bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detailed insight into Arctic climatic variability during MIS 11 at Lake El'gygytgyn, NE Russia
Authors: Vogel H. , Meyer-Jacob C. , Melles M. , Brigham-Grette J. , Andreev A. A. , Wennrich V. , Rosén P.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Here we present a detailed multiproxy record of the climate and environmental evolution at Lake El'gygytgyn/Far East Russian Arctic during the period 430–395 ka covering the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 12/11 transition and the thermal maximum of super interglacial MIS 11. The MIS 12/11 transition at Lake El'gygytgyn is characterized by initial warming followed by a cold reversal implying similarities to the Bølling/Allerød (B/A) to Younger Dryas (YD) pattern of the last deglaciation. Full and remarkably stable interglacial conditions with mean temperatures of warmest month (MTWM) ranging between ca. 10–15 °C, annual precipitation (PANN) ranging between ca. 300–600 mm, strong in-lake productivity, coincide with dark coniferous forests in the catchment, annual disintegration of the lake ice cover and full mixis of the water column. Such conditions persisted for ca. 27 kyrs between ca. 425–398 ka. The Lake El'gygytgyn record closely resembles the climate pattern recorded in Lake Baikal (SE Siberia) sediments and Antarctic ice cores implying strong teleconnections between Northern and Southern Hemispheres during MIS 11. A peak warm period between ca. 418–415.5 ka and a precipitation anomaly at ca. 401 ka at Lake El'gygytgyn, in contrast, appear to be an expression of more regionally confined climate variations.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Immunocytochemical Analysis of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), and Its Two Receptors, VEGF-R1 (Flt-1) and VEGF-R2 (Flk-1/KDR), in Oesophagogastric Cancer
Authors: Gray Ronan T. , O'Donnell Mark E. , Maxwell Perry , McGuigan James A. , Spence Gary M.
Published: December 2012

Background

The prognostic significance of immunocytochemical analysis of tumour vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its 2 receptors, VEGF-R1 and VEGF-R2, remains incompletely investigated in patients with oesophagogastric cancer.

Methods

Patients undergoing surgical resection were prospectively recruited between February 1999 and August 2000. Immunocytochemical analysis of VEGF, VEGF-R1 (Flt-1) and VEGF-R2 (Flk-1/KDR) was undertaken using validated techniques. Patients were followed up over a 10-year period using the Northern Ireland Cancer Registry.

Results

Sixty-one patients were recruited (male=45, 73.8%) with a median age of 66.0 years (range 39-83). Forty-seven (77.0%) adenocarcinomas and 14 (23.0%) squamous cell carcinomas were resected. UICC tumour staging was: stage I=14.7%, II=24.6%, III=54.1% and IV=6.6%. VEGF, VEGF-R1 and VEGF-R2 were over-expressed in tumour epithelial cells. VEGF-R2 expression was decreased in the presence of lymphovascular invasion and higher tumour grade. The 10-year survival rate was 19.7% (n=12) with a median follow-up of 808 (IQR 356-2313) days. On univariate analysis only lymphovascular invasion significantly predicted poor prognosis in this cohort (p=0.05).

Conclusion

VEGF, VEGF-R1 and VEGF-R2 were over-expressed in tumour epithelial cells. VEGF-R2 expression was decreased in the presence of more aggressive pathological variables. Larger studies are required to assess the prognostic significance of these biomarkers in oesophagogastric cancer.
Effect of Excess Silicon on the Formation of Ti3SiC2Using Free Ti/Si/C Powders Synthesized via Arc Melting
Authors: Abu Mohamad Johari , Mohamed Julie Juliewatty , Ahmad Zainal Arifin
Published: December 2012

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of excess silicon on the formation ofTi3SiC2from free Ti/Si/C powders synthesized via arc melting. The reactant mixture was prepared according to the off-stoichiometric ratio of 3Ti : (x+1)Si : 2C, wherex(excess Si) varied from 0 to 0.5. Samples were analyzed using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The relative density and porosity of products were calculated using the Archimedes method. Through optimization of the arcing schedules (time) and excess Si amounts, 86.9 wt% ofTi3SiC2with a relative density of 86% was obtained. For all products,Ti3SiC2was identified as the main phase, while TiC,TiSi2, andTi5Si3were identified as secondary phases.Ti3SiC2grains were in the form of elongated platelets; they were nucleated and grew on the surface of equiaxed TiC grains. The microporosity present in the TiC-equiaxed grains affected the density and porosity of the products.
Ganglioside Biochemistry
Authors: Kolter Thomas
Published: December 2012

Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids. They occur especially on the cellular surfaces of neuronal cells, where they form a complex pattern, but are also found in many other cell types. The paper provides a general overview on their structures, occurrence, and metabolism. Key functional, biochemical, and pathobiochemical aspects are summarized.
Implementation of Quality by Design for the Development and Validation of Pioglitazone Hydrochloride by RP-UPLC with Application to Formulated Forms
Authors: Xavier Cijo M. , Basavaiah Kanakapura
Published: December 2012

Quality by Design (QbD) is a philosophy that refines the level of knowledge associated with a product that uses process understanding to deliver a product with the desired critical quality attributes. The objective of this study was to develop an integrated multivariate QbD approach to develop and quantify the constituent concentrations of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ) drug in its pure and formulated forms. To facilitate studies investigating the determination of PGZ in bulk drug and its pharmaceutical formulations, a rapid UPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of PGZ accompanied by its degradation studies in different stress conditions. The method fulfilled validation criteria and was shown to be sensitive, with limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of 0.01 and 0.05 μg mL−1, respectively. The percent relative standard deviations for robustness and ruggedness were observed within the range of 0.1–1.74. The calibration graph was linear in the range of 0.05–300 μg mL−1. The applicability of the method was shown by analysis of formulated drug samples and spiked human urine. The proposed method can be used for routine analysis in quality controlled laboratories for its bulk and formulated product and this is the first reported UPLC method for the assay of PGZ.
Double-Bladed Scalpel in Mohs Micrographic Surgery
Authors: Arnon Ofer , Pagkalos Vasileios A. , Xanthinaki Arsinoi A. , Silberstein Eldad
Published: December 2012

Mohs micrographic surgery is a tissue-sparing technique that allows for excision of cutaneous tumors under complete microscopic margins control. Mohs surgery boasts high cure rates and maximum tissue conservation. We introduce the double-blade scalpel in Mohs surgery as a timesaving and easy way to harvest tissue strips of uniform width and therefore increase the intraoperative efficiency of the procedure.
Use of Alizarin Red S as an Ion-Pair Reagent for the Spectrophotometric Assay of Fexofenadine in Pharmaceuticals and in Spiked Human Urine
Authors: Raghu Madihalli S. , Basavaiah Kanakapura , Prashanth Kudige N. , Vinay Kankapura B.
Published: December 2012

The present study describes two simple, rapid, selective, and cost-effective spectrophotometric methods for the determination of an antiallergic drug, fexofenadine hydrochloride (FFH), in bulk drug, tablets, and in spiked human urine. The first method (method A) is based on the formation of yellow-colored ion-pair complex between FFH and alizarin red S (AZS) in acid medium which was extracted into dichloromethane, and the absorbance was measured at 440 nm. The second method (method B) is based on the breaking of the yellow FFH–AZS ion-pair complex in alkaline medium followed by the measurement of the violet-colored free dye at 590 nm. Under the optimized conditions, Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration ranges of 0.4–12.0 and 0.2–3.5 μg  FFH for method A and method B, respectively, and the corresponding molar absorptivity values are 3.80 × 104and 1.61 × 105 L . The Sandell’s sensitivity, detection, and quantification limits are also reported. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of FFH in pure drug and commercial tablets. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed methods were further established by recovery studies via standard addition technique.
Playing with Intertexts in Plutarch’sErotikos
Authors: Georgiadou Aristoula
Published: December 2012

The paper examines Plutarch’s refashioning of a philosophical form (dialogues on eros) that had become detached from experience; he attempts to reinscribe the new form in a novel context, that of comedy, in an effort to provide a more pragmatic approach of articulating desire and validating his own concept of eros.
Depressão em Idosos de uma Comunidade assistida pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família em Passo Fundo, RS
Authors: Borges Daniela Teixeira , Dalmolin Bernadete Maria
Published: December 2012

Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência de depressão em idosos atendidos pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) e os fatores associados. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 151 idosos residentes em área adscrita à ESF de Passo Fundo/RS. Coletaram-se os dados utilizando questionário estruturado e Escala de Depressão Geriátrica GDS–15. Resultados: 33,1% são do sexo masculino, com faixa etária predominante entre 60-69 anos (50,3%), escolaridade média de 4,14 anos de estudo (DP: 2,63), 8,2% são analfabetos ou semianalfabetos, 21,9% declararam algum episódio depressivo e 2,6% outra doença psiquiátrica. Houve associação entre depressão e percepção de saúde, perda familiar, asma, ocorrência de fratura, insuficiência cardíaca e artrite (p < 0,01). Conclusões: os resultados mostraram que a prevalência de depressão em idosos na ESF estudada foi de 21,2%, desses, 17,9% com diagnóstico de depressão leve a moderada e 3,3% com depressão severa, necessitando de intervenções multidisciplinares e integrais visando reduzir os fatores associados e qualificar a vida dessas pessoas.
Desempenho de indicadores nos municípios com alta cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família no Estado de São Paulo
Authors: Lima Rodrigo de Novaes , Medeiros Junior Martim Elviro de , Martins Julie Silvia , Santos Eduardo Pires dos , Bourget Monique Marie Marthe
Published: December 2012

Introdução: A avaliação do desempenho da Estratégia Saúde da Família tem se mostrado difícil no Estado de São Paulo por razões diversas, como a baixa cobertura da população, associada paradoxalmente a indicadores de saúde acima da média nacional. Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho de alguns indicadores do “Pacto pela Atenção Básica” e do “Pacto pela Saúde” em municípios do Estado de São Paulo com alta cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família em comparação ao restante do Estado. Métodos: Indicadores do “Pacto pela Atenção Básica” e do “Pacto pela Saúde” foram acompanhados nos 110 municípios que alcançaram 90% ou mais de cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família em um período mínimo de sete anos e comparados com os indicadores do restante do Estado. Resultados: A taxa de mortalidade infantil apresentou uma tendência de queda muito mais importante em relação ao Estado. A taxa de internação por acidente vascular cerebral mostrou-se maior nos municípios em relação ao Estado. A razão de exames citopatológicos dos municípios da amostra foi quase o dobro da encontrada no Estado; a taxa de alta dos pacientes com tuberculose foi superior em pouco mais de 13% em comparação à média do Estado e a taxa de cura de hansênicos apresentou variação menor (5%), mas favorável à amostra. Conclusões: Os achados sugerem que a estratégia esteja contribuindo para a melhora dos indicadores de processo, bem como de alguns indicadores de resultado, demandando maior seguimento dos últimos.
O trabalho em equipe desenvolvido pelo cirurgião-dentista na Estratégia Saúde da Família: expectativas, desafios e precariedades
Authors: Costa Rossana Mota , Junior Antonio Medeiros , Costa Íris do Céu do Céu Clara , Pinheiro Isauremi Vieira de Assunção
Published: December 2012

Este estudo objetivou conhecer a integração do cirurgião-dentista (CD) com os demais profissionais pertencentes à Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), bem como identificar o seu processo de trabalho dentro dessa equipe. O estudo desenvolveu-se no município de Parnamirim-RN, e dele participaram todos os CDs que atuam na ESF do município, num total de 30 profissionais. O Instrumento de coleta de dados utilizado foi um questionário semiestruturado e a variável dependente foi o trabalho em equipe. Os dados foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva (distribuições absolutas e percentuais). Observou-se que os CDs não participam de forma integrada na equipe. A articulação das ações entre os membros da equipe não acontece de forma habitual e sistemática, como parte integrante de seu processo de trabalho (56,7%). Os profissionais de maneira geral mostraram-se insatisfeitos no desempenho de suas funções (63,3%). Sugere-se uma reflexão no tocante ao desenvolvimento do processo de trabalho em equipe com a participação efetiva do CD.
O cuidado à criança em idade escolar: percepções de equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família
Authors: Villardi Marina Lemos , Cyrino Eliana Goldfarb
Published: December 2012

Objetivo: Compreender as percepções dos profissionais das equipes de saúde da Estratégia Saúde da Família sobre o cuidado à criança em idade escolar. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa. Para coleta de dados, utilizou-se entrevista semiestruturada com 21 profissionais de Unidades de Saúde da Família do município de Botucatu sobre as necessidades de saúde da criança em idade escolar e ações realizadas para elas. Para a organização dos dados gerados nas entrevistas, elegeu-se a análise de conteúdo. Resultados e discussão: Foram identificadas duas categorias de análise que emergiram das falas dos entrevistados: O cuidado à criança em idade escolar; Multiprofissionalidade e intersetorialidade: lacunas nas práticas em saúde. Os profissionais de saúde reconhecem a carência de ações em saúde para a criança em idade escolar e explicitam como deve ser esse cuidado, porém a prática revela-se limitada e desarticulada. As atividades multiprofissionais e intersetoriais são destacadas como fundamentais para o cuidado à criança em idade escolar, no entanto, são apresentadas como fragmentadas. Considerações Finais: Foi possível identificar que as percepções das demandas da criança em idade escolar não são suficientes para que Equipes de Saúde da Família se mobilizem ou incorporem práticas de cuidado à saúde para elas.
Intervenções para tratamento da obesidade: revisão sistemática
Authors: Nissen Leonardo Paese , Vieira Lucas Henrique , Bozza Laís Fernanda , Veiga Liana Tozetto da , Biscaia Brunno Fernando Lascosk , Pereira João Henrique , Picolo Furlan Luiz Henrique
Published: December 2012

Objetivo: fazer uma revisão sistemática para avaliar a efetividade e segurança dos métodos para redução de peso, sendo eles: cirúrgico, farmacológico e mudanças do estilo de vida (MEV), que incluem exercícios físicos e dietas. Os resultados clínicos de interesse foram a perda de peso e sua manutenção pelo prazo mínimo de 1 ano. Método: foi feita uma busca de artigos nas bases de dados PUBMED, Scielo e Biblioteca do Cochrane, com as palavras-chave weight loss maintenance e obesity treatment. A busca incluiu artigos em português, inglês e espanhol publicados até outubro de 2011. Foram incluídos revisões sistemáticas, metanálises e ensaios clínicos randomizados que tivessem um período de seguimento maior ou igual a um ano. Os estudos deveriam ter como participantes: adultos obesos (maior que 18 anos e com índice de massa corpórea – IMC maior que 30) e que comparassem intervenções distintas para o tratamento da obesidade. Resultados: foram selecionados 5 artigos que contemplaram os critérios de inclusão, sendo que cada um desses estudaram isoladamente, comparados com MEV, a eficácia do Orlistat, Sibutramina, Pramlintide e gastroplastia. A gastroplastia teve um resultado significativo (p < 0,05) para evitar o total reganho de peso. O Orlistat produziu uma perda de peso significativa durante o primeiro ano de tratamento e o ganho de peso foi diminuído com seu uso no segundo ano de tratamento (p < 0,001). A Sibutramina se mostrou eficaz na manutenção do peso após um período de perda com dieta de grande restrição calórica. O Pramlintide mostrou efetividade na perda de peso e redução da circunferência abdominal. Conclusões: As intervenções farmacológicas e cirúrgicas se mostraram mais efetivas quando comparadas à MEV em relação à perda de peso e a sua manutenção a longo prazo, porém é necessária a realização de mais estudos que analisem a comparação entre as diferentes intervenções disponíveis para o tratamento da obesidade.
Analysis of RT-qPCR Data
Authors: Perkins James R. , Rahman Nor Izayu Abdul , Kohl Matthias
Published: December 2012

We give a brief overview of the necessary steps in the analysis of real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) data. We cover determination of amplification efficiency, background correction, normalization, quality control, and statistical analysis.
Hidden Global Causes of the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Brusov Peter , Filatova Tatiana , Eskindarov Mukhadin , Orekhova Natali
Published: December 2012

Abstract: Hopes of ending the financial crisis did not materialize. Recent events (the problems of the euro zone, the threat of default in the U.S., the collapse of the financial market after a reduction of the credit rating of the U.S., debt problems in the world (Europe, U.S.), U.S. fiscal cliff, etc.) show that the crisis deepened, affecting new areas and taking on a systemic character. It becomes clear that we need in-depth analysis of its general, systemic causes. This article examines recent results in this field, obtained by scientists of Finance University under the Russian Federation Government.
Bienvenue à « Homerica »
Authors: Gagnon Frédérick , Dufort Julie
Published: December 2012

Cet article démontre que quatre dessins animés satiriques américains,The Simpsons, South Park, American Dad !etFamily Guy, sont plus que de simples objets de divertissement et contiennent des discours éminemment politiques sur l’immigration non documentée et la construction d’un mur à la frontière des États-Unis et du Mexique. Nous inspirant d’une catégorisation des courants de pensée sur les politiques d’immigration développée par Daniel Tichenor, nous procédons à l’analyse qualitative de contenu et de discours d’un corpus d’épisodes des dessins animés étudiés pour illustrer comment ils offrent un espace discursif aux principaux courants de pensée sur les enjeux susmentionnés. Nous démontrons aussi queThe Simpsons,American Dad !etFamily Guycontiennent un discours satirique dirigé contre les positions conservatrices et qui valorise les positions progressistes sur ces mêmes enjeux, mais queSouth Parkn’inclut pas un biais aussi évident pour l’un ou l’autre des courants de pensée sur l’immigration et la construction du mur américano-mexicain.
La crise du néolibéralisme : quelle formation sociale après la crise ?
Authors: Hayes Matthew
Published: December 2012

Avec la montée des dettes publiques, il est devenu évident que la présente crise économique peut être mieux comprise comme étant une crise sociale qui s’exprime par le biais du système financier. L’article présente des statistiques sur la distribution du revenu au Canada, aux États-Unis et en Grande-Bretagne afin de démontrer la transformation inégalitaire des relations de classes sociales due en grande partie à la surproduction et à l’excès de capacité productive du système capitaliste actuel. Le consensus politique face à la crise économique prolongera la tendance vers des relations sociales plus inégalitaires, marquant une donne inconnue depuis les années 1940 dans les pays développés du Nord Global. L’article trace trois directions possibles pour le futur développement de cette tendance dans la plupart des pays du Nord : 1) la tendance est exacerbée, puis on voit l’émergence de nouvelles pratiques politiques visant à gérer les effets d’une société plus inégalitaire ; 2) la tendance est contrée par le renouvellement des mouvements sociaux pour une distribution plus équitable de la survaleur sociale ; ou 3) la tendance débloque sur un nouveau compromis entre classes sociales comme celui des années 1940, solution qui se heurte à d’importantes contradictions conjoncturelles.
Les politiques d’accès à la propriété résidentielle ont-elles contribué à la crise du crédit aux États-Unis1 ?
Authors: Fortin Mario
Published: December 2012

Ce texte propose une recension critique des événements qui ont déclenché la crise financière de 2007-2008 afin d’évaluer le rôle des politiques d’accès à la propriété du gouvernement américain. En 1994, le président américain annonçait la dont le but était d’élever le taux de propriétaires occupants au pays, particulièrement celui des défavorisés, et confiait au U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Developmen le soin de développer, en partenariat avec l’industrie financière et tout ce qui gravite autour du milieu immobilier, des produits hypothécaires levant les obstacles à l’octroi de financement hypothécaire aux défavorisés. Parallèlement, le fut modifié de manière telle que les banques furent forcées de démontrer qu’elles avaient fait preuve de créativité pour augmenter le financement en milieu défavorisé. En outre, les Fannie Mae et Freddie Mac, qui achètent la moitié des hypothèques américaines avec une garantie gouvernementale implicite, ont été obligées d’octroyer des proportions minimales de financement aux défavorisés. Pour satisfaire ces exigences, on assista à une baisse généralisée des critères d’obtention du crédit.

Avec la politique d’argent facile de la Banque de réserve fédérale qui s’est accentuée à partir de 2003, des problèmes d’agence importants sur le réseau bancaire parallèle où ces prêts à risque étaient distribués sont apparus. Les intérêts des courtiers en hypothèques qui négociaient les prêts, des prêteurs hypothécaires spécialisés qui les autorisaient, des grandes banques d’investissement qui les titrisaient et des agences de notation qui en évaluaient le risque ont convergé vers une prise de risque excessive. Cependant, ce texte soutient que sans les exigences imposées par le gouvernement américain, la qualité du crédit n’aurait sans doute pas été détériorée à ce point et la crise n’aurait pas atteint l’ampleur qu’elle a connue.
Du communautarisme à la neutralité libérale
Authors: Gagnon Bernard
Published: December 2012

Cet article porte sur un tournant majeur dans la pensée politique de Charles Taylor. D’une perspective communautarienne, observable dans les écrits des années 1980 jusqu’au milieu des années 1990, selon laquelle l’État démocratique pouvait agir en vertu du bien commun, le philosophe en est venu à accepter le principe libéral de la neutralité de l’État dans ses écrits des quinze dernières années. L’article montre la nature et l’importance de ce changement et suggère une explication politique plutôt que théorique de celui-ci.
Nucleic Acid Structure Characterization by Small Angle X‐Ray Scattering (SAXS)
Authors: Burke Jordan E. , Butcher Samuel E.
Published: December 2012

Small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) is a powerful method for investigating macromolecular structure in solution. SAXS data provide information about the size and shape of a molecule with a resolution of ∼2 to 3 nm. SAXS is particularly useful for the investigation of nucleic acids, which scatter X‐rays strongly due to the electron‐rich phosphate backbone. Therefore, SAXS has become an increasingly popular method for modeling nucleic acid structures, an endeavor made tractable by the highly regular helical nature of nucleic acid secondary structures. Recently, SAXS was used in combination with NMR to filter and refine all‐atom models of a U2/U6 small nuclear RNA complex. In this unit, general protocols for sample preparation, data acquisition, and data analysis and processing are given. Additionally, examples of correctly and incorrectly processed SAXS data and expected results are przovided. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 51:7.18.1‐7.18.18. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Byonic: Advanced Peptide and Protein Identification Software
Authors: Bern Marshall , Kil Yong J. , Becker Christopher
Published: December 2012

Byonic is the name of a software package for peptide and protein identification by tandem mass spectrometry. This software, which has only recently become commercially available, facilitates a much wider range of search possibilities than previous search software such as SEQUEST and Mascot. Byonic allows the user to define an essentially unlimited number of variable modification types. Byonic also allows the user to set a separate limit on the number of occurrences of each modification type, so that a search may consider only one or two chance modifications such as oxidations and deamidations per peptide, yet allow three or four biological modifications such as phosphorylations, which tend to cluster together. Hence, Byonic can search for tens or even hundreds of modification types simultaneously without a prohibitively large combinatorial explosion. Byonic's Wildcard Search allows the user to search for unanticipated or even unknown modifications alongside known modifications. Finally, Byonic's Glycopeptide Search allows the user to identify glycopeptides without prior knowledge of glycan masses or glycosylation sites. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 40:13.20.1‐13.20.14. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Models and Analysis of Atherosclerosis, Restenosis, and Aneurysm Formation in the Mouse
Authors: de Waard Vivian , Gijbels Marion J.J. , Lutgens Esther , de Winther Menno P.J. , de Vries Carlie J.M.
Published: December 2012

Atherosclerosis is considered a chronic inflammatory condition of the vessel wall and involves a high chronic concentration of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) in blood. In humans, restenosis develops after intravascular interventions such as angioplasty and stent placement to treat atherosclerosis, and this process is characterized by excessive smooth muscle cell proliferation that re‐occludes the vessel lumen. Aortic aneurysm formation is caused by severe degradation and thus dilatation of the vessel wall, in part due to atherosclerosis. Each of these vascular pathologies has its specific characteristics at onset and during development of the disease, and to study the involvement of specific genes in detail, various (transgenic) mice have been generated. Here, we aim to provide detailed insight in considerations to choose and set up the appropriate mouse model for specific vascular research questions. Additionally, we provide technical details to execute experiments with these animal models. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 2:317‐345 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction to Biophotonics
Authors: Jürgens Marion , Mayerhöfer Thomas , Popp Jürgen , Lee Gabriela , Matthews Dennis L. , Wilson Brian C.
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Definition of and General Introduction to Biophotonics

Definition

Visions Connected with Biophotonics Research

Why Photons?

Fields of Application and Technology

Societal Relevance of Biophotonics

Fighting Prevalent and Severe Diseases

Unmet Medical Needs in
T
hird
W
orld Countries

Economic Impact of Biophotonics

Worldwide Research Activities in Biophotonics

Biophotonics – a Cross‐Disciplinary Science

Scientific Landscape

International Conferences

Scientific and Trade Journals

Networks and Funding Programs

Current Research Trends and Future Goals

Photonic Methods for Biomedical Research

Photonic Methods for Point‐of‐Care Diagnostics

Photonic Methods for Clinical Imaging

Photonic Methods for Therapeutic Applications

Photonics in Pharmaceutics, Bioanalysis, and Environmental Research

The
B
iophotonics4
L
ife
W
orldwide
C
onsortium

Mission and Purpose of the
B
iophotonics4
L
ife
W
orldwide
C
onsortium

History and Organization of the
C
onsortium

Node Leaders for the
C
onsortium

Current Activities of the
BP
4
L
ife
C
onsortium

Medical
F
ellows

Anticipated Role of Industry

Potential Future Activities of the
C
onsortium
Light–Matter Interaction
Authors: Schmitt Michael , Mayerhöfer Thomas , Popp Jürgen , Kleppe Ingo , Weisshart Klaus
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Electrical Properties of Matter

Polar Molecules

Induced Dipole moments by External Electrical Fields

Classical Dispersion Theory

Electromagnetic Waves in Matter

Absorption of Light

Reflection and Transmission

Diffuse Reflection

Layered Media

Anisotropic Media

Inhomogeneous Media

Nonlinear Optics

Nonlinear Polarization

Processes

Processes

Optical
K
err Effect

Two‐Photon Absorption

Other

Processes

Lasers

Mode Locking

Infrared Spectroscopy

UV
–
V
is Spectroscopy

Electronic Selection Rules

Polarimetry, Optical Rotatory Dispersion, Circular Dichroism

Polarimetry

Optical Rotatory Dispersion (
ORD
)

Circular Dichroism (
CD
)

Fluorescence

The Fate of Electronically Excited States

Basic Concepts of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Nonradiative Energy Transfer

F
örster Resonance Energy Transfer (
FRET
)

Photobleaching

Multi‐Photon Excited Fluorescence

Fluorescence Nanoscopy

Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy (
STED
)

Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (
PALM
) and Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (
STORM
)

Elastic Light Scattering

Inelastic Light Scattering (
R
aman Scattering)

Theoretical Description of Inelastic Light Scattering

Resonance
R
aman Scattering (
RRS
)

Surface‐enhanced
R
aman Spectroscopy (
SERS
)

Hyper‐
R
aman Effect

Coherent
R
aman Spectroscopy

Coherent Anti‐
S
tokes
R
aman Spectroscopy (
CARS
)

Stimulated
S
tokes‐ and Anti‐
S
tokes
R
aman Scattering

Fluorescence Labeling Strategies for Proteins

Introduction

General Labeling Strategies for Organelles and Biomacromolecules

Protein Labeling Strategies

Direct Labeling Strategies for Fixed Cells and Solution

Indirect Labeling Strategies for Fixed Cells and Solution

Direct Labeling Strategies for
In Vivo
Studies with Autofluorescent Proteins

Indirect Labeling Strategies for
In Vivo
Studies Using Self‐Labeling Protein Tags

Prospects

Acknowledgments
Optical Detectors
Authors: Riesenberg Rainer , Wuttig Andreas
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Devices for Light Detection

Sensitivity and Detectivity of Light Detectors

Responsivity

Noise, Sensitivity, and Detectivity

Light Detection Through Thermal Effects/Thermal Detectors

Light Detection Using the Photoelectric Effect

Phototube

Photomultiplier

Light Detection Using Internal Photoelectric Effects

Photoconductor

Photodiode

PIN
Photodiode

Pinned Photodiode

Avalanche Photodiode

Metal–Semiconductor–Metal (
MSM
) Photodetectors

Phototransistor

Remarks on the Sensitivity of Semiconducting Light Detectors With and Without Internal Gain Mechanisms

Noise of Semiconducting Photodetectors

Dark Current Noise

N
yquist–
J
ohnson Noise

Flicker Noise and 1/

f

Noise

Excess Noise

Read Noise

Image Detectors

Pixel‐Based Image Detectors

Pixel Number, Pixel Pitch and Nyquist Frequency

Pixel Geometry and Spatial Pixel Response

Image Acquisition Timing

Charge‐Coupled Devices (
CCDs
)

General Principle of
CCD
Operation

Full Well Capacity and Blooming

Charge Transfer and Electronic Shutter Capabilities

Charge Readout

Binning and Windowing

Charge‐Transfer Efficiency (
CTE
) and Buried Channel
CCD

Multi‐Pinned Phase (
MPP
)

Back Side Thinning and Back Illumination

Etaloning at Long Wavelengths and Deep Depletion
CCDs

Photodiode Arrays (
PDAs
), Active Pixel Sensors (
APSs
/
CMOS
), and
IR
Focal Plane Arrays (
FPAs
)

Plain Photodiode Arrays and Focal Plane Arrays

CMOS
Image Detectors/Active Pixel Sensors

Double Sampling and Correlated Double Sampling (
CDS
) in
APS
Imagers

Exposure Integration Schemes

Electronic Shutter Modes

Back‐Side Thinning of
CMOS
Image Detectors
Microstructure Fibers in Biophotonics
Authors: Zheltikov Aleksei M.
Published: December 2012

When first proposed in the late 1920s, imaging with optical fibers was a beautiful concept sublimating the brilliance of creative minds that was too far ahead of its time. Now, after more than eight decades of groundbreaking achievements in optical science and breakthroughs in photonic technologies, advanced fiber‐optic components help to confront the most challenging problems in the life sciences, offering unique tools to look inside living cells and understand brain functions. Modern fiber instruments permit new approaches in DNA sequencing and genomics‐ and proteomics‐oriented sensing. This chapter presents a brief overview of recent developments and new techniques in biophotonics enabled by the new type of optical waveguides – microstructure fibers.
Identification and Characterization of Microorganisms by Vibrational Spectroscopy
Authors: Stöckel Stephan , Walter Angela , Boßecker Anja , Meisel Susann , Ciobotaˇ Valerian , Schumacher Wilm , Rösch Petra , Popp Jürgen
Published: December 2012

Vibrational spectroscopic methods such as infrared absorption and Raman spectroscopy achieve a so‐called spectroscopic fingerprint by probing microorganisms. This spectral contribution is related to the total chemical components inside the cell. It is therefore possible to identify microorganisms by determining whether their spectroscopic fingerprint could have come from the same kind of bacteria whose fingerprint has already been measured and stored in a database. Since spectral databases are normally very large, sophisticated chemometric analyses are required for bacterial identification, hence a summary of commonly used chemometric methods for data preprocessing and evaluation is included in this chapter. Typical sample preparation techniques are also described before summarizing the application of vibrational spectroscopic methods in the fields of biofilm analysis, epidemiological studies, antibiotic effects on bacteria, and the detection of food‐borne pathogens.
Cell Sorting
Authors: Guck Jochen
Published: December 2012

The identification and sorting of cells of interest from a heterogeneous population are at the heart of cytological analysis. The standard approach is to flow cells in suspension through a detection system that analyzes some particular cell property and then to deflect the cells of interest into a collection reservoir. The identification of suspect cells is the necessary first step in the diagnosis of many pathologies and often sufficient so that all cells can be discarded after analysis. The aspect of cell sorting is especially interesting when suspect cells are then to be subjected to subsequent refined analysis techniques, which require high purity, or when cells are used for culture, for example, to serve the search for specific drugs. In both steps, identification and sorting, photonic techniques play an important part. Optical techniques used to identify and characterize cells are discussed elsewhere. This chapter focuses on enabling photonic techniques that can be used to sort cells.
Laser Microtomy
Authors: Lubatschowski Holger , Will Fabian , Przemeck Sabine , Richter Heiko
Published: December 2012

Usually, sectioning of biological specimens is performed by mechanically operating microtomes. In order to process a tissue sample, a range of pretreatments such as fixation, dehydration, and embedding in resin or paraffin, or freezing are needed. These treatments can cause alterations inside the biological material, which may lead to artifacts. A laser microtome is a new sectioning device, which cuts tissue or other material with the help of photons instead of steel blades. The method is contact free and enables tissue to be cut in its native state. Special preparation techniques are not required.
Virtual Microscopy
Authors: Heupel Thorsten
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Principles

Applications

Telepathology

Routine Pathology

Education

Tissue Microarrays

Research

Outlook

Acknowledgment
In VitroInstrumentation
Authors: Coda Sergio , Patalay Rakesh , Dunsby Christopher , French Paul M.W.
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Autofluorescence of Biological Tissue

Fluorescence Contrast

Spectroscopic Techniques for Fluorescence Imaging and Metrology

Spectral Techniques

Fluorescence Lifetime Techniques

Single‐Point Spectroscopic Techniques

Fluorescence Microscopy

Laser Scanning Confocal/Multiphoton Microscopy

Wide‐Field Fluorescence Imaging

Multidimensional Fluorescence Microscopy

Ex VivoTissue Spectroscopy and Imaging: Application to Cancer

Oral Cavity

Gastrointestinal Tract

Bladder

Breast

Brain

Skin

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Fluorescent Probes (Fluorescence Standards, Green Protein Technology)
Authors: Sauer Markus
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are
Optical Coherence Imaging for Surgical Pathology Assessment
Authors: Benalcazar Wladimir A. , Boppart Stephen A.
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Structural Contrast Imaging

Molecular Contrast Imaging

Conclusion
CARS
Microscopy
Authors: Zumbusch Andreas
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Technical Background and Experimental Realizations

Excitation Geometry

Excitation Lasers

Applications

Outlook
Clinical and Technical Aspects of Photodynamic Therapy – Superficial and Interstitial Illumination in Skin and Prostate Cancer
Authors: Svanberg Katarina , Bendsoe Niels , Svanberg Sune , Andersson‐Engels Stefan
Published: December 2012

Clinical and technical aspects of photodynamic therapy are reviewed with emphasis on the treatment of skin tumors as examples of superficial lesions with perpendicular illumination and prostate cancer as an example of deeply embedded tumors requiring interstitial intervention. The field is surveyed with a special perspective based on studies for more than 20 years on the clinical and technical aspects of research pursued in an interdisciplinary setting at the Lund University Medical Laser Center. In particular, the interplay between optical diagnostics and dosimetry and the delivery of the therapeutic light dose is highlighted. Examples of fluorescence demarcation to guide the treatment inclusion zone in non‐melanoma skin malignancies are given. A multiple fiber interstitial and interactive procedure to deliver the required therapeutic light dose based on measured light fluence, sensitizer, and oxygen concentration levels in the tumor is presented. Application to the eradication of prostate cancer is illustrated.
Molecular Targeting of Photosensitizers
Authors: Tayyaba Hasan , Rai Prakash R. , Verma Sarika , Zheng Xiang
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Molecular Modifications of Photosensitizers

Small Molecules, Peptides, and Aptamers

Proteins

Delivering Photosensitizers via Targeted Nanoconstructs

Target Modification/Cellular Activation

Conclusion
Photodynamic Molecular Beacons
Authors: Lo Pui‐Chi , Lovell Jonathan F. , Zheng Gang
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are
Oxygen Effects in Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Juzeniene Asta
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Role of Oxygen in Photodynamic Therapy:1O2Generation

Dependence of the Photosensitizing Effect onO2Concentration

The Oxygenation Status in Tumors and Normal Tissues

PDT‐Induced Reduction of Tumor Oxygenation

O2Consumption (Primary Reduction)

Vascular Damage (Secondary Reactions)

Photosensitizer Photobleaching (Secondary Reactions)

Methods to Reduce Tumor Deoxygenation DuringPDT

Low Fluence Rates

Fractionated Light Exposure

Other Methods

Changes of Quantum Yields Related to Photosensitizer Relocalization

Changes of Optical Penetration Caused by Changes inO2Concentration

Conclusion
Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Li Wen‐Tyng
Published: December 2012

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an evolving technology which is approved as the modality for various tumors and non‐cancerous diseases worldwide. PDT combines a photosensitizer, visible light, and oxygen, and has the characteristics of high selectivity, minimal invasiveness, low side effects, and allowing repetitive application. The photophysics and mechanisms of action of photosensitizers leading to cell death upon photoactivation have been extensively studied. For systemic applications, it is important to deliver photosensitizers selectively and efficiently in order to lower the drug dose, minimize side effects of phototoxicity to nearby healthy tissue, and decrease the waiting time after drug administration. Selective therapeutic effects against tumor tissues can be provided by the nature of the drugs and tumor physiology. Improved targeting of photosensitizer helps in preventing damage to the surrounding healthy tissue and lowering the doses of drugs and light. To satisfy the needs for an ideal PDT drug, versatile nanoparticles have been synthesized. This chapter provides an overview of currently developed nanoparticles with some focus on enhancing PDT efficacy for cancers. Nanoparticles for PDT were classified into active and passive nanoparticles according to the functional roles in the enhancement of PDT efficacy. As active roles in PDT, nanoparticles may act like catalysts to produce free radicals from dissolved oxygen, and serve as reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulators or light sources for activating photosensitizers. As passive roles, nanoparticles can serve as carrier platforms of the photosensitizers by taking advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect to improve further the cellular uptake, biodistribution, bioavailability. and pharmacokinetics of the systemic delivery. Nanoparticles are sub‐classified by material composition into biodegradable and nonbiodegradable nanoparticles. Biodegradable nanoparticles are made of polymers that are hydrolyzed in a biological environment and hence release the photosensitizers. Nonbiodegradable nanoparticles are often used to protect the photosensitizers from fluctuations of the environment, in which the diffusion freely of oxygen in and out of the nanoparticles is essential. Because of its interdiscplinary nature, the application of nanoparticles in PDT presents numerous research opportunities.
Optical Coherence Tomographic Monitoring of Surgery in Oncology
Authors: Zagaynova Elena V. , Gladkova N.D. , Shakhova N.M. , Streltsova O.S. , Kuznetsova I.A. , Yanvareva I.A. , Snopova L.B. , Yunusova E.E. , Kiseleva E.B. , Gelikonov V.M. , Gelikonov G.V. , Sergeev A.M.
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

OCTTechnique

Urology

Accuracy ofOCTin Endoscopic Detection of Early Cancer

Combined Use ofOCTand Fluorescence Imaging for Cancer Detection

OCTGuided Surgery in Bladder Cancer (Open Surgery and Transurethral Resections)

Transurethral Resections

Open Surgery

Gastroenterology

OCTfor Endoscopic Monitoring of Barrett's Esophagus Malignancy

Differentiation Between Normal Esophagus and BenignBE

Differentiation BetweenHGDand BenignBE

Differentiation BetweenIMACand BenignBE

Differentiation Between Invasive Carcinoma and BenignBE

MalignantBEVersus BenignBE

OCTfor Surgical Guidance of Colon Polyps

OCTin Guided Surgery of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Esophagectomy and Rectoectomy)

Gynecology

Methodology and Patient Selection

Guidance Biopsy During Colposcopy

Cross‐PolarizationOCTin Oncology

CP‐OCTin Oncogynecology

CP‐OCTin Oncourology

CP‐OCTin Oncogastroenterology

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Microvascular Blood Flow: Microcirculation Imaging
Authors: Leahy Martin J.
Published: December 2012

Many diseases and disorders find their origin or early symptoms in the microcirculation. The “optical window” of lower scattering and absorption, 600–1200 nm, is often used to probe human tissue. Even in this region, scattering dominates absorption and much work has been done on the use of low‐coherence methods (e.g., OCT) to image tissue and the upper reaches of the microcirculation with only ballistic photons. However, the number of ballistic photons returning from depths of more than a few millimeters is so low as to be unusable, so that researchers are using diffuse light tomographic methods (DOT, PAT) for deeper tissue imaging with a 10‐fold depth enhancement. This chapter describes the various optical approaches to imaging both the architecture and function of the human microcirculation.
Photonic Therapies
Authors: Peshko Igor
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Atrial Fibrillation

Fiber Photocatheters

What is a Fiber Photocatheter?

Fiber Photocatheter Design

All‐in‐One Endoscope Devices
Laser Therapy
Authors: Mohan Anant
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Diagnostic Applications of Lasers

Autofluorescence Bronchoscopy (AFB)

Fibered Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy (FCFM)

Therapeutic Uses of Laser

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)

Laser Therapy

Contraindications

Laser Bronchoscopy Procedure

Anesthesia

Technique

Complications

Outcome
Bladder Biopsy with Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Douplik Alexandre
Published: December 2012

Bladder biopsy with optical coherence tomography (OCT) assisting the surgeon in the decision‐making process on the fly and delineating normal and malignant tissues is briefly considered in this chapter.
Glaucoma Diagnostics
Authors: Töteberg‐Harms Marc , Hirn Cornelia , Funk Jens
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Optical Coherence Tomography

Scanning Laser Tomography – Heidelberg Retina Tomography

Scanning Laser Polarimetry –GDx
Glaucoma Laser Therapy
Authors: Töteberg‐Harms Marc , Ciechanowski Peter P. , Funk Jens
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Laser Trabeculoplasty (
LTP
) and Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (
SLT
)

Excimer Laser Trabeculotomy (
ELT
)

Cyclophotocoagulation (
CPC
)
Ocular Blood Flow Measurement Methodologies and Clinical Application
Authors: Shoshani Yochai Z. , Harris Alon , Siesky Brent A.
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Background and Significance

Blood flow Methodologies

Color Doppler Imaging

Laser Doppler Flowmetry and Scanning Laser Flowmetry

Retinal Vessel Analyzer

Ocular Pulse Amplitude and Pulsatile Ocular Blood Flow

Laser Speckle Method (Laser Speckle Flowgraphy)

Digital Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope Angiography

Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography

Retinal Oximetry

Newly Developed Techniques

Relationship Between Blood Flow and Visual Function

Relationship Between Blood Flow and Optic Nerve Structure
Photodynamic Modulation of Wound Healing in Glaucoma Filtration Surgery
Authors: Grisanti Salvatore
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Photodynamic Therapy

Photodynamic Modulation of Wound Healing in Glaucoma Filtration Surgery

Preclinical Studies

Clinical Studies
Optical Coherence Tomography of the Human Larynx
Authors: Rubinstein Marc , Chark Davin , Wong Brian
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Anatomy

Clinical Problems

Laryngeal Cancer

Importance of Laryngeal Optical Coherence Tomography

ClinicalIn VivoApplications

OCTDuring Microsurgical Endoscopy

Office‐BasedOCT

OCTIntegrated with a Surgical Microscope

Other Preclinical Applications ofOCTin the Larynx
Optical Coherence Tomography of the Human Oral Cavity and Oropharynx
Authors: Rubinstein Marc , Chark Davin , Wong Brian
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Anatomy

Progression of Disease

Usefulness of
OCT