bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IRVING FISHER AND THE MECHANISTIC CHARACTER OF TWENTIETH CENTURY ACCOUNTING THOUGHT
Authors: Mouck Tom
Published: June 2017

This paper provides an overview of the influence of Newtonian mechanics on the development of neoclassical economic theory and highlights Fisher's role in the popularization of the resulting mechanical conception of economics. The paper also portrays Fisher's The Nature of Capital and Income — a work which has been aptly characterized as the “first economic theory of accounting” — as the first move toward the colonization of accounting by economics. The result of Fisher's influence has been a paradigmatic linkage between the Newtonian world view of science, neoclassical economics, and mainstream academic accounting thought. The picture that emerges from this linkage is then used as a backdrop against which the emerging challenges to economics-based accounting thought are highlighted.
THE INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS OF ONTARIO (ICAO) AND THE EMERGENCE OF ETHICAL CODES
Authors: Neu Dean , Saleem Lubna
Published: June 2017

Starting from the premise that ethical codes fulfil important ideological functions, we document the trajectory of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario's [ICAO] ethical code since their incorporation in 1883. In the analysis that follows, we argue that shifts occurred in how the written ethical code spoke of, and conceptualized, “professional ethics”. We also propose that these shifts can be read as responses to changing circumstances: the ideological effect being to provide “compelling reasons” for the maintenance of professional privilege. The provided analysis contributes to our understanding of the role and functioning of ethical codes and highlights the political importance of memory, especially given the ahistorical nature of current day discussions of professional ethics.
ANTECEDENTS OF MODERN EARNINGS MANAGEMENT RESEARCH: INCOME SMOOTHING IN LITERATURE, 1954–1965
Authors: Buckmaster Dale
Published: June 2017

An earlier article reviewed income smoothing in literature published up through 1953. This article extends that review through 1965, the year preceding the publication of the first modern empirical earnings management studies. The focus of this article is on the 1964 Gordon article which was the stimulus for those early income smoothing studies that began to appear in 1966 and marked the beginning of modern empiricism in accounting literature. Critical reading of Gordon's article suggests that he drew upon both earlier accounting and economics literature in formulating his theory of income smoothing. Review of the relevant earlier literature demonstrates that the primary elements of Gordon's article were present in both the earlier accounting and economics literature. Gordon's contribution was a more disciplined formulation of a theory of accounting choice than was present in the literature of this period and that theory included a series of seemingly straightforward, testable hypotheses.
RECENT INSIGHTS INTO MESOPOTAMIAN ACCOUNTING OF THE 3RD MILLENNIUM b.c. — SUCCESSOR TO TOKEN ACCOUNTING
Authors: Mattessich Richard
Published: June 2017

This paper examines from an accounting perspective recent work by Nissen et al. [1993], here regarded as an extension of the archaeological research of Schmandt-Besserat [1977, 1992] and its analysis by Mattessich [1987, 1994]. The transition from the 4th millennium b.c. to the 3rd millennium b.c. featured the use of protocuneiform and cuneiform accounting techniques to replace the older token accounting. This research reinforces the previously made hypothesis [Mattessich, 1987] that the inserting of tokens into a clay container during the last phase of token accounting corresponded to debit entries, while the impressing of tokens on the surface of the container was meant to convey the credit total of an equity. Similarly, in proto-cuneiform bookkeeping, debit entries appear again on one side while the credit total appears on the reverse side, but this time on the clay tablets. Yet, the research also leads to the hypothesis that the “closed double-entry system” of token accounting could not be maintained in the archaic bookkeeping of the subsequent period where, apparently, a debit/credit scheme was used in which only some but not all entries had counter-entries. Finally, the paper illustrates important labor production aspects of archaic bookkeeping and cost accounting which are contrasted to modern budgeting and standard costing.
HISTORIOGRAPHY, CAUSALITY, AND POSITIONING: AN UNSYSTEMATIC VIEW OF ACCOUNTING HISTORY
Authors: Oldroyd David
Published: June 2017

The article reviews recent developments in accounting historiography in relation to the underlying positioning of the participants. It finds that accounting history has located itself within the tradition of social science, which subsumes events into generalizations and generalizations into theory. It reviews the efficacy of causal theories of human behavior and proposes an alternative nontheoretical approach.
ACCOUNTING HISTORY: A SURVEY OF ACADEMIC INTEREST IN THE U.S.
Authors: Slocum Elliott L. , Sriram Ram S.
Published: June 2017

A number of the reports by academicians and practitioners in the United States have called for significant change in accounting education and an enhanced role for accounting history in curricula and research. However, the survey results reported in this paper suggest that achieving wider acceptance of accounting history presents some perplexing problems. Doctoral faculty, especially assistant professors, report less interest in accounting history than non-doctoral faculty. Although a majority of academicians consider accounting history research to be acceptable for promotion, tenure and hiring decisions and a valuable aid to teaching, practitioners, students, doctoral faculty strongly believe that it is of less value than mainstream empirical research in accounting. Most academicians perceive that research in accounting history is not as methodologically rigorous as other branches of accounting research.
THE RECOGNITION AND VALUATION OF CURRENT ASSETS ON THE BALANCE SHEET IN THE UNITED STATES, 1865–1940
Authors: Normand Carol , Wootton Charles W.
Published: June 2017

A. C. Littleton [1933, pp. 149–151] in Accounting Evolution to 1900 wrote that the sub-division of financial statements and the valuation of assets were two of the most important elements in the development of modern financial statements. The purpose of this paper is to explore the historical evolution of the recognition, grouping, and valuation of current assets on the balance sheet in the United States between 1865 and 1940 at which time the basic format for reporting such assets had been adopted. The paper expands the examination of the balance sheet beyond a traditional emphasis on long-life assets to an investigation of the evolving classification of current assets with a special emphasis on the influence of financial users (especially creditors) for its unique development. Historical illustrations of the ways in which companies presented and valued current assets on the balance sheet are presented.
THE LEGITIMIZING POWER OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS IN THE SALVATION ARMY IN ENGLAND, 1865–1892
Authors: Irvine Helen
Published: June 2017

Since its inception the Salvation Army has relied heavily on external funds to survive. There is evidence to suggest that at the time of its founding, in 19th century England, and in its early years, financial statements played a powerful legitimizing role. This was crucial to an organization like The Salvation Army, newly formed and in desperate need of funds. This view is consistent with institutional theory, which emphasizes the importance of such legitimacy. However, it challenges the notion, prevalent in academic literature on accounting in religious organizations, that there is a resistance to the use of accounting as a “secular” activity in an organization with a “sacred” mission. The societal context of the early Salvation Army, the unique characteristics of William Booth, its founder, and its struggle for survival in its early years, all demonstrate an emphasis on an image of financial responsibility, and a reliance on the Army's audited financial statements to convey that image.
INTERNAL CONTROLS IN THE TALMUD: THE JERUSALEM TEMPLE
Authors: Fonfeder Robert , Holtzman Mark P. , Maccarrone Eugene
Published: June 2017

We examine the Hebrew Talmud's account of internal controls in the ancient Jerusalem Temple (c.823 B.C.E. to 70 C.E.) This far-reaching enterprise involved an extensive system of sacrificial offerings, management of three annual pilgrimages, a court system and maintenance of a priestly class. We outline the annual process of collecting half-shekel and other donations, withdrawals from the Temple treasury and the sale of libations. The Talmud describes numerous internal controls: donations were segregated according to their specific purposes and donation chests were shaped with small openings to prevent theft. When making withdrawals from the Temple treasury, the priest-treasurer was required to wear specific clothing to prevent misappropriation of assets. The Treasury chamber itself had seven seals, requiring the presence of seven different individuals, including the king, in order to open it. The process of selling libations and meal offerings required purchasing and then redeeming different tickets, which were specifically marked to prevent fraud. In explaining the reasoning for this tight system of internal controls, the Talmud reveals that an individual “shall be guiltless before G-D and before Israel” [Numbers 32: 22], so that a sound system of internal controls prevents both theft and any suspicion of theft, thus establishing the fiscal credibility of the Temple institution in the eyes of its congregants. Such an approach indicates that accounting did not represent a profane, secular vocation at odds with the Temple's mission. To the contrary, a system of accountability formed integral steps in the Temple's ritual processes.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BELGIAN ACCOUNTING CODE DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY
Authors: De Beelde Ignace
Published: June 2017

Continental European countries are familiar with standardized charts of accounts. Practices in these countries have been quite diverging however, ranging from the voluntary adoption of schemes developed by professionals or associations to state-imposed charts. In the development of these schemes, several Belgian accounting scholars have played an important role, particularly from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. This paper links the charts proposed in Belgium with attempts to develop unified accounting and costing methods and efforts to introduce principles of scientific management around the end of the Second World War. It also seeks to explain why the introduction of decimalized charts took longer in Belgium than other countries such as France.
ECONOMIC CLASS, SOCIAL STATUS, AND EARLY SCOTTISH CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS
Authors: Lee Tom
Published: June 2017

A recent study by Jacobs [2003] examines economic class bias in the contemporary recruitment practices of public accountancy firms. The study bases its argument on a historical review that suggests such bias has its origins in early Scottish chartered accountancy. This paper challenges the Jacobs thesis by examining the notion of economic class in relation to the social status of professions, and provides archival evidence of the effects of the recruitment practices of Scottish chartered accountants from mid 19th century until the beginning of the First World War. This evidence demonstrates a dual effect. The first is a considerable change during this period in the economic class origins of the general community of chartered accountants in Scotland and the second is relative stability in the economic class origins of their leadership. Scottish chartered accountancy immigrants to the US provide a clear example of the general community effect. They also reveal how economic class was not a significant factor in the success of their American professional careers. The data also highlight differences in these matters between chartered accountants from each of the three Scottish bodies and suggest generalizations about early Scottish chartered accountancy are inappropriate. Overall, therefore, and contrary to the argument of Jacobs, the early Scottish chartered accountancy bodies did not maintain their social status in terms of the economic class origins of their general memberships. Instead, they coped with the economics of a growing market for their services by increasingly recruiting men from lower middle class and working class backgrounds while maintaining their social respectability as a professional grouping with leaderships almost exclusively of upper class and upper middle class origins.
CORPORATISM AND UNAVOIDABLE IMPERATIVES: RECOMMENDATIONS ON ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES AND THE ICAEW MEMORANDUM TO THE COHEN COMMITTEE
Authors: Noguchi Masayoshi , Edwards John Richard
Published: June 2017

This paper re-examines the conclusion reached by Bircher [1991], and other researchers, that the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW), through the content of the series of Recommendations on Accounting Principles (RoAPs) that it developed and then incorporated into its memorandum submitted to the Cohen Committee on Company Law Amendment, molded the radical accounting provisions contained in the Companies Act, 1948 (CA48) “in the form of its own programme” [Bircher, 1991, p.293]. It is argued that (1) the Board of Trade (BoT), through the formation of the Cohen Committee, prompted the qualitative change in the content of the second five RoAPs, which were drafted to accord with the content of its submission to the Cohen Committee, and (2) before the ICAEW memorandum was submitted to the Cohen Committee in February 1944, a corporatist structure is discernable in the relationship between the BoT and the ICAEW causing the leaders of the ICAEW to align its interests with the BoT's priorities for the amendment of company law.
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAN ACCOUNTING AND HUMAN COGNITIVE EVOLUTION
Authors: Mouck Tom
Published: June 2017

Recent archaeological evidence supports the claim that the first system of writing and the first use of abstract numerical representation evolved from the clay token accounting system of ancient Mesopotamia. Writing and other abstract symbol systems have subsequently transformed human cognitive capacities within only few millennia, a time period too short for any substantial changes in our biologically-evolved brains. This paper uses Merlin Donald's theory of human cognitive and cultural evolution [in Origins of the Modern Mind; 1991] to identify the role played by ancient accounting in these evolutionary processes. Specifically, it is argued that this early accounting system paved the way for writing by instigating revolutionary cognitive structures for processing visual/symbolic artifacts and establishing a primitive but very powerful form of external memory (external to the brain). The paper also explores the role that accounting systems continue to play in the provision of “cognitive scaffolding” with respect to our organizational and institutional environments, and provides a cursory overview of the pioneering developments of ancient Mesopotamian accounting in this regard.
THE EFFECT OF REGULATION ON STATEMENT DISCLOSURES IN THE 1915 MOODY'S MANUALS
Authors: Archambault Jeffrey J. , Archambault Marie
Published: June 2017

United States firms in the early 20th century were subject to public and private regulation. Forms of regulation included rate regulation and stock exchange listing requirements. These regulations created incentives to report income statement information. This study utilizes the 1915 Moody's Analyses of Investments to test whether regulated firms in the United States reported more income statement information than unregulated firms. Rate regulation influenced utilities to report income statements more frequently than industrial companies. Stock market listing requirements also influenced the reporting of income statements. Therefore, the results indicate that both public and private regulations influenced financial reporting in the early 20th century. Another finding of the study is that income statements were more frequently reported than balance sheets for both railroads and utilities.
COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING IN PRE–INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPAIN
Authors: Gutiérrez Fernando , Larrinaga Carlos , Núñez Miriam
Published: June 2017

In traditional Anglo-Saxon accounting historiography the birth of sophisticated management accounting practices was dated at the end of the 19th century [Jonhson and Kaplan, 1987]. However, some more recent investigations have questioned this idea and demonstrate the existence of sophisticated management accounting and control techniques before the industrial revolution in differing contexts such as the United Kingdom, the United States and Spain. Fleischman and Parker [1991] have demonstrated that these practices were present in a significant number of British companies. However, evidence for Spain is based on isolated case studies. While case studies are essential to explain how these techniques were used, there has been no research to assess their frequency in Spain before the industrial revolution. By examining files concerning 13 large and medium-sized 18th century Spanish companies, this paper corroborates Fleischman and Parker's [1991] thesis. It reveals that knowledge of sophisticated cost accounting methods was fairly widespread in Spain during the 18th century. Interestingly, however, the knowledge and use of these techniques were not connected to economic success and to the industrial revolution, as was the case in the United Kingdom.
ACCOUNTING FOR A DISAPPEARANCE: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE VALUE ADDED STATEMENT IN THE UK
Authors: Pong Chris , Mitchell Falconer
Published: June 2017

Burchell et al's [1985] historical analysis of value added in the UK attributes its rise and fall to societal circumstances which initially encouraged the voluntary disclosure of the Value Added Statement (VAS) by companies and then, following societal change, influenced its disappearance. This paper supplements Burchell et al's thesis by arguing that a fuller explanation for the disappearance of the VAS can be found by also considering the contents of the statement itself. An empirical study of the information in the VASs of UK companies shows that they were unlikely to give support to the economic interests of the employee user group who had been promoted as an important beneficiary of the VAS. The study demonstrates that the social and economic nature of accounting means that change analyses which take account of both aspects of the discipline's character are likely to be more convincing than those which focus solely on one or the other.
CONSTRUCTING THE ‘WELL QUALIFIED’ CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT IN ENGLAND AND WALES
Authors: Anderson Malcolm , Edwards John Richard , Chandler Roy A.
Published: June 2017

Fundamental to the pursuit of the professional project by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW), in the early years of its existence, was the construction of the “well qualified” chartered accountant. This involved the introduction of onerous examinations, lengthy vocational training and significant financial hurdles, which together confined membership to the wealthier sections of society. Prior studies concentrate on the external implications of the ICAEW's policies, and have accepted, though left unexamined, the significance of entry hurdles in achieving exclusionary closure. The major focus of this paper is to examine how the ICAEW differentiated its membership from outsiders on the grounds of education and training and how the fledgling Institute employed credentials to distinguish the “chartered accountant” brand from non-chartered accountants. In further contrast to prior studies, we examine the internal tensions generated as a result of the precise shaping of the ICAEW's definition of the “well qualified” chartered accountant.
AUDITOR SWITCHING AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION
Authors: Richardson Alan J.
Published: June 2017

This paper explores the pattern of auditor switching in Canada before and during the Great Depression based on a sample of 1,344 financial statements. Hierarchical log linear analysis shows that there is a significant change in the pattern of switches. Prior to the Depression, the contemporary pattern of auditor switching is observed; that is, there is a flow of clients from small to large audit firms and from Canadian to international audit firms. During the Depression, however, this flow of clients is reversed with large international firms losing clients through switches, on average, to Canadian and smaller audit firms. The contemporary audit literature suggests possible reasons for the observed patterns in terms of the demand for higher quality audits by clients and audit firms' risk management of potential client bankruptcy.
THE LEDGER OF ANN DEWITT BEVIER (1762–1834), EARLY AMERICAN ESTATE MANAGER AND MOTHER
Authors: Schultz Sally M. , Hollister Joan
Published: June 2017

The ledger that Ann DeWitt Bevier kept from 1802 until 1813 represents a rich primary source that provides perspective on how a rural agriculturalist and household head interacted with the social and cultural environment in the young American nation. Her accounting records expand the gendered history of economic life by illustrating the life and work of a woman who managed a farm, family household, brick kiln, rental property, and investments in financial instruments. The costs of educating her children were also detailed in the ledger, helping to inform us about the educational opportunities for females in early America.
STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING IN 19th CENTURY AMERICA: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Moussalli Stephanie D.
Published: June 2017

Although 19th century America offers a natural experiment in government accounting practices and voluminous original records still exist, a review of the literature on the period's state and local government accounting finds few secondary articles and almost no contemporary literature before 1875. After that, reformers, decrying the municipal accounting practices of their time, wrote profusely so that some secondary studies of that literature exist. The governmental financial records of the 1800s varied in quality from excellent to scandalous and would, if properly sampled and described, not only fill the gaps in our knowledge of 19th century government accounting and fiscal policy, but would also allow study of the causes and effects of many alternative measurement and reporting structures.
A LETTER FROM A TEENAGE ACCOUNTING CLERK IN 1846: A HIDDEN VOICE IN A MICRO-HISTORY OF MODERN PUBLIC ACCOUNTANCY
Authors: Lee Thomas A.
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate use of archival material to access a hidden voice in accounting history and provide social context in the form of a biographical micro-history of public accountancy. The archival material is a letter written in 1846 by a Scottish teenage public accountancy clerk. An analysis of the letter gives insight to the employment and social life of the clerk in mid-19th century Scotland and also identifies a notorious character in Scottish public accountancy. The paper reveals the importance of social connections, religion, communication, and transport to middle-class Victorian Scots and, more generally, reminds accounting historians of the value of hidden voices and micro-histories.
20TH CENTURY PUBLICATIONS ON COST ACCOUNTING BY SPANISH AUTHORS PREVIOUS TO THE STANDARDIZATION ACT (1900–1978)
Authors: Díaz Daniel Carrasco , Hernández-Esteve Esteban , Caparrós Maria Jesús Morales , Toledano Daniel Sánchez
Published: June 2017

This paper aims to describe and explain the beginning and evolution of cost accounting in Spain through the examination of accounting texts. In this evolution, three periods are distinguished: the late 19th century, the first half of the 20th century, and 1951–1978. In 1978, the official standardization of Spanish cost accounting occurred. Cost accounting first appeared in Spanish texts at the start of the 20th century. However, in 19th century accounting treatises can be found references to some aspects of cost accounting to which the paper refers. The traditional orientation of authors in the second period clearly reflects a monistic recording pattern, i.e., that cost accounting in combination with general accounting forms a homogeneous whole, with full-cost allocation on the basis of historical costs. The small differences found among these authors relate to a large extent to the fixed-costs allocation. This period corresponds to the introduction into Spain of the Central European school of accounting thought represented by Pedersen, Schmalenbach, Palle Hansen, and, above all, by Schneider. This influence intensified from 1951 onward. In the second half of the 20th century, German thought shared influence with American thought represented in the works of Kester, Horngren, Lang, Lawrence, Neuner, etc. The French Accounting Plan (General Chart of Accounts), published in 1957, also had an obvious influence on Spanish accounting scholars of this time. This influence is clearly shown in the Spanish standardization of cost accounting published in 1978 as part of the first Plan General de Contabilidad (General Accounting Plan) passed in 1973.
PATTERNS OF ACCOUNTING HISTORY LITERATURE: MOVEMENTS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY
Authors: Matamoros Juan Baños-Sánchez , Gutiérrez-Hidalgo Fernando
Published: June 2017

This paper addresses and updates the challenge made by Carmona [2004] regarding the need to broaden the accounting history literature into periods, settings, and sectors outside those traditionally published in specialist journals. For this purpose, we review three international journals – the Accounting Historians Journal; Accounting, Business & Financial History; and Accounting History – and two national publications – Rivista di Contabilita e Cultura Aziendali (Italy) and De Computis (Spain) – over the period 2000–2008. The results show changes in the publishing patterns of accounting history research. We also explore whether non-Anglo-Saxon researchers have widened the settings, periods, and sectors studied from those of Anglo-Saxon researchers, thus altering the traditional focus of accounting history research.
A HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY OF ACCOUNTING HISTORIANS: 1999–2013
Authors: Coffman Edward N. , Lazdowski Yvette J. , Previts Gary John
Published: June 2017

This paper, the third in a series covering the history of The Academy since its founding in l973, recounts and details the leadership, publications, activities and events of the period 1999 through 2013 from the viewpoint of individuals who have served as officers and/or trustees of The Academy. The earlier histories of The Academy appeared in this journal in December 1989 (1973–1988) and in December 1998 (1989–1998) and provide a similar profile of the organization for those periods, with a summary evaluation as part of the conclusion. The Academy celebrated its fortieth anniversary in 2013. Two of the three coauthors of this study were also coauthors of the previous study. Edward N. Coffman, a continuing coauthor, passed away after completion of the manuscript but before its publication.
THE U.S. FREEDMEN'S BUREAU IN POST-CIVIL WAR RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Fleischman Richard , Tyson Thomas , Oldroyd David
Published: June 2017

The transition from slavery to freedom in the post-Civil War American South featured the efforts of the Freedmen's Bureau (FB) to help ex-slaves overcome an extremely hostile, racist environment that included the need to articulate new labor relations structures given the demise of the plantation system, to overcome the limitations on equality legislated by the infamous Black Codes, to address the pressing need to educate masses of highly illiterate black children, and the need to provide protection for freedmen from unscrupulous landowners. This paper seeks to measure the degree to which accounting and those performing accounting functions for the FB were able to ameliorate these dire conditions that have caused Reconstruction to be perceived as one of the most negative epochs in the history of American democracy.
DEVELOPMENT OF CORPORATE ACCOUNTING IN AUSTRALIA1
Authors: Gibson Robert W.
Published: June 2017

Corporate accounting in Australia can be said to have passed through four phases. The initial phase involved the introduction of minimum standards of statutory disclosure. The second phase was largely an extension of these statutory requirements to include income statements and consolidated statements. This was followed by the activities of the accounting profession, stock exchanges and others to improve the details of disclosure.

The final phase which is still under way has directed attention more and more to the problems of accounting measurement reflected in the financial statements. It has been marked by efforts to formulate accounting standards and to enforce compliance with those standards. Modern developments have been marked by a gradual shift from change based on statutory demands towards change based on the role of such non statutory influences as the accounting profession.
THE ACCOUNT CHARGE AND DISCHARGE
Authors: Baxter William T.
Published: June 2017

The account charge and discharge system was a competitor of the double- entry accounting system and some of its features may give answers to some of the problems plaguing our present day accounting.
FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO COST ACCOUNTING
Authors: Chen Rosita S. , Pan Sheng-Der
Published: June 2017

This article is to introduce the cost accounting system that Frederick Winslow Taylor installed at the Tabor Manufacturing Company sometime in the 1890s. A comparative analysis between this system and Captain Henry Metcalfe's Cost of Manufactures is also made in order to investigate their sources and influences. It is concluded that Taylor was a pioneer in many aspects of cost accounting, but his most important contribution was the development of the managerial approach that paved the way for modern managerial accounting.
DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW AND BUSINESS VALUATION IN A NINETEENTH CENTURY MERGER A NOTE
Authors: Edwards J. R. , Warman Alison
Published: June 2017

In 1889 the Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Company Limited was incorporated to take over the assets and business activities of two existing companies. To guide the contracting parties in negotiating a price to be paid for the properties belonging to the Shelton Collieries and Ironworks an independent valuation was arranged by Deloitte, Dever, Griffiths & Co., later appointed auditors of the new company. The article comprises an appraisal of the valuation exercise, which is an early example of the use of a discounted cash flow technique to provide relevant information for a capital investment decision.
THE CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ACCOUNTS–THE PHILOSOPHY OF DR SCOTT
Authors: Elam Rick
Published: June 2017

DR Scott was an economist, historian, philosopher, and accountant. Most of all he was a scholar who merged some of the most up-to-date ideas of the 1920s into his book The Cultural Significance of Accounts. He concluded that our culture was in a time of relative turmoil because the market was no longer the primary controlling force within our institutions. Accounting as the vehicle of the scientific method would replace the market as the synthesis of institutions which make up our culture.
Starch Digestion–Related Amylase Genetic Variant Affects 2-Year Changes in Adiposity in Response to Weight-Loss Diets: The POUNDS Lost Trial
Authors: Heianza Yoriko , Sun Dianjianyi , Wang Tiange , Huang Tao , Bray George A. , Sacks Frank M. , Qi Lu
Published: June 2017

Salivary and pancreatic amylases (encoded by AMY1 and AMY2 genes, respectively) are responsible for digesting starchy foods. AMY1 and AMY2 show copy number variations that affect differences in amylase amount and activity, and AMY1 copies have been associated with adiposity. We investigated whether genetic variants determining amylase gene copies are associated with 2-year changes in adiposity among 692 overweight and obese individuals who were randomly assigned to diets varying in macronutrient content. We found that changes in body weight (BW) and waist circumference (WC) were significantly different according to the AMY1-AMY2 rs11185098 genotype. Individuals carrying the A allele (indicating higher amylase amount and activity) showed a greater reduction in BW and WC at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months than those without the A allele (P < 0.05 for all). The association was stronger for long-term changes compared with short-term changes of these outcomes. The genetic effects on these outcomes did not significantly differ across diet groups. In conclusion, the genetic variant determining starch metabolism influences the response to weight-loss dietary intervention. Overweight and obese individuals carrying the AMY1-AMY2 rs11185098 genotype associated with higher amylase activity may have greater loss of adiposity during low-calorie diet interventions.
Improvement in Glycemic Control of Type 2 Diabetes After Successful Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Hum Justine , Jou Janice H. , Green Pamela K. , Berry Kristin , Lundblad James , Hettinger Barbara D. , Chang Michael , Ioannou George N.
Published: June 2017

OBJECTIVE

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with diabetes and may worsen glycemic control in patients with diabetes. We aimed to investigate whether eradication of HCV infection with direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents is associated with improved glycemic control in patients with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We identified 2,435 patients with diabetes who underwent interferon-free and ribavirin-free DAA-based antiviral treatment for HCV in the national Veterans Affairs health care system. Changes in average hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level and use of antidiabetic medications 1 year before and after antiviral treatment were compared between patients who achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) and those who did not.

RESULTS

Among patients with elevated baseline HbA1c, the drop in HbA1c associated with antiviral treatment was greater in those who achieved SVR (0.98%) than in those who sustained treatment failure (0.65%) (adjusted mean difference 0.34, P = 0.02). Use of antidiabetic medications decreased more in patients who achieved SVR than in those who sustained treatment failure, especially for the use of insulin, which dropped significantly from 41.3% to 38% in patients achieving SVR compared with a slight increase from 49.8% to 51% in those who sustained treatment failure.

CONCLUSIONS

DAA-based eradication of HCV is associated with improved glycemic control in patients with diabetes as evidenced by decreased mean HbA1c and decreased insulin use. These endocrine benefits of SVR provide additional justification for considering antiviral treatment in all patients with diabetes.
Impacto del SENA en la innovación de las empresas manufactureras en Colombia: Una mirada desde la ambidestreza organizacional
Authors: Solís-Molina Miguel , Hernández-Espallardo Miguel , Rodríguez-Orejuela Augusto
Published: June 2017

El Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje - SENA es una entidad de formación profesional integral de tecnólogos y técnicos laborales en Colombia. También lleva a cabo la prestación de servicios tecnológicos y participa en proyectos de innovación. En este sentido, la presente investigación aborda si la colaboración con el SENA en proyectos de innovación tiene efectos significativos en las capacidades y desempeño de las empresas manufactureras, mediante un estudio empírico a partir de una muestra de 281 empresas. Para ello, se usa como marco de referencia el paradigma de la ambidestreza organizacional, el cual plantea que las organizaciones pueden llevar a cabo actividades de innovación de explotación y exploraciónsimultáneamente para obtener un mejor desempeño. En el presente estudio se utiliza la Teoría de la firma basada en el conocimiento, la Teoría de recursos y capacidades, y la Teoría de los costos de transacción para estudiar la colaboración. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que las empresas que colaboran para innovar en actividades de explotación con el SENA tienen mayores capacidades en exploración, capacidad de alianzas, co-explotación, coexploración y desempeño en términos de rentabilidad que las que no. En cuanto a aquellas empresas que colaboran para innovar en actividades de exploración con el SENA tienen mayores capacidades de exploración, capacidad de alianzas, co-explotación, co-exploración y desempeño en términos de rentabilidad y ventas que las que no. Esto es relevante, ya que las empresas pueden considerar las alianzas de colaboración para innovar con el SENA como una alternativa para mejorar sus capacidades y desempeño.
Diseño e Implementación de un sistema de control cascada en la planta de intercambio térmico - PIT000
Authors: Álvarez Díaz Juan Gonzalo , Moreno Serrano Jorge Enrique , Ramírez Murillo Edwin Fernando
Published: June 2017

En el artículo se describe el diseño e implementación del sistema de control de la Planta Didáctica de Intercambio Térmico - PIT000, ubicada en el Centro de Electricidad y Automatización Industrial, CEAI - SENA, como un aporte investigativo a las necesidades de las instituciones de educación y de las empresas, ingenios azucareros, petroquímicas y papeleras, entre otras. El sistema de control se basa en una estrategia cascada temperatura-flujo, implementada mediante el uso de tecnología de instrumentación y control industrial, que incluyó transmisores inteligentes de flujo y temperatura,controladores lógicos programables y válvulas de control con posicionador inteligente. La metodología de diseño del sistema de control incluyó la elaboración de diagramas (P&ID) y bloques de la estrategia, la definición de condiciones de operación del proceso, el modelado de los lazos de control por medio de funciones de transferencia, el diseño de los controladores de flujo y temperatura, la determinación de los parámetros de sintonía haciendo uso del Matlab y la implementación final del sistema de control. Los resultados de la investigación, que están asociados a la implementación del sistema de control, son considerados satisfactorios, debido a que se validan con la simulación y prueba de la estrategia de control ante condiciones de operación, así como la estrategia de control cumplió con el propósito de mejorar el comportamiento de la temperatura de salida del producto en el proceso.
Conservación de uchuva (Physalis peruviana) mediante la aplicación de un recubrimiento a base de quitosano y áloe vera, utilizando el método de aspersión
Authors: Muñoz Ana , Barbosa Angie , Bustos Daniela , Ramírez Yenifer , Vásquez Yesenia , García Jaqueline , Guancha Marcelo
Published: June 2017

El objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar la vida útil de la uchuva por efecto de la aplicación de un recubrimiento a base de quitosano y áloe vera utilizando el método de aspersión. La Norma Técnica Colombiana (NTC 4580) se empleó para comparar las características físicas de las uchuvas, utilizando como indicadores de deterioro, pérdida de peso, carotenoides totales e índice de color. Las muestras evaluadas se mantuvieron a dos condiciones de almacenamiento; bajo refrigeración (4 °C) y a temperatura ambiente de la ciudad de Cali (28 °C), durante un periodo de 21 y 6 días, respectivamente. Cuatro uestreos se realizaron para cada temperatura y los resultados obtenidos se utilizaron para definir la cinética de deterioro. La cinética fue de orden cero, siendo la pérdida de peso el indicador que limitó el tiempo de vida útil. Las variables como pH, acidez e índice de madurez no mostraron diferencia significativa a un nivel de significancia p < 0,05. Finalmente, el modelamiento cinético para la pérdida de peso presentó un incremento de 1 día para las muestras almacenadas a temperatura ambiente y de 2 días para las muestras refrigeradas a 4 °C.
Extracción termomecánica y caracterización fisicoquímica del aceite de aguacate (Persea americana Mill. cv. Hass)
Authors: Yepes Betancur Diana Paola , Sánchez Giraldo Laura , Márquez Cardozo Carlos Julio
Published: June 2017

Se realizó la extracción del aceite de la pulpa de frutos de aguacate (Persea americana Mill. cv. Hass) en madurez organoléptica correspondiente al día doce después de cosechado, por ser el día que presentó mayor concentración lipídica equivalente al 20% ± 2. Se utilizó el sistema de extracción mediante un proceso termomecánico, la variable respuesta fue el rendimiento de aceite obtenido expresado en porcentaje y la variable control fue la temperatura de extracción. La caracterización fisicoquímica; índice de yodo, índice de acidez (%) expresado como ácido oleico,índice de saponificación (mg KOH/g), índice de refracción a 25°C, índice de peróxidos (meq O2/Kg), índice de peróxidos (meq O2/Kg), punto de fusión (°C), punto de humo (°C), vitamina E, capacidad antioxidante, fenoles totales, y el perfil lipídico de los ácidos grasos se realizó al aceite obtenido con temperatura de extracción de 55 °C por ser ésta la que presentó mayor porcentaje de rendimiento equivalente al 60,2% respecto a la concentración total de aceite presente en la pulpa. El aceite de aguacate obtenido puede clasificarse como extra virgen, con alto contenido en ácidos grasos ω3, ω6 y Vitamina E correspondiente a 759,29 mg/100g, 12.862,30 mg/100 g y 10,11 mg/100 g respectivamente, lo cual posiciona el aceite de aguacate como un alimento altamente nutritivo y potencialmente funcional.
Umhverfi og starfsemi endurskoðunarnefnda – bakgrunnur nefndarmanna og traust á fjárhagsupplýsingum
Authors: Guðbjartsson Einar , Snorrason Jón Snorri
Published: June 2017

Markmið þessarar greinar er að greina frá hluta niðurstaðna rannsóknar á umhverfi og starfsháttum endurskoðunarnefnda, nánar tiltekið bakgrunni nefndarmanna, áherslum þeirra og mati á trausti og gagnsæi fjárhagsupplýsinga. Bornar eru saman niðurstöður tveggja kannana höfunda á efninu, annars vegar frá árinu 2012 og hins vegar frá árinu 2016. Í lögum nr. 3/2006 um ársreikninga eru gerðar kröfur um að tilteknir lögaðilar, einingar tengdar almannahagsmunum, skv. lögum nr. 79/2008 um endurskoðendur, setji á stofn endurskoðunarnefnd. Tilgangur endurskoðunarnefnda er að tryggja gæði og áreiðanleika fjárhagsskýrslna og fjárhagsupplýsinga, hvort sem um er að ræða skýrslur til stjórnenda félagsins eða til hagsmunaaðila utan félagsins. Í sömu lögum er kveðið á um að stjórn skipi nefndarmenn í endurskoðunarnefnd. Í greininni verður m.a. reynt að varpa ljósi á bakgrunn nefndarmanna og afstöðu þeirra til þess hvort traust á fjárhagsupplýsingum hafi aukist eða ekki.
Gerðar voru tvær kannanir meðal stærstu fyrirtækja og stofnana landsins (sem falla undir skilgreininguna einingar tengdar almannahagsmunum) 2012 og 2016. Samanburður á niðurstöðum þessara kannana bendir til þess að breytingar hafi átt sér stað á vissum þáttum.
Niðurstöðurnar varpa ljósi á aðstæður og umgjörð endurskoðunarnefnda sem kunna að leiða til breytinga t.d. á löggjöf. Þetta er fyrsta rannsóknin þar sem tvær kannanir á umhverfi og starfsemi endurskoðunarnefnda, sem framkvæmdar voru með nokkurra ára millibili, eru bornar saman.
Marketing communication towards cruise ship passengers: the implications of market segmentation
Authors: Óskarsson Gunnar , Georgsdóttir Irena
Published: June 2017

Tourism in Iceland has been growing incredibly fast during the past years; for example, the cruise industry has grown at a rapid rate, as Iceland continues to gain popularity as a cruise destination. Although a certain amount of research has been conducted in this sphere, it does not cover all of the important issues, including a better insight into clustering of cruise ship passengers, who differ from other tourists in a number of ways, and marketing communication towards them regarding product and services offered at the point of destination. The main objective of this research is to examine factors that have an impact on potential segmentation of cruise ship passengers coming to Iceland and learn about marketing communication practices used by local companies offering them products and services. Qualitative research was used as an approach and personal interviews chosen as a means of collecting information. Interviews were taken with 10 people from different companies who interact with cruise passengers on a regular basis at their workplace. The main findings reveal that participants note the strongest difference between cruise passengers of different nationalities, passengers coming on different ships (size and type), and passengers arriving at different times of the year. Concerning marketing communication towards cruise passengers, the results indicate that it is almost exclusively carried out through the Internet; a reliable website, search engine optimization and word-of-mouth. This research provides a contribution by deepening understanding of approaches that may be effective in market segmentation in this particular section of the tourism industry and identifying effective ways to reach potential customers. This research thus provides a significant addition to marketing knowledge for an increasingly important sector of the tourist industry.
THE SETTLEMENT OF CANONIC TRADITION IN THE DOCUMENT “THE IMPORTANCE OF FASTING AND ITS OBSERVANCE TODAY”
Authors: GOREANU Veniamin
Published: June 2017

In this paper we will try to showcase, during the first part, the challenges of the contemporary world and the importance of fasting, and during the second part, we will see how the canonical tradition about fasting was established in the document The Importance of fasting and its observance today approved by the Holy and Great Council that took place in Crete.
“Lo espiritual y lo material: el símbolo disémico y el desarrollo de la ambigüedad en La Regenta de Clarín”
Authors: López Quero Salvador
Published: June 2017

Fecha de recepción: 1 de febrero de 2012.Fecha de aceptación: 13 de mayo de 2013. En este artículo se estudia el desarrollo de la ambigüedad espíritu/materia en La Regenta, mediante la descripción comparativa entre la torre de la Catedral y don Fermín de Pas, desde una perspectiva pragmática. Mientras la torre de la Catedral es un símbolo disémico sólo en la primera parte de la narración, don Fermín es un personaje ambiguo hasta el final de la obra. Por medio de la descripción comparativa de la torre de la Catedral con don Fermín, el autor aúna semánticamente lo material con lo espiritual, cuyo contraste constituye el armazón de todo el relato de Clarín, lo que ofrece al mismo tiempo la base para criticar ferozmente a la Iglesia.
The Role of Scientometric Indicators in Modern Scientific World
Authors: GEVORGYAN Ashot
Published: June 2017

The article touches upon one of the most topical and controversial issues of the sphere of modern scientific research: the review, control and guidance of the effectiveness of the scientific activity of the authors through scientometric mechanisms. Drawing parallels between various historical periods and particularly highlighting the importance of the issue in the 20th century, the indirect but important influence and role of the Internet is emphasized. Some proposals and guarantees are also put forward which can slightly alleviate the frequent inequality and inadequacy in the field of assessing and evaluating scientific researches and researchers.
Creative Potential of Humanism
Authors: ASATRYAN Grigor
Published: June 2017

The article analyzes the gist and certain specific features of contemporary humanism, reveals its creative and unifying potentials, and sheds light on the role it plays in solving the global problems the humanity faces in the current complicated and critical period of the development of civilization.
Language and Experience in the Post-Genocide Society
Authors: MOSINYAN Davit
Published: June 2017

This paper discusses theoretical and methodological issues concerning the relationship between language-history and experience-memory in post-genocide societies. Here an attempt is made to show how it is possible to remember the past and with the same time to avoid the overwhelming influence of foregoing trauma.