bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Foldamer at the Liquid/Graphite Interface: The Effect of Interfacial Interactions, Solvent, Concentration, and Temperature
Authors: Shen Yong‐Tao , Zhu Ningbo , Zhang Xue‐Mei , Deng Ke , Feng Wei , Yan Qifan , Lei Shengbin , Zhao Dahui , Zeng Qing‐Dao , Wang Chen
Published: May 2011

The unfolding process and self‐assembly of a foldable oligomer (foldamer 1) at the liquid/graphite interface were investigated by scanning tunnelling microscopy. At the level of molecular conformation, we identified several molecular conformations (Az, B, C, D, E) that represent intermediate states during unfolding, which may help to elucidate the unfolding process at the liquid/graphite interface. Adsorption at the interface traps the intermediate states of the unfolding process, and STM has proved to be a powerful technique for investigating folding and unfolding of a foldamer at the molecular level, which are not accessible by other methods. The STM observations also revealed that varying the solvent and/or concentration results in different self‐assemblies of foldamer 1 as a result of variations in molecular conformations. The solvent and concentration effects were attributed to the changes in existing states (extended or folded) of foldamers in solution, which in turn affect the distribution of adsorbed molecular conformations at the interface. This mechanism is quite different from other systems in which solvent and concentration effects were also observed.
One‐Dimensional Magnetic Nanowires Obtained by Protein Fibril Biotemplating
Authors: Juárez Josué , Cambón Adriana , Topete Antonio , Taboada Pablo , Mosquera Víctor
Published: May 2011

Magnetic nanowires were obtained through the in situ synthesis of magnetic material by Fe‐controlled nanoprecipitation in the presence of two different protein (human serum albumin (HSA) and lysozyme (Lys)) fibrils as biotemplating agents. The structural characteristics of the biotemplates were transferred to the hybrid magnetic wires. They exhibited excellent magnetic properties as a consequence of the 1D assembly and fusion of magnetite nanoparticles as ascertained by SQUID magnetometry. Prompted by these findings, we also checked their potential applicability as MRI contrast agents. The magnetic wires exhibited large r2* relaxivities and sufficient contrast resolution even in the presence of an extremely small amount of Fe in the magnetic hybrids, which would potentially enable their use as T2 contrast imaging agents.
Synthesis, Characterisation and Application of Iridium(III) Photosensitisers for Catalytic Water Reduction
Authors: Gärtner Felix , Cozzula Daniela , Losse Sebastian , Boddien Albert , Anilkumar Gopinatan , Junge Henrik , Schulz Thomas , Marquet Nicolas , Spannenberg Anke , Gladiali Serafino , Beller Matthias
Published: May 2011

The synthesis of novel, monocationic iridium(III) photosensitisers (Ir‐PSs) with the general formula [IrIII(C^N)2(N^N)]+ (C^N: cyclometallating phenylpyridine ligand, N^N: neutral bidentate ligand) is described. The structures obtained were examined by cyclic voltammetry, UV/Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy and X‐ray analysis. All iridium complexes were tested for their ability as photosensitisers to promote homogeneously catalysed hydrogen generation from water. In the presence of [HNEt3][HFe3(CO)11] as a water‐reduction catalyst (WRC) and triethylamine as a sacrificial reductant (SR), seven of the new iridium complexes showed activity. [Ir(6‐iPr‐bpy)(ppy)2]PF6 (bpy: 2,2′‐bipyridine, ppy: 2‐phenylpyridine) turned out to be the most efficient photosensitiser. This complex was also tested in combination with other WRCs based on rhodium, platinum, cobalt and manganese. In all cases, significant hydrogen evolution took place. Maximum turnover numbers of 4550 for this Ir‐PS and 2770 for the Fe WRC generated in situ from [HNEt3][HFe3(CO)11] and tris[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]phosphine was obtained. These are the highest overall efficiencies for any Ir/Fe water‐reduction system reported to date. The incident photon to hydrogen yield reaches 16.4 % with the best system.
Recognition of Oxalate by a Copper(II) Polyaza Macrobicyclic Complex
Authors: Mateus Pedro , Delgado Rita , Brandão Paula , Félix Vítor
Published: May 2011

A new polyamine macrobicyclic compound was synthesised through a [1+1] “tripod–tripod coupling” strategy and using a Schiff base condensation reaction, followed by sodium borohydride reduction. The resulting compound is a heteroditopic cage (btpN7) in which one of the head units is appropriate for the coordination of copper(II), whereas the other head is available for additional hydrogen‐bonding and electrostatic interactions with substrates. The acid–base behaviour of the new compound, the stability constants of its complex with the Cu2+ ion and the association constants of the copper(II) cryptate with oxalate (oxa2−), malonate (mal2−), succinate (suc2−), maleate (male2−) and fumarate (fum2−) were determined by potentiometry at 298.2 K in aqueous solution and at an ionic strength of 0.10 mol dm−3 in KNO3. These studies revealed a clear preference of the receptor [CuHhbtpN7H2O](2+h)+ for oxa2− over the other dicarboxylate substrates. This arises from co‐operativity between metal–anion coordination and electrostatic and hydrogen‐bonding interactions, in accordance with the ideal size of this dicarboxylate, which allow it to take full advantage of the potential binding sites of the receptor. A qualitative indicator‐displacement study, in agreement with the potentiometric studies, demonstrated that the copper cryptate receptor can be used as a selective visual sensor for oxalate.
Noninvasive detection of aneuploid cells in laryngeal epithelial precursor lesions
Authors: Shani Tali , Primov‐Fever Adi , Wolf Michael , Shalmon Bruria , Amarglio Ninette , Trakhtenbrot Luba , Hirshberg Abraham
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND:

Most cases of laryngeal cancer are preceded by precursor lesions which, if left untreated, can progress toward an invasive cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of chromosomal numerical aberrations in cells that were collected by noninvasive brush sampling from laryngeal lesions.

METHODS:

Laryngeal brush samples from 52 patients were analyzed simultaneously for morphology and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using centromeric probes for chromosome 17, chromosome 8, and a locus‐specific instability (LSI) v‐myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (myc) proto‐oncogene protein (C‐MYC) probe for the MYC gene. The patients were divided according to histopathologic diagnosis. Group 1 included patients with squamous cell carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, and severe dysplasia; Group 2 included patients with moderate dysplasia, mild dysplasia, and hyperplasia; and Group 3 included patients with benign nondysplastic lesions.

RESULTS:

The proportion of cells with MYC and chromosome 8 gains demonstrated significant trends toward being the highest in Group 1 and the lowest in Group 3 (P = .001 and P = .003, respectively). No significant trend was observed for chromosome 17. Mann‐Whitney Bonferroni‐corrected analyses revealed that the most significant contribution was the difference between Groups 1 and 3 (P = .0195 for MYC gains and P = .036 for chromosome 8 gains). When using a cutoff point of 4% aneuploid cells (ACs), both MYC and chromosome 8 differed significantly between groups (P = .030 and P = .037, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results suggested that FISH analysis of brush samples obtained noninvasively from suspicious laryngeal lesions can augment the clinical examination in predicting the nature of the lesions and can aid clinicians in monitoring and follow‐up of high‐risk patients. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Critical values: We are not there yet
Authors: LiVolsi Virginia A.
Published: May 2011

In the current and certainly future health care environment in the United States, the issue of more and better patient safety delivered in a cost‐effective and efficient manner will become an essential focus. This editorial reviews the concept of “information‐critical” data in anatomical pathology, both in histologic and cytologic diagnoses.
Equivocal and weakly positive hybrid capture 2 tests in women aged 50 and older
Authors: de Vries Christiaan Erik , Shen Rulong , Stephens Julie , Suarez Adrian A.
Published: May 2011

The performance of the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) test for human papilloma virus (HPV) detection depends on the prevalence of infection. However, the current HC2 manufacturer recommended interpretative algorithm is the same for all women. This test, which may be particularly useful in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women given the morphologic complexity of their Pap tests, could be affected by the overall lower prevalence of HPV infection in this age group. We investigated HC2 equivocal and weakly positive HPV tests in women 50 years and older and the detection of high‐grade dysplasia (CIN2+) on their follow‐up specimens. All HC2 test data from 1,067 consecutive specimens and 85 additional specimens from women ≥ 50‐years‐old with equivocal and weakly positive HC2 were analyzed. Follow‐up specimens from women with HC2 tests within these ranges were reviewed. No CIN2+ was found on follow‐up of 49 cases of women ≥ 50 with equivocal or weakly positive HC2 results. The current HC2 algorithm resulted in “positive” reports in 63% of specimens with initial equivocal HC2 due to retests mostly within the equivocal range. These results suggest that women 50 years and older may benefit from higher HC2 thresholds. The test could also be reported as HC2 values (RLU/CO) to be interpreted in view of risk factors. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Indirect fibre‐optic colorimetric determination of ascorbic acid using 2‐(5‐bromo‐2‐pyridylazo)‐5‐diethylaminophenol and cloud point extraction
Authors: Filik Hayati , Giray Derya
Published: May 2011

A new method has been developed for the indirect determination of ascorbic acid (AA) in commercial syrup preparations based on cloud point extraction (CPE) separation and preconcentration, and determination by molecular absorption spectrometry. The colorimetric method was based on the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) and complexation of Fe(II) with 2‐(5‐bromo‐2‐pyridylazo)‐5‐diethylaminophenol (Br‐PADAP), followed by its extraction into Triton X‐114. Selectivity of the method was increased with the use of EDTA as a masking agent. The absorbance was measured at 742 nm. Various influencing factors on the separation and preconcentration of AA have been investigated systematically, and the optimized operation conditions were established. The proposed method allows the determination of AA in the range 5–200 µg L−1 with a relative standard deviation of 3.0%. The detection limit was found to be 0.9 µg L−1 for AA. This method has been applied to the determination of ascorbic acid in commercial pharmaceutical preparations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute toxicity and withdrawal syndromes related to gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and its analogues gamma‐butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4‐butanediol (1,4‐BD)
Authors: Wood David M. , Brailsford Alan D. , Dargan Paul I.
Published: May 2011

Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) has been used as a recreational drug since the 1990s and over the last few years there has been increasing use of its analogues gamma‐butyrolactone (GBL) and to a lesser extent 1,4‐butanediol (1,4BD). This review will summarize the literature on the pharmacology of these compounds; the patterns and management of acute toxicity associated with their use; and the clinical patterns of presentation and management of chronic dependency associated with GHB and its analogues. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indian hedgehog positively regulates calvarial ossification and modulates bone morphogenetic protein signaling
Authors: Lenton Kelly , James Aaron W. , Manu Alina , Brugmann Samantha A. , Birker Daniel , Nelson Emily R. , Leucht Philipp , Helms Jill A. , Longaker Michael T.
Published: May 2011

Much is known regarding the role of Indian hedgehog (Ihh) in endochondral ossification, where Ihh regulates multiple steps of chondrocyte differentiation. The Ihh−/− phenotype is most notable for severely foreshortened limbs and a complete absence of mature osteoblasts. A far less explored phenotype in the Ihh−/− mutant is found in the calvaria, where bones form predominately through intramembranous ossification. We investigated the role of Ihh in calvarial bone ossification, finding that proliferation was largely unaffected. Instead, our results indicate that Ihh is a pro‐osteogenic factor that positively regulates intramembranous ossification. We confirmed through histologic and quantitative gene analysis that loss of Ihh results in reduction of cranial bone size and all markers of osteodifferentiation. Moreover, in vitro studies suggest that Ihh loss reduces Bmp expression within the calvaria, an observation that may underlie the Ihh−/− calvarial phenotype. In conjunction with the newly recognized roles of Hedgehog deregulation in craniosynostosis, our study defines Ihh as an important positive regulator of cranial bone ossification. genesis 49:784–796, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metal Ion Coordinating Properties of the Highly Preorganized Tetradentate Ligand 1,10‐Phenanthroline‐2,9‐dicarboxaldehyde‐2,9‐dioxime
Authors: Boone Lindsay L. , Mroz Amy E. , VanDerveer Donald G. , Hancock Robert D.
Published: May 2011

Use of UV/Vis spectroscopy to measure protonation and formation constants of PDOX (1,10‐phenanthroline‐2,9‐dicarboxaldehyde‐2,9‐dioxime) is reported. All complexes all show a protonation constant of an oxime that is quite close to pKa1 for the free ligand, that is, for ZnII log K for ZnPDOX + H+ [lrarr2] ZnPDOXH+. This is in agreement with literature crystal structures, which show that, for small metal ions such as ZnII, one oxime group of PDOX is left non‐coordinated. Only for PbII is the protonation constant of the PDOX complex significantly lowered, to a value of 8.2. In order to investigate the high log K1 value for the PbII/PDOX complex, and its relatively low protonation constant, the crystal structure of [Pb(PDOXH2)(DMSO)2Cl(ClO4)] (1) was determined.
Pyridine N‐Oxide Mediated Oxidation of Diarylalkynes with Palladium on Carbon
Authors: Sawama Yoshinari , Takubo Masato , Mori Shigeki , Monguchi Yasunari , Sajiki Hironao
Published: May 2011

Pyridine N‐oxide works as an effective oxidant of 1,2‐diarylalkynes at 120 °C to form benzil derivatives under Pd/C‐catalyzed solvent‐free conditions, and Pd/C could be reused up to five times after simple filtration.
Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl Halides with Amines, Phenols, and Thiols Catalyzed by an N,N′‐Dioxide–Copper(I) Catalytic System
Authors: Yang Haitao , Xi Chao , Miao Zhiwei , Chen Ruyu
Published: May 2011

The coupling reactions of various N, O, and S nucleophilic reagents with aryl halides have been successfully carried out under mild conditions by using a novel chiral N,N′‐dioxide–copper(I) catalytic system as the catalyst. This versatile and efficient catalyst system has been demonstrated to facilitate the cross‐coupling reactions of aryl halides with amines,phenols, and thiols to afford the corresponding desired products in good to excellent yields.
Evolution of crossmodal reorganization of the voice area in cochlear‐implanted deaf patients
Authors: Rouger Julien , Lagleyre Sébastien , Démonet Jean‐François , Fraysse Bernard , Deguine Olivier , Barone Pascal
Published: May 2011

Psychophysical and neuroimaging studies in both animal and human subjects have clearly demonstrated that cortical plasticity following sensory deprivation leads to a brain functional reorganization that favors the spared modalities. In postlingually deaf patients, the use of a cochlear implant (CI) allows a recovery of the auditory function, which will probably counteract the cortical crossmodal reorganization induced by hearing loss. To study the dynamics of such reversed crossmodal plasticity, we designed a longitudinal neuroimaging study involving the follow‐up of 10 postlingually deaf adult CI users engaged in a visual speechreading task. While speechreading activates Broca's area in normally hearing subjects (NHS), the activity level elicited in this region in CI patients is abnormally low and increases progressively with post‐implantation time. Furthermore, speechreading in CI patients induces abnormal crossmodal activations in right anterior regions of the superior temporal cortex normally devoted to processing human voice stimuli (temporal voice‐sensitive areas‐TVA). These abnormal activity levels diminish with post‐implantation time and tend towards the levels observed in NHS. First, our study revealed that the neuroplasticity after cochlear implantation involves not only auditory but also visual and audiovisual speech processing networks. Second, our results suggest that during deafness, the functional links between cortical regions specialized in face and voice processing are reallocated to support speech‐related visual processing through cross‐modal reorganization. Such reorganization allows a more efficient audiovisual integration of speech after cochlear implantation. These compensatory sensory strategies are later completed by the progressive restoration of the visuo‐audio‐motor speech processing loop, including Broca's area. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Using qualitative methods for attribute development for discrete choice experiments: issues and recommendations
Authors: Coast Joanna , Al‐Janabi Hareth , Sutton Eileen J. , Horrocks Susan A. , Vosper A. Jane , Swancutt Dawn R. , Flynn Terry N.
Published: May 2011

Attribute generation for discrete choice experiments (DCEs) is often poorly reported, and it is unclear whether this element of research is conducted rigorously. This paper explores issues associated with developing attributes for DCEs and contrasts different qualitative approaches. The paper draws on eight studies, four developed attributes for measures, and four developed attributes for more ad hoc policy questions. Issues that have become apparent through these studies include the following: the theoretical framework for random utility theory and the need for attributes that are neither too close to the latent construct nor too intrinsic to people's personality; the need to think about attribute development as a two‐stage process involving conceptual development followed by refinement of language to convey the intended meaning; and the difficulty in resolving tensions inherent in the reductiveness of condensing complex and nuanced qualitative findings into precise terms. The comparison of alternative qualitative approaches suggests that the nature of data collection will depend both on the characteristics of the question (its sensitivity, for example) and the availability of existing qualitative information. An iterative, constant comparative approach to analysis is recommended. Finally, the paper provides a series of recommendations for improving the reporting of this element of DCE studies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic evidence points to an osteocalcin-independent influence of osteoblasts on energy metabolism
Authors: Yoshikawa Yoshihiro , Kode Aruna , Xu Lili , Mosialou Ioanna , Silva Barbara C , Ferron Mathieu , Clemens Thomas L , Economides Aris N , Kousteni Stavroula
Published: May 2011

The skeleton has been shown recently to regulate glucose metabolism through an osteoblast-specific hormone, osteocalcin, which favors β-cell proliferation, insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure. An implication of this finding is that a decrease in osteoblast numbers would compromise glucose metabolism in an osteocalcin-dependent manner. To test this hypothesis, osteoblasts were inducibly ablated by cross-breeding transgenic mice expressing a tamoxifen-regulated Cre under the control of the osteocalcin promoter with mice in which an inactive form of the diphtheria toxin A chain was introduced into a ubiquitously expressed locus. Ablation of osteoblasts in adult mice profoundly affected glucose metabolism. In a manner similar to what is seen in the case of osteocalcin deficiency, a partial ablation of this cell population resulted in hypoinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and decreased insulin sensitivity. However, and unlike what is seen in osteocalcin-deficient mice, osteoblast ablation also decreased gonadal fat and increased energy expenditure and the expression of resistin, an adipokine proposed to mediate insulin resistance. While administration of osteocalcin reversed (fully) the glucose intolerance and reinstated normal blood glucose and insulin levels, it only partially restored insulin sensitivity and did not affect the improved gonadal fat weight and energy expenditure in osteoblast-depleted mice. These observations not only strengthen the notion that osteoblasts are necessary for glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure but also suggest that in addition to osteocalcin, other osteoblast-derived hormones may contribute to the emerging function of the skeleton as a regulator of energy metabolism. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
The risk of fracture in patients with multiple sclerosis: The UK general practice research
Authors: Bazelier Marloes T , van Staa Tjeerd , Uitdehaag Bernard MJ , Cooper Cyrus , Leufkens Hubert GM , Vestergaard Peter , Bentzen Joan , de Vries Frank
Published: May 2011

Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) may be at an increased risk of fracture owing to a greater risk of falling and decreased bone mineral density when compared with the general population. This study was designed to estimate the relative and absolute risk of fracture in patients with MS. We conducted a population-based cohort study using data from the UK General Practice Research Database linked to the National Hospital Registry (1997–2008). Incident MS patients (n = 5565) were matched 1:6 by year of birth, sex, and practice with patients without MS (controls). Cox proportional-hazards models were used to derive adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for fracture associated with MS. Time-dependent adjustments were made for age, comorbidity, and drug use. Absolute 5- and 10-year risks of fracture were estimated for MS patients as a function of age. Compared with controls, MS patients had an almost threefold increased risk of hip fracture [HR = 2.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.83–4.26] and a risk of osteoporotic fracture that was increased 1.4-fold (HR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.13–1.62). Risk was greater in patients who had been prescribed oral/intravenous glucocorticoids (GCs; HR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.14–2.98) or antidepressants (HR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.37–2.35) in the previous 6 months. Absolute fracture risks were low in younger MS patients but became substantial when patients were older than 60 years of age. It is concluded that MS is associated with an increased risk of fracture. Fracture risk assessment may be indicated in patients with MS, especially those prescribed GCs or antidepressants. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Individual trabecula segmentation (ITS)–based morphological analysis of microscale images of human tibial trabecular bone at limited spatial resolution
Authors: Liu X Sherry , Shane Elizabeth , McMahon Donald J , Guo X Edward
Published: May 2011

Individual trabecula segmentation (ITS), a rigorous model-independent 3D morphological analysis, has been developed to assess trabecular plate and rod microstructure separately based on micro–computed tomographic (µCT) images. We examined the influence of the limited spatial resolution, noise, and artifact of high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT (HR-pQCT) on ITS measurements of human tibial trabecular bone. In comparison with measurements from “gold standard” µCT images (25 µm), decreased spatial resolution (40, 60, and 80 µm) of µCT had minimal influence on the correlations of the scale of trabecular plates (ie, plate bone volume fraction, thickness, and surface area) and the orientation (ie, axial bone volume fraction) and structural type (ie, plate tissue fraction) of the trabecular network. ITS measurements of HR-pQCT images correlated significantly with those of µCT images at a similar voxel size (80 µm, r = 0.71–0.94); correlations were stronger for plate-related parameters, suggesting that measurements of trabecular rods are more subject to noise and artifact associated with HR-pQCT imaging technology. In comparison with measurements of “gold standard” µCT images, the percent absolute errors of HR-pQCT measurements such as axial and plate bone volume fraction, plate number and tissue fraction, and plate and rod thickness (3.5% to 10.3%) were comparable with those of bone volume fraction (9.3%). For both HR-pQCT and µCT images, measurements of the scale and junction densities of trabecular plates and orientation and structural type were strong and positive indicators of the elastic modulus of trabecular bone (r = 0.59–0.95). We conclude that ITS measurements of HR-pQCT images are highly reflective of trabecular bone microarchitecture from a biomechanical perspective. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Alteration of integrin‐dependent adhesion and signaling in EMT‐like MDCK cells established through overexpression of calreticulin
Authors: Ihara Yoshito , Inai Yoko , Ikezaki Midori
Published: May 2011

Calreticulin (CRT) is a multi‐functional Ca2+‐binding molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum. We previously reported that kidney epithelial cell‐derived Madin‐Darby Canine Kidney cells were transformed into mesenchymal‐like cells by gene transfection of CRT. In this study, we investigated the altered characteristics of cell adhesion in these epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐like cells. Several extracellular matrix substrata were tested, and cell adhesion to fibronectin was found to be specifically increased in the CRT‐overexpressing cells compared to controls. The expression of integrins was significantly up‐regulated in subunits α5 and αV, resulting in an increase in the formation of complexes such as α5β1 and αVβ3. These integrins also contributed to the enhanced binding of fibronectin. In the CRT‐overexpressing cells, the phosphorylation of Akt, a downstream target of integrin‐linked kinase (ILK), was up‐regulated on attachment to fibronectin or collagen IV. Integrin‐associated signaling through ILK was also promoted on attachment to fibronectin, suggesting some of the correlation between ILK and Akt in the CRT‐overexpressing cells. Furthermore, on treatment with 1,2‐bis (2‐aminophenoxy) ethane‐N,N,N',N'‐tetraacetic acid tetra (acetoxymethyl) ester, a membrane‐permeable Ca2+ chelator, the enhanced Akt signaling was suppressed with a concomitant decrease in the formation of complexes between integrins and ILK in the CRT‐overexpressing cells. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that CRT regulates cell‐substratum adhesion by modulating integrin‐associated signaling through altered Ca2+ homeostasis in the CRT‐overexpressing EMT‐like cells, suggesting a novel regulatory role for CRT in EMT. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 2518–2528, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of proteinuria on renal Doppler sonographic measurements in chronic kidney disease and in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Nakamori Aya , Ando Yutaka , Matsuda Hiroko , Kimura Tomonori , Minami Hironori , Imai Enyu , Yura Takafumi
Published: May 2011

Purpose.

To evaluate the influence of proteinuria on renal Doppler sonographic (US) measurements in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with or without diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods.

Renal resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), and maximum kidney length were measured by US in 113 patients suffering from CKD without DM (non‐DM CKD patients) and in 120 patients with diabetic nephropathy (DM patients). Other data collected were sex, age, body mass index, blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, urinary protein level, and medical history. The effect of proteinuria on RI and PI was evaluated using single regression analyses, multiple regression analyses, and comparison of regression lines.

Results.

Single and multiple regression analyses revealed that RI and PI in the two subgroups and in the entire group of patients were correlated with urinary protein level (p < 0.05). Comparison of regression lines of each subgroup showed statistically significant differences in two regression intercepts concerning these indices in relation to urinary protein level (p < 0.001, RI: 0.71 in non‐DM CKD patients versus 0.76 in DM patients, PI: 1.39 in non‐DM CKD patients versus 1.60 in DM patients) (p < 0.001).

Conclusions.

Renal RI and PI can reflect damages related to proteinuria and DM. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2011;
Requirement for the endocannabinoid system in social interaction impairment induced by coactivation of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the piriform cortex
Authors: Zenko Michelle , Zhu Yongyong , Dremencov Eliyahu , Ren Wei , Xu Lin , Zhang Xia
Published: May 2011

The dopamine receptor family consists of D1–D5 receptors (D1R–D5R), and we explored the contributions of each dopamine receptor subtype in the piriform cortex (PirC) to social interaction impairment (SII). Rats received behavioral tests or electrophysiological recording of PirC neuronal activity after injection of the D1R/D5R agonist SKF38393, the D2R/D3R/D4R agonist quinpirole, or both, with or without pretreatment with dopamine receptor antagonists, D1R or D5R antisense oligonucleotides, the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist AM281, or the endocannabinoid transporter inhibitor VDM11. Systemic injection of SKF38393 and quinpirole together, but not each one alone, induced SII and increased PirC firing rate, which were blocked by D1R or D2R antagonist. Intra‐PirC microinfusion of SKF38393 and quinpirole together, but not each one alone, also induced SII, which was blocked by D1R antisense oligonucleotides or D2R antagonist but not by D3R or D4R antagonist or D5R antisense oligonucleotides. SII induced by intra‐PirC SKF38393/quinpirole was blocked by AM281 and enhanced by VDM11, whereas neither AM281 nor VDM11 alone affected social interaction behavior. Coadministration of SKF38393 and quinpirole produced anxiolytic effects without significant effects on locomotor activity, olfaction, and acquisition of olfactory short‐term memory. These findings suggest that SII induced by coactivation of PirC D1R and D2R requires the endocannabinoid system. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell–extracellular matrix versus cell–cell interactions during the development of the cochlear‐vestibular ganglion
Authors: Davies Dawn
Published: May 2011

Cells destined to become the neurones of the cochlear‐vestibular ganglion (CVG) originate within the otic epithelium. Early in development they detach from their neighbors and migrate out of the epithelium, where they coalesce to form the CVG. To accomplish this process, the neuroblasts must modify their interactions with other cells within the epithelium and with proteins in the extracellular matrix to allow for repositioning. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of the major families of adhesion molecules that mediate cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix, the integrins, and with other cells, the cadherins, in neuroblast segregation from the otic epithelium. The expression of classical cadherins increased in migrating neuroblasts compared with the otic epithelium. Quantitative RT‐PCR revealed that this was concomitant with down‐regulation of E‐cadherin and up‐regulation of N‐cadherin in the migrating cells. In contrast, the level of β1 integrin expression by the epithelium was maintained in migrating neuroblasts. However, although multiple integrin ligands were expressed within the otic basement membrane at this stage of development, only fibronectin (FN) supported neuroblast migration along the substrate in vitro. Inhibition of β1 integrins resulted in significantly reduced linear migration on FN. Importantly, neuroblasts retained the ability to segregate from the epithelium but remained compacted immediately adjacent to the originating tissue, suggesting dominance of cell–cell over cell–matrix interactions. These data suggest that the balance between cell–cell and cell–substratum interactions directs otic neuroblast migration and gangliogenesis. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Joint modes of climate variability across the inter‐Americas
Authors: Jury Mark R. , Malmgren Björn A.
Published: May 2011

Surface temperature (Ts), sea‐level pressure (SLP), and zonal wind (U) fields from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis spanning the period 1949–2006 have been jointly analysed by means of principal component analysis to assess the dominant modes of climate variability in the inter‐American region, including the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Two aspects of these time‐series were analysed: the annual cycle and its residual. Seasonal modes 1 and 2 take the form of north‐south dipoles of Ts over oceanic and terrestrial environments. Seasonal mode 3 derives from SLP changes over the Amazon with a Caribbean wind response. Temporal fluctuations in the residual (ANOM) fields are resolved by six modes. ANOM1–3 is dominated by SLP and Ts changes across the equator in the Atlantic and east Pacific. The ANOM4 pattern is an isolated wind mode in the NE Atlantic. ANOM5 and 6 are dominated by sea temperature patterns in the South Atlantic and in the path of African easterly waves crossing the tropical Atlantic. The residual time scores are marked by significant warming (Ts) trends and co‐located lower pressure. Cycles in the anomaly time scores tend to occur at 2‐ to 5‐year periods. Modes dominated by atmospheric variables exhibit greater high‐frequency ‘noise’ than oceanic modes. Predictability is assessed through development of multivariate regression models trained on Caribbean rainfall and related target time‐series. The seasonal dipole between North and South America is found to modulate Pacific El Niño‐Southern Oscillation and tropical Atlantic influence on Caribbean rainfall. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
A daily series of mean sea‐level pressure for Paris, 1670–2007
Authors: Cornes Richard C. , Jones Phil D. , Briffa Keith R. , Osborn Timothy J.
Published: May 2011

It has been known for some time that the potential exists to construct a long daily series of surface pressure for the city of Paris because of the existence of various instrumental series that might be pieced together. The remarkable weather diary kept by the physician, Louis Morin, sets the start of the potential series to 1670, and various other series have now been digitized and corrected to allow the formation of a daily series of Mean Sea‐Level Pressure (MSLP) that spans the greater part of 300 years. Unfortunately, a gap in the series still exists for the period 1726–1747, where it appears that no barometer observations have survived. This paper discusses the sources of the various pressure data used in the Paris daily MSLP series, and describes how these observations have been corrected and amalgamated to form a near‐continuous, homogeneous series. The data are compared with a similar long daily series that has been independently constructed for the city of London (1692–2007). This comparison indicates that the two MSLP series are of a sufficient quality to provide useful information about the atmospheric circulation across western Europe over the last 300 years. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Spatio‐temporal precipitation change assessments over Turkey
Authors: Toros Hüseyin
Published: May 2011

The availability of water, and its quality, are among the chief growing concerns that are expected to cause serious questions over the sustainability of the Mediterranean region especially under the present climate change impacts, in general, and over the water resources of Turkey, in particular, due to precipitation pattern variability and sensitivity at arid and semi‐arid regions within the country. In order to assess climate impacts concerning precipitation over Turkey, expected spatio‐temporal changes are examined by considering precipitation time series at 165 stations across the country covering the period from 1961 to 2008 for almost 5 decades. Methodologically, homogeneity and Mann‐Kendall rank correlation trend tests are applied at each station for the identification of statistically significant trends. Long‐term annual precipitation averages indicate a decreasing trend with some oscillations during the last 5 decades. However, in more refined periods, average precipitation decreased during 1968–1973 and 1998–2008, whereas it increased during 1973–1981 and 1989–1998. As a result, there is a significant decrease of about 12, 13, and 35% at all stations in annual, rainy period, and winter season total precipitations, respectively. On the other hand, increases occurred at 4, 3 and 19% of all stations in annual, rainy, and autumn season, respectively. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
The recent trend of increasing precipitation in Sahel and the associated inter‐hemispheric dipole of global SST
Authors: Munemoto Masaki , Tachibana Yoshihiro
Published: May 2011

Although the Sahel precipitation decreased during the 1970s, it has increased since the mid‐1980s. This trend shift also occurred throughout the world with weaker signatures than in Sahel. The Sahel trend shift was remarkably similar to the trend shift of the difference in SSTs between Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere; that is, until the 1980s the NH SST had decreased relative to the SH SST, whereas after the 1980s this trend reversed. Concurrent with this shift were trend shifts in the NH‐SH contrast in atmospheric temperature and humidity and in inter‐hemispheric meridional winds around Sahel. It appears that the NH‐SH SST contrast determines the long‐term variation of precipitation over Sahel through the shift of inter‐hemispheric atmospheric circulations. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Simultaneous chemical fingerprinting and quantitative analysis of crude and processed Radix Scrophulariae from different locations in China by HPLC
Authors: Zhang Yun , Cao Gang , Ji Jinyu , Cong Xiaodong , Wang Shengbo , Cai Baochang
Published: May 2011

A validated liquid chromatography method was first developed to evaluate the quality of crude and processed Radix Scrophulariae extracts through establishing chromatographic fingerprint and simultaneous determination of five bioactive compounds, namely 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF), acteoside, angroside C, harpagoside and cinnamic acid. The chromatographic were separated on an Agilent Zorbax Extend C18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) and detected by diode array detector (DAD). Mobile phase was composed of (A) aqueous phosphoric acid (0.03%, v/v) and (B) acetonitrile using a gradient elution. Analytes were performed at 30°C with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and UV detection at 280 nm. All calibration curves showed good linear regression (r2≥0.9996) within the tested ranges, and the recovery of the method was in the range of 98.12–103.38%, with RSD values ranging from 0.6 to 2.8%. In addition, the contents of those five bioactive compounds in crude and processed Radix Scrophulariae prepared by different locations of China were determined to establish the effectiveness of the method. The results demonstrate that the developed method is accurate and reproducible and could be readily utilized as a suitable quality control method for the quantification of Radix Scrophulariae.
HPLC determination of cefprozil in tablets using monolithic and C18 silica columns
Authors: Can Nafiz O.
Published: May 2011

Cefprozil (CPZ) is a second‐generation semi‐synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic that commonly exists as the mixture of Z and E diastereoisomers, at the ratio of approximately 9:1. A novel reversed‐phase HPLC method for the determination of CPZ in tablets was described. The separation of CPZ diastereoisomers and caffeine (internal standard) was carried out by applying the same analytical and instrumental conditions on two stationary phases, which have different surface chemistries. The columns used in the study were monolithic silica Merck Chromolith Performance RP‐18e and conventional C18 silica Phenomenex Synergi Hydro RP columns. In total, 10 μL aliquots of samples were injected into the system and eluted using water–acetonitrile (90:10, v/v) solution, which was pumped through the column at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The analyte peaks were detected at 200 nm using diode array detector with high specificity. CPZ diastereoisomers and caffeine were measured within 13 min using the C18 column, whereas <5 min was required for the monolithic one. Validation studies were performed according to official recommendations. Value of a monolithic column for the assay of diastereoisomers in pharmaceutical tablets was evaluated for the first time and found as a powerful alternative to highly efficient C18 columns.
Empty nose syndrome
Authors: Jang Yong Ju , Kim Ji Heui , Song Hyung Yong
Published: May 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To describe the radiologic characteristics of empty nose syndrome (ENS) and to assess outcomes of endonasal microplasty using cartilage implants in patients with ENS.

Study Design:

A retrospective clinical chart review.

Methods:

We assessed 17 patients diagnosed with ENS who had undergone prior nasal turbinate surgery. The presence of sinus opacity and the nasal mucosal thickening on the lesion side was evaluated with computed tomography in 11 patients and compared with control. To assess the effect of sinusitis on the nasal mucosal thickening, the thickness of lesion‐side mucosae in unilateral sinusitis patients were compared with their contralateral mucosae. Twelve patients were managed by submucosal implantation of cartilage at the inferolateral nasal wall, just below the turbinate remnant, to create a neoturbinate. Symptom scores expressed as visual analogue scale (VAS) were compared before and after surgery.

Results:

Opacity of the ipsilateral maxillary sinus was observed in seven of 11 patients. All lesion sides of ENS showed mucosal thickening of the nasal cavity, with an average thickness significantly greater than that in controls, whereas mucosal thickening was not found in the lesion‐side mucosae of unilateral sinusitis patients. Patients reported significantly improved VAS score in excessive airflow, nasal obstruction, and nasal or facial pain. Complications of surgery included undercorrection in three patients.

Conclusions:

Radiologic abnormalities associated with ENS include ipsilateral sinus opacity and nasal mucosal thickening. Endonasal microplasty by submucosal implantation of cartilage may be a useful treatment option in the management of ENS.
Nonresponders to pharyngeal surgery for obstructive sleep apnea: Insights from drug‐induced sleep endoscopy
Authors: Kezirian Eric J.
Published: May 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To examine drug‐induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) findings in nonresponders to previous pharyngeal obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) surgery.

Study Design:

Cross‐sectional.

Methods:

DISE using propofol for unconscious sedation was performed in nonresponders to previous OSA surgery (including palate surgery with or without tonsillectomy and possible other procedures). Nonresponders were defined as subjects with a postoperative apnea‐hypopnea index more than 10 events/hr. Recorded findings from DISE included the presence and degree of obstruction in the palatal and hypopharyngeal regions, the contributions of specific structures (velum, oropharyngeal lateral walls, tongue, and/or epiglottis) to upper airway obstruction, and the degree of mouth opening.

Results:

Thirty‐three nonresponders underwent DISE examinations. Age was 46.2 ± 11.8 years, and 9% (3 of 33) were female. On diagnostic sleep studies prior to DISE, the apnea–hypopnea index was 43.4 ± 26.6 events/hr. During DISE, a majority of subjects demonstrated residual palatal obstruction, and almost all demonstrated hypopharyngeal obstruction. A diversity of individual structures contributed to upper airway obstruction, often in combination. Moderate to severe mouth opening occurred in one‐third of subjects and was associated with narrowing of upper airway dimensions.

Conclusions:

Residual upper airway obstruction in surgery nonresponders likely occurs due to multiple mechanisms, and DISE may enhance the understanding of them.
Evidence of extraesophageal reflux in idiopathic subglottic stenosis
Authors: Blumin Joel H. , Johnston Nikki
Published: May 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) is a disease predominantly of females that, by definition, has no known etiology. Collagen–vascular disease, localized trauma, extraesophageal reflux (EER), and hormonal alterations have all been postulated as potential etiologies of iSGS. It is hypothesized that iSGS is a reflux mediated disease and that evidence of EER exists in affected patients.

Study Design:

Case–control study.

Methods:

Patients with iSGS were identified prospectively over a 2.5‐year period (2007–2010). During their endoscopic management, biopsies of the subglottic scar and postcricoid area were evaluated for the presence of pepsin, an indicator of exposure to gastric refluxate. Control patients had similar biopsies while undergoing operative management for disease unrelated to reflux. Charts of both patients and controls were reviewed for clinical history of reflux, pH‐metry, and laboratory testing for collagen–vascular disease.

Results:

Twenty‐two patients with iSGS were treated. All patients were female. No patient had serology positive for collagen–vascular disease. Thirteen (59%) patients with iSGS had pepsin present in their larynx or trachea. Control patients did not have detectable pepsin in their tissue (P = .041). Dual probe 24‐hour pH studies were performed in 10 (45%) patients. These studies were positive for EER in seven patients but this did not statistically correlate to the presence of pepsin in their tissue (P = 1.0).

Conclusions:

iSGS is a disease almost exclusively of women. EER is implicated in the development of iSGS. Pepsin is detectable in the subglottic scar and larynges of patients with iSGS. Standard pH‐metry may be inadequate in predicting degree of EER in patients with iSGS.
Prospective multi‐arm evaluation of surgical treatments for vocal fold scar and pathologic sulcus vocalis
Authors: Welham Nathan V. , Choi Seong Hee , Dailey Seth H. , Ford Charles N. , Jiang Jack J. , Bless Diane M.
Published: May 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness of type I thyroplasty, injection laryngoplasty, and graft implantation for the treatment of vocal fold scar and pathologic sulcus vocalis.

Study Design:

Prospective, multi‐arm, quasi‐experimental research design.

Methods:

Twenty‐eight patients with newly diagnosed vocal fold scar and/or pathologic sulcus vocalis were assigned to one of three treatment modalities: type I thyroplasty (n = 9), injection laryngoplasty (n = 9), and graft implantation (n = 10). Psychosocial, auditory‐perceptual, acoustic, aerodynamic, and videostroboscopic data were collected pretreatment and at 1, 6, 12, and 18 months posttreatment.

Results:

Type I thyroplasty and graft implantation both resulted in reduced voice handicap with no concomitant improvement in auditory‐perceptual, acoustic, aerodynamic, or vocal fold physiologic performance. Injection laryngoplasty resulted in no improvement on any vocal function index. Patients who underwent graft implantation exhibited the slowest improvement trajectory across the 18‐month follow‐up period.

Conclusions:

A persistent challenge in this area is that no single treatment modality is successful for the majority of patients, and there is no evidence‐based decision algorithm for matching a given treatment to a given patient. Progress therefore requires the identification and categorization of predictive clinical features that can drive evidence‐based treatment assignment.