bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expansion of MHC-IIB Has Constrained the Evolution of MHC-IIA in Passerines
Authors: Ruesink-Bueno Iris Liesbeth , Drews Anna , O’Connor Emily Amelia , Westerdahl Helena
Published: October 2024

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is central in adaptive immunity, with the highly polymorphic MHC genes encoding antigen-presenting molecules. Two MHC class II (MHC-II) loci, DA1 and DA2, predate the radiation of extant birds and persist throughout much of the avian phylogeny. Within each locus, the MHC-II molecules are encoded by A-genes (DAA) and B-genes (DAB), which are arranged in A–B dyads. However, in passerines (order Passeriformes), the DA2 locus has been lost, and the ancestral A–B dyad at the DA1 locus has been replaced by a putatively single A-gene (DAA1) and an array of highly polymorphic B-genes (DAB1). In this study, we genotyped the DAA1 gene of 15 passerine species and confirmed that passerines possess just one copy of DAA1. We then compared selection patterns in DAA1 between passerines and nonpasserines and found that exon 2, which encodes the antigen-presenting domain, has been subject to weaker positive selection and stronger negative selection in passerines compared with nonpasserines. Additional comparisons showed that the patterns of selection in the passerine DAA1 gene are unlikely to be related to the loss of the DA2 locus. Instead, our findings suggest that the expansion of DAB1 (MHC-IIB) has imposed an evolutionary constraint on the passerine DAA1 (MHC-IIA) gene. We speculate that this constraint may be the result of each DAA1 chain forming heterodimers with many different DAB1 chains.
Three-dimensional ray tracing in P-wave azimuthal anisotropic media
Authors: Tsunashima Ryo , Zhao Dapeng , Toyokuni Genti
Published: October 2024

A new 3-D ray-tracing method is developed for P-wave azimuthal anisotropic (AAN) media. We assume anisotropic media with hexagonal symmetry and take advantage of the property that the AAN symmetry axis, the phase velocity vector and the group velocity vector are located in the same plane. The 3-D ray-tracing method that combines the pseudo-bending technique and Snell's law is improved for the AAN media. We compute isotropic (ISO) and AAN rays in synthetic models and an actual 3-D P-wave AAN model of the East Japan subduction zone. The accuracy of our ray-tracing code is evaluated by comparing the ray-path and travel-time differences between the ISO and AAN rays. Our results show that the AAN rays in each model bend in the right direction and satisfy Fermat's principle, so the theory and approximations adopted in the calculations are reasonable. For long rays (>350 km), the ray-path difference between the ISO and AAN rays is > 20 km, and the travel-time difference is > 0.1 s, suggesting that it is necessary and important to take azimuthal anisotropy into account in the 3-D ray tracing.
Imaging of seismic discontinuities using an adjoint method
Authors: Pollitz F F , Langer L
Published: October 2024

For imaging of seismic discontinuities at depth, reverse time migration is a powerful method to apply to recordings of seismic events. It is especially powerful when an extensive receiver array, numerous seismic sources, or both, permit adequate reconstruction of incident and scattered wavefields at depth. Reconstructing either the incident or scattered wavefield at depth becomes less accurate when relatively few recordings of seismic events are available. Here, we explore an inverse scattering approach to imaging discontinuities based on an adjoint method, employing sensitivity kernels (Fréchet derivatives) that represent jumps in material properties across seismic-discontinuity surfaces. When combined with ray-based requirements on scattering geometry, it constitutes a powerful approach to determining the locations and amplitudes of the discontinuities, recovering only those properties that can be resolved by a spatially limited source and/or receiver distribution. This is illustrated by synthetic examples with local sources followed by a field example in a subduction zone setting.
Temporal variation of S-wave attenuation during the 2009 L'Aquila, Central Italy, seismic sequence
Authors: Castro Raúl R , Colavitti Leonardo , Pacor Francesca , Lanzano Giovanni , Sgobba Sara , Spallarossa Daniele
Published: October 2024

We investigate temporal and spatial variations of the spectral decay parameter kappa (κ) before and after the 6 April 2009, L'Aquila earthquake (Mw 6.1), in Central Italy. We analysed foreshocks 10 days before and aftershocks occurring 10 days and 6 months after this main event. We select earthquakes with magnitudes Mw ≥ 3.2 registered by the seismic network of Central Italy within a radius of 20 km from the epicentre of the L'Aquila main shock and having hypocentre distances of less than 170 km. We separate near-source, along-path and near-site contributions of κ for each group of events and we detected temporal variations of this S-wave attenuation parameter. We find that 10 days before the main shock κ along the path has the lowest values, probably due to high tectonic stress accumulated, in agreement with previous investigations performed with other techniques, then κ increases during the main event and remains constant during the first 10 days of aftershocks. The aftershocks that occurred 6 months after show an increase in the regional attenuation probably due to the tectonic stress released during the main shock and the earlier aftershocks. From the spatial point of view, 10 days before the principal event the foreshocks located to the south show an increase in the near-source attenuation towards the northeast, in the direction of the main shock. These spatial variations of κ may be related to the presence of crustal fluids near the rupture area, as evidenced by other previous studies. The first 10 days of aftershocks that concentrate around the main earthquake have high near-source κ, and those located north of the main rupture have lower values. These observations are consistent with previous investigations that show variations of elastic and anisotropic crustal properties during the L'Aquila earthquake sequence due to dilatancy and fluid diffusion processes within the nucleation zone. We conclude that temporal variations of the spectral decay parameter κ provide important clues for the earthquake cycle in Central Italy.
Despite the perception that it is rare, by-catch of marine mammals can lead to population decline
Authors: Authier Matthieu
Published: October 2024

By-catch, the unintentional capture of non-target species in fishing gear, is often described as a rare event when it pertains to marine mammals. Yet, it is the greatest threat to many marine megafauna species, especially small cetaceans. How can both of these statements be true simultaneously? The adjective “rare” is itself rarely defined in a precise and quantitative way. Data collection features are crucial to understand the processes leading to a perception of rarity in samples on by-catch of marine mammals and other protected, endangered and threatened species (PETS). Statistical principles in the design of monitoring schemes must be upheld to ensure sample representativeness when scaling up impact estimates to the level of whole fisheries. Random allocation of observers or monitoring technologies (e.g. Remote Electronic Monitoring) can be strengthened to test the hypothesis that by-catch is a rare event and not only a rarely registered event, especially in monitoring schemes that are not dedicated to PETS by-catch. Even if by-catch is a rare event at the level of a single fishing operation, given the large total number of the latter, and their expansive spatial and temporal extent, by-catch may still impact significantly marine mammal populations.
A posteriori error analysis of a positivity preserving scheme for the power-law diffusion Keller–Segel model
Authors: Giesselmann Jan , Kolbe Niklas
Published: October 2024

We study a finite volume scheme approximating a parabolic-elliptic Keller–Segel system with power-law diffusion with exponent $\gamma \in [1,3]$ and periodic boundary conditions. We derive conditional a posteriori bounds for the error measured in the $L^{\infty }(0,T;H^{1}(\varOmega ))$ norm for the chemoattractant and by a quasi-norm-like quantity for the density. These results are based on stability estimates and suitable conforming reconstructions of the numerical solution. We perform numerical experiments showing that our error bounds are linear in mesh width and elucidating the behavior of the error estimator under changes of $\gamma $.
Carbonic anhydrase-mediated phosphogypsum degradation and enhanced CO2 sequestration: a promising sustainable strategy for biological resource utilization of phosphogypsum
Authors: Sengupta Indraneel , Dhal Paltu Kumar
Published: October 2024

Aims

This study continues our previous investigation of the intrinsic degradation of phosphogypsum (PG) by indigenous microorganisms on amending adequate nutrients. We aim to unravel the intricate mechanisms involved in PG biotransformation by a bacterial consortium.

Methods and results

We isolated and characterized seven multi-metal-resistant bacterial strains from a nutrient-amended PG-contaminated microcosm and identified them through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Primarily aerobic, Gram-positive chemolithotrophs, these strains demonstrated significant heavy metal uptake and PG degradation potential. Further analysis revealed that all strains produced carbonic anhydrase (CA), while six also produced urease, which may facilitate microbial-induced carbonate precipitation. Microstructural and elemental analysis using scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) confirmed the PG bio-transformation, indicating substantial increases in carbonate concentrations and reductions in sulfate levels.

Conclusions

The consortium, composed of seven urease- and CA-producing bacterial strains, effectively degraded PG, transforming it from an acidic to an alkaline state and significantly enhancing CO2 sequestration.
bla
SED-1 beta-lactamase-producing Citrobacter sedlakii isolated from horses and genomic comparison with human-derived isolates
Authors: Tasnim Yamima , Stanley Charlotte , Rahman Md Kaisar , Awosile Babafela
Published: October 2024

Aims

We aim to detect beta-lactamase-producing Citrobacter sedlakii from horses and compare the genomic characteristics with isolates from humans.

Methods and result

We characterized phenotypically and genotypically nine C. sedlakii isolates from the feces of horses and then compared them to human-derived isolates using whole genome sequencing and phylogenomic methods. Seven isolates (7/9) were ampicillin-resistant, while at least one isolate was resistant to ceftriaxone, gentamicin, meropenem, and streptomycin. All nine isolates were carriers of the chromosomal-mediated blaSED-1  beta-lactamase gene, which confers resistance to ampicillin. One isolate was positive for the mcr-9 gene that confers resistance to colistin, and another isolate had the aac(6′)-lid gene that confers resistance to aminoglycosides. Seven isolates (7/9) were carriers of genes that confer metal resistance to copper, silver, and arsenic. Phylogenetically, two horse-derived isolates clustered together with two human-derived isolates from the NDARO database.

Conclusion

The results from our study provide insight into the antimicrobial susceptibility of C. sedlakii in horses, which was previously lacking, and the specific beta-lactamase gene mediating resistance.
Large language models and synthetic health data: progress and prospects
Authors: Smolyak Daniel , Bjarnadóttir Margrét V , Crowley Kenyon , Agarwal Ritu
Published: October 2024

Objectives

Given substantial obstacles surrounding health data acquisition, high-quality synthetic health data are needed to meet a growing demand for the application of advanced analytics for clinical discovery, prediction, and operational excellence. We highlight how recent advances in large language models (LLMs) present new opportunities for progress, as well as new risks, in synthetic health data generation (SHDG).

Materials and Methods

We synthesized systematic scoping reviews in the SHDG domain, recent LLM methods for SHDG, and papers investigating the capabilities and limits of LLMs.

Results

We summarize the current landscape of generative machine learning models (eg, Generative Adversarial Networks) for SHDG, describe remaining challenges and limitations, and identify how recent LLM approaches can potentially help mitigate them.

Discussion

Six research directions are outlined for further investigation of LLMs for SHDG: evaluation metrics, LLM adoption, data efficiency, generalization, health equity, and regulatory challenges.

Conclusion

LLMs have already demonstrated both high potential and risks in the health domain, and it is important to study their advantages and disadvantages for SHDG.
An approach to apply the Jaya optimization algorithm to the nesting of irregular patterns
Authors: Duta Eduard-Andrei , Jimeno-Morenilla Antonio , Sanchez-Romero Jose-Luis , Macia-Lillo Antonio , Mora-Mora Higinio
Published: October 2024

The problem of nesting frequently arises in the industrial environment, and it has a strong ecological and economic impact in the manufacturing processes. It basically consists of placing a set of pieces (polygons) on a material sheet, making sure that the pieces do not overlap and that they do not exceed the boundaries of the sheet. With regard to irregular 2D polygons, the problem is NP-complete. Therefore, different heuristics have been developed so as to cope with the problem. In this paper, the application of the Jaya metaheuristic algorithm to the nesting problem is proposed. This algorithm has been already applied to several engineering problems and has generally demonstrated better results than most metaheuristic algorithms. In this paper, the Jaya algorithm has been adapted to the specific features of the nesting problem so as to optimize the placement of pieces on a sheet, with the objective of minimizing material waste and computational time. The results of our experimentation demonstrate the algorithm’s effectiveness in reducing the convex hull area across various datasets, showing potential in solving complex, irregular shape nesting problems. This research provides a new application of the Jaya algorithm and opens ways for future work in optimization techniques and parameter-free heuristic algorithms for nesting.
Effects of different rearing methods on cocoon silk strength in silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)
Authors: Zhang Shengxiang , Liu Ran , Lan Fengjie , Wang Yi , Wang Huizhen , Liu Yangyang , Ren Chunjiu , Gao Huiju
Published: October 2024

In recent years, the use of artificial diet to rear silkworm Bombyx mori (L.) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) has advanced rapidly in China. However, significant differences are found in the production and performance of silk from silkworms reared on artificial diet and mulberry leaves, thereby affecting the development of artificial diet usage in sericulture. To understand the reasons for these differences, we tested the following 3 rearing methods: all-instar mulberry leaf rearing (Mul), all-instar artificial diet rearing (Diet), and instars 1–3 reared on artificial diet followed by instars 4–5 reared on mulberry leaf (Mix). The results showed that the silk production was significantly lower under Diet than Mix and Mul. Electron microscopy images revealed that the protein synthesis and energy supply were decreased under Dier and Mix compared with Mul. Subsequent strength analysis indicated that the relative strength of silk was highest under Mix, followed by Mul, and weakest under Diet. However, no significant differences in elongation were observed among treatments. The β-sheet content of silk was significantly higher under Mix than Diet and Mul, and a similar trend was observed for the crystallinity. Furthermore, the elevated expression of BmChiNAG and the reduced expression of BmTpn genes may be a significant factor for the notable disparities in cocoon silk fineness and strength among the threes. These findings provide deep insights into the differences in silk produced by silkworms reared on mulberry leaves and artificial diet, as well as providing a reference for improving artificial diet for rearing silkworms.
Calculation and application of elastic modulus of mineral components in tight sandstone based on an adaptive method
Authors: Li Li , Duan Peifei , Gao Weixu , Wang Kunming , Shi Suzhen , Lin Liming
Published: October 2024

For the petrophysics model of tight sandstones, the elastic modulus of their sandstone and mudstone components are often substituted with those of quartz and clay, which affects model accuracy. To solve this problem, we innovate an adaptive approach for model the rock physics characteristics of tight sandstone. First, based on the relationship between P- and S-wave velocities from well logs and the elastic modulus of the rocks, the equivalent elastic modulus of tight sandstone under saturated conditions is calculated. Next, The Lee model and the Gassmann equation were jointly used to determine the equivalent elasticity modulus of tight sandstone matrix. The upper and lower limits of the equivalent elasticity modulus for mudstone and sandstone are established using the mudstone content curve, the least-squares method and the Voigt–Reuss–Hill (VRH) model. We used the random-walk algorithm to accurately calculate the equivalent elastic modulus of the sandstone and mudstone components. Finally, using the accurately obtained elastic modulus of sandstone and mudstone, the equivalent elastic modulus of the matrix is calculated. The Kuster–Toksöz model is subsequently applied to compute the dry-frame bulk modulus and shear modulus of the rock. Following this, the Brie model is used to calculate the elastic modulus of the mixed fluid, thereby completing the construction of the rock physics model for the study area. The results demonstrate that our improved petrophysics model can predict the S-wave velocity curve with ≤15% errors relative to the true curve. When sweet spot prediction was performed using reservoir-sensitive parameter (Vp/Vs) derived from the petrophysics template, the agreement between the predictions and well-log data was 80%. Thus, our petrophysics model method can be used to predict tight gas reservoirs effectively and will aid efforts to improve petroleum exploration works in the study area.
Climate risks for displaced populations: a scoping review and research agenda
Authors: Fransen Sonja , Hunns Alexander , Jaber Tarek , Janz Teresa
Published: October 2024

Forcibly displaced people are at the forefront of climate emergencies worldwide. This article reviews the growing literature on climate risks for displaced populations to synthesize knowledge, highlight gaps, and develop a theory-driven research agenda. Our synthesis shows that displaced populations are disproportionately at risk of being negatively impacted by climate hazards, due to their high sensitivity, limited adaptive capacities, and, in some cases, heightened exposure. Most studies focus on Southern Asia with a paucity of studies on climate-vulnerable refugee-hosting states in Africa, Central Asia, and the Middle East. Moreover, the literature heavily relies on case studies, which impedes the generalizability and comparability of findings. We argue for an inclusive and comprehensive climate risk research agenda that systematically maps the exposure of displaced populations to climate hazards, provides theory-driven research on how climate sensitivities and adaptive capacities shape their vulnerabilities, and applies comparative research, including host community populations.
The application of ozone within the food industry, mode of action, current and future applications, and regulatory compliance
Authors: Hamid Zak , Meyrick Ben K , Macleod Joshua , Heath Emily A , Blaxland James
Published: October 2024

The food industry faces numerous challenges today, with the prevention and reduction of microbial contamination being a critical focus. While traditional chemical-based methods are effective and widely used, rising energy costs, the development of microbial tolerances, and growing awareness of the ecological impact of chemical biocides have renewed interest in novel biocides. Ozone, in both its gaseous and aqueous forms, is recognized as a potent disinfectant against bacteria, viruses, and fungi due to its high oxidation potential. Our review highlights several studies on the applications of ozone within the food industry, including its use for surface and aerosol disinfection and its capacity to reduce viable Listeria monocytogenes, a pertinent foodborne pathogen harbouring environmental and biocide stress tolerances and biofilm former. We also explore the use of ozone in food treatment and preservation, specifically on blueberries, apples, carrots, cabbage, and cherry tomatoes. While ozone is an effective disinfectant, it is important to consider material incompatibility, and the risks associated with prolonged human exposure to high concentrations. Nevertheless, for certain applications, ozone proves to be an efficacious and valuable alternative or complementary method for microbial control. Compliance with the biocide products regulation will require ozone device manufacturers to produce proven efficacy and safety data in line with British standards based on European standards (BS EN), and researchers to propose adaptations to account for ozone’s unique properties.
Mental health and capacity laws in Northern Ireland: examining the position of children and young people
Authors: Farrell Anne-Maree , Agnew Elizabeth , Hann Patrick
Published: October 2024

Mental health and capacity laws applicable to children and young people in Northern Ireland (NI) lack clarity and coherence, with significant gaps in service provision and safeguarding. Drawing on an examination of such laws, we argue that law reform is needed. In the short term, we suggest there is merit in publishing statutory guidance, such as a Code of Practice, to address both the issue of evolving capacity in children and to facilitate best practice in policy and practice. This modest reform in the short term should be accompanied by a firm political commitment to ensuring that NI’s innovative fusion mental capacity legislation is fully brought into force in the medium term. Meanwhile, law reform should form part of a holistic approach on the part of NI’s policy-makers towards improving mental healthcare provision for children and young people in line with a human rights-based approach. This would include the following: increased allocation of funding and resources to facilitate more timely access to suitable treatment and related services; enhancing participation in policy, judicial, and clinical decision-making that impacts their lives; and employing a range of executive accountability mechanisms to drive improvements in such provision over time.
A gamma-ray stacking survey of Fermi-LAT undetected globular clusters
Authors: Henry Owen K , Paglione Timothy A D , Song Yuzhe , Tan Joshua , Zurek David , Pinto Vanessa
Published: October 2024

We present evidence for $\gamma$-ray emission from a stacked population of 39 high-latitude globular clusters (GCs) not detected in the Fermi Point Source Catalogue, likely attributable to populations of millisecond pulsars within them. In this work, we use 13 yr of data collected by the Large Area Telescope aboard the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope to search for a cumulative signal from undetected GCs and compared them to control fields (CFs), selected to match the celestial distribution of the target clusters so as to distinguish the $\gamma$-ray signal from background emission. The joint likelihood distribution of the GCs has a significant separation ($\sim 4\sigma$) from that of the CFs. We also investigate correlations between detected cluster luminosities and other cluster properties such as distance, the number of millisecond pulsars associated with each cluster, and stellar encounter rate but find no significant relationships.
Photometric redshift estimation for CSST survey with LSTM neural networks
Authors: Luo Zhijian , Li Yicheng , Lu Junhao , Chen Zhu , Fu Liping , Zhang Shaohua , Xiao Hubing , Du Wei , Gong Yan , Shu Chenggang , Ma Wenwen , Meng Xianmin , Zhou Xingchen , Fan Zuhui
Published: October 2024

Accurate estimation of photometric redshifts (photo-zs) is crucial for cosmological surveys. Various methods have been developed for this purpose, such as template fitting methods and machine learning techniques, each with its own applications, advantages, and limitations. In this study, we propose a new approach that utilizes a deep learning model based on recurrent neural networks with long short-term memory (LSTM) to predict photo-z. Unlike many existing machine learning models, our method requires only flux measurements from different observed filters as input. The model can automatically learn the complex relationships between the flux data across different wavelengths, eliminating the need for manually extracted or derived input features, thereby providing precise photo-z estimates. The effectiveness of our proposed model is evaluated using simulated data from the Chinese Space Station Telescope (CSST) sourced from the Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys (HST-ACS) and the COSMOS catalogue, considering anticipated instrument effects of the future CSST. Results from experiments demonstrate that our LSTM model, compared to commonly used template fitting and machine learning approaches, requires minimal input parameters and achieves high precision in photo-z estimation. For instance, when trained on the same data set and provided only with photometric fluxes as input features, the proposed LSTM model yields one-third of the outliers $f_{\mathrm{out}}$ observed with a multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLP) model, while the normalized median absolute deviation $\rm \sigma _{NMAD}$ is only two-thirds that of the MLP model. This study presents a novel approach to accurately estimate photo-zs of galaxies using photometric data from large-scale survey projects.
Convective vortices in collapsing stars
Authors: Telman Yerassyl , Abdikamalov Ernazar , Foglizzo Thierry
Published: October 2024

Recent studies show that non-radial structures arising from massive star shell convection play an important role in shaping core-collapse supernova explosions. During the collapse phase, convective vortices generate acoustic waves that interact with the supernova shock. This amplifies turbulence in the post-shock region, contributing to explosion. We study how various physical parameters influence the evolution of these convective vortices during stellar collapse using simplified simulations. We model the collapsing star with a transonic Bondi flow and represent convection as solenoidal velocity perturbations. Our results are consistent with previous studies, demonstrating that the peak perturbation amplitude scales linearly with the pre-collapse convective Mach number and inversely with the angular wavenumber of convection. While the shell radius and width primarily determine the time-scale of accretion, they have little impact on the peak perturbation amplitudes. Finally, we show that when the convective Mach number is below approximately 0.2, the dynamics remain within the linear regime.
Viewpoint on ‘Oscillating paramagnetic Meissner effect and Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition in underdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ’
Authors: Babaev Egor
Published: October 2024

The experimental team achieves impressive progress in detecting the signature of the local magnetic response of a system close to a phase transition.
Homo-harringtonine (HHT) is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2-A potential first-line defense in future coronavirus epidemics
Authors: Wen Hai-Jun , Ma Hua-Juan , Zhong Gong-Xun , Ding Ao , Wang Xi , Lai Xiao-Ju , Shi Chang-Hao , Tracy Miles , Wu Si-Jin , Li Jia-Sheng , Zhang Ge , Bo Yao Yong- , Chen Wei , Yu Liu Xue- , Xu Zhi-Chao , Cao Xue , He Wen-Bin , Feng Jing , Wang Guo-Dong , Liu Feng-Liang , Zeng Wei-Shun , Lu Guang-An , Yu Guo Jia- , Zheng Yong-Tang , Zeng Hui , He Xiong-Lei , Zhang Fu-Jie , Hu Zhi-Hong , Lyu Xue-Mei , Chen Hualan , Li Jian , Wang Man-Li , Cai Qi-Chun , Wu Chung-I
Published: October 2024

As COVID-19 is the third coronavirus epidemic in this century, it would be desirable to have a treatment scheme in anticipation of a fourth one. We here present a scheme that could clear SARS-CoV-2 in 2-4 days post infection from the upper respiratory tract (URT), where the virions are initially concentrated. The scheme, applicable in large scale by nasal spray, is based on Homo-harringtonine (HHT) that has been approved for treating other diseases. HHT blocked protein elongation and repressed in vitro replication of all 4 coronaviruses (including SARS-CoV-2) tested at the nano-molar concentration, demonstrating its potential of broad effectiveness against coronaviruses. In animal models, HHT cleared SARS-CoV-2 in all treated mice in 3 days by daily nasal dripping of a small dose (40 ug). In December 2022, HHT was administered to 26 cancer patients by nebulization at 1 mg/day. On average, the viral load in the URT was reduced by 3/4 six hours after the nebulization. In the wavelet of May 2023, 11 patients without other medical conditions were administered HHT by repeated liquid nasal spray at the low, total daily-dose of 0.2 mg. Ten of the 11 patients were cleared of the virus in 2-4 days. In comparison, in large-cohort studies of participants in China during the same wave, most patients need 7-9 to turn negative. No adverse effects were detected in any patient in the two clinical trials. A short review of drugs approved for treating COVID-19 shows the many advantages of HHT. With continual development, it could become a first-line defense at the onset of future coronavirus epidemics.
Ischemic stroke in a 4-year child resulting from scorpion envenomation: a case report from Nepal
Authors: Sunil Bhatta , Raj Awasthi Pusp , Sukriti Pandit
Published: October 2024

In the warmer lowlands, scorpion stings frequently result in emergencies and are a serious public health issue. Early in the spree, scorpion envenomation is particularly deadly because of respiratory and/or cardiovascular collapse. We report a 4-year-old boy with left middle cerebral arterial territory ischemic infarct within 24 h following scorpionism. He was managed conservatively with prazosin, aspirin, enoxaparin, levetriacetam and other supportive measures.
Axillary pilonidal sinus: an unusual presentation: a case report with literature review
Authors: Salih Abdulwahid M , Ahmed Ronak S , Zahir Hardi M , Saeed Yadgar A , Ali Halkawt O , Muhialdeen Aso S , Ali Saeed H , Najar Kayhan A , Abdullah Fakher , Kakamad Fahmi H
Published: October 2024

Despite its rarity, pilonidal sinus (PNS) in atypical locations poses significant diagnostic challenges, underscoring the need for early identification and appropriate treatment strategies. This case highlights a rare occurrence of a PNS in the axilla, emphasizing the importance of recognizing uncommon presentations of common ailments. A 27-year-old male presented with a 13-year history of painless axillary discharge, diagnosed with PNS based on clinical evaluation. Surgical excision under local anesthesia successfully treated the condition, showcasing the effectiveness of tailored management in addressing rare presentations of PNS. Surgical therapy for axillary pilonidal sinus enables complete resection and provides precise histopathological diagnoses, making it a suitable treatment option, particularly for cases involving atypical locations.
Full-term pregnancy despite severe hypophosphatemia caused by tumor-induced osteomalacia
Authors: Truong Thien Binh Nu , Nguyen Anh Trong , Ly Luong Dai
Published: October 2024

A woman in her 30s with a history of multiple bone fractures unexpectedly became pregnant and delivered a full-term baby through cesarean section, despite suffering from excruciating pain without any apparent cause or specific treatment. The patient was referred to our endocrine clinic following childbirth. Blood tests revealed a life-threatening low level of serum phosphate, normal 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentration, low TmP/GFR ratio, and elevated FGF23 levels. A PET/CT scan with Gallium-68 Dotatate identified an abnormal tumor in the right calcaneus. Her FGF23 level returned to normal soon after surgical removal of the tumor, which was confirmed to be chondroblastoma. Her child’s cognitive and motor skills typically developed from the newborn to preschool age. He exhibited excellent long-term growth, without any signs of rickets.
The 41st documented case of the oral angiokeratoma globally, review of literature and case report
Authors: Hamdy Jafar , Alnajjar Majd , Yacoub Hikmat , Issa Rana
Published: October 2024

Oral angiokeratoma (OAK) is an uncommon vascular anomaly with various clinical manifestations. Typically associated with generalized angiokeratoma. It rarely manifests as a solitary lesion without any underlying systemic conditions. Globally, only around 40 oral cases have been documented to date. Here, we present the 41st solitary oral angiokeratoma in the tongue in a 30-year-old female patient, this case was effectively managed without any surgical intervention.
Unveiling primary Hyperoxaluria type 1: a fortuitous discovery through bone marrow biopsy
Authors: Aaboudech Taha Yassine , Znati Kaoutar , Jahid Ahmed , Sassi Samia , Driouich Salima , Zouaidia Fouad , Bernoussi Zakia
Published: October 2024

This paper details a rare case of primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) identified through a bone marrow biopsy in a 46-year-old female patient with a history of nephrolithiasis and chronic renal failure. Genetic analysis identified the p.Ile244Thr mutation in the AGXT gene, confirming the diagnosis of PH1. The paper aims to highlight this case, focusing on the genetic basis of the disorder, including the identified mutation. It underscores the importance of early diagnosis of infantile and childhood nephrolithiasis, particularly in cases with familial history, to prevent renal loss and systemic oxalosis.
Metastatic insulinoma—outcomes in the current era
Authors: Masharani Umesh , Lindsay Sheila , Moon Farhana , Paciorek Alan , Bergsland Emily
Published: October 2024

Background

Multimodal interventions in neuroendocrine tumors appear to have a beneficial impact on survival. Metastatic insulinoma is associated with hypoglycemia and, historically, a shortened life expectancy.

Methods

The authors retrospectively analyzed the clinical outcomes of patients with metastatic insulinomas treated at a tertiary care center between 2006 and 2023.

Results

Clinical data on 14 patients with metastatic insulinoma (metastases to the liver, skeleton, and lung) were reviewed in this descriptive study. The patients underwent various treatments including surgery; liver directed therapies (embolization, selective internal radiotherapy), somatostatin analogs; targeted agents (everolimus); systemic chemotherapy (capecitabine/temozolomide; carboplatin/etoposide); external beam radiation; and peptide receptor radiotherapy. Seven subjects died during follow-up. The time of the 7 deaths ranged from 2.5 to 10.4 years (median time to death was 8.2 years). This compares to previous reports of median survival of about 2 years. Seven subjects are alive 1.2-12.3 years after diagnosis. Hypoglycemia was well-controlled and did not cause the deaths.

Conclusions

Multimodal interventions in metastatic insulinoma can be effective in managing hypoglycemia. The patients on multimodal treatments also lived a long time when considering previous published reports of median survival of just 2 years. Our findings challenge previous assumptions regarding clinical outcomes in this patient population.
Asymmetric fluctuation of overlapping dinucleosome studied by cryoelectron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering
Authors: Shimizu Masahiro , Tanaka Hiroki , Nishimura Masahiro , Sato Nobuhiro , Nozawa Kayo , Ehara Haruhiko , Sekine Shun-ichi , Morishima Ken , Inoue Rintaro , Takizawa Yoshimasa , Kurumizaka Hitoshi , Sugiyama Masaaki
Published: October 2024

Nucleosome remodelers modify the local structure of chromatin to release the region from nucleosome-mediated transcriptional suppression. Overlapping dinucleosomes (OLDNs) are nucleoprotein complexes formed around transcription start sites as a result of remodeling, and they consist of two nucleosome moieties: a histone octamer wrapped by DNA (octasome) and a histone hexamer wrapped by DNA (hexasome). While OLDN formation alters chromatin accessibility to proteins, the structural mechanism behind this process is poorly understood. Thus, this study investigated the characteristics of structural fluctuations in OLDNs. First, multiple structures of the OLDN were visualized through cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM), providing an overview of the tilting motion of the hexasome relative to the octasome at the near-atomistic resolution. Second, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) revealed the presence of OLDN conformations with a larger radius of gyration than cryoEM structures. A more complete description of OLDN fluctuation was proposed by SAXS-based ensemble modeling, which included possible transient structures. The ensemble model supported the tilting motion of the OLDN outlined by the cryoEM models, further suggesting the presence of more diverse conformations. The amplitude of the relative tilting motion of the hexasome was larger, and the nanoscale fluctuation in distance between the octasome and hexasome was also proposed. The cryoEM models were found to be mapped in the energetically stable region of the conformational distribution of the ensemble. Exhaustive complex modeling using all conformations that appeared in the structural ensemble suggested that conformational and motional asymmetries of the OLDN result in asymmetries in the accessibility of OLDN-binding proteins.
Measurement of γ-Rays Generated by Neutron Interaction with 16O at 30 MeV and 250 MeV
Authors: Tano T , Horai T , Ashida Y , Hino Y , Iacob F , Maurel A , Mori M , Collazuol G , Konaka A , Koshio Y , Nakaya T , Shima T , Wendell R
Published: October 2024

Deep understanding of $\gamma$-ray production from the fast neutron reaction in water is crucial for various physics studies at large-scale water Cherenkov detectors. We performed test experiments using quasi-mono energetic neutron beams ($E_n = 30$ and 250 MeV) at Osaka University’s Research Center for Nuclear Physics to measure $\gamma$-rays originating from the neutron–oxygen reaction with a high-purity germanium detector. Multiple $\gamma$-ray peaks which are expected to be from excited nuclei after the neutron–oxygen reaction were successfully observed. We measured the neutron beam flux using an organic liquid scintillator for the cross section measurement. With a spectral fitting analysis based on the tailored $\gamma$-ray signal and background templates, we measured cross sections for each observed $\gamma$-ray component. The results will be useful to validate neutron models employed in ongoing and future water Cherenkov experiments.
Reserves Were Not So Ample After All
Authors: Copeland Adam , Duffie Darrell , Yang Yilin (David)
Published: October 2024

We show that the likelihood of a liquidity crunch in wholesale U.S. dollar funding markets depends on levels of reserve balances at the financial institutions that are the most active intermediaries of these markets. Heightened risk of an imminent liquidity crunch is signaled by significant delays in intraday payments to these large financial institutions over the prior two weeks. Our study contributes to the broader dialogue surrounding the Federal Reserve’s ongoing quantitative tightening.
The Shadow Cost of Collateral
Authors: Pan Guangqian , Pan Zheyao , Xiao Kairong
Published: October 2024

We quantify the cost of pledging collateral for small businesses by exploiting a regulatory quirk of the SBA disaster lending program in which firms are exempt from posting collateral if their loan size is below a threshold. Firms bunch their loans below the threshold, and the resultant distortion in the loan size distribution reveals the magnitude of the collateral cost. The collateral cost is substantial and varies across collateral types, business sectors, and collateral laws in ways consistent with flexibility-based theories. Our findings have implications for firms’ borrowing constraints and disaster lending program designs.
Intrinsic Natural Resistance of Various Plant Pathogens to Ipflufenoquin, a New DHODH (Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase)-inhibiting Fungicide, in Relation to Unaltered Amino Acid Sequence of the Target Site
Authors: Ishii Hideo , Okane Izumi , Yamaoka Yuichi
Published: October 2024

In recent years, increasingly stringent pesticide regulations have made the development of new chemistries challenging. Under these regulations, the new fungicide ipflufenoquin (FRAC Code 52) was first released in Japan. Its mode of action is new; it inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of pyrimidine-based nucleotides. However, because it is a single-site inhibitor, the risk of resistance developing in pathogens must be carefully considered. The risk for dual use of DHODH inhibitors in agriculture and medicine has also become a great concern because a new antifungal olorofim is under development against human pathogens now and cross-resistance has recently been reported between ipflufenoquin and olorofim in Aspergillus fumigatus. In this study, the sensitivity to ipflufenoquin was examined in culture and in plants using “baseline” isolates, which had never been exposed to DHODH inhibitors. Isolates of Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, B. elliptica, Colletotrichum fioriniae, C. fructicola, C. nymphaeae, C. orbiculare, C. siamense, C. tropicale, C. truncatum, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were highly sensitive to ipflufenoquin in culture, but isolates of Coniella vitis, Corynespora cassiicola, Pseudocercospora fuligena, and Rhizoctonia solani were inherently resistant. Ipflufenoquin had low efficacy against C. cassiicola and C. vitis after inoculation of cucumber and grapevine leaves, respectively. To understand the mechanism of natural resistance, we analyzed the partial sequence of pyrE genes, which encode the DHODH enzyme, but did not find any differences in the deduced amino acids that were thought to be associated with resistance. Thus, mechanisms other than target-site mutations might be involved in the intrinsic resistance.
Effect of fumigants on inoculum of Neopestalotiopsis spp. in strawberry crowns and soil
Authors: Alonzo Galvin , Baggio Juliana Silveira , Peres Natalia A.
Published: October 2024

Florida’s strawberry industry has been facing an emerging threat after several outbreaks of an aggressive Neopestalotiopsis sp. affecting fruit, leaf, and crown caused severe yield losses. Our studies found Neopestalotiopsis sp. can survive from one production season to the next on crop debris in soil, which led us to evaluate the effect of fumigants on resident inoculum in strawberry crowns and soil. Different rates of 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin, and metam potassium were applied to pasteurized soil inside glass jars containing infected strawberry crowns. Soil samples were taken after broadcast and bed fumigation treatments with a combination of 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin at ratios of 63:35 were applied at four commercial fields. Crowns and soil samples were processed and plated on a semi-selective medium for Neopestalotiopsis spp. and colony-forming units (CFU) were counted 5 days after plating. CFU counts in crowns treated with 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin, and metam potassium decreased significantly as rates increased and were described by exponential decay models. CFUs were not recovered in most of the soil samples from fumigated strawberry beds after broadcast or bed fumigation. However, CFUs were found in non-fumigated row middles between fumigated beds which can serve as a source of inoculum to start new epidemics. Chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene, and metam potassium were effective on reducing Neopestalotiopsis spp. inoculum in strawberry crowns and soil, providing new evidence on the fungicidal activity of 1,3-dichloropropene. Broadcast fumigation with 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin at ratios of 63:35 could potentially be used to reduce inoculum of Neopestalotiopsis sp. in severely infested fields.
Chewing Gum to Treat Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Female Patients: A Multicenter Randomized Trial
Authors: Darvall Jai N. , De Silva Anurika P. , von Ungern-Sternberg Britta , Story David A. , Davidson Andrew J. , Allen Megan L. , Tran-Duy An , Schultz-Ferguson Cindy , Ha Vi , Braat Sabine , Leslie Kate ,   on behalf of the CHEWY Trial Group and the ANZCA Clinical Trials Network
Published: October 2024

Background:

Postoperative nausea and vomiting is common after general anesthesia, with consequences for patient outcomes, satisfaction with care, and healthcare costs. The aim was to compare a new treatment, chewing gum, with a widely used intravenous agent, ondansetron, to treat postoperative nausea and vomiting in female patients in the postanesthesia care unit.

Methods:

This study was a multicenter, randomized, controlled noninferiority trial in 17 hospitals in Australia and New Zealand. Female patients aged 12 yr or older undergoing volatile anesthetic–based general anesthesia for laparoscopic or breast surgery were enrolled. Protocolized antiemetic prophylaxis was administered. Patients who developed postoperative nausea and vomiting in the postanesthesia care unit were randomized to either 15 min of chewing gum or 4 mg intravenous ondansetron. The primary outcome was cessation of nausea, retching, or vomiting with no recurrence nor rescue medication for 2 h after administration of the randomized intervention (i.e., complete response).

Results:

Of 865 enrolled patients, 218 were randomized. In a per-protocol analysis, 50 of 105 (47.6%) ondansetron-treated patients compared with 31 of 103 (30.1%) chewing gum–treated patients achieved the primary outcome (absolute risk difference [95% CI], −17.3 [−30.4 to −4.3]%), not reaching the prespecified noninferiority limit. The time to complete response was longer for patients randomized to chewing gum (hazard ratio [95% CI], 0.53 [0.34 to 0.83]), and they were more likely to receive antiemetics in the 24 h after surgery (absolute risk difference [95% CI], 14.1 [1.6 to 26.5]%).

Conclusions:

Chewing gum cannot be recommended as an alternative to ondansetron for treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting in female patients administered antiemetic prophylaxis.