bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Confidence Interval Estimation for Precipitation Quantiles Based on Principle of Maximum Entropy
Authors: Wei Ting , Song Songbai
Published: January 2019

Confidence interval of is an interval corresponding to a specified confidence and including the true value. It can be used to describe the precision of a statistical quantity and quantify its uncertainty. Although the principle of maximum entropy (POME) has been used for a variety of applications in hydrology, the confidence intervals of the POME quantile estimators have not been available. In this study, the calculation formulas of asymptotic variances and confidence intervals of quantiles based on POME for Gamma, Pearson type 3 (P3) and Extreme value type 1 (EV1) distributions were derived. Monte Carlo Simulation experiments were performed to evaluate the performance of derived formulas for finite samples. Using four data sets for annual precipitation at the Weihe River basin in China, the derived formulas were applied for calculating the variances and confidence intervals of precipitation quantiles for different return periods and the results were compared with those of the methods of moments (MOM) and of maximum likelihood (ML) method. It is shown that POME yields the smallest standard errors and the narrowest confidence intervals of quantile estimators among the three methods, and can reduce the uncertainty of quantile estimators
Mechanism of Action of Extremely Low Frequency or Static Magnetic Fields on Cells: Role of Oxidative Activation of TRPM2
Authors: Mantovani Bernardo
Published: January 2019

There have been a great number of investigations about the influence of weak magnetic fields on biological systems, such as isolated cells and whole organisms. This is also a subject of considerable medical concern since old epidemiologic observations have indicated a possible tumorigenic effect of these fields. Their mechanism of action, however, is not firmly established. A large number of biological effects of electromagnetic fields have been attributed either to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or to the entrance Ca2+ in the cell. A new biochemical pathway is proposed that covers these two possibilities: the primary effect of the magnetic field would be by the mechanism of radical pairs resulting in the production of ROS; these could activate the ion channels TRPM2 producing cellular inflow of Ca2+, which would induce the calcium dependent effects. Thus, a large number of biological effects observed up to the present could be explained.
How Does Contrast Media Affect Cardiac Markers and Coagulation Tests? Experimental Study
Authors: Tascanov Mustafa Begenc , Gönel Ataman
Published: January 2019

Background and objectives: The fact that the results of troponin and Nt-proBNP interfere from biotin caused some commercial firms to update their measurement methods. In particular, the clinical incompatibility of cardiac test results may affect the risk of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to investigate the interference effects of 7 different contrast agents on cardiac markers (Troponin-I, Nt-proBNP, Mass CK-MB, CK, AST, LDH) and coagulation tests (PT, APTT). Materials and Methods: Seven different contrast medias were added into control materials by using interference protocol. Concentration of PT, APTT, CK, AST, LDH, Mass CK-MB, Troponin-I, Nt-proBNP were measured by Sysmex CS-2100, Abbott c16000, Siemens Centaur XP and AFİAS-6 analyzer. The amount of deviations from target values were calculated. Results: 7 different contrast medias caused negative interference in troponin levels between 57.43% and 62.87%. It was found that different contrast medias produced false negativity in the pro-BNP test ranging from 6.11% to 96.01%. Enzymes and coagulation tests have been less affected. Conclusions: Different contrast medias may cause false negative cTnI and pro-BNP. Therefore, the contrast medias which causes the least interference should be preferred. The results of samples taken in the first hour of contrast imaging should be interpreted with care.
Conflict of Interest Provisions in State Laws Governing Medical and Adult Use Cannabis
Authors: Bowling Candice M. , Glantz Stanton A.
Published: January 2019

Although the acceleration of cannabis legalization in the United States has spurred innovations in public administration and policymaking, there have been news accounts of public employees engaged in cannabis licensure or enforcement that constitute conflicts of interest (COIs).

After conducting 3 surveys in 50 states (including Washington, DC as a state), we found that COI provisions pertaining to cannabis-related public employment fell into 2 categories: subject matter general and cannabis specific. Only 20% (6/30) of the states that legalized medical cannabis had COI provisions in their medical cannabis codes, whereas the remaining 80% rely on subject matter general provisions relating to all areas of regulated subject matter, highlighting the need for thoughtful creation of COI rules in future policymaking. By contrast, 88% (7/8) of states that have legalized adult use cannabis put their COI provisions directly in their cannabis codes or regulations.

Governments should enact cannabis-specific COI policies applicable to broadly defined categories of public employees that are responsive to the unique context of bringing cannabis from the black market into the regulated market.
Estimating the Number of People Who Inject Drugs in A Rural County in Appalachia
Authors: Allen Sean T. , O’Rourke Allison , White Rebecca Hamilton , Schneider Kristin E. , Kilkenny Michael , Sherman Susan G.
Published: January 2019

Objectives. To demonstrate how we applied the capture–recapture method for population estimation directly in a rural Appalachian county (Cabell County, WV) to estimate the number of people who inject drugs (PWID).

Methods. We conducted 2 separate 2-week periods of data collection in June (“capture”) and July (“recapture”) 2018. We recruited PWID from a syringe services program and in community locations where PWID were known to congregate. Participants completed a survey that included measures related to sociodemographics, substance use, and HIV and hepatitis C virus prevention.

Results. In total, 797 surveys were completed; of these surveys, 49.6% (n = 395) reflected PWID who reported injection drug use in the past 6 months and Cabell County residence. We estimated that there were 1857 (95% confidence interval = 1147, 2567) PWID in Cabell County. Among these individuals, most reported being White (83.4%), younger than 40 years (70.9%), and male (59.5%). The majority reported injecting heroin (82.0%), methamphetamine (71.0%), and fentanyl (56.3%) in the past 6 months.

Conclusions. Capture–recapture methods can be applied in rural settings to estimate the size of PWID populations.
Energy, Environment, and Social Development: The Role of R&D in Energy Sustainability - Global Oil and Gas Supply Security and Future Energy Mix
Authors: Alnuaim Sami
Published: January 2019

President's column

A key component of sustainability is human lifestyle—meeting not just the basics, but for all people to have the opportunity to grow, develop, and prosper. Unquestionably, access to energy is a key component of achieving this goal. Having an adequate, reliable, affordable, environmentally-cleaner and uninterrupted supply of energy is crucial. Despite the calls to immediately cease using fossil fuels, hydrocarbon resources are essential to support the global economy. We cannot achieve a sustainable world in the long term without access to oil and gas. Currently, more than 50% of world energy demand is met by oil and gas. The difficult and yet-to-be-answered questions in the energy industry are the timing of oil and gas depletion and the energy mix afterward.

Will oil remain as the primary source of energy at the end of this century, especially in the transportation sector which currently consumes from 75 to 80% of the oil produced? Will gas remain as a primary source of energy for power generation and petrochemicals by the end of this century? Even with renewable energy growing by 400% or more, when will there be enough of these sources to replace oil and gas? Will they be practical for transportation? No one disagrees that oil and gas are depletable energy sources, and that we must find other sources of energy to replace them if mankind’s lifestyle on Earth is to be maintained or improved for hundreds, or I may say, thousands of years to come. However, knowing precisely when this will happen is quite challenging.

The oil and gas industry long ago embraced the challenge of finding and producing enough resources to meet growing world demand. Replacing what is produced each year isn’t enough; as demand grows, production capacity must grow, which means discovering more resources. We’ve met that challenge. How? By making enormous investments in research and development (R&D).

There is absolutely no doubt that the last few decades’ R&D efforts have reduced uncertainties on the exploration side and have increased recovery efficiency. Thanks to newly developed technologies, fields that were not economically feasible before are now being developed. We’ve learned how to economically and safely produce tight and unconventional resources, and those in hostile environments. All of this has resulted in significant reserves addition and recovery increases.
Guest Editorial: Knowledge Capture and Containment Are Critical to Safe Operations
Authors: Kelleher Michael
Published: January 2019

Guest editorial

Thirty years after Piper Alpha and the subsequent Cullen Inquiry into the disaster, which made 106 recommendations accepted by the oil and gas industry, safety remains a priority and a concern.

In recent years, operators and the supply chain have worked in a relatively constrained, low-cost environment. The dramatic shift to producing hydrocarbons at lower cost, with fewer people, while transitioning to a more environmentally friendly and sustainable energy future is well under way and will undoubtedly have impacts long into the future.

Business leaders and workers must take responsibility for increased investment in healthy, safe working practices and work closely with regulators globally to manage risk. Regulators remain vigilant toward major accident hazard management (MAHM). They are watching for gaps in safety-related skills that may potentially arise and lead to a higher incidence of major accidents in an industry cautiously stabilizing after the downturn.

Knowledge loss, from the enforced mass departure of an aging and skilled workforce within the industry, is a concern as highlighted by a recent report from an industry/government working group in Norway, which reviewed offshore health, safety, and environmental (HSE) performance. It commented that although the level of HSE offshore Norway was high, safety challenges have risen in the past few years.1

Plugging the Skills and Knowledge Gap

New research has revealed that recruitment is firmly back on the agenda after 4 years of consistent reductions, spurred by cost-efficiency measures. According to A Test of Resilience, DNV GL’s ninth annual report on the outlook for the oil and gas industry, more than a third (34%) of the 791 senior professionals surveyed expect to grow their workforce in 2019—more than three times as many respondents than 4 years ago (10%). Over a third (39%) also expect to increase the use of contractors this year.

However, skills shortages and an aging workforce have resurfaced as a major concern. The issue takes joint second place as a perceived barrier to growth, alongside the oil price and the state of the global economy. Competitive pressure is viewed as the greatest challenge. The study also found a leap of 20 percentage points over the past 2 years in the number of respondents looking to increase or maintain investment in training and competence, up from 65% in 2017 to 88% for the year ahead.
Technology Focus: Drilling Systems Automation and Management (February 2019)
Authors: Macpherson John
Published: January 2019

Technology Focus

Drilling systems automation requires a digital backbone. One segment of that backbone is the interval between the drill bit and the surface. Most drilling operations use mud-pulse telemetry to transport data over that interval, or electromagnetic or acoustic telemetry. These methods provide a low data rate, topping out at approximately 40 bits/second in one direction, and some suffer from nonstationary latency. This is not an ideal digital backbone for systems automation.

Wired pipe removes both the bandwidth and latency barriers of the available measurement-while-drilling (MWD) telemetry systems. This innovation came to market around 2007, after approximately a 5-year development period. The introduction predates the systems automation of drilling, and the first applications focused on getting image data to surface for fast decisions on wellbore quality and updating the drilling plan, for example. Even in those early trials, the ability of wired pipe to affect performance by rapid updating to surface of downhole parameters was quite apparent. Now, various operators, as part of drilling systems automation, have run it in extensive tests, and paper SPE 191574 presents the latest in these trials.

It will be interesting, in the next few years, to see if the adoption of wired pipe advances the movement of quality data to surface and the tight real-time control of downhole drilling systems. Certainly, it seems to fill the role from a technical standpoint. The issue of adoption primarily concerns viable business models and vision, the latter not just from operators but also from all participants in drilling operations.

Human interaction in systems automation and drilling management is a key issue, and, while papers have described the levels of automation technology, few case studies have shown its relationship to actual drilling technologies. Paper SPE 191408 outlines the mapping between directional drilling and systems automation and serves to stimulate thought as other drilling technologies move into automation. One of those technologies is the use of engineering (physics-based) models in real time. Here, data quality is important, as measurements merge with contextual information in real time, as described in paper SPE 191426. This paper is quite important, showing the use of physics-based and data-driven models in parallel (the digital-twin paradigm) to effect real-time event detection.

The three selected papers tell a story that reflects the drilling systems automation path: digital backbone, methodology, and applications. This approach may be simplistic, but the story does help clarify a young technology that sometimes seems overly energetic and chaotic. Nevertheless, it is full of promise.

Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.

SPE 191939 An Open Approach to Drilling Systems Automation by Hans-Uwe Brackel, Baker Hughes, a GE company, et al.

SPE 191672 Managing the Drilling Function by John Willis, Occidental Oil and Gas, et al.
Study of Carbonate Reservoirs Examines Fines Migration in CO2-Saturated-Brine Flow
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: January 2019

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 189569, “Fines Migration During CO2-Saturated Brine Flow in Carbonate Reservoirs With Some Migratory Clay Minerals—Malaysian Formations,” by Y. Sazali, Petronas; S. Godeke, SPE, Universiti Brunei Darussalam; W.L. Sazali and J.M. Ibrahim, Petronas; G.M. Graham and S.L. Kidd, Scaled Solutions; and H.A. Ohen, SPE, HPO Global Resources Ventures, prepared for the 2018 SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA, 7–9 February. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

A high-carbon-dioxide (CO2) carbonate gas field offshore Sarawak, Malaysia, is scheduled for development. Reservoirs in this region have an average clay content of 8%; more than 50% of this clay content is migratory illite, and 15% is migratory kaolinite. Therefore, fines migration exacerbated by this low-permeability rock becomes a potential production and injection problem. A study was conducted involving rock mineralogy and dynamic flow to evaluate factors contributing to potential fines-migration damage within the production and injection interval.

Introduction

Migration of fines is associated with oil and gas production in sandstones as well as carbonate reservoirs. Fine particles located on the surface of rock grains are affected by adhesion, drag, and electrostatic and gravitational forces. Drag and lifting forces detach the particle, whereas adhesion, electrostatic, and gravitational forces press the particle to the surface. Generally, the main sources of movable fine particles in sandstone reservoirs are kaolinite and illite clays. Kaolinite particles are flat plates usually stacked in the form of booklets. The surface area of clay minerals, for example, typically is large because of their structure and small size and is more reactive and prone to mobilization and migration.

Once mobilized, the fine particles are retained by size exclusion if their size exceeds the pore-throat size of the matrix. Fines damage also occurs when several small fine particles reach a larger pore throat at the same time and compete for passage through the throat with the result of bridging and sedimentation.

Usually, in the case of gas/water flow, the fines move with the wetting water phase. However, fines movement taking place before water movement has been observed in a number of gas reservoirs. The in-situ mobilization and migration of fines without a mobile wetting phase is primarily caused by hydrodynamic drag that exceeds the critical rate to mobilize the fines. It has long been realized during corefloods that colloidal controlled release of particles leading to fines migration may be caused by salinity change following flow rate that causes the fines to bridge at the pore throat. Generally, a decrease in salinity or an increased rate of salinity change leads to particle mobilization. This decrease in permeability caused by decreasing salt concentration has been found to be nonmonotonic.
The Effect of Vuggy Porosity on Straining in Porous Media
Authors: Khan Hasan J. , Prodanovic Maša , DiCarlo David A.
Published: January 2019

A formation-damage experimental study is conducted on synthetic homogeneous and vuggy cores. Glass beads of 1.0 mm are sintered to form a uniform core with a porosity of 42%, and finer-sized glass beads (25 and 100 µm) are used as the infiltrates. Glass beads are used as the matrix and infiltrate to reduce surface forces, and the flow is gravity dominated. Dissolvable inclusions are added during the sintering process to create vugs in the core. The pore-size to vug-size ratio is 1:100. The injected-particle sizes are chosen such that straining is the dominant trapping mechanism during the flow experiment. Infiltrate particles are injected at different flow configurations, and the resultant porosity, permeability, and effluent volume are measured. The results can be summarized as follows: Vugs get up to 32% smaller caused by the flow for the infiltrate, while the maximum change in the porosity is observed at the bottom end of the core, vug shape changes to a smoother and rounded surface, and particles go deeper (8 mm more) into the formation when vugs are present, causing damage deeper inside the formation.
Niger Response to Nitrogen and Seeding Depth in the Northern Great Plains
Authors: May William E. , Wood Mathew D. , Del Piero Karelia
Published: January 2019

Core Ideas

Determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and seeding depth on the development and yield of niger.

There was a linear increase in grain yield, 76 kg ha–1 as the N rate increased from to 10 to 110 kg N ha–1.

Seeding depth impacted plant density and visible row, but the niger compensated and grain yield was not affected by seeding depth.

A niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.) cultivar has been selected to grow on the Northern Great Plains of North America; however, agronomic management practices in a no‐till cropping system regarding seeding depth and nitrogen (N) fertilization have yet to be developed for this region. Two experiments were conducted at Indian Head, SK, Canada from 2011 to 2017 to determine the response of niger to varying N fertilizer rates and seeding depths. Five rates of N (10, 35, 60, 85, and 110 kg N ha−1) and four seeding depths (surface, 0.6, 1.27, and 2.5 cm below soil surface) were applied in separate single factor experiments. Nitrogen fertilizer rate affected niger development. As N rate increased, there was a linear delay in the appearance of visible rows. Plant height and kernel weight were affected by N rate and year, grain yield was affected by year, and there was a linear increase of 18% in grain yield as the N rate increased from 10 to 110 kg N ha−1. Niger plant density was affected by seeding depth, where plant density increased linearly with decreasing seeding depth in 2014, 2015, and 2017, while there was a negative quadratic relationship in 2016. This effect on plant density did not impact grain yield. In conclusion, niger grain yield benefitted from increased levels of N fertilizer and that growers can use a wide range of seeding depths to place niger seed in soil moist enough to support germination and emergence.
4R decisions for boron fertilization
Authors: Flis Sally
Published: January 2019

Boron is a unique micronutrient that is needed for the growth, reproductive development, and yield of crops. The need and function of B in the plant is well understood. As with all nutrient application, it is critical to consider how and when B is taken up by the plants, if the crop will remobilize any of the B in old plant parts to new plant parts, and how to apply B uniformly to the soil. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Nutrient Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/644.
Managing pyrethroid‐ and Bt‐resistant bollworm in southern U.S. cotton
Authors: Reisig Dominic , Kerns David , Gore Jeff , Musser Fred
Published: January 2019

Two‐ and three‐toxin Bt cotton still provides a valuable service to integrated pest management in southern U.S. cotton. However, shifting patterns in resistance levels of a key pest, bollworm, have dictated changes in thresholds and foliar insecticide spray recommendations. Earn 1 CEU in Integrated Pest Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/625.
Urban Allotment Gardens for the Biomonitoring of Atmospheric Trace Element Pollution
Authors: Izquierdo‐Díaz Miguel , Holm Peter E. , Barrio‐Parra Fernando , De Miguel Eduardo , Lekfeldt Jonas Duus Stevens , Magid Jakob
Published: January 2019

This study evaluates the results of the characterization of air pollution in urban green areas using edible plants. To this purpose, we examined the effect of location (i.e., three different levels of pollution), substrate (peat moss and vermiculite), and plant species (oilseed rape [Brassica napus L.] and kale [Brassica oleracea L.]) on the accumulation of trace elements on leaves. A total of 36 samples of unwashed leaves were digested with HNO3–H2O2 and analyzed for 27 elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Considering the location, plants exposed next to the road showed higher contents of traffic‐related elements, and additionally, outdoors samples were enriched in marine aerosol ions. Cadmium and Pb concentrations did not exceed the European legal maximum levels for vegetables, so their consumption would be safe for human health. Results support the hypothesis that edible plants such as kale and rapeseed could be used as bioindicators of atmospheric pollution.

Core Ideas

Atmospheric biomonitoring using edible plants is feasible in urban environments.

Vegetables grown near roadsides are enriched in traffic‐related trace elements.

Hydroponic urban agriculture products seem to be safe for human consumption.
Winter Phosphorus Release from Cover Crops and Linkages with Runoff Chemistry
Authors: Cober James R. , Macrae Merrin L. , Van Eerd Laura L.
Published: January 2019

Cover crops (CC) have both agronomic and environmental benefits but also have the potential to increase losses of dissolved reactive P after freeze–thaw cycles (FTC). This field study, conducted over one nongrowing season (NGS) in Ontario, Canada, characterized water‐extractable P (WEP) content in different CC species and compared observed changes in plant WEP content with changes in P content in soil, surface runoff, and shallow groundwater (5–25 cm). Five plots (0.4 ha) of cereal rye (Secale cereal L.), oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleoferus Metzg Stokes), oat (Avena sativa L.), and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) were established after winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) harvest. Throughout the NGS (October–April), CC shoot tissues and surface soil were routinely sampled for WEP analyses, and groundwater and runoff water samples were collected after rain and snowmelt. Responses to FTC varied among CC species, with P released from frost‐intolerant species but not frost‐tolerant species. Although CC released P, the top 5 cm of soil contained greater WEP than plants at all times, and the changing WEP content in CC over the NGS was not reflected in soil or water P concentrations. These results suggest that the degree of frost exposure should be considered in the selection of CC species in cold regions; however, in temperate regions with snow cover that insulates the soil surface from heavy frost, P release from vegetation may not lead to increased P loss in runoff.

Core Ideas

Winter P release from cover crops was compared with runoff concentrations in a field setting.

Water‐extractable P did not increase after frost in frost‐tolerant species.

Water‐extractable P increased after frost in frost‐intolerant species.

Surface soils contained a larger pool of available P than cover crops.

Phosphorus released from cover crops was not reflected in surface or subsurface water.
Understanding Urban Food Producers’ Intention to Continue Farming in Urban Settings
Authors: Kopiyawattage Kumudu P.P. , Warner Laura , Roberts T. Grady
Published: January 2019

Urban food producers play an important role in food systems around the world. Understanding the factors that may influence producers’ intention to produce food is important to predict their behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine one city in the United States and describe factors that may influence the intention of urban food producers to continue farming in urban settings, and specifically identify factors that influence attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms toward urban food production. The study followed a qualitative design using semi‐structured interviews. The results revealed factors that can both positively and negatively influence Columbus urban food producers’ intention to continue farming in urban settings. Perceived complexity can negatively influence attitude and hinder food producers’ intention to continue urban food production while subjective norms, influenced by peer growers and family members, may heighten intention to continue urban food production. The findings also revealed personal characteristics, such as education and access to resources, that may enhance perceived behavioral control. The findings can be used by various regions of the world to develop urban food production. Implications expose opportunities for urban food producers, extension, institutions, and future researchers to address existing complexities, develop educational programs, and enhance social ties to provide support for farming in urban settings.
Mapping QTL Associated with Stripe Rust, Leaf Rust, and Leaf Spotting in a Canadian Spring Wheat Population
Authors: Bemister Darcy H. , Semagn Kassa , Iqbal Muhammad , Randhawa Harpinder , Strelkov Stephen E. , Spaner Dean M.
Published: January 2019

Stripe rust, leaf rust, and the leaf spot complex are economically important diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in western Canada, and genetic host resistance is the most successful management strategy. This study was conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with these diseases and to provide wheat breeders with sources of potential disease resistance genes. A total of 208 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Canadian spring wheat cultivars ‘Peace’ and ‘Carberry’ were evaluated from 2014 to 2017 in stripe rust, leaf rust, and leaf spot nurseries in Alberta and British Columbia. All lines were genotyped with sequencing‐based Diversity Arrays Technology (DArTseq) markers. Using the least square means of the combined environments, two stripe rust resistance QTL, two leaf rust resistance QTL, and three leaf spot resistance QTL were identified. The stripe rust QTL were located on chromosomes 3A and 4B, the leaf rust QTL were located on chromosomes 4A and 3D, and the leaf spot QTL were located on 2A, 4B and 7D. The stripe rust resistance QTL on 4B, contributed by ‘Carberry’, was previously identified in other studies using a population derived from ‘Carberry’. Results from this study suggest that ‘Carberry’ may be an attractive parental source for breeders to enhance resistance against stripe rust and leaf spot with minor resistance alleles.
OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NİN SON DÖNEMİNDE TRAFİK VE TRAFİK KAZALARI
Authors: YILMAZ İbrahim
Published: January 2019

Osmanlı
toplumunun motorlu araçlarla tanışması ancak XX. yüzyıl başlarında olmuştur. Bu
araçlar ilk başlarda kazalardan korunmak adına yasaklanmışsa da zamanla ülkede
yaygınlaşmış ve hayatın bir parçası halini almıştır. Böylece ulaşım sektöründe
yeni bir dönem başlarken bir taraftan da trafik kazalarıyla yüz yüze gelinmiştir.
Bu çalışmada, Osmanlı toplumunun trafik ve trafik kazalarıyla tanışması,
kazaların sebepleri ve idarenin aldığı tedbirler incelenerek, kazaların genellikle
araç, sürücü veya yol kusurlarından kaynaklandığının anlaşılmasıyla idare
tarafından bu alanlarda yapılan düzenlemeler ile uluslararası deneyimlerden
faydalanma çabaları ortaya konmaya çalışılmaktadır. Genel olarak II. Meşrutiyet
dönemini kapsayan çalışmada sınırlı sayıdaki ikinci el kaynaklar ile
Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi belgelerinden faydalanılmıştır.
Survey of US wastewater for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Hoelle Jill , Johnson James R. , Johnston Brian D. , Kinkle Brian , Boczek Laura , Ryu Hodon , Hayes Sam
Published: January 2019

A survey for antibiotic-resistant (AR) Escherichia coli in wastewater was undertaken by collecting samples from primary clarifiers and secondary effluents from seven geographically dispersed US wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Samples were collected at each WWTP in cool and summer months and cultured using selective media. The resulting isolates were characterized for resistance to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime, presence of carbapenemase and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes, and phylogroups and sequence types (STs). In total, 322 AR E. coli isolates were identified, of which 65 were imipenem-resistant. Of the 65 carbapenem-resistant E. coli (CREC) isolates, 62% were positive for more than one and 31% were positive for two or more of carbapenemase and ESBL genes targeted. The most commonly detected carbapenemase gene was blaVIM (n = 36), followed by blaKPC (n = 2). A widespread dispersal of carbapenem-resistant STs and other clinically significant AR STs observed in the present study suggested the plausible release of these strains into the environment. The occurrence of CREC in wastewater is a potential concern because this matrix may serve as a reservoir for gene exchange and thereby increase the risk of AR bacteria (including CR) being disseminated into the environment and thence back to humans.

This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.
Microbial risk assessment of drinking water filtration dispenser toll machines (DFTMs) in Mahasarakham province of Thailand
Authors: Wibuloutai Jindawan , Thanomsangad Pornpilai , Benjawanit Kannika , Mahaweerawat Udomsak
Published: January 2019

This investigation aimed to assess the microbial quality of drinking water produced by drinking water filtration dispenser toll machines (DFTMs) to assess the health risk of DFTM water. A total of 210 samples were randomly collected of 70 DFTMs within a radial distance of 500 metres around Mahasarakham University. The prevalence of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in the DFTM water was 54.17% and 16.67% with an average concentration of 1.04 log cfu/ml and 0.26 log cfu/ml, respectively. The risk calculation (using the @Risk program based on drinking water consumption of 2 L/day) indicated that the probability of exposure was 1.67 E-01, while the probability of illness due to E. coli and S. aureus was 2.08 E-03 and 1.58 E-05 and the risk of illness was 1.13 E-03 and 2.64 E-06, respectively. The sanitation status and drinking water quality related to health would be influenced by other pathogens due to the poor hygienic conditions of DFTMs and improper environments.
Nutrient concentration in sediments accumulated in pre-treatment basins of urban LID technologies
Authors: Geronimo F. K. F. , Maniquiz-Redillas M. C. , Hong J. S. , Kim L. H.
Published: January 2019

In this study, the contribution of pre-treatment basins of low impact development (LID) technologies to nutrient reduction performance was evaluated by understanding the distribution of nutrient in sediments accumulated in each system. The captured sediments were mostly silt to medium sand ranging from 9% to 92% of the sediments collected. Greater average N and P concentrations were found in silt particles amounting to 345 mg/kg and 696 mg/kg, respectively compared to sand and gravel. Although, N concentrations in accumulated sediments were found to be highly variable at different particle sizes (CV: 0.24 to 0.77) compared to P concentration (CV: 0.08 to 0.36) attributed to effective P treatment mechanism through deposition compared to complex nitrogen removal mechanisms. In addition, the difference between N and P concentrations of sediments collected in the pre-treatment basins of LID technologies and in-situ soil was attributed to the continuous pollutant input to the LID technologies during storm events. The study proved that pre-treatment basins of stormwater LID technologies reinforced the nutrient removal performances through sediment retention. The findings of this research may be used to design pre-treatment basins of LID technologies considering nutrients as a limiting factor.
Application of the «ideal point» method and account of risks when choosing the best projects
Authors: Zhuravlev Valerii Aleksandrovich
Published: January 2019

The article discusses the application of «ideal point method» and evaluation of risks when choosing the best investment and innovation projects by multiple criteria.
The banking system of Russia in the modern economy
Authors: Khalilova Shovda Ruslanovna
Published: January 2019

According to the Federal law «On banks and banking activities» the Bank is a credit institution that has the exclusive right to carry out the following banking operations in the aggregate: attracting deposits of individuals and legal entities, placing these funds on its own behalf and at its own expense on the terms of repayment, payment, urgency, opening and maintaining Bank accounts of individuals and legal entities.
Features of greasing and blowing of press-forms for casting under pressure with the purpose of foundings upgrading by electric spray guns
Authors: Paderin Vladimir Nikolaevich
Published: January 2019

The features of greasing and blowing of press-forms for casting under pressure with the purpose of foundings upgrading by the decline of gases from greasing combustion due to the application of a thin, uniform layer, which also eliminates violations of the surface layers of castings are represented in the article. This is achieved by the use of noiseless electric spray guns with a nozzle for spraying with three positions for different torches.
Information environment the Internet as a means of improving the efficiency of the educational process
Authors: Ulybina Elena Lvovna
Published: January 2019

The concept of “cloud technologies” is considered in this article, which over the past decade has provided Internet users with great opportunities, both integrated physical resources, and various program services. The types of "cloud infrastructure" and the possibility of their use in the educational process are investigated. software services available for online learning are enumerated.
Quando características do ambiente de trabalho afetam negativamente o trabalhador: relacionando clima e estresse organizacional
Authors: Zarife Pricila de Sousa
Published: January 2019

Este artigo teve por objetivo investigar o papel preditor do clima organizacional no estresse organizacional, construto que envolve características da organização potencialmente estressoras. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa, do tipo survey, com participação de 432 profissionais vinculados a instituições públicas, empresas privadas e de economia mista do Distrito Federal. A coleta de dados se deupela aplicação da escala de clima organizacional (ECO) e da escala de estresse organizacional (EEO), além de questionário sociodemográfico para caracterização da amostra. Os dados coletados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial. Os resultados indicaram que o clima organizacional mais característico do relacionamento entre chefes e subordinados foi o caloroso, sugerindo valorização dos colaboradores e reconhecimento dos resultados. O clima quente foi o mais característico do relacionamento entre os colegas de trabalho, indicativo de relações cooperativas e amigáveis. Ainda, foi identificado um nível baixo de estresse organizacional. As análises de correlação indicaram que todas as dimensões de clima organizacional se mostraram significativamente associadas ao estresse organizacional, variando entre moderadas e altas. Quatro dimensões de clima organizacional se constituíram preditoras significativas da variável critério: gelado, frio, úmido e caloroso, explicando 34% da variância. Implicações, limitações do estudo e perspectivas futuras de pesquisa são apresentadas no artigo.
Gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos: um estudo de múltiplos casos em empresas de mineração de Seridó paraibano
Authors: Oliveira Adria Tayllo Alves , Dantas Rita de Cassia de Souza , Aleixo Danilo de Oliveira
Published: January 2019

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar as práticas no manejo dos resíduos gerados nas atividades de mineração do caulim, bem como sua destinação, sabendo que o mau direcionamento e a gestão dos resíduos podem gerar danos ambientais e, por consequência, adquirir uma obrigação que é um passivo ambiental. A metodologia utilizada descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa com emprego de múltiplos casos. A coleta de dados ocorreu in loco por meio de análise documental, bem como, por meio de questionário aplicado em novembro de 2017. A amostra foi composta por três Indústrias de Mineração, especificamente ligadas à produção do caulim na região Seridó Paraibano-PB. Os resultados encontrados evidenciam que os impactos ocasionados na atividade de mineração fazem sentir em todas as etapas de sua produção. Desde a extração, beneficiamento, produção e destinação dos resíduos, verificou-se também que o método de estocagem dos resíduos se dá em amontoados a céu aberto, tal prática é justificada pela facilidade e viabilidade econômica para as empresas. Quanto ao cumprimento das leis vigentes foi constatado não adoção da política nacional dos resíduos sólidos – PNRS, dado pela falta de conhecimento da Lei n. 12.305/10. Conclui-se a carência quanto à formação e à qualificação dos gestores a respeito do gerenciamento eficiente dos resíduos sólidos.
Novel Long-acting Pharmacotherapy for Exudative Age Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Moisseiev Elad , Loewenstein Anat
Published: January 2019

Exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major indication for the administration of
intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents, which have been established as a very effective pharmacotherapy for
this disease. However, treatment with anti-VEGF agents requires several patient visits for monitoring and treatment.
Strategies for achieving a longer duration of pharmacological action are currently being developed. These
include the development of longer-acting drugs, and of novel technologies to increase the duration of action of
administered agents. This manuscript will review the novel drugs and technologies currently being developed for
achieving a longer-action pharmacotherapy for exudative AMD.
Pharmacotherapy of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Review of the Current Treatments
Authors: Iacono Pierluigi , Toto Lisa , Costanzo Eliana , Varano Monica , Parravano Maria Cristina
Published: January 2019

Background:

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is the fourth most frequent retinal disorder in
terms of prevalence. It typically occurs in young subjects and affects men more often than women. CSC is characterized
by serous retinal detachment (SRD) involving mainly the macular area. The clinical course is usually selflimited,
with spontaneous resolution within 3 months. The persistence of SRD or multiple relapse may result in a
chronic form of CSC distinguished by permanent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor damage.
As the pathogenetic mechanism of CSC primarily involves RPE and choroidal vascularization, the current therapeutic
approaches aim to restore the normal functions of RPE and normal choroidal vascular permeability. In this
review, the authors aim to summarize the current therapeutic approach to CSC.

Methods:

A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted in PubMed by searching for relevant studies
on the current therapeutic options for CSC, including simple observation, conventional laser treatment, subthreshold
laser treatment (SLT), photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin, treatment with mineralocorticoid
receptor (MR) antagonists and treatment with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs.

Results:

Since most cases resolve spontaneously, the most common initial CSC treatment is observation. Current
evidence suggests that PDT and SLT are valuable in improving visual acuity, reducing subretinal fluid and maintaining
long-term effectiveness. No clear evidence of efficacy has been achieved for anti-VEGF. MR antagonists
might be a viable choice for the treatment of chronic CSC.

Conclusion:

The pathophysiology of CSC remains poorly understood and as a consequence, the gold standard of
care for CSC is yet to be defined. To date, PDT and SLT continue to offer good clinical outcomes. Positive preliminary
results seem to emerge from the studies of MR antagonists.
Stimulus Sensitive Smart Nanoplatforms: An Emerging Paradigm for the Treatment of Skin Diseases
Authors: Divya  , Kaur Gurpreet
Published: January 2019

Background:

Over the past century, the prevalence of skin diseases has substantially increased. These diseases present a significant physical, emotional and socio-economic burden to the society. Such conditions are also associated with a multitude of psychological traumas to the suffering patients. The effective treatment strategy implicates targeting of drugs to the skin. The field of drug targeting has been revolutionized with the advent of nanotechnology. The emergence of stimulus-responsive nanoplatforms has provided remarkable control over fundamental polymer properties for external triggers. This enhanced control has empowered pioneering approaches in the treatment of chronic inflammatory skin diseases.

Objective:

Our aim was to investigate the studies on smart nanoplatforms that exploit the altered skin physiology under diseased conditions and provide site-specific controlled drug delivery.

Method:

All literature search regarding the advances in stimulus sensitive smart nanoplatforms for skin diseases was done using Google Scholar and Pubmed.

Conclusion:

Various stimuli explored lately for such nano platforms are pH, temperature, light and magnet. Although, the scientists have actively taken up this research topic but there are still certain lacunaes associated which have been discussed in this review. Further, an interdisciplinary collaboration between the healthcare providers and pharmacists is a pivotal requirement for such systems to be available for patients.
Pembuatan Mesin Pencacah Sampah Organik Untuk Swadaya Pupuk di Desa Tancep Kecamatan Ngawen Kabupaten Gunungkidul
Authors: Hendaryanto Ignatius Aris
Published: January 2019

To improve agricultural and plantation yields, farmers need fertilizer. Currently the problems faced by farmers in Tancep Village Ngawen District Gunungkidul Regency is the scarcity and high price of fertilizer. On the other hand, the area has great potential, in the form of availability of organic materials and animal manure that can be utilized as fertilizer. In this community service the knowledge and simple technology to process waste and other organic materials into compost were given. The process of making compost requires the process of chopping garbage or organic materials, such as wet leaves and twigs, so that the pieces are small. For that in this activity needs to be done making garbage chopper machine or organic materials. An organic waste counter machine is made with a rotary blade construction consisting of 12 blades. The construction of a machine is made portable with a propulsion in the form of a gasoline engine, so the machine is easily moved and operated indoors or outdoors. Through community service activities in Tancep Village, Ngawen Subdistrict, Gunungkidul Regency has formed a garbage bank managed by Karang Taruna group. In addition to collecting and reselling of inorganic waste, the activity developed is processing organic waste into compost. Through the knowledge and equipment owned, it is expected that the compost fertilizer produced can help meet the needs of fertilizer for local farmers to self-help fertilizer.
Penerapan Teknik Silvikultur Intensif Pada Pengelolaan Hutan Rakyat di Kabupaten Gunungkidul
Authors: Wiyono Wiyono , Lestari Puji , Hidayat Rochmat , Oktalina Silvi Nur , Utomo Singgih , Prasetyo Eko , Ngadianto Agus , Nugroho Prasetyo
Published: January 2019

The people of Gunungkidul have long experience in rehabilitation program. They manage marginal land be productive community forest. While, the quality of timber from community forest is lower than produced by Perhutani. It is caused the community forest has not been applied intensive silviculture technique. This community engagement program aims to: (1) up grade the farmer knowledge about intensive silviculture technique; (2) rise the farmer awareness for importance of applying intensive silviculture technique; (3) build up the farmer skill to apply intensive silviculture technique; (4) motivate the farmer to produce superior teak seedling and organic fertilizer independently. The target group of this program is the farmer group of Ngudi Makmur at Watusigar Village, Ngawen District, Gunungkidul Regency. This program was held on 2015 to 2016. The methods applied in this program are socialization, field study, training, practice, and technical assistance. The results of this program are demonstration plot of superior teak stand, hedge orchard and nursery of superior teak, and organic fertilizer using Trichoderma sp. This program also succesfull for increase of knowledge, awareness, skills and independence of farmer in applying of intensive silviculture technique.