bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impelling and Inhibitory Forces in Aggression: Sex-of-Target and Relationship Effects
Authors: Davidovic Anna , Bell Kurtis , Ferguson Colin , Gorski Elizabeth , Campbell Anne
Published: December 2010

The finding of symmetry in intimate partner aggression is now generally accepted, but the convergence of male and female rates in these relationships remains unexplained. From qualitative analysis of male and female focus group discussions, we identified factors believed to influence the expression of aggression toward targets differing in sex and degree of intimacy. These factors were then used to construct a questionnaire in which 355 respondents indicated the applicability of the items to conflicts with a partner, a same-sex friend, and an opposite-sex friend. Principal component analysis revealed a clear two-factor structure of impelling forces (tending to provoke or initiate aggression) and inhibitory forces (tending to suppress or diminish the likelihood of aggression). Participants’ scores on scales derived from these two factors were used in the subsequent analyses. Men reported lower inhibition and greater impulsion toward same-sex friends than to female friends and partners, who did not differ significantly from one another. Women showed lower inhibition to male targets, regardless of relationship, than to a female target. However, women rated their male partners as significantly higher on impelling forces than their male friends, who in turn were rated significantly higher than female friends. The results are broadly consistent with a sex-of-target effect corresponding to a chivalry norm held by both sexes that inhibits the expression of aggression toward women. The reasons why women are especially impelled to aggression by intimate partners are explored. Disaggregating the dynamics of interpersonal conflict into impelling and inhibitory components may prove useful in understanding and treating dispute escalation and resolution.
Reexamining the Correlates of Adolescent Violent Victimization: The Importance of Exposure, Guardianship, and Target Characteristics
Authors: Skubak Tillyer Marie , Tillyer Rob , Ventura Miller Holly , Pangrac Rebekah
Published: December 2010

The present study examines the relative contributions of various theoretical constructs to violent victimization by operationalizing multiple measures of exposure to motivated offenders, guardianship, and target characteristics. Using a nationally representative sample of American adolescents, we conducted principal components factor analysis and logistic regression analysis to examine whether such measures do in fact represent empirically distinct constructs and if they are each correlated with violent victimization risk. Findings suggest that both nondelinquent and delinquent routine activities which expose adolescents to motivated offenders increase risk of victimization. In terms of guardianship, parental attachment appears to protect adolescents from victimization, although direct parental control actually increases risk. Finally, only one of four target characteristics—psychological vulnerability—was significantly associated with violent victimization risk. We discuss the implications for theory and future research in light of the findings.
Gender Differences in Risk for Intimate Partner Violence Among South African Adults
Authors: Gass Jesse D. , Stein Dan J. , Williams David R. , Seedat Soraya
Published: December 2010

Despite a high prevalence of intimate partner violence in South Africa, few epidemiological studies have assessed individual risk factors and differential vulnerability by gender. This study seeks to analyze gender differences in risk for intimate partner violence victimization and perpetration according to childhood and adult risk factors in a national sample of South African men and women. Using data from the cross-sectional, nationally representative South Africa Stress and Health Study, the authors examine data from 1,715 currently married or cohabiting adults on reporting of intimate partner violence. Our analysis include (a) demographic factors, (b) early life risk factors (including exposure to childhood physical abuse, witnessing parental violence, parental closeness, and early onset DSM-IV disorders), and (c) adult risk factors (including experiencing the death of a child and episodes of DSM-IV disorders after age 20). Although prevalence rates of intimate partner violence are high among both genders, women are significantly more likely than men to report being victimized (29.3% vs. 20.9%). Rates of perpetrating violence are similar for women and men (25.2% and 26.5%, respectively). Men are more likely to report predictive factors for perpetration, whereas women are more likely to report predictors for victimization. Common risk factors among men and women reporting perpetration include exposure to childhood physical abuse, witnessing parental violence, and adult onset alcohol abuse/dependence. However, risk factors in male perpetrators are more likely to include cohabitation, low income, and early and adult-onset mood disorders, whereas risk factors in female perpetrators include low educational attainment and early onset alcohol abuse/dependence. The single common risk factor for male and female victims of partner violence is witnessing parental violence. Additional risk factors for male victims are low income and lack of closeness to a primary female caregiver, whereas additional risk factors for female victims are low educational attainment, childhood physical abuse, and adult onset alcohol abuse/dependence and intermittent explosive disorder. Intimate partner violence is a significant public health issue in South Africa, strongly linked to intergenerational cycling of violence and risk exposure across the life course. These findings indicate that gender differences in risk and common predictive factors, such as alcohol abuse and exposure to childhood violence, should inform the design of future violence-prevention programs and policies.
Social Cuing of Guilt by Anger and of Shame by Disgust
Authors: Giner-Sorolla Roger , Espinosa Pablo
Published: December 2010

Scholars have proposed a conceptual structure for the self-critical moral emotions of guilt and shame and the other-critical emotions of anger and disgust. In this model, guilt is linked with anger and shame with disgust. This relationship may express itself in asymmetrical social cuing between emotions: In a social context, other people’s angry facial expressions may communicate that the target should feel guilty, and other people’s disgusted facial expressions may communicate that the target should feel ashamed. We conducted two experiments, one in the United Kingdom and the other in Spain, in which participants were shown pictures of faces expressing either anger or disgust. Participants rated the degree to which the faces would make them feel guilt or shame in a casual social encounter, and they answered questions about inferences concerning the emotional expressions. In both studies, angry expressions led to greater guilt and less shame than did disgusted expressions. This relationship was explained better by the type of norm violation inferred than by whether the violation was thought to involve the target’s action or personality versus the target’s character.
When Focusing on Differences Leads to Similar Perspectives
Authors: Todd Andrew R. , Hanko Karlene , Galinsky Adam D. , Mussweiler Thomas
Published: December 2010

The current research investigated whether mind-sets and contexts that afford a focus on self-other differences can facilitate perceptual and conceptual forms of perspective taking. Supporting this hypothesis, results showed that directly priming a difference mind-set made perceivers more likely to spontaneously adopt other people’s visual perspectives (Experiment 1) and less likely to overimpute their own privileged knowledge to others (Experiments 2 and 3). Given that intergroup encounters typically evoke a difference mind-set, we also explored the possibility that such contexts might help perceivers to step outside their own perspectives. As predicted, perceivers were less “cursed” by their own privileged knowledge when mentalizing about out-group targets than when mentalizing about in-group targets (Experiment 4) and communicated more effectively with interaction partners whose minimal-group membership differed from their own (Experiment 5). Overall, acknowledging self-other differences allowed perceivers to look beyond the limits of their own perspectives and thereby provided an efficacious route to intuiting other people’s minds.
Threat Perception Across the Life Span
Authors: LoBue Vanessa , Rakison David H. , DeLoache Judy S.
Published: December 2010

Snakes and spiders are the objects of two of the most common fears and phobias throughout the world. In the lab, researchers have documented two interesting phenomena in adult humans and nonhuman primates: A propensity for the rapid association of snakes and spiders with fear, and a propensity for the rapid detection of these threatening stimuli. Here, we describe these perceptual biases for threat and highlight new work supporting their existence in infants and young children.
Over the Hills and Far Away
Authors: Henderson Marlone D. , Wakslak Cheryl J.
Published: December 2010

Construal level theory posits a bidirectional relationship between physical (geographical) distance and levels of mental representation, whereby larger magnitudes of distance trigger higher levels of mental representation and higher levels of mental representation increase perceptions of distance. In the current article, we review research that supports a construal level theory approach to physical distance. After briefly describing the basic tenets of construal level theory, we review factors that influence perceptions of distance in physical space as well as effects of physical distance on mental representation, judgment, and behavior that are consistent with this framework. We close by discussing future directions to be explored.
Predicting Group Attendance Using In-Session Behaviors
Authors: Paquin Jill D. , Miles Joseph R. , Kivlighan Dennis M.
Published: December 2010

A session-level analysis examines the relationship between intimate behaviors of an individual group member and of the other group members in a session, and individual group member attendance in the following session. Specifically, the model proposed by Kenny, Mannetti, Pierro, Livi, and Kashy (2002) for analyzing individual and group effects in small groups is used to examine session attendance in 575 group sessions for 30 group members in 5 interpersonal growth groups. Either being the member who enacted the most or least intimate behaviors in a session, or having a relatively lower level of intimate behaviors by the other group members in a session, decreases the likelihood that a group member would attend the following group session. These findings are interpreted in terms of Yalom and Leszcz’s (2005) ideas about being a group outlier and the importance of group context. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
The Reciprocal Effects of Self-View as a Leader and Leadership Emergence
Authors: Emery Cécile , Daniloski Kim , Hamby Anne
Published: December 2010

Although it is often assumed that an individual’s self-view as a leader has an impact on that individual’s emergence as a leader, there is currently no empirical evidence of this effect in the literature. Longitudinal social network analysis is used to study both the impact of an individual’s self-view as a leader on leadership emergence and how the process of leadership emergence influences an individual’s self-view as a leader over time. Results suggest a reciprocal process: An individual’s self-view as a leader influences the number of leadership nominations an individual receives over time and the number of leadership nominations received over time influences an individual’s self-view as a leader.
What Makes Some People Think Astrology Is Scientific?
Authors: Allum Nick
Published: December 2010

Citizens in both North America and Europe are apt to read horoscope columns in newspapers and magazines. While some people read these casually and purely for entertainment, some believe that astrology has scientific status and can provide real insight into events and personality. Using data from a European survey, this article explores some of the reasons why some people think that astrology is scientific and how astrology is viewed in relation to other knowledge-producing practices. Three hypotheses in particular are tested. The first is that some Europeans lack the necessary scientific literacy to distinguish science from pseudoscience. The second is that people are confused about what astrology actually is. The third is derived from Adorno’s work on authoritarianism and the occult and postulates that those who adhere to authoritarian values are more likely to believe in astrological claims. Support is found for all three hypotheses.
The Effect of Minimum Nurse Staffing Legislation on Uncompensated Care Provided by California Hospitals
Authors: Reiter Kristin L. , Harless David W. , Pink George H. , Spetz Joanne , Mark Barbara
Published: December 2010

This study assesses whether California’s minimum nurse staffing legislation affected the amount of uncompensated care provided by California hospitals. Using data from California’s Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, the American Hospital Association Annual Survey and InterStudy, the authors divide hospitals into quartiles based on preregulation staffing levels. Controlling for other factors, they estimate changes in the growth rate of uncompensated care in the three lowest staffing quartiles relative to the quartile of hospitals with the highest staffing level. The sample includes short-term general hospitals over the period 1999 to 2006. The authors find that growth rates in uncompensated care are lower in the first three staffing quartiles as compared with the highest quartile; however, results are statistically significant only for county and for-profit hospitals in Quartiles 1 and 3. The authors conclude that minimum nurse staffing ratios may lead some hospitals to limit uncompensated care, likely due to increased financial pressure.
Bobbing for power: an exploration into the modality of hair
Authors: McMurtrie Robert J.
Published: December 2010

This article adapts and applies modality analysis to a new field — haircuts. In particular, it questions the acceptance and ubiquity of the bob. The article regards haircuts as semiotic constructs and modes of communication; as such, like all texts, haircuts can be subjected to multimodal discourse analysis. Modality is used as an analytical tool in approaching the analysis of the bob as a meaning-making resource. The bob is culturally and historically located before a comparative analysis of contemporary popular-culture texts which have ‘imported’ the bob is undertaken. The article attempts to find the bob’s core meaning by observing intertextual semiotic commonalities. It also brings to light the important role that the semiotician’s technical knowledge plays in demonstrating that modality — the appearance of naturalness in a given context — is not equivalent to bona fide naturalness.
Placing subway signs: practical properties of signs at work
Authors: Denis Jérôme , Pontille David
Published: December 2010

This article complements previous studies stressing the importance of the emplacement of signs in public spaces by focusing on the placement process itself. The authors’ ethnographic study of the Paris subway shows that the way-finding system operates in a process of graphical ordering within which the standardized shape, content and emplacement of each sign are crucial. However, the placement work does not simply consist of following instructions. The authors show that, in order to find the proper place for boards, stickers and posters, workers have to explore the environment and reconcile the sign placement policy with the ecology of the local sites. In doing so, workers do not just discover an emplacement designated for a particular sign but enact an available place, mobilizing numerous embodied practices. During this process, signs themselves are not treated as stabilized entities; they oscillate between what the authors term ‘practical properties’ that arise from the combination of objects, bodies and environment.
Design and the aesthetics of research
Authors: Roxburgh Mark
Published: December 2010

Mark Roxburgh’s research over the past decade has focused on the evolving conceptualization, discourse and development of research methodologies for design. This has lead him to question the historical pattern of design whereby the methods and epistemologies of other disciplines are used without addressing the differences between them and design. Design is a complex activity enmeshed in many aspects of our lives. In his article in Design Issues (1992), ‘Prometheus of the Everyday: The Ecology of the Artificial and the Designer’s Responsibility’, Manzini foregrounds the relational nature of this complexity by conceiving design (the artificial) as having an ecology. Roxburgh has written about these matters but his critique has conformed to the conventions of academic publishing and he has found articulating aspects of such complexity constrained by the limits of written language. Increasingly, in design, visualization is used to map complex relationships between things, ideas and actions. In this essentially visual essay, Roxburgh is attempting to graphically identify and explore the relationships of some of these concepts in a manner that echoes these trends and his own research practice. He is aware that sketches of complex phenomena, through a process of interpretation and abstraction, become somewhat reductive. The moments he draws on in crafting the depictions of his views are presented episodically rather than chronologically.

Roxburgh sketches out three key historical conceptions of design and the ramifications they have had on our perceptions and practice of it. He depicts these conceptions as being drawn from traditions outside of design and suggests that an alternative strategy may lie within design itself. This strategy calls for an engagement with what he calls the aesthetics of research. He suggests that it is imperative that design encompasses an aesthetic engagement with the world at all levels, and most importantly at the point of design research and conception, for our experience of design is fundamentally aesthetic. He is aware that there is an apparent irony in his use of non design theories to frame aspects of his view but this is a necessary strategy to critique the ontological assumptions inherent within the conceptions of design that he characterizes (one could even say ‘caricatures’). Roxburgh takes the position that there is nothing essentially given about design consciousness. Rather, the characterizations of design consciousness that he outlines all carry (usually implicit) ontological assumptions that may be inappropriate and/or limit design practice. The depiction of design that he offers is based instead on an alternative ontology. While this cannot be empirically verified (no ontology can), he proposes it as a way of extending and critiquing usual conceptions of design practice. No doubt this in turn will be found to have shortcomings of its own.
‘The Direct Medium of the Vision’: Visual Education, Virtual Witnessing and the Prehistoric Past at the American Museum of Natural History, 1890-1923
Authors: Cain Victoria E.M.
Published: December 2010

In the early 20th century, artists and administrators at New York City’s American Museum of Natural History relied upon the tools of visual education to help visitors ‘virtually witness’ the prehistoric past. This decision to reconstruct a world no one had ever seen aroused hot debate among the museum’s staff. Reconstructions forced the museum’s scientists, artists and administrators to decide whether emotional, scientific or artistic truths were in conflict and, if so, which should take priority. The conflicts over the museum’s reconstructions of the past illuminate the difficulties of rendering information that could not be verified by eyewitnesses, and the limitations of visual education when it came to representing scientific and historical information.
Images without Words: The Construction of Prehistoric Imaginaries for Definitions of ‘Us’
Authors: Conkey Margaret W.
Published: December 2010

How can a body of visual images without any accompanying texts or words possibly be understood? In addressing some of the issues in the interpretation and understandings of the ‘art’ of Ice Age or Paleolithic Europe, we face a conundrum different from other corpuses of visual imagery. In a non-literate, mobile hunting—gathering society such as it was some 20,000 years ago, the images may have had more, not less, cultural significance even if the cave art was not likely to have been seen by many. Furthermore, in our attempts to read the images, the modern representations of them in photos and drawings, and the very selection of which images to depict in books and other media play a more crucial role in our interpretations than do the original images that are not easy to access. This article addresses the ironies of images without words, images that have profound status as evidence over time and space despite the fact that so many archaeologists have not taken them seriously.
Comment and Afterword: Photography and Placing the Past
Authors: Ethington Philip J.
Published: December 2010

This essay asks: what is photography to the past, such that a photograph offers knowledge about the past? In an extended commentary on Katja Zelljadt’s account of early Berlin photography, the essay presents two broad positions on the quality of photographic knowledge. The ‘assimilative’ position seeks to equate photographs with all other signs in a semiotic universe, and to derive their meanings primarily from this context. The ‘exceptional’ position holds that photographs are indexical signs that carry a direct impress of the world, and thus carry true knowledge of the world. It is argued that the two positions can be collapsed in a radical spatialization of visual knowledge by expanding Gombrich’s thesis on the ‘primacy of meaning’ to include the powerful neuronal pathways through visual field maps and processing centers. The embodied mind requires that each interpretive event, each ‘reading’ of a photograph takes place in a perspectival position. The essay then considers cartography and the Google-powered HyperCities geohistorical platform as an example of the latest networks knowledge in the hyperspatial internet. Emplacing photographic artifacts in wider and wider networks of contextualization can expand the universe of interpretive meaning, while also deepening their inscription into the terrestrial locations of their production. Rejecting the radical skepticism of the assimilationist position, the essay concludes that photography’s exceptional qualities in the circulation of signs anchors interpretation as we build historical knowledge by clearing pathways to perspectival nodes in the bottomless semiotic-embodied topology of the past.
Witness to War: The Uses of Photography in the Illustrated Press, 1855-1904
Authors: Gervais Thierry
Published: December 2010

An analysis of war images in the 19th—century press reveals a certain resistance to the new medium of photography. First, printing techniques did not allow for the direct use of the photograph itself in newspaper layouts: as the photographs were reproduced through the work of an engraver, what was there to distinguish them from traditional representations? Second, at the turn of the century, the halftone process replaced engraving and allowed for the printing of images that were more faithful in tonal subtleties to the original photographs. When special correspondents began supplying war photographs, how did illustrated newspapers organize the dissemination of this new kind of image? A consideration of the use of war photographs in the illustrated press informs us both of the choices made regarding the documentation of the war and the nature of the images that circulated in the public sphere, shaping the visual culture of the era.
The Material Evidence of Ancient Maya Sculpture
Authors: O'Neil Megan E.
Published: December 2010

This essay discusses ancient Maya monumental stone sculptures and the images and texts carved on them c. 600—900 CE, focusing not on the moment of their creation but over time, examining particularly how the ancient Maya used sculptures to interact with their past and its personae, stories, and material remains. Following ancient Maya sculptures and their treatment over time reveals the importance of the materiality of these images and objects, which the Maya seem to have valued not simply as bearers of information but also as relics that allowed contact with sacred ancestors, with the material and experiential aspects of image and object intertwined with any pictorial or textual content. The author concludes that a consideration of the realm of the material along with the pictorial, narrational, or informational is instructive, if not essential, in investigating the use of images as evidence in any culture and time.
Saved by the Stars and Stripes? Images of Protest, Salience of Threat, and Immigration Attitudes
Authors: Wright Matthew , Citrin Jack
Published: December 2010

This article uses a survey experiment embedded in the 2008 CCES national sample to assess how the public responds to immigrant-rights protests and to determine whether symbolic representations of national identity can serve to “prime” attitudes about immigrants and immigration policy. Based on social identity theory, the common in-group identity model, we expect responses to protesters waving American flags as a display of loyalty should be less hostile than responses to protesters waving Mexican flags. Our experiment demonstrates evidence in favor of this proposition but shows no impact of how protesters were framed on immigration policy preferences.
Endovascular Repair of Symptomatic Sciatic Artery Aneurysm
Authors: Mascarenhas de Oliveira Fabricio , de Souza Mourão Guilherme
Published: December 2010

Persistent sciatic artery (PSA) is a rare embrionary anomaly in which the internal iliac artery and the embryonic axial artery continue to provide the major blood supply to the lower limb after birth. Aneurysm formation occurs in as many as 46% of cases. We describe a percutaneos treatment of a complete PSA aneurysm in a high operative risk patient.
Splenic Vein Turndown Repair in Superior Mesenteric Vein Trauma: A Reasonable Alternative
Authors: Phillips Brett T. , Pasklinsky Garri , Watkins Kevin T. , Vosswinkel James A. , Tassiopoulos Apostolos K.
Published: December 2010

Objective: To determine previous experience and results of autologous splenic vein graft repairs in traumatic superior mesenteric vein (SMV) avulsions. Design of Study: Systemic review was conducted for SMV trauma and methods of repair between 1897 and 2010. Articles were further analyzed for use of the splenic vein as an alternative conduit and were included in this study. Results: Of the 56 articles identified during our search, 4 included use of the splenic vein as an autologous vein graft. A total of 5 cases using the splenic vein turndown repair were identified in addition to our case. Of the 6 patients, 4 survived. Only one other case exists regarding the successful use of the splenic vein turndown technique in blunt abdominal trauma. Conclusion: There is little information regarding the feasibility and success of this technique in traumatic SMV disruption. Future studies are required to assess its role in abdominal vascular trauma.
Evaluation of Online Training on the Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Wolpin Seth , Lee Jung-Ah , Glenny Robb W. , Wittkowsky Ann K. , Wolf Fredric M. , Zierler Brenda K.
Published: December 2010

Introduction: The integration of new evidence into clinical practice can be a prolonged process, with delays of years or even decades. One approach to speed this integration is through the use of online provider education. Problem: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious patient safety issue. Prevention requires coordinated care and adherence to evidence-based guidelines, supported by provider education. Purpose: This study reports how an interdisciplinary team developed and piloted an online provider training program for the prevention of VTE. Hypothesis: If providers use the online educational training, they will demonstrate increased mastery of key content areas related to VTE prophylaxis. Methods: We used a prospective test—retest study design in which medical residents and fellows served as their own controls. All participants were given a pretest followed by educational content and then a posttest. We also assessed 2 different types of learning content (ie, with and without case studies/questions) and randomized participants to each type prior to assessment. Results: Using the McNemar test we found a trend for knowledge gains related to VTE guidelines on the posttest for clinicians (n = 67) with a 14.5% improvement in content mastery (P = .05, 2-tailed). We did not find any significant differences between training modalities. Clinicians overall reported high levels of satisfaction with the application. Conclusion: Our online education efforts indicate the potential for increasing mastery of VTE prophylaxis concepts. If resources are limited, we suggest a static approach to content delivery and an exploration of standardized methods for portability of online curriculums across learning management systems.
Routine Preoperative Venous and Arterial Mapping Increases Both, Construction and Maturation Rate of Upper Arm Autogenous Arteriovenous Fistulae
Authors: Kakkos Stavros K. , Haddad Georges K. , Stephanou Amalia , Haddad Joseph A. , Shepard Alexander S.
Published: December 2010

Objective: To test the hypothesis that routine preoperative mapping and transposed brachial-basilic vein fistula (TBBVF) increases arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) construction rates, without altering maturation rate. Patients: Over a 4-year period, 709 vascular accesses were performed, including 467 AVFs (radial-cephalic fistula [RCF], n = 217, brachial-cephalic fistula [BCF], n = 139, TBBVF, n = 111) and 251 prosthetic grafts. During the last 2 years, preoperative mapping was performed routinely by means of ultrasound, and TBBVFs were preferentially used over arteriovenous grafts (AVGs). Results: Over the study, construction rate of upper arm AVF increased significantly from 12% to 53% and use of prosthetic grafts decreased from 55% to 19% (P < .001). Maturation rate of RCFs, BCFs, and TBBVFs during the first part of the study was 75%, 50%, and 30% (P = .003), compared to 79%, 82%, and 86% (P = .43), respectively, during the second part. Conclusions: Routine preoperative upper extremity mapping with ultrasound increases not only AVF construction rate, but also their maturation likelihood.
Plain Radiographic Insight Into a Hard Head
Authors: Sri Ganeshamurthy Thrumurthy  , Karthikesalingam Alan
Published: December 2010

Cirsoid aneurysms are rare arteriovenous malformations of the scalp, which are usually of congenital etiology. We describe the case of a young Sri Lankan farmer who presented with a progressively enlarging scalp mass of interesting character, yielding unique images on plain radiography before more advanced imaging and subsequent definitive treatment were performed. The utility of this simple imaging technique in underdeveloped settings is highlighted, and further diagnostic and treatment options are discussed in brief.
From Implicit Intention to Exquisite Expression: Finding Metaphors for Who We Are and What We Do
Authors: Campbell Terry , Parr Michelann , Richardson Carole
Published: December 2010

This article is designed to capture our musings on metaphors as we explore our own understandings of our professional identities: a philosopher-storyteller, a psychologist-poet, and a story-seeking-musician. We are teacher educators and researchers each with our own identity and sense of self. We are all women who work as colleagues, but we come from different educational backgrounds, have various research interests, and have our own unique approaches to teaching. We have discovered that during our ongoing conversations about our ‘‘professional’’ identities as teacher—educators, we have this one thread in common: when it becomes difficult to express who and what we are all about, we all reach for metaphors. As we engaged in dialogue about metaphor, we found that we could agree on a holistic and metaphorical identity that permeates all that we do, one that transforms the way we view ourselves and our work of teaching, learning, and researching.
An Application of Mezirow’s Critical Reflection Theory to Electronic Portfolios
Authors: Kitchenham Andrew , Chasteauneuf Colin
Published: December 2010

In this study, the authors developed a framework for the analysis of teacher reflection in standards-based e-portfolios. Using NVivo, the authors analyzed the written arguments of 127 students, as they provided rationales for why their chosen artifacts represented specific teaching standards. In total, 656 rationales yielded 1,427 statements when categorized using Mezirow’s types of reflection. The findings indicate that subjective reframing, in general, and narrative critical self-reflection on assumptions and epistemic critical self-reflection on assumptions, in particular, are well represented in the University of Northern British Columbia (UNBC) teacher education program as evidenced by approximately 50% of the overall statements represented by these two types of critical self-reflection. As well, Mezirow’s taxonomy appears to be a sound theoretical framework to represent reflection in teacher education.
The host genetic background of DNA repair mechanisms is an independent predictor of survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Rossi Davide , Rasi Silvia , Di Rocco Alice , Fabbri Alberto , Forconi Francesco , Gloghini Annunziata , Bruscaggin Alessio , Franceschetti Silvia , Fangazio Marco , De Paoli Lorenzo , Bruna Riccardo , Capello Daniela , Chiappella Annalisa , Lobetti Bodoni Chiara , Giachelia Manuela , Tisi Maria Chiara , Pogliani Enrico M. , Lauria Francesco , Ladetto Marco , Hohaus Stefan , Martelli Maurizio , Vitolo Umberto , Carbone Antonino , Foà Robin , Gaidano Gianluca
Published: December 2010

Several drugs used for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treatment rely on DNA damage for tumor cell killing. We verified the prognostic impact of the host DNA repair genotype in 2 independent cohorts of DLBCL treated with R-CHOP21 (training cohort, 163 cases; validation cohort, 145 cases). Among 35 single nucleotide polymorphisms analyzed in the training series, MLH1 rs1799977 was the sole predicting overall survival. DLBCL carrying the MLH1 AG/GG genotype displayed an increased death risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.23; P < .001; q =0 .009) compared with patients carrying the AA genotype. Multivariate analysis adjusted for International Prognostic Index identified MLH1 AG/GG as an independent OS predictor (P < .001). The poor prognosis of MLH1 AG/GG was the result of an increased risk of failing both R-CHOP21 (HR = 2.02; P = .007) and platinum-based second-line (HR = 2.26; P = .044) treatment. Survival analysis in the validation series confirmed all outcomes predicted by MLH1 rs1799977. The effect on OS of MLH1, a component of the DNA mismatch repair system, is consistent with its role in regulating the genotoxic effects of doxorubicin and platinum compounds, which are a mainstay of DLBCL first- and second-line treatment.
Identification of transcription start sites of trans-spliced genes: Uncovering unusual operon arrangements
Authors: Morton J. Jason , Blumenthal Thomas
Published: December 2010

In Caenorhabditis elegans, the transcripts of many genes are trans-spliced to an SL1 spliced leader, a process that removes the RNA extending from the transcription start site to the trans-splice site, thereby making it difficult to determine the position of the promoter. Here we use RT-PCR to identify promoters of trans-spliced genes. Many genes in C. elegans are organized in operons where genes are closely clustered, typically separated by only ∼100 nucleotides, and transcribed by an upstream promoter. The transcripts of downstream genes are trans-spliced to an SL2 spliced leader. The polycistronic precursor RNA is processed into individual transcripts by 3′ end formation and trans-splicing. Although the SL2 spliced leader does not appear to be used for other gene arrangements, there is a relatively small number of genes whose transcripts are processed by SL2 but are not close to another gene in the same orientation. Although these genes do not appear to be members of classical C. elegans operons, we investigated whether these might represent unusual operons with long spacing or a different, nonoperon mechanism for specifying SL2 trans-splicing. We show transcription of the entire region between the SL2 trans-spliced gene and the next upstream gene, sometimes several kilobases distant, suggesting that these represent exceptional operons. We also report a second type of atypical “alternative” operon, in which 3′ end formation and trans-splicing by SL2 occur within an intron. In this case, the processing sometimes results in a single transcript, and sometimes in two separate mRNAs.
A JIP3-Regulated GSK3β/DCX Signaling Pathway Restricts Axon Branching
Authors: Bilimoria Parizad M. , de la Torre-Ubieta Luis , Ikeuchi Yoshiho , Becker Esther B. E. , Reiner Orly , Bonni Azad
Published: December 2010

Axon branching plays a critical role in establishing the accurate patterning of neuronal circuits in the brain. However, the mechanisms that control axon branching remain poorly understood. Here we report that knockdown of the brain-enriched signaling protein JNK-interacting protein 3 (JIP3) triggers exuberant axon branching and self-contact in primary granule neurons of the rat cerebellar cortex. JIP3 knockdown in cerebellar slices and in postnatal rat pupsin vivoleads to the formation of ectopic branches in granule neuron parallel fiber axons in the cerebellar cortex. We also find that JIP3 restriction of axon branching is mediated by the protein kinase glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). JIP3 knockdown induces the downregulation of GSK3β in neurons, and GSK3β knockdown phenocopies the effect of JIP3 knockdown on axon branching and self-contact. Finally, we establish doublecortin (DCX) as a novel substrate of GSK3β in the control of axon branching and self-contact. GSK3β phosphorylates DCX at the distinct site of Ser327 and thereby contributes to DCX function in the restriction of axon branching. Together, our data define a JIP3-regulated GSK3β/DCX signaling pathway that restricts axon branching in the mammalian brain. These findings may have important implications for our understanding of neuronal circuitry during development, as well as the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders of cognition.
The Largest Group of Superficial Neocortical GABAergic Interneurons Expresses Ionotropic Serotonin Receptors
Authors: Lee SooHyun , Hjerling-Leffler Jens , Zagha Edward , Fishell Gord , Rudy Bernardo
Published: December 2010

A highly diverse population of neocortical GABAergic inhibitory interneurons has been implicated in multiple functions in information processing within cortical circuits. The diversity of cortical interneurons is determined during development and primarily depends on their embryonic origins either from the medial (MGE) or the caudal (CGE) ganglionic eminences. Although MGE-derived parvalbumin (PV)- or somatostatin (SST)-expressing interneurons are well characterized, less is known about the other types of cortical GABAergic interneurons, especially those of CGE lineage, because of the lack of specific neuronal markers for these interneuron subtypes. Using a bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mouse line, we show that, in the somatosensory cortex of the mouse, the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 3A (5-HT3A) receptor, the only ionotropic serotonergic receptor, is expressed in most, if not all, neocortical GABAergic interneurons that do not express PV or SST. Genetic fate mapping and neurochemical profile demonstrate that 5-HT3AR-expressing neurons include the entire spectrum of CGE-derived interneurons. We report that, in addition to serotonergic responsiveness via 5-HT3ARs, acetylcholine also depolarizes 5-HT3AR-expressing neurons via nicotinic receptors. 5-HT3AR-expressing neurons in thalamocortical (TC) recipient areas receive weak but direct monosynaptic inputs from the thalamus. TC input depolarizes a subset of TC-recipient 5-HT3AR neurons as strongly as fast-spiking cells, in part because of their high input resistance. Hence, fast modulation of serotonergic and cholinergic transmission may influence cortical activity through an enhancement of GABAergic synaptic transmission from 5-HT3AR-expressing neurons during sensory process depending on different behavioral states.
Molecular Switch from L-Type Cav1.3 to Cav1.2 Ca2+Channel Signaling Underlies Long-Term Psychostimulant-Induced Behavioral and Molecular Plasticity
Authors: Giordano Thomas P. , Tropea Thomas F. , Satpute Shirish S. , Sinnegger-Brauns Martina J. , Striessnig Joerg , Kosofsky Barry E. , Rajadhyaksha Anjali M.
Published: December 2010

L-type Ca2+channel (LTCC)-activated signaling cascades contribute significantly to psychostimulant-induced locomotor sensitization; however, the precise contribution of the two brain-specific subunits Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 remains mostly unknown. In this study, by using amphetamine and cocaine locomotor sensitization in mutant mice expressing dihydropyridine (DHP)-insensitive Cav1.2 LTCCs (Cav1.2DHP−/−), we find that, as opposed to a previously identified role of the Cav1.3 subunit of LTCCs in development of sensitization, the Cav1.2 subunit mediates expression of amphetamine and cocaine sensitization when examined after a 14 d drug-free period. Molecular studies to further elucidate the role of Cav1.2 versus Cav1.3 LTCCs in activating signaling pathways in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of drug-naive versus drug-preexposed mice examined 14 d later revealed that an acute amphetamine and cocaine challenge in drug-naive mice increases Ser133 cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in the NAc via Cav1.3 channels and via a dopamine D1-dependent mechanism, independent of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, an important mediator of psychostimulant-induced plasticity. In contrast, in amphetamine- and cocaine-preexposed mice, an amphetamine or cocaine challenge no longer activates CREB unless Cav1.2 LTCCs are blocked. This Cav1.2-dependent blunting of CREB activation that underlies expression of locomotor sensitization occurs only after extended drug-free periods and involves recruitment of D1receptors and the ERK pathway. Thus, our results demonstrate that specific LTCC subunits are required for the development (Cav1.3) versus expression (Cav1.2) of psychostimulant sensitization and that subunit-specific signaling pathways recruited by psychostimulants underlies long-term drug-induced behavioral responses.
APOE4 Allele Disrupts Resting State fMRI Connectivity in the Absence of Amyloid Plaques or Decreased CSF Aβ42
Authors: Sheline Yvette I. , Morris John C. , Snyder Abraham Z. , Price Joseph L. , Yan Zhizi , D'Angelo Gina , Liu Collin , Dixit Sachin , Benzinger Tammie , Fagan Anne , Goate Alison , Mintun Mark A.
Published: December 2010

Identifying high-risk populations is an important component of disease prevention strategies. One approach for identifying at-risk populations for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is examining neuroimaging parameters that differ between patients, including functional connections known to be disrupted within the default-mode network. We have previously shown these same disruptions in cognitively normal elderly who have amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques [detected using Pittsburgh Compound B (PIB) PET imaging], suggesting neuronal toxicity of plaques. Here we sought to determine if pathological effects of apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) genotype could be seen independent of Aβ plaque toxicity by examining resting state fMRI functional connectivity (fcMRI) in participants without preclinical fibrillar amyloid deposition (PIB−). Cognitively normal participants enrolled in longitudinal studies (n= 100, mean age = 62) who were PIB− were categorized into those with and without an APOE4 allele and studied using fcMRI. APOE4 allele carriers (E4+) differed significantly from E4− in functional connectivity of the precuneus to several regions previously defined as having abnormal connectivity in a group of AD participants. These effects were observed before any manifestations of cognitive changes and in the absence of brain fibrillar Aβ plaque deposition, suggesting that early manifestations of a genetic effect can be detected using fcMRI and that these changes may antedate the pathological effects of fibrillar amyloid plaque toxicity.
Functional Specificity of Claustrum Connections in the Rat: Interhemispheric Communication between Specific Parts of Motor Cortex
Authors: Smith Jared B. , Alloway Kevin D.
Published: December 2010

Recent evidence indicates that the rat claustrum interconnects the motor cortical areas in both hemispheres. To elucidate the functional specificity of the interhemispheric connections between the claustrum and primary motor (MI) cortex, anterograde tracer injections in specific parts of MI were paired with retrograde tracer injections in homotopic sites of the opposite hemisphere. In addition to injecting the MI forepaw (Fp) region in both hemispheres, we injected the region associated with whisker retractions (Re) and the more caudal rhythmic whisking (RW) region. While the MI-Fp region has few connections with the claustrum of either hemisphere, both whisker regions project to the contralateral claustrum, with those from the MI-RW region being denser and more extensive than those originating from the MI-Re region. Retrograde tracer injections in the MI-RW region produced more labeled neurons in the ipsilateral claustrum than retrograde tracer injections in the MI-Re. Consistent with these patterns, the overlap of labeled terminals and soma in the claustrum was greatest when both tracers were injected into the MI-RW region. When retrograde tracers were injected into the claustrum, the highest density of labeled neurons in MI appeared in the contralateral RW region. Tracer injections in the claustrum also revealed hundreds of labeled neurons throughout its rostrocaudal extent, thereby establishing the presence of long-range intraclaustral connections. These results indicate that the intrinsic and extrinsic connections of the rat claustrum are structured for rapid, interhemispheric transmission of information needed for bilateral coordination of the MI regions that regulate whisker movements.