bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Harnessing carbon markets for tropical forest conservation: towards a more realistic assessment
Authors: SMITH J. , MULONGOY K. , PERSSON R. , SAYER J.
Published: July 2002

The proposed Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol paves the way for financial and technological transfers to support forestry projects that sequester carbon or protect carbon stocks. From its inception, the concept has been highly controversial. It has been enthusiastically supported by those who believe that conservation of tropical forests will be difficult unless forest owners and managers are compensated for the environmental services of their forests. Others believe that financial transfers supporting ‘carbon farming’ would ignore social concerns and the full range of goods and services of forests. This paper examines the implications of CDM for forest conservation and sustainable use, by drawing on recent literature and the results of a policy dialogue with CDM stakeholders. We conclude that initial estimates of the contribution tropical forestry could make to both climate change mitigation and to forest conservation need to be scaled down. CDM payments for tropical forestry are likely to be received in a far more limited area than initially expected. The cost-effectiveness of forestry projects relative to projects in the energy sector may have been overestimated. In particular few estimates have adequately accounted for the likelihood that the duration of CDM forestry projects is unlikely to be as long as the residency time of carbon in the atmosphere. Also political realities and investor priorities may not have been sufficiently understood. CDM funding for forestry may also decline in future as economically viable clean technologies are increasingly developed in the energy sector. Tropical forests are likely to be an intermediate climate change mitigation strategy for buying time, until more permanent options become available. The most important justification for including forests in CDM may lie in the contribution CDM could potentially make to forest conservation and sustainable use. An analysis of the implications of CDM for forests reveals the importance of involving forest stakeholders more closely in the CDM debate. To prevent perverse outcomes and reduce the risk of ‘leakage’ of emission reduction to areas outside project boundaries, CDM projects may need to be limited to niches which meet certain political and institutional preconditions and where sufficient understanding of local decision-making and the broader context is available. CDM may be more effective if used to remove non-economic impediments to forestry activities that are economically viable and meet local needs. Lessons from the forestry sector in relation to plantations, natural forest management, forest conser-
vation and non-timber forest products are discussed
to illustrate the dangers of misusing CDM and also to give examples of how CDM could be harnessed for better use of forests. CDM should be seen as one more tool for enhancing the effectiveness of more conventional ways of promoting forest conservation and sustainable use.
Park-people conflict resolution in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal: buying time at high cost?
Authors: Stræde Steffen , Helles Finn
Published: July 2002

The grass cutting programme (GCP) of Royal Chitwan National Park (RCNP) has been very successful in gaining local people's acceptance of RCNP. The GCP is recognized internationally as a model for park-people conflict resolution, but has seemingly become a spent force. The aim of the present study was to assess the extent to which the GCP is a form of ‘community-based conservation’ on the one hand, or ‘nature-based development’ on the other. During the ten days of open access in 1999, almost 50 000 tonnes of biomass were removed from the Park; the total gross economic value of the GCP in 1999 was more than US$ 1 million. Illegal fuelwood was the single most important product extracted from RCNP and accounted for half of the total quantity and economic value of all resources collected. It is argued that the GCP does not, in its present form, comply with the concept of community-based conservation, but is rather an example of nature-based development, where important natural core areas are exploited in the name of development. This study suggests a two-fold approach to reappraise the importance of the GCP in solving park-people conflicts without ignoring nature conservation. Firstly, access should be provided in different areas at different times instead of opening the whole Park at the same time. Secondly, since for the last 10–15 years buffer-zone community forestry has not been able to substitute fuelwood from RCNP, other ways to address local people's energy demand should be considered. It is argued that park-people conflicts in RCNP have not been solved, but only postponed, especially by compromising forest conservation and the possibility of the GCP to supply villagers with essential products in the future.
Tourism revenue-sharing around national parks in Western Uganda: early efforts to identify and reward local communities
Authors: Archabald Karen , Naughton-Treves Lisa
Published: July 2002

Throughout much of the tropics, human-wildlife conflict impedes local support for national parks. By channelling tourism revenue to local residents, conservationists hope to offset wildlife costs and improve local attitudes toward conservation. To date tourism revenue-sharing (TRS) programmes have met mixed success. Local conditions and national policies that shape the success of TRS programmes were identified by comparing the experiences of both implementers and beneficiaries of pilot TRS programmes at three parks in western Uganda. Between 1995 and 1998, communities around these parks used a total of US $83 000 of tourism revenue to build 21 schools, four clinics, one bridge, and one road. In 1996, the Ugandan parliament passed legislation that changed both the amount of money available for TRS and the institutions responsible for sharing the money. The programme was suspended at all three parks while the implementing agency (Uganda Wildlife Authority) struggled to design a programme that complied with the new legislation. TRS funds collected before 1996 were shared through 1998, but since then no revenue has been shared. However, a revised TRS programme is expected to resume in 2001. In semi-structured interviews, both implementers and beneficiaries evaluated local TRS programmes and compared them to other benefit-sharing projects, particularly those promoting sustainable use of non-timber products within park boundaries (n = 44). Both groups of respondents listed revenue-sharing as the most important advantage of living next to a national park. Seventy-two per cent of respondents indicated that they thought TRS had improved attitudes towards the protected areas, and 53% thought TRS was more important then sustainable use of non-timber forest products. Although respondents were generally positive about TRS, in informal discussions respondents repeatedly mentioned four potential obstacles to TRS success, namely poorly defined TRS policies and unsteady implementing institutions, corruption, inadequate funds, and numerous stakeholders with differing priorities. From this survey and literature from experiences in other African countries, there are four key components of successful revenue-sharing programmes: long-term institutional support, appropriate identification of the target community and project type, transparency and accountability, and adequate funding. With firm institutional support and realistic expectations, TRS can play an important role in improving local attitudes towards conservation.
Forests on a full Earth
Authors: WOODWELL GEORGE M.
Published: July 2002

Objective: a return to a wholesome human habitat

The continued operation of the biosphere as a wholesome human habitat would be expected to emerge as one of several persistent collective purposes in human affairs. Daly (1993) has pointed to the challenge as accommodating the transition from an empty Earth, where resources exceed demand, to a full Earth, where demand routinely exceeds the resource. Forests are so large in every aspect of the biophysics of the human habitat that their functional integrity is intrinsic to that purpose. How can the functional integrity of forests on a full Earth best be assured on a global basis over the next decades as all pressures on the human habitat continue to soar? Such is the challenge before the World Commission on Forests and Sustainable Development, now completing its final hearings and preparing its report. The Commission was established in 1995 as a non-governmental group of distinguished citizens from the forested countries to do what governments had been unable to do in 1992 at the Rio Conference, namely to address the critical global and international issues of forests in the context of the emergent public interests, as opposed to continued destructive commercial exploitation. The Commission's staff and offices are in Geneva. Its report will be released in 1998.
Special Issue: Topological representation and reasoning
in design and manufacturing
Authors: BRAHA DAN
Published: July 2002

Topology deals with geometric properties which are
dependent only upon the relative positions of the components
of figures and not upon such concepts as length, size,
and magnitude. Topology supports design and representation
of mechanical devices, communication and transportation
networks, topographic maps, and planning and controlling
of complex activities. In addition, aspects of topology are
closely related to symbolic logic, which forms the foundation
of artificial intelligence. By approaching engineering
design from this abstract point of view, it is possible
to use topological methods to study collections of geometric
objects or collections of entities that are of concern
in design analysis or synthesis. The importance of topological
representation and reasoning in analysis, design, and manufacturing
is heightened by the contemporary view that stresses the
need for conceptual design.
Design and design centers in engineering education
Authors: DYM CLIVE L.
Published: July 2002

This paper is intended to be the opening salvo
of the workshop, Computing Futures in Engineering Design
(Dym, 1997). Thus, I want to take this privileged moment
to ask you to think with me about the role of design in
engineering. In particular, I want to reflect upon how
design is articulated and how design is taught; about the
role of design in engineering education and in the practice
of engineering; and about the role that could be played
locally and, perhaps, nationally by a center devoted to
design education. Because I teach here at Harvey
Mudd College (HMC), and because most of you are visitors,
I will place my remarks in our context by telling
you about what we do here and how that doing has shaped
my thinking.
Learning to set up numerical optimizations of engineering
designs
Authors: SCHWABACHER MARK , ELLMAN THOMAS , HIRSH HAYM
Published: July 2002

Gradient-based numerical optimization of complex
engineering designs offers the promise of rapidly producing
better designs. However, such methods generally assume
that the objective function and constraint functions are
continuous, smooth, and defined everywhere. Unfortunately,
realistic simulators tend to violate these assumptions,
making optimization unreliable. Several decisions that
need to be made in setting up an optimization, such as
the choice of a starting prototype and the choice of a
formulation of the search space, can make a difference
in the reliability of the optimization. Machine learning
can improve gradient-based methods by making these choices
based on the results of previous optimizations. This paper
demonstrates this idea by using machine learning for four
parts of the optimization setup problem: selecting a starting
prototype from a database of prototypes, synthesizing a
new starting prototype, predicting which design goals are
achievable, and selecting a formulation of the search space.
We use standard tree-induction algorithms (C4.5 and CART).
We present results in two realistic engineering domains:
racing yachts and supersonic aircraft. Our experimental
results show that using inductive learning to make setup
decisions improves both the speed and the reliability of
design optimization.
Towards a general ontology of configuration
Authors: SOININEN TIMO , TIIHONEN JUHA , MÄNNISTÖ TOMI , SULONEN REIJO
Published: July 2002

This article presents a generalized ontology of
product configuration as a step towards a general ontology
of configuration, which is needed to reuse and share configuration
knowledge. The ontology presented consists of a set of
concepts for representing the knowledge on a configuration
and the restrictions on possible configurations. The ontology
is based on a synthesis of the main approaches to configuration.
Earlier approaches are extended with new concepts arising
from our practical experience on configurable products.
The concepts include components, attributes, resources,
ports, contexts, functions, constraints, and relations
between these. The main contributions of this work are
in the detailed conceptualization of knowledge on product
structures and in extending the resource concept with contexts
for limiting the availability and use of resources. In
addition, constraint sets representing different views
on the product are introduced. The ontology is compared
with the previous work on configuration. It covers all
the principal approaches, that is, connection-based, structure-based,
resource-based, and function-based approaches to configuration.
The dependencies between the concepts arising from different
conceptualizations are briefly analyzed. Several ways in
which the ontology could be extended are pointed out.
Infection with verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 during a visit to an inner city open farm
Authors: CHAPMAN P. A. , CORNELL J. , GREEN C.
Published: July 2002

Two cases of Escherichia coli O157 infection occurred in children after visiting an inner city
open farm. Subsequently faecal samples collected from animal pens and samples of composted
mixed animal manure and vegetable waste were examined for E. coli O157 by enrichment
culture, immunomagnetic separation and culture of magnetic beads to cefixime tellurite sorbitol
MacConkey agar. Strains of E. coli O157 were characterized by hybridization with DNA
probes for VT1, VT2 and eaeA, plasmid profile analysis, phage typing and pulsed field gel
electrophoresis (PFGE). Verocytotoxin-producing E. coli O157 strains were isolated from faecal
samples from a cow, a horse, 3 breeds of pigs, 2 breeds of sheep and 2 breeds of goats and
from 2 samples of compost which had been processed for 3 months. All strains were phage
type 21, hybridized with probes for VT2 and eaeA but not with one for VT1, harboured 92
and 2 kb plasmids and gave indistinguishable banding patterns with PFGE. Although only two
culture-confirmed cases of infection had been identified, the farm had over 100 000 visitors per
year and so it was closed as a precaution both to allow a thorough investigation and to
prevent further cases. The investigation identified many factors which may have contributed to
transmission of E. coli O157 infection. Most of these were readily resolved by appropriate
corrective measures and as there were no further cases associated with the farm during the
ensuing 4 weeks it then re-opened. These cases highlight the risk, especially to young children,
of acquiring zoonotic infections during visits to open farms and emphasize the need for
adequate guidance and supervision before and during such visits.
Isolation of a non-haemadsorbing, non-cytopathic strain of African swine fever virus in Madagascar
Authors: GONZAGUE M. , ROGER F. , BASTOS A. , BURGER C. , RANDRIAMPARANY T. , SMONDACK S. , CRUCIERE C.
Published: July 2002

African swine fever (ASF) suspected clinically in Madagascar (1998–9) was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleotide sequencing, following virus isolation. No haemadsorption or cytopathic effect could be detected following leukocyte inoculation, but viral growth in cells was confirmed by PCR. Detection of ASF virus genome was carried out by amplification of a highly conserved region coding for the p72 protein. Nucleotide sequencing of the amplicon revealed 99·2% nucleotide identity between the recent Malagasy strains and a virus recovered from the 1994 outbreak in Mozambique (SPEC265). A serological survey performed on 449 sera, revealed that only 5·3% of the sera taken from pigs between 1998 and 1999 were positive.
Serotyping of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from common

and severe invasive infections in Japan, 1990–5: implication
of the T3 serotype strain-expansion in TSLS
Authors: INAGAKI Y. , KONDA T. , MURAYAMA S. , YAMAI S. , MATSUSHIMA A. , GYOBU Y. , TANAKA D. , TAMARU A. , KATSUKAWA C. , KATAYAMA A. , TOMITA M. , FUCHI Y. , HOASHI K. , WATANABE H.
Published: July 2002

To clarify the relationship between the epidemics of severe
invasive group A streptococcal
infections (streptococcal Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome; TSLS) and common group
A
streptococcal infections in Japan, we examined the T serotypes of
S. pyogenes strains (group A
streptococci) isolated from clinical specimens of the streptococcal
infections (17999 cases) in
the period 1990–5, including the severe infections (TSLS)
(29 cases) in the period 1992–5.
Characteristic points of the analyses were: (1) dominant serotypes
of the infections in these
periods were T12, T4, T1, T28 and TB3264, which were consistently isolated;

(2) isolates of T3
rapidly increased through 1990 to 1994 while T6 decreased in the
period 1990–3; (3) when
Japanese area was divided into three parts, T3 serotype tended to spread

out from the north-eastern to the south-western area; (4) strains of T3

and T1 serotypes were dominant in the
TSLS. Dominant-serotype strains of streptococcal infections did not
always induce severe
infections and dominance of T3 serotype in the TSLS seemed to be
correlated with the increase
of T3 in streptococcal infections. These results may indicate that
certain clones of S. pyogenes are involved in the
pathogenesis of the TSLS.
Epidemiological features of entero non-poliovirus isolations in

Belgium 1980–94
Authors: DRUYTS-VOETS E.
Published: July 2002

Between 1980 and 1994 the virological laboratory of the Institute

of Hygiene and Epidemiology was responsible for the typing of enteroviruses,
isolated

by other, mainly university, hospital laboratories. Altogether 3333 strains
of entero

non-polio (EnP) were typed.

The number and the most common types of EnP virus isolations varied

from year to year.

Each year two to three predominant types determined the main character
of the EnP

associated illness seen.
Funerals during the 1994 cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau,

West Africa: The need for disinfection of bodies of persons

dying of cholera
Authors: GUNNLAUGSSON G. , EINARSDÓTTIR J. , ANGULO F. J. , MENTAMBANAR S. A. , PASSA A. , TAUXE R. V.
Published: July 2002

The 1994 cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau resulted in

15878 reported cases and 306 deaths.

Early in the epidemic, although the health ministry mandated

that the bodies of persons dying

of cholera be disinfected, outbreaks occurred in several

villages following funerals in the region

of Biombo. To determine the influence of disinfection and

funeral activities on cholera

transmission, we analysed surveillance data and conducted a

case-control study following a

funeral. The attack rate during the week following funerals

was higher in villages where bodies

were not disinfected (risk ratio = 2·6, 95% confidence

interval [CI] 1·9–3·8). Cholera was

strongly associated with eating at a funeral with a

non-disinfected corpse (odds ratio [OR] =

14·5, 95% CI 0·9–786) and with touching

(i.e., transporting, washing) the body (OR = 36·2,

95% CI 2·6–1769). During cholera epidemics, in

addition to other cholera prevention activities,

health officials should inform community leaders about the

risk of cholera transmission during

funerals, meals should not be served at funerals, and bodies

of persons dying of cholera should be disinfected.
The Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin from equine isolates;

its characterization, sequence and role in foal diarrhoea
Authors: NETHERWOOD T. , BINNS M. , TOWNSEND H. , WOOD J. L. N. , MUMFORD J. A. , CHANTER N.
Published: July 2002

During a survey of foal diarrhoea between 1991 and 1994,
Clostridium perfringens was
significantly associated with disease with 56% of cases infected [1].

The contribution of
enterotoxigenic C. perfringens to this association, was assessed
by
use of the reverse passive
latex agglutination test for enterotoxin (RPLA; Oxoid Unipath) and vero
cell toxicity
neutralized by antitoxin on stored faecal samples and sporulated faecal
isolates of C.
perfringens. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR1) based on the DNA sequence
for the whole
enterotoxin gene [2] yielded a fragment from an equine
isolate of the anticipated size which,
cloned into plasmid M13 phage, had a sequence essentially identical to
the published sequence.
Consequently, all faecal isolates were also tested by PCR1 and for a part
of the enterotoxin
gene (PCR2).

Significant association with diarrhoea (controls not in contact with
cases) was found with
positive RPLA tests on faeces (OR=13, P=0·002) and isolates

(OR=4·57, P=<0·0001),
vero cell toxicity of isolates (OR=1·78, P=0·026),

and PCR1 (OR=nd, P=0·029) but not
PCR2 or vero cell toxicity of faeces. Significant association with diarrhoea
was also found for
isolates negative by RPLA (OR=3·91; CI 2·05–7·57;

P<0·0001) or PCR1 (OR=4·81; CI
2·84–8·20; P<0·0001). Many of
the isolates from RPLA positive faeces and verotoxic isolates
were PCR negative and no evidence could be found for the presence of the
enterotoxin gene in
a random selection of RPLA positive/PCR negative isolates by gene probe
on chromosomal
DNA and PCR reaction product or vero cell toxicity neutralized by specific
antiserum. Failure
of the vero cell toxicity on faeces to be associated with diarrhoea or

for cytotoxicity of cultures
and RPLA on cultures to agree with the PCRs was believed to be related
to the presence of
other cytotoxins, the inherent cytotoxicity of equine faeces and to the

poor specificity of the commercial antiserum used in the test.

Enterotoxigenic C. perfringens could not account for the
overall association of C. perfringens
with foal diarrhoea because (a) cultures positive by PCR, RPLA or cytotoxicity
were not
significantly more common amongst isolates from cases than controls; and
(b) the proportion
of isolates from cases positive by PCR (PCR1 or PCR2) was too small at
9·7%.
Clinical and epidemiological features of group A streptococcal
bacteraemia in a region with hyperendemic superficial
streptococcal infection
Authors: CARAPETIS J. R. , WALKER A. M. , HIBBLE M. , SRIPRAKASH K. S. , CURRIE B. J.
Published: July 2002

Reports of increasing incidence and severity of invasive group

A streptococcal (GAS) infections
come mainly from affluent populations where exposure to GAS is relatively
infrequent. We
conducted a 6-year retrospective review of GAS bacteraemia in the Northern
Territory of
Australia, comparing the Aboriginal population (24% of the study population),
who have high
rates of other streptococcal infections and sequelae, to the non-Aboriginal
population. Of 72
episodes, 44 (61%) were in Aboriginal patients. All 12 cases in children
were Aboriginal. Risk
factors were implicated in 82% of episodes (91% in adults) and there was
no significant
difference in the proportion of Aboriginal compared to non-Aboriginal patients
with at least
one risk factor. Genetic typing of isolates revealed no dominant strains
and no evidence of a
clone which has been a common cause of these infections elsewhere.
Microbiological and epidemiological investigation of cholera
epidemic in Ukraine during 1994 and 1995
Authors: CLARK C. G. , KRAVETZ A. N. , ALEKSEENKO V. V. , KRENDELEV YU. D. , JOHNSON W. M.
Published: July 2002

The Ukraine cholera epidemic of 1994 and 1995 was
caused by Vibrio cholerae O1, serotype
Ogawa, biotype El Tor. This epidemic was centred in the area around Respublika
Krim
(Crimea) and Mykolajiv, and spread to include parts of southern Ukraine.
Cases of cholera
occurred between September and November of 1994 and between June and October
of 1995.
The 32 fatalities among 1370 recorded cases (case fatality ratio,
2·3%) occurred throughout the
course of the epidemic. V. cholerae from patients with
cholera produced cholera toxin and
were resistant to multiple antibiotics, though no resistance plasmids were
found. Conjugation
experiments suggested that resistance to multiple antibiotics may be present
on a
self-transmissible genetic element. Environmental sources of
V. cholerae O1 El Tor included
sewage, sea and surface water, and fresh water and marine fish. All but
one of the
environmental V. cholerae isolated during the
epidemic were very similar to selected isolates
from patients at the same time, supporting the role of these environmental
sources in the
spread of disease.
Risk factors for Plasmodium vivax infection in the Lacandon
forest, southern Mexico
Authors: DANIS-LOZANO R. , RODRIGUEZ M. H. , GONZALEZ-CERON L. , HERNANDEZ-AVILA M.
Published: July 2002

A study was conducted to characterize the risk of Plasmodium vivax infection in the Lacandon
forest, southern Mexico. Blood samples and questionnaire data were collected in 1992. Malaria
cases (n = 137) were identified by the presence of symptoms and a positive thick blood smear.
The control group included individuals with negative antibody titres and no history of malaria
(n = 4994). From 7628 individuals studied, 1006 had anti-P. vivax antibodies. Seroprevalence
increased with age. Risk factors associated with infection included: place of birth outside the
village of residence (odds ratio, OR 11·67; 95% CI 5·21–26·11); no use of medical services (OR
4·69, 95% CI 3·01–7·29), never using bed-nets
(OR 3·98, 95% CI 1·23–12·86) and poor
knowledge of malaria transmission, prevention and treatment
(OR 2·30, 95% CI 1·30–4·07).
Health education represents the best recommendation for controlling the disease in the area.
Regional differences in presentation of AIDS in Europe
Authors: BLAXHULT A. , KIRK O. , PEDERSEN C. , DIETRICH M. , BARTON S. E. , GATELL J. M. , MULCAHY F. , HIRSCHEL B. , MOCROFT A. , LUNDGREN J. D.
Published: July 2002

Data were collected on 6578 patients diagnosed with AIDS at 52 clinical centres in 17
European countries during an 11-year period from 1979 to 1989. The centres were divided into
four regions, North, Central, Southeast, and Southwest. Differences in the incidence of most
AIDS-defining opportunistic infections and malignancies were found. After adjusting for
known possible confounders, statistically significant differences between regions remained.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) was more common in Northern Europe, Kaposi's
sarcoma and toxoplasmosis in Central Europe, cytomegalovirus retinitis in South-eastern
Europe, and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in South-western Europe. These differences we
attribute primarily to different degrees of exposure to the respective underlying pathogens. The
prevalence of these and other micro-organisms will determine the clinical course of HIV
infections in parts of Eastern Europe and elsewhere where the virus now is spreading.
Tuberculosis drug resistance in England and Wales. How much is ‘home-grown’?
Authors: HAYWARD A. C. , HERBERT J. , WATSON J. M.
Published: July 2002

The fact that a substantial proportion of tuberculosis drug resistance (especially multidrug
resistance) is due to transmission of resistant strains or treatment failure in the UK underlines
the need to strengthen control in this country. Early identification and effective treatment of
cases (including measures to support adherence and appropriate use of initial treatment regimes
involving at least four drugs in those at risk of isoniazid resistance) would help to control the
problem [1].
Positional prominence and the ‘prosodic trough’ in Yaka
Authors: Hyman Larry M.
Published: July 2002

The issue of vowel height harmony – relatively rare in the
world's
languages – is one that most serious theories of phonology have addressed
at one time or another, particularly as concerns its realisation in Bantu
(e.g. Clements 1991, Archangeli & Pulleyblank 1994, Beckman 1997).
As
is quite well known, the majority of an estimated 500 Bantu languages
exhibit some variant of a progressive harmony process by which vowels
lower when preceded by an appropriate (lower) trigger. (Ki)-Yaka, a
Western Bantu language spoken in ex-Zaire, designated as H.31 by
Guthrie (1967–71), has a height harmony system which has been analysed
as having a similar left-to-right lowering process. In this paper I argue
against the general analysis given for Yaka, showing that this language
differs in a major way from the rest of Bantu. The goals of the paper are
threefold. First, I present a comprehensive treatment of the unusual vowel
harmony system in (ki-)Yaka. Second, I introduce the notion of the
‘prosodic trough’ (τ), a domain which is needed in order
to state
important phonological generalisations in Yaka and in Bantu in general.
Finally, I show the relevance of the Yaka facts for the study of positional
prominence in phonology. A (partial) analysis is offered within optimality-
theoretic terms, particularly as developed by McCarthy & Prince (1995).
Although superficially resembling the vowel height harmony found in
most Bantu languages, the Yaka system will be shown to differ from these
latter in major ways. The paper is organised as follows. In §2 I establish
the general nature of the Yaka harmony system, reanalysing previous
accounts in terms of ‘plateauing’. In §3 I turn to the
process of
‘imbrication’, which introduces a second motivation for vowel
harmony:
the avoidance of the sequence [wi]. A third source of vowel harmony
is
presented in §4, which also introduces the notion of the ‘prosodic
trough’.
The study ends with a brief conclusion in §5 and an appendix that
discusses outstanding problems.
Morphometric differentiation between the Italian hare (Lepus corsicanus De Winton, 1898) and the European brown hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778)
Authors: Riga F. , Trocchi V. , Randi E. , Toso S.
Published: July 2002

The Italian hare (Lepus corsicanus De Winton, 1898), formerly considered a subspecies of the European brown hare (L. europaeus Pallas, 1778), is an endemic species recently revalidated by genetic analyses. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses to assess morphological discrimination between L. corsicanus and L. europaeus. A clear morphological discrimination in body and skull measurements between Italian hares and European hares was evident. Our results are consistent with the morphological observations in the historical specimens and with mtDNA data. Furthermore, no morphological hybrid was found even in areas where viable populations of the two species coexist in sympatry. Despite the original distribution of the Italian hare, it is impossible to determine a clear boundary between the two species because of human introduction of L. europaeus for hunting. Populations of L. corsicanus have been recorded from central Italy to Sicily, with a fragmented distribution and sometimes in sympatry and syntopy with populations of L. europaeus. However, in Sicily the Italian hare is continuously distributed, locally abundant and no stable European hare populations have been found. Although the conservation of the Italian hare needs to be understood better, urgent conservation and management strategies are required to avoid the threat of extinction for local populations.
Early diversification of the avian brain:body relationship
Authors: Nealen Paul M. , Ricklefs Robert E.
Published: July 2002

Scaling of avian brain:body mass throughout the diversification of the class was investigated by analysis of a large collection of adult brain and body masses. Linear regression model analysis of whole‐class brain:body scaling resulted in scaling exponents ranging from 0.574 to 0.609, values which exclude several prior empirical and theoretical estimates. Taxonomic level‐specific analysis of brain:body scaling was performed by major‐axis regression of trait variances partitioned among levels of taxonomic distinction. Brain:body scaling exponents varied markedly among avian orders, but were not easily related to ecological differences among taxa. Avian brain:body scaling exhibited a partial taxon‐level effect, in that scaling exponents vary with the taxonomic level of investigation. However, scaling exponents were greatest at the family level, a pattern not consistent with prior ontogenetic or genetic covariance models of trait diversification. Instead, it is suggested that initial diversification among birds was largely through body size diversification, while later diversification of families within orders contained a relatively greater degree of brain size diversification. Avian developmental mode, known to influence avian brain size at hatching, was associated with relatively little variance in adult brain mass. Avian brain:body diversification has occurred relatively uniformly in precocial taxa, while diversification within altricial taxa is marked by a relatively high degree of brain mass diversification among families within orders.
The social organization of the kinkajou Potos flavus (Procyonidae)
Authors: Kays Roland W. , Gittleman John L.
Published: July 2002

The social organization of the kinkajou Potos flavus is described from 380 h of observations on habituated, free‐ranging animals. Individuals were most often alone while feeding at night, yet they regularly interacted in stable social groups. Four social groups were observed, each consisting of a single adult female, two adult males, one sub‐adult and one juvenile. At least one breeding female was solitary and did not reside within a group. Social groups were consolidated primarily at denning sites and large fruiting trees by group feeding, allogrooming and scent marking. However, kinkajous were most often observed solitarily, as social feeding only occurred in 19.6 of total feeding bouts (mainly among males) and individuals rarely travelled together. Although the composition of social groups was polyandrous, males also copulated with non‐group females which suggests a promiscuous mating system. Female‐biased dispersal and patterns of male association seem to be patrilineal and based on resource defence. The evolution of social organization in the kinkajou is discussed in relation to predation risk, resource availability, and convergence with primates of similar fission–fusion socioecology.
A numerical scheme for moving boundary problems that are gradient flows for
the area functional
Authors: MAYER UWE F.
Published: July 2002

Many moving boundary problems that are driven in some way by the curvature of the
free boundary are gradient flows for the area of the moving interface. Examples are the
Mullins–Sekerka flow, the Hele-Shaw flow, flow by mean curvature, and flow by averaged
mean curvature. The gradient flow structure suggests an implicit finite differences approach
to compute numerical solutions. The proposed numerical scheme will allow us to treat such
free boundary problems in both IR2 and IR3. The advantage of such an approach is the re-usability of much of the setup for all of the different problems. As an example of the method,
we compute solutions to the averaged mean curvature flow that exhibit the formation of a
singularity.
A functional reactive animation of a lift using Fran
Authors: THOMPSON SIMON
Published: July 2002

This paper uses the Fran system for functional reactive animation to give a simulation of
a lift – or elevator – with many floors. The paper first introduces a two-floor version, and
then indicates in detail how this is extended to give a simulation with an arbitrary number of
floors and featuring more realistic animated graphics. The paper introduces those aspects of
Fran relevant to the simulation, making it a self-contained tutorial on parts of Fran and how
it is applied in practice. The full code for the system is available on the World Wide Web.
Hospitals, Jim, but not as we know them
Authors: Vetter Norman J
Published: July 2002

Hospitals are disappearing fast and have been doing so for many years almost without our noticing. Figure 1 shows the number of hospital beds and the number of discharges and deaths from hospital in the UK over the past 35 years.
Les partis politiques et la féminisation des noms de métier
Authors: Brick Noëlle , Wilks Clarissa
Published: July 2002

Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude sociolinguistique sur la langue non-sexiste menée auprès des partis politiques en France. L'étude porte sur les publications externes de cinq partis (Le Front National, Le Parti Socialiste, Le RPR, L'UDF, Les Verts). Dans un premier temps, les réactions des équipes rédactionnelles envers le concept de la langue discriminatoire ont été recueillies au moyen d'entretiens semi-structurés. Ensuite l'analyse d'un échantillon de publications a révélé comment et dans quelle mesure la politique rédactionnelle se traduit dans la pratique écrite. Il existe différents niveaux de sensibilité parmi les partis concernant l'éventuelle discrimination linguistique envers les femmes. En ce qui concerne la pratique rédactionnelle l'on trouve parmi les différents partis un éventail d'usages allant de l'immobilisme linguistique jusqu'à l'innovation lexicale.
Local knowledge of the Bornean Peacock-pheasant: a reply to Sözer et al. (2000)
Authors: Kinnaird M. , O'brien T.
Published: July 2002

We thank Sözer et al. (2000) for paying such close attention to our paper and taking the time to express their opinion so extensively. Sözer et al. express the opinion that our questionnaire and treatment of the data were biased. They objected to our request for assistance that accompanied the questionnaire, the use of pictures of unequal size, the wording of most questions, and what they considered a flawed semi-structured interview. Finally, they question the ability of the Kalimantan people to comprehend the interview process and respond accurately. They conclude a long discussion of the semi-structured interview with the comment “the data presented by O'Brien et al. (1999) are not incontrovertible”. The observations of Sözer et al., however, are simply opinions and are not backed by data or supporting arguments. Our opinions differ, and we do not find their arguments compelling. We have not presented our study as incontrovertible, and have in fact discussed the limitations of our survey at length in the manuscript.
NOTES RELATING TO THE FLORA OF BHUTAN: XL. GRAMINEAE III, THE GENUS POA
Authors: NOLTIE H. J.
Published: July 2002

The following new species are described from the E Himalaya: Poa pseudotibetica Noltie (Tibet, Sikkim); P. rohmooiana Noltie (Sikkim); P. chumbiensis Noltie (Tibet); P. dzongicola Noltie (Bhutan, Sikkim); P. cooperi Noltie (Sikkim); P. longii Noltie (Sikkim); P. lachenensis Noltie (Sikkim); P. rajbhandarii Noltie (India, Nepal, Bhutan). Poa himalayana Nees ex Steud. has been misunderstood and a new lectotype is chosen, replacing that of Bor; P. stewartii Bor is reduced to its synonymy.
‘Fascism or Revolution!’ Anarchism and Antifascism in France, 1933–39
Authors: Berry David
Published: July 2002

French anarchists were careful to distinguish between the Popular Front's leaders - the politicians - and its working-class supporters. They enthused over ‘the fraternity, the solidarity and the strength of the working class’ manifested in the extra-parliamentary antifascist movement of 1934–35. They took an active, and in some respects a leading part, in that movement. This article assesses the French anarchists' contribution to the antifascist movement and their critique of ‘Popular Frontism’. It also asks to what extent the anarchist movement can be said to have succeeded or failed in its objectives, and examines the ideological debates which the experiences of 1936–39 provoked between different anarchist currents over revolutionary strategy and tactics.
Deregulating the Genetic Supermarket: Preimplantation Screening,
Future People, and the Harm Principle
Authors: GAVAGHAN COLIN
Published: July 2002

Robert Nozick, in what is surely one of the most
intriguing and provocative footnotes in modern philosophical
writing, referred in Anarchy, State and Utopia
to the notion of a “genetic supermarket.”
In keeping with the central arguments of that text, his
suggestion was that choices about the genetic composition
of future generations should, as far as possible, be left
in the hands of private individuals, and should not be
determined or restricted by the state. This free market
in genetic screening would meet “the individual specifications
(within certain moral limits) of prospective parents,”
and would possess “the great virtue that it involves
no centralized decision fixing the future human type(s).”
In short, prospective parents would be allowed, to whatever
extent was rendered possible by current technology, to
choose the genetic traits of their future children.
Distinct Sums Modulo n
and Tree Embeddings
Authors: KÉZDY ANDRÉ E. , SNEVILY HUNTER S.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we are concerned with the following conjecture.

Conjecture. For any positive integers n and k satisfying k < n, and any sequence a1, a2, … ak
of not necessarily distinct elements of Zn, there exists a permutation π ∈ Sk such that the
elements aπ(i)+i are all distinct modulo n.

We prove this conjecture when 2k [les ] n+1. We then apply this result to tree embeddings.
Specifically, we show that, if T is a tree with n edges and radius r, then T decomposes Kt
for some t [les ] 32(2r+4)n2+1.
Sperm plasma membrane receptors for the porcine oocyte plasma membrane
Authors: Betancourt Miguel , Ducolomb Yvonne , Jiménez Irma , Casas Eduardo , Bonilla Edmundo , Berger Trish
Published: July 2002

In vitro fertilisation (IVF) was used to assess the ability of solubilised sperm plasma membrane (PM) proteins to inhibit the interaction of intact gametes. This is a first step before evaluating the ability of individual isolated proteins to competitively inhibit sperm-oocyte interaction as part of the process of studying the molecular events of fertilisation. Porcine oocytes were aspirated from ovaries, matured for 48 h in Medium 199, and the zona pellucida (ZP) was removed by exposure to acid Tyrode's solution. ZP-free matured oocytes were exposed to 200–800 μg/ml sperm PM protein for 1 h prior to insemination and during gamete co-incubation. Twenty-four hours after insemination with 5 × 105 capacitated sperm/ml, the oocytes were fixed, stained and examined. Sperm PM protein clearly inhibited IVF in a concentration-dependent manner (r = −0.87). The inhibition index (I50%), representing the sperm PM protein concentration necessary to inhibit IVF to 50% of the control value, was 310 µg/ml. These results demonstrate that solubilised sperm PM protein inhibits the interaction of intact gametes as one might expect for receptor-ligand interactions. Furthermore, the complement of sperm PM proteins appeared maximally effective at a calculated concentration of 690 µm/ml, providing a foundation for further studies with individual proteins.
Proteolytic activity of rabbit perivitelline spermatozoa
Authors: Valdivia M. , Sillerico T. , Ioannes A. De , Barros C.
Published: July 2002

Acrosin, an acrosomal serine protease, has been associated with binding of spermatozoa and their penetration through the zona pellucida. This study was aimed at determining whether the remaining proacrosin/acrosin system on rabbit perivitelline spermatozoa still has proteolytic activity and whether this activity is involved in further penetration of unfertilised rabbit eggs. Eight hundred and sixty-five rabbit perivitelline spermatozoa were evaluated by the gelatin-substrate film technique for the detection of acrosin on individual spermatozoan. Fifteen per cent of the studied spermatozoa showed small digestion halos on the gelatin film. The proteolytic activity of rabbit perivitelline spermatozoa was inhibited in the presence of 1 mg/ml of soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) or with 20 μg/ml of a mixture of the monoclonal anti-proacrosin/acrosin antibody. In vitro fertilisation occurred in 21.8% of rabbit oocytes co-incubated with perivitelline spermatozoa and was completely inhibited when oocytes were incubated with 600 μg/ml of a mixture of three anti-acrosin monoclonal antibodies (ACRO-A8C10, ACRO-C2B10 and ACRO-C5F10). Inseminations in the presence of anti-cholera monoclonal antibody (irrelevant to spermatozoa) resulted in 17.6% fertilisation. These results support the idea that the residual proacrosin/acrosin system in perivitelline spermatozoa might be involved in spermatozoal binding and/or second penetration through the zona pellucida.
Slipperiness on roads –an expert system classification
Authors: Norrman Jonas
Published: July 2002

A method for classifying different types of slipperiness on roads in Sweden is described. Using this method it is possible to survey road conditions in different areas and between different years to optimise winter road maintenance. Winter road maintenance in Sweden is generally undertaken by the national road administration to improve winter‐time road conditions, thereby keeping up the traffic flow and decreasing the accident rate. As a number of different types of slipperiness may develop on roads in winter, each due to a specific set of meteorological variables, maintenance work can be a complicated task. With the proposed classification method it becomes easier for the winter maintenance personnel to analyse information on road conditions and survey the distribution of road slipperiness in a region. The classification is performed with an expert system using meteorological data from the Swedish Road Weather Information System. The road condition is classified as good or as one out of ten different types of slipperiness on roads. Road conditions during three different winter periods are analysed. The results show that variations in climate produce substantial differences in annual road condition characteristics. The output from the expert system classifying road slipperiness is compared with recorded winter road maintenance reports. Maintenance action took place on 49% of all occasions when road conditions were classified as slippery. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Assessing topographic exposure
Authors: Chapman Lee
Published: July 2002

Topographic exposure is a variable which represents the degree of shelter afforded to a location. A detailed knowledge of exposure is useful for a wide variety of applications, ranging from the dynamics of drifting snow to the optimal location of wind‐farms. The degree of exposure can be calculated by considering the relative heights and distances of the horizon surrounding the point of study. Numerous approaches have been developed to measure this useful variable, from the early qualitative studies of wind‐shaped trees to Pyatts's quantitative TOPEX assessment. However, these studies have been superseded by the use of computers and in particular the application of digital terrain models. These provide a fast office‐based solution, virtually eliminating the need for fieldwork. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society