bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
En studie om hur förskollärare och lärare resonerar om undervisningens innehåll i relation till barns språk-, läs- och skrivutveckling i förskola och förskoleklass
Authors: Norling Martina
Published: June 2019

Sammanfattning: Förskola och förskoleklass har fått tydligare riktlinjer gällande barns språk-, läs- och skrivutveckling. Den här studiens syfte är att belysa hur förskollärare i förskola och lärare i förskoleklass resonerar kring undervisningens innhehåll i relation till barns språk-, läs- och skrivutveckling i förskola och förskoleklass. Resultatet utgår från fyra fokusgruppsintervjuer med tjugotre verksamma förskollärare och lärare i förskoleklass. Resultatet visar att barn erbjuds informella och formella strategier där innehåll i undervisningen kan relateras till läroplanernas målbeskrivningar samt Bartons (2007) ekologiska teori, så som språkpraktiker, textpraktiker och läspraktiker. Vidare visar resultatet att undervisning i båda verksamheterna behöver problematiseras och diskuteras i relation till verksamheten samt till barns läs- och skriftspråksutveckling. Det behövs fortsatt forskning inom området för att undersöka hur verksamheterna implementerar nya riktlinjer gällande språk-, läs- och skrivutveckling, i syfte att skapa förutsättningar för progression i språk-, läs- och skrivutveckling i övergången mellan förskola och förskoleklass.Nyckelord: förskola, förskoleklass, social språkmiljö, undervisning
Automatic optic disc detection in colour fundus images by means of multispectral analysis and information content
Authors: Martinez-Perez M. Elena , Witt Nicholas , Parker Kim H. , Hughes Alun D. , Thom Simon A.M.
Published: June 2019

The optic disc (OD) in retinal fundus images is widely used as a reference in computer-based systems for the measurement of the severity of retinal disease. A number of algorithms have been published in the past 5 years to locate and measure the OD in digital fundus images. Our proposed algorithm, automatically: (i) uses the three channels (RGB) of the digital colour image to locate the region of interest (ROI) where the OD lies, (ii) measures the Shannon information content per channel in the ROI, to decide which channel is most appropriate for searching for the OD centre using the circular Hough transform. A series of evaluations were undertaken to test our hypothesis that using the three channels gives a better performance than a single channel. Three different databases were used for evaluation purposes with a total of 2,371 colour images giving a misdetection error of 3% in the localisation of the centre of the OD. We find that the area determined by our algorithm which assumes that the OD is circular, is similar to that found by other algorithms that detected the shape of the OD. Five metrics were measured for comparison with other recent studies. Combining the two databases where expert delineation of the OD is available (1,240 images), the average results for our multispectral algorithm are: TPR = 0.879, FPR = 0.003, Accuracy = 0.994, Overlap = 80.6% and Dice index = 0.878.
Screening of immunosuppressive factors for biomarkers of breast cancer malignancy phenotypes and subtype-specific targeted therapy
Authors: Wang Ping , Liu Jiaxuan , Song Yunlei , Liu Qiang , Wang Chao , Qian Caiyun , Zhang Shuhua , Zhu Weifeng , Yang Xiaohong , Wan Fusheng , Liu Zhuoqi , Luo Daya
Published: June 2019

We aimed to screen and validate immunosuppressive factors in luminal- and basal-like breast cancer cell lines and tissue samples associated with malignant phenotypes. The mRNA microarray datasets, GSE40057 and GSE1561, were downloaded and remodeled, and differentially expressed genes were identified. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed to explore the immune-related events related to the basal-like breast cancer. The online resources, GOBO, Kaplan–Meier Plotter and UALCAN, were employed to screen for immunosuppressive factors associated with breast cancer malignant phenotypes. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate VEGFA and MIF levels in breast tumors and normal breast tissues; qPCRs and western blots were used to validate the expression of clinical immuno-oncology (IO) therapeutic targets CD274 (PD-L1) and IL8 in cell lines. The results showed that various immune-related events contribute to basal-like breast cancer. First, TGFβ1 and IL8 had higher average expression levels in more malignant cell lines; second, MIF and VEGFA had higher average expression levels in more malignant breast cancer tissues, and the high expression levels were associated with poor survival rate. Third, IO targets CD274 and IL8 which were confirmed to be more suitable for the treatment of basal-like breast cancer. In view of the above, during the formation and development of breast cancer, immune-related genes are always activated, and immunosuppressive factors, IL8, TGFβ1, MIF, and VEGFA are up-regulated. Such molecules could be used as biomarkers for breast cancer prognosis. However, because individual immune-related factors can play several biological roles, the mechanistic relationship between immunosuppressive factors and breast cancer malignant phenotypes and the feasibility of their application as drug targets require further investigation.
Biochemical and molecular characterization of N66 from the shell ofPinctada mazatlanica
Authors: Rivera-Perez Crisalejandra , Magallanes-Dominguez Catalina , Dominguez-Beltran Rosa Virginia , Ojeda-Ramirez de Areyano Josafat Jehu , Hernandez-Saavedra Norma Y.
Published: June 2019

Mollusk shell mineralization is a tightly controlled process made by shell matrix proteins (SMPs). However, the study of SMPs has been limited to a few model species. In this study, the N66 mRNA of the pearl oysterPinctada mazatlanicawas cloned and functionally characterized. The full sequence of the N66 mRNA comprises 1,766 base pairs, and encodes one N66 protein. A sequence analysis revealed that N66 contained two carbonic anhydrase (CA) domains, a NG domain and several glycosylation sites. The sequence showed similarity to the CA VII but also with its homolog protein nacrein. The native N66 protein was isolated from the shell and identified by mass spectrometry, the peptide sequence matched to the nucleotide sequence obtained. Native N66 is a glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 60–66 kDa which displays CA activity and calcium carbonate precipitation ability in presence of different salts. Also, a recombinant form of N66 was produced inEscherichia coli, and functionally characterized. The recombinant N66 displayed higher CA activity and crystallization capability than the native N66, suggesting that the lack of posttranslational modifications in the recombinant N66 might modulate its activity.
Study the Kitchen Waste Management Practices in Rural Household
Authors: Singh Sangeeta , Mohanty Manashi , Mohanty Trupti , Mohapatra B. P.
Published: June 2019

The problem of waste is a universal one as waste exists in every society. India is now the world’s 3rd largest garbage generator. Now a day waste is becoming more complex as a variety of materials are discarded as waste together. So the research was conducted to study the wastes management practices in the rural household of Koraput district, Odisha, India, with a sample of 110 female respondents. Investigations were carried out on SWM practices. The respondents were selected using multistage purposive random and proportionate sampling method. A pre-tested interview schedule cum observation sheet was used to collect the data. The findings of the study clearly revealed that biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste (3.63%) separation was not ready in practice. The main reason for not separating was lack of awareness (13.6%) followed by lack of discipline in home (4.54%) and laziness (3.63%). Improper waste disposal methods such as dumping in open (80.9%) and gutter (60.9%), burning (90.0%) were practised more readily in comparison to environmentally friendly methods like composting (4.5%) for kitchen waste.
Sonographic Assessment of Normal Fetal Cerebral Lateral Ventricular Diameter at Different Gestational Ages
Authors: Effiong Udoh Benjamin , Sylvanus Ogbu , Uduak Wilson Imo , Ulu Ulu Okoro
Published: June 2019

Abnormal dilatation of ventricles has been shown to be the most common abnormality of the brain & fetus in most of the geographical zones, but the normal dimension of the fetal lateral ventricle in south-south geopolitical zones of Nigeria has not been evaluated.

The aim of this study was to determine the normal feto-lateral ventricular diameter using ultrasound at different gestational ages.

Measurement of the fetal-lateral ventricular diameter was obtained from 685 fetuses of pregnant mothers that met the inclusion criteria during routine ultrasound scan in Calabar metropolis. Measurement of the ventricular diameter was taken at the level of the atria, measured according to Australian society for ultrasound in medicine guidelines.

The result shows that the mean lateral ventricular diameter of fetuses in the studied region is 6.62 ± 2.51 mm with a range of 4.12-9.54 mm. The lateral ventricular diameter and the fetal head circumferences, as well as the gestational age, do not show any significant correlation throughout gestation.

Conclusion: Fetuses in Calabar Metropolis have a lateral ventricular diameter that ranges from 4.12 - 9.54 mm. Ventricular diameter above this normal range in this region and could be considered as an abnormal and may demand further investigations.
A Survey on the Relationship between Quality of life and Happiness among Children and Adolescents under the Supervision of Welfare Organization of Ahwaz in 2017
Authors: Khormehr Maryam , Honarmandpour Azam , Adineh Mohammad , Jahangirimehr Azam , Shahvali Elham Abdolahi
Published: June 2019

Background: Childhood and adolescence is one of the most important, most sensitive and also most decisive periods of human life. Events during this period, for children and adolescents under the supervision of the welfare organisation, can lead to behavioural-cognitive and emotional problems and face the natural process of transition from this period with serious challenges. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between quality of life and happiness among children and adolescents under the supervision of welfare organisation of Ahwaz in 2015.

Methodology: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 75 children and adolescents aged 8-18, under the supervision of the welfare organisation, using the available sampling method. The data collection tool was a demographic information questionnaire, the Kidscreen quality of life and the Oxford happiness. The collected data were analysed using SPSS software version 20 and independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman and Chi-square tests. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Results: The results showed that there was a significant and direct correlation between quality of life and happiness in children and adolescents under the supervision of the welfare (P <0.001 and r = 0.656). All aspects of the quality of life in the group who did not show happiness reported to be lower.

Conclusion: The quality of life of children and adolescents under the supervision of welfare is related to their happiness. The effect of the use of pharmaceutical supplements/drugs and its relationship with the happiness of children should be studied in future.
The Influence of Auditor’s Education Level, Accounting Education, Public Accountant Firm Size on Accounting Profession: Implication to Good Corporate Governance in Indonesia
Authors: Tandiontong Mathius , Sinuraya Candra , Rajagukguk Sondang Mariani
Published: June 2019

Principles of good corporate governance work well in every business entity, if the role of the accounting profession functions properly. For the accounting profession can play a good role is determined by the level of adequate auditor education, the quality of accounting education, magnitude and the number of public accounting firms spread evenly throughout the territory of Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to test empirically the influence of auditor education level, accounting education, the amount of public accounting firm to the accounting profession and its implications for the application of the principles of good corporate governance in Indonesia. The research method used in this research is descriptive verification by using quantitative approach. Data were collected through indirect communication techniques using questionnaires, limited interviews, and documentation studies in an effort to add explanatory elements to the survey results. The unit of analysis is the Public Accounting Firm in the island of Java. Sampling with simple random proportional method to 88 respondents received by researchers from 500 respondents sent. The technique of analysis and data testing is done by Path analysis. The results showed that: (1) There is a correlation between the level of accountant education with accounting education and the magnitude of public accounting firms with the level of keeratanya still at a moderate level. (2) Coefficient of Determination of Education Level Auditor, Accounting Education, and Quantity of Public Accounting Firm simultaneously have positive effect on Accounting Profession. However, partially the Auditor's Education Level and the Magnitude of Public Accounting Firm have an influence on the Accounting Profession is not significant. (3) There is influence of education level of Auditor, Accounting Education, Accountant Public Accountant Level and Accounting Profession partially or simultaneously to the application of Good Corporate Governance principles. Partially, however, the level of Education of Auditor and the magnitude of Public Accounting Firm influences the application of Good Corporate Governance principles but not significant.
Intellectual Capital Disclosure, Information Asymmetry, Cost of Capital, and Firm Value: Empirical Studies on Indonesian Manufacturers
Authors: Gomes I. Nadya Gomes I. , Semuel Hatane , D. Devie
Published: June 2019

Signaling theory suggests that when high-quality entities signal their potentials such as intellectual capital to the market, its participants (e.g., investors) re-evaluate their worth and make informed decisions therefrom. This paper examines the consequences of intellectual capital disclosures with respect to firm value, information asymmetry, and cost of capital. Voluntary intellectual capital disclosure (ICD, measured in index) affects firm value (FV, measured in Tobin’s Q) through reducing both information asymmetry (IA, measured in bid-ask spread) and cost of capital (COC, measured in weighted average cost of capital). 67 Indonesian manufacturers were purposively selected whose financial reports published in Indonesian Stock Exchange official website and Bloomberg provide the data for the research. A research model is estimated to the data through a partial least square analysis. Results provides substantial evidence on the positive effect of ICD on FV and negative effect on IA; negative effect of IA on FV; negative effect of COC on FV; and positive effect of IA on COC. On a separate analysis, IA is shown to significantly mediate the relationship between ICD and FV.
C
oprothermobacteria
Authors: Pavan María Elisa , Pavan Esteban E. , Kämpfer Peter , Pettinari María Julia , López Nancy I.
Published: June 2019

Co.pro.ther.mo.bac.te'ri.a. N.L. masc. n.
Coprothermobacter
type genus of the type order of the class; ‐
ia
ending to denote a class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Coprothermobacteria
the class of the order
Coprothermobacterales
.

Coprothermobacterota / Coprothermobacteria

The class
Coprothermobacteria
belonging to the phylum
Coprothermobacterota
constitutes one of the primary lines of descent in the bacterial domain. This class is currently represented by a single order, family, and genus. Nonmotile rods. Stains Gram‐negative. Non‐spore‐forming. Strictly anaerobic, thermophilic. Chemoorganotrophs. Proteolytic fermenters that produce acetic acid, H
2
, and CO
2
as the main end products. Able to reduce thiosulfate but not sulfate to sulfide.

Type order
:
Coprothermobacterales
Pavan, Pavan, Glaeser, Etchebehere, Kämpfer, Pettinari et al., 2018, 1631
VP
.
D
esulfobaccaceae
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: June 2019

De.sul.fo.bac.ca.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.
Desulfobacca
type genus of the family; suff. ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Desulfobaccaceae
the family of
Desulfobacca
.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobaccia / Desulfobaccales / Desulfobaccaceae

Cells are oval‐to‐rod shaped, which occur singly or in pairs. Gram‐stain‐negative. Endospores are not observed. Nonmotile. Strict anaerobes with a respiratory type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophic. Acetate is used as the sole electron donor and carbon source, and is oxidized to CO
2
via the anaerobic C
1
pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase [CODH] or Wood–Ljungdahl pathway). Sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate are used as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. The optimal pH range for growth is 7.1–7.5. The optimal temperature range for growth is between 36 and 40°C. The major menaquinone, the pattern of polar lipids, and the cellular fatty acid profiles are not known. The family currently accommodates a single genus
Desulfobacca
. The type strain of the genus was isolated from an anaerobic sludge reactor fed with acetate and sulfate. Seems to be present only in freshwater and soil.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 52.9 (genome data).

Type genus
:
Desulfobacca
Oude Elferink, Akkermans‐van Vliet, Bogte and Stams 1999, 348
VP
.
N
atrinema
Authors: Minegishi Hiroaki , Kamekura Masahiro
Published: June 2019

Na.tri.ne'ma. N.L. neut. n.
natrium
sodium; Gr. neut. n.
nema
a thread; N.L. neut. n.
Natrinema
sodium (‐requiring) thread.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Natrialbales / Natrialbaceae / Natrinema

The genus
Natrinema
consists of eight species. They are extremely halophilic, with growth occurring in media containing >1.5 M NaCl. Temperatures between 20 and 60°C support growth. Most strains grow at pH 6.0–8.5, optimally at pH 7.0. Some species are strict aerobes, whereas others show anaerobic growth with nitrate. Phylogenetically, the genus is most closely related to the genera
Haloterrigena
,
Natrialba
, and
Natronorubrum
. The cells possess C
20
C
20
and C
20
C
25
diether core lipids.

The genus
Natrinema
was created in 1998 to accommodate some misclassified halobacterial strains, while the genus
Haloterrigena
was established the following year. Since then, it has been known that the species of the two genera overlap to some extent in phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The reclassification of species presently belonging to the genus
Haloterrigena
as
Natrinema
species may be justified at the near future.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 62.9–65.6.

Type species
:
Natrinema pellirubrum
McGenity, Gemmell and Grant 1998, 1194
VP
.
C
oprothermobacter
Authors: Pavan María Elisa , Pavan Esteban E. , Kämpfer Peter , Pettinari María Julia , López Nancy I.
Published: June 2019

Co.pro.ther.mo.bac'ter. Gr. fem. n.
kopros
manure; Gr. adj.
thermos
warm; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Coprothermobacter
a thermophilic rod from manure.

Coprothermobacterota / Coprothermobacteria / Coprothermobacterales / Coprothermobacteraceae / Coprothermobacter

Rod‐shaped cells, 0.5 × 1.0–6.0 µm; occur singly or in pairs in young cultures; pleomorphic in old cultures. Colonies are white, circular (diameter 1–2 mm), convex, and smooth with entire edges. Stains Gram‐negative. Non‐spore‐forming. Nonmotile. Strictly anaerobic. Thermophilic. Optimum growth temperature, 55–70°C. Neutrophilic. Chemoorganotrophic. Proteolytic, uses gelatin and peptones. Sugars are used poorly unless yeast extract or rumen fluid is added. Trypticase peptone stimulates glucose utilization. The main end products of sugar or protein fermentation are acetic acid, H
2
, and CO
2
. Thiosulfate, but not sulfate, is used as electron acceptor for growth. Dominant in thermophilic anaerobic digesters, also present in marine and terrestrial environments. The microorganisms of the genus
Coprothermobacter
represent one of the primary lines of descent in the bacterial domain.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 42.5–44.8 (genome analysis).

Type species
:
Coprothermobacter proteolyticus
(Ollivier, Mah, Ferguson, Boone, Garcia and Robinson 1985) Rainey and Stackebrandt 1993a, 858
VP
(
Thermobacteroides proteolyticus
Ollivier, Mah, Ferguson, Boone, Garcia and Robinson 1985, 427).
D
esulfohalobium
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: June 2019

De.sul.fo.ha.lo'bi.um. L. pref.
de
from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur; Gr. n.
hals, halos
the sea, salt; Gr. masc. n.
bios
life; N.L. masc. adj.
halobius
living on salt; N.L. neut. n.
Desulfohalobium
a sulfate‐reducing, salt‐requiring, rod‐shaped bacterium.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfohalobiaceae / Desulfohalobium

Rod‐shaped cells, 0.7–0.9 × 1–3 µm, with rounded ends. Occur singly or in pairs when H
2
is the energy source. Spores are not observed. Gram‐stain‐negative. Anaerobic, having a respiratory and fermentative types of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophic, using simple organic compounds as carbon sources and electron donors for anaerobic respiration of sulfate or other oxidized sulfur compounds serving as terminal electron acceptors and being reduced to H
2
S. Organic compounds are incompletely oxidized to acetate and CO
2
. Chemolithohetorotrophic, using H
2
as electron donor and acetate as carbon source for sulfate reduction. Acetate could be replaced by yeast extract or bio‐trypticase. Slowly ferments pyruvate. Moderately halophilic with NaCl and MgCl
2
required for growth. The cells contain desulforubidin. Vitamins are required. Mesophilic. The optimal temperature range for growth is 37–40°C. Isolated from the sediments of a hypersaline lake. The genus currently accommodates one species.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 57.1 (LC), 57.3 (genome).

Type species
:
Desulfohalobium retbaense
Ollivier, Hatchikian, Prensier, Guezennec and Garcia 1991, 78
VP
.
D
esulfonatronum
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: June 2019

De.sul.fo.na.tro'num
. L. prep.
de
, from; L. n.
sulfur
, sulfur; N.L. pref.
desulfo
‐, desulfuricating (prefix used to characterize a dissimilatory sulfate‐reducing prokaryote); N.L. neut. n.
natron
(arbitrarily derived from the Arabic n.
natron
or natron) soda; N.L. neut. n.
Desulfonatronum
, a sulfate reducer inhabiting soda lakes.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfonatronaceae / Desulfonatronum

Cells are vibrios with sizes 0.4–0.9 µm × 1.0–4.0 µm; cell arrangement is single, in pairs, or in short or filamentous long chains of not separated cells, reminiscent of spirilla with a snake‐like motion. Stain Gram‐negative. Motile due to single polar flagellum. Strict anaerobe with a respiratory or fermentative type of metabolism. Chemolithotrophic with variations for auto‐, mixo‐, and heterotrophy: source of anabolic carbon may derive from CO
2
only, CO
2
+ 2 mM acetate, or yeast extract. All species use H
2
and formate in the presence of acetate or yeast extract as electron donors. Chemoorganoheterotrophic with the ability for respiration with cytochrome
c
or, in some species, for fermentation with MK‐6. Organic compounds are incompletely oxidized to acetate. All species use sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate as terminal electron acceptors, which are reduced to H
2
S. Chemolithoheterotrophic or chemolithoautotrophic. Another important characteristic of this alkaliphilic genus is inorganic fermentation, or disproportionation by dismutation of oxidized sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur inhibits growth. True alkaliphilic, obligately depend on CO
3
2
−
and HCO
3
−
; pH optima are within the range 8.0–9.5. Mesophilic. The optimal temperature range varies among the species (30–40°C). The major menaquinone is MK‐6. The cellular fatty acid profile is characterized by tetradecanoic, pentadecanoic, hexadecanoic, and octadecanoic acids; C
16
:1
ω7 and C
18
:1
ω7/9 are lipid markers for this genus. The genus currently includes nine species. Vitamins or yeast extracts are required for some species. Inhabit anoxic sediments of alkaline lakes competing for H
2
(of saccharolytic fermenters) along with acetogens and methanogens.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 48.8–59.3 (
T
m
, HPLC).

Type species
:
Desulfonatronum lacustre
Pikuta, Zhilina, Zavarzin, Kostrikina, Osipov and Rainey 1998b, 631
VP
(Effective publication: Pikuta, Zhilina, Zavarzin, Kostrikina, Osipov and Rainey 1998a, 112).
D
esulfovirga
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: June 2019

De.sul.fo.vir'ga. L. pref.
de
from; L. masc. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. fem. n.
virga
twig, rod; N.L. fem. n.
Desulfovirga
a sulfate‐reducing rod.

Desulfobacterota / Syntrophobacteria / Syntrophobacterales / Syntrophobacteraceae / Desulfovirga

Rod‐shaped cells, 0.8–2 × 2.2–4 µm. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Stains Gram‐negative. Motile by a single polar flagellum. Strictly anaerobic, having a respiratory type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophic, using formate, C
2
–C
12
straight‐chain fatty acids, some branched‐chain fatty acids, adipate, other organic acids, and alcohols as carbon sources and electron donors. Electron donors are completely oxidized to CO
2
. Sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, and sulfur serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Nitrate is not used as a terminal electron acceptor. Mesophilic, optimal growth temperature, 35°C. Neutrophilic, optimal growth pH, 7.0. Media containing a reductant and vitamins are necessary for growth. Cells contain cytochrome
c
, but not desulfoviridin.
Desulfovirga
species occur in freshwater habitats and soil.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 60 (LC).

Type species
:
Desulfovirga adipica
Tanaka, Stackebrandt, Tohyama and Eguchi 2000, 643
VP
.
D
esulfocarbo
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: June 2019

De.sul.fo.car'bo. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; N.L. pref.
desulfo‐
desulfuricating, a prefix used to characterize a dissimilatory sulfate‐reducing prokaryote; L. masc. n.
carbo
, coal; N.L. masc. n.
Desulfocarbo
, a sulfate‐reducing bacterium isolated from a coal bed.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfarcalia / Desulfarculales / Desulfarculaceae / Desulfocarbo

Vibrio‐shaped cells, 0.4–0.5 × 1.5–2.4 µm. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. The type species is motile. Strict anaerobe with respiratory type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotroph, using formate, acetate, butyrate, palmitate, benzoate, and some other simple organic compounds as electron donors and carbon sources; these compounds are completely oxidized to CO
2
via the anaerobic C
1
pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase or Wood–Ljungdahl pathway). Chemolithoautotroph growing on H
2
in combination with CO
2
. Sulfate and thiosulfate serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Sulfur, sulfite, nitrate, DMSO, and Fe
3+
are not used as terminal electron acceptors. Growth does not usually occur in the absence of an external electron acceptor. Mesophilic, with an optimal temperature for growth of 30°C. Neutrophilic, with an optimal pH for growth of 7.0. Anoxic media with sulfide as a reductant are necessary for growth.
Desulfocarbo indianensis
was isolated from coproduced water extracted from a coalbed (Indiana, USA).

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 62.5 (genome data).

Type species
:
Desulfocarbo indianensis
An and Picardal 2014, 2913
VP
.
D
esulfosoma
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: June 2019

De.sul.fo.so'ma. L. pref.
de
, from; L. masc. n.
sulfur
, sulfur; N.L. pref.
desulfo
‐, prefix used to characterize a dissimilatory sulfate‐reducing prokaryote; Gr. neut. n.
soma
, body; N.L. neut. n.
Desulfosoma
, sulfate‐reducing body.

Desulfobacterota / Syntrophobacteria / Syntrophobacterales / Syntrophobacteraceae / Desulfosoma

Oval‐shaped rods, 1.0–2.0 × 2.0–6.0 µm. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Gram‐stain‐negative. Motility might occur depending on the species. Strictly anaerobic, having a respiratory type of metabolism. Chemoorganotrophic, using formate and C
2
–C
16
straight‐chain fatty acids, some short‐chain branched‐chain fatty acids, lactate, and pyruvate as carbon sources and electron donors. Electron donors are completely oxidized to CO
2
via the anaerobic C
1
pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase or Wood–Ljungdahl pathway). For growth on H
2
+ CO
2
and very likely formate, yeast extract is required. Sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Sulfur, nitrate, and nitrite are not used as terminal electron acceptors. Fermentative growth on pyruvate. Thermophilic. Optimal growth temperature, 55–57°C. Neutrophilic. Optimal growth pH, 6.8–7.0. Media containing a reductant are necessary for growth. Vitamins are not required or yeast extract are required for growth on some substrates. The genus
Desulfosoma
contains two described species. The
Desulfosoma
species occur in geothermally influenced terrestrial habitats such as hot aquifers or terrestrial hydrothermal vents.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 56.1–57.6 (
T
m
, HPLC).

Type species
:
Desulfosoma caldarium
Baena, Perdomo, Carvajal, Diaz and Patel 2011, 735
VP
.
Pelagirhabdus
Authors: Sultanpuram Vishnuvardhan Reddy , Mothe Thirumala
Published: June 2019

Pe.la.gi.rhab'dus. L. masc. n.pelagus, the sea; Gr. fem. n.rhabdos, rod; N.L. fem. n.Pelagirhabdusrod‐shaped bacterium isolated from the sea.

Firmicutes / Bacilli / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Pelagirhabdus

On the basis of the comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the genusPelagirhabdusbelongs to the familyBacillaceaein a distinct lineage, which is closely related to the generaAmphibacillus, Streptohalobacillus,Paraliobacillus,Gracilibacillus, andHalolactibacillus. It currently comprises two species—Pelagirhabdus alkalitoleransandPelagirhabdus fermentum. Cells are motile or nonmotile, rod shaped, Gram‐stain‐positive, and nonendospore formers. Facultative anaerobe. Positive for catalase activity and negative for oxidase activity. The isoprenoid quinones are absent. The peptidoglycan is based onmeso‐diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The major polar lipids present are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and two unidentified phospholipids. The major cellular fatty acids are C14:0, anteiso‐C15:0, C16:0, anteiso‐C13:0, iso‐C15:0, and iso‐C13:0.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 37.1–41.5 (WGS, HPLC, andTm).

Type species:Pelagirhabdus alkalitoleransSultanpuram, Mothe, Chinthalapati and Chinthalapati 2016, 89VP.
A
naerosporomusa
Authors: Choi Jessica K. , Shah Madhavi , Yee Nathan
Published: June 2019

An.ae.ro.spo.ro.mu'sa. Gr. pref.
an
without; Gr. masc. n.
aer
air; Gr. fem. n.
spora
seed; L. fem. n.
musa
banana; N.L. fem. n.
Anaerosporomusa
an anaerobic spore‐bearing banana.

Firmicutes / Negativicutes / Selenomonadales / Sporomusaceae / Anaerosporomusa

Anaerosporomusa
is a genus in the phylum
Firmicutes
, family
Sporomusaceae
, order
Selenomonadales
, and class
Negativicutes
. Currently, this genus has only one cultured species—
Anaerosporomusa subterranea
—which was isolated from chemically weathered bedrock. The organism is an obligate anaerobe and its growth is limited to fermentation on short‐chain carboxylic acids. Cells are motile, Gram‐stain‐negative, with lengths and widths ranging from 2 to 4 µm and 0.3 to 0.5 µm, respectively. Members of this genus are endospore formers, which can be observed by microscopy. The dominant fatty acids are saturated lipids.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 52 (HPLC), 47.1 (Genome).

Type species
:
Anaerosporomusa subterranea
Choi, Shah and Yee 2016, 3852
VP
.
T
hermotomaculum
Authors: Nakagawa Satoshi
Published: June 2019

Ther.mo.to.ma'cu.lum. Gr. fem. n.
thermê
heat; L. neut. n.
tomaculum
, a kind of sausage; N.L. neut. n.
Thermotomaculum
, a sausage‐shaped thermophile.

Acidobacteria / Holophagae / Thermotomaculales / Thermotomaculaceae / Thermotomaculum

Gram‐stain‐negative, strictly anaerobic, long rods. Cells occur singly, as a group of 3–4 cells in a chain‐like structure, or as aggregates of up to 40–50 cells. Nonmotile. Strictly heterotrophic. Capable of fermentative growth on complex organic substrates such as yeast extract and tryptone peptone. Thermophilic and neutrophilic. The major fatty acids are iso‐C
15
:0
and iso‐C
17
:0
. The major quinones are menaquinone‐7 and ‐8. A member of the phylum
Acidobacteria
, the class
Holophagae
, the order
Thermotomaculales
, and the family
Thermotomaculaceae
. The known habitat is deep‐sea hydrothermal fields.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 51.6 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Thermotomaculum hydrothermale
Izumi, Nunoura, Miyazaki, Mino, Toki, Takai, et al. 2017, 4292
VP
(Effective publication: Izumi, Nunoura, Miyazaki, Mino, Toki, Takai, et al. 2012, 251).
D
esulfatiglans
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: June 2019

De.sul.fa'ti.glans. L. pref.
de
, from; N.L. masc. n.
sulfas
, sulfate; L. fem. n.
glans
, acorn; N.L. fem. n.
Desulfatiglans
, sulfate‐reducing acorn.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfatiglandales / Desulfatiglandaceae / Desulfatiglans

Rod‐shaped cells that occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Gram‐stain‐negative. All species are nonmotile. Strict anaerobe with respiratory type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotroph using acetate, butyrate, pyruvate, benzoate, phenol, and various aromatic compounds as electron donors and carbon sources; organic compounds are oxidized completely via the carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway or Wood–Ljungdahl pathway. Sulfate serves as terminal electron acceptor in all species and is reduced to H
2
S. Use of sulfite and thiosulfate varies between species. Fermentative growth is not observed. Mesophilic, with an optimal temperature for growth between 30 and 37°C. Anoxic media (with sulfide as a reductant) are necessary for growth.
Desulfatiglans
spp. were isolated from marine and brackish water and freshwater sediments.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 58.8–59.1 (
T
m
, genome and LC).

Type species
:
Desulfatiglans anilini
(Schnell, Bak and Pfennig 1989) Suzuki, Li, Cui, Zhang and Katayama 2014, 3084
VP
(
Desulfobacterium anilini
Schnell, Bak and Pfennig 1990, 320).
H
enriciella
Authors: Abraham Wolf‐Rainer , Rohde Manfred
Published: June 2019

Hen.ri.ci.el'la. N.L. fem. n.
Henriciella
named after A.T. Henrici, who first described the stalked bacteria genus
Caulobacter
.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Hyphomonadaceae / Henriciella

Cells are Gram‐negative, aerobic, non‐spore‐forming, rods. Some species are dimorphic having motile cells with a polar flagellum and cells possessing a stalk (prosthecum), ca. 0.1–0.2 µm in diameter, 0.5–0.7‐µm long, extending from one pole as a continuation of the long axis of the cell. Adhesive material is present at the distal end of the stalk. Occur singly. Multiplication by binary fission. Colonies are circular, convex, and colorless. Chemoorganotrophic, aerobes, can grow anaerobically, probably using amino acids as fermentable carbon sources. Cells can store carbon as poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate and show activities of oxidase and catalase. Species do not reduce nitrate or produce indole. They have complex growth requirements and grow on peptone–yeast extract media with 30 g/l NaCl, with optimal growth between 10 and 50 g/l NaCl. No growth occurs with salt concentrations at or below 5 g/l. The temperature range for growth is 10–40°C, while 20–35°C is optimal. The major fatty acids are C
18:1
ω7
c
and C
16:0
; the major hydroxyl fatty acid is C
12:0 3
‐OH; the major respiratory quinone is Q‐10. The main polar lipids are α‐
d
‐glucopyranosyl diacylglycerol, α‐
d
‐glucopyranuronosyl diacylglycerol, and phosphatidyl diacylglycerol. The currently described six species of the genus were all isolated from seawater. The genus
Henriciella
is classified within the family
Hyphomonadaceae
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 58.9–62.2 (genome sequences).

Type species
:
Henriciella marina
Quan, Zeng, Xiao, Roh, Nam, Chang et al., 2009b, 2129
VP
(Effectively published: Quan, Zeng, Xiao, Roh, Nam, Chang et al., 2009a, 160).
Conductive Oxide Interfaces for Field Effect Devices
Authors: Kornblum Lior
Published: June 2019

The discovery of 2D conductivity at the interface of insulating oxides uncovered a trove of rich correlated‐electron physics, whose origins are still being debated 15 years later. In parallel to the massive research thrust into the fundamentals of these phenomena, the past decade has seen dramatic progress in harnessing this system toward practical devices. This report summarizes the physical background of the interface phenomena, and presents the recent evolution of field effect devices based on conductive oxide interfaces. The discussion is built on progressive examples of device concepts, covering a wide range of oxide material systems. The role of defects is critically interwoven throughout the narrative. The promises and hurdles toward practical large‐scale implementation of these devices are highlighted at the conclusion. This report is intended to bridge between the physics of conductive oxide interfaces and the practicalities of developing them into device technology. By presenting an overview of the state of the art, it is hoped to inspire new applications for these diverse new capabilities. The journey of conductive oxide interfaces from fundamentals to technology may be viewed as a prototype for the future maturation of other systems of emergent physics and novel materials from labs to devices.
Controllable Fabrication of In‐Series Organic Heterostructures for Optical Waveguide Application
Authors: Li Zhi‐Zhou , Wu Jun‐Jie , Wang Xue‐Dong , Wang Kai‐Li , Zhang Songnan , Xie Wan‐Feng , Liao Liang‐Sheng
Published: June 2019

Organic heterostructures have been demonstrated to be excellent candidates for application in photonic components such as modulators and optical switches, but the controllable fabrication of organic heterostructures remains a considerable challenge due to the lattice mismatch and weak intermolecular forces. In this study, a photochromic strategy is demonstrated to fabricate in‐series organic heterostructures with high controllability and designability by selectively covering a portion of the organic microcrystals. Radiative energy transfer is found in the blue‐green fluorescent 2‐block of the organic heterostructure, which acts as the basic component unit, leading to the unique passive/active mixed waveguide mode. Furthermore, optical waveguides with switchable output light wavelength‐bands can be constructed based on the 3‐block and 5‐block heterostructures. By changing the input ports on the heterostructures, the blue, blue/green, or green wavelength band can be selectively outcoupled, thus indicating the potential of the organic heterostructures to be utilized in future photonic systems.
Solution‐Processed Visible‐Blind Ultraviolet Photodetectors with Nanosecond Response Time and High Detectivity
Authors: Chen Zhaolai , Li Chenglong , Zhumekenov Ayan A. , Zheng Xiaopeng , Yang Chen , Yang Haoze , He Yao , Turedi Bekir , Mohammed Omar F. , Shen Liang , Bakr Osman M.
Published: June 2019

Ultrafast, high‐sensitivity, visible‐blind ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors are crucial for practical applications, including: optical communication, environmental ozone hole monitoring, and combustion and chemical detection. However, commercial visible‐blind UV photodetectors based on traditional inorganic semiconductor materials involve expensive production processes, while the currently solution‐processed detectors still suffer from issues of low sensitivity or slow response speed. Herein, high‐performance visible‐blind UV photodetectors with simultaneously ultrafast response speed and high detectivity are achieved from solution‐processed micrometer‐thick methylammonium lead trichloride perovskite thin single crystals, grown in high quality with smooth surfaces by judiciously designing the substrate's wettability. The as‐fabricated UV photodetectors exhibit a low noise of 6.5 fA Hz−1/2, a low detection limit of 8.5 pW cm−2, and high specific detectivity of ≈6 × 1012 Jones. A fast response time of 15 ns and a large bandwidth of 25 MHz are obtained when decreasing the crystal thickness to 1 µm. The nanosecond response speed is several orders of magnitude faster than the best ever reported solution‐processed visible‐blind UV photodetectors and is comparable to reported UV photodetectors based on traditional (high‐temperature processed) inorganic semiconductors. The high performance combined with low‐cost fabrication makes these visible‐blind UV photodetectors highly attractive for applications in optical communication and ultrafast detection.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of 1,6‐Enynes Using Alkyl Iodides as Hydride Source: a Combined Experimental and Computational Study
Authors: Xia Xiao‐Feng , Liu Xiao‐Jun , Tang Guo‐Wu , Wang Dawei
Published: June 2019

A palladium‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of 1,6‐enynes using alkyl iodides as hydride sources has been developed. The method turns undesired β‐hydride elimination of alkyl iodides into a strategic advantage, efficiently giving rise to dihydropyridin‐2(1H)‐ones and tetrahydropyridines containing exocyclic double bonds with excellent chemo‐ and regio‐selectivity. Experimental and computational studies support a reaction mechanism involving hydride transfer via β‐hydride elimination/palladium(II) hydride migratory insertion.

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Cobalt‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of α‐Ketoesters and N‐Cyclicsulfonylimides Using H2O as Hydrogen Source
Authors: Gao Yang , Zhang Xuexin , Laishram Ronibala Devi , Chen Jingchao , Li Kangkui , Zhang Keyang , Zeng Guangzhi , Fan Baomin
Published: June 2019

A Co‐catalyzed effective transfer hydrogenation of various α‐ketoesters and N‐cyclicsulfonylimides by safe and environmentally benign H2O as hydrogen source is described. The reaction used easily available and easy to handle zinc metal as a reductant. Interestingly, the catalytic system does not require ligand for reduction of N‐cyclicsulfonylimides.

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Organocatalytic Enantioselective Michael Addition of Oxazolones to 2‐Enoylpyridine N‐Oxides for Assembling of Pyridine N‐Oxides Featuring Vicinal Oxygen‐Containing Tetrasubstituted Stereocenters
Authors: Luan Yipeng , Huang Anqi , Cheng Yuyu , Liu Xiaohong , Li Pengfei , Li Wenjun
Published: June 2019

The thiourea catalyzed enantioselective Michael addition of 5H‐oxazol‐4‐ones to 2‐enoylpyridine N‐oxides is described. Under mild conditions, a series of optically active pyridine N‐oxides inlaid with oxazolone motif were obtained in high yields (62–99%) with excellent stereoselectivities (84–>99% ee and >20:1 dr). Notably, the method offers a direct synthetic approach to enantioenriched pyridine N‐oxides featured by vicinal oxygen‐containing tetrasubstituted stereocenters.

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Remarkably Stable, High‐Quality Semiconducting Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Inks for Highly Reproducible Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Talsma Wytse , Sengrian Aprizal Akbar , Salazar‐Rios Jorge Mario , Duim Herman , Abdu‐Aguye Mustapha , Jung Stefan , Allard Sybille , Scherf Ullrich , Loi Maria Antonietta
Published: June 2019

In the past years, high‐quality semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotube (s‐SWCNT) inks obtained by conjugated polymer wrapping using toluene as solvent have been used for the fabrication of high‐performance field‐effect transistors. Charge‐carrier mobilities up to 50 cm2 V−1 s−1 and on/off ratios above 108 have been reported for devices based on networks of s‐SWCNT. However, devices fabricated from inks that are only a few weeks old generally show a marked decrease in performance, indicating the limited shelf life of toluene‐based inks. The use of o‐xylene as applicator solvent to obtain high quality and very stable s‐SWCNT inks is reported. The charge carrier mobility of field‐effect transistors fabricated with this new ink show a twofold increase in magnitude compared to devices prepared from a toluene solution. More importantly, the device‐to‐device performance shows improved reproducibility, which is ascribed to the higher degree of homogeneity of the s‐SWCNT network deposited from o‐xylene with respect to the one from toluene. Finally, the o‐xylene inks maintain their initial properties for longer than one year. This very long shelf life is an important pre‐condition for the industrial use of s‐SWCNT inks.
Conductive Polymer–Exoelectrogen Hybrid Bioelectrode with Improved Biofilm Formation and Extracellular Electron Transport
Authors: Zhang Pengbo , Zhou Xin , Qi Ruilian , Gai Panpan , Liu Libing , Lv Fengting , Wang Shu
Published: June 2019

Low organism loading capacity and inefficient extracellular electron transport (EET) are still the bottlenecks hindering the development of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs). It is shown that cationic polythiophene derivative (PMNT) has the ability to simultaneously enhance bacteria biofilm formation, improve the bacteria viability, decrease the resistance value, and accelerate the EET process between exoelectrogen and the electrode. Shewanella oneidensis can form a robust and thick biofilm on the electrode surface in the presence of PMNT. Mediated by electron‐transporting PMNT, even bacteria far away from the electrode can transfer electrons to it. This bioelectrode is utilized as the anode to construct a microbial fuel cell, which exhibits a greatly increased maximum current density and power density and a prolonged lifetime by taking advantage of the unique properties of PMNT. Thus, cationic conductive polymers exhibit great potential as effective biofilm enhancers and electron transporters in BESs.
A 9‐year audit of fetal chest masses in an Australian maternal—fetal medicine cohort
Authors: Gopikrishna Saranya , Henry Amanda , Kaur Simren , Shand Antonia W. , Jiwane Ashish , Dyer Kate , Welsh Alec W.
Published: June 2019

Introduction

To assess fetal vs. neonatal diagnoses, pregnancy outcomes and need for surgery in babies prenatally diagnosed with congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) or bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS).

Methods

Retrospective single‐centre cohort study of fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of CPAM or BPS between 2006 and 2014. Data collected included serial antenatal ultrasound information and neonatal/infant diagnoses and outcomes.

Results

Initial ultrasound diagnosis (n = 63) was CPAM in 51 and BPS in 12: nineteen (30%) fetuses had mediastinal shift and 2 (3%) had hydrops. All neonates with known birth outcome (n = 56) were liveborn. Final diagnosis in 52 infants (83%) with neonatal imaging and/or histopathology confirmed CPAM in 17/44 (39%) and BPS in 6/9 (67%). Of 34 prenatally suspected but unconfirmed CPAM lesions: 10 had no lesion on neonatal imaging, one no neonatal imaging performed, five confirmed BPS, 11 other lung/thoracic lesions, seven were lost to follow‐up. There was one infant death. 27/63 infants (43%) had post‐natal surgery. More neonates requiring neonatal respiratory support/resuscitation had surgery compared to those who did not (67% vs. 29%, P = 0.008). Patients with suspected CPAM or BPS on both initial and final ultrasound were more likely to have post‐natal surgical management than when a lesion was no longer visible on final antenatal ultrasound (68% vs. 23%, P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Over 50% of antenatally suspected CPAM/BPS either regressed or had an alternate post‐natal diagnosis. Perinatal outcome was good, with the majority of neonates/infants conservatively managed. Persistently visible antenatal lesion and need for neonatal respiratory support predicted ultimate surgical management.