bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
III.—Some Recent Excavations in London
Authors: Lambert Frank
Published: November 2011

The discoveries recorded in the following pages cover, in more than one sense, a considerable period of time. Some of them were made as early as the spring of 1915, immediately after the present author had read a paper on a similar subject, which was later published in Archaeologia, lxvi. The bulk, however, are the fruits of the resumption of building operations in 1919 and 1920, after the great blank interval of the War. It is not proposed, in the description of the finds, to distinguish exactly between these periods, for the sites investigated fall by a happy chance into two groups–one in King William Street, the other about London Wall and Finsbury Circus–each of which can be treated as a whole. It will be sufficient for the present purpose to note that one site from each group–the Comptoir National from the first, and 12 to 26 Finsbury Circus from the second–was excavated in 1915, and the rest between the autumn of 1919 and the summer of 1921.
XIII.—Charters of Harmondsworth, Isleworth, Heston, Twickenham, and Hampton-on-Thames
Authors: Kirby T. F.
Published: November 2011

The priory, church, and manor of Harmondsworth, near West Drayton, in Middlesex, with its subinfeudations of Padbury's, Barnard's, and Ludington's, belonged to the Benedictine convent of the Holy Trinity and St. Katherine at Rouen. Who gave them to that house I know not. Tanner merely says that the priory was a cell to the monastery at Rouen, and Dugdale is not more explicit. I see by the presentment of a Middlesex jury in Michaelmas Term, 44 Edward III., that Robert, then prior of Harmondsworth, held the church and two carucates of land by the gift of one (they do not say which) of the king's progenitors by the tenure of distributing weekly amongst the poor of the place three bushels of “wastyl” or best bread. The prior was indicted for that he had failed to distribute the bread during the last twenty years, and he pleaded, with what result does not appear, a charter of Privileges granted to the monks at Rouen by Henry II. and confirmed by Henry III. and Edward I.:

Henricus Dei gracia Rex Anglie dux Normannie et Aquitanie et comes Andigavie archiepiscopis, etc. Salutem. Sciatis nos concessisse et presenti Carta confirmasse Abbati et Monachis Sancte Trinitatis sancteque Katherine de Monte Eothomagensi omnes donaciones elemosinarum terrarum et hominura, que facte sunt eis tarn in ecclesiis quam in rebus et possessionibus mundanis. Quare volumus et firmiter precipimus quod dicti Abbas et monachi et ministri eorum teneant et habeant omnes elemosinas et possessiones suos cum sacha et sacca et thol et theam et Infangeneþief cum omnibus libertatibus et liberis consue tudinibus et quietanciis suis in bosco et piano et pratis et pasturis in mariscis et piscariis in vivariis et stagnis. In aquis et molendinis. In virgultis et grangiis extra burgum et infra. In viis et semitis et in omnibus aliis rebus et aliis locis quietas liberas et solutas. de Sirra. et de liundredo et placitis et querelis et de murdro et de wapentaoha et scutagio et geldis et danegeldis. et assisis. et hidagiis. et de operacionibus pontium. et Castellorum et de Lerwite et de Hengewite et fleamcameswite. et de Blodewite et de fithwite. et de auerpeny. et hundredespeny et de Wardepeny. et quietas de omni Pontagio thelonio et passagio et lestagio et stalagio et de omni servicio seculari et servili opere et exaccione et de omnibus occasionibus et secularibus consuetudinibue. excepta sola justicia mortis et membroruni.
XV.—Garnier de Nablous, Prior of the Hospital in England, and Grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem
Authors: Round J. H.
Published: November 2011

It is by the kind permission of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's that I exhibit the charter on the table. This document is a grant, by the Prior of the Hospital of St. John in Jerusalem in England and the Chapter, of the church of Broxbourne, Herts, to the Bishop of London for a yearly payment of four marcs.

The charter is sealed, and it bears the date of 1190, a date which, as I shall explain, is of some historical consequence. Although calendared so far back as 1883 by my friend Sir Henry Maxwell Lyte in his valuable report on the muniments at St. Paul's, the charter seems to have been overlooked, for it was not found in that great repertory of all the charters of the Order, published by M. Delaville Le Roulx, although he endeavoured to include all those that are in England.
XI.—Early Iron Age Burials in Yorkshire
Authors: Greenwell William
Published: November 2011

The primary purpose of this paper is to give an account of the investigation of a cemetery in the Bast Riding of Yorkshire, which has been carried out during the last few years. That purpose has been extended so as to make it include what has resulted from an examination of other, though similar, places of burial in the same district. Before, however, any description is given of what has been discovered by the various examinations of these burial sites, something by way of introduction seems to be required, and this it is here sought to supply.
II.—On an Inventory of the goods of the Collegiate Church of the Holy Trinity, Arundel, taken 1st October, 9 Henry VIII. (1517)
Authors: Hope W. H. St. John
Published: November 2011

In the days of King Edward the Confessor there was in Arundel a church dedicated in honour of St. Nicholas, which at the time of the Great Survey received from the tithes of Arundel 24s. a year. The clerks of St. Nicholas also held six hides of land in Harting, and “so it was in the time of King Edward.”
IV.—Weaverthorpe Church and its Builder
Authors: Bilson John
Published: November 2011

The churches of the Yorkshire Wolds afford much interesting material for the study of the architecture of the Yorkshire village church during the second half of the century following the Norman Conquest. As a rule they have undergone much less alteration and enlargement than the churches of districts which have seen more change, and an unusually large proportion of them retain, if not a considerable part of their original structure, at least enough to make it easy to reconstitute their original plan. With very few exceptions, their plans follow the common type of aisleless oblong nave and narrower square-ended chancel, with or without a western tower, though they vary greatly in size, from the large scale of the nave of Hunmanby to the little nave of Kirkby Underdale, the length of which is less than one-third that of Hunmanby.
XVI.—On a Late-Celtic Village near Dumpton Gap, Broadstairs
Authors: Hurd Howard
Published: November 2011

In the summer of 1907, during the construction of a new road (called South Cliff Parade) situated on top of the cliffs, at a distance of about 40 yards from the sea, between Dumpton Gap and East Cliff Lodge, there was found a number of V-shaped trenches cut in the chalk subsoil, and running transversely across the site of the road. They came into view as soon as the loamy soil, which was about 12 inches in depth, was removed from the surface of the ground. Prior to the construction of the road the land had been in cultivation, and there was no evidence whatever on the surface, in the shape of mounds or depressions, to indicate the presence of any earthworks beneath. The new road above referred to begins at Dumpton Gap, and proceeds in a southerly direction for about 600 yards. (Plate LV.) It is slightly undulating, and rises to a height of about 100 feet above sea level at its highest point, while the land gently slopes towards the sea from west to east. At about 150 yards from the starting point there was found the first indication of the ground having been previously excavated, and here was met with what appears to be the fosse which surrounded the prehistoric village. It ran in a diagonal direction from south-west to north-east, across the line of the new road in course of construction. It was 22 feet wide, about 4 feet 6 inches deep, and had been excavated in the chalk.
II.—Wharram-le-Street Church, Yorkshire, and St. Rule's Church, St. Andrews
Authors: Bilson John
Published: November 2011

Last year I had the honour of submitting to the Society a communication on a remarkable church on the Yorkshire Wolds, which lies in the middle of a wide district within the northern border of the East Riding which the evidence of Domesday proves to have been still derelict in 1086. Weaverthorpe church was built in the second decade of the twelfth century by Herbert the chamberlain (the father of St. William of York), and its examination showed that, in spite of the essentially Norman character of all its details, it retains certain pre-Conquest characteristics in the relative thinness of its ashlar-faced walls, the absence of the usual pilaster buttresses, and the tall proportion of its unbuttressed tower. Reference was then made to a still more remarkable example of this overlap in the somewhat earlier church of Wharram-le-Street, which I venture to think is of sufficient interest to justify more extended notice, for two reasons. Its tower belongs to a type which there is reason to believe was common in the England of Edward the Confessor's time. There has always been great difficulty in dating many of these towers, because, while some of them show no details which can be pronounced to be definitely Norman, the character of many others is much more doubtful. The importance of Wharram lies in the fact that, while it retains so much that undoubtedly belongs to the pre-Conquest English tradition, it also shows details which are just as certainly of Norman origin, and afford material for assigning an approximate date to its building. Its second claim to our attention is the conclusion which its examination seems to justify, that the influence of the school to which its master-mason belonged extended far away into Scotland.
IX.—Excavations at some Wiltshire Monasteries
Authors: Brakspear Harold
Published: November 2011

Wiltshire had at the Suppression fifteen religious houses, of which six were of over £200 a year value and escaped the first attack by King Henry VIII. One had licence to continue. With the exception of five they were all in the northern half of the county, and six were in the Avon valley between Bath and Malmesbury.
X.—Malmesbury Abbey
Authors: Brakspear Harold
Published: November 2011

The once rich and mitred abbey of Malmesbury has provided a subject for many writers, and the remains of its church a model for artists and draughtsmen, but no one seems to have combined description and drawing to explain the history of this building. The writer, having been engaged professionally for many years upon the repairs of the church, has had exceptional opportunities for the study of the structure, and although much of necessity has been said before, some little fresh matter has been brought to light.
III.—The Origins and Forms of Hertfordshire Towns and Villages
Authors: Page William
Published: November 2011

The study of Topography from the point of view of types and positions of settlements has hitherto received little attention in this country, although it often throws light upon difficult historical problems. Professor Maitland has summed up our knowledge of this subject in his characteristically brilliant and suggestive manner. He has pointed out that we are learning from the ordnance map, ‘that marvellous palimpsest’, that ‘in all probability we must keep at least two types before our minds. On the one hand there is what we might call the true village or the nucleated village. In the purest form of this type there is one and only one cluster of houses. It is a fairly large cluster; it stands in the midst of its fields, of its territory. On the other hand we may easily find a country in which there are few villages of this character. The houses which lie within the boundary of the parish are scattered about in small clusters; here two or three, there three or four.’
IV.—A Roll of Arms belonging to the Society of Antiquaries, temp. Henry VIII, c. 1540
Authors: Stephenson Mill , Griffin Ralph
Published: November 2011

The roll of arms which is to be dealt with in this paper was presented to, the Society by our Fellow Mr. John Bilson, under date 12 January 1905. Proceedings, xx, 173, notes that ‘John Bilson, Esq., F.S.A., exhibited and presented an illuminated Roll of Arms (defective at the beginning) of a date circa 1530 with 439 shields arranged in rows of five each’. As the meeting was one for the election of fellows, no discussion upon the roll took place, nor has any notice been taken of it since. The description given in Proceedings as above is somewhat misleading, as will be seen hereafter. The roll was exhibited by the Society in 1916 at the exhibition of objects of British Heraldic Art at the Burlington Fine Arts Club, being no. 12 in case A, described on page 7 of the Catalogue, though not quite accurately. It excited much interest and induced us to think that a complete publication of its contents might be of value.
VI.—Silver in Roman and Earlier Times: I. Pre-historic and Proto-historic Times,
Authors: Gowland W.
Published: November 2011

Silver in comparison with gold is of rare occurrence in nature in the metallic state. It is not found in the sands and gravels of rivers, but has to be sought for in mountain regions, where it is embedded in mineral veins. In these veins, too, it rarely occurs at the surface, like copper in the Lake Superior district of America, or in the outcrops of veins, as there, where it may once have been present as metal, it has usually been converted into chloride, by the traces of chlorine as sodium chloride invariably present in rain. Its occurrence is hence limited to the deeper deposits, where the ores are but little altered, and even there it is almost always in the form of delicate filaments or thin leaves, and very rarely massive, so that, without being first melted, it could not be fashioned into the simplest objects. An exception to its occurrence in these forms is found in the Kongsberg mines in Norway, where large masses, ranging in weight from 68 lb. to 1,537 lb. avoir., have been taken from the underground workings. For the above reasons silver has played no part in the culture of early man, and indeed it has never been found, as we shall see later, in association with his remains until subsequent to the time when he had first become acquainted with copper or bronze.
VI.—Paris Garden and the Bear-baiting
Authors: Kingsford C. L.
Published: November 2011

Paris Garden and the bear-baiting form a subject so hackneyed that I should not deal with it in a communication to this Society if I did not believe that I had something that was both novel and interesting to lay before them. I shall not, however, enter upon the history of either further than is necessary for the illustration and explanation of my new material.
IX.—The Niger Lapis in the Comitium at Rome
Authors: Boni Giacomo
Published: November 2011

On January 11th last (1899), while workmen under the directions of Commendatore Boni were removing the rough post-Imperial “selce,” or paving-stones, in front of the church of S. Adriano and some fifteen yards immediately east of the Arch of Severus, there came to light a pavement of black marble, rhomboidal-trapezoid in shape, and framed on three of its sides with blocks of travertine. These blocks were found to be grooved on the southern and eastern sides, and from the groove or “incassatura,” on the former of these sides, projected to the height of two feet, three contiguous slabs of white marble. They had been noticed two or three days before. It now became evident that they had been appropriated from some late imperial building and utilised in order to act as substitute for some older fence which had isolated and protected this remarkable black pavement.
II.—The Crystal of Lothair
Authors: Dalton Ormonde M.
Published: November 2011

The famous jewel known as the Crystal of Lothair, now in the British Museum, was preserved from the first half of the tenth century down to the French Revolution in the Abbey of Waulsort or Vasor, on the Meuse, seven kilomètres from Dinant. Its truly remarkable history has already been briefly related for English readers by Mr. W. H. James Weale, while its importance to art and archæology is discussed in French and Belgian publications by M. Ernest Babelon, of the Cabinet des Médailles, Paris, and by M. Alfred Bequet of Namur. But it has never been described in English at any length, nor has it been hitherto reproduced by a photographic process on a scale worthy of its exceptional interest. The late Sir A. Wollaston Franks, P.S.A., went so far as to have a negative taken, and intended to publish it in Archaeologia a good many years ago; but unfortunately the pressure of other work prevented him from carrying out his purpose. It is from this negative that the photogravure illustrating the present paper (Plate I.) has been produced.
VI.—A Mural Glass Mosaic from the Imperial Roman Villa near Naples.
Authors: Günther R.T. , Manley J.J.
Published: November 2011

The mosaic was fixed in a small niche in a wall of the buildings of the Imperial Villa on Posilipo, near Naples. One part of the site, now submerged beneath the sea in consequence of a post-Roman land movement, has already been described, but later surveys of the very extensive antiquities and ruins on the hill above still await publication. Among other discoveries, we have been able to find evidence that this fine property, stated to have been left by Vedius Pollio to Augustus, was still in the imperial possession as late as the reign of Hadrian, and that considerable alterations to the buildings were made at that period.
XI.—On a Silver Sassanian Bowl of about the year 400 A. D., found in the NW. Provinces of India
Authors: Read Charles Hercules
Published: November 2011

The bowl I have the honour to lay before, the Society was sent to me by an Indian correspondent, and I made up my mind at once that it should be secured for the British Museum. On my showing it to my friend Mr. Max Bonn, he was kind enough to offer to present it, and at this moment it is in process of being laid before the Trustees as a gift, through the intermediation of the National Art Collections Fund (pl. XXXV).
IV.—Seals in the Public Record Office
Authors: Fowler R.C.
Published: November 2011

Perhaps the first thing to remark about these seals is that they have suffered serious damage. Of course, anywhere seals are liable to damage. The chalky composition used in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries becomes very friable with age, and sometimes seems only to be held together by the varnish; various chemical preservatives have been suggested, but it is doubtful whether they are effective. The wax of the next three centuries is very much better, and a seal free from pressure and left undisturbed should be quite perfect to-day. These conditions may often be found in the muniment boxes of corporations or old manor houses, but the public records, until their arrangement in the last century, had lain for many years in such vast piles that seals among them had a poor chance. Every one knows that the wax of seals is brittle, but it is often forgotten that it is also a liquid and will yield to any pressure, however small, if continued long enough; just as we see a block of pitch in the street sinking under its own weight, though hard to the touch. Deformation of seals is quite common, and occasionally two or more have coalesced. Cotton-wool is a good protection against concussion, but it is harder than wax and will penetrate it under pressure; while, on the other hand, the cases of wood or metal known as skippets are protection against deformation, but not so much against concussion.
X.—Examples of Anglian Art
Authors: Smith Reginald A.
Published: November 2011

In Prof. J. Strzygowski's recent work in English on the Origin of Christian Church Art, there is a chapter on Hiberno-Saxon art in the time of Bede (673–735); with the following striking passage: ‘Whether I turn to the remains of Anglo-Saxon churches, to the crosses, or to the manuscripts of the time of Bede, I feel in the presence of an art which differs from every other art in the world. Above all, I feel that we have here no mere pale reflection of Roman or Byzantine art’. (p. 233).
XII.—Excavations on the site of the Roman city at Silchester, Hants, in 1900.
Authors: Fox George E. , Hope W. H. St. John , Reid Clement
Published: November 2011

We have the honour of submitting on behalf of the Executive Committee a report of the operations carried out by the Silchester Excavation Fund in 1900.

The work was begun on the 4th May under the direction of Mr. Frederick Davis, whose death in July last has deprived the Committee of valuable services freely given and intelligently performed. The further conduct of the work was undertaken by Mr. Mill Stephenson and Mr. Hope, and the closing operations, which were prolonged until 4th December, were also directed by Mr. Stephenson.
XV.—Excavations at Caerwent, Monmouthshire, on the Site of the Roman City of Venta Silurum, in 1899 and 1900.
Authors: Martin A. T. , Ashby Thomas , Hudd Alfred E.
Published: November 2011

At a meeting of the Society on 16th February, 1899, Mr. A. T. Martin, in his Report as Local Secretary for Gloucestershire, gave an account of some recent “trial excavations ” at Caerwent, and formulated a scheme for the systematic exploration of the site. The suggestion having been approved and encouraged by the Society, it was shortly afterwards decided, at a meeting of local antiquaries held at Clifton, to appoint a Committee, and to start a Fund to be called the “Caerwent Exploration Fund.” At a meeting held at Caerwent on 11th September, 1899, Lord Tredegar was elected President, and other officers and a Committee were appointed. Also an Executive Committee, consisting of Messrs. Alfred E. Hudd, A. T. Martin, J. E. Pritchard, and John Ward, was elected (to which Mr. Thomas Ashby, jun., was added later), under whose superintendence the excavations have been made.
XII. —The Thirty Pieces of Silver.
Authors: Hill G.F.
Published: November 2011

That the incident of the Betrayal of Christ for Thirty Pieces of Silver should have had an attraction for the mediaeval maker of legends, and that pieces professing to be the original coins received by Judas should have been treasured as relics, are hardly matters for surprise. There is no lack of literature on the legend which was woven round the story of the Thirty Pieces, and of late years two or three writers have devoted some attention to the supposed relics of the Betrayal. A comparison and analysis of the various forms of the legend have, however, not been instituted, so far as I have been able to discover. As to the relics, the material for study is only to be found in foreign periodicals and works not generally accessible. It seems worth while therefore to make some attempt to trace the development of the legend, and to collect the descriptions of the coins which were or are preserved in various sanctuaries.
Livestock veterinarians at high risk of acquiring methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusST398
Authors: GARCIA-GRAELLS C. , ANTOINE J. , LARSEN J. , CATRY B. , SKOV R. , DENIS O.
Published: November 2011

The prevalence and risk factors associated with livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) carriage was examined in Danish and Belgian veterinarians. The MRSA and LA-MRSA carriage rates were 9·5% (95% CI 5·3–15·6) and 7·5% (95% CI 3·8–13·1) for MRSA and LA-MRSA, respectively, in Belgium and 1·4% (95% CI: 0·17–5·05) in Denmark (all Danish MRSA isolates belonged to the LA-MRSA genotype). All LA-MRSA isolates were resistant to tetracycline and 53·4% (7/13) showed a multi-resistant phenotype. LA-MRSA was significantly associated with veterinarians in contact with livestock (P=0·046). In the multivariable analysis, working with small animals in a veterinary clinic seems to be negatively associated (OR 0·15, 95% CI 0–1·0,P=0·05) and a strong direct association was found for LA-MRSA acquisition and exposure to live pigs (OR 12·1, 95% CI 1·6–548·5,P=0·01). Since carriage of MRSA ST398 may increase the risk of complications during hospitalization, our results underline that preventive measures may need to be developed for veterinary professionals, particularly for livestock veterinarians.
Lunar swirls exposed at Workshop Without Walls
Authors: Kramer Georgiana , Neish Catherine , Besse Sebastian
Published: November 2011

Lunar Swirls Workshop Without Walls; Moffett Field, California, 7 September 2011 For 40 years the nature and origin of strange, bright, sinuous markings on the surface of the Moon, known as lunar swirls, have been a topic of intense interest and debate to lunar scientists. Now, with the influx of new data about the lunar surface and its interaction with the space environment, the swirls are attracting a more diverse following. Lunar swirls was the topic of the NASA Lunar Science Institute's first “Workshop Without Walls,” a virtual meeting using the latest technology in interactive video teleconferencing.
Estimating best fit binary mixing lines in the Day plot
Authors: Heslop David , Roberts Andrew P.
Published: November 2011

The Day plot is employed commonly to make inferences concerning the mean domain state of magnetic mineral assemblages. In recent years the concept of the Day plot as a representation of a two‐part (binary) mixing space has gained popularity, with data sets being compared to theoretical curves that represent combinations of particles with different domain states. Our understanding of the behavior of mixtures within the Day plot, however, remains limited, and little progress has been made in terms of quantitative statistical analysis. We present an approach, based on linear mixing theory, with which a data‐optimized binary mixing line can be found for a collection of hysteresis loops and their corresponding backfield demagnetization curves. The empirical best fit mixing line can then be used to determine a trend through the Day plot. Such trend lines help to constrain interpretation of rock magnetic data and aid in identification of binary mixtures. In cases where the trend line does not provide a good fit to the data, it can be concluded that the examined samples do not originate from a two‐part linear mixing. The proposed method is demonstrated using both numerical simulations and geological data sets.
Impact of gas‐phase mechanisms on Weather Research Forecasting Model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) predictions: Mechanism implementation and comparative evaluation
Authors: Zhang Yang , Chen Yaosheng , Sarwar Golam , Schere Kenneth
Published: November 2011

Gas‐phase mechanisms provide important oxidant and gaseous precursors for secondary aerosol formation. Different gas‐phase mechanisms may lead to different predictions of gases, aerosols, and aerosol direct and indirect effects. In this study, WRF/Chem‐MADRID simulations are conducted over the continental United States for July 2001, with three different gas‐phase mechanisms, a default one (i.e., CBM‐Z) and two newly implemented ones (i.e., CB05 and SAPRC‐99). Simulation results are evaluated against available surface observations, satellite data, and reanalysis data. The model with these three gas‐phase mechanisms gives similar predictions of most meteorological variables in terms of spatial distribution and statistics, but large differences exist in shortwave radiation and temperature and relative humidity at 2 m at individual sites under cloudy conditions, indicating the importance of aerosol semi‐direct and indirect effects on these variables. Large biases exist in the simulated wind speed at 10 m, cloud water path, cloud optical thickness, and precipitation, due to uncertainties in current cloud microphysics and surface layer parameterizations. Simulations with all three gas‐phase mechanisms well reproduce surface concentrations of O3, CO, NO2, and PM2.5, and column NO2. Larger biases exist in the surface concentrations of nitrate and organic matter (OM) and in the spatial distribution of column CO, tropospheric ozone residual, and aerosol optical depth, due to uncertainties in primary OM emissions, limitations in model representations of chemical transport, and radiative processes. Different gas‐phase mechanisms lead to different predictions of mass concentrations of O3 (up to 5 ppb), PM2.5 (up to 0.5 μg m−3), secondary inorganic PM2.5 species (up to 1.1 μg m−3), organic PM (up to 1.8 μg m−3), and number concentration of PM2.5 (up to 2 × 104 cm−3). Differences in aerosol mass and number concentrations further lead to sizeable differences in simulated cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) due to the feedback mechanisms among H2SO4 vapor, PM2.5 number, CCN, and CDNC through gas‐phase chemistry, new particle formation via homogeneous nucleation, aerosol growth, and aerosol activation by cloud droplets. This study illustrates the important impact of gas‐phase mechanisms on chemical and aerosol predictions, their subsequent effects on meteorological predictions, and a need for an accurate representation of such feedbacks through various atmospheric processes in the model. The online‐coupled models that simulate feedbacks between meteorological variables and chemical species may provide more accurate representations of the real atmosphere for regulatory applications and can be applied to simulate chemistry‐climate feedbacks over a longer period of time.
Introduction to Medical Genetics
Authors: Baig Atif
Published: November 2011

Medical genetics is the key to modern biochemistry and underlying mechanisms of many diseases.
Farming and Harvesting
Authors: Stamatelatou Katerina , Turley David , Laybourn Ruth , Flénet Francis , Quinsac Alain , Marriott Ray , Antonopoulou Georgia , Lyberatos Gerasimos , Rouilly Antoine , Vaca-garcia Carlos
Published: November 2011

The competitiveness and sustainability of the biodiesel and vegetable oil market can be achieved through increasing the quantity of total biomass cultivated and the yield of the vegetable oil. Furthermore, pre-treatment technologies aiming to increase the bulk density and decrease the water content of the biomass can be employed to reduce the cost of biomass transportation and storage. The valorisation of the by-products (straw, stalk, leaves) through conversion processes into high-value-added chemicals and biomaterials as well as energy also contributes to improving the economics of the whole biorefinery scheme.
Primary Processing
Authors: Mulder Wim , Harmsen Paulien , Sanders Johan , Carre Patrick , Kamm Birgit , Schönicke Petra , Dautzenberg Geertje
Published: November 2011

Primary processing of oil-containing material involves pre-treatment processes, oil recovery processes and the extraction and valorisation of valuable compounds from waste streams.

Pre-treatment processes, e.g. thermal, enzymatic, electrical and radio frequency, have an important effect on the oil recovery, quality of oil, extraction possibility and quality of valuable compounds from waste streams. Apart from these methods, dehulling, i.e. the separation of the coats from the seeds, can be regarded as a first and indispensable step. To extract and market proteins at an industrial scale, as long as water extraction remains in the domain of research and development, it will be necessary to dehull the seeds before oil extraction in order to extract the proteins and improve the valorisation of these crops.

The state-of-the-art of the recovery of (residual) oil from olive, rapeseed and sunflower by-products is reported. The three crops are described with regard to structure, by-products from the oil production and the applied extraction methods. Alternatives for hexane extraction, such as water, iso-propyl alcohol, gas-assisted extraction or supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, could improve the potential of the different oil-bearing crops.

The extraction of amino acids and/or protein fractions, which forms the main fraction in the press cakes is described. Also, the possibilities of the production of levulinic acid from the lignocellulosic parts of the crops are investigated.
Poling temperature tuned electric-field-induced ferroelectric to antiferroelectric phase transition in 0.89Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-0.06BaTiO3-0.05K0.5Na0.5NbO3 ceramics
Authors: Gao Feng , Dong Xianlin , Mao Chaoliang , Zhang Hongling , Cao Fei , Wang Genshui
Published: November 2011

We report the electric-field-induced ferroelectric (FEIN) to antiferroelectric (AFE) phase transition that is tuned by the poling temperatures in 0.89Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-0.06BaTiO3-0.05K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (0.89BNT-0.06BT-0.05KNN) ceramics. Phase transition and pyroelectric behaviors of the ceramics were investigated as functions of temperature and electric field. Pyroelectric coefficient peaks of (3 ∼ 6.5) × 10−8 C cm−2 K−1 are detected at about 10 °C above the poling temperatures for the samples poled at different temperatures. The poling temperature tuned pyroelectric behaviors are attributed to the FEIN to AFE phase transition when the temperature increases.
Microwave-Assisted Grafting to MCM-41 Silica and its Application as Catalyst in Flow Chemistry
Authors: Oliverio Manuela , Procopio Antonio , Glasnov Toma N. , Goessler Walter , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: November 2011

Finding environmentally gentle methods to graft Lewis acid on the surface of mesoporous materials is a topic of current interest. Herein we describe the optimization of a preparation procedure of a mesoporous silica-supported ErIII catalyst using the microwave-assisted post-calcination functionalization of Mobil Composition of Matter-41 silica as the key step. The required time for functionalization was reduced from several hours to 10 min using sealed-vessel microwave technology. Control experiments using conventional heating at the same temperature demonstrated that the rate increase is owing to a simple thermal/kinetic effect as a result of the higher reaction temperature. The resulting ErIII catalyst was tested for the first time as a catalyst in the continuous flow deprotection of benzaldehyde dimethylacetal and a complete leaching study was performed.
Studies on the Synthesis of cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline
Authors: Smith Jessica A. , Savage G. Paul , Hutt Oliver E.
Published: November 2011

A high yielding practical three-step procedure, which relies on an extractive work-up procedure, has been developed to convert N-phenylsulfonyl-trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline to N-phenylsulfonyl-cis-4-hydroxy-l-proline methyl ester in 82 % yield over three steps.
Quaternary Ammonium Spiroborate Esters and Mixed Anhydrides Derived from Aliphatic ?-Hydroxy Acids and Diacids and their Wood Protection Properties
Authors: Carr Jenny M. , Duggan Peter J. , Humphrey David G. , Tyndall Edward M. , White Jonathan M.
Published: November 2011

The preparation of tetra-n-butylammonium spiroborates derived from the aliphatic α-hydroxy acids glycolic and (S)-(+)-mandelic acid, and the spiroborate mixed anhydrides derived from the dicarboxylic acids oxalic, malonic, succinic, and phthalic acid was investigated. The target ammonium spiroborates were obtained in pure form from glycolic, (S)-(+)-mandelic, and oxalic acids and were tested for their potential as wood preservatives. The spiroborates derived from glycolic acid and (S)-(+)-mandelic acid show promise and are worthy of further investigation. Useful information about the order of stability of the spiroborate mixed anhydrides derived from the dicarboxylic acids has been obtained and a new oxalato triborate related in structure to borax has been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography.
Intramolecular Dehydrative Condensation of Dicarboxylic Acids with Brønsted Base-Assisted Boronic Acid Catalysts
Authors: Sakakura Akira , Yamashita Risa , Ohkubo Takuro , Akakura Matsujiro , Ishihara Kazuaki
Published: November 2011

Bifunctional Brønsted base-assisted boronic acid catalysts, arylboronic acids bearing two sterically bulky (N,N-dialkylamino)methyl groups at the 2,6-positions, exhibit remarkable activities for the dehydrative intramolecular condensation of dicarboxylic acids. The steric bulkiness of the (N,N-dialkylamino)methyl groups of 1, which prevents the formation of less active species such as the N→B chelated species and triarylboroxines 3, is crucial for the high catalytic activity. This is the first successful method for the catalytic dehydrative self-condensation of di- and tetracarboxylic acids.
Germ hypoellipticity and loss of derivatives
Authors: Chinni Gregorio
Published: November 2011

We prove hypoellipticity in the sense of germs for the operator
\[

P

=

L

q

L
¯

q

+

L
¯

q

t

2
k

L

q

+

Q

2

,

\mathcal {P}= L_{q}\overline {L}_{q} + \overline {L}_{q}t^{2k}L_{q} +Q^{2},

\]
where
\[

L

q

=

D

t

+
i

t

q
−
1

−

Δ

x

and

Q
=

x

1

D

2

−

x

2

D

1

,

L_{q}=D_{t}+it^{q-1}\sqrt {-\Delta _{x}}\quad \text {and}\quad Q = x_{1}D_{2}-x_{2}D_{1},

\]
even though it fails to be hypoelliptic in the strong sense. The primary tool is an a priori estimate.
Sequentially acting Sox transcription factors in neural lineage development
Authors: Bergsland Maria , Ramsköld Daniel , Zaouter Cécile , Klum Susanne , Sandberg Rickard , Muhr Jonas
Published: November 2011

Pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells can generate all cell types, but how cell lineages are initially specified and maintained during development remains largely unknown. Different classes of Sox transcription factors are expressed during neurogenesis and have been assigned important roles from early lineage specification to neuronal differentiation. Here we characterize the genome-wide binding for Sox2, Sox3, and Sox11, which have vital functions in ES cells, neural precursor cells (NPCs), and maturing neurons, respectively. The data demonstrate that Sox factor binding depends on developmental stage-specific constraints and reveal a remarkable sequential binding of Sox proteins to a common set of neural genes. Interestingly, in ES cells, Sox2 preselects for neural lineage-specific genes destined to be bound and activated by Sox3 in NPCs. In NPCs, Sox3 binds genes that are later bound and activated by Sox11 in differentiating neurons. Genes prebound by Sox proteins are associated with a bivalent chromatin signature, which is resolved into a permissive monovalent state upon binding of activating Sox factors. These data indicate that a single key transcription factor family acts sequentially to coordinate neural gene expression from the early lineage specification in pluripotent cells to later stages of neuronal development.
A comparison of DNA‐based methods for delimiting species in a Cretan land snail radiation reveals shortcomings of exclusively molecular taxonomy
Authors: Sauer Jan , Hausdorf Bernhard
Published: November 2011

We compared the results of different approaches for delimiting species based on single‐locus DNA sequences with those of methods using binary multilocus data. As case study, we examined the radiation of the land snail genus Xerocrassa on Crete. Many of the methods based on mitochondrial sequences resulted in heavy under‐ or overestimations of the species number. The methods using AFLP data produced classifications with an on average higher concordance with the morphological classification than the methods based on mitochondrial sequences. However, the percentage of correct species classifications is low even with binary multilocus data. Gaussian clustering produced the classifications with the highest concordance with the morphological classification of all approaches applied in this study, both with single‐locus sequences and with binary multilocus data. There are two general problems that hamper species delimitation, namely rarity and the hierarchical structure of biodiversity. Methods for species delimitation using genetic data search for clusters of individuals, but do not implement criteria that are sufficient to distinguish clusters representing species from other clusters. The success of morphological species delimitation results from the potential to focus on characters that are directly involved in the speciation process, whereas molecular studies usually rely on markers that are not directly involved in speciation.

© The Willi Hennig Society 2011.
Special Issue on quality in e‐learning
Authors: Ehlers U.‐D. , Hilera J.R.
Published: November 2011

Quality is at the heart of education and training in all countries. Knowledge, information, and learning technologies are seen as a vital tool for achieving this. The promises of e‐learning are to open up our systems to the world, improve access for all, and increase learning effectiveness. In addition, knowledge, information, and learning technologies are seen as a catalyst for change in our efforts to reform and modernize education and training for an improved knowledge society.
Genetic correlation between growth and female and male contributions to fertility in rabbit
Authors: Piles M. , Tusell L.
Published: November 2011

A Bayesian bivariate Linear‐Threshold Animal Model was implemented to determine the genetic correlation between fertility (F), defined as success or failure to conceive, and average daily gain (ADG) in a rabbit line selected for ADG. A total of 27 234 records of F from 7895 females and 1293 males, and 114 135 records of ADG were used for the analysis. The pedigree included 114 485 animals. The model used for ADG included the systematic effects of year‐season, parity order and number of kids born alive, the animal additive effect, the maternal and paternal permanent environmental effects, the common litter permanent environmental effect and the residual. The model for the liability of F included the systematic effects of year‐season and physiological status of the female, the female and male additive genetic effects, the female and male permanent environmental effects and the residual, which was divided into a permanent environmental effect related to the common litter effect for ADG, and an independent term. The estimated heritabilities were 0.15 for ADG and 0.07 and 0.04 for the female and male contributions to F, respectively. Male and female contributions to F had a positive genetic correlation (0.34). The genetic correlation between ADG and the female component of F was low to moderate and negative (−0.31), whereas it was null for the male contribution to F. Thus, it is expected that only the female contribution to reproductive performance may be impaired by selection for ADG in rabbit lines.
BETWEEN NEIGHBOURHOOD AND SCHOOL: GEOGRAPHY AND EDUCATION IN THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: SYKES BROOKE
Published: November 2011

In a country with open school choice and equal funding of schools, does where you live matter for your educational outcomes? This paper addresses this question using recent data from a study of secondary school students in the Netherlands. Drawing on the international literature, the paper first outlines how the neighbourhood context may be relevant for young peoples' educational opportunities and outcomes, paying special attention to the role that the school may play in the observed relationship between neighbourhood characteristics and educational outcomes. The analysis examines whether there are any educational benefits of living in a neighbourhood with a high socio‐economic status, over and above individual background characteristics, and if so, whether these benefits can be attributed to the characteristics of the schools that youth attend. The findings are summarised and discussed with reference to the wider literature. Based on the findings, suggestions for future research at the intersection of young people, the neighbourhood and school are developed.
Raising reading achievement in an ‘at risk’, low socioeconomic, multicultural intermediate school
Authors: Fletcher Jo , Grimley Michael , Greenwood Janinka , Parkhill Faye
Published: November 2011

This article focuses on a multicultural, low socioeconomic, intermediate school that over the 4 years of this longitudinal, qualitative, case study made substantial positive shifts in developing a more effective learning environment and improving students' reading achievement. The study found that the factors appearing to have the most influence on this improvement were: effective and collaborative school leadership; ongoing school‐wide professional development on teaching reading led by an externally appointed literacy expert; the appointment, within the school, of a literacy leader charged with supporting this development; assessment data being used to inform teaching and a school‐wide action plan directed at literacy improvement; the implementation of reading programmes that were regular, focused and sustained; the school leadership proactively ensuring school‐wide support for management of appropriate student behaviour; the fostering of home–school partnerships; and ongoing external reviews of school effectiveness.
The hierarchical factor model of ADHD: invariant across age and national groupings?
Authors: Toplak Maggie E. , Sorge Geoff B. , Flora David B. , Chen Wai , Banaschewski Tobias , Buitelaar Jan , Ebstein Richard , Eisenberg Jacques , Franke Barbara , Gill Michael , Miranda Ana , Oades Robert D. , Roeyers Herbert , Rothenberger Aribert , Sergeant Joseph , Sonuga‐Barke Edmund , Steinhausen Hans‐Christoph , Thompson Margaret , Tannock Rosemary , Asherson Philip , Faraone Stephen V.
Published: November 2011

Objective:  To examine the factor structure of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a clinical sample of 1,373 children and adolescents with ADHD and their 1,772 unselected siblings recruited from different countries across a large age range. Hierarchical and correlated factor analytic models were compared separately in the ADHD and sibling samples, across three different instruments and across parent and teacher informants. Specific consideration was given to factorial invariance analyses across different ages and different countries in the ADHD sample.

Method:  A sample of children and adolescents between 5 and 17 years of age with ADHD and their unselected siblings was assessed. Participants were recruited from seven European countries and Israel. ADHD symptom data came from a clinical interview with parents Parental Account of Childhood Symptoms and questionnaires from parents and teachers (Conners Parent and Teacher).

Results:  A hierarchical general factor model with two specific factors best represented the structure of ADHD in both the ADHD and unselected sibling groups, and across informants and instruments. The model was robust and invariant with regard to age differences in the ADHD sample. The model was not strongly invariant across different national groups in the ADHD sample, likely reflecting severity differences across the different centers and not any substantial difference in the clinical presentation of ADHD.

Conclusions:  The results replicate previous studies of a model with a unitary ADHD component and separable specific traits of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. The unique contribution of this study was finding support for this model across a large developmental and multinational/multicultural sample and its invariance across ages.
Eating out, nutrition, education and the consumer: a case study from Alabama
Authors: Alonso Abel Duarte , O'Neill Martin A. , Zizza Claire
Published: November 2011

Increasingly, there is agreement that the hospitality industry, particularly the restaurant sector, can significantly impact people's eating behaviour. This impact includes the nutritional intake of meals many restaurants sell that may lead to problems such as the growing obesity epidemic. This preliminary study investigates consumers' attitudes towards their eating out experience as it relates to their reasons for eating out and the importance that nutrition may place in their experience when eating out. Findings suggest differences in consumer attitudes towards these issues based on their gender, educational achievement level and type of restaurant they frequent. Nutritional awareness and education strategies do not appear to be reaching groups that are more exposed and/or more prone to unhealthier food consumption. Overall, consumers do not seem interested in education or involvement in healthier consumption.