bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Qur’an: Created or Eternal with God?
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A
Published: November 2023

SYNOPSIS The discussion about God’s permanent attributes; the question of whether the Qur’an was created or eternal is an extraneous matter that has no connection with the Islamic doctrine; God’s attributes of essence and attributes of action; the speech of the soul; the proof of the Ash’arites in support of the speech of the soul; the imagination about the speech before its genesis is alien to the speech of the soul; the speech of the soul-a matter purely speculative.
Introduction: Hesiod, Poet And Farmer
Authors: Nelson Stephanie A
Published: November 2023

Greek civilization was founded, as the Greeks themselves believed, by two poets, Hesiod and Homer. This was very fortunate for Greece, but somewhat unlucky for Hesiod. Homer is a hard act to follow. Like Ben Jonson, who had the misfortune to live in Shakespearean England, Hesiod was born an also-ran; the shadow of Homer has, from the very beginning, obscured his unique virtues. Unfortunately, Hesiod’s poems, which are very unlike Homer’s, completely resist a “Homeric” approach, revealing their beauty only when taken on their own terms. This is what fortune has denied them. From Herodotus to the latest critical work, it is a rare reference to Hesiod which does not position him in relation to Homer. In contrast, few studies of Homer have felt it necessary to point out that he was a near-contemporary of Hesiod’s.
The Composition Of Hesiod’s Poems
Authors: Nelson Stephanie A
Published: November 2023

The discovery of tablets inscribed with the writing known as Linear Bproved that the Greeks of the Minoan and Mycenaean ages were literate. There is no further evidence of writing in Greece until around the time of Homer and Hesiod. Homer’s description of the “baleful signs” unwittingly carried by the hero Bellerophon (Iliad 6.168) suggests a tradition more familiar with spells than with alphabets. And yet Homer’s poems describe a time nearly five hundred years before his own. It is difficult to see how, in the absence of written records, this is possible. The explanation appears to lie in the existence of an oral tradition that gradually developed its own “epic language,” combining elements of various dialects and developing standard epithets and descriptions of common acts, such as sacrifice, or setting sail. The language passed from one poet to another, each poet adopting what he found useful and further modifying it. In this way the epic tongue spread throughout Greece, and down through the centuries which separated the epic poets from the heroes they celebrated.
The Mythic Background
Authors: Nelson Stephanie A
Published: November 2023

Hesiod’s prologue to the Works and Days closes unexpectedly. After eight lines describing the power of Zeus he suddenly declares: “Hear, see, give ear; straighten court judgments with justice. / This is your part. I would wish to speak very truth to Perses” Perses who? Who Perses is, or why Hesiod should address the poem to him, is not explained. Hesiod moves directly into his description of the two goddesses Strife, a bad goddess who causes war, thievery, and litigation, and a good goddess who encourages men to work and keep to straight justice.
Successful Vision Transformations Completed and in Progress
Authors: Flamholtz Eric G , Randle Yvonne
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with organizations that have either completed or are in the process of making Transformations of the Third Kind. Specifically, these transformations involve a metamorphosis from one kind of business to another based on differences in business vision. They involve changing the game that the firm is playing. Unfortunately, although several organizations have embarked on this type of transformation, there are relatively few completed “success stories.”
Ions at the Particle–Aqueous Solution Interface
Authors: Sposito Garrison
Published: November 2023

Adsorption is the process through which a chemical substance accumulates at the common boundary of two contiguous phases. If the reaction produces enrichment of the substance in an interfacial layer, the process is termed positive adsorption. If instead a depletion of the substance is produced, the process is termed negative adsorption. If one of the contiguous phases involved is solid and the other fluid, the solid phase is termed the adsorbent and the matter which accumulates at its surface is an adsorbate. A chemical species in the fluid phase that potentially can be adsorbed is termed an adsorptive. If the adsorbate is immobilized on the adsorbent surface over a time scale that is long, say when compared to that for diffusive motions of the adsorptive, the adsorbate, together with the site on the adsorbent surface to which it is bound, are termed an adsorption complex.
Modeling Ion Adsorption
Authors: Sposito Garrison
Published: November 2023

A net particle surface charge different from zero signals the existence of adsorbed ions that are not bound in surface complexes. These ions constitute a diffiuse swarm (or diffiuse layer), the contribution of which to surface charge balance is epitomized in eq. 1.43. Diffiuse swarm species are relatively free to move about in the aqueous solution contacting a charged particle, although they are expected to respond to surface charge by distributing themselves in order to screen it effectively, either by accumulating near an adsorbent (counterions) or by depleting themselves from the interfacial region (coions). Screened particle charge, in turn, mediates interparticle interactions in colloidal suspensions, with important consequences for suspension structure and stability (see section 5.3).
Introduction:Edwards as an “Artful Theologian”
Authors: McClymond Michael J
Published: November 2023

Since Perry Miller’s biography of Jonathan Edwards began a new cycle of study almost fifty years ago, research into Edwards’s life and thought has advanced considerably.1 No longer is the intellectual giant of colonial America surrounded by the obscurity to which early generations had consigned him. Yale University Press is steadily producing a definitive and critical edition of his works, with sixteen sizeable volumes to date.2 New secondary studies on Edwards appear regularly. Academics from a range of disciplines-history, American studies, theology, philosophy, and literary criticism-have given Edwards serious scholarly attention. As an index to the quickening tempo of research, the total number of dissertations on Edwards increased in geometrical proportion during much of the last half century, doubling during each successive decade from 1940 to 1980.
The Idea of Deserts
Authors: Goodman Lenn E
Published: November 2023

Philosophers may seem to pay inordinate attention to questions about the source of legal or political authority. Is it man or God or nature, fact or convention, the consent or acquiescence of the governed or the dictum, tacit or explicit, of that by which they are governed-whether law or ruler, institution or individual, the collective wisdom of a society or its counterpart of unwisdom? The metaphor of a source from which authority flows may mask a damaging confusion between the fruitful and morally imperative quest for justification and the historical question of beginnings. For, whatever else authority may be, it is not the same as authorship. Thinkers who would never dream of judging another by an accident of birth blithely or anxiously seek the normativity of the law in the circumstances of its origin-as though legitimacy here meant what it once did in genealogy and was rather a test of rectitude than a mark of good fortune in the birth of a polity, or a person.
The Rights and Wrongs of Nations
Authors: Goodman Lenn E
Published: November 2023

Despite the metaphor of a common descent and the fiction of ethnic homogeneity, nations are more the stuff of history than of birth-just as cultures are more the stuff of birth than of independently achieved conviction. Mazzini’s world of nations, each situated in a single contiguous land mass, providentially fenced against invasion and warned against the hubris of expansion by the natural barriers of mountains, deserts, seas, and rivers, was always more ideal than fact. Hegel’s pure types were more the reflex of an armchair tourist’s fancy than the realization of any authentic encounter with the races and cultures he so pungently described. Outsiders often typify extremes, making essential what seems exotic, negating the deep unity of human experience. Whatever that experience may be, it is never, while we live, static or uniform - not in individuals and still less in groups.
The Basics of Thermodynamics
Authors: Girifalco Louis A
Published: November 2023

Thermodynamics addresses those relations among the macroscopic properties of macroscopic systems that do not depend on the properties of its atomic constituents. It is a fact of experience that systems exist whose properties do not change with time, within the limits of measurement. It is also a fact that systems exist whose properties do change with time. In making such statements, the time scale must be considered. Thus, a piece of iron may have properties whose values are constant over some time period, say, one week, but over a period of months or years the iron might develop rust on its surface.
The Theory of Random Flight
Authors: Girifalco Louis A
Published: November 2023

The theory of the random motion of a particle through space has a variety of uses. Two important applications are to molecular or atomic diffusion, and to the statistics of long chain molecules. To clarify the concept of random flight, consider a particle that, starting from a fixed point R0 = 0, can move a distance r in any direction. After the first jump, the particle can again move in any direction, but with the same distance r. That is, the motion of the particle consists of a number of N sequential jumps in an arbitrary direction, but all having the same magnitude. The particle is said to have executed a random flight of N equal-sized steps that are defined by the set of vectors {r}N = r1, r2, r3, …, rN, each having a magnitude r, after which it has moved a distance R.
La Vita Nuova (Life Tranformed)
Authors: Brockelman Paul
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, influenced by the upper-class ancient Greek fascination with knowledge, the high tradition of philosophical theology in Europe interpreted Christian faith as a kind of cognitive or hypothetical understanding. Christian faith thereby underwent a tidal change in meaning from personal decision and transformation in the early Jesus movemententering the reign of God-to doctrines and dogmas about him. The struggle between this Hellenistic interpretation (hermeneutic) of life and faith and the early Jewish Jesus group’s interpretation was fought out in the developing cultural and religious history of Europe. In the medieval period, the issue was joined around the relationship of faith and reason. The so-called Voluntarists, for example, made the will essential to the life of faith, whereas the Thomists and Dominicans in general stressed the role of reason. Opposed to the rationalism of Descartes, Pascal considered faith to be a matter of the heart, a way of living in the spirit of love (caritas). Still later, Kierkegaard vigorously attacked Hegel’s rationalism from the point of view of Christian faith lying outside and beyond it. Indeed, for Kierkegaard living a life of reason was a form of despair and sin-an attempt to die while still living, a distraction and avoidance of the transformed life of grace.
Here’s the Story
Authors: Brockelman Paul
Published: November 2023

Recent developments in our scholarly understanding of religious mythology--especially creation mythology-have led to a new appreciation of the place of interpretive understanding in the formation and maintenance of human cultures and traditions. I have claimed that creation mythology was the traditional vehicle by means of which individuals and cultures in the past discovered a wider reality to which they belonged and through which they found their meaningful role and destiny in life. I argued that the bifurcation of life into two levels (the sacred and the ordinary or profane) within the creation myth affords a “grammar of interpretive understanding” by means of which humans come to see or interpretively understand their ordinary lives in the light of that deeper, ultimate and holy reality. By means of double metaphors, they encounter the sacred reality as, for example, a fertile mother or a loving father (first metaphor), and then “see” ordinary life “as” a dependent reflection of it.
Freedom of the Will
Authors: Chai Leon
Published: November 2023

We Can Only Imagine the scene: Jonathan Edwards, on July 1, 1750, preaching his farewell sermon to the congregation at Northampton. At that moment he must have recalled what it was like when, more than twenty years before, he had ascended the same pulpit for the first time as Solomon Stoddard’s successor. Now, as Edwards surveyed the faces of his audience, he would no doubt have recognized many of the same people who had welcomed him then as their new pastor. The same people would also have heard him when he delivered his sermons in November 1734 on "Justification by Faith Alone." Subsequently, they would have witnessed with him the remarkable revival in Northampton during the winter and spring of 1734-35. Still later, they would have experienced with the tumultuous passion of the Great Awakening. But now these same people had, with equal passion, pursued and finally brought about his dismissal.
Advice to the Bride and Groom
Authors: Russell Donald
Published: November 2023

After the traditional ordinance, which the priestess of Demeter laid upon you when you were shut up in your wedding chamber together, it may be that words (logos) also will touch you and contribute to your wedding in a way that is both useful and in harmony with the custom. In music, there was a tune for the pipe called “The Rampant Stallion,” designed, it seems, to urge the stallion to cover the mare. In philosophy too there are many fine subjects of discourse, but none more important than this discourse of marriage, whereby philosophy charms those who come together to share their lives, and makes them gentle and amenable to each other. I have therefore put together in the form of some brief similitudes, so that they are the more easily remembered, the main points of the teaching you have often heard in the course of your education in philosophy. These I send as a gift to you both, praying that the Muses may assist Aphrodite in her work; for it is less their duty to tune lyre or cithara than it is to ensure the tunefulness of marriage and home by discourse, harmony, and philosophy. The ancients set Hermes at Aphrodite’s side, knowing that the pleasure of marriage needed his word more than anything, and with them they set Persuasion and the Graces, that married couples might gratify their desire with each other by persuasion, not in conflict or quarrelsomeness.
The Relativity Of Simultaneity
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Mr. Veil eyes you suspiciously as he grabs two lasers and leaves for the car. As you wait, you press a button on the wall, causing the museum’s computer to play one of Chopin’s mazurkas. Thanks to skillful programming, the computer can play all of Chopin’s mazurkas, polonaises, and nocturnes, which are stored in the computer’s memory. The computer simultaneously projects gorgeous, electro-improvisational holograms all around you. You begin to sway with the music as Mr. Veil leaves the museum.
Your Space or Mine?
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Constantia winds a long scarf around her neck. “How far is it to Rockefeller Center?” “A few blocks.” You pause. “Let’s continue our lessons. Today I want to talk about distances in spacetime. I want to tell you about spacetime intervals, Minkowskian space, and null intervals.” Stooping down, you motion to a little alley next to a jewelry shop that has the words GOING OUT OF BUSINESS on the store front. You whip out a piece of chalk and draw two dots on the sidewalk (Fig. 7.1). “Here is Rockefeller Center, and here is Grand Central Station. In my drawing, both axes represent space. We can define a distance metric in terms of differential movements between Rockefeller Center and Grand Central Station.
Future Shock
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

“Mr. Veil, we know that the mass of an object increases as it approaches the speed of light. How could you close the scissors fast enough?” You shake your head. “Nice idea, but it could never work!’ Mr. Veil points the scissors at you. “Wait. It’s true that the scissors’ blades have mass and must always move slower than light, but the intersection of the blades is massless.
Tachyons, Cosmic Moment Lines, Transcendent Infinite Speeds
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

“First let’s get some fresh air as we talk. I know a nice place near the Empire State Building.” The three of you leave the museum. On your way, you window-shop outside the various gadget stores. The Christmas lights and decorations have recently gone up, and you-along with hundreds of other equally mesmerized passersby-peer though the thick glass at scenes from Charles Dicken’s A Christmas Carol. It is a robot version with robotic actors.
Time Travel by Balloons and Strings
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

When you get to Washington Square, the three of you grab some sushi at a mom-and-pop Japanese joint. You enjoy the Ganymedean squid as Constantia and Mr. Veil slurp their economy-sized bowls of miso soup, flavored with delicate great scallions and a dash of ginger. After eating, you take the subway express to New Christopher Park. New York City trains are efficient, clean, and-given the astronomical cab fares near the village-cheap. You pay 2000 yen per subway token-just over $20.
Can John F. Kennedy Be Saved?
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

“Hi,” Constantia says squinting up at you, her dark eyes absorbing photons of light. On Constantia’s shirt is a photograph of Isaac Asi mov, the most prolific and popular science writer of all time. You feel a twinge of regret. You always wished you had the opportunity to meet the man. “Want to go to the Four Seasons?” you ask. You like the place. It’s like a comfortable living room-the decor’s not too formal, the food’s good, and the waiters don’t hover.
Adventures with Time
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

You place the fax on a table. “I’d like to have some fun with time today. Recreations. I want to help you get a better appreciation for probability and vast amounts of time.” You hand Mr. Veil a large glass bottle with a small opening at its top (Fig. 16.1). You also hand him a small blue marble. “Mr. Veil, please place the marble in the bottle and shake it randomly to see if you can pop the marble out of the upper opening.
Some Concluding Musings and Thoughts
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Some physicists believe that if we seriously consider time as a fourth dimension, then the past and future have always existed, and that human consciousness, for some unknown reason, perceives the universe one moment at a time, giving rise to the illusion of a continually changing pre sent. As mathematical physicist Herman Weyl once noted, “The objective world simply is; it does not happen. Only to the gaze of my consciousness, crawling upward along the life line of my body, does a section of this world come to life as a fleeting image which continuously changes in time.” Per haps other beings in the universe do not have our perceptual constraints with regard to future and past, just like the creatures in Kurt Vonnegut’s novel Sirens of Titan. In this book, the aliens see past and present at once and view human beings as “great millipedes with babies’ legs at one end and old people’s legs at the other.” If time is truly a fourth dimension, then time travel always remains a possibility.
When Men Help Others
Authors: Nock Steven L
Published: November 2023

Americans gave over $129 billion to charitable causes in 1995. Roughly 8 of every 10 of these dollars were given by private individuals, not foundations, corporations, or other organizations. Almost 7 in 10 American households (69%) gave some amount of money to charities or other philanthropic causes in 1995. Religious organizations were the primary recipient of Americans’ generosity, with health causes, human services, programs for youth, and education receiving the next largest amounts, respectively (Independent Sector, 1996: 1-4) The average contributing American household gave $1,017 to various causes in 1995, or a little over 2% of household income. These amounts are impressive, but they are also an understatement because they do not include gifts to friends or relatives. Nor do they include gifts in kind. Over half of Americans (56%) gave money to relatives or friends in 1995. The total average amount given to such individuals exceeded the amount given to charities by over $500 ($1,527 in 1995; Independent Sector, 1996: Table 4.9). That such a large percentage of Americans makes annual donations suggests clearly that we are a generous people with our money. Much less clear, however, is why we give so much.
The Third Edition - with Revisions 1774-1787
Authors: Dalzell Robert F , Dalzell Lee Baldwin
Published: November 2023

The first time Washington rebuilt Mount Vernon almost all the work was done while he was away at the front. Sixteen years later, in 1774, he was at least there to watch Going Lanphier’s frame for the addition to the south end of the house take shape-to watch and to satisfy himself that the joints were tight and that the corners of the building would stand straight and true. Always inclined to move, sometimes doggedly, in incremental steps to achieve what he wanted, he plainly enjoyed his role.
Apocalyptic Politics in the New Christian Right
Authors: O’leary Stephen D
Published: November 2023

The last chapter concluded with a comparison of William Miller’s apocalyptic rhetoric to that of Hal Lindsey. This comparison seems to break down rapidly when one contrasts the movements associated with each. Millerite apocalypticism was utterly apolitical; the movement’s single focus was to spread the doctrine of the approaching End. Yet it must not be forgotten that, for many Millerites, the “Great Disappointment” was the culmination of a lifetime of lesser disappointments in the reform causes of abolition and temperance.
The “Patience” Problem
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce
Published: November 2023

This quotation comes from the Epistle of James 5:11, and is, of course, the source of the cliche that has fixed the dominant view of Job for us: ten hupomonen lob, the proverbial “patience of Job.” The term hupomone has remained tied to the biblical figure; for when Job penetrates our consciousness it is always in this particular manner-as a paragon of patience. Yet, as Marvin H. Pope has commented, this “is, however, scarcely a balanced view, since it ignores the thrust of more than nine tenths of the book and appears to take account only of the beginning and end of the story.”
The Case against a Linear Reading
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce
Published: November 2023

I previously emphasized that the Prologue/Epilogue of Job and the Poem30 do not seem to coalesce. Instead we took the view that there is a decisive, thematic break between the end of the Prologue (2:13) and the beginning of the Poem (3:1 ff.) and an equally wide thematic gap between the end of the Poem (42:6) and the beginning of the Epilogue (42:7 ff.) However, it could be argued that the dramatic contrast proposed here has been overdrawn, that there is no real justification for seeing a conflict between the two pictures of Job we respectively see in the Prologue/ Epilogue and the Poem. Rather, they follow in a logical progression. After all, a linear reading of the Joban story line can make excellent sense of Job’s change of moods.
The Art of Parody: The Death Theme
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce
Published: November 2023

Finally, there is one other theme in the Poem of Job on which I would like to focus particular attention: the theme of death and the netherworld. The allusions to death in the book of Job have received somewhat less attention in the scholarly literature than the Righteous Sufferer motif and the legal metaphor which we have considered above. Still, the emphasis on mortality in the Poem of Job is just as extensive as is the case for these other themes, perhaps even more so. In fact, it could be fairly stated that, verse-for-verse, no book in the Bible is more death-oriented than Job.
Supplemental Themes
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce
Published: November 2023

It would not be difficult to extend this discussion of the parodistic aspects of the Poem of Job; there are a number of studies in the scholarly literature, highlighting various satiric and ironic elements in this biblical book that have already led the way in this respect.414 Where I really depart from these other interpretations is in my contention that this is all part of a grand design, that parody is not simply an aspect of the Poem but is instead the very essence of what the Poem actually is.
Transformations of Wen Cheng Kongjo
Authors: Benard Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

This essay examines one of the earliest phases of the political and spiritual relationship between the Tibetans and Chinese by reviewing the life of Wen Cheng Kongjo, the Tang imperial princess. As the second wife of the first Buddhist Tibetan king, Srong Tsen Gampo in the seventh century, she was a Tibetan queen from 641 to her death in 680. By the twelfth century Tibetans had deified her as an emanation of Tara, one of the most popular Tibetan Buddhist goddesses. The interpretations of Wen Cheng’s life and deification remain central to the present-day politics between the Tibetans and Chinese.
King Arthur and Morgan le Fay
Authors: Young Serinity
Published: November 2023

Morgan le Fay (meaning Morgan the Fairy) is known as the half sister of Arthur, the semilegendary sixth-century king of the Britons.1 She is a complex character, one who has been woven from many ancient threads, and one who gives a fair picture of a deep Celtic belief in goddesses who can bless or curse as the mood takes them. In this essay I explore Morgan's association with divinity, especially her power to confer sovereignty, beginning with the earliest textual sources for her legend and concluding with contemporary literary and cinematic expropriations of her character. She is represented variously as a dangerous sorceress who enchants men with her magic and her beauty, a shape shifter, and a woman known for her wisdom, esoteric knowledge, and abilities as a healer.
Queen Mary and Medical Christendom
Authors: Broughton Laurel G
Published: November 2023

On June 9, 1311, the people of Siena closed their shops and made holiday. Moving from the workshop of Duccio di Buoninsegna through the streets of the city to the Cathedral of the Assumption, they celebrated the completion of the great altarpiece the Maesta, or Virgin in Majesty. Layered with gold and rich pigments, Duccio’s masterpiece portrayed Mary in regal splendor, enthroned with the infant Jesus on her lap and surrounded by saints and angels. The panels placed above the large central image depicted scenes from Mary’s last days, her death, assumption, and coronation.
Too Sexy for Words: The Changing Vocabulary of Religious Ethics
Authors: Hunt Mary E
Published: November 2023

Efforts by the self-defined Christian Right to turn back social progress for women and sexual minorities include rhetoric that distorts the lives of their subjects. They would have every gay/lesbian pride march made up of bare-breasted women and men in leather chaps and would deem every woman who chooses an abortion a child murderer, if their videos and pamphlets represent accurately their positions. The success of these efforts at creating new meanings for words, especially at creating new ethical patterns with which I generally disagree, alerts me to the fact that ethical vocabularies change both with the use of words and the meanings given to them.
Religion and Reproductive Policy
Authors: Maguire Daniel C
Published: November 2023

The sexual is political. Every government knows that and every government addresses sex and gender issues. All social theorists take account of sexuality. No realistic theory of economics, sociology, religion, history, or law could leave it untouched. Gender is part of the primordial experience of identity; it is also the primal socializing experience of an “other.” If that gender relationship is skewed, it will have an impact on how we relate to other others. Gender prejudice (sexism) is thus the elemental distortion, the setting of one half of the human dyad against the other; it is then the genetic paradigm for all forms of prejudice. In theological terms, sexism is original sin and a pandemic root of mischief. Sex also functions as a mirror, an attitudinal showcase that reflects society’s values and power assumptions. Major social revolutions come to grips with it since sexual attitudes reflect social arrangements to a degree. A military culture will not be sexually gentle.
Reproductive Technologies: Ethical and Religious Issues
Authors: Shannon Thomas A
Published: November 2023

This article will discuss several ethical dimensions of assisted reproduction. First, I will identify general ethical issues that have not been fully evaluated, primarily because of the way the field of assisted reproduction developed. Second, I will argue that while Roman Catholicism has a fairly developed and clear teaching about assisted reproduction and that while some of this teaching has a value beyond the boundaries of this religion, ultimately the teaching lacks credibility because of use of a problematic understanding of natural law. The teaching is overly physicalist or biological in its development of norms, and this narrowness of interpretation impedes Catholicism from responding constructively to historical changes in marriage and in the family. Finally, I will develop aspects of Roman Catholic social ethics that could contribute to a discussion of assisted reproduction, particularly within the discussion of health insurance. Here I will be moving beyond a traditional understanding of natural law but will remain within the general context of Roman Catholic social teaching. While criticizing many aspects of traditional Roman Catholic teaching, I want to argue that there are, nonetheless, resources within this tradition that are both constructive and useful in evaluating this important, developing branch of reproductive medicine.
The Demes Definitions and Membership
Authors: Jones Nicholas F
Published: November 2023

Like its predecessor, the new public organization created by Kleisthenes comprised three tiers of units: phylai,trittyes, and demes. At each of the levels, the units, as varying types and quantities of contemporary evidence reveal, were internally organized as more or less independent associations. The phyle associations will be treated at length in chapters 5 and 6. The trittys associations, as noted in the Introduction, have left only a few traces of their existence in the epigraphic record. So, we shall begin our investigation with the deme associations, the building blocks of the K.leisthenic organization and, as we shall see, entities that, in various ways, bear the stamp of a “response to democracy.”
“Clubs,” Schools, Regional, and Cultic Associations
Authors: Jones Nicholas F
Published: November 2023

By way of introducing the present chapter, it will be useful to review briefly what we have accomplished up to this point. In chapters 2 through 6, sustained attention was given to the relevant aspects of the internally organized segments of the Kleis thenic public organization: the demes (chapters 2, 3, and 4) and the phylai (chapters 5 and 6). The immediately preceding chapter was devoted to an association independent of that public organization, the phratry, but one rendered quasi-public in function by the bestowal upon it of an indirect “gatekeeper” role with respect to admission to the Athenian citizen body.
The Organization of the Cretan City in Plato’s Laws
Authors: Jones Nicholas F
Published: November 2023

We have now completed study of the attested associations of the classical period with respect to their relation to the central government and, in the light of that relation, to their place in the greater state of Athens. Our findings must stand or fall on their own to the extent that they are supported or not by the evidentiary record for the actual design and functioning of those associations. Nonetheless, any corroboration forthcoming from other sources would be most welcome. There is in fact one such source-contemporary Athenian political theory.
Japan and the PC Revolution
Authors: Dedrick Jason , Kraemer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

The personal computer revolution appeared to offer a tremendous opportunity for Japan. Combining their strengths in electronic components with their growing capabilities in computer technology, the Japanese computer makers appeared likely to become major competitors in the global PC industry. In fact, some in the United States expected that Japanese companies would eventually use their control over upstream components and technologies to dominate the industry. Former U.S. Trade Representative Clyde Prestowitz, predicted that the Japanese would run away with the world computer market. Intel’s Andrew Grove predicted that Japan would overtake the United States as the dominant world supplier of computer systems by 1992. What few suspected was that the PC revolution would so change the nature of the computer industry that many of the presumed strengths of the Japanese companies would turn out to be liabilities in the PC industry.
Competing in Computers in the Network Era
Authors: Dedrick Jason , Kraemer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

Network computing is based on the convergence of computing, communications, and multimedia content. The concept has been the basis of visionary treatises on the information society as far back as the 1960s,1 but the actual convergence always seemed just around the corner until the 1990s, when the Internet exploded onto the scene—the global network of networks that evolved from the U.S. Defense Department’s ARPANET (created in 1973). However, use of the Internet had never spread much beyond the research and academic communities until the arrival of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s. The hyperlinked Web, combined with graphical Web browsers such as Mosaic and Netscape Navigator, made it easy to navigate the Internet. Users clicked on a word or symbol and were quickly connected to a computer that could be located anywhere in the world. The Web also made it possible to embed words, pictures, sound, and video in a document, creating a true convergence of computing, communications, and content.
A Controversy over a Verse on the Remarriage of Hindu Women
Authors: Datta Krishna
Published: November 2023

In Dharmaśāstra literature, the verse naste mrte ... (Parāsarasmrti iv.28), I ordaining the remarriage of women, occupies a unique position from the sociological point of view. This verse has given rise to serious controversies that have continued for centuries. Even its authorship has not been beyond question.
Anasūyā A Pativratā with Panache
Authors: Aklujkar Vidyut
Published: November 2023

Like holy rivers, great myths travel through time and region to acquire volume and substance. Some currents undergo total transformation, some disappear in the course of time, and others survive with remarkable consistency, coupled with creativity. Myths about pativratiis-virtuous women faithful to their husbands-are a unique feature of Indian mythology. The names of five pativratiis are woven together in a slokal to be recited at the beginning of the day in order to remember their stories daily. Some stories are connected with ritual practices or vratasZ to rejuvenate them by constant retellings and ritual rememberance. Even without such mnemonic aids, the portrait of a powerful ancient pativratli, Anasii.ya, has enjoyed longevity and veneration in the pan-Indian memory. The present paper focuses on her story. There are three interrelated strata noticeable in the myths connected with Anasii.ya: epic, purii7:ic, and folkloric or vernacular. Roughly speaking, these cover a time span of more than two thousand years. I propose to explore the evolution of the Anasii.ya myth through all three lores. My plan is to analyze the composite character of Anasii.ya as it emerges from the myths in order to understand the dynamics of the myth’s resilience. In the process, I shall highlight traditional interpretations of the role of a pativratli to delineate the tenacity of the myths about pativratiis and their attraction for the Indian psyche. The concept of pativratya,-faithfulness to husband-has recently received a lot of flak as a passive, negative one crystallizing women’s subjugation through centuries. I do not deny the negative potential of the concept or its age-old manipulation by the interested parties toward mindless indoctrination of the female, but I would like to investigate actual portraits of a pativratli in literature to analyze the complexity of the concept and the implicit traditional interpretations of it that often go unnoticed.
“The Wildering Gloom”
Authors: Verma Chapla
Published: November 2023

Women’s Place in Buddhist History The position of women in Buddhism, especially during its early days, has always been a source of great debate. The written records of Buddhism, including authoritative Buddhist texts, have in general presented a negative image of women-for instance, in that the saiigha places nuns at a lower level than the monks. However, this kind of portrayal in Buddhist literature is in conflict with the philosophy propounded by the Buddha and appears to be a reflection of contemporary social relationships rather than a philosophical justification of the patriarchal control of women.
CandrāvatI Rāmāyana Feminizing the Ramā-Tale
Authors: Bose Mandakranta
Published: November 2023

Nabaneeta Dev Sen Prelude “My name is Kamalama. I come from the village Mainla in Manikota Taluk. It is painful to tell the story of my life. My mother was a slave in the house of some landlords. By then three generations had existed like this. My mother, her mother and grandmother had all been slaves in the landlords’ house. They say my grandmother’s name was Venkattamma.”1
For Our Native Sisters The Wesleyan Ladies’ Auxiliary in India
Authors: Bose Sarika P
Published: November 2023

They are in bitter bondage; chains, stronger than iron, fetter them, and forbid them to rise. Knowing this, shall not we as Christians work more diligently, and pray, more earnestly and believingly, “Thy Kingdom Come”?! Several modem scholars have commented on the imperialist matemalism with which British women in India treated Indian women, a trend that lasted from the nineteenth century well into the twentieth.Z This matemalism was a complex construct: on the one hand, British women deplored the devouring Indian mother and, on the other hand, posited the Indian woman as a child who needed a (British) mother to set her straight. The Indian woman became a kind of blank subject, who could be visualized in a variety of ways. The thousands of British women who went out to India to serve went ostensibly to take up the “white woman’s burden”3 and to serve the colonial peoples the empire had taken into its protection. They succeeded, at the same time, in reinforcing British self-conceptions of superiority. At every encounter, the Indian woman could be seen as the negative of the “positive” British values. The creation of the female Indian identity by those who were not Indian resulted in a reading of Indian femaleness based on ignorance of the various languages of Indian values. However sympathetic they intended to be, the interpreters of Indian identity were ultimately restricted to their personal value bases.
Exploring Tradition and Change among Women in Marathi Culture
Authors: Chitnis Suma
Published: November 2023

In India today, efforts to fathom the traditions in which women’s attitudes and values are rooted and to identify the influences that shape their behavior and their consciousness have led to the exploration of all kinds of source materials in the vernacular languages. Mythology, folklore, folk songs, oral and documented history, different forms of literature, and other wirtings in the regional languages are being avidly explored. Administrative and judicial records, historical archives, newspapers, and magazines in the regional language are being researched and studied. There is a related effort to examine and understand the meanings of local and regional forms of recreation, festivals, custom, ritual, and practices.
Postcolonial Identity as Feminist Fantasy A Study of Tamil Women’s Short Fiction on Dowry
Authors: Bose Mandakranta
Published: November 2023

In Canada in 1996, an Indian man’s massacre of almost all of his ex-wife’s family in the British Columbia town of Kelowna was immediately misrepresented in the media as a fatal consequence of the Indian system of arranged marriages, so that the incident was portrayed as something other than family violence and as indicating an Indian cultural pathology. The Inda-Canadian community stepped in to correct this misrepresentation and argue that the perpetrator of violence was operating from within patriarchal ideologies common to most cultures, including those of the West. However, for the West, even feminist studies departments, Indian dowry culture continues to function as the vehicle for a Western imperialist epistemology of India as its Third World “other.” The Indian nation’s central meanings are deliberately and reductively quilted to the experiences of the Indian woman’s body to produce an India that is culturally retrogressive and, more particularly, to represent its culture in sexual metaphor as a masculinity that is always-already pathologically inadequate in its greed and brutal perversity and as always-already less than masculine. This discourse has entailed the West’s willful refusal to recognize Indian women’s response to the dowry system as intending subjects of resistance and also to misrecognize one aspect of Indian culture as the representative of the whole. This burden-the excessive meaning that the dowry system is made to bear as signifier-is also made possible by the West’s imaginary perception of the dowry system as present everywhere in India and in the self-same form; in actual fact, dowry practices occur in specific pockets of the country and involve different activities, sometimes generating meanings for women that are other than disempowerment. For instance, in some southern parts of India, as well as in the diaspora, women are given control over their dowry money, and it is not unheard of for them to use this money for additional education.
Remembering Actions and Words
Authors: Nilsson Lars-Goran
Published: November 2023

In the beginning of the 1980s, a new experimental paradigm for studying remembering and memory was developed. This paradigm seemed to produce results that were not only different with respect to levels of performance in comparison to that obtained in verbal memory experiments but also revealed data suggesting that other laws, principles, or rules might be at work. Empirical phenomena that are reliably obtained in verbal learning experiments were not obtained when using this new paradigm.
Source Monitoring: Attributing Mental Experiences
Authors: Mitchell Karen J , Johnson Marcia K
Published: November 2023

To understand the problems that source monitoring research and theory address, consider the implications of a cognitive system that is capable of construction and reconstruction that is, capable of generating information on its own and integrating information from multiple sources. Constructive and reconstructive processes that interpret, embellish, transform, and synthesize experiences are powerful engines for comprehension and creativity, but the potential cost is distorted memories and beliefs (e.g., Bartlett, 1932/1995; Bransford & Johnson, 1973; Neisser, 1967).
Memory and Theory of Mind
Authors: Ferner Josef
Published: November 2023

“Theory of mind” is primarily a label for the research area that investigates the conceptual system that underlies our ability to impute mental states (what we know, think, want, feel, etc.) to others and ourselves. The study of these concepts is essential for our understanding of memory insofar as memory is not just storage of information, but is also dependent on knowledge of our own information-storage processes. In Tulving and Madigan’s (1970) words we should “start looking for ways of experimentally studying and incorporating into theories ... of memory one of the truly unique characteristics of human memory: its knowledge of its own knowledge” (p. 477). To have such higher order knowledge one needs a concept of knowledge and other mental states. Memory development should, therefore, be seen in the light of the acquisition of mental concepts-that is, the child’s growing theory of mind.
Remembering Life Experiences
Authors: Neisser Ulric , Libby Lisa K
Published: November 2023

Two-thirds of a century have passed since Frederic Bartlett (1932) criticized standard research methods in memory as irrelevant to human life. “The psychologist, whether he uses experimental methods or not, is dealing, not simply with reactions, but with human beings. Consequently the experimenter must consider the everyday behavior of the ordinary individual, as well as render an account of the responses of his subjects within a laboratory” (p. 12). Despite Bartlett’s trenchant critique, it was not until the 1980s that the ecological study of memory-especially memory for life events-began to develop as a recognizable subdiscipline in its own right. The goal of this chapter is to provide a brief overview of that discipline’s achievements.
Memory for Emotional Events
Authors: Schooler Jonathan W , Eich Eric
Published: November 2023

How, if at all, do emotions influence memory for personal events? This basic question has had a longstanding and contentious history, particularly with respect to recollections of events charged with negative emotion such as sadness, shock, or terror. Discussions of the impact of strong negative emotions on memory have typically been focused within one of three research domains: eyewitness memory, flashbulb memory, and memory for traumatic experiences. Though each of these literatures has developed its own set of paradigms and idiosyncratic discussions, all three converge in their central focus on two controversial issues: (1) whether emotion enhances or diminishes the strength of memory for an event, and (2) whether special mechanisms are required to account for the effects of emotion on memory.
The Medial Temporal Lobe and the Hippocampus
Authors: Zola Stuart M , Squire Larry R
Published: November 2023

“In 1954 Scoville described a grave loss of recent memory which he had observed as a sequel to bilateral medial temporal resection in one psychotic patient and one patient with in tractable seizures. In both cases ... removals extended posteriorly along the medial surface of the temporal lobes ... and probably destroyed the anterior two-thirds of the hippo campus and hippocampal gyms bilaterally, as well as the uncus and amygdala. The unexpected and persistent memory deficit which resulted seemed to us to merit further investigation.”
From Maser to Laser
Authors: Townes Charles H
Published: November 2023

Fired up to put masers to work in radio astronomy, I returned to my old office at Columbia in the fall of 19 5 6. Two excellent graduate students went to work on the project with me, Joe Giordmaine, from Canada, and Lee Alsop. The work also soon drew in Frank Nash, who studied the type of electron resonances that were needed, and Arno Penzias, who came along a little later to work on a more advanced maser.
The Patent Game
Authors: Townes Charles H
Published: November 2023

The credit for invention, and even the meaning of invention, is a slippery thing. Take, for example, phase stability and the synchrotron, a type of circular particle accelerator used for high-energy physics.