bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contradictory Worlds: Planters and Missionaries
Authors: Costa Emilia Viotti da
Published: November 2023

Every time is a time of change-but some are more so than others. Every time is a time of conflict-but there are historical moments when the scattered and individual conflicts and tensions that characterize day-to-day experience suddenly coalesce into a wider and encompassing phenomenon that threatens the “social order.” At such moments, long-standing individual grievances are transformed into an overall critique of the system of power. Elites’ assumptions about the world are challenged. What was once moral becomes immoral; what was right becomes wrong; what was fair becomes unfair. New discourses about society give consistency and organization to once-fragmented “revolutionary” notions, and claim the status of truth. These are dangerous times; these are exciting times: times of heroes and martyrs, of heresies and orthodoxies, of revolution and repression. Some will risk their lives in the name of the world being born, others to defend the world that is dying. Such are times of revolution. But when ruling groups appropriate radical discourses, purge them of their radical content, and manage through reform, cooptation, and repression to release some of the pressures from below-while creating new power blocs or coalitions-social revolutions are sometimes averted.
A Man Is Never Safe
Authors: Costa Emilia Viotti da
Published: November 2023

The rebellion caught the whites by surprise. They had lived so long with the fear that the slaves might rise that they had learned to dismiss it. To reassure themselves, they had created rituals of domination that spoke of total power. They had ignored the signs of tension and discontent among slaves and had convinced themselves that the slaves had no reason to rebel. Regarding their slaves as tools, masters had become blind to their humanity. Yet the threat of rebellion was always there. And the cutlasses that cut the cane could easily become weapons.
Soviet Socialism. in Translation
Authors: Kaple Deborah A
Published: November 2023

In October 1949, a self-proclaimed socialist government took control of China. It was a country so unprepared for socialism that its working class was almost nonexistent. Therefore, one of its first tasks was to begin the process of socialist industrialization and, with it, to cre­ ate a working class. In order to accomplish this, the Chinese Communist Party turned to the Soviet model of 1946-1950 for methods and techniques. As recounted in previous chapters, the CCP embarked on a major translation program, and soon thousands of Soviet text­ books, handbooks, and journals were available in Chinese.
From Out the Shadows: Background on Psychotherapy
Authors: Ferrara Kathleen Warden
Published: November 2023

It may be helpful to explain further the benefits of looking at psychotherapy as a speech event by providing background on how the speech event differs from other more familiar activities such as conversation, confession, or doctor-patient discourse. I likewise want to add some information about the history and development of psychotherapy and discuss its practitioners’ status in the community. A speech event is a recognized activity centered in discourse, which is known to and often labeled by members of a speech community. I insist on the distinction between “known about” by a community and “known to” a community, because recognizing a labeled speech event as one that helps comprise the total linguistic resources of one’s own community does not entail complete familiarity with that speech event. For example, Protestants may have little knowledge of a Catholic mass, although they are aware of its existence. Likewise, Catholics may have heard of a Bar Mitzvah but might not be able to describe one, and Jews may be only slightly familiar with a Protestant baptism. When I began this research, for instance, I was unaware of the distinction therapists regularly make between client and patient.
Visions Through a Prism: Dream Telling and Interpretation
Authors: Ferrara Kathleen Warden
Published: November 2023

A fundamental premise of psychotherapy is that perceptions can be mediated through the filter of words and that talking to another about those perceptions can bring about an enhancement in mental health. Nowhere is the essence of this belief more activated than in the telling and interpretation of dreams, for dreams are a highly personal, quasi-visual experience, which can only occur to an individual. When they occur, they do so in ,a medium that is little understood. In order to be transmitted to another at all, dreams must be framed in language. Language thus serves as the prism through which the light shed by dreams is directed onto a new ground. When a psychotherapy client relates a dream, he or she transforms the experience into a new medium. The process of transforming a dream into a relatable narrative is similar to that of catching a ray of sun and redirecting it through a prism. As an example of the prism like distortions that can occur when this process is followed, one thera pist who makes a practice of recording his own dreams in writing remarked to me that a short dream can take pages of writing to capture.
A Professional in Toledo
Authors: James LR
Published: November 2023

Toledo In the 1920s had no shortage of local talent, and it was also on the circuit for touring musicians. Art almost certainly took in all the touring musical acts, since age was no barrier to going into a theater. He was apparently looking for chances to play in clubs at as early an age as they would let him in. At first he simply asked for permission to sit in during intermissions, and one can easily imagine him wanting to measure himself against the professionals. Exactly when and where he played his earliest paid appearances has not been documented. He was probably being booked by club owners as early as fifteen or sixteen (1924-25), but he was certainly being paid for playing at social functions even before that, including appearances at prominent local sites such as the Toledo Club and the Rotary Club.
1950-1956
Authors: James LR
Published: November 2023

Sometime in the early 1950s Art and Ruby’s marriage collapsed in a nasty heap. They had set up house in Los Angeles in the late 1930s and had been married for more than fifteen years, but almost no one knows anything about Art’s life at home. Whatever his domestic arrangements were, Art was absent from them for much if not most of those fifteen years. Karl, Art’s younger brother who traveled with him between 1939 and 1942, has said that Art generally got back to Los Angeles at least twice a year, for anything from two to five weeks at a time.
A Cotton County Comes of Age
Authors: Morris Christopher
Published: November 2023

sides, a Greek revival guest house and library nearby, all surrounded not by wilderness but by grand lawns and gardens, represented a level of affluence and gentility only just emerging in Warren County. Social distinctions, in other words, while they had always been present in the minds of some, had not been so readily apparent in earlier years. Moreover, economic and social mobility formerly had blurred the relatively small differences between the richer and poorer elements. In the 1790s Don Rapalje, for all his pretentions to the contrary, lived like a simple farmer. By 1860 there could be no mistaking a gentleman planter, owner of a grand home and several hundred slaves, for a simple man who actually dirtied his own hands in the soil. The Natchez Weekly Courier estimated that a 2000-acre plantation capable of producing 1000 bales of cotton annually required a capital investment of nearly $200,000, a sum well out of reach of any small farmer in Warren County.16
An End and a Beginning
Authors: Morris Christopher
Published: November 2023

He compared him unfavorably to a slave: “He does not write as well as old Racheal. “ Perhaps worst of all, the boy was a Baptist. Furious, Kiger promised his wife Carrie that he would never forgive her “for leaving Bettie among such a people. “ “I do not dislike him, “ he protested, unconvincingly. “I only dislike him as a Husband for Bettie. “ After a six-month battle Bettie succumbed to her brother-in-law’s will and let go of the boy from Tennessee.17
Environmental Health Science
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B
Published: November 2023

This is a broad, in-depth introduction to a scientific field that is becoming ever more central to human health. Environmental exposures to a bewildering array of chemical and physical agents result from our individual and collective activities, and can cause effects ranging from discomfort through loss of function, illness, chronic diseases, and premature death. Their concomitant effects on quality of life, productivity, and need for clinical services can be costly. The book covers the terminology used in environmental health; the sources of chemical and physical agents in the environment; how they disperse and transform throughout the environment; their effects on environmental quality and human health; how levels and exposures are quantified; how standards are established; how levels, exposures, and risks can be controlled; and what technological opportunities and trends are likely to influence our environmental future. It includes chapters on noise, ionizing radiation, non-ionizing radiation, risk assessment, and risk management. Written in a clear and systematic way, this text will be an invaluable resource for students of environmental health. An earlier version of the book, Chemical Contamination in the Human Environment (OUP 1979), was called by one teacher "visionary...easily the most useful textbook in environmental health science for entry-level graduate students.
Risk Assessment
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B
Published: November 2023

The human race has always faced certain dangers. Risk is an inescapable fact of life. At the same time, enlightened societies have traditionally sought to minimize avoidable risks. The greatly increased life expectancy now enjoyed by populations in the industrialized world attests to the success with which modern civilization has been able to reduce some environmental risks to human health and safety.
Risk Management
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B
Published: November 2023

Risk management is a process by which responsible authorities take actions to reduce or eliminate risk factors. It is carried out at many different levels. Individuals make risk management decisions every day through their dietary choices, use of medications, personal habits and types and levels of exercise, use of personal and mass forms of transportation, crafts and hobbies, household maintenance, and, to some extent, in the ways that they perform their tasks at work or school. Their choices in each of these activities are likely to involve exposures to chemicals or physical agents that could affect their health. Individuals have only limited control over some aspects of factors that affect their exposures, dependent as they are on the contents of the foods, beverages, and consumer products that they buy and use, and on the concentrations of some of the pollutants in the air they breathe. However, through their attention to product labels and other forms of public health and consumer product information, they can make choices that can minimize their exposures.
Cohort Studies: Statistical Analysis Il
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas
Published: November 2023

Chapter 6 described Poisson regression methods for analysing cohort data, implemented by stratifying counts of death and person-years of observation into a two-dimensional table of exposure levels (rows) and covariates (columns), and examining death rates in the cells of the table. In this chapter we consider an alternative to Poisson regression, called Cox regression (Cox, 1972), and other methods useful in special situations when the methods of Chapter 6 are inappropriate or impractical. The first of these special situations occurs when information on the exposures and/or potential con founding variables of interest are readily available only at great expense, relative to the disease or death data. For example, in a retrospective cohort study of the relation between prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and subsequent incidence of prostate cancer, the “exposures” were PSA levels in sera drawn and stored at the time of repeated medical examinations (White more et al., 1995). Because of the expense of retrieving and analyzing the large number of serum samples, PSA levels were assayed for only two small subsets of cohort members: men who subsequently developed prostate cancer and a sample of men who did not. The analytic methods appropriate here are based on nested case-control and case-cohort designs. These designs were described in Chapter 5.
Dealing With Feelings
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B
Published: November 2023

Finding out you or a loved one has cancer is a shock and usually a major crisis. For most people, the biggest terror is that the diagnosis is a death sentence, which of course, it is not. But it is a vivid reminder of our mortality, and is a very real threat to our security and all we take for granted.
If Death Approaches
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B
Published: November 2023

There may come a time when most patients and their families start doubting the benefits of further treatment or intervention, wondering whether it will do more harm than good. At some point, it may be necessary to accept the fact that the cancer can no longer be treated or arrested, and that a loved one is dying. If so, this is an appropriate time for the family or other loved ones to shift their focus from trying to beat the cancer, from hoping for a cure or prolongation of life, to doing what they can to enhance the quality of life for whatever precious time is left. The overriding goal becomes trying to free the patient from discomfort and pain. Called palliativecare, the objective of this phase of treatment is to make the patient as comfortable as possible and to satisfy his physical, psychological, emotional, and spiritual needs.
Dual Attraction
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

For the past two generations, extensive research has been conducted on the determinants of homosexuality. But, until now, scant attention has been paid to what is perhaps the most mysterious--and potentially illuminating--variation of human sexual expression, bisexuality. Today, as ignorance and fear of AIDS make greater awareness of all forms of sexual behaviour an urgent matter of private and public consequence, leading sex researchers Martin Weinberg, Colin Williams, and Douglas Pryor provide us with the first major study of bisexuality. Weinberg, Williams, and Pryor explore the riddle of dual attraction in their study of 800 bisexuals, homosexuals, and heterosexuals living in the San Francisco Bay area. Fieldwork, intensive interviews, and surveys provided a wealth of data about the nature of bisexual attraction, the steps that lead people to become bisexual, and how sexual preference can change over time. They found that bisexual men and women differ markedly in their sexual behaviour and romantic feelings; that most bisexuals maintain long-term relationships which continuing sexual activity outside those relationships; and why trans-sexuals often become bisexual. Further, this is the first study to compare directly large samples of bisexuals, homosexuals, and heterosexuals. Among the differences: bisexuals were the most fluid in their sexuality--changing most over time--and in the composition of their feelings, attractions, and behaviours. The authors also found some interesting similarities between the groups: for example, bisexuals and homosexuals showed the same degree of confusion in the development of their sexual preference and for similar reasons; also heterosexuals were not immune from such confusion. Bisexuals, heterosexuals, and homosexuals all reported same-sex erotic desires, but to different degrees. Finally, the authors studied the social and sexual effects of AIDS. For example, they discovered that as the AIDS crisis unfolded, many bisexual men entered into monogamous relationships with women, and bisexual women into more lesbian relationships. Recent media accounts attest that a growing number of researchers and writers are narrowing the fundamental cause of sexual preference to a single factor: biology. But if, as this study shows, learning plays a significant part in helping people traverse the boundaries of gender, if past and present intimate relationships influence their changing preferences, and if bisexual activity is inseparable from a social environment which provides distinctive sexual opportunities, then a mosaic of factors far more complex than those previously considered must be entertained in explaining the fuller spectrum of sexual preference. Dual Attraction is one of the most significant contributions to our understanding of sexuality since the original Kinsey reports and Bell and Weinberg's 1978 international bestseller Homosexualities. It is must reading for all those interested in the study of sexual behaviour--especially now, since the onset of AIDS.
Transsexual Bisexuals
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter, we argued that people become bisexual by developing an “open gender schema” that allows for the eroticization of both sexes. Further, for some persons, this form of sexual attraction can be organized around an identity-”bisexual.” But the links between the gender schema, sexual preference, and sexual identity are still not completely clear. In helping us to understand these connections, we were fortunate to have among the people we interviewed a number of transsexual bisexuals, people for whom gender is a major life concern. They had dealt with gender in ways that most people had not. Because of their transsexuality they could more clearly articulate the relationships between gender, sexual preference, and sexual identity, illuminating how the open gender schema operates.
Sexual Activities
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

We have seen how bisexuals give meaning to their dual attractions. In this chapter, we examine how this relates to their sexual behaviors. We look at a variety of issues. First, what is the mix of opposite and same-sex patterns in bisexuals’ sexual lives. This will tell us just how loose the link between sex and gender is for them. Also, by looking at the types of partners they have (from significant to impersonal relationships), we can learn something about the opportunities they have for sex. Moving from types of partners to the incidence and frequency of particular sexual acts can illuminate what the boundaries of eroticism are for them. Just how adventurous is our group? We then look at the sexual problems that can be attendant on a lifestyle that often seems to center on pursuing the purely erotic.
Marriage
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

Under what circumstances can marriage and bisexuality coexist? How can the bisexual partner sustain a marriage without compromising on his/her sexual preference? Can disclosing bisexuality have positive consequences for a marriage or only negative ones? These are important questions, as many of the bisexuals we interviewed were married. Even among those who were divorced, a substantial number expressed a desire to be married again if they could find a suitable partner. In 1983, around half of the bisexuals we interviewed were, or had been, married. Of these, 14 percent had been married more than once. Approximately a fifth were married at the time they were interviewed (Table 9.1). The lengths of the current marriages were about evenly distributed between less than four years, five to nine years, and ten or more years.
Changes in Sexual Preference
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

How did the sexual preference of the bisexuals we interviewed change over five years? In our original study, about 40 percent of the bisexuals said a change in their self-definition was possible, but most of them thought it was unlikely (Chapter 3). Compared with heterosexuals and homosexuals, however, the bisexuals in our comparative study seemed more likely to have experienced major changes in their sexual preference (Chapter 15). Five years after we first interviewed the bisexuals in San Francisco, what changes had actually taken place? Did they change along any or all of the three Kinsey scale dimensions? Did they still define themselves as bisexual? Did they remain the same in their sexual identity yet change on the Kinsey dimensions, or vice versa? And what were the reasons for any changes? Was AIDS the main cause or were there other factors?
Adapting to a New World
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

Because of AIDS, bisexuals confronted a different world in 1988 than they had in 1983. Earlier, their major concern had been dealing with how others reacted to their sexual behavior. Now they also had to address the growing belief that bisexuals were carriers of HIV. Not only did this reinforce the conception that many lesbians had about bisexuals; it also increased the fear of those heterosexuals who saw bisexuality as a conduit for AIDS between the homosexual and heterosexual worlds. This chapter examines the reaction of the bisexuals in our study to these problems. Specifically, we examine whether they became more secretive about their bisexuality, whether they felt increasing hostility from heterosexuals and homosexuals, and whether they became less self-accepting in this new environment.
Gender, Health, and Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Walsh Diana Chapman , Sorensen, Glorian , Leonard Lori
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this book is to look at the ways in which social structures and social processes affect health and the quality of life. We are not asking whether society itself produces preventable risks to health—we know that it does—but more searchingly, we are asking how those risks are generated and felt. The social factor that this chapter examines is gender. Gender offers especially rich material for probing relationships between society and health because it is both a basic biological distinction (labeled sex) and a fundamentally social one (labeled gender); both of these are deeply enmeshed in historical and political matrices that are clear creations of human agency.
The Restrictive Reform of the Professions, 1920-1928
Authors: Kovacs Maria M
Published: November 2023

Reform of the professions came with a puzzling urgency after the signing of the peace treaty in Trianon on June 4, 1920, concluded almost a year after the demise of the Communist revolution by the military. The treaty with Hungary reduced Hungary’s old territory by two-thirds and its population by more than half. Over three million Hungarians were assigned to live outside Hungary, in one of the monarchy’s several successor states.1 That the problem of the professions would, in these turbulent times, preoccupy the attention of the first postwar National Assembly is explained by a flow of educated refugees, which led to an unprecedented degree of middle-class unemployment and unrest. For the first time, Hungary also witnessed a major outburst of political anti­ Semitism, which, in tum, made Hungary’s large educated Jewish intelligentsia the focus of public attention.
Professions and Discrimination, 1938-1944
Authors: Kovacs Maria M
Published: November 2023

In 1936, the death of Gombos created a brief interval in the drive toward a corporatist transformation of the professions. His death came just in time for Horthy and his conservative inner circle to try to repeat the performance of the early twenties and disengage Hungarian politics from the influence of the radical Right. With the worst years of the crisis over, they hoped to make the “Gombos reform period” a thing of the past, a closed chapter in crisis management. It was believed that the positive effects of the recovery would render Gombos’s corporatist plans needless.
Reimagining Materiality’ after Romanticism: Science, Phenomenology, and Narrative
Authors: Doyle Laura
Published: November 2023

The world of soil and trees which had enchanted Wordsworth, and of which he fashioned himself suckled child, warring champion, and poetical master, increasingly absorbed the interest of nineteenth-century British and American intellectuals. Study of the biological order of things, in particular, became a widespread activity among educated men-a “gentleman’s pursuit”-and an authorizing discourse for philosophy, psychology, sociology, and politics. The evidential status of organic materiality increased, the detailing of its powers proliferated, and the challenge of harnessing those powers (in significant part through the written word) loomed large, promising social and intellectual riches.
The Parodic Purge, the Maternal Return: Late-Romantic Narrative in Ulysses
Authors: Doyle Laura
Published: November 2023

What has race to do with this most canonical of modernist texts? With its legendary “obscenity” and baroque narrative? Its sexual scenes and language have provoked excellent readings of the role of gender in the novel. But until very recently race has remained an invisible or reductively read signifier in Ulysses. Even more invisible is the entangled affair of race and gender in this text, which for many epitomizes literary modernism. If Ulysses is a representative and important modernist work, then race and gender may well occupy the heart of modernism as they do the heart of this novel.
Introduction
Authors: Robinson Ray
Published: November 2023

The newspapers of that day treated the sudden death of this American folk figure as a national calamity-rarely have so many spoken and written words of praise gushed forth about a departed private citizen. The Irish-born American tenor John McCormack accurately reflected the temper of his adopted land when he said that “a smile had disappeared from the lips of America and her eyes are suffused with tears.”
Roamin’Free
Authors: Robinson Ray
Published: November 2023

One of Will’;s best pals at Kemper was Billy Johnston, who hailed from the Texas Panhandle. Billy loved to spin yarns about the wonders of ranch life in Texas, all of which appealed to Will’;s chronic wanderlust. Since he was perennially on the verge of expulsion at Kemper and wasn’;t managing the details of military life in a very exemplary manner, Will made up his mind to call it quits at Kemper in 1898. An added inducement to leave Kemper, without first consulting his father, was that Will had no idea how he could break the news to Clem.
Home Again-for a Minute
Authors: Robinson Ray
Published: November 2023

Questions came thick and fast to Will: What was it like “over there?” What places did he like the most and the least? Had he learned any foreign words? What did the men and women wear? How long was he going to stay in Claremore? Had he roped any zebras or kangaroos? As always, Will was accommodating and cheerful. He did explain how homesick he had been while traveling, but he also suggested that he had gotten a taste of the outside world-and a generous swallow of show business.
Political Adventures
Authors: Robinson Ray
Published: November 2023

Still, despite all of his renown, Will refused to ignore the real world in which he lived. He appreciated the fact that he was one of the few fortunate ones, a millionaire in a time of endless lines of unemployed. As the black clouds of misery hung over the country, Will was much taken with the charismatic new leader, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. A Democrat with a voice charged with conviction and strength, FDR had become a hero of the radio age. He spoke in arch, cultivated tones, with a pronounced Harvard accent qualities that normally would have given Will ammunition for sly ridicule. Recognizing that this was a crucial moment in American history, Will refused to be sour or malicious about FDR, although he had openly expressed disgust at the ineptitude of President Hoover.
The Last Flight
Authors: Robinson Ray
Published: November 2023

His eyes weren’;t as sharp as they used to be, so he wore glasses more often. His legs weren’;t as sturdy; his fingers on the old portable weren’;t as supple. He often fell asleep early in the evening, even as he perused his beloved newspapers while sitting up in bed. His columns were now more rambling, fragmentary, and free-form than ever, often expressing nostalgic feelings about “the good old days” and “good old pals.” He could get more defensive about criticism, while the crowds of common folks who besieged him for autographs began to represent more of an annoyance than an ego boosting pleasure. He had never sought anonymity, but fame now had its penalties.
Evolution By Association
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

Beginning in the 1960s, in the midst of the triumph of molecular biology, a “quiet revolution” in our understanding of ourselves took place. Our evolution and that of all plants and animals is not due solely to the gradual accumulation of gene changes within species. In fact, we evolved from, and are comprised of, a merger of two or more different kinds or organisms living together. Symbiosis is at the very root of our being. Jan Sapp has assembled a systematic history of this emerging field, in this engaging, wide-ranging account of the growth of an important biological idea.
Assessment of Vitamin A Status
Authors: Sommer Alfred , West Keith P
Published: November 2023

Faced with the challenge of “virtually eliminating vitamin A deficiency and its consequences,” health officials must determine the existence, severity and extent of vitamin A deficiency in the population. Approaches range from accepting findings from similar countries or environments to preliminary “case-finding” and, where warranted, detailed population-based investigations of vitamin A status and its determinants. These are essential in identifying a problem and its cause, and in establishing a baseline against which to assess the impact of subsequent control measures. The reliability of such assessments ultimately depends on the validity and interpretation of the measures of vitamin A “status” employed.
Supplementation
Authors: Sommer Alfred , West Keith P
Published: November 2023

Giving children a large dose of vitamin A at periodic intervals offers a direct, versatile, and relatively rapid means of improving vitamin A status and preventing associated blindness, morbidity, and mortality. Children twelve months of age and older are provided an oral dose of vitamin A (200,000 IU, 209 µmol, or 60,000 µg retinol equivalents [RE]) contained in a gelatinous capsule or, as in India, an oily solution (Fig. 14–1) every three to six months. A half dose (100,000 IU) is normally administered to infants six to eleven months of age; one-quarter of a dose (or less) may be given to infants under six months of age, particularly if they are not breast-feeding. Women may also be dosed with 200,000 IU within the first two months post-partum or six weeks post-partum if not breast-feeding to prevent vitamin A deficiency (Table 14–1).

The nutritional aim of large-dose, periodic supplementation is to improve vitamin A status by increasing liver stores and tissue concentrations of retinol, thereby reducing the risk and severity of vitamin A deficiency and its ocular and other consequences for several months, while minimizing the risk of acute hypervitaminosis A. Supplementation can be done through a network of health and other sectoral services (discussed later in this chapter).
Theoretical Foundations Speciﬁc to Electron Crystallography
Authors: Glaeser Robert M , Downing Kenneth , DeRosier David , Chiu Wah , Frank Joachim
Published: November 2023

The extremely short wavelength that is normally encountered in electron crystallography, about 4 pm (0.04) or less, results in such a small curvature of the Ewald sphere that the sphere can be closely approximated by a plane in the region close to the origin of reciprocal space. Approximation of the surface of the Ewald sphere as a plane results in very useful simlications of crystallographic theory, some of which have already been introduced in our preliminary discussion of the phase contrast transfer function in chapter 3.
Specimen Preparation
Authors: Glaeser Robert M , Downing Kenneth , DeRosier David , Chiu Wah , Frank Joachim
Published: November 2023

The ﬁrst step in preparing a sample for electron microscopy (or electron diffraction) is to mount it in an appropriate way, so that it can be put onto the specimen stage in the objective lens. The majority of specimen preparation procedures involve the use of thin metal grids, normally 300 mesh (300 holes per inch) or 400 mesh copper (molybdenum, titanium) grids, which are used to support some type of continuous, thin film (Bozzola and Russell, 1999; Hayat, 2000). Evaporated carbon films, 5 to 30 nm in thickness, are usually the most appropriate support film. Thin polymer films, which in turn should be stabilized by an additional layer of evaporated carbon, are also useful for many routine purposes.
Strategies for the Search for Genetic Influences on Alcohol-related Phenotypes
Authors: Mcclearn Gerald E , Plomin Robert
Published: November 2023

The field of alcohol research provides an interesting case study of change in scientific attitude toward nature and nurture. From a pervasive and scarcely challenged view a few decades ago, that alcoholism was caused exclusively by environment, there has been a shift toward general acceptance of a significant etiological role of heredity, and in some forums even an air of expectancy that the identification of the gene for alcoholism is simply a matter of time. There are reasons for judging this expectation to be, at best, overly optimistic. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss some of the considerations underlying this cautionary note, and to provide a framework for reasonable expectations about the gene chase in alcoholism and other alcohol-related attributes.
Introduction
Authors: Farr James r.
Published: November 2023

In the early 1590s during the latter stages of the Wars of Religion, a Royalist-inspired woodcut appeared entitled, “An Allegory on the Poverty and Lamentation of the [Holy] League.” Dominating the picture space is an old woman, one breast exposed, dark hair flying uncontrollably in all directions. Her hair reproduces the flames blazing from a burning town in the background. This female figure, labelled “The League” (La Ligue), is clad in tattered clothes and grasps a frayed rope labelled “ambition,” which is tethered to a crown in the upper right of the picture.
The Order of Morality, the Morality of Order
Authors: Farr James r.
Published: November 2023

From the wreckage of the late sixteenth century, France’s increasingly powerful and dominant elite embarked upon a systematic and extensive attempt to reorder its world. An authoritarian ethic emerged with the “new” order, an order whose defining and interrelated characteristics were discipline of the passions (especially concupiscent), the reinforcement of social hierarchy, and the maintenance of patriarchy. This new order was voiced in the prescriptive moralistic literature of the age and was adopted by many men, especially in the increasingly powerful and wealthy legal community.
Bartered Bodies: Infanticide, Lasciviousness, and Prostitution
Authors: Farr James r.
Published: November 2023

In 1671 an informant notified the procureur ryndicofDijon that Estiennette Dumeney was reaching term in her pregnancy and was staying at the home of a master tailor.1 The informant added that Dumeney “had the intention of concealing the birth.” Because Dumeney had not yet declared her pregnancy, the syndic assumed that she also intended to dispose of the child, by suffocation or abandonment. To prevent such an occurrence, the syndic hastened to the tailor’s house and interrogated Dumeney. At first she denied that she was pregnant, speciously protesting that she was there on business. The syndic reminded her that she was under oath, but in spite of appearing pregnant (as the syndic noted in his report), she still denied her condition.
Theseus And Athens
Authors: Walker Henry J
Published: November 2023

Theseus is celebrated as the greatest of Athenian heroes. This work explores what he meant to the Athenians at the height of their city-state in the fifth century B.C. Assembling material that has been scattered in scholarly works, Henry Walker examines the evidence for the development of the myth and cult of Theseus in the archaic age. He then looks to major works of classical literature in which Theseus figures, exploring the contradictions between the archaic, primitive side of his character and his refurbished image as the patron of democracy. His ambiguous nature as outsider, flouting accepted standards of behavior, while at the same time being a hero-king and a representative of higher ideals, is analysed through his representations in the work of Bacchylides, Euripides, and Sophocles. This is the only work of scholarship that examines the literary representation of Theseus so thoroughly. It brings to life a literary character whose virtues, flaws, and contradictions belong in no less a degree to his creators, the people of Athens.
The Neuroidal Model
Authors: Valiant Leslie G
Published: November 2023

We do not know how difficult the task of understanding the actual circuits of the brain will tum out to be. A simple strategy of trial and error, in which one posits and tests a succession of particular algorithms, is unlikely to work if there are too many plausible algorithms to consider. It appears that in order to make headway a model that embodies some broad flexibility is needed, so that wide classes of hypotheses can be investigated together. This means that instead of considering, one by one, theories that have some specific algorithms deeply embedded in them, we should start rather with models that are programmable.
Supervised Memorization
Authors: Valiant Leslie G
Published: November 2023

We formalize the problem of supervised memorization in a similar way to that of the unsupervised case. The main difference is that now the neuroids representing the item being learned are already allocated at the start of this process. This makes the problem both easier and harder than the unsupervised case. It is easier in the sense that no memory allocation mechanism is needed.
Diverticula Diverticulosisl and Diverticulitis
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

The colon is composed of two groups of muscle layers: an inner, circular layer that surrounds the colon and an outer, longitudinal layer. Although they may occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract, diverticula (diverticulum, singular) are most often found in the colon. They are little pouches that line the outer layer of the colon and are formed by its inner and outer layers. They occur at weak points in the colon’s wall. When pressure in the colon rises as the muscles contract to move the contents along, these thin-walled sacs balloon through the outer wall (see Figures 6.1 and 6.2). The location of the diverticula is not due to chance; they form where the blood vessels that supply nutrition and oxygen to the colon enter the bowel and pierce its walls, creating areas of potential weakness.
Your Gut Feelings
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

If philosophy, as someone is reported to have said, is finding better reasons for what one believes on instinct, then psychosomatic medicine is the attempt to prove by science what one feels about the intestine on instinct. This belief that the discomforts and disturbances of the gut arise from disturbances in our feeling and emotions has a long history. We “know” that fear can make our heart beat faster, dilate our pupils, dry our mouths, and loosen our bowels. We knew all about this long before the term psychosomatic was coined.
Thee South Becomes a Cause
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: November 2023

Many Northerners had seemed to find the romantic legend of the planterCavalier a pleasurable escape from the disconcerting tumult of Jacksonian Era popular politics and other potentially destabilizing encroachments of modernity on their own lives. By the middle of the nineteenth century, however, ardor for the southern fantasy had waned considerably (for the time being at least) among whites in the North, giving way to a vision of the South as not merely a benign aberration from the American norm but an invasive, potentially mortal threat to the nation’s health and progress.
Academic Functions and Genres: Communication, Evaluation, and Debate
Authors: Weisz George
Published: November 2023

This examination of the academy’s activities begins with two quotations. The first is from the initial article of the ordinance that created the academy and clearly stated its mandate:

This academy is instituted especially to respond to the requests of the government for everything that concerns public health, and principally epidemics, the illnesses specific to certain regions, epizootics, the different cases of legal medicine, the propagation of vaccine, the examination of new remedies and secret remedies, both internal and external, mineral waters that are natural or artificial, etc.
The Self-Made Mandarin: The Eulogies of Pariset
Authors: Weisz George
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I will examine the éloges and funeral orations of Etienne Pariset, the first permanent secretary of the Academy of Medicine, serving from 1823 until his death in 1847. My intent is to ascertain through these writings the values and self images of the medical elite during the first half of the nineteenth century. I do not claim that Pariset’s depictions of medicine and its practitioners are necessarily “true” in any literal sense. I merely suggest that they constitute one representation among many of the medical elite of this era. This representation, however, was uniquely influential because of its thematic coherence and because it was reiterated regularly by the authorized representative of the most prestigious medical institution in France.
Elite Medical Careers in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Weisz George
Published: November 2023

Members of the Academy of Medicine may not have been the best doctors in France but they have certainly been among the most successful. A close look at the academy’s membership thus provides an illuminating perspective from which to view the professional and social conditions of success in French medicine. Since many different types of professional powers have traditionally been concentrated in the hands of these academicians, or doctors very much like them, an examination of this sort may also prove relevant to understanding both the strengths and weaknesses of French medicine during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
1915–1916
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

staging one crime to cover up another. Nash was lauded for his “easy-going ways and dry humor,” but otherwise cool reviews and warm weather combined against a run. The Dramatic Mirror claimed Augustus Thomas was an uncredited co-author. Before the next new straight play opened (albeit technically in the 1915-16 season), some devoted but rebellious theatre lovers held informal meetings in their summer cottages and decided to stage short plays written by their own coterie. Sometime, possibly July 15, they put on a double bill at the home of the Hutchins Hapgoods. Constancy, by Neith Boyce Hapgood (Mrs. Hapgood), dealt with the stormy relationship of their friends Mabel Dodge and John Reed. Suppressed Desires, by Susan Glaspell and George Cram Cook, spoofed the excesses of amateur psychoanalysis. (This second play had been written with the Washington Square Players in mind but supposedly had been rejected by that group as “too experimental.”) Robert Edmond Jones reputedly supplied what minimal decor was required. The vacationers were so pleased with the results that they sought out a venue to mount further productions and obtained an unused fishhouse. It was a while before the group caused a stir. Nor it is certain precisely when they decided on a name, but since the Massachusetts village in which they summered was called Provincetown, they eventually settled on the Provincetown Players. (Not all that dissimilarly, a few months earlier-April 20, to be precise-a musical called Nobody Home, created in good part by composer Jerome Kern and librettist Guy Bolton, had launched a series of musicals at the tiny Princess. P. G. Wodehouse would later join them. Their literate, funny, up-to-date, and sophisticated entertainments would later be looked upon as bringing American musical comedy into the modern age.) It had been a pioneering year, indeed.
1918–1919
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

By the beginning of the new season things were looking up for both Broadway and America. Playgoers had shrugged off the indifference to theatricals that had hurt attendance first at the outbreak of the war in Europe and then again after America’s entry into the fighting. Business was booming and, with victory clearly in sight, optimism was rampant. As a result theatres were packed. Producers again attempted to increase ticket prices, this time with more success. The old $2.00 top was all but history. More and more shows were asking and getting $2.75 ($2.50 for the basic ticket plus a 10 percent war tax). Musicals were even testing a $3.00 top. And the season could not have gotten off to a better start.
1936-1937
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

In the wake of so generally acclaimed a season as 1935- 36, it could hardly be hoped that the new theatrical year would be as rewarding. It was not. Most sadly, there was a noticeable drop in quality. Moreover, the decrease in the number of new plays produced, which had begun with the coming of the Depression, had leveled off for a few seasons, then had resumed last year, continued. As usual, counts varied, with the Times, apparently excluding Federal Theatre Project offerings, tallying eighty-three and Variety, more inclusive, ninety-four. The reasons for both drops-numbers and qualitywere laid by many pundits squarely at the feet of men three thousand miles away: Hollywood producers. In 1935-36 possibly half of Broadway’s shows had been mounted with Hollywood money.
1944-1945
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

The new season was a very good one, a very prosperous one, and a very important one. More than sixty new dramas and comedies-a figure never again approached-tried their luck on Broadway. They provided what Bums Mantle termed “the most satisfying list of plays produced the last decade.” Their quality, coupled with wartime prosperity, saw to it that playgoers agreed. New Yorkers and visitors packed playhouses, creating intermittent theatre shortages. And when producers realized that theatregoers were not balking at a doubling of the theatre ticket tax to 20 percent, they quickly began hiking basic ticket prices. Before long, straight plays were asking and getting a $4.20 top and even $4.80.
1948-1949
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

The new season was brilliant, arguably the last great season in the old Broadway tradition. True, the number both of total productions and of novelties had long since plummeted from Broadway’s heyday. But at least this season the slide was momentarily halted and the count of novelties remained the same as last year. But what shows Broadway offered! Musicals included Love Life, Where’s Charley?, As the Girls Go, Lend an Ear, Kiss Me, Kate!, and South Pacific, along with such shortrun but often commendable failures as Small Wonder, Magdalena, and My Romance. The list of new straight plays was equally noteworthy, as the season’s history will show.