bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extending the Study of the 6,8 Rearrangement in Flavylium Compounds to Higher pH Values: Interconversion between 6‐Bromo and 8‐Bromo‐apigeninidin
Authors: Cruz Luís M. , Basílio Nuno M. , de Freitas Victor A. , Lima João C. , Pina Fernando J.
Published: February 2016

The rearrangement between isomers 6‐ and 8‐bromo‐apigeninidin (6 and 8) was studied by pH jumps using stopped flow, UV/Vis, NMR, and HPLC analysis. The system constitutes a pH‐dependent network of chemical reactions involving up to 18 different species. The dynamic network is equivalent to a single diprotic acid exhibiting two pKas, 2.55 and 5.4. Similar to other flavylium derivatives, the mole fraction of the species hemiketal and cis‐chalcone in both multistate isomers are negligible at the equilibrium. At pH 1, the pure isomers are slowly converted in a mixture containing about 50 % of isomers 6 and 8, while at pH 4, the system evolves to mixture of 10 % trans‐chalcone and 90 % of quinoidal bases. A series of pH jumps from pure isomer 6 at pH 1 to pH 6 and back to pH 1 leads to the same initial absorption spectra of the pure isomer 6. The same occurs for pure isomer 8, showing the lack of communication between the cis‐chalcones, at least in the time scale of few minutes. A pH jump from the equilibrated mixture of the isomers at pH 1.0 to 5.8 permits to follow a very slow isomerization.
Compression‐molded composites from waste polypropylene carpets
Authors: Zhao Yi , Pan Gangwei , Xu Helan , Yang Yiqi
Published: February 2016

In this research, compression‐molded composites were developed from discarded polypropylene (PP) carpets and showed good mechanical properties, water stability and acoustic property. Compared to jute/PP composites, the composites from PP carpets had 14%, 20%, and 40% higher flexural strength, impact resistance, and elastic modulus, respectively. In addition, with 58.3% and 14.5% higher sound absorption and water stability than jute/PP composites, the composites from carpets demonstrated good potential for industrial applications and could promote sustainability of material industries. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:595–605, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Development of a novel multiplex beads‐based assay for autoantibody detection for colorectal cancer diagnosis
Authors: Villar‐Vázquez Roi , Padilla Guillermo , Fernández‐Aceñero María Jesús , Suárez Adolfo , Fuente Eduardo , Pastor Carlos , Calero Miguel , Barderas Rodrigo , Casal J. Ignacio
Published: February 2016

Humoral response in cancer patients can be used for early cancer detection. By screening high‐density protein microarrays with sera from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and controls, we identified 16 tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs) exhibiting high diagnostic value. This high number of TAAs requires the development of multiplex assays combining different antigens for a faster and more accurate prediction of CRC. Here, we have developed and optimized a bead‐based assay using nine selected TAAs and two controls to provide a multiplex test for early CRC diagnosis. We screened a collection of 307 CRC patients’ and control sera with the beads assay to identify and validate the best TAA combination for CRC detection. The multiplex bead‐based assay exhibited a similar diagnostic performance to detect the humoral response in comparison to multiple ELISA analyses. After multivariate analysis, a panel composed of GTF2B, EDIL3, HCK, PIM1, STK4, and p53, together with gender and age, was identified as the best combination of TAAs for CRC diagnosis, achieving an AUC of 89.7%, with 66% sensitivity at 90.0% fixed specificity. The model was validated using bootstrapping analysis. In summary, we have developed a novel multiplex bead assay that after validation with a larger independent cohort of sera could be utilized in a high‐throughput manner for population screening to facilitate the detection of early CRC patients.
Understanding the physical basis for the side‐chain conformational preferences of methionine
Authors: Virrueta Alejandro , O'Hern Corey S. , Regan Lynne
Published: February 2016

Methionine (Met) is a structurally versatile amino acid most commonly found in protein cores and at protein–protein interfaces. Thus, a complete description of the structure of Met is important for a fundamental understanding of protein structure and design. In previous work, we showed that the hard‐sphere dipeptide model is able to recapitulate the side‐chain dihedral angle distributions observed in high‐resolution protein crystal structures for the nine amino acids we have studied to date: Val, Thr, Ser, Leu, Ile, Cys, Tyr, Trp, and Phe. Using the same approach, we are also able to predict the observed χ1 and χ2 side‐chain dihedral angle distributions for Met. However, the form of the side‐chain dihedral angle distribution P(χ3) predicted by the hard‐sphere model does not match the observed distribution. We investigate the possible origins of the discrepancy and find that specific bond lengths and angles in Met side chains strongly influence P(χ3). We then identify minimal additions to the hard‐sphere dipeptide model necessary to quantitatively predict P(χ3) of Met, and its near isosteres norleucine (Nle) and selenomethionine (Mse). We find that adding weak attractive interactions between hydrogen atoms to the model is sufficient to achieve predictions for P(χ3) that closely match the observed P(χ3) distributions for Met, Nle, and Mse. We explicitly show that weak attractive interactions between hydrogens do not negatively affect the agreement between the predicted and observed side‐chain dihedral angle distribution for Val, Leu, Ile, and Phe, as we expect for other amino acids. Proteins 2016; 84:900–911. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optoelectronic devices on AlGaN/GaN HEMT platform
Authors: Li Baikui , Tang Xi , Wang Jiannong , Chen Kevin J.
Published: February 2016

Integration of a photon source into the AlGaN/GaN high election mobility transistor (HEMT) platform will realize the functionality of on‐chip optical pumping of deep electron traps which suppress the dynamic performances of power HEMTs. Here, we report a Schottky‐on‐heterojunction light‐emitting diode (SoH‐LED) realized on the p‐doping‐free lateral AlGaN/GaN heterostructure. A physical mode based on hot electron induced surface states impact ionization was proposed to explain the hole generation and injection processes in this p‐doping‐free SoH‐LED. Since the SoH‐LED shares identical epitaxial structures with HEMT, integration of SoH‐LED and HEMT requires no additional epi‐layers during the wafer growth and minimum process modification during device fabrication. The SoH‐LED structure was seamlessly integrated into the HEMT platform as an on‐chip photon source. Experiment results showed that the SoH‐LED photons can effectively assist the electron de‐trapping processes from both of the surface and bulk deep traps, demonstrating the feasibility of using on‐chip generated photons to improve the dynamic performances of AlGaN/GaN power HEMTs.
Regional Statistical and Precipitation–Runoff Modelling for Ecological Applications: Prediction of Hourly Streamflow in Regulated Rivers and Ungauged Basins
Authors: Hailegeorgis Teklu T. , Alfredsen K.
Published: February 2016

Prediction of natural streamflow in regulated rivers for derivation of ecologically relevant streamflow metrics (ERSFMs) and prediction in ungauged basins (PUB) are important in management of water resources. However, specific studies on comparison of methods for predicting hourly flow regime relevant to ecological study in regulated (hydropeaking) rivers are rare in literature. Therefore, using catchments in mid Norway, we performed comparative evaluation of prediction of hourly streamflow series and flow duration curves (FDCs) in ungauged basins. We developed a regional regression model based on relationships among streamflow percentiles and drainage areas and performed a regional calibration of a streamflow recession based precipitation–runoff (P–R) model.

A leave one out cross‐validation procedure was used to evaluate the regional models. The results indicate that the regional regression model with transferring of streamflow information based on the nearest neighbour performed better than both transferring optimal parameters from local calibration and regional parameter sets corresponding to maximum regional weighted average Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of the P–R model (NSEMRWA). We also evaluated the models based on prediction of some environmental indices: the daily range, daily standard deviation, flashiness, maximum ramping rate, number of rise and falls and daily flow changes. However, both modelling strategies predicted hourly streamflow indices well and appeared stable over most indices while the largest differences occurred in the rise and fall counts.

The models were further applied for prediction of the natural streamflow time series at Sokna hydropeaking plant. The observed hydrograph exhibits continuous sudden fluctuations while the predicted natural flow hydrograph exhibits smooth pattern. The within a year FDCs for observed flow exhibits sharp transitions from high to low flows. There is clear differences between the environmental indices obtained for the observed and the modelled data series, with the general observation that the NSEMRWA computing a smaller variability than the regression model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of Direct and Indirect Boundary Shear Stress Measurements along Vegetated Streambanks
Authors: Hopkinson L. C. , Wynn‐Thompson T. M.
Published: February 2016

Estimates of boundary shear stress along vegetated streambanks are needed to predict streambank fluvial erosion. Because fluvial shear stress cannot be directly measured in the field, reliable estimation techniques using field instrumentation are needed. This study evaluated local bank shear stress estimation methods applicable to sloping, vegetated streambanks. Two reaches of a second order stream were modelled in a flume using a fixed‐bed Froude‐scale modelling technique. One reach was dominated by dense shrubs while the other reach was located in a mature forest. Direct measurements of local bank shear stress using a hot‐film anemometer were compared to estimates based on velocity measurements (logarithmic method, Reynolds stresses, and turbulent kinetic energy). For channels with no or widely spaced vegetation, the velocity‐based estimates underestimated the bank shear stress due to secondary flow contributions. For banks with dense vegetation, Reynolds stresses and turbulent kinetic energy estimates were statistically similar to direct measurements on average, but substantial error occurred when making point comparisons. Velocity‐based estimates generally over predicted bank stress in areas of high shear at the vegetation edge and underpredicted stress within dense vegetation. Ultimately, results suggest that none of tested techniques can be broadly applied to streambanks, and flow structure is critical in selecting the appropriate estimation technique. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface characterisation of pine wood by XPS
Authors: Bañuls‐Ciscar Jorge , Pratelli Daniele , Abel Marie‐Laure , Watts John F.
Published: February 2016

Herein, we report the characterisation of pine wood strands (Pinus sylvestris) by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In this work, solvent extracted and non‐extracted wood strands from heartwood and sapwood pine were analysed to examine if notable differences can be observed. Reference samples of lignin and cellulose were analysed to enable the identification of the different spectral components of wood. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developments in numerical treatments for large data sets of XPS images
Authors: Béchu Solène , Richard‐Plouet Mireille , Fernandez Vincent , Walton John , Fairley Neal
Published: February 2016

Empirical data include signal with superimposed variations in intensity of an unwanted nature. These signal fluctuations are of particular interest in XPS measurements when the data are partitioned into both spatial and energy collection bins. In separating signals into a data cube with axes of energy and displacement in x and y, this division creates many more data binning locations than is typical of spectroscopy or classical imaging‐type measurements resulting in only small numbers of counts per data bin. Under these circumstances, errors can easily dominate the signal of interest. It is usually assumed that pulse counted data have Poissonian statistics, so that the magnitude of the noise is proportional to the square root of the number of counts. When data are distributed throughout a 3D cube, the counts per voxel are typically low and any random errors can cause deviation from the expected Poisson distributed intensities, which has consequences for data treatment. This paper shows how raw intensities from 3D data sets can be preprocessed to recover a pseudo‐Poisson behaviour, which allows principal component analysis with prior data scaling to be used to process the data. Data acquired from crystal formations on photosensitive films based on titanium clusters are used to demonstrate these techniques. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Type‐II generalized family‐wise error rate formulas with application to sample size determination
Authors: Delorme Phillipe , de Micheaux Pierre Lafaye , Liquet Benoit , Riou Jérémie
Published: February 2016

Multiple endpoints are increasingly used in clinical trials. The significance of some of these clinical trials is established if at least r null hypotheses are rejected among m that are simultaneously tested. The usual approach in multiple hypothesis testing is to control the family‐wise error rate, which is defined as the probability that at least one type‐I error is made. More recently, the q‐generalized family‐wise error rate has been introduced to control the probability of making at least q false rejections. For procedures controlling this global type‐I error rate, we define a type‐II r‐generalized family‐wise error rate, which is directly related to the r‐power defined as the probability of rejecting at least r false null hypotheses. We obtain very general power formulas that can be used to compute the sample size for single‐step and step‐wise procedures. These are implemented in our R package rPowerSampleSize available on the CRAN, making them directly available to end users. Complexities of the formulas are presented to gain insight into computation time issues. Comparison with Monte Carlo strategy is also presented. We compute sample sizes for two clinical trials involving multiple endpoints: one designed to investigate the effectiveness of a drug against acute heart failure and the other for the immunogenicity of a vaccine strategy against pneumococcus. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The business of distributed solar power: a comparative case study of centralized charging stations and solar microgrids
Authors: D'Agostino Anthony L. , Lund Peter D. , Urpelainen Johannes
Published: February 2016

How can distributed solar power best meet the energy needs of nonelectrified rural communities? In collaboration with a local technology provider, we conduct a techno‐economic comparison of three different models of distributed solar power in rural India. We compare a centralized charging station with two solar microgrids, one based on prepaid electricity purchases and the other on a fixed monthly fee. Customers report higher levels of satisfaction and fewer technical problems with the microgrids, but the capital cost of the microgrids is much higher than that of the centralized charging station. The prepaid system exhibits poor economic performance because the customers spend very little money on electricity. These results suggest that new business models and technological innovations are needed to strike the right balance between customer needs and commercial viability. WIREs Energy Environ 2016, 5:640–648. doi: 10.1002/wene.209

This article is categorized under:

Photovoltaics > Economics and Policy

Solar Heating and Cooling > Economics and Policy

Energy Research & Innovation > Systems and Infrastructure
30‐Day In‐hospital Trauma Mortality in Four Urban University Hospitals Using an Indian Trauma Registry
Authors: Roy Nobhojit , Gerdin Martin , Ghosh Samarendra , Gupta Amit , Kumar Vineet , Khajanchi Monty , Schneider Eric B. , Gruen Russell , Tomson Göran , von Schreeb Johan
Published: February 2016

Introduction

In India, half of the annual 200,000 road traffic deaths occur in hospitals, but the exact in‐hospital trauma mortality rate remains unknown. A research consortium of universities, with a mandate to reduce trauma mortality, measured the baseline 30‐day in‐hospital mortality rate.

Methods

Between September 2013 and February 2015, trained data collectors collected on‐admission demographic, physiological vital signs, and health service performance indicators (time of injury to admission, investigation, or intervention) on all patients with traumatic injuries admitted to four public university hospitals in three Indian megacities.

Results

Of the 11,202 hospitalized trauma patients, 21.4 % died within 30 days of hospitalization. The median age was 30 years for survivors and 37 years for non‐survivors. The on‐admission systolic blood pressure and Glasgow Coma Score was near‐normal in survivors, but was significantly lower in non‐survivors and associated with both early and late mortality (p = 0.001). In the absence of a trauma system, there were process‐of‐care delays from injury to reaching and being examined, investigated, or operated in the hospital.

Conclusion

Using a multi‐institutional Indian registry, this study is the first to systematically document that the 30‐day in‐hospital trauma mortality was twice that found in similar registries from high‐income countries. Physiological scoring of on‐admission vitals was clinically useful to predict mortality. More research is needed to understand the causes of high mortality and time delays in the process of delivering trauma care in India, which has no prehospital or trauma system.
A Novel Study on the Gel Phase Formed in a Catanionic Surfactant System
Authors: Zhao Mingwei , Gao Mingwei , Dai Caili , Wang Shilu , Chen Wenxia , Liu Yifei , Wu Xuepeng , Xu Zhongliang
Published: February 2016

A novel gel phase was constructed in a catanionic surfactant system with the compositions of 1‐tetradecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride (C14mimCl) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The gel phases were studied through visual observations, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rheological measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The visual observation and DSC confirmed the formation of gels and phase transitions from gel to sol. The dynamic rheological results showed the viscoelastic properties of gels. The SEM technique was used to further indicate the microstructure of gels. Finally, the formation mechanisms of gels are proposed based on the critical packing parameter. We expect to develop a new route to construct the gels.
Clinical Issues‐March 2016
Authors: Chambers Kerrie , Burlingame Byron L.
Published: February 2016

This Month

Increasing ambient room temperature

Key words: OR temperature, core temperature, unplanned hypothermia, ambient room temperature, thermoregulation.

Clinical alarm management

Key words: alarm fatigue, clinical alarms, alert alarms.
Pressure Ulcers: Factors Contributing to Their Development in the OR
Authors: Engels Dawn , Austin Melody , McNichol Laurie , Fencl Jennifer , Gupta Sat , Kazi Haseeb
Published: February 2016

The prevention of health care‐associated pressure ulcers (HAPUs) is an important quality measure because HAPUs are considered a never event. The literature suggests that the prevalence rate of pressure ulcers is 8.5% or higher among patients who undergo surgical procedures that last longer than three hours. We performed a retrospective chart review to determine what factors contribute to the development of pressure ulcers in patients who undergo surgical procedures. The sample population included patients who acquired a pressure ulcer that was not present at admission and developed during their postoperative hospital stay. The project revealed consistent risk factors that may contribute to the development of pressure ulcers in patients who have undergone surgical procedures. These findings can drive the implementation of preventive measures to reduce the occurrence of HAPUs associated with surgical procedures.
Thrombopoietin is associated with δ's intercept, and only in Non‐Hispanic Whites
Authors: Royall Donald R. , Palmer Raymond F.
Published: February 2016

Introduction

Serum thrombopoietin (THPO) is a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the latent dementia phenotype, “δ”. Both associations may be specific to non‐Hispanic whites (NHW), not Mexican‐Americans (MA). In this analysis, we examine ethnicity's effect on THPO's association with change in δ scores, in the Texas Alzheimer's Research and Care Consortium (TARCC).

Methods

We constructed an ethnicity equivalent δ homolog (“dEQ”) among n = 1113 MA and n = 1958 NHW. dEQ was output as a composite “dEQ‐score” for each of five annual TARCC waves. Those composites were used as indicators of a latent growth curve (LGC). The mean dEQ intercept (idEQ) and slope (ΔdEQ) were estimated in a random subset of N = 1528 participants and replicated in the remainder (n = 1544). THPO was regressed onto idEQ and ΔdEQ. Those associations were tested separately in MA and NHW.

Results

dEQ correlated strongly with CDR‐SB (r = 0.99,P < .001) and achieved high AUCs for AD diagnosis at each wave (range = 0.95–0.99). THPO was significantly associated with idEQ but not ΔdEQ. That effect was observed in NHW only. In MA, THPO had no associations with either idEQ or ΔdEQ.

Discussion

We confirm THPO's ethnicity‐specific association with δ in NHW. It is further clarified that this association is specific to δ's intercept and not its slope. This analysis provides a model for how dementia's specific serum biomarkers can be characterized.
Ship waves on uniform shear current at finite depth: wave resistance and critical velocity
Authors: Li Yan , Ellingsen Simen Å
Published: February 2016

We present a comprehensive theory for linear gravity-driven ship waves in the presence of a shear current with uniform vorticity, including the effects of finite water depth. The wave resistance in the presence of shear current is calculated for the first time, containing in general a non-zero lateral component. While formally apparently a straightforward extension of existing deep water theory, the introduction of finite water depth is physically non-trivial, since the surface waves are now affected by a subtle interplay of the effects of the current and the sea bed. This becomes particularly pronounced when considering the phenomenon of critical velocity, the velocity at which transversely propagating waves become unable to keep up with the moving source. The phenomenon is well known for shallow water, and was recently shown to exist also in deep water in the presence of a shear current (Ellingsen, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 742, 2014, R2). We derive the exact criterion for criticality as a function of an intrinsic shear Froude number $S\sqrt{b/g}$ ($S$ is uniform vorticity, $b$ size of source), the water depth and the angle between the shear current and the ship’s motion. Formulae for both the normal and lateral wave resistance forces are derived, and we analyse their dependence on the source velocity (or Froude number $Fr$) for different amounts of shear and different directions of motion. The effect of the shear current is to increase wave resistance for upstream ship motion and decrease it for downstream motion. Also the value of $Fr$ at which $R$ is maximal is lowered for upstream and increased for downstream directions of ship motion. For oblique angles between ship motion and current there is a lateral wave resistance component which can amount to 10–20 % of the normal wave resistance for side-on shear and $S\sqrt{b/g}$ of order unity. The theory is fully laid out and far-field contributions are carefully separated off by means of Cauchy’s integral theorem, exposing potential pitfalls associated with a slightly different method (Sokhotsky–Plemelj) used in several previous works.
Using stratification to mitigate end effects in quasi-Keplerian Taylor–Couette flow
Authors: Leclercq Colin , Partridge Jamie L. , Augier Pierre , Dalziel Stuart B. , Kerswell Rich R.
Published: February 2016

Efforts to model accretion disks in the laboratory using Taylor–Couette flow apparatus are plagued with problems due to the substantial impact the end plates have on the flow. We explore the possibility of mitigating the influence of these end plates by imposing stable stratification in their vicinity. Numerical computations and experiments confirm the effectiveness of this strategy for restoring the axially homogeneous quasi-Keplerian solution in the unstratified equatorial part of the flow for sufficiently strong stratification and moderate layer thickness. If the rotation ratio is too large, however (e.g. ${\it\Omega}_{o}/{\it\Omega}_{i}=(r_{i}/r_{o})^{3/2}$, where ${\it\Omega}_{o}/{\it\Omega}_{i}$ is the angular velocity at the outer/inner boundary and $r_{i}/r_{o}$ is the inner/outer radius), the presence of stratification can make the quasi-Keplerian flow susceptible to the stratorotational instability. Otherwise (e.g. for ${\it\Omega}_{o}/{\it\Omega}_{i}=(r_{i}/r_{o})^{1/2}$), our control strategy is successful in reinstating a linearly stable quasi-Keplerian flow away from the end plates. Experiments probing the nonlinear stability of this flow show only decay of initial finite-amplitude disturbances at a Reynolds number $Re=O(10^{4})$. This observation is consistent with most recent computational (Ostilla-Mónico, et al.J. Fluid Mech., vol. 748, 2014, R3) and experimental results (Edlund & Ji, Phys. Rev. E, vol. 89, 2014, 021004) at high $Re$, and reinforces the growing consensus that turbulence in cold accretion disks must rely on additional physics beyond that of incompressible hydrodynamics.
Dietary supplementation with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate calcium during the early postnatal period accelerates skeletal muscle fibre growth and maturity in intra-uterine growth-retarded and normal-birth-weight piglets
Authors: Wan Haifeng , Zhu Jiatao , Su Guoqi , Liu Yan , Hua Lun , Hu Liang , Wu Caimei , Zhang Ruinan , Zhou Pan , Shen Yong , Lin Yan , Xu Shengyu , Fang Zhengfeng , Che Lianqiang , Feng Bin , Wu De
Published: February 2016

Intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) impairs postnatal growth and skeletal muscle development in neonatal infants. This study evaluated whether dietary β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate Ca (HMB-Ca) supplementation during the early postnatal period could improve muscle growth in IUGR neonates using piglets as a model. A total of twelve pairs of IUGR and normal-birth-weight (NBW) male piglets with average initial weights (1·85 (sem 0·36) and 2·51 (sem 0·39) kg, respectively) were randomly allotted to groups that received milk-based diets (CON) or milk-based diets supplemented with 800 mg/kg HMB-Ca (HMB) during days 7–28 after birth. Blood and longissimus dorsi (LD) samples were collected and analysed for plasma amino acid content, fibre morphology and the expression of genes related to muscle development. The results indicate that, regardless of diet, IUGR piglets had a significantly decreased average daily weight gain (ADG) compared with that of NBW piglets (P<0·05). However, IUGR piglets fed HMB-Ca had a net weight and ADG similar to that of NBW piglets fed the CON diet. Irrespective of body weight (BW), HMB-Ca supplementation markedly increased the type II fibre cross-sectional area and the mRNA expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), insulin-like growth factor-1 and myosin heavy-chain isoform IIb in the LD of piglets (P<0·05). Moreover, there was a significant interaction between the effects of BW and HMB on mTOR expression in the LD (P<0·05). In conclusion, HMB-Ca supplementation during the early postnatal period could improve skeletal muscle growth and maturity by accelerating fast-twitch glycolytic fibre development in piglets.
Population biology of the European woodwasp,Sirex noctilio, in Galicia, Spain
Authors: Lombardero M.J. , Ayres M.P. , Krivak-Tetley F.E. , Fitza K.N.E.
Published: February 2016

Sirex noctilioFabricius (Hymenoptera, Siricidae) is rare and rarely studied where it is native in Eurasia, but is a widespread pest of pines in the Southern Hemisphere. Here we report on the abundance, basic biology, host use patterns and natural enemies of nativeS. noctilioin Galicia, Spain. Most trees attacked byS. noctiliofailed to produce any adult progeny: >90% of emergences came from <20% of the attacked trees. The highest reproduction was inPinus pinaster, followed byPinus sylvestrisandPinus radiata.The proportions ofS. noctiliorequiring 1, 2 or 3 years for development were 0.72: 0.24: 0.04. Delayed development could be an adaptation to avoid parasitic nematodes, which sterilized 41.5% adults with one year generation time but only 19% of adults with 2 years generation time. Hymenoptera parasitoids accounted for 20% mortality. Sex ratios were male biased at 1: 2.9. Body size and fecundity were highly variable and lower than previously reported from the Southern Hemisphere. On attacked trees, there were 5–20 attacks per standard log (18 dm2), with usually 1–3 drills per attack. Attack densities and drills per attack were higher in trees that subsequently died. The production ofS. noctilioper log was positively related to total attacks, and negatively related to: (1) attack density, (2) incidence of blue stain fromOphiostomafungi and (3) frequency of lesions in plant tissue around points of attack. A preliminary life table for S.noctilioin Galicia estimated effects on potential population growth rate from (in decreasing order of importance) host suitability, unequal sex ratio, parasitic nematodes and Hymenoptera parasitoids.
Heterogeneity in Beliefs and Volatility Tail Behavior
Authors: Bakshi Gurdip , Madan Dilip , Panayotov George
Published: February 2016

We propose a model of volatility tail behavior in which investors display aversion to both low-volatility and high-volatility states, and hence, the derived pricing kernel exhibits an increasing and decreasing region in the volatility dimension. The model features investors who have heterogeneity in beliefs about volatility outcomes and maximize their utility by choosing volatility-contingent cash flows. Our empirical examination suggests that the model is better suited to reproduce data features in the left tail of the volatility distribution, both qualitatively and quantitatively.
The Apocalyptic Thinking of the Marian Exiles
Authors: Dawson Jane E. A.
Published: February 2016

Apocalyptic ideas lay at the very heart of British Protestant thought throughout the early modern period. They were held by thinkers from all sections of the theological spectrum within Britain, and formed part of the mainstream of the different reformed traditions found within the Tudor state and the kingdom of Scotland. Most British Protestants viewed their daily lives and the world in which they lived through the lens of apocalyptic thought. Its key themes helped create the new Protestant consciousness which emerged in the early modern period throughout the whole of the English-speaking world.
Robert of Arbrissel: Procurator Mulierum
Authors: Smith Jacqueline
Published: February 2016

At the close of the eleventh century the region of north west France experienced a revival in popularity of the eremitical movement. Men and women seeking retirement from the world, withdrew to the seclusion of forests and wastelands where, dwelling in crudely constructed huts and living only on small provision, they devoted themselves to a life of voluntary poverty and simple piety. Robert of Arbrissel provides an example of one following the eremitical life. Having retired to the forest of Craon he lived under conditions of extreme austerity, seeking solitude and dedicating himself completely to the contemplation of God. While still practising his austerities in the forest he began his mission of preaching and very soon gathered around him people eager to hear his message. It is not the purpose of this paper to discuss the influences and personal motivations which were at work in determining Robert’s career as a hermit and wandering preacher, aspects which I have examined elsewhere, but to provide an analysis of the impact Robert’s career may have had on others, and on women in particular.
Aelred of Rievaulx and the Nun of Watton: an Episode in the Early History of the Gilbertine order
Authors: Constable Giles
Published: February 2016

Although the story of the nun of Watton by Aelred of Rievaulx was published by Twysden in the seventeenth century and reprinted by Migne, it has never been studied in detail for the light it throws on religious life and attitudes in the twelfth century and on the history of the order founded by St Gilbert of Sempringham. This neglect has been the result less of ignorance than of the nature of episode, which was described as ‘disgraceful and fanatical’ by Dixon, ‘distressing’ by Eckenstein and by Graham, ‘painful’ by Powicke, ‘strange’ by Knowles, ‘of almost casual brutality’ by Nicholl, and as ‘curious’ and ‘unsavoury’ by Aelred Squire.
St Clare
Authors: Brooke Rosalind B. , Brooke Christopher N. L.
Published: February 2016

St Clare died on II August 1253, and the celebration of her seventh centenary in 1953 was accompanied by a revival of scholarly interest in her life and work scarcely to be paralleled since the Bollandists passed through August. Grau established the canon of her writings and published an annotated German translation: Hardick fixed the chronology of her life—born in 1193-4, received into the religious life at the age of 18 in 1212; from 1212 to 1253 head and leader (from 1216 abbess) of the community in San Damiano. Much else occurred besides in 1953 in scholarly publication and popular festivity; and little perhaps remains to be discovered about her life and works.
The Piety of John Brunham’s Daughter, of Lynn
Authors: Goodman Anthony
Published: February 2016

THE historian chips eagerly in search of veins of psychological truth behind the autobiographer’s polished facade. But the latter’s Roman art held little appeal in the medieval west. Medieval autobiographers had no generally favoured literary stereotype on which to model their fragments of experience. Familiar with confessional practices, and with preachers’ fabliaux, they often wrote with a frank, engaging air. Yet, since they were inclined to conform to what they considered seemly for exempla, the historian needs to be as much on his guard against seduction by their apparent artlessness as by the polished suavity of the antique self-portrait.
England and the Continent in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Elton G.R.
Published: February 2016

There are those who would deny a distinction between England and the continent of Europe, alleging that the island is in every respect—politically, socially, culturally—a part of Europe. This is an opinion that could be held only by those whose knowledge of the continent is derived from books and from visits, anyone who has actually ever lived there knows how fundamental those differences are. Or perhaps one should say, how fundamental they were; possibly they have in the last thirty years been disappearing together with an England that was real, and apparently unchangeable, at any rate down to 1939. It may also be argued that those differences have not always existed, time out of memory: medieval England, part of one European church, may have displayed more likeness to the rest of Christendom than difference. An island ruled for so many centuries by Danish, Norman and Angevin princes perhaps demands to be treated as part of those continental dominions. I am certainly familiar with arguments of this kind from historians concerned to understand the medieval English church or the Norman Conquest and its consequences. Yet even then there were real differences, and if the novel (and very persuasive) thesis that England never knew a ‘true’ peasantry survives detailed scrutiny those differences may well come to matter more throughout English history than any superficial resemblances in religion, in language, or in the social habits of the upper classes.
Richard Baxter and The Grotian Religion
Authors: Nuttall Geoffrey F.
Published: February 2016

Richard Baxter admired many of Grotius’s writings. On several subjects, he writes, ‘I must in Gratitude Profess that I have learnt more from Grotius, then from almost any Writer … that ever I read’. The De Imperio he called ‘exact and judicious’; the De ventate he counted among the best defences of Christianity against atheists and infidels; the De satisfactione he thought ‘extraordinary clear and sound’ and fit to be in ‘the Poorest Library’. These and other pieces by Grotius, together with his Opera in four folio volumes, were in Baxter’s own collectionxs.
Monastery Into Chapter: Durham 1539-1559
Authors: Loades David
Published: February 2016

The monastic cathedrals of England had for centuries led a double life. On the one hand, each was the seat of a bishop, and the centre of a diocesan administration. On the other, it was the home of a cloistered community, usually Benedictine, which was in theory withdrawn from the world. In principle, the community, which actually owned the cathedral and its precincts, should have elected the bishop, in which case he would probably have been one of their own number, and relations could have been expected to be harmonious. However, in practice, bishops were royal servants, and were appointed by the king with papal connivance. There were numerous quarrels between kings and popes over such appointments, but disagreement never resulted in a canonical election, which would almost certainly have produced a candidate acceptable to neither. In consequence, the bishops of monastic cathedrals were almost invariably outsiders, and usually seculars.
The Protestant Earl and Godly Gael: The Fifth Earl of Argyll [c. 1538-73] and the Scottish Reformation
Authors: Dawson Jane
Published: February 2016

Above the entrance doorway at Carnasserie Castle in mid-Argyll there is a finely carved panel containing the coat of arms of Archibald Campbell, fifth Earl of Argyll, and his first wife, Lady Jean Stewart. Along the foot of the panel, in the script employed in Gaelic manuscripts, there is a motto which reads: ‘DIA LE UA NDUIBH[N]E’ or ‘God be with Ó Duibhne.’ The designation Ó Duibhne referred to the fifth Earl of Argyll as chief of Clan Campbell. The inscription and its setting provide a perfect illustration of the different cultures and traditions which the fifth Earl combined in his personal and public life and permitted him to be both a Protestant earl and a godly Gael. The short Gaelic phrase of the motto was the first post-Reformation inscription within the Gaidhealtachd or Gaelic-speaking area, which covered the Highlands and Islands of Scotland.
John of Salisbury in recent scholarship
Authors: Luscombe David
Published: February 2016

Twenty-two years ago the Historisches Jahrbuch published a review of recent studies of John of Salisbury. It was signed by H. Hohenleutner (1958) and it surveyed work done between 1948 and 1958. In that immediately post-war period there had appeared Daniel McGarry’s most useful translation into English of the Metalogicon (1955); Christopher Brooke had brought to completion an edition and translation of the early Letters of John of Salisbury covering the years 1153-61, and Marjope Chibnall had edited and translated with great success the Historia Pontificalis (1956). There had also appeared, apart from a number of short articles and chapters, Hans Liebeschütz’s book on John of Salisbury and medieval humanism and Helbling-Gloor’s study of John’s ideas concerning nature and superstition (1956).
Hochmittelalterlicher Humanismus als Lebensform: ein Beitrag zum Standesethos des westeuropäischen Weltklerus nach Johannes von Salisbury
Authors: Guth Klaus
Published: February 2016

Mentalität als Denk-, Verhaltens- und Lebensweise eines Standes steht notwendigerweise in Wechselbeziehung zur kollektiven Lebensform einer Kultur tragenden Schicht. Zeigt erstere deren geistige Strukturen, so kann letztere auch materielk Kulturgüter, ihre Funktion im Leben des Menschen und die Weise des Umgangs mit materielle Kultur durch Menschen umfassen. Lebensform im engeren Sinn als die Einheit von Theorie und Praxis, wie sie im folgenden verstanden wird, fuhrt zur sittlichen Lebensgestaltung im Zusammenhang der humanistischen Bewegung. Von ihr, genauer vom Standesethos des hochmittelalterlichen Weltklerus kann anhand der mittelalterlichen Quellenlage nur die Rede sein.
Randbemerkungen zur Institutio Traiani
Authors: Kerner M.
Published: February 2016

Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der ps.-plutarchischen Institutio Traiani, deren Existenz bisher allein durch 16 lateinische Fragmente im Policraticus des Johannes von Salisbury gesichert ist, haben sich in der neueren Forschung zwei gegenläufige Auffassungen herausgebildet.
Zur Benutzung der Summa Codicis Trecensis bei Johannes von Salisbury
Authors: Miczka Georg
Published: February 2016

Seit Savignys Geschichte des römischen Rechts im Mittelalter bewundert die Rechtswissenschaft und mit ihr die historische Forschung die Kenntnisse des Johannes von Salisbury im römischen Recht. Der groβe Forscher konnte nur den Magister Vacarius als Vermittler vermuten. Hermann Fitting hat dann bei seinen weitgespannten und irregeleiteten QueUenstudien auf ein Werk der Glossatoren aufmerksam gemacht, die sog. Summa Codicis Trecensis, die Johannes in seinem 1159 vollendeten Policraticus benutzt haben soll.
Giovanni di Salisbury e l’italia del suo tempo
Authors: Manselli Raoul
Published: February 2016

Hospitem meum Placentinum dixisse recolo, virum utrique sanguine generosum, habentem prudentiam mundi huius in timore Domini, hoc in civitatibus Italiae usu frequenti celeberrimum esse, quod, dum pacem diligunt et iustitiam colunt et periuriis abstinent, tantae libertatis et pacis gaudio perfruuntur, quod nichil est omnino, quod vel in minimo quietem eorum concutiat. Cum vero prolabuntur ad fraudes et per varias iniustitiae semitas scinduntur in semet ipsis, statim vel fastum Romanum vel furorem Teutonicum aliudve flagellum inducit Dominus super eos, et permanet manus eius extenta, donee ipsi ab iniquitate per penitentiam revertantur; quo solo remedio apud illos omnis cessat tempestas. Adiciebat etiam, quod merita populi omnem evacuant principatum aut eum faciunt esse mitissimum, cum e contrario certum sit, quod propter peccata populi permittit Deus regnare hypocritam et impossible esse, ut diu regno gaudeat qui populi humiliatione et proprio fastigio superbe nimis exultat. Sed illius dicebat protendi principatum, qui apud se de conscientia humilitatis semper in se agitur, quasi regnet invitus. Haec mihi Placentinus hospes; et, ut credo, fidei consentaneum est’.
John of Salisbury and the Germans
Authors: Reuter Timothy
Published: February 2016

One of the very noticeable features of John of Salisbury’s later letters is the frequency with which they refer to the affairs of the empire and its ruler Frederick Barbarossa; indeed, they are an important source for the history of the empire in the 1160s. There is no mystery about why this should have been so. The papal schism which broke out in 1159 and which was sustained by Barbarossa was of great importance for John and his circle, both in itself as a matter of great concern to those who cared about the church, and in particular because its progress often affected the course of the dispute between Becket and Henry II.
Peter Comestor
Authors: Luscombe David
Published: February 2016

During her own career Beryl Smalley greatly expanded our knowledge of Peter Comestor. When she first discussed his works, Peter’s links with Peter Lombard and his activity as a commentator upon the Gospels had only recently been established. She went on to show Peter’s connections with the school of St Victor and, before she died, she explored some aspects of Peter’s glosses on the Gospels. It may therefore be appropriate to try to fit together some of the pieces of the jigsaw that we now have, and to follow the lines along which, as we can now see, Peter’s career evolved.
Second-harmonic generation by an obliquely incident s-polarized laser from a magnetized plasma
Authors: Kuri Deep Kumar , Das Nilakshi
Published: February 2016

Second-harmonic generation by an obliquely incident s-polarized laser from an underdense plasma in the presence of a magnetic field has been investigated analytically. An expression for the relativistic factor γ has been obtained in the presence of magnetic field. The efficiency of second-harmonic radiation η has been obtained as a function of angle of incidence θ, normalized electric field amplitude of laser beam a0, normalized electron density ${\rm \omega} _{\rm p}^2 /{{\rm \omega} ^2}$, and magnetic field b. It is observed that γ increases with b. In turn, the conversion efficiency decreases with an increase in b. It is seen that the conversion efficiency is affected by the magnetic field due to the modified relativistic factor. In the absence of magnetic field, η increases with a0 and θ. However, in the presence of magnetic field, the conversion efficiency starts decreasing as the magnetic field is increased.
Epidemiology of laboratory-confirmed respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children in England, 2010–2014: the importance of birth month
Authors: REEVES R. M. , HARDELID P. , GILBERT R. , ELLIS J. , ZHAO H. , DONATI M. , PEBODY R.
Published: February 2016

The epidemiology of laboratory-confirmed respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in young children has not recently been described in England, and is an essential step in identifying optimal target groups for future licensed RSV vaccines. We used two laboratory surveillance systems to examine the total number and number of positive RSV tests in children aged <5 years in England from 2010 to 2014. We derived odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing children by birth month, using multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for age, season and sex. Forty-seven percent of RSV tests (29 851/63 827) and 57% (7405/13 034) of positive results in children aged <5 years were in infants aged <6 months. Moreover, 38% (4982/13 034) of positive results were in infants aged <3 months. Infants born in September, October and November had the highest odds of a positive RSV test during their first year of life compared to infants born in January (OR 2·1, 95% CI 1·7–2·7; OR 2·4, 95% CI 2·1–2·8; and OR 2·4, 95% CI 2·1–2·7, respectively). Our results highlight the importance of young age and birth month near the beginning of the RSV season to the risk of laboratory-confirmed RSV infection. Future control measures should consider protection for these groups.