bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflejo de la identidad nobiliaria en Indias en los procesos de hidalguía: el caso peruano
Authors: Pérez León Jorge
Published: March 2016

La identidad colectiva de la nobleza española era una realidad compleja que agrupaba diferentes conceptos (nobleza e hidalguía, limpieza de sangre y de oficios). A finales de la Edad Moderna el deseo de demostrar este “buen origen” llevaría a muchos de estos nobles a solicitar pruebas de hidalguía. A partir del estudio de estos documentos nos proponemos en este trabajo reconocer esta mentalidad nobiliaria en la América española, de origen netamente castellana pero dotada de sus propias peculiaridades regionales
Mayorga de Campos: un ejemplo de asociacionismo y ejercicio de la caridad en el mundo rural leonés durante la Edad Media
Authors: Prada Villalobos Monserrat
Published: March 2016

Mayorga de Campos es una villa emplazada en una estratégica posición entre los territorios de Castilla y de León. Nuestro estudio pondrá una especial atención en el análiss de la evolución asistencial medieval que esta villa sufrirá entre los siglos XII y XVI, así como las principales cofradías que se desarrollan en ella
La formación de milicias generales en los Reinos de la Corona de Aragón durante el reinado de Carlos II, 1665-1700
Authors: Espino López Antonio
Published: March 2016

En este trabajo trato cómo durante el reinado de Carlos II la Monarquía Hispánica intentó que, además del servicio de armas habitual (levas y reclutas de tercios), los reinos de la Corona de Aragón levantasen Milicias Generales a la manera de Castilla, pero teniendo en cuenta que su condición de reinos forales obligará a la Monarquía a pactar dicho sevicio
Puntualizaciones sobre la datación de algunos documentos de la catedral de Astorga del primer tercio del siglo XI: de Jimeno a Sampiro
Authors: Durany Castrillo Mercedes , Rodríguez González María Carmen
Published: March 2016

Se trata de una revisión y nueva propuesta de datación de algunos documentos de la catedral de Astorga en la etapa que va desde el obispado de Jimeno al de Sapiro: 992-1042
Cuenca bajo el caciquismo: elecciones y poder político (1903-1907)
Authors: Gómez Martínez Alfredo , Perales Poveda María Dolores
Published: March 2016

Durante la primera década del siglo XX se experimenta una evolución en la concepción política de la España de la Restauración. Los líderes nacionales, Maura y Canalejas, desarrollarán una serie de planteamientos destinados a modernizar la práctica política. A través del estudio de las elecciones de 1903, 1905 y 1907 en la provincia de Cuenca, se va a analizar si la actividad y dinámica de la política durante esta época presenta unas características modernas o, si por el contrario, persiste un comportamiento político arcaico basado en el caciquismo.
Carta de Arras da Rainha D. Beatriz (1309-1359)
Authors: Lourenço Vanda
Published: March 2016

La infanta Doña Beatriz, hija de Sancho IV de Castilla y María de Molina, fue reina de Portugal gracias a su matrimonio con D. Alfonso IV en el año 1309. El enlace cumplía unos propósitos políticos y diplomáticos establecidos en el Tratado de Alcañices. En Portugal no hay constancia de la carta de las arras otorgada a doña Beatriz, pero sí que se conoce la carta de las arras concedida por el rey D. Dinis justo después de firmarse el Tratado de Alcañices. La unión de la pareja se mantendría incluso después de su muerte, ya que ambos habían elegido la catedral de Lisboa para sepultarse, preparándose para enfrentar el más allá
El Perú en tiempos del Arzobispo Mogrovejo : impresiones epistolares
Authors: Martínez Martínez María del Carmen
Published: March 2016

Este artículo presenta la imagen del Perú reflejada en la correspondencia de virreyes y de particulares durante los años en los que Toribio Alfonso de Mogrovejo fue arzobispo de Lima. Las cartas, incluidas algunas del prelado, informan sobre aspectos muy diversos de la realidad peruana: la imagen del Perú antes de llegar; las impresiones que produce el territorio y su fauna; las perspectivas de ascenso social y económico gracias a la minería; la vida cotidiana, etc. Las noticias pueden seguirse en dos niveles, el "oficial" y el "familiar", en función del destinatario de las misivas.
As obras de Frei Luís de Granda e a espiritualidade de seu tempo : a leitura dos escritos granadinos nos séculos XVI e XVII na Península Ibérica
Authors: Borges Célia Maia
Published: March 2016

Las obras del dominico Fr. Luis de Granada conocerán amplia circulación en la Península Ibérica en la segunda mitad del siglo XVI y el principio del XVII. Sus escritos fueron leídos por religiosos y laicos. Su énfasis sobre la oración mental y el valor del conocimiento afectivo en sus obras contribuirán a la difusión de sus escritos, puesto que el interés por la espiritualidad mística era grande en aquel tiempo. Sus obras conocerán una gran difusión e influirán decididamente sobre muchos de los místicos contemporáneos.
Inmigrantes extranjeros en la provincia de León (1750-1850) : el predominio de familias francesas
Authors: Bartolomé Bartolomé Juan Manuel
Published: March 2016

Enmarcada en la "Disputa del Nuevo Mundo", la reivindicación del reino de Chile desplegada por el Abate Juan Ignacio Molina en los ensayos sobre su historia natural y civil, basa sus fundamentos en un concepto de cultura que fusiona corrientes intelectuales antiguas y modernas en un pensamiento híbrido, fruto de la cultura jesuita americana en el exilio. Pero a fines del s. XVIII, periodo de definiciones radicales en la historia de pensamiento, esta escuela se mostrará inviable. La incomprensión de este contexto ha instaurado imágenes arquetípicas que dificultan la integración del tema en la historiografía americana y chilena en particular.
Os afro-cubanos, protagonistas silenciados da história cubana
Authors: Helg Aline
Published: March 2016

Por que desde José Martí até a revolução de 1959, a história oficial cubana silenciou sobre o papel extraordinário dos afro-cubanos nas lutas contra a escravidão, pela independência e pela igualdade republicana? Este artigo responde a essa pergunta analisando os movimentos de escravos e livres de cor no século XIX, a liderança de Antonio Maceo e dos combatentes afro-cubanos nas guerras da independência e a formação em 1908 do Partido Independiente de Color, primeiro partido negro das Américas, até o aniquilamento do partido pelo Exército de Cuba em um massacre racista em 1912. O artigo também mostra como, desde 1959, a Revolução confirma a negação do protagonismo histórico dos afro-cubanos e evita todo debate sobre o racismo no país.Palavras chaves: Cuba, Diáspora africana, história, discriminação racial, política racial.---Cubano-africano, los protagonistas silenciados de la historia cubanaPor qué, desde José Martí hasta la revolución de 1959, la historia oficial cubana ha tenido bajo silencio el papel extraordinario de los Afro-cubanos en las luchas contra la esclavización, por la independencia y por la igualdad republicana? Este articulo responde a esta pregunta examinando los movimientos de esclavos y de libres de color en el siglo XIX, el liderazgo de Antonio Maceo y de los combatientes afrocubanos en las guerras de independencia y la formación en 1908 del Partido Independiente de Color, primer partido negro de las Américas, hasta el aniquilamiento del partido por el Ejercito de Cuba en una masacre racista en 1912. El articulo muestra como desde 1959 la Revolución confirma la negación del protagonismo histórico de los afrocubanos y ha evitado todo debate sobre el racismo en Cuba.Palabras clave: Cuba—Diáspora africana—Historia—Discriminación racial—Política racial---The african-Cuban, the silenced heros of Cuban historyFrom José Martí up to the 1959 revolution, why has the Cuban official history remained silent on the extraordinary role of african-Cubans in the fight against slavery, for independence and for republican equality? This article answers this question by analyzing the movements of slaves and free men of color in the nineteenth century, the leadership of Antonio Maceo and african-Cuban combatants in the wars of independence and the formation, in 1908, of the Partido Independiente Color, the first black party of the Americas until its annihilation by the Cuban Army in a racist massacre in 1912. This article also shows how, since 1959, the Revolution continues to deny the historical role of the african-Cuban and avoids any debate about racism in the country.Key Words: Cuba, African Diaspora, history, racial discrimination, racial politics.
In Memorian - Stuart Hall
Authors: Sansone Lívio
Published: March 2016

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Achieving Native-like Pronunciation through Phonetic Analysis and Poetry
Authors: Dokovova Maria
Published: March 2016

The problem of identifying phonetic phenomena related to language transfer and correction in second language (L2) production can be approached by conducting broad analyses of the same L2 speaker. This approach is applied in the present study, which investigates errors of pronunciation segmentally (grammatical mistakes, voicing of consonants, and vowel distinctions) and suprasegmentally (intonation and time-gaining techniques) in order to establish the possibility of their being corrected in two recordings of readings by a non-native French speaker. The errors from the first recording were identified, analyzed, and corrected through pronunciation exercises with the aim of raising awareness of the problems to help overcome them on the second reading attempt. The correction methods involved exercises such as reading poetry aloud, pronouncing consonantal segments in various vocalic environments, and reading the target text, syllable by syllable. In addition, the analysis investigates the possibility of phonetic transfer from the two primary languages of the speaker: Bulgarian and English. The researcher is the speaker, the methodological implications of which are discussed, reaching the overall conclusion that it helps to raise awareness of the phonetic background of the errors. Despite the risk of compromising the data through this methodological choice, the results show that a high level of attention and monitoring of the speech alone may be insufficient for internalizing corrections. While grammatical mistakes were corrected most effectively, other segmental and suprasegmental features showed different levels of success. One of the features (the /ɛ/ and /e/ distinction) even exhibited deterioration in the second recording. These examples suggest the presence of “equivalence classification” phenomena and raise the question of the appropriateness of the phonetic exercises for overcoming the errors. Another area of interest was determining the source of errors such as “uptalk”, the reassigning of grammatical gender, word-final devoicing, and elimination of syllable-initial lenis stop prevoicing. Due to the limited amount of data available, it was difficult to draw firm conclusions, but the tendencies observed suggested that the errors might be due to transfer from the speaker’s primary languages, whose influence appeared to be equal. Further research should therefore control for the influence of the two primary languages and extend the scope to include a second post-training recording. Overall, the second recording demonstrated that raised awareness and training helped to achieve acceptable production in the suprasegmental features as well as most of the instances of unfamiliar phones, such as /ʁ/, front-rounded vowels, and nasal vowels.
Implementation theoretical information protocol for public distribution cryptology keys
Authors: Tatovic Milomir , Adamovic Sasa , Milosavljevic Milan
Published: March 2016

This paper presents the design and implementation of a key distribution
protocol over public channels. This protocol has its own source of
randomness, based on data from civil air traffic. An equivalent protocol
scheme has been developed according to the theoretical protocol, ?satellite
scenario?. Both parties to generate symmetric keys without preshared secrets
have been allowed. Keys generated in this way can be used with symmetric
encryption (AES, DES). The performance of the proposed protocol has been
conducted with rigorous theoretical information analysis.
Device for the remote measurement of meteorological data based on Arduino platform
Authors: Tatovic Mihajlo , Milovanovic Alenka , Karapandzic Ivan
Published: March 2016

The aim of this paper is to present a realization of a device for displaying,
monitoring, and recording non-electrical quantities relevant to the
determination and examination of weather conditions. The main unit of this
device is the Arduino platform, which controls digital sensors and the GSM
module used for communication with user. To accomplish that, the GSM module
responds to SMS with the current values of parameters that are being
monitored. Also, it uses the GPS service, which allows an Internet connection
and sends data back to the Web application. When the Web application receives
these data, it processes them and saves them in a MySQL database. The device
has the ability to record data on an SD card. A user application is created
in C# programming language and allows reading of the recorded data from the
SD card and handling of such data. All of results obtained by this device is
compared with the results gathered by the Republic Hydrometeorogical Service
of Serbia.
Very Low-Calorie Diet and 6 Months of Weight Stability in Type 2 Diabetes: Pathophysiological Changes in Responders and Nonresponders
Authors: Steven Sarah , Hollingsworth Kieren G. , Al-Mrabeh Ahmad , Avery Leah , Aribisala Benjamin , Caslake Muriel , Taylor Roy
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is generally regarded as an irreversible chronic condition. Because a very low-calorie diet (VLCD) can bring about acute return to normal glucose control in some people with T2DM, this study tested the potential durability of this normalization. The underlying mechanisms were defined.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

People with a T2DM duration of 0.5–23 years (n = 30) followed a VLCD for 8 weeks. All oral agents or insulins were stopped at baseline. Following a stepped return to isocaloric diet, a structured, individualized program of weight maintenance was provided. Glucose control, insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and hepatic and pancreas fat content were quantified at baseline, after return to isocaloric diet, and after 6 months to permit the primary comparison of change between post–weight loss and 6 months in responders. Responders were defined as achieving fasting blood glucose <7 mmol/L after return to isocaloric diet.

RESULTS

Weight fell (98.0 ± 2.6 to 83.8 ± 2.4 kg) and remained stable over 6 months (84.7 ± 2.5 kg). Twelve of 30 participants achieved fasting plasma glucose <7 mmol/L after return to isocaloric diet (responders), and 13 of 30 after 6 months. Responders had a shorter duration of diabetes and a higher initial fasting plasma insulin level. HbA1c fell from 7.1 ± 0.3 to 5.8 ± 0.2% (55 ± 4 to 40 ± 2 mmol/mol) in responders (P < 0.001) and from 8.4 ± 0.3 to 8.0 ± 0.5% (68 ± 3 to 64 ± 5 mmol/mol) in nonresponders, remaining constant at 6 months (5.9 ± 0.2 and 7.8 ± 0.3% [41 ± 2 and 62 ± 3 mmol/mol], respectively). The responders were characterized by return of first-phase insulin response.

CONCLUSIONS

A robust and sustainable weight loss program achieved continuing remission of diabetes for at least 6 months in the 40% who responded to a VLCD by achieving fasting plasma glucose of <7 mmol/L. T2DM is a potentially reversible condition.
Journal of Range Management, Volume 53, Number 1 (January 2000)
Authors:   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Complete digitized issue.
Response of 2 semiarid grasslands to cool-season prescribed fire
Authors: White C. S. , Loftin S. R. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Woody perennials have invaded semiarid grasslands throughout the Southwestern United States. This invasion was coupled with decreased grass cover and increased runoff and soil erosion. Fire, which was a natural force that shaped and maintained the grasslands, is a management tool that may aid in restoring and maintaining grass cover. However, fire also poses the risk of increasing erosion and further soil degradation because protection afforded by vegetation is reduced immediately after the fire. Using a randomized block study design, this study measured vegetation cover, soil potentially mineralizable N, and erosion associated with the first application of prescribed fire on 2 semiarid grasslands. The potential for adverse effects from these fires was great because the fires occurred at the beginning of a drought period. However, the effects of the burn were minor relative to the effects of the drought, which caused the greatest change. Grass cover on the burn plots was nearly equal to grass cover on the controls 1 year after the fire. After 2 growing seasons, grass cover was equal on the control and burn plots. Potentially mineralizable soil N and sediment transport were similar on the control and burned plots during the 2 years following the fire. Thus, prescribed fire for reducing the cover of woody perennials may not increase the risk of site degradation over that caused by drought and weather fluctuations.
Reassessment of revegetation strategies for Kaho'olawe Island, Hawai'i
Authors: Ziegler A. D. , Warren S. D. , Perry J. L. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

This work investigates 2 US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory revegetation experiment sites (Phase I and II) on Kaho'olawe Island, Hawai'i (USA) to determine the long-term success of several revegetation strategies and to identify species that are best suited for future restoration activities in the highly eroded central plateau region of the island. Only the Phase I treatments receiving the highest rates of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer and the Phase II strategy (moderately high fertilization and landscaping) produced enough cover to begin providing protection from erosion processes. Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.), glycine (Neonotonia wightii (Wight Arnott) Verdc.), Natal redtop (Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) Hubb.), and siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC) Urb.) appear to be resilient to the harsh island conditions, which include strong winds, low annual rainfall, acute erosion, and a nutrient-depleted soil profile. Although all 4 species offer some protection against erosional processes, none are particularly desirable for long-term restoration of the island. Glycine and siratro, both of which volunteer readily in planting sites, are considered invasive in that they may smother other more desirable species, particularly less competitive natives. Finally, native woody species are shown to have difficulty in surviving on the island without special attention to planting and maintenance.
Available water influences field germination and recruitment of seeded grasses
Authors: Abbott L. B. , Roundy B. A. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Periodic summer rainstorms in some semi-arid regions result in variable soil moisture and differential establishment of seeded species. A 2-year study investigated soil water effects on germination and survival of 6 native and 2 non-native southwestern U.S. grass species. Bags of seeds were buried and retrieved before and during the summer rainy season. High field germination in seed bags (20-100%) and limited germination in the laboratory of seeds that were ungerminated in seedbags (0-45%) were exhibited by 6 native grasses following initial rainfall events in which the surface soil was saturated for 2 days or water potential (1-3 cm depth) was above -1.5 MPa for more than 9 days. Fewer Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees) seeds germinated in response to initial and subsequent rainfall events (0-49%), but this species retained more residual germinable seeds (49-99%) than all other species studied. For 2 sowing dates, the soil drying front exceeded estimated seminal root depth 13 days after germination. Lack of recruitment for some species sown on these dates was probably due to seedling desiccation before adventitious roots had sufficient time to develop. The ability of Lehmann lovegrass to retain a viable seedbank when rainstorms are separated by long dry periods allows it to establish better than some native grasses that germinate quickly and are then subject to seedling desiccation. During a summer with more consistent rainfall, native species recruitment was greatest when seeds were planted during, rather than before the summer rainy season.
Date and plant community effects on elk sedge forage quality
Authors: Clark P. E. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Elk sedge (Carex geyeri Boott) is one of the most important livestock and big game forages in many areas of the western U.S. It is one of the most prominent forage species in the diets of cattle and elk utilizing forested rangelands. Despite its acknowledged ecological and economical importance, very little is known about the factors influencing the forage quality of elk sedge. Effects of sampling date, plant community, and their interaction on the neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and crude protein levels of elk sedge are reported for samples collected at the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range and the Bridge Creek Wildlife Management Area, both in northeastern Oregon, during January, April, July, and October of 1997 and 1998. Neutral detergent fiber levels in elk sedge were lowest in mid-October (average = 71.3%) and highest in mid-July (average = 76.1%). Acid detergent fiber was lowest in elk sedge collected in mid-October (average = 37.3%) and highest in mid-July (average = 39.0%) and mid-January (average = 39.2%). Elk sedge from the Douglas-fir/ninebark community was lowest in acid detergent fiber (average= 38.1%). Crude protein was highest (average = 8.0%) in mid-July elk sedge samples and lowest (average = 5.7%) in mid-January samples. Elk sedge from the ponderosa pine/fescue community was lowest in crude protein (average = 5.9%). All forage quality parameters exhibited variability between years. Although sampling date and plant community effects were detected, the forage quality of elk sedge appeared relatively stable compared to other native forages. A more intensive spring sampling campaign is needed to characterize the relationship between elk sedge phenology and forage quality dynamics.
Diffuse knapweed and bluebunch wheatgrass seedling growth under stress
Authors: Kiemnec G. , Larson L. L. , Grammon A. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Growth characteristics of diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa Lam.) and bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursch) Scribn. Smith) seedlings were evaluated in 2 temperature regimes, 10 and 16 degrees C, and 2 moisture regimes, -0.01 and -0.03 MPa, in an environmental chamber. In cool, wet conditions, root penetration was greater for diffuse knapweed roots than bluebunch wheatgrass roots, but penetration was equal in warm, dry conditions. Root lengths for both species were equal in cool, wet conditions; but, bluebunch wheatgrass root length was greater in warm, dry conditions. Leaf area of diffuse knapweed was greater than bluebunch wheatgrass in warm, dry conditions. Drier, but not cooler, conditions favored diffuse knapweed leaf area over bluebunch wheatgrass leaf area. Root:shoot ratios for bluebunch wheatgrass were greater than diffuse knapweed in all environmental conditions. Results suggest that bluebunch wheatgrass should be more competitive than diffuse knapweed for nutrients and water at lower depths in warmer, drier conditions. Diffuse knapweed should be more competitive for nutrients and water in wetter conditions.
Journal of Range Management, Volume 56, Number 2 (March 2003)
Authors:   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Complete digitized issue.
Hydrologic and sediment responses to vegetation and soil disturbances
Authors: Giordanengo J. H. , Frasier G. W. , Trlica Frasier ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Soil erosion has been linked to stream sedimentation, ecosystem degradation, and loss of rangeland productivity. However, knowledge of soil loss, as it affects rangeland productivity or ecosystem sustainability is lacking. We evaluated the effects of 3 levels of vegetation cover reduction (0, 27%, and 43%) and soil removal (0, 12, and 24 tonnes ha-1) on soil surface runoff and sediment yield in a sagebrush [Artemisia tridentata var. vasseyana (Rydb.) Beetle] steppe under simulated rainfall. Time to runoff initiation was affected by the vegetation cover reduction treat- ments, but not by the soil removal treatments. The 43% vegeta- tion canopy reduction treatment resulted in a shorter time to runoff initiation than did the 27% and 0% canopy reduction treatments (p = 0.002). Results from analysis of covariance indicated that vegetation reduction and soil removal did not significantly affect sediment yield or runoff quantities in the first year following treatments. Multiple regression analysis revealed total sediment yield was related to forb cover, sand in the upper soil profile (0-5 cm), and the amount of bare ground. Time to runoff initiation was positively correlated with slope. Despite the lack of significant treatment differences, we do not conclude that these soil removal and vegetation reduction treatments had no affect on soil surface hydrology and sediment yield. There are numerous studies that show a strong relationship between vegetation reduction and soil erosion. Future research at this site may reveal long-term treatment effects that were not apparent in first year results.
Overcoming dormancy in New Mexico mountain mahogany seed collections
Authors: Rosner Lee S. , Harrington John T. , Dreesen David R. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus Raf) is a useful reclamation species because it can occupy and improve poor soils. Literature regarding seed propagation of this species is varied and often contradictory, recommending stratification durations of 14 to 90 days, and sulfuric acid scarification durations of none to 60 minutes. To assess variability in propagation requirements among seed sources, 8 New Mexico seed sources were tested with factorial combinations of scarification and stratification treatments. Sources were selected to encompass both a range of latitudes throughout New Mexico and a range of elevations at Questa, N. M. Seeds were scarified 5 or 10 minutes in concentrated sulfuric acid, tumbled 5 or 10 days in course grit, or unscarified (control). Seeds underwent subsequent stratification for 0 (control), 30, or 60 days. Averaged across scarification treatments, the 2 southernmost sources lacked a stratification requirement, while northern seed sources achieved their highest germination following the longest stratification duration (60 days). Improvement in germination due to stratification was greatest for the 2 highest elevation Questa sources. Scarification treatments were less effective in improving germination than stratification treatments, and produced more variable results. A 5-minute soak in sulfuric acid was the most effective scarification treatment, but for 2 sources, this treatment reduced germination. Variability in the stratification requirement appears to be an adaptation to macroclimatic differences among seed sources, whereas differential response to scarification may be a response to microclimatic differences.
Biological and chemical response of a grassland soil to burning
Authors: Picone L. I. , Quaglia G. , Garcia F. O. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Changes in soil nutrient pools and microbial activity due to fire are important for understanding the availability of nutrients to plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fire: 1) on size and seasonal dynamics of labile pools of C and N in a short-term after burning; and II) on chemical properties and microbial diversity immediately after fire, in a grassland with Paspalum quadrifarium Lam. Microbial biomass C and N tended to be higher in the burned (433 mg C kg-1 and 37 mg N kg-1) than in the unburned treatment (386 mg C kg-1 and 26 mg N kg-1). Both microbial biomass, decreased at the beginning of the growing season and then recovered at the end of the season. Levels of mineralizable C and N were similar in both treatments; however they showed different patterns of seasonal transformations. At initiation of plant growth, concentration of mineralizable C decreased while amount of mineralizable N increased; but the opposite occurred at the end of the growing season. Increases in microbial biomass coincided with low levels of mineralizable N and high concentrations of mineralizable C, suggesting a higher immobilization at the end of the season. Immediately after burning, organic C and N decreased by 11 and 7%, respectively. Mineral N was almost double, available P increased by 10 mg kg-1; but exchangeable bases, bacterial and actinomycetes population, and urease activity were not affected by burning. Fire can induce immediate changes to the soil; however, long-term studies will be required to evaluate the duration of the effect of fire on soil biological processes and nutrient transformations.
Utilization and grazing distribution of cattle at 4 stocking densities
Authors: Burboa-Cabrera F. R. , Schacht W. H. , Anderson B. E. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

The relationship between stocking density and grazing distribution was studied in eastern Nebraska pastures seeded to a warm-season, tall-grass mixture and grazed at 4 stocking densities: 9, 18, 27, and 54 steers ha-1. Each of 4 pastures was divided into 4 paddocks ranging in size from 0.18 to 1.12 ha. Paddocks within each pasture were grazed rotationally by 10 steers averaging 282 kg during 3 consecutive cycles (12, 36, and 24 days) from early June to late August in 1995 and 1996. Transects 12-m long were established in a grid pattern in each paddock. Six tillers each of big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) were marked permanently in each transect. Height and leaf length of marked tillers were measured before and after grazing in the last 2 grazing cycles in both years. Utilization was estimated by the reduction in tiller height or leaf length. Estimates of grazing distribution were based on a uniformity index, which was calculated by summing the absolute differences of tiller height or leaf length between adjacent transects. Stocking density generally did not affect (P > 0.05) tiller height reduction which ranged from 19 to 22 cm and from 29 to 38 cm among the stocking densities in 1995 and 1996, respectively. In most grazing cycles, leaf length reduction for big bluestem was greater (P < 0.05) than for switchgrass while tiller height reduction was similar between species. Spatial grazing distribution was not affected (P > 0.05) by stocking density but big bluestem was grazed more evenly (P < 0.05) than switchgrass in the last cycle in each year. Stocking densities as high as 54 steers ha-1 on warm-season, tall-grass mixtures do not appear to be a major factor in affecting spatial grazing distribution or forage plant selection.
Initial beaked hazel growth responses following protection from ungulate browsing
Authors: Best J. N. , Bork E. W. , Cool N. L. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta Marsh) dominates the understory of many Boreal Mixedwood forests in central Alberta including those in Elk Island National Park, where this species demonstrates a high tolerance to browsing. This research quantified changes in beaked hazel stem morphology (total twig length and number) and leaf and twig biomass of current annual growth, both inside and outside 4 newly established exclosures during the growing seasons of 1999 and 2000. At 2 sites, leaf and twig current annual growth of beaked hazel shrubs recently protected from herbivory increased significantly (P < 0.05) by 85 to 114% relative to that of browsed shrubs. At another site, the removal of browsing changed the morphology of beaked hazel shrub growth (P < 0.05), with protected shrubs producing 26% more twigs that were shorter in aggregate length by 27%. The final site exhibited no significant (P > 0.05) changes in current annual growth at the individual shrub stem level, potentially due to intense intra-specific competition. These results indicate that at several locations in the Park, the recent history of intense browsing appears to be limiting the annual growth of beaked hazel, including browse production. Despite the general increase in growth of individual beaked hazel stems, however, no changes in production were evident at the community level (P > 0.05) with the removal of browsing after 2 years. Protection from browsing did increase average beaked hazel height by 40% over the same period.
Characterization of diversity among 3 squirreltail taxa
Authors: Jones T. A. , Nielson D. C. , Arredondo J. T. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Squirreltail (Elymus elymoides, E. multisetus) is a complex of 5 taxa whose systematic interrelationships are uncertain. Our objectives were to determine whether the 3 taxa studied here, Elymus elymoides ssp. elymoides, E. elymoides ssp. brevifolius, and E. multisetus, can be distinguished by several ecological and physiological traits and whether geographical origin is correlated with these traits across accessions within taxa. A multivariate principal component analysis of materials collected in the 10 contiguous western states successfully distinguished taxa, but no pair of the 3 taxa appeared to be more ecologically similar than any other pair. Elymus elymoides ssp. elymoides, which prevails in the semi-arid cold desert, was shortest and exhibited the lowest total plant dry-matter, earliest phenology, and lowest seed mass. Elymus elymoides ssp. brevifolius, which prevails in the Rocky Mountains, exhibited slowest emergence, highest specific root length, lowest nitrate reductase activity, and lowest root-to-shoot ratio. Elymus multisetus, which is most common in areas with relatively warm springs, exhibited fastest emergence (particularly from deep seeding), greatest root length, and greatest root-to-shoot ratio. Elymus elymoides ssp. brevifolius accessions clustered into 3 groups: late-maturing high-seed mass accessions originating in Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona (Group A), early-maturing low-seed mass accessions originating in Colorado and Utah (Group B), and intermediate-maturing low-seed mass accessions originating in the Snake River Plain of southern Idaho (Group C). The ecologically distinct subspecies and groups within ssp. brevifolius are indicative of the highly ecotypic nature of the squirreltails, suggesting that restoration practitioners should match site with genetically and ecologically appropriate plant material for these species.
Observation: Leafy spurge control in western prairie fringed orchid habitat
Authors: Kirby D. R. , Lym R. G. , Sterling J. J. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

The western prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera praeclara Sheviak and Bowles) is a threatened species of the tallgrass prairie. Invasion by leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is a serious threat to western prairie fringed orchid habitat. The objectives of this study were to develop a herbicide treatment to control leafy spurge while sustaining western prairie fringed orchid populations and to evaluate the soil seedbank composition of leafy spurge-infested sites to guide long-term management strategies. Quinclorac (3,7-dichloro-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid), imazapic {(+/-)-2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2=yl]-5-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid}, and glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] plus 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) were applied in the fall for 2 consecutive years, and changes in leafy spurge cover, density, yield, and herbaceous yield were assessed. In a separate study, quinclorac, imazapic, and glyphosate plus 2,4-D were each fall-applied to 12 western prairie fringed orchids and assessed for reoccurrence and density of orchids 1-year after treatment. Quinclorac and imazapic, but not glyphosate plus 2,4-D, reduced leafy spurge cover, density, and yield without causing deleterious effects to associated native herbaceous cover and yields. Western prairie fringed orchid reoccurrence and density were unaffected by any herbicide 1 year after treatment. Soil cores were removed in spring and fall following the first year herbicide treatment, washed and placed in trays. Seedlings were allowed to germinate for 16 weeks in the greenhouse. Over 50 plant species were identified in the soil seedbank, of which approximately 60% were early seral species indicative of disturbance. Given the dominance of leafy spurge in the seed bank, a long-term management program to control this noxious species is warranted. Although these results are promising, longer-term studies need be conducted to ensure that repeated herbicide treatments do not harm the western prairie fringed orchid.
Saltcedar recovery after herbicide-burn and mechanical clearing practices
Authors: McDaniel K. C. , Taylor J. P. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Mechanical clearing and herbicide-burn treatments were compared to evaluate saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis Lour.) control and recovery along the Rio Grande on the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, Socorro, N.M. The herbicide-burn treatment included an aerial application of imazapyr (+)-2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid] + glyphosate [N-(phosphono-methyl)glycine] (0.6 + 0.6 kg ai ha-1 rate) followed 3 years later by a prescription broadcast fire that eliminated > 99% of the standing dead stems. Six years after initial herbicide application, saltcedar mortality was 93%. Mechanical saltcedar clearing entailed removing aerial (trunks and stems) growth by blading, stacking and burning debris, followed by removal of underground plant portions (root crowns) by plowing, raking, and burning stacked material. Saltcedar mortality 3 years after mechanical clearing averaged 70%, which was deemed unsatisfactory. Thus, root plowing, raking, and pile burning was repeated. Three years later, after the second mechanical clearing, saltcedar mortality was 97%. Costs for the herbicide-burn treatment averaged 283 ha-1, whereas mechanical control costs were 884 ha-1 for the first surface and root clearing and an additional 585 ha-1 for the second root clearing. Riparian managers should consider environmental conditions and restoration strategies prior to selecting a saltcedar control approach. Although control costs were significantly lower for the herbicide-burn treatment compared to mechanical clearing in this study, the choice of methods should always consider alternative control strategies for saltcedar. Frequently, combinations of methods result in more efficient, cost-effective results.
Seed bank and plant community composition, Mixed Prairie of Saskatchewan
Authors: Romo J. T. , Bai Y. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Many range managers have suggested that clubmoss (Selaginella densa Rydb.) negatively alters the composition of seed banks and inhibits the establishment of plant species that decrease under improper grazing management. Alternatively it is possible that soil seed banks contain few seeds of decreaser species and composition of the seed bank is independent of clubmoss. The purpose of this study was to determine the composition and diversity of the soil seed bank in relation to the clubmoss cover and compositional characteristics of plant communities in the Northern Mixed Prairie of southwestern Saskatchewan. Cover of vascular plants was determined and soil seed bank samples were collected in 100 grazed plant communities. Soil seed bank samples were incubated in the laboratory with emerging seedlings being identified to species. Eight percent (SE ± 1.9) of emerging seedlings in the seed bank were decreasers, 73% (SE ± 2.8) were increasers, and 19% (SE ± 2.3) were invaders, indicating regeneration of decreaser species might be limited by low numbers of seeds in seed banks. Clubmoss cover was not correlated (P = 0.32 to 0.98) with species richness, species diversity, density of decreasers, density of increasers, density of invaders, and total seedling densities in the seed banks. Seed banks and plant communities shared few species as indicated by a low similarity index (x̄ = 0.31, SE ± 0.02). Species richness (x̄ = 3.6 species per 102 cm2, SE ± 0.18) and diversity (x̄ = 1.00, SE ± 0.05) of seed banks were poorly correlated with characteristics of the plant communities. Range condition score was positively correlated (r = 0.17, P = 0.09) with total seedling densities in the soil seed bank, indicating more seedlings can potentially develop from the seed bank with increasing range condition of plant communities. We reject the hypothesis that clubmoss negatively affects the composition of seed banks. Mechanically disturbing plant communities to control clubmoss is predicted to lead to plant communities that are dominated by increasers and/or invaders. Managing for production of seeds by desired species should be a priority in promoting establishment of desired species.
Seasonal diet selection of cattle grazing a montane riparian community
Authors: Evans Steven G. , Pelster Andrew J. , Leininger Wayne C. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Cattle-grazing in riparian areas has become increasingly controversial. More information is needed about cattle use of these areas to develop Best Management Practices. This study was designed to determine seasonal changes in diet selection of cattle in a montane riparian community in northern Colorado. Previous cattle diet studies in riparian zones have not separated the interaction between seasonal preference and biomass utilization. The experiment was conducted within large exclosures that had not been grazed by livestock since 1956. Vegetation biomass estimates and diet samples from 5 esophageally fistulated steers were taken during 4 grazing periods (spring, early-summer, late- summer, and fall) in 1995. Vegetation measurements and diet samples were also collected during the late summer and fall of 1994. One of the 3 paddocks in each grazing period of 1995 had been grazed in 1994. Steer diets in 1995 were found to contain 15% more Carex spp. from paddocks that had been ungrazed until 1995 as compared with paddocks previously grazed in 1994. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and forbs were consumed about 13 times and 5 times greater, respectively, in previously grazed paddocks as compared with ungrazed paddocks. Carex spp. were the most preferred component of cattle diets throughout the study. Willows (Salix spp.) were not preferred in any grazing period of either year, and consisted of less than 4% of cattle diets in any season. However, a trend towards increased consumption of willows was found from spring to fall, 1995. Information obtained in this study should help managers develop grazing systems that allow for a desirable combination of herbaceous and woody species in a riparian community while still affording grazeable forage.
Nitrogen fertilization and row spacing effects on Digitaria eriantha
Authors: Gargano Alfredo O. , Adúriz Miguel A. , Busso Carlos A. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Crude protein (CP, %), yield of protein dry matter (YPDM, kg ha-1), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE, kg dry matter kg-1 N) and nitrogen recovery (NR, %) were evaluated in Digitaria eriantha after exposing this species to various field-treatments during 1998-1999 and 1999-2000 in Bahía Blanca (38 degrees 48′S, 62 degrees 13′W), Argentina. Treatments included (1) 3 N fertilization rates (0, 50 or 100 kg ha-1), (2) 2 row spacings (30 or 50 cm), and (3) 2 methods of fertilizer application (either split at the beginning of spring and summer or applied at once in early spring). Plants were cut leaving 5 cm stubble whenever they reached 26-28 cm. Studied parameters were determined on forage harvested in spring, summer or total annual. Crude protein increased (P < 0.05) as N fertilization increased in both seasons. Total annual CP averaged 9.7, 12.0 and 14.0%, respectively for the 0, 50 and 100 kg ha-1 fertilization rates, respectively. Crude protein was greater (P < 0.05) on forage which received split rather than bulk N fertilization, and mean values were 13.2 and 11.7%, respectively. Forage sown at different row spacings had a similar (P > 0.05) CP concentration. In general, YPDM responded positively (P < 0.05) to N fertilization and to a split application of N fertilizer. Although differences were not always significant, there was an inverse relationship between N fertilization rate and NUE and NR. Nitrogen use efficiency was 34.5 and 24.8 kg dry matter kg-1 N (P < 0.05), and NR was 98 and 79% (P < 0.05) when N fertilization rates were 50 and 100 kg ha-1, respectively. There was a positive (P < 0.05) relationship between rainfall and NUE or NR. Nitrogen fertilization in D. eriantha should be split with a N fertilization rate close to 50 kg ha-1, and using 30 rather than 50 cm row spacing.
Phenological Effects on Forage Quality of Five Grass Species
Authors: Arzani H. , Zohdi M. , Fish E. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Information on nutritive values of each plant part in each phenological stage could help range managers choose suitable grazing times to achieve higher animal performance without detriment to vegetation. Thus, nutritive value of different plant parts of 5 grass species in 3 phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and seed production) from 2 sites were investigated. Species included: Agropyron tauri Boiss and Bal., Agropyron trichophorum Richt, Bromus tomentellus Boiss, Festuca ovina Hack, and Hordeum bulbosum L. Samples of leaf, stem, and flower from 5 locations at each site for each species were analyzed for dry matter ratio of plant parts, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, dry matter digestibility, and metabolizable energy. A completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of species and phenological stage was analyzed with 5 replicates for each location. Plant part was included as a subplot factor in a split plot arrangement. Nutritive values differed significantly (P < 0.05) both within and among plant parts and phenological stages for each species. Phenological stages indicated a significant difference on nutritive value of plant parts, with leaves having the highest nutritive value. Thus, forage with a higher leaf-to-stem ratio should improve animal performance because at the beginning of the 2nd phenological stage, the plant had desirable quantity and quality of forage with higher leaf-to-stem ratio.