bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NITROGEN RELATIONS IN A SWEET CORN/WHITE CLOVER LIVING MULCH CROPPING SYSTEM
Authors: Altier Lee S. , Wien H. Christian
Published: February 2019

In a two-year field experiment, sweet corn was intercropped with a perennial cover of white clover. The clover was suppressed after corn emergence by rototilling. The nitrogen exchange between the corn, clover, and soil was closely monitored. Soil sampling indicated the rate and amounts of mineralization of nitrogen from soil organic matter and clover. Fertilizer labelled with 15-N was used to assess contributions of nitrogen from the various sources.

Results from 1989 showed little nitrogen benefit to the corn from the clover. Content of 15-N in the corn indicated that non-fertilizer nitrogen uptake was similar in monocropped and intercropped corn treatments. Corn yields were correlated with the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied.
RFLP ANALYSES OF PHASEOLUS INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS
Authors: Guo Mei , Lightfoot David A. , Mok Machteld C. , Mok David W. S.
Published: February 2019

Interspecific hybridization between Phaseolus vulgaris and P. coccineus results in mature seeds or abnormal embryo formation depending on the direction of the cross. In addition, differential fertility and reversion to parental types occur in later progeny populations, accompanied by recurrence of various embryo types. Normal and abnormal embryos exhibited isozyme patterns resembling P. vulgaris and P. coccineus parents respectively, suggesting that developmental abnormalities may be associated with specific combinations of parental genes. RFLP between parental species was examined and probes were selected for analyses of F2 populations. Differential transmission of alleles occurred for some RFLP markers. Statistical analyses were applied to detect possible association between probes and abnormal developmental events. The high incidence of interspecific polymorphism will also facilitate the construction of a linkage map in Phaseolus.
PROGRESS TOWARD DEVELOPMENT OF AN RFLP MAP FOR CUCUMBER
Authors: Kennard Wayne , Dijkhuizen Arian , Havey Michael , Staub Jack
Published: February 2019

The analysis of genetic linkage in cucumber (Cucumis sativus has primarily involved morphological and disease resistance markers. Linkage analysis in cucumber would benefit from more markers. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) can occur in relatively large numbers within a single segregating family. Research is presently underway to construct an RFLP map of cucumber. Pst I partial genomic and cDNA libraries of cucumber have been constructed as sources of probes for RFLP analysis. Cucumber DNA from 16 accessions of cucumber and one accession of C. sativus var. hardwickii were digested with either of two restriction enzymes (EcoR I and Hind III). This germplasm allows for the assessment of the variability for RFLPs in cucumber and will provide the parents for map construction.
DNA FINGERPRINTING OF ROSE CULTIVARS BY RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS
Authors: Rajapakse Sriyani , Hubbard Mark , Abbott Albert , Kelly John , Ballard Robert
Published: February 2019

Restricted Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) were investigated in closely and distantly related rose cultivars as means of identifying those cultivars for the purpose of patent protection. A random genomic DNA library was constructed using the cultivar `Confection' and the Escherichia Coli strain JM83 plasmid vector pUC8. Clones with interspersed repeat sequences were then identified by hybridizing restriction digested cloned DNA fragments with nick translated genomic DNA of the rose cultivar `Confection'. Hybridization positive clones were screened for polymorphism by Southern hybridization on restriction digested genomic DNA of various rose cultivars. About 75% of the interspersed repeat copy probes screened revealed polymorphisms. We have identified probes that give fingerprint patterns for rose cultivars. From this information, a dichotomous key which differentiates the rose cultivars examined was prepared. Current research involves screening more probes and rose cultivars for polymorphisms, and examining single copy probes for potential use in RFLP genetic linkage map construction in roses.
CHLOROPLAST RESTRICTION FRAGMENT VARIABILITY IN RASPBERRY
Authors: Moore Patrick P.
Published: February 2019

Cultivated raspberries may include North American red raspberry (Rubus idaeus strigosus Michx), European red raspberry (R. idaeus vulgatus Arrhen.) or black raspberry (R. occidentalis in their pedigrees. Twenty-one raspberry clones were investigated using chloroplast restriction fragment length polymorphisms to determine the cytoplasm type and the amount of cytoplasmic diversity among these selected clones. The raspberry clones were selected representing North American red raspberry, European red raspberry, black raspberry and cultivars with divergent maternal lineages. Total cellular DNA was probed with two 32P-labelled fragments of tomato chloroplast DNA. Probe-restriction enzyme combinations were selected which discriminated between representatives of the two red raspberry subspecies. Raspberry clones were grouped according to the chloroplast restriction fragment patterns. The composition of the groups was compared with their pedigrees.
COMPARISON OF NINE PLANTING MEDIA FOR FORCING SWAZILAND AND DUTCH-GROWN AMARYLLIS (HIPPEASTRUM)
Authors: De Hertogh A. A. , Tilley M.
Published: February 2019

Almost all Amaryllis (Hippeastrum) forced in the U.S. and Canada by either homeowners or commercial forcers are grown overseas. In order to comply with USDA/APHIS plant quarantine regulations, all bulbs must be free of soil. Thus, they are washed once or twice prior to packing and shipping. As a result of this treatment, the bulbs arrive with only basal roots and no secondary roots. Therefore, over the past year, 2 hand made mixes and 7 commercially prepared mixes were evaluated using 2 cultivars each of Swaziland- and Dutch-grown bulbs. The effects of these media on forcing characteristics, e.g. total plant height, leaf length, flower number, etc. were examined. Also, the influence of the various media on basal root growth and formation of new secondary roots was measured. The results of these 2 studies will be presented.
LIGHT, TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD AFFECT THE USEFULNESS OF OXYPETALUM CAERULEUM, TWEEDIA, AS A CUT FLOWER CROP.
Authors: Armitage A.M. , Seager N.G. , Warrington I.J. , Greer D.H.
Published: February 2019

A progressive increase in temperature from 14 to 30C resulted in linear increases in stem length and node number and decreases in stem diameter and stem strength. Higher temperatures also resulted in additional flower abortion, reduced time to flowering and fewer flowering stems per inflorescence. Reduction in the photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) from 695 to 315 μmole m-2s-1 had similar effects as increasing the temperature on vegetative parameters but had little effect on reproductive parameters. The rate of stem elongation was greatest at low PPF for all temperatures and at high temperature for all PPF treatments. Net photosynthesis rose between 14 and 22C and declined at 30C for all PPF treatments. Long photoperiods (12, 14 hr.) resulted in longer internodes, longer stems and more flowers per cyme than short photoperiods (8, 10 hr) but photoperiod had little effect on flowering time.
THE ROLE OF BORON IN FLOWERING AND FRUIT SET
Authors: Brown Patrick H. , Ferguson Louise , Picchioni Geno
Published: February 2019

The uptake and distribution of foliar and soil applied boron has been followed in a seven year old pistachio orchard by utilizing 10B isotope dilution techniques and ICP-MS determination. In conjunction with these uptake studies, in-vivo and in-vitro measurements of pollination and fruit set have been used to determine the role of boron in flowering and fruit set.

Foliar applications of boron (1, 2.5 and 5 kg/400 l) resulted in improved fruit set when compared to control trees receiving no supplemental B even when tissue B levels in these control trees appeared adequate (>60 μg/g dwt). Results indicate that B applied to male trees in the late dormant phase (february) is effective in enhancing in-vitro pollen germination by as much as 50%. Movement of B into flower buds and fruit clusters was verified using 10B techniques thus demonstrating the potential usefulness of this technique in correcting incipient B deficiency. A possible role of B in the flowering and fruiting process is discussed.
TRELLISING TO IMPROVE MANUAL HARVEST EFFICIENCY AND TO ENABLE MECHANICAL HARVEST OF RUBUS FOR FRESH FRUIT MARKETS..
Authors: Stiles Herbert D.
Published: February 2019

Three different “shift-trellises” were designed to localize the fruiting zone and to separate it-from vegetative structures. This allows efficient manual harvests by making berries more visible and easier to reach. It improves the quality of manual harvest conditions by reducing human contact with thorns (i.e., prickles).

Better definition of the fruiting zone's dimensions and location, important factors in mechanical harvesting, is possible with these systems. One system allows horizontal placement of the fruiting zone as in the Lincoln Canopy System, but with an inverted orientation of the fruiting shoots. Inverted orientation of fruiting shoots will shorten the distance to the mechanical harvester's collector surface. This changed juxtaposition among trellis components, floricanes and fruiting shoots will eliminate most obstacles against which berries might impinge during their fall to the collector surface. A new kind of agitator may be required to effect fruit removal in this system.
SHRINKAGE IN TERNARY MIXES OF CONTAINER MEDIA
Authors: Bures Silvia , Pokorny Franklin A.
Published: February 2019

An equation for predicting shrinkage in 3-component (ternary) container media was devised. The predictive equation was tested using experimental data obtained from sets of mixtures of milled pine bark, sand, and calcined clay. Each set consisted of 66 different combinations of the experimental components. Actual shrinkage data was correlated with theoretical values calculated from the predictive model. Results of the experiment suggest that shrinkage can be used as a factor with linear programing techniques.
RESISTANCE OF WILD LETTUCE (LACTUCA SALIGNA L.) TO LETTUCE INFECTIOUS YELLOWS VIRUS
Authors: Haley Valerie , McCreight James D.
Published: February 2019

Segregating generations from crosses of cultivated lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with wild lettuce (L. saligna L.) are affected by sterility and abnormal growth. Resistance to lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV) was, therefore, studied in crosses of previously reported LIYV-resistant (PI 261653) with LIYV-susceptible (PI 490999, PI 491000 and PI 491001) L. saligna accessions. Simple Mendelian ratios for resistance (measured as numbers of symptomless and symptomatic plants, and as number of symptomatic leaves per plant) to LIYV were not evident. PI 491001 had the fewest symptomatic plants and the fewest symptomatic leaves per plant. The potential value of L. saligna for development of LIYV-resistant cultivated lettuce will be discussed.
VARIATION FOR GENETIC RECOMBINATION AMONG TOMATO PLANTS REGENERATED FROM THREE TISSUE CULTURE SYSTEMS
Authors: Compton Michael E. , Veilleux Richard E.
Published: February 2019

Genetic recombination rates of hybrid plants regenerated from three tissue culture. systems were compared by backcrossing regenerated plants with mutant parents and comparing the observed crossover frequencies with those expected based on control plants raised from seed. Increased recombination rates and map distances were observed among plants from micropropagated shoot tips (4.5%-5.9%), cotyledon calli (3.7%-8.5%), and thin cell layers (2.8%-6.5%) between the sunny (sy) and baby leaf syndrome (bls) markers which flank the centromere on chromosome 3. Conversely, a decrease in map distance was observed between bls and the solanifolia (sf) locus which is more distal to the centromere on the same arm of chromosome 3 as bls. Increased map distance among plants regenerated from micropropagated shoot tips, cotyledon calli, and thin cell layers was also observed between white virescence (wv) and anthocyanin reduced (are) loci on chromosome 2.
PRE- AND POSTHARVEST CHILL-HARDENING OF SWEET BASIL
Authors: Dostal Diana L. , Cameron Arthur C.
Published: February 2019

Postharvest shelf life of fresh sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) at 5°C is only 3 to 4 d due to development of chilling injury symptoms. Plants chill-hardened at 10°C for 4 h daily (2 h at end of the light period and 2 h at the beginning of the dark period) for 2 d prior to harvest had 3 d extended shelf life at 5°C. Increasing the duration of preharvest chill-hardening did not further improve the shelf life. Plants were chill-hardened at 10°C for 4 h daily for one week at different periods during the day. Four-, 5- and 6-week-old basil were used in each of three consecutive runs. With the 4- and 5-week-old basil, chill-hardening at the beginning of the day extended average shelf life by 1 and 1.5 d at 5°C, respectively. Shelf life was either decreased or not affected by the other periods of preharvest chilling. Postharvest chill-hardening of packaged sweet basil for 1 d at 10°C before transfer to 5°C increased shelf life by 5 d. Postharvest chill-hardening has potential for reducing chilling injury of packaged sweet basil.
CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN OF A PORTABLE STEAM DISTILLATION UNIT FOR ESSENTIAL OIL CROPS.
Authors: Alkire Ben H. , Simon James E.
Published: February 2019

A 500 liter (130 gallon) stainless steel steam distillation unit has been built to extract volatile essential oils from aromatic plants. A 1.5 m × 0.75 m dia. steam vessel (hydrostatically tested @ 125 psi) serves as the distillation tank. Low pressure or high pressure steam is supplied by a diesel fuel fired boiler of 10 horsepower. The steam vessel can hold peppermint from plots of 25 m2 and extract approximately 100 ml of essential oil per distillation. The size of the tub was designed to provide oil in sufficient quantity for industrial evacuation or for pesticide residue analysis. Following the distillation, the vessel can be disconnected from the cold-water condenser and rotated on swivels to a horizontal position, permitting easy removal and re-filling of plant material. The entire extraction unit (vessel, condenser, boiler and oil collector) is suitable for mounting upon a trader, making it transportable to commercial farms or research stations. The extraction of peppermint and spearmint oils using this new system will be presented.
GAS EXCHANGE AND FERN WATER POTENTIALS OF WATER-STRESSED ASPARAGUS
Authors: Drost Daniel , Wilcox-Lee Darlene
Published: February 2019

Asparagus is considered a relatively drought tolerant plant, but few studies are available on the gas exchange response to soil moisture stress. Seedlings were grown in the greenhouse for six months before initiation of the water stress treatments. Soils were allowed to dry to matric potentials of -0.05, -0.3 and -0.5 MPa before rewatering to pot capacity. Gas exchange and fern water potentials were measured diurnally on asparagus plants when soil matric potentials reached their minima. Decreasing soil matric potentials decreased net carbon dioxide assimilation, stomatal conductance and fern water potential. Assimilation rates (6 am) were between 3 and 5 umols m-2 s-1 for all soil moisture treatments. Carbon assimilation rates of 10, 8, and 7 umols m-2 s-1 were recorded at 10 am for the -0.05, -0.3 and -0.5 MPa soil matric potentials, respectively. Assimilation rates decreased sharply over the remainder of the day. The diurnal pattern for conductance were similar to the assimilation rates. Fern water potentials were greater in the -0.05 MPa than in the -0.5 MPa treatment for all measurement periods with an intermediate response for soil matric potentials of -0.3 MPa. Fern water potentials were highest at 6 am (-0.2 to -0.6 MPa) before declining to their minima (-1.5 to -1.8 MPa) at 10 am. Water potentials remained at these low levels throughout the day before recovering slightly at 6 pm.
THIDIAZURON EFFECTS ON GROWTH INITIATION AND EXPRESSION IN MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA L.)
Authors: Nunez-Elisea R. , Caldeira M. L. , Davenport T. L.
Published: February 2019

Thidiazuron (TDZ; N-phenyl-N-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea) stimulates axillary bud break in some horticultural crops. We are exploring its ability to initiate bud growth in mango trees in order to manipulate vegetative and reproductive shoot initiation. Axillary buds on defoliated, decapitated shoots were treated in late October, 1989 (about two months before normal floral initiation), with 0, 125, or 1000 ppm TDZ. Although timing or percent of bud-break was unaffected by TDZ, the compound influenced growth expression. TDZ (125 ppm) produced morphologically typical panicles (mixed or purely floral), while at 1000 ppm purely floral panicles were produced which were abnormally compact (similar to panicles affected by mango malformation). Non-treated buds produced only vegetative shoots. Sprays of TDZ (25 to 200 ppm) on developing panicles produced morphological anomalies in panicles such as thickening of the central axis and secondary branches, increase in flower size, and sprouting of the most basal buds on the central axis. Effect during the vegetative flushing period will be discussed.
BERRY RESPONSE OF MUSCADINE GRAPES TO ORGANIC CHEMICAL APPLICATION DURING MATURATION AND RIPENING
Authors: Basiouny Fouad M.
Published: February 2019

Malonic acid, 3(3,4 dichlorophenyl)–1, 1 dimethyurea, Gibberellic acid, and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid were applied to muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michx) during maturation and ripening. Total soluble solids, sugars, anthocyanin contents, and other fruit qualities were affected. 3(3,4 dichlorophenyl)–1, 1 dimethylurea (diuron) seemed to induce better and different effects than the other chemicals.
A LONG-DAY GENE FOR FLOWERING TIME IN LACTUCA
Authors: Ryder Edward J.
Published: February 2019

Genes for flowering time appear to be relatively common in lettuce and other Lactuca species. These include previously described major genes Ef-1 an Ef-2, other genes of discrete effect and genes acting in a quantitative manner. Our goals in studying the flowering time phenomenon are: 1)describe the inheritance of the traits, 2) establish their relationship to each other, and 3) elucidate their evolutionary significance.

The PI 175735 (L. serriola) is an accession with narrow leaves, spines and anthocyanin. Its flowering time is daylength related; it is early flowering under long days and late flowering under short days. It was crossed with the late flowering line C-2-1-1, which is homozygous for both late alleles in the Ef system. The F1 is late under short days and early under long days. The F2 population and F3 families were grown under long day conditions in the greenhouse, Segregation in the F2 was 3 early: 1 late. Among F3 families from early plants, segregation was 1 homozygous early: 2 segregating. Within segregating families, the ratio was again 3:1. The evidence suggests a single gene with earliness dominant.
COMPARISON OF YEARLY VARIATION IN FLORIDA CITRUS POUNDS SOLIDS PRODUCTION TO SEASONAL CLIMATIC VARIATION
Authors: Albrigo L. G.
Published: February 2019

In Florida, pounds soluble solids per box (% soluble solids × % juice × weight) can be 60% higher in some years compared to the lowest years. Pounds solids, soluble solids and juice content data were obtained for the different citrus growing districts in Florida for a 20-year period from the USDA and Florida Agricultural Statistics Service. Weather data for each district was obtained from US National Weather Service records. Total rainfall and average daily temperature were calculated for 2–month periods from prior to the normal bloom period until harvest. Juice data was regressed against weather data and the previous years pounds solids using a stepwise multiple regression program. R2 values for early oranges, `Marsh Seedless' grapefruit and `Valencia' were 0.48, 0.48 and 0.72, respectively. Prebloom and bloom rainfall and temperatures were frequently positively correlated, while summer rainfall often was a negatively correlated independent variable to final pounds solids. Additional data and physiological implications will be discussed.
EFFECT OF NH4+, NO3+, AND Cl- IONS ON ION UPTAKE AND SOLUTION pH IN HYDROPONIC CULTURE OF AGERATUM AND SALVIA
Authors: Jeong Byoung Ryong , Lee Chi Won
Published: February 2019

Ageratum and salvia were grown in hydroponic solutions containing either NH4+, NO3-, or both NH4+ and NO3- with or without Cl- to study changes in solution pH and ion uptake rate. pH of both NH4+ and NH4+ + NO3- solutions was steadily decreased as time passed. A drop in pH front 6.50 to 3.57 within 3 days was recorded with NH4+. The pH changes were also affected by the presence of Cl-. The NO3- treatment maintained its initial solution pH over time regardless of the presence of Cl-. pH change by ageratum was greater than that by salvia, especially when plants were in NH4+ + NO3- solution. N uptake was maximum in NH4+ + NO3- solution with Cl-. Uptake of NO3- was suppressed by NH4+, but NH4+ uptake was not affected by NO3-. NH4+ and NO3- counteracted each other in influencing the Cl- uptake. Uptake of other ion was also affected by plant species as well as N source and Cl-. In ageratum transpiration rate was lowered by Cl- in both NH4+ and NO3- treatments.
WIND STRESS ON YOUNG ORCHARD TREES
Authors: Newenhouse Astrid , Wilson Steve
Published: February 2019

Tree growth and leaf water stress measurements were taken on 3 year old Red Fuji apple and 5 year old Fayette peach trees under drip irrigation. Measurements on apples were taken from trees growing at specific distances away from a 6m high Eucalyptus windbreak perpendicular to prevailing winds and apple rows. Total wind run was measured in 3 locations within apple rows. Total branch growth and trunk circumference data can be related to windspeeds, apple tree row self sheltering, and shade from the windbreak. The most total growth occurred within a distance 42m from the wind break. Measurement on peaches were taken from trees growing down a slope. Constant windspeed and direction was collected from anemometers located at the top and bottom of the hill. Trunk circumference and total tree growth increased as wind exposure decreased. Trees exposed to 11.9 kph winds had a smaller leaf temperature-air temperature differential compared to trees exposed to 9.4 kph. Leaf stomatal resistance and water potential data suggest that trees exposed to wind were under water stress. Even a slight difference in wind exposure caused water stress responses.
DIALLEL ANALYSIS OF ROUGH BLOSSOM-END SCARRING IN TOMATO
Authors: Barten J. H. M. , Scott J. W. , Elkind J. , Kedar N.
Published: February 2019

A half diallel including 11 parents was conducted under high temp. conditions in Florida and low temp. conditions in Israel. Blossom scar (BS) size was measured relative to the fruit size for 20 mature fruits per plot. Griffing's analysis showed that both GCA and SCA effects were highly significant at both locations (p< 0.0001). Analysis according to Hayman indicated no epistatic effects. In both environments, additive and dominant gene action was significant (p < 0.0005), although the additive gene effects were most important. Averaged over all loci, the incomplete dominance was in the direction of small BS. Narrow sense heritability estimates were 0.62 and 0.57 for Florida and Israel, respectively. Combined analysis showed that the genetic system was unstable over the 2 environments, as both additive and dominant gene effects interacted significantly with environment (p < 0.0001). The implication for breeding programs is that hybrid performance should be tested at several locations to insure stability of small BS.
CHARACTERS ASSOCIATED WITH YIELD STABILITY OF IRISH POTATO GENOTYPES IN GEORGIA
Authors: Bhardwaj H.L. , Bhagsari A.S. , Haynes K.G.
Published: February 2019

Three experiments, each with 100 potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes, were conducted using triple lattice designs from 1988-1989. The use of lattice designs did not improve the efficiency of these experiments over randomized complete blocks. The phenotypic stability of tuber yields of 91 genotypes, common to three experiments, was measured by regression of genotype means over environmental means. Regression coefficients indicated that 60 days after planting (DAP), genotypes adapted to high yielding environments (b > 1), had significantly higher tubers/plant, leaf area index, and yield/plant, as compared to genotypes suited to low-yielding environments. At final harvest, approximately 100 DAP, genotypes specifically adapted to high yielding environments had significantly higher tubers/plant and yield/plant than genotypes adapted to low yielding environments (b < 1). Green Mountain, Kennebec, and Norchip were adapted to high-yielding environments whereas La Chipper, Ontario, and Superior were adapted to low-yielding environments.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON YIELD AND INSECT DAMAGE OF STORAGE ROOTS AND FOLIAGE OF SWEET POTATO IN PERU
Authors: Beaufort-Murphy Helen
Published: February 2019

Yield and insect damage of 50 potato cultivars, representative of genetic variation found in CIP germplasm collection, were evaluated over two years in a wide range of environmental conditions throughout Peru, from 4°S to 17°S, including coastal desert, cool highland and humid jungle, at altitudes from 180m to 3280m. Storage root and foliage yields were related to maximum and minimum temperature, photoperiod, precipitation, soils, and insect damage. Genotypic yield varied considerably from one location to another. Jonathan (Peruvian cultivar) produced well in Cañete (coastal desert) but not in the jungle or highlands. Jewel (US cultivar) produced well in Yurimaguas (jungle) but not in coastal deserts. Pesticides were not used but several cultivars had little or no insect damage, others were badly damaged. Some cultivars produced a reasonable yield over a wider range than did others. Results suggest that a cultivar can be strongly adapted to a particular set of environmental conditions. Data provide valuable information for growers-breeders.
EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHTING AND GENOTYPE ON FERTILITY OF PELARGONIUM × DOMESTICUM
Authors: Stuart Mary , Hanniford Glenn
Published: February 2019

Cultivars of the clonally propagated Pelargonium × domesticum are generally limited in fertility which impeeds the development of improved cultivars. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of supplemental high intensity discharge (HID) lighting upon flowering and seed set and to screen a number of cultivars and breeding lines for fertility.

Plants were provided one of three supplemental HID lighting treatments: 1) Control (no HID). 2) HID from sunrise to sunset (times adjusted weekly). 3) HID for 16 hours daily. As they became available, 14 flowers per plant were emasculated and pollinated with pollen which had been bulked from approximately 20 unrelated plants.

Plants given 16 hour HID tended to be more compact and flower earlier than control plants. There were large differences between cultivars in fruit development and seed set with 83-11-3 and Elsie Hickman being among the most fertile and Grand Slam one of the poorest.
THE BIPLOT DISPLAY OF THE TALL FESCUE TURF VARIETY TRIAL DATA
Authors: Fernandez George C.J.
Published: February 2019

Tire interpretation of variety trials conducted with many genotypes (G) grown in many environments (E) is usually complicated by the presence of the significant G × E interaction. The common statistical analysis using ANOVA and linear regression techniques are often inadequate to study the complex two-way data structure. The biplot, a multivariate technique provides, a graphical representation of the interaction, which allows the response of each G in each E to be displayed in a two dimensional plot. It displays not only the configuration of G and E, but it also relates the two. The importance of biplot display is illustrated by using the tall fescue variety trial data on mean quality ratings published by the National Turfgrass Evacuation Program. The biplot displays about 60% of the information in the 24 (G) × 23 (E) data matrix. Environments TX3 and GA1 responded differently from other environments. Based on the biplot display genotypes are grouped and their significance will be discussed.
COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS IN APPLE PRODUCTION
Authors: Crassweller R. M. , Travis J. W. , Heinemann P. H. , Rajotte E. G.
Published: February 2019

Apple orchards are highly diversified and complex ecological and economic systems. Production is affected by a wide range of insects, diseases, weeds, and mammalian pests. The incidence of these pests is often dependant upon climatological effects; and the microclimate within orchards. An expert system, a form of artificial intelligence, has been developed and commercially released to apple growers that utilizes weather data to make recommendations regarding production decisions. Users of the system are instructed on how to establish a weather station, and to collect, and input weather data from the farm. The information is utilized to calculate disease infection periods and pesticide residues to arrive at a control recommendation. Other weather dependant modules include the scheduling of trickle irrigation as well as water application rates during a frost. An interactive demonstration of the system will be presented to the group.
GENETIC MANIPULATION OF TREE FRUIT ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Scorza Ralph
Published: February 2019

The genetically available range in tree fruit architecture has not been fully utilized for tree fruit breeding or production. Higher planting densities, new training systems, high coats of pruning, the need to eliminate ladders in the orchard, and mechanized harvesting require a re-evaluation of tree architecture. Dwarf, semidwarf, columnar, and spur-type trees may be more efficient than standard tree forms, especially when combined with specific production systems. Studies of the growth of novel tree types and elucidation of the inheritance of growth habit components may allow breeders to combine canopy growth characteristics to produce trees tailored to evolving production systems.
SMALL FRUIT ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Dale Adam
Published: February 2019

Genetic variation in the architecture of berry crops will be reviewed. Examples will be given where changes in plant architecture have given increased yields, stabilized yields and improved fruit quality in strawberry, raspberry, highbush blueberry and currants.

Red raspberry will be emphasised as recent research on the architecture of the fruiting cane has enabled breeding strategies, based on plant architecture, to be developed.
IMPROVED HOST PLANT RESISTANCE BY MODIFICATION OF PLANT CHEMICAL CUES ASSOCIATED WITH HELIOTHIS ZEA HOST PLANT SELECTION FOR OVIPOSITION
Authors: Juvik John A.
Published: February 2019

Heliothis zea (Boddle) is one of agriculture's worst insect pests. Reduction in crop productivity and costs for insecticidal control of this cosmopolitan pest cost U.S. agriculture many millions of dollars annually. The sesquiterpenes (+)-E-å-santalen-12-oic and (+)-E- endo- β–bergamoten-12-oic acids isolated from hexane leaf extracts of the wild tomato species, Lycopersicon hirsutum, have been shown to attract and stimulate oviposition by female H. zea. Extracts from other host plants (tobacco, corn, and cotton) also possess attractant/oviposition stimulant activity to female H. zea. Studies are underway to assess the potential use of these and other phytochemicals for the control or monitoring of population levels of H. zea in tomato, corn and cotton fields.

The isolation and structural identification of insect pest oviposition stimulants in horticultural crop species can provide valuable information to plant breeders involved in developing cultivars with improved insect host plant resistance. This information could be used to develop cultivars lacking the chemical cues used by insects for host plant location and recognition. Risks of public exposure to toxic insecticides through consumption of agricultural produce and polluted ground water emphasize the critical need for the development of crop genotypes with improved best plant resistance as a supplementary method of insect pest management in agricultural ecosystems.
TRICHOME-MEDIATED RESISTANCE TO ARTHROPODS IN LYCOPERSICON HIRSUTUM
Authors: Snyder John C.
Published: February 2019

Breeding for resistance to insects and other arthropod pests in vegetables has been a difficult endeavor. Greater public awareness of health and environmental issues requires that we as horticultural scientists reexamine why breeding for resistance has been difficult. The literature clearly suggests the potential for a genetic solution, and the literature also reveals some reasons why achievement of genetic resistance to arthropod pests has not been as successful as the achievement of resistance to pathogens. The thesis of my presentation is that the complexity of plant-arthropod interactions often prevents simple genetic approaches to breeding for resistance. Data using Lycopersicon hirsutum and its interaction with spider mites will provide examples of the these complex interactions. L. hirsutum is a wild relative of L. esculentum, the common tomato, and is nearly immune to insect attack. However, there are few or no clear examples of this taxa contributing to the insect resistance of tomato. The complexity of the interaction between mites and trichomes on L. hirsutum will be highlighted as it pertains to environment and genetics of the plant, and the development of the arthropod.
OUTLOOK FOR MECHANIZATION IN SMALL FRUIT CROPS
Authors: Mainland Charles
Published: February 2019

Mechanized harvest for processing markets has become commercially accepted for blackberries (Rubus sp.), highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum), lowbush (V. angustifolium) and rabbiteye (V. ashei), blueberries, cranberries (V. macrocarpon), grapes (Vitus labruscana, V. vinifera, V. rotundifolia, V. sp.), raspberries (Rubus ideaus) and to a lesser extent for strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa). Fruit bruising during harvest and sorting often contributes to reduced “eye appeal” and keeping quality for fresh sales. Highbush and rabbiteye blueberries are successfully machine harvested for fresh markets, however, high temperature and rain will often make product quality unacceptable. Highbush blueberries grown in cool climates and rabbiteye blueberries with greater inherent resistance to bruising have most consistently given acceptable quality. Cultivar improvement and equipment that causes less bruising during harvest and sorting will be required for increased mechanization for fresh markets. Mechanical pruning of blackberries, blueberries, grapes and raspberries can reduce costs by up to 80%. The audience will be involved in discussion of advancements in mechanization techniques.
HOW CURATORS OBTAIN INFORMATION ON GERMPLASM HELD OUTSIDE OF THE NATIONAL PLANT GERMPLASM SYSTEM
Authors: Hummer Kim
Published: February 2019

The National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) is a network of federal and state cooperative agencies which houses germplasm of economically important crops and their wild relatives. Curators are assigned to coordinate long term collections at facilities located throughout the country for optimum crop performance. Constant awareness of germplasm outside of the NPGS system will improve the scope and value of NPGS collections. This alternate source germplasm can reside in other national germplasm collections, in breeding and research collections, in botanical gardens and arboreta, and with private companies, organizations, or individuals. New plant explorations also continue to provide additional germplasm. Many organizations and individuals have begun compiling and publishing lists of germplasm sources. A summary of lists for temperate fruit and nut germplasm will be presented as an example. Compilations of this sort are extremely useful at the time of publishing but become outdated as listed sources change, or new sources are established. Periodic updating of published compilations are thus required. Contacts with Crop Advisory Committee members, plant researchers, and professional and amateur specialist organizations are also important sources of germplasm information.
COLLECTION OF PLANT VOLATILES USING HEADSPACE METHODS
Authors: Hamilton-Kemp T. R. , Loughrin J. H. , Andersen R. A.
Published: February 2019

Two methods for collecting headspace vapors produced by plant samples are presented. The first involves entraining volatiles in a stream of air and trapping the entrained compounds on a porous polymer such as Tenax. The volatiles are recovered from the trap by solvent extraction or heat desorption and analysed by gas chromatography. A second method entails removing headspace vapor above plant material with a gas-tight syringe and injecting the sample directly into the gas chromatograph. An evaluation of the usefulness of these techniques will be presented.
NON-ETHYLENE BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE POSTHARVEST VOLATILES
Authors: Kays Stanley J.
Published: February 2019

While we tend to think of postharvest volatiles as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and ethylene, harvested products are actually exposed to thousands of volatile compounds. These volatiles are derived from both organic and inorganic sources, evolving from storage room walls, insulation, wrapping materials, combusted products, plants, animals, and a myriad of other sources. Plants alone manufacture a diverse array of secondary metabolizes (estimated to be as many as 400,000) of which many display some degree of volatility. We tend to be cognizant of volatiles when they represent distinct odors. A number of volatiles, however, have significant biological activity, and under appropriate conditions may effect postharvest quality. An overview of biologically active volatile compounds and their relation to postharvest quality will be presented.
EFFECT OF STORAGE CONDITIONS ON NON-ETHYLENE VOLATILES IN ORANGES AND TOMATOES
Authors: Baldwin Elizabeth A. , Nisperos-Carriedo Myrna O.
Published: February 2019

Edible lipid and composite films were tested for their ability to retain flavor volatiles in `Pineapple' orange fruits stored at 21° using a headspace analysis technique. Volatiles, considered to be important to fresh orange flavor, were quantified and acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate and methyl butyrate increased progressively during storage in coated fruits. Acetaldehyde increased by the second day of storage in uncoated fruits but declined thereafter, `Sunny' tomato fruits were harvested at the green or breaker stage of maturity and ripened at 32.5, 21.0 and 12.9°C. Some fruit from the higher and lower storage temperatures were moved to 21° after one week. In most cases major or important flavor volatiles were highest in fruit transferred to or continuously stored at 21.0°C followed by 12.9 and 32.5°C. Fruit harvested at the breaker stage generally had higher volatile levels compared to those harvested green.
EXTENSION MATERIALS ON COMPORTING
Authors: Lerner B. Rosie
Published: February 2019

Each US state was surveyed to obtain a list of teaching materials and methods used to extend information on comporting. Most states offer a bulletin on the subject and some have audo/visual materials. Methods of delivery include traditional lectures by staff and volunteers in most areas. Unique programs include the “Don't Bag It” program in Texas aimed at management of lawn clippings and the “Master Composers” in Washington State that develops volunteers trained specifically for comporting education. A reference list of materials and programs submitted for this project will be available.
YARD WASTE REDUCTION PROGRAMS
Authors: Knoop William E. , Colbaugh Phillip F.
Published: February 2019

An urban educational program titled “Don't Bag It” having as its' goal the reduction of the solid waste flow to landfills, was initiated in Ft. Worth the spring of 1988. The program, using media methods and volunteer demonstrators, teaches homeowners how to manage lawns without bagging grass clippings.

Very favorable program results have encouraged the spread of the program to 25 other Texas cities and the distribution of the program across the country:
COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND VIDEO-DISC TECHNOLOGY IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN CLASSES
Authors: Haque Mary , Baumgardner Reginald , Price David
Published: February 2019

Several forms of computer technology have been successfully integrated into classes at Clemson University using Mac II computers and MacDraft software. Beginning students are producing professional looking plans with consistent line quality and individual graphic style. Plant selection for designs has been augmented through plant images contained on two videodiscs; Woody Landscape Plants of the Temperate United States and Clemson University Video Encyclopedia of Herbaceous Ornamental. Access is accomplished via MacRAPID© CU, a Hypercard© stack that also provides a linkage to MacCAPS© Terisan. With these two programs, the user can quickly select and view, based on specific criteria, plants suitable for a given landscape.
ESTABLISHMENT OF COMPUTER-BASED ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS
Authors: Schwartzkopf Steven H.
Published: February 2019

The use of computerized environmental control systems for greenhouses and plant growth chambers is increasing in frequency. Computerized systems provide the potential for more accurate environmental control, while at the same time allowing changes to be made more easily than with hard-wired mechanical control systems. The ease of changing allows switching sensor types, relocating sensors and resetting control parameters without significantly affecting the overall system design. Another advantage of computerized control systems is that they provide a method for recording environmental data as they simultaneously implement their programmed control algorithms. This data can subsequently be transferred to other computers for further processing and analysis. Computerized controls also support the possibility of implementing environmental control based on either mathematical models which simulate plant growth, or on actual monitored plant performance data such as nutrient uptake or leaf temperature. This paper discusses in detail these and other advantages of using computerized environmental control systems, as well as describing the problems and disadvantages associated with their implementation and use.
CONTROL AND MEASUREMENT OF PLANT FUNCTIONS BY COMPUTER-BASED ENVIRONMENTAL MANIPULATION
Authors: McFarlane Craig , Pfleeger Thomas
Published: February 2019

Chambers were developed to study the uptake, accumulation and phytotoxicity of environmental pollutants. Each is connected to the computer and other support facilities by quick connects which allow the laboratory to be configured in various ways depending on experimental design. Each chamber consists of two isolation compartments connected only by plant stems. Electronic instruments are used to monitor key physiological processes of both the roots and shoots during the course of plant exposure. The computer controls the exposure conditions (i.e. day length, temperature, nutrient pH, CO2 concentration, etc.) as well as continuously collects information about plant responses (i.e. photosynthetic and transpiration rates). Photosynthesis, transpiration, and mineral nutrient uptake can be individually controlled by manipulating the environment and thus allowing their study in combination with additional stressors. The computer used to accomplish these tasks will be discussed along with other examples of computer use for plant manipulation.
WATER-USE TRENDS AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE U. S., 1950-85
Authors: Solley Wayne
Published: February 2019

Water use in the United States increased from 1950 to 1980 and decreased from 1980 to 1985, on the basis of estimates compiled at 5-year intervals by the U.S. Geological Survey. Total withdrawals of freshwater and saline water during 1985 were 1,510 million cubic meters per day, a rate more than double that estimated for 1950 and 10 percent less than that estimated for 1980. For most categories, the rate of increase in water use declined from 1970 to 1975 and from 1975 to 1980. Withdrawals for thermoelectric-power generation and irrigation, the two largest categories of use, were 13 and 6 percent, respectively, less during 1985 than during 1980. The combined total for industrial, commercial, and mining water use during 1985 was 25 percent less than during 1980--the lowest combined estimate for these categories since the compilations began in 1950. The decrease in water use during 1985 compared to 1980 can be attributed to the following important factors:

Streamflow generally was more plentiful during 1985 than during 1980 because of more rainfall; this reduced the dependence on ground water in many areas and the need to irrigate in some areas.

The economic slowdown, improved plant efficiencies, depressed commodity prices, and new technologies that require less water decreased the requirements for industrial and irrigation water.

Enhanced awareness by the general public to water resources and conservation programs in many States probably reduced water demands.
RESEARCH ON TURFGRASS WATER USE IN ARIZONA
Authors: Mancino Charles F.
Published: February 2019

Arizona's golf and sod industry generates $280 M year-1 in revenue and surpasses the vegetable, cotton and dairy industries. Despite the economic worth of turf, a need still exists to conserve the limited supply of potable water in this harsh Sonoran Desert environment. Mandatory water conservation programs have been developed for many sectors of the Arizona economy. To meet this challenge, the turfgrass industry and government bodies have begun to contribute to the development of research programs which reduce turfgrass water requirements and dependence upon potable water. Current research includes a) determining the minimum water requirements of higher quality turf under conditions of high temperatures and vapor pressure deficits; b) the turfgrass potential of grasses with lower water requirements than bermudagrass; c) the development of a statewide weather station network to predict daily turfgrass water use; and d) determine management strategies for turfgrass irrigated with wastewater effluent. The overall goal of these programs is to produce high quality and functional turf with 20 to 50 percent less water.
LONG ISLAND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: RESULTS OF RESEARCH AND IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMS TO REDUCE WATER USAGE
Authors: Wilcox-Lee Darlene
Published: February 2019

There are approximately 17,000 acres of fresh market vegetables and potatoes being produced on Long Island where irrigation is a routine agricultural production practice. Irrigation water is obtained from individual wells which pump water from an extensive underground aquifer. Although the quantity of water available for irrigation is not limited at present and will not be in the foreseeable future, the combination of agricultural practices, sandy soils and low soil pH's have had an impact on water quality. Certain pesticides move easily through the porous Long Island soils and are not quickly broken down at the naturally low pH levels of these soils. The use of Temik (aldicarb) for potato production resulted in ground water contamination with this chemical and spurred action by horticultural researchers and county and state agencies to define the scope of, and provide a potential solution for, contamination of Long Islands ground water. Thus, considerable effort has been expended on research and implementation programs to prevent ground water contamination with agricultural chemicals. Much of this effort has involved attempts to alter cultural practices, such as irrigation and pesticide application methods in order to decrease the potential for leaching of contaminants into the ground water. In addition, alternate crops have been considered which may require less irrigation and fewer pesticides than those traditionally grown. Specific research projects and government agency policies pertaining to agricultural water usage on Long Island will be discussed.