bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HARVEY'S HOUSEHOLD LINENS LTD. v. BENSON
Authors: Donaldson John , President  , Brooks A.G.
Published: November 2014

February 11, 1974 Industrial Relations — Unfair dismissal — Complaint — Time limit — Employee dismissed — Wrong advice by employment exchange — Complaint presented out of time — Whether “practicable” for complaint to have been presented in time — Industrial Tribunals (Industrial Relations, etc.) Regulations, 1972 (S.I.1972 No. 38), Sch., r.2(l)(a).
ABERNETHY v. MOTT, HAY AND ANDERSON
Authors: Denning  , Cairns L.J. , James L.J.
Published: November 2014

February 5, 1974 Master and Servant — Redundancy — Reason for dismissal — Employers dismissing engineer alleging redundancy — Employee claiming compensation for unfair dismissal — Employers resisting claim on alternative ground that dismissal was fair — Whether employer entitled to change ground for dismissal from redundancy to lack of capability — Industrial Relations Act, 1971 (c.72), s.24(l)(a) (b), (2) (a), (6), (7).
Development of the Anlab colour system
Authors: McLaren K.
Published: November 2014

Everybody concerned with colour is conscious of a need to arrange colours in a systematic fashion. Ever since the Swedish priest and astrologer Aron Forcius showed in 1611 how they could be arranged in a sphere, many different systems have evolved. Two of these stand supreme, the Munsell System (1918) which has particular value for those who want to look at colours, and the CIE System (1931), indispensable for those wanting to measure them. Each system has had an impact on the other: the spacing of the Munsell colours was considerably improved after they had been measured using the CIE system, and the revised Munsell spacing has given rise to many methods of measuring colour differences, which is perhaps the next major advance in applied colour measurement. In spite of this, however, the two systems have not become integrated, and even though computers are widely available the difficulties are immense.
Recent progress in powder coatings
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Modern powder coatings were introduced in 1952. They created great interest and much was written about them and much predicted for them. They did indeed find a niche, but they did not deliver quite as had been anticipated and by the early 1960's their star was waning. But one must never discount the impact of advancing technology — particularly when economy, convenience and performance are involved. Novel methods of application, primarily electrostatic spraying to complement the original fluidised bed approach, new formulations, faster curing epoxies and a better understanding of both the virtues and the defects of this method for industrial coating, has brought powder coatings back into their own.
Recent progress in resin materials
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

The number of articles on solvent‐based acrylic resins in the paint industry has decreased in the past two years. It is not entirely clear why this is, since acrylic resins serve a key function in the industrial coatings segment of the paint industry, because of their outstanding weathering performance. The fact that they are available in both thermoset and thermoplastic forms makes them highly versatile. Structurally they are capable of wide variation, as indicated by an article by Ailhaud [Peintures, Pigments, Vernis, 47, March (1971) p. 170] who reports on the properties of block copolymers based on a variety of different alkyl methacrylates.
Applications for fluorescent pigments
Authors: Lavell H.H.
Published: November 2014

The other day I visited an exhibition of paintings in an art gallery. It was not too well lit, and one painting stood out immediately because of a small but extremely brightly coloured area on it. As I went closer I saw that the bright area was painted with a daylight fluorescent colour which was applied over a white background. The artist stood nearby, but I did not have the heart to tell him that, if he ever became famous, his fame would outlast the bright fluorescent area in his painting.
Foam and foaming problems with water reducible paints in the curtain coater
Authors: Internationaal BV Synres
Published: November 2014

To talk about foams means that we have to know what foam is and how it behaves, so we have to divide this subject into three parts.
Coatings update: general reviews
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Each year many review articles appear which summarise more or less complete data in a given area. Some of these make forecasts for a given period. Thus, Mann [Modern Paint & Coatings, 67, January (1977) p. 23] in a review entitled “The Circuitous Road to Recovery” has described some of the important happenings in the coatings industry in 1976 and has made some optimistic projections for 1977. Indeed, he points out the possibility that in 1977 the coatings industry may have its first billion‐gallon‐year. At the time that this is being written, it does not appear that his projection will be achieved, although the gathering of statistics is fraught with problems and it could be that the early data are not entirely indicative.
Aluminium flake pigment: Part I
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: November 2014

In part one the various properties of this important metallic pigment are considered.
Trends in paints and finishes for buildings
Authors: Whiteley P.
Published: November 2014

The last decade has seen many changes in the use of coatings by the building industry. Most notable have been the development of more durable polymers for paints, and the transfer of painting of components from the site to the factory. In addition there has been a trend towards avoiding surface coatings by choosing other materials, particularly plastics. BRE has been evaluating alternative finishes and comparing their performance with site‐applied coatings in a research project which has just drawn to a close. The work has engendered a definite preference for factory application, but elimination of coatings is not universally feasible, economic, or desirable: they will remain an essential site treatment for maintaining or changing appearance and providing additional protection following deterioration.
A review of lacquering
Authors: Smith Anthony
Published: November 2014

There is no strict distinction between lacquers and varnishes, and in the absence of a formal definition the terms are sometimes used as alternatives: in the present instance lacquers are understood to be characterized by a short drying period—usually a half hour or less—which may or may not involve a stoving operation. Varnishes usually take several hours to dry. Even within this definition there is a wide variety of lacquers available, both air‐drying and stoving.
Coatings update: new proprietary products, Part 2
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Specialty Maintenance Paints. Highly advanced technology presents numerous opportunities for specialized maintenance paints. Some of these which have been offered recently will be described here.
Pollution‐free printing inks
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: November 2014

A general review of the factors involved. Part I considers some of the more recent developments.
High shear homogenising/milling
Authors: Hepner Leo
Published: November 2014

The concept of high shear mixing/milling using a high speed rotor/stator principle has been used successfully in most sectors of the process industries, including food, dairying, pharmaceuticals, fibres, plastics, paper etc.
Coatings update: some general considerations
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Most writers of headlines for daily newspapers generally do not consider paint brushes and related tools highly newsworthy. Occasionally, however, they are proved wrong as was demonstrated when a 54‐cent paint scraper accidentally fell into a torpedo launcher at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii. The net result of this seemingly minor accident was that the nuclear submarine, USS Swordfish, had to be placed in drydock for $171,000 worth of repairs.
Coatings update: Scientific articles, Part 2
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Viscosity, thixotropy, flow, spreading, and settling are some of the terms that come to mind when rheology is mentioned. Numerous papers in the literature discuss these points relative to coatings.
A review of carbon black pigments
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: November 2014

This classification covers a wide range of very useful pigments in the paint and printing industry. They consist largely of elementary carbon which differ mainly in colour and particle size. Carbon black, although consisting essentially of elementary carbon is usually grouped with the inorganic pigments, and is the generic name for a wide variety of finely divided carbonaceous pigments produced by the partial combustion or thermal decomposition of liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon feedstocks under controlled conditions. The most important are derived from natural gases and are classified as channel or furnace blacks according to the method of production.
Coatings update: review articles on epoxy resins
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Epoxy resins have probably provided more interesting chemistry than any other polymer the paint industry uses. In this category of interesting chemistry is Russian work [World Surface Coatings Abstracts (1978) Abstract No. 1558] which describes the preparation of structurally coloured epoxy resins — i.e. of epoxy resins which are inherently coloured. The work involves condensing bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin in the presence of small amounts (0.1 to 0.5 weight per cent) of a coloured co‐monomer dye. The dye, for example, can be the glycidyl ether of alpha aminoanthroquinone. Coloured products resulted which presumably would provide coatings with intrinsic colour. Of course, this colour could be modified by extrinsic dyes and pigments. The concept of producing coloured polymers is not a new one. One approach to making black polyethylene for black film is to carry out the polymerisation of the ethylene in a fluid bed of carbon particles. The carbon particles presumably serve as a nucleus around which the polymer forms and at the same time serves to impart a black colour to the polymer particle. This technology has never been commercialised but it is certainly of interest to the paint chemist for it presents a new concept in carrying out a major objective of the paint industry — namely, to impart colour to solutions of polymers.
Coatings update:
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Rheological Control Additives. Many additives to coatings affect the rheology of the composition so that application and storage properties are improved. A new rheological additive for emulsion polymers and water‐reducible resins has been described by Whitton and Masterson [Modern Paint & Coatings, November (1980) p. 33]. The authors point out that latex paints practically always require rheological additives if they are to have good application and stability properties. Without additives they are prone to dripping, sagging, and spattering as well as pigment settling, phase separation, and pigment flocculation. The most widely used rheological additives for waterborne coatings are cellulosic derivatives, and the authors estimate that 85 to 90% of latex trade sales coatings are thickened with additives such as hydroxyethylcellulose, methyl hydroxypropylcellulose, and methylcellulose. The disadvantages of these materials is that they are difficult to disperse which means that energy and time are consumed in grinding. Also, in automated pigment slurry systems the cellulosics require a large amount of water for dispersion. This limits flexibility in formulation. Also, the cellulosics can be attacked by enzymes although more expensive enzyme‐resistant forms are available.
Coatings update: coatings for plastics
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

The coating of plastics has occupied the attention of polymer chemists for the past 30 years. Several problems are immediately obvious. If the coating is a hard resistant thermoset like a baked phenolic, it provides a surface to which every few substances will adhere: Two generations ago all telephones were black for this reason. If on the other hand the polymer is thermoplastic, adhesion is not necessarily a problem but solvents are, since the solvent in the coating can erode the polymer's surface. Plastic surfaces require coating for a number of reasons and this has caused imaginative chemists to devise new coatings and new coating techniques to meet the challenges. Some plastics require coatings simply for decoration. Some require coatings in order to protect the surfaces. This is particularly true in the electronics area. The need for coatings for plastics has been accelerated by the desire of the automotive industry to replace metal with polymers. If the plastic is part of the automobile body it must be coated to match perfectly the coated metal part. Reaction injection moulding (RIM) is providing a means for supplying the automotive industry with large parts such as bumpers, fascias, and in the not too far future doors and hoods. Naturally the coatings on these must duplicate precisely the coating on the metal portions of the car.
Coatings update: industrial coatings
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

An important event in the science of polymer chemistry has been announced recently by the DuPont Company, which announced a new process for making polymers by what is called group transfer polymerization (GTP). Interestingly enough, this important scientific advance has practical ramifications in the area of automotive coatings. There are today three important ways to make polymers. The first is by initiation of the polymerization with free radicals. The second is by initiation with ions, either cations or anions. The third method is by use of the well‐known Ziegler‐Natta catalysis. It is by this latter technique that high density polyethylene, polypropylene, linear low density polyethylene and a number of other important polymers are made.
Electrical Characterisation and Design of Multilayer Thick Film Circuit Boards for High Speed Digital Applications
Authors: Clatterbaugh G. , Charles H.K.
Published: November 2014

Numerical techniques and experimental methods for the electrical characterisation and design of large multilayer thick film circuit boards are discussed. The numerical techniques investigated here include the boundary element and finite element methods for the estimation of capacitance and inductance and the method of normal modes for the analysis of voltage crosstalk between coupled transmission lines. Three‐dimensional capacitance and inductance calculations are included for typical thick film signal line and power and ground grid plane configurations. Numerical results are compared with measured data obtained from carefully constructed test coupons. Electrical characteristics of several popular high speed logic families and their compatibility with multilayer thick film interconnects are discussed and guidelines for the design of large thick film circuit boards for high speed digital applications are presented.
Evan I. Farber: A tribute
Authors: Kirk Thomas G.
Published: November 2014

Thirty‐two years after he became Earlham College's director of libraries, Evan Farber retired on 30 June 1994. It was his seventy‐second birthday but not a birthday present he welcomed. Evan loves his work and will continue to be of service to Earlham College.
Managing the Inter‐organisational Context of Management Development in a Developing Country:
Authors: Schermerhorn John R. , Bussom Robert S. , Elsaid Hussein , Wilson Harold K.
Published: November 2014

Experience of a middle management training project in Egypt highlights the importance of interorganisational issues in planning and implementing management training projects in developing countries. The initial recognition of local interorganisational networks, identifying key organisations and their representative personnel, and actively working with networks from the perspective of planned interorganisational development activities (IOD) will ensure maximum local environmental support for a project.
Portfolio analysis: A planner's dilemma
Authors: Pekar Peter P.
Published: November 2014

FOR more than a decade, planners have relied on the portfolio analysis method for assessing the strategic posture of a company's individual businesses. But many top planners have begun to question the value and validity of the portfolio matrix. While this discontentment with matrix methodology appears to be confined to companies with either elementary or highly developed strategic planning systems, what management finds most frustrating is the difference between the amount of time and money spent on portfolio analysis and the value of the resulting strategies.
Anti‐vitamin C agents
Authors: Roche
Published: November 2014

Speakers at an international symposium organised by Roche summarised the present state of knowledge about the role of vitamin C in the body and debated whether some pill takers were risking vitamin C deficiency
QUINN v. BURCH BROTHERS (BUILDERS) LTD.
Authors: Sellers  , Danckwerts  , Salmon L.J.J.
Published: November 2014

March 8, 1966 Damages — Remoteness — Breach of contract — Independent sub‐contractor carrying out building work — Contractor's obligation to supply sub‐contractor with step‐ladder for building work — Breach of obligation — Sub‐contractor's use of trestle in absence of proper equipment — Sub‐contractor's fall from trestle — Action by sub‐contractor for breach of contract — Whether accident caused by breach of contract.
LAVARACK v. WOODS OF COLCHESTER LTD.
Authors: Denning  , Diplock L.J. , Russell L.J.
Published: November 2014

July 19, 1966 Master and Servant — Wrongful dismissal — Damages — Service agreement for annual salary and “such bonus (if any) as the directors … shall determine” — Employee not to invest in competing company without consent of employer — Bonus scheme ended after dismissal of employee — Higher salaries negotiated with employees — Whether future bonus or possible increase in salary to be taken into account — Employee's investment in competitive company — Employment by other company in which employee held shares — Increase in value of shares — Whether credit to be given for increased value of shares and investment in competitive company.
Books and Bookmen
Authors: Ivanhoe
Published: November 2014

The world grows steadily smaller, and affairs are now given as much prominence five thousand miles away from the scene of high incident as they are in places within easy range. The fact has occurred to me with particular force lately when reflecting on the change that has taken place in the political contents of American newspapers. Even less than a score of years ago one might buy papers in Detroit or Chicago and hardly realise from them that Europe existed. The change has been quite sudden and remarkable. Now the foreign news services of the great American papers are regarded as of considerable importance by the managements.
The Effect of pH on Electrolyte Detection of Fingermarks on Cartridge Cases and Subsequent Microscopic Examination
Authors: Liu Simon , Pflug Michelle , Hofstetter Robert , Taylor Michael
Published: November 2014

Cartridge cases may contain deposited fingermarks when the firearm was loaded (http://www.nij.gov/pubs-sum/225320.htm, J Forensic Sci, 53, 2008 and 812). Cartridge cases can be individualized with microscopic examination. However, heat and friction degrades the deposited fingermark on the fired cartridge cases, if any on the surface. Also, unfired and fired cartridge cases are made of metal, which is a nonporous surface that does not retain fingermarks well (http://www.nij.gov/pubs-sum/225320.htm). This study tests the effects of pH level on fingermark clarity on brass fired and unfired cartridge cases and microscopic striation examination (MSE). Two trials were performed to determine the optimal pH in fingermark clarity for both types of cartridges. This was performed through immersion in six pH range solutions from dilutions of sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide for 24 h for the purpose of enhancing the fingermarks on the metal. The use of the optimal neutral pH level is suggested because immersion of the cartridge cases in pH 1–3 and 3–5 affects MSE.
Alcohol Is Longitudinally Associated with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Partially Via High‐Density Lipoprotein
Authors: Suh Beomseok , Shin Dong Wook , Hwang Seung‐sik , Choi Ho‐Chun , Kwon Hyuktae , Cho BeLong , Park Jin Ho
Published: November 2014

Background

Previous studies on the association of alcohol consumption with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) have been inconsistent, and none took into account the dynamic nature of LUTS, fluctuating over time. The purpose of the study was to determine the longitudinal association of alcohol consumption with LUTS.

Methods

We used generalized estimating equations to analyze the longitudinal association of alcohol consumption with LUTS in a longitudinal study of 9,712 healthy men 30 years or older who visited our institution multiple times for routine comprehensive health evaluations, with an average follow‐up period of 27.9 months.

Results

Light–moderate alcohol consumption (0.1 to 29 g/d) was associated with decreased likelihood of moderate–severe LUTS, whereas heavy alcohol consumption (≥30 g/d) was associated with increased likelihood of moderate–severe LUTS in a dose‐dependent manner. Compared to those with 0 g/d alcohol intake, subjects who drank 0.1 to 9.9, 10 to 19.9, 20 to 29.9, 30 to 39.9, or ≥40 g/d of alcohol were in general significantly associated with moderate–severe LUTS with adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) as follows respectively: 0.94 (0.87 to 1.02), 1.00 (0.91 to 1.09), 0.85 (0.77 to 0.93), 1.08 (0.98 to 1.19), and 1.31 (1.19 to 1.44). However, the protective association of light–moderate alcohol consumption with LUTS was greatly attenuated when serum high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) was added to the analysis, specifically for voiding symptoms.

Conclusions

We show strong evidence there is longitudinal association of alcohol consumption with LUTS. The protective effect of light–moderate alcohol consumption on LUTS is in part modulated by HDL as a confounder, similar to its effect on coronary heart disease.
Nanowire Growth by an Electron‐Beam‐Induced Massive Phase Transformation
Authors: Sood Shantanu , Kisslinger Kim , Gouma Perena
Published: November 2014

Tungsten trioxide nanowires of a high aspect ratio have been synthesized in situ in a TEM under an electron beam of current density 14 A/cm2 due to a massive polymorphic reaction. Sol–gel‐processed cubic phase nanocrystals of tungsten trioxide were seen to rapidly transform to one‐dimensional monoclinic phase configurations, and this reaction was independent of the substrate on which the material was deposited. The mechanism of the self‐catalyzed polymorphic transition and accompanying radical shape change is a typical characteristic of metastable to stable phase transformations in nanostructured polymorphic metal oxides. The findings are important to the controlled electron beam deposition of nanowires for functional applications starting from colloidal precursors.
The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Industry Growth
Authors: Moore Tomoe , Mirzaei Ali
Published: November 2014

This article investigates the real effects of the recent global financial crisis by using industry panel data across 82 countries. We find that industry growth indicators experienced a sharp drop following the crisis. However, a closer inspection indicates that an adverse effect is pronounced in industries that are more dependent on external finance, and also in those industries that rely on trade credit due to under‐developed financial intermediation. It is also found that low‐ and lower‐middle‐income countries tend to experience a lesser impact on growth. These findings provide new evidence of the negative externalities associated with credit‐market friction.
“Time with Babe”: Seeing Fetal Remains after Pregnancy Termination for Impairment
Authors: Mitchell Lisa M.
Published: November 2014

Some North American hospitals now offer parents the opportunity to see, hold, and photograph fetal remains after pregnancy loss. I explore the social, material, and interpretive strategies mobilized to create this fetal visibility after second trimester–induced abortion for fetal anomaly. My analysis examines both the discursive framing of fetal remains in practice guidelines on pregnancy loss and the responses of a group of Canadian women to being offered “time with babe.” I show that while guidelines tend to frame contact with fetal remains as a response to women's desires to see their baby and to feel like mothers, women's experiences of this contact were shaped by more diverse wishes and concerns as well as by specific abortion practices and practitioner comments and actions.
Passive and Adaptive Damping Systems for Vibration Mitigation and Increased Fatigue Service Life of a Tied Arch Railway Bridge
Authors: Andersson Andreas , O'Connor Alan , Karoumi Raid
Published: November 2014

In this article, the use of external damping systems for vibration mitigation of railway bridge dynamics is studied. For a presented case study bridge, the performance of different tuned mass damper systems (TMDs) is studied. During train passage, the change in dynamic characteristics of the bridge may produce a significant detune to a passive TMD. Therefore, routines for a variable stiffness TMD using incremental frequency estimates are developed. Based on numerical simulations, the cumulative fatigue damage is calculated for different damper systems. Due to resonant behavior, the results are found to highly depend on the train speed. Based on an assumed probability density function for the train speed, fragility curves are produced to express the probability of fatigue failure as a function of the number of train passages.
Thermal-Hydraulic and Neutronic Analysis of a Reentrant Fuel-Channel Design for Pressure-Channel Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactors
Authors: Peiman W. , Pioro I. , Gabriel K.
Published: November 2014

To address the need to develop new nuclear reactors with higher thermal efficiency, a group of countries, including Canada, have initiated an international collaboration to develop the next generation of nuclear reactors called Generation IV. The Generation IV International Forum (GIF) Program has narrowed design options of the nuclear reactors to six concepts, one of which is supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR). Among the Generation IV nuclear-reactor concepts, only SCWRs use water as a coolant. The SCWR concept is considered to be an evolution of water-cooled reactors (pressurized water reactors (PWRs), boiling water reactors (BWRs), pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs), and light-water, graphite-moderated reactors (LGRs)), which comprise 96% of the current fleet of operating nuclear power reactors and are categorized under Generation II, III, and III+ nuclear reactors. The latter water-cooled reactors have thermal efficiencies of 30–36%, whereas the evolutionary SCWR will have a thermal efficiency of approximately 45–50%. In terms of a pressure boundary, SCWRs are classified into two categories, namely, pressure-vessel (PV) SCWRs and pressure-channel (PCh) SCWRs. A generic pressure-channel SCWR, which is the focus of this paper, operates at a pressure of 25 MPa with inlet and outlet coolant temperatures of 350°C and 625°C, respectively. The high outlet temperature and pressure of the coolant make it possible to improve thermal efficiency. On the other hand, high operating temperature and pressure of the coolant introduce a challenge for material selection and core design. In this view, there are two major issues that need to be addressed for further development of SCWR. First, the reactor core should be designed, which depends on a fuel-channel design. Second, a nuclear fuel and fuel cycle should be selected. Several fuel-channel designs have been proposed for SCWRs. These fuel-channel designs can be classified into two categories: direct-flow and reentrant channel concepts. The objective of this paper is to study thermal-hydraulic and neutronic aspects of a reentrant fuel-channel design. With this objective, a thermal-hydraulic code has been developed in MATLAB, which calculates fuel-centerline-temperature, sheath-temperature, coolant-temperature, and heat-transfer-coefficient profiles. A lattice code and diffusion code were used to determine a power distribution inside the core. Then, heat flux in a channel with the maximum thermal power was used as an input into the thermal-hydraulic code. This paper presents a fuel centerline temperature of a newly designed fuel bundle with UO2 as a reference fuel. The results show that the maximum fuel centerline temperature exceeds the design temperature limits of 1850°C for fuel.
Robust Filtering for Dynamic Compensation of Rhodium Self Powered Neutron Detectors
Authors: Peng Xingjie , Wang Kan , Li Qing
Published: November 2014

Self-Powered Neutron Detectors (SPNDs), which are widely used in nuclear reactors to obtain core neutron flux distribution, are accurate at steady state but responds slowly to changes in neutron flux. Dynamic compensation methods are required to improve the response speed of the SPNDs and make it possible to apply the SPNDs for core monitoring and surveillance. In this paper, three digital dynamic compensation methods are proposed. All of the three methods are based on the convex optimization framework using linear matrix inequalities (LMI). The simulation results show that three methods all can provide a reasonable balance between response speed and noise suppression.
Influence of Hydrodynamic Interaction on Jet Breakup and Fragmentation Behavior
Authors: Saito Shimpei , Abe Yutaka , Kaneko Akiko , Iwasawa Yuzuru , Matsuo Eiji , Ebihara Ken-ichi , Sakaba Hiroshi , Koyama Kazuya , Nariai Hideki
Published: November 2014

Mitigative measures against a Core Disruptive Accident (CDA) are important from the viewpoints of safety of a Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR). If a CDA occurs, Post Accident Heat Removal (PAHR) must be surely achieved. In the PAHR, molten materials are likely to be injected into the coolant like a jet and they must satisfy two requests simultaneously: fast ejection and stable cooling after quenched. In order to estimate the quench behavior of the molten jet, it is important to understand how the jet breaks up.

The objective of this study is to clarify that the influence of hydrodynamic interaction between a jet and the surrounding fluid on jet breakup. Previous works have clarified that one cause of the jet breakup is provoked by fragmentation at the side of a jet. However, there are few detailed results describing the correlation between jet breakup and hydrodynamic interaction at the leading-edge region of a jet. Additionally, air entrainment with a jet is always observed in our past experiments using simulants, but its influence has not been discussed yet.

In this study, jet injection experiments in liquid-liquid system were conducted for investigating the interaction a jet and an ambient fluid, and the effect of air entrainment on jet breakup behavior. Both simulant core materials and coolants were transparent liquids for visualization. The stored simulant core material was injected into a tank filled with the simulant coolant. In order to realize the condition without air entrainment, the air remaining within the nozzle was removed using a syringe. The jet breakup behavior was observed with a high speed video camera. A normal backlight system and a Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) system were employed for visualization. The inner velocity distribution of a jet was measured by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV).

As a result, in the experiments without air entrainment the jet breakup lengths were described by Epstein’s equation. In addition, a pair of vortices was observed at the leading-edge region. The vortices were generated at the leading edge and the leading edge rolled up by the vortices returned toward a jet core. Thus, it was very likely that the vortices at the leading edge region promoted jet breakup.
Study on Neutronics and Thermalhydraulics Characteristics of 1200-MWel Pressure-Channel SuperCritical Water-Cooled Reactor (SCWR)
Authors: Miletic Marija , Peiman Wargha , Farah Amjad , Samuel Jeffrey , Dragunov Alexey
Published: November 2014

Nuclear power becomes more and more important in many countries worldwide as a basis for current and future electrical-energy generation. The largest group of operating Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) equipped with water-cooled reactors (96% of all NPPs) have gross thermal efficiencies ranging from 30% and up to 36%. Such relatively low values of thermal efficiencies are due to lower pressures/temperatures at the inlet to a turbine (4.5–7.8 MPa / 257–293°C). However, modern combined-cycle power plants (Brayton gas-turbine cycle and subcritical-pressure steam Rankine cycle, fuel – natural gas) and supercritical-pressure coal-fired power plants have reached gross thermal efficiencies of 62% and 55%, respectively. Therefore, next generation or Generation IV NPPs with water-cooled reactors should have thermal efficiencies as close as possible to those of modern thermal power plants.

A significant increase in thermal efficiencies of water-cooled NPPs can be possible only due to increasing turbine inlet parameters above the critical point of water, i.e., SuperCritical Water-cooled Reactors (SCWRs) have to be designed. This path of the thermal-efficiency increasing is considered as a conventional way through which coal-fired power plants gone more than 50 years ago.

Therefore, an objective of the current paper is a study on neutronics and thermalhydraulics characteristics of a generic 1200-MWel Pressure-Channel (PCh) SCWR.

Standard neutronics codes DRAGON and DONJON have been coupled with a new thermalhydraulic code developed based on the latest empirical heat-transfer correlation, which allowed for more accurate estimation of basic characteristics of a PCh SCWR. In addition, the CFD Fluent code has been used for better understanding of specifics of heat transfer in supercritical water.

Future studies will be dedicated to materials and fuels testing in an in-pile supercritical-water loop and developing passive-safety systems.
Preliminary Analyses of Single Droplet Evaporation and Movement in the Steam Generator of HTR-PM
Authors: Xu Wei , Shi Lei , Zheng Yanhua , Liu Peng , He Liang
Published: November 2014

Water ingress accident is one of the most severe accidents which must be analyzed in high temperature gas-cooled reactor pebble-bed modular (HTR-PM). The droplet could enter the primary circuit under the design basis accident of a double-ended guillotine break of a heat transfer tube. This paper simulates the behavior of single droplet evaporation and movement in the steam generator by numerical methods. Based on the structure characteristics of steam generator, the life time of droplet and the distance that the single droplet could move have been analyzed. The important parameters such as the droplet diameter, helium temperature, helium pressure and helium velocity which have an influence on the behavior of droplet evaporation and movement have also been discussed in detail.

The preliminary numerical simulation results indicate that the droplet diameter, helium velocity and helium temperature play an important role in the life time of droplet in the accident situation in the primary circuit. Helium pressure has a little effect on droplet evaporation in practical situation. The numerical simulation results demonstrate that only certain droplets with a diameter in certain range could arrive to the bottom of the steam generator pressure vessel (SGPV) and enter into the steam generator annular channel after collision with the bottom of the SGPV. The distance that the single droplet could move in the primary circuit is decided by a various complex factors such as the structure of the primary circuit, the droplet diameter and helium velocity. The preliminary analyses indicate that there is little probability for the single droplet to enter into the reactor core of the HTR-PM.
Thermal Growth Simulations of the Rotor and Auxiliary Bearing Contact Events
Authors: Zhao Yulan , Yang Guojun , Shi Zhengang , Zhao Lei
Published: November 2014

As an essential component in the system of the HTR-10 helium turbine generator electromagnetic bearings, auxiliary bearings provide mechanical backup protection in case of the events of magnetic bearing failure happen. When contact events happen, highly localized and transient temperatures will arise from frictional heating over the dynamically varying contact area in the very short term and dissipate through the bearing in the longer term. When excessive temperature level occurs, rapid failure may be anticipated, thus it will become a serious threat to the safety of the HTR. This paper presents a detailed analysis of thermal growths due to the mechanical rub for a rotor drop on auxiliary bearings. With the aim to numerically analyze the heat generation and temperature rise, a 1D thermal model of the ball bearing composed of heat transfer network and heat sources based on heat transfer equations is established. The Matlab codes are developed to complete the numerical analysis, and an infrared method is utilized to investigate the temperature rise at the rotor/inner race contact surface. By the comparison between simulation results and the experimental data, this paper illustrates the thermal growth during a rotor drop process, which is highly non-linear. The results reveal that the axial contact force is critical to the bearing heat generation, and the ceramic balls with superior thermal properties are recommended.
Coupled Three Dimensional Neutronics/Thermal-Hydraulics Code STTA for SCWR Core Transient Analysis
Authors: Wang Lianjie , Zhao Wenbo , Yang Ping , Chen Bingde , Yao Dong
Published: November 2014

A coupled three dimensional neutronics/thermal-hydraulics code STTA (SCWR Three dimensional Transient Analysis code) is developed for SCWR core transient analysis. Nodal Green’s Function Method based on the second boundary condition (NGFMN_K) is used for solving transient neutron diffusion equation. The SCWR sub-channel code ATHAS is integrated into NGFMN_K through the serial integration coupling approach. The NEACRP-L-335 PWR benchmark problem and SCWR rod ejection problems are studied to verify STTA. Numerical results show that the PWR solution of STTA agrees well with reference solutions and the SCWR solution is reasonable. The coupled code can be well applied to the core transients and accidents analysis with 3-D core model during both subcritical pressure and supercritical pressure operation.
An Evaluation of the RPI Model for the Prediction of the Wall Heat Flux Partitioning in Subcooled Boiling Flows
Authors: Thakrar Ronak , Murallidharan Janani S. , Walker Simon P.
Published: November 2014

Subcooled boiling flows are encountered in most nuclear reactor configurations. Wall heat flux partitioning models form an integral part of the subcooled boiling formulations in CFD codes. These models attempt to describe the flow of heat from the wall into the fluid by dividing it according to several mechanisms of heat transfer. This work presents a one-dimensional evaluation of the wall heat flux partitioning model of Kurul and Podowski, also referred to commonly as the RPI model, which is used in the state-of-the-art codes of today. This model was assessed against the measurements of Okawa et al. for a vertically upward subcooled boiling flow of water at near atmospheric pressure. Although the predictions showed good agreement with the measured wall temperatures, significant discrepancies were observed in the predictions of the constituent sub-models that comprised the overall model. Prospects for improvement are discussed.
On Features of Thermal Design of Passive Evaporation-and-Condensation Systems of Reactor Thermal Shielding
Authors: Gershuni A. N. , Nishchik A. P. , Pis'mennyi E. N. , Razumovskiy V. G. , Pioro I. L.
Published: November 2014

Further development of nuclear engineering is inseparably linked with the requirement of vast application of the passive systems of heat removal running without human intervention. Creation of such systems is impossible, if only conventional engineering solutions are used. As known, to prevent propagation of the fission products into the environment there are three safety barriers. To provide operation of the third safety barrier (containment shell), in particular, of the reactor cavities both in operational and emergency modes a passive evaporation-and-condensation (EC) system of heat removal is proposed. The features of thermal design of the EC systems for thermal shielding of the reactor cavities are considered. They make it possible to determine the optimal main design variables of the EC systems and prove reasonability and efficiency of their application. The performed study validates engineering feasibility of an efficient EC system for thermal shielding of the reactor equipment.
Evaluation of Dynamic Loads due to Steam Condensation in Boiling Water Reactor ABWR Containment
Authors: Shioyama Tsutomu , Nakane Masashi , Miyagawa Takuya , Ukai Makoto , Watanabe Masanobu , Hagiwara Tsuyoshi
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this study is to identify hydrodynamic loads due to steam condensation acting on the Suppression Pool (S/P) in Primary Containment Vessel (PCV) of Advanced-Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR) by using general-purpose analysis code, ANSYS™. The source load methodology has been used to evaluate the hydrodynamic loads, which are classified into condensation oscillation (CO) and chugging (CH). When setting the design source from the confirmation test, the calculation method due to the eigenfunction of the cylindrical coordinate system was used. Since, there were various limitations in the previous approaches, a new analysis approach has been expected. In this study, the pool of ABWR horizontal-vent confirmatory test facility is modeled with the ANSYS™ acoustic elements. The calculation results are in good agreement with the test pressure oscillations. It is confirmed that the proposed approach can create the design source enveloping the PSD of test results.
The CHF Enhancement Combining Nano-Fluid and Honeycomb Porous Plate in a Saturate Pool Boiling
Authors: Mori Shoji , Aznam Suazlan Mt , Okuyama Kunito
Published: November 2014

Several studies have proposed the use of nanofluids to enhance the in-vessel retention (IVR) capability in the severe accident management strategy implemented at certain light-water reactors. Systems using nanofluids for IVR must be applicable to large-scale systems, i.e., infinite heated surfaces. However, the effect of the size of heater with nanoparticle deposition was revealed that the CHF is decreased with the increased heater size. On the other hand, the CHF using a honeycomb porous plate was shown experimentally to be more than twice that of a plain surface with a heated surface diameter of 30 mm, which is comparatively large compared to 10 mm. This enhancement is resulted from the capillary supply of liquid onto the heated surface and the release of vapor generated through the channels.

In the present paper, in order to enhance the CHF of a large heated surface, the effects of a honeycomb porous plate and a nanofluid on the CHF were investigated experimentally. As a result, the CHF was enhanced greatly by the attachment of a honeycomb porous plate to the modified heated surface by nanoparticle deposition, even in the case of a large heated surface.
Research Reactor Analysis Using Thermal Hydraulic and Neutron Kinetic Coupling
Authors: Costa Antonella Lombardi , Reis Patrícia Amélia de Lima , Pereira Claubia , Veloso Maria Auxiliadora Fortini , da Silva Clarysson Alberto Mello
Published: November 2014

Simulations of complex scenarios in nuclear power plants have been improved by the utilization of coupled thermal hydraulic (TH) and neutron kinetics (NK) system codes with the development of computer technology and new calculation methodology which made it possible to perform transport calculation schemes with accurate solutions. This paper presents a model for the IPR-R1 TRIGA research reactor using the RELAP5-3D 3.0.0 code. By using this code, a multi-dimensional neutron kinetics model based on the NESTLE code can be implemented also. In this way, during a 3D TH/NK coupled simulation, RELAP5-3D calls the appropriate NESTLE subroutines to perform the calculations. The development and the assessment of the thermal hydraulic RELAP5 code model for the IPR-R1 TRIGA have been validated for steady state and transient situations and the results were published in preceding works. The model has been adapted to RELAP5-3D code and was verified to point kinetic calculations. After this, adequate cross sections to the NK code were supplied using the WIMSD5 code. The results of steady state and transient calculations using the 3D neutron modeling to the IPR-R1 are being presented in this paper.
Experimental Study on the Thermal Hydraulic Characteristics of Liquid Sodium Flowing in an Annulus
Authors: Qiu Zicheng , Ma Zaiyong , Qiu Suizheng , Wu Yingwei , Su Guanghui
Published: November 2014

Thermal hydraulic characteristics of liquid sodium flowing in an annulus are experimentally studied. The annulus is 1100 mm in length, 6 mm as inside diameter and 10 mm as outside diameter. The heat flux in the experiment is from 50 to 210 kW/m2, with Re number from 0 to 18000 and average fluid temperature from 200 °C to 500 °C. Experimental data show that the flow regime of liquid sodium flowing in the annulus can be divided into three regions including laminar flow (Re<2000), transition flow (2000<Re<4000) and turbulent flow (Re>4000). The effects of heat flux, Re number and average fluid temperature of the test section on the heat transfer coefficient are investigated separately. For different regions, correlations for the friction coefficient and for the Nu number are obtained from the experimental data.
Choking Flow of Subcooled Liquid in Steam Generator Tube Wall Cracks
Authors: Vadlamani Ram Anand , Revankar Shripad T. , Riznic Jovica R.
Published: November 2014

Steam generator tubes have a history of small cracks and even ruptures, which lead to a loss of coolant from the primary side to the secondary side. Currently, steam generators operate under a leak-before-break approach. A rupture then signifies the loss of the integrity of the tube itself. Therefore, choking flow plays an integral part not only in the engineered safeguards of a nuclear power plant, but also to everyday operation. Choked flow of subcooled water through small cracks such as in steam generator tube wall cracks is studied both with experiments and analytical models. The knowledge of this maximum flow rate through a crack in the steam generator tubes of a pressurized water nuclear reactor will allow designers to calculate leak rates and design inventory levels accordingly while limiting losses during loss of coolant accidents. Slits of very small channel length to hydraulics diameter ratio (L/D) were manufactured and tested upto 6.89 MPa pressure and range of subcoolings 10–40 °C. Small flow channel length was used (1.3mm) equivalent to steam generator tube thickness with differences in surface roughness. The effect of L/D on the choking flow rates was examined and was contrasted with other data in literature. Analytical models were applied highlighting the importance of non-equilibrium effects and the effects of L/D ranging from 1.3 to 400 on the chocked flow were investigated.