bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation and Children's Cognition at Age 9‐12 Years in Indonesia
Authors: Prado E , Sebayang S , Apriatni M , Hidayati N , Adawiyah S , Islamiyah A , Siddiq S , Harefa B , Alcock K , Ullman M , Muadz H , Shankar A
Published: June 2021

Many micronutrients, including zinc, iodine, and B‐vitamins, are needed for the rapid brain development that occurs during gestation and infancy, laying a foundation for lifelong brain function. Few studies have examined the long‐term cognitive effects of maternal multiple micronutrient (MMN) supplements, compared to the current practice in many countries of iron and folic acid (IFA) supplementation. In 2001‐2004, in the SUMMIT trial, midwives in Indonesia were randomly assigned to distribute daily IFA or MMN from pregnancy through three months postpartum. We tested 3687 children of SUMMIT participants at 9‐12 years of age. Adjusting for midwife cluster, data collector, child age and gender, and home environment, children of mothers given MMN scored higher in visual attention (B=0.11, p < .01) and arithmetic (B=0.10, p=.05) compared to IFA. We observed positive effects on verbal ability (B=0.17, p=.02) in children of mothers who were undernourished at enrollment and on sustained attention (B=0.10, p=.04) and letter/word recognition (B=0.23, p=.04) in children of mothers who were anemic, consistent with previously observed effects on pre‐school cognition in these groups. We found positive effects on speed of sentence reading in children of well‐nourished mothers (B=0.11, p = .04), consistent with effects on birth weight in this group. No effects were found on fine motor ability, socio‐emotional scores, or several measures of executive function.

Funded by Grand Challenges Canada
Tracer‐Based Estimates of Carbohydrate Homeostasis: Plasma and Tissue‐Specific Flux Glucose Indexing
Authors: Wang Sheng‐ping , Wu Margaret , Zhou Dan , Dai Ge , Nunes Christian , Burton Aimee , Shen Xiaolan , Shang Jin , Yin Wu , Liu Jinqi , Castro‐Perez Jose , Herath Kithsiri , Previs Stephen , Kelley David
Published: June 2021

Quantifying glucose production and glycogen flux, especially during a glucose challenge, should inform on the underlying nature of glucose intolerance and therein support therapeutic programs aimed at improving the regulation of blood glucose. Unfortunately, studies of glucose flux under conditions of a metabolic non‐steady state have proven difficult; although temporal changes in glucose concentration reflect the difference between the rates of input and output, quantification of specific rates has proved challenging. We aimed to determine the suitability of methods for phenotyping glucose homeostasis in rodents. First, we found that the oxidation of [6,6‐2H]glucose, normalized for insulin, yields data which are consistent with expected insulin resistance phenotypes. However, this method does not yield information regarding the contribution of specific tissues and/or pathways to the observed phenotype and simple non‐tracer based measures of glucose and insulin yield equivalent insight. Second, we were able to quantify tissue‐specific glucose uptake using a combination of 2‐deoxyglucose and mass‐balance methods during a glucose tolerance test; combining this with measures of the temporal change of plasma glucose labeling therein allows one to infer a glucose flux index, i.e. the relative suppression of endogenous glucose production and the tissue‐specific uptake. Last, we demonstrate hepatic glycogen cycling in rodents suggesting an important biochemical trait of glucose metabolism which translates between rodents and humans.
Effects of Small‐Quantity Lipid‐Based Nutrient Supplement on Hemoglobin and Iron Status of Pregnant Ghanaian Women
Authors: Adu‐Afarwuah Seth , Lartey Anna , Okronipa Harriet , Peerson Janet , Ashorn Per , Dewey Kathryn
Published: June 2021

In the Ghana iLiNS‐DYAD study (NCT00970866), provision of small‐quantity lipid‐based nutrient supplement (SQ‐LNS) to pregnant women increased infant birth size, but effects on maternal hemoglobin (Hb) and iron status have not been reported. We assessed Hb concentration (g/L) and two markers of iron status, zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP, μmol/mol heme) and transferrin receptor (TfR, mg/L), among pregnant women in the iLiNS‐DYAD study. In this partially double‐blind, individually randomized controlled trial, 1320 pregnant women 蠄20 gestational wk (GW) received one of three supplements daily until delivery: 60 mg Fe + 400 µg folic acid (IFA), or 1‐2 recommended dietary allowances of 18 micronutrients including 20 mg Fe (MMN), or SQ‐LNS with the same nutrient levels as in MMN, plus four additional minerals as well as macronutrients contributing 118 kcal (LNS). Unadjusted group means (±SD) for Hb, ZPP, and TfR were compared across groups (IFA=349, MMN=354, LNS=354); these did not differ at baseline, but differed at 36 GW: compared with the IFA group, the LNS and MMN groups had lower Hb (120.0±10.7 vs 115.0±12.1 and 117.0±11.6, respectively; p<0.001), higher ZPP (42.5±30.0 vs 49.6±28.8 and 48.8 ±29.9; p =0.010) and higher TfR (4.0±1.3 vs 4.9±1.8 and 4.6±1.7; p<0.001), and greater prevalence of low Hb (<100) [2.2% vs 7.9% and 5.8%; p = 0.019], elevated ZPP (>60) [9.4% vs 18.6% and 19.2%; p = 0.003] and elevated TfR (>4.4) [28.6% vs 53.5% and 46.7%; p <0.001]. We conclude that the Fe content of LNS should be re‐evaluated to identify the amount most effective for improving both maternal Hb/iron status and birth outcomes.
Bioaccessibility, Bioavailability and Antioxidant Stability of Phenolic Compounds Present in Mango (cv. ‘Ataulfo’) Following an in Vitro Digestion and Microbial Fermentation
Authors: Quiros‐Sauceda Ana , Ayala‐Zavala J Fernando , Astiazaran‐Garcia Humberto , Ornelas‐Paz Jose , Wall‐Medrano Abraham , Alvarez‐Parrilla Emilio , Gonzalez‐Aguilar Gustavo
Published: June 2021

Biological effects of phenolic compounds (PC) are dependent on their behavior in the digestive tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioaccessibility, bioavailability and antioxidant stability of PC present in mango (cv. ‘Ataulfo’) following an in vitro enzymatic digestion and microbial fermentation. Extracts recovered as supernatants from phases (gastric, intestinal and dialisability) of the simulated digestion and microbial fermentation were employed for the determination of their total phenolic content (TPC), trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). PC profiles were analyzed by HPLC‐UV/DAD. Results indicated that PC release was mainly achieved during the gastric phase (24 %), with a slight further release (<18%) during intestinal phase. Less than 38% of PC found in the intestinal phase were dialyzable. The antioxidant capacity (TEAC, FRAP) was enhanced in the intestinal phase. Gallic and protocatechuic acid were identified in all the digestion phases. Also, microbial fermentation showed that gallic acid could be converted by microbially to pyrogallol. These results highlight that some PC presents in mango (cv. ‘Ataulfo') are interacting with the food matrix and are not bioaccessibles during digestion; however, enough concentration of PC were available to be absorbed and transformed to contribute health benefits.
Strawberry and Raspberry Phenolics Reduce Fat Accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Shen Peiyi , Sun Quancai , Park Yeonhwa
Published: June 2021

Excess fat accumulation and abnormal lipid and glucose metabolism are linked to numerous diseases, including type 2 diabetes. To identify natural bioactive compounds that modulate fat storage, we used the nematode model (C. elegans) to determine the effects of strawberry and raspberry phenolic compounds on fat accumulation (total phenolic contents were 8.86 ± 0.28 and 5.54 ± 0.20 μg gallic acid equivalents/ml, respectively). Both strawberry and raspberry extracts significantly decreased the triglyceride accumulation in wild type strain compared to controls (by 40% and 31%, respectively) without altering the pharyngeal pumping rate and locomotive activities. Moreover, we found that these two berry bioactives decreased the triglyceride content of glucose (0.75%)‐induced fat accumulation in this model by 23% and 19%, respectively. Nematodes deficient in nhr‐49 (nuclear hormone receptor whose function is close to mammalian peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors) or sbp‐1 (the homolog of human sterol response element binding protein) were resistant to the effects of strawberry and raspberry bioactives indicating these two genes are involved in their fat‐reducing effects. These results suggest that strawberry and raspberry phenolic compounds could be beneficial to control fat storage in an animal model and further research is needed to determine the mechanism by which these berry bioactives modulate fat accumulation.
Suppressive Effects of Novel Oridonin Derivative CYD0625 on Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells
Authors: Wang Xiaofu , Bohanon Fredrick , Kandathiparampil Arlene , Rastellini Cristiana , Ding Chunyong , Ding Ye , Zhou Jia , Radhakrishnan Ravi
Published: June 2021

The natural compound oridonin has been proven to possess anti‐neoplastic and anti‐inflammatory properties. Previously, we described that oridonin caused apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation and down‐regulation of extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC). In this study, we investigated the potentially more potent derivative CYD0625 in vitro.

Methods

Cell proliferation was measured by Alamar Blue assay. Cell apoptosis was detected by staining with Yo‐Pro‐1 and propidium iodide. Immunoblot and immunofluorescence staining were performed for cellular protein expression.

Results

Treatment of CYD0625 significantly inhibited LX‐2 cells proliferation in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner with ~20–fold greater potency than oridonin. Similar results were observed in HSC‐T6 cells, whereas 1 μM of CYD0625 treatment had no effect on the human hepatocyte cell line C3A. CYD0625 induced LX‐2 cells apoptosis and S‐phase cell cycle arrest, and it was associated with activation of cell cycle inhibitory proteins p21, p16. The myofibroblast marker protein α‐smooth muscle actin and major ECM proteins collagen type I and fibronectin were markedly down‐regulated by CYD0625. Interestingly, treatment of HSC with CYD0625 at a low dosage (0.1 μM), significantly suppressed collagen type I expression in LX‐2 cells. Furthermore, pre‐treatment with CYD0625 blocked PDGF‐BB‐induced collagen type I and fibronectin expression in LX‐2 cells.

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Conclusion

In comparison with oridonin, its novel derivative CYD0625 could be a more potent and safer hepatic anti‐fibrosis agent.
BU08028 Displays a Promising Therapeutic Profile as an Analgesic in Monkeys
Authors: Ding Huiping , Czoty Paul , Cami‐Kobeci Gerta , Sukhtankar Devki , Nader Michael , Husbands Stephen , Ko Mei‐Chuan
Published: June 2021

BU08028, a novel buprenorphine analog, displays similar receptor binding profile like buprenorphine but with improved binding affinity and efficacy on nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptors. The aim of this study was to characterize the pharmacological profile of BU08028 as an analgesic in rhesus monkeys. Systemic administration of BU08028 (0.001‐0.01 mg/kg) dose‐dependently produced antinociception against acute thermal nociception and capsaicin‐induced thermal allodynia. Compared to buprenorphine (0.01‐0.1 mg/kg), the antinociceptive effect of BU08028 was more potent and much longer‐lasting (i.e., more than 24 hours). BU08028‐induced antinociception was attenuated equally by both mu opioid (MOP) receptor antagonist naltrexone (0.03 mg/kg) and NOP antagonist J‐113397 (0.1 mg/kg), indicating that BU08028 is a bifunctional MOP/NOP agonist in primates. More importantly, BU08028 at antinociceptive doses did not compromise physiological functions including respiration and cardiovascular activities measured by the radio‐telemetric probes. Compared to MOP agonists, buprenorphine and remifentanil, BU08028 did not produce reinforcing effects in monkeys under the progressive‐ratio schedule of drug self‐administration. These findings demonstrate that BU08028 potently produced long‐lasting antinociception in the absence of common side effects associated with MOP agonists in primates. This study strongly supports the therapeutic potential of ligands with mixed MOP/NOP actions as innovative analgesics in humans (Supported by US‐PHS grants DA‐035359 and DA‐032568).
Observing Compensatory Effects of RyR2, NCX and SERCA Down‐regulation in Neonatal Cardiomyocytes Using siRNA
Authors: Brambila Amanda , Monroe Robinson Dezmon
Published: June 2021

There are three genes primarily responsible for the release and resequestration of calcium (Ca+2) during excitation‐contraction coupling in cardiac muscle cells: the ryanodine receptor (RyR2), Sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA), and the sodium‐calcium exchanger (NCX). The RyR receptor releases stored calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) into the cytosol of the cell, while SERCA causes the resequestration of Ca+2 by SR, and NCX lowers cytosolic Ca+2 by exchanging it for Na+ across the cell membrane. Using inhibitory RNA gene silencing (siRNa) techniques, we observed that the down‐regulation of each of the three primary genes involved produces compensatory changes of the other two. Quantification of mRNA levels was done using reverse transcription (qRT‐PCR). Calcium transients (fluctuation in the concentration in cytosolic calcium) of 1 to 3 day old neonatal cardiomyocytes were measured using a Leica TC SP2 laser scanning confocal microscope; line scans were recorded at 200 Hz for 30 sec. Contractility recordings of paced cells were obtained using a video camera mounted on an inverted phase contrast microscope. Videos were analyzed using a Fourier analysis‐based digital image processing technique. Observations showed that down‐regulating RyR caused an under‐expression of SERCA and an over‐expression of NCX. Down‐regulation of NCX causes no significant change in the expression of RyR but an over‐expression of SERCA. Lastly, down‐regulation of SERCA causes an over‐expression of NCX, but an under‐expression of RyR.
Impacts of Granulocyte‐Colony Stimulating Factor combined with Erythropoietin on neural regeneration after traumatic brain injury in rats
Authors: Duan Hubin , Hao Chunyan , Lu Gui , Li Shuzhen , Wang Suping , Liu Yueting
Published: June 2021

Objective

To investigate the effect of G‐CSF and EPO combination therapy on functional recovery and nerve cell regeneration after traumatic brain injury in rats

Methods

100 male rats were divided into Sham group, TBI group, EPO treatment group(E group ), G‐CSF treatment group(G group), and EPO combined G‐CSF group(E+G group), Neurological function was assessed using a modified neurological severity score(mNSS) before rats were sacrificed. Immunofluorescence measurement was used to detect newly proliferation cells number and its direction of differentiation by BrdU single positive cells and BrdU/NeuN or BrdU/GFAP double positive cells.

Results

The mNSS scores of each treatment group was lower than TBI group.The BrdU positive cells in E+G group was significantly higher than other groups. Compared the groups of brain tissue BrdU/NeuN and BrdU/GFAP double positive cells number, E+G group were higher than other groups , E group and G group were higher than Sham group and TBI group.

Conclusion

Combined use of EPO and G‐CSF can obviously improve functional recovery and promote the brain nerve cell regeneration differentiating to neurons and astrocytes in the injury boundary zone.
Fast Food, Fat and Sugar Sweetened Beverage Items are Related to Children's Dietary Energy Density
Authors: Shilts Mical , Styne Dennis , Drake Christiana , Aden Christopher , Townsend Marilyn
Published: June 2021

To reduce risk of pediatric obesity, valid assessment tools are needed. This study tested the validity of a brief fast food, fat and sugar sweetened beverage screening tool for use by low‐income parents of preschool age children. Parents (n=144) from Head Start and WIC participated in the study. Cross‐sectional data collection included the parent self‐administered 12‐item Healthy Kids (HK) Fast Food and Fat tool and three 24‐hour recalls used to calculate dietary energy density. The tool, with a Cronbach alpha of 0.81, included assessment of eating fast food, sugar sweetened beverage consumption, and snacking on cookies, chips and candy. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant relationship (R2 = 0.29, p<0.003) between the HK tool and child dietary energy density. In this sample, the Healthy Kids Fast Food and Fat tool was an adequate measure of the child's dietary energy density which is ultimately related to obesity. The tool could be used for program evaluation in Federal Food Assistance and Education programs and as a screener for risky behaviors to target in counseling appointments.

This project was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Grant no. 2010‐85215‐20658 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, obesity – 93330.
Does Pollution Exacerbate Obesity Risks? A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Smith Kelsey , Qu Weidong , Ren Xuefeng , Wang Youfa
Published: June 2021

Objectives:

Environmental pollutants may have contributed to the global obesity epidemic. We examined associations between chemical pollutants and obesity in human subjects and related mechanisms, and provided recommendations for future research and interventions.

Methods:

Systematic review of relevant human subject studies published since 1995 by searching PubMed and MEDLINE®.

Results:

We identified 24 articles (including cross‐sectional, case‐control,cohort studies) and reported on associations between pollutants and obesity: 20 studies found positive associations between obesity and chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin, chlordane, bisphenol A (BPA), arsenic, and hexachlorocyclohexane. The rest found inverse or null association between obesity and the chemicals. Some studies reported positive associations with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 1‐3, while some reported reverse associations of OR=0.38 (0.16,0.91). Certain chemicals, such as BPA, were more likely to have high ORs; where as highly chlorinated PCBs were more likely to have negative ORs. Effects of chemicals on the endocrine system and obesity varied by substance, exposure level, measure of adiposity, and subject characteristics (eg, sex, age).

Conclusions

Accumulated evidences show positive associations between pollutants and obesity. Additional, large, long‐term, follow‐up cohort studies are needed to assess impacts of chemical pollutants on obesity risk and the mechanisms.
Total Carbohydrate Determinations in USDA's National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference
Authors: Pehrsson Pamela , Patterson Kristine , Haytowitz David , Phillips Katherine
Published: June 2021

Total carbohydrate values for foods in the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR) are determined as the difference between 100 and the sum of water, protein, total lipid, ash, and alcohol content. Under the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program, a NIH‐USDA collaboration, foods are nationally sampled and analyzed for dietary fiber (enzymatic gravimetric methods AOAC 985.29 or 991.43 (2010)), individual sugars; liquid chromatography (AOAC 982.14) or previously, AOAC methods (2010) with either high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC)), and starch (enzymatic colorimetric AOAC 966.11 (2010)) or a polarometric method (The Feedings Stuffs Regulations 1982). Component analyses are performed separately and reflect the analytical variability inherent to each measurement process, so the sum of these carbohydrate fractions may not equal carbohydrate‐by‐difference (CBD). CBD values were compared to the sum of analytical carbohydrate fractions (total sugars, starch, and dietary fiber) for about 1,000 foods (e.g., baked products, cereal grains, fruits and vegetables) in SR; for commercially processed mixed dishes (with 6.1‐76.3g carbohydrate/100g), the sum of carbohydrate fractions was 91‐109% of CBD. In foods containing medium‐chain carbohydrates (e.g., dextrins, non‐digestible carbohydrates other than the mono‐ and di‐saccharides), the analyzed sum and CBD frequently differ. Analyses of these carbohydrates, included in some newer definitions of dietary fiber, “normalization” techniques, and ongoing analyses of carbohydrate fractions are essential.
Extraction of Anti‐cancer Water Soluble Compounds from Rumex Crispus
Authors: Bhandari Mukund , Clack Beatrice
Published: June 2021

Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States in both men and women. In 2014,the estimated number of new cases is 96,830 and estimated death is 50,310 (American Cancer Society, 2014) which indicates a dire need of anticancer compounds with less side effects. Previous studies shows Rumex crispus as a promising source of anticancer compounds (Duke, J. 2003). In this study, water soluble compounds from Rumex crispus roots were extracted using Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) and cell viability assay was performed for preliminary screening on human colorectal adenocarcinoma (DLD‐1 ATCC® CCL‐221TM) cell line which showed positive killing effect after treatment with extract. Extracts obtained from ASE were further purified and separated using reverse phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Cell viability assays were performed on all the HPLC collected fractions and the fractions with positive killing activity were further screened for caspase‐3/7 assay to show that cell death was through apoptosis. Two HPLC fractions were found to be positive with more than four fold increase in caspase‐3/7 activity. Further analysis by Mass Spectrometry (MS) shows number and masses of compounds for future purification and identification.

Funding Source: Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, SFASU and Ed and Gwen Cole, Nacogdoches, TX.
Infant Diet And Resting Frontal 6‐10 Hz Power at 9 Months Are Associated with Gender‐Related Differences in Child Temperament at 3 Years
Authors: Pivik R , Andres A , Jarratt K , Cleves M , Badger T
Published: June 2021

Temperament is strongly influenced by biological factors and shows gender differences, but it is not known how early diet and diet‐related neurodevelopment are related to temperament development. We related 6‐10 Hz resting frontal EEG power—associated with attention and emotional reactivity—measured at 9 mo to parent ratings on Carey Temperament Scales (CTS) at 3 yrs in breast‐fed (BF: 59 girls, 40 boys), milk formula‐fed (MF: 32 girls, 44 boys) and soy formula‐fed (SF: 32 girls, 40 boys) children. Boys and girls were compared separately across groups on CTS (ANOVAs) and EEG‐CTS relationships (linear regression). CTS ratings were in the normal range. Boys differed on scales of Intensity (SF < BF, MF, p < .01), Threshold (SF < BF, p < .01, MF, p = .051), and Persistence (SF > BF, p < .01, MF, p = .08) and girls on Rhythmicity (SF > BF, p = .03, MF, p = .07) and Persistence (SF > BF, p < .01, MF, p = .053). Significant EEG‐CTS relationships (p < .05) were more prevalent in boys (8/ 9 scales) than girls (2/9 scales) and described differences between SF and other groups. EEG‐CTS relationships were negative for SF but positive for BF and MF boys, and positive for SF but negative for BF and MF girls. These findings link differences in childhood temperament with infant diet and diet‐related neurodevelopment and suggest development of temperament‐sensitive behaviors regulated by frontal brain processes, e.g., socio‐emotional relations and executive functions, will differ in SF compared with BF and MF children. EEG‐CTS relationships suggest these diet‐related differences begin to emerge in infancy. Funded by USDA ARS CRIS 6251‐51000‐006‐03S
Regional Differences in Sugar‐sweetened Beverage Intake among US Adults
Authors: Park Sohyun , McGuire Lisa , Galuska Deborah
Published: June 2021

We examined associations between region of residence and sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) intake among adults using the 2010 National Health Interview Survey data (n=25,431). SSBs included 4 types of beverages (regular soda, fruit drink, sports/energy drink, and sweetened coffee/tea drink). The exposure variable was census region. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) for SSB intake after controlling for sociodemographic factors. About 64% consumed SSB 蠅1 time/day. The odds of drinking SSB 蠅1 time/day was significantly higher among adults living in the Northeast (OR=1.13), but lower among adults living in the Midwest (OR=0.70) or West (OR=0.78) than those living in the South. By type of SSBs, the odds of drinking regular soda 蠅1 time/day was significantly lower among adults living in the Northeast (OR=0.51), Midwest (OR=0.86), or West (OR=0.56) versus the South. The odds of drinking sports/energy drink 蠅1 time/day was significantly lower among adults living in the West (OR=0.77) than those in the South. The odds of drinking sweetened coffee/tea drink 蠅1 time/day was significantly higher among adults living in the Northeast (OR=1.60), but lower among adults in the Midwest (OR=0.70) than those living in the South. Total SSB intake and type of SSB intake differed by region of residence. Intervention efforts to reduce SSB intake can consider regional variations in total and types of SSBs when more local level data are not available.
Association Between Omega‐3 Index and Type 2 Diabetes in Older Overweight/Obese People is Sex Dependent
Authors: Garg Manohar , Abbott Kylie , Veysey Martin , Lucock Mark , Niblett Suzanne , King Katrina , Burrows Tracy
Published: June 2021

The association between dietary omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n‐3PUFA) deficiency and insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an association between erythrocyte n‐3PUFA levels (Omega‐3 Index) and T2D in older adults.

A cross‐sectional sample of older adults aged 65‐95 years (n=548) was analysed. Outcome measures included: Omega‐3 index (O3I; %EPA + %DHA); fasting blood glucose; plasma insulin; and HbA1c. HOMA‐IR was calculated to determine insulin sensitivity. Odds ratio (OR) for T2D was calculated for each quartile of O3I using the lowest quartile as a reference.

There was a significant inverse association between O3I and T2D in overweight and obese females, with an OR for T2D for the first to fourth quartiles respectively: 1.0 (reference), 0.82 (95% CI, 0.31‐2.18), 0.56 (95% CI, 0.21‐1.52), 0.22 (95% CI, 0.06‐0.82) (P‐trend=0.015). Similar trends were seen in overweight males however the relationship did not reach significance. After adjusting for BMI, no associations were found between O3I and fasting blood glucose, insulin, HbA1c or HOMA‐IR.

Higher erythrocyte n‐3PUFA status may be protective against obesity‐related insulin resistance and T2D in females. Further research is warranted to further elucidate sex differences and determine whether dietary interventions to improve the O3I may delay or prevent the development of T2D.
Effects of Epigallocatechin Gallate Nanocarriers on Liver Cholesterol Content in LDL Receptor Null Mice
Authors: Cao Jun , Zhang Jia , Li Chuan , Wang Shu
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Our macrophage‐targeting epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) nanocarriers (E‐nano) have anti‐atherogenic bioactivities. But their effects on liver cholesterol content are unknown. This study aims to investigate the impact of non‐targeting and targeting E‐nano at low or high doses on liver cholesterol content in LDL receptor null (LDLr‐/‐) mice.

Methods

LDLr‐/‐ mice received weekly intravenous injection of the following 10 treatments for 20 weeks: saline, high dose (25 mg/kg body weight) of EGCG (EGCG‐H), E‐nano (E‐nano‐H), void‐nano (V‐nano‐H), macrophage‐targeting E‐nano (TE‐nano‐H), macrophage targeting V‐nano (TV‐nano‐H), and low dose (10 mg/kg body weight) of E‐nano (E‐nano‐L), V‐nano (V‐nano‐L), macrophage‐targeting E‐nano (TE‐nano‐L), macrophage‐targeting V‐nano (TV‐nano‐L). Liver lipids were extracted by a chloroform/methanol mixture. Half of lipids were used to measure total cholesterol (TC), and the other half of lipids were used to measure free cholesterol (FC) using a HPLC system. Cholesteryl ester (CE) was calculated as TC minus FC.

Results

Compared to saline, E‐nano‐H significantly decreased liver TC content. All macrophage targeting V‐nano and E‐nano did not change liver cholesterol content.

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Conclusions

E‐nano‐H, but not EGCG‐H and TE‐nano‐H, significantly decreased liver TC content in LDLr‐/‐ mice.
The Role of Butyrylcholinesterase in Beta‐Amyloid Formation in Neuroblastoma Cells
Authors: Turner Archie , Hartman Lauren , Nakayama Kensaku , Acey Roger
Published: June 2021

The progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) correlates with changes in the level of cholinesterase activity, i.e., butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) increases while acetylcholinesterase (AChE) decreases. The consequence is a decrease in the level of acetylcholine and loss of cognitive function. In addition, both enzymes are associated with neurotoxic β‐amyloid (Aβ) plaques. As such, butyrylcholinestersase inhibitors are a potential therapeutic to relieve the symptoms of AD. The BuChE specific irreversible inhibitor di‐n‐butyl 2‐chlorophenyl phosphate (DBPP) was tested for its effect on the formation of β‐amyloid and the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by ELISA and Western Blot analysis, respectively. Results of the ELISA assay showed an increase in Aβ‐40 and 42 concentration in neuroblastoma cells treated with 10‐5 M DBPP. In contrast lower. concentrations of 10‐6 M and 10‐8 M DBPP induced a lower concentration of Aβ‐40 and 42 when compared to the control.. Western Blot analysis of the cell lysate supernatant showed a decrease APP formation with 10‐5 DBPP. but little or no difference at the lower concentrations of inhibitor. Supported in part by CSUPERB and the CSULB Mini Grant Program.
Hypothalamic c‐Fos/CRF activations during acute stress and expression of β‐endorphin fibers in an Animal model of Perimenopause
Authors: Arikawe Adesina , Rorato Rodrigo , Elias Lucila , Anselmo‐Franci Janete
Published: June 2021

Perimenopause is characterized by neuroendocrine changes that may be involved in how women react to stressful situations. Using an animal model of perimenopause i.e. rats treated with 4‐vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD), this study aimed to explore the association of the main central nuclei of stress system (Paraventricular nucleus‐PVN and Locus Coeruleus‐LC) with acute stress. Progesterone increases the amount of β‐endorphin fibers in the LC which inhibit its neurons. As we demonstrated in this animal model that progesterone levels are lower while the response of LC to stress is higher than control rats, we aimed to correlate the neuronal stress response of LC with the amount of β‐endorphin fibers. Also, PVN response to stress was analyzed by c‐FOS expression. Female rats from 28 days old were injected (SC) daily with VCD (160 mg/kg; VCD group) or Corn oil (2.5 µl/g BW, Control group) for 15 days. At 85‐95 days of age at diestrus morning, rats were exposed to 30 min restraint stress followed by 60 min of recovery and then perfused. Brains were processed immunohistochemically for c‐FOS/CRF in PVN and density of β‐endorphin fibers in the LC. The increase in number of c‐Fos/CRF positive neurons induced by stress in PVN was higher while density of β‐endorphin fibers in the LC was lower in the VCD treated vs Control rats. These results show that neurons of the stress systems are overactive and suggest that during perimenopause the over reaction of the LC neurons may be due to the lower progesterone levels that induce a decrease of β‐endorphin inhibition of LC neurons.
The Effect of Different Round Window Sealants on Cochlear Mechanics Over Time
Authors: Mclean Timothy , Clamp Philip , Campbell Luke , Hampson Amy , Chambers Scott , Collins Aaron , Bester Christofer , O’Leary Stephen
Published: June 2021

Background:

This project investigated the effects of round window membrane (RWM) sealants after surgical incision, with a focus on audiological thresholds, ossicular mechanics, and the impact upon cochlear function and pathology.

Methods:

Twenty-eight guinea pigs were randomly allocated to one of three sealant groups (muscle, n = 7; fascia, n = 7, Tisseel, n = 8) or an unsealed control group (n = 6). Preoperative hearing was measured using auditory brainstem responses (ABRs). The ossicular chain and RWM were exposed surgically, and Laser Doppler Vibrometry (LDV) measurements were obtained from the long process of the incus. The RWM was incised then sealed (or left unsealed) according to group. ABR testing and LDV measurements were repeated 4 and 12 weeks after surgery. At 12 weeks all cochleae were harvested.

Results:

ABR thresholds deteriorated over time in all groups. Overall, group was not statistically significant (p = 0.064). There was no significant effect by group on LDV measurements (p = 0.798). Histopathological analyses of the RWM showed that the fascia group had more extensive fibrosis than other groups (Independent-Samples Median Test, p = 0.001). However, there were minimal differences in the outer hair cell counts between the different intervention groups.

Conclusions:

All the interventions appeared to be safe while none affected the cochlear mechanics or hearing thresholds in a statistically significant manner.
Fatigue in Children With Unilateral and Bilateral Hearing Loss
Authors: Sindhar Sampat , Friesen Tzyynong L. , Carpenter Delaney , Kesser Bradley , Lieu Judith E. C.
Published: June 2021

Objective:

To determine whether children with unilateral hearing loss (UHL) experience similar levels fatigue as children with bilateral hearing loss (BHL) or normal-hearing (NH).

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Two tertiary care otolaryngology practices.

Participants:

Children, 5 to 18 years old, with UHL or BHL and their parents.

Main Outcome Measures:

PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (MFS) survey.

Results:

Overall response rate was 90/384 (23%). Mean age of child participants was 10.7 years old (standard deviations [SD] 3.1); 38 (42%) were men and 52 (58%) were women. Sixty-nine (77%) children had UHL, 21 (23%) had BHL. Children with BHL (mean 65, SD 21) and UHL (mean 75, SD 17) reported greater levels of fatigue than children with NH (BHL difference –15, 95% confidence interval [CI] –25 to –5; UHL difference –6, 95% CI –13–1.2). Parent-proxy reports for children with BHL (mean 67, SD 20) and UHL (mean 76, SD 20) reported more fatigue than NH (BHL difference –22, 95% CI –33 to –12; UHL difference –14; 95% CI –20 to –8). Sub-section scores for general, sleep, and cognitive fatigue were higher for children with BHL and UHL than NH.

Conclusion and Relevance:

Children with UHL and BHL reported significantly more fatigue than children with NH, and children with BHL reported more fatigue than UHL. These findings underscore the need to increase auditory rehabilitation and educational resources for children with UHL and support the use of the PedsQL MFS questionnaire as a measure to follow disability experienced by children with HL as they undergo hearing rehabilitation.
Validation of a Simulation Model for Robotic Sacrocolpopexy
Authors: Tarr Megan E. , Anderson-Montoya Brittany L. , Vilasagar Smitha , Myers Erinn M.
Published: June 2021

Objective

We sought to validate a simulation model for robotic sacrocolpopexy (RSCP) that includes multiple steps: presacral dissection/mesh attachment, vaginal mesh attachment, and peritoneal closure.

Methods

An RSCP training model was developed. Female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery (FPMRS) experts and current FPMRS fellows were videotaped using the model; sessions were timed and scored using the Global Evaluative Assessment of Robotic Skills (GEARS) by 3 surgeon reviewers masked to participants’ identities. Construct validity was measured by comparing performance on the model between experts and trainees. Interrater reliability was determined by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients for total GEARS scores. Face validity was assessed by a postprocedure questionnaire.

Results

Experts included 9 board-certified FPMRS physicians experienced in RSCP; trainees were 17 fellows. Experts practiced at 7 different institutions in the United States, and the majority (5/7) taught fellows. Trainees were from 7 institutions and in various years of training: postgraduate year (PGY) 5 (n = 6), PGY 6 (n = 5), and PGY 7 (n = 6). Experts’ performances were rated significantly higher for total GEARS scores and for relevant domains of the GEARS scale. Intraclass correlation coefficient for the 3 reviewer pairs (0.96–0.99) indicated high interrater reliability. All participants “agreed/strongly agreed” that the model closely approximated live RSCP surgery and was useful for teaching and learning the procedure, indicating high face validity.

Conclusions

This novel, multistep simulation model demonstrated construct validity and high interrater reliability. Face validity was also established. Consequently, this RSCP model could be used for surgical training and assessment of these discrete surgical skill steps.
An assessment of phase field fracture: crack initiation and growth
Authors: Kristensen Philip K. , Niordson Christian F. , Martínez-Pañeda Emilio
Published: June 2021

The phase field paradigm, in combination with a suitable variational structure, has opened a path for using Griffith’s energy balance to predict the fracture of solids. These so-called phase field fracture methods have gained significant popularity over the past decade, and are now part of commercial finite element packages and engineering fitness- for-service assessments. Crack paths can be predicted, in arbitrary geometries and dimensions, based on a global energy minimization—without the need for ad hoc criteria. In this work, we review the fundamentals of phase field fracture methods and examine their capabilities in delivering predictions in agreement with the classical fracture mechanics theory pioneered by Griffith. The two most widely used phase field fracture models are implemented in the context of the finite element method, and several paradigmatic boundary value problems are addressed to gain insight into their predictive abilities across all cracking stages; both the initiation of growth and stable crack propagation are investigated. In addition, we examine the effectiveness of phase field models with an internal material length scale in capturing size effects and the transition flaw size concept. Our results show that phase field fracture methods satisfactorily approximate classical fracture mechanics predictions and can also reconcile stress and toughness criteria for fracture. The accuracy of the approximation is however dependent on modelling and constitutive choices; we provide a rationale for these differences and identify suitable approaches for delivering phase field fracture predictions that are in good agreement with well-established fracture mechanics paradigms.

This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘A cracking approach to inventing new tough materials: fracture stranger than friction’.
A topological proof of the modified Euler characteristic based on the orbifold concept
Authors: Naskręcki Bartosz , Dauter Zbigniew , Jaskolski Mariusz
Published: June 2021

The notion of the Euler characteristic of a polyhedron or tessellation has been the subject of in-depth investigations by many authors. Two previous papers worked to explain the phenomenon of the vanishing (or zeroing) of the modified Euler characteristic of a polyhedron that underlies a periodic tessellation of a space under a crystallographic space group. The present paper formally expresses this phenomenon as a theorem about the vanishing of the Euler characteristic of certain topological spaces called topological orbifolds. In this new approach, it is explained that the theorem in question follows from the fundamental properties of the orbifold Euler characteristic. As a side effect of these considerations, a theorem due to Coxeter about the vanishing Euler characteristic of a honeycomb tessellation is re-proved in a context which frees the calculations from the assumptions made by Coxeter in his proof. The abstract mathematical concepts are visualized with down-to-earth examples motivated by concrete situations illustrating wallpaper and 3D crystallographic space groups. In a way analogous to the application of the classic Euler equation to completely bounded solids, the formula proven in this paper is applicable to such important crystallographic objects as asymmetric units and Dirichlet domains.
A new density-modification procedure extending the application of the recent |ρ|-based phasing algorithm to larger crystal structures
Authors: Rius Jordi , Torrelles Xavier
Published: June 2021

The incorporation of the new peakness-enhancing fast Fourier transform compatible ipp procedure (ipp = inner-pixel preservation) into the recently published SM
algorithm based on |ρ| [Rius (2020). Acta Cryst A76, 489–493] improves its phasing efficiency for larger crystal structures with atomic resolution data. Its effectiveness is clearly demonstrated via a collection of test crystal structures (taken from the Protein Data Bank) either starting from random phase values or by using the randomly shifted modulus function (a Patterson-type synthesis) as initial ρ estimate. It has been found that in the presence of medium scatterers (e.g. S or Cl atoms) crystal structures with 1500 × c atoms in the unit cell (c = number of centerings) can be routinely solved. In the presence of strong scatterers like Fe, Cu or Zn atoms this number increases to around 5000 × c atoms. The implementation of this strengthened SM
algorithm is simple, since it only includes a few easy-to-adjust parameters.
How financial development and economic growth influence human capital in low-income countries
Authors: Ali Muhammad , Raza Syed Ali Ali , Puah Chin-Hong , Samdani Shamim
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This research aims to explain the effect of financial indicators and economic growth on human capital in low-income countries.

Design/methodology/approach

We gathered balanced panel data from 1980 to 2016 over a sample of 12 low-income countries categorized by World Development Indicators. The data stationary properties were analyzed by unit root test while the existence of a long-run relationship among the variables was confirmed by cointegration test. We performed Hausman test to differentiate between the fixed effect and random effect model. The sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the results.

Findings

Our findings indicated that broad money supply and private sector credit has a positive and significant impact on human capital. Interestingly, bank credit showed a negative and significant effect on human capital. We also found a significant positive relationship between human capital and economic growth in the study sample.

Originality/value

This is a preliminary study using financial development and human capital in low-income countries with panel econometric techniques as an analysis tool. Overall, we suggest a policy to focus on the financial sector development and economic growth to produce sustainable human capital.
Impact of market demand on recurring hallmark sporting event spectators: an empirical study of the Shanghai Masters
Authors: Luo Lei , Qian Tyreal Yizhou , Rich Gregg , Zhang James J.
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The current study was designed to (1) identify core and peripheral market demand for a recurring hallmark sporting event, testing their impact on event identification and behavioral intentions; and to (2) explore the effect of core and peripheral market demand on event identification between first-time and repeat spectators.

Design/methodology/approach

Research participants (N = 540) were spectators at the Shanghai Masters over a span of seven days. Data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and partial least squares multi-group analysis (PLS-MGA).

Findings

Significant, positive relationships were found between core market demand and event identification, and between core market demand and behavioral intentions. In contrast, peripheral market demand only had significant, positive effect on event identification; however, findings revealed that event identification fully mediated the relationships between peripheral market demand and behavioral intentions. Additionally, the effect of peripheral market demand on event identification was greater among first-time spectators than repeat spectators.

Originality/value

This study contributed to the application of PLS-SEM in sport management research by adopting a formative-formative hierarchical component model (HCM) to address the prevailing measurement model misspecification of market demand constructs. The findings highlighted the merits of promoting market demand associated with recurring hallmark sporting events and the importance of enhancing event identification through differential market penetration schemes across different spectator groups.
Fraud prevention disclosure on Malaysian public universities’ websites
Authors: Madi Nero , Joseph Corina , Rahmat Mariam , Janang Jennifer Tunga , Haji Omar Normah
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent of fraud prevention disclosure on the Malaysian public universities’ websites.

Design/methodology/approach

The level of fraud prevention information disclosure was examined using content analysis of all 20 public universities in Malaysia based on the university fraud prevention disclosure index (UFPDi) previously developed by the authors’ research team.

Findings

The disclosures of eight aspects of fraud prevention policies, responses, initiatives and mechanisms were not satisfactory. Possible reasons could be because of lack of awareness and appreciation on the institutional mechanisms and lack of formal pressure from the relevant authority.

Research limitations/implications

Data collection for analysis was conducted during a period of one month only due to rapid changes of the information on the websites.

Social implications

The low level of disclosure using UFPDi will prompt the Malaysian public universities to take proactive actions in promoting transparent and good governance among the university staff hence assisting the government in addressing the fraud problem that is plaguing the nation.

Originality/value

This paper is an extension to the authors’ previous work on UFPDi. It further explains and highlights the extent of fraud prevention disclosures among academic institutions who are receiving financial resources from the government.