bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Cerebral Vasomotor Reserve: A Study in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Giorli Elisa , Tognazzi Silvia , Briscese Lucia , Bocci Tommaso , Mazzatenta Andrea , Priori Alberto , Orlandi Giovanni , Del Sette Massimo , Sartucci Ferdinando
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Cerebral vasomotor reserve (VMR) is the capability of cerebral arterioles to change their diameter in response to various stimuli, such hypercapnia. Changes of VMR due to transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been poorly studied.

METHODS

Twenty‐five healthy subjects underwent anodal/cathodal and sham tDCS on right primary motor area. Before and after tDCS, we assessed VMR by Transcranial Color‐Coded Sonography (TCCS) calculating trought Breath Holding Index (BHI) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV), in particular after Valsalva manouver.

RESULTS

A‐tDCS decreased VMR and BHI (p < 0.05), whereas C‐tDCS increased VMR, and BHI (p < 0.05); Sham doesn't provide statistically significant of both VMR, BHI and HRV (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study confirms that tDCS induces a modification of bilateral VMR with a polarity‐specific effect; based on this bilateral MFV and BHI modifications, we can speculate an involvement of the SNS in the VMR regulation.
Testing evolutionary hypotheses for DNA barcoding failure in willows
Authors: Twyford Alex D.
Published: September 2014

The goal of DNA barcoding is to enable the rapid identification of taxa from short diagnostic DNA sequence profiles. But how feasible is this objective when many evolutionary processes, such as hybridization and selective sweeps, cause alleles to be shared among related taxa? In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Percy et al. (2014) test the full suite of seven candidate plant barcoding loci in a broad geographic sample of willow species. They show exceptional plastid haplotype sharing between species across continents, with most taxa not possessing a unique barcode sequence. Using population genetic and molecular dating analyses, they implicate hybridization and selective sweeps, but not incomplete lineage sorting, as the historical processes causing widespread haplotype sharing among willow taxa. This study represents an exceptional case of how poorly barcoding can perform, and highlights methodological issues using universal organellar regions for species identification.
Determinants of natural gas demand in Ghana
Authors: Ackah Ishmael
Published: September 2014

The study investigates the effect of economic and non‐economic factors on natural gas demand in Ghana at the aggregate and disaggregates levels. The structural time series model is employed as it has the ability of capturing exogenous non‐economic factors. The findings suggest that both economic and non‐economic factors influence natural gas demand. It further reveal that different sectors respond differently to these factors. The study recommends that policies such as natural gas price subsidies should be customised for different sectors to obtain optimal results.
The effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations on the performance of the mangrove Avicennia germinans over a range of salinities
Authors: Reef Ruth , Winter Klaus , Morales Jorge , Adame Maria Fernanda , Reef Dana L. , Lovelock Catherine E.
Published: September 2014

By increasing water use efficiency and carbon assimilation, increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations could potentially improve plant productivity and growth at high salinities. To assess the effect of elevated CO2 on the salinity response of a woody halophyte, we grew seedlings of the mangrove Avicennia germinans under a combination of five salinity treatments [from 5 to 65 parts per thousand (ppt)] and three CO2 concentrations (280, 400 and 800 ppm). We measured survivorship, growth rate, photosynthetic gas exchange, root architecture and foliar nutrient and ion concentrations. The salinity optima for growth shifted higher with increasing concentrations of CO2, from 0 ppt at 280 ppm to 35 ppt at 800 ppm. At optimal salinity conditions, carbon assimilation rates were significantly higher under elevated CO2 concentrations. However, at salinities above the salinity optima, salinity had an expected negative effect on mangrove growth and carbon assimilation, which was not alleviated by elevated CO2, despite a significant improvement in photosynthetic water use efficiency. This is likely due to non‐stomatal limitations to growth at high salinities, as indicated by our measurements of foliar ion concentrations that show a displacement of K+ by Na+ at elevated salinities that is not affected by CO2. The observed shift in the optimal salinity for growth with increasing CO2 concentrations changes the fundamental niche of this species and could have significant effects on future mangrove distribution patterns and interspecific interactions.
Risk Perceptions and Trust Following the 2010 and 2011 Icelandic Volcanic Ash Crises
Authors: Eiser J. Richard , Donovan Amy , Sparks R. Stephen J.
Published: September 2014

Eruptions at the Icelandic volcanoes of Eyjafjallajökull (2010) and Grimsvötn (2011) produced plumes of ash posing hazards to air traffic over northern Europe. In imposing restrictions on air traffic, regulators needed to balance the dangers of accidents or aircraft damage against the cost and inconvenience to travelers and industry. Two surveys examined how members of the public viewed the necessity of the imposed restrictions and their trust in different agencies as estimators of the level of risk. Study 1 was conducted with 213 British citizens (112 males, 101 females), who completed questionnaires while waiting for flights at London City Airport during May 2012. Study 2 involved an online survey of 301 Icelandic citizens (172 males, 127 females, 2 undeclared gender) during April 2012. In both samples, there was general support for the air traffic restrictions, especially among those who gave higher estimates of the likelihood of an air accident or mishap having otherwise happened. However, in both countries, the (minority of) respondents who had personally experienced travel disruption were less convinced that these restrictions were all necessary. Scientists, the International Civil Aviation Organization, and (in Iceland) the Icelandic Department of Civil Protection were all highly trusted, and seen as erring on the side of caution in their risk estimates. Airlines were seen as more likely to underestimate any risk. We conclude that perceptions of the balance between risk and caution in judgments under uncertainty are influenced by one's own motives and those attributed to others.
A new genus of mantidflies discovered in the Oriental region, with a higher‐level phylogeny of Mantispidae (Neuroptera) using DNA sequences and morphology
Authors: LIU XINGYUE , WINTERTON SHAUN L. , WU CHAO , PIPER ROSS , OHL MICHAEL
Published: September 2014

A remarkable new genus and two new species of Mantispidae (Neuroptera) are described from the Oriental region. Allomantispa Liu, Wu, Winterton & Ohl gen.n., currently including A. tibetana Liu, Wu & Winterton sp.n. and A. mirimaculata Liu & Ohl sp.n. The new genus is placed in the subfamily Drepanicinae based on a series of morphological characteristics and on the results of total evidence phylogenetic analyses. Bayesian and Parsimony analyses were undertaken using three gene loci (CAD, 16S rDNA and COI) combined with 74 morphological characters from living and fossil exemplars of Mantispidae (17 genera), Rhachiberothidae (two genera) and Berothidae (five genera), with outgroup taxa from Dilaridae and Osmylidae. The resultant phylogeny presented here recovered a monophyletic Mantispidae with †Mesomantispinae sister to the rest of the family. Relationships among Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae and Berothidae support Rhachiberothidae as a separate family sister to Mantispidae. Within Mantispidae, Drepanicinae are a monophyletic clade sister to Calomantispinae and Mantispinae. In a combined analysis, Allomantispa gen.n. was recovered in a clade comprising Ditaxis McLachlan from Australia, and two fossil genera from the Palaearctic, †Promantispa Panfilov (Kazakhstan; late Jurassic) and †Liassochrysa Ansorge & Schlüter (Germany; Jurassic), suggesting a highly disjunct and relictual distribution for the family.

This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:464B06E8‐47E6‐482E‐8136‐83FE3B2E9D6B.
Protein Traffic to the Plasmodium falciparum Apicoplast: Evidence for a Sorting Branch Point at the Golgi
Authors: Heiny Sabrina R. , Pautz Sabine , Recker Mario , Przyborski Jude M.
Published: September 2014

Plasmodium falciparum, similar to many other apicomplexan parasites, contains an apicoplast, a plastid organelle of secondary endosymbiotic origin. Nuclear‐encoded proteins are posttranslationally transported to the apicoplast via the endoplasmic reticulum. However, it has long been a matter of contention if the Golgi also plays a role in this process. In this study, we show that trafficking to the apicoplast occurs via the Golgi as an intermediate compartment. Our data suggest that the Plasmodium Golgi has an important function as a protein sorting compartment.
Identifying the effect of density dependence, agricultural practices and climate variables on the long‐term dynamics of weed populations
Authors: García de León D , Freckleton R P , Lima M , Navarrete L , Castellanos E , González‐Andújar J L
Published: September 2014

Quantifying the impacts of climate change on weed populations requires an understanding of the relative contributions of endogenous and exogenous factors on their numerical fluctuations. Here, we have used long‐term data (26 years) of seven weed species growing in a cereal–legume rotation from a locality in central Spain to determine the importance of endogenous (density dependence) and exogenous (tillage system, crop rotation, temperature and precipitation) factors. Density dependence was the main driver of the population dynamics studied, and it was exhibited more frequently under zero tillage (86% of the species) than under minimum tillage (57% of the species). Our results confirmed previous findings and provided stronger support for density dependence under zero tillage than under minimum tillage. Under the latter, temperature negatively affected the population growth rate of Descurainia sophia and positively Atriplex patula. We found no effect of either precipitation or crop rotation on population dynamics. Our findings could underpin an awareness campaign aimed at farmers to prevent them from drawing unwarranted conclusions regarding the efficacy of the particular control method used in a given year.
Neural correlates of auditory stream segregation: An analysis of onset- and change-related responses
Authors: Smith Nicholas A. , Joshi Suyash
Published: September 2014

The temporal order discrimination of target tone pairs is hindered by the presence of flanker tones but is improved when the flanker tones are captured by a separate stream of tones that match the flankers in frequency [Bregman and Rudnicky (1975). J. Exp. Psychol. 1, 263–267]. In an event-related potential (ERP) study with these stimuli, listeners' mismatch negativity (MMN) responses were temporally linked to the position of the changing target tones, irrespective of streaming. In contrast, N1 response latency varied as a function of the perceived grouping of flanker tones established by previous behavioral studies, providing a neurophysiological index of auditory stream segregation.
Genome Sequence of Two Novel Species of Torque Teno Minivirus from the Human Oral Cavity
Authors: Parras-Moltó Marcos , Suárez-Rodríguez Patricia , Eguia Asier , Aguirre-Urizar José Manuel , López-Bueno Alberto
Published: September 2014

Anelloviridae
is a family of circular, single-stranded DNA viruses highly prevalent among humans. We report the genome sequence of two torque teno miniviruses found in human oral mucosa samples. Genome organization, phylogenetic analysis, and pairwise comparisons reveal that they belong to novel species within the
Betatorquevirus
genus.
Two Subgroups of Porcine Circovirus 2 Appearing among Pigs in Southern China
Authors: Zhang Minxiu , Xie Zhixun , Xie Liji , Deng Xianwen , Xie Zhiqin , Luo Sisi , Huang Li , Huang Jiaoling , Zeng Tingting
Published: September 2014

We report here two complete genome sequences of porcine circovirus 2. The complete genomes of BH5 and BH6 were amplified and analyzed. Sequence analysis demonstrated that strains BH5 and BH6 belonged to PCV2d and PCV2b, respectively. Knowledge regarding the complete genome sequences of strains BH5 and BH6 will be useful for epidemiological surveillance.
Genome Sequence and Annotation of
Acremonium chrysogenum
, Producer of the β-Lactam Antibiotic Cephalosporin C
Authors: Terfehr Dominik , Dahlmann Tim A. , Specht Thomas , Zadra Ivo , Kürnsteiner Hubert , Kück Ulrich
Published: September 2014

The filamentous fungus
Acremonium chrysogenum
is the industrial producer of the β-lactam antibiotic cephalosporin C. Here, we present the genome sequence of strain ATCC 11550, which contains genes for 8,901 proteins, 127 tRNAs, and 22 rRNAs. Genome annotation led to the prediction of 42 gene clusters for secondary metabolites.
Draft Genome Assembly of Neisseria lactamica Type Strain A7515
Authors: Minogue T. D. , Daligault H. A. , Davenport K. W. , Bishop-Lilly K. A. , Bruce D. C. , Chain P. S. , Chertkov O. , Coyne S. R. , Freitas T. , Frey K. G. , Jaissle J. , Koroleva G. I. , Ladner J. T. , Palacios G. F. , Redden C. L. , Xu Y. , Johnson S. L.
Published: September 2014

We present the scaffolded genome assembly of
Neisseria lactamica
type strain A7515 (ATCC 23970) as submitted to NCBI under accession no. JOVI00000000. This type strain of the lactose-fermenting
Neisseria
species is often used in quality control testing and intra-genus phylogenetic analyses. The assembly includes four contigs placed into a single scaffold.
Cost-effectiveness of a quality improvement programme to reduce central line-associated bloodstream infections in intensive care units in the USA
Authors: Herzer Kurt R , Niessen Louis , Constenla Dagna O , Ward William J , Pronovost Peter J
Published: September 2014

Objective

To assess the cost-effectiveness of a multifaceted quality improvement programme focused on reducing central line-associated bloodstream infections in intensive care units.

Design

Cost-effectiveness analysis using a decision tree model to compare programme to non-programme intensive care units.

Setting

USA.

Population

Adult patients in the intensive care unit.

Costs

Economic costs of the programme and of central line-associated bloodstream infections were estimated from the perspective of the hospital and presented in 2013 US dollars.

Main outcome measures

Central line-associated bloodstream infections prevented, deaths averted due to central line-associated bloodstream infections prevented, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed.

Results

Compared with current practice, the programme is strongly dominant and reduces bloodstream infections and deaths at no additional cost. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that there was an almost 80% probability that the programme reduces bloodstream infections and the infections’ economic costs to hospitals. The opportunity cost of a bloodstream infection to a hospital was the most important model parameter in these analyses.

Conclusions

This multifaceted quality improvement programme, as it is currently implemented by hospitals on an increasingly large scale in the USA, likely reduces the economic costs of central line-associated bloodstream infections for US hospitals. Awareness among hospitals about the programme's benefits should enhance implementation. The programme's implementation has the potential to substantially reduce morbidity, mortality and economic costs associated with central line-associated bloodstream infections.
A new species of Lactarius sect. Deliciosi (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from western North America
Authors: Nuytinck Jorinde , Ammirati Joseph F.
Published: September 2014

Although Lactarius sect. Deliciosi (Fr.) Redeuilh, Verbeken & Walleyn (syn. Lactarius sect. Dapetes) is a readily identifiable group in the field, it is exceedingly difficult to correctly identify species with orange to reddish orange latex. A lack of careful study of these species in North America in general, and the Pacific Northwest more specifically, makes species identification often impossible. One common undescribed Pacific Northwest species, which begins fruiting rather early in the season, is described here as Lactarius aestivus sp. nov. It is found in conifer forests dominated by Abies Mill. and Tsuga Carrière, and is characterized by bright orange latex and zonate, bright to pale orange pileus that only rarely stains greenish. A phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences supports the species delimitation.
Modeling and simulation of fingering pattern formation in a combustion model
Authors: Hu Lina , Brauner Claude-Michel , Shen Jie , Sivashinsky Gregory I.
Published: September 2014

We consider a model of gas–solid combustion with free interface proposed by L. Kagan and G. I. Sivashinsky. Our approach is twofold: (I) We eliminate the front and get to a fully nonlinear system with boundary conditions; (II) We use a fourth-order pseudo-differential equation for the front to achieve asymptotic regimes in rescaled variables. In both cases, we implement a numerical algorithm based on spectral method and represent numerically the evolution of the char. Fingering pattern formation occurs when the planar front is unstable. A series of simulations is presented to demonstrate the evolution of sparse fingers (I) and chaotic fingering (II).
An oniom study of the distribution of skeletalAlatoms and Brønsted acidity in ZSM-23 zeolite
Authors: Liu Rui , Zhang Jie , Sun Xiuliang , Huang Chongpin , Chen Biaohua
Published: September 2014

This paper, based on the density functional theory (DFT), mainly studies the distribution of Al in seven nonequivalent T sites as well as the acidity of the corresponding Brønsted acids (B-acids). The distribution of the acid sites in the double- Al models is also investigated. Using ONIOM (B3LYP/6-31g(d,p):AM1) method, substitution energies, proton affinities and frequencies are calculated to characterize the Al distribution and Brønsted acidity. The result shows that T6 is the most destabilized site after substitution, while T7 buried in the framework is the most favorable for Al . Besides, Al 4– O 4– Si 5 and Al 2– O 1– Si 1 are the most readily sites to form B-acids, and the acid strength of Al 4– O 3– Si 3 is the strongest. In the case that there are two B-acid sites on the 10-membered ring, one of the B-acid sites will be most likely to form at the Al 4– O 4– Si 5 site, and the other one forms either at the other Al 4– O 4– Si 5 or at Al 2– O 1– Si 1 site on the opposite side.
OPTIMUM ARRANGEMENT OF LAYERS IN MULTI-LAYER COMPOUND CYLINDERS
Authors: SHARIFI M. , ARGHAVANI J. , HEMATIYAN M. R.
Published: September 2014

In this paper, using an analytical optimization method, optimum design of multi-layer compound cylinders with different materials in layers is investigated. For this purpose, considering Tresca criterion, maximum shear stress in each layer is minimized. At the optimum condition, the maximum shear stress at all layers occurs simultaneously. The general analytical relations for optimum dimension of layers, residual pressures and radial interferences are derived. The existence condition of the optimum solution is also investigated and the constraints for materials selection are derived too. It is shown that the allowable shear stress ratio of materials must be close to their geometric mean value. An optimization method is then presented to minimize different objective functions (weight, cost, etc.) by finding the optimum arrangement of layers. Several examples with different number of layers and different materials are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. For compound cylinders with different materials, it is shown that the objective function is minimized when the materials that have higher cost values are used in inner layers. Moreover, it is shown that the shear stress distribution becomes near to uniform across the wall thickness when the number of layers is increased.
Arithmetic properties for Fu's 9 dots bracelet partitions
Authors: Yao Olivia X. M.
Published: September 2014

The notion of Fu's k dots bracelet partitions was introduced by Shishuo Fu. For any positive integer k, let 𝔅k(n) denote the number of Fu's k dots bracelet partitions of n. Fu also proved several congruences modulo primes and modulo powers of 2. Recently, Radu and Sellers extended the set of congruences proven by Fu by proving three congruences modulo squares of primes for 𝔅5(n), 𝔅7(n) and 𝔅11(n). More recently, Cui and Gu, and Xia and the author derived a number of congruences modulo powers of 2 for 𝔅5(n). In this paper, we prove four congruences modulo 2 and two congruences modulo 4 for 𝔅9(n) by establishing the generating functions of 𝔅9(An+B) modulo 4 for some values of A and B.
Epidemic cycle induced by intervention in a susceptibility-structured population
Authors: Juanico Drandreb Earl
Published: September 2014

Epidemics of infectious diseases have been known to recur in time. Diseases like influenza, despite intervention efforts through vaccination and targeted social distancing, continue to persist intermittently in the population. I have undertaken an analysis of a stochastic epidemic model with the hypothesis that intervention drives epidemic cycles. Intervention indeed is found to induce cycles of epidemic activity. Above a minimum intervention rate, however, activity dies out in finite time. The susceptibility structure of a community could be easily infused into the design of existing surveillance protocols. By tracking that structure, early detection of an impending outbreak is enhanced.
Muscle O2 extraction reserve during intense cycling is site-specific
Authors: Spencer Matthew D. , Amano Tatsuro , Kondo Narihiko , Kowalchuk John M. , Koga Shunsaku
Published: September 2014

The present study compared peak muscle deoxygenation ([HHb]peak) responses at three quadriceps sites during occlusion (OCC), ramp incremental (RI), severe- (SVR) and moderate-intensity (MOD) exercise. Seven healthy men (25 ± 4 yr) each completed a stationary cycling RI (20 W/min) test to determine [HHb]peak [at distal and proximal vastus lateralis (VLD and VLP) and rectus femoris (RF)], peak V̇o2 (V̇o2peak), gas exchange threshold (GET), and peak work rate (WRpeak). Subjects also completed MOD (WR = 80% GET) and SVR exercise (WR corresponding to 120% V̇o2peak) with absolute [HHb] (quantified by multichannel, time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy) and pulmonary VO2 (V̇o2p) monitored continuously. Additionally, [HHb] and total hemoglobin ([Hb]tot) were monitored at rest and during subsequent OCC (250 mmHg). Site-specific adipose tissue thickness was assessed (B-mode ultrasound), and its relationship with resting [Hb]tot was used to correct absolute [HHb]. For VLD and RF, [HHb]peak was higher ( P < 0.05) during OCC (VLD = 111 ± 38, RF = 114 ± 26 μM) than RI (VLD 64 ± 14, RF = 85 ± 20) and SVR (VLD = 63 ± 13, RF = 81 ± 18). [HHb]peak was similar ( P > 0.05) across these conditions at the VLP (OCC = 67 ± 17, RI = 69 ± 17, SVR = 63 ± 17 μM). [HHb] peaked and then decreased prior to exercise cessation during SVR at all three muscle sites. [HHb]peak during MOD was consistently lower than other conditions at all sites. A “[HHb] reserve” exists during intense cycling at the VLD and RF, likely implying either sufficient blood flow to meet oxidative demands or insufficient diffusion time for complete equilibration. In VLP this [HHb] reserve was absent, suggesting that a critical Po2 may be challenged during intense cycling.
Triterpene alcohols and sterols from rice bran lower postprandial glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide release and prevent diet-induced obesity in mice
Authors: Fukuoka Daisuke , Okahara Fumiaki , Hashizume Kohjiro , Yanagawa Kiyotaka , Osaki Noriko , Shimotoyodome Akira
Published: September 2014

Obesity is now a worldwide health problem. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a gut hormone that is secreted following the ingestion of food and modulates energy metabolism. Previous studies reported that lowering diet-induced GIP secretion improved energy homeostasis in animals and humans, and attenuated diet-induced obesity in mice. Therefore, food-derived GIP regulators may be used in the development of foods that prevent obesity. Rice bran oil and its components are known to have beneficial effects on health. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to clarify the effects of the oil-soluble components of rice bran on postprandial GIP secretion and obesity in mice. Triterpene alcohols [cycloartenol (CA) and 24-methylene cycloartanol (24Me)], β-sitosterol, and campesterol decreased the diet-induced secretion of GIP in C57BL/6J mice. Mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with a triterpene alcohol and sterol preparation (TASP) from rice bran for 23 wk gained less weight than control mice. Indirect calorimetry revealed that fat utilization was higher in TASP-fed mice than in control mice. Fatty acid oxidation-related gene expression in the muscles of mice fed a TASP-supplemented diet was enhanced, whereas fatty acid synthesis-related gene expression in the liver was suppressed. The treatment of HepG2 cells with CA and 24Me decreased the gene expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c. In conclusion, we clarified for the first time that triterpene alcohols and sterols from rice bran prevented diet-induced obesity by increasing fatty acid oxidation in muscles and decreasing fatty acid synthesis in the liver through GIP-dependent and GIP-independent mechanisms.
Discrepancies in Cancer Genomic Sequencing Highlight Opportunities for Driver Mutation Discovery
Authors: Hudson Andrew M. , Yates Tim , Li Yaoyong , Trotter Eleanor W. , Fawdar Shameem , Chapman Phil , Lorigan Paul , Biankin Andrew , Miller Crispin J. , Brognard John
Published: September 2014

Cancer genome sequencing is being used at an increasing rate to identify actionable driver mutations that can inform therapeutic intervention strategies. A comparison of two of the most prominent cancer genome sequencing databases from different institutes (Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia and Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer) revealed marked discrepancies in the detection of missense mutations in identical cell lines (57.38% conformity). The main reason for this discrepancy is inadequate sequencing of GC-rich areas of the exome. We have therefore mapped over 400 regions of consistent inadequate sequencing (cold-spots) in known cancer-causing genes and kinases, in 368 of which neither institute finds mutations. We demonstrate, using a newly identified PAK4 mutation as proof of principle, that specific targeting and sequencing of these GC-rich cold-spot regions can lead to the identification of novel driver mutations in known tumor suppressors and oncogenes. We highlight that cross-referencing between genomic databases is required to comprehensively assess genomic alterations in commonly used cell lines and that there are still significant opportunities to identify novel drivers of tumorigenesis in poorly sequenced areas of the exome. Finally, we assess other reasons for the observed discrepancy, such as variations in dbSNP filtering and the acquisition/loss of mutations, to give explanations as to why there is a discrepancy in pharmacogenomic studies, given recent concerns with poor reproducibility of data. Cancer Res; 74(22); 6390–6. ©2014 AACR.
Cancer Incidence and Mortality during the Intervention and Postintervention Periods of the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial
Authors: Thomson Cynthia A. , Van Horn Linda , Caan Bette J. , Aragaki Aaron K. , Chlebowski Rowan T. , Manson JoAnn E. , Rohan Thomas E. , Tinker Lesley F. , Kuller Lewis H. , Hou Lifang , Lane Dorothy S. , Johnson Karen C. , Vitolins Mara Z. , Prentice Ross L.
Published: September 2014

Background: The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) low-fat (20% kcal) dietary modification (DM) trial (1993–2005) demonstrated a nonsignificant reduction in breast cancer, a nominally significant reduction in ovarian cancer, and no effect on other cancers (mean 8.3 years intervention). Consent to nonintervention follow-up was 83% (n = 37,858). This analysis was designed to assess postintervention cancer risk in women randomized to the low-fat diet (40%) versus usual diet comparison (60%).

Methods: Randomized, controlled low-fat diet intervention for prevention of breast and colorectal cancers conducted in 48,835 postmenopausal U.S. women, ages 50 to 79 years at 40 U.S. sites. Outcomes included total invasive cancer, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer, and cancer-specific and overall mortality.

Results: There were no intervention effects on invasive breast or colorectal cancer, other cancers, or cancer-specific or overall mortality during the postintervention period or the combined intervention and follow-up periods. For invasive breast cancer, the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were 0.92 (0.84–1.01) during intervention, 1.08 (0.94–1.24) during the postintervention period, and 0.97 (0.89–1.05) during cumulative follow-up. A reduced risk for estrogen receptor positive/progesterone receptor–negative tumors was demonstrated during follow-up. In women with higher baseline fat intake (quartile), point estimates of breast cancer risk were HR, 0.76 (95% CI, 0.62–0.92) during intervention versus HR, 1.11 (95% CI, 0.84–1.4) during postintervention follow-up (Pdiff = 0.03).

Conclusions: Dietary fat intake increased postintervention in intervention women; no long-term reduction in cancer risk or mortality was shown in the WHI DM trial.

Impact: Dietary advisement to reduce fat for cancer prevention after menopause generally was not supported by the WHI DM trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(12); 2924–35. ©2014 AACR.
The Immune Microenvironment Confers Resistance to MAPK Pathway Inhibitors through Macrophage-Derived TNFα
Authors: Smith Michael P. , Sanchez-Laorden Berta , O'Brien Kate , Brunton Holly , Ferguson Jennifer , Young Helen , Dhomen Nathalie , Flaherty Keith T. , Frederick Dennie T. , Cooper Zachary A. , Wargo Jennifer A. , Marais Richard , Wellbrock Claudia
Published: September 2014

Recently, the rationale for combining targeted therapy with immunotherapy has come to light, but our understanding of the immune response during MAPK pathway inhibitor treatment is limited. We discovered that the immune microenvironment can act as a source of resistance to MAPK pathway–targeted therapy, and moreover during treatment this source becomes reinforced. In particular, we identified macrophage-derived TNFα as a crucial melanoma growth factor that provides resistance to MAPK pathway inhibitors through the lineage transcription factor MITF (microphthalmia transcription factor). Most strikingly, in BRAF-mutant melanomas of patients and BRAFV600E melanoma allografts, MAPK pathway inhibitors increased the number of tumor-associated macrophages, and TNFα and MITF expression. Inhibiting TNFα signaling with IκB kinase inhibitors profoundly enhanced the efficacy of MAPK pathway inhibitors by targeting not only the melanoma cells but also the microenvironment. In summary, we identify the immune microenvironment as a novel source of resistance and reveal a new strategy to improve the efficacy of targeted therapy in melanoma.

Significance: This study identifies the immune microenvironment as a source of resistance to MAPK pathway inhibitors through macrophage-derived TNFα, and reveals that in patients on treatment this source becomes reinforced. Inhibiting IκB kinase enhances the efficacy of MAPK pathway inhibitors, which identifies this approach as a potential novel strategy to improve targeted therapy in melanoma. Cancer Discov; 4(10); 1214–29. ©2014 AACR.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1103
Prognostic Factors in Operated Stage IIIC, Pathological N3a Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Turker Ibrahim , Arslan Ulku Y. , Yazici Ozan , Uyeturk Ummugul , Oksuzoglu Berna , Budakoglu Burcin , Özdemir Nuriye , Sonmez Ozlem U. , Helvaci Kaan , Esbah Onur , Bal Oznur , Ekinci Ahmet S. , Zengin Nurullah
Published: September 2014

Background: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the prognostic factors in patients operated for stage IIIC breast carcinoma who had > 10 positive axillary lymph nodes (pN3a). Patients and Methods: The medical records of 302 operated N3a breast cancer patients without distant metastasis followed up in 2 medical oncology clinics in Ankara between January 1998 and June 2013 were evaluated retrospectively. Results: The median age was 50 (21-83) years. The median follow-up time was 43 (5-191) months. The patients were divided into 4 subgroups according to hormone receptor (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status. There were 151 (50.0%) patients in the HR+/HER2- group, 80 (26.5%) patients in the HR+/HER2+ group, 42 (13.9%) patients in the HR-/HER2+ group, and 29 (9.6%) patients in the triple negative (TN) group. At the time of analysis, 155 (51.3%) patients had recurrent disease and 117 (38.7%) patients had died. The median disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) times were 46.0 and 78.0 months, respectively. Both the DFS and OS in the HR+/HER2- group were longer than in the other groups (log-rank p = 0.034 and p = 0.016, respectively). Menopausal status, progesterone receptor (PgR) status, and lymph node ratio (LNR; defined as the number of positive lymph nodes compared to the total number of removed lymph nodes) were found to be independent prognostic factors (p = 0.019, p = 0.001, and p = 0.012, respectively). Conclusion: Menopausal status, PgR status, and LNR were independent prognostic factors in operated N3a breast cancer patients, who are underrepresented in breast cancer trials.
Long-Term Disease Control of a Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor with Lanreotide Autogel®: A Case Report
Authors: Lybaert Willem , Van Hul Erik , Woestenborghs Heidi
Published: September 2014

The CLARINET study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00353496) showed that somatostatin analogs are able to stabilize tumor growth in patients with intestinal and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Here, we present a case of NET originating from the pancreatic tail that was treated with lanreotide Autogel®. A 60-year-old patient underwent resection of a pancreatic NET with splenectomy and distal pancreatectomy. Four months after surgery, there was an increase in chromogranin A levels, along with a hypercaptating lesion of approximately 3.5 cm at the residual part of the pancreatic corpus. Treatment with 30 mg monthly-administered octreotide long-acting release (LAR) was initiated. After 3 months of treatment, a control CT scan revealed diffuse metastases in the liver, although the patient presented no symptoms and liver tests were normal. Due to difficulties with the administration of octreotide LAR, treatment was switched to lanreotide Autogel® 120 mg, administered as monthly deep-subcutaneous injections. Progression-free survival, as shown by 3-monthly CT scans, was obtained for 2 years without the need to increase the lanreotide Autogel® dose, and the patient reported no side effects. After these 2 years, deterioration of the patient's clinical status and weight loss were observed, along with increased size of the liver lesions and appearance of peritoneal metastases. Chemotherapy treatment with cisplatinum-etoposide was initiated, while the lanreotide Autogel® injections were continued. After three chemotherapy cycles, a rapid decline in the patient's quality of life was noted, and she requested discontinuation of the chemotherapy and lanreotide injections. One month later, the patient died due to clinical progressive disease.
Targeting Integrin and Integrin Signaling in Treating Thrombosis
Authors: Estevez Brian , Shen Bo , Du Xiaoping
Published: September 2014

The critical roles of integrins in thrombosis have enabled the successful development and clinical use of the first generation of integrin antagonists as represented by abciximab (Reopro), eptifibatide (Integrilin), and tirofiban (Aggrastat). These integrin α
IIb
β
3
antagonists are not only potent antithrombotics but also have significant side effects. In particular, their induction of ligand-induced integrin conformational changes is associated with thrombocytopenia. Increased bleeding risk prevents integrin antagonists from being used at higher doses and in patients at risk for bleeding. To address the ligand-induced conformational changes caused by current integrin antagonists, compounds that minimally induce conformational changes in integrin α
IIb
β
3
have been developed. Recent studies on the mechanisms of integrin signaling suggest that selectively targeting integrin outside-in signaling mechanisms allows for potent inhibition of thrombosis, while maintaining hemostasis in animal models.
The Onoma Rule
Authors: Lee John A.L.
Published: September 2014

The paper presents an unnoticed “rule” governing the presence or absence of the article with ὄνοµα in naming-constructions of the type “the name of x is N.” It arises from the survival of an archaic pattern with the dative and no article, alongside a newer pattern with the genitive and the article. The “rule” is shown to operate not only in the lxx and nt but in ancient Greek generally, from Homer to Koine Greek. Observance of the “rule” indicates the lxx translators’ and the nt authors’ familiarity with idiomatic Greek. The “rule” can also contribute to resolving textual questions, notably Luke 1:63.
Further Notes on Bhāviveka’s Principal Oeuvre
Authors: HE Huanhuan , van der Kuijp Leonard W.J.
Published: September 2014

The oeuvre with which Bhāviveka or Bhavya is associated is beset with a number of problems, ranging from exactly what works can be reasonably attributed to him, to their titles, and the reach and nature of their inter-textualities. Building on earlier contributions to these issues, we seek in this essay to gain a further and, it is hoped, a deeper understanding of these questions and tentatively propose a relative chronology of his main writings.
Towards a natural classification of Dothideomycetes 7: The genera Allosoma, Austropleospora, Dangeardiella, Griggsia and Karschia (Dothideomycetes incertae sedis)
Authors: Thambugala Kasun Madhusanka , SINGTRIPOP CHONTICHA , CHUNFANG YU , MCKENZIE ERIC H.C. , LIU ZUO-YI , CHUKEATIROTE EKACHAI , HYDE KEVIN
Published: September 2014

This is the seventh of a series of papers in which we report on re-examination of herbarium types of Dothideomycetes genera, incertae sedis. By examining and re-describing the generic types which are not previously illustrated or are poorly described, we attempt to propose their familial and higher placement according to the morphology based on modern taxonomic concepts. In this paper the type specimens of Allosoma, Austropleospora, Dangeardiella, Griggsia and Karschia were re-examined and are illustrated. An overview of the history and descriptions and illustrations of these genera are provided. Based on morphological similarities, Allosoma is placed in Englerulaceae, while Austropleospora and Karschia are transferred to Pleosporaceae, and Lichenotheliaceae, respectively. Dangeardiella is classified in Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis, while Griggsia is placed in Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis as it is not typical of any existing family of Dothideomycetes as it has unitunicate asci. Recollection, epitypifycation and multi-gene molecular analyses are needed for all type species of these genera in order to resolve their familial status. By illustrating and redescribing the type species, we expect to stimulate interest for these fungi to be recollected, sequenced and placed in a natural taxonomic framework in the Ascomycota.
High‐Speed Video or Video Stroboscopy in Adolescents: Which Sheds More Light?
Authors: Shinghal Tulika , Low Aaron , Russell Laurie , Propst Evan J. , Eskander Antoine , Campisi Paolo
Published: September 2014

Objective

The primary objective of this study was to compare the utility of high‐speed video (HSV) to videostroboscopy (VS) in the assessment of adolescents with normal and abnormal larynges. A secondary objective was to evaluate the ease of assessment of adolescents with HSV.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary academic health care center.

Subjects and Methods

This study involved a retrospective review of recordings of 7 adolescents assessed with both HSV and VS. The 14 recordings were randomized and presented to 4 groups of blinded evaluators: 2 fellowship‐trained laryngologists, 2 speech language pathologists (SLP) with multiyear experience working in a voice clinic, 2 pediatric otolaryngologists, and 2 otolaryngology residents. Raters were asked to evaluate the videos using a standardized scoring tool. Raters also completed a questionnaire assessing their opinion of the HSV and VS recordings.

Results

Evaluators required more time to complete their assessment of VS recordings (2.95 min ± 2.41 min) than HSV recordings (2.31 min ± 1.92 min) (P =. 004). There was no difference in ease of evaluation (P =. 878) or diagnostic accuracy within evaluator groups by recording modality (P =. 5). The overall agreement between VS and HSV was moderate (kappa [SE] = 0.446 [0.029]). The debrief questionnaire revealed that 5 of 8 (62.5%) preferred VS to HSV.

Conclusion

This is the first comparative study between HSV and VS in patients under 18 years of age. HSV permitted faster evaluation than VS, but there was no difference in diagnostic accuracy between the 2 modalities. The evaluators preferred VS to HSV.
Systemic Effects of Subcutaneous Heparin Use in Otolaryngology Patients
Authors: Blank Sarah J. , Grindler David J. , Zerega Janice , Blinder Morey , Nussenbaum Brian
Published: September 2014

Objectives

To describe a population of otolaryngology patients who developed systemic anticoagulation from pharmacologic deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis using subcutaneous low‐dose unfractionated heparin and describe associated adverse events and identify risk factors for this occurrence.

Study Design

Retrospective case series with chart review.

Setting

Single‐institution, academic tertiary care center.

Subjects and Methods

Patients who developed prolonged partial thromboplastin times from routine administration of subcutaneous low‐dose unfractionated heparin postoperatively were retrospectively identified during a 16‐month period. Data regarding demographics, disease characteristics, laboratory values, associated complications, and risk factors were collected and analyzed.

Results

Five patients, all with head and neck cancer, postoperatively developed prolonged partial thromboplastin time levels with prophylactic subcutaneous low‐dose unfractionated heparin. All had body mass index ≤20 kg/m2 and received 5000 units of subcutaneous low‐dose unfractionated heparin 3 times daily. Four had impaired renal function. Adverse events included 5 postoperative wound hematomas, an emergent reintubation, and a case of persistent mucosal bleeding. These bleeding complications accounted for 25% of all bleeding complications in otolaryngology patients during the same period.

Conclusion

Unanticipated systemic effects of subcutaneous low‐dose unfractionated heparin can cause significant morbidity in surgically treated patients with head and neck cancer. From this case series, risk factors appear to include subcutaneous low‐dose unfractionated heparin 3 times daily dose frequency, low body mass index, and renal dysfunction. For this at‐risk patient population, a protocol is needed to minimize both deep vein thromboses and complications of prophylactic therapy.
Links Between Impolite Spousal Forms of Address and Intimate Partner Violence Against Women
Authors: Yokotani Kenji
Published: September 2014

Impolite forms of address to others are linked with impolite behaviors. The present study sought to examine a possible link between spousal forms of address and intimate partner violence (IPV). Study 1 validated impolite scale ratings of spousal forms of address. Study 2 examined the links between spousal forms of address and IPV. Thirty-six heterosexual couples were sampled ( N = 72). Husbands’ negative impoliteness ratings were positively linked with physical IPV against their wives.
Adult daughters providing post-stroke care to a parent: a qualitative study of the impact that role overload has on lifestyle, participation and family relationships
Authors: Bastawrous Marina , Gignac Monique A , Kapral Moira K , Cameron Jill I
Published: September 2014

Objective:

To qualitatively explore daughters’ experiences with and response to holding multiple roles while providing post-stroke care to a parent.

Design:

Qualitative study using a descriptive approach. Semi-structured interviewing was used. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed to develop themes.

Setting:

General community of a metropolitan city.

Participants:

Twenty-three adult daughters caring for a community-dwelling parent who had suffered a stroke.

Interventions:

Not applicable.

Main outcome measures:

Not applicable.

Results:

Role overload is a salient issue for daughter caregivers. This overload is best captured by the analogy of “juggling” multiple role demands and responsibilities. Two key themes suggest that role overload resulting from parent care affects daughters’: 1) valued relationships (e.g. challenges develop in their relationship with children and partner); and 2) ability to participate in valued activities (e.g. reduced involvement in leisure activities and restricted employment).

Conclusions:

Future support efforts should help daughters manage the caregiving role in light of other responsibilities. This can mitigate overload-related strain in valued relationships and decreased participation in valued activities, thereby contributing to better health and well-being for daughter caregivers.
Self-Report Assessments of Emotional Competencies
Authors: Keefer Kateryna V.
Published: September 2014

This Special Issue of the Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment offers a critical appraisal of the validity, applied utility, and limitations of self-report assessments of emotional competencies. Using self-concept theory as an integrative theoretical framework, this introductory editorial highlights key methodological and validity issues raised in the contributing articles: (a) distinction between emotional competence self-perceptions and objectively measured abilities, (b) effects of response biases and respondents’ age on the psychometric properties of self-reports, (c) importance of adopting a multi-dimensional assessment strategy, and (d) various aspects of construct validity (conceptual definitions and paradigms, gender differences, relationships with basic personality, mechanisms and scope of prediction). The added value of conceptualizing emotional competence self-reports as self-concepts (as proposed in this article) is illustrated in the discussion of practical implications, outstanding questions, and directions for future research on the meaning and uses of these assessments.