bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acatalasia in two Peruvian siblings
Authors: Delgado A. Wilson , Calderón Rosa
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The oral findings in two Peruvian brothers, 10‐ and 11‐years‐old, with acatalasia are presented. Gingival necrosis and severe alveolar bone destruction were the main oral manifestations. Otherwise the patients were in good health. Thirteen hypocatalasemic individuals, including both parents, were found among 29 relatives of the probands examined from four generations. No other acatalasemic individuals were found. Hypocatalectic relatives of the probands did not have oral lesions, and no other abnormalities were detected. The parents of the affected children were not known to be related; however, both parents and their families come from the same small rural community. The inheritance pattern in the kindred was compatible with an autosomal recessive disorder. It is postulated that the gingival lesions resulted from damage to tissue from hydrogen peroxide generated by organisms in gingival plaque. The hydrogen peroxide cannot be degraded by gingival tissue or by leukocytes genetically lacking the enzyme catalase.
Mucopolysaccharidase activity in traumatized human deciduous teeth undergoing accelerated resorption: isolation and characterization
Authors: Alexander Stanley A. , Swerdloff Mark
Published: April 2006

AbstractMucopolysaccharidase activity was observed in traumatized human deciduous teeth. Histochemical analysis of the periodontal ligaments from these teeth revealed a loss of film substrate metachromasia during incubation, indicating enzyme activity. Routine histology of these ligaments showed the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate throughout this tissue. Biochemical analysis of the ligaments revealed a 10 fold increase of enzyme activity when incubation time was increased from 1 to 8 h. When compared to the enzyme activity measured during physiologic resorption, activity was increased. This suggests that the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate not observed in the tissues undergoing physiologic resorption may be responsible for the rapid resorption seen in traumatized deciduous teeth.
A study of the mineral phase of pulp calcification
Authors: Aoba Takaaki , Ebisu Shigeyuki , Yagi Tosihio
Published: April 2006

Abstract Physico‐chemical properties of pulp calcification were studied by means of X‐ray microbeam diffraction, electron spin resonance (ESR), X‐ray energy‐dispersive analysis, and chemical analysis. The material was obtained from the second molar of the right mandible of a 25‐year‐old woman. X‐ray diffraction and HSR analyses showed that calcium salts of the calcification are deposited in the form of apatite, possibly carbonate‐containing apatite. Furthermore, the mineral phase of the calcification was Pound to be similar to that of bone rather than that of dentin with regard to crystallinity and inorganic content. An unexpected finding was that high concentrations of iron were detected in some areas near the surface of the calcification. The question remains open as to what role, if any, iron may play in the formation of pulp calcification.
Simulated cancer of the lower lip attributed to a “caliber persistent” artery
Authors: Mikó T. , Adler P. , Endes P.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Observations arc reported on three lesions of the lower lip simulating cancer in elderly men and attributed to caliber persistent arteries. Persistent caliber arteries are those with a diameter larger than normal near a mucosal or external surface. Caliber persistency of the lip artery is best characterized by a quotient, using the distance from the border between epithelium and connective tissue as numerator, and its diameter as denominator. A quotient lower than 1.6 to 1.7 may be regarded as indicative of this vascular anomaly.
Premonitory stages of recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Authors: Stenman G. , Heyden G.
Published: April 2006

AbstractBiopsy specimens were repeatedly excised from 10 patients with minor and major recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAS). All lesions represented premonitory stages of RAS. The histological and enzyme histochemical investigations were indicative or an early degeneration of individual, suprabasal epithelial cells. The metabolically negative, vacuolaled cells were surrounded by cells with normal enzyme activity. No inflammatory reactions were recorded in the connective tissue at this stage. At more advanced stages of the disease the distribution of vacuolated cells within the oral epithelium increased and at the same lime an inflammatory reaction in the connective tissue appeared. The vacuolated cells seemed to coalesce and form minor, intraepithelial vesicles. The findings of early intraepithelial degeneration of individual cells in stratum spinosum are compatible with both a viral and an immunological etiology of RAS.
Tooth eruption: evidence for the central role of the dental follicle
Authors: Cahill Donald R. , Marks Sandy C.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The roles of the gubernaculum dentis, root formation, tooth crown and dental follicle in pre‐functional eruption of a mandibular premolar have been studied in nine beagle dogs by radiographic and histologic evaluations of the effects of surgical ablation or removal of these structures on tooth eruption. The dental follicle was the only one of these structures required for the coordinated enlargement of the eruption pathway and formation of bone in the base of the bony crypt, the radiographic and histologic hallmarks of tooth eruption. These data, together with the topographic relationships of the dental follicle to areas of localized bone resorption and formation, are interpreted to mean that the dental follicle may influence, if not coordinate, these processes in tooth eruption.
Dentinogenesis imperfecta: evidence of qualitative alteration in the organic dentin matrix
Authors: Takagi Y. , Koshiba H. , Kimura O. , Kuboki Y. , Sasaki S.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Deciduous teeth affected by dentinogenesis imperfecta were obtained from two patients with osteogenesis imperfecta. Electronmicroscopy of the dentin revealed some structural alterations. The striation of the collagen fibrils was not clear, and the crystals were less dense than in normal dentin. The amino acid analysis of dentin collagen was slightly different from normal dentin. There were slight increases in the amounts of hydroxylysine. serine and acidic acids. On the other hand, lysine and arginine were reduced. The elevation of hexosyllysine content and an increase of carbohydrate were also observed.

These results indicate that either dentin collagen is altered, or noncollagenous matrices associated with collagen are increased in dentinogenesis imperfecta dentin.
Early cellular changes following cryosurgery of oral mucosa in hamsters
Authors: Whittaker D. K.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Mitotic activity in the basal epithelial cells and mast cell degranulation have been studied as markers of early cellular change following experimental cryosurgery of hamster sublingual epithelium. It has been shown that mitotic activity initially increases, suggesting that freezing is a stimulus to cell division. Within a short time mitotic activity rapidly falls and this fall is preceded by a marked fall in the number of intact mast cells in the tissue. The timing of both events supports the view that early damage is apparent before vascular stasis intervenes.
Epithelial cell kinetics – A review of methods of study and their application to oral mucosa in health and disease
Authors: Scragg Margaret A. , Johnson N. W.
Published: April 2006

AbstractDespite extensive investigation of cell kinetic parameters in a wide range of normal and abnormal tissues and their potential value in understanding the pathogenesis of many disease states, as well as in prognosis and treatment planning, their application to oral epithelia remains limited. In part A the methods most commonly applied to the study of epithelial cell kinetics, i.e., isotope labelling, mitotic arrest and flow cytophotorimetry are reviewed with special emphasis on their technical limitations, sources of variation and inapplicability to humansin vivo.The ability ofin vitromethods to reliably reproducein vivocell kinetic parameters is also considered. The application of cell kinetic studies to normal and abnormal oral tissues will be discussed in part B.
Histiocytosis X: a clinical presentation
Authors: McDonald J. S. , Miller R. L. , Bernstein M. L. , Olson J. W.
Published: April 2006

Abstract A 56‐year‐old male complained of chronic oral ulcers. Initial workup revealed diffuse alveolar bone destruction and other systemic disturbances including diabetes insipidus. Biopsy suggested histiocytosis X and further tests verified the diagnosis. A clinical differential diagnosis is developed, follow‐up is presented and the entities comprising histiocytosis X are discussed.
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland: an intraoral presentation with widespread metastases
Authors: Sciubba J. J. , Kinni M. , Sachs S. A.
Published: April 2006

Abstract A case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma originating in the parotid gland but manifesting itself intraorally with widespread metastases is presented. A description of the nature of the tumor, the histologic patterns, clinical staging and treatment is discussed. A possible source of diagnostic errors that can be made when tissue sampling is limited and not truly representative is presented.
Detecting dentinal sclerosis in decalcified sections with the Pollak trichrome connective tissue stain
Authors: Stanley Harold R. , Broom Carol A. , Spiegel Eugene H. , Schultz Michael S.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The supply of young human teeth for controlled human pulp studies is inadequate. Dentinal sclerosis in older teeth modifies the expected pulpal responses. Decalcification, necessary to interpret pulpal responses, destroys the primary evidence of sclerosis. At present we are unable to detect the degree of sclerosis and the pulp response in the same preparation. Valid interpretations on older teeth cannot be accomplished until this problem is resolved.

Fifty‐seven teeth, normal and carious, representing a wide age span were fixed, embedded in Bioplastic and sectioned with the Bronwill Model #77 through the middle of the M‐D plane on the labio‐lingual plane to obtain an undecalcified ground section for examination with reflected and transmitted light and Faxitron 805 microradiography. The remaining portions of the tooth were decalcified, processed in paraffin and subjected to a variety of histochemical reactions including the Pollak trichrome slain. The Pollak trichrome and the Pollak trichrome solution #6 modification stains provided the greatest correlations with the sclerotic areas in the radiographs of the ground sections.

Areas of dentin indicative of sclerosis prior to decalcification stained orange‐red with the Pollak trichrome stain and deep orange with the Pollak trichrome solution #6 modification.
Bacterial endotoxin: a role in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease?
Authors: Daly C. G. , Seymour G. J. , Kieser J. B.
Published: April 2006

Abstract A review of current information was undertaken examining suggested roles for bacterial endotoxin in periodontal disease. Evidence for the presence of endotoxin in plaque, gingival crevicular fluid and periodontally involved cementum is discussed. The biological effects of endotoxin are numerous, and its abilities to induce tissue inflammation, resorb rat foetal bone, activate the complement pathway, stimulate macrophages and activate immune responses are examined in relation to the suggestion that endotoxin is an important factor in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.
Schwannoma of the inferior alveolar nerve in association with the organ of Chievitz
Authors: Sciubba James J. , Sachs Stephen A.
Published: April 2006

Abstract A benign neural sheath neoplasm arising from the investing tissues of the inferior alveolar nerve and presenting as a facial swelling is described. Of interest and importance was the associated finding of the so‐called organ of Chievitz within the initial biopsy specimen. Its recognition as a vestigial structure and not a pathological entity is emphasized.
Interepithelial cells of the oral mucosa Light and electron microscopic observations in germfree, specific pathogen‐free and conventionalized mice
Authors: Bos Ingeborg R. , Burkhardt Arne
Published: April 2006

Abstract Interepithelial cells are found in all epithelia of the internal and external surfaces of the mammalian body. The regional differences of these Interepithelial cells and their function are not completely known so far. The quantitative and qualitative changes of the interepithelial cell population were investigated in germfree, specific pathogen‐free and conventionalized mice by light and electron microscopy. Germfree and specific pathogen‐free animals did not show significant differences in the number of interepithelial cells. In the epithelium of the tongue a mean of 7.4 cells per 1000 basal cells is found. After conventionalization a significant increase to 14.4 interepithelial cells per 1000 basal cells is observed. The number of cells in the buccal epithelium is constantly about 20% higher than in the epithelium of the tongue. In the oral mucosa lymphocytes, cerebriform cells and Langerhans cells are an integral component of the epithelium. In contrast to the monostratified intestinal mucosal epithelium, which is considered a secondary lymphatic tissue, the interepithelial lymphocytes of the oral mucosa are not significantly decreased in germfree animals. This could indicate that the oral mucosa functions partly as a primary lymphatic tissue. Interepithelial cerebriform cells and Langerhans cells increased after conventionalization with a maximum after 10 days in response to exogenous antigens. Both cells are immunologically important. The observations prove that the oral mucosa represents a local immunologic system in which the Langerhans cell plays an important part by formation a reticulo‐epithelial tissue.
Sialochemistry in chronic recurrent parotitis: electrolytes and glucose
Authors: Mandel I. D. , Baurmash H.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The concentration of parotid fluid electrolytes and glucose was measured in: (a) a subject during an acute exacerbation of chronic recurrent parotitis and then at various stages of recovery following treatment with corticosteroids: (b) a group of seven patients seen during an acute exacerbation and then when clinical symptoms had subsided; and (c) a group of 22 patients studied at various stages of parotitis. During acute exacerbations sodium and chloride concentrations were markedly elevated despite the very low flow rate and potassium was only half (he normal salivary level Phosphate concentration was also extremely low; glucose was very high. During recovery flow rate gradually increased while sodium, chloride and glucose levels fell. Potassium returned quickly t normal while the phosphate level rose very gradually. The pattern of flow rate and sialochemistry during recovery was essentially the same for all patients. In most subjects there was a residual effect an elevated sodium and chloride and a decreased phosphate relative to flow rate. The degree of change from normal appeared to be a good indication of residual pathology within the Bland Sialochemistry should be useful to the clinician in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic recurrent parotitis.
Observations on the eosinophilic granules in the dorsal papillae of the dog tongue
Authors: Singh Baldev B. , Baker Richard , Boshell Jerky , McKinney Ralph V.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The granules from epithelium of filiform papillae of the dorsal surface of dog tongue were characterized as eosinophilic in contrast to the classically described basophilic keratohyalin granules which slain characteristically with hematoxylin. The eosinophilic granules also stained with Sakaguchi oxine reaction indicating the presence of arginine. At the ultrastructural level the round or oval granules varied in size and electron density. The granules were often associated with ribosomes and/or tonofilaments and were not limited by membranes. These granules disappeared in the superficial layers of epithelium which was parakeratotic in nature. Our studies indicate that the eosinophilic granules belong to the class of keratohyalin granules which are known to be heterogeneous in their morphology and biological composition.
Studies of orthotopic allografts of oral mucosa and skin across a histocompatibility barrier in a model system
Authors: Cohen Rhonna , Waterhouse J. P. , Cohen Carl
Published: April 2006

Abstract The mucosal allograft offers a reproducible model for the characterization of the response of the oral mucosa to immunopathologic processes. Orthotopic allografts of oral mucosa or of skin were exchanged between pairs of unrelated rabbits known to be either matched or mismatched at the major histocompatibility locus (RLA). Rabbits with autografts of these tissues served as controls. The behavior of allografts of oral mucosa and of skin, although similar in many ways, showed marked differences in the morphology of the rejection reaction including more striking vascular damage and vascular occlusion in skin and in the longer persistence of granulocytes throughout the period of rejection in mucosal allografts. The rejection of matched allografts appeared morphologically similar to that of mismatched grafts but the time sequence was delayed. Morphological differences between the rejection reactions in allografts of oral mucosa and those of skin may result from differences in the expression of histocompatibility and tissue specific antigens in these tissues as well as other local factors such as the nature and distribution of mucosubstances of the connective tissue ground sub stance, the regional blood flow, and the absorption of salivary components including water in an oral wound.
Plasmacytoid myoepithelioma of the palate
Authors: Nesland Jahn M. , Olafsson Johannes , Sobrinho‐Simões Manuel
Published: April 2006

We present the second case of plasmacytoid myoepithelioma of the palate, which was studied by light and electron microscopy. Apart from plasmacytoid cells, some spindle‐shaped cells were also observed. Both types of neoplastic cells had myoepithelial features, showing abundant 50–80 A thick filaments in the cytoplasm, and exhibited desmosomal junctions. A few light cells with less abundant filaments and better equipped with other organelles were observed.

Our findings show that there is no clear‐cut distinction between the so‐called plasmacytoid myoepithelioma and the spindle and stellate myoepithelioma. We suggest that the ultrastructural appearance of these tumors together with the usual histological criteria for malignancy may be used to evaluate their prognosis.
Increased numbers of mast cells in the hyperplastic buccal mucosa of the zinc‐deficient rat
Authors: Kravich M. E. , Meyer J. , Waterhouse J. P.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Six weanling male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a diet containing 0.4 ppm Zn and seven were fed an identical diet except for 40 ppm Zn. After 4 weeks, specimens of buccal mucosa in the region facing the molar teeth were removed. Paraffin sections, cut at 6 μ, were stained with toluidine blue, and tracings made of five sections per animal, spaced no less than 60 μm apart. Counts of mast cells over a measured length of section were made in a superficial zone of the lamina propria of 50 μm width and a deeper zone of 250 μ width.

The average number of mast cells per mm in the subepithelial zone of the experimental animals was 15.4, the range 9.2–33.1. The control average was 4.0; the range was 2.9–5.3. No increase was found in the deeper zone.

The epithelium was parakeratotic and its thickness was increased two‐fold. In the peripheral portion of the section, cellular and keratin layers were evenly increased in thickness, but in the central portion a disproportionate, nearly four‐fold increase occurred in the keratin layer and a lesser increase in the cellular layer.
Oral mucosal lesions associated with the wearing of removable dentures
Authors: Budtz‐Jørgensen Elvind
Published: April 2006

Abstract Lesions of the oral mucosa associated with wearing of removable dentures may represent acute or chronic reactions to microbial denture plaque, a reaction to constituents of the denture base material, or a mechanical denture injury. The lesions constitute a heterogeneous group with regard to pathogenensis. They include denture stomatitis, angular cheilitis, traumatic ulcers, denture irritation hyperplasia, flabby ridges, and oral carcinomas. Denture stomatitis is the most common condition which affects the palatal mucosa in about 50% of wearers of complete or partial removable dentures. Most of the lesions are caused by chronic infection (Candida albicans) or mechanical injury whereas allergic reactions to the denture base materials are uncommon. Angular cheilitis (lesions of the angles of the mouth) is characterized by maceration, erythema and crust formation. The prevalence is about 15% among wearers of complete dentures. The lesions have an infectious origin but several local, including prosthetic, or systemic predisposing conditions are usually present. Traumatic ulcers caused by dentures with overextended or unbalanced occlusion are seen in about 5% of denture wearers. Denture irritation hyperplasia, which is caused by chronic injury of the tissue in contact with the denture border, is present in about 12% of denture wearers. Flabby ridge, which is replacement of alveolar bone by fibrous tissue, is present in 10–20%. Finally, there is evidence that chronic injury of the oral mucosa by dentures in rare instances may predispose to development of carcinomas. Most types of lesions are benign and quite symptomless. However, diagnosis may be difficult and the more severe and dramatic tissue reactions to dentures may indicate underlying systemic diseases. In order to prevent or minimize the extent of the lesions, denture wearers should be recalled regularly for an examination of the oral cavity and the dentures. It is important that the examination is carried out by a person who has adequate medical knowledge.
Effect of cutting speeds and a cavity liner on the pulpal response to Nobetec®
Authors: Bloch W. W. , Cleaton‐Jones P. E. , Austin J. C. , Pain E.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The investigation was undertaken to determine the response to Nobetec®, a modified zinc oxide‐eugenol cement, widely used as a negative control material in pulpal studies, under conditions of high‐ and low‐speed cavity preparation, with and without a cavity liner Dycal®. The pulpal responses were evaluated at intervals of 2 days, 2 weeks and 8 weeks in the permanent maxillary and mandibular incisors in 26 vervet monkeys using labial Class V cavities prepared in 208 teeth. Nobetec® was found to be more irritant to the dental pulp than Dycal® although this difference was not statistically significant and the degree of irritation was low. The pulpal irritation caused by high‐ and low‐speed cavity preparation was similar and choice of speed should be a matter of personal preference.
Autoradiographic demonstration of unscheduled DNA synthesis in oral tissues treated with chemical carcinogens in short‐term organ culture
Authors: Ide Fumio , Ishikawa Takatoshi , Takayama Shozo , Umemura Shinichiro
Published: April 2006

Abstract A system in which oral tissues of inbred F344 adult rats and Syrian golden hamster embryos were used in combination with autoradiography was developed for measurement of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS). For this, oral mucosa, submandibular gland, tooth germ and mandible in short‐term organ cultures were treated with 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide or N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea plus (methyl‐3H)thymidine. Significant numbers of silver grains, indicating UDS, were detected over the nuclei of cells of all these tissues except rat salivary gland after treatment with carcinogens. This autoradiographic method is suitable for detection of UDS in oral tissues in conditions mimicking those in vivo. Results obtained in this study indicated a potential use of this system for studies on the mechanism of carcinogenesis at a cellular level comparable to in vivo carcinogenesis studies on oral tissues.
Paget's disease of bone with particular reference to dentistry
Authors: Smith B. J. , Eveson J. W.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Paget's disease of bone (osteitis deformans) is a relatively common disorder of uncertain aetiology. It is characterised by abnormal resorption and apposition of osseous tissue in one or more bones of the skeleton. This paper is a review of Paget's disease with particular reference to dentistry. The prevalence, aetiology, clinical features, radiography, histopathology, biochemistry, oral and dental manifestations, complications and treatment are discussed. One hundred and fifty‐two reported cases of Paget's disease of the jaws have been analysed. The upper jaw was more frequently involved than the lower jaw in the ratio of more than 2:1. This survey shows a higher prevalence of Paget's disease in the mandible than previously recorded.
Saliva‐induced aggregation of micro‐organisms from skin, tooth surfaces, oral mucosa, and rectum
Authors: Rundegren J. , Ericson T.
Published: April 2006

A total of 57 bacterial strains were isolated from tooth surfaces, oral mucosa, skin of the upper lip, and rectum of 3 persons. Identification of the strains indicated that each type of surface had a characteristic microflora. Aggregation of bacterial suspensions, induced by salivary agglutinins, was measured spectrophotometrically as the decrease in optical density (OD) by time. The aggregation curves for the oral strains followed a sigmoid pattern. The aggregation rates varied between individuals and strains. Most fecal strains showed an aggregation pattern which differed from that of the oral strains and was characterized by only a small, initial decrease in OD. The few strains, mainly Propionibacterium strains, collected from the skin of the upper lip did not aggregate. It appears from the data that several mechanisms are involved in the retention of bacteria to surfaces.
An evaluation of the specificity of salivary agglutinins
Authors: Rundegren J. , Ericson T.
Published: April 2006

Four bacterial strains collected from tooth surface, oral buccal mucosa, skin of the upper lip, and rectum were used to evaluate the specificity of salivary agglutinins. A saliva sample was absorbed with each of the strains, and the remaining supernatants were tested for agglutinin activity against all strains. The effect of concanavalin A and pH on the S. mutans and S. mitior agglutinins was studied. The conclusion was drawn that the agglutinins for the S. mutans and S. mitior strains differed but that the S. mitior strain tested carried a receptor site for the S. mutans agglutinin without becoming agglutinated. The S. mutans agglutinin seems to have either unsubstituted mannopyranosyl or N‐acetylated glucopyranosyl residues as structural components.
Development of rampant dental caries, and composition of plaque fluid and saliva in irradiated primates
Authors: Edgar W. M. , Bowen W. H. , Cole M. F.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Co‐60 gamma irradiation of the salivary glands of Macaca mulata monkeys fed a cariogenic diet led to the rapid onset of dental caries resembling that in irradiated human patients. Plaque fluid and saliva were sampled from irradiated monkeys, nonirradiated controls and a group of animals fed a noncariogenic diet in order to look for changes which might occur in inorganic composition related to the caries development and to dietary differences. Salivary calcium and phosphate levels were not markedly changed after irradiation: iodide levels were raised, while thiocyanate levels fell. In plaque fluid, calcium concentrations were not affected by irradiation, but were higher in animals fed a noncariogenic diet. Phosphate levels were higher with a cariogenic diet and further increased in irradiated animals. Magnesium levels were occasionally higher than those of calcium. Other differences in plaque fluid composition may be related to secondary effects of the concomitant gingival disease. The results do not point clearly at a specific change in the quality of the saliva produced by the residual gland tissue after irradiation which precipitates the rampant caries. II is more likely that the great reduction in the quantity of saliva with its protective constituents is responsible.
Morphologic changes in rat parotid following isoproterenol administration and fractionated X‐irradiation
Authors: Nicolatou Ourania E.
Published: April 2006

The effects of fractionated X‐irradiation following isoproterenol (1PN) administration on rat parotid gland were studied 4, 8, and 12 weeks post‐irradiation. Degenerative and necrotic changes of the acinar cells were observed at all three time intervals as a result of the radiation. These changes were more obvious 4 and 8 weeks post‐irradiation and isoproterenol administration. The necrotic acinar cells were replaced by fibrous connective tissue, especially conspicuous at 12 weeks. Reparative changes were observed along with the degenerative and regressive phenomena of the gland. Enlarged acinar cells and nuclei were observed as early as 4 weeks post‐irradiation. This change was locally distributed at the 4–week interval but more widespread 8 and 12 weeks post‐irradiation. Mitochondria! hyperplasia with alteration of mitochondria! cristae was observed 12 weeks post‐irradiation. Proliferation of cells of ductal origin and nodular proliferation of ducts were observed 12 weeks after isoproterenol administration plus X‐irradiation. These proliferative phenomena may represent an early stage of tumor formation resulting from the combined effect of isoproterenol and X‐irradiation on rat parotid gland.
Hamster tongue carcinogenesis I. Characteristics of the experimental model
Authors: Eveson J. W. , MacDonald D. G.
Published: April 2006

Thrice weekly applications of DMBA to hamster ventral lingual mucosa, preceded by scratching with a barbed broach, led to tumor development in over 75% of the animals by 28 weeks. Macroscopic ulceration did not appear to be a necessary precursor of epithelial malignancy in this model. Tumors were preceded by a phase resembling human leukoplakia. In addition to developing tumors in the treated area, 60% of the hamsters developed tumors in the floor of the mouth or the area of mucosa on either side of the median lingual fraenum.
Hamster tongue carcinogenesis II. Quantitative morphologic aspects of preneoplastic epithelium
Authors: Eveson J. W. , MacDonald D. G.
Published: April 2006

Stereological techniques have been used to quantify some morphologic aspects of non‐neoplastic and preneoplastic hyperplasia in hamster tongue. Scratching hamster ventral lingual mucosa and applying acetone thrice weekly resulted in moderate epithelial hyperplasia in biopsy material removed at 16 weeks. There was a significant increase in the number of progenitor cells per defined histologic field and a striking increase in the number of progenitor cells related to each unit of surface length. There was a small but significant increase in basement membrane length. In the experimental group in which the ventral lingual mucosa was scratched and painted with 0.5% DMBA in acetone there was pronounced epithelial hyperplasia with increases in the thickness of the progenitor, maturation and keratinized compartments. Progenitor cells showed hyperplasia and hypertrophy. The number of progenitor rolls related to each unit of surface length was significantly greater than normal or control values. There was a significant increase in the basement membrane length per field, reflecting an increased folding and prominence of the rete ridges.
An ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study on mandibular lesion of Letterer‐Siwe disease
Authors: Ide Fumio , Sano Reiji , Shimura Hitoshi , Kusama Kaoru , Umemura Shinichiro
Published: April 2006

A mandibular lesion from an infant with Letterer‐Siwe disease was studied by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Ultrastructurally, two types of cells were identified; clear and dark cells. Clear cells had indented nuclei and Langerhans cell granules, while dark cells were characterized by the occasional presence of a large number of lysosomes. Lysozyme was usually not detectable in proliferating cells with indented nuclei, but it was strongly positive in cells without indented nuclei. The latter also usually contained IgG, although the occurrence of cytoplasmic IgM, A, D and E seemed to be negative in both types of cells. Thus clear cells showed a close resemblance to Langerhans cells and dark cells had features of ordinary histiocytes. Although the intimate relationship between these two types of cells remains obscure, our findings suggest that Letterer‐Siwe disease may be a reactive or tumorous condition of a cellular subpopulation of Langerhans cells with a proliferation of differentiated histiocytes.
Cell population kinetics in rat palatal epithelium treated with the carcinogen 4‐nitroquinoline N‐oxide (4NQO)
Authors: Fisker Anders V. , Kariung Thorkild
Published: April 2006

The carcinogen 4NQO was applied to the palates of rats for 2 weeks or 2 months. Eight weeks after termination of carcinogen application, animals were injected with colchieine and sacrificed at intervals of 3 h during a 24 h period. Histological sections were produced and the number of arrested metaphases counted in the palatal epithelium. The two groups had the same daily mitotic rate and exhibited a circadian rhythm in mitotic activity similar to that demonstrated in normal oral mucosa of nocturnal animals. Carcinogen was applied to the palates of other groups of rats for 2 weeks or 2 months. Animals treated with saline served as controls. At various time points during and after carcinogen treatment eight rats from each group were killed. Four of these animals were injected with colchieine prior to sacrifice and the number of arrested metaphases counted in the palatal epithelium. In the noncolchicinized rats all mitotic phases were counted. After cessation of carcinogen application the mitotic rates, the mitotic counts and the mitotic durations did not differ from those of control animals, indicating that the carcinogen had failed to induce irreversible changes in the cell population kinetics of the palatal epithelium.
Role of salivary mucins in the protection of the oral cavity
Authors: Tabak Lawrence A. , Levine Michael J. , Mandel Irwin D. , Ellison Solon A.
Published: April 2006

Mucins are the principal organic constituents of mucus, the slimy visco‐elastic material that coats all mucosal surfaces. Compelling evidence suggests that they play an integral role in non‐immune protection of the oral cavity. Specific protective functions include: 1) protection against desiccation and environmental insult, 2) lubrication, and 3) antimicrobial effects against potential pathogens. Biosynthesis of mucin is regulated by both intrinsic (“cooperative sequential specificity”) and extrinsic (“structural modulation”) controls. These controls form the basis by which mucin's structure can be modified to meet a dynamically changing biological need.
Quantitative analysis of human buccal epithelium in iron deficiency anaemia
Authors: Rennie J. S. , MacDonald D. G. , Dagg J. H.
Published: April 2006

The results of this study have demonstrated a significant reduction in the total epithelial thickness of buccal epithelium in patients with iron deficiency anaemia. This reduction in epithelial thickness occurs principally at the expense of the maturation compartment and the pattern of epithelial change is the same in both male and female patients.
The effect of some varying lipid A structures on the inhibition of fibrillogenesis in basement membrane collagen
Authors: Sauk J. J. , Johnson D. , Roszkowski M.
Published: April 2006

Acid soluble basement membrane collagen (ABMC) was prepared by extraction of the anterior lens capsules from bovine calf eyes in 0.5 M acetic acid in the presence of the protease inhibitors leupeptin and pepstatin. Thermal aggregates formed from soluble basement membrane collagen were facilitated by heating (28°C) the collagen solutions in 0.15 M phosphate buffer. The effects of endotoxins derived from Salmonella Minnesota R595, Chromobacterium violaceum and Rhodopseudomonas viridis on the assembly af basement membrane collagen were ascertained by analysis of turbidity curves (340 nm) obtained during aggregation in vitro. All of the endotoxins tested were noted to inhibit the final level of turbidity and to prolong the lag period for thermal assembly. Plotting the increase in turbidity against the logarithm of time or analyzing the turbidity curves as first‐order reaction indicated that what was altered was the rate of assembly of fibrils in collagen treated with endotoxin, rather than the mechanism of assembly of these fibrils. These conclusions are supported by Arrhenius plots of basement membrane aggregations in vitro in the presence and absence of endotoxins.
Darier's disease of the oral mucosa: clinical case report with ultrastructural evaluation
Authors: Miller Richard L. , Bernstein Mark L. , Arm Robert N.
Published: April 2006

An electron microscopic study of the intraoral lesions of Darier's disease demonstrated a defect of desmosomes and tonofilaments in the early development of affected mucosa. Marked cytoplasmic vacuolation, keratohyaline granule formation and nuclear pyknosis as reported in skin acantholytic cell ultrastructure was not conspicuous in the oral mucosa of the case reported. The clinical diagnosis, histopathologic diagnosis, pedigree and treatment of Darier's disease is discussed.
The eosinophilic and amyloid‐like materials in adenomatoid odontogenic tumor
Authors: Moro Itaru , Okamura Noriyuki , Okuda Shuhei , Komiyama Kazuo , Umemura Shinichiro
Published: April 2006

This paper is concerned with the relationship between eosinophilic material (EM) and amyloid‐like material in adenomatoid odontogenic tumors. In duct‐like structures and between opposing rows of tall columnar cells, EM did not stain for amyloid. Under electron microscopy, EM was composed of fibrillar and granular materials, and the fibrillar material was not amyloid. Two different kinds of EM were found in solid cell masses. Lesions from cases 2, 3, 4 and part of case 1 contained small droplet‐shaped EM and these EM did not stain for amyloid. Case 1 also contained EM that stained positively for amyloid. The structure of amyloid positive EM resembled developing enamel of human tooth germs. This material was tubular and finely granular. The tubular material resembled enamel matrix fibers rather than amyloid and the fine granular material was stippled. The cells surrounding EM appeared similar to ameloblasts between secretory and maturation stages.
Ultrastructural changes of epithelium‐connective tissue junction in experimental lingual tumors
Authors: Otsubo Yoshikazu , Kameyama Yoichiro
Published: April 2006

In this study, plaque‐like lesions, epithelial hyperplasias, and papillary invasive carcinomas were produced in the tongues of hamsters by the application of DMBA combined with trauma for 16 weeks. The junction between the neoplastic epithelial cells and the connective tissue was studied ultrastructurally. In plaque‐like lesions, the basal lamina was partially decreased in both thickness and density or partially discontinuous. In epithelial hyperplasias, cytoplasmic projections were observed in the portion of the basal cell near the intercellular space, and the basal lamina was absent around these cytoplasmic projections. In papillary invasive carcinomas, however, numerous cytoplasmic projections extended from various portions of the basal surface of the basal cells into the underlying connective tissue. The basal lamina was also absent around these projections. In epithelial hyperplasias and papillary invasive carcinomas, some of the cytoplasmic projections appeared almost empty, some contained a small number of tonofilaments and ribosomes, and others were filled with a large number of ribosomes but did not contain the tonofilaments. The collagen fibrils were markedly reduced in number in the area around cytoplasmic projections. The cytoplasm of some fibroblasts in that area contained many intracellular collagen fibrils.
Ultrastructure of initial calcification in wound healing following pulpotomy
Authors: Hayashi Yoshihiko
Published: April 2006

Initial calcification in healing amputated tooth pulps was examined in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The process is characterized by an abundance of extracellular matrix vesicles (0.1–0.2 μm in diameter) distributed between forming cells and the surface of the amputated pulp. Osmiophilic material and needle‐like crystals within the vesicles was followed by disappearance of the vesicular membrane and accumlation of crystals that aggregate into calcified fronts. Ca and P were detected in these needle‐like crystals by an electron probe X‐ray microanalyzer. This finding suggests that the crystals were produced during the calcifying process. The healing of amputated tooth pulps is essentially similar to initial clarification events that occur in other normal and pathologic calcified tissues.
Effects of acid‐dissolution on thin ground sections of enamel caries studied by microradiography and X‐ray microbeam diffraction
Authors: Aoba Takaaki , Yagi Toshio
Published: April 2006

In order to obtain information about the chemical reactivity of localized areas within natural enamel caries, thin ground sections prepared from white spot lesions were subjected to MCI solutions with 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 N concentrations. Microradiographic examination combined by densitometric analysis demonstrated that the surface layer covering demineralized lesions remained relatively stable against acid attacks and that, despite the original lower degree of mineralization, its microradiographic density became higher than that of the underlying normal enamel during acid‐dissolution. Another interesting finding was that in the experiment using the most diluted HCI solution, a radiopaque zone became noticeable at the advancing front of the lesions in the course of dissolution. X‐ray microbeam diffraction analysis of these sections showed that no apparent alterations occurred in mineral structure of enamel with acid dissolution, except for the decrease in crystallinity of enamel apatite. Based on the results obtained here, one can expect that the surface layer and the interior part of natural carious lesions possess a high degree of resistance to acid attacks, relative to the underlying normal enamel.
Amyloid deposits in the aged tongue: a postmortem study of 107 individuals over 60 years of age
Authors: Yamaguchi Akira , Nasu Michiyo , Esaki Yukiyoshi , Shimada Hiroyuki , Yoshiki Shusaku
Published: April 2006

The incidence and distribution of amyloid deposits in aged tongues obtained from 107 necropsies over 60 years of age were examined. Thirty‐nine tongues were affected with amyloid deposits and the overall incidence was 36.4%. The incidence increased with each advancing decade, and the group over 90 years old showed the higest incidence of 59.6%. Although the amount of amyloid deposits differed in each case, severely affected cases were most frequently found in the advanced decades. Amyloid deposits were almost always confined to blood vessels, especially arterioles and arteries. They occasionally occupied the entire wall and occluded the lumen. Blood vessels affected with amyloid were usually located in the muscle layers of the tongue. Vessels in the subepithelial layer and lingual glands were, however, sometimes affected. Amyloid deposits were resistant to Congo red staining with the potassium permangante method, and stained positively with DMAS. The present study suggested that the tongue is an important organ as to the appearance of amyloid deposits in elderly persons.
Oral carcinomas associated with snuff dipping
Authors: Sundström Bengt , Mörnstad Håkon , Axéll Tony
Published: April 2006

Some clinical and histological characteristics of 23 oral carcinomas in the anterior vestibulum of snuff dipping Swedish males with an average age of 76 years were investigated. Examples of verrucous carcinomas as well as of ordinary, usually verrucoid but also ulcerating, squamous cell carcinomas were encountered. Widespread oral leukoplakia and second primary carcinoma–oral or other–was present in 5 and 6 cases respectively, and occurred together in 3 of these. Eleven cases out of 19 available for additional sectioning and staining showed candidal infection.
Cellular effects of human leukocyte hydrolases I. Human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Cogen Ronald B. , Taubman Sheldon B.
Published: April 2006

Experiments were carried out to determine whether lysosomal enzymes had the ability to adversely affect the viability of human gingival fibroblasts. These studies were accomplished in vitro using lysosomal enzymes derived from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The results strongly indicated that under the conditions of these experiments, lysosomal enzymes were incapable of mediating cell destruction. In fact, the only measurable effect was to release the cells from their growth surface in a manner similar to other known proteases. Even this capability was not expressed in the presence of naturally occurring inhibitors which are widely distributed in many body fluids, such as serum and inflammatory exudates. These results suggest that PMN leukocyte granule enzymes may not contribute significantly as mediators of the cellular destruction observed in inflammatory diseases in general, and inflammatory periodontal disease in particular.
Cellular effects of human leukocyte hydrolases II. Ultrastructural studies on fibroblasts
Authors: Cogen Ronald B. , Taubman Sheldon B. , Goldblatt Peter J.
Published: April 2006

Morphologic ultrastructural changes induced in human gingival fibroblasts in vitro by treatment with human neutrophil granule enzymes were studied. Surface mucopolysaccharide of the fibroblasts was examined by ruthenium red staining. The only alteration that could be identified was the removal of surface mucopolysaccharide after treatment with granule enzymes, but not when soybean trypsin inhibitor was present. When the cells were released from their growth surface they assumed the characteristics of floating cells rather than spreading fibroblasts, but were otherwise unremarkable.
Oral granular cell myoblastoma: an immunohistochemical study
Authors: Matthews John B. , Mason Gillian I.
Published: April 2006

Immunoperoxidase staining for a variety of antigens was performed on 15 cases of granular cell myoblastoma occurring within the oral tissues. All tumours gave intense intracytoplasmic granular staining for a CEA‐related antigen with one rabbit antiserum to CEA (Dakopatts) whereas all were negative with a sheep antiserum to CEA (Seward). None of the tumours were positive for lysozymo, αl antitrypsin or cathepsin B whereas 12 lesions gave a granular reaction for cathepsin D. All granular cells showed a weak reaction for actin in contrast to the strong cytoplasmic staining found in smooth and striated muscle and muscle derived tumours.
Oral leiomyoma
Authors: Natiella Joseph R. , Neiders Mirdza E. , Greene George W.
Published: April 2006

Benign tumors of smooth muscle origin are rare in the oral cavity. This paper reviews 67 cases from the literature and six previously unpublished cases of oral leiomyoma. Tongue, hard palate and buccal mucosa are the most common sites of this lesion and the vascular leiomyoma or angiomyoma is the predominant histologic type.