bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some logical and syntactical observations concerning
the first-order dependent type system λP
Authors: GEUVERS HERMAN , BARENDSEN ERIK
Published: July 2002

We look at two different ways of interpreting logic in the dependent type system λP. The
first is by a direct formulas-as-types interpretation à la Howard where the logical derivation
rules are mapped to derivation rules in the type system. The second is by viewing λP as a
Logical Framework, following Harper et al. (1987) and Harper et al. (1993). The type system
is then used as the meta-language in which various logics can be coded.

We give a (brief) overview of known (syntactical) results about λP. Then we discuss two
issues in some more detail. The first is the completeness of the formulas-as-types embedding
of minimal first-order predicate logic into λP. This is a remarkably complicated issue, a first
proof of which appeared in Geuvers (1993), following ideas in Barendsen and
Geuvers (1989) and Swaen (1989). The second issue is the minimality of λP as a logical
framework. We will show that some of the rules are actually superfluous (even though they
contribute nicely to the generality of the presentation of λP).

At the same time we will attempt to provide a gentle introduction to λP and its
various aspects and we will try to use little inside knowledge.
Labour History, the ‘Linguistic Turn’ and Postmodernism
Authors: Geary Dick
Published: July 2002

This article begins by examining recent work on labour history by some French and British historians, who have been influenced by postmodernism and the ‘linguistic turn’ but often find themselves locked into what are primarily ‘cultural’ explanations of labour's identity and development. It disputes the culturalist methodology and stresses that an alternative model of discourse analysis insists on contextualisation, which in turn re-instates the significance of realms of explanation outside language, text and culture. It also sees the comparative method as a means of identifying historical structures, and concludes with a schematic account of European labour in the twentieth century.
Technologies for musical drafts, twelfth century and later
Authors: Rosenfeld Randall A.
Published: July 2002

This article investigates the correctable technologies for musical drafts available to composers during the central and later Middle Ages (twelfth-fifteenth centuries). The starting point is a unique passage from the autobiography of Renier, abbot of St Laurence of Liège (c. 1110/20-90), which clearly describes someone sight-reading a new work from the text and musical notation entered on wax tablets (an edition and translation of the passage are provided). Additional musical references to wax tablets are discussed, as are references to other correctable technologies (text supports and appropriate styli) potentially available to composers, such as varieties of sleeked pasteboard, slate tablets, lead used directly on paper or parchment, liquid correcting fluid or powder or paste, and composition in the mind. Descriptions from the contemporary technical literature, archaeological and iconographical evidence are briefly presented. An estimate of the relative prevalence of these techniques is ventured with references to aspects of the technologies and their musical application which require further investigation.
Case Commentary
Authors: Hamric Ann B.
Published: July 2002

Ethics raises questions about what kind of society
we ought to be, questions that are at the heart of this
case. Increasingly, inequalities in healthcare fueled by
lack of access, inadequate insurance coverage, and rising
costs are creating dilemmas in the proper distribution
of healthcare resources. Questions of distributing scarce
and valuable resources are fundamentally questions of justice.
The classic definition of justice is the duty to give to
each person what they deserve and can legitimately claim
so that justice is understood as a moral obligation to
help persons exercise their rights. Distributive justice,
i.e., what distribution of resources is fair, equitable,
and appropriate, thus turns on the concept of rights. One
of the key questions in this case is whether and to what
extent this patient has a right to treatment for his heart
disease. In the classic understanding of justice, he must
assert and we as a society must agree that he has a right
to treatment for his heart condition before we are morally
obligated to provide this care. Are there limits to this
patient's right to healthcare? If so, what are they?
The differing principles of distributive justice use different
criteria to rank or weight decisions regarding the proper
and just distribution of healthcare services. In this case,
at least two competing but ethically valid principles can
be identified: the humanitarian principle and the libertarian
principle.
Algorithmic Aspects of Partial List Colourings
Authors: VOIGT M.
Published: July 2002

Let G = (V, E) be a graph with n vertices,
chromatic number χ(G) and list chromatic
number χ[lscr ](G). Suppose each vertex of V(G)
is assigned a list of t colours. Albertson,
Grossman and Haas [1] conjectured that at least [formula here] vertices can be coloured properly from these lists.

Albertson, Grossman and Haas [1] and Chappell [3] proved partial results concerning
this conjecture. This paper presents algorithms that colour at least the number of vertices
given in the bounds of Albertson, Grossman and Haas, and Chappell. In particular, it
follows that the conjecture is valid for all bipartite graphs and that, for every bipartite
graph and every assignment of lists with t colours in each list where
0 [les ] t [les ] χ[lscr ](G), it is
possible to colour at least (1 − (1/2)t)n vertices in polynomial time. Thus, if
G is bipartite and [Lscr ] is a list assignment with
[mid ]L(v)[mid ] [ges ] log2n for all v ∈ V,
then G is [Lscr ]-list colourable in polynomial time.
Asymptotics of the Hurwitz Binomial Distribution Related to Mixed Poisson Galton–Watson Trees
Authors: BENNIES JÜRGEN , PITMAN JIM
Published: July 2002

Hurwitz's extension of Abel's binomial theorem defines a probability distribution on the set
of integers from 0 to n. This is the distribution of the number of non-root vertices of a fringe
subtree of a suitably defined random tree with n + 2 vertices. The asymptotic behaviour of
this distribution is described in a limiting regime in which the fringe subtree converges in
distribution to a Galton–Watson tree with a mixed Poisson offspring distribution.
Symmetric Chain Decompositions of Linear Lattices
Authors: VOGT FRANK , VOIGT BERND
Published: July 2002

It has been known for several years that the lattice of subspaces
of a

finite vector space

has a decomposition into symmetric chains, i.e. a decomposition into disjoint

chains that

are symmetric with respect to the rank function of the lattice. This paper
gives

a positive

answer to the long-standing open problem of providing an explicit construction

of such a

symmetric chain decomposition for a given lattice of subspaces of a finite

(dimensional)

vector space. The construction is done inductively using Schubert normal
forms

and results in a bracketing algorithm similar to the well-known algorithm
for

Boolean lattices.
On the Edge-Expansion of Graphs
Authors: ALON NOGA
Published: July 2002

It is shown that if n>n0(d)

then any d-regular graph G=(V, E) on
n

vertices contains a set of u=[lfloor ]n/2[rfloor ]

vertices which is joined by at most

(d/2−c√d)u edges to
the

rest of the

graph, where c>0 is some absolute constant. This is tight,
up

to the value of c.
On a Conjecture by Eriksson Concerning Overlap in Strings
Authors: CAKIR ISA , CHRYSSAPHINOU OURANIA , MÅNSSON MARIANNE
Published: July 2002

Consider a finite alphabet Ω and strings consisting of elements from Ω. For a
given string w, let cor(w) denote the autocorrelation, which can be
seen as a measure of the amount of overlap in w. Furthermore, let
aw(n) be the number of strings of length n
that do not contain w as a substring. Eriksson [4] stated the following
conjecture: if cor(w)>cor(w′), thenaw(n)>aw′(n)
from the first n where equality no longer holds. We prove that this is true if
[mid ]Ω[mid ][ges ]3, by giving a lower bound for
aw(n)−aw′(n).
Cytogenetic analysis of caprine 2- to 4-cell embryos produced in vitro
Authors: Villamediana Patricia , Vidal Francesca , Paramio Maria-Teresa
Published: July 2002

Prepubertal goat in vitro matured/in vitro fertilised oocytes produce only a small percentage of blastocysts. The present study examines the incidence of chromosomal anomalies in 2- to 4-cell embryos in vitro produced (IVP) from prepubertal oocytes fertilised with the semen of two males. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were obtained by slicing ovaries from slaughtered prepubertal goats. Oocytes were matured in TCM199 supplemented with 20% heat inactivated Donor Bovine Serum (DBS), 10 μg/ml FSH + 10 μg/ml LH + 1 μg/ml 17β-oestradiol for 27 h at 38.5 °C in 5% CO2 in air. IVM oocytes were inseminated with the sperm from two males prepared using the swim-up and heparin-capacitation procedures. At 24 h post-insemination (hpi) the oocytes were transferred to 100 μl drops of SOF medium for a further 24 h. At 17 hpi a sample of oocytes was stained with lacmoid to evaluate the nuclear stage after fertilisation. The cleavage rate was determined at 24, 36 and 48 hpi and chromosome slides were prepared according to the gradual-fixation technique and stained with Leishman. A total of 1070 2- to 4-cell embryos from prepubertal goat oocytes were studied, but it was only possible to analyse 241 cytogenetically. Of these, 40% exhibited a normal diploid chromosome complement, 59% were haploid and 1% were triploid. There were significant differences between the two males in sperm oocyte penetration and oocyte cleavage but no differences were found in chromosomal anomalies. In conclusion, the low number of embryos karyotyped and the high number of haploid embryos found in this study suggested a high incidence of abnormal fertilised embryos and deficient cytoplasmic maturation of the oocyte which inhibits sperm head decondensation.
Mouse oocytes and parthenogenetic eggs lose the ability to be penetrated by spermatozoa after fusion with zygotes
Authors: Krukowska Anna , Wielkopolska Ewa , Czolłwska Renata , Maleszewski M. , Tarkowski A.K.
Published: July 2002

Fertilised mouse eggs develop the oolemma block to sperm penetration within 1 h. This block makes zona-free eggs at the pronuclear stage (zygotes) fully resistant to sperm penetration. In this study we investigated whether this block can spread – as a result of cell fusion – to the oolemma of eggs that are competent to be penetrated by spermatozoa. Preovulatory (GV) oocytes, ovulated oocytes in metaphase II (MII) and 1-cell parthenotes were fused with zygotes and the hybrid cells inseminated at various intervals after fusion. Sperm penetration was assessed on the basis of the presence of Giemsa-positive sperm heads in the air-dried preparations. The oolemma block to sperm penetration develops in all types of hybrids although at different speeds: it develops fast (2–3 h) in oolemma derived from MII oocytes and artificially activated eggs, and slowly in oolemma derived from GV oocytes. In the GV oocyte–zygote hybrids the time of formation of the block varied: while 50% of cells lost the ability to fuse with sperm by 2 h after fusion, in the remaining cells the block must have developed some time between 5 and 18 h after fusion. How these sperm-induced modifications of the oolemma of fertilised egg spread in the hybrid cell and render the ‘virgin’ part of oolemma resistant to sperm penetration remains unknown.
BROWNING’S BISHOP CONCEIVES A TOMB: CULTURAL ORDERING AS CULTURAL CRITIQUE
Authors: Slinn E. Warwick
Published: July 2002

ON FEBRUARY 18, 1845, Robert Browning sent a poem entitled “The Tomb at Saint Praxed’s” to the acting editor of Hood’s Magazine. He writes: “I pick it out as being a pet of mine, and just the thing for the time — what with the Oxford business, and Camden society and other embroilments” (DeVane and Knickerbocker 35–36). Because of this letter, the immediate historical context for the poem has commonly been taken as the Oxford (Tractarian) movement and Newman’s retraction in 1843. The Cambridge Camden Society (not the London antiquarian society of the same name, which is sometimes thought to be Browning’s reference) was also associated with Romanism, being accused of popery in 1844 and subsequently dissolved by the Cambridge authorities in February 1845, the same month Browning submitted his poem. (It continued as the Ecclesiological Society.) Through its journal, The Ecclesiologist (1841–), the Cambridge Camden Society aimed to study ecclesiastical architecture, following Pugin’s Contrasts (2nd edition, 1841) in complaining about the moral corruption of church architecture and promoting an ethical-spiritual basis for reform.1 Journal items focussed on a range of issues from the symbolic function of church layout to the details of epitaphs and tombs, generally mixing visual values with ecclesiology. Kenneth Clark in The Gothic Revival: An Essay in the History of Taste (139–44) and John Morley in Death, Heaven, and the Victorians (52–62) detail these issues. Browning’s “other embroilments” may well refer therefore to the growing controversy in the 1840s about sepulture and sepulchral style, about the appropriateness or otherwise of ornate tombs and canopies. Hence this poem about a deathbed scene and a Bishop’s tomb may be clearly located within the broadly enveloping mid- Victorian network of cultural practices related to death: distinctively encoded rituals of mourning, debate about gravestones and epitaphs, depictions of deathbed scenes (in painting as well as literature), and widespread discussion of what came to be known as the four last things — death, judgement, heaven, and hell.
How can one make labour history interesting again?
Authors: KOCKA JÜRGEN
Published: July 2002

First, this paper sketches the development of labour history as a historical subdiscipline up to the 1970s and 1980s when it became a booming field, an area of great excitement and high productivity. Why this should have been the case is an interesting question to ask in hindsight. Secondly, I discuss certain trends in the last 10–15 years that are related to a decline in this field, not in terms of sophistication, but certainly with regard to the field's popularity among historians, students and the public. Dealing with this rather dramatic change might tell us something about the way my discipline – modern history with a stress on social history – works, where it gets its vitality from, its conjunctures and fashions. Thirdly, I present some personal ideas about how one could, and perhaps should, deal with the present situation, its problems and its opportunities. I am presently working on the third volume of a history of labour in 19th century Germany – a project to which I have returned after many years. Some of the general problems I have encountered in this project will also be dealt with, indirectly, in this paper.
THE “NEAR MISS” AS A FOURTH PATHWAY TO ANXIETY
Authors: Lovibond Peter F.
Published: July 2002

In a near miss experience, a person learns anxiety despite the fact that the feared outcome does not actually
occur. Theories based on S-R links or direct encoding of emotional memories do not provide a good model of near
miss learning because they fail to account for informational variables. An alternative cognitive model is outlined,
based on expectancy of an inferred negative outcome. The model is applied to posttraumatic stress disorder, in which
the critical feared outcome is often death, and panic disorder, in which a near miss inference may protect expectancies
of harm from disconfirmation. Unlike direct emotional encoding models, the inferential/expectancy model provides
multiple cognitive targets for treatment. Near miss learning may be usefully distinguished from other pathways to
anxiety, and warrants further experimental investigation.
Boxes and Arrows Versus Brains
Authors: Randolph Christopher
Published: July 2002

I will confess to a lingering knee-jerk reaction when
human cognitive processes are diagramed with boxes and
arrows in a way never intended to correspond to identifiable
neural pathways. In college and graduate school, such exercises
seemed to me a waste of time, when I could be learning
how the brain “really” works in mediating memory
functions, language, and so forth.
A Treatise on the Temporal Lobe
Authors: Saling Michael M.
Published: July 2002

This book is monumental in every sense of the word.
Before he had the opportunity to complete and publish his
project, the final stages of which had occupied him for
the past decade, Pierre Gloor suffered a stroke in 1994
that rendered him aphasic. In what was undoubtedly a magnificent
act of tribute, an editorial committee of his colleagues
prepared the vast manuscript for publication.
Economic policies and the environment: the case of tree planting on low-income farms in the Philippines
Authors: SHIVELY GERALD E.
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates the potential for economic policies to influence environmental outcomes in low-income agriculture. The analysis focuses on how changes in agricultural prices influence land-use decisions and environmental indicators. Tree-planting decisions of low-income farmers in the Philippines are examined using a stochastic dynamic household model. Empirical analysis and dynamic simulations demonstrate that changes in relative prices and relative price risks are important determinants of tree-planting decisions. Results show that small holders are sensitive to risks associated with tree crops, but that price risk is not an insurmountable barrier to tree crop adoption. The relationship between cropping patterns and two environmental indicators - erosion and species diversity - are discussed.
Play across the Spectrum
Authors: Hunter Margaret
Published: July 2002

It is a struggle to put these three papers by Slade, James,
and Alvarez and Phillips into a common context. Partly I
feel that they are like those very humorous events in life
that you cannot wait to relay to your friends. Only when
you have finished your story and the friends' faces remain
politely blank do you realise ‘Oh, you have to have been
there’. There is a ‘have to have been there’ quality
in all
three papers. Together, though, they give us a demonstration of
how very wide the concept of play is and how little researched is the area.

Slade's depiction of dramatic play conjures up a picture
for us most vividly, perhaps. The children ‘domino
marching’ we can almost see. Personally, I can smell the
gym shoes. His idea that improvisation can be a chance to
‘spit out the evil’, his experience that 13-year-olds enjoy

role plays about ‘Bullying, jobs, sex, relationships, interviews,

how to deal with step-parents’, these may be
relatively useful facts — but the shadow of his undoubtedly
charismatic self looms large. He makes interesting and
provocative claims but he shows little inclination to
discipline his arguments or to place his observations in any
wider context of other observers. Perhaps he's just being
dramatic. I found myself interested in Slade's division
between Projected Play, where activity centres around the
objects into which action is projected, and Personal Play,
which involves whole-body role play. In developmental
terms, I am used to thinking of the use of symbols as a
superior, more complex form of activity, whereas children
I see who can only play out their games using their whole
body are often less able to reflect on the action. One can
see, however, that role play with room for reflection and
digestion of the experience could bring the actor very close
to the emotional experiences acted out.
John Wild of Littleleek, an early eighteenth-century spelling reformer, and the evolution of a new alphabet
Authors: Jones Charles
Published: July 2002

The eighteenth century has by and large been viewed as a period during which there was little attention paid to alphabet innovation as a mechanism for achieving the ‘visible speech’ required to represent and ultimately ‘fix’ the prescribed national standard of propriety in pronunciation with which it was obsessed. While there were several writers who sought to achieve a ‘one symbol-one-sound’ co-relation through an elaborate use of diacritic marks attached to the standard alphabet letter-set, with the exception of Thomas Spence and Abraham Tucker, there were very few who advocated the production of entirely new alphabets as a means of achieving this goal. John Wild, schoolmaster of Littleleek, Nottinghamshire, belongs to this symbol-innovating group. The small extant sample of his phonetic symbol system demonstrates a sophisticated and radical attempt to unambiguously match sound with symbol, one which provides important insights into both contemporary pronunciation and, uniquely, into one of its major regional manifestations.
COINTEGRATION AND SETTLEMENT OF COMMODITY FUTURES CONTRACTS
Authors: Foster Kenneth A. , Havenner Arthur M.
Published: July 2002

Weekly live cattle prices in various markets would be expected
to share common trends, i.e., they cannot be driven by separate
nonstationarities because at some point the prices will diverge
sufficiently for it to be economic to cross-ship the cattle, or at
least the beef. This paper extends previous bivariate work to a
multivariate analysis that is capable of modeling the multiple
market linkages in prices for many geographical regions. The
empirical estimation represents the application of an innovation on
Aoki's Linear Systems State Space model that allows determination of
long- and short-run dynamics common to multiple series.
The common dynamics permit characterization of the multiple
markets with a limited number of states (sufficient statistics for
the past), resulting in dynamic arbitrage relations between the
series. A nonparametric test is used to evaluate the value of
expected arbitrage forecasts implied by the structure of the model.
The arbitrage relationship also is employed to generate efficient
discounts/premiums for either physical delivery or cash settlement of
futures contracts. The proposed settlement mechanism accounts for
spatial arbitrage opportunities and therefore better represents the
true geographical discounts faced by traders in individual markets.
Analysis of 5S rDNA Arrays in Arabidopsis thaliana: Physical Mapping and Chromosome-Specific Polymorphisms
Authors: Cloix C. , Tutois S. , Mathieu O. , Cuvillier C. , Espagnol M.C. , Picard G. , Tourmente S.
Published: July 2002

A physical map of a pericentromeric region of chromosome 5 containing a 5S rDNA locus and spanning ∼1000 kb was established using the CIC YAC clones. Three 5S rDNA arrays were resolved in this YAC contig by PFGE analysis and we have mapped different types of sequences between these three blocks. 5S rDNA units from each of these three arrays of chromosome 5, and from chromosomes 3 and 4, were isolated by PCR. A total of 38 new DNA sequences were obtained. Two types of 5S rDNA repeated units exist: the major variant with 0.5-kb repeats and one with short repeats (251 bp) only detected on YAC 11A3 from chromosome 3. Although the 38 sequences displayed noticeable heterogeneity, we were able to group them according to their 5S array origin. The presence of 5S array-specific variants was confirmed with the restriction polymorphism study of all the YACs carrying 5S units.

[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the EMBL data library under accession nos. AF198182–AF198224.]
Centromere Emergence in Evolution
Authors: Ventura Mario , Archidiacono Nicoletta , Rocchi Mariano
Published: July 2002

Evolutionary centromere repositioning is a paradox we have recently discovered while studying the conservation of the phylogenetic chromosome IX in primates. Two explanations were proposed: a conservative hypothesis assuming sequential pericentric inversions, and a more challenging assumption involving centromere emergence during evolution. The complex evolutionary history showed by chromosome IX did not allow us to clearly distinguish between these two hypotheses. Here we report comparative studies of chromosome X in two lemur species: the black lemur and the ringtailed lemur. The X chromosome is telocentric in the black lemur and almost metacentric in the ringtailed lemur. The marker order along these chromosomes, however, was found to be perfectly colinear with humans. Our data unequivocally point to centromere emergence as the most likely explanation of centromere repositioning.
Patterns of Chromosomal Duplication in Maize and Their Implications for Comparative Maps of the Grasses
Authors: Gaut Brandon S.
Published: July 2002

The maize genome contains extensive chromosomal duplications that probably were produced by an ancient tetraploid event. Comparative cereal maps have identified at least 10 duplicated, or homologous, chromosomal regions within maize. However, the methods used to document chromosomal homologies from comparative maps are not statistical, and their criteria are often unclear. This paper describes the development of a simulation method to test for the statistical significance of marker colinearity between chromosomes, and the application of the method to a molecular map of maize. The method documents colinearity among 24 pairs of maize chromosomes, suggesting homology in maize is more complex than represented by comparative cereal maps. The results also reveal that 60%–82% of the genome has been retained in colinear regions and that as much as a third of the genome could be present in multiple copies. Altogether, the complex pattern of colinearity among maize chromosomes suggests that current comparative cereal maps do not adequately represent the evolution and organization of the maize genome.
Basecalling with LifeTrace
Authors: Walther Dirk , Bartha Gábor , Morris Macdonald
Published: July 2002

A pivotal step in electrophoresis sequencing is the conversion of the raw, continuous chromatogram data into the actual sequence of discrete nucleotides, a process referred to as basecalling. We describe a novel algorithm for basecalling implemented in the programLifeTrace. Like Phred, currently the most widely used basecalling software program, LifeTrace takes processed trace data as input. It was designed to be tolerant to variable peak spacing by means of an improved peak-detection algorithm that emphasizes local chromatogram information over global properties.LifeTrace is shown to generate high-quality basecalls and reliable quality scores. It proved particularly effective when applied to MegaBACE capillary sequencing machines. In a benchmark test of 8372 dye-primer MegaBACE chromatograms, LifeTrace generated 17% fewer substitution errors, 16% fewer insertion/deletion errors, and 2.4% more aligned bases to the finished sequence than didPhred. For two sets totaling 6624 dye-terminator chromatograms, the performance improvement was 15% fewer substitution errors, 10% fewer insertion/deletion errors, and 2.1% more aligned bases. The processing time required by LifeTrace is comparable to that of Phred. The predicted quality scores were in line with observed quality scores, permitting direct use for quality clipping and in silico single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection. Furthermore, we introduce a new type of quality score associated with every basecall: the gap-quality. It estimates the probability of a deletion error between the current and the following basecall. This additional quality score improves detection of single basepair deletions when used for locating potential basecalling errors during the alignment. We also describe a new protocol for benchmarking that we believe better discerns basecaller performance differences than methods previously published.
The Role of Dendritic Filtering in Associative Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity
Authors: Sourdet Valérie , Debanne Dominique
Published: July 2002

Several forms of synaptic plasticity in the neocortex and hippocampus depend on the temporal coincidence of presynaptic activity and postsynaptic trains of action potentials (APs). This requirement is consistent with the Hebbian, or correlational, type of cellular learning rule used in many studies of associative synaptic plasticity. Recent experimental evidence suggests that APs initiated in the axosomatic area are actively back-propagated to the dendritic arborization of neocortical and pyramidal cells. High-frequency trains of postsynaptic APs that are used as conditioning stimuli for the induction of Hebbian-like plasticity in both neocortical and hippocampal pyramidal cells display attenuation of the dendritic AP amplitude during the train. This attenuation has been shown to be modulated by neurotransmitters and by electrical activity. We suggest here that both spike train attenuation in the dendrite and its modulation by neurotransmitters and electrical activity may have important functional consequences on the magnitude and/or the sign of the synaptic plasticity induced by a Hebbian pairing procedure.
The Major Form of ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase in Maize Endosperm Is Extra-Plastidial
Authors: Denyer K. , Dunlap F. , Thorbjornsen T. , Keeling P. , Smith A. M.
Published: July 2002

Preparations enriched in plastids were used to investigate the location of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) in the developing endosperm of maize (Zea mays L.). These preparations contained more than 25% of the total activity of the plastid marker enzymes alkaline pyrophosphatase and soluble starch synthase, less than 2% of the cytosolic marker enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and pyrophosphate, fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, and approximately 3% of the AGPase activity. Comparison with the marker enzyme distribution suggests that more than 95% of the activity of AGPase in maize endosperm is extra-plastidial. Two proteins were recognized by antibodies to the small subunit of AGPase from maize endosperm Brittle-2 (Bt2). The larger of the two proteins was the major small subunit in homogenates of maize endosperm, and the smaller, less abundant of the two proteins was enriched in preparations containing plastids. These results suggest that there are distinct plastidial and cytosolic forms of AGPase, which are composed of different subunits. Consistent with this was the finding that the bt2 mutation specifically eliminated the extra-plastidial AGPase activity and the larger of the two proteins recognized by the antibody to the Bt2 subunit.
Immunolocalization of PsNLEC-1, a Lectin-Like Glycoprotein Expressed in Developing Pea Nodules
Authors: Dahiya P. , Kardailsky I. V. , Brewin N. J.
Published: July 2002

The pea (Pisum sativum) nodule lectin gene PsNlec1 is a member of the legume lectin gene family that is strongly expressed in infected pea nodule tissue. A full-length cDNA sequence of PsNlec1 was expressed in Escherichia coli and a specific antiserum was generated from the purified protein. Immunoblotting of material from isolated symbiosomes revealed that the glycoprotein was present in two antigenic isoforms, PsNLEC-1A and PsNLEC-1B. The N-terminal sequence of isoform A showed homology to an eight-amino acid propeptide sequence previously identified from the cDNA sequence of isoform B. In nodule homogenates the antiserum recognized an additional fast-migrating band, PsNLEC-1C. Fractionation studies indicated that PsNLEC-1C was associated with a 100,000g nodule membrane fraction, suggesting an association with cytoplasmic membrane or vesicles. Immunogold localization in pea nodule tissue sections demonstrated that the PsNLEC-1 antigen was present in the symbiosome compartment and also in the vacuole but revealed differences in distribution between infected host cells in different parts of the nodule. These data suggest that PsNLEC-1 is subject to posttranslational modification and that the various antigenic isoforms can be used to monitor membrane and vesicle targeting during symbiosome development.
Suppression of O-Methyltransferase Gene by Homologous Sense Transgene in Quaking Aspen Causes Red-Brown Wood Phenotypes1
Authors: Tsai Chung-Jui , Popko Jacqueline L. , Mielke Melissa R. , Hu Wen-Jing , Podila Gopi K. , Chiang Vincent L.
Published: July 2002

Homologous sense suppression of a gene encoding lignin pathway caffeic acidO-methyltransferase (CAOMT) in the xylem of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) resulted in transgenic plants exhibiting novel phenotypes with either mottled or complete red-brown coloration in their woody stems. These phenotypes appeared in all independent transgenic lines regenerated with a senseCAOMT construct but were absent from all plants produced with antisense CAOMT. The CAOMT sense transgene expression was undetectable, and the endogenousCAOMT transcript levels and enzyme activity were reduced in the xylem of some transgenic lines. In contrast, the sense transgene conferred overexpression of CAOMT and significant CAOMT activity in all of the transgenic plants' leaves and sclerenchyma, where normally the expression of the endogenousCAOMT gene is negligible. Thus, our results support the notion that the occurrence of sense cosuppression depends on the degree of sequence homology and endogene expression. Furthermore, the suppression of CAOMT in the xylem resulted in the incorporation of a higher amount of coniferyl aldehyde residues into the lignin in the wood of the sense plants. Characterization of the lignins isolated from these transgenic plants revealed that a high amount of coniferyl aldehyde is the origin of the red-brown coloration—a phenotype correlated with CAOMT-deficient maize (Zea mays L.) brown-midrib mutants.
Interaction of Cryptochrome 1, Phytochrome, and Ion Fluxes in Blue-Light-Induced Shrinking of Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Protoplasts1
Authors: Wang Xiaojing , Iino Moritoshi
Published: July 2002

Protoplasts isolated from red-light-adapted Arabidopsis hypocotyls and incubated under red light exhibited rapid and transient shrinking within a period of 20 min in response to a blue-light pulse and following the onset of continuous blue light. Long-persisting shrinkage was also observed during continuous stimulation. Protoplasts from a hy4mutant and the phytochrome-deficientphyA/phyB double mutant of Arabidopsis showed little response, whereas those from phyA andphyB mutants showed a partial response. It is concluded that the shrinking response itself is mediated by theHY4 gene product, cryptochrome 1, whereas the blue-light responsiveness is strictly controlled by phytochromes A and B, with a greater contribution by phytochrome B. It is shown further that the far-red-absorbing form of phytochrome (Pfr) was not required during or after, but was required before blue-light perception. Furthermore, a component that directly determines the blue-light responsiveness was generated by Pfr after a lag of 15 min over a 15-min period and decayed with similar kinetics after removal of Pfr by far-red light. The anion-channel blocker 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid prevented the shrinking response. This result, together with those in the literature and the kinetic features of shrinking, suggests that anion channels are activated first, and outward-rectifying cation channels are subsequently activated, resulting in continued net effluxes of Cl− and K+. The postshrinking volume recovery is achieved by K+ and Cl−influxes, with contribution by the proton motive force. External Ca2+ has no role in shrinking and the recovery. The gradual swelling of protoplasts that prevails under background red light is shown to be a phytochrome-mediated response in which phytochrome A contributes more than phytochrome B.
The Heat-Shock Element Is a Functional Component of the Arabidopsis APX1 Gene Promoter
Authors: Storozhenko Sergei , De Pauw Pascal , Van Montagu Marc , Inzé Dirk , Kushnir Sergei
Published: July 2002

Ascorbate peroxidases are important enzymes that detoxify hydrogen peroxide within the cytosol and chloroplasts of plant cells. To better understand their role in oxidative stress tolerance, the transcriptional regulation of theapx1 gene from Arabidopsis was studied. The apx1 gene was expressed in all tested organs of Arabidopsis; mRNA levels were low in roots, leaves, and stems and high in flowers. Steady-state mRNA levels in leaves or cell suspensions increased after treatment with methyl viologen, ethephon, high temperature, and illumination of etiolated seedlings. A putative heat-shock cis element found in the apx1promoter was shown to be recognized by the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) heat-shock factor in vitro and to be responsible for the in vivo heat-shock induction of the gene. The heat-shockcis element also contributed partially to the induction of the gene by oxidative stress. By using in vivo dimethyl sulfate footprinting, we showed that proteins interacted with a G/C-rich element found in the apx1 promoter.
Characterization of Protein and Transcript Levels of the Chaperonin Containing Tailless Complex Protein-1 and Tubulin during Light-Regulated Growth of Oat Seedlings
Authors: Moser Michael , Schäfer Eberhard , Ehmann Bruno
Published: July 2002

In grass seedlings the network of cortical microtubules is reorganized during light-dependent growth of coleoptiles and mesocotyls. We investigated the effects of light-dependent growth on the relative steady-state levels of the mRNAs and protein levels of α-tubulin and the ε-subunit of the chaperonin containing tailless complex protein-1 in oat (Avena sativa) coleoptiles, which were grown in different light conditions to establish different growth responses. The soluble pools of the ε-subunit of the chaperonin containing tailless complex protein-1 and α-tubulin decreased in nonelongating coleoptiles, suggesting that the dynamics of the light-regulated soluble pool reflect the processes occurring during reorganization of cortical microtubules. The shifts in pool sizes are discussed in relation to the machinery that controls the dynamic structure of cortical microtubules in plant cells.
Comparison of Starch-Branching Enzyme Genes Reveals Evolutionary Relationships Among Isoforms. Characterization of a Gene for Starch-Branching Enzyme IIa from the Wheat D Genome DonorAegilops tauschii
Authors: Rahman Sadequr , Regina Ahmed , Li Zhongyi , Mukai Yasuhiko , Yamamoto Maki , Kosar-Hashemi Behjat , Abrahams Sharon , Morell Matthew K.
Published: July 2002

Genes and cDNAs for starch-branching enzyme II (SBEII) have been isolated from libraries constructed from Aegilops tauschii and wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm, respectively. One class of genes has been termedwSBEII-DA1 and encodes the N terminus reported for an SBEII from wheat endosperm. On the basis of phylogenetic comparisons with other branching enzyme sequences, wSBEII-DA1 is considered to be a member of the SBEIIa class. ThewSBEII-DA1 gene consists of 22 exons with exons 4 to 21 being identical in length to the maize (Zea mays) SBEIIb gene, and the gene is located in the proximal region of the long arm of chromosome 2 at a locus designated sbe2a. RNA encoding SBEIIa can be detected in the endosperm from 6 d after flowering and is at its maximum level from 15 to 18 d after anthesis. Use of antibodies specific for SBEIIa demonstrated that this protein was present in both the soluble and granule bound fractions in developing wheat endosperm. We also report a cDNA sequence for SBEIIa that could arise by variant transcription/splicing. A second gene, termedwSBEII-DB1, was isolated and encodes an SBEII, which shows greater sequence identity with SBEIIb-type sequences than with SBEIIa-type sequences. Comparisons of SBEII gene structures among wheat, maize, and Arabidopsis indicate the lineage of the SBEII genes.
Comparative Sequence Analysis of Colinear Barley and Rice Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes
Authors: Dubcovsky Jorge , Ramakrishna Wusirika , SanMiguel Phillip J. , Busso Carlos S. , Yan Liuling , Shiloff Bryan A. , Bennetzen Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2002

Colinearity of a large region from barley (Hordeum vulgare) chromosome 5H and rice (Oryza sativa) chromosome 3 has been demonstrated by mapping of several common restriction fragment-length polymorphism clones on both regions. One of these clones, WG644, was hybridized to rice and barley bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries to select homologous clones. One BAC from each species with the largest overlapping segment was selected by fingerprinting and blot hybridization with three additional restriction fragment-length polymorphism clones. The complete barley BAC 635P2 and a 50-kb segment of the rice BAC 36I5 were completely sequenced. A comparison of the rice and barley DNA sequences revealed the presence of four conserved regions, containing four predicted genes. The four genes are in the same orientation in rice, but the second gene is in inverted orientation in barley. The fourth gene is duplicated in tandem in barley but not in rice. Comparison of the homeologous barley and rice sequences assisted the gene identification process and helped determine individual gene structures. General gene structure (exon number, size, and location) was largely conserved between rice and barley and to a lesser extent with homologous genes in Arabidopsis. Colinearity of these four genes is not conserved in Arabidopsis compared with the two grass species. Extensive similarity was not found between the rice and barley sequences other than within the exons of the structural genes, and short stretches of homology in the promoters and 3′ untranslated regions. The larger distances between the first three genes in barley compared with rice are explained by the insertion of different transposable retroelements.
Consumer understanding of US and EU nutrition labels
Authors: Byrd‐Bredbenner Carol , Wong Angela , Cottee Peta
Published: July 2002

This study evaluated and compared the abilities of women (n = 50) between the ages of 25 and 45 residing in the UK to locate and manipulate information on nutrition labels prepared in accordance with US regulations (i.e. Nutrition Facts labels) and those prepared in accordance with the EU Directive and UK Food Labelling Regulations 1996. It also assessed their ability to assess the accuracy of nutrient content claims. Study findings indicate that the women could locate and manipulate information on both labels equally well. However, they were significantly more able to assess nutrient content claims using the Nutrition Facts label. The research findings suggest EU labelling changes that may facilitate consumer use of labels in making dietary planning decisions.
Discovery markets Communicating product identities in specialised sectors
Authors: Christy Richard , Norris Gill
Published: July 2002

Based upon initial research conducted in the specialist cheese sector in the UK, this paper suggests that some relevant issues may not be fully illuminated by standard concepts and categories in marketing. In particular, there is a need to communicate successfully to potential customers a range of complex and subtle signals about product differentiation, a task that is mostly beyond the means of the small‐scale producers of these products. Similar circumstances and marketing challenges are apparent in certain other markets (notably those for wine and real ales, but potentially including a number of other fields), which also seem to illustrate some ways in which significant progress can be made. As a result, the paper proposes a new category of “discovery” markets, in which the problems of creating and communicating what are in effect brand identities may be addressed by equipping consumers with the means to find their own way around these markets and discover the diversity for themselves. The experience to date in some of these markets suggests ways in which consumers can be encouraged to start the process of discovery.
Training managers to handle a crisis
Authors: Bl Michael
Published: July 2002

The best way to prepare an organization for a crisis is to start
with the training and work backwards to the development of a manual,
because crisis management calls for an instinctive understanding of the
psychologies involved and a high degree of flexibility. Outlines a
typical development programme to prepare an organization for a major
crisis. Describes how to sell such a course to a management already
committed to first preparing a plan and the author′s approach as
trainer.
Property investment in China during the changing economic system
Authors: Chenmao Sheng , Zhida Fang
Published: July 2002

Starting from the analysis of the regular pattern of the change in the increase of China’s property investment as well as the analysis of the relationship among the increased quotas in the same period of time, e.g. the circulation period, GDP, annual interest rate, savings in towns and in the countryside, total fixed asset investment etc., this paper reveals the quantitative characteristics of China’s property investment in the course of the changing economic system in China. Based on the above analysis, the authors conclude that the change of the whole national economic structure will result in the change of the property investment structure in China and more efforts should be made to dispel the adverse impact caused by the blind investments made in the past, thus ensuring that the property investment business in China develops in a healthy way.
A general purpose system for finite element analyses in parallel
Authors: Smith I.M.
Published: July 2002

A system for doing finite element computations in parallel is described. It is general purpose in the sense that it can be used across a wide range of finite element applications and in the sense that it is not restricted to any particular parallel hardware. Its performance on computers ranging from clusters of PCs to massively parallel high performance machines is illustrated.
Continuation methods for tracing the equilibrium path in flexible mechanism analysis
Authors: Cardona Alberto , Huespe Alfredo
Published: July 2002

Presents an implementation of continuation methods in the context of a code for flexible multibody systems analysis. These systems are characterized by the simultaneous presence of elastic deformation terms and rigid constraints. In our formulation, the latter terms are introduced by an augmented Lagrangian technique, resulting in the presence of Lagrange multipliers in the set of unknowns, together with displacement and rotation associated terms. Essential aspects for a successful implementation are discussed: e.g. the selection of an appropriate metric for computing the path following constraint, a flexible description of control parameters which accounts for conservative and nonconservative loads, imposed displacements and imposed temperatures (dilatation effects), and the inclusion of second order derivatives of rigid constraints in the Jacobian. A large set of examples is presented, with the objective of evaluating the numerical effectiveness of the implemented schemes.
Learning styles: a holistic approach
Authors: Sadler‐Smith Eugene
Published: July 2002

Human resource development practitioners and others do not appear to share a common underlying framework for, and understanding of, “learning style”. Argues that learning style is but one construct which, along with learning preferences and cognitive styles, may be included under the umbrella term “personal style”. Reviews each aspect of the suggested personal style framework and considers its relationship to learning performance at the reaction, learning, behaviour and results levels. Describes the instruments which may be used for profiling personal style. Suggests that personal styles profiling is of value to HRD practitioners because it may enable them to: identify their own styles; become aware of any bias or imbalance in the training and learning methods which they employ; design and develop learning events which accommodate, or at least acknowledge, the personal styles of the learners.