bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A-105 Perceived Workload and Depression on the Rey 15-Item Recall and Recognition Test: The Impact of Ethnicity and Brain Injury
Authors: Cervantes Raymundo , Lopez-Hernandez Daniel W , Olmos Winter , Bichlmeier Amy , Rugh-Fraser Rachel A , Victor Tara L , Munoz Raelynn B , Mangassarian Selina , Fatoorechi Sarah , Bueno Alexis , Lopez Enrique , Nordberg Bethany A , Hovda David A , Vespa Paul M , Graub Nick , Fuster Joaquin M , Woo Ellen , Hardy David J , Boone Kyle B , Wright Matthew J
Published: August 2021

Introduction

We examined the impact of perceived workload and depressive symptoms on Rey-15 plus recognition (RMT) in ethnic minority participants with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods

The sample consisted of 63 healthy comparison [HC: 38 with ethnic minority status (EM) & 25 non-ethnic minority Caucasian (NEM)] participants and 40 persons with TBI (18 EM; 22 NEM). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to measure depressive symptoms (HADS-D) and the NASA-Task Load Index (NASA TLX) to measure perceived workload.

Results

ANCOVAs revealed that NEM outperformed EM on the RMT, p = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.37. TBI survivors reported higher levels of HADS-D compared to HC participants, p = 0.018, ηp2 = 0.06. Additionally, the EM group reported higher levels of frustration on the RMT compared to NEMs, p = 0.033, ηp2 = 0.05. Interactions emerged for physical demand where NEM participant’s with TBI had higher ratings than EM participants with TBI. For HCs, the EM participants provided higher physical demand ratings than their NEM counterparts, p = 0.029, ηp2 = 0.05. Additionally, a significant relationship between HADS-D and RMT was observed in the healthy NEM participants (r = −0.558, p = 0.004) and NEM participants with TBI (r = −0.288, p = 0.080). Finally, significant relationships between HADS-D and mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, frustration, and overall subjective workload were observed in healthy EM participants, r = 0.342–0.431, p < 0.05.

Conclusion

Consistent with previous research, TBI survivors reported higher levels of depressive symptoms, which were associated with RMT performances. Overall, our data suggest the relationship between perceived workload, depression, and performance is complex and that investigators should interpret performance validity scores in person with TBI, depression, and/or EM status with great care.
A-115 Does Cognitive Reserve Moderate Functional Outcomes for Collegiate Athletes with Sports-Related Concussion?
Authors: Guty Erin T , Cadden Margaret H , Riegler Kaitlin E , Thomas Garrett A , Arnett Peter A
Published: August 2021

Objective

Studies are lacking that examine whether cognitive reserve (CR) plays a role in differential outcomes for individuals in sports-related concussion (SRC), particularly within the acute phase. This study explored the relationship between CR (WTAR FSIQ), concussion severity (total PCSS score), and three separate outcome measures: cognitive functioning, return-to-play (RTP) time, and depression symptoms.

Method

The total sample included 175 (Males = 131, Females = 44) student-athletes at a Division I University, but only a subset of participants had RTP data available (N = 72; Males = 57, Females = 15). Regression analyses were conducted with CR, PCSS, and their interaction as the main predictor variables for the three separate dependent variables (neurocognitive composite, days to RTP, and BDI-FS total). Sex was found to be significantly related to the neurocognitive variable and the RTP variable and was included in those analyses as a covariate.

Results

For the first regression predicting neurocognitive performance, sex (t = 4.63, p < 0.001) was the only significant predictor. For the second regression predicting depression symptoms, PCSS (t = 4.52, p < 0.001) was the only significant predictor. For the third regression predicting RTP time, sex (t = 3.77, p < 0.001) was the only significant predictor.

Conclusion

Our results did not support a significant moderating effect of CR on the relationship between concussion symptom severity and our three outcome measures (cognitive performance, depression symptoms, RTP time). However, sex appeared to be an important predictor for neurocognitive performance, with females performing significantly higher on average than males, and for RTP times, with females having significantly longer RTP times than males.
A-117 Strategic Memory and Advanced Reasoning Training for Rehabilitation of Warfighters with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Bailie Jason , Sargent Paul , Chapman Sandi , Caswell Melissa , Lopez Juan , Basham Angela , Westphal Alia , Barnard Lori , Siblesz Ana , Venza Erin , Zientz Jennifer , Remigio-Baker Rosemay , Babakhanyan Ida
Published: August 2021

Background

Military personnel require a level of cognitive readiness that ensures they function safely and effectively in high-stress situations. Warfighters who experienced a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) often complain of persistent cognitive issues that may impact those abilities. This study presents preliminary data on the efficacy of a 4-week Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART) for warfighter rehabilitation. SMART improves executive functioning in order to enhance overall cognitive abilities.

Methods

This is part of a randomized clinical trial (Validation of Cognitive Enhancement Therapy for mTBI). 22 Marines with prior mTBI and current cognitive complaints; 7 of whom completed SMART and were included in the analysis. Cognitive tests of interest included the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Color Word (CW) and Trail Making (TM).

Results

Improvements were observed on TM Number Sequencing (Pre: M = 9.71, SD = 2.06; Post: M = 11.86, SD = 1.35, p = 0.011, d = 1.37) and approached significance on Letter Sequencing (Pre: M = 10.29, SD = 1.81; Post: M = 12.57, SD = 1.13, p = 0.066, d = 1.26). Though non-significant, a large clinically-relevant effect size was found for Number-Letter Switching (Pre: M = 8.14, SD = 1.95; Post: M = 9.57, SD = 2.15, p = 0.106, d = 0.72). CW performance improved on Inhibition (Pre: M = 5.29, SD = 3.86; Post: M = 8.86, SD = 2.34, p = 0.034, d = 1.03) and Inhibition/Switching (Pre: M = 4.86, SD = 4.06; Post: M = 8.43, SD = 4.12, p = 0.015, d = 1.26).

Conclusions

The SMART program resulted in large improvements in the executive functioning of a small sample of warfighters with persistent cognitive complaints following a mTBI. The results support further examination of the efficacy of SMART for warfighter rehabilitation.
A-119 PPVT Impacted by Neuropathology in Moderate to Severe TBI
Authors: Krch Denise , Frank Lea , Weber Erica
Published: August 2021

Objective

Estimating premorbid intellectual functioning after brain injury is a critical element of determining cognitive decline. However, little research has been conducted on how Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-IV) performs in adults after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Given that PPVT measures receptive vocabulary, it has potential to serve as a hold measure test. The objective was to explore characteristics of PPVT in TBI relative to a commonly used proxy of premorbid function (Wechsler Test of Adult Reading, WTAR).

Method

Sixty-one adults with moderate to severe TBI underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation and structural neuroimaging. Principal components analyses were used to create cognitive composite scores. Pearson’s correlations were conducted to explore the relationships between PPVT/WTAR standard scores (SS) and neuropathology (white matter integrity as whole brain functional anisotropy [FA]). The relationships between PPVT/WTAR SSs and cognitive constructs were similarly examined.

Results

PPVT was significantly related to FA (r = 0.34, p = 0.014). However, there was no relationship between WTAR and neuropathology. PPVT was significantly related to age (r = 0.38, p = 0.006), so this variable was controlled for in associated analyses (NB. WTAR was not related to age). PPVT was found to be significantly related to contextualized and noncontextualized memory, attention, executive function, and processing speed (all ps < 0.05). In contrast, WTAR was only significantly related to contextualized memory, attention, and executive function.

Conclusions

PPVT appears to be impacted by neuropathology, indicating that it may not be appropriate as a hold measure after TBI. This may be explained by PPVT’s significant relationship with fluid intelligence domains known to be impacted after neurologic insult.
A-130 Validity-10, Remaining-12 and Total NSI Scores as Measures of Symptom Validity in Service Members with a History of mTBI
Authors: Hungerford Lars , Lippa Sara , Armistead-Jehle Patrick , Brickell Tracey , French Louis , Lange Rael
Published: August 2021

Objective

The Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI), a commonly used self-report measure of concussive symptoms, is frequently employed throughout the Defense Health Agency. Embedded measures of symptom validity have been developed that include the Validity-10 and total NSI score. A recent investigation in a small sample of veterans (n = 45) suggested that the 12 items on the NSI that do not contribute to the Validity-10 (Remaining-12) perform in a manner similar to the Validity-10. The current study sought to evaluate the classification accuracy of the Validity-10, Remaining-12 and total NSI score in a larger sample to assess the relative utility of each.

Method

The NSI and MMPI-2-RF scores of 255 active duty Service Members and Veterans seen ≥4 months after mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) were evaluated. MMPI-2-RF criterion were defined as over-reporting (>79 on Fs, RBS, and/or FBS-r; >78 on F-r; >69 on Fp-r) and invalid (>119 on F; >99 on all other scales).

Results

Correlations between all MMPI-2-RF over-report scales and the Validity-10, Remaining-12, and NSI total were roughly commensurate and significant at the p < 0.001 level. AUC values for the RF over-report protocols were as followings: Validity-10 = 0.87, Remaining-12 = 0.89, NSI total = 0.89. AUC values for invalid RF protocols were as follows: Validity-10 = 0.91, Remaining-12 = 0.92, NSI total = 0.93.

Conclusions

The current findings indicate reasonable and equivalent classification accuracies for the Validity-10, Remaining-12, and NSI total score. These data can be taken to suggest that there is limited uniqueness of the Validity-10 relative to the remaining NSI items.
A-132 Long-Term Vocational Outcomes Following Cognitive Rehabilitation for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI): 5-Year Follow-Up of a Cohort from the SCORE Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Cooper Douglas , Bowles Amy O , Curtiss Glenn , Eapen Blessen , Grills Chad , Tate David , Vanderploeg Rodney , Kennedy Jan
Published: August 2021

Objective

Vocational functioning was examined in a cohort of military service members 5 years after completing a randomized, 4-arm controlled trial (RCT) exploring the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation (CR) for persistent cognitive symptoms following mTBI.

Methods

Inception cohort design included 69 of the 103 participants (67%) who completed both the study intervention and a 6-week follow-up, contacted by phone at 5-year follow-up. Outcome measures included post-concussive symptoms, emotional distress, functional cognitive complaints, and occupational status. Participants were dichotomized into good and poor occupational outcome groups (Good — returned to duty or retired at the end of the term of service; Poor — medically retired or found unfit for duty by a medical evaluation board).

Results

Results of a 2X4 contingency table analysis (good/poor occupational outcome by CR treatment group) found 44% of the sample had good occupational outcomes at 5 years. Good outcomes did not significantly differ by CR treatment arm: psychoeducation 56%, computer-directed 18%, therapist-directed 43%, therapist-directed plus psychotherapeutic intervention 50%, χ2(3) = 4.213, p = 0.239. Logistic regression predicting occupational outcome by CR treatment arm found no significant findings of treatment arm (Computer vs. Psychoeducation β = −1.755, p = 0.059; Therapist-directed vs Psychoeducation β = −0.514, p = 0.434; Integrated vs. Psychoeducation β = −0.251, p = 0.716). Psychoeducation treatment arm was coded as the reference group.

Conclusions

Contrary to our hypotheses, long-term vocational outcomes were lower than expected, despite reductions in overall post-concussive complaints, functional cognitive difficulties, and emotional distress, underscoring the complexity of vocational functioning in post-deployment service members.
A-137 Role of Neuropsychology in Framing and Assisting the Development of Recovery Efforts: Education for Providers across Disciplines
Authors: Tozser Timea , Ergun Gokce
Published: August 2021

Objective

Information regarding differences in concussion and mild TBI recovery management protocols and recovery expectations vary across disciplines. This often leads to imprecise expectations for prognosis and adverse impacts on effective treatment and recovery. National groups and institutions provide training regarding concussion by neuropsychologists and rehabilitation psychologists to psychologists; however, broadband cross-discipline training is limited. Clinically, psychoeducation and clarification fall on Neuropsychologists and Rehabilitation psychologists. The purpose of this poster is to highlight the importance of the role of neuropsychologists in the education of concussion versus TBI recovery to support medical providers, teachers, and educators to facilitate appropriate care.

Data Selection

The current literature was review and obtained through the search within various databases such as PsycInfo, Google Scholar, and OhioLink. Keywords such as concussion, mild traumatic brain injury, psychoeducation, and neuropsychology were utilized to provide an inclusive review of the current research (2016–2021).

Data Synthesis

The focus of existing literature supports the education of concussions for patients and their families. Much of the literature supports the role of many disciplines to aid in recovery. There is limited research to support neuropsychology/Rehabilitation psychology’s efficacy to provide didactic training for providers of different fields supporting this population.

Conclusion

Through research, advocacy, and program development, the field of Neuropsychology and Rehabilitation psychology can utilize the holistic framework of the brain–body relationship to further facilitate the discussion of concussion and TBI recovery for providers of other disciplines serving these populations. Since treatment is multi-disciplinary for this clinical population, further programmatic evaluation provides interdisciplinary didactics to improve patient care.
A-141 Vindicated by Awareness: Acting with Awareness May Compensate for Inhibitory Deficits in ADHD Symptom Burden
Authors: Dragulin Maria E , Jacova Claudia
Published: August 2021

Objective

To understand the role of trait mindfulness acting-with-awareness in the relationship between inhibitory control and ADHD symptom burden.

Method

We conducted a cross-sectional study with 103 adults, aged 18 to 86, mean age = 46, mean education = 15 years, 46% male. Participants were recruited in North Western Oregon counties. Eligible individuals were aged >18, fluent in English, and with normal global cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA>22). The presence of ADHD diagnoses/symptoms was not required. Participants were administered the Adult Investigator Symptom Rating Scale (AISRS), the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) Acting with Awareness, and the DKEFS Color-Word Interference Test (CWIT). We examined the contribution of CWIT (time/sec), acting-with-awareness (AA), and their interaction in age-adjusted multiple regression predicting AISRS total score.

Results

Descriptives for the measures of interest were AISRS (M = 19.21, SD = 12.72), CWIT (M = 55.66, SD = 15.27), and FFMQ-AA (M = 25.10, SD = 7.17). Both CWIT and FFMQ-AA predicted AISRS when analyzed independently (B = 0.274, p = 0.14, R2 = 0.13 and B = -0.633, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.45). In the combined model, FFMQ-AA (B = -1.06, p = 0.000) but not CWIT predicted AISRS, R2 = 0.47. The interaction was not significant, p = 0.55.

Conclusion

AA is a powerful predictor of ADHD symptom burden: it accounts for almost half of the variance, and removes any contribution from inhibitory control. Our finding suggests that trait mindfulness has a more important role in shaping ADHD than cognition.
A-142 A Correlation between Reading Fluency and Processing Speed in a Child Population
Authors: Rifai Lara , Kajani Nisha , Kotalik Kayla , Lopez Ana , Lashley Lisa , Golden Charles J
Published: August 2021

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine whether a correlation exists between reading fluency in the WJ-IV ACH and processing speed in the WISC-V.

Method

The data for this study was derived from a large de-identified database. Participants (n = 90) included individuals who completed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fifth Edition (WISC-V), which measures intellectual ability, and the Woodcock Johnson IV Tests of Achievement (WJ-IV ACH), which tests for reading, writing, and mathematic achievement. The participants consisted of 36.7% White, 20% Black, 31.1% Hispanic, and 12.2% Other. From the sample, 66.7% were male and 32.3% were female. All the participants were administered the WISC-V and WJ-IV ACH (mean age = 10.53, SD = 2.50; mean education = 4.6, SD = 2.47). Vocabulary was controlled for.

Results

The results indicated a significant correlation between the WJ-IV ACH Reading Fluency and the WISC-V Processing Speed Index r(87) = 0.326, p = 0.002.

Conclusions

Previous research has found that deficits in processing speed affect reading efficiency. Cognitive processes are affected even in children with ADHD who are able to decode words accurately. Processing speed, specifically Coding in the WISC-IV, was found to be significantly associated with verbal span and measures of working memory. Moreover, processing speed and working memory have been found to be significant predictors of oral reading fluency (Jacobson et al., 2011). The current findings confirm a correlation between processing speed and reading fluency in updated versions of the forementioned assessments. Future research should investigate the role of comorbid diagnosis found in the functioning of both processing speed and reading fluency.
A-147 The Relationship of FSIQ and Executive Functioning Performance to a Self-Report Measure of Shifting (BRIEF-Shift)
Authors: Amitrano Nicholas , DeBoer Adam , Bailey Maggie , Scholz Michael , Naatz Lisa , Pyykkonen Ben
Published: August 2021

Objective

This study aimed to clarify the relationship between a self-report measure of set-shifting and performance-based measures of set-shifting as compared to FSIQ using the Trail Making Test-Part B (TMT-B), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) perseverative responses, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) self-report shift index, and the full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV).

Method

Data from 65 individuals (34 females, mean age 36) from an outpatient clinic in Chicagoland was analyzed using 2 block-wise hierarchical regression analyses with BRIEF-A shift as the outcome variable and TMT-B, WCST, and WAIS-IV FSIQ data as the predictor variables.

Results

Intelligence accounted for 4.7% (R2 = 0.047, p = 0.08) of the unique variance in BRIEF-A Shift self-report. In contrast, the TMT-B and WCST data accounted for little unique variance in the model and was to significantly correlated (R2 = 0.028, p = 0.416).

Conclusion

The current data somewhat surprisingly indicates that FSIQ is a more robust predictor of BRIEF Shift than performance-based measures of cognitive flexibility. Implications including an understanding of response bias, general aptitude, and normative comparisons will be discussed.
A-148 Executive Dysfunction in Late-Life Depression: Changes and Relationship to Treatment Response in a Clinical Trial
Authors: Schurr Matthew S , Alexopoulos George S , Arean Patricia A , Raue Patrick J , Renn Brenna N
Published: August 2021

Objective

Executive dysfunction is the core neurocognitive deficit associated with late-life depression (LLD). This study identified changes in executive functioning during a structured behavioural treatment for depression in older adults and ascertained if pre-treatment executive dysfunction predicted treatment response.

Method

We analyzed data from a large multisite randomized controlled trial of structured behavioral psychotherapies (PST and Engage) for unipolar depression in adults ≥60 years. Participants were diagnosed with major depressive disorder and had Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] ≥24. Cognitive measures included the Stroop test, digit span, Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Treatment response outcomes included pre- to post-treatment changes on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHODAS-II). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) assessed pre- and post-treatment changes in executive functioning measures across 9 weeks of treatment for 95 participants with complete data. Multiple linear regression models tested whether baseline measures of executive functioning predicted treatment response in (a) HAM-D depression and (b) WHODAS disability scores.

Results

A one-way ANOVA revealed improvements on IGT performance (Total Money) between baseline and week 9 post-treatment (F(1,186) = 7.00, p < 0.01). No combination of baseline measures of executive functioning significantly predicted change in HAM-D or WHODAS scores across treatment (ps > 0.05).

Conclusion

Baseline executive functioning did not predict treatment response (change in depressive symptoms or disability ratings). That is, individuals improved on treatment outcomes regardless of baseline executive dysfunction. In addition, results suggest that these approaches may actually improve real-life decision-making.
A-157 Lexical-Semantic Analysis of Verbal Naming Test Performance in Older Adult Veterans
Authors: Rivera Jesus M , Scott Travis M , Fairchild J Kaci , Yochim Brian P , Madore Michelle R
Published: August 2021

Objective

The Verbal Naming Test (VNT), a validated non-visual measure of word-finding ability in older adults, was designed to include words from distinct lexical (i.e., verbs vs. nouns) and semantic (i.e., action vs. object) categories to better capture various naming deficits. This study examined specific contributions of lexical and semantic categories to the convergent and discriminant validity of the VNT, and to how well it detects Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).

Method

The sample of older Veterans included 157 healthy controls (mean age = 74.23, SD = 6.67; range:60–89) and 39 diagnosed with MCI (mean age = 72.97, SD = 8.24; range:60–88). VNT item subscales were constructed for verbs/actions (ActionW) and nouns/objects presented either with (Obj+) or without (ObjW) an action component in the prompt. Correlations were calculated between VNT total/subscales and several other neuropsychological measures. ROC analyses compared relative contributions of each VNT subscale in detecting MCI.

Results

The ActionW subscale showed poor reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.303) and did not correlate with any other measures. The ObjW, and Obj + subscales showed better reliability (Cronbach’s alpha>0.62) and correlated with age, measures of memory, and the Boston Naming Test. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) for detection of MCI was as follows: ActionW = 0.616; Obj + =0.635; ObjW = 0.689; and 50items = 0.690.

Conclusions

Lexical and semantic categories differentially affect VNT detection of MCI in older veterans. Object words, especially those without associated action components, provide the best measurement scale. Although still clinically relevant in detecting MCI, the poor reliability of verbs/action words suggests revising the VNT may improve its psychometric properties. Future research should replicate these results in a clinical sample.
A-160 Validating the Picture-Based Memory Impairment Screen as a Memory Screener in a Diverse Primary Care Setting
Authors: Stimmel Marnina , Ayers Emmeline , Verghese Joe , Weiss Erica
Published: August 2021

Objective

Quick cognitive screeners which can be used for ethnically and educationally diverse patients are particularly useful within the primary care setting. The Picture-Based Memory Impairment Screen (PMIS) is a brief screening tool which has been validated in such a population. Here we compare the PMIS against a gold-standard memory task (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised [HVLT-R]) and evaluate its utility as a stand-alone memory screener.

Method

In this cross-sectional study, adults over 65 with cognitive concerns were recruited at their primary care visit to complete the PMIS as part of a larger randomized controlled trial aimed at improving detection of cognitive impairment. A subset of those participants also agreed to complete neuropsychological testing in English or Spanish (including the HVLT-R). Correlations were performed.

Results

108 participants (Mean age = 73; 73% female; 39% Black/AA; 58% Hispanic; 52% evaluated in Spanish; Mean years education = 10.8) completed the PMIS and HVLT-R. The PMIS was correlated with the HVLT-R Immediate Raw Score (rs = 0.229, p = 0.17) and even more strongly correlated with the HVLT-R Delayed Raw Score (rs = 0.347, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Early results of this ongoing trial suggest that the PMIS is a useful memory screener which can be used to quickly identify individuals in a diverse primary care setting who are likely to have memory weakness.
A-17 Self-Generation Improves Prospective Memory Performance in Individuals with Moderate–Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Weber Erica , Hirst Dana L , Yi Nancy , Li Yanqi Ryan , Loft Shayne , Woods Steven P , Chiaravalloti Nancy D
Published: August 2021

Objective

Self-generation has long been studied in healthy adults as a method to improve encoding of new information. The present study applied this strategy to prospective memory (PM; the ability to remember future intentions) in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Method

Participants included 17 healthy adults and 34 individuals with moderate–severe TBI, who were at least one year post-injury and impaired encoding on a test of verbal learning. Participants completed a 15-minute computer-based lexical decision task in which PM trials were embedded. Following a baseline block of 100 lexical decision trials, participants completed 2 blocks with 5 p.m. targets each. PM targets were learned in a didactic or self-generated fashion using semantically-related word pairs, counterbalanced for order effects.

Results

MANOVAs were conducted for PM accuracy and recognition, with performance in the didactic and self-generation conditions as within-subjects variables and diagnostic group as the between-subjects variable. Only the within-subjects variables were significant [PM accuracy: F(1,49) = 5.228, p = 0.027; PM recognition: F(1,49) = 7.226, p = 0.010]. Within the TBI sample, paired t-tests demonstrated significantly improved PM accuracy [t(33) = −2.069, p = 0.046, Hedge’s g = 0.38] and PM target recognition [t(33) = −2.458, p = 0.019, Hedge’s g = 0.52] under self-generated compared to didactic conditions.

Conclusion

Results indicate that self-generation is an efficacious strategy to improve PM in individuals with moderate–severe TBI and encoding deficits. The lack of interaction suggests that the generation effect is robust enough to provide comparable benefit to both individuals with significant neurocognitive deficits as well as healthy adults. Future efforts should explore the incorporation of self-generation in cognitive rehabilitation protocols for PM in neurologic populations.
A-167 A Comparison of Remotely Administered Verbal Paired Associates Subtests
Authors: Nunez Christina , Spagna Samantha , McDonald Bailey , Golden Charles
Published: August 2021

Objective

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many services attempted to quickly transition to a remote format. A need to validate remote delivery of neuropsychological measures arose. TestMyBrain (TMB) from the Many Brains Project has been utilizing teleneuropsychology in research since 2017.

Method

Volunteer research participants (N = 147, Mage = 29, Medu = 15 years, 64.7% white, 54.2% female, 83.2% right-handed, 52.1% utilized Mac Operating System) were administered TMB Verbal Paired Associates(TMBVPA) and WMS-IV Verbal Paired Associates I(VPAI) as part of a larger battery of test via zoom. The WMS-IV assessments adhered to standardization as much as possible such as limiting potential distractions.

Results

A correlation revealed a positive association between TMBVPA and VPAI r(150) = 0.312, p = < 0.001. A linear regression revealed that performance on the TMBVPA positively predicted performance on the VPAI F(3, 144) = 9.344, p < 0.001 accounting for 16.6% of the variability over and above known demographic variables. The rate of agreeance showed that 23.7% of TMBVPA scores were within a one score difference of the VPAI and 37.4% were within two scores.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the two remote administration formats may not be as congruent as originally thought. With 62.6% of scores outside of a two-point range and the low rate of agreement this suggests little real-world application of the TMBVPA. Although telepsychology has come a long way, remote neuropsychological measures may still not be a reality any time soon. Future research should compare both remote administration versions to a standardized in person administration as well as consider other factors that can influence administration formats.
A-172 Behavioral Survey of Traits: Reliability with a Neurotypical Sample
Authors: Larson Kera , Carlson Katie , Morgan Kait , Kessler Robert , Marvin Lydia , Andrews Glena L
Published: August 2021

Objective

Behavioral Survey of Traits (BeST; Andrews & Robins, 2010) is a measure used to detect behavior profiles consistent with prenatal alcohol exposure in children. This study sought to create a control group of neurotypical individuals over the age of 18, to assess reliability of adapted BeST Adult-Self-Report (BeST-ASR) and Adult-Other (BeST-AO).

Methods

A sample (n = 51, paired sample n = 23) of neurotypical adults were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional study. Participants (ages 20–60, M = 33.6, SD = 14.4) included 13 women and 10 men with 82.6% identifying as White/European-American, 8.7% Black or African American, and 8.7% Mixed-Race. Each participant provided demographics and completed a BeST-ASR for themselves, and asked another individual who knew them well to complete BeST-AO.

Results

For the paired sample, a total score for BeST-ASR (M = 49.5, SD = 12.9) and the BeST-AO (M = 23.5, SD =10.8) were calculated. No significant differences were found for age or gender on the screeners. BeST-ASR and BeST-AO total scores were significantly different (ASR M = 51.3, AO M = 23). Measures of internal consistency produced a Cronbach’s Alpha (α = 0.84) for the BeST-ASR and a (α = 0.89) for the BeST-AO.

Conclusion

The BeST is an established measure used to screen behavior profiles consistent with FASD. The adult adapted screeners were found to have high internal consistency with a neurotypical sample. Differences evaluated between the self and other needs further study, which is consistent in a probation sample (Mushlitz, 2019). Overall, high internal consistency is encouraging and warrants further study to understand scores in a neurotypical adult sample.
A-175 Personality as a Proxy for Positive Effort: The Role of Grit, Need for Cognition, and Extraversion in Problem-Solving
Authors: Hawley Nanako A , Myers Melissa , Pizer Jasmin , Harrell Murphy , Hill Benjamin D
Published: August 2021

Objective

This study aimed to examine the effect of personality traits on a simple problem-solving test of intelligence.

Method

The sample consisted of 82 undergraduates. Participants completed an online battery that included an open source Five Factor Model measure (IPIP FFM), Grit scale, Need for Cognition (NFC) scale, and the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT). CRT is a simple 3 question test of intelligence. An interaction variable for positive effort was created by multiplying the total raw scores for the Grit and NFC scales (Grit x NFC). Correlations were conducted between the Grit x NFC, IPIP FFM, and the CRT total score. Scales that significantly correlated with CRT total score were entered into a regression model.

Results

Pearson correlations revealed a significant positive association between Grit x NFC and CRT performance, (r = 0.240, p < 0.05). A significant correlation was also found between IPIP FFM Extraversion factor and CRT performance (r = 0.230, p < 0.05). A regression model found that Grit x NFC and IPIP FFM Extraversion accounted for 9.2% of the variance in CRT total scores, (R2 = 0.092, F(1,82) = 3.92, p = 0.024). When examined individually, no individual predictors were significant.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that personality traits that reflect positive effort such as Grit and NFC as well as other personality features influence performance on problem-solving bases measures of intelligence. Future research should examine these findings in a larger sample with a broader array of cognitive measures to quantify the role of positive effort in cognitive performance.
A-178 Might Tip-of-the-Tongue Responses on the Auditory and Visual Naming Test be a Useful Embedded Performance Validity Measure in the Language Domain?
Authors: Marceaux Janice C , McCoy Karin J M
Published: August 2021

Objective

This study examined whether responses on the Auditory and Visual Naming Test (ANT/VNT) would discriminate between veterans with invalid and valid test performance, thus suggesting a novel embedded performance validity test (PVT) for a language task.

Method

Veterans who completed the ANT/VNT and failed two or more PVTs were selected for inclusion, resulting in a sample of 9 veterans (8 males; Mage = 55.8, SD = 11.5; Medu = 12.7, SD = 2.1). An age-and education-matched group of 9 cognitively unimpaired veterans who passed PVTs (7 males; Mage = 56.1, SD = 11.5; Medu = 14.0, SD = 2.4) were selected from a database of patients from the same clinical setting. Variables of interest included tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) responses (responses with a latency between 2 and 20 seconds) and Total Correct responses for the ANT/VNT.

Results

Groups were comparable on demographic characteristics and there were no statistical differences in Total Correct responses on ANT/VNT. The invalid group had more TOT on both the visual (M = 4.2, SD = 3.8) and auditory (M = 14.4,SD = 9.7) tasks, as compared to the valid group (Mvisual = 0.7, SD = 0.7; Mauditory = 4.9,SD = 2.7). ROC curve analysis for detecting invalid performance was significant for both VNT-TOT (AUC = 0.79, p = 0.038) and ANT-TOT (AUC = 0.88, p = 0.006). A cutoff of 1 was optimal for VNT-TOT (sensitivity = 0.67, specificity = 0.89), while 6 was optimal for ANT-TOT (sensitivity = 0.89, specificity = 0.89).

Conclusions

Despite the small sample size, findings are promising regarding the utility of ANT/VNT TOT responses as embedded PVTs. These should be further explored since the field is in need of validity measures embedded within language/naming tasks. Visual Naming Test may be particularly useful given that it can take less than 5 minutes to administer.
A-191 How Does Teleneuropsychology Digit Span Measure Up?
Authors: Spagna Samantha , McDonald Bailey , Burgess Justin , Sydow D'anna , Golden Charles
Published: August 2021

Objective

To see how strongly performance on a computerized visual digit span task correlates with non-computerized digit span subtests.

Method

The data were chosen from a de-identified database. Undiagnosed adult volunteers (n = 105) took the WAIS-IV Digit Span and TMB Digit Span subtests. Demographic characteristics were as follows: Age (M = 28.5, SD = 11.2), education (M = 16.2, SD = 1.9), gender (60% Female), race (69.8% White). A Pearson correlation was run on the TMB and WAIS-IV longest digit span forward (ldsf) and longest digit span backward (ldsb) raw scores of the same individuals.

Results

Results suggest a moderate correlation between WAIS-IV ldsf (M = 7.14, SD = 1.31) and TMB (M = 6.90, SD = 1.29) ldsf raw scores, r = 0.45, p > 0.01. Moreover, results indicated a moderate correlation between WAIS-IV ldsb (M = 7.69, SD = 1.43) and TMB (M = 5.66, SD = 1.81) ldsb raw scores, r = 0.38, p > 0.01. 73.1% of participants had the same or were within one digit on ldsf scores on both assessments, while 93% were within two digits. 63.8% of participants had the same ldsb scores on both assessments, while 81.9% were within two digits.

Conclusion

Clinicians must note the risk of assuming computerized tests measure the same cognitive functions as standardized paper-and-pencil tests. These results underscore this point. Future studies should continue to assess how well in-person tests align with other computerized tests purporting to measure the same cognitive abilities by examining other variables (i.e., auditory vs. visual, controlled vs. non-controlled environment).
A-192 Preliminary Evidence to Support Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) during Administration of the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB)
Authors: Iwanicki Sierra , Lechuga David M , Fasnacht-Hill Lisa
Published: August 2021

Objective

In June 2020, the American Psychological Association acknowledged that use of personal protective equipment (PPE) was key to psychologists safely resuming in-person services. However, there is no empirical evidence on the impact of PPE in delivering the provision of essential mental health services. Of particular concern is the unprecedented use of PPE during psychological assessment, which inherently breaches standardized test administration procedures. The current study provides preliminary evidence to support use of PPE during administration of the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB).

Method

This is a paired-case control study in which participants were administered the NAB using PPE. These individuals were matched based on age, sex, and education with participants from the same setting who were administered the NAB using standardized test administration procedures.

Results

Independent samples t-tests were run to determine if there were differences in index scores between the PPE and non-PPE groups. There were no significant differences in the standard scores for the NAB Total Index and all NAB Index scores with the exception of Language. Among the subtests that comprise the Language Index, only T-scores on the Oral Production subtest difference significantly between the PPE and non-PPE groups.

Conclusions

With the exception of the Language Index, index standard scores for both groups were found to be generally statistically equivalent. Given the sample size and setting limitations, no clear conclusions can be drawn about why performance varied between groups on the Language Index. Nevertheless, these data provide preliminary support for the use of PPE during administration of selected modules of the NAB.
A-195 Reliability of Scores Obtained on the WAIS-IV and WISC-V in a Largely Pacific Islander Sample
Authors: Duke Lisa A , Ponce Jonathan , Ahn Jennifer , Akiyama Kevin , Hogan Meghan , Igarashi Yurie , Pagat Danielle , Petalio Jessica , Rich Jennifer , Stal Lisa , Steele Stephanie
Published: August 2021

Objective

With the emergence of Covid-19, the field of assessment had to adapt immediately to telehealth administration without the typical rigorous standardization procedures neuropsychologists are accustomed to. This study will provide some support for reliability of scores obtained on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V) utilizing telehealth in a largely Pacific Islander sample.

Method

Participants were all individuals who had completed a psychological evaluation with the principal author in either a community health care clinic or a nearby independent assessment practice. Testing had to have taken place a minimum to one year prior and participant’s had to be within the age range to repeat the same test that was previously administered. Thus far, there are 16 total participants.

Results

Paired samples t-tests indicated that there were no significant differences between the Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), Fluid Reasoning Index (FRI), and Working Memory Index (WMI) on the WISC-V for those administered in person and through telehealth VCI (t(4) = 2.08, p = 0.106) FRI (t(4) = −0.86, p = 0.439); and WMI (t(3) = −0.104, p = 0.924). Findings were similar for the WAIS-IV with non-significant scores on the VCI (t(5) = −0.1.3, p = 0.903) or WMI (t(5) = −0.1.3, p = 0.903).

Conclusion

Although telehealth is not the gold-standard for psychological assessment, telehealth administration can provide reliable scores and important information for diagnostic clarity. As such, telehealth administration remains a valuable tool for psychologists to generate diagnoses and provide recommendations for treatment.
A-198 An Examination of the Equivalence of the in-Person and Remote Administration of the Identi-fi: A Test of Visual Organization and Recognition
Authors: Morera Carrie Champ , Carrillo Alicia , Reynolds Cecil R , McCaffrey Robert J
Published: August 2021

Objective

As psychologists rely more on technology while navigating the digital world, we must adapt existing assessment tools. In response to this need, a process was designed for conducting remote administration of the Identi-Fi: A Test of Visual Organization and Recognition (Reynolds & McCaffrey, 2020), which measures visual organizational ability through Visual Recognition and Visual Matching tasks. Our current study evaluates the equivalence between remote, online administration and traditional, in-person administration of the Identi-Fi.

Method

This is a paired case control study in which 106 participants were administered the Identi-Fi in an online, remote format over a videoconferencing platform, following a specific procedure to retain the validity of scores. These individuals were matched based on sex, age group, and race/ethnicity with participants from the standardization sample of the Identi-Fi, which was administered in-person.

Results

Independent-samples t-tests were conducted and determined there were no significant differences in the subtest T scores between the in-person and remote administration formats. Additionally, index scores between the in-person (M = 99.74, SD = 10.32) and remote (M = 97.18, SD = 12.54) administrations were similar and not statistically significant, t(210) = −1.621, p = 0.11. Effect size estimates (Cohen’s d and omega squared) for all t-tests were small, indicating no significant effects across the remote and in-person administration of the Identi-Fi.

Conclusions

The present study suggests that all subtests on the Identi-Fi, when given in the remote, online format in the specified procedure evaluated in this study, are generally equivalent, and examiners can use the norms of the traditional test.
A-5 Examining the Interactive Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury and Apolipoprotein E on Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Alexander Claire , Suhr Julie
Published: August 2021

Objective

Little research has focused on possible effects of TBI on cognitive decline rate after Alzheimer’s disease (ad) diagnosis. We examined whether Apolipoprotein E (APOE) status and TBI history interact to predict cognitive decline.

Method

We used data from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Centers (N = 463; 42.3% APOE e4 carriers, 7.8% with TBI history, mean baseline age 79.3). Inclusion criteria included normal cognition at baseline with diagnosis of ad at a follow-up visit; baseline age 50 or older; and at least 3 years of follow-up data. Mixed models (random intercept, random slope) were used, with TBI history, APOE status, and their interaction as predictors of interest. Education, race, and history of TIA, stroke, or hypertension were included as covariates. Cognitive measures included mental status exam scores and immediate/delayed story memory.

Results

After accounting for covariates, TBI history had a positive effect on cognitive decline rate on the screener and immediate memory measures. APOE status did not affect rate of cognitive decline on the screener, but presence of e4 predicted faster decline on immediate and delayed memory. TBI history and APOE status interacted to predict delayed memory decline, such that history of TBI was associated with a reduced rate of decline for e4 non-carriers but there was no effect of TBI for e4 carriers.

Conclusion

When examining cognitive decline trajectory, TBI history predicted slower decline (a positive effect) while APOE had either a negative impact or no effect, depending on the measure. Future study should examine cognitive decline in the context of demographic and genetic factors.
A-18 Early Pattern of Cognitive Changes Associated with Insulin Resistance in a Sample of Young Adults
Authors: Arastu Sana , Gonzalez Juan , Greenberg Nicole E , Lucas Emma L , Wroolie Tonita E , Rasgon Natalie L
Published: August 2021

Objective

Insulin resistance increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and subsequently cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. It is also linked to neurocognitive disorders and accelerated cognitive aging (Ekblad et al, 2017; Levine, Harrati, & Crimmins, 2018). Using baseline data from a longitudinal study in a sample of 126 cognitively intact adults aged 25–50 years (36.5% males), we assessed cognitive performance in relation to insulin resistance to determine whether an early prodromal pattern of cognitive changes exists prior to advanced metabolic disease.

Methods

Steady state plasma glucose (SSPG) was used to measure insulin resistance. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted using age, years of education, body mass index (BMI), and SSPG as predictors of neuropsychological functioning. In-person and tele-neuropsychological assessment was administered using standard neuropsychological measures.

Results

Higher insulin resistance was associated with significantly worse attention (WAIS-III Digit Span total; B = -0.018, p = 0.03), executive functioning (D-KEFS Color-Word Inhibition/Switching; B = 0.047, p = 0.04) and dominant fine motor abilities (Purdue Pegboard; B = -0.008, p = 0.02). Higher insulin resistance was also associated with trend level worsening of other measures of executive functioning, namely D-KEFS Trails 4 (B = 0.099, p = 0.07) and DKEFS Color-Word Inhibition errors (B = 0.007, p = 0.09).

Conclusions

In young adults, higher insulin resistance was associated with declines in attention, executive functioning, and fine motor abilities. This early pattern of subtle cognitive changes associated with higher insulin resistance seen in this sample of younger adults is consistent with later cognitive declines found in type 2 diabetes and vascular neurocognitive disorder, namely declines in attention, executive functioning, and motor abilities with eventual memory declines in advanced disease.