bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks
Authors: Tafa Igli
Published: November 2019

The aim of this paper is to give a big survey in enhancing the balance of the routing load and the consumption of resources using network layer metrics for the path discovery in the MAODV protocol. A ad hoc network (AD HOC NETWORKS) consists of a collection of wireless mobile nodes, which form a temporary network without relying on any existing infrastructure or centralized administration. The bandwidth of the ad hoc networks architecture is limited and shared between the participating nodes in the network, therefore an efficient utilization of the network bandwidth is very important. Multicasting technology can minimize the consumption of the link bandwidth and reduce the communication cost too. As multimedia and group-oriented computing gains more popularity for users of ad hoc networks, the effective Quality of Service (QoS) of the multicasting protocol plays a significant role in ad hoc networks. In this paper we propose a reconstruction of the MAODV protocol by extending some featuring QoS in MAODV. All simulations are prepared with the NS2 simulator and compare the performance of this algorithm with the MAODV algorithm. The achieved results illustrate faster path discovery and more performing routing balance in the use of MAODV-Extension.This paper would give relatively a modest support in Mobile Technology according to QoS communication.
The policies of identifying and managing conflicts of interest of civil servants in the civil service
Authors: Gërxhi Julejda , Mamuti Afet
Published: November 2019

At the core of preventing and managing conflicts of interest are a set of principles that underlie the functioning of a democratic state and service of its citizens. Thus, principles such as transparency and impartiality in decision-making, the integrity of officials and keeping in mind the best interest of potential public during the decision-making, public confidence and increase his confidence in the government, form the basis of identifying policies and management of conflicts of interess or civil servants. Albanian law to prevent conflicts of interest is a law in its entirety, permeated by a spirit of somewhat stringent restrictions on civil servants. Such limitations have been given as the need to secure a decision as fair and impartial in the public interest, and the current state of the low level of public trust and confidence in the integrity of government institutions. The policy followed for identifying and managing conflicts of interest can be analyzed by doing, at first, a distinction between direct action policies in the field of conflict of interest (which are intended to prevent potential situations of conflict of interest through the specific regulatory provisions as laws and regulations) - and indirect action policies (aimed at preventing these situations by organizing public administration reform). In the context of direct action policies should distinguish between: cases in which the legislator has aimed to identify the ex - ante (before that happens) situations which could lead to conflicts of interest and cases or decisions designed to determine the important rules and non-specific prevention clause requiring verification on a case by case ex - post (as is) in order to decide whether an individual case is inconsistent with the general framework legislative described above (ie the ex-ante). Indirect action policies intended to prevent situations of conflict of interest by reforming the organizational structure of Public Administration and designed to create favorable conditions to prevent civil servants, recruited by the political institutions “to invade” the area in which administrative discretion is exercised.
Oracle Multimaster Replication Maintance Optimization
Authors: Paci Hakik , Xhuvani Aleksander
Published: November 2019

This paper presents a new solution for adding a new database server on an existing Oracle Multimaster data replication system. In normal conditions adding a new database server on this system we cannot insert, delete and update data during this time. So during this time the system is down and we can make only queries. The time for adding the new database server depends on the number of tables on the replication group and on the network conditions. To reduce this time we propose to replace the Replication group in more than one replication group based on logic of database schema. So we will have a replication group for base data, one replication group for most populated tables and another group for non most used tables. Using this method on the Oracle database schema with 250 replication tables and communication speed 1Mbit/s, the time reduced seven times. This research is implemented on border control system (Total Information Management System at Ministry of Interior) in Albania and using this solution we can add or remove replication sites with minimal down time.
A general overview of the literature for children in the first part of the 20th century
Authors: Alimerko Rudina
Published: November 2019

Although in the first decades of the 20th century the Albanian literature for children did not recognize any distinguished literary work, a series of liberation insurrections in north and south as well as the Declaration of Independence in 1912 show the great efforts of our Renaissance figures who were teachers, ideologists and active participants in the armed movement. All this big issues in the life of Albanian people as well as their freedom-loving spirit become the inspiration of many themes, details and motives in the Albanian literature for children. Some of well-known representatives of our national Renaissance such as: Çajupi, Asdreni, Fishta, Mjeda, Gurakuqi, Xanoni, J.Bageri etc., continued writing even during the first decades of the 20th century. In their poetic and literary writings, one could distinguish the romantic spirit of the exuberance of the love for the country, for the nature, for the universe, and sometimes there could be distinguished even a realistic tone which described the Albanian life. Throughout all this literary work, the love for the country was connected with the love for the language and with the great efforts that were made for founding Albanian schools, with the reverberation of the wars for freedom, with the description of nature, birds and flowers as well as with the inspiration taken from the fantastical and fabulous world of the world literature.
Loss of parental responsibility – a new legal instrument between need of protection of the best interest of the child and respect of parent fundamental rights
Authors: Omari Sonila
Published: November 2019

The new Albanian Family Code provides an additional measure reading the protection of the child, namely, the “loss of parental responsibility.” Differently from the measure of “removal of the parental responsibility” that is provided in the civil code provisions, this new measure has been introduced for the first time in the Albanian legal framework and is taken by court through a penal process. Thus, according to article 223 of the Family Code, “the parents of a child may loose the parental responsibility through a penal court decision that has found them guilty of committing themselves or assisting in the commitment of a criminal offense against their child. They may also loose it if they have been convicted for any of the reasons regarding the abandonment of the family and have not fulfilled the related obligations.” This paper aims to analyse and interpret the introduction of this new measure which has caused difficulties regarding its practical application by courts. The authors of the paper analyse the legal features of the measure and the controversies of the doctrine in relation to such a measure. They also suggest the categorization of the new measure as a punishment of a penal nature, i.e as a supplementary punishment. The paper also analyses the cases where the measure is likely to be applied and the terms applicable to the individual that will be subjected to this measure. The paper reviews also the time frame of the application of the new measure. The current legal framework does not contain a specific provision regarding this issue. In light of the evolution of the concept of the parental responsibility as well as the perspective of human rights protection the authors support the idea of the regulation of the time limits of the measure. The authors argue that in the determination of the time limits of the application of the measure (including the possible return of the parental rights), it is important the courts maintain a fair balance between the loss of parental responsibility and the respect of rights of the biological parent, in the highest interest of the child, to be raised and educated in the family of origin. At the end of the paper the authors also suggest the need to improve de lege ferenda the current provisions in order to ensure that the application of the new measure meets its purposes, i.e the removal of the parental rights is applied only in those cases where the parents are considered unfitted to exercise this right over their children.
The Spiritual Connection of the Shushica Valley Locals to their Living Place
Authors: Shkurti Fatlinda
Published: November 2019

In this article we will deal with the issue of a population’s attitude to and estimation of the geographical environment it lives in with regard to the feelings created in this population with the passing of time. We will then mention some of the physical and geographical characteristics of the study area: its geographical position, relief, climate and flora and their role on the development of the study area’s population. We will make an evaluation of the area’s infrastructure and its role on the communication and connection with the other areas. The methodology employed is that of a questionnaire. The questionnaire, the data analysis and the publication of results took us a period of one year. The results were analyzed by giving the social, political and economical reasons that break off the spiritual connection to the living place, the present situation and the tendency by giving conclusions and recommendations that we think will be of great help to the solution of such an important issue in this period of enormous changes in every aspect.
Visa liberalisation and economic implication for the Western Balkans
Authors: Sela Ylber
Published: November 2019

When in April, 2007, western Balkan countries started the facilitation of the visa agreement that will allow them extremely simplified procedures for visa application in order to enter EU countries, many of the citizens of this region that historically has been isolated were skeptical this will really happen. This article analyses in detail the process of visa liberalization for the western Balkan countries and argues that visa facilitation is shown to be very useful despite the fact that only one country – known as “ghettoized” – the Republic of Kosovo. This state that is recognized internationally by 75 nations, of which 22 are EU, has remained the last Balkan country whose citizens still cannot travel freely in the EU. An important role in visa liberalization are the agreements of re-acceptance which are signed between the countries of the region and the European Commission that asks said countries to turn back all their citizens which are found illegally in the EU. Among others, this article provides an objective analysis in terms of the political implications of visa liberalization and free movement inside the European Union. The authors argue that traveling facilitations have become useful for citizens of particular countries whose aims are for positive achievements and growth along with the EU.
DNA Development and its Importance
Authors: Gaxhi Artur
Published: November 2019

As we all are aware now the discovery of DNA is the most significant biological discovery of the 20th century. This discovery has had a tremendous impact on science and medicine. In the field of modern medicine and genetic research, the discovery of DNA has allowed for the improved ability to diagnosis disease, detect genetic predisposition to disease, create new drugs to treat disease, use gene therapy as treatment, and design “custom drugs” based on individual genetic profiles. In criminal investigations, DNA has proven to be a powerful tool. Since no two people, excluding identical twins, can have similar DNA, the identification of a offender person through DNA analyzes is more than indubitable. DNA can be used successfully on victims identifying process. Identifying the victims of the September 11, 2001, World Trade Center attack presented a unique forensic challenge because the number and identity of the victims were unknown and many victims were represented only by bone and tissue fragments. Today with the creation of a common space as the European Union, new opportunities and requirements needs among states to make possible the collaboration as valid and effective against crime or terrorism is more necessary. For this reason arises the idea of exchange of genetic information between them for Law Enforcement Operations which is supported on the AIA’s agreement for a greater security among states space.
Theoretical and Practical Issues of Freedom Deprivation for Juveniles in Procedurial Albanian Legislation
Authors: Xhafo Jola
Published: November 2019

Reforms undertaken after 90’s have brought progress in legislation changes and compliance with international standards. This goal is also supported from the membership of our country in several international organizations and ratification of international legal acts. Legal reforms have brought many positive aspects in terms of guaranteeing the procedural position of juveniles and respect their rights at all stages of criminal proceedings. One of the most important aspects of the process is the one related to the freedom deprivation in terms of which are sanctioned a number of principles and procedural rules. Despite positive steps, the Procedural Penal Code should be subject to further amendments and improvements regarding procedural provisions for the treatment of juveniles during criminal proceedings. This article seeks to analyze the specific guarantees and particularly procedural rules related to deprivation of personal freedom as well as issues associated with the treatment of juveniles at this stage. The paper will focus primarily on: - The issues on special protection of juveniles in criminal proceedings and cases of freedom deprivation in the framework of the international standards. - Reflecting the concrete situation and the judicial practice issues, in the framework of the Jurisprudence of the Criminal College of the Supreme Court. - Drawing concrete conclusions and recommendations in regard to the current stage of reflection of the international standards on minors freedom deprivation in the penal legislation and its implementation in practice, as well as the concrete needs for improvement through legal interventions and institutional arrangements.
The Process of Evidencing (Offer of Proof) at Administrative Procedure
Authors: Vokopola Faskaj Alma , Gërxhi Julejda
Published: November 2019

The investigatory procedure carried out by an administrative organ during administrative proceedings is indispensable. There is no doubt that “lex specialis”, in several cases, tend to detail this process, however, it needs a “lex generalis” act which will regulated principally all the important elements of the investigatory procedure. The Code of Administrative Procedure is an act, which naturally poses its problematic, however it is very important for prescribing such institute of administrative proceedings. Due to such significance, the analysis of judicial means being available to an organ of public administration for evaluating complexly the totality of facts and proofs and certainly for identifying present problems, is the central pillar of this report.
The Albanian legal framework on non-discrimination and gender equality in employment relationships
Authors: Rusi Ilir
Published: November 2019

Discrimination and gender inequality in employment relationships are present in every society, at any time and whatever their victim is. With the development of society, despite the measures taken to prevent discrimination, this phenomenon continues to be present and appears in different forms. In a society with economic civilization and culture development, people cannot explain why do such phenomena that become an obstacle to the realization of a right as the right to employment exist, when it is sanctioned and guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Albania, in international conventions ratified by our country, in the Labor Code and particular laws, such as the “Gender Equality law”. Discrimination in employment relationships and in the workplace continues to appear in its traditional format based on gender, race, ethnic origin, religion, age but also in new forms based on disability, sexual orientation, genetics and lifestyle. Despite all efforts to prevent discrimination, this phenomenon has always been a threat to all individuals seeking to enter into an employment relationship. We all have the right to work, to be treated equally during a competition for a particular job, to get a fair wage, to be paid equally with others for the same job, to get promotion, to be safety in work, to get vocational training and retraining benefits without being discriminated of race, religion, age, gender, political belief, sexual orientation, etc. However, the first opportunity for discrimination is encountered from the moment when hiring an individual. But, despite the momentum when we are faced with discrimination or one of its kind, there should be placed great attention by the State through the relevant authorities and by the society itself by denouncing it. We shouldn’t be subject of violation of the right to employment and equal treatment in employment relations. Not without reason the two principles: the principle of prohibition of discrimination and gender equality are two principles enshrined in international conventions, giving it a great importance. In this paper there is addressed the Albanian legal framework that sanctioned and guaranteed the principles of prohibition of discrimination and gender equality, as the Constitution of the Republic of Albania, the Labor Code, the law on “Gender Equality in Albania”, as well as institutional mechanisms to ensure gender equality in Albania.
Naim Frashëri - Founder and professor of Albanian literature for children
Authors: Alimerko Rudina
Published: November 2019

The tradition that Naim created is alive and inspirational even among the lives of the present society. More than a writer, Naim is the greatest poet of our National Renaissance, is a patriot, think-tank and famous activist of education and Albanian culture. His most special merit in this literary creativity stands in the fact that he raised the literature for children at a higher artistic level, strongly affecting the other Renaissance figures. Which are the virtues that Naim Frashëri wants to develop among the children? As a writer and professor, Naim aimed to activate through his creativities the intellectual and educational thought and the spiritual moral emancipation of the children. In his literary creativity, Naim Frashëri appears not only as a famous writer and poet, but as a great professor at the same time, publishing literary and pedagogical works. The book Reader for boys with short stories distinguished him as a talented prose writer for children, whereas the poetic art in the collection Poetry for the first grades established him as the founder of the poetry for children, where Naim appears as an educator and serves as a propagandist of the noble virtues of love for work, of honour, faith, justice, truth, humanism, will for learning and knowledge, love for one’s country. In the general view of this literature, as a poet and writer through different genres and types, Naim aims to give advices, to convey wisdom and philosophy but also to emanate elements of culture and good manners, behaviour and moral. Naim, likewise his predecessors: Naum Veqilharxhi and Kostandin Kristoforidhi, dedicated himself to the literature for children to deeply affect the conscience and moral of the children. In this point of view there is another reason why Naim dedicated himself to the literature for children: he was convinced that the boundaries of the linguistic culture of the nation are laid down at school and in childhood. “Little boys and maids need to learn their language, to read it correctly and write it good”. Thus, the poetry and prose for children subdue to his aim; the artistic and patriotic education of children. Therefore, for this contribution that he brought, Naim Frashëri deserved being named as the founder of Albanian literature for children and as its main representative during the National Renaissance.
Economic Relations between Italy and Albania 1993 – 2000
Authors: Marko Juliana
Published: November 2019

The history of economic relations between Italy and Albania is a typical example of asymmetric relationship between two countries with geographic proximity but with very different dimensions. The importance of this bond is essential for Albania, as Italy is our greatest economic and trade partner, but also from the Italian perspective these relationships have a greater weight than we might expect given the size of the Albanian economy, due to geographical proximity and preferential relations between the two countries. The relations with Albania are included in the broader context of the Italian policy in the entire Balkan region as these countries transition towards free market economic system is of great importance for the European integration processes. Since 2000, the economic cooperation has grown, but its features (trade balance deficit, restricted investment areas, à façon industries, etc.) still persist. This paper intends to highlight the strengths and drawbacks of Italian – Albanian economic relations in its early stages from 1990 to 2000.
Nære relationers indvirkning på livsmodet
Authors: Delmar Charlotte
Published: November 2019

The impact of close relations on life courageThe purpose of this essay is to describe how close relations have impact on sick person’s life courage. Life courage is an existential life phenomenon. The life phenomena life courage and joy of life are in this article the key phenomena to be focused on. The article describes both differences and similarities between relational-ethical and existential life phenomena, which can promote but also restrict life. Moreover, some of the important differences between needs and life phenomena are also brought forward. The argumentation is based on empirical research examples of how close relations can contribute to creating life conducive or life restrictions for the ill and suffering person. It is in the interaction with others and through the importance of close relations that life courage possibilities arise. The article shows relational experiences from chronically ill persons, persons with a life-threatening disease and dying persons.
Combnining Ability of Sweetpotato Yield in Endemic and Non-endemic Sweetpotato Weevil (Cylas formicarius) Environments in South West Nigeria
Authors: Afolabi M. S. , Akoroda M. O.
Published: November 2019

Introduction: Combining ability studies in sweetpotato marketable root yield were carried out using ten sweetpotato varieties and their F1 hybrids in Cylas formicarius endemic (Omu Aran) and free (Ibadan) environments during 2012 cropping season.

Study Design: The genetic material used for this experiment was from the germplasm                collection of the Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. This material               comprised of 10 varieties of sweetpotato: 5 orange fleshed, 3 white fleshed and 2 yellow             fleshed.

Place and Duration of Study: The field trial was carried out in C. formicarius endemic (Omu Aran) and Non-endemic (Ibadan) environments both in South West Nigeria during the raining season of 2012.

Methods: Collected data were subjected to diallel analysis using Griffing (15) approach in method I (parents, crosses reciprocals together), Model I (fixed effects). Both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) were computed using PBTools, version 1.4. for the 10 parents and their F1 hybrids with respect to C. formicarius.

Results and Discussion: The result obtained from this study showed that some parents were tolerant to C. formicarius, but level of tolerance varied probably due to differences in genetic background among the parental population or time of planting. Hybrids from the parents resisto, TIS 87/0087 displayed high performance in term of C. formicarius tolerance. These parents and their hybrids appeared to have gene pools for C. formicarius tolerance that can be manipulated and used to develop promising hybrids in South west, Nigeria.
The Influence of Harmful Substances on the Pigments of Leaves of Decorative Trees
Authors: Muhammatovich Halmatov Musliddin , Sharibxodjae Ismoilxodjayev Bokhodixodja , Аbdumanabovich Sulaymonov Sharifjon , Mahamatyusup Latibov Shohruhbek
Published: November 2019

Republic of Uzbekistan the composition of the atmospheric air on the main streets, the level of traffic on these streets, the selection of resistant species of phenol trees for growing ornamental trees, and the laws of changing the amount of pigments in these trees depending on the streets and season. At the same time, the types of ornamental trees and their resistance to pollution from the pollution of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide are mainly represented by atmospheric air pollution.
The High Water Plants Water Road in Cleaning
Authors: Kuchkarova Ch. H. , Nizamova U. S. , Abdullaev Sh , Madrakhimova G. A.
Published: November 2019

The ecology of high-water plants such as pistachio, euchronia, azolla forms the basis for improving biological wastewater treatment technology. For the first time in the Andizhan region of the Republic of Uzbekistan, it was found that high-altitude algae can be used by the method of biological treatment of municipal wastewater. the results of the study, we used biological treatment of high-water plant species such as pistia (Pistia stratiotes), Euchornia crassipes Solms, azolla (Azolla coroliniana Willd), with the observations of the dynamics of rapid growth and development at high concentrations. We developed a Pistia stratiotes, which is scientifically grounded in improvement, and was recommended for reproduction under laboratory conditions.
Epidemiology of Measles in Sudan
Authors: Hussein Musa Taha , Hussein Musa Hassan , Mohammed Layla Ahmed , Ahmed Abdelkareem Abdallah , Kambo Rehab Ibrahim , Musa Idriss Hussein , Ahmad Tauseef , Kawuki Joseph , Ghimire Upama , Obore Nathan , Papabathini Shireen Salome , Tommy Alieu , Fornah Lovel
Published: November 2019

Few epidemiological studies have been undertaken of measles disease among Sudanese, although measles is the third leading cause of death since 1995 among childhood diseases that can be prevented by immunization. The measles vaccine was introduced into the EPI program in 1985. In the run-up to the introduction of the vaccine, the country suffered from measles epidemics periodically and extensively, ranging from 50,000 to 75,000 cases and from 15,000 to 30,000 deaths per year. Simple actions can save a million lives of children through immunization coverage, eye care programs, maternal and child health education, maintaining and improving the general nutritional status of Sudanese children. Continuous surveillance and monitoring systems and evaluation are essential tasks at all levels to improve performance, identify and address problems throughout establishing and increasing the surveillance system. This review highlights a brief overview of measles epidemiology in Sudan and determinants of a measles outbreak, clinical symptoms, complications, and surveillance sites and the ways for prevention and control of measles disease. The review established that it is crucial to enforce coordination between governmental and non-governmental agencies for an effective disease surveillance system in the area, especially in those affected by civil wars.
Effects of Propagation Media and Branch Orientation on Rooting of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Shoots Propagated by Air Layering in a Sub-tropical Environment
Authors: Mahlambi Nontsikelelo , D. Shongwe Victor , T. Masarirambi Michael , A. Nxumalo Kwanele
Published: November 2019

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a tropical fruit rich in vitamins and beneficial phytochemicals and thus often referred to as a super fruit. Despite the potential nutritional benefits of guava fruit, it has received little research to facilitate its wide-scale production in the Kingdom of Eswatini. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the effects of media and branch orientation on rooting of guava branches propagated by air layering. Media treatments used included vermiculite, compost, top soil, and media mix which was a mixture of top soil, pine sawdust and sand. Branches that were oriented towards the North East to South East and South West to North West directions in relation to the sun were selected for air layering. The experiment was a factorial arrangement laid out in a split plot design where there were 5 replications per treatment. Vermiculite wrapped branches showed the best adventitious root formation in relation to root length, root volume, root mass, rooting percentage and root number in comparison to other media treatments. North East to South East oriented branches produced superior adventitious root development than North West to South West orientated branches. Wrapping branches with vermiculite in combination with the selection of North East to South East oriented branches enhanced adventitious root development in air layered guava branches. It is recommended that farmers who wish to produce guavas of desired quality by air layering may select branches with the greatest exposure to the sun in the North East to South East directions using vermiculite or alternatively compost in the absence of vermiculite as propagation media.
Degradation Kinetics of Microbial Consortium Isolated from Diesel Oil Impacted Soil in Delta Park, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Udume Ogochukwu Ann , Effiong Enobong , Abu Gideon Orkwagh
Published: November 2019

Heavy-duty generators constitute a form of hydrocarbon pollution but enrich microorganisms to having degradative ability of hydrocarbons hence can be used for remediation. In this study a laboratory treatability (biodegradation screening) study was employed to investigate the hydrocarbon degradation competence of bacteria and fungi. Culture-dependent microbiological and physicochemical analyses was conducted on the soil samples obtained from the polluted site. The total aerobic heterotrophic bacterial and fungi counts increased from 5.0-7.5 (Log10 cfu/mL) between day 0-14 then reduced to 6.5 Log10 cfu/mL. The hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria increased from 4.5-5.2 (Log10 cfu/mL). Percentage degradation hydrocarbons, attributed to fungi bacteria and bacteria/fungi consortia, were 42.3%, 54% and 70% respectively while the control had 6.0%. The total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal rate (K) was modelled using the first order kinetics:  y=-0.0398x+9.79; K=0.0398d-1. These results, correspond to a degradation efficiency of 70% and t1/2 of 17 days for the bacterial/fungal consortium. The K values for the other setups were 0.019 d-1, 0.0261 d-1 and 0.0022 d-1 with the corresponding degradation efficiencies of 42%, 54% and 6.01% and half-life of 37 days, 27 days and 315 days for fungi, bacteria and control respectively. This result indicates that the use of microbial consortia has high potentials in remediation of hydrocarbons and other pollutants of concern.
Measurement of Farm Productivity of Rice: A Case of Bangladesh
Authors: Yasmin Farzana , Ara Begum Ismat , Zahan Ethen Dilshad , Ara Happy Fardous
Published: November 2019

The focus of this study is to assess rice production in the different category of farms in Bangladesh. The relevant data were collected from secondary source collected by International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) under the Village Dynamics Studies in South Asia (VDSA) project. A total of 280, 318, 365 and 349 sample farmers were selected for the years of 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively and the selected farmers were categorized into marginal, small, medium and large categories. Descriptive statistics were used to measure the profitability of rice production. In the study areas, rice farming was profitable for the selected  years for all category of farmers but large and medium scale farmers received more profit than small and marginal farmers. Per hectare net return from rice production by small farmers was Tk.31324.28 in 2009 and Tk. 21776.97 in 2012 which provides a decreasing picture of profit for them. Cobb-Douglas stochastic cost frontier analysis was used to measure economic efficiencies. The regression result shows that estimated values of the relevant coefficients i.e., fertilizer cost, machinery cost, human labour cost, seed cost and herbicides cost had the positive and significant impact on the gross return of rice production and the coefficient of pesticide   was negatively significant. So, there is a scope for increasing return from rice production by increasing human labour, seed, fertilizer, machinery and herbicide uses since the coefficients of these parameters were positive and significant. The study will help to policymakers  for the development of all category rice farmers especially the small and marginal farmers of Bangladesh.
Angina de Ludwig em paciente portador de esquizofrenia: relato de caso
Authors: Santos Elias Almeida Dos , Barboza Alana Del'Arco , Costa César Feitosa Bassi , Quintas Paloma Heine , Dultra Fátima Karoline Araújo Alves
Published: November 2019

Introdução: Angina de Ludwig é um processo de celulite severa, quase sempre de origem odontogênica, que envolve bilateralmente os espaços perimandibulares. Objetivo: Discutir o manejo da Angina de Ludwig em paciente comprometido sistemicamente em uma situação de urgência. Relato de caso: Paciente L.H.S.A., 36 anos, portador de esquizofrenia, apresentou-se à emergência do Hospital Geral do Estado, cursando com disfagia, dispneia e aumento de volume endurecido e aquecido à palpação em região submandibular bilateral, sublingual e submentoniana. Foi iniciado regime de antibioticoterapia venosa e encaminhamento ao centro cirúrgico para remoção do foco causal, incisão e dissecação romba profunda, bem como inserção de drenos rígidos sob anestesia geral. Resultados: Aproximadamente um mês após a intervenção inicial, o paciente apresentou remissão da infecção e segue sem recidivas. Conclusão: A Angina de Ludwig é uma infecção agressiva, de rápida evolução. A Angina implica em diversas morbidades e suas complicações podem ser fatais, a intervenção imediata é mandatória.
[Review of the Sixth International Conference on the Work of Frances Tustin: On Bringing Patients to Life.]
Authors: Thomas-Anttila Kerry
Published: November 2019

Frances Tustin (1913-1994) was a British child psychotherapist who trained at the Tavistock Clinic in London and who was an analysand of Wilfred Bion. She is internationally recognised for her work with autistic children and wrote around thirty articles and four books: Autism and Childhood Psychosis (Tustin, 1972), Autistic States in Children (Tustin, 1981), Autistic Barriers in Neurotic Patients (Tustin, 1986), and The Protective Shell in Children and Adults (Tustin, 1990). In 1995, a year after Tustin’s death, the Frances Tustin Memorial Trust was established by Dr Judith Mitrani (see the Frances Tustin Memorial Trust, 2012). The Trust is dedicated to the teaching, expansion and extension of Frances Tustin’s work on the understanding and treatment of autistic spectrum disorders in children, adolescents and adults. This includes the sponsorship of international conferences on Tustin’s work, which have been held in London, UK (2004); Caen, France (2005); Venice, Italy (2006); Berlin, Germany (2007); Tel-Aviv, Israel (2008); and, this year in Sydney, Australia. This Sixth International Conference, entitled On Bringing Patients to Life, was organized by the Trust, in conjunction with the Australian Psychoanalytical Society, the New South Wales Institute of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, The Institute of Child and Adolescent Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, and the Couples and Family Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Association of Australasia.
Glycogen storage disease type Ib: role of glucose‐6‐phosphate transporter in cell metabolism and function
Authors: Sim Sang Wan , Weinstein David A. , Lee Young Mok , Jun Hyun Sik
Published: November 2019

Cellular metabolism generally refers to biochemical processes that produce or consume energy within the cell. Recent studies have established that aberrant metabolic states caused by internal or external stresses and genetic mutations are intertwined with several human pathologies. Gaining insight into these metabolic alterations is, therefore, essential for understanding the pathophysiology of various diseases. Glycogen storage disease type Ib (GSD‐Ib) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hypoglycemia, excessive glycogen accumulation in the liver and kidney, neutropenia, neutrophil dysfunction, and inflammatory bowel disease. GSD‐Ib is caused by a deficiency of glucose‐6‐phosphate transporter (G6PT). Recently, it was reported that deficiency of G6PT also leads to the aberrant proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and impaired regulatory T‐cell function. This review describes the broad impact of altered cellular metabolism resulting from a lack of G6PT activity on cellular function and considers the prospects of developing novel approaches for GSD‐Ib treatment.
Familial deep cavitating state with a glutathione metabolism defect
Authors: Rendu John , Van Noolen Laetitia , Garrel Catherine , Brocard Julie , Marty Isabelle , Corne Christelle , Fauré Julien , Besson Gérard
Published: November 2019

Adult genetic disorders causing brain lesions have been mostly described as white matter vanishing diseases. We present here the investigations realized in patients referred for psychiatric disorder with magnetic resonance imaging showing atypical basal ganglia lesions. Genetic explorations of this family revealed a new hereditary disease linked to glutathione metabolism.
Gene Expression Meta‐Analysis Reveals Concordance in Gene Activation, Pathway, and Cell‐Type Enrichment in Dermatomyositis Target Tissues
Authors: Neely Jessica , Rychkov Dmitry , Paranjpe Manish , Waterfield Michael , Kim Susan , Sirota Marina
Published: November 2019

Objective

We conducted a comprehensive gene expression meta‐analysis in dermatomyositis (DM) muscle and skin tissues to identify shared disease‐relevant genes and pathways across tissues.

Methods

Six publicly available data sets from DM muscle and two from skin were identified. Meta‐analysis was performed by first processing data sets individually then cross‐study normalization and merging creating tissue‐specific gene expression matrices for subsequent analysis. Complementary single‐gene and network analyses using Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) and Weighted Gene Co‐expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) were conducted to identify genes significantly associated with DM. Cell‐type enrichment was performed using xCell.

Results

There were 544 differentially expressed genes (FC ≥ 1.3, q < 0.05) in muscle and 300 in skin. There were 94 shared upregulated genes across tissues enriched in type I and II interferon (IFN) signaling and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen‐processing pathways. In a network analysis, we identified eight significant gene modules in muscle and seven in skin. The most highly correlated modules were enriched in pathways consistent with the single‐gene analysis. Additional pathways uncovered by WGCNA included T‐cell activation and T‐cell receptor signaling. In the cell‐type enrichment analysis, both tissues were highly enriched in activated dendritic cells and M1 macrophages.

Conclusion

There is striking similarity in gene expression across DM target tissues with enrichment of type I and II IFN pathways, MHC class I antigen‐processing, T‐cell activation, and antigen‐presenting cells. These results suggest IFN‐γ may contribute to the global IFN signature in DM, and altered auto‐antigen presentation through the class I MHC pathway may be important in disease pathogenesis.
Radical‐Polar Crossover Annulation: A Platform for Accessing Polycyclic Cyclopropanes
Authors: Milligan John A. , Burns Kevin L. , Le Anthony V. , Polites Viktor C. , Wang Zheng‐Jun , Molander Gary A. , Kelly Christopher B.
Published: November 2019

Photoredox‐mediated radical/polar crossover (RPC) processes provide unique solutions to challenging annulations. Herein, we describe an approach to the cyclopropanation of olefins that are embedded within bicyclic scaffolds. Whereas these systems are notoriously recalcitrant toward classical cyclopropanation approaches, RPC cyclopropanation can be executed with ease, leading to polycarbocyclic and polyheterocyclic cyclopropanes. The cyclopropanation proceeds through a photoredox‐enabled Giese‐type radical addition followed by an intramolecular anionic substitution reaction on a neopentyl leaving group.

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Advanced Doppler imaging and trucut biopsy of a late‐stage cervical lymphoma
Authors: Heremans Ruben , Froyman Wouter , Beckers Mariëlle , Tousseyn Thomas , Timmerman Dirk
Published: November 2019

Extranodal lymphomas of the cervix are rare entities that are often misdiagnosed. Imaging and tissue diagnosis are a key to early identification and differentiation from other types of cervical lesions. We report on a case of cervical lymphoma, assessed with three‐dimensional Doppler‐augmented Radiantflow™ technology and subjected to deep cervical sampling through trucut core needle biopsy.
P−P Condensation and P−N/P−P Bond Metathesis: Facile Synthesis of Cationic Tri‐ and Tetraphosphanes
Authors: Taube Clemens , Schwedtmann Kai , Noikham Medena , Somsook Ekasith , Hennersdorf Felix , Wolf Robert , Weigand Jan J.
Published: November 2019

[LCRP((PhP)2C2H4)][OTf] (4 a,b[OTf]) and [LCiPrP(PPh2)2][OTf] (5 b[OTf]) were prepared from the reaction of imidazoliumyl‐substituted dipyrazolylphosphane triflate salts [LCRP(pyr)2][OTf] (3 a,b[OTf]; a: R=Me, b=iPr; LCR=1,3‐dialkyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐yl; pyr=3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl) with the secondary phosphanes PhP(H)C2H4P(H)Ph) and Ph2PH. A stepwise double P−N/P−P bond metathesis to catena‐tetraphosphane‐2,3‐diium triflate salt [(Ph2P)2(LCMeP)2][OTf]2 (7 a[OTf]2) is observed when reacting 3 a[OTf] with diphosphane P2Ph4. The coordination ability of 5 b[OTf] was probed with selected coinage metal salts [Cu(CH3CN)4]OTf, AgOTf and AuCl(tht) (tht=tetrahydrothiophene). For AuCl(tht), the helical complex [{(Ph2PPLCiPr)Au}4][OTf]4 (9[OTf]4) was unexpectedly formed as a result of a chloride‐induced P−P bond cleavage. The weakly coordinating triflate anion enables the formation of the expected copper(I) and silver(I) complexes [(5 b)M(CH3CN)3][OTf]2 (M=Cu, Ag) (10[OTf]2, 11[OTf]2).
Controlling Through‐Space and Through‐Bond Exchange Pathways in Bis‐Cobaltocenes for Molecular Spintronics
Authors: Puhl Sarah , Steenbock Torben , Herrmann Carmen , Heck Jürgen
Published: November 2019

Pinching molecules via chemical strain suggests intuitive consequences, such as compression at the pinched site and clothespin‐like opening of other parts of the structure. If this opening affects two spin centers, it should result in reduced communication between them. We show that for naphthalene‐bridged biscobaltocenes with competing through‐space and through‐bond pathways, the consequences of pinching are far less intuitive: despite the known dominance of through‐space interactions, the bridge plays a much larger role for exchange spin coupling than previously assumed. Based on a combination of chemical synthesis, structural, magnetic, and redox characterization, and a newly developed theoretical pathway analysis, we can suggest a comprehensive explanation for this non‐intuitive behavior. These results are of interest for molecular spintronics, as naphthalene‐linked cobaltocenes can form wires on surfaces for potential spin‐only information transfer.
Bridging Small Molecules to Conjugated Polymers: Efficient Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence with a Methyl‐Substituted Phenylene Linker
Authors: Rao Jiancheng , Liu Xinrui , Li Xuefei , Yang Liuqing , Zhao Lei , Wang Shumeng , Ding Junqiao , Wang Lixiang
Published: November 2019

Based on a “TADF + Linker” strategy (TADF=thermally activated delayed fluorescence), demonstrated here is the successful construction of conjugated polymers that allow highly efficient delayed fluorescence. Small molecular TADF blocks are linked together using a methyl‐substituted phenylene linker to form polymers. With the growing number of methyl groups on the phenylene, the energy level of the local excited triplet state (3LEb) from the delocalized polymer backbone gradually increases, and finally surpasses the charge‐transfer triplet state (3CT). As a result, the diminished delayed fluorescence can be recovered for the tetramethyl phenylene containing polymer, revealing a record‐high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 23.5 % (68.8 cd A−1, 60.0 lm W−1) and Commission Internationale de l′Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.25, 0.52). Combined with an orange‐red TADF emitter, a bright white electroluminescence is also obtained with a peak EQE of 20.9 % (61.1 cd A−1, 56.4 lm W−1) and CIE coordinates of (0.36, 0.51).
A Flexible Method for Covalent Double Functionalization of Graphene Oxide
Authors: Guo Shi , Nishina Yuta , Bianco Alberto , Ménard‐Moyon Cécilia
Published: November 2019

A method for the double functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) under mild alkaline conditions has been developed. Two functional groups were covalently linked to GO in two steps: the first group was attached by an epoxide ring‐opening reaction and the second, bearing an amine function, was covalently conjugated to benzoquinone attached to the GO. The doubly functionalized GO was characterized by several techniques, confirming the sequential covalent modification of the GO surface with two different functional groups. This method is straightforward and the reaction conditions are mild, allowing preservation of the structure and properties of GO. This strategy could be exploited to prepare multifunctional GO conjugates with potential applications in many fields ranging from materials science to biomedicine.