bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moment-to-moment dynamics of ADHD behaviour
Authors: Aase Heidi , Sagvolden Terje
Published: August 2005

Background

The behaviour of children with Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder is often described as highly variable, in addition to being hyperactive, impulsive and inattentive. One reason might be that they do not acquire complete and functional sequences of behaviour. The dynamic developmental theory of ADHD proposes that reinforcement and extinction processes are inefficient because of hypofunctioning dopamine systems, resulting in a narrower time window for associating antecedent stimuli and behaviour with its consequences. One effect of this may be that the learning of behavioural sequences is delayed, and that only short behavioural sequences are acquired in ADHD. The present study investigated acquisition of response sequences in the behaviour of children with ADHD.

Methods

Fifteen boys with ADHD and thirteen boys without, all aged between 6–9 yr, completed a computerized task presented as a game with two squares on the screen. One square was associated with reinforcement. The task required responses by the computer mouse under reinforcement contingencies of variable interval schedules. Reinforcers were cartoon pictures and small trinkets. Measures related to response location (spatial dimension) and to response timing (temporal dimension) were analyzed by autocorrelations of consecutive responses across five lags. Acquired response sequences were defined as predictable responding shown by high explained variance.

Results

Children with ADHD acquired shorter response sequences than comparison children on the measures related to response location. None of the groups showed any predictability in response timing. Response sequencing on the measure related to the discriminative stimulus was highly related to parent scores on a rating scale for ADHD symptoms.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that children with ADHD have problems with learning long sequences of behaviour, particularly related to response location. Problems with learning long behavioural sequences may ultimately lead to deficient development of verbally governed behaviour and self control. The study represents a new approach to analyzing the moment-to-moment dynamics of behaviour, and provides support for the theory that reinforcement processes are altered in ADHD.
Chemo-Immunotherapy of Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma With Gemcitabine Plus FOLFOX 4 Followed by Subcutaneous Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor and Interleukin-2 Induces Strong Immunologic and Antitumor Activity in Metastatic Colon Cancer Patients
Authors: Correale Pierpaolo , Cusi Maria Grazia , Tsang Kwong Yok , Del Vecchio Maria Teresa , Marsili Stefania , Placa Marco La , Intrivici Chiara , Aquino Angelo , Micheli Lucia , Nencini Cristina , Ferrari Francesco , Giorgi Giorgio , Bonmassar Enzo , Francini Guido
Published: August 2005

Purpose

Tumor cell killing by anticancer drugs may be supported by their immuno- and pharmacologic effects. Chemotherapy is in fact able to (A) upregulate tumor-associated antigen expression, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) or other target molecules such as thymidylate synthase (TS); and (B) downregulate tumor cell resistance to the death signals induced by tumor antigen–specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This provides the rationale for combining chemo- and immunotherapy.

Materials and Methods

We describe the results of a translational phase II trial designed to evaluate the toxicity, antitumor activity and immunologic effects of gemcitabine + FOLFOX-4 (oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and folinic acid) polychemotherapy followed by the subcutaneous administration of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and low-dose interleukin-2 in colorectal carcinoma patients. The study involved 29 patients (16 males and 13 females with a mean age of 69 years), 21 of whom had received a previous line of treatment, and 19 had liver involvement.

Results

The treatment was well tolerated and induced very high objective response (68.9%) and disease control rates (96.5%), with an average time to progression of 12.5 months. An immunologic study of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) taken from 20 patients showed an enhanced proliferative response to colon carcinoma antigen and a significant reduction in suppressive regulatory T lymphocytes (CD4+CD25T-reg+). A cytofluorimetric study of the PBMCs of five HLA-A(★)02.01+ patients who achieved an objective response showed an increased frequency of cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors specific for known CEA- and TS-derived epitopes.

Conclusion

The results show that our regimen has strong immunologic and antitumor activity in colorectal cancer patients and deserves to be investigated in phase III trials.
A Controlled, Randomized, Double-Blind Trial of Prophylaxis Against Jaundice Among Breastfed Newborns
Authors: Gourley Glenn R. , Li Zhanhai , Kreamer Bill L. , Kosorok Michael R.
Published: August 2005

Objectives. Neonatal jaundice is a greater problem for infants fed breast milk, compared with formula. This study tested the hypotheses that feeding breastfed newborns β-glucuronidase inhibitors during the first week after birth would increase fecal bilirubin excretion and would reduce jaundice without affecting breastfeeding deleteriously.

Methods. Sixty-four breastfed newborns were randomized to 4 groups, ie, control or receiving 6 doses per day (5 mL per dose) of l-aspartic acid, enzymatically hydrolyzed casein (EHC), or whey/casein (W/C) for the first week. l-Aspartic acid and EHC inhibit β-glucuronidase. Transcutaneous bilirubin levels (primary outcome) were measured daily (Jaundice Meter [Minolta/Air Shields, Hatboro, PA] and Bilicheck [Respironics, Pittsburgh, PA]). All stools were collected, and fecal bile pigments, including bilirubin diglucuronide, bilirubin monoglucuronides, and bilirubin, were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography. Follow-up assessments included day 7 body weight, day 6/7 prebreastfeeding/postbreastfeeding weights, maternal ratings, and ages at formula introduction and breastfeeding cessation.

Results. The groups were comparable at entry. Overall, the l-aspartic acid, EHC, and W/C groups had significantly lower transcutaneous bilirubin levels than did the control group (75.8%, 69.6%, and 69.2%, respectively, of the control mean, 8.53 mg/dL, at the bilirubin peak on day 4). The l-aspartic acid, EHC, and W/C groups had significantly lower transcutaneous bilirubin levels on days 3 to 7. Fecal bile pigment excretion was greatest in the l-aspartic acid group, significantly greater than control values. There were no significant differences in dosages, follow-up measurements, and maternal ratings.

Conclusions. Use of minimal aliquots of l-aspartic acid and EHC for β-glucuronidase inhibition results in increased fecal bilirubin excretion and less jaundice, without disruption of the breastfeeding experience. Decreased jaundice in the W/C group, which lacked a β-glucuronidase inhibitor, suggests a different mechanism.
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis in Children: Discordant Neurologic and Neuroimaging Abnormalities and Response to Plasmapheresis
Authors: Khurana Divya S. , Melvin Joseph J. , Kothare Sanjeev V. , Valencia Ignacio , Hardison H. Huntley , Yum Sabrina , Faerber Eric N. , Legido Agustin
Published: August 2005

Objectives. To describe our experience with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), focusing on (1) the relationship between clinical course and MRI findings and (2) the response to plasmapheresis in a subgroup of patients.

Methods. A retrospective record review was conducted of 13 children who were admitted as inpatients with the diagnosis of ADEM during the period 1998–2003.

Results. Diagnosis was established by clinical signs and symptoms, cerebrospinal fluid changes and multifocal involvement of deep gray and white matter based on MRI. Initial therapy was high-dose methylprednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulin in 12 patients. One child improved spontaneously. Six of 12 children did not improve with corticosteroid treatment. All 6 had an acute progressive course neurologically, and 5 of them also showed a delay in the onset of neuroimaging changes, eventually developing lesions in the deep gray matter and brainstem. This latter group received 5 sessions of plasmapheresis and recovered over the course of several months with varying degrees of residual neurologic deficits.

Conclusions. Presentation of ADEM with delayed development of MRI lesions in deep gray matter and brainstem may herald a prolonged clinical course and lack of response to glucocorticoid therapy. Plasmapheresis might be an effective therapeutic intervention in these patients. The role of plasmapheresis versus corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin as a primary treatment of ADEM needs to be investigated further.
The Sensitivity of Children to Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Kheifets Leeka , Repacholi Michael , Saunders Rick , van Deventer Emilie
Published: August 2005

In today's world, technologic developments bring social and economic benefits to large sections of society; however, the health consequences of these developments can be difficult to predict and manage. With rapid advances in electromagnetic field (EMF) technologies and communications, children are increasingly exposed to EMFs at earlier and earlier ages. Consistent epidemiologic evidence of an association between childhood leukemia and exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields has led to their classification by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a “possible human carcinogen.” Concerns about the potential vulnerability of children to radio frequency (RF) fields have been raised because of the potentially greater susceptibility of their developing nervous systems; in addition, their brain tissue is more conductive, RF penetration is greater relative to head size, and they will have a longer lifetime of exposure than adults. To evaluate information relevant to children's sensitivity to both ELF and RF EMFs and to identify research needs, the World Health Organization held an expert workshop in Istanbul, Turkey, in June 2004. This article is based on discussions from the workshop and provides background information on the development of the embryo, fetus, and child, with particular attention to the developing brain; an outline of childhood susceptibility to environmental toxicants and childhood diseases implicated in EMF studies; and a review of childhood exposure to EMFs. It also includes an assessment of the potential susceptibility of children to EMFs and concludes with a recommendation for additional research and the development of precautionary policies in the face of scientific uncertainty.
Ethnic Differences in Parent Preference to Be Present for Painful Medical Procedures
Authors: Jones Melissa , Qazi Mohammed , Young Kelly D.
Published: August 2005

Objective. To examine ethnic differences between white, black, and Hispanic (English-speaking and Spanish-speaking) parents in their desire to remain present during their children’s painful medical procedures.

Methods. A convenience sample of parents from each of 4 ethnic groups (black, white, and Hispanic [divided into English-speaking Hispanic and Spanish-speaking Hispanic]) was surveyed regarding their preferences for remaining present for 5 hypothetical painful procedures: venipuncture, laceration repair, lumbar puncture, fracture reduction, and critical resuscitation. For each procedure, a short description of the procedure was read to the parent, and a picture of the procedure was shown. The effect of ethnicity on parental desire to stay was examined by using the χ2 test and multivariate logistic regression.

Results. Complete data on 300 parents, 72 to 79 from each ethnic group, were obtained. There were no significant demographic differences between groups except that English-speaking Hispanic parents were younger, and black parents were relatively well educated, whereas Spanish-speaking Hispanic parents were relatively less well educated. Overall, the percentages of those who would wish to remain with their child during the procedures were 94% (venipuncture), 88% (laceration repair), 81% (lumbar puncture), 81% (fracture reduction), and 81% (critical resuscitation). The only significant ethnic difference was that English-speaking Hispanic parents were less likely to want to remain present during a critical resuscitation (P = .01). Black parents were less likely, and English-speaking Hispanic parents were more likely, to want physicians to decide for them whether they should remain present. Parents generally preferred to actively participate during the procedure by coaching and soothing their child rather than to just observe.

Conclusions. We found few ethnic differences in parents’ desire to be present during their child’s painful medical procedures. Overall, the vast majority of parents would prefer to remain present even for highly invasive procedures.
Growth Characteristics of Children With Ectodermal Dysplasia Syndromes
Authors: Motil Kathleen J. , Fete Timothy J. , Fraley J. Kennard , Schultz Rebecca J. , Foy Thomas M. , Ochs Ulrike , Sybert Virginia P.
Published: August 2005

Objective.Clinical observations suggested that growth abnormalities may be present in children with ectodermal dysplasia (ED) syndromes. This study characterizes the longitudinal pattern of growth in a cohort of children with the ED syndromes. We hypothesized that (1) linear and ponderal growth abnormalities are present in children with ED from infancy through adolescence, and (2) linear and ponderal growth abnormalities differ among the clinical variants of these disorders.

Methods.We studied 138 children who had ED and were registered with the National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias, 74% of whom had clinical features consistent with the hypohidrotic EDs (HEDs). Height (or length) and weight measurements were obtained by standardized techniques and from review of available medical records. We converted these measurements to weight-for-height (children younger than 5 years and <103 cm in length) or BMI (children ≥2 years old). Height, weight, weight-for-height, and BMI were converted to age- and gender-specific z scores. We applied linear regression, 1-sample t tests, and analysis of variance to detect linear and ponderal growth abnormalities in children with ED compared with a reference population.

Results.Mean weight-for-age, weight-for-height, and BMI-for-age z scores but not height-for-age z score, were significantly lower in children with the ED syndromes than in the reference population. Mean weight-for-age and weight-for-height z scores but not BMI-for-age or height-for-age z scores increased significantly with increasing age. The mean height-for-age z score of children with the ED syndromes other than the HEDs was significantly lower than that of children with the HEDs.

Conclusions.Growth abnormalities, measured as weight deficits, were present at an early age in children with the ED syndromes and persisted through adolescence. Height deficits were seen only in children with ED syndromes other than HEDs. Clinicians should evaluate carefully children with ED syndromes for growth abnormalities.
In Vivo Study of the Inflammatory Modulating Effects of Low‐level Laser Therapy on iNOS Expression Using Bioluminescence Imaging
Authors: Moriyama Yumi , Moriyama Eduardo H. , Blackmore Kristina , Akens Margarete K. , Lilge Lothar
Published: August 2005

This study was designed to demonstrate that bioluminescence imaging (BLI) can be used as a new tool to evaluate the effects of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) during in vivo inflammatory process. Here, the efficacy of LLLT in modulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression using different therapeutic wavelengths was determined using transgenic animals with the luciferase gene under control of the iNOS gene expression. Thirty transgenic mice, FVB/N‐Tg(iNOS‐luc)Xen, were allocated randomly to one of four experimental groups treated with different wavelengths (λ= 635, 785, 808 and 905 nm) or a control group (nontreated). Inflammation was induced by intra‐articular injection of zymosan A in both knee joints. Laser treatment (25 mW cm−2, 200 s, 5 J cm−2) was applied to the knees 15 min after inflammation induction. Measurements of iNOS expression were performed at various times (0, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 24 h) by measuring the bioluminescence signal using a highly sensitive charge‐coupled device (CCD) camera. The results showed a significant increase in BLI signal after irradiation with 635 nm laser when compared to the nonirradiated animals and the other LLLT‐treated groups, indicating wavelength dependence of LLLT effects on iNOS expression during the inflammatory process, and thus demonstrating an action spectrum of iNOS gene expression following LLLT in vivo that can be detected by BLI. Histological analysis was also performed and demonstrated the presence of fewer inflammatory cells in the synovial joints of mice irradiated with 635 nm compared with nonirradiated knee joints.
Genetic Loci Related to Kernel Quality Differences between a Soft and a Hard Wheat Cultivar
Authors: Breseghello Flávio , Finney Patrick L. , Gaines Charles , Andrews Lonnie , Tanaka James , Penner Gregory , Sorrells Mark E.
Published: August 2005

Hybridizations between hard and soft wheat types could be a source of novel variation for wheat quality improvement. This study was conducted to identify genomic regions related to differences in milling and baking quality between a soft and a hard cultivar of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A population of 101 double‐haploid lines was generated from a cross between Grandin, a hard spring wheat variety, and AC Reed, a soft spring wheat variety. The genetic map included 320 markers in 43 linkage groups and spanned 3555 cM. Quadrumat‐milled flour yield, softness equivalent, flour protein content and alkaline water retention capacity were evaluated for three locations and one year, and Allis‐Chalmers milling, mixograph, and cookie baking tests were completed without replication. The effect of qualitative variation for kernel texture, caused by the segregation of the Hardness gene, was controlled by regression on texture class. The residual variance was used for composite interval mapping, and QTLs on 1A, 1B, 1A/D, 2A, 2B, 2D, 3A/B, 4B, 5B and 6B were detected. The effect of some QTLs was opposite to the direction expected on the basis of parental phenotypes. The hard wheat parent contributed alleles favorable for soft wheat varieties at QTLs on 1AS,L, 1BL‐2, and 6B, whereas the soft parent contributed alleles for higher protein content at QTLs on 2BL‐1, 4B‐1, and 6B and higher flour yield on 2BL‐2 and 4B‐2. These results indicated that hard × soft wheat crosses have considerable potential for improving milling and baking quality of either class.
Rapid and Effective Germination Methods for Overcoming Seed Dormancy in Annual Canarygrass
Authors: Matus-Cádiz M. A. , Hucl P.
Published: August 2005

Dormancy in pedigreed Phalaris seed can lead to unsatisfactory germination in seed testing. The objective was to determine the effectiveness of recommended germination methods in overcoming seed dormancy in annual canarygrass (P. canariensis L.). In 2003, ‘CDC Maria’ was grown at two locations in Saskatchewan, Canada. At maturity, panicles were harvested and stored at –20°C. Four replications of 50 seeds were used in each experiment. Hulled and hand dehulled seed were (i) stored at 23°C for 0 to 16 wk before germinating at 23°C, (ii) germinated at 15 to 30°C (with and without light), (iii) allowed to imbibe water at 23°C for up to 96 h, (iv) treated with pricking, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), gibberellic acid (GA), ethephon (2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid), potassium nitrate (KNO3), chilling, and heating before germinating at 23°C, and (v) treated with KNO3, heating, and chilling before germinating (with and without light) at 15°C, 15/25°C (16/8h), and 20/30°C (16/8h). Mean germination was tested to be significantly different (P = 0.05) from 95% germination by t tests. The after‐ripening period required to overcome primary dormancy in hulled seed was 8 to 10 wk longer than in dehulled seed. Hulled seed developed deeper secondary dormancy compared with dehulled seed, particularly at 20 and 25°C, with neither displaying <95% germination at 15°C or >10% at 30°C. Dehulled seed imbibed sufficient water to initiate germination 2 d faster than hulled seed. Applications of H2O2 and GA overcame dormancy in dehulled seed, while none of the treatments overcame hulled seed dormancy. Dehulled and hulled seed displayed unsatisfactory germination, regardless of treatment or light regime, when germinated under an alternating temperature regime of 20/30°C. We recommend (i) hand dehulling seed, (ii) treating hulled seed with 0.01M KNO3, or (iii) treating hulled seed with heat (3 d at 30°C) before germinating at 15°C for 10 d in darkness on top of blotters to overcome seed dormancy rapidly and effectively in annual canarygrass.
Interaction of different third intracellular loop fragments of human dopamine d2l receptor with a-subunit of gi1 protein - prospective therapeutic application
Authors: Ignjatovic Djurdjica , Sukalovic Vladimir , Tasic Bosiljka , Kostic-Rajacic Sladjana , Soskic Vukic
Published: August 2005

In order to find the essential structural motif of the D2L dopamine receptor necessary for the interaction with a-subunit of Gi1 protein, four fragments of the third cytoplasmic loop (CPL3) of this receptor were cloned, expressed in E. coli and purified. After that, fusion proteins with glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were prepared and the interactions quantified by a colorimetric assay for GST activity determination. The presence of D2L-CPL3 fragment-Gia1 complexes was detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Kd values for the interaction of the three fragments with Gia1 were similar and in nmol/L range of concentrations, while the peptide representing the insert in the long form of the dopamine D2 receptor expressed about 10-fold lower binding affinity. These results could serve to design new therapeutic agents that might act at the level of receptor/G protein interaction rather than at the level of ligand-receptor binding.
6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the striatum lead to the alterations of dopamine receptor mrna in parkinsonian rats
Authors: Mladenovic Aleksandra , Perovic Milka , Milanovic Desanka , Kanazir Selma , Rakic Ljubisav , Ruzdijic Sabera
Published: August 2005

The effects of four-site intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions were examined in adult male rats. Five days after the lesions the animals were checked for specific rotational behavior induced by middle dose of amphetamine and the results confirmed the effectiveness of the lesions. The RNAs from the striatum were isolated at different time points after the lesion, and the RT-PCR analyse were performed for the D1 and D2 receptor mRNA. The results show a decline in the D2 receptor mRNA level (40%) at 6 h and 24 h points while this change was not observed seven days after the lesion. In contrast, no statistically significant changes in the level of the D1 receptor mRNA after the lesion at any time point were found.
Biochemical alterations in patients with acute leukaemia
Authors: Petrovic Miroljub , Rajic Miodrag
Published: August 2005

After statistical analysis of biochemical parameters in 60 patients with acute leukaemia, it was concluded that most prominent alterations were elevated values of serum lactate-dehydrogenase, uric acid and calcaemia. In patients with acute myeloid leukaemia, prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time were significantly prolonged, and in patients with acute lymphocytic leukaemia serum immunoglobuline levels were significantly lower. Biochemical alterations may produce some implications for the general state of the patient, as well as for the clinical course of the disease, its complications and outcome, with possible influence on the effect of therapy.
Effect of acute stress on circulatory levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone in rats locally head-irradiated with X-rays
Authors: Demajo Miroslav , Ivansevic-Milovanovic Olivera
Published: August 2005

In order to study the effects of ionizing radiation on the pituitary gland before and after an acute stress attack, rats aged 8 days were locally head-irradiated with a single dose of 9.6 Gy of X-rays. One group of animals was irradiated under hypothermia (rectal temp. 5.96 ?C). At the age of 46 days, the animals were sacrificed and circulatory adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were measured by the RIA method. Basal ACTH levels were lower in the irradiated animals when compared to the non-irradiated controls (p<0.05). After an acute stress attack, the irradiated animals showed significantly lower ACTH levels compared to the non-irradiated controls (p<0.001). Animals subjected to hypothermia during irradiation, after an acute stress attack, showed significantly higher ACTH levels in comparison to animals irradiated under normal body temperature (p<0.001). It may be concluded that a dose of 9.6 Gy of X-rays reduces the post-stress response of the pituitary gland and that hypothermia effectively protects the pituitary gland when ionizing radiation is concerned.
The influence of dexamethasone on Hsp70 level and association with glucocorticoid receptor in the liver of unstressed and heat-stressed rats
Authors: Dundjerski Jadranka , Vidovic Stojko , Matic Gordana
Published: August 2005

The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of dexamethasone on the levels of heat shock protein Hsp70 and glucocorticoid hormones receptor as well as on the interaction of these two proteins in the liver cytosol and nuclei of unstressed and rats exposed to whole body hyperthermic stress. The results, obtained by quantitative immunoblotting, have shown that dexamethasone provoked a reduction of Hsp70 basal level and an increase in its stress-induced level in the nuclei, supporting the idea that this hormone may be a factor included in the regulation of Hsp70 level both under normal and stress conditions. The cytosolic reduction and nuclear elevation of the glucocorticoid hormones receptor level by dexamethasone were also observed. Co-immunopurification of Hsp70 and glucocorticoid hormones receptor has revealed that the changes of cytosolic and nuclear levels of the two examined proteins resulted in the changes of their interaction within the respective cellular compartments. Thus, 41 ?C heat stress was shown to cause at least two-fold elevation of Hsp70/GR ratio within the glucocorticoid hormones receptor heterocomplexes both in the presence and in the absence of dexamethasone. The results support the view that glucocorticoid hormones signaling pathway and heat shock system are interrelated.
Oxidative stress and antioxidative defense in the skin of rats with thermal injury
Authors: Korac Bato , Buzadzic Biljana
Published: August 2005

Changes in the activity and level of some antioxidative defense system components were determined in the rat skin during hypo- (ebb) and hypermetabolic (flow) phase of thermal trauma. At the same time, the effects of enzymatic (superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic (vitamin E and glutathione) antioxidants, as well as of L-arginine applied on the scalded skin area in different combinations in the form of a lyposomal ointment on endogenous antioxidative defense components were studied both in the injured and uninjured skin. In scalded skin during hypometabolic phase, a decrease in activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase glutathione reductase, as well as in the level of vitamin E was observed in comparison with the control. This decrease was accompanied by a complete loss of glutathione and the activity of glutathione-S-transferase and thioredoxin reductase. The same trend of changes was recorded in hypermetabolic phase. In the uninjured skin of scalded animals, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were at the control level both in hypo- and hypermetabolic phase. Also, no changes in vitamin E content were found while the activities of thioredoxin reductase and glutathione-S-transferase were increased. Glutathione level in this group of animals was decreased the decrease being more prominent in hyper- then in hypometabolic phase. The ointments applied to the injured parts of the skin expressed protective effects observed as an increase in vitamin E level and an attenuation of glutathione reductase activity inhibition.
Pathophysiology and clinical significance of atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype and small dense LDL particles
Authors: Djeric Mirjana
Published: August 2005

In spite of strong proofs supporting cholesterol hypothesis, serum cholesterol concentration is not a good discriminative factor in assessing the risk of coronary heart disease. The degree of reduction of coronary risk depends also on the level of serum triglycerides. Namely, within metabolic disturbance of triglyceride rich lipoproteins, a reciprocal lipid transfer takes place in the course of delipidation cascade, yielding the remodelling of all the classes of lipoproteins and establishing the so-called atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (increase in triglycerides, small dense LDL, and apolipoprotein B, and decrease in HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I). A major part of the atherogenic potential of this phenotype is related to the increase in the number of small dense LDL particles (phenotype B), and not because of the contribution to the serum cholesterol, but due to their lower affinity to LDL receptors, easier penetration to arterial intima, longer retention in subendothelium accelerated oxidation, prompt takeover by macrophages and establishing of endothelial dysfunction.
The activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the humor aquosus of patients with the primary open-angle glaucoma
Authors: Jovanovic Predrag , Djordjevic Vidosava , Zlatanovic Gordana , Zvezdanovic Lilika , Cosic Vladan
Published: August 2005

Glaucoma is an optical neuropathy characterized by the excavation of optic disc, visual field defects and, in most cases, higher intraocular pressure. In the pathogenesis of the primary open-angle glaucoma a significant role is given to oxidative stress. The goal of this study is to determine the activity of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD and glutathione peroxidase, GPX) in humor aquosus in patients with the primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and in patients with the primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG - control group) before and after the therapy with exogenous antioxidants. The activity of the examined enzymes in humor aquosus of patients with POAG is significantly higher than in humor aquosus of patients with PACG (p<0.001). The exogenous antioxidants diminish the concentration of free radicals resulting in a decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities and point to their possible use in glaucoma therapy (as a complementary).
The effect of hormonal therapy on hemostatic parameters in in vitro fertilization
Authors: Sumarac Zorica , Dopsaj Violeta , Tulic Ivan , Dajak Marijana , Vukosavljevic Dragana , Jovicic Snezana , Majkic-Singh Nada
Published: August 2005

Hemostatic system, as an integral part of biological homeostatic mechanism in humans, is subject to changes due to effect of hormonal therapy used in preparation for in vitro fertilization. The objective of the study was to analyze the impact of hormonal changes on homeostatic parameters during four cycles of preparation, according to long-term protocol for in vitro fertilization. The following parameters were determined in the study: prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, antithrombin III, plasminogen, a2-antiplasmin and plasminogen activator inhibitor. In the period of ovarian hyperstimulation and in postovulatory period, significantly lower PT, APTT, AT III, PAI-1 and a2-APL values were obtained (p<0.05), while fibrinogen concentration was significantly higher (p<0.05), in relation to the first two periods. PLG activity was significantly decreased in postovulatory period in relation to former three periods (p<0.05). Data obtained by Pearson?s correlation analysis show that there is significant negative correlation in postovulatory period between PLG and a2APL, as well as between APTT and PAI-1 (Rp>0.404, for p<0.05). These changes are manifested as more pronounced procoagulant forms, which are suppressed by simultaneous activation of fibrinolytic system as the opposite response, what keeps the balance in homeostatic system and prevents the development of adverse thrombotic complications.
Influence of sodium bicarbonate and standard antidotes on acid-base status in rats poisoned with dichlorvos
Authors: Stefanovic Danka , Antonijevic Biljana , Bokonjic Dubravko , Stojiljkovic Milos , Milovanovic Zoran , Nedeljkovic Mirjana
Published: August 2005

The aim of the present work was to examine potential beneficial role of sodium bicarbonate (3 mmol/kg ip) on protective potency of trimedoxime (10 mg/kg im), obidoxime (10 mg/kg im) and atropine (10 mg/kg im) in rats poisoned with dichlorvos. Special attention was paid to the influence of co-administration of sodium bicarbonate on acid-base status in experimental animals poisoned with dichlorvos (1.3 LD50 sc). Coadministration of sodium bicarbonate significantly increased protective effect of standard antidotes in rats poisoned with dichlorvos. Sodium bicarbonate given along with atropine/oxime produced an increase in blood pH value and correction of acidosis. In conclusion, correlation between protective effect and biochemical outcome was evident when sodium bicarbonate was added to antidotes.
Evidence-based osteoporosis
Authors: Beastall Graham
Published: August 2005

Osteoporosis is an increasingly common disease in the developed world bringing considerable morbidity to patients and financial dilemma to national health services. By employing the rules of evidence-based medicine the Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network has developed clinical guidelines for ?The Management of Osteoporosis?. These guidelines contain 36 specific recommendations, mainly in the areas of diagnosis and been assisted by having a wide cross-section of interests, including patients, in the guideline development group; by extensive consultation; and by the inclusion of good practice points in areas where hard evidence is lacking. Biochemical markers of bone turnover will eventually play an important part in monitoring the response to therapy and, perhaps, in assessing fracture risk. However, the production of hard evidence for their role is hampered by the wide and changing repertoire of available markers; by their biological variability in normal and osteoporotic subjects; and by the lack of standard protocols for the use and comparison of markers. The central role of the laboratory medicine service and the training of Clinical Chemists places the profession in an ideal position to taking a leading role in multidisciplinary evidence-based medicine projects.
Bone markers and osteoporosis
Authors: Emerk Kaya
Published: August 2005

Diagnosis of a given disease is often the first step to a successful therapy. The use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis is becoming more important due to their capacity to give early information. Many of the new markers are proteins, peptides, or other large biomolecules, usually present at very low concentrations. Bone is a living, growing tissue that turns over at a rate of about 10% a year. It is lergely made up of collagen, that gives the bone its tensile strength and framework, and calcium phosphate, mineralized complex that hardens the framework. After age 24, bone resorption slowly begins to happen faster than bone formation. Bone loss is most rapid in women in the first few year after menopause but continues into the postmenopausal years. Loss although much slowly, also happens in men. In addition to bone porosity, the bone strength is determined by the trabecular microstructure in wich osteoclastic, and osteoblastic activities play an important role. Osteoporosis develops when bone resorption occurs too rapidly and bone formation fails to keep up. Risk factors for osteoporosis involves age, gender, ethnicity, use of certain drugs, exercise, smoking Vit D deficiency, Ca intake, sex hormones, alcohol intake etc. Mineralization markers are serum osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase, serum prokollagen I extention peptides. Markers for the resorption of bone on the other hand are urine N-telopeptide crosslinks, urine deoxy-piridinoline, urine hydroxyproline, tartarate dependent acid phosphatase and Catepsin K. Biochemical markers of bone turnover should be used with BMD for diagnosis.
Education and training in clinical chemistry in the EU: Lessons from the experiences
Authors: Blaton Victor
Published: August 2005

This paper describes the history of FESCC (Forum of the European Societies of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine), the actual fields of major activities and the key issues in Europe. The mission of FESCC is to support and promote clinical chemistry in Europe, to aid interactions with IFCC (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry), to develop education and quality in the discipline and to encourage young scientists to take an active role in these activities. The total quality systems in medical and clinical laboratories and accreditation of these laboratories is gaining more and more interest. Laboratory specialists are confronted with a new way of thinking concerning the management and the daily practice of their laboratories. Particularly in the European Union (EU), harmonization of criteria for quality systems is desirable. The freedom of movement and goods within the EU has a large impact for the member states. FESCC launched surveys in Europe on accreditation of medical laboratories and training with special attentions to postgraduate education of the profession. A second survey was launched to gather more information about the managerial situation of the specialists in clinical chemistry in Europe. The harmonization of the profession in one of the challenges for the European specialists in clinical chemistry and for FESCC a major task. Factors defining the future of laboratory medicine are treated.
Implementation of a two-dimensional barcode in the preanalytic phase
Authors: Müller Cyrill , Singer Joachim
Published: August 2005

The automation process in the preanalytic phase of the laboratory is of increasing interest since there is an increasing discrepancy between the enormous advances in the automation process of the analytical/ postanalytical and the preanalytical phase of the central laboratory. Besides there is need of a secure transmission of the test requests from the clients to the central laboratory. We started a project together with other supra-regional laboratories in Germany in order to develop and establish a secure and robust data transmission system for the transmission of clinical data and laboratory information to the central laboratory. Based on common standards for laboratory data transmission and using a two dimensional barcode we developed an offline usable open source standard. Our project and the members of our project group may be a basis for the development and establishment of a standardized catalogue of laboratory methods and laboratory analyses in Germany in the near future.
The role of eosinophilic leukocytes in pathogenesis of bronchial asthma
Authors: Vucevic Danijela , Radosavljevic Tatjana , Djordjevic-Denic Gordana
Published: August 2005

Pathogenesis of bronchial asthma has not been completely understood. Eosinophilic leukocytes accumulate in high numbers in the lungs, blood and sputum of asthmatic patients. Peripheral blood eosinophilia has been identified as a risk factor for the development of airway obstruction. Prominent eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrate in the bronchial mucosa and correlation between eosinophil numbers and disease severity supports the hypothesis that eosinophils are central inflammatory cells capable of inducing pathophysiological features of asthma. Activated eosinophils secrete a wide range of preformed and newly generated mediators that damage the bronchial epithelium, contract smooth muscle, increase mucous secretion and cause vasodilatation. There is ample evidence that oxidants generation is increased during an asthma exacerbation. Many investigations indicate that airway and blood eosinophils produce more oxidants in asthmatic patients compared with control subjects.
The basic haematological measurements in peripheral blood from workers exposed to mercury vapours
Authors: Maksimovic Radmila , Mandic Ljuba , Spasic Slavica
Published: August 2005

In the present study was assessed the influence of occupational exposure to mercury vapours on the basic haematological parameters (erythrocyte, leukocyte and platelet count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, MCV, MCH and MCHC). Studies were carried out on 138 workers involved in the production of chlorine using the mercuric electrolysis method (divided into three groups: permanently, periodically and earlier exposed to mercury vapours), as well as on 38 healthy workers. The shift time - weighted averages for mercury was determined in the workplace air before research; mean value was significantly over maximum tolerated dose. The mercury content in the blood and urine of exposed workers was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In all three groups 95th percentile values of mercury in blood and urine are significantly over MTD. Peripheral blood cell parameters were determined using an automatic cell counter. In the group exposed to mercury vapours, was found a statistically significant increase of erythrocyte count with a concomitant decrease in MCV. The mean values of haemoglobin concentration, MCHC and platelet count were higher in the group of workers exposed to mercury vapours, but the difference was not statistically significant. There were no significant differences in haematocrit, MCH and leukocytes between the studied groups. Our results indicate that long-term and permanent exposure to mercury vapours induces changes in the important haematological parameters of the peripheral blood.
Update analytic program for laboratory investigation in urinary tract calculosis
Authors: Milenkovic Dragica , Vuksanovic Aleksandar , Lalic Natasa , Simic-Ogrizovic Sanja , Dopsaj Violeta
Published: August 2005

Urinary tract calculosis due to it's high recurrence rate (50-100% in untreated patients) and possibility to cause chronic renal failure in 20% still represents a great social and medical problem. From that aspect, an adequate clinical evaluation in stone forming patients is of paramount importance. An effective and rational attitude in detecting possible causes of stone formation demands the adequate analytic program in biochemical investigations. Presented program is adjusted to the guidelines on urolithiasis, recommended by Board EAU (European Association of Urologists) Healthcare Office, for year 2003. Regarding to known chemical stone composition, category of stone former and presence of an specific risk factor, analytic program could be minimal (fasting morning spot urine sample analysis, urineculture and blood analysis (calcium, albumine, creatinine and urate and stone analysis) and extended (quantification of all parameters in serum and in two consequtive 24h urine collections, relevant for stone formation and evaluation of renal function). In order to identify metabolic disorders, an quantification of parathormone in serum, cAMP in urine and absorption/loading tests with calcium, NH4Cl and [12C2] oxalate are recommended.
The effect of zinc diet on distribution of fatty acid in blood plasma chylomicrons
Authors: Cerovic Aleksandra , Miletic Ivanka , Blagojevic Dusko , Sobajic Sladjana , Colic Miodrag , Vasiljevska Milijana , Poznanic Milica
Published: August 2005

The effect of dietary zinc on the distribution of fatty acids in blood plasma chylomicrons was studied. The experiment was performed on male Mongolian Gerbils, fed ad libitum for 3 weeks with standard diet, containing 8 or 38 mg of Zn per kg of food (low zinc diet group, LZ, and saturated zinc diet group, SZ, respectivelly). At the 21st day gerbils were given sunflower oil by gavage. After 2.5 hours, blood was collected from abdominal vein, and samples were pooled (five animals per one sample). Chylomicron fractions were isolated by ultracentrifugation and mass of dried chylomicrons was measured. Fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Significantly higher amount of chylomicrons in blood plasma of SZ than in LZ group was found. In chylomicrons, following fatty acids were found: 16:0, 16:1, 17:0, 17:1, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, 18:3, 20:0, 21:0 and 20:4. The amount of individual fatty acids in chylomicrons in both groups was similar, except 20:4 where lower amount in SZ group was found. Zinc diet did not affect fatty acid distribution in chylomicrons of both groups. Animals fed with zinc saturated diet had higher amount of fatty acids in blood plasma. Observed results suggest that dietary zinc influences the quantity of fatty acids absorption but not its distribution in chylomicrons.
Insulin and C-peptide response in healthy persons and individuals with impaired glucose metabolism during oral glucose tolerance test
Authors: Nedic Olgica , Miloradovic Jasminka , Ratkovic Marija , Masnikosa Romana
Published: August 2005

Serial measurements of blood glucose concentration before and after giving a specific amount of glucose orally provide a standard method to evaluate glucose metabolism. Although the reference ranges for glucose concentration in various disease states that are based on impaired glucose homeostasis have been established, the reference values are not clearly defined for insulin and C-peptide concentrations. The aim of this work was to study the insulin and C-peptide response during OGTT. Healthy individuals exhibited the following profile of insulin and C-peptide levels: 15 ? 4.9 mU/L and 0.5 ? 0.19 nmol/L (0 h), 116 ? 52.8 mU/L and 2.3 ? 0.79 nmol/L (1 h) and 59 ? 26.7 mU/L and 2.0 ? 0.67 nmol/L (2 h). Persons with impaired glucose tolerance had higher C-peptide levels at 0 h, 0.6 ? 0.17 nmol/L, and significantly higher insulin and C-peptide concentrations after 1 h, 209 ? 63.8 mU/L and 3.5 ? 1.00, nmol/L and 2 h, 188 ? 48.8 mU/L and 3.6 ? 0.92 nmol/L. Diabetic patients had higher basal levels of C-peptide, 0.8 ? 0.23 nmol/L, insulin and C-peptide increased after 1 h similarly as in healthy people, but further continued to increase significantly, 181 ? 137.6 mU/L and 3.7 ? 1.49 nmol/L. Subjects that exhibited low blood glucose levels demonstrated lower insulin concentrations at all time intervals, 11 ? 2.5 mU/L (0 h), 63 ? 31.1 mU/L (1 h) and 44 ? 22.9 mU/L (2 h), but the concentration of C-peptide leveled with that of the healthy ones. The results of this work may be useful in establishing reference ranges for insulin and C-peptide concentrations for defined time intervals during OGTT, in health and disease.
Activities of antioxidant defense enzymes in the blood of individuals with Leu144Phe mutation
Authors: Nikolic Aleksandra , Stevic Zorica , Blagojevic Dusko , Saicic Zorica , Spasic Mihajlo
Published: August 2005

Activities of cooper zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the blood of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with Leu144Phe mutation (FALS), asimptomatic carriers with Leu144Phe mutation and controls were studied. Activity of Cu,Zn SOD was significantly lower in the FALS patients and asimptomatic carriers than in controls (p<0.001). In the FALS patients GSH-Px activity was lower (p<0.01) and activity of GR was higher (p<0.001) in comparison with controls. Canonical discriminant analyses provide statistical evidence that examined groups are different in the composition of antioxidant enzymes in blood and revealed that each component confers to observed difference. Our results suggests that oxidative stress is involved in pathogenesis of FALS and the activities of antioxidant enzymes are exposed to different kind of oxidative pressure in FALS patients, asymptomatic carriers and controls.