superintendents of these latter establishments enrich, from time to time, the records of psychological medicine need no commendation from individuals; the profession have fixed their value; and it is universally conceded, indeed, that from psychologists and philanthropists alike they justly claim the very highest measure of approval.
Studies of Postures Indicative of the Condition of Mind, as Illustrated in Works of Art
Authors: Warner Francis
Published: August 2008

The term posture indicates the relative situation of the several members of the body with regard to each other, or the relative situation of the parts of the member. Now, the posture is the result of the last movement; the description of a posture is the description of the effect of the last movement of the part. Postures may be seen as the result of the action of any part of the muscular system. We may speak of the posture of the hand and upper extremity, the head and neck, the back, &c. Postures depend upon the resultant action of opposing muscles, the relative tone of the flexors and extensors, the adductors and abductors, &c. In the limbs the opposing muscles act upon the bones and move the joints. In the face the contending muscles dilate and contract the apertures for the eyes, mouth, and nose, and otherwise alter the features; hence alterations in these characters in the face may be called its postures. The movements of the eyes being due to antagonistic muscles, the various ocular positions may be similarly termed.
The Value of Electricity in the Treatment of Insanity
Authors: Newth A. H.
Published: August 2008

In the “Journal of Mental Science” for April, Dr. Alexander Robertson has referred to some observations of mine on the effects of galvanism in the treatment of insanity. These observations were made more than ten years ago. The cases chosen were not quite suitable or satisfactory; they were few in number, and the treatment was not thoroughly carried out. Still the results were far from being unsatisfactory; in fact they alone were quite sufficient to satisfy me that electricity, if properly and perseveringly applied in suitable cases, is a powerful means of cure. I am confirmed in this opinion not only by the results of these crude experiments, and others more recently and more carefully performed, but also from the value of electricity in other neuroses to which insanity is analogous. There are few who can deny, at least reasonably deny, that such neuroses as paralysis, chorea, neuralgia, anæsthesia, &c., are benefited in a most decided manner by electricity. There are forms of insanity, as all authorities on the subject affirm, which seem, if they really are not, identical with these neuroses, and it is not at all preposterous to assert that if it does good in one form of nervous disease it must do good in the other.
The Data of Alienism
Authors: Mercier Charles
Published: August 2008

Following the estimation of the state of the blood comes naturally that of the state of the circulation; and for the purpose of the alienist the efficiency with which the peripheral circulation is carried on is the main thing to be determined. From his point of view it is of far less importance to discover an insufficiency of the mitral valve than to find a cold blue flabby hand or nose; for a damaged valve is consistent with an efficient supply of blood to the highest nervous centres; but if one part of the peripheral circulation is seen to be badly carried on, the inference is unavoidable that the circulation in other peripheral regions is similarly defective. The direct evidence of the condition of the cerebral circulation obtainable by the ophthalmoscope should not be neglected. Although the “heat of the head” is a matter of prime importance among the laity, and is commonly considered by physicians as of some value, yet, having regard to the fact that the whole of the face and scalp are supplied by branches of the external carotid artery, while the encephalon receives its blood mainly from the internal carotid, I was for some time doubtful whether much stress should be laid on this external temperature. I have, however, seen a case in which not only did the head sweat freely, but steam rose visibly for many consecutive hours from the scalp of a woman lying in a well-warmed ward, and without any fluid or medicament being applied to the head. In that case there was found after death the most excessive congestion of the whole cerebral substance.
The Necessity for Hospital Treatment for Curable Cases of Insanity
Authors: Strahan S. A. K.
Published: August 2008

Dr. D. Hack Tuke in his interesting work, “Chapters in the History of the Insane in the British Isles,” has shown how the asylum of to-day was evolved from the madhouse of old. Originally the madhouse was simply a prison in which persons who had shown themselves dangerous to their fellows because of madness were confined and punished. With the general advancement of knowledge and civilization, the lamentable lot of the madman improved. One barbarous and inhuman custom after another was dropped, and at length it was dimly recognised that madness was a disease. Then for the lunatic the day of salvation was at hand—the cell, the chains, and the whip became things of the past, and he stood emancipated from all but his terrible disease.
Sane or Insane?
Authors: Manning F. Norton
Published: August 2008

A. B., a prisoner with two or three aliases, aged 40, strongly-built, of short stature, with dark complexion and pockmarked face, was admitted into the observation ward at H.M. gaol, Darlinghurst, early in August, 1884, with the following history. He had served one sentence certainly, and perhaps more, in the neighbouring colony of Victoria, was reported to be an old offender, and was sentenced to seven years for arson in U.S.A., in March, 1884. He was sent at once to undergo the usual nine months' solitary and separate treatment with which all long sentences commence in Berrima—the special gaol set apart for this—and at the beginning of May was reported by the visiting medical officer of that gaol as unfit for this treatment, because he was an epileptic.
2. German Retrospect
Authors: Ireland William W.
Published: August 2008

Our readers can scarcely have forgotten Dr. Franz Tuczek's studies upon Ergotism which were reported in the German Retrospect of the Journal (October, 1883, p. 426). This treatise upon the Pathology of General Paralysis (“Beiträge zur Pathologischen Anatomie und zur Pathologie der Dementia Paralytica.” Berlin, 1884) shows the same power of careful observation rewarded by important results.
Case in which Hæmaturia and appearances as of severe bruises occurred spontaneously in the course of an attack of maniacal excitement, and in which after death there was found to be extensive internal hæmorrhagic pachymeningitis
Authors: Savage Geo. H. , Smith R. Percy
Published: August 2008

J. H. M., commercial traveller, married, age 40. Sister insane; no family history of haemophilia. First attack of insanity, cause unknown. Habits sober. General health has been good. Has been subject to hay-asthma. Never had hæmaturia, and was not known to bruise easily. He has been a steady, industrious man, with studious tastes, yet of cheerful disposition. Ten days before admission had a pain in back of head and neck. He then became emotional and depressed, and the same evening was restless. This restlessness passed rapidly into mania.
Counter Irritation in General Paralysis
Authors: Davies Pritchard
Published: August 2008

On the 11th April, 1877, F. J. B. was admitted a patient into this asylum. The medical certificate which accompanied the order for his reception was as follows:—“Very excited when addressed. Has delusions on every point. Says that —— has tried to murder him and seduce his wife. Complains that the two attendants have tried to murder and rob him. Imagines that he is to receive £50,000 per month salary as traveller. Thinks he is in treaty to purchase all the public-houses in England. His brother — — informs me that he has threatened to murder his wife with a revolver—is extremely violent and dangerous to others. Has delusions on money matters, is extremely suspicious, and thinks people are going to murder him.”
The Insanity of King Louis II. of Bavaria
Authors: Ireland William W.
Published: August 2008

The striking events surrounding the end of King Louis of Bavaria attracted the attention of the whole civilized world. Much has already been published on the subject in the newspapers; but as the “Journal of Mental Science” will go down to the future as a record of what took place in the department of insanity, it has been thought proper that this great historical tragedy should be reviewed in our pages. It is likely that State considerations will prevent any of the physicians who took part in the proceedings from publishing what came to their knowledge. Our principal sources of information have been three German pamphlets,∗ the extra edition of the “Berliner-Börsen Zeitung,” of 15th June, 1886, and a collection of cuttings from English and American newspapers. A study worthy of the attention of psychologists is afforded, apart from the interest derived from the rank of the unfortunate prince and the pathetic character of the event which brought his life to a close. We see the evolution of an hereditary disposition to insanity helped instead of hindered by external circumstances. The family of Wittelsbach was one of the oldest amongst the ruling princes of Europe. The Duke of Bavaria, a prominent figure in the Thirty-Years' War, became an electoral prince of the German Empire in 1623. When Gustavus of Sweden entered Munich in 1632, he much approved of the taste displayed in the apartments of the palace of the fugitive Elector, and asked “Who was the architect?” “He is no other,” answered the attendant, “than the Elector himself.” “I should like to have him,” said the King, “to send him to Stockholm.” Thus a taste for decorative architecture seemed to have appeared at this early date in this princely family. Maximilian Joseph I. was made king by Napoleon after the battle of Austerlitz, at the same time receiving the Tyrol as the reward of his alliance. In this prince the family taste for art showed itself in many ways. He acquired the Aeginetan

marbles, the Dürer and the Düsseldorf gallery. His son, Louis I., spent millions of money in adorning Munich with splendid buildings in the Greek and Italian styles, and was the patron of Cornelius and the elder Kaulbach. The weaknesses of a virtuoso, and the scandals and imprudences into which he was led by his mistress, Lola Montes, brought about his deposition in the stormy year 1848. He was succeeded by his son, Maximilian II., whose rule was unpopular, owing to his reactionary tendencies. Maximilian's brother became King of Greece, till his subjects got rid of him without much ceremony or difficulty in 1862, when he returned to Bavaria.
East Riding Asylum, Beverley. Plans and Description of a Detached Hospital for Cases of Infectious Disease
Authors: Macleod M. D.
Published: August 2008

Among the descriptions which have appeared from time to time in the “Journal of Mental Science” of buildings arranged for the treatment of the insane, I have not observed any which show details of a building, in connection with an asylum, set apart for cases of infectious disease.
ætiology, Pathology, and Treatment of Puerperal Insanity
Authors: Clark A. Campbell
Published: August 2008

Puerperal Insanity has been my chief clinical study for the last seven years, and the present paper comprises the results of this experience. My observations will be founded on a minute study of forty cases.∗
On the use of Galvanism in the Treatment of Certain Forms of Insanity
Authors: Wiglesworth Joseph
Published: August 2008

The question of the value of electricity in the treatment of insanity is one concerning which much difference of opinion appears to prevail, although there seems to be a more or less general idea that it is, or ought to be, of some service. We every now and then read of cases which have progressed to recovery under the application of this agent, but, as far as one can judge from published records, very little has hitherto been done in this country to study the question at all thoroughly or systematically.
The Neuropathic Diathesis, or the Diathesis of the Degenerate
Authors: Revington G. T.
Published: August 2008

When we examine the purpose and the progress of the animal world from the scientific standpoint, we find that “life is a cycle, beginning in an ovum, and coming round to an ovum again,” and the history of the human race, the failures and triumphs of nations, the loves and hates, the baseness and nobility of individuals, appear to be “the mere by-play of ovum bearing organisms.” Whatever other purpose is served by our existence, we are certainly placed here to reproduce our kind, and to furnish human figures to play their part in the next scene of the perpetual panorama of life. Moreover, we make man in our own image, after our likeness, and endow him with the characteristics we have inherited from our ancestors, and with those which we have created, for good or evil, in our own life. One of the oldest of books teaches us that the sins of the fathers will be visited upon the children to the third and fourth generations, and we might go further and say that physiological sins will penalize the race for many generations, and even lead to its utter extinction, unless counteracted by the strong antidotes of physiological morality, perfect hygienic conditions, and judicious intermarriage with untainted breeds.
On the Pathology of Delusional Insanity (Monomania)
Authors: Wiglesworth Joseph
Published: August 2008

Delusional insanity or monomania has long been looked upon as one of the chief forms or types of insanity, and it is so described in the leading works on the subject. It is doubtful, however, whether it would be considered by all to be a pathological entity apart from other forms of insanity; indeed, many consider it as simply a variety of mania, and in the returns to the Commissioners of Lunacy mania and monomania are classified under one head. So far, however, from these two affections being allied, I venture to consider them as fundamentally distinct, and having each a pathology of its own. To put the matter tersely, I would say that mania begins from the top, monomania from the bottom. This proposition, doubtless, requires some explanation. I have elsewhere given reasons for my belief that mania is an affection of the highest controlling and co-ordinating plexuses of the brain; that what indeed we know as mania is the manifestation of activity on the part of certain lower centres (the larger portion) of the brain, this over-activity being permitted by under-activity, or abeyance of function, on the part of the highest centres (or smaller portion) of the brain. This is what I mean by insanity commencing from the top.
Mental Disorders Associated with Marriage Engagements
Authors: Savage Geo. H.
Published: August 2008

The frequency with which I am consulted about both men and women in whom an engagement of marriage has been associated with marked mental disorder, has induced me to bring the subject before this meeting of the Psychological Branch of the British Medical Association, especially as the subject naturally falls into a place in the larger subject suggested by Dr. A. Campbell Clark's papers on the perversions of the sexual and reproductive functions.
On Post-Epileptic States: A Contribution to the Comparative Study of Insanities
Authors: Jackson J. Hughlings
Published: August 2008

Section VIII. Need of Wide Clinical Knowledge.—If anyone thinks that the study of Diseases of the Nervous System as they are Dissolutions will take his attention from their clinical or practical consideration he is mistaken. I urge two methods of study, one scientific and one clinical. Without a considerable clinical knowledge of cases no one is fitted to begin the scientific, comparative, study of nervous diseases. For the scientific study of insanities a very wide clinical knowledge is necessary. It would never do to confine attention to cases described in text-books by Alienist Physicians, to what I may call “orthodox” cases of insanity. Not being an Alienist Physician I say this, and what follows in the present Section, under correction by the Members of this Society, who of necessity know very much more of “Diseases of the Mind” than I do. I should not presume to address Alienist Physicians on their special subject had I not the hope that from a long study of simpler diseases of the Nervous System, I might contribute something of at least indirect value for the elucidation of the most complex problems they have to deal with. In a later section I shall urge a study of cases of abnormal mental affections, many, of which are not, in a clinical regard, cases of insanity at all, and, so far as I know, are not dwelt upon in books on Insanity.
Antifebrin in Pyrexia
Authors: Mickle Wm. Julius
Published: August 2008

The following relates to antifebrin as an antipyretic remedy. The cases were those of insane adult males. And what I shall have to say chiefly concerns phthisical pyrexia. Subsequently, I will briefly touch on the use of antifebrin in various inflammatory febrile maladies affecting the insane.
Reflections on the Theories of Criminality
Authors: Morrison Rev. W. D. , Prison H.M.
Published: August 2008

Recent investigations into the origin of crime point as a rule to the conclusion that all forms and manifestations of delinquency may be traced back to the operation of three causes, which have been called anthropological, social, and cosmical.∗ These three causes sometimes act individually and sometimes collectively, as well as in varying proportions, according to the nature of the crime or the character of the criminal. With respect to the second cause, it is admitted by criminalists of all schools that adverse social surroundings is one of the most potent factors in the production of crime. Some writers lay down the doctrine that crime is entirely social in its origin; they adopt as their motto the celebrated maxim of Quetelet, that society prepares crime, the criminal only executes it, and maintain that an adequate amelioration of the present unequal conditions of existence would quickly bring about the extinction of the whole criminal population.†
On a Case of Acute Mania, with Symmetrical Gangrene of the Toes (Raynaud's Disease)
Authors: Macpherson J.
Published: August 2008

The subject of the following notes was a girl eighteen years old, who was admitted to the Royal Edinburgh Asylum on the 28th of March of last year.
Tumour of the Pituitary Body
Authors: Whitwell James B.
Published: August 2008

As neoplastic growths in connection with the pituitary body are decidedly rare, and as their presence is not unfrequently associated with and characterized by exceedingly vague, and, in some cases, inexplicable symptoms, the following case may be of some interest and value, more especially as the psychical derangements brought about by intracranial tumours in various regions are at present by no means definite and clear:—
Cases of Insanity with interesting Pathological Conditions
Authors: Rorie James
Published: August 2008

At the Quarterly Meeting of the Forfarshire Medical Association, held in Dundee on February 8th, 1889, Dr. Rorie submitted the usual quarterly Pathological Report of the Dundee Asylum, and exhibited specimens connected with the following cases:—
4. Austrian Retrospect
Authors: Urquhart A. R.
Published: August 2008

At the last International Medical Congress held in London, Mr Gladstone made the memorable remark that “Doctors are the future leaders of nations.” This saying, however, by no means applies to therapeutists, but to biologists. Modern biology has revealed fresh methods of knowledge, and given new directions to all sociological studies. The psychology of the future will be an applied science of cerebral anatomy and physiology. And so with criminal psychology, for it is the most natural course to start primarily in the study of the science of crime, and in the science of its prevention, from the criminal act itself, which is no other than a manifestation of the psychology of the criminal. And to study the innate qualities of the criminal, his education, the biographical details of his life—education in the widest sense)—that is the train of thought of the criminal anthropological school.
Case of Raynaud's Disease following Acute Mania. Under the care of W. C. Bland, M.R.C.S., Medical Superintendent. From notes
Authors: Raw Nathan
Published: August 2008

Henry C., 23, labourer, was admitted into this asylum on December 18, 1888. Has had epileptic fits since age of 13. Grandfather had fits. Fits increasing in severity during last two years. He was admitted in a state of acute mania, rolling and throwing himself about, and generally in a state of raving incoherence. He was treated in a single room, but would not stay in bed, standing for whole nights on his bare feet and shouting vigorously. This continued for eight nights. On the 25th December his feet were noticed to be slightly swollen, but not discoloured. His mental condition considerably improved, and on the 4th January he was able to sit up near the fire. Had a relapse, however, on the 11th, and, after spending a restless night, his feet were noticed to be again swollen, and he complained of great pain. On careful examination the toes of both feet presented a bluish-purple tint, especially on the plantar aspect; they felt cold, and there was slight cutaneous anæsthesia, patient experiencing subjective sensations of excruciating pain, referable to the anæsthetic regions. The pulsation in the tibial and dorsalis pedis arteries could scarcely be detected. There was considerable constitutional disturbance. Patient felt a sense of constriction all over his body; intense frontal headache, with severe pain of a spasmodic character in his lumbar region and great tenderness over the region of the kidneys. In addition there were several small hæmorrhagic extravasations on his buttocks and thighs. His vision was also materially affected. He complained of dimness and inability to read. On ophthalmic examination the fundus was seen to be unusually pale, while the vessels were blanched and almost indistinct. The urine was scanty and of a very smoky appearance, specific gravity 1,028, neutral in reaction; contained a deposit of phosphates, slight trace of albumen, and a large quantity of blood. Blood was also present in his expectoration. He was placed in a warm bed near the fire, and the feet carefully wrapped in cotton wool. The discoloration became more intense, and a large bleb formed under the epidermis of the plantar surface of three toes. On opening these a quantity of sanguineo-purulent fluid escaped, and a distinct line of demarcation was seen round the base of the terminal phalanges, which were gangrenous. Charcoal poultices were freely applied, and every endeavour made to check the spread of the disease. The result being that three of the terminal phalanges of the right foot, viz., second, fourth, and fifth, and one of the left foot, viz., the great toe, sloughed off, leaving a healthy granulating surface. His constitutional symptoms only lasted about a week; the pain in the back disappeared. Blood was only observed in the urine and expectoration for three days, and then quite disappeared. Vision was perfectly restored, and the optic discs appeared normal. The toes have healed up nicely, leaving very little deformity or inconvenience to the patient.
The Difficulty of Arriving at a Correct Diagnosis in Insane Patients
Authors: Raw Nathan
Published: August 2008

The following case well illustrates the difficulties with which asylum medical officers have to contend in the treatment of their patients for bodily disease.
Assistant Medical Officers in Asylums: Their Status in the Specialty
Authors: Dodds
Published: August 2008

A year ago this Association did four of us the honour of placing us on its Council as representatives of the large and ever-growing body of Assistant Medical Officers. Nowadays a good deal is expected of representatives; they are generally expected to give some account of their stewardship, and it occurred to us that we might make an effort to do something for our constituents by calling the attention of this Association to the status of Assistant Medical Officers in our specialty. We threw ourselves into the work the more readily because we felt strongly, and knew that we were supported in this feeling by not a few liberal-minded Superintendents, that Assistant Medical Officers, as a class, are not as well treated as they ought to be; that in many cases, indeed, considering their duties and responsibilities and the number of years they have devoted to the study of asylum work, they are neither accorded that consideration they deserve, nor are they adequately remunerated.
Case of Peripheral (Alcoholic) Neuritis
Authors: McDowall T. W. , Fenwick John Clarke
Published: August 2008

Kate H., aged 42, married, the mother of one child, a barmaid in her younger days, was admitted into the Northumberland County Asylum on October 10th, 1889, suffering from delusions, loss of memory, and paralysis of the upper and lower limbs.
The Propagation of Insanity and Allied Neuroses
Authors: Strahan S. A. K.
Published: August 2008

For the past thirty years our insane population, as recorded in the annual Reports of the Commissioners in Lunacy, has steadily increased at the rate of over 1,500 a year, until in December, 1888, it had reached the alarming total of 84,340. Nor can even this large total be taken as at all fully representing the number of our insane. According to the census returns in 1871, the Commissioners' figures represented only 82·1 per cent., and in ‘81 only 86·5 per cent. of those returned as idiotic and insane; and when we remember that the census returns were made by fathers and heads of families more likely to under than overstate the numbers of afflicted in their households, we may venture to estimate that at present our insane population is fast approaching the enormous total of 100,000.
Sunstroke and Insanity
Authors: Hyslop Theo. B.
Published: August 2008

The relationship of sunstroke and insanity has received only a comparatively small amount of attention at the hands of medico-psychologists in this and other countries, and our knowledge of the mental defects and aberrations of intellect, met with as sequelæ of an attack of sunstroke, is as yet ill-defined and unsystematized.
Ethics as applied to Criminology
Authors: MacDonald Arthur
Published: August 2008

The relation of criminality to the other forms of pathological and abnormal humanity is one of degree. If we represent the highest degree, as crime, by A6, A5, say, would stand for insane criminality, and A4 for alcoholism, perhaps, A3 for pauperism, A2 for those weak forms of humanity that charity treats more especially, and A for the idea of wrong in general, particularly in its lightest forms. Thus, crime is the most exaggerated form of wrong; but these forms are all one in essence. A drop of water is as much water as is an ocean.
Case of Sexual Perversion
Authors: Urquhart
Published: August 2008

I present notes on a case of sexual perversion with some diffidence in entering on particulars which are specially disgusting. It is one of a class which has been described at great length in a special treatise by Krafft-Ebing, and which is of interest from a medico-legal point of view.
Use and Abuse of Hyoscine
Authors: Weatherly Lionel
Published: August 2008

My apology for reading this short paper must be, my belief, that at our meetings too few communications are made bearing upon the medical treatment of mental disease.
Presidential Address delivered at the Fiftieth Annual Meeting of the Medico-Psychological Association held at Birmingham, July 23, 1891
Authors: Whitcombe Edmund Bancks
Published: August 2008

Gentlemen,—Each member of this Association, if placed in the honourable position of President, would, I presume, have his own special views as to the nature of a Presidential Address, although the selection of a subject might be attended with difficulties. Within the last few years you have wisely determined that such Address shall be a theme for discussion, and it appears to me expedient under these circumstances that the President should aim at bringing before you material of a debatable character, and at the same time that he should endeavour to suggest subjects which may lead to further progress in the special work we all have at heart. Such thoughts give rise in the first place to a feeling of personal inability, and next to a sense of the great responsibility which you have placed upon me. It seems presumptuous on my part to attempt to point out to you new fields of labour, yet I cannot help thinking that the assumption of less reticence as to our individual experiences, and the conclusions such experiences force upon us, would tend towards the development of greater and more beneficial progress.
Asymmetrical Conditions met with in the Faces of the Insane; with some Remarks on the Dissolution of Expression
Authors: Turner John
Published: August 2008

Dr. Hughlings Jackson remarks that in every case of insanity there are negative lesions of the highest centres, which cause some paralysis, sensory or motor, or both (“Journal Mental Science,” October, 1888). Evidence that this is so has been brought forward by him, principally, however, in relation to the insanity of epilepsy and postepileptic states.
Observations upon “Katatonia.”
Authors: Goodall Edwin
Published: August 2008

Eighteen years have passed since Kahlbaum published his memoir∗ upon this subject, yet it may be said that the claims of katatonia to be regarded as a distinct disorder are still unsettled. This prolonged period has not, however, been marked by phases of belief, such as are often exhibited subsequent to the publication of accounts of new disorders, or follow proposals to rename and reclassify disorders already known; at first enthusiastically believed in and subscribed to, these fall, at a later stage, upon evil days of neglect, and even oblivion. But with katatonia it has been otherwise. At no time does there appear to have been any widespread enthusiasm in alienist circles about this affection; at most it seems to have appealed to individuals, who have expressed merely isolated views, the statement of which has led to nothing more than limited controversy. Probably it may be said with justice that katatonia, for the majority of medical men in asylums in this country (at any rate), was but a name up to quite recent times; having a doubtful significance for some, for many quite without meaning. Granting that this remark is true, the truth brings with it no surprise, for the disorder referred to meets with scant notice in English text-books. This may be said without casting any reflection upon these works, which, of course, are not bound to treat of disorders not universally recognized.
Is Katatonia a Special Form of Mental Disorder?
Authors: Nolan M. J.
Published: August 2008

As katatonia, “a mental disorder,” writes Spitzka,† “well marked but not generally recognized,” has hitherto received but scant notice in this country, the following observations, based on the study of a group of cases which well illustrated its alleged characteristics, may not be devoid of interest.
Cases of so-called Katatonia
Authors: Nolan M. J.
Published: August 2008

As the following five cases embraced individually in their quasi-cycle the leading features of the three forms of katatonia (religious expansive, dómonomaniac, and hysterical) as laid down by Schüle, his nomenclature is adopted in the following notes to indicate the various phases or stages through which they passed. Mickle's division of the latter is not grounded on the clinical aspect of the affection, but is merely a convenient précis of groups of phenomena, which possess an allied psychical or physical basis, but which are met with scattered over the entire course of the malady, following no closer than the stages themselves any definite sequence. The cases came under notice at short intervals, each one differing in its first appearance. They have since admission run an unfavourable course, and with several others have accumulated to form a group quite distinct in its characteristics from the many hundreds of others associated with them, and so gave an opportunity for careful comparison and scrutiny.
Insanity in Greece. The Hospital of Athens
Authors: Sanborn F. B.
Published: August 2008

Little has been written, and comparatively little is known with precision, concerning the insane of Greece—whether we speak of the little kingdom alone, with its present population of nearly 2,500,000, or of the Greeks in general, who live in Macedonia, in Asia Minor, in Egypt, or elsewhere outside of the present limits of Greece. This whole community, diverse in origin and residence, but united by a common language and a common religion, considers itself as one, and sends to the two asylums in Greece—the old Phrenokomeion of Corfu (founded in 1838), and the comparatively new Dromokäiteion in Athens—insane persons from all the countries in which Greeks reside. Thus, during the year 1892 the Athenian Asylum (which takes its special name from a Greek family named Dromokäites, whose wealth has endowed it) received 70 admissions; and of these 13, or nearly one-fifth, came from places outside of Greece. A smaller proportion among the 175 (more or less) who now reside in the Corfu Asylum are from outside of Greece, and it is probable that this proportion is constantly diminishing there. But Athens, from its central position, its rank as a capital, and the affection with which most Greeks regard it, is likely to draw to itself more and more the persons attacked with insanity outside of Greece. This fact will increase a little the visible insanity of the kingdom; but so many are the causes tending to conceal the extent of this malady there that the circumstance of these outside accessions need hardly be taken into account. There is no census of the Greek insane, even professing to be exact, and I have been forced to rely, in my tours and inquiry during two visits to Greece (in 1890 and 1893), on the estimates of careful persons and my own observation.
The Treatment of Myxœdema and Cretinism, being a Review of the Treatment of these Diseases with the Thyroid Gland, with a Table of 100 Published Cases
Authors: Beadles Cecil F.
Published: August 2008

I propose in the following paper to review briefly the treatment that has recently been made use of in myxœdema, and compare the several ways in which it has been carried out, after a few preliminary remarks on the pre-thyroid methods.
The Treatment of Myxœdema and Cretinism, being a Review of the Treatment of these Diseases with the Thyroid Gland, with a Table of 100 Published Cases
Authors: Beadles Cecil F.
Published: August 2008

For the benefit of those who have not followed the recent discussions I have compiled tables of the cases of myxœdema treated by thyroid injection and feeding that have thus far been published in this country. These, I trust, will be found useful and easy of reference. The main points of each case are arranged under a few convenient headings, viz., the sex and age of the patient, the duration of the disease, the length of time the treatment had been carried out at the time of reporting, the dosage and method of administration employed, the results obtained, and, where such existed, any ill effects that were seen to follow or occur during the course of the treatment. In all there are details of 100 cases shown. A glance at this summary will bring out certain points of interest and importance.
Spicelegia Epileptica
Authors: J. H.
Published: August 2008

Epilepsy, says Aræteus, “is an illness of various shapes, and horrible;” and Hippocrates, who existed five hundred years before him, in one of his terse aphorisms, states that those fits “which come on after twenty-five years of age, for the most part terminate in death.’” Lucretius, who lived in an age intervening between these two distinguished physicians, has with marvellous power pourtrayed the fearful symptoms of this apalling malady. Although a poet, and not a physician, his lines are equal in accuracy of delineation to those of the greatest pathologist.
The Condition of the Insane, and the Treatment of Nervous Diseases in Turkey.
Authors: Foote R. F.
Published: August 2008

Living in what may be said to be in a country which forms the link between civilisation and barbarism, so favored by nature, so neglected by man, where we have constantly so much before us to admire and so much to condemn, we have naturally been led to enquire into the condition of the poor lunatic in this city of the Sultan, into the state of him, whom mental and bodily disease has overtaken in its worst form; whom the public in some countries are disposed to honour as a gifted being, and whom in others they are inclined to look upon as the especial object of divine vengeance and torture.
The Mental Symptoms of Myxædema and the Effect on them of the Thyroid Treatment
Authors: Clouston T. S.
Published: August 2008

In Sir William Gull's classical description of “A Cretinoid State,” which we now call Myxódema, in 1873 he thus describes the mental condition of his first patient: ∗—“In the patient whose condition I have given above there had been a distinct change in the mental state. The mind, which had previously been active and inquisitive, assumed a gentle, placid indifference corresponding to the muscular languor, but the intellect was unimpaired.” He noticed “changes in the temper,” and assumed that the mental changes were pathological and a part of the disease. In Dr. Ord's almost equally classical paper, in which he gave the disease its present name,† he referred to the “slowness of thought,” the “long and diffuse letters” of one of the patients. In every full description of any case of myxódema that I have seen some such morbid mental change has been referred to. In the Report for 1888 of the Committee of the Clinical Society of London on Myxódema, the mental condition of the patients was inquired into, but there is internal evidence that the reporters did not all understand mental symptoms in the same light. Slowness of mental action was the symptom most common, for its absence was only noted in three of the 109 cases. Delusions and hallucinations are stated to have been present in 15 cases, or 14 per cent., and actual insanity in 24 cases, or 22 per cent. There is very frequent mention of morbid suspicions under the mental heading, and memory is usually stated to be impaired where reported on. In his experiments on monkeys, detailed in the report, Horsley specially refers to mental symptons that followed extirpation of the thyroid. He says the “mental operations, normal at first, soon diminished in activity, and then follow apathy, lethargy, coma.” “Gradually the intellect became duller, the energy of the animal diminished, and apathy alternating with idiotic activity resulted.”
On Moral Insanity and its Relation to Criminology
Authors: Benedikt Professor
Published: August 2008

It is an undoubted fact that the diagnostic terms moral insanity and obsessions have been the cause of serious misconceptions in science and in criminal practice; and, further, that such misconceptions may paralyze justice and menace the moral standard and even the safety of society. It nevertheless marks a great advance in the progress of psychology to have recognized that many criminal and vicious acts result from congenital defects. These defects are sometimes accompanied by atypical anatomical forms of the body, and especially of the skull; but the value of these abnormalities is relative, not absolute.