bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the size of the fracture process zone and the cleavage stress in cracked steel parts
Authors: Sokolov Sergej , Tulin Daniil , Vasiliev Ivan
Published: December 2022

The study is devoted to the development of methods for predicting the brittle fracture of a steel part with a crack. To describe the limit state of the fracture process zone, a mathematical model of the fracture process zone in an elastic–plastic stress state and the generalized brittle fracture theory have been used. The cleavage stress and the size of the fracture process zone are used as parameters for the fracture toughness of the material. A finite element analysis approach was developed to determine these parameters by considering the elastic–plastic stress state of cracked specimens. An analytical procedure for calculating the above parameters for low‐carbon and low‐alloy steels is given. The proposed models allow the analytical calculation of critical values of the stress intensity factor for specimens with cracks at negative temperatures. The development of this study is linked to the improvement of the technology for determining the physical strength criteria of materials. The application of the proposed models makes it possible to create a methodology for predicting crack resistance of welded structures of arctic design considering their geometry and structural and technological characteristics.
Expert searchers identified time, team, technology and tension as challenges when carrying out supplementary searches for systematic reviews: A thematic network analysis
Authors: Briscoe Simon , Abbott Rebecca , Melendez‐Torres G. J.
Published: December 2022

Background

Systematic reviews require detailed planning of complex processes which can present logistical challenges. Understanding these logistical challenges can help with planning and execution of tasks

Objectives

To describe the perspectives of expert searchers on the main logistical challenges when carrying out supplementary searches for systematic reviews, in particular, forward citation searching and web searching.

Methods

Qualitative interviews were undertaken with 15 experts on searching for studies for systematic reviews (e.g. information specialists) working in health and social care research settings. Interviews were undertaken by video‐call between September 2020 and June 2021. Data analysis used thematic network analysis.

Results

We identified three logistical challenges of using forward citation searching and web searching which were organised under the global theme of ‘tension’: time, team and technology. Several subthemes were identified which supported the organising themes, including allocating time, justifying time and keeping to time; reviewer expectations and contact with review teams; and access to resources and reference management.

Conclusion

Forward citation searching and web searching are logistically challenging search methods for a systematic review. An understanding of these challenges should encourage expert searchers and review teams to maintain open channels of communication, which should also facilitate improved working relationships.
The role of system‐use practices for sustaining motivation in crowdsourcing: A technology‐in‐practice perspective
Authors: Alam Sultana Lubna , Sun Ruonan
Published: December 2022

The success of crowdsourcing (CS) systems depends on sustained participation, which is an ongoing challenge for the majority of CS providers. Unfortunately, participants are frequently demotivated by technical difficulties and the incorrect use of CS systems, which can result in CS failure. Although the literature generally assumes that sustained participation in CS is determined by a shift between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, the role of system‐use practices in facilitating such a shift remains unknown. We explore how CS system‐use practices influence participants' sustained motivation, evolving from initiation to progression to sustention. Using the notion of technology‐in‐practice as a lens, we develop and examine a process model using an in‐depth case study of a large‐scale ongoing CS project, the Australian Newspaper Digitisation Program. The findings suggest that CS participants' motivation is shaped by an evolving combination of three basic components (i.e., contextual condition, outcome and action intensity) and mediated by two types of system‐use practice (i.e., passive and active). Passive‐use practices facilitate sustaining motivation from initiation to progression, whereas active‐use practices have a key role in sustention. Our study contributes to the emerging literature on the substantial role of system‐use practices in sustaining motivation, resulting in sustained participation. The findings also offer actionable insights into improving the viability of CS systems in retaining and motivating continuous and increased contributions from participants.
Lipid‐lowering treatment among older patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Authors: Nanna Michael G. , Nelson Adam J. , Haynes Kevin , Shambhu Sonali , Eapen Zubin , Cziraky Mark J. , Calvert Sara B. , Pagidipati Neha J. , Granger Christopher B.
Published: December 2022

Background

The contemporary uptake of lipid‐lowering therapies (LLT), including more intensive treatment with high‐intensity statins and non‐statin LLT, among U.S. older adults (≥75 years old) with ASCVD is unknown.

Methods

In this multicenter retrospective cohort study of a large geographically diverse sample of commercially insured U.S. older adults with ASCVD, we assessed treatment with LLT. Secondary measures included LDL‐C above target ≥70 mg/dl, persistence and adherence to therapy.

Results

Treatment with statins, high‐intensity statins, ezetimibe, and PCSK9 inhibitors was assessed in 194,503 older adults (49.9% female) with known ASCVD on January 31st, 2019. 49.3% of older adults with ASCVD were on any statin, with 16.6% receiving a high‐intensity statin and 32.7% on low‐or moderate‐intensity statins. Treatment with ezetimibe (2.4%) or PCSK9 inhibitors (0.24%) was rare and 62.6% of the overall cohort had an LDL‐C above target at ≥70 mg/dl. Patients on high‐intensity statins were more frequently male, had a diagnosis of coronary artery disease, and were more frequently seen by a cardiologist compared with those on low‐or moderate‐intensity statins and untreated individuals (p < 0.0001). The majority of older adults on high‐intensity statins remained on therapy at 12 months (91.9%) and 85.7% had ≥75% adherence to treatment.

Conclusions

Less than half of eligible older adults with ASCVD are on statins and only a minority of patients are receiving more intensive lipid‐lowering to improve outcomes.
Intersections of ageism toward older adults and other isms during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Ramirez Luisa , Monahan Caitlin , Palacios‐Espinosa Ximena , Levy Sheri R.
Published: December 2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic is a significant global issue that has exacerbated pre‐existing structural and social inequalities. There are concerns that ageism toward older adults has intensified in conjunction with elevated forms of other “isms” such as ableism, classism, heterosexism, racism, and sexism. This study offers a systematic review (PRISMA) of ageism toward older adults interacting with other isms during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Articles were searched in 10 databases resulting in 354 ageism studies published between 2019 and August 2022 in English, French, Portuguese, or Spanish. Only 32 articles met eligibility criteria (ageism together with other ism(s); focus on the COVID‐19 pandemic); which were mostly review papers (n = 25) with few empirical papers (n = 7), reflecting almost all qualitative designs (n = 6). Articles discussed ageism with racism (n = 15), classism (n = 11), ableism (n = 9), sexism (n = 7), and heterosexism (n = 2). Authors represented numerous disciplines (gerontology, medicine, nursing, psychology, social work, and sociology) and countries (n = 14) from several continents. Results from this study underscore that ageism intersects with other isms in profoundly negative ways and that the intersections of ageism and other isms are understudied, requiring more research and intervention efforts.
Understanding the ongoing learning needs of Australian paediatricians: Evaluation of a pilot paediatric video teaching programme
Authors: Le Marne Fleur A , Briggs Nancy , Frith Katie , Kariyawasam Didu , McCarthy Hugh J , Nunn Kenneth , Rao Arjun , Sachdev Rani , Sarkozy Vanessa , Teng Arthur , Trethewie Susan , Williams Gary D , Bye Ann ME
Published: December 2022

Aim

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether pre‐recorded video‐based lectures (VBLs) covering a range of paediatric topics are an acceptable means of providing ongoing education for consultant and trainee paediatricians in Australia.

Methods

Previous participants (paediatric consultants and junior medical officers) of a neurology outreach teleconference programme offered by a paediatric neurologist between 2017 and 2020 were invited to participate in a multi‐specialty pre‐recorded video‐based education programme. Acceptability was explored by assessing relevance, likelihood of utilising VBL's in the future, uptake and learning activity preferences. The impact of VBLs on confidence, currency and practice was also explored. Additional data including topics of interest, preferred video format, duration, viewing method and frequency of delivery were captured, to better understand participant preferences to inform future efforts.

Results

A total of 135 consented; 116 returned baseline; 94 returned follow‐up surveys. Preferred learning activities included a live/interactive component. Videos were considered relevant. Preferences for pre‐recorded videos improved from ninth to sixth most preferred learning activity post‐intervention. VBL convenience and accessibility were valued. Practice was altered in: approach to management, use of treatments, confidence in decision‐making, and discussion with families and patients. The average view duration was 16 min. Longer videos yielded slightly lower audience retention rates. For future offerings, the majority endorsed a preference for a ‘mixed’ video format and duration of 20–40 min, offered monthly.

Conclusion

Video‐based medical education is an appealing and sustainable alternative, given the convenience of unrestricted accessibility, in meeting ongoing learning needs of Australian paediatricians and trainees.
Job satisfaction and firm earnings—Evidence from matched survey and register data
Authors: Lydiksen Nis , Gotfredsen Andreas , Ladenburg Jacob , Stenbro Helle
Published: December 2022

This study examines the relationship between employee job satisfaction and firm performance in a sample of Danish private sector firms. The study relies on a representative survey merged with administrative data and accounting information for a sample of 1,929 Danish firms representing all economic sectors. The results of this study suggest that the average job satisfaction on the firm level positively affects the firms' pre‐tax earnings. The effect amounts to a 7.9% increase per point increase in job satisfaction when job satisfaction is measured on a scale from 0 to 10. Furthermore, the study finds that workers' satisfaction with achievements at the job and their satisfaction with management are specifically related to better performance.
The Lang‐Track‐App: Open‐Source Tools for Implementing the Experience Sampling Method in Second Language Acquisition Research
Authors: Arndt Henriette L. , Granfeldt Jonas , Gullberg Marianne
Published: December 2022

This paper introduces the Lang‐Track‐App, a smartphone application and backend system to aid second language acquisition researchers in implementing the experience sampling method (ESM). Surveying research participants with the Lang‐Track‐App multiple times per day can yield exceptionally rich data that can be analyzed in multiple ways. This article explains the different Lang‐Track‐App components and describes workflows for both researchers and participants. To demonstrate the step‐by‐step implementation, we present a recent study of language use in study abroad as a test case in which we used the Lang‐Track‐App to collect ESM data about frequency and qualitative aspects of language use. A selection of findings from this study highlights the richness of ESM data and how they can be analyzed at various levels. Researchers wishing to use the Lang‐Track‐App to implement the ESM in their own research can access the full open‐source code and documentation via GitHub (https://github.com/HumlabLu).
Structure and development of phloem in some species of Merremia Dennst. ex Endl. sensu lato (Convolvulaceae)
Authors: Ramoliya Dhara G. , Gondaliya Amit D. , Raole Vinay M. , Rajput Kishore S.
Published: December 2022

Convolvulaceae is known for the occurrence of cambial variants but studies on phloem development are rare. In the present study, the structure and development of primary and secondary phloem in seven species of Merremia Dennst. ex Endl. s.l. (Convolvulaceae) were investigated. All the examined species were characterized by the presence of inter‐ and intraxylary phloem, except M. emarginata (Burm.f.) Hallier f. which showed an absence of interxylary phloem. The secondary xylem of all the species was characterized by the presence of phloem wedges and thin‐walled parenchyma strands/islands. Among them, all the species showed the formation of interxylary phloem from unlignified parenchyma cells located in the phloem wedges, except Distimake dissectus (Jacq.) A.R.Simões & Staples (syn: M. dissecta (Jacq.) Hallier f.) and M. emarginata. Its development was also observed in the parenchyma strands/pockets of M. hederacea (Jacq.) Hallier f. and Camonea vitifolia (Burm.f.) A.R.Simões & Staples (syn: M. vitifolia (Jacq.) Hallier f.), while in the rest of the species such pockets were present but no interxylary phloem was observed in them. In relatively thick stems, a quantifiable amount of intraxylary secondary phloem is accumulated by the activity of the intraxylary phloem (internal) cambium. The structure and dimensions of the sieve tube elements significantly vary in all three different types of phloem (i.e. regular external, inter‐ and intraxylary). Sieve elements may possess simple or compound sieve plates and may be wide or narrow in diameter within the same species. The presence of inter‐ and intraxylary phloem and phloem wedges is a characteristic feature of all the investigated species while the absence of interxylary phloem in M. emarginata may be associated with its habit as it spreads on the ground. More studies are needed on species that show the presence of wide and narrow sieve elements, which may contribute to understating the functional ecology and evolution of climbing habits. Further studies are recommended on thick stems of all the investigated species along with other species of Merremia to understand their taxonomic position because some of them were recently transferred to other genera.
LMX differentiation as a double‐edged sword: A social hierarchy perspective for understanding the beneficial and detrimental effects of LMX differentiation on team performance
Authors: Xu Haoying (Howie) , Wayne Sandy J. , Wang Linda C. , Pan Jingzhou
Published: December 2022

Drawing on the social hierarchy within teams literature, we contend that leader‐member exchange differentiation (LMXD) may function as a coordination‐enabling mechanism and as a conflict‐enabling mechanism in transmitting its positive and negative effects on team performance. Specifically, we propose that the positive effect of LMXD on team performance is due to its impact on team role clarity, whereas the negative effects operate through team relationship conflict. To shed light on the boundary conditions that qualify the divergent mechanisms, we further examine the moderating roles of three team structural characteristics (also referred to as team type dimensions), including authority differentiation (AD), skill differentiation (SD), and temporal stability (TS). We conducted two studies to examine our model, which involve multi‐source and multi‐phase lagged data from multiple organizations from diverse industries. Across the two studies, we find consistent support for the coordination‐enabling mechanism and the roles of AD and SD in qualifying this mechanism. Regarding the conflict‐enabling mechanism, both studies support the moderating effect of SD. In contrast, we find limited support for the moderating effect of TS on both the coordination‐enabling and conflict‐enabling mechanisms, although we were only able to examine this in Study 2. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research on LMXD and team performance.
An SIS epidemic model with mass action infection mechanism in a patchy environment
Authors: Li Huicong , Peng Rui
Published: December 2022

In this paper, we study an SIS (susceptible–infected–susceptible) epidemic model with mass action infection mechanism in a patchy environment. We first analyze the long‐time dynamics of the model in terms of the basic reproduction number , and prove under certain conditions that the disease‐free equilibrium (DFE) is globally attractive if whereas the endemic equilibrium (EE) is globally attractive if . Then we establish the existence and uniqueness of EE provided , which is achieved, among other ingredients, by reducing the equilibrium problem into the one involving only the component of infected population. We further investigate the asymptotic profile of EE as the motility rate of the susceptible and/or infected population becomes small. We also perform the theoretical analysis on the corresponding model with linear birth/death effect. By comparing the findings of the models considered here with those of other closely related ones, our results suggest that the variation of total population, individual motility, infection mechanism, and spatial heterogeneity all can play significant roles in the dynamics of disease transmission, which may shed light on the practical implications for predicting the patterns of disease outbreak and designing optimal control strategies.
Caudal vena cava measurements and fluid responsiveness in hospitalized cats with compromised hemodynamics and tissue hypoperfusion
Authors: Donati Pablo A. , Tunesi Marcela , Araos Joaquin
Published: December 2022

Objective

To evaluate the use of the caudal vena cava collapsibility index (CVCCI) and the inspiratory/minimum and expiratory/maximum diameters of the vena cava to predict fluid responsiveness in hospitalized, critically ill cats with hemodynamic and tissue perfusion abnormalities.

Design

Diagnostic test study in a prospective cohort of hospitalized cats.

Setting

Private practice referral hospital.

Animals

Twenty‐four hospitalized cats with spontaneous breathing and compromised hemodynamics and tissue hypoperfusion.

Interventions

Ultrasonographic examination before and after fluid expansion with 10 ml/kg of lactated Ringer's solution.

Measurements and Main Results

Fluid responsiveness was evaluated using the velocity–time integral (VTI) of the subaortic blood flow, by measuring it before and after a fluid load of 10 ml/kg of lactated Ringer's solution. The CVCCI was calculated using the following formula: (maximum diameter – minimum diameter / maximum diameter) × 100. Ten cats were fluid responders (42 %) and 14 were nonresponders (58 %). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) with their 95% confidence interval for the predictors and the best cutoff values were as follows: CVCCI, AUROC = 0.83 (0.66–1.00) and cutoff = 31%; inspiratory/minimum diameter, AUROC = 0.86 (0.70–1.00) and cutoff = 0.24 cm; expiratory/maximum diameter, AUROC = 0.88 (0.74–1.00) and cutoff = 0.22 cm. A significant lineal correlation was observed between the percentage of increase in VTI after expansion and CVCCI (rs = 0.68, P < 0.001), expiratory/maximum diameter (rs = –0.72, P < 0.001), and inspiratory/minimum diameter (rs = –0.71, P < 0.001). The intraobserver and interobserver variability was low for VTI, and the expiratory/maximum diameter and inspiratory/minimum diameter were high for CVCCI.

Conclusions

Caudal vena cava measurements could be useful to predict the response to fluids in hospitalized cats with hemodynamic and tissue perfusion alterations. Additional studies are required to draw definitive conclusions about the role of these variables to guide fluid administration in cats.
Atypical antibiotic‐responsive Staphylococcus pseudintermedius‐associated tumor‐like meibomitis in the upper eyelid: A case report of two dogs
Authors: Kim Sol , Yang Yeseul , Kim Su An , Lee SeungJun , Kim Yongbaek , Seo Kangmoon , Kang Seonmi
Published: December 2022

Objective

To present the clinical signs and treatment methods for atypical tumor‐like meibomitis in two dogs.

Animals Studied

A 4‐year‐old castrated‐male Coton de Tulear (Case 1) and a 6‐year‐old spayed‐female Maltese dog (Case 2).

Procedure

Full ophthalmic examination revealed a well‐circumscribed, firm, and raised solitary mass on the upper eyelid of the left (Case 1) and right eye (Case 2). Case 1 showed a recurrent mass with a diameter of 2–3 mm, which was excised by the referring veterinarian. The possibility of meibomian gland involvement was suggested histopathologically. Case 2 had a history of blepharitis treated with systemic corticosteroids 4 years ago.

Results

Topical and systemic antibiotics and anti‐inflammatory drugs were administered to reduce inflammation and prevent secondary infections. In Case 1, the mass appeared static at the beginning of medication; however, after stopping antibiotics while tapering steroids, the mass increased in size and was associated with suppurative discharge. In Case 2, the mass continued to grow despite treatment, showing a similar infection pattern. Cytological examination revealed neutrophilic inflammation with cocci infection, and bacterial culture confirmed the presence of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in both cases. When steroid administration was stopped and antibiotic administration was initiated according to the results of the antibiotic susceptibility test, the mass rapidly decreased in size and completely disappeared. There was no recurrence on follow‐up.

Conclusions

A unilateral antibiotic‐responsive tumor‐like solitary mass on the upper eyelid resolved without surgical treatment. Medical treatment must be considered when treating atypical eyelid masses, and the use of appropriate antibiotics through antibiotic susceptibility testing is important.
Silica Removal by an Improved Magnesia Process
Authors: Tiger H. L.
Published: December 2022

Modern high-pressure boilers with high feedwater make-up requirements frequently demand reduction of dissolved silica. A new magnesia process for silica removal has been developed, combining flexibility, simplicity, and economy. It can be applied to any type of water at any temperature; it can be carried out in conjunction with the usual precipitation water-softening process; and the increase in operating cost is very small.

These results are accomplished by a new method of combining a number of principles embodied in this process. Extensive investigations were conducted to determine the influence of each of various factors on the final result, and data are presented on the effects of the following: Form of magnesium used (whether precipitated ionic Mg or undissolved Mg compound), temperature, sludge-magnesium concentration, and agitation for sludge-water contact. The principles of increasing the Mg++ content, when required, by means of a novel sludge recycling process with a magnesium dissolver are described. A method of using cheap dolomitic lime as a low-cost source of magnesium is also presented.

The process lends itself advantageously to a modified Spaulding precipitator type of construction at either low or high temperature, to be followed by suitable treatment with carbonaceous-ion exchangers, when required, for complete removal of residual hardness and reduction of alkalinity to any predetermined figure.
Combustion of Four Fuels in One Boiler
Authors: Lutz W. J.
Published: December 2022

Present-day fuel economics has decreed the desirability of a multifuel-burning boiler even in small and medium-sized installations. This paper describes the 100,000-lb per hr four-fuel boiler in the Harrison Gas Works of the Public Service Electric and Gas Company at Harrison, N. J. The difficulties encountered in burning oil, tar, pulverized coal, and pulverized fuel-pitch in the same burner and their successful solution are reported in detail.
Automatic Burning Control in Rotary Kilns
Authors: Reaser William E.
Published: December 2022

Significant developments in automatic regulation of the burning process in rotary cement kilns have occurred in the last decade, but general application of control devices has proceeded slowly. Indeed, neither the real import of the subject nor the extent of the progress is yet widely appreciated, though there are sufficient installations of various equipment to demonstrate the worth of a scientific approach to a problem which has been a typical rule-of-thumb operation. This paper discusses achievements in the field through reference to diagrams, charts, and illustrations in order to bring about a more universal understanding and to establish a background for additional thought which may encourage further experimentation. Moreover, although the discussion pertains especially to cement-clinker burning, the same basic principles of control are applicable to many other manufacturing processes employing rotary kilns.
Corrosion of Unstressed Steel Specimens and Various Alloys by High-Temperature Steam
Authors: Solberg H. L. , Hawkins G. A. , Potter A. A.
Published: December 2022

Inasmuch as steam temperatures in modern central stations are approaching those used for the commercial production of hydrogen by reaction between steam and iron, an investigation was undertaken at Purdue University of the corrosion by steam of the various steels which are available for high-temperature service. Apparatus was constructed and techniques developed for measuring the amount of corrosion on unstressed specimens due to temperatures up to approximately 1400 F, and pressures up to at least 1600 psi gage. Data are presented showing the effect of various types of surface finish and methods of scale removal, time of exposure to steam at 1100 F for various intervals of time up to 2000 hr, exposure for 500 hr at steady steam temperatures from 1000 F to approximately 1400 F, and temperature fluctuations on the corrosion resistance and spalling of scale on round bars, as well as convex, concave, and flat surfaces. Data on the corrosion of cast steels and some special alloys are also given. The resistance of alloy steels to high-temperature steam is greatly influenced by the amount of chromium present. Alloy steels containing 7 per cent or more of chromium are very resistant to corrosion produced by steam at temperatures up to at least 1400 F. The 18-8 stainless steels showed practically no corrosion when subjected to steam up to 1400 F.
Operation of Supercharged Engines in Pipe-Line Service
Authors: Harshman J. B.
Published: December 2022

This paper deals with some of the historical aspects of supercharging and the experiences of the Stanolind Pipe Line Company in the application of exhaust turbochargers, “Buchi” system, to four-cycle air-injection engines in pipe-line service.
Variation in Shrinking and Swelling of Wood
Authors: Stamm A. J. , Loughborough W. K.
Published: December 2022

The purpose of this paper is to point out that while the forces that cause wood to shrink and swell are chemical in nature, the factors which influence the degree of external dimension change are largely physical or mechanical. Orientation of the structural units, specific gravity or porosity of the wood, and the stresses set up by moisture gradients determine the change in external dimensions as the wood loses or gains moisture. Water-soluble extractives, because of their bulking effect, reduce the shrinkage of wood.
Embrittlement of Boiler Steel—Experiences With the Schroeder Detector
Authors: Purcell T. E. , Whirl S. F.
Published: December 2022

In 1928 the authors were faced with the discovery that boilers of the authors’ company were being attacked by so-called caustic embrittlement, and steps were taken to combat the evil. Experiences with this metal disease, since that time, are described. More specifically, however, the paper treats with results of 26 tests in which the Schroeder embrittlement detector was used on boilers, operating under varying conditions of water treatment, pressure, time, and specimen composition.
Depreciation Estimates in Appraisals of Manufacturing Equipment
Authors: Norton P. T. , Grant E. L.
Published: December 2022

A replacement-cost appraisal should answer the question: “What could one afford to pay for this asset in comparison with the most economical new one?” The depreciation deduction from the cost of the most economical new asset should measure the value inferiority of the existing old asset. Depreciation estimated in this way may be very high even for comparatively new assets. General recognition of this in the manufacturing industries might well lead not only to a new concept of appraisals but also to a revision of depreciation-accounting policies and methods. The purpose of this paper is to outline briefly the theory which should govern measurements of value inferiority in appraisals, in other words measurements of appraisal depreciation.
Advanced Design—Original Features Embodied in New 160,000-Kw Oswego Steam Station
Authors: Gibson N. R. , Cushing H. M.
Published: December 2022

Advanced design is the keynote of the new 160,000-kw Oswego Station of the Niagara Hudson Power System. In the present paper, the many outstanding and original features incorporated in this two-unit, one-boiler-per-turbine plant are described and illustrated. Among these are the 80,000-kw single-spindle condensing turbine for 1250-psi 900-F steam; soot blowers which use 250-lb compressed air for the blowing medium to save 1250-lb steam, and which operate automatically in succession on a pre-selected schedule; electric couplings of the eddy-current type for control of fan speeds; pilot operation of boiler safety valves for obtaining better protection and reduced maintenance; acceleration of the main generator for synchronous-condenser operation by motorizing its direct-connected exciter.
The Mercury-Vapor Process
Authors: Smith A. R. , Thompson E. S.
Published: December 2022

This paper is a brief history of the development of the mercury-vapor process from the first tube tested in 1912 to the latest 20,000-kw unit at the Kearny Station of the Public Service Electric & Gas Company. A typical cycle and a temperature-entropy diagram show how a better efficiency is obtained by raising the boiling temperature of the working substance. Operating results are given for the installations at the Dutch Point Station and at the South Meadow Station of The Hartford Electric Light Company, the outdoor power plant at the Schenectady Works of the General Electric Company, two small units at the Lynn and Pittsfield plants of the General Electric Company, respectively, the original unit at the Kearny Station of the Public Service Electric & Gas Company and the new boiler at Kearny which replaced the original boiler. This latter unit as shown by test is very efficient and reliable. The main reasons for this better reliability are better design, better shaft packings, better welding which results in extremely low air leakage, the use of alloy-steel tubes and the use of chemical treatment of the mercury which wets the interior surfaces of the tubes and insures a maximum heat transfer to the mercury at all times.
Radiation Configuration Factors Using Light in Furnace Models
Authors: England Fred , Croft H. O.
Published: December 2022

In problems involving the exchange of heat energy by radiation between bodies, it becomes necessary to know what areas of the bodies in question “see each other.” Those factors expressing mutual visibilities are known as “configuration factors.” Configuration factors have usually been determined either by mathematical analysis and computation, or by actual experiment with bodies radiating heat energy. This paper introduces an experimental method of determining configuration factors by employing models of furnace cavities and utilizing the exchange of “light” energy instead of “heat” energy.
Characteristics of Centrally Supported Journal Bearings
Authors: Waters E. O.
Published: December 2022

The primary purpose of the study reported in this paper is to determine the load capacity and friction of journal bearings having arcs of contact of 80 to 120 deg, eccentricity ratios ranging from zero to unity, length-width ratios ranging from zero to infinity, and central support. Essentially, it is a continuation of the work published by Needs, which covered the range of eccentricities from 0 to 0.8, but with two important differences, i.e., (1) the results have been obtained by mathematical, rather than experimental, solution of the Reynolds equation for two-dimensional viscous flow in a thin channel; (2) the matter of negative pressures has been dealt with in the manner advocated by Swift. In other respects, the treatment of the fundamental variables is akin to that which is found in the majority of journal-bearing- and fluid-film-lubrication papers, published by the Society, e.g., the journal radius, journal velocity, mean clearance, eccentricity ratio, and oil viscosity are assumed constant for any given bearing, and the oil channel is of rectangular plan form.
Structural-Steel Tolerances at Bonneville
Authors: Ober T. M.
Published: December 2022

This paper describes features of the Bonneville Project, which have attracted widespread interest. Noteworthy among these are the eighteen 225-ton vertical-lift spillway-dam gates, each of two sections, operated by two 350-ton gantry cranes; and the variety and number of fishways requiring numerous gates and lifts. The great size of steel units involved in the construction required unusual care in erection. Close tolerances were maintained in the setting of embedded steel. The methods of erection employed and the limits within which the work was carried out are dealt with at some length. The author deals quite extensively with the matter of selecting personnel for the structural-steel inspection staff for a project of this magnitude. Also, in the text, he refers quite extensively to drawing numbers, and specification page numbers, in order that those who so desire may be enabled to refer directly to the original plans and specifications of the project.
Test Characteristics of a Combined Pump-Turbine Model With Wicket Gates
Authors: Terry R. V. , Jaski F. E.
Published: December 2022

Tests of a wicket-gate pump-turbine model at the Newport News hydraulic laboratory and at the California Institute of Technology are described in this paper. The model was one of a series used in a study of pumps suitable for Grand Coulee. Characteristic curves both as a pump and turbine are illustrated, and expected-performance curves for a prototype stepped up to Grand Coulee conditions are developed from the tests. In conclusion, a summary is given of the advantages of the wicket-gate pump-turbine.
The Analysis of a Continuous Process by a Discontinuous Step Method
Authors: Hrones J. A.
Published: December 2022

In this paper an attempt is made to predict the dynamic behavior of a simple heat exchanger by means of the hydraulic-thermal analog. The heat exchanger was subjected to a known input-temperature disturbance, and the resulting dynamic response of the output temperature was calculated and also measured. It was assumed that the physical conditions in the actual system could be approximated by considering the heat-exchanger tube to be divided into a number of sections; in the example carried through, three equal sections were considered. For purposes of calculation, the heat exchanger is represented by a hydraulic analog, in which the weight of fluid in a tank corresponds to the quantity of heat in an element of the system, the difference in pressure head is analogous to temperature difference, and the resistance of restrictions to fluid flow corresponds to resistance to heat flow in the thermal system.
Modal Identification for Integrally Bladed Rotors Under Traveling Wave Excitation
Authors: Beck Joseph A. , Brown Jeffrey M. , Gillaugh Daniel L. , Kaszynski Alex A.
Published: December 2022

The safety of a fielded integrally bladed rotor (IBR) is often assessed through vibration testing. Responses due to various types of excitation are measured and processed and can be inputs to follow-on analyses, such as mistuning identification. One such excitation technique is the traveling wave excitation (TWE) where all blades are simultaneously excited at phase differences that attempt to replicate naturally occurring mode shapes and certain operating conditions. This test relies on noncontact exciters, e.g., magnets and speakers, that are often not directly measured. As a result, formulating the frequency response function (FRF) is difficult and the extraction of system modal data using FRF fitting techniques in the absence of FRFs is not possible. This paper presents an approach to use measured responses from TWE tests. It is shown that the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the TWE inputs is mostly independent over the prescribed frequency range. Consequently, the output spectral density matrix can be formulated in an operational modal analysis (OMA) sense, where direct measurement of the inputs is not needed. A full spectral density matrix is then formulated from a single measurement on each blade obtained during a single test, thus reducing the number of measurement locations and testing excitation conditions. This matrix is fit by a polyreference-least squares complex frequency-domain (P-LSCF) system identification technique tailored for OMA-type measurements. The methodology is tested using simulated TWE data for an IBR model using different damping levels. Comparisons between identified modal data and those used to create the model are made and show the methodology accurately predicts underlying system information even for closely spaced modes that are common to IBRs. Finally, the method is used on experimental TWE data of an industrial IBR.
Sports Coaches’ Athlete Talent Mindset and Views Regarding Talent Identification in Norway
Authors: Nilsen Dag André , Sigurjonsson Thorsteinn , Pensgaard Anne Marte , Chroni Stiliani “Ani”
Published: December 2022

We investigated coaches’ mindsets of athletic talent as conceptualised by Dweck (athlete talent mindset, A-TM) along with the athlete age at which they believe talent can be identified. We also looked at the age of talent identification in coaches of different A-TM. Using data collected as part of a survey conducted in Norway, the 3,830 participating coaches were men and women between 16 and 83 years of age. Overall, the coaches held a predominantly growth A-TM. However, older coaches, those not born in Norway, and coaches in athletics, gymnastics, and football were found to have a more fixed A-TM. Regarding their views about talent identification age, one fifth of the coaches believe that talent can be seen before 12 years of age, with football, gymnastics, and swimming coaches and those not born in Norway being more prone to detect talent at younger ages. Analyses also showed that the more fixed A-TM coaches believed that they could identify talented athletes at younger ages; however, not all of them reported such talent identification age views. These findings indicate that coaches’ A-TM and views regarding talent identification operate as two separate beliefs, which may be useful for understanding coaches’ early talent identification and development approaches.
The
Kingella kingae
PilC1 MIDAS Motif Is Essential for Type IV Pilus Adhesive Activity and Twitching Motility
Authors: Sacharok Alexandra L. , Porsch Eric A. , St. Geme Joseph W.
Published: December 2022

Kingella kingae
is an emerging pathogen that has recently been identified as a leading cause of osteoarticular infections in young children. Colonization with
K. kingae
is common, with approximately 10% of young children carrying this organism in the oropharynx at any given time.
The Two-Component System YesMN Promotes Pneumococcal Host-to-Host Transmission and Regulates Genes Involved in Zinc Homeostasis
Authors: Zafar M. Ammar , Costa-Terryl Alicia , Young Taylor M.
Published: December 2022

The ability to sense and respond rapidly to the dynamic environment of the upper respiratory tract (URT) makes
Streptococcus pneumoniae
(
Spn
) a highly successful human pathogen. Two-component systems (TCSs) of
Spn
sense and respond to multiple signals it encounters allowing
Spn
to adapt and thrive in various host sites.
Spn
TCS have been implicated in their ability to promote pneumococcal colonization of the URT and virulence.
Diagnostic Performance of the HCV Core Antigen Test To Identify Hepatitis C in HIV-Infected Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Sepúlveda-Crespo Daniel , Treviño-Nakoura Ana , Bellon José M. , Jiménez-Sousa María A. , Ryan Pablo , Martínez Isidoro , Fernández-Rodríguez Amanda , Resino Salvador
Published: December 2022

The standard algorithm for diagnosing hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has two steps, an HCV antibody test for screening and a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) for confirmation. However, the HCV core antigen (HCVcAg) detection assay is an alternative for one-step diagnosis.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Edible Filamentous Cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis NIES-39, Based on Long-Read Sequencing
Authors: Shiraishi Hideaki , Nishida Haruka
Published: December 2022

Arthrospira platensis
is a filamentous cyanobacterium that is cultivated and used worldwide as a source of food and food additives. Here, we report the complete genome sequence (6,818,916 bp) of
A. platensis
NIES-39, one of the model strains of
A. platensis
, providing an improved reference genome sequence for this strain.
Microencapsulated IL-12 Drives Genital Tract Immune Responses to Intranasal Gonococcal Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccine and Induces Resistance to Vaginal Infection with Diverse Strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Liu Yingru , Hammer Laura A. , Daamen Jikke , Stork Michiel , Egilmez Nejat K. , Russell Michael W.
Published: December 2022

We previously demonstrated that female mice can be immunized intravaginally with gonococcal outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) plus microsphere (ms)-encapsulated interleukin-12 (IL-12 ms) to induce antigonococcal antibodies and resistance to genital tract challenge with live
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
. However, this route of vaccination may be impractical for human vaccine development and is inapplicable to males.
Inhibitors of One or More Cellular Aurora Kinases Impair the Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Other DNA and RNA Viruses with Diverse Genomes and Life Cycles
Authors: Ly Cindy Y. , Pfannenstiel Jessica , Pant Anil , Yang Zhilong , Fehr Anthony R. , Rodzkin Maxim S. , Davido David J.
Published: December 2022

We have demonstrated that aurora kinases play a role during HSV-1 lytic infection. Three aurora kinase inhibitors significantly impaired HSV-1 immediate-early gene expression.
Evaluation of Dalbavancin Use on Clinical Outcomes, Cost-Savings, and Adherence at a Large Safety Net Hospital
Authors: Lueking Richard , Wei Wenjing , Mang Norman S. , Ortwine Jessica K. , Meisner Jessica
Published: December 2022

This study contributes additional experience to the literature of dalbavancin use in off-label indications, particularly for patients who do not qualify for outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy. The majority of the patient population were people who inject drugs and the uninsured.
Ready-To-Eat Rocket Salads as Potential Reservoir of Bacteria for the Human Microbiome
Authors: Mantegazza Giacomo , Gargari Giorgio , Duncan Robin , Consalez Fabio , Taverniti Valentina , Riso Patrizia , Guglielmetti Simone
Published: December 2022

Western-type diets are composed of foods with a reduced amount of naturally occurring microorganisms. It was hypothesized that a microbe-depleted diet can favor the alteration of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem, therefore contributing to the onset of chronic metabolic and immune diseases currently recognized as the most significant causes of death in the developed world.
Origin of the Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina: Flat-slab subduction and inherited structures
Authors: Liu Xiaowen , Currie Claire A.
Published: December 2022

The Sierras Pampeanas (27°–33°S) in South America are characterized by basementcored uplifts and shortening that occurs >500 km from the nearest convergent margin. The deformation correlates spatially and temporally with an area of flat-slab subduction of the Nazca plate in the last 10 m.y. We use two-dimensional thermal-mechanical models to study the dynamics of Pampean flat-slab subduction and the origin of the Sierras Pampeanas. Models examine a geological time from ca. 12 Ma to present day, during which time the Juan Fernández Ridge subducted beneath South America. Models show that the buoyant ridge triggers slab flattening, resulting in regional continental compression through end loading at the plate margin. Deformation in the continental interior depends on the inherited structure of the continent, where surface uplifts and shortening are concentrated at preexisting weak zones. The inboard migration of deformation is controlled by surface topography caused by the buoyant ridge rather than basal shear from the growing flat slab. Deformation occurs prior to the passage of the ridge and is inhibited when the ridge is beneath the region owing to dynamic uplift.
Direct Uptake of Nutrition and Caffeine Study (DUNCS): biscuit based comparative study
Authors: Jones Ceri , Francis John
Published: December 2022

Objectives

To identify the time required to achieve optimal palatability of a cup of tea without risk of harm (oral scalding) using the resources available in a standard hospital staff room, and to identify the best accompanying biscuit for nutritional content, crunchiness, and integrity when dunking.

Design

Prospective, non-masked, biscuit based, comparative study.

Setting

Staff room in the surgery department of a UK hospital.

Participants

Four different varieties of round, non-chocolate biscuit: oat, digestive, rich tea, and shortie. A standardised cup of tea was determined on the basis of the investigators’ preference for colour and palatability and pragmatic tea making methods.

Main outcome measures

The main outcome was time to achieve a safe temperature for consumption of tea, and the best biscuit to pair with the tea on the basis of nutritional content, absorptive ability, crunchiness, and integrity after dunking. Biscuits were ranked first to last (according to scores 1-4), with penalty points given for adverse events such as scalds and breakability.

Results

Baseline data suggested that after adding 240 mL of freshly boiled water to an unwarmed mug containing a tea bag, the median temperature of a standard cup of tea was 82ºC (range 81-84ºC). Optimal palatability and agreed universal drinking temperature of 61ºC was achieved at 400 (range 360-420) seconds with 30 mL of cow’s milk and 370 (330-450) seconds with 40 mL of milk. The investigators considered tea colour preferable with 40 mL of milk.

Conclusion

Healthcare workers can safely consume a cup of tea after less than 10 minutes, especially if enjoyed with a biscuit. Making time for a cup of tea may help healthcare workers avoid their break point.