bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Der europäische Rechtsrahmen für Close-Out-Netting-Vereinbarungen
Authors: Weber Christoph
Published: April 2024

Close-out netting is a key risk management technique for financial market players whose privileged status under insolvency law, the markets for over-the-counter derivatives and securities financing transactions would not be possible in their current form. Over time, the European legislator has issued a widely scattered number of provisions relevant to legal certainty when employing close-out netting. However, this selective legislation leads to a degree of complexity, which is very difficult to manage. This study examines the interplay between the various legal acts and shows how contradictions may be resolved and where there is potential for reform.
Das Ende des Neutralitätsrechts
Authors: El-Zein Jamal
Published: April 2024

The law of neutrality has gained renewed relevance in the recent Ukraine conflict. It has already been subject of much debate as a result of changes in the international legal system. Nevertheless, the law of neutrality has maintained its place in international law to this day. The author systematically scrutinises this result in the light of contemporary international rules. He comes to the conclusion that, on the one hand, the law of neutrality offers no added value to contemporary international law as its core rules are already covered by contemporary international norms. On the other hand, the author identifies conflicts between the law of neutrality and today's international regulations which, in his opinion, must be resolved to the detriment of the law of neutrality.
Imprisonment and Punishment in Fiji and the Links to Narrative Styles and Christian Culture
Authors: Edmond James Kieran
Published: April 2024

Based on my extensive interviews with ex-football star Henry Dyer, I explain and contextualise the following events so as to illustrate how discipline and punishment worked in the Western Fiji towns from 1985 up until the present: the imprisonment of Dyer and his escape and recapture during the military coup year of 1987; Dyer’s removal from the captaincy and the Fiji team to play Australia in November 1988, due to his alleged involvement in criminal activities; Dyer jumping the stadium fence to avoid police before a national-league game at Lautoka; and Dyer’s recent release from court with the case dismissed. Also covered is: an Indigenous villager’s theft of money from a Chinese gangster. The main findings are as follows: Even as a criminal, you are still marked as an Indigenous Fijian, via the non-mechanical approach, and hence are always an insider and subject to rehabilitation logic. Loopholes are retained, in the interests of fraternity and the awareness that, in Western Fiji, remote and thinly-populated as it is, people tend to know each other and so justice should be specifically-tailored. The strong Christian foundation of culture means that ex-prisoners will often couch their quest narratives in terms of suffering and redemption.
A Review of Strategies to Achieve Net Zero Targets in the Cement and Concrete Sectors
Authors: Boakye Kwaku , Winters Dahl , Oguntola Olurotimi , Fenton Kevin , Simske Steve
Published: April 2024

The cement and concrete industries face significant challenges in decarbonization due to escalating demand driven by rapid urbanization, population growth, and infrastructure restoration needs. Cement production alone accounts for 8% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, underscoring the urgency of exploring pathways to achieve net-zero emissions in these sectors. With over 120 nations committing to net-zero targets by 2050, a comprehensive examination of emerging carbon-saving technologies is imperative. While several promising innovations are in nascent stages, rigorous life cycle assessments are essential to determine their potential for carbon reduction. Practical strategies for achieving net-zero objectives and UN sustainability goals involve embracing circular economy principles, harnessing diverse by-product sources, fostering stakeholder engagement, and fostering technological innovation. An efficiency approach that integrates advancements in materials science, alternative fuels, and sector-wide efficiencies is crucial for success. This assessment identifies promising technologies, highlights knowledge gaps, underscores the importance of further research, and offers recommendations for implementing best practices on the path to net zero.
Comprehensive Control of Toxocariasis in Communities
Authors: A. Jaramillo-Hernández Dumar
Published: April 2024

With the purpose of understanding the complexity of actions aimed at controlling the main zoonotic soil-transmitted helminthiasis in the world, this book chapter is proposed around the comprehensive control of toxocariasis in urban communities. From the understanding of the epidemiological cycle implicit in the vertical transmission of parasites of the genus Toxocara in their main urban definitive hosts (canines and felines), an action that allows a “perpetuity” of the parasite in urban areas, passing through the inextricable relationships of synanthropic hosts until reaching their paratenic or accidental hosts, humans. At the same time, control strategies will be discussed in the various links of its transmission/infection chain, demonstrating that preventive medicine supported by selective strategic deworming in canines and felines within their various age ranges is the fundamental pillar in the fight against this parasitosis. Likewise, exploring the substantial advances in the development of vaccinology to integrate new strategies in the comprehensive control of toxocariasis in communities.
Hydropower Reservoirs as Arbiters of Climate Change
Authors: Shahady Thomas
Published: April 2024

Hydropower is an important source of renewable energy worldwide. In 2022, hydropower was estimated to produce 15% of the world’s electricity with pump-storage an integral part of this production. Generating hydropower mitigates the use of fossil fuels thus reducing Green House Gas emissions from some of the most polluting industries such as Coal Fired Powerplants. However, reservoirs used for this type of energy production may be highly polluting themselves. Production of methane and CO2 may be extensive from storage reservoirs. Current changes in precipitation patterns will bring in more organic material and nutrients to these reservoirs causing increases in GHG production as this material is broken down. And in the case of pump-storage reservoirs, artificial generation hydrology may be exacerbating this problem. In this chapter, I analyze current literature on the impact of reservoirs on GHG emissions. Further, I analyze my research on reservoir water quality looking at how this problem is worsening through time and how this may not be a sustainable energy when considering CO2 and methane production from these reservoirs. Ideas related to the unique operation of hydropower reservoirs, changes in water quality, precipitation norms and weather patterns are discussed.
Perspective chapter: A Difficult Peace
Authors: Rowe James
Published: April 2024

The unprecedented destruction, human suffering, and advances in weapons technology that occurred during World War II spawned an intense push by the international community to create global peace. To create lasting peace, the international community adopted liberal peacebuilding, which includes “the promotion of democracy, market-based economic reforms, and a range of other institutions associated with ‘modern’ states…” The theory supporting liberal peacebuilding is the democratic peace theory, which posits that democracies do not go to war against each other. While there is some support for the democratic peace theory, there also exist strong arguments against it. This chapter will argue that war-averting agreements among countries are only possible when the issue(s) involved are not of significance to at least one party; otherwise, diplomatic negotiations are most likely to fail, and armed conflict is often the end result. This is because critical issues are more akin to zero-sum games than other issues. One side’s gain is another side’s loss when the issue is one in which all parties consider it not negotiable.
Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: Implications for Primary Care and Family Medicine Residency Programs
Authors: Wojda Thomas , Hoffman Carlie , Kindler Kevin , Desai Amishi , Visweswaran Shyam
Published: April 2024

This chapter explores the ethical implications and successful implementations of artificial intelligence (AI) in primary care and family medicine residency programs. It begins by highlighting the transformative potential of AI in revolutionizing decision-making processes and enhancing proactive care in healthcare settings. Ethical considerations for healthcare providers encompass various facets, including legal implications, healthcare recipient confidentiality, autonomy, as well as the changing responsibilities of doctors amidst the age of artificial intelligence. The impacts on healthcare professionals and training programs emphasize incorporation of AI training into syllabi and the significance of interdisciplinary collaboration. Case studies showcase successful AI implementations, such as PainChek® for pain assessment and IDx-DR for diabetic ocular pathologies detection, while also addressing ethical dilemmas and strategies for mitigation. Future perspectives advocate for tailor-made ethical guidelines, education and training programs, and collaborative efforts to ensure responsible AI integration while upholding ethical standards and patient-centric care. Overall, the chapter emphasizes the critical need for ethical frameworks and collaborative approaches to harness AI’s potential in primary care effectively.
A Review of the Software Resources in Modeling Groundwater Contamination Transport: Case Studies in Iraq
Authors: Kh. Yashooa Noor , Mawlood Dana
Published: April 2024

Modeling of groundwater resource is important for predicting the future behavior of the aquifer and studying the future effect of contamination in the aquifer. The objective of this chapter is to concentrate on MODFLOW Packages used to model groundwater flow and contamination transport and learn more about the capabilities and limitations of MODFLOW Packages, and then some case studies were used to concentrate on the ability of MODFLOW packages. Some MODFLOW Packages were reviewed to check the limitations and strengths of each. Most of the software was developed over time to include the many options to make the user work with it effectively. The results indicated that most MODFLOW Packages are useful for modeling groundwater and predicting the future effect.
Evaluation of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) component of MSF'S HIV project in Guinea, 2022
Authors: T Bigirimana , A Thind , O Hawa Diallo , A Kourouma , C Burzio , F Kabongo , A Shyaka , C Arias , L Ndayisenga , M Nsigaye , CS Chaloub , EC Casas , K Begue , EP Rocillo Arechaga
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
In 2016, UNAIDS identified the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) as a significant challenge in the fight against HIV/AIDS in Guinea. This abstract presents the key findings of an evaluation conducted on the PMTCT component of MSF's HIV project in Guinea, implemented since the early 2000’s. The main objective of the evaluation was to assess its relevance, coherence, effectiveness, efficiency, impact, and sustainability.

METHODS
A mixed quantitative and qualitative methodology was applied, including a desk review of MSF project documents, field observations, and interviews with key stakeholders. The data were analysed by triangulation and benchmarking to ensure internal validity. Quantitative indicators provided information on the number of women receiving PMTCT treatment and the rate of HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) in health facilities supported by MSF, allowing the measurement of the effectiveness of the intervention. The quality of data and the lack of primary data from 2011 to 2015 was the main limitation, hindering the calculation of statistical significance (p-value) for the observed change in the rate of MTCT of HIV.

RESULTS
MSF's PMTCT intervention was highly relevant and aligned with the country's needs. It demonstrated effectiveness through the significant number of women receiving PMTCT treatment, the establishment of a platform for viral load testing, drug supply support, and a reduction in the HIV MTCT rate. The rate of MTCT in health facilities supported by MSF decreased from 35.9% to 12% [7 – 12] between 2010 and 2021. The challenges relating to data accuracy, monitoring activities, the follow-up of babies born from HIV-infected mothers, and the readiness of the MoH to take over the programme were identified, highlighting the need for improvement to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency. Sustainability efforts remained low as the Guinean health system lacked enough funding to take over the programme.

CONCLUSIONS
The evaluation affirms the positive impact of the PMTCT intervention in reducing MTCT of HIV, even if project target (5%) was not achieved. Recommendations aim to strengthen investment in PMTCT and enhance the hand-over strategy to ensure sustainability after MSF exit.
A Rare Case of Struma Ovarii in Afghanistan
Authors: Seddiqui Romal , Mohammadi Azizullah , Noori Mohammad Behroz , Shirpor Abdul Shokor , Rasib Aziz Rahman
Published: April 2024

Introduction: Struma ovarii is a rare ovarian tumor characterized by containing either entirely or predominantly thyroid tissue (> 50%). It accounts for less than 1% of all ovarian tumors and approximately 3% of ovarian teratomas. The condition was first described by Von Klden in 1895. Case Presentation: In this report, we described a 50-year-old Afghan menopausal woman who referred to our hospital with a 5-month history of weight loss, anorexia, hyperthyroidism, abdominal distension and sinus tachycardia. Abdominal radiological findings revealed left adnexal large multilocular cystic lesion and the patient’s CA-125 serum level was high. Preoperatively, the clinicians suggested a diagnosis of ovarian cancer based on the symptoms, radiological findings and high level of CA-125 serum. However, postoperatively, histopathological examination revealed the lesion to be a benign struma ovarii. Conclusions: Association of struma ovarii with CA-125 and hyperthyroidism is an extremely rare case and are usually misdiagnosed preoperatively due to nonspecific clinical manifestations, and indistinguishable imaging studies, and should be kept in the differential diagnosis of all ovarian cystic lesions. An exact diagnosis is only made by postoperative histopathological examination, and complete surgical resection of the lesion is considered the optimal treatment.
Psychological Care of Looked-After Children in Kenya
Authors: Magut Amos
Published: April 2024

Many looked-after children have endured traumatic experiences. Provision of psychological based care  approaches are implemented  to promote their resilience within care setting and to optimize quality of life for those affected by chronic mental health conditions like post stress disorders. However, several prospects remain underutilised on how to best enhance the psychological well-being of children in care contexts in Kenya and globally. This paper situates contemporary approaches to psychological care within the context of attachment theory. The theory will be reviewed highlighting its practical implications for care givers providing psychological care to children and youth in care set up. An approach to integrating attachment theory with practice when working with looked after youth is illustrated using empirical literature on caring the looked after youth, and author’s experience in working with looked after youth. Finally, the article concludes with suggestions for intensification of psychological care research and enhancement of initiatives to improve mental health of looked after children.
Influence of Self-Efficacy on Risky Sexual Behaviors among Undergraduate Students
Authors: Julius Langat  , James Kay
Published: April 2024

This study’s purpose was to determine the influence of self-efficacy on risky sexual behaviours among undergraduate students of main campuses in Nakuru County. Social Learning Theory by Albert Bandura and Person-Centred Theory by Carl Rogers guided the study. The study was carried out among 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th year undergraduate students from main campuses in Nakuru County. The study adopted a correlational research design. The target population was 18570 undergraduate students. The accessible population was 8456 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th year undergraduate students whose sample was 367. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. The study included a sample of 10 peer counsellors and 2 student counsellors from the Egerton University and Kabarak University main campuses who were selected through purposive sampling. Data were obtained using questionnaire for undergraduate students, focus group discussions guide for peer counsellors and interview schedule for student counsellors. Validation of research instruments was done through peer and expert review and also through pilot testing which was done in Mount Kenya University (MKU) - Nakuru Campus. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse quantitative data using SPSS Version 25 whereas the qualitative data was analysed thematically. The analysed data was presented in tables, graphs, and narratives. The researcher considered ethics of confidentiality and informed consent. The findings indicated that majority of the respondents were of the view that self-efficacy influence risky sexual behaviours among undergraduate students.
Teachers Perceptions of the Influence of Male Circumcision on academic performance of the Boy Child in Baringo County, Kenya.
Authors: Betty Tikoko
Published: April 2024

This paper investigated teachers’ perceptions of the influence of male circumcision on academic performance of the boy child in Baringo County, Kenya. Circumcision is considered an important rite of passage among the Tugen people residing in the County. Every year during the December holidays, all male boys undergo the traditional rite. The influence of this rite on academic performance of the boy child has not been investigated yet from anecdotal evidence, it has been known to affect class attendance and discipline of the boy child and in some cases leads to drop out as the initiates are considered adults who may marry and start families. Teachers are important stakeholders who hold key information on the influence of this rite of passage on the academic performance of the boy child and it was considered necessary to obtain their views. This was done by means of a self administered questionnaire. The target population was the teachers from Baringo County who attend part- time holiday tuition at a local university. 10 teachers were sampled. Frequencies and percentages were obtained. Results indicated that pupils academic performance and discipline was affected by the circumcision ceremonies. However, teachers did not support the view that pupils should drop out of school to get married nor should they be given special treatments because of their new status.
Influence of Strategic Direction on Financial Sustainability of NGOs in Kenya
Authors: Fredrick Ochieng Oluoch  , Prof George K'Aol  , Prof Jeremiah Koshal
Published: April 2024

The purpose of this research was to determine the influence of strategic direction on financial sustainability of NGOs in Kenya. The study was anchored on strategic leadership theory and utilized descriptive correlational research design. The study targeted active local NGOs based on the records of NGOs Co-ordination Board in 2019. The study population consisted of 6,028 members of strategic leadership teams (SLTs). A sample of 413 was drawn from the total population using stratified random sampling technique. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaire. Correlation results revealed that strategic direction had a positive and significant relationship with financial sustainability. Ordinal logistic regression analysis indicated a good model, which explained 8.7% of the variance in financial sustainability, and significantly predicted financial sustainability (β1 = -2.086, p ≤ .05). Hence, strategic direction has significant influence on financial sustainability. The study recommends that strategic direction is emphasized in organizational planning in enhancing financial sustainability.
Technological Business Development Services and Sustainable Competitive Advantage Among Agribusiness SME’s
Authors: Mary Njoroge  , Veronicah Kaluyu  , Maina Muchara
Published: April 2024

Abstract - Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are essential to most countries because they are the central generator of economic growth and a main source of job creation. However, they operate in a dynamic environment that is characterized by disruptions, which threaten their survival. This paper seeks to assess the influence of technological business development services (TBDS) on the attainment of sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) among agribusiness SMEs in selected regions in Kenya. The study used a descriptive correlation research design and positivism philosophy. Inferential statistics were applied for data analysis. A census survey was used to select 117 agribusiness SMEs from the database of Africa Agribusiness Academy. The results reveal that TBDS has a positive and significant influence on SCA among agribusiness SMEs. TBDS enhance business efficiency and productivity and agribusiness SMEs should therefore, increase their adoption for enhanced SCA.
The Influence of Utility Efficiency on Financial Sustainability of Water Service Providers in Kenya
Authors: Christine MAWIA JULIUS  , Elizabeth KALUNDA
Published: April 2024

The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of utility efficiency on financial sustainability among water service providers (WSPs) in Kenya. The study adopted the pragmatism research philosophy and explanatory sequential mixed design to provide empirical based solution to the financial sustainability concerns among the water service providers in Kenya. The target population constituted 616 senior managers from whom, a sample of 352 selected managers was selected and a structured questionnaire used to collect the quantitative data from the respondents. Additional data was collected using interview schedule from key informants representing the ministry of Water, Sanitation and irrigation (MWSI), Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB), and the eight Water Works Development Agencies (WWDAs). Data collected, was coded, cleaned and analysed to obtain both descriptive and inferential statistics. These were in terms of mean, standard deviation charts, statistical tests, ANOVA and regression analyses. The findings of the study was that utility efficiency had a positive and statistically significant influence on the financial sustainability of WSPs in Kenya (r=0.368, F= 10.719 (1,250df), β= 0.273, t(251)=3.274,  p-value=0.002). Based on the findings, various recommendations were made one, there is need for each WSP in collaboration with the responsible county governments to undertake studies geared towards disaggregation of NRW, WSPs to institutionalize high levels of integrity which would reduce commercial losses, WSPs  to ensure high levels of integrity, competence and efficiency of staff at the point of hire and National Treasury and Planning together with the Water Works Development Agencies (WWDAs) should ensure efficient and effective application of infrastructure financing in order to achieve value for money for all investments.
Influence of Strategic Dimensions of Entrepreneurship Leadership on Organizational Performance
Authors: Wilfred Harun  , Damary Sikalieh  , Zachary Mosoti
Published: April 2024

The study sought to determine the influence of the strategic dimension of entrepreneurship leadership on organizational performance. The study examined three elements in the strategic dimension namely, adaptive capability, resourceful innovativeness, and risk-taking behavior, and how they affect organizational performance.
This study adopted a descriptive correlational research design. The study's population comprised 289 managers from solar energy firms in Kenya. The stratified random sampling technique was applied in this research. The sample size used for the study included 165 respondents. Data was collected through questionnaires. Correlational and regression analyses were used to test the relationship and effect of strategic dimensions constructs and organizational performance.
The study established that the strategic dimension has a statistically significant positive relationship with organizational performance. According to results, adaptive capability statistically significantly influences organizational performance (β = 0.287, t (150) = 5.96, p<.05). Resourceful innovation does not statistically significantly influence organizational performance. Lastly, risk-taking does not statistically significantly influence organizational performance (β = 0.065, t (150) = 1.336, p>.05).
The study findings revealed that the strategic dimension of entrepreneurial leadership had a significant effect on organizational performance in the solar energy sector of Kenya. The study revealed that adaptive capability positively and statistically significant influenced organizational performance, resourceful innovation had a positive influence on organizational performance though not statistically significant, while risk-taking also had a positive influence on organizational performance though not statistically significant.
Moderating Role of Management Commitment on the Value Co-creation Relation with Achievement of Competitive Advantage in Kenyan Financial Institutions
Authors: Prescott Muhonza  , Peter Kiriri  , Kefah Njenga
Published: April 2024

This study objective was to assess the moderating role of management commitment on co-creation and the achievement of competitive advantage in the financial services sector in Kenya. The theories that informed the co-creation were Dialogue, Access, Risk Assessment and Transparency (DART) and Payne’s Models, with positivism as the philosophy informing the methodology. The research design used was descriptive cross-sectional with a sample size of 340 managers working in financial institutions. A multi-stage sampling approach was used to attain the respondents in all the three clusters of financial service sectors in Kenya. The response rate was 92%, and the collected data attained the statistical assumptions for the multi-linear regression model. The result showed the management commitment as moderating variable significantly moderates value co-creation relation and the competitive advantage, R2 = 0.645, F (1, 297) =38.951, p-value <.05 with significant coefficient value of Management commitment (β = .366 t = 6.241, p<.05). The study reaffirms the importance of management commitment in the collaboration engagement as a catalyst to increased organizational performance and as a source of competitive advantage.
A Reinforcement Learning Approach to Service Based User Admission in a Multi-Tier 5G Wireless Networks
Authors: Mourice Otieno Ojijo  , Dismas Ombuya  , Andrew Kipkebut  , Wyclife Ayako  , Cleophas Mochoge
Published: April 2024

The expected massive connectivity in 5G wireless network is bound to become a challenge to service providers. Many services over the 5G network will be aligned to a particular radio access network (RAN). As a result admitting a service based user to a particular RAN will depend on the most efficient radio access technology selection (RAT). This is because 5G network will adopt multi-tier radio access networks ranging from high power macro base stations to extremely low power Bluetooth connectivity. Selection of a service oriented RAT is critical because some wireless services have superior quality of service under certain RATs. Maintaining efficient RAT selection by network operators will improve power allocation efficiency, bandwidth allocation efficiency and operation expenditure. The complexity of associating a RAT to service based user while considering network state such as service packet size, the turnaround time, the power allocation has not been fully explored. In this paper we propose a reinforcement learning approach to user admission based on efficient RAT selection considering wireless services in a cross tier wireless radio access network domain. The proposed algorithm is expected to improve RAT selection efficiency while minimizing the computation complexity. We perform extensive simulation using Python dynamic libraries and present our results alongside existing approaches
EFFECT OF BOARD DIVERSITY ON FINANCIAL REPORTING QUALITY
Authors: Dickson Kipchumba Singoei  , Dr. Patrick Kibati  , Dr Symon Kiprop
Published: April 2024

Financial reporting is an important determinant of investment efficiency. The wave of recent scandals and loss of billions of shillings of investments in state corporations in Kenya as led to disclosure quality being questioned. The objectives of this study were to establish effect of board of director’s age diversity and effect of board of director’s gender diversity on financial reporting quality. The study was informed by The Upper Echelon theory. This study used longitudinal research design. The target population comprised 66 firms listed in NSE. Ultimately, 280 firm-year data of 40 firms listed in NSE between 2011 and 2017 were analyzed. The data collection instrument used in this study was data collection sheet. Panel data was analyzed using random effects model as the Hausman test found it consistent. The findings revealed that Age diversity (β1=-1.88, p=0.00), Gender diversity (β2=-1.56, p=0.00) had a negative and significant effect on financial reporting quality. Therefore, this study recommends that the Board of Directors of firms should be made up of both genders but not in equal proportion. Secondly, the ages of the board members should include both the young and the old and again not in equal proportion.
Impact of Health Promotion Intervention on Perception and Knowledge on Cervical Cancer and Screening among Women in Kirinyaga County, Kenya
Authors: Monicah Wambugu  , Anthony K. Wanyoro  , Margaret N. Keraka
Published: April 2024

Cervical cancer is a major cause of death among women in the world with majority of the deaths occurring in developing countries like Kenya. Developed countries have organized screening that has helped in the early detection and screening of cervical cancer, in turn reducing mortality from the disease. There is a need to assist the women at risk to enroll into a routine cervical cancer screening program. This study assessed the impact of health promotion on individual perception and knowledge on uptake cervical cancer and screening among women at risk in Kirinyaga Central sub-county in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. The study adopted a randomized control study design with a sample size of 206 women aged between 25- 69 years were proportionately distributed in in the 4 wards. Respondents were randomized into control and intervention arms. Both qualitative and quantitative data was collected. Analysis was done using, thematic content for qualitative data; descriptive statistics was used to summarize categorical variables. Bivariate analysis using the Fisher exact and Chi-square was also applied. Factors with a p<0.05 were further analyzed in multivariate analysis. Respondents who had a high perception of being susceptible to cervical cancer were 4.26 times most likely to attend cervical cancer screening than those who did not. Respondents who had a high perception of cervical cancer being a serious disease were 3.46 times more likely to adhere to cervical cancer screening compared to those who did not. This study recommends to the management of Kirinyaga County and Kerugoya County Referral Hospital to provide health education through provider initiated calls through the mobile phone technology with the aim of bringing positive perception on importance of cervical cancer screening.
COVID-19 Vaccines Confer a Prophylactic Effect on Common Cold
Authors: Filex Otieno  , Michael Walekhwa
Published: April 2024

Common cold is an upper respiratory infection with relatively high mortality and infection rate. This is especially true among immunosuppressed individuals. The infection can be caused by human coronaviruses of which common cold coronaviruses-229E, -NL63, -OC43, and -HKU1 are the major etiological agents. These viruses also belong to the same family as the SARS-CoV-2 virus that cause the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has led to the development of the various COVID-19 vaccines. The coronaviruses all express similar types of proteins, the membrane, spike, envelope protein, and the nucleocapsid. The spike protein is the main antigenic determinant and also induces an endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Cross-reactivity on the antigenic determinants between both groups of coronaviruses exists due to similar main antigenic orientation. Studies on the strength of the immune responses evoked by either SARS-CoV-2 or the human common cold coronaviruses towards each other is inconclusive; averagely demonstrating that antibodies (Abs) against SARS-CoV-2 can neutralize antigens (Ags) on common cold coronaviruses. Due to cross-reactivity, theoretically vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 can be used to fight common cold coronavirus infections due to the two expressing similar antigenic determinants that elicit an immune response for the homologous antigen.
Predictors of Pregnancy Timing among Women in the Reproductive Age attending Maternal and Child Health Clinics in Kajiado County, Kenya
Authors: Anthony Wanyoro  , Mary Muiruri  , Mary Muiruri
Published: April 2024

Maternal age during pregnancy has an influence on the pregnancy outcome. The objective of the study was to investigate the predictors of pregnancy timing among women in the reproductive age attending maternal and child health clinics in Kajiado Central Sub-county. The study employed a cross-sectional analytical study design that used a quantitative approach for data collection. A total of 248 systematically selected women attending maternal and child health clinics participated. The Chi-square test was used to analyze the association between the independent and dependent variables; P < 0.05 was considered significant. Data analysis was based on the USAID recommendation that, to prevent the adverse maternal and child health outcomes; women should delay the first pregnancy until at least the age of 18 years. The predictors of pregnancy timing were found to be; study participant’s formal education level (χ2 = 47.493; df = 4; p = 0.000), spouse formal education level (χ2 = 39.399; df = 4; p = 0.000), study participant’s occupation (χ2 = 22.966; df = 6; p = 0.000), spouse occupation (χ2 = 16.429; df = 5; p = 0.006), female genital mutilation (χ2 =22.757; df = 1; p = 0.000) and spouse approval (χ2 =15.234; df = 1; p = 0.000). The study concludes that there were individual and sociocultural factors that influence the age at which pregnancies occurred. Therefore, the need for reproductive health care stakeholders to design, plan and implement interventions with consideration to the predictors of pregnancy timing.
Towards Universal Health Coverage
Authors: Ruth Owino
Published: April 2024

This paper explores the universal health coverage (UHC) in Kenya through the lens of its potential to progressively realize the constitutional promise of the right to the highest attainable standard of health. The health sector in Kenya has experienced tremendous changes since the government piloted the UHC program in four counties that led to the abolition of all fees, more than 200 community health units launched, 7700 community health volunteers with over 700 health workers recruited (MOH, 2020). Still, the government is in the process of scaling up UHC, reforming the national hospital insurance fund (NHIF) to establish a mandatory universal health coverage scheme. This paper sought to examine the framing of UHC; assess the healthcare system between 2017 -2020; investigate the challenges faced in the implementation of UHC in Kenya. The researcher utilized documents analysis to collect the relevant data using a coding schedule. A purposive search was undertaken to identify key policy documents and relevant documents. 18 documents were sampled. The findings reveal that Kenya’s healthcare facilities index stands at 59%, with a density of 2.2 per 10,000 population, the workforce density is at 15.6/10,000. Four counties including Tharaka Nithi (33.8), Nyeri (31.0), Uasin Gishu (28.2), and Nairobi (26.3) have achieved well above the WHO target. Several strategies and programs such as Afya Care, abolished maternity fees for mothers delivering at public facilities, and expansion of the National Health Insurance Fund, has been initiated to drive the UHC agenda. The Ministry of Health’s (MoH) budget also continues to rise, in 2018/19 the MoH received its largest allocation. Kenya, now more than ever, has an opportunity to accelerate progress towards equitable access to healthcare.
Mortality Forecasting Using Negative Binomial Model
Authors: Markson Kipyego Rugut
Published: April 2024

People living in America today are living longer compared to yester years; this is due toreduced mortality rates and increase in life expectancy. Over the years mortality rates have continuously been declining. However, other courses of death like suicide rate have been soaring high for the last 25 years which is a worrying trend for both the state and the insurance providers. According to study report conducted between 2011 and 2012, life expectancy improved by 0.1 years from 78.7 to 78.8 years. This was attributed to improvement of services in the health sector in the country. This constant change in mortality rates is proving to be a challenge to the insurance industry and pension providers in designing the right products for their consumers. In this paper Negative Binomial Regression model is used to forecast male mortality of the United States of America (1980-220). The results of this analysis demonstrate that Negative Binomial with simple polynomial functions give better mortality forecast over the given period.
Influence of Championing Alternatives on Strategy Execution in Insurance Companies in Kenya
Authors: Tabitha Kimonyo  , Muchara Maina
Published: April 2024

The purpose of the research was to establish the influence of championing alternatives on strategy execution in insurance companies in Kenya. The study also examined how organizational culture moderates the relationship between middle level management involvement and strategy execution in insurance companies in Kenya. The study targeted Kenyan insurance sector with a population of 436 middle managers.  The study was guided by the positivism philosophy and used a descriptive correlational research design. . The population of study was 436 middle level managers in all the 49 insurance companies in Kenya. The sample size computed upon using the Yamane (1967) formula revealed a sample size of 209 respondents. A correlational result clearly demonstrated that championing alternatives significantly correlated with effective strategy executive, r (174) = 0.568, p < 0.05. the analysis revealed that there was a strong and positive relationship between championing alternatives and strategy execution among middle level managers in insurance sector in Kenya. The study also revealed that organizational culture positively and significantly moderated the relationship between championing alternatives and strategy execution, β = .059, t(173) = 5.436, p <.05. A manager who is an organizational champion is admired and influences employees.
Laboratory Glassware Cleaning Validation by Liquid Chromatographic Quantitation of Betamethasone Valerate Residues
Authors: Sarah Vugigi  , Christian Mshila  , Vincent Nyandoro  , Rose Obat
Published: April 2024

Use of clean glassware ensures reliability of analyses that are carried out in laboratories. Glassware should be free of contaminants and residues from previous tests. It is therefore necessary to demonstrate the efficiency of glassware cleaning procedure through validation. This study aims to evaluate the cleaning efficiency of laboratory glassware by quantitation of betamethasone valerate residues in cleaned glassware. Betamethasone ointment was selected through a risk ranking process as the worst to clean product. Glassware used in analysis of this drug product was cleaned manually and residues evaluated using high performance liquid chromatography. The analysis method was validated at concentration levels of 1 - 8 µg/ml for specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. The method demonstrated residue recovery of 97%. Repeatability and inter-mediate precision expressed as relative standard deviation were 1.2% and 1.4%, respectively. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range from 2.04 to 6.13 µg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.9997.  The detection limit and quantitation limit were 0.11 µg/ml and 0.34 µg/ml, respectively. No residue was detected in glassware that was sampled for the cleaning validation. The results indicate that the manual cleaning method is effective as the level of betamethasone residues in cleaned glassware was below detection limit and thus will not interfere with analysis of the subsequent analyte.
Organizational Purpose and Performance of National Health Non-Governmental Organizations in Kenya
Authors: Michael Ngui Kawiti  , Dr. Juliana M. Namada, PhD
Published: April 2024

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of defining organizational purpose on the organizational performance of national health non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Kenya. The study utilized positivism research philosophy and cross-sectional research design. The target population of the study was 564 chief executive officers (CEOs) and program directors of 282 national NGOs registered with the NGO coordination board. A sample size of 234 was selected using a random stratified sampling technique. Data collection was through a structured questionnaire while inferential and descriptive statistical techniques were used for data analysis. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied to test and explain the study hypothesis. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) Version 26 and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) version 26 software were used for the analysis. The study findings determined that defining organizational purpose had a statistically significant positive influence on organizational performance of national health NGOs in Kenya (r squared = 0.41, beta = 0.642, CR = 7.534, p < 0.05). The study concludes that defining organizational purpose is vital for the organizational performance of national health NGOs in Kenya. The study hence recommends to the top management of national health NGOs in Kenya to clearly articulate the purpose of their organizations thus making employees and managers satisfied and committed to its achievement.
Governance of Microfinance Institutions in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Timothy Okech  , George Njoroge Njeri
Published: April 2024

The purpose of this study was to assess the governance factors affecting microfinance institutions in Nairobi County. Applying descriptive research design, the study targeted senior managers, management and supervisory board members. Data was collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed to obtain both descriptive and inferential statistics. Results show that financial controls and staff competency, significantly impact on the performance of these firms in terms of compliance, internal audits, reporting and payment systems, ethical and integrity values, risk assessment staff experience, training and skills match, employment procedures. It is recommended that financial controls in MFIs should be sustained, while, ensuring continuous adhering to the regulations governing the operations of MFIs. There is need for continuous provide capacity building to staff to ensure that they are updated with current issues in the sub-sector for purposes of making sound decisions to the benefit of the institutions as well as the clients.
The Mechanical and Elastic Properties of Selected 211 MAX Phases
Authors: Geoffrey Arusei  , Nicholus Makau  , George Amolo  , Chepkoech Mirriam
Published: April 2024

Abstract: MAX Phases are a class of ternary materials that have continued to play a greater role in the field of materials science due to their unique properties that bridge the gap between metals and ceramics which have uses in a wide range of applications. The studies done so far have proven that MAX phase materials are indeed a promising class of materials in a wide range of applications. However, in spite of this progress, there are still a lot of open questions and properties that needs to be understood. The Mechanical and elastic properties of (Nine)  MAX phase materials, namely, Ti2AlC, Ti2AlN, Ti2GaC, Ti2GaN, Ti2PbC, Ti2CdC, Ti2SiC, Ti2GeC and Ti2SnC have been investigated using the density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximations as expressed in Quantum Espresso and VASP codes.  The values of elastic anisotropy, Young’s modulus, Poisson ratio and shear modulus revealed that the compounds were indeed stable and ductile. Out of all the nine MAX Phase materials, Ti2PbC and Ti2CdC are more stable than the other considered compounds. The findings of this study suggest that the nine MAX phases considered in this study are potential candidates in various industrial applications requiring hard materials
Effect of Crisis Leadership on Performance of SMEs During Covid-19 Pandemic in Nairobi County, Kenya
Authors: Musyoka Jacqueline Kalekye , Ouma Caren
Published: April 2024

The relationship between crisis leadership and organizational success amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in the context of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Nairobi County, Kenya, remains understudied. This study aimed to address this gap by investigating the impact of crisis leadership on SME performance during the pandemic. Employing a descriptive and correlational research design, data were collected from 237 respondents representing various SME industries in Kenya through a stratified random sampling method and a questionnaire. Analysis of the data using SPSS version 23 revealed significant findings. Firstly, crisis management was found to be positively correlated with safeguarding the reputation of organizations, which in turn can influence long-term sales and profits positively. Secondly, there was a significant linear relationship between crisis leadership and SME performance, with crisis leadership explaining 56.2 percent of the variance in performance. Additionally, the intercept between crisis leadership and performance showed improvement, underscoring the importance of effective crisis leadership in enhancing organizational outcomes. In conclusion, the study highlights the importance of crisis leadership in ensuring business continuity and mitigating the impact of crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. It emphasizes the need for leaders to possess the requisite skills, knowledge, and abilities to navigate turbulent times successfully. Furthermore, the study underscores the role of SMEs in developing strong leadership capabilities to enhance performance and mitigate potential crisis-related disruptions. It recommends that executive and management teams within SMEs in Nairobi County focus on strengthening leadership competencies and developing organizational guidelines for effective crisis management across various operational domains. Implementing these recommendations enables SMEs to enhance their crisis preparedness and responsiveness, thus fortifying their continuity and bolstering overall performance amidst adversities. This study enriches the crisis management and organizational resilience literature, especially within the SME domain, offering pertinent insights for practitioners, policymakers, and researchers.