bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating and Comparing Human Perceptions of Streets in Two Megacities by Integrating Street-View Images, Deep Learning, and Space Syntax
Authors: Lei Yalun , Zhou Hongtao , Xue Liang , Yuan Libin , Liu Yigang , Wang Meng , Wang Chuan
Published: June 2024

Street quality plays a crucial role in promoting urban development. There is still no consensus on how to quantify human street quality perception on a large scale or explore the relationship between street quality and street composition elements. This study investigates a new approach for evaluating and comparing street quality perception and accessibility in Shanghai and Chengdu, two megacities with distinct geographic characteristics, using street-view images, deep learning, and space syntax. The result indicates significant differences in street quality perception between Shanghai and Chengdu. In Chengdu, there is a curvilinear distribution of the highest positive perceptions along the riverfront space and a radioactive spatial distribution of the highest negative perceptions along the ring road and main roads. Shanghai displays a fragmented cross-aggregation and polycentric distribution of the streets with the highest positive and negative perceptions. Thus, it is reasonable to hypothesize that street quality perception closely correlates with the urban planning and construction process of streets. Moreover, we used multiple linear regression to explain the relationship between street quality perception and street elements. The results show that buildings in Shanghai and trees, pavement, and grass in Chengdu were positively associated with positive perceptions. Walls in both Shanghai and Chengdu show a consistent positive correlation with negative perceptions and a consistent negative correlation with other positive perceptions, and are most likely to contribute to the perception of low street quality. Ceilings were positively associated with negative perceptions in Shanghai but are not the major street elements in Chengdu, while the grass is the opposite of the above results. Our research can provide a cost-effective and rapid solution for large-scale, highly detailed urban street quality perception assessments to inform human-scale urban planning.
Influence of Oxidation Temperature on the Regeneration of a Commercial Pt-Sn/Al2O3 Propane Dehydrogenation Catalyst
Authors: Zhang Chao , Tao Mingliang , Sui Zhijun , An Nihong , Shen Yafeng , Zhou Xinggui
Published: June 2024

In the propane dehydrogenation process, the structure and catalytic performance stability of the catalyst are determined by its regeneration process, which includes oxidation of coke and oxychlorination to redisperse the supported metal particles. A commercial Pt-Sn catalyst was used in this work to investigate the impact of oxidation temperature on oxychlorination performance. The catalysts after oxidation and oxychlorination were characterized by H2-TPR, CO-DRIFTS, HAADF-STEM, XPS, and CO chemisorption. It was found that mild sintering of Pt occurred during oxidation in the temperature range of 550–650 °C, and the catalyst could be fully restored in the subsequent oxychlorination treatment. Upon oxidation of the catalyst at 700 °C, a severe aggregation of Pt and SnOx could be observed, and the catalyst could not be fully regenerated under the given oxychlorination conditions. However, PDH catalyst deactivation caused by sintering is not irreversible. By tailoring the oxychlorination conditions, the detrimental effect of high oxidation temperature on regeneration could be ruled out. During the oxidation and oxychlorination treatment, the metal tends to migrate to anchor on sites with stronger metal–support interaction, which was helpful for enhancing the catalytic activity.
A Modern Diagnostic Procedure—The Introduction of Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Romanian Emergency Physicians’ Daily Routine
Authors: Bouros George-Catalin , Popa Tudor Ovidiu , Nedelea Paul Lucian , Manolescu Emilian , Haisan Anca , Roca Iulia , Morosanu Petruta , Hauta Alexandra , Grigorasi Gabriela , Corlade-Andrei Mihaela , Cimpoesu Diana
Published: June 2024

Background: Emergency medicine in Romania has developed fast since inception. The need for faster diagnostic capabilities due to the high workload pre- and in-hospital made point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) a logical next step. The advantages of POCUS are well known, but implementation presents challenges. Our goal was to study how a straightforward method of implementation would work locally. Methods: Two prospective observational studies were conducted at 6 months (prehospital) and 4 months (in-hospital). The protocol used was extended focused assessment sonography in trauma (eFAST), and the shock index (SI) was used to stratify patients. Voluntary sampling was conducted by emergency physicians. The primary outcomes were patient numbers, type of case use, results, and accuracy. Results: The prehospital study registered 34 patients: 41% traumas, 35% cardiac arrest, 18% shock, and 6% acute respiratory distress. The in-hospital study patients were 78: 36% traumas, 6% cardiac arrests, 41% shock, and 17% acute respiratory distress. A total of 88.5% of the cases were confirmed with definitive imagistic findings. Conclusion: The studies mark an increase in POCUS usage and use in complicated cases. Providing supervision and feedback into clinical practice resulted in a further increase in POCUS usage, the second study having an 88.5% accuracy when compared to the final diagnostic proving the increased efficiency of a longitudinal training approach.
A Machine Learning Model for the Prediction of COVID-19 Severity Using RNA-Seq, Clinical, and Co-Morbidity Data
Authors: Sethi Sahil , Shakyawar Sushil , Reddy Athreya S. , Patel Jai Chand , Guda Chittibabu
Published: June 2024

The premise for this study emanated from the need to understand SARS-CoV-2 infections at the molecular level and to develop predictive tools for managing COVID-19 severity. With the varied clinical outcomes observed among infected individuals, creating a reliable machine learning (ML) model for predicting the severity of COVID-19 became paramount. Despite the availability of large-scale genomic and clinical data, previous studies have not effectively utilized multi-modality data for disease severity prediction using data-driven approaches. Our primary goal is to predict COVID-19 severity using a machine-learning model trained on a combination of patients’ gene expression, clinical features, and co-morbidity data. Employing various ML algorithms, including Logistic Regression (LR), XGBoost (XG), Naïve Bayes (NB), and Support Vector Machine (SVM), alongside feature selection methods, we sought to identify the best-performing model for disease severity prediction. The results highlighted XG as the superior classifier, with 95% accuracy and a 0.99 AUC (Area Under the Curve), for distinguishing severity groups. Additionally, the SHAP analysis revealed vital features contributing to prediction, including several genes such as COX14, LAMB2, DOLK, SDCBP2, RHBDL1, and IER3-AS1. Notably, two clinical features, the absolute neutrophil count and Viremia Categories, emerged as top contributors. Integrating multiple data modalities has significantly improved the accuracy of disease severity prediction compared to using any single modality. The identified features could serve as biomarkers for COVID-19 prognosis and patient care, allowing clinicians to optimize treatment strategies and refine clinical decision-making processes for enhanced patient outcomes.
Glaucoma Detection through a Novel Hyperspectral Imaging Band Selection and Vision Transformer Integration
Authors: Wang Ching-Yu , Nguyen Hong-Thai , Fan Wen-Shuang , Lue Jiann-Hwa , Saenprasarn Penchun , Chen Meei-Maan , Huang Shuan-Yu , Lin Fen-Chi , Wang Hsiang-Chen
Published: June 2024

Conventional diagnostic methods for glaucoma primarily rely on non-dynamic fundus images and often analyze features such as the optic cup-to-disc ratio and abnormalities in specific retinal locations like the macula and fovea. However, hyperspectral imaging techniques focus on detecting alterations in oxygen saturation within retinal vessels, offering a potentially more comprehensive approach to diagnosis. This study explores the diagnostic potential of hyperspectral imaging for glaucoma by introducing a novel hyperspectral imaging conversion technique. Digital fundus images are transformed into hyperspectral representations, allowing for a detailed analysis of spectral variations. Spectral regions exhibiting differences are identified through spectral analysis, and images are reconstructed from these specific regions. The Vision Transformer (ViT) algorithm is then employed for classification and comparison across selected spectral bands. Fundus images are used to identify differences in lesions, utilizing a dataset of 1291 images. This study evaluates the classification performance of models using various spectral bands, revealing that the 610–780 nm band outperforms others with an accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC-ROC all approximately at 0.9007, indicating its superior effectiveness for the task. The RGB model also shows strong performance, while other bands exhibit lower recall and overall metrics. This research highlights the disparities between machine learning algorithms and traditional clinical approaches in fundus image analysis. The findings suggest that hyperspectral imaging, coupled with advanced computational techniques such as the ViT algorithm, could significantly enhance glaucoma diagnosis. This understanding offers insights into the potential transformation of glaucoma diagnostics through the integration of hyperspectral imaging and innovative computational methodologies.
Enhancing Quality Appointment, Preparation and Support System for Malaysian Principals
Authors: Kenayathulla Husaina Banu , Ghani Muhammad Faizal A. , Radzi Norfariza Mohd
Published: June 2024

Educational leaders in the 21st century are under increasing pressure since they need to consistently upskill and reskill themselves so that they can adapt to rapid changes and be prepared to improve the quality of future education, as well as meet the demands of diverse stakeholders. Previous studies in the Malaysian context mostly focused on leadership training for newly appointed school principals, but there has not been much emphasis on continuous professional development for school leaders. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the appointment, preparation, and support system for Malaysian principals. In this study, a qualitative methodology has been applied, which involves document analysis based on policy documents, media, and previously published journal articles. The findings suggest that internal and external supports are currently being provided to principals. However, it proposes a wider framework of support for principals comprising internal and external support, including smart partnerships with diverse stakeholders such as industries, non-profit organizations, and international counterparts. The results provide insights to policymakers on the importance of consistently supporting school leaders to upskill with multifaceted skills to perform multiple functions, such as technological, economic, social, cultural, political, and learning leadership.
Verifiable Additive Homomorphic Secret Sharing with Dynamic Aggregation Support
Authors: Wang Sinan , Peng Changgen , Deng Xinxin , Peng Zongfeng , Chen Qihong
Published: June 2024

(n,m,t)-Homomorphic Secret Sharing (HSS) allows n clients to share data secretly to m servers, which compute a function f homomorphically on the received secretly shared data while restricting the input data acquired by a collection of t servers to private ones. In Verifiable Homomorphic Secret Sharing (VHSS), if there are partially colluding malicious servers submitting erroneous computation results to the client, such erroneous computation results will be rejected by the client. In traditional static homomorphic secret sharing schemes, once a secret share of raw data is assigned to a group of servers, then all servers in the group must participate in the computation, which means that the computation has to be restarted once some servers fail to perform the task. In order to solve the above problem, we propose the first dynamic homomorphic secret sharing scheme for additive computation in this paper. In our scheme, once some servers fail, there is no need to recalculate the secret sharing but only the need to reissue the index set of servers that perform the computation, Our structure assigns more computation to the servers, which is very useful in real scenarios. In addition, we propose dynamic verifiable homomorphic secret sharing schemes based on the above schemes, which have less computational overhead compared to the existing schemes, although we sacrifice the public verifiability property. Finally, we give a detailed correctness, security, and verifiability analysis of the two proposed schemes and provide the theoretical and experimental evaluation results of the computational overhead.
Potentials of Polyacrylonitrile Substitution by Lignin for Continuous Manufactured Lignin/Polyacrylonitrile-Blend-Based Carbon Fibers
Authors: Wolz Daniel Sebastian Jens , Seidel-Greiff Robert , Behnisch Thomas , Kruppke Iris , Kuznik Irina , Bertram Paul , Jäger Hubert , Gude Maik , Cherif Chokri
Published: June 2024

While carbon fibers (CFs) are still the most attractive reinforcement material for lightweight structures, they are mostly manufactured using crude oil-based process chains. To achieve a higher eco-efficiency, the partial substitution of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) by renewable materials, such as lignin, is investigated. So far, this investigation has only been carried out for batch manufacturing studies, neglecting the transfer and validation to continuous CF manufacturing. Therefore, this work is the first to investigate the possibility of partial substituting lignin for PAN in a continuous process. Lignin/PAN-blended CFs with up to 15 wt.-% lignin were able to attain mechanical properties comparable to unmodified PAN-based carbon fibers, achieving tensile strengths of up to 2466 MPa and a Young’s Modulus of 200 Pa. In summary, this study provides the basis for continuous Lignin/PAN-blended CF manufacturing.
Effects of Fermented Navel Orange Pulp on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality, Meat Nutritional Value, and Serum Biochemical Indicators of Finishing Tibetan Pigs
Authors: Xu Chuanhui , Xiong Pingwen , Song Wenjing , Song Qiongli , Hu Yan , Song Tongxing , Ji Huayuan , Chen Xiaolian , Zou Zhiheng
Published: June 2024

In order to cope with the limited supply of feed for global animal production, there is a pressing need to explore alternative feed resources. Orange pulp, a by-product of agriculture and industry, has shown potential to positively or neutrally impact pig productive performance when included in their diet. However, there is a lack of research on the effects of fermented navel orange pulp (FNOP) on pig growth and productive performance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of FNOP as a dry matter substitute on pig’s growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, meat nutritional value, and serum biochemical indicators. The experiment involved 128 finishing Tibetan pigs, divided into four feed treatment groups, with varying levels (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%) of FNOP replacing dry matter in the basal diet. The results indicate that substituting 5% to 15% FNOP had no adverse effects on pig growth performance. However, at a 15% substitution rate, there was a decrease in serum growth hormone and IGF-1 levels, along with an increase in the feed-to-gain ratio. A 10% FNOP replacement notably increased the loin-eye muscle area of pigs. Additionally, 5% and 10% FNOP substitutions reduced the drip loss of pork. The study also found that substituting 5% to 15% FNOP increased unsaturated fatty acids and umami nucleotide contents in pork and raised serum total protein and uric acid (nucleotide-metabolism-related product) levels. These findings suggest that moderate FNOP substitution might improve meat quality, nutritional value, and maintain growth and productive performance in Tibetan pigs by improving protein synthesis and nucleotide metabolism, while also reducing feed costs. The optimal substitution ratio identified was 10%.
Prunin Laurate Derived from Natural Substances Shows Antibacterial Activity against the Periodontal Pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Wada Erika , Ito Chiharu , Shinohara Mai , Handa Satoshi , Maetani Miki , Yasugi Mayo , Miyake Masami , Sakamoto Tatsuji , Yazawa Ayaka , Kamitani Shigeki
Published: June 2024

Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease caused by infection with periodontopathogenic bacteria. Oral care is essential to prevent and control periodontal disease, which affects oral and systemic health. However, many oral hygiene products currently on the market were developed as disinfectants, and their intense irritation makes their use difficult for young children and older people. This study investigated the antibacterial effects of prunin laurate (Pru-C12) and its analogs on periodontopathogenic bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). Pru-C12 and its analogs inhibited in vitro bacterial growth at more than 10 μM and biofilm formation at 50 µM. Among its analogs, only Pru-C12 showed no cytotoxicity at 100 µM. Three of the most potent inhibitors also inhibited the formation of biofilms. Furthermore, Pru-C12 inhibited alveolar bone resorption in a mouse experimental periodontitis model by P. gingivalis infection. These findings may be helpful in the development of oral hygiene products for the prevention and control of periodontal disease and related disorders.
A Supermassive Binary Black Hole Candidate in Mrk 501
Authors: Magallanes-Guijón Gustavo , Mendoza Sergio
Published: June 2024

Using multifrequency observations, from radio to γ-rays of the blazar Mrk 501, we constructed their corresponding light curves and built periodograms using RobPer and Lomb–Scargle algorithms. Long-term variability was also studied using the power density spectrum and the detrended function analysis. Using the software VARTOOLS Version 1.40, we also computed the analysis of variance, box-least squares and discrete fourier transform. The result of these techniques showed an achromatic periodicity ≲229d. This, combined with the result of pink-color noise in the spectra, led us to propose that the periodicity was produced via a secondary eclipsing supermassive binary black hole orbiting the primary one locked inside the central engine of Mrk 501. We built a relativistic eclipsing model of this phenomenon using Jacobi elliptical functions, finding a periodic relativistic eclipse occurring every ∼224d in all the studied wavebands. This implies that the frequency of the emitted gravitational waves falls slightly above 0.1 mHz, well within the operational range of the upcoming LISA space-based interferometer, and as such, these gravitational waves must be considered as a prime science target for future LISA observations.
Traffic Flow Prediction Based on Federated Learning and Spatio-Temporal Graph Neural Networks
Authors: Feng Jian , Du Cailing , Mu Qi
Published: June 2024

In response to the insufficient consideration of spatio-temporal dependencies and traffic pattern similarity in traffic flow prediction methods based on federated learning, as well as the neglect of model heterogeneity and objective heterogeneity, a traffic flow prediction model based on federated learning and spatio-temporal graph neural networks is proposed. The model is divided into two stages. In the road network division stage, the traffic road network is divided into subnetworks by the dynamic time warping algorithm and the K-means algorithm, to ensure the same subnetwork has the similar traffic flow pattern. The federated learning stage is divided into two sub-stages. In the local training phase, the spatio-temporal graph neural network with an attention mechanism is utilized to create personalized models and meme models to capture the spatio-temporal dependencies of each subnetwork. At the same time, deep mutual learning is utilized to address model heterogeneity and objective heterogeneity through knowledge distillation. In the global aggregation phase, a multi-factor weighted aggregation strategy is designed to measure the contribution of each local model to the global model, to enhance the fairness of aggregation. Three sets of experiments were conducted on two real datasets, and the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms the baseline models in three common evaluation metrics.
Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Morbidity in Patients with Urolithiasis: An Epidemiological Approach Based on Hospitalization Burden Data from 1997 to 2021
Authors: Sáenz-Medina Javier , Gómez Dos Santos Victoria , Rodríguez-Monsalve María , Muriel-García Alfonso , Durán-Poveda Manuel , Gómez del Val Alfonso , Burgos Revilla Javier , Prieto Dolores
Published: June 2024

Background: Patients with kidney stones (KSFs) are known to have a heightened risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) or stroke. The objective of the present study was to describe the natural history of these complications through the longitudinal analysis of the hospitalizations due to kidney stones in Spain from 1997 to 2021. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal observational study was developed based on nationwide hospitalization data (minimum basic data base). Three different analyses were carried out. In the first step, the prevalence of coronary or cerebrovascular events in kidney stone hospitalizations was compared with the hospitalization burden of CHD or strokes related to the general population. In the second step, a survival analysis of the kidney stones–hospitalized patients using the Kaplan–Meier method was conducted. In the third step, a Cox regression was used to assess the influence of the classical comorbidities in the development of the lithiasic patients–cardiovascular disease. Results: Kidney stone-hospitalized patients exhibit a significantly higher risk of CHD (OR = 14.8 CI95%: 14.7–14.9) and stroke (OR = 6.7 CI95%: 6.6–6.8) compared to the general population across in all age groups, although they had less cardiovascular risk factors. A total of 9352 KSFs (1.5%) developed a coronary event within an average time of 78.8 months. A total of 2120 KSFs (0.33%) suffered a stroke in an average time of 71.1 months. Diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and being overweight were identified as risk factors for developing CHD and stroke using a univariate and multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Our study confirms previous studies in which kidney stones must be considered as a risk factor for developing CHD or cerebrovascular disease. Preventive strategies should target patients with kidney stones and classical risk cardiovascular factors to mitigate modifiable conditions associated with cardiovascular diseases.
Role of Vitreous Detachment in Epiretinal Membrane Peeling: A Multimodal Imaging and Microperimetry Study
Authors: Serino Federica , Franco Fabrizio Gaetano Saverio , Bacherini Daniela , Lupidi Marco , Gallio Stefano , Esposito Claudio , Virgili Gianni , Mariotti Cesare , Giansanti Fabrizio
Published: June 2024

Background: To investigate anatomical and functional changes of the macula caused by epiretinal membrane (ERM) peeling procedures in patients with or without posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). Methods: This is a multicentric prospective observational study on thirty-seven (37) patients affected by symptomatic ERM who underwent 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), induction of a PVD (as needed) and peeling of both the internal limiting membrane (ILM) and ERM. Optical coherence tomography–angiography (OCT-A) (RS 3000, Nidek, Japan) and microperimetry (MP-3, Nidek, Japan) were performed; central retinal thickness (CRT), foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area and perimeter, vessel density and perfusion density, retinal sensitivity and fixation stability (as a total mean retinal sensitivity (MRS), and MRS in the ellipse area and bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA)) were recorded at baseline and up to postoperative month 3. Results: Eyes were classified as having complete PVD (51.4%) or incomplete PVD (48.6%). At baseline, patients with incomplete PVD had worse best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA), total MRS, MRS in the ellipse area and BCEA, and higher CRT than patients with complete PVD. At month 3, the differences in BCDVA between the two groups remained statistically significant, with patients with incomplete PVD having worse results (difference: 0.199 logMAR, p < 0.001). The difference in the MRS in the ellipse area was statistically significant at month 3 (−3.378 Db, p = 0.035), with greater improvement in patients with complete PVD. Conclusions: Our study shows that patients with incomplete PVD have worse conditions at baseline than patients with complete PVD, and the differences in visual acuity and retinal sensitivity were maintained postoperatively.
Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Patients with Rectal Cancer
Authors: Speichinger Fiona , Berg Ann-Kathrin , Stoyanova Ani , Lauscher Johannes Christian , Kamphues Carsten , Beyer Katharina , Seifarth Claudia , Slavova Nadia , Schineis Christian
Published: June 2024

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic and its associated restrictions have resulted in delayed diagnoses across various tumor entities, including rectal cancer. Our hypothesis was based on the expectation of a reduced number of primary operations due to higher tumor stages compared to the control group. Methods: In a single-center retrospective study conducted from 1 March 2018 to 1 March 2022, we analyzed 120 patients with an initial diagnosis of rectal cancer. Among them, 65 patients were part of the control group (pre-COVID-19), while 55 patients were included in the study group (during the COVID-19 pandemic). We compared tumor stages, treatment methods, and complications, presenting data as absolute numbers or mean values. Results: Fewer primary tumor resections during the COVID-19 pandemic (p = 0.010), as well as a significantly lower overall number of tumor resections (p = 0.025) were seen compared to the control group. Twenty percent of patients in the COVID-19 group received their diagnosis during lockdown periods. These patients presented significantly higher tumor stages (T4b: 27.3% vs. 6.2%, p = 0.025) compared to the control group prior to the pandemic. In addition, more patients with angiolymphatic invasion (ALI) were identified in the COVID-19 group following neoadjuvant treatment compared to the control group (p = 0.027). No differences were noted between the groups regarding complications, stoma placement, or conversion rates. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic, particularly during lockdown, appears to have contributed to delayed diagnoses, resulting in higher tumor stages and a decreased number of surgeries. The quality of rectal cancer treatment can be maintained under pandemic conditions.
Carcinogenic Risk from Lead and Cadmium Contaminating Cow Milk and Soya Beverage Brands Available in the Portuguese Market
Authors: de Andrade Vanda Lopes , Ribeiro Iolanda , dos Santos Ana Paula Marreilha , Aschner Michael , Mateus Maria Luisa
Published: June 2024

Our previous work demonstrated the presence of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination in cow milk (CM) and soy beverages (SBs) in Portugal. These metals share carcinogenic mechanisms, suggesting at least additive effects. Our goals were to assess carcinogenic risks from Pb and Cd intake detected in various CM and SB brands on the Portuguese market and to determine the relative contributions of Pb and Cd. Furthermore, we modeled different consumption scenarios for various age/body weight groups to estimate cumulative Excess Lifetime Carcinogenic Risk (ELCR). ELCR was computed by multiplying chronic daily intake by a cancer slope factor for each metal, with an ELCR > 1 × 10−4 indicating carcinogenic risk. Five CM and three SB brands posed cancer risks in children, with the highest values at 1.75 × 10−4 and 9.12 × 10−5, respectively; Pb had mean relative contributions of 87.8 ± 3.1% in CM and 54.9 ± 12.1% in SB. Carcinogenic risks were observed for children, adolescents, and adults in several CM or SB consumption scenarios, albeit at levels above typical Portuguese intakes. Strict monitoring of metal levels, such as Pb and Cd, is advised because CM is a component of many foods, including baby food.
The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Middle East Perspective
Authors: El-Sayed Ahmed , Kapila Diya , Taha Rama Sami Issa , El-Sayed Sherif , Mahen Mohd Rafiw Ahmed , Taha Roa’a , Alrubaiy Laith
Published: June 2024

The gut microbiome is of paramount importance in preserving internal balance in the gastrointestinal tract; therefore, disruptions in its regulation have been linked to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This article explores the intricate details of the gastrointestinal microbiome as it pertains to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with an emphasis on the Middle East. The study reviews the typical gut microbiome, modifications in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), determinants impacting the gut microbiome of the Middle East, and prospective therapeutic interventions.
Accuracy of Determination of Corresponding Points from Available Providers of Spatial Data—A Case Study from Slovakia
Authors: Labant Slavomir , Petovsky Patrik , Sustek Pavel , Leicher Lubomir
Published: June 2024

Mapping the terrain and the Earth’s surface can be performed through non-contact methoYes, that is correct.ds such as laser scanning. This is one of the most dynamic and effective data collection methods. This case study aims to analyze the usability of spatial data from available sources and to choose the appropriate solutions and procedures for processing the point cloud of the area of interest obtained from available web applications. The processing of the point cloud obtained by airborne laser scanning results in digital terrain models created in selected software. The study also included modeling of different types of residential development, and the results were evaluated. Different data sources may have compatibility issues, which means that the position of the same object from different spatial data databases may not be identical. To address this, deviations of the corresponding points were determined from various data sources such as Real Estate Cadaster, ZBGIS Buildings, LiDAR point cloud, orthophoto mosaic, and geodetic measurements. These deviations were analyzed according to their size and orientation, with the average deviations ranging from 0.22 to 0.34 m and standard deviations from 0.11 to 0.20 m. The Real Estate Cadaster was used as the correct basis for comparison. The area of the building was also compared, with the slightest difference being present between the Real Estate Cadaster and geodetic measurement. The difference was zero after rounding the area to whole numbers. The maximum area difference was +5 m2 for ZBGIS Buildings.
Prioritization of Ecological Conservation and Restoration Areas through Ecological Networks: A Case Study of Nanchang City, China
Authors: Ma Binbin , Zeng Chen , Lv Tianyu , Liu Wenping , Yang Wenyi
Published: June 2024

Rapid urbanization has led to ecosystem fragmentation, conversion, and degradation, posing great threats to natural habitat and biodiversity. The utilization of ecological networks has gained importance in ecological restoration planning to mitigate the negative impacts of urbanization on ecosystems. This study focused on Nanchang City, China, as a case study area to examine the application of integrated ecological networks in 2000, 2010 and 2020. This study analyzed the dynamic characteristics and spatial differences in landscape connectivity, providing evidence-based support for ecological conservation and restoration. The results indicate the following: (1) a decrease in the number of ecological sources and corridors, especially general sources and corridors, along with a decreasing trend in their importance; (2) an increase in ecological barrier points and breakpoints over time, especially in the southeastern region of the study area; and (3) the identification of ecological conservation priority areas, ecological improvement priority areas, and ecological restoration points based on connectivity and dynamic analysis. Multiple priority actions were proposed, which remarkably improved network connectivity and strengthened biodiversity conservation. Our research provides a valuable reference for identifying ecological priorities and developing ecological protection and ecological restoration actions in highly urbanized areas.
Survival and Growth Performance of Calophyllum inophyllum L. Seedlings in Peat Soil and at Different Levels of Groundwater
Authors: Maulidya Azzah , Suwignyo Rujito Agus , Priadi Dwi Putro , Baral Himlal , Choi Eunho , Adriansyah Fikri , Yang Hyunyoung
Published: June 2024

Selecting proper tree species for revegetation is important for restoring tropical peatland. Tamanu (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) has been suggested one of the promising native species in Indonesia for the revegetation of tropical peatland; however, there is a lack of understanding of its growth in peat soil with different groundwater levels. We investigated the survival rate, plant height, number of leaves, root collar diameter, and dry biomass of tamanu seedlings grown in peat soil with different groundwater levels using a randomized block design in a water tank. The study involved five groundwater level treatments and 12 tree-level replicates each: M0 (non-groundwater level, control); M1 (−15 cm below the soil surface); M2 (−10 cm); M3 (−5 cm); and M4 (0 cm, soil surface level). The results showed that all tamanu seedlings survived in every treatment. However, their plant height, number of leaves, and root collar diameter growth were significantly inhibited in the highest groundwater level condition (M4, 0 cm) at 81 days after sowing, while their growth in −15 cm of groundwater level (M1) was as good as the growth in the fully drained conditions in M0 (control). This result indicates that the groundwater level should not be higher than −15 cm for the growth of tamanu. Considering that peatlands in Indonesia are assessed to be degraded when the groundwater level is lower than −40 cm, this study suggests that maintaining groundwater levels between −40 cm and −15 cm in peatland is the best condition for rapid growth of early tamanu seedlings while protecting peatlands. Further studies are needed to extend the range of water levels and water treatment duration.
Change-Point Detection in Functional First-Order Auto-Regressive Models
Authors: Birbilas Algimantas , Račkauskas Alfredas
Published: June 2024

A sample of continuous random functions with auto-regressive structures and possible change-point of the means are considered. We present test statistics for the change-point based on a functional of partial sums. To study their asymptotic behavior, we prove functional limit theorems for polygonal line processes in the space of continuous functions. For some situations, we use a block bootstrap procedure to construct the critical region and provide applications. We also study the finite sample behavior via simulations. Eventually, we apply the statistics to a telecommunications data sample.
Endophytic Fungi in Rice Plants and Their Prospective Uses
Authors: Hu Yingping , Lu Guodong , Lin Dongmei , Luo Hailin , Hatungimana Mediatrice , Liu Bin , Lin Zhanxi
Published: June 2024

In a long-term evolution, fungal endophytes have formed a mutually beneficial relationship with host plants. Therefore, what roles do fungal endophytes play in the growth and development of rice, one of the major food crops in the world, and agricultural production? This mini-review aims to highlight the diversity, identification, colonization, function, and mechanism of action of endophytic fungi isolated from rice tissues through a literature review; comprehensively expound the interaction mechanism between rice fungal endophytes and their hosts in stimulating the growth of rice plants and alleviating biological and abiotic stresses on plants; and contribute new ideas for rice production and a sustainable rice industry. Additionally, rice fungal endophytes, as a new resource, have broad prospects in the development of biopesticides, biocontrol agents, and new medicine.
Etiology of Four Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ukraine according to the SARS-CoV-2 Virus Genome Sequencing Data: A Pilot Study
Authors: Mironenko Alla , Kravchuk Ihor , Radchenko Larysa , Teteriuk Nataliia , Holubka Olha , Bolotova Liudmyla , Pydiura Mykola , Goy Andriy
Published: June 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine, from March 2020 to June 2022, witnessed distinct waves, each characterized by an increase in cases and fatalities. Next-generation sequencing has been used to understand the impact of viral variants on the pandemic situation in Ukraine. We analyzed SARS-CoV-2 genome sequencing data to identify viral variants circulating during each wave. By integrating epidemiological information, we established associations between viral variants and disease spread. The adoption of next-generation sequencing for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in Ukraine, despite limited resources, yielded adequate and trustworthy results, reflecting the pandemic situation. After the Russian military invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, a large number of refugees crossed the border with neighboring countries. Mutation analysis on sequencing data from Ukraine and Poland was used to estimate the exchange of SARS-CoV-2 variants between the countries during this period. Omicron subvariants detected in both countries were similar. The analysis of SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Poland and Ukraine revealed shared nucleotide mutations that can be used to identify the directions of spreading.
The First Report on Saprolegnia parasitica and Neoparamoeba perurans Isolated from Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Reared in Korea
Authors: Kim Dong-Hwi , Joo Min-Soo , Woo Soo-Ji , Son Kwang-Tae , Hong Woo-Seok , Park Mun-Chang , Park Jin-Chul , Park Sung-Oh
Published: June 2024

This study is the first report of parasite and fungal disease separated from domestically reared Atlantic salmon in Korea; the characteristics of the pathogens were identified, and histopathological analysis was conducted. Fungal and parasitic diseases were detected in Atlantic salmon and were isolated as Saprolegnia parasitica and Neoparamoeba perurans based on morphological and genetic analysis. External symptoms observed in Atlantic salmon infected with S. parasitica include fin ulcers and hemorrhage, abdominal hemorrhage, and necrosis of the gills and gill covers. The histopathological analysis results showed necrosis, hemorrhaging, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the abdominal muscles, while only inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the gill covers. The clinical symptoms observed in Atlantic salmon infected with N. perurans included excessive mucus secretion in the gills, a dense amoebic presence on the gill filaments, respiratory distress, and opening of the mouth and gill covers after death. Through histopathological analysis, we observed lesions in epithelial cells, characterized by the proliferation of epithelial cells and the fusion of secondary lamellae. Numerous lamellae were observed to be attached or fused with each other. To ensure the successful establishment of the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry in Korea, it is essential to swiftly quarantine infected fish based on the morphological characteristics of S. parasitica and N. perurans revealed in this study, along with the external symptoms of Atlantic salmon infected with these pathogens. Developing disease control strategies based on the findings of this research is imperative.
Production of Resistant Starch by Roasting Retrograded Starch with Glucose
Authors: Kapelko-Żeberska Małgorzata , Zięba Tomasz , Meisel Marta , Buksa Krzysztof , Gryszkin Artur
Published: June 2024

Starch is a natural plant raw material applicable in many areas of industry. In practice, it is most often used in a modified form, i.e., after various treatments aimed at modifying its properties. Modifications of native starch enable producing resistant starch, which, as a prebiotic with confirmed health-promoting properties, has been increasingly used as a food additive. The present study aimed to determine the effect of roasting retrograded starch with the addition of anhydrous glucose at different temperatures (110, 130 or 150 °C) and different times (5 or 24 h) on the modified starch’s properties. The results of high-performance size-exclusion chromatography coupled with refractive index detector (HPSEC/RI) analysis and the changes observed in the solubility of starch roasted with glucose in DMSO, as well as in its other properties, confirm the changes in its molecular structure, including thermolytic degradation and the ongoing polymerization of starch with added glucose.
Antibacterial Properties of Peptide and Protein Fractions from Cornu aspersum Mucus
Authors: Velkova Lyudmila , Dolashki Aleksandar , Petrova Ventsislava , Pisareva Emiliya , Kaynarov Dimitar , Kermedchiev Momchil , Todorova Maria , Dolashka Pavlina
Published: June 2024

The discovery and investigation of new natural compounds with antimicrobial activity are new potential strategies to reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistance. The presented study reveals, for the first time, the promising antibacterial potential of two fractions from Cornu aspersum mucus with an MW < 20 kDa and an MW > 20 kDa against five bacterial pathogens—Bacillus cereus 1085, Propionibacterium acnes 1897, Salmonella enterica 8691, Enterococcus faecalis 3915, and Enterococcus faecium 8754. Using de novo sequencing, 16 novel peptides with potential antibacterial activity were identified in a fraction with an MW < 20 kDa. Some bioactive compounds in a mucus fraction with an MW > 20 kDa were determined via a proteomic analysis on 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) and bioinformatics. High homology with proteins and glycoproteins was found, with potential antibacterial activity in mucus proteins named aspernin, hemocyanins, H-lectins, and L-amino acid oxidase-like protein, as well as mucins (mucin-5AC, mucin-5B, mucin-2, and mucin-17). We hypothesize that the synergy between the bioactive components determined in the composition of the fraction > 20 kDa are responsible for the high antibacterial activity against the tested pathogens in concentrations between 32 and 128 µg/mL, which is comparable to vancomycin, but without cytotoxic effects on model eukaryotic cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Additionally, a positive effect, by reducing the levels of intracellular oxidative damage and increasing antioxidant capacity, on S. cerevisiae cells was found for both mucus extract fractions of C. aspersum. These findings may serve as a basis for further studies to develop a new antibacterial agent preventing the development of antibiotic resistance.
Investigation of the Efficacy of Benzylidene-3-methyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one Analogs with Antioxidant Activities on the Inhibition of Mushroom and Mammal Tyrosinases
Authors: Kim Hye Jin , Jung Hee Jin , Kim Young Eun , Jeong Daeun , Park Hyeon Seo , Park Hye Soo , Kang Dongwan , Park Yujin , Chun Pusoon , Chung Hae Young , Moon Hyung Ryong
Published: June 2024

Based on the fact that substances with a β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl (PUSC) motif confer strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity, benzylidene-3-methyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one (BMTTZD) analogs 1–8 were prepared as potential tyrosinase inhibitors. Four analogs (1–3 and 5) inhibited mushroom tyrosinase strongly. Especially, analog 3 showed an inhibitory effect that was 220 and 22 times more powerful than kojic acid in the presence of l-tyrosine and l-dopa, respectively. A kinetic study utilizing mushroom tyrosinase showed that analogs 1 and 3 competitively inhibited tyrosinase, whereas analogs 2 and 5 inhibited tyrosinase in a mixed manner. A docking simulation study indicated that analogs 2 and 5 could bind to both the tyrosinase active and allosteric sites with high binding affinities. In cell-based experiments using B16F10 cells, analogs 1, 3, and 5 effectively inhibited melanin production; their anti-melanogenic effects were attributed to their ability to inhibit intracellular tyrosinase activity. Moreover, analogs 1, 3, and 5 inhibited in situ B16F10 cellular tyrosinase activity. In three antioxidant experiments, analogs 2 and 3 exhibited strong antioxidant efficacy, similar to that of the positive controls. These results suggest that the BMTTZD analogs are promising tyrosinase inhibitors for the treatment of hyperpigmentation-related disorders.
The Grafting of Hydroxyaromatic Organics within Layered Perovskites via a Microwave-Assisted Method
Authors: Poduval Anamika , Jones Kirsten D. , LeBan Levon A. , Wiley John B.
Published: June 2024

A new series of inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite materials were prepared by microwave-assisted grafting reactions. Simple carboxylic acids, acetic acid, and propionic acid, as well as hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acids, 3,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid (DBA), 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid (HPA), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA), and 4-hydroxy-4-biphenyl carboxylic acid (HBCA), were reacted with the Dion–Jacobson double-layered perovskite, HLaNb2O7, and its alcoxy derivatives. Grafting was found to not occur with simple carboxylic acids, while those molecules with hydroxyls were all attached to the perovskite interlayers. Reactivity of the hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acids varied with the different layered perovskite hosts where reactions with HLaNb2O7 did not occur, and those with n-propoxy-LaNb2O7 were limited; the greatest extent of reactivity was seen with n-decoxy-LaNb2O7. This is attributed to the larger interlayer spacing available for the insertion of the various hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid compounds. The loading exhibited by the grafting species was less than that seen with well-known long-chain alkoxy grafting groups. It is expected that the width of the molecules contributes to this where, due to the benzyl groups, the interlayer volume of the grafted moieties occupies a larger horizontal fraction, therefore minimizing the loading to the below half. X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies found that grafting of the n-decoxy-LaNb2O7 intermediates with the series of hydroxyaromatics resulted in a reduction in crystallinity along with a disruption of the layer structure. Raman data on the series show little variation in local structure except for HBCA, where there appears to be a lengthening of the Nb-O apical linkage and a possible reduction in the distortion of inner-layer NbO6 octahedra. The optical properties of the hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid grafted perovskites were also investigated using diffuse-reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy. The band gaps of DBA, HPA, and HBA were found to be similar to the parent (Eg ≈ 3.4 eV), while the HBCA was significantly less by ca. 0.6 eV. This difference is attributed to electron withdrawal from the perovskite block to the HBCA ligand, leading to a lower band gap for the HBCA compound. The methods described herein allow for the formation of a new series of inorganic–organic hybrid materials where the products are of interest as precursors to more complex architectures as well as models for band gap modification of metal oxide photocatalysts.