bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sativex (Nabiximols) for the treatment of Agitation & Aggression in Alzheimer’s Dementia in UK nursing homes (STAND): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled feasibility trial
Authors: Albertyn Christopher P , Guu Ta-Wei , Chu Petrina , Creese Byron , Young Allan H , Velayudhan Latha , Bhattacharyya Sagnik , Jafari Hassan , Kaur Simrat , Kandangwa Pooja , Carter Ben , Aarsland Dag
Published: December 2024

Background

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) patients often experience clinically significant agitation, leading to distress, increased healthcare costs, and earlier institutionalisation. Current treatments have limited efficacy and significant side effects. Cannabinoid-based therapies, such as the nabiximols oral spray (brand name: Sativex®; 1:1 delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)), offer potential alternatives.

Methods

The ‘Sativex® for Agitation & Aggression in Alzheimer’s Dementia’ (STAND) trial was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, feasibility study conducted in UK care homes. Participants with probable AD and significant agitation were randomised to receive placebo or nabiximols for 4 weeks on an up-titrated schedule, followed by a 4-week observation period. This trial is registered withISRCTN 7163562.

Findings

Between October 2021 and June 2022, 53 candidates were assessed; 29 met eligibility criteria and were randomised. No participants withdrew, and adherence was high, and was generally feasible to deliver. The intervention was well tolerated, with no safety concerns reported.

Interpretation

Despite significant COVID-19 pandemic related challenges, administering nabiximols to advanced AD patients with agitation demonstrated feasibility and safety. Although no statistically significant treatment effects were observed, indications of positive clinical effects were noted. These findings support further investigation into cannabinoid-based therapies for agitation in AD.
Sprint interval exercise disrupts mitochondrial ultrastructure driving a unique mitochondrial stress response and remodelling in humans
Authors: Botella J. , Perri E. , Caruana N. J. , López-Calcerrada S. , Brischigliaro M. , Jamnick N. A. , Oorschot V. , Saner N. J. , Diaz-Lara J. , Taylor D. F. , Garnham A. , Fernández-Vizarra E. , Ugalde C. , Ramm G. , Stroud D. A. , Lazarou M. , Bishop D. J.
Published: December 2024

Exercise remains the most effective lifestyle intervention to remodel the mitochondrial network and to prevent most non-communicable diseases. Despite this, the molecular mechanisms by which different exercise prescriptions dictate mitochondrial remodelling are poorly understood in humans. Here, we show that, compared to moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE), sprint-interval exercise (SIE) – a known time-efficient high-intensity exercise – leads to mitochondrial stress and activates the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). The SIE-specific signature is characterized by a morphological and ultrastructural mitochondrial disturbance, concurrent with the activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) and mitochondrial quality control (MQC) pathways. When the respective exercises are repeated over time (8 weeks), our results demonstrate that moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and sprint-interval training (SIT) lead to a divergent mitochondrial remodelling. MICT elicits a mitochondrial adaptation characterized by an increase in markers of mitochondrial content, complex I activity, and enrichment of proteins involved in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. On the other hand, SIT leads to proteomic enrichment of pathways involved in mitochondrial 1-Carbon metabolism and protein quality control, concurrently with improvements in mitochondrial respiratory function. Lastly, we have identified COX7A2L as a divergently regulated protein across groups, significantly accumulating in III2+IV1respiratory supercomplexes only following SIT. In conclusion, our study provides mechanistic insights on how SIE and MICE divergently impact the post-exercise mitochondrial signalling, and subsequent long-term mitochondrial remodelling following training. These findings provide a strong basis for targeted exercise prescription to modulate specific mitochondrial adaptations in human skeletal muscle.
Impact of spatial aggregation on detection of spatiotemporal disease clusters: analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infections in 3-D high-density settings
Authors: Allison Keith , Lover Andrew A.
Published: December 2024

Introduction

High-density congregate housing, including cruise ships, hotels, residence halls and correctional facilities are epidemiologically important, and key aspects of pathogen transmission have been elucidated in these environments. A range of methods have been developed to detect unusual clusters of infections in these settings; however use of explicitly 3-D (x,y,z) spatial data has received little attention. In this study, we use data collected during the COVID-19 pandemic to assess the fine-scale spatial epidemiology and the clustering of confirmed cases to better understand impacts of spatial resolution and aggregation on spatio-temporal cluster detection.

Methods

Data for this analysis combined the results from mandatory weekly viral testing during the 2020-2021 academic year with high-resolution spatial data from university students residing in high-rise residence halls at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst campus.

These data were analyzed for statistically-significant clustering of SARS-CoV-2 cases in three-dimensional space as well as time, within and between the high-density buildings on campus. Two sets of analyses were conducted. The first used a Space-Time Permutation Model, which scans for areas with a greater than expected number of cases (SaTScan). To assess the impact of data aggregation, analysis was done at several levels of spatial resolution. Additionally, we performed sensitivity analyses using a purely temporal surveillance algorithm, CDC’s Early Aberration Reporting System-EARS.

Results and conclusions

Analysis with SaTScan at the room- and floor-level identified multiple statistically significant clusters within one residence hall. Analyses with these same cases aggregated at the floor-level were found to be as sensitive, but far less computationally intensive, than room-level analysis. Analysis at both of these spatial scales was more sensitive than analysis aggregated at the street address-level. Two events exceeding alert thresholds were detected in the purely temporal analysis; one of which was also detected in spatio-temporal analyses.

These results expand our understanding of spatio-temporal scan metrics to include 3-D analysis, and optimizing choice of spatial scales. These results have broad applicability in epidemiology in assessing the ability of spatio-temporal methods for public health surveillance, with potential expansion to ecological studies incorporating vertical movement.
Large-scale analysis demonstrates the influence of CYP2C19 genotype on specific SSRI side effects
Authors: Eijsbouts Chris , Jiang Yunxuan , Ashenhurst James , Granka Julie M. ,   23andMe Research Team, Pitts Steven , Auton Adam , Abul-Husn Noura S. , Chubb Alison , Wu R. Ryanne
Published: December 2024

The majority of individuals receiving treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) do not achieve remission from the first medication they try, and over 80% subsequently discontinue pharmacotherapy or switch to a different medication. SSRI discontinuation due to side effects is common.

We evaluated the effect of CYP2C19 genotype on SSRI response using self-reported data from 114,627 direct-to-consumer genetics research participants who were prescribed an SSRI primarily metabolized by CYP2C19 (citalopram, escitalopram, or sertraline).

Among participants taking citalopram or escitalopram, slower metabolizers experienced side effects significantly more often than faster metabolizers (OR=1.04 per grade, from 0 for poor metabolizers to 5 for ultrarapid metabolizers, 95%CI=[1.02-1.06] and OR=1.05 per grade, 95%CI=[1.02-1.07]) and were more likely to discontinue treatment due to side effects (OR=1.05, 95%CI=[1.03-1.08], e.g. 29.7% of poor vs. 21.6% of ultrarapid metabolizers, and OR=1.07, 95%CI=[1.04-1.11], e.g. 25.7% vs. 20.2%). Slower metabolizers taking escitalopram were more likely to suffer from sleep problems and sexual problems than faster metabolizers. Slower metabolizers taking sertraline reported tremor more often than faster metabolizers.

Overall, we find substantial differences in side effect risk between individuals with different CYP2C19 genotypes in a large sample, supporting the notion that individuals seeking treatment for MDD may benefit from preemptive pharmacogenetic testing and genotype-guided dosing recommendations to minimize side effects and reduce discontinuations.
Systematic Review Protocol: The Effects of Theory-Based Interventions for Self-Help Practices in the Management of Mild to Moderate Depression
Authors: Khalil Asma’ , Azhar Zahir Izuan , Shuib Norley , Baker Philip , Wee Chen Xin
Published: December 2024

Background

Depression is a leading global cause of disability, significantly affecting individuals’ quality of life and contributing to a substantial worldwide health burden. Self-help practices have emerged as cost-effective and scalable strategies for managing mild to moderate depression, empowering individuals to take an active role in their mental health care. Theory-based interventions, which are grounded in established psychological frameworks, provide a systematic approach to designing, implementing and evaluating these self-help practices. However, despite the growing availability of self-help interventions, their effectiveness varies, and many lack a solid theoretical foundation. Summarized evidence of the effects of theory-based interventions remains limited.

Objectives

This systematic review aims to evaluate the effects of theory-based interventions incorporating self-help practices in reducing depressive symptoms severity among adults with mild to moderate depression.

Methods

The review will follow PRISMA guidelines and has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). Randomised trials evaluating theory-based interventions, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs), delivered via digital platforms will be included. Studies will be identified through searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct and Cochrane bibliographic databases. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment will be conducted independently by two reviewers, focusing on study characteristics, intervention details and critical outcomes (reduction in depressive symptom severity and adverse effects).

Results

The review will synthesize evidence on the effects and adaptability of theory-based interventions, highlighting the specific contributions of theoretical frameworks to intervention outcomes. Findings will be presented in tabular and narrative formats, identifying gaps and implications for clinical practice and future research.

Conclusion

This systematic review will provide actionable insights into the design and implementation of theory-based interventions for managing mild to moderate depression. The findings aim to inform evidence-based guidelines for primary care integration, promoting accessible, scalable and effective mental health solutions globally.
Hyperspectral Segmentation of Plants in Fabricated Ecosystems
Authors: Zwart Petrus H. , Andeer Peter , Northen Trent
Published: December 2024

Hyperspectral imaging provides a powerful tool for analyzing above-ground plant characteristics in fabricated ecosystems, offering rich spectral information across diverse wavelengths. This study presents an efficient workflow for hyperspectral data segmentation and subsequent data analytics, minimizing the need for user annotation through the use of ensembles of sparse mixed-scale convolution neural networks. The segmentation process leverages the diversity of ensembles to achieve high accuracy with minimal labeled data, reducing labor-intensive annotation efforts. To further enhance robustness, we incorporate image alignment techniques to address spatial variability in the dataset. Down-stream analysis focuses on using the segmented data for processing spectral data, enabling monitoring of plant health. This approach not only provides a scalable solution for spectral segmentation but also facilitates actionable insights into plant conditions in complex, controlled environments. Our results demonstrate the utility of combining advanced machine learning techniques with hyperspectral analytics for high-throughput plant monitoring.
The decline of global pollinator biodiversity in the Anthropocene
Authors: Kallivalappil Ratheesh , Cotter Sheena C.
Published: December 2024

Pollination underlies the functioning of ecosystems globally. Therefore, the endangerment and extinction of pollinator species are predicted to trigger cascade effects with the potential to alter the demographic collapse of complex ecological networks. However, although some studies have investigated the endangerment levels of pollinator species, the lack of global-scale analyses providing a universal overview of their extinction risks remains a major pending challenge in a world where climate change is rapidly decimating biodiversity. Here, we present the first truly global study of the endangerment level of vertebrate pollinators from across the tree of life. Based on a 1,666 species dataset, we investigate the macroecological patterns of species diversity and extinction risk of bird, mammal, and reptile pollinators of the world. We found higher extinction risk for mammal relative to bird and reptile pollinators. Globally, 1 in 3 mammal pollinators are currently threatened with extinction than 1 in 12 bird and 1 in 8 reptile pollinators. The hotspots of threatened bird pollinators mostly confined to Colombia and Hawaiian Islands, whereas the hotspots of threatened mammal and reptile pollinators are confined to Madagascar and various isolated islands. Notably, the endemic pollinators are more threatened than the widespread pollinators. The increasing decline of population will alter the status of threatened pollinators in future. While highlighting the quantity of threat and decline, we also show that the evolutionary predisposition along with habitat destruction for agriculture, and exploitation for bushmeat and pet trade are combinedly eroding the vertebrate pollinators biodiversity across the world at multiple scales. We suggest special environmental priorities such as controlled land-use, legislation on hunting, collaborative efforts between various stakeholders and community outreach programmes are essential for effective conservation of vertebrate pollinators.
Long-read sequencing reveals extensive size variation and suggests evolutionary patterns of expansion in bivalve mitogenomes
Authors: Zhang Ning , Qi Lu , Xu Biyang , Kong Lingfeng , Li Qi
Published: December 2024

Bilaterian mitochondrial genomes are generally of conserved size and gene content, typically ranging from 14 to 20 kb and coding 37 genes. However, the major exception to this rule has been found in many bivalve species which allow the presence of long unassigned region (regions that are functionally unassigned). It is still unclear whether there are universal patterns to expansions across bivalves. Additionally, the prevalence of highly repetitive sequences within complex mitogenomes has prevented its complete assembly and led to its systematic omission from mitogenomic analyses. Here, leveraging the growing genomic resources in Mollusca, we devised a mitogenome assembly pipeline using long-read sequencing to characterize mitogenome features in 178 mollusk species. Comparing our assemblies with reference mitogenomes based on Sanger/short-read sequencing, we identified missing sequences, repeats and novel gene duplications and found that bivalves exhibit an exceptional diversity in mitogenome size compared to other mollusks. Subsequently, we investigated the factors potentially influencing mitogenome size, the potential functional elements and the patterns of expansion regions. Furthermore, we discussed that the possible selective pressure on mitogenome size and hypothesized that the variability of bivalve mitogenomes may be linked to innate immunity. Our findings underscore the significance of long-read sequencing in elucidating complex mitogenomes and provide new insights into the evolution of bivalve mitogenomes.
Nascent RNA profiling reveals regulation of gene transcription through productive reiterative initiation in bacteria
Authors: Sun Zhe , Huang Guozhong , Zhang Yuqiong , Wang Shuang , Kashlev Mikhail
Published: December 2024

Productive reiterative initiation, an alternative transcription process accompanying RNA slippage relative to the template DNA and RNA polymerase, results in the incorporation of additional nucleotides into transcripts. However, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying productive reiterative initiation and its functional implications has been hindered due to the complexity of heterogenous slippage transcripts. Here, we develop and employ 5’ Terminal Native Elongating Transcript Sequencing (5’TNET-seq) to identify and quantify productive reiterative initiation events inEscherichia coli. 5’TNET-seq reveals that over 51% of promoters exhibit productive reiterative initiation. The conserved promoter – 10 region, an appropriate spacer between the –10 region and the TSS, and the transcription initiation region associated with weak RNA-DNA hybrid stability, particularly “AAA” and “TTT” trinucleotide tracts, contribute to high productive reiterative initiation. In addition, up to four nucleotides can be added in a single cycle of productive reiterative initiation. A smaller transcription bubble is observed during productive reiterative initiation, which may stabilize the transcription initiation complex to regulate gene transcription. Our results suggest that productive reiterative initiation emerges as an inherent transcription process regulating biological processes, including cell wall synthesis, independent of protein regulators.
Identification and analysis of DEGs of mouse tumor cells by integrated bioinformatics methods
Authors: Jing Xizhong , Li Baiyong , Wang Yifei
Published: December 2024

Mutations and genome instability are hallmarks of cancer. The advanced Next Generation Sequencing(NGS) technology now enables rapid and cost-effective analysis for tumoral and normal genomic translational research. In this research, mRNA sequencing was applied to get the whole transcriptome data of mouse B16F10 melanoma and CT26 colon carcinoma cells. Up regulation genes and down regulation genes were identified in tumor cells with differentially expressed genes(DEGs) analysis. The DEGs were analyzed with GO, KEGG and Reactome pathway enrichment study. Results demonstrated the DEGs and enriched pathways were mainly associated with cell proliferation and biosynthetic processing. Further, gene fusion and alternative splicing analysis reveled fusion genes and skipped exons were extensive exist within the chromosomes of tumor cells. Together, the integrated DEGs and bioinformatics analysis in this article may shed light on further research of cancer treating targets and molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
Effect of Stroma-directed Drugs in Combination with Chemotherapy Against Pancreatic Cancer- a Preclinical Study
Authors: Gupta Mamta , Choi Hoon , Furth Emma E , Shaffer Sydney , Pickup Stephen , Clendenin Cynthia , Liu Fang , Cao Quy , Song Hee Kwon , Fan Yong , Duda Jeffrey , Gee James C , Karasic Thomos , Rosen Mark , O’Dwyer Peter , Zhou Rong
Published: December 2024

Cytotoxic chemotherapy plays an important role for extending the survival of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). To enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy for eradicating the cancer cells, we have compared the standard care chemotherapy (combination of nab-paclitaxel, gemcitabine and cisplatin, NGC) versus NGC plus stroma-directed agents (calcipotriol and losartan, respectively) in a genetically engineered mouse model of PDAC. Over a 2-week study period, MRI was conducted to measure the tumor size and to test the sensitivity of imaging markers derived from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE) and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) for assessing the tumor cellularity and stromal changes. Detailed immunohistochemistry and preliminary single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) study were applied to tumor tissues collected upon euthanasia on day-14. Our major findings are: 1. Compared the untreated controls, NGC chemotherapy induced significant tumor growth inhibition and stromal changes including pronounced reduction of fibroblast associated protein (FAP) level accompanied by increased matrix collagen content, significantly reduced microvascular permeability revealed by DCE corroborated with reduced microvascular density. 2. Losartan+NGC significantly enhanced inhibition of tumor growth beyond NGC and increased lymphocytes infiltration in the tumor which may contribute to enhanced cancer cells eradication. 3. NGC treatment enriched the fraction of mesenchymal (M) subtype while reducing the epithelial (E) subtype of cancer cells compared to the controls, and this trend was reversed by calcipotriol+NGC. In conclusion, our study captured changes in cancer cell and tumor microenvironment in response to chemo stromal therapy versus chemotherapy alone with mechanistic insights.
Maize and wild relatives show distinct patterns of genome downsizing following polyploidy
Authors: Snodgrass Samantha J. , Woodhouse Margaret , Seetharam Arun , Stitzer Michelle , Hufford Matthew B.
Published: December 2024

Plant genomes are smaller than expected despite the ubiquity of polyploidy due to the process of genome downsizing called fractionation. This process causes loss of DNA sequences, including genes, until genomes return to a diploid-like state, though some duplicates remain from the polyploid ancestor. Fractionation can affect the copies of ancestral diploid genomes (i.e., subgenomes) differently, resulting in one being preferentially retained and the other preferentially lost. While previous work suggested fractionation occurs shortly after a polyploidy event, few studies have been able to densely sample descendent genomes from the same whole genome duplication event. TheTripsacinaesubtribe of grasses, which includes the generaTripsacumandZeaand the economically and culturally important maize (Zea maysssp.mays), originates from an ancient allopolyploid (∼5-12 MYA). We use publicly available genome assemblies from theTripsacinaesubtribe of grasses to investigate the patterns and timing of fractionation relative to the outgroup sorghum, which does not share the allotetraploidy event. Our results show the majority of fractionation following polyploidy occurred in a common ancestor of modern species and that one subgenome is preferentially retained, in keeping with previous studies of maize. However,Tripsacumretains a greater proportion of duplicate genes (homoeologs) thanZea, potentially related to the fewer chromosomal rearrangements observed in this genus. Multiple, nested deletion events were commonly observed in alignments to a single sorghum reference exon, and some homoeologs show fractionation of different exons across genomes. Further, ∼35% of homoeologous pairs of exons show differential fractionation, where fractionation patterns differ between species. Altogether, this suggests multiple origins of fractionation for a given homoeolog may be common. We demonstrate that fractionation is a much more dynamic process in theTripsacinaethan previously predicted.
Understanding the structure and mechanics of the sheep calcaneal enthesis: a relevant animal model for tissue engineering applications
Authors: Sensini Alberto , Raimondi Luca , Malerba Albano , Peniche Silva Carlos , Zucchelli Andrea , Tits Alexandra , Ruffoni Davide , Blouin Stéphane , Hartmann Markus A. , van Griensven Martijn , Moroni Lorenzo
Published: December 2024

Tendon/enthesis injuries are a worldwide clinical problem. Along the enthesis, collagen fibrils show a progressive loss of anisotropy and an increase in mineralization reaching the bone. This causes gradients of mechanical properties. The design of scaffolds to regenerate these load-bearing tissues requires of being validatedin vivoin relevant large animal models. The sheep tendon of triceps surae muscle is an optimal animal model for this scope with limited knowledge about its structure and mechanics. We decided to understand in-depth its structure and full-field mechanics. Collagen fibrils morphology was investigated via scanning electron microscopy revealing a marked change in orientation/dimensions passing from tendon to enthesis. Backscatter electron images and nanoindentation at the enthesis/bone marked small gradients of mineralization at the mineralized fibrocartilage reaching 27%wt and indentation modulus around 17-30 GPa. The trabecular bone instead had indentation modulus around 15-22 GPa. Mechanical tensile tests with digital image correlation confirmed the typical non-linear behavior of tendons (failure strain = 8.2±1.0%; failure force = 1369±187 N) with maximum principal strains reaching mean values of εp1∼7%. The typical auxetic behavior of tendon was highlighted by the minimum principal strains (εp2∼5%), progressively dampened at the enthesis. Histology revealed that this behavior was caused by a local thickening of the epitenon. Cyclic tests showed a force loss of 21±7 % at the last cycle. These findings will be fundamental for biofabrication and clinicians interested in designing the new generation of scaffolds for enthesis regeneration.

Graphical Abstract

Statement of Significance

Tendon and enthesis lesions are a clinical problem. To validate scaffolds for these applications large animal models are needed. Sheep tendon of triceps surae muscle is an optimal site for this scope. However, little is known about its extracellular matrix structure and mechanical properties. This work investigates the structure and mechanics of this tissue from different points of view. Scanning electron microscopy and histology studied its extracellular matrix morphology and composition. Backscattered electron images and nanoindentation assessed gradients of mineralization and stiffness at the enthesis. Mechanical tensile and cyclic tests coupled with digital image correlation elucidated its mechanics and superficial strain distribution. These findings will be fundamental for biofabrication and clinician experts to design innovative scaffolds to regenerate the enthesis.
Contaminated water spillovers or peer effects? Determinants of disease outbreaks in shrimp farming in Vietnam
Authors: Suzuki Aya , Olivia Susan , Nam Vu Hoang , Lee Guenwoo
Published: December 2024

Disease outbreaks are one of the major issues in the aquaculture sector and can lead to significant economic losses. Although the source of the disease is difficult to trace, understanding how it occurs is important to mitigate the problem. A crucial factor that has not received sufficient attention is the presence of spillovers among fish farmers connected by waterways. This study examines the presence of spillovers among shrimp farmers in Southern Vietnam based on primary data. In particular, it quantifies the effects of contaminated water spillovers from one farm to another and the peer effects of farming practices among neighbors. We solve the reflection problem by employing a method developed in social network analyses. The findings indicate that a farmer's practices are affected by their neighbors’ farming practices. Further, the disease outbreak in a farmer's pond is affected by those in their neighbors’ ponds, even after controlling for contextual peer effects and correlated effects. The negative effects of neighbors’ ponds on the probability of disease outbreaks in a farmer's pond may offset the positive effects of the farmer's good farming practices, suggesting the importance of considering neighboring farmers as a group when addressing the issue of disease control.
Identifying Drivers of Shrubland Biomass in Southern California
Authors: Underwood Emma C. , Molinari Nicole A. , Schrader‐Patton Charlie C. , Lesage Josephine , Excoffier Paul
Published: December 2024

Aim

The drivers of shrubland biomass in the Mediterranean‐Climate Region of southern California are not well understood. We aim to fill a critical information gap for resource managers of shrub‐dominated landscapes who need to estimate shrub recovery post‐fire, track and monitor carbon storage and sequestration, and determine the tradeoff in restoration goals between prioritising carbon storage and species richness.

Location

Southern California, USA.

Methods

Using data from 143 field plots located in 11 fire scars (ranging from 1 to 12 years old), we used Linear Mixed Models to assess the contribution of temporal and environmental variables, along with post‐fire regeneration strategies of shrub species to explain patterns of aboveground shrub biomass.

Results

We identified four key findings: (1) shrub biomass increased with time since last fire and the proportion of resprouting species, and decreased with distance to coast and solar radiation; (2) species with the ability to resprout (obligate resprouter and facultative seeders) contributed greater biomass at all post‐fire time periods and locations when compared with obligate seeders; (3) we found higher average biomass contributed by both obligate seeder and obligate resprouter species in plots closer to the coast than interior plots; and (4) fourth, we found a significant positive relationship between woody shrub species richness and biomass.

Conclusions

The findings of this study of biomass at a regional scale and using shrublands of multiple stand ages can help support natural resource management decision‐making for shrub‐dominated landscapes—including estimating biomass recovery post‐fire, quantifying carbon storage and setting goals for shrubland restoration.
DMFT‐Related Dental Plaque Scoring by Using Different Imaging Systems
Authors: Meşeli Simge , Korkut Bora , Tağtekin Dilek
Published: December 2024

Objective

This study aimed to compare dental plaque scores measured using clinical examination and different imaging methods.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐eight volunteers were included in the study and divided into two groups according to DMFT (D: Decayed, M: Missing, F: Filling, T: Teeth) scores (under 3 and over 10). Dental plaque on anterior labial surfaces' was scored using clinical visual examination with/without staining and different imaging systems (Digital photography, intraoral digital scanning, FluoreCam). Turesky Modified Quigley Hein Plaque Index was used for dental plaque scoring. The comparison between clinical examination and imaging dental plaque scores was analyzed using Linear Models and Bonferroni Correction (p < 0.050).

Results

In low DMFT group, the scores in clinical examination scores with staining were similar to the scores obtained with digital camera (p = 1.000) and intraoral digital scanning plaque scores (p = 0.997). The lowest plaque score was obtained in clinical visual examination without staining (p < 0.05) while the highest score was recorded by FluoreCam in low DMFT group (p < 0.05). In both groups, the FluoreCam scores were quantitatively higher among all imaging methods.

Conclusions

Plaque staining in low DMFT group may increase the efficiency of all imaging methods. Plaque staining‐guided digital imaging can be used as an alternative method to visual evaluation methods for monitoring dental plaque clinically.

Clinical Significance

Dental plaque diagnosis is important in preventing caries and periodontal diseases. This study investigates the comparison of various imaging systems with clinical visual examination plaque scoring in patients with different oral hygiene status. The use of intraoral scanners might be a new option for the evaluation of oral hygiene levels and used as an alternative technique to clinical visual examinations in dental practice.
Second‐Line Treatment for Patients With Primary Biliary Cholangitis: A Systematic Review With Network Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Giannini Edoardo G. , Pasta Andrea , Calabrese Francesco , Labanca Sara , Marenco Simona , Pieri Giulia , Plaz Torres Maria Corina , Strazzabosco Mario
Published: December 2024

Background & Aims

Approximately 40% of patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) show incomplete response to ursodeoxycholic acid, thus needing second‐line treatment to prevent disease progression. As no head‐to‐head comparison study is available, we used a network meta‐analysis (NMA) to compare efficacy and safety of available second‐line therapies.

Methods

We performed a systematic literature review including randomised, placebo‐controlled trials of patients with PBC and incomplete response, or intolerance, to ursodeoxycholic acid, and compared relative risks (RRs) for primary (biochemical response at 52‐week) and secondary outcomes [incidence of new‐onset pruritus and serious adverse events (SAEs)].

Results

The NMA included three studies, each testing obeticholic acid (OCA), seladelpar or elafibranor versus placebo (active therapy/placebo: 379/191 patients). All treatments significantly increased the RR for biochemical response with an advantage of elafibranor versus seladelpar (RR: 4.37, 95% CI: 1.01–18.87). OCA 5–10 mg/10 mg was associated with a higher risk of new‐onset pruritus compared to placebo (RR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.09–1.88/RR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.37–2.33), while seladelpar decreased this risk (RR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.12–0.80). Compared to placebo, OCA 5–10 mg/10 mg was associated with an increased risk of SAE (RR: 3.82; 95% CI: 1.46–10.02/RR 2.67; 95% CI: 1.00–7.08).

Conclusions

Among second line therapies for patients with PBC, elafibranor is slightly more effective in obtaining biochemical response than seladelpar that, on the other hand, is the only drug associated with a lower incidence of pruritus. While of similar efficacy, OCA was associated with increased pruritus and SAEs. These findings may help personalise second‐line treatment in patients with PBC.
Linking sap flow and tree water deficit in an unmanaged, mixed beech forest during the summer drought 2022
Authors: Donfack L. S. , Mund M. , Koebsch F. , Schall P. , Heidenreich M. G. , Seidel D. , Ammer C.
Published: December 2024

Temperate mixed forests are currently experiencing severe drought conditions and face increased risk of degradation. However, it remains unclear how critical tree physiological functions such as sap flow density (SFD) and tree water deficit (TWD, defined as reversible stem shrinkage when water is depleted), respond to extreme environmental conditions and how they interact under dry conditions.

We monitored SFD and TWD of three co‐occurring European tree species (Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior and Acer pseudoplatanus) in dry conditions, using high temporal resolution sap flow, dendrometer, and environmental measurements.

Species‐specific SFD responses to soil drying did not differ significantly, while TWD was significantly higher in F. excelsior. Inter‐specific differences in wood anatomy and water use strategies did not consistently explain these responses. TWD and SFD responded both to soil moisture content (SWC) during wet (SWC ≥ 0.2) and dry (SWC < 0.2) phases, with SFD responding more strongly. There was a significant correlation for TWD and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) only in the wet phase, and for SFD and VPD only in the dry phase. During the dry phase, the incoming PPFD significantly correlated with SFD in all species, and with TWD only in F. sylvatica and F. excelsior. TWD negatively responded to SFD, showing hysteresis effects from which a decreasing sigmoidal phase along the soil drying gradient was observed.

The nonlinear correlations between TWD and SFD may result from a time lag between the two variables, and their different sensitivities to SWC and VPD under different drought intensities. We conclude that, under drought stress, TWD cannot be used as a proxy for SFD or vice versa.
Exact analytical Taub-NUT like solution in f(T) gravity
Authors: Fenwick Joshua G. , Ghezelbash Masoud
Published: December 2024

We construct exact analytical Taub-NUT solutions in the context of f(T) gravity. We study the physical properties of the solutions, and compare them with those of the Taub-NUT solution in Einstein gravity.
Awareness and Readiness of Fire Officers on The Possession of Firearms: Basis for Policy Development
Authors: Cruz Quennie Villare
Published: December 2024

Republic Act No. 11589, known as the Bureau of Fire Protection Modernization Act of 2021, aims to enhance the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) in the Philippines by improving firefighters' ca-pabilities in fire prevention, suppression, investigation, and emer-gency medical services. The law also authorizes the issuance of firearms to certain firefighters to ensure their safety and that of their colleagues while performing their duties. This study used a descriptive-correlational research design and quantitative meth-ods to assess BFP fire officers' awareness and readiness regarding firearm possession, bearing, and carrying. Data were collected from 120 respondents at the Caloocan City Fire Station between November 15 and 28, 2023. The findings indicate that fire officers generally understand firearm laws and procedures well, including licensing requirements such as age limits and background checks, though they encounter challenges with paperwork and license re-newals. They are also familiar with the rules for carrying firearms, including permit requirements and concealment during duty. The results highlight the need for enhanced training and clearer regula-tions to ensure safe firearm use and minimize incidents, in line with broader research on firearm policies and education. The study concludes that, despite a solid understanding of firearm reg-ulations, there is a need for improved licensing processes and training. Recommendations include developing comprehensive and practical training programs, conducting regular refresher courses, creating accessible reference materials, and improving licensing procedures through flexible scheduling and simplified paperwork, as well as addressing training challenges through bet-ter recruitment, funding, and facilities.
Comparative Syntactic Analysis of Basic Sentence Structures in Tausug and English: Implications for Language Teaching and Learning
Authors: Salasain Abdel Ajim M.
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the basic sentence patterns of Tausug (Bahasa Sug) and English, exploring their structural similarities and differences through a descriptive research design. The research involved 80 native Tausug speakers with advanced English proficiency from Jolo, Sulu, Philippines, and used Paul Roberts's (1956) seven basic sentence patterns as an analytical framework. The study addressed three primary research questions: (1) the contemporary significance of Tausug language studies, (2) the integration of Tausug jargon and idiomatic expressions in language standardization efforts, and (3) the syntactic variations between English and Tausug grammatical structures.
Data were collected using an 82-item survey instrument examining Tausug jargon, idiomatic expressions, basic sentence patterns, and sociolinguistic factors such as Tausug's role as a regional lingua franca, its influence on neighboring ethnolinguistic groups, and its significance in governance and education. Statistical analysis employed descriptive methods and weighted means. The results revealed a significant language shift among younger Tausug speakers, leading to a decline in formal Tausug proficiency, despite its status as the lingua franca of the Sulu Archipelago. Although there are structural parallels between Tausug and English basic sentence patterns, notable syntactic variations were identified, particularly in word order and sentence structure.
These findings suggest that while Tausug retains some structural similarities to English, the syntactic differences could impact second language acquisition, particularly for those learning English as a second language. Moreover, the decline in Tausug proficiency underscores the need for efforts to preserve and standardize the language, integrating its unique jargon and idiomatic expressions into educational and governance contexts to promote its continued use and development.
Impact of the MSU-Sulu College of Agriculture's Patikul Extension Program on Local Students
Authors: . Sammah Merhama M. , Marajuli Fatima Sheirene M. , Sammah Ronnie H. , Ahajani Nedzfa A.
Published: December 2024

This study examined the positive impacts of the MSU-Sulu Col-lege of Agriculture's Patikul Extension Program on students from Patikul Municipality. It focused on three key areas: socio-cultural, economic, and environmental aspects. Data was collected through a structured survey, which included two sections: one for demo-graphic information and another for assessing program impacts. The responses were analyzed using weighted means, inferential statistics, and one-way ANOVA to identify significant differences across respondent profiles.Key findings revealed that most respondents were female, aged 25 or older, and first-year students. In terms of impact, the socio-cultural aspect had the highest rating (4.58, "Strongly Agree"), fol-lowed by the environmental (4.46, "Agree") and economic aspects (4.42, "Agree"). Significant differences were found in responses based on respondent profiles across all three impact areas.The study recommends enhancing the program by investing in faculty development, improving facilities and laboratories, and conducting further research on the program's long-term effects on stakeholders.
Challenges and Opportunities in Multigrade Teaching: Experiences of Primary School Teachers in Far-Flung Schools
Authors: Rondero, Clyde Polynne Mayden G. , Casupanan Ivy H.
Published: December 2024

This study finds out the opportunities and challenges in multi-grade teaching: experiences of primary school teachers in far-flung schools in San Marcelino, Zambales. The study made use of qualita-tive research adhering to the phenomenological methods and data were thematically analyzed. Results of the study showed that the challenges encountered by multigrade teachers in far-flung schools are difficulty in handling classroom and time management, failing to consider the diversity of learners, inadequacy in teaching multi-ple grades and experiencing burnout in teaching. Multigrade teachers overcome challenges encountered through teachers’ re-sourcefulness, understanding differences, teachers’ resiliency, teachers’ innovativeness, and support group system Students use reappraising and evading as their boredom-coping strategies in Social Studies discussions. The opportunities experienced by the multigrade teachers are enhancing the self-esteem of teachers, recognizing shared responsibility for facilitating student learning and increasing the teaching proficiency of teachers. An enhance-ment program was proposed. The study recommends that the De-partment of Education (DepEd) may conduct seminars for good practices in teaching multigrade classes. Multigrade teachers may use varied teaching strategies and innovative instructional mate-rials that will cater all learners’ needs and for effective students’ learning. Further studies may be conducted to validate the results of the study.
School Heads’ Direct Supervision, Attitudes and Practices and Teachers’ Performance during the Post Pandemic Era
Authors: Tuico Edgar V. , Callo Elsa C.
Published: December 2024

This study investigated the impact of school leaders' direct supervision, attitudes, and practices on teachers' performance in the post-pandemic era. This study used a quantitative method with a predictive design involving 350 permanent teachers from SDO San Pablo City's four (4) large public junior high schools for the school year 2022-2023. A survey questionnaire was used to assess the level of direct supervision provided by school heads in terms of lesson planning and delivery; the level of attitudes provided by school heads in terms of motivation, communication, respect, decision-making, and sensitivity; and the level of practices provided by school heads in terms of teachers' support during the transition period; meeting needs; maintaining communication contact and relationship; celebrating success; and maintaining quality. Using the mean and standard deviation, it was discovered that respondents' level of agreement to school heads' direct supervision in all instructional processes is very high; respondents' level of agreement to school heads' attitudes in terms of motivation, communication, and respect is also very high; respondents' level of agreement to school heads' practices in all sub-variables is also very high; and respondents' level of agreement to their performance is also very high.  School leaders' direct supervision, attitudes, and practices are significantly related to teachers' performance. Likewise, teachers' performance significantly predicted school heads' practices in maintaining communication contact and relationship, as well as school heads' direct supervision in lesson planning As a result, it may be recommended that school leaders continue to direct the three (3) instructional processes to improve teaching, develop more positive attitudes to boost teacher morale, and maintain school practices, as teachers require more support in this post-pandemic era.
A Novel H-FTOPSIS Based Consensus Process for Green Suppliers’ Selection in the Context of Group Decision Making
Authors: Brahmi Hichem , Loukil Taicir , Ghram Maroua
Published: December 2024

Recently, green suppliers ‘selection problem (GSSP) is becoming a trend of any organization in order to satisfy their needs regarding environmental issues. It is one of the crucial activities in the development of the green supply chain and it attracted many researchers. As a result, many methods in the literature have dealt with this problem based on multi-criteria group decision-making ignoring the degree of consensus between the decision-makers, they take into consideration the level of priority between the decision-makers and the interdependence between the criteria. Due to the complexity of real environments and the subjective nature of human judgments, the proposal of a consensus model becomes very interesting in order to find agreements between decision makers using preference relations. We will present in this paper a study of the literature on the problems of consensus and selection of green suppliers, and then propose a model which is an extension of Hierarchical Fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (H-FTOPSIS) by integrating the concept of consensus. To the best of our knowledge, this combination with a consensus process has not been previously developed, and we did not find any related literature on this specific combination. This research bridges that gap and presents a novel approach. The proposed model is applied in this study for the first time.