bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Interest Rate and Changes in The Dollars (Usd) Exchange on Stock Prices (Bank Bca Case Study Period 2020)
Authors: Yuliatin Binti , R. Pandin Maria Yovita
Published: April 2022

This study aims to determine how the effect of interest rates and changes in the dollar exchange rate (USD) on the stock price. The type of research carried out in this research is quantitative research with the object of research, namely Bank Central Asia (BCA). The data used in this study comes from secondary data, namely from books, the internet, documents, and banking sites. This study indicates that the independent variable, namely the interest rate, has a significant negative effect on the joint-stock price index and the other independent variable, namely the dollar exchange rate (USD), has a significant positive effect on the joint-stock price index. The coefficient test results show that interest rates and exchange rates (USD) simultaneously affect stock prices, namely 67.2% while the remaining 32.8% is influenced by other factors.
A Novel Role of Tinospora Cordifolia in Amelioration of Cancer-Induced Systemic Deterioration By Taming Neutrophil Infiltration and Hyperactivation
Authors: Rawat Kavita , Syeda Saima , Shrivastava Anju
Published: April 2022

Cancer has emerged as a systemic disease which targets various organs thus challenging the overall physiology of the host. Recently, we have shown that hyperactive neutrophils infiltrate various organs of tumor bearing host and contribute significantly to gradual systemic deterioration. Therefore, taming neutrophils via potent immunomodulators could be an appropriate therapeutic approach in regulating systemic damage. Tinospora cordifolia (TC), an Ayurvedic panacea, is known for its immense medicinal values in traditional literature and recent reports have also documented its strong immunomodulatory potential. However, whether TC can regulate neutrophils to exert its therapeutic effectiveness has not been deciphered so far. To discern this, we utilized murine model of Dalton’s Lymphoma (DL) wherein, we have earlier reported heightened infiltration of neutrophils and their hyperactivation. Our findings showed that TC treatment significantly reduced neutrophil count in peripheral blood and their infiltration in vital organs of tumor bearing host. Further, it ameliorated neutrophil hyperactivation by down regulating the expression of its key cargoes including neutrophil elastase (NE), myeloperoxidase (MPO), MMP-8, MMP-9 and cathepsin G (CSTG) at early and mid stage of tumor growth. In addition, TC treatment prevented histopathological alterations and restored the normal serum enzyme levels at different stages of tumor growth. Importantly, TC treatment also showed significant reduction in tumor burden which was accompanied by a remarkable increase in survival of the tumor-bearing mice. We conclude that Tinospora cordifolia could limit systemic damage via regulating neutrophil infiltration and hyperactivation which can further lead to cancer control at both prophylactic and therapeutic level.
Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Arbidol in Patients with COVID-19
Authors: Bai Yujiao , Zhang Xianqin , Yang Meng , Zhang Lin , Jia Xu
Published: April 2022

Background The spread of COVID-19 continues, the mutation of SARS-COV-2 is still difficult to control, and the need for antiviral drugs to treat COVID-19 remains urgent. The use of arbidol in the treatment of COVID-19 is limited and controversial. Methods To clarify the efficacy of arbidol on COVID-19, we collected 25 cases and 178 related studies. We analyzed the treatment information of arbidol based on the obtained cases, expanded the scope of the study, and collected current studies on the treatment of COVID-19 in various databases for in-depth analysis. Results History analysis showed that arbidol was effective (76% cure rate) compared with other drugs. However, compared with other antiviral drugs or standard therapy, the arbidol group had no significant advantage in reducing the time to negative virus transformation, length of hospital stays, or improvement in CT (MD=0.22, 95%CI -0.29-0.73; MD = 0.61, 95% CI 1.46 to 2.67; RR=1.15, 95%CI 0.88-1.50); Analysis of adverse events showed no significant difference between the arbidol group and the other groups (RR=0.82, 95%CI 0.25-2.71). Conclusion Our study showed that arbidol had no significant effect on COVID-19, but showed a slight advantage in CT improvement and adverse events. Our study objectively evaluated the efficacy of arbidol in the treatment of COVID-19 and provided some guidance for arbidol in the treatment of COVID-19.
Paleomagnetic-Radiometric Mapping of the Transition Zone from Ocean to the Continent: A Review
Authors: Eppelbaum Lev V. , Katz Youri I.
Published: April 2022

The easternmost Mediterranean is a distinct transition zone from the ocean to the continent located at the junction between the largest Earth's lithospheric segments: Eurasian and African. The methodology of paleomagnetic mapping of such transition zones is based on integrating the mapping techniques for both continental and oceanic platforms: paleomagnetic reconstructions, results of radiometric dating of magnetized rocks, tectonic-structural reconstructions, biogeography, and utilization of the results of various geophysical surveys. The geodynamic-paleomagnetic mapping makes it possible to reveal the multilevel structural heterogeneity and display complex elements of the geodynamics of different ages inherent in this transition zone. Northern Israel is obviously the most complex area in the easternmost Mediterranean. For the combined paleomagnetic mapping, well-studied paleomagnetically and radiometrically areas were selected: (1) the Carmel area, (2) the Atlit area (internal part of the Carmel area), (3) the Sea of Galilee with the adjoining zones (primarily, the Kinnarot Valley), and (4) the area of the Hula Basin with adjacent areas of the Golan Plateau, Hermon Mt., and Galilea uplift. The constructed paleomagnetic profiles for the Carmel area (on the top of the accumulative surface of the Lower Cretaceous traps), and the Kinnarot Valley – Sea of Galilee – Hula Basin, evidently indicate the complex history of the paleogeodynamic evolution of the region. These studies demonstrate the effectiveness of paleomagnetic mapping interated with paleomagnetic profiling, which crosses these geologically complex areas.
Allowing Differently Strong Chess Players to Play at An Equal Level
Authors: Hintze Arend
Published: April 2022

Chess is an interesting game for artificial intelligence research and an entertaining hobby and sport for a growing number of people. However, humans differ greatly in their ability to play. Typically, the Elo rating is used to determine a player's skill and to predict who will win. When differences in Elo are too great the weaker player is almost guaranteed to lose. While on one hand, the Elo rating allows players to be matched to equally well-playing opponents, it also to some degree restricts the games to be played between equally strong opponents since otherwise the result is known beforehand. Here a handicap system where stronger players remove pieces at the start of the game is evaluated. Specifically, the effect each removed piece or combination of pieces have on a player. Interestingly, pieces do not always reduce the Elo of a player by a predefined amount, but their effect depends strongly on the player's current Elo. The results presented here are from playing the computer engine Stockfish because data about humans playing this scheme is limited. However, the results make direct predictions about the effect of piece removal on Elo.
High Throughput Phenotyping Approach
Authors: Kumar Anand , Kaushik Prashant
Published: April 2022

Conventional phenotyping breeding approaches for vegetable crops like Solanaceae, Bulb, Root crops, have made a significant contribution by developing many varieties. Despite this, conventional phenotyping approaches are not sufficient due to the longer time taken to develop a variety, low genetic gain, environmental factors and some other externalities that affect the phenotype-based selection. To address the challenges of conventional phenotype, a new recent method of high throughput phenotyping (HTP) is considered a promising tool. The development of high-throughput phenotyping technology began in the preceding decade as advancements in sensor, computer vision, automation, and advanced machine learning technologies. HTP platforms are being utilized to undertake non-destructive assessments of the complete plant system in a range of crops. HTP provides the precise measurements and suggests the collection of high-quality and accurate data which is necessary for standardizing phenotyping for the collection of genetic dissection and genomic assisted breeding such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), linkage mapping, marker-assisted selection (MAS), genomic selection (GS). The remainder of this chapter discusses how high-throughput phenotyping technologies can be used in genomic-assisted breeding for vegetable crops
Brand Identity and Halal in Malaysia’s Food Smes: One Tale from Two Model Analyses
Authors: Razak Muhammad Nur Fitri , Bidin Rosmiza , Mohamad Bahtiar , Osman Mohd Nizam , Abu Bakar Mohd Syuhaidi , Tham Jen Sern , Atan Rodziah , Handayati Puji
Published: April 2022

Corporate identity has played a vital role in the Halal industry to create a strong foundation for its reputation in the long run. This paper used two modeling analyses for two different data. The first analysis aims to predict the relationship between Corporate Identity Management between Internal Brand and Employee Brand Support (consequence) mediated by CIM using partial-least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). A total of 206 employees from Malaysia’s Halal food SMEs took part in the survey. The second analysis to identify topic proportions patterns using the topic modeling approach on Halal brand identity Machine learning approach of knowledge mining was applied for this analysis. Metadata of 1,091 articles were mined from the Scopus database on Halal studies across all social sciences fields. The result revealed that there was a partial relationship between Internal Brand (antecedent) and Employee Brand Support (consequence) mediated by CIM. This finding was supported by the identified topic proportions patterns from the topic modeling approach that pointed out a weak topic proportion on the Halal brand identity discussion globally, interestingly the result also found that the Halal brand identity discussion involving the Halal food industry is almost non-existed in Malaysia’s Halal food SMEs. The contributions of this paper were apparent in three major areas which are methodology, theoretical and future suggestions. The utilization of two different model analyses was able to confirm the consistency of the major findings with the literature review which opens up more possibilities for future researchers.
Gray Public Space Under Urban Bridge - A Case Study of Public Arts Space Micro-Transformation Focusing on "Regional Culture" and "Art for All"
Authors: Liu Ting Liu , Cao Wu , Liu Yuyi
Published: April 2022

Since the 21st century, China's urbanization process has been rapid development, the concept and function of urban public space in the city has been gradually paid attention to. In order to guarantee life and water, most urban construction relies on rivers, and Bridges are the most important way to communicate between urban areas. The main functional part of the bridge is the span structure, that is, the bearing structure of the bridge, and the lower part of the "gray" space formed by the bridge structure. Considering the social level, with the economic growth and urbanization development, people have brought a better living environment and quality of life, and also improved the requirements for urban public environment. In the increasingly tense urban space, how to use and transform the space under the bridge is a problem that needs to be considered and solved. In view of this problem, in this study, we try to solve the micro-transformation of space under Bridges in cities through public art from the perspective of "regional culture" and "art for all". This paper analyzes the micro-transformation of space art under Bridges in two large cities of Shanghai and Foshan, namely, the space under Bridges under Songhong Road in Shanghai, the space under Bridges under Central Of Suzhou River and the space under Bridges under Pingsheng Bridge in Foshan. This paper discusses the cultural intervention of "regional culture" in the micro-transformation of the space under the bridge, and the influence and effect of "art for all" on the public art space under the bridge after the transformation to the community and the public.
SISTEM SOSIAL KERUKUNAN UMAT BERAGAMA DALAM PERSPEKTIF KEPERCAYAAN HALAIKA DI DESA BOTI KECAMATAN KIE KABUPATEN TIMOR TENGAH SELATAN PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR
Authors: Benu Semuel D.H.M
Published: April 2022

Diversity in Indonesia is the basic capital in supporting national development, if these differences are managed properly, harmony will be created in society which will support national development. In a pluralistic society, it is inevitable that there will be diversity in terms of ethnicity, class and religion, which must live in mutual respect and respect to meet the needs of daily life, and must coexist peacefully, if the community concerned wants to exist. The problem in this study is to find out how the social system of religious harmony in the perspective of the Halaika belief in Boti Village, KiE District, TTS Regency, NTT Province. The method used in this study is a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach, which is a study to understand how the characteristics of the Halaika believer community, about social construction regarding objectivity, externalization and internalization in religious harmony, to reveal the meaning of social reality. The results of this study shows the existence of mutual respect and mutual respect to meet the needs of daily life, must coexist peacefully, if the community concerned wants to continue to exist.

Keywords: Social System, Harmony, Religious People, Halaika Belief

Abstrak

Keanekaragaman di Indonesia merupakan modal dasar dalam mendukung pembangunan nasional, apabila perbedaan itu dikelola dengan baik, maka terciptalah kerukunan hidup dalam masyarakat yang akan mendukung pembangunan nasional. Dalam masyarakat yang majemuk tidak dapat dihindari adanya kepelbagaian dalam hal suku, golongan dan agama yang harus hidup saling menghargai dan saling menghormati untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup sehah-hari, harus hidup berdampingan secara damai, jika masyarakat yang bersangkutan ingin tetap eksis. Masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana sistem sosial kerukunan hidup beragama dalam perspektif kepercayaan Halaika di Desa Boti Kecamatan KiE Kabupaten TTS Propinsi NTT, Tujuannya untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi terjalinnya kerukunan hidup beragama penganut kepercayaan Halaika. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi yaitu suatu kajian untuk  memahami bagaimana keraktristik masyarakat penganut kepercayaan Halaika, tentang konstruksi sosial mengenai objektivitas, eksternalisasi dan internalisasi dalam kerukunan hidup beragama, untuk mengungkapkan makna dari realitas sosial, Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan adanya hidup  saling menghargai dan saling menghormati untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup sehah-hari, harus hidup berdampingan secara damai, jika masyarakat yang bersangkutan ingin tetap eksis.
Kata kunci: Sistem Sosial, Kerukunan, Umat Beragama, Kepercayaan Halaika
Usulan Peningkatan Kualitas Supramak Bed Menggunakan Pendekatan Lean Six Sigma dan Kaizen
Authors: Harits Dimaz , Praswoto Yogi Wahyu , Kurnia Wahyu Ismail
Published: April 2022

PT. XYZ merupakan perusahaan manufaktur yang bergerak dibidang rekayasa teknik yang memiliki divisi produksi alat-alat kesehatan. Berdasarkan observasi dan wawancara ditemukan keluhan manjemen terhadap kinerja produksi supramak bed (tempat tidur pasien) yang tidak sesuai ekspektasi, sehingga kualitas produk sulit ditingkatkan. Setelah menganalisis proses produk menggunakan pendekatan   dengan pola DMAIC, teridentifikasi 4 CTQ potensial yaitu bolong (38,17%), belang (31,30%), las jelek (19,08%) dan percikan (11,45%). Sigma pada proses pengelasan adalah 3,45 dan sigma pada proses pengecatan adalah 3,53. Untuk memudahkan pemilihan prioritas perbaikan, diagram ishikawa dan FMEA diterapkan. Diperoleh nilai RPN elemen Material sebesar 100, elemen Mesin sebesar 108, dan elemen Manusia sebesar 180. Dengan demikian elemen Manusia menjadi prioritas perbaikan.  Dalam tahap perbaikan, analisis Kaizen memberikan 5 usulan yang diharapkan mampu meningkatkan kualitas produk Supramak bed.
An improved sliding mode control for reduction of harmonic currents in grid system connected with a wind turbine equipped by a doubly-fed induction generator
Authors: Bouraghda S. , Sebaa K. , Bechouat M. , Sedraoui M.
Published: April 2022

Introduction. The implementation of renewable energy resources into the electrical grid has increased significantly in recent years. Wind power is one of the existing resources. Presently, power electronics has become an indispensable tool in wind power plants. Problem. However the associated control usually has an impact on increasing the harmonic distortion, especially on the output voltage. Goal. This paper proposes a new sliding mode control strategy, applied on a rotor-side of a doubly-fed induction generator. The main goal is to meet the electrical power requirements, while responding to the power quality issues. Methodology. The wind energy conversion system must be able to not only track the maximum power point of the wind energy, but also to mitigate the harmonic currents caused by the non-linear loads. To achieve this goal, the power converters are driven by the proposed sliding mode control strategy. The corresponding two gains of the sliding surface are well selected using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. The particle swarm optimization algorithm solves a constrained optimization problem whose fitness function is a prior formulated as the sum of two mean square error criterions. The first criterion presents the tracking dynamic of the reference active power while the second one presents the tracking dynamic of the reference reactive power. The novelty lies in the implementation of the particle swarm optimization algorithm in conventional sliding mode control strategy, in which the proposed-improved sliding mode control strategy is developed. The wind energy conversion system control uses the principal of the vector oriented control to decouple the control of the active power from that of the reactive power. Results. The improved sliding mode control strategy is applied to control separately theses powers in the presence of non-linear loads. The energy assessment of this strategy is analysed using the wind energy conversion system model based on SimPower software. Originality. The obtained simulation results confirm the superiority of the proposed-improved sliding mode control strategy in terms of reference tracking dynamics and suppression of harmonic currents.
Improvement of voltage stability for grid connected solar photovoltaic systems using static synchronous compensator with recurrent neural network
Authors: Praveen Kumar T. , Ganapathy S. , Manikandan M.
Published: April 2022

Purpose. This article proposes a new control strategy for static synchronous compensator in utility grid system. The proposed photovoltaic fed static synchronous compensator is utilized along with recurrent neural network based reference voltage generation is presented in grid system network. The novelty of the proposed work consists in presenting a Landsman converter enhanced photovoltaic fed static synchronous compensator with recurrent neural network algorithm, to generate voltage and maintain the voltage-gain ratio. Methods. The proposed algorithm which provides sophisticated and cost-effective solution for utilization of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system as maximum power point tracking assures controlled output and supports the extraction of complete power from the photovoltaic panel. Grid is interconnected with solar power, voltage phase angle mismatch, harmonic and voltage instability may occur in the distribution grid. The proposed control technique strategy is validated using MATLAB/Simulink software and hardware model to analysis the working performances. Results. The results obtained show that the power quality issue, the proposed system to overcome through elimination of harmonics, reference current generation is necessary, which is accomplished by recurrent neural network. By recurrent neural network, the reference signal is generated more accurately and accordingly the pulses are generated for controlling the inverter. Originality. Compensation of power quality issues, grid stability and harmonic reduction in distribution network by using photovoltaic fed static synchronous compensator is utilized along with recurrent neural network controller. Practical value. The work concerns the comparative study and the application of static synchronous compensator with recurrent neural network controller to achieve a good performance control system of the distribution network system. This article presents a comparative study between the conventional static synchronous compensator, static synchronous compensator with recurrent neural network and hardware implementation with different load. The strategy based on the use of a static synchronous compensator with recurrent neural network algorithm for the control of the continuous voltage stability and harmonic for the distribution network-linear as well as non-linear loads in efficient manner. The study is validated by the simulation results based on MATLAB/Simulink software and hardware model.
150 Myr of Episodic Metamorphism Recorded in the Yukon-Tanana Terrane, Northern Canadian Cordillera: Evidence from Monazite and Xenotime Petrochronology
Authors: Soucy La Roche R. , Dyer S. C. , Zagorevski A. , Cottle J. M. , Gaidies F.
Published: April 2022

We used in situ laser-ablation split-stream petrochronology to target monazite and xenotime associated with specific metamorphic index minerals in the Florence Range metamorphic suite in the northern Canadian Cordillera. Based on this petrochronological approach, we reconstruct the polyphase metamorphic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana terrane in northwestern British Columbia. Our new data reveal a complex P–T–t path, requiring three metamorphic episodes and passing through the kyanite, sillimanite, and andalusite stability fields over 150 Myr from the Permian to the Early Cretaceous. The earliest preserved metamorphic event is cryptic, reaching the kyanite stability field (>600°C, >0.6 GPa) at ca. 270–240 Ma followed by retrograde metamorphism at ca. 240–215 Ma. Renewed garnet growth occurred during a second prograde metamorphic event at ca. 195–185 Ma. Garnet breakdown, possibly linked to decompression and/or cooling in the suprasolidus stability field of sillimanite and K-feldspar (>675°C, <0.8 GPa), is well-documented at ca. 185–170 Ma. Finally, a third metamorphic episode is characterized by the local growth of andalusite, then cordierite, and reached >600°C below 0.3–0.4 GPa after ca. 120 Ma. This study illustrates the importance of analyzing petrochronometers in their textural context, especially inclusions in porphyroblasts, and the complementary P–T–t information that can be extracted from monazite and xenotime. Our new data are compatible with two separate contractional events involving the Yukon-Tanana terrane during the Permian–Triassic and Late Triassic to Early Jurassic, followed by Cretaceous contact metamorphism.
SENTENCIA SCHREMS II: LOCALIZACIÓN DE DATOS PERSONALES Y SU IMPACTO EN LOS SERVICIOS DIGITALES
Authors:   Universidad Libre de Bruselas (Bélgica-VUB), López Guzmán Javier
Published: April 2022

La sentencia del caso Schrems II ha sacudido la economía digital. Se ha convertido en uno de los hitos en la regulación de la privacidad desde que el Reglamento General de Protección de Datos fue aprobado en la Unión Europea. Se analiza aquí el recurrido de la serie judicial y sus consecuencias en la transferencia internacional de datos personales y su impacto en los servicios digitales.
Joint History Matching of Production, Tracer, and 4D Seismic Data in a 3D Field-Scale Case Study
Authors: Cruz William Chalub , Luo Xiaodong , Petvipusit Kurt Rachares
Published: April 2022

To improve the reliability of reservoir models, it is essential to condition reservoir models on available field data sets and reduce uncertainties through a history matching process. There are different types of field data that one can use to estimate uncertain reservoir model parameters. Among them, production data are the most used in history matching, but others also provide valuable complementary information. In this work, we take inter-well tracer and 4D seismic data as the extra sources of information for their high potentials for improving the understanding of reservoir heterogeneity, identifying drainage patterns, improving sweep efficiencies, and so on. However, in practice, it remains challenging to simultaneously history-match multiple field data sets in a proper and consistent manner. This study can be considered as a step towards addressing this problem. To this end, we propose an integrated ensemble-based history matching workflow, in which reservoir models are conditioned simultaneously on production, tracer and 4D seismic data with the help of three advanced techniques: adaptive localization (for better uncertainty quantification), weight adjustment (for balancing the influence of different types of field data), and sparse data representation (for handling big data sets). The history matching workflow is implemented and tested in a 3D benchmark case, and its performance is investigated through a set of comparison studies. Our studies indicate that jointly history matching production, tracer and 4D seismic data results in better estimated reservoir models, in terms of both improved data match, and reduced model discrepancies. Furthermore, we show that with the help of the correlation-based adaptive localization scheme, we are able to maintain substantial ensemble variability even in the presence of multiple types of field data, which appears beneficial to achieve a better performance during the forecast period. Overall, utilizing more types of field data can lead to extra performance improvements, which, however, is achieved at the cost of increased complexity of the history-matching workflow.
Water-Alternating-Gas Injection in Brage Statfjord Reservoir - A Case Study
Authors: Thara Yasir Yousuf , Wergeland Connie , Bolandtaba Saeed Fallah
Published: April 2022

The main drainage strategy in Brage-Statfjord reservoir is pressure support by water injection to produce light oil. Continuous water injection is effective in maintaining the reservoir pressure and improving the volumetric sweep efficiency. However, waterflooding can leave behind large volumes of un-swept oil, mainly in the roof/attic of the reservoir. This attic oil can be targeted by gas injection with its properties of low density but gas injection alone cannot provide sufficient pressure support and high gas mobility can lead to quick gas breakthrough leaving the oil behind.

WAG (Water Alternating Gas) injection combines the macroscopic sweep efficiency and pressure maintenance of the waterflooding operation with displacement and microscopic sweep efficiency of gas injection to enhance the oil recovery by targeting the attic oil. This study looked at different WAG injection scenarios by varying the gas-water cycles and gas injection rates. The additional recovery due to WAG was normalized to the cumulative gas injection volumes as WAG efficiency. Role of hysteresis and gas trapping in 3-phase flow was also investigated with the help of numerical simulations. The impact of varying the parameters controlling the 3-phase flow such as Land's parameter, Secondary drainage reduction factor, critical gas saturation and critical oil saturation in gas phase was then included in a thorough uncertainty analysis using Latin hypercube sampling.

Simulation studies showed that the WAG response can be observed several years after injection of the first gas cycle. 3-phase hysteresis plays a significant role in enhancing the recovery due to gas trapping and reduced gas phase mobility. Results in this paper confirm that WAG has the potential to significantly reduce the attic oil saturation and provide an alternative to in-fill drilling, which both can result in higher ultimate recovery factors as compared to the conventional waterflooding.
Dvalin Gas Field Developments and Optimization by Using the Inflow Tracer Technology Information
Authors: Roostaei Alireza , Pride Steve , Jenssen Eirik , Birkeland Reidar , Ritschel Robert , Hughes Neal , Ledsaak Grethe
Published: April 2022

This paper describes how the information from inflow tracer technology was used to optimise the trajectory of a well during the development phase of Dvalin field.

The Dvalin field is a high temperature (HT) gas field in the central part of the Norwegian Sea that consists of two separate structures. Each structure has two high perm streaks, the shallower of which was thought to have good reservoir properties whereas there was more uncertainty around the deeper one, the suspicion being that it was of a lower quality. During the exploration phase a DST was performed and it was uncertain if only the upper high permeability streak flowed on the assumption the mud was not optimised for the application. Additionally, the lower high permeability streak was not easily identifiable on the logs, although it was clear from the core. The initial field development concept consisted of drilling four production wells.

Due to the uncertainties around the lower reservoir section, it was seen as highly beneficial to obtain information in the early development phase and, due to the challenging environment (HT and subsea), the choice of monitoring technologies was extremely limited. Inflow tracers were therefore chosen for the four planned producers, a technology whereby unique permanent chemical tracers are integrated into polymer rods which are then deployed as part of the lower completion. They remain dormant until encountering a specific target fluid – in this case oil-based mud (OBM). Once activated, they will release into the target fluid for a certain designed life period (in this case for a few months) and flow to surface upon opening the well where they will be sampled and analysed. The analysed data is then interpreted to confirm the zonal clean up and flow contribution.

The initial drilling plan consisted of slanted wells penetrating both, the upper and lower high permeability streak. In the event, the inflow tracer from the first well confirmed that the lower reservoir section not only cleaned up effectively but, crucially, demonstrated good productivity the operator could prove they selected the optimal mud and also the presence and contribution of a lower high permeability streak. In addition, a decision was made to change the configuration of the final well from slanted to horizontal in the upper zone, resulting in a 4x increase in well productivity where the tracers played a key role in the decision process.

Monitoring well performance at the zonal level is a challenge, especially in HT and subsea wells. In this case inflow tracer technology was successfully used to provide validation of clean-up and flow contribution and thereby helped to optimize the drilling plan and well productivity in the course of the field development thereby increasing the value of the project.
Autonomous Directional Drilling with a Miniature-Scale Research Rig
Authors: Steinstø Magnus , Hånsnar Gaute , Gjersdal Benedicte , Pavlov Alexey , Florence Fred
Published: April 2022

Drillbotics is an international student competition hosted by SPE/DSATS. The 2020/2021 competition challenged student teams to design, build and implement a 1.5″ (3.8cm) hole size, fully autonomous directional drilling rig. The well path had to intersect multiple pre-set targets in a rock sample with up to 30-degree inclination and 15-degree azimuth adjustments from the Kickoff Point (KOP). The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) won the competition using a fixed bend Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) and a simulated mud-motor stator with a rod inside the drill pipe transferring rotational torque from a top drive. The team designed and created a bi-directional hydraulic swivel, BHA, and a custom drill bit. Steering was achieved by changing the fixed bend BHA orientation by rotating the drill pipe. A nonlinear Model Predictive Controller (nMPC) was used to allow long-term trajectory control planning following a pre-planned Bezier-curve well path. Position estimations are derived from movement over time in the direction of the current BHA orientation estimate. Orientation is estimated from a combination of physics-based system model predictions and closed-loop BHA orientation surveys from downhole accelerometer data merged by extended Kalman filter observes. Mechanical capabilities of the rig were demonstrated by drilling a 37-degree inclination well path in 6 minutes in a 60 cm sandstone replica. nMPC trajectory control experiments indicate it may be a viable option for fixed bend BHA trajectory control. However, limited testing makes current results inconclusive if the approach can be used for a general well path with major deviations between the fixed bend angle and well path inclination.
Rock and Fluid Data: An Integrated Effort on Improving Subsurface Analysis and Modelling Workflows
Authors: Petersen Egil Boye , Larsen Alex , Craig Lee , Øian Erlend , Schøyen Thomas , Be Alif , Zakariassen Erik
Published: April 2022

Rock and Fluid data provide critical input parameters for reservoir characterisation, production, and reserve forecasts. These datasets are key building blocks for reservoir simulation models, but there has been limited work in the oil industry on the standardisation of their data structures, formats, or quality control.

We will present experiences and results from an ongoing digitalisation initiative. This initiative centres on establishing a database that includes all relevant analysis done on rock and fluid data. The database currently has thousands of wells covering over a hundred NCS fields that can be easily accessed via standard interfaces. As the data are contextualised on e.g., lithostratigraphic units, end-users can analyze data by groups, formation, geological time, and depositional environment.

A key challenge for rock and fluid data compared to simpler oil industry datasets, is that one discipline's analysis and modelling results represent another discipline's input data. We will present an approach to resolve these challenges and discuss how this relates to ongoing joint standardisation efforts in the industry such as the OSDU Forum.

In this paper we will show how industrial DataOps technology and close collaboration between domain experts, data managers and technologists has unlocked great value based on Rock and Fluid data. We will describe the workflow of finding and verifying data, establishing standard formats, implementing automated data validation and ingestion, and how we manage, visualise, and interpret data, ensure full data integrity, and make data available for end-users through different applications.

We will provide examples on how machine learning can be used for automated trend analysis and identification of relationships across different data types to support model generation.

Finally, we will demonstrate a state of the art and seamless workflow of generating static and dynamic SCAL model input for reservoir simulation with uncertainty band. This includes evaluation and verification of both static and dynamic SCAL data. Relative permeability and capillary pressure curves from each laboratory experiment are quality assured, parameterised and stored in the database, along with all relevant information such as plug properties, well name, fluid properties, experimental conditions, flow parameters and endpoint saturations etc.
The Effect of Oxidation of Core Material on Steady State Relative Permeability of Oil and Water
Authors: Orr Robert , Standnes Dag Chun , Holt Torleif , Raphaug Martin
Published: April 2022

Laboratory core flooding experiments performed are used to predict fluid flow behaviour in the reservoir. Most reservoirs are in a reduced state. However, iron minerals in the extracted cores may become oxidized going from the reservoir to the laboratory. Oxidation of the core can affect wettability and thereby relative permeability curves used for reservoir simulation studies. The aim of this work was to study the potential effect of core oxidation on relative permeability.

Steady state relative permeability experiments with in-situ saturation measurements and use of live oil have been performed on one composite core at 10 different saturations. The core was tested under three different conditions: oxidized (Exp. 1), reduced (Exp. 2) and re-oxidised (Exp. 3). The core was cleaned, fluid saturated and aged before each test. In Exp. 2, the core plug was chemically reduced. All fluids used in this experiment were oxygen free. In Exp. 3 the core plug was treated using fluids to oxidise the core. Fluids injected and extracted, and core samples were analysed using a range of methods.

Results showed that the measured relative permeability curves from Exp. 2 and 3 were similar and significantly different from the results from Exp. 1. The attempt to restore the core material to the initial state (oxidized) after Exp. 2 by exposing the core material to fluids with oxygen was seemingly not successful. The observation was also supported by unsteady state flooding measurements which indicated that as long as the core remained fluid saturated, it behaved as a reduced core, even after extensive exposure to oxygen containing liquids. The crossing point of the oil and water relative permeabilities indicate that the core was more water wet in reduced state compared to before the oxidized state. Differences in chemical composition were also detected between extracts from Exp. 1 - 3.

The conclusion is that significant differences in steady state relative permeabilities of oil and water in oxidized and reduced states were observed for the iron containing core investigated. The results also indicate that if the core is kept fluid saturated, effects of oxidation may be significantly delayed.
Digital and Automated Well Planning for Completions
Authors: Semwogerere David , Brechan Bjørn , Sangesland Sigbjørn
Published: April 2022

The well completion planning process can be more effective by moving to a digital platform which enables automation of many frequent decisions, repetitive tasks and calculations performed by completion engineers. This can potentially reduce manhours, improve quality of the completion programs, improve HSE and performance in operations. As the industry moves towards automation of the rig equipment, digitalizing the well planning process can further aid rig automation coupling the digital completion program and procedures with the rig equipment execution platform. The initial step in the project was to establish the Basis of Design and completion operational decisions into programmed machine logic. This logic is based on digital experience developed from standards and industry best practices. This work shows how digital and automated well completion planning can be applied to improve the well completion selection workflow.
A Troublesome Well Section: The Rock Mechanics Analysis
Authors: Kristiansen Tron Golder , Bauer Andreas , Guida Assia , Bonin Claudia
Published: April 2022

Wellbore stability analysis has become a standard activity in well planning in our industry. Pragmatic methodologies have been developed that makes the wellbore stability analysis accurate with few input variables and simplistic models. This approach requires careful calibration of models to offset well data (both drilling data and log data). The typical sequence in field developments is that one often starts out with the low-risk wells first, typically the wells with low wellbore inclination (in a normal faulting stress regime as typically found on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS)). Then as the field matures one typically starts to drill more complex wells with higher and higher inclination and longer and longer hole sections. In these high angle wells the mud weight requirement to provide a stable hole increase. This again results in a narrower safe operational mud pressure window between the collapse pressure of the well and the fracture gradient and the minimum horizontal stress. In addition to the narrower safe operational mud pressure window in the high angle wells, the hole cleaning, the transport of drill cuttings, becomes more challenging. In addition, in high angle wellbores one reduces the attack angle between the shale bedding and the wellbore axis and therefore one may have to take this effect into account, which will require more advanced wellbore stability calculations with more input data. In addition, in high angle wells gravity will be more effective on liberating in-situ fractured material into the wellbore. In this paper we investigate a well section which resulted in severe unexpected drilling challenges as the well tested higher inclinations in the field than tested before. This paper does only address the rock mechanical analysis of the data in a larger cross-functional root cause analysis. In this case we selected to go for a more conservative approach using a weak plane model, although the root cause of the problems does not seem to be rock mechanics related.
Novel Use of Wired Drill Pipe for Real Time Remotely Operating Controls System During Well Completions
Authors: Teelken R. , Wilenski T. , Mulholland J. , Øygarden H. A. , Lidal T. O.
Published: April 2022

The recent industry downturn has forced operators and contractors to re-think and look at different ways to reduce costs while improving the complete well delivery process. Compounding challenges are longer reservoir sections with more complex well trajectories and tighter geological constraints.

These complex drilling challenges have been successfully completed in the past, thru use of high-speed Wired Drill Pipe (WDP) telemetry (Schils et al. 2016; Teelken et al. 2016), where the WDP telemetry enabled bi-directional high-speed data transmission to and from downhole tools at speeds up to 57,600 bps (Olberg et al.2008).

Whilst the use of WDP telemetry within the ‘drilling phase’ of the well delivery process has become more accepted and implemented globally, providing improved performance and wellbore placement, the use of WDP during the ‘completions phase’ has never been attempted. That is, till today.

This paper focuses on the use of WDP during the ‘completion phase’, discussing the first ever application of the battery operated Remotely Operated Completion System (ROCS) on WDP, used offshore North Sea, for umbilical-less Tubing Hanger installation. The ROCS consists of redundant controls architecture and pumps to operate the electrical and hydraulic functions and read gauges.

Thru use of the highspeed WDP telemetry, the ROCS is controlled in real-time from topside to operate the Tubing Hanger Running Tool (THRT), Tubing Hanger (TH), downhole functions and downhole gauges, eliminating the need for the traditional umbilical deployed within the Marine Riser.

The WDP operated ROCS allows for a simplified system mobilization and operation, reducing total number of rig days and costs significantly.

The main advantages that will be discussed and shown include:

Eliminating the Electro-Hydraulic umbilical and handling equipment (costly associated equipment) Reduces personnel in red zone (umbilical-less: no clamping) Reduces/Eliminates rig interfaces, (such as Workover Control System (WOCS) container reducing the deck space demand, increasing rig flexibility) Ready to Run (ROCS including THOJ/THRT (Tubing Hanger Orientation Joint/Tubing Hanger Running Tool) tested and mobilized already connected to the TH Significantly reduces risk of Waiting on Weather Real-time readings local to tool, (accurate volumes and pressures, no umbilical influence)

The system has been used for horizontal and vertical completions and can operate different running tools, offering field proven benefits for the industry.
Ula WAG – Measuring the Flood. Characterising Sweep for Improved Reservoir Management
Authors: Duncan Jon , Fougner Christian , Morgan Neal , Tjetland Gunnar , Knutsen Eirik Rosseland , Halleråker Bjørn Emil Wik
Published: April 2022

Ula field is operated with Water Alternating Gas (WAG) injection. Since 2014, all Jurassic field production is attributed to WAG tertiary recovery mechanism. A 2006 study which focused on core from the 7/12-A-9 A surveillance well demonstrated that theoretical WAG performance was a reality at reservoir conditions. Residual oil saturation of 35-50% after water flood (Sorw) could be reduced to a residual oil saturation after miscible flood (Sorm) of 5-10% in the most efficiently flooded layers.

The evidence and pattern of flooding from A-9 A was overwhelming and enlightening. Clear demonstration of laboratory-based miscible flood theory was proven at reservoir conditions. A stratigraphic WAG distribution in the reservoir was identified which prompted modification of the reservoir model and led directly to the establishment of a new field injection strategy that has been followed ever since.

The Ula infill drilling (UID) programme of 2019-20 was based upon the replacement and repositioning of established WAG wells. This would re-focus the WAG sweep to new, un-swept areas of the field, and protect the crestal offset well locations by installation of new well stock. 7/12-A-7 D was designed as a new Southern Crest Producer to replace the aging A-12 A. The optimal location was decided c.400m north of A-12 A and 40m up-dip, within the established A-7 C - A-12 A WAG segment, as proven by 4-D seismic and production history response.

The location provided a new opportunity to evaluate the WAG efficiency at reservoir conditions, this time on the crest and close to a major producer. Sufficient uncertainty in log-based data and saturation measurement accuracy supported a repeat of the A-9 A core-based data acquisition programme.

Results from the core analysis demonstrate a high WAG efficiency in specific layers but confirm the challenge of being able to effectively flood a more substantial profile of the reservoir column. The outcomes are broadly in line with expectations. WAG is proven and the depth of WAG sweep is encouraging, covering 1/3 of the reservoir column. Residual oil saturation after water sweep (no WAG) is also demonstrated to reach low levels, supporting continued water flooding on the flank.