bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agri-Mek Baseline Data for Pear Psylla Nymphs, 1989
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Pear seedlings were sprayed using a hand pump atomizer to apply 6 serial dilutions of Agri-Mek in water. After sprays dried 5 circular disks, 2.2 cm in diameter, were punched from leaves of each seedling and floated on wet paper towelling in 15 cm plastic Petri dishes for each dilution. Ten 2nd and 3rd instar PP, collected from Research Center pear orchards, were transferred to each disk. Petri dishes containing infested leaf disks were held in a growth room at 25°C and 16:8 (L:D). Treatments were evaluated by counting under magnification dead and live nymphs after 3 d exposure on disks. Data were corrected for check mortality using Abbott's formula and mean and 95% confidence limits calculated. The test was run 7 times; twice with the high concentration at 14 ppm, once at 7 ppm and 4 times at 3.5 ppm because the higher concentrations killed all or nearly all nymphs.
Effect of Insecticides on Leafhoppers and Beneficial Insects in Grapes, 1989
Authors: Stern Vernon M.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted in the Coachella Valley near Indio, Calif. Chemicals were applied to determine whether high temperatures (115°F to 125°F) would cause rapid breakdown of Danitol. Vine spacing was 12 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with 5 replicates for each treatment and the check. All replicates were 3 rows wide and extended into the vineyard to include the 15th vine in each row.
Citrus Red Mite Control on ‘Washington Navel’ Orange in Louisiana, 1987
Authors: Bourgeois W. J. , Adams A. J.
Published: March 2022

Seven miticides alone and with Triton CS-7 tank mix at the rate of 1 qt/100 gal were applied to 3-yr-old ‘Washington navel’ orange trees located at the Citrus Research Station, Port Sulphur, Louisiana with the use of a Solo backpack sprayer (Model 425) on 22 Sep 1987. Miticide treatments were applied to single tree plots replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The tree foliage was completely covered with miticide until runoff occurred or approximately 0.5 gal of spray solution was applied/ tree. CRM counts were determined 7 and 30 d after treatment by pulling 10 leaves at random/treatment. Leaves were examined under a stereo-microscope and the number of CRM recorded. CRM populations in 1987 were initially high and continued to rise during the season.
Citrus Rust Mite Control on ‘Hamlin’ Orange, 1989
Authors: Fojtik J. , McCoy C. W. , Lye B. H.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted with a completely randomized block design with single tree plots and 5 replications. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted handgun sprayer at 400 psi on 30 May. Numbers of CRM on fruit were counted within 2-1 cm2 using 10X handlens on opposite sides of 20 fruit/replicate. Cumulative mite days after treatment and percent fruit russet was determined after 12 wk.
Citrus Rust Mite Control with Micromite, 1989
Authors: Victor French J. , Hernandez Elias
Published: March 2022

Two formulations of Micromite, 4F and 25W, were compared to the standard acarieides, Vendex and Agri-Mek for efficacy against the CRM. Treatments were randomly assigned to 3 × 3 (= 9 tree) plots and replicated 2 times in a 4-yr-old grapefruit orchard on 24 ft × 18 ft spacing. Treatments were applied on 30 May using a FMC 1229 FTM air blast sprayer with speed, nozzeling and pressure adjusted to apply a spray volume of 250 gal/acre. All live CRM were counted in 2, 1-cm2 lens fields at 10X on the shaded side of each of 50 fruit randomly selected in the middle tree row of each test plot. The 2 counts/fruit were combined and recorded as one observation. At harvest, 100 fruit/replicate were evaluated for CRM damage and expressed as percent russet, i.e. fruit surface damage severe enough to be downgraded to US #2 fresh or process fruit.
Danitol Evaluated Against Mites on Texas Citrus, 1988
Authors: Victor French J. , Villarreal J.
Published: March 2022

Danitol alone and tank mixed with 1% Volck Spray oil was compared to Vendex for efficacy against the CRM and TCM. Treatments were randomly assigned to 3 × 2 (= 6 trees) plots and replicated 2 times in a 4-yr-old grapefruit orchard on 24 ft × 18 ft spacing. Treatments were applied on 29 Jun and reapplied on 13 Sep using a FMC 1229 PTO-operated air blast sprayer with speed, nozzeling, and pressure adjusted to apply 250 gal/acre. For CRM, 25 fruit/replicate (4 fruit/tree) were randomly selected and examined in situ with a 10X handlens. Live CRM were counted in 2, 1-cm2 lens fields on the shaded side of each fruit. The 2 counts/fruit were combined and recorded as one observation. For TCM, 24 leaves/replicate (4 leaves/tree) were randomly collected and processed through a mite brushing machine. TCM were collected and counted on detergent-coated glass disks using a binocular microscope at 15X.
Citrus Rust Mite Pesticide Efficacy Test in Florida, 1989
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M. , Warmington M. G.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots in a randomized complete block design. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute using a handgun at 350 psi from a truck-mounted sprayer on 15-16 Jun. Ca. 3.5 gal of finished spray were applied to each treatment tree (= ca. 244 gal/acre). Water pH was 8.1. Ten fruit before (pre-count only) then 20 fruit were examined around the canopy of each sample tree at various times after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 counts/fruit were combined and recorded as one observation.
Control of Broccoli Pests in South Texas, 1988
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Magaro J. J.
Published: March 2022

Broccoli was direct seeded in raised beds at the Texas Agr. Res. and Ext. Cntr., Weslaco, on 27 Jan. Plots were 4 beds wide (1 m centers) and 16.5 m long. Two rows were planted to each bed and plants were thinned to 15 cm spacing within and between rows. A RCB design was used with 5 blocks and 3 treatments. Treatments consisted of: 1) untreated plots, 2) applications of biorational materials (i.e., Dipel 2 × (Bacillus thuringensis) for lepidopterous larvae and releases of chrysopa larvae for aphid control), and 3) applications of commonly used synthetic pesticides (endosulfan for lepidopterous larvae and methamidophos for aphids). Treatment decisions were based on average number of lepidopterous larvae of all species or aphids as recorded during weekly surveys of 5 plants/plot within the various treatments. Decisions to treat a series of plots within a treatment were based on thresholds of 0.3 larvae/plant of all species or 10 aphids of all species/plant. Applications of Dipel 2 X, methamidophos and endosulfan were made with a tractor-mounted sprayer at a rate of 10 gal/acre at 40 psi. Rates were: Dipel 2 X, 0.5 lb/acre; Monitor and endosulfan, 1.0 lb Al/acre. Chrysopa carnea releases were made dy distributing eggs at a rate of 50,000/acre by hand over the 2 center beds in the biocontrol plots. Surveys for pests were conducted at 7 d intervals by examining 5 plants/plot and counting all live lepidopterous larvae and aphids. Mature broccoli heads were harvested by cutting stems approximately 2.5 cm below the head. Four harvests were made at 7 d intervals. Heads were cut from all plants in 3 row m from each of the 2 center beds in the plots and taken to the lab. Heads were measured to determine diameter and weighed. Heads were then examined visually to determine whether insects or insect damage were noticeable. Heads less than 10 cm in diameter or with noticeable damage or insects present were noted as not marketable.
Chinese Broccoli Insect Control, 1989
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: March 2022

Chinese broccoli seedlings were transplanted to one-row plots located at Fayetteville, AR, on 10 Aug. Plots were separated by 6 ft bare ground and each plot held 12 plants at 2-ft intervals. Experimental design was a randomized complete block (4 treatments × 4 replications). Sprays were applied 1, 15 and 22 Sep with a hand held CO2 sprayer equipped with one Spraying Systems TX6 nozzle and calibrated to deliver 12.8 gpa. ICW and CL were counted on each plant on 5, 18, and 25 Sep. Plants were rated for foliar damage 20 Sep and 6 Oct.
Management of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1989
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Hernandez J.
Published: March 2022

‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were direct seeded at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 22 Dec ‘88. Plants were spaced 1 ft within rows and 30 inches apart between rows on 72 inch-center beds. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 4 rows (2 beds) by 40 ft long. A 10-ft long section of nontreated plants separated replicates; treatments within a replicate were separated by one nontreated bed and a 6 ft alleyway. Efficacy and residual activity of CME 13406 (0.03 lbs [AI]/acre) were evaluated using 3 treatment strategies; applications made weekly for 3 wk and then at 2 wk intervals thereafter; applications made at 2 wk intervals until heading and then judiciously thereafter; and applications made once before and at heading and at 3 wk intervals thereafter. These were compared to applications of CME 13406 + Dipel 2 × (0.5 lbs/acre) made at 2 wk intervals before heading and weekly thereafter, Lannate (0.9 lbs [AI]/acre) + Dipel 2 × (0.5 lbs/acre) applied weekly, and nontreated plants. Weekly applications of Lannate + Dipel were made on 9 dates (2, 9, 17, and 24 Feb, and 2, 9, 16, 23, and 30 Mar). Treatments of CME 13406 applied weekly for 3 wk and then at 2 wk intervals thereafter were made on six dates (2, 9, and 17 Feb, and 2, 16, and 30 Mar). Treatments of CME 13406 applied at 2 wk intervals until heading and then applied judiciously thereafter with and without Dipel 2 × were made on 6 dates (2, 17, and 24 Feb, and 2, 16, and 23 Mar). Treatments of CME 13406 applied once before and at heading and at 3 wk intervals thereafter were made on 3 dates (2 and 24 Feb, and 16 Mar). Applications were made using a tractor-mounted single-bed boom sprayer that operated at 250 psi and delivered 100 gal/acre through 5 D-4, #24 disc disc type cone nozzles at 3 mph. The numbers of small, medium, and large larvae and pupae of diamondback moth (DBM), parasitized DBM pupae, beet armyworm (BAW) larvae, and cabbage budworm (CBW) larvae were recorded on 8 plants/replicate on 10 dates. Foliage injury was rated on 8 plants/replicate on 27 Mar and 2 Apr, and on 24 plants/replicate at harvest (4 Apr), using a scale from 1°6 (1 = no apparent insect feeding, 6 = severe damage to head and wrapper leaves). Percentages of marketable heads were determined for ratings ≤ 3.
Imported Cabbageworm Suppression on Cabbage, 1989
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: March 2022

Cabbage seedlings were transplanted to 1-row plots located at Fayetteville, AR, on 5 Apr. Plots were separated by 6 ft bare ground and each plot held 11 plants at 2-ft intervals. Experimental design was a randomized complete block (10 treatments × 4 replications). Sprays were applied 28 Apr, 15 May and 15 Jun with a hand held CO2 sprayer equipped with one Spraying Systems 8003 nozzle and calibrated to deliver 10.4 gpa. Imported cabbageworms were counted on each plant on 1, 5, 12 and 17 May and 19 Jun. Plants were rated for foliar damage 12 May and 6 Jul.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Fall Cabbage, 1989
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Speese John
Published: March 2022

Cabbage transplants were planted on 30 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of 2, 25-ft rows bordered on each side by an untreated row. Cabbage was transplanted with 17-inch plant and 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed-gas backpack sprayer using three hollow-cone nozzles/row and delivering 70 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made weekly beginning 12 Sep through 12 Oct. Evaluation criteria consisted of direct visual counts of the number of DB, CL, ICW, and BAW on 5 randomly chosen plants/treatment plot. On 7 Nov, damage ratings were determined as in Greene et al. (J. Econ. Entomol. 62(4):798-800). Plants with a damage rating of 3 or below were considered marketable.
Control in Potatoes, 1990
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 28 Mar near Middletown, Del. Two row plots, 25 ft long on 36-inch centers, were replicated 5 times in a randomzied complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized ATV 4-wheeled sprayer delivering 34 gal/acre it 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 15, 22 and 31 May; 5, 12, 19 and 26 Jun; and 3 Jul. CPB defoliation ratings were recorded on 22 Jun and 9 Jul. Defoliation injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 1-20% damage; 2) 21-30%; 3) 31-50%; 4) 51-80%; 5) 81-100%. CPB evaluation criteria consisted of visual counts of small larvae (first and second instar) and large larvae (third and fourth instar) on 5 hills/treatment plot. Ten main stems/ plot were evaluated for ECB damage on 9 Jul. Plots were harvested and yield recorded (cwt/acre) on 25 Jul.
Sweet Potato Flea Beetle (FB) and Wireworm (WW) Control in Sweet Potatoes, 1988
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Olson S. M. , Georgis R.
Published: March 2022

Sweet potato slips were planted 12-inches apart in 36-inch rows on 19 May in Gadsden County, Fla., on Ruston fine loamy sand. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with six replications. Plot size was 4 rows by 36 ft. Nondessicated Neoaplectana carpocapsae nematode treatments were applied at 30 psi using 1, 8008 flatfan nozzle per row with the amount of spray about 53 gal/acre. Planting-time and root-swell treatments of nematodes were made on 26 May and 4 Aug, respectively. Plots were irrigated with about 0.5 inches immediately after nematodes were applied. Soil insecticides were applied with a tractor-mounted granular applicator in a 12-15 inch band directly over the row. Preplant and root-swell applications of granular insecticides were made on 16 May and 4 Aug, respectively. Thirty-five ft of row from the 2 center rows of each plot were dug, and the weight of U.S. no. 1 sweet potatoes determined. The amount of WW and FB injury was estimated for each plot by determining the number of FB larval tunnels and WW feeding holes on 15 randomly selected U.S. no. 1 potatoes. The data for each plot then were converted to the percentage of sweet potatoes with WW and FB damage and the average number of FB larval tunnels and WW feeding holes per sweet potato.
Management of the Sweetpotato Whitefly on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1989
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

On 8 Sep, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 3-20 ft long rows on 5-ft centers and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer on 2, 10, 16, 23, 30 Oct, 6, 13, 20, 27 Nov and 4 Dec. The gallonage was increased as the plants grew by increasing the number of nozzles/row and application pressure and by changing disks and cores. Thus, the sprayer delivered 50 gal/acre the first 3 sprays (4 nozzles/row, 130 psi, D-4 disks, #25 cores), 85 gal/acre the next 3 sprays (6 nozzles, 200 psi, D-3 disks, #25 cores), and 100 gal/acre for the remaining sprays (8 nozzles, 200 psi, D-3 disks, #23 cores). The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th or 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of ten stems from the middle row of each plot on 8 Nov and 7 Dec. The numbers of sessile nymphs and pupae of the sweetpotato whitefly were counted. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 8 Dec and the fruit were counted and weighed. Samples of 50 fruit from each plot were held at room temperature in paper bags and the number of fruit exhibiting external symptoms of irregular ripening (IRR) were determined as the fruit ripened. IRR is associated with high populations of the sweetpotato whitefly and is characterized by inhibited or incomplete ripening of longitudinal sections of fruit.
Sweetpotato Whitefly Management on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1989
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

On 8 Sep, transplants were set 18 inches apart in the center of 32 inch wide raised beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 3-20 ft long rows on 5-ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer on 21, 29 Sep, 5, 12, 18, 25 Oct, 1, 8, 15, 22 and 29 Nov. The gallonage was increased as the plants grew by increasing the no. of nozzles/row and application pressure and by changing disks and cores. Thus, the sprayer delivered 50 gal/acre the first 4 sprays (4 nozzles/row, 130 psi, D-4 disks, #25 cores), 85 gal/acre the next 3 sprays (6 nozzles, 200 psi, D-3 disks, #25 cores), and 100 gal/acre for the remaining sprays (8 nozzles, 200 psi, D-3 disks, #23 cores). The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th or 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of 10 stems from the middle row of each plot on 2, 14 and 28 Nov. The numbers of crawlers, sessile nymphs, pupae and emerged pupae of the sweetpotato whitefly were counted. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 6 Dec and the fruit counted and weighed. Samples of 50 fruit from each plot were held at room temperature in paper bags and the number of fruit exhibiting external symptoms of irregular ripening (IRR) determined as the fruit ripened. This disorder is associated with high populations of the sweetpotato whitefly and is characterized by inhibited or incomplete ripening of longitudinal sections of fruit.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae, 1990
Authors: Doss Michael , Berberet Richard
Published: March 2022

Chemical treatments were applied on 17 Mar in a dryland field of 'Cimarron' alfalfa on the Agronomy Research Station at Stillwater, OK. Pretreatment counts indicated an infestation level for AW of 2.2 larvae/stem. Insecticides were applied using a tractor-drawn boom sprayer equipped with flooding tip nozzles and calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 20 psi. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. AW population densities were estimated from 25 stem samples taken from each plot on each of 6 DAT. Berlese funnels were utilized to extract larvae from foliage prior to counting.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1990
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sand.
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted at the Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station farm at Rock Springs, Centre County, Pa. Experiment A was conducted on the second alfalfa cutting and experiment B was conducted on the third alfalfa cutting. Forty × 40 ft plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with an untreated check in each of the 4 replications. In experiment A, potato leafhopper densities were estimated from 20 pendulum sweeps taken randomly across each plot with a 15 inch diam insect beating net on 18 Jun. All treatments were applied as foliar spray on 19 Jun. Thereafter, leafhopper densities were sampled on 22, 25 Jun and 2, 9, 19 Jul or 3, 6, 13, 20 and 30 DAT. Alfalfa height at time of spraying was 4-6 inches. Sprays were applied in 26 gal of water/acre at 12 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20 ft boom with 80 degree flat fan nozzles and 50 mesh screens. Alfalfa yield was determined from two 60 ft2 swaths taken from each plot on 19 Jul. Treatments in experiment B were similarly applied. Leafhopper density was evaluated on 2 Aug before foliar spray was applied on 3 Aug. Sweep samples for leafhoppers were taken on 9, 16, 23, 29 Aug and 6 Sep, or 6, 13, 20, 26 and 34 DAT. Alfalfa yield was not determined.
Army Cutworm Control, 1990
Authors: Karner Mile. , Smith L. D. , Goodson Jerr.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 2 Mar on a seedling stand of ‘Cimmarron’ alfalfa in Greer County near Granite, Okla. Efficacy of several foliar sprays was determined for ACW. Insecticides sprays were applied using a ground rig with a 15-ft boom that was calibrated to deliver 12.0 gal/acre at 28 psi. Plots were 15 × 100 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design of 3 replicates. Larval densities were determined at 2, and 7 DAT by sampling five 1.0 ft2 areas per plot. The upper 2 inches of soil was sieved through #2 hardware cloth to retrieve larvae for counting.
Alfalfa Insect Control, 1990
Authors: Muegge M. A. , Moellenbeck D. J. , Quisenberry S. S.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated on a 4-yr-old stand of ‘Fla. 77’ alfalfa at the Red River Research Station near Bossier City, La. Plots, 20 × 30 ft, were arranged in a randomized complete design with four replicates. Treatments were applied 19 Mar with a C02 backpack sprayer delivering 16.2 gal/acre at 42 psi with 8002 flat-fan nozzles on a 7 ft2 boom. Plant height was 18 inches tall at treatment. Conditions at treatment were < 10 mph wind with air temperature 60°F. Samples were collected at pretreatment and 3,7, and 14 days posttreatment with a standard 15- inch diam sweep net. Samples, 10 pendulum sweeps/plot, were bagged and frozen for later separation and counting.
Potato Leafhopper Control in Illinois, 1990
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassa. , Steffey Kevin L.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were evaluated on a 2-yr-old stand during the 2nd alfalfa growth period at the Foundation Shaw Farm, University of Illinois, Urbana. Plots were 40 by 50 ft with 4 replications of treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 10 Aug from tractor-mounted sprayer with a 20-ft boom and equipped with flat fan nozzles (Teejet XR8002) spaced 20 inches apart delivering 20.7 gal/acre at 30 psi. Insect abundance was estimated by taking 10 pendulum sweeps in each plot 3, 10, 14, and 21 DAT. Alfalfa stem length and plant maturity were recorded at harvest (27 Jul). Forage yield was determined from a 3.2 × 50 ft swath taken from each plot. Subsamples of the stripharvested hay were used for crude protein determination.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1990
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: March 2022

The test area was a 3-yr-old stand of‘Cimarron’ variety alfalfa. The plots were 34 × 36 ft, and all treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied 16 Apr, except for treatments of Furadan 4 F at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre and Pounce 3.2 EC at 0.1 lb (AI)/acre, which were applied on 27 Mar and 19 Apr, respectively. The treatments were applied with a low-pressure, low-volume Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 SS8003 Teejet nozzles and operated at 35 psi. Population densities of AW larvae were determined 3, 7, 10, 14, 18 and 22 DAT by collecting 10 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net. A standard treatment of Furadan 4 F was applied at the rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre for comparison.
Control of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae in Tennessee, 1990
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Southards C. J. , Roberts C. H.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments were evaluated in a 3-yr stand of alfalfa at the Middle Tennessee Experiment Station, Spring Hill. Plots were 20 × 20 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Blocks were separated by 15- ft alleys. Soil type was Maury silt loam. Fourteen insecticide treatments were applied on 13 Mar when 83% of the tips were damaged and alfalfa weevil larvae (AWL) averaged 1.54 larvae/stem. Chemicals were applied using a tractor mounted C02-powered 10 ft boom sprayer at the rate of 30 gal/acre. AWL samples were collected on 21, 28 Mar and 4, 11, 18, 24 Apr using a 15-inch insect net, and consisted of 5 pendulum sweeps from each plot. A 5 ft × 20 ft strip was harvested from the middle of each plot on 1 May. Moisture content of alfalfa was 68.75%.
Insecticide Efficacy in Alfalfa, 1989
Authors: Shields E. J. , Sher R. B. , Taylor P. S.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 7.3 × 9.1 m (24 × 30 ft) were established in a 3-yr-old field of ‘Oneida VR’ alfalfa in Ithaca, NY, and in a 2-yr-field of‘Oneida VR’ in Freeville, NY. The Ithaca trial was conducted on 15.24 cm (6 inch) regrowth after the second cutting, and the Freeville trial was conducted on 25.4 cm (10 inch) regrowth after second cutting. Ten treatments were replicated 3 times in a complete randomized block design in Ithaca, and 8 treatments were replicated 3 times in a complete randomized block design in Freeville. The fields were sampled (10 sweeps with a sweep net) for the number of potato leafhoppers/plot on 2 Aug in Ithaca and on 1 Aug in Freeville. Insecticides were applied on 3 Aug in Ithaca and 2 Aug in Freeville with a CO2 sprayer calibrated at 283.9 liter/ha (30 gal/acre) mounted on an ATV travelling at 5.64 km/h (3.5 mph) with a 3.66 m (12 ft) boom held 50.8 cm (20 inches) above the canopy. During both applications, winds were calm and temperatures were between 15.5-18.3°C (60- 65°F). Approximately 0.254 cm (0.1 inch) of rain fell within 12 hr of application at Freeville. Fields were resampled 5, 11, and 15 DAT for both locations, and also 20 DAT at Freeville and 23 DAT at Ithaca.
Control of Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid in Barley, 1990
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against a spring aphid infestation in barley in adjacent small and large-plot tests in Charles City County, Va. Barley was planted on 8 Oct, 1989, using a 6-inch row spacing. Di-Syston 8 E at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre was applied with fertilizer before planting. In the small-plot test, treatments were applied on 9 Apr, 1990, using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 25 gal formulation per acre at 18 psi, broadcast through 8004VS flat fan nozzles spaced 18 inches apart on the boom. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 6 rows by 20 ft. In the large-plot test, treatments were applied on 10 Apr, 1990, using a high-clearance, high-cycle sprayer to 48 ft wide by 300 ft long strips. Treatments were assigned randomly using 3 replicates. Treatments were evaluated by comparing numbers of aphids per row-ft 2 h before and 2, 7, and 14 DAT in the small-plot test, and 1, 6, and 13 DAT in the large-plot test. Yield was determined in the large-plot test by combining and weighing grain from a 15 ft wide by 300 ft long swath from the center of each strip using a John Deere 7720 combine.
First Generation European Corn Borer Control, 1990
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Chambers W. W. , Jenson J. M.
Published: March 2022

A cornfield near Delmont, S. Dak., was chosen to evaluate 22 compounds for control of first brood European corn borer (ECB) larvae. Preapplication counts indicated a uniform infestation of third instar, or younger, larvae in 80% of stalks sampled. Granules were applied to corn at whorl (1 wk prior to tasselling) stage of physiological development. Treatments included 11 granular, 10 liquid, and 3 untreated controls. Granular compounds were applied to single row plots (0.9 cm × 30.5 m) in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Granules were directed into whorls of corn plants using a pneumatic applicator powered by a 3.5 horsepower engine attached to a highboy. Noble metering units mounted on a modified chain-driven apparatus regulated the amount of granules released into the applicator. Liquids were applied with a 3 gal C02 backpack sprayer. Approximately one month following application, 20 cornstalks were randomly chosen from each plot. Each plant was split vertically and examined for ECB tunnelling damage. The number and length of ECB cavities were recorded and analyzed.
Evaluation of Corn Rootworm Soil Insecticide Efficacy, 1990
Authors: Calvin D. D. , Losey J. E.
Published: March 2022

Twenty-four corn rootworm soil insecticide treatments were evaluated on a Hagerstown silt loam soil near Rocksprings, Pa., during 1990. Five comercially available soil insecticides were used in the test. A randomized complete block design with 5 replications of 26 treatments was used (including 2 untreated). All insecticides and rates were applied in-furrow and as a Tband application. Plots were 6.1 m long by 2 rows wide. Treatments were applied using a Max Emerge John Deere 7000R corn planter on 5 May. T-Band applications were applied in 17.8 cm bands over the row into the furrow ahead of the press wheel, and in-furrow applications were directed into the row in front of the press wheel. The corn was planted on 5 May in 76.2 cm rows at 60,000 plants/ha. The soil was moist with a temperature of approximately 14.4°C. The number of plants in each plot was determined on 20 Jun. On 26 Jul, 5 corn plants were dug per plot and the roots were rated for damage using the Iowa six category rating system (1 = no damage; 6 = all roots on 3 or more nodes cut). Because the stand density per plot was highly variable, yield information was not collected.
Western Corn Rootworm Larval Control in South West Minnesota, 1990
Authors: Chaddha S. , Luedeman J. L. , Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R.
Published: March 2022

A soil insecticide performance trial was established at Southwest Agricultural Experiment Station, Lamberton in spring 1990. Soil type in this continuous corn field was Vef loam. Each treatment plot measured 2 rows (76 cm spacing) × 12.2 m long. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All insecticides were calibrated in the laboratory to be accurately delivered at a tractor speed of 6.5 k/h (4 mph). Insecticides were applied at planting on 11 May using a modified Noble applicator with interchangeable bottles. Since corn rootworm adult densities were low the previous fall in this region, approx. 3 m of the corn row were artificially infested at a rate of 600 eggs/30.5 cm of row on 8 Jun using the method of Sutter and Branson (1980). On 9 Aug 5 roots were dug from the infested area of each plot and rated for root injury on a modified 1-6 Iowa rating scale (subdivided into half increments for higher sensitivity). Data were subjected to an ANOVA and treatment means separated by DMRT.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1990
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Rouse J. R. , Boeve P. J. , Baker D. A. , Schmidt D. H. , Tollesfon J. J.
Published: March 2022

Rootworm planting-time, soil-insecticide test plots were established at 5 Iowa locations in 1990. Two of these locations were also used for cultivation-time tests. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications for the root-protection trial (registered and numbered products) and 8 replications for the yield trial (registered and EUP products). All treatments were applied to single 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was constantly monitored to insure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically-driven Noble units mounted on the tool bar of a 2-row, rear mounted cultivator. Plastic tubes, positioned directly in front of the cultivator sweeps, directed the insecticide to both sides of the corn for basal treatments. Banders positioned directly above the plant row provided whorl treatments. Chemical phytotoxicity was checked in early Jun by taking stand counts from 1/1000 acre and measuring the height of 10 consecutive plants from each treatment. In mid-Jul, rootworm feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and a 6 rating equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken at harvest time. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the plant and the ground was 45° or less. Yields were measured by hand harvesting 1/1000 acre from each treatment.
Field Corn, European Corn Borer Control, 1990
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Southards C. J. , Roberts C. H. , Onks D. O.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen in-whorl insecticide treatments were evaluated of control for first brood European corn borer (ECB). ‘Pioneer 3147’ corn was planted on 21 Apr at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield, Tenn. Soil type was Dickson silt loam, 2-5% slope with a pH of 6.3. Plots were 30 ft × 4 rows (40 inch spacing) with 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Blocks were separated by 5 ft alleys. Plant population was 45 plants/30 row ft. Insecticides were applied on 12 Jun when 63.3% of the plants were damaged by the ECB with an average of 1.4 larvae/plant. Granular insecticides were applied using shaker jars. Liquid formulations were applied using 2.5 gal compressed C02 sprayers at 30 gal/acre and 40 psi. Newly damaged whorls were counted on 19 and 26 Jun. Grain yield was measured on 18 Sep at 24.46% moisture.
Corn Rootworm Control in Field Corn, 1989
Authors: Shields E. J. , Sher R. B. , Taylor P. S.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 42 rows × 100 ft were planted at Rich-a-Lu farm in East Aurora, N.Y., on 19 May with a 2-row corn planter at 31,000 seeds/acre, and fertilized with 400 lb of 10-10-10 fertilizer banded at planting. Soils were silt loam with 4% organic matter. Adult beetle counts averaged between 4 and 6 beetles/plant during the 1988 oviposition period in this field. Each treatment was 1 row by 100 ft. Fourty-two treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design. Supplemental nitrogen was provided with a preplant incorporated application of 40 ton manure/acre. Granular insecticides were applied at planting with Noble granular applicators mounted on the planter. Stand counts were taken on 50 ft of row on 9 Jun. Five plants in each row were dug and the roots washed before rating root damage using the Iowa 1-6 root rating scale on 26 Jul.
Management of Tobacco Budworm and Bollworm with a Pyrethroid, Bt and Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) Mixtures, 1990
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 11 Jun in 4 row plots (40-inch centers) × 50 ft on the Northeast Research Station (Macon Ridge Branch) near Winnsboro, La. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied on 10, 14, 17, and 23 Aug. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-5 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 40 psi. Methyl parathion (0.3 lb [AI%/acre) was applied on an “as needed” basis for boll weevil control. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 cotton fruit (squares and bolls) for evidence of damage and the presence of larvae. The test plots received 0.3-inch rainfall on 13 Aug and 1.6-inch rainfal on 20 Aug.
Cotton Aphid Control in Louisiana—Macon Ridge Ii, 1990
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Long D. W.
Published: March 2022

A test was conducted at the Northeast Research Station (Macon Ridge Branch) to evaluate the efficacy of 10 treatments against cotton aphids in nonirrigated cotton planted 25 Apr. The field was treated with 2 applications of Ammo (0.025 lb [AI]/acre) in Jun to stimulate cotton aphid infestations. Test plots consisted of 4 rows on 40-inch centers × 65 ft. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 10 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-12 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 38 psi. Plots were treated on 18 Jul and sampled on 20 Jul (2 DAT) and 25 Jul (7 DAT). Efficacy of the treatments was evaluated in 2 plant horizons by sampling the plant terminal (all shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf) and the first main stem leaf at the bottom of the plant. Twenty samples in each horizon were collected from each plot and held in glass jars. Aphids were washed from the plant foliage onto 300 mesh wire sieves, backwashed onto ruled filter paper (7 cm) and counted using a binocular dissecting scope. The test plots received 0.2-inches rainfall on 18 Aug and 4-inches rainfall on 20 Aug.
Effect of Foliar Fertilizer (22% Urea) on Aphid Control Test-Ii, 1990
Authors: Long D. W. , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 5 treatments and a control replicated 5 times. Cotton was planted on 26 Apr with plots consisting of 6 rows (40 in) × 50 ft and foliar sprays were applied with a hi-clearance utility tractor equipped with a compressed air delivery system. Treatments were applied on 25 Jul and evaluations were made on 27 Jul and 1 Aug. The plots had not been treated previously and plant height at treatment initiation ranged from 30-48 inches. Effectiveness on aphid populations was evaluated by randomly collecting 20 plant terminals from the center 2 rows of each plot and placing them immediately into 0.95 liter glass jars. In the laboratory, 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite (5.25%), 5 ml of dilute liquid detergent solution, and 500 ml of tap water were added to the glass jars. Following vigorous agitation, the contents of the jars were poured onto a no. 30 metal sieve and plants were thoroughly washed to dislodge remaining aphids, which were funneled into 300-mesh sieves. Contents of the 300-mesh sieve were backwashed into a Buchner filter apparatus (7 cm diam) containing ruled filter paper. Numbers of aphids were determined using a Zeiss binocular stereoscope at 12 × magnification. No rainfall was recorded between 25 and 27 Jul and 0.5 in. of rain was recorded on 31 Jul.
Corn Earworm and Fall Armyworm Control in Peanuts in North Florida, 1989
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Gorbet D. W. , Brown A. L.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located in Jackson County, Fla., and planted 23 May. Plot size was 4 rows × 30 ft with a 36-inch row spacing. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. All insecticide treatments were applied on 1 Aug with a 2-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer that was equipped with 3, D3 nozzles/row. These chemicals were applied at about 36 psi, with the amount of spray about 25 gal/acre. The density of CEW and FAW larvae in each plot was estimated 3, 8, 14, and 21 days later on 4, 9, 15, and 22 Aug, respectively, by taking 10 sweeps/plot with a 15-inch diam sweepnet.
Thrips Control in Seedling Peanuts in North Florida, 1990
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Gorbet D. W.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located in Jackson County, Fla., planted 27 Apr. Plot size was 4 rows × 20 ft with a 36-inch row spacing. Granular treatments were applied at planting in a 7-inch band over the row, by using a granular applicator attached to the planter. These in-furrow insecticide treatments were released between the seed-furrow openers and the press wheels. Spray insecticide treatments were applied on 11 May with a 2-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer that was equipped with 3, D3 nozzles/row. These chemicals were applied at about 36 psi, with the amount of spray about 25 gal/acre. The density of thrips in terminal buds was estimated in each untreated control and granular insecticide treatment on 11 May and in plots of all treatments on 18 May, 25 May, and 1 Jun. Each thrips sample consisted of 8 terminal buds selected from the 2 outer rows of a plot on each sample date. A terminal bud consisted of all unexpanded leaves on the end of a stem. Each sample was placed in a labeled vial containing 70% ethyl alcohol. The number of thrips in each sample was determined by searching the contents of each vial under a 7 to 15 × dissecting scope. Adults from samples in the control plots were identified to species.
Evaluation of Dimilin Bran-Bait for Rangeland Grasshopper Control, 1990
Authors: Bomar Charles R. , Lockwood Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2022

A 1% Dimilin bran-bait was applied to a rangeland site in Platte County, Wyo. Treatments were randomly assigned to nine, 10-acre plots such that 3 plots each were: untreated controls, treated with 1.0 lb of bran bait/acre, or treated with 2.0 lb of bran bait/acre, using a Peacock Industries truck-mounted bran spreader on 15 Jun. For each plot, grasshopper densities were estimated by taking 54 visualized 1.0 ft2 samples. Grasshopper community structure was determined by collecting 50-250 grasshoppers with a 12 inch diam sweep net. These sampling procedures were conducted immediately prior to treatment and 7, 14, and 21 DAT. Fisher's protected LSD post-ANOVA test was used to evaluate differences in grasshopper densities at each sampling time. Chi-square analysis was used to statistically assess differences in species and age distribution as a function of treatment. Mortality rates were calculated after correcting for mortality and development in the control plots.
Evaluation of Dimilin 1% Bran Bait for Grasshopper Control on Rangeland, 1990
Authors: Wang T. , Fuller B. W.
Published: March 2022

A 150-acre area of rangeland near Edgemont, S. Dak. was chosen for evaluating efficacy of Dimilin (diflubenzuron) 1.0% bran bait against rangeland grasshoppers. The vegetation in the test site was dominated by cool and warm season perennial grasses. Percent basal coverage by all plant species ranged from 45-60%. The test site was divided into 9 contiguous plots of 12 acres. Pre- and posttreatment grasshopper densities were assessed by counting grasshoppers in 40, 0.1 m2 rings located in the center of each plot. Before application of treatments, Aulocara elliotti were 20% second, 40% third and 25% fourth instars, and Ageneotettix deorum and Amphitornus coloradus were 70% second and 30% third instars and the 3 species respectively constituted 53, 22 and 10% of the grasshopper population in the study site. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The 9 plots were grouped into 3 blocks with grasshopper population estimates recorded using 1 d pretreatment counts. Dimilin bait was applied at 1.0 and 2.0 lb of bran flakes/acre rates from a Brie-Mar Model 60 bran applicator mounted on a pickup truck on 19 Jun and calibrations were based on a 13 m swath. Posttreatment counts were conducted 7, 14, 21 and 28 DAT. The natural change in grasshopper densities was determined by counts from untreated plots. Percent survival based on pretreatment counts on the same treated plot was adjusted for the natural population fluctuations by a modified Abbott's formula and expressed as percent grasshopper reduction.
Efficacy of two Toxicants as Bran Bait for the Bigheaded Grasshopper, 1990
Authors: Wang T. , Fuller B. W.
Published: March 2022

Two toxicants on wheat bran bait were compared in field cages for their efficacies against the bigheaded grasshopper, Aulocara elliotti in Belle Fourche, S. Dak. The dense vegetation in the test site was dominated by western wheatgrass, Agropyron smithii Rydb., blue gramma, Bouteloua gracilis (H. B. K.) and buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. Field cages (1 m2) were placed on the test site and freed of grasshoppers and other predators. Lorsban (chlorpyrifos), formulated as 1 and 3% bran bait, and Carbaryl, formulated as 2% bran bait, were applied on 31 Jul to the cages at rates equivalent to 2 or 4 lb of bran flakes/acre to simulate field application. Each cage was then stocked with 20 females (ca. 10-d old adults) of Aulocara elliotti which had been starved for 24 h after being collected in the vicinity of the study site. Eight cages were used for each treatment and 16 for the untreated control. Grasshopper mortalities were recorded 5 DAT and the data were transformed using arcsin x prior to analysis.
Control of Soybean Insects in Mississippi, 1990
Authors: Layton Blake , Hamer Jim , Smith Randy
Published: March 2022

Registered soybean insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against soybean looper, velvetbean caterpillar and threecornered alfalfa hopper. Treatments were applied on 24 Aug with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 9.9 gal of finished spray/acre through 8001 flat-fan nozzle tips at 40 psi. Row spacing was 38 inches, and plots were 8 rows wide × 50 ft long and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were sampled at 2, 7, and 14 DAT using a 15-inch-diam sweep net. Pretreatment counts taken around the periphery of the plot area revealed an average soybean looper population of 15.7/25 sweeps. No rainfall occurred prior to the 7 DAT sample date.
Control of Soybean Insect Pests—Macon Ridge II, 1990
Authors: Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted at the Sweet Potato Research Station near Chase, La., to evaluate insecticide efficacy against foliage feeding Lepidoptera. Plots consisted of drilled soybeans 16.6-ft wide × 50-ft long. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied to a 14.4-ft strip (40-inch untreated border between plots) with a tractor mounted loom and compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 10 gal total spray/acre at 38 psi through Teejet X-12 hollow cone nozzles (2/row). Treatments were applied on 13 Sep in Test I and on 14 Sep in Test II. Samples were taken at 2 and 7 DAT using one 50-sweep sample with a standard 15-inch diam sweep net. The test plots received 0.2-inch of rainfall on 14 Sep and 0.1-inch rainfall on 17 Sep.
Control of Bean Leaf Beetle, Banded Cucumber Beetle, and Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper on Soybean in Louisiana, 1990
Authors: Wier Alan T. , Mink Jeffrey S. , Boethel David J. , Roger Leonard B.
Published: March 2022

Four tests were conducted to examine the efficacy of selected insecticides against soybean insect pests. Tests I and II were conducted on Delta Pine 105' soybeans at Hamburg, La. Plots measuring 60 ft (Test I) and 50 ft (Test II) × 8 rows (30 inch row spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 15 gal/acre at 40 psi through 8002 flat fan nozzles. Treatment occurred on 30 Aug and 1 Sep for Test I and Test II, respectively. Insects were sampled with a 15-inch-diam sweep net at 2 and 5 or 7 DAT. Approximately 0.4 inch of rain fell on 5 Sep. Tests III and IV were conducted on 'Centennial' soybeans at the Macon Ridge Branch, Northeast Research Station, Winnsboro, La. Plots measured 50 ft × 4 rows (40 inch row spacing) and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a compressed air, tractor mounted sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre at 38 psi through X12 hollow cone nozzles. Treatment occurred on 11 Sep and 18 Sep for Test III and Test IV, respectively. Insects were sampled with a 15-inch-diam sweep net at 2 and 6 or 7 DAT. One "beat-net" sample per plot was taken in Test IV at 7 DAT to assess the impact on threecornered alfalfa hopper nymphs. Test III received 0.78 and 0.84 inches of rainfall on 11 and 12 Sep, respectively. Test IV received 0.2 and 0.3 inches rainfall on 19 and 20 Sep, respectively.