bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Succinct Encoding of Binary Strings Representing Triangulations
Authors: Fuentes-Sepúlveda José , Seco Diego , Viaña Raquel
Published: August 2021

We consider the problem of designing a succinct data structure for representing the connectivity of planar triangulations. The main result is a new succinct encoding achieving the information-theory optimal bound of 3.24 bits per vertex, while allowing efficient navigation. Our representation is based on the bijection of Poulalhon and Schaeffer (Algorithmica, 46(3):505–527, 2006) that defines a mapping between planar triangulations and a special class of spanning trees, called PS-trees. The proposed solution differs from previous approaches in that operations in planar triangulations are reduced to operations in particular parentheses sequences encoding PS-trees. Existing methods to handle balanced parentheses sequences have to be combined and extended to operate on such specific sequences, essentially for retrieving matching elements. The new encoding supports extracting the d neighbors of a query vertex in O(d) time and testing adjacency between two vertices in O(1) time. Additionally, we provide an implementation of our proposed data structure. In the experimental evaluation, our representation reaches up to 7.35 bits per vertex, improving the space usage of state-of-the-art implementations for planar embeddings.
The Secret Smiles of Things: Sartre’s Realism Reconsidered
Authors: Gusman Simon
Published: August 2021

In this article, I argue against a widespread misconception concerning the nature of things in Sartre’s philosophy. Sartre’s conception of the nature of things concerns the idea that outside of consciousness a single undifferentiated mass of brute being exists which is divided into definitive things by consciousness. I propose a different reading of Sartre’s realism. Such a reading is based primarily on Nausea, Being and Nothingness and Consciousness of Self and Knowledge of Self states that, contra common conception, there is no brute being outside of consciousness, but rather, a vast multitude of different things.
A general protocol for distributed quantum gates
Authors: Sarvaghad-Moghaddam Moein , Zomorodi Mariam
Published: August 2021

In distributed quantum computation, quantum remote-controlled gates are used frequently and applied on separate nodes or subsystems of a network. One of the universal and well-known controlled gates is the n-qubit controlled-NOT gate, especially Toffoli gate for the case of three qubits, which are frequently used to synthesize quantum circuits. In this paper, we considered a more general case, an n-qubit controlled-U gate, and present a general protocol for implementing these gates remotely with minimum required resources. Then, the proposed method is applied to implement a Toffoli gate in bipartite and tripartite systems. In this method, we considered cases in which a group of qubits belongs to one subsystem of the network. Then, we improved its consumption resources.
Prediction of interwell connectivity and interference degree between production wells in a tight gas reservoir
Authors: Gong Mingze , Zhang Jinliang , Yan Zhaoxun , Wang Jinkai
Published: August 2021

Sulige gas field has poor reservoir physical properties and strong heterogeneity. The existing development well pattern is difficult to realize the overall effective production of reserves, especially in block SuX. Therefore, this paper takes SuX block in the east of Sulige as an example to describe an effective method suitable for the development of well pattern in this area. Combined with logging and production data, the connectivity of gas wells in X infill area in the east of Sulige is determined from the aspects of pressure, sand body, logging, performance and well test. By using the method of dynamic and static analysis, the connectivity between wells of main gas reservoir is judged. Through the analysis of flow unit, the discharge area and the stable value of well-controlled reserves are determined. The degree of interference determined by curve fitting and the distribution characteristics of sand bodies are comprehensively analyzed. A new oil well interference degree model defined by mathematical expression of production is established. The interference degree is quantified by gas production through numerical simulation. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the connectivity, interference degree and other factors in the area, it is determined that 500 * 600 well pattern is a reasonable well pattern in SuX block, and the interference degree is about 20%. Based on the analysis of the connectivity between wells and the interference degree between production wells in SuX block, the distribution and connectivity of sand bodies in tight sandstone gas field under complex geological conditions are determined. It provides a reasonable basis for the network encryption development of tight sandstone gas in this block. It provides a powerful technical support for the efficient development of different tight gas reservoirs in Sulige area.
Recognizing the best intervals for hydraulic fracturing using a new fracability index
Authors: Amiri Hamed , Ramezanzadeh Ahmad , Chamanzad Mohamadali , Parhizgar Mohammadreza
Published: August 2021

The first phase of any hydraulic fracturing (HF) operation is to select carefully the best layers and wells based on a specific set of criteria. Selecting HF candidates plays a pivotal role in achieving the desired objective such that any attempt to execute this treatment fails without performing comprehensive studies in this regard. In this paper, data from 3 wells in a fractured carbonate reservoir in one of the biggest oilfields of Iran are studied for selecting the best HF candidate. Of these wells, which are comprised of 45 evaluated layers, the best candidate wells/layers are selected from a geomechanical point of view. Initially, a new fracability index appropriate for carbonate reservoirs, namely total fracability index (TFI), is defined. This index integrates mechanical properties and horizontal stresses into an equation. In the next step, four main criteria, namely layer thickness, TFI, natural fractures state (including orientation and density), and fracture confinement, are employed to choose the candidate layers in the wells. Lastly, having used these criteria and analytic hierarchy process, candidate intervals are selected and a hydraulic fracturing simulation model (P3D) is used for evaluation.
Analysis of the influence of joint direction on production optimization in enhanced geothermal systems
Authors: Eyinla Dorcas S.
Published: August 2021

Heat extraction from geothermal reservoir by circulating cold water into a hot rock requires an amount of fluid pressure, which is capable of inducing fault opening. Although stress change promotes the potential of fault failure and reactivation, the rate at which fluid pressurization within the fault zone generates variations in pore pressure as fault geometry changes during geothermal energy production have not been thoroughly addressed to include the effects of joint orientation. This study examines how different fault/joint models result in different tendency of injection-induced shear failure, and how this could influence the production rate. Here, a numerical simulation method is adopted to investigate the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) response of the various fault/joint models during production in a geothermal reservoir. The results indicate that pore pressure evolution has a direct relationship with the evolution of production rate for the three joint models examined, and the stress sensitivity of the individual fault/joint model also produced an effect on the production rate. Changing the position of the injection well revealed that the magnitude of shear failure on the fault plane could be controlled by the hydraulic diffusivity of fluid pressure, and the production rate is also influenced by the magnitude of stress change at the injection and production wells. Overall, the location of the injection well along with the fault damage zone significantly influenced the resulting production rate, but a more dominating factor is the joint orientation with respect to the maximum principal stress direction. Thus, the rate of thermal drawdown is affected by pore pressure elevation and stress change while the fault permeability and the production rate are enhanced when the joint’s frictional resistance is low.
A bootstrapping approach to social media quantification
Authors: Daughton Ashlynn R. , Paul Michael J.
Published: August 2021

This work considers the use of classifiers in a downstream aggregation task estimating class proportions, such as estimating the percentage of reviews for a movie with positive sentiment. We derive the bias and variance of the class proportion estimator when taking classification error into account to determine how to best trade off different error types when tuning a classifier for these tasks. Additionally, we propose a method for constructing confidence intervals that correctly adjusts for classification error when estimating these statistics. We conduct experiments on four document classification tasks comparing our methods to prior approaches across classifier thresholds, sample sizes, and label distributions. Prior approaches have focused on providing the most accurate point estimate while this work focuses on the creation of correct confidence intervals that appropriately account for classifier error. Compared to the prior approaches, our methods provide lower error and more accurate confidence intervals.
Experimental technique to analyze the influence of cutting conditions on specific energy consumption during abrasive metal cutting with thin discs
Authors: Awan Muhammad Rizwan , Rojas Hernán A. González , Benavides José I. Perat , Hameed Saqib
Published: August 2021

Specific energy consumption is an important indicator for a better understanding of the machinability of materials. The present study aims to estimate the specific energy consumption for abrasive metal cutting with ultra-thin discs at comparatively low and medium feed rates. Using an experimental technique, the cutting power was measured at four predefined feed rates for S235JR, intermetallic Fe-Al(40%), and C45K with different thermal treatments. The variation in the specific energy consumption with the material removal rate was analyzed through an empirical model, which enabled us to distinguish three phenomena of energy dissipation during material removal. The thermal treatment and mechanical properties of materials have a significant impact on the energy consumption pattern, its corresponding components, and cutting power. Ductile materials consume more specific cutting energy than brittle materials. The specific cutting energy is the minimum energy required to remove the material, and plowing energy is found to be the most significant phenomenon of energy dissipation.
Influence of anchorage length and pretension on the working resistance of rock bolt based on its tensile characteristics
Authors: Chang Jucai , He Kai , Pang Dongdong , Li Dong , Li Chuanming , Sun Bingjun
Published: August 2021

In coal mining roadway support design, the working resistance of the rock bolt is the key factor affecting its maximum support load. Effective improvement of the working resistance is of great significance to roadway support. Based on the rock bolt’s tensile characteristics and the mining roadway surrounding rock deformation, a mechanical model for calculating the working resistance of the rock bolt was established and solved. Taking the mining roadway of the 17102 (3) working face at the Panji No. 3 Coal Mine of China as a research site, with a quadrilateral section roadway, the influence of pretension and anchorage length on the working resistance of high-strength and ordinary rock bolts in the middle and corner of the roadway is studied. The results show that when the bolt is in the elastic stage, increasing the pretension and anchorage length can effectively improve the working resistance. When the bolt is in the yield and strain-strengthening stages, increasing the pretension and anchorage length cannot effectively improve the working resistance. The influence of pretension and anchorage length on the ordinary and high-strength bolts is similar. The ordinary bolt’s working resistance is approximately 25 kN less than that of the high-strength bolt. When pretension and anchorage length are considered separately, the best pretensions of the high-strength bolt in the middle of the roadway side and the roadway corner are 41.55 and 104.26 kN, respectively, and the best anchorage lengths are 1.54 and 2.12 m, respectively. The best anchorage length of the ordinary bolt is the same as that of the high-strength bolt, and the best pretension for the ordinary bolt in the middle of the roadway side and at the roadway corner is 33.51 and 85.12 kN, respectively. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for supporting the design of quadrilateral mining roadways.
Simulation study of monolithic MoSe2/CIGS tandem solar cells
Authors: Zaidi B. , Shekhar C. , Hadjoudja B. , Gagui S. , Zahra S. , Saeed M. A.
Published: August 2021

This article aims to study MoSe2/CIGS tandem solar cells employing SCAPS-1D computational package based on ant colony algorithm. The simulation of Monolithic MoSe2/CIGS tandem solar cells has been implemented successfully by employing the Matlab/Simulink. The power output of the Monolithic MoSe2/CIGS tandem modules increases by the solar irradiations during the first few days of operation. The J–V characteristic and average daily energy production throughout the year has been calculated. The results show 80.71% FF and 19.29% efficiency of the solar cell. The other parameter for the MoSe2/CIGS tandem solar cell are Voc = 0.62 V; Jsc = 38.69 mA/cm2.
Velocity obstacle–based conflict resolution and recovery method
Authors: Sun F. , Chen Y. , Xu X. , Mu Y. , Wang Z.
Published: August 2021

Considering the shortcomings of current methods for real-time resolution of two-aircraft flight conflicts, a geometric optimal conflict resolution and recovery method based on the velocity obstacle method for two aircraft and a cooperative conflict resolution method for multiple aircraft are proposed. The conflict type was determined according to the relative position and velocity of the aircraft, and a corresponding conflict mitigation strategy was selected. A resolution manoeuvre and a recovery manoeuvre were performed. On the basis of a two-aircraft conflict resolution model, a multi-aircraft cooperative conflict resolution game was constructed to identify an optimal solution for maximising group welfare. The solution and recovery method is simple and effective, and no new flight conflicts are introduced during track recovery. For multi-aircraft conflict resolution, an equilibrium point that maximises the welfare function of the group was identified, and thus, an optimal strategy for multi-aircraft conflict resolution was obtained.
Weibo Users’ Emotion and Sentiment Orientation in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Gao Hao , Guo Difan , Wu Jing , Li Lina
Published: August 2021

Objective:

This study aimed to explore Chinese people’s attitudes to the official application of TCM in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment.

Methods:

We collected data referring to TCM on Weibo from 0:00 on January 24, 2020, to 23:59:59 on March 31, 2020 (Beijing time). In addition, this study used DLUT-Emotion ontology to analyze the sentiment orientation and emotions of selected data and then conducted a text analysis.

Results:

According to DLUT-Emotion ontology, we examined 3 sentiment orientations of 215,565 valid Weibo posts. Among them, 25,025 posts were judged as positive emotions, accounting for approximately 12%; 22,362 were regarded as negative emotions, accounting for approximately 10%; and 168,178 were judged as neutral emotions, accounting for approximately 78%. Results indicate that the words judged as “Good” have the highest frequency, and words marked as “Happy” have increased over time. The word frequency of “Fear” and “Sadness” showed a significant downward trend.

Conclusion:

Weibo users have a relatively positive attitude to the TCM in the COVID-19 treatment in general. Results of text analysis show that data with negative emotions is essentially an expression of public opinions to supporting TCM or not. Texts of “Fear” and “Sadness” do not reflect users’ negative attitudes to TCM.
Un encargo muy especial: George Dorsey, las necrópolis de Ancón y la Exposición Universal de Chicago de 1893
Authors: Tantaleán Henry
Published: August 2021

Se abordan las actividades arqueológicas que George Dorsey realizó en el Perú a finales del siglo diecinueve como comisionado del Departamento de Etnología de la Exposición Universal de Chicago de 1893. El objetivo principal de la comisión de Dorsey era realizar excavaciones arqueológicas y recolectar artefactos para su exhibición en dicha exposición universal. En especial se le encargó la excavación de tumbas en la necrópolis de Ancón, cuya metodología arqueológica e interpretaciones de los hallazgos se describen. Se explica el contexto histórico, institucional y personal en el cual Dorsey realizó sus actividades en el Perú y los EE.UU. Se concluye que sin entender el entramado social, económico, político e ideológico en el cual se encontraba inmerso Dorsey, no se puede comprender su rol en el surgimiento de la arqueología como disciplina científica a finales del siglo diecinueve.
Silencing of CYP6AS160 in Solenopsis invicta Buren by RNA interference enhances worker susceptibility to fipronil
Authors: Zhang Bai-Zhong , Hu Gui-Lei , Lu Liu-Yang , Chen Xi-Ling , Gao Xi-Wu
Published: August 2021

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases play a key role in pest resistance to insecticides by detoxification. Four new P450 genes, CYP6AS160, CYP6AS161, CYP4AB73 and CYP4G232 were identified from Solenopsis invicta. CYP6AS160 was highly expressed in the abdomen and its expression could be induced significantly with exposure to fipronil, whereas CYP4AB73 was not highly expressed in the abdomen and its expression could not be significantly induced following exposure to fipronil. Expression levels of CYP6AS160 and CYP4AB73 in workers were significantly higher than that in queens. RNA interference-mediated gene silencing by feeding on double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) found that the levels of this transcript decreased (by maximum to 64.6%) when they fed on CYP6AS160-specific dsRNA. Workers fed dsCYP6AS160 had significantly higher mortality after 24 h of exposure to fipronil compared to controls. Workers fed dsCYP6AS160 had reduced total P450 activity of microsomal preparations toward model substrates p-nitroanisole. However, the knockdown of a non-overexpressed P450 gene, CYP4AB73 did not lead to an increase of mortality or a decrease of total P450 activity. The knockdown effects of CYP6AS160 on worker susceptibility to fipronil, combined with our other findings, indicate that CYP6AS160 is responsible for detoxification of fipronil. Feeding insects dsRNA may be a general strategy to trigger RNA interference and may find applications in entomological research and in the control of insect pests in the field.
A historical and systematic overview of Ascaris vaccine development
Authors: Gazzinelli-Guimarães Ana Clara , Gazzinelli-Guimarães Pedro , Weatherhead Jill E.
Published: August 2021

Ascariasis is the most prevalent helminth infection in the world and leads to significant, life-long morbidity, particularly in young children. Current efforts to control and eradicate ascariasis in endemic regions have been met with significant challenges including high-rates of re-infection and potential development of anthelminthic drug resistance. Vaccines against ascariasis are a key tool that could break the transmission cycle and lead to disease eradication globally. Evolution of the Ascaris vaccine pipeline has progressed, however no vaccine product has been brought to human clinical trials to date. Advancement in recombinant protein technology may provide the first step in generating an Ascaris vaccine as well as a pan-helminthic vaccine ready for human trials. However, several roadblocks remain and investment in new technologies will be important to develop a successful human Ascaris vaccine that is critically needed to prevent significant morbidity in Ascaris-endemic regions around the world.
Preoperative monocytosis is predictable at diagnosis for RT-PCR negative COVİD-19 paediatric cardiac surgery patients
Authors: Arslanoğlu Ergin , Işık Mehmet Emirhan , Kara Kenan Abdurrahman , Yigit Fatih , Çine Nihat , Tunçer Eylem , Ceyran Hakan
Published: August 2021

Other markers investigated in this population have gained importance in the diagnosis of the disease since the course of COVID-19 disease is atypical in the paediatric population and PCR may be misleading. The leukocyte profile is one of these biochemical tests. Children did not have lymphopenia in hemogram count, whereas relatively neutropenia and monocytosis were detected, unlike the adult population. The reason why children do not have lymphopenia is thought to be due to the fact that the thymus is more active in the first years of life.

Two-hundred and four patients operated in our paediatric cardiac surgery clinic from 11March, 2020 to 1 April, 2021 were retrospectively examined and 11 patients with preoperative asymptomatic and PCR (−), but with PCR (+) in the post-operative period (patients with incubation period or false PCR negativity) were included in our study. Patients requiring emergency operation and operated from PCR (+) patients in the preoperative period were excluded from the study.

The neutrophil ratio in the lymphocytic series of 7 patients out of 11 patients was slightly below the normal range in the preoperative period, the lymphocyte ratio of 3 patients was slightly above the normal range, and the relative monocyte ratio of 10 patients was slightly above the normal range.

We think that evaluating the leukocyte profile combined with RT-PCR will give more accurate results in the diagnosis of incubation period and false RT-PCR negative patients. In addition, we believe that the algorithms for non-complex paediatric cardiac surgery procedures and timing in the paediatric population with a better course of COVID-19 disease with a positive post-operative course.
Psychoendocrinology: arginine vasopressin and resilience in patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Abdel Mawella Shereen Mohamed , Hussein Hoda Abdou , Zyada Fadia , Abdelaal Amal , Ayoub Doaa R. , Naguy Ahmed
Published: August 2021

Background

There is a burgeoning body of evidence suggesting that arginine vasopressin (AVP) acts as a neuromodulator of the stress response. AVP stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone, synergistic to corticotropin-releasing hormone, which might explain AVP’s role in resilience. Personal hardiness is the bedrock of resilience. Numerous studies have demonstrated elevated plasma levels of AVP in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), suggesting an etiopathogenetic role as well as a novel therapeutic target.

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between AVP and resilience in patients with MDD and to determine AVP levels in serum of patients with MDD.

Methods

Forty patients with MDD and 40 healthy control subjects were studied using the Dispositional Resilience (Hardiness) Scale by Barton, the Quality of Life Scale, the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Biochemical analysis of plasma levels of AVP, using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was performed for all participants.

Results

Levels of AVP were statistically significantly elevated in patients with MDD compared with healthy controls. Psychological hardiness was decreased in patients with MDD compared with healthy controls, a finding also statistically significant. There was a negative correlation between plasma AVP level and psychological hardiness.

Conclusion

AVP and psychological hardiness are negatively correlated, reflecting lower stress resilience. AVP levels are indeed higher in patients struggling with MDD.
Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, and Histochemistry ofEucalyptus tereticornis
Authors: de Brito Priscilla S. , Sabedotti Carolina , Flores Thiago B. , Raman Vijayasankar , Bussade Julia E. , Farago Paulo V. , Manfron Jane
Published: August 2021

This paper provides detailed anatomy and histochemistry of the leaves and stems ofEucalyptus tereticornisillustrated with brightfield and scanning electron microscopy. The key microscopic features that can aid in the species identification include the presence of crust-like epicuticular waxes on the leaf surfaces, platy aggregations of cluster crystals in the epidermal cells, presence of prismatic crystals in the epidermal cells, in the parenchymatous sheath in the blade and petiole, and in the cortex and pith of the stems, and leaf homogenous mesophyll consisting of palisade cells. Histochemical analyses confirmed the presence of lipophilic and phenolic compounds in the contents of secretory cavities, starch grains in the xylem parenchyma of the stem, and lignified elements in the sclerenchymatous ring adjoining the phloem and in the xylem in the leaves and stems.
WHAT'S NIETZSCHE TO EURIPIDES? THE AESTHETICS OF SUFFERING IN NIETZSCHE'SBIRTH OF TRAGEDYAND EURIPIDES’TROJAN WOMEN
Authors: Case Zachary
Published: August 2021

This article reads Nietzsche'sBirth of Tragedyin dialogue with Euripides’Trojan Women, synthesising a Nietzschean reading of Euripides’ tragedy with, as it were, a Euripidean reading of Nietzsche's theorisation of the tragic. It focuses on the way in which both texts confront the threat of nihilism in the face of human suffering and attempt to redeem or transfigure it. This is manifested internally and self- consciously in Euripides’ play through the actions of Hecuba and the chorus, who seem both to exhibit what Nietzsche might call a ‘pessimism ofstrength’, and to express Nietzsche's fundamental claim that ‘only as anaesthetic phenomenonis existence and the world eternallyjustified’. YetTrojan Womenultimately resists Nietzschean theorising – a form of critical resistance which, as it will turn out, is already anticipated by Nietzsche'sBirth of Tragedy. More than a close study of two texts, this dialogic reading also has some big implications for thinking through the relationship between philosophy and tragedy in general.
A Survey of 25 Years' Transpolar Voltage Data From the SuperDARN Radar Network and the Expanding‐Contracting Polar Cap Model
Authors: Lockwood Mike , McWilliams Kathryn A.
Published: August 2021

We use 214,410 hourly observations of transpolar voltage, ΦPC, from 25 years' observations by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radars to confirm the central tenet of the expanding‐contracting polar cap model of ionospheric convection that ΦPC responds to both dayside and nightside reconnection voltages (ΦD and ΦN). We show that ΦPC not only increases at a fixed level of the nightside auroral electrojet AL index with increasingly southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) (identifying the well‐known effect of ΦD on ΦPC) but also with increasingly negative AL at a fixed southward IMF (identifying a distinct effect of ΦN on ΦPC). We also study the variation of ΦPC with time elapsed since the IMF last pointed southward, Δt, and show that low/large values occur when (−AL) is small/large. Lower numbers of radar echoes, ne, mean that the “map‐potential” reanalysis technique used to derive ΦPC is influenced by the model used: we present a sensitivity study of the effect of the threshold of ne required to avoid this. We show that for any threshold ne, ΦPC falls to about 15 kV for Δt greater than about 15 h, indicating any viscous‐like voltage ΦV is considerably smaller than this. It is shown that both ΦPC and (−AL) increase with increased solar wind dynamic pressure pSW, but not as much as the midlatitude geomagnetic index am. We conclude pSW increases both ΦD and ΦN through increasing the magnetic shear across the relevant current sheet but has a larger effect on midlatitude geomagnetic indices because of the effect of additional energy stored in the tail lobes.
The Roles of N, S, and O in Molecular Absorption Features of Brown Carbon in PM2.5 in a Typical Semi‐Arid Megacity in Northwestern China
Authors: Zeng Yaling , Ning Yanli , Shen Zhenxing , Zhang Leiming , Zhang Tian , Lei Yali , Zhang Qian , Li Guohui , Xu Hongmei , Ho Steven Sai Hang , Cao Junji
Published: August 2021

Brown Carbon (BrC) absorbs light in wavelength of 300–400 nm, and BrC molecule (BrCM) is a fundamental component responsible for aerosol radiative forcing. In this study, Fourier‐transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR MS) coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) was used to determine methanol extracted BrCM in PM2.5 collected in Xi'an, China. The absorption of individual BrCM was quantified through partial least square regression (PLSR) method. Results showed that 77.5% and 91.8% of winter and summer BrCMs were weak absorptive. The top BrCMs were responsible for 60.4% and 84.6%, respectively, of the absorbances in summer and winter. The nitrogen (N)‐containing organic molecules were identified to be critical components of light‐absorbing matters in both of the two seasons, outlining the significance of N chromogenesis in BrC. The top BrCMs were more closely related to ‐(O)NO2 that originated from NO2 engaged reactions in winter, and to ‐NH that formed in NH3 reactions in summer. Sulfur (S)‐containing functional groups were not chromophoric while sulfur dioxide (SO2) triggered N‐containing and S‐free BrCM formations under high nitrogen oxides (NOx) concentration levels and relative humidity (RH) in winter. Hypochromicity of oxygen (O) in BrC was discovered because of the photobleaching of oxidation and weak light‐absorbing of highly oxidized molecules.
Novel cetacean morbillivirus in a rare Fraser’s dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei) stranding from Maui, Hawai‘i
Authors: West Kristi L. , Silva-Krott Ilse , Landrau-Giovannetti Nelmarie , Rotstein Dave , Saliki Jeremiah , Raverty Stephen , Nielsen Ole , Popov Vsevolod L. , Davis Nicole , Walker William A. , Subramaniam Kuttichantran , Waltzek Thomas B.
Published: August 2021

Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) is a global threat to cetaceans. We report a novel morbillivirus from a Fraser’s dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei) that stranded in Maui, Hawaii in 2018 that is dissimilar to the beaked whale morbillivirus previously identified from Hawaii and to other CeMV strains. Histopathological findings included intranuclear inclusions in bile duct epithelium, lymphoid depletion, rare syncytial cells and non-suppurative meningitis. Cerebellum and lung tissue homogenates were inoculated onto Vero.DogSLAMtag cells for virus isolation and cytopathic effects were observed, resulting in the formation of multinucleated giant cells (i.e., syncytia). Transmission electron microscopy of infected cell cultures also revealed syncytial cells with intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions of viral nucleocapsids, consistent with the ultrastructure of a morbillivirus. Samples of the cerebellum, lung, liver, spleen and lymph nodes were positive for morbillivirus using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The resulting 559 bpLgene sequence had the highest nucleotide identity (77.3%) to porpoise morbillivirus from Northern Ireland and the Netherlands. The resulting 248 bpPgene had the highest nucleotide identity to porpoise morbillivirus in Northern Ireland and the Netherlands and to a stranded Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) in Brazil (66.9%). As Fraser’s dolphins are a pelagic species that infrequently strand, a novel strain of CeMV may be circulating in the central Pacific that could have additional population impacts through transmission to other small island-associated cetacean species.
Construction of China national newborn growth standards based on a large low-risk sample
Authors: Zong Xin-Nan , Li Hui , Zhang Ya-Qin , Wu Hua-Hong , Zhao Geng-Li ,   The Working Committee of the China National Newborn Growth Standards Project, Li Hui , Zhang Ya-Qin , Zong Xin-Nan , Wu Hua-Hong , Zhao Geng-Li , Feng Qi , Wang Dan-Hua , Pan Ying , Yang Hui-Juan , Lu Bo-Zhi , Guo Ya-Jing , Xiang Xiao-Mei , Dong Min , Zhang Jing , Wei Mei , Yu Zhang-Bin , Han Shu-Ping , Zhou Ai-Fen , Zhang Ya-Qi , Guo Yong , Liu Xian , Ge Pin , Guo Fang , Zheng Jun , Tian Xiu-Ying , Lin Bei , Qiu Xiao-Mei , Yue Shao-Jie
Published: August 2021

Most published newborn growth references are based on conventional monitoring data that usually included both low- and high-risk pregnancies. We sought to develop a set of neonatal growth standards constructed from only a large sample of low-risk pregnancies. A total of 24,375 naturally conceived singleton live births with gestational ages of 24–42 weeks were collected in 69 hospitals in thirteen Chinese cities between 2015 and 2018. Unhealthy infants or those with high-risk mother were excluded. Smoothed percentile curves of six anthropometric indicators were established using the Generalized Additive Model for Location, Scale and Shape. The 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 97th percentile references for birth weight, length, head circumference, weight/length, body mass index, and ponderal index were calculated for neonates with gestational ages of 24–42 weeks. This set of neonatal growth standards with six anthropometric indicators can provide more tools for growth and nutrition assessment and body proportionality in neonatal clinical practice. These standards might also help to show the differences between growth curves based on low-risk and mixed low- and high-risk pregnancies.
Benzalkonium chloride-induced myofibroblastic transdifferentiation of Tenon’s capsule fibroblasts is inhibited by coculture with corneal epithelial cells or by interleukin-10
Authors: Yamashiro Chiemi , Tokuda Kazuhiro , Kobayashi Yuka , Higashijima Fumiaki , Yoshimoto Takuya , Ota Manami , Ogata Tadahiko , Ashimori Atsushige , Kobayashi Masaaki , Hatano Makoto , Uchi Sho-Hei , Wakuta Makiko , Teranishi Shinichiro , Kimura Kazuhiro
Published: August 2021

Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is used as a preservative in eyedrops but induces subconjunctival fibrosis that can result in failure of glaucoma surgery. Tenon’s capsule fibroblasts in subconjunctival tissue interact with the corneal epithelium through tear fluid. With the use of a coculture system, we have now investigated the effect of human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells on myofibroblastic transdifferentiation of human Tenon fibroblasts (HTFs) induced by BAC (5 × 10−6%). Immunofluorescence and immunoblot analyses revealed that the BAC-induced expression of α smooth muscle actin (αSMA) in HTFs was suppressed by coculture of these cells with HCE cells (p < 0.01). The concentration of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in culture supernatants of BAC-treated HTFs was increased by coculture with HCE cells (17.26-fold, vs. coculure, p < 0.001). Immunofluorescence and immunoblot analyses also showed that exogenous IL-10 (300 pg/ml) suppressed the BAC-induced expression of αSMA by 43.65% (p < 0.05) as well as the nuclear translocation of myocardin-related transcription factor-A (MRTF-A) by 39.32% (p < 0.01) in HTFs cultured alone. Our findings suggest that corneal epithelial cells may protect against subconjunctival fibrosis by maintaining IL-10 levels and preventing the MRTF-A-dependent transdifferentiation of HTFs into myofibroblasts.
From individual to population level: Temperature and snow cover modulate fledging success through breeding phenology in greylag geese (Anser anser)
Authors: Frigerio Didone , Sumasgutner Petra , Kotrschal Kurt , Kleindorfer Sonia , Hemetsberger Josef
Published: August 2021

Local weather conditions may be used as environmental cues by animals to optimize their breeding behaviour, and could be affected by climate change. We measured associations between climate, breeding phenology, and reproductive output in greylag geese (Anser anser) across 29 years (1990–2018). The birds are individually marked, which allows accurate long-term monitoring of life-history parameters for all pairs within the flock. We had three aims: (1) identify climate patterns at a local scale in Upper Austria, (2) measure the association between climate and greylag goose breeding phenology, and (3) measure the relationship between climate and both clutch size and fledging success. Ambient temperature increased 2 °C across the 29-years study period, and higher winter temperature was associated with earlier onset of egg-laying. Using the hatch-fledge ratio, average annual temperature was the strongest predictor for the proportion of fledged goslings per season. There is evidence for an optimum time window for egg-laying (the earliest and latest eggs laid had the lowest fledging success). These findings broaden our understanding of environmental effects and population-level shifts which could be associated with increased ambient temperature and can thus inform future research about the ecological consequences of climate changes and reproductive output in avian systems.
Brain solute transport is more rapid in periarterial than perivenous spaces
Authors: Vinje Vegard , Bakker Erik N. T. P. , Rognes Marie E.
Published: August 2021

Fluid flow in perivascular spaces is recognized as a key component underlying brain transport and clearance. An important open question is how and to what extent differences in vessel type or geometry affect perivascular fluid flow and transport. Using computational modelling in both idealized and image-based geometries, we study and compare fluid flow and solute transport in pial (surface) periarterial and perivenous spaces. Our findings demonstrate that differences in geometry between arterial and venous pial perivascular spaces (PVSs) lead to higher net CSF flow, more rapid tracer transport and earlier arrival times of injected tracers in periarterial spaces compared to perivenous spaces. These findings can explain the experimentally observed rapid appearance of tracers around arteries, and the delayed appearance around veins without the need of a circulation through the parenchyma, but rather by direct transport along the PVSs.
CREB signaling activity correlates with differentiation and survival in medulloblastoma
Authors: Armandari Inna , Zomerman Walderik W. , Plasschaert Sabine L. A. , Smit Marlinde J. , Martini Tosca. E. I. , de Camargo Magalhães Eduardo S. , Hogeling Shanna M. , Rozema-Huizinga Geesina C. , Lourens Harm J. , Meeuwsen-de Boer Tiny G. J. , Scherpen Frank J. G. , de Bont Eveline S. J. M. , Bruggeman Sophia W. M.
Published: August 2021

While there has been significant progress in the molecular characterization of the childhood brain cancer medulloblastoma, the tumor proteome remains less explored. However, it is important to obtain a complete understanding of medulloblastoma protein biology, since interactions between proteins represent potential new drug targets. Using previously generated phosphoprotein signaling-profiles of a large cohort of primary medulloblastoma, we discovered that phosphorylation of transcription factor CREB strongly correlates with medulloblastoma survival and associates with a differentiation phenotype. We further found that during normal cerebellar development, phosphorylated CREB was selectively expressed in differentiating cerebellar granule neuron progenitor (CGNP) cells. In line, we observed increased differentiation in CGNPs treated with Forskolin, Bmp6 and Bmp12 (Gdf7), which induce CREB phosphorylation. Lastly, we demonstrated that inducing CREB activation via PKA-mediated CREB signaling, but not Bmp/MEK/ERK mediated signalling, enhances medulloblastoma cell sensitivity to chemotherapy.
Nickel phthalocyanine@graphene oxide/TiO2 as an efficient degradation catalyst of formic acid toward hydrogen production
Authors: Keshipour Sajjad , Mohammad-Alizadeh Shima
Published: August 2021

A new photocatalytic system was introduced to degrade formic acid toward hydrogen production using nickel(II) phthalocyanine (NiPc)@graphene oxide (GO)/TiO2as the catalyst. Synthesis of NiPc was performed in the presence of GO leading to a homogeneous distribution of NiPc on GO. While TiO2promoted the reaction using each of NiPc and GO under visible light, the reaction was carried out with superior rate using NiPc@GO/TiO2. In this reaction, GO minimized the band gap of TiO2through contributing its Fermi levels and NiPc escalated the photocatalytic reaction rate as a sensitizing agent. The reaction released hydrogen with the rate of 1.38 mmol h−1and TOF = 77 h−1.
Effects of resistance training on gait velocity and knee adduction moment in knee osteoarthritis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Li Shuoqi , Ng Wei Hui , Abujaber Sumayeh , Shaharudin Shazlin
Published: August 2021

The systematic review aimed to analyze the effects of resistance training in knee osteoarthritis (OA) rehabilitation from a biomechanical perspective. A meta-analysis was performed to determine the potential benefits of resistance training on patients with knee OA. Relevant studies based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected from CENTRAL, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases inception to August 2020. Outcome measures included gait velocity and knee adduction moment (KAM). The mean differences of the data with a 95% confidence interval were analyzed using STATA 15.1 software The search identified eight studies that satisfied all the inclusion criteria, in which 164 patients were involved in gait velocity studies and another 122 patients were part of KAM studies. Analysis of the pooled data showed that resistance training significantly improved the gait velocity in patients with knee OA (p < 0.01, z = 2.73), ES (95% CI) = 0.03 (0.01, 0.06) m/s. However, resistance training had no significant effect on improving KAM in patients with knee OA (p = 0.98, z = 0.03), ES (95% CI) = 0.00 (− 0.16, 0.16) percentage of body weight × height (%BW × Ht). Therefore, resistance training may enhance gait velocity but not KAM in knee OA patients. The protocol was registered at PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42020204897).
Effect of liquid cooling on PCR performance with the parametric study of cross-section shapes of microchannels
Authors: Alihosseini Yousef , Azaddel Mohammad Reza , Moslemi Sahel , Mohammadi Mehdi , Pormohammad Ali , Targhi Mohammad Zabetian , Heyhat Mohammad Mahdi
Published: August 2021

In recent years, PCR-based methods as a rapid and high accurate technique in the industry and medical fields have been expanded rapidly. Where we are faced with the COVID-19 pandemic, the necessity of a rapid diagnosis has felt more than ever. In the current interdisciplinary study, we have proposed, developed, and characterized a state-of-the-art liquid cooling design to accelerate the PCR procedure. A numerical simulation approach is utilized to evaluate 15 different cross-sections of the microchannel heat sink and select the best shape to achieve this goal. Also, crucial heat sink parameters are characterized, e.g., heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, performance evaluation criteria, and fluid flow. The achieved result showed that the circular cross-section is the most efficient shape for the microchannel heat sink, which has a maximum heat transfer enhancement of 25% compared to the square shape at the Reynolds number of 1150. In the next phase of the study, the circular cross-section microchannel is located below the PCR device to evaluate the cooling rate of the PCR. Also, the results demonstrate that it takes 16.5 s to cool saliva samples in the PCR well, which saves up to 157.5 s for the whole amplification procedure compared to the conventional air fans. Another advantage of using the microchannel heat sink is that it takes up a little space compared to other common cooling methods.
In vivo exploration of synaptic projections in frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Salmon Eric , Bahri Mohamed Ali , Plenevaux Alain , Becker Guillaume , Seret Alain , Delhaye Emma , Degueldre Christian , Balteau Evelyne , Lemaire Christian , Luxen André , Bastin Christine
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this exploratory research is to provide data on synaptopathy in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). Twelve patients with probable bvFTD were compared to 12 control participants and 12 patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Loss of synaptic projections was assessed with [18F]UCBH-PET. Total distribution volume was obtained with Logan method using carotid artery derived input function. Neuroimages were analyzed with SPM12. Verbal fluency, episodic memory and awareness of cognitive impairment were equally impaired in patients groups. Compared to controls, [18F]UCBH uptake tended to decrease in the right anterior parahippocampal gyrus of bvFTD patients. Loss of synaptic projections was observed in the right hippocampus of AD participants, but there was no significant difference in [18F]UCBH brain uptake between patients groups. Anosognosia for clinical disorder was correlated with synaptic density in the caudate nucleus and the anteromedial prefrontal cortex. This study suggests that synaptopathy in bvFTD targets the temporal social brain and self-referential processes.
Release characteristics of Pb and BETX from in situ oil shale transformation on groundwater environment
Authors: Wang Han , Zhang Wenjing , Qiu Shuwei , Liang Xiujuan
Published: August 2021

Oil shale has received attention as an alternative energy source to petroleum because of its abundant reserves. Exploitation of oil shale can be divided into two types: ex situ and in situ exploitation. In situ transformation has been favoured because of its various advantages. Heating of oil shale leads to the production of oil and gas. To explore the influence of solid residue after pyrolysis of oil shale on the groundwater environment, we performed ultrapure water–rock interaction experiments. The results showed that Pb tended to accumulate in solid residues during pyrolysis. Additionally, the Pb concentration goes up in the immersion solution over time and as the pyrolysis temperature increased. In contrast, when we measured the soaking data of benzene series, the concentrations of benzene and toluene produced at temperatures over 350 ℃ were highest in the four oil shale pyrolysis samples after pyrolysis. The water–rock interaction experiment for 30 days led to benzene and toluene concentrations that were 104 and 1070-fold over the limit of China’s standards for groundwater quality. Over time, the content of benzene series was attenuated via biological actions. The results show that in situ oil shale mining can lead to continuous pollution in the groundwater environment.