bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Satisfying of Needs and Immanent Market Incompetencies
Authors: Maialeh Robin
Published: July 2014

The terms of reference for this study were to outline an inability of market principles to satisfy needs with a focus on natural determination of individuals. The author tries to define causes of market failures in satisfying of basic human needs and outlines a way how to overcome the problems stated. In the first part, evidence of elemental dissatisfaction is collected as the ground for improvements, namely an inequality as the highest hurdle on the way to satisfying of needs. The subsequent chapters analyze the role of market, especially in the context of four antagonistic relationships - macro and micro level; inequality and commonness. Chapters deal with the fact that profit maximization principally impedes satisfaction of fundamental human needs. Furthermore, mainstream development policies on macro-level are discussed. On the examples of foreign investments and market integration, the archetypal solutions for boosting economies, it is shown that in a strict economic sense, no investments principally cannot be measure to satisfy of basic human needs in a global scale. The paper indicates that general priorities of human beings are beyond the frame of contemporary economic configuration
Partial vertebrectomy with vertebral shortening for thoraco-lumbar fracture-dislocation. Case report and technical note
Authors: Costachescu Bogdan , Popescu Cezar E. , Iliescu Bogdan , Chiriac Alexandru , Filipescu Ramona , Pendefunda Liviu
Published: July 2014

Thoraco-lumbar fracture-dislocations represent one of the most instable lesions and are frequently associated with neurological deficit. We present a patient with a T11 - T12 fracture-dislocation with complete neurological deficit - ASIA - A, who underwent partial vertebrectomy, shortening of the spine and posterior instrumentation 21 days after a motor vehicle accident.
Intracranial pressure monitoring in severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Apetrei Al. Cosmin , Iencean A.Şt. , Iordache A. , Iliescu B. , Poeata Ion
Published: July 2014

Intracranial pressure monitoring seems to be an indispensable stage in management of severe traumatic brain injured patient. Since 2009, this technique completes our trauma protocol. The study has been carried out from 2011 to 2013 in Prof. Dr. N. Oblu hospital in Iasi. There have been included in the study patients with severe craniocerebral trauma, who had traumatic brain lesions CT detected and Glasgow score between 3 and 8. The age ranged from 16 to 60, an average of 35.5 years old. 50% of the studied cases had a favorable outcome. Diagrams associated to this category of patients showed increases in intracranial pressure above normal values but without repeated values above 50 mm Hg. Most of those patients had a good evolution under medical treatment. Monitoring intracranial pressure is an extremely useful stage in treating intracranial high pressure in traumatology and it should be included in the equipment of any intensive therapy section caring traumatic patients
Spontaneous occlusion of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation after subtotal endovascular embolisation
Authors: Chiriac A. , Dobrin N. , Iencean A.St. , Poeata I.
Published: July 2014

We present a case of a patient with a ruptured temporo-occipital arteriovenous malformation, grade 3 on Spetzler-Martin scale, with an unpredictable evolution. A spontaneous occlusion of the malformation was found at 4 months after the initial partial endovascular embolization. We reviewed and discuss some aspects concerning clinical and angiographic finding, the angioarchitectural remodelling and evolution of the AVMs after partial occlusion treatment.
Recurrent extraventricular anaplastic ependymoma with scalp metastasis
Authors: Agrawal Amit , Mohan K.V. Murali , Santhi Vissa , Hegde Kishor V. , Umamaheswara Reddy V.
Published: July 2014

Extraneural metastasis from anaplastic ependymoma is uncommon. In a study from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center where the authors reviewed 81 ependymomas cases (between 1956 and 1989) there were only five (6.2%) cases had extraneural metastases. We present a case of anaplastic ependymoma with scalp metastasis and discuss the possible mechanism of spread. In majority most of the cases of metastatic extracranial ependymoma patients have underlying progressive intracranial disease. Although these patients receive standard treatment for the primary tumor (Gross total resection and radiotherapy) and the management options for recurrences includes re-excision, focal reirradiation, stereotactic radiosurgery, or craniospinal radiotherapy for metastatic disease the long term outcome is not favorable.
Syringomyelia associated with Cervical Spondylosis: A case report
Authors: Samanci Yavuz , Celik Suat Erol
Published: July 2014

Although cervical spondylosis is an extremely common condition causing spinal cord compression, it is rarely involved in syringomyelia formation.

Here we describe a case of syringomyelia associated with cervical spondylosis.
Till receipts - a new approach for investigating outbreaks? Evaluation during a large Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 14b outbreak in a north west London takeaway restaurant, September 2009
Authors: Zenner D , Zöllner J , Charlett A , Marmairis W , Lane C , Chow J Y
Published: July 2014

Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
A method for the formation of intergranular crystalline phases in liquid phase sintering
Authors: Ghaffari Mehran , Salahi Esmaeil , Golestanifard Farhad
Published: July 2014

During the liquid phase sintering process a liquid is formed, penetrates into the pores, causes rearrangement of particles and shrinkage and forms an amorphous and/or crystalline intergranular phase after firing which re-melts upon heating to the same sintering temperature. In this research a method is proposed to alter the intergranular phase to a phase with a melting point higher than the sintering temperature. The hypothesis is based on the shape of the phase diagram and precise control of particle sizes of liquid forming species. Results show that in the CaO–Al2O3 system a liquid is formed at 1 500 °C and it will then change to CaO. Al2O3 with a melting point of more than 1 600 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis shows that the processes of formation of liquid and crystallization of concomitant crystalline phases occur obviously separately in this system. The system CaO–TiO2 also confirms the hypothesis, although more analytical evidence is needed for the latter.
Improving the surface topography of mild steel with the burnishing process
Authors: Akkurt Adnan , Ovalı İsmail
Published: July 2014

The effects of burnishing and other conventional machining processes (grinding, reaming, drilling, turning, and honing) on the surface characteristic properties of mild steel were investigated and compared in terms of surface roughness, circularity (roundness), and cylindricity in this study. The effect of these processes on the microstructures was also examined to understand the relationship between the machining process and surface characteristic properties. All surface machining processes were performed under constant depth of cut, cutting speed, and feed rate. The highest hardness was obtained on the burnished surface. Experimental results also showed that the roller burnishing method is the most favorable post-machining process method for obtaining optimum surface topography on mild steel.
Aquaporin-4 autoimmunity masquerading as a brainstem tumor
Authors: Lim Byung Chan , Chae Jong Hee , Kim Seung-Ki , Park Sung-Hye , Wang Kyu-Chang , Lee Ji Yeoun , Phi Ji Hoon
Published: July 2014

Brainstem glioma is a highly devastating disease, and any mass-like lesion in the brainstem can raise suspicion of this diagnosis. However, other inflammatory, demyelinating, or degenerative diseases can mimic brainstem glioma in clinical presentation and imaging features. Therefore, diagnosis based solely on imaging is often insufficient for brainstem lesions and may lead to incorrect diagnosis and treatment.

This case report is the first description of central nervous system aquaporin-4 (AQP4) autoimmunity confined mainly to the brainstem. It demonstrates the wide spectrum of neuroinflammatory diseases in children and highlights the utility of surgical biopsy for suspicious brainstem lesions with atypical imaging features for glioma.
Utility of surveillance imaging after minor blunt head trauma
Authors: Chern Joshua J. , Sarda Samir , Howard Brian M. , Jea Andrew , Tubbs R. Shane , Brahma Barunashish , Wrubel David M. , Reisner Andrew , Boydston William
Published: July 2014

Object

Nonoperative blunt head trauma is a common reason for admission in a pediatric hospital. Adverse events, such as growing skull fracture, are rare, and the incidence of such morbidity is not known. As a result, optimal follow-up care is not clear.

Methods

Patients admitted after minor blunt head trauma between May 1, 2009, and April 30, 2013, were identified at a single institution. Demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical characteristics were retrieved from administrative and outpatient databases. Clinical events within the 180-day period following discharge were reviewed and analyzed. These events included emergency department (ED) visits, need for surgical procedures, clinic visits, and surveillance imaging utilization. Associations among these clinical events and potential contributing factors were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods.

Results

There were 937 admissions for minor blunt head trauma in the 4-year period. Patients who required surgical interventions during the index admission were excluded. The average age of the admitted patients was 5.53 years, and the average length of stay was 1.7 days; 15.7% of patients were admitted for concussion symptoms with negative imaging findings, and 26.4% of patients suffered a skull fracture without intracranial injury. Patients presented with subdural, subarachnoid, or intraventricular hemorrhage in 11.6%, 9.19%, and 0.53% of cases, respectively. After discharge, 672 patients returned for at least 1 follow-up clinic visit (71.7%), and surveillance imaging was obtained at the time of the visit in 343 instances.

The number of adverse events was small and consisted of 34 ED visits and 3 surgeries. Some of the ED visits could have been prevented with better discharge instructions, but none of the surgery was preventable. Furthermore, the pattern of postinjury surveillance imaging utilization correlated with physician identity but not with injury severity. Because the number of adverse events was small, surveillance imaging could not be shown to positively influence outcomes.

Conclusions

Adverse events after nonoperative mild traumatic injury are rare. The routine use of postinjury surveillance imaging remains controversial, but these data suggest that such imaging does not effectively identify those who require operative intervention.
Biomechanical evaluation of the impact of various facet joint lesions on the primary stability of anterior plate fixation in cervical dislocation injuries: a cadaver study
Authors: Oberkircher Ludwig , Born Sebastian , Struewer Johannes , Bliemel Christopher , Buecking Benjamin , Wack Christina , Bergmann Martin , Ruchholtz Steffen , Krüger Antonio
Published: July 2014

Object

Injuries of the subaxial cervical spine including facet joints and posterior ligaments are common. Potential surgical treatments consist of anterior, posterior, or anterior-posterior fixation. Because each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, the best treatment is debated. This biomechanical cadaver study compared the effect of different facet joint injuries on primary stability following anterior plate fixation.

Methods

Fractures and plate fixation were performed on 15 fresh-frozen intact cervical spines (C3–T1). To simulate a translation-rotation injury in all groups, complete ligament rupture and facet dislocation were simulated by dissecting the entire posterior and anterior ligament complex between C-4 and C-5. In the first group, the facet joints were left intact. In the second group, one facet joint between C-4 and C-5 was removed and the other side was left intact. In the third group, both facet joints between C-4 and C-5 were removed. The authors next performed single-level anterior discectomy and interbody grafting using bone material from the respective thoracic vertebral bodies. An anterior cervical locking plate was used for fixation. Continuous loading was performed using a servohydraulic test bench at 2 N/sec. The mean load failure was measured when the implant failed.

Results

In the group in which both facet joints were intact, the mean load failure was 174.6 ± 46.93 N. The mean load failure in the second group where only one facet joint was removed was 127.8 ± 22.83 N. In the group in which both facet joints were removed, the mean load failure was 73.42 ± 32.51 N. There was a significant difference between the first group (both facet joints intact) and the third group (both facet joints removed) (p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test).

Conclusions

In this cadaver study, primary stability of anterior plate fixation for dislocation injuries of the subaxial cervical spine was dependent on the presence of the facet joints. If the bone in one or both facet joints is damaged in the clinical setting, anterior plate fixation in combination with bone grafting might not provide sufficient stabilization; additional posterior stabilization may be needed.
The effects of smoking on perioperative outcomes and pseudarthrosis following anterior cervical corpectomy
Authors: Lau Darryl , Chou Dean , Ziewacz John E. , Mummaneni Praveen V.
Published: July 2014

Object

Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable morbidity and death in the US and has been associated with perioperative complications. In this study, the authors examined the effects of smoking on perioperative outcomes and pseudarthrosis rates following anterior cervical corpectomy.

Methods

All adult patients from 2006 to 2011 who underwent anterior cervical corpectomy were identified. Patients were categorized into 3 groups: patients who never smoked (nonsmokers), patients who quit for at least 1 year (quitters), and patients who continue to smoke (current smokers). Demographic, medical, and surgical covariates were collected. Multivariate analysis was used to define the relationship between smoking and blood loss, 30-day complications, length of hospital stay, and pseudarthrosis.

Results

A total of 160 patients were included in the study. Of the 160 patients, 49.4% were nonsmokers, 25.6% were quitters, and 25.0% were current smokers. The overall 30-day complication rate was 20.0%, and pseudarthrosis occurred in 7.6% of patients. Mean blood loss was 368.3 ml and mean length of stay was 6.5 days. Current smoking status was significantly associated with higher complication rates (p < 0.001) and longer lengths of stay (p < 0.001); current smoking status remained an independent risk factor for both outcomes after multivariate logistic regression analysis. The complications that were experienced in current smokers were mostly infections (76.5%), and this proportion was significantly greater than in nonsmokers and quitters (p = 0.013). Current smoking status was also an independent risk factor for pseudarthrosis at 1-year follow-up (p = 0.012).

Conclusions

Smoking is independently associated with higher perioperative complications (especially infectious complications), longer lengths of stay, and higher rates of pseudarthrosis in patients undergoing anterior cervical corpectomy.
(G)hosting Television:Ghostwatchand its Medium
Authors: Steward Tom , Zborowski James
Published: July 2014

This article's subject is Ghostwatch (BBC, 1992), a drama broadcast on Halloween night of 1992 which adopted the rhetoric of live non-fiction programming, and attracted controversy and ultimately censure from the Broadcasting Standards Council. In what follows, we argue that Ghostwatch must be understood as a televisually specific artwork and artefact. We discuss the programme's ludic relationship with some key features of television during what Ellis (2000) has termed its era of ‘availability’: principally liveness, mass simultaneous viewing, and the flow of the television super-text. We trace the programme's television-specific historicity while acknowledging its allusions and debts to other media (most notably film and radio). We explore the sophisticated ways in which Ghostwatch's visual grammar and vocabulary and deployment of ‘broadcast talk’ ( Scannell 1991 ) variously ape, comment upon and subvert the rhetoric of factual programming, and the ends to which these strategies are put. We hope that these arguments collectively demonstrate the aesthetic and historical significance of Ghostwatch and identify its relationship to its medium and that medium's history. We offer the programme as a historically reflexive artefact and as an exemplary instance of the work of art in television's age of broadcasting, liveness and co-presence.
The Short Life ofCurry and Chips: Racial Comedy on British Television in the 1960s
Authors: Bebber Brett
Published: July 2014

This article analyses Curry and Chips (ITV, 1969), a situation comedy that relied heavily on racial humour to satisfy its audiences. Like other sitcoms during this era in British television, it capitalised on extant anxieties about the increasing migration of formerly colonised subjects to Britain. Johnny Speight and Spike Milligan, the programme's creators, believed that forwarding vulgar racial epithets and bigoted humour put English attitudes to immigration under examination. But the programme proved popular because of its appeal to white workers, who viewed depictions of the challenges of integrating non-white workers in a comedic context with some pleasure. Under the thin guise of political satire, the programme recirculated ethnic stereotypes and racist discourses to make its humour apparent. Audience research and letters of complaint also reveal that Curry and Chips appealed to audiences sympathetic to the racist attitudes forwarded by the programme's characters and failed to change white Britons’ perspectives on migration and integration. Because of the debate it caused about the appropriateness of its humour, Curry and Chips lasted only a single series before being banned by the Independent Television Authority. Like other forms of racial humour, the comedy resonated with working-class anxieties but negated the programme's utility as progressive parody.
The Origin, Practice and Meaning of the Free Cinema Manifesto
Authors: Drazin Charles
Published: July 2014

In the late 1940s, the independent film quarterly Sequence, which championed a personal, committed cinema, stood for an attitude towards film-making that provided an important basis for the development of the Free Cinema movement in the following decade. It was in Sequence that the phrase ‘Free Cinema’ was coined for the first time. This article traces the early development of the Free Cinema ethos in Sequence magazine and follows the steps by which the idea was turned into reality. It singles out Lindsay Anderson as the most influential figure in both the genesis and direction of the movement. After its formal end in 1959, Free Cinema lived on most obviously in the British New Wave of the 1960s, but its characteristics defied easy analysis. Discussing the legacy of the Free Cinema, the article explores its contradictory, subjective nature and examines the dominant role that Anderson continued to play in determining how it came to be understood.
New Morning: Optimism and Resilience in Tony Richardson's A Taste of Honey and The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner
Authors: Murphy Robert
Published: July 2014

Tony Richardson's major contribution to British and international cinema has been obscured by jejune prejudices over his small-town, north of England origins, his parallel career as a theatre director and his eclectic choice of film subjects. This article concentrates on his two most important contributions to the ‘British New Wave’ – A Taste of Honey and The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner – in order to demonstrate Richardson's ability to recreate dramatic and literary works as dynamic and innovative films.
Assessment and Screening of the Risk Factors in Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Kaur Jaspinder
Published: July 2014

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is chronic inflammatory epidemic state contributing to total and cardiovascular mortality. The current study planned to assess and screen risk factors for MetS and its components. A cross-sectional study conducted to assess age, gender, social status, employment, education, family history, physical activity, dietary habits, alcohol, sleep, body mass index and stress as determinants of MetS. The results were analyzed by Chi Square test with statistical significance of p value <0.05. The frequency of MetS was 17.38% as per modified National Cholesterol Education Program–Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Females (57.38%), age >50 years (86.90%; p < 0.05), middle socioeconomic status (70.50%), illiteracy (39.35%), and unemployment (81.97%; p < 0.05) were found contributing though to different extents. Subjects with a sedentary lifestyle (72.14%), positive family history (42.63%), omnivore diet (47.55%), stress (78.69%; p < 0.05), insomnia (29.51%) and increased BMI (83.62%; p < 0.001) had shown predisposition to MetS. However, the protective role of alcohol (38.28%), an active lifestyle (36.21%), vegetarian diet (62.07%) and adequate sleep (73.11%) was observed. A significant hypertension (98.37%; p < 0.001), dyslipidemia (77.05%; p < 0.001), dysglycemia (75.41%; p < 0.001) and obesity (59.02%; p < 0.001) was reported in MetS. Common concerns of female gender, increasing age and BMI, sedentary lifestyle, stress and positive family history should be considered for early identification and appropriate intervention to fight the growing MetS epidemic.
The Endocytic Receptor Megalin and its Associated Proteins in Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells
Authors: De Shankhajit , Kuwahara Shoji , Saito Akihiko
Published: July 2014

Receptor-mediated endocytosis in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs) is important for the reabsorption and metabolization of proteins and other substances, including carrier-bound vitamins and trace elements, in glomerular filtrates. Impairment of this endocytic process results in the loss of such substances and development of proteinuria, which is an important clinical indicator of kidney diseases and is also a risk marker for cardiovascular disease. Megalin, a member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene family, is a multiligand receptor expressed in the apical membrane of PTECs and plays a central role in the endocytic process. Megalin interacts with various intracellular adaptor proteins for intracellular trafficking and cooperatively functions with other membrane molecules, including the cubilin-amnionless complex. Evidence suggests that megalin and the cubilin-amnionless complex are involved in the uptake of toxic substances into PTECs, which leads to the development of kidney disease. Studies of megalin and its associated molecules will be useful for future development of novel strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases.
Computer Aided Screening of Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 4 (SFRP4): A Potential Control for Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Bukhari Shazia , Shamshari Waseem , Ur-Rahman Mahmood , Zia-Ul-Haq Muhammad , Jaafar Hawa
Published: July 2014

Diabetes mellitus is a life threatening disease and scientists are doing their best to find a cost effective and permanent treatment of this malady. The recent trend is to control the disease by target base inhibiting of enzymes or proteins. Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4) is found to cause five times more risk of diabetes when expressed above average levels. This study was therefore designed to analyze the SFRP4 and to find its potential inhibitors. SFRP4 was analyzed by bio-informatics tools of sequence tool and structure tool. A total of three potential inhibitors of SFRP4 were found, namely cyclothiazide, clopamide and perindopril. These inhibitors showed significant interactions with SFRP4 as compared to other inhibitors as well as control (acetohexamide). The findings suggest the possible treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 by inhibiting the SFRP4 using the inhibitors cyclothiazide, clopamide and perindopril.
First Order Temperature Dependent Phase Transition in a Monoclinic Polymorph Crystal of 1,6-Hexanedioic Acid: An Interpretation Based on the Landau Theory Approach
Authors: Fun Hoong-Kun , Chantrapromma Suchada , Ong Lye-Hock
Published: July 2014

Crystals of 1,6-hexanedioic acid (I) undergo a temperature-dependent reversible phase transition from monoclinic P21/c at a temperature higher than the critical temperature (Tc) 130 K to another monoclinic P21/c at temperature lower than Tc. The phase transition is of first order, involving a discontinuity and a tripling of the b-axis at Tc whereas the other unit cell parameters vary continuously. The transition is described by the phenomenological Landau theory. The crystal structure analyses for data collected at 297(2) K and 120.0(1) K show that there is half of a molecule of (I) in the asymmetric unit at 297(2) K whereas there are one and a half molecules of (I) in the asymmetric unit at 120.0(1) K. At both temperatures, 297(2) and 120.0(1) K, intermolecular O-H···O hydrogen bonds link the molecules of I into infinite 1D chains along [101] direction. However there are significantly more O-H···O hydrogen bonds presented in the 120.0(1) K polymorph, thereby indicating this phase transition is negotiated via hydrogen bonds. The relationship of the conformational changes and hydrogen bonding for these two polymorphs are explained in detail.
A Shoe-Embedded Piezoelectric Energy Harvester for Wearable Sensors
Authors: Zhao Jingjing , You Zheng
Published: July 2014

Harvesting mechanical energy from human motion is an attractive approach for obtaining clean and sustainable electric energy to power wearable sensors, which are widely used for health monitoring, activity recognition, gait analysis and so on. This paper studies a piezoelectric energy harvester for the parasitic mechanical energy in shoes originated from human motion. The harvester is based on a specially designed sandwich structure with a thin thickness, which makes it readily compatible with a shoe. Besides, consideration is given to both high performance and excellent durability. The harvester provides an average output power of 1 mW during a walk at a frequency of roughly 1 Hz. Furthermore, a direct current (DC) power supply is built through integrating the harvester with a power management circuit. The DC power supply is tested by driving a simulated wireless transmitter, which can be activated once every 2–3 steps with an active period lasting 5 ms and a mean power of 50 mW. This work demonstrates the feasibility of applying piezoelectric energy harvesters to power wearable sensors.
Detection of Quorum Sensing Activity in the Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain GB11
Authors: Cheng Huey , Ee Robson , Cheong Yuet , Tan Wen-Si , Yin Wai-Fong , Chan Kok-Gan
Published: July 2014

A multidrug-resistant clinical bacteria strain GB11 was isolated from a wound swab on the leg of a patient. Identity of stain GB11 as Pseudomonas aeruginosa was validated by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Detection of the production of signaling molecules, N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs), was conducted using three different bacterial biosensors. A total of four different AHLs were found to be produced by strain GB11, namely N-butyryl homoserine lactone (C4-HSL), N-hexanoylhomoserine lactone (C6-HSL), N-octanoyl homoserine lactone (C8-HSL) and N-3-oxo-dodecanoylhomoserine lactone (3-oxo-C12-HSL) using high resolution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Of these detected AHLs, 3-oxo-C12-HSL was found to be the most abundant AHL produced by P. aeruginosa GB11.
Using Systems Thinking to Educate for Sustainability in a Business School
Authors: Gregory Amanda , Miller Susan
Published: July 2014

This paper explores what it means for a business school to embed systems thinking and sustainability into the curriculum by looking at both the application of systems thinking to the design of sustainable programmes and the teaching of system thinking to support understanding of sustainability. Although programmes that include systems thinking and sustainability as “bolt ons” are becoming more common, how these may best be integrated throughout the curriculum is still largely unexplored. In this paper, curriculum design is viewed through the lens of Stafford Beer’s Viable System Model; viewing the management curriculum in this way emphasises the essential interconnectedness of the subject matter rather than its reduction into blocks of knowledge that are containable within standard size teaching modules. Merely recognising the interconnected nature of management knowledge does not go far enough, though, and there is a complementary need to equip students with approaches for describing more complex and pluralistic views of the world and to address such complexities. In this paper, the specification of a module, underpinned by Flood and Jackson’s System of Systems Methodologies, that might serve to achieve these ends by introducing business students to a range of systems approaches is discussed. The challenges that realizing such an undertaking in practice might involve are also reflected on.
Large Outbreaks of Ciguatera after Consumption of Brown Marbled Grouper
Authors: Chan Thomas
Published: July 2014

Brown marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) is an apex predator from coral reefs of the Indo-Pacific region. All five published case series of ciguatera after consumption of brown marbled grouper were reviewed to characterize the types, severity and chronicity of ciguatera symptoms associated with its consumption. Three of these case series were from large outbreaks affecting over 100–200 subjects who had eaten this reef fish served at banquets. Affected subjects generally developed a combination of gastrointestinal, neurological and, less commonly, cardiovascular symptoms. Gastrointestinal symptoms occurred early and generally subsided in 1–2 days. Some neurological symptoms (e.g., paresthesia of four limbs) could last for weeks or months. Sinus bradycardia and hypotension occurred early, but could be severe and prolonged, necessitating the timely use of intravenous fluids, atropine and dopamine. Other cardiovascular and neurological features included atrial ectopics, ventricular ectopics, dyspnea, chest tightness, PR interval >0.2 s, ST segment changes, polymyositis and coma. Concomitant alcohol consumption was associated with a much higher risk of developing bradycardia, hypotension and altered skin sensation. The public should realize that consumption of the high-risk fish (especially the ciguatoxin-rich parts and together with alcohol use) and repeated ciguatoxin exposures will result in more severe and chronic illness.
Le frais, le cru et le vivant
Authors: Cobbi Jane
Published: July 2014

A l’extrémité du continent asiatique, les Japonais marquent de la considération pour les espèces végétales et animales, auxquelles ils prêtent attention selon un mode particulier : à part un petit nombre d’espèces dont la consommation est évitée, de nombreuses catégories végétales et animales doivent non seulement être consommées, mais encore être prises à l’état frais, cru, ou même vivant. Ces prescriptions positives, imposées régulièrement par les célébrations sociales et rituelles, sont encore facilitées aujourd’hui par les progrès économiques et techniques.
Correction of Myopic Astigmatism With Small Incision Lenticule Extraction
Authors: Ivarsen Anders , Hjortdal Jesper
Published: July 2014

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the outcome after small incision refractive lenticule extraction (SMILE) in patients with myopic astigmatism.

METHODS:

Seven hundred seventy-five eyes from 403 patients with myopia treated with SMILE for a cylinder of 0.75 diopters (D) or more were identified from patient records. Six hundred sixty-nine eyes were defined as receiving low (< 2.5 D) and 106 eyes as receiving high (⩾ 2.5 D) astigmatic correction. Patients were examined before and 3 months after surgery. SMILE was performed with a Visumax femtosecond laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). Preoperative and postoperative refractions were converted to polar values. Induced torsion and achieved corrections of sphere and cylinder were determined.

RESULTS:

In low astigmatism, the mean preoperative spherical equivalent (SE) was −7.57 ±1.67 D and the cylinder was −1.22 ± 0.49 D. Three months after surgery, SE was −0.19 ± 0.48 D from target, astigmatism was 0.17 ± 0.42 D undercorrected, and a small but significant torsion of the cylinder axis corresponding to 0.05 ± 0.37 D was found. The astigmatic undercorrection measured 13% per diopter of attempted correction. In high astigmatism, preoperative SE was −5.91 ± 2.56 D and cylinder was −3.22 ± 0.67 D. After surgery, the average astigmatic undercorrection was 0.59 ± 0.65 D, equivalent to 16% per diopter of attempted correction. No undercorrection in SE occurred and no torsion was found.

CONCLUSIONS:

SMILE in myopic astigmatism offers predictable correction of SE, but a small, significant undercorrection of the astigmatic error. The undercorrection increases with the attempted treatment. Only very little rotation of the cylinder axis was found.

[
J Refract Surg.
2014;30(4):240–247.]
The U.S. Army Surface Ablation Study: Comparison of PRK, MMC-PRK, and LASEK in Moderate to High Myopia
Authors: Sia Rose K. , Ryan Denise S. , Edwards Jayson D. , Stutzman Richard D. , Bower Kraig S.
Published: July 2014

PURPOSE:

To compare visual outcomes following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), PRK with mitomycin C (MMC-PRK), and LASEK in moderate and high myopia in military personnel.

METHODS:

This prospective, randomized contralateral eye study included 167 patients 21 years or older with manifest spherical equivalent −5.99 ± 1.40 diopters (D) (range: −3.88 to −9.38 D) randomized to either MMC-PRK or LASEK treatment in their dominant eye and conventional PRK without MMC in the fellow eye. All procedures were performed using the LADARVision 4000 Excimer Laser System (Alcon Surgical Inc., Ft. Worth, TX). High- and low-contrast visual acuities, manifest refraction, endothelial cell count, and corneal haze were evaluated up to 12 months postoperatively.

RESULTS:

At 12 months postoperatively, visual outcomes were comparable among the treatment groups. Corneal haze of any grade was less common in MMC-PRK compared to PRK at 1 month (21.4% vs 31.0%;
P
< .01) and 3 months (12.8% vs 35.9%;
P
= .03) postoperatively; it was also less common in MMC-PRK compared to LASEK at 1 month (21.4% vs 55.9%;
P
< .01), 3 months (12.8% vs 42.4%;
P
< .01), and 6 months (12.2% vs 36.4%;
P
= .03) postoperatively. Haze rate (grade 0.5 or higher) was comparable between LASEK and PRK. Clinically significant haze (grade 2 or higher) developed after PRK (4 eyes) and LASEK (2 eyes), but not after MMC-PRK.

CONCLUSIONS:

MMC-PRK showed some benefits in minimizing corneal haze formation. One year after surgery, there was no discernible difference in the postoperative refractive outcomes among the three methods.

[
J Refract Surg.
2014;30(4):256–264.]
Influence of Co-payment Levels on Patient and Surgeon Acceptance of Advanced Technology Intraocular Lenses
Authors: Carones Francesco , Knorz Michael C. , Jackson Daniel , Samiian Ali
Published: July 2014

PURPOSE:

To investigate patients’ willingness to pay for advanced technology intraocular lenses and surgeons’ willingness to recommend them.

METHODS:

In this study, 370 cataract surgeons and 700 patients undergoing cataract surgery from seven countries underwent online interviews in which they were shown unbranded profiles of three advanced technology intraocular lenses (ie, biconvex toric aspheric optic, symmetric biconvex diffractive optic, and biconvex diffractive aspheric toric) and asked to indicate their willingness to accept (for patients) or suggest (for surgeons) each lens. Acceptance was assessed assuming there was either no co-payment or co-payments of €500 to €1,500 +15%.

RESULTS:

All three lenses were widely accepted by patients, with 68% to 99% indicating acceptance when there was no co-payment. In contrast, surgeons’ willingness to suggest them was markedly lower (20% to 43%). Both patients’ acceptance of the lenses and surgeons’ willingness to suggest them decreased with increasing co-payment levels to 19% to 74% (patients) and 5% to 31% (surgeons) at the highest co-payment levels.

CONCLUSIONS:

There is a marked discrepancy between patients’ acceptance of the three lenses and surgeons’ willingness to suggest them. Although patients’ acceptance is high, it decreases with increasing out-of-pocket expenditure. Manufacturers should communicate the relative benefits and costs of their lenses to both surgeons and patients.

[
J Refract Surg.
2014;30(4):278–281.]
Multifocal Toric Intraocular Lens Implantation for Forme Fruste and Stable Keratoconus
Authors: Montano Margarita , López-Dorantes Karla P. , Ramirez-Miranda Arturo , Graue-Hernández Enrique O. , Navas Alejandro
Published: July 2014

PURPOSE:

To describe the results of multifocal toric intraocular lens implantation in two patients (one with forme fruste keratoconus and the other with frank but stable keratoconus).

METHODS:

A 50-year-old woman with forme fruste keratoconus and positive family history of keratoconus and a 42-year-old man with frank keratoconus underwent corneal collagen cross-linking. Uncorrected distance visual acuity was 20/800 in the right eye and 20/400 in the left eye and 20/400 in the right eye and 20/100 in the left eye, respectively. Refractive lens exchange was performed using multifocal toric intraocular lenses in both cases.

RESULTS:

After phacoemulsification, uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity, binocular uncorrected distance visual acuity was 20/25 and 20/30 in cases 1 and 2, respectively, and residual refraction was within 0.5 diopters of emmetropia in both cases. Patients were subjectively satisfied.

CONCLUSIONS:

Presbyopic treatment options are scarce for patients with keratoconus and multifocal toric intraocular lenses may be useful in selected cases.

[
J Refract Surg.
2014;30(4):282–285.]
Heilige Helden: Zu den Spielarten einer Metapher und ihrer musikalischen Artikulation in den Historiae des Mittelalters
Authors: Hankeln Roman
Published: July 2014

It is significant for medieval Latin liturgical texts (including plainchant texts) that early Christian authors adopted the language of war and heroism in a metaphorical sense to describe the character and behavior of the saints, and especially of martyrs. This paper investigates the various modes of this heroic metaphor in the textual and musical representation of saints in medieval saints’ offices, the historiae, by analyzing five examples taken from the historiaein honor of St. Fides of Agen (Aquitaine, eleventh c.), St. Oswald of Northumbria (England, eleventh c.), and St. Charlemagne (Aachen, twelfth c.). It shows how the topic of “heroism” is articulated through analogies between textual and musical structures.
Pavlov’s Dog and the Liturgy: Listening and Recognition in Gregorian Chant
Authors: Prassl Karl Franz
Published: July 2014

In medieval life, church music, especially Gregorian chant, serves to create many acoustic memories: daily events and various times and occasions. Examples of this music perception of time include church bells, the melodies of the Kyrie eleison, chanted readings, the use of hymn tunes, and melodic formulae as theological messages.
Ruin Probability in a Generalised Risk Process under Rates of Interest with Homogenous Markov Chains
Authors: Quang Phung Duy
Published: July 2014

This article explores recursive and integral equations for ruin probabilities of generalised risk processes, under rates of interest with homogenous Markov chain claims and homogenous Markov chain premiums. We assume that claim and premium take a countable number of non-negative values. Generalised Lundberg inequalities for the ruin probabilities of these processes are derived via a recursive technique. Recursive equations for finite time ruin probabilities and an integral equation for the ultimate ruin probability are presented, from which corresponding probability inequalities and upper bounds are obtained. An illustrative numerical example is discussed.
Šanghajski geto in zgodovinsko ter politično ozadje judovskih beguncev iz Tretjega rajha v letih 1933–1945
Authors: VIDMAR Matjaž
Published: July 2014

Pričujoči članek predstavi usodo skoraj 20.000 judovskih beguncev v Šanghaju v času Tretjega rajha. Šanghajski eksil je edinstven zaradi dejstva, da so judovski begunci v mednarodne enklave lahko vstopili brez vizuma do jeseni leta 1939. V najbolj kritičnem letu 1938 je bil zaradi nevtralne drže mednarodnih enklav Šanghaj edini kraj na svetu, kamor so Judje lahko vstopili brez vizuma, zato je bilo priseljevanje v tem letu največje. Članek obravnava tudi življenjske razmere beguncev v okupiranem Šanghaju, politiko Japonske do Judov in ob koncu osvetljuje ozadje razglasitve šanghajskega geta v japonski četrti Hongkou.
Playing Fair with Imprisonment
Authors: Dagger Richard
Published: July 2014

In this article, I try to show how the principle of fair play provides insight into the problem of excessive incarceration. I also address the concern that democratic societies are especially susceptible to this problem because of their tendency to foster what has come to be called penal populism. My argument is that democracy leads to mass imprisonment only when an otherwise democratic polity neglects what Albert Dzur calls the “moral dimension” of government by the people. In particular, this moral dimension requires an understanding of the polity as a cooperative enterprise according to rules that specify the terms of fair play. Mass incarceration of the kind that now characterizes the United States is a sign that this polity is failing to play fair when it imprisons many of those who violate its laws.
Penal Populism and the Problem of Mass Incarceration:
Authors: Copson Lynne
Published: July 2014

In this paper, Copson explores the question of what might be done in order to enable us to imagine responses beyond mass incarceration. She considers Albert Dzur's general calls for the creation of spaces for democratic deliberative participation and his particular reimagining of the jury as one such potential space. Drawing connections between such calls and David Harvey's “spaces of hope,” Copson argues that whilst such remedies to reinvigorate criminal and penal policy-making as meaningful sites of civic engagement are an important element in challenging the tendency towards punitive penal responses, we cannot and should not detach questions of crime and justice from the more holistic examination of society if we are to avoid simply reifying and further legitimating existing penal responses. Finally, invoking the emerging “utopian method” identified by Levitas, Copson suggests a possible conceptual means to achieving this end.
Outlaws
Authors: Anderson Elizabeth
Published: July 2014

In this article, I argue that mass incarceration belongs to a category of social status interventions by which the modern state either withholds the ordinary protections and benefits of the law from outlawed groups or subjects them to private punishment based on their mere membership in those groups. In the US these groups include immigrants and resident Latinos, the homeless, the poor and poor blacks, sex workers, and ex-convicts. Outlawry is a fundamentally anti-democratic practice that cannot be justified in terms of deterrence and is incompatible with public safety.
Short Communication. Natural durability of reed (Phragmites australis) against wood decay organisms: relation to other forest species
Authors: Troya M. T. , Rubio F. , Prieto M. J. , Lorenzo D. , Fernández-Cabo J. L. , Schöftner R.
Published: July 2014

This work presents the research carried out to determine the natural durability of reed (Phragmites communis) from the Fertö region of Hungary against wood decay organisms, with the objective of obtaininig information to be used as a constituent element in outdoor use, and in particular, in a viable and sustainable motorway noise barrier. Phragmites communis is a large perennial grass of considerable size which grows in temperate and tropical wetland zones throughout the world. Its growth is expansive and it frequently invades wetlands where it competes with the native species and therefore requires regular removal so that an excess of organic material is not produced in the habitat. In addition, the invasion by this plant of polluted waters also appears to have a beneficial effect, so it can be used as a natural water purifier and thus has a potential use as a purification method for wetlands contaminated by agricultural practices. Due to the need for its periodic extraction, its possible use as a construction material, although in a secondary role, gives it an added value for which further scientific study is required. In the absence of a reference Standard and being reed a lignocellulose material, the study of its natural durability has been based on the existing Standards for wood. The tests show that Hungarian reed has a high level of durability against some fungi and other wood decay organisms. Key words: Reed, sustainable noise barrier, durability, wood decay organisms.
Silvicultural characterization of single-species stands of black pine in Catalonia (Spain)
Authors: Aunós A. , Riba A. , Blanco R.
Published: July 2014

This study presents a silvogenetic typology of single-species stands of Pinus nigra in Catalonia (NE of Spain) based on the information supplied by the Second National Forest Inventory. Results of factor analysis applied to dendrometric variables show nine different stand types, identified mainly from variables related to diameter distribution and stand stocking. The character of uneven-aged stands, present in five of the groups though with different features, was analyzed using a truncated Weibull distribution. The typology, which is managed by computing regeneration levels and diametric classes, encompasses different developmental stages and allows the diagnosis of compromised situations in terms of stand persistence caused by low or high stocking.
Influence of the quality of mother plants on selected parameters of Fragaria x ananassa ‘Elsanta’ daughter plants
Authors: Lisiecka Jolanta , Spiżewski Tomasz , Krzesiński Włodzimierz , Kałużewicz Alina , Frąszczak Barbara
Published: July 2014

High quality planting material is the basis for good strawberry yields. The productivity of strawberry mother plants depends on many factors, but there is little published work on the effects of type and initial size of mother plants on the quality of daughter plants. In the presented study, strawberry mother plants (cultivar ‘Elsanta’) were grown in an unheated tunnel in plastic pots filled with peat-based substrate (5 dm3). The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of type (fresh-dug plants and frigo) and initial size (A and A+ plants) of strawberry mother plants on selected parameters of daughter plants (crown diameter, fresh and dry weight as well as number and area of leaves). The study was carried out in 2006 and 2007. Strawberry mother plants were planted in the second decade of April and daughter plants were detached in the second decade of August. All measurements were performed on the second daughter plant on the mother plant runner. Statistical analysis showed that type of mother plants had a significant effect on number of leaves in daughter plants. Daughter plants obtained from mother plants established from fresh-dug plants had the highest number of leaves. The initial size of mother plants significantly influenced the fresh and dry weight of daughter plants. Smaller mother plants (“A-size”) produced daughter plants with higher fresh and dry weight. The results obtained in the second year of the study were affected by high incidence of powdery mildew.