bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Online peer support for mental health in individuals with post‐acute sequelae of COVID‐19: A pre‐post pilot study with mixed methods
Authors: Hazumi Megumi , Miyake Michi , Kataoka Mayumi , Usuda Kentaro , Nishi Daisuke
Published: August 2024

Aim

This pilot examined the effect of online peer support on mental health problems among individuals with post‐acute sequelae of COVID‐2019 (PASC).

Methods

A single‐arm pre‐post design of online peer‐support design consisting of eight sessions of 1 h per week with three to six participants and two facilitators per group was performed. Participants were recruited from online communities, social media, and medical clinics for the PASC between May and August 2023. The degrees of depression, anxiety, loneliness, social withdrawal, and self‐esteem were measured pre‐ and post‐intervention. Participants' statements during the sessions were analyzed using thematic analyses.

Results

Of the 18 participants, three dropped out of the interventions, and 17 (including two participants who dropped out) completed the pre‐ and post‐intervention questionnaires. Depression severity significantly decreased in the paired t‐test and linear mixed model. The following interactions were extracted: conveying the same feelings, dealing with difficulties, showing empathy, enhancing the atmosphere, and adapting to suit health conditions. Impressions extracted from participating in the interventions included feelings of emotional support, a sense of bonding, changes in perspective, changes in behaviors or new actions through participation, inadequacy during sessions, and adverse effects associated with participation.

Conclusion

Online peer support may be helpful in treating depression in individuals with PASC.
Opioid Use and the Risk of Ventricular Arrhythmias: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Salmasi Shahrzad , Igweokpala Samuel , Douros Antonios , Islam Nehal , Andrade Jason G. , Filion Kristian B.
Published: August 2024

Background

The association between opioid use and the risk of ventricular arrhythmias (VA) is poorly understood.

Aims

The objective of this study was to synthesize the evidence on the risk of VA associated with opioid use.

Materials & Methods

We systematically searched the Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE, and CINAHL databases in July 2022. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk for bias tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and ROBINS‐I for observational studies. Certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE.

Results

We included 15 studies (12 observational, 2 post hoc analyses of RCTs, 1 RCT). Most studies focused on opioid use for maintenance therapy (n = 9), comparing methadone to buprenorphine (n = 13), and reported QTc prolongation (n = 13). Six observational studies had a critical risk of bias, and one RCT was at high risk of bias. Two studies could not be included in the meta‐analysis as they reported a different outcome and studied an opioid antagonist. Meta‐analysis of 13 studies indicated that the use of methadone was associated with an increased risk of VA compared to the use of buprenorphine, morphine, placebo, or levacetylmethadol (risk ratio [RR], 2.39; 95% CI, 1.31–4.35; I2 = 60%). The pooled estimate varied greatly between observational studies (RR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.15–3.91; I2 = 62%) and RCTs (RR, 14.09; 95% CI, 1.52–130.61; I2 = 0%), but both indicated an increased risk.

Conclusion

In this systematic review and meta‐analysis, we found that methadone use is associated with more than twice the risk of VA compared to comparators. However, our findings should be interpreted cautiously given the limited quality of the available evidence.
Characterization of finger millet extracts and evaluation of their nematicidal efficacy and plant growth promotion potential
Authors: Chrisantus Khaoya Martine , Sarah Chepkwony , Dorcas Lusweti , Ramkat Rose Chepchirchir , Oduori Chrispus O. A. , Pili Njira Njira
Published: August 2024

Plant‐parasitic nematodes pose a significant threat to finger millet crops, potentially causing yield reduction of up to 70%. Extracts derived from finger millet varieties contain potent bioactive compounds that can mitigate nematode damage and promote plant growth. This study aimed at isolating and characterizing bioactive compounds from the finger millet varieties Ikhulule, Okhale‐1, and U‐15; evaluating the impact of Ikhulule and U‐15 extracts on the mortality of the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus vandenbergae; assessing the growth promotion effects of Ikhulule and U‐15 extracts on the finger millet variety Okhale‐1; and determining the efficacy of these extracts in managing plant‐parasitic nematodes under greenhouse conditions. Extracts were obtained from both leaves and roots and tested in vitro for nematode mortality and in vivo for growth promotion and nematode control. The results showed that finger millet extracts exhibited strong nematicidal properties in vitro, achieving a mortality rate of up to 98% against P. vandenbergae nematodes. Applying these extracts to finger millet shoots significantly reduced nematode populations in both soil and roots and decreased the reproductive factor to below one (1), indicating an effective nematode control. The study attributes the enhanced nematicidal effects of finger millet extracts to their bioactive compounds, particularly dodecanoic acid, phytol, 1,1,4a‐trimethyl‐6‐decahydro naphthalene, 2,3‐dihydro‐benzofuran, 2‐methoxy‐4‐vinylphenol and ethyl ester, and hexadecanoic acid. These findings suggest that finger millet‐derived extracts offer a natural solution for nematode management and broader agronomic benefits, ultimately contributing to overall plant health and productivity.
Rheological investigation on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) filled with hollow glass beads
Authors: Liao Hua‐yong , Chen Hong‐lu , Tao Guo‐liang , Liu Chun‐lin
Published: August 2024

A composite of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and hollow glass beads (HGB) with two different HGB sizes was prepared and investigated rheologically. When the HGB content reaches approximately 30 wt%, the PET/HGB composite changes from a Newtonian fluid to a pseudoplastic one within the measured frequency range. If the HGB content is below the critical value, the viscosity of the composite may be lower than that of the neat PET melt. This is because scrolling or sliding of the HGB in the PET melt increases the apparent shear rate and reduces the torque measured by the rheometer rotor. Meanwhile, the size of the HGB affects the viscosity of the composite. The 40 μm HGB has a more pronounced effect, resulting in higher viscosity than 50 μm HGB. Furthermore, the composite containing 40 μm HGB has a lower density than the one containing 50 μm HGB. This is because the 40 μm HGB has a lower breaking rate and higher volume fraction compared to the 50 μm HGB at the same mass fraction. The peak relaxation time of the PET/HGB composite increases with the HGB content, and higher temperatures correspond to shorter relaxation times. DSC analysis showed that the addition of HGB filler decreased the melting temperature and increased the crystallization temperature of the PET material. Since the PET/HGB composite has a longer relaxation time than pure PET, the corresponding aggregates made of PET chains and HGBs are expected to have larger characteristic sizes compared to PET and HGB. These sizes can be determined approximately using a grid drawing method. The coupling agent CS‐101 enhances the bonding between PET and HGB. This is evidenced by comparing the viscosity curves of the composite with and without the coupling agent.

Highlights

The polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/hollow glass beads (HGB) composites with low levels of HGB might exhibit unusual viscosity.

Abnormal viscosity in molten PET occurs due to the rolling or sliding of HGB.

The composites with high HGB levels may exhibit a solid‐like modulus plateau.

The proposed aggregate consists of PET, HGB, and broken glass shards.
L1CAM mediates neuroendocrine phenotype acquisition in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Hsieh Chia‐Ling , Do Anh Duy , Hsueh Chia‐Yen , Raboshakga Mafewu Olga , Thanh Tran Ngoc , Tai Tran Tien , Kung Hsing‐Jien , Sung Shian‐Ying
Published: August 2024

Background

A specific type of prostate cancer (PC) that exhibits neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation is known as NEPC. NEPC has little to no response to androgen deprivation therapy and is associated with the development of metastatic castration‐resistant PC (CRPC), which has an extremely poor prognosis. Our understanding of genetic drivers and activated pathways in NEPC is limited, which hinders precision medicine approaches. L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) is known to play an oncogenic role in metastatic cancers, including CRPC. However, the impact of L1CAM on NEPC progression remains elusive.

Methods

L1CAM expression level was investigated using public gene expression databases of PC cohorts and patient‐derived xenograft models. L1CAM knockdown was performed in different PC cells to study in vitro cell functions. A subline of CRPC cell line CWR22Rv1 was established after long‐term exposure to abiraterone to induce NE differentiation. The androgen receptor‐negative cell line PC3 was cultured under the tumor sphere‐forming condition to enrich cancer stemness features. Several oxidative stress inducers were tested on PC cells to observe L1CAM‐mediated gene expression and cell death.

Results

L1CAM expression was remarkably high in NEPC compared to CRPC or adenocarcinoma tumors. L1CAM was also correlated with NE marker expressions and associated with the adenocarcinoma‐to‐NEPC progression in gene expression databases and CRPC cells with NE differentiation. L1CAM also promoted cancer stemness and NE phenotypes in PC3 cells under cancer stemness enrichment. L1CAM was also identified as a reactive oxygen species‐induced gene, by which L1CAM counteracted CRPC cell death triggered by ionizing radiation.

Conclusions

Our results unveiled a new role of L1CAM in the acquisition of the NE phenotype in PC, contributing to the NE differentiation‐related therapeutic resistance of CRPC.
Nanoparticle‐Based Therapies for Neurotropic Viral Infections: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Prospects
Authors: Yang Min , Ding Chuanbo , Zhao Ting , Song Ge , Liu Tingting , Li Zeqi , Zhang Ying
Published: August 2024

Neurotropic viral infections pose a significant challenge due to their ability to target the central nervous system and cause severe neurological complications. Traditional antiviral therapies face limitations in effectively treating these infections, primarily due to the blood‐brain barrier, which restricts the delivery of therapeutic agents to the central nervous system. Nanoparticle‐based therapies have emerged as a promising approach to overcome these challenges. Nanoparticles offer unique properties that facilitate drug delivery across biological barriers, such as the blood‐brain barrier, and can be engineered to possess antiviral activities.
Adaptive Nussbaum design using composite triggering condition for stochastic nonlinear systems with multiple unknown control directions
Authors: Liu Guilong , Yang Yongliang , Ding Da‐Wei , Li Qing
Published: August 2024

The traditional Nussbaum‐type functions encounter challenges when extended to systems with multiple unknown control directions, as the coupling between the Nussbaum‐type function and Nussbaum‐type gain may lead to mutual elimination. To address this issue, a novel Nussbaum‐type function is introduced to handle multiple unknown control directions for stochastic systems. The stability of the proposed Nussbaum‐based design can be guaranteed using the Lyapunov analysis. To conserve computational resources, a static composite event‐triggered mechanism is integrated with intermittent feedback in the Nussbaum‐based design. In contrast to conventional event‐triggering mechanisms that depend solely on control signals, the presented design incorporates tracking errors into the event‐triggering conditions. Moreover, to further alleviate computational burdens, we further develop a dynamic composite event‐triggered mechanism. With the overall design scheme, bounded tracking errors and reduced computational burden can be ensured. Simulation examples validate the efficacy of the proposed adaptive Nussbaum composite event‐based robust control design.
Urbanized stream restoration as designed adaptation: Planning using synthetic digital rivers and form variation assessment
Authors: Dawson Corey , Ashmore Peter
Published: August 2024

Restoring urbanized streams is challenging because of the absence of natural reference reaches and major changes in discharge and sediment supply as a consequence of catchment urbanization. In many cases the risk to urban infrastructure leads to form‐based restoration with less opportunity for process‐based approaches. Restoration involves designed adaptation to the new catchment state, rather than true restoration, but more‐natural designs are still feasible based in principles of fluvial geomorphology. An important element of this designed adaptation is planform design which is a part of urban channel restoration that is often simplified and which, in turn, simplifies the in‐stream morphology and habitats. More variable in‐stream morphology develops in irregular planforms which are also more common in nature. Tools and methods for designing complex planforms and associated bed morphology have developed, but further innovation is needed to meet interdisciplinary objectives in the planning phase of design. Here, we present a flexible approach for assessing surface‐form complexity of planform and in‐channel morphology as part of a move to geomorphically‐based urban riverscape design to accommodate urbanized channel changes within the overall interdisciplinary framework and to increase overall riverscape amenity. Our approach uses River Builder software for deriving 3D rivers based on hydro‐morphodynamics and applies the Geomorphic Form Variation (GFV) approach as a measure of geomorphic complexity for collaborative urbanized stream planning. Assessment of planform variable inputs showed a strong control on in‐channel morphology, and GFV showed that form complexity increases with higher width variability, stream bank roughness, and meander bend frequencies and curvatures.
Linking biodiversity and biotic interactions to ecosystem functioning
Authors: Jayaramaiah Ramesha H. , Egidi Eleonora , Macdonald Catriona A. , Singh Brajesh K.
Published: August 2024

Biodiversity is an essential component for ecosystem functioning and stability, with numerous biotic interactions and complementarity playing important roles. The complexity of these relationships can be seen in both above‐ and belowground ecosystems and understanding these intricate relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) is critical to ecological research, especially in the context of rapidly changing global environments. This review synthesizes contemporary research and fundamental insights into BEF linkages, with a particular emphasis on the function of plant‐microbial biotic interactions in shaping aboveground biodiversity and their cascading effects on ecosystem processes. One of the most significant developments is the discovery that microbial communities responsible for a variety of soil functions are inextricably linked to plant communities and ecosystem processes. However, BEF studies rarely explore the relationships between above‐ and belowground biodiversity components, as well as how global change affects them. In light of this, we propose emerging paths for future study, emphasizing the necessity of global‐scale networks and collaborative efforts to address difficult ecological challenges. Addressing these crucial knowledge gaps might help to improve our understanding of the interplay between biodiversity, biotic interactions and ecosystem functions, thereby improving primary productivity as well as ecosystem resilience and sustainability in the face of projected global change.
Nature versus nurture: Quantifying the effects of management, region, and hillslope position on soil health indicators in an on‐farm survey in Minnesota
Authors: Blair Hava K. , Gutknecht Jessica L. , Jelinski Nicolas Adam , Lewandowski Ann Marcelle , Fisher Beth A. , Cates Anna M.
Published: August 2024

A major challenge to implementing effective soil health assessments is how to distinguish the effects of management from underlying soil variability driven by inherent soil properties. This challenge has important consequences for the use of soil health indicators as tools for monitoring and assessment because soil‐forming factors constrain the range of indicator values and the magnitude of management‐induced changes. Here, we present results from a statewide survey of 15 soil health indicators measured on 30 fields on commercial farms across four major land resource areas in Minnesota. Fields included in the study differed in tillage, cover crop implementation, and crop rotation. Within each field, we collected samples from upper and lower hillslope positions to quantify the effect of topography. We consistently detected differences in soil health indicators between regions (13/15 indicators) and hillslope positions (8/15 indicators). However, only wet aggregate stability was sensitive to management across regions and years, highlighting the importance of physical indicators of soil health. This result was surprising in light of existing literature supporting the sensitivity of many soil health indicators to management, but it is consistent with other studies conducted in high organic matter soils in the Upper US Midwest. Our results highlight the need for regionally representative datasets to guide the development of interpretations and benchmarks for soil health indicators. This is particularly important when soil health indicators are applied outside traditional research contexts (such as in commercial soil health testing), where interpretation must take place without the benefit of historical baseline data.
A Nanoconfinement Strategy to Construct Co@CNTs for Lightweight and Ultra‐Broadband Microwave Absorption
Authors: Wang Xiangyu , Wang Baolei , Zhu Hongsong , Cao Boyuan , Liu Tong
Published: August 2024

The construction of stable and efficient nanocomposites with low addition and light weight has always been the goal pursued in the field of electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption. In this study, the Co@CNTs nanocomposites with Co nanoparticles (13 nm) nanoconfined in the carbon nanotube (CNT) are successfully synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method and phenolic assisted pyrolysis method. The degree of graphitization of CNTs and the microstructure of Co nanoparticles can be effectively regulated by controlling the calcination temperature. The sample calcined at 700 °C can obtain excellent absorption performance at a low filling capacity of 10 wt.%: the minimum reflection loss (RL) is −41.2 dB and the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) reaches a maximum width of 14.2 GHz. When the sample thickness is only 2.2 mm, the EAB of <−20 dB reaches 8.3 GHz, which is the maximum EAB of most current Co‐based absorbers. In particular, the polarization and ferromagnetic coupling behaviors are elucidated in depth with the aid of electromagnetic field simulations using the High‐Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). This work provides a new nanoconfinement strategy for constructing the Co@CNTs nanocomposites as lightweight and ultra‐broadband absorbing materials for EMW protection and EMW pollution control.
Z‐Scheme Heterojunction of Hierarchical Cu2S/CdIn2S4 Hollow Cubes to Boost Photoelectrochemical Performance
Authors: Zhang Si , Sun Jiahui , Ju Huangxian
Published: August 2024

The exaltation of light‐harvesting efficiency and the inhibition of fast charge recombination are pivotal to the improvement of photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance. Herein, a direct Z‐scheme heterojunction is designed of Cu2S/CdIn2S4 by in situ growth of CdIn2S4 nanosheets on the surface of hollow CuS cubes and then annealing at 400 °C. The constructed Z‐scheme heterojunction is demonstrated with electron paramagnetic resonance and redox couple (p‐nitrophenol/p‐aminophenol) measurements. Under illumination, it shows the photocurrent 6 times larger than that of hollow Cu2S cubes, and affords outstanding PEC performance over the known Cu2S and CdIn2S4‐based photocatalysts. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory results demonstrate a strong internal electric field formed in Cu2S/CdIn2S4 Z‐scheme heterojunction, which accelerates the Z‐scheme charge migration, thereby promoting electron–hole separation and enhancing their utilization efficiency. Moreover, the hollow structure of Cu2S is conducive to shortening the charge transport distance and improving light‐harvesting capability. In proof‐of‐concept PEC application, a PEC detection method for miRNA‐141 based on the sensitivity of benzo‐4‐chloro‐hexadienone to light absorption on Cu2S/CdIn2S4 modified electrode is developed with good selectivity and a limit of detection of 32 aM. This work provides a simple approach for designing photoactive materials with highly efficient PEC performance.
Fostering the transition to viable supply chains under risk/disaster events: A hierarchical analysis framework
Authors: Katsoras Efthymios , Georgiadis Patroklos
Published: August 2024

This study examines the state of the art in research on risk/disaster operations management in supply chains (SCs) and closed loop SCs (CLSCs) from a viability perspective. In addition, it integrates key research elements that could act as enablers of more efficient evolution paths in SC/CLSC management. To this end, the existing literature is categorized according to the nature of the disruptive event (risk or disaster), the event formulation, the structure of SC network (SC/CLSC), the source of the disruptive event, the decision‐making level (strategic, tactical or operational), the aim of risk/disaster management (viability–sustainability) and the relevant treatment methods. The target of this literature taxonomy process is threefold: (a) literature analysis with respect to risk and disaster management in SCs; (b) the formulation of a framework for selecting the most suitable treatment policies to manage risk/disaster events at strategic, tactical and operational levels, with the aim of achieving transition to viable SC networks; and (c) the codification of a methodological approach when developing models for achieving viability. The latter is introduced by proposing a dynamic model as an exemplary model to explain the state evolution of an SC network governed by dynamics subjected to viability constraints and, also, to reveal regulatory feedback mechanisms to achieve desired states.
Ubiquitous Role of Phosphine‐Based Water‐Soluble Ligand in Promoting Catalytic Reactions in Water
Authors: Patel Manisha A. , Kapdi Anant R.
Published: August 2024

Catalysis has been at the forefront of the developments that has revolutionised synthesis and provided the impetus in the discovery of platform technologies for efficient C−C or C−X bond formation. Current environmental situation however, demands a change in strategy with catalysis being promoted more in solvents that are benign (Water) and for that the development of hydrophilic ligands (especially phosphines) is a necessity which could promote catalytic reactions in water, allow recyclability of the catalytic solutions and make it possible to isolate products using column‐free techniques that involve lesser usage of hazardous organic solvents. In this review, we therefore critically analyse such catalytic processes providing examples that do follow the above‐mentioned parameter.
Accurate prediction and intelligent control of COD and other parameters removal from pharmaceutical wastewater using electrocoagulation coupled with catalytic ozonation process
Authors: Li Yujie , Li Chen , Jia Yunhan , Wang Zhenbei , Liu Yatao , Zhang Zitan , DuanChen Xingyu , Ikhlaq Amir , Kumirska Jolanta , Siedlecka Ewa Maria , Ismailova Oksana , Qi Fei
Published: August 2024

In this study, we employed the response surface method (RSM) and the long short‐term memory (LSTM) model to optimize operational parameters and predict chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in the electrocoagulation‐catalytic ozonation process (ECOP) for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. Through RSM simulation, we quantified the effects of reaction time, ozone dose, current density, and catalyst packed rate on COD removal. Then, the optimal conditions for achieving a COD removal efficiency exceeding 50% were identified. After evaluating ECOP performance under optimized conditions, LSTM predicted COD removal (56.4%), close to real results (54.6%) with a 0.2% error. LSTM outperformed RSM in predictive capacity for COD removal. In response to the initial COD concentration and effluent discharge standards, intelligent adjustment of operating parameters becomes feasible, facilitating precise control of the ECOP performance based on this LSTM model. This intelligent control strategy holds promise for enhancing the efficiency of ECOP in real pharmaceutical wastewater treatment scenarios.

Practitioner Points

This study utilized the response surface method (RSM) and the long short‐term memory (LSTM) model for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment optimization.

LSTM predicted COD removal (56.4%) closely matched experimental results (54.6%), with a minimal error of 0.2%.

LSTM demonstrated superior predictive capacity, enabling intelligent parameter adjustments for enhanced process control.

Intelligent control strategy based on LSTM holds promise for improving electrocoagulation‐catalytic ozonation process efficiency in pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.
Chromium (VI) removal by magnetite nanoparticles immobilized with extracellular polymeric substances extracted from Lysinibacillus sp. WH
Authors: Jungcharoen Phoomipat , Mekhin Phawida , Seelaphat Jiratchaya , Thongbai Prasit , Ekprasert Jindarat
Published: August 2024

Magnetite nanoparticles (nano‐Fe3O4) and nano‐Fe3O4 immobilized with bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) extracted from Lysinibacillus sp. WH (Fe3O4/bact) were comparatively studied for the removal of Cr (VI) ions from aqueous solution in batch study. The objectives were to explore the removal of Cr (VI) efficiency by nano‐Fe3O4 and Fe3O4/bact under varying bacterial concentrations at a range of acidic pH. Results indicated that 150 ppm Cr (VI) could be effectively removed by 5 g/L of nano‐Fe3O4 at pH 4, with the efficiency of 89.2 ± 12%. The equilibrium time, determined by a pseudo‐second‐order model (R2 = 0.9983), was after 5 h, indicating chemical adsorption. The Cr (VI) removal by the nano‐Fe3O4 immobilized with bacterial EPS was effective and steady under a wide range of acidic conditions although bacterial EPS has an alkaline nature. Here, we are the first to demonstrate that Cr (VI) removal efficiency by different concentrations of EPS was not significantly different, suggesting EPS concentration is possibly not the most crucial factor to be optimized for Cr (VI) removal in the future. This study shows the potential application of nano‐Fe3O4 immobilized with bacterial EPS for wastewater treatment.

Practitioner points

The equilibrium time for magnetite nanoparticles to remove Cr (VI) is 5 h, suggesting chemical adsorption.

The Cr (VI) removal efficiency of either magnetite nanoparticles or bacterial EPS is stable under a wide range of acidic conditions.

Magnetite nanoparticles immobilized with bacterial EPS extracted from Lysinibacillus sp. WH has a potential application for Cr (VI) removal in wastewater.
The seasonal variation and ecological risk of microplastics in the Lower Ganges River, Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan Md. Anamul , Shetu Mabia Hossain , Miah Osman , Parvin Fahmida , Shammi Mashura , Tareq Shafi M.
Published: August 2024

Microplastic (MP) pollution has gained considerable attention in various ecosystems; however, it has received relatively less attention in freshwater‐riverine environments than in other ecosystems. The Ganges River Delta, one of the world's most densely populated areas, is a potential source of MP pollution in the freshwater ecosystem. MPs were identified throughout the year in the lower Ganges River water. Seasonally, the highest abundance was observed during the monsoon (14.66 ± 2.06 MPs/L), followed by the pre‐monsoon (13.46 ± 1.75 MPs/L) and post‐monsoon (11.50 ± 0.40 MPs/L). Throughout the year, MP discharge was estimated at 4.12 × 1012 to 2.17 × 1013 MPs/year. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy identified plastic polymers in the water, like ethylene vinyl acetate, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, and nylon. Moderate contamination by MPs was assessed throughout the year. Significant correlations between MP abundance and both rainfall and discharge were observed. It is essential to implement preventative measures in the Ganges River Basin to mitigate MP pollution before the situation worsens.

Practitioner Points

Throughout the year, MP concentration ranged from 10.67 to 20.33 MPs/L

The highest MP occurrence was observed in the monsoon season (14.66 ± 2.06 MPs/L)

The lowest abundance was detected in the post‐monsoon period (11.50 ± 0.40 MPs/L)

There was a moderate level of MP contamination in the lower Ganges River water

It was shown that discharge and rainfall were correlated with MP abundance
New Space Era: Characteristics of the New Space Industry Landscape
Authors: Baber William W. , Ojala Arto
Published: August 2024

In recent decades, the space industry has undergone enormous changes, transitioning from government-led space projects (referred to as “old space”) toward a more entrepreneurial and commercial utilization of space by private firms (termed “new space”). Due to these rapid changes, there is a pressing need for up-to-date insights into the field, encompassing its theories and characteristics, particularly concerning business activities related to space. In this chapter, we present five propositions for further study and more detailed investigation. These propositions are based on current literature and qualitative data gathered from 10 experts working in key roles within the space industry. Finally, the chapter identifies key theoretical elements that help elucidate how the space business is evolving and its likely trajectory in the near future.
The Sociological Shaping of Space Tourism
Authors: Yang Michelle I. C.
Published: August 2024

Space tourism marks a pivotal shift in humanity's endeavors. It goes beyond traditional travel and embodies a complex interplay of social, technological and economic forces. This article comprehensively explores how these forces combine to shape the landscape of space tourism and position it as a reflection of prevailing social constructs. It explores the intricate ways in which regulatory frameworks, cultural narratives, technological breakthroughs, and economic mechanisms interact to define and guide the development of space tourism. Drawing on institutional and performativity theories, the article offers a nuanced sociological analysis of the burgeoning market for space tourism and highlights the importance of these theoretical lenses for understanding the social foundations of this novel industry. The integrative analysis presented in this article recognizes the socioeconomic barriers and cultural paradigms that shape space tourism access and experiences. Through a critical assessment of the regulatory, technological, and economic dimensions of space tourism, the article urges a re-evaluation of the industry’s practices. It argues that a more comprehensive understanding of space tourism, informed by sociological insights, can pave the way for more equitable and sustainable practices that go beyond purely commercial or technological achievements.
Evolving Dynamics of the Spanish Space Sector: Institutional Influence in the Spanish New Space Economy
Authors: Brennan Louis , Utrero-González Natalia
Published: August 2024

Spain’s space sector is an example of the increasing relevance of private ventures but also the complementary engagement of the public sector to prepare the Spanish industry for the “New Space” scenario and opportunities. The objective of this chapter is to critically analyse the recent evolution of the Spanish Space sector. To achieve this, we adopt an institutional configuration perspective focusing on formal institutions’ role in shaping sector dynamics. We show that institutional support was crucial for developing traditional space companies. We also highlight that the evolution of new businesses has not only been influenced by the traditional university-industry-government relationships but has also drawn from the experience and expertise developed by established “Old Space” companies. The emergence of bidirectional relationships between old and new market participants is a distinctive feature of the Spanish sector and can help the sector's competitiveness in the “New Space” scenario.
Conformal field theory with composite defect
Authors: Shimamori Soichiro
Published: August 2024

Abstract

We explore higher-dimensional conformal field theories (CFTs) in the presence of a conformal defect that itself hosts another sub-dimensional defect. We refer to this new kind of conformal defect as the composite defect. We elaborate on the various conformal properties of the composite defect CFTs, including correlation functions, operator expansions, and conformal block expansions. As an example, we present a free O(N) vector model in the presence of a composite defect. Assuming the averaged null energy condition (ANEC) does hold even for the defect systems, we conclude that some boundary conditions can be excluded. Our investigations shed light on the rich phenomenology arising from hierarchical defect structures, paving the way for a deeper understanding of critical phenomena in nature.
Changes in cerebral vascular reactivity following mild repetitive head injury in awake rats: modeling the human experience
Authors: Bens Nicole , Kulkarni Praveen , Ferris Craig F.
Published: August 2024

The changes in brain function in response to mild head injury are usually subtle and go undetected. Physiological biomarkers would aid in the early diagnosis of mild head injury. In this study we used hypercapnia to follow changes in cerebral vascular reactivity after repetitive mild head injury. We hypothesized head injury would reduce vascular reactivity. Rats were maintained on a reverse light-dark cycle and head impacted daily at 24 h intervals over three days. All head impacts were delivered while rats were fully awake under red light illumination. There was no neuroradiological evidence of brain damage. After the 3rd impact rats were exposed to 5% CO2 and imaged for changes in BOLD signal. All imaging was done while rats were awake without the confound of anesthesia. The data were registered to a 3D MRI rat atlas with 171 segmented brain areas providing site specific information on vascular reactivity. The changes in vascular reactivity were not uniform across the brain. The prefrontal cortex, somatosensory cortex and basal ganglia showed the hypothesized decrease in vascular reactivity while the cerebellum, thalamus, brainstem, and olfactory system showed an increase in BOLD signal to hypercapnia.
Simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation: future perspective
Authors: Prudhomme Thomas , Mesnard Benoit , Branchereau Julien , Roumiguié Mathieu , Maulat Charlotte , Muscari Fabrice , Kamar Nassim , Soulié Michel , Gamé Xavier , Sallusto Federico , Timsit Marc Olivier , Drouin Sarah
Published: August 2024

Background

The aims of this narrative review were (i) to describe the current indications of SLKT, (ii) to report evolution of SLKT activity, (iii) to report the outcomes of SLKT, (iv) to explain the immune-protective effect of liver transplant on kidney transplant, (v) to explain the interest of delay kidney transplantation, using hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP), (vi) to report kidney after liver transplantation (KALT) indications and (vii) to describe the value of the increase in the use of extended criteria donors (ECD) and particular controlled donation after circulatory death (cDCD) transplant, thanks to the development of new organ preservation strategies.

Method

Electronic databases were screened using the keywords "Simultaneous", "Combined", "kidney transplantation" and "liver transplantation". The methodological and clinical heterogeneity of the included studies meant that meta-analysis was inappropriate.

Results

 A total of 1,917 publications were identified in the literature search. Two reviewers screened all study abstracts independently and 1,107 of these were excluded. Thus, a total of 79 full text articles were assessed for eligibility. Of these, 21 were excluded. In total, 58 studies were included in this systematic review.

Conclusions

 Simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation has made a significant contribution for patients with dual‐organ disease. The optimization of indication and selection of SLKT patients will reduce futile transplantation. Moreover, increasing the use of transplants from extended criteria donors, in particular cDCD, should be encouraged, thanks to the development of new modalities of organ preservation.
Extended Addition Protocol and Efficient Voting Protocols Using Regular Polygon Cards
Authors: Takahashi Yoshihiro , Shinagawa Kazumasa
Published: August 2024

Card-based cryptography is a research field for realizing cryptographic protocols using a deck of physical cards. Shinagawa et al. proposed a regular n-sided polygon card, which can hold a value from 0 to $$n-1$$

n
-
1

, and constructed an addition protocol over $$\mathbb {Z}/n\mathbb {Z}$$

Z
/
n
Z

and a voting protocol with v voters and c candidates when $$v<n$$

v
<
n

. In this paper, we propose an addition protocol over $$\mathbb {Z}/mn\mathbb {Z}$$

Z
/
m
n
Z

using regular n-sided polygon cards. Technically, we introduce a cyclic integer encoding and a rot-and-shift shuffle to extend the modulus from n to mn. In addition, we construct two voting protocols with v voters and c candidates using regular n-sided polygon cards. Our first voting protocol requires $$c(\lceil \frac{v+1}{n} \rceil + v + 1)$$

c
(

⌈

v
+
1

n

⌉

+
v
+
1
)

cards and $$v+1$$

v
+
1

shuffles without restriction. Our second voting protocol reduces the number of cards to $$\lceil \frac{v+1}{n} \rceil n + v + 1$$

⌈

v
+
1

n

⌉
n
+
v
+
1

when $$v < n$$

v
<
n

and $$c\le n$$

c
≤
n

.
The Planar Turán Number of $$\{K_4,C_5\}$$ and $$\{K_4,C_6\}$$
Authors: Győri Ervin , Li Alan , Zhou Runtian
Published: August 2024

Let $$\mathcal {H}$$
H
be a set of graphs. The planar Turán number, $$ex_\mathcal {P}(n,\mathcal {H})$$

e

x
P

(
n
,
H
)

, is the maximum number of edges in an n-vertex planar graph which does not contain any member of $$\mathcal {H}$$
H
as a subgraph. When $$\mathcal {H}=\{H\}$$

H
=
{
H
}

has only one element, we usually write $$ex_\mathcal {P}(n,H)$$

e

x
P

(
n
,
H
)

instead. The study of extremal planar graphs was initiated by Dowden (J Graph Theory 83(3):213–230, 2016). He obtained sharp upper bounds for both $$ex_\mathcal {P}(n,C_5)$$

e

x
P

(
n
,

C
5

)

and $$ex_\mathcal {P}(n,K_4)$$

e

x
P

(
n
,

K
4

)

. Later on, sharp upper bounds were proved for $$ex_\mathcal {P}(n,C_6)$$

e

x
P

(
n
,

C
6

)

and $$ex_\mathcal {P}(n,C_7)$$

e

x
P

(
n
,

C
7

)

. In this paper, we show that $$ex_\mathcal {P}(n,\{K_4,C_5\})\le {15\over 7}(n-2)$$

e

x
P

(
n
,

{

K
4

,

C
5

}

)

≤

15
7

(
n
-
2
)

and $$ex_\mathcal {P}(n,\{K_4,C_6\})\le {7\over 3}(n-2)$$

e

x
P

(
n
,

{

K
4

,

C
6

}

)

≤

7
3

(
n
-
2
)

. We also give constructions which show the bounds are sharp for infinitely many n.
Radical resection of locally advanced and recurrent colorectal carcinoma involving major nerve resection: a systematic review of surgical, oncological and functional outcomes
Authors: Hawke Justin A. , Regora Samantha , Rajkomar Amrish , Heriot Alexander , Mohan Helen , Warrier Satish
Published: August 2024

Background

The aim of this study was to explore the surgical, oncological and quality of life outcomes in the setting of radical resection of colorectal carcinoma involving major nerve resection.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was registered with the International Prospective Register for Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) and performed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify papers relating to outcomes in radical resection of colorectal cancer where major nerve resection was undertaken. Papers were identified from OVID Medline, EMBASE Classic and Web of Science encompassing all publications in English from January 2010 to June 2023. A total of 1357 nonduplicate studies were identified and screened for relevance, with six studies included in the final review.

Results

A total of 354 major nerve resections were undertaken across the six included studies. Overall postoperative morbidity was reported at rates of up to 82%. Two studies considered nerve-resection-specific oncological outcomes, with complete pathological resection achieved at rates comparable to the wider pelvic exenteration cohort (65–68%) and without any overall survival disadvantage being conveyed by major nerve resection (p = 0.78). Two studies considered functional outcomes and noted a transient decrease in physical quality of life over the first 6 months postoperatively (p = 0.041) with significant loss to follow-up. One study considered postoperative pain in nerve resection and noted no significant increase in patient-reported pain scores associated with nerve resection (p = 0.184–0.618).

Conclusions

Major nerve resections in locally advanced and recurrent colorectal cancer remain understudied but with encouraging initial oncological and functional outcomes. Multicentre collaborative prospective reviews are needed to better elucidate contributors to postoperative morbidity and functional deficits and further establish interventions to ameliorate them.
Cannabis use in endometriosis: the patients have their say—an online survey for German-speaking countries
Authors: Jasinski Victoria , Voltolini Velho Renata , Sehouli Jalid , Mechsner Sylvia
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that can cause various pain symptoms. Current therapy options do not always provide sufficient pain relief and often cause unpleasant side effects. Recent studies have shown that the endocannabinoid system is involved in the endometriosis pathophysiology, and using Cannabinoids may be a potential therapeutic option. We aimed to determine for the first time, the Cannabis use prevalence, self-rated effectiveness, and the possible reduction in medication in German-speaking countries.

Methods

A cross-sectional online survey was distributed through endometriosis support and advocacy groups on social media. German-speaking endometriosis patients aged ≤ 18, residing in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland were eligible to participate.

Results

Out of 912 participants who provided valid answers, 114 reported using cannabis for self-management. Cannabis was rated as the most effective self-management strategy to reduce symptom intensity (self-rated efficacy 7.6 out of 10). Additionally, ~ 90% of the participants were able to decrease their pain medication intake. The greatest improvement was observed in sleep (91%), menstrual pain (90%), and non-cyclic pain (80%). Apart from increased fatigue (17%), side effects were infrequent (≤ 5%).

Conclusion

At the time of the study, Cannabis consumption was still illegal in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, with medical cannabis being rarely prescribed due to complex requirements. Results suggest that Cannabis has become a popular self-management method for treating endometriosis-related symptoms, leading to substantial symptom improvement. Further studies are needed to investigate the best administration methods, dosage, THC/CBD ratio, potential side effects, and long-term effects to provide official recommendations to patients and healthcare providers.
Ruptured AAA: bridging the gap between international guidelines and local clinical realities
Authors: Hassan Summer , Frost Taylor , Bourchier Russell
Published: August 2024

Background

Treatment of asymptomatic Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA) presents a clinical challenge, requiring a delicate balance between rupture risk, patient comorbidities, and intervention-related complications. International guidelines recommend intervention for specific AAA size thresholds, but these are based on historical trials with limited female representation. We aimed to analyse disease characteristics, AAA size at rupture, and intervention outcomes in patients with ruptured AAA from 2009 to 2023 to investigate the gap between guidelines and local realities.

Methods

This single-centre retrospective cohort study analysed electronic health records of patients treated for a ruptured AAA, excluding those who were managed palliatively. The study assessed patients’ demographics, risk factors, comorbidities, clinical presentation, radiological characteristics, and outcomes.

Results

Of 164 patients (41 females, 123 males, median age 73.5), 93.3% presented with abdominal or back pain. The median AAA size at rupture was 8.0 cm in males and 7.6 cm in females. No significant correlations were found between demographic characteristics, risk factors, AAA size, repair modality, and outcomes. Trends show a decline in AAA prevalence and rupture rates, aligning with global health initiatives. Post-intervention survival rates at 30 days were 70.7% (67.5% in males and 80.0% in females), and at 2 years were 65.85% (61.7% in males and 70.0% in females).

Conclusion

Evolving AAA trends and improved post-intervention survival rates warrant a critical reassessment of existing intervention recommendations. Adjusting intervention thresholds to larger sizes may be justified to optimise the risk-benefit ratio.
Biofeedback and Exercise Load Affect Accuracy of Tongue Strength Exercise Performance
Authors: Kamarunas Erin , Murray Kelsey , Drulia Teresa , Szynkiewicz Sarah , Griffin Lindsay , Mulheren Rachel
Published: August 2024

Rehabilitative exercises require precise movement coordination and target accuracy for optimal effectiveness. This paper explores the impact of tongue strength exercises (TSE) performance accuracy on exercise outcomes, adherence, and participant confidence and motivation. An 8-week randomized clinical trial included 84 typically aging participants divided into four groups defined by access to biofeedback (present/absent) and TSE intensity dosing (maximal/submaximal) during a home exercise program (HEP). Retention, training, and HEP accuracy were tracked at biweekly visits and during HEP for participants with access to a biofeedback device. Associations with tongue strength outcomes, participant factors, biofeedback, and intensity dosing were analyzed. Exercise accuracy measures did not contribute to tongue strength outcomes at the end of 8 weeks. Increased training accuracy (less practice required to achieve competency) was associated with higher participant confidence and better adherence to the HEP. The presence of biofeedback was associated with reduced adherence but better retention accuracy, while maximal intensity was associated with improvements in all accuracy measures compared to submaximal intensity exercise. These findings in typically aging participants suggest the need for tailored approaches in swallowing-related exercise programs, given the effects of biofeedback and exercise intensity on motor learning and exercise retention. Accuracy performance and its effect on clinical outcomes warrants study in clinical populations with dysphagia and with various rehabilitative approaches.

Trial Registration Clincialtrials.gov: NCT04809558