bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“A Piece of the PIE” and More
Authors: Alozie Nicholas O. , Ramirez Enrique J.
Published: July 2003

Further diversification of local police forces is essential in any systematic response to current difficulties in police-minority relations. The authors explore the relevance of out-and intragroup competition on Hispanic employment—one dimension of police diversification. The results indicate that competition is relevant in any dialogue on evolving ethnically diverse police forces or on increasing the role of Hispanic women. Black employment casts a negative influence on Hispanic employment generally, and that negative influence extends to Hispanic males and females separately. Generally, white females compete with Hispanics, particularly in minority Hispanic cities. Within Hispanic groups, the successes of Hispanic males and Hispanic females are zero-sum.
Metropolitan Government and Economic Development
Authors: Carr Jered B. , Feiock Richard C.
Published: July 2003

Academic and political debate regarding the desirability of metropolitan government has focused on the provision of public goods. Although efficient production of services is of great importance, the consequences of metropolitan government for economic development have remained unexplored. The authors assess the development impacts of city-county consolidation by examining the attraction of manufacturing and retail/service firms for nine consolidated governments from 1950 to 1993. The annual growth in manufacturing, retail, and service establishments in the county before the merger is compared to the record afterward. No support emerges for the idea that consolidation enhances economic development.
Black Candidates, Roll-Off, and the Black Vote
Authors: Harris Jamie M. , Zipp John F.
Published: July 2003

Previous research on racial differences in roll-off (ballot noncompletion) has shown that black voter roll-off is responsive to the relative size of the black electorate and the salience of the election to black voters. The authors examine racial differences in roll-off in 1996 Milwaukee County elections and attempt to explain why black voter roll-off is appreciably lower than would be expected given the relative size of the black electorate. By comparing findings from Milwaukee to other cities, the authors present a possible explanation that examines how the institutional context may condition mobilization factors.
Regime Politics in London Local Government
Authors: Dowding Keith , Dunleavy Patrick , King Desmond , Margetts Helen , Rydin Yvonne
Published: July 2003

The authors provide an encompassing eight-point characterization of regimes designed to cover all cases of this complex multicriteria concept, arguing that not all eight characteristics need be present for a regime to exist but that the larger the subset, the more a governing coalition constitutes a regime. The regime concept is then applied to six London boroughs during the early to mid-1990s. They demonstrate the utility and limits of the regime concept in identifying and explaining the politics of these boroughs at this time, suggesting that three of the cases constitute different types of regimes, and the other three constitute failed regimes.
Urban Governance and Industrial Decline
Authors: Digaetano Alan , Lawless Paul
Published: July 2003

There has been a marked increase in comparative research examining the dynamics of regime formation in the United Kingdom and the United States. These authors consider regime formation processes in three deindustrializing cities: Detroit, Michigan, and Birmingham and Sheffield, England. The article identifies two cross-cutting themes: the effects of national/international political and economic forces on local governance and the role of public and private interactions in regime formation. Finally, in an attempt to enlarge the scope of regime theory, the authors develop a comparative perspective on urban governance based on the concepts of governing structures and policy agendas.
The Impact of Office on Cross-Racial Voting
Authors: Longoria Thomas
Published: July 2003

The results of the 1996 Milwaukee mayoral election and the 1996 Milwaukee County circuit judge election provide an opportunity to examine the impact of deracialization on cross-racial voting while considering the symbolic importance of the office. The author finds that a deracialized mayoral election produced lower levels of cross-racial voting than a racialized circuit judge election on the same ballot. This finding suggests that in the future, researchers should consider the office at stake as a relevant factor in studies of deracialization and cross-racial voting.
Affirmative Action, Principles of Justice, and the Evolution of Urban Theory
Authors: Schumaker Paul , Kelly Marisa
Published: July 2003

Analysis of interviews with 112 elected officials in 12 American cities indicates that their support for affirmative action is more strongly influenced by the justice principles they hold than by the contextual variables normally emphasized by leading urban paradigms. Allegiance to fair equal opportunity and blocking cumulative inequalities enhances support for affirmative action, whereas allegiance to maximizing aggregate utility and retaining market allocations reduces such support. These results suggest that urban paradigms should include the moral principles of participants as well as variables describing the interests that officials represent and the economic, social, political, and cultural contexts that constrain their decisions.
Sport and the Analysis of Symbolic Regimes
Authors: Henry Ian P. , Paramio-Salcines Juan Luis
Published: July 2003

The authors evaluate the role of sport in the construction of a symbolic project for the city of Sheffield. They seek to illustrate that although in regime analyses, the ideological dimensions of the activities of regimes in urban governance are often neglected, regime approaches can provide appropriate frameworks through which to analyze the mobilizing of interests behind the development of a symbolic project, a new image for the city (as a city of sport). The authors conclude that the nature of postmodern politics is such that analysis of symbolic projects is key to understanding regime activity in deindustrializing urban contexts.
Explaining Citizen-Initiated Contacts with Municipal Bureaucrats
Authors: Thomas John Clayton , Melkers Julia
Published: July 2003

Citizen-initiated contacts represent an important, yet perplexing, category of political participation. The authors attempt to provide a comprehensive explanation of when and why citizens initiate contacts. They draw from prior research to summarize knowledge about these contacts and the measurement problems that have plagued earlier research. To explore the bases for citizen-initiated contacts, they use survey data on contacts with various municipal departments of the city of Atlanta. Logistic regressions of 15 different types of contacts reveal perceived needs as the most consistently significant predictor of most types. The influence of socioeconomic status over contacting is indirect.
Writing the Rules to Win the Game
Authors: Bridges Amy , Kronick Richard
Published: July 2003

Every student of city politics knows the class theory of city government—that middle-class voters supported municipal reform and working-class voters supported machine politics. Although historical narratives support this theory, systematic evidence has been elusive. Historians and political scientists alike have recognized very strong regional differences in styles of city government but lacked an explanation. The authors argue that the class theory, historical narratives, and regional differences may be reconciled. Presence of immigrants and turnout account both for adoption or rejection of reform and for the regional pattern of those decisions.
The Wired Loft
Authors: Wolfe Mark R.
Published: July 2003

Multimedia Gulch, the dynamic cluster of multimedia firms that coalesced in San Francisco’s South of Market area (SOMA) in the early 1990s, emerged from a depressed, high-unemployment, high-crime area in less than a decade. This article describes how the revitalization of SOMA was the product not of economic development planning but, rather, of the convergence of several independent cultural and economic factors. These factors, which the author explores, range from the diffusion and adoption of the loft-living lifestyle among urban creative communities in the 1970s to the elimination of barriers to entry into the media industry from technological innovations in the 1980s.
Heuristics, Low Information Rationality, and Choosing Public Goods
Authors: Schneider Mark , Marschall Melissa , Roch Christine , Teske Paul
Published: July 2003

The United States is in the midst of a reform movement empowering parents to choose among an expanded set of schools for their children. Inherent in these reforms is the idea that parents will gather the information necessary to make informed choices from among the set. Opponents of school choice argue that lower-income parents will not be able to gather information about their options to select appropriate schools for their children. The authors show that visual cues can indicate levels of academic performance and school safety—the two dimensions of schools that concern parents—and may allow parents to make good choices among schools.
Residential Mortgage Foreclosure and Racial Transition in New Orleans
Authors: Lauria Mickey , Baxter Vern
Published: July 2003

In this article, the authors explore residential mortgage foreclosure as a mechanism that links economic shocks and the process of racial transition (Lauria 1998). Their analysis indicates that housing foreclosures added momentum to an ongoing process of racial transition, net of the effects of exogenous economic shocks and such other variables as median income of residents, change in the value of owner-occupied housing, and the existing racial distribution of population. Foreclosure appears to have the strongest effect on racial transition in block groups where resident incomes are above the lowest levels and there is a preexisting and increasing black population.
Intrametropolitan Patterns of Small-Business Lending
Authors: Immergluck Daniel
Published: July 2003

Discrimination and redlining in business lending have been cited as contributing to economic decline in lower-income neighborhoods. Until recently, bank regulators have not collected geographic data on business loans. Using new data collected by regulators, the author measures small-business lending flows to different types of neighborhoods in the Chicago metropolitan area. Although data limitations preclude a definitive finding of differential access to credit, lower-income and minority neighborhoods areas receive fewer loans after accounting for firm density, firm size, and industrial mix, findings that support the notion of geographic and/or race-based discrimination in marketing or approving loans.
From Corporate City to Citizens City?
Authors: Haughton Graham , While Aidan
Published: July 2003

The authors reassess the recent history of U.K. urban politics. Following the local entrepreneurialism promoted by the Thatcher governments in the 1980s, they trace the gradual emergence of a more inclusive approach to urban policy. This shift, which began with the Major government in the early 1990s, marks a move toward a more community-orientated vision of social regeneration. Through a survey of the evolution of partnership styles and economic development in Leeds and informed by recent cross-national work on regime theory, the authors provide insights into the structural factors that have shaped the formation, composition, and actions of local coalitions in U.K. governance.
Politics and Sex-Related Programs in Urban Schooling
Authors: Hess Frederick M. , Leal David L.
Published: July 2003

Very little is known about why urban school districts choose to enact sex-related education and health programs. In this article, the authors test a model explaining such programs using a 1992 Council of Urban Boards of Education survey. They find that the likelihood a school district will offer such programs is significantly affected by perceived local support for the programs, the percentage of women on the school board, the local Hispanic population, local median family income, and district private school enrollment. Measures of need, such as the urban birthrate, do not appear to have a significant effect.
The Urban Electorate in Presidential Elections, 1920-1996
Authors: Sauerzopf Richard , Swanstrom Todd
Published: July 2003

This study of voting in presidential elections in 12 central cities from 1920 to 1996 shows that cities played a crucial role in the New Deal realignment that dominated presidential elections from 1932 to the 1960s. Since then, cities have declined as a share of the total electorate, but they still provide crucial votes for successful Democratic presidential candidates. As cities have increasingly deviated from national voting trends, however, their turnout rates have increasingly fallen behind the national rates. A call is issued for researchers to break down the suburban vote and to examine contextual effects on voting behavior.
Social Ties at the Neighborhood Level
Authors: Guest Avery M. , Wierzbicki Susan K.
Published: July 2003

Using the General Social Survey, the authors analyze trends in socializing with neighbors and with friends outside the neighborhood from 1974 to 1996. Consistent with arguments about a declining attachment to neighborhood, results show a linear trend toward less socializing within the neighborhood and more outside it. In addition, the data suggest that people are increasingly specializing in either neighborhood or extra neighborhood social ties. However, the evidence for less neighborhood socializing is slight. Also, inconsistent with some claims about neighborhoods, only mild evidence suggests that socializing at the neighborhood level is becoming more selective of certain social groups.
Creating a Toxic Neighborhood in Los Angeles County
Authors: Boone Christopher G. , Modarres Ali
Published: July 2003

The city of Commerce, a largely industrial and Latino city east of Los Angeles, contains a disproportionately high concentration of manufacturers that emit toxic chemicals. The coincidence of a minority population and toxic sites is a classic example of environmental inequity. The authors seek to understand why industry located in this community. A historical investigation of the development of a hazardous community suggests that demographics alone are not responsible for the concentration of manufacturing in Commerce. The zoning decisions of the Los Angeles County Regional Planning Commission in the 1920s and 1930s set the pattern of industrialization in Commerce.
The Election of Openly Gay Public Officials in American Communities
Authors: Button James W. , Wald Kenneth D. , Rienzo Barbara A.
Published: July 2003

As a newly emergent political minority, lesbians and gay men have begun to seek representation in political office, particularly at the local level. Using a purposeful sample of 126 cities and counties, the authors explore openly gay candidacies for, and election to, public office in the early 1990s. They employed four theoretical models—urbanism/social diversity, resource mobilization, political opportunity structure, and communal protest—that have been useful in explaining African-American, Latino, and female electoral success. The nature and pattern of electoral activities of lesbians and gay men are similar to those of other disadvantaged minorities.
Newspapers as Policy Actors in Urban School Systems
Authors: Wong Kenneth K. , Jain Pushpam
Published: July 2003

Public schools operate within a local context where institutional actors facilitate or constrain policy decisions. The authors focus on the role of the local newspapers. In this study of news reporting on educational issues in Chicago, they apply two analytical perspectives—namely, the pluralist bargaining model and the unitary actor model. They created a database of news reports on the city’s educational matters by two major Chicago newspapers for a 20-month period. Analysis suggests a strong unitary tendency in news reporting by the city’s two major newspapers, as they are situated in the midst of mayor-led reform in schools.
Influencing the Agents of Urban Structure
Authors: Shlay Anne B.
Published: July 2003

From the perspective of applied research, a critical urban theory presents the opportunity to become a force for social change. Nowhere has this perspective been more present than in activities around supporting the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA). The author applies evidence from an evaluation of the impact of CRA organizing to assess the success of efforts to bring about institutional change. This research suggests that local organizing provided the impetus for the establishment of a national political climate favorable to serious CRA enforcement. Evaluation approaches are needed to move theory from being pure critique to developing strategies for change.
A Conceptual Model for Enhancing Community Competitiveness in the New Economy
Authors: Johnson James H.
Published: July 2003

The author develops a conceptual model that specifies six types of “community capital” assets—polity, physical, financial, human, cultural, and social—that U.S. cities, particularly those left behind in the most recent economic boom, will have to develop to thrive and prosper in the twenty-first-century knowledge-based economy. Each of these sources of “capital” is described, and specific examples of how each is manifested in selected, highly competitive new economy cities are presented. The article concludes with a discussion of the steps and strategies U.S. cities will have to pursue to develop their full complement of community capital assets.
The Politics of Gentrification
Authors: Betancur John J.
Published: July 2003

The author examines the local dialectics of power associated with gentrification in the community of West Town in Chicago, discussing the process, contentions resulting from opposite interests, strategies of the major players involved, and the painful and emotional struggles that have resulted from the advance of gentrification. Today, West Town is bitterly split between contending agents of gentrification and resistance. Although the process has not been completed, expectations have placed the community in a difficult position as institutions, businesses, and households feel its impact and wonder about the future. In particular, the role of class, race, and ethnicity in the process of gentrification is examined.
Postrecession Gentrification in New York City
Authors: Hackworth Jason
Published: July 2003

Although multiple authors have identified changes to gentrification since the early 1990s recession, there is not yet a composite sketch of the process in its contemporary form. The author synthesizes the growing body of literature on postrecession gentrification and explores its manifestation in three New York City neighborhoods. The literature points to four fundamental changes in the way that gentrification works. First, corporate developers are now more common initial gentrifiers than before. Second, the state, at various levels, is fueling the process more directly than in the past. Third, anti-gentrification social movements have been marginalized within the urban political sphere. Finally, the land economics of inner-city investment have changed in ways that accelerate certain types of neighborhood change.
School Choice Accountability
Authors: van Dunk Emily , Dickman Anneliese
Published: July 2003

One important consequence of school choice policies is the shift away from governmental accountability and toward parent accountability. Parents are empowered to gather information about schools and select schools that meet their needs. Schools that fulfill parents’ needs succeed; others fail. Using data on several types of choice programs in a large urban school district, the authors examine the amount of information parents have and whether they select schools based on the factors they believe are important. The evidence suggests that many parents neither possess adequate information nor send consistent signals, and there are systemic differences across types of choice programs.
Aquaculture in Egypt: Improving Food Security and Resolving Resource Allocation Conflicts
Authors: Zwirn Michael
Published: July 2003

The farming of fish is viewed as a vital growing sector within food production worldwide because of aquaculture's ability to provide inexpensive protein while allowing overdepleted capture fisheries to replenish. Yet despite its perceived food security and environmental benefits, aquaculture poses serious potential for exacerbating environmental and resource allocation conflicts. Egypt, a nation with a long history in fish farming, provides examples of both positive and negative consequences of aquaculture development. This article examines prospects for improving Egypt's food security through yield and productivity gains in aquaculture, while ameliorating negative environmental and resource utilization outcomes. Specific technologies, policies, and economic instruments are discussed, particularly in light of worsening conflicts over access to water, land, and other vital resources. The article concludes that inequity in access to capital and political influence may be the most salient obstacle to the successful long-term development of a high-yield, politically and socially viable aquaculture sector.
Small-Scale Mining in Africa: Tackling Pressing Environmental Problems With Improved Strategy
Authors: Hilson Gavin
Published: July 2003

Small-scale mining—low-tech mineral extraction and processing—has long been an important industry in Africa. For centuries, operations have provided inhabitants of the rural, more impoverished regions of the continent with a wealth of employment benefits and, more recently, have made important contributions to mineral wealth and foreign exchange earnings. However, the small-scale mining operations of Africa have also caused considerable environmental complications, including chronic soil degradation, chemical contamination, and air pollution. The aim of the present article is to provide an overview of the environmental complications associated with small-scale mining activity in Africa and to outline some environmental strategies that, if adopted, could mitigate these problems. Marked industrial environmental improvements can only be achieved if government agencies and international organizations play an expanded role in providing African small-scale miners with the economical, technological, and educational resources needed to operate more efficiently.
Political Discourse and the “New PBS”
Authors: Hoynes William
Published: July 2003

Having survived efforts by political conservatives to eliminate federal funding for public broadcasting, public television in the United States remade itself as a market-savvy media enterprise in the mid-1990s. This “new PBS” sought to develop new revenue streams and forge new financial partnerships at the same time that public broadcasting found renewed political support on Capitol Hill. In this climate, this study examines the sources and subjects on public television’s public affairs lineup, exploring how public television measures up to the lofty goal of contributing to public life by providing a diverse alternative to commercial broadcasting. Based on a two-week sample of the eighteen most widely distributed public affairs programs on public television, findings indicate that the vast majority of stories focused on either the economy or domestic politics, while coverage of international issues was comparatively small. More than three-quarters of on-camera sources were corporate representatives, government officials, or professionals (mostly journalists), with infrequent appearances by members of the general public and citizen activists. More generally, analysis of sources and qualitative case studies of the most prominent stories in the sample—the 1998 congressional hearings on impeachment and the intertwined coverage of antitrust policy, corporate mergers, and corporate layoffs—suggest that political and economic coverage on public television focuses largely on the views and activities of insiders and routinely emphasizes the strategic dimensions of the political world. The study concludes with a discussion of the similarities between public affairs programs on public and commercial television.
Radio Phone-in Talk Shows as Politically Significant Infotainment in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee Francis L. F.
Published: July 2003

Past research has generated two main characterizations of the radio phone-in talk show phenomenon. Some argue that talk shows can provide forums for public deliberation, while others regard talk shows as a form of infotainment that displaces serious political journalism. This study argues that public forum and infotainment are not necessarily incompatible with each other, and it tests this possibility by a case study of talk radio in Hong Kong. Analysis of a survey data set points to the infotainment characteristics of talk radio listening in the city. However, results also suggest that talk radio provides political information to listeners and serves as a forum for the public to criticize the government. The author thus argues that talk radio constitutes a form of politically significant infotainment in Hong Kong. Implications on the study of infotainment and talk radio in general and in the specific case of Hong Kong are discussed.
Entertainment or Education
Authors: Vinson C. Danielle , Ertter John S.
Published: July 2003

In this study, the authors look at how the media cover the courts and the balance they strike between entertaining the audience and educating it. The authors expected that the rise of market-driven journalism combined with the increase in cameras in the courtroom has encouraged coverage of the judicial branch that is dramatic and designed to attract an audience rather than to inform and educate about the judicial process. Using a content analysis of local television and newspaper coverage of the courts in five media markets, the authors found that while coverage is not devoid of informative and even explanatory content, its subject matter and emphasis on the most accessible facets of the judicial process appear to be driven by audience and market considerations. Two case studies provide evidence that cameras contribute to the dramatization of court reporting.
Professionalization
Authors: Lilleker Darren G. , Negrine Ralph
Published: July 2003

Professionalization and related words have become the normative way of describing developments in political campaigning and communication in recent years. Reflecting on recent articles in Press/Politics, the authors assert that the use of such terms are confusing and provide little detail as to the actual changes in the nature and conduct of campaigning, when these changes took place, and what forces drove the changes.
Requiem for a Think Tank
Authors: Dennis Everette E. , Stebenne David L.
Published: July 2003

For twelve years, the Gannett Center for Media Studies (subsequently named the Freedom Forum Media Studies Center) operated a unique media “think tank” billed as “the nation’s first institute for the advanced study of media and technological change” at Columbia University. It attracted leading professionals and scholars to its fellowship, technology, and media research programs. The result was a distinctive interaction between media industries and the academy that produced many major books, studies, and other intellectual products including a journal that informed the media-society relationship. A joint venture of a university and a media foundation with special links to journalism education and media industries in the United States and internationally, the program decamped from Columbia in 1996 and was phased out two years later.
Framing Science
Authors: Nisbet Matthew C. , Brossard Dominique , Kroepsch Adrianne
Published: July 2003

Applying the theories of agenda building and frame building and previous work related to the shared negotiations between sources and journalists in constructing news dramas, this article examines the role of the mass media in the evolution of the stem cell controversy. How does a scientific issue gain, maintain, or lose political and media attention? What forces combine to emphasize certain dimensions of an issue over others? Using data from a content analysis of stem cell–related articles appearing between 1975 and 2001 in the New York Times and the Washington Post, the authors analyze patterns of media attention, media framing, and media sourcing across stages of scientific, political, and policy development.
Intraparty Conflict and the Struggle to Shape News Agendas
Authors: Stanyer James
Published: July 2003

This article reexamines the formation of political news agendas on British television. It argues that studies on the formation of domestic political news agendas have so far largely been election campaign centered. Using the annual party political conventions in Britain as a case study, this article explores internal party struggles between the leadership and their opponents to shape and reshape the coverage of party policy on national television. It reveals that despite resource disadvantages, dissenting voices in certain situations can shape the news agenda. The article also reveals that broadcasting professionals find conflict newsworthy and are eager to reveal such discord to their viewers and highlight its consequences for each party’s electoral fortunes. In conclusion, the article suggests that in certain situations, domestic political news agendas also need to be seen as the product of intraparty competition between the leadership and their opponents. In these situations, journalists play a proactive role packaging the struggle and may act as a counterweight to leadership resource advantages, aiding critical claim-makers in obtaining their objectives.
Importing Journalistic Ideals and Practices? The Case of Public Journalism in Denmark
Authors: Haas Tanni
Published: July 2003

This exploratory case study discusses how and why the Danish experiments with public journalism have differed from their U.S. counterparts in several important respects. It shows that, in contrast to U.S. news organizations committed to public journalism, Danish news organizations have (1) advocated specific solutions to problems, (2) made special efforts to highlight the concerns of traditionally marginalized publics, and (3) encouraged citizens to develop substantive, systemic solutions while using experts as citizen advisors. The study concludes that while the character of the Danish public journalism initiatives could be attributed to the professional self-understanding of Danish journalists, it also could be understood as one of many manifestations of the increasing populism of Danish news media more generally.
Responsibility Frenzies in News Coverage
Authors: West Darrell M.
Published: July 2003

Little attention has been paid to cases in which news media cover political controversies in a sensible and responsible manner. Unlike “feeding frenzies,” which have been well documented, there has been almost no serious examination of cases in which reporters engage in “responsibility frenzies.” In this article, the author discusses a case of one such responsibility frenzy: rumors during Hillary Clinton’s 2000 U.S. Senate campaign that she was a lesbian. Using interviews, personal observation, and news accounts, I explain how the press avoided irresponsible coverage and engaged in enlightened self-restraint. While responsibility frenzies admittedly are much more rare than feeding frenzies, it is important to understand the dynamics of the former and the factors that lead the press to act responsibly.
Scattering of a Spherical Dyadic Field by a Small Rigid Sphere
Authors: Dassios George , Karveli Katerina
Published: July 2003

A complete dyadic field, which is generated at a point and propagates within a homogeneous and isotropic elastic medium, is disturbed by a small rigid sphere. Analytic solutions for this complicated dyadic scattering problem are provided with the help of an extended theory of the Papkovich representation for elastostatic dyadic fields. Relative results obtained numerically show an amazing coincidence as long as we stay in the low-frequency regime. In contrast to the plane wave excitation case, where only a few multipole terms are needed to express the leading low-frequency approximations, the case of point source excitation provides low-frequency solutions where an infinite number of multipoles are present. An exception is offered by the first-order approximation, which enjoys a closed-form expression.
Universal Relations for Fiber-Reinforced Elastic Materials
Authors: Saccomandi Giuseppe , Beatty Millard F.
Published: July 2003

Two general universal relations for both compressible and incompressible, isotropic elastic materials reinforced by a single field of inextensible fibers are derived as components of an axial vector condition. The constitutive equations comprise a system of six scalar equations linear in four constraint and material response functions. It is known from the manifold method applied to this linear system that, in general, at least two universal relations exist. Hence, depending on the rank of a coefficient matrix, the two axial vector component equations comprise the complete set of universal relations for the fiber-reinforced material. These equations are valid for all deformations, and they hold independently of the balance equations and boundary conditions. The results are illustrated for a homogeneous simple shear with triaxial stretch of a material having various single fiber arrangements. For the homogeneous shear and two kinds of nonhomogeneous deformations, the balance equations and/or boundary conditions lead to an additional equation relating the constraint reaction and material response functions. Use of this condition together with the scalar constitutive equations has the effect of reducing the rank of the coefficient matrix, and hence additional universal relations are known to exist. Thus, besides the aforementioned pair of general universal relations, for the homogeneous shear and two specific nonhomogeneous deformations studied here, we deduce from the constitutive equations additional new universal relations.
An Explicit Radial Cavitation Solution in Nonlinear Elasticity
Authors: Pericak-Spector Kathleen A. , Sivaloganathan Jeyabal , Spector Scott J.
Published: July 2003

An explicit solution to the ordinary differential equation that governs the radial equilibrium behavior of a particular compressible nonlinearly elastic material is obtained. The resulting deformation exhibits cavitation at the center of a homogeneous isotropic ball in three or more dimensions.
On Non-Linear Radial Oscillations of an Incompressible, Hyperelastic Spherical Shell
Authors: Roussos N. , Mason D. P. , Hill D. L.
Published: July 2003

Non-linear radial oscillations of a thin-walled spherical shell of incompressible isotropic hyperelastic material are considered. The oscillations are described by a second order differential equation which depends on the strain-energy function and the net applied pressure at the surfaces. The condition on the strain-energy function for the differential equation to be an Ermakov-Pinney equation is derived. It is shown the condition is not satisfied by a Mooney-Rivlin strain-energy function. The Lie point symmetry structure of the differential equation for a Mooney-Rivlin material is determined. Three approximate solutions are derived for free oscillations of a neo-Hookean material. The approximate solutions have the form of non-linear superpositions similar to the solutions for the non-linear radial oscillations of a thin-walled cylindrical tube.
Continuum Limits of Discrete Systems without Convexity Hypotheses
Authors: Braides Andrea , Gelli Maria Stella
Published: July 2003

We describe the variational limit of one-dimensional nearest-neighbour systems of interactions, under no structure hypotheses on the discrete energy densities. We show that the continuum limit is characterized by a bulk and a interfacial energy density, which can be explicitly computed from the discrete energies through operations of limit, scaling and regularization that highlight possible bulk oscillations and multiple cracking.
A Variational Method for Recovering Planar Lamé Moduli
Authors: Chen Jun , Gockenbach Mark S.
Published: July 2003

For a planar, isotropic, linearly elastic square solid, the Lamé moduli are determined by the displacement under a known edge traction, assuming the displacement satisfies a particular non-degeneracy condition. Estimates of the moduli are derived by minimizing a functional and an error bound for the estimated moduli is given.
Electromagnetic Effects in Thermoelastic Materials
Authors: Ericksen J. L.
Published: July 2003

It is an old idea in electromagnetic theory that the æther relations holding in vacuum should also apply in matter. However, this is not commonly used in formulating theories of electromagnetic effects in materials. To be formulated here are theories of magnetic and electric effects in deformable solids based on this idea. It turns out that these are somewhat different from theories in common usage, but it is not easy to determine which is better. In the formulations, some ideas concerning principles of virtual work are used that seem not to be well known.
Dynamic Fracture Analysis for a Penny-Shaped Crack in an FGM Interlayer between Dissimilar Half Spaces
Authors: Li Chunyu , Weng G. J.
Published: July 2003

In this paper the elastodynamic response of a penny-shaped crack located in a functionally graded material (FGM) interlayer between two dissimilar homogeneous half spaces and subjected to a torsional impact loading is considered. The shear modulus and the mass density of the functionally graded material interlayer are assumed to vary continuously between those of the two half spaces. Laplace and Hankel integral transforms are applied to reduce this mixed boundary value problem to a singular integral equation with a generalized Cauchy kernel in the Laplace domain. The singular integral equation is solved numerically and the dynamic stress intensity factor is obtained by a numerical Laplace inversion technique. The influences of the relative magnitudes of the adjoining material properties and the FGM interlayer thickness on the dynamic stress intensity factor are examined in detail.
Energetics of Two-Level Shears and Hardening of Single Crystals
Authors: Deseri Luca , Owen David R.
Published: July 2003

An energetic description of the hardening behavior of single crystals undergoing single slip is analyzed. Simultaneous macroscopic simple shear and mesoscopic slips are described by means of a class of structured deformations called “two-level shears,” along with recently proposed measures of separation of active slip-bands and the number of lattice cells traversed during slip. The energetics of two-level shears gives rise to a response consistent with the experimentally observed loading and unloading behavior of a single crystal in G. I. Taylor’s soft device, as well as with the Portevin-le Chatelier effect. The initial critical resolved shear stress, the flow stress, and the hardening response are obtained, and an application to aluminum single crystals is discussed.
Lesbian Separatist Communities and the Experience of Nature
Authors: Sandilands Catriona
Published: July 2003

Queer ecology is a cultural, political, and social analysis that interrogates the relations between the social organization of sexuality and ecology. As a part of this analysis, this article explores the ideas and practices of lesbian separatist communities in southern Oregon. It considers that separatists have, since 1974, developed a distinct political-ecological culture to challenge the heterosexual, patriarchal, and capitalist organization of rural North America. Although lesbian separatism was founded on essentialist constructions of gender and nature, the Oregon communities have developed, over time, a blend of lesbian principles and local environmental knowledge. This has produced a complex tradition of lesbian ecopolitical resistance. Organizing threads of this tradition include opening access to land and transforming relations of rural ownership, withdrawing land from patriarchal-capitalist production and reproduction, feminizing the landscape ideologically and physically, developing a gender-bending physical experience of nature, experiencing nature as an erotic partner, and politicizing rurality and rural lesbian identity.
Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered
Authors: Luke Timothy W.
Published: July 2003

The theory of deep ecology has had a profound effect on many environmental political movements over the past generation. While this notion was first advanced by Arne Naess in Western Europe, deep ecology found its broadest and most influential popularization, especially in North America, in the work of Bill Devall and George Sessions. Their 1985 work, Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered , outlines their vision of deep ecology, and it is an important source for anyone interested in the ethics and politics of deep ecology.
The Five Guiding Principles for End of Life Care: Minnesota’s Framework
Authors: Norlander Linda , Baines Barry K.
Published: July 2003

Home care agencies, hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, and other providers have varied standards and expectations regarding the care of someone who is dying. A patient in Home Health Care Agency X might receive excellent pain management and family support, whereas a patient in Home Care Agency Y might receive mediocre pain management and no other support services. The Minnesota Commission on End of Life Care, a state-government-sponsored task force comprising public and private decision makers, focused on the existence of these inconsistencies and created a broad framework for end of life care called The Five Guiding Principles. The principles address treatment preferences, pain and physical symptom management, suffering, preparation for death, and grief. This framework can provide guidance to home care agencies in staff training, competency, and improved quality of care for patients who are facing the end of life.
Transition Management: A New Paradigm for Home Care of the Chronically Ill Near the End of Life
Authors: Stuart Brad
Published: July 2003

Patients with advanced chronic illness receive increasingly fragmented care as they near the end of life. Multiple hospital readmissions are the rule, followed by intermittent episodes of home health care. Pain management, advance care planning, and preparation for dying may be lacking. Because prognosis is uncertain, particularly in noncancer cases, access to hospice and palliative care services is often denied to these patients until they are very near death. Home-based transition management can provide high-risk chronically ill patients better continuity of care until they are eligible and emotionally ready for hospice, and can manage their dying if referral to hospice is refused. Home care is positioned to provide innovative services that would increase access to end of life care. This paper outlines limitations of current approaches to end of life care, proposes potential components of transition management services, and discusses operational, regulatory, and reimbursement challenges to implementation.
The Future of Advance Care Planning
Authors: Norlander Linda
Published: July 2003

Seventy-six million baby boomers are poised to move into the ranks of the elderly and frail elderly in the next 20 to 30 years. The health care system will be challenged to provide appropriate and reasonable care at the end of life to a generation that has experienced unprecedented medical breakthroughs aimed at preserving and prolonging life. Advance care planning—thoughtful conversations between patients, families, and health care providers—will be key in ensuring that patients receive the care they want and the care that is most appropriate for them. To foster the best care, advance care planning must evolve from a document-based system of health care directives focused on specific treatment choices to an ongoing dialogue with the patient and family about health care outcomes. The baby boom generation will ask for and expect a holistic approach that takes into consideration not only treatment options but financial concerns and family needs.
Ethics and Dying at Home
Authors: Ratner Edward R. , Song John Y.
Published: July 2003

Death at home has become increasingly common. End of life care at home creates ethical challenges that are very different from those encountered in the hospital or nursing home. Geographic disparities in rates of death at home raise ethical issues related to access to care. Home health agencies and communities make decisions, possibly ethically based, regarding investments in home-based end of life care and hospice versus other types of care. In the home setting, clinicians can be ethically challenged by the degree to which patients and families control care. Home care providers face refusal of care, limited control over use of opioid analgesics, and suicide. This article describes these ethical issues and principles that can help address them.
Ethical Wills: Creating Meaning at the End of Life
Authors: Baines Barry K.
Published: July 2003

Ethical wills require understanding the unique individuality of the person. This approach focuses on the intangibles as well as the tangibles of one’s inheritance. It provides for the passing on of one’s values, beliefs, heuristic learning, and feelings of love, forgiveness, and hope for the future. This approach allows the individual to live on in the hearts and memories of those who knew him or her. A caring tradition that stems from Genesis 49 is being revived and brought to life today.
Recognizing Menopausal Symptomatology
Authors: Buxton-Blake Pamela
Published: July 2003

Menopause is a physiological midlife transition for most women. However, many women experience uncomfortable menopausal symptomatology. During this transitional period, some women seek assistance for menopausal concerns from health care providers. Primary care is an important channel for educating and disseminating menopause information. Home health care nurses are in a pivotal position to offer guidance and provide whole person care, where all treatment and treatment goals are consistent with expressed needs, values, faith, and priorities. This article provides an overview of perimenopause and the resultant symptomatology, which are of increasing interest to health care providers.
Managing an “Organized” Organization
Authors: Niewenhous Susan S.
Published: July 2003

Numerous textbooks on management define the responsibilities of a manager as planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling. One of the functions sometimes given short shrift is organizing. Corporations and agencies can run without being totally organized, but some would argue that a successful, efficient organization, and one that makes the best use of all of its resources, is one that is orderly, neat, has well-defined processes, has the tools to accomplish the agency’s goals and objectives, and employs staff who know how to utilize these tools and perform the tasks for which they are held accountable. This article focuses on these aspects of organizing.
The Role of the Social Workers in the Aftermath of the World Trade Center Attack
Authors: Novick Judith
Published: July 2003

This article discusses the expanding role of the social worker after the terrorism attacks of September 11, 2001. It examines the element of ethnic and cultural backgrounds in the aftereffects of a terrorist attack and how education and training of professionals can enhance the resources available at the disaster sites. This article is designed to provide guidance to other home care and hospice organizations in their preparation and planning for emergency care and services. It includes resources and applications for organizations to consider, adapt, and expand on.