bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENTAL STUDY OF THE RENAL RESPONSE TO AN ORAL SALT LOAD IN PRETERM INFANTS
Authors: APERIA ANITA , BROBERGER OVE , THODENIUS KERSTI , ZETTERSTRÖM ROLF
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Aperia, A., Broherger, O., Thodenius, K. and Zetterström, R. (Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska Institutet, S:t Göran's Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden). Developmental study of the renal response to an oral salt load in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr Scand 63: 517, 1974.—An evaluation of sodium homeostasis in 44 preterm infants with gestational ages between 29 and 37 weeks has been carried out during the first week after birth and until time of expected term. The natriuretic response to an oral sodium load has been studied in all infants and the GFR (single injection technique of inulin) in 17 infants. The results are compared with those previously found in full‐term infants. The natriuretic response was highest and the GFR was lowest in the very preterm neonates. In the very preterm infants the values for sodium excretion and GFR was just about the same at the time of expected term as in full‐term newborns. Various explanations for the difference between the very preterm neonates and full‐term neonates are discussed. One factor of importance might he the anatomical development. The immature kidney has in comparison to the adult kidney relatively larger glomerular than tubular mass. Extra‐uterine life seems to have little influence on the development of GFR as well as on the development of the response to the oral salt load. Thus in the very preterm infants, the postmenstrual rather than the postnatal age should be considered when prescribing fluid, electrolytes and drugs.
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS IN OBSTRUCTIVE VOMITING Volume Depletion and Balance of Net Acid
Authors: DEGN J. K. , WAMBERG S. , ENGEL K. , KILDEBERG P.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Degn, J. K., Wamberg, S., Engel, K. and Kildeberg, P. (Departments of Paediatrics, Clinical Chemistry, and Physiology, Odense University, Odense, Denmark). Metabolic alkabsis in obstructive vomiting. Volume depletion and balance of net acid. Acta Paediatr Scand, 63: 537, 1974.—Pre‐operative balances of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and phosphorus were determined in eleven infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Additional measurements included acid‐base status of blood and urine and concentrations of electrolytes in serum. From the balance data, the rate of retention of net acid (NAB), the pre‐operative change in chloride space (AECW), and the effect of extracellular volume expansion on blood “base excess” (BE) were derived. The observed pre‐operative change in blood BE was partitioned in retentional, dilutional, and distributional components by comparing estimates of such components based on known physiological constants with the results of multiple oorrelation analysis involving five predictor variables. The results indicate that the fall in blood BE to the normal range was almost entirely accounted for by volume expansion, and that retained net acid was probably neutralized by skeletal base.
THE RELATION OF SIZE AT BIRTH AND PRESCHOOL CLINICAL SEVERE MALNUTRITION
Authors: CRAVIOTO J. , DELICARDIE E. R.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Cravioto, J. and DeLicardie, E. R. (Scientific Research Division, Hospital del Niño IMAN, México, D. F., México). The relation of size at birth and preschool clinical severe malnutrition. Acta Paediatr Scand 63: 577, 1974.—Examination of the relationship between infant's size at birth and occurrence of postnatal severe malnutrition is important because if size at birth predicts the development of malnutrition in childhood identification of children at risk and prevention could he carried on more efficiently. The opportunity for such an analysis presented itself when in the course of a longitudinal study beginning at birth of 334 infants, 22 developed severe malnutrition, despite the fact that all children were examined on a biweekly basis, growth failures identified, infectious illness treated, and the parents given advice (which they did not follow) on the appropriate feeding and care of the child. Mean weight, length, head, chest and arm circumferences and skinfold thickness at birth were almost identical between the group of index cases and the whole birth cohort. Variaqces in each of these measures were also equivalent. Levels of association among growth measures were not significantly different. No association obtained between size at birth and age at which severe malnutrition occurred. Neither true prematures nor small‐for‐date infants were overrepresented in the malnourished group. The hypothesis that infants with presumably higher nutritional requirements are at greatest risk of developing severe malnutrition is not sustained by the data.
INDIRECT MEASUREMENT OF SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE NEWBORN A New, Reliable Method
Authors: SHAW A. , MAXTED K. J. , MACDONALD T. H.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Shaw, A., Maxted, K. J. and Mcdonald, T. H. (Department of Clinical Physics and Bio‐Engineering, Glasgow, and Falkirk and District Royal Infirmary, Falkik, Scotland). Indirect measurement of systolic blood pressure in the newborn. A new reliable method. Acta Paediatr Scand, 63: 601, 1974.—The accurate measurement of systolic blood pressure in the newborn by non‐invasive means has, in the past, proved difficult. A new reliable method has been developed which employs a rigid, hinged cuff to occlude the limb, and a thermistor circuit to detect the pulse. The performance of the device is compared with measurements obtained by direct arterial catheterization and its use in the routine clinical situation is evaluated. This device is significantly more convenient and reliable than present methods. It is small, self‐contained and relatively inexpensive to produce.
THE CAT‐EYE SYNDROME WITH UNUSUAL SKELETAL MALFORMATIONS
Authors: BALCI SEVIM , HALICIOGLU CHARLOTTE , SAY BURHAN , TAYSI KUTAY
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Balci, S., Halicioglu, C., Say, B. and Taysi, K. (Department of Pediatrics and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey). The cat‐eye syndrome with unusual skeletal malformations. Acta Paediatr Scand, 63: 623, 1974.—A fifteen day old female infant with anal atresia, rectovaginal fistula, short left forearm and agenesis of the left thumb is presented. In addition, the patient had a small, extra chromosome which was associated with D or G group chromosomes. The skeletal survey revealed aplasia of the first rib on the right as well as aplasia of the radial bone, first metacarp and thumb on the left. These radiological findings associated with the cat eye syndrome have not been reported previously.
PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY IN DUODENAL JUICE IN INFANTS, CHILDREN, AND ADULTS
Authors: LINDBERG TOR
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Lindberg, T. (Department of Paediatrics, Malmö General Hospital, Malmö, Sweden). Proteolytic activity in duodenal juice in infants, children, and adults. Acta Paediatr Scand,63: 805, 1974. The capacity of duodenal juice to hydrolyse casein to trichloroacetic acid‐soluble peptides was investigated: in a control group (11 infants and children and 7 adults); in 5 children with pancreatic disease; in 10 children with entero‐genic malabsorption (coeliac disease and cow's milk protein intolerance). The proteolytic activity per ml duodenal juice in fasting condition was as great in healthy infants and children as in healthy adults (500–600 mg casein/ml/hour). There was a good correlation between trypsin content and proteolytic activity of duodenal juice. In pancreatic insuffciency, the proteolytic activity was extremely low (not measureable in 3 patients) as was the trypsin activity whereas in enterogenic malabsorption, it was within the ranges of the controls.
A HYDRAULIC MULTIPLE INTESTINAL BIOPSY APPARATUS FOR INFANTS
Authors: MEEUWISSE G. W. , LINDBERG T. , BLOMBERG M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Meeuwisse, G. W., Lindberg, T. and Blomberg, M. (Departments of Paediatrics of Lund and Malmö, and the Department of Medical Engineering of the Hospital of Lund, University of Lund, Sweden). A hydraulic multiple intestinal biopsy apparatus for infants. Acta Paediatr Scand,63: 839, 1974.—A small hydraulic multiple‐biopsy instrument (Ø 3.8 mm, length 9 mm) for infants and children has been developed. The small size, the small hole in the capsule (Ø 1.65 mm), the possibility to regulate the vacuum by which mucosa is sucked into the capsule, and the flexibility of the tube make it useful even for small infants. 1674 biopsies have been taken on 393 occasions. The failure rate was low, on six occasions the biopsy procedure failed, but a biopsy was obtained on a second attempt. There was one complication: an intestinal perforation.
FAILURE TO THRIVE IN LEBANON: IV. Longitudinal Health and Growth Data
Authors: KANAWATI ABDALLAH A. , McLAREN DONALD S. , DARWISH OLFAT
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Kanawati, A. A., McLaren, D. S. and Darwish, O. (Nutrition Research Program, School of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon). Failure to thrive in Lebanon. IV. Longitudinal health and growth data. Acta Paediat Scand,63: 849, 1974.—Pre‐school age Arab children of low socio‐economic standard living in urban and suburban areas of Lebanon were divided into Thrive and Failing to Thrive groups according to an Index of Thriving. They were matched for age and their young siblings were also studied. Various somatic measurements were made and. health‐related data collected on three occasions over a period of approximately three years. Notable among the findings were (1) the very low mortality rate, (2) evidence of considerable spontaneous catch‐up growth in the Failing to Thrive group, (3) a high rate of obstetric experience in both groups, greater in the Failing to Thrive, and (4), frequent occurrence of infections with a tendency to delay vaccination, especially in the Failing to Thrive group, as a probable consequence.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF INFECTION WITH YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA IN CHILDREN
Authors: BERGSTRAND C. G. , WINBLAD S.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Bergstrand, C. G. and Wmblad, S. (Department of Paediatrics and Clinical Bacteriology, Malmö General Hospital, Malmö, Sweden). Clinical manifestations of infection with Yersinia enterocolitica in children. Acta Paediatr Scand,63: 875, 1974.—The case records of 31 hospitalized children infected with Yersina enterocolitica during the period January 1967 to September 1973 were retrospectively analysed. Most of the children were under 4 years of age, and all had been admitted with a diagnosis of gastroenteritis. The clinical picture was essentially the same as in other types of acute or subacute gastroenteritis and specific signs permitting a clinical diagnosis of Yersiniosis were not observed. The symptoms were of mild to moderate degree, and all patients had an uneventful recovery. Erythema nodosum and arthritis were not observed, and more severe abdominal pains, usually considered typical for older children and adults with Yersiniosis, registered in only 4 of the 31 patients.
THE CHANGING PANORAMA OF CEREBRAL PALSY IN SWEDEN 1954–1970
Authors: HAGBERG B. , HAGBERG G. , OLOW I.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Hagberg, B., Hagberg, G. and Olow, I. (Department of Paediatrics II, Children's Hospital and the Habilitation Unit of Bräcke‐Östergård, Gothenburg, Sweden). The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden 1954–1970. II. Analysis of the various syndromes. Acta Paediatr Scand 64:193, 1975 From an unselected series of 560 Swedish cases of cerebral palsy, born 1954‐70, various data of etiologic and pathogenetic interest were analysed in detail. Untraceable and prenatal factors were found to dominate within the group of spastic hemiplegia. Placental dysfunction in small‐for‐date babies and severe asphyxia were thought to be the two main pathogenetic factors among the patients with spastic tetraplegia. In spite of a significant decrease in the number of low birth weight children within the group of spastic diplegia, this syndrome was still very characteristic for the child born immature. Ataxic diplegic forms were found to have greater pathogenetic similarities to spastic diplegia than to simple ataxia. In two‐thirds of the children the latter syndrome was characterized by normal pregnancy, delivery and birth weight and an untraceable (genetic?) factor. Oyskinetic syndromes were mostly encountered after perinatal asphyxia.
A NEW FORM OF PROLONGED TRANSIENT TYROSINEMIA PRESENTING WITH SEVERE METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
Authors: DANKS D. M. , TIPPETT P. , ROGERS J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Danks, D. M., Tippett, P. and Rogers, J. (Genetics Research Unit, Royal Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Melbourne, Australia). A new form of prolonged transient tyrosinemia presenting with severe metabolic acidosis. Acta Paediatr Scand 64:209, 1975.–Yet another form of tyrosinemia is described, in a young baby who developed metabolic acidosis and ceased to grow when weaned from breast milk onto a higher protein formula. Severe tyrosyluria and mild tyrosinemia cleared on a low‐protein diet which also corrected the acidosis. However, restoration of growth required a normal protein intake with very greatly reduced amounts of phenylalanine and tyrosine. The metabolic fault later resolved spontaneously at about 12 months of age. Mental development appears normal and liver disease was never apparent. The patient and her mother both excrete quite large quantities of an unidentified peptide.
HYPERTENSION ASSOCIATED WITH UNILATERAL RENAL DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: B. HAYCOCK GEORGE
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Haycock, G. B. (Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Bristol, England). Hypertension associated with unilateral renal disease in childhood: report of two cases and review of the literature. Acta Paediatr Scand 64:299, 1975.–Two girls are described, aged 7 and 10 years respectively, who presented with arterial hypertension associated with unilateral kidney disease. Both were cured by nephrectomy, according to criteria for cure which are described in the paper. Only 45 similar cases could be found in the literature; these results are summarised and compared with those obtained in adult patients. The cure rate in children was 76 %; similar large series including patients of all ages, but consisting predominantly of adults, show cure rates of only about 25%. It is inferred that the age of the patient is an important factor in determining prognosis, and should be considered in the selection of patients for nephrectomy. Methods of investigation of these patients, and possible mechanisms concerned in the pathogenesis of the hypertension, are briefly discussed.
EXCHANGE TRANSFUSIONS WITH CONCENTRATED ACD‐BLOOD
Authors: KREUGER A. , WRANNE L.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Kreuger, A. and Wranne, L. (Department of Paediatrics and Blood Center, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden). Exchange transfusions with concentrated ACD‐blood. I. Effects on the infant's red cell volume, plasma volume and haemoglobin mass. Acta Paediatr Scand 64:305, 1975.–During ten exchange transfusions, the infant's gain or loss of haemoglobin, and of the volumes of red cells and plasma were studied quantitatively. The gain or loss of haemoglobin was found to be closely correlated to the difference between the haemoglobin concentration of the given blood and that of the infant before the exchange transfusion. The standard ACD‐blood used was hypo‐osmolar (NIH sol. B) and its red cells overhydrated. During the exchange, the cells returned to normal and released water, about 10 ml per kg of the infant's bodyweight. Haematocrit readings therefore are unsuitable for the judgement of the ACD donor blood's oxygen transport capacity. As a rule, less plasma was given than removed. However, if the above‐mentioned water, released from the red cells, was included in the “given” volume, the latter became almost equal to the volume removed.
EXCHANGE TRANSFUSIONS WITH CONCENTRATED ACD‐BLOOD
Authors: KREUGER A.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Kreuger, A. (Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden). Exchange transfusions with concentrated ACD‐bloed. II. Effects on bilirubin, total protein, chloride, phosphate, calcium, magnesium and potassium. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:310, 1975.–During ten exchange transfusions with ACD‐blood (NIH, sol. B), newborn infants' bilirubin, plasma protein and electrolyte gain or loss were studied quantitatively. The loss of bilirubin was closely correlated to the pre‐exchange bilirubin concentration. On the average, there was a significant loss of plasma chloride of 3.21 mmol per kg bodyweight. There were no significant gains or losses of plasma protein or sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium of whole blood during the ET. There was a calculated significant inflow of whole blood calcium from the extravascular space of 0·02 mmol per kg bodyweight together with a calculated significant increase of plasma phosphate of 0·06 mmol per kg bodyweight.
STUDIES ON MATURITY IN NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: FINNSTRöM ORVAR , GOTHEFORS LEIF , ZETTERLUND BO
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Finnström, O., Gothefors, L. and Zetterlund, B. (Departments of Paediatrics, University Hospitals, Linköping and Umeå, Sweden). Studies on maturity in newborn infants. VII. Foetal haemoglobin. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:404, 1975.–Cord blood from 125 newborns of various gestational ages has been analysed for the ratio foetal haemoglobin to total haemoglobin, using an alkali denaturation method. The quotient, percentage of foetal haemoglobin divided by birth weight correlates well with gestational age. Thus the percentage of foetal haemoglobin in cord blood can be used as a method for estimating maturity in newborn infants. Foetal haemoglobin has been compared with other methods for maturity assessments and seems to give the same precision in estimating gestational age as the best of these, which is the scoring of external characteristics. However, the latter method is considerably less time‐consuming and more suitable for routine use.
LACK OF RELATIONSHIP OF RED CELL ENZYME ACTIVITY TO BILIRUBIN AND CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN LEVELS IN HEALTHY TERM INFANTS
Authors: KOMAZAWA MASARU , LANDAW STEPHEN A. , OSKI FRANK A.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Komazawa, M., Landaw, S. A. and Oski, F. A. (Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse, New York, USA). Lack of relationship of red cell enzyme activity to bilirubin and carboxyhemoglobin levels in health term infants. Acta Paediatr Scand 64:473, 1975.–A total of 32 term infants were studied in an attempt to confirm and extend the recent observation of Petrich & associates (14) that minor degrees of transient deficiencies of the red cell enzymes glucose phosphate isomerase and glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase were related to hyperbilirubinemia in otherwise healthy term infants. No relationships could be observed between the activity of these enzymes and the bilirubin level on day three. In addition, no correlation was present between bilirubin values and carboxyhemoglobin levels on day three, suggesting that in the healthy term infant excessive hemolysis is not usually responsible for the variations observed in bilirubin levels.
ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA IN SCHOOL GIRLS
Authors: LINDBERG U. , JODAL U. , HANSON L. Å. , KAIJSER B.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Lindberg, U., Jodal, U., Hanson, L. å. and Kaijser, B. (Department of Paediatrics and Departments of Immunology and Clinical Bacteriology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden). Asymptomatic bacteriuria in school girls. IV. Difficulties of level diagnosis and the possible relation to the character of infecting bacteria. Acta Paediatr Stand, 64:574, 1975.–As no method for localization of urinary tract infection has been shown to be absolutely reliable, six methods have been run parallelly in a study of 60 school girls with asymptomatic bacteriuria caused by E. coli. A poor correlation was obtained between “high infection” indicated by bladder washout test and abnormal findings of C‐reactive protein, sedimentation rate, antibody litres or renal concentrating capacity, while findings of parenchymal reduction on the pyelogram and reflux on the urethrocystogram were often found within this group. The low frequency of abnormal findings of C‐reactive protein, sedimentation rate and renal concentrating capacity in girls with a “high infection” may be explained by the finding that the ABU patients were infected with changed E. coli strains probably not able to cause the usual inflammatory reactions. The patients' bacteria were found to be less efficient in providing antigen for antibody determinations than were standard strains of same 0 group, indicating a difference between strains from ABU patients and standard strains. From the battery of tests used it seemed that most of the girls had a bladder infection. All tests were normal in 48% of the patients while at least three of the methods were abnormal in 12 %.
THE CONCENTRATIONS OF TOTAL CORTISOL AND CORTICOSTERONE IN MIXED CORD PLASMA
Authors: HOMOKI J. , TELLER W. M. , TSCHÜRTZ D. , FAZEKAS A. T. A.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Homoki, J., Teller, W. M., Tschürtz, D., and Fazekas, A. T. A. (Department of Paediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ulm/Donau, BRD). The concentrations of total Cortisol and corticosterone in mixed cord plasma. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:587, 1975.–Cortisol and corticosterone were determined in mixed umbilical cord plasma of 43 healthy full‐term newborns. The method consisted of a combined thin‐layer chromatographic‐ftuorimetric procedure which proved to be specific and reliable. The mean concentration in cord plasma of Cortisol was 10.6±4.9 μ.g/100 ml, of corticosterone 1.8±0.8 μg/100 ml. The mean ratio cortisol/corticosterone F/B was 6.3±2.5. Neither the duration nor the time of day of delivery appeared to influence the concentration of Cortisol or corticosterone in umbilical cord plasma. Also, there was no significant difference between male and female infants. In 18 instances of a pathological course of gestation and/or delivery the mean Cortisol level was 9.1±4.7 μg/ml, the mean corticosterone level 2.2±9 μg/100 ml. The mean F/B ratio was slightly but not significantly decreased (4.2±1.4 μg/100 ml; p>0.05). It is speculated that the high corticosterone concentration in umbilical cord plasma reflects a defect in Cortisol biosynthesis (17α‐hydroxylase deficiency) in the newborn, compared with later life.
CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY OF KRABBE'S DISEASE
Authors: SVENNERHOLM LARS , HAKANSSON GUNILLA , VANIER MARIE THERESE
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Svennerhotai, L., Håkansson, G. and Vanier, M. Th. (Department of Neurochemistry, Psychiatric Research Centre, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden). Chemical pathology of Krabbe's Disease. IV. Studies of galactosylceramide and lactosylceramide β‐galactosidases in brain, white blood cells and amniotic fluid cells. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64: xxx, 1975.–Galactosylceramide β‐galactosidase and lactosylceramide β‐galactosidase activities were investigated in normal human brain, leukocytes and amniotic fluid cells. The enzymatic assays were performed on brains from 11 patients with Krabbe's disease, on leukocytes from 16 patients and 18 obligate heterozygotes, and on amniotic fluid cells from 9 foetuses at risk. The brain enzyme was solubilized from a 900 g‐100000 g pellet. With this enzyme preparation a profound deficiency of galactosylceramide β‐galactosidase activity in brain, approximately 1 % of that in age‐matched controls was shown. The lactosylceramide β‐galactosidase activity of brain was also strongly reduced, but not to the same extent as the other β‐galactosidase. Galactosylceramide β‐galactosidase activity in leukocytes from patients with Krabbe's disease was generally less than 5 % of that in age‐matched controls, and there was no overlap between the patients and the obligate heterozygotes. Carrier detection by the leukocyte enzyme was, however, not possible, because of considerable overlap between heterozygotes and normal controls. The lactosylceramide β‐galactosidase activity was only moderately reduced in leukocytes, but strongly reduced in cerebral tissue from patients with Krabbe's disease. The changes in the glycolipid pattern of cerebral tissue, recently described by us in patients with Krabbe's disease, offers an explanation to the serious glycolipid β‐galactosidase deficiency in CNS.
DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION AND CONGENITAL NEUROBLASTOMA
Authors: FAXELIUS GERD , TEGER‐NILSSON ANN‐CATRINE , WILHELMSSON S. , åSTRÖM L.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Faxelius, G., Teger‐Nilsson, A‐C, Wilhelmsson, S., and åstrom, L. (Department of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Chemistry, and Department of Blood Coagulation Research, Karolinska sjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden). Disseminated intravascular coagulation and congenital neuroblastoma. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:667, 1975. A newborn infant with congenital neuroblastoma complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation is described. At birth the infant showed liver and spleen enlargement and shortly thereafter malignant cells were found in the bone marrow. On the fifth day of life the infant started to bleed and coabulation analysis indicated disseminated intravascular coagulation. Heparin therapy corrected the coagulation anomaly and irradiation and chemotherapy temporarily improved the general condition of the infant. The infant finally succumbed from its primary neoplastic disease.
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS, LYSOZYME, and CERTAIN ELECTROLYTES IN BREAST MILK DURING THE ENTIRE PERIOD OF LACTATION, DURING A 24‐HOUR PERIOD, and IN MILK FROM THE INDIVIDUAL MAMMARY GLAND
Authors: PEITERSEN BIRGIT , BOHN LEIF , ANDERSEN HENNING
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Peitersen, B., Bohn, L., and Andersen, H. (The Children's Hospital, Fuglebakken and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark). Quantitative determination of immunoglobulins, lysozyme, and certain electrolytes in breast milk during the entire period of lactation, for a 24‐hour period, and in milk from the individual mammary gland. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:709, 1975.–During a period commencing at birth and lasting for up to 27 months 193 milk samples have been collected from 29 mothers. The IgA globulin content was high immediately after birth, averaging 2.7 arb.U, decreasing to 0.3 arb.U within the first 2 to 3 weeks after birth, then remaining almost constant for the rest of the lactational period. In the case of IgG globulin, similar results were obtained, but the quantity was much smaller. IgM globulin was demonstrated in small quantities during the first 3 weeks of lactation. The lysozyme content varied considerably during the whole lactational period. Individual variations were found for all the immunoglobulins, while the concentration in the individual woman varied only slightly from day to day following in other respects the pattern described above. In 19 mothers IgA, IgG, IgM, lysozyme and electrolyte content were determined in serum and in milk from the right and the left breast on the same day. No difference in content was found between milk from the left and the right mammary gland. A positive correlation was found between the concentrations of IgA and sodium chloride in milk, between those of IgG in milk and serum, and between those of lysozyme in milk and serum. No variations were registered during the individual breast feeding, nor for the 24‐hour period as a whole.
HEALTH SCREENING OF FOUR‐YEAR‐OLDS IN A SWEDISH COUNTY
Authors: SUNDELIN C. , VUILLE J. C.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Sundelin, C. and Vuille, J.‐C. (Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden and the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland). Health screening of four‐year‐olds in a Swedish county I. Organization, methods and participation. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64: 795, 1975–Since January 1969, a systematic health screening has been offered to 4‐year‐olds resident in the county of Uppsala, Sweden, at the ordinary Child Health Centres by the regular staff. This report describes some organizational and methodological aspects and presents participation rates and reasons for non‐participation. From the overall experience it is concluded that the program is feasible with respect to systematic examinations and data collection, acceptance by the public and the staff, and with respect to the strain on existing resources. The reasons for and the importance of program changes are discussed, and the main advantages and drawbacks of the decentralized approach are mentioned. Finally, a theoretical framework for a quantitative evaluation of effectiveness is presented.
LDH‐ISOENZYMES IN CHILDREN
Authors: CHRISTOFFERSEN JENS , MARNER TORBEN , RAABO EGIL
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Christoffersen, J., Marner, T. and Raabo, E. (Department of Paediatrics, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark). LDH‐isoenzymes in children. A comparison of values from capillary and venous blood. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64: 822, 1975.–A comparison has been made of serum values of LDH‐isoenzymes obtained by simultaneous sampling of capillary and venous blood in 40 normal children. No satisfactory correlation between the paired values could be found. Evaluation of the pattern of serum LDH‐isoenzymes in children therefore requires a reference, i.e. normal values of isoenzymes obtained by the same technique of blood sampling.
IV. EVALUATION OF DICHROMATIC EARPIECE DENSITOMETRY IN CHILDREN WITH LEFT‐TO‐RIGHT SHUNTS
Authors: WALLGREN C. GÖRAN , KRETZSCHMAR GÜNTER , ZETTERQVIST PER
Published: January 2008

Abstract: Earpiece densitometry was performed in 60 infants and children with left‐to‐right cardiovascular shunts. The method was found to possess a high diagnostic sensitivity with respect to identification of the left‐to‐right shunt. Earpiece densitometry was in this respect clearly superior to conventional method using oxygen saturation figures. Quantitation of pulmonary blood flow by both densitometric and oxygen content technique in a small number of patients indicates that the dye dilution technique gives values somewhat in excess of the Fick method. It is concluded that quantitation of the magnitude of the left‐to‐right shunt and pulmonary blood flow is disturbed by the fact that indicator material is recirculated before the ascending limb of the primary curve is fully inscribed.
METABOLIC OBSERVATIONS IN INFANTS OF STRICTLY CONTROLLED DIABETIC MOTHERS
Authors: PERSSON B. , GENTZ J. , KELLUM M. , THORELL J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Thirty‐five infants of strictly controlled diabetic mothers (IDM), 12 infants of gestational diabetic mothers (IGDM) and 29 control infants were studied to assess the influence of maternal blood glucose level during pregnancy on infant metabolic measurements. At 2 hours after birth the disapperance rate kt of intravenously injected glucose was determined. Plasma concentration of glucose, insulin, FFA, glycerol and β‐hydroxybutyrate were followed in umbilical arterial blood. The 2 hour mean kt value of IDMs (1.27) was higher (p<0.05) than in IGDMs (1.14) and controls (0.80), but the group mean values were no different at 3 to 5 days although the kt values were higher. In 10 IDms, kt values were determined both at 2 hours (1.24) and at 3 days (1.39) without significant differences. Pretest FFA but not glycerol values correlated inversely to kt values in IDMs and IGDMs. A late insulin peak at 60 min was found in both controls and IGDMs. Insulin responses were unrelated to kt values. No relation was found between pregnancy glucose value (5 daily determinations during 4 and 2 weeks prior to delivery in DM and GDM respectively) or maternal glucose at delivery and kt values of IDMs and IGDMs. According to the FFA and glycerol values at 2 hours after birth, 3 sub‐groups of IDMs and IGDMs were arbitrarily formed. IDMs and IGDMs of group 1 had glucose, kts, FFA, glycerol and β‐hydroxybutyrate values no different from controls, whereas sub‐groups 2 and 3 showed increasing metabolic deviations. Clinical data and pregnancy glucose levels could not separate the 3 sub‐groups. However, the day‐to‐day variation in maternal glucose was greater in sub‐group 3. Mean values of daily maternal blood glucose differences at 10 o'clock correlated to 2‐hour kts in IDMs. We conclude that strict metabolic control during pregnancy will normalize metabolic adjustment of the infant, thus supporting the maternal hyperglycemia‐fetal hyper‐insulinism theory.
d‐GLYCERIC‐ACIDAEMIA AND NON‐KETOTIC HYPERGLYCINEMIA
Authors: BRANDT N. J. , RASMUSSEN K. , BRANDT S. , KØLVRAA S. , SCHØNHEYDER F.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The clinical and laboratory findings in a 2½‐year‐old boy with non‐ketotic hyperglycinaemia are reported. Except for a somewhat impaired liver function there was a picture similar to the cases previously reported in the literature. The patient deviated from the classical description, however, in the excretion of large amounts of d‐glyceric acid in the urine. The same compound was also repeatedly found in the serum. It is suggested that the large amounts of glycine found in various body fluids are secondary to a hitherto undescribed enzymatic defect in the degradation of d‐glyceric acid.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS IN CHILDREN WITH HOMOZYGOUS β‐THALASSEMIA
Authors: VALASSI‐ADAM HELEN , NASSIKA EVANGELIA , KATTAMIS CHRISTOS , MATSANIOTIS NICOLAS
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Patients with hereditary hemolytic anaemias have been known to have immunoglobulin alterations related to an increased susceptibility to infection. In the present series, immunoglobulins G, A and M have been estimated in 50 thalassemic children aged 10 months to 13 years. No significant difference was found in any of the immunoglobulins between patients and age‐matched controls. No correlation could be shown between immunoglobulin levels and (a) the severity of anaemia, (b) the degree of hemosiderosis, and (c) the frequency of febrile infections per year. Against clinical impressions patients did not show any increased susceptibility to infections.
IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY AND CORRELATION OF DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR BRONCHIAL ALLERGY TO CLADOSPORIUM HERBARUM
Authors: NILSSON D. , AAS K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A total of 104 children with allergic bronchial asthma were included in studies comparing the results of RAST and skin testing with each other and with the results of bronchial challenges using different concentrations of extracts of Cladosporium herbarum. Prick tests predicted bronchial allergy to the mould in 83–96% of the cases compared to 74–83% for RAST predicting such bronchial allergy. Bronchial reactions to top concentrations of the extracts were considered immunologically non‐specific and probably due to contents of irritants in most instances.
THE EFFECT OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP
Authors: FREDENSBORG NIS
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The effects of early diagnostic measures of congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) in Malmo during the years 1956‐1972 were investigated. Of 58759 newborns 548 were diagnosed as having CDH. Only 4 cases were missed at the initial examination. Thus, all, or almost all, children with CDH can be diagnosed at birth provided that the initial examination is undertaken within 24 or 48 hours.
PREDICTIVE VALUE OF HIGH IgE LEVELS IN CHILDREN
Authors: KJELLMAN N.‐I. M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A group of 207 healthy non‐atopic children 0–14 years of age without any known family history of atopic disease was selected for a study of the relation between serum IgE levels and the occurrence of atopic manifestations during an observation period of 18 months; 206 fullfilled the study. Serum IgE was measured by a direct radioimmuno‐logical sandwich technique (PRIST1). At the follow‐up 28 of 32 with an initial IgE level greater than one standard deviation above the mean for the age continued to show a high level (87.5%). The total concordance was 81.1%. Atopic or probable atopic diseases had developed in 75.0% of children 0–1 year of age with an initial IgE above +1 S.D., but in only 6.4 % of those from the same age group with a lower initial IgE. Even among children 2–14 years old, it was noticed that a high IgE level was predictive of the subsequent development of atopic disease. Otitis media was more frequent among children with an initially elevated IgE level than among the rest of the children. Determination of serum IgE with the PRIST‐technique has been shown to provide a valuable means for predicting future atopic manifestations and may be used as a screening procedure especially in children of atopic parents.
INSECTICIDES IN HUMAN BREAST MILK
Authors: BAKKEN ARNE F. , SEIP MARTIN
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Fifty samples of human breast milk were analysed by gas chromatography and thin layer chromatography for DDT (dichlordiphenyltrichloraethan), hexachlorobenzol, benezene‐hexachlorides, dieldrin, aldrin and heptachlorepoxide. The three first substances were found in all samples in amounts varying from quite small up to eleven times the WHO recommended maximum for cow milk. The other substances were found in fewer milk samples, however, in some of these samples they were found in relatively high amounts. In Norway, only DDT has been investigated earlier (4), and compared to that study, there has been no significant change in the mean concentration of DDT in human breast milk during the last five years. The insecticide content was highest in colostrum and decreased with increasing duration of lactation. Considerable fluctuations in the content of insecticides were recorded in repeated milk samples collected from the same woman a few days apart. The percentage of samples with insecticide content higher than that permitted for cow's milk was greater in May/June (79%) than in early April (54%). The significance of these findings is discussed.
STOOL BACTERIAL AEROBIC OVERGROWTH IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF CHILDREN WITH ACUTE DIARRHOEA
Authors: NETO U. FAGUNDES , TOCCALINO H. , DUJOVNEY F.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The aerobic flora of 2 groups of children (normal and with malnutrition) with acute diarrhoea was studied, by intubation of the upper and middle small intestine and by stool culture. All the 27 children studied presented bacterial concentrations of 105 germs/ml at one or both levels studied. In 9 cases enteropathogen bacteriae were isolated from stools, and in 6 of these they were also found in the small intestine. The results show the elevated incidence of overgrowth of the small intestinal aerobic flora in children with acute diarrhoea. This fact is mentioned as another etiological factor to be taken into consideration in this pathology.
EFFECTIVE PULMONARY CAPILLARY BLOOD FLOW IN INFANTS WITH BIRTH ASPHYXIA
Authors: HUTCHISON ALASTAIR A. , RUSSELL GEORGE
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Effective pulmonary capillary blood flow was measured on the first day of life in twenty term infants with birth asphyxia and twenty‐five normal term infants. The infants studied showed no clinical or laboratory evidence of respiratory distress. The mean effective pulmonary capillary blood flow of 121 ml/kg/min in the birth asphyxia group was significantly lower than the mean of 162 ml/kg/min in the normal group. The possible relationship of birth asphyxia and pulmonary hypoperfusion in the aetiology of the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome is discussed.
CHANGES IN ERYTHROCYTE LIPID STROMA IN THE PREMATURE INFANT ACCORDING TO DIETARY FAT COMPOSITION
Authors: BALLABRIGA A. , MARTINEZ M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Eighteen premature infants of similar gestational age, divided into three groups, were fed 3 milk formulas containing different amounts of linoleic acid. All the cases received 120 calories per kg of weight and day, of which formula A supplied 6.1% of the dietary total calories as linoleic acid, formula B 15.9% and formula C only 0.6%. The fatty acids of red cell ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides were studied in a first sample obtained during the first hours of life before the infants had received any food, and in a second sample taken at the age of three weeks. In the group fed formula C (0.6% of the total calories) changes similar to those described in EFA‐deficient rats were found, namely, a decrease of linoleic acid, and an increase of oleic acid and of 20: 3 (n‐9), with a consequent rise of the triene to tetraene ratio. When the supply of linoleate was highest (15.9% of the total caloric intake) linoleic acid increased, oleic acid decreased and the 20: 3 (n‐9) practically disappeared. None of the three groups showed any clinical symptoms.
SEPTICAEMIA OF THE NEWBORN, ASSOCIATED WITH RUPTURED FOETAL MEMBRANES. DISCOLOURED AMNIOTIC FLUID OR MATERNAL FEVER
Authors: KNUDSEN FINN URSIN , STEINRUD JANNE
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The incidence of neonatal septicaemia associated with prolonged rupture of foetal membranes, discoloured amniotic fluid and/or maternal fever was investigated. A total of 807 blood cultures were performed on 329 neonates, the placental end of 239 umbilical cords and on 239 mothers. The study showed that in 97% of the neonates with a complicated delivery there was no evidence of septicaemia. Septicaemia was verified in 3% of the infants, and was intimately associated with low birth weight (p=0.02), neonatal asphyxia (p<10‐4), clinical evidence of septicaemia (p<10‐4) and maternal fever (p=0.002). The incidence was particularly high in premature infants with neonatal asphyxia (27%) and in neonates born to febrile mothers (20%). None of the mothers showed any evidence of septicaemia, and haematogenous, transplacental spread of infection to the child was not seen. Routine prophylactic antibiotic therapy in neonates with a complicated delivery should therefore be reserved, in our opinion, for those infants at high risk of infection.
N‐ACETYL‐BETA‐GLUCOSAMINIDASE OF LYMPHOCYTES IN THE PREMATURE INFANT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE FETAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LYSOSOMAL APPARATUS
Authors: LISIEWICZ J. , BRYNIAK C. , SROCZYńSKA K.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. N‐acetyl‐beta‐glucosaminidase activity was determined in peripheral blood lymphocytes by means of Hayashi's cytochemical method in 50 premature infants born between the 21st and 37th weeks of gestation. The lymphocytes exhibited three types of enzymatic cytochemical reaction, i.e. granular, diffuse and mixed (both granular and diffuse). The total count of enzyme‐positive lymphocytes was significantly lower in the group of premature infants born between the 21st and 28th weeks of gestation as compared with those born later. This difference was due to the smaller numbers of enzyme‐positive lymphocytes with granular reaction type in the group of more immature infants. The formation of enzyme‐positive lysosomal granules within the lymphocyte cytoplasm during the last months of fetal development has been suggested and the relationship between the enzymatic equipment of lymphocyte lysosomes and immune response discussed.
DIALYSIS AND RENAL TRANSPLANTATION OF CHILDREN IN EUROPE, 19731
Authors: SCHÄRER K. , PARSONS F. M. , BRUNNER F. P. , BURCK H. C. , GURLAND H. J.
Published: January 2008

The number of children accepted for intermittent dialysis and renal transplantation in Europe and the number of centres specialising in this treatment are increasing. However, during 1973 only about a third of all children with end‐stage chronic kidney disease were being accepted for treatment in Europe. Although transplantation was favoured in some countries for the whole of Europe only 30% of children surviving at the end of 1973 had been transplanted. The number of patients transferred to home dialysis continued to increase. With all forms of treatment patient survival rates in children were higher than in older patients. Home haemodialysis gave the best survival with 95% four years after start of treatment, compared to 72% on hospital dialysis. Patient and graft survival reached 75 and 48% four years after a living donor transplant and 61 and 39% after a cadaver transplant, respectively. Retransplants had a poorer outcome. Full activity in ordinary school was achieved in about 80% of all patients with transplants or on home dialysis, but in only 43 % of those treated by hospital dialysis. The trend to dialyse more frequently continues. Growth velocity on long‐term dialysis and after transplantation was subnormal in the majority, but growth continued for a longer period of time indicating that puberty was delayed.
CEREBELLAR‐ATAXIC SYNDROME IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM UNDER TREATMENT
Authors: WIEBEL J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Animal experiments and observations on quantitative growth of human cerebellum suggest a critical period when its development is particularly vulnerable to hypothyroidism. Sixty‐seven patients aged 7–24 years with hypothyroidism under long‐term treatment were examined for ataxic symptoms. These were found in 24 of 39 patients (60%) hypothyroid before or during the third month of life. Only 4 of 18 patients (20 %) hypothyroid later had cerebellar symptoms. Such symptoms could be evidence for the onset of hypothyroidism before or during the 3rd month of life. Seventeen (80%) of mentally retarded patients had cerebellar symptoms compared with 11 (30%) of 45 attending normal school. Even retrospecitvely, these data might permit a more accurate prognosis of further mental development in hypothyroid children.
HYPERPROLINAEMIA: A DISEASE WHICH DOES NOT NEED TREATMENT?
Authors: MOLLICA F. , PAVONE L.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The authors observed two cases of hyperprolinaemia (one of type I and the other of type II) which were asymptomatic. The anomalies described up to the present time in association with hyperprolinaemia are inconstant, nonspecific, and extremely heterogeneous. This suggests that the relationship between hyperprolinaemia and other anomalies is purely coincidental, and that a therapeutic approach by diet is unjustified.
CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FOOD ALLERGY IN CHILDHOOD I. Estimation of IgG, IgA and IgE Antibodies to Food Antigens in Children with Food Allergy and Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: DANNAEUS A. , JOHANSSON S. G. O. , FOUCARD T. , ÖHMAN S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Sixtynine children with case histories of food intolerance and 30 food tolerant children with atopic dermatitis have been investigated regarding serum IgE levels and IgE‐, IgG, and IgA‐antibodies to some common foods. Children with food intolerance had significantly higher IgE levels and to a larger extent specific IgE antibodies to the tested allergens. IgE antibodies to cow's milk were found in 71% of the children with histories of cow's milk allergy but occurred also in similar titers in 27% of milk tolerant children with other food allergies. IgE antibodies to egg‐white occurred in 88% of egg allergies, but low and moderate titers were also found in 17% of children without food intolerance. However, all children with high titers had symptoms of egg allergy. IgE antibodies to the fish allergen were only found in fish allergic children while IgE antibodies to soy‐bean and green peas were found less consistently. The level of serum IgA antibodies to milk was similar in both groups. The IgG antibody titers to all tested food antigens seemed to parallel the IgE antibody titer to the same food. It was not possible to correlate the IgG antibody titers to symptoms.
HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CONCENTRATIONS IN NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: GINSBURG B. E. , ZETTERSTRÖM R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract The lipoprotein pattern was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis in 19 newborn infants of varying gestational age. The HDL concentration was determined by rocket Immunoelectrophoresis in another 41 newborn infants. Infants with a gestational age of <33 weeks had very low HDL concentrations compared to preterm infants with a gestational age of 33 weeks and term infants. In the first 5–10 days after birth the HDL concentration increased markedly in preterm infants (gestational age <37 weeks) whereas it remained unchanged in term infants.