bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of oxidative modification on thermal aggregation and gel properties of soy protein by peroxyl radicals
Authors: Wu Wei , Hua Yufei , Lin Qinlu , Xiao Huaxi
Published: June 2011

Effects of protein oxidation on thermal aggregation and gel properties of soy protein by 2,2′‐azobis (2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)‐derived peroxyl radicals were investigated in this article. Incubation of soy protein to increase concentration of AAPH resulted in a decrease in particle size and content of thermal aggregates during thermal‐induced denaturation. Protein oxidation resulted in a decrease in water‐holding capacity (WHC), gel hardness and gel strength of soy protein gel. An increase in coarseness and interstice of the gel network was accompanied by uneven distribution of interstice as extent of oxidation of soy protein increased. A decrease in disulphide content and formation of oxidation aggregates in the process of oxidative modification were contributed to the decline of particle size and content of thermal aggregates during thermal‐induced denaturation, leading to a decrease in WHC, gel hardness and gel strength of soy protein gel.
Characterisation of processing wastes of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola lalandi) harvested in Australia
Authors: He Shan , Franco Chris , Zhang Wei
Published: June 2011

Atlantic Salmon (AS) and Yellowtail Kingfish (YTK) are two major commercial fish species in Australia. During food processing, waste material of 40–50% of the whole AS and YTK is generated, including the head, skin, frame, belly flap and viscera. This material is usually discarded even though it is rich in protein and fat. The aim of this study was to characterise the composition of these wastes for their potential applications. The contents of protein and fat in these wastes are 10–20% and 20–30%, respectively. Profiles of amino acids, fatty acids and minerals showed they are good sources of essential amino acids (20–30% of total amino acids), omega‐3 fatty acids (about 20% of total fatty acids) and various elements. For example, AS viscera is high in zinc (740 mg kg−1). Molecular weight distribution of the protein was mainly between 25 and 250 kDa. The potential commercial applications of these wastes are discussed on the basis of these analyses.
Dough characteristics of wheat flour milled from wheat grains stored in spike form
Authors: Karaoğlu Mehmet Murat
Published: June 2011

This study compares the effects of storage form (grain and spike) of wheat as well as grain moisture content (12%, 14% and 16%), storage time (0, 3, 6 and 9 months) and temperature (10, 20 and 30 °C) on rheological (farinograph and extensograph) characteristics of dough obtained from stored wheat. While water absorption, stability and degree of softening of wheat stored in spike form were 61.2%, 15.8 min and 25.9 Brabender unit (BU), these values of wheat stored in grain form were 60.8%, 14.1 and 29.1 BU, respectively. Resistance to extension and dough energy of wheat stored in grain form were significantly higher than those of wheat stored in spike form, while extensibility was significantly lower. Storage in spike form had a positive effect on all farinograph and extensograph characteristics of wheat stored under nonoptimal storage conditions such as high grain moisture content, high temperature and long storage time.
Acrylamide and methylglyoxal formation in potato chips by microwaving and frying heating
Authors: Ye Haiqing , Miao Yutian , Zhao Chengcheng , Yuan Yuan
Published: June 2011

In our present paper, the effect of important α‐dicarbonyl compounds of methylglyoxal on the formation of acrylamide was quantified in potato chips systems. Methylglyoxal was regarded as the main α‐dicarbonyl compound, and its formation was detected by HPLC method. There heating methods were used to study the effect on acrylamide formation. The results showed that microwaving treatment could form more acrylamide compared with frying method. After 2 min of microwaving treatment at 700 W, the acrylamide content was sharply increased from 1.77 ± 0.37 to 72.93 ± 0.72 μmol kg−1. Microwaving treatment would promote the formation of methylglyoxal compared with frying treatment at 160 and 180 °C in potato chips. A typical linear growth curve prepared by plotting acrylamide levels vs. methylglyoxal content formed under different heating condition was observed: y = −41.33 + 0.17x (r = 0.965). This study revealed for the first time that there is a significant correlation between methylglyoxal and acrylamide in potato chips, thus confirming the important role of dicarbonyls in the formation of acrylamide in potato chips.
Information‐seeking behaviour of nurses: where is information sought and what processes are followed?
Authors: O’leary Denise Fiona , Mhaolrúnaigh Siobhán Ni
Published: June 2011

o’leary d.f. & ni mhaolrúnaigh s. (2012)  Information‐seeking behaviour of nurses: where is information sought and what processes are followed? Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(2), 379–390.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study on how nurses inform their decision‐making in the workplace.

Background.  Despite the growing availability of research evidence, nurses have been slow to adopt it into their daily decision‐making.

Method.  The study was undertaken in Ireland between 2006 and 2007 using a sequential mixed methods approach. In phase 1, the views of a quota sample of 29 nurses were explored using semi‐structured interviews incorporating vignettes. Phase 2 involved the design and dissemination of a survey to a disproportionate stratified random sample of 1356 nurses. The response rate was 29%.

Findings.  In decision‐making, nurses accessed other people, especially nursing colleagues, the most frequently. Sources that provided prepackaged information such as guidelines were favoured over sources that provided access to original research. The process of information‐seeking for routine and non‐routine decisions was different. Nurses making routine decisions relied mostly on their experience and an assessment of the patient. In non‐routine decision‐making, participants experienced more uncertainty about their decisions. Accordingly, sources of information used were more varied and the information‐seeking process more extensive. The study highlighted the complexities of establishing whether information used in decision‐making is research based or not.

Conclusion.  Routine practices should be reviewed and updated regularly through organizational mandates, as nurses do not generally question them. Research information to inform non‐routine decision‐making must be easily available to nurses in their workplace, as information searches generally prioritize finding enough, rather than the best, information to make a decision.
A systematic model to compare nurses’ optimal and actual competencies in the clinical setting
Authors: Meretoja Riitta , Koponen Leena
Published: July 2011

meretoja r. & koponen l. (2012) A systematic model to compare nurses’ optimal and actual competencies in the clinical setting. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(2), 414–422.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to develop a model to compare nurses’ optimal and actual competencies in the clinical setting.

Background.  Although future challenge is to focus the developmental and educational targets in health care, limited information is available on methods for how to predict optimal competencies.

Method.  A multidisciplinary group of 24 experts on perioperative care were recruited to this study. They anticipated the effects of future challenges on perioperative care and specified the level of optimal competencies by using the Nurse Competence Scale before and after group discussions. The expert group consensus discussions were held to achieve the highest possible agreement on the overall level of optimal competencies. Registered Nurses (n = 87) and their nurse managers from five different units conducted assessments of the actual level of nurse competence with the Nurse Competence Scale instrument. Data were collected in 2006–2007.

Results.  Group consensus discussions solidified experts’ anticipations about the optimal competence level. This optimal competence level was significantly higher than the nurses’ self‐reported actual or nurse managers’ assessed level of actual competence. The study revealed some competence items that were seen as key challenges for future education of professional nursing practice.

Conclusion.  It is important that the multidisciplinary experts in a particular care context develop a share understanding of the future competency requirements of patient care. Combining optimal competence profiles to systematic competence assessments contribute to targeted continual learning and educational interventions.
Type 2 diabetes: how do Thai Buddhist people with diabetes practise self‐management?
Authors: Lundberg Pranee C. , Thrakul Supunnee
Published: June 2011

lundberg p.c. & thrakul s. (2012) Type 2 diabetes: how do Thai Buddhist people with diabetes practise self‐management? Journal of Advanced Nursing68(3), 550–558.

Aims.  This paper is a report of a study of how Thai Buddhist people with type 2 diabetes practice self‐management.

Background.  The importance of diabetes self‐management is recognized in the literature. However, research on self‐care management in Thailand, in particular concerning Buddhist people with type 2 diabetes, is scarce.

Methods.  A descriptive qualitative study was conducted. Purposive convenience sampling was used, and thirty men and women with diabetes, aged 28–79 years, participated. Data were collected from June to August 2009 and analysed by use of manifest and latent content analysis.

Findings.  Five themes of self‐management among Thai Buddhist people with type 2 diabetes were identified: cultural influence on disease control, Buddhism and Thai culture, struggle for disease control, family support and economy a high priority.

Conclusion.  Even though the Buddhist people with diabetes had certain self‐management capabilities, many had poor control of their blood sugar levels and needed assistance. Reference to Buddhist moderation can be an effective means of helping the people with diabetes better manage their disease and change their lifestyles. In addition to cultural and religious traditions, family, economy and social environment should be taken into account both in the care and in interventions aimed at helping people with diabetes cope and empowering them to control their disease.
Use of complementary and alternative medicine by patients with cancer in northern Turkey: analysis of cost and satisfaction
Authors: Aydin Avci Ilknur , Koç Zeliha , Sağlam Zeynep
Published: June 2011

Aims and objectives.  The aims of this study were to determine (1) the prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine use among patients with cancer, (2) the method of use of the particular therapy, (3) the reasons for using complementary and alternative medicine therapies, (4) the benefits experienced by the use of complementary and alternative medicine, (5) the source of information about complementary and alternative medicine therapies and, (6) the satisfaction and cost of complementary and alternative medicine.

Background.  Complementary and alternative medicine consists of diverse medical and healthcare systems, practices and products that are not considered at present to be a part of conventional medicine. The majority of patients who use complementary and alternative medicine use more than one method. Complementary and alternative medicine use is more common in cases of advanced disease or poor prognosis.

Design.  This is a descriptive study of complementary and alternative medicine.

Methods.  This study was conducted in the Chemotherapy Unit at Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey, between 18 March 2008–30 June 2008. Two hundred fifty‐three patients with cancer, among 281 patients who applied to the chemotherapy clinic between these dates, agreed to take part in the study with whom contact could be made were included. A questionnaire including descriptive characteristics in collecting data, characteristics about diseases and their treatments, complementary and alternative medicine information and implementation situations and a control list about complementary and alternative medicine implementations were given. The collected data were evaluated by computer using descriptive statistics, the chi‐square test and Student’s t‐test.

Results.  In this study, 94·1% of the patients were content with medical treatment, 58·9% of them used complementary and alternative medicine treatments, 41·1% did not use any complementary and alternative medicine treatments. The satisfaction level of the patients with complementary and alternative medicine methods was slightly above mediocre (2·33 SD 0·64, on a scale of 1–3). The average cost per capita spent by the patients using complementary and alternative medicine for all the different methods was US$288·26.

Conclusions.  It was determined that although patients did not have enough knowledge about complementary and alternative medicine methods, the prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine and satisfaction levels are high that complementary and alternative medicine users spend substantial sums of money for these methods.

Relevance to clinical practice.  To sustain medical treatment and prognosis of cancer, it is important for nurses to consult with their patients regarding the use and potential risks of some complementary and alternative medicine.
Comparing quality of nutritional care in Dutch and German nursing homes
Authors: van Nie‐Visser Noémi C , Meijers Judith MM , Schols Jos MGA , Lohrmann Christa , Bartholomeyczik Sabine , Halfens Ruud JG
Published: July 2011

Aims and objectives.  This study investigates possible differences in malnutrition prevalence rates in Dutch and German nursing homes. It seeks to provide insight into the screening, prevention and treatment of malnutrition and the indicators for nutritional care policy.

Background.  For decades, malnutrition has been an important problem in health care settings worldwide. A considerable percentage of frail older people suffer from malnutrition. In European nursing homes, the reported prevalence rates range widely (2% to 85%).

Method.  This is a multicentre, cross‐sectional prevalence study of malnutrition in Dutch and German nursing homes using standardised methodology, with the participation of respectively 5848 and 4923 residents (65+ years).

Results.  Patient characteristics differed significantly between the two countries. Dutch residents were more often male, younger, more care‐dependent and significantly more at risk of malnutrition (31·7%). However, overall malnutrition prevalence rates did not differ significantly (Netherlands 26·8% and Germany 26·5%). All German residents were screened at admission, whereas only 73·1% of the Dutch residents were. As part of screening, nutritional screening tools were used in 38·0% of Dutch and 42·1% of the German residents. A dietician was consulted for 36·7% Dutch and 9·3% German malnourished residents. The proportion of malnourished receiving nutritional intervention was larger in Germany than in the Netherlands. Structural indicators for nutritional policy were fulfilled more often in the Netherlands care at institutional level whereas in Germany they were fulfilled more often at ward level.

Conclusion.  In this study, German residents had a somewhat better nutritional status than Dutch residents and more is done to enhance nutritional status in German nursing homes. The differences would be somewhat larger if both populations were more comparable.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Comparing malnutrition prevalence rates, prevention and interventions in health care institutions and countries gives insight into international differences in quality of care.
Primary care for tinnitus: practice and opinion among GPs in England
Authors: El‐Shunnar Suliman K. , Hoare Derek J. , Smith Sandra , Gander Phillip E. , Kang Sujin , Fackrell Kathryn , Hall Deborah A.
Published: June 2011

Rationale, aim and objective  Effective tinnitus management starts with appropriate general practitioner (GP) triage, which in England can be guided by the Department of Health's Good Practice Guide (GPG). Despite the prevalence of the condition, there has never been a systematic survey of its management in primary care in England. We aimed to evaluate how people with tinnitus are assessed and managed in general practice, noting variation in practice across GPs and health authorities, and evaluating how closely typical practice aligns to the GPG for tinnitus.

Methods  A nine‐item postal questionnaire was sent to 2000 GPs randomly selected to proportionally represent the number of primary care trusts and strategic health authorities in England.

Results  We received 368 responses. Responses indicated a mix of frequent and infrequent practices, for example, 90% of GPs assessed the impact of tinnitus on quality of life, but fewer examined cranial nerves (38%) or assessed for a carotid bruit (26%) during a tinnitus consultation. In the management of tinnitus, 83% routinely removed earwax, and 87% provided information‐based advice. In contrast, only 4% of responders would offer antidepressant drugs or psychological therapies. Thematic analysis revealed a desire for concise training on tinnitus management.

Conclusions  GP assessment and management of tinnitus represents potential inequity of service for tinnitus patients. While the GPG aims to promote equity of care, it is only referred to by a minority of clinicians and so its utility for guiding service delivery is questionable. Although some GPs highlighted little demand for tinnitus management within their practice, many others expressed an unmet need for specific and concise GP training on tinnitus management. Further work should therefore evaluate current informational resources and propose effective modes of delivering educational updates.
Identification and functional validation of CDH11, PCSK6 and SH3GL3 as novel glioma invasion‐associated candidate genes
Authors: Delic S. , Lottmann N. , Jetschke K. , Reifenberger G. , Riemenschneider M. J.
Published: July 2011

S. Delic, N. Lottmann, K. Jetschke, G. Reifenberger and M. J. Riemenschneider (2012) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology38, 201–212

Identification and functional validation of CDH11, PCSK6 and SH3GL3 as novel glioma invasion‐associated candidate genes

Aims: The molecular mechanisms underlying the infiltrative growth of glioblastomas, the most common primary tumours of the central nervous system in adults, are still poorly understood. We aimed to identify and functionally validate novel glioma invasion‐associated candidate genes. Methods: Microarray‐based expression analysis was applied to identify differentially expressed genes in microdissected infiltrating glioma cells in vivo. Promising candidate genes were selected by the invasion‐associated gene ontology terms cell adhesion, endocytosis, extracellular matrix and cell migration and validated in vitro by invasion assays and in situ by immunohistochemistry. Results: We identified 180 up‐regulated and 61 down‐regulated genes (fold change: ≥2; P < 0.01) in the infiltration zone relative to more central cell‐rich tumour areas of malignant astrocytic gliomas (n = 11). Twenty‐seven of these genes matched to invasion‐related gene ontology terms. From these, we confirmed the genes encoding cadherin‐11 (CDH11), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6 (PCSK6) and SH3‐domain GRB2‐like 3 (SH3GL3) as novel glioma invasion‐associated candidate genes, with knockdown of PCSK6 and SH3GL3 inhibiting glioma cell invasion, while inhibition of CDH11 promoted glioma cell invasion in vitro. Immunohistochemistry on glioblastoma tissue sections revealed expression of CDH11 and PCSK6 protein in glioma cells of more central, cell‐rich tumour areas, with only weak or absent CDH11 immunoreactivity but consistent PCSK6 staining in infiltrating glioma cells. Conclusion: Using molecular profiling of microdissected primary tumour tissue specimens followed by functional in vitro analysis, we identified and validated CDH11, PCSK6 and SH3GL3 as novel glioma invasion‐associated candidate genes that likely contribute to the invasive phenotype of malignant gliomas.
Changes in light intensity reveal a major role for carbon balance inArabidopsisresponses to high temperature
Authors: VASSEUR FRANÇOIS , PANTIN FLORENT , VILE DENIS
Published: June 2011

High temperature (HT) is a major limiting factor for plant productivity. Because some responses to HT, notably hyponasty, resemble those encountered in low light (LL), we hypothesized that plant responses to HT are under the control of carbon balance. We analysed the interactive effects of HT and irradiance level on hyponasty and a set of traits related to plant growth in natural accessions ofArabidopsis thalianaand mutants affected in heat dissipation through transpiration (NCED6‐OE,ost2) and starch metabolism (pgm). HT induced hyponasty, reduced plant growth and modified leaf structure. LL worsened the effects of HT, while increasing light restored trait values close to levels observed at control temperature. Leaf temperatureper sedid not play a major role in the observed responses. By contrast, a major role of carbon balance was supported by hyponastic growth ofpgm, as well as morphological, physiological (photosynthesis, sugar and starch contents) and transcriptional data. Carbon balance could be a common sensor of HT and LL, leading to responses specific of the shade avoidance syndrome. Hyponasty and associated changes in plant traits could be key traits conditioning plant performance under competition for light, particularly in warm environments.
Water supply and not nitrate concentration determines primary root growth in Arabidopsis
Authors: CHAPMAN NICK , WHALLEY W. RICHARD , LINDSEY KEITH , MILLER ANTHONY J.
Published: June 2011

Understanding how root system architecture (RSA) adapts to changing nitrogen and water availability is important for improving acquisition. A sand rhizotron system was developed to study RSA in a porous substrate under tightly regulated nutrient supply. The RSA of Arabidopsis seedlings under differing nitrate (NO3‐) and water supplies in agar and sand was described. The hydraulic conductivity of the root environment was manipulated by using altered sand particle size and matric potentials. Ion‐selective microelectrodes were used to quantify NO3‐ at the surface of growing primary roots in sands of different particle sizes. Differences in RSA were observed between seedlings grown on agar and sand, and the influence of NO3‐ (0.1–10.0 mm) and water on RSA was determined. Primary root length (PRL) was a function of water flux and independent of NO3‐. The percentage of roots with laterals correlated with water flux, whereas NO3‐ supply was important for basal root (BR) growth. In agar and sand, the NO3‐ activities at the root surface were higher than those supplied in the nutrient solution. The sand rhizotron system is a useful tool for the study of RSA, providing a porous growth environment that can be used to simulate the effects of hydraulic conductivity on growth.
Crosstalk between abiotic ultraviolet‐B stress and biotic (flg22) stress signalling in Arabidopsis prevents flavonol accumulation in favor of pathogen defence compound production
Authors: SCHENKE DIRK , BÖTTCHER CHRISTOPH , SCHEEL DIERK
Published: June 2011

Plants respond to both abiotic and biotic stresses with alterations in the expression of genes required to produce protective metabolites. Sometimes plants can be challenged with different stresses simultaneously and as they cannot evade from this situation, priorities have to be set to deal with the most urgent threat. The abiotic stress ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) light induces the production of UV‐protective flavonols in Arabidopsis Col‐0 cell suspension cultures and this accumulation is attenuated by concurrent application of the bacterial elicitor flg22 (simulating biotic stress). This inhibition correlates with strong suppression of the flavonol biosynthesis genes. In parallel, flg22 induces the production of defence‐related compounds, such as the phytoalexins, camalexin and scopoletin, as well as lignin, a structural barrier thought to restrict pathogen spread. This correlated positively with flg22‐mediated expression of enzymes for lignin, scopoletin and camalexin production. As flavonols, lignin and scopoletin are all derived from phenylalanine, it appears that the plant focuses the metabolism on production of scopoletin and lignin at the expense of flavonol production. Furthermore, it appears that this crosstalk involves antagonistic regulation of two opposing MYB transcription factors, the positive regulator of the flavonol pathway MYB12 (UV‐B‐induced and flg22‐suppressed) and the negative regulator MYB4 (UV‐B‐ and flg22‐induced).
A nonlinear model for temperature‐dependent development of Erysiphe necator chasmothecia on grapevine leaves
Authors: Legler S. E. , Caffi T. , Rossi V.
Published: July 2011

Production and development of the chasmothecia of Erysiphe necator on Vitis vinifera leaves were studied using potted plants in controlled and outdoor environments and grapevines in a vineyard. The optimum temperature for ascocarp production was 20°C; fewer chasmothecia were produced at 15°C and even fewer at 25°C; at 10 and 30°C, no or very few chasmothecia were observed, and none reached maturity. Nonlinear equations describing ascocarp development as a function of time and temperature were developed, parameterized with data from experiments at constant temperatures, and evaluated under fluctuating temperatures. Goodness‐of‐fit showed high agreement between observed and predicted data: the model efficacy ranged from 0·74 to 0·97 (1·0 indicates a perfect fit), and the root mean square error ranged from 0·001 to 0·01 (zero indicates a perfect fit). The high proportion of the observed variability accounted for by these equations (R2 = 0·83–0·98) supported the hypothesis that temperature has a predominant role in ascocarp development under natural conditions, when all environmental factors interact. The equations tended to overestimate the production of mature chasmothecia (the coefficient of residual mass was −0·23), but this inconsistency mainly occurred when rainfall apparently washed the mature chasmothecia from leaves during the logarithmic phase of the ascocarp developmental curve. Results from this work will be useful for predicting the development of chasmothecia in a vineyard and for timing the use of natural products, fungicides or biocontrol agents for reducing the population of chasmothecia, which are all more effective when they are applied to immature chasmothecia.
Can lay health workers increase the uptake of childhood immunisation? Systematic review and typology
Authors: Glenton Claire , Scheel Inger B. , Lewin Simon , Swingler George H.
Published: June 2011

Objectives  Lay health workers (LHWs) are used in many settings to increase immunisation uptake among children. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these interventions. The objective of this review was to assess the effects of LHW interventions on childhood immunisation uptake.

Methods  We searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, British Nursing Index and Archive, AMED, POPLINE and WHOLIS, reference lists of included papers and relevant reviews, and contacted the authors of relevant papers. We selected randomised and non‐randomised controlled trials, controlled before–after studies, and interrupted time series of any intervention delivered by LHWs and designed to increase childhood immunisation uptake. Two authors independently extracted data using a standard form and assessed risk of bias and evidence quality.

Findings  We identified twelve studies, ten of which were randomised controlled trials. Seven studies were conducted among economically disadvantaged populations in high‐income countries. Five studies were from low‐ and middle‐income countries. In ten studies, LHWs promoted childhood immunisation. In two studies, LHWs vaccinated children themselves. In most of the studies, the control group populations received no intervention or standard care. Most of the studies showed that LHWs increased immunisation coverage. However, study settings were diverse, allowing us to carry out only one meta‐analysis including four studies.

Conclusion  LHWs could make an important contribution to achieving the Millennium Development Goal for child health. However, more high‐quality studies are needed, particularly from LMICs. More studies are also needed to assess the effects of using LHWs to vaccinate children themselves.
Proteome analysis of maize seeds: the effect of artificial ageing
Authors: Xin Xia , Lin Xin‐Hai , Zhou Yuan‐Chang , Chen Xiao‐Ling , Liu Xu , Lu Xin‐Xiong
Published: June 2011

Previous understanding of the mechanism of seed ageing is largely based on observations on imbibed seeds rather than dry seeds. The present research was conducted to investigate whether seed ageing has effects on the dry seeds through proteome analysis. Maize (Zea mays cv. Dabaitou) seeds were artificially aged at 50°C (13.58% moisture content) for 5 or 13 days, and the total protein was extracted from embryos of the dry seeds. Two‐dimensional electrophoresis was performed and the differentially expressed proteins were identified by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization‐time of flight mass spectrometry. A total of 40 proteins were identified, in which 16 proteins were upregulated, indicating that artificial ageing affected the proteome of the dry seeds. Proteomic studies revealed that the signal transduction and transcription were disturbed by artificial ageing, which might lead to reduced protection against ageing. Artificial ageing also increased proteases and broke down stored proteins, impaired metabolism and energy supply, and ultimately resulted in seed deterioration. Proteins involved in metabolism and energy were the largest downregulated protein group, with regard to glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. The downregulation of these proteins, together with reduction in the specific activity of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, and the content of glucose 6‐phosphate, pyruvic acid and ATP in aged seeds, suggested the important roles of the mobilization of stored carbohydrates and energy supply in seed ageing and seed vigor. The present work provides new information about the proteomic changes during seed ageing and provides a possible mechanism for seed deterioration.
Efficacy and safety of perioperative pregabalin for post‐operative pain: a meta‐analysis of randomized‐controlled trials
Authors: ENGELMAN E. , CATELOY F.
Published: June 2011

We calculated in a meta‐analysis the effect size for the reduction of post‐operative pain and post‐operative analgesic drugs, which can be obtained by the perioperative administration of pregabalin. Three end‐points of efficacy were analysed: early (6 h–7 days) post‐operative pain at rest (17 studies) and during movement (seven studies), and the amount of analgesic drugs in the studies that obtained identical results for pain at rest (12 studies). Reported adverse effects were also analysed. The daily dose of pregabalin ranged from 50 to 750 mg/day. The duration of treatment in patients assessed for pain ranged from a single administration to 2 weeks. Pregabalin administration reduced the amount of post‐operative analgesic drugs (30.8% of non‐overlapping values – odds ratio=0.43). There was no effect with 150, and 300 or 600 mg/day provided identical results. Pregabalin increased the risk of dizziness or light‐headedness and of visual disturbances, and decreased the occurrence of post‐operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients who did not receive anti‐PONV prophylaxis. The administration of pregabalin during a short perioperative period provides additional analgesia in the short term, but at the cost of additional adverse effects. The lowest effective dose was 225–300 mg/day.
Poor efficacy of oral tacrolimus in the treatment of severe generalized atopic eczema in adults: A small retrospective case series
Authors: Lee Frederick J , Frankum Brad S , Katelaris Constance H
Published: June 2011

We report a small, but novel case series of four adults with severe generalized atopic eczema (AE) not responsive to several other immunomodulatory therapies, who were treated with oral tacrolimus (5 mg twice‐daily). Three of the four patients failed therapy with systemic tacrolimus, despite two of these showing an initial clinical response; the fourth patient remains on tacrolimus monotherapy with good control of skin disease. Although oral tacrolimus was well‐tolerated in this small group of adults, the clinical efficacy in this series for severe AE was poor. Tacrolimus may yet have a role in less severe disease, but larger prospective studies are required to qualify its place as a treatment option in AE.
Effects of a maternal diet supplemented with chocolate and fructose beverage during gestation and lactation on rat dams and their offspring
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Yun , Zeng Jin‐Jing , Kjærgaard Marina , Guan Ni , Raun Kirsten , Nilsson Cecilia , Wang Ming‐Wei
Published: July 2011

1. Consumption of a high‐fat and high‐energy diet during pregnancy leads to a risk of long‐term consequences on fetal development, as well as on the postnatal health of offspring. To investigate the effects of such a diet on fetal programming, we established a high‐energy intake pregnant rat model using chocolate and fructose beverage as supplements to a normal chow diet.

2. Pregnant Sprague‐Dawley rats were assigned to either chow (control) or a diet supplemented with chocolate and fructose beverage throughout gestation and lactation. The male F1 pups received normal chow diet after weaning. Physiological or pathological changes in dams and pups (e.g. glucose and lipid metabolism) were evaluated.

3. The results showed that dams offered the high‐fat (mainly from chocolate) and high‐calorie diet during gestation consumed more energy and gained more weight than chow‐fed dams. Over‐consumption of chocolate reduced chow intake in dams, leading to low maternal protein supply. As a result, pups from these dams exhibited reduced birth weight that lasted until adulthood. The high‐energy diet during lactation led to increased total body fat, as well as impaired liver function, in offspring; thus, the lactational diet is suggested to be a stronger determinant of offspring fat metabolism than gestational diet.

4. The results of the study suggest that over‐supply of carbohydrates, such as chocolate and fructose, either during gestation or lactation has a negative impact on the well‐being of offspring.
Art of persuasion: An analysis of techniques used to market foods to children
Authors: Hebden Lana , King Lesley , Kelly Bridget
Published: June 2011

Aim:  Persuasive marketing techniques, such as promotional characters, influence children's food preferences and requests for foods. The aim of this research was to describe the techniques used to market unhealthy foods and beverages to children on Sydney free‐to‐air television.

Methods:  Marketing techniques designed to appeal to children were identified from international literature and summarised into a systematic coding tool. Using this tool, the marketing techniques used in a random sample of 100 unique food advertisements, broadcasted on Sydney free‐to‐air television, were coded. Frequency of marketing techniques was analysed overall and for use in advertisements marketing unhealthy foods, emotionally or verbally appealing to parents, or featuring child actors.

Results:  Advertisers' use of persuasive techniques generally did not differ by type of food advertised. Marketing techniques with greater prominence in unhealthy food advertising were palatability (54% of unhealthy food advertisements), convenience (52%), fantasy/imagination (28%), fun/happiness (17%) and cartoon characters (9%). Advertisements emotionally appealing to parents (24%) were significantly more likely to make general health or nutrition statements (38% vs. 17%), and appealed to children concurrently through fun/happiness and fantasy/imagination appeals. Children were depicted in advertisements as eating with friends or family, situated within the home and frequently snacking on less healthy foods.

Conclusions:  Food and beverage advertisers use a range of visual, audio and emotive techniques to appeal to children and their parents that do not discriminate by the type of food advertised. The range and complexity of these techniques complicate the restriction of their use in food advertising to children.
Basic procedures in tension‐free vaginal mesh operation for pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Takeyama Masami
Published: June 2011

A variety of tension‐free vaginal mesh (TVM) systems are available for surgical treatment of pelvic organ prolapse (POP). These include Prolift, Apogee/Perigee and Avaulta, all of which vary in terms of mesh size, shape and surgical technique to such an extent that they cannot truly be considered the same operation for the purpose of evaluating results. I began carrying out self‐made mesh cut out from Gynemesh PS in 2005. This system has four main characteristics: (i) the mesh is intended as a replacement for defective visceral pelvic fascia; (ii) it bridges between the left and right arcus tendineus fascia pelvis (white line, or ATFP); (iii) large‐size mesh is held in place by passing cannulas through the obturator fascia (anterior wall) or the sacrospinous ligament (SSL) to attach the arms of the mesh graft; and (iv) the bladder neck is preserved. The mesh that I have used since then has been essentially similar to the Prolift System, developed by a French TVM group, in terms of size and shape of its central portion. Mesh grafts used for the anterior wall are quite large, so skillful execution will provide sufficient room between the left and right ATFP in almost all cases.

This video discusses the fundamental techniques necessary for skillful execution of the tension‐free vaginal mesh (TVM) procedure using the Prolift System, focusing on the following points: (i) surgical separation of the correct layers of the vaginal wall, and the area separated, and effective hemostasis; (ii) precise puncture technique, especially the second puncture for the anterior TVM (TVM‐A) procedure and the sacrospinous ligament (SSL) puncture in the posterior TVM (TVM‐P) procedure; (iii) firmly securing the mesh to the vaginal wall or cervical canal; and (iv) careful mesh placement and formation of a bridge between the left and right arcus tendineus fascia pelvis (ATFP). Proper separation of the vaginal wall layers, in particular, is crucial for preventing unnecessary blood loss and mesh erosion. The second puncture in the TVM‐A is the most important of the puncture maneuvers for the procedure. Penetrating the tough tissue near the ischial spine represents a significant challenge, and the SSL penetration in the TVM‐P procedure is unexpectedly difficult for those without sufficient experience. In order to become proficient, the surgeon must have hands‐on experience under the supervision of experts.

Finally, TVM is a relatively new procedure, so one must master the fundamentals before gaining true proficiency. The technique does not call for virtuosity on the part of the surgeon, but key points must be mastered to reduce the risk of complications and recurrences. With repeated hands‐on training, surgical skills will gradually improve to the requisite level. This is a translated section of a video article originally published in Japanese as a DVD in the Audio‐Visual Journal Vol.15 No.15. 2009 by The Japanese Urological Association.
In‐home controls of pacemakers in debilitated elderly patients
Authors: Folino Antonio F , Breda Roberto , Calzavara Patrizia , Migliore Federico , Iliceto Sabino , Buja Gianfranco
Published: June 2011

Aim:  We assessed the efficacy, reliability and cost of an in‐home control service, devoted to debilitated patients with pacemakers, during long‐term follow up.

Methods:  We admitted 802 patients (mean age 87.8 ± 6.9 years) with pacemakers into our program, which were monitored periodically during in‐home visits by nurses. During these controls, patients underwent a standard electrocardiogram with and without magnet, during which stimulation intervals were measured. In‐home pacemaker assessments were performed by a portable programmer only for patients with Biotronik pacemakers. Electrocardiograms and technical data were evaluated at hospital, and a report was sent by mail to the patient. Moreover, we compared the costs for the hospital, patients and society between in‐home and ambulatory assessments.

Results:  During 80 months of follow up, 2418 controls were performed. The monthly average of patients who were followed at home was 283.9 ± 23.9. The mean number of controls per month was 30.2 ± 10 (range 4–51). One hundred and twenty‐three pacemakers were replaced due to battery exhaustion, after a mean device longevity of 7.4 years (range 4.9–12.4 years). Four hundred and sixty‐eight patients died (8.7% annual mortality). Fifteen patients (annual incidence 0.3%) were invited to in‐hospital visits for reprogramming. The cumulative cost for in‐home assessment were 20.5% lower than conventional in‐hospital controls and 66.5% lower if patients are transported by ambulance.

Conclusion:  Elderly debilitated patients can be monitored by effective and reliable pacemaker assessments at home, alleviating them and their families from the issues that are associated with their transfer from the home to the hospital and concurrently reducing overall costs. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 30–35.
Eight years of ant‐exclusion from citrus canopies: effects on the arthropod assemblage and on fruit yield
Authors: Piñol Josep , Espadaler Xavier , Cañellas Núria
Published: June 2011

Ants are important generalist predators in most terrestrial ecosystems. However, because many ant species are also hemipteran mutualists, their role in agriculture has generally been considered to be negative for plants.

In the present study, we report an experiment in ant‐exclusion from tree canopies in an organic citrus grove with two main objectives: (i) to examine whether the absence of ants increased the abundance of some beneficial arthropods and reduced the attack of some pests such as aphids and (ii) to examine whether ant‐exclusion increased the fruit yield of citrus trees.

The exclusion of ants from tree canopies had positive effects on the arthropod assemblage and on fruit yield. However, the 8‐year duration of the experiment can be divided into two periods with contrasting results. In the first period, the arthropod assemblage was only slightly affected, except for a greater density of aphids in ant‐excluded trees; in addition, fruit yield was higher in ant‐excluded trees than in the control ones. In the second period, ant‐exclusion increased the abundance of most arthropod groups, although the previous positive effect on fruit yield was no longer observed.

There are two main conclusions of the present study. First, from an applied perspective, ant‐exclusion from tree canopies is not a sound management alternative in citrus plantations in the Mediterranean. Second, the 8‐year duration of the experiment highlighted the importance of long‐term experiments in community ecology and biological control because the effects observed in the first 4 years of the experiment were very different from what occurred subsequently.
Thinning Jeffrey pine stands to reduce susceptibility to bark beetle infestations in California, U.S.A.
Authors: Fettig Christopher J. , Hayes Christopher J. , Jones Karen J. , Mckelvey Stephen R. , Mori Sylvia L. , Smith Sheri L.
Published: June 2011

Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) are commonly recognized as important tree mortality agents in coniferous forests of the western U.S.A.

High stand density is consistently associated with bark beetle infestations in western coniferous forests, and therefore thinning has long been advocated as a preventive measure to alleviate or reduce the amount of bark beetle‐caused tree mortality.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of thinning to reduce stand susceptibility to bark beetle infestations over a 10‐year period in Pinus jeffreyi forests on the Tahoe National Forest, California, U.S.A. Four treatments were replicated three times within 1‐ha square experimental plots. Treatments included thinning from below (i.e. initiating in the smallest diameter classes) to a residual target basal area (cross‐sectional area of trees at 1.37 m in height) of: (i) 18.4 m2/ha (low density thin); (ii) 27.6 m2/ha (medium density thin); (iii) 41.3 m2/ha (high density thin); and (iv) no stand manipulation (untreated control).

Throughout the present study, 107 trees died as a result of bark beetle attacks. Of these, 71% (75 trees) were Abies concolor killed by Scolytus ventralis; 20.6% (22 trees) were Pinus ponderosa killed by Dendroctonus ponderosae; 4.7% (five trees) were P. jeffreyi killed by Dendroctonus jeffreyi; 1.8% (two trees) were P. jeffreyi killed by Ips pini; 0.9% (one tree) were P. jeffreyi killed by Orthotomicus (= Ips) latidens; 0.9% (one tree) were P. ponderosa killed by both Dendroctonus brevicomis and D. ponderosae; and 0.9% (one tree) were P. jeffreyi killed by unknown causes.

In the low density thin, no pines were killed by bark beetles during the 10‐year period. Significantly fewer trees (per ha/year) were killed in the low density thin than the high density thin or untreated control. No significant treatment effect was observed for the percentage of trees (per year) killed by bark beetles.
Prostate‐specific antigen 1.5–4.0 ng/mL: a diagnostic challenge and danger zone
Authors: Crawford E. David , Moul Judd W. , Rove Kyle O. , Pettaway Curtis A. , Lamerato Lois E. , Hughes Alexa
Published: June 2011

Study Type – Prognosis (inception cohort)

Level of Evidence 1b

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Large population screening trials like the ERSPC, PCPT and PLCO have noted that men with seemingly low PSA (even as low as 0.5 ng/dL) still can have prostate cancer. Despite these findings, PSA is still predominantly used as a current indicator for possible presence of prostate cancer rather than also serving as a prognostic marker. This study examines a larger number of men in a diverse US population to determine the prognostic value of a man’s baseline or first PSA.

OBJECTIVES

• To assess the value of a PSA threshold of 1.5 ng/mL as a predictor of increased prostate cancer risk over a four‐year period based on a man’s first PSA test, including racial differences.

• To review the risk of progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) based on a similar PSA threshold.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• A retrospective review involving 21 502 men from a large Midwestern health system was performed.

• Men at least 40 years old with baseline PSA values between 0 and 4.0 ng/mL and at least four years of follow‐up after initial PSA test were included.

• Optimal PSA threshold and predictive value of PSA for development of prostate cancer were calculated.

RESULTS

• Prostate cancer rates were 15‐fold higher in patients with PSA ≥1.5 ng/mL vs patients with PSA <1.5 ng/mL (7.85% vs 0.51%).

• African American patients with baseline PSA <1.5 ng/mL faced prostate cancer rates similar to the whole study population (0.54% vs 0.51%, respectively), while African American patients with PSA 1.5–4.0 ng/mL faced a 19‐fold increase in prostate cancer.

CONCLUSION

• Both Caucasian and African American men with baseline PSA values between 1.5 and 4.0 ng/mL are at increased risk for future prostate cancer compared with those who have an initial PSA value below the 1.5 ng/mL threshold.

• Based on a growing body of literature and this analysis, it is recommended that a first PSA test threshold of 1.5 ng/mL and above, or somewhere between 1.5 and 4.0 ng/mL, represent the Early‐Warning PSA Zone (EWP Zone).

• This should serve to inform patients and clinicians alike to future clinical activities with respect to prostate cancer and BPH.