bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Brakman Reiser Dana , Dean Steven A.
Published: January 2023

The rise of the philanthropy limited liability company, commercially affiliated donor-advised funds, and strategic corporate philanthropy has hardly gone unnoticed. But because they have been viewed as distinct phenomena affecting—respectively—the transparency, timing, and targeting of philanthropy, their devastating collective impact on the 1969 Tax Reform Act’s Grand Bargain has remained obscured. For-profit philanthropy embodies a deeply American drive to innovate. Yet experimenting with philanthropy poses real risks to all of us, not merely to those controlling a disproportionate share of society’s resources. The Grand Bargain paired a modest degree of public control with a broad grant of freedom to wealthy elites and their visions of the public good. Today’s most privileged Americans risk more than they realize by turning their backs on it in the name of the unfettered autonomy for-profit philanthropy supplies. Fortunately, private ordering, targeted public interventions, or sweeping reforms can all be deployed to safeguard trust in philanthropy.
“Alphas Get Treated Like Bygone Emperors and Betas Live Lives of Quiet Desperation”
Authors: Lawson Robert
Published: January 2023

Drawing on data collected from four communities on the social networking site Reddit, Chapter 6 sets out a comprehensive treatment of the manosphere and ‘toxic masculinity’, two concepts which have been relatively underexamined in the context of language and masculinities studies. The chapter then analyzes how gender is represented in these communities, focusing on noun referents related to gender (e.g. man, woman, dude, princess). In doing so, the chapter unpacks the discursive frames surrounding men and women in manosphere spaces, providing an insight into the nature of gender politics in the manosphere and how sexist discourses are maintained and promoted by community members.
Conclusion
Authors: Lawson Robert
Published: January 2023

Chapter 9 considers what the book tells us about masculinities in the twenty-first century, situating the discussion against a backdrop of Western gender politics, online culture wars, and contemporary gender relations. The chapter then discusses how the findings fit alongside the broader scope of men and masculinities in relation to five areas: how men and boys ‘learn’ to do gender, particularly in terms of digital literacies; the intersection of masculinities and radicalization; the deployment of ‘victimhood’ discourses by men; contemporary (Western) gender politics; and the role of mediated masculinities and their potential for enacting social change. The penultimate section sketches out some of the possible trajectories for language and masculinities studies, before ending with some thoughts about the contribution of the book to masculinities research generally and language and masculinities work specifically.
“Just sit right back and you’ll hear a tale”Comedy
Authors: Burlingame Jon
Published: January 2023

Situation comedies featured bright, upbeat themes from the start. I Love Lucy became the most famous sitcom theme of the 1950s, but very quickly songs (tunes with lyrics) became popular for comedies, particularly those that told the backstory of the characters: The Beverly Hillbillies, Gilligan’s Island, and the Vic Mizzy–penned Addams Family and Green Acres became famous for generations of TV watchers. Earle Hagen became one of TV’s most successful composers with instrumental themes for Andy Griffith and Dick Van Dyke. Songs for Patty Duke (sung), Bewitched, and I Dream of Jeannie (played instrumentally) became famous in the 1960s, while pop stars joined the fray in the 1970s for Courtship of Eddie’s Father, Chico and the Man, and Welcome Back Kotter. Charles Fox became the sitcom king of the 1970s with Happy Days and Laverne & Shirley. MTM offered catchy tunes for Mary Tyler Moore and Bob Newhart, while Norman Lear gave us Broadway-tunesmith-penned All in the Family and a series of memorable themes including Maude, Good Times, and The Jeffersons. Quincy Jones used an all-star jazz band for The Bill Cosby Show. The 1980s and 1990s gave us Cheers, Seinfeld, and Friends, while hip-hop made its entrance with The Fresh Prince of BelAir.
“Your mission, should you decide to accept it”Action-Adventure
Authors: Burlingame Jon
Published: January 2023

Action-adventure shows boasted some of the most compelling and memorable music in TV history. Spy shows alone counted for some of these: The Man from U.N.C.L.E.; Grammy-winning Mission: Impossible; Emmy-winning I Spy; Secret Agent (the first popular rock ’n’ roll TV theme); and more. Country came to TV via The Dukes of Hazzard, and a host of superhero shows starting with Batman and Wonder Woman take a more lighthearted approach to the derring-do, although the comic-book shows of the twenty-first-century CW network take a more serious tone. George Lucas’s Young Indiana Jones Chronicles wins four Emmys for music, while Michael Giacchino earns his first taste of fame with Alias and music for 24 takes a more mechanical, electronic tone.
“You are there”Documentaries, News, and Information Programming
Authors: Burlingame Jon
Published: January 2023

Richard Rodgers’s Victory at Sea score was a landmark moment in TV scoring, the first time a major Broadway songwriter contributed instrumental themes for a documentary series. Equally stellar names, mostly from the classical field, followed: Norman Dello Joio for Air Power, George Antheil for 20th Century, Morton Gould for World War I. Composers Elmer Bernstein and Lalo Schifrin contributed to David L. Wolper’s 1960s documentaries, including Bernstein’s National Geographic fanfare, and other major composers (Alex North for Africa) followed. Walter Scharf scored dozens of National Geographic and Jacques Cousteau specials, and In Search Of stretched the boundaries of documentary programming, including synth-based scores. News themes at the networks started out simply but eventually became more important, attracting Oscar-winning composers: Henry Mancini for election night music, John Williams at NBC, James Horner at CBS, Bill Conti at ABC. The chapter discusses the origins of the famous Olympics fanfares and themes for PBS documentaries, including a famous theme for The Civil War. Entertainment Tonight boasted a tune everyone can sing; and reality shows demanded a different kind of musical score (largely library based).
“Mrs. Peel, we’re needed”British Shows Aired in America
Authors: Burlingame Jon
Published: January 2023

British-made series airing in the United States featured themes and music that differed in style but were no less effective in dramatic storytelling. Edwin Astley’s music for The Saint, Secret Agent, The Baron, and other shows was distinctive in its use of wordless soprano and jazz harpsichord. The Avengers had tongue-in-cheek scores by Laurie Johnson, and Doctor Who was a rarity: an all-electronic theme by Ron Grainer. John Barry’s theme for The Persuaders was a huge hit in England, although not in America. Masterpiece Theatre imported dozens of UK adaptations of classic literature, scored by some of England’s top composers: “I, Claudius,” “Jewel in the Crown,” “Jeeves and Wooster,” “Sherlock,” “Downton Abbey.” Mystery! matched them for intriguing scores, including “Sherlock Holmes,” “Inspector Morse,” and “Poirot.” Great Performances grabbed the other UK classics, notably “Brideshead Revisited.” Pride & Prejudice aired on A&E, and Monty Python’s Flying Circus ironically employed a march by American John Philip Sousa. The themes for Masterpiece Theatre, Mystery!, and Great Performances also have fascinating backstories.
Brave New Workplace
Authors: Barling Julian
Published: January 2023

It is now more than two years since COVID-19 spread around the world and the World Health Organization declared a global pandemic. The pandemic raised important questions about what work would look like after the pandemic, evidenced by the great debate on the future of remote work. Given how inaccurate predictions of the future often turn out to be, a more important question is, what should work look like if we are to achieve productive, healthy, and safe work? Fortunately, research by scholars such as Marie Jahoda, Abe Maslow, Fred Herzberg, Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham, Robert Karasek and Töres Theorell, Michael Marmot, and Peter Warr, spanning almost a century, provides answers. Fulfilling people’s needs for the seven interrelated characteristics, namely quality leadership, autonomy, belonging, fairness, growth, meaning, and safety, are the keys to productive, healthy, and safe work, and we devote a separate chapters to each of these topics. Each chapter discusses how the seven interrelated characteristics were affected by the pandemic, and how gender affects how people experience these dimensions. A central idea of the book is that small changes make a big difference in the long term, perhaps especially during the most trying times, and that small changes in the seven characteristics are enough to achieve productive, healthy, and safe work, with effective, evidence-based interventions presented to document this. Underlying each topic is the idea that we can achieve more by changing work than by trying to change people.
Footprints in the Dust
Authors: Dal Prete Ivano
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces the reader to the long and complex medieval debate on the eternity of the world. Christian and Muslim thinkers tried hard to reconcile the Mosaic account of the creation with Greco-Roman natural philosophy, which never contemplated the creation of matter, space, and time from nothing. Their endeavors rested on the possibility, which was widespread and largely accepted, of a figurative reading of Genesis and in particular, of the first “days” of the creation. Not until 1215 did the Lateran Council IV proclaim that the world had been created in time, thus closing one of the many options available up to then. The conciliar decrees, though, aimed to establish a principle rather than its chronology: whether the world was created at all, not when, was the matter of contention.
The Rise of Diluvialism, 1650–1720
Authors: Dal Prete Ivano
Published: January 2023

This chapter analyses the rise of the biblical Flood to an ideological pillar of European imperialism, since it guaranteed both the universality of the Christian Revelation and the common origin of humankind from the same sinful couple. Once a mainly moral and theological story that natural philosophy could bypass entirely, the Noetic catastrophe solidified in the course of the seventeenth century into a major physical event that must have left considerable traces of its passage. As the historical truth of the Revelation increasingly depended on natural evidence for the Noachian Flood and its chronology, authors who defended an ancient Earth and rejected the diluvial origin of fossils began to find themselves associated with materialism and irreligion.
Introduction
Authors: Lorenzo-Dus Nuria
Published: January 2023

In addition to outlining its aims, rationale, and structure, this chapter contextualizes the book theoretically and methodologically, including providing a detailed description of data (and selection principles), analytic methods applied, and ethical considerations in the conduit of research. The term “digital grooming” describes the manipulation of persons in relation to digital practices outside or at the boundaries of the law, with the ultimate aim of aligning others to one’s way of thinking, feeling, and acting. Digital grooming is applied to a range of topics, spanning political extremism through to criminal activity involving sex crimes and drugs. Understanding the methods used by digital groomers will ultimately aid in work to combat their efforts.
Digital Sexual Grooming
Authors: Lorenzo-Dus Nuria
Published: January 2023

This chapter considers the relevance of a growing body of research into the different components of digital sexual grooming and their interrelations. This is an area to which linguistics scholarship has only comparatively recently contributed but in which the results can have important practical applications for detection and prevention purposes. The chapter also provides an overview of the components of digital sexual grooming, which are aligned to groomer tactics, such as deriving sexual gratification from their online interaction with their victim, isolating them, developing a sense of trust in the groomers, and, in the case of those groomers also seeking sexual abuse offline, approaching the victim for a physical meeting. Additionally, the chapter reviews recent scholarship that has discerned some cross-goal tactics, such as the use of vague language to mask sexual intent. This chapter thus sets the scene for the detailed analysis of offenders’ identity performance in digital sexual grooming, which is provided in Chapter 4.
Digital Commercial Grooming
Authors: Lorenzo-Dus Nuria
Published: January 2023

This chapter acknowledges commonalities between crypto-drug markets and Clear Net shopping platforms: both are digital marketplaces reliant on vendor reputation systems and both use a number of mainstream marketing techniques. Nevertheless, critical review of extant literature evidences that the media-fueled image of crypto-drug markets as an e-Bay for drugs is misleading. The chapter explains how crypto-drug markets exploit the very economic theories of cooperation and freedom they claim to abide by. These markets’ “faux” libertarianism, moreover, often lures individuals into becoming not only (more frequent) consumers of illicit drugs but also to develop a “career” as drug dealers. Crypto-drug buyers progressively source stock intended for social dealing and wholesale offline distribution. Crypto-drug markets thus resemble traditional drug markets, with both operating according to economic principles of deception and coercion. The chapter also highlights that the sociotechnical affordances that underpin crypto-drug markets crucially reflect and shape the grooming practices undertaken in them. Technically, crypto-drug markets seek to minimize the risk of detection from law enforcement and scamming by users through third-party payment services such as escrow. Socially, they operate vendor reputation systems that, while largely fraudulent, purportedly demonstrate to potential and extant buyers the quality of products sold, the efficiency and stealth of transactional services provided, and the bona fide “identity” of those selling the drugs. These are crucial to vendors’ styling of themselves and their “brand” within the marketplace, which Chapter 8 discusses in detail.
Wrongs, Harms, and Costs
Authors: Keating Gregory C.
Published: January 2023

The law of torts is fundamental. Any legal system worthy of the name must articulate what it is that we owe to one another in the way of coercively enforceable obligations not to interfere with or impair each other’s essential interests. By protecting people against diverse forms of interference and impairment, the core of the law of torts confers protections that are important background conditions for persons to be able to pursue their aims and aspirations as members of civil society. Tort law is thus an aspect of basic justice. It helps to create and sustain an essential part of the security that we all need to lead decent and independent lives. And it seeks to do so on reasonable terms—on terms that are justifiable to those who are affected by the rights and responsibilities that it recognizes. Tort law is both a law of wrongs and a law of harms. Because tort seeks to secure us against serious forms of interference and impairment, it is preoccupied with physical harm. Physical harm does especially great damage to our powers of agency, and it pervades modern life, as presence and as risk. Because tort protects us against harm at each other’s hands by recognizing rights and imposing reciprocal responsibilities, it is also a law of wrongs.
Fairness and Fault
Authors: Keating Gregory C.
Published: January 2023

Chapter Four addresses avoidable harm and reasonable precaution—the central preoccupations of negligence law. Negligence law articulates tort’s dominant principle of responsibility with respect to risks of physical harm. Those who are physically harmed through the negligence of others may enlist the assistance of the state to compel those who have so harmed them to make reparation for the injuries that they have inflicted. The dominant economic view of negligence understands it in cost-benefit terms. Cost-justified precaution maximizes wealth and thereby promotes welfare. Negligent conduct is inefficient conduct. From a social point of view, negligent conduct instrumentally irrational because it fails to maximize value. Tort doctrine, however, seeks to specify the demands of reasonable risk imposition, not the demands of rational risk imposition. We act reasonably when we take the interests of others into account, treat their interests as equal in importance to our own, and seek to act on principles that are acceptable from both their standpoints and ours. Taking negligence law’s commitment to reasonableness seriously directs our attention to the separateness and independence of persons and to the special, and negative, moral significance of physical harm. With these concepts in hand, Chapter Four develops an interpretation of negligence law as a law of reasonable precaution, concerned to articulate what we owe to each other in the way of coercively enforceable mutual obligations to protect each other from injury as we go about our lives in civil society.
The Wealth of English
Authors: Leben William R. , Kessler Brett , Denning Keith
Published: January 2023

English, the mother tongue of several hundred million and the most frequently taught second language in the world, has an enormous vocabulary. The abundance of words gives English enormous expressive power but presents a challenge every time we encounter a word we don’t recognize or whose meaning we’re unsure of. This book is designed to help the student respond to such challenges. What makes our task easier is that a vast number of English words, including the most complex, can be analyzed into parts whose meanings and uses offer clues to word meanings. Another source of help is an understanding of most consequential historical changes that took place as English evolved into its present state. Strikingly, despite all the changes, it’s still possible to trace features of present day English words back to the reconstructed ancestral language, Proto-Indo-European. Our language’s richness makes it possible to express a given idea in a variety of ways, raising the question whether some ways are better—more grammatical, more situation-appropriate—than others. The book offers some guidelines on judging linguistics choices that we and other speakers make.
The History of English and Sources of English Vocabulary
Authors: Leben William R. , Kessler Brett , Denning Keith
Published: January 2023

English is the native tongue of more than 379 million people in many independent nations. For its first thousand years, it was spoken almost entirely in England, beginning in the fifth century, when West Germanic-speaking invaders settled and replaced the indigenous Celtic tongue. Several major events have led to substantial changes in the language over time. Extensive Viking settlements, the Norman Conquest, and the English Renaissance, starting with the printing press, have all helped to shape the word stock. Nowadays, influences from other cultures continue to augment English vocabulary, but the basic division remains the same as the one that has existed since the rise of Middle English: native Germanic-based vocabulary vs. borrowed vocabulary from French and the classical languages. Recognizing the different sources of English vocabulary helps immensely to analyze English word structure.
Allomorphy
Authors: Leben William R. , Kessler Brett , Denning Keith
Published: January 2023

The previous chapter showed that the meaning of a word element can change from one word to another. This chapter dwells on allomorphy, changes in an element’s form when the element appears in different words. Allomorphy is everywhere. Young English learners encounter it early on, for example, in parks vs. beaches the endings -s and -es both mark the plural but cannot exchange places. Allomorphy has two main sources. A word element may acquire two distinct pronunciations over time due to phonetic influences from neighboring elements, as with the plural ending, whose form depends on what comes immediately before, as in parks vs. beaches. Adjacent elements can also merge together over time into a single element. For example, the n in tangible began as a separate morpheme in the ancestral language but is now fused with the root.
Phonetics
Authors: Leben William R. , Kessler Brett , Denning Keith
Published: January 2023

This chapter outlines the basic principles of phonetics. Three parameters—manner of articulation, place of articulation, and phonation—capture the articulatory characteristics of consonants. Three others—tongue height, backness, and lip rounding—describe vowels. The chapter illustrates how each consonant and vowel’s specific articulatory pattern potentially influences neighboring sounds. These articulatory parameters help provide a rationale for allomorphy.
Later Changes
Authors: Leben William R. , Kessler Brett , Denning Keith
Published: January 2023

This chapter traces some of changes Latin underwent since its classical period. These changes had an impact on current English vocabulary, and understanding them helps clarify differences among English words depending on which period of Latin they were borrowed from. Latin loanwords in English often have very different semantics, spelling, pronunciation, and endings from the original. Loanwords from French words that descended from Latin often don't look very much like the original Latin words. Despite the complexity, this chapter presents some straightforward correspondences, which involve changes including deletion, coronalization, and diphthongization.
Engaging in Healthy Lifestyles
Authors: Cabassa Leopoldo J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes several promising healthy lifestyle interventions and health promotion programs that are being used to improve the health of people with serious mental illness (SMI). These interventions address the unhealthy behaviors that are common in people with SMI, particularly around issue of unhealthy diets and lack of physical activity. These interventions aim to help people with SMI lose weight, reduce their risk for cardiovascular disease and other chronic medical conditions, and improve their quality of life. The chapter also describes the key therapeutic elements of these interventions, how they have been adapted to address the unique health needs of people with SMI, and the evidence supporting these approaches.
From Fragmentation to Integrated Care
Authors: Cabassa Leopoldo J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter summarizes existing interventions and programs that aim to improve the delivery of health care for people with serious mental illness (SMI) by reducing the fragmentation of care that people with SMI face as they navigate between the health and mental health systems. These programs use different approaches that focus on care coordination, health care management, and working with clients and their providers to improve the access, use, and quality of health care. The evidence from existing clinical trials testing the effectiveness of these health care interventions are summarized. The strengths and limitations of the exiting models of care that are being used to deliver integrated care for people with SMI are discussed.
Smoking
Authors: Cabassa Leopoldo J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes how smoking is a major contributor to the poor health and early mortality of people with serious mental illness (SMI). The literature examining the factors that contribute to the elevated rates of smoking in people with SMI and the gaps in the receipt of smoking cessation advice and treatments is reviewed. The evidence supporting the use of pharmacological and behavioral smoking cessation treatments for people with SMI is discussed. Examples of innovative and promising technology-based smoking cessation interventions tailored to the unique needs of people with SMI are presented.
Flattening the Mortality Curve
Authors: Cabassa Leopoldo J.
Published: January 2023

This final chapter is a call to action for fundamental and pragmatic changes to flatten the premature mortality curve in people with serious mental illness (SMI). This chapter brings together the lessons learned from the existing literature, the people represented throughout this book, and the authors’ work in improving the physical health of people with SMI. Three major recommendations are discussed, including focusing on health prevention and health promotion from the very beginning, making integrated models of care the norm rather than the exception, and moving beyond the clinic walls by developing and implementing multilevel community interventions and policies that directly intervene in the social determinants of health (e.g., housing, poverty, employment) to improve the lives of people with SMI. Failure to act can no longer be an excuse for not implementing these important reforms and ending these deadly health inequities.
The language of thought
Authors: Summerfield Christopher
Published: January 2023

This chapter begins by introducing the distinction between thinking and knowing, and the pivotal role that it has played in theories of artificial intelligence (AI) development. This distinction is traced back to the work of early theorists such as Hebb and Cattell. Then, focussing on the theories of ‘thinking’, the chapter follows the trajectory of twentieth-century thinking about the nature of thought. The chapter considers early approaches to building AI as systems that reasoned over logical premises, or language-like mental representations. The chapter considers the early approaches to understanding the mental models proposed by Craik, Tolman, and Kohler. It discusses the convergence of psychology and AI research in the 1970s, the development of expert systems, and finally the emergence of Bayesian models for probabilistic reasoning.
A picture of the mind
Authors: Summerfield Christopher
Published: January 2023

The final chapter revisits many of the key questions posed at the start. It asks again, in the light of Chapters 3 to 7, what makes a generally intelligent agent. The chapter revisits the debate between nativist and empiricist frameworks for artificial intelligence (AI) research in the light of this discussion, and concludes that they agree more than they disagree. It considers integrated perspectives for human cognition, including the idea that humans have rich mental models or that the ‘mind is flat’. It proposes a summary in which intelligence requires the generalization of both concepts and programs. Finally, the chapter considers the need for artificial intelligibility—that if we ever build general AI, in order for it to be safe and useful, it will need to share our world view.
Setting the policy agenda
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Casswell Sally , Graham Kathryn , Huckle Taisia , Livingston Michael , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Sornpaisarn Bundit
Published: January 2023

This chapter begins with a brief history of alcohol policy. It then provides a global survey of policy as part of a public health strategy. It lays out the definition of alcohol policy proposed in this book, which relies heavily on concepts derived from public health, a specialized field of knowledge concerned with the management and prevention of diseases and injuries in human populations. The storyline of the book described in this chapter indicates that because alcohol is no ordinary commodity, concerted action at the local, national, and global levels will be needed to reduce the burden of disease and injury caused by alcohol.
Alcohol: no ordinary commodity
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Casswell Sally , Graham Kathryn , Huckle Taisia , Livingston Michael , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Sornpaisarn Bundit
Published: January 2023

Beer, wine, and distilled spirits are alcohol-based commodities that are bought and sold in the marketplace. But alcohol is also a drug with toxic effects and other intrinsic dangers such as intoxication and dependence. This chapter examines these different aspects of alcoholic beverages, paying special attention to the contrast between alcohol’s dual role as a commodity and as a drug. Alcohol exacts enormous costs, both financial and personal, not only from individual drinkers, but also from the people and institutions that surround them. Like tobacco and other harmful commodities, alcohol has the potential to cause harm in multiple ways.
Alcohol consumption trends and patterns of drinking
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Casswell Sally , Graham Kathryn , Huckle Taisia , Livingston Michael , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Sornpaisarn Bundit
Published: January 2023

The proportion of drinkers, the typical frequency of drinking, and the amount of alcohol consumed per occasion vary enormously, not only across countries, but also over time and between different population groups. Of particular concern is the increasing consumption in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), which is expected to continue in the years to come. Alcohol per capita consumption (APC) is closely related to the prevalence of heavy drinkers. The large variation in APC and drinking patterns across population subgroups implies that alcohol-related problems will be very unevenly distributed within a given country.
The burden of alcohol consumption
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Casswell Sally , Graham Kathryn , Huckle Taisia , Livingston Michael , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Sornpaisarn Bundit
Published: January 2023

The chapter on the global burden of alcohol consumption describes the enormous range of alcohol-attributable consequences within two broad categories: alcohol’s harm to the drinker and alcohol’s harmful effects on others. It describes not only health consequences, but also the effects of alcohol on the social fabric of families, communities, and nations. The latest evidence on alcohol-attributable burden of disease is reviewed, with an emphasis on coronary heart disease, breast cancer, liver disease, HIV/AIDS, suicide, and all-cause mortality, in addition to the impact of alcohol on social outcomes such as violence.
The alcohol industry: a nexus of considerable influence
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Casswell Sally , Graham Kathryn , Huckle Taisia , Livingston Michael , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Sornpaisarn Bundit
Published: January 2023

Alcohol producers are large, consolidated, very profitable, and politically influential corporations. The industry nexus also includes the digital platforms and other marketing actors such as owners of global sporting events and the industry’s public relations agencies. Marketing to both consumers and stakeholders is a necessary part of industry activity to recruit and reinforce drinkers, normalize the use of alcohol products, and legitimize the industry’s role in the policy arena. Transnational alcohol corporations (TNACs) have a strong financial incentive to maximize profit by maintaining heavy drinking occasions and expanding numbers of drinkers in emerging alcohol markets has led to successful opposition to effective alcohol policy. Retail increasingly involves large corporations, such as superstores, and online purchase and delivery are expanding, exacerbated by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Globalization of the alcohol industry over the four past decades has been facilitated by trade and investment agreements and the highly profitable nature of alcohol products. TNACs, particularly the largest beer and spirits producers, have—through investments, mergers, and acquisitions—expanded into low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in Latin America, Asia Pacific, the Middle East, and Africa, and these have become increasingly important for their global markets.
Overview of strategies and interventions to prevent and reduce alcohol-related harm
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Casswell Sally , Graham Kathryn , Huckle Taisia , Livingston Michael , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Sornpaisarn Bundit
Published: January 2023

This chapter sets the stage for the chapters to follow by describing how research is conducted to evaluate the benefits and costs of specific alcohol policies. The seven key policy areas that constitute the current public health approaches to alcohol-related problems are described in terms of their theoretical assumptions and broad policy goals, and the alcohol industry strategies that are addressed or remediated by them. The assumptions suggest that alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems can be reduced by a variety of mechanisms, including demand reduction, supply control, environmental constraints, deterrence, social pressure, health information, marketing restrictions, and treatment services. A variety of methodological approaches are described to illustrate how the impact of alcohol control strategies, as well as policy-relevant prevention and treatment interventions, are evaluated. These include experimental studies, survey research, analysis of archival and official statistics, time-series analyses, qualitative research, and natural experiments. Evaluation research has increased in its quality, breadth, and sophistication in recent years, making it possible to measure with increasing confidence whether a policy has any impact and to provide a ‘reality check’ to high expectations often attached to promising new initiatives.
Distraction Versus Traction
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R.
Published: January 2023

The Industrial Age is over. Some argue that we are entering the Fourth Industrial Revolution, while others call it the Information Age or the Digital Age. It may be that the right name for our times is ‘The Distraction Age’. In 2011 the top six global companies, in market capitalisation, were dominated by oil companies; by the end of 2017 the top ten global companies by market cap had six companies that make money from distraction. Distraction is the new oil, and it is made more potent using algorithms that track the large volume of user data and trick the users into addiction. The sources of this distraction are pervasive, beginning with open offices, emails, social media, and, smartphones. This continuous distraction is corrosive to personal productivity as well as for the economy at large. There are, however, ways to reclaim the attention and increase the depth of engagement.
Destruction of Traditional Concepts
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R.
Published: January 2023

The post-World War II globe is changing dramatically, and many traditional concepts are being destroyed and rebuilt. To address this destruction, we must first acknowledge its impact and symptoms. The chapter discusses four spheres of change: global politics, business, economics, and education. Global power patterns are shifting away from the ‘great’ powers to ‘leading economic’ powers, as each country deals with the return of national identities—like Donald Trump’s Make America Great Again (MAGA) and, conversely, the rise of non-state actors like global tech giants and information or trade monopolies like Amazon, Facebook, and Google. The rise of ‘hyphen-tech’ challenges every business to become digital, and business agility is valued over historical consistency. Economics is changing fast, as the growing income inequality and increased visibility of corporate excesses create pressure on capitalism to evolve. The world of education is also facing severe evolutionary pressures, with emphasis on lifelong and just-in-time learning.
Return on Education
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R.
Published: January 2023

Just as education institutions must innovate on their roles as culture and value bearers for their societies, the future of work is evolving into an environment of continuous learning. The arc of future careers will not be a straight line but filled with dips and rises that will require learning how to deal with failures and periods of learning to stay relevant. Education institutions and companies must also adjust to this new world. As work requiring routine skills gets automated, workers must continue to learn new functional skills. Available learning courses required by rapidly changing demands must be built thoughtfully, deployed strategically, and, if needed, discarded immediately. Educational institutions have to adapt to the explosion in new learning technologies and methodologies on the one hand, and to the need for fast-paced digestion of real-world learning needs on the other. Whether redefined or developed, real-world education will have a significant impact on the future of humanity.
Keeping Sane in Insane Times
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R.
Published: January 2023

People have been candidates for burnout forever. The coronavirus crisis has exposed the lack of connection, variety, routine, and bookended days, and the inability to connect with personal and spiritual sources of energy that have been perennial problems. Because of the predominance of these problems, there are some salient solutions. Examination of them is not part of the common dialogue tools or methodologies and they are seldom systematically explored at great length. This nuanced conversation deals with building routines and identifying sources and methods of personal energy. It explores the value of introspection or meditation as a mind cleaner and the delicate topic of personal belief systems and spirituality.
The Failure Gym
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R.
Published: January 2023

What is the role of failure on the road to success? Companies that try too hard to avoid failing inevitably crash and burn. Adopting a positive attitude towards work and failure allows us to make the most of opportunities. The valid proposition is that companies think of the workplace as a ‘failure gym’. Just as people go to the gym to build muscle tone and strength, new thinking uses the power to fail as a way of building our strength. Relevant examples are Jack Ma, Elon Musk, and Jeff Bezos, who exhibit the ability to control continuous failure until they succeed. This will require a cultural change, with new heroes and new losers. Leaders and workers have to learn to find meaning in quality work without regard to the outcomes. Learning is a process, and a successful outcome requires more than just individual initiative. This is what the Stoics have practised for millennia.
Computers Were Once People
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R.
Published: January 2023

Throughout human history, humans have counted on the digits of their hands. When astronomers calculated the next eclipse or the arrival of a comet, the calculations were done with the heads helped by hands, log tables, and slide rules. As the need for solutions became more multifaceted and complex, the human mind created machines that could do simple computations. Humans could no longer handle all the data, the computational flexibility, and the precision required for calculation. As they did before, to manage tasks more efficiently or to carry out undoable tasks, non-human machines were invented to solve problems. As machines have become more common, technology has changed our perspective on being human. The challenge in thinking is to redefine humanity’s role in a world where machines are becoming more humanlike.
Control Junky or Chaos Monkey
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R.
Published: January 2023

Leadership has become challenging in the Age of Destruction and Distraction. Time-tested concepts are being challenged, destroyed, and replaced by new thinking. The rise of new media has created new media stars and a different and direct way of communication. It allows instant connection with an open channel for communication both ways in full public glare. Old playbooks for success are getting replaced with new innovative ideas. Established companies are struggling to catch up with the growth rates of new innovative businesses. New forms of power are emerging with new engagement models, and new math is being used to value companies. New ways of engaging with users, buyers, and voters have made design thinking a buzzword. The future is not here, but the present is already past. The new axiom is that leaders must lead with belief rather than proof.
Leading with Spiritual Energy
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R.
Published: January 2023

While some despair of the dystopia that technology will unleash, others believe that technology will finally provide time to pay attention to things that matter. In the Age of Destruction and Distraction, the new vision of corporate leaders with external and internal sensibilities will function as a kind of yogi and represent hope for the future of humanity. This ‘yogi’ at work is a warrior-monk, unafraid to take on new risks and unyielding in the face of continuous disruption. These leaders are interested in honing the superpower of staying focused at work for long periods without getting distracted. In these leaders is a heightened sensitivity able to connect to the work and the ecosystem of colleagues to provide purpose and energy. The ‘corporate yogi’ may be the future of human work.
Balladeers and Thinkers
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R.
Published: January 2023

Disruptions and distractions become the two-edged sword of change. At first blush, it seems to be the destruction of worlds in its relentless onslaught of attention-capturing additions. Companies and institutions that have been the bastions of culture, society, and civilisation are drowning in the flood of technology. Highly revered legacy ideas and traditions long considered the fundamental foundation of success have crumbled, becoming irrelevant and many times barriers. Every sector must deal with the annihilation of business models that thrived in stable times and must struggle with traditional thinking to cope with new math and tectonic shifts in business, health, education, and government.
Life in Groups
Authors: Gilbert Margaret
Published: January 2023

Life in Groups: How We Think, Feel, and Act Together comprises thirteen essays by the author relating to human life in groups, together with a substantial introduction and concluding discussion. The essays continue the development and application of the author’s perspective on collective beliefs, emotions, and actions, arguing that these and other central social phenomena are grounded in a joint commitment of the parties. This commitment unifies them, guides their actions going forward, and determines their relations to one another in important ways. In particular, it grounds in each of the parties a set of rights and obligations of a particular kind. The introduction serves both to introduce joint commitment to those unfamiliar with it and to advance discussion in light of questions that have been raised. Several of the essays respond to comments on particular aspects of the author’s work. These include an essay that addresses some central questions about a joint commitment approach to the problem of political obligation
Joint Commitment and Group Belief
Authors: Gilbert Margaret
Published: January 2023

This chapter responds to a range of questions posed by sociologist Annette Schnabel with respect to the author’s joint commitment account of group belief along with other aspects of group life. Some questions concern the contrast between joint commitment and personal commitment, the contexts in which joint commitments are likely to develop, and how they can facilitate human interaction in the case of problematic structures of inclinations such as a “prisoner’s dilemma.” Other questions concern the mechanisms that lead people to conform to their joint commitments, and the relationship between the beliefs and preferences of groups to those of individuals.
Corporate Misbehavior and Collective Values
Authors: Gilbert Margaret
Published: January 2023

When corporate executives act in morally unacceptable ways, is it a matter of a few “bad apples” or is there some other, or some additional, explanation? It is plausible to suggest that collective values are important components of corporate life and must be considered in examining morally unacceptable behavior within corporations. This chapter argues for a particular interpretation of collective values, understood as collective value judgments, and against an account that might at first seem appropriate. It is then argued that collective values as understood here are apt to induce people to abstain from speaking out in an active effort to counter them. Some practical consequences for corporations and those concerned with them are sketched.
Giving Claim-Rights Their Due
Authors: Gilbert Margaret
Published: January 2023

Claims, or claim-rights, have been deemed “rights in the strictest sense,” but their nature remains in dispute. The chapter starts with discussion of the approach of contemporary rights theorists, who have been inspired by a particular observation of legal theorist Wesley Hohfeld. Turning to further remarks of Hohfeld that have not received significant attention, it proposes an account of claim-rights such that the claim-right holder has the standing to demand the object of the right. Seeking a ground for claim-rights as now understood, it argues that joint commitment is such a ground. It then briefly argues that it may be their only ground, and considers the implications of that idea, noting among other things that it is consistent with the point that people have claim-rights against each other as the result of an interpersonal agreement, and in other familiar social contexts.
The Value Added by Academic Values
Authors: Joseph Richard J.
Published: January 2023

The immense foreign demand for American higher education talent is influenced by the cache of U.S. higher education—a “commodity” so alluring that non-U.S. nationals are willing to pay a premium for it. What makes U.S. higher education so attractive is a system of normative values that enhances its marketability. This is the essence of the “American value proposition.” The passages that follow elaborate on the American value proposition—what it means, what factors influence it, and how it strengthens foreign demand for U.S. higher education. In addition, the passages discuss what distinguishes an academic culture from a business culture, and why academic institutions should be preferred over business institutions in providing higher education services abroad.
Beyond Study Abroad: International Higher Education Services
Authors: Joseph Richard J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter lays the foundation for what follows in the book. Its relevance to the central thesis is two-fold: first, to understand how to bridge the gap between the abundance of American higher education talent and the immense foreign demand for it, one must first grasp the nature of the services that this talent can provide. The chapter describes these services. Second, to understand what fundamental reforms in the structure and governance of traditional American colleges and universities are needed, one must first grasp the prototypical structure and governance of these institutions. The chapter sets forth such a prototype. The chapter begins by explaining what is meant by “international higher education services.” The term goes well beyond study abroad.