bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of “1st Brazilian Recommendation for Biofilm Management in Chronic and Complex Wounds”
Authors: Viviana Serna González Carol , Thum Magali , de Oliveira Ramalho Aline , Beloto Silva Olívia , Franco Coelho Mônica , Medeiros da Silva Queiroz Wilka , Maria Sebba Tosta de Souza Diba , Cristina Nogueira Paula , Lúcia Conceição Gouveia Santos Vera
Published: October 2019

Objectives: Analyze critically the “1st Brazilian Recommendation for Biofilm Management in Chronic and Complex Wounds” (from Portuguese, “1a Recomendação Brasileira para o Gerenciamento de Biofilme em Feridas Crônicas e Complexas”). Method: Reviewing information contained in said document according to current literature. Results: The publication was showed to lack methodology compatible with its title; gaps in the recommendations were perceived regarding evidence classification, as well as an absence of grounding from important international consensus, published in the last three years, about treatment of complex wounds with suspected biofilm. Conclusion: The document was concluded to be inadequate for use as a clinical guideline, being considered only a bibliographic review about the theme.
Эффекты эмопага на переживающих срезах гиппокампа крыс
Authors: Яснецов Вик. В. , Воронина Т. А. , Скачилова С. Я. , Яснецов Владимир Викторович
Published: October 2019

На переживающих срезах гиппокампа крыс эмопаг и мексидол в концентрации 4 мМ подавляли ортодромные популяционные ответы в поле СA1 на 58 ± 4 % и 43 ± 3 % соответственно. Специфический неконкурентный антагонист NMDA-рецепторного комплекса МК-801 ослаблял угнетающее действие эмопага на 38 ± 4 %, а мексидола — на 73 ± 6 %, действуя в отношении первого в 1,9 раза менее выраженно. Специфический блокатор глутаматных AMPA-рецепторов CNQX практически полностью блокировал депрессирующий эффект эмопага либо ослаблял его на 54 ± 5 %, действуя по крайней мере в 1,4 раза более выраженно, чем МК-801. В пирамидных нейронах поля СA1 гиппокампа крысят эмопаг (2 мМ) угнетал возбуждающий постсинаптический ток, вызванный раздражением коллатералей Шаффера, на 92 ± 3 %, а на фоне действия специфического блокатора глутаматных AMPA-рецепторов NBQX его депрессирующий эффект практически полностью ослаблялся на 95 ± 4 %. Следовательно, можно предполагать, что гиппокамп играет существенную роль в реализации центрального действия эмопага. При этом его эффект реализуется через активацию AMPA-рецепторов.
Оценка противосудорожной активности производных декагидрохинолина на модели острой никотиновой интоксикации
Authors: Гончарук Виктор Владимирович , Борисенок Ольга Александровна , Бубен Александр Леонидович , Шляхтун Алексей Генрихович , Вдовиченко Владимир Петрович
Published: October 2019

Исследовали противосудорожную активность 10 производных декагидрохинолина на модели острой никотиновой интоксикации у мышей. Среди изученных 10 производных декагидрохинолина противосудорожной активностью обладают 3 соединения: ФАВ-66, ФАВ-69 и ФАВ-70. В дозе 1/4 LD50 они укорачивают продолжительность никотиновой интоксикации в среднем на 22,2 %, p < 0,005, увеличивают латентный период судорог в среднем на 48,9 %, p < 0,005, понижают стадию судорог, оцениваемую по 4-балльной шкале, в среднем на 60,7 %, p < 0,005, а также уменьшают продолжительность судорог в среднем на 42,4 % при p < 0,005. Эффекты ФАВ-66 более выражены и сохраняются в дозе вплоть до 1/8 LD50. Способность ФАВ-66 в эксперименте ослаблять токсическое действие никотина, вероятно, связана с блокадой н-холинорецепторов.
Insetos nocivos a Prosopis sp. no Rio Grande do Norte (Brasil) e Piura (Peru).
Authors: Capistrano da Costa Matheus Kayan , Diodato Marco Antonio , Peixoto Fernandes João Pedro , Silva dos Santos João Paulo
Published: October 2019

A algarobeira (Prosopis sp.) é cultivada, no Brasil, principalmente na Região Nordeste, sendo que a sua introdução ocorreu a partir de 1942, em Serra Talhada, PE, com sementes procedentes de Piura, no Peru. Atualmente, é possível observar a presença de duas espécies no território brasileiro, a Prosopis juliflora e Prosopis pallida, as quais apresentam diversos benefícios para os agricultores locais. Esse levantamento foi feito com base em materiais encontrados e disponíveis na internet como: livros, artigos científicos, revistas e periódicos, no período de janeiro e fevereiro de 2019. Utilizaram-se as seguintes palavras chaves: Prosopis, Algaroba, Inseto, Rio Grande do Norte e Peru. Foram encontradas 16 espécies de insetos em associação daninha com Prosopis sp., no Rio Grande do Norte, distribuídas entre as ordens Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera e Hemiptera. Os registros de insetos em algaroba no Peru apresentaram maior abundância de dados e diversidades de ordens e famílias associadas à algaroba. No entanto, destacaram-se das listas encontradas, os insetos daninhos à planta, dos quais 18 espécies pertencem à Ordem Coleoptera e 11 espécies da Ordem Lepidoptera. Também foram registradas espécies das Ordens Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Thysanoptera e Diptera. No Brasil ocorrem espécies com potencial daninho à algaroba como, por exemplo, os do gênero Oncideres (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), que poderiam ser melhor estudados para o controle do Prosopis. As lagartas de Ascia momuste orseis (curuquerê-da-couve), conforme registros de ataque severo às folhas da algaroba, também merece atenção para o controle dessa espécie vegetal. O gênero Prosopis apresenta uma rica entomofauna no Peru, no entanto com poucos trabalhos de pesquisa no Brasil, o que não significa que não tenha uma entomofauna mais variada.
Área foliar especifica e teor de água para diferentes componentes foliares em espécies de Cerrado
Authors: Mariano Gabriel Venâncio Pereira , Da Silva Vanuza Pereira Garcia , Ávila Almeida Maurício Batista , Santiago Vitor de Oliveira , Araújo do Carmo Murillo de Carvalho , Do Vale Vagner Santiago
Published: October 2019

Para a aferição dos traços funcionais e características morfofisiológicas vegetais, não há distinção entre seus componentes foliares (limbo, pecíolo e nervura principal), o que torna os resultados questionáveis. Por essa razão, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, para espécies de Cerrado, qual a relevância de cada componente foliar na aferição da área foliar especifica e do teor de água nas folhas. Foram avaliadas 13 espécies de Cerrado, sendo N. amostral= 10 folhas e 5 a 10 indivíduos.  Com auxílio do software ImageJ, após isolados pecíolo, nervura principal e limbo, foram mensuradas suas respectivas áreas e obtidas as massas frescas, em balança de precisão. Depois, estas foram secas em estufa a 70°C, por 72 h. Foram calculadas a área foliar específica, teor de água e porcentagem de massa fresca. A partir daí, foram desenvolvidas regressões para comparar a relação do teor de água pela quantidade de área foliar. Annona coriacea Mart., Dalbergia miscolobium (Benth.), Rudgea virburnoides (Cham.) Benth e Terminalia argentea Mart. & Zucc. foram as espécies que apresentaram uma contribuição do limbo para a massa foliar superior a 80%. As peças foliares devem ser separadas para aferição da área foliar específica, a fim de evitar alterações nos resultados finais. Com relação ao teor de água, a nervura principal foi a estrutura que melhor apresentou acúmulos de água.
Produtos naturais de Momordica charantia L. como moduladores da resistência de Escherichia coli a fármacos antimicrobianos
Authors: De Barros Silva Samuel , Géssica de Oliveira Bento Huga , Sander Prospero Gama Gil , Eveline Escórcio Pinheiro Raizza , Sammy Nery de Souza João , Pereira Chaves Thiago
Published: October 2019

Objetivou-se avaliar o potencial de produtos naturais da Momordica charantia L. como agente antibacteriano e modulador da resistência de cepas de Escherichia coli a diferentes antibióticos. O extrato etanólico foi obtido a partir da maceração das folhas secas. As cepas multirresistentes utilizadas foram a E. coli 35 e E. coli 208. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi determinada pelo método de microdiluição em placas de 96 cavidades. Percebeu-se que, o extrato vegetal não apresentou efeito inibitório frente as cepas testadas (CIM > 1000 µg mL ̄ ¹). Nos ensaios de modulação frente a E. coli 35 observou-se redução significativa da CIM da Amoxicilina (99,2 para 50,0 µg mL ̄ ¹). Nos ensaios com E. coli 208 a associação do extrato com os diferentes antimicrobianos, verificou-se que houve redução da CIM da Amoxicilina (396,8 para 250,0 µg mL ̄ ¹) e Gentamicina (62,5 para 39,3 µg mL ̄ ¹), enquanto a associação com a Vancomicina não apresentou diferença significativa. Futuros estudos são necessários para identificar quais componentes do extrato foi responsável por tal ação, assim como os mecanismos envolvidos.
Estrategias para una comunidad saludable: valoración del estado nutricional de un muestreo poblacional a través de mediciones antropométricas
Authors: Leyes Pedrozo Eduardo Ariel , Martínez Silvina María , Ghione Lucrecia , Serrano Natalia Andrea , Goicoechea Patricia Noemí , Gauna Pereira María Del Carmen
Published: October 2019

En el marco del Programa de Mejora barrial (ProMebA), se encuestaron y obtuvieron muestras de sangre venosa a 190 personas de ambos sexos y edades comprendidas entre 1 y 70 años, con el fin de generar conocimiento preliminar acerca del estado nutricional de un grupo muestral perteneciente a un complejo barrial de unas 9325 personas ubicado al sudeste de la ciudad capital de la Provincia de Corrientes. La actividad económica desarrollada por los habitantes es temporaria y ocasional, contando con escasa asistencia en salud y en un contexto barrial deficiente en las condiciones mínimas de vida.

Se trabajó con los datos pondoestaturales medidos al grupo muestra, para estimar el estado nutricional a priori de las mediciones bioquímicas a ser efectuadas. Se trabajó con balanza médica mecánica para adultos con tallímetro, para la obtención del peso y la talla y luego se calculó el índice de Masa corporal (IMC), utilizando Microsoft excel y Minitab 15 y comparando dos métodos de clasificación con el objeto de establecer si se puede cualificar el estado nutricional de un individuo usando uno u otro método independientemente (aplicación de criterios en el proceso de enseñanza – aprendizaje de los alumnos). Salvo excepciones, los valores de peso y talla se correspondían con los calculados para el IMC pero tanto en población joven como en adulta, existe un porcentaje variable al que se debería hacer un perfil bioquímico nutricional en todos los casos y finalmente un estudio clínico para concluir con un diagnóstico y tratamiento adecuado.

 
Factores que afectan el funcionamiento de instalaciones fotovoltaicas autónomas en regiones del Noreste Argentino
Authors: Busso A. , Vera L. , Cáceres M. , Firman A. , Sánchez R.
Published: October 2019

En un contexto actual de gran expansión de los sistemas de generación fotovoltaica, las experiencias de  terreno en aplicaciones para el sector rural son limitadas y se hace urgente comenzar a analizar en detalle los factores que más afectan el funcionamiento de tales sistemas. Tomando como base, datos de mantenimiento correspondientes a 85 sistemas fotovoltaicos autónomos (SFA) instalados en escuelas rurales de la Provincia de Corrientes, se realizó un estudio de los principales problemas registrados durante los dos primeros años de operación y de sus causas. Como elemento primordial surge la calidad del diseño inicial del SFA, comprobándose que para corrientes no se seleccionaron elementos adaptados a las condiciones reales de la zona. Otro factor clave, y no menos importante para lograr un grado de confiabilidad aceptable, es respetar una buena planificación en el mantenimiento tal como se ha verificado con la experiencia acumulada en Corrientes.
¿Por qué restaurar ecosistemas? La experiencia con los bosques ribereños del embalse de Yacyretá (Provincia de Corrientes)
Authors: Fontana José Luis
Published: October 2019

La recuperación de ecosistemas degradados o la restauración de unidades de vegetación para el rescate de especies en peligro, reducir los procesos erosivos y recuperar el valor de los mismos son temas prioritarios no sólo en Argentina, sino en el mundo. Con el proyecto de restauración de bosques nos proponemos recuperar la estructura y composición florística de una parcela experimental en la Reserva Natural Rincón Santa María (Ituzaingó, prov. de Corrientes). La mayor parte de las plantas pioneras trasplantadas lograron establecerse en el sitio, lo que permitióen una segunda etapala ubicación de plantas que necesitan de la sombra de las pioneras para crecer y reemplazarlas en el proceso natural de la sucesión. El proyecto contempló la recolección de semillas y su siembra en condiciones controladas, la colecta de plántulas y su aclimatación en vivero, y posterior trasplante en la parcela. El mantenimiento de la parcela implica el control del alambrado perimetral y el reemplazo de las plantas muertas.

Periódicamente se realizó la toma de datos de crecimiento de las distintas especies utilizadas en los trabajos de restauración. Siendo éste un trabajo pionero en el NEA, pretende poner a punto los métodos de restauración que mejor se adapten a nuestra vegetación subtropical.

 
Proyecto de extensión para emprendedores
Authors: Lavandera Marcos
Published: October 2019

Desde hace más de seis años la Facultad de Ingeniería, principalmente a través del Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, está trabajando sistemáticamente en el fomento de la cultura emprendedora, realizando diversas actividades de capacitación y asistencia técnica abiertas a la comunidad, varias de ellas en conjunto con las organizaciones Co-partícipes. Este proyecto pretende formalizar y sistematizar un grupo de trabajo interinstitucional que albergue todas estas actividades a la vez que organice otras en el mismo sentido.

La existencia de un proyecto específico es orientadora y motivadora de acciones que cubran la necesidad de seguir trabajando metodológicamente para la generación de un ambiente emprendedor en la FIO y colaborar, con emprendedores de la comunidad no universitaria, en un mutuo intercambio de saberes. A través de este proyecto se establecen lazos de trabajo con diversas instituciones, promoviendo una sinergia en la construcción de redes que tendrá impacto directo sobre los emprendedores y el desarrollo de empresas sustentables. 

Además, existen programas de financiamiento para emprendedores, pero existen falencias en el acompañamiento previo (elaboración del proyecto) y posterior (puesta en marcha y gestión). Este diagnóstico es compartido por la Agencia de Desarrollo Local de la Municipalidad de Olavarría (ADELO) quien se suma a este proyecto para aportar su experiencia y compartir el trabajo para los emprendedores.
En el mismo sentido las demás organizaciones co-participantes aportan metodologías y sus propios programas para optimizar el abordaje de la temática, potenciando los resultados que cada uno prevé.
Greenwashing and Environmental Communication: Effects on Stakeholders’ Perceptions
Authors: Torelli Riccardo , Balluchi Federica , Lazzini Arianna
Published: October 2019

Since the first Earth Day in the 1970s, corporate environmental performance has increased dramatically, and cases of greenwashing have increased sharply. The term greenwash refers to a variety of different misleading communications that aim to form overly positive beliefs among stakeholders about a company's environmental practices. The growing number of corporate social responsibility claims, whether founded or not, creates difficulties for stakeholders in distinguishing between truly positive business performance and companies that only appear to embrace a model of sustainable development. In this context, through the lens of legitimacy and signalling theory, we intend to understand and assess the different influences that various types of misleading communications about environmental issues have on stakeholders' perceptions of corporate environmental responsibility and greenwashing. Stakeholder responses to an environmental scandal will also be assessed. The hypotheses tested through a four‐for‐two design experiment reveal that different levels of greenwashing have a significantly different influence on stakeholders' perceptions of corporate environmental responsibility and stakeholders' reactions to environmental scandals.
Hình ảnh không gian và văn hóa khoa học Phenikaa University
Authors: Lab SDAG
Published: October 2019

Ngày thứ nhất là 10-10, kỷ niệm Giải phóng Thủ đô Hà Nội. Và ngày thứ hai là 14-11, ra mắt thương hiệu mới, sau gần một năm tròn kể từ khi mang tên trường Đại học Phenikaa, và bắt đầu quá trình đầu tư, đổi mới từ cơ sở vật chất, tới bộ máy quản lý và đội ngũ giảng viên - nghiên cứu viên. Đóng góp của ISR là hai bài trên hệ thống xuất bản Nature Publishing Group.
Bye Bye Peer-Reviewed Publishing
Authors: Abambres Miguel , Salloom Tony , Beganovic Nejra , Dojka Rafał , Roncallo Sergio , Verma Tarun , Takhar Sukhraj Singh
Published: October 2019

This work is the continuation of a ‘revolution’ started with "Research Counts, Not the Journal". Own and published opinions from worldwide scientists on critical issues of peer-reviewed publishing are presented. In my opinion, peer-reviewed publishing is a quite flawed process (in many ways) that has greatly harmed Science for a long time – it has been imposed by most academic and science funding institutions as the only way to assess scientific performance. Unfortunately, most academics still follow that path, even though I believe most do it for the fear of losing their job or not being promoted. This paper aims to encourage (i) a full disruption of peer-reviewed publishing and (ii) the use of free eprint repositories for a sustainable academic/scientific publishing, i.e. healthier (no stress/distress associated to the peer review stage and the long waiting for publication) and more economic, effective and efficient (research is made immediately available and trackable/citable to anyone). On the other hand, it should be pointed out that nothing exists against scientific publishers/journals – actually it´s perfectly normal that any company wants to implement its own quality criteria. This paper is just the way chosen to promote the quick implementation of suitable policies for research evaluation.
MENCAPAI TARGET KEPUASAN PASIEN DALAM PEAKSANAAN KESELAMATAN PASIEN
Authors: TAMPUBOLON SAMUEL SAMUEL
Published: October 2019

Salah satu tantangan dalam pengembangan keselamatan pasien adalah bagaimana mengubah budaya yang ada menuju budaya keselamatan pasien. Langkah penting pertama dengan menempatkan keselamatan pasien sebagai salah satu prioritas utama dalam organisasi pelayanan kesehatan, yang didukung oleh eksekutif, tim klinik, dan staf di semua level organisasi dengan pertanggungjawaban yang jelas. Budaya keselamatan pasien menjadi bagian dari sistem untuk memastikan bahwa asuhan pasien di rumah sakit yang dilaksanakan adalah aman, tidak membahayakan dan dapat memuaskan pasien, keluarga maupun tenaga medisnya. Budaya keselamatan pasien belum masuk dalam ekspektasi yang diinginkan oleh pasien selama menjalani rawat inap sehingga kepuasan pasien bukan berorientasi pada keselamatan pasien. Tuntutan atau harapan pasien adalah ingin segera sembuh dan segera keluar dari rumah sakit.
Analysis of Apparatus Resource Development as an Effort to Improve Performance:A Study of Regional Office of the West Kutai Regency
Authors: Suhardiman
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this research is to describe, analyze aspects related to the method of developing apparatus resources in the KutaiKartanegara Regency Regional Secretariat and apparatus performance. This research uses descriptive research method with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques using in-depth interviews, documentation, and observation. The results showed that the successful implementation of regional autonomy requires apparatus who have the ability, knowledge, and skills as well as behavioral attitudes. Development of apparatus resources must be done with a mechanism or stages so that the objectives of the apparatus and the organization as a whole can be achieved. Development of personnel resources is an important instrument in improving the performance of the apparatus. Implementation of apparatus resource development in the Regional Secretariat of the Regency of KutaiKartanegara in order to improve the performance of the apparatus using the On the Job method and the Off the Job method. Appraisal performance can be seen from aspects of the quantity of work, quality of work, timeliness and knowledge of work, as well as objectives.
Will robots automate your job away? Full employment, basic income, and economic democracy
Authors: McGaughey Ewan
Published: October 2019

Will the internet, robotics and artificial intelligence mean a ‘jobless future’? A recent narrative, endorsed by prominent tech-billionaires, says we face mass unemployment, and we need a basic income. In contrast, this article shows why the law can achieve full employment with fair incomes, and holidays with pay. Universal human rights, including the right to ‘share in scientific advancement and its benefits’, set the proper guiding principles. Three distinct views of the causes of unemployment are that it is a ‘natural’ phenomenon, that technology may propel it, or that it is social and legal choice: to let capital owners restrict investment in jobs. Only the third view has any credible evidence to support it. Technology may create redundancies, but unemployment is an entirely social phenomenon. After World War Two, 42% of UK jobs were redundant but social policy maintained full employment, and it can be done again. This said, transition to new technology, when markets are left alone, can be exceedingly slow: a staggering 88% of American horses lost their jobs after the Model T Ford, but only over 45 years. Taking lessons from history, it is clear that unemployment is driven by inequality of wealth and of votes in the economy. To uphold human rights, governments should reprogramme the law, for full employment, fair incomes and reduced working time, on a living planet. Robot owners will not automate your job away, if we defend economic democracy. (2021) Industrial Law Journal.
Survival and selection biases in early animal evolution and a source of systematic overestimation in molecular clocks
Authors: Budd Graham , Mann Richard P.
Published: October 2019

Important evolutionary events such as the Cambrian Explosion have inspired many attempts at explanation: why do they happen when they do? What shapes them, and why do they eventually come to an end? However, much less attention has been paid to the idea of a “null hypothesis” – that certain features of such diversifications arise simply through their statistical structure. Looking back from our own perspective to the origins of large groups such as the arthropods, or even the animals themselves, will expose features that look causal but are in fact inevitable. Here we review these features with particular regard to the Cambrian explosion. We conclude that the fossil record of the late Ediacaran to Cambrian is very likely to be recording a true evolutionary radiation at this time; and show how the unusually rapid nature of this event leads to characteristic over-estimation of its time of origin by molecular clock methods - an artefact that is likely to apply to other unusually fast radiations too.
Design Facilitates Discovery in Causal Learning
Authors: Walker Caren , Rett Alexandra , Bonawitz Elizabeth
Published: October 2019

We assess whether an artifact’s design can facilitate recognition of abstract causal rules. In Experiment 1, 152 three-year-olds were presented with evidence consistent with a relational rule (i.e., pairs of same or different blocks activate a machine) using a machine with one of two designs. In the standard-design condition, pairs were placed on top; in the relational-design condition, blocks were placed into openings on either side. Experiment 2 assessed whether this design cue could facilitate adults’ (N=102) inference of a distinct, conjunctive cause (i.e., that two blocks, together, activate the machine). Results of both experiments demonstrate that causal inference is sensitive to design: participants in the design conditions were more likely to infer the a priori unlikely rules. Findings suggest that reasoning failures may result from difficulty generating the relevant rules as cognitive hypotheses, but that artifact design aids causal inference, with clear implications for creating intuitive learning environments.
Commentary: Response: Commentary: Rain, Sun, Soil, and Sweat: A Consideration of Population Limits on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) before European Contact
Authors: Lipo Carl , DiNapoli Robert J. , Hunt Terry L.
Published: October 2019

A commentary on a response on a commentary on Puleston et. al (2017) Rain, Sun, Soil, and Sweat: A Consideration of Population Limits on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) before European Contact
The Economic Underpinnings of the Drug Epidemic
Authors: Seltzer Nathan
Published: October 2019

U.S. labor markets have experienced transformative change over the past half century. Spurred on by global economic change, robotization, and the decline of labor unions, state labor markets have shifted away from an occupational regime dominated by the production of goods to one characterized by the provision of services. Prior studies have proposed that deterioration of employment opportunities may be associated with the rise of substance use disorders and drug overdose deaths, yet no clear link between changes in labor market dynamics in the U.S. manufacturing sector and drug overdose deaths has been established. Using restricted-use vital registration records between 1999-2017 that comprise over 700,000 drug deaths, I test two questions. First, what is the association between manufacturing decline and drug and opioid overdose mortality rates? Second, how much of the increase in these drug-related outcomes can be accounted for by manufacturing decline? The findings provide strong evidence that restructuring of the U.S. labor market has played an important upstream role in the current drug crisis. Up to 77,000 overdose deaths for men and up to 40,000 overdose deaths for women are attributable to the decline of state-level manufacturing over this nearly two-decade period. These results persist in models that adjust for other social, economic, and policy trends changing at the same time, including the supply of prescription opioids. Critically, the findings signal the value of policy interventions that aim to reduce persistent economic precarity experienced by individuals and communities, especially the economic strain placed upon the middle class.
Ácaros associados ao chuchuzeiro (Sechium Edule Swartz) no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Mineiro J. L de C , Raga A. , Berton L.H.C
Published: October 2019

Este trabalho teve como objetivo registrar as espécies de ácaros que ocorrem em chuchuzeiros no estado de São Paulo. O levantamento foi realizado em sete municípios do estado de São Paulo, entre 2001 e 2006. As folhas foram coletadas de plantas de cultivo comercial e não comercial, nesses municípios. Foram identificadas 25 espécies de ácaros pertencentes às famílias Ascidae, Phytoseiidae, Eupodidae, Tarsonemidae, Tenuipalpidae, Tetranychidae e Tydeidae. A família Phytoseiidae foi a que apresentou a maior riqueza de espécies (15). Dentre as espécies mais abundantes de ácaros predadores (Phytoseiidae), destacaram-se Amblydromalus limonicus (Garman & McGregor), Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma e Proprioseiopsis sp., em Monte Alegre do Sul, e Euseius concordis (Chant) em Campinas. Em relação aos f itófagos, Aponychus schultzi (Blanchard) e Tetranychus sp. foram as espécies mais abundantes no município de Monte Alegre do Sul.
Evli Bireylerin Evlilik Değerleri Evlilik Doyumu ve Evlilik Tipleri
Authors: Tekin Çatal Meliha , Kalkan Melek
Published: October 2019

Bu çalışma evli bireylerin
evlilik değerleri, evlilik doyumu ve evlilik tipleri arasındaki ilişkinin
belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla, evli bireylerin evlilik
değerleri, evlilik doyumu ve evlilik tipleri arasındaki ilişkiye; evli
bireylerin evlilik değerleri ve evlilik tiplerinin evlilik doyumunun anlamlı
bir yordayıcısı olup olmadığına; evli bireylerin evlilik değerleri, evlilik
doyumu ve evlilik tipleri arasındaki ilişkinin cinsiyete göre değişip
değişmediğine bakılmıştır. Çalışma, Samsun’da yaşayan 268’i kadın 189’u erkek
olmak üzere toplam 457 evli birey ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada Evlilik
Değerleri Ölçeği (EDÖ); Evlilik Yaşamı Ölçeği ve Evlilik Tipleri Ölçeği (ETÖ)
ve araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanılan Kişisel Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. Veriler
SPSS 17.00 paket programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular doğrultusunda Pearson
Korelasyon testi, çoklu regresyon testi, bağımsız gruplar arası T-Testi analiz
teknikleri uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda evli bireylerin toplulukçu
evlilik değeri ile geleneksel tip ve ilişkili özerk tip arasında pozitif;
toplulukçu evlilik değeri ile özerk tip arasında negatif yönlü anlamlı bir
ilişki bulunmuştur. Ayrıca evlilik değeri ile evlilik doyumu arasında pozitif
yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Evlilik tipleri (geleneksel tip,
ilişkili özerk tip ve özerk tip)ile evlilik doyumu arasında pozitif yönlü
anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca evlilik değerleri ve evlilik
tipleri birlikte, bireylerin evlilik doyumlarını anlamlı bir şekilde yordadığı bulunmuştur.
Son olarak erkeklerin evlilik değerleri ve geleneksel tip puanları kadınlardan
anlamlı ölçüde yüksek görülürken, kadınların ilişkili özerk tip puanları
erkeklerden yüksek bulunmuştur.
Yazmaya İlişkin Tutum Ölçeğinin Türkçe Uyarlama Çalışmaları
Authors: TAVŞANLI Ömer Faruk , BİLGİN Asude , YILDIRIM Kasım
Published: October 2019

Bu çalışmanın amacı, ilkokul ikinci sınıf öğrencilerine yönelik yazmaya
ilişkin tutum ölçeğinin Türkçe diline uyarlanması ve ölçeğin Türkçe formunun
uygulanabilir geçerlilik ve güvenirlilik özelliklerine sahip olup olmadığının
tespit edilmesidir. Bu doğrultuda yapılan geçerlilik, güvenirlilik ve faktör
analizi çalışmaları için 289 ilkokul ikinci sınıf öğrencisinden veri
toplanmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, 18 maddeden oluşan ölçeğin,
varyansın % 32’sini açıklayan tek boyutlu bir yapıda şekillendiği tespit
edilmiştir. Uyarlanan ölçeğin faktör yükleri .41 ile .72 arasında değişmiştir.
Ölçeğin maddelerinin madde toplam test korelasyonları .42 ile .70 arasında
olduğu görülmüştür. Ölçeğin bütününde iç tutarlık katsayısı .86 olarak elde
edilmiştir. Tek faktörlü bir yapı gösteren ölçeğin, uyum iyilik değerlerinin
kabul edilebilir sınır aralığında olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak,
Türkçe’ye uyarlama çalışması yapılan “Yazmaya Yönelik Tutum Ölçeğinin” ilkokul
2.sınıf öğrencilere uygulanacak düzeyde geçerli ve güvenilir olduğu tespit
edilmiştir.
TÖMER Türkçe Öğretim Programlarının Bilişsel Stratejiler Açısından İncelenmesi
Authors: ULUTAŞ Mustafa , KARA Mehmet
Published: October 2019

Öğretim programları, eğitim öğretim süreçlerinin sağlıklı ve etkin bir şekilde yürütülebilmesi bakımından önemlidir. Bir dilin yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde uygulanacak programlar, ana dili öğretim programlarına göre birçok farklılıklar göstermektedir. Günümüzde Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretimi, çoğunlukla üniversiteler bünyesinde kurulan ve sayıları her geçen gün artan Türkçe Öğretim Merkezleri (TÖMER) tarafından yapılmaktadır. Bu merkezler ya kendi hazırladıkları ya da başka merkezlerden temin ettikleri kitaplar vasıtasıyla dil öğretim sürecini yürütmektedir. Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde kullanılan kitapların belli bir program çerçevesinde hazırlanması gerekmektedir. Ancak ne yazık ki mevcut TÖMER’lerin sadece birkaçının ADİOBM’den yararlanarak kendi programlarını geliştirdikleri bilinmektedir. Öğretim programlarında yer alan kazanımlar, dil öğrenenlerin en alt basamaktan en üst basamağa kadar belli becerileri sergilemelerini sağlamalıdır. Kazanımları, en basit düzeyden en üst bilişsel basamağa kadar sıralamak ve sınıflandırmakta yararlanılabilecek önemli kaynaklardan biri de Bloom Taksonomisi’dir. Bu taksonominin Anderson ve Krathwohl tarafından yenilenmiş hâlinde yer alan “hatırlama, anlama, uygulama, çözümleme, değerlendirme, yaratma” basamakları, kazanımların belli bilişsel süreçlere göre ifade edilmesi ve programın daha işlevsel yürütülmesi açısından önemli görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada,  yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretim programlarındaki okuma kazanımlarının yenilenmiş Bloom Taksonomisi’ne göre incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçla Ankara Üniversitesi TÖMER ile Gazi Üniversitesi TÖMER’in Türkçe öğretim programlarında yer alan okuma kazanımları, taksonominin bilişsel süreçleri dikkate alınarak incelenmiş ve elde edilen verilerden hareketle okuma kazanımları ile ilgili birtakım sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır.
Türkçe Eğitimi Akademik Alanına İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme: Web of Science Veri Tabanına Dayalı Bibliyometrik İnceleme
Authors: ŞEREF İzzet , KARAGÖZ Beytullah
Published: October 2019

Bu çalışma Türkçe eğitimi akademik alanındaki yayınların Web of Science (WoS) veri tabanındaki etkinliğini analiz etmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada elde edilen veriler bibliyometrik teknikler ve iş birliği analizi kullanılarak çözümlenmiştir. Verilerin toplanmasında Web of Science (WoS) veri tabanındaki Türkçe eğitimcilerine ait makaleler, veri dosyası hâlinde VosViewer (Version 1.6.9) paket programı kullanılarak çözümlenmiştir. Veri seti yayın yılı, en üretken yazarlar, yayın yapılan dergiler ve etki faktörleri, yazarlık durumları, yazarların kurumları, atıf yapılan kaynak türü, en çok atıf alan makaleler, anahtar kelime analizi, en sık atıf yapılan yayınlar gibi çeşitli bibliyometrik göstergeler açısından incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre en üretken yazarların Hayati AKYOL ve Nihat BAYAT; en sık yayın yapılan derginin Eğitim ve Bilim Dergisi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Tek yazarlı makalelerin yazar kadroları içinde ilk sırada yer aldığı görülmüştür. Web of Science (WoS) veri tabanındaki dergilerde Gazi Üniversitesinde görevli araştırmacıların daha çok yayın yaptığı saptanmıştır. En sık atıfta bulunulan kaynak türü ise makaledir.
Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in the Traditional Treatment of Female Infertility in Fez Region, Morocco
Authors: Slighoua M. , Mahdi I. , Amrati F. Ez-zahra , Boukhira S. , EL Hamsas EL Youbi A. , Bari A. , Bousta D.
Published: October 2019

An ethnopharmacological survey was carried out among 224 informants to collect the information on medicinal plants used for the traditional treatment of female infertility in the Fes, Meknes and Boulemane region. In total, 63 plant species belonging to 29 families were used against female infertility. The most frequently cited plants wereLavandula officinalis(26.33%),Mentha pulegium(13.83%),Mentha suaveolens(11.16%),Rosmarinus officinalis(10.71%) andPetroselinum sativum(8.03%). Furthermore, the present study represents a useful documentation for the preservation of this knowledge about medicinal plants and for the amelioration of women reproductive health.
Neoliberalism and Welfare Chauvinism in Germany
Authors: Grdešić Marko
Published: October 2019

Anti-immigration sentiments can take on a variety of forms, but a particularly prevalent version across Europe is welfare chauvinism. According to welfare chauvinism, the services of the welfare state should be provided only to natives and not to immigrants. Like many other European countries, German politics also features welfare chauvinism, and not only on the far right segment of the political spectrum. What drives welfare chauvinism? Most studies of welfare chauvinism try to assess whether economic or cultural factors matter most. In an attempt to bridge these perspectives, this article brings in neoliberalism. An examination of survey results from EBRD’s Life in Transition project suggests that neoliberal economic attitudes are a key determinant of welfare chauvinism. German respondents who have neoliberal economic views tend to see immigrants as a drain on the welfare state, while those who have economically leftist views tend to see immigrants as providing a positive contribution.
Germany's Secret Service Investigates the Alternative for Germany
Authors: Klikauer Thomas , Tunney Kathleen Webb
Published: October 2019

By the end of 2018, Germany’s secret service, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz) started composing a report on Germany’s most notorious right-wing political party, the Alternative for Germany (AfD). In January 2019, one of the authors asked Germany’s secret service to supply this report but was told “It’s secret.” On 28 January 2019, a short note even noted: “We will not send the document.” On the very same day, Netzpolitik.org posted the entire report online—all 436 pages of it. Netzpolitik.org stated: “We make the report available because open debate is vital in a democracy… and because it destroys the AfD’s fairy-tale of being a normal political party.” In their introduction, Netzpolitik’s Andre Meister, Anna Biselli, and Markus Reuter, who published the report, also emphasize: “We make the report available because the secret service believes ‘parts of the AfD violate Germany’s constitutional guarantee that human dignity is inviolable.”’ Netzpolitik.org is convinced that Germans have a right to know. Reading through the report one hardly finds evidence that would justify secrecy. Instead, it is a valid report written by a German state agency tasked with defending the Basic Law (Grundgesetz) concerning a political party.
PEMIKIRAN FIKIH KEMASLAHATAN DAN FIQIH AKHLAK (Membaca Kembali Kitab Bidâyatul Mujtahid wa Nihâyatul Muqtashid adalah karya Ibn Rusyd)
Authors: Rusydi Ibnu , MA Zaenudin
Published: October 2019

The Book of Bidāyatul mujtahid whose full title is Bidâyatul mujtahid wa nihâyatul muqtashid is the work of Ibn Rushd in the field of Jurisprudence which is the most famous and most qualified when compared to his other Jurisprudence books. Basically, the view of fiqh Ibn Rushd was no different from the previous fiqh scholars in terms of the relationship between Shari'a and benefit. What distinguishes between Ibn Rushd and the others is the emphasis. If the Jurists emphasized the benefit and interests, Ibn Rushd emphasized his views on the moral side. He believes that the Shari'a was born to improve human morals. In this case El Abidi stated that Ibn Rusyd was the only Jurist who built the objectives of the Shari'a on a moral foundation (morals).

Kitab Bidâyatul mujtahid yang judul lengkapnya adalah Bidâyatul mujtahid wa nihâyatul muqtashid adalah karya Ibn Rusyd dalam bidang Fikih yang paling terkenal sekaligus paling berkualitas jika dibandingkan dengan buku-buku Fikihnya yang lain. Pada dasarnya, pandangan fikih Ibn Rusyd tidak berbeda dengan para ulama fikih sebelumnya dalam hal hubungan antara syariat dengan kemaslahatan. Yang membedakan antara Ibn Rusyd dan yang lainnya adalah penekanannya saja. Jika para ahli fikih menekankan sisi kemaslahatan dan kepentingan, Ibn Rusyd menekankan pandangannya pada sisi moral. Ia berpendapat bahwa syariat itu lahir untuk memperbaiki akhlak manusia. Dalam hal ini El Abidi menyatakan bahwa Ibn Rusyd adalah satu-satunya ahli fikih yang membangun  tujuan syariat di atas fondasi moral (akhlak).
AN EXPLORATION OF POTENTIAL REWARDS IN ENGLISH FOR YOUNG LEARNER (EYL) CLASSROOM
Authors: Prawiro Indra Yoga , Anggrarini Natalia , Anggrarini Natalia
Published: October 2019

In the 21st century, many parents try to introduce foreign language since earlier. The introduction is started since very beginning because some experts believed that the students who learn foreign language especially English on their primary schools or pre-schools, it will contribute the successful of them in learning language in the next level Ferrandino and Tirozzi as cited in MacDonell, C. (2007:1). This research is a case study. It aims to find out the use of potential rewards in kindergarten schools. This study will also investigate some challenges and efforts of five EYL teachers in teaching English. Hence this study will also focus on the benefits of potential rewards in motivating the EYL students in learning English. The result showed that social reinforcers is the most used reward and three activities that usually implemented in the class are giving applause, smiles and teacher’s signature. Then, there are two main challenges in teaching English in kindergarten school. The first is the use of technology and the second is classroom management. While the efforts used in teaching EYL are the use of media, strategy and rewards. So, the students will be more fun and enjoyable in learning English. Then, the last is the benefits. The result showed that by implementing the rewards system in the class. It can encourage the students to achieve the target learning. The students are happy to follow the instructions from the teacher and can complete the task well.
KEMAMPUAN KONSENTRASI PASTA GIGI DALAM MEMBUNUH KECOA AMERICANA
Authors: Rasman Rasman , Asrudi Asrudi
Published: October 2019

ABSTRAK Kecoa merupakan binatang pengganggu yang memakan segalanya (omnivore), menularkan penyakit pada manusia. Kecoa dapat menularkan patogen toxoplasma gondi dan juga membawa salmonella dan E.coli upaya pengendalian kecoa dengan menggunakan bahan kimia yaitu pasta gigi. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui kemampuan variasi konsentrasi pasta gigi dalam membunuh kecoa. Jenis penelitian ini eksprimen yang bersipat deskriptif.penelitian ini dilakukan dilaboraterium vector kesehatan lingkungan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah kecoa Americana. Kecoa Americana dewasa yang dijadikan sampel berjumlah 30 ekor pada satu toples terisi 5 kecoa periplaneta Americana. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahan pasta gigi dengan konsentarsi 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ,dan 12 gram mampu membunuh kecoa periplaneta Americana dengan waktu kurang dari 1 jam dan efektif membunuh. Konsentrasi 2 gram, 4 gram, 6 gram, 8 gram, 10 gram, dan 12 gram dapat menurunkan populasi kocoa 100% dan konsentasi paling efektif 12 gram dalam waktu 20 menit. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pasta gigi yang dilarutkan di dalam air (100 ml) dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda seperti 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, dan 12 gram dapat membunuh kecoa periplaneta Americana. sehingga diharapkan agar memanfaatkan bahan pasta gigi yang mudah dijangkau dalam menurunkan populasi kecoa. Kata Kunci:  Konsentrasi Pasta Gigi, Kecoa, periplaneta Americana
OBSERVASI TINGKAT KEPADATAN TIKUS DI LINGKUNGAN BUFFER DAN PERIMETER PELABUHAN SOEKARNO HATTA MAKASSAR
Authors: Sulasmi Sulasmi , Hastuti Sri
Published: October 2019

ABSTRAK Tikus adalah binatang pengerat yang merugikan kehidupan manusia dan mampu beradaptasi dengan lingkungan termasuk di daerah pelabuhan. Meningkatnya arus transportasi barang dan penumpang melalui pelabuhan laut perlu diwaspadai terhadap penularan penyakit tular rodensia di pelabuhan. Tikus merupakan vektor penyakit pes dan leptospirosis, Penyakit ini merupakan penyakit zoonosa yang dapat ditularkan kepada manusia.Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui kepadatan dan jenis tikus yang berkembang biak diwilayah Pelabuhan Soekarno Makassar meliputi wilayah perimeter dan buffer pelabuhan. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan observasi yang dilakukan di wilayah kerja Kantor Kesehatan Pelabuhan yaitu wilayah perimeter dan buffer Pelabuhan soekaron Hatta Makassar.Hasil penelitian diperoleh 9 (sembilan ekor)  tikus dengan nilai kepadatan tikus 1. Spesies yang paling banyak tertangkap adalah 56 % mus musculus, 22 % rattus novergycus dan 22 % rattus diardy di wilayah Perimeter dan 10 ekor tikus dengan nilai kepadatan tikus 1 ekor. Spesies yang paling banyak terperangkap adalah 40 % rattus Novergicus , 40% mus usculus dan 20 % rattus diardy di wilayah buffer.Kesimpulan nilai kepadatan tikus diwilayah perimeter dan buffer masing – masing memiliki nilai kepadatan tikus 1. Jenis tikus yang terperangkap adalah mus musculus, rattus novergycus dan rattus diardy. Disaran kan kepada seluruh masyarakat agar meningkatkan kesadaran mengenai kebersihan lingkungan sehingga tidak menjadi perindukan tikus pada wilayah tersebut. Kata kunci : Tikus, Pelabuhan dan Mus Musculus
PERBANDINGAN JUMLAH KUMAN PADA LALAPAN YANG DIJUAL DI RUMAH MAKAN DAN PEDAGANG KAKI LIMADI JALAN A. P. PETTARANI KOTA MAKASSAR
Authors: Mirah St Mut , Amryl Amryl
Published: October 2019

ABSTRAK Lalapan adalah sayur-sayuran yang biasa disajikan beserta masakan Indonesia. Lalapan biasa dimakan bersama nasi dan lauk-pauk. Sayur-sayuran ini biasanya dihidangkan dalam keadaan mentah. Sayur-sayuran yang biasa digunakan antara lain kacang panjang, kemangi, kubis, sambal, dan timun. Lalapan ini banyak ditemukan dijual di rumah makan maupun pedagang kaki lima.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan jumlah kuman pada lalapan yang dijual di Rumah Makan dan Pedagang Kaki Lima di Jln. A.P. Pettarani kota Makassar. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif observasional sedangkan penentuan jumlah kumannya menggunakan metode Total Plate Count. Hasil pemeriksaan terhadap 10 sampel lalapan yang dijual di Rumah Makan dan Pedagang Kaki Lima didapatkan hasil bahwa 7 sampel lalapan memiliki jumlah kuman melebih 1 x 105 sedangkan tiga diantaranya telah memenuhi persyaratan. Jumlah kuman pada lalapan yang dijual di Rumah Makan berdasarkan jenisnya yaitu kacang panjang dengan jumlah kuman 19.655 x 102, kemangi dengan jumlah kuman 4.105 x 102, kubis dengan jumlah kuman 14.465 x 102, sambal dengan jumlah kuman 425 x 102, serta timun dengan jumlah kuman 39.795 x 102. Dan untuk Pedagang Kaki Lima yaitu kacang panjang dengan jumlah kuman 65 x 103, kemangi dengan jumlah kuman 12.415 x 102, kubis dengan jumlah kuman 582 x 103, sambal dengan jumlah kuman 515 x 102, dan timun dengan jumlah kuman 608 x 103.Dari hasil penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa jumlah kuman pada lalapan yang dijual di Rumah Makan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan lalapan yang dijual di Pedagang Kaki Lima. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor antara lain bahan makanan, waktu simpan makanan, tempat penyimpanan makanan jadi, dan hygiene penjamah makanan. Melihat keadaan tersebut maka dapat disarankan untuk lebih meningkatkan penerapan hygiene sanitasi makanan di Rumah Makan dan Pedagang Kaki Lima.Kata Kunci   : Lalapan, Rumah Makan, Pedagang Kaki Lima, Jumlah Kuman.
KANDUNGAN LOGAM BERAT TIMBAL (Pb) DALAM RESIDU PESTISIDA PADA TANAH, AIR DAN BAWANG MERAH DI DESA SALU DEWATA KECAMATAN ANGGERAJA KABUPATEN ENREKANG
Authors: Ruhban Andi , Kurniati Kurniati
Published: October 2019

Timbal adalah logam lunak kebiruan atau kelabu keperakan yang lazim terdapat dalam kandungan endapan sulfit yang tercampur mineral-mineral lain terutama seng dan tembaga. Perpindahan Timbal Pb dari tanah ke tanaman tergantung komposisi dan pH tanah . Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan gambaran tentang kandungan Timbal (Pb) sebagai residu Pestisida pada tanah, air serta bawang merah  di lokasi penelitian yang berada di Desa Salu Dewata Kecematan Anggeraja Kabupaten Enrekang.Penelitian ini menggunakan survai pendekatan Deskriptif. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan adalah 7 sampel yakni sampel tanah dan sampel bawang merah yang diambil  pada tiga lokasi dan satu sampel air. Data yang diperoleh dari hasil observasi dilapangan dan hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium dalam penelitian ini akan disajikan dalam bentuk tabel. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa rata-rata kandungan timbal (Pb) pada tanah pertanian dengan usia garapan 10 Tahun sebesar 15.413 ppm, usia garapan 20 Tahun sebesar 15.224 mg/kg dan usia garapan 25 Tahun sebesar 17.523 ppm. Selain itu kandungan timbal (Pb) pada air bersih yaitu sebesar ≤ 0.01 ppm. Sedangkan kandungan timbal (Pb) pada bawang merah pada usia tanah garapan 10,20, dan 25 tahun yaitu ≤ 0.01 ppmKesimpulan yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini yaitu kandungan timbal (Pb) pada tanah petanian dengan usia garapan 10 tahun, 20 tahun dan 25 tahun sudah tidak memenuhi syarat. Kandungan timbal  (Pb) pada air masih memenuhi syarat sesuai dengan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan  Nomor: 416/Menkes/Per/IX/1990 untuk persyaratan Timbal pada air yaitu 0,05 mg/l. Sedangkan pada pemeriksaan kandungan timbal (Pb) pada bawang merah juga masih memenuhi syarat sesuai dengan Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor:27/permetan/pp:340/2009 dikatakan memenuhi syarat jika hasil pemeriksaan menunjukan jumlah maksimum 0,1 ppm.Keyword : Timbal (Pb), Tanah, Air, Bawang Merah