bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Many Happy Returns? Investment Governance and the Political Economy of Time in UK Pensions Provision
Authors: Berry Craig
Published: February 2021

We are increasingly conscious that private pension schemes in the UK are primarily financial institutions. UK private pensions provision has always been highly financialized, but the individualization of provision means this dynamic matters more than ever to retirement incomes. Furthermore, individualization has occurred at a time when the UK economy’s capacity to support a long-term approach to capital investment, upon which pensions depend, has declined. The chapter argues that pensions provision essentially involves managing the failure of the future to resemble the present, or more specifically present forecasts of the future. As our ability to manipulate the value of the future has increased, our ability to tolerate forecast failure has declined. The chapter details how pension funds invest, and how this has changed, and provides an original understanding of several recent attempts to shape pensions investment, ultimately demonstrating the limitations of pensions policy in shaping how provision functions in practice.
War and grammar
Authors: Hoffmann Anette
Published: February 2021

Disciplines are constructed as sites and topics of canonic knowledge through the texts produced by those who claim membership in them. This chapter describes how such activities helped to implement fields of knowledge production that were deeply rooted in colonial contexts, into different settings, where they seemed to gain new meaning and relevance. Postwar Africanistics as an academic discipline considered specifically German yet also part of the globally present field of African linguistics, emanated, against this background, out of writing about “proper topics” and the outcome of “fundamental research,” about the lives led by its important texts and the ways in which these texts dealt with the lives of the Africanists who engaged with them. This also entails thinking about the notion of experthood in linguistics and about the ambiguous connotations of this word in the postcolonial context in which Africanistics (or African linguistics) is situated.
Introduction
Authors: Wouters Jan , Chané Anna-Luise , Nowak Manfred
Published: February 2021

Over the past decades, the European Union (EU or Union) has undergone a remarkable transformation—from a primarily economic integration project whose founding treaties were completely silent on human rights, to a political union of values that puts human rights front and centre. The Treaty of Lisbon, which entered into force one decade ago, on 1 December 2009, is widely regarded as the high point of the Union’s journey in that direction. Not only did the Treaty recognise human rights as one of the EU’s founding values, as the guiding principles and objectives of all EU external action, it also gave the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights the same legal value as the Treaties and obliged the Union to accede to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)....
From an economic community to a union of values
Authors: Wouters Jan
Published: February 2021

This chapter looks into the historical background of the European Union’s (EU’s or Union’s) current commitment to human rights, by retracing the evolution of the EU from an economic community to a more political union based on shared fundamental values. The chapter aims at driving home three core messages that are essential for this volume, namely: (i) the Union’s internal and external human rights engagement have come about in parallel, and have grown somewhat organically, over the past fifty years, before becoming fully constitutionally engrained and intertwined in the Treaty of Lisbon; (ii) the EU’s gradual rapprochement to human rights was driven both by considerations of enhancing the Union’s internal legitimacy (constitutional checks and balances, assuring protection rights to citizens, safeguarding cohesion within an ever more diverse Union) and external legitimacy (being a responsible actor in the world, contributing to peace and stability); and (iii) in spite of all human rights-related provisions in the Treaty of Lisbon, the EU’s competence structure has not adequately followed through on these developments. The Union’s competences up to today remain primarily socio-economic in nature, with very limited law-making and enforcement powers in the area of human rights proper, resulting in an asymmetry that undermines the Union’s potential to effectively deliver on its own human rights commitments.
Agency, Entrepreneurship, and Innovation
Authors: Huggins Robert , Thompson Piers
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores whether community culture and personality traits are associated with entrepreneurial activities. It seeks to consider the importance of personality held at the individual level and culture held at the group level. This allows the connections between the foundations of the behavioural model of regional development—community culture and personality—and activities associated with the regional development to be explored. It further explores the extent to which human agency plays a role in determining the nature of entrepreneurial endeavours. Following an examination of behavioural micro-relationships at the individual level, the analysis then moves on to examine evidence of the relationship between human agency and differing forms of regional development. It focuses on traditional economic measures of development including GDP and unemployment, but also considers inputs and outputs from innovation and the entrepreneurial environment required to generate high-road regional competitiveness.
An Extended Behavioural Model of Economic Development
Authors: Huggins Robert , Thompson Piers
Published: February 2021

This chapter establishes a more extended and nuanced behavioural model of urban and regional economic development and returns to considering what ‘development’ actually means and how outcomes can be measured. This reflects a move away from depending solely on traditional measures of urban and regional development based on Gross Domestic Product. Instead, the chapter investigates the outcomes for individuals in terms of their economic positions and also measures of broader satisfaction. To bring together the theoretical and empirical insights from the preceding chapters, this chapter turns to refining and unpacking the behavioural model of urban and regional development presented earlier, and propositions are developed from the insights gained throughout this book and incorporated into the model.
Governing Migration beyond the State
Authors: Geddes Andrew
Published: February 2021

This chapter introduces key themes and issues that will be explored in the book’s analysis of regional migration governance in Europe, North America, South America, and Southeast Asia. It specifies how representations of the causes and effects of migration—of what’s going on ‘out there’ —held by key actors in migration governance systems have shaping effects on responses to migration, as understood and represented. These processes of sense-making are embedded in what are called repertoires of migration governance that have narrative, social, symbolic, and affective components and are also ongoing in that they don’t have a clear beginning and end. By opening the black box of governance it is possible to understand more about how know-how and social expectations about role play a significant part in shaping the outputs or outcomes of migration governance systems.
Soundworld Spatiality and the Unheroic Self-Giving of Jesus Christ
Authors: Adkins Imogen
Published: February 2021

This chapter argues that the spatial metaphor of resonant ‘edgeless difference’, which arises from our perception of musical sound, makes more conceptualizable a vision of kenotic freedom which the New Testament understands to be embodied in Jesus Christ and made accessible through the Spirit, to the glory of the Father. This proposal is briefly explored in conversation with the Christology and theological aesthetics of Rowan Williams (1950–), who works within a kenotic idiom. We discover that a conceptuality borne of musical phenomenology can liberate Christological grammar from modernist strongholds and can direct our attention to the multiple, interconnected freedoms of the New Creation (i.e., the cosmic, ecclesiological, and individual). In so doing, it supports the idea that a Christ-centred kenotic theory of self-emptying provides a radical alternative to certain modernist views of freedom.
Music in the Margin of Indifference
Authors: Varwig Bettina
Published: February 2021

This chapter considers the role of a specific Lutheran idea of freedom in the emancipation of sacred music from liturgy during the early modern period. It proposes that the Lutheran appropriation of the classical notion of ‘adiaphora’, as a stance of indifference towards practices and objects not essential for salvation, opened up a quasi-autonomous space for musical elaboration, within which music could gradually acquire its modern status as a self-sufficient artistic practice. The eighteenth-century tradition of Passion performances in Protestant Germany offers a rich test case for this process of ecclesiastical divestment, in particular J.S. Bach’s St. Matthew Passion of 1727, which made claims for music that clearly outstripped its functional remit, and Carl Heinrich Graun’s immensely popular setting of Karl Wilhelm Ramler’s Der Tod Jesu of 1755, which consolidated the genre’s move from the liturgy to the concert hall. Yet this migration outside the church walls by no means provides straightforward confirmation of a standard secularization narrative of Western modernity. Rather, in absorbing and retaining crucial aspects of sacrality, these musical repertories and practices reveal the rootedness of the modern aesthetic sphere in that Lutheran margin of indifference.
Intellectual Property Law and Redressive Autonomy
Authors: Balganesh Shyamkrishna
Published: February 2021

Intellectual property law remains a body of private law, but for reasons that transcend its reliance on ideas and concepts from the common law of property and tort. This essay argues that the connection between forms of intellectual property law and private law is rooted in a form of autonomy that characterizes private law regimes—known as “redressive autonomy.” It shows how a strong commitment to redressive autonomy undergirds the unique right–duty structure of intellectual property, informs intellectual property’s central doctrines, and injects an additional layer of normative complexity into its functioning.
Good Faith in English Contract Law
Authors: Chen-Wishart Mindy , Dixon Victoria
Published: February 2021

Contrary to orthodoxy, good faith is no stranger to English law. Properly understood, we have been “speaking prose all our lives without knowing it.” The debate over whether to introduce a doctrine of good faith is therefore misconceived—the horse has bolted; the stable door has opened. Rather, the salient questions are: (i) How can a good faith requirement be justified? (ii) What role should it play in the evolution of English contract law? (iii) What does good faith require? And, (iv) how can we start to taxonomize its demands in order to stabilize its requirement? We support a humble role for good faith as an attitude of honesty, fair dealing, and fidelity to the contractual purpose that is, in turn, constitutive of the activity of contracting. These three aspects are manifest in many contract law rules that apply with different intensity and effect to the four categories of contracts that we identify. This is our proposed taxonomy “3 by 4.” Open recognition of this humble version of good faith will: make explicit the implicit ethical content of English contract law, enhance our understanding and organization of many apparently disparate rules, legitimize these rules and facilitate legal development in a manner consistent with common law incrementalism. This leaves open the policy questions of how far and how fast English law should travel down the road of good faith.
Some objections
Authors: Beall Jc
Published: February 2021

This chapter elaborates and defends the central thesis via replies to numerous objections
Measured against alternative views
Authors: Beall Jc
Published: February 2021

This chapter compares alternative accounts against the advanced contradictory one.
The Political Agency of Billionaires
Authors: Hägel Peter
Published: February 2021

Chapter 4 develops arguments and hypotheses about the political agency of billionaires, in terms of capacities, goals, and power. It draws upon insights from the “structure-agency” discussion and the political sociology of elites. While all billionaires control vast amounts of money, only few of them venture into world politics. A billionaire’s motivation to act transnationally may stem from material interests or a sociopolitical identity whose commitments reach across national borders. Wealth can be a highly fungible power resource, but its activation depends on what can be purchased, which is regulated by laws and norms. Entrepreneurial success in business can foster self-efficacy beliefs as well as social and cultural capital, yet whether this can be put to use in politics is contingent upon the political field that a billionaire is trying to enter. Further analysis thus needs to take the specificities of a billionaire’s international actions into account. This chapter is developing the analytical tools for the following case studies (chapter 5), which are structured around three goals that are often assumed to drive the international behavior of states: security, wealth (economy), and esteem (social entrepreneurship).
Heterogeneity, Stochasticity and Complexity in the Dynamics and Control of Mosquito-Borne Pathogens
Authors: Reiner Jr. Robert C. , Smith David L.
Published: February 2021

A theory for the transmission dynamics and control of malaria was developed around a set of concepts, quantities, and mathematical models introduced by Ronald Ross. Decades later, Macdonald linked Ross's models to epidemiological and entomological data, developed the concept of the basic reproductive number, R0, and proposed a rudimentary theory of control based on sensitivity to parameters. Here, we review development of the Ross–Macdonald model, present one simple version, and provide an eclectic critique of the theory based on studies conducted more recently. While mosquito populations are logically necessary for mosquito-borne pathogen transmission, the study of transmission since then shows it is noisy, heterogeneous, and complex. Heterogeneity, stochasticity, and complexity represent important challenges for applying theory in context.
Environmental Drivers of Vector-Borne Diseases
Authors: Shocket Marta S. , Anderson Christopher B. , Caldwell Jamie M. , Childs Marissa L. , Couper Lisa I. , Han Songhee , Harris Mallory J. , Howard Meghan E. , Kai Morgan P. , MacDonald Andrew J. , Nova Nicole , Mordecai Erin A.
Published: February 2021

The transmission of vector-borne diseases is sensitive to environmental conditions, including temperature, humidity, rainfall, and land use/habitat quality. Understanding these causal relationships is especially important as increasing anthropogenic changes drive shifts in vector-borne disease dynamics. In this chapter, we first briefly describe the biology of vectors and pathogens that underlies environmental influences on transmission of vector-borne diseases. Next, we review the impacts of each of the major environmental drivers (as previously mentioned), synthesizing and comparing mechanisms across different vector-borne disease systems. Then, we discuss key challenges and standard approaches to research in the discipline. Finally, we highlight areas where research is advancing in promising new directions and suggest areas where new approaches are needed.
Mosquito—Virus Interactions
Authors: Reitmayer Christine M. , Evans Michelle V. , Miazgowicz Kerri L. , Newberry Philip M. , Solano Nicole , Tesla Blanka , Murdock Courtney C.
Published: February 2021

Vector-borne viruses (arboviruses) are emerging threats to both human and animal health. The global expansion of dengue virus, West Nile virus, chikungunya, and most recently Zika virus are prominent examples of how quickly mosquito-transmitted viruses can emerge and spread. We currently lack high quality data from a diversity of mosquito-arbovirus systems on the specific mosquito and viral traits that drive disease transmission. Further, the factors that contribute to variation in these traits and disease transmission remain largely unidentified. In this chapter, we outline and explore the following: 1. the specific mechanisms governing the outcome of vector-virus interactions 2. how genetic variation across mosquito populations and viral strains, as well as environmental variation in abiotic and biotic factors shape the mosquito-virus interaction and 3. the implications of these interactions for understanding and predicting arbovirus transmission, as well as for control of mosquito species that transmit human pathogens.
Kindling, Logs, and Coals: The Dynamics of Trypanosoma cruzi, the Etiological Agent of Chagas Disease in Arequipa, Peru
Authors: Levy Michael Z.
Published: February 2021

The forces that lead to the emergence of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, are often distinct from those that maintain its transmission, and these are distinct again from those that allow the parasite to persist over decades. Just as kindling, logs, and coals all play discrete roles in the growth of a fire, a myriad of mammalian hosts contribute differently to epidemics of Trypanosoma. cruzi. Chagas disease affects millions of people in the Americas, and, through migration, thousands more on other continents. The agent of the disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, is a slender, highly-motile, unicellular parasite. T. cruzi does not migrate to the salivary glands of its insect vector–the blood-sucking triatomine insects–as many other vector-borne parasites do.
Non-Territorial National Autonomy in Interwar European Minority Protection and Its Habsburg Legacies
Authors: Kuzmany Börries
Published: February 2021

This chapter investigates the history of the idea of non-territorial autonomy as a form of corporate collective minority rights. The concept originated in the Habsburg Empire, where it was both implemented in several Austrian provinces, at least partly, as well as discussed theoretically by Austro-Marxist thinkers. While Zionist Jewish protagonists unsuccessfully suggested this form of minority protection at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, it continued to be discussed and applied in several Eastern European countries, in particular in the Baltic states, often with reference to its Habsburg origins. The European Nationalities Congress, a transnational advocacy group of European minorities during the interwar period, also strongly supported the idea of non-territorial autonomy. The chapter argues that despite the Congress’s final inability to convince the League of Nations of this model of corporative minority rights, non-territorial autonomy was lively discussed in the international arena of European minority protection with the protagonists pointing to the legacy of the demised Habsburg Empire.
Reaction and Regulation, 1349 to 1380
Authors: Bailey Mark
Published: February 2021

The Black Death of 1348–9 killed nearly half the population of England, and triggered a widespread crisis that did not abate until 1353. The crisis was a combination of mass mortality, extreme weather, empty landholdings, acute labour shortages, successive harvest failures, major disruption to markets, heavy taxation, and the poverty of many survivors. During the 1350s escalating prices and the shortage of labour posed an urgent threat to the ordained social order, prompting government intervention and aggressive tactics against serfs by some lords. Yet the effectiveness of the legislation quickly waned and there is no compelling evidence for a widespread and sustained ‘seigniorial reaction’. Concession was more widespread than repression. The third quarter of the fourteenth century represented a watershed in the history of tenure in England, reflected in the major swing to monetarized and commercial rents, and the decisive separation of tenurial unfreedom from personal unfreedom. Traditional villein tenures were diluted to retain and attract tenants. These developments increased the mobility of land, reduced the obstacles to accessing land, and represented an irreversible shift towards simpler and more contractual tenurial forms.
The European Attempt to Topple Spain’s Industrial Protection
Authors: Guirao Fernando
Published: February 2021

The 1970 Agreement was intended to regulate trade relations between the Six and Spain for six years. At the end of 1972, however, Chapter 8 shows, for the Six/Nine the question was no longer that of negotiating additional concessions for Spanish exports but of the inclusion of Spain into the pan-European Free-Trade Area, to begin by 1977. In the summer of 1975, the Spanish Council of Ministers, under the influence of the minister of commerce, refused to ratify the FTA with the EEC. The Spanish government wished to avoid a transformation into a customs union or inclusion in an FTA in which Spanish producers would face mounting competition by West-European producers. The 1970 Agreement remained in force until Spain became a full member of the three European Communities, on 1 January 1986, transforming it into a sort of pre-accession arrangement for which it was not prepared.
Tyrannosiculus Rex
Authors: de Lisle Christopher
Published: February 2021

This chapter deals with Agathokles’ rulership and self-representation, arguing that the adoption of the title of king or basileus did not mark a fundamental rupture in Agathokles’ reign and rulership style—a transition from Sicilian tyranny to Hellenistic monarchy. Rather it was simply an attempt to re-establish his legitimacy after the conclusion of the war with Carthage. A number of features that have been identified as characteristic of a new Hellenistic model of rule are already apparent in the evidence for Agathokles’ conduct before his assumption of the royal title and in the regimes of his predecessors in Syracuse. A number of significant divergences from Hellenistic kingship are also divergences from the practice of Agathokles’ predecessors. Most can be explained by Agathokles’ financial situation, the biases of our evidence, or are also absent from the practice of some of the Diadochoi.
Epistemic Chances, or “Almost-Objective” Probabilities
Authors: Myrvold Wayne C.
Published: February 2021

In this chapter is introduced the key concept of this book, a concept that I call epistemic chance. The definition of an epistemic chance invokes two kinds of considerations. One is limitations of knowledge on the part of an agent assigning probabilities to events. The other is a physical consideration, involving the dynamics of the system under consideration. Epistemic chances, therefore, do not fall neatly into the familiar dichotomy of chance and credence. They are hybrid probabilities.
Critics of Modern Politics
Authors: Mauldin Joshua
Published: February 2021

This chapter sets up the central question of the project by examining three recent critics of modern politics. For historian Brad Gregory, the ills of modern society are traceable to the Protestant Reformation, which destroyed the unified society that Catholicism once provided in Europe. For Alasdair MacIntyre, modern society lacks an account of the human good and thus of the virtues that help human beings achieve this good. Stanley Hauerwas agrees with MacIntyre about the hopelessness of liberal modernity, and suggests that the Church can provide an alternative to the barbarity of the wider society, bedeviled as it is by disagreement, distrust, and violence. For these critics it is the marginalization of religion that is the source of modernity’s ills. The remainder of the book will examine the works of prominent religious thinkers who reflected on the ethical life of modern society at a time when that viability was even more questionable than it is today.
Derrida and the Legacy of Psychoanalysis
Authors: Earlie Paul
Published: February 2021

This book offers a detailed account of the importance of psychoanalysis in Derrida’s thought. Based on close readings of texts from the whole of his career, including less well-known and previously unpublished material, it sheds new light on the crucial role of psychoanalysis in shaping Derrida’s response to a number of key questions. These questions range from the psyche’s relationship to technology to the role of fiction and metaphor in scientific discourse, from the relationship between memory and the archive to the status of the political in deconstruction. Focusing on Freud but proposing new readings of texts by Lacan, Torok, and Abraham, Laplanche and Pontalis, amongst other seminal figures in contemporary French thought, the book argues that Derrida’s writings on psychoanalysis can also provide an important bridge between deconstruction and the recent materialist turn in the humanities. Challenging a still prevalent ‘textualist’ reading of Derrida’s work, it explores the ongoing contribution of deconstruction and psychoanalysis to pressing issues in critical thought today, from the localizing models of the neurosciences and the omnipresence of digital technology to the politics of affect in an age of terror.
Aristotelian Powers, Mechanism, and Final Causes in the Late Middle Ages
Authors: Lagerlund Henrik
Published: February 2021

Henrik Lagerlund explores the topic of final causality in the High and later Middle Ages. He argues that the seventeenth-century mechanists weren’t the only ones critiquing and rejecting final causality. There were earlier figures who developed a form of mechanical materialism that eschewed final causes, most notably William of Ockham and John Buridan. Lagerlund begins with the way that Ockham and Buridan in the fourteenth century understood the mereology of the body. Bodily substances were composed of essential parts and integral parts. Essential parts were its metaphysical constituents, its matter and substantial form. Integral parts were its various extended bits. This distinction generated a metaphysical divide between material objects with extended substantial forms and simple, immaterial substances like God, angels, and the human soul. And this divide raises a number of philosophical puzzles for the entities on either side of it. Of special concern to Lagerlund is the numeric identity and unity of material substances across time. Lagerlund shows how Buridan in particular struggled to make sense of the identity and unity of material substances through time. In the end, Buridan could only say that material substances are successively identical through time; they are not totally or partially identical.
Libraries for the studious, professional, and wealthy
Authors: Pearson David
Published: February 2021

Describes in more detail the kinds of libraries typically formed by academic or professional people, or by members of the gentry and aristocracy; these constitute about 90 per cent of the evidence base of documented book owners of the seventeenth century. Trends in size over time, and in the kinds of books typically found in these kinds of libraries, are explored, based on a number of case studies. The wider European context is considered. A broad spread of subjects is commonly found in seventeenth-century libraries of any size, with a gradual increase in the proportion of British-published material as time progresses. It is very common to find significant proportions of theological or devotional books, most obviously in clerical and academic libraries, but also (if in smaller proportions) in the houses of the landed classes.
MARTIN BUTLER (b. 1960)London (2008)
Authors: Manning Jane
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores British pianist and composer Martin Butler’s London (2008). This is, thus far, the sole work Butler has written for voice and piano. His musical idiom is easily accessible, basically tonal with naturally flowing lines and lovely sonorities. This is a classic English ‘Lied’ which sets William Blake’s poem with impeccable taste and assurance, allowing both performers a wide range of colour and expression, and encompassing a host of delicately calibrated details of nuance and dynamic. Marked ‘A Dirge’, the piece progresses at a steady pulse, led by a resonant piano part which goes on to three staves at the start. Wide-spanning bell-like chords support a flexible, shapely vocal line, with each word set immaculately. The broad vocal range might suggest a bass-baritone—several of the lowest passages, including the exposed ending, require a rock-like steadiness and security. However, the outer sections are basically quiet, and the emotional outburst at the song’s centre, as the music presses forward, will benefit from a high placing without strain.
DANIEL FELSENFELD (b. 1970)Annus Mirabilis (2007)
Authors: Manning Jane
Published: February 2021

This chapter looks at American composer Daniel Felsenfeld’s Annus Mirabilis (2007). From a wide choice of Felsenfeld’s varied works, this short, witty, and oddly poignant setting of the well-known Philip Larkin poem is a real find and an especially welcome addition to the limited repertoire for bass voice. It is ideal for histrionically gifted performers wishing to enliven a recital programme of more serious fare. Felsenfeld neatly captures the painfully ironic, rueful essence of the text, and, in incongruous parody, draws on quotations from Purcell as well as two of the Beatles’ hits. Also an experienced writer, he obviously relishes supplying pithy notes for the performers, such as ‘with overdone pathos’, ‘melodramatically grand’, and ‘eerily strict’. The piano takes a major role, veering from baroque gestures and direct quotes to bravura gestures, amid constantly changing tempos and frequent rubato.
HELEN GRIME (b. 1981)In the Mist (2008)
Authors: Manning Jane
Published: February 2021

This chapter studies Scottish composer Helen Grime’s In the Mist (2008). In this work, Grime’s writing for the medium of voice and piano shows a healthy resistance against the growing trend amongst younger composers to revisit conventionally expressive, ‘accessible’ styles. Especially distinctive is her treatment of the piano, not as a nineteenth-century Romantic instrument, but as a purveyor of bright, steely resonances that occasionally evoke the metallic sheen of keyed percussion. Void of weighty, sustaining chords, spaces are filled out with decorative figures, as in harpsichord music. There is also much verbal repetition, expanding Lloyd Schwartz’s poem’s spare, gnomic lines. The singer’s part is exhilaratingly physical, requiring fitness and stamina. As a former oboist, the composer thinks in long phrases, which, well controlled, will be of benefit to the voice. A clear, youthful tenor sound is needed—heavier voices could find the highly sprung phrases uncomfortable.
LIZ LANE (b. 1964)Landscapes (2009)
Authors: Manning Jane
Published: February 2021

This chapter highlights Liz Lane’s Landscapes (2009). This song cycle, a special birthday commission for a young baritone, displays great empathy with the rich emotional world and stirring imagery of well-loved texts by Gerard Manley Hopkins, John Clare, and William Wordsworth. Words are set with clarity and sensitivity, in natural response to their resonances. The attractive musical idiom is basically tonal, but quite chromatic, encompassing changes of pace and mood with admirable fluency. Although unafraid of occasional extremes of register, the composer wisely focuses on medium tessitura when wishing to show the voice’s full palette of colours and shadings. Piano writing is clear and practical, ranging from ostinato figures to simple diaphanous textures and held chords. The three songs are well contrasted: the short opening setting ends in a passage of exultant shouting and the last song, in which the piano takes a major role, gives the singer a satisfying glissando.
JOHN MUSTO (b. 1954)Summer Stars (2012)
Authors: Manning Jane
Published: February 2021

This chapter highlights John Musto’s Summer Starts (2012). Just a brief, but tempting, sample of Musto’s work, this beautiful song clearly demonstrates his instinctive sensitivity to vocal timbre and comfort. Its glowing, broad-spun phrases flatter the voice and exploit its most rewarding colours. An example of classic vocal writing, as demonstrated by past masters of the art, is his device of having relatively short phrases prepare the way for more expansive passages, allowing stamina to build cumulatively. Musto is aware that a soprano is perfectly able to encompass notes below the stave as long as the approach is unforced, enabling lines to undulate smoothly through all registers. This ‘elasticized’ sensation when cruising over large intervals is beneficial to vocal health and progress. The song’s attractively lyrical, chromatic idiom is cohesive and disciplined as to pitches and intervals, yet it all feels fresh and spontaneous. A rapt, magical atmosphere is instantly captured, with the piano’s light, silvery texture cushioning the voice’s floating, rhapsodic lines.
EVALUATION OF NEUTRON AMBIENT DOSE EQUIVALENT IN INTENSITY-MODULATED COMPOSITE PARTICLE THERAPY
Authors: Matsumoto Shinnosuke , Yonai Shunsuke
Published: February 2021

Several studies have reported benefits derived from cancer treatment using various heavy-ion beams. Based on these reports, the National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology started developing intensity-modulated composite particle therapy (IMPACT) using He-, C-, O-, and Ne-ions. In ion beam therapy, nuclear interactions in the beamline devices or patient produce secondary neutrons. This study evaluated the characteristics of secondary neutrons in IMPACT. Neutron ambient dose equivalents were measured using WENDI-II. Measurements were performed under realistic case scenarios using He-, C-, O- and Ne-ion beams. Moreover, neutron ambient dose equivalents generated by He-, C-, O- and Ne-ion beams were compared with neutron ambient dose equivalents in proton therapy. No differences exist in the distance-dependence even when the primary ions are different. Neutrons generated by primary ion beams of high atomic numbers tend to emit forward. Moreover, in contrast with proton therapy, IMPACT can reduce neutron doses.
Investigating the Involvement of Cytoskeletal Proteins MreB and FtsZ in the Origin of Legume-Rhizobial Symbiosis
Authors: Zhao Wenlong , Zhu Huixia , Wei Feng , Zhou Donglai , Li Youguo , Zhang Xue-Xian
Published: February 2021

Rhizobia are rod-shaped bacteria that form nitrogen-fixing root nodules on leguminous plants; however, they don’t carry MreB, a key determinant of rod-like cell shape. Here, we introduced an actin-like mreB homolog from a pseudomonad into Mesorhizobium huakuii 7653R (a microsymbiont of Astragalus sinicus L.) and examined the molecular, cellular, and symbiotic phenotypes of the resultant mutant. Exogenous mreB caused an enlarged cell size and slower growth in laboratory medium. However, the mutant formed small, ineffective nodules on A. sinicus (Nod+ Fix−), and rhizobial cells in the infection zone were unable to differentiate into bacteroids. RNA sequencing analysis also revealed minor effects of mreB on global gene expression in free-living cells but larger effects for cells grown in planta. Differentially expressed nodule-specific genes include cell cycle regulators such as the tubulin-like ftsZ1 and ftsZ2. Unlike the ubiquitous FtsZ1, an FtsZ2 homolog was commonly found in Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, and Mesorhizobium spp. but not in closely related nonsymbiotic species. Bacterial two-hybrid analysis revealed that MreB interacts with FtsZ1 and FtsZ2, which are targeted by the host-derived nodule-specific cysteine-rich peptides. Significantly, MreB mutation D283A disrupted the protein–protein interactions and restored the aforementioned phenotypic defects caused by MreB in M. huakuii. Together, our data indicate that MreB is detrimental for modern rhizobia and its interaction with FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 causes the symbiotic process to cease at the late stage of bacteroid differentiation. These findings led to a hypothesis that loss of mreB in the common ancestor of members of Rhizobiales and subsequent acquisition of ftsZ2 are critical evolutionary steps leading to legume-rhizobial symbiosis.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Spatial orientation of social caterpillars is influenced by polarized light
Authors: Uemura Mizuki , Meglič Andrej , Zalucki Myron P. , Battisti Andrea , Belušič Gregor
Published: February 2021

Processionary caterpillars of
Thaumetopoea pityocampa
(in Europe) and
Ochrogaster lunifer
(in Australia) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) form single files of larvae crawling head-to-tail when moving to feeding and pupation sites. We investigated if the processions are guided by polarization vision. The heading orientation of processions could be manipulated with linear polarizing filters held above the leading caterpillar. Exposure to changes in the angle of polarization around the caterpillars resulted in corresponding changes in heading angles. Anatomical analysis indicated specializations for polarization vision of stemma I in both species. Stemma I has a rhabdom with orthogonal and aligned microvilli, and an opaque and rugged surface, which are optimizations for skylight polarization vision, similar to the dorsal rim of adult insects. Stemmata II-VI have a smooth and shiny surface and lobed rhabdoms with non-orthogonal and non-aligned microvilli; they are thus optimized for general vision with minimal polarization sensitivity. Behavioural and anatomical evidence reveal that polarized light cues are important for larval orientation and can be robustly detected with a simple visual system.
Experimental increase in fecundity causes upregulation of fecundity and body maintenance genes in the fat body of ant queens
Authors: Negroni Matteo Antoine , Feldmeyer Barbara , Foitzik Susanne
Published: February 2021

In most organisms, fecundity and longevity are negatively associated and the molecular regulation of these two life-history traits is highly interconnected. In addition, nutrient intake often has opposing effects on lifespan and reproduction. In contrast to solitary insects, the main reproductive individual of social hymenopterans, the queen, is also the most long-lived. During development, queen larvae are well-nourished, but we are only beginning to understand the impact of nutrition on the queens' adult life and the molecular regulation and connectivity of fecundity and longevity. Here, we used two experimental manipulations to alter queen fecundity in the ant
Temnothorax rugatulus
and investigated associated changes in fat body gene expression. Egg removal triggered a fecundity increase, leading to expression changes in genes with functions in fecundity such as oogenesis and body maintenance. Dietary restriction lowered the egg production of queens and altered the expression of genes linked to autophagy, Toll signalling, cellular homeostasis and immunity. Our study reveals that an experimental increase in fecundity causes the co-activation of reproduction and body maintenance mechanisms, shedding light on the molecular regulation of the link between longevity and fecundity in social insects.
John Clive Ward. 1 August 1924—6 May 2000
Authors: Dombey Norman
Published: February 2021

John Clive Ward was a theoretical physicist who made important contributions to two of the principal subjects in twentieth-century elementary particle physics: namely, quantum electrodynamics (QED) and electroweak theory. He was an early proponent of the importance of gauge theories in quantum field theory and their use in demonstrating the renormalization of those theories: that is, to remove apparent infinities in calculations. He showed that gauge invariance implies the equality of two seemingly different renormalized quantities in QED, a relationship now called the Ward Identity. This identity can be generalized to more general gauge theories in particle physics and remains a fundamental tool in these theories, which dominate particle theory at the present time. He collaborated with Abdus Salam on the use of gauge theories in strong interactions and in electroweak theory. He also made significant contributions to statistical physics. In 1955 he was recruited by the UK Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Aldermaston to head the Green Granite section of the theoretical group, which had the task of rederiving the thermonuclear weapon concepts developed by Ulam and Teller in the United States. He spent the years from 1966 to his retirement in 1984 at Macquarie University in Australia.
Cells exploit a phase transition to mechanically remodel the fibrous extracellular matrix
Authors: Grekas Georgios , Proestaki Maria , Rosakis Phoebus , Notbohm Jacob , Makridakis Charalambos , Ravichandran Guruswami
Published: February 2021

Through mechanical forces, biological cells remodel the surrounding collagen network, generating striking deformation patterns. Tethers—tracts of high densification and fibre alignment—form between cells, thinner bands emanate from cell clusters. While tethers facilitate cell migration and communication, how they form is unclear. Combining modelling, simulation and experiment, we show that tether formation is a densification phase transition of the extracellular matrix, caused by buckling instability of network fibres under cell-induced compression, featuring unexpected similarities with martensitic microstructures. Multiscale averaging yields a two-phase, bistable continuum energy landscape for fibrous collagen, with a densified/aligned second phase. Simulations predict strain discontinuities between the undensified and densified phase, which localizes within tethers as experimentally observed. In our experiments, active particles induce similar localized patterns as cells. This shows how cells exploit an instability to mechanically remodel the extracellular matrix simply by contracting, thereby facilitating mechanosensing, invasion and metastasis.
Theodolites at 20 000 feet: justifying precision measurement during the trigonometrical survey of Kashmir, 1855–1865
Authors: Ohnesorge Miguel
Published: February 2021

This paper reconstructs the history of the trigonometrical surveying of Kashmir from 1855 to 1865. It highlights the strategies through which surveyors had to justify the employment of high-precision instruments and methods in Himalayan terrain. Only by tediously manipulating their institutional environment in India and Britain did the staff of the Kashmir survey manage to complete its operations in light of constant financial and physical hardship. To sustain their measurements, surveyors aligned themselves with various political projects, entertaining and shifting allegiances with local rulers, scientific societies, and colonial institutions. After suffering severe cuts to instruments and assistance staff, the party was entirely stripped of funds by the East India Company in 1857 and relied on the material support of Maharaja Gulab Singh. Subsequently, surveyors adopted an expansionist rhetoric to gather the support of the Royal Geographical Society. In doing so, they framed precision as an essential contribution to imperial expansion, effective colonial rule, and intervention in ‘backward’ Kashmiri society and infrastructure. The Kashmir survey illustrates that rendering precision valuable requires an ongoing performative effort of justification to align epistemic with political and institutional interests.
Structure validation of oxidized poly (2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) with multiple aldehyde groups and its application for collagen modification
Authors: Liu Baohua , Wang Jian , Ji Lili , Bai Ting , Zhang Yin , Liu Dayu
Published: February 2021

The structural characteristic of oxidized poly (2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (OP) was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography, gel permeation chromatography and hydroxylamine hydrochloride titration. The results demonstrated that OP prepared through 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-mediated oxidation of poly (2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) was featured by multiple aldehyde groups on its side chain, with no free formaldehyde produced during the oxidation process. The computational simulation for the electrophilic reactivity of OP molecule showed that the reactivity of the aldehyde groups in OP with the amino groups of collagen was comparable to that of glutaraldehyde. In this study, OP was chosen as a collagen modifier to investigate the modification effects on the secondary structure, aggregation behaviour and thermal stability of collagen. The covalent cross-linking occurred between the aldehyde groups of OP and the amino groups of collagen under alkaline condition. The covalent binding between OP and collagen was strengthened with the increasing reaction pH and OP dosage, and the triple helix of collagen was altered to some degree. Furthermore, OP promoted the intense aggregation of collagen and enhanced the thermal stability of collagen. This work provides guidance for preparing novel collagen modifier with multiple aldehyde groups.
Everettian relative states in the Heisenberg picture
Authors: Kuypers Samuel , Deutsch David
Published: February 2021

Everett's relative-state construction in quantum theory has never been satisfactorily expressed in the Heisenberg picture. What one might have expected to be a straightforward process was impeded by conceptual and technical problems that we solve here. The result is a construction which, unlike Everett's one in the Schrödinger picture, makes manifest the locality of Everettian multiplicity, its inherently approximative nature and its origin in certain kinds of entanglement and locally inaccessible information. (By
Everettian
, we are referring not only to Everett's own work, but also to versions of quantum theory that elaborate and refine his. The notion of relative states first appeared in Everett (Everett 1973 In
The many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics
(eds BS DeWitt, N Graham)). We are proposing a formalism for relative states that is more detailed and more illuminating than Everett's.) Our construction also allows us to give a more precise definition of an Everett ‘universe’, under which it is fully quantum, not quasi-classical, and we compare the Everettian decomposition of a quantum state with the foliation of a space–time.
Fay meets van der Pauw: the trisecant identity and the resistivity of holey samples
Authors: Miyoshi Hiroyuki , Crowdy Darren G. , Nelson Rhodri
Published: February 2021

The van der Pauw method is commonly used in the applied sciences to find the resistivity of a simply connected, two-dimensional conducting laminate. Given the usefulness of this ‘4-point probe’ method there has been much recent interest in trying to extend it to holey, that is, multiply connected, samples. This paper introduces two new mathematical tools to this area of investigation—the prime function on the Schottky double of a planar domain and the Fay trisecant identity—and uses them to show how the van der Pauw method can be extended to find the resistivity of a sample with a hole. We show that an integrated form of the Fay trisecant identity provides valuable information concerning the appearance of ‘envelopes’ observed in the case of holey samples by previous authors. We find explicit formulae for these envelopes, as well as an approximate formula relating two pairs of resistance measurements to the sample resistivity that is expected to be valid when the hole is sufficiently small and not too close to the outer boundary. We describe how these new mathematical tools have enabled us to prove certain conjectures recently made in the engineering literature.