bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Addition des Carbènes sur les cis‐1,4 Polyisoprènes et sur des Polymères Analogues
Authors: Pinazzi Christian , Levesque Guy
Published: September 2014

The action of dihalocarbenes upon polyisoprenes and polybutadienes leads in some cases to the nearly complete disappearance of the carbon‐carbon double bonds, which are replaced by gem‐dihalocyclopropane units. Most of the macromolecules so obtained have a quite remarkable stability to heat and resistance to many reagents. Generally dichlorocarbene yields more complete reactions than the dibromocarbene does, because the solubility is less diminished. The structure of the macromolecular compounds prepared is partly based on spectrographic data (IR, NMR). The structures proposed have been proven by a detailed study on organic models such as 4‐methyl 3‐heptene, dihydromyrcene, and squalene. Their gem‐dihalocyclopropane derivatives have been obtained by employing a procedure similar to the one used for macromolecular polyenes. Phenylchlorocarbene and phenylmercaptocarbene have also been reacted with polyisoprenes. The reactions with these carbenes lead easily to macromolecular compounds in which the carbon‐carbon double bonds are almost all replaced by cyclo‐propanes, Phenylcyclopropane derivatives show a rather high solubility in usual solvents, which allows them to be studied by the classic methods of fractionation and molecular weight determination. Finally, via Skattebol's works, the transformation of dihalocyclopropane macromolecules to polycumulenes could be realized. This reaction, also performed on organic models, shows difficulties which have not all been overcome. During the reaction changing polycyclopropanes to polycumulenes, the length of the macromolecular chain is theoretically increased by the regular insertion of a carbon atom for each isoprene unit initially present.
Characterisation and inhibition studies of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) gut α‐amylase
Authors: Kaur Rimaljeet , Gupta Anil K , Taggar Gaurav K
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND

The survival of a devastating pest, Helicoverpa armigera, is mainly dependent on the availability of α‐amylase. Therefore, characterising H. armigera α‐amylase and targeting it with effective inhibitors could aid in reducing its damaging effects.

RESULTS

H. armigera gut possessed four isozymes of α‐amylase. The molecular weight of the major purified isozyme ranged from 79 to 81 kDa. The purified enzyme was identified to be α‐amylase on the basis of products formed from starch. The optimum pH and temperature were 10.0 and 50 °C respectively. The activation energy was 5.7 kcal mol−1. The enzyme showed high activity with starch and amylopectin, whereas dextrins were poor substrates. The Michaelis constant Km with starch, amylose and amylopectin was 0.45, 1.23 and 0.11 mg mL−1 respectively. ZnSO4, FeSO4, CuSO4, citric acid, oxalic acid and salicylic acid were potent inhibitors. ZnSO4, salicylic acid and pigeonpea α‐amylase inhibitor (∼21.0 kDa) acted primarily as competitive inhibitors, FeSO4 and citric acid displayed mainly anticompetitive behaviour, while CuSO4 and oxalic acid behaved mainly as non‐competitive inhibitors.

CONCLUSIONS

The identification of effective ecofriendly inhibitors could help in managing H. armigera infestation. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Creating a New Business Through Applying the Systems‐Based Evolutionary Learning Laboratory Approach
Authors: Kiura Toshiro , Bosch Ockie J. H. , Nguyen Nam C. , Shirasaka Seiko , Maeno Takashi
Published: September 2014

The mission of business enterprises is to use their resources to create new values. It is believed that the learning from implementation through a cyclical process that continually explores the needs of customers is effective in terms of spending less resources under the unreliable conditions, which businesses operate. However, the sequence of implementation and adaption or turnabout (pivot) through the feedback of customers is only a process of trial and error and focusses strongly on linear thinking. The purpose of this study is to propose and validate the use of a systems‐based methodology for creating a business model that includes a more effective learning cycle. For this, the well‐proven systems‐based Evolutionary Learning Laboratory is utilised and proposed as a methodology for creating a business model. The systems thinking based learning cycle has been found to be the most useful in creating a new systems‐based business model. It was possible to identify the seed ideas for creating the concepts of a new business model. A systemic view and structure of the issue under consideration assisted the entrepreneurs to develop a shared understanding of the mental models of the multistakeholders, including the target customers. The systems model (integration of the mental models) serves as a ‘thinking map’ in the continuous learning cycle. The business ideas and strategies are identified through exploring the relationships between the different components of the model. This is followed by their validation and verification through implementation and reflection on the outcomes. The results of applying this methodology created a new business model that is based on the backgrounds and knowledge of customers and all other relevant stakeholders. The methodology does not only allow entrepreneurs to make decisions systemically but also enable them to trace the effects of the decisions after they have been implemented and to adapt where necessary in an ongoing cycle of refinement (continuous improvement). The effectiveness of the methodology in dealing with complex issues (such as developing a new business) has shown positive outcomes during an evaluation workshop. The methodology can contribute significantly to the tools that entrepreneurs are currently using. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alternative Positioning Strategies for Services in Ghana
Authors: Coffie Stanley , Owusu‐Frimpong Nana
Published: September 2014

In spite of its acknowledged importance for the success of the organization, there is little evidence of studies into positioning in sub‐Saharan Africa. This research presents the results of an empirically based study that employed a mixed method of qualitative in‐depth interviews of managers, and quantitative method of exploratory factor analysis to the data from consumers of services in Ghana. The resultant typology has three positioning strategies: service reliability, social responsibility, and branding. Organizations that adopt these positioning strategies are likely to benefit from the increasingly competitive Ghanaian service market. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Semiparametric hidden Markov models: identifiability and estimation
Authors: Dannemann Jörn , Holzmann Hajo , Leister Anna
Published: September 2014

We review the theory on semiparametric hidden Markov models (HMMs), that is,HMMsfor which the state‐dependent distributions are not fully parametrically, but rather semi‐ or nonparametrically specified. We start by reviewing identifiability in such models, where by exploiting the dependence much stronger results can be achieved than for independent finite mixtures. We also discuss estimation, in particular in an algorithmic fashion by using appropriate versions or modifications of the Baum‐Welch (orEM) algorithm. We present some simulation results and give an application to modeling bivariate financial time series, where we compare parametric with nonparametric fits for the state‐dependent distributions as well as the resulting state‐decoding.WIREs Comput Stat2014, 6:418–425. doi: 10.1002/wics.1326

This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Computational Finance

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > EM Algorithm

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Modeling Methods and Algorithms

Statistical Models > Model Selection
Comparison of 3D and 4D Monte Carlo optimization in robotic tracking stereotactic body radiotherapy of lung cancer
Authors: Chan Mark K.H. , Werner Rene , Ayadi Miriam , Blanck Oliver
Published: September 2014

Purpose

To investigate the adequacy of three-dimensional (3D) Monte Carlo (MC) optimization (3DMCO) and the potential of four-dimensional (4D) dose renormalization (4DMCrenorm) and optimization (4DMCO) for CyberKnife (Accuray Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) radiotherapy planning in lung cancer.

Materials and methods

For 20 lung tumors, 3DMCO and 4DMCO plans were generated with planning target volume (PTV5 mm) = gross tumor volume (GTV) plus 5 mm, assuming 3 mm for tracking errors (PTV3 mm) and 2 mm for residual organ deformations. Three fractions of 60 Gy were prescribed to ≥ 95 % of the PTV5 mm. Each 3DMCO plan was recalculated by 4D MC dose calculation (4DMCrecal) to assess the dosimetric impact of organ deformations. The 4DMCrecal plans were renormalized (4DMCrenorm) to 95 % dose coverage of the PTV5 mm for comparisons with the 4DMCO plans. A 3DMCO plan was considered adequate if the 4DMCrecal plan showed ≥ 95 % of the PTV3 mm receiving 60 Gy and doses to other organs at risk (OARs) were below the limits.

Results

In seven lesions, 3DMCO was inadequate, providing < 95 % dose coverage to the PTV3 mm. Comparison of 4DMCrecal and 3DMCO plans showed that organ deformations resulted in lower OAR doses. Renormalizing the 4DMCrecal plans could produce OAR doses higher than the tolerances in some 4DMCrenorm plans. Dose conformity of the 4DMCrenorm plans was inferior to that of the 3DMCO and 4DMCO plans. The 4DMCO plans did not always achieve OAR dose reductions compared to 3DMCO and 4DMCrenorm plans.

Conclusion

This study indicates that 3DMCO with 2 mm margins for organ deformations may be inadequate for Cyberknife-based lung stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Renormalizing the 4DMCrecal plans could produce degraded dose conformity and increased OAR doses; 4DMCO can resolve this problem.
Genetic Counseling for Fanconi Anemia: Crosslinking Disciplines
Authors: Zierhut Heather A. , Tryon Rebecca , Sanborn Erica M.
Published: September 2014

Fanconi anemia (FA) is the most common of the inherited bone marrow failure syndromes with an incidence of approximately 1/100,000 to 1/200,000 live births. FA is a genetically complex and phenotypically heterogeneous condition involving birth defects, bone marrow failure, and cancer predisposition. This rare disease became well known in the genetic counseling community in 2002, when it was identified that biallelic mutations in BRCA2 can cause FA. Knowledge gained from the growing association between FA and breast cancer pathways has brought even more light to the complex genetic issues that arise when counseling families affected by this disease. Genetic counseling issues surrounding a diagnosis of FA affect many different disciplines. This review will serve as a way to cross‐link the various topics important to genetic counselors that arise throughout the life of a patient with FA. Issues covered will include: an overview of FA, phenotypic presentation, management and treatment, the genetics and inheritance of FA, cytogenetic and molecular testing options, and the risks to family members of an individual with FA.
How to publish a scientific manuscript in a high‐impact journal
Authors: El‐Omar Emad M.
Published: September 2014

Scientific publishing is an essential aspect of medical progress. New advances in human knowledge are communicated to the outside world through publications. It is essential that this knowledge is accurate, valid, reproducible, and clinically useful. Many aspiring clinicians and scientists dream of publishing their work in high‐impact journals. For these dreams to become reality, it is essential to follow the basic principles of scientific research and publishing. In this paper, I outline my own personal view on how to publish your paper in such high‐impact journals. I discuss the strategy for high‐impact research, the logistics of manuscript submission, the likely outcomes, and the reasons for failure or success. I provide an insider's view of what editors look for in a successful manuscript and I offer advice on how to achieve this success.
Stochastically symplectic maps and their applications to the Navier–Stokes equation
Authors: Rezakhanlou Fraydoun
Published: September 2014

Poincaré's invariance principle for Hamiltonian flows implies Kelvin's principle for solution to Incompressible Euler equation. Constantin–Iyer Circulation Theorem offers a stochastic analog of Kelvin's principle for Navier–Stokes equation. Weakly symplectic diffusions are defined to produce stochastically symplectic flows in a systematic way. With the aid of symplectic diffusions, we produce a family of martigales associated with solutions to Navier–Stokes equation that in turn can be used to prove Constantin–Iyer Circulation Theorem. We also review some basic facts in symplectic and contact geometry and their applications to Euler equation.
Gpn1 and Gpn3 associate tightly and their protein levels are mutually dependent in mammalian cells
Authors: Méndez-Hernández Lucía E. , Pérez-Mejía Ana E. , Lara-Chacón Bárbara , Barbosa-Camacho Angel A. , Peña-Gómez Sonia G. , Martínez-Sánchez Mayra , Robledo-Rivera Angélica Y. , Sánchez-Olea Roberto , Calera Mónica R.
Published: September 2014

Gpn1 and Gpn3 are GTPases individually required for nuclear targeting of RNA polymerase II. Here we show that whereas Gpn3‐EYFP distributed between the cytoplasm and cell nucleus, it was mainly cytoplasmic when coexpressed with Gpn1‐Flag. Gpn3‐Flag retained Gpn1‐EYFP in the cytoplasm. However, Gpn3‐EYFP/Gpn1‐Flag nucleocytoplasmic shuttling was revealed after inhibiting nuclear export with leptomycin B. All Gpn3‐EYFP coimmunoprecipitated with Gpn1‐Flag, and all Gpn1‐EYFP with Gpn3‐Flag. Importantly, most endogenous Gpn1 and Gpn3 also associate. Gpn1–Gpn3 interaction was essential to maintain steady‐state protein levels of both GTPases. We propose that most Gpn1 and Gpn3 associate, are mobilized, and function as a protein complex.
ERECTA family genes regulate development of cotyledons during embryogenesis
Authors: Chen Ming-Kun , Shpak Elena D.
Published: September 2014

Receptor‐like kinases are important regulators of plant growth. Often a single receptor is involved in regulation of multiple developmental processes in a variety of tissues. ERECTA family (ERf) receptors have previously been linked with stomata development, above‐ground organ elongation, shoot apical meristem function, flower differentiation and biotic/abiotic stresses. Here we explore the role of these genes during embryogenesis. ERfs are expressed in the developing embryo, where their expression is progressively limited to the upper half of the embryo. During embryogenesis ERfs redundantly stimulate the growth of cotyledons by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting premature stomata differentiation.
TR4 promotes fatty acid synthesis in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes by activation of pyruvate carboxylase expression
Authors: Park Sung-Soo , Kim Seung-Jin , Choi Hojung , Chang Chawnshang , Kim Eungseok
Published: September 2014

We show that testicular orphan nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) increases the expression of pyruvate carboxylase (PC) gene in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes by direct binding to a TR4 responsive element in the murine PC promoter. While TR4 overexpression increased PC activity, oxaloacetate (OAA) and glycerol levels with enhanced incorporation of 14C from 14C‐pyruvate into fatty acids in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, PC knockdown by short interfering RNA (siRNA) or inhibition of PC activity by phenylacetic acid (PAA) abolished TR4‐enhanced fatty acid synthesis. Moreover, TR4 microRNA reduced PC expression with decreased fatty acid synthesis in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, suggesting that TR4‐mediated enhancement of fatty acid synthesis in adipocytes requires increased expression of PC gene.
Protein kinase C enhances human sodium channel hNav1.7 resurgent currents via a serine residue in the domain III–IV linker
Authors: Tan Zhi-Yong , Priest Birgit T. , Krajewski Jeffrey L. , Knopp Kelly L. , Nisenbaum Eric S. , Cummins Theodore R.
Published: September 2014

Resurgent sodium currents likely play a role in modulating neuronal excitability. Here we studied whether protein kinase C (PKC) activation can increase resurgent currents produced by the human sodium channel hNav1.7. We found that a PKC agonist significantly enhanced hNav1.7‐mediated resurgent currents and this was prevented by PKC antagonists. The enhancing effects were replicated by two phosphorylation‐mimicking mutations and were prevented by a phosphorylation‐deficient mutation at a conserved PKC phosphorylation site (Serine 1479). Our results suggest that PKC can increase sodium resurgent currents through phosphorylation of a conserved Serine residue located in the domain III–IV linker of sodium channels.
A hospital‐centered approach to improve emergency obstetric care in South Sudan
Authors: Groppi Lavinia , Somigliana Edgardo , Pisani Vincenzo , Ika Michelina , Mabor Joseph L. , Akec Henry N. , Nhial John A. , Mading Michel S. , Scanagatta Chiara , Manenti Fabio , Putoto Giovanni
Published: September 2014

Objective

To assess provision of emergency obstetric care (EmOC) in Greater Yirol, South Sudan, after implementation of a hospital‐centered intervention with an ambulance referral system.

Methods

In a descriptive study, data were prospectively recorded for all women referred to Yirol County Hospital for delivery in 2012. An ambulance referral system had been implemented in October 2011. Access to the hospital and ambulance use were free of charge.

Results

The number of deliveries at Yirol County Hospital increased in 2012 to 1089, corresponding to 13.3% of the 8213 deliveries expected to have occurred in the catchment area. Cesareans were performed for 53 (4.9%) deliveries, corresponding to 0.6% of the expected number of deliveries in the catchment area. Among 950 women who delivered a newborn weighing at least 2500 g at the hospital, 6 (0.6%) intrapartum or very early neonatal deaths occurred. Of 1232 women expected to have major obstetric complications in 2012 in the catchment area, 472 (38.3%) received EmOC at the hospital. Of 115 expected absolute obstetric indications, 114 (99.1%) were treated in the hospital.

Conclusion

A hospital‐centered approach with an ambulance referral system effectively improves the availability of EmOC in underprivileged remote settings.
A wonderful life: experiential consumption and the pursuit of happiness
Authors: Gilovich Thomas , Kumar Amit , Jampol Lily
Published: September 2014

To live in the developed world is to live in a consumerist society. Although the broader forces that created this society have led to unprecedented material abundance, scholars have maintained that these benefits have come at a significant psychological cost. An important question, then, is how these psychological costs can be minimized. With that in mind, we review research showing that people derive more satisfaction from experiential purchases than material purchases. We then summarize the findings of an extensive program of research on the psychological mechanisms that underlie this difference. This research indicates that experiential purchases provide greater satisfaction and happiness because: (1) Experiential purchases enhance social relations more readily and effectively than material goods; (2) Experiential purchases form a bigger part of a person's identity; and (3) Experiential purchases are evaluated more on their own terms and evoke fewer social comparisons than material purchases. We conclude by discussing how social policy might be altered to take advantage of the greater hedonic return offered by experiential investments, thus advancing societal well‐being.
Macular asymmetry analysis in sighting ocular dominance
Authors: Pekel Gökhan , Acer Semra , Özbakis Fatih , Yagci Ramazan , Sayin Nihat
Published: September 2014

Sighting ocular dominance is the preference of one eye over the other in terms of sighting. In this study, our aim was to examine differences in interocular and intraocular macular thickness, interocular fovea‐optic disc angle, and foveal blood vessel asymmetries associated with sighting ocular dominance. Ninety eyes of 45 healthy young adults were included in this prospective, cross‐sectional, and comparative study. Sighting ocular dominance was determined by a hole‐in‐the‐card test. Macular thickness measurements were taken and posterior pole asymmetry analysis conducted with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. The optic disc–fovea angle and visible foveal blood vessel counts were calculated by using the posterior pole retinal images of optical coherence tomography. The mean age of the participants was 27.3 (standard deviation [SD] 6.6) years. There were 20 males and 25 females. The mean total macular area thickness, and mean macular thickness of the superior and inferior hemispheres of the dominant and nondominant eyes were similar (p > 0.05). Macular asymmetry analysis revealed no statistically significant interocular difference (p > 0.05). In the dominant eyes, the mean optic disc–fovea angle was 5.24° (SD 1.77), whereas it was 5.49° (SD 2.58) in the nondominant eyes (p = 0.51). The number of visible blood vessels passing through the fovea was similar in the dominant and nondominant eyes (p > 0.05). These results suggested that interocular and intraocular macular thickness differences, interocular fovea–optic disc angle differences, and number of visible foveal blood vessels are not associated with sighting ocular dominance.
Exonic mutations in SCN9A (NaV1.7) are found in a minority of patients with erythromelalgia
Authors: Zhang Zhiping , Schmelz Martin , Segerdahl Märta , Quiding Hans , Centerholt Carina , Juréus Anna , Carr Thomas Hedley , Whiteley Jessica , Salter Hugh , Kvernebo Mari Skylstad , Ørstavik Kristin , Helås Tormod , Kleggetveit Inge-Petter , Lunden Lars Kristian , Jørum Ellen
Published: September 2014

Background and aim

“Gain-of-function” mutations in voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 have been linked to erythromelalgia (EM), characterized by painful hot and red hands and feet. We investigated the proportion of patients with EM that carry a mutation in NaV1.7 or in other pain-related genes and studied possible clinical differences.

Methods

In this study, 48 patients with EM were screened for mutations in a total of 29 candidate genes, including all sodium channel subunits, transient receptor potential channels (TRPA1, TRPV1, TRPM8), neurotrophic factors (NGF, NGFR, BDNF, GDNF, NTRK1 and WNK1) and other known pain-related genes (CACNG2, KCNS1, COMT, P2RX3, TAC1, TACR1), using a combination of next generation sequencing and classical Sanger sequencing.

Results

In 7/48 patients protein-modifying mutations of NaV1.7 (P187L, I228M, I848T (n = 4) and N1245S) were identified. Patients with the I848T mutation could be identified clinically based on early onset and severity of the disease. In contrast, there were no clinical characteristics that differentiated the other patients with NaV1.7 mutation from those patients without. We also found more than twenty rare protein-modifying genetic variants in the genes coding for sodium channels (NaV1.8, NaV1.9, NaV1.6, NaV1.5, NaV2.1, SCN1B, SCN3B), transient receptor potential channel (TRPA1, TRPV1), and other pain-related targets (WNK1 and NGFR).

Conclusion

We conclude that functionally characterized mutations of NaV1.7 (I848T) are present only in a minority of patient with EM. Albeit the majority of patients (27/48) carried rare protein-modifying mutations the vast majority of those will most probably not be causally linked to their disease.

Implications

The key question remaining to be solved is the possible role of rare variants of NaV1.8, NaV1.9, or beta-subunits in provoking chronic pain conditions or even EM.
Interaction of two axisymmetric bodies falling in tandem at moderate Reynolds numbers
Authors: Brosse Nicolas , Ern Patricia
Published: September 2014

This study considers the interaction of two identical solid axisymmetric bodies (of diameter $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}d$ and thickness $h$) freely falling in a fluid at rest. We determine the domains of existence of the different interaction behaviour of the two bodies (i.e. attraction, repulsion and indifference) as a function of their initial relative position. We then investigate in detail the case of bodies falling in tandem, for both rectilinear and periodic paths, and the associated attraction behaviour. For all the Reynolds numbers and aspect ratios of the bodies ($\chi = d/h$) investigated, the trailing body catches up with the leading body. We provide a quantitative description of the kinematics leading to the regrouping of the bodies and analyse its relationship with the wake of the leading body. In the case of rectilinear paths, a dynamical model that takes into account the axial evolution of the wake of the leading body is proposed to reproduce the acceleration observed for the trailing body until a vertical separation distance between the bodies of 1.5 diameters. In parallel, direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the flow about two fixed bodies in tandem in an oncoming flow are carried out, providing a good estimation of the motion of the bodies for separation distances larger than 5 diameters. For periodic paths, the kinematics leading to the regrouping of the bodies is slower than for rectilinear paths. However, in this case, the interaction also leads to significant changes in the characteristics of the oscillatory motion and is strongly dependent on the aspect ratio of the bodies. To explain the observed differences, we consider the effect of the transverse inhomogeneity of the wake of the leading body on the oscillatory motion of the trailing disk.
The influence of fast waves and fluctuations on the evolution of the dynamics on the slow manifold
Authors: Whitehead Jared P. , Wingate Beth A.
Published: September 2014

The effect of non-slow (typically fast) components of a rotating stratified Boussinesq flow on the dynamics of the slow manifold is quantified using a decomposition that isolates the part of the flow living on the slow manifold. In this system, there are three distinct asymptotic limits with corresponding reduced equations, each defining a slow manifold. All three of these distinct limits, namely rapid rotation, strong stratification, and simultaneous strong stratification and rapid rotation (quasi-geostrophy), are considered. Numerical simulations indicate that, for the geometry considered (triply periodic) and the type of forcing applied, the fluctuations act as a conduit, moving energy onto the slow manifold. This decomposition clarifies how the energy is exchanged when either the stratification or the rotation is weak. In the quasi-geostrophic limit, most of the energy transfer is between slow potential energy and slow kinetic energy, but the energetics due to the fluctuations are less clear. It is observed that the energy off the slow manifold in each case equilibrates to a quasi-steady value.
Non-Newtonian stress, collisional dissipation and heat flux in the shear flow of inelastic disks: a reduction via Grad’s moment method
Authors: Saha Saikat , Alam Meheboob
Published: September 2014

The non-Newtonian stress tensor, collisional dissipation rate and heat flux in the plane shear flow of smooth inelastic disks are analysed from the Grad-level moment equations using the anisotropic Gaussian as a reference. For steady uniform shear flow, the balance equation for the second moment of velocity fluctuations is solved semi-analytically, yielding closed-form expressions for the shear viscosity $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\mu $, pressure $p$, first normal stress difference ${\mathcal{N}}_1$ and dissipation rate ${\mathcal{D}}$ as functions of (i) density or area fraction $\nu $, (ii) restitution coefficient $e$, (iii) dimensionless shear rate $R$, (iv) temperature anisotropy $\eta $ (the difference between the principal eigenvalues of the second-moment tensor) and (v) angle $\phi $ between the principal directions of the shear tensor and the second-moment tensor. The last two parameters are zero at the Navier–Stokes order, recovering the known exact transport coefficients from the present analysis in the limit $\eta ,\phi \to 0$, and are therefore measures of the non-Newtonian rheology of the medium. An exact analytical solution for leading-order moment equations is given, which helped to determine the scaling relations of $R$, $\eta $ and $\phi $ with inelasticity. We show that the terms at super-Burnett order must be retained for a quantitative prediction of transport coefficients, especially at moderate to large densities for small values of the restitution coefficient ($e \ll 1$). Particle simulation data for a sheared inelastic hard-disk system are compared with theoretical results, with good agreement for $p$, $\mu $ and ${\mathcal{N}}_1$ over a range of densities spanning from the dilute to close to the freezing point. In contrast, the predictions from a constitutive model at Navier–Stokes order are found to deviate significantly from both the simulation and the moment theory even at moderate values of the restitution coefficient ($e\sim 0.9$). Lastly, a generalized Fourier law for the granular heat flux, which vanishes identically in the uniform shear state, is derived for a dilute granular gas by analysing the non-uniform shear flow via an expansion around the anisotropic Gaussian state. We show that the gradient of the deviatoric part of the kinetic stress drives a heat current and the thermal conductivity is characterized by an anisotropic second-rank tensor, for which explicit analytical expressions are given.
Influence of Stokes number on the velocity and concentration distributions in particle-laden jets
Authors: Lau Timothy C. W. , Nathan Graham J.
Published: September 2014

The first measurement of the influence of the Stokes number on the distributions of particle concentration and velocity at the exit of a long pipe are reported, together with the subsequent influence on the downstream evolution of these distributions through a particle-laden jet in co-flow. The data were obtained by simultaneous particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar nephelometry (PN), using four cameras to provide high resolution through the first 30 jet diameters and also correction for optical attenuation. These data provide much more detailed information than is available from previous measurements. From them, a new understanding is obtained of how the Stokes number influences the flow at the jet exit plane and how this influence propagates throughout the jet.
The effectiveness of leucine on muscle protein synthesis, lean body mass and leg lean mass accretion in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Xu Zhe-rong , Tan Zhong-ju , Zhang Qin , Gui Qi-feng , Yang Yun-mei
Published: September 2014

In the present study, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the ability of leucine supplementation to increase the muscle protein fraction synthetic rate and to augment lean body mass or leg lean mass in elderly patients. A literature search was conducted on Medline, Cochrane, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases up to 31 December 2013 for clinical trials that investigated the administration of leucine as a nutrient that affects muscle protein metabolism and muscle mass in elderly subjects. The included studies were randomised controlled trials. The primary outcome for the meta-analysis was the protein fractional synthetic rate. Secondary outcomes included lean body mass and leg lean mass. A total of nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that the muscle protein fractional synthetic rate after intervention significantly increased in the leucine group compared with the control group (pooled standardised difference in mean changes 1·08, 95 % CI 0·50, 1·67; P< 0·001). No difference was found between the groups in relation to lean body mass (pooled standardised difference in mean changes 0·18, 95 % CI − 0·18, 0·54; P= 0·318) or leg lean mass (pooled standardised difference in mean changes 0·006, 95 % CI − 0·32, 0·44; P= 0·756). These findings suggest that leucine supplementation is useful to address the age-related decline in muscle mass in elderly individuals, as it increases the muscle protein fractional synthetic rate.
Effects of vitamin E, vitamin C and polyphenols on the rate of blood pressure variation: results of two randomised controlled trials
Authors: Hodgson Jonathan M. , Croft Kevin D. , Woodman Richard J. , Puddey Ian B. , Bondonno Catherine P. , Wu Jason H. Y. , Beilin Lawrence J. , Lukoshkova Elena V. , Head Geoffrey A. , Ward Natalie C.
Published: September 2014

High blood pressure (BP) variability, which may be an important determinant of hypertensive end-organ damage, is emerging as an important predictor of cardiovascular health. Dietary antioxidants can influence BP, but their effects on variability are yet to be investigated. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of vitamin E, vitamin C and polyphenols on the rate of daytime and night-time ambulatory BP variation. To assess these effects, two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were performed. In the first trial (vitamin E), fifty-eight individuals with type 2 diabetes were given 500 mg/d of RRR-α-tocopherol, 500 mg/d of mixed tocopherols or placebo for 6 weeks. In the second trial (vitamin C–polyphenols), sixty-nine treated hypertensive individuals were given 500 mg/d of vitamin C, 1000 mg/d of grape-seed polyphenols, both vitamin C and polyphenols, or neither (placebo) for 6 weeks. At baseline and at the end of the 6-week intervention, 24 h ambulatory BP and rate of measurement-to-measurement BP variation were assessed. Compared with placebo, treatment with α-tocopherol, mixed tocopherols, vitamin C and polyphenols did not significantly alter the rate of daytime or night-time systolic BP, diastolic BP or pulse pressure variation (P>0·05). Treatment with the vitamin C and polyphenol combination resulted in higher BP variation: the rate of night-time systolic BP variation (P= 0·022) and pulse pressure variation (P= 0·0036) were higher and the rate of daytime systolic BP variation was higher (P= 0·056). Vitamin E, vitamin C or grape-seed polyphenols did not significantly alter the rate of BP variation. However, the increase in the rate of BP variation suggests that the combination of high doses of vitamin C and polyphenols could be detrimental to treated hypertensive individuals.
A modified Mediterranean diet score is associated with a lower risk of incident metabolic syndrome over 25 years among young adults: the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study
Authors: Steffen Lyn M. , Van Horn Linda , Daviglus Martha L. , Zhou Xia , Reis Jared P. , Loria Catherine M. , Jacobs David R. , Duffey Kiyah J.
Published: September 2014

The Mediterranean diet has been reported to be inversely associated with incident metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) among older adults; however, this association has not been studied in young African American and white adults. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association of a modified Mediterranean diet (mMedDiet) score with the 25-year incidence of the MetSyn in 4713 African American and white adults enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. A diet history questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake at baseline, year 7 and year 20 and a mMedDiet score was created. Cardiovascular risk factors were measured at multiple examinations over 25 years. The MetSyn was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria. Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis was use to evaluate associations for incident MetSyn across the mMedDiet score categories adjusting for demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors and BMI. Higher mMedDiet scores represented adherence to a dietary pattern rich in fruit, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and fish, but poor in red and processed meat and snack foods. The incidence of MetSyn components (abdominal obesity, elevated TAG concentrations and low HDL-cholesterol concentrations) was lower in those with higher mMedDiet scores than in those with lower scores. Furthermore, the incidence of the MetSyn was lower across the five mMedDiet score categories; the hazard ratios and 95 % CI from category 1 to category 5 were 1·0; 0·94 (0·76, 1·15); 0·84 (0·68, 1·04); 0·73 (0·58, 0·92); and 0·72 (0·54, 0·96), respectively (Ptrend= 0·005). These findings suggest that the risk of developing the MetSyn is lower when consuming a diet rich in fruit, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and fish.
The earliest species ofBurlingiaWalcott, 1908 (Trilobita) from South China: biostratigraphical and palaeogeographical significance
Authors: YUAN JIN-LIANG , ESTEVE JORGE
Published: September 2014

Burlingia balangensissp. nov. from the lower Cambrian of South China represents the earliest species of this genus, and suggests that the genus may have originated in South China. A revision of the genus shows thatB. primitivaandB. obscuracan be used in order to indentify the base of the Cambrian Stage 5 when other trilobites are absent because their last appearance datum (LAD) coincides with the first appearance datum (FAD) ofOryctocephalus indicus. Available palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic models suggest five major palaeocurrents during Cambrian times which could control the migration patterns of theBurlingiaclade from South China to Baltica.
Effects of the administration of epidermal growth factor receptor specific inhibitor cetuximab, alone and in combination with cisplatin, on proliferation and apoptosis of Hep-2 laryngeal cancer cells
Authors: Bussu F , Pozzoli G , Giglia V , Rizzo D , Limongelli A , De Corso E , Graziani C , Paludetti G , Navarra P , Almadori G
Published: September 2014

Background:

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression and prognostic value in head and neck squamous cell cancer is the basis for targeting by anti-EGFR antibodies, which increase the efficacy of radiotherapy. In order to evaluate the best therapeutic schedule, the effects of cetuximab (C225) on Hep-2 cell proliferation, alone and in combination with cisplatin, were studied.

Methods:

Hep-2 cells were treated with cetuximab alone or in combination with cisplatin. After determining cell viability with trypan blue, morphological features of apoptotic degeneration were analysed by fluorescence microscopy with Hoechst 33258 stain.

Results:

Cetuximab alone mildly inhibited Hep-2 proliferation and showed no pro-apoptotic effects. When administered concomitantly with cisplatin, cetuximab synergistically increased inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis.

Conclusion:

The antiproliferative activity of cetuximab is consistent with its hypothesised role in inhibiting repopulation. However, the increase in the effects of pro-apoptotic agents induced by cetuximab may be even more relevant to its clinical effectiveness than the inhibition of repopulation.
10-year outcome study of an early intervention program for psychosis compared with standard care service
Authors: Chan S. K. W. , So H. C. , Hui C. L. M. , Chang W. C. , Lee E. H. M. , Chung D. W. S. , Tso S. , Hung S. F. , Yip K. C. , Dunn E. , Chen E. Y. H.
Published: September 2014

Background.

Despite evidence on the short-term benefits of early intervention (EI) service for psychosis, long-term outcome studies are limited by inconsistent results. This study examined the 10-year outcomes of patients with first-episode psychosis who received 2-year territory-wide EI service compared to those who received standard care (SC) in Hong Kong using an historical control design.

Method.

Consecutive patients who received the EI service between 1 July 2001 and 30 June 2002, and with diagnosis of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, were identified and matched with patients who received SC first presented to the public psychiatric service from 1 July 2000 to 30 June 2001. In total, 148 matched pairs of patients were identified. Cross-sectional information on symptomatology and functioning was obtained through semi-structured interview; longitudinal information on hospitalization, functioning, suicide attempts, mortality and relapse over 10 years was obtained from clinical database. There were 70.3% (N = 104) of SC and 74.3% (N = 110) of EI patients interviewed.

Results.

Results suggested that EI patients had reduced suicide rate (χ2(1) = 4.35, p = 0.037), fewer number [odds ratio (OR) 1.56, χ2 = 15.64, p < 0.0001] and shorter duration of hospitalization (OR 1.29, χ2 = 4.06, p = 0.04), longer employment periods (OR −0.28, χ2 = 14.64, p < 0.0001) and fewer suicide attempts (χ2 = 11.47, df = 1, p = 0.001) over 10 years. At 10 years, no difference was found in psychotic symptoms, symptomatic remission and functional recovery.

Conclusions.

The short-term benefits of the EI service on number of hospitalizations and employment was sustained after service termination, but the differences narrowed down. This suggests the need to evaluate the optimal duration of the EI service.
Constructing Inequality: Deserving and Undeserving Clients in Austrian Social Assistance Offices
Authors: ALTREITER CARINA , LEIBETSEDER BETTINA
Published: September 2014

The social constructions formed of target groups, which are used to justify the allotment of benefits and obligations, are now being discussed in organisations at street level. Using qualitative interview data from eight municipalities, the article examines how the local social construction of deservingness constrains frontline work. In comparing everyday practices for checking eligibility and altering a recipient's behaviour, the study found four distinctive administrative practices. Standardised administrations represent their clients as deserving, and engage with the recipients in a service-oriented way. Semi-standardised administrations aim at rightful payment, but construct deserving and undeserving groups, subjecting the latter to behavioural change. Disciplining administrations create all clients as undeserving and emphasise control. Poor relief administrations withhold social rights for the undeserving and provide paternalistic support for the deserving. Local conceptions of (un)deservingness severely affect social citizenship and are thus crucial to understanding and detecting the impact of social policy reform.
Toxins and virulence factors of enterotoxigenicEscherichia coliassociated with strains isolated from indigenous children and international visitors to a rural community in Guatemala
Authors: TORRES O. R. , GONZÁLEZ W. , LEMUS O. , PRATDESABA R. A. , MATUTE J. A. , WIKLUND G. , SACK D. A. , BOURGEOIS A. L. , SVENNERHOLM A-M.
Published: September 2014

Diarrhoea remains a common cause of illness in Guatemala, with children suffering most frequently from the disease. This study directly compared the frequency, enterotoxin, and colonization factor (CF) profiles of enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) strains isolated from children living in a rural community in Guatemala and from Western visitors to the same location during the same seasons, using similar detection methodologies. We found that ETEC accounted for 26% of severe cases of diarrhoea in children requiring hospitalization, 15% of diarrhoea in the community, and 29% of travellers' diarrhoea in visitors staying ⩾2 weeks. The toxin and CF patterns of the ETEC strains isolated from both groups differed significantly (P< 0·0005) as determined byχ2= 60·39 for CFs andχ2= 35 for toxins, while ETEC phenotypes found in Guatemalan children were comparable to those found in children from other areas of the world.
Seroepidemiology of varicella-zoster virus in Korean adolescents and adults using fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen test
Authors: HAN S. B. , KANG K. R. , HUH D. H. , LEE H. C. , KIM J. H. , KANG J. H. , MA S. H.
Published: September 2014

We conducted a cross-sectional seroepidemiological study in 2012–2013 to determine the seroprevalence of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in adolescents and adults living in Korea, where varicella vaccination has been recommended universally at age 12–15 months since 2005. Residual serum samples were collected from 1196 healthy adults and adolescents aged ⩾10 years between November 2012 and March 2013. The fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen (FAMA) test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to determine the seroprevalence of VZV. The seroprevalences of VZV were compared between six age groups: 10–19, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, and ⩾60 years. The seroprevalence of VZV in the entire study cohort was 99·1% according to the FAMA test and 93·1% as determined by ELISA. The seroprevalences of the six age groups were as follows: 96·0%, 99·5%, 99·5%, 99·5%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, by the FAMA test, and 83·3%, 93·0%, 93·0%, 97·5%, 94·5%, and 97·5%, respectively, by ELISA. Seroprevalence increased significantly with age (P< 0·001); moreover, the seroprevalence in subjects aged 10–19 years was significantly lower than in other age groups (P< 0·001), as measured by both the FAMA test and ELISA. Thus, strategies to increase protective immunity against VZV in teenagers are necessary.
AUTHENTICITY AND NON-STANDARD SPEECH INGREAT EXPECTATIONS
Authors: Sönmez Margaret J-M.
Published: September 2014

Susan L. Ferguson shows how Victorian novelistsused the reported speech of their characters to create a “ficto-linguistics” wherein “the systems of language that appear in novels . . . indicate identifiable alternative patterns congruent to other aspects of the fictional world” (1). These novels present self-contained systems, she says, in which “speech relates in style as well as content to the speech of other characters, [and] all quoted language in a novel is contained within and potentially interacts with the language of the narrator” (1). Ferguson's interpretation of novelistic speech enables more convincing analyses of reported dialect speech than earlier efforts, which compared them directly to real-life dialects – a tendency that itself reflects the “grand narrative” of “authenticism” (Sanchez-Arce) – and which assumed that discrepancies and inconsistencies were stylistic weaknesses due, for instance, to over-sentimentality or “lowness” (Quirk 5), or to the writer being reluctant to depict virtuous characters as speaking non-standard English, regardless of the likelihood or possibility that characters from badly educated backgrounds would speak anything else.
“SUCH A STRONG WISH FOR WINGS”:THE LIFE OF CHARLOTTE BRONTËAND ELIZABETH GASKELL’S FALLEN ANGELS
Authors: Hattaway Meghan Burke
Published: September 2014

Elizabeth Gaskell undertook the writingofThe Life of Charlotte Brontëwith a highly specific purpose in mind: it was meant, first and foremost, as a defense. Spurred by the urgings of longtime family friend Ellen Nussey, who was despairing over “the misrepresentations and the malignant spirit” at work in recent commentaries about the late author ofJane Eyre, Patrick Brontë had written to Gaskell only three months after his daughter's untimely death in 1855 and expressed the hope that an “established Author” like herself might produce a biography of Charlotte Brontë immediately. Gaskell was thus charged with the work of presenting to the world a definitive account of the celebrated, if enigmatic, writer's life, in defiance of the inflammatory and rumor-filled posthumous reports that were circulating.