bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quaternary climate instability is correlated with patterns of population genetic variability in Bombus huntii
Authors: Koch Jonathan B. , Vandame Rémy , Mérida‐Rivas Jorge , Sagot Philippe , Strange James
Published: July 2018

Climate oscillations have left a significant impact on the patterns of genetic diversity observed in numerous taxa. In this study, we examine the effect of Quaternary climate instability on population genetic variability of a bumble bee pollinator species, Bombus huntii in western North America. Pleistocene and contemporary B. huntii habitat suitability (HS) was estimated with an environmental niche model (ENM) by associating 1,035 locality records with 10 bioclimatic variables. To estimate genetic variability, we genotyped 380 individuals from 33 localities at 13 microsatellite loci. Bayesian inference was used to examine population structure with and without a priori specification of geographic locality. We compared isolation by distance (IBD) and isolation by resistance (IBR) models to examine population differentiation within and among the Bayesian inferred genetic clusters. Furthermore, we tested for the effect of environmental niche stability (ENS) on population genetic diversity with linear regression. As predicted, high‐latitude B. huntii habitats exhibit low ENS when compared to low‐latitude habitats. Two major genetic clusters of B. huntii inhabit western North America: (a) a north genetic cluster predominantly distributed north of 28°N and (b) a south genetic cluster distributed south of 28°N. In the south genetic cluser, both IBD and IBR models are significant. However, in the north genetic cluster, IBD is significant but not IBR. Furthermore, the IBR models suggest that low‐latitude montane populations are surrounded by habitat with low HS, possibly limiting dispersal, and ultimately gene flow between populations. Finally, we detected high genetic diversity across populations in regions that have been climatically unstable since the last glacial maximum (LGM), and low genetic diversity across populations in regions that have been climatically stable since the LGM. Understanding how species have responded to climate change has the potential to inform management and conservation decisions of both ecological and economic concerns.
Expected impacts of climate change threaten the anuran diversity in the Brazilian hotspots
Authors: Vasconcelos Tiago S. , do Nascimento Bruno T. M. , Prado Vitor H. M.
Published: July 2018

We performed Ecological Niche Models (ENMs) to generate climatically suitable areas for anurans in the Brazilian hotspots, the Atlantic Forest (AF), and Cerrado (CER), considering the baseline and future climate change scenarios, to evaluate the differences in the alpha and beta diversity metrics across time. We surveyed anuran occurrence records and generated ENMs for 350 and 155 species in the AF and CER. The final predictive maps for the baseline, 2050, and 2070 climate scenarios, based on an ensemble approach, were used to estimate the alpha (local species richness) and beta diversity metrics (local contribution to beta diversity index and its decomposition into replacement and nestedness components) in each ~50 × 50 km grid cell of the hotspots. Climate change is not expected to drastically change the distribution of the anuran richness gradients, but to negatively impact their whole extensions (i.e., cause species losses throughout the hotspots), except the northeastern CER that is expected to gain in species richness. Areas having high beta diversity are expected to decrease in northeastern CER, whereas an increase is expected in southeastern/southwestern CER under climate change. High beta diversity areas are expected to remain in the same AF locations as the prediction of the baseline climate, but the predominance of species loss under climate change is expected to increase the nestedness component in the hotspot. These results suggest that the lack of similar climatically suitable areas for most species will be the main challenge that species will face in the future. Finally, the application of the present framework to a wide range of taxa is an important step for the conservation of threatened biomes.
Andalusian Protected Designations of Origin of Virgin Olive Oil: The Role of Chemical Composition in Their Authentication
Authors: Aparicio‐Ruiz Ramón , García‐González Diego L. , Lobo‐Prieto Ana , Aparicio Ramón
Published: July 2018

The latest regulation to protect unique virgin olive oils that have particular properties is called protected designations of origin (PDOs), and it has proven to be a successful way to protect quality and geographical authenticity. Nevertheless, sometimes the registration of new PDOs associated to new demarcations of geographic areas are almost based on administrative aspects rather than objective chemical data. In this study, the ability of chemical compounds of virgin olive oils with PDO is analyzed that are not labile and their concentrations do not vary over time − fatty acids, alcohols, hydrocarbons, methyl‐sterols and sterols − to differentiate them from those produced in their neighboring geographical areas. Three cases in the Andalusia region (Southern Spain) that combine pedoclimatic characteristics and variations of cultivar have been studied (9 areas with PDO and 3 non‐PDO areas). With a modified procedure of ANOVA analysis − the Brown–Forsythe test, chemical compounds that show good characteristics for the classification of samples are selected, and this ability is later checked by applying the unsupervised algorithm of Principal Component Analysis. Differences in their chemical composition are found when comparing the PDO oils with those produced in the neighboring olive tree groves despite chemical criteria are not among the most decisive factors for registering PDOs.

Practical Applications: The practical application of this study is centered in the possibilities of the chemical composition of virgin olive oil being used to differentiate the PDO authenticity. The results of this study proves that it is difficult to establish discreet limits defining the PDO areas. The current physical‐chemical information should be used by both administration and PDO councils to supplement arguments for approving or denying new PDOs.

Chemistry can assist the authenticity of virgin olive oil PDOs. The registration of new PDOs associated with new demarcations of geographic areas are almost based on administrative aspects rather than objective chemical data. In this work, chemical compounds that show good characteristics for the classification of samples are selected, and their classifying ability is later checked.
Comparison of Different Processing Methods of Iron Walnut Oils (Juglans sigillata): Lipid Yield, Lipid Compositions, Minor Components, and Antioxidant Capacity
Authors: Gao Pan , Liu Ruijie , Jin Qingzhe , Wang Xingguo
Published: July 2018

A comparison study is performed on different processing methods of iron walnut oils (Juglans sigillata). Processing methods here include cold‐pressing (CP), roasting‐pressing (RP), n‐hexane extraction (HE), subcritical butane extraction (SBE), and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The lipid yield, physicochemical properties, lipid compositions, minor components, and antioxidant capacity of iron walnut oils are analyzed. Different processing methods do not affect the fatty acid compositions and triacylglycerol compositions of iron walnut oil. The lipid yields of pressing process (42.63–44.12%) is lower than that of the extraction process (48.13–63.44%). By multiple linear regression analysis, the results about the correlation between minor components and antioxidant capacity show that the RP process with high number of polyphenols (52.91 mg kg−1) indicates the highest antioxidant activity (DPPH: 574.73, FRAP: 111.80, ABTS: 498.53, ORAC: 523.34 µmol TE kg−1, respectively). Considering health and nutritional value of oil, RP can be a promising method for future iron walnut oil processing.

Practical Applications: Iron walnut (Juglans sigillata) is a special walnut variety in China. In this study, five different processing methods of iron walnut oil are evaluated. The new iron walnut oil processing method is beneficial to the development of iron walnut oil. The authors show that lipid composition of tested oils is relatively stable, while their minor components contents are significantly different. Oil antioxidant capacity is mainly related to polyphenols. Roasting‐pressing can obviously improve the antioxidant activity of the iron walnut oil. This information has important directive to the nutritional value and industrial production of iron walnut oil.

Iron walnut oil is obtained from Juglans sigillata by different processing methods, including cold‐pressing, roasting‐pressing, n‐hexane extraction, subcritical butane extraction, and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The lipid yield, physicochemical properties, lipid compositions, minor components, and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, and ORAC) are analyzed. Models deduced by multiple linear regression are recognized as acceptable for predicting the antioxidant capacity of the iron walnut oil.
Multiobjective self‐optimization of the cellular architecture for green 5G networks
Authors: Aissaoui Ferhi Leila , Sethom Kaouthar , Choubani Fethi , Bouallegue Ridha
Published: July 2018

Cellular architecture, energy efficiency, and self‐optimizing network are key features to meet the forecast requirements of the fifth‐generation networks. Frequently, the major optimization focus is on maximizing the data rate, but many other objectives are considered ahead to be optimized in the standardization of green fifth‐generation networks such as ubiquitous coverage, cost, availability, latency, automation, energy efficiency, load balancing, mobility, and awareness, which are often conflicting objectives. In this paper, we propose a multiobjective evolutionary framework using a real traffic profile and three‐dimensional beamforming to ensure green self‐optimization of the network cellular layouts. The framework is based on a genetic algorithm (GA) handling conflicting objectives: coverage, capacity, energy efficiency, load balancing, and mobility. The simulation results show a dynamic and automated design of the network layouts following the spatial and temporal fluctuation of the traffic. The sectors are switched‐on, shaped, and switched‐off only where and when required for both macro and virtual small cell layers.
The role of regional circulation features in regulating El Niño climate impacts over southern Africa: A comparison of the 2015/2016 drought with previous events
Authors: Blamey R. C. , Kolusu S. R. , Mahlalela P. , Todd M. C. , Reason C. J. C.
Published: July 2018

Extremely dry conditions were experienced across most of southern Africa during the austral summer (October–March) of 2015/2016, associated with one of the strongest observed El Niño events in the Pacific. Dry conditions peaked in the early austral summer months (October–December) producing the most intense drought in the 116‐year historical record, as measured by the intensity of the standardized precipitation index across all spatial scales up to the sub‐continental. We estimate the return period of this extreme early summer drought to be greater than 200 years. The interior and eastern parts of South Africa were particularly hard‐hit with station data showing rainfall totals being at their lowest since at least 1950. The early summer dry conditions make the 2015/2016 event atypical compared to past El Niño events of similar magnitude. We find that key regional circulation patterns, influenced by planetary‐scale processes, play an important role in modulating the spatial and temporal evolution of the summer rainfall during these El Niño events. Specifically, (a) the Angola Low and the South Indian Ocean High, two dominant low‐level circulation features that drive moisture convergence to support convective precipitation in the region, were anomalously weakened in early austral summer of 2015/2016 resulting in less moisture being transported over the continent, and (b) the mid‐level Botswana High was stronger than in previous El Niño years further producing unfavourable conditions for rainfall through stronger subsidence in the mid‐ to upper levels over southern Africa.
Knockout of hyaluronan synthase 1, but not 3, impairs formation of the retrocalcaneal bursa
Authors: Sikes Katie J. , Renner Kristen , Li Jun , Grande‐Allen K. Jane , Connell Jennifer P. , Cali Valbona , Midura Ronald J. , Sandy John D. , Plaas Anna , Wang Vincent M.
Published: July 2018

Hyaluronan (HA), a high molecular weight non‐sulfated glycosaminoglycan, is an integral component of the extracellular matrix of developing and mature connective tissues including tendon. There are few published reports quantifying HA content during tendon growth and maturation, or detailing its effects on the mechanical properties of the tendon extracellular matrix. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to examine the role of HA synthesis during post‐natal skeletal growth and maturation, and its influence on tendon structure and biomechanical function. For this purpose, the morphological, biochemical, and mechanical properties of Achilles tendons from wild type (WT) and hyaluronan synthase 1 and 3 deficient mouse strains (Has1−/−(Has1KO),Has3−/−(Has3KO), andHas1−/−3−/−(Has1/3KO)) were determined at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age. Overall, HAS‐deficient mice did not show any marked differences from WT mice in Achilles tendon morphology or in the HA and chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) contents. However,HAS1‐deficiency (in the single or Has1/3 double KO) impeded post‐natal formation of the retrocalcaneal bursa, implicating HAS1 in regulating HA metabolism by cells lining the bursal cavity. Together, these data suggest that HA metabolism via HAS1 and HAS3 does not markedly influence the extracellular matrix structure or function of the tendon body, but plays a role in the formation/maintenance of peritendinous bursa. Additional studies are warranted to elucidate the relationship of HA and CS/DS metabolism to tendon healing and repair in vivo. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2622–2632, 2018.
Characterization of aroma, aroma‐active compounds and fatty acids profiles of cv. Nizip Yaglik oils as affected by three maturity periods of olives
Authors: Amanpour Armin , Kelebek Hasim , Selli Serkan
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND

The present study aimed to investigate how olive maturity indices (MI) (2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 MI) affect the aroma, aroma‐active compounds, fatty acid profiles and color properties of cv. Nizip Yaglik olive oils. Various techniques for extracting volatiles from oil materials are available in the literature. Aroma compounds were extracted by the solvent‐assisted flavor evaporation extraction method for the first time in olive oil.

RESULTS

The type and number of aroma‐active compounds varied according to maturity periods of olives. A total of 22, 21 and 20 different key odorants were found in aromatic extracts of samples with 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 MI, respectively. The most potent aroma‐active compounds based on flavor dilution (FD) factor values were hexanal (green) for 2.5 MI (FD: 1024) and 3.5 MI (FD: 512), as well as 1‐penten‐3‐ol (green‐leafy) for 4.5 MI (FD: 512).

CONCLUSION

Overall, olive oils obtained from unripe and medium‐ripe olives had stronger green and fruity odours compared to ripe olives. Principal component analysis demonstrated that oils were clearly discriminated according to their general physicochemical analysis, fatty acids, aroma profiles and key odorants. The results of the present study show that the olive maturity period has a significant influence on the quality parameters of olive oil. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Water masses and their seasonal variation on the Lincoln Shelf, South Australia
Authors: Richardson L. E. , Middleton J. F. , James N. P. , Kyser T. K. , Opdyke B. N.
Published: July 2018

Five water masses are defined for the Lincoln Shelf, South Australia using hydrographic and stable isotope data. Three water masses are present on the shelf and slope year‐round. Slope Water with low temperature, salinity, and isotope values occurs perennially on the slope at depths greater than 180 m, and episodically upwells onto the shelf during summer. During strong upwelling events this water can be upwelled from 300 m to 100 m water depth on the shelf south of Kangaroo Island. This water then flows west toward Eyre Peninsula and into the mouth of Spencer Gulf. The most common shelf water is Subtropical Surface Water, a mixed water mass that is transported year‐round by the eastward flowing South Australian Current. This current is heavily influenced by waters from the Great Australian Bight and local modifications, with temperature and salinity of 16–17°C and 35.8, respectively. Local summer heating and evaporation of Subtropical Surface Water on the shelf and within Spencer Gulf forms Evaporated Water, a water mass with high temperature, salinity and isotope values. The use of stable isotopes in water mass analysis permits the identification of two new water masses that form on the shelf during summer. Mixed Slope Water forms when Slope Water mixes with Subtropical Surface Water during upwelling events, and Cooled Evaporated Water is generated when surface Evaporated Water mixes vertically with cool, fresh bottom waters. Such dynamics lead to mixing of nutrient‐rich mesotrophic upwelled waters with oligotrophic surface waters, which supports greater levels of primary productivity on the shelf.
Recovery of Holothuroidea population density, community composition, and respiration activity after a deep‐sea disturbance experiment
Authors: Stratmann Tanja , Voorsmit Ilja , Gebruk Andrey , Brown Alastair , Purser Autun , Marcon Yann , Sweetman Andrew K. , Jones Daniel O. B. , van Oevelen Dick
Published: July 2018

Mining polymetallic nodules on abyssal plains will have adverse impacts on deep‐sea ecosystems, but it is largely unknown whether the impacted ecosystem will recover, and if so at what rate. In 1989 the “DISturbance and reCOLonization” (DISCOL) experiment was conducted in the Peru Basin where the seafloor was disturbed with a plough harrow construction to explore the effect of small‐scale sediment disturbance from deep‐sea mining. Densities of Holothuroidea in the region were last investigated 7 yr post‐disturbance, before 19 yr later, the DISCOL site was re‐visited in 2015. An “ocean floor observatory system” was used to photograph the seabed across ploughed and unploughed seafloor and at reference sites. The images were analyzed to determine the Holothuroidea population density and community composition, which were combined with in situ respiration measurements of individual Holothuroidea to generate a respiration budget of the study area. For the first time since the experimental disturbance, similar Holothuroidea densities were observed at the DISCOL site and at reference sites. The Holothuroidea assemblage was dominated by Amperima sp., Mesothuria sp., and Benthodytes typica, together contributing 46% to the Holothuroidea population density. Biomass and respiration were similar among sites, with a Holothuroidea community respiration of 5.84
10−4 ± 8.74
10−5 mmol C m−2 d−1 at reference sites. Although these results indicate recovery of Holothuroidea, extrapolations regarding recovery from deep‐sea mining activities must be made with caution: results presented here are based on a relatively small‐scale disturbance experiment as compared to industrial‐scale nodule mining, and also only represent one taxonomic class of the megafauna.
Restrictions on Employee Committees
Authors: DeMaria Alfred T.
Published: July 2018

This is the third in a four‐part series on the use of employee committees.
Backward bifurcation analysis for two continuous and discrete epidemiological models
Authors: Anguelov Roumen , Dukuza Kenneth , Lubuma Jean M.‐S.
Published: July 2018

The bifurcation analysis of a continuous n‐dimensional nonlinear dynamical system with a nonhyperbolic equilibrium point is done by using the main theorem in the work of Castillo‐Chavez and Song. We derive an analog of this theorem for discrete dynamical systems. We design nonstandard finite difference schemes for a susceptible‐infectious‐susceptible epidemiological model with vaccination and for a malaria model. For the latter model, we sharpen the interval of the values of the disease induced death rate for which backward bifurcation may occur. Applying the discrete theorem, it is shown that each nonstandard finite difference scheme replicates the property of the continuous model of having backward bifurcation at the value one of the basic reproduction number.
Nonlocal evolution equations in perforated domains
Authors: Pereira Marcone C.
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we study a nonlocal evolution equation posed in perforated domains. We consider problems of the formwithxin a perturbed domain. We think about Ωεas a fixed set Ω from where we have removed the subsetAεthat we call the holes. Moreover, we takeJas a nonsingular kernel. Assuming weak convergence of the holes, specifically, under the assumption that the characteristic function of Ωεhas a weak limit,weakly∗inL∞(Ω) asε→0, we analyze the limit of the solutions proving a nonlocal homogenized evolution equation.
The critical exponent for a time fractional diffusion equation with nonlinear memory
Authors: Zhang Quanguo , Li Yaning
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we determine the Fujita critical exponent of the following time fractional subdiffusion equation with nonlinear memory

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma5169:mma5169-math-0001
where 0 < α < 1, 0 ≤ γ < 1, γ ≤ α, p > 1,
,
denotes left Riemann‐Liouville fractional integral of order 1 − γ. Let β = 1 − γ. We prove that, if
, any nontrivial positive solution blows up in a finite time. If p > p∗ and
is sufficiently small, where
, then u exists globally.
Regularity of second derivatives in elliptic transmission problems near an interior regular multiple line of contact
Authors: Druet Pierre‐Etienne
Published: July 2018

We consider second‐order elliptic transmission problems in 3D in which several subdomains intersect at a closed line of contact. We prove that weak solutions possess second‐order generalized derivatives up to the contact line. Moreover, we quantify the index of integrability and the Hölder exponent by means of explicit formula known in the literature for two‐dimensional problems. For instance, the integrability of the gradient to a power larger than the space dimension d=3 can be expected if the oscillations of the diffusion coefficient are moderate, that is, for far larger a range than what a theory of small perturbations would allow, or if there are at most three involved materials.
The application of variable‐frequency directional seismic wave technology under complex geological conditions
Authors: Yue Yonggao , Jiang Tao , Zhou Qi
Published: July 2018

Monofrequency directional seismic wave technology can be used to manipulate the phases of seismic waves, thereby focusing seismic signals into beams and strengthening the energy in the main beam direction. However, it is unknown whether a variable‐frequency signal can form a directional seismic wave, and the applicable conditions for utilizing this technology have not yet been reported. In this paper, we analysed the variable‐frequency directional seismic wave theory and methodology through ray tracing and the seismic wave equation. Based on the variable‐frequency directional seismic wave principle, the effects of directional parameters on the main beam direction and half‐power beamwidth were discussed in detail. In addition, the effectiveness of the variable‐frequency directional seismic wave method in several complicated velocity models was discussed. Numerical tests with the variable‐frequency directional seismic wave technique indicated that the energy intensity in the main beam direction increased by two to six times and the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the targets signal increased by 0.60–0.84 dB. Additionally, we used variable‐frequency directional seismic wave technology to analyse a shallow geological structure with a 9‐vibrator array in an area of Jilin Province. The field experiment results revealed that the near‐surface exploration depth increased from 60 to 240 m. Therefore, under complex geological conditions, the variable‐frequency directional seismic wave technology can improve the target signal at little cost.
Validation of body mass index (BMI)‐related ICD‐9‐CM and ICD‐10‐CM administrative diagnosis codes recorded in US claims data
Authors: Ammann Eric M. , Kalsekar Iftekhar , Yoo Andrew , Johnston Stephen S.
Published: July 2018

Purpose

To quantify the sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of body mass index (BMI)‐related ICD‐9‐CM and ICD‐10‐CM diagnosis codes in claims data.

Methods

De‐identified electronic health record (EHR) and claims data were obtained from the Optum Integrated Claims‐Clinical Database for cross‐sections of commercial and Medicare Advantage health plan members age ≥ 20 years in 2013, 2014, and 2016. In each calendar year, health plan members' BMI as coded in the insurance claims data (error‐prone measure) was compared with their BMI as recorded in the EHR (gold standard) to estimate the sensitivity and PPV of BMI‐related ICD‐9‐CM and ICD‐10‐CM diagnosis codes. The unit of analysis was the person‐year.

Results

The study sample included 746 763 distinct health plan members who contributed 1 116 283 eligible person‐years (median age 56 years; 57% female; 65% commercially insured and 35% with Medicare Advantage). BMI‐related diagnoses were coded for 14.6%. The sensitivity of BMI‐related diagnoses codes for the detection of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity was 10.1%, 3.7%, 6.0%, and 25.2%, and the PPV was 49.0% for underweight, 89.6% for normal weight, 73.4% for overweight, and 92.4% for obesity, respectively. The sensitivity of BMI‐related diagnosis codes was higher in the ICD‐10‐CM era relative to the ICD‐9‐CM era.

Conclusions

The PPV of BMI‐related diagnosis codes for normal weight, overweight, and obesity was high (>70%) but the sensitivity was low (<30%). BMI‐related diagnoses were more likely to be coded in patients with class II or III obesity (BMI ≥35 kg/m2), and in 2016 relative to 2013 or 2014.
Psychological assessment with Chinese Americans: Concerns and recommendations
Authors: Zhou Zhiqing , Cavazos Melina , Sohn‐McCormick Anita
Published: July 2018

Asian Americans are the fastest growing population in the United States, with Chinese Americans accounting for the largest percentage. In response to this growth, mental health examiners should be culturally competent of the Asian culture, including Chinese culture, as to ensure ethically appropriate and accurate assessment of these individuals. In the current paper, we discussed several critical components of Chinese American clients' social experience, including their language and education attainment, and their stress related to discrimination, racism, and acculturation. We also provided descriptions of specific cultural concerns that should be taken into consideration when assessing Chinese American clients, such as the stigma associated with seeking mental health services, parenting styles and parental involvement in education. In addition, we attempted to bring several practical issues to practitioners' attention; for example, the importance of assessing language proficiency and level of acculturation, the limited availability to appropriately normed psychoeducational assessments, and the different communication style of Chinese American clients. To address these issues, various recommendations were provided, though additional research is needed to create better opportunities and ethical practice for the assessment of Chinese American clients.
A pooling strategy to effectively use genotype data in quantitative traits genome‐wide association studies
Authors: Zhang Wei , Liu Aiyi , Albert Paul S. , Ashmead Robert D. , Schisterman Enrique F. , Mills James L.
Published: July 2018

The goal of quantitative traits genome‐wide association studies is to identify associations between a phenotypic variable, such as a vitamin level and genetic variants, often single‐nucleotide polymorphisms. When funding limits the number of assays that can be performed to measure the level of the phenotypic variable, a subgroup of subjects is often randomly selected from the genotype database and the level of the phenotypic variable is then measured for each subject. Because only a proportion of the genotype data can be used, such a simple random sampling method may suffer from substantial loss of efficiency, especially when the number of assays is relative small and the frequency of the less common variant (minor allele frequency) is low. We propose a pooling strategy in which subjects in a randomly selected reference subgroup are aligned with randomly selected subjects from the remaining study subjects to form independent pools; blood samples from subjects in each pool are mixed; and the level of the phenotypic variable is measured for each pool. We demonstrate that the proposed pooling approach produces considerable gains in efficiency over the simple random sampling method for inference concerning the phenotype‐genotype association, resulting in higher precision and power. The methods are illustrated using genotypic and phenotypic data from the Trinity Students Study, a quantitative genome‐wide association study.
Sculpting Extreme Electromagnetic Field Enhancement in Free Space for Molecule Sensing
Authors: Liu Fanxin , Song Boxiang , Su Guangxu , Liang Owen , Zhan Peng , Wang Han , Wu Wei , Xie Yahong , Wang Zhenlin
Published: July 2018

A strongly confined and enhanced electromagnetic (EM) field due to gap‐plasmon resonance offers a promising pathway for ultrasensitive molecular detections. However, the maximum enhanced portion of the EM field is commonly concentrated within the dielectric gap medium that is inaccessible to external substances, making it extremely challenging for achieving single‐molecular level detection sensitivity. Here, a new family of plasmonic nanostructure created through a unique process using nanoimprint lithography is introduced, which enables the precise tailoring of the gap plasmons to realize the enhanced field spilling to free space. The nanostructure features arrays of physically contacted nanofinger‐pairs with a 2 nm tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta‐C) film as an ultrasmall dielectric gap. The high tunneling barrier offered by ta‐C film due to its low electron affinity makes an ultranarrow gap and high enhancement factor possible at the same time. Additionally, its high electric permittivity leads to field redistribution and an abrupt increase across the ta‐C/air boundary and thus extensive spill‐out of the coupled EM field from the gap region with field enhancement in free space of over 103. The multitude of benefits deriving from the unique nanostructure hence allows extremely high detection sensitivity at the single‐molecular level to be realized as demonstrated through bianalyte surface‐enhanced Raman scattering measurement.
Electron Tomography Reveals the Droplet Covered Surface Structure of Nanowires Grown by Aerotaxy
Authors: Persson Axel R. , Metaferia Wondwosen , Sivakumar Sudhakar , Samuelson Lars , Magnusson Martin H. , Wallenberg Reine
Published: July 2018

For the purpose of functionalizing III‐V semiconductor nanowires using n‐doping, Sn‐doped GaAs zincblende nanowires are produced, using the growth method of Aerotaxy. The growth conditions used are such that Ga droplets, formed on the nanowire surface, increase in number and concentrations when the Sn‐precursor concentration is increased. Droplet‐covered wires grown with varying Sn concentrations are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography, which together establish the positioning of the droplets to be preferentially on {−111}B facets. These facets have the same polarity as the main wire growth direction, [−1−1−1]B. This means that the generated Ga particles can form nucleation sites for possible nanowire branch growth. The concept of azimuthal mapping is introduced as a useful tool for nanowire surface visualization and evaluation. It is demonstrated here that electron tomography is useful in revealing both the surface and internal morphologies of the nanowires, opening up for applications in the analysis of more structurally complicated systems like radially asymmetrical nanowires. The analysis also gives a further understanding of the limits of the dopants which can be used for Aerotaxy nanowires.
Do code data sharing dependencies support an early prediction of software actual change impact set?
Authors: Liu Xiaoyu , Huang LiGuo , Egyed Alexander , Ge Jidong
Published: July 2018

Existing studies have shown that structural dependencies within code are good predictors for code actual change impact set—a set of entities that repeatedly changing together to ensure a consistent and complete change. However, the result is far from ideal, particularly when insufficient historical data are available at an early stage of software development. This paper demonstrates that a better understanding of data dependencies in addition to call dependencies greatly improves actual change impact set prediction. We propose a new approach and tool (namely, CHIP) to predict software actual change impact sets leveraging both call and data sharing dependencies. For this purpose, CHIP employs novel extensions (dependency frequency filtering and shared data type idf filtering) to reduce false positives. CHIP assumes that developers know initial places where to start making changes in the source code even though they may not know all changes. This approach has been empirically evaluated on 4 large‐scale open source systems. Our evaluation demonstrates that data sharing dependencies have a complementary impact on software actual change impact set prediction as compared with predictions based on call dependencies only. CHIP improves the F2‐score compared with the predictors using both Program Dependence Graph and evolutionary couplings.
Adipose-Derived Stem Cells of Blind Mole Rat Spalax Exhibit Reduced Homing Ability: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Role in Cancer Suppression
Authors: Mamchur Anatolii , Leman Eva , Salah Safaa , Avivi Aaron , Shams Imad , Manov Irena
Published: July 2018

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are recruited by cancer cells from the adjacent tissue, and they become an integral part of the tumor microenvironment. Here, we report that ADSCs from the long-living, tumor-resistant blind mole rat, Spalax, have a low ability to migrate toward cancer cells compared with cells from its Rattus counterpart. Tracking 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU)-labeled ADSCs, introduced to tumor-bearing nude mice, toward the xenografts, we found that rat ADSCs intensively migrated and penetrated the tumors, whereas only a few Spalax ADSCs reached the tumors. Moreover, rat ADSCs, but not Spalax ADSCs, acquired endothelial-like phenotype and incorporated in the intratumoral reticular structure resembling a vasculature. Likewise, endothelial-like cells differentiated from Spalax and rat ADSCs could form capillary-like structures; however, the tube densities were higher in rat-derived cells. Using time-lapse microscopy, in vitro wound-healing, and transwell migration assays, we demonstrated the impaired motility and low polarization ability of Spalax ADSCs. To assess whether the phosphorylated status of myosin light chain (MLC) is involved in the decreased motility of Spalax ADSCs, we inhibited MLC phosphorylation by blocking of Rho-kinase (ROCK). Inhibition of ROCK resulted in the suppression of MLC phosphorylation, acquisition of actin polarization, and activation of motility and migration of Spalax ADSCs. We propose that reduced ADSCs migration to cancer and poor intratumoral angiogenesis play a role in Spalax’s cancer resistance. Learning more about the molecular strategy of noncancerous cells in Spalax to resist oncogenic stimuli and maintain a nonpermissive tumor milieu may lead us to developing new cancer-preventive strategy in humans.
Myeloid Disease Mutations of Splicing Factor SRSF2 Cause G2-M Arrest and Skewed Differentiation of Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells
Authors: Bapat Aditi , Keita Nakia , Martelly William , Kang Paul , Seet Christopher , Jacobsen Jeffery R. , Stoilov Peter , Hu Chengcheng , Crooks Gay M. , Sharma Shalini
Published: July 2018

Myeloid malignancies, including myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and acute myeloid leukemia, are characterized by abnormal proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Reports on analysis of bone marrow samples from patients have revealed a high incidence of mutations in splicing factors in early stem and progenitor cell clones, but the mechanisms underlying transformation of HSPCs harboring these mutations remain unknown. Using ex vivo cultures of primary human CD34+ cells as a model, we find that mutations in splicing factors SRSF2 and U2AF1 exert distinct effects on proliferation and differentiation of HSPCs. SRSF2 mutations cause a dramatic inhibition of proliferation via a G2-M phase arrest and induction of apoptosis. U2AF1 mutations, conversely, do not significantly affect proliferation. Mutations in both SRSF2 and U2AF1 cause abnormal differentiation by skewing granulo-monocytic differentiation toward monocytes but elicit diverse effects on megakaryo-erythroid differentiation. The SRSF2 mutations skew differentiation toward megakaryocytes whereas U2AF1 mutations cause an increase in the erythroid cell populations. These distinct functional consequences indicate that SRSF2 and U2AF1 mutations have cell context-specific effects and that the generation of myeloid disease phenotype by mutations in the genes coding these two proteins likely involves different intracellular mechanisms.
One‐Step Construction of the Shape Persistent, Chiral But Symmetrical Polyimine Macrocycles
Authors: Kwit Marcin , Grajewski Jakub , Skowronek Paweł , Zgorzelak Mikołaj , Gawroński Jacek
Published: July 2018

A unique combination of structural flexibility, shape persistency and functionality, makes macrocycles and molecular cages as essential molecular entities that have displayed applications that go beyond chemistry. Among macrocycles, the selectively obtained symmetrical (poly)cyclic polyimines have shown great utility in the design of molecules varied in shape and properties. The reversible and thermodynamically controlled cycloimination reaction is governed by configurational and conformational constraints imposed on the intermediate products, ensures a sufficiently high level of preorganization. The high geometrical control over the macrocycle structure has profound effect on their assembly mode. In this Account, we were interested in showing how the structure of small building blocks affects the structure of macrocyclic product and further, how influenced the association mode of the given macromolecule. The latter is of primarily importance in supramolecular and in material chemistry.
[(PPh3)4Pt2S2(SnCl)]+: A Pt‐Sn‐S Cluster with a Ternary Trigonal Bipyramidal Cluster Core
Authors: Geringer Eugenie , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: July 2018

By reaction of the organotin sulfide cluster [(R1Sn)4S6] (A) [R1 = CMe2CH2CMeN–N=CH(C11H8N2)] with [Pt(PPh3)2Cl2], a new heterobimetallic platinum‐tin chalcogenide cluster was synthesized with a ternary, trigonal bipyramidal cluster core. The structure of [(PPh3)4Pt2S2(SnCl)][SnCl3] (1) was determined by X‐ray diffraction, further characterization was done by means of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
The non-Abelian tensor multiplet
Authors: Gustavsson Andreas
Published: July 2018

Abstract

We assume the existence of a background vector field that enables us to make an ansatz for the superconformal transformations for the non-Abelian 6d (1, 0) tensor multiplet. Closure of supersymmetry on generators of the conformal algebra and the R-symmetry, requires that the vector field is Abelian, has scaling dimension minus one and that the supersymmetry parameter as well as all the fields in the tensor multiplet have vanishing Lie derivatives along this vector field. We couple the tensor multiplet to an adjoint hypermultiplet, and present a Lagrangian for the combined system that has enhanced (2, 0) superconformal symmetry. We also obtain the off-shell supersymmetry variations for both the tensor and the hypermultiplets.
Management of Appendicitis Globally Based on Income of Countries (MAGIC) Study
Authors: Gomes Carlos Augusto , Abu‐Zidan Fikri M. , Sartelli Massimo , Coccolini Federico , Ansaloni Luca , Baiocchi Gian Luca , Kluger Yoram , Di Saverio Salomone , Catena Fausto
Published: July 2018

Background

Our aim is to compare the management approaches and clinical outcomes of acute appendicitis according to annual Gross National Income per Capita (GNI/Capita) of countries.

Methods

Consecutive patients who were diagnosed to have acute appendicitis from 116 centers of 44 countries were prospectively studied over a 6‐month period (April–September 2016). Studied variables included demography, Alvarado score, comorbidities, radiological and surgical management, histopathology, and clinical outcome. Data were divided into three groups depending on the GNI/Capita.

Results

A total of 4271 patients having a mean (SD) age of 33.4 (17.3) years were studied. Fifty‐five percent were males. Two hundred and eighty patients were from lower–middle‐income (LMI) countries, 1756 were from upper–middle‐income (UMI) countries, and 2235 were from high‐income (HI) countries. Patients in LMI countries were significantly younger (p < 0.0001) and included more males (p < 0.0001). CT scan was done in less than 8% of cases in LMI countries, 23% in UMI countries, and 38% in HI countries. Laparoscopy was performed in 73% of the cases in the HI countries, while open appendectomy was done in more than 60% of cases in both LMI and UMI countries (p < 0.0001). The longest mean hospital stay was in the UMI group (4.84 days). There was no significant difference in the complication or death rates between the three groups. The overall death rate was 3 per 1000 patients.

Conclusions

There is great variation in the presentation, severity of disease, radiological workup, and surgical management of patients having acute appendicitis that is related to country income. A global effort is needed to address this variation. Individual socioeconomic status could be more important than global country socioeconomic status in predicting clinical outcome.
Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) mechanisms and its effects on cortical excitability and connectivity
Authors: Reed Thomas , Cohen Kadosh Roi
Published: July 2018

In this review, we describe transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques currently being used in neuroscientific research, including transcranial direct current (tDCS), alternating current (tACS) and random noise (tRNS) stimulation techniques. We explain how these techniques are used and summarise the proposed mechanisms of action for each technique. We continue by describing how each method has been used to alter endogenous neuronal oscillations and connectivity between brain regions, and we conclude by highlighting the varying effects of stimulation and discussing the future direction of these stimulation techniques in research.
Gadobutrol: A Review in Contrast-Enhanced MRI and MRA
Authors: Scott Lesley J.
Published: July 2018

Intravenous gadobutrol [Gadovist™ (EU); Gadavist® (USA)] is a second-generation, extracellular non-ionic macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) that is approved for use in paediatric (including term neonates) and adult patients undergoing diagnostic contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI for visualization of pathological lesions in all body regions or for CE MRA to evaluate perfusion and flow-related abnormalities. Its unique physicochemical profile, including its high thermostability and proton relaxation times, means that gadobutrol is formulated at twice the gadolinium ion concentration of other GBCAs, resulting in a narrower bolus and consequently, improved dynamic image enhancement. Based on >  20 years of experience in the clinical trial and real-world settings (>  50 million doses) and its low risk for developing nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), gadobutrol represents an effective and safe diagnostic GBCA for use in CE MRI and MRA to visualize pathological lesions and vascular perfusion and flow-related abnormalities in all body regions in a broad spectrum of patients, including term neonates and other paediatric patients, young and elderly adult patients, and those with moderate or severe renal or hepatic impairment or cardiovascular (CV) disease.
The (Anti-)Ideological Origins of Bernard Bailyn's Education in the Forming of American Society
Authors: Fallace Thomas D.
Published: July 2018

Bernard Bailyn'sEducation in the Forming of American Societyrepresents, perhaps, the most significant text in the history of the field. In this essay, I argue that Bailyn's classic text can, and should, be contextualized in the post-World War II intellectual milieu of consensus liberalism that overtly rejected ideological commitment. Bailyn and other postwar consensus liberals considered academic research, conducted free from political ideology, to be the best antidote to the totalitarian thought of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Bailyn's famous text reflected the values of postwar consensus liberalism by rejecting the ideological commitments of the interwar period and embracing the objective, scientific values of the 1950s as reflected in the new intellectual and cultural history. Bailyn's emphasis on cultural-intellectual history as the best corrective for totalitarian thinking reflected the aspirations, hopes, and fears of his own moment in time, in the same way the progressives’ focus on conflict and reform reflected theirs.
Embracing Education and Contesting Americanization: A Reexamination of Native Hawaiian Student Engagement in Territorial Hawai‘i’s Public Schools, 1920–1940
Authors: Taira Derek
Published: July 2018

This article explores the efforts of Native Hawaiian students to appropriate and take control of their schooling as part of a broad Indigenous story of empowerment during Hawai‘i’s territorial years (1900–1959). Histories of this era lack a visible Indigenous presence and contribute to the myth that Natives passively accepted the Americanization of the islands. This article challenges this myth by examining Native student writings to tell a story of Native involvement in education as a pragmatic strategy designed to advance distinctly Indigenous interests through the American education system. These stories reveal schools as complex sites of negotiation where Native students regularly navigated sociocultural pressure from their friends, parents, teachers, and America's growing presence in the islands while testing and exploring their own identities.
Introduction: Ethnic Formation with Other-Than-Human Beings
Authors: Schoenbrun David L. , Johnson Jennifer L.
Published: July 2018

Literature on ethnicity in Africa meets literature on multispecies ethnography to their mutual benefit. Multispecies ethnography considers people together with other-than-human beings, insisting the figure of the human is an interspecific one. We explore the ways in which multispecies ethnography needs history as part of a story about power and politics. But, the burden of the essay argues that historians of ethnicity need multispecies ethnographers’ embrace of a broader canvas of life, in motion at many scales. Historians of ethnicity need a greater awareness of change and continuity in the presence of other-than-human life forms, over time. Those same historians also might adopt the readiness of multispecies ethnographers to recognize other than the descent metaphor at the heart of thinking and making groups.