bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESTUDO DO COMPORTAMENTO DINÂMICO DO MODELO NEURONAL DE HINDMARSH-ROSE
Authors: Lima RaildoSantos de , Chavarette Fábio Roberto , Roéfero Luiz Gustavo Pereira Roéfero
Published: December 2019

Based on the Hindmarsh-Rose (RH) neuronal model for nerve impulse transmission, this paper aims to study the properties and dynamic behavior of the non-linear chaotic system that describes neuronal bursting in a single neuron. On the part of bioengineering, there is great motivation in the study of the HR model because it is well representative of the biological neuron, being able to simulate several behaviors of a real neuron, among them periodic, aperiodic and chaotic behavior. The literature suggests that the chaotic behaviorrepresents in the human being the epileptic or convulsive state. Through computer simulations, considering the system parameters, it was analyzed that the stability is highly sensitive to the initial conditions and producing oscillations, more so, when the oscillation increases the random behavior tends to increase making the system unpredictable.
Pragmatische Stadtentwicklung nach § 34 Baugesetzbuch?
Authors: Piek (geb. Dörr) Simon
Published: December 2019

The regulation of § 34 BauGB is of great practical importance in urban development and, in particular, in the field of redensification. In contrast to the ‘Bebauungsplan’ [development plan], no complex planning and participation procedures are envisaged here, as the (further) urban development takes place within the framework of the bound application of the law. Contrary to what can be expected from a theoretical perspective, however, in the context of § 34 BauGB, municipal planning interests and citizen participation can also become decisive factors. The regulation of § 34 BauGB as a suitable instrument for pragmatic urban development?
Eight empirical case studies on individual construction projects and redensification processes enable a scientific discussion between theoretical claim and practical reality. The present work is based on an interdisciplinary research approach with a focus on building law and planning theory.
O fim da Vila Santo Antônio para a construção da Hidrelétrica Belo Monte
Authors: Oliveira Ana Lúcia Almeida de , Martins de Souza César , Silva Tabita Fernandes da
Published: December 2019

A Vila Santo Antônio, em Vitória do Xingu-PA, surgiu logo após a construção da rodovia Transamazônica e, durante quase quarenta anos, se constituiu em um lugar onde os moradores construíram suas vidas, definiram identidades e sociabilidades. Com a construção da Hidrelétrica Belo Monte, os moradores foram retirados para que a área da vila servisse de base para o empreendimento. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo busca compreender, a partir da visão de moradores da Vila Santo Antônio, as memórias do processo de remoção compulsória e da extinção da comunidade. O desenvolvimento de pesquisa de campo, com observação, entrevistas e pesquisa documental, evidencia que os moradores da vila sofreram com os impactos da expropriação de seus territórios, bem como de seus modos de vida, pois, bruscamente, se viram afastados do rio, da floresta, dos vizinhos, dos parentes e da garantia dos meios para sua existência física e social.
Planejamento urbano e o direito à moradia: análise do Residencial Macapaba no município de Macapá-AP
Authors: Dos Santos Naiara Videira , Ferreira Moura Edila Arnaud
Published: December 2019

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise das etapas de planejamento e de implementação de um conjunto habitacional, o Residencial Macapaba, na cidade de Macapá-AP. O Residencial Macapaba, construído em 2014 e 2017, é o maior conjunto habitacional de moradia popular do estado, tendo sido planejado para atender às funções sociais de cidade e com isso garantir o direito à moradia na sua inter-relação com o direito à cidade. Na realidade demonstra uma deficiência na execução de grande parte do que foi planejado socialmente, impactando negativamente no alcance de uma melhor qualidade de vida para seus moradores. Este estudo analisa o planejamento do empreendimento habitacional e sua perspectiva de funcionalidade de cidade em contraposição à realidade vivenciada pelos novos moradores, refletindo no direito à moradia a essas populações. Como instrumentos para a análise fez-se uso de pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental e de entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores e técnicos responsáveis pelo empreendimento habitacional.
De sitiantes a moradores de vila: o projeto de integração do rio São Francisco com bacias hidrográficas do Nordeste brasileiro e as novas territorialidades
Authors: Nogueira Verena Sevá
Published: December 2019

O projeto de integração do rio São Francisco às bacias hidrográficas da região semiárida brasileira é uma grande e polêmica obra pública que, para muito além de seu escopo principal – o abastecimento de uma região carente de recursos hídricos, atinge uma população que vive e trabalha na área por ela impactada. Neste artigo analisamos os efeitos sociais desse projeto para um grupo de sitiantes do município de São José de Piranhas, no estado da Paraíba, que, em razão das obras da transposição, foi expropriado de suas terras e casas de morada, e posteriormente reassentado em vilas produtivas rurais, espaços projetados, construídos e regrados por uma diretriz governamental. Vilas que se desvelaram novos locais de vida e trabalho para as famílias que se depararam com novas paisagens, novas arquiteturas e novas formas de organização territorial que impactaram suas relações de trabalho, de moradia e de convivência social. Não obstante, observamos um processo de reconstrução territorial que tem início com a chegada das famílias nos reassentamentos, no qual passam a reelaborar esse novo e estranho lugar e a construir um novo território de pertencimento, a partir do acionamento de conhecimentos, saberes e técnicas trazidas da antiga vida nos Sítios.
Confiance, violence et politique: quelques repères historiques et théoriques
Authors: Rhéaume Jacques
Published: December 2019

O fenômeno social da violência tem suas raízes das relações estreitas entre os indivíduos e a sociedade, entre a dinâmica psíquica e as relações sociais. O estabelecimento de uma atitude de confiança em relação ao outro, mas também em relação às instituições sociais e políticas, é um fator determinante. É necessário, inicialmente, definir bem a noção de violência e suas diversas formas para, em seguida, demonstrar o contexto sócio-histórico desse fenômeno a partir dos autores que tentaram explicar seus fundamentos, seja da psicologia (Freud, por exemplo), ou da filosofia e da sociologia (Hobbes, Rousseau, Enriquez). Os trabalhos de Jan Philipp Reemtsma nos oferecem, sobre o assunto, um guia importante para situar a crise atual de confiança nas sociedades contemporâneas e o avanço correspondente de novas formas de violência. Nós concluímos chamando atenção para o papel principal de pesquisadores e daqueles que fazem a intervenção em ciências humanas, de reconstrução do vínculo social fundado na confiança.
The Permissible Norm of Truth and “Ought Implies Can”
Authors: Wei Xintong ,   Romanian Academy - Iasi Branch
Published: December 2019

Many philosophers hold that a norm of truth governs the propositional attitude of belief. According to one popular construal of normativity, normativity is prescriptive in nature. The prescriptive norm can be formulated either in terms of obligation or permission: one ought to or may believe that p just in case p is true. It has been argued that the obligation norm is jointly incompatible with the maxim ought implies can and the assumption that there exists some truth that we cannot believe. The problem of the incompatible triad has motivated some to adopt the permissible norm of truth. I argue that the permissible norm faces an analogous problem of the incompatible triad.
The High Five Model: Associations of the high factors with complete mental well-being and academic adjustment in university students
Authors: Castro Solano Alejandro , Cosentino Alejandro César
Published: December 2019

Traditionally, models of positive personality traits have referred to moral characteristics. The High Five Model (HFM) is a factor model of individual positive traits based on an inductive psycho-lexical approach. Unlike other models, in the HFM the positive characteristics were freely determined by lay people, beyond any moral tones. The HFM comprises the following factors: erudition, peace, cheerfulness, honesty, and tenacity, known as “the high factors.” This model was shown to positively exceed the capacity of normal personality to predict emotional, social, and psychological well-being. Additionally, this model is negatively associated with non-transmissible diseases, psychopathological symptoms, and psychopathological personality traits. This study aimed to increase the validation of the HFM, by analyzing the relationships among this model and positive mental health, psychopathological symptoms, academic adjustment, and academic performance in university students. Another objective was to study the association between complete mental well-being (i.e., high well-being and low psychopathological symptomatology) and the high factors of the HFM. The sample consisted of 256 university students. Correlations were calculated, and the two-step cluster analysis was used to obtain profiles. The results showed that tenacity and erudition high factors are positively associated with academic achievement and academic adjustment. Finally, each of the high factors was positively associated with complete mental well-being. The HFM has a broad scope, as it is related not only to psychological variables (e.g., well-being or psychopathological symptomatology) but also to academic performance (e.g., adjustment and achievement) in university students.
Experimental Investigation Examining the Effects of Acute Exercise on Implicit Memory Function
Authors: Loprinzi Paul D. , Gilbert Morgan , Robinson Gina , Dickerson Briahna
Published: December 2019

Emerging work suggests that acute exercise can enhance explicit memory function. Minimal research, however, has examined whether acute exercise is associated with implicit memory, which was the purpose of this study. Three separate experimental studies were computed (N = 120; Mean age = 21). In Experiment 1, participants were randomly assigned to either a moderate-intensity bout of acute exercise (15-minute) or engaged in a seated control task (15-minute), followed by the completion of a word-fragmentation implicit memory task. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1, but instead employed a higher-intensity exercise protocol. For Experiment 3, participants were randomly assigned to either a moderate-intensity bout of acute exercise (15-minute) or engaged in a seated control task (15-minute), followed by the completion of a real world, 3-dimensional implicit memory task. For Experiment 1, the exercise and control groups, respectively, had an implicit memory score of 7.0 (0.5) and 7.5 (0.6) (t(38) = 0.67, p = .51). For Experiment 2, the exercise and control groups, respectively, had an implicit memory score of 6.9 (1.9) and 7.8 (2.4) (t(38) = 1.27, p = .21). These findings suggest that exercise, and the intensity of exercise, does not alter implicit memory from a word fragmentation task. For Experiment 3, the exercise and control groups, respectively, had a discrimination implicit memory index score of 0.48 (0.18) and 0.29 (0.32) (t(38) = 2.16, p = .03). In conclusion, acute exercise does not influence a commonly used laboratory-based assessment of implicit memory but may enhance real world-related implicit memory function.
Aplicação do programa 5S no supermercado Beira Lago, em entre Rios do Oeste
Authors: Heidrich Taís Regina Schlindwein , Nicácio José Angelo , Walter Silvana Anita
Published: December 2019

O presente artigo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de analisar os resultados obtidos na aplicação da ferramenta administrativa 5S e seus reflexos na sustentabilidade empresarial. Para esse fim, apresentou-se os passos que devem ser seguidos para implantar o programa, relacionou-se o antes e o depois da realização do estudo, apresentou-se as vantagens obtidas após a inserção do método e analisou-se as aplicações da pesquisa efetuada. Optou-se por uma abordagem qualitativa do problema; para a coleta de dados foram utilizados os métodos da observação e da pesquisa-ação, visto que, na aplicação do estudo, os pesquisadores foram mais que meros observadores. Dentre os resultados obtidos na pesquisa, destacam-se principalmente as vantagens resultantes, como a eliminação do desperdício, a otimização do espaço, a melhoria nas relações humanas, a prevenção de quebras, a autodisciplina, o incremento da eficiência, o aumento da produtividade, a maior facilidade na tomada de decisões, a melhoria da qualidade, a padronização, o aumento da segurança e a racionalização do tempo. Como limitação, observa-se que os resultados de aplicação deste estudo não podem ser generalizados para outros supermercados, pois foi aplicado em uma única empresa, sendo necessária a reaplicação do programa para posteriores comparações. Entretanto, está disponível para a utilização em posteriores estudos e para melhorar a qualidade do serviço oferecido pelas empresas.
Inveja na percepção dos professores universitários de instituições públicas Paraibanas
Authors: Silva Mary Dayane Souza , Roazzi Antonio , Sousa Francisca Rozângela Lopes de , Silva Adriana Sousa , Silva Geymeesson Brito da
Published: December 2019

Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar a percepção que os professores universitários de instituições públicas paraibanas detêm sobre a inveja em seus locais de trabalho, por meio da técnica de associação livre de palavras (TALP). As discussões trataram sobre a inveja e suas consequências destrutivas que levam ao sofrimento emocional por meio de comparações ascendentes entre indivíduos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa realizada com uma amostra de 69 professores universitários de instituição de ensino superior públicas da Paraíba. Os dados foram coletados por meio de uma survey online. As respostas foram processadas no software IRAMUTEQ versão 7 e analisados a partir da técnica de classificação hierárquica descendente, similitude e nuvem de palavras. Foram observadas 208 ocorrências de palavras, sendo 110 formas distintas. Destas, foram encontradas 79 (71,82%) palavras equiparadas por meio hierárquico descendente, que resultaram em 2 categorias: inveja numa percepção emocional e a outra dolorosa. Os resultados indicam uma certa variação na percepção conceitual da palavra inveja, uma vez que pode assumir condutas distintas, como: indiferença, raiva, cobiça, ironia, calúnia, deboche, ódio, desrespeito e, tantos outros. Por fim, conclui-se que a inveja pode ser compreendida como uma emoção ascendente, por enfatizar elementos afetivos negativos desagradáveis, muitas vezes dolorosos caracterizados por sentimentos de inferioridade, hostilidade e ressentimento produzidos pela consciência de outro.
Les effets des caractéristiques des cadeaux promotionnels, offerts par les entreprises du médicament, sur les prescriptions des médecins : Le rôle médiateur de la réactance situationnelle
Authors: Wilhelm Marie-Claire , Gavard-Perret Marie-Laure , Gemayel Youssef
Published: December 2019

Cette recherche a pour ambition, par une expérimentation en terrain réel concernant des médecins au Liban, d’observer comment un don de cadeau par les entreprises du médicament peut impacter le niveau de prescription des médecins bénéficiaires. L’attention a été centrée sur certaines caractéristiques du cadeau et sur la compréhension d’un mécanisme médiateur, la réactance situationnelle. Cette recherche confirme premièrement que le cadeau influe sur les prescriptions. Elle indique également que la valeur du cadeau offert par les laboratoires (faible versus forte) comme son rapport à la pratique médicale (avec versus sans rapport), influencent la réactance situationnelle éprouvée par les médecins. Par contre, la médiation n’est totalement validée que pour l’effet de la valeur du cadeau sur les prescriptions. Il ressort de ces résultats que les médecins sont moins réactants face à des cadeaux de plus faible valeur et lorsque ceux-ci sont en rapport avec leur pratique médicale.
Ethique et expérience du Soi Futur Virtuel en changement de comportement de santé. Application à l’activité physique
Authors: Berriche Amira , Martin Annabel , Villain Daphné
Published: December 2019

Des recherches en communication des risques de santé ont montré l’efficacité persuasive d’appels à la peur ultra-personnalisés qui utilisent les technologies de projection du Soi Futur Virtuel mais l’acceptabilité éthique de l’utilisation de ces dispositifs n’a pas été examinée. Cet article développe une caractérisation de l’expérience de menace persuasive (antécédents, composantes de l’expérience, conséquences), il y associe plusieurs critères d’acceptabilité éthique. Une étude qualitative réalisée auprès de jeunes adultes analyse l’acceptabilité éthique du Soi Futur Virtuel Obèse pour promouvoir l’activité physique. Les résultats sont comparés pour quatre profils de répondants fondés sur le stade d’engagement dans le changement comportemental et sur la vulnérabilité perçue a priori au risque en question. Les apports théoriques et les résultats peuvent servir de base à de nouvelles recherches en marketing de santé et contribuer aux bonnes pratiques d’utilisation du Soi Futur Virtuel comme dispositif de menace persuasive.
Les effets du Nutri-Score en France sur le consentement-à-payer des consommateurs à faible revenu
Authors: Nabec Lydiane , Marette Stéphan , Durieux Florence
Published: December 2019

Afin de comprendre les leviers de l’efficacité de l’étiquetage nutritionnel en face-avant des packagings des produits agroalimentaires, cet article s’intéresse aux effets du dispositif Nutri-Score en France sur le consentement-à-payer (CAP) des consommateurs à faible revenu. Une étude conduite en laboratoire auprès de 86 participants pour l’achat de paquets de céréales pour le petit-déjeuner montre que Nutri-Score améliore leur CAP pour des produits de meilleure qualité nutritionnelle et, réciproquement, détériore leur CAP pour des produits de moins bonne qualité. Ces effets sont renforcés par la diffusion d’explications additionnelles sur le dispositif d’information et sur les enjeux santé de la nutrition. L’effet positif du Nutri-Score est significativement plus fort pour les marques de distributeurs que pour les marques nationales. Inversement, l’effet négatif du Nutri-Score est significativement plus fort pour les marques nationales que pour les marques de distributeurs.
Large-scale state-dependent membrane remodeling by a transporter protein
Authors: Zhou Wenchang , Fiorin Giacomo , Anselmi Claudio , Karimi-Varzaneh Hossein Ali , Poblete Horacio , Forrest Lucy R , Faraldo-Gómez José D
Published: December 2019

That channels and transporters can influence the membrane morphology is increasingly recognized. Less appreciated is that the extent and free-energy cost of these deformations likely varies among different functional states of a protein, and thus, that they might contribute significantly to defining its mechanism. We consider the trimeric Na+-aspartate symporter GltPh, a homolog of an important class of neurotransmitter transporters, whose mechanism entails one of the most drastic structural changes known. Molecular simulations indicate that when the protomers become inward-facing, they cause deep, long-ranged, and yet mutually-independent membrane deformations. Using a novel simulation methodology, we estimate that the free-energy cost of this membrane perturbation is in the order of 6–7 kcal/mol per protomer. Compensating free-energy contributions within the protein or its environment must thus stabilize this inward-facing conformation for the transporter to function. We discuss these striking results in the context of existing experimental observations for this and other transporters.
Simulating more realistic predation threat using attack playbacks
Authors: Watve Mukta , Prati Sebastian , Taborsky Barbara
Published: December 2019

Use of virtual proxies of live animals are rapidly gaining ground in studies of animal behaviour. Such proxies help to reduce the number of live experimental animals needed to stimulate the behaviour of experimental individuals and to increase standardisation. However, using too simplistic proxies may fail to induce a desired effect and/or lead to quick habituation. For instance, in a predation context, prey often employ multimodal cues to detect predators or use specific aspects of predator behaviour to assess threat. In a live interaction, predator and prey often show behaviours directed towards each other, which are absent in virtual proxies. Here we compared the effectiveness of chemical and visual predator cues in the cooperatively breeding cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher, a species in which predation pressure has been the evolutionary driver of its sociality. We created playbacks of predators simulating an attack and tested their effectiveness in comparison to a playback showing regular activity and to a live predator. We further compared the effectiveness of predator odour and conspecific skin extracts on behaviours directed towards a predator playback. Regular playbacks of calmly swimming predators were less effective than live predators in stimulating a focal individual’s aggression and attention. However, playbacks mimicking an attacking predator induced responses much like a live predator. Chemical cues did not affect predator directed behaviour.
Bacterial microbiota composition of Ixodes ricinus ticks: the role of environmental variation, tick characteristics and microbial interactions
Authors: Aivelo Tuomas , Norberg Anna , Tschirren Barbara
Published: December 2019

Ecological factors, host characteristics and/or interactions among microbes may all shape the occurrence of microbes and the structure of microbial communities within organisms. In the past, disentangling these factors and determining their relative importance in shaping within-host microbiota communities has been hampered by analytical limitations to account for (dis)similar environmental preferences (‘environmental filtering’). Here we used a joint species distribution modelling (JSDM) approach to characterize the bacterial microbiota of one of the most important disease vectors in Europe, the sheep tick Ixodes ricinus, along ecological gradients in the Swiss Alps. Although our study captured extensive environmental variation along elevational clines, the explanatory power of such large-scale ecological factors was comparably weak, suggesting that tick-specific traits and behaviours, microhabitat and -climate experienced by ticks, and interactions among microbes play an important role in shaping tick microbial communities. Indeed, when accounting for shared environmental preferences, evidence for significant patterns of positive or negative co-occurrence among microbes was found, which is indicative of competition or facilitation processes. Signals of facilitation were observed primarily among human pathogens, leading to co-infection within ticks, whereas signals of competition were observed between the tick endosymbiont Spiroplasma and human pathogens. These findings highlight the important role of small-scale ecological variation and microbe-microbe interactions in shaping tick microbial communities and the dynamics of tick-borne disease.
Biomarker potential of repetitive-element transcriptome in lung cancer
Authors: Arroyo Macarena , Bautista Rocío , Larrosa Rafael , Cobo Manuel Ángel , Claros M. Gonzalo
Published: December 2019

Since repetitive elements (REs) account for nearly 53% of the human genome, profiling its transcription after an oncogenic change might help in the search for new biomarkers. Lung cancer was selected as target since it is the most frequent cause of cancer death. A bioinformatic workflow based on well-established bioinformatic tools (such as RepEnrich, RepBase, SAMTools, edgeR and DESeq2) has been developed to identify differentially expressed RNAs from REs. It was trained and tested with public RNA-seq data from matched sequencing of tumour and healthy lung tissues from the same patient to reveal differential expression within the RE transcriptome. Healthy lung tissues express a specific set of REs whose expression, after an oncogenic process, is strictly and specifically changed. Discrete sets of differentially expressed REs were found for lung adenocarcinoma, for small-cell lung cancer, and for both cancers. Differential expression affects more HERV-than LINE-derived REs and seems biased towards down-regulation in cancer cells. REs behaving consistently in all patients were tested in a different patient cohort to validate the proposed biomarkers. Down-regulation of AluYg6 and LTR18B was confirmed as potential lung cancer biomarkers, while up-regulation of HERVK11D-Int is specific for lung adenocarcinoma and up-regulation of UCON88 is specific for small cell lung cancer. Hence, the study of RE transcriptome might be considered another research target in cancer, making REs a promising source of lung cancer biomarkers.
Identification of target genes in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury in rats
Authors: Zhao Jianwei , Xu Chen , Cao Heli , Zhang Lin , Wang Xuyang , Chen Shiwen
Published: December 2019

Background

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common neurological emergency observed in hospitals. A considerable number of patients suffer from long-term disabilities after TBI. This study aimed to identify altered gene expression signatures and mechanisms related to TBI-induced chronic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.

Methods

An integrated analysis was performed using published RNA-sequencing studies to determine TBI-induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Based on the DEG data, functional annotation, signal-net, and transcription factor analyses were conducted to understand the mechanism of chronic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration induced after TBI.

Results

Two datasets were obtained using the Gene Expression Omnibus database, of which, 6,513 DEGs were identified (6,464 upregulated and 49 downregulated). Positive regulation of biological process, positive regulation of cellular process, nucleus, and heterocyclic compound binding were Gene Ontology terms significantly enriched in post-TBI rat models. Leukocyte transendothelial migration, chemokine signaling pathway, neurotrophin signaling pathway, and longevity-regulating pathway were significantly enriched after TBI. With regard to the signal-net analysis, FOXO3, DGKZ and ILK were considered the most critical genes derived using high–betweenness centrality calculation. A total of 44 TFs, including FOXO1, SRY and KLF4, were predicted to play an important role in the upregulation of gene expression. Using integrated bioinformatics analysis, TBI was found to be associated with a significant inflammatory response and neurodegeneration. FOXO3, apolipoprotein (APOE), microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), and TREM2 were probably associated with the TBI pathological process. The mitochondrial electron transport chain may be associated with neurodegeneration in patients with TBI, serving as a potential therapeutic target.
Prevalence of HIV Infection among Adolescents and Young People at a Tertiary Health Facility in Ekiti State, Southwest, Nigeria
Authors: Daramola G. O. , Oni O. O. , Edogun H. A. , Ojerinde A. O. , Ajayi O. D. , Fadeyi A. , Fatoki A. , Olofinbiyi B. O. , Egebbi A.
Published: December 2019

Background: Nine out of every 10 of the world’s 1.8 billion adolescents and young people (AYP) live in developing nations, Nigeria inclusive. In Nigeria as in the rest of sub-Saharan Africa, 1 out of every 3 persons is an adolescent or a young person. As at 2016, there were about 240, 000 AY) aged 10-19 years in Nigeria, which roughly makes 7% of the total number of people living with HIV (PLWH) in Nigeria. According to 2017 national survey, about 70% of the country’s AYP lack knowledge of how HIV is transmitted or how it can be prevented. Since AYP, aged 10-19 years, constitute a significant proportion of the nation’s burgeoning population, it is very important and critical to fully understand the dynamics of the HIV epidemic among AYP. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of HIV among AYP at a tertiary health facility in Ekiti State, Southwest Nigeria and comparing it with national and regional prevalence among same group.

Methodology: The study was a retrospective study of AYP, aged 13-20 years at Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Southwest Nigeria. Convenience and consecutive sampling method was used in retrieving subjects’ data. One hundred subjects whose ages were between 13 and 20 years were consecutively sampled over a period of six months, July to December, 2018.

Results: Out of the one hundred subjects retrospectively sampled, 46 (46%) were males, while 54 (54%) were females. Four (4%) of the subjects were 13 years of age, while 6(6%), 5(5%), 8(8%), 27(27%), 17(17%), 12(12%) and 21(21%) respectively were aged 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 years. Three (3%) of the subjects were positive to HIV, 1 (%) was male, while 2 (20%) were female, thus giving a sero-prevalence rate of 3%. Disaggregation of the positive subjects reveals that 33.3% were male, while 66.7% were females.

Conclusion: Though the general prevalence of HIV in Ekiti State ranks among the lowest in Nigeria, group-specific interventions targeting the AYP should be put in place in the State to address the disproportionately high prevalence among the AYP in the State.
Effects of Topography, Soil Texture and Climatic Factors on the Growth Rate of Olive Trees (Olea europaea L.) in Albaha Region, South-Western Saudi Arabia
Authors: Howladar Saad
Published: December 2019

A field study was conducted to study the effects of topography, soil texture and climatic factors on the growth rate of olive trees (Olea europaea L.) in Albaha region, south-western Saudi Arabia. Results indicated that there was no variation observed in soil texture among the studied locations. The maximum amount of rain fall and relative humidity recorded in the study areas was– 28.7 mm and 59%, respectively. Temperature was ranged from 16 – 29.6°C while surface wind speed reached a maximum value of 47 Kts. At the studied locations which had steeper topography and characterized by scattered small, huge and steep Rocky Mountains the elevation was in the range of 1245 – 2052 m while the slope was ranged from 00 to 75. Most of the healthy very green vigorous trees were found in the bed of the Wadi while the stunted ones were scattered on the mountain edges. This indicated that the altitude and slope have remarkable effects on the growth rate of the olive trees.
Mitotic cyclin Clb4 is required for the intracellular adaptation to glucose starvation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Umekawa Midori , Shiraishi Daiki , Fuwa Marin , Sawaguchi Kazuna , Mashima Yosuke , Katayama Takane , Karita Shuichi
Published: December 2019

Cellular homeostasis in response to glucose availability is maintained through the tight coordination of various physiological processes, including cell proliferation, transcription, and metabolism. In this study, we use the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify proteins implicated in carbon source‐dependent modulation of physiological processes. We find that the mitotic cyclin Clb4 is required for optimal regulation of glucose‐starvation‐responsive pathways through the target of rapamycin complex 1. Cells lacking Clb4 are characterized by dysregulation of autophagy and impaired modulation of cell size. Notably, cell viability after prolonged glucose starvation is severely reduced by disruption of Clb4. We conclude that Clb4, in addition to its function in the cell cycle, plays a role in the intracellular adaptation to glucose starvation.
Electrochemistry of Organoboron Compounds
Authors: Fuchigami Toshio , Inagi Shinsuke
Published: December 2019

Recent studies on electrochemical measurements and electrolysis of organoboron compounds including both anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction are summarized in this chapter. Oxidation and reduction potentials of various organoboron compounds are shown in tables. New concepts, β‐effect, and electroauxiliaries of boryl group in organoborates are discussed. Electrocatalytic application of carborane compounds is also described.
Boron‐Based Frustrated
L
ewis Pairs in Hydrogenation Catalysis
Authors: Stephan Douglas W.
Published: December 2019

This chapter is focused on the use of boron‐based species to mediate hydrogenation chemistry and catalysis using a “frustrated Lewis pair” approach. The broad range of substrates and catalyst systems is reviewed. In addition, recent advances in the application of these catalytic reductions to stereoselective, asymmetric reductions are considered.
Age of onset determines intrinsic functional brain architecture in Friedreich ataxia
Authors: Naeije Gilles , Wens Vincent , Coquelet Nicolas , Sjøgård Martin , Goldman Serge , Pandolfo Massimo , De Tiège Xavier P.
Published: December 2019

Objective

Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is the commonest hereditary ataxia in Caucasians. Most patients are homozygous for expanded GAA triplet repeats in the first intron of the frataxin (FXN) gene, involved in mitochondrial iron metabolism. Here, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to characterize the main determinants of FRDA‐related changes in intrinsic functional brain architecture.

Methods

Five minutes of MEG signals were recorded at rest from 18 right‐handed FRDA patients (mean age 27 years, 9 females; mean SARA score: 21.4) and matched healthy individuals. The MEG connectome was estimated as resting‐state functional connectivity (rsFC) matrices involving 37 nodes from six major resting state networks and the cerebellum. Source‐level rsFC maps were computed using leakage‐corrected broad‐band (3–40 Hz) envelope correlations. Post hoc median‐split was used to contrast rsFC in FRDA patients with different clinical characteristics. Nonparametric permutations and Spearman rank correlation test were used for statistics.

Results

High rank correlation levels were found between rsFC and age of symptoms onset in FRDA mostly between the ventral attention, the default‐mode, and the cerebellar networks; patients with higher rsFC developing symptoms at an older age. Increased rsFC was found in FRDA with later age of symptoms onset compared to healthy subjects. No correlations were found between rsFC and other clinical parameters.

Conclusion

Age of symptoms onset is a major determinant of FRDA patients' intrinsic functional brain architecture. Higher rsFC in FRDA patients with later age of symptoms onset supports compensatory mechanisms for FRDA‐related neural network dysfunction and position neuromagnetic rsFC as potential marker of FRDA neural reserve.
Carbon Counter Electrodes in Dye‐Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Mingxing , Sun Mengyao , Zhou Huawei , Ma Jing‐Yuan , Ma Tingli
Published: December 2019

Developing highly effective and stable counter electrode (CE) materials to replace rare and expensive noble metals for dye‐sensitized and perovskite solar cells (DSC and PSC) is a research hotspot. Carbon materials are identified as the most qualified noble metal‐free CEs for the commercialization of the two photovoltaic devices due to their merits of low cost, excellent activity, and superior stability. Herein, carbonaceous CE materials are reviewed extensively with respect to the two devices. For DSC, a classified discussion according to the morphology is presented because electrode properties are closely related to the specific porosity or nanostructure of carbon materials. The pivotal factors influencing the catalytic behavior of carbon CEs are also discussed. For PSC, an overview of the new carbon CE materials is addressed comprehensively. Moreover, the modification techniques to improve the interfacial contact between the perovskite and carbon layers, aiming to enhance the photovoltaic performance, are also demonstrated. Finally, the development directions, main challenges, and coping approaches with respect to the carbon CE in DSC and PSC are stated.
Microplasmas for Advanced Materials and Devices
Authors: Chiang Wei‐Hung , Mariotti Davide , Sankaran R. Mohan , Eden J. Gary , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken)
Published: December 2019

Microplasmas are low‐temperature plasmas that feature microscale dimensions and a unique high‐energy‐density and a nonequilibrium reactive environment, which makes them promising for the fabrication of advanced nanomaterials and devices for diverse applications. Here, recent microplasma applications are examined, spanning from high‐throughput, printing‐technology‐compatible synthesis of nanocrystalline particles of common materials types, to water purification and optoelectronic devices. Microplasmas combined with gaseous and/or liquid media at low temperatures and atmospheric pressure open new ways to form advanced functional materials and devices. Specific examples include gas‐phase, substrate‐free, plasma‐liquid, and surface‐supported synthesis of metallic, semiconducting, metal oxide, and carbon‐based nanomaterials. Representative applications of microplasmas of particular importance to materials science and technology include light sources for multipurpose, efficient VUV/UV light sources for photochemical materials processing and spectroscopic materials analysis, surface disinfection, water purification, active electromagnetic devices based on artificial microplasma optical materials, and other devices and systems including the plasma transistor. The current limitations and future opportunities for microplasma applications in materials related fields are highlighted.
Gold Catalyzed Cyclopropanation/[5+3] Cycloaddition of 1,4,9‐ and 1,4,10‐Allenenynes to Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane Derivatives
Authors: Chen Xianxiao , Zhou Yuanyuan , Jin Jianwen , Farshadfar Kaveh , Ariafard Alireza , Rao Weidong , Chan Philip Wai Hong
Published: December 2019

A synthetic method to prepare cycloalkyl‐ and (hetero)aryl‐fused bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivatives from gold(I)‐catalyzed cyclopropanation/[5+3] cycloaddition of 1,4,9‐ and 1,4,10‐allenenynes is described. The suggested double cycloisomerization mechanism delineates the first example of a stepwise [5+3] cycloaddition pathway in gold catalysis, a mode of reactivity that is also sparse in organic chemistry. Experimental and Density Functional Theory (DFT) computational studies based on a proposed gold carbenoid species provides insight into this unique selectivity that leads to the assembly of the architecturally challenging bridged carbocyclic motif.

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Correlation of mucus inflammatory proteins and olfaction in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Soler Zachary M. , Yoo Frederick , Schlosser Rodney J. , Mulligan Jennifer , Ramakrishnan Vijay R. , Beswick Daniel M. , Alt Jeremiah A. , Mattos Jose L. , Payne Spencer C. , Storck Kristina A. , Smith Timothy L.
Published: December 2019

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the most common causes of olfactory loss, but the pathophysiology underlying olfactory dysfunction in CRS has not been fully elucidated. Previous studies found correlations between olfactory cleft (OC) inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and olfaction in CRS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between OC mucus inflammatory proteins and olfaction in a multi‐institutional cohort.

Methods

Adults with CRS were prospectively recruited. Demographics, comorbidities, olfactory assessment (Sniffin’ Sticks), computed tomography (CT), and OC mucus for protein analysis were collected. Statistical analysis was performed to determine associations between olfactory function, OC mucus protein concentrations, and CT opacification.

Results

Sixty‐two patients were enrolled in the study, with an average age of 48.2 (standard deviation, 16.2) years, and 56.5% were female and 59.7% were classified as CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Ten of 26 OC mucus proteins were significantly correlated with threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) scores and OC opacification. Subgroup analysis by polyp status revealed that, within the CRSwNP group, C‐C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), interleukin‐5 (IL‐5), IL‐6, IL‐13, IL‐10, IL‐9, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), CCL5, and CCL11 were significantly correlated with olfaction. For CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), only C‐X‐C ligand 5 (CXCL5) showed a correlation. In CRSwNP, IL‐6, IL‐10, vascular endothelial growth factor‐A, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) correlated with OC opacification, whereas, in CRSsNP, only CXCL5 showed a correlation. OC mucus proteins and Lund‐Mackay score correlated only in the CRSsNP group (CXCL5, IL‐5, IL‐13, IgE).

Conclusion

Several OC mucus proteins have been found to correlate with olfactory function and OC opacification. The profile of OC mucus proteins differs between CRSsNP and CRSwNP subgroups, suggesting different mechanisms between groups, but further study is required.
Synthesis and characterization of triarylamine‐based polyimides for electrochromic and optoelectronic conversion behaviors
Authors: Cai Shuwei , Niu Haijun
Published: December 2019

In this study, four novel triarylamine‐based polyimides with different substituted groups (tert‐butyl and ‐H) containing pyrrole moieties were successfully prepared by polycondensation reaction. The electrochemical and electrochromic properties of the polyimides were measured by cyclic voltammetry and spectro‐electrochemistry. The polyimides exhibited obvious electrochromic behavior with good thermal stability (the 10% weight‐loss temperatures were recorded in the range of 345‐386°C), film‐forming ability and reversible stability after 1000 s. The color of the polyimide films changed from colorless to light blue or yellow to blue on increasing the applied potential. The highest coloration efficiency reached up to 190 cm2C−1. The polyimide films exhibited a stable response to the light (on or off) after 200 s. Especially, PyHBTPI displayed effective solubility, superior optical contrast (~30%) in the visible region, faster response time (1.19 s for coloring process), and obvious color change from yellow to blue with good stability, thus, confirming the potential use for high contrast displays. Overall, the study demonstrates the successful development of high‐performance polyimides for electrochromic and optoelectronic behaviors. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48808.
Effects of silica morphology on the shear‐thickening behavior of shear thickening fluids and stabbing resistance of fabric composites
Authors: Wei Rubin , Dong Bin , Wang Fenglong , Yang Jingjing , Jiang Yanyan , Zhai Wen , Li Hui
Published: December 2019

Shear‐thickening fluid (STF) refers to a system where nonaggregating solid particles are suspended in a specific fluid. Due to its unique viscosity variation, STFs have attracted a lot of attention as soft body armor materials for impact protection. In this work, two kinds of STFs were designed using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and spherical or irregularly shaped silica particles. Rheological results showed that shear thickening can even occur at lower shear rates in the irregularly shaped silica‐based STF; however, the thickening range of the spherical silica‐based STF was broader. Meanwhile, the composites prepared with STFs and aramid fabrics exhibited better antistab properties than neat fabrics. Compared to composite prepared with irregularly shaped silica‐based STF, spherical silica‐based STF/aramid composite had better stabbing resistance. In addition to the binding effect of silica particles to the fiber bundle, it was considered that when the fabric composite was subjected to impact, spherical particles were easier to slide so that the STF was more likely to be thickened to achieve a greater viscosity, resulting in the better stabbing resistance performance. Our studies will provide guidance for the design of the high‐performance soft body armor equipment. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48809.
Hydrophobically modified nanocomposite hydrogels with self‐healing ability
Authors: Akca Ozge , Yetiskin Berkant , Okay Oguz
Published: December 2019

Several strategies have been developed in the past two decades to increase the mechanical performance of the hydrogels, and to generate self‐healing function within the polymer network. Here, we combine two of these strategies to create hydrophobically modified nanocomposite (NC) hydrogels with high mechanical strength and self‐healing efficiency. The hydrogels were prepared by in situ copolymerization of N,N‐dimethylacrylamide and n‐octadecyl acrylate (C18A) in the presence of 2 w/v % Laponite clay nanoparticles in an aqueous solution of worm‐like sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles. Incorporation of hydrophobic C18A segments into the gel network significantly increases both the storage and loss moduli of NC hydrogels indicating increasing elasticity and energy dissipation. An improvement in the mechanical performance and self‐recoverability of NC hydrogels was also observed after hydrophobic modification. The compressive fracture stress and Young's modulus increase with increasing amount of C18A, and they become 9 ± 1 MPa and 30 ± 2 kPa, respectively, at 4 mol % C18A. Incorporation of hydrophobic segments also provides a larger energy dissipation under large strain as compared to the traditional NC hydrogels providing a self‐healing efficiency of 90 ± 10% in mechanically strong NC hydrogels. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48853.
Cardiac and skeletal muscle changes associated with rosuvastatin therapy in dystrophic mdx mice
Authors: Finkler Júlia M.G. , de Carvalho Samara C. , Santo Neto Humberto , Marques Maria J.
Published: December 2019

Statins are prescribed to prevent and treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular and metabolic diseases but have controversial effects on skeletal muscles. While statins are a reported cause of myopathy, some studies have suggested that statins could potentially ameliorate dystrophy due to their pleiotropic effects on inflammation, myonecrosis, and autophagy. In the present study, we evaluated the potential benefit of rosuvastatin treatment on heart, limb, and diaphragm muscles in dystrophin‐deficient mdx mice at an early stage (45 days of age) of disease. Mdx mice received rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg) by gavage for 30 days beginning at 15 days of age. Normal C57BL/10 mice received rosuvastatin by the same route over the same interval. In the mdx group, rosuvastatin significantly increased IgG‐positive fibers (myonecrosis) and the inflammatory areas in the biceps brachii and diaphragm muscles and decreased the anterior limb muscle force (grip strength). Molecular markers of inflammation (TNF‐α and NF‐kB) and fibrosis (fibronectin) were not altered by rosuvastatin in mdx mice skeletal and cardiac muscles. In normal mice, rosuvastatin increased CK, TNF‐α (heart), NF‐kB (diaphragm), and fibronectin (heart and diaphragm). Inflammatory areas were seen in all normal muscles of rosuvastatin‐treated mice. Rosuvastatin did not benefit dystrophy in the mdx mice and was associated with inflammation in normal cardiac and skeletal muscles.