bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Microcirculation in Transplantation
Authors: MENGER MICHAEL D. , VOLLMAR BRIGITTE
Published: January 2010

Microcirculatory derangements in organ transplantation, characterized by capillary perfusion failure and inflammation‐associated leukocyte recruitment, are major determinants for the manifestation of graft dysfunction and destruction. Although preservation/cold storage, posttransplant reperfusion, and rejection have to be considered as individual factors that contribute to injury, recent studies have indicated that ischemia‐reperfusion‐associated events may trigger immune‐response‐mediated late rejection. There is major evidence that the microcirculatory derangements induced by cold preservation and reperfusion involve oxygen radicals, complement, phospholipase A2, leukotrienes, thromboxane, platelet‐activating factor, and endothelin‐1 as well as the activation and function of leukocytic and endothelial selectins, β2‐integrins, and ICAM‐1. This view is based on the fact that blockade or neutralization of these inflammatory mediators and adhesion molecules results in significant amelioration of microvascular graft dysfunction. In parallel, rejection‐mediated microcirculatory derangements may not only be ameliorated by immunosuppressive agents, such as cyclosporin, deoxyspergualin, or RS61443, but may, in addition, effectively be inhibited by counteracting oxygen radicals, complement, platelet‐activating factor, and adhesion molecules. The introduction of novel techniques for the study of the microcirculation in men, such as thermodiffusion and orthogonal polarization spectral imaging, may in the future assist in improving both early diagnosis of microcirculatory derangements and monitoring of appropriateness of therapy in clinical transplantation surgery.
Attenuation of Histamine‐Induced Endothelial Permeability Responses after Pacing‐Induced Heart Failure: Role for Endogenous Catecholamines
Authors: DYESS DONNA L. , HUNTER J. LESLIE , LAKEY JAMES R. , MOYER DARLENE , DOUGHERTY F. CARROLL , TOWNSLEY MARY I.
Published: January 2010

Objective: After congestive heart failure (CHF), lung endothelial permeability responses to a number of perturbations, including acute barotrauma, angiotensin II, and thapsigargin are blunted. Our hypothesis was that similar attenuation of permeability responses occurs in peripheral vascular beds after CHF. We compared peripheral microvascular permeability responses to the autacoid histamine in control dogs and in dogs paced to heart failure (245 bpm for ∼36 days). Since catecholamines attenuate autacoid‐induced increases in microvascular permeability in skin and muscle in normal animals, we also tested whether the known elevation in catecholamines in CHF was involved in any downregulation of permeability responses in this group.

Methods: Control and paced dogs were anesthetized, intubated, and ventilated, and a hindpaw lymphatic cannulated. The reflection coefficient for total proteins (σ) was measured at baseline and during one‐hour, local intra‐arterial histamine infusion.

Results: In controls, σ fell from 0.83 ± 0.02 to 0.73 ± 0.04 after histamine (p < 0.05), while in the paced group σ was no different from that at baseline (0.77 ± 0.02). To test whether this difference was due to endogenous catecholamines, dogs were pretreated with propranolol (controls only) or the specific β2‐antagonist ICI 118,551 prior to histamine infusion. After β‐blockade, histamine significantly reduced σ in both control (0.83 ± 0.01 to 0.55 ± 0.05) and paced (0.83 ± 0.01 to 0.57 ± 0.07) groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: We conclude that endogenous catecholamines, acting via β2‐adrenergic receptors, attenuate the permeability response to histamine in pacing‐induced heart failure.
A Method for Detecting Chaos in Canine Myocardial Microcirculatory Red Cell Flux
Authors: BARCLAY KATHERINE D. , KLASSEN GERALD A. , YOUNG CHARLES
Published: January 2010

Objective: To determine whether red cell movement, as measured by laser Doppler velocimetry, in the capillary net of the beating heart is chaotic.

Methods: Using two dog hearts, in situ red blood cell flux was measured at many sites. Simultaneously, epicardial arterial flow and left ventricular pressure were recorded via transit‐time flowmeter and catheter manometer, respectively. The presence or absence of chaos was tested by two methods: Lyapunov exponents and correlation dimension.

Results: For capillary red cell flux, the Lyapunov was strongly positive at most sites. It was less so for coronary arterial flow and least for left ventricular pressure. Correlation dimension calculation was less able to distinguish the presence or absence of chaos in capillary red cell tissue flux, coronary arterial flow, and left ventricular pressure.

Conclusions: Capillary red cell flux (movement of red cells in capillaries) is nonlinear, (i.e., chaotic). This complexity suggests that the primary control for oxygen delivery to cardiac myocytes by red blood cells resides in the microcirculation. Also, capillary red cell flux is bifractal, suggesting an ordering of control.
Flow‐Induced Cytoskeletal Changes in Endothelial Cells Growing on Curved Surfaces
Authors: FRAME MARY D. , SARELIUS INGRID H.
Published: January 2010

Objective: Our purpose was to investigate the effect of the shape of the growth surface (curved versus flat) on flow‐induced F‐actin organization in endothelial cells.

Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were grown to confluence on curved or flat surfaces. Microchannels (curved surface, 10‐ to 30‐µm radius) or parallel plate flow chambers were perfused (30 minutes to 6 hours) at physiological flow rates (wall shear stress 1 to 10 dyn/cm2).

Results: On curved surfaces, the number of central F‐actin stress fibers (for cells of equal area) decreased from 4.8 ± 0.3 (mean ± SE, n = 36) (static) to 0.9 ± 0.5 per cell in perfused microchannels. Perfusion with 100 µM histamine prevented this response to flow (5.5 ± 0.8 per cell, n = 12). Stress fibers were initially aligned with the long axis of the microchannel at an angle of 9 ± 0.7° (static). With flow, alignment of the few remaining central F‐actin stress fibers with respect to the long axis of the microchannel decreased to 19 ± 4°; this was prevented by perfusion with histamine (5.6 ± 1°). The number of stress fibers per cell, for cells grown on flat surfaces (8.1 ± 0.3, static, n = 36) was significantly greater than for cells on curved surfaces, and did not change with flow (8.1 ± 0.5 per cell, n = 6). On flat surfaces, the stress fiber orientation (with respect to the longitudinal axis of the channel) was 42 ± 1.4° (static) and did not change with flow (38 ± 4.2°).

Conclusions: Endothelial cells on curved growth surfaces respond to flow rapidly, with marked changes in F‐actin central stress fiber formation. This implicates a tight relationship between cell shape and the environmental substrate, and suggests that the shape of the endothelial cell significantly impacts its ability to respond to its environment.
Experimental Models To Investigate Inflammatory Processes in Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Authors: KORTHUIS RONALD J. , UNTHANK JOSEPH L.
Published: January 2010

Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is characterized by leukocyte adhesion and infiltration, venous hypertension and dilatation, and valvular dysfunction. The fact that activated white cells can direct a powerful cytotoxic arsenal at parenchymal cells following their extravasation into the tissues led to the original proposal that leukocytes may play a causative role in the pathogenesis of venous disease. A large body of subsequent work indicates that white blood cells are indeed activated in CVI. However, identification of the factors responsible for initiating leukosequestration and activation in such disorders and determination of whether these activated cells then contribute to the progression of venous disease have been hampered by the lack of appropriate animal models that accurately mimic the human condition. Tantalizing evidence suggesting that cyclical periods of ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) may occur in diseased regions of the skin is beginning to accumulate. As is the case with CVI, leukocyte infiltration is a prominent feature in I/R and activated neutrophils play a causative role in the reperfusion component of tissue injury via the targeted release of reactive oxygen metabolites and hydrolytic enzymes. In light of these considerations, many investigators have suggested that examining the mechanisms of I/R injury in skin and skeletal muscle, where ischemia is produced by arterial occlusion, may provide a relevant model for studying the pathogenesis of CVI. Others have suggested that venous occlusion may represent a more appropriate model, as this approach also produces the venous hypertension that is characteristic of the disease. The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence pointing to the involvement of I/R and venous hypertension as causative factors in CVI‐induced leukocyte recruitment. In addition, we will describe the evidence in favor of the view that white blood cells contribute to the pathogenesis of CVI. Finally, we will describe several different experimental models that have been used to examine the role of I/R‐induced microvascular dysfunction as it may pertain to the development of CVI, together with a discussion of the relative advantages and limitations of the various models.
Regulation of Adhesion Molecules: A New Target for the Treatment of Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Authors: VERBEUREN TONY J. , BOUSKELA ELIETE , COHEN RICHARD A. , VANHOUTTE PAUL M.
Published: January 2010

As more insight into the mechanisms leading to chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is gained, novel targets for drug treatment of the disease, or of its complications, become available. Studies using chemical entities capable of inhibiting leukocyte adhesion in postcapillary venules have led to the discovery of selective inhibitors of cell adhesion mechanisms. The aim of the current review is to describe the pharmacology, biochemistry, and molecular biology studies performed with some new inhibitors of adhesion molecule expression. Compounds such as hydroxy triallyl farnisine (S 17834) may offer new and efficient treatment of the microcirculatory complications that accompany chronic venous disease.
20‐HETE Contributes to Myogenic Activation of Skeletal Muscle Resistance Arteries in Brown Norway and Sprague‐Dawley Rats
Authors: FRISBEE JEFFERSON C. , ROMAN RICHARD J. , FALCK JOHN R. , KRISHNA U. MURALI , LOMBARD JULIAN H.
Published: January 2010

Objective: To evaluate the role of 20‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20‐HETE), a product of arachidonic acid ω‐hydroxylation via cytochrome P450 (CP450) 4A enzymes, in regulating myogenic activation of skeletal muscle resistance arteries from normotensive Brown Norway (BN) and Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats.

Methods: Gracilis arteries (GA) were isolated from each animal, viewed via television microscopy, and vessel diameter responses to elevated transmural pressure were measured with a video micrometer under control conditions and following pharmacological inhibition of the CP450 4A enzyme system.

Results: Under control conditions, GA from both rat groups exhibited strong, endothelium‐independent myogenic activation, which was impaired following treatment with either 17‐octadecynoic acid (17‐ODYA) or dibromo‐dodecenylmethylsulfimide (DDMS), two mechanistically different inhibitors of 20‐HETE production. The addition of tetraethylammonium (KCa channel inhibitor) to 17‐ODYA‐treated GA restored myogenic reactivity to levels comparable to those under control conditions. Treatment of GA from BN and SD rats with 6(Z), 15(Z)‐20‐HEDE, a selective antagonist for 20‐HETE receptors, mimicked the effects of 17‐ODYA and DDMS treatment on myogenic reactivity.

Conclusions: These results suggest that the production of 20‐HETE via CP450 4A enzymes contributes to the myogenic activation of skeletal muscle resistance arteries from normotensive BN and SD rats. 20‐HETE may act through a receptor‐mediated process to block vascular smooth muscle KCa channels in response to the elevated transmural pressure.
Regulation of Blood—Brain Barrier Permeability
Authors: MAYHAN WILLIAM G.
Published: January 2010

The blood‐brain barrier minimizes the entry of molecules into brain tissue. This restriction arises by the presence of tight junctions (zonulae occludens) between adjacent endothelial cells and a relative paucity of pinocytotic vesicles within endothelium of cerebral arterioles, capillaries, and venules. Many types of stimuli can alter the permeability characteristics of the blood‐brain barrier. Acute increases in arterial blood pressure beyond the autoregulatory capacity of cerebral blood vessels, application of hyperosmolar solutions, application of various inflammatory mediators known to be elevated during brain injury, and/or activation of blood‐borne elements such as leukocytes can produce changes in permeability of the blood‐brain barrier. The second messenger systems that account for increases in permeability of the blood‐brain barrier during pathophysiologic conditions, however, remain poorly defined. This review will summarize studies that have examined factors that influence disruption of the blood‐brain barrier, and will discuss the contribution of various cellular second messenger pathways in disruption of the blood‐brain barrier during pathophysiologic conditions.
Nitric Oxide Attenuates but Superoxide Enhances iNOS Expression in Endotox in‐ and IFNγ‐Stimulated Skeletal Muscle Endothelial Cells
Authors: WU FENG , CEPINSKAS GEDIMINAS , WILSON JOHN X. , TYML KAREL
Published: January 2010

Objective: Endothelial cells (ECs) in septic skeletal muscle may be exposed to large amounts of NO and superoxide generated by the skeletal muscle cells. We tested the hypothesis that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction in ECs (i.e., one of the steps in the septic process) is modulated by extravascularly generated nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide.

Methods: To model sepsis in vitro, monolayers of microvascular ECs derived from rat skeletal muscle were incubated with a mixture of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (25 ng/mL) and interferonγ (IFNγ) (100 U/mL) for up to 24 hours. Next, a long‐term release NO donor (DETA NONOate), a superoxide‐generating mixture (xanthine oxidase/xanthine; XO/X), or DETA + XO/X were added to the LPS + IFNγ mixture. The iNOS protein and activity, as well as intracellular oxidative stress, were measured at intervals up to 24 hours, whereas the activation of AP‐1, IRF‐1, and NFκB transcription factors was determined at 2 and 24 hours.

results: LPS + IFNγ caused time‐dependent increases in iNOS protein and activity. Increasing concentrations of DETA (up to 500 µM) decreased, whereas XO/X (10 mU per mL/0.1 mM, respectively) markedly enhanced, iNOS expression and activity. DETA attenuated the enhancement by XO/X. Although intracellular oxidative stress was not altered by LPS + IFNγ, modulations of iNOS expression by DETA, XO/X, and DETA + XO/X correlated with changes in oxidative stress. Among the three transcription factors, only IRF‐1 and NFκB seemed to be involved in iNOS induction and its modulation by DETA and XO/X.

Conclusions: LPS + IFNγ can induce iNOS expression in microvascular ECs from rat skeletal muscle, whereas NO and superoxide modulate this expression. On the basis of these observations we suggest that NO and superoxide from the extravascular tissue may play a key role in the inflammatory response of septic ECs.
No adaptation to altitude in the invasive plant Erigeron annuus in the Swiss Alps
Authors: Trtikova Miluse , Edwards Peter J. , Güsewell Sabine
Published: January 2010

The altitudinal distribution of plants is restricted by various environmental factors, with climatic conditions being one of the primary constraints. Here, we investigate what limits the altitudinal range of the introduced species Erigeron annuus in the Swiss Alps. We planted offspring of E. annuus plants originating from different altitudes into two common gardens, one located at an altitude representing the main area of distribution (400 m) and the other close to the current altitudinal limit of E. annuus in Switzerland (1000 m). In both common gardens all established plants survived and grew vigorously during the growing season. However, there was high winter mortality of seedlings at 1000 m. Furthermore, plant phenology was delayed and reproductive output was reduced at 1000 m, although the seeds produced were larger. The general lack of adaptation to altitude and only moderate levels of plasticity suggest that there is little potential for E. annuus to persist beyond its current altitudinal limit in the Swiss Alps. However, climate warming might promote the upward range expansion of E. annuus by reducing winter mortality and by increasing the chance of producing seeds within the growing season.
Conservation planning with insects at three different spatial scales
Authors: Cabeza Mar , Arponen Anni , Jäättelä Laura , Kujala Heini , Van Teeffelen Astrid , Hanski Ilkka
Published: January 2010

Deciding which areas to protect, and where to manage and how, are no easy tasks. Many protected areas were established opportunistically under strong political and economic constraints, which may have resulted in inefficient and ineffective conservation. Systematic conservation planning has helped us move from ad‐hoc decisions to a quantitative and transparent decision‐making process, identifying conservation priorities that achieve explicit objectives in a cost‐efficient manner. Here we use Finnish butterflies to illustrate different modeling approaches to address three different types of situations in conservation planning at three different spatial scales. First, we employ species distribution models at the national scale to construct a conservation priority map for 91 species at the resolution of 10×10 km. Species distribution models interpolate sparse occurrence data to infer variation in habitat suitability and to predict species responses to habitat loss, management actions and climate change. Second, at the regional scale we select the optimal management plan to protect a set of habitat specialist species. And third, at the landscape scale, we use a metapopulation approach to manage a network of habitat patches for long‐term persistence of a single butterfly species. These different modeling approaches illustrate trade‐offs between complexity and tractability and between generality and precision. General correlation‐based models are helpful to set priorities for multiple species at large spatial scales. More specific management questions at smaller scales require further data and more complex models. The vast numbers of insect species with diverse ecologies provide a source of information that has remained little used in systematic conservation planning.
Recurrent ovarian cancer: Treatment with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin; a Westmead Cancer Care Centre experience
Authors: DEAR Rachel F , GAO Bo , HARNETT Paul
Published: January 2010

Aim:  To describe the overall survival, progression‐free survival, response rate and toxicity of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) in recurrent ovarian cancer.

Methods:  A retrospective study of 45 patients with recurrent or progressive ovarian cancer was conducted at the Westmead Cancer Care Centre. Patients received PLD at a starting dose of 30–50 mg/m2 every 4 weeks.

Results:  A total of 43 patients were included for analysis. The starting dose was 40 mg/m2 in 67% of cases, and 21 % had a dose increase. A median of 2 cycles (mean 3, range 1–7) was given. All patients were assessable for response and 77% stopped treatment due to progressive disease. The overall response rate to PLD assessed by CA‐125 criteria was 14 percent (six of 43 patients). Five patients (12 percent) were from the potentially platinum‐sensitive group and one (2 percent) was from the platinum‐resistant group. The overall median progression‐free survival was 52 days (2 months), which was greater in the platinum‐sensitive than in the platinum‐resistant group (4.4 months vs 1.7 months, respectively, P = 0.030). The median overall survival was 296 days (10.6 months) with a trend for this to be longer in the platinum‐sensitive than in the platinum‐resistant group (13 vs 9 months, P = 0.393). Overall 25 percent of patients had grade 2 or 3 toxicity.

Conclusion:  The benefit of PLD in platinum‐resistant recurrent ovarian cancer is small and the treatment has considerable toxicity. These data support the need to establish whether chemotherapy in this setting has any favorable effect on quality of life. The Australian New Zealand Gynaecological Oncology Group is currently addressing this question in a large prospective study measuring both the subjective and objective benefit (response and survival) of palliative chemotherapy in platinum‐resistant or refractory ovarian cancer in Australia. Clinicians are urged to enter their patients in this study to address this important question.
Evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and treatment effects of an ανβ3 integrin inhibitor on bone turnover and disease activity in men with hormone‐refractory prostate cancer and bone metastases
Authors: ROSENTHAL Mark A , DAVIDSON Peter , ROLLAND Frederic , CAMPONE Mario , XUE Lingling , HAN Tae H , MEHTA Anish , BERD Yuliya , HE Weili , LOMBARDI Antonio
Published: January 2010

Aim:  This study aimed to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics and treatment effects of an ανβ3 integrin inhibitor on bone turnover and disease activity in men with hormone‐refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) and bone metastases.

Methods:  A total of 21 patients with bone metastases and HRPC were randomized to receive MK‐0429 200 mg b.i.d. or 1600 mg b.i.d. for 4 weeks. Toxicity, pharmacokinetics and markers of bone turnover and tumor activity were examined.

Results:  Nausea was the most common adverse event: one (200‐mg group) and 11 (1600‐mg group) patients. At 4 weeks, mean AUC0–12 h was 210 mmol*h (200‐mg group) and 673 mmol*h (1600‐mg group); mean Cmax values were 42 mmol/L (200‐mg group) and 154 mmol/L (1600‐mg group). Urinary cross‐linked N‐telopeptides of type I collagen to creatinine ratio (uNTx), a bone turnover biomarker, showed a change from baseline of −43.4 percent (200‐mg group) and −34.1 percent (1600‐mg group). There was an increase in serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), a marker for disease activity, of 54.1 percent (200‐mg group) and 44.5 percent (1600‐mg group).

Conclusion:  MK‐0429 was generally well tolerated, with the most common side‐effect being nausea. There was some evidence of an early reduction of bone turnover, indicating a potential for clinical use in the treatment of MBD although serum PSA was unexpectedly increased during the study.
GLB Adolescent's “Coming out”
Authors: Riley Bettina H.
Published: January 2010

TOPIC: A greater number of gay males, lesbians, and bisexual females or males (GLB) are “coming out” during adolescence. Discussion includes nursing implications.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to review the process of GLB disclosure, highlight the trend toward earlier outing, and discuss its implications for nursing practice.

SOURCES: Sources include scholarly published literature, professional organization documents, and GLB advocacy publications.

CONCLUSIONS: Nurses need to update their knowledge of coming‐out issues, as well as nondisclosing sexual behavior, to assess youth and family needs and direct care appropriately.
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED Nursing Care of Families With Parents Who Are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Transgender
Authors: Weber Scott
Published: January 2010

TOPIC:  Families in which parents are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender are more diverse than they are similar. The numbers of parents and children in these families appear to be increasing with implications for nurses and other clinicians.

PURPOSE:  This paper reviews the current literature to determine the fundamental issues facing alternate families that include sexual minority parents and their children. It also explores the unique nursing needs of families with gay, lesbian, transgender, or bisexual parents in the field, which are critically examined for direct relevance to psychiatric nursing practice.

SOURCES USED:  Current theoretical and research literature in nursing, child development, family law, and healthcare professional journals.

CONCLUSIONS:  Despite a relative lack of pathology noted in the literature related to families with sexual minority parents, nurses, and other healthcare professionals can incorporate current knowledge of unique child developmental, parenting, and legal issues into their work with these families. Assessments and interventions that address the unique needs of these families may help parents and children to deal with social stress from being perceived as “different” by other children, or as “problematic and threatening” by other parents.
QUALITY OF BREAD SUPPLEMENTED WITH SILVER EAR
Authors: TSENG YU‐HSIU , YANG JOAN‐HWA , LI RUEI‐CHIAN , MAU JENG‐LEUN
Published: January 2010

Silver ear (Tremella fuciformis Berkeley) was used to substitute wheat flour to make bread. Bread quality including specific volume, color and sensory evaluation, and taste components including proximate composition, soluble sugars, free amino acids and 5′‐nucleotides in bread supplemented with silver ear were analyzed and compared with those of white bread. White bread and 5% silver ear bread had a comparable proximate composition. Specific volumes of 2% and 5% silver ear breads and white bread were 4.02, 3.96 and 3.79 cm3/g, respectively. Both breads contained considerately low amounts of monosodium glutamate‐like and sweet components of free amino acids and flavor 5′‐nucleotides. The white bread looked lighter and whiter than 5% silver ear bread. All sensory results indicated that two breads were moderately acceptable. Overall, silver ear could be incorporated into bread to provide its beneficial health effects.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

Silver ear mushroom (Tremella fuciformis Berkeley) is commonly used as food in Oriental countries and is also a traditional Chinese medicine. The mushroom can be added to food as a supplement to extend and broaden its consumption and provide the beneficial health effects through various food products. Bread is consumed all over the world and many food ingredients have been included in bread formulation to increase its diversity, nutritional value and product appeal. Accordingly, the mushroom was used to substitute wheat flour to make bread. Bread quality including specific volume, color and sensory evaluation, and taste components including proximate composition, soluble sugars, free amino acids and 5′‐nucleotides in silver ear bread were valuable information for its practical application. The present work showed that silver ear could be incorporated into bread to provide its beneficial health effects.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND SENSORY ACCEPTABILITY OF LUPIN‐BASED TOFU
Authors: JAYASENA V. , KHU W.S. , NASAR‐ABBAS S.M.
Published: January 2010

The effect of lupin substitution on quality and sensory acceptability of tofu was investigated. Tofu samples were prepared using a standard method by substituting lupin at 0, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% for soybean. Yield, chemical composition (moisture, protein and fat contents), texture, color and sensory characteristics of the product were assessed. The yield, protein and fat contents decreased with the increase in lupin concentration. On fresh basis, the yield decreased from 306 g to 200 g/100 g bean with increase in lupin content from 0–60% but no significant (P < 0.05) decrease in yield was found on dry basis up to 50% lupin incorporation. The protein and fat contents (dry basis) decreased from 64.9–51.6% and 29.2–13.4%, respectively, with increase in lupin substitution from 0 to 60%. Lupin substitution also affected the color of tofu samples. While there was no effect on L* and a* values, b* value (representing yellowness) increased significantly with increase in lupin substitution. The texture components (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness) were not affected by lupin substitution.

Results of sensory evaluation showed that lupin substitution up to 40% had no effect on texture, flavor and overall acceptability of tofu samples. Lupin substitution of 30–40% improved the appearance of deep‐fried tofu samples. This study revealed that lupin can be substituted up to 40% for soybean in tofu manufacturing without significant changes in quality and acceptability.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Lupin has comparable nutritional and functional properties to soybean. Lupin can be used to replace soybean in a number of food products including tofu. In comparison with soybean, lupin has lower fat content, whereas, its protein content is comparable. The fat content of tofu can be reduced by lupin substitution without affecting its sensory acceptability. A tofu with lesser fat but comparable protein contents will be a healthy alternative to the normal tofu and could be a great choice for low fat and high protein healthy diets. Because the cost of lupin is almost half the cost of soybean, a considerable cost saving could be achieved by incorporating lupin into tofu.
PHYSICAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF COOKIES MADE WITH ADDED DEFATTED MAIZE GERM FLOUR
Authors: NASIR M. , SIDDIQ M. , RAVI R. , HARTE J.B. , DOLAN K.D. , BUTT M.S.
Published: January 2010

Defatted maize germ (DMG) was blended with wheat flour for making cookies. DMG flour at 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25% was used to partially replace wheat flour in cookie formulation, and cookies thus made were evaluated for physical characteristics and sensory quality by a small semi‐trained panel and a 75‐member consumer panel. Proximate analysis of DMG flour showed a composition of 27.6% crude protein, 13.0% crude fiber and 7.5% ash contents. The force required for breaking cookies increased with DMG flour addition. Based on preliminary evaluation of cookies made with all five DMG flour levels by the small panel, three treatments (5%, 10% and 15% DMG flour fortification) were selected for cookies sensory analysis by a consumer panel. On a 9‐point hedonic scale, the highest overall acceptability score of 6.6 was obtained with 5% fortification, which was similar to control (6.7). All other treatments, though significantly different than the control, had an overall acceptability score of >5. These results demonstrate that cookies made with up of 15% DMG flour exhibited sensory scores within an acceptable range, as none were≤5 (neither like, nor dislike) that was deemed as a limit of marketability.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Defatted maize germ (DMG), a by‐product of the maize milling industry, is a nutrient‐dense and relatively low‐cost product. In a separate study in our laboratory, the DMG flour was shown to possess excellent functional properties, such as bulk density, water‐ and oil‐absorption capacities, and dough textural properties. The DMG flour addition to different food systems can greatly enhance the nutritional status, especially protein and crude fiber content, without compromising consumer acceptance. The results of the present study can also serve as a valuable resource to further explore the utilization of DMG as a flour extender in marketing of other bakery products – bread, cakes, muffins, to name a few – of acceptable quality.
Another Look at Basmati: Genericity and the Problems of a Transborder Geographical Indication
Authors: Rangnekar Dwijen , Kumar Sanjay
Published: January 2010

The article uses the case of Basmati to identify a number of problems concerning geographical indications, including the interface with trademarks and the issue of genericity. Attempts to enter and free‐ride on Basmati's premium rice market include the use of trademarks and (RiceTec's US) patent. Reviewing these, the article notes the subject matter of geographical indications can be implicated by other forms of intellectual property, such as patents. The case of Basmati is all the more problematic because of its transborder reality for which no provisions exist in the Agreement on the Trade‐Related Aspect of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). The article outlines and discusses various institutional models for a joint registration of Basmati between India and Pakistan as a possible solution for the TRIPS requirement of “home protection” (compare article 24.9).
Current outline of regulation of Bt‐maize and transgenic insects in Mexico
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ‐PÉREZ Mario A. , REAL‐NAJARRO Olga
Published: January 2010

This paper discusses the regulation of Bt‐maize and transgenic insects in Mexico, pointing out the current state of the use of these biotechnological developments. In addition, as insect biotechnology is new for Mexico, regulatory protocols are still under development. Technical barriers to using Bacillus thuringensis (Bt)‐maize for pest control in Mexico have been deployed by regulatory uncertainty which, associated with cultural factors, underplay biological motives. Although the use of Bt‐maize is still controversial in Mexico, since 2009, Bt‐maize has been cultivated experimentally.
Effects of essential oil from Teucrium polium on some digestive enzyme activities of Musca domestica
Authors: BIGHAM Mahdieh , HOSSEININAVEH Vahid , NABAVI Banafsheh , TALEBI Khalil , ESMAEILZADEH Naimeh‐Sadat
Published: January 2010

The essential oil from Teucrium polium was evaluated for its adverse effects on larval instars of Musca domestica. The essential oil was blended with a diet at a concentration that produced 50% mortality of subjected insects (LC50) (80 ppm). To learn about the situation of digestive enzymes of M. domestica treated with the essential oil, third larval instars were dissected under non‐active enzyme conditions and their midguts were removed. The supernatant was used as an enzyme source after homogenization and centrifugation of the homogenates. Results revealed that some main digestive enzymes in the larval midgut were adversely affected when exposed to the food‐incorporated essential oil. Proteinase extracted from larval midgut hydrolyzed the synthetic substrates B‐Arg‐pNA, Z‐Arg‐Arg‐PNA and Z‐Phe‐Arg‐PNA for trypsin, cathepsin B and cathepsin L activities, respectively, in control and treated larvae. The essential oil caused a reduction of 61.5% in tryptic activity. Significant 69% and 79% reductions were also observed in cathepsin L and B activities, respectively. Carbohydrase activities of α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase and β‐glucosidase were detected in larval midgut extract. All assayed carbohydrases were affected by the essential oil. The most notable impact, a 93% reduction, was observed in α‐amylase. Decreases of 69.5% and 42% were obtained in α‐glucosidase and β‐glucosidase activity, respectively. This study indicated that the larvicidal effect of the essential oil from Teucrium polium may be due to its detrimental effects on digestive enzymes. It seems that the detrimental effect of the oil can be due to both the inhibitory nature of the oil and the destruction of the midgut epithelium.
Inheritance of resistance and cross resistance pattern in indoxacarb‐resistant diamondback moth Plutella xylostella L.
Authors: NEHARE Sarita , GHODKI Basweshwar S. , LANDE Gajanan K. , PAWADE Vrushali , THAKARE Atul S.
Published: January 2010

Leaf‐dip assay of Plutella xylostella against indoxacarb showed that the concentration that produced 50% mortality (LC50) of indoxacarb ranged from 20.1 to 11.9 ppm, with highest in Nasik and lowest levels in Coimbatore strains. In selection studies, the LC50 of indoxacarb was 18.5 ppm at generation 1 (G1), which increased to 31.3‐fold (167.8 ppm) resistance after ten exposed generations (G10) as compared to unexposed. The LC50 of quinalphos was 74.4 ppm, which increased to 10.0‐fold (631.5 ppm) resistance after G10. The LC50 of cypermethrin resistant strain resulted in an 11.5‐fold increase in resistance after G10. In P. xylostella, heritability (h2) after ten generations of selection was estimated at 0.4. The number of generations required for tenfold increase in LC50 (1/R) were 6.7. The response to indoxacarb selection in P. xylostella was 0.2 and the selection differential was estimated as 0.4. The phenotypic standard deviation was 0.2. Reciprocal crosses between indoxacarb‐resistant and susceptible strains showed that the inheritance of indoxacarb resistance was autosomal. The degree of heritability (DLC) (0.4, 0.4) indicated incomplete recessive inheritance of indoxacarb resistance.
The Interpretive Dynamics of Filial and Collective Responsibility for Elderly People
Authors: FUNK LAURA
Published: January 2010

À partir de comptes rendus de 28 enfants adultes, l'auteure étudie la dynamique interprétative de la responsabilité sociale et filiale envers les personnes âgées. Dans leurs propos sur leur responsabilité filiale, les participants avaient tendance à qualifier de positives les motivations individualistes et spontanées tandis qu'en parlant des autres Canadiens ils critiquaient les valeurs individualistes comme faisant la promotion de l'irresponsabilité. D'autres personnes ont étéévaluées négativement en contraste à un passé et à des cultures non occidentales idéalisées : la « société canadienne » a été utilisée comme opposition à celle qui définit la personne comme filialement responsable. Dans ce processus, les participants ont également reproduit l'opposition conceptuelle entre la responsabilité sociétale et la responsabilité filiale; le paradigme alternatif de la « solidarité» a été utilisé plus rarement.

Drawing on accounts from 28 adult children, I explore the interpretive dynamics of filial and social responsibility for elderly people. Participants tended to characterize individualistic, voluntary motivations positively in talk about personal filial responsibility, yet when speaking about other Canadians, criticized individualistic values as promoting irresponsibility. Others were assessed negatively in contrast to an idealized past and non‐Western cultures; “Canadian society” was used as a contrast against which to define self as filially responsible. In this process, participants also reproduced conceptual opposition between filial and societal responsibility; rarer was an alternative, “solidarity” paradigm utilized.
In Conversation with the American Sociological Association President: Randall Collins on Emotions, Violence, and Interactionist Sociology
Authors: WALBY KEVIN , SPENCER DALE
Published: January 2010

Randall Collins est professeur de sociologie à l'University of Pennsylvania et Président de l'American Sociological Association. Dans cette entrevue, R. Collins parle de la sociologie des émotions, de la tradition interactionniste ainsi que de la violence. L'entrevue permet de situer les contributions de Collins dans le développement contemporain de la sociologie critique et la microsociologie interactionniste.

Randall Collins is Professor of Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania and is the President of the American Sociological Association. In the following interview, Collins discusses the sociology of emotions, the interactionist tradition, and violence. The discussion situates Collins' contributions as part of an intellectual trajectory that incorporates elements of critical sociology and the micro‐sociology of interaction.
Gender Differences in the Across‐Time Associations of the Job Demands‐Control‐Support Model and Depressive Symptoms: A Three‐Wave Study
Authors: Armon Galit , Shirom Arie , Melamed Samuel , Shapira Itzhak
Published: January 2010

We used a full‐panel longitudinal design to investigate, separately for women and men, the hypotheses that changes in the components of the Job Demands‐Control‐Support (JDC‐S) model predict changes in depression symptoms levels over time and that the reversed prediction would also be found. Our study was conducted on a multi‐occupational sample of apparently healthy employees (N = 692, 68% men) using three waves of data gathering, replicating our tests on two time lags of 18 months and 3 years on average. We controlled for neuroticism and other potential confounding variables. For both time lags, support for our hypotheses was found for the men only. We did not find systematic differences between the time lags, nor did we find a predominance of one of the unidirectional effects examined. We outline the theoretical and practical implications of our findings, including their relevance for efforts to combat depressive symptoms by changing job characteristics.
Zoned chondrules in Semarkona: Evidence for high‐ and low‐temperature processing
Authors: Grossman Jeffrey N. , Alexanders Conel M. O'D. , Wang Jianhua , Brearley Adrian J.
Published: January 2010

Abstract— At least 15% of the low‐FeO chondrules in Semarkona (LL3.0) have mesostases that are concentrically zoned in Na, with enrichments near the outer margins. We have studied zoned chondrules using electron microprobe methods (x‐ray mapping plus quantitative analysis), ion microprobe analysis for trace elements and hydrogen isotopes, cathodoluminescence imaging, and transmission electron microscopy in order to determine what these objects can tell us about the environment in which chondrules formed and evolved.

Mesostases in these chondrules are strongly zoned in all moderately volatile elements and H (interpreted as water). Calcium is depleted in areas of volatile enrichment. Titanium and Cr generally decrease toward the chondrule surfaces, whereas Al and Si may either increase or decrease, generally in opposite directions to one another; Mn follows Na in some chondrules but not in others; Fe and Mg are unzoned. D/H ratios increase in the water‐rich areas of zoned chondrules. Mesostasis shows cathodoluminescence zoning in most zoned chondrules, with the brightest yellow color near the outside. Mesostasis in zoned chondrules appears to be glassy, with no evidence for devitrification.

Systematic variations in zoning patterns among pyroxene‐ and olivine‐rich chondrules may indicate that fractionation of low‐ and high‐Ca pyroxene played some role in Ti, Cr, Mn, Si, Al, and some Ca zoning. But direct condensation of elements into hot chondrules, secondary melting of late condensates into the outer portions of chondrules, and subsolidus diffusion of elements into warm chondrules cannot account for the sub‐parallel zoning profiles of many elements, the presence of H2O, or elemental abundance patterns.

Zoning of moderately volatile elements and Ca may have been produced by hydration of chondrule glass without devitrification during aqueous alteration on the parent asteroid. This could have induced structural changes in the glass allowing rapid diffusion and exchange of elements between altered glass and surrounding matrix and rim material. Calcium was mainly lost during this process, and other nonvolatile elements may have been mobile as well. Some unzoned, low‐FeO chondrules appear to have fully altered mesostasis.
The effects of nebula surface density profile and giant‐planet eccentricities on planetary accretion in the inner solar system
Authors: CHAMBERS J. E. , CASSEN P.
Published: January 2010

Abstract— We describe results of 32 N‐body planetary accretion simulations that investigate the dependence of terrestrial‐planet formation on nebula surface density profile σ and evolution of the eccentricities of Jupiter and Saturn ej,s. Two surface density profiles are examined: a decaying profile with σ ∝ 1/a, where a is orbital semi‐major axis, and a peaked profile in which σ increases for a < 2 AU and decreases for a > 2 AU. The peaked profiles are generated by models of coagulation in an initially hot nebula. Models with initial ej,s = 0.05 (the current value) and 0.1 are considered. Simulations using the decaying profile with ej,s = 0.1 produce systems most like the observed planets in terms of mass‐weighted mean a and the absence of a planet in the asteroid belt. Simulations with doubled σ produce planets roughly twice as massive as the nominal case. Most initial embryos are removed in each simulation via ejection from the solar system or collision with the Sun. The asteroid belt is almost entirely cleared on a timescale of 10–100 Ma that depends sensitively on ej,s. Most initial mass with a < 2 AU survives, with the degree of mass loss increasing with a. Mass loss from the terrestrial region occurs on a timescale that is long compared to the mass loss time for the asteroid belt. Substantial radial mixing of material occurs in all simulations, but is greater in simulations with initital ej,s = 0.05. The degree of mixing is equivalent to a feeding zone of half width 1.5 and 0.9 AU for an Earth mass planet at 1 AU for the cases ej,s = 0.05 and 0.1, respectively. In simulations with ej,s = 0.05, roughly one‐third and 5–10% of the mass contained in final terrestrial planets originated in the region a > 2.5 AU for the decaying and peaked profiles, respectively. In the case ej,s = 0.1, the median mass accreted from a > 2.5 AU is zero for both profiles.
Comets, meteors, and eclipses: Art and science in early Renaissance Italy
Authors: OLSON R. J. M. , PASACHOFF J. M.
Published: January 2010

Abstract— We discuss eight trecento (fourteenth century) paintings containing depictions of astronomical events to reveal the revolutionary advances made in both astronomy and naturalistic painting in early Renaissance Italy, noting that an artistic interest in naturalism predisposed these pioneering painters to make their scientific observations. In turn, the convincing representations of their observations of astronomical phenomena in works of art rendered their paintings more convincing. Padua was already a renowned center for mathematics and nascent astronomy (which was separating from astrology) when Enrico Scrovegni commissioned the famous Florentine artist Giotto di Bondone to decorate his lavish family chapel (ca. 1301–1303). Giotto painted a flaming comet in lieu of the traditional Star of Bethlehem in the Adoration of the Magi scene. Moreover, he painted a historical apparition that he recently had observed with a great accuracy even by modern standards: Halley's comet of 1301 (Olson, 1979). While we do not know the identity of the artist's theological advisor, we discuss the possibility that Pietro d'Abano, the Paduan medical doctor and “astronomer” who wrote on comets, might have been influential. We also compare Giotto's blazing comet with two others painted by the artist's shop in San Francesco at Assisi (before 1316) and account for the differences. In addition, we discuss Giotto's pupil, Taddeo Gaddi, reputed to have been partially blinded by a solar eclipse, whose calamity may find expression in his frescoes in Santa Croce, Florence (1328–1330; 1338?). Giotto also influenced the Sienese painter Pietro Lorenzetti, two of whose Passion cycle frescoes at Assisi (1316–1320) contain dazzling meteor showers which reveal that the artist observed astronomical phenomena, such as the “radiant” effect of meteor showers, first recorded by Alexander von Humboldt in 1799 and accepted only in the nineteenth century. Lorenzetti also painted sporadic, independent meteors, which do not emanate from the radiant. It is also significant that these artists observed differences between comets and meteors, facts that were not absolutely established until the eighteenth century. In addition we demonstrate that artistic and scientific visual acuity were part of the burgeoning empiricism of the fourteenth century, which eventually yielded modern observational astronomy.