bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ethics of Musical Performance
Authors: Urmson J O
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I propose to consider what ethical constraints, if any, may be thought to limit the freedom of a performer in playing a piece of music by a composer other than himself. While doing so I shall from time to time consider what seem to me to be closely analogous problems concerning the culinary arts. It has long seemed to me that there are certain formal analogies between music and cookery. For example, the Dundee cake seems to be an abstract entity rather like the ‘Unfinished’ Symphony, and a Dundee cake seems to be related to the Dundee cake rather as a performance of the ‘Unfinished’ Symphony is related to the ‘Unfinished’ Symphony. Similarly the recipe for the Dundee cake and copies thereof seem to play a formally analogous role to that of the score of the ‘Unfinished’ Symphony and copies thereof. There are also formal disanalogies; a performance of the ‘Unfinished’ Symphony takes time, whereas a Dundee cake does not, even though it takes time to bake it. I do not propose to defend this view in this chapter; rather I intend to suggest that the ethical considerations involved are also interestingly similar. Readers who find this proposed comparison derogatory to the art of music can, of course, abandon this paper at once or skip the relevant portions. Before embarking on these questions I may be permitted to utter a word of caution. It may appear that, at the other extreme to those who dissociate art and morality, I regard the performer as predominately faced with ethical decisions when determining questions of interpretation. Nothing is further from the truth. The performer, most of the time, will rightly be concerned with purely musical considerations. But in regard to general policies of performance, particularly professional performance, ethical considerations do, I think, arise.
Notes on the Meaning of Music
Authors: Scruton Roger
Published: November 2023

Music can have many meanings, depending on the use we make of it. In aesthetics we are interested in its meaning as music: the meaning that it has for the person who responds to its musical character. I shall call this aesthetic meaning, in order to distinguish it from the meaning that a piece of music has, for example, for the one who uses it as a signal, or a code. Theories of aesthetic meaning must satisfy three tests, which I shall call the ‘semaphore test’, the ‘Frege test’, and the ‘value test’. The tests are closely related, and reflect an intuitive notion of aesthetic experience. The semaphore test. Suppose John and Henry live at either end of a railway tunnel, and, sharing an interest in trains, send messages to each other about their common hobby. When a train enters the tunnel at John’s end, he fires a semaphore rocket, so that Henry can prepare himself for the train that will soon emerge. This is an act of communication, which has the structure made familiar by Grice: John intends Henry to understand that a train has entered the tunnel, by recognizing that this is John’s intention.
Portraits in Music—A Case-Study: Elgar’s ‘Enigma’ Variations
Authors: Sparshott Francis
Published: November 2023

There has been much discussion of whether music can really represent reality. But composers often do use their music to allude to the non-musical world, and there has been less discussion of the actual range and variety of means available to them. It is this last topic that is discussed here in relation to a single musical work: Edward Elgar’s Variations on an Original Theme. Elgar’s original title-page is straightforward, and someone who hears the music played at a concert will simply hear a theme followed by fourteen variations. Much in the music is wayward and whimsical, but no more than the theme-with-variations form allows for. Nothing in what one hears or reads hints that any aspect of the music alludes to anything. On reading the score, however, we find something else. On a separate page, the work bears a dedication: ‘Dedicated to my friends pictured herein. Malvern 1899.’ And each variation carries a designation, usually in the form of initials, in parentheses after its number. The reader infers that each variation either is or somehow contains a ‘picture’ of the individual designated.
Language and Meaning
Authors: Mohanty Jitendra Nath
Published: November 2023

To help us find our way through the large and variegated discussions of the Indian philosophers on the issues arising in theory of meaning, I will begin by isolating some of the crucial issues and then a set of important distinctions.
The Hedonist’s Conversion: The Role of Socrates in the Philebus
Authors: Frede Dorothea
Published: November 2023

The most outstanding feature of Plato’s dialogue Philebus is its seeming normality. Paradoxical as this claim must sound at first, it has a very simple explanation. If we were to judge from the external form of the Philebus alone, we would place it among Plato’s earlier, the so-called ‘Socratic’, dialogues. There is direct conversation without introduction between Socrates, who is, once again, the leader, and two active partners, Philebus and Protarchus, in front of an anonymous audience of young Athenians (16a). Nor does the beginning lack drama: it promises a real controversy between the parties, for there are two opposed positions at issue. Philebus and his followers hold that pleasure is the highest good, while Socrates is the spokesman of the anti-hedonist party and pleads for the sober life of intelligence and knowledge. The topic itself, the contest between pleasure and knowledge for the dignity of the highest good, would also fit well in Plato’s earlier dialogues: rivalry of this type is mentioned in Republic 505b—d, and the inconsis¬ tency between an unmitigated hedonism and the need for moral knowledge has been argued forcefully by Socrates against Callicles in the Gorgias.
Phonology: Reconstruction of the System
Authors: Szemerenyi Oswald J L
Published: November 2023

From comparison of the individual languages it appears that lndo European possessed the five basic vowels, both short and long: In Greek this vowel system remains intact in most dialects.
Lëtzebuergesch: A Linguistic Description
Authors: Newton Gerald
Published: November 2023

As well as dealing with the status and use of Letzebuergesch the reader will perhaps be curious to know what the language itself looks like. In this chapter an attempt will be made to give a description of the phonology and how it relates to the spelling system and of the grammar. The latter will chiefly deal with the inflection of the main parts of speech and only a brief mention will be made of some syntactic features.
Perspective and Research Methods in Studying Mobilian Jargon
Authors: Drechsel Emanuel J
Published: November 2023

The long-standing bias towards Indo-European languages in their standard forms bequeathes the study of non-European languages and non-standard linguistic phenomena, including contact media, with major methodological limitations-poor historical records with little philological tradition and frequently restricted or lost opportunities for field research. Many non-IndoEuropean languages and certain registers such as classic pidgins have passed away with their last speakers before anybody had an opportunity to record them in detail. For those lingua francas that have survived and are not only linguistically but also socially marginal, fieldwork has required linguists to overcome a greater social distance to their consultants, adding to the difficulty of gathering essential data.
Sociocultural Aspects
Authors: Drechsel Emanuel J
Published: November 2023

With their variable quality and limitations, historical attestations cannot offer a complete picture of the geographic range and social dissemination of Mobilian Jargon for its recorded history, much less its origin; the pidgin probably extended across greater distances to communities not mentioned here and over longer periods than documented by the presently available records. Yet a closer examination of historical and ethnographic historical attestations, arranged by individual communities (both larger as well as smaller ones), provides a cumulative picture of Mobilian Jargon’s geographic distribution during its colonial and modern history with the following comparative ranges for its eastern and western varieties; see Fig. 10.1.
Language Convergence in Southeastern Indian Linguistic Diversity
Authors: Drechsel Emanuel J
Published: November 2023

The frequent misidentification of Mobilian Jargon as either Choctaw, Chickasaw, or even Muskogee by Europeans suggests a close historical relationship and much structural similarity between any of these languages and the pidgin, and calls for a comparison of Mobilian Jargon with Muskogean and possibly other Gulf languages. A contrast recognizing differences as well as shared patterns helps further clarify the pidgin’s precise nature.
Conclusions: Methodological and Theoretical Implications
Authors: Drechsel Emanuel J
Published: November 2023

An initial cost-benefit estimate might not lead one to commit any substantial expenditure of time and resources to historical and field research on Mobilian Jargon, a secondary sociolinguistic phenomenon of non-European origin and, at that, no longer in use. What may initially appear as a search for a needle in a haystack has actually yielded a fairly comprehensive case study of what — if not outright ignored — has traditionally been treated from an almost exclusively European perspective. In short, Mobilian Jargon bears comparative sigificance, and its description and analysis offer a fresh and broader angle of language contact in American Indian languages.
Imagination and the First Critique Deductions
Authors: Gibbons Sarah L
Published: November 2023

Throughout his work, Kant’s treatments of imagination generally coincide with his attempts to characterize the subject of judgement, rather than its object. Given the complex interaction between subject and object in his philosophy, this project need not be considered unacceptably psychological; it is, in fact, essential to his epistemology. Hence, we might say that, while the only components of the ‘object’ of judgement provided by the judging subject are concepts, on the one hand, and the forms of sensible intuition, on the other, the capacities that a subject must possess in order to make judgements about objects are not adequately captured, nevertheless, under the headings of conceptualizing and intuiting. Further abilities are necessary to characterize more fully the subjective conditions of judgement.
Imagination and Reflective Judgement
Authors: Gibbons Sarah L
Published: November 2023

Although the third Critique is not explicitly concerned with the problem of schematization, it is the main text in which Kant provides sustained consideration of the ways in which imagination might mediate between the various elements of cognition. Indeed, given that the third Critique is a critique of the faculty of judgement, we should expect that it is at least pertinent to the problem of judgement as Kant introduces it just prior to the Schematism chapter. ‘Reflective judgement’ —which is the focus of the third Critique—is best understood as naming not just a species of judgement, but also Kant’s account of the subjective conditions of judgement in general.
Culture and Social Systems
Authors: Ben-Rafael Eliezer
Published: November 2023

Following Saussure, Sapir (1974) describes language as a human and rational method of conveying ideas, emotions, and desires by means of producing systems of symbols. This makes languages markers of societies and of their cultural singularity and identity. In contemporary nation-states, a legitimate language is generally inseparably bound to the definition of the national culture and collective history (Grillo 1989). Defined as mother languages, legitimate languages require the allegiance and loyalty due to the motherland itself (Fishman 1983). Linguistic identities have, indeed, cemented nationalist movements. At its extreme, nationalism affirms an aspiration for expansion, which often involves a linguistic dimension as well, as illustrated by pan-Slavism, pan-Arabism, or pan-Germanism. On the other hand, liberation movements that aspire to suppress cultural dependency on dominators may raise the banner of the use, or even the revival of, local or regional vernaculars.
Israel’s Social Cleavages
Authors: Ben-Rafael Eliezer
Published: November 2023

Proceeding to the second facet of the main schema, the major cleavages that make up Israeli society will now be analysed in relation to their structural parameters, that is, (I) in the context of their stratificational attributes, (2) in relation to the dominant culture with which socio-cultural groupings interact, and (3) according to the latter’s own perspectives on identity. The following discussion on the basis of the numerous works which have studied this society serve as a starting-point for our own investigations of linguistic aspects.
Towards a Theoretical Approach
Authors: Ben-Rafael Eliezer
Published: November 2023

The sociological study of languages focuses on the juncture of culture and social structure, where consciousness encounters behaviour, and the interaction of individuals and groupings produces and reproduces norms, symbols, and codes. In its different perspectives, sociology may emphasize as starting-points either consensus and integration, or dominance and power.
Solidity and Elasticity in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Alexander Peter
Published: November 2023

Conventional atomism deriving from Epicurus took atoms to be absolutely solid and impenetrable and yet capable of rebounding from one another on direct impact. Observable physical and chemical changes were regarded as explicable in terms of the changes in motion of constituent atoms resulting from their impact. Atomism has been rejected for various reasons, among them the belief that absolutely solid atoms could not exist, or rebound on direct impact if they did. This controversy went on and on. I wish to consider some aspects of it.
John Locke and the Polish Enlightenment
Authors: Rosicka Janina
Published: November 2023

John Locke was at the centre of inspiration of the English and French Enlightenment, and in Germany he rivalled Leibniz. Although it might seem that it should be comparatively easy to study the influence of someone so illustrious, it is not in fact so. As the Polish historian of philosophy Wladyslaw Tatarkiewicz pointed out: ‘Although John Locke was not a genius he achieved more than genius.’ An insightful but not very clear formulation of the main problem facing a student of Locke is that there are two quite different images that we have of him. One shows him as the most influential person of the Enlightenment. The second gives a strange, incoherent picture of a compiler. How can a student examine the impact of someone who is not a genius but is in effect a genius? The most popular way specially in countries which were the recipients of English and French Enlightenment ideas--is just by mentioning his name. In this way Locke’s name has played the role of a convenient watchword whenever we refer to the Age of Reason. The set of popular judgements concerning human rights, toleration, and the senses as a source of cognition provides an acid test; anyone who upholds one item from this set is taken to be under the influence of Locke.
The Mental and the Physical
Authors: Hughes Christopher
Published: November 2023

Towards the end of the third lecture of Naming and Necessity Kripke notes that materialists have often endorsed some or all of the following claims: Persons are (identical with) their bodies.
Introduction
Authors: Lahiri Utpal
Published: November 2023

This work is about the interpretation of embedded interrogatives and the predicates that take interrogative complements. In Chapter 2, I provide a general introduction to various issues in the semantics of questions in both embedded and matrix contexts. I discuss a variety of approaches to the semantics of questions beginning with Hamblin (1971), Karttunen (1977), Hintikka (1976) and its variant Berman (1991) and a cursory discussion of Ginzburg (1995a, b), delineating various issues that these theories deal with and choose to account for. I discuss in some detail the proposal of Berman (1991) which notes that interrogative complements of predicates like know behave differently in various respects from those of predicates like wonder, in particular, that the interrogative complements of know-class predicates can be modified by certain kinds of adverbs of quantification whereas those of predicates like wonder cannot, a phenomenon that Berman has called the Quantificational Variability Effect (QVE).
Rhetorical Education
Authors: Romilly Jacqueline De
Published: November 2023

FOR the Athenians of the fifth century BC, and more generally for all Greeks of the classical period, the skill of ‘clever speaking’ or ‘speaking well’ was one that it was essential to acquire. In those days, an individual could make his voice heard directly and all major decisions were the outcome of public debates. Speech was thus an important mode of action, and it became increasingly so as democracy developed. Small wonder, then, that the art of the speaker, or rhetoric, was one of the foremost preoccupations of the Sophists’ teaching. At the beginning of Plato’s Protagoras, when the young neophyte who hastens to put himself in the master’s charge is asked what the latter teaches, the first answer that rises to his lips is precisely that Protagoras is ‘a master of making one a clever speaker’ (312 D).
Objects of Vision
Authors: Schulte Joachim
Published: November 2023

Whenever Wittgenstein speaks of problems of perception or sense impressions he—like most philosophers—concentrates on the sense of sight: vision takes pride of place. What distinguishes his way of dealing with these problems from more traditional approaches is the fact that he tends to discuss vision or our normal seeing of something in connection and confrontation with the doubtlessly puzzling problems arising from phenomena of aspect seeing. One likely reason for this procedure is Wittgenstein’s intention of depriving ordinary vision of its character of unproblematic normality by comparing it with a set of problems which obviously raises innumerable questions. Thus he writes: ‘“Seeing the figure as . . .” has something occult, something ungraspable about it. One would like to say: “Something has altered and nothing has altered.”-But don’t try to explain it.
Materialism and the Logical Structure of Intentionality
Authors: Bealer George
Published: November 2023

This paper begins with a brief history of the thesis of intentionality and a review of some contemporary views. Following that, we present a problem for materialism that arises in connection with the possibility of a general materialist analysis (or reduction) of intentionality: if no such analysis (reduction) is possible, intentional phenomena would have at least one non-physical property, namely, their intentionalit—this materialistically unanalysable general property. With this problem in mind, we will then suggest a general analysis of intentionality. We close by arguing that any satisfactory general analysis of intentionality must share a certain central feature with the proposed analysis and that this feature entails the existence of an objective level of organization that is non-physical. This is enough to show that the traditional materialist world view is mistaken. One way in which this argument against materialism is novel is that it would go through even if, per impossibile, every particular type of mental phenomenon (pain, belief, etc.) had a materialist analysis (reduction).
Non-Reductive Physicalism?
Authors: Smith A D
Published: November 2023

The argument of the present paper is simple and as follows: there is no such thing as non-reductive physicalism; but all reductivist2 accounts of consciousness are misguided and unacceptable; therefore physicalism is false. I shall not argue against reductive accounts of conscious states and processes: it is, I believe, sufficient for any sensible person simply to read them in order to see their inadequacy. I shall, however, say something about what reductionism means in this context. The central argument of this paper is, therefore, that physicalism is essentially reductionist. First, a few remarks on the title. I choose the term ‘physicalism’, rather than ‘materialism’, since it is in one way weaker and in another way stronger than the latter, at least in certain philosophical circles. It is weaker in that it does not restrict its ontology to things composed of matter.
The Hebraic and Hellenic Logos
Authors: Clark Stephen R L
Published: November 2023

I have been insisting that we should treat Christian, or theistic doctrine generally, ‘philosophically’, as an expression of that journey from ‘Athens to Jerusalem’ that Tertullian thought impossible. He was not alone. Tatian too gloried in the ‘barbarity’ of Christianity: ‘this is what fixes a gulf between its saving truth and the errors of all the philosophers … [who] disagree among each other, delight in confusing the mind with labyrinthine argumentation, adopt ridiculous forms of life and know not the truth’ (Armstrong and Markus 1960: 139, after Tatian, Oratio 25). There will be plenty to agree with Tatian, for there is an unvoiced conspiracy between many who think themselves fundamentalists and many modernists to identify Faith and Unreason. If ‘Reason’ meant only the acceptance of fashionable doctrine-which is what moderns usually intend-I am as happy as any fundamentalist to join with Feyerabend in bidding it farewell (1987: 17).
Time and the Incarnation
Authors: Clark Stephen R L
Published: November 2023

According to our Platonizing predecessors, the world of our present experience is an image or shadow (on various levels) of the one true logos, in whose light the true identity of everything that is is known (Maximus 1985: go n. 64). The logos itself has its own smaller image within the larger image that is the world entire: ‘Wisdom is God’s archetypal luminary, and the sun is a copy and image of it’ (Philo, De Migratione Abrahamis 40 = 1929-62: iv. 155). ‘Just as the sun in rising and lighting up the world manifests both itself and the things which it lights up, so the sun of justice in rising on a pure mind manifests both itself and the principles which have been and will be brought to existence by it’ (Maximus 1985: 45). You will recall that the one logos is intellectually known to us only in its various aspects, logoi, and the sum of these, the divine mind that grasps them, is the sun of the. whole system (Philo, De Posteritate Caini 57 = 1929-62: ii. 359). Our being human at all, in the Platonic sense, rests with our capacity to lay hold upon the logos. ‘Reasoning ... is a faithful impress of the divine image’ (Philo, De Mutatione 223 = 1929-62: v. 259). If we believe instead that thought (both consciousness and intellectual activity) is a ‘perspiration of the brain’, selected over the last few millennia as an efficient way of propagating hominids, we lose all right to think that human intellect can make a model of the world at large, or that our theories (including evolutionary theory) could reasonably be considered true. The ancient faith seems saner.
Three Problems of Renormalization
Authors: Teller Paul
Published: November 2023

What is renormalization in quantum field theory ? Popular descrip tions talk about ‘throwing away infinities’ which occur in calcu lations, leaving behind numbers which agree extraordinarily well with experiment. This sounds crazy. But the non-technician has a hard time evaluating the situation because heretofore all present ations of renormalization have been buried in an impenetrable mass of calculational detail.
The Nature of Man
Authors: Gauthier David P
Published: November 2023

To understand morals and politics, understand man. Levia than, ‘that mortal god, to which we owe under the immortal God, our peace and defence’ (E.W. iii, p. 158), the body politic which gives substance to our moral conceptions, is the product of human reason reflecting on human passion.
God
Authors: Gauthier David P
Published: November 2023

To complete our study of Hobbes’s moral and political system we must determine the role played by God. We treat God last, partly because Hobbes does so, partly because God plays only a secondary part in the system. We have shown that neither the formal structure of Hobbes’s theory, expressed in our formal definitions and the conclusions we have drawn from them, nor the material content, expressed in our material definitions and their consequences, depends in any important way on theistic presuppositions. Hobbes’s theory is intended for rational men who aim at their own preservation, whatever their religious views may be.
Organizing Practice: The Elements of Ethics
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

Ethics is about how we live in the world. It separates the things we will do gladly from those we will not do, or not do without discomfort. It classifies the situations we aim for, and those we seek to avoid. It is displayed in our attitudes to ourselves, such as pride, or self-satisfaction, or guilt, or shame. It is also displayed in our attitudes to others: whether they behaved well, or went the extra mile, or did their bit, carried their burdens, lived or died in ways we admire. Our ethics is shown in the things we forbid, or tolerate, or require. It is shown in the reactions we have as we think of the characters of people, or the events they cause, or the nature of the societies they form. To develop an ethical personality is to become sensitive to different aspects of things, and to be disposed to use them to influence or determine attitudes, emotions, and choices. Ethics is a practical subject, manifested in our reactions to things and the motivations we feel. Ethics puts pressure on our choices, and we use ethical considerations to guide the choices of others. The practical role of ethics is what defines it.
Self-Control, Reason, and Freedom
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2 we came across Durer’s version of Plato’s famous image of the charioteer.1 In this picture, reason, the charioteer, controls the potentially unruly horses of desire. The model sets up the classic way of thinking of ourselves as self-controlling, rational decision-makers. We are aware that in the cockpit of our emotions there are unruly forces, but with calm and care we can usually control them. Here is the classic dualism of heart and head, desire and reason, with reason in control so long as things are going well. Apollo, in the light, rules Dionysus, in the dark.
Hume and the Culture of Science in the Early Eighteenth Century
Authors: Barfoot Michael
Published: November 2023

In 1724 Robert Steuart, professor of Natural Philosophy at Edinburgh, founded a class library. An early catalogue has survived, entitled The Physiological Library. Begun by Mr. Steuart, and some of the students of natural philosophy in the University of Edinburgh, April 2. 17z4: and augmented by some gentlemen; and che students of natural philosophy, December 1724. This was printed in 1725, by which time there were 149 members, or “Benefactors”—150 if we include Steuart himself. The catalogue provides a list of members, dividing them into three categories. Forty-nine natural philosophy students appear in the first category (p. 5); thirty-eight gentlemen in the second (pp. 6-7), plus five more who joined later and whose names are included at the end (p. 62). A further fifty-seven natural philosophy students who joined the Library in December are listed in the third category, and here the name ‘David Hume’ appears.
Computer Models of Mind: Are they Socially Pernicious?
Authors: Boden Margaret A
Published: November 2023

Three centuries ago, Spinoza made the shocking claim (pub lished only after his death) that a scientific psychology, fully consistent with our knowledge of bodily mechanism, is in principle possible. accused his opponents of underestimating the potentialities of mechanism: ‘they do not know what the body can do, nor what can be deduced from the consideration of its nature alone’. The Enlightenment saw publication of the Comte de La Mettrie’s L’Homme machine-a title whose ‘Shock! Horror!’ quality rivals the headlines in the sensationalist twentieth-century newspapers. And a hundred years later, the eccentric Lady Ada Lovelace (daughter of the notorious Lord Byron) argued that a machine based on Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine might carry out other types of computations besides mathematics, being able, for instance, to ‘compose elaborate and scientific pieces of music of any degree of com plexity or extent’.
Which Imperatives for Right? On the Non-Prescriptive Character of Juridical Laws in Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals
Authors: Willaschek Marcus
Published: November 2023

‘Right’, according to Kant, is ‘the sum of the conditions under which the choice of one can be united with the choice of another in accordance with a universal law of freedom’ (MS 6:230). The realm ofRight2 allows us to ‘unite’ everyone’s spheres of free agency by symmetrically limiting each person’s freedom just as much as necessary to guarantee the same degree of freedom to everyone. From this conception of Right, Kant derives a rule he calls the ‘universal law of Right’: ‘so act externally that the free use of your choice can coexist with the freedom of everyone in accordance with a universal law’ (MS 6:231).
A Kantian Justification of Possession
Authors: Westphal Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

The nature and justification of rights to ownership have been both central and vexed in Modern and contemporary philosophy; central, because so many of our individual and joint activities depend on the use and distribution of goods; vexed, because there are competing definitions, justifications, and sets of rights to individual and joint use of goods. Kant believed that his Critical philosophy could both clarify and resolve some of the most basic issues involved in this debate. However, with rare exception, Kant has not been viewed as a major theorist on these topics. This is due, in part, to the difficulty of Kant’s philosophy, to the relative neglect of Kant’s Rechtslehre even among Kant scholars until quite recently, and to the brevity and obscurity of Kant’s arguments about the right to possession found therein. I contend, nevertheless, that Kant establishes some very significant points about our rights of possession.
Punishment, Conscience, and Moral Worth
Authors: Jr. Thomas E Hill
Published: November 2023

In The Metaphysics of Morals Kant offers us pieces of a theory of punishment, a metaphorical description of conscience, and an elaboration of his earlier account of the moral worth of actions.
Why Not Hard Determinism?
Authors: Smilansky Saul
Published: November 2023

By showing the compatibilist’s position to be gravely problematic, in Chapter 3, my argument seems to point us naturally towards incompatibilism. Because we saw in Chapter 4 that there is no libertarian free will, we must move, like (at least partial) incompatibilists, in the direction of hard determinism. So much of our daily practice-blame, ridicule, punishment, and perhaps any substantial inequality of attitude or treatment-is unjust. Things, however, are not that simple. The hard determinist’s position is untenable because there is another, compatibilist, side to the Core Conception, and the partial tenability of compatibilism will need to be recovered. This will occupy us in the present chapter. Hence, as we shall go on to see in Chapter 6, any final position has to take into account what I propose to call the Fundamental Dualism consisting of compatibilism and hard determinism.
Introduction to a Philosophy of Music
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: November 2023

Philosophy of music has flourished in the last thirty years, with great advances made in the understanding of the nature of music and its aesthetics. Peter Kivy has been at the center of this flourishing, and now offers his personal introduction to philosophy of music, a clear and lively explanation of how he sees the most important and interesting philosophical issues relating to music. Anyone interested in music will find this a stimulating introduction to some fascinating questions and ideas.
A Little More History
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: November 2023

For most people in the world, ‘music’ means sung music. For most people in human history, ‘music’ meant sung music. The modern ‘problem of music’ is the child of pure instrumental music: absolute music; music alone. What is the problem, and how did it arise? In the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the seventeenth century, the composer’s life was devoted mostly to the composition of vocal music: for the Church, for secular occasions, and, later, for the opera house and for occasions of State. This is not to say that music played on instruments alone was unknown in these pre-Modern periods. Some of it was vocal music played on instruments. But some of it, as well, was written especially for the organ, or harpsichord, or lute, or even specified combinations of instruments. There was,indeed, instrumental music before the eighteenth century.
Why should you Listen?
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: November 2023

Why should you listen to symphonies, sonatas, string quartets, and the rest of what constitute the absolute music repertoire? On first reflection that sounds like a pretty silly question (as do so many other questions that we think of as the peculiar domain of philosophy). Such music has given pleasure for centuries to generations of listeners of all kinds. It is very likely it will give pleasure to you if you are willing to take the trouble to listen in an appropriate way. That’s why you should listen. Do you need a better reason? But that would be to misconstrue the real significance of the question, Why should you listen? Of course the question already assumes that you know absolute music gives pleasure or satisfaction or whatever else you think best describes your experience.
Discussion
Authors: Clapin Hugh
Published: November 2023

Haugeland Can’t you have, as it were, standardly intended targets for representational types, where you can then talk about their intrinsic accuracy, relative to that? I mean, you buy a map of Chicago, it says Chicago on it. Even though someone might misuse it by targeting St. Louis but- Cummins I think those cases are funny. I think that they’re intended to have Chicago as their targets when they are produced.
Comments on Smith on Cummins
Authors: Cummins Robert
Published: November 2023

Let’s start with the personal stuff. Smith says that some of the things I say-for example, that the difference between a left and right hand cannot be represented-sound downright loopy. Well, I guess, having been ‘outed’, I may as well come clean. I confess, then, to having had intimate relations with loopy ideas for decades. Smith is right, I suspect, in thinking that my claim that true representation is grounded in isomorphism is the loopiest idea in Representations, Targets and Attitudes (hereafter RTA). Several factors, however, combine to comfort me. The first is that the scientific truth is often loopy.
Brian Cantwell Smith on Evolution, Objectivity, and Intentionality
Authors: Dennett Daniel
Published: November 2023

Like the rest of us, Smith wants to steer between the Scylla of GOFAI and the Charybdis of Dynamical Non-Representational Systems, and he adds to the feast his own bounty of acute observations and tempting proposals about how such a rehabilitation of mental representations would go. But he and Haugeland, unlike the rest of us, are ontologists who think we need to reach way back and rehabilitate the whole of metaphysics in order to do this job right. Yikes.
Introduction
Authors: Harcourt Edward
Published: November 2023

It is common enough to find ideology mentioned side by side with the aesthetic in theoretical discussions, from the more or less straightforwardly Marxist to more subtle recent elaborations.1 So it is surprising, on the face of it, that the notions of ideology and of the moral or ethical are discussed together comparatively rarely, and in the mainstream of analytic moral philosophy (as far as I know) hardly at all,2 and this despite the fact that analytic philosophy is often to be found working with an undifferentiated idea of ‘value’ designed to encompass aesthetic and ethical value alike. One reason for the anomaly may be that the concept of ideology has hitherto been at home mainly in social science, or in philosophical traditions other than the analytic,3 while moral philosophy —some would say moral thought more generally, at least thought in which the moral figures under that description-can seem, no doubt for good enough reasons of history and culture, to
Transcendental Constraints and Transcendental Features
Authors: Sacks Mark
Published: November 2023

The epistemic duality inherent to the Copernican turn has been identified, as well as the pressure it stands to exert on the conception of objectivity in the context of a fully naturalistic account. One way of taming that duality is by bolstering naturalism with transcendental idealism. Embedded in the framework of transcendental idealism, the epistemic duality still leaves a gap between the assumed and the real source of the objective order detected in the world, but it does not-at least in theory-still leave room for significant alternative construals of objectivity. But this form of transcendental idealism, even if it did stand to restrict relativism, would be unlikely to be accepted today given the prevailing naturalist (or pragmatist) orientation, in the context of which Kant’s transcendental idealism seems excessively metaphysical. This is so despite the fact that Kant’s transcendental idealism was conceived as, and constituted, a well-motivated withdrawal from traditional metaphysics. It is at this point that it becomes relevant to consider the form of transcendental idealism that has been identified in the later Wittgenstein, whose orientation is still more clearly post-metaphysical.
Introduction: The Aristotelian Tradition
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

‘ The European tradition in philosophy’ , A N. Whitehead said famously, ‘ consists of a series of footnotes to Plato’ . But for much of the Christian millennia the philosophical influence of Aristotle was greater than that of Plato. To be sure Aristotle himself owed an enormous debt to Plato, and he showed his influence in almost everything he wrote. But in philosophy his scope was broader and his judgement sounder than that of his master, and it would be absurd to see him only as the first and greatest of history’ s footnotes.
Callicles and Socrates: Psychic (Dis)Harmony in the Gorgias
Authors: Woolf Raphael
Published: November 2023

In this paper I want to offer a new way of looking at Callicles’ position in Plato’s Gorgias, and at the conception of the good life which Socrates presents in return. In particular I want to suggest that these two positions, on the surface radically opposed, have a certain deeper affinity. None the less, Callicles’ position contains internal contradictions, as Socrates’ does not. This is connected with the fact that Socrates’ position is characterized by his advocacy of a theory of psychic harmony, central to which is the holding of consistent beliefs. I shall develop my interpretation by exploring the role of the Socratic method of elenchus within the dialogue, and in particular by assessing its failure when confronted with Callicles. Callicles’ conflicts, evidencing his disharmonious soul, are the ‘hard case’ which reveals the limits of Socratic method. I shall conclude by considering how this lesson is subsequently taken up in the early books of the Republic. The education proposed in books 2 and 3 of that work, I shall suggest, both recognizes these limits and seeks to supplement appropriately. Thus it is an attempt to vindicate Socratic method, not supplant it.
Aristotelian Dialectic and the Discovery of Truth
Authors: Wlodarczyk Marta
Published: November 2023

The main aim of this paper is to determine how, if at all, dialectic is able to lead to the establishment of true conclusions. Before giving a more detailed summary, I shall explain what Aristotelian dialectic is.

Dialectic is introduced in Topics I. I as ‘a method by which we shall be able to reason from endoxa about any problem set before us and shall ourselves, when sustaining an argument, avoid saying anything contradictory’ (rooaI8–21). Dialectic, we are told, is about any problem. It is concerned with subjects which require no specialized knowledge and is based on things ‘which it is in a certain way common to everyone to know’ (Rhet. I354aI–6). This general characterization is, however, qualified at Topics, I. I o and I I, where we find out that subjects which are, or should be, manifest to everyone or to most people are unsuitable for dialectical debates: a man who doubts whether snow is white is to be supposed to lack perception; a man who proposes to discuss whether to love one’s parents or whether to honour gods deserves punishment and not refutation (I05a5–7). A dialectical problem must pose some doubts or difficulties in order to afford scope for discussion.
Rummaging in the Recycling Bins of Upper Egypt
Authors: Osborne Catherine
Published: November 2023

Few interested parties in the scholarly world of ancient philosophy will, by this stage, be unaware of the story behind Alain Martin and Oliver Primavesi’s publication. It has been hot news, and the publication eagerly awaited, ever since the announcement in 1994 that a papyrus on which Alain Martin was working, under the auspices of the Bibliothèque Nationale and University of Strasburg, had been identified as containing verses of Empedocles, some of them almost certainly previously unknown. Nevertheless—since there seems no better opening for a reflection on the significance of this discovery and on the value of its elegant publication—I propose to begin by summarizing what I take to be most important among the undisputed facts before proceeding to ask how they affect our understanding of Empedocles and of what we are doing with texts when we study the Presocratics.
The Arousal Theory of Musical Expression: Rethinking the Unthinkable
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: November 2023

When I began writing about what is now called ‘the philosophy of music’ in the late l 970s, the first order of business, it seemed to me, was to refute for good and all the ‘arousal theory’ of musical expression: that is to say, the theory that when, in the ordinary instances, one calls a passage of music sad, or happy, fearful, angry, or depressing, it is in virtue of its arousing in that person, regularly, if not always, sadness or happiness, fear, anger, or depression. The expressive properties of music, on this view, then, are dispositional proper ties: dispositions of the music to arouse the garden-variety emotions in qualified listeners to that kind of music.
Music in Memory and Music in the Moment
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: November 2023

On occasion one reads a philosophical work that strikes what appears a mortal blow to a long-cherished, foundational belief. Less frequently, the belief so endangered is such that its falsity-if false it is-must change one’s life and how one has viewed it in some radical, deeply disturbing way. I have now experienced this double shock to my belief system in reading Jerrold Levinson’s book, Music in the Moment. For Levinson’s book has presented arguments that can by no means be dismissed out of hand, against what he sometimes calls a ‘dogma’ of music appreciation, which has been the underlying support of my musical world since I was 12 years old. So deeply has music penetrated my life since that time that if Levinson’s arguments are good, I will indeed be forced to reevaluate my whole teenage and adult life in music and, furthermore, to change fundamentally.
The Demands of Consequentialism
Authors: Mulgan Tim
Published: November 2023

According to consequentialism, we should always put our resources where they will do the most good. A small contribution to a reputable aid agency can save a child from a crippling illness. We should thus devote all our energies to charity work, as well as all our money, till we reach the point where our own basic needs, or ability to keep earning money, are in jeopardy. Such conclusions strike many people as absurd. Consequentialism seems unreasonably demanding, as it leaves the agent no room for her own projects or interests. Tim Mulgan examines consequentialist responses to this objection. A variety of previous consequentialist solutions are considered and found wanting, including rule consequentialism, the extremism of Shelly Kagan and Peter Singer, Michael Slote's satisficing consequentialism, and Samuel Scheffler's hybrid moral theory. The Demands of Consequentialism develops a new consequentialist theory, designed to be intuitively appealing, theoretically sound, and only moderately demanding. Moral choices are first divided into distinct realms, primarily on the basis of their impact on the well-being of others. Each realm has its own characteristic features, and different moral realms are governed by different moral principles. The resulting theory incorporates elements of act consequentialism, rule consequentialism, and Scheffler's hybid theory. This original and highly readable account of the limits of consequentialism will be useful to anyone interested in understanding morality.
Two Moral Realms
Authors: Mulgan Tim
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to introduce a device that will form the founda- tion of the new Consequentialist moral theory developed in Chapters 8, 9, and 10. This device is a distinction between different moral realms. Moral choices are divided into distinct realms, primarily on the basis of their impact on the well-being of others. Each realm has its own characteristic features, which suggest that different moral realms may be governed by different moral principles. If we are to develop an acceptable moral theory, then we must be sensitive to the distinct realms. The realms are first introduced informally using the notion of moral com- munity (Section 7.1). The differences between them are then explored more fully (Sections 7.2 and 7.3). The different realms are first characterized in terms of two broad categories of components of well-being: needs and goals. Subsequent sections explore the nature of goals, focusing on the ways goals differ from needs (Sections 7.4–7.7). The purpose of this discussion is to motivate the claim that, as goals differ from needs, we should expect the moral realm dealing with goals to differ from that concerned with needs. We then return to the notion of moral community, exploring its links with the distinction between needs and goals (Sections 7.8–7.13). In the next two chap- ters, this discussion forms the basis for a re-evaluation of the objections to Collective Consequentialism and Individual Consequentialism discussed in Parts Two and Three.
The Morality of Necessity
Authors: Mulgan Tim
Published: November 2023

This chapter revisits the discussions of Part Three in the light of the distinction between the two moral realms. This discussion will play three roles. It serves (1) to illustrate the significance of the different realms; (2) to explain why Individual Consequentialism fails; and (3) to show how Individual Consequentialist theories can nonetheless be successfully incorporated into the new Consequentialist moral theory to be developed in the next chapter.
Ethical Lntuitionism and The Motivation Problem
Authors: Darwall Stephen
Published: November 2023

In order, therefore, to prove that the measures of right and wrong are eternal laws, obligatory on every rational mind, it is not sufficient to shew the relations upon which they are founded: we must also point out the connexion betwixt the relation and the will; and must prove that this connexion is so necessary, that in every well-disposed mind, it must take place and have its influence.