bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel and highly efficient polymerization of sulfomethylated alkaline lignins via alkyl chain cross-linking method
Authors: Hong Nanlong , Yu Wei , Xue Yuyuan , Zeng Weimei , Huang Jinhao , Xie Wenqin , Qiu Xueqing , Li Yuan
Published: August 2015

A new family of water-soluble lignosulfonate polymers with ultrahigh molecular weight (Mw) was developed based on alkali lignin (AL) as starting material in a one-pot reaction in two steps: sulfomethylation of AL as raw material led to AL-S and this material was subsequently cross-linked via alkylation with 1,6-dibromohexane (alkAL-S). Gel permeation chromatography showed a significant increase of Mw from 5200 Da of AL-S to 201 000 Da of alkAL-S with high degree of alkylation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and functional group analysis confirmed the efficient polymerization by a nucleophilic substitution reaction mechanism. Additionally, alkAL-S with high Mw showed unexpected viscosity-reducing effect, stability and good rheological properties on a low-rank coal-water slurry (CWS), which are even better than those obtained by naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde (NSF) as additive. The adsorption properties of the new products were also characterized via a quartz crystal microbalance combined with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D method). Cross-linked structure, large steric hindrance from high Mw and suitable amphiphilic properties of alkAL-S polymers contribute together to the highly improved dispersion performances for CWS.
Prevalence and correlates of the perpetration of cyberbullying among in-school adolescents in Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Olumide Adesola O. , Adams Patricia , Amodu Olukemi K.
Published: August 2015

Objective: Cyberharassment/cyberbullying is a global problem that has been inadequately investigated in developing countries. In this paper, we present findings on the prevalence and predictors of perpetration of cyberbullying among in-school adolescents in Oyo state, Nigeria.

Methods: A total of 653 students were selected via multi-stage sampling. Information on history of perpetrating harassment via an electronic medium in the 3-month period preceding the survey was obtained.

Results: Respondents’ mean age was 14.2±2.2 years and 51.3% were females. All respondents had personal mobile phones and about half had Internet access. About 40% accessed the Internet every day while about 48% accessed it at least once to several times a week and <5% accessed it about once every 2 weeks. One hundred and fifty-six (23.9%) had harassed someone electronically, 260 (39.8%) had been victimized, and 137 (21.0%) were both victims and perpetrators. Common modes of harassment were via phone calls 99 (63.5%), chat rooms 70 (44.9%), and text messages 60 (38.5%). Students who had been victims of cyberbullying (OR=21.76, 95% CI=12.64–37.47) and those with daily Internet access (OR=2.32, 95% CI=1.28–4.19) had significantly higher Oods of being perpetrators.

Conclusion: About a quarter of students were perpetrators of cyberbullying, and the correlates of perpetration were history of cyber victimization and daily Internet access. Intervention programs must be instituted for victims as well as frequent users of the Internet to curb the problem in the study area.
A multipoint Birkhoff type boundary value problem
Authors: Costabile Francesco A. , Napoli Anna
Published: August 2015

A multipoint boundary value problem is considered. The existence and uniqueness of solution is proved. Then, for the numerical solution, a general collocation method is proposed.Numerical experiments confirm theoretical results.
Checklist of amphibians and reptiles of the state of Durango, México
Authors: Lares Rosaura Valdez , Martínez Raúl Muñiz , Gadsden Héctor , León Gustavo Aguirre , Gaytán Gamaliel Castañeda , Trápaga Rolando González
Published: August 2015

We compiled a list of the herpetofauna of the state of Durango, México, based on published records. The checklist contains 151 species (33 amphibians and 118 reptiles) allocated to one or more of the four major ecoregions of the state. We identified many gaps in the current knowledge of the herpetofauna of Durango, concerning the number of species and their distribution in the state, and hence, further surveys and taxonomic studies are needed to improve the completeness of this checklist.
Flowering plants of the Grota do Angico Natural Monument, Caatinga of Sergipe, Brazil
Authors: Silva Ana Cecília Da Cruz , Prata Ana Paula Do Nascimento , Mello Anabel Aparecida de
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this study was to survey the Angiosperms from an area of Caatinga, in the Grota do Angico Natural Monument, state of Sergipe, Brazil. A total of 174 species and 51 families were registered. Fabaceae (29 species) is the family with the highest number of species, followed by Asteraceae (11), Euphorbiaceae (10), Malvaceae and Poaceae (9 each) and Rubiaceae (8), Bromeliaceae, Cactaceae and Convolvulaceae (7 each). Most species are herbaceous (55.2%), followed by trees (20.7%), shrubs and vines (7.5% each), subshrubs (6.3%), epiphytes (1.7%) and hemiparasites (1.2%). Approximately 17% (30 species) of the flora are endemic to the Caatinga, one species is rare and two are vulnerable. Our results reinforce the importance of conserving the remaining forest vegetation against the anthropic pressure.
Notes on the Chilean geographic distribution of several vascular plant species
Authors: Pfanzelt Simon , García Carolina , Marticorena Alicia
Published: August 2015

New collections extend the Chilean geographic distributions of five native and one endemic vascular plant species: Coriaria ruscifolia L. (Coriariaceae), Fascicularia bicolor (Ruiz and Pav.) Mez subsp. canaliculata E.C. Nelson and Zizka (Bromeliaceae), Drapetes muscosus Lam. (Thymelaeaceae), Phyllachne uliginosa J.R. Forst. and G. Forst (Stylidiaceae), Saxifragella bicuspidata (Hook.f.) Engl., and Saxifragodes albowiana (Kurtz ex Albov) D.M. Moore (both Saxifragaceae). Species descriptions, distribution maps, and figures are presented. Distribution patterns are discussed in light of biogeographic implications.
New record of Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Carnivora: Felidae) in the Caatinga of the state of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil
Authors: Kaminski Nicholas , Brandt Ana Paula , Sampaio Daniele Santana , Fay Katelyn , Pereira Luiz Cezar Machado , Nicola Patricia Avello
Published: August 2015

The ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) has a wide geographic distribution. However, in Brazil, there is still a lack of information on their population status and, in the Caatinga, little is known about its occurrence. This paper aims to register the new occurrence of Leopardus pardalis in the State of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil.
First record of expansive Ceratium Schrank, 1793 species (Dinophyceae) in Southern Brazil, with notes on their dispersive patterns in Brazilian environments
Authors: Cavalcante Kaoli Pereira , Zanotelli Juliana Conte , Müller Carla Cristine , Scherer Karen Dornelles , Frizzo Juliana Karl , Ludwig Thelma Alvim Veiga , Cardoso Luciana De Souza
Published: August 2015

Ceratium Schrank is a planktonic dinoflagellate ubiquitous in temperate and subtropical freshwater environments from Northern Hemisphere. Over the past two decades, Ceratium species have been recorded in South American water bodies, with expansive behavior and fast colonization. This study registered C. furcoides (Levander) Langhans and C. hirundinella (O. F. Müller) Dujardin for the first time in South Brazil. Ceratium furcoides was found in samples from States of Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul and C. hirundinella occurred only in the southernmost Brazil. No co-occurrence of these species was detected on samples. The morphological variation, as well as the dispersal patterns of these species in Brazilian environments, is discussed based on LM and SEM analyses.
Craspedacusta cf. sowerbii Lankester, 1880 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Limnomedusae): new record for the middle plateau region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Authors: Savaris Marcoandre , Lampert Silvana , Haddad Maria Angélica
Published: August 2015

This study reports a new record of Craspedacusta cf. sowerbii for the Municipality of Passo Fundo, located in the central plateau region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The C. cf. sowerbii specimens were collected in May 2010 in an artificial lake formed by the flooding of a former basaltic quarry. The lake is 665 m above sea level and its surface area measures around 25.000 m2. Its crystalline water is linked by the Miranda creek to the Passo Fundo River, part of the Uruguay River basin.
Optical Probe Thermometry Using Optically Trapped Erbium Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Johnson Samuel C. , Baral Susil , Alaulamie Arwa A. , Richardson Hugh H.
Published: August 2015

A new thermal imaging technique is characterized that uses an optically trapped erbium oxide nanoparticle cluster of approximately 150 nm. This technique can measure absolute temperature and has an imaging spatial resolution of the trapped particle. Scanning optical probe thermometry has been used to thermally image a cluster of gold nanowires that were excited with the trapping laser. Following a deconvolution of the measured thermal profile, a point spread function of the imaging technique has been determined to be a Gaussian with a FWHM of 165 nm. This width is a function of the clustering of Er2O3nanoparticles used to image the nanowire. Optical probe thermometry has further been used to measure the temperature of nucleation events where a dichotomy of temperature for nucleated water occurs from degassed water and native water. Degassed water has been measured to nucleate at 555K confirming water adjacent to the gold nanoparticle superheats to the spinodal decomposition temperature before nucleating into a water vapor bubble. Following this event, the temperature inside the vapor bubble rises to the melting point of the gold nanoparticle, 1300 K which is followed by temperature stabilization. The rapid and significant temperature increase is attributed to the loss of a thermal dissipation pathway, to the surrounding water, previously available to the gold nanoparticle due to the insulator nature of the growing vapor envelope around the gold nanoparticle.
Chitosan-alginate Hybrid Scaffolds for in Vitro Bone Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Li Zhensheng , Ramay Hassna R. , Hauch Kip D. , Zhang Miqin
Published: August 2015

This paper reports the development of a biodegradable porous scaffold made from naturally derived chitosan and alginate polymers for bone tissue engineering. The scaffold has a 3-D interconnected porous structure and was fabricated through thermally induced phase separation. The mechanical test showed that the scaffold has compressive strength of 0.46 ± 0.02 MPa — about 4 times that of the pure chitosan scaffold. The cell-material interaction study indicated that osteoblast cells seeded on the chitosan-alginate scaffold attach and proliferate well. The mineral deposition occurred after 3 days of culture and formed large chunks after 7 days. The chitosan-alginate scaffold was also found to have desirable swelling property and was structurally stable in solutions of different pH. The chitosan-alginate scaffold can be prepared from solutions of neutral pH allowing growth factors to be incorporated homogeneously into the scaffold for sustained release. This research demonstrated a technique by which a polymer-based biodegradable scaffold can be made to have high porosity up to 92% and excellent mechanical and biological properties.
Mirza Muhammad Nasir Fursat al-Dawla and the Archaeology of Iranian Archaeology
Authors: Szántó Iván
Published: August 2015

Unlike other related studies which are focusing on either excavations or excavators, this essay explores some aspects of the early development of archaeology in Islamic Iran as a particular moment in intellectual history. In particular, the study is aimed at discussing the elusive turning point between traditional antiquarianism and modern archaeology which occurred some time during the mid-Qajar period (1860s and 1870s). Less emphasis is laid on the first foreign archaeological work in Iran as it is discussed in more detail elsewhere. Instead, the study will address how these foreign investigations affected the growing local awareness of the surrounding vestiges of Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Iran and how these led to local experiments in archaeological research. Mirza Muhammad Nasir Fursat al-Dawla, a protagonist in this process, will serve as a case study: his surveys, writings, drawings, and—sometimes contradictory—interpretations will serve to trace the first steps towards the modern Iranian appropriation of ancient heritage.
UK nuclear and fossil fuel energy infrastructure climate risks
Authors: Byers Edward A. , Amezaga Jaime M.
Published: August 2015

The energy sector’s importance as critical national infrastructure means that the sector has been long prepared for disruptions, of which weather-related disruptions are generally well understood. Climate change means changing mean operating conditions, new and more frequent extremes and changing risk profiles. These changes have the potential to disrupt operations, while others may have long-term effects on the performance of infrastructure. This paper reviews the current knowledge base surrounding climate impacts on the infrastructure and operations of the nuclear, coal, oil and gas subsectors. We also present assessment of ‘confidence in the science’. The risks identified within the Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA) were comprehensive; however, we note areas in need of further investigation. Risks to upstream oil and gas are not covered in detail, and risks to new energy systems, in particular carbon capture and storage and unconventional fossil fuels, are not covered at all. Their detailed consideration in the next CCRA is recommended, alongside more systems approaches to risk assessment of the UK energy system.
Features of enteric insufficiency syndrome in patients with widespread peritonitis
Authors: Takha Kh D , Allniazi A E , Amakhanov A K , Inyutin A S
Published: August 2015

Aim. To access the features of enteric insufficiency syndrome in patients with widespread peritonitis.
Methods. The survey of 98 patients with purulent peritonitis was performed. Enteric insufficiency syndrome severity was graded considering the stage of peritonitis treatment. The level of procalcitonin as a marker of sepsis was measured. Changes of abdominal index were analyzed.
Results. I grade of enteric insufficiency syndrome was found in 21 (21.4%) patients, II grade - in 47 (48%), III grade - in 30 (30.6%) of cases. Only enteric insufficiency syndrome grades I and II were registered in patients with reactive stage of peritonitis. At toxic stage of widespread peritonitis, II grade of enteric insufficiency syndrome prevailed and was registered in 60.8% of all cases (31 patients); III grade was diagnosed in 27.4% of cases (14 patients). At terminal stage of peritonitis, III grade of enteric insufficiency syndrome was diagnosed in 80% of patients, II degree - in 20%. In patients of the study sample, regardless of the stage of peritonitis and enteric insufficiency syndrome degree, average levels of procalcitonin were above normal, indicating the bacterial nature of intoxication. Abdominal index did not exceed 7 in patients with I grade of enteric insufficiency syndrome, 8-13 - in grade II, over 13 - in grade III.
Conclusion. A direct correlation between the enteric insufficiency syndrome and the severity of peritonitis was revealed; procalcitonin level is closely related to the severity of peritonitis and enteric insufficiency; there is a correlation between increased values of abdominal index and worsening of bowel function (r=1.841, p
The influence of chronic psycho-emotional stress on cognitive function
Authors: Lutskiy I S , Lutskiy E I
Published: August 2015

Aim. The influence of the chronic psycho-emotional stress on the cognitive function was studied.
Methods. 160 railroad engineers of main-line locomotives, whose occupation is acknowledged to be one of the most stressful, were examined. 100 healthy volunteers were examined as a control group. A scale of psychological tension PSM-25 was used to evaluate the effect of the stress. Neurohumoral response to stress was studied by the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, defining adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol and corticosterone concentrations. Cognitive functions were examined by the neuropsychological tests: Schulte tables, F. Grobov tables, Burdon correction tests. Attention assessment was emphasized due to railroad engineer’s profession specifics. Result. The reaction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis depended on the duration of chronic psycho-emotional stress: resistance period with reduced levels of the stress hormones in the next 5-7 years replaced the period of activation in the first years (with increased production of adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol and corticosterone). The reactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis occurred after 12-15 years. Neuropsychological tests revealed that the effect of chronic psycho-emotional stress was accompanied by decreased cognitive functions compared to controls. Time for passing the tests and the number of errors increased, productivity, stability and attention concentration dropped. The term of cognitive function disorders onset and their severity depend on chronic psycho-emotional stress duration. The extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761, 240 mg per day for three months) intake has significantly improved the results of neuropsychological retests.
Conclusion. Chronic psycho-emotional stress leads to deterioration of cognitive functions, and, in particular, attention. The use of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) extract is rational for treatment of cognitive malfunction.
Diagnostics and treatment of congenital heart diseases in newborns
Authors: Mirolyubov L M , Petrushenko D Yu , Kalinicheva J B , Sabirova D R
Published: August 2015

Aim. Early detection and timely appropriate surgical treatment of congenital heart disease in order to reduce infant mortality.

Methods. The algorithm was designed for the prediction of critical conditions in congenital heart disease in newborns. The algorithm is simple to use, because it does not set a pediatrician-neonatologist a difficult task for the accurate diagnosis of congenital heart disease, but leads physician from the syndromic diagnosis to a certain group of diseases and, therefore, appropriate strategy of patient treatment and management. The algorithm combines both syndromes and hemodynamic conditions causing them. The conditions are divided into fetal-dependent and fetal-independent, which determines the time of surgery. The questionnaire consisting of a series of questions with multiple choice answers helps the doctor to see into the symptoms and syndromes. The questions are made in a way to emphasize the certain signs, the details of medical history and disease progression to pediatricians. It is important to notice that 13 out of 20 questions are based on the medical history and clinical picture, 7 questions are based on the test results such as electrocardiography, radiography, and do not include echocardiography.

Results. Since 2000, the questionnaire was implemented in the Republic of Tatarstan as a recommended diagnostic algorithm for examining newborns with congenital heart disease. Since 2003, the questionnaire and algorithm for prediction of the critical conditions was introduced by the order №867 of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan «On measures to improve health care in congenital heart disease in children». Remote consultations with maternity hospitals are strictly based on them. They carry a certain training load, and when doctors pronounce aloud all the items of the test, the examination algorithm gradually becomes automatic.

Conclusion. During 13 years of using the proposed diagnostic algorithm for congenital heart disease with physiological rationale for palliative care and timely terms of surgery, the mortality rate from congenital heart disease in the Republic of Tatarstan has significantly dropped.
Organization of specialized care for children with cardiovascular diseases at the republican heart center in Republic of Bashkortostan
Authors: Nikolaeva I E , Rayanova R R , Yakovleva L V , Shaybakova L R , Onegov D V , Khabibullin I M
Published: August 2015

The organization of cardiologic and cardio surgical care for children and adolescents in Republican Heart Center of Republic of Bashkortostan is characterized. The hospital has a united block for providing specialized medical care. Departments of cardio surgery, pediatric cardiology and intensive care unit №1 are based on the same floor. The advantages of staged approach and continuity of care for children and adolescents with cardiovascular diseases is emphasized. Registers for prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart diseases (includes 7894 children and adolescents by December 31, 2012), for pulmonary hypertension are developed and used in the Republican Heart Center for timely cardio surgery in patients with congenital heart diseases. The main directions of medical care for children with cardiovascular diseases in Republic heart center are cardiac surgery of congenital heart diseases, pediatric cardiology, radiosurgery of congenital heart diseases, emergency cardiology and cardiac surgery, and neonatal cardiac surgery. 4500 cardiovascular surgeries are performed annually, including 398 on children aged 0-17 years, among them 224 on assisted circulation. Department of cardio surgery annually performs about 100 surgeries on infant patients with «critical» congenital heart diseases, contributing up to 35% of all children who underwent surgery, including 30 surgeries per year on newborns. The outpatient clinics examines over 15 thousand children per year. The basis of the successful maintaining the public health is good teamwork of highly specialized professionals in the atmosphere of a clear motivation, enthusiasm and high morals.
The role of serotonergic system in cardiovascular diseases development in children
Authors: Sadykova D I , Nigmatullina R R , Aflyatumova G N
Published: August 2015

The role of the serotonin system as a link in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and arterial hypertension is widely discussed during the recent decades. Serotonin and histamine are part of humoral system of physiological processes regulators and modulators which under pathological conditions are transformed into factors contributing to the disease development. The membrane serotonin transporter has been identified on neurons, platelets, myocardium and smooth muscle cells. The higher is the activity of membrane transporter, the higher is the platelet serotonin concentration, its release into the blood plasma increases thus implementing its negative effects on platelets and wall of the vessels. 5-HT1A, 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptor subtypes play a key role in the central mechanisms of regulation of cardiovascular activities while peripheral effects of serotonin on the vascular system are mediated by 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3, 5-HT4 and 5-HT7 receptor subtypes. Activation of 5-HT1A receptors causes inhibition of central sympathetic influences and further bradycardia, while 5-HT2 receptors activation - arousal of the sympathetic division, blood pressure elevation, and tachycardia. With the development of anaerobic processes serotonin via 5-HT2 receptors triggers apoptosis of cardiomyocytes leading to the development and progression of heart failure. Participation of 5HT2B receptors in the regulation of heart development during embryogenesis was shown on the mutant mice: cardiomyopathy with ventricular mass loss due to reduction of cardiomyocytes number and size was revealed. The involvement of 5-HT4 receptors in the development of sinus tachycardia and atrial fibrillation; in turn, the use of 5-HT4 receptor antagonists proved to be effective in the treatment of this kind of arrhythmias. Therefore, the study of the serotonergic system role in the development of cardiovascular diseases will allow to open new links in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension in childhood.
Diagnóstico do uso de ferramentas de gestão por proprietários rurais de Uberlândia - MG.
Authors: Lisboa Fernando Caixeta , Medeiros Matheus Henrique , Peixoto Jéssica Laura Miranda , Gouveia Leôncio Campos , Do Nascimento Washington Ribeiro
Published: August 2015

O produtor rural deve se adequar, na tentativa de tornar-se consciente da gestão de sua propriedade rural, pois um melhor gerenciamento resulta em maior lucratividade e em menor custo de produção. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um diagnóstico do uso de ferramentas de gestão por produtores rurais do município de Uberlândia – MG.  Para tanto, realizou-se a aplicação de formulários estruturados a 23 produtores rurais da referida localidade, através de pesquisa de campo, obtendo-se assim, panoramas quanto ao uso destas ferramentas. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de aprimoramento e do uso das ferramentas de gestão utilizada pelos proprietários rurais entrevistados. Detectou-se, ainda, a necessidade de abertura de um curso para esclarecimento do uso dessas ferramentas.
Advances in restoration ecology: rising to the challenges of the coming decades
Authors: Perring Michael P. , Standish Rachel J. , Price Jodi N. , Craig Michael D. , Erickson Todd E. , Ruthrof Katinka X. , Whiteley Andrew S. , Valentine Leonie E. , Hobbs Richard J.
Published: August 2015

Simultaneous environmental changes challenge biodiversity persistence and human wellbeing. The science and practice of restoration ecology, in collaboration with other disciplines, can contribute to overcoming these challenges. This endeavor requires a solid conceptual foundation based in empirical research which confronts, tests and influences theoretical developments. We review conceptual developments in restoration ecology over the last 30 years. We frame our review in the context of changing restoration goals which reflect increased societal awareness of the scale of environmental degradation and the recognition that inter‐disciplinary approaches are needed to tackle environmental problems. Restoration ecology now encompasses facilitative interactions and network dynamics, trophic cascades, and above‐ and belowground linkages. It operates in a non‐equilibrium, alternative states framework, at the landscape scale, and in response to changing environmental, economic and social conditions. Progress has been marked by conceptual advances in the fields of trait‐environment relationships, community assembly, and understanding the links between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Conceptual and practical advances have been enhanced by applying evolving technologies, including treatments to increase seed germination and overcome recruitment bottlenecks, high throughput DNA sequencing to elucidate soil community structure and function, and advances in satellite technology and GPS tracking to monitor habitat use. The synthesis of these technologies with systematic reviews of context dependencies in restoration success, model based analyses and consideration of complex socio‐ecological systems will allow generalizations to inform evidence based interventions. Ongoing challenges include setting realistic, socially acceptable goals for restoration under changing environmental conditions, and prioritizing actions in an increasingly space‐competitive world. Ethical questions also surround the use of genetically modified material, translocations, taxon substitutions, and de‐extinction, in restoration ecology. Addressing these issues, as the Ecological Society of America looks to its next century, will require current and future generations of researchers and practitioners, including economists, engineers, philosophers, landscape architects, social scientists and restoration ecologists, to work together with communities and governments to rise to the environmental challenges of the coming decades.
On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die‐off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene
Authors: Allen Craig D. , Breshears David D. , McDowell Nate G.
Published: August 2015

Patterns, mechanisms, projections, and consequences of tree mortality and associated broad‐scale forest die‐off due to drought accompanied by warmer temperatures—“hotter drought”, an emerging characteristic of the Anthropocene—are the focus of rapidly expanding literature. Despite recent observational, experimental, and modeling studies suggesting increased vulnerability of trees to hotter drought and associated pests and pathogens, substantial debate remains among research, management and policy‐making communities regarding future tree mortality risks. We summarize key mortality‐relevant findings, differentiating between those implying lesser versus greater levels of vulnerability. Evidence suggesting lesser vulnerability includes forest benefits of elevated [CO2] and increased water‐use efficiency; observed and modeled increases in forest growth and canopy greening; widespread increases in woody‐plant biomass, density, and extent; compensatory physiological, morphological, and genetic mechanisms; dampening ecological feedbacks; and potential mitigation by forest management. In contrast, recent studies document more rapid mortality under hotter drought due to negative tree physiological responses and accelerated biotic attacks. Additional evidence suggesting greater vulnerability includes rising background mortality rates; projected increases in drought frequency, intensity, and duration; limitations of vegetation models such as inadequately represented mortality processes; warming feedbacks from die‐off; and wildfire synergies. Grouping these findings we identify ten contrasting perspectives that shape the vulnerability debate but have not been discussed collectively. We also present a set of global vulnerability drivers that are known with high confidence: (1) droughts eventually occur everywhere; (2) warming produces hotter droughts; (3) atmospheric moisture demand increases nonlinearly with temperature during drought; (4) mortality can occur faster in hotter drought, consistent with fundamental physiology; (5) shorter droughts occur more frequently than longer droughts and can become lethal under warming, increasing the frequency of lethal drought nonlinearly; and (6) mortality happens rapidly relative to growth intervals needed for forest recovery. These high‐confidence drivers, in concert with research supporting greater vulnerability perspectives, support an overall viewpoint of greater forest vulnerability globally. We surmise that mortality vulnerability is being discounted in part due to difficulties in predicting threshold responses to extreme climate events. Given the profound ecological and societal implications of underestimating global vulnerability to hotter drought, we highlight urgent challenges for research, management, and policy‐making communities.
Direct and indirect effects of climate change on soil microbial and soil microbial‐plant interactions: What lies ahead?
Authors: Classen Aimée T. , Sundqvist Maja K. , Henning Jeremiah A. , Newman Gregory S. , Moore Jessica A. M. , Cregger Melissa A. , Moorhead Leigh C. , Patterson Courtney M.
Published: August 2015

Global change is altering species distributions and thus interactions among organisms. Organisms live in concert with thousands of other species, some beneficial, some pathogenic, some which have little to no effect in complex communities. Since natural communities are composed of organisms with very different life history traits and dispersal ability it is unlikely they will all respond to climatic change in a similar way. Disjuncts in plant‐pollinator and plant‐herbivore interactions under global change have been relatively well described, but plant‐soil microorganism and soil microbe‐microbe relationships have received less attention. Since soil microorganisms regulate nutrient transformations, provide plants with nutrients, allow co‐existence among neighbors, and control plant populations, changes in soil microorganism‐plant interactions could have significant ramifications for plant community composition and ecosystem function. In this paper we explore how climatic change affects soil microbes and soil microbe‐plant interactions directly and indirectly, discuss what we see as emerging and exciting questions and areas for future research, and discuss what ramifications changes in these interactions may have on the composition and function of ecosystems.
The Influence of Glycated Hemoglobin on the Cross Susceptibility Between Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontal Disease
Authors: Lappin David F. , Robertson Douglas , Hodge Penny , Treagus David , Awang Raja A. , Ramage Gordon , Nile Christopher J.
Published: August 2015

Background: Periodontal disease is a major complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between glycated hemoglobin and circulating levels of interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, and C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5) in non‐smoking patients suffering from T1DM, with and without periodontitis. In addition, to determine the effect of advanced glycation end products (AGE) in the presence and absence of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on IL‐6, IL‐8, and CXCL5 expression by THP‐1 monocytes and OKF6/TERT‐2 cells.

Methods: There were 104 participants in the study: 19 healthy volunteers, 23 patients with periodontitis, 28 patients with T1DM, and 34 patients with T1DM and periodontitis. Levels of blood glucose/glycated hemoglobin (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry [IFCC]) were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Levels of IL‐6, IL‐8, and CXCL5 in plasma were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In vitro stimulation of OKF6/TERT‐2 cells and THP‐1 monocytes was performed with combinations of AGE and P. gingivalis LPS. Changes in expression of IL‐6, IL‐8, and CXCL5 were monitored by ELISA and real‐time polymerase chain reaction.

Results: Patients with diabetes and periodontitis had higher plasma levels of IL‐8 than patients with periodontitis alone. Plasma levels of IL‐8 correlated significantly with IFCC units, clinical probing depth, and attachment loss. AGE and LPS, alone or in combination, stimulated IL‐6, IL‐8, and CXCL5 expression in both OKF6/TERT‐2 cells and THP‐1 monocytes.

Conclusions: Elevated plasma levels of IL‐8 potentially contribute to the cross‐susceptibility between periodontitis and T1DM. P. gingivalis LPS and AGE in combination caused significantly greater expression of IL‐6, IL‐8, and CXCL5 from THP‐1 monocytes and OKF6/TERT‐2 cells than LPS alone.
Iterative Learning Control of Power Flow Calculation
Authors: Zhang Yinjun , Su Jianhuan
Published: August 2015

The paper analyzes the flow calculation of power system, using iterative learning algorithm to calculation the
power flow, compare with traditional improving Newton etc. algorithm, Iterative learning algorithm has fast convergence
can also be to achieve a high precision tracking. In this paper convergence of the algorithm is global, and gives control of
the convergence conditions and rigorous theoretical proof.
Retraction: Barczak T, Debek-Jankowska A, Bennewicz J. Primary parasitoid and hyperparasitoid guilds (Hymenoptera) of grain aphid (Sitobion avenae F.) in northern Poland. Arch Biol Sci. 2015;67(2):695-703, DOI:10.2298/ABS140915038B
Authors: Editorial E
Published: August 2015

Due to a printing error the same paper has been published in the Archives of Biological Sciences Volume 66, Issue 3, 2014, DOI: 10.2298/ABS1403141B. We apologize to the readers of the journal.

 Link to the retracted article 10.2298/ABS140915038B
Enhancing Student Experience and Performance through Peer-Assisted Learning
Authors: Sudhakar Adriel , Tyler Jonathan , Wakefield James
Published: August 2015

This study examines the effectiveness of an online peer review forum (forum). The study allows comparisons to be made between different forum scenarios. The forum was introduced, over a series of semesters, in a first-year accounting screencast assignment: from no forum, to an optional forum, to a compulsory forum. Students indicated that the compulsory forum, underpinned by more structured guidelines for providing feedback, was more beneficial in facilitating improvement in their assignment quality and learning outcomes. We observed improved student performance where a forum was made available. This result is stronger where the use of the forum was optional relative to where it was compulsory. We surmise that this was caused by a higher proportion of exemplar screencasts being posted by more motivated and confident students in the optional forum, creating higher perceived expectations across the total student population. Our findings suggest that more structured feedback through the forum does not necessarily lead to higher performance, even though students value more structured constructive and critical comments as part of their learning experience. These findings highlight the importance of carefully considering forum design and assessment guidelines when embarking on peer review learning initiatives.
Impact of Diabetic Complications on Balance and Falls: Contribution of the Vestibular System
Authors: D'Silva Linda J. , Lin James , Staecker Hinrich , Whitney Susan L. , Kluding Patricia M.
Published: August 2015

Diabetes causes many complications, including retinopathy and peripheral neuropathy, which are well understood as contributing to gait instability and falls. A less understood complication of diabetes is the effect on the vestibular system. The vestibular system contributes significantly to balance in static and dynamic conditions by providing spatially orienting information. It is noteworthy that diabetes has been reported to affect vestibular function in both animal and clinical studies. Pathophysiological changes in peripheral and central vestibular structures due to diabetes have been noted. Vestibular dysfunction is associated with impaired balance and a higher risk of falls. As the prevalence of diabetes increases, so does the potential for falls due to diabetic complications. The purpose of this perspective article is to present evidence on the pathophysiology of diabetes-related complications and their influence on balance and falls, with specific attention to emerging evidence of vestibular dysfunction due to diabetes. Understanding this relationship may be useful for screening (by physical therapists) for possible vestibular dysfunction in people with diabetes and for further developing and testing the efficacy of interventions to reduce falls in this population.
Study of Hyperkyphosis, Exercise and Function (SHEAF) Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Multimodal Spine-Strengthening Exercise in Older Adults With Hyperkyphosis
Authors: Katzman Wendy B. , Vittinghoff Eric , Kado Deborah M. , Schafer Anne L. , Wong Shirley S. , Gladin Amy , Lane Nancy E.
Published: August 2015

Background

Hyperkyphosis negatively affects health status, physical mobility, and quality of life, but there is no standard protocol for treating people with hyperkyphosis. Treatment options include targeted exercise.

Objectives

This single-site randomized controlled trial (RCT) will determine the efficacy of a targeted multimodal spine-strengthening exercise program, compared with no exercise intervention, among community-dwelling men and women aged ≥60 years.

Design

The RCT is a parallel-group design, with 1:1 randomization to exercise and attentional control groups.

Setting

The study will be conducted at one primary site (one academic medical center partnered with one local community medical center).

Participants

One hundred men and women, aged ≥60 years, with thoracic kyphosis ≥40 degrees will be randomized.

Intervention

The targeted multimodal spine-strengthening exercise intervention includes exercise and postural training delivered by a physical therapist in a group of 10 participants, 3 times a week for 6 months. Controls receive monthly health education meetings in a group of 10 participants and monthly calls from the study coordinator to monitor physical activity and any adverse events.

Measurements

The primary outcome is change in Cobb angle of kyphosis measured from lateral spine radiographs at baseline and 6 months. Secondary outcomes include change in physical function (assessed with the modified Physical Performance Test, Timed “Up & Go” Test, timed loaded standing, 4-m walk, and Six-Minute Walk Test) and health-related quality of life (assessed with the modified Scoliosis Research Society instrument [SRS-30] self-image domain and Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System [PROMIS] global health and physical function indexes). Additional secondary outcomes include pain, physical activity level, spinal flexion and extension muscle strength, paraspinal extensor muscle density, and adverse events.

Limitations

Blinding of the participants and instructors providing the intervention is not possible.

Conclusions

The efficacy of a high-quality, adequately powered exercise intervention in men and women with kyphosis ≥40 degrees will be evaluated to determine whether targeted multimodal spine-strengthening exercise reduces hyperkyphosis in older adults and improves important secondary outcomes of physical function and health-related quality of life.
Intermodal Network Model of Coal Distribution in the United States
Authors: Blandford Benjamin , Grossardt Ted , Shouse Michael , Ripy John
Published: August 2015

This paper describes an intermodal network model based on the geographic information system for the shipment of coal in the United States. The research contributes to a better understanding of a portion of the energy transportation system and how rail, water, and highway are integrated to deliver energy goods. Coal movements were modeled across the network with the Energy Information Administration's 2010 data, providing detailed origin, destination, primary mode, and volume information for coal movements in the United States. The model identifies the optimum routes for coal shipments on the basis of a rate structure that accounts for the relative costs of shipping by each of the modes. The model results reveal the wide distribution of Powder River Basin coal, with a market area that reaches across the West and the Midwest. Both Texas and Illinois, the two largest coal consumers by state, derive virtually all their coal from the West or from within state. Appalachian Basin coal serves domestic and export markets primarily in the east and southeastern United States. Only the Ohio River provides significant movement of Central Appalachian Basin coal to the West and the South. The presented research demonstrates the potential for integrated models to accommodate energy-related or similar data. The model is a tool freight planners can use to identify energy transportation corridors of significance. Results from this model can inform efforts related to the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act for developing a national freight network and a national freight strategic plan.
Could Subsidies for Maritime Freight Transportation Achieve Social and Environmental Benefits?
Authors: Tsamboulas Dimitrios , Chiappetta Andrea , Moraiti Panayota , Karousos Iosif
Published: August 2015

The Ecobonus financial incentive was launched by the Italian government to enhance the shift of freight from road to maritime transportation, specifically to Motorways of the Sea, established by the European Union. Ecobonus is a financial scheme for trucks that allocates a subsidy directly to operators that use combined road and maritime transportation services, instead of the increasingly congested road network. An innovative way to incentivize intermodality in line with free-market rules, the scheme provides a direct means for financially internalizing nonuser benefits for several sea routes identified as eligible. Positive results were achieved following its implementation in 2007 to 2009, and so it merits further attention. In the absence of related research, the paper develops a methodology whose main objective is to examine whether the introduction of Ecobonus on a particular intermodal road–maritime route is worthy of the required public subsidy, while quantifying the national income that it generates and its other benefits to society's welfare. The proposed approach sets up a forecasting model to estimate the potential modal shift generated. A socioeconomic appraisal of the subsidy follows, with emphasis on the appropriate estimation of related user and nonuser benefits. The proposed methodology is a valuable guiding tool for determining the viability of the incentive and its related benefits to intermodal routes of choice and for investigating the effect of similar national policy interventions through financial subsidies.
Optical coherence tomography of traumatic aneurysms of the internal carotid artery: report of 2 cases
Authors: Griessenauer Christoph J. , Foreman Paul M. , Deveikis John P. , Harrigan Mark R.
Published: August 2015

The pathophysiology of extracranial traumatic aneurysm formation has not been fully elucidated. Intraarterial optical coherence tomography (OCT), an imaging modality capable of micrometer cross-sectional resolution, was used to evaluate patients presenting with saccular traumatic aneurysms of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Two consecutive trauma patients diagnosed with saccular traumatic aneurysms of the cervical ICA, per the institutional screening protocol for traumatic cerebrovascular injury, underwent digital subtraction angiography (DSA) with OCT. Optical coherence tomography demonstrated disruption of the intima with preservation and stretching of the more peripheral layers. In 1 patient the traumatic aneurysm was associated with thrombus formation and a separate, more proximal dissection not visible on CT angiography (CTA) or DSA. Imaging with OCT indicates that saccular traumatic aneurysms may develop from disruption of the intima with at least partial preservation of the media and adventitia. This provides in vivo evidence that saccular traumatic aneurysms result from a partial arterial wall tear rather than complete disruption. Interestingly, OCT was also able to detect arterial injury and thrombi not visible on CTA or DSA.
Current and Prospective Methods for Plant Disease Detection
Authors: Fang Yi , Ramasamy Ramaraja
Published: August 2015

Food losses due to crop infections from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and fungi are persistent issues in agriculture for centuries across the globe. In order to minimize the disease induced damage in crops during growth, harvest and postharvest processing, as well as to maximize productivity and ensure agricultural sustainability, advanced disease detection and prevention in crops are imperative. This paper reviews the direct and indirect disease identification methods currently used in agriculture. Laboratory-based techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunofluorescence (IF), fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry (FCM) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) are some of the direct detection methods. Indirect methods include thermography, fluorescence imaging and hyperspectral techniques. Finally, the review also provides a comprehensive overview of biosensors based on highly selective bio-recognition elements such as enzyme, antibody, DNA/RNA and bacteriophage as a new tool for the early identification of crop diseases.