bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some monotonicity properties in F-normed Musielak–Orlicz spaces
Authors: Kaczmarek Radosław
Published: November 2019

Strict monotonicity, lower local uniform monotonicity, upper local uniform monotonicity and their orthogonal counterparts are considered in the case of Musielak–Orlicz function spaces $$L^\Phi (\mu )$$

L
Φ

(
μ
)

endowed with the Mazur–Orlicz F-norm as well as in the case of their subspaces $$E^\Phi (\mu )$$

E
Φ

(
μ
)

with the F-norm induced from $$L^\Phi (\mu )$$

L
Φ

(
μ
)

. The presented results generalize some of the results from Cui et al. (Aequ Math 93:311–343, 2019) and Hudzik et al. (J Nonlinear Convex Anal 17(10):1985–2011, 2016), obtained only for Orlicz spaces as well as their subspaces of order continuous elements equipped with the Mazur–Orlicz F-norm.
A Partial Theta Function Borwein Conjecture
Authors: Bhatnagar Gaurav , Schlosser Michael J.
Published: November 2019

We present an infinite family of Borwein type $$+ - - $$+-- conjectures. The expressions in the conjecture are related to multiple basic hypergeometric series with Macdonald polynomial argument.
Upper Semicontinuity of Trajectory Attractors for 3D Incompressible Navier–Stokes Equation
Authors: Qin Yuming , Wang Xiuqing
Published: November 2019

In this paper, we first establish the existence of a trajectory attractor for the Navier–Stokes–Voight (NSV) equation and then prove upper semicontinuity of trajectory attractors of 3D incompressible Navier–Stokes equation when 3D NSV equation is considered as a perturbative equation of 3D incompressible Navier–Stokes equation.
Photo-movement in the sea anemone Aiptasia influenced by light quality and symbiotic association
Authors: Foo Shawna A. , Liddell Lauren , Grossman Arthur , Caldeira Ken
Published: November 2019

The relationship between cnidarians and their micro-algal symbionts is crucial for normal animal function and the formation of coral reefs. We used the sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida (Aiptasia) as a model cnidarian–dinoflagellate system to determine the effects of white, blue and red light on photo-movement. In white light, phototropism and phototaxis of Aiptasia were dependent on the presence of symbionts; anemones with symbionts bent and moved toward the light, whereas aposymbiotic anemones (lacking algal symbionts) moved, but without strong directionality. Phototaxis and phototropism also occurred in blue light, but to a lesser extent than in white light, with no apparent response to red light. Phototactic behavior was also sensitive to the specific anemone–symbiont pairing. The ability to sense and move in response to light would presumably allow for selection of favorable habitats. Overall, this study demonstrates that the algal symbiont is required for photo-movement of the host and that the extent of movement is influenced by the different anemone–symbiont associations.
Evolution and networks in ancient and widespread symbioses between Mucoromycotina and liverworts
Authors: Rimington William R. , Pressel Silvia , Duckett Jeffrey G. , Field Katie J. , Bidartondo Martin I.
Published: November 2019

Like the majority of land plants, liverworts regularly form intimate symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycotina). Recent phylogenetic and physiological studies report that they also form intimate symbioses with Mucoromycotina fungi and that some of these, like those involving Glomeromycotina, represent nutritional mutualisms. To compare these symbioses, we carried out a global analysis of Mucoromycotina fungi in liverworts and other plants using species delimitation, ancestral reconstruction, and network analyses. We found that Mucoromycotina are more common and diverse symbionts of liverworts than previously thought, globally distributed, ancestral, and often co-occur with Glomeromycotina within plants. However, our results also suggest that the associations formed by Mucoromycotina fungi are fundamentally different because, unlike Glomeromycotina, they may have evolved multiple times and their symbiotic networks are un-nested (i.e., not forming nested subsets of species). We infer that the global Mucoromycotina symbiosis is evolutionarily and ecologically distinctive.
Application of numerical models to assess multi-source saltwater intrusion under natural and pumping conditions in the Great Maputo aquifer, Mozambique
Authors: Casillas-Trasvina Alberto , Zhou Yangxiao , Stigter Tibor Y. , Mussáa F. E. F. , Juízo D.
Published: November 2019

Regional three-dimensional groundwater-flow and saltwater transport models were built to analyse saltwater intrusion in the Great Maputo area, southern Mozambique. Increased water demand has led to many private groundwater abstractions, as the local public water supply network has already reached maximum capacity. Pushing for new strategies to tackle the water-supply shortages exposes the aquifer system to saltwater intrusion from entrapped fossil saline groundwater and seawater. Previous attempts at modelling have been frustrated by data limitations. This study compiled all the available data to build the models, which were subsequently calibrated with observed heads, discharges and salt concentrations. The transport models were used to test hypotheses of potential sources of saltwater resulting in the current salinity distribution. Furthermore, scenarios were simulated to assess the impacts of sea-level rise and projected groundwater abstractions. Results show that saline groundwater is widely distributed in the aquifer’s western sector, where it is a limiting factor for groundwater development, and seawater intrusion is a risk along the coastline. Newly constructed wells (46) along the Infulene River can be operated with some impacts of saltwater upconing and must be closely monitored. Although current groundwater abstractions (60,340 m3/day) are still small compared with groundwater recharge (980,823 m3/day), larger volumes of abstraction are feasible only when using a high number of production wells further away from the city with relatively low yields to avoid saltwater upconing. Capture of fresh groundwater upstream of discharge areas by wells for water supply is possible while maintaining groundwater discharges for groundwater dependent ecosystems.
Target-oriented Gaussian beam migration using a modified ray tracing scheme
Authors: Zhang Rui , Huang Jian-Ping , Zhuang Su-Bin , Li Zhen-Chun
Published: November 2019

For large-scale 3D seismic data, target-oriented reservoir imaging is more attractive than conventional full-volume migration, in terms of computation efficiency. Gaussian beam migration (GBM) is one of the most robust depth imaging method, which not only keeps the advantages of ray methods, such as high efficiency and flexibility, but also allows us to solve caustics and multipathing problems. But conventional Gaussian beam migration requires slant stack for prestack data, and ray tracing from beam center location to subsurface, which is not easy to be directly applied for target-oriented imaging. In this paper, we modify the conventional Gaussian beam migration scheme, by shooting rays from subsurface image points to receivers to implement wavefield back-propagation. This modification helps us to achieve a better subsurface illumination in complex structure and allows simple implementation for target reservoir imaging. Significantly, compared with the wavefield-based GBM, our method does not reconstruct the subsurface snapshots, which has higher efficiency. But the proposed method is not as efficient as the conventional Gaussian beam migration. Synthetic and field data examples demonstrate the validity and the target-oriented imaging capability of our method.
Modeling and analysis of a catastrophic oil spill and vapor cloud explosion in a confined space upon oil pipeline leaking
Authors: Zhang Shengzhu , Wang Xu , Cheng Y. Frank , Shuai Jian
Published: November 2019

Oil spill-induced vapor cloud explosions in a confined space can cause catastrophic consequences. In this work, investigation was conducted on the catastrophic pipeline leak, oil spill, and the resulting vapor cloud explosion accident occurring in China in 2013 by modeling analysis, field surveys, and numerical simulations. The total amount of the spilled oil was up to 2044.4 m3 due to improper disposal. The long residence time of the oil remaining in a confined space permitted the formation of explosive mixtures and caused the vapor cloud explosion. A numerical model was developed to estimate the consequence of the explosion based on volatilization testing results. The results show that the death-leading zone and the glass-breaking zone could be 18 m and 92 m, respectively, which are consistent with the field investigation. The severity of the explosion is related to the amount of the oil spill, properties of oil, and volatilization time. It is recommended that a comprehensive risk assessment be conducted to analyze the possible consequences upon oil spilling into a confined space. Prompt collection and ventilation measures should be taken immediately after the spill occurs to reduce the time for oil volatilization and prevent the mixture from reaching its explosive limit.
E-Library of Authentic Patient Videos Improves Medical Students’ Mental Status Examination
Authors: Hansen Jessica R. , Gefke Maria , Hemmingsen Ralf , Fog-Petersen Cecilie , Høegh Erica B. , Wang August , Arnfred Sidse Marie
Published: November 2019

Objective

During psychiatric rotation, clerkship students must learn the clinical skill of recording an accurate Mental Status Examination (MSE). The authors built a video e-library consisting of 23 authentic patient videos that were accessible on a secure website during the rotation period, aimed at assisting students’ acquisition of MSE skills.

Methods

The authors conducted a prospective case comparison study investigating the impact of the video e-library as “add-on” intervention, on acquisition of MSE skills, as measured by a test consisting of three videos with adjoining forced choice questionnaires. Eighty-five clerkship students had instructions and access to the video e-library whereas 82 did not. A group of clinicians, unfamiliar with the video e-library, was also subjected to the new MSE skills test and they served as a reference group. Outcome was defined as scores of MSE skills measured by the purpose made MSE skills test and entailed evaluation questions on the students’ use of the e-library.

Results

The MSE skill test score differed between the three groups, and the clinicians scored higher than both student groups (clinicians mean score (M) 12.6; p < 0.001). However, the students with video access scored higher compared to students without access (M 10.7 versus M 9.9, p = 0.04). The e-library was appreciated by the students as helpful (83.6%) and they used it not only for practicing the MSE but also for observation of interviewing techniques.

Conclusion

The e-library with video vignettes of authentic patients strengthens MSE skills as “add-on” to the psychiatric rotation, and evaluations by the students were positive.
Strong consistency of a kernel-based rule for spatially dependent data
Authors: Younso Ahmad , Kanaya Ziad , Azhari Nour
Published: November 2019

We consider the kernel-based classifier proposed by Younso (2017). This nonparametric classifier allows for the classification of missing spatially dependent data. The weak consistency of the classifier has been studied by Younso (2017). The purpose of this paper is to establish strong consistency of this classifier under mild conditions. The classifier is discussed in a multi-class case. The results are illustrated with simulation studies and real applications.
From Thoughts to Actions: The Importance of Climate Change Education in Enhancing Students’ Self-Efficacy
Authors: Muroi Subaru Ken , Bertone Edoardo
Published: November 2019

The relation between the understanding and belief of the site-specific dangers of climate change and the behaviour that individuals take to mitigate their impacts was assessed to investigate the psychological antecedent to pro-environmental behaviour; a necessity to mitigate anthropogenic climate change at the individual level. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed to measure beliefs and behaviour of university students. Correlation was measured between the belief in one’s ability to affect change and pro-environmental behaviour. The hypothesis that nations facing greater climate threat would behave accordingly was tested on the two largest national representatives of the sample, China and Australia. In addition, a naïve Bayesian network, coupled with a self-organising map, was developed to explore correlations between self-efficacy and participants’ socio-demographic features. Results showed that Chinese students are more likely to have higher self-efficacy, while such trend was not noticed for Australians. Similarly, participants with higher educational qualifications, older, and with higher paid jobs also have a higher chance of presenting pro-environmental behaviour. Despite the study limitations, there seems to be evidence suggesting that educational and climate change policies have affected students’ self-efficacy and individual commitment to mitigation.
Examining the relationship between triage acuity and frailty to inform the care of older emergency department patients: Findings from a large Canadian multisite cohort study
Authors: Mowbray Fabrice , Brousseau Audrey-Anne , Mercier Eric , Melady Don , Émond Marcel , Costa Andrew P.
Published: November 2019

Background

The 2016 Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS) updates introduced frailty screening within triage to more accurately code frail patients who may deteriorate waiting for care. The relationship between triage acuity and frailty is not well understood, but may help inform which supplemental geriatric assessments are beneficial to support care in the emergency department (ED). Our objectives were to investigate the relationship between triage acuity and frailty, and to compare their associations with a series of patient outcomes.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of the Canadian cohort from a multinational prospective study. Data were collected on ED patients 75 years of age and older from eight ED sites across Canada between November 2009 and April 2012. Triage acuity was assigned using the CTAS, whereas frailty was measured using an ED frailty index. Spearman rank and binary logistic regression were used to examine associations.

Results

A total of 2,153 ED patients were analyzed. No association was found between the CTAS and ED frailty index scores assigned to patients (r = .001; p = 0.99). The ED frailty index was associated with hospital admission (odds ratio [OR] = 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4–1.6), hospital length of stay (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.2–1.6), future hospitalization (OR = 1.1; 95% CI = 1.05–1.2), and ED recidivism (OR = 1.1; 95% CI = 1.04–1.2). The CTAS was associated with hospital admission (e.g., CTAS 2 v. 5; OR = 6; 95% CI = 3.3–11.4).

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrate that frailty and triage acuity are independent but complementary measures. EDs may benefit from comprehensive frailty screening post-triage, as frailty and its associated geriatric syndromes drive outcomes separate from traditional measures of acuity.
Nature and significance of intraspecific variation in the early Cambrian oryctocephalid trilobiteOryctocephalites palmeriSundberg and McCollum, 1997
Authors: Webster Mark , Sundberg Frederick A.
Published: November 2019

Oryctocephalid trilobites are seldom abundant and often tectonically deformed, creating problems for robust species delimitation and compromising their utility in biostratigraphic and evolutionary studies. By studying more than 140 specimens recovered from the upper portion of the Combined Metals Member (Pioche Formation, Nevada; Cambrian Stage 4, Series 2), we exploit a rare opportunity to explore how morphological variation among oryctocephalid specimens is partitioned into intraspecific variation versus interspecific disparity. Qualitative and quantitative analyses reveal that two species are represented:Oryctocephalites palmeriSundberg and McCollum, 1997 andOryctocephalitessp. A, the latter known from a single cranidium stratigraphically below all occurrences of the former. In contrast to the conclusions of a previous study, there is no evidence of cranidial dimorphism inO. palmeri. However, that species exhibits considerable variation in cranidial shape and pygidial spine arrangement and number. Cranidial shape variation withinO. palmeriis approximately one-half of the among-species disparity within the genus. Comparison of cranidial shape between noncompacted and compacted samples reveals that compaction causes significant change in mean shape and an increase in shape variation; such changes are interpretable in terms of observed fracture patterns. Nontaphonomic variation is partitioned into ontogenetic and nonallometric components. Those components share similar structure with each other and with interspecific disparity, suggesting that ontogenetic shape change might be an important source of variation available for selection. This highlights the importance of ontogenetic and taphonomic sources of variation with respect to species delimitation, morphospace occupation, and investigation of evolutionary patterns and processes.
Retrospectives: Unconventional paths
Authors: GUERRINI ANITA
Published: November 2019

I am the first to admit that my career has not followed a conventional path. But in talking to my colleagues, I am not sure that there is a conventional path to an academic career. This retrospective is both a look at how the profession has changed over the forty years since I began graduate school in the late 1970s, and a reflection on my own trajectory within that profession. Historiographical references reflect my own views and are not meant to be comprehensive. I first discovered the history of science as an undergraduate history major at Connecticut College in the early 1970s. The course of physics for non-majors I took with David Fenton was based on Harvard Project Physics, which had been developed in the 1960s by two professors of science education, F. James Rutherford and Fletcher G. Watson, and the historian of science Gerald Holton. We actually wrote term papers for the class; mine was on the theory that Stonehenge was an astronomical observatory.
NEGOTIATING FEMALE PROPERTY- AND SLAVE-OWNERSHIP IN THE ARISTOCRATIC WORLD
Authors: YOUNG HANNAH
Published: November 2019

This article uses Anna Eliza Grenville, first duchess of Buckingham and Chandos, as a lens through which to explore the gendering of aristocratic property- and slave-ownership in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain. Alongside the extensive metropolitan property that Grenville brought to her marriage was Hope estate, a Jamaican plantation upon which worked 379 enslaved men, women, and children. Using legal records, family papers, and correspondence, the article examines the ways in which Grenville negotiated her position as a married woman and substantial property-owner, and considers what it meant for a married woman to ‘own’ property, landed and in the form of other human beings, in the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century aristocratic world. Examining her absentee slave-ownership alongside her metropolitan property-ownership highlights the complex intersections between race, class, and gender across both metropole and colony. In doing so, the article makes an important contribution to the rapidly expanding scholarship exploring female property-ownership in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain, hitherto almost entirely metropolitan in focus. It demonstrates how seamlessly enslaved property could be integrated into aristocratic forms of property-ownership and transmission, and highlights the important role that women played in bringing slave-ownership ‘home’ to metropolitan Britain.
Democratization, De Facto Power, and Taxation: Evidence from Military Occupation during Reconstruction
Authors: Chacón Mario L. , Jensen Jeffrey L.
Published: November 2019

How important is the enforcement of political rights in new democracies? The authors use the enfranchisement of the emancipated slaves following the American Civil War to study this question. Critical to their strategy, black suffrage was externally enforced by the United States Army in ten Southern states during Reconstruction. The authors employ a triple-difference model to estimate the joint effect of enfranchisement and its enforcement on taxation. They find that counties with greater black-population shares that were occupied by the military levied higher taxes compared to similar nonoccupied counties. These counties later experienced a comparatively greater decline in taxation after the troops were withdrawn. The authors also demonstrate that in occupied counties, black politicians were more likely to be elected and political murders by white supremacist groups occurred less frequently. The findings provide evidence on the key role of federal troops in limiting elite capture by force during this period.
In Search of a New Performativity after Gezi: On Symbolic Politics and New Dramaturgies in Turkey
Authors: VERSTRAETE PIETER
Published: November 2019

This article is an adapted version of a text originally published in Turkish in the historical materialist journalPRAKSISin 2016, and translated into English by the author.1It focuses on performative protest acts and the role of the performing artist in Turkey in the context of the Gezi Park uprisings of 2013. The article examines how some of Gezi's performative protest actions evidence a larger cultural transformation, of which we can see a continuation in new theatre playtexts.
Developmental cascades from child maltreatment to negative friend and romantic interactions in emerging adulthood
Authors: Handley Elizabeth D. , Russotti Justin , Rogosch Fred A. , Cicchetti Dante
Published: November 2019

Maltreatment during childhood is associated with difficult interpersonal relationships throughout the life course. The aim of the current study was to investigate differential pathways from child maltreatment to emerging adult relationship dysfunction. Specifically, we prospectively tested whether child maltreatment initiates a developmental cascade resulting in coercive negative romantic and friend interactions in emerging adulthood via childhood antisocial tendencies and via childhood relational aggression. Utilizing a longitudinal sample of emerging adult participants (N= 392; mean age = 20 years old) who took part in a summer research camp program as children (mean age = 11 years old), results supported pathways via both childhood antisocial behavior and childhood relational aggression. We found specificity within these pathways such that childhood antisocial behavior was a mediator of child maltreatment effects on emerging adult negativeromanticinteractions, whereas childhood relational aggression was a mediator of child maltreatment effects on emerging adult negativefriendinteractions. Taken together, results indicate that children exposed to maltreatment face significant interpersonal challenges in emerging adulthood, within both the friend and the romantic domains, and point to distinct childhood pathways to these negative interactions. Our findings are consistent with Dishion's (2016) theoretical framework for understanding the development of coercion in relationships and highlight the criticality of early intervention with maltreating families.
Associations between cognitive errors and mental health status in New Zealand adolescents
Authors: Tairi Tatiana
Published: November 2019

Background:

Cognitive models of psychopathology suggest that negatively biased thinking styles are involved in the development and maintenance of emotional disturbances.

Aims:

The present study examined the relationships between negative cognitive errors and indices of mental health status (i.e. anxiety and depression) in New Zealand adolescents.

Method:

A community sample of 490 youth aged 16–18 years completed an anonymous online survey consisting of the Children’s Negative Cognitive Error Questionnaire (CNCEQ), the Trait subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).

Results:

Negative cognitive errors correlated positively with greater levels of anxious and depressive symptoms. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that overall cognitive error score was a strong predictor of adolescents’ self-reported anxious symptoms and, to a lesser extent, depressive symptoms. Moreover, cognitive errors significantly differentiated between adolescents with high scores from adolescents with low scores on both the anxiety (STAI-T) and the depression (CES-D) scales.

Conclusions:

These findings lend support to the generalizability of Beck’s cognitive theory to a New Zealand adolescent population and highlight the importance of focusing on prevention and early intervention programmes that directly target these faulty or biased ways of thinking in adolescents with anxious and/or depressive symptoms before meeting diagnostic criteria.
Volumetric modulated arc therapy: a dosimetric comparison with dynamic IMRT and step-and-shoot IMRT
Authors: Raina Payal , Singh Sudha , Tudu Rajanigandha , Singh Rashmi , Kumar Anup
Published: November 2019

Aim:

The aim of this study was to compare volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) with dynamic intensity-modulated radiation therapy (dIMRT) and step-and-shoot IMRT (ssIMRT) for different treatment sites.

Materials and methods:

Twelve patients were selected for the planning comparison study. This included three head and neck, three brain, three rectal and three cervical cancer patients. Total dose of 50 Gy was given for all the plans. Plans were done for Elekta synergy with Monaco treatment planning system. All plans were generated with 6 MV photons beam. Plan evaluation was based on the ability to meet the dose volume histogram, dose homogeneity index, conformity index and radiation delivery time, and monitor unit needs to deliver the prescribed dose.

Results:

The VMAT and dIMRT plans achieved the better conformity (CI98% = 0·965 ± 0·023) and (CI98% = 0·939 ± 0·01), respectively, while ssIMRT plans were slightly inferior (CI98% = 0·901 ± 0·038). The inhomogeneity in the planning target volume (PTV) was highest with ssIMRT with HI equal to 0·097 ± 0·015 when compared to VMAT with HI equal to 0·092 ± 0·0369 and 0·095 ± 0·023 with dIMRT. The integral dose is found to be inferior with VMAT 105·31 ± 53·6 (Gy L) when compared with dIMRT 110·75 ± 52·9 (Gy L) and ssIMRT 115 38 ± 55·1(Gy L). All the techniques respected the planning objective for all organs at risk. The delivery time per fraction for VMAT was much lower than dIMRT and ssIMRT.

Findings:

Our results indicate that dIMRT and VMAT provide better sparing of normal tissue, homogeneity and conformity than ssIMRT with reduced treatment delivery time.
The effect of informational prompts about survivor benefits for spouses on Social Security claim intentions
Authors: Perez-Arce Francisco , Rabinovich Lila , Samek Anya , Yoong Joanne
Published: November 2019

Married men's Social Security claiming behavior does not always take into account spouse and survivor benefits. Specifically, married men tend to choose claiming ages that do not maximize the household's and widow's expected present value of benefits. To understand what contributes to this pattern, we conduct an online survey experiment with a representative sample of Americans. We randomly assign respondents to one of four vignettes that present information about a character who is choosing when to claim his retirement benefits. The vignettes differ by whether the character is married or not, whether information about survivor benefits is presented, and whether the information includes an illustrative example. We next ask respondents to provide advice to the character about when to claim. We find that (1) respondents do value survivor benefits for spouses, and (2) information about survivor benefits tends to increase the suggested claiming ages only among the subgroup of respondents who are the least knowledgeable about these benefits.
Do we need an ethics of planetary sustainability?
Authors: Beisbart Claus
Published: November 2019

The politics of the United Nations aims at sustainable development (i.e., development that can continue with future generations). Andreas Losch has recently proposed to expand our current notion of sustainability to what he calls ‘planetary sustainability’, and he has urged an ethics of planetary sustainability. This comment article discusses these proposals. The proposed conceptual change is assessed, drawing on desiderata suggested by Carnap. To the extent to which the current notion of sustainability has excluded consideration of outer space, we gain in simplicity. To the extent to which it has been unclear about this issue, we gain in exactness. The proposed concept is fruitful because it points to important considerations, in particular if there are extra-terrestrial beings that share moral status with human beings. But to some extent this fruitfulness requires a clear deviation from the anthropocentric outlook of our current notion of sustainability, and costs regarding similarity arise. As far as an ethics of sustainability is concerned, we certainly need to address ethical issues that arise in relation to outer space. However, the notion of planetary sustainability is not likely to figure prominently in related thoughts because the notion of sustainability is not a key concept in known ethical theories.
Solidarität in Zeiten des Individualismus
Authors: Kellner Anne
Published: November 2019

Zusammenfassung. Über Solidarität in Zeiten des Individualismus zu sprechen, ist an sich ein paradoxes Vorhaben. Womöglich begründet genau dieser Widerspruch die Notwendigkeit einer Betrachtung von Solidarität. Als Beruf mit caritativen Wurzeln ist die Pflege genuin mit kranken und pflegebedürftigen Menschen solidarisch (oder hat es zu sein). In wie weit die Bündnistradition der Pflege im ökonomisierten Gesundheitswesen gefährdet ist, steht jedoch nicht im Fokus dieses Beitrags. Im Mittelpunkt nachfolgender Gedanken steht vielmehr die Solidarität innerhalb der Berufsgruppe selbst, denn hier findet die Selbstverständlichkeit der Verbindung von Pflege und Solidarität ihr jähes Ende.
Patientensicherheit als Thema der Pflegebildung
Authors: Lehmann Yvonne , Ewers Michael
Published: November 2019

Zusammenfassung. In der Pflegebildung wird das Thema Patientensicherheit hierzulande meist randständig und wenig systematisch behandelt. Die mit der Umsetzung des Pflegeberufegesetzes anstehende Curriculumreform ermöglicht es, dies zu ändern und das Thema systematisch und begründet in die Ausbildung zu integrieren. Das inzwischen auch auf Deutsch vorliegende, frei zugängliche „Mustercurriculum Patientensicherheit – Multiprofessionelle Ausgabe“ der WHO bietet hierfür inhaltliche und methodische Anregungen.
What Fraction of the Outer Radiation Belt Relativistic Electron Flux at L ≈ 3‐4.5 Was Lost to the Atmosphere During the Dropout Event of the St. Patrick's Day Storm of 2015?
Authors: Gokani Sneha A. , Kosch Mike , Clilverd Mark , Rodger Craig J. , Sinha Ashwini K.
Published: November 2019

Observations of relativistic energetic electron fluxes in the outer radiation belt can show dropouts, that is, sudden electron flux depletions during the main phase of a geomagnetic storm. Many recent studies show that these dropouts typically involve a true loss of particles, that is, nonadiabatic losses in nature. Precipitation into the atmosphere of relativistic electrons driven into the bounce loss cone, through wave‐particle interactions, is envisaged as one of the primary loss mechanisms. Such precipitation can be studied using ground‐based observations such as VLF narrowband radio waves, due to the deposition of energy into the lower ionospheric D‐region, thereby modifying the subionospheric waveguide. The present study focuses on the dropout event observed during the St. Patrick's Day storm of March 2015. Perturbations lasting several hours were observed in the received VLF amplitude and phase of the NAA transmitter signal measured at Seattle and Edmonton and the NML transmitter signal received at St. John's and Edmonton. All these L ≈ 3–4.5 paths were located on the nightside of the Earth during dropout phase of the storm. Observations of relativistic electron characteristics from Van Allen Probes, and ionospheric perturbation characterization from VLF radio waves, are used to calculate that during the time interval of the dropout event, <0.5% of the relativistic fluxes involved in the dropout event were lost to the atmosphere. This leads to the conclusion that relativistic electron precipitation was not the major contributor to the observed dropout event at L ≈ 4 that occurred during the St. Patrick's Day storm of March 2015.
Oceans Vented Carbon Dioxide During the Last Deglaciation
Authors: Wheeling Kate
Published: November 2019

A new boron isotope record from South Pacific marine sediments offers a more complete picture of ocean-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange during the late Pleistocene.
For the Benefit of Humanity
Authors: Goss Heather
Published: November 2019

This month for our Centennial, we look to AGU’s newest science, geohealth, and the related study of natural disasters.
Society’s High Stakes Game of Chance Against Nature
Authors: Stein Seth
Published: November 2019

We can better understand the risks of natural hazards and develop more effective mitigation strategies when geoscience and social science perspectives are combined.
A New Dimension to Plate Tectonics
Authors: Wheeling Kate
Published: November 2019

New tools to model and visualize subduction zones in 3-D are providing researchers with insights into the gaps inherent in the theory of plate tectonics.
A Key to Coral Bleaching Events? Location, Location, Location
Authors: Thomasy Hannah
Published: November 2019

New research indicates that longitude, as well as warming waters, may be a key predictor of coral bleaching events.
Improving Reproducibility in Earth Science Research
Authors: Liu Zhong , Wang Jianwu , Pan Shimei , Meyer David
Published: November 2019

Earth scientists need software technology that better integrates legacy data with current and future processing capabilities so they can assess and reproduce their colleagues’ results.
Ghoulish Places, Ghost Corals, and Other Ghastly News of the Week
Authors:   AGU
Published: November 2019

What Earth and space science stories are we recommending this week?
The Hazard Cascade That Led to the Anak Krakatau Landslide
Authors: Wheeling Kate
Published: November 2019

Researchers used a combination of ground and space-based measures to look for warning signs for the flank collapse at Anak Krakatau in 2018, which triggered a tsunami that killed hundreds.
Asbestos Fibers Thread Through Rocks and Dust Outside Vegas
Authors: Sever Megan
Published: November 2019

Scientists found natural asbestos minerals in one of the fastest-growing counties in the United States. The health implications aren’t clear, nor are the impacts on development.
How Do Submarine and Terrestrial Canyons Compare?
Authors: Crowell Rachel
Published: November 2019

Insights from a new study could spark discoveries about Martian landscapes and also help researchers get to the bottom of canyon formation here on Earth.
Wanted for Grand Theft Galaxy: The Milky Way
Authors: Crowell Rachel
Published: November 2019

Several dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way were likely stolen from the Large Magellanic Cloud.
From Canopy‐Leaving to Total Canopy Far‐Red Fluorescence Emission for Remote Sensing of Photosynthesis: First Results From TROPOMI
Authors: Zhang Zhaoying , Chen Jing M. , Guanter Luis , He Liming , Zhang Yongguang
Published: November 2019

Solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which has substantially improved spatial and temporal resolutions, will improve the global estimations of gross primary production (GPP) than previous satellite SIF data. However, the canopy‐leaving SIF observed by sensors (SIFobs) represents only a portion of the total canopy SIF emission (SIFtotal). This portion is sensitive to the canopy structure and observation direction, resulting in uncertainties in GPP estimations using SIFobs. Here we used the spectral invariant theory to derive global soil‐resistant SIFtotal (SIFtotal‐SR) from TROPOMI SIFobs and evaluated the SIFtotal‐SR performance in estimating GPP. We found that the clear differences in SIFobs between needleleaf forest and crops diminished for SIFtotal‐SR. SIFtotal‐SR increased the coefficient of determination (R2) by 0.09 and 0.11 against the flux tower instantaneous and daily GPP, respectively. This derived SIFtotal‐SR can be used to develop more robust GPP models and better constrain carbon cycle models.
Seasonal Cycle of Background in the Tropical Pacific as a Cause of ENSO Spring Persistence Barrier
Authors: Jin Yishuai , Liu Zhengyu , Lu Zhengyao , He Chengfei
Published: November 2019

Statistical model results suggest that the declining growth rate from autumn to spring is the key to cause El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) spring persistence barrier (SPB). Using a dynamical approach, we develop the physical mechanisms responsible for ENSO SPB in the framework of recharge oscillator by adding a seasonally varying Bjerknes (BJ) stability index and linking it with ENSO growth rate. By decomposing BJ index, it is indicated that seasonal thermodynamic damping and thermocline positive feedback play an important role in determining the ENSO SPB. We further show that the increasing/decreasing upper‐level cloud/low‐level cloud and the deepening thermocline from autumn to spring are the main factors to control the SPB of ENSO. Our proposed mechanisms also have useful implications for the understanding of ENSO prediction.
Surface Warming and Atmospheric Circulation Dominate Rainfall Changes Over Tropical Rainforests Under Global Warming
Authors: Saint‐Lu Marion , Chadwick Robin , Lambert F. Hugo , Collins Matthew
Published: November 2019

This study investigates how the direct effects of CO2 quadrupling on plant physiology impact precipitation in three main rainforests. We show that differences between the regions lie in how land‐surface warming (driven by reduced transpiration) interacts with their climatological atmospheric circulations, regardless of their reliance on evapotranspiration. Various atmosphere‐only experiments from two General Circulation Models are used. We find that over New Guinea, land‐surface warming amplifies moisture convergence from the ocean and increases rainfall. In the Congo, no clear rainfall changes emerge as the land‐surface warming effect is offset by migrations of rainfall. In Amazonia, the interaction of land‐surface warming with the climatological circulation pattern leads to a precipitation‐change dipole, with reduced rainfall in central and eastern Amazonia and increased rainfall in the west.
Oxygen Ion Flow Reversals in Earth's Magnetotail: A Cluster Statistical Study
Authors: De Spiegeleer A. , Hamrin M. , Volwerk M. , Karlsson T. , Gunell H. , Chong G. S. , Pitkänen T. , Nilsson H.
Published: November 2019

We present a statistical study of magnetotail flows that change direction from earthward to tailward using Cluster spacecraft. More precisely, we study 318 events of particle flux enhancements in the O+ data for which the pitch angle continuously changes with time, either from 0° to 180° or from 180° to 0°. These structures are called “Pitch Angle Slope Structures” (PASSes). PASSes for which the pitch angle changes from 0° to 180° are observed in the Northern Hemisphere while those for which the pitch angle changes from 180° to 0° are observed in the Southern Hemisphere. These flux enhancements result in a reversal of the flow direction from earthward to tailward regardless of the hemisphere where they are observed. Sometimes, several PASSes can be observed consecutively which can therefore result in oscillatory velocity signatures in the earth‐tail direction. The PASS occurrence rate increases from 1.8% to 3.7% as the AE index increases from ∼0 to ∼600 nT. Also, simultaneously to PASSes, there is typically a decrease in the magnetic field magnitude due to a decrease (increase) of the sunward component of the magnetic field in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. Finally, based on the 115 (out of 318) PASSes that show energy‐dispersed structures, the distance to the source from the spacecraft is estimated to be typically <25RE along the magnetic field line. This study is important as it sheds light on one of the causes of tailward velocities in Earth's magnetotail.
Chemical Characteristics and Ozone Production in the Northern Colorado Front Range
Authors: Pfister Gabriele , Wang Chi‐Tsan , Barth Mary , Flocke Frank , Vizuete William , Walters Stacy
Published: November 2019

We use the extensive set of aircraft and ground‐based observations from the NSF/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and State of Colorado Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry Éxperiment and the NASA DISCOVER‐AQ experiments in summer 2014 together with the regional chemical transport model Weather Research and Forecast Model with Chemistry (WRF‐Chem) to study the ozone production and chemical regimes in the Northern Colorado Front Range (NFR). We apply the model's Integrated Reaction Rate capability and chemical tendencies diagnostics and present results from an in‐depth analysis of the ozone formation in various NFR regions for a case study of 12 August 2014. We further apply these diagnostics along a WRF online trajectory to assess the chemical evolution of an airmass during transport. The results show efficient ozone production within the NFR driven by the availability of NOx and an abundance of highly reactive volatile organic compound and also continued ozone production during the transport into the mountains. We identify CO, formaldehyde, higher alkanes, acetaldehyde, and isoprene among the volatile organic compound species with the highest efficiency in ozone production. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations in the NFR have a significant contribution from photochemical production, which in turn is linked back to methane oxidation and to emissions of higher alkanes, isoprene, ethane, and propane. This study provides valuable policy information into the chemical fingerprint of surface ozone in the NFR, an area that is in nonattainment of the U.S. EPA ozone health standards and demonstrates the capability of the newly added diagnostic tool in WRF‐Chem to address the drivers behind secondary production of pollutants in greater detail.
Impact of breast cancer molecular subtypes on the incidence, kinetics and prognosis of central nervous system metastases in a large multicentre real-life cohort
Authors: Darlix Amélie , Louvel Guillaume , Fraisse Julien , Jacot William , Brain Etienne , Debled Marc , Mouret-Reynier Marie Ange , Goncalves Anthony , Dalenc Florence , Delaloge Suzette , Campone Mario , Augereau Paule , Ferrero Jean Marc , Levy Christelle , Fumet Jean-David , Lecouillard Isabelle , Cottu Paul , Petit Thierry , Uwer Lionel , Jouannaud Christelle , Leheurteur Marianne , Dieras Véronique , Robain Mathieu , Chevrot Michaël , Pasquier David , Bachelot Thomas
Published: November 2019

Background

Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) behaviour differs depending on hormone receptors (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) statuses.

Methods

The kinetics of central nervous system (CNS) metastases (CNS metastasis-free survival, CNSM-FS) and subsequent patient’s prognosis (overall survival, OS) according to the molecular subtype were retrospectively assessed in 16703 MBC patients of the ESME nationwide multicentre MBC database (Kaplan–Meier method).

Results

CNS metastases occurred in 4118 patients (24.6%) (7.2% at MBC diagnosis and 17.5% later during follow-up). Tumours were HER2−/HR+ (45.3%), HER2+/HR+ (14.5%), HER2+/HR− (14.9%) and triple negative (25.4%). Median age at CNS metastasis diagnosis was 58.1 years (range: 22.8–92.0). The median CNSM-FS was 10.8 months (95% CI: 16.5–17.9) among patients who developed CNS metastases. Molecular subtype was independently associated with CNSM-FS (HR = 3.45, 95% CI: 3.18–3.75, triple-negative and HER2−/HR+ tumours). After a 30-month follow-up, median OS after CNS metastasis diagnosis was 7.9 months (95% CI: 7.2–8.4). OS was independently associated with subtypes: median OS was 18.9 months (HR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.50–0.64) for HER2+/HR+ , 13.1 months (HR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.65–0.81) for HER2+/HR−, 4.4 months (HR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.42–1.69) for triple-negative and 7.1 months for HER2−/HR+ patients (p <0.0001).

Conclusions

Tumour molecular subtypes strongly impact incidence, kinetics and prognosis of CNS metastases in MBC patients.

Clinical trial registration

NCT03275311.
Artesunate induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis of human retinoblastoma cells by upregulating Kruppel-like factor 6
Authors: Yang Ying , Wu Nandan , Wu Yihui , Chen Haoting , Qiu Jin , Qian Xiaobing , Zeng Jieting , Chiu Kin , Gao Qianying , Zhuang Jing
Published: November 2019

Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in children. Intravitreal chemotherapy achieves favorable clinical outcomes in controlling RB vitreous seeds, which are a common reason for treatment failure. Thus, a novel, effective and safe intravitreal chemotherapeutic drug is urgently required. The malaria drug artesunate (ART) recently demonstrated remarkable anticancer effects with mild side effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-RB efficacy, the underlying mechanism and the intraocular safety of ART. Herein, we verified that ART inhibits RB cell viability and induces cell apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Microarray analysis revealed that Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) was upregulated after ART treatment, and this was further confirmed by real-time PCR and western blot assays. Silencing of KLF6 expression significantly reversed ART-induced RB cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. Furthermore, ART activated mitochondria-mediated apoptosis of RB cells, while silencing KLF6 expression significantly inhibited this effect. In murine xenotransplantation models of RB, we further confirmed that ART inhibits RB tumor growth, induces tumor cell apoptosis and upregulates KLF6 expression. In addition, KLF6 silencing attenuates ART-mediated inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, we proved that intravitreal injection of ART in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats is safe, with no obvious retinal function damage or structural disorders observed by electrophysiology (ERG), fundal photographs, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) or optical coherence tomography (OCT) examinations. Collectively, our study revealed that ART induces mitochondrial apoptosis of RB cells via upregulating KLF6, and our results may extend the application of ART to the clinic as an effective and safe intravitreal chemotherapeutic drug to treat RB, especially RB with vitreous seeds.