bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remote sensing techniques in mapping spatial variability of salinity in Kano River Irrigation Project (KRIP), Nigeria
Authors: Mohammed D. , Maina M.M. , Audu I. , Tudun Wada I.Y. , Nasir N.K.
Published: October 2021

Salinity has become a major issue in most large scale irrigation schemes, assessing the extent of the spread has become daunting and laborious. Remote sensing techniques were used to map salinity and develop models for extracting and identifying salinity in soils. Sentinel-2B optical imaging satellite with 13 spectral bands and 10 m spatial resolution was used. SNAP Desktop, ERDAS Imagine, and ArcGIS 10.6 software were used as the main GIS packages for building models and running functions such as input, output, analysis, and processing. Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) techniques were carried out for the assessment of the spatial distribution of ECe and to predict salinity level at different locations of the Kano River Irrigation Project (KRIP). Four models were developed, however, due to the lower Variance Inflation Factor (VIF), model 2 which is a combination of salinity Index and band 3 (Green band) was used in delineating the spatial extent of the salinity. Close monitoring of the salt development and application of reversal measures were recommended.
Assessment of the rainfall exceedance in Nigeria
Authors: Eruola A.O. , Makinde A.A. , Eruola G.A. , Ayoola K.O.
Published: October 2021

This study assessed rainfall extremes for agricultural overview in Nigeria using trend analysis and probability of exceedance expressed as normal for an average at 50% exceedance, wet for greater than average 20% exceedance and dry for lower than average 80% exceedance. The annual rainfall trend indicated variability in the six geopolitical regions with North-East having the lowest range and South-South area with highest. The average monthly rainfall exceedance showed that all part of the Nigeria experienced rainfall more than 100 mm at all levels of probability. The rainfall exceedance time series indicated extremes as well as critical values of 20% and 80% exceedance conditions at many stations during the study period. The critical values of exceedances in dry occurrences are in short-time scales in Northern region while, wet exceedances occurrences for long time scales in South-East, South-West, North-Central and North-West. The study revealed periods of extreme rainfall of significant magnitude susceptible to crop failure in the different regions if reliable cropping management plans is not put in place.
The crystal chemistry and electrical properties of Fe doped Ca12Al14O33 (Mayenite)
Authors: Ude S.N. , Rawn C.J. , Meek T.T.
Published: October 2021

X-ray and neutron powder diffraction have been used to study the crystal chemistry of Fe doped mayenite (Ca12Al14-xFexO33). Solid- state synthesis was used to prepare Ca12Al14-xFexO33 where x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 0.6 and the citrate gel route was used to prepare Ca12Al14-xFexO33 where x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4. X-ray powder diffraction data indicate that samples with the same composition but synthesized by the citrate gel route were more likely to be phase pure than samples obtained by traditional solid-state synthesis. The refined lattice parameters were observed to increase with increasing Fe concentration, irrespective of the synthesis method. Refined neutron powder data confirm that Fe is going into Al site rather than Ca site. A 2-point probe was used to measure the electrical properties of the Fe doped citrate gel synthesized samples and showed that the resistivity increases for the Fe doped samples compared to the undoped mayenite.
Production and characterization of biodiesel from mango seed oil (MSO)
Authors: Okonkwo P.A. , Omenihu I.
Published: October 2021

Biodiesel in the past, was once considered a fringe fuel. However today, the production and consumption of this fuel has grown as a sustainable and much more eco-friendly alternative to the Conventional diesel (Petroleum diesel), for diesel engines; if not in pure form, it will be in blends of different ratios, or as a fuel additive, to improve engine performance and ensure longevity. In this research, oil from Mango (Mangifera indica) seed was extracted through Soxhlet solvent process, and converted into biodiesel by the method of Transesterification. This process involved the reaction between the extracted oil and methanol at an optimal temperature of 60°C, and 1%w/v of the catalyst (KOH) concentration for optimal yield of biodiesel. The produced biodiesel was analyzed and evaluated by comparing its physical characteristics to that of Conventional (petroleum) diesel fuel. The properties analyzed were; Density, Heating value, flash point, specific gravity, viscosity, cloud point, water content and pour point. The biodiesel from mango seed oil (MSO) compared excellently well with the values obtained for the commercially available petroleum diesel, dispensed at government approved filling stations in Nigeria. The biodiesel so produced and characterized, was subsequently subjected to an engine test, in a four-stroke internal compression (IC), (diesel) engine loaded between 120 – 200 rpm, to determine its suitability as a fuel. The result was compared with the Conventional diesel characteristics in terms of brake power output, mass flow rate, thermal efficiency, and specific fuel consumption (SFC) and so on. The biodiesel results compared very well with most of the data generated on the conventional diesel, and satisfied the ASTM-D6751 and the EN14214 standard requirements for suitability as working fluid in an IC engine, especially with regard to SFC, which translates to the direct running cost of every diesel engine.
Comparative study of the structural and electronic properties of orthorhombic CH3NH3PbI3 hybrid perovskite for solar cell applications
Authors: Chibueze T.C.
Published: October 2021

The structural and electronic properties of orthorhombic methyl ammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3 ) were investigated using the first principles density functional theory within the local density approximation (LDA) and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA).The lattice parameters obtained using the GGA were slightly greater than that obtained using the LDA. The total density of states and the electronic structure of the compound show that it is a direct band gap semiconductor. Our results are in agreement with the previous experimental and theoretical results and suggests that orthorhombic CH3NH3PbI3 compound is very promising in photovoltaic energy harvesting.
Impacts of Wood Fuel Uses on Forest Cover: The Case of Semiarid Areas in Northern Tanzania
Authors: Mahushi Debora J , Machunda Revocatus L , Kibona Talam E
Published: October 2021

Satellite images for the years 1987, 1997, 2002 and 2017, and questionnaire surveys were used to assess energy sources and demands as well as the impacts of wood fuel use to forest cover changes in Meru and Mwanga Districts. The major energy sources identified in the study areas include cow dung cake, firewood, charcoal, biogas, and liquefied petroleum gas. The total energy demands from these sources were 1400, 6289, 724 and 21 kg per day, respectively. Analysis from Landsat images showed variations in forest cover. The areas covered with forests in Meru District were found to be 1510, 1723, 1612 and 1327 ha for 1987, 1997, 2002 and 2017, respectively. The changes observed in Mwanga District were 31705, 31988, 17939 and 30960 ha for 1987, 1997, 2002 and 2017, respectively. From the findings it was observed that, the ongoing use of wood fuel in semi-arid areas of Meru and Mwanga Districts could deplete forests completely. The study concludes that charcoal and firewood consumptions are real threats to the long-term persistence of forests in Tanzania and proposes the use of renewable energy such as biogas for alleviating forest losses.

Keywords: Biogas, energy sources, Satellite images
Automated Detection of Bilingual Obfuscated Abusive Words on Social Media Forums: A Case of Swahili and English Texts
Authors: Njovangwa Geofrey , Justo Godfrey
Published: October 2021

The usage of social media has exponentially grown in recent years leaving the users with no limitations on misusing the platforms through abusive contents as deemed fit to them. This exacerbates abusive words exposure to innocent users, especially in social media forums, including children. In an attempt to alleviate the problem of abusive words proliferation on social media, researchers have proposed different methods to help deal with variants of the abusive words; however, obfuscated abusive words detection still poses challenges. A method that utilizes a combination of rule based approach and character percentage matching techniques is proposed to improve the detection rate for obfuscated abusive words. The evaluation results achieved F1 score percentage ratio of 0.97 and accuracy percentage ratio of 0.96 which were above the significance ratio of 0.5. Hence, the proposed approach is highly effective for obfuscated abusive words detection and prevention.

Keywords:     Rule based approach, Character percentage matching techniques, Obfuscated abuse, Abuse detection, Abusive words, Social media
Effects of Refuge Prey on Stability of the Prey-Predator Model Subject to Immigrants: A Mathematical Modelling Approach
Authors: Stephano Mussa Amos , Jung Il Hyo
Published: October 2021

Prey-predator system is enormously complex and nonlinear interaction between species. Such complexity regularly requires development of new approaches which involves more factors in analysis of its population dynamics. In this paper, we formulate a modified Lotka-Volterra model that incorporates factors such as refuge prey and immigrants. We investigate the effects of refuge prey and immigrants by varying the refuge factor, with and without immigrants. The results show that with Holling’s type I functional response, the proposed model is asymptotically convergent when a refuge prey factor is introduced. Moreover, with Holling’s type II functional response, the proposed mathematical model is unstable and does not converge. However, with Holling’s type III functional response in a system, the proposed mathematical model is asymptotically stable. These results point out the following remarks: The effects of refuge prey on stability of the dynamical system vary depending on the type of functional response, and when the predator population increases, the likelihood of prey extinction declines when the proportion of preys in refuge population increases. Hence, the factor of refuge prey is crucial for controlling the population of the predator and obtaining balances between prey and predator in the ecosystem.

Keywords: Refuge prey, stability, prey-predator, immigrants, Mathematical modelling
Permissible Restrictions of Bank Secrecy for Tax Control Purposes in the Legal System of the Russian Federation
Authors: Pokachalova Elena Vyacheslavovna , Pastushenko Elena  Nikolaevna , Sadchikov Mikhail Nikolayevich
Published: October 2021

The article deals with the relationship between bank secrecy and tax transparency. It studies the issues of confidential information (which forms bank secrecy) being presented to tax authorities, also including the principle of providing information on request and automatic data provision within the framework of the Common Reporting Standard.
The comparison of bank secrecy and tax transparency is carried out from the viewpoint of its value for the society, state, and individuals. It is noted that the expansion of bank secrecy access for tax authorities can be used not only in tax control, but also to simplify the taxpayers’ payment procedure and other benefits connected with the confidential information, or bank secrecy. The given research paper analyses the problem of broad exemptions from the banking secrecy regime in tax control. The analysis is based on the axiological approach and comparative legal research method based on the analysis of bank secrecy restrictions in the legal systems of Switzerland,
Singapore and Russia. The scientific task is to determine the conditions and the necessary degree of bank secrecy restrictions in tax control.
Evolution of Public Finance in Selected Countries
Authors: Bartes Richard
Published: October 2021

This contribution deals with the evolution of public finance in two selected European countries. France and Germany were selected as countries to compare their evolution of public finance. The reason why the two countries were chosen is their general proximity to each other in many respects. From a professional point of view, i.e. from the point of view of the discipline of public finance, however, these are countries with different concepts of public finance disciplines. The contribution presents the historical background, context and consequences of this evolution. The relevant public finance evolution is divided into several historical stages in each country. The contribution focuses on each stage separately and points out solutions and effect of each stage. The main aim of the contribution is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that the evolution of the public finance discipline was different in each of the selected countries. The scientific methods used in the article are analysis and synthesis, description and comparative methods.
AML/CFT Approaches to Tax Evasion in Payment Institutions
Authors: Bočánek Marek
Published: October 2021

This article focuses on the issue of tax evasion and approach of compliance officers in payment institutions thereto. As tax evasion represents a phenomenon that remains attractive globally and certain percentage of economic activities will still remain connected to such illegal acting, it’s necessary that attention will be paid to it.
The primary aim of this article is to identify and define effective methods of compliance officers or departments in relation to their clients or their transactions where certain elements or aspects of tax evasion activities can be detected, in particular based on the obligations vested in national acts, covered by the Directive (EU) 2018/843 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive (EU) 2015/849 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing, and amending Directives 2009/138/EC and 2013/36/EU (hereinafter referred to only as the “AML Directive”).
Hypothesis of this article will test the statement that compliance department applies adequate methodology and properly worded questions may differentiate between clients that are putting their efforts into money laundering, in particular tax evasion, and clients with legal intentions.
First part of this article will describe existing legal framework covering the area of money laundering where the method of analysis, synthesis and descriptive method will be applied. Second part of this article focuses on respective approaches to different tax evasion efforts with the main methods of deduction, synthesis and empirical research. Certain element of comparative analysis will be applied as well.
Weakness of this topic is the insufficiency of expert literature for this area when majority of sources come mainly from the publishing of international organisations and partially from the monographies of different authors covering this area only in a form of a side topic. Based on this fact, this work is mostly based on sources from international organisations as from monographies.
Production Strategic Success Factors in Yield Monitoring Technologies
Authors: Laszlop Ádám
Published: October 2021

Crop production is only profitable when all information is known about a specific crop. This information is turned into profitable yield through efficient management technologies and critical decision-making. Efficient management can only be done with the help of yield monitoring technologies, with the goal to optimize natural, human, and material resources while maximizing crop yield efficiency. Yield monitoring technologies works using sensors systems and ensure accuracy of yield. The sensor system detects every aspect of a potential yield in seconds and has also the ability to measure yield values from raw data. and set formulas. The final measurement (yield) is calculated and displayed on the dashboard of relevant technologies and acts to help decision-making and methodology.
Implicaciones de las emociones en los procesos de comprensión lectora y producción escrita
Authors: Ayala María Natalia , Jaramillo Aguirre Luz Ángela , Arango Zuleta Elvia Patricia
Published: October 2021

El propósito de este artículo es presentar una discusión en torno al por qué los procesos de comprensión lectora y producción escrita deben estar ligados a las emociones. Se planteó como metodología un estudio con un enfoque mixto, y un carácter longitudinal; los sujetos de estudio fueron estudiantes del grado quinto, en edades comprendidas entre nueve y doce años, pertenecían a la Básica Primaria dos Instituciones Educativas del municipio de Rionegro, en el departamento de Antioquia. El hallazgo más significativo fue reconocer la importancia de abordar la lectura y la escritura desde las emociones; pues cuando estos procesos están permeados por el gusto e interés de los estudiantes, se activa la participación como parte elemento dinámico del aprendizaje.
Las promesas de Dios: una utopía en la fe
Authors: Londoño Londoño Carlos Jovanni , Moreno Henao Angélica María
Published: October 2021

El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar las causas que obstaculizan la credibilidad de las promesas de Dios por las personas, de tal manera que los invite a revisarse, reinventarse para un óptimo mejoramiento de su relación con Dios, a través de la Fe en sus promesas y en el cumplimiento de sus mandamientos. Se realizó una investigación de campo, desde las perspectivas etnográficas y sociológicas de corte cualitativo con un enfoque hermenéutico dentro de la familia y la comunidad. La población estuvo constituida por pastores de iglesias, seminaristas, líderes religiosos y docentes del área de educación religiosa, de éstos solo respondieron los dos primeros, los demás dijeron que lo harían luego pero nunca lo hicieron porque no entendían, no sabían y no tenían tiempo. El análisis de los datos obtenidos permitió detectar que a las personas les cuesta comprender, creer y obedecer las peticiones y promesas de Dios, por ser provenientes de un mundo espiritual y controlado sólo por Él. Se concluye que es urgente una educación espiritual crítica sobre la comprensión y la praxis del amor a Dios y al prójimo a través del amor de Jesucristo; la comprensión y la praxis sobre las alianzas que ha tenido Dios con su pueblo en la historia sagrada, y la nueva y eterna alianza a través de su hijo Jesucristo; y en el conocimiento y praxis de la espiritualidad conforme al Espíritu de Dios.
La aplicación del debido proceso por infracciones urbanísticas en la ley 1801 de 2016
Authors: Ramírez Castaño Oscar Santiago
Published: October 2021

En el presente artículo el objetivo es combinar desde la descripción y el análisis, una manera sencilla de reflexionar desde la normatividad en vigor, lo que significa el Código policivo vigente con sus implicaciones en la convivencia ciudadana, tanto en aspectos relacionales como urbanísticos. Uno de los énfasis está en los derechos y las responsabilidades implicadas en esta normativa, los causales de violación que dan lugar a la amonestación y la sanción, al igual que los procedimientos y acciones a las que una persona puede acudir en ejercicio de sus derechos. Se describen características que definen la competencia de quienes atienden, intervienen y toman decisión frente a eventos que se pueden presentar en diferentes localidades. De manera amplia se muestra cómo esta directriz atraviesa la vida de la sociedad en todos sus aspectos, a través de instituciones formalmente establecidas como la escuela. Se destaca la aplicación del debido proceso a partir de la Ley 1801 de 2016 a lo largo del proceso verbal abreviado de policía por infracciones urbanísticas, con el objetivo principal de exponer aspectos del derecho de policía y de su importancia para garantizar actuaciones responsables y morales de las autoridades de policía y de la sociedad en general. Los procedimientos y la normatividad en vigor son el principal insumo para aproximar a conocimientos del derecho procesal en el trámite policivo.
Análisis del discurso como opción metodológica para examinar textos en educación y pedagogía
Authors: Gómez Flórez Henry Alexander
Published: October 2021

Esta investigación ofrece un Análisis del Discurso (AD) con rasgos predominantemente anglosajones, realizado en textos científicos acerca de la Educación y la Pedagogía. El AD es considerado una disciplina y una opción metodológica que se mueve entre la lingüística y la filosofía del lenguaje. Se tomó una muestra de seis artículos académicos en educación y pedagogía de autores colombianos, publicados en el año 2018. Se tomó como unidad la macroestructura para evaluar los aspectos elegidos por los autores de este texto en la realización del mencionado análisis. Como hallazgos se encontró que en la mitad de los documentos no hay una correspondencia entre el título, palabras clave, resumen y el cuerpo del texto. Hay textos teóricos pertinentes para la reflexión al interior de la comunidad académica y también guías prácticas para la implementación en el aula, diferenciables en el lenguaje, y en algunos casos en su estructura. Se logró identificar relaciones entre los sujetos que figuran en los textos.
Uso de las tecnologías de información y comunicación como herramienta potenciadora del aprendizaje significativo de las matemáticas
Authors: Botero Escobar Ángela María
Published: October 2021

El objetivo de este estudio fue proponer un modelo teórico centrado en el uso de las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación como herramienta potenciadora del aprendizaje significativo de las matemáticas en estudiantes de básica secundaria del municipio La Unión–Antioquia, sustentado teóricamente en autores que han aportado a la didáctica, la educación y al área de conocimiento aludida. Fue implementado un enfoque cuantitativo del paradigma positivista con un método empírico-inductivo, proyectivo, con diseño no experimental, transeccional, de campo. La muestra objeto de estudio estuvo conformada por 145 estudiantes y 71 docentes. Fue aplicada una encuesta y dos cuestionarios de preguntas cerradas con cinco alternativas de respuesta y escala tipo Likert, contentivos de 54 ítems; se validaron a través de la opinión de siete expertos. Se calculó la confiabilidad a través del coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach, por ser instrumentos de varias alternativas de respuesta, obteniéndose un α = 0,963 para el instrumento de los estudiantes y α = 0,972, para el instrumento de los docentes, considerados como una confiabilidad muy alta. El análisis se orientó mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial (ANOVA). Como resultados, se obtuvo que los estudiantes muestran bajo desempeño en las competencias matemáticas y bajo nivel de destreza para aplicar los recursos tecnológicos para lograr un aprendizaje significativo. El docente emplea muy poco las TIC en sus actividades pedagógicas. Se recomienda, generar espacios para el desarrollo de actividades interactivas donde se utilicen recursos didácticos apoyados con las TIC para potenciar el aprendizaje significativo
Analisis Kelayakan Financial Proyek Pembangunan Rumah Toko (RUKO) dengan Metode Life Cycle Cost (LCC) (Studi Kasus : Proyek Pembangunan Rumah Toko (RUKO) di Kecamatan Cenrana, Kabupaten Maros)
Authors: Rahman Qarnila Ridhaniah , Apriadi Fajar
Published: October 2021

Setiap konstruksi gedung yang akan dibangun mempunyai tahapan-tahapan yang harus dilaksanakan selama umur rencananya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pilihan alternatif biaya sewa dengan anggaran yang dikeluarkan selama umur rencana pembangunan rumah toko di Kecamatan Cenrana, Kabupaten Maros dan Mengetahui nilai kelayakan financial rumah toko di Kecamatan Cenrana, Kabupaten Maros berdasarkan analisa Life Cycle Cost (LCC). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif. Penelitian kuantitatif merupakan salah satu jenis penelitian yang lebih sistematis, terstruktur, spesifik, dan juga terencana dengan baik dari awal hingga mendapatkan suatu kesimpulan. Penggunaan tabel, grafik dan juga diagram memudahkan untuk dibaca.  Dari hasil analisis kelayakan investasi terhadap biaya siklus hidup yang terjadi dengan menggunakan metode Life Cycle Cost (LCC) didapatkan peningkatan tarif sewa sebesar 200% dari tarif sewa yang diinginkan dengan nilai NPV sebesar Rp 350.163.541. Kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian ini Life Cycle Cost (Biaya Siklus Hidup) yang terjadi mulai dari perencanaan hingga umur ekonomis bangunan selama 50 tahun sebesar Rp 2.224.665.224 meliputi biaya awal atau biaya pembangunan sebesar Rp 912.763.847, Biaya Operasional Sebesar Rp 606.695.132, biaya Perawatan dan Penggantian sebesar Rp. 697.373.888, biaya Penghancuran sebesar Rp 7.832.357 dan biaya sewa ekonomis untuk bangunan ruko yang dibangun sebaiknya pemilik ruko menerapkan tarif sebesar ≥ Rp. 60.000.000.
PEMANFAATAN BIJI AREN (Arenga Pinata Meer) SEBAGAI BIOKUAGULAN DALAM MENURUNKAN PARAMETER LIMBAH CAIR RUMAH SAKIT
Authors: Rahmat Awaliah , Suryanto A. , Nurjannah Nurjannah , Kalla Ruslan
Published: October 2021

Salah satu penyebab penurunan kualitas lingkungan disebabkan oleh proses kegiatan rumah sakit yang menghasilkan limbah yang dibuang tanpa pengolahan yang benar salah satunya adalah limbah cair. Limbah cair rumah sakit adalah semua limbah cair yang berasal dari proses satuan kerja seluruh lingkungan rumah sakit yang mengandung bahan kimia berbahaya sehigga perlu dilakukan pengolahan sebelum dibuang kebadang lingkungan.salah satu pengolahan limbah rumah sakit yaitu dengan memanfatkan koagulan dari bahan alam yang bertujuan untuk menurunkan parameter kimia pada limbah cair rumah sakit. Pada penelitian ini mengunakan metode koagulasi-Flokulasi dengan memanfaatkan biji aren sebagai Biokoagulan. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh massa koagulan Biji Aren dalam menurunkan parameter TSS dan Pb air limbah rumah sakit dengan penambahan variasi massa koagulan yakni 03%,0.4%,0.5%,0.6% dan 0.7%. Dari Filtrat hasil koagulasi-Flokulasi yang kemudian dianalisis berdasarkan Peraturan Mentri Lingkungan hidup dan Kehutanan RI Nomor P.68 Tahun 2016 Tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah Domestik, diketahui bahwa kemampuan Biji Aren cukup baik sebagai Biokuagulan untuk menurunkan konsentrasi TSS pada penambahan konsentrasi koagulan optimun 0.3 % dan menurunkan konsentrasi Pb pada penambahan konsentrasi koagulan optimun 0.6%
Research on Factors Affecting Customers' Shopping Behavior on E-Commerce Exchanges during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Le Tan Trinh , Hieu Phan Thanh , Van Nguyen Thi Thao , Linh Do Thuy , Hung Nguyen Nguyen Phuc , Duyen Do Thi My
Published: October 2021

The article’s objective was to investigate the factors that affected customers' shopping behavior on e-commerce exchanges during the COVID-19 pandemic in Da Nang city. During the pandemic, in-store purchases are extremely difficult, and further research into e-commerce issues will attract more customers to online stores, and e-commerce platforms will become more common. Because of this, research is being conducted in order to address the aforementioned issues. In our research, we utilize qualitative research to build up hypotheses. A structured questionnaire with five-point Likert scales was distributed among 203 participants in Da Nang city (students, housewives, freelance businessmen) in order to collect data for the quantitative research The analysis technique, first is to test the reliability and validity of the instrument used, then the EFA discovery factor analysis, Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis are performed. The research reveals that four variables influence buying on e-commerce exchanges: Payment method, Convenience, Trust factor, and Product variety, in which Payment method having the most impact. The study is important for e-commerce firms to improve their sales strategies in order to better fulfill the demands of their customers throughout the Covid-19 pandemic.
CARACTERISTICAS EPIDEMIOLÓGICAS DE MULHERES NA MATURIDADE COM LOMBALGIA E COMORBIDADES ASSOCIADAS ATENDIDAS NA CLÍNICA ESCOLA DE FISIOTERAPIA
Authors: Barreto Juerila Moreira , Soares Fransuélida da Conceição , Silva Camilla Araújo , Formiga Nilton Soares
Published: October 2021

A dor lombar tem uma elevada incidência no mundo, principalmente na população feminina, na qual as chances de cronificação são altas. Pretende-se avaliar a presença de dor lombar crônica inespecífica ou não, e comorbidades associadas em mulheres na maturidade. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo de corte transversal junto às fichas de avaliação que compõe o banco de dados da Clínica Escola de Fisioterapia. A amostra constituía de 38 participantes do sexo feminino, com faixa etária entre 35 e 60 anos, que receberam atendimento nos anos de 2016, 2017 e 2018, e responderam o formulário sociodemográfico de avaliação da coluna vertebral aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade de São Paulo, sob o nº CAAE: 55131916.7.0000.0065. A idade média das participantes foi de 50,6 anos. Casadas 58%; religião católica 63%; ensino médio completo 42%; apresentavam sobrepeso 50%; manifestaram sono agitado 37%; relataram cefaleia tipo tensional 58%; dores nas regiões (cervical e lombar) 45% e somente na lombar 31%; referiram dor intensa 50%; não praticavam atividade física 60%; influenciadores do aumento da dor o esforço físico 97%; posição sentada 86%; e posição em pé 82%. Fatores que aliviam, 84% informaram medicação; 79% repouso e 71% exercícios de alongamento. Os dados evidenciados são consistentes com a literatura, as mulheres são vulneráveis em decorrência tarefas domésticas, hipoestrogenismo, educação deficiente, o aumento do peso corporal, comprometimento do sono, o sedentarismo contribuindo a médio e longo prazo para danos na coluna. é importante novos estudos ampliando aspectos físicos biomecânico e subjetivos, como estados emocionais.
DISPENSAÇÃO DE ANSIOLÍTICOS EM UMA FARMÁCIA COMERCIAL NO MUNICÍPIO DE LINDOESTE NO PARANÁ
Authors: Bresson Geisiane Braga , Linartevichi Vagner Fagnani
Published: October 2021

A ansiedade é uma expectativa apreensiva com relação ao que está por vir e age como um modo de sobrevivência para se lidar com as situações de perigo. Ela é conceituada como comum a qualquer ser humano, porém, dependendo da intensidade, ela pode ser considerada como ansiedade patológica e pode manifestar prejuízo ao indivíduo. O tratamento para a ansiedade pode incluir psicoterapia, farmacoterapia, entre outras, que devem ser escolhidas de acordo com o quadro específico do paciente. Os ansiolíticos são medicamentos psicofármacos com ação no sistema nervoso central (SNC), produzindo alterações de comportamento, percepção, pensamento e emoções, e são recomendados para pessoas que sofrem de transtornos emocionais e psíquicos ou que possuem problemas que podem afetar o funcionamento da mente. O uso indiscriminado de ansiolíticos constitui um fenômeno social que evidencia um grave problema de saúde pública, sendo possível observar em projeções que este consumo será cada vez maior com o passar do tempo. Foi realizada uma coleta de dados em que foi analisada a quantidade de ansiolíticos dispensados em uma farmácia comercial de Lindoeste, no Paraná. O objetivo da pesquisa foi delinear um perfil de dispensação de ansiolíticos, segundo dados fornecidos pela empresa analisada. Diante dos resultados da análise das prescrições e dispensação de medicamentos ansiolíticos na farmácia, do município de Lindoeste, observou-se a maior prevalência de consumidores adultos do gênero feminino. Os ansiolíticos mais consumidos foram os pertencentes da classe dos Benzodiazepínicos e foi observado que a maior parte das prescrições foram escritas por clínicos gerais.
The Soviet Factor in the US-China Military-Technical Cooperation during the Cold War
Authors: Li Yinan
Published: October 2021

The development of the PRC’s armed forces included three phases when their modernization was carried out through an active introduction of foreign weapons and technologies. The first and the last of these phases (from 1949 to 1961, and from 1992 till present) received wide attention in both Chinese and Western academic literature, whereas the second one — from 1978 to 1989 —when the PRC actively purchased weapons and technologies from the Western countries remains somewhat understudied. This paper is intended to partially fill this gap. The author examines the logic of the military-technical cooperation between the PRC and the United States in the context of complex interactions within the United States — the USSR — China strategic triangle in the last years of the Cold War. The first section covers early contacts between the PRC and the United States in the security field — from the visit of R. Nixon to China till the inauguration of R. Reagan. The author shows that during this period Washington clearly subordinated the US-Chinese cooperation to the development of the US-Soviet relations out of fear to damage the fragile process of detente. The second section focuses on the evolution of the R. Reagan administration’s approaches regarding arms sales to China in the context of a new round of the Cold War. The Soviet factor significantly influenced the development of the US-Chinese military-technical cooperation during that period, which for both parties acquired not only practical, but, most importantly, political importance. It was their mutual desire to undermine strategic positions of the USSR that allowed these two countries to overcome successfully tensions over the US arms sales to Taiwan. However, this dependence of the US-China military-technical cooperation on the Soviet factor had its downside. As the third section shows, with the Soviet threat fading away, the main incentives for the military-technical cooperation between the PRC and the United States also disappeared. As a result, after the Tiananmen Square protests, this cooperation completely ceased. Thus, the author concludes that the US arms sales to China from the very beginning were conditioned by the dynamics of the Soviet-American relations and Beijing’s willingness to play an active role in the policy of containment. In that regard, the very fact of the US arms sales to China was more important than its practical effect, i.e. this cooperation was of political nature, rather than military one.
Balances of Power, Threat, and Interests: The Logic behind China-Russia Strategic Alignment in the Post-Cold War Period
Authors: Korolev A. N.
Published: October 2021

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, China-Russia relations have demonstrated a significant and consistent progress on a number of issues advancing to the strategic alliance. However, the existing explanations of such progress have rarely gone beyond simple recognition of the continuous deterioration of relations between these countries and the West, particularly the United States. However, such explanations seem insufficient since they do not reveal the key determinants of the Russian-Chinese alignment and cannot help assess the sustainability of this trend. In order to provide a comprehensive and methodologically consistent assessment of the main drivers of the China-Russia relations within the framework of the post-Cold War international system evolution, this paper draws on the latest findings in the theory of international alliances. To this end, the author harnesses the epistemological potential of the three main approaches to the root causes of interstate strategic alliances, namely the ‘balance of power’, the ‘balance of threat’ and the ‘balance of interests’. The paper examines the Russian-Chinese cooperation both within the framework of each of these three balances separately and in their interrelatedness and interdependence. The author shows that trend towards a closer strategic cooperation between China and Russia in the post-Cold War period stemmed from the inner dynamics of all of these balances. This strategic alignment is based on a complex of shared views on the United States as the main source of threats for national security and the commitment of both states to the idea of a multipolar world. The author concludes that not only will the trend towards strengthening Russian-Chinese cooperation continue, at least in the medium term, but it can receive a new impetus to evolve into a full-fledged alliance.
Japanese university campuses as dialoguing enclaves: six examples
Authors: Vecchi Pietro , Suzuki Ken-ichi
Published: October 2021

El problema abordado en este estudio es cómo pueden los campus universitarios de Japón, caracterizados por la separación del contexto y por fronteras cerradas, abrirse a la sociedad circundante sin perder la naturaleza ´diferenciada’ de los lugares destinados a la comunidad de estudiantes y profesores. En primer lugar se presenta la particularidad de los espacios universitarios japoneses y se explican varias posiciones teóricas sobre la naturaleza cerrada o abierta de los campus y la importancia concedida al papel educativo de la comunidad. A continuación se analizan seis campus que encarnan la teoría que responde a la pregunta inicial: la de la comunidad universitaria ‘en diálogo’ con la sociedad circundante. Los campus seleccionados son: Saitama Prefectural University, Future University Hakodate, Nagoya Zōkei University, Sapporo City University, Okinawa Christian University, Okinawa University. El análisis de los conceptos de planificación se apoya en entrevistas con los proyectistas de cinco de ellos: Yamamoto Riken y Makishi Yoshikazu. Finalmente se concluye con la posibilidad de que las soluciones de planificación que responden al problema inicial sean: la pequeña escala; la centralidad de los espacios comunes; los ‘umbrales’ físicos o visuales pero abiertos del campus;el reconocimiento del entorno del campus; y instalaciones educativas compartidas entre diferentes facultades.
Edificio Sáenz Valiente, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: Architecture Josep Ferrando
Published: October 2021

El edificio de usos mixtos Sáenz Valiente del campus Alcorta de la Universidad Torcuato di Tella está ubicado en el popular barrio de River de Buenos Aires.  Precisamente, la propuesta arquitectónica tiene como objetivo principal la relación con el entorno definido por el Barrio de River a través de la transparencia.

El emplazamiento urbano contiene particulares ritmos y secuencias: por un lado, el gran volumen sobre la Avenida Figueroa Alcorta con su grilla de imponentes columnas y capiteles; por otro, los galpones con su serie de pórticos y ménsulas. La propuesta conjuga ambos órdenes proponiendo una modularidad integrada en el claustro de su emplazamiento. El edificio persigue la definición del campus mediante su contextualización en la trama urbana y la formalización del claustro como espacio de socialización.
Were our hospitals prepared to face the COVID-19 epidemic?
Authors: Norouzinia, PhD Roohangiz , Feizolahzadeh, PhD Sima , Rahimi, BScN, MScN Fatemeh , Aghabarary, PhD Maryam , Myaneh, MSc Zahra Tayebi
Published: October 2021

Background: The rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a major challenge for hospitals, which plays a key role in local and national responses to different emergencies and disasters, including the outbreak of communicable diseases.Objectives: This study aimed to determine the readiness of selected hospitals in one of the provinces of Iran in response to the COVID-19 epidemic.Methods: In this descriptive, analytical, and cross-sectional study, we used a checklist developed by the World Health Organization for the COVID-19 pandemic to assess the readiness of hospitals. We assessed and compared the readiness of four hospitals and used Microsoft Excel 2013® to collect and analyze the data.Results: The present results showed that the hospital, which was the main referral center for COVID-19, was in good conditions. However, other hospitals needed to increase their preparedness for the COVID-19 epidemic.Conclusion: Besides the importance of hospital readiness to respond to natural and man-made disasters, these institutions and health policymakers should be also prepared to respond properly to the outbreak of highly contagious diseases.
Challenges for the disaster workforce during a compound hurricane–pandemic
Authors: Marshall, PhD, MPH, CPH Jennifer , Yusuf, PhD Juita-Elena (Wie) , Dunn, MPH, CPH Elizabeth , Merlo, PhD Kelsey , Behr, PhD Joshua G. , Shekari, BS A. Michael , Scott, MPH Blake L. , Cruz, BS Melanie , Whytlaw, PhD Jennifer L. , Hutton, PhD Nicole S.
Published: October 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has created new workforce considerations for emergency management community in addressing cumulative and cascading disasters. This research identifies how emergency management planning for both the changing dynamics of COVID-19 and the upcoming hurricane season may change under a compound threat. Many jurisdictions have faced challenges in providing adequate staffing of shelters before the pandemic. Now, fatigue among staff further exacerbates these challenges as resources are stretched thin. Six workshops, involving 265 national, state, and local leaders, staff, experts, and advocates from 22 states, and a range of disciplines (disaster planning, public health, social services, academia, and healthcare), were convened to identify concerns and potential strategies to address staffing, training, logistics, and support. Strategies proposed to increase the number and skill set of staff available involve increased reliance upon volunteers and nonprofit organizations. Mental health resources, personal protective equipment, sanitation supplies, and defining roles within emergency shelters were recommended to reduce fatigue and redistribute responsibilities. Findings illuminate additional research avenues regarding assessing the underlying stressors contributing to the planning process and effective means of implementing these interventions to bolster emergency management shelter operations during a prolonged pandemic and in the future.
Accountability, polarization, and federalism: Oversight during and after the COVID-19 pandemic*
Authors: Myers, PhD Nathan , Thornton, PhD, MPPA Tonya E.
Published: October 2021

The decision by the Trump administration to leave many of the policy decisions regarding COVID-19 to United States governors has had significant consequences for the management of the pandemic. During the COVID-19 response, the federalist approach has created complications in areas including resource acquisition, crisis communication, testing, and social distancing. Such issues have been magnified the differences between centralized and decentralized state public health systems. Governors have found themselves at odds with the Trump administration in regard to competing for vital equipment, signaling to the public the severity of the virus, and defining an adequate testing system. Many governors took bold action and acted in bipartisan cooperation with the governors of other states, often in the face of strong criticism and protests. The lessons learned from COVID-19 regarding the need for coordination at the national level must be documented for history. Rather than relying on state-by-state after-action reports, which separately could be become fodder for ideological debate, this commentary recommends a bipartisan, joint after-action report signed by state governors as a mechanism to preserve state experiences.
When emergencies and disasters collide: Lessons from the response to the Magna, Utah earthquake during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: McEntire, PhD David A.
Published: October 2021

The following article addresses the complexities of responding to the Magna, Utah earthquake under conditions of the global corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The article begins with a brief mention of the literature on complex disasters along with the research methods employed for the study. Contextual information about COVID-19 and the Magna earthquake are then provided along with general issues that had to be addressed in the public health emergency and after the seismic hazard occurred. The following two sections identify how COVID-19 benefited the response to the earthquake as well as how the virus complicated operations after the tremor. The article then discusses major lessons of this research and provides recommendations for future study and practice. Overall, this research reveals that the responses to these two simultaneous events witnessed successes as well as significant challenges. The appearance of COVID-19 may have limited injuries or the loss of life during the Magna earthquake, and it also enabled an early activation of the emergency operations center (EOC). However, COVID-19 presented unique challenges for evacuation, sheltering, and damage assessment functions. The pandemic also altered the nature of EOC operations, created the need for a virtual response, and had distinct implications for financial accounting and personnel workload.
More than technology: Experiences of Virtual Emergency Operations Centers (VEOCs) during the COVID-19 pandemic response in Canada
Authors: Delisle, MA Sarah , Dumbeck, MEmergMgt Carolyn , Poste, BA Alison , Romanas, BDEM Amy
Published: October 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated emergency management offices and organizations across Canada to activate their Emergency Operations Center (EOC) in a virtual capacity due to government restrictions limiting in-person activities and with the goal of reducing the spread of the virus. The aim of this exploratory research paper is to document the personal experiences of Canadian emergency management professionals working in a Virtual EOC (VEOC) environment during the COVID-19 response, including challenges and benefits they experienced, as well as lessons identified. Based on a sample of 81 emergency management professionals and using an inductive coding approach, the survey results illustrate both technological and nontechnological challenges and benefits. The findings highlight the need to incorporate three main elements into VEOC planning and operations: technology, processes, and people.
Seguimos teniendo esperanza
Authors: Montoya Aquiles
Published: October 2021

En este artículo, el autor presenta algunos aspectos sobre la problemática nacional y ciertas ideas sobre sus causas, así como los límites y las posibilidades que existen de cara a la solución de las mismas. Asimismo expone algunas propuestas de modernización del aparato estatal, de cara a reducir el déficit fiscal, y, para finalizar con algo de esperanza, hace referencia a la alternativa popular.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 54, No. 612, 1999: 877-891.
Debilidad y fortaleza de los diseños institucionales
Authors: Artiga González Álvaro
Published: October 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 54, No. 612, 1999: 911-919.
Derechos humanos
Authors: De Derechos Humanos de la UCA Instituto
Published: October 2021

Dos artículos, "El problema de los derechos humanos en El Salvador" y "La historización de los derechos humanos desde los pueblos oprimidos", de Montes y Ellacuría, respectivamente, nos motivan y ayudan a examinar la situación actual de los derechos humanos en El Salvador. l.:o expresado por ambos, hace diez años, constituye una herramienta de enorme utilidad para desmontar los discursos fáciles e interesados que hablan de un "nuevo El Salvador", cuando la realidad continúa golpeando brutalmente a la mayor parte de sus habitantes.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 54, No. 613-614, 1999: 1033-1045.