bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
University Faculty: Prin1ing the Pun1p or Lying in An1bush?
Authors: Velez William Yslas
Published: November 2023

There appears to be great misconception about the role of university faculty. It is not to communicate to students the technical aspects of our subject; our role is to communicate a point of view. I’dy comments are not meant to be universal but rather are directed to the mathematics community. I have spent most of my academic life in that insular cocoon called research. For me, the most wonderful aspect of being a researcher is that feeling of being totally lost, without a clue as to where the next idea is coming from. At times like these, a researcher goes through an agony. Should the problem be abandoned or pursued for yet another day And then the fog lifts and we are flooded with those sought-after insights. Along the path we find obstacles, but persistence or inner strength allows us to continue. What joy! That is my point of view.
The Next Stage
Authors: Marrett Cora
Published: November 2023

As a practitioner, it is clear to me that for our work in the future, parsimony is the watchword and boundary-crossing the approach. We need to target our efforts narrowly, using research to help us clear away the brush and identify the most significant pathways to a given end. Vl/e must learn the critical elements and then identify policies that are really going to address them. The same parsimonious approach applies to practice: given limits to human and financial resources, we can’t possibly afford to try everything. Parsimony in this case becomes the art of reducing complexity to the core elements we are able to handle.
Models for Studying Early Careers Minority Scientists and Engineers in Industry
Authors: Russell Terrence R
Published: November 2023

Four Models for the Study of Science and Engineering Careers This chapter will explore our knowledge of the early career stages of scientists and engineers who are members of minority groups and how those careers are likely to develop. To do this ade4uately from a policy perspective, it is necessary to look back at formative developments, situations, and relationships and forward in terms of future goals, making predictions about the probability of connecting the present to the future.
Why Are Minority and Won1en Scientists Still Treated So Badly?
Authors: Etzkowitz Henry
Published: November 2023

Despite the growing literature on the problems of minorities and women in science, important issues remain to be addressed (Pearson and Fechter 1993). There is an emerging consensus that the experiences of minorities and women must be examined in the organizational and cultural context of academic and industrial environments as well as through the prism of individual experience (Russell, this volume). The intersection of the individual and the organization is best captured qualitatively through in-depth interviews and focus groups; only then can precise indicators be constructed to measure incidence quantitatively th rough surveys and secondary analysis of available data sets. Such a research program is difficult to mount under the constraints of the project grant system; even when multiple methods are used, time pressures virtually mandate simultaneity.
Policy
Authors: Pearson Willie jr.
Published: November 2023

History has shown that even when African Americans receive their scientific education from the most prestigious doctoral programs in the country, structural and institutional barriers can serve to limit their careers. The careers of Charles H. Turner (1967-1923), Ernest E. Just (1883-1941), William Hinton (1883-1959), and Percy L. Julian (1899-1975) a re classic exam piles of African Americans of exceptional scientific talent whose careers were limited in some manner because of their race The biographies of these early scholars reveal that despite their many scientific accomplishments, their careers largely developed outside major research universities or laboratories.
Am I Crazy, or is it My Shrink?
Authors: Beutler Larry E , Bongar Bruce , Shurkin Joel N
Published: November 2023

With over 400 types of psychotherapy available, ranging from the highly effective to the highly questionable to the downright fraudulent, the task of choosing a therapist can be daunting. Now, Am I Crazy Or Is My Shrink? gives you all the information you need to get the most effective help and to know when your therapy is working--or when it's time for a change. Drawing on years of practical experience and the most up-to-date research, the authors give you expert guidance on all the issues you should consider, whether you're seeking therapy or uncertain about the therapy you're receiving: What questions should I ask my therapist about a recommended treatment? What personal qualities and professional qualifications should I look for in a therapist? What do research studies say about the effectiveness of a particular therapy? How do I recognize when a therapist is not right for me? How can I tell when my therapist's behavior is unethical or unprofessional? What strategies can I use to evaluate my progress? The authors also provide an overview of the main branches of psychotherapy and suggest which approaches are best suited to the most commonly occurring problems, such as depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorders, eating disorders, relationship and sexual difficulties, and many others. Finally, the authors stress that because therapies don't come with warning labels, and because a therapist will typically apply his or her theory to whoever walks through the door, regardless of their unique symptoms and circumstances, it is essential to choose your therapist wisely, with as much forethought as possible. Am I Crazy Or Is My Shrink? empowers you to make that choice with confidence and to be a knowledgeable participant in your own treatment.
What You Should Know about Therapy
Authors: Beutler Larry E , Bongar Bruce , Shurkin Joel N
Published: November 2023

Few would question the observation that psychiatric diagnosis and treatment are imprecise arts. Few know just how imprecise, however. One of us [BB] remembers the case of Solomon Rubin, a sixtyyear-old Holocaust survivor. One day, Rubin’s car was rammed by a supermarket delivery truck and was crushed against a wall. Luckily, he survived without major injuries, but from that moment he refused to get into a car, much less drive one. He knew he needed help, but instead of talking to his son, a clinical psychologist, he went to a Los Angeles psychoanalyst, who assumed, because of Rubin’s past, that he suffered from survivor’s guilt, a common phenomenon among those who lived through the Nazi horror. The analyst’s solution: many months of “deep” psychoanalysis and a therapy that focused on exploring the memories of his youth and survival at BergenBelsen. Then his son found out.
Am I Crazy, or is it My Shrink?
Authors: Beutler Larry E , Bongar Bruce , Shurkin Joel N
Published: November 2023

In real life, frightening tragedies can result from psychotherapy. Ask George Franklin, a former firefighter from San Mateo, California. In 1989, his daughter, Eileen Franklin-Lipsker, called the district attorney’s office with a horrible story. Looking at her young daughter triggered a memory long repressed: Her father had murdered her girlfriend, Susan Nason, twenty years earlier, when Nason was eight years old. She also said she remembered his involvement with two other murders as well-all repressed memories now bubbling into her consciousness.
Constructing A Person
Authors: Orme Nigel
Published: November 2023

It is a visage that imprints itself on the memory: the face of a human embryo, smooth, pale, almost featureless yet clearly of the human kind. The lidless eyes stare blankly. The tiny hands and arms float in front, motionless, like the stiffly bent arms of a space-suited astronaut drifting weightless against a black sky, tethered by an umbilical cord.
Basis of the 40Ar/39Ar Dating Method
Authors: McDougall Ian , Harrison T Mark
Published: November 2023

The 40Ar/39 Ar method of dating rocks has its foundations in the potassium-argon (K/Ar) isotopic dating method, a widely used technique for measuring numerical ages on minerals and rocks. Since the K/Ar method was developed more than 40 years ago, it has been applied to a diverse range of geological samples to help elucidate many important geological problems of local, regional, or global significance. Particularly notable successes, dependent largely upon dating by the K/Ar method, include the development of the geomagnetic polarity time scale and the numerical calibration of the Phanerozoic geological or relative time scale.
Applications and Case Histories
Authors: McDougall Ian , Harrison T Mark
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chatters we have considered many aspects of the 40Ar/ 9 Ar dating method, including the theoretical basis for interpretation of age spectra. By way of illustration, a number of age spectra have been discussed, usually quite briefly. In this concluding chapter we wish to present, in greater detail, examples of applications of the 40Ar/39 Ar method to terrestrial and extraterrestrial rocks in order to provide a better appreciation of the power of the technique as well as its limitations.
Atomic Processes in Hot Plasmas
Authors: Salzmann David
Published: November 2023

The plasma constituents, namely the electrons, ions and photons, interact through their electromagnetic fields, thereby transferring energy from one particle to the other. The interactions of the greatest interest for plasma physics are those in which an ion interacts with an electron or a photon, and which result in changes either in the state of the ionization or in the excitation of the interacting ion. The most abundant processes are listed in table 4.1. This chapter is devoted to a study of these processes, the various methods for their classification, their behaviour as a function of the plasma temperature and density, and working formulas to compute their rates.
The Emission Spectrum
Authors: Salzmann David
Published: November 2023

The radiation emitted from hot plasmas is, perhaps, the most important diagnostics tool for these plasmas. Recently, more effort is being invested into the investigation of this radiation, mainly in the UV and x-ray regions, because some industrial applications have emerged that may use such high intensity, localized short wavelength radiation. For plasma diagnostics purposes, the important point is that the emitted spectrum carries information abut the local instantaneous plasma temperature and density conditions. For short lifetime plasmas such as particle beam and nanosecond or femtosecond laserproduced plasmas, this is the only reliable diagnostic tool that is capable of giving information about the evolution of the plasma. In this chapter we shall consider the components of the emission spectrum.
Experimental Considerations: Plasma Diagnostics
Authors: Salzmann David
Published: November 2023

The most important diagnostic tool of hot plasmas is perhaps the emission spectrum, which carries information about the local instantaneous plasma temperature and density conditions. For short lifetime plasmas such as plasmas generated by nanosecond or femtosecond lasers or by particle beams, this is the only reliable means of studying the plasma evolution. This chapter is devoted to the description of some of the methods that use the emission spectrum for purposes of plasma diagnostics. We will not give a full account of the instrumental part, but instead emphasize the principles underlying these methods. From this point of view, this chapter would perhaps best be called the theory of experimental plasma spectroscopy.
Figurative Language and Thought
Authors: Katz Albert N , Cacciari Cristina , Gibbs Raymond W , Turner Mark
Published: November 2023

Our understanding of the nature and processing of figurative language is central to several important issues in cognitive science, including the relationship of language and thought, how we process language, and how we comprehend abstract meaning. Over the past fifteen years, many traditional theories on these issues have been challenged on the basis of figurative language research. This research has prompted such fundamental questions as: is metaphor primarily a function of thought, or is it merely a matter of language? Why do we prefer to speak metaphorically in everyday conversation, rather than literally? Is metaphor the only vehicle through which we can understand abstract concepts? What role do cultural and social factors play in our comprehension of figurative language? Points on these and related questions will be raised and argued by the book's authors in an integrative look at the role of non-literal language in cognition form investigators who vary widely in their theoretical and philosophical views.
Bringing up Kanzi
Authors: Savage-Rumbaugh Sue , Shanker Stuart G , Taylor Talbot J
Published: November 2023

Kanzi came to the Georgia State University Language Research Center in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1980 with his mother, Matata, when he was just six months old, but his story really starts even before he was born. Matata arrived in Atlanta in 1975, the same year I did. I had elected to come, because I knew bonobos were in Atlanta. Matata came because she was netted, placed in a helicopter, and flown here. I came from Norman, Oklahoma, where I had been studying Washoe, Lucy, Booee, and Bruno-apes who were being taught sign language. Matata came from Zaire (now known as the Congo), the only place in the world where bonobos occur in nature.
Introduction
Authors: Baron Jonathan
Published: November 2023

One way to make decisions is to weigh our options on the basis of their expected effects. We would favor options that we expected to have better outcomes. We do not always make decisions this way. Instead, we apply various intuitive rules to our decisions, rules that do not refer to outcomes alone. We also apply these rules when we evaluate the decisions of others, including government officials. For example, we often consider the harm caused by our actions to be more serious and more to be avoided than harm caused by our omissions. We avoid positive options that have negative side effects, even if the positives outweigh the negatives. The resulting bias against helpful action is often reinforced by similar biases in favor of the status quo, of what is natural, or of what others have autonomously chosen. When we think about decisions affecting large groups of people, we tend to favor groups we belong to—such as nations or races—at the expense of outsiders. We judge fairness within these groups, attending less to the larger groups that contain them. Our judgments of fairness and justice are based on a kind of balancing—an eye for an eye—even when we could foresee that this attitude would make things worse on the whole.
Bumbling around in the Bush
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel
Published: November 2023

he Namib, the oldest desert on earth, is also one of the driest. There, life is a naked quiver tree-the kokerboom-white-barked and thick, clinging to ancient rock; five slender but powerfully built chacma baboons seeking rotten insect larvae; a “white lady” spider hunting scorpions on coastal sands. Humans and their livestock must also work hard to survive. Goats wander the barren landscape, bulging eyes searching for the last green buds of acacia. In the village of Sesfontein, which sits on a desertified plain, the people are deathly afraid of elephants. When the huge pachyderms visit, they leave the destitute Damara and Herero people with shattered fences, razed crops, and fear. Huts built of saplings, dung, and mud offer no protection. In an area not meant for agriculture, where the annual average rainfall is less than IO centimeters (4 inches), cherished crops disappearing into mammoth gastric cavities is a tragedy.
“The Missus”
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel
Published: November 2023

a rustic guest camp with tall reeds and palm trees, sat at the edge of our northern desert site. Elephants regularly quenched their thirst at the bright oasis there before they disappeared among burnt red hills or into canyons. We too replenished our water supply, as well as petrol, and set up our tents behind the guest cottages. One evening, shouts and laughter echoed from the narrow entrance to the restaurant. As we started to go in, a stout, balding man blocked the passage. Staring intently at Archie, he muttered something unintelligible, and then moved his eyes to us. In the entire room there was only one dark-skinned person, one black-Archie. Our friend took a step backwards. He didn’t answer the man. His eyes flashed between Joel’s face and the ground.
A Caprivi Crossing
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel
Published: November 2023

he rains of the wet season drenched southern Africa. They began in November, moving first from the moisture-lad’en Indian Ocean and then toward barren lands further west. Soggy and inaccessible, the African veld closed its steamy doors to the outside world. Etosha rhinos, elephants, and other water-dependent species drank wherever rain pooled, into remote areas vehicles could not reach through thick mud and floods. Our most productive fieldwork took place in the dry season, when concentrations of animals or nighttime data were almost guaranteed. While the rains continued, we decided to visit Janet, Joel’s Ph.D. student in Zimbabwe. Our projects were coordinated. Her study of dehomed white rhinos in Hwange National Park had been underway for six months, and she wanted to show us her study area and animals. Janet had established a permanent base camp and thought discussions with Joel would be useful. We threw clothes into packs almost as quickly as Soni had unwrapped her Christmas packages, and we headed east through Etosha. Paved roads waited in Zimbabwe but not in Botswana or along Namibia’s Caprivi Strip. Some 600 kilometers of mud, potholes, and rain provided an obstacle course. Near the town of Tsumeb, enormous baobab trees with trunks appropriate for a giant-sized world appeared. Gray, vertical cords molded the main body of each tree and spread outward to form thick branches. Beyond Rundu, the main road
Of Science and Ecology
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel
Published: November 2023

Science,” my notes read, “is the acquisition of truths that bear on natural phenomena. At universities and colleges scientific study should result in new knowledge, some useful, some not.”Borrr-ring” is what many people say of science-”okay for anyone but me.” As a young student I had felt the same, until the congestion and unending chaos of Los Angeles closed in, and I felt a need to escape. Although summer beaches were spectacular in those days, the-sixties-the people multiplied, and the winter surf was cold. Unpopulated places were seductive. I fled to the desert where, gradually, my interest in the biological world developed. Some sights disgusted metortoises shot while crossing roads, coyotes and other species poisoned. I wanted to make a difference. If the study of science could get me to areas where plants and animals had not been erased, then occasional hardships were worth enduring. At Northridge’s California State University my undergraduate major changed from sports to biology. I was 19 years old.
Trails of Dust
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel
Published: November 2023

We were having trouble finding rhinos again. During the past three days the Land Rovers had crawled more than 300 kilometers, and we had seen only one springbok and four gemsbok. The dramatic absence of game suggested that most of the large mammals had moved to other areas to find food. We broke camp and moved another 50 kilometers. Perhaps a different river might have more life, including rhinos.
Missing Calves
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel
Published: November 2023

Dozens of horns-rough and smooth, large and small-filled the dark ministry vault. Some came from dehorning operations, others from animals that had died naturally in the veld. Most were from poached rhinos. “Rundu,” “Katima Mulilo,” “Oshakati,” the names of border towns, were scribbled across the severed surfaces. Confiscated ivory, intricately carved, lay in the shadows.
The Pelvis and the Lion
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel
Published: November 2023

My the time we arrived in Etosha, almost everyone knew about the disaster at Doros Crater. Malan offered to rent us his short-wheel-base Land Rover, and we gladly accepted. The “Malan-mobile” would make it possible for us to complete night observations in Etosha before returning to the States.
Horn Traders
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel
Published: November 2023

We launched into our other life as the university’s fall semester began. Joel taught, and we wrote grants, analyzed data, and provided overdue fiscal and progress reports. Days vanished at a frenetic pace. At home, practical things also demanded attention. Pipes split from last winter’s freeze, dying trees, and extensions on last year’s taxes from the Internal Revenue Service had to be resolved. Did our colleagues seriously believe we were taking one long vacation in Africa?
Maternal And Paternal Effects In Birds: Effects On Offspring Fitness
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: November 2023

There are many direct influences of parent birds on the fitness of their offspring. Females vary in the amount of nutrients, hormones, and antibodies they pass into the egg, and all have been shown to influence offspring fitness. Provisioning of food by both sexes has been shown to affect immunocompetence, body mass, male secondary sexual characteristics, and clutch size of offspring. Males affect offspring through food and other care they provide, as well as indirectly through effects on their mate. In addition, song is paternally transmitted in some species, and this can affect subsequent mating success. This review concentrates on maternal effects on offspring fitness. At the time of laying a clutch, females can invest in (1) the quality of their offspring, (2) the number of eggs they lay, and (3) their own future survival and reproduction prospects. Trade-offs among offspring quality, off spring number, and parental future reproductive success may result in many strategies with more or less equivalent fitnesses for the parents but very different fitnesses for offspring. In addition, some parents invest more in reproduction than others because they are in better condition and hence have more resources to invest.
A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World
Authors: Sacks David
Published: November 2023

More than four thousand years ago, a warrior people invaded the rugged hills and fertile plains of the Balkan Peninsula. These people were the ancient Greeks, and their legacy to modern global society is immense. The Greeks invented democracy, narrative history writing, stage tragedy and comedy, philosophy, biological study, and political theory. They introduced the alphabet to European languages and they developed monumental styles of architecture still used throughout the United States for museums, courthouses, and other public buildings. They created a system of sports competitions and a cult of physical fitness, both of which we have inherited. In sculpture, they perfected the representation of the human body. In geometry, they developed theorems and terminology that are still taught in schools. They created the idea of national literature, with its recognized great writers and the libraries to preserve their work. And, perhaps what most people would think of first, the Greeks bequeathed to us their treasure trove of myths, including a hero who remains a favorite today--Hercules. A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World assembles the people, places, events, and ideas of this spectacular civilization in one easy-to-use source. With over five hundred entries and more than seventy line-drawings, this essential A-Z reference covers every aspect of Greek civilization, from the beginning of Minoan civilization in the third millennium B.C. to the Roman annexation of mainland Greece in 146 B.C. Detailing not only the loftiest achievements of the Greeks but also the ordinary facets of their everyday life--from the philosophy of Plato to Greek sexual attitudes--this extraordinary compendium illuminates the vitality and genius of that influential culture.
E
Authors: Sacks David
Published: November 2023

education Literacy became widespread at a surprisingly early date in the ancient Greek world. Surviving public inscriptions and historical anecdotes suggest that, in the more advanced Greek states, a majority of at least the male citizens could read and write by circa 600 B.c.-barely 175 years after the Greeks had first adapted the Phoenician ALPHABET. The impetus for this learning was probably not love of literature but the necessity of TRADE-a need that included the middle and lower-middle classes.
F
Authors: Sacks David
Published: November 2023

farming Mainland Greece is a mountainous country, and ancient Greek society was shaped by the scarcity of farmland. Individuals owning land in the plains tended to be much richer and more elevated socially than those who farmed the foothills. Hilly terrain dictated cultivation of olive trees, grape vines, and other fruit-bearing plants that thrive on rough ground.
M
Authors: Sacks David
Published: November 2023

Macedon Outlying Greek kingdom north of THESSALY, inland from the Thermaic Gulf, on the northwest Aegean coast. In modem reference, the name Macedon usually refers to the political entity, as opposed to the general territory called Macedonia. Macedon’s heartland was the wide Thermaic plain, west of the modern Greek city of Thessaloniki;-where the rivers Haliacmon and Axius flowed close together to the sea. The widely separated upper valleys of these rivers supplied two more regions of political and economic importance. Elsewhere the country was mountainous and forested. Its name came from an ancient Greek word meaning highlanders.
P
Authors: Sacks David
Published: November 2023

painting For the painting of scenes and portraits, the Greeks used various surface materials, including POTTERY, wooden panels, stone walls, leather, and textiles. Of these, only pottery has preserved Greek painting in any quantity, due to the ceramic’s durability and the paint being baked into the. clay during firing. Secondarily, there exist some examples of tomb paintings-from walls of graves or the insides of coffins-that were preserved underground. But most other Greek paintings have vanished over time, as their surfaces crumbled to dust.
A Better Way to Think About Business The Meaning of Integrity
Authors: Solomon Robert C
Published: November 2023

In the nineteenth century, it was common wisdom that business had become the great civilizing influence in Europe. Some writers may have rightly feared for a loss of culture, but in place of sectarian massacres in the name of religion and hundred-year feuds in the pursuit of a throne or some parcel of land, the new world of business offered compromise, mutual gain, innovation, and widespread wealth on a scale never before imagined. Napoleon was replaced by thousands of entrepreneurs, merchants, and bankers. A decade of war (1805-1815) slipped quietly into a century of peace and prosperity.
The New Deal
Authors: Noble Charles
Published: November 2023

For a moment, the Great Depression lowered the barriers to building a European-style, welfare state in America. In a few short years, the relationship between the government and the economy changed dramatically: federal cash and work relief programs were established in 1933, social insurance in 1935, federal regulation of working conditions in 1938. Then, in 1946, with the memory of economic collapse still vivid, the Employment Act created policyplanning institutions to monitor and promote economic growth. By the start of the Korean War, the United States finally had a modern welfare state.
The Internet as Participatory Forum
Authors: Davis Richard
Published: November 2023

It is easy to forget how new the Internet really is. A Louis Harris poll in April 1994 found that two-thirds of Americans had never heard of the information superhighway. 1 Yet, despite its adolescence, the Internet has acquired a level of permanence. Growth will continue, although probably not at such a rapid rate as in the past half decade. One estimate places Internet access in one-third of all households by the year 2000.2 Time will tell whether these growth projections are overly optimistic. But the Internet’s staying power is assured. We can make some safe predictions about Internet usage: The most likely Internet users will continue to be the affluent, the most common users of Internet political information will be the already politically interested, and those who will use the Internet for politi­ cal activity will be primarily those who are already politically active. And that is why the Internet will not lead to the social and political revolution so widely predicted.
Terrestrial Nutrient Cycling in Tallgrass Prairie
Authors: Blair John M , Seastedt Timothy R , Rice Charles W , Ramundo Rosemary A
Published: November 2023

The cycling and availability of nutrients, especially N, affect both the structure and the dynamics of tallgrass prairie ecosystems and, in turn, are affected by changes in ecosystem processes such as production and decomposition. Nutrient availability can limit productivity (Owensby et al. 1970; Seastedt et al. 1991; Chapter 12, this volume) and alter species composition of tallgrass prairie plant communities (Tilman 1987; Gibson et al. 1993; Wedin and Tilman 1993, 1996; Chapters 6, 9, this volume), affect plant physiological responses to the environment (Turner and Knapp 1996); determine nutritional quality for herbivores (Allen et al. 1976; Chapter 14, this volume); and influence rates of litter decomposition (Pastor et al. 1987; Seastedt et al. 1992). In addition, nutrient cycling processes are altered directly by management practices (fire, grazing, soil disturbance) and site history, as well as external factors, such as climate and topography (Turner et al. 1997). These changes in intra-ecosystem nutrient transformations affect the retention of nutrients, which is reflected in ecosystem-level nutrient budgets and has long-term consequences for tallgrass prairie productivity and community composition. Thus, nutrient cycling studies can provide the basis for evaluating the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on ecosystem function; prairie plant and animal communities; and abiotic ecosystem characteristics (e.g., soil and solution chemistry).
Local Estimation: Accounting for a Single Attribute
Authors: Goovaerts Pierre
Published: November 2023

The existence of a model of spatial dependence allows one to tackle the problem of estimating attribute values at unsampled locations. This chapter presents least-squares linear regression (kriging) algorithms that account for data related solely to the continuous attribute being estimated. Algorithms for incorporating secondary information are introduced in Chapter 6.

Sections 5.1-5.4 introduce the linear regression paradigm and three of its most important variants: simple kriging, ordinary kriging, and kriging with a trend model. Estimation of average values over larger areas (block kriging) is addressed in section 5.5.
Memory for Action
Authors: Zimmer Hubert D , Cohen Ronald L , Guynn Melissa J , Engelkamp Johannes , Kormi-Nouri Reza , Foley Mary Ann
Published: November 2023

The book presents in eight chapters our actual knowledge on memory for actions and it gives room to the proponents of the opposing models to develop their view for explaining action memory. In Chapter one, Hubert Zimmer and Ronald Cohen summarize the results of laboratory research on action, i. e. memory for self-performed actions. In Chapter two, Melissa Guynn, Mark McDaniel and Gilles Einstein extend this field on memory for intended actions. They present their view on the prospective memory of actions, and they demonstrate the importance of automatic retrieval in prospective memory. In the following chapter, Johannes Engelkamp presents his motor oriented explanation of action memory. He claims that output processes strongly contribute to memory for performed actions, and that the information which is critical for memory is closely related to the information used in the motor control of overt performance. Reza Kormi-Nouri and Lars-Göran Nilsson (Chapter four) completely disagree with this position. They argue that performing actions may cause specific processes, but that nevertheless action memory is part of a unique episodic memory which stores all types of episodes in a similar way. In the following chapter, Mary Ann Foley and Hilary Ratner put action memory in the broader context of activity memory. Everyday actions are usually performed in social contexts and they are goal-oriented. This aspect is seldom relevant in laboratory research, but the authors show that it is of importance for everyday memory. Then two brief chapters follow in which Nilsson and Kormi-Nouri on the one hand, and Engelkamp on the other hand mutually comment on each others position. In the closing chapter, Hubert Zimmer discusses the presented different attempts in parallel. He is doing this by taking into account the different processes and brain modules which are necessary for a successful control of actions.
“The Lost Boy”
Authors: Fass Paula S
Published: November 2023

Sometime on the afternoon of July 1, 1874, Charles Brewster Ross and his brother, Walter, disappeared from the front lawn of their comfortable upper-middle-class home on Washington Lane in Germantown, Pennsylvania. In the early evening of the same day, Walter came home, escorted by a man who had found him crying outside a store in Kensington, another Philadelphia district, about eight miles away. Four-year-old Charles always known as Charley—was the younger of the two brothers and the youngest son in the Ross household of seven children. Charley did not return.
‘‘An Innocent Child Caught in the Web of Legal Jargon” Parental Abduction in America
Authors: Fass Paula S
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 1873, “a gentleman of high social position” in Williamstown, New York, “the quietest of summer resorts,” hired a “fast livery team” and carried off both his children. He presumably fled with them to Europe since as “a man of means,” he would “spare no money to cover up the trail.” Although the courts had given this man, Mr. Neil, custody of one his daughters in the “decree of separation on the ground of in compatibility of temperament,” the other daughter, whom he also took with him, had been awarded to his wife, who now suffered “fearfully over the theft.”1 Thus, even before the Charley Ross case defined for Americans the horror of stranger kidnapping, other children were being snatched by their own parents in what was all through the late nineteenth century, and ever more frequently in the twentieth, the single most prevalent kind of abduction.
Myths, Legends, And Folktales Of America
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

In this marvellous collection, David Leeming and Jake Page have gathered together the great myths and legends of America, ranging from the creation stories of the first inhabitants, to the tall tales of the Western frontier, to the legendary outlaws of the 1920s. Here is a thoroughly engaging chronicle, a book unrivalled in its scope, embracing Big Foot and Windingo, Hiawatha and Uncle Sam, Paul Revere and Billy the Kid, the Iroquois Flying Head and Elvis. The editors cast their nets widely. Under myths, for instance, Leeming and Page include “the melting pot,” “manifest destiny,” and Henry Adams’s “dynamo”. And under “Heroes and Heroines,” they have assembled everyone from Honest Abe Lincoln and George Washington, to Bessie Smith, Billie Holiday, and Martin Luther King. For each myth or hero, the editors include an excerpt--often the definitive rendering of the story in question--so that for Moby Dick, we find a passage from Melville’s classic, and for Brer Rabbit, the “Tar Baby” tale by Joel Chandler Harris. And along the way, the editors reveal how waves of immigrants, encountering this strange land for the first time, adapted their religion and folklore to help make sense of a new and astounding place. Thus a central Asian god becomes the Great Spirit of Native American myth, and an Aztec goddess is transformed into Our Lady of Guadaloupe. Ranging from the coyote trickster, to Johnny Appleseed, to John Henry and Stagolee, this wonderful collection illuminates the mythmaking process, and sheds much light on what it means to be American.
Native American
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

When Hispanics from the south and Europeans from the east arrived in the what is now the United States, they found a large number of peoples who, for the most part, had discovered America several millennia earlier. It seems likely that most of these first Americans had come from Central Asia over the Bering Strait and that they had brought their traditions with them-complex creation myths, related shamanistic rituals, and an animistic sense of a living nature suffused with spiritual power.
Asian American
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

American conditions appear to have had little effect on the concept of deity or the mythologies brought to America by Asian immigrants. As in the case of American Jews, Asian Americans have tended to attach themselves to traditional religious structures, perhaps both be cause of the occasional reluctance of the melting pot to assimilate them or because of a desire to preserve old ways and ethnic integrity.
European American
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

European Americans brought European tales of monsters with them to the New World. But the very mystery of this largely uncharted world, with its endless forests, towering mountains, killing deserts, and unfamiliar animals and plants, encouraged the production of new monsters. These monsters and fabulous beings became characters in a favorite European American art form, the tall tale.
Asian American
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

Monster like beings of various kinds are common in Asian folklore. A red candle keeps ghosts from entering the body of a newborn Chinese child. A small knife worn around the neck will prevent demons from threatening the child within a pregnant Chinese woman. In both Chinese and Japanese mythology foxes are dangerous shape-shifters who can become bewitching women. But of all the monsters or fabulous beasts of Asia that have become a part of the American or Asian American landscape, none can compare with the dragon.
European American
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

The European American hero is a product of the experience of the European adventurers, explorers, pilgrims, frontiersmen, and settlers in the New World. There are patriotic heroes who emerged from the Revolution and other major events in American history; worker he roes who grew out of the building of the new nation’s infrastructure; lone heroes who in legend and fiction represent American ideals such as rugged individualism and “freedom and justice for all”; outlaw and gangster heroes who represent the American fascination with lawlessness and with what can be called the rags-to-riches or self-made man myth, which is the essence of the so-called American dream.
What Infants Learn About
Authors: Gibson Eleanor J , Pick Anne D
Published: November 2023

Human infants are born into a world in which they are completely dependent upon others to meet their needs and guarantee their survival. Yet newborns are by no means passive recipients of the nurturance of others. They are already active perceivers, and they are participants in social interactions from the start, creating conditions for learning from other people. Infants require many months to learn their language well enough to use it themselves, but communication nevertheless begins in the crib by other means. Although infants will not begin to use words until their second year, the groundwork for language learning be gins to be laid even before birth. The human infant has a potential action sys tem—use of the vocal cords for speech—although a long ontogenesis precedes making use of it with maximal effectiveness. This ontogenetic history has many aspects, including earlier means of communicating. Infants are receptive to in formation in communications by means of gesture, facial expression, vocalization, and action events that come to carry meaning, such as an adult putting the infant down and going away.
What Infants Learn About
Authors: Gibson Eleanor J , Pick Anne D
Published: November 2023

We have seen that infants engage in perceptual learning that promotes communication with other people even before they are born, and that they respond actively to other human beings and initiate communications themselves, soon after birth. The case is different, however, for inanimate objects, for the first several months of an infant’s life. Objects become easily accessible as infants gain control of reaching and manipulation. They become the focus of intense scrutiny and exploratory activity as new actions become possible, making new affordances discoverable. Very young infants do engage in exploratory activity by means of mouthing, and they feel substances like hair and blankets with their fingers, but active engagement in displacement and lifting waits upon development of manual control. Nevertheless, infants are surrounded by objects and perceive many of their properties as their first lessons in learning about the world. Impressive research in recent years has shown us that babies pick up information specifying properties of objects surprisingly early, often long be fore they are able to use them as specification for the affordances the objects offer to more mature members of the species. Perception often waits on devel opment of posture and action systems to discover and act on the affordances of objects.
Facial Expression, Emotion, and Hemispheric Organization
Authors: Kolb Bryan , Taylor Laughlin
Published: November 2023

Interest in the biological correlates of emotions dates back at least to Darwin’s book, The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, published in 1872. There was little experimental information for another 50 years, although there were anecdotal accounts of emotional behavior in decorticated dogs, which led to the idea that emotions were not in the cortex (e.g., Goltz, 1960). By the late 1920s neurophysiologists began to examine the relationship between autonomic, endocrine, and other factors and inferred emotional states, especially rage. The physiologists continued to emphasize the role of the hypothalamic systems and to downplay the importance of forebrain structures. Psychologists became interested in emotional behavior and the brain as they began to encounter curious pathological states associated with brain injury. For example, Kluver and Bucy (1939) rediscovered an extraordinary syndrome associated with temporal lobe damage, and Goldstein (1939) described the changes in emotional behavior of people with unilateral strokes. There was little systematic study of forebrain—behavior relationships in emotion, however, until the explosion of human neuropsychological studies in the 1970s. As cognitive neuroscience has evolved and begun to study brain—behavior relationships in emotion more intensively, many approaches ranging from the study of brain-injured patients to the study of electrodermal responses or metabolic changes in response to emotion now have been developed.
The Functional Anatomy of Innate and Acquired Fear: Perspectives from Neuroimaging
Authors: Dolan Raymond J , Morris John S
Published: November 2023

Understanding the neurobiology of emotion has historically depended on studies carried out in animals or the careful documentation of patients with brain lesions that result in disorders of emotional behavior. These approaches are ultimately limited. Animal models, although informative, cannot provide adequate descriptions of phenomena as complex as human emotion whose differentiation depends on conscious experience. Likewise, inferences from patients with discrete brain insults are constrained either by the fact that lesions are seldom restricted to a single anatomical locus or their functional effects are unlikely to be bounded by anatomical locus. Physiological measures of in vivo human brain function, derived from positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance (fMRI), are now standard tools in cognitive neuroscience. Their ability to study the intact human brain gives them special appeal in cognitive science in general but even more so when applied in studies of human emotion where the database remains inadequate.
Word Order in Apache Narratives
Authors: Jung Dagmar
Published: November 2023

The following text-based study investigates the relationship between word order and bound pronominal expressions exemplified by two closely related languages of the southern Athabaskan language group, Jicarilla Apache and Lipan Apache.
Sacred and Secular Issues In Navajo Education
Authors: Fernald Theodore B , Platero Paul R
Published: November 2023

This chapter is a report on the language and culture discussion that took place at the Athabaskan Conference on Syntax and Semantics at Swarthmore College on April 26, 1996. We will attempt to express the nature of the dialogue and represent the main ideas that emerged in a neutral, unbiased manner. The goal here is to lay out some of the main issues so that the dialogue can continue and involve additional people. By agreement with the participants, the views represented here will not be attributed to any individual, but to the discussion as a whole. Certainly there is no one who will agree with everything that is in here, since conflicting views are expressed.
New Century, New Start: 1900–1910
Authors: Opdycke Sandra
Published: November 2023

On an April day in 1904, Dr. John Brannan promised that the greatest hospital in the world would soon be erected in New York City. With those words he unveiled the plans for a majestic rebuilding of Bellevue Hospital, the oldest public hospital in America. Brannan spoke as board president of Bellevue & Allied Hospitals, a city department that had recently been established to oversee the four municipal hospitals in Manhattan and the Bronx. Soon after the new trustees took charge, they had determined that Bellevue, the flagship of the city system, would have to be completely rebuilt. The hospital’s patients were nearly all poor or working-class New Yorkers, but Brannan and his colleagues were committed to erecting a first-class facility for their care. The plans were finished in 1904, and Brannan announced them with pride. The new Bellevue would be a vast project. It would take ten years and $11 million to build, it would cover three city blocks when it was completed, and it would house some 3,000 patients.
Developmental Trajectories of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youths
Authors: Rotheram-Borus Mary Jane , Langabeer Kris A
Published: November 2023

Most societies anticipate that their citizens are heterosexual; social rituals and customs such as marriage, definitions of family, organization of health benefits, job roles, and vocations are structured to anticipate gender differences and heterosexual attraction and mating (Asher, 1990; Baruch, Barnett, & Rivers, 1985; Howes, 1988; Loevinger, 1976). Expected developmental trajectories are also highly linked to gender and an anticipation of hetero-sexual pairing. Attractiveness to the opposite gender is an organizing principle of peer groups, social cliques, and status during adolescence (Bern, 1987). Thus, the sequence of developmental tasks and indices of personal adjustment are similarly gender-linked and associated with heterosexual gender roles (Maccoby & Jacklin, 1978). This chapter will examine the developmental trajectories of youths whose lives are not consistent with these expectations: gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths.