bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proposed Actions Toward Streamlining Cyprus Wide Prevention Strategies in Wildfire Management
Authors: Pandey Pooja , Boustras George , Coneio Miriam Arenas , Rein Guillermo
Published: September 2024

This paper aims to identify the best practices for preventing wildfires in Cyprus, focusing on reducing fire ignition and managing the growth and intensity of extreme fire events. Rather than advocating for complete wildfire exclusion, the goal is to suggest strategies that minimize the likelihood of fires. To achieve this, the operational factors affecting wildfire prevention are examined using Cyprus as a case study. Recommendations for wildfire prevention are then made based on these factors. The study also proposes actions to streamline prevention activities categorized under the education component, which plays a vital role in raising awareness about wildfires. Wildfires pose a significant and recurring threat in Cyprus. Adopting an integrated approach that encompasses various initiatives, such as adult education, law enforcement, and training in preventive techniques, can help reduce the likelihood of extreme wildfire events. Therefore, this study investigates the factors influencing wildfire prevention strategies in Cyprus and offers suggestions for improvement.
PROMENADE—ImPROved Maritime awarENess by Means of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data (BD) mEthods: Detection of Abnormal Behavior of Vessels Used for Smuggling and Drug Trafficking in the Ionian Sea
Authors: Astyakopoulos Alkis , Bolakis Christos , Douris Panagiotis , Moutzouris Marios , Laneve Giovanni , Millefiori Leonardo M. , Bosisio Antonio , Efstathiou Vasiliki
Published: September 2024

PROMENADE is an EU-funded innovation project whose main objective is to improve solutions for vessel tracking, behavior analysis, and automatic anomaly detection of vessels using means like artificial intelligence (AI) and big data (BD) technologies. An open, service-based toolkit implementing “state-of-the-art” AI/BD techniques benefiting from a high-performance computing platform (HPC) is the core activity of the project aiming at improving border and external security capabilities in the maritime domain. Throughout the project, one simulated trial and three physical trials were conducted in Lithuania, Spain, and Greece. The chapter focuses on the results achieved during the Hellenic trial, which aimed to test and validate the advanced solutions of PROMENADE toolkit for improving vessel tracking and continuously detecting abnormal behavior patterns of vessels used for smuggling and human trafficking in the Ionian Sea.
EURMARS: An Advanced Surveillance Platform to Improve the European Multiauthority Border Security Efficiency and Cooperation
Authors: Mourkousis Georgios , Protonotarios Matthaios , Antoniou Chrysostomos , Kriechbaum-Zabini Andreas , Veigl Stephan , Boyle Jonathan , Chen Lulu , Voskopoulos George , Bratskas Romaios , Salmela Laura , Laarni Jari , Väätänen Antti , Toivonen Sirra , Akagi Mikio , Voicu Claudia-Iohana
Published: September 2024

European maritime border management is a complex and multifaceted task. EURMARS innovates border surveillance in Europe by addressing the main challenges of irregular migration attempts, smuggling, trafficking, as well as management of search and rescue operations and oil spill observation and monitoring in parallel with the coordination and cooperation among different authorities and agencies at the national and EU levels. EURMARS implements and intends to validate a 24/7 surveillance platform with the following characteristics: (i) provision for the integration of existing and future data sources and services; (ii) utilisation and clustering of high-altitude technology, satellite imagery, UAVs, and ground-based sensors into a joint surveillance capability to provide continuous complementary data; (iii) innovative coupling of sensors data with data fusion, AI analytics, risk assessment, and alarming functionality; (iv) flexible interoperable surveillance platform with multiauthority cooperation capabilities and verified easy-to-integrate potential for next-generation platforms and systems; and (v) performance benchmark platform to ensure acceptability by all stakeholders, including extensive technical and user acceptance tests and ethical and legal impact assessments.
SECANT: Cyberthreat Intelligence in IoMT Ecosystems
Authors: Spyros Arnolnt , Kavallieros Dimitrios , Tsikrika Theodora , Vrochidis Stefanos , Kompatsiaris Ioannis
Published: September 2024

Medical organisations are at great risk of cyberattacks. Considering the complex infrastructure, the integration of susceptible Internet of Medical Things devices and lack of appropriate cybersecurity training of the staff, both technical and medical, the healthcare domain is a common target for malicious actors. Therefore, to safeguard their infrastructure, medical organisations should implement measures such as threat assessment, encryption and cybersecurity training to address all the challenges. The SECANT platform introduces a holistic approach which includes a collaborative threat intelligence collection, analysis and sharing. In this regard, the Threat Intelligence Module (TIM) of SECANT is described in detail in this chapter, highlighting the importance of Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) within the healthcare domain.
MultiRATE: EU R&D&I Readiness Level Evaluation Framework
Authors: Kavallieros Dimitrios , Valouma Katerina , Gkotsis Ilias , Darra Eleni , Tsikrika Theodora , Diagourtas Dimitrios , Vrochidis Stefanos , Kostaridis Antonis , Kompatsiaris Ioannis
Published: September 2024

Plenty of metrics do exist, aiming to evaluate the maturity of products, systems and processes when identifying their deployment readiness. Even though an excessive effort has been made to develop new frameworks as well as update and integrate existing frameworks, calculation methodologies and indicators, it has a limited usage from the EU-funded security R&D&I projects. Thus, the development of a holistic robust scaling framework is of the utmost importance. The MultiRATE scaling framework will rely on the established readiness level approaches (where possible) and introduce new ones where needed. Finally, it will combine them into one holistic and reliable framework, focused on several readiness levels such as technology (TRL), security (SecRL), integration (IRL), commercialization (CRL), manufacturing (MRL), legal, privacy and ethics (LPERL) and societal (SocRL). This chapter provides background information and describes through a simple methodological framework how an EU-funded project or even a technology developer could use the TRL, MRL and CRL in order to evaluate the readiness of the product or system provided in the security R&D&I ecosystem.
EU-CIP: European Knowledge Hub and Policy Testbed for Critical Infrastructure Protection
Authors: Gugliandolo Emilia , Soldatos John , Abie Habtamu
Published: September 2024

In our interconnected world, critical infrastructure systems are essential for modern societies. However, they face increasing threats, from cyberattacks to natural disasters. To address these challenges, the EU-CIP (Critical Infrastructure Protection) mission, a 3-year Coordination and Support Action funded by the European Commission, was initiated in October 2022. This chapter presents preliminary findings from the EU-CIP-ANALYSIS activities, shedding light on the evolving landscape of critical infrastructure protection. Preliminary findings reveal key needs, including adaptability, faster responses, and improved detection capabilities. Capability gaps include poor automation and inadequate control over interconnected assets. To address these needs and gaps, the EU-CIP mission has identified a range of state-of-the-art technologies and tools, including cyber-physical threat intelligence, security risk assessment, impact assessment tools, digital twins, anomaly detection, and machine learning for pattern detection. These technologies hold the potential to significantly enhance the resilience and security of critical infrastructure systems. This chapter provides valuable insights into the evolving landscape of critical infrastructure protection and resilience, highlighting the importance of innovative solutions and collaboration among stakeholders in safeguarding the vital systems that underpin modern societies.
EU-Integrated Multifunctional Forest and Fire Management, Policies, and Practices: Challenges Between “As-Is” and “To-Be” State
Authors: Kalapodis Nikolaos , Sakkas Georgios , Lazarou Alexandre , Casciano Domenica , Demestichas Konstantinos , Athanasiou Miltiadis , Kaloudis Spyridon , Sykas Dimitrios
Published: September 2024

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of EU policies and practices in sustainable forest and wildfire management, focusing on integrated multifunctional forest management (IMFM) and integrated fire management (IFM). With climate change posing increasing risks to forests, the article explores key challenges related to multifunctionality, effective monitoring, policy coherence, community engagement, and the strategic use of prescribed fires. By examining the current strategies and identifying gaps, the study offers valuable insights to enhance forest governance and IMFM and IFM approaches. The findings underscore the importance of proactive adaptation and mitigation measures (prefire management strategies) to safeguard Europe’s forests and their crucial ecosystem services amidst evolving climatic conditions.
CO-PROTECT: Greek Cluster for Cooperative and Interoperable Crisis and Disaster Management Solutions
Authors: Gkotsis Ilias , Diagourtas Dimitrios , Zafeiropoulos Nikolaos , Katsarou Victoria , Katsaros Dimitris , Galani Theodora , Bliziotis Dimitris , Ouzounoglou Eleftherios
Published: September 2024

CO-PROTECT is an integrated cluster project in Greece involving an alliance of technological enterprises and SMEs. Its primary focus is to foster innovation by coordinating, enhancing, and integrating high Technology Readiness Level (TRL) products, systems, and services, specifically targeting the management and response to natural disasters, environmental crises, and civil protection emergencies. This paper explores the unique approach of CO-PROTECT, offering interoperable solutions designed to serve various stakeholders such as Civil Protection Organizations, Emergency Management Services, Critical Infrastructure operators, and Law enforcement agencies. A key emphasis is placed on achieving interoperability among the solutions, which is vital for effective communication, information sharing, and cooperation during crises. The paper further elaborates on developing a robust data, process, and service interoperability model using common standards. This model facilitates the integration of individual products into more complex systems and ensures seamless cooperation between systems developed by Greek companies at local, regional, and national levels. The CO-PROTECT product repository is also discussed, encompassing tools and solutions for managing extreme weather, floods, wildfires, earthquakes, and protection of critical infrastructures. The findings from this initiative may pave the way for a new era of coordinated disaster management and resilience.
Introduction
Authors: Newman Saul , Conrad Maximilian
Published: October 2024

It is now a common place to say that we live times of post-truth and populism. Everything that has happened since that fateful year, 2016—when ‘post-truth’ was named the OED word of the year; when the Brexit referendum, notoriously characterized by lies, mistruths, and disinformation coupled with populist messaging, was held; and when the archetypal populist and liar-in-chief Trump, was elected as US president—suggests a convergence between the politics of populism and the paradigm of post-truth.
Conclusions: ‘Mainstream’ Alarmism or ‘Critical’ Complacency? How to Approach Post-truth Populism
Authors: Conrad Maximilian , Newman Saul
Published: October 2024

This volume has brought together ten chapters that address the question of post-truth populism as a new political paradigm from very different angles indeed. While it is almost impossible to summarize the sophisticated arguments made by many of the authors, it is nonetheless possible and hopefully also fruitful to try to draw out some common themes that may stake out the contours of a more profound debate and, potentially, also a new research agenda in this field. One way of drawing out such common themes may be to look at the ways in which the different contributions make sense of the extent to which the presumed new political paradigm constitutes a challenge or, indeed, a threatto liberal democracy.
(Anti-)Populism and Post-truth
Authors: Venizelos Giorgos
Published: October 2024

‘Post-truth populism’ has received a prominent role in public and expert discourse over the past decade, gaining a further boost since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Conventional narratives reveal three overarching assumptions about this ‘new political phenomenon’: (a) that it opposes truth, facts and evidence; (b) that it is profoundly emotional rather than rational; and (c) that it constitutes a threat to science. However, such a framing of ‘post-truth populism’ oversimplifies its complex and multifaceted nature. This chapter argues that the discursive construction of ‘post-truth populism’ is facilitated by the automatic adoption of an anti-populist perspective as a default point of departure in any discussion about populism. Despite widespread research on populism and post-truth, scholarly attention remains overly focused on the causes, and the consequences this phenomenon has on polity, policy and politics. As such, the role ‘post-truth populism’ plays as a signifier in public discourse is largely unexplored. Adopting a critical ethos, this chapter shifts the focus towards the language games surrounding it. Stressing the pivotal role of dominant socio-epistemic structures in constructing knowledge and truth as objective, it highlights the role political elites, experts and pundits play in post-truth politics. This chapter concludes that more attention and reflexivity is required when talking about ‘post-truth populism’, in that the wide and uncritical use of the term, and its a priori association with fake news, mis-/dis-information, anti-vax movements and the like, has both theoretical and socio-political implications. First, the elitism apparent in dominant discourse fails to capture why expert authorities are faced with backlash while conspiracies become popular—even against scientific evidence. Secondly, reactionary forms of anti-democratic and illiberal politics are disguised under the notion of ‘populist’ that functions as a euphemism.
Refusing to Be Silenced: Critical Journalism, Populism and the Post-truth Condition
Authors: Conrad Maximilian
Published: October 2024

A fundamental rejection of mainstream journalism has become a standard feature in the playbook of populist actors. Beyond a potentially legitimate critique of mainstream journalism, populist actors construe mainstream media as part of a corrupt liberal elite that is out of touch with reality as it is experienced by the pure/authentic people. In the literature on post-truth politics, the populist delegitimation of mainstream media has not yet received much attention, in particular as regards the experiences of journalists who are frequently confronted with physical and/or verbal intimidation and/or abuse. This chapter contributes to the literature on post-truth politics by addressing precisely this gap. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with journalists from prominent German TV outlets, the chapter explores journalists’ experiences and analyzes how such experiences contribute to the development of a post-truth political culture. Based on the intimate link between post-truth politics and populism, the chapter argues that the delegitimation of mainstream journalism has created an increasingly hostile climate for journalists that is reflected in an increasing frequency of verbal and physical attacks on journalists. This development has to be understood as part of an effort to silence the voice of critical journalism. Due to the fact that (liberal) democracy requires that citizens have access to reliable sources of information, efforts to silence the voice of critical journalism therefore need to be seen as a crucial step in the creation of—rather than as the symptom of an already existing—post-truth condition.
Mathematical Model of the Operation of the Space Propulsion System
Authors: Huang Minchao , Cheng Yuqiang , Dai Jia , Li Jian
Published: October 2024

The space propulsion system is composed of 17 thrusters, including one large thruster (numbered 0), eight medium thrusters (numbered 1–4 and 9–12), and 8 small thrusters (numbered 5–8 and 13–16). Seventeen thrusters share one propellant supply system. The system includes components such as a gas cylinder, electric explosion valve, pressure-reducing valve, storage tank, liquid pipeline, filter, orifice plate, solenoid valve, filling pipeline, and thrust chamber, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
Analysis of the Response Characteristics of Coupled Multiple Thrusters During the Working Process
Authors: Huang Minchao , Cheng Yuqiang , Dai Jia , Li Jian
Published: October 2024

In this chapter, the response characteristics of the coupled liquid pipeline space propulsion system were analyzed. Using the mathematical model of the operation of the space propulsion system constructed in Chap. 2, the model of the space propulsion system (containing 17 thrusters) was programmed in the Modelica language.
Simulation Analysis of the Operation of the Gel Propulsion System
Authors: Huang Minchao , Cheng Yuqiang , Dai Jia , Li Jian
Published: October 2024

Gel propellant is a viscous non-Newtonian fluid. Only when the pressure of the storage tank is high enough can the gel propellant flow rapidly in the supply pipeline.
Sulforaphane substantially impedes testicular ferroptosis in adult rats exposed to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate through activation of NRF-2/SLC7A11/GPX-4 trajectory
Authors: Elseweidy Mohammed M. , Harb Nouran G. , Ali Abdelmoniem A. , El-Aziz Reda M. Abd , Elrashidy Rania A.
Published: October 2024

Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is a common plasticizer with a deleterious impact on testicular functionality and male fertility. Growing evidence implicates ferroptosis as one of the plausible mechanisms for DEHP-induced testicular injury. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural isothiocyanate displaying beneficial effects on testicular injury in several animal models. Herein, we explored the potential protective effect of SFN on testicular ferroptosis and toxicity evoked by DEHP. Adult male Wistar rats were equally distributed into three groups (n = 6/group): (i) CON group; (ii) DEHP group, received DEHP (2 g/kg PO) for 4 weeks; and (iii) DEHP + SFN group, received SFN (10 mg/kg, PO) 1 week prior to DEHP then concurrently with DEHP for further 4 weeks. Compared to CON group, exposure to DEHP caused testicular atrophy, deteriorated testicular architecture, testicular fibrosis, reduced sperm count and motility, higher sperm deformity, and declined serum testosterone level. All these abnormalities were ameliorated by SFN preconditioning. Additionally, pretreatment with SFN reversed the increased aromatase level and upregulated the steroidogenic markers in testes of DEHP-exposed rats. SFN pretreatment also counteracted DEHP-induced oxidative stress and boosted the total antioxidant capacity in testicular tissue via activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF-2) and its downstream target, hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1). Moreover, SFN preconditioning mitigated DEHP-induced ferroptosis through up-surging SLC7A11, GPX-4, and GSH, while suppressing iron overload and ACSL4-induced lipid peroxidation in testicular tissue of rats. These findings may nominate SFN as a promising protective intervention to alleviate testicular ferroptosis associated with DEHP exposure through activation of NRF-2/SLC7A11/GPX-4 trajectory.
Paper-based isotachophoretic preconcentration technique for low-cost determination of glyphosate
Authors: Franck Nicolás , Stopper Pascal , Ude Lukas , Urteaga Raul , Kler Pablo A. , Huhn Carolin
Published: October 2024

Electrophoretic microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (e-µPADs) are promising for low-cost and portable technologies, but quantitative detection remains challenging. In this study, we develop a paper-based isotachophoretic preconcentration and separation method for the herbicide glyphosate as a model analyte. The device, consisting of two electrode chambers filled with leading and terminating electrolytes and a nitrocellulose strip as the separation carrier, was illuminated by a flat light source and operated with a voltage supply of 400 V. Detection was accomplished using a simple camera. Colorimetric detection was optimized through competitive complexation between glyphosate, copper ions, and pyrocatechol violet as a dye. The buffer system was optimized using simulations, (i) ensuring the pH was optimal for the demetallation of the blue pyrocatechol violet-copper complex [PV] to the yellow free dye and (ii) ensuring the electrophoretic migration of glyphosate into the slower [PV] for the colorimetric reaction. A new data evaluation method is presented, analyzing the RGB channel intensities. The linear range was between 0.8 and 25 µM, with a LOD of approximately 0.8 µM. The ITP separation preconcentrated glyphosate by a factor of 820 in numerical simulations. The method may be applied to control glyphosate formulations, especially in developing countries where herbicide sales and applications are poorly regulated.

Graphical Abstract
T1 signal intensity ratio correlation with T1 mapping in pediatric pancreatitis
Authors: Debnath Pradipta , Tkach Jean , Saad Michelle , Vitale David S. , Abu-El-Haija Maisam , Trout Andrew T.
Published: October 2024

Purpose

Our primary purpose was to understand the correlation between pancreas T1-weighted signal intensity ratio (SIR) and T1 relaxation time in children. We also sought to characterize differences in T1 SIR between children without and with pancreatitis.

Methods

Retrospective study of patients < 18-years-old. SIR-pancreas:spleen (SIR-PS) and SIR-pancreas:paraspinal muscle (SIR-PM) were generated from T1-weighted gradient recalled echo images. Subdivided by field strength, T1 SIR was correlated (Spearman’s) with T1 relaxation time.

Results

220 participants were included, 144 imaged at 1.5T (mean: 11.4 ± 4.2 years) and 76 imaged at 3T (mean: 10.9 ± 4.5 years). At 1.5T, SIR-PS (rho=-0.62, 95% CI: -0.71 to -0.51, p < 0.0001) and SIR-PM (rho=-0.57, 95% CI: -0.67 to -0.45, p < 0.0001) moderately negatively correlated with T1 relaxation time. At 3T, correlations between T1 SIR and T1 relaxation time were moderate (rho=-0.40 to -0.43, p ≤ 0.0003). SIR-PS was significantly different between patient groups at 1.5T (p < 0.0001) with pairwise differences between: normal vs. acute on chronic pancreatitis (1.52 vs. 1.13; p < 0.0001). SIR-PM was also significantly different between groups at 1.5T (p < 0.0001) with differences between: normal vs. acute pancreatitis (1.65 vs. 1.40; p = 0.0006), normal vs. acute on chronic pancreatitis (1.65 vs. 1.18; p < 0.0001), and normal vs. chronic pancreatitis (1.65 vs. 1.52; p = 0.0066). A SIR-PS cut-off of ≤ 1.31 had 44% sensitivity and 95% specificity and SIR-PM cut-off of ≤ 1.53 had 69% sensitivity and 70% specificity for pancreatitis. At 3T, SIR-PS was significantly different between groups (p = 0.033) but without significant pairwise differences.

Conclusion

At 1.5T pancreas T1 SIR moderately to strongly correlates with estimated T1 relaxation time and is significantly lower in children with pancreatitis.
Advancing Reduction Mammaplasty Surgery: Advancements and Outcomes with Tumescent Local Anaesthesia
Authors: Arrica Giovanni , Tettamanzi Matilde , Ziani Federico , Filigheddu Edoardo , Trignano Claudia , Rubino Corrado , Trignano Emilio
Published: September 2024

Background

Tumescent local anaesthesia (TLA) is a method of anaesthesia used for surgical procedures that involves the infusion of a saline solution containing lidocaine, sodium bicarbonate, and epinephrine. This anaesthetic technique is designed to achieve both vasoconstriction and anaesthesia. In this article, we present a modified TLA protocol specifically adapted for reduction mammaplasty, based on an analysis of clinical case histories collected over the past few years.

Methods

During the period from 2012 to 2022, we performed a reduction mammaplasty procedure in 120 patients employing tumescent local anaesthesia (TLA). The composition of the tumescent solution included 25 mL of 2% lidocaine, 8 mEq of sodium bicarbonate, and 1 mL of epinephrine (1 mg/1 mL) in 1000 mL of 0.9% saline solution. The solution was injected diffusely throughout the mammary gland.

Results

The average volume of tumescent solution infiltrated during TLA was 350 mL per breast. There were no cases of adrenaline or lidocaine toxicity, and no patients required conversion to general anaesthesia. No patient received sedation. Patients reported no pain or discomfort during pre-operative infiltration or during surgery.

No reinterventions were necessary because of short-term complications. Among the complications, there were 4 cases of hematoma (3,3%), 3 cases of seroma (2,55%), 10 cases of wound dehiscence (8,3%), 5 cases of asymmetry (4,1%), 9 cases of T-junction breakdown (7,5%), 2 cases of (partial) nipple necrosis (1,6%), and 3 cases of liponecrosis (2,5%).

No cases of infection or total nipple-areola loss were reported. The follow-up period was between 30 days and 1 year.

Conclusions

Reduction mammaplasty is a viable surgical option for women with macromastia seeking to enhance their physiognomy. It is imperative that patients fully understand the potential benefits and risks associated with the procedure and consult with healthcare professionals specialising in this field.

The use of tumescent local anaesthesia (TLA) has been confirmed as a safe and effective methodology to perform reduction mammaplasty, ensuring adequate pain control with minimal post-operative complications and resulting in a high degree of patient satisfaction.

Level of Evidence IV

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
A missense mutation in the barley Xan-h gene encoding the Mg-chelatase subunit I leads to a viable pale green line with reduced daily transpiration rate
Authors: Persello Andrea , Tadini Luca , Rotasperti Lisa , Ballabio Federico , Tagliani Andrea , Torricella Viola , Jahns Peter , Dalal Ahan , Moshelion Menachem , Camilloni Carlo , Rosignoli Serena , Hansson Mats , Cattivelli Luigi , Horner David S. , Rossini Laura , Tondelli Alessandro , Salvi Silvio , Pesaresi Paolo
Published: September 2024

Key message

The barley mutant xan-h.chli-1 shows phenotypic features, such as reduced leaf chlorophyll content and daily transpiration rate, typical of wild barley accessions and landraces adapted to arid climatic conditions.

The pale green trait, i.e. reduced chlorophyll content, has been shown to increase the efficiency of photosynthesis and biomass accumulation when photosynthetic microorganisms and tobacco plants are cultivated at high densities. Here, we assess the effects of reducing leaf chlorophyll content in barley by altering the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway (CBP). To this end, we have isolated and characterised the pale green barley mutant xan-h.chli-1, which carries a missense mutation in the Xan-h gene for subunit I of Mg-chelatase (HvCHLI), the first enzyme in the CBP. Intriguingly, xan-h.chli-1 is the only known viable homozygous mutant at the Xan-h locus in barley. The Arg298Lys amino-acid substitution in the ATP-binding cleft causes a slight decrease in HvCHLI protein abundance and a marked reduction in Mg-chelatase activity. Under controlled growth conditions, mutant plants display reduced accumulation of antenna and photosystem core subunits, together with reduced photosystem II yield relative to wild-type under moderate illumination, and consistently higher than wild-type levels at high light intensities. Moreover, the reduced content of leaf chlorophyll is associated with a stable reduction in daily transpiration rate, and slight decreases in total biomass accumulation and water-use efficiency, reminiscent of phenotypic features of wild barley accessions and landraces that thrive under arid climatic conditions.
Investigating the effects of a cryptic splice site in the En2 splice acceptor sequence used in the IKMC knockout-first alleles
Authors: Nair Prerna , Steel Karen P. , Lewis Morag A.
Published: October 2024

Targeted mouse mutants are a common tool used to investigate gene function. The International Knockout Mouse Consortium undertook a large-scale screen of mouse mutants, making use of the knockout-first allele design that contains the En2 splice acceptor sequence coupled to the lacZ reporter gene. Although the knockout-first allele was designed to interfere with splicing and thus disrupt gene function, the En2 sequence has been reported to be transcribed within the host gene mRNA due to a cryptic splice site within the En2 sequence which allows splicing to the next exon of the host gene. In some circumstances, this has the potential to permit translation of a mutant protein. Here, we describe our computational analysis of all the mouse protein-coding genes with established knockout-first embryonic stem cell lines, and our predictions of their transcription outcome should the En2 sequence be included. As part of the large-scale mutagenesis program, mutant mice underwent a broad phenotyping screen, and their phenotypes are available. No wide-scale effects on mouse phenotypes reported were found as a result of the predicted En2 insertion. However, the En2 insertion was found experimentally in the transcripts of 24 of 35 mutant alleles examined, including the five already described, two with evidence of readthrough. Splicing from the cryptic splice site also has the potential to disrupt expression of the lacZ reporter gene. It is recommended that mutant transcripts be checked for this insertion as well as for leaky transcription in studies involving knockout-first alleles.
Heterodyne background-oriented schlieren for the measurement of thermoacoustic oscillations in flames
Authors: Tasmany Sami , Kaiser Daniel , Woisetschläger Jakob , Gürtler Johannes , Kuschmierz Robert , Czarske Jürgen
Published: October 2024

In aircraft engines, thermoacoustic oscillations in the combustion chamber contribute significantly to noise emissions, which, like all other emissions, must be drastically reduced. Thermoacoustic oscillations are not only a concern, they can also be beneficial in hydrogen combustion. This work demonstrates that thermoacoustic density oscillations with amplitudes at least an order of magnitude smaller than those resulting from density gradients in a turbulent flame can be detected using laser interferometric vibrometry. This improvement was made possible by heterodyning a carrier fringe system in background-oriented schlieren (BOS) recordings, which were subsequently analyzed using techniques commonly used for holographic interferometry. In comparison with other BOS evaluation techniques, the filtering of the individual frames in the Fourier domain offers a more efficient computational approach, as it allows for phase averaging of a high number of single recordings to reduce noise from turbulence. To address fringe pattern distortions and cross talk in the Fourier domain, which both have been observed by other authors, we propose background subtraction methods and an optimized background pattern. Additionally, the procedure provides a visualization tool for marking the high turbulence regions of heat release by the variations in fringe amplitude. Finally, the line-of-sight data are reconstructed using the inverse Abel transform, with the data calibrated by laser interferometric techniques, resulting in local values for density oscillations.

Graphical abstract
Evaluation of spatial resolution effects in rough wall-bounded turbulence
Authors: Xia Y. , Chung D. , Marusic I. , Hutchins N. , Abu Rowin W.
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the impact of insufficient spanwise spatial resolution on the measurement accuracy of streamwise velocity fluctuations over rough walls. We use a direct numerical simulation (DNS) database of turbulent open-channel flow over three-dimensional sinusoidal roughness with varied wavelengths and roughness heights. Employing a triple decomposition, we investigate both the attenuation of the turbulent fluctuations (about the local mean), $$u^\prime$$

u
′

and the dispersive stresses (roughness-induced fluctuations of the time-averaged mean about the global mean), $${\tilde{U}}$$

U
~

. A boxcar filter on DNS data is applied to investigate the effects of spanwise spatial filtering on these quantities. Our analysis reveals the significance of two key length-scale ratios for velocity measurements over rough walls: the wire length relative to the spatially and temporally plane-averaged Kolmogorov scale at the roughness crest ($$l/\langle \eta \rangle _k$$

l
/

⟨
η
⟩

k

), and the wire length relative to the roughness spanwise wavelength ($$l/\Lambda _y$$

l
/

Λ
y

). We observe that maintaining $$l/\langle \eta \rangle _k$$

l
/

⟨
η
⟩

k

constant while increasing $$l/\Lambda _y$$

l
/

Λ
y

attenuates the variance of $${\tilde{U}}$$

U
~

and $$u^\prime$$

u
′

within the roughness sublayer. When fixing $$l/\Lambda _y$$

l
/

Λ
y

, an increase in $$l/\langle \eta \rangle _k$$

l
/

⟨
η
⟩

k

influences the turbulent fluctuations across all wall-normal locations. These findings highlight the necessity of considering both length scales when evaluating spanwise spatial resolution in turbulence measurements over rough walls.
Integrated rather than organic farming history facilitates soil nitrogen turnover and N2O reduction in a green rye – silage maize cropping sequence
Authors: Khan Fawad , Franco-Luesma Samuel , Dannenmann Michael Ulrich , Gasche Rainer , Gattinger Andreas , Hartmann Frederik , Tobisch Beatrice , Kiese Ralf , Wolf Benjamin
Published: October 2024

Soil gross mineral N production and consumption processes are crucial regulators of plant productivity and N loss from croplands. Substituting synthetic fertilizers by integrating legumes in cultivation systems is common in organic farming, but research on its long-term impact on dynamics of gross soil N transformation and associated environmental N loss is scarce. In particular, studies at a temporal resolution that allows for a mechanistic understanding of long-term effects of organic farming are missing. Therefore, we determined gross N turnover rates of ammonification, nitrification, and ammonium and nitrate immobilization at monthly temporal resolution during a full green rye-maize cropping sequence. Measurements were carried out at sites with same pedo-climatic background but organic farming (OF) and integrated farming (IF) history. During green rye growing, N turnover rates for OF and IF were low and not significantly different, likely owing to low temperatures. During silage maize growing, IF exhibited significantly higher average N turnover rates of 1.86, 4.46, and 5.57 mg N kg⁻1 dry soil d⁻1 for gross ammonification, ammonium immobilization, and nitrate immobilization, respectively, compared to OF values of 1.11, 1.80, and 2.90 mg N kg⁻1 dry soil d⁻1. The significantly higher N turnover rates were likely due to higher soil organic C, N and microbial biomass which result from different long-term management practices. Especially the increased immobilization potential on the IF site contributed to significantly lower area-scaled N₂O emissions (1.45 vs. 4.36 kg N ha⁻1) during periods of high nitrification. This shows that for low SOC soils, integrated farming history with high C return enhances soil N cycling and reduces the risk of N losses in the form of N2O emission.
The combination of transarterial chemoembolization and microwave ablation is superior to microwave ablation alone for liver metastases from colorectal cancer
Authors: Vogl Thomas J. , Stefan Hannah , Gruber-Rouh Tatjana , Trojan Jörg , Bechstein Wolf Otto , Bielfeldt John , Adwan Hamzah
Published: October 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to compare the combination therapy of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and microwave ablation (MWA) with MWA alone in treating liver metastases from colorectal cancer (LMCRC).

Materials and methods

In this retrospective study, a total of 251 patients with unresectable and not to chemotherapy responding LMCRC were included. Group A consisted of 184 patients (104 male and 80 females; mean age: 64 ± 11.4 years) with 442 metastases who received a combination of TACE and MWA. A total of 67 patients (49 male and 18 females; mean age: 63.2 ± 11.8 years) with 173 metastases patients were included in group B, who received only MWA. Parameters assessed were local tumor progression (LTP), hepatic distant tumor progression (hDTP), hepatic progression-free survival (hPFS), and overall survival (OS).

Results

The rate of LTP was 4.9% in group A and 4.5% in group B (p-value: 0.062). The rate of hDTP was 71.7% and 83.6% for groups A and B (p-value: 0.81), respectively. The mean hPFS was 13.8 months (95% CI 10.9–16.8) for group A and 8.1 months (95% CI 6.1–10.1) for group B (p-value: 0.03). The median OS time for group A was 30 months (95% CI 26–34), with 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-year OS rates of 84.2%, 61.1%, 40.8% and 31.3%, respectively. In group B however, the median OS time was 26 months (95% CI 18–34) with 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-year OS rates of 82.3%, 53.2%, 34.6% and 28.2%, respectively (p-value: 0.67).

Conclusion

The combination therapy of TACE and MWA is superior to the monotherapy of MWA for LMCRC, especially regarding hDTP, hPFS and OS.
Trametinib in combination with hydroxychloroquine or palbociclib in advanced metastatic pancreatic cancer: data from a retrospective, multicentric cohort (AIO AIO-TF/PAK-0123)
Authors: Witte David , Pretzell Ina , Reissig Timm M , Stein Alexander , Velthaus Janna-Lisa , Alig Annabel , Bohnenberger Hanibal , Knödler Maren , Kurreck Annika , Sulzer Sabrina , Beyer Georg , Dorman Klara , Fröhlich Tabea , Hegenberg Stefanie , Lugnier Celine , Saborowski Anna , Vogel Arndt , Lange Sebastian , Reichert Maximilian , Flade Franziska , Klaas Lioba , Utpatel Kirsten , Becker Heiko , Bleckmann Annalen , Wethmar Klaus , Reinacher-Schick Anke , Westphalen Christoph Benedikt
Published: October 2024

Background

Preclinical models of pancreatic cancer (PDAC) suggest a synergistic role for combined MEK and autophagy signaling inhibition, as well as MEK and CDK4/6 pathway targeting. Several case reports implicate clinical activity of the combination of either trametinib and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in patients with KRAS-mutant PDAC or trametinib with CDK4/6 inhibitors in patients with KRAS and CDKN2A/B alterations. However, prospective data from clinical trials is lacking. Here, we aim to provide clinical evidence regarding the use of these experimental regimens in the setting of dedicated precision oncology programs.

Methods

In this retrospective case series, PDAC patients who received either trametinib/HCQ (THCQ) or trametinib/palbociclib (TP) were retrospectively identified across 11 participating cancer centers in Germany.

Results

Overall, 34 patients were identified. 19 patients received THCQ, and 15 received TP, respectively. In patients treated with THCQ, the median duration of treatment was 46 days, median progression-free survival (PFS) was 52 days and median overall survival (OS) was 68 days. In the THCQ subgroup, all patients evaluable for response (13/19) had progressive disease (PD) within 100 days. In the TP subgroup, the median duration of treatment was 60 days, median PFS was 56 days and median OS was 195 days. In the TP subgroup, 9/15 patients were evaluable for response, of which 1/9 showed a partial response (PR) while 8/9 had PD. One patient achieved a clinical benefit despite progression under TP.

Conclusion

THCQ and TP are not effective in patients with advanced PDAC harboring KRAS mutations or alterations in MAPK/CDKN2A/B.
Integrating palliative care into multiple myeloma management
Authors: Rüsing Lina , Brunbauer Christina , Michel Clara Sophie , Wenzel Claudia , Bauer Philipp , Vospernik Lea , Rabensteiner Julia , Adamidis Feroniki , Baer Joachim , Ecker Franziska , Kum Lea , Agis Hermine , Masel Eva Katharina , Krauth Maria Theresa
Published: September 2024

Background

Multiple myeloma (MM) poses significant challenges due to its complex symptomatology and evolving treatment landscape. While therapeutic advances have improved survival outcomes, holistic management of MM requires addressing the numerous physical and psychosocial needs of patients. Palliative care (PC) offers a comprehensive approach to symptom management and supportive care on a physical, psychosocial and spiritual level; however, its role in MM remains underexplored.

Methods

This retrospective single-center study examines the outcome of 22 MM patients admitted to the Division of Palliative Medicine at the Medical University of Vienna. We investigated reasons for admission, symptom severity, functional status, length of stay and overall survival.

Results

Most common reasons for palliative care unit (PCU) admission were nutritional problems (82%), fatigue (77%) and pain (68%). Median ECOG score at PCU admission was 3. The timepoint within the timeline of myeloma disease at which hospitalization took place varied greatly. Some patients were hospitalized shortly after diagnosis, other patients after many years of active disease and therapy. Median time from MM initial diagnosis to first PCU stay was 4.3 years (range 0.6–23.8 years). The median length of hospital (PCU) stay was 11 days (range 1–127days) and 45% of patients died during PCU hospitalization. The reduction in symptom burden as a result of the inpatient stay in the PCU is reflected in the PERS2ON score, which was measured on the day of admission (median 23 days, range 6–32 days) and on the day of discharge (median 16 days, range 7–20 days).

Conclusion

PC interventions effectively addressed the complex symptom burden experienced by patients with MM. Multidimensional approaches encompassing physical, psychological and social domains proved instrumental in optimizing quality of life. Integrating PC principles into MM management paradigms is essential to prioritize patient-centered care across the disease continuum.
Investigating the impact of urban development on the activation of a paleolandslide. A case study from Pissouri, Cyprus
Authors: Tzampoglou Ploutarchos , Loukidis Dimitrios , Karlas Epameinondas , Tolomei Cristiano , Svigkas Nikos , Pezzo Giuseppe , Koulermou Niki , Anastasiades Aristodemos , Loupasakis Constantinos
Published: October 2024

The present study investigates the reactivation of a paleolandslide due to the expansion of a community in an area covered by plastic Pliocene marls in the southwestern part of Cyprus. The landslide, which takes place in an area with gently sloping ground and relatively shallow water table, affects more than 100 residential buildings. In the context of the study, building damages and ground surface ruptures were mapped through field work campaigns. Remote sensing data from InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) analysis were evaluated in conjunction with available geological, geotechnical and hydrogeological data. Subsequently, the landslide was backanalyzed using the finite element method to examine possible failure mechanism scenarios and shed light on the influence of potential triggering factors. The results indicate that the paleolandslide has been almost fully reactivated, with the main cause of the reactivation being the rising of the phreatic water table due to long-term discharges of wastewater through the absorption pits of the residential developments. The water table rise was further amplified by rainwater infiltration during rainy years. According to the backanalysis results, the slip surface follows the bedding planes of weak marl horizons with residual friction angle of the order of 10°.
Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins in metastasis and their potential use as prognostic and therapeutic targets
Authors: Bacon Jasmine M. , Jones Johanna L. , Liu Guei-Sheung , Dickinson Joanne L. , Raspin Kelsie
Published: October 2024

The mitochondrion is an essential cell organelle known as the powerhouse of the cell. Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins (MRPs) are nuclear encoded, synthesised in the cytoplasm but perform their main functions in the mitochondria, which includes translation, transcription, cell death and maintenance. However, MRPs have also been implicated in cancer, particularly advanced disease and metastasis across a broad range of cancer types, where they play a central role in cell survival and progression. For some, their altered expression has been investigated as potential prognostic markers, and/or therapeutic targets, which is the focus of this review. Several therapies targeting MRPs are currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for use in other diseases, revealing the opportunity for repurposing their use in advanced and metastatic cancer. Herein, we review the evidence supporting key MRPs as molecular drivers of advanced disease in multiple cancer types. We also highlight promising avenues for future use of MRPs as precision targets in the treatment of late-stage cancers for which there are currently very limited effective treatment options.
Chitosan coatings reinforced with cellulose crystals and oregano essential oil as antimicrobial protection against the microbiological contamination of stone sculptures
Authors: Silva Nádia C. , Madureira Ana Raquel , Pintado Manuela , Moreira Patrícia R.
Published: October 2024

The proliferation of microorganisms in outdoor stone sculptures and cultural objects can damage the structure and aesthetics of the materials through biodeterioration mechanisms. Biocides and synthetic products are often used to prevent this phenomenon, despite their negative impact on the environment and human health. Less toxic alternatives with reduced environmental impact can be an option for the preventive conservation of stone sculptures to reduce the environmental impact. In this work, chitosan formulations reinforced with two types of cellulose crystals (microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) or cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)) and with or without citric acid and sodium tripolyphosphate were prepared. The films obtained with these formulations showed low solubility, and those only containing MCC or CNCs had the lowest wettability. The formulation containing 2% (w/v) MCC was selected for further analysis and supplemented with oregano essential oil (OEO) at 1% (v/v) and 2% (v/v), exhibiting low solubility, swelling and wettability when polymerised in film form. Inoculation of the films with Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Rhodotorula spp. resulted in total or partial inhibition of their growth, as well as a 60–100% reduction in Penicillium chrysogenum growth, depending on the concentration of OEO. The formulation with 2% (v/v) OEO was applied to samples of granite, marble and limestone, forming a protective, yet irregular coating on their surfaces. The wettability of the stones’ surfaces was reduced without becoming completely water-repellent and the coating did not cause visible colour changes.