bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison Between Three Radiation Pattern Using Butler Matrix For Beamforming Network
Authors: Ibrahim Asiti Zuraidah , A.Rahim Mohamad Kamal
Published: January 2013

Butler Matrix merupakan jaringan pembentuk alur (BFN), berfungsi sebagai jaringan suapan kepada tatasusun antena. Ia menghasilkan pelbagai nilai anjakan fasa progresif pada arus yang diujakan kepada antena. Dengan menyepadukan Butler Matrix bersama tatasusun antena, banyak sinaran pada corak radiasi boleh dihasilkan. Dalam kerja ini, tiga jenis tatasusun antena yang berbeza disepadukan dengan Matrik Butler dan corak radiasi untuk setiap konfigurasi dibandingkan. Antena yang dipilih dalam projek ini adalah 4 × 1 antena tampalan segi empat sama dengan suapan proximity, 4 × [4 × 2] tatasusun antena dan 4 × 1 antena eka-kutub. Ia diplih kerana setiap satu daripadanya mempunya ciri–ciri corak radiasi yang berbeza. Keputusan yang diperolehi menunjukkan empat sinaran yang berasingan dengan sudut yang berbeza dihasilkan oleh setiap tatasusun di mana antena tampalan segi empat sama mempunyai Lebarjalur Setengah Kuasa (HPBW) sebanyak 30° untuk setiap sinaran dan berjaya meliputi 120° kawasan liputan, 4 × 2 tatasusun antenna mempunyai HPBW sebanyak 7° dan meliputi 30° manakala antenna eka–kutub menghasilkan dua jenis sinaran, lebar dan sempit. Perbandingan antara pengukuran dan pengiraan corak radiasi untuk setiap tatasusun antena juga dibentangkan.

Kata kunci: Antena pelbagai sinaran; 4 × 4 Matrik ; antena microstrip; tatasusun antena; jaringan pembentuk alur

Butler Matrix is a beamforming network (BFN), functioning as a feeding network of antenna array. It provides multiple values of progressive phase different of excitation current to an antenna array. By integrating Butler Matrix with antenna array, multiple beams on radiation pattern could be created. In this work, three different types of antenna array have been integrated with the same Butler Matrix and the radiation patterns of each configuration have been compared. The chosen antenna types in this project are 4 × 1 proximity feed square patch antenna array, 4 × [4 × 2] antenna array and 4 × 1 monopole antenna array. They are chosen as each of them has different radiation pattern characteristic. The obtained results show that four independent beams with different angles are generated by individual array where square patch antenna array has Half Power Beamwidth (HPBW) about 30° for each beams and manage to cover 120° of coverage area, [4 × 2] antenna array has HPBW about 7° and cover 30° while monopole antenna produce two kind of beams, broader and narrower beams. The comparison between the measured and computed radiation pattern of each antenna array are presented.

Key words: Multibeam antenna; 4 × 4 Butler Matrix; microstrip antenna; antenna array; beamforming network
Hybrid Arq Type I Based On Convolutional Code
Authors: Mad Kaidi Hazilah , Ibrahim Muhammad
Published: January 2013

Hibrid Automatik Permintaan Ulangan (HARQ), sejenis kaedah mengawal kesilapan berdasarkan pada kod konvolutional di penghantaran paket merentasi saluran tanpa wayar telah dikemukakan. Analisis prestasi daya pemprosesan dan kadar–bit–silap (BER), merujuk kepada simulasi panjang kekangan yang berbeza (K=3 dan K=4) dan kadar kod (1/2 dan 1/3) di kod konvolutional pada HARQ jenis I telah dipersembahkan. Beberapa kebolehupaya kesilapan pembetulan disediakan pada setiap penghantaran semula paket dan maklumat yang boleh dibaiki semula dengan sendiri dari setiap penghantaran atau penghantaran semula jikalau kesilapan adalah berada di antara julat kebolehupaya pembetulan kesilapan. Simulasi HARQ adalah terhad kepada tiga penghantaran semula bagi setiap satu SNR dalam beberapa kali perulangan.

Kata kunci: Istilah–Hibrid ARQ; ARQ; pengkodan konvolusional; kawalan kesilapan

A Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ), error control scheme based on a convolutional code for packet transmission over wireless channels was proposed. The analysis of the throughput and bit–error rate (BER) performance, according to the different constraint lengths (K=3 and K=4) and code rate (1/2 and 1/3) of convolutional codes on HARQ type I simulation scheme are presented. Certain error correction capability is provided in each (re)transmitted packet, and the information can be recovered from each transmission or retransmission alone if the errors are within the error correction capability. Simulation of HARQ is limited up to three retransmissions for each SNR in several iterations.

Key words: Terms–Hybrid ARQ; ARQ; convolutional coding; error control
A New Digital Evidence Retrieval Model For Gambling Machine Forensic Investigation
Authors: Magalingam Pritheega , Abdul Manaf Azizah , Yahya Zuraimi , Ahmad Rabiah
Published: January 2013

Analisis forensik perkakasan melibatkan proses menganalisa data yang di perolehi secara elektronik untuk menunjukkan bukti sama ada peralatan elektronik adalah digunakan untuk melakukan jenayah, mengandungi bukti jenayah atau ia adalah satu sasaran jenayah. Penyalahgunaan mesin permainan merupakan sumber utama permainan haram dijalankan. Kerja penyelidikan ini memperkenalkan kaedah mendapatkan maklumat dari satu mesin permainan yang telah dirampas oleh PDRM dan menganalisis data yang diterjemahkan untuk membuktikan bahawa mesin permainan tersebut digunakan secara haram. Prosedur mendapatkan bukti digital ini dibina untuk membantu pihak polis atau penyiasat dalam penganalisaan maklumat digital dan ia boleh dijadikan sebagai satu garis panduan untuk mengenalpasti bukti yang relevan untuk menunjukan aktiviti perjudian haram dijalankan.

Kata kunci: Forensik digital, analisis forensik, mesin judi, kaedah pengambilan informasi, penterjemahan, pencarian kata

Hardware forensic analysis involves the process of analyzing digital evidence derived from digital sources. The analysis is done to facilitate and prove either the device is used to commit crime, whether it contains evidence of a crime or is the target of a crime. Gambling machines serve as the main source by which illegal games are conducted. This paper presents a method for retrieving information from a seized gaming machine, along with an analysis of the interpreted information to prove that the gaming machine was used illegally. The proposed procedures for the gambling machine forensic process will be important for forensic investigators (e.g., the police or private investigators), as they will assist these individuals in the digital forensic evidence analysis necessary to produce evidence relevant to illegal gambling.

Key words: digital forensic, forensic analysis, gambling machine, information retrieval method, interpretation, string search
Perkaitan Antara Gejala Ponteng Sekolah, Kelas Dan Kokurikulum Dengan Pencapaian Akademik Pelajar Di Sebuah Sekolah Menengah Daerah Skudai, Johor Bahru
Authors: Yahaya Aiziz , Yahaya Noordin , Hashim Shahrin , Ramli Jamaludin , Krishnan Vinothini
Published: January 2013

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti hubungan di antara punca–punca ponteng, jenis–jenis ponteng dan jenis–jenis aktiviti yang dilakukan ketika waktu ponteng terhadap pencapaian akademik pelajar–pelajar sekolah menengah rendah. Seramai 80 orang pelajar tingkatan 1, 2 dan 3 dipilih sebagai responden dengan menggunakan kaedah rawak mudah. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa tahap punca–punca yang menyebabkan ponteng berada pada tahap yang sederhana dan jenis–jenis ponteng berada pada tahap yang rendah. Jenis–jenis aktiviti yang dilakukan ketika waktu ponteng adalah seperti membantu keluarga, menyertai kumpulan negatif dan jenayah berada pada tahap yang rendah manakala bekerja sambilan dan melepak berada pada tahap yang sederhana. Dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan bahawa rakan sebaya, ibu bapa, tidak suka pada guru, tidak suka pada subjek dan kerja rumah tidak mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan manakala masalah keluarga mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan pencapaian akademik. Ponteng sekolah dan ponteng kokurikulum tidak mempunyai perhubungan yang signifikan dengan pencapaian akademik manakala ponteng kelas mempunyai perhubungan yang signifikan dengan pencapaian akademik. Aktiviti membantu keluarga, melepak dan menyertai kumpulan berniat negatif tidak mempunyai perhubungan yang signifikan manakala aktiviti bekerja sambilan dan jenayah mempunyai perhubungan yang signifikan terhadap pencapaian akademik.

Kata kunci: Ponteng sekolah; kelas;ko–kurikulum; pencapaian akademik

The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between causes of truant, types of truant and activities done during truant against academic achievement among the lower secondary students. The respondents for this study were 80 students from form 1, 2 and 3 were randomly chosen as respondents through simple random sampling. The findings showed that the causes of truant are at the medium level and types of truant are at the low level. Activities done during truant such as helping the family, joining the negative groups, crime are at the low level and working part–time together with loafing are at the medium level. Findings also showed there is no significance relationship between friends, parents, do not like the teacher, do not like the subject and homework with academic achievement and there is significance relationship between family problem with academic achievement. There is no significance relationship between school truant and extra curriculum truant with academic achievement but there is significance relationship between class truant with academic achievement. Findings also show that there is no significance relationship between helping family, loafing and joining the negative groups with academic achievement and there is significance relationship between working part–time and crime with academic achievement.

Key words: Class; co–curriculum truancy; academic performance
Mathematics And Science Performance Of Persian And Non–Persian Language Students
Authors: Mohammadpour Ebrahim , Abdul Ghafar Mohamed Najib , Othman Rohani
Published: January 2013

This study examined mathematics and science performance of students who frequently, sometimes or never spoke Persian at home. The data were obtained from 1914 Iranian fourth–grade students who participated in TIMSS 2003. One–way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis statistical tests were used to analyze the data. The results showed mathematics and science performance differs significantly among students who frequently, sometimes or never spoke Persian at home. Students who frequently spoke Persian achieved higher scores in both subjects than those who sometimes or never spoke the language at home. In addition, students who sometimes spoke Persian achieved higher scores in both subjects than those who never spoke it. Furthermore, the results indicated that having access to home educational resources, doing homework on mathematics and science, students’ self–confidence in learning mathematics and science were significantly different among the three groups and the differences were in favour of students who frequently and sometimes spoke Persian respectively.

Key words: Mathematics; performance; Persian; science; students; TIMSS
Empirical Formulae To Predict Pressure And Impulsive Asymptotes For P–I Diagrams Of RC Columns Strengthened With FRP
Authors: Mutalib A. A. , Bakhary Norhisham
Published: January 2013

Kajian terhadap keupayaan struktur dalam menahan beban letupan menggunakan Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) adalah sangat terhad. Dalam kajian ini, satu analisis terhadap keupayaan FRP bagi menahan beban letupan dilakukan. Tujuan analisis ini adalah untuk memperolehi hubungan antara kekuatan FRP, bilangan lapisan ketebalan FRP dan susunatur FRP bagi menahan kekuatan sesuatu beban letupan. Kajian ini dilakukan mengunakan model tiang diperkukuh dengan FRP yang dibina menggunakan perisian LS–DYNA. Ia melibatkan beberapa siri simulasi untuk meramalkan tindakbalas letupan dan kerosakkan pada tiang sekiranya sesuatu beban letupan dikenakan. Melalui simulasi ini, kekuatan FRP, bilangan lapisan ketebalan FRP dan susunatur FRP dapat ditentukan. melalui keputusan–keputusan yang diperolehi, pressure–impulse diagram (P–I) bagi tiang yang diperkukuhkan dengan FRP dapat dibentuk.

Kata kunci: Pengukuhan; beban letupan; FRP; P–I diagrams

There are only limited studies that directly correlate the increase in structural capacities in resisting the blast loads with the fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) strengthenin. In this paper, numerical analyses of dynamic response and damage of reinforced concrete (RC) columns strengthened with FRP to blast loads are carried out using the commercial software LS–DYNA. A series of simulations are performed to predict the blast response and damage of columns with different FRP type. The simulations also involved parametric studies by varying the FRP thickness, configuration, different column dimension, concrete strength, and longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratio. The numerical results are used to develop pressure–impulse (P–I) diagrams of FRP strengthened RC columns. Based on the numerical results, the empirical formulae are derived to calculate the pressure and impulse asymptotes of the P–I diagrams of RC columns strengthened with FRP.

Key words: Strengthening; blast loads; FRP; P–I diagrams
Reducing Friction During Drilling In Water–Based Mud Using Glass Beads
Authors: Ismail Issham , Kamis Azmi , Mamat Nur Suriani
Published: January 2013

Artikel ini mengetengahkan perbincangan tentang penggunaan butiran kaca sebagai agen pelincir berikutan sifatnya yang lengai, tidak menghakis, dan bebas toksik. Saiz butiran kaca yang digunakan adalah dalam julat 22 hingga 163 μm. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa lumpur dasar air yang mengandungi butiran kaca berjaya mengurangkan pekali geseran sebanyak 41% berbanding lumpur dasar air tanpa butiran kaca. Penggunaan 4 ppb butiran kaca dalam lumpur dasar air didapati telah menghasilkan sifat–sifat reologi yang optimum dan kehilangan bendalir yang paling rendah jika dibandingkan dengan lumpur tanpa butiran kaca dan lumpur dengan 2 ppb dan 6 ppb butiran kaca. Keputusan uji kaji juga menunjukkan bahawa karbolit mempunyai potensi untuk digunakan sebagai agen pelincir dalam lumpur dasar air.

Kata kunci: pekali geseran; karbolit; butiran kaca; agen pelincir; lumpur dasar air

This paper discusses the use of glass beads as a lubricating agent, which was considered as it is chemically inert, non–abrasive, and non–toxic. The glass beads size used were in the range of 22 to 163 μm. The experimental results showed that water–based mud with glass beads experiencing 41% reduction of coefficient of friction (CoF) compared to water–based mud without glass beads The presence of 4 ppb of glass beads in water–based mud was found to have given the optimum rheological properties and lowest fluid loss than mud without glass beads and with 2 ppb and 6 ppb of glass beads. The experimental results also revealed that carbolite has the potential to be used as a lubricating agent in water–based mud.
Key words: coefficient of friction; carbolite; glass beads; lubricating agent; water–based mud
Analisis Peramal Kepuasan Pelajar Terhadap Proses Pelaksanaan Projek Sarjana Muda
Authors: Mohd Tahir Lokman , Noordin Shahrom , Nordin Aziz
Published: January 2013

Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM) merupakan pendedahan kepada latihan akademik sama ada berbentuk tesis, penyelidikan, pembinaan perisian, projek reka cipta mahupun pembinaan modul yang diwajibkan kepada para pelajar tahun akhir dalam usaha melayakkan mereka dianugerahkan ijazah. Modus operandi PSM merangkumi proses pembelajaran yang terangkum nilai–nilai utama yang cuba dipupuk seperti etika dan kaedah penyelidikan, kerjasama, penyeliaan dan hubungan interpersonal di antara pelajar dengan pensyarah. Kajian ini secara keseluruhannya bermatlamat mendapat maklum balas tentang kepuasan pelajar terhadap proses pelaksanaan PSM yang mengandungi rangkuman tiga dimensi utama iaitu peranan pensyarah, peranan pelajar dan peranan pengurusan PSM. Kajian ini telah melibatkan sampel pelajar iaitu kesemua pelajar tahun akhir seramai 623 orang pelajar sesi 2007/2008. Secara objektifnya, kajian ini cuba meneliti dimensi penyumbang kepuasan tertinggi pelajar serta membina model analisis laluan kepuasan pelajar terhadap proses pelaksanaan PSM. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa peranan pelajar dalam menjayakan proses PSM dilihat sebagai penyumbang utama kepada kepuasan pelajar terhadap pelaksanaan PSM. Secara langsung, dapatan kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa kejayaan pelaksanaan PSM pelajar adalah terletak kepada minat dan peranan pelajar.

Kata kunci: Projek sarjana muda; kepuasan pelajar; peranan pelajar dan pensyarah; analisis laluan

Projek Sarjana Muda is considered as an academic exposure that is being organized in various forms such as thesis, research–based, software and module developments and innovation project which is compulsory for final year students. PSM modus operandi consists of learning processes which embeds the important values in research methodology and ethics, cooperation, supervision and interpersonal relationship between students and their lecturers. This research mainly focuses on the reponses relating to students’ satisfaction on the implementation of PSM. It involved three vital dimensions namely lecturers’ roles, students’ roles and the PSM management committee. A total of 623 of 2007/2008 final year students were involved as respondents for this research. In addition, this research also tries to evaluate the most influential factor on students’ satisfaction and build a path analysis using the structural equation modeling approach. Finding shows that students’ satisfaction was predicted by students’ roles and interest and considered the essential element in realizing the success of PSM implementation.

Key words: Projek Sarjana Muda; students’ satisfaction; students and lecturers’ roles; path analysis
Pembiayaan Perumahan Secara Islam Di Malaysia: Analisis Kelebihan Produk Berasaskan Musharakah Mutanaqisah Di Kuwait Finance House Malaysia Berhad (KFHMB)
Authors: Shuib Mohd Sollehudin , Sulaiman@Mohamad Ahmad Azam , Mohamad Mohammad Taqiuddin
Published: January 2013

Produk Pembiayaan Secara Islam telah mula berkembang pesat dalam arus industri perbankan dan kewangan pada masa ini. Keadaan ini antaranya boleh dilihat melalui pertambahan aset perbankan Islam saban tahun di samping penyertaan lebih banyak institusi yang menawarkan produk secara Islam. Produk pembiayaan perumahan Islam contohnya menampilkan pengaplikasian konsep syariah seperti Murabahah, Bay ‘Bithaman Ajil (BBA), BBA komoditi, Ijarah Thumma Bay‘, Istisna’ dan Musharakah Mutanaqisah (MM). BBA paling banyak digunakan dalam menawarkan produk pembiayaan perumahan secara Islam sementara penggunaan konsep lain seperti MM masih lagi dianggap baru. MM adalah kontrak hibrid berasaskan perkongsian dan diakhiri dengan pemilikan tunggal. Konsep ini mula diaplikasi dalam amalan perbankan di Malaysia selepas tahun 2000. Konsep berasaskan ekuiti adalah sangat digalakkan penggunaanya dalam muamalat Islam berbanding konsep berasaskan hutang seperti BBA. Justeru kajian ini akan menganalisis kelebihan yang terdapat dalam produk berasaskan konsep MM dengan tumpuan kepada produk pembiayaan perumahan yang ditawarkan Kuwait Finance House Malaysia Berhad (KFHMB).

Kata kunci: Produk pembiayaan perumahan Islam; Musharakah Mutanaqisah

Islamic finance products has grown rapidly in the current banking and financial industry. This situation can be seen by the increasing of Islamic banking assets each year in addition to the participation of more institutions offering Islamic products. Islamic home financing products in Islamic banks use the concepts of Murabahah, Bay ‘Bithaman Ajil (BBA), BBA commodities, Ijarah Thumma Bay ‘, Istisna’ and Musharakah Mutanaqisah (MM). BBA concept is the most mode of financing use in Islamic home financing products, while others use the concept of MM. MM is a hybrid contract–based on partnerships. This concept was applied in banking practice in Malaysia since 2000. The concept of equity–based are very much encouraged to be used in the Islamic muamalat than debt–based concepts such as the BBA. Hence, this study will analyze the advantages of the products based on the concept of MM with a focus on home financing products offered by Kuwait Finance House Malaysia Berhad (KFHMB).

Key words: Islamic home financing products; Musharakah Mutanaqisah
Initial Development On Magnetic Induction Tomography Imaging
Authors: Nor Ayob Nor Muzakkir , Zakaria Zulkarnay , Rahiman Mohd Hafiz Fazalul , Abdul Rahim Ruzairi , Yaacob Sazali
Published: January 2013

Sistem pengimejan yang tidak intrusif telah banyak menarik perhatian di dalam banyak aplikasi seperti pemprosesan, industri dan perubatan. Teknik elektrikal khususnya, terbukti menjadi instrumen pengimejan berkos rendah dengan kemampuan resolusi rendah tetapi memadai untuk pengimejan pemprosesan. Tomografi Induktansi Magnetik (TIM) adalah kaedah tomografi elektrikal berdasarkan penggunaan bacaan induktansi untuk memantau distribusi bahan konduksi elektrik dan magnetik dalam kawasan pemerhatian. Karya penyelidikan ini adalah berdasarkan pembangunan perisian untuk kegunaan pengimejan tomografi induktansi magnetik. Hasil penyelidikan tertumpu untuk menghasilkan peta sensitiviti yang diperlukan untuk rekonstruksi semula imej tomografi dari taburan elektromagnetik. Keputusan awal mengenai kajian simulatif telah menunjukkan hasil yang positif iaitu peta sensitiviti yang dihasilkan adalah bersesuaian untuk digunakan dalam pengimejan konduktiviti elektrik.

Kata kunci: Tomografi induktansi magnetik; pengimejan tidak-intrusif; induktansi; peta sensitiviti

Non–intrusive imaging systems have always been of much interest for use in many applications such as process, industrial and medical. Electrical techniques, in particular, are proving to be an inexpensive imaging instrument with low but sufficient resolution capability on imaging the internal distributions processes. Magnetic Induction Tomography (MIT) is an electrical tomographic method based on the use of inductance measurement for monitoring the distribution of electrically conductive and magnetically permeable material within the sensing area. This paper details the fundamental investigation of the software development for magnetic induction tomography imaging. Research works are concentrated on generating the sensitivity maps needed to reconstruct tomographic images of the electromagnetic distribution. Initial results on the simulative studies have shown acceptable result for using the generated sensitivity map for imaging electrical conductivities.

Key words: Magnetic induction tomography; non-intrusive imaging; inductance; sensitivity map
Optical Tomography: Real–Time Image Reconstruction System Using Two Data Processing Units
Authors: Abdul Rahim Ruzairi , Fea Pang Jon , Nor Ayob Normuzakkir , Mansor Muhammad Saiful Badri , Abdul Rahim Herlina , Md Yunus Yusri
Published: January 2013

Penyelidikan dilakukan untuk memeriksa jika penggunaan dua unit pemprosesan data boleh meningkatkan kadar penghasilan imej ketika mod masa nyata. Fungsi unit–unit pemprosesan data adalah masing–masing untuk merekod data, membina semula dan memaparkan imej. Perbandingan antara hasil yang direkodkan dan kadar penghasilan imej masa–nyata dilakukan menggunakan unit pemprosesan tunggal. Graf peningkatan peratusan melawan berlainan resolusi menggambarkan prestasi system pembinaan semua imej dengan menggunakan dua unit pemprosesan data.

Kata kunci: Unit pemprosesan data; kadar penghasilan imej

An investigation is performed to investigate whether or not using two data processing units can increase image refreshing rate in online mode. The functions of these data processing units are capturing data, reconstructing and displaying the image respectively. The measured results are compared with real–time image refreshing rate using a single processing unit. The graph of percentage improvement versus various resolutions represents the performance of the image reconstruction system using two data processing units.

Key words: Data processing unit; image refreshing rate
Capacitance–Based Tomography Flow Pattern Classification Using Intelligent Classifiers With Voting Technique
Authors: Mohamad–Saleh Junita , Jamaludin Roslin , Talib Hafizah
Published: January 2013

This paper presents a method for Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) flow classification using voting technique, employing Multilayer Perceptrons (MLPs) as the intelligent pattern classifiers. MLP classifiers were trained with a set of simulated ECT data associated to various flow patterns and was tested with untrained data to verify their performances. MLP classifiers which gave high percentage of correct classification were integrated into a voting system and tested over a distinct set of ECT data. The performances of the individually selected classifiers were compared with the voting system. The results showed superiority of the voting system over individual classifiers.

Key words: Electrical capacitance tomography; multilayer perceptron; voting; pattern classification; ensemble neural network
Optimization Of Electrical Capacitance Tomography Sensor Using Design Of Experiment Method
Authors: Osman–Ali Najwan , Mohamad–Saleh Junita , Abdul–Aziz Zalina , Talib Hafizah
Published: January 2013

Kertas ini membincangkan kaedah reka bentuk uji kaji untuk menghasilkan penderia Tomografi Kemuatan Elektrik (TKE) yang optimum bagi aplikasi gas dan minyak. Fokus kaedah ini adalah untuk mengurangkan kesan data TKE ternormal yang terlajak dan lajak bawah. Kaedah reka bentuk uji kaji yang digunakan adalah jenis reka bentuk faktorial 2k. Data TKE berdasarkan parameter penderia digunakan untuk menilai hubungan antara faktor atau masukan (iaitu parameter TKE) dan sambutan atau keluaran (iaitu data TKE ternormal yang terlajak dan lajak bawah). Hasil uji kaji menunjukkan bahawa teknik reka bentuk uji kaji dapat digunakan untuk menentukan hubungan atau pengaruh parameter pengesan terhadap kesan data TKE ternormal yang terlajak dan lajak bawah bagi menghasilkan penderia TKE yang optimum.

Kata kunci: Reka bentuk uji kaji; tomografi kemuatan elektrik; pengoptimuman penderia

This paper discusses the Design of Experiment (DOE) method to design an optimum Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) sensor for gas–oil flows. The method has focused mainly on eliminating overshoots and undershoots in normalized ECT data. The DOE technique employed was an implementation of a 2k factorial design. ECT data based on ECT sensor parameters were used to evaluate the interaction among factors or inputs (i.e. ECT parameters) and the responses or outputs (i.e. normalized ECT data overshoot or undershoot) The results demonstrate the feasibility of using DOE to determine the interaction or influence of sensor parameters on the severity of normalized ECT data overshoots and undershoots and to facilitate the design of the most optimum ECT sensor for a particular application.

Key words: Design of experiment; electrical capacitance tomography; sensor optimization
Optical Tomography: Real–Time Velocity Profile Measurement Using Pixel–To–Pixel Velocity Method
Authors: Yunos Yusri , Fea Pang Jon , Abdul Rahim Ruzairi , San Chan Kok , Nor Ayob Nor Muzakkir , Mansor Muhammad Saiful Badri
Published: January 2013

Fungsi korelasi–rentas kebiasaannya memerlukan masa pengiraan berkomputer yg panjang, maka ia agak sukar untuk menghasil profil halaju dalam masa yang singkat terutama sekali dalam mod masa-nyata. Oleh itu, system pengagihan data dibangunkan dengan menggunakan unit pemprosesan data berganda dan konsep unit pemprosesan data selari untuk mempercepatkan proses penghasilan profil halaju. Penulisan ini juga membentangkan konfigurasi system pemprosesan data yang baru dan bagaimana ia beleh menggantikan unit pemprosesan tunggal untuk mengira profil halaju dengan lebih pantas.

Kata kunci: Profil halaju; fungsi korelasi–rentas; sistem pengagihan data

The cross–correlation function usually takes a long computation time, so it is quite hard to produce a velocity profile in a short time especially in online mode. Thus, data distribution system is developed by using multiple data processing units and concept of parallel data processing to speed up the process of producing velocity profile. This paper also presents the configuration of new data processing system and how it can replace single processing unit to compute velocity profile faster.

Key words: Velocity profile; cross–correlation function; data distribution system
Particle Size Measurement Techniques: A Review Of Methods And Applications
Authors: Rahmat Mohd Fua’ad , Tajdari Teimour
Published: January 2013

A number of particle sizing techniques are available to measure solid particles median size of nano–scale to centimeter. The techniques cover a wide range of applications in industries where the particle size information is an important parameter in manufacturing process. The particle size measurement (in terms of application) can be categorized into two groups, offline application and on–line measurement. On–line particle size measurement in pneumatic transporter is challenging area in terms of measurement condition, where particles flow homogeneity, humidity, velocity and concentration profile are directly affects the measurement results. All these parameters make difficult the instrumentation design. This paper highlights some of the important instrumentation in particle sizing based on their measurement principle. The measurement methods include physical methods, laser scattering based methods, Image based methods and electrical sensing zone method. In addition, the paper highlights recent innovative on–line measurement techniques used in particle size measurement.

Key words: Sedimentation; sieving; laser scattering; phase–Doppler; morphology; coulter count; resonance frequency; optical tomography; electrostatic sensor
Gradient–Index Fibre Based Miniature Gas Cell For Intra–Cavity Fibre Laser Sensors
Authors: Mo Li , Azmi Asrul Izam , Peng Gang–Ding
Published: January 2013

This paper presents a new and simple design of gas cell for the use of intra–cavity fibre laser sensors. This design utilizes gradient–index fibres for collimation to realize a miniature gas cell of very small diameter. By using the Gaussian field approximation and ray transformation, the gas cell is analyzed and optimized. It is found that gradient–index fibre based cells could achieve lower coupling loss of nearly 10 dB at a separation of 20 mm and allow for additional tolerance to certain misalignments, in comparison with those single–mode fibre based cells. A new–design cell is fabricated and its coupling loss is tested with a 1550 nm laser. Good agreement in the analysis and experimental results is obtained, indicating that the design could be feasible in practical gas sensing.

Key words: Gradient–index fibre based cell; gradient–index fibre collimator (GIFC); coupling loss; misalignments; intra–cavity fibre gas sensor
Labview Based Driver For Charge–Coupled Device Linear Image Sensor
Authors: Ramli N. , Ibrahim M. N. , Idroas M. , Che Harun F. K. , Mahmood N. H.
Published: January 2013

Kertas kerja ini menerangkan tentang pembangunan sistem pemacu untuk sensor imej lelurus peranti pengecas gandingan (CCD) dalam system tomografi optik berasaskan perisian LabVIEW. Sensor imej lelurus CCD jenis SONY ILX551A yang mempunyai 2048 piksel yang efektif dengan setiap pixel bersaiz 14 mikron telah digunakan. Sensor ini memerlukan isyarat-isyarat jam (ΦROG dan ΦCLK) yang sesuai sebelum nilai-nilai piksel yang mewakili keamatan optik yang diukur dalam voltan dapat dibaca secara sesiri. Keluaran dari CCD adalah keamatan optik yang diukur dalam unit voltan atau bayangan objek yang memotong alur cahaya iaitu panjang laluan di antara punca cahaya dan sensor CCD. Apabila pepejal menghalang sebahagian laluan optik, bayangan objek akan terpancar ke atas beberapa piksel sensor CCD yang terlibat, dan nilai keluaran didapati. Lokasi objek yang tepat dari isyarat keluaran untuk beberapa keadaan adalah penting untuk mengesahkan isyarat jam adalah sesuai untuk sensor Sony ILX551A. Hasil keputusan menunjukkan isyarat jam pada frekuensi 1MHz yang dikenakan dikenakan kepada sensor CCD Sony ILX551A berjaya dijanakan dan data tomografi mampu diperolehi.

Kata kunci: Tomografi optik; LabVIEW; sensor imej linar CCD; unjuran

This paper describes the development of LabVIEW based driver for charge-coupled device (CCD) linear image sensor in optical tomography system. The Sony ILX551A CCD linear image sensor contains 2048 effective pixels, each pixel approximately 14 microns in size. The sensor requires suitable clocking signals (ΦROG and ΦCLK) before the pixel values that represent the attenuated optical intensity can be serially read. The output from the CCD is the optical intensity measured in voltage or shadow of the object intercepting the optical beam, pathlength between light source and the CCD linear image sensor. When solid particles blocking certain area of the optical path length, the shadow of the object will be casted on several affected pixels of the linear image sensor, and value on the output signal will be obtained. The exact location of objects on output signal produced for various conditions is important in order to verify the proper clocking signals generated for Sony ILX551A. The results demonstrate that the clocking signal at 1MHz frequency for the CCD Sony ILX551A is successfully generated and capable of acquiring tomographic data.

Key words: CCD linear image sensor; LabVIEW; projection; optical tomography
Malaysia Toward 4G Mobile System Through Mini Backbone Radio Access Network Radio Over Fiber, Challenges, Solutions And Key Technologies Requirements
Authors: J. Jalal , Ameen Hamad , Ismail Widad , M. Idrus Sevia
Published: January 2013

Mobile system evolution is a wireless revolution through wireless communications systems. Because of the need of higher data rate of the data transmission like video streaming, also, the improvement of signal quality, 4G mobile system will be the future mobile system. It will be the integration of the other mobile wireless systems. This work will be a contribution in order to forwarding Malaysia toward 4G mobile system. In this paper, the challenges and solutions have been presented through a proposed radio access network to 4G mobile system access to the internet, some useful results and optimized parameters obtained.

Key words: Mobile system; evolution; back bone optical fiber; RoF; Malaysia toward 4G mobile system
Kecenderungan Terhadap Pemilihan Kerjaya Keusahawanan Mengikut Persepsi Peserta Skim Usahawan Siswa
Authors: Hj Othman Norasmah , Ishak Salmah
Published: January 2013

Bidang keusahawanan menyediakan peluang yang luas untuk diceburi sebagai satu kerjaya. Namun, ia masih kurang digemari oleh golongan siswazah di Malaysia. Kebanyakan siswazah mempersepsikan bidang ini sebagai pilihan kedua atau terakhir kerana kurangnya kesedaran terhadap potensi kerjaya tersebut. Bertitik tolak daripada permasalahan tersebut, satu kajian dijalankan bertujuan untuk meninjau tahap persepsi siswazah Malaysia terhadap pemilihan kerjaya keusahawanan. Kajian yang menggunakan kaedah tinjauan dengan soal selidik sebagai instrumen utama, telah memilih seramai 266 orang peserta Skim Usahawan Siswazah (SUS) sebagai sampel kajian yang dipilih secara rawak berstrata. Selain itu, proses temu bual juga dijalankan bersama enam orang peserta SUS yang dipilih melalui teknik snowballing. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan bahawa peserta-peserta SUS mempunyai persepsi yang positif terhadap kerjaya keusahawanan. Perkara ini berlaku kerana mereka telah didedahkan kepada latihan keusahawanan. Ini membuktikan bahawa pendidikan keusahawanan yang telah diikuti mampu mengubah persepsi seseorang terhadap bidang keusahawanan.

Kata kunci: Pendidikan keusahawanan; skim usahawan siswazah; kecenderungan; siswazah; kerjaya

Entrepreneurship field offers a wide range of career opportunities, yet, it is unpopular among Malaysian graduates. Many put this field in second or even third priority as their career choice, due to lack of awareness related to the potential of this field. This study was conducted to identify the perception of Malaysian graduates toward career in entrepreneurship field. Survey method was used using questionnaires from a sample of 266 participants of Graduate Entrepreneurship Scheme through random stratified sampling technique. In addition interviews were also conducted with six participants that were chosen by using snowball technique. The finding of this study showed that the participants of Graduate Entrepreneurship Scheme have positive perception towards career in entrepreneurship field. This is due to the exposure they had through entrepreneurship training. The finding gave reflection that entrepreneurship education can change individual’s perception towards having a career in entrepreneurship field.

Key words: Entrepreneurship education; graduate entrepreneurship scheme; tendency, graduate; career
Lelaki Lembut: Faktor Dan Kesannya Kepada Pembentukan Sahsiah Mahasiswa
Authors: Mohd Yusof Farahwahida , Timmiati Sharifah Munirah
Published: January 2013

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi lelaki lembut di Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Di samping itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesan pembentukan sahsiah lelaki lembut serta menghuraikan kedudukan lelaki lembut dari perspektif Islam. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa faktor rakan sangat mempengaruhi lelaki lembut selain faktor keluarga dan media bahkan ia memberi kesan ke atas pembentukan sahsiah lelaki lembut. Dalam konteks Islam pula, tiada istilah lelaki lembut. Golongan ini dikategorikan sebagai transvestite dan Islam melarang lelaki bertingkah laku seperti perempuan serta menukar jantina. Di akhir kajian, beberapa cadangan turut dikemukakan kepada pihak-pihak tertentu untuk mengatasi golongan lelaki lembut.

Kata kunci: lelaki lembut; pembentukan sahsiah

This survey is conducted in order to know the factors that influence the Metro man at UTM. Besides, this research aimsto know the formation of this Metro man and to explain the position of this Metro man in the perspective of Islam. The result shows that friends seems to be the main factor that influence this Metro man besides family and media factor that can also influence them. In the Islamic context, there is no such term for Metro man. This group is categorized as transvestite and it is forbidden in Islam trying to act as a woman and undergo gender changing. At the end of the study, some ideas are proposed to certain parties in order to overcome this Metro man group.

Key words: Metro man; character formation
Hala Tuju Pendidikan Teknik Dan Vokasional : Integrasi Kaedah Avicenna Dan Konsep Pendidikan Untuk Semua
Authors: Aripin Muhamad Afzamiman , Hamzah Rohana , Othman Muhammad Zulfadly , Norihan Ismail Sabri
Published: January 2013

Sistem pendidikan pada masa kini tidak lagi melalui suatu proses yang mudah, bahkan semakin hari semakin rumit. Tambahan pula dengan lahirnya pelbagai aliran, fahaman dan pemikiran dalam pendidikan, suasana pendidikan dan bentuk kurikulum sekolah menjadi semakin bertambah kompleks. Hala tuju pendidikan pula lahir dalam pelbagai corak dan rupa sehingga ramai yang terkeliru dan semakin kabur dengan matlamat pendidikan yang sebenar. Penulisan ini menceritakan secara ringkas hala tuju pendidikan yang terkandung dalam Education for All (EFA), hala tuju pendidikan Ibnu Sina (Avicenna) dan perkaitannya dengan hala tuju Pendidikan Teknik dan Vokasional (PTV) di Malaysia. Titik harmoni antara objektif pendidikan peringkat global masa kini dan pandangan klasik ahli falsafah Islam ini cuba diterokai dalam bentuk yang kontemporari bagi mendapatkan titik temu dan penambahbaikan yang dapat memacu kemajuan negara. Berlandaskan matlamat falsafah pendidikan negara yang mahu melahirkan insan yang seimbang dari segi jasmani, emosi, rohani dan intelek, penulisan ini memberikan alternatif kepada satu lagi panduan falsafah yang lebih dekat dengan suasana dan kepercayaan di Malaysia.

Kata kunci: Education for All (EFA), Ibnu Sina (Avicenna), Hala tuju Pendidikan Teknik dan Vokasional (PTV)

Education system nowadays had not gone through a simple phase and process anymore, but becoming much more complicated each day. With the existence of so many understanding and ideology in education, the ambience of education and the design of school curriculum become much more complex. Indeed, the destiny of education exist in various faces and shape until so many people get confuse and having an unclear vision of education. This article discuss about the destiny of education that exist in Education for All (EFA), the destiny of education by Avicenna and the relationship with Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Malaysia briefly. The exploration process try to discover a meeting point between the global objectives in education today, and this classic Islamic philosopher view, and transform into a contemporary form to lead the development of the country. By referring to the national philosophy of education aims which is to develop a balance individual in physical, emotional, soul and intellect potentials, this article has been written with the purpose to give an alternative philosophy as a guidance that is much more closer with the atmosphere and believed system in Malaysia.

Key words: Education for All (EFA), Avicenna, Destiny of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET)
Erosive Wear Of Natural Gas Pipes Due To High Velocity Jet Impact: Computer Simulation Study
Authors: Majid Z. A. , Mohsin R. , Yusof M. Z.
Published: January 2013

A sequential failures of underground API 5L X42 carbon steel and the SDR 17, 125 mm polyethylene pipes placed side–by–side to a water pipe was studied. Previous study shown that high pressure water jet from leaked water pipe that had mixed with surrounding soil formed water soil slurry with high erosive properties had severely impacted on the pipe surface causing the loss of pipe coating materials. This phenomenon eventually causes rapid thinning of the steel pipe body which later led to its failure. In this study Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and structural analysis were performed to simulate numerically the chronological event of pipeline failure, in comparison with the findings made in the previous study. The structural and CFD simulation results proved that the location, rate and the extent of erosion failures on the pipe surfaces can be well predicted, as compared with actual instances.

Key words: Pipeline; natural gas pipe; slurry erosion; pipeline failure
Parametric Study Of Hydrodesulfurization And Hydrodearomatization Of Gasoil In Hydrotreating Process Over Como–S Catalyst Using A Pilot Plant Integral Reactor
Authors: M. Elfghi Fawzi , S. Amin N. A.
Published: January 2013

Penyahsulfuranhidro (dirujuk sebagai HDS) dan penyaharomatikanhidro (dirujuk sebagai HDA) bagi Minyak Mentah Ringan telah dijalankan menggunakan pemangkin sulfida CoMo–S di dalam reaktor integral mangkin padat bertekanan tinggi. Kesan daripada parameter–parameter proses utama terhadap kualiti produk telah dikaji dengan mempelbagaikan suhu (200–370°C), tekanan (20 ke 50 bar) dan halaju ruang (1 hingga 4.7 h-1). Keputusan eksperimen menunjukkan, % aktiviti HDS dipertingkatkan sehingga 81% apabila suhu dinaikkan sehingga 370°C tetapi berkurang sehingga 60% dengan pertambahan halaju ruang sehingga 4.7 h-1. Selain itu, kputusan juga menunjukkan bahawa kadar % aktiviti HDA dipertingkatkan sehingga 40.6% apabila tekanan dinaikkan hingga mencecah 50 bar. Indeks setana menunjukkan peningkatan sebanyak 1–3 darjah dan graviti bertambah sehingga 1–1.7° API. Implikasi keputusan–keputusan ini terhadap industri penapisan adalah rawatan hidro sederhana terhadap bahan api diesel menggunakan teknologi tahap tunggal tidak memungkinkan loji penapisan tempatan menghasilkan bahan api yang memenuhi spesifikasi semasa (
Investigation Of Blister Formed On Coated Mild Steel Using Scanning Kelvin Probe
Authors: Sahir Zalilah Sharer , Sykes John Malcolm
Published: January 2013

Degradasi pada besi bersalut cat dari segi gelembung yang terbentuk telah dikaji selepas direndam di dalam larutan 3% natrium klorida dan 3% ammonium klorida. Imbasan probe Kelvin (SKP) telah digunakan untuk menghasilkan peta keupayaan kimia–elektro bagi mengenal pasti kawasan anod dan katod dibawah gelembung dan kawasan persekitarannya. Bagi gelembung yang terhasil pada panel yang direndam dalam larutan 3% sodium klorida, peta upaya SKP menunjukkan gelembung yang terbentuk adalah di kawasan katod yang disebabkan oleh alkali, dimana kawasan anod juga dilihat terbentuk berdekatan. Walhal bagi peta upaya SKP untuk gelembung yang terhasil pada panel yang direndam di dalam larutan 3% ammonium klorida menunjukkan kehadiran kawasan katod dikelilingi oleh kawasan anod.

Kata kunci: Cat organik; imbasan probe Kelvin; gelembung

The degradation of a coated metal in term of the area underneath a blister has been studied after being immersed in 3% sodium chlorida and 3% ammonium chloride solution. Scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) was used to map electrochemical potentials, identifying anodic and cathodic regions underneath a blister and the surrounding coating. For blisters formed on coated panel immersed in sodium chlorida solution, SKP potential map reveals that the blister has formed at a cathode due to alkali but anodes form nearby (not remote). Meanwhile SKP potential map for blister formed on coated panel in 3% ammonium chloride reveals the presence of cathodic regions within the anodic areas.

Key words: Organic coating; scanning Kelvin Probe; blister
An Overview Of Explosion Severity On Dust Explosion
Authors: Wan Sulaiman W. Z , Kasmani R. M.
Published: January 2013

In spite of extensive research and development to prevent and mitigate dust explosions in the process industries, this phenomenon continues to represent a constant hazard to industries including manufacturing, using and handling of combustible dust material. Lack of fundamental methods in predicting the explosion severity characteristics and real dust cloud structure are recognized as a major obstacle in predicting the course and consequences of dust explosion in practice. This present paper discusses the influent factors affecting the explosion severity of the dust clouds in order to promote the advanced development for dust explosion. In addition, the impact of inerting on dust properties by using nitrogen or carbon dioxide to a level which the dust cloud can no longer propagate a self–sustained flame would also be explored.

Key words: Dust explosion protection and mitigation; explosion severity; inerting