bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shifting Meanings in a Blue-Collar Worker Philanthropy Program
Authors: Gibson Melissa K. , Schullery Nancy M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines an innovative philanthropic program instituted by a Midwestern U.S. manufacturing company during organizational downtimes. Rather than institute layoffs and unemployment, the organization chose to enact a policy of “loaned labor,” securing employee pay and benefits in exchange for work in local nonprofit organizations. This case study examines the tensions that emerged when a traditionally structured company instituted a program indicative of incremental shifts toward feminist organizing principles. In this analysis of traditional structures and feminist management principles, the authors examine the promises and problems of this philanthropic program. Lastly, the authors explore the pragmatic and far-reaching benefits of this program for the employees, the community, and the organization as a whole.
Reengineering Identity
Authors: Kuhn Timothy , Nelson Natalie
Published: March 2007

Recent theoretical work in organizational identification has developed two themes: that members of complex organizations have multiple social groups with which they identify and that acts displaying members’identifications contribute to the construction of collective identities. Using a multimethodological and longitudinal approach, this case study of a planned organizational change found that (a) members central in the communication network identified similarly across four social groups, whereas others concentrated on subsets of these identities; (b) members’ use of discursive resources to explain a contentious event both displayed structured interests and made claims on the collective’s identity; and (c) members’preferred identity structures were more local than distant following the event. These findings contribute to scholarship and practice by illustrating the multiplicity and duality of identification, by introducing a procedure to assess multiple identity structures simultaneously, and by calling attention to the influence of activity patterns in shaping identities, particularly during planned change.
Interviewer and Applicant Questioning Behavior in Employment Interviews
Authors: Jablin Fredric M. , Miller Vernon D.
Published: March 2007

Although questions represent one of the primary means of information exchange in the employment interview, empirical research exploring interview questioning has been an infrequent object of review and interpretation. This article attempts to alleviate this situation by providing a cross-disciplinary review and analysis of research related to interviewer and applicant questioning processes in the employment interview. Toward this end, our literature analysis is organized into three primary sections: (a) constraints and antecedent factors associated with asking questions in the interview; (b) characteristics of interview questions; and (c) the consequences or outcomes of questioning. Within each of these sections findings pertaining to interviewer and applicant question usage are described and critiqued. Subsequently, we discuss pragmatic implications for interview practice that can be extrapolated from our analysis of the literature. Finally, in the last section we present a number of conclusions concerning the “state of the art” of research exploring questioning in the employment interview, and we suggest directions for future research in the area.
Development and Validation of the Organizational Dissent Scale
Authors: Kassing Jeffrey W.
Published: March 2007

The general trend toward more democratic forms of organizing highlights the necessity to consider how employees engage their organizations in participative environments. Assessing employee dissent represents one means of understanding the dialogue between employee and employer. The purpose of this study was to develop a measure for operationalizing how employees verbally express their contradictory opinions and disagreements about organizational phenomena. The Organizational Dissent Scale (ODS) was developed and tested in a series of studies designed to generate evidence of validity and reliability for the measure. Results indicate that the scale measures how employees express dissent along three dimensions: articulated, antagonistic (latent), and displaced. Results also indicate that initial evidence of validity and reliability exists for the scale.
Ethical Implications for Acting Faithfully in the Nurse-Person Relationship
Authors: Milton Constance L.
Published: March 2007

Bearing witness-not bearing witness has been posited as a fundamental rhythm of coexistence. In biomedical ethical writings, the concept of fidelity, or faithfulness, has been used to describe an obligation to act in good faith with such actions as keeping promises or vows, fulfilling agreements, maintaining relationships, and individuals’ fulfilling fiduciary responsibilities. In this column, the nursing phenomenon of acting faithfully in the nurse-person relationship shall be defined and explored with practice implications through reflections as viewed from the lens of the nursing theoretical framework of the human becoming school of thought.
Grieving a Personal Loss
Authors: Cody William K.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to uncover the structure of the lived experience of grieving a personal loss using Parse's research methodology. The nursing perspective for this study is that of Parse's theory of nursing. Through dialogical engagement with the researcher, four participants described their experiences of grieving a personal loss. The researcher dwelled with the descriptions and through extraction-synthesis evolved the structure of the lived experience. The structure of the lived experience of grieving a personal loss is intense struggling in the flux of change while a shifting view fosters moving beyond the now as different possibilities surface in dwelling with and apart from the absent presence and others in light of what is cherished. This study enhances the knowledge base on grieving, expands Parse's theory of nursing, and demonstrates the value of Parse's methodology for uncovering the meaning of lived experiences.
Concepts from Eastern Philosophy and Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings
Authors: Hanchett Effie S.
Published: March 2007

A brief outline of Buddhist thought is presented. Four concepts from early Indian philosophy which contributed to the development of the middle way consequence (Madhyamika Prasangika) school of Tibetan Buddhist philosophy are discussed. These are: action (karma), direct perception, emptiness, and dependent arising. An overview of Martha Rogers' science of unitary human beings is given, followed by a discussion of the concepts of energy field and integrality within her worldview. Buddhist concepts of action, direct valid perception, and emptiness are considered in relation to Rogers' notion of energy field; the concept of dependent arising is compared to Rogers' principle of integrality. It is proposed that Rogers' worldview includes areas of similarity with concepts used in Tibetan Buddhist philosophy.
Aesthetic Knowing Grounded in an Explicit Conception of Nursing
Authors: Boykin Anne , Parker Marilyn E. , Schoenhofer Savina O.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an expanded perspective of aesthetic knowing in nursing grounded in the theory of nursing as caring. The authors highlight Carper's contributions to nursing, applauding the value of her work. However, a major limitation of Carper's work on aesthetic knowing is the failure to provide an explicit conception of nursing to guide the search for patterns and structure of nursing knowledge, thus the limited development of the aesthetic pattern of knowing in nursing. The authors propose that aesthetic knowing in nursing is the creating experience in the nursing situation, expression of the experience, and appreciation of it through encounter.
The Articulation of Nursing Systems With Dependent Care Systems of Intergenerational Caregivers
Authors: Fawdry M. Kaye , Berry Mary L. , Rajacich Dale
Published: March 2007

Family members, especially adult children, provide the majority of care required by aging relatives. While there is a plethora of literature on family caregiving, generally, the intergenerational caregiving experience is not well documented. The purpose of this article is to explain the articulation of nursing systems with dependent care systems of intergenerational caregivers from three perspectives: (a) Orem's dependent care unit of service, (b) Taylor's interpretation of family as dependent care systems, and (c) Bowers' theory of intergenerational caregiving.
The Neuman Systems Model in Research and Practice
Authors: Neuman Betty
Published: March 2007

The major focus of this article is on utilization of the Neuman systems model for nursing practice and research. The directives given will accommodate cultural variations and also serve the needs of interdisciplinary groups. The author shares views of global values for using the Neuman systems model for relevant nursing education, practice, administration, research, and international and interdisciplinary functions.
Policy as the Transformation of Intentions: Making Multicultural Education Policy
Authors: Placier Margaret , Hall Peter M. , McKendall Sherron Benson , Cockrell Karen S.
Published: March 2007

This qualitative policy study applies an interactionist framework for policy analysis, especially the concept of intentions, to an examination of the construction of multicultural education policy in a midwestern U.S. school district. Intentions-purposes and goals meant to shape the behavior of actors in the future and at other sites-motivate actors to act in the policy arena, to use policy as a vehicle for realizing their purposes. Initiated in response to a racial conflict in a high school, the policy process entailed the school board's creation of a committee including many African American community members to generate recommendations for improving race relations. During the process, the school board's intentions, and those of many community members, were transformed due to the administration's reinforcement of district conventions and power structures. Race relations became multicultural issues. Community members who misconstrued the process as granting them real policy-making authority were most disappointed with the outcomes.
Reading, Writing, and Reconstructionism: The Christian Right and the Politics of Public Education
Authors: Lugg Catherine A.
Published: March 2007

The U.S. Christian Right has been involved with the politics of education since its inception in the 1970s. This involvement has been greatly influenced by a theological justification of political activism, Christian Reconstructionism. Subsequently, much of the activity by the Christian Right involving public education tends to fall into two categories: re-Christianization and deinstitutionalization. This article presents a historical overview of these developments, provides an analytic framework to assess criticisms and activity by the Christian Right, and offers responses to this form of politicized theology.
A Study of High School Puente: What We Have Learned about Preparinglatino Youth for Postsecondary Education
Authors: Gándara Patricia
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a 4-year study of High School Puente’s impact on program participants. Data include approximately 1,000 Puente students and 1,000 non-Puente students from18 high schools to test the impact of the programon aspirations, attitudes toward school, and preparation for college. Data were also collected on 75 matched pairs of Puente and non-Puente students to test the impact of the Puente program on GPA, preparation for college, attitudes and aspirations, and college going. The study found significant differences between Puente and non-Puente students on attitudes toward school, preparation for college, aspirations to attend college, and percentage of students going on to 4-year colleges. Puente students reported going on to 4-year colleges at nearly double the rate of non-Puente students with the same grades and test scores. The article discusses aspects of the programthat probably helped to account for these outcomes.
Choice Orientations,Discussions, and Prospects
Authors: Raywid Mary Anne
Published: March 2007

An examination of the contemporary choice discussion yields four somewhat distinct choice orientations and cases: an education-driven argument for choice; an economics-driven argument; a governance-driven argument; and an argument from particular national policy concerns of the past several decades. Each of these cases is sketched. Some logical and other features of the choice discussion are noted, andfinally some predictions are offered about the likely course of the choice discussion over the next several years.
Promoting Positive Peer Relations in Desegregated Schools
Authors: Schofield Janet W.
Published: March 2007

This article suggests that desegregation should be seen as an ongoing process rather than a specific event. It argues that more attention needs to be given to shaping students' experiences in desegregated schools so that they foster positive intergroup relations. The first minimal step in this process is finding ways to avoid resegregation. Then administrators and teachers must work to create an environment in which minority and majority group members have equal status and interact in a cooperative rather than a competitive atmosphere. Ways in which the color-blind perspective can impede this process are discussed.
Emerging Service Delivery Models for Educating Homeless Children and Youth: Implications for Policy and Practice
Authors: Stronge James H.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the complex and challenging issues of providing an appropriate educational opportunity to homeless children and youth. Concomitant with the contemporary growth in homelessness in American society, educational programs designed to accommodate homeless children and youth have been developed in recent years. A discussion of emerging educational service delivery systems for homeless children and youth, with a particular emphasis on policy implications for overcoming the barriers to their education, is provided.
The Use of Research in Local Policy Making: A Case Study of Corporal Punishment in Public Education
Authors: Smith Christopher E.
Published: March 2007

This case study of one community's task force on corporal punishment illustrates the impediments to the application of education research in local policy making. Because the nature and methods of empirical research are not well understood, even by local education professionals, scientific knowledge can be mischaracterized or ignored, especially when it clashes with strongly held personal beliefs. For scholarship to serve society, scholars must identify and confront the impediments to accurate understanding of scientific knowledge and take greater care in preparing their students, the future educational leaders in local communities, to understand and make use of education research.
Conceptualizing Account ability: A Liberal Framework
Authors: Kuchapski Renée
Published: March 2007

This article provides the basis for a framework that conceptualizes accountability as an abstraction of political ideology. By linking accountability processes and mechanisms to both visions of the public good and to the principles and elements that undergird the concept of accountability, a more comprehensive understanding of the activities and the associated rhetoric that have been subsumed under the accountability rubric is developed.
Converging Reforms and the Working Lives of Frontline Professionals in Schools
Authors: Knapp Michael S. , Bamburg Jerry D. , Ferguson Michele C. , Hill Paul T.
Published: March 2007

Frontline professionals (classroom teachers and health and social services professionals) are faced with growing responsibility for implementing an increasing array of reform initiatives. These reforms often require significant changes in (a) governance and decision making; (b) curriculum, instruction, and assessment; and (c) health and social services. At the present time, this phenomenon has received little attention and is poorly understood. This article investigates what is known about the impact of each of these reforms on the working lives of frontline professionals, speculates about how these reforms might interact with each other as they converge on the school, and describes potential responses by frontline professionals. In conclusion, the authors propose three lines of inquiry that could inform policy makers as they respond to the needs of frontline professionals.
Evaluating Integrated Children’s Services: The Politics of Research on Collaborative Education and Social Service Research
Authors: Herrington Carolyn D. , Lazar Irving
Published: March 2007

Based on the history of education and other human services (e.g., health, welfare, housing, and social work) in the United States, this article analyzes the differing political status among providers of student services. The resulting political pressures structure professional research norms and mitigate against professional collaboration at both the delivery and research levels. The chapter identifies four key issues that need addressing in the design of collaborative research projects to be responsive to converging political pressures. These issues emerge not only from the efforts to collaborate but from the differing training, backgrounds, and interests of evaluators and researchers from various service agencies and schools, and from the divergent needs of clients around health, housing, welfare, job preparation, and K-12 education. The role of the school is key because shared services often occur on the school site, where children spend the most time.
Outcomes Research: Issues of Evidence, Timing and Application
Authors: Jackson Joseph D.
Published: March 2007

We have entered the era of value for money, and it will likely last into the next century. Increasingly, the use of pharmaceuticals will be a function of the value for money they bring to specific populations at risk. As an integral part of this era, the outcomes research movement is pursuing the quest for value; however, the movement is in its infancy. There is a great appetite for systematic outcomes research that would assess unmet clinical need, the novelty of the clinically meaningful outcomes, and the potential for monetary benefit. The basic premise of outcomes research is that choices between alternatives must be made to promote efficiency without compromising quality of care. Although choices must be made, the foundation for these decisions is properly good research evidence. The process of evidence generation is time-intensive, especially in diseases with long episodes of illness. Therefore, it will take time to produce clinically meaningful data on factors such as mortality and morbidity gains, health-related quality of life, productivity enhancements, patient and provider satisfaction and compliance, especially for new drugs. The needs are acute and the promise is great, but the movement is probably more evolutionary than revolutionary. Copyright © 1995 by W.B. Saunders Company
Providing Pharmaceutical Care to the Pediatric Patient
Authors: Young Sharon L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to provide the pharmacist with direction in providing pharmaceutical care to pediatric patients. A major component of the provision of pharmaceutical care is minimizing the risk for adverse drug effects such as medication errors. Dosage calculation errors are the most common type of medication error encountered in pediatric pharmacy practice. It is imperative that the pharmacist verify the dosages for all medication orders with appropriate dosage references. Establishing basic procedures for the processing of pediatric medication orders can reduce the risk for medication errors. One of the challenges in pediatric pharmacy practice is providing a drug product that is suitable for administration to infants and small children, because many of the commercial products are not. This may entail preparing a liquid formulation from a solid dosage form or instructing the caregiver on how to extract the contents out of a liquid-containing capsule. Providing the caregiver with suggestions on ways to improve the palatability of the medication can make a significant impact on patient compliance. The pediatric population is a very dynamic group of individuals who are constantly changing from the time of conception through adolescence. The physiological changes that occur with normal growth and development alter the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of therapeutic agents. The pharmaceutical care team must be versed in the unique aspects of these patients to best meet their drug therapy needs and achieve the desired therapeutic outcomes. As the expert in pharmacotherapy and pharmaceutics, the pharmacist is a key member of the pharmaceutical care team. Copyright © 1996 by W.B. Saunders Company
An Exploratory Study of Developmental Growth in Adults with Heart Failure
Authors: Baas Linda S. , Beery Theresa A. , Fontana Joyce A. , Wagoner Lynne E.
Published: March 2007

Persons with heart failure face a myriad of challenges due to the physical limitations imposed by the chronic illness. Despite these changes, each person must continue to face the developmental challenges of adulthood. This exploratory study was conducted to examine the impact that this chronic illness has on the developmental processes of adults. Methods triangulation was used to examine the content of unprompted, written goals and the results of surveys of life satisfaction and mood states of 138 persons with heart failure. Younger adults had higher anger, depression, and anxiety scores than older or middle-aged adults and had lower scores of life satisfaction. This may reflect the emotional reaction to the realization that their lives may be shortened by this chronic illness. Analysis of their goals reflected the developmental challenges described by Erikson. Despite severe physical limitations, these individuals demonstrated growth and achievement of developmental tasks by transcending usual time lines.
Age Variations in Personal Agency and Self-Esteem
Authors: Schieman Scott , Campbell Janice E.
Published: March 2007

Objectives: This study examines howage patterns in health control, self-efficacy, and self-esteem are influenced by age-correlated social status, health, personality, and social integration variables. Methods:Ordinary least squares regression documents age patterns in data from a 1985 community sample of 1,549 physically disabled and nondisabled individuals from southwestern Ontario, Canada. Results:Older respondents report lower health control, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Less education, more physical impairment, poorer global health, less empathy, and less introspectiveness explain about 43% of age’s negative association with health control and more than half of its negative association with self-esteem. In addition, age is associated more negatively with self-efficacy among the disabled. Social status variables conceal the strength of the age-by-disability interaction coefficient, while health accounts for almost an equal amount. Discussion:The findings describe how age-correlated personal and social factors contribute to, or statistically conceal, older adults’ sense of health control, self-efficacy, and self-esteem.
Residential Care Supply and Cognitive and Physical Problem Case Mix in Nursing Homes
Authors: Newcomer Robert , Swan James , Karon Sara , Bigelow Wayne , Harrington Charlene , Zimmerman David
Published: March 2007

Objectives: Arapid evolution has occurred in state policy and industry practices relative to assisted living and expanded use of residential care facilities for people with physical and cognitive frailty, yet relatively little is known about the interrelationship between this housing supply and nursing-home case mix. Methods:The association between residential care supply and the proportion of cognitively and physically impaired nursing facility residents was examined in more than 1,500 facilities in five states. Results:The proportion of nursing-home cases with only physical and cognitive impairment likely to be affected by emerging long-term care policy appears to be well under 10%. This effect is more persistent among admissions than continuing cases. Discussion:The findings raise caution about the optimistic assumptions of the interplay between residential care/assisted living policy and nursing-home use.
Mobility Impairments in Crash-Involved Older Drivers
Authors: Sims Richard V. , Mcgwin Gerald , Pulley Leavonne , Roseman Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2007

Objective:To evaluate potential associations of impairments in physical function with motor vehicle crash involvement in older drivers. Methods:Case participants were randomly selected residents of Mobile County, Alabama, = 65 years old who had sustained an at-fault motor vehicle crash in 1996. Similarly selected crash-free controls were frequency matched to cases on gender and age. Self-report data on demographic variables, medical conditions, medications, driving exposure, and function were collected by telephone interviewers. Results:Relative to crash-free subjects, crash-involved drivers were significantly more likely to report difficulty walking 1/4 mile and moving outdoors. Marginally significant associations were observed for trouble carrying a heavy object 100 yards and for the occurrence of falls in the prior year. Increasing numbers of functional limitations were directly related to the odds of crash involvement. Discussion:In comparison to crash-free controls, crash-involved older drivers are more likely to report other mobility-related impairments, possibly including falls.
The Relationship between Age and Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Schieman Scott , van Gundy Karen , Taylor John
Published: March 2007

Objective: The objective is to examine competing explanatory and suppression influences on a negative, linear association between age and depressive symptoms. Methods:Two samples were used: a community sample of physically disabled individuals and a comparison sample matched on age, sex, and area of residence. Results:Fewer economic hardships and fewer experiences of negative interpersonal exchanges among older disabled and nondisabled respondents account for the negative relationship between age and depressive symptoms. Higher scores on a composite measure of religiosity among older disabled adults also account for part of the negative age effect. Conversely, a lower sense of mastery among older respondents in both samples suppresses the size of the negative age slope. Discussion:Findings are discussed in terms of stress process and socioemotional selectivity theories, which predict that personal and social arrangements influence the experience of emotions differentially across the life course.
Community Resources and Mental Health of Older Women Living Alone
Authors: Magaziner Jay , Cadigan Doris A.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between community resources and mental health was examined in a community sample of 807 women 65 years and older. Results indicate that those living alone are no more depressed or cognitively impaired than those in other living arrangements, but they are less likely to believe someone will be available to assist them for a long or short time or in an emergency. In addition, those living alone who have more neighbors and more children in the neighborhood are more likely to believe short and long-term community care will be available if needed.
How Important is Functional Status as a Predictor of Service Use by Older People?
Authors: Tennstedt Sharon L. , Sullivan Lisa M. , McKinlay John B. , D'Agostino Ralph B.
Published: March 2007

In studies of older people, it is often assumed that biophysical, or functional, status is the primary determinant of formal service use. This article reports baseline data from a longitudinal study of a community-based, linked random sample of frail elders (n = 635) and their informal caregivers (n = 429) to investigate the relative contribution of social circumstances to the use of community-based formal services. Elder respondents were categorized into three groups defined by their primary source of care: (a) informal only, (b) mixed help with predominantly informal care, (c) mixed help with predominantly formal services. Of the respondents, 79% received most of their help from informal caregivers, whereas 21% relied on formal services for most of their assistance. A series of logistic regression models were developed to identify variables that discriminated between major sources of care. The social factor of living alone is the consistent predictor of reliance on formal services. Only for those elders living alone does the physical factor of level of frailty predict reliance on formal services. Elders who live with a caregiver, particularly a spouse, are likely not to use any formal services regardless of their level of frailty. Finally, elders reliant on formal services receive much less care overall.
Depression among Caregivers of Impaired Elders
Authors: Tennstedt Sharon , Cafferata Gail Lee , Sullivan Lisa
Published: March 2007

Studies have reported that rates of depression among caregivers are higher than in the general population. However, these studies have been limited primarily to caregivers of cognitively impaired elders. Using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale, this study investigated depression among caregivers for physically impaired elders. The authors found that one third of these caregivers reported depressive symptoms, a lower rate than for caregivers of cognitively impaired elders but still twice the rate for the general population. The data show that depressive symptoms are related primarily to health status but also to aspects of the caregiving situation, including both the negative impact of that care as well as the relationship of the caregiver to the frail elder. Depressive symptoms are not mediated by formal or informal support.
Factors of Nutritional Health-Seeking Behaviors
Authors: Quinn Mary Ellen , Johnson Mary Ann , Poon Leonard W. , Martin Peter , Nickols-Richardson Sharon M.
Published: March 2007

Health-seeking behaviors are described by Harris and Guten (1979) as any behavior of an individual that promotes, protects, or maintains one's health, regardless of actual or perceived health status. The purpose of this study was to determine if nutritional health-seeking behavior (Bausell, 1986) comprised one or more factors for older adults ( N = 256). Participants were in their 60s ( n = 90), 80s ( n = 91), and 100+ ( n = 75). Exploratory factor analysis indicated that nutritional health-seeking behavior items formed two factors: avoid (i.e., avoiding unhealthy nutritional behavior) and seek (i.e., attempting or seeking healthy nutritional behavior). Multiple regression analysis revealed that risk factors for poor nutritional health-seeking behaviors in older adults include advanced age, low economic resources, and male gender. Protective factors included the personality factors of self-discipline, enthusiasm, sensitivity, and warmth.
Impact of Psychosocial Factors on Health Outcomes in the Elderly
Authors: Willis Lee , Goodwin James , Lee Kyung-Ok , Mosqueda Laura , Garry Phillip , Liu Paul , Linn Richard , Wayne Sharon
Published: March 2007

One hundred and thirty-five initially healthy men and women older than 65 years of age were studied prospectively to identify factors associated with health outcomes. At study onset, measures of personality, social interaction, and health locus of control were obtained while participants were still healthy. A reliable health outcome measure was developed, based on the annual objective coding of morbidity. Correlations between variables showed significant associations between age, a less independent personality trait, and poor health outcomes. Anxiety and low levels of social interaction were associated with poor health after 8 years. Gender and health locus of control were not significantly related to health outcomes. A path analysis showed significant direct paths between age and trait anxiety and 8-year health outcomes, and indirect paths between anxiety and extroversion and 8-year health, by way of social interaction. There was no evidence that social interaction mediated the effects of either anxiety or extroversion on health. The structure of psychosocial characteristics of the healthy elderly sample was revealed in the pattern of correlations between personality, social interaction, and locus of control.
Examining the Efficiency of Home Care
Authors: Kane Robert L.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the “efficiency” or cost-effectiveness of home care. Because home care encompasses a range of services targeted to many populations, it is necessary to take cognizance of case mix and clarify its goals to assess effectiveness. Goals for home care can be thought of as meeting and/or compensating for client dependency needs or making a difference in the client’s clinical trajectory. The latter implies comparing actual to expected outcomes, where outcomes can cover a wide range of domains addressing quality of care and quality of life. Inferring the effect of treatment (i.e., home care) on various outcomes will likely rely heavily on epidemiological techniques that, in turn, rely on sophisticated statistical techniques. Problems measuring the costs of care include how to handle the costs of informal care and deciding whose costs should be of primary concern. Better data about the costs, and experimentation with different forms of caregiving, need to be pursued.
Volunteer and Paid Ombudsmen Investigating Complaints in Six States: A Natural Triaging
Authors: Netting F. Ellen , Huber Ruth , Borders Kevin , Kautz James R. , Nelson H. Wayne
Published: March 2007

The Long Term Care Ombudsman Program provides an opportunity to explore how a public mandate is implemented through the use of paid and volunteer ombudsmen who investigate complaints in long-term care facilities. In this article, the authors report partial findings from a growing database across six states, focusing on what is known about the use of volunteers and paid staff complaint investigation. Findings reveal differences in the types of complaints received, the sources of complaints, and the percentage of complex (difficult) complaints investigated by volunteers and paid staff. These differences result in a natural triaging that occurs among volunteers and paid staff, so that complaints viewed as difficult to verify and resolve are automatically given to paid staff.
Global Public Goods: What Role for Civil Society?
Authors: Kaul Inge
Published: March 2007

This article draws attention to the importance of public goods for the well-being of people, including, as a means toward this end, for the efficiency of markets. The author suggests that as a result of globalization, a growing number of public goods have assumed cross-border dimensions and become global public goods (GPGs). They can no longer be adequately provided through domestic policy action alone but require international cooperation for their adequate provision. The author argues that for globalization to work for all, it is important for civil society organizations (CSOs) to become more systematically involved in international negotiations and cooperation and to facilitate closer linkages between domestic policy making and international cooperation. Six policy options are discussed that could strengthen the role of CSOs in the provision of GPGs and in achieving more balanced and sustainable development.
Support Organizations and the Evolution of the NGO Sector
Authors: Brown L. David , Kalegaonkar Archana
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the emergence of support organizations that play strategic roles in the evolution of development nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) as a sector of civil society. We begin with a discussion of sector challenges from outside (such as public legitimacy, relations with governments, relations with businesses, and relations with international actors) and from inside (amateurism, restricted focus, material scarcity, fragmentation, and paternalism). We describe the rise of agencies to serve critical support functions, such as strengthening individual and organizational capacities, mobilizing material resources, providing information and intellectual resources, building alliances for mutual support, and building bridges across sectoral differences. Then, we examine how those organizations have solved critical problems for NGO communities, and we develop some propositions about the creation and establishment of support organizations, their strategic position, the choice to take strategic action, and how external assistance can support their strategic roles.
Twenty Years of the Journal of Voluntary Action Research/Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly
Authors: Brudney Jeffrey L. , Durden Teresa Kluesner
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a content analysis of the articles published in Non profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly and in its predecessor, the journal of Voluntary Action Research, in their first twenty years of existence. The investigation identifies the substantive areas that have been covered, the institutional affiliations of the authors, the methodological styles of the articles, and the disciplines that have provided the research. Thirty-five percent of the authors have been women, about 1 7 percent of the authors have nonacademic affiliations, and sociology is the discipline represented most heavily, although thirty-five disciplines have provided articles. Social work, political science, public affairs, urban affairs, management, and economics have also been heavily represented.
How May Children's Development be Seen Historically?
Authors: MODELL JOHN
Published: March 2007

The pioneering Soviet developmental psychologist Lev Vygotsky argued early in the century that children's development could be understood only in its relationship to history. But he and his followers have never quite accomplished this prescription. This article maintains that we can only understand development as history when we think simulateously about how changing contexts affect what children appropriate from them, and how children's appropriations modify the contexts that guide development. This formulation implies, and the article explores, certain qualities that historical accounts possess. V ygotsky's `zone of proximal development', it is maintainted, should be studied historically within an account of the working of formal organizations. The article concludes with an illustration of the proposed approach, focusing upon an episode in the recent history of schooling.
The Unacceptable Flaneur
Authors: MATTHEWS HUGH , TAYLOR MARK , PERCY-SMITH BARRY , LIMB MELANIE
Published: March 2007

This article considers the importance of the shopping mall to a group of young people living in the East Midlands of the UK. It shows that for many young people the mall provides a convenient place for hanging out. Yet their occupancy of this setting is not unproblematic. Many adults, for example, perceive the public and visible presence of young people as uncomfortable and inappropriate. Despite constant attempts to move them on, however, young people stubbornly remain within the mall asserting a right of presence. In order to (re)interpret these behaviours (both that of teenager and adult), the study draws upon the new literature of the cultural politics of difference and identity. It suggests that through their various attempts to assert a right of presence, young people assume the mantle of the hybrid. Here, young people are no longer child, nor quite adult. By locating themselves in settings that transgress and so question the spatial hegemony of adulthood, young people journey into the interstitial territory of `thirdspace'. From this perspective the mall assumes a cultural importance over and above its functional form.
Five-Year-Olds' Fascination for Television
Authors: HAKE KARIN
Published: March 2007

Is there a difference between children's reception of a programme from a public service channel and a programme from a commercial channel? This article is based on a comparative, qualitative study of a public service and a commercial programme with 20 5-year-old children. The empirical approach highlighted children's understanding of, identification and fascination with the two television programmes. Furthermore, the study also dealt with the parents' perspectives as well as potential discrepancies between the parental perspectives and the child's perspectives. The children were particularly fascinated by sequences containing affective components such as conflicts and aggression. Sixteen children out of 20 chose the programme from the commerical channel. The parents intuitively showed insight into what their child chose and why. However, when comparing the parents' choice with the children's, we found that the children appeared to create their own alternative television culture - a possible `counter-culture' - as opposed to an adult media culture. This type of research may facilitate a more multifaceted image of the child audience.
Talking Dirty
Authors: KELLEY PETER , BUCKINGHAM DAVID , DAVIES HANNAH
Published: March 2007

Television is often blamed for making sexual knowledge available to children, and thereby for promoting `inappropriate' attitudes and behaviour. This article draws on data gathered as part of a larger research project about the changing nature of the child television audience. It considers how children (aged 6-7 and 10-11) interpret and respond to the representations of sexual behaviour they encounter on television, for example in genres such as soap operas and dating game shows; and how they define what is appropriate, both for themselves and for children in general. Using discourse analysis, the article examines how children's discussions of these issues serve as a form of `identity work', through which they define what it means to be a child.
When Business Speaks: Political Entrepreneurship, Discourse and Mobilization in American Partisan Regimes
Authors: Polsky Andrew
Published: March 2007

The political activism of American business as a class has surged and ebbed at various historical moments. Variations in both business and countervailing political mobilization should be approached as problems of collective interpretation and action. To explain the historical patterns of class-wide business activism, we need to look at the dynamics of partisan regimes in American politics. Partisan leaders, not businesses or other policy-seekers themselves, have the strongest incentives to absorb the transaction costs associated with either broad-scale business or countervailing collective action. When partisan entrepreneurs see an opportunity to alter the distribution of power at the national level, they engage in a discursive exercise to remold business or oppositional interests and undertake the mobilization of these interests.
Integrating Levels of Analysis in World Politics
Authors: Ray James Lee
Published: March 2007

`Levels of analysis' problems can involve issues regarding (1) the relative potency of different categories of explanatory factors, (2) the relationship between analyses focusing on different units of analysis or (3) the relationship between assumptions about individual social entities and hypotheses regarding interactions among those entities. An analysis of the manner in which economists have dealt with levels of analysis issues and recent developments in the field of international politics focusing on the relationship between regime types and international conflict can facilitate the integration of research efforts involving different levels of analysis. Advocates of `democratic peace' rely increasingly on an assumption that leaders of states place the highest priority on staying in power. This assumption offers a useful basis for the integration of domestic as well as international or environmental explanatory factors. Since this assumption and theoretical notions based on it imply that different types of states behave differently, however, it can also complicate the analysis of interactions among states. Directed dyadic level analyses, and analyses of more complex aggregates using directed dyads as building blocks, can produce data that are more germane to the evaluation of hypotheses regarding the impact of differences between states than aggregate level analyses that typically tend to obscure `who does what to whom'.
Decentralization and Political Control of the Bureaucracy
Authors: Whitford Andrew B.
Published: March 2007

In contrast to principal-agency theory, the possibility of the political control of the bureaucracy depends on bureaucratic structure. In this article, I argue that the functional decentralization of responsibility and authority for policy formulation and implementation involves a net loss of political control. I show that the choice by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to transfer responsibility to its Regional Offices changed the ability of national political superiors to intervene in policy implementation in the field. Examining Regional Office data on the enforcement of reactor regulations from 1975 to 1996, I present statistical tests of the changing influence of national political institutions, local policy preferences, and the Regions’ task environment. I find that decentralization insulated the NRC from national political oversight, and that the Regions were more responsive to local oversight postdevolution and deviated from a ‘natural rate’ of enforcement.
The Impact of Government Spending Levels on Medium-Term Economic Growth in the Oecd, 1960-85
Authors: Castles Francis G. , Dowrick Steve
Published: March 2007

Recent findings concerning the impact of government spending on economic growth have been as diverse as the theories underpinning them. Proceeding from a methodological critique of prior work in the field and drawing on a variety of methodological innovations suggested in recent studies, we seek to design rigorous tests using cross-section data from 18 OECD countries over four business cycles between 1960 and 1985. Government expenditure is decomposed into various categories and economic growth is corrected for cyclical disturbances. We also control for the effects of technological catch-up, institutional sclerosis and population growth along with the mediating influences of investment and employment. A variety of diagnostic statistical tests are applied, including tests for parameter stability across countries and across periods and tests for heteroscedasticity, functional form, outliers and endogeneity. We reject the hypothesis that government expenditures reduce economic growth and indicate some areas of social expenditures which may possibly tend to increase growth. We are also able to indicate the methodological assumptions and restrictions which have led to previous contrary findings.
Sub-Governments, Policy Communities and Networks
Authors: Jordan Grant
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the relationship between the new British literature on policy communities and the older US sub-government approach. It notes the importance of the difference between stable and ad hoc networks, and points to the need to develop further a range of types of policy-making structures.