bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REPRODUCTION AND PRENATAL MORTALITY OF SNOWSHOE HARES ON MANITOULIN ISLAND, ONTARIO
Authors: Newson Janet
Published: August 2008

The object was to find out whether variations in reproduction occurred at different population densities in the wild, and whether these played a significant part in the 10-year cycle of numbers of Lepus americanus. Over 600 adult Females were examined from three breeding seasons, 1959–1961. Counts were made of corpora lutea, implantation sites, and living and dead embryos. The breeding season began in April and finished in July, with three highly synchronized litters. Ovulation rate showed significant seasonal and yearly variations; also it was higher both in older and in heavier hares. Loss of ova before implantation was directly proportional to the number shed. Loss of whole litters by resorption in mid-pregnancy was estimated to be as much as 20%. In litters which survived to near term, a total of about 10% of ova were lost. Results for two populations, slightly out of phase, were compared. The one that first reached a higher density started breeding a week later each year, and had consistently lower ovulation rates and greater prenatal mortality than the other. These differences in fertility were not sufficient to account for the population decline which occurred.
EFFECT OF DDT AND STARVATION ON THE ANTIGENIC COMPOSITION OF SITOPHILUS GRANARIUS (L.) (COLEOPTERA), GG STRAIN, AND A COMPARISON WITH OTHER STRAINS AND SPECIES, USING THE OUCHTERLONY TECHNIQUE
Authors: Nigam P. C. , Musgrave A. J.
Published: August 2008

By use of the Ouchterlony technique it has been possible to distinguish immunologically certain strains and species of Sitophilus, and, in S. granarius, to distinguish among normal, starved, and DDT-poisoned weevils. The immunological differences distinguishing strains and species were greater than those distinguishing different treatments in the same strain. The results also indicated that the metabolism of insects dying of DDT toxemia may not be as similar to that of starving insects as has been suggested in the literature.
GROWTH OF THE VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED STRAIN OF LARVAL ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS IN SOME STRAINS OF JACKSON MICE AND IN THEIR HYBRIDS
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: August 2008

The growth of larval E. multilocularis in seven strains of Jackson mice was examined. It was fastest in C57L, the average cyst weight after 120 days of growth exceeding 7 g. The cysts grew slower in the DBA/1 and RF mice, but tended to become invasive.In the LAF1 hybrids the growth was almost as fast as in the C57L, and much faster than in A/He strain. In the B6D2F1 hybrids, however, the growth was much slower than in both parental strains. The cysts grew slowly in obese, dwarf, and hairless mutants.
THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE MEDUSA CIRRHOLOVENIA TETRANEMA: KRAMP 1959 (LEPTOMEDUSAE, LOVENELLIDAE) WITH A HYDROID OF THE GENUS CUSPIDELLA HINCKS
Authors: Brinckmann Anita
Published: August 2008

The life cycle of the leptoraedusa Cirrholovenia tetranema Kramp is described and the taxonomic status of the genus Cuspidella is discussed.
ORGAN WEIGHT – BODY WEIGHT RELATIONS IN THE FAMILY MUSTELIDAE: THE MINK (MUSTELA VISON)
Authors: Wood A. J. , Cowan I. McT. , Daniel M. J.
Published: August 2008

The relation between certain of the organs and the body weight of ranch raised mink has been examined. The lethal agent used for killing the mink is shown to affect the relative weights of the organs studied. The unsuitability of body weight as an independent variable against which to express organ weights is discussed and it is suggested that heart weight may be a more useful base.
CROISEMENTS INTRASPECIFIQUES ET SPECIFICATION CHEZ QUELQUES GRYLLIDES DES GENRES GRYLLUS ET TELEOGRYLLUS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)
Authors: Cochaux Pierre
Published: August 2008

Various intraspecific crossings between geographically isolated populations of field crickets have shown that genetic affinity may vary considerably. When present, reproductive isolation is primarily due to physiological divergences resulting from differences in adaptation to climatic conditions, which may or may not be related to morphological differences. Geographic isolation appears to be of secondary importance only in the evolution process. Populations of Gryllus assimilis F. from various islands of the West Indies and populations of G. bimaculatus De Geer from South Africa and Formosa have shown a high degree of genetic affinity, although widely isolated geographically. Certain populations of Teleogryllus commodus (Walker) from Australia, although not isolated geographically but subject to considerable climatic differences, have lost their genetic compatibility, producing only sterile offspring.
THE OCCURRENCE OF PROTOPORPHYRIN AND MYOGLOBIN IN THE MARINE BORER, BANKIA SETACEA (TRYON)
Authors: Townsley P. M. , Richy R. A. , Trussell P. C.
Published: August 2008

The pigment observed in the siphons of the marine borer, Bankia setacea (Tryon), was isolated and identified as protoporphyrin. Myoglobin was isolated from the posterior adductor and heart muscles.
SKRJABINGYLUS MAGNUS N. SP. (NEMATODA: TRICHOSTRONGYLIDAE) FROM THE SKUNK, MEPHITIS MEPHITIS
Authors: Webster W. A.
Published: August 2008

Skrjabingylus magnus n. sp. from the frontal sinuses of Mephitis mephitis (Schreber) is described. Differences between this species and S. nasicola and S. chitwoodorum are discussed.
METABOLIC RATE AND ITS TEMPERATURE-ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE IN SIX GEOGRAPHIC RACES OF PEROMYSCUS
Authors: Hayward J. S.
Published: August 2008

The metabolic rate characteristics of six races of Peromyscus, selected from a wide range of habitats, have been determined over the temperature range 0° to 35 °C. After acclimation to standardized laboratory conditions, critical temperatures and metabolic responses to temperatures below thermoneutrality were largely a function of body size: the larger the mouse, the greater its thermoregulatory efficiency. Body size per se is not correlated with the gross climate of the respective habitats. A single equation which predicts the metabolic rate of these races at any temperature between 0° and 27 °C, from a knowledge of body weight and body temperature, is derived.When considered as a single group, the basal oxygen consumption of all races varied with body weight0,60 over the body weight range of 14.7 to 36.0 g and was insignificantly different from the accepted interspecies approximation. The basal metabolic rates of each race showed no temperature-adaptive differences, especially when considered in relation to body composition. It is concluded that basal metabolic rate is nonadaptive to climate in these races of Peromyscus and consequently has played no important part in their distribution and speciation.
EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF FOUR TYPES OF RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN IN THE NERVE CELLS OF THE CEREBELLUM IN THE ADULT CAT
Authors: Chouinard L. A.
Published: August 2008

In Helly-fixed cerebella, the toluidine blue – molybdate staining procedure reveals the existence of four distinct types of ribonucleoprotein in both the Purkinje cells of the vermian zone and the multipolar ganglion cells of the fastigial nucleus. These four types of ribonucleoprotein are found in, respectively, the ground substance (nucleolar matrix) of the nucleolus, the intranucleolar vacuoles (nucleolini), the intranuclear paranucleolar masses, and the cytoplasmic Nissl bodies. The relevant observational evidence suggests that the two organelles of the nucleolar apparatus, that is, the nucleolus and paranucleolar masses together with their associated chromocenters, are concerned with distinct synthetic activities with regard to the elaboration of neuronal ribonucleic acids or ribonucleoproteins. The significance of the above findings is discussed in the light of current concepts pertaining to cellular ribonucleoprotein metabolism.
CONTROL OF TYROGLYPHOID MITES IN STORED GRAIN BY THE PREDATORY MITE CHEYLETUS ERUDITUS (SCHRANK)
Authors: Pulpán J. , Verner P. H.
Published: August 2008

The authors deal with the problem of mite infestation of stored grain in Czechoslovakia, where more than 10% of the grain is infested by Acarus siro L. and Glycyphagus destructor (Schr.). The methods of mite control hitherto used (fumigants CH3Br, HCN, and ALP) were poor and of short duration. Accordingly, the authors investigated the possibility of biological control using the predacious mite Cheyletus eruditus (Schr.). Some observations showed spontaneous biological control, culminating in the complete eradication of the grain mites. The investigation covered eight grain storages. Details are given of the characteristic course of observations in one grain store, and the results of seven other stores are summarized. In three other stores was studied the influence of cleanliness and moisture contents of grain on the development of mites. The authors found that the mites multiplied on uncleaned wheat (16% moisture content), on cleaned wheat (16% moisture content), and on dry, uncleaned wheat (14% moisture content) in the ratio of 100:10:1.Further details are given about two semioperational trials following the introduction of the predacious mite Cheyletus eruditus (Schr.). These trials were generally successful with the complete eradication of harmful mites.The authors report successful results on the introduction of the predacious mite into uninfested grain destined for long-term storage. They discuss 28 experiments with its artificial introduction (25 successful in biological control) and the course of an operational trial which showed good results as well. Experiences and results from semioperational and operational trials form the basis of a set of technological principles as a guide to practice. It is recommended that the predacious mite be collected from natural biotopes where complete eradication of harmful mites has already been completed. For successful results, the authors recommend artificial introduction in spring or autumn (temperature 5–10 °C) on the surface of grain in the proportion 1:100 to 1:1000 (Cheyletus eruditus Schr.: Acarus siro L. + Glycyphagus destructor Schr.).
POSSIBLE FACTORS LIMITING THE CONCENTRATION OF HAEMOCYANIN IN THE BLOOD OF THE SNAIL, HELIX POMATIA L.
Authors: Burton R. F.
Published: August 2008

The copper content of the haemocyanin of Helix pomatia is about 0.25%.When the concentration of haemocyanin in the blood exceeds a certain value, the increased oxygen capacity of the blood is offset by its viscosity. This critical concentration exceeds 100 g per kilogram of water and is thus above the range of concentrations found in H. pomatia. The amount of haemocyanin in the blood seems not to be limited by solubility, but, whilst other factors may be involved, it is likely that the amount synthesized by a snail is sometimes limited by the availability of copper or other nutrients.
THE DIGESTIVE TRACT AND ITS RELATION TO FEEDING HABITS IN THE STENOGLOSSAN PROSOBRANCH CORALLIOPHILA ABBREVIATA (LAMARK)
Authors: Ward Jonet
Published: August 2008

Coralliophila abbreviata is found on partly eroded colonies of Montastrea annularis in the coastal reefs of Barbados and contributes to the destruction of this coral. The habitat and feeding habits have been examined and a histological study has been made of the digestive system. Stomach and faecal material indicate that both the animal tissue and zooxanthellae are ingested. Enzyme tests demonstrate the presence of protein and carbohydrate digesting enzymes. Since this animal has no radula or jaws, it is thought that the muscular proboscis is used as a pump during the ingestion of food. The single salivary duct, formed from the ducts of the paired salivary glands, opens into the oral tube on the dorsal side of the mouth. It is suggested that its secretion may aid in penetration of the coral epidermis before ingestion begins.
A CELLULOSE-HYDROLYZING FACTOR IN APHID SALIVA
Authors: Adams Jean B. , Drew Margaret E.
Published: August 2008

Fifty-eight species of aphids from a wide range of host plants, one leafhopper species from Vitis sp., and a psyllid from Alnus rugosa have been examined for their salivary ability to hydrolyse carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) substrates. Most of these insects, when allowed to probe and secrete saliva into CMC-filled parafilm "sachets", reduced the CMC to glucose and sometimes to glucose and cellobiose. The presence of this cellulose-hydrolyzing factor varied among species, and within species according to morph, season, and host plant from which the insect culture had been derived. The behavior of the insects on the sachets resembled the characteristic "test probing" of aphids described by many authors. It is suggested that salivary components secreted during such test probes play a role in host plant selection and subsequent exploitation.
EMERGENCE AND FERTILITY OF AEDES AEGYPTI (L.) REARED IN VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF P32
Authors: Riordan D. F.
Published: August 2008

Aedes aegypti (L.) was reared in eight concentrations of P32 from 0.05 μc/ml to 0.8 μc/ml to test the effects on fertility of the adults. Up to 0.3 μc/ml little effect was seen in the numbers pupating, but at 0.2 μc/ml and higher many of the adults were so weakened as to be unable to leave the surface of the water. At 0.6 μc/ml and 0.8 μc/ml no adults lived to become parents of a succeeding generation. No progeny were produced by females reared at 0.2 μc of P32 per milliliter or by non-radioactive females mated to males reared at 0.3 μc of P32 per milliliter. Amounts of P32 in the adults of males and females were calculated.
CARBOHYDRATES IN THE BLOOD OF THE LOBSTER, HOMARUS AMERICANUS
Authors: Telford Malcolm
Published: August 2008

Measurements of blood sugar were made using potassium ferricyanide reduction and glucose oxidase. Both methods show a significant difference between the two sexes, in spite of a large variance. Non-glucose reducing sugars vary with glucose equally in both sexes and account for 40–50% of the total reducing sugar. Analysis by thin-layer chromatography shows small amounts of galactose and fructose; three other sugars are present, two of which may be disaccharides. Hyperglycemia after handling for periods of up to 1 hour was not observed.
LABORATORY REARING STUDIES OF THE POSTCAPPING STAGES OF THE HONEY BEE (APIS MELLIFERA L.): I. REARING BROOD OUTSIDE CELLS
Authors: Jay S. C.
Published: August 2008

Honey bee studies would be facilitated and extended if a reliable method of rearing honey bees in the laboratory were devised. Most failures in development occur in the postcapping stages. Therefore, fully fed larvae or pupae of all three castes were removed from the comb and reared in the laboratory in various ways to ascertain if the precapping or postcapping techniques were at fault. Developmental failure was measured by an arbitrary "scale of success" in which the prepupal and preimaginal ecdyses were scored according to the distance the skin was shed.Routine handling of the postcapping stages with forceps does not appear to affect development, and exposure to room temperatures and humidities is damaging only to drone larvae and pupae. Hindgut intimae should not be removed by hand. Prepupae and pupae, in natural cells, had high ecdysal scores when held at 20–80% R.H. probably because water vapor loss is reduced by the cell cappings. However, outside the natural cell the postcapping stages can best be reared at 80% R.H. and pupae can also be reared at 60%. The best material on which to rear the bees is paper tissue or surgical gauze. Pupae also rear well in wax grooves or on surgical cotton wool. However, when no cell is used, several abnormalities in development occur.
SOME PHYSICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF DAPHNIA MAGNA STRAUS
Authors: McMahon J. W.
Published: August 2008

The feeding behavior of Daphnia magna was studied in relation to the effect of animal size, water temperature, and light intensity. D. magna were fed on pure cultures of Chlorella vulgaris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae labelled with radioactive phosphorus.As size of D. magna increased over the range 1.25 mm to 3.54 mm, both maximum filtering rate and maximum feeding rate increased. The relation between the increase of filtering rate and the increase of maximum feeding rate is such that the "incipient limiting level" (the external level above which there is no limiting effect of food supply) also increases as size of Daphnia increases. The feeding rate of D. magna was studied over the temperature range 5 °C to 35 °C. The temperature optimum for feeding was approximately 24 °C.Feeding rate was also studied under conditions of total darkness and at light intensities of 100, 300, 500, 1,000, 3,000, and 10,000 ft-c. Illumination from total darkness to 1000 ft-c did not appear to affect the feeding rate of D. magna.The results of this investigation are discussed in relation to previous studies of filtering rates of other Crustacea.
RECORDING OF ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY AND MOVEMENT FROM LEGS OF WALKING CRABS
Authors: Atwood H. L. , Walcott B.
Published: August 2008

Recordings of electrical activity were made from the leg muscles of walking crabs. In some, the movement of leg joints was monitored by means of a small transducer. Regular patterns of electrical activity appeared during walking. The motor axons of antagonistic muscles were frequently active in reciprocating bursts. In muscles innervated by two motor axons, "fast" and "slow", the latter axon was normally the more active. The inhibitory axons of certain muscles were apparently sometimes fired in a manner which could permit facilitation at the motor nerve endings without tension development in the muscle.
ACTIVITY RHYTHMS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS DEFOLIATORS: III. THE DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (McDUNNOUGH) (LIPARIDAE)
Authors: Edwards D. K.
Published: August 2008

Techniques previously described were used to record larval activity on foliage and adult emergence and flight times of Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough) in both constant and naturally varying temperatures. Most larvae hatched in the morning after sunrise; hatching decreased during the day and was minimal at night. Early-instar larvae were active during the day in all temperature regimes studied, and nocturnal activity occurred only when the temperature was at least 20 °C. Young larvae tended to drop from foliage on silken threads with dropping peaks in the morning and afternoon. Late-instar larvae were mainly nocturnal in the constant and varying temperatures. Adult emergence, and flight of males, occurred mainly in late afternoon prior to sunset, and evidence of heightened activity at this same time in the diel was discernible as early as the first and second instars. The possible adaptive value of these rhythms in the insects in nature is discussed.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON GLYCEROL AND COLD-HARDINESS IN INSECTS
Authors: Sømme Lauritz
Published: August 2008

Changes in glycerol content and supercooling points were studied in three overwintering species. In larvae of Hyponomeuta evonymellus L. and eggs of Acrolita naevana (Hb.), glycerol was accumulated and supercooling points were lowered during the fall. After diapause was broken, the glycerol content decreased, accompanied by an increase in supercooling points. Similar changes were observed in all larvae of Laspeyresia strobilella (L.), although some of them pupate after one winter, while others remain in diapause for at least 1 more year. The larvae that remain in diapause are able to accumulate glycerol during exposure to low temperatures, and in this way increase their cold-hardiness, Glycerol was lost at 20 °C in the fall when all larvae of L. strobilella were in diapause, whereas diapausing eggs of A. naevana retained their glycerol content at this temperature. Eggs of A. naevana from a location in eastern Norway accumulated more glycerol than did eggs from a location with a milder climate in western Norway, thus suggesting differences in adaptation to low temperatures, Larvae of H. evonymellus and eggs of A. naevana were killed by freezing, while larvae of L. strobilella were freezing-tolerant in the middle of the winter.
A NEW SPECIES OF PSYCHOGLYPHA ROSS FROM WESTERN CANADA, WITH NOTES ON SEVERAL OTHER SPECIES OF LIMNEPHILIDAE (TRICHOPTERA)
Authors: Nimmo A. P.
Published: August 2008

Psychoglypha schmidi n. sp. is described. The male of Limncphilus infernalis (Banks) is refigured and described, and the female and larva are described and figured for the first time. The seasonal biology is briefly examined. The female of Asynarchus aldinus (Ross) is described and figured for the first time. Range extensions are noted for these three species, and for the following: Psychoglypha prithus (Milne), Amphicosmoecus canax (Ross), and Homophylax acutus Denning.
A NOTE ON WATER BALANCE IN THE GOLDFISH, CARASSIUS AURATUS L., DURING LETHAL HEAT SHOCK
Authors: Heinicke Elizabeth Anne , Houston A. H.
Published: August 2008

Heat death in goldfish acclimated to 20 °C and abruptly transferred to temperatures between 36 and 38 °C was accompanied by a decrease in plasma chloride concentration, but not by a marked change in tissue chloride levels. Tissue water content increased by approximately 5%. Variations in chloride space indicated that water taken up during heat death was localized in the extracellular compartment. A progressive shift of fluids from the cellular to the extracellular phase also contributed to the expansion of the latter compartment. Although the data indicate some degree of osmoregulatory breakdown during exposure to lethal increases in temperature, the changes observed were not considered to have been of sufficient magnitude to constitute the sole cause of thermal death.
STUDIES IN THE MODE OF ACTION OF ROYAL JELLY IN HONEY BEE DEVELOPMENT: VI. HAEMOLYMPH PROTEIN CHANGES DURING CASTE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Liu T. P. , Dixon S. E.
Published: August 2008

The changing patterns of haemolymph proteins are followed during the larval life of the two female castes of honey bee larvae. During the third day of larval life, the total protein concentration of haemolymph drops to its lowest level in both castes. Larvae destined to be queens have the lower concentration of blood protein. Starch gel electropherograms illustrate striking differences in haemolymph protein patterns with time within a caste as well as differences between castes. The possible significance of these results is discussed in relation to female dimorphism.
APPRAISAL OF TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS OF 'PARIETINUS GROUP' OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS APHELENCHOIDES FISCHER, 1894 (NEMATODA: APHELENCHOIDIDAE)
Authors: Sanwal K. C.
Published: August 2008

Morphological characters used for differentiating species closely related to Aphelenchoides parietinus (Bastian, 1865) Steiner, 1932 were found to exhibit different degrees of variability within the population of a single species. The degree of constancy and variability of these characters, as applicable to the 'parietinus group' of species, is described. It is suggested that at the present stage of nematode taxonomy, it would be better to distinguish species on the basis of a group of morphological differences, howsoever small, as long as they are constant, rather than to expand the morphological definition of known species beyond the range of their morphologically constant and stable characters.
MARINE BORER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
Authors: Townsley P. M. , Richy R. A.
Published: August 2008

A very active and specific enzyme, aldehyde oxidase, has been demonstrated and partially purified from the digestive tract of the marine borer, Bankia setacea (Tryon). In the presence of the enzyme, the substrate vanillin was oxidized to vanillic acid with the simultaneous reduction of oxygen, cytochrome c, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, or methylene blue. Marine borer aldehyde oxidase does not oxidize the heterocyclic substrates N1-methylnicotinamide or hypoxanthine of mammalian hepatic aldehyde oxidase or milk xanthine oxidase. In addition, the inhibitors of hepatic aldehyde oxidase, menadione and estradiol, do not inhibit marine borer aldehyde oxidase. On the other hand, both the above-mentioned oxidases are inhibited by the sulfhydryl inhibitors arsenite and p-hydroxymercurybenzoate, and by cyanide. Marine borer aldehyde oxidase has an optimum activity between pH 4.5 and 5.5 and little activity at pH 7.8, a pH activity range quite different from that of the mammalian aldehyde oxidases. Oysters were found to contain only slight vanillin oxidase activity at pH 4.3, suggesting that the marine borer aldehyde oxidase activity is unique to the ship worm and is used for the oxidation of aldehydes found in wood.
A PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTION OF SOME MARINE BENTHIC COMMUNITIES FROM BARBADOS, WEST INDIES
Authors: Lewis John B.
Published: August 2008

The benthic communities between 50 and 400 m are described. Three community groupings were observed: a sponge and coral community between 50 and 150 m; a rich and diverse community of coelenterates, molluscs, and echinoderms, between 100 and 300 m; and a community dominated by molluscs, between 300 and 400 m.
THE MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN OF ORCONECTES VIRILIS (HAGEN) (CRUSTACEA, DECAPODA)
Authors: Seabrook W. D. , Nesbitt H. H. J.
Published: August 2008

The morphology and histological structure of the supraoesophageal ganglionic mass are reported. The accessory nerve supplying motor fibers to the muscles of the eyestalk, antennules, and antennae, and sensory fibers to the antennules and antennae, is described for the first time. It is suggested that the term optic lobes be applied to those structures previously described as the optic nerves in the stalked-eyed Crustacea. It is further suggested that the term ganglionic mass be applied to compound ganglia such as the arthropod brain.Sixty-one conducting elements are traced and illustrated.This work substantiates the view that the protocerebrum and deutocerebrum have an ancient and close relationship. Both are considered to be preoral. The tritocerebrum was recently acquired by the supraoesophageal ganglionic mass and is postoral in origin.
ON THE EPIZOOTIOLOGY OF INFECTIONS CAUSED BY LEUCOCYTOZOON SIMONDI IN ALGONQUIN PARK, CANADA
Authors: Fallis A. M. , Bennett G. F.
Published: August 2008

Transmission of Leucocytozoon simondi in ducks is initiated by Simulium anatinum in May and this fly is the vector for 2–3 weeks. Simulium rugglesi is the vector in June and July and sporadically until September in some years. Epizootics are related to the feeding and habitat specificity of the flies, their longevity, their flight range, the length of the life cycle of the parasite, and its specificity for ducks. Flies were marked with 32P to determine their flight range. Specificity was assessed by injecting birds with sporozoites from simuliids that fed on birds infected with different species of Leucocytozoon. All ducks exposed to the flies in May, June, and July, along a lakeshore, became infected and many died. Transmission of the parasite, although most pronounced on the lakeshore and along a river that harbored the larval stages of the simuliids, did occur over the water 100 yd from shore and in the woods. Transmission occurred only occasionally 15 ft above water or ground level.
THREE NEW CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES OF HEMICYCLIOPHORA DE MAN (CRICONEMATIDAE: NEMATODA) FROM CANADA
Authors: Wu Liang-Yu
Published: August 2008

Three new species of the genus Hemicydiophora, closely related to H. similis Thorne, 1955 and H. silvestris Jenkins and Reed, 1964, are described. These are H. vivida, H. shepherdi, and H. minora. H. vivida differs from H. silvestris in the more anterior location of the vulva, the smaller relative length of spear to total body length, the hemizonid covering three annules, and the pattern of the en face view being different. H. shepherdi differs from H. similis in having a smaller number of annules between vulva and anus, and a smaller and elevated labial disc. H. minora differs from the above-mentioned species in being the smallest nematode and in having the excretory pore more anterior in location and a greater relative length of spear to total body length.
ELECTROLYTES IN TISSUES, RED CELLS, AND PLASMA OF THE POLAR BEAR AND CARIBOU
Authors: Manery J. F. , Barlow J. S. , Forbes J. M.
Published: August 2008

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and water analyses were carried out on tissues of three polar bears, and on the blood of the barren ground caribou. The electrolyte and water concentrations in heart, liver, skeletal muscle, tendon, and plasma of the polar bear were not essentially different from those found in other mammals. Red blood cells of this branch of the bear family, Ursidae, resembled those of other members of the order, Carnivora, in containing a high sodium, 91.1 meq, and a low potassium concentration, 4.1 meq, per kilogram of packed cells; they also contained 4.9 meq of magnesium per kilogram of packed cells. Caribou red cells had 29.6 meq of sodium per kilogram of packed cells and 1.7 meq of calcium per liter of packed cells, and in this electrolyte pattern resembled other members of the order Artiodactyla, which is distinguished by the variability among the families in the Na–K balance of the erythrocytes. The data reported here are of special interest because of the genetic control of the Na–K balance in red cells.
FREE AMINO ACIDS IN THE HAEMOLYMPH OF RHODNIUS PROLIXUS STÅHL (HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE)
Authors: Pickett Catharine , Friend W. G.
Published: August 2008

Nineteen free amino acids and four ninhydrin-positive compounds were detected in the haemolymph of fifth-instar nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus by the technique of thin-layer chromatography. On the sixth day after feeding, tyrosine and tryptophan appeared in the haemolymph. Their concentration increased until the 12th day when testing stopped. The concentrations of alanine, asparagine, cystine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and threonine fluctuated moderately from day to day. The results obtained by thin-layer chromatography differed from those of a similar study in which the technique of paper chromatography was used.
HEMATOLOGICAL VALUES FOR THE EASTERN GRAY SQUIRREL (SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS)
Authors: Guthrie Donald R. , Mosby Henry S. , Osborne J. Clark
Published: August 2008

Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, erythrocyte diameter, and total and differential leukocyte counts were obtained from five male and seven female gray squirrels. Plasma glucose, corticosterone, and cholesterol concentrations were determined for the five males and for six of the females.The males showed significantly greater values for the hemoglobin and hematocrit. The average leukocyte count was lower than reported values for several other rodent species. Lymphocytes formed a greater percentage of the leukocytes than usually reported for rodent species.No sex-related differences were apparent with respect to the plasma concentration of glucose, corticosterone, and cholesterol. The gray squirrel appears to have a relatively high normal level of corticosterone and cholesterol.
THE DENSITY OF LAND BIRDS ON THE TRES MARÍAS ISLANDS IN MEXICO: I. NUMBERS AND BIOMASS
Authors: Grant P. R.
Published: August 2008

Repeated surveys of the land birds in a 10-ac census area were carried out on María Magdalena and in a comparable mainland area near Tepic. The density of birds is about 35% greater on the island than on the mainland because of the extreme abundance of the two most common species on the island. Island endemics are slightly more abundant than the non-endemics. These two results are partly explicable in terms of the greater ecological opportunity on islands than in mainland regions due to the paucity of species in the former.Standing crop biomass of birds per unit area is greater on María Magdalena than on the mainland by about 35%, although the average SCB per individual bird is the same in the two regions. It is suggested that the greater biomass may be due to greater productivity on the island than in an equivalent area of mainland.
THE NEOTONCHINAE, NEW SUBFAMILY (CYATHOLAIMIDAE: NEMATODA), WITH AN ANALYSIS OF ITS GENERA, NEOTONCHUS COBB, 1933 AND GOMPHIONEMA NEW GENUS
Authors: Wieser Wolfgang , Hopper Bruce
Published: August 2008

Discovery of slides bearing type material of Neotonchus punctatus provides a basis for an analysis of the genus Neotonchus Cobb, 1933 and a related new genus, Gomphionema. Characteristics, unique and common to a rich supply of species of these genera, necessitate the erection of a new subfamily within the Cyatholaimidae for the accommodation of the genera. Neotonchus punctatus, the type species, is redescribed and four new species and one new combination are added to the genus, namely N. phaleratus n. sp., N. chamberlaini n. sp., N. lutosa n. sp., N. melotridus n. sp., and N. corcunda (Gerlach, 1956) n. comb. syn. Comesa corcunda. The genus Comesa Gerlach, 1956 is synonymized with Neotonchus Cobb, 1933. The new genus Gomphionema is created for G. typica n. sp. (type species), G. fellator n. sp., and G. compacta (Gerlach, 1957) n. comb. syn. Neotonchus compactus. Keys to, and descriptions of, all species in the subfamily are provided.
EFFECT OF COOLING RATE ON THE FREEZING TEMPERATURES OF SUPERCOOLED INSECTS
Authors: Salt R. W.
Published: August 2008

Cooling rate affects the freezing temperature of water samples and of insects. Doubling the rate of cooling lowers the mean supercooling point of Cephus cinctus larvae 0.24 °C. Adoption of a standard rate of cooling of 1° per minute, or adjustment of other rates to this basis, is proposed.
THE SALIVARY GLAND CHROMOSOMES OF SIX SPECIES IN THE IIIS-1 GROUP OF PROSIMULIUM ROUB. (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Ottonen P. O.
Published: August 2008

The morphology of the salivary gland chromosomes of six North American species of the genus Prosimulium was studied. Five of these species, P. caudatum Shewell, P. dicum Dyar and Shannon, P. "Y", P. magnum D. and S., and P. multidentatum Twinn, share inversion IIIS-1; P. "X" has standard IIIS, but is related to P. caudatum through inversion IIS-10.From an analysis of interspecific rearrangements and intraspecific chromosomal polymorphism, a phylogeny was constructed for this IIIS-1 group of species. The more extensive population data for P. magnum revealed an incipient split of this species into two types of populations, differing in details of the sex chromosomes, and in distribution. Hybrid populations are rare. Sex chromosome polytypism was also observed in P. dicum, P. "Y", and P. multidentatum.
THE CORPUS ALLATUM AND OÖCYTE MATURATION IN ADELPHOCORIS LINEOLATUS (GOEZE) (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Ewen A. B.
Published: August 2008

The corpus allatum undergoes marked changes in volume and histological appearance during egg maturation in the adult female of Adelphacoris lineolatus (Goeze). The allatum is very active just before yolk is deposited in the developing oöcytes, but activity declines rapidly at oviposition. This activity in the corpus allatum cannot be correlated with cyclical activity in the cerebral neurosecretory cells. Experiments involving removal of the corpus allatum show that the gland is necessary for oöcyte growth. Implantation of active corpora allata into allatectomized females will not restore egg maturation, and the implanted glands lose their secretory ability. It seems that the corpus allatum in this insect must retain anatomical connection with the central nervous system to produce its hormone.
REPLACEMENT OF RNA IN THE DIET OF ORYZAEPHILUS SURINAMENSIS (L.) (COLEOPTERA: SILVANIDAE) BY PURINES, PYRIMIDINES, AND RIBOSE
Authors: Davis G. R. F.
Published: August 2008

Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) survived in greater numbers when guanine and cytosine were added to a synthetic diet at a concentration of 0.4 mg/g each than when yeast RNA was included in the diet at 5.0 mg/g. They developed as quickly on this diet as when yeast RNA was added to the basic diet. This insect survived in greater numbers on the basic diet supplemented with D-ribose than on the unsupplemented basic diet and developed at the same rate on both. More adults emerged when D-ribose, guanine, and cytosine were added to the basic diet than when yeast RNA was added. However, fewer larvae pupated when these three substances were present than when only guanine and cytosine were added to the diet. In formulating a chemically defined diet for O. surinamensis, the results of this investigation showed that guanine and cytosine could replace yeast RNA and that D-ribose could be excluded from the diet without adverse effect.
A NEW SPECIES OF MONOGENETIC TREMATODE, OCTOMACRUM SEMOTILI, FROM THE CREEK CHUB, SEMOTILUS ATROMACULATUS (MITCHILL), FROM ALGONQUIN PARK LAKES
Authors: Dechtiar Alex
Published: August 2008

A new species of monogenetic trematode, Octomacrum semotili, on the gills of the creek chub, Semotilus atromaculatus, is described. This is the fourth species in the genus Octomacrum Mueller, 1934.
RECORDS OF SOME SPECIES OF POLYCHAETA NEW TO BRITISH COLUMBIA AND OF EXTENSIONS IN DISTRIBUTION OF SOME OTHERS
Authors: Berkeley C.
Published: August 2008

Twenty-five species of Polychaeta recently collected off the coast of British Columbia are discussed. Most were taken in waters of considerable depth off the west coast of Vancouver Island. Sixteen are new to British Columbia. Most of these are known from farther south on the west coast of North America, but some from much shallower depths than those from which they are now recorded; two of them are new to the northeast Pacific; one is a new subspecies. The other nine have been previously known from British Columbia, but they are now recorded from much greater depths than hitherto, or in new geographical locations.
THE INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY ON THE ACTIVITY OF PHYTOSEIULUS PERSIMILIS ATHIAS-HENRIOT AND ITS PREY, TETRANYCHUS URTICAE (C. L. KOCH) (ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE, TETRANYCHIDAE)
Authors: Mori Hans , Chant D. A.
Published: August 2008

The activity of the predacious mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and its prey, Tetranychus urticae (Koch), was studied at several humidity levels. The prey, but not the predator, continuously avoided high humidities. Both species were more active in low humidities than in high. Water available for drinking was important to the survival of P. persimilis.
ENDOCRINE DYSFUNCTIONS IN ADELPHOCORIS LINEOLATUS (GOEZE) (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) CAUSED BY A FUNGUS (ENTOMOPHTHORA SP.)
Authors: Ewen A. B.
Published: August 2008

A fungus of the genus Entomophthora attacks female fifth instar nymphs and adults of the alfalfa plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze). It destroys all the non-chitinized tissues of the abdomen, beginning with the ovaries and fat bodies, but does not invade tissues of the thorax and head. However, perhaps in response to the effects of castration by the parasite, activity in the host's neurosecretory A-cells of the brain ceases and the corpus allatum hypertrophies.
EXPERIMENTAL CEREBROSPINAL NEMATODIASIS (PNEUMOSTRONGYLUS TENUIS) IN SHEEP
Authors: Anderson Roy C. , Strelive Uta R.
Published: August 2008

Six lambs were each infected experimentally with 50–1000 infective larvae of Pneumostrongylus tenuis. Three animals displayed neurologic signs. Lesions and dead or living worms were found in the central nervous system of all infected lambs. It is concluded, however, that sheep have a good natural resistance to infection and that P. tenuis will not mature in them. Before P. tenuis is diagnosed in naturally infected sheep it would be advisable to establish whether the sheep have been in contact with white-tailed deer, the normal host.
EFFECTS OF HIGH-INTENSITY LIGHT FLASHES ON MORTALITY AND REPRODUCTION OF AEDES AEGYPTI (L.) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Riordan D. F.
Published: August 2008

Dose/effect relationships for radiant energy from high-intensity flash discharges causing mortality and sterility in male and female adults of Aedes aegypti (L.) were established. The rate of progression of effect changed markedly at a particular stage of the voltage range used. This is attributed to a change in the wavelength content of the light emitted at the higher voltages.
OBSERVATIONS ON SPERMATOGENESIS IN ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS AND WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI
Authors: Miller Max J.
Published: August 2008

Serial sections of onchocercomata revealed that in O. volvulus during spermatogenesis the spermatocyte divides twice to give rise to four spermatids. The spermatid develops into an elongate, narrow, smooth-walled spermatozoan, which, upon entering the female genital tract, becomes rounded and probably amoeboid. The chromosomes are distinct throughout all stages of spermatogenesis and remain separate and distinct in the spermatids and both phases of the spermatozoa. The haploid numher of chromosomes in this species is believed to be five. In W. bancrofti the material, although incomplete, indicated the cellular changes in spermatogenesis to be similar to that seen in O. volvulus. Here the chromosomes were more clearly visualized and the haploid number was consistently found to number five.
SOCIAL INTERACTION AS A POPULATION-REGULATING MECHANISM IN MICE
Authors: Bailey E. D.
Published: August 2008

Male laboratory mice were isolated for 3 weeks after weaning before being placed in groups of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 animals. The groups were placed into cages of increasing size; so space per mouse remained constant. Indicator organs were weighed to determine the effect of the increasing number of social interactions. Weights of spleen and adrenal glands showed that hypertrophy increased as the number of possible social interactions increased. Testes development was inhibited by an increased number of possible social interactions. Populations may be regulated by increasing the number of social contacts without decreasing the space per animal.
A NEW MACROSIPHUM SPECIES FROM NEW YORK STATE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: MacGillivray M. E.
Published: August 2008

The viviparous females and sexuales of Macrosiphum pechumani sp. n. are described from Convallaria majalis, Smilacina racemosa, Fragaria virginiana, Pyrola elliptica, and Hibiscus sp. This new species differs from other described Macrosiphum spp. known to me by possessing a pale body combined with black Cauda and siphunculi.
NOTES ON NEOAMPHOROPHORA KALMIAE MASON (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: MacGillivray M. E.
Published: August 2008

The sexuales of Neoamphorophora kalmiae Mason are described for the first time. Testataphis Börner is made a synonym of Neoamphorophora Mason.
BREEDING BEHAVIOR IN A COLONY OF WESTERN ATLANTIC GRAY SEALS
Authors: Cameron Austin W.
Published: August 2008

The author spent two weeks in early February observing the breeding behavior of gray seals on the Basque Islands, Nova Scotia, the first such study earned out anywhere in the western Atlantic. The North American populations differ from their British counterparts in that they breed in midwinter rather than in the fall. It is suspected that other differences exist. By early February the bulls had already established territories and each territory contained several cows with pups. At least one bull attempted to keep his cows from entering the territory of another bull. No fighting was observed between bulls holding territories, but younger bulls were constantly challenging the supremacy of the resident bulls and several fights were observed. A peculiar rolling performance associated with agonistic behavior is described. A diurnal activity pattern was discernible in the cows but none in the bulls. The relationship between the cows and their pups is described, including nursing and play behavior. Copulating behavior between a young bull and a cow is described.
THE FORMATION OF THE CUTICLE IN THE HOUSE CRICKET, ACHETA DOMESTICUS (L.), AND THE ROLE OF OENOCYTES
Authors: Philogène Bernard J. R. , McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

The cuticle of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.), is made up of three layers: an epicuticle, an exocuticle, and an endocuticle. The epicuticle is laid down first and the endocuticle only after ecdysis. The possible functions of oenocytes in the formation of the cuticle concern the secretion of substances necessary for the wax layer of the epicuticle, a contribution to polysaccharide material involved in chitin synthesis and a role in the phenolic metabolism before sclerotization.
EFFECTS OF CHLORAMPHENICOL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ZEBRAFISH, BRACHYDANIO RERIO
Authors: Anderson P. D. , Battle H. I.
Published: August 2008

Fertilized eggs of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, were subjected at 26 °C to three concentrations of chloramphenicol, 0.125, 0.250, and 0.500 mg/ml, at seven developmental stages ranging from cleavage to optic cup formation for periods of 12, 24, and 36 h. Subsequently, they were transferred to aquarial water to complete 48 h of development. Most extreme anomalies were induced by chloramphenicol in eggs initially subjected during cleavage and blastulation and less extreme anomalies in eggs exposed during or after gastrulation. In addition to general retardation of development, anomalies of the nervous, muscular, and vascular systems were induced. A unique type of spina bifida was of frequent occurrence. The teratogenic responses of the zebrafish egg are discussed in relation to the present concept of the mode of action of this antibiotic.
DESCRIPTION OF STICTYLUS MACROCELLUS N. SP. (NEMATODA:NEOTYLENCHIDAE) WITH A NOTE ON THE ASSOCIATION OF HYPODERMAL COMMISSURES WITH THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Anderson R. V. , Das V. M.
Published: August 2008

A new species of Stictylus Thorne, 1941 is described and figured. The species is unique in having few intestinal cells with some up to 130 μ in length, and by numerous hypodermal commissures which often occur in pairs at close proximity to longitudinal nerves. Association of the hemizonid, hemizonion, cephalids, and caudalid with the nervous system is discussed.
OVERLAND MIGRATION OF DUCK BROODS IN A DROUGHT-FREE AREA
Authors: Young Colin M.
Published: August 2008

Four cases are recorded of duck broods near Sudbury, Ontario, migrating overland from deep, permanent lakes to shallow beaver ponds. This contrasts with the situation on the prairies where the movement is usually from shallow sloughs to deeper ones.
ORIENTATION DETERMINATION OF DEVELOPING FLIGHT MUSCLES IN GALLERIA MELLONELLA
Authors: Sahota T. S. , Beckel W. E.
Published: August 2008

In the normal development of flight muscles in Galleria, the epidermis, to which the longitudinal muscles attach anteriorly, lies on the anterior side of the myoblasts which form the longitudinal flight muscles. Similarly, the dorsoventral muscle orientating epidermis lies on the dorsal side of the myoblasts from which dorsoventral flight muscles develop. Shifting the dorsoventral muscle orientating epidermis to the dorsal side of myoblasts which normally form longitudinal muscles produces dorsoventrally directed muscles in the normal place of longitudinal muscles. Thus a given group of myoblasts can form longitudinal or dorsoventral muscles under different conditions when the myoblasts are subjected to the influence of dorsoventral or longitudinal muscle orientating epidermis put in a similar topographic relationship with these myoblasts. The myoblasts respond to both kinds of epidermis in the same way: the developing muscles stretch between the muscle orientating epidermis and the myoblasts. Thus, there appears to be no qualitative difference between longitudinal and dorsoventral muscle orientating epidermis with regard to flight muscle orientation. The importance of topographic relationship between myoblasts and the muscle orientating epidermis is stressed as being the causative factor in determining the orientation of developing flight muscles in Galleria.