bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Splenic Destruction of Newly‐Formed Red Blood Cells and Shortened Erythrocyte Survival in Mice with Congenital Microcytosis
Authors: Landaw Stephen Arthur , Russell Elizabeth S. , Bernstein Seldon E.
Published: August 2010

Red blood cell survival and patterns of erythropoiesis‐associated haem destruction were studied in mice with microcytosis (mklmk) of the MK/Re and SEC/1Re strains, and their normal controls (+/+ and mk/+) using the endogenous production of 14CO following glycine‐2‐14C injection. In affected homozygotes of both strains, there was evidence for splenic destruction of reticulocytes and increased random haemolysis, with higher rates of random haemolysis in affected mice of the SEC/1Re strain. Alterations in the ‘early labelled peak’ of the mk/mk mice of the SEC/IRe strain suggested the presence of a small component of ‘ineffective erythropoiesis’ which was not seen in affected mice of the MK/Re strain. The ‘ineffective erythropoiesis’ and splenic reticulocyte destruction were abolished by prior splenectomy, but the rate of random haemolysis was only minimally lessened and splenectomized mice remained anaemic. These results offer direct insight into RBC survival patterns in genetically determined haemolytic anaemias, and document results of the interaction of a single gene defect (mk) with the rest of the genome.
Rapid Elucidation of in‐Vivo T‐Polyagglutination
Authors: Bird G. W. G. , Wingham June
Published: August 2010

An example of the application of agglutinins of Arachis hypogaea and Dolichos biflorus to the rapid elucidation of in vivo polyagglutination is briefly described.
On the Origin of Foà‐Kurloff Cells
Authors: Ernström Ulf , Sandberg Göran
Published: August 2010

The thymic and splenic release of Foà‐Kurloff cells into the blood was studied in estradiol‐treated male guinea pigs by comparison between the cellular content in afferent and efferent blood. The amount and distribution of such cells in thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow was investigated.

The treatment with estradiol caused involution of the thymus and splenomegaly. An abundance of Foà‐Kurloff cells was found in the red splenic pulp and a considerable release of such cells from the spleen into the blood was demonstrated. At the same time the output of lymphocytes from the spleen was reduced, suggesting that the Foà‐Kurloff cells are transformed lymphocytes. The spleen contained an increased amount of erythroblasts, indicating a stimulation of splenic erythropoiesis by estradiol.

In the bone marrow and the thymus the number of Foà‐Kurloff cells was much smaller than in the spleen and no emigration of such cells from the thymus into the blood was demonstrated. A very small amount of Foà‐Kurloff cells was found in the lymph nodes and very few occurred in the thoracic duct lymph. Thus, the Foà‐Kurloff cells of the blood do not originate in the lymph nodes and do not recirculate between blood and lymph.

It is concluded that the spleen is the major producer of Foà‐Kurloff cells and that they are released from the spleen into the blood.
Inhibition of the Function of Human Blood Platelets in vitro by VK 744
Authors: Sixma Jan J. , Trieschnigg Annemiek M. C.
Published: August 2010

The effect of VK 744 (an analogue of dipyridamole) on the function of human blood platelets was studied. VK 744 inhibits collagen aggregation at a concentration of 25 μM. Preincubation at 37° C enhances the effect. ADP aggregation is inhibited at 50 μM. Adrenaline aggregation is likewise inhibited, and becomes reversible at 50 μM. VK 744 causes active disaggregation when added during ADP aggregation. The glass‐bead column retention and clot retraction are not inhibited until a concentration of 1 mM is attained. The glass adhesiveness according to Breddin is inhibited by 10 μM.

The availability of platelet factor 3 as well as serotonin uptake are inhibited at the ED 50 of 6 μM and 0.2 mM, respectively. Comparison with RA 233 disclosed that two separate pharmacological receptors are involved. A study of serotonin release in collagen aggregation revealed that VK 744 is a primary inhibitor of aggregation. The log dose‐response relation during ADP aggregation with and without VK 744 suggests that this substance acts as a functional inhibitor.
Studies of Transplanted Haematopoietic Tissue Utilizing a Modified Algire Back Chamber
Authors: Feleppa Alfred E. , Meineke Howard A. , Mccuskey Robert S.
Published: August 2010

In vivo microscopic observations of splenic tissue transplanted into modified Algire back chambers in mice revealed increased vascularity of the transplant following injections of various doses of erythropoietin. Concomitant histologic and peripheral blood studies suggested that this was vasoproliferation that occurred independent of the process of erythropoiesis.
Immunoblast Formation by Recirculating and Non‐Recirculating Rat Lymphocytes Cultured in Diffusion Chambers
Authors: Benestad Haakon Breien , Iversen Jens‐Gustav , Rolstad Bent
Published: August 2010

Rat lymphocytes of two types were obtained and their reactions to antigens studied in an in vivo situation. Lymphocytes which recirculate between blood and lymph (RL) were collected from a thoracic duct catheter, and non‐recirculating lymphocytes (NRL) were separated from the blood of rats that had been depleted of thoracic duct lymph for up to six days. The cells were suspended in diluted mouse plasma and cultured for three or five days in diffusion chambers. The cell‐impermeable chambers were implanted into the peritoneal cavities of rats, mice, or irradiated mice. The proliferation, differentiation and death of the cells were quantified by total and differential cell counting and by liquid scintillation measurement and radioautographic evaluation of 3H‐thymidine incorporating cells.

Lymphoid cell populations contained immunoblast precursor cells in numbers roughly proportional to the content of RL. Even after prolonged lymph drainage, however, some blast cells were still detected among cultured blood leucocytes. The presence of macrophages did not appear to influence the formation of blast cells. A slight morphological difference between typical RL and NRL has been observed, the latter cells having some monocyte features.
A New Biopsy Needle for Bone Marrow
Authors: Jamshidi Khosrow , Windschitl Harold E. , Swaim William R.
Published: August 2010

A new bone marrow biopsy needle is described which obtains ample, undistorted specimens. Two hundred and fifty consective bone marrow biopsies were obtained from patients with a variety of haematologic and non‐haematologic diseases. There were no failures or complications.
The Formation of an ATP‐Induced Constriction Ring in a Glycerinated Lymphocyte during Migration
Authors: Norberg Bo
Published: August 2010

A glycerinated lymphocyte produced amoeboid movements and an apparently persisting constriction ring in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and calcium and magnesium ions. The finding that an active contraction was basic to the formation of a constriction ring supported the hypothesis that the contractile structures are located in the superficial layer of the lymphocyte cytoplasm. Analogous to cell mechanisms known from studies on other cell species, it is suggested that the migration of lymphocytes is due to cytoplasmic relaxation at the anterior pole, equatorial (i.e. perpendicular to the direction of movement) contractions in the central part of the cell and longitudinal contractions in the posterior part of the cell.
Eosinopoiesis in the Spleen of Normal Rats Autoradiographic Studies
Authors: BRO‐RASMUSSEN FREDE
Published: August 2010

Two groups of normal inbred female rats, aged 3 and 5–6 months, and three groups of germ‐free female rats, aged 3, 5–6, and 10–11 months, received a single injection of tritiated thymidine.

After varying intervals the rats were killed. The spleens were homogenized and suspended in physiological saline. The suspensions were studied for eosinophil count and the percentage of radioactively labelled eosinophils. The corresponding values for the spleens were calculated. At the same time the eosinophil cells and the labelling index in the peripheral blood were studied.

The germ‐free rats showed considerably lower counts in the blood and spleen than did the others. In all groups there was parallelism between eosinophils in the blood and in the spleen.

All spleens exhibited eosinopoiesis and some parallelism between this activity and the circulating eosinophils.

Splenectomy in control rats did not give rise to measurable changes in the number of circulating eosinophils.

It is concluded that apart from being formed by local eosinopoiesis, the eosinophilic cells of the spleen have been transported by the blood and stored in the spleen. The function of the spleen as a depot of eosinophilic cells probably plays no major role. Splenic eosinopoiesis is not, and cannot be expected to be, of importance to the number of circulating eosinophils.
The Influence of a Combined Oral Contraceptive on the Absorption of Iron
Authors: NORRBY ANDERS , RYBO GÖRAN , SÖLVELL LENNART
Published: August 2010

The absorption of iron was studied before and during oral contraceptive therapy in 6 normal women using a whole body counter. The absorption was measured 4 times in each subject. The basal absorption during therapy was unchanged compared to the basal absorption before treatment. After phlebotomy the absorption increased to the same extent before as well as during contraceptive therapy.

Plasma iron concentration and TIBC increased during the therapy. The reason for the increased plasma iron concentration is probably that there was an increased mobilization of iron from stores mediated by the elevated transferrin concentration.
Platelet Production and Platelet Survival in Polycythaemia Vera with Special Reference to the Spleen Size
Authors: KUTTI JACK , WEINFELD ALEKSANDER
Published: August 2010

Studies of platelet survival and of platelet production rate were performed in 20 patients with active polycythaemia vera (PV). 8 of them were classified as non‐splenomegalic and 12 had splenomegaly. The results were compared with a control material consisting of 16 haematologically normal subjects of similar age. Platelet recovery was significantly lower in splenomegalic as compared with non‐splenomegalic PV patients. Platelet recovery in the latter group was, however, also significantly lower than in control subjects.

Platelet mean life span and platelet half‐life time were obtained by fitting the experimental data to an arbitrary mathematical function by using a digital computer. The results indicate that platelet survival is shorter in PV patients with splenomegaly as compared with PV patients wihout splenomegaly.

Irrespective of the peripheral platelet count the platelet production rate in all PV patients exceeded the upper range for the control subjects. The mean platelet production rate was approximately 9 times normal in the splenomegalic group, and 5 times normal in the group without splenomegaly. There was a large individual variation for the platelet production rate, and the dispersion of values was more pronounced in the splenomegalic group.
Sea‐Blue Histiocytes in Familial Lecithin: Cholesterol Acyltransferase Deficiency
Authors: JACOBSEN CARL DITLEF , GJONE EGIL , HOVIG TORSTEIN
Published: August 2010

Histiocytes containing large blue‐green granules on Wright or Giemsa stain have been described in several different clinical conditions, some of them with hepatosplenomegaly and thrombocytopenia. These conditions have been ill‐defined with no common characteristics.

In the present report evidence is given for the presence of ‘sea‐blue histiocytes’ in all five patients with familial lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency examined. From electron microscopic studies it is suggested that the characteristic cytological appearance of the histiocytes in the spleen and bone marrow in these patients may be due to increased phagocytosis and decomposition of blood cells, or more probably to uptake of phospholipid‐containing membraneous material directly from plasma.
Morphology, Dipeptidases and Disaccharidases of Small Intestinal Mucosa in Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Deficiency
Authors: BERG N. O. , DAHLQVIST A. , LINDBERG T. , LINDSTRAND K. , NORDÉN Å.
Published: August 2010

Mucosal morphology and intestinal enzyme activities (dipeptidases and disaccharidases) were studied in 33 biopsies from 24 patients with vitamin B12 and/or folic acid deficiency. The villi were generally shorter in patients than in controls (34 subjects). The disaccharidases and L‐alanyl‐L‐proline dipeptidase activity were depressed in about 30 % of the patients, untreated and treated. Glycyl‐L‐leucine and L‐alanyl‐L‐glutamic acid dipeptidase activity was normal in untreated patients but was depressed during treatment with vitamin B12.
The Fate of Thymocytes: A Study of Kinetics of Thymocytes using High Alkaline Phosphatase Activity as an Endogenous Label
Authors: RUUSKANEN OLLI , KOUVALAINEN KAUKO
Published: August 2010

The high activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP) in the guinea pig cortical thymocytes offers a new, easily demonstrable endogenous label for these cells. In this study observations were made on the frequency of AP‐positive lymphocytes occurring spontaneously in blood and lymphatic organs and on the fate of xenogeneic, allogeneic and autologous thymocytes injected intravenously. In the guinea pig blood on the average 0.4 % of white cells are AP‐positive lymphocytes. In the lymph nodes about one in every hundred lymphocytes shows high AP‐activity, the corresponding frequency in the spleen being 1/1000 white cells. No significant difference was found between the frequencies of AP‐positive lymphocytes in the thymic and other venous blood. After intravenous injections xenogeneic, allogeneic and autologous thymocytes disappeared very rapidly from the blood and never returned into the circulation. Previous thymectomy did not affect the disappearance rate of thymocytes. A significant part of the cells injected was found in the spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes. Our results are in favour of a theory that relatively few cortical thymocytes as such leave the thymus and those leaving are rapidly gathered in the spleen and lymph nodes. Lymphocytes directly deriving from the thymus (cortex) are no regular constituents of the blood white cell population.
Studies on Thrombin Infusion in Dogs
Authors: RØ J. S. , FLATMARK A.
Published: August 2010

Intravascular coagulation, haemolysis and strong secondary fibrinolysis were induced by thrombin infusion in 6 dogs. Trasylolr̀ treatment increased the consumption of clotting factors and platelets, increased haemolysis, but markedly inhibited the secondary fibrinolysis. One of these 5 dogs died with demonstrable thrombi in lungs and kidneys.

Prolonged thrombin and reptilase clotting times coincided with high amounts of fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). In the initial stage of fibrinolysis plasminogen and proteolytic capacity was normal. A delayed drop in these assays was observed, concomitantly with normal FDP. This drop largely indicated a sustained plasminogen consumption due to continuous fibrinolysis initiated by residual thrombi and/or subclinical clotting.

A transient leucopenia, relatively more pronounced than the platelet reduction, was found following thrombin infusion, even in dogs treated with kallikrein inhibitor. This suggests that leucocyte counting may be valuable in diagnosing disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Thrombin infusion induced low Thrombotest, but unchanged Normotest values, although these assays are considered to measure the same factors (II/VII/X). The discrepancy was less in Trasylolr̀‐treated dogs.
Serum Lactoferrin in Leukaemia and Polycythaemia vera
Authors: MALMQUIST JÖRGEN
Published: August 2010

Lactoferrin is an iron‐binding protein present in various secretions as well as in the neutrophilic granulocyte series. A radioimmunodiffusion method has been used for the measurement of this protein in serum.

Normal sera contain up to 3.5 mg/l of lactoferrin. Elevated concentrations were encountered in patients with chronic myelocytic leukaemia and polycythaemia vera.
Serum Myeloperoxidase in Leukaemia and Polycythaemia vera
Authors: MALMQUIST JÖRGEN
Published: August 2010

Myeloperoxidase is a haem enzyme which is a characteristic constituent of the neutrophil granulocyte series and of monocytes.

Using myeloperoxidase purified from human granulocytes and myelocytes, a radio‐immunodiffusion method for the measurement of this protein has been developed. Normal sera were found to contain only traces (up to 2 mg/l) of myeloperoxidase. Elevated concentrations (up to above 10 mg/l) were found in some patients with acute leukaemia, monocytic leukaemia, and chronic myelocytic leukaemia. Minor elevations occurred in 5 of 13 cases of polycythaemia vera.

The findings are discussed in relation to current knowledge on the synthesis and intracellular localization of myeloperoxidase.
Fibrinaemia and Multiple Thrombi in Pancreatic Carcinoma: A Case Studied with Quantitative N‐Terminal Analysis
Authors: KIERULF P. , GODAL H. C.
Published: August 2010

In a 64‐year‐old man several thrombo‐embolic episodes occurred in spite of oral anticoagulant treatment with Thrombotest values below 10%. Normalization of a low plasma fibrinogen, cryofibrinogen and the ethanol gelation test during heparin treatment, suggested chronic intravascular coagulation several weeks prior to the recognition of a pancreatic carcinoma. N‐terminal analysis of the clottable plasma proteins established that about 11 % of the plasma fibrinogen existed as soluble fibrin in plasma. Such a large amount of soluble fibrin suggests the joint action of thrombin and other proteases on the clottable proteins in vivo.
Effect of Dietary Iron on Iron Absorption in Man
Authors: NORRBY ANDERS , SÖLVELL LENNART
Published: August 2010

Earlier studies have failed to show any influence of dietary iron on the absorption of iron in man.

In the present investigation the absorption of a 0.56 mg59Fe++test dose was randomly studied two times in the same individual — after one week on an iron deficient diet and after one week on an iron rich diet. The different types of diet were found to have a significant influence on the results of the absorption measurement being about 20 % after iron rich food and about 30 % after iron deficient diet. The finding is of importance when evaluating absorption data from small test doses in man.
Mechanisms Underlying 6‐Methyl‐Prednisolone Influences on Erythropoiesis
Authors: PESCHLE CESARE , ZANJANI ESMAIL D. , SASSO GUIDO F. , RAPPAPORT IRA A. , GORDON ALBERT S. , CONDORELLI MARIO
Published: August 2010

The administration of 6‐methyl‐prednisolone hemisuccinate (MPH) in ex‐hypoxic polycythaemic mice elicited a significant stimulatory effect on the rate of erythropoiesis. Thus, a 4 to 10‐fold increase was induced by dose levels comparable to those employed in the treatment of aplastic anaemias and pure red cell aplasias. This erythropoietic response was completely abolished by simultaneous administration of anti‐erythropoietin (anti‐Ep) serum. Additionally, MPH did not potentiate the wave of erythropoiesis evoked by exogenous Ep. Consequently, the stimulatory effect of MPH is apparently mediated by increased Ep production, rather than an influence on Ep kinetics or its effect on erythropoiesis. In support to this contention, MPH induced a synergistic enhancement of both the erythropoietic response and the Ep plasma titers evoked by hypoxia. In addition, the erythropoietic effect of MPH was evaluated in polycythaemic mice at various time intervals after a single injection. The response was similar to that observed when exogenous Ep was given. However, with MPH, the effect was delayed for about 24 h. Finally, it is of pharmacological interest that administration of large dose levels of MPH (2 to 8 mg) in normal mice resulted in a significant inhibition of erythropoiesis.
LDH Activity and Isoenzymes in Platelets: Relation to Thrombopoietic Activity in Man and Rats
Authors: KNUDSEN FINN URSIN
Published: August 2010

LDH and isoenzymes in platelets from man and from rats were studied during normal and abnormal thrombopoiesis. The LDH isoenzyme distribution (log H/M) was determined by disc polyacrylarnide electrophoresis, split‐gel technique, total LDH activity per platelet (LDH/platelet) by fluorometry.

In 15 normal subjects there was no correlation between log H/M and LDH/platelet or platelets/μl, whereas LDH/platelet was significant, negatively correlated to the platelet count.

Compared with 15 controls, 13 patients with metastasizing cancer showed a significantly lower log H/M, higher LDH/platelet, and higher platelet count. In platelets from 25 rats there was, during normal thrombopoiesis, no correlation between log H/M, LDH/platelet, and platelet count. M‐LDH activity constituted 97 % of the total LDH activity in rat platelets.

During bleeding‐induced thrombocytosis the LDH/platelet was significantly lower and the log H/M unchanged, i.e. the M‐LDH activity was lower compared with the prebleeding values. The change in LDH/platelet and M activity was significant, negatively correlated to the change in the platelet count. Platelet volume/platelet was unchanged. The normal and abnormal LDH and isoenzymes of the platelets are assumed to have originated in megakaryocyte cytoplasm.
Myeloperoxidase‐Mediated Iodination in Granulocytes
Authors: OLSSON I. , OLOFSSON T. , ODEBERG H.
Published: August 2010

The kinetics of the granulocyte iodination of phagocytized yeast cells was studied. The data obtained fitted an enzymatic reaction and the inhibition with specific antiserum indicated that the granulocyte iodination was mediated by the action of myeloperoxidase. Purified myeloperoxidase from the cytoplasmic granules of leukaemic myeloid cells was obtained by gel chromatography and ion exchange chromatography of the granule extract. Electrophoresis after treatment of the protein with dodecyl sulfate indicated a subunit structure. The myeloperoxidase formed spectrally characteristic complexes with hydrogen peroxide and also with iodide and it was shown to catalyze the iodination of yeast cells when a continous supply of hydrogen peroxide was formed by the addition of glucose oxidase. Since the myeloperoxidase mediated iodination of microorganisms in granulocytes is dependent on prior uptake of the microorganism, formation of the phagocytic vacuole, degranulation, hydrogen peroxide formation and finally oxidation of the iodide by the myeloperoxidase‐H2O2 complex it should be useful for detection of defects in the phagocytosis process.
The Relationship between Phagocytosis of Polystyrene Latex Particles by Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes (PML) and Aggregation of PML
Authors: TALSTAD INGEBRIGT
Published: August 2010

A methodological study of the adhesive stage of phagocytosis and its relation to aggregation is presented. Phagocytosis was measured by phase‐contrast microscopy, aggregation by microscopy and the irreversible aggregation by an electronic particle counter. Cinemicrographic observation revealed that polystyrene latex particles (Plx) of 1.0 μm in diameter were mostly attached to the periphery of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PML) and not engulfed. The highest phagocytic capacity of PML was obtained in serum, and was decreased by addition of EDTA in concentrations greater than 1.5 mM, complete inhibition occurring at 6.0 mM EDTA, whereas 10–30 IU/ml heparin did not influence phagocytosis. Plasma proteins decreased phagocytosis. Fibrinogen had a marked influence whereas gamma globulin and albumin had only a slight effect. Phagocytosis was almost completely restored when PML were isolated from the medium containing the inhibitors EDTA and fibrinogen and resuspended in fresh serum. There seems to be a close correlation between phagocytosis and aggregation. The adhesiveness of Plx shows quite different characteristics to that occurring between individual PML.
The Physiological Significance of the Hill Parameter n‘
Authors: BELLINGHAM A. J.
Published: August 2010

A study of the abnormal haemoglobins with altered oxygen affinity shows that changes in the shape of the oxygen dissociation curve, as measured by the Hill constant ‘n’, have a significant effect on tissue oxygen delivery independent of the effect of the altered oxygen affinity.

It is suggested that in the presence of a high oxygen affinity maintenance of subunit interaction is deleterious whereas with a decreased oxygen affinity it is advantageous. This suggestion is supported by the relative incidence of altered oxygen equilibria reported in association with abnormal haemoglobins.
Haemoglobin M Saskatoon with Slight Constant Haemolysis, Markedly Increased by Sulphonamides
Authors: STAVEM P. , STRÖMME J. , LORKIN P. A. , LEHMANN H.
Published: August 2010

Haemoglobin M Saskatoon was the cause of cyanosis since early infancy in an otherwise healthy young man. Laboratory examination also revealed a slight constant haemolysis. The haemolysis showed a marked temporary increase following sulphonamide treatment.
Leuco‐Erythroblastic Anaemia in Prostatic Cancer: Report of Two Cases with Complete Haematological Remission
Authors: ERIKSSON STEN , KILLANDER JOHAN , WADMAN BENGT
Published: August 2010

Two cases of leucoerythroblastic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and hypogammaglobulinaemia in prostatic cancer invading the bone marrow are reported. In both cases a complete haematological remission was obtained following intense treatment with phosphoestrol (Honvanr̀). Evidence is presented that leuco‐erythroblastic anaemia represents a state of ineffective erythropoiesis.
Quantity of Diagnostic Blood Sampling and Its Clinical Relevance
Authors: HELIN PEKKA , VIDEBÆK AAGE
Published: August 2010

For each of 155 consecutive patients admitted to a medical ward was measured the amount of blood drawn for laboratory studies throughout the stay in hospital. 90 % of the patients had drawn less than a total of 200 g blood and 5 % more than a total of 300 g. The average loss per day was 9.5 g and per venipuncture 26.8 g. The quantity of blood drawn diagnostically is so large that blood sampling should be avoided during a red‐cell survival study.

The influence of the blood loss upon the haemoglobin and haematocrit values was studied by a regression analysis which could be carried through for 72 of the patients. 4 patients only showed silghtly decreasing values which most likely should be ascribed to the diagnostic blood sampling.
Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia with Cytosine Arabinoside and Daunomycin in Combination
Authors: BRINCKER HANS
Published: August 2010

19 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia were treated with cytosine arabinoside and daunomycin in combination. The treatment was administered continuously instead of in short cycles. 10 complete and 5 partial remissions were induced. 1 patient was a definite therapeutic failure, while 3 patients did not have adequate trial. Disregarding the latter 3 patients the overall remission frequency was 94 %. 8 of 11 patients more than 60 years old acquired remissions, of which 4 were complete. The median survival was 8 months for the entire series, and the mean duration of the remissions was 5 months.
Erythrophagocytosis in the Rat Bone Marrow Following Splenectomy
Authors: Marton Per F.
Published: August 2010

Recent experimental studies have demonstrated erythrophagocytosis in the rat bone marrow after transfusion of heat‐denatured erythrocytes. The present investigation deals with bone marrow erythrophagocytosis following removal of the spleen, which is the main erythroclastic organ in the rat. By light microscopy of the bone marrow 8 weeks after splenectomy erythrophagic activity has been demonstrated in the nursing cells of the erythroblastic islands. As no significantly increased red cell destruction could be found in other parts of the reticuloendothelial system, the bone marrow is regarded as the main erythroclastic site in the splenectomized rat. A minor bone marrow erythrophagic activity can also be demonstrated in the normal rat. The increased activity demonstrated in the bone marrow of the splenectomized rat is therefore an intensification of a normal function going on at a lower rate in the intact animal.
Erythrocyte Pooling and Sequestration in Enlarged Spleens: Estimations of Splenic Erythrocyte and Fiasma Volume in Splenomegalic Patients
Authors: Christensen B. Egelund
Published: August 2010

Erythrocyte pooling and sequestration in the spleen were studied in 73 patients with splenomegaly due to various haematological disorders using 51Cr‐labelled autologous erythrocytes and surface counting. Arbitrary values for the accumulation of activity in spleens of different sizes were obtained by correcting measured splenic surface activities (correction factors have been experimentally estimated). Absolute values for the splenic content of 51Cr and 125I were obtained by comparative surface activity measurements over the enlarged spleen and a model of the spleen charged with a known amount of activity. In this way the splenic erythrocyte and plasma volume may be estimated.

In cases of pronounced splenomegaly without complicating immunohaemolysis the splenic erythrocyte pool (splenic erythrocyte volume/total erythrocyte volume) increases with increasing splenic weight, apparently independently of the underlying haematological disorder, the splenic erythrocyte content varying only with body haematocrit. Hyperhaemolysis is a regular finding in enlarged spleens. The splenic erythrocyte sequestration rate increases with increasing splenic erythrocyte pool and is much higher in myeloproliferative than in lymphoproliferative disorders. The total plasma volume is expanded in splenomegalic patients, but the splenic plasma volume constitutes only a minor part of this increment.

The anaemia of splenomegalic patients is a consequence of splenic erythrocyte concentration and hypersequestration combined with expansion of the plasma volume. Frequently the total erythropoietic capacity is reduced. Splenectomy is regularly followed by an increased venous haemoglobin concentration.
Fibrinogen Associated with Subcellular Platelet Particles
Authors: Day H. James , Solum Nils Olav
Published: August 2010

The subcellular localization of fibrinogen in platelets washed in an EDTA‐buffer medium has been studied with special reference to the granule‐bound fibrinogen. After sucrose density gradient centrifugation of platelet homogenates nine fractions of different densities were separated and studied for their relative contents of total protein, fibrinogen, β‐glucuronidase and acid p‐nitrophenyl phosphatase. Fibrinogen was found both in the soluble phase and in the particulate fractions. The distribution of fibrinogen calculated relative to lactic dehydrogenase activity showed that granule‐bound fibrinogen did not represent cytoplasmic contamination. The results further indicate a preferential association of granule‐bound fibrinogen with low‐density granules. The same was true for β‐glucuronidase and acid phosphatase. Presence of not only fibrinogen, but also of the two lysosomal enzymes, in high amounts in the soluble fraction indicate that fibrinogen in this fraction may have been derived from disrupted granules.
Septate‐Like Junctions Acquired by Erythroblasts in a Case of Refractory Anaemia
Authors: Gorius Janine Breton , Flandrin Georges , Daniel Marie Thérèse , Brouet Jean Claude
Published: August 2010

The authors describe an unusual case of refractory anaemia in whom plasma membranes of several erythroblasts are connected by junctional surface specializations which resemble septate junctions. Mechanisms and significance of the junctions in this case are unknown.
Stimulation of Macrophage Phagocytosis by Clofazimine
Authors: Brandt L. , Svensson B.
Published: August 2010

Macrophages were cultured from peripheral blood of 5 healthy donors. In the presence of 10‐6 M clofazimine their capacity to ingest yeast cells in vitro was enhanced in all cases. Clofazimine also stimulated the in vitro phagocytosis by macrophages in pleural exudates from 2 patients and peripheral blood monocytes from 1 patient with acute monocytic leukaemia. In the pleural exudate from 1 patient with a mediastinal lymphosarcoma the ingestion of cell debris and whole lymphocytic cells by macrophages was increased in vitro. The results suggest that clofazimine may stimulate the activity of various reticuloendothelial phagocytic cells.
White Blood Cell Acid Hydrolases in Leukaemias, Mucopolysaccharidoses and Mannosidosis
Authors: Hultberg B. , Autio S. , Berg B. , ÖCkerman P. A.
Published: August 2010

Simple, synthetic substrates, commercially available, were used for assay of five acid hydrolases (β‐galactosidase, β‐glucosidase, α‐mannosidase, N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase, and β‐glucuronidase) in human white blood cells from 23 controls and 25 patients with inborn storage disorders or leukaemia. Conditions for release of the enzyme activities, pH‐dependency, and properties on gel filtration and isoelectric focusing are described. In chronic myelocytic leukaemia high activities of α‐mannosidase were found, whereas the activities of all enzymes were low in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. In acute myeloblast leukaemia enzyme activities varied. In two cases of mannosidosis very low values of α‐mannosidase were found.
Changes in Spleen Cellularity and Erythrocyte Accumulation Following Rauscher Virus Infection in the Mouse
Authors: Markoe Arnold M. , Okunewick James P.
Published: August 2010

The nature of the relationship of the spleen enlargement effected by Rauscher virus infection of SJL/J mice has been investigated with reference to cell proliferation in the spleen and to splenic red blood cell pooling and anaemia. The gross splenic nucleated cell content was found to increase linearly with spleen weight. The ratio of total spleen cells to nucleated spleen cells was identical at a value of 1.75 to 1 for both normal and virus‐infected mice even though in the latter some spleen sizes were as high as 30 times normal. On a per milligram basis, the average splenic accumulation of 59Fe‐labelled normal red blood cells by normal mice was approximately twice as great as by 18‐day leukaemic mice, even though the leukaemic spleens contained a greater fraction of the injected label.

Anaemia was seen to develop shortly after injection of the virus, reducing the haematocrit to values of less than 40 by two weeks. Compensatory increase in reticulocyte number did not occur until after the major fall in venous haematocrit had already been achieved. Peripheral white blood cell counts increased with time after virus injection and these correlated positively with spleen size, the relation being logarithmic.
Inheritance of Selective Malabsorption of Vitamin B12
Authors: Furuhjelm U. , Nevanlinna H. R.
Published: August 2010

The hereditary syndrome selective malabsorption of vitamin B12 is analyzed from a genetical point of view. 32 families with 55 affected children were collected from the literature. The proportion of affected children in these sibships is consistent with a recessive autosomal transmission. Furthermore, the ancestors of 15 Finnish propositi were traced several generations back. The accumulation of families at local and national levels is discussed.
Effect of Cortisol on the Eosinophils in the Rat Spleen: Autoradiographic Studies
Authors: Bro‐Rasmussen Frede
Published: August 2010

Inbred albino rats, aged 5–6 months, were given a single injection of Cortisol or injections of Cortisol every 6 h for up to 3 d. At varying times in relation to the Cortisol administration a single injection of 3H‐thymidine was given. The eosinophils in the peripheral blood and in suspensions of splenic tissue were studied by counting the absolute number of eosinophils and by autoradiography. These investigations showed that Cortisol induces a sharp decrease of eosinophils in the splenic tissue due primarily to a reduction in the number of mature eosinophils. At the same time, there was a relative increase in the number of proliferating eosinophils. Long‐term administration of Cortisol results in an inhibiton of mitotic activity of the eosinophil precursors. There was no indication that the peripheral eosinopenia following Cortisol administration could be due to migration of eosinophils to the spleen and/or splenic destruction of eosinophils.
The Increase in the Number of Circulating Megakaryocytes and Blood Platelets in Rats after Surgery
Authors: Pedersen N. Tinggaard
Published: August 2010

The effect of surgery on the number of circulating megakaryocytes in the inferior vena cava was studied in 58 female rats 1–20 d after intervention. A significant postoperative increase in the number of circulating megakaryocytes was found, without any change in the percentage distribution of megakaryocytes with copious cytoplasm (27 % as against 25 %) and naked nuclei.

The number of blood platelets on the first three post‐operative days was normal, but showed an increase from day 4 to day 18 with a maximum increase on days 7–11 to about 150 %.
Red Cell Size and Uric Acid in Down's Syndrome
Authors: Howell A. , Mason A. S. , Brown Edna , Watts R. W. E. , Chanarin I. , McPherson K. , Ridler M. A. C.
Published: August 2010

The haematological findings in 113 cases of Down's syndrome have been compared with those in 106 age and sex matched control subjects from the same residential institution. The average value for MCV was higher and the serum vitamin B12 was lower in the Down's syndrome patients than in the controls. These parameters were not significantly correlated in either group and the patients with low vitamin B12 levels were shown to absorb the vitamin normally. Plasma and erythrocyte folate levels were normal. The band form counts and serum uric acid concentrations were higher in the Down's syndrome than in the control patients. The bone marrow was examined in 11 of the patients with Down's syndrome and MCV ≥ 99, only one showed megaloblastic changes. The results in the small number of patients with chromosome translocations and mosaicism did not appear to differ from those with the common trisomy‐21 anomaly.
Immunological Characterization of Anti‐Haemophilic Factor A Related Antigen in Haemophilia A
Authors: Bouma B. N. , van Mourik J. A. , Wiegerinck Y. , Sixma J. J. , Mochtar I. A.
Published: August 2010

The properties of an antiserum prepared against a factor VIII related antigen, isolated from haemophilic plasma, were investigated and compared with those of anti‐normal factor VIII. No difference could be observed between these antisera. The results suggest that in haemophilic plasma a factor VIII molecule is present with the same antigenic determinants as normal factor VIII although factor VIII activity is lacking.
Levodopa Induced Coombs Positive Haemolytic Anaemia
Authors: Gabor E. Peter , Goldberg Leonard S.
Published: August 2010

The authors describe a case of Coombs positive haemolytic anaemia induced by levodopa. The similarities between the red cell autoantibodies induced by levodopa and those induced by methyldopa are discussed.
Red Blood Cell Acetylcholinesterase Activity and Lysis in Various Dyshaemopoietic Disorders
Authors: Stathakis N. , Papayannis A. G. , Scliros Ph. , Gardikas C.
Published: August 2010

144 patients with various dyshaemopoietic disorders were tested for red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (RBC‐AChE) activity and for in vitro lysis in the acidified‐serum test and sucrose haemolysis test. The RBC‐AChE activity was significantly reduced in acute leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia and myelofibrosis. In all other cases the enzyme activity was normal, except in patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia complicated with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. The acidified‐serum test was negative in all cases. The sucrose haemolysis test was positive in a significant number of patients, particularly in those with acute leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia and myelofibrosis.

The acute leukaemia and myelofibrosis cases with severe anaemia had lower RBC‐AChE activity than those without or with mild anaemia; also cases with positive sucrose lysis test had lower AChE activity than those with negative test.
The Relationship between Red Cell Acetylcholinesterase Activity and Ii Antigenicity in Leukaemia
Authors: Scott G. L. , Dornhorst Anne , Rasbridge Marian R.
Published: August 2010

Red cell acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and Ii antigenicity have been compared in patients with acute leukaemia and myeloproliferative syndromes. In acute leukaemia in relapse increased i agglutinability was found, often associated with low AChE levels, whereas in myeloproliferative syndromes increased i agglutinability was associated with increased AChE activity and increased red cell creatine. These findings are consistent with a young red cell population as similar changes were found in patients with severe haemolytic anaemia. It is proposed that two different mechanisms might be operating to produce increased i agglutinability.
Erythropoiesis Inhibiting Factor (EIF) The Inhibitory Effect of Oestrogens on Erythropoiesis and the Content of Oestrogens in the Urinary EIF
Authors: Lindemann Rolf
Published: August 2010

An erythropoiesis inhibiting factor (EIF) with a low molecular weight has been demonstrated in urine from normal healthy individuals, indicating a dual, humoral regulatory mechanism of the erythropoietic homeostasis. Since oestrogens are known to inhibit erythropoiesis and are excreted in the urine, the question was raised whether the EIF preparations could contain eostrogens in such amounts that this could explain the inhibitory effect. Fractionated eostrogen determinations in EIF preparations revealed only micro‐quantities of the different oestrogen‐metabolites. An inhibitory effect on erythropoiesis was obtained with commercial oestrogens only in doses 104‐105 times higher than the oestrogen amounts found in the EIF preparations. It is therefore most unlikely that oestrogens are causing the inhibitory effect of EIF on erythropoiesis.
The Influence of Fibrinogen Degradation Products on the Reptilase‐Time of Plasma
Authors: Arnesen Harald , Kierulf Peter , Godal Hans Chr.
Published: August 2010

The Reptilase and thrombin clotting times of plasma containing increasing amounts of various FDP, and from patients on urokinase therapy, were equally prolonged. At the point of visible gelation, equal amounts of fibrin were formed with Reptilase and thrombin, as indicated by generation of N‐terminal glycine.

Dialysis of the Reptilase reagent markedly increased the effect of FDP on the Reptilase time. The presence of glycine in the Reptilase reagent is suggested to counteract the influence of polymerization inhibitors, by lowering pH in the clotting mixture and by decreasing the solubility of fibrin/fibrinogen.
Clinical Classification and Evaluation of Treatment Response in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia on the Basis of Differences of Leukaemic Cell Differentiation
Authors: Brincker Hans
Published: August 2010

A simple rating system is proposed in which 3 levels of increasing differentiation ‐ ‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘C’ ‐ are defined for the leukaemic cells in acute myeloid leukaemia. Using this rating system a series of 31 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia could be divided into an ‘A’‐group of 12 cases, a ‘B’‐group of 10 cases, and a ‘C’‐group of 9 cases.

A statistically significant association was found between high leucocyte counts and low degree of leukaemic cell differentiation, and vice versa. The occurrence of the ‘C’‐cases exclusively in patients over 48 years of age differed significantly from that seen for the ‘A’‐cases, the latter being evenly distributed throughout all age groups. Observation of leukaemic cell maturation during treatment suggests that the appearance of more highly differentiated leukaemic cells as well as a reduction of the leukaemic cell mass represents a positive response to treatment. Thus, the proposed rating system may be more sensitive to marginal therapeutic benefits than conventional rating systems.
Composition and Mitotic Activity of the Erythropoietic Part of the Bone Marrow in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
Authors: Sjögren U. , Brandt L.
Published: August 2010

The Hb concentration was successively reduced when leucocytosis increased in 27 untreated patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). The proportion of erythropoietic cells within the bone marrow was not significantly changed with increasing WBC counts from 20,000–340,000. The development of anaemia was associated with an increase in basophilic erythroblasts within the erythropoietic pool and an augmentation of the mitotic indices of the erythroblasts. Concurrently with the accumulation of early erythroid precursor cells a similar ‘shift to the left’ was observed within the granulopoietic part of the bone marrow.

The results indicate that the development of anaemia during the course of CML is not associated with a reduction of erythropoietic tissue. On the contrary, the erythropoietic pool is probably greater in anaemic patients with severe leucocytosis than in non‐anaemic patients with only moderate leucocytosis since the total mass of bone marrow is considerably increased in CML in relapse. It is suggested that the differentiation of early erythroblasts towards more mature erythroid cells becomes progressively blocked during the course of the disease, resulting in an accumulation of basophilic erythroblasts and contributing to the development of anaemia.
Autonomy of the PHA‐Responsive Cells in the Mouse Thymus
Authors: Jacobsson Hans , Blomgren Henric
Published: August 2010

Lymphopoiesis in the thymus and the size attained by the gland, unlike peripheral lymphoid organs, is considered not to be influenced by any external homeostatic forces. Recently it was observed that a minority of the thymic cells, approximately 5 %, are immunocompetent and respond to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) by an increased DNA synthesis. In the present investigation we have tested whether the size of this subpopulation of cells is also maintained in an autonomous way. Thymectomized and sham thymectomized adult mice were lethally X‐irradiated and reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow or foetal liver cells. Such animals received a thymus graft, obtained from newborn syngeneic donors, under the kidney capsule. At various times after transplantation the cell numbers in the grafts were established and their in vitro responsiveness to PHA determined. It was observed that neither the total cell number nor the size of the PHA‐responsive cell population differed whether the host's thymus was removed or not. In other experiments thymic repopulation was studied in lethally irradiated mice reconstituted by haemopoietic cells only or together with PHA‐responsive thymocytes injected i.v. These experiments showed that re‐population of the total thymic cell population as well as its subpopulation of PHA‐responsive cells was not influenced by the presence of PHA‐responsive, thymus‐derived cells in peripheral organs.

These experiments support the view that not only the size of the cortical thymocyte population, constituting the majority of the thymic cell population, but also that of the medullary one which contains the PHA‐responsive celle is maintained in an autonomous way not influenced by specific external feed‐back mechanisms.
The Effect of Products D and E on the Thrombin Induced Conversion of Fibrinogen to Fibrin
Authors: Arnesen Harald
Published: August 2010

N‐terminal amino acid analysis was used to study the influence of degradation products D and E on the thrombin‐fibrinogen reaction.

Product E inhibited thrombin activity, but no release of fibrinopeptides was observed during its incubation with thrombin. The thrombin inhibitory effect of product E was competitive, immediate, non‐progressive, and not potentiated by heparin. Product D inhibited fibrin polymerization only. Even this inhibition was found to be competitive.
AHF Related Protein in Clinical Praxis
Authors: Holmberg L. , Nilsson I. M.
Published: August 2010

Factor VIII (AHF) antigen and activity have been determined in 243 patients with various diseases. A rise of both antigen and activity was found in all groups. The correlation between antigen and activity was not good in some of the diseases, however. The reason is discussed. Factor VIII protein was isolated from one patient with necrosis of the liver and its properties were compared to those of normal factor VIII protein.