bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Moral Status of Combatants during Military Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: LEVERINGHAUS ALEX
Published: May 2012

Recent debates in just war theory have been concerned with the status of combatants during war. Unfortunately, however, the debate has, up to now, focused on self-defensive wars. The present article changes the focus slightly by exploring the status of combatants during military humanitarian intervention (MHI). It begins by arguing that MHI poses a number of challenges to our thinking about the status of combatants. To solve these it draws on Jeff McMahan's theory of combatant liability. On this basis, the article contends that, first, combatants engaged in atrocities lack the same set of rights and liberties held by intervening combatants. Second, and more controversially, drawing on McMahan's theory as well as the notion of complicity, it suggests that the same applies to those combatants who do not perpetrate atrocities but are merely ordered to defend the target state against the intervening state.
Set-Shifting in Adults with ADHD
Authors: Halleland Helene Barone , Haavik Jan , Lundervold Astri J.
Published: May 2012

Difficulties related to inhibition and set-shifting have been suggested as possible endophenotypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, such difficulties have not been consistently found in studies using standard neuropsychological tests. This has been partly explained by the complexity of these tests and the need to include contrast measures which control for more basic functions. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether difficulties related to inhibition and set-shifting in adult ADHD patients could be revealed by the Color Word Interference Test (CWIT) from the Delis Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS). A clinically recruited group of adults with ADHD (n = 60) obtained significantly lower scores than population derived controls (n = 60) on both primary summary (p < .001) and contrast measures (p = .004) of set-shifting. The differences between the groups remained statistically significant after controlling for intellectual function and working memory (p = .003). However, no significant differences between the groups were observed on any measure of inhibition. The study indicates that adults with ADHD have specific difficulties with set-shifting as measured by the CWIT, difficulties that probably also reflect problems related to executive function in their daily life. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–10)
‘I don't have to go to the gym because I ate very healthy today’: the development of a scale to assess diet-related compensatory health beliefs
Authors: Poelman Maartje P , Vermeer Willemijn M , Vyth Ellis L , Steenhuis Ingrid HM
Published: May 2012

Objective

Nutritional interventions to decrease energy intake, aimed at portion sizes and front-of-package labelling, are effective only if people do not compensate for their reduced energy intake. Since several observational studies indicate that these interventions could prompt compensation behaviour, it is important to assess underlying beliefs. Therefore, the purpose of the two studies reported here was to develop a Diet-related Compensatory Health Beliefs Scale (Diet-CHBS).

Design

Cross-sectional surveys were conducted for the scale development. Study 1 provided data on the factor analysis and convergent validity, while Study 2 assessed the Diet-CHBS’ test–retest reliability.

Settings

VU University Amsterdam (Study 1) and twenty-five worksite cafeterias in the Netherlands (Study 2).

Subjects

Study 1 was conducted among 179 students and their parents; Study 2 was conducted among 119 worksite cafeteria visitors.

Results

The results of Study 1 showed that the scale consisted of the hypothesized factors of compensation beliefs with regard to portion sizes (α = 0·73), front-of-package health logos (α = 0·77) and exercise (α = 0·75). The scale's overall Cronbach's α was 0·82. The Diet-CHBS had a Pearson correlation of 0·32 with a general health compensatory beliefs scale, signifying satisfactory convergent validity. Study 2 showed that the intra-class correlation coefficient between T1 and T2 was 0·69, indicating adequate test–retest reliability.

Conclusion

The Diet-CHBS is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing diet-related compensatory health beliefs in response to nutritional interventions. It is important to take such beliefs into account in further intervention studies aimed at preventing overweight and obesity.
Living with the loss of a child: Mothers in the criminal justice system
Authors: Lewin Linda C. , Farkas Kathleen J.
Published: May 2012

Objective:

Bereaved mothers have expressed the need to maintain a bond with their children who have died, to retain control over the funeral rituals, and to express their loss to others who are empathetic. This study describes grief over the loss of a child in women who have been or are currently incarcerated, and the influence of the women's family members.

Method:

This descriptive qualitative study consisted of open-ended interview questions to encourage the women to describe their experience in their own words. A purposive sample (N = 10) was recruited from a prison re-entry program and a county jail.

Results:

All of the participants described maladaptive responses such as the use of alcohol and drugs, restricted family support, and dysfunctional coping. None of the participants had received focused bereavement services.

Significance of Results:

The descriptive perspective from the participants can inform clinicians who work with women who have a history of involvement with the criminal justice system, and recommends that they should inquire about the women's children and experiences with loss. Community re-entry and jail/prison counselors should provide access to confidential and group-based therapeutic support, including Compassionate Friends.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor from microglia: a molecular substrate for neuropathic pain
Authors: Trang Tuan , Beggs Simon , Salter Michael W.
Published: May 2012

One of the most significant advances in pain research is the realization that neurons are not the only cell type involved in the etiology of chronic pain. This realization has caused a radical shift from the previous dogma that neuronal dysfunction alone accounts for pain pathologies to the current framework of thinking that takes into account all cell types within the central nervous system (CNS). This shift in thinking stems from growing evidence that glia can modulate the function and directly shape the cellular architecture of nociceptive networks in the CNS. Microglia, in particular, are increasingly recognized as active principal players that respond to changes in physiological homeostasis by extending their processes toward the site of neural damage, and by releasing specific factors that have profound consequences on neuronal function and that contribute to CNS pathologies caused by disease or injury. A key molecule that modulates microglia activity is ATP, an endogenous ligand of the P2 receptor family. Microglia expresses several P2 receptor subtypes, and of these the P2X4 receptor subtype has emerged as a core microglia–neuron signaling pathway: activation of this receptor drives the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a cellular substrate that causes disinhibition of pain-transmitting spinal lamina I neurons. Converging evidence points to BDNF from spinal microglia as being a critical microglia–neuron signaling molecule that gates aberrant nociceptive processing in the spinal cord. The present review highlights recent advances in our understanding of P2X4 receptor-mediated signaling and regulation of BDNF in microglia, as well as the implications for microglia–neuron interactions in the pathobiology of neuropathic pain.
Translating knowledge to practice: optimizing the use of guidelines
Authors: Gagliardi A. R.
Published: May 2012

Guidelines support health care decision-making but continue to be underused, therefore more research is needed on how they can be better developed and implemented. The same is true of mental health care, for which there is recent growing interest in improving care delivery and associated outcomes by optimizing the use of mental health care guidelines. This editorial describes the key concepts from accumulated research on guideline implementation to suggest a number of avenues for research on implementation of mental health care guidelines.
Implementing evidence-based guidelines for managing depression in elderly patients: a Norwegian perspective
Authors: Aakhus E. , Flottorp S. A. , Oxman A. D.
Published: May 2012

Depression in the elderly is common and exhibits a distinctive phenomenology, due to neurobiological, physiological, psychological and social changes related to ageing. Most elderly with depression are managed in primary health care. Although the number of scientific publications related to geriatric psychiatry has increased, there are still important gaps. Implementation of evidence-based guidelines for managing depression in primary care has had limited success, but has led to improvements compared to standard care. It is logical that the determinants (barriers and enablers) of implementing depression guidelines can be identified and can guide the selection of more effective implementation strategies that are tailored to address those determinants. We are testing that logic as part of a multinational implementation research project called ‘Tailored Implementation for Chronic Diseases’ (TICD). Our focus in Norway is on the management of depression in the elderly in primary care. We will identify the determinants of implementing evidence-based recommendations using various methods and comparing those methods. We will then use different methods to match the implementation interventions to the identified determinants and compare those methods. Finally, we will evaluate the resulting tailored implementation strategy in a randomized trial.
Tide gauge‐based sea level variations since 1950 along the Norwegian and Russian coasts of the Arctic Ocean: Contribution of the steric and mass components
Authors: Henry O. , Prandi P. , Llovel W. , Cazenave A. , Jevrejeva S. , Stammer D. , Meyssignac B. , Koldunov N.
Published: May 2012

We investigate sea level change and variability in some areas of the Arctic region over the 1950–2009 period. Analysis of 62 long tide gauge records available during the studied period along the Norwegian and Russian coastlines shows that coastal mean sea level (corrected for Glacial Isostatic Adjustment and inverted barometer effects) in these two areas was almost stable until about 1980 but since then displayed a clear increasing trend. Until the mid‐1990s, the mean coastal sea level closely follows the fluctuations of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) index, but after the mid‐to‐late 1990s the co‐fluctuation with the AO disappears. Since 1995, the coastal mean sea level (average of the Norwegian and Russian tide gauge data) presents an increasing trend of ∼4 mm/yr. Using in situ ocean temperature and salinity data down to 700 m from three different databases, we estimated the thermosteric, halosteric and steric (sum of thermosteric and halosteric) sea level since 1970 in the North Atlantic and Nordic Seas region (incomplete data coverage prevented us from analyzing steric data along the Russian coast). We note a strong anti‐correlation between the thermosteric and halosteric components both in terms of spatial trends and regionally averaged time series. The latter show a strong change as of ∼1995 that indicates simultaneous increase in temperature and salinity, a result confirmed by the Empirical Orthogonal Function decomposition over the studied region. Regionally distributed steric data are compared to altimetry‐based sea level over 1993–2009. Spatial trend patterns of observed (altimetry‐based) sea level over 1993–2009 are largely explained by steric patterns, but residual spatial trends suggest that other factors contribute, in particular regional ocean mass changes. Focusing again on Norwegian tide gauges, we then compare observed coastal mean sea level with the steric sea level and the ocean mass component estimated with GRACE space gravimetry data and conclude that the mass component has been increasing since 2003, possibly because of the recent acceleration in land ice melt.
Influence of transport and ocean ice extent on biogenic aerosol sulfur in the Arctic atmosphere
Authors: Sharma S. , Chan E. , Ishizawa M. , Toom‐Sauntry D. , Gong S. L. , Li S. M. , Tarasick D. W. , Leaitch W. R. , Norman A. , Quinn P. K. , Bates T. S. , Levasseur M. , Barrie L. A. , Maenhaut W.
Published: May 2012

The recent decline in sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean could affect the regional radiative forcing via changes in sea ice–atmosphere exchange of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and biogenic aerosols formed from its atmospheric oxidation, such as methanesulfonic acid (MSA). This study examines relationships between changes in total sea ice extent north of 70°N and atmospheric MSA measurement at Alert, Nunavut, during 1980–2009; at Barrow, Alaska, during 1997–2008; and at Ny‐Ålesund, Svalbard, for 1991–2004. During the 1980–1989 and 1990–1997 periods, summer (July–August) and June MSA concentrations at Alert decreased. In general, MSA concentrations increased at all locations since 2000 with respect to 1990 values, specifically during June and summer at Alert and in summer at Barrow and Ny‐Ålesund. Our results show variability in MSA at all sites is related to changes in the source strengths of DMS, possibly linked to changes in sea ice extent as well as to changes in atmospheric transport patterns. Since 2000, a late spring increase in atmospheric MSA at the three sites coincides with the northward migration of the marginal ice edge zone where high DMS emissions from ocean to atmosphere have previously been reported. Significant negative correlations are found between sea ice extent and MSA concentrations at the three sites during the spring and June. These results suggest that a decrease in seasonal ice cover influencing other mechanisms of DMS production could lead to higher atmospheric MSA concentrations.
Red‐ox speciation and mixing state of iron in individual African dust particles
Authors: Deboudt Karine , Gloter Alexandre , Mussi Alexandre , Flament Pascal
Published: May 2012

The Fe distribution in African dust particles collected in Senegal (North‐Western Africa) during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis Special Observation Period 0 (AMMA‐“SOP 0,” February 2006) was assessed using individual particle analysis (Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy respectively equipped with X‐ray Spectrometry (SEM‐EDX) and Electron Energy Loss Spectrometry (TEM‐EELS)). Senegal is not a dust source area; the chemical composition of collected dusts indicates that they originate primarily in the North‐Western Sahara, which is consistent with previous studies of the area. Fe can be present inside dust particles as a substitution element in the crystalline lattice of aluminosilicate, but a high proportion (62%) of aluminosilicate Fe‐containing particles are also found as an internal mixture of aluminosilicate with Fe oxide grains (including both oxide and hydroxide species). The 3D structure of such particles obtained by tomography reveals that these Fe‐rich inclusions are often found at the surface of aluminosilicate particles but that some are also included inside particles. These Fe oxide grains can result from crustal earth or atmospheric processes during long‐range transport. FeIII is dominant in both the aluminosilicate matrix and the Fe oxide grains (FeIII/Σ Fe ratio = 76.8% and 90.0%, respectively, on average), with notable heterogeneities of Fe valence inside grains at a nanometer scale.
Modeling potential hydrochemical responses to climate change and increasing CO2at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest using a dynamic biogeochemical model (PnET‐BGC)
Authors: Pourmokhtarian Afshin , Driscoll Charles T. , Campbell John L. , Hayhoe Katharine
Published: May 2012

Dynamic hydrochemical models are useful tools for understanding and predicting the interactive effects of climate change, atmospheric CO2, and atmospheric deposition on the hydrology and water quality of forested watersheds. We used the biogeochemical model, PnET‐BGC, to evaluate the effects of potential future changes in temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and atmospheric CO2on pools, concentrations, and fluxes of major elements at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, United States. Future climate projections used to run PnET‐BGC were generated specifically for the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest with a statistical technique that downscales climate output (e.g., air temperature, precipitation, solar radiation) from atmosphere‐ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) to a finer temporal and spatial resolution. These climate projections indicate that over the twenty‐first century, average air temperature will increase at the site by 1.7°C to 6.5°C with simultaneous increases in annual average precipitation ranging from 4 to 32 cm above the long‐term mean (1970–2000). PnET‐BGC simulations under future climate change show a shift in hydrology characterized by later snowpack development, earlier spring discharge (snowmelt), greater evapotranspiration, and a slight increase in annual water yield (associated with CO2 effects on vegetation). Model results indicate that under elevated temperature, net soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification markedly increase, resulting in acidification of soil and stream water, thereby altering the quality of water draining from forested watersheds. Invoking a CO2 fertilization effect on vegetation under climate change substantially mitigates watershed nitrogen loss, highlighting the need for a more thorough understanding of CO2 effects on forest vegetation.
Time scale controversy: Accurate orbital calibration of the early Paleogene
Authors: Westerhold Thomas , Röhl Ursula , Laskar Jacques
Published: May 2012

Timing is crucial to understanding the causes and consequences of events in Earth history. The calibration of geological time relies heavily on the accuracy of radioisotopic and astronomical dating. Uncertainties in the computations of Earth's orbital parameters and in radioisotopic dating have hampered the construction of a reliable astronomically calibrated time scale beyond 40 Ma. Attempts to construct a robust astronomically tuned time scale for the early Paleogene by integrating radioisotopic and astronomical dating are only partially consistent. Here, using the new La2010 and La2011 orbital solutions, we present the first accurate astronomically calibrated time scale for the early Paleogene (47–65 Ma) uniquely based on astronomical tuning and thus independent of the radioisotopic determination of the Fish Canyon standard. Comparison with geological data confirms the stability of the new La2011 solution back to ∼54 Ma. Subsequent anchoring of floating chronologies to the La2011 solution using the very long eccentricity nodes provides an absolute age of 55.530 ± 0.05 Ma for the onset of the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), 54.850 ± 0.05 Ma for the early Eocene ash −17, and 65.250 ± 0.06 Ma for the K/Pg boundary. The new astrochronology presented here indicates that the intercalibration and synchronization of U/Pb and 40Ar/39Ar radioisotopic geochronology is much more challenging than previously thought.
Recent deceleration of oceanic pCO2 increase in the western North Pacific in winter
Authors: Midorikawa Takashi , Ishii Masao , Kosugi Naohiro , Sasano Daisuke , Nakano Toshiya , Saito Shu , Sakamoto Naoaki , Nakano Hideyuki , Inoue Hisayuki Y.
Published: May 2012

Recent changes in oceanic CO2 partial pressure (pCO2sea) have attracted increasing interest as they relate to the increase in atmospheric CO2 and climate change. We report decadal changes in the growth rates of pCO2sea in latitudinal zones from 3°N to 33°N along the repeat hydrographic line at 137°E in the western North Pacific in winter. The growth rates of pCO2sea for 1999–2009 (−0.3 ± 0.9 [mean ± 1σ] to 1.7 ± 0.5 μatm yr−1) were lower than those for 1984–1997 (0.7 ± 0.3 to 2.2 ± 0.6 μatm yr−1) at most latitudes, indicative of the recent notable deceleration of pCO2sea increase. For latitudes around 10–20°N, we attribute the reduction in the growth rate of pCO2sea for 1999–2009 primarily to the reduction in the contribution from dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) originating from a reduction in carbon accumulation associated with the expansion of the western Subtropical Gyre towards the south.
Young mare volcanism in the Orientale region contemporary with the Procellarum KREEP Terrane (PKT) volcanism peak period ∼2 billion years ago
Authors: Cho Yuichiro , Morota Tomokatsu , Haruyama Junichi , Yasui Minami , Hirata Naru , Sugita Seiji
Published: May 2012

The crater retention ages of the mare deposits within the Orientale multi‐ring impact basin are investigated using 10‐m resolution images obtained by the SELENE (Kaguya) spacecraft, in order to constrain the volcanic history of the Moon around the nearside‐farside boundary. Precise crater‐counting analyses reveal that mare deposits in the Orientale region are much younger than previously estimated: ∼2.9 Ga mare basalt in the eastern part of Mare Orientale and ∼1.8–2.2 Ga mare deposits in Lacus Veris and Lacus Autumni, maria along the northeastern rings of the basin. The latter age estimates indicate that the Orientale region experienced volcanic activities ∼2 billion years after the basin‐formation impact. The dominance of a uniform surface age across the mare deposits in the peripheral regions strongly suggests that these volcanic eruptions are contemporary with the elevated volcanic activity episode proposed for the Procellarum KREEP Terrane on the lunar nearside at ∼2 Ga and that this activity peak is much more widespread than previously estimated. The longevity of mare volcanism in the Orientale region further suggests high initial temperatures and/or high content of heat‐producing elements in the underlying mantle of this region.
Relative influence of mechanical and meteorological factors on avalanche release depth distributions: An application to French Alps
Authors: Gaume J. , Chambon G. , Eckert N. , Naaim M.
Published: May 2012

The evaluation of avalanche release depth distributions represents a major challenge for hazard management. This paper presents a rigorous formalism in which these distributions are expressed through a coupling of mechanical and meteorological factors. Considering that an avalanche can occur only if the snowfall depth exceeds a critical value corresponding to a stability criterion, release depth distributions obtained from a slab–weak layer mechanical model are coupled with the distribution of 3‐day extreme snowfalls. We show that this coupled model is able to reproduce field data from 369 natural slab avalanches in La Plagne (France). Not only the power‐law tail of the distribution, corresponding to large slab depths, but also the core of the distribution for shallow slab depths, are well represented. Small to medium‐sized avalanches appear to be controlled mainly by mechanics, whereas large avalanches and the associated power‐law exponent, are influenced by a strong mechanical‐meteorological coupling. Finally, we demonstrate that the obtained distribution is strongly space‐dependent, and, using a consistent interpolation formalism, our model is used to obtain release depth maps for given return periods.
Improving sub‐daily strain estimates using GPS measurements
Authors: Reuveni Yuval , Kedar Sharon , Owen Susan E. , Moore Angelyn W. , Webb Frank H.
Published: May 2012

We present an improved GPS analysis strategy that reduces the noise level of GPS‐based sub‐daily strain measurements by a factor of ~5 or more and improves sub‐daily resolution of positions and baseline estimates by a factor of ~2–5. These improvements are accomplished by reducing the key sources of error due to diurnal effects from path delays caused by reflections and refractions of the GPS signal near the receiver (multipath), and from tropospheric delays. Errors due to poorly determined tropospheric path delays are mitigated by using the tropospheric parameters estimated in static positioning runs as fixed values. The multipath effects are treated as periodic errors and are mitigated by a modified sidereal filter applied to the phase prior to processing. This combination of path error modeling results in sub‐daily strain resolution on the order of ~0.1μstrain for a ~100 km baseline.
Stable isotopes in global precipitation: A unified interpretation based on atmospheric moisture residence time
Authors: Aggarwal Pradeep K. , Alduchov Oleg A. , Froehlich Klaus O. , Araguas‐Araguas Luis J. , Sturchio Neil C. , Kurita Naoyuki
Published: May 2012

We present a new approach based on atmospheric moisture residence time (RT) to interpret precipitation stable isotope ratio variations in all climate regimes, including tropical and polar, on monthly or inter‐annual time scales.δ18O and ln RT are positively correlated and a single regression line describes variations in δ18O and RT anomalies, overcoming limitations of existing Rayleigh distillation‐based approaches for tracing moisture dynamics and precipitation processes. We use this approach to characterize changes in tropical precipitation during El Nino events and suggest that increased precipitation in a warmer climate may occur with higherδ18O values, contrary to assumptions made in interpreting proxy climate records in speleothems and other archives. Our results will allow the use of isotopes to monitor climate change impacts on the character and intensity of precipitation and to improve the performance of climate models by providing a direct means to calibrate model results.
Time‐lapse change in anisotropy in Japan's near surface after the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake
Authors: Nakata Nori , Snieder Roel
Published: May 2012

We apply seismic interferometry to strong‐motion records to detect the near‐surface (i.e., an upper few hundred meters deep) change in anisotropy caused by the MW9.0 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake on 11 March 2011. We show that the earthquake increased the difference between fast and slow shear‐wave velocities arising from shear‐wave splitting in most parts of northeastern Japan, but it did not significantly change fast shear‐wave polarization directions in the near surface. Through monitoring of anisotropy and shear‐wave velocity, we find that the changes in anisotropy and velocity partially recover with time; they are, however, still different from the pre‐event values after nine months. The comparison of the spatial distribution between changes in anisotropy and velocity indicates the changes in anisotropy and velocity are generally correlated, especially in the northeastern Honshu (the main island in Japan). The change in the largest principal stress direction weakly correlates with the change in anisotropy.
The Influence of Reduced Audible Bandwidth on Asynchronous Double-Vowel Identification
Authors: Valentine Susie , Lentz Jennifer J.
Published: May 2012

Purpose

In this study, the authors sought to determine whether reduced audible bandwidth associated with hearing loss contributes to difficulty benefiting from an onset asynchrony between sounds.

Method

Synthetic double-vowel identification was measured for normal-hearing listeners and listeners with hearing loss. One vowel (Target 2) was 250 ms in duration, and one (Target 1) varied in duration. The vowels had the same offset, and an onset asynchrony between the vowels ranged between 0 and 200 ms. Listeners identified both vowels in their perceived order. The scoring metrics used were as follows: Target 1 correctly identified in the correct position, Target 2 correctly identified in the correct position, ordered double-vowel identification, and unordered double-vowel identification. The same experiment was conducted with vowels low-pass filtered at 900 Hz simulating reduced audible bandwidth.

Results

For all scoring metrics, increases in onset asynchrony led to better vowel identification. Listeners with hearing loss benefited less from onset asynchrony than normal-hearing listeners only for Target 2 identification. Filtering the vowels reduced onset asynchrony benefit for all scoring categories and for both groups.

Conclusion

Results implicate reduced audible bandwidth in difficulties of listeners when using onset asynchrony for sound segregation. Therefore, listeners with a reduced audible bandwidth may have communication difficulties in natural environments.
Perceptual Acclimatization Post Nonlinear Frequency Compression Hearing Aid Fitting in Older Children
Authors: Glista Danielle , Scollie Susan , Sulkers Jacob
Published: May 2012

Purpose

In this study, the authors evaluated the effect of frequency compression hearing aids on speech perception ability and the time course and magnitude of acclimatization-related changes.

Method

Participants included children ages 11–18 years. Speech perception ability was evaluated over well-controlled baseline, treatment, and withdrawal study phases. Study-worn hearing aids were individually fitted to all participants. The authors evaluated speech perception ability using outcomes of speech detection (/s/ and /ʃ/ sounds), /s–ʃ/ discrimination, and plural and consonant recognition.

Results

Indices of change were discussed on a case-by-case basis across all study phases. Significant treatment effects were measured for all cases, on at least one measure, with some listeners displaying significant acclimatization trends following a trial of frequency compression.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that frequency compression provided varying outcomes, both in benefit and acclimatization, across listeners. For some, a period of acclimatization was necessary before change could be measured. For others, performance remained stable over the time course under evaluation, suggesting that some but not all children will experience improved speech recognition ability after a period of frequency compression hearing aid use.
Spatiotemporal Coupling of the Tongue in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Kuruvilla Mili S. , Green Jordan R. , Yunusova Yana , Hanford Kathy
Published: May 2012

Purpose

The primary aim of the investigation was to identify deficits in spatiotemporal coupling between tongue regions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The relations between disease-related changes in tongue movement patterns and speech intelligibility were also determined.

Methods

The authors recorded word productions from 11 individuals with ALS with mild, moderate, and severe dysarthria using an x-ray microbeam during word productions. A coupling index based on sliding window covariance was used to determine disease-related changes in the coupling between the tongue regions across each word.

Results

The results indicated decreased spatiotemporal coupling of mid-posterior tongue regions and reduced tongue speed in the ALS-moderate subgroup. Changes in the range of tongue coupling relations and speed of movement were highly correlated with speech intelligibility.

Conclusions

These results provide new insights into the loss of lingual motor control due to ALS and suggest that measures of tongue performance may provide useful indicators of bulbar disease severity and progression.
The Relationship Between Perception of Vocal Effort and Relative Fundamental Frequency During Voicing Offset and Onset
Authors: Stepp Cara E. , Sawin Devon E. , Eadie Tanya L.
Published: May 2012

Purpose

In this study, the authors aimed to determine the relationship between relative fundamental frequency (RFF) and listener perception of vocal effort in individuals with varying degrees of vocal hyperfunction.

Method

Thirty women diagnosed with voice disorders commonly associated with vocal hyperfunction and 10 healthy women provided speech samples that were used to obtain parameters of RFF. Twelve listeners judged the speech samples for overall severity and vocal effort (VE) using rating scales.

Results

Significant but relatively weak negative correlations were found between perceptual measures and offset RFF parameters. Although offset RFF was increased in healthy participants relative to speakers with voice disorders, no differences were seen in RFF as a function of severity of VE in individuals with voice disorders.

Conclusions

Although a statistically significant correlation between offset RFF and VE was found, examination of data as a function of both VE and health status indicated that RFF more accurately classifies the presence of a voice disorder than does severity of voice quality or VE. There is a need for further research to investigate the clinical utility of RFF measures for assessment of rehabilitation progress.
Thinking Outside the Stroke: Treating Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA)
Authors: Khayum Becky , Wieneke Christina , Rogalski Emily , Robinson Jaimie , O’Hara Mary
Published: May 2012

In this article, we explore the symptoms, cause, treatment potential, and supportive services for individuals diagnosed with Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA). Although it is possible to regain certain cognitive abilities with stroke or brain injury, in PPA, language abilities worsen and other symptoms emerge with time, shortening the lifespan. The goal of speech therapy for PPA is not to regain lost language, but rather to maximize communication for as long as possible. In this article, we offer information and tools for speech-language pathologists to help people living with PPA achieve these goals and improve overall quality of life.
Cognitive Strategies for Individuals With Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Voyzey George A.
Published: May 2012

The speech-language pathologist working with the geriatric population should understand the cognitive, motor, and communicative behaviors associated with different stages of Parkinson's disease. In this paper, I will discuss cognitive strategies that may be helpful in rehabilitation of individuals with Parkinson's disease at various stages of the disease.
Invited Review Article: Practical guide for pyroelectric measurements
Authors: Lubomirsky Igor , Stafsudd Oscar
Published: May 2012

The characterization of pyroelectric materials is a necessary stage in the design of a large variety of pyroelectric-based devices ranging from intrusion alarms to IR cameras. The sample configurations and measurement techniques currently in use vary widely and require careful attention in order to avoid artifacts. In this review, we provide a practical guide to the measurement of the pyroelectric coefficient, paying particular attention to the new instrumental possibilities (fast sinusoidally modulated light sources, low impedance broad band current meters, and fast averaging oscilloscopes) that have become available during the last decade. Techniques applicable to bulk specimens, substrate-supported films, and self-supported films are described in detail. The most commonly used procedures are classified according to the type of thermal excitation: continuous ramping, heat pulse, and continuous oscillation. In the appendices, we describe the practical realization of these measurement schemes and provide mathematical descriptions for the extraction of the pyroelectric coefficient from the measured data.
Impact of screening of resonant magnetic perturbations in three dimensional edge plasma transport simulations for DIII-D
Authors: Frerichs H. , Reiter D. , Schmitz O. , Cahyna P. , Evans T. E. , Feng Y. , Nardon E.
Published: May 2012

The impact of resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) on the plasma edge can be analyzed in detail by three dimensional computer simulations, which take the underlying magnetic field structure as input. Previously, the “vacuum approximation” has been used to calculate the magnetic field structure although plasma response effects may result in a screening (or even an amplification) of the external perturbations. Simulation results for an ITER similar shape plasma at the DIII-D tokamak are presented for the full vacuum perturbation field and an ad hoc screening case in comparison to the unperturbed configuration. It is shown that the RMP induced helical patterns in the plasma edge and on the divertor target shrink once screening is taken into account. However, a flat temperature profile is still found in the “open field line domain” inside the separatrix, while the “density pump out effect” found in the vacuum RMP case is considerably weakened.
Characterization of solid and liquid sorbent materials for biogas purification by using a new volumetric screening instrument
Authors: Rother J. , Fieback T. , Seif R. , Dreisbach F.
Published: May 2012

With the increasing utilization of biogas as an energy source the need for new materials and methods to purify and clean the corresponding gas mixtures is rising. In this regard, the application of ad- or absorptive gas purification methods has increased significantly over the last years. For fast and economic evaluation of the potential of different sorbent materials, a new volumetric screening instrument has been developed. First the measuring method and the new instrument design will be described. This instrument allows ad- and absorption, as well as desorption measurements in a technically relevant, wide pressure, and temperature range. It was used for the characterization of common sorbent materials such as activated carbons and zeolite molecular sieves. Additionally, new substances like metal-organic frameworks and ionic liquids were analyzed. Thereby the sorption of CO2, CH4, N2, and H2 was measured. The obtained data allow the direct comparison of the sorption properties of the different materials, the results of which will be presented in the second part of the paper.
Crossed-beam energy transfer in direct-drive implosions
Authors: Igumenshchev I. V. , Seka W. , Edgell D. H. , Michel D. T. , Froula D. H. , Goncharov V. N. , Craxton R. S. , Divol L. , Epstein R. , Follett R. , Kelly J. H. , Kosc T. Z. , Maximov A. V. , McCrory R. L. , Meyerhofer D. D. , Michel P. , Myatt J. F. , Sangster T. C. , Shvydky A. , Skupsky S. , Stoeckl C.
Published: May 2012

Direct-drive-implosion experiments on the OMEGA laser [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] have showed discrepancies between simulations of the scattered (non-absorbed) light levels and measured ones that indicate the presence of a mechanism that reduces laser coupling efficiency by 10%–20%. This appears to be due to crossed-beam energy transfer (CBET) that involves electromagnetic-seeded, low-gain stimulated Brillouin scattering. CBET scatters energy from the central portion of the incoming light beam to outgoing light, reducing the laser absorption and hydrodynamic efficiency of implosions. One-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations including CBET show good agreement with all observables in implosion experiments on OMEGA. Three strategies to mitigate CBET and improve laser coupling are considered: the use of narrow beams, multicolor lasers, and higher-Z ablators. Experiments on OMEGA using narrow beams have demonstrated improvements in implosion performance.
Enhanced entanglement between a movable mirror and a cavity field assisted by two-level atoms
Authors: Ma Yong-Hong , Zhou Ling
Published: May 2012

A scheme to generate stationary entanglement in a Fabry-Perot cavity with two-level atoms is proposed in the current paper. The mechanism through which radiation pressure can generate steady-state entanglement is also presented. Moreover, the bipartite entanglement in the field-mirror subsystem is quantified. Logarithmic negativity, which characterizes the entanglement between the two systems, is found to increase from 0.27 to 0.32 with the help of the atoms. Surprisingly, such macroscopic entanglement persists for environment temperatures of about 25 K in this system.
Controlled-NOT gate operating with single photons
Authors: Pooley M. A. , Ellis D. J. P. , Patel R. B. , Bennett A. J. , Chan K. H. A. , Farrer I. , Ritchie D. A. , Shields A. J.
Published: May 2012

The initial proposal for scalable optical quantum computing required single photon sources, linear optical elements such as beamsplitters and phaseshifters, and photon detection. Here, we demonstrate a two qubit gate using indistinguishable photons from a quantum dot in a pillar microcavity. As the emitter, the optical circuitry, and the detectors are all semiconductor, this is a promising approach towards creating a fully integrated device for scalable quantum computing.
High-quality germanium dioxide thin films with low interface state density using a direct neutral beam oxidation process
Authors: Wada Akira , Zhang Rui , Takagi Shinichi , Samukawa Seiji
Published: May 2012

High-quality germanium dioxide (GeO2) as a gate oxide is in high demand for use in future high mobility Ge-channel field-effect transistors. GeO2 thin films were directly formed by using a damage-free and low-temperature process of neutral beam oxidation (NBO) after treatment with hydrogen (H) radicals. GeO2 thin films (equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) = 1.7 nm) with a high-quality interface and an extremely low interface state density (<1 × 1011 cm−2 eV−1) could be formed even at low temperature (300 °C) by combining the H radical treatment, which resulted in the removal of native oxides, with the NBO process we developed.
Linear analysis of the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability in shock-flame interactions
Authors: Massa L. , Jha P.
Published: May 2012

Shock-flame interactions enhance supersonic mixing and detonation formation. Therefore, their analysis is important to explosion safety, internal combustion engine performance, and supersonic combustor design. The fundamental process at the basis of the interaction is the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability supported by the density difference between burnt and fresh mixtures. In the present study we analyze the effect of reactivity on the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability with particular emphasis on combustion lengths that typify the scaling between perturbation growth and induction. The results of the present linear analysis study show that reactivity changes the perturbation growth rate by developing a pressure gradient at the flame surface. The baroclinic torque based on the density gradient across the flame acts to slow down the instability growth of high wave-number perturbations. A gasdynamic flame representation leads to the definition of a Peclet number representing the scaling between perturbation and thermal diffusion lengths within the flame. Peclet number effects on perturbation growth are observed to be marginal. The gasdynamic model also considers a finite flame Mach number that supports a separation between flame and contact discontinuity. Such a separation destabilizes the interface growth by augmenting the tangential shear.
Modeling of solvent flow effects in enzyme catalysis under physiological conditions
Authors: Schofield Jeremy , Inder Paul , Kapral Raymond
Published: May 2012

A stochastic model for the dynamics of enzymatic catalysis in explicit, effective solvents under physiological conditions is presented. Analytically-computed first passage time densities of a diffusing particle in a spherical shell with absorbing boundaries are combined with densities obtained from explicit simulation to obtain the overall probability density for the total reaction cycle time of the enzymatic system. The method is used to investigate the catalytic transfer of a phosphoryl group in a phosphoglycerate kinase-ADP-bis phosphoglycerate system, one of the steps of glycolysis. The direct simulation of the enzyme-substrate binding and reaction is carried out using an elastic network model for the protein, and the solvent motions are described by multiparticle collision dynamics which incorporates hydrodynamic flow effects. Systems where solvent-enzyme coupling occurs through explicit intermolecular interactions, as well as systems where this coupling is taken into account by including the protein and substrate in the multiparticle collision step, are investigated and compared with simulations where hydrodynamic coupling is absent. It is demonstrated that the flow of solvent particles around the enzyme facilitates the large-scale hinge motion of the enzyme with bound substrates, and has a significant impact on the shape of the probability densities and average time scales of substrate binding for substrates near the enzyme, the closure of the enzyme after binding, and the overall time of completion of the cycle.
Transport and angular resolved photoemission measurements of the electronic properties of In2O3 bulk single crystals
Authors: Scherer V. , Janowitz C. , Krapf A. , Dwelk H. , Braun D. , Manzke R.
Published: May 2012

High quality In2O3 single crystals of bcc structure were grown by chemical vapour transport. The temperature dependence of resistivity, Hall constant, and mobility yielded an electron density of n = 1.3 × 1019 cm−3. The transport properties showed characteristics best describable by the degenerate semiconductor model. The crystals were additionally investigated by high resolution angular resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES). Emission from the valence band and the partially filled conduction band at the Γ point yielded a direct bandgap of (2.7 ± 0.1)eV. The partially filled conduction band furthermore enabled the determination of its three dimensional Fermi surface and the effective masses m* by ARPES.
Design of a continuous-flow reactor for in situ x-ray absorption spectroscopy of solids in supercritical fluids
Authors: Dreher M. , De Boni E. , Nachtegaal M. , Wambach J. , Vogel F.
Published: May 2012

This paper presents the design and performance of a novel high-temperature and high-pressure continuous-flow reactor, which allows for x-ray absorption spectroscopy or diffraction in supercritical water and other fluids under high pressure and temperature. The in situ cell consists of a tube of sintered, polycrystalline aluminum nitride, which is tolerant to corrosive chemical media, and was designed to be stable at temperatures up to 500 °C and pressures up to 30 MPa. The performance of the reactor is demonstrated by the measurement of extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectra of a carbon-supported ruthenium catalyst during the continuous hydrothermal gasification of ethanol in supercritical water at 400 °C and 24 MPa.
Designing a miniaturised heated stage for in situ optical measurements of solid oxide fuel cell electrode surfaces, and probing the oxidation of solid oxide fuel cell anodes using in situ Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Brightman E. , Maher R. , Offer G. J. , Duboviks V. , Heck C. , Cohen L. F. , Brandon N. P.
Published: May 2012

A novel miniaturised heated stage for in operando optical measurements on solid oxide fuel cell electrode surfaces is described. The design combines the advantages of previously reported designs, namely, (i) fully controllable dual atmosphere operation enabling fuel cell pellets to be tested in operando with either electrode in any atmosphere being the focus of study, and (ii) combined electrochemical measurements with optical spectroscopy measurements with the potential for highly detailed study of electrochemical processes; with the following advances, (iii) integrated fitting for mounting on a mapping stage enabling 2-D spatial characterisation of the surface, (iv) a compact profile that is externally cooled, enabling operation on an existing microscope without the need for specialized lenses, (v) the ability to cool very rapidly, from 600 °C to 300 °C in less than 5 min without damaging the experimental apparatus, and (vi) the ability to accommodate a range of pellet sizes and thicknesses.