bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electron microscopy of mesomorphic structures of aqueous lipid phases II. Isolated lipids and membrane structure of Polystictus versicolor
Authors: Eins S. , Kahl H.
Published: July 2010

Phospholipids extracted from a microorganism — the basidiomycete Polystictus versicolor — form liquid‐crystalline structures in water. After fixation by osmium tetroxide at known water contents and temperatures between +4 and +38 °C, ultrathin sections of embedded material were examined electron microscopically. As a result, part of the phase diagram was established and corresponding phases were characterized by their structural parameters at different conditions. Phases show micellar, lamellar, and hexagonal structures, respectively. Parameters of the lamellar phase were compared with the width of different types of membranes present in the intact organism. The results are not contradictorily to a far‐reaching bimolecular arrangement of lipids in membranes (unit membrane concept) and furthermore support the role of lipid association behaviour for cross‐sectional membrane patterns.
Regulation der Ureasesynthese in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa
Authors: Menyes Heidrun , Fritsche W.
Published: July 2010

Während des Wachstums auf verschiedenen Stickstoffquellen (Harnstoff und NH4Cl) ist der Ureasegehalt von Rhodotorula mucilaginosa gering, die spezifische Aktivität beträgt etwa 0,2 μmol NH3/min/mg Protein. Nach Verbrauch der Stickstoffquellen steigt der Gehalt auf etwa den sechsfachen Wert an. Da das geringe Grundniveau während des Wachstums von der Stickstoffquelle und ‐konzentration unabhängig ist, wird es auf eine konstitutive Enzymsynthese zurückgeführt. Der starke Anstieg nach Verbrauch der Stickstoffquelle wird durch eine Derepression der Ureasesynthese verursacht. Das wurde durch den Zusatz von NH4Cl und Harnstoff zu ureasereichen Zellen bewiesen, der zu einer Repression der Ureasesynthese führt. Bei Applikation von NH4Cl geht während des Wachstums der Ureasegehalt auf das Grundniveau zurück, bei Harnstoff tritt ein wiederholter Abfall und Anstieg der spezifischen Aktivität auf. Diese Oszillation wird durch das zeitweilige Auftreten von Ammoniak aus der Harnstoffspaltung bedingt, das eine alternierende Repression und Derepression auslöst. Ammoniak fungiert dabei als hypothetischer Co‐Repressor. Oszillationen treten auch bei Abwesenheit einer exogenen Stickstoffquelle auf, sie werden wahrscheinlich durch endogene Schwankungen des Stickstoffmetabolismus bedingt.

Der Anstieg der spezifischen Aktivität ist auf eine Neusynthese von Urease zurückzuführen, wie die Hemmbarkeit durch Cycloheximid ergab.
Beeinflussung der Atmung und der Vitalität von Tetrahymena pyriformis durch die Aufnahme einiger Vitalfarbstoffe
Authors: Burmeister J.
Published: July 2010

Durch die basischen Vitalfarbstoffe Nilblausulfat, Methylenblau, Janusgrün, Toluidinblau und Acridinorange wurde die Atmung von Tetrahymena pyriformis erhöht. Die atmungssteigernde Wirkung wird auf die Redoxkörpereigenschaft der Farbstoffe zurückgeführt, die Farbstoffe werden dabei an Zellpartikeln — Mitochondrien, Peroxysomen, Neutralrotgranula — gebunden. Einige Vitalfarbstoffe, Vesuvin, Neutralrot und Trypaflavin sind für Tetrahymena stark toxisch. Von den sauren Farbstoffen Trypanblau und Lithiumkarmin wurde vor allem der erste gut aufgenommen, die Atmung wurde von ihnen aber nicht beeinflußt; somit stellt Trypanblau einen günstigen Vitalfarbstoff für dieses Objekt dar. Bei einem Vergleich mit den Mikrophagen der Säugetiere ergeben sich prinzipielle Übereinstimmungen hinsichtlich der Beeinflussung der Atmung durch Farbstoffe, dagegen zeigen sich große Unterschiede in ihrer quantitativen Wirkung, ihrer Resorption und in ihrer Toxizität.
Orthophosphorsäuremonoester‐Phosphohydrolaseaktivität der repressiblen Pyrohosphat‐Phosphohydrolase I von Candida utilis
Authors: Jungnickel F.
Published: July 2010

Two enzymes splitting inorganic pyrophosphate (I and II) have been investigated in Candida utilis. The results indicate that only enzyme I (no considerable thermoinactivation — 10 min, 71 °C‐, optimum near pH 2.5, enzyme strongly bound to the cell, high splitting rates in vivo, derepression under phosphate starvation conditions) is also able to split orthophosphoric monoesters. Thus, the enzyme I is an unspecific acid orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase (E. C. 3.1.3.2.).
Reversion sporulierender Bacillus megaterium‐Zellen zum Wachstum
Authors: Kretschmer S.
Published: July 2010

In carbohydrate‐limited, sporulating B. megaterium cultures reversion to growth was initiated by transfer into medium containing glucose and yeast‐extract. From cultures grown with different doubling times the iknetics of commitment to sporulation and loss of reversibility were studied both by phase‐contrast and electron microscopy. Commitment to refractility occurred about 20 min after formation of the spore septum and 140 min before spores became refractil. Not all of the cells which did not reach this stage of commitment until the time of transfer were able to revert. Reversibility was already lost during formation of the spore septum. Stage II‐cells which had formed the spore septum before transfer were committed to stage III despite the presence of nutrients, but their further development was blocked. Thus, like in other spore‐formers the condition for undisturbed spore development was the formation of the forespore under starvation. As only stage I‐cells were able to undergo reversion to growth, commitment to refractility did not correspond to loss of reversibility, as could be shown with other spore‐formers.

Before in reverting cells the first division septum appeared (about one hr after transfer) the cells doubled in length. During that time in about 50% of the cells additional wall material was laid down at the younger poles. The first division septum was not formed in the middle of the cell, but the part with the older pole which would have built the spore was larger. In the presence of penicillin G the parts of the reverting cells were influenced differently. The part containing the younger pole got thicker, while the other showed the normal diameter.
Untersuchungen zur Antigenstruktur von Shigellen. Ergebnisse und Überlegungen zur chemischen Basis der Shigella flexneri‐Antigene
Authors: Seltmann G.
Published: July 2010

Die Sh. flexneri‐Serotypen (mit Ausnahme des Serotyps 6) bilden Lipopolysaccharide, deren S‐spezifischer Teil in allen Fällen die gleiche Grundstruktur… 6‐GlcNAc‐1,2‐Rha‐1,3‐Rha‐1… besitzt. Die Vielzahl der Serotypen ergibt sich aus dieser Grundstruktur dadurch, daß alle 3 Monosaccharide zusätzlich Glucose bzw. O‐Acetyl enthalten können. Aus der chemischen Struktur und aus genetischen Gründen folgen einige Verbote der Kombination bestimmter Antigene. Nicht alle diese Verbote werden eingehalten. Das beruht auf der Anwesenheit von Fehlstellen im Molekül, d. h., nur die Existenz dieser Fehlstellen ermöglicht gewisse in der Natur beobachtete Antigenkombinationen.

Es wird gezeigt, daß sowohl in bezug auf den Biosyntheseweg als auch in bezug auf die chemische Struktur die Unterteilung der Sh. flexneri‐Antigene in Typen‐ und Gruppen‐antigene in chemischer Sicht ohne jede Basis ist.

Erklärt werden weiterhin die Antigenvariabilität der Shigellen, die Antigenveränderungen nach lysogener Konversion bzw. nach Konjugation mit anderen Sh. flexneri‐ bzw. E. coli‐Stämmen, das Wesen der SR‐Mutation und die Problematik der Stellung des Serotyps 6.
Wechselwirkungen zwischen Aminosäurepool und L‐Aminosäureoxydase bei Neurospora crassa
Authors: Aurich H. , Tauchert H. , Schücker G. , Luppa D.
Published: July 2010

Neurospora crassa bildet während der stationären Phase und bei beginnender Autolyse L‐Aminosäureoxydase, die nach und nach in das Medium abgegeben wird. Der Aminosäurepool zeigt im Verlaufe des Wachstums zwei Maxima, das erste zu Beginn des Wachstums, das zweite mit dem Einsetzen der Autolyse. Aminosäurepool und Aktivität der L‐Aminosäureoxydase sind bei Stickstoffmangel niedrig und zeigen die gleiche Abhängigkeit vom Stickstoffangebot im Medium. Durch hohe intrazelluläre Ammoniumkonzentrationen wird die L‐Aminosäureoxydase reprimiert

Beim Umsetzen von normal gewachsenen Mycelien, die keine L‐Aminosäureoxydase‐Aktivität aufweisen, auf eine C‐ und N‐freie Salzlösung kommt es zu einem Anstieg des Pools – bedingt durch intrazelluläre Proteolyse – und zur Induktion der L‐Aminosäure‐oxydase‐Synthese. Bei Anwesenheit von Glucose bleibt die Proteolyse aus, der Aminosäurepool steigt nicht an, die L‐Aminosäureoxydase wird reprimiert

Die Wechselwirkungen zwischen freien Aminosäuren in der Zelle und der Synthese der L‐Aminosäureoxydase sowie die Funktion des Enzyms im katabolen Aminosäurestoffwechsel werden diskutiert.
The role of macronutrient minerals on the anaerobic trimethylamineoxyde reduction by an Achromobacter sp. isolated from fresh fish
Authors: Debevere J. M. , Voets J. P.
Published: July 2010

The macronutrient minerals Na+, K+, Mg++, Ca++, and Fe++ have been found to play an important role during the anaerobic TMAO reduction by the Achromobacter sp. The quantitative requirements for these ions are quite different. Most TMA is formed with 6 × 10‐3 M Mg++. The different requirements of the organism appear to be highly specific. The degree of TMAO reduction can not be restored if Na+ or Mg++ are respectively replaced by equimolar concentrations of respectively K+ and Ca++. Iron seems also to play an important role

Attention has been drawn to the interaction between Na+ and K+, Mg++, Ca++, and Fe++. At suboptimum and optimum concentrations of Na+ combined with suboptimum and optimum concentrations of K+, Mg++, Ca++, and Fe++, TMAO reduction was clearly enhanced. A maximal TMAO reduction takes place when 0.2 M Na+ and 6 × 10‐3 M Mg++ were added together in the basal medium.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Verbreitung einiger Fruchtkörper‐bildender Myxobakterien‐Arten
Authors: Rückert G.
Published: July 2010

Five species of myxobacteria have been found to fruit more or less frequently on dung pellets of rabbits, hares, and roes collected in the surroundings of Karlsruhe, West‐Germany. The most common species, Myxococcus fulvus, was followed by M. virescens and Chondrococcus coralloides which occurred pretty abundantly, too. Now and again fruiting bodies of Archangium gephyra and Polyangium fuscum could be observed, in the case of P. fuscum confined to certain substrates. Other species have been rare

Analysing the distribution of these five relatively common species from dung pellets and soils, differences in the frequency of occurrence were demonstrated when the rather complex substrate of soil is differentiated in the upper horizon of soil without roots, and the rhizosphere of flowering plants and mosses. M. fulvus, Ch. corralloides, and A. gephyra may be regarded as to be more or less ubiquitous species. In some cases, M. fulvus and Ch. coralloides appeared to be rhizophilic. On the other side, P. fuscum could only be observed in soils and avoided the rhizosphere. M. virescens was found only once

Conditions for microbial life in the rhizoidosphere of bryophytes growing on rocks can be regarded in a modified sense as such in soils in the first steps of their development. Among the fruiting myxobacteria it resulted that in addition to M. fulvus, M. virescens. Ch. coralloides, and A. gephyra, Podangium lichenicolum occurred quite frequently, whereas Polyangium fuscum could not be observed. In well‐developed soils, however, Podangium lichenicolum was missing, and Polyangium fuscum was found frequently.
Inhibitory effect of 2‐deoxy‐glucose on cell wall synthesis in cells and protoplasts of Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Svoboda A. , Smith D. G.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of changes in cell walls and ultrastructure of cells and regenerating protoplasts of Schizosaccharomyces pombe grown in different concentrations of 2‐deoxyglucose (2DG). At concentrations of 0.1% and higher the inhibitor reversibly blocked growth of cells and protoplasts and completely inhibited cell wall synthesis. Concentrations of 0.05% and lower allowed protoplasts to grow and induced early or late lysis in normal cells. On the surface of protoplasts only the fibrillar component was formed; secretion of the soluble fraction ceased. The early lysis of the cells was a result of degradation of cell wall material at growing sites (concentration of 2DG 0.02–0.05%), the late lysis occurred in cells with weakened growing regions, where aberrant material was deposited (concentrations 0.01–0.02%). Concentrations of 2DG below 0.01% did not affect the growth of the cells or the reversion of protoplasts to normal cells. 2DG was not incorporated into the walls of cells or regenerating protoplasts, and did not influence the ultrastructure of cells or protoplasts except for the effects on the cell wall.
Studies on the antigenic structure of Shigella. VII. Structure of the O‐specific side chains of the lipopolysaccharides from strains 2 (serotype 1b) and 1290/63 (variant Y)
Authors: Beer W. , Seltmann G.
Published: July 2010

From the partial hydrolysates of the lipopolysaccharides from strains 2 (Sh. flexneri 1b) and 1290/63 (Sh. flexneri var. Y) we isolated in both cases a Rha‐Rha‐disaccharide. After trimethylsilylation, gas liquid chromatographic purification and mass spectrometry we could show that the rhamnose molecules of both disaccharides were linked to each other by a 1,3‐glycosidic bond. As we could estimate the other linkages in the O‐specific side chains of these lipopolysaccharides in recent studies, we are now able to present the following structures for the repeating units:
magnified image

In addition, we found in the lipopolysaccharide of strain 1290/63 rather big quantities of a poly‐α‐(1,4)‐glucan.
Morphogenetic activity of cytochalasins, cyanein, and monorden in Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Betina V. , Mičeková Daniela
Published: July 2010

Conidia of Botrytis cinerea germinated in the presence of sublethal concentrations of cytochalasin A, cytochalasin D, and monorden to produce swollen and distorted germ tubes which branched more frequently than those of normal conidia. Multiple germ‐tube emergence occurred to a greater extent in conidia treated with cytochalasin A and D. In the presence of monorden the branching young hyphae consisted of chains of oval cells.

Sublethal doses of antibiotics added to growing colonies of B. cinerea induced more frequent branching of the young hyphae. Cyanein induced terminal branching. Monorden caused mainly lateral branching with perpendicular short outgrowths having a tendency to further dichotomous branching and swelling of hyphal tips. Cytochalasins A and D induced terminal and lateral branching with swollen hyphal tips and chains of shortened oval cells.

Relationships between the modes of action and morphogenetic effects of antibiotics are discussed.
Simultane Übertragung der Ampicillin‐und Carbenicillinresistenz durch R‐Plasmide
Authors: Patsch R. , Höhne C.
Published: July 2010

Bei Konjugationsversuchen zwischen multiresistenten Stämmen von Escherichia coli und Salmonella heidelberg wurde mit der Ampicillinresistenz immer gemeinsam die Resistenz gegen Carbenicillin übertragen. Die durch R‐Plasmide determinierte Resistenz gegen Ampicillin und Carbenicillin wird vermutlich durch ein und dasselbe Gen, das über die Bildung einer Penicillinase die Resistenz realisiert, determiniert.
Untersuchungen zur Antigenstruktur von Shigellen. VIII. Struktur der O‐spezifischen Seitenketten der Lipopolysaccharide eines Shigella flexneri‐Serotyp 2b‐Stammes
Authors: Seltmann G. , Beer W.
Published: July 2010

Die Struktur der “repeating units” aus den O‐spezifischen Polysacchariden von Sh. flexneri, Stamm 784/63 (Serotyp 2b, Antigenstruktur II: 7. 8…) wurde nach 2 voneinander unabhängigen Methoden (Partialhydrolyse und Untersuchung der gebildeten Oligosaccharide bzw. Permethylierungsanalyse) bestimmt: magnified image
Comparative electron microscopic studies on Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin
Authors: Dyke J. , Berk R. S.
Published: July 2010

The endotoxin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa C9 was obtained by five standard methods of extraction for comparative electron microscopic studies. Observation of the five preparations demonstrated the presence of two major types of structures. The first of these was seen in endotoxins prepared by trichloroacetic acid, ethyl ether, hot water, and ethylenediamineteraacetate‐lysozyme extraction, and consisted of discrete spherules containing smaller spherules within and having a homogeneous staining centre and rod‐like border. The other morphologic type was seen only in preparations obtained by the aqueous phenol technique and consisted of pleomorphic staining material and rodlets. Preparations isolated by trichloroacetic acid extraction by phenol extraction. Loss in structural integrity was encountered upon exposure to polymxin B, colistin sulfate and carbenicillin, but not with other antibiotics tested.
Studies on the carbon nutrition of Coriolopsis occidentalis (Klotzsch) Murr
Authors: Fawole M. O.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the carbon nutrition of Coriolopsis occidentalis using carbohydrates, amino acids, and their related compounds in liquid growth medium. Of the simple carbohydrates tested, the oligosaccharides supported growth best followed by xylose. Cellulose supported fair growth as a sole carbon source but its substituted compounds were ineffective. Growth was also fair on amino acids as sole carbon sources but was largely improved in the presence of equimolar amounts of glucose.
Leakage‐Produkte von Hefen. II. Regulation und Entkopplung von Wachstum und Teilung
Authors: Heinzelmann H. , Kraepelin G. , Bogen H. J.
Published: July 2010

Leakage material released by Saccharomyces cerevisiae incubated in water was analyzed after separation into two fractions by silica gel. The supernatant fraction shows an absorption maximum at about 260 nm (260 nm fraction) but no surface activity. The second fraction eluted from the gel (EL fraction) is characterized by its remarkable surface activity while lacking significant absorbancy at 260 nm. The EL fraction contains two peptides one of which may be cyclic. Addition of the EL fraction contains two peptides one of which may be cyclic. Addition of the EL fraction only stimulated the onset of cell multiplication (reduced lag phase). In contrast, addition of the 260 nm fraction only affected later cell divisions (increased log phase growth). The bearing of leakage components on the regulation of growth and cell division is discussed.
Effects of azide, thioglycollic acid, and nitrosoguanidine on growth and nitrogen fixation in different clones of the blue‐green alga Cylindrospermum majus
Authors: Sharma V. K. , Kumar H. D.
Published: July 2010

Sodium azide and thioglycollic acid weakly inhibited nitrogen fixation in different clones of Cylindrospermum majus in continuous cultures.

The growth of different clons of C. majus was slightly stimulated by azide and inhibited by thioglycollic acid and nitrosoguanidine.

No mutants or morphological variations could be observed in the algal clones after treatment with a sub‐lethal dose ofnitrosoguanidine although growth and nitrogen fixation were inhibited or depressed.
Exponential growth phase of Pseudomonas methanolica batch cultures
Authors: Shulgovskaya E. M. , Ivanova I. I. , Sotnicov G. G.
Published: July 2010

Accelerations of the specific growth rate during the exponential growth phase of Pseudomonas methanolica have been observed. There are also fluctuations of the consumption of methanol, the respiratory activity, the ATP content, and the activities of some catabolic enzymes. The content of poly‐β‐hydroxybutyric acid drastically increases up to 60% of the dry weight and then begins to be consumed. This is accompanied by the increase of some other cell constituents (RNA, protein).
Oxydation von n‐Hexadecan durch Acinetobacter calco‐aceticus. Bedingungen und Induktion beteiligter Enzyme
Authors: Aurich H. , Eitner G.
Published: July 2010

Ac. calco‐aceticus 69‐V oxydiert n‐Hexadecan und 1‐Hexadecen in der Warburg‐Apparatur, wenn der Stamm auf n‐Alkanen kultiviert wurde. Gleichzeitig vermag er 1‐Hexadecanol, Hexadecanal, Hexadecansäure und 2‐Hexadecanol — auch nach Wachstum auf Succinat‐Medium — mit Hilfe konstitutiver Enzyme zu oxydieren. Die Fähigkeit zur Oxydation von n‐Hexadecan und 1‐Hexadecen wird durch Induktion erworben, dieser Prozeß wird durch Chloramphenicol verhindert. Einer der induzierbaren Teile des Enzymsystems zur Oxydation von n‐Hexadecan wird in den Zellen innerhalb weniger Stunden vollständig wieder abgebaut.
Beziehung zwischen Instabilität in Saline und Kompetenz für genetische Transformation bei Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Grunow R.
Published: July 2010

Zellen von B. subtilis SB 25 try2‐ his2‐ wurden inaktiviert, wenn sie vom Medium ge‐ trennt und bei 37°C in Saline aufbewahrt wurden. Das Ausmaß der Inaktivierung war von der Wachstumsphase abhängig, aus der die Zellen entnommen wurden. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Instabilität in Saline am größten war, wenn die Kultur von einer Wachstumsphase in eine andere überging (lag‐Phase → log‐Phase, log‐Phase → stat. Phase). Die Inaktivierung von kompetenten Zellen war um 2–3 Größenordnungen höher als die inkompetenter Zellen. Kompetente Zellen aus der Beschleunigungsphase und aus der Verzögerungsphase wurden schneller inaktiviert als solche aus der exponentiellen und aus der stationären Phase. Zur Erklärung des zeitgleichen Auftretens von Instabilität in Saline und Kompetenz wird angenommen, daß beide Kennzeichen des gleichen physiologischen Zustandes sind. Es wird diskutiert, daß die gemeinsame Ursache verzögerte Vorgänge bei der Zellwandsynthese sind, die einerseits eine größere osmotische Sensibilität hervorrufen und andererseits die Penetration von Makromolekülen gestatten.
Effect of A‐factor on the growth of asporogenous mutants of Streptomyces griseus, not producing this factor
Authors: Khokhlov A. S. , Anisova L. N. , Tovarova I. I. , Kleiner E. M. , Kovalenko I. V. , Krasilnikova O. I. , Kornitskaya E. Ya. , Pliner S. A.
Published: July 2010

A‐factor C13H22O4 was shown to be not only the inductor of the biosynthesis of streptomycin in inactive mutants of Streptomyces griseus (Actinomyces streptomycini), but also the potent regulator of differentiation of the cells: it induces the formation of spores in asporogenous strains during their superficial and submerged growth. This is accompanied by morphological modifications in the course of growth of the colonies.
Einfluß von Inhibitoren der Protein‐ und Nucleinsäuresynthese auf die Gestalt des Nucleoids von Escherichia coli
Authors: Dworsky P.
Published: July 2010

The influence of drugs on the shape and the size of nuclear bodies of Escherichia coli has been studied by electronmicroscopy and sedimentation experiments. Antibiotics inhibiting protein synthesis but not RNA synthesis decrease the size of the nuclear body. Inhibition of RNA synthesis brings about a disintegration of the compact structure of the nucleoid. From electronmicrographs it can be seen that most drugs cause a condensation of the nucleoplasm into one single coherent region. Inhibition of DNA synthesis does not have much influence on the shape of the nuclear body. It is concluded that mainly the transcription process affects the form of the nuclear body.
Untersuchungen über chemisch definierte Nährmedien für Pasteurella multocida und P. haemolytica
Authors: Flossmann K.‐D. , Feist H. , Höfer M. , Erler W.
Published: July 2010

Untersuchungen über die Nährstoffbedürftigkeit einiger Stämme von Pasteurella multocida und P. haemolytica führten zur Zusammenstellung chemisch definierter Nährmedien, die als anorganische Bestandteile vor allem Na2HPO4 und MgSO4, als Kohlenstoff‐ und Energiequelle Glucose, als Stickstoffquelle Asparaginsäure, Arginin, Glutaminsäure und Serin, als Schwefelquelle Cystin, und als sonstige Wuchsfaktoren Ca‐Pantothenat, Nicotinsäureamid und Orotsäure enthalten. Optimales Wachstum auf diesen Nährmedien wird jedoch nur bei Anwesenheit geringer Mengen komplexer Nährsubstrate (Pepton, Trypton oder Hefeextrakt), die bisher unbekannte Wuchsfaktoren für P. multocida und P. haemolytica enthalten, erreicht.
Isocitratlyase von Candida guilliermondii, Stamm H17. II. Regelung durch ausgewählte Intermediate des Tricarbonsäurezyklus und Hexoseabbaus
Authors: Hildebrandt W. , Weide H.
Published: July 2010

Die Aktivität der Isocitratlyase wurde durch Oxalacetat (KI = 0,05 mM), Pyruvat (KI = 0,8 mM), Succinat (KI = 1,3 mM), Phosphoenolpyruvat (KI = 1,6 mM), Glucose‐6‐Phosphat (KI = 5,0 mM) und ATP gehemmt; die verschiedenen Typen der Hemmwirkung dieser Substanzen werden erörtert. KI‐Werte von 9,0‐10,5 ließen auf einen schwächeren regulatorischen Effekt von Malat, Fumarat und Citrat schließen. Niedrige Konzentrationen von NAD und Glucose‐6‐Phosphat erhöhten unter den angewandten Versuchsbedingungen die Enzymaktivität.
Ultrastruktur des Kern‐assoziierten Körperchens (“centriolar plaque”, “MTOC”, “KCE”) während der Interphase in der Konidie von Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Künkel W.
Published: July 2010

Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen aufgebrochener Konidien von A. nidulans führten nach Glutaraldehyd‐Osmium‐Fixierung zum Nachweis eines Kern‐assoziierten Körperchens (KK) am Interphasekern. Es liegt dem Nucleolus gegenüber in einer Invagination der Kernhülle und besteht aus zwei stärker kontrastierten diskoiden Einheiten, die durch einen schwächer kontrastierten strukturierten Mittelteil verbunden sind. Im Kerninneren, dem KK benachbart, treten elektronendichte Bereiche auf, die mit den diskoiden Einheiten in Verbindung zu stehen scheinen. Eine Verbindung des Mittelteils mit der Kernhülle fehlt.

Wiederholt wurde eine Assoziation zwischen dem KK und multivesikulären Körpern beobachtet, deren mögliche Bedeutung diskutiert wird.
Effect of concentrations of ammonium molybdate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, formaldehyde, and minerals in mixture on the synthesis of amino acids
Authors: Bahadur K. , Verma M. L. , Singh Y. P.
Published: July 2010

Considerable amounts of amino acids were formed in a mixture containing diammonium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium molybdate, formaldehyde, and mineral salts. Amino acids synthesized in the mixture were glycine, arginine, histidine, aspartic acid, cysteine, and alanine. Under similar conditions the amount of amino acids formed enhanced with the increase in the concentration of diammonium hydrogen phosphate up to 5 to 8 g per 40 ml of the mixture. On increasing the formaldehyde the amount of amino acid formation increased up to 6 ml of formaldehyde in the 80 ml of mixture. Presence of ammonium molybdate, though necessary for the formation of spherical particles in the mixture, did not effect the formation of amino acids.
DNS‐Synthese und Zellteilung in Escherichia coli 15 TAU nach Substratlimitation
Authors: Hilliger M. , Bergter F.
Published: July 2010

Es wird untersucht, ob die synchrone Zellteilung von Escherichia coli 15 TAU nach einer stationären Wachstumsphase vom Proteinstoffwechsel (Protein‐turnover) während dieser stationären Phase abhängig ist. Protein‐turnover konnte nur während Glucose‐, nicht jedoch während Arginin‐ oder Uracillimitation gemessen werden (HILLIGER u. BERGTER 1973). Bei allen drei Limitationsarten traten synchrone DNS‐Replikationen und synchrone Zellteilungen nach der stationären Phase auf, so daß eine Korrelation zum Proteinstoffwechsel während der stationären Phase nicht wahrscheinlich ist. Es bestehen Unterschiede im Mechanismus der Initiation zwischen der ersten und zweiten synchronen Zellteilung nach der stationären Phase.
Monosaccharide formation from hydrocarbon by Candida rugosa
Authors: Iida M. , Finnerty W. R.
Published: July 2010

Monosaccharide formation resulting from hydrocarbon oxidation by Candida rugosa was determined. C. rugosa was grown in a mineral medium containing 1% alkane (C10‐C17) as sole carbon source. Monosaccharide formation was found on all hydrocarbon substrates tested. A similar result was obtained from fatty acids as intermediate oxidation product of hydrocarbon. An interrelationship between cell growth and formation of monosaccharide was observed in all cases. The amount of monosaccharide with n‐alkane was greater than with 1‐alkene. Also, n‐alkanes of even‐carbon numbers yield approximately 50% more monosaccharide as compared with n‐alkanes of odd‐carbon numbers. The optimal substrates for monosaccharide formation were n‐dodecane and tetradecane. These yields were 170.7 and 181 μg/ml culture broth, respectively. The monosaccharide formed from n‐alkane oxidation was D‐glucose as determined by thin‐layer chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. No extrapolysaccharide was detected in C. rugosa. The biosynthesis of extracellular saccharide is discussed.
Prototheca hydrocarbonea n. sp. ‐ Lebenszyklus, Metabolismus und Feinstruktur
Authors: Kocková‐Kratochvílová Anna , Havelková Marie
Published: July 2010

Anhand der von HEYER (1966) aus Erdölschlamm isolierten, n‐Alkane assimilierenden Stämme der farblosen Alge Prototheca wurde die Art Prototheca hydrocarbonea n. sp. beschrieben. Als Typus gilt der nunmehr unter der Nummer CCY 70‐1‐1 in die Tschechoslovakische Sammlung für Hefen (Chemisches Institut der Slovakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Bratislava, ČSSR) aufgenommene Stamm S6c. Die neue Art unterscheidet sich neben weiteren Merkmalen vor allem durch die Größe der Autosporen, Wachstum bei +42 °C sowie Assimilation von Xylose und Inosit von den anderen Arten der Gattung. Die zur Differenzierung der Sippe erforderlichen physiologischen Merkmale, allgemeine submikroskopische Strukturen und der Lebenszyklus wurden untersucht.
Degeneration phenomenon of alkaloid‐producing strains of Claviceps paspali
Authors: Segal E. , Germanier R.
Published: July 2010

Passaging of Claviceps paspali alkaloid‐producing strains leads to degenerative morphological changes which seem to be responsible for a reduction of alkaloid production. It was shown that cultures of Claviceps paspali consist of two types of colonies on a PDA medium: small‐brown and large‐white ones, the first existing mainly in early passages and the latter appearing in successive passages. Apparently, the appearance of white colonies, which might be the result of a mutational process, is responsible for the loss of alkaloid production. The possibility of regeneration through selection of brown colonies is discussed.
The intracellular polysaccharide of Candida rugosa grown on hydrocarbon
Authors: Iida M. , Finnerty W. R.
Published: July 2010

The intracellular polysaccharide (Ps) content of Candida rugosa grown on non‐hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon substrates were determined. C. rugosa was grown in a mineral medium containing 1% alkane (C10‐C20) as sole carbon source. The cells were harvested at the stationary phase and the Ps isolated and purified from the cells. Ps content from cells grown on n‐decane through pentadecane comprised 2.3‐3.2% of the total cell weight. Ps purified from cells grown on n‐hexadecane through 1‐eicosene comprised 1.7‐2.0%. No difference in Ps content was observed from cells grown on n‐alkane or alk‐1‐ene. The infrared absorption spectra of Ps isolated from hydrocarbon‐grown cells were similar to that of glucose‐grown cell. The spectrum of each Ps was identical with that of authentic mannan. D‐Mannose was the constituent identified in each Ps. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of Ps isolated from alkanes‐ or alk‐1‐enes‐grown cells also were similar to that of Ps isolated from glucose‐grown cells. These studies indicate that hydrocarbonchain length does not affect the chemical structure and composition of Ps, but, rather quantitatively influences Ps content of C. rugosa. The possible chemical structure of Ps is discussed on the basis of chemical analyses.
Utilization of hydrocarbons by microorganisms. Biochemical activities of alkanes‐grown Candida lipolytica
Authors: Jwanny E. W. , Chenouda M. S. , Osman H. G.
Published: July 2010

The specific rate of growth and the generation time of four different strains of Candida were investigated. C. lipolytica IFP 29 has the highest growth rate and biomass. Three distinct phases of growth were observed. The data obtained in this report showed that the enzymatic systems of C. lipolytica IFP oxidizing glucose are constitutive but those oxidizing alkanes are adaptive.

The carbon nitrogen balance on B.P. (British Petroleum) cut was obtained. The low‐rate of CCO2/CCell was attributed to the excretion of keto acids and organic acids into the fermentation liquor. α‐Ketoglutaric and pyruvic acids with organic acids were detected in the fermentation broth. The amounts of keto acids and organic acids were coincided with the growth phases.
Einfluß der Sporulation und der Kulturbedingungen auf die Kernteilungssynchronie keimender Konidien von Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Künkel W.
Published: July 2010

Für die Synchronisation geeignete Konidien von Aspergillus nidulans müssen in großer Menge und möglichst einheitlich zur Verfügung stehen. Es wurde daher der Einfluß von Malzwasser und Aminosäuren (Cystin, DL‐Phenylalanin, DL‐Lysinchlorid, Hydroxyprolin, L‐Asparaginsäure, Serin, L‐Arginin, Valin, L‐Glutaminsäure, Glykokoll) auf die Sporulation untersucht. Kultivierung auf synthetischem Substrat mit 0,2%' Glykokoll führte zum höchsten Konidienertrag. Von Spatelkulturen geerntete Konidien zeichnen sich durch eine geringe Streuung ihrer Größe aus. Die Konidien zeigen eine relativ synchrone Schwellphase, an welche sich die Kernteilung mit einer erhöhten Synchronie anschließt.

Während der Konidienschwellung läuft ein Zellzyklus mit charakteristischen GI‐, S‐und G2‐Perioden ab. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Beobachtung von ROSENBERGER u.KESSEL (1967), daß bei verringerter Wachstumsrate die G2‐Periode verlängert wird.
Morphology and growth pattern of a rod‐negative env B mutant of Escherichia coli K12
Authors: Bloom G. D. , Gumpert J. , Normark S. , Schuhmann E. , Taubeneck U. , Westling B.
Published: July 2010

An env B mutant (strain D23) of Escherichia coli K12 showing a distorted cell form was studied. The cells in a logarithmically growing D23 population are extremely heterogeneous with respect to size and shape. Different types of cells were studied in the electron microscope and the growth pattern was followed under the phase contrast microscope. The following observations were made: 1. All cells increase their mass by longitudinal growth. Inhibition of cell division results in filament or snake formation; the diameter of such cells is dependent on that of the original cell. 2. To a certain degree the size and shape of daughter cells is phenotypically determined by the parental cell. 3. Division of rod‐shaped cells of D23 is symmetric, whereas ovoid or coccoid cells show an asymmetric constriction. 4. After division of irregularly shaped cells, elongation of the daughter cells does not necessarily proceed perpendicular to the preceding division plane. The dependence of cell shape on growth direction and division pattern is emphasized.
Einwirkung von Enzymgiften auf Phagocytosevermögen, Cilienbewegung und Stoffwechsel von Tetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: Burmeister J.
Published: July 2010

Es wurde der Einfluß von Desoxyglucose, Jodacetat, Natriumfluorid, Malonsäure, EDTA, KCN, Natriumazid, α‐Dinitrophenol, Anaerobiose und Protaminsulfat auf das Phagocytosevermögen, die Beweglichkeit und den Stoffwechsel von Tetrahymena pyriformis untersucht. Das Phagocytosevermögen für Tusche erwies sich als streng aerober, stoffwechselabhängiger Vorgang, ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Cilienbewegung und der Phagocytose ergab sich nicht. Trotz Steigerung der Sauerstoffaufnahme durch KCN, Na‐Azid und Dinitrophenol wirkten diese Substanzen auf das Phagocytosevermögen und die Beweglichkeit hemmend. Von den hier untersuchten Lebensäußerungen von Tetrahymena war das Phagocytosevermögen gegenüber den Stoffwechselgiften am empfindlichsten, es war häufig schon bei sehr niedrigen Inhibitorkonzentrationen völlig erloschen, wenn die Atmung und die Beweglichkeit der Einzeller noch keinerlei Beeinträchtigung zeigten. Bei einem Vergleich mit anderen phagocytierenden Zellen, den polymorphkernigen Leukocyten der Säugetiere (PML), kommt vor allem der aerobe oxydative Stoffwechsel von Tetrahymena im Gegensatz zum glykolytischen der PML zum Ausdruck.
Abhängigkeit der Hitzeresistenz von Bacillus stearothermophilus‐Sporen von ihrem Dipicolinsäure‐ und Calciumgehalt
Authors: Musielski H. , Borges R.
Published: July 2010

Mit Hilfe unterschiedlicher Hefeextraktkonzentrationen im Sporulationsmedium wurden in Bacillus stearothermophilus‐Sporen unterschiedliche Dipicolinsäuregehalte synthetisiert. Nach Bestimmung des Calcium/Dipicolinsäure‐Molverhältnisses wurden die Hitzeresistenzdaten bei 121°C für endotroph beeinflußte Sporen ermittelt. Mit Erhöhung des Dipicolinsäuregehaltes und Herabsetzung des Calcium/Dipicolinsäure‐Molverhältnisses in den Sporen erhöhte sich die Hitzeresistenz.
Cytotoxische und mitosehemmende Wirkung des Anthracyclin‐Antibioticums Violamycin
Authors: Seeber Christine , Fleck W.
Published: July 2010

The cytotoxic and antibiotic activity of the red‐pigment antibiotic violamycin of the anthracycline group was studied in vitro in comparison with daunomycin, a known member of anthracycline antibiotics. Violamycin is a mixture of the complexes violamycin A and violamycin B. The cytotoxic minimal concentration of violamycin in primary cell strains (struma cells) amounts to 0.5 mcg/ml, but in permanent cell lines (HeLa‐, PN‐, Fl‐ell lines) from 0.5 to 1.0 mgc/ml. Daunomycin shows the same cytotoxic minimal concentration as violamycin, the antimitotic action of violamycin is lower than the action of daunomycin.

In spite of the same minimal cytotoxic concentration of both drugs the mitotic index of HeLa‐ells treated with daunomycin (0.5 mcg/ml) for a period of 12 to 72 hours is less than 70 to 80% opposite that caused by violamycin (0.5 and 1 mcg/ml). In violamycin‐treated HeLa‐ells the mitotic index increases from 35 to 70% after the exposure of the drug at the concentration of 0.5 mcg/ml for a period of 36 to 72 hours without changing the medium. This effect cannot be shown with daunomycin‐treated cells.

Nevertheless, violamycin can be regarded as a mitotic agent which considerably decreases the number of mitoses. The quantitative inhibition of cell division depends on the concentration, the time of exposure, the way of application, and the kind of the antibiotic. By all means, the inhibition of mitosis due to the effect of violamycin or daunomycin is pointed out to be reversible. If the drugs are removed and the cells brought back into plain medium a significant increase of the mitotic index can be observed after an incubation of 12 hours.

At concentrations of 0.5 mcg/ml and more violamycin causes serious cytological changes and leads to irregular rearrangements of chromosomes, dark caps, and clumped chromatin. The results are discussed in comparison to the effect of daunomycin.
Gefrierätzung an den Hefen Saccharomyces, Torulopsis und Rhodotorula
Authors: Casperson G. , Purz H.‐J.
Published: July 2010

Saccharomyces fragilis (ascomycetous yeast), Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (basidiomycetous yeast), Torulopsis candida (asporogenous yeast) show distinct differences in the ultrastructure of the cell wall and the plasmalemma, but do not differ in the ultrastructure of the cell organelles. It is referred to the possibility of artefacts occurring by phase separations and translocations during freezing process as well as by molecule deformations during the freeze fracture.
Korrelationen zwischen Wachstum und Aufnahme des ausgeschiedenen Riboflavins bei Candida guilliermondii
Authors: Liesegang A. , Straube G. , Fritsche W. , Reinbothe H.
Published: July 2010

In iron‐deficient media the yeast Candida guilliermondii shows overproduction of riboflavin which is excreted into the medium. The excreted riboflavin is taken up again by a part of the cells for a limited culture period. This accumulation of riboflavin is correlated with a diauxic growth. It is influenced by addition of riboflavin and iron. Exogenous riboflavin promotes the growth. In media with extreme iron‐deficiency the accumulation as well as the diauxic growth were not observed.

The accumulating cells are specific heavier than non‐accumulating, and it is easy to separate these cells. The characterization of the two types of cells has shown that the accumulating cells are physiologically more active than the non‐accumulating cells.
The cell cycle in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe: Changes in activity of magnesium dependent ATP'ase and in total internal magnesium in relation to cell division
Authors: Duffus J. H. , Paterson Linda J.
Published: July 2010

The central role of ATP in energy requiring processes in the cell is well established. How these processes are integrated into the overall scheme of cell growth and division is an important question in cell physiology. One way to investigate this is to study how the enzyme systems involved in ATP metabolism relate to the cell cycle. An important system in this context is the Mg2+‐dependent ATP'ase. This paper describes the way in which this system varies in activity through the cell cycle, and especially near the time of cell division, in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. An attempt is made to correlate these changes in activity with changes in total internal magnesium content of the cells.
Schnelle fluorometrische desoxyribosespezifische DNS‐Bestimmung an nicht desintegrierten Mikroorganismen mit 3,5‐Diaminobenzoesäure (DABA). I. Chemisch‐analytische Methodik und Anwendung auf Hefepopulationen
Authors: Hesse G. , Lindner R. , Krebs D.
Published: July 2010

The determination of DNA with 3,5‐diaminobenzoic acid (DABA) following a DOEBNER‐MILLER‐quinaldine synthesis (PEREZ 1950), the reaction of which is specific for deoxyribose, is rarely known and used.

Hydrolysis of DNA and condensation of liberated deoxyribose with DABA (prepared via ethyl‐3,5‐dinitrobenzoate) can be performed in an one‐step‐reaction resulting in a stable and sensitive fluorescence with favourable excitation and emission conditions. In dependence on the fluoro‐metric equipment amounts of 10−8 to 10−9 M “DNA‐phosphorus” are detectable.

Comparable fluorescence yields are produced by DNA‐preparations of different origin and G‐C‐content.

Interferences are caused by aldehydes of the type R‐CH2‐CHO, but not by RNA in manifold excess or other ubiquitous substances.

Microorganisms can easily be subjected to that procedure. Thus, investigations on growing yeast populations (exhibiting artificial changes from repressed to derepressed oxidative metabolism) clearly demonstrated the anticipated correlations among specific growth rate, cell number, dry mass, protein and DNA‐content. Similar correlations exist among degree of ploidy and DNA‐content of the cell.

It was found that the quotient of DNA‐content/cell to dry mass/cell is constant for isogenic homozygous strains.
Der Kurzschlußweg — einziger Weg zur de novo‐Biosynthese von Nikotinsäure bei Hansenula henricii
Authors: Bode R. , Böttcher F. , Birnbaum D. , Samsonova I. A.
Published: July 2010

Zwei bei H. henricii erhaltene nikotinsäurebedürftige Mutanten wurden phänotypisch charakterisiert. In der Mutante Hg 112 ist die 3‐Hydroxylierung der Anthranilsäure, in Hg 197 die Synthese von Nikotinsäure aus 3‐Hydroxyanthranilsäure genetisch blockiert. Die de novo‐Bio‐synthese von Nikotinsäure erfolgt demzufolge bei dieser Hefe nur über den bei Rhodotorula glutinis gefundenen Kurzschlußweg. Der vom Tryptophan ausgehende “Pilzweg” der Nikotin‐säuresynthese ist nicht existent.
Biosynthesis of [7‐3H]16α‐hydroxy‐dehydroepiandrosterone having high specific activity
Authors: Iida M. , Matsuhashi K. , Nakayama T.
Published: July 2010

Biosynthesis of [7‐3H]16α‐hydroxy‐dehydroepiandrosterone in high specific activity has been studied. [7‐3H] dehydroepiandrosterone (13.9 C/mM) in trace quantity was oxidized by Streptomyces roseochromogenes (NRRLB‐1233) for 5 min at 27 °C. The radioactive products were chromatographically separated, identified and their radiochemical purity established by isotopic dilution analysis. [7‐3H]16α‐hydroxy‐dehydroepiandrosterone (2.5 × 107 dpm) was obtained by microbial hydroxylation of substrate (1.9 × 109 dpm). In some cases [7‐3H]5‐androstene‐3β, 16α, 17β‐triol in a small amount of radioactivity could be found at the prolonged reaction for 30 hr.
A mild method for the isolation of folded chromosomes from Escherichia coli
Authors: Dworsky P.
Published: July 2010

Until now it has not been possible to obtain nuclear bodies from Escherichia coli after treatment with rifampicin. It was generally assumed that the cross‐connections between the DNA double strands which are sensitive towards ribonuclease are destroyed under the influence of inhibitors of RNA synthesis like rifampicin. In this paper a new lysis procedure is described for preparing nuclear bodies from E. coli. These particles differ in some respects, especially in salt sensitivity from those prepared by earlier methods. Using the new lysis method it is also possible to obtain folded chromosomes from cells after treatment with rifampicin. These nuclear bodies can be destroyed by ribonuclease. Therefore, it has to be postulated that a fraction of RNA being sufficient to hold the chromosome in the folded shape is not susceptible to the action of rifampicin.
Vitamin B12‐abhängige Methioninbiosynthese bei Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Wehnert M. , Günther E. , Herrmann H.
Published: July 2010

Among methionineless mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO lacking the ability of methylating homocysteine we found two different types: One of them responding to methionine only, the other one to methionine or vitamin B12 alternatively. That means that P. aeruginosa PAO as well as other B12‐producing bacteria (with one exception: Aerobacter aerogenes) use only the B12 pathway (metH) for methionine synthesis.

The effect of some cys‐auxotrophs equally growing on vitamin B12 as described by CALHOUN and FEARY (1969) was confirmed for P. aeruginosa PAO by our mutants. In a P. aeruginosa strain of other origin, PAE, neither met‐ nor cys‐mutants responding to B12 have been found, although strain PAE as well as strain PAO excessively synthesize B12.
Lipid components of the hydrocarbon assimilating yeast Candida lipolytica (strain 10)
Authors: Jwanny Etidal W.
Published: July 2010

The utilization of n‐hexadecane by Candida lipolytica (strain 10) was studied with respect to the lipid content, phospholipid and fatty acid profiles resulting at various growth times. Thin layer chromatography of the lipid extracts showed quantitative changes in the different lipid classes. The phospholipid fraction obtained at each growth time was separated into 8 classes: lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, glycophospholipid, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, and phosphatidic acid. Differences in the percentage fatty acid composition of the lipid extracts were observed at various stages of growth. The cellular fatty acids included palmitic, palmitoleic (35–52%), stearic, oleic, linoleic (26–39%), and pentadecanoic (2–12%) as major components. This indicates that fatty acid(s) of the same length as that of the substrate was the most abundant component, thus showing intact incorporation mechanism. Fatty acids having longer chain lengths were also formed in substantial amounts indicating C2 addition and β‐oxidation of the fatty acids formed in the yeast.