bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationships among Soil and Foliar Nutrient Levels and Plant Quality Variables in Field-grown Salvia Determined by Principal Component Analysis1
Authors: Broschat Timothy K.
Published: August 2022

Principal component analysis of soil and foliar analysis and plant quality data for field-grown Salvia splendens Sello cv. Red Pillar was useful for pointing out relationships among these variables and suggested possible growth limiting factors. Soil P and foliar P, Ca, Cu, Zn, and N were found to be positively related to plant quality on the first principal component, whereas soil K, Ca, Mg, and NO3 and foliar Fe were negatively related to quality. The former elements are thought to be limiting growth in this situation, while the latter elements in some way suppress the uptake or utilization of the deficient elements. The third and fourth components described well known relationships of soil pH with soil and foliar concentrations of several elements.
Yield Response of Four Fresh Market Tomato Cultivars after Acute Ozone Exposure in the Seedling Stage1
Authors: Henderson W. R. , Reinert R. A.
Published: August 2022

Seedlings of ‘Fantastic’, ‘Homestead 24’, ‘Walter’ and ‘Heinz 1439’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were exposed to ozone 6 times between the 2nd and 5th week after emergence. Early total, marketable, and U.S. No. 1 yield were reduced when plants were exposed to 40 pphm ozone for 2 hours for all cultivars, except for ‘Walter’ in one trial. Early marketable yield of the most sensitive cultivar, ‘Fantastic’, was reduced an average of 14.7 metric tons/ha per year at 40 pphm ozone for 2 hours. Effect on early yield of 10 pphm ozone for 8 hours and 40 pphm for 1 hour was influenced by cultivar and year. Early yield was affected more by ozone concentration than by dose. Season marketable yield was unaffected by early acute ozone fumigation except for ‘Homestead 24’ at 40 pphm ozone for 2 hours in 1976. Fruit quality and fruit weight were not appreciably influenced by acute ozone exposure.
Adaptation of Ornamental Species to an Acid Soil High in Exchangeable Aluminum1
Authors: Foy C. D. , Wheeler N. C.
Published: August 2022

Sixty-nine species of ornamental plants were screened for A1 tolerance in greenhouse pots of acid Tatum subsoil adjusted to different pH levels by liming. Species differed widely in tolerance to the unlimed soil at pH 4.1-4.4. For example, in one experiment the relative top yield on unlimed vs. limed soil (pH 4.3/pH 5.2) was 71% for Dolichos lablab L. (hyacinth bean); 63% for Tropaeolum majus L. (nasturtium); 62% for Cleome spinosa Jacq. (cleome); 59% for Calonyction aculeatum L. (moonflower); 18% for Tagetes erecta L. (marigold); 11% for Cosmos sulphureous Cav. (cosmos); 4% for Calendula officinalis L. (calendula); and 0.8% for Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (garland chrysanthemum). With the exception of cleome, the acid-soil-tolerant species were larger seeded than the sensitive species. Ornamental species also differed in tolerances to neutral-alkaline Tatum soil (pH 7.0-7.2). For example, relative top yields on high lime vs. low lime soil (pH 7.1/5.1) were 89% for marigold, 87% for cleome, 79% for calendula, 78% for hyacinth bean, 54% for nasturtium and 11% for garland chrysanthemum. Ornamental plants were classified according to suitability for strongly acid (pH 4.1-4.4), moderately acid (pH 5.1-5.4) or neutral to alkaline (pH 7.0-7.2) Tatum subsoil.
Preharvest Foliar Desiccation and Onion Storage Quality
Authors: Bubl C. E. , Richardson D. G. , Mansour N. S.
Published: August 2022

Several compounds were used to desiccate tops of onion (Allium cepa L.) prior to harvest. Most chemicals at various rates and timings caused an increase in postharvest disease and sprouting. Endothall at 1.1 kg active ingredient/ha had storage losses comparable to the control. Paraquat substantially elevated storage decay at all rates, but there was less increase from Ethephon and Stoddard Solvent. Disease in storage was not correlated with neck moisture as affected by spray treatments. Phenolic concentration in neck tissue studied for several treatments was weakly and negatively correlated with subsequent disease in storage.
Influence of Short-term Storage Conditions on Quality of Shelled Southern Pea1,2
Authors: Smittle D. A. , Hayes M. J.
Published: August 2022

Mechanically shelled southern peas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp cv. Purple Hull Pinkeye) were stored at temperatures of 5°, 25° and 45°C for 3, 6 and 12 hours. Quality changes were minimal with 5° storage and increased with prolonged storage at higher temperatures. Changes consisted of decreases in percentage green seed, total chlorophyll, sugar, starch and protopectin and increases in water-soluble pectin, Calgon-soluble pectin and seed discoloration. Total solids, hemicellulose and cellulose contents were not affected by storage treatments. A response curve relating the rate of loss of green seed to storage temperature was developed which will assist in the coordination of harvesting-transport-processing operations for the maintenance of a high quality product.
Effects of Preharvest and Postharvest Calcium Treatments on Fruit Calcium Content and the Susceptibility of ‘Van’ Cherry to Impact Damage1
Authors: Lidster P. D. , Tung M. A. , Yada R. G.
Published: August 2022

Preharvest sprays or postharvest dips of CaCl2 decreased the incidence of surface pitting of ‘Van’ cherries (Prunus avium L.) resulting from impact damage. Inclusion of a surfactant and thickener in the dip enhanced Ca uptake by cherries in storage. Ca from postharvest dips penetrated the cherry mesocarp rapidly in storage. Maximum Ca uptake by the cherry mesocarp was attained when the pH of the dipping solution was 7. However, postharvest Ca dips were most effective in preventing surface pitting when their pH was 4.
Minimum Critical Foliar Levels of K, Mg, and B in Rieger Elatior Begonia1
Authors: Nelson Paul V. , Krauskopf Dean M. , Mingis Nancy C.
Published: August 2022

Analysis of deficiency symptoms and foliar analyses of canopy leaves (youngest leaves 5 cm of wider) of Rieger elatior begonias (Begonia X hiemalis Fotsch cv. Schwabenland Red) indicated that the minimum critical levels for K, Mg, and B lie in the ranges of 0.93 to 0.95%, 0.22 to 0.25%, and 13.0 to 14.0 ppm, respectively.
Effect of Rootstock on Mineral Composition of Apple Leaves1
Authors: Poling E. B. , Oberly G. H.
Published: August 2022

Significant differences were evident in levels of Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Na in leaves of ‘McIntosh’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) scions grafted on 16 different rootstocks when sampled over a 4-year period. Trees on Malling-Merton (MM) 106 rootstock were among the highest in leaf Mg and Ca, while those on Mailing (M) 4 were among the lowest in leaf Mg, Ca, Na, and Al.
Relative Efficiency of High- and Low-pressure Sodium and Incandescent Filament Lamps Used to Supplement Natural Winter Light in Greenhouses1
Authors: Cathey Henry M. , Campbell Lowell E.
Published: August 2022

The relative efficiencies of high-pressure (HPS) and low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps for plant growth were determined for 32 species of foliage and flowering plants in greenhouse under winter conditions at 37°N latitude. HPS with a relatively wide spectral emission peaking at 589 nm, and low-pressure sodium (LPS) with a monochromatic line at 589 nm were compared at 42 W/m2 irradiance in the 400–700 nm region for various lengths of time at various times of day. Although radiation in the far-red region (700–800 nm) differed, HPS and LPS equally accelerated rates of increase in fresh weights, and heights, and flowering of most herbaceous and tropical foliage plants evaluated. High-pressure sodium and LPS were ineffective, however, in promoting growth of deciduous trees and some woody plants and had no more effect than exposure of the plants to natural winter days with 0.9 W/m2 from incandescent lamps for 8 hrs (2000-0400) night interruption (long day controls). After 16 hours, about half the species showed photomorphogical differences between plants grown at intensities of 21 and plants grown at 42 W/m2 from LPS. All showed significantly better growth characteristics (fresh weight, height, early flowering) than the long day controls. Lighting during the day or night (42 W/m2 from 0800–1600 or from 2000–0400) was equally effective in promoting growth responses with 15 of the 32 species evaluated. Night lighting was more effective than day lighting with 10 of the 32 species tested. The majority of the species grew equally well when lighted 16 hours daily (0800-2400) with 21 W/m2 or 8 hours daily (2000–0400) with 42 W/m2. Effectiveness of the lighting was generally unrelated to the photoperiodic requirements of the plants. Many of the plants, which were previously classified as day-neutral (DN), flowered as if they were long day plants. Such day-neutral plants apparently required adequate light (intensity and duration) for photosynthesis. Increased daylength alone, without regard to intensity, was not sufficient to accelerate growth and early flowering of day-neutral plants. Since HPS and LPS were equally effective on most species tested, we concluded that light quality was less important than total irradiation (energy) for the growth and early flowering of many herbaceous plants.
Whitefly Infestation on Chrysanthemum and Poinsettia Treated with Plant and Insect Growth Regulators1
Authors: Fischer Steven J. , Shanks James B.
Published: August 2022

The insect growth regulator (IGR) kinoprene reduced infestation by immature stages of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westw.) on ‘Dramatic’ and ‘Puritan’ chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) and ‘Annette Hegg Lady’ and ‘Eckespoint C-1’ poinsettia (Poinsettia pulcherrima Wild.). Three foliar applications at 2-week intervals were more effective than 1 or 2 applications. The plant growth regulators (PGR) ancymidol and chlormequat reduced whitefly infestation on both cultivars of chrysanthemum and ‘Annette Hegg Lady’ poinsettia.
Leachate and Soil pH Changes in Potting Mixes Treated with NaHCO3 and KHCO3 Solutions1
Authors: Jarrell W. M. , Shepherd R. A. , Branson R. L.
Published: August 2022

Peat-sand (1:1, by volume) and wood-sand (2:1, by volume) mixes in 10 cm plastic pots were planted with Epipremnum aureum Linden & Andre cv. Tricolor (pothos), Coleus glumei Benth (coleus), and Brassaia actinophylla Endl. (schefflera). After the pH of the leachate had dropped to between 4.0 and 5.0, pots received a single irrigation with solutions NaHCO3 and KHCO3. For the peat mix, the highest concentrations (0.20 M) of NaHCO3 and KHCO3 raised the leachate pH to nearly 9.0; the pH subsequently dropped most rapidly in pots containing coleus and schefflera, and slowest with pothos. In pots containing the wood-sand mix, the pH climbed as high as 8.0 immediately after treatment with 0.08 m KHCO3, then decreased slowly in pothos and more rapidly with the other 2 species. In peat mixes, the final leachate pH was nearly one unit greater than the saturation paste pH of the soil. In wood-sand pots, mix from the bottom half of the pot was always lower in pH than mix from the top half. Except for schefflera the pH of the last leachate obtained was nearer the pH of the bottom half of the pot than that of the top half.
Relative Freezing Injury to ‘Velvet’, ‘Redhaven’, and ‘Siberian C’ Peaches following Controlled Freezer Tests at Selected Dates during Two Winters1
Authors: Cain D. W. , Andersen R. L.
Published: August 2022

‘Siberian C’ was hardier than ‘Velvet’ or ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] on all 13 test dates during 2 winters. Within test dates, cultivar injury was positively correlated with twig moisture content. Moisture content of the bark was twice that of xylem; however, xylem suffered more injury than the bark. Changes in temperature response patterns of bark and xylem from late fall to winter indicated a shift in freezing processes occurred during acclimation. Differential response of fully acclimated bark and xylem to temperature decrease suggested that bark underwent equilibrium freezing while xylem deep supercooled. ‘Siberian C’ did not appear more susceptible than ‘Velvet’ and ‘Redhaven’ to fluctuating late winter and spring temperatures.
Effect of Millipore Filtration, Citric Acid, and Sucrose on Peduncle Water Potential of Cut Rose Flower1
Authors: Durkin Dominic J.
Published: August 2022

Millipore filtration of water was shown to accelerate the rate of hydration of rose peduncle tissue. In a stress test, aeration of deionized water decreased the rate of peduncle hydration, while millipore filtration of aerated water increased hydration rates. Solution acidification enhanced the rate of hydration, and the addition of sucrose to the solution significantly retarded hydration. Flower stems recut under deionized water hydrated as quickly as those recut in air and placed in millipore-acidified water. Flower stems recut in air and placed in deionized water hydrated slowly. These results suggest that air blockage in the cut rose stem reduces the rate of water uptake.
Strawberry Clonal Fruit Yield and Quality Responses to Hand Picking Prior to Once-over Machine Harvest1
Authors: Morris J. R. , Spayd S. E. , Cawthon D. L. , Kattan A. A. , Nelson G. S.
Published: August 2022

Four of 7 strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) clones tested did not benefit in total yield from 1 or 2 hand pickings prior to once-over machine harvest. Four of the clones could be hand picked once without a significant reduction in machine harvested yields. Two clones were low yielding regardless of the harvest method. ‘Sunrise’, a high once-over yielding clone, increased in total yield with hand harvesting but fruit were soft and poorly colored and lacked good field holding and in-plant handling capabilities. ‘Cardinal’ represented a clone with fruit quality and a ripening pattern suitable to a combination of hand and machine harvesting. Fruit remaining on the plants after 1 or 2 hand harvests had a higher percentage of ripe fruit in the once-over harvest than machine harvested fruit not preceded by a hand harvest. The composite once-over machine harvested fruit after 1 or 2 hand pickings showed the same or higher soluble solids, shear press firmness, puree viscosity and color intensity as hand harvested fruit. In clones with high quality fruit, the presence of immature fruit in the onceover harvest did not detract from puree color or flavor acceptability. Selection A-5344 possessed both yield and quality characteristics desired for a completely mechanized harvest for processing.
Effects of Stage of Maturity, Storage, and Cultivar on Some Quality Attributes of Tomatoes1
Authors: Al-Shaibani Ali M. H. , Greig J. K.
Published: August 2022

Fruits of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cvs. Jet Star and Floramerica) were harvested at various maturity stages and ripened at 20°C and 80% relative humidity. Differences in pH between field-ripened and storage-ripened fruits of either cultivar were not significant. Ascorbic acid of ‘Jet Star’ fruits increased slightly during ripening both on and off the plant; ‘Floramerica’ fruits showed no changes in ascorbic acid content during ripening. Field-ripened fruits had significantly higher ascorbic acid than storage-ripened fruits. The β-carotene content significantly increased with ripening for both cultivars, with no significant differences between field- and storage-ripened fruits. Fruits of ‘Jet Star’ contained more β-carotene than ‘Floramerica’ fruits. Total sugars increased during ripening up to the firm ripe stage. Total sugar content of field-ripened fruits was significantly higher than storage-ripened fruits in ‘Jet Star’ but not in ‘Floramerica’. Fruits harvested in the breaker stage retained the highest total sugar content during storage.
Controlling Sprout Growth in Shade Trees by Trunk Injection1
Authors: Roberts B. R. , Wuertz D. E. , Brown G. K. , Kwolek W. F.
Published: August 2022

American elm (Ulmus americana L.) and American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) trees were injected in May or June 1974 and 1975 with water solutions of 1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione (Maleic hydrazide, MH) and butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide). Measurements in 1977 showed sprout length to be significantly reduced by both chemicals applied in 1974. Of the 1975 treatments, only MH-treated sycamore still showed significant sprout length reduction 3 growing seasons after injection. Between April and June 1977, MH and the sodium sait of 2,3:4,6-bis-0-(1-methylethylidene)-α-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid (dikegulac) were injected into the trunks of previously topped American sycamore, silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.), red oak (Querem rubra L.), shamel ash (Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.)Lingelsh), and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.). Both chemicals significantly reduced regrowth, but high concentrations were generally more effective than were low concentrations of the same chemical. However, high concentrations of dikegulac were likely to cause unfavorable foliar appearance, including leaf distortion and dieback. Regrowth control was generally similar for a species treated with the same chemical at different geographical locations. Average injection cost for a single treatment is estimated at $2 to $3 per tree.
Diallel Analysis of Early Competition between Sweet Corn and Four Weed Species1
Authors: Campbell T. A.
Published: August 2022

The early competitive relationships of sweet corn (Zea mays L.), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.), large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.), common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) during the first 4 weeks of growth were studied in the greenhouse using a modified diallel analysis. Heights of individual plants at 2, 3, and 4 weeks after seeding were measured as well as dry weights at 4 weeks. Analyses indicate that sweet corn was the most competitive species. Barnyardgrass offered the most competition to sweet corn relative to the other weed species which offered much less competition to sweet corn and comparable competition to each other. Competitive relationships remained fairly constant over time with perhaps a slight increase in the competitive ability of crabgrass. A slight increase in compatibility between sweet corn and barnyardgrass, and between crabgrass and pigweed occurred during the 4th week of growth.
The Effect of Maturity and Environment on Phenolic Compounds and Oxidative Browning in Carrots1,2,3
Authors: Chubey B. B. , Nylund R. E.
Published: August 2022

Study of influence of maturity and environmental factors showed that early seeded carrots were more prone to browning than late seeded carrots. Immature carrots were more susceptible to browning and were lower in phenols than mature carrots. Those grown in sandy soil had a higher phenolic content than those from clay soils but did not differ significantly in susceptibility to browning. Total phenols increased during storage and were highest at a storage temperature of 50 F. Susceptibility to browning increased during the first month of storage. No direct relationships were found between potential browning and total or oxidizable phenols.
Premature Heading of Broccoli Cultivars as Affected by Transplant Size1
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Mack H. J.
Published: August 2022

Broccoli cultivars differed greatly in their tendency for premature heading and total loss from this factor and from culls. Per cent premature heads was increased by the use of large transplant sizes in the 9 cultivars studied; total loss was generally, but less, affected in the same way. Significant interactions were found between varieties and plant size in both premature heading and total loss. Transplanting date affected premature heading and total loss in one of the 2 years it was considered. Nitrogen levels, included in one experiment, did not cause significant effects.
Soil Moisture Effects on the Rooting and Early Development of Strawberry Runners1
Authors: Collins W. B. , Smith C. R.
Published: August 2022

The rooting of strawberry runner tips was studied in relation to soil moisture tension in the rooting medium and soil moisture supplies to the mother plants. In the first weeks of runner establishment the rate and amount of top growth was controlled largely by the moisture supply to the mother plant. Growth was decreased as moisture stress on the mother plant was increased. For the most part, root habit of the runner was independent of influence from the mother plant. Variations in soil moisture tension in the rooting medium had little influence on top growth of the runner except for leaf area but did influence root growth significantly. Secondary root growth was restricted by both very wet and very dry soil conditions. The results confirmed that the initial number of main roots formed and their penetration was independent of moisture tension in the rooting medium. Organic matter additions to the rooting medium did not influence moisture effects appreciably.
The Cause of Bent Neck in Cut Roses1
Authors: Burdett A. N.
Published: August 2022

Neck bending in cut roses, cv. ‘Forever Yours’, was shown to be the result of wilting in the pedicel tissue. Four possible mechanisms to account for this occurrence in cut blooms and its absence in intact flowers were investigated experimentally. Both a decline in the diffusion pressure deficit of the tissues and an increase in the stem flow resistance of cut blooms were found to be involved. The increase in water flow resistance was shown to coincide with the appearance of a material plugging the vessels. The role of micro-organisms in the deposition of this material is discussed in relation to the data presented. Compared with those held in water, cut blooms placed in a solution of the bacterio- and fungi-static agent 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate showed a lower frequency of vessel plugging, a lower stem flow resistance and lasted twice as long prior to the development of bent neck.
Seed Dormancy of Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)1,2
Authors: Hogue E. J. , LaCroix L. J.
Published: August 2022

For prompt germination the seed of Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) required 9 to 12 weeks of after-ripening at a temperature of 5° C. When fruit and endocarp were removed, 50–60% of the non-after-ripened seed germinated. Complete germination was obtained by removing the endocarp and the seed coats. The germination inhibition appeared to be related to non-leachable inhibitors in both of these structures, and their influence was almost entirely restricted to the radicle end of the embryo. Kinetin was very effective in breaking the dormancy linked to the seed coats but did not influence dormancy when the endocarp was present.
The Influence of Succinamic Acid 2,2-Dimethyl Hydrazide on Fruit Ripening of the ‘Windsor’ Sweet Cherry1
Authors: Chaplin M. H. , Kenworthy A. L.
Published: August 2022

Field experiments were conducted in 1967 and 1968 to determine the influence of succinamic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (SADH) on fruit ripening of the ‘Windsor’ sweet cherry. Foliar sprays of 1000, 2000, or 4000 ppm of SADH were applied to mature ‘Windsor’ trees. SADH promoted anthocyanin development by two weeks and sugar development by one week without significantly reducing fruit firmness. Treated fruits, however, were smaller than non-treated fruits of comparable color and sugar content. Fruit respiratory activity was not affected by SADH treatment.

It is postulated that SADH acts directly on the enzyme systems concerned with anthocyanin and sugar biosynthesis rather than acting at the hormonal level to advance the general physiological maturity of the fruit.
Isolation and Identification of a Growth Inhibitor in Spur Buds of Apricot1
Authors: Ramsay Juan , Martin George C.
Published: August 2022

A sample of freeze-dried apricot buds collected during December, 1968, and January, 1969, was extracted with 80% methanol. The extract was partitioned into 3 phases: water, neutral acetate, and acidic ether. The acidic ether phase contained most of the inhibitor that was present in the methanolic extract. Thus, further purification and identification was done with this fraction exclusively.

The similarity of Rf values of abscisic acid and of the apricot bud inhibitor when TL-cochromatographed using 10 different solvent systems, the equal retention times of their methylated derivatives when gas chromatographed, the congruency of their ultraviolet light spectra, and their inhibition of growth of apricot seedlings indicate that the apricot bud inhibitor is similar, if not identical, to abscisic acid.
Genetic and Environmental Modification of Determinate Plant Habit in Cucumbers1
Authors: George William L.
Published: August 2022

The standard plant habit in cucumbers is indeterminate (vine). A determinate form in which the shoot apex stops growing after producing a given number of leaves has the genotype de/de. Two determinate lines, one with low and the other with high leaf numbers were developed from this form. The difference in leaf number of these lines is due to a single gene which modifies the expression of de. The line with low leaf number has the genotype de/de, In(de)/In(de) and the line with high leaf number de/de, in(de)/in(de). Gene In(de) also reduces plant height by shortening internode length. Winter conditions of short daylength, low light intensity and low temperature decrease leaf number and plant height in both lines.
Temperature and the Self-Incompatibility Reaction in Lilium longiflorum Thunb.1
Authors: Ascher Peter D. , Peloquin S. J.
Published: August 2022

Compatibly- and incompatibly-pollinated detached styles of Lilium longiflorum were incubated for various time periods at 39°, 31°, 24°, 19° and 12.5°C to elucidate the effect of high and low temperatures on the self-incompatibility reaction. High temperatures during pollen tube growth prevented the incompatibility reaction, as incompatible pollen tubes reached lengths similar to those of campatible tubes in styles incubated at 39° and 31°C. Between 12 and 24 hr post-pollination the rate of compatible tube growth at 24°C (room temp) doubled while the rate of incompatible tubes continued unchanged. Incompatible pollen tube growth decelerated after 2 days at 19°C resulting in a significant difference between compatible and incompatible tube length 3 days after pollination. In styles incubated at 12.5°C the lengths of compatible and incompatible pollen tubes did not differ significantly until 6 days after pollination when incompatible tubes were shorter. The self-incompatibility reaction occurred at low temperatures, for growth of incompatible tubes was restricted to lengths typical of those grown at room temperature.
Effects of Controlled Atmosphere Storage on Biochemical Changes in Apricot and Peach Fruit1,2
Authors: Wankier B. N. , Salunkhe D. K. , Campbell W. F.
Published: August 2022

The firmness, pericarp color, total pectins, total sugars, free reducing sugars, pH, titratable acidity, organic acids, amino acids, and tannins were analyzed in apricots, Prunus armeniaca L. cvs. Moorpark and Large Early Montgamet and in peaches, Prunus persica L. cv. Elberta. Fruit was stored under varying CO2 concentrations and 5.0% 02. Results of these treatments were compared to those obtained with conventional refrigerated storage fruit.

The data indicated that firmness, total pectins, titratable acidity, total sugars, and tannins decreased with duration of storage time. However, they usually decreased at a slower rate in CA-stored fruit than in refrigerator-stored fruit. Color, pH, and free reducing sugars increased with storage time, but the organic and amino acids content varied erratically with the treatment and length of storage time. The organic acids were generally depleted as storage was extended. Succinic acid occurred only under elevated CO2 concns. increasing the CO2 accelerated accumulation of succinic acid and the depletion of malic acid. Increased CO2 caused alanine to accumulate and aspartic acid to decrease.

Apricot fruit appeared to benefit most when stored in 2.5% CO2. Under this CO2 cone, fruit did not develop detrimental effects as rapidly as at other concns. of CO2 tested. Peach fruit did not appear to be satisfactorily stored under the conditions of this experiment.
A Maturity Index for Blueberries Using Light Transmittance1
Authors: Dekazos Elias D. , Birth Gerald S.
Published: August 2022

Light transmittance curves of intact blueberries, ‘Wolcott’ and ‘Bluecrop’ cul-tivars4, were recorded in the visible and infrared with the ASCO Biospect5 and correlated with anthocyanin content. Correlation coefficients were computed for a large number of possible maturity indexes to determine the optimum index. In all cases the index involves the measurement of the optical density of the intact fruit at 2 wavelengths and computation of the optical density difference. From the ‘Wolcott’ blueberry correlation data, the highest correlations, 0.925 and 0.967, were found in the infrared region between ∆OD(760–800 nm) vs anthocyanin content per berry and between ∆OD(760–800 nm) vs anthocyanin content per g fresh weight of tissue, respectively. For the ‘Bluecrop’ blueberry, the highest correlations, 0.933 and 0.916, were found in the infrared region between ∆OD(740–800 nm) vs anthocyanin content per berry and between ∆OD(740–800 nm) vs anthocyanin content per g fresh weight of tissue, respectively. Thus, optical density difference measurements of individual intact fruits afford a reliable maturity index for blueberries.
Effects of Succinic Acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide and Phosphorus Treatments on Rhododendron Flowering and Growth1
Authors: Ryan G. F.
Published: August 2022

Sprays of 0.75 or 1.0% succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar) on Rhododendron cv. Humming Bird resulted in 5- to 15-fold increases in the number of flower buds the first year, and applications the second year at 1.0 and 1.25% gave up to 5-fold increases. Treatments that significantly increased flower initiation the second year on field grown ‘Cynthia’ plants were preplant incorporation of treble phosphate, a root drench of dilute H3PO4, and 2 applications of 1% Alar. Combinations of Alar and P treatments resulted in increases approximately equal to the sum of the 2 treatments applied separately. Effects of Alar on growth of ‘Cynthia’ plants were a 15–20% reduction in length of the first flush shoots that were elongating at the time of application, and up to 80% reduction in the number of second flush shoots.
Root-Knot Nematode Resistance in Snap Beans: Breeding and Nature of Resistance1
Authors: Fassuliotis George , Deakin J. R. , Hoffman J. C.
Published: August 2022

Bush type snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with resistance to the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (cotton strain) are being developed by using PI-165426 as the resistant parent. PI-165426 (resistant), ‘Black Valentine’ (susceptible) and F5 breeding line B3864 (resistant) were inoculated with second-stage larvae. There were no significant differences in larval penetration of roots. Root tips showed slight swellings at infection loci of resistant and susceptible plants. Necrosis was evident in the resistant lines 4 days after inoculation. Histological studies of early infections showed that resistance was due to absence of adequate giant cell development and to hypersensitive reaction within the infected portion of the root. When soil temperature was changed from 16 to 28°C, galling, female development, and egg mass production in the resistant plants were increased.
Fertilizer-Plant Population Studies for Once-Over Tomato Harvest1
Authors: Austin M. E. , Dunton E. M.
Published: August 2022

Growth rate of several tomato cultivars, indexed by stem diameter measurements, was not influenced by broadcasting 50–100–100 lb./A fertilizer, by sidedressing 60 to 80 lb N, or by increasing the plant population from 5,800 to 23,200 plants/A in either single or dual rows at 2 locations.

Broadcasting 5–10–10 fertilizer prior to planting increased total yields, but the earliest maximum yield of marketable fruit was delayed. Sidedressing N also delayed the earliest maximum yield.

Fertilizer application did not influence fruit size, but size was reduced at high plant populations and at later harvests. The once-over maximum yield was increased at a high plant population when spacing between dual rows was 18 or 24 inches.
Growth and Fruiting of Peach in Sand Culture as Affected by Boron and a Fritted Form of Trace Elements1
Authors: Kamali Abdul R. , Childers Norman F.
Published: August 2022

Boron shortage resulted in limited growth, terminal dieback, pronounced bark lenticels and bark splitting; waxy, thick, brittle foliage; early defoliation; early leaf development after dormancy; fewer flower buds; longer blooming period; reduced pollen viability; poor fruit set and quality; fruit cracking and dry brown corky spots adjacent to the pit. Boron excess caused leaf distortion, shoot dieback, pit splitting, and leaf bud mortality after dormancy; increased break of lateral shoots; fewer flower buds; reduced pollen viability and fruit set; and faded flowers and anthers. Correction of B shortage or excess resulted in normal growth, flower bud formation, pollen viability, and fruit set and quality.

Based on growth response, symptom expression and fruiting, the B content of peach leaves can be correlated in the following manner: severe deficiency, less than 10 ppm; deficient, 11 to 17 ppm; low, 18 to 30 ppm; optimum, 31 to 59 ppm; high, 60 to 80 ppm; and excess, 81 to 155 ppm. There was a positive correlation between mean B content of leaves and that of the fruits. The symptoms of B injury suggested the following classification of the B status in the fruits; deficient, less than 10 ppm; normal, 11 to 29 ppm; and excess, 44 to 124 ppm. An application of fritted trace elements3 at the rate of 20–160 lb/A to sand in the crocks gave good vegetative growth the first season but was inadequate to support normal growth and fruiting the second season. An additional application of 40 or more lb/A near the end of the second growing season afforded normal growth, fruiting and fruit quality for the third season.
Role of Cellulase in Abscission of Citrus Fruits1
Authors: Pollard J. E. , Biggs R. H.
Published: August 2022

The concept of cellulolytic enzymes being involved in abscission has been confirmed and extended in this study to include the fruits of ‘Calamondin’ (Citrus madurensis Lour.) and ‘Valencia’ sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. Data have been presented which demonstrate that an increase in cellulase activity is associated with natural and chemically accelerated abscission of citrus fruits. Ethylene, the most effective accelerant of abscission studied, shortened the time for attainment of measurable increases in cellulase activity preceding separation and shortened the time between detectable increases in cellulase activity and attainment of high cellulase activity. Pectinase did not seem to be a major factor associated with abscission of ‘Calamondin’ and ‘Valencia’ fruit.

The effect of inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis on abscission of ‘Calamondin’ and ‘Valencia’ fruit was determined and cycloheximide was found to inhibit both abscission and increased cellulase activity. Cellulase-containing proteins extracted from tissues immediately surrounding and including abscission zones were separated electrophoretically and the appearance of a new protein band with carboxymethyl-cellulase activity was noted in this tissue during abscission.
Growth of Tomato Plants and Fruit Production in High Humidity and at High Temperature1
Authors: Lipton W. J.
Published: August 2022

Tomatoes grown in Tucson, Ariz., in a closed, humid greenhouse, compared with those grown in a normal, vented one, lacked vigor in spring, were prone to high-temperature injury in summer, and had poor fruit-set in both seasons. Elongation of plants in the humid house during early growth exceeded that in the normal house only when RH was near 100%. Occurrence of microbial diseases of leaves or fruits was insignificant.

High humidity reduced fruit quality in summer but not in spring. High humidity induced uneven coloration, cracking, and surface dullness. These defects reduced yields of marketable fruit an estimated 56%. ‘Large Red Cherry’ and ‘Floradel’ grew reasonably well in a high-humidity, high-temperature environment but 9 other cultivars did not.

The results of these experiments are relevant to crop production in environments found in closed greenhouses designed for coastal desert areas and in open fields in the tropics.
Stigmatic Exudate: A Potential Carrier of Exogenous Substances into the Style of Lilium longiflorum Thunb.1
Authors: Ascher Peter D. , Drewlow Lyndon W.
Published: August 2022

The exudate produced on the stigma of mature flowers of L. longiflorum Thunb. did not adversely affect pollen tube growth or the self-compatibility reaction when injected into lily styles before, 6, or 12 hr after pollination. Stigmatic exudate diluted with an equal volume of distilled water before addition to the style had no effect on pollen tube growth when injection occurred before or 6 hr after pollination. Although injection of exudate alone 24 hr after pollination or injection of diluted exudate 12 or 24 hr after pollination retarded pollen tube growth, the addition of exudate or diluted exudate did not obscure the self-incompatibility reaction. Stigmatic exudate appears to be an excellent milieu in which to carry exogenous materials into the environment of pollen tubes of L. longiflorum growing in vivo.
Yield of Cabbage in Relation to Nitrogen and Water Supply1
Authors: Thomas J. R. , Namken L. N. , Brown R. G.
Published: August 2022

Cabbage yields were significantly related to the frequency of irrigation, evapotranspiration (ET) and the rate of N fertilization. Irrigating when the mean soil water suction in the upper 24 inches of soil approached 1.6 bars insured an adequate supply of soil water. The N-ET-marketable cabbage yield surface showed that yields did not change greatly for many combinations of ET and N. Yield isoquants suggest possible combinations of N and ET which will produce the same yield.
Comparison of Two Porous Polymer Columns for Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Acetaldehyde, Methanol, Ethanol, and other Volatiles Emanating from Intact ‘Valencia’ Oranges1
Authors: Norman Shirley
Published: August 2022

Chromosorb 101 and Porapak Q columns at 135° and 175° C, respectively, are suitable for quantitative gas chromatographic analysis of volatile emanations such as methanol, acetaldehyde, and ethanol from intact ‘Valencia’ oranges. Separations were completed in 16 min and were superior to those obtained on Carbowax 20M. Chromosorb 101 was superior to Porapak Q for the separation and quantitative measurement of methanol and acetaldehyde. The terpenes were not eluted from either Chromosorb 101 or Porapak Q at these temperatures. Carbowax 20M was suitable for separation of the terpenes with temperature programming, requiring at least 35 min to complete the separations. Chromatograms of volatiles from headspace over orange juice and emanations from ‘Valencia’ oranges are presented.
Control of Woolly Breakdown of ‘Elberta’ Peaches in Cold Storage, by Intermittent Exposure to Room Temperature1
Authors: Ben-Arie Ruth , Lavee S. , Guelfat-Reich Sylvia
Published: August 2022

Control of woolly breakdown in ‘Elberta’ peaches was obtained by removal of the fruit to ambient room temperature (23–25°C) for 48 hours after 2 and 4 weeks' storage at 0°C. A 6 weeks' storage life was thus obtained. Warming the fruit after cold storage intervals shorter than 2 weeks was less effective after longer storage periods; the disorder was often enhanced by removal to room temperature.

A hypothesis to explain the development of woolly breakdown on the basis of these and previous data is discussed. It is suggested that further prolongation of storage could be obtained by repeated exposures to room temperature.
Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Changes in Developing Muskmelons1
Authors: Reid M. S. , Lee T. H. , Pratt H. K. , Chichester C. O.
Published: August 2022

Growth, respiration, and ethylene production patterns of ‘Crenshaw’ and ‘Persian’ cultivars of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) were similar to patterns previously established for cantaloupe (‘PMR 45’). From 3 weeks after anthesis the carotenoid content of the pulp of all 3 cultivars steadily increased from the low level characteristic of green tissue. Chlorophyll content decreased throughout the development of the fruits, but in the cantaloupe and ‘Crenshaw’ there was a final loss of chlorophyll during ripening.
Fruit Tissue Injury by Frost to ‘York Imperial’ Apples1
Authors: Simons Roy K. , Hewetson Frank N. , Chu Mel Chih-Yu
Published: August 2022

The effects of freeze injury occurring at anthesis upon young developing fruit were studied anatomically. Slight injury was characterized by separation of the hypodermis from the outer cortex during the initial stages of fruit growth. Necrotic tissues were adjacent to the main part of the injury. The internal cortical tissues and vascular bundles in the core line were uninjured. The basin or fruit apex was sensitive to freeze injury resulting in stylar abscission, abortive ovules, and large breaks in the cortical tissue. Growth distortions in the outer cortex were evident 21 days after injury, indicating sensitivity to frost and to the initiation of corking.

Wound healing occurred 1 week after full bloom with the development of callus or proliferated tissues which united the wound areas.
Inheritance of Resistance in Lettuce to Race 3 of Downy Mildew (Bremia lactucae Reg.)1,2
Authors: Ventura J. , Netzer D. , Globerson D.
Published: August 2022

In order to verify the occurrence of downy mildew races of lettuce in Israel, differential hosts were used as recommended by Tjallingii and Rodenburg. The existence of 2 races, No. 1 and No. 3, was established in this manner; the latter race appeared more frequently among the isolates tested. The mode of inheritance was determined by studying the segregation of F2 and F3 progenies, derived from resistant x susceptible crosses. Most ratios obtained in both generations demonstrate the simple dominance of the resistant reaction (3:1).
Inhibition of Vascular Blockage and Increased Moisture Retention in Cut Roses Induced by pH, 8-Hydroxyquinoline Citrate, and Sucrose1
Authors: Marousky Francis J.
Published: August 2022

Freshly harvested roses, Rosa hybrida ‘Better Times’, held in acid (pH 3) solutions had longer life than flowers held in less acid (pH 5-7) solutions. Increased flower longevity was due to inhibition of vascular blockage and increased water absorption in acid solutions. Increase in water absorption produced an increase in fresh weight. Sucrose supressed water absorption. Although sucrose-treated roses absorbed less solution, they gained more weight than roses held in water. Increase in fresh weight was apparently caused by stomatal closure and increased moisture retention induced by sucrose. Eight-hydroxyquinoline citrate reduced the incidence of vascular blockage and increased water absorption and flower longevity. Eight-hydroxyquinoline citrate was more effective in reducing vascular blockage in a solution at pH 4 than at pH 6. The role of 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate in inhibiting vascular blockage cannot be wholly ascribed to pH effects.
Interaction of Nitrogenous Fertilizers and Steam on Soil Chemicals and Carnation Growth1
Authors: White John W.
Published: August 2022

Root loss, interveinal chlorosis, wilting, and reduced growth were typical symptoms of carnations grown in a soil mixture steamed at 100°C and to which a high ratio of NH4+ to NO3--N in the fertilizer was applied. These symptoms were less apparent and growth was greater in 100°C-treated soil with high NO3-N and in 71°- or 60°C-treated soil with high NH4+-N. No symptoms were apparent on plants grown in soil steamed at 71° and 60°C and treated with high NO3- fertilizer.

Decreases in growth and visual symptoms were associated with high soil concn of soluble and exchangeable Mn or with high concn of NH4+ and NO2-- N. The primary cause of post steaming injury is believed to be due to excesses of NH4+ and NO2- rather than Mn. However, Mn appeared to be involved directly in the accumulation of NH4+ and NO2- in the soil.
Effect of Time of Harvest on the Response of Tomato to Population Pressure1
Authors: Fery Richard L. , Janick Jules
Published: August 2022

The response of marketable tomato yields to population pressure (3,000 to 100,000 plants per acre) in single destructive harvests was related to time of harvest. Marketable yield increased asymptotically with increasing population with early harvest but peaked at intermediate populations with midseason and late harvests. Total fruit and total top yields increased asymptotically with increasing population at all harvests.

The modified reciprocal equation w-θ = Ap+ B where w = yield per plant, p = population, and θ, A and B are constants, describes all tomato yield data. The constant θ, is estimated by α. from the relationship .
Postharvest Physiology of Strawberry Fruits Treated With Sodium Dehydroacetate1
Authors: Watada Alley E.
Published: August 2022

Sodium dehydroacetate (NaDHA) was most effective in extending the shelf life of fruits of strawberry cultivars that have the poorest holding capacity. Decreased respiration of treated fruits is attributed to the fungicidal property of NaDHA or inhibitory effect of the chemical on a respiratory enzyme of the fruit. A 0.5% NaDHA solution retarded ripening.
Influence of Atmospheric Moisture, Ion Balance, and Ion Concentration on Growth, Transpiration and Blackheart of Celery (Apium graveolens L.)1
Authors: Gubbels G. H. , Carolus R. L.
Published: August 2022

Intermittent misting of celery plants grown in nutrient solutions resulted in higher top and sucker fresh weights and a lower percentage of dry matter. Misting reduced transpiration up to 27% but did not affection uptake nor the incidence of blackheart.

Total top and sucker fresh weights generally decreased with increasing Ca/K ratio in the nutrient solutions while percentage dry matter increased. The 50ppm Ca/235 ppm K ratio resulted in a high water-use efficiency while the 200/59 ratio resulted in a low efficiency. Blackheart symptoms decreased with increasing Ca/K ratio.

Osmotic concentrations of 0.3 and 4.8 atm. in the nutrient solutions decreased both the fresh and dry weights of tops but increased the percent dry matter as compared to the 1.2 atm. nutrient solution. Water-use efficiency was lower at the 0.3 than at the 1.2 and 4.8 atm. concentrations. Blackheart was most severe in the 1.2 atm. solutions.
Effect of an Asphalt Barrier on Soil Water and on Yields and Water Use By Tomato and Cabbage1,2
Authors: Saxena G. K. , Hammond L. C. , Lundy H. W.
Published: August 2022

An asphalt layer, approximately 1/8-inch thick placed 24-27 inches deep in a Lakeland fine sand, caused water storage in the surface 24 inches of soil to increase from 2 inches to approximately 3 inches and tomato and cabbage yields to increase by 94 and 37 percent. Daily water depletion rates were higher in plots treated with the asphalt barrier. During 1969, the daily average soil-water suction above the barrier (6-24 inches) remained below 0.10 bar for most of the growing season, whereas it was often greater than 0.30 bar in control plots. Tomato yields were decreased linearly with an increase in the mean integrated soil-water suction (soil-water suction in 6-24 inches of soil averaged for the entire growing season). Yields of tomatoes and cabbage in irrigated control plots were less than yields in non-irrigated barrier plots.