bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Scene From Chinatown
Authors: Yu Henry
Published: October 2023

In 1947, Beulah Ong Kwoh wrote her master’s thesis at the University of Chicago on the career prospects of Chinese American college students. In justifying her study, Kwoh wrote: “The assumption that a higher education brings a better job is probably most crucially tested when applied to minority groups.” This was especially true of Chinese Americans and other Orientals who were “often not differentiated from their immigrant parents, are sometimes regarded as aliens, and to whom the expected privileges of citizenship are at times limited and denied.” Kwoh studied Chinese Americans who had graduated from Berkeley between 1920 and 1942, sending out questionnaires and conducting personal inter, views. Kwoh found that college degrees had helped the status mobility of the graduates, though many of those who had done well came from families with professional backgrounds. Few were from families working in laun, dries or chop suey restaurants.1
Social Diversity and State Public Policies Education, Health, and Welfare
Authors: Hero Rodney E
Published: October 2023

Thus far, social diversity has been shown to influence an array of state political phenomena. Especially apparent is the relationship with various political processes (chapter 3), and descriptive representation in govern mental institutions (chapter 4). The focus now turns to public policies, an area where diversity is expected and, indeed, has been previously shown to have important and intriguing implications.1 A number of policies and/or dimensions of policies are examined in this and the next chapter. The policies considered include those commonly viewed as central in state politics, such as education, health, welfare, and criminal justice. Related issues having to do with particular or differential dimensions of the policies are also considered because social diversity’s impact may also be manifested there.
Social Diversity at the Substate Level
Authors: Hero Rodney E
Published: October 2023

Chapters 3-6 examined the relationship of social diversity to a variety of state political phenomena, including political processes, institutions, and public policies. This chapter extends the argument to another level, examining social diversity at the substate level and addressing several sets of issues. If there is further evidence to support the diversity interpretation below the state level, the interpretation gains greater credibility and potential significance. First, I draw evidence from and summarize several studies that indicate the impact of the social diversity context on individual-level attitudes. The studies suggest considerable support for the importance of social diversity. Second, social diversity within several states, at the county level, is used to examine extensively adoption of public policies through the initiative process. Third, the formal structures of urban governmental institutions are discussed. Historical and contemporary commentary again suggests links to ethnicity and race. Collectively, the evidence from these several levels and types of analyses significantly supports the social diversity perspective.
Confining Dissent: The Political Prison
Authors: Neier Aryeh
Published: October 2023

In January 1638, English dissenter and leader of the “Levelers” John Lilburne was ar raigned in the Star Chamber before the archbishop of Canterbury and other judges and charged with distributing “factious and scandalous” books promoting Puritan ideas. It was said he had violated the licensing system that had been decreed by the Star Chamber more than a half century earlier, on June 23, 1585. Under this system, books could not be published or distributed in England unless they had first been cleared by, among others, the bishop of the appropriate diocese, so as to make certain that they did not contain anything that might impugn either the monarch or the state. Lilburne was convicted and sentenced to pay a fine and to be whipped, pilloried, and imprisoned. Even as he was being punished, however, Lilburne continued to speak out, using the pillory as a platform until Archbishop William Laud had him gagged.
Introduction
Authors: Cornog Evan
Published: October 2023

The success of DeWitt’s father and uncle had paved the way for this charmed as cent. His upbringing instilled in him a set of qualities that help account for both his triumphs as an architect of innovative government policies and his failures as a politician. Raised in comfort, educated at the best schools, welcome in the most exclusive homes in New York, the young politician had many advantages. Growing up amid the ferment of revolution and nation-building, he had a sense of fitness to command that was wedded to a seriousness of purpose, a cognizance of the high stakes involved in the nation’s early politics. But along with these good qualities he possessed a self importance, haughty bearing, and hostility to criticism that eventually alienated many of his closest allies. As his friend James Renwick put it, ‘There was hardly any distinguished individual of our state who has not at one time been opposed to Clinton, and at another united with him in pursuit of the same political object.
New York And The Nation
Authors: Cornog Evan
Published: October 2023

For his part, DeWitt Clinton appears to have been undercutting Jefferson in private for at least a year. In March 1806, Morgan Lewis wrote to John Smith, then a United States senator from New York, to report that he had been present at a dinner where DeWitt Clinton had attacked Jefferson’s policy concerning the acquisition of East Florida and had advocated a more aggressive stand on that issue. (At about the same time, James Fairlie was writing to Clinton-perhaps in reply to a request for suggestions-that the behavior of HMS Leander off New York might offer good material with which to ‘traduce’ Jefferson.) Lewis told Smith he feared that ‘too many Eyes are cast towards the Presidency, and too many wish to supplant the Man whose guidance has conducted us to a state of unexampled Prosperity.
Transaction Cost Economics Its Influence on Organizational Theory, Strategic Management, and Political Economy
Authors: Carroll Glenn R , Spiller Pablo T , Teece David J
Published: October 2023

The social sciences develop over time in a variety of ways. Core theoretical areas in each of the disciplines progress as scientists pick up and work on established and well-defined research problems. New areas of inquiry emerge and become increasingly important as discoveries are made. Often, these new areas are not so new at all but are instead fields rejuvenated by different ways of defining research problems, theorizing about existing problems, or collecting and examining empirical evidence. When such rejuvenation occurs, there is a collective sense of excitement in the discipline and development often proceeds rapidly.
Empirical Research in Transaction Cost Economics A Review and Assessment
Authors: Helanski Howard A S , Klein Peter G
Published: October 2023

Transaction cost economics studies how trading partners protect themselves from the hazards associated with exchange relationships. As developed by Williamson (1975; 1985; 1995), Klein, Crawford, and Alchian (1978), and more formally by Grossman and Hart (1986 ) and Hart and Moore (1990), TCE maintains that in a complex world, contracts are typically incomplete.2 Because of this incompleteness, parties who invest in relationship-specific assets expose themselves to a hazard: If circumstances change, their trading partners may try to expropriate the rents accruing to the specific assets.
Markets and Hierarchies and (Mathematical) Economic Theory
Authors: Kreps David M
Published: October 2023

Consider the following bit of recent history of economic thought: When it appeared in 1975, Oliver Williamson’s Markets and Hierarchies stood some what outside the flow of mainstream economic theory. Initial developments in information economics were around five years old, the revelation principle was nearly contemporaneous, and the widespread embrace of the language of game theory for dealing with dynamics, small numbers, and incomplete information was about five years in the future. Without these tools to work with, it was perhaps inevitable that Williamson’s theory would be rendered without the mathematical apparatus of mainstream theory.
The Avant-Garde in Interwar England, Medieval Modernism And The London Underground
Authors: Saler Michael T
Published: October 2023

This book addresses modernism's ties to tradition, commerce, nationalism, and spirituality through an analysis of the assimilation of visual modernism in England between 1910 and 1939. Specifically, The Avant-Garde in Interwar England explores the life of Frank Pick, managing director of the London Underground, whose patronage of modern artists, architects, and designers was guided by a desire to unite nineteenth-century arts and crafts with twentieth-century industry and mass culture. Saler demonstrates that modernism was widely associated in England with medievalism, and was also thought to have direct social, economic, and spiritual benefits for the nation.
Design and Analysis of Group-Randomized Trials
Authors: Murray David M
Published: October 2023

This is the first comprehensive text on the design and analysis of group-randomized trials. It It collects information previously scattered among journals and texts in a variety of disciplines, and, in addition, presents much new material not available elsewhere. The book has been written to help those involved in these trials improve their ability to plan, fund, conduct, analyse, and interpret them, and to give students a detailed understanding of the field. Group-randomized trials are comparative studies in which the units of assignment are identifiable groups and the units of observation are members of those groups. The positive intraclass correlation expected among the members of each group poses unique and challenging issues for the design and analysis of these trials and separates them from the traditional clinical trial. After reviewing the underlying issues, Murray presents the research designs that are most widely used in group-randomized trials, together with their strengths, weaknesses, and appropriate applications. He describes the many approaches to analysis that are now available, presents mixed-model regression analyses appropriate to each design, and illustrates them using data from the Minnesota Heart Health Program. He also covers methods for estimating sample size, detectable difference, and power. This volume is not limited only to a conceptual treatment of the issues and solutions. It offers a review of the practical applications in a series of case studies, examples, and problems.
Analyses for Nested Cohort Designs
Authors: Murray David M
Published: October 2023

This chapter presents analyses appropriate for data from nested cohort designs. As with nested cross-sectional designs, it is impossible to cover all the designs and analyses within this class of designs in a single chapter, but the major variations can be shown. These analyses are based on the General Linear Mixed Model or the Generalized Linear Mixed Model (see Chapter 4).
Political Ideas In Twentieth-Century America
Authors: Kloppenberg James T
Published: October 2023

In His Inaugural Address on January 20, 1993, William Jefferson Clinton declared categorically, “our greatest strength is the power of our ideas.” But what are our ideas? Clinton himself identified democracy, freedom, responsibility, sacrifice, and religious conviction-the same themes he invoked throughout his campaign for the presidency. But the pundits were not impressed. Calls for sacrifice and responsibility, they assured savvy listeners and readers, mean only higher taxes and increased government spending.
Natural and Human-Made Disasters
Authors: Giel Robert
Published: October 2023

Reflecting on her experience some seven months after the earthquake of December 1988, an Armenian psychiatrist in the town of Leninakan summed it up in a few terse sentences: “At the time I did not even know what I was doing, looking down and seeing that I was running barefooted on broken glass. I felt nothing, we were totally unprepared.” Next, she started to cry, explaining: When I talk again about what happened that day, I see once more that young man holding desperately onto something while the house around him collapsed. I still see the fires, the vacant eyes, the staring faces. You could not reach them. Of course, people did what you required them to do, but you could not get through to them. Since that day we have worked continuously to forget, but now we are simply exhausted.
Homelessness, Stress, and Psychopathology
Authors: Herman Daniel B , Susser Ezra S , Struening Elmer L
Published: October 2023

Homelessness continues to be among the most visible and troubling social problems confronting the United States. The size of the homeless population is uncertain; estimates have ranged from about 200,000 to roughly 600,000 (Burt & Cohen, 1989; Dennis, 1991; Jahiel, 1992). The most recent research suggests however, that homelessness is not a rare experience (Culhane et al., 1994; Link et al., 1994). For example, using a telephone survey of a nationally representative probability sample of U.S. households, Link and associates estimated the 5 year prevalence (1985-1990) of literal homelessness at 3.1%, indicating that over 5 million Americans had experienced a homeless episode during this period.
Psychiatric Disorder in the Context of Physical Illness
Authors: Dew Mary Amanda
Published: October 2023

The experience of serious physical illness is one from which few of us escape. However, the rapid development and growing success of high-technology biomedical procedures and treatments enable increasing numbers of persons to recover from serious illness. The availability of these procedures also guarantees that more persons will live for longer periods-perhaps the remainder of their lives-with physical illness and its chronic effects. These effects often extend well beyond the boundaries of physical capabilities and functioning, as is shown in the proliferation of studies documenting broad quality-of-life effects of physical illness in emotional, social role functioning, and occupational domains (Canadian Erythropoietin Study Group, 1990; Croog et al., 1986; Dew & Simmons, 1990; Dew et al., 1997; Israel et al., 1996; Kaplan et al., 1989; Stewart et al., 1989; Wilson & Cleary, 1995).
Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Psychiatric Disorders: A Test of the Social Causation-Social Selection Issue
Authors: Dohrenwend Bruce P , Levav ltzhak , Shrout Patrick E , Schwartz Sharon , Naveh Guedalia , Link Bruce G , Skodol Andrew E , Stueve Ann
Published: October 2023

Since the turn of the century, no results from epidemiological research on psychiatric disorders have been more challenging than those centering on socioeconomic status (SES). Despite changes in concepts and measures of both psychiatric disorders and SES over the years, the highest overall prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders consistently have been found among persons of the lowest SES (see Dohrenwend et al., 1980a; Chapter 13, this volume). Our best evidence is that this relationship holds for a number of important subtypes of psychopathology: schizophrenia; major depression (at least in women); antisocial personality, alcoholism, and substance use disorders (at least in men) (Dohrenwend, 1990b; see also Chapter 13, this volume); and nonspecific distress or “demoralization” (Frank, 1973) as measured by self-report symptom scales with items on depressed mood, anxiety, and psychophysiological disturbance (Link & Dohrenwend, 1980; see also Chapter 13, this volume).
Epidemiological Findings on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Co-morbid Disorders in the General Population
Authors: Breslau Naomi , Davis Glenn , Andreski Patricia , Federman Belle , Anthony James C
Published: October 2023

Although there are numerous studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in special populations-primarily combat veterans but also rape victims and victims of other types of criminal violence and natural disasters (e.g., Alexander & Wells, 1991; Egendorf et al., 1981; Frank & Anderson 1987; Kilpatrick & Resnick, 1992; Shore et al., 1989) there are few studies on the PTSD sequelae of traumatic events in the general population. The prevalence of PTSD in the general population was estimated in two Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) sites, one in St. Louis (Helzer et al., 1987) and the other in North Carolina (Davidson et al., 1991). The lifetime prevalence of PTSD as diagnosed by the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Third Edition) (DSM-Ill; American Psychiatric Association, 1980), as measured by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), was approximately the same in these studies (1% and 1.3%, respectively) and was higher in women than in men.
Loss and Depressive Disorders
Authors: Brown George W
Published: October 2023

This chapter focuses on one issue-the degree to which life events provoking depressive disorders do so because of loss. This narrow focus perhaps needs no apology, because effective conceptualization of this proximal link undoubtedly enables broader questions to be tackled more effectivelycross-cultural comparisons, macro level social inruences, life-span processes, vulnerability, biological contributions, and so on.
Domestic Arrangements and Depressive Symptoms: An Examination of Housework Conditions
Authors: Lennon Mary Clare
Published: October 2023

One of the most consistent findings in psychiatric epidemiology is the greater prevalence of depressive disorders and symptoms of nonspecific psychological distress in women than in men (Dohrenwend & Dohrenwend, 1976; Kessler et al., 1994; McGrath et al., 1990; Pearlin, 1975; Robins & Regier, 1991; Weissman & Klerman, 1977, 1987). Gender differences are found on measures of anxiety, depressed mood, and psychophysiological complaints-what Dohrenwend and colleagues (1980) call demoralization (see Dohrenwend & Dohrenwend, 1976, and McGrath et al., 1990, for reviews)-and on measures designed to yield a psychiatric diagnosis of major depressive disorder and dysthymia according to criteria set forth by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association (1987, 1994; for example, see Kessler et al., 1994; Robins & Regier, 1991). Although the rates of disorder vary widely according to how the disorders are defined, women have, on average, about twice as many depressive disorders as men (McGrath et al., 1990; Paykel, 1991; Weissman & Klerman, 1977).
The Fourteenth Amendment: What Norms Did “We the People” Establish?
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: October 2023

As I said at the beginning of the preceding chapter, several of the most divisive moral conflicts that have beset us Americans since the end of World War II have been transmuted into constitutional conflicts-conflicts about what the Constitution of the United States forbids-and resolved as such. The particular constitutional conflicts I examine in this book-over racial segregation, race-based affirmative action, sex-based discrimination, homosexuality, abortion, and physician-assisted suicide-are, in the main, conflicts about what the Fourteenth Amendment forbids. What Raoul Berger wrote in 1977, in Government by judiciary: The Transformation of the Fourteenth Amendment, is no less true today: “Because the [Fourteenth] Amendment ... furnishes the chief fulcrum for [the Supreme Court’s] control of controversial policies, the question whether such control is authorized by the Constitution is of great practical importance.”1
Group Cohesiveness
Authors: Galanter Marc
Published: October 2023

Group cohesiveness may be defined as the result of all the forces acting on members to keep them engaged in the group.1 When cohesiveness is strong, participants work to retain the commitment of their fellow members, protect them from threat, and ensure the safety of shared resources. With weak co hesiveness, there is less concern over the group’s potential dissolution or the loss of its distinctive identity, and joint action is less likely.
Curriculum Connections
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

This Chapter Seeks To Illustrate how standard K-12 curricula in the United States can foster the science learning called for in Science for All Americans (American Association for the Advancement of Science [AAAS], 1989). By recommending increased emphasis on connections between science and other disciplines-naturally occurring connections in the physical and biological world studied by scientists that traditional science curricula rarely emphasize-we suggest that educators can encourage students not only to know scientific facts but also to view the world scientifically.
Track 1: Harassment Stepped Up
Authors: Lewy Guenter
Published: October 2023

During the first three years of the Nazi regime, the treatment of the Gypsies did not change very much. The decrees and laws legislated during the Weimar Republic continued in force and new and similar measures were adopted. As we shall see later, some of the laws enacted by the new regime, such as the sterilization law of July 14, 1933, and the law against dangerous professional criminals of November 24, 1933, affected Gypsies somewhat more than the general population. However, this legislation was not aimed specifically at the Gypsies.
Life and Death in the Gypsy Family Camp of Auschwitz
Authors: Lewy Guenter
Published: October 2023

On February 26, 1943, the first large transport of Gypsies arrived in Auschwitz. It contained about two hundred Gypsies from the Buchenwald concentration camp who were put into Birkenau II e, a new and as yet uncompleted section of the Birkenau part of Auschwitz (B II e). A second transport reached the camp on March 1, and from this date on the pace of arrivals quickened. By the end of 1943, a total of 18,738 Gypsies had been registered by name, the largest part having been delivered by the end of May. Eventually about 23,000 men, women and children were to be incar cerated for varying lengths of time in the Gypsy family camp.1
The Emancipation of America, II
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: October 2023

If Edmund S. Morgan is right in maintaining that Americans “bought their independence with slave labor,” then the pronouncements we have quoted from Jay, Paine, and Jefferson were freighted with some of the cruelest irony in human history. American leaders could “dare to speak a political language that magnified the rights of freemen” precisely because they had no need to fear a dependent and exploited class of whites. Yet that very political language contributed to their abhorrence of Negro slavery-and made them dare to speculate aloud about God’s justice! Perhaps the speculation itself helped to confirm what Jefferson called “a conviction in the minds of the people that these liberties are the gifts of God.” Perhaps a just God would make allowance for the Americans’ good intentions, as well as for their inability to do anything about the unfortunate “source” of their freedom.
The United States: The Logic of the Mixed Market
Authors: Tuohy Carolyn Hughes
Published: October 2023

The hallmark of American health policy, as noted in part I, has been its incrementalism. In contrast to the cases of Britain and Canada, in which major episodes of policy change established enduring organizational frameworks for the delivery and financing of health care, U.S. public policy both directly and indirectly fostered continuous organizational change in the health care arena, as private actors responded and adjusted to the incentives and constraints established by incremental policy changes.
Conclusion
Authors: Tuohy Carolyn Hughes
Published: October 2023

This book is essentially a work of political science. Nonetheless, it is addressed not only to political scientists but also to others concerned with policy-making about the role of the state in the health care arena. In this concluding chapter, I first summarize the experience of Britain, the United States, and Canada in the health care arena, with particular emphasis on experience in the 1990s, to demonstrate the workings of the process of “accidental logics” that drives the dynamics of change. Forces in the broader political arena have periodically opened windows of opportunity for major policy change in the health care arena in each of these nations. The systems that resulted were largely, if not entirely, “accidents” of the timing of their birth-had windows opened at different times, they might have looked quite different. Between these policy episodes, the systems were shaped by their own internal logics. This analysis then provides the platform from which several concluding observations can be made, looking toward a future marked by accelerating technological change and ongoing policy debate.
Introduction
Authors: Lauritzen Paul
Published: October 2023

In February 1997, scientists from the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh, Scotland, announced that they had successfully cloned an adult sheep. Because many scientists had been skeptical about the possibility of such cloning, and because the particular technique that Ian Wilmut and his colleagues used to create the clone promised tremendous advances in knowledge about mammalian cell development and cell differentiation, the birth of Dolly received intense, international attention. Dolly’s birth also generated enormous controversy. Could this technology be extended to humans? If it could, would cloning humans be morally acceptable? Even the apparently remote possibility of human cloning conjured apocalyptic visions for many commentators, and so Wilmut’s announcement was met almost everywhere with a sense of alarm and moral urgency. Certainly in the United States there was a sense of urgency, for, the day after the story broke, President Clinton instructed the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) to “undertake a thorough review of the legal and ethical issues associated with the use of this technology” and to do so within 90 days.1 The President was not alone: The United States House of Representatives convened hearings on cloning the following week, as did the United States Senate the week after that.
Morality, Religion, and Public Bioethics: Shifting the Paradigm for the Public Discussion of Embryo Research and Human Cloning
Authors: Stiltner Brian
Published: October 2023

Public ethics bodies play a major role in the development of public policies that govern scientific research and health care.1 Their tasks include weighing the ethical ramifications of forms of research, educating the public about the research and its likely benefits, and recommending directions for institutional practices and legal policies. Much debate about public ethics bodies has concerned the mode and level of their ethical reasoning. Should public ethics bodies develop substantive moral arguments on issues that are subject to widely divergent moral and religious interpretations, such as the status of the human embryo? To develop such arguments would, of course, require ethics panels to consider the ethical and philosophical arguments about the status of the embryo as well as arguments about the dignity of the human person, the symbolic and social value of procreation, and so on. Is this something we should expect ethics panels to do?
Introduction
Authors: Samuels Shirley
Published: October 2023

The cover of this book shows a familiar iconographic imagining of nations as women in a nineteenth-century commemoration of the Four Continents motif. Produced for the Philadelphia Centennial of 1876, nominally a celebration of the century that had passed since the Declaration of Independence was read aloud in that city, this colored lithograph introduced the program. Inside, artistic and mechanical objects appeared that were, in the newly minted tradition of such fairs, designed to celebrate the future as well as the past. That past included the war, the still rawly remembered conflict that had sent troop trains south and wounded men north along Philadelphia’s rails. In reproducing the spectacle and its commemoration here, I propose to begin my consideration of national iconography through a scrutiny of these faces and the processes of recognition they invoke.
Lincoln’s Body
Authors: Samuels Shirley
Published: October 2023

This chapter is deceptively titled “Lincoln’s Body,’’ since I will read through the skin of his body, as though it were the flayed transparency of wellscraped parchment, the bodies of his contemporaries: those who viewed his body and those through whom his body may be viewed. Developing a relationship among somewhat disparate texts, I will consider the historical treatments of Lincoln’s embalming and funeral train, the memorial poetry of Walt Whitman, the remembrances of Elizabeth Keckley, and the outlandish poetry of Adah Menken.
World War II Era: Context and Cases
Authors: Klarman Michael J .
Published: October 2023

A brutal triple murder took place near Hugo, Oklahoma, on New Year’s Eve 1939. A white man, his wife, and their four-year-old son were shot, and their bodies were hacked with an axe and then burned. W. D. Lyons, a black man, was arrested several days later. According to the NAACP’s account of what happened, prior to the arrest of Lyons, a white escapee from the state chain gang had confessed to the murders. But the governor’s office, fearful of the political consequences of election-year allegations that lax supervision of the chain gang had resulted in a triple murder, decided to frame a black man. The governor sent a special investigator to Hugo. According to boastful statements the investigator made to several white witnesses, he assaulted Lyons for several hours with his “nigger beater” (a blackjack). He also made Lyons hold on his lap a pan containing the victims’ bones. Many local whites, not to mention Lyons’s lawyers, were convinced that Lyons was innocent. At the trial, which the judge called a “gala” event for the community, lawyers from the NAACP and the ACLU sowed enough doubts about Lyons’s guilt that the all-white jury, after several hours of deliberation, sentenced him to life imprisonment rather than death.
Pilocytic Astrocytoma, Low-Grade Astrocytoma, and Other “Benign” Neuroepithelial Neoplasms
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M
Published: October 2023

Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma Gangliocytoma and Ganglioglioma Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor Central Neurocytoma This chapter discusses most “benign” neuroepithelial tumors with a grade I or II biologic behavior. These tumors were classified pathologically in Table 1-2. Pilocytic astrocytoma is discussed initially and has a grade I biologic behavior, although its histological appearance may appear more aggressive.
Pituitary and Pineal Region Tumors
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M
Published: October 2023

The existence of the pituitary gland has been recognized since before the time of Artistotle. From the second until the seventeenth century, it was believed that the pituitary secreted mucus produced by the brain. Rathke described the embryology of the pituitary in 1838, and Marie described the clinical syndrome of acromegaly in 1886,2 but it was Minkowski in 1887 who first linked the symptoms of acromegaly to a dysfunction of the pituitary gland. Benda4 and Frankel and colleagues5 recognized that acromegaly was caused by a hyperfunction of the pituitary. It was not until 1962 that a radioimmunoassay for growth hormone (GH) became available to finally prove that the proliferation of CH-secreting cells in pituitary adenomas produced acromegaly.
Brain Metastases
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M
Published: October 2023

Brain metastases are secondary deposits that arise from primary systemic cancer outside the brain and spread to involve the brain. Brain metastases can be divided into metastases to the dura, leptomeninges, and brain parenchyma. Parenchymal brain metastases are the most common symptomatic lesion, and may be single or multiple. The distinction between single and multiple metastases is important for treatment. Single and multiple brain metastases refer only to the brain parenchyma and do not address the extent of systemic disease.
Clinical Pathophysiology of Spinal Signs and Symptoms
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G
Published: October 2023

The first task of the physician examining a patient with suspected spinal cord disease is to establish the presence or absence of such disease and, if present, then the location(s) of the lesion(s). The lesion’s anatomical coordinates are its (1) “level” in the rostrocaudal axis, and (2) the extent of the lesion in the transverse plane of the spinal cord. These coordinates are determined by clinically testing specific functions of the myotomes and dermatomes served by both nerve roots and tracts that may be involved. A third coordinate is the time-course of evolution of spinal cord dysfunction; this is often important in predicting the etiology and the physiological response of the cord to compression, and in determining prognosis. For example, a patient with a long-standing lesion, such as a benign meningioma, may manifest few signs, whereas a patient with a malignancy of comparable size that is rapidly enlarging may be paraplegic.
Noncompressive Myelopathies
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G
Published: October 2023

Intrinsic or medullary diseases cause several disorders of the spinal cord that disrupt its structure and function. A broad range of pathological processes are affected by these diseases (Table 8-1):

1. Noninfectious diseases such as transverse myelitis, which occur following infection or vaccination or which may be idiopathic, and the demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis

2. Infectious diseases

3. Toxic diseases, such as those caused by irradiation

4. Metabolic disorders and vitamin deficiencies, such as the combined degeneration caused by vitamin B12

5. Vascular diseases, including ischemia, hemorrhage, and vascular malformations

6. Neoplastic diseases
Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathies
Authors: Mendell Jerry R
Published: October 2023

A substance is defined as amyloid if it has an affinity for Congo red dye and exhibits apple green birefringence under polarized light (Fig. 23-1, see Fig. 7-15). A three-dimensional, crystallographic, 13-pleated sheet structural conformation underlies this affinity for Congo red. By electron microscopy amyloid is composed of nonbranching filaments measuring 10-20 nm in diameter. There are many confusing concepts about amyloidosis. Even the origin of the term amyloid is a misnomer. In 1854, the distinguished pathologist Virchow coined the word, because of a presumed relationship to a polysaccharide based on affinity “or iodine and sulfuric acid. Later studies lemonstrated that amyloid is unequivocally :omposed of any number of unrelated proteins hat can be deposited in tissue. The protein involved determines the particular disease and predominant organs affected. Table 23-1 lists many types of amyloid proteins and their associated disorders. Familial amyloid polyneuropathies represent one of the many types of amyloidoses.
The Church’s New Social Mission
Authors: Herlihy Patricia
Published: October 2023

For centuries, individual members of the Russian Orthodox Church had viewed drunkenness as a vice and a sin. That is not to say, however, that preachers against drunkenness favored total abstinence. A fourteenth-century Russian cleric declared: “the holy fathers did not forbid us to drink and to eat within the law and at a fitting time, but they rejected overeating and drunkenness.” Saints’ lives and miracle tales frequently reflect tolerance for moderate use of alcohol and tolerance of those who abused it. The Mother of God is supposed to have admonished: “Know, child, that it is not evil to drink wine, but it is evil to drink too much to [the point] of drunkenness, outside of the proper time.” While pious literature condemned drunkenness, it also showed compassion for those who drank to excess, especially laypersons.

This empathetic approach is typical of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as well. Although from time to time, termssuch as “evil” and “sin” were used with regard to drunkenness, most clerical temperance workers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, like their earlier counterparts, regarded alcoholism as a disease.
Crossing Color
Authors: Stephen Therese
Published: October 2023

Rita Dove (b. 1952) was elected Poet Laureate--the first ever African-American to hold the position--in 1993, in recognition of work that combines racially sensitive observation with searing and immediate personal experience. She is best known for her substantial body of poetry, although she has also been recognized for her many accomplishments in drama and fiction, written in both German and English. Crossing Color, written by a well-known Americanist in the European community, is the first full-length critical study offering a comprehensive biographic and literary portrait of Rita Dove and her work.
Common Ground: Continuous Molecular Changes
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael
Published: October 2023

The Thatched House Tavern in St. James’s Street was a five-minute walk from Snow’s Picadilly residence. In the eighteenth century it had been the home of a fine arts society, the Dilettanti. In the nineteenth century it was a fashionable meeting place for artists and writers and featured a large room for public gatherings, where members and visitors of the Medical Society of London assembled to celebrate its eightieth anniversary on Tuesday, 8 March 1853. The annual oration was scheduled for 5:00 P.M., with a dinner to follow. The orator for the year was John Snow.

His address was cumbersomely entitled, “On continuous molecular changes, more particularly in their relation to epidemic diseases” (CMC ). Given the standards of the time, most of Snow’s communications were narrowly focused, addressing one issue or a single set of observations. An oration, however, offered him an unusual opportunity to speak in a speculative way and with unprecedented breadth “on the chief phenomena of living beings” (CMC, 147). This work, therefore, provides a rare glimpse of Snow’s scientific thought as a whole, illustrating connections not discernible in his papers on anesthesia and cholera. It is a deeply interdisciplinary, synthetic essay, a focal point at which the rays of Snow’s thought converged and his two specialities were joined, albeit tenuously. Snow thought serially and by accretion, and CMC was the apotheosis of this style.
The Turkist Thinkers: Ziya Gökalp, Yusuf Akçura, Fuat Köprülü
Authors: Karpat Kemal H
Published: October 2023

In the preceding chapter I established the ideological and historical context for the views of Ziya Gökalp, Yusuf Akçura, and Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, the fathers of Turkish nationalism.1 All three attempted to define for the Turks a new national identity within the frame of Ottomanism and Islamism, and all three were modernist, democratically minded constitutionalists, who had opposed Abdulhamid’s absolutism on principle as much as for personal reasons. Gökalp and Akçura suffered imprisonment and exile for having done so. Moreover, the three were closely acquainted with Western ideas, knew one or more European languages, and possessed knowledge and intellectual capacity well above that of many of their contemporaries.
Distinguishing Neurological From Psychiatric Symptoms
Authors: Pincus Jonathan H , Tucker Gary J
Published: October 2023

In the eighteenth century, hysteria was called the English malady, and although the various paralytic symptoms and unusual seizures were attributed to a disorder of the emotions, the biologic mechanism that mediated these symptoms remained a mystery. A prominent explanation relied on the newly discovered laws of gravity; it was postulated that the mind caused paralysis of an arm by an “action at a distance,” just as gravity made the apple fall (Vieth, 1965). While medicine has made great advances since the eighteenth century and our understanding of the central nervous system has increased enormously, we still have trouble delineating the exact mechanisms that cause patients to express their emotional discomfort through somatic symptoms. We still do not have laboratory measures that will tell us whether an isolated neurological symptom is caused by a neurological illness or by a specific emotional state. Consequently, much of what is included in this chapter is the clinical lore that has been gathered since the time of Charcot about how to differentiate neurological disorders from psychiatric disorders.
Living Well with Osteoarthritis
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

In the previous chapter, we learned how to help deal with osteoarthritis from an emotional standpoint and become educated about the disease. But before we talk about arthritis medications, we must turn to our environment. How do we get through the day? What should we eat? Is there a role for physical or occupational therapy? How does the weather affect arthritis? How can we make our home friendlier and enjoy our vacations? Exercises that allow improved functioning will be discussed in the next chapter. Is there a special diet for arthritis? After all, arthritis diets are a multimillion-dollar-a-year industry. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis are told to eat fish; those with gout are directed to avoid organ meats, rich meat gravies, and alcohol; and people with lupus should not eat alfalfa sprouts. Does any of this apply to osteoarthritis? Not really. Many patients with osteoarthritis of the lower extremity are overweight.
How Osteoarthritis Medications Are Tested
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

Unlike over-the-counter drugs alternative remedies, medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for osteoarthritis have undergone rigorous testing in order to obtain this specific indication. Because a significant amount of irreversible joint destruction has already occurred before joint pain develops and medical attention is sought, the medications used to treat osteoarthritis today are directed towards reducing joint pain and improving joint function. Hopefully, future medications will slow or reverse the disease. Medications developed to reduce pain and inflammation and improve function are tested in very specific ways. The FDA has guidelines that pharmaceutical companies must follow during the clinical development of osteoarthritis medications. This chapter reviews the process that candidate drugs undergo in order to receive FDA approval.
The Human Genome Project
Authors: Waes Janee Gelineau-Van , Finnell Richard H
Published: October 2023

Technical advances in molecular genetics that were being developed in the 1970s led to the initiation of the Human Genome Project (HGP), a long-term international research effort to completely map and sequence the human genome. In 1988, U.S. Congress appropriated funds to the Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to begin the planning stages of this vast endeavor (Collins, 1999). The HGP objectives included construction of a detailed genetic and physical map of the human genome, determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of human DNA, and localization of the currently estimated 30,000 genes within the human genome. The completed HGP therefore comprises a resource of detailed information about the structure, organization, and function of human DNA. Similar analyses of the genomes of other model organisms used extensively in research laboratories are also being performed. This information will change the way medical services are provided in the future, including the treatment of individuals with oral-facial clefting disorders. In addition to promoting the development of improved technologies for biomedical research and genomic analysis, project goals included training scientists to utilize tools and resources developed through the HGP to pursue biological studies that would ultimately improve human health. Specific additional benefits include an enhanced understanding of the genetic contributions to human disease and the development of rational strategies for minimizing or preventing disease phenotypes. Sequencing the human genome greatly improves our understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of disease mechanisms and suggests new therapeutic regimens for disease prevention or, at the very least, the targeting of specific treatment modalities to the individual patient on the basis of their genotype.
Bedside Examination of the Vestibular System
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente
Published: October 2023

As noted earlier, the vestibular system works in conjunction with the visual and somatosensory systems to achieve ocular and postural stability. To examine the vestibular system adequately, one must isolate it from these other sensory systems. This is a difficult task at the bedside. Vision can be removed with eye closure, but there is no simple way to eliminate somatosensation. Furthermore, if the eyes are closed, the vestibulocular reflex cannot be observed. Unlike the visual system, in which the optic nerve can be directly visualized and acuity accurately measured, the inner ear is located deep within the temporal bone, and the subjective sensation to vestibular stimulation is ill defined. One can visualize the tympanic membrane and structures within the middle ear, but this provides onlyindirect information about the status of the inner ear.
Health Policy, vulnerability, and vulnerable populations
Authors: Danis Marion , Patrick Donald L
Published: October 2023

Health policy consists of a diverse set of legal, legislative, administrative, and social decisions that are enforced to different degrees and operate in different sectors. These decisions shape, intentionally or unintentionally, the ways in which resources are distributed to competing programs and therefore to competing populations (Patrick and Erickson, 1993, 12). In so doing, these decisions reflect how communities make social choices among their members about who receives particular types and quantities of benefits or services. An examination of resource distribution necessarily involves attention both to where the monetary and nonmonetary resources come from, the actors and processes involved in deciding who and which programs receive the resources, and the outcomes of these distribution processes.
Introduction
Authors: Helmholz R H
Published: October 2023

The amalgam of Roman and canon law now generally known as the ius commune, sometimes also referred to as the utrumqueius, has undoubtedly played a role in the history of England and in the development of Anglo-American law.2 In fact, it has played several different roles. Before the time of William Blackstone (d. 1780), it was the Roman law rather than the common law that was taught in the English universities. It had a long innings; only in the twenty-first century does the teaching of the civil law stand in some danger of being lost. Moreover, its influence was not simply academic. It was the ius commune that long governed practice in the courts of the church, the Admiralty, the universities, and (to some extent) the courts of equity. Chancery procedure, for example, drew heavily upon it. On that account, it was an important source of English legal practice in its own right. These The medieval law of sanctuary permitted any person who had committed a serious crime to take refuge in a church, churchyard, or other designated place of asylum. It was a valuable privilege. In theory, and normally in practice as well, anyone who reached a place of asylum escaped vengeance at the hands of his enemies and punishment at the hands of his rulers. Sanctuary meant everything the term implied—a refuge where a person in real danger would be safe from harm.