bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Site-dependent photodissociation of vibronically excited CD3NH2 molecules
Authors: Marom Ran , Weiss Tal , Rosenwaks Salman , Bar Ilana
Published: June 2010

The mechanism of H and D atom loss, following ultraviolet photolysis of methylamine-d3, CD3NH2, has been studied via electronic action and Doppler spectroscopies. The N–H bond is preferentially cleaved and the yield of both H and D photofragments increases gradually, but differently, as higher vibrational states on the first excited electronic state, Ã, are accessed, leading to some drop in H/D branching ratios. The average translational energies of the H photofragments are somewhat higher than those of D, implying lower energy content left in the internal degrees of freedom of the CD3NH than in the CD2NH2 partner fragment. These results provide evidence for discrimination between the two channels and mechanistic insight into the N–H and C–D bond cleavage.
Ionization instability of ion-acoustic waves
Authors: Khrapak Sergey A. , Morfill Gregor E.
Published: June 2010

Stability of ion-acoustic waves in weakly ionized unmagnetized plasmas is investigated using fluid equations, assuming an arbitrary dependence of ion production and loss rates on electron and ion densities. The linear dispersion relation is derived and the condition for the positive growth rate is identified. Some examples corresponding to different plasma regimes are given to illustrate the application of the obtained results.
p
H
-dependence of conduction type in cuprous oxide synthesized from solution
Authors: Wang Weichao , Wu Dangxin , Zhang Qiming , Wang Longcheng , Tao Meng
Published: June 2010

The formation of native point defects in cuprous oxide, Cu2O, synthesized from solution has been studied by first-principles calculations. Although p-type conduction is obtained in Cu2O synthesized from vacuum regardless of copper-rich or oxygen-rich conditions, intrinsically n-type Cu2O without doping can be grown in a strong acidic environment from solution. Our calculations show that both n-type and p-type Cu2O can be obtained depending on the solution pH value, which are in good agreement with our experimental results.
Design of transparent cloaks with arbitrarily inner and outer boundaries
Authors: Mei Zhong Lei , Niu Tiao Ming , Bai Jing , Cui Tie Jun
Published: June 2010

In this paper, the efficient transformation optics method has been utilized to design and analyze two-dimensional (2D) transparent cloaks, structures that can physically protect the devices inside but do not affect their electrical performances at all. The general and explicit expressions for the material parameters of the transformed space are derived. 2D transparent cloaks with arbitrarily conformal and nonconformal inner and outer boundaries and those working in gradually changing background and layered media are designed. Full-wave simulations combined with the Huygens’ principle are applied to validate the transparency of the cloaks. The simulation results under different circumstances demonstrate that the proposed method is correct and efficient. The work introduced here makes important progress in the theoretical design of the transparent cloak and expands the application of the transformation optics method.
Free-standing AlxGa1−xAs heterostructures by gas-phase etching of germanium
Authors: Cole Garrett D. , Bai Yu , Aspelmeyer Markus , Fitzgerald Eugene A.
Published: June 2010

We outline a facile fabrication technique for the realization of free-standing AlxGa1−xAs heterostructures of arbitrary aluminum content. Utilizing xenon difluoride (XeF2) we rapidly and selectively remove a sacrificial germanium (Ge) underlayer in a room temperature gas-phase etching procedure. We demonstrate two possibilities for exploiting this unique process: (1) bulk micromachining of a suspended high-frequency low-dissipation micro-optomechanical resonator consisting of an epitaxial GaAs/AlAs multilayer grown on a Ge substrate and (2) epitaxial lift-off of a GaAs film via removal of an embedded Ge sacrificial layer, resulting in lateral etch rates up to 3 mm/h and a conservative selectivity of ∼106.
Solvent-free, direct printing of organic semiconductors in atmosphere
Authors: Biswas Shaurjo , Pipe Kevin P. , Shtein Max
Published: June 2010

Additive, solvent-free printing of molecular organic semiconductors in ambient atmosphere is demonstrated, by evaporating organic source material into nitrogen carrier gas, collimating and impinging it onto a substrate where the organic molecules condense. A surrounding annular guard flow focuses the primary jet and shields it from contact with the ambient oxygen and moisture, enabling device-quality deposits. As an example, electroluminescence efficiency of organic light emitting devices (OLEDS) with emissive layers printed in air is shown to increase with guard flow rate, attaining parity with all-vacuum thermally evaporated OLEDs.
Communications: Ab initio second-order nonlinear optics in solids
Authors: Luppi Eleonora , Hübener Hannes , Véniard Valérie
Published: June 2010

We present a first-principles theory for the calculation of the macroscopic second-order susceptibility χ(2), based on the time-dependent density-functional theory approach. Our method allows to include straightforwardly the many-body effects, such as crystal local fields and excitons. We apply the theory to the computation of the second-harmonic generation spectroscopy. In order to demonstrate the accuracy of this approach we present spectra for the cubic semiconductor GaAs for which we obtain a very good agreement with the experimental results. We point out that crystal local fields are not sufficient to reproduce the experimental results. Only when we account for the excitonic effects we obtain a very good agreement with the experimental second-harmonic generation spectrum.
Growth, electrical rectification, and gate control in axial in situ doped p-n junction germanium nanowires
Authors: Le Son T. , Jannaty P. , Zaslavsky A. , Dayeh S. A. , Picraux S. T.
Published: June 2010

We report on vapor-liquid-solid growth and electrical properties of axial in situ doped p-n junction Ge sub-100 nm diameter nanowires. Room temperature four-point measurements show current rectification of two to three orders of magnitude depending on nanowire doping and diameter. We observe strong backgate control of reverse-bias current of up to three orders of magnitude and explain it by band-to-band tunneling modulated by the backgate-controlled electric field, as confirmed qualitatively via a quasi-three-dimensional Schrödinger–Poisson simulation.
High thermoelectric power factor in Fe-substituted Mo3Sb7
Authors: Candolfi C. , Lenoir B. , Dauscher A. , Malaman B. , Guilmeau E. , Hejtmanek J. , Tobola J.
Published: June 2010

Thermoelectric properties of the Mo2.57Fe0.43Sb7 compound, a ternary derivative of Mo3Sb7, are reported from 2 up to 1000 K. Even though Fe substitution keeps low electrical resistivity values, high thermopower values are achieved at high temperatures. Electronic band structure calculations show that the high thermopower observed arises from the beneficial influence of iron d-states contribution to the density of states at the Fermi level. A high power factor similar to those of the best state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials emerges which, coupled with magnetic excitations that help to keep very low thermal conductivity values, leads to a dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit of 0.55 at 1000 K.
Stochastic base doping and quantum-well enhancement of recombination in an n-p-n light-emitting transistor or transistor laser
Authors: Then H. W. , Wu C. H. , Feng M. , Holonyak N. , Walter G.
Published: June 2010

Data and analysis are presented showing that heavy p-type stochastic doping of the base barrier region of an n-p-n quantum-well (QW) light-emitting transistor (LET) or transistor laser (TL), the acceptors within tunneling range of the QW and perturbing the QW, enhances the LET or TL base recombination (base current) and the device speed (bandwidth). A relationship between the spontaneous recombination rate (1/lifetime, 1/τ) and the base current density is derived by considering (stochastic-doping) modified rate balance equations involving the spontaneous, A21, and stimulated recombination coefficients, B21=B12, and is verified with experimental optical microwave modulation (bandwidth) data obtained on QW-LETs.
The Financial Estimates and Results of Servicing Land in the Netherlands
Authors: Altes Willem K Korthals
Published: June 2010

Past research has revealed that governments are often tempted to underestimate the costs and overestimate the benefits of infrastructure projects. However, an analysis of local-government estimates and accounts reveals that servicing land by local authorities in the Netherlands is an exception to this general phenomenon. The profits made by local authorities from land development are growing, while the costs, revenues, and results are, on average, underestimated by local authorities. This may have consequences for the explanation of budget overruns and the solutions that may be effective in countering this problem. It is not always necessary for there to be one single moment in the planning process at which a fully informed choice can be made; an alternative is to leave room for flexible, piecemeal decision making.
“trobled wth a tedious discours”
Authors: Williams Graham T.
Published: June 2010

This study provides close, pragmatically-orientated readings of epistolary manifestations of sincerity, sarcasm and seriousness as expressed in the letters of Maria Thynne to her mother-in-law and to her husband, at the beginning of the seventeenth century. By examining how each mode of expression arose from, and interacted with, its familial and textual environments, these readings discuss the social functions and linguistic implications of Maria’s stylistic repertoire. The study concludes with the suggestion that the letters provide preliminary evidence for the claim that, along with that of sincerity, the Early Modern period may also have been of some significance for the development of sarcasm in English.
Supplica la mia parvidade…
Authors: Held Gudrun
Published: June 2010

This paper studies the public communication act of petitions made in the Middle Ages by subjects to their governors in situations of high personal need. Analysing an edited corpus of correspondence in Anglo-Norman and Italian chancelleries of the early thirteenth to the late fifteenth century, I attempt to identify verbal means that are related to what is today defined as “face” and “facework”, and to discuss this evidence in the tension modern pragmatics establishes between common “politic” and marked “polite” behaviour. Parting from the three-fold conception where all speech events have to be considered in their whole as social, discursive and textual practices, I briefly retrace the social and legal conditions of petitions and describe their particular discursive character on the threshold of two transitions: from orality to literacy and from Latin to vernacular. The data analysis is concerned with the textual cues bound to structural, syntactic and semantic constraints. Pointing out the most striking features of these three aspects and listing the most frequent forms that are cross-culturally congruent, I identify medieval facework as a ritual, but consciously iconic shaping of a power ideal at the intersection of political, juristic and religious implications. As formality is a shared value based on social position and role, no sign of reflexive politeness behaviour can be verified in this early period. Variations are simply attributed to the habits of the different chancelleries and their scribes. Though identified as unmarked politic behaviour, the common procedures in the medieval petition letters can nevertheless be seen as general face-saving strategies in response to the threatening character of requests. Thus the historical data shed light on the conception of linguistic politeness in the first-order and the second-order senses of the term and are useful to advance new hypotheses in the pragmatic discussion since Brown and Levinson’s classical study.
Directive speech acts
Authors: Moessner Lilo
Published: June 2010

It is the aim of this paper to identify and analyse directive speech acts in a corpus of Early Modern English and Present-day English written texts from legal, religious and scientific discourse. It starts with a justification of the application of speech act models to the analysis of written texts. Then several descriptive models are compared (Section"2) and the corpus is introduced (Section"3). In Section"4, the research method of the paper is characterised as a combination of form to function and function to form approaches. The results of the analysis are presented in Section"5: in the Early Modern English period all three text categories show similar frequencies of directives, but differ in their realisation strategies. In Present-day English, scientific discourse is much less directive than the other text categories. Diachronic changes are also evident on the plane of realisation strategies; these linguistic changes correlate with functional changes in legal discourse and changes in the discourse community in scientific discourse. The last section summarises the main issues of the paper and offers some modifications for the development of a more powerful descriptive model for directive speech acts.
Pleas from the New World
Authors: King Jeremy
Published: June 2010

This article examines the types of syntactic mitigators employed in directive head acts in familiar letters written during the Spanish Colonial period (sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries). In addition to analysis of the head-act-internal verbal modifiers used in Early Modern Spanish epistolaries, a primary focus of this paper is the question of where the language used in these letters falls on the oral–literate continuum. The directive speech acts noted in the corpus are categorized according to Koike’s (1992) hierarchy of illocutionary force and analyzed using Brown and Levinson’s (1987) theory of face mitigation. The results reveal that the directives issued differ greatly in both nature and structure from those seen in studies of modern (spoken) Spanish as well as those noted in literary corpora of early varieties of the language. A general caution is therefore issued regarding the treatment of letters as manifestations of language that approximates orality.
Complexity in national legislation of the Early Modern English period
Authors: Lehto Anu
Published: June 2010

This paper concentrates on Early Modern English statutes printed in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The study considers the development of complexity and the rise of modern writing conventions by following the diachronic pragmatic view. The analysis also draws on genre studies and underlines the sociohistorical impact on linguistic changes. Complexity is assessed by a systematic method that observes the textual structure and syntax. The material consists of legislative documents in Early English Books Online; six of the documents were transcribed and compiled into a small-scale corpus.
The results indicate that complexity was a common feature in the Early Modern English period: coordination and subordination are frequently used, and the sixteenth-century documents have an increasing tendency to favour subordination. During the sixteenth century, legislative sentences and text type structure become more regular and correspond to present-day practices.
Language liaisons
Authors: Thomas Chris Allen , Lee Brett
Published: June 2010

Dallas and the North Texas region of the United States have seen profound demographic shifts that have challenged one regional health care network in its effort to provide quality health services to an increasingly linguistically heterogeneous community. The response to this challenge has included a reconceptualization of the organization’s language policy to create alignment between it and the organization’s mission, considering language policy from both an equity and a quality control perspective. This industry-facing language planning case study looks at how Children’s Medical Center of Dallas has responded to the challenge by explicitly recognizing patients’ linguistic needs, developing its workforce, and creating a language liaison program that bridges the communication gap between doctors and their patients. While governments select language policies and engage in language planning mainly for political purposes, private organizations serving multilingual communications have quality of service as an added incentive to engage in such activities if they are to remain viable.
Language planning in action
Authors: Papapavlou Andreas
Published: June 2010

In the past thirty years or so substantial research has emerged about the status of dialects and their use in education. The literature on dialects in education is diverse and deals with issues related to both dialectal and bidialectal approaches to education. In the present paper an effort is made to propose the construction of a viable bidialectal program that is (a) optimally suited to the Greek Cypriot linguistic setting, (b) specifically attuned to the sociopolitical and historical context of Cyprus and (c) most appropriate in addressing Cyprus’ educational needs and requirements. In proposing the development of a viable model, three major considerations were taken into account: (i) the properties of bidialectal programs that have been in effect worldwide, (ii) the experiences gained by countries that have adopted bidialectal programs and (iii) the findings of recent empirical studies dealing with the linguistic landscape of Cyprus.
The effects of language planning initiatives on the language attitudes and language practices of university students
Authors: Moriarty Máiréad
Published: June 2010

This paper seeks to gauge the success of language planning initiatives in reversing language shift in Ireland and the Basque Autonomous Community (BAC) amongst Irish and Basque university students who are not first-language speakers of either minority language. By examining data elicited through questionnaires on the students’ language attitudes and practices, the paper aims to uncover the attitudinal support the students exhibit to Irish and Basque respectively and the extent to which these levels of attitudinal support are transferred to actual language use. The resulting data suggest a favourable attitudinal perspective based largely on relevance to ethnic identity. While the data indicate less favourable results with respect to language practices, there are some positive conclusions to be made particularly in terms of the domains in which Irish and Basque language use occurs and the interlocutors involved. For example, the Irish and Basque languages may not form part of the students’ active linguistic repertoire, but there are examples of code-switching in domains from which these languages were traditionally absent.
Swedish television as a mechanism for language planning and policy
Authors: Hult Francis M.
Published: June 2010

The function of the public service broadcasting company Sveriges Television (Swedish Television) as a component of the Swedish ecology of language planning and policy is examined. Analysis of recent policy documents as well as data about television programming illuminates how television serves as a language planning mechanism. It is shown that television is explicitly framed as a tool for status planning through regulations about the relative positions of different languages in this domain. The management of content in Swedish, national minority languages, and other languages, in turn, suggests that Sveriges Television is also implicitly engaged in discourse planning that (re)produces the current linguistic hierarchy in Sweden through the representation of multilingualism.
L. L. Zamenhof and the shadow people
Authors: Schor Esther
Published: June 2010

One hundred fifty years after the birth of L. L. Zamenhof in 1859, the audacity of his ambition stands out in sharp relief. Zamenhof intended Esperanto to create a new people for whom ethical relations to all other human beings, regardless of ethnicity, nationality, or religion, would be primary. Convinced that Esperanto, to survive, needed to become the hereditary language of a people, he offered it to the Jews of Russia as the medium of a transformed Jewish identity called Hillelism. When the Russian Jews spurned his gift, he offered Hillelism, in multiple versions, to the Esperantists. But the French leaders of the movement found Hillelism unseemly, in part because they deemed it “mystical,” and in part because it had Jewish overtones. During Zamenhof’s lifetime, the Esperanto “people” were hardly the harmonious generation Zamenhof had envisioned; in fact, they would later endure numerous schisms. Nonetheless, they remained Zamenhof’s best hope to people the utopia of the future.
Clustering coefficients of lexical neighborhoods
Authors: Altieri Nicholas , Gruenenfelder Thomas , Pisoni David B.
Published: June 2010

High neighborhood density reduces the speed and accuracy of spoken word recognition. The two studies reported here investigated whether Clustering Coefficient (CC) — a graph theoretic variable measuring the degree to which a word’s neighbors are neighbors of one another, has similar effects on spoken word recognition. In Experiment 1, we found that high CC words were identified less accurately when spectrally degraded than low CC words. In Experiment 2, using a word repetition procedure, we observed longer response latencies for high CC words compared to low CC words. Taken together, the results of both studies indicate that higher CC leads to slower and less accurate spoken word recognition. The results are discussed in terms of activation-plus-competition models of spoken word recognition.
Producing inflected verbs
Authors: Tabak Wieke , Schreuder Robert , Baayen R. H.
Published: June 2010

Four picture naming experiments addressing the production of regular and irregular pasttense forms in Dutch are reported. Effects of inflectional entropy as well as effects of the frequency of the past-tense inflected form across regulars and irregulars support models with a redundant lexicon while challenging the dual mechanism model (Pinker, 1997). The evidence supports the hypothesis of Stemberger (2004) and the general approach of Word and Paradigm morphology (Blevins, 2003) according to which inflected forms are not derived from the present-tense stem, but accessed independently.
Change detection
Authors: Kennette Lynne N. , Wurm Lee H. , Havermaet Lisa R. Van
Published: June 2010

A version of the change-detection paradigm was used to examine Good-Enough Representation (Ferreira, Bailey, & Ferraro, 2002). Participants read sentence pairs where a subject noun (e.g., flower) could change to a Superordinate (e.g., plant), Subordinate (e.g., rose), or an Unrelated (e.g., prince) noun. The task was completed cross-linguistically for bilinguals, where the first sentence appeared in English (L1) and the second in French (L2). Linguistic focus was also manipulated. Change detection was extremely high in all conditions in the monolingual sample. In the bilingual sample, focused changes were detected more often, as were changes to unrelated words. Proficiency was related to change detection for monolinguals and bilinguals. The relationships between these and other participant and stimulus variables are also explored.
Examining ambiguous adjectives in adjective-noun phrases
Authors: Mullaly Allison C. , Gagné Christina L. , Spalding Thomas L. , Marchak Kristan A.
Published: June 2010

The meaning of a modifier is influenced by the noun it modifies (Murphy, 1988). To determine how alternative senses of ambiguous adjectives are represented, we examined the processing of noun phrases. Ambiguous adjectives were paired with nouns such that the interpretation of the phrases used the dominant or subdominant sense (e.g., green conference). Participants verified interpretations (Experiments 1 and 2) or made sense-nonsense judgments (Experiments 3 and 4) to target phrases that were preceded by primes that were related to a single sense of the ambiguous modifier. Responses to targets were facilitated by consistent primes, and either unaffected (in the verification task) or facilitated (in the sense-nonsense task) by inconsistent primes. Furthermore, responses were influenced by the strength of both senses. Results support ambiguous word representation as a shared core-meaning with sense specialization.
Using lexical indices to predict produced and not produced words in second language learners
Authors: Crossley Scott , Salsbury Tom
Published: June 2010

The paper explores how linguistic indices related to lexical networks and psycholinguistic models of lexical knowledge can be used to predict produced and not produced words in second language (L2) speakers. Two hypotheses are tested in this study. The first addresses how lexical properties thought to be important in word knowledge interrelate with word production. The second addresses which lexical properties are most predictive of word production. To test these hypotheses, a set of 45 frequent nouns and verbs produced by L2 learners were collected. A comparison word list of 45 frequent nouns and verbs produced by native speakers, but not found in the L2 data set were also collected. Polysemy and hypernymy values from the WordNet database along with word meaningfulness, concreteness, familiarity, and imagability values from the MRC Psycholinguistic Database and frequency values from SUBTLEXus were collected for each word. ANOVA analyses of variance and discriminant function analyses were conducted for each data set to examine which lexical indices discriminated between produced and not produced words and how these indices interrelated. The results of the noun analysis indicate that produced nouns are more frequent, more meaningful, and more familiar than not produced nouns. Results from the verb analysis show that produced verbs are more frequent, more meaningful, less specific, and more familiar than not produced verbs. These findings provide evidence for the importance of word properties in lexical production.
The Influence of a Psychology and Law Class on Legal Attitudes and Knowledge Structures
Authors: Laub Cindy E. , Maeder Evelyn M. , Bornstein Brian H.
Published: June 2010

Students in an undergraduate psychology and law course and an introductory psychology course completed a variety of measures, at both the beginning and end of the semester, to assess their knowledge of and attitudes toward psycholegal topics. The psychology and law course improved students' knowledge of psychological topics concerning the legal system, but it also made them more pessimistic in their attitudes and beliefs. Introductory psychology students did not show similar changes. In both classes, students' attitudes were associated with their political orientation. Results demonstrated that a psychology and law course can alter students' views of psychological topics in the legal system.
Research Participation for Course Credit in Introduction to Psychology: Why Don't People Participate?
Authors: Elicker Joelle D. , McConnell Nicole L. , Hall Rosalie J.
Published: June 2010

Psychology courses often include an experiential component whereby instructors require or allow students to participate in research or an equitable alternative activity for course credit. We investigated self-reported reasons why students chose to not participate in research, in spite of the potential incentive of earning extra credit. Our sample of Introduction to Psychology students indicated time and scheduling conflicts and motivational issues as the 2 main reasons for not participating. We discuss implications for researchers and instructors.
Syllabus Detail and Students' Perceptions of Teacher Effectiveness
Authors: Saville Bryan K. , Zinn Tracy E. , Brown Allison R. , Marchuk Kimberly A.
Published: June 2010

Although syllabi provide students with important course information, they can also affect perceptions of teaching effectiveness. To test this idea, we distributed 2 versions of a hypothetical course syllabus, a brief version and a detailed version, and asked students to rate the teacher of the course on qualities associated with master teaching. Students in the detailed syllabus group rated the teacher as possessing more of these qualities; they were also more likely to report that they would recommend the course to others and take another course from the teacher. Thus, in addition to serving a communicative function, a detailed syllabus might signal to students that their teacher is competent and wants them to do well.
Standardized Tests and Other Criteria in Admissions Decisions: A Classroom Activity
Authors: Pawlow Laura A.
Published: June 2010

This exercise aims to provide a hands-on, role-playing activity that requires students to evaluate the strengths and limitations of standardized tests in making admission decisions. Small groups pretend to be an admissions committee and review fictitious student applications containing both standardized test scores and other information admissions committees typically request. The class discusses problems each committee encountered, how much importance to place on the different components of an application packet, and their beliefs about the utility of various admissions criteria. Data indicate that perceptions regarding standardized tests were significantly altered and that students self-reported the activity encouraged both learning and critical thinking.
Teaching Scientific Writing: Measuring Student Learning in an Intensive APA Skills Course
Authors: Luttrell Vickie R. , Bufkin Jana L. , Eastman Valerie J. , Miller Robin
Published: June 2010

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological Association [APA], 2010) provides a widely utilized template for preparing research reports in the behavioral sciences. Because learning APA style is integral to disciplinary socialization, our department recently implemented a 1-hr course in scientific writing. Using a pre- and posttest factorial design, we compare changes in APA knowledge over an academic semester and quality of final papers in 2 groups of students: those enrolled in scientific writing ( n = 20) and others who were expected to master APA basics on their own ( n = 18). Results suggest that intensive instruction in APA style is beneficial for student learning outcomes.
Remembering and Researching the Old and the New: An Interview with Roddy Roediger
Authors: Elmes David G.
Published: June 2010

Dr. Henry L. (Roddy) Roediger is the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor in the Psychology Department at Washington University in St. Louis (WUSTL) and a scholar of human memory. He graduated from Washington & Lee University in 1969 and received his PhD in psychology from Yale University. He served as chair of the Psychology Department at WUSTL from 1996 to 2004, when he was named dean of academic planning in Arts and Sciences. Roediger's research interests include such topics as how people can suffer memory illusions and false memories (remembering events differently from the way they happened or remembering events that never happened at all); implicit memory (when past events affect ongoing behavior without one's awareness); and, most recently, applying cognitive psychology to improving learning in educational situations. One primary current interest is why the process of retrieval serves as a powerful memory enhancer.

David G. Elmes is professor emeritus of psychology at Washington & Lee University, where he taught for 40 years. He earned undergraduate and graduate degrees from the University of Virginia. Elmes was a research associate at the Human Performance Center of the University of Michigan, and he was a Visiting Fellow of University College at the University of Oxford. He has coauthored or edited four books that focus on research methods and has numerous publications on learning, memory, and olfaction. Elmes served as president of the Council on Undergraduate Research. He is a fellow of the Association for Psychological Science and the Virginia Academy of Science.
PsychBusters: A Means of Fostering Critical Thinking in the Introductory Course
Authors: Blessing Stephen B. , Blessing Jennifer S.
Published: June 2010

We discuss a project given to introductory psychology students that increased their critical thinking regarding psychological findings, such as those that might appear in news reports (e.g., “listening to Mozart makes you smarter”) or everyday life (e.g., “birds of a feather flock together”). Relative to students who did not do the project, students improved in their ability to take a psychological issue and decide how best to analyze it. Given these results and the positive student attitude toward it, this project seems to be an effective way to get students to engage critically with psychological issues.
They Hear, but Do Not Listen: Retention for Podcasted Material in a Classroom Context
Authors: Daniel David B. , Woody William Douglas
Published: June 2010

This study examined the retention of students who listened to podcasts of a primary source to the retention of students who read the source as text. We also assessed students' preferences and study habits. Quiz scores revealed that the podcast group performed more poorly than did students who read the text. Although students initially preferred podcasts, their preferences changed immediately after the quiz. Podcasts might be a useful tool to supplement or enrich course-related material, but they are not as effective as text for delivering primary content.
Online Discussion Assignments Improve Students' Class Preparation
Authors: Lineweaver Tara T.
Published: June 2010

To increase the number of students who read the text before class and to promote student interaction centering on text material, I developed an online discussion assignment as a required component of a cognitive psychology course. Across 2 studies, this assignment had a limited effect on examination performance, but students completing online discussions were more likely to read the textbook in advance of class and reported reading it more carefully, particularly late in the semester. Students completing online discussions also reported understanding lectures better and feeling more prepared for exams immediately after lecture than classmates. Together, results support previous studies that suggest online discussions can be an effective tool in undergraduate psychology courses.
Guided Experimentation with Databases Improves Argumentative Writing
Authors: Radhakrishnan Phanikiran , Lam Dianne , Tamura Elaine Kong
Published: June 2010

The guided experimentation method requires that students learn how a database works by generating and testing hypotheses about it (i.e., become skilled at strategies of experimentation). These strategies are essential to learning by inquiry, which is linked to argumentation. We conducted a quasi-experimental field study to show that students who experimented with a library database in a structured manner ( n = 60) wrote better argumentative papers than those who did not ( n = 29). Future research should examine whether those who approach a task with the aim of learning it benefit more from opportunities to learn from experimentation with it.
Liberal Arts Skills, Psychology Baccalaureates, and First-Year Employment: Notes on a Meritocracy Hypothesis
Authors: Rajecki D. W. , Borden Victor M. H.
Published: June 2010

Selections from the career counseling literature indicated that the undergraduate psychology curriculum is a potential source of generic liberal arts skills—for example, numeracy, literacy, critical thinking—said to be useful to baccalaureates entering the workforce. A “meritocracy hypothesis” stated that psychology and other liberal arts graduates having comparatively high levels of such skills should obtain relatively more desirable first-year-out employment. Alumni survey responses from a university sample (c. 2003–2006, N = 305) served to test the hypothesis, but revealed only weak and inconsistent support. Discussion touched on issues of adequate research design regarding the impact of acquired skills on employment outcomes, and the implications of accountability measures for improved career advising.
Exposure to Science is Not Enough: The Influence of Classroom Experiences on Belief in Paranormal Phenomena
Authors: Manza Lou , Hilperts Keri , Hindley Lauren , Marco Christina , Santana Amanda , Hawk Michelle Vosburgh
Published: June 2010

Beliefs in scientifically unsubstantiated ideas were investigated with a study that contrasted college students' attitudes toward paranormal phenomena before and after exposure to skeptical arguments concerning these events. Specifically, students enrolled in 2 sections of a psychological statistics course were exposed to illustrations of statistical concepts that were either paranormal-themed or not, with a 3rd group of participants completing a class that focused on the critical analysis of believer- and skeptic-based ideas surrounding paranormal phenomena. Results revealed that skepticism increased, over time, only when direct exposure to paranormal phenomena was included in one's course work. Results are discussed in terms of the educational and societal implications for encouraging skepticism of scientifically questionable claims.
Changes in Diversity Course Student Prejudice and Attitudes toward Heterosexual Privilege and Gay Marriage
Authors: Case Kim A. , Stewart Briana
Published: June 2010

This study examined diversity course influence on student prejudice against lesbians and gay men, awareness of heterosexual privilege, and support for gay marriage. The study included heterosexual female students in psychology of women, introduction to women's studies, and nondiversity psychology courses. Students in diversity courses expressed increased heterosexual privilege awareness and support for same-sex marriage across the semester compared with no changes among the nondiversity course students. Although diversity course students also exhibited reduced prejudice against lesbians and gay men, the changes did not differ significantly from students in comparison courses.
THE EFFECT OF DIVORCE ON PARENT–CHILD CONTACTS
Authors: Albertini Marco , Garriga Anna
Published: June 2010

Previous studies on divorce have found consistent empirical evidence that a negative association exists between marital disruption and children's wellbeing, life chances and intergenerational relations. However, there are relatively few studies on the long-term effect of divorce on parent–child contacts. Furthermore, contemporary research is confronted with two declining effect hypotheses. Firstly, it has been argued that the negative effects of divorce may possibly decrease as children's age at time of divorce increases; secondly, it has been suggested that the consequences of divorce might be less severe the more frequent marriage dissolution is in a society. By using data from Sweden, Denmark, Belgium and France from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, we analyze the existing relation between parents’ divorce and the intensity of parent–child contacts. Furthermore, we provide some empirical evidence on the two declining effect hypotheses. Our findings show that divorce has long-term negative effects on the intensity of intergenerational relations. The results do not provide any evidence in favor of either the individual or the collective declining effect hypothesis.
Public perception of the professional titles used within psychological services
Authors: Kanellakis Pavlo , D'Aubyn Jennefer
Published: June 2010

Background and aim: There have been several calls for adopting an empirical approach investigating public opinion concerning the differentiation between the professional titles ‘counsellor’ and ‘psychotherapist’. The present research makes a first step to addressing this issue. Method: Sixteen interviewers, recruited across the UK, interviewed 450 members of the public in 57 UK district codes. Age, gender and education were monitored for sampling purposes. Results: The findings indicated that around two thirds of the public perceive the professional title ‘counsellor’ to be distinct from the professional titles ‘psychotherapist’ and ‘psychological therapist’ and for these latter two titles to be almost identical. About one third of the public perceive the opposite trend, and one tenth is undecided whether these professional titles are distinct or indistinct. Conclusion: These results have implications for the debate concerning the structure of the Health Professions Council (HPC) Register in the regulation of counsellors and psychotherapists.
DNA polymerases ν and θ are required for efficient immunoglobulin V gene diversification in chicken
Authors: Kohzaki Masaoki , Nishihara Kana , Hirota Kouji , Sonoda Eiichiro , Yoshimura Michio , Ekino Shigeo , Butler John E. , Watanabe Masami , Halazonetis Thanos D. , Takeda Shunichi
Published: June 2010

The chicken DT40 B lymphocyte line diversifies its immunoglobulin (Ig) V genes through translesion DNA synthesis–dependent point mutations (Ig hypermutation) and homologous recombination (HR)–dependent Ig gene conversion. The error-prone biochemical characteristic of the A family DNA polymerases Polν and Polθ led us to explore the role of these polymerases in Ig gene diversification in DT40 cells. Disruption of both polymerases causes a significant decrease in Ig gene conversion events, although POLN−/−/POLQ−/− cells exhibit no prominent defect in HR-mediated DNA repair, as indicated by no increase in sensitivity to camptothecin. Polη has also been previously implicated in Ig gene conversion. We show that a POLH−/−/POLN−/−/POLQ−/− triple mutant displays no Ig gene conversion and reduced Ig hypermutation. Together, these data define a role for Polν and Polθ in recombination and suggest that the DNA synthesis associated with Ig gene conversion is accounted for by three specialized DNA polymerases.
On the harmonic maps from 𝑅² into 𝐻²
Authors: Lin Jun Min
Published: June 2010

In this paper, we prove that normalized harmonic maps from

R

2

{{\mathbf {R}}^2}

or

R

2

∖
{
0
}

{{\mathbf {R}}^2}\backslash \{ 0\}

into

H
2

{H^2}

are just geodesies on

H
2

{H^2}

and that the quasiconformal harmonic maps from

R

2

{{\mathbf {R}}^2}

into

H
2

{H^2}

are constant maps. We prove also that the only solution to

Δ
α
=
sinh
⁡
α

\Delta \alpha = \sinh \alpha \,

on

R

2

∖
{
0
}

{{\mathbf {R}}^2}\backslash \{ 0\}

is the zero solution.
Differentiable restrictions of real functions
Authors: Brown Jack B.
Published: June 2010

Some new theorems about differentiable, continuously differentiable, or highly differentiable restrictions of continuous and measurable real functions are presented.
On clustering in central configurations
Authors: Buck Gregory
Published: June 2010

Central configurations lead to special solutions of the

n
n

-body problem. In this paper we present a geometric condition that all central configurations must satisfy: a central configuration cannot have too much ’clustering’-they are bounded away from the diagonal in configuration space. An explicit bound is given.
A characterization of the Mackey topology 𝜏(𝐿^{∞},𝐿¹)
Authors: Nowak Marian
Published: June 2010

We give a description of the Mackey topology

τ
(

L
∞

,

L
1

)

\tau ({L^\infty },{L^1})

for finite measures in terms of a family of norms defined by certain Young functions. As an application we obtain various topological characterizations of sequential convergence in

τ
(

L
∞

,

L
1

)

\tau ({L^\infty },{L^1})

. Moreover, we obtain a criterion for relative weak compactness in

L
1

{L^1}

in terms of the integral functional defined by some Young function.
Kähler structures on compact solvmanifolds
Authors: Benson Chal , Gordon Carolyn S.
Published: June 2010

In a previous paper, the authors proved that the only compact nilmanifolds

Γ
∖
G

\Gamma \backslash G

which admit Kähler structures are tori. Here we consider a more general class of homogeneous spaces

Γ
∖
G

\Gamma \backslash G

, where

G
G

is a completely solvable Lie group and

Γ
\Gamma

is a cocompact discrete subgroup. Necessary conditions for the existence of a Kähler structure are given in terms of the structure of

G
G

and a homogeneous representative

ω
\omega

of the Kähler class in

H
2

(
Γ
∖
G
;

R

)

{H^2}(\Gamma \backslash G;\mathbb {R})

. These conditions are not sufficient to imply the existence of a Kähler structure. On the other hand, we present examples of such solvmanifolds that have the same cohomology ring as a compact Kähler manifold. We do not know whether some of these solvmanifolds admit Kähler structures.
Construction of harmonic maps between pseudo-Riemannian spheres and hyperbolic spaces
Authors: Konderak J. J.
Published: June 2010

Defined here is an orthogonal multiplication for vector spaces with indefinite nondegenerate scalar product. This is then used, via the Hopf construction, to obtain harmonic maps between pseudo-Riemannian spheres and hyperbolic spaces. Examples of harmonic maps are constructed using Clifford algebras.
Quasi-continuité, continuité séparées, et topologie extrémale
Authors: Troallic Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2010

Let

E
E

be a Banach space,

X
1

,
…
,

X
n

{X_1}, \ldots ,{X_n}

strongly countably complete regular spaces and

Φ
:

X
1

×
⋯
×

X
n

→
E

\Phi :{X_1} \times \cdots \times {X_n} \to E

a function. We prove, particularly by means of techniques borrowed from J. P. R. Christensen, that if

Φ
\Phi

is separately continuous and quasi-continuous when

E
E

is equipped with the extremal topology, then

Φ
\Phi

is jointly continuous at each point of a dense

G
δ

{G_\delta }

subset of

X
1

×
⋯
×

X
n

{X_1} \times \cdots \times {X_n}

when

E
E

is equipped with the norm topology. Various properties—new or already known—are obtained by using this result.
Consecutive units
Authors: Newman Morris
Published: June 2010

Let

p
p

be a prime

>
3

> 3

, and let

ζ
\zeta

be a primitive

p
p

th root of unity. Let

k
k

be the maximum number of consecutive units of the cyclotomic field

Q

(
ζ
)

{\mathbf {Q}}\left ( \zeta \right )

. It is shown that

k
≤
max

(

4
,
R
,
N

)

k \leq \max \left ( {4,R,N} \right )

, where

R
R

is the maximum number of consecutive residues modulo

p
p

, and

N
N

the maximum number of consecutive non-residues modulo

p
p

. This result implies that, for the primes

p
>
3

p > 3

under 100,

k
k

is exactly 4 for

p
=
5
,
7
,
11
,
13
,
17
,
19
,
23
,
29
,
31
,
37
,
47
,
73

p = 5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,47,73

(and possibly for the other primes as well). Another consequence is that

k
>
2

p

1

/

2

k > 2{p^{1/2}}

.
On totally geodesic spheres in Grassmannians and 𝑂(𝑛)
Authors: Wang Qi Ming
Published: June 2010

It was shown in [5] that the generators of the homotopy groups of the stable orthogonal groups and the stable Grassmannians can be represented by embedded totally geodesic spheres of constant curvature. In this paper we prove that all elements of the above-mentioned homotopy groups can be represented by such spheres.