bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Discovery and Characterization of a Proton-Gated Sodium Current in Rat Retinal Ganglion Cells
Authors: Lilley Sarah , LeTissier Paul , Robbins Jon
Published: February 2004

The conduction of acid-evoked currents in central and sensory neurons is now primarily attributed to a family of proteins called acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). In peripheral neurons, their physiological function has been linked to nociception, mechanoreception, and taste transduction; however, their role in the CNS remains unclear. This study describes the discovery of a proton-gated current in rat retinal ganglion cells termed INa(H+), which also appears to be mediated by ASICs. RT-PCR confirmed the presence of ASIC mRNA (subunits la, 2a, 2b, 3, and 4) in the rat retina. Electrophysiological investigation showed that all retinal ganglion cells respond to rapid extracellular acidification with the activation of a transient Na+current, the size of which increases with increasing acidification between pH 6.5 and pH 3.0. INa(H+)desensitizes completely in the continued presence of acid, its current–voltage relationship is linear and its reversal potential shifts with ENa. INa(H+)is reversibly inhibited by amiloride (IC50, 188 μm) but is resistant to block by TTX (0.5 μm), Cd2+(100 μm), procaine (10 mm), and is not activated by capsaicin (0.5 μm). INa(H+)is not potentiated by Zn2+(300 μm) or Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide (50μm) but is inhibited by neuropeptide-FF (50μm). Acute application of pH 6.5 to retinal ganglion cells causes sustained depolarization and repetitive firing similar to the trains of action potentials normally associated with current injection into these cells. The presence of a proton-gated current in the neural retina suggests that ASICs may have a more diverse role in the CNS.
A New Rat Model of the Human Serial Reaction Time Task: Contrasting Effects of Caudate and Hippocampal Lesions
Authors: Christie Michael A. , Dalrymple-Alford John C.
Published: February 2004

There is often little correspondence between human and animal examples of nondeclarative memory. The serial reaction time task (SRT) is a sequence learning example of human nondeclarative memory that may be suitable for development as an animal model. The SRT is believed to be impaired by basal ganglia, not limbic system damage, but there is uncertainty whether limbic system pathology does in fact leave the SRT unimpaired. We therefore developed a new rat model that closely approximated the human SRT, using intracranial self-stimulation to promote rapid continuous responding to four adjacent nose pokes in a single test session. Intact rats that experienced repeated sequences demonstrated robust interference effects when switched to a random sequence of cued responses (at 4-, 8-, and 12-sequence lengths), unlike intact controls that experienced the random sequences only. The interference effect in the human task is a key measure for nondeclarative sequence learning. Rats with dorsal caudate lesions that experienced massed sequence repetitions showed an interference effect at the four-sequence length only. By contrast, rats with dorsal hippocampal lesions showed an interference effect at all sequence lengths. This new rat SRT model clarifies the basal ganglia–limbic system dichotomy suggested by human work.
L and M Cone Contributions to the Midget and Parasol Ganglion Cell Receptive Fields of Macaque Monkey Retina
Authors: Diller Lisa , Packer Orin S. , Verweij Jan , McMahon Matthew J. , Williams David R. , Dacey Dennis M.
Published: February 2004

Analysis of cone inputs to primate parvocellular ganglion cells suggests that red–green spectral opponency results when connections segregate input from long wavelength (L) or middle wavelength (M) sensitive cones to receptive field centers and surrounds. However, selective circuitry is not an obvious retinal feature. Rather, cone receptive field surrounds and H1 horizontal cells get mixed L and M cone input, likely indiscriminately sampled from the randomly arranged cones of the photoreceptor mosaic. Red–green spectral opponency is consistent with random connections in central retina where the mixed cone ganglion cell surround is opposed by a single cone input to the receptive field center, but not in peripheral retina where centers get multiple cone inputs. The selective and random connection hypotheses might be reconciled if cone type selective circuitry existed in inner retina. If so, the segregation of L and M cone inputs to receptive field centers and surrounds would increase from horizontal to ganglion cell, and opponency would remain strong in peripheral retina. We measured the relative strengths of L and M cone inputs to H1 horizontal cells and parasol and midget ganglion cells by recording intracellular physiological responses from morphologically identified neurons in anin vitropreparation of the macaque monkey retina. The relative strength of L and M cone inputs to H1 and ganglion cells at the same locations matched closely. Peripheral midget cells were nonopponent. These results suggest that peripheral H1 and ganglion cells inherit their L and M cone inputs from the photoreceptor mosaic unmodified by selective circuitry.
Unique Neural Circuitry for Neonatal Olfactory Learning
Authors: Moriceau Stephanie , Sullivan Regina M.
Published: February 2004

Imprinting ensures that the infant forms the caregiver attachment necessary for altricial species survival. In our mammalian model of imprinting, neonatal rats rapidly learn the odor-based maternal attachment. This rapid learning requires reward-evoked locus ceruleus (LC) release of copious amounts of norepinephrine (NE) into the olfactory bulb. This imprinting ends at postnatal day 10 (P10) and is associated with a dramatic reduction in reward-evoked LC NE release. Here we assess whether the functional emergence of LC α2 inhibitory autoreceptors and the downregulation of LC α1 excitatory autoreceptors underlie the dramatic reduction in NE release associated with termination of the sensitive period. Postsensitive period pups (P12) were implanted with either LC or olfactory bulb cannulas, classically conditioned with intracranial drug infusions (P14), and tested for an odor preference (P15). During conditioning, a novel odor was paired with either olfactory bulb infusion of aβ-receptor agonist (isoproterenol) to assess the target effects of NE or direct LC cholinergic stimulation combined with α2 antagonists and α1 agonists in a mixture to reinstate neonatal levels of LC autoreceptor activity to assess the source of NE. Pups learned an odor preference when the odor was paired with either olfactory bulb isoproterenol infusion or reinstatement of neonatal LC receptor activity. These results suggest that LC autoreceptor functional changes rather than olfactory bulb changes underlie sensitive period termination.
Olfactory Bulb Glomeruli: External Tufted Cells Intrinsically Burst at Theta Frequency and Are Entrained by Patterned Olfactory Input
Authors: Hayar Abdallah , Karnup Sergei , Shipley Michael T. , Ennis Matthew
Published: February 2004

Glomeruli, the initial sites of synaptic processing in the olfactory system, contain at least three types of neurons collectively referred to as juxtaglomerular (JG) neurons. The role of JG neurons in odor processing is poorly understood. We investigated the morphology, spontaneous, and sensory-evoked activity of one class of JG neurons, external tufted (ET) cells, using whole-cell patch-clamp and extracellular recordings in rat olfactory bulb slices. ET cells have extensive dendrites that ramify within a single glomerulus or, rarely, in two adjacent glomeruli. All ET neurons exhibit spontaneous rhythmic bursts of action potentials (∼1–8 bursts/sec). Bursting is intrinsically generated; bursting persisted and became more regular in the presence of ionotropic glutamate and GABA receptor antagonists. Burst frequency is voltage dependent; frequency increased at membrane potentials depolarized relative to rest and decreased during membrane potential hyperpolarization. Spontaneous bursting persisted in blockers of calcium channels that eliminated low-threshold calcium spikes (LTS) in ET cells. ET cells have a persistent sodium current available at membrane potentials that generate spontaneous bursting. Internal perfusion with a fast sodium channel blocker eliminated spontaneous bursting but did not block the LTS. These results suggest that persistent sodium channels are essential for spontaneous burst generation in ET cells. ET cell bursts were entrained to ON stimuli delivered over the range of theta frequencies. Thus, ET cells appear to be tuned to the frequency of sniffing.
Ephrin-A5 Exerts Positive or Inhibitory Effects on Distinct Subsets of EphA4-Positive Motor Neurons
Authors: Eberhart Johann , Barr Jason , O'Connell Sinead , Flagg Alleda , Swartz Mary E. , Cramer Karina S. , Tosney Kathryn W. , Pasquale Elena B. , Krull Catherine E.
Published: February 2004

Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and ephrins are required for axon patterning and plasticity in the developing nervous system. Typically, Eph–ephrin interactions promote inhibitory events; for example, prohibiting the entry of neural cells into certain embryonic territories. Here, we show that distinct subsets of motor neurons that express EphA4 respond differently to ephrin-A5. EphA4-positive LMC(l) axons avoid entering ephrin-A5-positive hindlimb mesoderm. In contrast, EphA4-positive MMC(m) axons extend through ephrin-A5-positive rostral half-sclerotome. Blocking EphA4 activation in MMC(m) neurons or expanding the domain of ephrin-A5 expression in the somite results in the aberrant growth of MMC(m) axons into the caudal half-sclerotome. Moreover, premature expression of EphA4 in MMC(m) neurons leads to a portion of their axons growing into novel ephrin-A5-positive territories. Together, these results indicate that EphA4-ephrin-A5 signaling acts in a positive manner to constrain MMC(m) axons to the rostral half-sclerotome. Furthermore, we show that Eph activation localizes to distinct subcellular compartments of LMC(l) and MMC(m) neurons, consistent with distinct EphA4 signaling cascades in these neuronal subpopulations.
Needing Help against "Evil"
Authors: Rozman Gilbert , Rozman Noah
Published: February 2004

The fallout from September 11 continued to recast U.S. relations with both Southeast and Northeast Asia. Alarm over Islamic terrorist groups such as the perpetrators of the Bali disco bombing and development of nuclear weapons by North Korea eclipsed concern with China's relentless rise and Japan's deepening economic morass. The Bush administration looked to the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to root out conspiratorial cells, and to South Korea, Japan, China, and Russia to pressure Pyongyang. After Bush branded North Korea as part of the "axis of evil," a conciliatory tone prevailed toward all who could help in containing the nation.
China and Asean: Renavigating Relations for a 21st-century Asia
Authors: Ba Alice D.
Published: February 2004

In East Asia, few relationships have evolved as much as that between China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. While important differences remain, relations have seen a marked improvement over the past decade, especially when compared to the considerable suspicion that once defined their relations. Changing U.S. priorities in Asia have played an important part in that evolution.
DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE IN RURAL TIBET
Authors: Goldstein Melvyn C. , Jiao Ben , Beall Cynthia M. , Tsering Phuntsog
Published: February 2004

This article reports on a multi-year study of the impact of China's reform policies since the early 1980s on rural change in the Tibet Autonomous Region. The study was conducted with 780 households in 13 villages, using qualitative and quantitative methods.
Arbitria Vrbanitatis:Language, Style, and Characterization in Catullus cc. 39 and 37
Authors: Krostenko Brian A.
Published: February 2004

This article describes how cc. 39 and 37 create distinct tones of voice and use them to preclude the social pretensions of Egnatius in different spheres. The style of c. 39, markedly oratorical—and non-Catullan—in the syntax of its opening lines, develops into the voice of a respectable senex by way of archaisms of vocabulary and syntax and is capped by a figure of humor otherwise absent from the polymetrics, the apologus. The style thus creates a voice perfectly suited to chastise Egnatius' social ineptitudes and, more importantly, constitutes on the verbal level an embodiment of the standards of the urban elite. Catullus thus illustrates to Egnatius that a subtle system of social gestures can be learned - something which Egnatius, for all his apparent pretensions to social prominence, manifestly has not grasped, marred as he is by the habit of grinning inappropriately. C. 37, which ends with an attack on the same Egnatius, is far different in tone, commingling tokens of artfulness with vulgarity and forcefulness. That mixed style exercises ironic decorum towards Lesbia's lovers, who are themselves an oddly mixed group, well-off on the one hand, but "backstreet adulterers" on the other. But the two tones of voice, and indeed the two groups of lovers, also embody the paradoxes of the Roman construction of stylish behavior, which could be represented as elegant dalliance or reprehensible vice. Inasmuch as Egnatius' fashion affectations, ridiculed at the poem's end, fail to qualify him for the ranks of Lesbia's lovers, he is represented as outside sophisticated society, however it be constructed. In concert the two poems utterly derail Egnatius' social pretensions: c. 39 as it were outflanks him on the "right," barring him from respectable society, and c. 37 outflanks him on the "left," barring him from the "jet set."
Framing the Gift: The Politics of the Siphnian Treasury at Delphi
Authors: Neer Richard T.
Published: February 2004

Thêsauroi, or treasure-houses, are small, temple-like structures, found typically in the sanctuaries of Delphi and Olympia. They were built by Greek city-states to house the dedications of their citizens. But a thêsauros is not just a storeroom: it is also a frame for costly votives, a way of diverting elite display in the interest of the city. When placed on view in a treasure-house, the individual dedication is re-contextualized: although it still reflects well on its dedicant, it also glorifies the polis. Thêsauroi effectively nationalize votives—and, with them, a dedicant's privileged relationship to the gods. The sculptural program of the Siphnian treasury exemplifies these issues.
Plus ça change…. Ancient Historians and their Sources
Authors: BOSWORTH A. BRIAN
Published: February 2004

This article addresses the problem of veracity in ancient historiography. It contests some recent views that the criteria of truth in historical writing were comparable to the standards of forensic rhetoric. Against this I contend that the historians of antiquity did follow their sources with commendable fi delity, superimposing a layer of comment but not adding independent material. To illustrate the point I examine the techniques of the Alexander historian, Q. Curtius Rufus, comparing his treatment of events with a range of other sources that reflect the same tradition. The results can be paralleled in early modern historiography, in the dispute between J. G. Droysen and K. W. Krüger on the character of Callisthenes of Olynthus. Both operate with the same material, but give it different “spins” according to their political perspectives. There is error and hyperbole, but no deliberate fiction.
After the Sexual Revolution: Gender Politics in Teen Dating
Authors: Risman Barbara , Schwartz Pepper
Published: February 2004

Is the sexual revolution over? Are teens returning to conservative sexual values? Are we witnessing the end of sexual liberalism and a new trend toward virginity before marriage? This seems to be the consensus of the mass media, and sophisticated academic studies are substantiating these assumptions.
Life without Father: What Happens to the Children?
Authors: McLanahan Sara , Schwartz Dona
Published: February 2004

Children raised without their fathers run serious risks. Why? Answering this question can help shape productive policies, and perhaps quiet the culture war raging around single parenthood.
Forty Acres and a Mule: What if America Pays Reparations?
Authors: Conley Dalton
Published: February 2004

In the present political climate, slavery reparations remain a remote dream of activists. But it is still worthwhile to do the math, if not for the purpose of actual payments, at least for what the numbers reveal about race and equal opportunity in America.
Panic: Myth or Reality?
Authors: Clarke Lee
Published: February 2004

Images of group panic and collective chaos are ubiquitous in Hollywood movies, mainstream media and the rhetoric of politicians. But, contrary to these popular portrayals, group panic is relatively rare. In disasters people are often models of civility and cooperation.
After the Fall: East European Women since the Collapse of State Socialism
Authors: Haney Lynne , Dragomir Gabriel
Published: February 2004

Over a decade ago, the collapse of state socialism in Eastern and Central Europe liberated the forces of capitalism and democracy. Did its collapse also liberate women?
Beyond Crime and Punishment: Prisons and Inequality
Authors: Western Bruce , Pettit Becky
Published: February 2004

Changes in government policy on crime and punishment have put many poor minority men behind bars, more than their arrest rates would indicate. The growth of the penal system has also obscured the extent of economic inequality and sowed the seeds for greater inequality in the future.
Hollywood Dreams, Harsh Realities: Writing for Film and Television
Authors: Bielby Denise D. , Bielby William T.
Published: February 2004

Hollywood films and television programs reach a diverse global audience, but young white men typically write the stories. Why do veterans older than the age of 40, women, and minority writers have such a difficult time finding work in Hollywood?
Social Networks: The Value of Variety
Authors: Erickson Bonnie
Published: February 2004

People are healthier and happier when they have intimates who care about and for them. But they also do better when they know many different people casually.
Detours on the Road to Equality: Women, Work and Higher Education
Authors: Jacobs Jerry A.
Published: February 2004

Women are earning college degrees in increasing numbers, but entering male-dominated occupations at a decreasing pace. These two developments are linked. Work barriers may be leading women to take a detour to college.
Repealing the Estate Tax: A Recipe for More Inequality?
Authors: Keister Lisa A.
Published: February 2004

The federal government's most effective tool for reducing wealth inequality is the estate tax, but the tax is being phased out. The costs of this repeal are high for all families, rich and poor.
Life and Death in the City: Neighborhoods in Context
Authors: Logan John
Published: February 2004

Neighborhoods differ greatly in security and attractiveness. It is generally believed that responsibility for the state of a community lies with its residents. But new research illustrates how external forces shape the fates of neighborhoods and their residents.
As American as Apple Pie: Poverty and Welfare
Authors: Rank Mark R.
Published: February 2004

Few Americans see poverty as a normal state of affairs. Yet most will experience poverty and will use welfare at some point in their lives. How can this be, and how does (or should) it change the way we look at poverty in the United States?
Laughter Dark & Joyous in Recent Films from the Former Yugoslavia
Authors: Horton Andrew
Published: February 2004

Studying recent films from the former republics of Yugoslavia, Andrew Horton examines how film-makers depict important issues and themes of the times through humor. Focusing particularly on Goran Paskaljevic's award-winning Cabaret Balkan (1998), which is set in Belgrade during the Bosnian War and weaves a variety of narratives "framed" within a cabaret, Horton places these recent films in a larger context of Yugoslav culture. He draws connections between Balkan comedy and a Yugoslav tradition of satirical theater and poetry, where humor—particularly laughter, dark and joyous—is used to illustrate pressing social and political issues.
Great Apes as Food
Authors: Peterson Dale
Published: February 2004

People living in or on the edges of the world's great forests have always taken the protein offered by wild animals; thus the three African great ape species - chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas - are by long-standing cultural tradition eaten by many ethnic groups living in Central Africa's Congo Basin. Today, with modern human population growth, modern hunting technologies, and especially with the unprecedented opening of these forests via roads cut by European and Asian loggers, an exploding game meat (or "bushmeat") commerce into the big cities threatens the very existence of those three charismatic species. What until recently was a sustainable food practice has recently become catastrophically unsustainable. The author identifies some of the traditional logic in favor of using apes as a food source and describes three contemporary arguments against it: the practice threatens African biodiversity; challenges public health (among other things, the continuing potential for Ebola transmission or the creation of an aggressive new HIV strain); and it remains (since genetic analysis now clarifies that the apes are so very close to human) a matter of legitimate ethical concern.
Song, Confession, and Criminality: Trial Records as Sources for Popular Musical Culture in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Fisher Alexander J.
Published: February 2004

In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, the city government of Augsburg, Germany, struggled to maintain religious peace as the confessional boundaries between its Catholic and Protestant communities hardened. As tensions gradually rose, city officials feared and scrutinized the disruptive potential of the psalms and chorales sung by Augsburg's Protestant majority. Those suspected of owning, singing, or distributing inflammatory songs were subject to imprisonment, interrogation, torture, and exile. When an Imperial decree established a fully Catholic city government in March 1629, the authorities tightened this scrutiny, banning Protestant singing entirely in public and private and using a network of informants to catch violators.

A remarkably well-preserved collection of criminal interrogation records in Augsburg dramatizes city officials' concern about religious song and their attempts to restrict its cultivation through coercive measures. These records, which preserve the testimony of suspects and witnesses as well as original evidence (such as manuscript or printed songs), show the ways in which local authorities tried to control singing that they felt threatened the public peace. At the same time, these sources give us unparalleled insight into the production, performance, and circulation of religious songs. Although the interrogations reveal much about how and where songs—often contrafacta of well-known psalms or chorales—were written and performed, the authorities were especially intent on finding out how they originated, who bought, sold, and sang them, and why. These exchanges between interrogators and suspects provide a starting point for an analysis of the relationship between singing, religion, and criminality in an early modern urban environment.
Infants' Responsiveness to Fathers' Singing
Authors: O'Neill Colleen T. , Trainor Laurel J. , Trehub Sandra E.
Published: February 2004

Fathers were recorded singing a song once to their infants and once in the absence of their infants. Adults readily identified fathers' infant-directed renditions and rated them as more rhythmic, loving, and appropriate for infants than the infant-absent renditions. Unlike mothers, however, fathers did not consistently raise the pitch of their infant-directed versions. Moreover,infants showed no preference for infant-directed over infant-absent versions unless the infant-directed versions were higher in pitch. Nevertheless, infants showed greater visual attention when listening to fathers' singing than to mothers' singing. The results confirm that a distinctive infant-directed style is used by singing fathers as well as mothers, that pitch height is a salient dimension of songs for infant listeners, and that fathers' singing in general is highly engaging to infant listeners.
Refinements to the Ergonomic Model for Keyboard Fingering of Parncutt, Sloboda, Clarke, Raekallio, and Desain
Authors: Jacobs J. Pieter
Published: February 2004

Aspects of the groundbreaking ergonomic model for keyboard fingering of isolated melodic fragments developed by R. Parncutt, J. A. Sloboda, E. F. Clarke, M. Raekallio, and P. Desain (1997) are reviewed, including the potentially problematic specification of finger spans in semitones. Modifications to some of the underlying rules are introduced in order to better reflect modern piano-pedagogical thought on finger strength and the playing of notes that are not spaced closely together on the keyboard. On the whole, the modified model had more pianists' fingering choices represented in its top predicted fingerings for opening fragments of Czerny studies than did the original model.
An Unusual Effect in theCanon Per Tonosfrom J. S. Bach'sMusical Offering
Authors: Collins Dennis , Schloss W. Andrew
Published: February 2004

We propose that the phrase repetitions in the canon per tonos from J. S. Bach's Musical Offering are not recognized by listeners as being successively upward. We examine possible causes for this effect and suggest that it may be due to Bach's use of chromatic harmony. To test this hypothesis, we conducted an experiment in which one group of listeners was presented with Bach's canon, while another group was presented with a modified version of the canon in which the harmonies were altered in order to make the upward phrase repetitions more apparent. We found that subjects recognized the ascending pattern in the modified canon with greater ease than they recognized the ascending pattern in Bach's canon. We also consider briefly why Bach may have wished to cause such an effect.
Context Effects on Pitch Perception in Musicians and Nonmusicians: Evidence from Event-Related-Potential Recordings
Authors: Brattico Elvira , Näätänen Risto , Tervaniemi Mari
Published: February 2004

Behavioral evidence indicates that musical context facilitates pitch discrimination. In the present study, we sought to determine whether pitch context and its familiarity might affect brain responses to pitch change even at the preattentive level. Ten musicians and 10 nonmusicians, while concentrating on reading a book, were presented with sound stimuli that had an infrequent (p = 15%) pitch shift of 144 Hz. In the familiar condition, the infrequent third-position deviant changed the mode (major vs. minor) of the five-tone pattern. In the unfamiliar condition, patterns were formed from five arithmetically determined tone frequencies, the deviant not causing any change of mode. The no-context condition included only third-position tones. All deviants elicited the change-specific mismatch negativity component of the event-related potentials in both groups of subjects. In both musicians and nonmusicians, pitch change in the familiar condition evoked larger mismatch negativity amplitude than the change in the unfamiliar condition and, correspondingly, larger mismatch negativity in the unfamiliar condition than in the no-context condition. This suggests that preattentive pitch-change processing is generally enhanced in a familiar context. Moreover, the latency of the mismatch negativity was shorter for musicians than for nonmusicians in both the familiar and unfamiliar conditions, whereas no difference between groups was observed in the no-context condition. This finding indicates that, in response to sequential structured sound events, the auditory system reacts faster in musicians than in nonmusicians.
A Study of Timing in Two Louis Armstrong Solos
Authors: Collier Geoffrey L. , Collier James Lincoln
Published: February 2004

For years musicians and critics have made statements about the nature of swing in jazz in general and the playing of Louis Armstrong in particular, based on the evidence of their ears. In order to quantify these issues, precise timing analyses of two mid-tempo solos by Louis Armstrong were analyzed, focusing in particular on stop-time sections. Two key elements of swing were analyzed; placement of the downbeats, and the swing or triplet ratio. For these solos, Armstrong played fairly close to on the beat, with a swing ratio of about 1.6 to 1.
Parallelism as a Factor in Metrical Analysis
Authors: Temperley David , Bartlette Christopher
Published: February 2004

A model is proposed of the effect of parallelism on meter. It is wellknown that repeated patterns of pitch and rhythm can affect the perception of metrical structure. However, few attempts have been made either to define parallelism precisely or to characterize its effect on metrical analysis. The basic idea of the current model is that a repeated melodic pattern favors a metrical structure in which beats are placed at parallel points in each occurrence of the pattern. By this view, parallelism affects the period of the metrical structure (the distance between beats) rather than the phase (exactly where the beats occur). This model is implemented and incorporated into the metrical program of D. Temperley and D. Sleator (1999). Several examples of the model's output are presented; we examine problems with the model and discuss possible solutions.
On the Contextual Appropriateness of Expression
Authors: Timmers Renee
Published: February 2004

The aim of this study was to show that the quality of an expressive interpretation depends on expressive context. The main hypothesis was that expression is evaluated in relation to preceding expressive variations. Two experiments and a model tested this hypothesis. In the first experiment, 39 listeners rated the quality of the performance of the continuation (second half of the musical stimulus) given the performance of the initiation (first half of the musical stimulus). The results showed a significant effect of continuation on the quality judgments and a significant interaction between continuation and initiation. This interaction was seen as the first confirmation of the hypothesis. In the second experiment, 20 participants rated the quality of six performances of the initiation and of the continuation separately. The results of this experiment did not explain the quality judgments found in Experiment 1. The low agreement between the judgments was taken as a second confirmation that contextual considerations can overrule general aesthetic preference. A regression model was proposed that predicts the quality rating of Experiment 1 from the similarity in rubato extent, key-velocity pattern, average articulation, grace-note duration, and average asynchrony between the two segments. This model was better able to explain the quality judgments of the continuation, providing final confirmation that the quality of the second half was a function of its agreement with the first half.
"Seeing the Big Picture": Piano Practice as Expert Problem Solving
Authors: Chaffin Roger , Imreh Gabriella , Lemieux Anthony F. , Chen Colleen
Published: February 2004

Experts in many fields approach a new problem by identifying the general principles involved before starting work on details. Do expert musicians similarly begin work on a new piece with the big picture, an artistic image of the piece, in mind? To find out, a concert pianist recorded her practice of the third movement, Presto, of J. S. Bach's Italian Concerto, commenting as she did so about what she was doing. The behavioral record of where playing started, stopped, and slowed down indicated the musical dimensions affecting practice, while the comments indicated the main focus of the pianist's attention. An artistic image for the piece was already evident in the initial sight-read performance, guided work on technique in sessions 1-6, and was transformed into a plan for performance by practice of performance cues in sessions 7-8. Interpretive details were added in sessions 9-10 and remaining problems touched up in session 11-12. Despite its pervasive effects on practice, the pianist's artistic image was mentioned only indirectly in comments about technique in sessions 1-6 and about structure, memory, and interpretation in later sessions.
Neglected Citizens and Willing Traders: The Villas del Norte (Tamaulipas) in Mexico's Northern Borderlands, 1749–1846
Authors: Valerio-Jiménez Omar S.
Published: February 2004

The political identity of residents of the villas del norte (northern villas) underwent a transformation as a result of Mexican Independence. The shift from Spanish subjects to Mexican citizens was accompanied by a corresponding change from racial categories to civic classifications. Despite the egalitarian tone of Mexico's new constitution (1824), economic class remained the basis for the new civic categories and the local elite continued to hold political office. The Mexican government promoted nationalism in the villas del norte through patriotic celebrations, military service, and the discourse of citizenship. Nevertheless, the political schisms between residents of these villas and the national state increased due to trade restrictions, the national government's political neglect, and social isolation. Ultimately, the vecinos ignored trade prohibitions and developed trade links with the United States.

La independencia de México transformó la identidad política de los vecinos de las villas del norte. El cambio de sujetos españoles a ciudadanos mexicanos fue acompañado por una conversión de categorías raciales en clasificaciones cívicas. A pesar de las tendencias igualitarias de la Constitución Mexicana (1824), las categorías cívicas continuarían basadas en la clase económica, así que la élite local logró mantener el dominio sobre los puestos políticos. El gobierno mexicano promovió el nacionalismo en las villas del norte a través de las celebraciones patrióticas, el servicio militar y un discurso que el estado desarrolló respeto a la ciudadanía. Sin embargo, la distancia política entre los residentes de estas villas y el estado nacional se aumentó, debido a las restricciones al comercio, la indiferencia política por parte del gobierno nacional y el aislamiento social. En fin, los vecinos desobedecieron las prohibiciones comerciales y desarrollaron vínculos con los Estados Unidos.
Cambio social y costumbres laborales: Contradicciones entre uso y protección del bosque en Huitzilac, México
Authors: Iguíniz Margarita Estrada
Published: February 2004

From both a historical and a contemporary perspective, this article explores the role of rural Mexican populations in forest management programs. Using the experience of Huitzilac, Morelos, the study shows how, through such age-old practices as felling trees and marketing timber, rural populations participate in the process of social change. By preserving traditional customs, peasant communities are not only defending their way of life, but are also augmenting their capacity to buy goods and services in the marketplace. And in doing so, they do not hesitate to ignore or circumvent the law.

Desde una perspectiva histórica y contemporánea, este artículo explora la participación de las poblaciones campesinas en programas para el uso y manejo de los recursos forestales. A partir de la experiencia de Huitzilac, Morelos, se muestra cómo algunas prácticas laborales antiguas como la tala y venta de madera son parte de la participación de la población rural mexicana en los procesos de cambio social. Al mantener costumbres tradicionales, las comunidades campesinas no sólo defienden su modo de vida sino también aumentan su capacidad de acceder a bienes y servicios que se ofrecen en el mercado, y para lograrlo no vacilan en ignorar o circundar la ley.
Musical Pleasures and Amorous Passions: Stendhal, the Crystallization Process, and Listening to Rossini and Beethoven
Authors: Downes Stephen
Published: February 2004

In De l'Amour (1822) Stendhal elaborated his idea of the "crystallization" process in which the distant beloved assumes qualities of ideal beauty in the imagination of the male lover. He also states that "the habit of listening to music and the state of reverie connected with it prepare one for falling in love" and, furthermore, that "perfect music has the same effect on the heart as the presence of the beloved. It gives, in fact, apparently more intense pleasure than anything else on earth." These erotic pleasures he identified most consistently and enthusiastically with the music of Rossini. This article takes Stendhal's related notions of love and the sensual immediacy of musical pleasures as models to develop an analytical and hermeneutic approach to musical examples of amour passion. This allows a new reassessment of Rossini's supposed predicament on the "Other" side of Dahlhaus's "unbridgeable rift" from the music of Beethoven and provides a critique of the relationship between the "heroic" male subject with his inspirational beloved. Examples are drawn from Rossini's Tancredi (1813) and William Tell (1829), and Beethoven's An die ferne Geliebte (1810), Fidelio, and "Les Adieux," Piano Sonata, op. 81a (1807).
Thoughts on Sects and Exceptionalism
Authors: Sonbol Amira
Published: February 2004

In studying the continuous appearance of various types of sects in Islamic history, it is important to understand the wider implications of the appearance of these sects. The events of 11 September 2001 can therefore only be understood in the context of globalization and the growing differences between poor and rich states accompanied by Western feelings of cultural exceptionalism.
Perceptions of New Orleans Voodoo: Sin, Fraud, Entertainment, and Religion
Authors: Long Carolyn Morrow
Published: February 2004

Throughout the nineteenth century, Voodoo was considered by the dominant American culture to be sinful and threatening, and strong repressive measures were taken by the authorities. From the turn of the twentieth century until about the 1960s, the practice was simply seen as a fraud from which ignorant blacks needed protection. By the latter half of the twentieth century,concerns with both sin and fraud had diminished, and Voodoo was looked upon as entertainment—a tourist commodity and potential gold-mine for commercial exploitation. Finally, at the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first, there has been a new awareness of Voodoo as a legitimate religion.
Falun Gong Symposium Introduction and Glossary
Authors: Wessinger Catherine
Published: February 2004

This essay introduces eight articles in a Nova Religio symposium on Falun Gong, a new religious movement that is being suppressed in the People's Republic of China. A glossary of Chinese terms that relate to Falun Gong is provided.
Falun Gong and the Sectarian Religion Paradigm
Authors: Irons Edward
Published: February 2004

The sectarian paradigm places newly formed religious groups not sanctioned by the state into a category of sectarian (jiaopai). In imperial times such groups were treated as heterodox and banned officially. They nevertheless traditionally survived well in the margins of society, in provincial centers, or allied with newlyascendant social groups. This paper discusses Falun Gong in light of this paradigm. Falun Gong is compared with two other religious groups that to some extent also reflect the sectarian paradigm, Three in One and Yiguandao. The paper first introduces each group's history, then focuses on ideology as contained in doctrinal statements and writings. The sectarian model is found to be inadequate in analyzing newly arisen popular religions and trends in contemporary China. There are no apparent genetic links between many such groups, and ideas do not consistently overlap. The paper proposes an alternative model of new syncretic movements. This model looks beyond the adversarial stances implied by the sectarian rubric.
Comparing Incidents of Extreme "Cult Violence": A Comment on "Is the Canon on Jonestown Closed?"
Authors: Robbins Thomas
Published: February 2004

In her article "Is the Canon on Jonestown Closed?" Rebecca Moore slightly misconstrued some cryptic statements by Thomas Robbins and Dick Anthony comparing the degree of provocation which precipitated violence at Jonestown and at Mount Carmel Center (Waco). We had intended only to say that intrusive provocation was greater at Waco and thus internal volatility was greater at Jonestown although provocation at Jonestown was not negligible. This response to Moore underscores both the importance and the difficulties of comparing different incidents of collective violence involving new religious movements. The relative salience of "endogenous" and "exogenous" factors varies markedly from incident to incident. "Cult violence" fiascoes should not be viewed as interchangeable either from a "cult essentialist" perspective or a perspective emphasizing victimization of groups. Systematic comparative studies would be welcome.
A Relational Concept of Race in African American Religious Thought
Authors: Anderson Victor
Published: February 2004

This essay is a critical exploration of the ways that race is being constructed in the contemporary climate of postmodern philosophical discourse. The author seeks to forge an ongoing conversation among black philosophers and African American theologians around race in each discourse. Race is understood by the author as a deep symbol of Western culture that is paralleled to the primitive/civilization symbols that have structured Western intercultural encounters with African peoples. The essay proceeds by developing the concept of race as a deep symbol, drawing on the work of Edward Farley. It explicates how race is debated in contemporary black philosophy by focusing on Kwame Anthony Appiah's and Lucius Outlaw's conceptualizations. By turning to the hermeneutical theory of Charles H. Long, the essay attempts to construct a relational theory of race that synthesizes both Appiah's and Outlaw's perspectives and then connects the relational theory of race to black religion and theology.
Before and After Jonestown: The Peoples Temple Collection at the California Historical Society
Authors: Stephenson Denice A. , Hollis Tanya M.
Published: February 2004

The California Historical Society is the chief repository for materials pertaining to the Peoples Temple. There are five collections that together form the Peoples Temple Collection, and each represents a unique perspective on the membership and the events leading up to the tragedy on 18 November 1978 at Jonestown, Guyana. Ongoing efforts at the Society to make these collections more accessible to researchers have resulted in new approaches for research into the Peoples Temple, its membership, and the nature of the church as a new religious movement.
Body Salvation: New Thought, Father Divine, and the Feast of Material Pleasures
Authors: Griffith R. Marie
Published: February 2004

New Thought undertones suffused theNew Day, a periodical published by Father Divine's Peace Mission Movement, during the 1930s. Bold-faced headlines such as “That Which You Vividly Visualize You Will Materialize” or “The Invisible Is the Reality of the Visible” were clear signposts of that highly influential yet utterly decentral-ized movement that swept across the United States beginning in the latter decades of the nineteenth Century Somewhat more surprising, however, would have been the mixing of these more conventional mind-cure sentiments with ones that highlighted the importance of material substance and the sacredness of human flesh: witness titles such as “Your Bodies Are the Temples of God” and “The Physical Bodies Are the Realizers.” Even more startling may have been titles like “The Material Food We Eat… Is the Actual Tangibilization of the Personification of God's Word, God's Love and God's Presence” and “God Is God in a Body Just Like a Doctor Is a Doctor in a Body—God Has a Body Just Like a Doctor Has.”
Mystery of the Moorish Science Temple: Southern Blacks and American Alternative Spirituality in 1920s Chicago
Authors: Nance Susan
Published: February 2004

In 1926, the well-known black scholar Ira De Augustine Reid complained that storefront churches were “a general nuisance. Neither their appearance nor their character warrants the respect of the Community.” Mortified, he described the founders of these informal assemblies: “He conducts his Services on such days as he feels disposed mentally and indisposed financially. To this gentleman of the cloth… the church is a legitimate business.” More to the point, he described his perception of the many southern migrants who aspired to found their own churches and religions, recounting how one “young swain” had announced to the leadership of a large traditional black congregation that he had had a dream. “In this dream a still small voice told him to ‘G. P. C.’ and when he heard it he knew that he was instructed to ‘Go Preach Christ.’ After further questioning by the Council, the chairman told him that he had misinterpreted his dream, for it certainly meant ‘Go plant corn’” For many educated African Americans, the idea of southern migrants presuming to enjoy their own religious traditions on their own terms in the urban North was ludicrous.
Gods of Physical Violence, Stopping at Nothing: Masculinity, Religion, and Art in the Work of Zora Neale Hurston
Authors: Powers Peter Kerry
Published: February 2004

There is nothing so exhilarating as watching well-matched opponents go into action. The entire world likes action…. Hence prize-fighters become millionaires.

The first decades of the twentieth century were years of tremendous upheaval in the American experience of both religion and gender. Industrialization and urbanization transformed nineteenth-century understandings of masculinity and femininity, while massive immigration, debates between modernists and fundamentalists, and the diverse entertainments and opportunities of city life began to challenge the cultural preeminence of American Protestantism. Nowhere was this upheaval felt more acutely—as both an opportunity and a cause for anxiety—than among African Americans. The glowing prospect of better-paying work in the industrial North, as well as the chance to escape the most egregious racism of the Jim Crow South, lured hundreds of thousands of African Americans northward, a great tumultuous river flowing toward what seemed to be freedom.
Re-placing Memory: Latter-day Saint Use of Historical Monuments and Narrative in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Flake Kathleen
Published: February 2004

In the winter of 1905, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (L.D.S. or the “Mormons”) departed Utah on two, seemingly disparate, missions to the east coast. One contingent went to defend their church at Senate hearings in Washington, D.C.; the other, to Vermont to dedicate a monument to church founder Joseph Smith. These forays into national politics and religious memory re-fashioned Latter-day Saint identity, as well as public perception of Mormonism, for the remainder of the twentieth Century They also illuminate one of the quotidian mysteries of religion: how it adapts to the demands of time yet maintains its sense of mediating the eternal. It is axiomatic that religious communities are not exempt from the human condition; they must adapt to their temporal circumstances or die. What is not as often recognized is that churches bring a particular burden to this task because they offer their believers the hope of transcending time.