bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flexible memristor‐based LUC and its network integration for Boolean logic implementation
Authors: Dong Zhekang , He Yufei , Hu Xiaofang , Qi Donglian , Duan Shukai
Published: February 2019

Memristor is a nanoscale electronic element with variable resistance that depends on the amount and direction of the charge passing through it. As a promising candidate, this memristive element opens up a new approach for the implementation of Boolean logic operations. In this study, a flexible logic unit circuit (LUC) based on a practical memristor model is proposed, which is able to perform the AND, OR, NOT, NOR, and NAND gate operations by different switch settings. Unlike existing memristor‐based logic implementation, the initialisation is not necessary for the proposed method, and the total delay can be effectively reduced, especially for time‐sequence inputs. Furthermore, the concept of the memristor‐based logic network is developed by multiple memristor‐based LUCs connected in series and parallel. The circuit simulation demonstrates that the presented logic network is capable of realising multi‐input–multi‐output logic operations with compact structure, high efficiency, and sufficient accuracy.
Microstructure and properties of Bi2 O3 doped 0.8(K0.52 Na0.48) NbO3 –0.2KSr2 Nb5 O15 lead‐free ceramics
Authors: Guo Yi‐ting , Xu Jie , Cao Shu‐yao , Chen Qian , Gao Feng
Published: February 2019

The 0.8(K0.52 Na0.48)NbO3 –0.2KSr2 Nb5 O15 ‐yBi2 O3 (0.8KNN‐0.2KSN‐yBi2 O3) lead‐free ferroelectric composite ceramics were synthesised using rod‐like KSr2 Nb5 O15 (KSN) and isometric (K0.52 Na0.48)NbO3 (KNN) particles as raw material. Effects of Bi2 O3 doping content on microstructure, electrical, and optical properties were researched. The results indicated that the addition of Bi2 O3 helps to densify 0.8KNN‐0.2KSN‐y Bi2 O3 ceramics within limits without changing phase structure and microstructure. The dielectric constant and phase transition dispersion degree increased with the increase of Bi2 O3 while the dielectric loss decreased. Besides, the dielectric tunability was maintained in the range of 43.7∼51.8%, and reached its maximum when Bi2 O3 content was 1 wt%. In addition, the remnant polarisation and coercive field decreased with the increase of Bi2 O3, as well as the optical transmittance of 0.8KNN‐0.2KSN, but the transmittance of all samples was above 48%.
Modelling the low‐frequency electrode dielectric response based on transformer equivalent oil‐paper insulation model
Authors: Zhang Mingze , Liu Ji , Jia Haifeng , Chen Qingguo , Lv Jialu , Chen Xin
Published: February 2019

The oil‐impregnated transformer is an important part of the power system. The ageing degree of the internal oil‐paper insulation determines the service life of the transformer. The low frequency of the frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy can effectively characterise the ageing degree of transformer oil‐paper insulation. For accurately and quantitatively evaluate the aging state of oil‐paper insulation of transformer, the physical process of low‐frequency electrode polarisation is theoretically analysed in this work. Considering the polarisation of the low‐frequency electrode, the theoretical expression of the dielectric response of the equivalent XY model of the transformer is obtained. Meanwhile, to verify the rationality of the theoretical expression, the accelerated thermal ageing test of the oil‐paper insulation samples were carried out under laboratory conditions. The DC conductivity, ion mobility and FDS tests of oil‐paper insulation samples were tested on ageing 5, 10 and 15 days, respectively. The test results were combined with the theoretical expression of the low‐frequency dielectric response. It is found that the difference between the calculated result and the measured result is small. Therefore, the theoretical expression of the transformer equivalent XY model can be applied to calculate the dielectric parameters of the oil‐paper insulation at low‐frequency.
DFT‐based channel estimation refinement by clustering in FBMC‐OQAM system
Authors: He Zongmiao , Zhou Lingyu , Yang Yang , Chen Yiou , Ling Xiang
Published: February 2019

The conventional DFT‐based channel estimation method can improve the performance of the least square (LS) or minimum mean square error (MMSE) channel estimation by removing the noise outside the maximum channel delay while the noise inside channel delay still remain. Here, a novel DFT‐based pilot‐aided channel estimation method for filter bank multicarrier with offset quadrature amplitude modulation (FBMC‐OQAM) is proposed. Using clustering and discriminant analysis, this method can separate automatically the noise inside channel delay from channel impulse response (CIR) coefficient of the conventional DFT‐based channel estimation. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the accuracy of channel estimation can be improved remarkably. Compared with conventional DFT‐based channel estimation method and DFT‐based channel estimation method with threshold, the proposed DFT‐based channel estimation method with clustering has a better bit error ratio (BER) performance in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and flat fading channel.
SSO analysis and SSDC parameter optimisation based on the wind farm connected to HVDC transmission system
Authors: Xu Yang , Wang Xitian , Zhao Dawei , Qian Minhui , Yang Bingdeng , Liu Shiyu
Published: February 2019

The interaction between renewable energy generation and high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system becomes an essential cause of the subsynchronous oscillation (SSO) problem. In this study, the permanent magnet synchronous generator‐based wind farm connected to HVDC transmission system is studied. The susceptivity analysis is carried out to find the main influence factors of the SSO problem. Besides, a parameter design method for subsynchronous damping controller is proposed. The configuration and the performance indicator are discussed, and then the optimisation algorithm is developed based on hybrid genetic algorithm and electromagnetic transient simulation. Finally, the proposed design method is validated by simulation in PSCAD/EMTDC.
Fuzzy frequency‐selecting sliding mode controller for LLC resonant converter
Authors: Tian Zhongli , Fang Yu , Guo Na , Zhou Xingcheng , Cao Songyin
Published: February 2019

A fuzzy frequency‐selecting sliding mode controller for LLC resonant converter is presented here. Based on the fixed high and low switching frequency of sliding mode controller in the LLC resonant converter, the fuzzy controller is used to generate the corresponding high and low switching frequency according to different power levels. The high or low switching frequency is then selected by the frequency switching signal generated by the sliding mode controller, thus the fuzzy frequency‐selecting sliding mode controller is realised. The fuzzy control rules here come from the simulation and artificial summary of the application circuit and load characteristics, and the high and low switching frequencies varied with the load are generated by the fuzzy frequency‐selecting sliding mode controller, so as to realise the stable control of the output power of the LLC resonant converter. The fuzzy frequency‐selecting sliding mode controller for LLC resonant converter is applied to a 240 W all‐digital adaptive dimming power supply prototype, which can effectively reduce the steady‐state error of the output power of the LLC resonant converter, and has a consistent low ripple characteristic when the load changes.
Research on SOC fuzzy weighted algorithm based on GA‐BP neural network and ampere integral method
Authors: Guo Na , Fang Yu , Tian Zhongli , Cao Songyin
Published: February 2019

In view of the GA‐BP neural network model for estimating the state of charge (SOC) of batteries be greatly influenced by the voltage sampling accuracy. Here, a SOC estimation model based on fuzzy weighting algorithm is proposed which is modified by combining GA‐BP neural network with ampere integration method. In addition, the block diagram of the fuzzy weighted SOC estimation model and the specific design process of the model and the determination of input and output and the formulation of fuzzy rules are given here. Through comparing the simulation of SOC model based on GA‐BP neural network with the simulation of SOC fuzzy weighting algorithm model based on GA‐BP neural network and ampere integral method, it is concluded that the SOC fuzzy weighting algorithm studied here is superior to the SOC algorithm based on GA‐BP neural network.
Affine transformation‐based no‐beacon circular formation of agents
Authors: Jin Lina , Yu Shuanghe
Published: February 2019

This paper proposes a circular formation control algorithm for a group of agents to form a circular motion behaviour without the guidance of a global beacon. The control law consists of two parts which correspond to two systems (original system and reference exosystem) based on affine transformation. First, a displacement‐based decentralised control law is used to form a regular polygon formation for the reference exosystem. Second, let the original system track a rotating motion of reference exosystem by affine transformation. Combining the above two steps, the proposed strategy ensures exponential convergence of a group of single‐integrator modelled agents to the desired circular formation. Then, the authors generalise the approach to double‐integrator and unicycle type. Both theoretical analysis and numerical simulations are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed strategies.
The EBLM Project
Authors: von Boetticher Alexander , Triaud Amaury H. M. J. , Queloz Didier , Gill Sam , Maxted Pierre F. L. , Almleaky Yaseen , Anderson David R. , Bouchy François , Burdanov Artem , Collier Cameron Andrew , Delrez Laetitia , Ducrot Elsa , Faedi Francesca , Gillon Michaël , Gómez Maqueo Chew Yilen , Hebb Leslie , Hellier Coel , Jehin Emmanuël , Lendl Monika , Marmier Maxime , Martin David V. , McCormac James , Pepe Francesco , Pollacco Don , Ségransan Damien , Smalley Barry , Thompson Samantha , Turner Oliver , Udry Stéphane , Van Grootel Valérie , West Richard
Published: February 2019

Measurements of the physical properties of stars at the lower end of the main sequence are scarce. In this context we report masses, radii and surface gravities of ten very-low-mass stars in eclipsing binary systems, with orbital periods of the order of several days. The objects probe the stellar mass-radius relation in the fully convective regime, M⋆ ≲ 0.35 M⊙, down to the hydrogen burning mass-limit, MHB ∼ 0.07 M⊙. The stars were detected by the WASP survey for transiting extra-solar planets, as low-mass, eclipsing companions orbiting more massive, F- and G-type host stars. We use eclipse observations of the host stars, performed with the TRAPPIST, Leonhard Euler and SPECULOOS telescopes, and radial velocities of the host stars obtained with the CORALIE spectrograph, to determine the physical properties of the low-mass companions. Surface gravities of the low-mass companions are derived from the eclipse and orbital parameters of each system. Spectroscopic measurements of the host star effective temperature and metallicity are used to infer the host star mass and age from stellar evolution models for solar-type stars. Masses and radii of the low-mass companions are then derived from the eclipse and orbital parameters of the binary systems. The objects are compared to stellar evolution models for low-mass stars, to test for an effect of the stellar metallicity and orbital period on the radius of low-mass stars in close binary systems. Measurements are found to be in good agreement with stellar evolution models; a systematic inflation of the radius of low-mass stars with respect to model predictions is limited to 1.6 ± 1.2%, in the fully convective low-mass regime. The sample of ten objects indicates a scaling of the radius of low-mass stars with the host star metallicity. No correlation between stellar radii and the orbital periods of the binary systems is determined. A combined analysis with thirteen comparable objects from the literature is consistent with this result.
Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Sulfides and Sulfoxides with Azaarylamines of Poor Nucleophilicity
Authors: Pratap Ramendra , Yorimitsu Hideki
Published: February 2019

The amination of aryl sulfides and sulfoxides with azaarylamines is investigated using a palladium-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex. Because azaarylamines are less nucleophilic than anilines, more reactive diaryl sulfides and sulfoxides are found to be suitable coupling partners that liberate better leaving arenethiolate or arenesulfenate anions, instead of aryl methyl sulfides as reported previously.
Ringworm: The New Psora
Authors: Madsen Ruy
Published: February 2019

In Sankaran's miasmatic classification, the Psora—Hahnemann's fundamental miasm—is reduced to a few drugs. The similarities between the patterns of psora and ringworm suggest that they are the same miasm. This hypothesis is confirmed by the understanding of the alternating pattern of the remedies still considered psoric.
Long-Term Outcomes of Carinal Sleeve Resection in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Sezen Celal Bugra , Kocaturk Celalettin Ibrahim , Bilen Salih , Kalafat Cem Emrah , Cansever Levent , Dincer Seyyit Ibrahim , Bedirhan Mehmet Ali
Published: February 2019

Background Carinal resections for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) invading the carina are challenging cases that require a therapeutic strategy. The aim of this study was to compare the oncologic outcomes and complications of patients who underwent carinal resection.

Methods Sixty-four patients who underwent carinal resection between 2005 and 2016 were evaluated. Data were retrospectively reviewed for indications, complications, and factors influencing long-term survival.

Results The study included 51 patients (79.7%) who underwent sleeve pneumonectomy (sP) and 13 patients who underwent carinal sleeve lobectomy (csL) as a curative therapy. Nine patients (14.1%) received induction chemotherapy. Complications were observed in 31 patients (48.8%), including 24 patients (47.1%) in the sP group and 7 patients (53.8%) in the csL group (p = 0.662). Six patients (9.4%) developed bronchopleural fistula. The 30-day mortality rate was 10.9% (n = 7). The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 42.2 and 23.1%, respectively. N2 and R1 were identified as factors affecting survival (p = 0.029 and p = 0.047).

Conclusion Carinal resections have acceptable morbidity, mortality, and long-term survival outcomes in central NSCLC. The main factors affecting survival are complete resection and nodal status. The results of csL were similar to those of sP. Therefore, we believe that csL should be performed in all eligible patients.
Optimal sizing of hybrid renewable energy system via artificial immune system under frequency stability constraints
Authors: Hafez Ahmed A. , Hatata A. Y. , Aldl M. M.
Published: February 2019

An efficient sizing procedure for renewable energy resources (RESs) is a mandatory requirement for the implementation phase. The sizing procedure is mainly demand curve dependent, and the proper sizing certainly optimizes system components and hence reduces the cost. This article proposes an innovative optimal sizing procedure for wind/solar/battery hybrid renewable power systems (HRPSs) using the Artificial Immune System (AIS) technique. The optimal sizes of photovoltaic arrays, wind turbines, and batteries which fulfil the demand requirement with the least percent of load interruptions are identified. HRPSs usually suffer from the uncertainty of RESs and the absence of synchronous inertia. Energy storage systems (ESSs) could successively remedy these deficiencies. This article advises the application of ESS for providing the primary frequency control during any contingency/fall of frequency out of its normal limits. Accordingly, ESS acts as virtual synchronous inertia that balances between demand and generation during disturbance. The proposed sizing procedure is analysed as a constrained optimization problem. The constraints ensure high reliability power supply along with the frequency stability constraints. Therefore, the proposed sizing procedure has the advantages of minimized HRPS cost, improved system security, and regulated frequency. The uncertainty of RESs is considered in the proposed sizing procedure, to improve the applicability of the obtained results. The proposed procedure algorithm is correlated via comparison with Practical Swarm Optimization, a fertile optimization method. A case study for evaluating the proposed sizing approach is Qena AL-Gadida city, Qena province, Egypt. The power supply of this city is considered as a Microgrid. MATLAB is used for coding AIS and systems under concern. Numerous operating scenarios are considered to test the functionality of the proposed sizing and primary function regulation ability of its ESS. The results reveal the reliability and applicability of the advised sizing procedure. Moreover, adopting primary frequency regulation of ESS resulted only in a slight increase in the overall costs.
Dynamics of the director reorientation and light modulation in helix-free ferroelectric liquid crystals
Authors: Andreev Alexander , Andreeva Tatiana , Kompanets Igor , Torgova Sofia , Zalyapin Nikolay
Published: February 2019

The dynamics of the director reorientation in new helix-free ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLC) is considered. These materials are specially designed helix-free FLCs with a rather low value of the spontaneous polarization (less than 50 nC/cm2) and high viscosity (from 0.3 to 1.0 Poise), which are characterized by a spatial periodic deformation of smectic layers in the absence of an electric field. FLC director reorientation is due to the motion of solitons – spatially localized waves of a stationary profile that arise in an alternating electric field upon transition to the Maxwellian mechanism of energy dissipation. A theoretical model is proposed for describing the spatial-periodic deformation of FLC and reorientation of its director. The frequency and field experimental dependences of FLC electro-optical response time are presented for the modulation of the light transmission with fastest response among all LC materials. The novel helix-free FLC are able to efficiently modulate the visible and near IR radiation at frequencies up to 7 kHz at the electric field strength of the order of 1-2 V/μm. The conditions for the continuous hysteresis-free electro-optical response were determined, and such a response was realized for the first time in the frequency range up to 6 kHz.
Controlling the p-type conductivity of SnO by doping with nitrogen and hydrogen
Authors: Becker M. , Hamann R. , Hartung D. , Voget-Grote C. , Graubner S. , Hoffmann P. , Ronning C. , Polity A. , Klar P. J.
Published: February 2019

Two series of SnO thin films, one doped with N and one doped with H, were deposited on c-plane sapphire by reactive ion beam sputter deposition starting from growth parameters optimized for stoichiometric SnO. The amounts of dopants incorporated into the SnO:H and SnO:N samples were quantified by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. The influence on the structural and electrical properties of SnO thin films was studied as a function of dopant concentration. In the case of N doping, all N incorporated, probably as NO, are active as the acceptor and exhibit long-term stability. We assign an acceptor activation energy of 100 to 150 meV to NO. However, we observe a change in the film morphology at a critical N concentration of about 7⋅1017cm−3, which deteriorates the structural properties of the films. In the case of SnO:H, the situation is different. We observe an outdiffusion of H after growth, i.e., the samples are not stable in the long term. Nevertheless, all H incorporated up to a H-content of 1019cm−3 seem to be electrically active and exhibit an activation energy between 150 and 250 meV, likely corresponding to Hi. Furthermore, at H contents above 1019cm−3, we observe molecular H2 inside the SnO:H thin films. We conclude that N doping of SnO is better suited for tuning the p-type conductivity of SnO. However, it will be essential to overcome the morphology change observed at the critical N concentration to fully explore the tunability of the p-type conductivity in device applications.
Z
2
×
Z
2
generalizations of N=1 superconformal Galilei algebras and their representations
Authors: Aizawa N. , Isaac P. S. , Segar J.
Published: February 2019

We introduce two classes of novel color superalgebras of Z2×Z2 grading. This is done by realizing members of each class within the universal enveloping algebra of the N=1 supersymmetric extension of the conformal Galilei algebra. This allows us to upgrade any representation of the super conformal Galilei algebras to a representation of the Z2×Z2 graded algebra. As an example, boson-fermion Fock space representation of one class is given. We also provide a vector field realization of members of the other class by using a generalization of the Grassmann calculus to Z2×Z2 graded setting.
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in Ar + N2 + O2 atmospheric-pressure nanosecond pulsed plasmas in contact with liquid
Authors: Liang Jianping , Zhou Xiongfeng , Zhao Zilu , Wang Wenchun , Yang Dezheng , Yuan Hao
Published: February 2019

In this paper, a nanosecond pulse gas-liquid discharge is generated in Ar and Ar with admixtures of N2 or O2. The discharge images and waveforms of pulse voltage and discharge current are used to characterize gas-liquid discharge characteristics; optical emission spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy are employed to diagnose the reactive species in the gas phase, and chemical probe methods are employed to investigate plasma-induced reactive species (H2O2, NO2−, and NO3−) in the liquid phase. The effects of added contents of N2 or O2 in Ar discharge on the formation of reactive species are investigated. It is found that the productions of gaseous O and O3 increase obviously with the increasing O2 ratio and the productions of gaseous N2 (C-B), NO, NO2, and N2O increase with the increasing N2 ratio. Additionally, for the reactive species measured in the liquid phase, the increase in the N2 ratio in Ar discharge is beneficial for increasing the concentrations of NO3− and NO2− and decreasing the concentrations of H2O2, while the increase in the O2 ratio in Ar discharge decreases the concentrations of H2O2 and inhibits the production of NO2−.
Thickness dependent enhancement of the polar Kerr rotation in Co magnetoplasmonic nanostructures
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Richard M. , Melander Emil , Chioar Ioan-Augustin , Caballero Blanca , García-Martín Antonio , Papaioannou Evangelos Th. , Kapaklis Vassilios
Published: February 2019

Large surface plasmon polariton assisted enhancement of the magneto-optical activity has been observed in the past, through spectral measurements of the polar Kerr rotation in Co hexagonal antidot arrays. Here, we report a strong thickness dependence, which is unexpected given that the Kerr effect is considered a surface sensitive phenomena. The maximum Kerr rotation was found to be -0.66 degrees for a 100 nm thick sample. This thickness is far above the typical optical penetration depth of a continuous Co film, demonstrating that in the presence of plasmons the critical lengthscales are dramatically altered, and in this case extended. We therefore establish that the plasmon enhanced Kerr effect does not only depend on the in-plane structuring of the sample, but also on the out-of-plane geometrical parameters, which is an important consideration in magnetoplasmonic device design.
Zero-field dynamics stabilized by in-plane shape anisotropy in MgO-based spin-torque oscillators
Authors: Kowalska E. , Kákay A. , Fowley C. , Sluka V. , Lindner J. , Fassbender J. , Deac A. M.
Published: February 2019

Here, we demonstrate numerically that shape anisotropy in MgO-based spin-torque nano-oscillators consisting of an out-of-plane magnetized free layer and an in-plane polarizer is necessary to stabilize out-of-plane magnetization precession without the need of external magnetic fields. As the in-plane anisotropy is increased, a gradual tilting of the magnetization towards the in-plane easy direction is introduced, favouring zero-field dynamics over static in-plane states. Above a critical value, zero-field dynamics are no longer observed. The optimum ratio of in-plane shape to out-of-plane uniaxial anisotropy, for which large angle out-of-plane zero-field dynamics occur within the widest current range, is reported.
Non-linear effects in a closed rotating radial Hele-Shaw cell
Authors: Paiva A. S. S. , Lira S. H. A. , Andrade R. F. S.
Published: February 2019

This work reports high precise Computational Fluid Dynamics results for interface patterns for an incompressible binary fluid system in a rotating circular Hele-Shaw cell. In the initial set-up, the fluids with high and low density occupy, respectively, an inner circle and the remaining outer ring centered with the cell. Once the simulations take into account all non-linear terms in the equations of motion, one single three-dimensional model can be implemented to explore quite different flow regimes by an adequate choice of angular velocity and model parameters. Quantitative and qualitative results, obtained with the help of two grids differing only on the mesh length, are compared with those derived from experiments, linearized analytical expressions, and specific purposes numerical codes.
Fast operation of a WO3-based solid-state electrochromic transistor
Authors: Onozato Takaki , Nezu Yukio , Cho Hai Jun , Ohta Hiromichi
Published: February 2019

Electrochromic transistors (ECTs) have attracted attention as advanced memory technology because one can use both electrochromism and switching of electrical conductivity in a nonvolatile manner. Although several solid-state ECTs have been proposed so far, their operating speed is still slow (operating time >1 min) as compared to liquid-based ECTs (∼20 s) due to their asymmetric gate-source electrode configuration. Here we demonstrate a fast operation of a solid-state ECT. We fabricated a solid-state ECT with three terminal gate-source-drain electrodes using an amorphous WO3 film as the electrochromic material and amorphous TaOx as the solid electrolyte. By the insertion of a thin ZnO layer between the source and drain electrodes to achieve pseudo symmetric gate-source electrode configuration, we greatly reduced the operation time to less than 1 s at ±3 V application while keeping the on-to-off ratio of ∼30. The present approach is effective to improve the operating speed of ECTs and may be practically used in advanced memory technologies.
Identifying traits at crop maturity and models for estimation of lodging susceptibility in bread wheat
Authors: Mirabella N. E. , Abbate P. E. , Alonso M. P. , Panelo J. S. , Pontaroli A. C.
Published: February 2019

Lodging is the permanent displacement of plant shoots from an upright position and represents a major obstacle to reaching yield potential in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Breeding programs would benefit from the identification of lodging-related traits amenable to easy and rapid screening, even in the absence of lodging. However, no locally tested lodging model is available for the Pampas region of Argentina, and most lodging models are based on measurements before crop maturity. We adapted two existing models and generated a new one, using easily measurable traits at crop maturity in 24 cultivars (14 for model fit and 10 for model validation) grown in plot trials with no nutritional, water or disease restrictions in three crop seasons at Balcarce, Argentina. Of 17 traits evaluated, 16 showed differences between cultivars (P<0.05), and in 11 of these traits, no genotype×environment interaction was detected (P>0.05). Estimations of the safety factor against stem lodging, proposed by Crook et al., and the wind velocity that produces lodging, proposed by Berry et al., showed a high correlation with lodging score (R2=0.60 and 0.72, respectively), but when the estimators were tested with another set of cultivars there was no association. A new empirical regression model was based on three traits measured at maturity: plant height, spike dry weight, and the inertia moment of the stem base (stem resistance to bending estimated from stem diameter and wall thickness). The model was then simplified by replacing the third trait with basal stem diameter, and it showed an even better fit (R2=0.90). These models were satisfactorily validated by rank correlations with a different cultivar set. The regression model proposed in this study can easily be applied to the evaluation of commercial cultivars and may be used to screen breeding materials. Measurements at maturity are convenient and easy to combine with other traits of possible selective advantage.
Rapidly declining remarkability of temperature anomalies may obscure public perception of climate change
Authors: Moore Frances C. , Obradovich Nick , Lehner Flavio , Baylis Patrick
Published: February 2019

Significance

Climate change exposes people to conditions that are historically unusual but that will become increasingly common over time. What kind of weather do people think of as normal or unusual under these changing conditions? We use the volume of social media posts about weather to measure the remarkability of different temperatures and show that remarkability changes rapidly with repeated exposure to unusual temperatures. The reference point for normal conditions appears to be based on weather experienced between 2 and 8 y ago. This rapidly shifting normal baseline means warming noticed by the general public may not be clearly distinguishable from zero over the 21st century, with potential implications for both the acceptance of global warming and public pressure for mitigation policies.
Self-organized dynamics and the transition to turbulence of confined active nematics
Authors: Opathalage Achini , Norton Michael M. , Juniper Michael P. N. , Langeslay Blake , Aghvami S. Ali , Fraden Seth , Dogic Zvonimir
Published: February 2019

Significance

Topological defects are a ubiquitous feature of diverse materials ranging from superconductors to liquid crystals. In contrast to conventional materials where defects produce static field configurations, topological defects in energy-consuming active matter acquire motility. In bulk active nematic liquid crystals, motile defects drive turbulent-like dynamics. We show that confining a model experimental active nematic converts bulk chaotic motion into coherent circulatory flows. This observation suggests the possibility of exploiting geometric design to encode the spatiotemporal dynamics of topological defects, thereby endowing synthetic materials with the self-organized capabilities heretofore mainly found in living organisms. Furthermore, qualitative differences between experimental observations and numerical solutions of hydrodynamic equations suggest improvements to widely studied but incomplete theoretical models.
Translation and political engagement
Authors: Ghessimi Hamed
Published: February 2019

The activist aspect of translation that has illocutionary and perlocutionary dimensions is a sort of speech act that rouses, inspires, bears witness, mobilizes and incites to rebellion, actually participating in social movement and political change. In this way, translators are the producers of new knowledge signifying the assertion of power by choosing deliberately to subvert the traditional allegiance of translation and also interjecting their own world view and politics into their work, and these translators undertake the work they do because they believe the texts they produce will benefit humanity or impact positively upon the receptor culture in ways that are broadly ideological. This paper investigates the issue of an Islamic Marxist translators’ agency applying Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological concepts (habitus, field, capital) in the socio-political context of Iran in the 1960s and 1970s. This study surveys how based on his habitus Ali Shariati, an Islamic Marxist translator and thinker, translated some texts to transfer new knowledge to society as cultural capital which intensified the initiation and facilitation of social reform and political change in Iran in the 1970s. The paper peruses some texts translated by Ali Shariati to show that he wielded his own politics in translation to illuminate Iranians’ thought against the imperial regime to stimulate them to subvert the Pahlavi dynasty.
Cocaine Hydroxy Metabolites in Hair: Indicators for Cocaine Use Versus External Contamination☆
Authors: Scholz Clementine , Quednow Boris B , Herdener Marcus , Kraemer Thomas , Baumgartner Markus R
Published: February 2019

Given that external contamination must be considered in hair analysis, there is still a demand for reliable tools to differentiate between incorporation of drugs into the hair as a result of drug consumption and of the hair shaft by external contamination. With the aim of establishing alternative discrimination parameters, some of the hydroxy metabolites of cocaine i.e., para- and meta-hydroxycocaine and para- and meta-hydroxybenzoylecgonine were measured together with cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, and norcocaine in five seized street cocaine samples and in hair samples from different cohorts: cohort 1 (in vivo external contamination study, n = 28), cohort 2 (individuals with self-reported cocaine use, n = 92), and cohort 3 (individuals with suspected cocaine use or contamination, n = 198). Statistical evaluation of the data of cohort 1 and 2 using ROC curves yielded metabolic ratios indicating cocaine use. Based on these results, a decision workflow was established for the discrimination between cocaine use and external contamination. The power of this approach was finally statistically validated across the different cohorts.
Error and Uncertainty in Diagnostic Radiology
Authors: Bruno Michael A.
Published: February 2019

Diagnostic radiology is a medical specialty that is primarily devoted to the diagnostic process, centered on the interpretation of medical images. This book reviews the high level of uncertainty inherent to radiological interpretation and the overlap that exists between the uncertainty of the process and what might be considered “error.” There is also a great deal of variability inherent in the physical and technological aspects of the imaging process itself. The information in diagnostic images is subtly encoded, with a broad range of “normal” that usually overlaps the even broader range of “abnormal.” Image interpretation thus blends technology, medical science, and human intuition. To develop their skillset, radiologists train intensively for years, and most develop a remarkable level of expertise. But radiology itself remains a fallible human endeavor, one involving complex neurophysiological and cognitive processes employed under a range of conditions and generally performed under time pressure. This book highlights the human experience of error. A taxonomy of error is presented, along with a theoretical classification of error types based on the underlying causes and an extensive discussion of potential error-reduction strategies. The relevant perceptual science, cognitive science, and imaging science are reviewed. A chapter addresses the issue of accountability for error, including peer review, regulatory oversight/accreditation, and malpractice litigation. The potential impact of artificial intelligence, including the use of machine learning and deep-learning algorithms, to reduce human error and improve radiologists’ efficiency is also explored.
Older Adult Patients in the Community
Authors: Long Carol O.
Published: February 2019

Older adult patients are most likely to reside in the community as they age. The opportunity to provide quality comprehensive palliative nursing care that incorporates age-specific assessment and management principles in the care of older adults is necessary within community settings. This chapter specifies the key considerations for geriatric palliative care nursing care of older adult patients who live at home. A summary of geriatric palliative care nursing principles that emphasizes person-centered care, advocacy, and the incorporation of essential care strategies that support physical, psychological, social, and spiritual well-being of older adults is reviewed. This chapter provides an overview of the complexities of aging and the mechanisms necessary to allow individuals to age successfully until the end of life.
The Intensive Care Unit
Authors: McAdam Jennifer L. , Gélinas Céline
Published: February 2019

This chapter on intensive care discusses the provision of palliative care in intensive care units (ICUs), with an emphasis on end-of-life care. Specifically, it will cover the challenges and barriers to providing end-of-life care in ICUs. Recommendations are offered for the provision of symptom assessment and management. Current issues related to holding family meetings, establishing patient goals of care, surrogate decision-making, and withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining therapies are covered. Finally, recommendations are offered for attending to the needs of families as well as healthcare professionals who care for ICU patients at the end of life.
Oxford Handbook of Urology
Authors: Reynard John , Brewster Simon F. , Biers Suzanne , Neal Naomi Laura
Published: February 2019

The Oxford Handbook of Urology, fourth edition, is a comprehensive, yet concise, textbook summarizing the background, clinical presentation, investigation, and treatment of a wide spectrum of urological conditions. It is an essential tool for urologists, general surgeons, accident and emergency doctors, general practitioners, nurses, and medical students involved in the care of patients with urological conditions. It covers medical and surgical aspects of kidney, ureteric, bladder, urethral, prostate, and genitoscrotal disorders, and has proven to be an excellent revision guide for urology examinations, including the FRCS. The Oxford Handbook of Urology continues to provide a valuable overview of many different urological subjects, including lower urinary tract symptoms, bladder outlet obstruction, incontinence, haematuria, emergencies, trauma, cancers, infections, children’s disorders, andrology, infertility, problems in pregnancy, neurourology, renal transplant, basic science, and kidney stone disease. For this new edition, national and international guidelines have been comprehensively reviewed and updated, new technologies and techniques included, new topics added, and current urological controversies highlighted in order to keep urological knowledge and practice current and relevant.
Hypotonia
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J.
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews the incidence, risk factors, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of the multiple disorders causing congenital hypotonia. The differential diagnosis of various types of hypotonic syndromes includes chromosome anomalies, metabolic myopathies, peroxisomal disorders, brain malformations, congenital lower motor neuron diseases, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, congenital disorders of glycosylation, and multiple congenital anomaly single gene syndromes such as Kabuki syndrome and Bohring-Opitz syndrome. Recommendations for evaluation and management include discussion of key neurologic findings in the physical exam, biochemical and other laboratory screening, targeted single gene testing, panels for clinically heterogeneous disorders and exome sequencing. The clinical consult features an infant with congenital myotonic dystrophy.
Teratogenic Agents
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J.
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews background information about the incidence and epidemiology of common teratogenic agents, including prescription medications and congenital infections such as LCMV, parvovirus, TORCH, syphilis, and Zika. The characteristic fetal effects of in utero exposure to ACE inhibitors, anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, folic acid antagonists, immunosuppresants, and Vitamin A derivatives are reviewed. The teratogenic effects associated with chronic maternal disorders, such as gastric bypass surgery, hyperemesis gravidarum, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, and maternal phenylketonuria are discussed. The differential diagnosis includes Mendelian disorders with similar phenotypes. The chapter includes recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with first-trimester exposure to misoprostol (Cytotec).
Macrocephaly and Megalencephaly
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J.
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews isolated and syndromic causes of macrocephaly and megalencephaly. The two terms are usually but not always interchangeable. The differential diagnosis of macrocephaly includes familial macrocephaly, chromosome duplications and deletions, metabolic disorders and complex somatic mosaic conditions including CLOVES, MCAP and MPPH. Single gene disorders with macrocephaly include those in the Noonan syndrome spectrum (RASopathies). Syndromes with hemimegalencephaly, including linear nevus sebaceous and tuberous sclerosis are briefly reviewed. Many syndromes with macrocephaly have associated overgrowth and are covered in the Overgrowth chapter as well, including Weaver, Sotos and Malan syndromes. A clinical case presentation features an infant with basal cell nevus syndrome.
Microcephaly
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J.
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews the incidence, risk factors, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of isolated and syndromic microcephaly. The differential diagnosis of microcephaly includes multiple teratogenic agents such as alcohol, hyperthermia, maternal PKU, and new and old congenital infections as well as specific chromosome aneuploidies such as 4p- and 5p- where microcephaly is almost universally seen. Metabolic disorders include congenital disorders of glycosylation and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. Multiple autosomal recessive primary microcephaly syndromes (MCPH) are being delineated. Important syndromes with microcephaly include Cornelia de Lange and Smith Lemli Opitz syndromes but many other complex genetic syndromes include microcephaly. A clinical case presentation features an infant with autosomal recessive primary microcephaly with an unknown genetic cause.
Cerebellar Anomalies
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J.
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of isolated and syndromic cerebellar hypoplasia, agenesis and dysgenesis, cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, Dandy Walker malformation and other cerebellar anomalies. The relationship between isolated unilateral cerebellar lesions and in utero infarction or vascular disruption is described. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of cerebellar anomalies summarizes common causes, including teratogenic agents (CMV, Herpes), chromosome anomalies (aneuploidy, copy number variants), metabolic disorders and Mendelian traits associated with malformations in other parts of the CNS and in other organ systems, including the ciliopathies. The chapter offers recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with rhombocephaosynapsis, aqueductal stenosis, and biparietal alopecia caused by Gomez–Lopez–Hernandez syndrome.
Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J.
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, genetics, family history, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of isolated and syndromic neural tube defects. The various subtypes of NTD are described including common, lethal and rare presentations such as sacral agenesis and anterior meningomyelocele. Prenatal therapy with in utero surgery is addressed. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of neural tube defects summarizes its common causes, including teratogenic agents, chromosome anomalies (trisomy 18), and Mendelian disorders that cause isolated NTDs and syndromic NTDs that are associated with malformations in other organ systems. The chapter gives recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with a lumbosacral meningomyelocele caused by valproic acid embryopathy.
Gastroschisis
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J.
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews the incidence, risk factors, genetics, recurrence risk, epidemiology, and distinctive anatomy of gastroschisis. This abnormality is much more common in the offspring of young mothers and the overall incidence continues to rise worldwide. Other risk factors include short intrapregnancy intervals, smoking and several medications such as aspirin and ibuprophen. Associated abnormalities most frequently include intestinal atresias and strictures although other vascular disruptive defects, particularly the amyoplasia form of arthrogryposis, are seen in 3-10%. Distinquishing this defect from omphalocele is usually not difficult although a ruptured omphalocele may cause confusion. Ruling out limb-body wall disruption is important as the prognosis is vastly different. The clinical case presentation features an infant with amyoplasia and gastroschisis.
Omphalocele
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J.
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of isolated and syndromic omphalocele. The distinct anatomy of omphalocele is contrasted with other types of abdominal wall defects such as umbilical hernia, gastroschisis, cloacal exstrophy, and limb-body wall complex. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of omphalocele summarizes its common causes, including environmental and teratogenic agents (ART, maternal diabetes, SSRI, valproic acid), chromosome anomalies (aneuploidy, tetrasomy 12p, UPD14), and single gene disorders that feature multiple congenital anomalies. The chapter gives recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with omphalocele and a narrow bell shaped thorax with “coat hanger” ribs caused by paternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 14.
Clubfoot
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J.
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, sex ratio, risk factors, including CVS and early amniocentesis, family history, consanguinity, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of clubfoot. The distinctive rigidity of clubfoot is compared with the more common position anomalies of the foot (metatarsus adductus) and congenital vertical talus. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of clubfoot summarizes its common causes, including teratogenic agents, chromosome anomalies, including copy number variants, and Mendelian disorders that involve associated malformations in the neuromuscular, skeletal, and connective tissue systems, and it gives recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with Loeys–Dietz syndrome.
Lower Extremity Anomalies
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J.
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews the incidence, epidemiology, genetics, and anatomical varieties of congenital anomalies of the lower extremity. Defects can be transverse, longitudinal, intercalary, or central and involve the femur, tibia, or fibula and there are combined defects and conditions affecting both upper and lower extremity. Isolated transverse defects are less common in the lower extremity than the upper but amniotic band disruption sequence can affect both upper and lower limbs. Adams Oliver syndrome affects both upper and lower limbs. Femoral facial syndrome is the most common lower extremity syndrome. Split hand/split foot is clinically heterogeneous and complex albeit with several well characterized syndromes including those caused by variants in TP63 and the 17p1.3. chromosome duplicaton syndrome . The clinical case presentation features an infant with fibular aplasia, tibial campomelia, and oligosyndactyly due to FATCO syndrome, a condition whose genetic cause is unknown.