bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Composite analytical solutions for a soil vapour extraction system
Authors: Chen Jui‐Sheng , Liang Ching‐Ping , Chen Chih‐Yu , Liu Chen‐Wuing
Published: December 2006

Soil vapour extraction (SVE) is a common remediation technique for cleaning up unsaturated soils contaminated by volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Analytical solutions, which result from simple mathematical models, can allow the fast approximation of the time‐dependent effluent concentration and the gaining of insight into the processes that take place during soil remediation. Deriving the analytical solutions to advection–dispersion equations that simultaneously take into account the mechanical dispersion and molecular diffusion is very difficult because of the variable dependence of governing equations' coefficients. In this study, we first present two simplified analytical solutions that only consider mechanical dispersion or molecular diffusion. The two developed analytical solutions are compared with the numerical solution that simultaneously considers both mechanical dispersion and molecular diffusion to examine the applicability of the two simplified analytical solutions and distinguishes the individual contribution of the mechanical dispersion and molecular diffusion to total VOCs transport in an SVE system. Results show that dispersion plays an important role during SVE decontamination and neither the diffusion‐dominated solution nor the dispersion‐dominated solution can agree well with the numerical solution when both mechanical dispersion and molecular diffusion have significant contributions to the total VOCs transport flux. A composite analytical solution that linearly couples the diffusion‐ and dispersion‐dominated analytical solutions, which is proposed herein to eliminate the discrepancy between the analytical solutions and the numerical solution. Results indicate that the proposed composite analytical solution agrees well with the numerical solution and is an effective tool for quickly and accurately evaluating the time‐dependent effluent concentration for parameters of the different ranges of interest in an SVE remedial system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression parameters of the inhibitors of apoptosis cIAP1 and cIAP2 in renal cell carcinomas and their prognostic relevance
Authors: Kempkensteffen Carsten , Hinz Stefan , Christoph Frank , Köllermann Jens , Krause Hans , Schrader Mark , Schostak Martin , Miller Kurt , Weikert Steffen
Published: December 2006

The expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family members cIAP1 and cIAP2 have been shown to be altered in various cancer entities. This study was done to characterize the tumor‐related expression profile of cIAP1 and cIAP2 in patients with renal cell carcinomas (RCC) and to evaluate its potential predictive value after curative resection. Expression of cIAP1 and cIAP2 was analyzed by real‐time RT‐PCR in RCC and corresponding normal tissue samples obtained from a cohort of 127 RCC patients (median follow‐up: 48 months) undergoing surgical treatment. Expression data was correlated to histopathological variables and outcome. Overexpression of cIAP1 and cIAP2 occurred in most RCC specimens (p < 0.001), but 20% of the patients had lower cIAP levels in malignant than in normal tissue. The cIAP1 expression correlated with the tumor stage, levels being higher in pT1 tumors than in advanced pathological stages (p = 0.002). Decreased cIAP1 expression in RCC relative to paired normal samples predicted an abbreviated time to recurrence (hazard rate 2.96; 95% CI: 1.23–7.09) and tumor‐specific survival (hazard rate 2.78; 95% CI: 1.22–6.38) irrespective of the tumor stage and grade. The prognostic effect of cIAP1 was most pronounced in patients with pT3 disease (log rank test p = 0.001). The results of uni‐ and multivariate analysis suggest a prognostic value of cIAP1 expression for RCC patients, downregulation indicating an aggressive, potentially lethal phenotype. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MCP‐3 (CCL7) delivered by parvovirus MVMp reduces tumorigenicity of mouse melanoma cells through activation of T lymphocytes and NK cells
Authors: Wetzel Kristiane , Struyf Sofie , Van Damme Jo , Kayser Tim , Vecchi Annunciata , Sozzani Silvano , Rommelaere Jean , Cornelis Jan J. , Dinsart Christiane
Published: December 2006

Monocyte chemotactic protein 3 (MCP‐3/CCL7), a CC chemokine able to attract and activate a large panel of leukocytes including natural killer cells and T lymphocytes, could be beneficial in antitumor therapy. Vectors were constructed based on the autonomous parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVMp), carrying the human (MCP‐3) cDNA. These vectors were subsequently evaluated in the poorly immunogenic mouse melanoma model B78/H1. The infection of the tumor cells with MCP3‐transducing vector at low virus input multiplicities, but not with wild‐type virus, strongly inhibited tumor growth after implantation in euthymic mice. In a therapeutic B78/H1 model, repeated intratumoral injections of MCP3‐tranducing virus prevented further tumor expansion as long as the treatment was pursued. The antitumor effects of the MCP‐3‐transducing vector were not restricted to this tumor model since they could also be observed in the K1735 melanoma. The depletion of CD4, CD8, NK cells and of interferon γ (IFNγ) in mice implanted with MVMp/MCP3‐infected B78/H1 cells abolished the antitumor activity of the vector. The latter data, together with tumor growth in nude mice and reverse‐transcriptase (RT)‐PCR analyses of MVMp/MCP3‐treated tumors, clearly showed that activated CD4, CD8 and NK cells were indispensable for the antineoplastic effect in the B78/H1 tumor. Altogether, our results show that MCP3‐transducing parvovirus vectors may be quite potent against poorly or nonimmunogenic tumors, even in conditions where only a fraction of the tumor cell population is efficiently infected with recombinant parvoviruses. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans as major P‐selectin ligands on metastatic breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Monzavi‐Karbassi Behjatolah , Stanley J. Steven , Hennings Leah , Jousheghany Fariba , Artaud Cecile , Shaaf Saeid , Kieber‐Emmons Thomas
Published: December 2006

The metastatic breast cancer cell line, 4T1, abundantly expresses the oligosaccharide sialylated Lewis x (sLex). SLexoligosaccharide on tumor cells can be recognized by E‐ and P‐selectin, contributing to tumor metastatic process. We observed that both selectins reacted with this cell line. However, contrary to the E‐selectin reactivity, which was sLexdependent, P‐selectin reactivity with this cell line was sLex‐independent. The sLex‐Neg variant of the 4T1 cell line with markedly diminished expression of sLexand lack of sLea, provided a unique opportunity to characterize P‐selectin ligands and their contribution to metastasis in the absence of overlapping selectin ligands and E‐selectin binding. We observed that P‐selectin binding was Ca2+‐independent and sulfation‐dependent. We found that P‐selectin reacted primarily with cell surface chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans, which were abundantly and stably expressed on the surface of the 4T1 cell line. P‐selectin binding to the 4T1 cells was inhibited by heparin and CS glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Moreover, Heparin administration significantly inhibited experimental lung metastasis. In addition, the data suggest that surface CS GAG chains were involved in P‐selectin mediated adhesion of the 4T1 cells to murine platelets and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The data suggest that CS GAGs are also the major P‐selectin‐reactive ligands on the surface of human MDA‐MET cells. The results warrant conducting clinical studies on the involvement of cell surface CS chains in breast cancer metastasis and evaluation of various CS types and their biosynthetic pathways as target for development of treatment strategies for antimetastatic therapy of this disease. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigating divergent mechanisms of mesoderm development in arthropods: the expression of Ph‐twist and Ph‐mef2 in Parhyale hawaiensis
Authors: Price Alivia L. , Patel Nipam H.
Published: December 2006

The evolution of mesoderm was important for the development of complex body plans as well as key organ systems. Genetic and molecular studies in the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, have provided the majority of information concerning mesoderm development in arthropods. In Drosophila, twist is necessary for the specification and correct morphogenesis of mesoderm and myocyte enhancing factor 2 (mef2) is involved downstream of twist to activate muscle differentiation. In Drosophila, mesoderm is defined by positional cues in the blastoderm embryo, while in another arthropod group, the amphipod crustaceans, cell lineage plays a greater role in defining the mesoderm. It is not known how different mechanistic strategies such as positional information vs. cell‐lineage‐dependent development affect the timing and use of gene networks. Here we describe the development of the mesoderm in a malacostracan crustacean, Parhyale hawaiensis, and characterize the expression of Parhyale twist and mef2 orthologues. In Parhyale, the mesoderm of the post‐mandibular segments arises mainly through the asymmetric division of mesoteloblasts as the germband elongates. Ph‐twist expression is seen in a subset of segmental mesoderm during germband development, but not during early cleavages when the specific mesodermal cell lineages first arise. ph‐mef2 expression starts after the segmental mesoderm begins to proliferate and persists in developing musculature. While the association of these genes with mesoderm differentiation appears to be conserved across the animal kingdom, the timing of expression and relationship with different mechanisms of mesoderm development may give us greater insight into the ancestral use of these genes during mesoderm differentiation. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 310B:24–40, 2008. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Raman spectroscopic study of the uranyl oxyhydroxide hydrates: becquerelite, billietite, curite, schoepite and vandendriesscheite
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Čejka Jiří , Weier Matt L.
Published: December 2006

Raman and infrared spectra of five uranyl oxyhydroxide hydrates, becquerelite, billietite, curite, schoepite and vandendriesscheite, are reported. The observed bands are attributed to the (UO2)2+ stretching and bending vibrations, UOH bending vibrations and H2O and (OH)− stretching, bending and libration modes. The UO bond lengths in uranyls and the OH···O bond lengths are calculated from the wavenumbers assigned to the stretching vibrations. They are close to the values inferred and/or predicted from the X‐ray single‐crystal structure. The complex hydrogen‐bonding network arrangement was proved in the structures of all the minerals studied. This hydrogen bonding contributes to the stability of these uranyl minerals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extrusion of banana starch: characterization of the extrudates
Authors: González‐Soto Rosalia A , Mora‐Escobedo Rosalva , Hernández‐Sánchez Humberto , Sánchez‐Rivera Mirna , Bello‐Pérez Luis A
Published: December 2006

Extrusion of banana starch was carried out for obtaining extrudates with functional and digestibility characteristics. Experimental design with temperature, screw speed and moisture content as independent variables produced 20 experiments that were studied using response surface methodology to discover the effect of these variables on resistant starch content, water absorption index and water solubility index. The amylose content was 37.4% with high resistant starch (RS) content in the ungelatinized sample, which decreased when banana starch was gelatinized (1.9%). Extrudate samples had a higher RS content than the gelatinized native starch, showing that the extrusion process increased RS content of native starch due to starch depolymerization and during cooling of extrudates those linear chains form an arrangement that cannot be hydrolyzed by α‐amylase. The response surface regression model fitted to experimental results of resistant starch showed good determination coefficient (84%). During model validation for RS, the model explains the experimental results up to 90%. Response surface showed that water absorption index values were high when the temperature, moisture content and screw speed were also high; water solubility values were not affected by screw speed, and both temperature and moisture content had a quadratic effect. Cylindrical structures were observed in powders where RS was present and as RS level increased the cylinders became coarser. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Rapid analysis of triazolopyrimidine sulfoanilide herbicides in waters and soils by high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV detection using a C18 monolithic column
Authors: Rodríguez‐Delgado Miguel Ángel , Hernández‐Borges Javier
Published: December 2006

In this work, the simultaneous analysis of five triazolopyrimidine sulfoanilide herbicides (flumetsulam, florasulam, metosulam, cloransulam‐methyl, and diclosulam) by HPLC using UV detection and a C18 monolithic column is proposed. The mobile phase which was composed of ACN, water, and formic acid was pumped at a high flow rate (5 mmL/min) providing an analysis time of all the compounds in less than 2.3 min. The LODs were in the low μg/L range (i. e. between 60 μg/L for flumetsulam and 90 μg/L for florasulam) and the calibration curves showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9949). The method was applied to the analysis of these compounds in spiked mineral and tap waters and soils after an SPE preconcentration procedure using C18 cartridges. Mean recovery values ranged between 35 and 110% for water samples providing LODs of the whole procedure in the low ng/L level, down to 280 ng/L, and between 77 and 92% for soil samples with LODs down to 9.38 μg/kg. This is the first time that this family of pesticides is simultaneously analyzed in both types of samples by HPLC and also using a monolithic column.
Scattering of a few-cycle laser pulse by a plasma layer: the role of the carrier-envelope phase difference at relativistic intensities
Authors: Varró S
Published: December 2006

The reflection and transmission of a few-cycle femtosecond Ti:Sa laser pulse impinging on a thin plasma layer have been analysed on the basis of classical electrodynamics. The plasma electrons were represented by a surface current density along the layer. An approximate analytic solution has been given for the system of the coupled Maxwell-Lorentz equations describing the dynamics of the surface current and the composite radiation field. With the help of these solutions the Fourier components of the reflected radiation have been calculated. The nonlinearities stemming from the relativistic kinematics of the free electrons lead to the appearance of higher-order harmonics in the scattered spectra. We show that the fourth harmonic peak strongly depends on the carrier-envelope phase difference with a modulation being almost 25 percent. In general, the harmonic peaks are down-shifted due to the presence of the intensity-dependent factors by an order of 15-65 percent in case of an incoming field of intensity 2 × 1019 W/cm2. By Fourier synthetising the components from the plateau region of the higher-harmonic spectrum, attosecond pulses have been obtained.
Lubricating properties of Cyanex 302‐modified MoS2 microspheres in base oil 500SN
Authors: Xiaodong Zhou , Xun Fu , Huaqiang Shi , Zhengshui Hu
Published: December 2006

The lubricating properties of molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) microspheres modified by Cyanex 302 (bis(2,4,4‐trimethylpentyl) monothiophosphinic acid) in base oil 500SN were investigated and compared with those of commercial colloidal MoS2 on a four‐ball tester and an Optimol SRV oscillating friction and wear tester in a ball‐on‐disc contact configuration. The worn surfaces of the flat disc lubricated with the additive‐containing base oil were analysed by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscope and scanning electron microscopy. The MoS2 microspheres showed much better extreme pressure properties and anti‐wear and friction‐reduction properties in 500SN than commercial colloidal MoS2. The effective chemical adsorption and protection film formed by the active elements (S and P) and long chain alkyls in Cyanex 302 and boundary‐lubricating transfer film of thin sheets containing the solid lubricant particles (tribochemical products) of the additives could account for the boundary lubrication mechanism. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wet clutch transmission fluid for AWD differentials: influence of lubricant additives on friction characteristics
Authors: Mäki Rikard , Ganemi Bager , Höglund Erik , Olsson Richard
Published: December 2006

In recent years, several electronically controllable automotive transmission systems using wet clutches as intelligent differentials have emerged on the market. These applications place great demands on the anti‐shudder properties of the transmission fluids used.

The aims of this study were (i) to investigate the influence of different additives on the friction characteristics of a transmission fluid for all‐wheel drive systems featuring wet multi‐plate clutch with a sintered brass‐based friction material and, based on this knowledge, (ii) to formulate a new transmission fluid with the desired frictional properties. In addition to excellent anti‐shudder properties, the new fluid was required to lubricate hypoid gears under high load. To meet this requirement, it is necessary to add significant amounts of extreme pressure additives to the base oil, which are known to have an unfavourable influence on anti‐shudder properties, necessitating the adoption of novel additive technologies.

The additives studied include anti‐wear additives, friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, detergents, antioxidants and extreme pressure additives. This paper shows how different additives affect friction in different ways, and that the interactions between the different additives are important to consider. It was concluded that it is feasible to combine good anti‐shudder properties for wet clutches with good lubrication of hypoid gears. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Modelling of reinforcement corrosion – Corrosion with extensive cathodes
Authors: Warkus J. , Raupach M.
Published: December 2006

Reinforcement corrosion is the most common reason for the premature deterioration of a concrete structure. In case of a partial depassivation of the reinforcement macrocells are formed with considerable metal removal rates. Thus an assessment of the macrocell current becomes of great concern. To find out, whether this can be achieved by numerical calculations, specimens have been fabricated and simulated by the use of a boundary element program. In this paper the results of the calculations are presented and compared to electrochemical measurements on the real specimens.
Mikrostruktur‐Untersuchungen zum Schwingungsverschleißverhalten von Nickelkomposit‐ und Ni‐P‐Schichten
Authors: Lampke Th. , Leopold A. , Dietrich D. , Podlesak H. , Müller Y. , Wielage B.
Published: December 2006

Schwingungsverschleiß führt in vielen Bereichen industrieller Anwendung zu gravierenden Bauteilschäden. Zu deren Vermeidung werden verschiedene Schichten eingesetzt bzw. erprobt, so auch galvanisch abgeschiedene Nickel‐ und Nickelkomposit‐ sowie außenstromlos abgeschiedene Nickel‐Phosphor‐Schichten. Das Verhalten dieser Schichten unter Schwingungsverschleißbeanspruchung wurde charakterisiert. Begleitend erfolgte eine mikrostrukturelle Charakterisierung hinsichtlich Korngröße, Partikelgehalt und Partikelverteilung sowie bezüglich Kristallisation und Ausbildung der tetragonalen Phase Nickelphosphid. Diese Ergebnisse korrelieren gut mit den Martenshärtewerten der Schichten und tragen zum Verständnis des Schwingungsverschleißverhaltens der untersuchten Schichten bei. Wärmebehandelte Ni‐P‐Schichten erreichen die doppelte Härte im Vergleich zu Nickeldispersionsschichten, sie versagen jedoch unter oszillierender Gleitbeanspruchung durch Versprödung, Rissbildung und Enthaftung. Dagegen weisen dispersionshärtende Nanokomposite mit TiO2 ein deutlich günstigeres tribologisches Verhalten auf. Ein Feststoffgehalt von ca. 3 Vol.‐% führt zu Dispersions‐ und Feinkornhärtungseffekten, die einen guten Schutz gegen Schwingungsverschleiß bewirken; die Ni‐Matrix bleibt dabei duktil. Die Inkorporation sehr harter Teilchen (SiC) verstärkt hingegen den Schwingungverschleißprozess durch die abrasive Wirkung der im Tribokontakt befindlichen Partikel.
Alveolar oxygen partial pressure and oxygen depletion rate mapping in rats using 3He ventilation imaging
Authors: Cieślar Katarzyna , Stupar Vasile , Canet‐Soulas Emmanuelle , Gaillard Sophie , Crémillieux Yannick
Published: December 2006

A hyperpolarized 3He ventilation imaging protocol was implemented to assess alveolar pO2 values and the oxygen depletion rate in rats. The imaging protocol, which is based on spiral k‐space sampling, was designed to acquire a high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) T1‐weighted ventilation series of images in a single breath‐hold. Simulations were performed to estimate the accuracy and dependence of the pO2 imaging protocol on the image SNR and the RF flip‐angle determination. The imaging protocol was validated in vitro in phantoms and in vivo in rats. Imaging sessions were carried out for different inhaled O2 concentrations ranging from 20% to 40%. Parametric maps of alveolar pO2 and oxygen depletion rate were generated from the series of images. For each investigated animal, the differences in measured alveolar pO2 values are in agreement with the changes in inhaled O2 concentration. The oxygen depletion rates, ranging between 0.7 and 8.0 mbar s−1, are in close agreement with the published values for healthy rats. Magn Reson Med, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High frame‐rate simultaneous bilateral breast DCE‐MRI
Authors: Dougherty Lawrence , Isaac Gamaliel , Rosen Mark A. , Nunes Linda W. , Moate Peter J. , Boston Raymond C. , Schnall Mitchell D. , Song Hee Kwon
Published: December 2006

A simultaneous bilateral back‐projection method for 3D dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE)‐MRI of the breasts was developed and evaluated. Using a double‐side band modulation of the RF slab excitation pulse, discontinuous volumes that included both breasts were simultaneously selected. The number of slice phase‐encoding steps was undersampled by a factor of 2, and the resulting signal aliasing from one volume to the other was removed using SENSE processing. In‐plane encoding was performed with an interleaved radial acquisition reconstructed using dynamic k‐space‐weighted image contrast (KWIC) temporal filtering. Image resolution was 0.5 × 0.5 × 3.0 mm3 with an effective temporal resolution of 15 s for both breast volumes. Combined with the 2× acceleration from SENSE encoding, this is a 16× acceleration factor over a conventional MR bilateral breast scan. An initial evaluation of these methods was performed on a cohort of women who presented with palpable or mammographically visible breast abnormalities. A total of 73 abnormalities were found in 45 of the 54 bilateral examinations that were performed. In 11 of these cases there was a significant finding in the contralateral breast. DCE images of both breasts can be acquired simultaneously, resulting in high‐resolution images as well as rapid sampling of the contrast kinetics. Magn Reson Med 57:220–225, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
‘Step back in time and live the legend’: experiential marketing and the heritage sector
Authors: Leighton Debra
Published: December 2006

This paper investigates experiential marketing as a potential survival strategy for cultural heritage attractions competing in the leisure and tourism marketplace. The paper explores the nature and scope of the heritage industry, heritage as a consumption‐based experience and the evidence of adoption of the experiential paradigm by a number of sites and attractions. A content analysis (Krippendorf, 1980 cited in Easterby‐Smith et al., 2002) of promotional leaflets and websites and a case study provide the analytical basis for this evaluation and the paper concludes by proposing an indicative framework for experiential marketing in this sector.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Results of a multicenter retrospective study of a combined medical and surgical approach to pulmonary aspergillosis in pediatric neutropenic patients
Authors: Cesaro Simone , Cecchetto Giovanni , De Corti Federica , Dodero Paolo , Giacchino Mareva , Caviglia Ilaria , Fagioli Franca , Livadiotti Susanna , Salin Federica , Caselli Desireè , Castagnola Elio
Published: December 2006

Background

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a serious problem in patients suffering from hematological malignancies. Surgical resection has been reported to improve disease control and patient survival. There are few reports describing the role of surgery in children with pulmonary IA.

Procedure

From October 1998 to September 2005, 21 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Demographic and clinical data, as well as type and duration of antifungal therapy; surgery and related complications; time elapsing from surgery to resumption of chemotherapy were collected retrospectively through a specially designed form filled in by each investigator.

Results

Eleven males and 10 females, aged between 2 and 17 years underwent one or more surgical lung resections for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Surgical complications were reported in three patients. Two patients, who underwent a wedge resection and a lobectomy, respectively, had no fungal lesions detected at surgery. Seventeen of 20 patients with malignancy resumed chemotherapy after a median of 19 days from surgery, range 7–81, and 11 of them underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation after a median time of 60 days from surgery, range 19–110. After a median follow‐up of 1.7 years, 12 patients are alive while 9 patients have died from progression of their underlying disease.

Conclusions

This study suggests that the combination of medical antifungal therapy and early surgical excision is a feasible and an effective strategy in pediatric patients with IA. In order to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures, we advise checking the response to antifungal therapy by chest‐computed tomography immediately before the date of surgery. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:909–913. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Obstetric and neonatal outcomes in severe fetal ventriculomegaly
Authors: Breeze Andrew C. G. , Alexander Peta M. A. , Murdoch Edile M. , Missfelder‐Lobos Hannah H. , Hackett Gerald A. , Lees Christoph C.
Published: December 2006

Objective

To determine the early outcome and the incidence of associated structural anomalies in pregnancies complicated by severe fetal ventriculomegaly (VM).

Methods

A review of cases of severe fetal VM (posterior horn of lateral ventricle > 15 mm at referral or during prenatal follow‐up) referred to a fetal medicine centre in Eastern England over 4 years from 2001 was made. Results of specialist prenatal investigations including ultrasound (US), karyotype, antiplatelet antibodies and congenital infection screen were noted. Neonatal clinical and cranial US findings, autopsy findings and neurodevelopmental follow‐up at 4 months were obtained.

Results

Twenty cases of severe VM were identified, including 3 with spina bifida. Median gestation at diagnosis was 28 weeks (range 16–36 weeks). Twelve cases had additional intra‐cranial abnormalities and two had abnormalities outside the central nervous system. One case was complicated by toxoplasmosis. There was one case of trisomy 21. Ten pregnancies were terminated. Ten babies were live born, all of whom had VM confirmed, and two of these babies died within 4 months. Of the remaining eight, seven have abnormal neurodevelopment.

Conclusions

Severe VM is often diagnosed after the threshold of viability. Termination of pregnancy was requested in about half the cases owing to the risk of long‐term neurodisability, and in all cases diagnosed before 24 weeks. In those live born, there was abnormal outcome in all but one. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practical considerations in creating school‐wide positive behavior support in public schools
Authors: Handler Marcie W. , Rey Jannette , Connell James , Thier Kimberly , Feinberg Adam , Putnam Robert
Published: December 2006

School‐wide positive behavior support (SWPBS) has been identified as an effective and efficient method to teach students prosocial skills. It requires both effective behavior support practices and systems that will support these changes, including data‐based decision making among the school leadership team. There are many practical and systemic factors that school personnel should examine before they consider themselves ready for systemic school‐wide changes, including those associated with the (a) leadership team, (b) staff, (c) administration, (d) coach/facilitator, and (e) district. Practical considerations in each of these areas will be identified and discussed so that practitioners can anticipate their needs as they create effective SWPBS, particularly in low performing urban schools. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 29–39, 2007.
Faster and easier chromatin immunoprecipitation assay with high sensitivity
Authors: Kohzaki Hidetsugu , Murakami Yota
Published: December 2006

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays are widely used to investigate where chromatin‐binding proteins bind to the genome. The standard assay is very time consuming. We have developed a rapid ChIP assay in which the immunoprecipitates serve directly as PCR templates. This assay eliminates the step to reverse the crosslinking, shortening the assay by 1 day. It also requires a less immunoprecipitating antibody, permits many samples to be tested simultaneously, and is more sensitive than the standard ChIP assay.
High‐throughput synthesis of conopeptides: a safety‐catch linker approach enabling disulfide formation in 96‐well format
Authors: Brust Andreas , Tickle Alice E.
Published: December 2006

Conotoxins exhibit a high degree of selectivity and potency for a range of pharmacologically relevant targets. The rapid access to libraries of conotoxin analogues, containing multiple intramolecular disulfide bridges for use in drug development, can be a very labor intensive, multi‐step task. This work describes a high‐throughput method for the synthesis of cystine‐bridged conopeptides.

Peptides were assembled on a peptide synthesizer employing the Fmoc solid‐phase strategy using a safety‐catch amide linker (SCAL). Side‐chain protecting groups were removed on solid phase before SCAL activation with ammonium iodide in TFA, finally releasing the peptide into the TFA solution. Disulfide bond formation was performed in the cleavage mixture employing DMSO.

This improved method allows mixtures of oxidized peptides to be obtained in parallel directly from a peptide synthesizer. A single HPLC purification of the resulting crude oxidized material produced peptides of >95% purity. Copyright © 2006 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zanzibar and its Chinese communities
Authors: Hsu Elisabeth
Published: December 2006

Zanzibar hosts three different groups of Chinese: the so‐called huaqiao community with beginnings that can be traced to the 1930s; the government‐sent teams of experts who since the revolution of 1964 have consolidated the links to the People's Republic of China (PRC); and a new wave of business people since the late 1990s, individual migrants who engage in various trades and generally are very mobile. Through ethnographic fieldwork in Zanzibar in 2001–2004, I explore the backgrounds of these communities and their social relations, as expressed through kinship ties, businesses, medical services, food exchanges and other means of interaction. With few exceptions, members of the three groups were not much interested in increasing relations between each other. They represent different economic positions and wealth, and different allegiances to the local community and to China. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suburbanisation in relation to education in the Tallinn metropolitan area
Authors: Tammaru Tiit , Leetmaa Kadri
Published: December 2006

Significant changes occur in the social stratification order and spatial redistribution of population in countries in transition. One of the important dimensions in the changing social stratification order is related to the increased importance of education. Dominance of suburbanisation is an important dimension in spatial population change. The aim of the current article is to study these two important dimensions of social and spatial change by analysing suburbanisation with regard to the level of education of residential migrants in the Tallinn metropolitan area, Estonia. The study is based on census data from the year 2000 and it employs logistic regression to compare suburbanisers with stayers in Tallinn and its suburbs. The main findings indicate that suburbanisation reduces inequalities in the educational composition of people living in Tallinn and its suburbs on the one hand, but increases socio‐spatial segregation within the suburbs on the other. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coulomb crystal and quantum melting in electron–hole plasmas of semiconductors under high pressure
Authors: Filinov Vladimir , Bonitz Michael , Fortov Vladimir , Fehske Holger , Levashov Pavel
Published: December 2006

A phase diagram for variable hole to electron mass ratio of two‐component Coulomb crystals is presented as result of the first‐principle computer simulations. A critical mass ratio for the existence of quantum Coulomb crystals is of the order of 80 in three dimensions. At very low temperature the electron–hole system with decreasing hole mass can form antiferromagnetic crystal structure composed by two perfect hole lattices each consisting of the holes with the same spin projections. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Antinociceptive activity of natural honey in thermal‐nociception models in mice
Authors: Azim M. Kamran , Perveen Humera , Mesaik M. Ahmed , Simjee Shabana U.
Published: December 2006

Several honey samples of Pakistani origin have been analysed for their effect on nociception. Among the tested samples, Acacia honey showed most effective dose‐dependent antinociceptive activity which was significantly different from the untreated group in tail‐flick and paw‐withdrawal tests (p < 0.01 and p < 0.003), respectively. The antinociceptive activity of honey reached a maximum at 60 min post‐treatment and then gradually decreased, whereas the activity of indomethacin was persistent at 120 min post‐treatment. The absence of antinociceptive activity in simulated honey (which contained fructose, glucose, maltose and sucrose representing the major constituents of honey) indicated that the active principle(s) might be present in minor constituents of honey. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Toki‐shakuyaku‐san on acetylcholine level and blood flow in dorsal Hippocampus of intact and twice‐repeated ischemic rats
Authors: Hatip‐Al‐Khatib Izzettin , Hatip Funda Bölukbaşõ , Yoshimitsu Yoshitaka , Iwasaki Katsunori , Egashira Nobuaki , Liu An‐Xin , Mishima Kenichi , Fujiwara Michihiro
Published: December 2006

The effects of Toki‐shakuyaku‐san (TSS) ingredients on acetylcholine (ACh) release in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) were investigated in intact and twice‐repeated ischemic rats using in vivo microdialysis‐HPLC. Moreover, the effect of TSS on blood flow was investigated in intact rats using laser Doppler flowmetry. TSS at 300 mg/kg p.o. increased ACh and blood flow after 40 min in intact rats. TSS also increased ACh in ischemic rats but to a lesser extent than in intact rats. These results could suggest that TSS‐increased ACh and blood flow in DH may contribute in the cognition improving property of TSS. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of different gravity conditions on self organizing biological systems
Authors: Wiedemann Meike , Piffel Alexandra , Hanke Wolfgang
Published: December 2006

The effects of different gravity conditions on the retinal Spreading Depression (rSD) were investigated. The rSD, an excitation depression wave in retinal tissue is used as an example of self organization and pattern formation in the central nervous system (CNS). The properties of such phenomena depend critically on the parameters of the system, small changes in the system can thus induce significant changes in the propagation properties of the SD. Gravity is a small but permanently stimulus on earth, absence of gravity and amplification respectively may have severe consequences for the function of the brain as an excitable medium. Microgravity experiments were performed on a TEXUS sounding rocket mission (5 min μg) and two DLR parabolic flight missions (20 s μg), hypergravity experiments were performed in the centrifuge in the lab. In this presentation we summarize the effects of altered gravity conditions on different parameters of the rSD. The results are discussed also in their relation to other earlier experiments with propagating action potentials under different gravity conditions. For both self organized biological systems a gravity dependence could be shown.
A comparison of noninternalizing (herkinorin) and internalizing (DAMGO) μ‐opioid agonists on cellular markers related to opioid tolerance and dependence
Authors: Xu Heng , Partilla John S. , Wang Xiaoying , Rutherford John M. , Tidgewell Kevin , Prisinzano Thomas E. , Bohn Laura M. , Rothman Richard B.
Published: December 2006

Previous studies established that Tyr‐D‐Ala‐Gly‐N‐Me‐Phe‐Gly‐ol (DAMGO) and (2S,4aR,6aR,7R,9S,10aS,10bR)‐9‐(Benzoyloxy)‐2‐(3‐furanyl)dodecahydro‐6a,10b‐dimethyl‐4,10‐dioxo‐2H‐naphtho‐[2,1‐c]pyran‐7‐carboxylic acid methyl ester (herkinorin) are fully efficaciousμ‐agonists. Herkinorin (HERK), unlike DAMGO, does not recruit β‐arrestin and promoteμ‐receptor internalization, even in cells that over express β‐arrestin. We hypothesized that chronic HERK and DAMGO treatment will differentially affect cellular markers of tolerance and dependence. CHO cells expressing the cloned humanμ‐receptor were treated for 20 h with 10 μM DAMGO, HERK, morphine, or medium. Both DAMGO and HERK acted as full agonists in the [35S]GTP‐γ‐S binding assay withEMAXvalues of 230% and EC50values of 12.8 and 92.5 nM, respectively. In the cAMP assay, DAMGO and HERK had similarEMAXvalues of ∼80% and EC50values of 3.23 and 48.7 nM, respectively. Chronic exposure to both drugs produced moderate tolerance to both drugs (∼2 to 5 fold) in the [35S]GTP‐γ‐S binding assay. In the cAMP assay, chronic DAMGO produced tolerance to both drugs (∼3 to 4 fold). Chronic HERK eliminated the ability of either drug to inhibit forskolin‐stimulated cAMP accumulation. Chronic DAMGO increased, and chronic HERK decreased, forskolin‐stimulated cAMP accumulation. Naloxone, after chronic HERK (but not DAMGO) induced a large increase in forskolin‐stimulated cAMP accumulation. Viewed collectively with published data, the current data indicate that both internalizing and noninternalizingμ‐agonists produce cellular signs of tolerance and dependence. Synapse 61:166–175, 2007. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carcass and meat from intact and castrated Desert male goats of different ages
Authors: El‐Hag FM , Mudalal MO , Ahmed M‐K A , Mohamed AS , Khair MA Mohamed , Elbushra OE , Mekki MA , Ahmed TK , Fadlalla B
Published: December 2006

Castrates consumed more feed and had higher feed intake as a percentage of body weight than intact Desert male goats. Older males had a higher dressing percentage than younger ones. Castration improved meat juiciness and tenderness scores and resulted in a relatively higher flavour score. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Population consequences of huge nesting aggregations of Ropalidia plebeiana (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: Itô Yosiaki , Yamane Soichi , Spradbery J. P.
Published: December 2006

Nest survival rates and reproductive rates of females of the Australian paper wasp, Ropalidia plebeiana, in nest aggregations under a concrete bridge were studied. The annual colony cycle commenced in August with the reutilization of old nests and by the founding of new nests, mainly by associations of foundresses. Distribution patterns of the number of foundresses per nest was nearly random on new nests while contagious on old nests. About one‐third of the increase in number of nest was achieved by dividing large, old nests and two‐thirds by founding new nests. Nest survival rates for old nests (August to April) and new nests (November to April) were 89.6% and 88.8% respectively, far higher rates than those of other polistine wasps so far reported. The numbers of nests and reproductive females increased during a colony cycle by 2.30 and 10.98 times, respectively. Thus, huge aggregations of nests are probably beneficial for this species by enabling the realization of high reproductive rates. We could find no density‐dependent effect in nest growth rate or production of female reproductives. Ratio of cells parasitized by ichneumonid wasps was low. Nests in the central part of an aggregation were prasitized at significantly lower rates than nests on the periphery or scattered nests outside a dense aggregation, suggesting a selfish herd effect.
Consequences of competition on the reproduction and mortality of three species of terrestrial slugs
Authors: Rollo C. David
Published: December 2006

The interaction of three species of terrestrial slugs was studied in six field cages containing monocultures and 2‐way combinations. A. columbianus and A. ater were non‐aggressive species and L. maximus was highly aggressive during the summer. All three species were similar in body design and resource utilization. Reproduction (egg size, eggs/batch, number of batches, wet‐weight productivity) and mortality were monitored through the 1977 season. L. maximus drastically reduced reproductive success of the non‐aggressive slugs and increased their mortality. There were also significant interactions between the non‐aggressive species.

Compared to other invertebrates, the life history characteristics of A. columbianus are strongly K‐selected and probably evolved through intraspecific exploitative competition in predictable, stable forest habitats. A. ater is best classified as a refuging r‐selected species adapted to less predictable, unstable field environments. L. maximus appears to be α‐selected and its overall design is suited to density‐dependent regulation in fields.
The influence of a fish oil‐enriched diet on the phospholipid fatty acid turnover in the rabbit red cell membranein vivo
Authors: van den Boom M. A. P. , Groot Wassink M. , Roelofsen B. , de Fouw N. J. , Op den Kamp J. A. F.
Published: December 2006

The influence of the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of the diet on the rate of fatty acid turnover of individual phospholipids in the erythrocyte membranein vivo was studied. Following modification of the fatty acid composition of the membrane phospholipids by the use of a fish oil or a linoleic acid enriched diet, phospholipids—labelled in the unsaturated fatty acid at the 2‐position of the glycerol moiety—were introduced into the membrane of freshly isolated rabbit erythrocytes. Thereafter, the labelled erythrocytes were reinjected into the bloodstream of the animal. It appears that, with the exception of 1‐palmitoyl,2‐linoleoyl phosphatidylcholine, all other phosphatidylcholines disappear faster from the erythrocytes of fish oil‐fed rabbits than from the red cells of linoleic acid‐fed rabbits. Another parameter, which possibly influences the turnover rates of PUFA containing phospholipids, can be peroxidation. An attempt was made to measure peroxidative damage of lipidsin vivo by the introduction of 1‐palmitoyl,2‐cis‐parinaroyl phosphatidylcholine (PnPC)—a probe to measure oxidative stress—into the membrane of freshly isolated erythrocytes, in the same way as is described for the radioactive phospholipids. The data demonstrate that the fluorescent signal from the PnPC decreases at a fast rate which is independent of the dietary conditions.
The species‐area relation III. A third model for a delimited community
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro
Published: December 2006

A mathematical model of the species‐area relation is described for a group of limited species. This model is a modification of that proposed earlier (Kobayashi, 1975), being assumed that the limited species are expected to occur in a habitat under consideration. The model equation gives a sigmoid species‐log area curve implying that few rare species are found in a group of species. The good agreement between observation and this model is exemplified with the data of plant and arthropod communities. The implication of parameters involved are examined in connection with those of the preceding model, and the underlying ecology of the model is discussed.
The allocation process and between‐tree survival probabilities in Dendroctonus frontalis infestations
Authors: Pope D. N. , Coulson R. N. , Fargo W. S. , Gagne J. A. , Kelly C. W.
Published: December 2006

Conclusion

We have presented two transfer functions for allocating populations of D. frontals adults in spots: a fixed probability TF and a time‐temperature dependent TF. Both procedures produced essentially equivalent results when applied to actual population measurements taken from spots. The time‐temperature TF was more realistic than the constant probability TF, but introduced an added source of variation into the transfer. Temperature was demonstrated to have a significant effect on adult longevity. The time‐temperature dependent TF provides a means of incorporating this important variable. the F1 and F2 values obtained from this time‐temperature dependent TF were also judged to be superior to the values obtained from the constant probability TF. Survival of reemerged and emerged beetles were shown to be cyclic and compensatory.
Preliminary life table of the spotted tortoise beetle, Aspidomorpha miliaris (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Sumatra
Authors: Nakamura Koji , Abbas Idrus
Published: December 2006

From December, 1981 to February, 1982, a population study of the spotted tortoise beetle, Aspidomorpha miliaris, feeding on a shrub‐like morning glory, Ipomea carnea, was conducted in Padang, Sumatra with the construction of a life table.

Dissection of oothecae collected from the field after hatching clarified that the average egg mass size was 43.4 and hatching rate was 25.0%. Causes for egg mortality included: parasitism by a wasp, Tetrastichus sp. A(Europhidae) (49.8% of eggs laid), predation (12.8%), disappearance of egg masses (5.3%) and hatching failure (7.1%). An ant, Dolichoderus bituberculatus, visiting the extrafloral nectaries of the host plnts was responsible for predation and disappearance of the egg masses. The ants again attacked the larvae and pupae.

Larvae showed a gregarious habit for almost the entire larval period. Survival rates between two successive instars were low and constant, ranging from 70 to 90%, but only 1.3% of final (5th) instars become pupae (six individuals). Since the growth of host plants was extremely rapid, shortage of food was rare in larval stages. The sudden drop in numbers after 5th instar may be due to predation and/or dispersal of matured larvae from the host plants for pupation.

Pupae were attacked by three species of parasitic wasps:Tetrastichus sp. C, Pediobius elasmi (Eulophidae) and Cassidocida aspidomorphae (Tetracampidae). Among the six pupae, two were parasitized, one died of disease and two disappeared. Out of 4078 eggs laid, only one emerged to adult.