bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phasic Development of Rice During the Present and Future Climatic Conditions in Central Zone of Kerala
Authors: Anusha K. , Ajithkumar B. , Davis P. Lincy , Latha A. , Ayyoob K. C. , Riya K. R.
Published: February 2023

Rice is a staple food and its demand is substantially increasing with the growth of the global population. Phenological development was found to play a signiﬁcant role in the distribution of carbon among plant organs, which has an impact on rice yield. Temperature affects plant phenology, and the current rapid climate change has revived interest in understanding and modelling plant phenology response to the warming trend. Two rice varieties viz., Jyothi (short duration variety) and Jaya (medium duration variety) were raised at Agriculture Research Station, Mannuthy, during the kharif season of 2021 and phenological observations viz., days to 50% flowering and physiological maturity were recorded. The phenophase has been also predicted from the Info-Crop and CERES-DSSAT for both varieties during the experimental period for validation. To study the phenology changes in future conditions i.e., near (2030), mid (2050) and end (2080) century, future weather data has been downloaded from the GFDL-CM3 climate model under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. Using the projected weather data, the phenophase of both varieties has been predicted using Info-Crop and CERES-DSSAT models. During the base period, Jyothi took 71 days and Jaya took 75 days to reach 50% flowering, while the total duration was found to be 101 days in Jyothi and 108 days in Jaya. In the case of 50% flowering, CERES-DSSAT predicted more accurately for Jyothi while InfoCrop predicted more accurately for Jaya. The prediction of physiological maturity was found to be more accurate using CERES-DSSAT in Jaya and Info-Crop in Jyothi. Validation results showed that both models can be used to predict the phenophases of rice varieties. The predicted duration during base period was compared with future duration. In Info-Crop model, the days to 50% flowering of Jyothi variety in near, mid and end century is expected to reduce by 3, 3 and 4 days in RCP 4.5 scenario and 1, 3 and 4 days in RCP 8.5 scenario whereas for Jaya variety, it is by 2, 3 and 3 days in RCP 4.5 and 1, 3 and 3 days in RCP 8.5 scenario respectively. CERES-DSSAT model predicted reduction of 50% flowering duration of Jyothi variety in near, mid and century by 1, 2 and 3 days in RCP 4.5 scenario and 1, 2 and 2 days in RCP 8.5 scenario whereas for Jaya variety, the reduction is by 2, 2 and 3 days in RCP 4.5 scenario and 1, 2 and 3 days in RCP 8.5 scenario respectively. The physiological maturity is projected to shorten by 3-6 days in Jyothi and 4-5 days in Jaya, by the end century. Results showed that the temperature rise in future can cause the considerable reduction in duration to attain 50% flowering and physiological maturity of rice varieties.
On the Pendant Number of Certain Graphs
Authors: Ranasinghe P. G. R. S. , Jayathilaka L. R. M. K. R.
Published: February 2023

The present study investigates the pendant number of certain graph classes; complement, line graphs, and total graphs. The pendant number is the minimum number of end vertices of paths in a path decomposition of a graph. A path decomposition of a graph is a decomposition of it into subgraphs; i.e., a sequence of a subset of vertices of the graph such that the endpoints of each edge appear in one of the subsets and each vertex appears in an adjacent sub-sequence of the subsets.
Survival Times of Lung, Breast, Cervical, and Prostate Cancer Patients in Africa
Authors: Atoyebi Samuel Babajide
Published: February 2023

Cancer is a leading cause of death and disability in Africa, and addressing this disease remains a significant challenge for many African countries. This paper examines the survival times of cancer in Africa through a critical review of 38 publications that comprise 27,795 samples with lung, breast, cervical, and prostate cancer. The overall survival time at one year was 77.4%, and the loco-regional rate of survival at three years was 71.8%. For cervical, breast, lung, and prostate cancer, the five-month survival time was 73.1-79.9%. The mean survival times for lung cancer patients at one year was 78.2%, and the mean annual survival times at three years was 52.8%. The mean age at the time of the study was 57.6 years. Total estimated pooled survival times for cancer patients in Africa was 60.66% (95% CI: 56.27, 65.06). And, the survival times of cancer patients in Southern Africa is 14.30%, 26.21% in Eastern Africa, 24.51% in Western Africa, and 41.06% in Central Africa. To improve survival times of lung, breast, cervical, and prostate cancer patients in Africa, it is important to increase awareness about cancer and its risk factors. And consortia should be promoted, whereby regions in Africa that have better resources can serve as mentors.
CORRUPÇÃO NA AGENDA DOS JORNAIS DURANTE AS ELEIÇÕES MUNICIPAIS DE 2016
Authors: Alves Mercia , Geraldini Bernardo
Published: February 2023

Os meios de comunicação têm papel central nas democracias contemporâneas, já que torna públicos os acontecimentos políticos e disponibiliza a informação para as redes interpessoais. No Brasil, os jornais têm papel importante dada sua capacidade de pautar outros meios, e por gozar de credibilidade. Nesse sentido, a agenda desses meios se configura um importante objeto de estudo principalmente em períodos eleitorais, quando a necessidade de informação política é maior. Neste artigo, o objetivo é analisar a agenda temática dos principais jornais em circulação no Brasil: O Globo, FSP e Estadão, com atenção para o tema “Corrupção” durante o período eleitoral de 2016.
ATOS DE CORAGEM, ANGÚSTIA E INSEGURANÇA NA PESQUISA ETNOGRÁFICA :
Authors: Gomes Varjão João Victtor
Published: February 2023

Este artigo apresenta notas teórico-metodológicas sobre o trabalho de campo com a Companhia de Teatro 1º ATO em Juazeiro da Bahia. Objetiva-se esboçar sobre a construção da etnografia e as mudanças inerentes ao trabalho do antropólogo. A partir de reflexões sobre as experiências iniciais do trabalho de campo, realizado por meio da observação participante, discute-se sobre as angústias, as inseguranças como sentimentos que emergiram da experiência do campo e redefiniram, significativamente, a pesquisa etnográfica, dando ênfase para os métodos, as técnicas e os truques necessários para seu desenvolvimento. O artigo aponta para o trabalho de campo, na Antropologia, como uma produção em construção, aberta a mudanças, que é redefinida pelos problemas que o pesquisador encontra durante o processo etnográfico. De acordo com essas experiências etnográficas, a angústia, a insegurança e o medo permitiram ao etnógrafo a construção de relações de amizade, de humor e de intimidade, construindo novos rumos para o trabalho – rumos inesperados, poderosos e criativos. O risco de errar, de se se expor, de se reinventar parecem inevitáveis para pesquisa etnográfica – são esses atos que permitem que o antropólogo seja vulnerável, corajoso e disposto a se expor ao imprevisível.
Cuidados de enfermagem em hematologia e na policitemia neonatal / Nursing care in hematology and neonatal polycythenamy
Authors: Rodrigues Sarah Miranda
Published: February 2023

Objetivos: os objetivos do estudo consistem em abordar os cuidados prestados pela equipe de enfermagem em hematologia e na policitemia neonatal. Método: estudos de revisão integrativa da literatura. O conteúdo foi abordado para as condições clínicas decorrentes da policitemia neonatal. Resultados: as manifestações clínicas decorrentes da doença são extremamente polimórficas e incluem praticamente todos os órgãos e sistemas. A frequência dos sinais e sintomas nos indivíduos policitêmicos, no entanto, varia amplamente na literatura. Conclusão: alguns estudos mostram que a maior parte dos recém-nascidos é assintomática, enquanto outros encontram mais de 50% das crianças com algum tipo de sintoma sugestivo do processo mórbido.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Leichsenring Falk , Heim Nikolas , Leweke Frank , Spitzer Carsten , Steinert Christiane , Kernberg Otto F.
Published: February 2023

Importance

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) affects approximately 0.7% to 2.7% of adults in the US. The disorder is associated with considerable social and vocational impairments and greater use of medical services.

Observations

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by sudden shifts in identity, interpersonal relationships, and affect, as well as by impulsive behavior, periodic intense anger, feelings of emptiness, suicidal behavior, self-mutilation, transient, stress-related paranoid ideation, and severe dissociative symptoms (eg, experience of unreality of one’s self or surroundings). Borderline personality disorder is typically diagnosed by a mental health specialist using semistructured interviews. Most people with BPD have coexisting mental disorders such as mood disorders (ie, major depression or bipolar disorder) (83%), anxiety disorders (85%), or substance use disorders (78%). The etiology of BPD is related to both genetic factors and adverse childhood experiences, such as sexual and physical abuse. Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice for BPD. Psychotherapy such as dialectical behavior therapy and psychodynamic therapy reduce symptom severity more than usual care, with medium effect sizes (standardized mean difference) between −0.60 and −0.65. There is no evidence that any psychoactive medication consistently improves core symptoms of BPD. For discrete and severe comorbid mental disorders, eg, major depression, pharmacotherapy such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors escitalopram, sertraline, or fluoxetine may be prescribed. For short-term treatment of acute crisis in BPD, consisting of suicidal behavior or ideation, extreme anxiety, psychotic episodes, or other extreme behavior likely to endanger a patient or others, crisis management is required, which may include prescription of low-potency antipsychotics (eg, quetiapine) or off-label use of sedative antihistamines (eg, promethazine). These drugs are preferred over benzodiazepines such as diazepam or lorazepam.

Conclusions and Relevance

Borderline personality disorder affects approximately 0.7% to 2.7% of adults and is associated with functional impairment and greater use of medical services. Psychotherapy with dialectical behavior therapy and psychodynamic therapy are first-line therapies for BPD, while psychoactive medications do not improve the primary symptoms of BPD.
Effect of Al–5Ti–0.3C–0.2B Master Alloy on the Structure and Properties of Ti6Al4V by Laser Solid Forming
Authors: Li Leilei , Kang Hao , Yang Haiou , Song Kaikai , Gao Lei , Wang Yaocen , Bai Xiaojun , Lin Xin , Cao Chongde
Published: February 2023

Titanium matrix composites (TMCs) with the addition of in situ ceramic reinforcing particulates have attracted extensive interest. Herein, additive‐manufactured Ti6Al4V/Al–5Ti–0.3C–0.2B alloys are fabricated from mixed powders by laser solid forming. The contents of Al–5Ti–0.3C–0.2B with 1.5, 2.5, and 5.0 wt% are considered. The results indicate the apparent microstructure transition from columnar grain to equiaxed grain with increasing content of Al–5Ti–0.3C–0.2B. The in situ reaction between the Ti6Al4V and Al–5Ti–0.3C–0.2B produces TiB, TiC, and Ti3AlC reinforcements. The increase of Al–5Ti–0.3C–0.2B content will refine grains and reduce α′ martensite phase, which is associated with the formation of TiB at the grain boundaries. As the content of Al–5Ti–0.3C–0.2B increases, the ultimate tensile strength of Ti6Al4V–x wt% (Al–5Ti–0.3C–0.2B) alloy increases from 993.8 MPa to 1233.6 MPa. The strength increases because of an increase of the solid phases TiB and Ti3AlC, which is ascribed to the presence of precipitation and grain refinement strengthening mechanisms. Meanwhile, the elongation of the alloy increases from 1.1% to 4.9% because the Ti3AlC phase is conducive to reducing thermal transfer and interfacial stress. These findings provide insights into the selection of reinforcement materials for optimizing mechanical properties of TMCs alloys.
Sustained Release of BMSC‐EVs from 3D Printing Gel/HA/nHAP Scaffolds for Promoting Bone Regeneration in Diabetic Rats
Authors: Yang Tingting , Dong Yunsheng , Wan Jinpeng , Liu Xiangsheng , Liu Yufei , Huang Jiaxing , Zhou Jie , Xiao Hui , Tang Lizong , Wang Yanying , Wang Shufang , Cai Hong
Published: February 2023

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in intercellular communication, and the function of EVs mainly depends on the state of source cells. To determine the effect of diabetic microenvironment on EVs secreted by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), this work explores the effect of normal glucose (5.5 mm) cultured BMSCs derived EVs (NG‐EVs) and high glucose (30 mm) cultured BMSCs derived EVs (HG‐EVs) in regulating the migration, proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro. In order to improve the bioavailability of EVs, this work constructs a sustained release system of polydopamine (PDA) functionalized 3D printing gelatin/hyaluronic acid/nano‐hydroxyapatite (Gel/HA/nHAP) scaffolds (S/PDA) and verifies its function in the calvarial defect model of diabetic rats. This work confirms that both NG‐EVs and HG‐EVs can promote proliferation and migration, inhibit apoptosis and promote osteogenic differentiation, but the function of HG‐EVs is weaker than that of NG‐EVs. Therefore, EVs secreted by autologous cells of diabetic patients are not suitable for self‐repair. This work hopes that the 3D printing scaffold designed for sustained‐release EVs will provide a new strategy for acellular tissue engineering bone repair in diabetic patients.
Geometric Tuning of Single‐Atom FeN4 Sites via Edge‐Generation Enhances Multi‐Enzymatic Properties
Authors: Kim Kang , Lee Jaewoo , Park Ok Kyu , Kim Jongseung , Kim Jiheon , Lee Donghyun , Paidi Vinod K. , Jung Euiyeon , Lee Hyeon Seok , Lee Bowon , Lee Chan Woo , Ko Wonjae , Lee Kangjae , Jung Yoon , Lee Changha , Lee Nohyun , Back Seoin , Choi Seung Hong , Hyeon Taeghwan
Published: February 2023

Single‐atom nanozymes (SAzymes) are considered promising alternatives to natural enzymes. The catalytic performance of SAzymes featuring homogeneous, well‐defined active structures can be enhanced through elucidating structure‐activity relationship and tailoring physicochemical properties. However, manipulating enzymatic properties through structural variation is an underdeveloped approach. Herein, the synthesis of edge‐rich Fe single‐atom nanozymes (FeNC‐edge) via an H2O2‐mediated edge generation is reported. By controlling the number of edge sites, the peroxidase (POD)‐ and oxidase (OXD)‐like performance is significantly enhanced. The activity enhancement results from the presence of abundant edges, which provide new anchoring sites to mononuclear Fe. Experimental results combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that FeN4 moieties in the edge sites display high electron density of Fe atoms and open N atoms. Finally, it is demonstrated that FeNC‐edge nanozyme effectively inhibits tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that edge‐tailoring is an efficient strategy for developing artificial enzymes as novel catalytic therapeutics.
Cyclic Diaryliodonium Salts: Eco‐Friendly and Versatile Building Blocks for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Cheng Hui‐Cheng , Ma Jiao‐Li , Guo Peng‐Hu
Published: February 2023

Cyclic diaryliodoniums are an important class of high‐valent aromatic iodine reagents for the synthesis of various axially chiral biaryls and biaryl compounds. Moreover, transition‐metal‐catalyzed annulation has been established for the construction of various heterocyclic rings and ladder‐type π‐conjugated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with readily available cyclic diaryliodoniums as the starting materials. As halogen‐bonding donors, cyclic aryliodoniums have been explored as organocatalysts in a variety of organic reactions. In this review, the application progress of cyclic diaryliodoniums has been systematically outlined, which highlights recent developments in the application reactions of cyclic diaryliodoniums, including synthetic application, limitations and reaction mechanisms in representative cascade reactions to provide insights for the development prospects of cyclic diaryliodoniums.

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Toward Rational Design of Ordered Heterostructures for Energy and Environmental Sustainability: A Review
Authors: Zhang Ting Shi , Yang Bi Xia , Lin Ming Xiong , Zhuang Zan Yong , Yu Yan
Published: February 2023

Precise synthesis of high‐quality, sophisticated heterostructures by ordered assembly of small nanomaterials is a key step to gain advanced materials that have elaborate functionalities, collective properties, and enhanced stabilities for mitigating the energy and environment crisis. Intricating in the structure, size, and shape of nanomaterials, ordered assembly of isotropic or anisotropic nanoscale building blocks to create specified heterostructures remains challenging, owing to the extraordinary challenges in design of lattice topology of distinct nanounits and in control of their crystallization, growth, and assembly mechanism/kinetics. Herein, the emerging methodologies to prepare a diversity of ordered heterostructures with strengthened particle–particle interaction are examined and synergistic properties are enhanced. It is aimed to unlock the principles to regulate the geometrical and electronic properties of these intriguing kinds of heterostructures for respective sustainable energy and environmental applications. Current challenges and opportunities in customization of ordered heterostructure at the nanoscale and atomic level are also discussed.
Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling Polymerization via C−H Activation for the Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Chakraborty Baitan , Luscombe Christine K.
Published: February 2023

Owing to their versatile (opto)electronic properties, conjugated polymers have found application in several organic electronic devices. Cross‐coupling reactions such as Stille, Suzuki, Kumada couplings, and direct arylation reactions have proved to be effective for their synthesis. More atom‐efficient oxidative direct arylation polymerization has also been reported for making homopolymers. However, growing interest toward donor‐acceptor polymers has led to the recent emergence of cross‐dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) polymerization to synthesize alternating copolymers without any prefunctionalization of monomers. Metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of two simple arenes via double C−H activation, or of an arene with an alkene via oxidative Heck‐type reaction have been used so far for CDC polymerization. In this article, we discuss the development of CDC polymerization protocols along with the relevant small molecule CDC reactions for an improved understanding of these reactions.
Superhydrophobic and Conductive Wire Membrane for Enhanced CO2 Electroreduction to Multicarbon Products
Authors: Li Yunxiang , Pei Zhihao , Luan Deyan , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: February 2023

Gas‐liquid‐solid triple‐phase interfaces (TPI) are essential for promoting electrochemical CO2 reduction, but it remains challenging to maximize their efficiency while integrating other desirable properties conducive to electrocatalysis. Herein, we report the elaborate design and fabrication of a superhydrophobic, conductive, and hierarchical wire membrane in which core–shell CuO nanospheres, carbon nanotubes (CNT), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) are integrated into a wire structure (designated as CuO/F/C(w); F, PTFE; C, CNT; w, wire) to maximize their respective functions. The realized architecture allows almost all CuO nanospheres to be exposed with effective TPI and good contact to conductive CNT, thus increasing the local CO2 concentration on the CuO surface and enabling fast electron/mass transfer. As a result, the CuO/F/C(w) membrane attains a Faradaic efficiency of 56.8 % and a partial current density of 68.9 mA cm−2 for multicarbon products at −1.4 V (versus the reversible hydrogen electrode) in the H‐type cell, far exceeding 10.1 % and 13.4 mA cm−2 for bare CuO.
Enhanced Chemiluminescence of a Superior Luminol Derivative Provides Sensitive Smartphone‐Based Point‐of‐Care Testing with Enzymatic μPAD
Authors: Rink Simone , Duerkop Axel , Baeumner Antje J.
Published: February 2023

Chemiluminescence (CL) provides ideal conditions for point‐of‐care testing (POCT) with wide dynamic ranges, superior sensitivities, and detection simplicity. It has not arrived routinely in the POCT field due to naturally low quantum yields of typical probes and the lack of sensitive low‐cost detection devices. Here, we developed a universal microfluidic paper‐based analytical device (μPAD) using l‐lactate as model analyte. We demonstrate that a smartphone camera can compete with a scientific CCD camera as performance benchmark when using the strong CL emitter, m‐carboxy luminol, resulting in extraordinary signal‐to‐noise ratios of 67. The μPAD provides CV<10 %, stability at room temperature for≥3 months and simple processing. Furthermore, the μPAD enables the detection of picomoles of the luminophore providing additional design flexibility. Thus, this new CL‐μPAD is available for translating the many CL standard analytical assays performed in microtiter plates, microarrays or other more complex detection strategies to the POC.
Olanzapine induced hyponatremia and rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Younes N'joumi , Yassine Haimeur , Yassine El Harfaoui , Abdelkader Benhlima , Hamza Elhamzaoui , Mustapha Alilou
Published: February 2023

Rapid‐onset hyponatremia and rhabdomyolysis are rare, but potential, complications of olanzapine treatment. Hyponatremia, secondary to atypical antipsychotic use, has been reported in many case reports and is thought to be associated with an inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion syndrome. We report a case of sudden‐onset hyponatremia associated with a severe rhabdomyolysis resulting in a coma‐necessitating intensive care unit admission. His evolution was favorable after correction of all his metabolic disorders and olanzapine suspension.
Numerical Calculation of the Irreversible Entropy Production in Heat Transferring Structures
Authors: Fuchs Marco , Kabelac Stephan
Published: February 2023

In diesem Beitrag werden zwei verschiedene additiv herstellbare Metallstrukturen hinsichtlich der Entropieproduktionszahl bewertet. Die beiden Strukturen werden bei zwei Temperaturniveaus, 200/80 °C und 700/580 °C, untersucht. Bei dem niedrigen Temperaturniveau ist bei beiden Strukturen insbesondere die Wärmeleitung innerhalb der Struktur der Haupttreiber für die Entropieproduktion. Werden die Temperaturen angehoben, so steigt die gesamte Entropieproduktionszahl stark an, wobei die Dissipation durch Fluidreibung nun die Hauptursache für die auftretenden Verluste in beiden Strukturen ist.
Innovation of EtherCAT adaptive synchronization control in embedded CNC
Authors: Libo Cao , Taiyong Wang , Songhui Jia , Chong Tian , Ying Tian
Published: February 2023

EtherCAT is a real‐time Ethernet protocol and has been widely used in the field of motion control owing to its high speed (100 or 1000 Mbps), low processor occupancy, and good synchronization performance in slaves. However, the master–slave synchronization method is blank in the EtherCAT protocol. The study proposes a novel master–slave synchronization method that relies on the stable sync0 of reference slave by adjusting the trigger moment of master interpolation period to settle packet loss caused by EtherCAT master–slave un‐synchronization, adaptively and dynamically. Furthermore, the proposed method improved EtherCAT to a whole new level, indicating that the EtherCAT master no longer depended on the real‐time operating system (RTOS). In addition, a synchronization predictive compensation mechanism was adopted to eliminate the compensation lag defect of existing synchronization methods. Compared with conventional studies, the synchronization method improved compensation efficiency, settled inaccurate compensation with evaluation derived from different working frequencies, and eliminated accumulative error in clock. Finally, the proposed method added almost no computation and communication load and only required eight or 16 bytes to modify the EtherCAT frame coding in the interpolation period. Experiments were carried out on machine tools to demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method in improving the synchronization performance, with an average communication jitter of only 32–71 ns.
Electrochemical detection of miRNA‐21 based on molecular beacon formed by thymine‐mercury(II)‐thymine base pairing
Authors: Han Su Bin , Kim Min Ji , Lee Soo Suk
Published: February 2023

We present a molecular beacon‐based electrochemical biosensor with high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of microRNA‐21. A special oligonucleotide probe was prepared containing a nucleotide sequence complementary to miR‐21 and consecutively linking eight and six thymines to the 3′ and 5′ ends, respectively, to allow the formation of a T‐Hg2+‐T complex‐based molecular beacon on the electrode surface by the selective binding of Hg2+ ions. The introduction of multiple thymines at the end of the probe avoids base overlapping between the miRNA sequence and the molecular beacon formation sequence, enabling a universal probe design that can detect all types of miRNAs. A ferrocene moiety was attached to the 5′‐end of the specially designed probe as an electrochemical signal indicator. The molecular beacons are formed by six consecutive T‐Hg2+‐T pairs by Hg2+ addition, and the molecular beacons are destroyed by perfect hybridization between 22 bases as a result of miR‐21 addition. Based on this detection mechanism, we were able to detect miR‐21 with LODs of 0.64 pM and 1.08 pM in buffer solution and human serum, respectively. In addition, the specifically designed oligonucleotide probe showed perfect specificity in detecting only miR‐21 without binding to other miRNAs. Finally, the sensor showed excellent miR‐21 recovery ability from samples spiked into serum, indicating that the method described in this study worked perfectly, even in a turbid complex matrix such as human serum.
The ‘play’ of institutions and firm investment: Evidence from a transition economy
Authors: Du Jun , Nguyen Bach
Published: February 2023

According to recent literature in new institutional economics and entrepreneurship, institutions, including formal and informal ones (i.e., the rules) are important. However, in a homogeneous national institutional environment, it is unclear whether and how the execution of institutions (how the rules are implemented) matters. The purpose of this research is to assess the mechanisms that local governments can use to encourage entrepreneurial investment, which determines the future growth potential of small businesses. We find that (i) improving local institutional quality in general boosts entrepreneurial investment; and (ii) more financially constrained firms are more sensitive to informal local governance, while less financially constrained firms are more sensitive to local formal institutions, using a large‐scale small and medium‐sized enterprise (SME) dataset from Vietnam from 2006 to 2019.
Development of a First-in-Class Unimolecular Dual GIP/GLP-2 Analogue, GL-0001, for the Treatment of Bone Fragility
Authors: Gobron Benoit , Couchot Malory , Irwin Nigel , Legrand Erick , Bouvard Béatrice , Mabilleau Guillaume
Published: February 2023

Due to aging of the population, bone frailty is dramatically increasing worldwide. Although some therapeutic options exist, they do not fully protect or prevent against the occurrence of new fractures. All current drugs approved for the treatment of bone fragility target bone mass. However, bone resistance to fracture is not solely due to bone mass but relies also on bone extracellular matrix (ECM) material properties, i.e., the quality of the bone matrix component. Here, we introduce the first-in-class unimolecular dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide-2 (GIP/GLP-2) analogue, GL-0001, that activates simultaneously the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPr) and the glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor (GLP-2r). GL-0001 acts synergistically through a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-lysyl oxidase pathway to enhance collagen maturity. Furthermore, bilateral ovariectomy was performed in 32 BALB/c mice at 12 weeks of age prior to random allocation to either saline, dual GIP/GLP-2 analogues (GL-0001 or GL-0007) or zoledronic acid groups (n = 8/group). Treatment with dual GIP/GLP-2 analogues was initiated 4 weeks later for 8 weeks. At the organ level, GL-0001 modified biomechanical parameters by increasing ultimate load, postyield displacement, and energy-to-fracture of cortical bone. GL-0001 also prevented excess trabecular bone degradation at the appendicular skeleton and enhanced bone ECM material properties in cortical bone through a reduction of the mineral-to-matrix ratio and augmentation in enzymatic collagen cross-linking. These results demonstrate that targeting bone ECM material properties is a viable option to enhance bone strength and opens an innovative pathway for the treatment of patients suffering from bone fragility. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

Abstract

The first-in-class unimolecular dual GIP/GLP-2 analogue GL-0001 activates both GIPr and GLP-2r, resulting in cAMP production and lysyl oxidase expression. Then lysyl oxidase increases collagen cross-linking and bone material strength.
Performance evaluation of hybrid electrochemical processes in mature leachate treatment
Authors: Bilgin Oyku Nur , Yokus Senem , Varank Gamze , Yazici Guvenc Senem , Can‐Güven Emine , Demir Ahmet
Published: February 2023

BACKGROUND

Recently, hybrid treatment applications have gained attention in the treatment of high‐strength wastewater. In this study, the following hybrid applications were applied: electrocoagulation (EC)‐electrooxidation (EO) (EC‐EO), and EO‐EC. The single EC and EO processes were independently optimized and then hybrid EC‐EO and EO‐EC processes were applied under the optimized conditions. Firstly, the most effective electrode pairs were selected in both EC and EO processes concerning pollutant elimination performance and energy needs. Afterward, the optimum values of the system requirements (initial pH, applied current, inter‐electrode distance, and reaction time) of the EC and EO were determined.

RESULTS

AlAl in the EC process and a Ti/RuO2‐graphite anode–cathode combination in the EO process were the most effective electrodes. Under optimum conditions (EC process: pH 7, applied current 2 A, reaction time 60 min, and inter‐electrode distance 2 cm; EO process: pH 7, applied current 1 A, reaction time 120 min, and inter‐electrode distance 2.5 cm), the chemical oxygen demand (COD) yields for EC and EO processes were 56.6% and 45.6%, respectively. The hybrid EC‐EO and EO‐EC processes yielded 69.6% and 66.4% COD removal, respectively. Specific energy consumption values for the EC, EO, EC‐EO, and EO‐EC were calculated as 14.1, 41.8, 38.9, and 40.7 kWh kg−1 COD, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Based on its pollutant removal efficiencies and energy usage values, the hybrid EC‐EO process was found to provide significant advantages in mature leachate treatment. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on dental school assessments – Current status and future perspectives
Authors: Parikh Neha , Gardner Amity , Myers Alan L. , Halpin Richard , Holland Julian N. , van der Hoeven Dharini
Published: February 2023

Purpose

To evaluate course directors’ feedback on the assessment methods used during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic and identify effective approaches for future assessments in dental education.

Methods

Course directors at the US dental schools were surveyed for changes in assessments implemented during the early stages of the pandemic (March–July 2020) using the Qualtrics platform. The survey questions addressed assessment methods utilized in didactic, preclinical, and clinical arenas pre‐COVID‐19 (before March 2020) and during the early phase of the pandemic (between March and July 2020) and identified any sustained changes in assessments post‐COVID‐19. Of the 295 responses for the type of courses directed, 48%, 22%, and 30% responses were for didactic, pre‐clinical, and clinical assessments, respectively. Chi‐square tests and 95% confidence intervals were used to assess quantitative differences.

Results

Computer‐based un‐proctored and remote– proctored assessments increased whereas paper‐based in‐person proctored assessments decreased during an early pandemic. For pre‐clinical and clinical courses, objective‐structured clinical exams and case‐based assessments increased whereas, for didactic courses, the number of presentations, short‐answer, and multiple‐choice questions‐based assessments increased. Specimen‐based assessments and patient‐based encounters decreased significantly in didactic and clinical courses, respectively. Manikin‐based exams increased in clinical but not in pre‐clinical courses. Survey respondents disagreed that alternative assessments helped students learn better, resulted in better course evaluations, or were an equivalent replacement for pre‐COVID‐19 assessments. Interestingly, 49% of respondents indicated a likelihood of continuing alternative assessments whereas 36% were unlikely and 15% were neutral.

Conclusions

A combination of effective pre‐pandemic and innovative alternative assessments developed during the pandemic may be the new normal in the dental education curriculum.
Variation in methodology obscures clarity of cropland global warming potential estimates
Authors: Liebig Mark A. , Bergh Emma L. , Archer David W.
Published: February 2023

Global warming potential (GWP) estimates from agroecosystems are valuable for understanding management effects on climate regulation services. However, GWP estimates are complex, including attributes with high spatiotemporal variability. Published GWP estimates from cropland were compiled and methodological attributes known to influence GWP were extracted. Results revealed considerable variation in approaches to estimate GWP. Among carbon balance methods, respiration methods were used most frequently (33%), followed by soil carbon stock change over time (30%). Twenty‐six percent of studies did not account for carbon change in GWP estimates. Duration of gas flux measurements ranged from 0.5 to 60 months, with weekly and sub‐weekly sampling most common (34% and 33%, respectively). Carbon dioxide equivalent conversion factors generally aligned with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recommendations through 2014 but diverged thereafter. This review suggests the need for increased transparency in how GWP estimates are derived and communicated. Presentation of key metadata alongside GWP estimates is recommended.
Pharmaceutical waste disposal practices: a case study of an Australian public hospital pharmacy department
Authors: Singleton Judith A. , Lau Esther T.‐L. , Nissen Lisa M.
Published: February 2023

Background

In Queensland, each hospital and health service (local hospital network) has its own waste reduction and recycling plan to comply with the Queensland Government's Waste Reduction and Recycling Act 2011 (Qld). The aim is to reduce both the hospital's carbon footprint and waste handling costs. Hospital environmental waste services staff do not audit pharmaceutical waste bins as this requires the presence of a registered pharmacist.

Aim

Since previous published studies of healthcare waste disposal practices have not included pharmacy waste bin audits, this study aimed to investigate waste disposal behaviours in a hospital pharmacy department.

Method

This sequential, two‐phase mixed methods study was conducted in a metropolitan, tertiary public hospital's pharmacy department in Queensland. Phase I involved semi‐structured interviews of hospital pharmacists and pharmacy technicians while Phase II comprised bin audits of the pharmacy department's waste streams.

Results

The bin audits revealed 36.1%, 23.8%, and 4.9% of recyclable waste in the clinical waste stream for each of the three bin audits respectively. In the general waste stream, the two bin audits of this stream revealed 14.3% and 44.4%, respectively. The reasons were identified in the interviews: there were no recycling bins in the main dispensing areas and there was confusion surrounding correct disposal of original containers and non‐contaminated packaging waste. Non‐paper waste was found in the confidential (shredded) waste stream in the two bin audits of this stream (10.1% and 16.7%, respectively).

Conclusion

Provision of commingled recycling bins and clean office paper waste bins in dispensing areas and education of staff on correct waste segregation processes will improve waste segregation in hospital pharmacy departments with both financial and environmental benefits for the hospital and the general population.
Effects of optimized nitrogen fertilizer management on the yield, nitrogen uptake, and ammonia volatilization of direct‐seeded rice
Authors: Ma Shihao , Wang Guibing , Su Sumiao , Lu Jianwei , Ren Tao , Cong Rihuan , Lu Zhifeng , Zhang Yangyang , Liao Shipeng , Li Xiaokun
Published: February 2023

BACKGROUND

Direct‐seeded rice has been developed rapidly because of labor savings. Changes in rice cultivation methods put forward new requirements for nitrogen (N) fertilizer management practices. Field experiments with five different fertilizer ratios of basal, tillering and panicle fertilizer, namely N1 (10:0:0), N2 (6:2:2), N3 (4:3:3), N4 (2:4:4) and N5 (0:5:5), were conducted to investigate the effects of different N fertilizer management practices on yield formation, N uptakes, and ammonia (NH3) volatilization from paddy fields in direct‐seeded rice.

RESULTS

The results showed that the N4 treatment improved grain yield by 5.1% while decreasing NH3 volatilization by 20.4% compared with that of conventional fertilizer treatment (N2). The panicle number per unit area was the key factor to determine the yield of direct‐seeded rice (72%). Excessive N application of basal fertilizer (N1) reduced seedling emergence, N use efficiency, and yield by 45.3%, 160.6%, and 6.9% respectively and increased NH3 volatilization by 28.1% compared with that of the N4 treatment. Removal of basal N fertilizer (N5) N reduced spike number and yield by 13.0% and 6.9% respectively, minimizing NH3 volatilization while affecting the construction of high‐yielding populations compared with that of the N4 treatment.

CONCLUSION

Optimized N fertilizer management achieved delayed senescence (maintenance of higher leaf Soil Plant Analysis Development meter values in late reproduction), higher canopy photoassimilation (suitable leaf area), higher N fertilizer use efficiency, and less N loss (lower cumulative NH3 volatilization). © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
A Systematic Temporal Assessment of Changes in Tendon Stiffness Following Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Hackett Lisa , Ting Ryan S. , Lam Patrick H. , Murrell George A. C.
Published: February 2023

Objectives

How the material properties of the human supraspinatus tendon change following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is undetermined. Shear wave elastography ultrasound is a relatively new, noninvasive measure of tissue stiffness. We aimed to evaluate any temporal changes in stiffness and/or thickness of supraspinatus tendons in humans following primary arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

Methods

Shear wave elastography was performed at three predetermined regions by a single sonographer at 1‐, 6‐, 12‐, 24‐, and 52 weeks postoperatively in 50 consecutive single‐row inverted mattress primary arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs. One‐way ANOVA with Tukey's correction and Spearman's correlation tests was performed.

Results

Of 50 patients, two retore by 1‐week and were excluded. Two patients retore at 6 weeks, two at 12 weeks, and one at 24 weeks. The mean tendon stiffness in 48 patients at the tendon footprint increased by 21% (1.32 m/s) at 6 months (P < .001), with the lateral tendon stiffening before the medial tendon. Tendon thickness decreased by 11% (0.6 mm) at 6 weeks (P = .008), then stabilized to 24 weeks. Tendons that were less elastographically stiff at 1 week were more likely to be thinner at 6‐weeks (r = .38, P = .010).

Conclusions

The data supports the hypothesis that rotator cuff tendons repaired using the single‐row inverted‐mattress technique take 6 weeks to heal to bone. Unlike in other tendons, there was no hypertrophic healing response. Prior to 6 weeks, the tendon may stretch/thin‐out, particularly if its material properties, as assessed by shear wave elastography, are inferior. The material properties of the tendon improved at the tendon insertion site first, then medially out to 12 months post‐repair.
Maternal feeding styles and the risk of overweight in a cohort of Caribbean infants
Authors: Wright Amika S. , Tulloch‐Reid Marshall K. , Chang Susan M. , Walker Susan P.
Published: February 2023

Introduction

Parental feeding styles in the first years of life may increase childhood overweight risk. There are few studies on this association in children under 2 years. The current study aimed to investigate the association between maternal feeding styles and Caribbean infants’ risk of overweight at 18 months and determine whether maternal depression is an important confounder in the association.

Methods

It is a prospective study of mother–child dyads that participated in a three‐island parenting trial. Maternal and infant characteristics were collected at infant age 6–10 weeks with maternal depression assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES‐D) scale questionnaire. Feeding styles were measured using items from the Toddler Feeding Behaviour Questionnaire at 12 months. Infant weight and length were measured at 18 months, and infants at risk of overweight were defined as weight‐for‐length z‐scores (WLZ) > 1. Factor analysis was used to identify feeding styles and associations with overweight risk assessed using multilevel logistic regression accounting for country and health clinic. Logistic regression models were adjusted for infant and maternal covariates, with a final model including depressive symptom scores.

Results

Of 366 infants assessed, 18.9% were affected by the risk of overweight. Five feeding styles were identified—uninvolved, indulgent, forceful, restrictive and responsive. Only restrictive feeding was associated with an increased risk of overweight (OR [95% CI], 1.61 [1.22, 2.13]). The association strengthened after adjusting for maternal depressive symptoms (OR [95% CI], 1.79 [1.30, 2.30]), representing an 11.18% increase in the risk of overweight odds.

Conclusion

Interventions that address restrictive feeding may be one strategy to reduce overweight risk among Caribbean maternal–infant dyads.
Frontal eddies provide an oceanographic triad for favorable larval fish habitat
Authors: Suthers Iain M. , Schaeffer Amandine , Archer Matthew , Roughan Moninya , Griffin David A. , Chapman Christopher C. , Sloyan Bernadette M. , Everett Jason D.
Published: February 2023

Frontal eddies form on the shoreward edge of boundary currents, on average at weekly intervals and can last up to several weeks. This duration allows zooplankton production and completion of the larval stage of fish but may be too ephemeral for longer food chains with planktonic predators to establish. Therefore, frontal eddies may provide a suitable offshore nursery habitat, by entraining and retaining inner‐shelf water, preconditioned with coastal plankton and ichthyoplankton, into an upwelling favorable cyclonic eddy. Here, we briefly describe the behavior of frontal eddies formed by western boundary currents in the context of the fundamental ocean triad, which incorporates three processes for the successful reproduction of fish: nutrient enrichment, food concentration, and retention of larvae. We adapt this hypothesis for frontal eddies adjacent to the substantial fisheries production of continental shelves, creating conditions for enhanced recruitment potential of larval cohorts at a finer scale than previously considered. We review the evidence and investigations of frontal eddies in their capacity to entrain coastal water, sustain the plankton community through eddy uplift and retain distinctive coastal communities of larval fish offshore until larval development is complete. The process of frontal eddy formation is complex and such habitats are irregular yet ubiquitous, which present challenges and opportunities for their study. With the advance of ocean observing systems and integration of physical and biological sampling, frontal eddies provide a novel focus for understanding fisheries production and connectivity of coastal ecosystems.
Prenatal phenotype of Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome: A case series and literature review
Authors: Tang Feng , Zeng Yang , Wang Li , Yin Daishu , Chen Lin , Xie Dan , Wang Jing
Published: February 2023

Objective

Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a congenital malformation syndrome with poor prognosis. It is associated with a heterozygous deletion of chromosome 4p16.3. Adequate knowledge of prenatal phenotypes and proper prenatal counseling are essential for intrauterine diagnosis.

Method

We retrospectively analyzed 11 prenatal cases of WHS diagnosed using low‐depth whole‐genome sequencing (copy number variation sequencing) performed at our hospital from May 2017 to September 2022 and reviewed their prenatal ultrasound reports in detail. We also analyzed WHS cases (including prenatal and postnatal) with abnormal prenatal ultrasound findings in the published literature over the past 20 years.

Results

Among the 11 fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of WHS in our hospital, four cases showed abnormal prenatal ultrasound findings, including shrunken kidneys, ventricular septal defect, a small stomach, fetal growth restriction (FGR), enlarged posterior fossa, and soft ultrasonic markers. Our four cases were combined with 114 published WHS cases with prenatal ultrasound abnormalities from other medical institutions. Of the 118 cases, 59.3% (70 of 118) were multiple malformations. The most frequent ultrasound features observed in all 118 cases were FGR (76.3%, 90 of 118), followed by facial anomalies (28.8%, 34 of 118), central nervous system anomalies (27.1%, 32 of 118), and soft ultrasound markers (23.7%, 28 of 118). Other less common phenotypes included cardiac anomalies (19.5%, 23 of 118), genitourinary anomalies (19.5%, 23 of 118), increased NT/NF (12.7%, 15 of 118), skeletal anomalies (11.9%, 14 of 118), a single umbilical artery (10.2%, 12 of 118), gastrointestinal anomalies (9.3%, 11 of 118), oligohydramnios (8.5%, 10 of 118), cystic hygroma (5.1%, six of 118), hydrops/pleural effusion/ascites (2.5%, three of 118), and polyhydramnios (2.5%, three of 118).

Conclusion

This study improved our understanding of the prenatal presentation of WHS by analyzing prenatal ultrasound abnormalities. The timely identification of prenatal ultrasound abnormalities can provide accurate consultation for pregnant women, improve the prenatal detection of WHS, and enable early prenatal management and intervention of WHS.