bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progress Report on the California Water Project
Authors: Golze Alfred R.
Published: February 2018

This article provides a brief overview of the California Water Project, started in 1960 when the voters approved the bonds for financing the work. The article discusses the sources of financing for the project, along with the project's recreational policy, automation/remote control of facility operations, planning energy sources to pump project water, measuring the size of the project in terms of the quantities of project water, money, and time involved, creation of five small reservoirs, the Oroville Dam and flood control, the North San Joaquin Aqueduct section, joint state/federal ownership of sections of the project, shallow‐subsidence problem of the south San Joaquin Valley, problems crossing the Tehachapi Mountains, west and east aqueduct branches, power and pumping plant design, branches north of the Tehachapis, and the San Joaquin Valley drain.
Production of High‐Resistivity Water at Texas Instruments
Authors: Rees Edward C. , Halff Albert H. , Reid Allen F. , McCormack Austin F.
Published: February 2018

The effective operation of semi‐conductor electronic devices depends to a large extent upon the use of a water with unprecedentedly low levels of impurities. Present methods of water analysis are not adequate to determine rapidly the composition and relative proportions of all impurities in water when present in concentrations lower than 1 ppm. Ion Exchange was selected as the study method for obtaining higher resistivity by tandem passage through suitable resins. This study used a single plant rather than several installations located close to the point of use, because the centralized point provided ease of control and operation. As a result, the finished water was distributed throughout a 10‐acre building through suitable piping and was treated in polishing demineralizer beds at each point of use immediately prior to use. The study summarizes the values obtained for various water quality characteristics in the plant.
Formation and Behavior of Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Corsaro Gerald , Lauderbach Preston , Schwantje Hans
Published: February 2018

This article begins with a discussion about hydroxyapatite (HAP) and its behavior, and its formation under a very wide range of solution conditions is readily demonstrated. The article goes on to discuss three methods by which HAP crystals can be prepared. The first series of experiments was designed to confirm whether solid calcium phosphate would react at its surface in the presence of hydroxide and other ions. The second series of experiments was conducted identical to the first, except that the calcium phosphate solutions were maintained in stirred flasks at 100°C for the same period. The third series of experiments was carried out to demonstrate that precipitation reactions involving calcium and phosphate ions produce HAP.
Better Service Through Cleaner Distribution Systems
Authors: Stokes H. W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a flushing program used in Inglewood, California, that flushes each section of main individually. This has the advantage of controlling the source of the water, while yielding the greatest velocity for given conditions. Specific details of the program are discussed, along with the effect of variables, rules for flushing, crew and equipment, and costs.
Review of Anticorrosion Water Treatment
Authors: Dye John F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses studies that indicate that the best anticorrosion treatment of softened surface waters consists of maintaining a driving‐force index (DFI) of 15‐20 and a momentary excess (ME) of 12‐15, in conjunction with low calcium and high carbonate ion concentrations. In the pH range of 9.5‐10.0, a rough indication of this is a saturation index (SI) of 1.0 or more. As such waters would cause trouble by plugging mains with calcium carbonate scale, 0.5 ppm of a polyphosphate should be applied. Soft surface waters seem to be given insufficient anticorrosion treatment after the pH has been reduced by alum. By increasing the pH to 8.8‐9, a DFI and ME of sufficient magnitude could be obtained to give the desired protection. This could be done by the addition of lime, caustic soda, or sodium carbonate. Aerated and lime‐softened well waters require about the same treatment as lime‐softened surface waters. Oxygen‐free, lime‐softened well waters can probably be treated to ME values of 12‐15, but to a lower DFI.
Economics of Leak Surveys
Authors: Beckwith Homer E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the costs of treating and delivering water to customers, increases in costs, leakage in gravity and pumped supplies, and how a water waste survey will stop water loss by underground leaks.
Design and Use of Radial Collector Wells
Authors: Spiridonoff Serge V.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses radial collector wells, horizontal perforated conduits that intercept and collect groundwater derived principally from surface water infiltration. Such supplies are usually found in the sand and gravel deposits underlying, and hydraulically connected with, surface sources such as rivers, lakes, or oceans. The article covers design details of radial collector wells, along with construction methods, water supply yield, limitations, comparison with surface water treatment, and typical installations.
Relation of Shape of Artificial Recharge Pits to Infiltration Rate
Authors: Lehr Jay H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study comparing a wedge‐shaped recharge pit to a rectangular pit to determine why water infiltrates the side area of a recharge pit at a greater rate than the bottom area. A pair of two‐dimensional hydraulic models were constructed that were analogous to the subsurface conditions surrounding recharge pits. The two models were alike in every respect except for the shape of the recharge pit centered at the top of each model. The medium in both models was identical as to permeability, porosity, and other hydrologic characteristics. During recharge tests, the flow discharged into the bottom of the tanks at each side of the model. Therefore, the hydraulic head difference between the recharge pit and the discharge points in the end tanks should have been the same in both models. Although the hypothesis appears to have been valid, the measured difference in performance between the two pit shapes was not great enough to establish the superiority of the wedge‐shaped pit over the rectangular pit.
Alternative Sampling Device for the Carbon Adsorption Method
Authors: Taylor Floyd B. , Smith Harry F. , Coene Ronald F.
Published: February 2018

Carbon‐chloroform extracts (CCE) were one of the items to be limited for the first time in the 1962 U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards. The carbon‐chloroform extracts result from completion of the carbon adsorption method (CAM) developed by Middleton and others. The inclusion of CCE in the 1962 standards was proposed by the advisory committee that formulated the standards. In 1962, work was begun on an alternative sampling procedure that proved to be more convenient and less costly. A series of CCE determinations showed that analytic results from the new sampling procedure were consistent with those from the old. As the new method is easier to adopt and less expensive in both cost of equipment and operation, and is consistent in results obtained, it is offered as an alternative to the part of the present procedure that deals with sample collection using a glass cylinder. The other parts of the CAM were not reviewed in detail and are unchanged.
Recent Developments in Resources and Utilities Law
Authors: Taylor Edward F.
Published: February 2018

Municipal counsel throughout the nation must reevaluate the relationship of local and federal government as a result of the Supreme Court opinion in Arizona v. California. The decision authorizes the Secretary of Interior to exercise previously unparalleled powers over the Colorado River's water supply in times of shortage. Secretary Stewart Udall reacted to the decision by immediately proposing a 1.9‐billion‐dollar regional development plan to produce water for the five states served by the lower Colorado. This political solution has, generally, been well‐received by local leaders.
Aging of Waters in Reservoirs of the Piedmont Plateau
Authors: Wilroy Robert D. , Ingols Robert S.
Published: February 2018

In this article, which is based on data from a detailed investigation of three reservoirs and limited observations of other impoundments, a comparison of aging processes in the waters of reservoirs in the area of Atlanta is discussed.
Pipeline Surges and Their Effect on Pump Station Design
Authors: Perliter Simon , Urbain Eugene A.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by providing an overview of the Calleguas Municipal Water District, located in the southern part of Ventura County bordering Los Angeles County on the south and east. The Calleguas Project is in charge of importing and serving water to the Calleguas Municipal Water District in Ventura County, California. It also includes water importation facilities for Las Virgenes Municipal Water District in Los Angeles County. This article describes in detail surge protection at Calleguas Pump Station No. 1, located in the San Fernando Valley.
Electric Fish Screens
Authors: Hanson Albert E.
Published: February 2018

This article describes two electric fish screens that were installed at intakes to a Canadian treatment plant, one at Latimer Lake and the other at Spruce Lake.
Effects of Conservation Techniques on Yield
Authors: Stephens Uel
Published: February 2018

In May 1958, the Texas section of ASCE appointed a committee to study the effects on runoff and yield of the thousands of farm and stock ponds being constructed each year in Texas. This article discusses the committee's report that was published in August 1962. It reveals a broad difference of opinion as to the effects of upstream farm ponds and watershed control reservoirs on yield, and presents the committee's conclusions.
Control of Corrosion in Water Systems
Authors: Lehmann Joseph A.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by providing a brief overview of corrosion and the various sources of corrosion. A number of corrosion control approaches are discussed including: electrically insulating the anode from the cathode; electrically insulating anode or cathode (or both) from the electrolyte; treating the electrolyte so that it will have a high electric resistance, retarding the flow of corrosion current; use of nonmetallic materials; and, cathodic protection, making the entire metal surface cathodic to an external anode. Galvanic protection systems and impressed‐current systems are discussed, along with qualifying conditions, and design criteria.
Pipeline Crossings Under Railroads and Highways
Authors: Spangler Merlin G.
Published: February 2018

In this article the author reviews the present knowledge on the structural design of pipeline crossings under railroads and highways, including his own recommendations for design procedures in this field.
Soluble–Adsorbed Zinc Equilibrium in Natural Waters
Authors: O'Connor John T. , Renn Charles E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study of zinc in natural waters to examine the effects of varying solids (silt) concentration and varying pH on the quantity of zinc in solution. An objective of the study was to develop a method for describing the soluble‐adsorbed zinc equilibria that would relate the major variables to the concentration of zinc in solution.
Use of the Critical‐Path Method in a Pollution Control Project
Authors: Vaughan Richard D.
Published: February 2018

In this article, the author argues that the program evaluation and review technique (PERT), or critical‐path method of program planning and management, has a definite application in water pollution control activities and in many related fields. Use of the sophisticated PERT and critical‐path methods in project planning and management is applied to the Detroit River‐Lake Erie Project, a project to study the pollution in the United States portion of the Detroit River and the Michigan section of Lake Erie, and develop a plan for improving water quality in the area.
Improvement of Work Performance Through a Utility Training Program
Authors: Sopp George C.
Published: February 2018

This article stresses the importance of utility training programs, and presents the apprenticeship program at the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power as an example of providing excellent on‐the‐job training at the journeyman skill‐level. Other aspects of the L.A. Department of Water and Power training program are discussed, including the radiologic monitor training, customer service training, tuition reimbursement, orientation program, supervisory training, management development, and operating manuals.
Utility‐Union Relations in San Francisco
Authors: Boyd Kenneth R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses utility‐union relations in San Francisco that have led to the following benefits: highly skilled, well‐trained employees; stable wages and working conditions agreed upon by the employee; greatly reduced personnel problems of all types; increased production; and, reduced unit costs.
Protective Coatings for Steel Water Tanks
Authors: Clouser L. H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the great variety of new protective coatings for steel structures, particularly storage tanks used in the water industry. Surface preparation is discussed, along with paint application, dry‐film thickness, various exterior coating systems, and interior coating systems.
Water Resources Problems of the Great Lakes
Authors: Kehr William Q. , Ownbey Charles R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses three areas of water resources problems of the Great Lakes area: quantity, availability, and quality. Also discussed are the buildup of dissolved solids, overfertilization, urban pollution, vessel waste pollution and control, and careless public attitudes.
Surface Water Quality in Major Drainage Basins and Northern Areas of Canada
Authors: Thomas J. F. J.
Published: February 2018

This article summarizes information on the chemical quality of major Canadian surface waters obtained from surveys carried out by the Mines Branch since 1948.
Measurement of Suspended Matter in Stream Water
Authors: Baalsrud K. , Henriksen A.
Published: February 2018

This article provides a general review of present measuring methods of suspended matter in stream water. A brief overview is presented of the relationship between suspended matter and the general conditions of stream water. The methods of determination discussed include: determination of its optical properties through light absorption and light‐scattering methods; its physical properties of settleability, particle size, and filtrability; and, its chemical properties through inorganic and organic methods of analysis.
Control of Algae With Viruses
Authors: Safferman Robert S. , Morris Mary‐Ellen
Published: February 2018

This article discusses studies that demonstrate that the destructive power of the blue‐green algae (BGA) virus could serve as a highly potent and selective algae control, thus making it possible to eliminate the use of the potentially dangerous chemicals that are presently used for the treatment of algae. In laboratory tests, complete lysis of an objectionable growth occurred about seven days after treatment. From an ecologic viewpoint, this degeneration period appears reasonable, as a gradual degeneration of an undesirable algae population presumably affects the stability of the environment to a lesser degree than would the occurrence of a rapid kill.
Low‐Flow Liquid Meter
Authors: Castelli J. A. , Booth R. L.
Published: February 2018

This column describes a simple, reliable, and comparatively inexpensive system that was developed to meter low flows of either raw or finished water. The system flow rate is regulated by a peristaltic‐action‐type pump such as a Brittingham or kinetic‐clamp model. To reduce line pressure to a negligible amount before the pump, an open, constant‐head tank equipped with a float valve is placed in the system.
Challenges of Quality Water
Authors: Black A. P.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the challenges of producing quality water, which are actually a succession of challenges, each of which must be met and solved. The article discusses coagulation as the most effective method of water treatment, in terms of volume of water treated and of chemicals used. The development of polymers is discussed as a real breakthrough in coagulation practice. The drawbacks of chlorine as a disinfectant are discussed, along with the potential of using iodine as a water disinfectant. The use of activated carbon to treat for inorganic and organic pollutants is presented as the most effective agent to meet these challenges, and the article provides discussions of outmoded processes still in use, and the industry challenge of reusing its water.
Progress Report on the Metropolitan Toronto Supply
Authors: Horgan Frank J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto (Ontario, Canada) Act 1953. Called the “Metro Act,” it transferred the area's treatment plants and associated trunk water main system from the municipalities that owned them to Metro, making Metro completely responsible for the water supply.
Treatment Studies in Ontario
Authors: Harris A. J. , Oda Akio
Published: February 2018

This article discusses specialized studies in the fields of both water supply and pollution control carried out by the Division of Research of the Ontario (Canada) Water Resources Commission. This article reports on evaluation studies on samples of powdered activated carbon and coagulant aids, the use of potassium permanganate for controlling tastes and odors in municipal water supplies, and pilot plant studies involving diatomaceous‐earth filters and the upflow solids contact process.
Identification of Organic Pollutants by Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Voege Fred A. , Vanesche Harry L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the application of infrared spectroscopy in investigations of three basic types of organic pollution: instances of gross pollution where the material can be seen floating on the water or intimately mixed as an emulsion; trace contaminations resulting from the gradual buildup of organic materials that have resisted natural oxidation processes; and, pollution caused by seepage through the soil, such as gasoline, that is usually in the parts‐per‐billion range or less, and is noticeable only by a persistent odor. Each type of pollution requires a different sampling and processing technique before infrared examination. The instrument used in these studies is a double‐beam, optical‐null infrared spectrometer, with a Nernst glower source, a thermocouple detector, and a sodium chloride prism as a dispersing element.
Recovery and Restoration of Water Utilities After Nuclear Attack
Authors: Harmon Judson A. , Ludwig Harvey F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses how U.S. utilities could survive the effects of a nuclear attack by advance preparation, strengthening of essential facilities, and development of appropriate systems of procedure. Isolation and fallout are the most significant effects.
Dechlorination and Sensory Control
Authors: Baker Robert A.
Published: February 2018

Measurement of taste and odors in waters that have been dechlorinated has been shown to involve sensory effects attributed to the dechlorination reagents. This is particularly true for sodium thiosulfate, which is the most commonly used reagent in water plants. Sodium arsenite generally does not produce any off‐odors but poses a possible hazard if it is ingested during taste tests. The effect of thiosulfate odor interference is most noticeable when near‐threshold odor concentrations of odorant are dechlorinated. Dechlorination of supra threshold odorant concentrations, followed by dilution to are present, this simple criterion, based only on ammonia nitrogen, may not apply. For laboratory taste and odor studies, freshly distilled carbon‐filtered dilution water is satisfactory. These studies indicate a need for further examination of the chlorination‐dechlorination steps involved in water treatment, particularly as it affects taste and odor.
Personnel Advisory Council in the San Diego Utility
Authors: Graham Ralph E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses establishing a “middle step,” or a transition stage between how a utility operates without collective bargaining, and the inevitable approach of union contracts at all public water utilities. The article presents the method used by the city of San Diego to establish a labor‐management advisory board in 1960 that has since proved to be very effective. The Personnel Advisory Council as the panel is termed, has generally met the needs of the groups involved.
Fecal‐Coliform‐Organism Medium for the Membrane Filter Technique
Authors: Geldreich Edwin E. , Clark Harold F. , Huh Cliiton B. , Best Lois C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a method that has been recently developed that allows the direct quantitative enumeration of the fecal‐coliform‐organism group by the membrane filter (MF) technique without the need for prior enrichment or subsequent chemical testing. A medium for fecal coliform organisms (MFC) is recommended that contains no inhibitory substances for coliform bacteria and that depends on an incubation temperature of 44.5°C for 24 hrs. for its selectivity.
Recruitment and Training of Engineers
Authors: Adams Thomas V.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the recruitment and job training of engineers for employment at a water utility.
Practical Considerations in Defining Quality Water
Authors: Hartung H. O.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a general discussion of water quality. The article examines the problem of water quality standards from a practical point of view and attempts to determine if it is possible to define “quality water.”
Correlation of Degree of Pollution With Chemical Costs
Authors: Young G. Kenneth , Popowchak Theodore , Burke George W.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this study was to find what relationships exist between the costs of chemicals for municipal water treatment and the degree of raw water pollution measured by several quality indicators. Data for this study came from questionnaires on municipal water plant operating data and from raw‐water quality data for 1960. The study showed that there is a definite correlation between the cost of treating water and the pollution of that water as measured by BOD, COD, hardness, color, DO deficit, and dissolved solids. Furthermore, the cost is a function of more than one water quality indicator.
Cation‐Exchange Capacity and pH in the Coagulation Process
Authors: Kim Wonsuk , Ludwig Harvey F. , Bishop William D.
Published: February 2018

In this study, the methylene blue (MB+) method reported by Robertson and Ward was modified in order to measure cation exchange capacity (CEC) and was found to be fairly simple and reproducible. To obtain reproducible results, the following factors in the measurement were evaluated: wavelength of spectrophotometer; dye adsorption by membrane filter; initial dye concentration and MB+adsorption on clays; concentration of clay; time of contact before filtration; change of color intensity of dye with pH; and, fading of MB+color with time.
Electrophoretic Studies of Coagulation and Flocculation of River Sediment Suspensions With Aluminum Sulfate
Authors: Black A. P. , Chen Ching‐lin
Published: February 2018

Since 1957, microelectrophoresis has been used by water chemists as a tool for investigating the basic mechanisms of coagulation and flocculation. Earlier studies, however, were conducted only on synthetic waters with pure‐clay suspensions, such as montmorillonite, kaolinite, and fuller's earth. In order to apply the results obtained by the previous investigators to water treatment, it seemed desirable to determine whether or not the types of turbidity actually present in several American rivers behave as those in pure‐clay suspensions. Accordingly, clay sediments from three selected rivers – the Sacramento, the Colorado, and the Apalachiocola – were investigated with the same experimental techniques as used previously by Black and his associates. The experiments reported here were performed in the pH range from 3 to 10, with aluminum sulfate dosages of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 50 ppm.
Electrophoretic and Taste and Odor Measurements in Plant Control
Authors: Baker Robert A. , Campbell Sylvester J. , Anspach Frederick R.
Published: February 2018

Recent research has advanced the technology of chemical coagulation and sensory quality control. A number of contributions have elucidated the role of the electrophoretic state in coagulation. With new instrumentation there is promise that electrophoretic techniques will find greater field application and assist the operator in improving water treatment efficiency. Other articles have described the effect of various parameters, including synergism and antagonism, in measurement of odor in water. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the applicability of these techniques in the field. Studies at the Torresdale Plant of the Philadelphia Water Department are described.
Principles of Discounting for Main Extensions
Authors: Woods Charles E.
Published: February 2018

This article demonstrates how the rate of return will differ on an extension where, in one case, the utility is required to make the full investment, as compared with the same extension where only a part of the investment is made by the utility with the balance paid by the customer as a contribution in aid of construction. The figures used in this discussion are taken from the financial reports and records of the New Haven (Connecticut) Water Company for 1962. A fair rate is essential to the financial health of the utility. Such a fair rate is a function of the water rates through gross revenues, however. The water revenues must be adequate to produce this rate of return from existing customers and it will automatically follow that the extension policy will produce a fair rate in that the extension policy will be (or should be) based on the discount rate that will be the rate of return earned by the utility.
Effects of Forest Management on Watersheds
Authors: Witter C. J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study of the effects of cover on runoff and available water that was carried out at Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia. The area under study was calibrated for a 6‐year period before four different cutting practices were carried out. The cutting practices included commercial clear‐cut, diameter limit, extensive‐selection management, and intensive‐selection management. Climatic and streamflow data were collected as a basis for establishing a normal behavior pattern. Specifications for the four cutting practices applied are provided in the article. Results of the study demonstrated that cutting of forest vegetation increases streamflow, and much of the damage to water quality due to poor skid road practice can be avoided by proper planning of skid roads and reasonable care in logging.
Removal of Soluble Iron by Filtration
Authors: Bell George R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a project to study the application of two types of filtration, slow sand and diatomite filters, for iron removal in Massachusetts. The project was considered successful and two methods for removal of iron from groundwater were developed.
Effects of Potassium Permanganate on Pure Organic Compounds
Authors: Spicher R. G. , Skrinde R. T.
Published: February 2018

The primary objective of this study was an evaluation of the reaction of potassium permanganate with the various chemical groups such as aldehydes, ketones, and acids that might be present in natural waters as undegraded pollutants or as intermediate products of partial degradation. Fourteen compounds were found to react positively under one or both of the pH conditions studied. Those compounds which reacted positively in the screening study were further investigated, and the results of this investigation are presented in this article.
Simple Atomic‐Absorption Photometer lor Water Analysis
Authors: West Philip W. , Herrin Charles B.
Published: February 2018

Freedom from interference and matrix effects is the most important feature of atomic absorption spectroscopy. The photometer described here can be used on samples ranging from waters of low mineralization to brines and brackish waters without any complications arising from inter‐element interferences. Some anionic interferences can occur, especially if complexing ligands are present, but such effects can easily be minimized.
Effects of Conservation Techniques on Yield
Authors: Smith H. N.
Published: February 2018

H.N. Smith questions several statements of fact and opinion in a recent JOURNAL article (“Effects of Conservation Techniques on Yield,” August 1964), by Uel Stephens. Smith states that the article was slanted toward disavowing the need for soil conservation. No mention was made of such beneficial effects as the reduction of sediment in downstream reservoirs. Aside from this general objection, Smith comments on several specific statements made by Uel Stephens.
Accident Investigation and Record Keeping
Authors: Cappio John T.
Published: February 2018

Records of accidents supply the information necessary to transform haphazard, costly and ineffective safety work into a planned safety program that permits full use of all the techniques proved effective in controlling the specific conditions and acts that cause accidents. Records are the foundation of a systematic approach to accident prevention. This article discusses six steps in developing adequate information about accident experience, along with the recommended types of report forms, supervisor's report, accident factors, information and publicity, comparing injury experience with that of similar companies, injury rate computation, injury categories, accident investigations, advantages of inquiry, accident report, and costs of accidents.
Description of Continuous Pumping
Authors: Aubery Melville W.
Published: February 2018

The rapid growth of California and the southwest has brought many problems to the area, including the development of marginal and fringe areas next to existing communities. Municipal and private water agencies are considering various processes for tying these areas into their existing water systems and serving them with adequate water pressure. This article discusses the advantages/disadvantages of the tankless water system, or continuous pumping system, as a type of system that will supplement or supplant the conventional pumping plant and its required storage.
Quality Improvement for Lompoc, Calif.
Authors: Lawrance Charles H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses in detail an early 1960s master plan study and report recommending that the City of Lompoc, California, reduce the total dissolved solids of its water supply (together with incidental reduction of dissolved iron and manganese) in order to comply with drinking water standards and obtain an amended domestic water permit. The process that the engineers and the city agreed to adopt was lime‐soda softening treatment along with the vacuum diatomite filtration system.
Graphic Evaluation of Most Probable Numbers
Authors: Leeflang Karel W. H.
Published: February 2018

As of this year (1965), 50 years have elapsed since McCrady laid the foundations for the application of statistical methods for the bacteriologic examination of water by the fermentation tube method. These methods furnished the basis for all further attempts, including those discussed in this article, to estimate coliform‐organism densities by inoculating different numbers of test tubes with different volumes of water.
Status of the International Hydrological Decade
Authors: Nace Raymond L.
Published: February 2018

This article provides a brief summary of the International Hydrological Decade (IHD), an international program for the advancement of scientific methods of hydrology based on both practical and scientific considerations.
Western and National Water Resource Problems
Authors: Hatfield Mark O.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses sharing the abundant water resources of the Pacific Northwest (particularly Oregon) with other areas of the U.S. (particularly the Pacific Southwest). The article argues in favor of a united approach to solving these issues, and discusses a federal proposal for implementation of a coordinated effort for establishment of a national water commission to review water supplies and requirements on a national basis.
National Interest and the Nation's Waters
Authors: Wolman M. Gordon
Published: February 2018

This article discussses three important elements that enter into the nation's evaluation of its water resources. First, the common appraisal of where it stands; second, an analysis of trends and prospects in water resources coupled with some of the cautions appropriate to such an exercise; and third, an enumeration of several needs and problems with which it should be particularly concerned.
Planning for Supply at Raleigh, N.C.
Authors: Carper W. H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses several water supply planning studies done by the city of Raleigh, North Carolina, from 1950 to 1963.
Water Resources Policies of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States
Authors: Meehan John J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the Chamber of Commerce of the United States (CCUS), specifically its water resources program. The principal objective of the chamber's water resources program is to encourage the optimum management of the nation's total water resources, as opposed to a particular local resource. Criteria is discussed for water management and use that will increase its yield and value as a resource for human survival and satisfaction.
Savings Through Instrumentation and Control in Two Water Systems
Authors: Crow William B. , Eidsness Frederic A.
Published: February 2018

The complex expansion of water systems has resulted in substantial adoption of instrumentation by the water industry. Modern instrument systems have made possible the surveillance and remote control of wells, treatment facilities, pumping stations, storage tanks, and transmission main valving, while rising labor costs have prompted water utility management to follow other industries in establishing some degree of automation and centralized control. This article provides examples of instrumentation for both production and distribution facilities that include the Dayton (Ohio) Miami River Plant, and the Pinellas County Water System in Clearwater, Florida.
Recent Decisions on Utility Liability for Fire Protection
Authors: Murdoch John H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses two recent decisions by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court that overturned long‐honored legal precedents concerning water utility liability for fire losses. They well may have the effect, in Pennsylvania as well as in other states, of greatly increasing utility liability. These two cases raise serious questions of public policy concerning both municipally‐owned and investor‐owned water utilities.
Need for New Standards
Authors: Lischer Vance C.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this article is to encourage discussion on the need and the state of the art in any area that seems appropriate for the development of a standard. The article describes AWWA's standardization procedure as restrictive in that it recognizes two types of documents, Standards and Handbooks, and suggests that standards should not be regarded only as specification documents for the purchase of equipment. The article provides several suggestions of exceptions that could be considered for standards or, perhaps more appropriately, for handbooks.
Split‐Treatment Water Softening at Dayton
Authors: Black A. P.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses split treatment as an alternative method for water softening from the conventional method of reducing magnesium by adding lime. The article discusses two advantages provided by this treatment: the large lime excess present in the clear settled water from the primary stage is now completely used to remove only calcium hardness from the added secondary raw water; and, the final alkalinity of the settled secondary water is as low or lower than that provided in split recarbonation. The split‐treatment process is readily adaptable to simple, accurate automatic control, accomplished by the use of pH electrodes located just below the mixing point of the secondary raw water with settled water from the primary unit. It is possible, in some cases, to maintain this pH at the final pH of stability and eliminate any recarbonation of the settled water. The article presents the municipal water softening plant in Dayton, Ohio, as a unique opportunity to illustrate the results obtained by all three methods of softening.
Interior Painting of Steel Water Storage Tanks
Authors: Keane J. D.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a three‐way cooperative test that was instrumental in the Ambridge Water Authority adopting a more effective paint system (SSPC‐Paint System No. 4.00, vinyl paint system over sand‐blasted steel). It has been conservatively estimated that this system has increased the average trouble‐free life of paint on the interior of water tanks from 3 to more than 8 years, with a 50 per cent savings in annual painting costs.
Automatic Cathodic Protection for Water Tanks
Authors: Pollitt Van Dyke J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development of automatic cathodic protection for use in water and waste treatment equipment. The article discusses the development of anodes that will eventually phase out the use of aluminum and the requirement for annual replacement. A recent experience with automatic cathodic protection in a tank owned by the city of Birmingham, Alabama, is included.
Elimination of Nitrogen Trichloride in Dechlorination Practice
Authors: Williams Donald B.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses several methods useful in overcoming the NCl3 problem. These include aeration, activated carbon filtration, dechlorination by S02 in conjunction with the use of NH3 and Cl2 to produce a final chlorine‐ammonia residual, and dechlorination of HOCl by NH3, with the attendant procedure of adjusting the final chlorine‐ammonia residual. The degree of success and usefulness of these procedures will vary considerably, depending on the type of water treatment plant, raw‐water conditions and level of free‐residual chlorination being applied.
Effect of pH on Ion Adsorption
Authors: Bratt G. C.
Published: February 2018

In a recent Journal AWWA article, John T. O'Connor and Charles E. Renn draw attention to the effect of pH on cation adsorption by river silts. The authors assert that the “empirical” Freundlich isotherm may be used to describe the adsorption, and that this equation provides no expression of the pH dependence for the adsorption process. As the comments made below by G. C. Bratt of the Electrolytic Zinc Company of Australasia, Ltd., Risdon, Tasmania indicate, the Freundlich equation is not empirical and may be used to determine the pH dependence of adsorption.
Public Relations–A Challenge to Management George
Authors: Dann H.
Published: February 2018

The supreme test of good public relations for a utility comes when it files for a rate increase. If service has been deficient, or communication with the public neglected, this is the time when the consequences are felt. On the other hand, a good service record gives convincing support to the technical case for the rate increase. This article provides an account of how the Philadelphia Suburban Water Company handled the public relations aspects of a recent application for an increase.
Design of Water Rates
Authors: Keller Charles W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses water rate structures for use in conjunction with metering, even though various forms of flat rates are still in use in many communities, New York City being one of the more notable examples of such communities. The article discusses a number of different methods for rate design, with the end result including two important principles: water rates need to be adequate and return sufficient revenue to allow the utility to operate and meet all of its financial obligations; and, the rates to specific customers should follow as nearly as possible the costs of providing service to these particular customers.
Residual‐Chlorine Determination With Dual Polarizable Electrodes
Authors: Morrow James J.
Published: February 2018

A new amperometric method for titrating residual chlorine, using dual polarizable electrodes, is discussed. It has been shown to be as accurate and precise as the existing amperometric method in determinations on both water and sewage effluents. The stirring motor may be driven by d‐c current, resulting in a portable apparatus for field applications. The D.P.E. method does not require sensitizing electrodes for titrations of sewage effluents and eliminates the maintenance required for a reference electrode. In addition, the method does not require continuously balancing the cell current during the course of a titration, thus permitting more rapid titrations.
Value of Credit Unions
Authors: Matthews Douglas G.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the benefits of employee credit unions, including: stabilizing the lives of the employees; attracting a higher level of skilled employee; and, offering lower interest rates to its members. A comprehensive description of a credit union is provided, along with the history of the development of credit unions.
Suggested Method for Calibration of Briggs Microelectrophoresis Cells
Authors: Black A. P. , Smith Annie L.
Published: February 2018

The application of microelectrophoresis for the determination of particle mobility requires that compensation be made for the phenomenon of electroendosmosis (or electroosmosis) that occurs in the cell. A liquid in contact with a surface such as glass may possess a potential with respect to the latter. If an electric field is applied to such a system, there will be movement of the liquid along the surface as a result of this potential. This streaming (electroosmosis) must be taken into consideration if the true electrophoretic velocity is to be measured. This article recommends that the complete velocity profile be substituted for the blood sample as a method for the calibration of the Briggs microelectrophoresis cells.
Management Responsibilities and Objectives in Investor‐Owned and Municipal Utilities
Authors: Healy Edward R.
Published: February 2018

The most important beneficial change needed by the water industry is professional management of water utilities. The investor‐owned utilities, including the water utilities, have done this, and the municipally‐owned utilities need to do the same. This article examines investor‐owned and municipally‐owned utilities regarding the evaluation of management responsibility and objectives.
Program of National Water Institute
Authors: Orth Robert F.
Published: February 2018

This article provides an overview of the National Water Institute (NWI), which was made the official source for all WWEMA public information in the latter part of 1959. The purpose of NWI is to keep the public constantly informed of water needs and requirements, and to inform the public how it can assist towns, cities, states, and regions, to carry out modern, effective water and pollution control programs.
Natural Buried Reservoirs in Western Kentucky and Tennessee
Authors: Rima Donald R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses four natural groundwater reservoir systems in western Kentucky and Tennessee, which have the capacity to store at least a 40‐year supply protected from any loss and from most forms of damage. The technical information presented in this article was obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 448, which reports on the Mississippi Embayment Project, under the direction and supervision of E. M. Cushing.
Virus Dispersal by Water
Authors: McLean Donald M. , Brown John R. , Laak R.
Published: February 2018

This paper reports the findings of a recent study on the spread of an enterovirus, the Sabin strain of attenuated poliovirus‐2 in creeks, lakes and swimming pools, the viricidal effect of various halogens in swimming pool water, and the effect on virus infectivity of aeration of sewage followed by percolation of the effluent through columns containing sand, clay, or soil.
The Ocean Frontier
Authors: Smith F. G. Walton
Published: February 2018

This article begins with a brief discussion of the importance of water to the existence of life, and goes on to discuss the study of oceanography. The article briefly assesses the economic potential of the ocean, and compares the ocean to the other planets in space as having much more value and potential to the human race.
Continuous Foam Flotation for Water Clarification
Authors: Grieves Robert B. , Schwartz Stephen M.
Published: February 2018

This investigation has shown that continuous foam flotation has promise for water clarification, as it is generally able to separate suspended impurities from low‐quality raw water supplies. The article summarizes typical operating conditions and results for water containing virtually no iron and aluminum, and also for water containing moderate concentrations of iron and aluminum.
Coliform Persistence in Highly Chlorinated Waters
Authors: Tracy Harry W. , Camarena Victor M. , Wing Frederick
Published: February 2018

This study demonstrates how coliform organisms might exist under hours of contact with one mg/l of chlorine or even greater concentrations. The investigation discovered a train of events whereby a Crustacea harboring coli forms, while passing through a spigot, becomes ruptured by the velocity of the water, and is almost immediately flushed into a sample bottle containing sodium thiosulphate. The chlorine is neutralized and the coliforms are distributed throughout the sample, resulting in illogical bacteriologic results.
Water Problems in Texas
Authors: Ivy Glenn H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the creation in Texas of the Texas Water Development Board, a state agency with the responsibility for making a long‐range comprehensive water development plan. The Texas state legislature also reconstituted the Texas Water Commission as the Texas Water Rights Commission and charged it with the custody, protection, and administration of water rights.
New Tools for New and Old Wells
Authors: Graham Jack B.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses new tools and improved existing tools that are used for the development of groundwater supplies. Many of the scientific methods and tools used in finding and obtaining water from underground sources have been borrowed from other technical fields and then applied to groundwater hydrology.
Criteria for Analysis of Interregional Transfers of Water
Authors: Tinney E. Roy
Published: February 2018

This article discusses six criterion to be analyzed when considering the interregional transfer of water. The article determines that the diversion issue has not been rationally planned and proposed by those elements initiating the transfer of water, and because of the lack of analysis of the net benefits to all concerned, the areas of origin should not agree to the interregional transfer of water. The article presents two elements that are lacking in the federal, provincial, or state agency analysis of interregional transfers: the date of technologic obsolescence; and, the technique for determining net socioeconomic benefits.
Water Conservation and Its Application to New England
Authors: Kearns John T.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses various aspects and issues of water conservation including population demographics, public attitudes, reusable wastewater, and desalination. The issue of water conservation is applied to the New England area, where water is abundant but little has been done to conserve it.