bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computational study on the comparative synthesis of energetic FOX‐7 derivatives
Authors: Liu Min‐Hsien , Cheng Ken‐Fa , Chen Cheng , Hong Yaw‐Sun
Published: April 2009

Ethene and two kinds of nitrating reagents (HNO3 and N2O5) were included in respective molecular systems, which progressed through a two‐stage electrophilic and free radical nitrosubstitution, resulting in the corresponding nitroethene compounds. Subsequent halogenation (using Cl2 and Br2) and amination (using ammonia) were then performed, also by electrophilic and radical substitution, to produce the target 1,1‐diamino‐2,2‐dinitroethene (FOX‐7) derivatives. All transition state species were identified using a two‐ or three‐structure Synchronous Transit‐Guided Quasi‐Newton between the Cartesian coordinates of the related molecular systems at specific reaction stages. The modeling results suggest that N2O5 is the better agent for nitration and bromine is suitable for use in halogenation. The comparable activation energies throughout the reaction stages were considered to imply the most feasible pathways of FOX‐7 synthesis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Electron localization and the second moment of the exchange hole
Authors: Ángyán J. G.
Published: April 2009

The localization tensor, which is a global measure of the itinerant character of the electrons, has been defined by Resta as the second cumulant moment of the position operator per electron. It seems to be a meaningful parameter not only for solids but also for finite molecular systems. In the independent‐particle limit, this quantity can be interpreted as the density‐weighted average of the second moment of the exchange hole. After examining several possible local measures based on the moment analysis of the exchange hole, it turns out that the density weighted squared exchange hole dipole moment might be a useful local indicator of electron localization. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
The effectiveness of producer‐side machine‐independent optimizations for mobile code
Authors: Amme Wolfram , von Ronne Jeffery , Adler Philipp , Franz Michael
Published: April 2009

Portable mobile code is often executed by a host virtual machine using just‐in‐time compilation. In this context, the compilation time in the host virtual machine is critical. This compilation time can be reduced if optimizations are performed ahead‐of‐time before distribution of the mobile code. Unfortunately, the portable nature of mobile code limits ahead‐of‐time optimizations to those that are machine‐independent. This work examines the effect of machine‐independent optimizations on the performance of mobile code applications. All experiments use the SafeTSA Format, a mobile code format that is based on Static Single Assignment Form (SSA Form). The experiments, which are performed on both the PowerPC and IA32 architectures, indicate that the effects of performing classical machine‐independent optimizations are—in fact—quite machine‐dependent. Nevertheless, the results demonstrate that applying such optimizations in a mobile code system can be beneficial. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive networks as second order governance systems
Authors: Nooteboom Sibout , Marks Peter
Published: April 2009

We connect the idea of ‘levers for change’ with ‘governance capacity’ and propose ‘adaptive networks’ as an ideal type embedded in, and leveraging change in, governance systems. Discourses connect practices of citizens and companies with that governance system. Aware of interdependencies, individuals may act in the interest of the whole system and self‐organize into adaptive networks, and influence discourses to a common end. Their effectiveness depends on second‐orderedness: adaptive networks in niches outside the governance system may influence it through levers. The motivation and competence to build creative tension helps adaptive networks emerge and coevolve with power networks, improving governance capacity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epistemic communities and the global alliance against tobacco marketing
Authors: Mukherjee Amit , Ekanayake E. M.
Published: April 2009

The World Health Organization's (WHO's) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) is a major blow to the worldwide expansion strategies and marketing practices of transnational tobacco companies. As expected, the industry vehemently opposed the treaty, lobbying instead for voluntary agreements and regulation by the market. However, in spite of bitter and persistent opposition by the tobacco industry, the FCTC was adopted by WHO. If the tobacco industry “lost” its battle to prevent FCTC from being institutionalized, who “won” and how? Our research suggests that the efforts of the epistemic community—a like‐minded network of professionals whose authoritative claim to consensual knowledge provides them with a unique source of power in public policy decision making—won the battle by being able to better convince the decision makers as to the needs of the FCTC by relying on, and successfully disseminating, its knowledge, expertise, and ideas. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crisis management—dealing with asymmetric information problems
Authors: Chong Beng Soon , Lee Chay Hoon
Published: April 2009

A key component of crisis management involves the management of asymmetric information problems. Drawing on the experience of the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic, this article examines the nature of the asymmetric information problems that typically prevail during a crisis, the costs associated with it, and the various mechanisms to address the problems. We find that the asymmetric information problems in the event of a crisis can be severe and potentially costly if the problems are not adequately resolved. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Examining differences in competitive intelligence practice: China, Japan, and the West
Authors: Fleisher Craig S. , Wright Sheila
Published: April 2009

This article identifies the state of competitive intelligence (CI) in Asia—specifically, two of its most prominent economic powers, China and Japan. Comparisons with Western, mainly U.S. practice, are made, particularly where data and management research from those countries supports this approach. In terms of current practice, CI in Japan is more developed than in China, although China continues to devote increasing attention and resources to the area. Decision makers in multinational companies, competing in China or Japan, or with firms that originate there, should be aware of the competitive implications emanating from their utilization of CI. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comparison of FDI determinants in China and India
Authors: Zheng Ping
Published: April 2009

This study explores foreign direct investment (FDI) determinants in China and India and fills the gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive empirical comparison analysis. Two panel data sets and two statistical models are employed to identify the determinants of FDI inflows from home countries worldwide to the two host countries by considering both home and host countries' characteristics. The empirical results show some interesting similarities and differences between the two countries. Market growth, imports, labor costs, and country political risk/policy liberalization are the determinants for both countries. However, exports, market size, and borrowing costs are important to China's FDI, while geographical and cultural distance factors are important to India's FDI. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A diagnostic framework for measuring Web‐site localization
Authors: Singh Nitish , Toy Daniel R. , Wright Lauren K.
Published: April 2009

This study provides a framework for analyzing the extent of a company's Web localization efforts based on four constructs that capture the overall quality of Web localization: content localization, cultural customization, local gateways, and translation quality. The framework is used to measure Web‐site localization efforts directed toward the U.S. Hispanic online market. The results show that most U.S. Web sites emphasize translation of the Web content from English to Spanish without localizing the site in terms of navigation, graphics, colors, and other culturally relevant content. A scorecard is provided for practitioners to use in assessing and enhancing their companies' Web‐site localization efforts. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Telia—a Swedish‐Finnish marriage after a failed Norwegian courtship
Authors: Schmid Stefan , Daniel Andrea
Published: April 2009

In 2002, the Swedish telecommunications company Telia merged with the Finnish telecommunications company Sonera. Prior to this merger, Telia had already attempted to ally with the Norwegian telecommunications company Telenor. This effort had resulted in a disaster; the “marriage” of the two companies was “divorced” after only two months in 1999. In the first part, the case study will feature an introduction to the telecommunications industry. In the second part, the unsuccessful merger between Telia and Telenor will be examined. Particular emphasis will be placed on national conflicts of interest and the power games played by politicians and leading managers. In the third part, the merger between Telia and Sonera will be described. This will be interpreted as another example of a politically and culturally difficult, but to this day successful merger. Finally, both merger episodes will be analyzed with reference to international mergerand‐acquisition (M&A) literature. The focus will be on motivations and objectives, environmental influences on the two mergers, and internal issues of the merging companies. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Joint data aggregation and encryption using Slepian‐Wolf coding for clustered wireless sensor networks
Authors: Wang Pu , Zheng Jun , Yang Fang , Li Cheng
Published: April 2009

This paper proposes a joint data aggregation and encryption scheme using Slepian‐Wolf coding for efficient and secured data transmission in clustered wireless sensor networks (WSNs). We first consider the optimal intra‐cluster rate allocation problem in using Slepian‐Wolf coding for data aggregation, which aims at finding a rate allocation subject to Slepian‐Wolf theorem such that the total energy consumed by all sensor nodes in a cluster for sending encoded data is minimized. Based on the properties of Slepian‐Wolf coding with optimal intra‐cluster rate allocation, a novel encryption mechanism, called spatially selective encryption, is then proposed for data encryption within a single cluster. This encryption mechanism only requires a cluster head to encrypt its data while allowing all its cluster members to send their data without performing any encryption. In this way, the data from all cluster members can be protected as long as the data of the cluster head (calledvirtual key) is protected. This can significantly reduce the energy consumption for performing data encryption. Furthermore, an energy‐efficient key establishment protocol is also proposed to securely and efficiently establish the key used for encrypting the data of a cluster head. Simulation results show that the joint data aggregation and encryption scheme can significantly improve energy efficiency in data transmission while providing a high level of data security. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitridation of Niobium Pentoxide Films in Ammonia by Rapid Thermal Processing
Authors: Matylitskaya Volha A. , Kothleitner Gerald , Bock Wolfgang , Kolbesen Bernd O.
Published: April 2009

The feasibility of niobium oxynitride formation through nitridation of niobium pentoxide films in ammonia by rapid thermal processing (RTP) was investigated. Niobium films 200 and 500 nm thick were deposited by sputtering on Si(100) wafers covered by a 100 nm thick thermally grown SiO2 layer. These as‐deposited films exhibited distinct texture effects. They were processed in three steps using an RTP system. The as‐deposited niobium films were first nitridated in an ammonia atmosphere at 1000 °C for 1 min and then oxidised in molecular oxygen at temperatures ranging from 400 to 600 °C. Those samples in which a single Nb2O5 phase was determined after oxidation were additionally nitridated in ammonia at 1000 °C for 1 min. Investigations show that surface roughness of the samples after oxidation of niobium films first nitridated in ammonia is lower than after direct oxidation of as‐deposited films in oxygen, although the niobium pentoxide phase formed after annealing was the same in both cases. We explain this result as being due to the large expansion of the niobium lattice during the direct oxidation of the niobium film in molecular oxygen and also to the high oxidation rate of the as‐deposited niobium film in oxygen. By incorporation of oxygen in the crystal lattice of niobium and rapid formation of niobium pentoxide, substantial intrinsic stress was built up in the film, frequently resulting in delamination of the film from the substrate. Nitrogen hinders the diffusion of oxygen in nitridated films, which leads to a decrease of the oxidation rate and thus slower formation of Nb2O5. Nitridation of the completely oxidised niobium films in ammonia leads to the formation of niobium oxynitride and niobium nitride phases.
Quaternary Rare Earth Ruthenium and Osmium Phosphide Carbides RRu2PC and ROs2PC with DyFe2SiC Type Structure
Authors: Pohlkamp Marc W. , Witte Anne M. , Jeitschko Wolfgang
Published: April 2009

Eight rare earth ruthenium phosphide carbides RRu2PC (R = Y, Ce, Sm, Gd–Er) and seven corresponding osmium compounds ROs2PC (R = Y, Ce–Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb) were prepared by arc‐melting of the elemental components. They crystallise with an orthorhombic structure (Cmcm, Z = 4) first reported for DyFe2SiC. These are the first compounds of this structure type containing phosphorus instead of silicon. The crystal structures of the four compounds CeRu2PC, SmRu2PC, TbRu2PC, and GdOs2PC were refined from X‐ray powder diffractometer data. The cell volumes indicate the cerium atoms to have mixed or intermediate +3/+4 valence.
Formal behavioral evaluation of enrichment programs on a zookeeper's schedule: a case study with a polar bear (Ursus Maritimus) at the Bronx Zoo
Authors: Canino Wendy , Powell David
Published: April 2009

We conducted a brief study of the effectiveness of environmental enrichment for a polar bear at the Bronx Zoo with two objectives in mind. First we wanted to determine if a novel method of collecting data that easily fits into a zookeeper's work routine would produce usable data and if so, we wanted to evaluate the effectiveness of some new items that had been purchased for enriching the polar bear in reducing his pacing behavior. Observations were recorded for 119 days over a period of 5 months from April 2007 through August 2007. Five new items and eight previously used items were rotated and presented to the polar bear in the morning and afternoon. We recorded the bear's behavior five times per day as we passed by his exhibit during our regular work routine. Predictably, we found that the newer enrichment items were more effective at increasing play and decreasing pacing, as well as other more subtle effects on his behavior that helped us to design a better enrichment routine. More importantly, we found that this method of “multi‐point scan sampling” was effective at producing ample and reliable data that could be used to analyze the bear's behavior without adding significant work to the keepers' daily routine. Zoo Biol 29:503–508, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Classification—Important Step to Improve Management of Patients with an Open Abdomen
Authors: Björck Martin , Bruhin Andreas , Cheatham Michael , Hinck Daniel , Kaplan Mark , Manca Guiseppe , Wild Thomas , Windsor Alastair
Published: April 2009

This short report is a distillation of the proceedings from a consensus group meeting in January 2009. It outlines a proposed classification system for patients with an open abdomen (OA). The classification allows (1) a description of the patient’s clinical course; (2) standardized clinical guidelines for improving OA management; and (3) improved reporting of OA status, which will facilitate comparisons between studies and heterogeneous patient populations. The following grading is suggested: grade 1A, clean OA without adherence between bowel and abdominal wall or fixity of the abdominal wall (lateralization); grade 1B, contaminated OA without adherence/fixity; grade 2A, clean OA developing adherence/fixity; grade 2B, contaminated OA developing adherence/fixity; grade 3, OA complicated by fistula formation; grade 4, frozen OA with adherent/fixed bowel, unable to close surgically, with or without fistula. We propose that this classification system will facilitate communication, clarify OA management, and potentially improve patient care.
Bile Acids Conjugation in Human Bile Is Not Random: New Insights from 1H‐NMR Spectroscopy at 800 MHz
Authors: Nagana Gowda G. A. , Shanaiah Narasimhamurthy , Cooper Amanda , Maluccio Mary , Raftery Daniel
Published: April 2009

Bile acids constitute a group of structurally closely related molecules and represent the most abundant constituents of human bile. Investigations of bile acids have garnered increased interest owing to their recently discovered additional biological functions including their role as signaling molecules that govern glucose, fat and energy metabolism. Recent NMR methodological developments have enabled single‐step analysis of several highly abundant and common glycine‐ and taurine‐ conjugated bile acids, such as glycocholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, and taurochenodeoxycholic acid. Investigation of these conjugated bile acids in human bile employing high field (800 MHz) 1H‐NMR spectroscopy reveals that the ratios between two glycine‐conjugated bile acids and their taurine counterparts correlate positively (R2 = 0.83–0.97; p = 0.001 × 10−2–0.006 × 10−7) as do the ratios between a glycine‐conjugated bile acid and its taurine counterpart (R2 = 0.92–0.95; p = 0.004 × 10−3–0.002 × 10−10). Using such correlations, concentration of individual bile acids in each sample could be predicted in good agreement with the experimentally determined values. These insights into the pattern of bile acid conjugation in human bile between glycine and taurine promise useful clues to the mechanism of bile acids’ biosynthesis, conjugation and enterohepatic circulation, and may improve our understanding of the role of individual conjugated bile acids in health and disease.
Social identity threat and consumer preferences
Authors: White Katherine , Argo Jennifer J.
Published: April 2009

Although marketers often link brands with an aspect of consumer social identity, the current research demonstrates that such brand‐identity linkages may sometimes have negative consequences. Consumers motivated to protect and maintain feelings of individual self‐worth alter their product evaluations and choices to avoid a threatened aspect of their own social identity. Whereas those low in collective self‐esteem (CSE) tend to exhibit such identity avoidance effects, those high in CSE maintain associations with an identity‐linked brand even when that social identity is threatened. Moreover, when the consumer feels positively about the self via self‐affirmation, the effect among low CSE consumers is mitigated. Finally, it is demonstrated that differences in the use of identity as a resource underlie the effects.
Healthcare: Affordable quality coverage for all
Authors: Lee Keat Jin
Published: April 2009

The quality of medical care available in the United States is the best in the world. However, today's American healthcare delivery system is unacceptable. It is too expensive, disjointed, and wasteful. The amount spent on healthcare in the United States is sufficient to meet everyone's needs; the reason it does not is that the money is misspent. Healthcare makes up 16 percent of the gross domestic product, or $2.3 trillion, yet 46 million people are uninsured, the majority of people are underinsured, and even those with insurance suffer significant hassles in receiving healthcare. Medical errors occur at alarming rates. The lack of quality measures to define best practices leads to a wide variation of practices and costs. Fragmented healthcare leads to errors. The goal of this paper is to explore a set of 20 comprehensive steps to begin reform of healthcare in this country.
Lower–Middle Jurassic foraminiferal and ostracode biostratigraphy of the Barents Sea shelf
Authors: Basov V.A. , Nikitenko B.L. , Kupriyanova N.V.
Published: April 2009

The Barents Sea shelf is an attractive target as a prospective large petroleum province. Further development of geological and geophysical exploration in the area requires high-resolution biostratigraphic constraints and update stratigraphic charts. The zonal succession of Lower and Middle Jurassic assemblages of foraminifers and ostracodes of the Barents Sea fits well the division for northern Siberia based on correlated independent Jurassic and Cretaceous zonal scales on all main microfossil groups, of which some scales were suggested as the Boreal Zonal Standard. The stratigraphic range of the Barents Sea microfossil assemblages has been updated through correlation with their counterparts from northern Siberia constrained by ammonite and bivalve data. Joint analysis of foraminiferal and ostracode biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy of the sections allowed a revision to the stratigraphic position and extent of lithological and seismic units. The discovered similarity in the Lower and Middle Jurassic lithostratigraphy in the sections of the Barents Sea shelf and northern Siberia, along with their almost identical microfossil taxonomy, prompts similarity in the Early and Middle Jurassic deposition and geological histories of the two areas.
Sequence stratigraphy of Lower Cretaceous deposit on the eastern Russian Plate
Authors: Zorina S.O.
Published: April 2009

The generalized eustatic and tectonoeustatic models developed by the author are tested on Lower Cretaceous deposits of the eastern part of the Russian Plate. The models are applicable to facies analysis of sections of epicontinental basins with mainly slope sedimentation. They demonstrate possible variations in section lithology depending on the rate of eustatic changes and the intensity and direction of epeirogenic movements. It has been revealed that the Lower Cretaceous sections in the east of the Russian Platform formed as a result of the synchronous global eustasy and regional epeirogeny. Superposition of the global eustatic curve onto the Lower Cretaceous chronostratigraphic chart of the eastern part of the platform showed that global eustasy, periodically concealed by regional epeirogeny, played a crucial role in the Early Cretaceous history of the study area. Regional epeirogenic and eustatic curves were constructed. The epeirogenic curve demonstrates the contribution of vertical tectonic movements to the overall eustatic-epeirogenic result recorded on a regional eustatic curve. The latter was constructed from the analysis of the spatial and temporal changes in the stratigraphic position of formations and strata and transgressive surfaces ranking. Eustatic cycles of different ranks, from elementary (systems tracts) to regional scale, have been recognized. In the rank of largest lithostratigraphic units, three sequences are revealed: Valanginian (RP-1K), Upper Hauterivian–Upper Aptian (RP-2K), and Albian (RP-3K), which reflect the crucial stages of the Early Cretaceous evolution of the eastern Russian Plate. The eustatic-epeirogenic processes during accumulation of formations and strata from Early Berriasian to Late Albian (145.5–99.6 Ma) are considered. It is shown that the division of the studied composite section into sequences permits precise prediction of diverse solid minerals.
Garnet-bearing basites of the Kuvalorog massif (Kamchatka Peninsula)
Authors: Konnikov E.G. , Nekrasov A.N. , Orsoev D.A. , Yan Hongquan , Chi Xiaoguo
Published: April 2009

The petrographic, petrochemical, and mineralogical compositions of the Kuvalorog Ni-bearing cortlandite-norite intrusion and endocontact leucodiorites hosting pyrope-almandine garnet are considered. Lamprophyre dikes with scarce pyrope-almandine garnet, first discovered in the massif, and plagioclase-pyroxene symplectites in garnet porphyroblast areas are studied. Judging from the petrography of rocks and the composition of inclusions rich in incompatible elements in the garnet, the mineral was produced by the reaction of orthopyroxene with the anorthite component of plagioclase at the subsolidus stage of formation of endocontact diorites. This reaction was probably favored by the fluid phase abundant in the parental magma of the Kuvalorog intrusion and, especially, in the zones near its contact with relics of terrigenous rocks, where it was produced as a result of the rock dehydration under the thermal effect of the intrusion.
Thermal structure of lithosphere in Central Asian and Pacific belts and their adjacent cratons, from data of geoscience transects
Authors: Gornov P.Yu. , Goroshko M.V. , Malyshev Yu.F. , Podgornyi V.Ya.
Published: April 2009

We investigate the 2D thermal structure of lithosphere in the Central Asian and Pacific tectonic belts and adjacent cratonic areas of Siberia and North China using a synthesis of geothermal data from six geoscience transects covered by seismic, resistivity, and gravity surveys. The patterns of rock density, radiogenic heat production derived from U and Th abundances, thermal conductivity, temperatures, and respective heat flows reveal a layered structure. The model with layers distinguished according to density and thermal parameters includes well pronounced dome-shaped features in the crust which correlate with upwarps of the asthenospheric top. The domes are marked by high heat flows of 60–90 mW/m2 with a mantle component higher than the crustal one (30–60 mW/m2 against 20–30 mW/m2) and temperatures as high as 800–1100 °C at the Moho. Many of these features correspond to known and potential petroleum basins.
Modeling electromagnetic field in shelf areas
Authors: Marinenko A.V. , Epov M.I. , Shurina E.P.
Published: April 2009

Water salinity at shallow sea depths in shelf areas changes with depth, which causes respective conductivity changes. We discuss algorithms for computing monochromatic electric fields using the vector finite-element method with different realizations of depth dependence of conductivity. The algorithms have been applied to compute vertical conductivity patterns and to explore its influence on the electric field measured on the surface.
Origen, Bardaiṣan, and the Origin of Universal Salvation
Authors: Ramelli Ilaria L. E.
Published: April 2009

Is Origen of Alexandria the inventor of the eschatological doctrine of apokatastasis— of the eventual return of all creatures to the Good, that is, God, and thus universal salvation? Certainly, he is one of its chief supporters in all of history, and he is, as far as we know, the first to have maintained it in a complete and coherent way, so that all of his philosophy of history, protology, and anthropology is oriented toward this telos.1 There are, however, significant antecedents to his mature and articulate theorization, at least some of which he surely knew very well, and there is even a possible parallel. For this conception did not appear ex nihilo, but in a cultural context rich in suggestions and premises, and in a philosophical framework of lively discussions concerning fate, free will, theodicy, and the eternal destiny of rational creatures.
When Preferences and Commitments Collide: The Effect of Relative Partisan Shifts on International Treaty Compliance
Authors: Grieco Joseph M. , Gelpi Christopher F. , Warren T. Camber
Published: April 2009

In this article, we demonstrate that changes in the partisan orientation of a country's executive branch influence the likelihood that the government of that country complies with international legal commitments aimed at integration of capital markets. We argue that relative shifts in executive partisan orientation, whether toward the left or toward the right, represent important shifts in “national preferences” that have heretofore been absent from statistical models of treaty compliance. Using a matching estimator combined with a genetic algorithm to maximize balance in our sample, we show that the causal impact of a state signing Article VIII of the IMF Articles of Agreement is conditioned by right-to-left shifts in partisan orientation. The evidence indicates that such preference changes reduce the constraining effects of Article VIII but also indicates that Article VIII continues to exercise significant causal effects even in the face of relative shifts in executive partisan orientation.
Variation of mohair staple length across Angora goat fleeces: implications for animal selection and fleece evaluation
Authors: McGREGOR B. A. , BUTLER K. L.
Published: April 2009

The present study aimed to determine how the average mohair staple length (SL) differences between nine sampling sites vary between sex and flock, to identify differences in SL variability between sampling sites as a result of between-animal and between-sire variability and to determine SL correlations between sampling sites in between-animal and between-sire variability. Australian Angora goats (n=301) from two farms in southern Australia were sampled at 12 and 18 months of age at nine sites (mid side, belly, brisket, hind flank, hip, hock, mid back, neck and shoulder). Staples were taken prior to shearing at skin level and stretched SL determined. For each shearing, differences in SL between sampling sites, how these differences were affected by farm, sex and sire, and the covariance between sites for sire and individual animal effects were investigated by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) analyses. The median mid-side SL at 12 and 18 months of age was 110 and 130 mm, respectively, but the actual range in mid-side SL was 65–165 mm. There was an anterior–posterior decline in SL with the hock being particularly short. There was no evidence that the between-site correlation of the sire effects differed from 1, indicating that genetic selection for SL at one site will be reflected in SL over the whole fleece. However, low heritabilities of SL at the hock, belly and brisket or at any site at 12 months of age were obtained. There was more variability between sites than between sires, but the between-animal variation was greater. The hip and mid-back sites can be recommended for within-flock (culling) and genetic selection for SL due to their low sampling variability, moderate heritability and ease of location.
Ultra-cold plasmas: a paradigm for strongly coupled and classical electron fluids
Authors: DEUTSCH CLAUDE , ZWICKNAGEL GUENTER , BRET ANTOINE
Published: April 2009

Ultra-cold plasmas obtained by ionization of atomic Rydberg states are qualified as classical and strongly coupled electron fluids. They are shown to share several common trends with ultra-cold electron flows used for ion-beam cooling. They exhibit specific stopping behaviour to charged particle beams, which may be used for diagnostic purposes. Ultra-cold plasmas are easily strongly magnetized. Then, one expects a strongly anisotropic behaviour of low ion velocity slowing down when the target electron cyclotron radius becomes smaller than the corresponding Debye length.
Waves in Rydberg plasmas
Authors: MENDONÇA J. T. , LOUREIRO J. , TERÇAS H.
Published: April 2009

We define as the Rydberg plasma the weakly ionized gas produced in magneto-optical traps. In such a plasma, the neutral atoms can be excited in Rydberg states. Wave propagation in Rydberg plasmas and the mutual influence of plasma dispersion and atomic dispersion are considered. New dispersion relations are established, showing new instability regimes and new cut-off frequencies.
Two new Hyalonema species (Hyalonematidae: Amphidiscosida) from eastern and south-eastern Brazil, and further Hexactinellida (Porifera) collected from seamounts off south-eastern Brazil by the RV ‘Marion Dufresne’ MD55 expedition
Authors: Tabachnick Konstantin R. , Menshenina Larisa L. , Lopes Daniela A. , Hajdu Eduardo
Published: April 2009

Descriptions of hexactinellid sponges collected by the RV ‘Marion Dufresne’ MD55 expedition on the Vitória–Trindade seamounts chain (off Espírito Santo State, south-eastern Brazil) in 1987 and stored in the MNHN (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris) are presented. Hyalonema (Cyliconema) conqueror sp. nov. (the first finding of this subgenus in the Atlantic Ocean) and H. (Prionema) dufresnei sp. nov. (the second record of this subgenus for the Atlantic Ocean) are described as new species. The holotype of H. (C.) conqueror sp. nov. was collected with a ROV at Campos Basin (off Rio de Janeiro State, south-eastern Brazil), while the paratypes originated from Vitória–Trindade seamounts chain and off Bahía State (eastern Brazil). Other hexactinellids reported here, Farrea sp., Sarostegia aff. oculata, Aphrocallistes aff. beatrix, Dactylocalyx aff. subglobosus and Euplectella suberea were known before to be widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. The total number of hexactinellid sponges known from Brazil has risen to 15 and from the south-western Atlantic to 23.
Community structure and vertical distribution of oncaeid copepods in Tosa Bay, southern Japan
Authors: Nishibe Yuichiro , Hirota Yuuichi , Ueda Hiroshi
Published: April 2009

Community structure and vertical distribution of oncaeid copepods were investigated at an offshore site in Tosa Bay, southern Japan. Samples were collected with a 0.063 mm closing type net from eight discrete layers between the surface and 500 m depth in August and November 2005. A total of 45 species and three form variants belonging to the genera Triconia, Oncaea, Spinoncaea, Conaea and Epicalymma were identified. The greatest number of species was consistently found in the lower epipelagic zone, at 50–100 m. The vertical distribution patterns of oncaeid copepods were similar between August and November, with the highest abundances in the upper epipelagic zone above the thermocline. The oncaeid maxima corresponded with the depth where appendicularians occurred in high numbers. Dominant species in the water column (0–500 m) were O. venusta small form, O. media, O. scottodicarloi, O. waldemari, O. zernovi, O. tregoubovi, S. ivlevi, S. tenuis and T. conifera. The vertical succession of species composition was almost the same between August and November, although several species showed a downward shift of their depth-range to some extent in November. The oncaeid copepod community could be differentiated into three distinct groups according to the depth layers, each corresponding to different hydrographic conditions in the water column.
Ultrastructural changes to the tegumental system and the gastrodermal cells in adult Fasciola hepatica following in vivo treatment with the experimental fasciolicide, compound alpha
Authors: McCONVILLE M. , BRENNAN G. P. , FLANAGAN A. , EDGAR H. W. J. , CASTILLO R. , HERNÁNDEZ-CAMPOS A. , FAIRWEATHER I.
Published: April 2009

Sheep infected with the triclabendazole-susceptible, Cullompton isolate of Fasciola hepatica were dosed with 15 mg/kg of compound alpha at 12 weeks post-infection. Adult flukes were recovered from the bile ducts at 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment (p.t.). Ultrastructural changes to the flukes were assessed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with a view to gathering information on the mechanism(s) of action for compound alpha and on the possible route of its entry into F. hepatica. The tegumental syncytium was more severely affected than the gut at all time-points p.t. with compound alpha, suggesting a predominantly trans-tegumental route of uptake. Disruption to the tegumental system became increasingly severe over time. A stress response was observed at 24 h p.t. and took the form of blebbing and increases in the production and transport of secretory bodies. By 72 h p.t., extensive tegumental loss and degeneration of the tegumental cell bodies had occurred. Degeneration of subtegumental tissues and internal flooding were also observed. Changes in the gastrodermal cells were slow to develop: reduced secretory activity was evident at 72 h p.t.. There was progressive disruption to the somatic muscle layers, with disorganization of the muscle blocks and loss of muscle fibres.
A new genotype of Trypanosoma cruzi associated with bats evidenced by phylogenetic analyses using SSU rDNA, cytochrome b and Histone H2B genes and genotyping based on ITS1 rDNA
Authors: MARCILI A. , LIMA L. , CAVAZZANA M. , JUNQUEIRA A. C. V. , VELUDO H. H. , MAIA DA SILVA F. , CAMPANER M. , PAIVA F. , NUNES V. L. B. , TEIXEIRA M. M. G.
Published: April 2009

We characterized 15 Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from bats captured in the Amazon, Central and Southeast Brazilian regions. Phylogenetic relationships among T. cruzi lineages using SSU rDNA, cytochrome b, and Histone H2B genes positioned all Amazonian isolates into T. cruzi I (TCI). However, bat isolates from the other regions, which had been genotyped as T. cruzi II (TC II) by the traditional genotyping method based on mini-exon gene employed in this study, were not nested within any of the previously defined TCII sublineages, constituting a new genotype designated as TCbat. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that TCbat indeed belongs to T. cruzi and not to other closely related bat trypanosomes of the subgenus Schizotrypanum, and that although separated by large genetic distances TCbat is closest to lineage TCI. A genotyping method targeting ITS1 rDNA distinguished TCbat from established T. cruzi lineages, and from other Schizotrypanum species. In experimentally infected mice, TCbat lacked virulence and yielded low parasitaemias. Isolates of TCbat presented distinctive morphological features and behaviour in triatomines. To date, TCbat genotype was found only in bats from anthropic environments of Central and Southeast Brazil. Our findings indicate that the complexity of T. cruzi is larger than currently known, and confirmed bats as important reservoirs and potential source of T. cruzi infections to humans.
Risk markers for both chronic fatigue and irritable bowel syndromes: a prospective case-control study in primary care
Authors: Hamilton W. T. , Gallagher A. M. , Thomas J. M. , White P. D.
Published: April 2009

Background

Fatigue syndromes and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) often occur together. Explanations include being different manifestations of the same condition and simply sharing some symptoms.

Method

A matched case-control study in UK primary care, using data collected prospectively in the General Practice Research Database (GPRD). The main outcome measures were: health-care utilization, specific symptoms and diagnoses. Risk markers were divided into distant (from 3 years to 1 year before diagnosis) and recent (1 year before diagnosis).

Results

A total of 4388 patients with any fatigue syndrome were matched to two groups of patients: those attending for IBS and those attending for another reason. Infections were specific risk markers for both syndromes, with viral infections being a risk marker for a fatigue syndrome [odds ratios (ORs) 2.3–6.3], with a higher risk closer to onset, and gastroenteritis a risk for IBS (OR 1.47, compared to a fatigue syndrome). Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) shared more distant risk markers with IBS than other fatigue syndromes, particularly other symptom-based disorders (OR 3.8) and depressive disorders (OR 2.3), but depressive disorders were a greater risk for CFS than IBS (OR 2.4). Viral infections were more of a recent risk marker for CFS compared to IBS (OR 2.8), with gastroenteritis a greater risk for IBS (OR 2.4).

Conclusions

Both fatigue and irritable bowel syndromes share predisposing risk markers, but triggering risk markers differ. Fatigue syndromes are heterogeneous, with CFS sharing predisposing risks with IBS, suggesting a common predisposing pathophysiology.
An historical framework for psychiatric nosology
Authors: Kendler K. S.
Published: April 2009

This essay, which seeks to provide an historical framework for our efforts to develop a scientific psychiatric nosology, begins by reviewing the classificatory approaches that arose in the early history of biological taxonomy. Initial attempts at species definition used top-down approaches advocated by experts and based on a few essential features of the organism chosena priori. This approach was subsequently rejected on both conceptual and practical grounds and replaced by bottom-up approaches making use of a much wider array of features. Multiple parallels exist between the beginnings of biological taxonomy and psychiatric nosology. Like biological taxonomy, psychiatric nosology largely began with ‘expert’ classifications, typically influenced by a few essential features, articulated by one or more great 19th-century diagnosticians. Like biology, psychiatry is struggling toward more soundly based bottom-up approaches using diverse illness characteristics. The underemphasized historically contingent nature of our current psychiatric classification is illustrated by recounting the history of how ‘Schneiderian’ symptoms of schizophrenia entered into DSM-III. Given these historical contingencies, it is vital that our psychiatric nosologic enterprise be cumulative. This can be best achieved through a process of epistemic iteration. If we can develop a stable consensus in our theoretical orientation toward psychiatric illness, we can apply this approach, which has one crucial virtue. Regardless of the starting point, if each iteration (or revision) improves the performance of the nosology, the eventual success of the nosologic process, to optimally reflect the complex reality of psychiatric illness, is assured.
Citéteens entextualizing French TV host register: Crossing, voicing, and participation frameworks
Authors: TETREAULT CHANTAL
Published: April 2009

This article addresses data that reside at the confluence of three types of linguistic “crossing” (Rampton 1995) among working-class French teens of predominantly Algerian descent. Strategically using the microphone of the researcher to imitate an elite French television show host, performers create indirect reported speech and direct stylized voicing for present peers and thereby mock them as show “guests.” Through analysis of such data, this article contributes to scholarship that extends and refines Goffman’s notions of footing and participation frameworks, and the relationships imaginable between them. It is argued that the notions of noncongruent voicing effects and generalized footing can lead to a more sophisticated understanding of the relationship between language crossing and participation frameworks. More specifically, analyzing language crossing in terms of the resultant voicing effects sheds light upon the nuanced ways that speakers manage participation frameworks. (Register, crossing, footing, participation frameworks, voicing)
Language ideology, identity and the commodification of language in the call centers of Pakistan
Authors: RAHMAN TARIQ
Published: April 2009

This article relates the language ideologies of Pakistan in general, and its call centers in particular, with the language policies and practices of the latter. The specific policy focused upon is the commodification of English with a near-native (American or British) accent as linguistic capital. These accents are indexed to the desired foreign identities which the workers of call centers perform in telephonic interaction with clients as part of their sales strategy. This crossing over to native-speaker linguistic identities is not always successful. When successful, however, some workers in the call centers pass as native speakers in certain contexts and for certain purposes. Such practices and the policies upon which they are contingent are consequences of language ideologies that entail language discrimination against the workers of the call centers by the Pakistani English-using elite, and vice versa. (English, commodification of language, accent, linguistic capital, language policy, identity, passing, crossing, call centers, Pakistan)
Responses to Habsburg Persecution of Protestants in Seventeenth-Century Hungary
Authors: Murdock Graeme
Published: April 2009

This article considers responses toHabsburg persecution ofProtestantsin Hungary during the 1670s. Focusing on the Reformed church, it will first assess how long-established contacts with Reformed co-religionists in northwestern Europe came to provide support for Hungarians in the face of violent state repression. This will concentrate in particular on the trial and imprisonment of Protestant clergy after 1674 and on the liberation of one group of ministers in 1676, thanks to Dutch intervention. It will then consider the diverse ways in which Habsburg persecution of Hungarian Protestants was represented in the Dutch Republic, England, France, and in Hungary, and what this reveals about the international Reformed community toward the end of the confessional age. It will then assess the role of persistent but shifting memories of this era of martyrs and liberators in the later development of Hungarian Reformed identity.
Lost Chances of the House of Habsburg
Authors: O'Reilly William
Published: April 2009

Of all the great questionsof Habsburg history, perhaps the greatest is this: What would have been the consequence if Charles V had decided to prioritize differently his dealings with France, the Ottoman Empire, and Christian reformers? It is certain that the House of Habsburg would have proceeded along a different path, but such a truism hardly advances a better understanding of events in the empire, or in Europe more widely, in the sixteenth century. Charles V, aspater ecclesiaeand as head of amonarchia universalis, stands astride the traditional and the modern. To him is attributed the last opportunity for Habsburg universal empire, with the long hand of thecasa de Austriaimprinting Habsburg ambitions on the world.
Islam, Anti-Communism, and Christian Civilization: The Ottoman Menace in Interwar Hungary
Authors: Hanebrink Paul
Published: April 2009

On 4 October 1948, József Cardinal Mindszenty preached a sermon for the rosary feast in front of 35,000 Catholic faithful. He began by reminding his congregation of the origins of the feast day that they were celebrating: the victory of Europe's Christian states over the Ottoman Turkish fleet at the naval battle of Lepanto in 1571. This great victory in the struggle of universal Christendom against the infidel enemy recalled to Mindszenty a second, more particularly Hungarian parallel: the victory of Habsburg forces over the Ottoman Turkish enemy at the battle of Temesvár in 1716. “Hungarian history recalls too such a rosary victory—the Hungarian Christians won it over the Turks in 1716 at Temesvár.” Both military victories represented moments when Europeans had repelled a force seen at the time, and ever after, as hostile to Christian civilization.
The Futile Crescent? Judging the Legacies of Ottoman Rule in Croatian History
Authors: Patterson Patrick Hyder
Published: April 2009

Beginningwith the conquests of theBalkansand Hungary in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and drawing to an end only with the Habsburg takeover of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1878, the Ottoman interlude in the Croat lands has long been a cause of great anxiety, great sorrow, great resentment, and great pride. For many writers and interpreters of Croat history, the response to the Turkish threat has figured as a source of profound meaning—indeed, even as a source of identity—and they have clearly intended that their audiences see things in this way as well. Even today the encounter with the Turks may still carry that great weight. In one recent study of the long Croat-Turk relationship, for instance, Ottoman-era specialist Ive Mažuran unequivocally calls the time of invasion and occupation “the most tragic period in Croatian history.” This, then, is still a past that signifies.