bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No Pain Device: Empowering Personal Safety with an Artificial Intelligence-Based Nonviolence Embedded System
Authors: Giorgio Agostino
Published: May 2024

This paper presents the development of a novel anti-violence device titled “no pAIn” (an acronym for Never Oppressed Protected by Artificial Intelligence Nonviolence system), which harnesses the power of artificial intelligence (AI). Primarily designed to combat violence against women, the device offers personal safety benefits for individuals across diverse demographics. Operating autonomously, it necessitates no user interaction post-activation. The AI engine conducts real-time speech recognition and effectively discerns genuine instances of aggression from non-violent disputes or conversations. Facilitated by its Internet connectivity, in the event of detected aggression, the device promptly issues assistance requests with real-time precise geolocation tracking to predetermined recipients for immediate assistance. Its compact size enables discreet concealment within commonplace items like candy wrappers, purpose-built casings, or wearable accessories. The device is battery-operated. The prototype was developed using a microcontroller board (Arduino Nano RP2040 Connect), incorporating an omnidirectional microphone and Wi-Fi module, all at a remarkably low cost. Subsequent functionality testing, performed in debug mode using the Arduino IDE serial monitor, yielded successful results. The AI engine exhibited exceptional accuracy in word recognition, complemented by a robust logic implementation, rendering the device highly reliable in discerning genuine instances of aggression from non-violent scenarios.
Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential for Biogas Technology Adoption and Its Determinant Factors in Rural District of Limmu Kossa, Jimma, Ethiopia
Authors: Getaneh Ashenafi , Eba Kasahun , Tucho Gudina Terefe
Published: May 2024

Increasing clean energy access for the rural population of developing countries is a priority to meet the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals-Zero hunger and affordable modern/clean energy for all. Similarly, to meet this goal, Ethiopia moved towards the development of renewable energy. However, there is a limited knowledge on the biomass energy potential for biogas technology adoption at the local/district level. Thus, this study aimed at assessing the biomass energy potential for biogas technology adoption and its determinant factors among rural households in Limmu Kossa district, Ethiopia. Data was collected from 411 households from 13–24 June 2021. The quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical software Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23 and Microsoft Word-Excel. The qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. The study showed that over 96% of households rely on the traditional use of biomass energy for cooking. Nevertheless, on average, about 1 m3 of biogas energy can be potentially available from livestock dung and human excreta per household per day. However, the huge potential of biomass energy did not contribute to improved energy technologies such as biogas. The adoption of biogas is hampered by the non-functionality of the installed biogas, a lack of awareness, the availability of firewood, and the socio-economic characteristics of the households. Thus, improving the awareness of the community, arranging financial access, and training biogas technicians, especially from the local community, would increase the adoption of the technology. However, meeting the digester water demand with the water collected from the walking distances of 15–20 min can be challenging. Community-based biogas digesters or biogas involving income generation with a water supply around the digester would be a better and more sustainable option for biogas energy adoption and use.
Work-Related Flow in Career Sustainability
Authors: Nash Carol
Published: May 2024

Originated during the 1970s by psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, the theory of work-related flow has the following features: (1) the goals pursued are clear; (2) each action taken results in instantaneous feedback; (3) the skills required are equal to the challenges presented; (4) awareness and action for how to proceed are integrated; (5) consciousness is focused while distractions are ignored; (6) failure is not considered an option; (7) self-consciousness is non-existent; (8) time awareness is distorted; and (9) the engaged activity is the end in itself. According to research findings, it is the optimal work-related experience to sustain careers.
Teaching Clinical Reasoning to Veterinary Medical Learners with a Case Example
Authors: Carr Amanda (Mandi) Nichole , Ferlini Agne Gustavo , Kirkwood Roy Neville , Petrovski Kiro Risto
Published: May 2024

Clinical reasoning is an essential competence of veterinary graduands. It is a complex competence with cognitive, metacognitive, social, and situational activities. The literature on clinical reasoning in veterinary medical education is relatively scarce or focused on theoretical rather than practical applications. In this review, we address the practicality of teaching clinical reasoning to veterinary learners utilizing a practical example of a cow with allergic rhinitis. Learners should be guided through all the domains of clinical reasoning, including concepts, data collection and analysis, take action, and reflection on an encounter. Each of these domains needs to be clearly but concisely explained and practiced repeatedly by learners throughout the veterinary curricula. The teaching of clinical reasoning should start as early in the curriculum as possible, preferably in the pre-clinical years, with a gradual scaffolding and building of complexity before work-based learning begins, with an increase in demanding for advanced clinical reasoning competence. The teaching of clinical reasoning is best performed in specialized sessions and continued as a horizontally and vertically integrated activity.
Effects of Initial Small-Scale Material Nonlinearity on the Pre-Yield and Pre-Buckling Response of an Externally Pressurized Ring
Authors: Chaudhuri Reaz A. , Kim Deokjoo
Published: May 2024

The effects of initial small-scale material nonlinearity on the pre-yield and pre-buckling response of externally pressurized metallic (plane strain) perfect rings (very long cylindrical shells) is investigated. The cylindrically curved 16-node element, based on an assumed quadratic displacement field (in surface-parallel coordinates) and the assumption of linear distribution of displacements through thickness (LDT), is employed to obtain the discretized system equations. The effect of initial small-scale material nonlinearity (assumed hypo-elastic) on the deformation and stress in the pre-yield and pre-buckling regime of a very long relatively thin metallic cylindrical shell (plane strain ring) is numerically investigated. These numerical results demonstrate that the enhanced responses for metallic rings due to initial small-scale nonlinearity are significant enough to not miss attentions from designers and operators of submersibles alike.
Lithium Toxicity in Lepidium sativum L. Seedlings: Exploring Li Accumulation’s Impact on Germination, Root Growth, and DNA Integrity
Authors: Iannilli Valentina , D’Onofrio Gianluca , Marzi Davide , Passatore Laura , Pietrini Fabrizio , Massimi Lorenzo , Zacchini Massimo
Published: May 2024

The predicted increase in demand for minor metals for modern technologies raises major concerns regarding potential environmental concentration increases. Among the minor metals, lithium (Li) is particularly noteworthy due to growing demand for battery production. Concerns have been raised about the impact on biota of increasing Li concentrations in the environment. To expand the knowledge of the effects of Li on plants, garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.), a model plant for ecotoxicity assay, was tested in a 72 h test in Petri plates. The results showed a stimulation effect of Li at the lowest concentration (Li chloride 10 mg L−1) on seed germination and primary root elongation. Conversely, higher Li concentrations (50 and 150 mg L−1) caused a progressive impairment in both parameters. A genotoxic effect of Li on root cells, evaluated through the alkaline comet assay, was observed at each concentration tested, particularly at 150 mg L−1 Li chloride. Elemental analysis showed that Li accumulated in the seedlings in a dose–concentration relationship, confirming its ability to be readily absorbed and accumulated in plants. Given the likely increase in Li levels in the environment, further research is required to clarify the toxicity mechanisms induced by Li on growth and nucleic acids.
Analyzing the COVID-19 Transmission Dynamics in Acre, Brazil: An Ecological Study
Authors: Mendes Joseane Elza Tonussi , Daboin Blanca Elena Guerrero , Morais Tassiane Cristina , Bezerra Italla Maria Pinheiro , Cavalcanti Matheus Paiva Emidio , Riera Andres Ricardo Perez , Noll Matias , de Abreu Luiz Carlos
Published: May 2024

The north region of Brazil is characterized by significant vulnerabilities, notably surpassing national poverty indicators. These disparities exacerbated the impact of respiratory illnesses on the healthcare system during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in areas with limited healthcare resources, inadequate infrastructure, and barriers to healthcare access. The crisis was further influenced by multiple lineages that emerged as significant virus variants associated with increased transmissibility. Within this context, our ecological study focused on analyzing the epidemiological evolution of COVID-19 in the state of Acre. We constructed time-series trends in incidence, lethality, and mortality from March 2020 to December 2022 using the Prais–Winsten regression model. Our findings revealed that in 2020, there was an increasing trend in incidence, while mortality and lethality continued to decrease (p < 0.05). In the following year, both incidence and mortality decreased, while lethality increased at a rate of 1.02% per day. By the end of 2022, trends remained stationary across all rates. These results underscore the importance of ongoing surveillance and adaptive public health measures to bolster the resilience of healthcare systems in remote and vulnerable regions. Indeed, continuous monitoring of the most predominant SARS-CoV-2 lineages and their dynamics is imperative. Such proactive actions are essential for addressing emerging challenges and ensuring effective responses to adverse situations.
Molecular Detection of Phytophthora cinnamomi by RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a-Mediated Isothermal Amplification
Authors: Xu Xiaoqiao , Dai Tingting , Xiong Qin , Yang Jing , Zang Jiahui , Liu Tingli
Published: May 2024

Background: Phytophthora cinnamomi is one of the soil-borne pathogens that causes root rot and stem rot in many plants globally. P. cinnamomi has serious economic, social, and environmental impacts, threatening natural ecosystems and biodiversity. Methods: In this study, a molecular detection method based on Recombinant polymorphic amplification (RPA) combined using the CRISPR/Cas12a system was developed for P. cinnamomi. The method was found to be highly specific for P. cinnamomi. Results: The results showed that 10 P. cinnamomi isolates were positive; however, 21 Phytophthora species, 4 Phytopythium species, 18 fungal species, and 2 Bursaphelenchus species were negative. In total, 10 pg·µL−1 of P. cinnamomi genomic DNA can be detected. The detection process is performed within 20 min at 37 °C, which makes it fast and convenient for use. Discussion: In conclusion, the RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a system in this study is a promising tool for the rapid and sensitive detection of P. cinnamomi in plant samples.
A Study on Endogenous Inhibitors of Nitraria roborowskii Kom. Seeds
Authors: Ren Shangfu , Jiang Lamei , Lv Guanghui
Published: May 2024

Nitraria roborowskii Kom. seeds have deep dormancy characteristics. Under natural conditions, the germination rate of the seeds is low, and the germination time is long. Therefore, exploring the reasons for seed dormancy is highly important. The results showed that the extracts of the methanol phase, ethyl acetate phase, petroleum ether phase and water phase of N. roborowskii seeds all had a significant inhibitory effect on the germination rate and germination index of Brassica rapa seeds, among which the extract of the methanol phase had the strongest inhibitory effect, and the inhibitory effect decreased in the following order from the strongest to the weakest: methanol phase > ethyl acetate phase > petroleum ether phase > water phase. The components of the methanol phase, ethyl acetate phase and petroleum ether phase ether extracts of N. roborowskii seeds were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The experimental results showed that the organic phase extracts of N. roborowskii seeds contained a variety of inhibitory compounds, which included 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-dibutyl phthalate; 4-((1E)-3-hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol; 13-docosenamide, (Z)-; 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid; vanillin; 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol; and cyclohexane, ethyl-. The seeds of N. roborowskii contain a variety of endogenous inhibitors, which are the main reason for its seed dormancy.
Development of Integrated Control for Verticillium Wilt of Smoke Trees in Beijing
Authors: Li Bimeng , Guo Ruifeng , Zhao Yize , Li Qiyan , Song Lizhou , Shen Chong , Du Chenming , Gu Yuntao , Qiao Guanghang , Wang Liping , Yuan Fei , Huang Sanxiang , Wang Yonglin
Published: May 2024

Smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria) is an important ornamental tree that represents the autumnal landscape of red leaves in Northern China, especially in Beijing. However, Verticillium wilt, caused by the fungus (Verticillium dahliae), has resulted in a high mortality rate for smoke trees, posing a serious threat to the highly valued landscape of red leaves in Beijing. To explore an efficient control measure for Verticillium wilt, we systematically analyzed the applicability and efficacy of multiple treatments for three consecutive years in Xiangshan Park and Badaling Forest Park. From 2021 to 2023, diseased smoke trees in Xiangshan Park were subjected to three application methods (agent irrigation, trunk injection, or a combination of the two) and five candidate agents, namely Bacillus subtilis, azoxystrobin, propiconazole, carbendazim, and prochloraz. Analyses of the data for three consecutive years revealed a decreasing trend in the annual disease incidence rate. Specifically, the combined application of agent irrigation and trunk injection exhibited the highest control effect and a significant improvement in the landscape of red leaves in Beijing. Furthermore, the combination of propiconazole via irrigation plus the trunk injection of carbendazim and prochloraz had the greatest control effect. These suppressive measurements were further used and demonstrated to be effective in Badaling Forest Park. Overall, our study provides an effective disease management means for controlling Verticillium wilt in smoke trees.
Formation Mechanism of Tourists’ Pro-Environmental Behavior in Wuyishan National Park, China, Based on Ecological Values
Authors: Chen Youcheng , Zhang Sunbowen , Peng Peng , Fan Shuisheng , Liang Jingxuan , Ye Jing , Ma Yongqiang
Published: May 2024

The establishment of a new type of natural protected area system with national parks as the main body is an inevitable trend of current development, and it is also an important ways to build a more beautiful China. During tourist visits, the national park will promote a variety of ways to enhance the ecological values of tourists. Ecological values can strengthen tourists’ sense of identity, but their impact on tourists’ pro-environmental behavior is not discussed. Based on this, Wuyishan National Park, a world natural and cultural heritage, is selected as the case site, and the PLS-SEM analysis method is used. An empirical test was conducted on 358 valid samples collected in the field. The results show the following: (1) tourists’ ecological values and place identity can positively affect their pro-environmental behaviors; (2) place identity plays a mediating role between ecological values and tourists’ pro-environmental behavior; (3) place dependence and place identity play a chain mediating role between ecological values and tourists’ pro-environmental behavior; (4) according to the PLS-MGA test, gender and age can play a moderating role on the influence of ecological values on pro-environmental behavior. Therefore, the managers of national parks should pay attention to the cultivation of ecological values and consider tourist attraction, as well as formulating marketing strategies and other policy suggestions according to the different characteristics of tourists. The findings of this study offer both practical guidance and a theoretical underpinning for advancing ecological tourism within the framework of natural protected areas, with national parks playing a central role.
Using Acoustic Tomography to Model Wood Deterioration in Cedrelinga cateniformis Ducke in the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Cardenas-Rengifo Gloria P. , Baselly-Villanueva Juan Rodrigo , Chumbimune-Vivanco Sheyla Y. , Macedo-Ramírez Arturo T. , Salazar Evelin , Minaya Benjamín , Quintana Saron , Cabudivo Abrahan , Palma Stella S. A. , Álvarez-Álvarez Pedro , Ocaña-Reyes Jimmy A.
Published: May 2024

Forest plantations can be established in order to restore degraded areas. Acoustic tomography, which is of increasing importance in forest management, was used in the present study to obtain information for managing plantations of Cedrelinga cateniformis Ducke in the Peruvian Amazon. The species is valuable in the timber sector of Peru, but the core wood tends to deteriorate and develop cavities. The main objective of the study was to model wood deterioration in Cedrelinga cateniformis Ducke using the data obtained through acoustic tomography. Eight plantations of varying ages were analyzed using acoustic tomography in order to obtain indicators of wood deterioration. Biometric, climatic, and edaphic data (explanatory variables) were also measured in each plantation. The indicator variables and explanatory variables were compared and evaluated using correlation and principal component analysis. Wood deterioration was modelled using stepwise regression. The indicator variables differed significantly between plantations and were mainly correlated with the biometric variables (age and diameter at breast height). The models explained 81% of the variability of pith rot. The percentage rotten area was minimal in young plantations (1%), and the opposite was observed in mature trees (21.5 to 25.6%). The study findings provide valuable information, enabling foresters to determine the optimal age and diameter for felling Cedrelinga cateniformis in plantations in the Peruvian Amazon.
The Temporal and Spatial Evolution Characteristics of the Ecosystem Service Value and Conversion Rate in China’s Key State-Owned Forest Regions
Authors: Huang Xianqiao , Li Jingye , Ren Yue , Cao Yukun , Cao Bo
Published: May 2024

To achieve a sustainable development path that harmonizes ecological and economic considerations, China has advocated the “two mountains” concept: “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets”. This idea posits that those who protect the environment can economically benefit by selling pristine landscapes and utilizing rich ecological resources. This paper use “the equivalence factor method” to calculate ecological benefits, introduces a technical measure—the conversion rate of ecosystem service value—and analyzes its temporal and spatial evolution from 2003 to 2020 in the operational areas of 87 state-owned forestry enterprises in Northeast China. The findings show: (1) a significant improvement in ecosystem-service quality, with its value increasing from 404.7 to 850.2 billion CNY between 2003 and 2020. The restoration of the ecological environment in China’s KSFR provides a foundation for economic and social development. (2) A decrease in the economic gains derived by operators from developing protected ecosystems, with the most significant decline observed in economic benefits generated from the supply product, including timber harvesting. However, the industrial structure in KSFR shifted from being dominated by timber production to diversified development, with non-timber forest resources becoming an important part of regional economic growth. (3) Significant potential for realizing the value of ecosystem services, evidenced by an increasing trend in the conversion rates of cultural, regulatory, and supporting services. These findings underscore the effectiveness of China’s natural forest protection and restoration policies in optimizing forest ecology and realizing the “two mountains” concept through appropriate market transactions and ecological compensation mechanisms.
Comparison of QRNN and QRF Models in Forest Biomass Estimation Based on the Screening of VIs Using an Equidistant Quantile Method
Authors: Xu Xiao , Zhang Xiaoli , Shen Shouyun , Zhu Guangyu
Published: May 2024

The investigation of a potential correlation between the filtered-out vegetation index and forest aboveground biomass (AGB) using the conventional variables screening method is crucial for enhancing the estimation accuracy. In this study, we examined the Pinus densata forests in Shangri-La and utilized 31 variables to establish quantile regression models for the AGB across 19 quantiles. The key variables associated with biomass were based on their significant correlation with the AGB in different quantiles, and the QRNN and QRF models were constructed accordingly. Furthermore, the optimal quartile models yielding the minimum mean error were combined as the best QRF (QRFb) and QRNN (QRNNb). The results were as follows: (1) certain bands exhibited significant relationships with the AGB in specific quantiles, highlighting the importance of band selection. (2) The vegetation index involving the band of blue and SWIR was more suitable for estimating the Pinus densata. (3) Both the QRNN and QRF models demonstrated their optimal performance in the 0.5 quantiles, with respective R2 values of 0.68 and 0.7. Moreover, the QRNNb achieved a high R2 value of 0.93, while the QRFb attained an R2 value of 0.86, effectively reducing the underestimation and overestimation. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the variable screening methods that enhance estimation accuracy and mitigate underestimation and overestimation issues.
The Influence of Minimal Cultivation Techniques on Growth Rate of Robinia pseudacacia L. Seedlings
Authors: Drăghici Cristina , Abrudan Ioan Vasile , Hoble Adela , Enescu Raluca , Spârchez Gheorghe , Crăciunesc Iacob
Published: May 2024

The seed provenance, the type of substrate and its properties, as well as the watering regime in the first years after sowing are among the most important characteristics affecting the production of containerized seedlings. The objective of this study was to analyse the growth of black locust (Robinia pseudacacia L.) seedlings on different types of substrate (six mineral and two organic) with different textures and pHs under three different regimes of available water content (no-limiting, medium drought, severe drought) over a period of five months (May–October 2023), using seeds from three sources located in the southeast, south, and west of Romania. The highest seedling emergence rate (73.7%) was obtained for the medium seeds with 18.492 g weight (1000 seed weighs) (Bucharest provenance). Direct sowing in the field and containerized seedlings both showed a trend of growing in height during unlimited water and of growing in diameter during low watering. The lowest survival rate of seedlings (86.7%) occurred in the mineral substrate in the case of rendzina with additional sand (pH 8.70), and for the organic substrate, the lowest survival rate (87.0%) occurred for the peat MKS 3 substrate (pH 4.54).
Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Finland’s Boreal Forests and Types over the Past Four Decades
Authors: Wen Taixiang , Fu Wenxue , Li Xinwu
Published: May 2024

In the context of global warming, the study of the long-term spatial change characteristics of boreal forest cover is not only important for global climate change and sustainable development research but can also provide support for further research on the response of boreal forest changes to climate change. Using Landsat TM/OLI images from 1980 to 2020 as the data source and Google Earth Engine (GEE) as the platform, Finland was selected as the study area of boreal forests, and typical sample points of different features were chosen to classify forested and non-forested land using the random forest algorithm combined with spectral indices and classified feature sets of tasseled cap transform to obtain the four-phase forest cover change maps of the region. GEE test sample points and random selection points of images from the GF-2 and GF-7 satellites were used for verification. The classification accuracy was 97.17% and 88.9%. The five-phase forest cover images were segmented by a 2° latitude zone, and the spatial and temporal dynamic changes in forest cover in the whole area and each latitude zone were quantified by pixel superposition analysis. The results showed that, in the past 40 years, the boreal forest cover in Finland changed significantly, and the forest cover decreased from 75.79% to 65.36%, by 10.43%. Forest change mainly occurs in coniferous forests, whereas broadleaf forests are more stable. The forest coverage in each latitude zone decreased to varying degrees, with higher changes occurring in high-latitude areas above 64° N between 1980 and 2000, and higher and more severe changes occurring in low-latitude areas below 64° N between 2000 and 2020. Coniferous forests are the dominant type of forest in Finland, and the degradation of coniferous forests in the south is likely to become more severe, whereas the north and above is likely to become more favorable for coniferous forests. More monitoring and research are needed to follow up on the very different changes in the north and south regions.
FSNet: Enhancing Forest-Fire and Smoke Detection with an Advanced UAV-Based Network
Authors: Wu Donghua , Qian Zhongmin , Wu Dongyang , Wang Junling
Published: May 2024

Forest fires represent a significant menace to both the ecological equilibrium of forests and the safety of human life and property. Upon ignition, fires frequently generate billowing smoke. The prompt identification and management of fire sources and smoke can efficiently avert the occurrence of extensive forest fires, thereby safeguarding both forest resources and human well-being. Although drone patrols have emerged as a primary method for forest-fire prevention, the unique characteristics of forest-fire images captured from high altitudes present challenges. These include remote distances, small fire points, smoke targets with light hues, and complex, ever-changing background environments. Consequently, traditional target-detection networks frequently exhibit diminished accuracy when handling such images. In this study, we introduce a cutting-edge drone-based network designed for the detection of forest fires and smoke, named FSNet. To begin, FSNet employs the YOCO data-augmentation method to enhance image processing, thereby augmenting both local and overall diversity within forest-fire images. Next, building upon the transformer framework, we introduce the EBblock attention module. Within this module, we introduce the notion of “groups”, maximizing the utilization of the interplay between patch tokens and groups to compute the attention map. This approach facilitates the extraction of correlations among patch tokens, between patch tokens and groups, and among groups. This approach enables the comprehensive feature extraction of fire points and smoke within the image, minimizing background interference. Across the four stages of the EBblock, we leverage a feature pyramid to integrate the outputs from each stage, thereby mitigating the loss of small target features. Simultaneously, we introduce a tailored loss function, denoted as Lforest, specifically designed for FSNet. This ensures the model’s ability to learn effectively and produce high-quality prediction boxes. We assess the performance of the FSNet model across three publicly available forest-fire datasets, utilizing mAP, Recall, and FPS as evaluation metrics. The outcomes reveal that FSNet achieves remarkable results: on the Flame, Corsican, and D-Fire datasets, it attains mAP scores of 97.2%, 87.5%, and 94.3%, respectively, with Recall rates of 93.9%, 87.3%, and 90.8%, respectively, and FPS values of 91.2, 90.7, and 92.6, respectively. Furthermore, extensive comparative and ablation experiments validate the superior performance of the FSNet model.
New Data on Phytochemical and Morphophysiological Characteristics of Platycladus orientalis L. Franco and Thuja occidentalis L. Conifer Trees in Polluted Urban Areas of Kazakhstan
Authors: Yerezhepova Nurgul , Kurmanbayeva Meruyert , Terletskaya Nina , Zhumagul Moldir , Kebert Marko , Rašeta Milena , Gafforov Yusufjon , Jalmakhanbetova Roza , Razhanov Medeu
Published: May 2024

The adaptive potential of plants in urban environments, responding to factors like air pollution, electromagnetic radiation, and specific microclimates, remains insufficiently understood. Our study focused on two evergreen Cupressaceae family species, Thuja occidentalis L. and Platycladus orientalis L. Franco, which are commonly found in Kazakhstan’s urban landscapes. Conducted in Almaty, one of Kazakhstan’s most polluted cities, our comparative analysis examined the anatomical features, photosynthetic activity, and secondary metabolite composition of these conifers. Both species exhibited xeromorphic traits, such as submerged stomata, resin passages, and a prominent leaf cuticle. T. occidentalis displayed higher photosynthetic activity values (quantum yield of photosystem II (YII), electron transport rate (ETR), and quantum yield of non-photochemical quenching (Y(NPQ))) than P. orientalis, while P. orientalis exhibited a higher quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation in PSII (Y(NO)) values. Chemical analysis revealed 31 components in T. occidentalis and 33 in P. orientalis, with T. occidentalis containing three times more thujone (16.42% and 5.18%, respectively) and a higher monosaccharide content (17.33% and 6.98%, respectively). T. occidentalis also contained 14.53% steroids, whereas P. orientalis showed no steroid presence. The cytotoxic activity of essential oils was determined by the survival of Artemia salina aquatic crustaceans, whereas tested essential oils from both species exhibited acute lethal toxicity to A. salina aquatic crustaceans across all tested concentrations. The connection between physiological traits, adaptation strategies, and cytotoxic effects offers a comprehensive view of the ecological and pharmacological importance of these two observed conifer species, highlighting their diverse roles in urban environments, as well as their potential medical uses.
Analysis of the Genetic Diversity and Mating System of the Endangered Plant Keteleeria davidiana var. calcarea
Authors: Pan Xinfeng , Qin Huizhen , Jiang Haidu , Peng Lihui , Yang Yishan , Tang Jianmin , Zou Rong , Chen Zongyou , Wei Xiao , Chai Shengfeng
Published: May 2024

Keteleeria davidiana var. calcarea is an endangered plant endemic to China. It is mainly distributed in the karst areas of the Guangxi and Guizhou Provinces. It is characterized by small populations and intermittent distribution. This study aimed to explore the genetic diversity and mating system of wild populations of Keteleeria davidiana var. calcarea in fragmented habitats. To achieve this, we genotyped 46 maternal trees and 214 progenies from four fragmented populations of Keteleeria davidiana var. calcarea using nine pairs of microsatellite primers. The genetic diversity of Keteleeria davidiana var. calcarea (Ho = 0.68, He = 0.63) was lower than that of the species overall but higher than that of other Keteleeria plants. The incidence of unbiased expected heterozygosity (uHe) and allelic richness (Ar) was higher in the maternal generation than in the progeny. This suggests that the genetic diversity of the progeny was lower than that of the maternal generation. Keteleeria davidiana var. calcarea is divided into four populations, but there is significant genetic exchange between the populations according to STRUCTURE and gene flow analyses. The multilocus mating system analysis (MLTR) results indicate that the multilocus outcrossing rate (tm) was 0.902, the single-locus outcrossing rate (ts) was 0.606, the bimaternal inbreeding coefficient (tm-ts) was 0.295, and the coefficient of inbreeding depression(δ) was 0.904. These results suggest a certain degree of selfing and inbreeding in Keteleeria davidiana var. calcarea. To prevent problems associated with inbreeding and conserve the genetic diversity of Keteleeria davidiana var. calcarea, we recommend establishing seed gardens, using artificial pollination, and employing asexual propagation techniques for conservation intervention.
Assessing the Residual Stand Damage after Thinning with Different Levels of Mechanization
Authors: Lee Eunjai , Lee Sang-Tae , Mun Ho-Seong , Chung Sanghoon , Oh Jae-Heun
Published: May 2024

Thinning is a silvicultural process in which trees are both harvested selectively and systematically removed from a stand to enhance forest management and ecosystem dynamics. However, this practice is challenged by the mechanical damage to residual trees, and the nature of this damage, particularly on stand damage during mechanized row-thinning and manual selective thinning, in South Korea is unknown. Therefore, objectives of this study were to compare stand damage levels and wound characteristics between three different thinning operations: manual selective, manual row-, and mechanized row-thinning. After thinning, 12%, 15%, and 10% of the residual damaged trees were observed in manual selective, manual row-, and mechanized row-thinning, respectively. Both types of row-thinning predominantly demonstrated damages at the stem and butt region, whereas in manual selective thinning, the most of the damages occurred on the roots. Manual selective thinning exhibited a slightly larger average wound size (207 cm2) compared to mechanized row- (181 cm2) and manual row-thinning (165 cm2). The wound sizes on the stem in mechanized row-thinning were significantly higher than manual selective (p < 0.05). These results may be helpful in understanding exposure to damage among different thinning types and in managing its occurrence in future practices.
Temporal Dynamics of Canopy Properties and Carbon and Water Fluxes in a Temperate Evergreen Angiosperm Forest
Authors: Renchon Alexandre A. , Haverd Vanessa , Trudinger Cathy M. , Medlyn Belinda E. , Griebel Anne , Metzen Daniel , Knauer Jürgen , Boer Matthias M. , Pendall Elise
Published: May 2024

The forest–atmosphere exchange of carbon and water is regulated by meteorological conditions as well as canopy properties such as leaf area index (LAI, m2 m−2), photosynthetic capacity (PC μmol m−2 s−1), or surface conductance in optimal conditions (Gs,opt, mmol m−2 s−1), which can vary seasonally and inter-annually. This variability is well understood for deciduous species but is poorly characterized in evergreen forests. Here, we quantify the seasonal dynamics of a temperate evergreen eucalypt forest with estimates of LAI, litterfall, carbon and water fluxes, and meteorological conditions from measurements and model simulations. We merged MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) values with site-based LAI measurements to establish a 17-year sequence of monthly LAI. We ran the Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange model (CABLE-POP (version r5046)) with constant and varying LAI for our site to quantify the influence of seasonal canopy dynamics on carbon and water fluxes. We observed that the peak of LAI occurred in late summer–early autumn, with a higher and earlier peak occurring in years when summer rainfall was greater. Seasonality in litterfall and allocation of net primary productivity (FNPP) to leaf growth (af, 0–1) drove this pattern, suggesting a complete renewal of the canopy before the timing of peak LAI. Litterfall peaked in spring, followed by a high af in summer, at the end of which LAI peaked, and PC and Gs,opt reached their maximum values in autumn, resulting from a combination of high LAI and efficient mature leaves. These canopy dynamics helped explain observations of maximum gross ecosystem production (FGEP) in spring and autumn and net ecosystem carbon loss in summer at our site. Inter-annual variability in LAI was positively correlated with Net Ecosystem Production (FNEP). It would be valuable to apply a similar approach to other temperate evergreen forests to identify broad patterns of seasonality in leaf growth and turnover. Because incorporating dynamic LAI was insufficient to fully capture the dynamics of FGEP, observations of seasonal variation in photosynthetic capacity, such as from solar-induced fluorescence, should be incorporated in land surface models to improve ecosystem flux estimates in evergreen forests.
The Significance of Tree Height as a Predictor of Tree Mortality during Bark Beetle Outbreaks in a Small Catchment
Authors: Schmidt Susanne I. , Fluksová Hana , Grill Stanislav , Kopáček Jiří
Published: May 2024

Bark beetle outbreaks damage forests and kill trees worldwide, but many aspects of their dynamics remain unexplained. Our aim was to identify predictors for individual tree deaths within the small (0.7 km2) Plešné Lake catchment in the Šumava National Park in southwestern Czechia. Within this area, >60,000 trees were geo-referenced and categorized from ten aerial images (20 cm spatial resolution) between 2000 and 2015. For each year for which aerial images were available, we calculated tree densities of different categories and diameters. Tree height was evaluated by means of LiDAR in two terrestrial campaigns (2010 and 2011). A machine learning technique was then used to evaluate the most important variables. The resulting relationships were largely nonlinear and differed among years; however, individual trait tree height proved to be the most influential variable in each year. Higher trees were more likely to have died during either the undisturbed phase (2000 and 2003), the disturbed phase (2005–2011), or the recovery phase (2013). Our results indicate that salvage logging may not be the most effective measure for protecting trees in small catchments.
Nutritional and Organoleptic Characteristics of Sausage Based on an Autochthonous Ecuatorian Fish, Old Blue (Andinoacara rivulatus)
Authors: Medina Marlene , García-Gimeno Rosa M. , Neira-Mosquera Juan Alejandro , Barrera Alexandra , Posada-Izquierdo Guiomar Denisse
Published: May 2024

The consumption of fisheries and aquaculture products has been increasing in recent decades, and it is necessary to strike a balance between production and sustainability in aquaculture; this is essential homework to support the demand for human food. This study aimed to investigate the sensory and nutritional characteristics of a sausage made from the fillet of the native fish Old Blue (Andinoacara rivulatus) to stimulate the local economy. A multifactorial A*B*C design was used, with Factor A being rearing systems (wild and farmed), Factor B being types of protein (quinoa meal and soybean meal), and Factor C being lipids of animal (pork fat) and vegetable (sunflower oil) origin. Highly significant differences were observed in all formulas, according to Tukey (p < 0.05). The highest protein percentage was with soybean flour at 11.24%, while quinoa flour had 10.80% of the product. In sensory characteristics, the best attributes were for texture in the mouth with a hedonic scale from 0 to 5, with 4.2 firmness being mostly acceptable, odor at 4.5, the aromatic attribute with the highest and best value, and color was the clearest at 4.3 acceptability. The flavor was 4.3, mostly more pleasant according to the tasters. The yield of farmed fillets was 23.16% compared to wild 13.89%, and the balance of sausage yield was 393 g with a yield of 76.33% of the total weight. Microbiological analysis of the sausage with the native species showed the absence of pathogenic microorganisms. A commercial shelf life of 30 days was also established for the sausage, demonstrating an added value through this processing, allowing its exploitation in areas further away from the fishing sites and, thus, a greater possibility of social development in the area.
Total Iodine Quantification and In Vitro Bioavailability Study in Abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Doh Hansol , Lee Min Hyeock
Published: May 2024

The aim of this study is to determine the total iodine content in Korean abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) and to investigate the bioavailability of iodine using an in vitro method. This research paper focuses on total iodine quantification in abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) and its components (viscera and muscle) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Additionally, an in vitro bioavailability study explored iodine absorption potential. Abalone pretreatment involved both the European standard method (ES) and microwave-assisted extraction method (MAE). The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.11 ng/g for both ES and MAE, with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 5.4 ng/g for MAE. Accuracy, assessed using a reference material (fish muscle, ERM—BB422), showed values of 1.5 ± 0.010 mg/kg for ES and 1.6 ± 0.066 mg/kg for MAE, within an acceptable range of 1.4 ± 0.42 mg/kg. Precision, evaluated using the Horwitz ratio (HorRat) with a reference material, was determined to be 0.45 for ES and 0.27 for MAE. Therefore, total iodine contents were estimated as 74 ± 2.2 µg/g for abalone viscera and 17 ± 0.77 µg/g for abalone muscle with ES, and 76 ± 1.0 µg/g for abalone viscera and 17 ± 0.51 µg/g for abalone muscle with MAE. Recovery tests demonstrated an acceptable range of 90–110%. In the in vitro bioavailability assessment, digestion efficiency yielded ranges of 42–50.2% for viscera and 67–115% for muscle. Absorption efficiency variations were determined as 37–43% for viscera and 48–75% for muscle.
Green Consumer Profiling and Online Shopping of Imperfect Foods: Extending UTAUT with Web-Based Label Quality for Misshapen Organic Produce
Authors: Oktaviani Rara Dwi , Naruetharadhol Phaninee , Padthar Siraphat , Ketkaew Chavis
Published: May 2024

Misshapen organic vegetables in the food supply chain can easily be discarded in the market if they do not meet aesthetic standards. E-commerce technology enables the distribution of imperfect organic produce from farmers to potential customers, mitigating agri-food waste issues. Green consumers are prospective customers of imperfect produce because their purchasing decisions are made based on sustainability and environmental considerations. However, each individual’s degree of green consumption differs, impacting their preferences and behaviors toward green buying activity. Considering the gap between the varying levels of green consumers and their intention to purchase imperfect organic produce through e-commerce, this study aimed to profile three distinct green consumers and explore factors affecting their Online Green Purchase Intention (OGPI) for imperfect organic vegetables. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) was applied in this study, and Web-Based Label Quality (WLQ) was introduced as an extended construct to describe green consumers’ perceptions of the credibility and reliability of labels or product-related information displayed on e-commerce platforms. This study involved 668 internet users from environmental platforms and online communities of organic food enthusiasts. First, the consumers were classified into dark-green, semi/light green, and non-green using a cluster analysis approach. Then, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Multi-Group Analysis (MGA) were employed to determine the factors affecting OGPI among green consumer groups. This research found that Performance Expectancy (PE), Social Influence (SI), and WLQ positively influenced dark-green consumers’ online green purchase intention. Only Performance Expectancy (PE) positively affected semi/light-green consumers’ OGPI. Meanwhile, the Facilitating Condition (FC) positively affected non-green consumers’ online green purchase intentions. This research revealed dark-green consumers as the target segment, broadening customers’ perspectives on accepting imperfect organic products, including e-commerce technology. Moreover, the research results can be utilized for marketing and business purposes and contribute to food policy.
Evaluation of the Genotoxicity of Almond Hull: Implications for Its Use as a Novel Food Ingredient
Authors: Yao Yuyang , Liu Juer , Miao Qiming , Zhu Xinyue , Hua Wei , Zhang Na , Huang Guangwei , Lin Xiangyang , Mi Shengquan , Cheng Yanling , Ruan Roger
Published: May 2024

Almond hull, a substantial byproduct comprising more than half of almond fresh weight, has recently gained attention due to its functionality and sustainability benefits. Despite heightened interest, information regarding its toxicity remains limited. In order to assess its genotoxic potential, we conducted Good Laboratory Practice-compliant in vitro and in vivo studies following Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. No evidence of toxicity or mutagenicity was observed in a bacterial reverse mutation assay using five tester strains, evaluating almond hull at concentrations up to 5 mg/plate, with or without metabolic activation. Almond hull did not induce chromosome structural damage in a chromosome aberration assay using Chinese hamster ovary cells, nor did it cause any spermatogonial chromosomal aberration in tested male BALB/c mice. To evaluate its ability to induce DNA damage in rodents, a combined micronucleus assay was conducted in KM mice of both sexes. Almond hull was administered at doses of 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg/day via gavage once daily for 2 days. No adverse effects of almond hull were observed in the micronucleus assay. Our results indicate no evidence of the genotoxic potential of almond hull administered up to the maximum concentrations of 5 g/kg, as recommended by OECD guidelines.
The Technological Impact on Employment in Spain between 2023 and 2035
Authors: Chemlal Oussama , Benomar Wafaa
Published: May 2024

The objective of this work is to predict the impact of technology on employment demand by profession in Spain between 2023 and 2035. The evaluation of this effect involved the comparison of two scenarios: a trend scenario obtained by predicting the evolution of occupations in demand and a technological scenario anticipated in the case of technological progress. To accomplish this goal, a new approach was developed in the present study based on previous research. Thus, we estimated the proportion of jobs likely to be automated using a task-based approach. Each occupation was examined based on its components to determine the degree to which these tasks could be automated. The results suggest that technology may influence job demand but with low percentages (between 3% and 5% for both low- and high-qualified workers) in the long term. However, job losses are greater in absolute difference in low-skilled professions, where a great share of the labor force is engaged.