bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotic Drugs
Authors: Schoretsanitis Georgios , Baumann Pierre , Conca Andreas , Dietmaier Otto , Giupponi Giancarlo , Gründer Gerhard , Hahn Martina , Hart Xenia , Havemann-Reinecke Ursula , Hefner Gudrun , Kuzin Maxim , Mössner Rainald , Piacentino Daria , Steimer Werner , Zernig Gerald , Hiemke Christoph
Published: November 2020

Background:

The use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to guide treatment with long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics, which are increasingly prescribed, remains a matter of debate. The aim of this review was to provide a practical framework for the integration of TDM when switching from an oral formulation to the LAI counterpart, and in maintenance treatment.

Methods:

The authors critically reviewed 3 types of data: (1) positron emission tomography data evaluating dopamine (D2/D3) receptor occupancy related to antipsychotic concentrations in serum or plasma; D2/D3 receptors are embraced as target sites in the brain for antipsychotic efficacy and tolerability, (2) pharmacokinetic studies evaluating the switch from oral to LAI antipsychotics, and (3) pharmacokinetic data for LAI formulations. Based on these data, indications for TDM and therapeutic reference ranges were considered for LAI antipsychotics.

Results:

Antipsychotic concentrations in blood exhibited interindividual variability not only under oral but also under LAI formulations because these concentrations are affected by demographic characteristics such as age and sex, genetic peculiarities, and clinical variables, including comedications and comorbidities. Reported data combined with positron emission tomography evidence indicated a trend toward lower concentrations under LAI administration than under oral medications. However, the available evidence is insufficient to recommend LAI-specific therapeutic reference ranges.

Conclusions:

Although TDM evidence for newer LAI formulations is limited, this review suggests the use of TDM when switching an antipsychotic from oral to its LAI formulation. The application of TDM practice is more accurate for dose selection than the use of dose equivalents as it accounts more precisely for individual characteristics.
Tolerability of High-Dose Venlafaxine After Switch From Escitalopram in Nonresponding Patients With Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Engelmann Jan , Wagner Stefanie , Solheid Andreas , Herzog David P. , Dreimüller Nadine , Müller Marianne B. , Tadić André , Hiemke Christoph , Lieb Klaus
Published: November 2020

Background

Within a single depressive episode, most patients receive different antidepressants because of an inadequate response to the first-line antidepressant. A commonly used strategy is to switch from a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor to a selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. However, little is known about the tolerability of this switch with consideration of dose and drug concentration in blood.

Methods

After 4 weeks of inadequate response to escitalopram (10–20 mg/d), medication was switched to another 4 weeks of venlafaxine (VF, 150–375 mg/d) in 234 depressed patients. Serum concentrations, depression severity, and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were assessed weekly.

Results

The switch of medication led to an increase of ADRs such as reduced salivation (+11%), orthostatic dizziness (+11%), and sweating (+9.8%). The most frequent ADRs during treatment with VF were reduced salivation (28.6%), sweating (24.6%), and orthostatic dizziness (15.8%). In patients receiving high-dose VF, a significant improvement of depressive symptomatology was observed, and most ADRs decreased during the course of treatment, even in patients above the therapeutic reference range.

Limitations

Patients and physicians were aware of medication, and there was no direct comparison with the herein presented switch of medication.

Implications

This study provides important information about the tolerability of a commonly used antidepressant treatment strategy. More detailed information about putative ADRs may help clinicians increase compliance through effective patient education. Because ADRs of VF were associated with the plasma concentration, therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended to guide the therapy and manage problems of tolerability.
Planning for a Gonococcal Vaccine: A Narrative Review of Vaccine Development and Public Health Implications
Authors: Abara Winston E. , Jerse Ann E. , Hariri Susan , Kirkcaldy Robert D.
Published: November 2020

Declining gonococcal susceptibility to ceftriaxone and azithromycin has raised the possibility of untreatable gonorrhea in the future and reignited interest in gonococcal vaccine development. Despite decades of research, previous gonococcal vaccine candidates have been ineffective. A growing body of data suggests that meningococcal group B outer-membrane vaccines may be cross-protective against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Clinical trials of a licensed vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B containing an outer-membrane vaccine component are underway to determine its efficacy against N. gonorrhoeae. Other experimental gonococcal vaccine candidates are in the preclinical phases. Population impact of future gonococcal vaccines with different levels of efficacy and duration of protection in various populations is being evaluated using modeling studies. Despite recent progress, gaps in gonococcal vaccine research remain. Research is needed to evaluate vaccine efficacy in preventing gonococcal infections acquired via various anatomic routes and among patients coinfected with other sexually transmitted infections. Studies that model the impact of a future vaccine on high-burden populations such as men who have sex with men and estimate both vaccine cost-effectiveness and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of vaccination to antimicrobial resistance and treatment costs are warranted. This narrative review examines the current state of gonococcal vaccine research, the possible impact of a gonococcal vaccine on gonorrhea rates based on modeling studies, gaps in the gonococcal vaccine literature, and public health implications of a future gonococcal vaccine on reducing the gonorrhea burden in the United States.
Do Nonprofit Hospitals Evaluate Their Community Benefit Activities?
Authors: Stabler Henry S. , Begun James W.
Published: November 2020

Context:

Nonprofit hospitals in the United States are required to conduct a community health needs assessment (CHNA) every 3 years to identify the most pressing health issues in their community and then develop an implementation strategy for addressing these health issues. CHNA reports must include “evaluation of the impact of any actions that were taken to address the significant health needs identified in the immediately preceding CHNA.”

Objective:

To determine whether and how nonprofit hospitals are responding to the requirement to evaluate their implementation strategies addressing their community's priority health needs.

Design:

Using content analysis, we reviewed CHNA reports of all Minnesota nonprofit hospitals (n = 96) since regulations were finalized in December 2014.

Setting:

Nonprofit hospitals in Minnesota.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Reports were coded to determine whether hospitals are responding to the evaluation requirement and the types of evaluation measures (process vs outcome indicators) used to assess hospitals' activities.

Results:

Most of the reports (116 of 136 reports, or 85.3%) include narrative evaluating community benefit programs, showing widespread conformity with the IRS (Internal Revenue Service) mandate. All of the evaluations use process indicators, such as the number of individuals reached. More than half of the evaluations (64 of 116 reports, or 55.2%) also use outcome indicators, with many reporting short- and medium-term changes in health-related knowledge and behaviors. Use of outcome indicators increased substantially in CHNAs in the 2017-2020 period compared with 2015-2016.

Conclusions:

In general, Minnesota hospitals are using program evaluation to assess their community benefit implementation strategies, although the extent to which they evaluate their strategies varies considerably between hospitals. While the use of outcome indicators of impact has increased over time, levels of use suggest the importance of incorporating public health expertise in CHNA work.
Diagnostic Confidence and Feasibility of a Deep Learning Accelerated HASTE Sequence of the Abdomen in a Single Breath-Hold
Authors: Herrmann Judith , Gassenmaier Sebastian , Nickel Dominik , Arberet Simon , Afat Saif , Lingg Andreas , Kündel Matthias , Othman Ahmed E.
Published: November 2020

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a single breath-hold fast half-Fourier single-shot turbo spin echo (HASTE) sequence using a deep learning reconstruction (HASTEDL) for T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen as compared with 2 standard T2-weighted imaging sequences (HASTE and BLADE).

Materials and Methods

Sixty-six patients who underwent 1.5-T liver magnetic resonance imaging were included in this monocentric, retrospective study. The following T2-weighted sequences in axial orientation and using spectral fat suppression were compared: a conventional respiratory-triggered BLADE sequence (time of acquisition [TA] = 4:00 minutes), a conventional multiple breath-hold HASTE sequence (HASTES) (TA = 1:30 minutes), as well as a single breath-hold HASTE with deep learning reconstruction (HASTEDL) (TA = 0:16 minutes). Two radiologists assessed the 3 sequences regarding overall image quality, noise, sharpness, diagnostic confidence, and lesion detectability as well as lesion characterization using a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 4 with 4 being the best. Comparative analyses were conducted to assess the differences between the 3 sequences.

Results

HASTEDL was successfully acquired in all patients. Overall image quality for HASTEDL was rated as good (median, 3; interquartile range, 3–4) and was significantly superior to HASTEs (P < 0.001) and inferior to BLADE (P = 0.001). Noise, sharpness, and artifacts for HASTEDL reached similar levels to BLADE (P ≤ 0.176) and were significantly superior to HASTEs (P < 0.001). Diagnostic confidence for HASTEDL was rated excellent by both readers and significantly superior to HASTEs (P < 0.001) and inferior to BLADE (P = 0.044). Lesion detectability and lesion characterization for HASTEDL reached similar levels to those of BLADE (P ≤ 0.523) and were significantly superior to HASTEs (P < 0.001). Concerning the number of detected lesions and the measured diameter of the largest lesion, no significant differences were found comparing BLADE, HASTES, and HASTEDL (P ≤ 0.912).

Conclusions

The single breath-hold HASTEDL is feasible and yields comparable image quality and diagnostic confidence to standard T2-weighted TSE BLADE and may therefore allow for a remarkable time saving in abdominal imaging.
Early Postoperative Complications From National Surgical Quality Improvement Program
Authors: Saheb-Al-Zamani Maryam , Cordeiro Erin , O'Neill Anne C. , Hofer Stefan O.P. , Cil Tulin D. , Zhong Toni
Published: November 2020

Background

Despite the recent surge in rates of immediate breast reconstruction, there is a paucity of large multicenter studies to compare differences in morbidity after immediate versus delayed breast reconstruction. This study used the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) to study the association between timing of breast reconstruction and complication rates, stratified by reconstructive modality.

Study Design

The NSQIP database was used to identify breast reconstructions from 2005 to 2012. Rates of major complications were compared by timing within each reconstructive modality (implant vs autologous). Cohort differences in baseline characteristics and variables associated with increased complication rates were identified in bivariate analyses. A multivariable model was created to compare the association between the timing of reconstruction and major complications.

Results

Of 24,506 postmastectomy reconstructions, 85.8% were immediate, 14.2% were delayed, 84% were implant, and 16% were autologous reconstructions. Overall, 10.0% of patients suffered a major complication. After stratification, only implant reconstructions showed a statistically higher complication rate with immediate (8.8%) reconstruction compared with delayed (5.3%) (odds ratio, 1.7, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in complication rates between autologous immediate (18.4%) or delayed (19.0%) reconstructions. After controlling for baseline cohort differences and other risk factors, immediate reconstruction remained as an independent significant predictor of major complications in implant reconstructions (odds ratio, 1.8, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Immediate rather than delayed breast reconstruction is associated with a significantly higher rate of major complications in implant reconstruction but not in autologous reconstruction. It is important to include these findings in the routine preoperative surgeon-patient discussion of reconstructive options.
Solid Organ Transplantation in the Era of COVID-19: Lessons from France
Authors: Zaidan Mohamad , Legendre Christophe
Published: November 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has significantly upended solid organ transplant (SOT) practice around the world. Early reports confirmed the heavy burden of COVID-19 in SOT recipients with mortality rates reaching up to 35%. Because most transplant recipients harbored multiple comorbidities known to be associated with a severe course of COVID-19, the true impact of immunosuppression by itself remained an unsolved issue. Transplant societies have initially recommended to postpone nonurgent renal transplantations, while trying to maintain life-saving transplant programs, such as heart, lung, and liver transplantations. The pandemic thus resulted in an unprecedented and sudden drop of transplant activity worldwide. Moreover, the best treatment strategy in infected patients was challenging. Both reduction of immunosuppression and use of targeted therapies aiming at counteracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection were the 2 faces of the therapeutic armamentarium. Recent controlled studies have better delineated the basis of mitigating and management strategies to improve patients’ outcome. Nevertheless, and given the persistence of circulating virus, evidence-based recommendations in SOT recipients remain unclear. The resumption of transplant activity should be tailored with careful selection of both donors and recipients. Transplant decision should be made on a case-by-case basis after thorough assessment of the risks and benefits.
Multicenter evaluation of the Panbio™ COVID-19 Rapid Antigen-Detection Test for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Merino-Amador Paloma , Guinea Jesús , Muñoz-Gallego Irene , González-Donapetry Patricia , Galán Juan-Carlos , Antona Nerea , Cilla Gustavo , Hernáez-Crespo Silvia , Díaz-de Tuesta José-Luis , Gual-de Torrella Ana , González-Romo Fernando , Escribano Pilar , Sánchez-Castellano Miguel Ángel , Sota-Busselo Mercedes , Delgado-Iribarren Alberto , García Julio , Cantón Rafael , Muñoz Patricia , Folgueira M Dolores , Cuenca-Estrella Manuel , Oteo-Iglesias Jesús ,   Spanish Panbio™ COVID-19 validation group ‡
Published: November 2020

The standard RT-PCR assay for COVID-19 is laborious and time-consuming, limiting the availability of testing. Rapid antigen-detection tests are faster and less expensive; however, the reliability of these tests must be validated before they can be used widely. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability of the PanbioTM COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device (PanbioRT) (Abbott) for SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swab specimens. This was a prospective multicenter study in ten Spanish university hospitals of patients from hospital units with clinical symptoms or epidemiological criteria for COVID-19. Patients whose onset of symptoms or exposure was more than 7 days earlier were excluded. Two nasopharyngeal exudate samples were taken to perform the PanbioRT and a diagnostic RT-PCR test. Among the 958 patients studied, 359 (37.5%) were positive by RT-PCR and 325 (33.9%) were also positive by the PanbioRT. Agreement was 95.7% (kappa score: 0.90). All 34 false-negative PanbioRT results were in symptomatic patients, with 23.5% of them at 6–7 days since the onset of symptoms and 58.8% presenting CT >30 values for RT-PCR, indicating a low viral load. Overall sensitivity and specificity for the PanbioRT were 90.5% and 98.8%, respectively. The PanbioRT provides good clinical performance as a point-of-care test, with even more reliable results for patients with a shorter clinical course of the disease or a higher viral load. While this study has had a direct impact on the national diagnostic strategy for COVID-19 in Spain, the results must be interpreted based on the local epidemiological context.
Knowledge and perceptions on COVID-19 among Senior High School students in Ghana: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Kamal Lettor Isaac Bador , Apanga Paschal Awingura , Kumbeni Maxwell Tii , Akunvane Ramatu , Akparibo Robert
Published: November 2020

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In Ghana, policy interventions have been implemented by the Government to combat the pandemic. However, the knowledge and perceptions of Senior High School students are not investigated on the COVID-19 symptoms, transmission and the government policy measures.

Objectives

The present study surveyed senior high school students to assess their knowledge and perceptions of COVID-19 and the government policy measures to address the outbreak.

Methods

The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design to assess the knowledge and perceptions of senior high school students on the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures put in place to address it. 624 senior high school students aged 18 years old and above were surveyed. Descriptive analysis was performed to assess knowledge and perceptions of COVID-19 symptoms, mode of transmissions and prevention.

Findings

Most students were knowledgeable about COVID-19 symptoms, transmission and preventive measures. Majority of the students obtained information about COVID-19 from television, radio, social media, and from family and friends. Overall, the students also demonstrated a positive perception towards COVID-19 mode of transmission and preventive measures.

Conclusions

Overall, senior high school students in the Bawku Municipality in Ghana demonstrated an appreciable level of knowledge and positive perception of COVID-19. Students cited television, radio, peer education and social media as their information sources for COVID-19. These media outlets should be prioritized in disseminating COVID 19 information to the public, especially students.
Stakeholders’ social dialogue about responsibility and sustainability in the food sector
Authors: Cortese Damiano , Rainero Christian , Cantino Valter
Published: November 2020

Purpose

This paper aims at understanding whether firms conceive and use social media as disseminators, as well as amplifiers, of their results concerning sustainability and responsibility and whether this practice stimulates stakeholder engagement and participation, laying the foundation for a dialogue on corporate social responsibility.

Design/methodology/approach

This research analyses the theoretical background of communication related to sustainability and responsibility and the company–stakeholder dialogue in the food sector. An inductive interpretive approach is provided by conducting a qualitative content analysis related to the communication practices of the food company Ferrero (Italy) from June 2015 to September 2019.

Findings

Companies can use social channels to present their vision, values, approaches and choices related to sustainability and responsibility. Social media can become useful networks to reach stakeholders requiring and claiming for transparency about more and more relevant topics – allowing, at the same time, a two-way relationship and dialogue.

Research limitations/implications

The limitation of the paper is that it presents the observation of a single firm.

Practical implications

The managerial implications relate to the value created by a dialogical communication: this is a strong foundation for enhancing relationships capable of maintaining and increasing the company's reputation. The establishment of an interchange about sustainability and responsibility represents a new way to direct the company and its stakeholders towards mutual support in creating value.

Originality/value

This article contributes to enriching the debate on the degree of knowledge, understanding, response and reaction to social media–based corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication.
Mitigating demand risk of durable goods in online retailing
Authors: Ghadge Abhijeet , Bag Sujoy , Goswami Mohit , Tiwari Manoj Kumar
Published: November 2020

Purpose

An uncertain product demand in online retailing leads to loss of opportunity cost and customer dissatisfaction due to instances of product unavailability. On the other hand, when e-retailers store excessive inventory of durable goods to fulfill uncertain demand, it results in significant inventory holding and obsolescence cost. In view of such overstocking/understocking situations, this study attempts to mitigate online demand risk by exploring novel e-retailing approaches considering the trade-offs between opportunity cost/customer dissatisfaction and inventory holding/obsolescence cost.

Design/methodology/approach

Four e-retailing approaches are introduced to mitigate uncertain demand and minimize the economic losses to e-retailer. Using three months of purchased history data of online consumers for durable goods, four proposed approaches are tested by developing product attribute based algorithm to calculate the economic loss to the e-retailer.

Findings

Mixed e-retailing method of selling unavailable products from collaborative e-retail partner and alternative product's suggestion from own e-retailing method is found to be best for mitigating uncertain demand as well as limiting customer dissatisfaction.

Research limitations/implications

Limited numbers of risk factor have been considered in this study. In the future, others risk factors like fraudulent order of high demand products, long delivery time window risk, damage and return risk of popular products can be incorporated and handled to reduce the economic loss.

Practical implications

The analysis can minimize the economic losses to an e-retailer and also can maximize the profit of collaborative e-retailing partner.

Originality/value

The study proposes a retailer to retailer collaboration approach without sharing the forecasted products' demand information.
Imagining Heloise as Abbess of the Paraclete
Authors: J. Mews Constant
Published: November 2020

This article argues that traditional presentations of Heloise focus on her image as a heroine of love rather than giving sufficient attention to her status as abbess of the Paraclete. In particular, there has been unjustified neglect of the final dossier in her exchange, known as the Institutiones nostre, written in response to Peter Abelard's Institutio, or Rule for the Paraclete. These observances were formulated to establish uniform practices at both the Paraclete and its first daughter‐house at Trainel, dedicated to Mary Magdalen. This neglect of Heloise's role as an abbess encouraged a tendency in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to focus on themes of erotic rather than religious longing, as well as a subsequent tendency to question the authenticity of the letters of Heloise, without full appreciation of her role as abbess of the Paraclete. A translation of the Institutiones nostre is included as an appendix.
Rabbits – their domestication and molecular genetics of hair coat development and quality
Authors: Dorożyńska K. , Maj D.
Published: November 2020

The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is the only representative of its genus living in present‐day Europe and North Africa, and all domestic rabbits are descendants of this one species, which is native to the Iberian Peninsula. There are over 300 breeds of rabbits that differ in size, coat color, length of ears and type of fur. Rabbits are bred for various reasons, such as for laboratory animals and a source of meat, wool and fur, as well as for pets and exhibition animals. The hair coat is a important economic trait of rabbits. Its development and quality are influenced by various factors, both environmental and genetic. The genetic mechanisms underlying its development have not been thoroughly researched. The aim of this review is to discuss the domestication of rabbits and the different aspects of rabbit genetics. A brief review of the properties of rabbit hair coat, hair coat development and hair cycle will be provided, followed by discussion of the factors regulating hair coat development, molecular control of hair coat development and the role of non‐coding RNAs in the regulation of gene expression in the hair follicles of rabbits. Information about genetic regulation of pathways could provide useful tools for improving hair coat quality and be of practical use in rabbit breeding.
Variations in intrinsic breast cancer characteristics in screen‐detected breast cancer patients aged between 45 and 69 and above the age of 70
Authors: Huang Yeqian , Ip Eugenia C. , Ng Alexander K. T. , Cohen‐Hallaleh Ruben
Published: November 2020

Background

Increasing age is a well‐recognized risk factor for breast cancer. With an increase in life expectancy of women, more older patients are diagnosed with breast cancer. This study aimed to identify the variations in breast cancer attributes and mortality in different age groups in New Zealand.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of data from the Auckland Breast Cancer Register between 1 June 2000 and 28 February 2017. Patients who were diagnosed through Breast Screen were included. Group A included those aged between 45 and 69 years. Group B included individuals with an age of 70 years or above.

Results

From June 2000 to February 2017, a total of 6304 new cases of new breast cancer were diagnosed through Auckland Breast Screen, with 5788 patients in group A and 516 patients in group B. Group B was more likely to have the lower grade invasive cancers, with fewer grade 3 cancers. Oestrogen receptor positivity was more pronounced in group B, along with progesterone receptor positivity. Conversely, HER‐2 receptor was less likely to be positive in group B. There was a significantly higher breast cancer‐related mortality in group B (6.0% versus 2.7%). Mortality related to other causes was also much higher in group B as compared to that in group A (12.8% versus 2.5%).

Conclusion

Women aged 70 years or above generally tend to have a more favourable type of breast cancer, with a lower tumour grade, oestrogen and progesterone receptor positivity, and lower rate of HER‐2 overexpression.
Brazilian Regional Leadership Revisited: Testing the Long‐Term Determinants of South American Followership (1995–2015)
Authors: Mesquita Rafael
Published: November 2020

Over the last twenty years, Brazil has staked successive claims to regional leadership, with varying explicitness and unclear success. What factors explain the acceptance or rejection of such claims by South American countries? This article summarises the literature on regional powers and frames regional powerhood as arising from geographical belonging, resources, and will to lead; and leadership/followership as stemming from exclusivity, hierarchy/influence, consensus, and provision. By analysing panel data on Brazil and South America from 1995 to 2015, the study concludes that Brasilia enjoyed higher followership in situations characterised by high exclusivity and consensus, and low hierarchy and provision. These conditions were present in South America in the 1990s, thus rendering that decade more receptive to Brazilian leadership.
Surveillance of the current situation regarding influenza vaccination according to medical oncologists in Japan
Authors: Maeda Toshiki , Sasaki Hidenori , Togawa Atsushi , Tanaka Toshihiro , Arima Hisatomi , Takata Tohru , Takamatsu Yasushi
Published: November 2020

This study aimed to clarify the attitude of oncologists toward influenza vaccination and the current situation and issues regarding influenza vaccination for patients on chemotherapy in Japan. A web‐based survey of medical oncologists certified by the Japanese Society of Medical Oncology was conducted between November 1 and December 31, 2019. Of the 1369 medical oncologists who were invited to participate, 415 (30.3%) responded to our survey. The questionnaire comprised 4 sections: “oncologist characteristics,” “oncologist attitude toward influenza vaccines and the current status of influenza vaccination for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy,” “incidence of influenza infection and associated treatment complications,” and “treatment policy for influenza infection.” In total, 153 (36.9%) physicians replied that they did not actively encourage influenza vaccination for patients undergoing chemotherapy. The primary reasons given were lack of evidence (48/153, 31.4%) and uncertainty of appropriate timing (46/153, 30.1%). There was diverse variation in the timing of vaccination and in the levels of encouragement based on the cancer location and medication type. Two hundred eighty‐three (68.2%) oncologists reported that their cancer patients had experienced influenza infection while undergoing chemotherapy, and 169 (40.7%) responded that their patients had experienced an administration delay or discontinuation of medication because of influenza infection. Our surveillance revealed some oncologists considered evidence regarding the administration of influenza vaccine to cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy (particularly the optimal timing and level of recommendation by cancer location and medication) to be lacking. It also exposed the adverse impact of influenza infection in cancer patients.
The Development of Attention to Objects and Scenes: From Object‐Biased to Unbiased
Authors: Darby Kevin P. , Deng Sophia W. , Walther Dirk B. , Sloutsky Vladimir M.
Published: November 2020

Selective attention is the ability to focus on goal‐relevant information while filtering out irrelevant information. This work examined the development of selective attention to natural scenes and objects with a rapid serial visual presentation paradigm. Children (N = 69, ages 4–6 years) and adults (N = 80) were asked to attend to either objects or scenes, while ignoring the other type of stimulus. A multinomial processing tree model was used to decompose selective attention into focusing and filtering components. The results suggest that attention is object‐biased in children, due to difficulty filtering attention to goal‐irrelevant objects, whereas attention in adults is relatively unbiased. The findings suggest important developmental asymmetries in selective attention to scenes and objects.
Demyelinating processes in aging and stroke in the central nervous system and the prospect of treatment strategy
Authors: Chen Di , Huang Yichen , Shi Ziyu , Li Jiaying , Zhang Yue , Wang Ke , Smith Amanda D. , Gong Ye , Gao Yanqin
Published: November 2020

Demyelination occurs in response to brain injury and is observed in many neurodegenerative diseases. Myelin is synthesized from oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system, and oligodendrocyte death‐induced demyelination is one of the mechanisms involved in white matter damage after stroke and neurodegeneration. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) exist in the brain of normal adults, and their differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes play a central role in remyelination. Although the differentiation and maturity of OPCs drive endogenous efforts for remyelination, the failure of axons to remyelinate is still the biggest obstacle to brain repair after injury or diseases. In recent years, studies have made attempts to promote remyelination after brain injury and disease, but its cellular or molecular mechanism is not yet fully understood. In this review, we discuss recent studies examining the demyelination process and potential therapeutic strategies for remyelination in aging and stroke. Based on our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying remyelination, we hypothesize that myelin and oligodendrocytes are viable therapeutic targets to mitigate brain injury and to treat demyelinating‐related neurodegeneration diseases.
Histopathological characteristics and CD163 immunostaining pattern in fibrous papule of the face
Authors: Tokat Fatma , Sezer Engin , Duman Deniz , Durmaz Emel Öztürk , İnce Ümit
Published: November 2020

Background

Signs of inflammation including epidermal interface changes, spongiosis, and dermal inflammation as well as pagetoid dyskeratosis are rarely described in fibrous papule (FP). We aimed to describe the inflammatory parameters, the rate of pagetoid dyskeratosis, along with CD163 immunohistochemical staining as an adjunctive diagnostic tool in FP.

Methods

Histopathology samples of all biopsy‐proven FP cases were retrieved from archives and investigated for inflammatory parameters, presence of pagetoid dyskeratosis, as well as CD163, CD10, and CD34 immunostaining pattern of dermal spindle/stellate or multinucleate cells (graded from 0 to 4).

Results

Thirty‐two cases of FP were identified. A high rate of inflammatory parameters including interface changes (20/32), spongiosis (31/32), and dermal lymphocytic inflammation (31/32) were detected. Pagetoid dyskeratosis was identified in eight out of 32 cases (25%). A grade 4 staining revealing a strong dendritic pattern was confirmed in all FP cases with CD163 immunohistochemistry including atypical variants such as granular FP, compared with CD10 (11/32) and CD34 (3/32).

Conclusion

The dendritic cellular proliferation in FP may represent an inflammatory response to various stimuli; pagetoid dyskeratosis is a relatively common and underrecognized epidermal feature and CD163 immunostaining may be used as an adjunctive diagnostic tool in unusual histopathological subtypes.
Artificial intelligence and deep learning for small bowel capsule endoscopy
Authors: Trasolini Roberto , Byrne Michael F.
Published: November 2020

Capsule endoscopy is ideally suited to artificial intelligence‐based interpretation given its reliance on pattern recognition in still images. Time saving viewing modes and lesion detection features currently available rely on machine learning algorithms, a form of artificial intelligence. Current software necessitates close human supervision given poor sensitivity relative to an expert reader. However, with the advent of deep learning, artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly reliable and will be increasingly relied upon. We review the major advances in artificial intelligence for capsule endoscopy in recent publications and briefly review artificial intelligence development for historical understanding. Importantly, recent advancements in artificial intelligence have not yet been incorporated into practice and it is immature to judge the potential of this technology based on current platforms. Remaining regulatory and standardization hurdles are being overcome and artificial intelligence‐based clinical applications are likely to proliferate rapidly.
Greater local diversity under older species pools may arise from enhanced competitive equivalence
Authors: Leopold Devin R. , Fukami Tadashi
Published: November 2020

Ecological communities typically contain more species when located within geologically older regions. This pattern is traditionally attributed to the long‐term accumulation of species in the regional species pool, with local species interactions playing a minor role. We provide evidence suggesting a more important role of local species interactions than generally assumed. We assembled 320 communities of root‐associated fungi under 80 species pools, varying species pool richness and the mean age of the sites from which the fungi were collected across a 4‐myr soil chronosequence. We found that local diversity increased more with increasing species pool richness when species were from older sites. We also found that older species pools had lower functional and phylogenetic diversity, indicating greater competitive equivalence among species. Our results suggest that older regions have higher local richness not simply because older pools are more speciose but also because species have evolved traits that allow them to locally co‐occur.
Fast, scalable, and automated identification of articles for biodiversity and macroecological datasets
Authors: Cornford Richard , Deinet Stefanie , De Palma Adriana , Hill Samantha L. L. , McRae Louise , Pettit Benjamin , Marconi Valentina , Purvis Andy , Freeman Robin
Published: November 2020

Aim

Understanding broad‐scale ecological patterns and processes is necessary if we are to mitigate the consequences of anthropogenically driven biodiversity degradation. However, such analyses require large datasets and current data collation methods can be slow, involving extensive human input. Given rapid and ever‐increasing rates of scientific publication, manually identifying data sources among hundreds of thousands of articles is a significant challenge, which can create a bottleneck in the generation of ecological databases.

Innovation

Here, we demonstrate the use of general, text‐classification approaches to identify relevant biodiversity articles. We apply this to two freely available example databases, the Living Planet Database and the database of the PREDICTS (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity in Changing Terrestrial Systems) project, both of which underpin important biodiversity indicators. We assess machine‐learning classifiers based on logistic regression (LR) and convolutional neural networks, and identify aspects of the text‐processing workflow that influence classification performance.

Main conclusions

Our best classifiers can distinguish relevant from non‐relevant articles with over 90% accuracy. Using readily available abstracts and titles or abstracts alone produces significantly better results than using titles alone. LR and neural network models performed similarly. Crucially, we show that deploying such models on real‐world search results can significantly increase the rate at which potentially relevant papers are recovered compared to a current manual protocol. Furthermore, our results indicate that, given a modest initial sample of 100 relevant papers, high‐performing classifiers could be generated quickly through iteratively updating the training texts based on targeted literature searches. These findings clearly demonstrate the usefulness of text‐mining methods for constructing and enhancing ecological datasets, and wider application of these techniques has the potential to benefit large‐scale analyses more broadly. We provide source code and examples that can be used to create new classifiers for other datasets.
‘I think I will need help’: A systematic review of who facilitates the recovery from gender‐based violence and how they do so
Authors: Melgar Alcantud Patricia , Campdepadrós‐Cullell Roger , Fuentes‐Pumarola Concepció , Mut‐Montalvà Elena
Published: November 2020

Context

A key to advancing the eradication of gender‐based violence (GBV) is knowing how to recover from it.

Objective

To identify the changes that are indicators of having overcome GBV and determine the role of various support networks.

Search strategy

We systematically searched Web of Science.

Inclusion criteria

Publications whose abstracts contained a minimum of two of the following words: (a) support or network or solidarity, (b) violence and (c) recovery or healing.

Data extraction and synthesis

Of the 273 documents retrieved, 52 were used using a narrative synthesis approach.

Main results

For recovery, women must reconnect with themselves, with their environment and with the world in general. Doing so requires support from both formal and informal networks. The intervention of other people is a common element in successful recovery processes. We identify three requirements for the intervention of these support networks to be effective: not blaming the victim, making women part of their own recovery process by showing them their own transformation potential and promoting reflection on the socialization they have experienced in their affective‐sexual relationships.

Conclusions

There are multiple benefits to having formal or informal support during recovery. In informal networks, raising awareness and providing training are insufficient for promoting active support. Instead, the Second Order of Sexual Harassment must specifically be combatted.

Public contribution

From the authors' previous research, harassed women and survivors have underlined the necessity to identify indicators of recovery and which kind of support has an impact on it.
Role of sputter powers and deposition temperatures towards the growth of nc‐W2N/a‐Si3N4 nanocomposite coating
Authors: Anwar Sharmistha , Anwar Shahid
Published: November 2020

In physical vapour deposition (PVD) processes, deposition parameters such as pressure, power, temperature, etc. are extremely important for process control and coating performance. Among these target power and substrate temperature (Tsub) play a critical role in defining phase, morphology, adhesion, etc. Optimized parameters are very much required for their best performance, deviating from these will affect its performance and quality. Although relevant but they are the less attended parameters. In this work, two series of samples were prepared by varying (i) silicon nitride (Si3N4) target power (50, 75, 90 and 110 W); and (ii) substrate temperatures (200°C–450°C). Their role in the formation and evolution of microstructural and mechanical properties was studied for nc‐W2N/a‐Si3N4 nanocomposite coatings (nc: nano crystalline, a: amorphous). All the coatings were prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering. In the first series, the mechanical performance of nc‐W2N/a‐Si3N4 coatings, prepared by varying Si3N4 target power was compared with pure W2N. It has been shown that coating performance strongly depends on Si3N4 target power. The coating shows maximum enhancement of mechanical properties at 50 W Si3N4 target power. The 50 W can be selected as optimized power for the preparation of nc‐W2N/a‐Si3N4 nanocomposite coatings. In the case of the second series of samples, the role of substrate temperature in different parameters was measured/ calculated and compared. All properties show a strong dependency on Tsub. Field emission scanning electron microscope, shows modification in surface and internal (cross‐section) microstructure of coating on varying Tsub and on mechanical properties. Experimentally observed hardness‐microstructure relationship is in good agreement with theoretical Structure Zone Model (SZM). The above results confirm that excellent quality nc‐W2N/a‐Si3N4 coating can be prepared through magnetron sputtering at 400°C and 50 W of Si3N4 power. These results clearly show the importance of processing parameters for depositing a good quality of coating with excellent properties. These results will help the coating industries to improve their product performance.
Multiple potential targets of opioids in the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome from COVID‐19
Authors: Cismaru Cosmin Andrei , Cismaru Gabriel Laurentiu , Nabavi Seyed Fazel , Ghanei Mostafa , Burz Claudia Cristina , Nabavi Seyed Mohammad , Berindan Neagoe Ioana
Published: November 2020

COVID‐19 can present with a variety of clinical features, ranging from asymptomatic or mild respiratory symptoms to fulminant acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) depending on the host's immune responses and the extent of the associated pathologies. This implies that several measures need to be taken to limit severely impairing symptoms caused by viral‐induced pathology in vital organs. Opioids are most exploited for their analgesic effects but their usage in the palliation of dyspnoea, immunomodulation and lysosomotropism may represent potential usages of opioids in COVID‐19. Here, we describe the mechanisms involved in each of these potential usages, highlighting the benefits of using opioids in the treatment of ARDS from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
The Commission in EU Policy Preparation
Authors: Blom‐Hansen Jens , Senninger Roman
Published: November 2020

Since the heyday of Jacques Delors, the Commission has been challenged by the rise of the European Council, the empowerment of the European Parliament and the creation of European agencies. However, while many scholars agree about the direction of change, there is disagreement about the extent to which the Commission's position has declined. A number of studies are sceptical, and we join this sceptical line. Our contribution is to focus on the Commission's role as a maker of both legislative and executive rules (implementing and delegated acts). These rules are all decided under complex inter‐institutional procedures. But the Commission possesses the right of initiative in all procedures. We investigate how the Commission can use this first‐mover advantage to influence EU policy. We establish a framework for understanding what strategic options the first‐mover advantage entails and provide a first empirical illustration with a qualitative analysis of ten selected Commission proposals.
Heightened sensitivity to the caregiving environment during adolescence: implications for recovery following early‐life adversity
Authors: Colich Natalie L. , Sheridan Margaret A. , Humphreys Kathryn L. , Wade Mark , Tibu Florin , Nelson Charles A. , Zeanah Charles H. , Fox Nathan A. , McLaughlin Katie A.
Published: November 2020

Background

Adolescence has been proposed to be a period of heightened sensitivity to environmental influence. If true, adolescence may present a window of opportunity for recovery for children exposed to early‐life adversity. Recent evidence supports adolescent recalibration of stress response systems following early‐life adversity. However, it is unknown whether similar recovery occurs in other domains of functioning in adolescence.

Methods

We use data from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project – a randomized controlled trial of foster care for children raised in psychosocially depriving institutions – to examine the associations of the caregiving environment with reward processing, executive functioning, and internalizing and externalizing psychopathology at ages 8, 12, and 16 years, and evaluate whether these associations change across development.

Results

Higher quality caregiving in adolescence was associated with greater reward responsivity and lower levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms, after covarying for the early‐life caregiving environment. The associations of caregiving with executive function and internalizing and externalizing symptoms varied by age and were strongest at age 16 relative to ages 8 and 12 years. This heightened sensitivity to caregiving in adolescence was observed in both children with and without exposure to early psychosocial neglect.

Conclusions

Adolescence may be a period of heightened sensitivity to the caregiving environment, at least for some domains of functioning. For children who experience early psychosocial deprivation, this developmental period may be a window of opportunity for recovery of some functions. Albeit correlational, these findings suggest that it may be possible to reverse or remediate some of the lasting effects of early‐life adversity with interventions that target caregiving during adolescence.