bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Considerations for contractile electroactive polymeric materials and actuators
Authors: Rasmussen Lenore , Erickson Carl J , Meixler Lewis D , Ascione George , Gentile Charles A , Tilson Carl , Abelev Esta
Published: February 2010

Ras Labs produces electroactive polymer (EAP)‐based materials and actuators that bend, swell, ripple and now contract (new development) with low electric input. This is an important attribute because of the ability of contraction to produce life‐like motion. The mechanism of contraction is not well understood. Radionuclide‐labeled experiments were conducted to follow the movement of electrolytes and water in these EAPs when activated. Extreme temperature experiments were performed on the contractile EAPs with very favorable results. One of the biggest challenges in developing these actuators, however, is the electrode‐EAP interface because of the pronounced movement of the EAP. Plasma treatments of metallic electrodes were investigated in order to improve the attachment of the embedded electrodes to the EAP material. Surface analysis, adhesive testing and mechanical testing were performed to test metal surfaces and metal–polymer interfaces. Nitrogen plasma treatment of titanium produced a strong metal–polymer interface; however, oxygen plasma treatment of both stainless steel and titanium produced even stronger metal–polymer interfaces. Plasma treatment of the electrodes allows for the embedded electrodes and the EAP material of the actuator to work and move as a unit, with no detachment, by significantly improving the metal–polymer interface. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Dielectric electro‐active polymer push actuators: performance and challenges
Authors: Benslimane Mohamed Y , Kiil Hans‐Erik , Tryson Michael J
Published: February 2010

Progress in research and development in the field of electro‐active polymers has enabled prototype fabrication, which demonstrates the future potential and versatility offered by this technology. These prototypes can be qualified as laboratory demonstrators. A new design of dielectric elastomer linear actuators is presented here. These actuators have the unique properties of being self‐supporting and core‐free. They are capable of large push forces and are fabricated based on large‐scale industrial manufacturing processes. Actuators can be easily scaled to fit specific application needs. Actuator design and construction principles, as well as modelling are presented and discussed for push InLastor® actuators. The actuators exhibit modest strokes and high actuation forces. Current design considerations indicate that the achievable force output is reduced by about 40% due to the passive ends of the actuator. Dielectric electro‐active polymer DEAP film manufacturing challenges contribute to reducing the achievable breakdown strength to 35 V µm−1 and limit the strain to modest figures. It is shown that push InLastor actuators can be operated at field strength levels above 45 V µm−1, and exhibit larger strokes and forces in good agreement with the model. At these elevated electric field levels, risks of catastrophic breakdown increase, resulting in reduced actuator lifetime. A major milestone in the manufacturing of actuators based on the DEAP technology has been achieved by Danfoss PolyPower. Large‐scale manufacturing of robust and reliable push tubular actuators is possible. Roll‐to‐roll manufacturing processes make it possible to manufacture these powerful actuators, based on PolyPower compliant electrode design. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Copolymerization of ethylene and in situ‐generated α‐olefins to high‐performance linear low‐density polyethylene with a two‐catalyst system supported on mesoporous molecular sieves
Authors: Guo Cun‐Yue , Xu Hao , Zhang Mingge , Yang Hai‐Jian , Yan Fengwen , Yuan Guoqing
Published: February 2010

The manufacture of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) is of great significance in academia and industry. The employment of a single monomer, i.e. ethylene, to produce LLDPE by introducing two catalysts into one reactor to conduct ethylene copolymerization with in situ‐generated α‐olefins has proved to be an effective way in this case. Moreover, immobilization of catalysts affords LLDPE with better morphology and improved physical properties. An iron‐based diimine complex immobilized on methylaluminoxane (MAO)‐treated mesoporous molecular sieves was used to oligomerize ethylene to α‐olefins with improved selectivity to lower molar mass fractions. Based on this, zirconocene compound was also supported on mesoporous molecular sieves to comprise a two‐catalyst system to produce LLDPE from a single ethylene monomer. Copolymerization performed at both atmospheric and high pressure produced LLDPE of high molecular weight and broad molecular weight distribution without using MAO during the polymerization processes. Physical and mechanical measurements evidenced significant increases in tensile strength, tensile modulus and Izod impact strength. A marked shear‐thinning phenomenon and improved storage modulus of LLDPE produced using catalysts supported on MCM‐41 and SBA‐15 mesoporous molecular sieves indicated a stronger interfacial interaction between the molecular sieve support and the polymeric matrix. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Hopping transport at localized band tail states in amorphous hydrogenated silicon
Authors: Murayama Kazuro , Nomura Yukio , Fujisaki Tatsuya
Published: February 2010

The transient current of the time‐of‐flight (TOF) in amorphous hydrogenated silicon calculated from the hopping at localized band tail states with the Monte Carlo simulation is shown to agree with that of the experiment in the line shape and the transit time. The attempt‐to‐escape frequencies obtained by fitting the electric field dependence of the transit time in the simulation with the Pfister–Ohno equation for the transit time derived from the hopping model, have been far beyond the phonon frequencies as in the case of the experiment. The attempt‐to‐escape frequency has been empirically described with the Meyer–Neldel (MN) rule as well as in the experiment. The MN rule for the attempt‐to‐escape frequency in the TOF has been concluded to originate in the hopping controlled by the deep localized band tail states from the simulation.
Self‐organized growth of ZnO‐based nano‐ and microstructures
Authors: Lorenz Michael , Rahm Andreas , Cao Bingqiang , Zúñiga‐Pérez Jesús , Kaidashev Evgeni M. , Zhakarov Nikolai , Wagner Gerald , Nobis Thomas , Czekalla Christian , Zimmermann Gregor , Grundmann Marius
Published: February 2010

ZnO‐based nano‐ and micro‐structures with controlled orientation, size, and lateral density were grown by specially designed two‐step pulsed laser deposition and direct carbothermal growth, respectively. Different substrate orientations and nucleation layers allow well‐defined tuning of growth direction and lateral arrangement of the wires. As a result, axial MgZnOZnO nano quantum dots and homogeneous radial nano core‐shell quantum well structures are demonstrated. Donor and acceptor doping of nano‐ and microwires influence considerably both electrical characteristics as well as morphology including branching. Field effect transistors with n‐ and p‐type wire channel and nanowire p–n junctions seem to prove a reproducible p‐type conductivity of phosphorous‐doped ZnO wires. Single ZnO wire (309 nm thick, 3.99 µm high) grown on pyramidal base with controlled lateral density by tuning the ZnO template layer in a two‐step PLD process.

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Ion irradiation of multi‐walled boron nitride nanotubes
Authors: Lehtinen Ossi , Nikitin Timur , Krasheninnikov Arkady V. , Sun Litao , Khriachtchev Leonid , Banhart Florian , Terao Takeshi , Golberg Dmitri , Keinonen Juhani
Published: February 2010

Multi‐walled boron nitride nanotubes were irradiated with low and medium energy argon and helium ions at room and elevated temperatures. The irradiated samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, and a comparison to the response of carbon nanotubes to irradiation was made. A dose of 2 × 1015 ions/cm2 was found to give rise to complete amorphization for irradiation with 40 keV Ar ions,while a comparable dose (in terms of displacement per atom) of 1.2 × 1018 ions/cm2 for 350 keV He caused significantly less damage. Elevated temperatures considerably reduce the amount of damage indicating that efficient annealing of defects occurs in BN nanotubes already at 3000 C. Our results provide evidence that multi‐walled BN nanotubes have similar or even better stability under ion irradiation than their carbon counterparts. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Carbon nanotube based sensors and fluctuation enhanced sensing
Authors: Kukovecz Ákos , Molnár Dániel , Kordás Krisztián , Gingl Zoltán , Moilanen Hannu , Mingesz Róbert , Kónya Zoltán , Mäklin Jani , Halonen Niina , Tóth Géza , Haspel Henrik , Heszler Péter , Mohl Melinda , Sápi András , Roth Siegmar , Vajtai Robert , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Pouillon Yann , Rubio Angel , Kiricsi Imre
Published: February 2010

Drop‐cast thin films of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes are used as gas sensors in a four‐probe measurement setup. The novelty of the approach is that the sensor information is extracted from the noise of the dc resistance data using Fluctuation Enhanced Sensing (FES). We investigate the effects of measurement duration, gate voltage and frequency window on the chemical selectivity of the MWCNT‐FES sensor. The selectivity of the device is superior to those of conventional gas sensors, and preliminary experiments indicate that it may also be possible to extract quantitative information from the noise. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Neotropics and natural ingredients for pharmaceuticals: why isn't South American biodiversity on the crest of the wave?
Authors: Desmarchelier Cristian
Published: February 2010

Despite the advent of biotechnology and modern methods of combinatorial chemistry and rational drug design, nature still plays a surprisingly important role as a source of new pharmaceutical compounds. These are marketed either as herbal drugs or as single active ingredients. South American tropical ecosystems (or the Neotropics) encompass one‐third of the botanical biodiversity of the planet. For centuries, indigenous peoples have been using plants for healing purposes, and scientists are making considerable efforts in order to validate these uses from a pharmacological/phytochemical point of view. However, and despite the unique plant diversity in the region, very few natural pharmaceutical ingredients from this part of the world have reached the markets in industrialized countries. The present review addresses the importance of single active ingredients and herbal drugs from South American flora as natural ingredients for pharmaceuticals; it highlights the most relevant cases in terms of species of interest; and discusses the key entry barriers for these products in industrialized countries. It explores the reasons why, in spite of the region's competitive advantages, South American biodiversity has been a poor source of natural ingredients for the pharmaceutical industry. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ursolic acid and luteolin‐7‐glucoside improve lipid profiles and increase liver glycogen content through glycogen synthase kinase‐3
Authors: Azevedo Marisa F. , Camsari Çagri , Sá Carla M. , Lima Cristovao F. , Fernandes‐Ferreira Manuel , Pereira‐Wilson Cristina
Published: February 2010

In the present study, two phytochemicals – ursolic acid (UA) and luteolin‐7‐glucoside (L7G) – were assessed in vivo in healthy rats regarding effects on plasma glucose and lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL and LDL), as well as liver glycogen content, in view of their importance in the aetiology of diabetes and associated complications. Both UA and L7G significantly decreased plasma glucose concentration. UA also significantly increased liver glycogen levels accompanied by phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK3). The increase in glycogen deposition induced by UA (mediated by GSK3) could have contributed to the lower plasma glucose levels observed. Both compounds significantly lowered total plasma cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein levels, and, in addition, UA increased plasma high‐density lipoprotein levels. Our results show that UA particularly may be useful in preventable strategies for people at risk of developing diabetes and associated cardiovascular complications by improving plasma glucose levels and lipid profile, as well as by promoting liver glycogen deposition. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectroscopic characterization of aminoacetonitrile, its ions and protonated aminoacetonitrile using quantum chemical methods
Authors: Naganathappa Mahadevappa , Chaudhari Ajay
Published: February 2010

We present theoretical vibrational and absorption spectra of aminoacetonitrile, its cation, anion, cyanoprotonated, and aminoprotonated aminoacetonitrile. We used second‐order Moller–Plesset perturbation method (MP2) with TZVP basis set to obtain ground state geometries and vibrational spectra. Time dependent density functional theory method was used to obtain absorption spectra. Shifts in vibrational modes for aminoacetonitrile upon ionization and protonation are determined. The C≡N stretching mode which is the most important mode in detection of nitriles in space is more intense in aminoacetonitrile ions and its two protonated form and is less IR active for neutral aminoacetonitrile. The nature of electronic transition for these molecules is identified. All the electronic transitions for neutral aminoacetonitrile and its cation are the σ → σ* electronic transitions, whereas its anion and protonated aminoacetonitrile display the σ → σ* as well as π → π* transitions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Influence of thermostats on the calculations of heat capacities from Born‐Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Gamboa Gabriel U. , Vásquez‐Pérez José M. , Calaminici Patrizia , Köster Andreas M.
Published: February 2010

The temperature dependency of the vibrational molecular heat capacity of the copper dimer is calculated from classical Born‐Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) simulations employing four different thermostats. The resulting heat capacity curves are compared with their the polyatomic ideal gas counterparts. It is shown that the Nosé‐Hoover chain thermostat yields realistic temperature profiles and reliable heat capacities. This result is also supported by the corresponding canonical phase space distribution. This work demonstrates that canonical BOMD simulations with the Nosé‐Hoover chain thermostat are well suited to obtain reliable thermodynamic properties for small finite systems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Linking a spatially explicit watershed model (SWAT) with an in‐stream fish habitat model (PHABSIM): A case study of setting minimum flows and levels in a low gradient, sub‐tropical river
Authors: Casper A. F. , Dixon B. , Earls J. , Gore J. A.
Published: February 2010

As changes in landuse and the demand for water accelerate, regulators and resource managers are increasingly asked to evaluate water allocation against the need for protection of in‐stream habitat. In the United States, only a small number of river basins have the long‐term hydrograph data needed to make these assessments. This paper presents an example of how to bridge the conceptual and physical divide between GIS‐based watershed modelling of basin‐discharge and in‐stream hydraulic habitat models. Specifically, we used a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for the Hillsborough River to produce data for use in a Physical HABitat SIMulation (PHABSIM) model of the same river. This coupling of models allowed us to develop long‐term discharge data in ungauged river systems based on watershed characteristics and precipitation records. However this approach is not without important limitations. Results confirm that accuracy of the SWAT‐predicted hydrograph declines significantly when either the DEM resolution becomes too coarse or if DEM data are resampled to a coarser or finer resolution. This is due to both changes in the size and shape of the river basin with the varying DEMs and subsequent shifts in the proportions of land use, soils and elevation. Results show the use of 30 m DEMs produced hydrographic patterns amenable for using in‐stream habitat protocols like PHABSIM model, especially where little or no hydrographic and land use information exists. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of grit‐blasting parameters on the surface roughness and adhesion strength of sprayed coating
Authors: Asl Sh. Khameneh , Sohi M. Heydarzadeh
Published: February 2010

Surface preparation is very important in adhesive bonding of spray coatings to the surface of a work piece. The common practice is grit blasting of the surface before subjecting it to the spray coating process. In this study, grit blasting of an AISI 4130 steel (of different heat treatments) with Al2O3 particles was studied and the mean roughnesses (Ra), of the grit‐blasted surfaces were then measured. The results show that variations of working distance, air pressure and blasting time significantly affect the resultant surface roughness. The results also show that a 90° blasting angle gives slightly higher Ra but a significantly higher amount of grit residue, in comparison with the results obtained for a blasting angle of 45° . After grit blasting, the specimens were plasma spray coated with 80% ZrO220% Y2O3 powder. The adhesive strength of the coating to the substrate was then measured according to the ASTM C633 standard. The results show that for a certain base metal, the adhesive strength is directly related to the surface roughness and hardness of the base material. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduction of thin oxide films on tungsten substrate with highly reactive cold hydrogen plasma
Authors: Vesel Alenka , Drenik Aleksander , Zaplotnik Rok , Mozetic Miran , Balat‐Pichelin Marianne
Published: February 2010

Results on chemical removal of oxygen from thin tungsten oxide films with hydrogen plasma are presented. Tungsten foils were oxidized in a furnace at 400 °C for 1 h, so a compact oxide film with the thickness of about 160 nm was formed. The samples were then exposed to hydrogen plasma created in a microwave discharge at the power of 1000 W and a hydrogen pressure of 90 Pa. The plasma density was estimated to the order of 1016 m−3, whereas the density of neutral hydrogen atoms was 2.5 × 1021 m−3 measured by a fiber optics catalytic probe. Samples were exposed to hydrogen plasma for different time. The evolution of the reduction process was monitored by measuring the AES depth profiles on samples exposed to plasma for different time. The results showed that the oxide film was reduced in about 10 s of plasma treatment. The average removal rate was thus about 16 nm s−1. Such a high reduction rate cannot be explained by the interaction of hydrogen ions, because the ion flux onto the sample surface is orders of magnitude too low, but rather by the interaction of neutral H‐atoms with the oxide film. Taking into account the known reduction rate and H‐atom density, one can estimate the reaction probability to about 3 × 10−4. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lean Enablers for Systems Engineering
Authors: Oppenheim Bohdan W. , Murman Earll M. , Secor Deborah A.
Published: February 2010

Systems Engineering (SE) is regarded as a sound practice but not always delivered effectively, as documented in recent NASA, GAO, and DoD studies. Lean Thinking is the holistic work system credited for the extraordinary rise of Toyota to the most profitable and the largest auto company in the world. Lean Thinking has been successfully applied in other work fields such as general manufacturing, aerospace, healthcare, and service industries. The emerging field of Lean Systems Engineering (LSE) is the application of Lean principles, practices, and tools to SE and to the related aspects of enterprise management (EM) in order to enhance the delivery of value (which is defined as flawless delivery of product or mission with satisfaction of all stakeholders) while reducing waste. This paper contains four parts: (1) historical background of the new field of LSE and a review of the fundamental concepts of Lean Thinking; (2) the development process of a new product called “Lean Enablers for Systems Engineering”; (3) a list of the Enablers organized into six Lean principles; (4) summary and conclusions. The Lean Enablers for Systems Engineering is a comprehensive checklist of nonmandatory practices and recommendations formulated as “do's” and “don't's” of SE, and containing tacit knowledge (collective wisdom) on how to prepare for, plan, execute, and practice SE and EM using Lean Thinking. Each enabler has the potential to enhance program value and reduce waste. The Enablers are formulated as a web‐based addendum to the current SE Handbook published by the International Council for Systems Engineering (INCOSE), and do not repeat the practices made therein, which are regarded as sound. They should be an equally valuable addendum to other SE handbooks such as NASA, DoD, or company manuals. The enablers' development followed a classical process: Concept, Alpha, Beta, Prototype, and Version 1.0. This paper reports on Version 1.0 of the enablers, which are regarded as mature enough for dissemination, but which are intended to be a living online document to be continuously improved by interested practitioners as new knowledge and experience are acquired. The enablers were evaluated by surveys in the Beta and Prototype phases. The Prototype version has also been benchmarked with recent NASA and GAO studies. This project has been carried out by two core teams involving 14 volunteers from the LSE Working Group of INCOSE. The teams included representatives from industry, academia, and governments from United States, Israel, and the United Kingdom, with cooperation from the LSE Working Group membership at large. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 14: 29–55, 2011
NuvaRing: a vaginal contraceptive
Authors: Kubba Ali , Lete Ignacio , Briggs Paula
Published: February 2010

Although the combined oral contraceptive pill is by far the most widely prescribed contraceptive option, it does not suit all women and, being user‐dependent, tends to fail women who cannot stick to a daily routine. NuvaRing is a vaginal contraceptive, a hormone‐containing ring that has shown good efficacy and tolerability. Its alternative method of delivery may appeal to younger women, thus helping to reduce the high rate of unplanned pregnancy in the UK. In this expert panel discussion, three specialists discuss the new product and its place as a contraceptive choice. The panel included Dr Ignacio Lete, a gynaecologist from Spain where NuvaRing has been widely used since 2003. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Female sexual dysfunction: new developments
Authors: Siddall Rhonda
Published: February 2010

The 12th Congress of the European Society for Sexual Medicine (ESSM) was held at the Lyon Convention Centre, France, 15–18 November 2009. This report describes some of the interesting presentations focusing on female sexual dysfunction. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Factors facilitating research: a survey of zoo and aquarium professionals
Authors: Anderson Ursula S. , Maple Terry L. , Bloomsmith Mollie A.
Published: February 2010

The purpose of this survey was to assess the background, training, and perceptions of professionals conducting and coordinating research at North American zoos and aquariums accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) and to identify the factors they considered critical to successful scientific programs. We analyzed responses to a 57‐item questionnaire from 231 professionals at AZA zoos and aquariums. The majority of those surveyed conducted behavioral research, conducted research only in a captive setting, held curatorial positions, had their salaries supported by their institutions' operating budget, and considered themselves part of a successful scientific program. About 30% of those we surveyed possessed a doctoral research degree in comparison to 55% possessing lesser level degrees—19% with master's, 34% with bachelor's, and 2% with other degrees. Support from the chief executive officer and personnel dedicated to conducting scientific programs were judged as the two most important factors contributing to the successful scientific programs. The information provided in this report may be used to develop and improve both established and newly initiated scientific programs in zoos and aquariums. Zoo Biol 29:663–675, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of Perineal Operations with Abdominal Operations for Full‐Thickness Rectal Prolapse
Authors: Riansuwan Woramin , Hull Tracy L. , Bast Jane , Hammel Jeff P. , Church Jame M.
Published: February 2010

Background

We can divide surgery for rectal prolapse into two broad categories: abdominal and perineal. However, few studies compare the long‐term outcomes and quality of life among operations for full‐thickness rectal prolapse. The purpose of this study was to compare abdominal (AO) versus perineal (PO) procedures for the treatment of full‐thickness rectal prolapse regarding recurrence rate, incontinence, constipation, and quality of life.

Methods

Records of 177 operations from 1995 to 2001 were reviewed retrospectively. A telephone survey was attempted for all. Seventy‐five (42%) responded to the Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Score (CCIS), KESS Constipation Score (KESS‐CS), and SF‐36 Quality of Life Score. Appropriate statistical analysis was performed.

Results

For the 122 AO and 55 PO, there were no deaths. Mean follow‐up was similar (PO 3.1 vs. AO 3.9 years; P = 0.306). As expected the PO patients were older (mean 69 vs. 55 years) and had higher ASA scores. Those undergoing PO had less procedural blood loss, operative time, hospital stay, and dietary restriction. The PO group also scored worse on the physical component of SF‐36 (PO 33 vs. AO 39.6; P = 0.034). However, the rate of recurrent prolapse was significantly higher for the PO (PO 26.5% vs. AO 5.2%; P < 0.001). Complications, CCIS, KESS‐CS, and SF‐36 mental component were similar in both groups.

Conclusions

In full‐thickness rectal prolapse, elderly, sick patients are selected for a perineal operation. The morbidity, functional outcomes, and quality of life are acceptable. However, the high recurrence rates make the perineal operation a second‐best choice for younger, healthy patients.
Correcting the Illogicality in Probability Data of Mutually Exclusive Behaviours
Authors: Parackal Mathew
Published: February 2010

One application of the Verbal Probability Scale (VPS) that has immense value to marketers is its use in estimating market shares and customer preferences of mutually exclusive offerings. The literature on this application reveals illogicality in the data produced with the scale. Researchers have corrected the illogicality by employing a weighting technique. This technique enables the logical interpretation of data, albeit with certain ramification on the estimates. The current study investigated the extent to which the ramification affected the estimates. Comparisons were made between the weighted means produced on VPS with the means produced on a Constant Sum Scale (CSS), a scale that controls for illogical assignment of scores. The results showed that the weighted means were comparable to that produced on CSS for a set of mutually exclusive mobile phone payment plans. The paper discusses the implications of the results and future research needed for developing this particular application.
The intriguing links between prominin‐1 (CD133), cholesterol‐based membrane microdomains, remodeling of apical plasma membrane protrusions, extracellular membrane particles, and (neuro)epithelial cell differentiation
Authors: Corbeil Denis , Marzesco Anne-Marie , Wilsch-Bräuninger Michaela , Huttner Wieland B.
Published: February 2010

Prominin‐1 (CD133) is a cholesterol‐interacting pentaspan membrane protein concentrated in plasma membrane protrusions. In epithelial cells, notably neuroepithelial stem cells, prominin‐1 is found in microvilli, the primary cilium and the midbody. These three types of apical membrane protrusions are subject to remodeling during (neuro)epithelial cell differentiation. The protrusion‐specific localization of prominin involves its association with a distinct cholesterol‐based membrane microdomain. Moreover, the three prominin‐1‐containing plasma membrane protrusions are the origin of at least two major subpopulations of prominin‐1‐containing extracellular membrane particles. Intriguingly, the release of these particles has been implicated in (neuro)epithelial cell differentiation.
BAR domains, amphipathic helices and membrane‐anchored proteins use the same mechanism to sense membrane curvature
Authors: Madsen K.L. , Bhatia V.K. , Gether U. , Stamou D.
Published: February 2010

The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells are all twists and bends characterized by high curvature. During recent years it has become clear that specific proteins sustain these curvatures while others simply recognize membrane shape and use it as “molecular information” to organize cellular processes in space and time. Here we discuss this new important recognition process termed membrane curvature sensing (MCS). First, we review a new fluorescence‐based experimental method that allows characterization of MCS using measurements on single vesicles and compare it to sensing assays that use bulk/ensemble liposome samples of different mean diameter. Next, we describe two different MCS protein motifs (amphipathic helices and BAR domains) and suggest that in both cases curvature sensitive membrane binding results from asymmetric insertion of hydrophobic amino acids in the lipid membrane. This mechanism can be extended to include the insertion of alkyl chain in the lipid membrane and consequently palmitoylated and myristoylated proteins are predicted to display similar curvature sensitive binding. Surprisingly, in all the aforementioned cases, MCS is predominantly mediated by a higher density of binding sites on curved membranes instead of higher affinity as assumed so far. Finally, we integrate these new insights into the debate about which motifs are involved in sensing versus induction of membrane curvature and what role MCS proteins may play in biology.
Involvement of protein kinase Cδ in induction of apoptosis by cationic liposomes in macrophage‐like RAW264.7 cells
Authors: Arisaka Masaya , Nakamura Tomoko , Yamada Akiko , Negishi Yoichi , Aramaki Yukihiko
Published: February 2010

We have recently demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in RAW264.7 cell apoptosis induced by cationic liposomes composed of stearylamine (SA‐liposomes). In this study, we investigated whether protein kinase Cδ PKCδ) is involved in apoptosis induced by cationic liposomes. Tyrosine phosphorylation, nuclear localization, and cleavage of PKCδ were observed following the treatment of cells with SA‐liposomes, suggesting that SA‐liposomes activate PKCδ. Rottlerin, a specific inhibitor of PKCδ, inhibited ROS generation and also suppressed apoptosis. Cell surface proteoglycans may contribute to PKCδ activation by SA‐liposomes. These findings suggest that PKCδ is strongly associated with apoptosis induced by SA‐liposomes.
PTU‐induced hypothyroidism modulates antioxidant defence status in the developing cerebellum
Authors: Bhanja S. , Chainy G.B.N.
Published: February 2010

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 6‐n‐propylthiouracil (PTU)‐induced hypothyroidism on oxidative stress parameters, expression of antioxidant defence enzymes, cell proliferation and apoptosis in the developing cerebellum. PTU challenged neonates showed significant decrease in serum T3 and T4 levels and marked increase in TSH levels. Significantly elevated levels of cerebellar H2O2 and lipid peroxidation were observed in 7 days old hypothyroid rats, along with increased activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and decline in catalase activity. In 30 days old hypothyroid rats, a significant decline in cerebellar lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity and expression was observed along with an up‐regulation in catalase activity and expression. Expression of antioxidant enzymes was studied by Western blot and semi‐quantitative rt‐PCR. A distinct increase in cell proliferation as indicated by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity was observed in the internal granular layer of cerebellum of 7 days old hypothyroid rats and significant drop in PCNA positive cells in the cerebellar molecular layer and internal granular layer of 30 days old PTU treated rats as compared to controls. In situ end labeling by TUNEL assay showed increased apoptosis in cerebellum of hypothyroid rats in comparison to controls. These results suggest that the antioxidant defence system of the developing cerebellum is sensitive to thyroid hormone deficiency and consequent alterations in oxidative stress status may play a role in regulation of cell proliferation of the cerebellum during neonatal brain development.
Antibiotic Prescribing for Acute Respiratory Infection and Subsequent Outpatient and Hospital Utilization in Veterans With Spinal Cord Injury and Disorder
Authors: Evans Charlesnika T. , Li Keran , Burns Stephen P. , Smith Bridget , Lee Todd A. , Weaver Frances M.
Published: February 2010

Objective

To assess the association between antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infection (ARI) and subsequent health‐care utilization in veterans with spinal cord injury and disorder (SCI/D).

Design

Retrospective cohort of veterans with SCI/D.

Setting

Veterans Affairs medical facilities that provide outpatient care.

Patients

Veterans with SCI/D with a diagnosis of acute bronchitis or upper respiratory infection during an outpatient visit between fiscal year 2006 and 2007 that did not result in same‐day hospitalization.

Independent Variable

Receipt of a new antibiotic prescription occurring within 3 days before or after an ARI visit.

Main Outcome Measure

Subsequent outpatient visit or hospitalization within 30 days of the index ARI visit.

Results

A total of 1277 patients were identified with ARI; 53.2% were prescribed an antibiotic. An outpatient clinic visit within 30 days of the index ARI visit occurred in 47.0% of patients. Receipt of an antibiotic prescription was not associated with a subsequent outpatient visit. However, in those with certain chronic respiratory conditions (cough, shortness of breath, bronchitis not specified as acute or chronic, and allergic rhinitis), those prescribed antibiotics were less likely to return for an outpatient visit than those not prescribed antibiotics (adjusted relative risk =0.77, 95% confidence interval = 0.61‐0.97); no association was observed in those patients without these conditions. A total of 7.9% of patients were hospitalized within 30 days and did not differ by prescribing group. The 30‐day mortality rate was 0.6%.

Conclusions

Certain chronic respiratory conditions in veterans with SCI/D may be risk factors for increased health‐care utilization and potentially poor outcomes if a patient is not treated with antibiotics for ARI. However, in those without these conditions, those with ARI who were prescribed antibiotics have similar utilization to those not prescribed antibiotics. These data suggest that in the absence of chronic respiratory conditions, antibiotic use for ARI can be curbed in this population that is at high risk for respiratory complications.
Growing Public
Authors: Lindert Peter H.
Published: February 2010

Growing Public examines the question of whether social policies that redistribute income impose constraints on economic growth. Taxes and transfers have been debated for centuries, but only now can we get a clear view of the whole evolution of social spending. What kept prospering nations from using taxes for social programs until the end of the nineteenth century? Why did taxes and spending then grow so much, and what are the prospects for social spending in this century? Why did North America become a leader in public education in some ways and not others? Lindert finds answers in the economic history and logic of political voice, population aging, and income growth. Contrary to traditional beliefs, the net national costs of government social programs are virtually zero. This book not only shows that no Darwinian mechanism has punished the welfare states, but uses history to explain why this surprising result makes sense. Contrary to the intuition of many economists and the ideology of many politicians, social spending has contributed to, rather than inhibited, economic growth.
Ku Waru
Authors: Merlan Francesca , Rumsey Alan
Published: February 2010

The highlanders of New Guinea are renowned for their elaborate systems of ceremonial exchange. Although much has been written about them, previous accounts have concentrated far less on the conduct of exchange events than on the structure of exchange systems. This 1991 book deals centrally with the conduct of particular exchange events, and shows through examination of them how larger social structures are reproduced and transformed. As part of the emphasis on exchange as social action, the book closely examines the oratory that plays a crucial part in the events. Basing their study on original fieldwork carried out in the Nebilyer Valley, Francesca Merlan and Alan Rumsey focus on an inter related set of large-scale compensation payments which arose out of an episode of warfare. This book furthers our understanding of the interaction between social structures and historical events; and particularly of the crucial role of talk. It will be of special interest to anthropologists and linguists.
The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonisation of the Pacific
Authors: Irwin Geoffrey
Published: February 2010

The exploration and colonisation of the Pacific is a remarkable episode of human prehistory. Early sea-going explorers had no prior knowledge of Pacific geography, no documents to record their route, no metal, no instruments for measuring time and none for exploration. Forty years of modern archaeology, experimental voyages in rafts, and computer simulations of voyages have produced an enormous range of literature on this controversial and mysterious subject. This book represents a major advance in knowledge of the settlement of the Pacific by suggesting that exploration was rapid and purposeful, undertaken systematically, and that navigation methods progressively improved. Using an innovative model to establish a detailed theory of navigation, Geoffrey Irwin claims that rather than sailing randomly downwind in search of the unknown, Pacific Islanders expanded settlement by the cautious strategy of exploring upwind, so as to ease their safe return. The author has tested this hypothesis against the chronological data from archaeological investigation, with a computer simulation of demographic and exploration patterns and by sailing throughout the region himself.
Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History
Authors: Lewis David M.
Published: February 2010

David M. Lewis (1928–1994) was one of the foremost historians of the ancient world, and was uniquely expert in both Greek and Near Eastern history. His name appears on the spine of numerous important books, but much of his most original and influential work was published in article form. The papers selected for this 1997 volume illustrate the range and quality of his work on Greek and Near Eastern history and his particular expertise in dealing with inscriptions, ostraka, and coins. Professor Lewis began considering the choice of papers for inclusion before his death and they have been prepared for publication by Professor P. J. Rhodes. A complete bibliography of the author's published works concludes the volume.
The New American Cultural Sociology
Authors: Smith Philip
Published: February 2010

American Cultural Sociology presents a serious challenge to British Cultural Studies and European grand theory alike. This exciting volume brings together sixteen seminal papers by leading figures in what is emerging as an important intellectual tradition. It places them in the context of related work in Sociology and other disciplines, exploring the connections between cultural sociology and different approaches, such as comparative and historical research, postmodernism, and symbolic interactionism. The book is divided into three sections: Culture as Text and Code, The Production and Reception of Culture, and Culture in Action. Each section contains edited contributions, both theoretical and empirical, addressing the key debates in cultural sociology, including the autonomy of culture, power and culture, structure and agency and how to conceptualise meaning.
Spin in Particle Physics
Authors: Leader Elliot
Published: February 2010

Motivated by recent dramatic developments in the field, this book provides a thorough introduction to spin and its role in elementary particle physics. Starting with a simple pedagogical introduction to spin and its relativistic generalisation, the author successfully avoids the obscurity and impenetrability of traditional treatments of the subject. The book surveys the main theoretical and experimental developments, as well as discussing exciting plans for the future. Emphasis is placed on the importance of spin-dependent measurements in testing QCD and the Standard Model. This book will be of value to graduate students and researchers working in all areas of quantum physics and particularly in elementary particle and high energy physics. It is suitable as a supplementary text for graduate courses in theoretical and experimental particle physics.
The Criminal Recidivism Process
Authors: Zamble Edward , Quinsey Vernon L.
Published: February 2010

This book addresses how and why criminal offenders repeat their actions after being released from prison. It is part of an attempt to explain criminal behavior within the context of a contemporary psychological understanding of behavior, rather than more traditional theories of crime. Over 300 serious male criminal offenders were interviewed and tested after they returned to prison for new crimes. The results indicate that their new offenses may be the result of something like a 'breakdown'. From this, it can be argued that we could monitor released prisoners to predict or even to prevent their return to crime. This report, written for a general audience, has some important implications for release supervision, rehabilitation programs, and the prediction of recidivism.
Haydn's 'Farewell' Symphony and the Idea of Classical Style
Authors: Webster James
Published: February 2010

This volume offers a new view of Joseph Haydn's instrumental music. It argues that many of Haydn's greatest and most characteristic instrumental works are 'through-composed' in the sense that their several movements are bound together into a cycle. This cyclic integration is articulated, among other ways, by the 'progressive' form of individual movements, structural and gestural links between the movements, and extramusical associations. Central to the study is a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the 'Farewell' Symphony, No. 45 in F sharp minor (1772). The analysis is distinguished by its systematic use of different methods (Toveyan formalism, Schenkerian voice leading, Schoenbergian developing variation) to elucidate the work's overall coherence. The work's unique musical processes, in turn, suggest an interpretation of the entire piece (not merely the famous 'farewell' finale) in terms of the familiar programmatic story of the musicians' wish to leave Castle Eszterhaza. In a book which relates systematically the results of analysis and interpretation, Professor Webster challenges the concept of 'classical style' which, he argues has distorted our understanding of Haydn's development, and he stresses the need for a greater appreciation of Haydn's early music and of his stature as Beethoven's equal.
Reformist Apocalypticism and Piers Plowman
Authors: Kerby-Fulton Kathryn
Published: February 2010

This book addresses the need for scholarly attention to the field of alternative, non-Augustinian apocalypticism and its implications for the study of Piers Plowman. Kathryn Kerby-Fulton discusses the major prophets and visionaries of such alternative traditions, who are characterised by their denunciation of clerical abuses, the urging of religious reform, and an ultimate historical optimism. Her book offers a proposal for the importance of such traditions, particularly as represented in the writings of Hildegard of Bingen, to the understanding of Langland's visionary mode and reformist ideology. Dr Kerby-Fulton also explores the relevance of the prophetic mentality fostered by Joachite thought, and the reactionary response which it triggered in antimendicant eschatology. Above all, this book provides a stimulating challenge to assumptions that Langland's views of the course and end of history are wholly conventional, or easily explained by Augustinian eschatology. The outcome of this study of contexts for Piers Plowman suggests that Langland's position in relation to different apocalyptic traditions was at once more sophisticated and more original than scholars have hitherto realised.
Shakespeare's Tragic Cosmos
Authors: McAlindon Thomas
Published: February 2010

This study focuses on Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, the four main tragedies and Antony and Cleopatra. Tom McAlindon argues that there were two models of nature in Renaissance culture, one hierarchical, in which everything has an appointed place, and the other contrarious, showing nature as a tense system of interacting opposites, liable to sudden collapse and transformation. This latter model informs Shakespeare's tragedy.
Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists
Authors: Strauss Anselm L.
Published: February 2010

The teaching of qualitative analysis in the social sciences is rarely undertaken in a structured way. This handbook is designed to remedy that and to present students and researchers with a systematic method for interpreting qualitative data', whether derived from interviews, field notes, or documentary materials. The special emphasis of the book is on how to develop theory through qualitative analysis. The reader is provided with the tools for doing qualitative analysis, such as codes, memos, memo sequences, theoretical sampling and comparative analysis, and diagrams, all of which are abundantly illustrated by actual examples drawn from the author's own varied qualitative research and research consultations, as well as from his research seminars. Many of the procedural discussions are concluded with rules of thumb that can usefully guide the researchers' analytic operations. The difficulties that beginners encounter when doing qualitative analysis and the kinds of persistent questions they raise are also discussed, as is the problem of how to integrate analyses. In addition, there is a chapter on the teaching of qualitative analysis and the giving of useful advice during research consultations, and there is a discussion of the preparation of material for publication. The book has been written not only for sociologists but for all researchers in the social sciences and in such fields as education, public health, nursing, and administration who employ qualitative methods in their work.