bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preface
Authors: Brown Henry Box
Published: October 2023

So much has already been written concerning the evils of slavery, and by men so much more able to portray its horrid form than I am, that I might well be excused if I were to remain altogether silent on the subject; but however much has been written, however much has been said, and however much has been done, I feel impelled by the voice of my own conscience, from the recent experience which I have had of the alarming extent to which the traffic in human beings is carried on, and the cruelties, both bodily and mental, to which men in the condition of slaves are continually subjected, and also from the hardening and blasting influences which this traffic produces on the character of those who thus treat as goods and chattels the bodies and souls of their fellows, to add yet one other testimony of, and protest against, the foul blot on the state of morals, of religion, and of cultivation in the American republic. For I feel convinced that enough has not been written, enough has not been said, enough has not been done, while nearly four millions of human beings, possessing immortal souls, are, in chains, dragging out their existence in the southern states.
What Conditions are Associated with Fibromyalgia?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock
Published: October 2023

Throughout this century, patients with fibromyalgia-like complaints have been diagnosed by physicians as having all types of conditions, syndromes, and diseases. Many of these overlap with fibromyalgia, and this chapter focuses on the most important ones.

The codification and “legitimization” of fibromyalgia with statistically validated criteria has paralleled similar initiatives concerning chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Chapter 1 recounted some of the earlier insights and efforts. An acute infection is often characterized by fever, swollen glands, and either a cold/bronchitis, a stomach/intestinal condition, or an aching/debilitating presentation. As the body fights infection and makes antibodies against microbes, acute symptoms and signs start to disappear and most of the time patients feel much better. However, a variety of organisms can stimulate the production of cytokines (discussed in Chapter 3) and other chemicals, which prolong fatigue and aching and may be associated with cognitive impairment, malaise, pain amplification, and sleeping difficulties.
Work and Disability
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock
Published: October 2023

Most of us have to work for a living. There are bills to pay and families to provide for. Since fibromyalgia patients do not usually look ill and on superficial examination appear strong, complaints of difficulty performing the job can be hard to believe. This chapter will review definitions as they apply to disability, impairments reported in fibromyalgia patients, and constructive approaches that allow individuals with the syndrome to work most effectively.

The World Health Organization defines disability as a limitation of function that compromises the ability to perform an activity within a range considered normal. Efforts to manage work disabilities consider issues such as age, sex, level of education, psychological profile, past attainments, motivation, retraining prospects, and social support systems. Additionally, work disability issues take into account work-related self-esteem, motivation, stress, fatigue, personal value systems, and availability of financial compensation.

An impairment is an anatomic, physiologic, or psychological loss that leads to disability. Impairments include pain from work activities (e.g., heavy lifting), emotional stress (e.g., working in a complaint department), or muscle dysfunction (e.g., cerebral palsy).
Prognosis and Future Directions
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock
Published: October 2023

When discomfort is limited to a specific region of the body and is not widespread, the outlook for long-term relief of pain is usually quite good. With local physical measures, injections, emotional support, and anti-inflammatory and analgesic medication, as well as instruction in proper body mechanics, over 75 percent of regional myofascial pain syndrome patients have substantial pain relief within two to three years. Unfortunately, there is little middle ground. For example, in an 18year analysis of 53 patients with low back pain followed by musculoskeletal specialists, 25 percent ultimately developed fibromyalgia. Therefore, we believe that myofascial pain should not be shrugged off or given short shrift. A problem that is addressed early and effectively saves patients, health plans, and society money. Also ameliorated are the heartaches of patients and those close to them. Improved productivity promotes a feeling of relief, as well as a better quality of life.

The outcome of fibromyalgia depends on who sees the patient and calls the shots. For example, in one report that tracked family practitioners, internists, or other primary care physicians familiar with fibromyalgia’s diagnosis and management, 24 percent of patients were in remission at two years and 47 percent no longer met the ACR criteria for the syndrome.
Victorian Oblivion and The Moonstone
Authors: Sabin Margery
Published: October 2023

“If he could only have recovered in a complete state of oblivion as to the past, he would have been a happier man. Perhaps we should all be happier, “ he added, with a sad smile, “if we could but completely forget! “ -Wilkie Collins, The Moonstone The Moonstone has long been recognized as crucial, if not entirely original, in the development of the detective novel, but its status as a colonial text is and probably will remain unsettled.
Individuality as a Problem in Naipaul’s Indian Narratives
Authors: Sabin Margery
Published: October 2023

V. S. Naipaul’s celebrations of individuality have contributed to his importance as a public intellectual in some (mainly conservative) circles but have for that very reason targeted him in postcolonial critique as the “witness for the Western prosecution, “ in Said’s phrase.1 Individuality, in conservative usage, defines the accomplishment of the modern West that the rest of the world ought to emulate.
Selecting Approaches to Assessing Performance
Authors: Donabedian Avedis
Published: October 2023

More than 30 years ago, I suggested that there are three approaches to assessing the quality of care. These I called “structure,” “process,” and “outcome”: a triad that, perhaps because of its simplicity and almost intuitive persuasiveness, has gained widespread acceptance, even if it has not always been well understood or properly used. So I shall begin by saying what I take each of these terms to mean and, then expand on the subject, albeit briefly.
Byzantine Empire
Authors: Wachtel Andrew Baruch
Published: October 2023

For a modern observer in the Balkans, traces of the region’s prehistory and early history are readily found. Visitors can explore the tells (sites of ancient settlements where successive layers of homes created large artificial hills) of the Bulgarian plains, the Lion Gate at the fortress of Mycenae in Greece, or the magnificent remains of Diocletian’s palace in Split, Croatia. Other traces can be heard in the Greek, Albanian, and Romanian languages whose progenitors were all spoken on the Balkan Peninsula in classical times. Still others can be tasted, in the olives and wine grapes brought to the Balkans by prehistoric settlers more than four thousand years ago. Even some of the modern political problems of the Balkans can be linked directly to classical times—such as the ongoing dispute between Greece and the Republic of Macedonia as to which state has the right to claim the legacy of Alexander the Great.
The Balkans under Ottoman Rule
Authors: Wachtel Andrew Baruch
Published: October 2023

During the millennium-long existence of the Byzantine Empire, many outsiders dreamed of conquering Constantinople and thus simultaneously usurping and inheriting its historical power and significance. These included Balkan rulers such as Tsar Symeon of Bulgaria and Stefan Dusan of Serbia, as well as other invaders such as the Arabs in the seventh century and the Rus in the tenth. Ultimately, none of these groups proved sufficiently well organized to breach the defenses the Byzantines had constructed over the years. Foreigners conquered the city only once, in 1204, when the Catholic Crusaders, egged on by the Venetians, traditional rivals of the Byzantines, decided that the Orthodox Christians were sufficiently heretical (not to mention wealthy) to justify the capture and sack of Byzantium. However, the Catholic Crusaders did not succeed in displacing the Byzantines permanently, and by 1261 the Greeks were back in control of a renewed Orthodox Empire, though one that never regained its economic and military preeminence.
Living by Rules
Authors: Robinson Paul H , Cahill Michael T
Published: October 2023

One difficulty with seeking to follow the demands of desert in every case is that doing so might make the law too messy, complicated, or unpredictable. If the law is to be obeyed and if the law is to be consistently applied—if it is truly to be law, rather than ad hoc decision making— it must have clear and uniform prohibitions. Yet every broad prohibition, however much it seeks to pursue desert, may require an exception in unforeseen situations. The potential tension between general rules and individualized determinations of desert is obvious. A variety of legal justifications advocate for resolving this tension in favor of creating and maintaining clear, brightline rules that admit no exceptions.
“Dose This Look Natchel?”
Authors: Davidson James West
Published: October 2023

There was a boat at least. g. h. farnum managed that. Did he commandeer somebody to row him out to the middle of the river and steady the craft against the current? Perhaps he handled the business himself, dropping an anchor to keep the boat in position. Certainly he was a professional. Already in his career Farnum had taken nigh well onto three thousand photographs and owned a studio of his own in Okemah, Oklahoma. The problem was one of technique: how to get everybody in the picture. There were some fifty people standing around the bridge over the Canadian River. Getting them all in meant moving back, and a view from midstream was clearly the solution. The day was May 25, 1911. A light breeze rippled the river. From this distance, the camera did not catch much detail on faces. But the clothing alone betrayed a remarkably wide social range: the well-to-do and humble, rural farmers in overalls as well as city folks in ties and jackets, young children, teenagers, and older men. All come out on a Thursday.
Peripheral Deployment
Authors: LeDonne John P
Published: October 2023

To trace the evolution of the army’s deployment it will be best to take the beginning of Catherine’s reign as our starting point; then to examine the changes brought about by the first partition of Poland, the acquisition of a frontage on the northern coast of the Black Sea, and the internal unrest known as the Pugachev Rebellion; and finally, to describe the deployment of the strategic force at the end of the eighteenth century following the other two partitions of Poland and the extension of imperial control over much of the northern shore of the Black Sea. This survey will show how the original policy of concentrated deployment was radically transformed to become one of peripheral deployment in the border regions.
Fortress Empire
Authors: LeDonne John P
Published: October 2023

The consolidation of Fortress Empire took place against the background of an economy entering a period of retrenchment. The Napoleonic Wars, the Conti-nental System, and the devastation caused by the invasion of 1812 dealt it a blow from which it would not recover. Skyrocketing expenditures were covered by printing paper money and, in part, by British subsidies to keep the army in the field in 1813-15. The economy began to retrench at the very time Britain, followed by France and Prussia, was being transformed by the Industrial Revolution, which caused a qualitative chasm to split the imperial economy from that of the European Coastland. Economic retrenchment became the foundation of Fortress Empire, sustaining the basically defensive deployment of the strategic force, despite the implicitly offensive posture assumed by some of its regional components. The mobilization of a servile labor force to work in heavy industries had reached a point of diminishing returns, reducing as it did the pressure to re-equip and restructure those industries. The destruction of forests was causing a progressively debilitating shortage of charcoal, insoluble for a lack of coal within acceptable distances. Nicholas I and his finance minister, Egor Kankrin, former quartermaster general (general-intendant) of the army in 1813, did not believe in the usefulness of steam power and railroads, these two symbols of the Industrial Revolution, because they saw in them threats to the social order and the internal security of the empire.
Prologue: The Sustaining Truths
Authors: Middlekauff Robert
Published: October 2023

His England and much of pre-Revolutionary America shared a suspicion of what he called “airy notions”—the illusions of dreams and fancies. Johnson’s great American contemporary, Benjamin Franklin, as a young man put aside speculations on the nature of reality in favor of living as a reasonable creature in contact with the world that presented itself through the evidence of his senses.
Beginnings: From the Top Down
Authors: Middlekauff Robert
Published: October 2023

The English ministers who began tightening the screws on American smugglers in 1760 and who hoped to make the Americans pay a share of imperial burdens did not know the people they were dealing with—did not know them well, that is, and had little notion of their stiff-necked quality or of their capacity for principled action. For political tacticians of considerable skill, these ministers made some surprising mistakes: making decisions in ignorance of American views was one of the worst, and refusing to compromise when these views were expressed was hardly less serious.
Chance and Charles Townshend
Authors: Middlekauff Robert
Published: October 2023

Rumors that Parliament had repealed the Stamp Act, or soon would, seeped through the colonies soon after Grenville’s dismissal in July 1765. Ships from England brought most of these reports and occasionally less happy news as well—of a reluctant Commons and a beleaguered ministry trying unsuccessfully to get the Act off the books. Certainty replaced rumor on May 2, 1766, when the Virginia Gazette published copies of the repealing and Declaratory acts, and in a few weeks printers spread the statutes all over their newspapers.
Resolution
Authors: Middlekauff Robert
Published: October 2023

The reception accorded the Tea Act in 1773–74 is replete with paradox. For the previous two years the Americans had drunk tea, much of it legally imported, and they had paid the duty of three pence per pound. Smuggling was still acceptable and a good deal of tea was imported illegally from Holland, but equally acceptable was the legal but quiet importation of tea from England through Customs. And yet within a year of the passage of the Tea Act, the opposition had revived and given a celebrated tea party in Boston harbor even though the duty remained the same.
The Revolution Becomes a European War
Authors: Middlekauff Robert
Published: October 2023

Howe’s triumph at Germantown and his seizure of Philadelphia gave satisfaction to the British government, but these events did not lift the depression that had set in when information about Burgoyne’s capture arrived. The term inevitably attached to that event was “disaster.” Just how disastrous the loss of Burgoyne’s army was could not be known immediately, and for several months there was hope in the cabinet that its worst consequence could be avoided. What the cabinet feared was the entrance of France into the war on the side of the American colonies.
The War in the South
Authors: Middlekauff Robert
Published: October 2023

An old delusion, born of the wishful thinking that so often follows frustration, now reappeared and made itself felt in British strategy. Before the fighting at Lexington, British ministers had persuaded themselves that their troubles in America were inspired by a conspiracy of the few, that most colonists loved Parliament and the king. Not even the fighting dislodged this conviction from many heads, including the king’s own, and it no doubt was a comfort to discouraged ministers who shared the responsibility for military failure.
The Children of the Twice-Born in the 1780s
Authors: Middlekauff Robert
Published: October 2023

An elite began the struggle against Britain in the 1760s, and the people followed. An elite began the movement for constitutional reform. Would the people follow again? Were the people of the 1780s different from those of the prewar and war years? Madison, Washington, and Hamilton, and the others who favored constitutional revision, did not know how to answer those questions. Nor did anyone else. One of the anomalies of the years between the making of peace and the Constitutional Convention was the uncertainty felt by such leaders about the character of the American people.
Crossing The Tracks: An Introduction
Authors: Moller David Wendell
Published: October 2023

His name is Cowboy. The month is September, and Linda and I are on our way to visit him at home. However, this will be no ordinary visit, for Cowboy lives under a bridge in metropolitan Indianapolis. He is a striking, light-skinned seventy-three-year-old man of biracial descent. At first sight, he looks thin but vibrant. His marvelously bright eyes seem betrayed by an unclean appearance, and his weathered face reveals a life of long-term suffering and hardship. Greeting us with enthusiasm, he scurries inside and returns with gifts. He presents Linda with a bunch of freshly picked flowers. “I ‘m not going to tell you where I got them,” he says to her mischievously. For me, he has a can of Pepsi wrapped in foil and accompanied with a straw. “You take this and drink it, it ‘s good, you know,” he instructs.
Dying In The Public Hospital System: Institutional Arrangements And Provider Perspectives
Authors: Moller David Wendell
Published: October 2023

A Originally constructed as a military hospital during the Civil War, what now is called County Health Services (CHS) has been through many changes in its 140- year history. As City Hospital it began its mission to serve the poor in 1866 and has continued to the present day. CHS is now part of a large university medical center that includes a university hospital, Veteran ‘s Administration hospital, and children ‘s hospital, along with medical, nursing, and allied health sciences schools, medical research facilities, and a library. The County Hospital complex takes up several city blocks, and the medical center covers nearly one square mile. Like many other hospital systems, the university and children ‘s hospitals have recently merged with another hospital. These two hospital campuses, about 1.5 miles apart from each other, are connected by a multimillion-dollar monorail transportation system that runs through the surrounding poor urban areas and allow health-care providers to commute easily between the two centers. County Hospital, while physically located on the medical center campus and staffed by university physicians, was not part of the merger.
The Turks In World History
Authors: Findley Carter Vaughn
Published: October 2023

Beginning in Inner Asia two thousand years ago, the Turks have migrated and expanded to form today’s Turkish Republic, five post-Soviet republics, other societies across Eurasia, and a global diaspora. For the first time in a single, accessible volume, this book traces the Turkic peoples’ trajectory from steppe, to empire, to nation-state. Cultural, economic, social, and political history unite in these pages to illuminate the projection of Turkic identity across space and time and the profound transformations marked successively by the Turks’ entry into Islam and into modernity.
Introduction
Authors: Findley Carter Vaughn
Published: October 2023

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, influential analysts have captivated public opinion with prognostications of a future to be dominated by a clash of civilizations. The clash, they say, will be fought out along “fault lines” between civilizations. The West, consisting of western Europe and North America, will be in the leading position, not only in terms of material power but also as the champion of universal values. The other civilizations have attempted to become modern without becoming Western, but only Japan has thus far succeeded in doing so. Of the remaining civilizations, that of Islam is the largest competitor to the West. To the extent that Muslims experience blockages or frustrations in their attempts to become modern without becoming Western, we are told that one result is “conflict along the fault line between Western and Islamic civilizations,” where “conflict has been going on for 1,300 years.” In such a perspective, to ask “what went wrong?” in the history of Islamic civilization became a question for expert analysis, in reflection not just on the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 but on centuries past.
The Turks and Modernity Republican and Communist
Authors: Findley Carter Vaughn
Published: October 2023

For world historians, the twentieth century is defined chronologically by the multiphased terminal crisis of a Eurocentric system of global domination, whose origins go back at least to the end of the fifteenth century but which became truly global only in the nineteenth. That is why modernity manifested itself to non-European societies in the nineteenth century most pointedly through the menace of imperialism. Some world historians believe in a “long twentieth century” (1850–1991), in which multiplying crises around the world after about 1850 signified the mounting of resistance in countries adversely affected by the circumstances of their integration into the world system. India’s Great Mutiny (1857), China’s Taiping Rebellion (T’ai-p’ing, 1850–64), the Balkan crises of the period, and the struggles against imperialism in North Africa are evidence for this point of view.
Linking Tax Refunds and Low-Cost Bank Accounts to Bank the Unbanked
Authors: Beverly Sondra G , Tescher Jennifer , Romich Jennifer L , Marzahl David
Published: October 2023

As chapters in this volume reveal, asset accumulation is increasingly viewed as an important, long-term antipoverty strategy. For the “unbanked”—those without a checking or savings account—asset accumulation is likely to be difficult. The unbanked are generally excluded from home ownership, a key route to asset accumulation. In addition, financial savings kept outside of formal financial institutions are less secure, are more susceptible to consumption pressures and temptations (Beverly, Moore, and Schreiner, 2003), and do not earn interest or tax benefits. National data suggest that from 10 to 20 percent of all American households are unbanked (Aizcorbe, Kennickell, and Moore, 2003; Carney and Gale, 2001; Hogarth and O’Donnell, 1999; Hurst, Luoh, and Stafford, 1998). By linking tax refunds to low-cost bank accounts, the Extra Credit Savings Program (ECSP), developed by Chicago’s ShoreBank and the Center for Economic Progress in 2000, aims to connect the unbanked to mainstream financial services and to facilitate ongoing saving and asset accumulation. This initiative is especially interesting because federal tax credits, such as the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and the child tax credit, have expanded in recent years, and it is now common for low- and moderate-income working families to receive income tax refunds as large as $2,000 or $3,000.
Bioethics and Bioterrorism
Authors: Annas George J
Published: October 2023

American bioethics is often more pragmatic than principled, and quickly crossed both health law and human rights boundaries in response to 9/11 and our new global war on terrorism. War and terrorism test our commitment to principles, especially legal principles, and can cause us to temporarily abandon them. Although it has been three years since 9/11, health law, bioethics, and human rights lessons can already be drawn from America’s reaction to this unprecedented terrorist atrocity. Fear makes it difficult to distinguish fact from fiction, reality from fantasy, and truth from lies, all of which means that our initial reactions are likely to be overreactions that we will ultimately come to regret. In the immediate aftermath of 9/11 both bioethics and human rights principles were compromised in America. Nonetheless, the premise of this opening chapter is that boundary crossings between the realms of bioethics, health law, and human rights, tentatively under way well before 9/11, take on more urgency in its wake. In fact, 9/11 itself could yet serve as a catalyst to bring these symbiotic fields even closer together—working synergistically to make the world a better place to live.
Conjoined Twins
Authors: Annas George J
Published: October 2023

Many, if not most, bioethical dilemmas wind up in America’s courtrooms. Ardent disputes arise at the beginning and end of life, and these have been most emblematic in the cases of abortion and physician-assisted suicide. American courts have been much more successful in resolving continuing bioethical conflicts in the latter than in the former. Nonetheless, that both made their way to the U.S. Supreme Court surprised almost no one. And although America is unique in its persistent appeal to judges to resolve bioethical issues, it is not alone in looking to judges for help in their resolution. In this sense, international bioethics is mimicking American bioethics by crossing over into the territory of health law. This chapter introduces judicial decision making in the most extreme context: the separation of conjoined twins in cases in which surgery will either kill one of the twins or could kill both. The issue of separating conjoined twins forces us to confront the limits of law at the limits of life.
White Coat Police
Authors: Annas George J
Published: October 2023

The supreme value in America is liberty, and this is reflected not only in American law, but in American bioethics as well, usually under the rubric of autonomy. Informed consent is the doctrine designed to ensure that patients understand what is proposed to be done to them so they can make an informed choice to accept or reject it. The practice of medicine is, in short, a voluntary activity between two consenting adults. But in rare instances some physicians have forgotten this underlying principle of the doctor–patient relationship and acted more like police officers dealing with a criminal suspect. When physicians act like police, they can become even more arbitrary and abusive than actual police because they justify their actions not for the good of society, but for the good of their patient. Such justification can lead to ghoulish coercion. This chapter details two contrasting examples, one from the emergency department of a private teaching hospital with no direct police involvement, the other from the outpatient clinic of a public hospital that was working directly with the police.
Isolation of the English Physician
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: October 2023

Thomas Percival died in 1804 just short of his 64th birthday. Like Gregory, he left a physician-son to carry on his work. Edward Percival (d. 1827),just like James Gregory, was not really up to the task. This should not be considered merely another example of a son failing to live up to the impossibly high accomplishments of his father. Rather, Edward Percival and James Gregory were the first generation of a new century and a new era. They were no longer living as eighteenth-century Enlightenment generalists who could strive to master all human knowledge, carrying out extensive oral and written discussions with the leading intellectuals of the world of philosophy, theology, law, and the arts. They exemplified the beginning of the era of scientific specialization.
The Scientizing of Medicine in The United States
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: October 2023

One looks in vain for the successors of Benjamin Rush and Samuel Bard in American medicine. As in Scotland and England where William Alison and the rest of the Edinburgh medical faculty withdrew from the public discourse of the Enlightenment to a more aggressively discipline-bound medical science, so in the United States during the first quarter of the nineteenth century the “scientizing” of medicine went forward. As knowledge expanded, the breadth of the interest of medical practitioners contracted. Even the best academicians could no longer take the knowledge of the world as their domain. They became creatures of their discipline. Looking for an examplar of academic medicine at its best in the first half of the nineteenth century, we cannot find a plausible example of a medical scholar whose interests roamed from political philosophy to the healing arts and on to ethics in anything remotely resembling the richness of a Rush or a Bard.
Diverging Traditions: Professional and Religious Medical Ethics of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: October 2023

While nineteenth-century physicians, for the most part, were not in close communication with philosophers and the philosophical controversies of the day, philosophers also were not contributing to the debate within organized professional medicine. It could be that physicians were having their medical ethical thought shaped by humanists who worked more in theological ethics. Of particular interest is the relation of the religious communities to the AMA code and other professional activities to articulate a medical ethic. This chapter explores that relation.
Banking
Authors: Bhatt Ela R
Published: October 2023

From the beginning, the need for financial services among poor but economically active women was glaringly apparent. Almost all the women were in debt to private moneylenders, touts, pawnshops, grocers, or landlords who, although quick to hand out cash or credit on demand, charged interest rates ranging from 10 percent per day to 25 percent per month for their services. The women also had no safe place to save-their living conditions did not allow for much privacy from needy or greedy eyes. The formal banking system in India was nationalized in 1969 with pressure from the central government on the local banks “to serve the poor.” In 1972, SEWA took this opportunity to approach the banks on behalf of our members. Since the banks had no idea how to reach the poor, let alone how to assess their creditworthiness, they were keen to use SEWA as an intermediary.
A Modern Psychoanalytic Approach to Sons and Lovers
Authors: Schapiro Barbara Ann
Published: October 2023

Critics have generally recognized Sons and Lovers, Lawrence’s third novel, as one of the author’s most finely observed and moving works. It has nevertheless provoked controversy over the question of aesthetic control: does the novel lose command of tone and point of view? Many readers have noticed the contradictions between the dramatic presentation of the characters and the interpretive commentary on them. As H. M. Daleski observes, “The weight of hostile comment which Lawrence directs against Morel is balanced by the unconscious sympathy with which he is presented dramatically, while the overt celebration of Mrs Morel is challenged by the harshness of the character in action. “1 Mark Schorer indeed proclaims the novel a technical failure because of such contradictions; the “psychological tension, “ he believes, “disrupts the form “ of the novel.2
E
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I
Published: October 2023

Congenital and sometimes progressive subluxation of the crystalline lens is found. Eccentric and sometimes miotic pupil is seen. The lens and pupil are usually displaced in opposite directions. Remnants of the pupillary membrane and subtle signs of anterior segment dysgenesis are characteristic and reveal the diagnosis. Open-angle glaucoma and retinal detachment are not uncommon. In a series of 16 patients, Goldberg found that 40% of eyes had visual acuity better than or equal to 20/40, and 90% had vision better than or equal to 20/400. Two eyes had very poor vision from failed retinal reattachment surgery, and one eye had very poor vision from amblyopia. Perimetry could not document glaucomatous damage in any eye.
I
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I
Published: October 2023

The disease is caused by mutations in the NEMO (NF-Kappa-B Essential Modulator) gene and is referred to as IP2, or “classical” incontinentia pigmenti. Sporadic incontinentia pigmenti, originally called IP1, maps to Xp11 and is categorized as similar to hypomelanosis of Ito. An 870 bp region of identity corresponding to an MER67B repeat exists in the NEMO gene both in intron 3 and in intron 3’ to exon 10; recombinations between the regions of identity delete exons 4 though 10 of NEMO. Accounting for 80% of new mutations, this rearrangement would result in a truncated molecule carrying the 133 N-terminal amino acids of NEMO plus at least 26 novel amino acids. It was predicted that this molecule would contain part of the first coiledcoil domain and may still interact with IKK2, but would be unlikely to respond to upstream signals.
O
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I
Published: October 2023

Areas of skin hypoplasia or aplasia are found in all patients and have no particular pattern of distribution. Skin appendages were present in all reported cases and tend to appear in the periorbital or postauricular regions. Intracranial findings include multiple intracranial cysts, hydrocephalus, and agenesis of the corpus callosum.
Introduction
Authors: Postel Charles
Published: October 2023

On Bastille Day, 1894, the Chicago  Times ran an item on a small revolution in American business. Under the headline, “Florists Nowadays Can Fill Orders in Any Part of the World,” the story reported on the telegraphic trade in flowers: “Please send immediately to Mrs. —, at such and such an address in Paris, a dozen American beauty roses, and please have them there in time for dinner.” It took several years of experimentation to make such orders a practical reality. “Now it is as easy and only a little more expensive,” the Times noted, “to send flowers to an address in any part of the United States or Europe as to an address across your street.”
Darfur
Authors: de Waal Alex
Published: October 2023

Darfur is huge. It covers an area as large as France, and more than half the size of Kenya. Sudan, the largest country in Africa, is often thought to consist of two parts, ‘north’ and ‘south’. Darfur and its neighbouring region Kordofan deserve a separate classification: the ‘west’. The western border of Darfur is equidistant between Port Sudan on the Red Sea, and the coast of west Africa in Cameroon. Darfur’s position relative to the rest of Sudan can be seen in Fig. 2.1. During its history, Darfur has been part of empires based as far apart as the Nile and the Nigerian savannas. Darfur has ruled its own empire: at the height of its powers the Sultanate of Dar Fur ruled an area as large as many modern African states. The modern region of Darfur borders on three countries: Libya, Chad, and the Central African Republic, and itself straddles the frontier between the Sahara desert and the cultivable savannas of tropical Africa (Fig. 2.2).
Introduction
Authors: Altschule Glenn C , Blumin Stuart M
Published: October 2023

Handwritten draft of the American Legion’s proposed “Bill of Rights for GI Joe and GI Jane,” enclosed in a flag-surrounded display case in the American Legion Library in Indianapolis. The portrait is of Harry W. Colmery, who wrote the draft. (Courtesy American Legion Library) In July 1995 President Bill Clinton spoke at a commemorative service in Warm Springs, Georgia, soon after the fiftieth anniversary of the death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Looking back on FDR’s long and remarkable presidency, Clinton identified as its “most enduring legacy” an achievement that came neither from the Hundred Days of initial New Deal legislation nor from the structural reforms of the Second New Deal, nor even from FDR’s successful prosecution of World War II. Rather, Clinton pointed to the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944—the GI Bill—a law passed late in Roosevelt’s presidency, following his initiatives but shaped by many others besides himself. The GI Bill, Clinton observed, “gave generations of veterans a chance to get an education, to build strong families and good lives, and to build the nation’s strongest economy ever, to change the face of America.” This one piece of legislation, he continued, perhaps with an eye to his own presidential legacy, “helped to unleash a prosperity never before known.” It was a New Deal for veterans and, through them, for the postwar nation as a whole.
“The Most Inclusive Program”: Race, Gender, and Ethnicity in Title II
Authors: Altschule Glenn C , Blumin Stuart M
Published: October 2023

Education and training became the vital center of the GI Bill, a certificate of admission to postwar prosperity in the United States. By 1950, the U.S. government had spent more money to educate veterans than it had on the Marshall Plan. Excluding no one who had been on active duty for at least ninety days and had not been dishonorably discharged, the benefit was acclaimed as “the most inclusive program provided for national heroes of any war.” It did not discriminate between more or less privileged Americans. It made no distinctions between GI Joe and GI Jane. Moreover, although the armed forces remained segregated at the end of World War II, the legislation did not contain a “single loophole for different treatment of white and black veterans,” exclaimed Charles Hurd in Opportunity, the magazine of the National Urban League, in 1945. Unlike Social Security, which did not cover farmworkers and domestics, jobs often filled by blacks, the bill was colorblind. “If someone was good enough to die for America,” wrote journalist Michael Bennett, “he or she was good enough to enjoy all the rights of an American.”
Introduction
Authors: Rettig Richard A , Jacobson Peter D , Farquhar Cynthia M , Aubry Wade M
Published: October 2023

High-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation (HDC/ABMT) emerged in the late 1980s as a promising new treatment for metastatic breast cancer, then for high-risk breast cancer. Its promise was based on high levels of complete and partial tumor response. In the 1990s, HDC/ABMT burst on the oncology scene and was catapulted into widespread use before careful evaluation. The unconfirmed promise of this procedure drove clinical practice, health insurance coverage decisions, court decisions about coverage of individual patients, and federal administrative and state legislative mandates of HDC/ABMT as a covered benefit. Entrepreneurial oncology then exploited a lucrative market.
Values in Conflict
Authors: Rettig Richard A , Jacobson Peter D , Farquhar Cynthia M , Aubry Wade M
Published: October 2023

High-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation (HDC/ABMT) for breast cancer has historical roots reaching back into the 1970s, if not further, but the events of 1988–1992 basically defined the decade of the 1990s, at least until the 1999 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) annual meeting. The main features of the HDC/ABMT story as a promising treatment for breast cancer include the emergence of the procedure in the midto late 1980s based on small, single-site phase 2 studies, which had either no controls or historical controls. Recognition of the new procedure involved a complex, ill-structured “conversation” between physicians and insurers. As a medical procedure, responsibility for its evaluation fell on the medical profession, health insurers, and the National Cancer Institute (NCI).
Who Pays for Your Coffee?
Authors: Harford Tim
Published: October 2023

The long commute on public transportation is a commonplace experience of life in major cities around the world, whether you live in New York, Tokyo, Antwerp, or Prague. Commuting dispiritingly combines the universal and the particular. The particular, because each commuter is a rat in his own unique maze: timing the run from the shower to the station turnstiles; learning the timetables and the correct end of the platform to speed up the transfer between different trains; trading off the disadvantages of standing room only on the first train home against a seat on the last one. Yet commutes also produce common patterns— bottlenecks and rush hours—that are exploited by entrepreneurs the world over. My commute in Washington DC is not the same as yours in London, New York, or Hong Kong, but it will look surprisingly familiar.
Rational Insanity
Authors: Harford Tim
Published: October 2023

“My vision is that in a few years there will only be two or three big Internet portals—everybody will go to one of them to be directed to wherever they want to go on the Internet. That will be worth hundreds of billions of dollars. If you want to succeed, you’ll have to be one of those portals.” So spoke Graham Bailey (not his real name) in 1998. Bailey was a partner in a management consulting firm and was making this passionate speech to any potential client who would listen. For all I know, he believed it then and believes it now. But when I heard it, I did not. There were not many skeptics at the time. 1998 was the year when the frenzy about the dot-coms was really starting to mount.
How China Grew Rich
Authors: Harford Tim
Published: October 2023

I was standing with my wife in the “Renmin Gongyuan,” the People’s Park, in the middle of Shanghai. Renmin Gongyuan is the Central Park of the twenty-first century. It gave me the same dizzying rush as my first visit to Manhattan. Walking out into the space of the park allowed us to feel the full visual impact of Shanghai’s skyscrapers. One was a modern-day Chrysler building, with a striking crown of four mirrored tines meeting at a perfect point; the entire tower was rotated forty-five degrees around its axis so that the top forty floors sat at a diagonal to the bottom forty. Another building boasted a vast glass atrium hanging suspended sixty floors above the city. Not every design was in the best of taste: one had a domed penthouse that looked like it had been stolen from the set of a fifties flying-saucer movie. There must have been thirty skyscrapers, half a dozen of which were on an incredible scale.
Science And Politics: Global Warming And Eugenics
Authors: Lindzen Richard S
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines closely the uses and abuses of science in reaching essentially political decisions. It does so through two examples, one current and one nearly a century old-the global warming issue today, and the eugenics movement of the early twentieth century with its impact on immigration law. Global warming has been one of the more confusing and misleading issues to be presented to the public. Despite the absence of a significant scientific basis for most predictions, the public has been led to believe that there is an overwhelming scientific consensus that the issue is a matter of immediate urgency requiring massive control of energy usage. The first part of this chapter will briefly describe that situation, including the mechanisms by which science, advocacy that is nominally based on science, and politics interact to produce an unscientific and possibly undesirable result. The thought that scientists would allow such an abuse of science is difficult for most laymen to believe. But it is not unique to the case of global warming. The interaction noted above-together with the passiveness of scientists in not objecting to misuse of their work-has produced bad results in the past and presumably will do so in the future. A striking example, examined in some detail, was the mingling of genetics, eugenics, and public feelings about immigration in the United States in the first several decades of the twentieth century.
Power and Politics
Authors: Hahn Steven
Published: October 2023

Jesse Wade, a white tenant farmer from Cobb County, who “was a Union man ... like my daddy befo’e me” and suffered more than his share of abuse during the war, believed that justice demanded a far- reaching policy of Reconstruction. “We should tuk the land, as we did the niggers, and split it, and gin part to the niggers and part to me and t’other Union fellers,” he told the English traveler J. T. Trowbridge in late 1865, feeling confident that “they’d have to submit to it, as they did to the niggers.” And, according to Trowbridge, a number of freedmen listening in on the conversation “were unanimously of this opinion.” To Southern planters, Wade’s sentiments and the enthusiastic response they elicited from the blacks nurtured their deepest fears that Emancipation began rather than concluded a convulsive era of social change. One wealthy landowner fretted that there was “bound to be another revolution of some sort” for “seven tenths of the people of the South would vote for ... confiscation of Southern property.
Adapting to the Dialysis Diet, Curbing Liquids, and Embracing Exercise
Authors: Offer Daniel , Offer Marjorie Kaiz , Szafir Susan Offer
Published: October 2023

Earlier in the book we explained at length why it is so important to follow the dietary and liquid guidelines put forth by your physicians. First, your willingness and ability to follow the rules can impact how long you are on this earth. And if that is not enough to motivate you, bear in mind that what you eat or drink and how much of it will directly affect how good or bad you feel before, during, and in between your dialysis sessions. OK, you are probably thinking, “I want to follow the rules, but sometimes sticking to them is easier said than done.” And you may have a point. Many of us know that flossing is good for our gums, but do we do it every day? How many of us smoke even though we know it is terrible for our health? Sometimes we want to do better, we fully understand the implications of our actions, and yet we continue to practice bad habits and make poor choices. This is the challenge that many dialysis patients struggle with. We understand it is very difficult for some people to adapt to and comply with the diet and the fluid restrictions. Oh, do we understand! And that is why this chapter is less about guilting you into doing what is right than it is about empowering you to take control and giving you the tools to help you make smart choices when it comes to diet and exercise.