bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DXA and pQCT predict pertrochanteric and not femoral neck fracture load in a human side‐impact fracture model
Authors: Gebauer Matthias , Stark Olaf , Vettorazzi Eik , Grifka Joachim , Püschel Klaus , Amling Michael , Beckmann Johannes
Published: September 2013

The validity of dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) measurements as predictors of pertrochanteric and femoral neck fracture loads was compared in an experimental simulation of a fall on the greater trochanter. 65 proximal femora were harvested from patients at autopsy. All specimens were scanned with use of DXA for areal bone mineral density and pQCT for volumetric densities at selected sites of the proximal femur. A three‐point bending test simulating a side‐impact was performed to determine fracture load and resulted in 16 femoral neck and 49 pertrochanteric fractures. Regression analysis revealed that DXA BMD trochanter was the best variable at predicting fracture load of pertrochanteric fractures with an adjusted R2 of 0.824 (p < 0.0001). There was no correlation between densitometric parameters and the fracture load of femoral neck fractures. A significant correlation further was found between body weight, height, femoral head diameter, and neck length on the one side and fracture load on the other side, irrespective of the fracture type. Clinically, the DXA BMD trochanter should be favored and integrated routinely as well as biometric and geometric parameters, particularly in elderly people with known osteoporosis at risk for falls. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:31–38, 2014.
A monolithic resonant terahertz sensor element comprising a metamaterial absorber and micro‐bolometer
Authors: Grant James , Escorcia‐Carranza Ivonne , Li Chong , McCrindle Iain J. H. , Gough John , Cumming David R. S.
Published: September 2013

In this article a monolithic resonant terahertz sensor element with a noise equivalent power superior to that of typical commercial room temperature single pixel terahertz detectors and capable of close to real time read‐out rates is presented. The detector is constructed via the integration of a metamaterial absorber and a micro‐bolometer sensor. An absorption magnitude of 57% at 2.5 THz, a minimum NEP of and a thermal time constant of 68 ms for the sensor are measured. As a demonstration of detector capability, it is employed in a practical Nipkow terahertz imaging system. The monolithic resonant terahertz detector is readily scaled to focal plane array formats by adding standard read‐out and addressing circuitry enabling compact, low‐cost terahertz imaging.
Electro‐optic polymer/titanium dioxide hybrid core ring resonator modulators
Authors: Qiu Feng , Spring Andrew M. , Yu Feng , Aoki Isao , Otomo Akira , Yokoyama Shiyoshi
Published: September 2013

Compact electro‐optic (EO) modulators are desirable for a number of applications. In this study, a ring modulator has been fabricated in the titanium dioxide (TiO2) core and EO polymer cladding waveguide structure. A 250‐nm thick TiO2 core was utilized to minimize the ring radius down to 100 μm, to avoid using the top cladding between the EO polymer and the electrode, and to improve the poling efficiency. The resonance obtained by the ring modulator was observed to shift by 0.02 nm/V due to the enhanced in‐device EO coefficient of 105 pm/V. A modulation depth of 3 dB was observed at the frequency response function at 20 kHz using 2‐V Vp–p clock signal.
Talent Development for the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Maruska Don , Perry Jay
Published: September 2013

According to Maruska and Perry, talent development “remains mired in nineteenth‐century top‐down thinking.” People should take charge of their own development, an outcome that leaders should welcome. A seven‐point manifesto is provided, with the areas of using untapped talents and opportunities, accessing hopes to drive better results, becoming talent catalysts for one another, tapping into abundant resources, using time creatively and productively, creating a self‐organizing culture that leads to fulfillment, and using the “See one, do one, teach one” approach. Hope “can be a practical and powerful way to tap the passion, energy, and creativity that lie within us,” the authors write.
Treatment of recurrent lingual nerve end‐neuroma: A case report
Authors: Bellamy Justin L. , Steinbacher Derek M. , Debrux J. Cart , Magarakis Michael , Rosson Gedge D.
Published: September 2013

A neuroma is a collection of disorganized nerve sprouts emanating from an interruption of axonal continuity, forming within a collagen scar as the nerve attempts to regenerate. Lingual neuroma formation secondary to iatrogenic trauma to the tongue is likely not uncommon; however, we could not find a report in the literature of treatment of a distal tongue end‐neuroma treated by resection and implantation into muscle. Here we describe a patient who experienced debilitating chronic tongue pain after excision of a benign mass. After failing conservative management, the patient was taken to the operating room where an end‐neuroma of the lingual nerve was identified and successfully treated by excision and burying of the free proximal stump in the mylohyoid muscle. At 17 months postoperatively, she remains pain free without dysesthesias. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 33:575–577, 2013.
Approximate controllability of second‐order distributed systems
Authors: Henríquez Hernán R. , Cuevas Claudio
Published: September 2013

In this paper, we study the approximate controllability of control systems with state and control in Banach spaces and described by a second‐order semilinear abstract differential equation. We compare the approximate controllability of the system with the approximate controllability of an associated discrete system. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CanWell: meeting the psychosocial and exercise needs of cancer survivors by translating evidence into practice
Authors: Cheifetz Oren , Park Dorsay Jan , Hladysh Genevieve , MacDermid Joy , Serediuk Fidelma , Woodhouse Linda J.
Published: September 2013

Background

As more evidence emerges to support the incorporation of exercise for cancer survivors to positively affect physical, emotional, and social health, it is imperative that health‐care providers use current knowledge to develop evidence‐based exercise programs for these patients. Our purpose is to describe the development, implementation, and effectiveness of the CanWell program, an evidence‐based, community and partnership‐based, exercise, and education program for all people with cancer.

Methods

Exercise and cancer research was reviewed, summarized, and utilized to develop CanWell. A 12‐week, supervised, community‐based, exercise, and education program established in collaboration between an acute care hospital, academic center, and a not‐for‐profit YMCA facility. CanWell participants completed physical and health‐related quality of life measures prior to initiating the program and repeated them at 6 and 12 weeks.

Results

Following the exercise program, participants reported significant improvements in health‐related quality of life, recorded distance ambulated during a 6‐min walk test, and total minutes on a treadmill recorded using the standardized exponential exercise protocol treadmill test. Furthermore, no increases in disease burden were identified using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System. In addition, no exercise related injuries were reported by CanWell participants.

Conclusions

As the body of evidence supporting the incorporation of exercise as a standard of care for cancer survivors, it is imperative that care providers use current knowledge to provide opportunities for their patients to exercise in effective exercise programs. CanWell is an example on how collaboration between hospital, university, and community institutions can be used to move research into practice and meet the needs of cancer survivors. 2013 The Authors. Psycho‐Oncology Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cylindrical semiconductor nanowires with constrictions
Authors: Racec Paul N.
Published: September 2013

The energy dependence of the tunneling coefficient for a cylindrical semiconductor nanowire, i.e., a one‐dimensional electron gas, with two constrictions is studied. Using the R‐matrix formalism the localization probabilities at the resonant energies can be computed. They give decisive information about the physical meaning of the resonant peaks and dips that appear. The nanowire with two constrictions yields a well‐defined system for the experimental evidence of the quasi‐bound states of the evanescent channels. Clearly marked dips due to them should appear in the linear conductance at low temperatures.

Tunneling coefficient for a cylindrical nanowire with one or two constrictions, for a specific magnetic quantum number m. The influences of the geometrical parameters on the resonant energies are also shown.
Thermodynamics of unconventional thermoelastic damping in auxetic media
Authors: Maruszewski B.T. , Drzewiecki A. , Starosta R.
Published: September 2013

The paper deals with the extended thermodynamical model of thermoelastic interactions in nonlinear elastic solids of anomalous mechanical properties (negative Poisson's ratio materials) including energy dissipation during the thermoelastic damping phenomenon. The model has been based, among others, on Murnaghan's free energy. Numerical simulations show unconventional effects occurring in such materials.
Effect of nitrogen doping on the thermal conductivity of GeTe thin films
Authors: Fallica Roberto , Varesi Enrico , Fumagalli Luca , Spadoni Simona , Longo Massimo , Wiemer Claudia
Published: September 2013

The 3ω method was employed to determine the effect of nitrogen doping (5 at.%) on the thermal conductivity of sputtered thin films of stoichiometric GeTe (a material of interest for phase change memories). It was found that nitrogen doping has a detrimental effect on the thermal conductivity of GeTe in both phases, but less markedly in the amorphous (–25%) than in the crystalline one (–40%). On the opposite, no effect could be detected on the measured thermal boundary resistance between these films and SiO2, within the experimental error. Our results agree with those obtained by molecular dynamic simulation of amorphous GeTe. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Expected estimating equation using calibration data for generalized linear models with a mixture of Berkson and classical errors in covariates
Authors: Tapsoba Jean de Dieu , Lee Shen‐Ming , Wang Ching‐Yun
Published: September 2013

Data collected in many epidemiological or clinical research studies are often contaminated with measurement errors that may be of classical or Berkson error type. The measurement error may also be a combination of both classical and Berkson errors and failure to account for both errors could lead to unreliable inference in many situations. We consider regression analysis in generalized linear models when some covariates are prone to a mixture of Berkson and classical errors, and calibration data are available only for some subjects in a subsample. We propose an expected estimating equation approach to accommodate both errors in generalized linear regression analyses. The proposed method can consistently estimate the classical and Berkson error variances based on the available data, without knowing the mixture percentage. We investigated its finite‐sample performance numerically. Our method is illustrated by an application to real data from an HIV vaccine study. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synergistic Modulation of Surface Interaction to Assemble Metal Nanoparticles into Two‐Dimensional Arrays with Tunable Plasmonic Properties
Authors: Jiang Lin , Zou Changji , Zhang Zhonghan , Sun Yinghui , Jiang Yueyue , Leow Wanru , Liedberg Bo , Li Shuzhou , Chen Xiaodong
Published: September 2013

A simple strategy based on the synergistic modulation of inter‐particle and substrate‐particle interaction is applied for the large‐scale fabrication of two‐dimensional (2D) Au and Ag nanoparticle arrays. The surface charge of the substrate is used to redistribute the double layer electric charges on the particles and to modulate the inter‐particle distance within the 2D nanoparticle arrays on the substrate. The resultant arrays, with a wide range of inter‐particle distances, display tunable plasmonic properties. It can be foreseen that such 2D nanoparticle arrays possess potential applications as multiplexed colorimetric sensors, integrated devices and antennas. Herein, it is demonstrated that these arrays can be employed as wavelength‐selective substrates for multiplexed acquisition of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra. This simple one step process provides an attractive and low cost strategy to produce high quality and large area 2D ordered arrays with tunable properties.
Leaching Behavior of Aged Steel Slags
Authors: Engström Fredrik , Larsson Margareta Lidström , Samuelsson Caisa , Sandström Åke , Robinson Ryan , Björkman Bo
Published: September 2013

Large amounts of slag are generated by the Swedish Steel Industry each year. The Electric Arc Furnace process generates about 200 000 ton of slag per annum, from which approximately 40% is deposited. An alternative to deposit is to use slag as road construction material. However, leaching of metals from the slag can be a reason to limit slag use in road construction. The aim of this work was to investigate how stable these materials are when aged, in an environment open to seasonable weather conditions, with respect to leaching and mineralogy. Three different EAF‐slags from domestic steel plants were used in this study. The materials were characterized after 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months to evaluate the ageing process. The analytical techniques that were used to evaluate the effect of ageing are scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) and a standard test for leaching. The changes in ageing behavior differ between the three materials. The conductivity and the pH decreases with time for all samples. The leaching of calcium, chromium as well as aluminum decreases with time while the leaching of magnesium increases. CaCO3 was formed on slag surfaces as CaO reacts with moisture and CO2 from the air.
One‐Dimensional Channels Encapsulated in Supramolecular Networks Constructed of Zinc(II), Manganese(II), or ­Nickel(II) Atoms with 3‐(Carboxymethyl)‐2, 7‐dimethyl‐3H‐benzo[d]imidazole‐5‐carboxylic Acid
Authors: Zhao Mingxia , Xiong Liqin , Li Shilei , Chang Jin , Ning Hongyu , Qi Chuanmin
Published: September 2013

Four complexes with supramolecular architectures, namely, MZCA·3H2O (1), [Zn(H2O)6]2+·[MZCA]2·[H2O]6 (2), [Mn(MZCA)2(H2O)4]·2H2O (3), and [Ni(MZCA)2(H2O)4]·2H2O (4) [MZCA = 3‐(carboxymethyl)‐2, 7‐dimethyl‐3H‐benzo[d]imidazole‐5‐carboxylic acid], were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complexes 1 and 2 display a remarkable 3D network with 1D hydrophilic channels. Complexes 3 and 4 are isostructural and exhibit a 3D structure encapsulating 1D 24‐membered ring microporous channels. The UV/Vis and fluorescent spectra were measured to characterize complexes 1–4. The thermal stability of complexes 2–4 were also examined.
RuCl2(PPh3)2(N‐ppa) – A Hydrogen‐Bridged Ruthenium(II) Complex of N‐Pyrazolylpropanamide
Authors: Hrib Cristian G. , Edelmann Frank T. , Smith IV Charles W. , McQueen Kent C. , Cruz Santina S. , Amenta Donna S. , Gilje John W.
Published: September 2013

The reaction of RuCl2(PPh3)3 with N‐pyrazolylpropanamide (N‐ppa) displaces a single PPh3 producing the six‐coordinate complex RuCl2(PPh3)2(N‐ppa) (1). A crystal structure determination of the dichloromethane solvate RuCl2(PPh3)2(N‐ppa)·2CH2Cl2 (1·2CH2Cl2) revealed that the geometry about the central Ru atom is distorted octahedral with the chloride ligands in trans‐position and the N‐ppa acting as N,O‐chelating ligand. In the solid state, RuCl2(PPh3)2(N‐ppa) molecules are dimerized via N–H···Cl hydrogen bonds. The dimers pack as chains in the c direction and form voids that are occupied by dichloromethane solvent molecules.
Towards an understanding of jet substructure
Authors: Dasgupta Mrinal , Fregoso Alessandro , Marzani Simone , Salam Gavin P.
Published: September 2013

Abstract

We present first analytic, resummed calculations of the rates at which wide-spread jet substructure tools tag QCD jets. As well as considering trimming, pruning and the mass-drop tagger, we introduce modified tools with improved analytical and phenomenological behaviours. Most taggers have double logarithmic resummed structures. The modified mass-drop tagger is special in that it involves only single logarithms, and is free from a complex class of terms known as non-global logarithms. The modification of pruning brings an improved ability to discriminate between the different colour structures that characterise signal and background. As we outline in an extensive phenomenological discussion, these results provide valuable insight into the performance of existing tools and help lay robust foundations for future substructure studies.
Mathieu moonshine and $ \mathcal{N}=2 $ string compactifications
Authors: Cheng Miranda C. N. , Dong Xi , Duncan John F. R. , Harvey Jeffrey A. , Kachru Shamit , Wrase Timm
Published: September 2013

Abstract

There is a ‘Mathieu moonshine’ relating the elliptic genus of K3 to the sporadic group M
24. Here, we give evidence that this moonshine extends to part of the web of dualities connecting heterotic strings compactified on K3 × T
2 to type IIA strings compactified on Calabi-Yau threefolds. We demonstrate that dimensions of M
24 representations govern the new supersymmetric index of the heterotic compactifications, and appear in the Gromov-Witten invariants of the dual Calabi-Yau threefolds, which are elliptic fibrations over the Hirzebruch surfaces
$ {{\mathbb{F}}_n} $
.
Big Microdata for Population Research
Authors: Ruggles Steven
Published: September 2013

This article describes an explosion in the availability of individual-level population data. By 2018, demographic researchers will have access to over 2 billion records of accessible microdata from over 100 countries, dating from 1703 to the present. Another 2 to 4 billion records will be available through restricted-access data enclaves. These new resources represent a new kind of data that will enable transformative research on demographic and economic change and the spatial organization of society.
SYMMETRIC ALGEBRAS OVER RINGS AND FIELDS
Authors: CRAVEN THOMAS C. , SMITH TARA L.
Published: September 2013

Connections between annihilators and ideals in Frobenius and symmetric algebras are used to provide a new proof of a result of Nakayama on quotient algebras, and an application is given to central symmetric algebras.
Classifying Korean comparative sentences for comparison analysis
Authors: YANG SEON , KO YOUNGJOONG
Published: September 2013

Comparisons sort objects based on their superiority or inferiority and they may have major effects on a variety of evaluation processes. The Web facilitates qualitative and quantitative comparisons via online debates, discussion forums, product comparison sites, etc., andcomparison analysisis becoming increasingly useful in many application areas. This study develops a method for classifying sentences in Korean text documents into several different comparative types to facilitate their analysis. We divide our study into two tasks: (1) extracting comparative sentences from text documents and (2) classifying comparative sentences into seven types. In the first task, we investigate many actual comparative sentences by referring to previous studies and construct a lexicon of comparisons. Sentences that contain elements from the lexicon are regarded as comparative sentence candidates. Next, we use machine learning techniques to eliminate non-comparative sentences from the candidates. In the second task, we roughly classify the comparative sentences using keywords and use a transformation-based learning method to correct initial classification errors. Experimental results show that our method could be suitable for practical use. We obtained an F1-score of 90.23% in the first task, an accuracy of 81.67% in the second task, and an overall accuracy of 88.59% for the integrated system with both tasks.
Oversimplification in the Study of Emotional Memory
Authors: Bennion Kelly A. , Ford Jaclyn H. , Murray Brendan D. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2013

This Short Review critically evaluates three hypotheses about the effects of emotion on memory: First, emotion usually enhances memory. Second, when emotion does not enhance memory, this can be understood by the magnitude of physiological arousal elicited, with arousal benefiting memory to a point but then having a detrimental influence. Third, when emotion facilitates the processing of information, this also facilitates the retention of that same information. For each of these hypotheses, we summarize the evidence consistent with it, present counter-evidence suggesting boundary conditions for the effect, and discuss the implications for future research. (JINS, 2013,19, 1–9)
Impairment in Flexible Regulation of Speed and Accuracy in Children with ADHD
Authors: Vallesi Antonino , D'Agati Elisa , Pasini Augusto , Pitzianti Mariabernarda , Curatolo Paolo
Published: September 2013

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by poor adaptation of behavior to environmental demands, including difficulties in flexibly regulating behavior. To understand whether ADHD is associated with a reduction of strategic flexibility in modulating speed and accuracy, we used a perceptual decision-making task that required participants to randomly stress either fast or accurate responding. Thirty-one drug-free boys with ADHD combined-type (mean age: 10.2 years) and 33 healthy control boys (mean age: 10.7 years), matched for age and IQ, participated. Both reaction time and accuracy data were analyzed. Our findings demonstrated significantly lower accuracy in ADHD children than in controls when switching from speed to accuracy instructions. This deficit was directly associated with hyperactivity symptoms but not with inattention. Our results showed that ADHD is associated with a deficit in dynamically switching response strategy according to task demands on a trial-to-trial basis. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–5)
UV-C tolerance of symbioticTrebouxiasp. in the space-tested lichen speciesRhizocarpon geographicumandCircinaria gyrosa: role of the hydration state and cortex/screening substances
Authors: Sánchez Francisco Javier , Meeßen Joachim , Ruiz M.ª del Carmen , G.ª Sancho Leopoldo , Ott Sieglinde , Vílchez Carlos , Horneck Gerda , Sadowsky Andres , de la Torre Rosa
Published: September 2013

Many experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the survival capacity of extremotolerant lichens when facing harsh conditions, including those of outer space or of simulated Martian environment. For further progress, a deeper study on the physiological mechanisms is needed that confer the unexpected levels of resistance detected on these symbiotic organisms. In this work, the response of the lichenized green algaeTrebouxiasp. (a predominant lichen photobiont) to increasing doses of UV-C radiation is studied. UV-C (one of the most lethal factors to be found in space together with vacuum and cosmic-ionizing radiation with high atomic number and energy (HZE) particles) has been applied in the present experiments up to a maximum dose analogue to 67 days in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). For that purpose we selected two extremotolerant and space-tested lichen species in whichTrebouxiasp. is the photosynthetic partner: the crustose lichenRhizocarpon geographicumand the fruticose lichenCircinaria gyrosa.In order to evaluate the effect of the physiological state of the lichen thallus (active when wet and dormant when dry) and of protective structures (cortex and photoprotective pigments) on the resistance of the photobiont to UV-C, four different experimental conditions were tested: (1) dry intact samples, (2) wet intact samples, (3) dry samples without cortex/acetone-rinsed and (4) wet samples without cortex/acetone-rinsed. After irradiation and a 72 hours period of recovery, the influence of UV-C on the two lichen's photobiont under each experimental approach was assessed by two complimentary methods: (1) By determining the photosystem II (PSII) activity in three successive 24 hours intervals (Mini-PAM fluorometer) to investigate the overall state of the photosynthetic process and the resilience ofTrebouxiasp. (2) By performing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-quantification of four essential photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylla, chlorophyllb, β-carotene and lutein) of one sample of each species and dose. Results indicate that the physiological state of the thallus is the most important factor impairing the tolerance ofTrebouxiasp. to UV-C radiation in both lichen species. Desiccated thalli were demonstrated to be more resistant to UV-C. No clear influence of UV-C radiation on the carotenoid content was detected. Comparing the respective doses applied, the individuals ofR. geographicumare more sensitive thanC. gyrosa.
Induction of high-titer IgG antibodies against multiple leukemia-associated antigens in CML patients with clinical responses to K562/GVAX immunotherapy
Authors: Qin L , Smith B D , Tsai H-L , Yaghi N K , Neela P H , Moake M , Fu J , Kasamon YL , Prince G T , Goswami M , Rosner G L , Levitsky H I , Hourigan C S
Published: September 2013

The ability to target myeloid leukemia with immunotherapy would represent a significant therapeutic advance. We report here immunological analysis of clinical trials of primary and secondary vaccination with K562/GM-CSF immunotherapy in adult chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients (CML-CP) with suboptimal responses to imatinib mesylate. Using serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries of K562 with autologous vaccinated patient serum, we have identified 12 novel chronic myeloid leukemia-associated antigens (LAAs). We show that clinical responses following K562/GM-CSF vaccination are associated with induction of high-titer antibody responses to multiple LAAs. We observe markedly discordant patterns of baseline and induced antibody responses in these identically vaccinated patients. No single antigen was recognized in all responses to vaccination. We demonstrate that an additional ‘booster’ vaccination series can be given safely to those with inadequate responses to initial vaccination, and is associated with more frequent induction of IgG responses to antigens overexpressed in K562 vaccine compared with primary CML-CP. Finally, those with induced immune responses to the same LAAs often shared HLA subtypes and patients with clinical responses following vaccination recognized a partially shared but non-identical spectrum of antigens; both findings have potentially significant implications for cancer vaccine immunotherapy.
How many scientists does it take to change a paradigm?
Authors: Smalheiser Neil R
Published: September 2013

The scientific process requires a critical attitude towards existing hypotheses and obvious explanations. Teaching this mindset to students is both important and challenging.
Cyclic‐di‐GMP and cyclic‐di‐AMP activate the NLRP3 inflammasome
Authors: Abdul‐Sater Ali A , Tattoli Ivan , Jin Lei , Grajkowski Andrzej , Levi Assaf , Koller Beverly H , Allen Irving C , Beaucage Serge L , Fitzgerald Katherine A , Ting Jenny P ‐Y , Cambier John C , Girardin Stephen E , Schindler Christian
Published: September 2013

The cyclic dinucleotides 3'‐5'diadenylate (c‐diAMP) and 3'‐5' diguanylate (c‐diGMP) are important bacterial second messengers that have recently been shown to stimulate the secretion of type I Interferons (IFN‐Is) through the c‐diGMP‐binding protein MPYS/STING. Here, we show that physiologically relevant levels of cyclic dinucleotides also stimulate a robust secretion of IL‐1β through the NLRP3 inflammasome. Intriguingly, this response is independent of MPYS/STING. Consistent with most NLRP3 inflammasome activators, the response to c‐diGMP is dependent on the mobilization of potassium and calcium ions. However, in contrast to other NLRP3 inflammasome activators, this response is not associated with significant changes in mitochondrial potential or the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Thus, cyclic dinucleotides activate the NLRP3 inflammasome through a unique pathway that could have evolved to detect pervasive bacterial pathogen‐associated molecular patterns associated with intracellular infections.
Taming the complexity of large models
Authors: Oberhardt Matthew , Ruppin Eytan
Published: September 2013

There are many complex biological models that fit the data perfectly and yet do not reflect the cellular reality. The process of validating a large model should therefore be viewed as an ongoing mission that refines underlying assumptions by improving low‐confidence areas or gaps in the model's construction.
Greening the Blue: How the World is Addressing the Challenge of Green Remediation of Water
Authors: Mishra Anuradha , Clark James
Published: September 2013

In this chapter are described the most significant policy documents, guidelines and directives for water and wastewater treatment, as well as for green labeling at governmental level in various countries all over the world. Documents available at the websites of environmental agencies of most countries show government concerns for water sector reform and the progress made so far, but the implementation process which sees principles turned into policy, laws, strategies and plans needs to be accelerated. There are eco-standards available for green products from various agencies, but no specific standard or directive is available for green materials for water remediation. A general overview is given on green remediation of water, specifically wastewater, its recycling and the benefits in terms of the environment and the economy.
Green Materials for Sustainable Remediation of Metals in Water
Authors: Sharma R. K. , Adholeya Alok , Das Manab , Puri Aditi
Published: September 2013

In the evolution of the modern era, urbanization and uncontrolled industrial expansion are the major contributors to damage to the ecosystem, especially harming the aquatic environment through the generation of metal toxic waste. These commercially generated wastes travel through the ecological pathway and pollute the aqueous system. The resulting contaminated water is an affront to human dignity as it jeopardizes both the physical and social health of all people. So, the essence of healthy life is to integrate moral, ethical and economic environmental concerns with chemistry in a constructive way. Sustainable site cleanup and revitalization requires sound green cleanup technologies and materials that restore contaminated water bodies to productive use, reduce associated costs, avoid collateral damage and promote environmental stewardship. Thus, taking into account the environmental and cost benefits, the main body of the chapter emphasizes the comprehensive and generalized view of available green technologies, their processes and applications for metal remediation.
Zeolites in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Dubey Abha , Goyal Deepti , Mishra Anuradha
Published: September 2013

The world consumption of natural zeolites is approximately 6.0 Mt annually and is increasing at a fast rate. Natural zeolites are crystalline hydrated aluminosilicates with a framework structure containing pores. The porous zeolite is host to water molecules as well as a variety of positively charged ions. One important property of zeolites is the ability to exchange cations. Owing to their high cation-exchange ability as well as to their molecular sieve properties, natural zeolites have been widely used as adsorbents in separation and purification processes in recent decades. In this chapter we review the recent developments of natural zeolites as adsorbents in wastewater treatment, specifically for the removal of ammonia from wastewater.
Nanomaterials for Water Remediation
Authors: Goyal Deepti , Durga Geeta , Mishra Anuradha
Published: September 2013

The term nanotechnology is employed to describe the creation and exploitation of materials with structural features in between those of atoms and bulk materials, with at least one dimension in the nanometer range (1 nm to 100 nm). This chapter presents a brief introduction to nanotechnology and provides a broad context to its narrower focus on water remediation. The introduction also addresses some pollutants presents in water and their adverse effects on health and environment. The intent is to give reader an overview of the current state of art as well as a look into the future use of nanomaterials in water remediation.
Periphyton Biofilms for Sustainability of Aquatic Ecosystems
Authors: Wu Yonghong
Published: September 2013

Periphyton communities are largely phototrophic benthic microbial biofilms that are important as primary producers and food sources. They are often used as monitors of ecosystem health and indicators of contamination in aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, owing to their microporous structure, complex composition and extracellular polymeric substances, periphyton biofilms are used to clean contaminated environments. This chapter describes the composition and structure of periphyton biofilms. After a summary of periphyton biofilm studies in recent years, two aspects are reviewed, based on our previous investigations. The first is to purify water and wastewater by periphyton biofilms and the second aspect is to explore the relationship among phosphorus release from sediments, cyanobacterial blooms and periphyton biofilms. The illustration of these two aspects of periphyton biofilms will assist researchers to understand the information that the inclusion of periphyton biofilms in aquatic ecosystems is practically significant to improve water quality ecosystem health and to maintain the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems.
Remediation of Dye Containing Wastewater Using Viable Algal Biomass
Authors: Dwivedi Seema , Vats Tanvi
Published: September 2013

Dye wastewater is one of the most difficult to remediate. The treatment of wastewater by biosorption is currently under active investigation. The use of microorganisms is evolving as an attractive, low-cost and green alternative to conventional treatment processes. Use of viable green algae for the treatment of textile wastewater is slowly and gradually making a mark in water treatment. This chapter deals with textile wastewater treatment using green algae. The mechanism involved in biosorption and the factors effecting and the parameters used for predicting the efficacy of the use of viable green algae are discussed.
Factors Affecting Surfactant Modification of Solid Media for Removal of Oxo Ions
Authors: Bridgers Karika K. , Hristovski Kiril D.
Published: September 2013

In search of new, inexpensive, and green materials that exhibit ion-exchange properties suitable for removal of oxo anions from water, researchers have examined approaches that involve surface modification of existing commercially available sorbent media with positively charged surfactants. When compared to ion-exchange media, these approaches have demonstrated satisfactory promise in the removal of oxo anions for a fraction of the cost of commercially available ion-exchange media. The concept involves reversing the negative surface charge to a positive one using surfactants with positively charged groups similar to those found in ion-exchange resins. The efficiency of the ion-exchange process is closely related to a number of factors that could affect the surfactant modification of solid sorbent media for removal of oxo ions. The most important factors are: (1) the specific surface area of the sorbent media; (2) the surface charge/ion exchange capacity of the sorbent media; (3) the porosity and pore size distribution of the sorbent media; and (4) the surfactant properties. During research, the importance of some of these factors is often neglected, which may lead to unrealistic performance results for the media. Therefore, it is important to identify critical factors that could potentially lead to unrealistic experimental results and other misconceptions related to the performance of oxo anion removal from water by surfactant-modified media.
Mass Spectrometric Detection for Chromatography
Authors: Pöhö Päivi , Hyötyläinen Tuulia
Published: September 2013

This chapter summarizes the mass spectrometric (MS) systems utilized as detectors for chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic techniques. The interfaces and the MS instruments are briefly described and their applicability is evaluated in terms of mass accuracy, resolution and scanning speed. Identification procedures are also overviewed. In addition, MS as a tool for metabolic flux analysis is described.
Liquid Chromatographic Techniques in Metabolomics
Authors: Theodoridis Georgios A. , Michopoulos Filippos , Gika Helen G. , Plumb Robert S. , Wilson Ian D.
Published: September 2013

In the past decade, LC‐MS‐based metabolomic/metabonomic profiling has become a major analytical focus for biomarker research. Chromatographic resolution is continually improving with the development of more advanced separation platforms based on smaller particle sizes, new types of stationary phase and miniaturized systems allowing the profiling of biological samples for metabolites in ways that were simply not possible before. Chromatographic advances, combined with increased mass resolution instruments that provide sub‐2 ppm mass accuracy and high sensitivity, have greatly facilitated the detection and identification of potential biomarkers. In this chapter, the most common LC(‐MS) methods utilized in metabolic analyses are presented, with emphasis on novel high‐efficiency and high‐throughput analyses and their suitability for metabolic analyses. Guidelines for the selection of the appropriate method for different applications are given, with emphasis on the use of LC‐MS.
Capillary Electromigration Techniques in Metabolomics
Authors: Hirayama Akiyoshi , Soga Tomoyoshi
Published: September 2013

This chapter provides an overview of the application of capillary electromigration techniques, particularly capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry (CE‐MS), in metabolomics. Compared with other metabolomics platforms, CE‐MS offers a number of advantages, including high sensitivity and ability to separate most charged metabolites. Therefore, it is well suited for the analysis of intermediate metabolites in energy metabolism, such as glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which are mostly negatively charged. First the technical aspects of CE‐MS are covered, including CE separation modes, MS types, interface and microfluidics systems and data analysis strategies. Subsequently, applications of CE‐MS in targeted and non‐targeted metabolomics are described in detail.
Applications
Authors: Pöhö Päivi , Kivilompolo Maarit , Calderon‐Santiago Monica , Jäntti Sirkku , Wiedmer Susanne K. , Hyötyläinen Tuulia
Published: September 2013

This chapter describes both non-targeted and targeted methods for various metabolic approaches. The aim is to give the reader a general overview of the various types of chromatographic and electromigration methodologies available for the analysis of specific types of metabolites and to compare their suitabilities for metabolomic analyses.
Signalling Techniques in Supramolecular Systems
Authors: Galindo Millán Jealemy , Prins Leonard J.
Published: September 2013

Supramolecular sensing systems that rely on signal amplification are discussed. Signal amplification implies that the presence of a single analyte results in the production of a multitude of reporter molecules. Two conceptually different approaches towards signal amplification have been identified: catalysis and multivalency. In the first case the presence of an analyte activates a catalyst, whereas in the second case an analyte affects simultaneously multiple reporters through a multivalent architecture (polymer, supramolecular aggregate, nanoparticle, etc.). Particularly efficient signal amplification occurs where the analyte induces a cascade of amplification pathways by combining catalysis and multivalency. It is the scope of this chapter to give an illustration of the creative approaches developed by chemists, while trying to reveal the underlying conceptual connectivity. The examples are classified depending on the target analyte: DNA, small (bio)molecules, and proteins, which are all of relevance for biomedical applications.
Metal Ion Sensing for Biomedical Uses
Authors: Magri David C. , Mallia Carl J.
Published: September 2013

Metal ions are essential for sustaining life. However, abnormal levels are related to many severe human illness including diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Luminescent molecules that are responsive to metal ions designed with the appropriate selectivity and sensitivity provide an invaluable method for monitoring the physiological and pathological consequences. Potential future applications of molecular systems able to perform multi-analyte sensing via ‘lab-on-a-molecule’ systems for medical and environmental diagnostics are also highlighted. This chapter provides a brief survey of the currently available luminescent molecules for detecting minerals.
Cyclodextrins for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Ortiz Mellet C. , García Fernández J. M. , Benito J. M.
Published: September 2013

Cyclodextrins have occupied a preferential position in supramolecular chemistry and pharmaceutical technology for decades. Their molecular structure provides them with unique supramolecular features that have already found a plethora of applications for numerous purposes, including innovative solutions to formerly unmet pharmaceutical and biomedical challenges. The amalgamation of chemical, supramolecular and technological knowledge and the paradigmatic correlation between cyclodextrin structure and function has facilitated an unprecedent and fluent crosstalk among formerly distant research disciplines. This chapter emphasizes the role that cyclodextrins are playing in the era of nanosciences and the recent advances in cyclodextrins chemistry and technology that are making it feasible to address a broad range of pharmaceutical and biomedical challenges. A series of examples illustrates how the knowledge gained over a century of cyclodextrin research can applied: (i) for manipulation of the bioavailability of therapeutic agents, (ii) for the rational design of intelligent systems envisioned for targeted delivery and programmed release of cargos, (iii) for devising new therapeutic strategies for known maladies, and (iv) for the engineering of biosensing devices.
Interactions of Calix[n]arenes and Other Organic Supramolecular Systems with Proteins
Authors: Perret Florent , Coleman Anthony W.
Published: September 2013

The authors discuss how various proteins recognize, stabilize or are inhibited by organic supramolecular systems, with emphasis on the actions of the calix[n]arenes. The chapter is divided into two major sections, the first involving the soluble proteins and the second dealing with membrane proteins. The choice of dividing the topic as a function of the protein rather than the supramolecular system is intended to give a clearer overall view of the subject. Within each section the subject is further subdivided into groups of proteins. Thus for the soluble proteins: albumins, enzymes, proteins of the blood coagulation cascade, insulin, signal proteins, in particular the cancer marker histones, various proteins associated with neurodegenerative conditions such as Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and antigens associated with cancer. In the second section the authors treat interactions with membrane proteins: transport proteins, peripheral proteins—particular cytochrome c, the ATP cassette transport proteins, and various lectins targeted for drug transport. A particularly short section concerns the multi-protein recognition studies with calix[n]arene membrane-integrated sensors.
Nucleic Acids as Supramolecular Targets
Authors: García-España Enrique , Piantanida Ivo , Schneider Hans-Jörg
Published: September 2013

In this chapter supramolecular aspects of interactions with nucleic acids are discussed, addressing mostly those involving synthetic ligands. After a brief introduction into general binding modes with double-stranded helices, we discuss the interaction with natural and synthetic polyamines, which sheds light on the underlying binding mechanisms. Polyamine–aryl conjugates are shown to lead often to a more efficient cellular uptake and to an increased biological activity; they can play an important role in the stabilization of DNA quadruplexes in telomers, and offer new applications as spectrometric markers. Different cyclophanes including calixarenes were shown to allow increased selection between DNA and RNA grooves, base flipping and unfolding of double-strands, and partially may serve as gene delivery systems. Supramolecular complexes can be designed to act as allosteric systems, triggered by external changes of pH, metal ions and other guest compounds. Significant progress has been made with the use of synthetic nucleases, which are able to surpass the efficiency even of natural restriction enzymes. Finally, the spectacular advances of DNA-based bio-nanotechnology are mentioned, which can lead to novel tools for biotechnological and biomedicinal applications.
Constitutional Dynamic Chemistry for Bioactive Compounds
Authors: Zhang Yan , Hu Lei , Ramström Olof
Published: September 2013

In this chapter, the concept of dynamic chemistry at the constitutional level is described, and recent applications illustrated. The concept efficiently enables the in situ selection of optimal bioactive compounds for various external targets, providing information of the biological entities together with the substrates. It has been much explored and expanded during the last decade, where reversible reactions constitute the key step in establishing complex dynamic systems. In combination with different biological targets, optimal ligands and inhibitors have been selected and amplified and, in some cases, potential drug leads have been identified and further designed from the dynamic systems.
Molecular Imprinted Polymers for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Mujahid Adnan , Dickert Franz L.
Published: September 2013

Over the last few years molecular imprinting has shown considerable potential in the crafting of chemical sensor interfaces for a large variety of analytes, particularly of clinical interest. The predetermined selectivity of molecularly imprinted polymers has made them real competitors to their natural counterparts. High sensing ability to probe in complex biological matrices, utmost stability and enhanced flexibility are attributes that have enabled their applications from large biomacromolecules to exceptionally small size viruses. In addition, they have been extensively studied for the determination of various pharmaceutical drugs and their metabolites in body fluids such as blood plasma, serum and urine. The integration of imprinted polymers with suitable miniaturized transducers can lead to establish chemical sensors for on-field measurements with adequate sensitivity and precision. Specific recognition at the molecular level and improved bio-compatibility of imprinted polymers have introduced them as strong candidates in drug delivery systems and control drug release applications. The focus of this chapter is on new trends in molecular imprinting technology and discussion of their contributions in biomedical analysis.