bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restitution De Pseudorhombila Xanthiformis Garth, 1940, Pour Nanoplax Garthi Guinot, 1969 (Decapoda, Goneplacidae)
Authors: Hendrickx Michel E.
Published: April 2008

The recent collection of two females and onc male of Pseudorhombila xanthiformis Garth, 1940, in the Gulf of California, permits to complete the definition of this species previously known from female specimens only. P. xanthiformis was transferred to the genus Nanoplax Guinot, 1969, as N. garthi Guinot, 1969, nom. nov. A close examination of the sternum-abdomen organization and of the sexual pleopods of the male, and the comparison of this fresh material of P. xanthiformis, with P. quadridentata (Latreille, 1828), P. octodentata Rathbun, 1906, and P. guinotae Hernandez-Aguilera, 1982 on the one hand, and on the other hand with Nanoplax xanthiformis (A. Milne Edwards, 1880), the type-species of Nanoplax, lead us to the conclusion that Garth's species should be maintained in the genus Pseudorhombila A. Milne Edwards.
Life History of Gammarus Balcanicus Schaferna, 1922 From the Bieszczady Mountains (Eastern Carpathians, Poland)
Authors: Zielinski Dariusz
Published: April 2008

Life history pattern of the amphipod Gammarus balcanicus occurring in the Western Bieszczady Mountains is given and compared with literature data concerning the biology of this species.
Life History of Echinogammarus Ischnus (Stebbing, 1898) (Amphipoda) From Artificially Heated Lichenskie Lake (Poland)
Authors: Konopacka Alicja , Jesionowska Krystyna
Published: April 2008

The life history of Echinogammarus ischnus was studied in Licheńskie lake, a water basin heated by a big power plant. Results are compared with literature data concerning populations of this species living in its natural habitat.
Sphaeromatidae From the Watamu Area, Kenya Description of a New Genus and Four New Species (Isopoda, Flabellifera)
Authors: Müller H.-G.
Published: April 2008

The present contribution on sphaeromatid isopods from shallow water coral reef locations in Kenya reports on four new species in the genera Afrocerceis n.gen., Paracilicea Stebbing, 1910 and Paradella Harrison & Holdich, 1982. They are described in detail, with remarks on their inter-specific affinities, habitat preference and biogeography. A description is further provided for Dynamenella scaptocephala Messana, 1990. Paracassidinopsis perlata (Roman, 1974) is first recorded from the African continent.
Confirmation of Upogebia Pugnax De Man, 1905 From Japan (Decapoda, Thalassinidea)
Authors: Sakai Katsushi
Published: April 2008

An adult specimen of Upogebia pugnax is described, and the occurrence of the species in Japan is confirmed. New Caledonian specimens previously assigned to U. pugnax probably belong to a new species.
Caractères Biométriques De Penaeus Kerathurus (Forskål, 1775) Du Golfe De Gabès, Tunisie (Decapoda, Penaeidae)
Authors: Ben Mariem Sadok
Published: April 2008

Eight-hundred-and-twenty-five individuals of Penaeus kerathurus were obtained from the landings of shrimp trawlers in a programme from February 1991 to February 1992. These samples consisted of 479 females and 346 males. In each sample the smallest sized specimen was a male and the biggest a female. The mean size Lc (= carapace length) of females (38.8 mm) is significantly greater than the mean size of males (Lc = 32.5 mm). Allometric equations show that the increases in size of, e.g., telson, rostrum, height, total size or weight in relation to the carapace length (reference size) is nearly equal for the two sexes and is expressed for all characters (except height and weight) in both sexes by a negative allometry. Application of the equality test of the regression slope for male and female shows that the parallelism hypothesis is accepted for all the regressions established, except that of weight in relation to the total length where the difference is highly significant.
An Account of Our Knowledge of the Amphipod Fauna of the Aegean Sea
Authors: Stefanidou D. , Voultsiadou-Koukoura E.
Published: April 2008

During benthic surveys in the northern Aegean Sea, 188 amphipod species were found; 39 among these comprise new records for the amphipod fauna of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, 41 are reported for the first time from the Aegean Sea and 62 are new for the fauna of the northern Aegean Sea. A checklist of the amphipods known from the Aegean Sea up to the present is given (239 species), along with their distribution in certain Mediterranean areas. For the most interesting species found, information on their distribution and their habitat is given. The amphipod fauna of the above areas is estimated, on the basis of the relevant literature. Finally, the affinities among these areas using the coefficient of Czekanowski, along with the number of species common to each pair of areas, are estimated.
Zymogen Secreting Cells in the Hepatopancreatic Duct of Pagurus Bernhardus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Clibanarius Longitarsus (De Haan, 1849) (Anomura)
Authors: Erri Babu D. , Manjulatha C.
Published: April 2008

Histological and histochemical observations reveal that there are two clusters of acidic polysaccharide secreting glands at the opening of the mouth into the oesophagus in Pagurus bernhardus and Clibanarius longitarsus. Below these there are structurally similar glands in the connective tissue of the oesophagus. The epithelial cells lining the hepatopancreatic main duct show secretory activity and they secrete acidophilic granular secretions, which are chemically similar to vertebrate pancreatic zymogen granules. Electron microscopic studies reveal the presence of secretory cells in the hepatopancreatic duct and the synthesis of zymogens within these cells. The time of release of these granular secretions synchronizes with the release of the food material into the midgut.
A New Record of Clistocoeloma Sinense Shen, 1933, From Taiwan (Decapoda, Brachyura, Grapsidae, Sesarminae), With Notes On Its Distribution and Ecology
Authors: Hsueh Pan-Wen , Huang Jung-Fu
Published: April 2008

The poorly known sesarmine crab Clistocoeloma sinense Shen, 1933, previously known only from Zhejiang in China, is recorded from the western part of Taiwan for the first time. The species is compared with the closely related C. merguiense De Man, 1888, and the differences discussed and illustrated. Specimens and records from Taiwan previously ascribed to C. merguiense are almost certainly C. sinense instead. Notes on the ecology of C. sinense are also presented.
Locomotor Activity Patterns and Feeding Habits in the Prawn Palaemon Serratus (Pennant, 1777) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae) in the Alfacs Bay, Ebro Delta, Spain
Authors: Guerao G. , Ribera C.
Published: April 2008

Diel activity rhythms of the prawn Palaemon serratus from Alfacs Bay, Ebro Delta, Spain, were studied under laboratory conditions by time-lapse video recording. The activity pattern showed endogenous rhythmicity of a circadian period with maximum activity at night. The feeding habits of P. serratus were studied using the frequency-of-occurrence method and the points method. The food of this species mainly consists of molluscs and crustaceans, and the remains of gastropods, amphipods, isopods, bivalves, mysids, copepods, and decapods were identified. The remaining items consisted of cnidarians, polychaetes, ophiuroids, plant material, sand, and unidentified organic debris. Results indicate that P. serratus is a predator of benthic invertebrates rather than a scavenger or detritus feeder. Diet composition changes with the size of the prawn.
Ongrowing of Juvenile Spiny Lobsters, Panulirus Argus (Latreille, 1804) (Decapoda, Palinuridae), in Portable Sea Enclosures
Authors: Lozano-Alvarez Enrique
Published: April 2008

The spiny lobster catch from Bahia de la Ascensión, a large bay on the central coast of the Mexican Caribbean, is composed mainly of young adults and large juveniles of Panulirus argus. The fishery in this bay is based on artificial shelters called "casitas". A substantial part of the lobsters found beneath the casitas is of sublegal size (minimum size limit ~ 74 mm carapace length, CL). The possibility of ongrowing sublegal juveniles in portable sea enclosures to maximize the harvestable biomass was explored. The enclosures (3 x 3 x 1 m) were installed in shallow depths in the bay. Juveniles taken from nearby casitas were introduced in the enclosures and kept for different periods. Lobsters were fed with live molluscs and fish remains and were provided with suitable shelters. Experiments were conducted in two stages, in 1992 and 1993. Growth in size (CL) and in harvestable biomass (weight of legal-size lobsters) was examined. Maximum growth rates, lower percentages of mortality, and higher increases in harvestable biomass of lobsters were obtained after about 45 days. Confinement periods longer than 45 days resulted in reduced growth and higher mortality. Observations on lobster behaviour showed an increase in aggressive encounters and dominance displays from the third week of captivity onwards, which could be the main cause for the increase in mortality. The alternative of ongrowing sublegal juveniles for short periods (45 days), in conjuction with the casita system, could help increase the unit value of the catch.
Notes On the Taxonomy and Ecology of Aliaporcellana Telestophila (Johnson, 1958) (Decapoda, Anomura, Porcellanidae), a Crab Commensal On the Gorgonian Solenocaulon
Authors: Goh Nigel K.C. , Ng Peter K.L.
Published: April 2008

The taxonomy and ecology of the porcellanid crab, Aliaporcellana telestophila, is elaborated upon. Variations in the structure of the carapace and chelipeds are documented and figured. The species, previously thought to be a commensal of Telesto (Clavulariidae), is shown to be actually associated with another octocoral, Solenocaulon (Anthothelidae).
Copepods From Ground Waters of Western Australia. Iii. Diacyclops Humphreysi N. Sp., and Comments On the Diacyclops Crassicaudis-Complex (Copepoda, Cyclopidae)
Authors: De Laurents P. , Pesce G.L.
Published: April 2008

Diacyclops humphreysi n. sp. is described from the Cape Range karst area, North-west Cape Peninsula, Western Australia. The new species fits the Diacyclops crassicaudis-complex (Reid, 1992), being close to D. longifurcus Shen & Sung, 1963, from China and D. alticola Kiefer, 1935, from India. The Diacyclops crassicaudis-complex is for the first time recorded in Australia.
Biochemical and Morphological Evidence for a New Species of River Crab Potamonautes Parvispina Sp. Nov. (Brachyura, Potamonautidae)
Authors: Stewart Barbara A.
Published: April 2008

Potamonautid river crabs were collected from four sites along the Olifants River in the Western Cape, South Africa in order to determine morphological and genetic differentiation among these populations. Two distinct forms were identified, and fixed allele differences at some allozyme loci between sympatric populations of the two forms confirmed that they were reproductively isolated. It was concluded that these forms represent two species, one of which was previously unknown, and is described in this paper as Potamonautes parvispina sp. nov.
New Records of Microcyclops Afghanicus Lindberg, 1948 From Kazakhstan, Central Asia (Copepoda, Cyclopoida)
Authors: Kuzmetov A.R. , Sharapova L.I. , Stuge T.S. , Mirabdullayev I.M.
Published: April 2008

Microcyclops afghanicus, a poorly known species previously reported only from Afghanistan and southern Siberia, has been found in Kazakhstan for the first time. New data on the morphology, variability, and distribution of the species are given. The synonymy of M. afghanicus Lindberg, 1948 and M. longiramus Shen & Sung, 1965 is proposed.
Moina Macrocopa (Straus, 1820) (Branchiopoda, Anomopoda) in South America: Another Case of Species Introduction?
Authors: Paggi Juan Cesar
Published: April 2008

Moina macrocopa hitherto unrecorded from the Neotropical Region is reported from Corrientes, northern Argentina. The features exhibited by the specimens found, which are described and illustrated, differ from that of M. m. americana, distributed in North America, and agree with those of the typical form. This apparent discrepancy and the probable introduction from the Old World are discussed. A key to the species of Moina occurring in South America is presented.
Phänomenologische Philosophie Oder Phänomenologische Psychologie?
Authors: Streiffeler Friedhelm
Published: April 2008

The first question raised in this article concerns the central points of Husserl's phenomenological psychology. They consist essentially of the following: (1) a re-questioning (going back) of the types of objects encountered to their mode of being experienced, and (2) an emphasis on the non-empirical (eidetic) character of this type of psychology. A criticism then follows that Husserl's analyses are too general; they are more ontologically than psychologically interesting. It is further criticized that Husserl's phenomenological psychology is primarily oriented toward the problems of gnosology and not so much at the problems of the everyday behavior of man. Nevertheless, the critique of Husserl affirms that phenomenological psychology is important for theoretical psychology insofar as Husserl very clearly develops the principles of concept-formation of psychology as a science. If phenomenological psychology is to be concrete and applicable to psychology, one must ask which are the concrete types of objects from which one has to go back to consciousness. These types of objects have been identified as work-tasks. This conception of phenomenological psychology accords with its eidetical character since the individual mode of performance of a work-task is in general largely irrelevant. To prove this conception from another viewpoint, the analysis of some French phenomenologists were scrutinized. First of all, it was shown how Politzer, one of the first French phenomenolo
Suggestions for an Existential-Phenomenological Understanding of Erikson's Concept of Basic Trust
Authors: Knowles Richard T.
Published: April 2008

This article is meant to be suggestive, not thorough, in the themes presented. It is suggestive of the ways in which an existential-phenomenological approach may contribute to an understanding of a fundamental therapeutic and lived issue. Beginning with a very brief description of what is experienced as fundamental in therapy, the ground on which all other issues depend, the developmental framework of Erikson was consulted since it was assumed that therapy was a reflection of life. The most fundamental issue for Erikson was the crisis of basic trust versus basic mistrust. Trust was understood and revealed by him in terms of bodily trust, ego predictability and its social aspects. Using Heidegger's Care Structure as a framework, the absence of the existential, future-oriented characteristic of trust became apparent and the contribution of a phenomenological approach became visible. In using Erikson's word "hope" for this characteristic, it became apparent that not only was the future characteristic added but that within it the bodily and ego aspects could be integrated. Some phenomenological research was referred to which demonstrated that this integration was a fuller and more accurate reflection of human experience than the more specialized psychoanalytic understanding of Erikson. Marcel's description of hope was then consulted for a further understanding of this characteristic and finally the fundamental issue in therapy was identified as a crisis of hope. We use the word hope often in our daily experience. What this article points to as a research topic which would be central to therapy and to the lived world is what we mean when we say, "I hope." The structure of the experience of hoping would reveal much of what is central to both the world of therapy and the lived world.
La Naissance De L'Espace Familial
Authors: Mook Bep , Bernabé Jean
Published: April 2008

This article is the result of a theoretical analysis of a consultation family therapy interview conducted by the well-known family therapist, Dr. S. Minuchin. In the interview, Minuchin effectively challenges the family's structure and the individual members' presenting identities and social roles. Through his successful use of metaphor and techniques like confrontation, enactment and confirmation, he leads the family members out of their confinement toward interaction. Based on a phenomenologically oriented analysis, the authors propose a theoretical formulation to account for the interpersonal space created during the therapeutic process. The directing question they address is: if every member of the family is confined to and legitimates his own conception of himself and his circumstances, how can mutually influencing relations be evoked? A main hypothesis is posed: the therapist faced with conflictual relationships effects consecutive synthesis which allow movement toward desired and alternative behaviors and toward the integration of each member into the family. Initially, the presenting behaviors are of a repetitive and unidimensional nature. The therapist proceeds to unlock these states mainly by using metaphors which point towards actual behaviors and desired alternatives. He thus opens a second dimension by presenting means which make reflection possible and heightens differentiation of self. Subsequently, the family members are led toward the formation of a positive and shared identity confirmed and affectively supported by the therapist. This process results in a third dimension where family members manifest personal reflective awareness of different ways of relating to each other. Integration of the individuals into a new family matrix becomes possible.
An Empirical Validation of Schopenhauer's Theory of Music Through Analysis of Listeners' Experiences of Mahler's Ninth Symphony
Authors: Osborne John W. , Kennedy Lillian
Published: April 2008

In the end, even the creative achievements of Shakespeare and Bach must be eradicated by death and nothingness, when the earth is burnt up in the sun. But the temporality of human existence and meaning does not invalidate the quest for meaning-for even that future universe, as dead as it must be will have some meaning, in that it contains the artifacts, even in ashes, of the sometime existence of human life and consciousness. We HAVE BEEN. It was towards this vision that Mahler strove (Holbrook, 1975, p. 29).
What Is Guilt?
Authors: Brooke Roger
Published: April 2008

This summary is offered as a psychological definition of being-guilty. Guilt is lived pre-reflectively in a context of real or imaginary accusatory others, and is constituted as a person accepts responsibility for damaged world-relationships whose meanings constitute shared and personally appropriated values. The contradiction between valued and damaged world-relationships is lived existentially as a rupture between revealed and hidden modalities, in which an appearance of harmony and integrity is maintained by concealing both the hidden, damaged world-relationships to which the person feels guiltily indebted, and the fact of the existential rupture. Guilt's mood is constituted as feelings, not necessarily clearly articulate, of lack of self-acceptance. Guilt is resolved as, and to the extent that, the existential rupture is closed, and the person is able to be fully and unambiguously present in his openness to the world.
Reflective Phenomenology: an Alternative Approach To the Study of the Immigrant Experience
Authors: Polyzoi Eleoussa
Published: April 2008

... immigrants are not just things of various sexes and ages who arrive as part of a recruitment target and, having been distributed as units through an economic system, are subjected to this or that abstract analysis of assimilation or hypothesis of discrimination. They are human beings grappling with the anxieties and pleasures of life in a new world and the best clue to their life and future often lies in their own thoughts and words (Price, 1969, p. 237).
Developing an Empirical-Phenomenological Approach to Schizophrenia Research
Authors: Davidson Larry
Published: April 2008

Schizophrenia has historically been considered a severe psychiatric disorder with a chronic and progressive course; an assumption that has shaped both clinical research and public policy. Recent studies have suggested, however, that many people recover from this disorder to varying degrees, prompting new research approaches that focus on factors influencing improvement as well as pathology. An empirical-phenomenological approach appears especially promising as an avenue to investigating the active role the person may play in improvement. The dimensions of everyday life that are discussed as providing a conceptual framework for investigations of the active role of the person are intentionality, temporality, and meaning. Within this framework a four-step process of recovering and reconstructing the self in schizophrenia is then delineated, with concrete illustrations of each step drawn from interviews with one young woman with schizophrenia. The findings are taken to represent the kinds of valuable insights that may be garnered from an empirical-phenomenological approach to research built upon a recognition of the importance of the dimensions of intentionality, temporality, and meaning in the everyday life of those afflicied with severe mental illness. There is only the fight to recover what has been lost And found and lost again and again. T. S. Eliot
Heideggerian Psychiatry? The Freudian Unconscious in Medard Boss and Jacques Lacan
Authors: Boothby Richard
Published: April 2008

This paper examines Medard Boss's rejection of the Freudian unconscious. Boss's position is criticized for its failure to do justice to the clinical relevance of the unconscious and to provide adequate answers to key theoretical questions. An alternative approach to the concept of the unconscious is sought in the work of the French analyst, Jacques Lacan.
Ten standard Objections to Qualitative Research Interviews
Authors: Kvale Steinar
Published: April 2008

Qualitative research has tended to evoke rather stereotyped objections from the mainstream of social science. Ten standardized responses to the stimulus "qualitative research interview" are discussed: it is not scientific, not objective, not trustworthy, nor reliable, not intersubjective, not a formalized method, not hypothesis testing, not quantitative, not generalizable, and not valid. With the objections to qualitative interviews highly predictable, they may be taken into account when designing, reporting, and defending an interview study. As a help for new qualitative researchers, some of the issues, concepts, and arguments involved are outlined, and the relevancy of the standard objections is discussed. Alternative conceptions of qualitative research, coming from phenomenological and hermeneutical traditions, are suggested. The qualitative interview based on conversation and interaction here appears as a privileged access to a linguistically constituted social world.
A Genetic (Psychological) Phenomenology of Perception
Authors: Lutgens Brian , Rojcewicz Richard
Published: April 2008

This paper focuses on the concept of the "intentional arc" in Merleau-Ponty, who maintains that perception comes into play within, and is nourished by, an already established relation between the person and the world. That obscure relation, the intentional arc, is the "genesis" of perception, and this paper argues that in it resides the proper theme of a psychological phenomenology of perception. A study of the intentional arc shows that perception is not a passive, causal, impersonal process. On the contrary, perception is active in that it requires the perceiver's free consent to the solicitations stemming from the world; it is thus only motivated or beckoned, but not caused; and it rests on a personal foundation, which is to say that it depends on the entire psychological life of the perceiver. A subsequent paper will enrich and develop the implications of this thesis by taking up the phenomenology of hallucinations.
Beauty and Lust
Authors: Lingis Alphonso
Published: April 2008

Why does lust demand beauty? How does it differ from functional beauty and from the beauty of what is purposive without definable purpose? Does eroticism really aim at visions of immortality ? How does erotic craving differ from the cognitive or practical intentions that aim at objects or objectives ? What is the difference between sexual satisfaction and the erotic transport ? Is erotic passion really a craving for the quiescence of the inert? What is erotic glamour in women and in men ? What kind of animality does eroticism see and crave in human bodies? Why is it youth that inflames the extreme emotions of eroticism ?
The Meaning of Participation
Authors: Ashworth Peter D.
Published: April 2008

Though there are few more pervasive features of the social world than the ebb and flow of individual participation, the literature only provides hints as to its phenomenology. The phenomenological investigation of social participation presented in this paper indicates that it essentially entails: 1. Attunement to the others' "stock of knowledge at hand" (though a non-cognitive understanding of this Schutzian term is necessary). 2. Emotional and motivational attunement to the group's concerns. 3. Taking for granted (and implicitly assuming the others take it for granted) that one can contribute appropriately. 4. Being able to assume that one's identity is not under threat. Though the implications can only be touched on in this paper, the phenomenological clarification of participation is a valuable resource, grounding many lines of research of contemporary significance-for instance, in education and the other "person professions" and in social policy and political science-and suggesting fruitful new perspectives.
The Theory, Practice, and Evaluation of the Phenomenological Method as a Qualitative Research Procedure
Authors: Giorgi Amedeo
Published: April 2008

This article points out the criteria necessary in order for a qualitative scientific method to qualify itself as phenomenological in a descriptive Husserlian sense. One would have to employ (1) description (2) within the attitude of the phenomenological reduction, and (3) seek the most invariant meanings for a context. The results of this analysis are used to critique an article by Klein and Westcott (1994), that presents a typology of the development of the phenomenological psychological method.
Toward a Phenomenological Consumer Psychology: an Empirical Investigation of Buying
Authors: Wertz Frederick J.
Published: April 2008

An empirical investigation of "buying" is presented in order to demonstrate the potential contribution of phenomenological research methods in consumer psychology. The methods used illustrate the principles delineated by Giorgi (1997). Raw data is presented with an invitation for readers to carry out their own analyses in order to compare different researchers' results and procedures. One Individual Psychological Structure and one General Psychological Structure of "buying" are presented. The findings highlight the meanings of such essential constituents as temporality, desire, cognition, social relations, the buying act, and ownership.
A Phenomenological Perspective On Some Phenomenographic Results On Learning
Authors: Giorgi Amedeo
Published: April 2008

In this article two different descriptive, qualitative analytic perspectives applied to the area of learning are compared, demonstrating, in part, that normal science in qualitative research can be conducted. The two perspectives are phenomenography and phenomenology and the comparison is between the different perspectives themselves and the results they produce. Phenomenography is basically an empirical approach that developed more from practice than theory and the phenomenological scientific approach used is a particularization of the Husserlian philosophical phenomenological method, as its practice is claimed to be consistent with phenomenological criteria at the level of scientific application. There is a certain convergence in the findings of the two approaches but the level of analysis actually performed by each perspective made a direct comparison of the findings difficult.
Investigations of the Western Temenos of Olbia
Authors: Rusyaeva A.S.
Published: April 2008

Excavations since the 1920s show the presence in Olbia of two sacred areas (temene), East and West, divided by a main street. The author's excavations of the Western temenos reveal what was probably the earliest sanctuary, of the sixth century, followed at the end of that century by a stone temple dedicated to Apollo Ietros, guardian deity of the city. The sanctuary can be shown to have been considered a sacred area right down to the end of the city's history. The excavation of a sanctuary of Cybele, dated from at least the 2nd half of the 6th c. B.C., refutes earlier views that situated it on the E. temenos. Also found was a sanctuary of Hermes and Aphrodite with a 3rd c. B.C. temple. The presence of a sanctuary of the Dioscuri can be shown from dedications but its site cannot yet be pinpointed. Altars found on the West temenos can be classified as rectangular, round and primitive. Intact ash piles have also been analyzed. Many bothroi were found, including reused water cisterns. Their contents included masses of ceramic material (Attic pottery, local grey-ware and other East Greek ware), Olbian dolphin and arrowhead coins, votive offerings, ostraca and an abundance of architectural terracotta. It is clear that from the foundation of the city a considerable area of its urban area was assigned to sanctuaries and that this area remained the focus of the religious life of the Olbian state throughout its existence.
Cast Money and Coins of Kerkinitis of the Fifth Century B.C
Authors: Kutajsov Vadim A.
Published: April 2008

84 bronze cast coins of 5 previously unknown types, found in 1982-86 during excavations of the earliest layers of Kerkinitis, and here presented and discussed. The types are: i. narrow leaf-shaped arrowhead money, cast in double moulds (3 specimens dated to the first third of the 5th cent. B.C. ii. flat pieces imitating bilobate arrowheads (38 specimens mostly dated to 470-460 B.C.) iii. arrow money, with a representations of a fish on one side (27 specimens dated to 2nd-3rd quarters of the 5th cent. B.C.) iv. one piece with a fish/dolphin on one side and the city name KA on the other (first issued in the course of the last third of the 5th cent. B.C. but still in circulation in the first quarter of the 4th ccnt. B.C.) v. 8 small-denomination pieces of the same series as iv with a fish on one side and the ethnikon K on the other (first issued at the end of the third quarter of the 5th cent. B.C. but still found in strata of the early 4th cent. and 3rd cent. B.C.). All the coins were cast, but the matrices used have yet to be found. The provenance of the metal used is unknown, but the relatively low weight of the coins would seem to indicate that little importance was attached to their metal content. Kerkinitis seems to have begun production of the earliest coin type, the arrowhead money, in the first third of the 5th cent. B.C. when its circulation was on the wane in other cities of the NW Black Sea area. Dolphin-shaped money does not seem to have been circulated in Kerkinitis as it did in Olbia, where it became the main coin type. The author suggests that the emission of transitional type iii may have to be seen in the context of the contest in the region between the cults of Apollo the Healer (popular in Kerkinitis) and Apollo Delphinios (stronger elsewhere) and thus as an attempt to reconcile the demands of both trade and cult symbolism. The appearance of the ethnikon on the reverse of types iv and v clearly points to their civic origin. The presence of a fish/dolphin symbol on their other sides shows their continuity with the typology of earlier coin series. Monetary practice at Kerkinitis shows clear similarities with that of other Ionian city-states of the NW Pontic area, especially Olbia. However Kerkinitis did not issue slavish copies of arrowhead and fish coins, but produced original forms, which differed markedly from those of other Greek cities.
Late Bronze/Early Iron Age Fortresses of the Ararat and Shirak Plains, Armenia: Typological Considerations1
Authors: Smith Adam T.
Published: April 2008

Walled fortresses set atop rock outcrops and hills are the dominant settlement type documented in archaeological investigations of late second/early first millennium B.C. southern Transcaucasia. These sites arose as centers of the emerging complex polities in the region, marking not only the expansion of social inequalities but the formalization of a governmental apparatus. However, there have been few systematic attempts to understand the morphology of Late Bronze/Early Iron Age fortresses and assess dimensions of formal variation. This article proposes a typology of these early southern Transcaucasian fortresses based upon qualitative dimensions of a corpus of fortress sites from the Ararat and Shirak plains of the Republic of Armenia. Variation in these qualitative dimensions is then assessed in reference to quantitative elements of settlement.
Images of the Supernatural World: Bactria-Margiana Seals and Relations With the Near East and the Indus
Authors: Aruz Joan
Published: April 2008

This paper focuses on one aspect of the representation of divinity in the Oxus region: the way in which animal and human characteristics are combined to create various supernatural creatures. Both the presence and absence of certain attributes are emphasized in the attempt to define the extent to which the Oxus region relates to that of its neighbours both east and west. There are some pervasive similarities in the artistic rendering of divine power throughout the Near East, western Central Asia and the Indus Valley. However, there are also major differences, which seem to illustrate the impact of Mesopotamian divine imagery on Harappan art, while the deities and demons of Bactria-Margiana belong to a world similar, in part, to that expressed in the arts of southern Iran.
1350-1750? The Perspective of Intellectual History
Authors: Higman Francis
Published: April 2008

The author argues a case for the choice of the period 1350-1750 for the Journal. After a survey of a number of new discoveries that are concentrated in the centre of the period, he treats in more detail the implications of the birth of modem science, the growth of specialization, and the dethroning of theology which take place within this timespan. The exposé is based on European culture, as is the choice of period; the aim of the Journal is to establish "contacts, contrasts, and comparisons" with other cultures, quite possibly outside the dates appropriate to the study of Europe.
Spanish America in Eighteenth-Century European Travel Compilations: a New "Art of Reading" and the Transition To Modernity
Authors: Cañizares Esguerra Jorge
Published: April 2008

By the mid-eighteenth century sixteenth-century Spanish American testimonies on the New World suddely lost credibility with European audiences. This study seeks to explain this curious episode and traces it to new developments in ways to create and validate knowledge in early modern Europe. The genre of travel accounts proved instrumental in undermining the authority of Spanish accounts. Editors of travel compilations developed a "new art of reading" that privileged "internal" over "external" criticism. If in the past editors apportioned credit according to the number, character, and social standing of witnesses and favored knowledge gathered personally through the senses, by the mid-eighteenth century editors read accounts in the light of contemporary social theories : those accounts that proved inconsistent with the theories of political economy were dismissed. The reliability of sixteenth century Spanish eyewitnesses on the grandeur of the Aztec and Inca civilizations was called into question because these witnesses were deemed incapable of regulating their perceptions through reason (good taste). Since the new art of reading deployed by editors of travel compilations emerged out of a close dialogue between Europe and its colonies, this study shows the deep colonial roots of European modernity.
Preaching Christianity Along the Silk Route: Missionary Outposts in the Tartar "Middle Kingdom" in the Fourteenth Century
Authors: Ryan James D.
Published: April 2008

The activities of European missionaries of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, who penetrated Asia under protection afforded by the Pax Mongolica, provide a case history which illustrates the central role played by the silk route in facilitating cross-cultural contact. Using the accounts of the missionaries themselves, as well as correspondence and reports concerning their activities, this essay focuses on the mission in Chaghatai Khanate, a key part of the Mongol Empire, but one relatively neglected in histories of the Mongol world and of evangelizing.
Challenge To Orthodoxy: Beliefs and Values of the Eternal Mother Sects in Sixteenth-and Seventeenth-Century China
Authors: Shek Richard
Published: April 2008

Using the framework of orthodoxy versus heterodoxy, this paper attempts to establish the following points: (1) An orthodoxy existed in China since the middle of the second century before the common era and lasted until the turn of the present century. (2) This orthodoxy was not articulated by a religious authority, but rather by a political authority. (3) The content of this orthodoxy, socio-political-ethical in emphasis, was defined not by narrow sectarian doctrines but by a compromise consensus among all the major religious traditions in China. (4) Challenge to this orthodoxy was long-lasting and variegated in nature, but at the turn of the sixteenth century crystalized into a potent tradition revolving around a central matriarchal deity and a strong millenarian and eschatological vision. (5) This heterodox tradition, though similarly socio-ethical in content, was by definition also politically subversive and occasionally erupted into anti-dynastic rebellions.
Answers and Questions: Evans-Pritchard On Nuer Religion
Authors: Burton John W.
Published: April 2008

If my discernment of the thought that underlies his study of Nuer religion is not entirely misconstrued, then one can assert a logical consistency between Collingwood's methodology for history and Evans-Pritchard's for ethnography. It is worthwhile, in that light, to consider the fact that "at one time Evans-Pritchard contemplated writing Collingwood's biography" (Beidelman 1974:559). One commentator, (Kuper 1980:118) typifies this methodology as "postwar idealism" and suggests that the major works he published in the later decades of his presence at Oxford demonstrate the "sterility" of his methodology and theory. Still others have hinted that his entry into the Catholic Church was later reflected in his depiction of Nuer religous life. These are remarkable assertions, when one takes the time to reflect on the many ways in which his own approach and writings have so profoundly influenced the direction of anthropological enquiry in his own country and abroad. The fact is, one can no longer write ethnography in lieu of a solid understanding of the historical circumstances which have resulted in the contemporary 'ethnographic present'. At the same time, practitioners of the discipline have addressed from almost every angle the proposition that all ethnography is indeed a good part confession-that we write what we are able to see. That is precisely the quality of the work that will guarantee the status of Nuer religion as a classic. The methods of history and anthropology can only become more similar. Anyone who holds an absence of definition or presumed repugnance toward theory as criticisms of his contributions, has truly lost the forest for the trees. It is all the more remarkable that his methodological and theoretical advances in the anthropological study of religion are to be found not in his answers, but in the questions he raised.10
"Solomon's Salacious Song": Foucault's Author Function and the Early Christian Interpretation of the Canticum Canticorum
Authors: Jacobs Andrew S.
Published: April 2008

The transformation of the erotic Song of Songs into a mystical tract on the soul's love for Christ was surely one of the great exegetical feats of late ancient Christianity. Recent work on the politics of meaning leads us to interrogate more closely the processes by which early Christian exegetes achieved that feat, and how their interpretations encoded and produced particular forms of socially mediated power and knowledge. Michel Foucault has proposed for modern literary criticism the interpretive mode of the "author function," by which literary critics can domesticate or reject a text that is potentially transgressive. This "author function" supplied one method by which difficult canonical texts, like the Song of Songs, were tamed, and furthermore produced authoritative (and authorial) meaning that mediated contested boundaries of Christian cultural identity.
Expressing Political Legitimacy and Cultural Identity Through the Use of Spolia On the Ambo of Henry II
Authors: Mathews Karen Rose
Published: April 2008

This paper will explore the significant role appropriated objects played in Ottonian artistic production through a close examination of the Ambo of Henry II. Created by the last Ottonian emperor for the Palace Chapel at Aachen between 1002 and 1014, the Ambo of Henry II abounds with spolia. I will argue that the spolia reused on the Ambo of Henry II presented an innovative statement of Henry II's political, economic, and cultural agenda. The spolia from ancient Rome and contemporary Byzantium portrayed Henry II as the political successor to an illustrious Roman past, and as an equal to the Byzantine emperors in the East. The luxury objects reused on the Ambo also served as commodities whose symbolic value increased dramatically when they were taken out of economic circulation and used on this precious artwork. Finally, the Islamic and Byzantine spolia on the Ambo allowed Henry II to define himself and his Western Roman Empire in terms of an Other, associating his rule with the power, prestige, and sophistication of contemporary and competitive foreign cultures.
Queering Orientalism: the East as Closet in Said, Ackerley, and the Medieval Christian West
Authors: Clark Robert L.A.
Published: April 2008

The reinscription in Said's Orientalism of the divisions and silences of western Orientalist discourse is perhaps nowhere more problematic than in the area of gender, a subject on which Said's work has surprisingly little to say. Further, when Said discusses the work of "homosexual" authors, he keeps the open secret of hotnoeroticism safely in the closet. This essay proposes a queering of the construct of Orientalism, as it is set forth in Said's work and as it may be seen to function in instances of Orientalist performance where the figure of cross-dressing allows for complex negotiations between the West and an eroticized Eastern Other.
Anti-Semitism in the Miracle Tales of the Virgin
Authors: Stone Carole
Published: April 2008

Fantasy is a force in the anti-Semitic portrayals of Jews in medieval Christianity's miracle tales. Christians told these tales in order to forge a collective identity in which the Jew became the Other. This paper addresses Christian fantasies about Jews as well as the cultural and historical circumstances that made the tales popular. The three tales chosen for discussion- "The Child Slain by the Jews," The Jewish Boy," and "The Merchant's Surety"-demonstratc how anti-Semitic tales were useful in helping Christianity foster survival.
Faith and Fantasy: the Texts of the Jews
Authors: Weinhouse Linda
Published: April 2008

In the mystery plays, in the Miracles of the Virgin, and in the work of Chaucer, Marlowe, and Shakespeare, Jews are seen in light of Christian teachings which depicted them as corporeal, often depraved, beings unwilling to accept the spiritual truths embodied in Christ. This paper analyzes the lamentations/kinot written by Hebrew liturgical poets to mourn the Jewish victims of the crusaders who, on their way to fight the Muslim infidels, decided to rid themselves of the Jewish infidels in their midst. When the images that the Jews used to describe themselves and their enemies in these poems are juxtaposed alongside the images of the Jews in one salient example of anti-Semitism in early English literature, Chaucer's Prioress's Tale, a picture of the theological and spiritual battle between medieval Jews and Christians, underlying the literary works produced by poets of both faiths, emerges. In addition, an analysis of these Kinot introduces a voice long ignored in English studies, that of the Jews, who were not merely convenient images of the adversary, but living beings who had their own understanding of themselves, far different from that of their Christian neighbors, and of the faith for which they were willing to renounce their lives.
How new is neo-phenomenology? A comparison of the methodologies of Gerardus van der Leeuw and Jacques Waardenburg
Authors: Daniels John
Published: April 2008

In this article, an attempt is made to relate the "intuitive" classical phenomenology of Gerardus van der Leeuw and the neo-phenomenology of Jacques Waardenburg. An outline of van der Leeuw's methodology is presented along with a summary of Waardenburg's critique. An account is then given of Waardenburg's alternative approach. When the two methodologies are juxtaposed, two points of convergence emerge. The first relates to the non-empirical nature of meanings; the second relates to the need to reconstitute the believer's world in order to gain understanding of phenomena. Discussion suggests that both methodologies entail the combined use of Erklären ['explanation'] and Verstehen ['understanding'] in explicating meanings. The conclusion is ventured that neo-phenomenology can be plausibly viewed as a modification of van der Leeuw's approach which is distinguished by greater hermeneutical sensitivity.
Who owns 'culture'?1
Authors: Lawson E. Thomas , McCauley Robert N.
Published: April 2008

No one owns the concept 'culture'. Anthropology's long-standing proprietary claim on the concept rests on three sorts of contentions - none of which are convincing. Anthropology's overwhelmingly interpretive approaches to cultural materials have led to a preoccupation with the details of cultural materials at the expense of formulating explanatory theories. This has, among other things, rendered fieldwork experience sufficient for professional credentials. However, if the details are all that matter, then comparative and cross-cultural research, as well as most of the social sciences, make no sense. Contrary to this view, it is proposed here that theories reveal which details matter. Cognitive accounts of the sort we advanced in Rethinking Religion (1990) offer a firm theoretical basis for cross-cultural study of religious materials. Other types of research concerning non-human primates, early childhood development, and various social and cognitive impairments also offer insight into culture (without relying on fieldwork studies).
Quranic Studies, part IV: Some methodological notes
Authors: Rippin Andrew
Published: April 2008

In this article I will focus upon authors who have suggested basic methodological challenges to the assumptions of Wansbrough's approach to the Muslim interpretative tradition found in part IV of his book, Quranic Studies. A common objection arises to Wansbrough's insistence on having textual evidence for historical claims and his seeing those texts which do provide historical evidence as complex expressions of several generations of editors. Two works, one an article by Issa Boullata and the other, a book by C.H.M. Versteegh, will be dealt with in some detail in this paper in order to clarify the issues which are at stake.