bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Routine drug resistance testing in proviral HIV‐1 DNA: Prevalence of stop codons and hypermutation, and associated factors
Authors: Alidjinou Enagnon Kazali , Deldalle Joséphine , Robineau Olivier , Hallaert Christophe , Meybeck Agnès , Huleux Thomas , Ajana Faiza , Hober Didier , Bocket Laurence
Published: March 2019

We investigated the presence of stop codons (SC) and/or hypermutation (HM) in HIV‐1 DNA sequences generated for routine drug resistance testing in proviral HIV‐1 DNA, and sought for associated factors. At least one SC was identified in 6.2% of HIV‐1 DNA sequences, among which 54.8% were hypermutated. The defective virus group (SC w/o HM) was similar to the non‐SC group regarding the characteristics of HIV‐1 infection, and before drug exposure. In addition, the HIV‐1 DNA levels were not different between both groups. Sequences with SC/HM displayed a higher proportion of RAMs. The impact of the SC/HM associated RAMs on clinical responses requires further investigation.
Ultrasound and Histopathologic Correlation of Ovarian Cystadenofibromas: Diagnostic Value of the “Shadow Sign”
Authors: Timor‐Tritsch Ilan E. , Yoon Esther , Monteagudo Ana , Ciaffarano Jeanine , Brandon Caroline , Mittal Kushbakhat R. , Wallach Robert C. , Boyd Leslie R.
Published: March 2019

Objectives

Cystadenofibromas (CAFs) are rare benign ovarian tumors without a widely accepted ultrasound (US) pattern. They are usually described by as thin‐walled, unilocular or multilocular, and at times septated cysts with scant blood flow and no solid components. We describe a unique US feature, the “shadow sign,” seen in prospectively diagnosed benign CAFs. We also provide the histopathologic basis for this typical US appearance.

Methods

Ultrasound (US) examinations were performed in our obstetric and gynecologic US unit. Pathologic examinations were performed by a dedicated gynecologic pathology team. The US and pathology department's database was searched for the diagnosis of a CAF between 2010 and 2017.

Results

We identified 20 patients who underwent transvaginal US examinations with a sole US diagnosis of a CAF, and the tumors were surgically removed. The common US feature across the 20 cases was the presence of hyperechoic avascular shadowing nodules. The correlating histologic features were unilocular or multilocular cysts with a smooth internal wall surface lined by a simple epithelium and occasional robust polypoid fibrous stroma.

Conclusions

This US marker helps in differentiating CAFs from borderline ovarian tumors, which do not show this US feature. We hope that recognizing the suggested shadow sign as an additional descriptor of CAFs will lead to minimizing their unnecessary removal and eliminating additional and unnecessary imaging by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
Market claims and efficacy information in direct‐to‐consumer prescription drug print advertisements
Authors: Aikin Kathryn J. , Betts Kevin R. , Keisler Aysha , Ziemer Kathryn Schaefer
Published: March 2019

This study examined the impact of “New” and “#1 Prescribed” market claims and quantitative efficacy information on perceptions of a hypothetical prescription drug in a direct‐to‐consumer (DTC) print advertisement. We examined two market claims (New and #1 Prescribed), two efficacy levels (higher and lower), and a control condition without this information. Participants with diabetes were randomized to review one ad version and asked their perceptions of the ad's message, the drug's benefits, side effects and risks, doctors' opinions about the drug, and behavioral intention to use the drug, as well as recall and recognition of drug benefits and risks. Results suggest the market claim affects personal perceptions and perceptions of the ad's message about drug benefits and perceptions about doctors' opinions of the drug. Inclusion of quantitative information about product efficacy did not show a large influence on perceptions. These findings can help inform stakeholders and policy makers as they work to ensure DTC prescription drug promotion does not mislead patients.
ETS transcription factors as emerging drug targets in cancer
Authors: Hsing Michael , Wang Yuzhuo , Rennie Paul S. , Cox Michael E. , Cherkasov Artem
Published: March 2019

The ETS family of proteins consists of 28 transcription factors, many of which have been implicated in development and progression of a variety of cancers. While one family member, ERG, has been rigorously studied in the context of prostate cancer where it plays a critical role, other ETS factors keep emerging as potential hallmark oncodrivers. In recent years, numerous studies have reported initial discoveries of small molecule inhibitors of ETS proteins and opened novel avenues for ETS‐directed cancer therapies. This review summarizes the state of the art data on therapeutic targeting of ETS family members and highlights the corresponding drug discovery strategies.
Relaxation‐compensated APT and rNOE CEST‐MRI of human brain tumors at 3 T
Authors: Goerke Steffen , Soehngen Yannick , Deshmane Anagha , Zaiss Moritz , Breitling Johannes , Boyd Philip S. , Herz Kai , Zimmermann Ferdinand , Klika Karel D. , Schlemmer Heinz‐Peter , Paech Daniel , Ladd Mark E. , Bachert Peter
Published: March 2019

Purpose

Relaxation‐compensated CEST‐MRI (i.e., the inverse metrics magnetization transfer ratio and apparent exchange‐dependent relaxation) has already been shown to provide valuable information for brain tumor diagnosis at ultrahigh magnetic field strengths. This study aims at translating the established acquisition protocol at 7 T to a clinically relevant magnetic field strength of 3 T.

Methods

Protein model solutions were analyzed at multiple magnetic field strengths to assess the spectral widths of the amide proton transfer and relayed nuclear Overhauser effect (rNOE) signals at 3 T. This prior knowledge of the spectral range of CEST signals enabled a reliable and stable Lorentzian‐fitting also at 3 T where distinct peaks are no longer resolved in the Z‐spectrum. In comparison to the established acquisition protocol at 7 T, also the image readout was extended to three dimensions.

Results

The observed spectral range of CEST signals at 3 T was approximately ±15 ppm. Final relaxation‐compensated amide proton transfer and relayed nuclear Overhauser effect contrasts were in line with previous results at 7 T. Examination of a patient with glioblastoma demonstrated the applicability of this acquisition protocol in a clinical setting.

Conclusion

The presented acquisition protocol allows relaxation‐compensated CEST‐MRI at 3 T with a 3D coverage of the human brain. Translation to a clinically relevant magnetic field strength of 3 T opens the door to trials with a large number of participants, thus enabling a comprehensive assessment of the clinical relevance of relaxation compensation in CEST‐MRI.
Ultrasonographic measurement of the cross‐sectional area of the axillary nerve
Authors: Yoon Joon Shik , Park Jung Hyun , Levin Joshua , Roh Eugene Y. , Park Hye Jung , Won Sun Jae
Published: March 2019

Introduction

The objectives of this study were to determine normal reference values for ultrasonographic measurement of the cross‐sectional area (CSA) of the axillary nerve and to standardize the measurement methods.

Methods

Sixty healthy volunteers were evaluated. Ultrasonography was performed with the shoulder positioned in 100°–120° abduction and 90° external rotation. The CSA of the axillary nerve was measured bilaterally.

Results

The normal CSA of the right axillary nerve was 2.9 ± 1.1 mm2. The side‐to‐side discrepancy was 22.8% ± 17.8%.

Discussion

These reference values may be helpful for investigating pathologies involving the axillary nerve.
Size Sorting in Bonytail Skews the Sex Ratio of Stocked Fish
Authors: Diver Tracy , Harrison Alexis , Knight William , Ulibarri Manuel , Wilson Wade
Published: March 2019

For sexually dimorphic species, size-based management can cause changes in the sex ratio of the target population. Bonytail Gila elegans populations in the Colorado River basin are augmented annually in an effort to re-establish wild populations. To increase survival rates of stocked individuals, the Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program's Habitat Conservation Plan implemented a minimum stocking size. Anecdotal reports on hatchery populations suggest that females grow at a faster rate and reach larger sizes than males. If this observation is correct, a minimum stocking size may cause skewed sex ratios of stocked populations. To test this prediction, we compared average male and female lengths in 3-year-old fish from two cohorts before and after they were sorted by size. Our data support the observation that size in Bonytail is sexually dimorphic by age 3, with females being the larger sex. This is also the age at which fish begin to reach the minimum size to meet stocking requirements. As predicted, size-grading produced a significantly skewed sex ratio in the animals slated for release. The consequences of augmenting wild populations with groups of animals having skewed sex ratios are largely unknown but could include increased mate competition, inadvertent artificial selection, or a reduction in genetic diversity.
Nocturnal asthma is affected by genetic interactions between RORA and NPSR1
Authors: Gaertner Vincent D. , Michel Sven , Curtin John A. , Pulkkinen Ville , Acevedo Nathalie , Söderhäll Cilla , von Berg Andrea , Bufe Albrecht , Laub Otto , Rietschel Ernst , Heinzmann Andrea , Simma Burkhard , Vogelberg Christian , Pershagen Göran , Melén Erik , Simpson Angela , Custovic Adnan , Kere Juha , Kabesch Michael
Published: March 2019

Background

Neuropeptide S Receptor 1 (
NPSR1) and
Retinoid Acid Receptor‐Related Orphan Receptor Alpha (RORA ) interact biologically, are both known candidate genes for asthma, and are involved in controlling circadian rhythm. Thus, we assessed (1) whether interactions between
RORA and
NPSR1 specifically affect the nocturnal asthma phenotype and (2) how this may differ from other asthma phenotypes.

Methods

Interaction effects between 24 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in RORA and 35 SNPs in
NPSR1 on asthma and nocturnal asthma symptoms were determined in 1432 subjects (763 asthmatics [192 with nocturnal asthma symptoms]; 669 controls) from the Multicenter Asthma Genetic in Childhood/International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood studies. The results were validated and extended in children from the Manchester Asthma and Allergy Study (N = 723) and the Children Allergy Milieu Stockholm and Epidemiological cohort (N = 1646).

Results

RORA*
NPSR1 interactions seemed to affect both asthma and nocturnal asthma. In stratified analyses, however, interactions mainly affected nocturnal asthma and less so asthma without nocturnal symptoms or asthma severity. Results were replicated in two independent cohorts and seemed to remain constant over time throughout youth.

Conclusion

RORA*
NPSR1 interactions appear to be involved in mechanisms specific for nocturnal asthma. In contrast to previous studies focusing on the role of beta 2 receptor polymorphisms in nocturnal asthma as a feature of asthma control or severity in general, our data suggest that changes in circadian rhythm control are associated with nighttime asthma symptoms.
Boiogito prevents dietary lithocholic acid (LCA)‐induced cholestatic liver injury through the suppression of intestinal LCA absorption
Authors: Watanabe Shiro , Chen Zhuoer , Fujita Kyosuke
Published: March 2019

Aim

The effects of boiogito (BOT) on liver injury and on the changes in hepatic bile acid induced by dietary and i.p. lithocholic acid (LCA) treatment were examined in mice. Furthermore, we examined whether BOT alters the level of LCA in the cecum and feces after oral LCA loading.

Methods

Cholestatic liver injury was induced in mice by dietary or i.p. injection of LCA, and the effects of BOT on the development of cholestatic symptoms were evaluated. Bile acid in the cecum and in the feces in the LCA‐treated mice was measured on liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and on thin‐layer chromatography, respectively.

Results

BOT prevented the development of cholestatic symptoms induced by dietary LCA but not that induced by i.p. LCA. LCA increased in the cecum of mice upon dietary LCA treatment, which was further increased by BOT. Fecal excretion of LCA in the mice after oral loading was enhanced by BOT.

Conclusion

BOT could suppress the intestinal absorption of LCA, which is a plausible explanation for the ameliorative effects of BOT on dietary LCA‐induced cholestatic liver injury in mice.
Conformal vector dark matter and strongly first-order electroweak phase transition
Authors: Ayazi Seyed Yaser , Mohamadnejad Ahmad
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We study a conformal version of the Standard Model (SM), which apart from SM sector, containing a U

D
(1) dark sector with a vector dark matter candidate and a scalar field (scalon). In this model the dark sector couples to the SM sector via a Higgs portal. The theory is scale-invariant in lowest order, therefore the spontaneous symmetry breaking of scale invariance entails the existence of a scalar particle, scalon, with vanishing zeroth-order mass. However, one-loop corrections break scale invariance, so they give mass to the scalon. Because of the scale invariance, our model is subjected to constraints which remove many of the free parameters. We put constraints to the two remaining parameters from the Higgs searches at the LHC, dark matter relic density and dark matter direct detection limits by PandaX-II. The viable mass region for dark matter is about 1–2 TeV. We also obtain the finite temperature one-loop effective potential of the model and demonstrate that finite temperature effects, for the parameter space constrained by dark matter relic density, induce a strongly first-order electroweak phase transition.
Limits on interactions between weakly interacting massive particles and nucleons obtained with NaI(Tl) crystal detectors
Authors:   The KIMS collaboration, Kim K. W. , Adhikari G. , Adhikari P. , Choi S. , Ha C. , Hahn I. S. , Jeon E. J. , Joo H. W. , Kang W. G. , Kim H. J. , Kim N. Y. , Kim S. K. , Kim Y. D. , Kim Y. H. , Ko Y. J. , Lee H. S. , Lee J. S. , Lee J. Y. , Lee M. H. , Leonard D. S. , Olsen S. L. , Park B. J. , Park H. K. , Park H. S. , Park K. S.
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Limits on the cross section for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) elastic scattering on nuclei in NaI(Tl) detectors at the Yangyang Underground Laboratory are obtained from a 2967.4 kg·day data exposure. The nuclei recoiling from the scattering process are identified by the pulse shape of the scintillation light signals that they produce. The data are consistent with a no nuclear-recoil hypothesis, and WIMP-mass-dependent 90% confidence-level upper-limits are set on WIMP-nuclei elastic scattering cross sections. These limits partially exclude the DAMA/LIBRA allowed region for WIMP-sodium interactions with the same NaI(Tl) target material. The 90% confidence level upper limit on the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross section is 3.26×10−4 pb for a WIMP mass of 10 GeV/c2.
The twisted gradient flow coupling at one loop
Authors: Bribián Eduardo I. , García Pérez Margarita
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We compute the one-loop running of the SU(N) ’t Hooft coupof twelve-flavor SU(3) gauge theoryling in a finite volume gradient flow scheme using twisted boundary conditions. The coupling is defined in terms of the energy density of the gradient flow fields at a scale

$$ \tilde{l} $$

l
˜

given by an adequate combination of the torus size and the rank of the gauge group, and is computed in the continuum using dimensional regularization. We present the strategy to regulate the divergences for a generic twist tensor, and determine the matching to the

$$ \overline{\mathrm{MS}} $$

M
S

¯

scheme at one-loop order. For the particular case in which the twist tensor is non-trivial in a single plane, we evaluate the matching coefficient numerically and determine the ratio of Λ parameters between the two schemes. We analyze the N dependence of the results and the possible implications for non-commutative gauge theories and volume independence.
Fathers’ and Mothers’ Early Mind-Mindedness Predicts Social Competence and Behavior Problems in Childhood
Authors: Colonnesi Cristina , Zeegers Moniek A. J. , Majdandžić Mirjana , van Steensel Francisca J. A. , Bögels Susan M.
Published: March 2019

Parental mind-mindedness, the parent’s propensity to treat the child as an intentional agent, has repeatedly shown to promote children’s development of social understanding and secure attachment. Less is known about whether the impact of maternal and paternal mind-mindedness extends to children’s social and behavior problems. We investigated the combined effect of mothers’ and fathers’ (N = 104) mind-mindedness at 4, 12, and 30 months on children’s social competence and externalizing and internalizing behavior problems at 4.5 years. Besides, we examined the stability, continuity, parental concordance, and inter-parental differences in the use of mind-related comments. Appropriate mind-mindedness (i.e., correct interpretations of the child’s mental states) and nonattuned mind-mindedness (i.e., misinterpretations of the child’s mental states) were observed during parent-child free-play interactions. Social competence, internalizing and externalizing behavior problems were assessed using both parents’ reports. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that, at 30 months, infrequent use of appropriate mind-related comments of both parents predicted children’s externalizing problems, while their frequent use of nonattuned comments predicted children’s low social competence. Furthermore, mothers’ frequent use of nonattuned comments at 12 and 30 months and fathers’ nonattuned comments at 30 months predicted children’s externalizing behavior. The findings suggest that both parents’ low use of mind-related comments, and frequent misinterpretations of their child’s mind, may act as risk factors for later social and behavior problems of their child.
The Platonic conception of intellectual virtues: its significance for virtue epistemology
Authors: Kotsonis Alkis
Published: March 2019

Several contemporary virtue scholars (e.g. Zagzebski in Virtues of the mind: an inquiry into the nature of virtue and the ethical foundations of knowledge, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996; Kvanvig in The intellectual virtues and the life of the mind, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, 1992) trace the origin of the concept of intellectual virtues back to Aristotle. In contrast, my aim in this paper is to highlight the strong indications showing that Plato had already conceived of and had begun developing the concept of intellectual virtues in his discussion of the ideal city-state in theRepublic. I argue that the Platonic conception of rational desires satisfies the motivational component of intellectual virtues while his dialectical method satisfies the success component. In addition, I show that Plato considersepistemeas the primary intellectual virtue.Episteme, which is quite similar to Pritchard’s (in: Pritchard, Millar, Haddock (eds) The nature and value of knowledge: three investigations, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010) conception of understanding, is a cognitive achievement that cannot be attained by luck or testimony. The realization that Plato was the first to conceive of and develop the concept of intellectual excellences is not merely of historic significance. I illustrate, through the example of Zagzebski’s (1996) virtue theory, how the Platonic conception of intellectual virtues could prove promising in contemporary debates on virtue epistemology theories.
Partnering for good? An analysis of how to achieve sustainability-related outcomes in public–private partnerships
Authors: Spraul Katharina , Thaler Julia
Published: March 2019

Since 1987, members of the United Nations have strived for improving sustainability to fulfill the vision of sustainable development. Current discussions focus on the role of collaborations between public and private actors to realize social, ecological, and economic sustainability. This study explores how public–private partnerships may contribute to the achievement of sustainability-related outcomes by analyzing a longitudinal case in the German public bathing and swimming pool sector. The empirical findings illustrate how both external conditions, such as regulation or industry-self regulation, and internal elements, such as specific structure and process elements of the public–private partnership, contribute to sustainability-related outcomes. Results reveal an interaction of specific external conditions and some internal elements. Our findings serve as a starting point for further empirical investigations of the sustainable provision of public services via public–private partnerships, and form a basis for theory development. The revealed insights result in practical implications for partners involved in public–private partnerships.
Undernourishment and recurrent seizures early in life impair Long‐Term Potentiation and alter NMDAR and AMPAR expression in rat hippocampus
Authors: Wearick‐Silva L.E. , Sebben A.D. , Costa‐Ferro Z.S.M. , Marinowic D.R. , Nunes M.L.
Published: March 2019

Undernourishment is a global issue, especially in developing countries, affecting newborns and children in a vulnerable period of brain development. Previous studies of undernourishment models suggested a relationship between undernourishment and epilepsy. The exposure to both undernourishment and recurrent seizures early in life appears to have detrimental effects on the developing brain. This study aims to investigate the neurobiological consequences of undernourishment and recurrent seizures exposure early in life, investigating Long‐Term Potentiation (LTP) induction and gene expression of NMDA receptor subunits in the hippocampus during adulthood (P60). Animals were exposed to maternal deprivation protocol from P2 to P15 to control food intake in rat pups and Flurothyl‐induced seizures from P7 to P10. Electrophysiological records of hippocampal slices were recorded and gene expression of NR1A, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, NR2D and BDNF were investigated. Animals exposed to undernourishment or recurrent seizures failed to promote LTP after stimulation. Furthermore, seizure exposure early in life led to increased expression of hippocampal NR1A, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C and NR2D when compared to controls. Interestingly, when animals were exposed to undernourishment paradigm early in life, this upregulation of NDMA subunits was absent. In conclusion, our study showed impaired LTP after undernourishment and recurrent seizures early in life, together with differential expression of NDMA expression in the hippocampus during adulthood.
A portable method for acquiring information extraction patterns without annotated corpora
Authors: CATALÀ NEUS , CASTELL NÚRIA , MARTÍN MARIO
Published: March 2019

The main issue when building Information Extraction (IE) systems is how to obtain the knowledge needed to identify relevant information in a document. Most approaches require expert human intervention in many steps of the acquisition process. In this paper we describe ESSENCE, a new method for acquiring IE patterns that significantly reduces the need for human intervention. The method is based on ELA, a specifically designed learning algorithm for acquiring IE patterns without tagged examples. The distinctive features of ESSENCE and ELA are that (1) they permit the automatic acquisition of IE patterns from unrestricted and untagged text representative of the domain, due to (2) their ability to identify regularities around semantically relevant concept-words for the IE task by (3) using non-domain-specific lexical knowledge tools such as WordNet, and (4) restricting the human intervention to defining the task, and validating and typifying the set of IE patterns obtained. Since ESSENCE does not require a corpus annotated with the type of information to be extracted and it uses a general purpose ontology and widely applied syntactic tools, it reduces the expert effort required to build an IE system and therefore also reduces the effort of porting the method to any domain. The results of the application of ESSENCE to the acquisition of IE patterns in an MUC-like task are shown.
Triggered Lightning Spectroscopy: 2. A Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Walker T. Daniel , Christian Hugh J.
Published: March 2019

In the mid 1960s, researchers laid the foundation for modern quantitative lightning spectroscopy. They were the first to acquire time‐resolved return stroke spectra and the first to use spectroscopy as a diagnostic technique to characterize the physical properties of the lightning channel (Orville, 1968a, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0827:AHSTRS>2.0.CO;2, 1968b, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0839:AHSTRS>2.0.CO;2, 1968c, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0852:AHSTRS>2.0.CO;2; Salanave, 1961, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.134.3488.1395; Uman, 1966, https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.1966.5217654). Now, almost 50 years later, technology, including high‐speed cameras, volume‐phase holographic gratings, and triggered lightning, has progressed to the point at which new studies in lightning spectroscopy are needed to verify and improve upon past measurements. In this study triggered lightning spectra were recorded at 673 kfps (1.5 μs per frame) with an exposure time of 1.1 μs. Temperature, number density, and pressure on a 1.5‐μs time scale are presented here for a five‐stroke‐triggered lightning flash. The analysis yields temperatures of the return stroke of greater than 40,000 K as well as electron number densities greater than 1019 cm−3 and peak pressures from 20–350 atm, significantly greater than previous studies. The analysis reveals that in the initial microseconds of the return stroke, the physical characteristics within the channel are rapidly changing and that submicrosecond resolution is needed to observe the initial ionized channel in greater detail.
Modeling Climate Change Impacts on an Arctic Polygonal Tundra: 2. Changes in CO2 and CH4 Exchange Depend on Rates of Permafrost Thaw as Affected by Changes in Vegetation and Drainage
Authors: Grant R. F. , Mekonnen Z. A. , Riley W. J. , Arora B. , Torn M. S.
Published: March 2019

Model projections of future CO2 and CH4 exchange in Arctic tundra diverge widely. Here we used ecosys to examine how climate change will affect CO2 and CH4 exchange in troughs, rims, and centers of a coastal polygonal tundra landscape at Barrow, AK. The model was shown to simulate diurnal and seasonal variation in CO2 and CH4 fluxes associated with those in air and soil temperatures (Ta and Ts) and soil water contents (θ) under current climate in 2014 and 2015. During RCP 8.5 climate change from 2015 to 2085, rising Ta, atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Ca), and precipitation (P) increased net primary productivity (NPP) from 50–150 g C m-2 y-1, consistent with current biometric estimates, to 200–250 g C m−2 y−1. Concurrent increases in heterotrophic respiration (Rh) were slightly smaller, so that net CO2 exchange rose from values of −25 (net emission) to +50 (net uptake) g C m−2 y−1 to ones of −10 to +65 g C m−2 y−1. Increases in net CO2 uptake were largely offset by increases in CH4 emissions from 0–6 to 1–20 g C m−2 y−1, reducing gains in net ecosystem productivity. These increases in net CO2 uptake and CH4 emissions were modeled with hydrological boundary conditions that were assumed not to change with climate. Both these increases were smaller if boundary conditions were gradually altered to increase landscape drainage during model runs with climate change.
Modeling Digs Beyond Soil Properties and Processes
Authors: van der Ploeg Martine , Carranza Coleen , Baatz Roland
Published: March 2019

International Soil Modeling Consortium Conference: New Perspectives on Soil Models; Wageningen, Netherlands, 5–7 November 2018
Practical heterogeneous photoredox/nickel dual catalysis for C–N and C–O coupling reactions
Authors: Liu Yi-Yin , Liang Dong , Lu Liang-Qiu , Xiao Wen-Jing
Published: March 2019

Efficient C–N and C–O coupling reactions of aryl halides with amines and alcohols have been developed by using the strategy of heterogeneous visible light photoredox and nickel dual catalysis.
A series of energetic cyclo-pentazolate salts: rapid synthesis, characterization, and promising performance
Authors: Xu Yuangang , Tian Lili , Li Dongxue , Wang Pengcheng , Lu Ming
Published: March 2019

A family of cyclo-pentazolate anion-based energetic salts was designed and synthesized by a rapid method, and these salts were evaluated as potential next generation energetic materials.
Aggregation-induced emission enhancement of carbon quantum dots and applications in light emitting devices
Authors: Guo Rongyan , Li Tao , Shi Shuie
Published: March 2019

Intensive research efforts have been made on fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs); however, it is still a challenge to realize highly emissive solid-state luminescence due to the aggregation-induced self-quenching.
Multi‐objective optimisation design and performance comparison of permanent magnet synchronous motor for EVs based on FEA
Authors: Song Tengfei , Zhang Zhenyang , Liu Huijuan , Hu WenLuan
Published: March 2019

The requirements of high efficiency, power density, and low price for the motor of electric vehicles (EVs) make the design of the driving motor become a process of multi‐objective optimisation. For purpose of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) used for EVs has the higher efficiency, wider range of speed regulation with flux‐weakening and better cost superiority, a multi‐objective optimisation design approach based on finite element analysis (FEA) and modified particle swarm optimisation (MPSO) algorithm which takes efficiency, flux‐weakening rate, and price as optimisation objectives is proposed in this study. Five PMSMs with different rotor topologies (V‐shape, U‐shape, double V‐shape, delta‐shape, and double tangential‐shape) are optimised by the proposed optimisation method and their performance characteristics, including flux‐weakening ability, efficiency, price, and anti‐demagnetisation ability, are compared. The results suggest that double V‐shape rotor topology has the wider constant power range and double‐layer PMs topology has stronger anti‐demagnetisation ability and wider high efficiency interval, whereas single‐layer topology has lower cost price. Furthermore, a PMSM prototype with V‐shape PMs is manufactured, so that the feasibility of multi‐objective optimisation design approach and accuracy of FEA are verified by prototype experiments.
Thermal stability analysis of buffered layer P3HT/P3HT:PCBM organic solar cells
Authors: Ghosekar Ishan C. , Patil Ganesh C.
Published: March 2019

Here to determine the thermal stability of buffered layer organic solar cell (BL‐OSC), the effect of post anneal treatment has been studied. To investigate the effect of post annealing, the organic solar cells (OSCs) are annealed at the 120°C for different time duration. It has been observed that the BL‐OSC structure exhibits the better thermal stability. Further, as the authors vary the post‐annealing time duration from 0 min to 20 min, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) in the case BL‐OSC drops by ∼20%, whereas in conventional OSC, the PCE drops by ∼35%. This annealing dependent study shows that, in conventional OSC structure an increase in phase segregation between donor and acceptor molecules reduces exciton dissociation and charge separation, this leads to sharp increase in series resistance and significant reduction in fill factor of the device. Whereas in the case of BL‐OSS, there is a minimum reduction in the fill factor, which also determines the superior carrier collection and low recombination on the elevated annealing conditions. Further, the experimental results show that, in comparison with the conventional OSC structure, inserting the pure P3HT interlayer between PEDOT:PSS (hole transport layer) and P3HT:PCBM (photoactive layer) improves the PCE of the device by 34%.
Array sort: an adaptive sorting algorithm on multi‐thread
Authors: Huang Xin , Liu Zhijing , Li Jinyang
Published: March 2019

Sorting is the most fundamental operation in database system. There are many classical sorting algorithms and among them the most commonly‐used sorting algorithm in modern database system is merge sort. Merge sort is an efficient, general‐purpose, comparison‐based sorting algorithm. As merge sort is based on a divide and conquer model, it has found wide use in parallel computing algorithms. In this study, the authors present an adaptive sorting algorithm based on merge sort which is called array sort. Array sort not only takes advantages of merge sort, but also simplify the merge step by using a tag array. The proposed implementation consists of three phases: tag array creation phase, tag array split phase and list merge phase. Instead of just evaluating array sort in a single thread environment, the authors also run their experiments on multi‐thread to test how array sort performs.
Unidirectional DC/DC modular multilevel converter for offshore windfarm with the control strategy based on stationary frame
Authors: Liu He , Dahidah Mohamed , Naayagi Ramasamy Thaiyal , Armstrong Matthew , Yu James
Published: March 2019

This paper presents the design and control of an advanced unidirectional DC/DC modular multilevel converter (MMC) that facilitate the integration of off‐shore windfarms with the high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system. The proposed converter deploys a single‐phase MMC inverter coupled with series‐connected rectifier modules through multiple medium frequency transformers. Unlike the conventional dq control method, which involves multiple transformations, this paper also proposes a simple control strategy that directly acts on the AC output of the MMC, under the stationary reference frame.
Efficient coupling of light from dielectric to HIMI plasmonic waveguide
Authors: Patel Virendra , Srivastava Kritarth , Sharma Prateeksha , Kumar V. Dinesh
Published: March 2019

This is the first report on the investigation of a hybrid plasmonic tapered coupler injecting light efficiently from conventional dielectric waveguide to a hybrid insulator–metal–insulator (HIMI) plasmonic waveguide. The proposed structure gives high transmission efficiency and suppresses the reflection losses significantly. With this tapered coupling mechanism, maximum transmittance and return loss of 98% and 26 dB have been observed, respectively. The coupler also offers very good propagation length (274 μm) along with minimal mode propagation losses (0.016 dB/µm). Apart from that, it offers decent confinement of light in low dielectric regions up to 32%. The proposed structure is designed in an ultra‐short tapered length of 1.0 µm, and the entire structure occupies a footprint area of 1.4 × 2.4 μm2. Proposed hybrid waveguide coupler could be useful for several chip scale applications.
Study on covering rough sets with topological methods
Authors: Wang Xue , Ma Liwen
Published: March 2019

The authors study the covering rough sets by topological methods. They combine the covering rough sets and topological spaces by means of defining some new types of spaces called covering rough topological (CRT) spaces based on neighbourhoods or complementary neighbourhoods. As the separation axioms play a fundamental role in general topology, they introduce all these axioms into covering rough set theories and thoroughly study the equivalent conditions for every separation axiom in several CRT spaces. They also investigate the relationships between the separation axioms in these special spaces and reveal these relationships through diagrams in different CRT spaces.
Relation between winds and jets in radio-loud AGN
Authors: Mehdipour Missagh , Costantini Elisa
Published: March 2019

We have investigated the relation between the two modes of outflow (wind and jet) in radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN). For this study we have carried out a systematic and homogeneous analysis of XMM-Newton spectra of a sample of 16 suitable radio-loud Seyfert-1 AGN. The ionised winds in these AGN are parameterised through high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy and photoionisation modelling. We discover a significant inverse correlation between the column density NH of the ionised wind and the radio-loudness parameter R of the jet. We explored different possible explanations for this NH-R relation and find that ionisation, inclination, and luminosity effects are unlikely to be responsible for the observed relation. We argue that the NH-R relation is rather a manifestation of the magnetic driving mechanism of the wind from the accretion disc. Change in the magnetic field configuration from toroidal to poloidal, powering either the wind or the jet mode of the outflow, is the most feasible explanation for the observed decline in the wind NH as the radio jet becomes stronger. Our findings provide evidence for a wind-jet bimodality in radio-loud AGN and shine new light on the link between these two modes of outflow. This has far-reaching consequences for the accretion disc structure and the wind ejection mechanism.
Gestationsdiabetes mellitus nach WHO-2013-Kriterien – Qualitätsanalyse von 1074 Einzelschwangerschaften aus einer Diabetes-Schwerpunktpraxis (prospektive Kohortenstudie 2012 – 2017)
Authors: Kleinwechter Helmut , Ratjen Ilka , Demandt Norbert , Nolte Andreas
Published: March 2019

Ziel Im Rahmen einer Qualitätsanalyse wurden von 2012 bis 2017 insgesamt 1074 konsekutive Einzelschwangerschaften mit Gestationsdiabetes als prospektive Kohortenstudie evaluiert. Ziele der Studie waren die Beschreibung des Therapieverlaufs aller Fälle und der Vergleich unserer Ergebnisdaten (Mütter N = 545, Neugeborene N = 552) mit der geburtshilflichen deutschen Hintergrundpopulation von 4,3 Mill. Fällen des gleichen Zeitraums sowie die Rate an Störungen des Glukosestoffwechsels der Mütter postpartal.

Patientinnen und Methoden Die Diagnose des Gestationsdiabetes wurde nach den IADPSG/WHO-2013-Kriterien gestellt. Die Betreuung erfolgte nach der 2011 publizierten deutschen S3-Leitlinie. Von den Schwangeren erhielten 11,7 % Insulin (Mutter-Kind-Paare: 14,9 %), davon 81,7 % als intensivierte konventionelle Insulintherapie. Ergebnisparameter der Mütter waren Geburtseinleitung, primäre Sectio, sekundäre Sectio, vaginal operative Geburt. Ergebnisparameter der Neugeborenen waren Geschlecht, Frühgeburt < 37 + 0 Schwangerschaftswochen, LGA (Large for Gestational Age), SGA (Small for Gestational Age), Apgar 5 min < 7, pH Nabelarterie < 7,1, Verlegung Kinderklinik, Fehlbildung, Atemnnotsyndrom.

Ergebnisse Statistisch signifikante Unterschiede zeigten sich bei den Geburtseinleitungen (28,6 vs. 21,8 %, p = 0,001) und den primären Sectio-Entbindungen (18,3 vs. 12,9 %, p = 0,00 018), bei den Neugeborenen gab es keine Unterschiede. Darüber hinaus wurde bei 4,5 % der Neugeborenen eine i. v.-Glukosetherapie wegen einer Hypoglykämie durchgeführt und 5,1 % der Neugeborenen erhielten eine Lichttherapie infolge einer Hyperbilirubinämie. Im Median 10 Wochen postpartal erschienen 498 Frauen (46,4 %) zum oralen Glukosetoleranztest (oGTT), der in 35,3 % einen auffälligen Befund ergab, meist eine gestörte Nüchternglukose (IFG, 31,7 %) und in 0,4 % einen Diabetes. Die multivariable, adjustierte Analyse ergab, dass Frauen mit Insulintherapie häufiger als Frauen ohne Insulintherapie (aOR 1,89; 95 %-KI: 1,28; 2,79, p = 0,0014) und Frauen mit präkonzeptioneller Adipositas seltener als Frauen mit Normgewicht zur Nachuntersuchung erschienen (aOR 0,72; 95 %-KI: 0,56; 0,94, p = 0,01).

Schlussfolgerung Diagnostik und Therapie des GDM zeigten vom Ergebnis her eine akzeptable Übereinstimmung mit der Hintergrundpopulation. Der Anteil postpartal gestörten Glukosestoffwechsels der Mütter war hoch. Frauen mit präkonzeptioneller Adipositas sollten gezielt zur Teilnahme an der postpartalen Nachuntersuchung motiviert werden.
The Role of Helmet Fastening in Motorcycle Road Traffic Accidents
Authors: Arif Zeeshan , Rajanikanth B. R. , Prasad Kavitha
Published: March 2019

Road traffic accidents are the leading cause of death among the Indian population. Motorcycle accidents are the most prominent type of injuries among road traffic accidents in India. In this prospective cross-sectional study, all the patients attending three centers in north Bangalore, with facial injuries occurring from a motorcycle accident, were included. The subjects were analyzed for the type of collision, helmet use, type of helmet use, and fastening status of the helmets. A total of 311 motorcyclists were included in this study for a period of 18 months (December 2015 to June 2017). There were 79.7% males and 20.3% females. The most prominent age group was 21 to 30 years. The percentage of riders sustaining facial injuries was significantly more in the non-helmeted group. The most common injuries in open face helmets were in the middle and lower third of the face, whereas in closed face helmets it was in the middle third of the face. The numbers of injuries were significantly higher in the nonfastened helmet group as compared with fastened helmet group. Helmet fixation is an important characteristic along with helmet type for the better effectiveness and safety of the helmets for the motorcyclists.
Salvage Secondary Reconstruction of the Mandible with Vascularized Fibula Flap
Authors: Kadam Dinesh
Published: March 2019

Primary restoration of the mandibular continuity remains the standard of care for defects, and yet several constraints preclude this objective. Interim reconstructions with plate and nonvascular bone grafts have high failure rates. The secondary reconstruction, when becomes inevitable, remains a formidable task. This retrospective study evaluates various issues to address secondary reconstruction. Twenty-one patients following mandibulectomy presented with various complications between 2012 and 2016 were included in the study. The profile of primary reconstruction includes reconstruction plate ( n = 9), reconstruction plate with rib graft ( n = 3), soft tissue only reconstruction ( n = 4), free fibula ( n = 2), inadequate growth of reconstructed free fibula during adolescence ( n = 1), nonvascular bone graft alone ( n = 1), and no reconstruction ( n = 1). All had problems or complications related to unsatisfactory primary reconstruction such as plate fracture, recurrent infection, plate exposure, deformity, malocclusion, and failed fibula reconstruction. All were reconstructed with osteocutaneous free fibula flap with repair of soft-tissue loss. All flaps survived and had satisfactory outcome functionally and aesthetically. Dental rehabilitation was done in four patients. One flap was reexplored for thrombosis and salvaged. The challenges in secondary reconstruction include difficulty in recreating true defects, extensive fibrosis and loss of planes, unanticipated soft-tissue and skeletal defects, reestablishing the contour and occlusion, insufficient bone strength, dearth of suitable recipient vessels, nonpliable skin, tissue contraction to accommodate new mandible, need of additional flap for defect closure, and postirradiation effects. Notwithstanding them, the reasonable successful outcome can be attainable.
Predicting future invaders and future invasions
Authors: Fournier Alice , Penone Caterina , Pennino Maria Grazia , Courchamp Franck
Published: March 2019

Significance

Biological invasions are the second most severe threat affecting biodiversity worldwide with major economic and societal impacts. Yet, the multitude of species with the potential to be invasive makes it extremely difficult to anticipate invasions to develop efficient management plans. Predicting which species are likely to become invaders and where they are likely to invade even before their introduction outside their native range has always been a prime objective of invasion biology. Based on the example of ants, we provide a profiling method to predict future invaders and future invasions, and in this manner, we identify 18 ant species likely to become new invaders and regions at risk for these invasions.
Hepatic posttranscriptional network comprised of CCR4–NOT deadenylase and FGF21 maintains systemic metabolic homeostasis
Authors: Morita Masahiro , Siddiqui Nadeem , Katsumura Sakie , Rouya Christopher , Larsson Ola , Nagashima Takeshi , Hekmatnejad Bahareh , Takahashi Akinori , Kiyonari Hiroshi , Zang Mengwei , St-Arnaud René , Oike Yuichi , Giguère Vincent , Topisirovic Ivan , Okada-Hatakeyama Mariko , Yamamoto Tadashi , Sonenberg Nahum
Published: March 2019

Whole-body metabolic homeostasis is tightly controlled by hormone-like factors with systemic or paracrine effects that are derived from nonendocrine organs, including adipose tissue (adipokines) and liver (hepatokines). Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone-like protein, which is emerging as a major regulator of whole-body metabolism and has therapeutic potential for treating metabolic syndrome. However, the mechanisms that control FGF21 levels are not fully understood. Herein, we demonstrate that FGF21 production in the liver is regulated via a posttranscriptional network consisting of the CCR4–NOT deadenylase complex and RNA-binding protein tristetraprolin (TTP). In response to nutrient uptake, CCR4–NOT cooperates with TTP to degrade AU-rich mRNAs that encode pivotal metabolic regulators, including FGF21. Disruption of CCR4–NOT activity in the liver, by deletion of the catalytic subunit CNOT6L, increases serum FGF21 levels, which ameliorates diet-induced metabolic disorders and enhances energy expenditure without disrupting bone homeostasis. Taken together, our study describes a hepatic CCR4–NOT/FGF21 axis as a hitherto unrecognized systemic regulator of metabolism and suggests that hepatic CCR4–NOT may serve as a target for devising therapeutic strategies in metabolic syndrome and related morbidities.
Unsupervised learning by competing hidden units
Authors: Krotov Dmitry , Hopfield John J.
Published: March 2019

It is widely believed that end-to-end training with the backpropagation algorithm is essential for learning good feature detectors in early layers of artificial neural networks, so that these detectors are useful for the task performed by the higher layers of that neural network. At the same time, the traditional form of backpropagation is biologically implausible. In the present paper we propose an unusual learning rule, which has a degree of biological plausibility and which is motivated by Hebb’s idea that change of the synapse strength should be local—i.e., should depend only on the activities of the pre- and postsynaptic neurons. We design a learning algorithm that utilizes global inhibition in the hidden layer and is capable of learning early feature detectors in a completely unsupervised way. These learned lower-layer feature detectors can be used to train higher-layer weights in a usual supervised way so that the performance of the full network is comparable to the performance of standard feedforward networks trained end-to-end with a backpropagation algorithm on simple tasks.
Learning how to manage risk by hedging: the VOC insurance contract of 1613
Authors: Gelderblom Oscar , de Jong Abe , Jonker Joost
Published: March 2019

We examine an unusual contract which the Dutch East India Company (VOC) sold to investors in 1613. The firm was in a position as modelled by Froot, Scharfstein and Stein for modern corporations: facing heavy, strategic investment, about to reap the benefits, but unable to attract the necessary capital. Hedging or insurance then makes sense to safeguard continued operations. Understanding this, the VOC directors took out insurance on incoming cash from return cargoes. We analyze the contract’s price and underwriters and contrast the VOC’s single use of this peculiar instrument with the English East India Company’s later repeated application.