bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Visual Sensor Networks
Authors: Soro Stanislava , Heinzelman Wendi
Published: July 2009

Visual sensor networks have emerged as an important class of sensor-based distributed intelligent systems, with unique performance, complexity, and quality of service challenges. Consisting of a large number of low-power camera nodes, visual sensor networks support a great number of novel vision-based applications. The camera nodes provide information from a monitored site, performing distributed and collaborative processing of their collected data. Using multiple cameras in the network provides different views of the scene, which enhances the reliability of the captured events. However, the large amount of image data produced by the cameras combined with the network's resource constraints require exploring new means for data processing, communication, and sensor management. Meeting these challenges of visual sensor networks requires interdisciplinary approaches, utilizing vision processing, communications and networking, and embedded processing. In this paper, we provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art in the field of visual sensor networks, by exploring several relevant research directions. Our goal is to provide a better understanding of current research problems in the different research fields of visual sensor networks, and to show how these different research fields should interact to solve the many challenges of visual sensor networks.
Products of Composition and Differentiation Operators from 𝒬K(p, q) Spaces to Bloch‐Type Spaces
Authors: Yang Weifeng
Published: July 2009

We study the boundedness and compactness of the products of composition and differentiation operators from 𝒬K(p, q) spaces to Bloch‐type spaces and little Bloch‐type spaces.
PPAR‐γAgonists and Their Effects on IGF‐I Receptor Signaling: Implications for Cancer
Authors: Belfiore A. , Genua M. , Malaguarnera R.
Published: July 2009

It is now well established that the development and progression of a variety of human malignancies are associated with dysregulated activity of the insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) system. In this regard, promising drugs have been developed to target the IGF‐I receptor or its ligands. These therapies are limited by the development of insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia, which in turn, may stimulate cancer growth. Novel therapeutic approaches are, therefore, required. Synthetic PPAR‐γagonists, such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs), are drugs universally used as antidiabetic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition of acting as insulin sensitizers, PPAR‐γagonists mediate in vitro and in vivo pleiotropic anticancer effects. At least some of these effects appear to be linked with the downregulation of the IGF system, which is induced by the cross‐talk of PPAR‐γagonists with multiple components of the IGF system signaling. As hyperinsulinemia is an emerging cancer risk factor, the insulin lowering action of PPAR‐γagonists may be expected to be also beneficial to reduce cancer development and/or progression. In light of these evidences, TZDs or other PPAR‐γagonists may be exploited in those tumors “addicted” to the IGF signaling and/or in tumors occurring in hyperinsulinemic patients.
Historic Evolution of Open Cingulectomy and Stereotactic Cingulotomy in the Management of Medically Intractable Psychiatric Disorders, Pain and Drug Addiction
Authors: Brotis Alexandros G. , Kapsalaki Eftychia Z. , Paterakis Konstantinos , Smith Joseph R. , Fountas Kostas N.
Published: July 2009

Stereotactic cingulotomy constitutes a psychosurgical procedure nowadays advocated in the treatment of medically intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder, chronic pain and drug addiction. From its theoretical conception to the first cingulectomies performed and modern stereotactic-guided cingulotomies, various target localization methods, different surgical techniques, and numerous lesioning devices have been utilized. In the current article, the authors performed a literature review related to cingular lesion placement in an effort to identify misconceptions of the past, recapitulate existing knowledge and recognize targets for further research. The initial animal and human electrophysiologic experimental data regarding the role of the cingulate cortex in various behavioral and cognitive functions were meticulously reviewed. The clinical indications, surgical technique and the clinical results and complications of open cingulectomies were examined. The anatomic target localization methodologies, surgical technique, and the outcome of the initial stereotactic cingulotomy procedures were reviewed, and the evolution of the imaging techniques, stereotactic devices, and lesioning strategies were followed. The modern advanced surgical techniques, clinical outcome and the procedure-associated complications were analyzed with particular emphasis on the emotional, behavioral, and cognitive procedure-induced changes. Large-scale prospective studies with strict inclusion and well-defined, objective outcome criteria are necessary for defining the role of stereotactic cingulotomy in the current psychosurgical armamentarium.
Behavioural Effects of Near-Term Acute Fetal Hypoxia in a Small Precocial Animal, the Spiny Mouse (Acomys cahirinus)
Authors: Ireland Zoe , Dickinson Hayley , Fleiss Bobbi , Hutton Lisa C. , Walker David W.
Published: July 2009

We have previously developed a model of near-term intra-uterine hypoxia producing significant neonatal mortality (37%) in a small laboratory animal – the spiny mouse – which has precocial offspring at birth. The aim of the present study was to determine if this insult resulted in the appearance of behavioural abnormalities in those offspring which survived the hypoxic delivery. Behavioural tests assessed gait (using footprint patterns), motor coordination and balance on an accelerating rotarod, and spontaneous locomotion and exploration in an open field. We found that the near-term acute hypoxic episode produced a mild neurological deficit in the early postnatal period. In comparison to vaginally delivered controls, hypoxia pups were able to remain on the accelerating rotarod for significantly shorter durations on postnatal days 1–2, and in the open field they travelled significantly shorter distances, jumped less, and spent a greater percentage of time stationary on postnatal days 5 and 15. No changes were observed in gait. Unlike some rodent models of cerebral hypoxia-ischaemia, macroscopic examination of the brain on postnatal day 5 showed no gross cystic lesions, oedema or infarct. Future studies should be directed at identifying hypoxia-induced alterations in the function of specific brain regions, and assessing if maternal administration of neuroprotective agents can prevent against hypoxia-induced neurological deficits and brain damage that occur at birth.
Specificity of Gβγ Signaling Depends on Gα Subunit Coupling with G-Protein-Sensitive K+ Channels
Authors: Geng Xian , Du Xiao-na , Rusinova Radda , Liu Bo-yi , Li Fang , Zhang Xuan , Chen Xing-juan , Logothetis Diomedes E. , Zhang Hai-lin
Published: July 2009

Many neurotransmitters activate G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir3) channels by stimulating G-protein-coupled receptors. However, in native systems, only receptors coupled to pertussis-toxin (PTX)-sensitive G proteins (Gi/Go) have been shown to be able to activate Kir3 channels through the βγ subunits of G proteins (Gβγ), whereas activation of receptors coupled to PTX-insensitive G proteins such as Gq or Gs do not activate Kir3 channels. The question remains as to how signaling specificity is achieved and what are its key determinants. In this study, we have used the Xenopus oocyte expression system to investigate specific activation of Kir3 channels by heterotrimeric G proteins. We have demonstrated the activation of Kir3.4 channels by agonist stimulation of non-PTX-sensitive G proteins under conditions of Gα subunit overexpression. We present evidence to suggest a key role for the coupling efficiency of Gα subunits in determining the specificity of Gβγ signaling to the channel.
Comparative Study of Intravitreal Bevacizumab (Avastin) versus Ranibizumab (Lucentis) in the Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Landa Gennady , Amde Wendewessen , Doshi Vatsal , Ali Amro , McGevna Laura , Gentile Ronald C. , Muldoon Thomas O. , Walsh Joseph B. , Rosen Richard B.
Published: July 2009

Aims: To compare the safety and efficacy of 2 anti-vascular-endothelial-growth-factor agents – bevacizumab (Avastin) versus ranibizumab (Lucentis) – in the treatment of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients who received intravitreal injections of bevacizumab or ranibizumab for neovascular AMD. Primary outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central foveal thickness (CFT) assessed by Spectral Domain scanning laser ophthalmoscope-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). A secondary outcome measure was the report of any adverse events in the 2 groups. Results: The number of injections in the bevacizumab group was 184 (average of 4.7 per eye) compared to 187 in the ranibizumab group (average of 5.5 per eye). The mean logMAR equivalent of BCVA at 1 month after the injection improved by 0.18 in the bevacizumab group (p = 0.009) and by 0.13 in the ranibizumab group (p = 0.004). The average SD-OCT CFT decreased from 325 ± 72 to 300 ± 69 μm in the bevacizumab group (p = 0.016) and from 307 ± 57 to 289 ± 56 μm in the ranibizumab group (p = 0.017). In the bevacizumab group, there was 1 event of lower extremity pain (0.54%) and 1 event of increased arterial blood pressure (0.54%). In the ranibizumab group, there were 2 events of transiently increased intraocular pressure (1.1%) and 1 event (0.53%) of intraocular inflammation following injection. Conclusions: Bevacizumab and ranibizumab treatments resulted in similar gains in visual acuity and reduction in macular thickness, documented each month following injection. Intravitreal bevacizumab appears to be as safe and effective as intravitreal ranibizumab in the treatment of exudative AMD.
Central Mineralocorticoid Receptors and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Gomez Sanchez Elise P.
Published: July 2009

The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is expressed in many cell types throughout the body, including specific neurons, and mediates diverse functions, many of which are just now being appreciated. MR that pertain to the central modulation of cardiovascular function and health are addressed herein.
Correlation between Psychometric Tests and Mismatch Negativity in Preschool Children
Authors: Bauer Patricia , Burger Martin , Kummer Peter , Lohscheller Joerg , Eysholdt Ullrich , Doellinger Michael
Published: July 2009

The objective was to determine whether mismatch negativity (MMN) is suitable to supplement subjective psychometric subtests of central hearing. We assessed 13 healthy children and 32 children with central auditory processing disorder (CAPD). Three different types of sound deviants were presented in a multi-deviant MMN design. At group level, the incidence of MMN was always higher in clinically diagnosed controls. Children with better results in the subtest Auditory Memory Span had a higher incidence of MMN. The controls also had peak latencies that occurred significantly earlier in frontal, central and temporal electrode sites. The area under the curve (AUC) displayed an asymmetric distribution in CAPD children, who tended to have a left-hemispheric dominance. AUC, peak latency, and the incidence of MMN reflected the discriminative ability of CAPD children. Hence, these characteristics could be used for investigating children with deficits in central hearing and can supplement psychometric tests.
Increased Iron Requirement in Hemodialysis Patients on Antiplatelet Agents or Warfarin
Authors: Flint Shaun , Taylor Emma , Beavis Jennifer , Becker Gavin J. , Pedagogos Eugenie
Published: July 2009

Background/Aims: Many hemodialysis patients receive antiplatelet therapy or warfarin; however, little is known about the effect of this on iron requirements. Given the association of antiplatelet therapy with bleeding we hypothesized that there should be a greater need for iron in such patients, which we tested in this study. Methods: Retrospective 1-year cohort study of 205 chronic hemodialysis patients. The primary outcome variable was total iron dose, which was analyzed according to antiplatelet/warfarin use. Data were also collected on potential confounders, allowing for both unadjusted and adjusted (multiple regression) analysis. Results: 97/205 patients received antiplatelet/warfarin therapy. This group was older, with a higher incidence of macrovascular disease and diabetes and a higher median C-reactive protein (6.0 vs. 3.75 mg/l). Overall, median iron requirement was 1,300 mg/year. In a multiple regression analysis, antiplatelet/warfarin use was associated with an additional iron requirement of 703 mg (95% confidence interval 188–1,220 mg), with the strongest effect observed in patients with normal inflammatory markers. Conclusion: We found a high requirement for iron in patients receiving antiplatelet agents/warfarin. We argue that the most likely mechanism for this association is chronic, low-grade blood loss, although further study is required before causality can be established.
Toll-Like Receptors and Renal Disease
Authors: Robson Michael G.
Published: July 2009

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in the response of both the innate and the adaptive immune system to microbial ligands. There is also evidence that they are stimulated by endogenous ligands. In this review, I discuss evidence that they are important in renal disease. This discussion considers the role of both endogenous and microbial ligands, and also the contribution of TLRs present on leucocytes and on intrinsic renal cells. There is strong evidence of a role for TLR2 and TLR4 in renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury, with the effects probably mediated by endogenous ligands. In systemic lupus erythematosus, stimulation of TLR7 and TLR9 by host-derived nucleic acids is important. TLR7 stimulation exacerbates disease, but the role of TLR9 is complex. I also discuss evidence that they are important in other forms of glomerulonephritis, with evidence derived mainly from experimental models in which exogenous ligands have been administered.
Early Ontogeny of the Olfactory Organ in a Basal Actinopterygian Fish: Polypterus
Authors: Zeiske Eckart , Bartsch Peter , Hansen Anne
Published: July 2009

The present study employed light and electron microscopic methods to investigate the ontogenetic origin of the olfactory organ in bichirs (Cladistia: Polypteridae) and explore its evolution among osteichthyans. In former studies we demonstrated that in teleosts a subepidermal layer gives rise to the olfactory placode which in turn builds all types of olfactory cells (basal, receptor, supporting, ciliated non-sensory cells). In contrast, the olfactory placodes in sturgeons (Chondrostei: Acipenseridae) as well as in the clawed frog Xenopus laevis (Anura: Pipidae) originate from two different layers. Receptor neurons derive from cells of the subepidermal (sensory) layer and supporting cells from epidermal cells. As sturgeons and amphibians in some characters show a more primitive condition than teleosts, we extended our study to Polypterus to allow for an approach at the basic osteichthyan pattern. In Polypterus, an internal lumen occurs in early ontogenetic stages surrounded by the epithelium of the olfactory placode. Two different populations of supporting cells follow one another: a primary population derives from the subepidermal layer. Later supporting cells develop from epidermal cells by transdifferentiation. The primary opening of the internal lumen to the exterior develops by invagination from the epidermal surface and simultaneously by a counter-directed process of cell dissociation and fragmentation inside the olfactory placode. Our results indicate the following features to be plesiomorphic actinopterygian character states: The primary olfactory pit (prospective olfactory cavity) is formed by invagination of the epidermal and the subepidermal layer (as in Acipenser and Xenopus). The incurrent and excurrent nostrils derive from a single primary opening which elongates and is then separated by an epidermal bridge into the two external openings (as in Acipenser and many teleosts). The olfactory epithelium derives from an epidermal and a subepidermal layer (as in Acipenser and Xenopus). Apomorphic (derived actinopterygian) features are: (1) an internal lumen as primordium of the future olfactory chamber; (2) a subepidermal layer gives rise to the olfactory epithelium and its constituents (Polypterus and teleosts). As to the origin of the olfactory supporting cells in Polypterus we assume a combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic characters. We conclude that Acipenser and Xenopus exhibit the most widely distributed features among basal osteognathostomes and thus ancestral character states in the development of the olfactory organs.
Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Somatic Disorders
Authors: Abbass Allan , Kisely Stephen , Kroenke Kurt
Published: July 2009

Background: Somatic symptom disorders are common, disabling and costly. Individually provided short-term psychodynamic psychotherapies (STPP) have shown promising results. However, the effectiveness of STPP for somatic symptom disorders has not been reviewed. Methods: We undertook a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and controlled before and after studies. The outcomes included psychological symptoms, physical symptoms, social-occupational function, healthcare utilization and treatment continuation. Results: A total of 23 studies met the inclusion criteria and covered a broad range of somatic disorders. Thirteen were RCTs and 10 were case series with pre-post outcome assessment. Of the included studies, 21/23 (91.3%), 11/12 (91.6%), 16/19 (76.2%) and 7/9 (77.8%) reported significant or possible effects on physical symptoms, psychological symptoms, social-occupational function and healthcare utilization respectively. Meta-analysis was possible for 14 studies and revealed significant effects on physical symptoms, psychiatric symptoms and social adjustment which were maintained in long-term follow-up. Random-effect modeling attenuated some of these relationships. There was a 54% greater treatment retention in the STPP group versus controls. Conclusion: STPP may be effective for a range of medical and physical conditions underscoring the role of patients’ emotional adjustment in overall health. Future research should include high-quality randomized and clinical effectiveness studies with attention to healthcare use and costs.
Sclerosing Nevus with Pseudomelanomatous Features (Nevus with Regression-Like Fibrosis): Clinical and Dermoscopic Features of a Recently Characterized Histopathologic Entity
Authors: Ferrara Gerardo , Giorgio Caterina M. , Zalaudek Iris , Broganelli Paolo , Pellacani Giovanni , Tomasini Carlo , Argenziano Giuseppe
Published: July 2009

Background: Sclerosing nevi with pseudomelanomatous features or, else, nevi with regression-like fibrosis (NRLF) are histopathologic simulators of regressing melanoma. Objective: We aimed at evaluating the clinical features in a series of NRLF. Methods: Dermoscopic images of NRLF were re-evaluated according to the amount of regression, the presence of white/blue areas and the 7-point checklist. Results: Forty-six lesions from 44 patients (M:F = 3.4:1; mean age: 42 years) were evaluated. Thirty-seven lesions were excised from the back, mostly from the scapular area. All the lesions were dermoscopically atypical, with large amounts of regression (>10% in 43 cases) and with coexistence of white and blue areas (41 cases). According to the 7-point checklist, 25 lesions were labeled as benign, probably because regression obscured other dermoscopic features of atypia. Conclusion: NRLF are mostly found in the convex area of the back. A better recognition of their clinicopathologic features can allow a more conservative management.
Combination Therapy with Clindamycin and Rifampicin for Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Series of 116 Consecutive Patients
Authors: Gener G. , Canoui-Poitrine F. , Revuz J.E. , Faye O. , Poli F. , Gabison G. , Pouget F. , Viallette C. , Wolkenstein P. , Bastuji-Garin S.
Published: July 2009

Background: Antibiotics are frequently used to treat hidradenitis suppurativa (HS); however, few data on their efficacy are available. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a combination of systemic clindamycin (300 mg twice daily) and rifampicin (600 mg daily) in the treatment of patients with severe HS. Methods: Patients (n = 116) who received this combination were studied retrospectively. The main outcome measure was the severity of the disease, assessed by the Sartorius score, before and after 10 weeks of treatment. Results: The Sartorius score dramatically improved at the end of treatment (median = 29, interquartile range = 14.5, vs. median = 14.5, interquartile range = 11; p < 0.001), as did other parameters of severity as well as the quality of life score. Eight patients (6.9%) stopped the treatment because of side effects. Conclusion: The combination of clindamycin and rifampicin is effective in the treatment of severe HS.
Functional Analysis of a Unique Troponin C Mutation, GLY159ASP, that Causes Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Studied in Explanted Heart Muscle
Authors: Dyer Emma C. , Jacques Adam M. , Hoskins Anita C. , Ward Douglas G. , Gallon Clare E. , Messer Andrew E. , Kaski Juan Pablo , Burch Michael , Kentish Jonathan C. , Marston Steven B.
Published: July 2009

Background—

Familial dilated cardiomyopathy can be caused by mutations in the proteins of the muscle thin filament. In vitro, these mutations decrease Ca
2+
sensitivity and cross-bridge turnover rate, but the mutations have not been investigated in human tissue. We studied the Ca
2+
-regulatory properties of myocytes and troponin extracted from the explanted heart of a patient with inherited dilated cardiomyopathy due to the cTnC G159D mutation.

Methods and Results—

Mass spectroscopy showed that the mutant cTnC was expressed approximately equimolar with wild-type cTnC. Contraction was compared in skinned ventricular myocytes from the cTnC G159D patient and nonfailing donor heart. Maximal Ca
2+
-activated force was similar in cTnC G159D and donor myocytes, but the Ca
2+
sensitivity of cTnC G159D myocytes was higher (EC
50
G159D/donor=0.60). Thin filaments reconstituted with skeletal muscle actin and human cardiac tropomyosin and troponin were studied by in vitro motility assay. Thin filaments containing the mutation had a higher Ca
2+
sensitivity (EC
50
G159D/donor=0.55�0.13), whereas the maximally activated sliding speed was unaltered. In addition, the cTnC G159D mutation blunted the change in Ca
2+
sensitivity when TnI was dephosphorylated. With wild-type troponin, Ca
2+
sensitivity was increased (EC
50
P/unP=4.7�1.9) but not with cTnC G159D troponin (EC
50
P/unP=1.2�0.1).

Conclusions—

We propose that uncoupling of the relationship between phosphorylation and Ca
2+
sensitivity could be the cause of the dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype. The differences between these data and previous in vitro results show that native phosphorylation of troponin I and troponin T and other posttranslational modifications of sarcomeric proteins strongly influence the functional effects of a mutation.
Identification and Functional Characterization of Cardiac Troponin I As a Novel Disease Gene in Autosomal Dominant Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Carballo Sebastian , Robinson Paul , Otway Robyn , Fatkin Diane , Jongbloed Jan D.H. , de Jonge Nicolaas , Blair Edward , van Tintelen J. Peter , Redwood Charles , Watkins Hugh
Published: July 2009

Rationale:

Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is inherited in approximately one third of cases, usually as an autosomal dominant trait. More than 30 loci have been identified, several of which encode sarcomeric proteins which can also be mutated to cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. One contractile protein gene well known as a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy disease gene, but with no reported mutation in autosomal dominant DCM, is
TNNI3
which encodes cardiac troponin I.

Objective:

To test
TNNI3
as a candidate gene, a panel of 96 probands with DCM was analyzed.

Methods and Results:

Genomic DNA was isolated and
TNNI3
exons screened by heteroduplex analysis. Exons with aberrant profiles were sequenced and variants evaluated by segregation analysis and study of normal controls. We report 2 novel
TNNI3
missense mutations, Lys36Gln and Asn185Lys, each associated with severe and early onset familial DCM. Of the 5 mutation carriers, cardiac transplantation was required in 3, at ages 6, 15, and 24 years. Analysis of Ca
2+
regulation of actin-tropomyosin–activated myosin ATPase by troponin revealed that troponin reconstituted with either mutant troponin I gave lower maximum ATPase rates and lower Ca
2+
sensitivity than wild type. Furthermore, mutant thin filaments had reduced Ca
2+
affinity compared with normal.

Conclusions:

The functional alterations mirror closely a consistent phenotype found in proven DCM mutations in other thin filament proteins, thus supporting the interpretation that these mutations are disease-causing. These are the first reported autosomal dominant DCM-causing mutations in
TNNI3
, and so the findings expand the spectrum of disease-causing genes that lead to either hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or DCM depending on the specific mutation.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α–Converting Enzyme Is a Key Regulator of Agonist-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis
Authors: Wang Xiang , Oka Tatsujiro , Chow Fung L. , Cooper Stephan B. , Odenbach Jeff , Lopaschuk Gary D. , Kassiri Zamaneh , Fernandez-Patron Carlos
Published: July 2009

Cardiac remodeling is associated with hypertrophy and fibrosis processes, which may depend on the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and “a disintegrin and metalloproteinases” (ADAMs). We investigated whether ADAM-17 (tumor necrosis factor-α–converting enzyme [TACE]) plays a role in agonist-induced cardiac remodeling and the relationships established among TACE, MMP-2, and ADAM-12. We targeted TACE in rodent models of spontaneous and agonist-induced hypertension using RNA interference combined with quantitative RT-PCR, activity determinations, and functional studies. Treatment of spontaneously hypertensive rats with previously validated TACE small-interfering RNA for 28 days resulted in systemic knockdown of TACE expression. TACE knockdown effectively stopped the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Mice receiving angiotensin II (1.4 mg/kg per day for 12 days) exhibited cardiac hypertrophy, as well as fibrosis, which was associated with elevated myocardial expression of molecular markers of hypertrophy (α-skeletal actin, β-myosin heavy chain, and brain natriuretic peptide) and fibrosis (collagen types I and III and fibronectin), as well as MMP-2 and ADAM-12. Treatment with TACE small-interfering RNA (but not with PBS or luciferase small-interfering RNA) inhibited TACE expression, thus preventing angiotensin II–induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Moreover, knockdown of TACE inhibited angiotensin II–induced overexpression of markers of myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, as well as ADAM-12 and MMP-2. These findings provide the first in vivo evidence that agonist-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis processes are signaled through TACE, which acts through novel pathways involving transcriptional regulation of ADAM-12 and MMP-2. Targeting TACE has potential therapeutic importance for modulating agonist-induced cardiac remodeling.
Brain Temperature Measured Using Proton MR Spectroscopy Detects Cerebral Hemodynamic Impairment in Patients With Unilateral Chronic Major Cerebral Artery Steno-Occlusive Disease
Authors: Ishigaki Daiya , Ogasawara Kuniaki , Yoshioka Yoshichika , Chida Kohei , Sasaki Makoto , Fujiwara Shunrou , Aso Kenta , Kobayashi Masakazu , Yoshida Kenji , Terasaki Kazunori , Inoue Takashi , Ogawa Akira
Published: July 2009

Background and Purpose—

Brain temperature is determined by the balance between heat produced by cerebral energy turnover and heat removed by cerebral blood flow. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether brain temperature measured noninvasively using proton MR spectroscopy can detect cerebral hemodynamic impairment in patients with unilateral chronic internal carotid or middle cerebral artery occlusive disease when compared with positron emission tomography.

Methods—

Brain temperature, cerebral blood flow, and metabolism were measured using proton MR spectroscopy and
15
O-positron emission tomography, respectively, in 21 normal subjects and 37 patients. Positron emission tomography images were coregistered with MR images and resliced automatically using image analysis software. Regions of interest placed in both cerebral hemispheres on MR images were automatically superimposed in these resliced positron emission tomography images.

Results—

A significant correlation was observed between brain temperature difference (affected hemisphere–contralateral hemisphere) and both cerebral blood volume and oxygen extraction fraction ratio (affected hemisphere/contralateral hemisphere;
r
=0.607;
P
=0.0004 and
r
=0.631;
P
=0.0002). With abnormally elevated cerebral blood volume or oxygen extraction fraction ratio defined as higher than the mean +2 SDs obtained from normal subjects, brain temperature difference provided 86% or 92% sensitivity and 87% or 84% specificity with 80% or 73% positive and 91% or 95% negative predictive values for detecting abnormally elevated cerebral blood volume or oxygen extraction fraction ratios, respectively.

Conclusions—

Brain temperature measured using proton MR spectroscopy can detect cerebral hemodynamic impairment in patients with unilateral chronic major cerebral artery steno-occlusive disease.
National Board Certification and Teachers' Career Paths: Does NBPTS Certification Influence How Long Teachers Remain in the Profession and Where They Teach?
Authors: Goldhaber Dan , Hansen Michael
Published: July 2009

Investment in the certification of teachers by the National Board of Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) represents a significant policy initiative for the nation's public school teachers. This article investigates the potential impact of NBPTS certification on teachers' career paths. Using a competing risks model on data from North Carolina public schools, we find evidence that those teachers who apply to NBPTS are more likely to be mobile than are nonapplicants, particularly after they have gone through the certification process. Regression discontinuity estimates suggest that National Board–certified teachers are more likely than unsuccessful applicants to leave the North Carolina public school system and that this appears to result from certified teachers exiting high-minority schools, particularly Charlotte-Mecklenburg schools.
Should a High School Adopt Advanced Placement or a Concurrent Enrollment Program? An Expected Benefit Approach
Authors: Dutkowsky Donald H. , Evensky Jerry M. , Edmonds Gerald S.
Published: July 2009

This article provides an explicit framework for evaluating the expected benefit to college-bound students of courses offered by Advanced Placement (AP) versus concurrent enrollment programs (CEP). District personnel can use it to assess the relative merits of these programs, given the characteristics of their students, in deciding which model to implement or maintain. Simulations reveal that CEP generally provides a higher expected benefit for districts where students who take the course attend private colleges or universities (including public institutions out of state) and perform on the AP exam around national norms. AP favors high schools where students taking the course either face inexpensive costs for study at institutions of higher education or perform exceptionally well on the AP exam. Information from a sample of 240 colleges and universities reveals that few explicitly reject AP or CEP for credit if the student meets a minimum criterion, although more information is provided for AP.
In Search of a New Equilibrium: Economic Aspects of Higher Education's Changing Faculty Composition
Authors: Monk David H. , Dooris Michael J. , Erickson Rodney A.
Published: July 2009

This article examines the interconnected phenomena of recruitment, retention, and utilization of faculty at research universities, with special emphasis on the changing mix of tenure track and contingent (i.e., fixed term) faculty members. The authors argue, based upon both national data and detailed information from a particular institution, that powerful economic forces are prompting research universities to rethink fundamental strategies about the core academic workforce.
New Names for Known Things: On the Association of Novel Word Forms with Existing Semantic Information
Authors: Dobel Christian , Junghöfer Markus , Breitenstein Caterina , Klauke Benedikt , Knecht Stefan , Pantev Christo , Zwitserlood Pienie
Published: July 2009

The plasticity of the adult memory network for integrating novel word forms (lexemes) was investigated with whole-head magnetoencephalography (MEG). We showed that spoken word forms of an (artificial) foreign language are integrated rapidly and successfully into existing lexical and conceptual memory networks. The new lexemes were learned in an untutored way, by pairing them frequently with one particular object (and thus meaning), and infrequently with 10 other objects (learned set). Other novel word forms were encountered just as often, but paired with many different objects (nonlearned set). Their impact on semantic memory was assessed with cross-modal priming, with novel word forms as primes and object pictures as targets. The MEG counterpart of the N400 (N400m) served as an indicator of a semantic (mis)match between words and pictures. Prior to learning, all novel words induced a pronounced N400m mismatch effect to the pictures. This component was strongly reduced after training for the learned novel lexemes only, and now closely resembled the brain's response to semantically related native-language words. This result cannot be explained by mere stimulus repetition or stimulus–stimulus association. Thus, learned novel words rapidly gained access to existing conceptual representations, as effectively as related native-language words. This association of novel lexemes and conceptual information happened fast and almost without effort. Neural networks mediating these integration processes were found within left temporal lobe, an area typically described as one of the main generators of the N400 response.
Lexical Competition in Nonnative Speech Comprehension
Authors: FitzPatrick Ian , Indefrey Peter
Published: July 2009

Electrophysiological studies consistently find N400 effects of semantic incongruity in nonnative (L2) language comprehension. These N400 effects are often delayed compared with native (L1) comprehension, suggesting that semantic integration in one's second language occurs later than in one's first language. In this study, we investigated whether such a delay could be attributed to (1) intralingual lexical competition and/or (2) interlingual lexical competition. We recorded EEG from Dutch–English bilinguals who listened to English (L2) sentences in which the sentence-final word was (a) semantically fitting and (b) semantically incongruent or semantically incongruent but initially congruent due to sharing initial phonemes with (c) the most probable sentence completion within the L2 or (d) the L1 translation equivalent of the most probable sentence completion. We found an N400 effect in each of the semantically incongruent conditions. This N400 effect was significantly delayed to L2 words but not to L1 translation equivalents that were initially congruent with the sentence context. Taken together, these findings firstly demonstrate that semantic integration in nonnative listening can start based on word initial phonemes (i.e., before a single lexical candidate could have been selected based on the input) and secondly suggest that spuriously elicited L1 lexical candidates are not available for semantic integration in L2 speech comprehension.
Ketamine Modulates Theta and Gamma Oscillations
Authors: Lazarewicz Maciej T. , Ehrlichman Richard S. , Maxwell Christina R. , Gandal Michael J. , Finkel Leif H. , Siegel Steven J.
Published: July 2009

Ketamine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor glutamatergic antagonist, has been studied as a model of schizophrenia when applied in subanesthetic doses. In EEG studies, ketamine affects sensory gating and alters the oscillatory characteristics of neuronal signals in a complex manner. We investigated the effects of ketamine on in vivo recordings from the CA3 region of mouse hippocampus referenced to the ipsilateral frontal sinus using a paired-click auditory gating paradigm. One issue of particular interest was elucidating the effect of ketamine on background network activity, poststimulus evoked and induced activity. We find that ketamine attenuates the theta frequency band in both background activity and in poststimulus evoked activity. Ketamine also disrupts a late, poststimulus theta power reduction seen in control recordings. In the gamma frequency range, ketamine enhances both background and evoked power, but decreases relative induced power. These findings support a role for NMDA receptors in mediating the balance between theta and gamma responses to sensory stimuli, with possible implications for dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Critique of the Mrkšić Trial Chamber (ICTY) Judgment: A Re-evaluation on Whether Soldiers Hors de Combat Are Entitled to Recognition as Victims of Crimes Against Humanity
Authors: Singh Hansdeep
Published: July 2009

On 27 September 2007, the Mrkšić Trial Chamber held that the unlawful killing of soldiers hors de combat ("out of the battle") did not entitle them to recognition as victims of crimes against humanity under Article 5 of the ICTY Statute. This article critically analyses the Court's mischaracterization of precedent, revealing both historical and contemporary support for a broader definition of "civilian population" under Article 5. Moreover, by looking at case law and statutes from Nuremberg, foreign countries, and international courts, a continuous pattern that encompasses soldiers hors de combat within the definition of "civilian population" begins to emerge. Ultimately, to validate the increasing role of international humanitarian and human rights law, international criminal law must provide greater protections for those most vulnerable, in this case, soldiers hors de combat.
Selecting Video Clips to Promote Mathematics Teachers' Discussion of Student Thinking
Authors: Sherin Miriam Gamoran , Linsenmeier Katherine A. , van Es Elizabeth A.
Published: July 2009

This study explores the use of video clips from teachers' own classrooms as a resource for investigating student mathematical thinking. Three dimensions for characterizing video clips of student mathematical thinking are introduced: the extent to which a clip provides windows into student thinking, the depth of thinking shown, and the clarity of the thinking. Twenty-six video clips were rated as being low, medium, or high on each dimension. Corresponding teacher discussions of each video were then examined to identify the ways in which clip dimensions served as catalysts for more and less productive teacher conversations of student mathematical thinking. Findings include first, that, under certain circumstances, both low-and high-depth clips lead to productive discussions. Second, high-depth clips in which student thinking is sustained only briefly do not typically lead to productive discussions. Third, in cases where windows and depth are both high, clips that are either low or high in clarity resulted in productive conversations of student thinking on the part of teachers.
Playing Favorites: The Influence of Leaders' Inner Circle on Group Processes and Performance
Authors: Burris Ethan R. , Rodgers Matthew S. , Mannix Elizabeth A. , Hendron Michael G. , Oldroyd James B.
Published: July 2009

Leaders frequently form stronger relationships with certain subordinates moreso than others, creating an inner circle of close friendships and an outer circle of more distant relationships. Three studies examine the effects of inner-circle membership on group dynamics and interpersonal influence in hierarchical teams. Study 1 finds that, compared to outer-circle members, inner-circle members feel safer and participate in the group discussion more, and leaders recognize them as making a greater contribution and allocate a larger bonus to them. Consequently, inner-circle members influence the groups' decisions more, and team decision quality improves when inner-circle members possess expert knowledge. Study 2 finds that leaders attended to and recalled suggestions from their inner circle more regardless of argument strength, suggesting heuristic information processing. Study 3 replicates these findings using intact teams in a large governmental agency. Implications for leadership and group decision making are discussed.
Rolling Bearing Fault Classification Based on Envelope Spectrum and Support Vector Machine
Authors: Lei Guo  , Jin Chen  , Xinglin Li
Published: July 2009

Based upon Hilbert envelope spectrum and support vector machine (SVM), a method for the fault diagnosis of rolling bearing is proposed in this paper. Targeting the modulation characteristics of rolling bearing fault vibration signals, the Hilbert transform based envelope spectrum analysis is used to extract fault bearing features. In the envelope spectrum, character frequencies are quite clear and can be used as a reliable source of information for bearing diagnosis. Basic SVM is originally designed for two-class classification problem, while bearing fault diagnosis is multi-class case. A new bearing fault diagnosis system based on “one to others” SVM algorithm is presented to solve the multi-class recognition problems. Practical vibration signals measured from rolling bearings with ball fault, inner race fault and outer race fault are analyzed by the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method provides accurate diagnosis and good diagnostic resolution.
A Differential-difference Approach for the Modeling of Electrical Floor Heating Systems
Authors: Pakanen J.E. , Saastamoinen J.J.
Published: July 2009

During recent years, many papers have been published concerning dimensioning, analysis, and control of floor heating. A central issue in all these activities is to create a suitable model, which explains the thermal behavior of the floor and its environment. The article introduces a differential-difference approach, which is believed to be new in floor heating modeling. The proposed method is applied in a slab, a semi-infinite and infinite solid, which are connected to electrical heating. The results are compared with the corresponding analytical solution. This also concerns the proportional heating control applied in the infinite solid. The comparison reveals the characteristic features of the differential-difference solution, which are briefly discussed. The first results are encouraging and show good model behavior.
Cartilage Repair
Authors: Clair Benjamin L. , Johnson Adam R. , Howard Timothy
Published: July 2009

Currently, there are many options in cartilage repair. These cartilage repair techniques can generally be categorized into 3 groups: marrow stimulation—based techniques, osteochondral transfer techniques, and cell-based cartilage repair techniques. This review article presents an overview of these techniques, indications for usage, advantages and disadvantages of each, and a current review of applications in foot and ankle surgery.
The repertoire of G-protein-coupled receptors in Xenopus tropicalis
Authors: Ji Yanping , Zhang Zhen , Hu Yinghe
Published: July 2009

Background

The G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily represents the largest protein family in the human genome. These proteins have a variety of physiological functions that give them well recognized roles in clinical medicine. InXenopus tropicalis, a widely used animal model for physiology research, the repertoire of GPCRs may help link the GPCR evolutionary history in vertebrates from teleost fish to mammals.

Results

We have identified 1452 GPCRs in theX. tropicalisgenome. Phylogenetic analyses classified these receptors into the following seven families:Glutamate,Rhodopsin,Adhesion,Frizzled,Secretin,Taste 2andVomeronasal 1. Nearly 70% ofX. tropicalisGPCRs are represented by the following three types of receptors thought to receive chemosensory information from the outside world: olfactory, vomeronasal 1 and vomeronasal 2 receptors.

Conclusion

X. tropicalisshares a more similar repertoire of GPCRs with mammals than it does with fish. An examination of the three major groups of receptors related to olfactory/pheromone detection shows that inX. tropicalis, these groups have undergone lineage specific expansion. A comparison of GPCRs inX. tropicalis, teleost fish and mammals reveals the GPCR evolutionary history in vertebrates.
Protein disorder in the human diseasome: unfoldomics of human genetic diseases
Authors: Midic Uros , Oldfield Christopher J , Dunker A Keith , Obradovic Zoran , Uversky Vladimir N
Published: July 2009

Background

Intrinsically disordered proteins lack stable structure under physiological conditions, yet carry out many crucial biological functions, especially functions associated with regulation, recognition, signaling and control. Recently, human genetic diseases and related genes were organized into a bipartite graph (Goh KI, Cusick ME, Valle D, Childs B, Vidal M, et al. (2007) The human disease network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104: 8685–8690). This diseasome network revealed several significant features such as the common genetic origin of many diseases.

Methods and findings

We analyzed the abundance of intrinsic disorder in these diseasome network proteins by means of several prediction algorithms, and we analyzed the functional repertoires of these proteins based on prior studies relating disorder to function. Our analyses revealed that (i) Intrinsic disorder is common in proteins associated with many human genetic diseases; (ii) Different disease classes vary in the IDP contents of their associated proteins; (iii) Molecular recognition features, which are relatively short loosely structured protein regions within mostly disordered sequences and which gain structure upon binding to partners, are common in the diseasome, and their abundance correlates with the intrinsic disorder level; (iv) Some disease classes have a significant fraction of genes affected by alternative splicing, and the alternatively spliced regions in the corresponding proteins are predicted to be highly disordered; and (v) Correlations were found among the various diseasome graph-related properties and intrinsic disorder.

Conclusion

These observations provide the basis for the construction of the human-genetic-disease-associated unfoldome.