bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SDP-based bounds for graph partition via extended ADMM
Authors: Wiegele Angelika , Zhao Shudian
Published: March 2022

We study two NP-complete graph partition problems, k-equipartition problems and graph partition problems with knapsack constraints (GPKC). We introduce tight SDP relaxations with nonnegativity constraints to get lower bounds, the SDP relaxations are solved by an extended alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). In this way, we obtain high quality lower bounds for k-equipartition on large instances up to $$n =1000$$

n
=
1000

vertices within as few as 5 min and for GPKC problems up to $$n=500$$

n
=
500

vertices within as little as 1 h. On the other hand, interior point methods fail to solve instances from $$n=300$$

n
=
300

due to memory requirements. We also design heuristics to generate upper bounds from the SDP solutions, giving us tighter upper bounds than other methods proposed in the literature with low computational expense.
Incremental software product line verification - A performance analysis with dead variable code
Authors: Kröher Christian , Flöter Moritz , Gerling Lea , Schmid Klaus
Published: March 2022

Verification approaches for Software Product Lines (SPL) aim at detecting variability-related defects and inconsistencies. In general, these analyses take a significant amount of time to provide complete results for an entire, complex SPL. If the SPL evolves, these results potentially become invalid, which requires a time-consuming re-verification of the entire SPL for each increment. However, in previous work we showed that variability-related changes occur rather infrequently and typically only affect small parts of a SPL. In this paper, we utilize this observation and present an incremental dead variable code analysis as an example for incremental SPL verification, which achieves significant performance improvements. It explicitly considers changes and partially updates its previous results by re-verifying changed artifacts only. We apply this approach to the Linux kernel demonstrating that our fastest incremental strategy takes only 3.20 seconds or less for most of the changes, while the non-incremental approach takes 1,020 seconds in median. We also discuss the impact of different variants of our strategy on the overall performance, providing insights into optimizations that are worthwhile.
Lipidomics of Thalassiosira pseudonana as a function of valve SDV synthesis
Authors: Schwarz Philipp , Herrfurth Cornelia , Steinem Claudia , Feussner Ivo
Published: March 2022

Silica polycondensation occurring in diatom organelles called silica deposition vesicles (SDVs) leads to valve and girdle band formation to complete the biosilica cell wall after cell division. As SDVs have as yet not successfully been isolated, the role of SDV membranes in silica biogenesis is still largely unexplored. Here we used the possibility of synchronizing the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana to produce two synchronized cultures in different cell cycle stages that differ in their valve SDV production. Lipid subclass fold changes between valve SDV-enriched samples and cells in the G1 state are interpreted as indications for SDV-relevant membrane lipids. The lipid classes phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidic acid (PA), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) were found to be elevated in valve SDV-enriched cells, also showing accumulation of the very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It is conceivable that PA and LPC are preferentially found in SDV regions with high membrane curvature like the rims of the pancake-shaped valve SDV, while PC and PE molecules are presumably found in the planar regions of the SDVs. In addition, DHA-enriched phospholipids are known to form highly disordered membrane domains, which might be involved in membrane protein localization, possibly used for cytoskeleton-mediated positioning of the SDV.
Multiphoton Phosphorescence of Simple Ketones by Visible-light Excitation and Its Consideration for Active Sensing in Space
Authors: de Prinse Thomas , Klantsataya Elizaveta , Tsiminis Georgios , Payten Thomas , Moffatt Jillian , Kee Tak W. , Spooner Nigel A.
Published: March 2022

Acetone and butanone were seen to emit blue light around 450 nm when excited in the green by a high intensity pulsed laser. The pathway of this anti-Stokes emission is believed to be multiphoton absorption followed by phosphorescence, with emission being observed in the samples at cryogenic temperatures below their melting point and not seen from either ketone in their cold liquid state. Given the widespread nature of these simple ketones in off-world bodies and their potential importance as an organic resource for Space Resource Utilization, signals which enable the identification and tracing of these materials are of use in applications from remote sensing and mapping to monitoring during extraction processes. While the excitation process has a low efficiency, the ability to use visible light for sensing of these targets has advantages over UV sources, such as the wider availability of high-powered lasers which could be utilized.
Improving Superconductivity, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties by Substituting Different Ionic Pb Elements to Bi and Ca Elements in Bi-2223 Superconductors
Authors: Saritekin N. K. , Üzümcü A. T.
Published: March 2022

In this detailed study, the changes of microstructural, mechanical, and superconducting features of bulk Bi1.8Pb0.2Sr2.0Ca1.8Pb0.2Cu3Oymaterials prepared at different milling time intervals (0.5 h ≤ x ≤ 8 h) were investigated in the most precise manner. The measurements of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Vickers microhardness (Hv) were designed to scrutinize the bulk BSCCO samples. All the results of the measurements and calculations show that the characteristics responsible for the applications of the technology, industry, and engineering are significantly improved up to the 3 h milling time beyond that they tend to deteriorate. The enhancement of the characters is generally related to the transition from underdoped level of the (Bi, Pb)-2223 to the optimum level with the milling duration and this event approves that sufficient Pb nanoparticles penetrate the crystal structure. On the other hand, some of the reasons for the suppression in the superconducting properties are the presence of the porosity, disorder, defects, and the localization problem in the Cu-O2consecutively stacked layers. In addition to those mentioned above, the other reasons are degradation in the crystallinity, reduction in the average crystallite size, and decrease in mobile hole concentration in the Cu-O2layers. Similarly, the Pb inclusion rises the artificial random dislocations and grain boundary weak-links in the (Bi, Pb)-2223 superconducting system. Vickers microhardness measurements show that (Bi, Pb)-2223 bulk superconducting specimens exhibit typical indentation size behavior depending on the presence of both elastic and plastic deformations in the system. The results obtained from the hardness measurements have been analyzed by using Meyer law, PRS model, MPRS model, elastic–plastic deformation model, and Hays-Kendall approach. As a result, the Hays-Kendall approach was identified as the most successful model in describing the mechanical properties of the samples.
Advantages of in vivo measurement of human skin thermal conductance using a calorimetric sensor
Authors: Rodríguez de Rivera Pedro Jesús , Rodríguez de Rivera Miriam , Socorro Fabiola , Calbet Jose A. L. , Rodríguez de Rivera Manuel
Published: March 2022

Thermal conductivity of the skin has been measured by in vivo procedures since the 1950s. These devices usually consist of temperature sensors and heating elements. In vivo measurement of skin thermal conductivity entails several difficulties. It is necessary to adequately characterize the excitation produced by the measurement. In addition, the thermal penetration depth of each instrument is different. These factors have led to the development of a multitude of techniques to measure the thermal conductivity or related magnitudes such as thermal conductance. In our case, we have built a calorimetric sensor designed to measure this magnitude directly and non-invasively. The device implements the basic principles of calorimetry and is capable of characterizing the thermal magnitudes of a 2 × 2 (4) cm2 skin region. The sensor consists of a measuring thermopile with a thermostat cooled by Peltier effect. Several skin measurements performed under different conditions resulted in a thermal conductance ranging from 0.017 to 0.050 WK−1. This magnitude, measured in vivo, is different in each studied area and depends on several factors, such as physical activity and the physiological state of the subject. This new sensor is a useful tool for studying the human body thermoregulatory response.
Why do wantrepreneurs fail to take actions? Moderators of the link between intentions and entrepreneurial actions at the early stage of venturing
Authors: Mackiewicz Michał
Published: March 2022

Thriving entrepreneurship is a necessary condition of long-term sustainability in all modern economies. However, many entrepreneurs-to-be fail to take real actions in their transition from dreamers to doers. In this paper, we demonstrate that there are significant gaps in the current understanding of the important pre-entrepreneurship stages of starting new companies. In particular, these gaps include a proper understanding of moderators such as procrastination, commitment, and acquiring entrepreneurial knowledge from informal and unstructured sources. A promising way to fill these gaps is researching a promising yet little-known group – wantrepreneurs. Our qualitative study of a group of wantrepreneurs who seriously consider becoming entrepreneurs but fail to take any concrete steps allowed us to propose a number of hypotheses in this area and propose an extension of the Entrepreneurial Event Model.
Industrial policy, innovative entrepreneurship, and the human capital of founders
Authors: Grilli Luca , Mrkajic Boris , Giraudo Emanuele
Published: March 2022

Prior research shows that entrepreneurship enhances economic development. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that it is not the number of new startups that matter but rather their quality. This study investigates the effect of a comprehensive industrial policy intervention targeting innovative startups, i.e., the Italian Startup Act, on the composition of innovative entrepreneurs in terms of their human capital endowment. By decomposing the impact of lowering entry and growth barriers and by comparing the “before” and the “after” of the reform, we explore if the industrial policy has modified the composition of innovative entrepreneurs in terms of their human capital characteristics. The findings indicate that the reform, and in particular lowering growth barriers, was particularly able to push individuals with a relatively higher level of industry-specific, managerial, and entrepreneurial experience towards the creation of a new innovative venture. Overall, we show that a policy reform that decreases barriers to innovative entrepreneurship may attract entrepreneurs endowed with greater specific human capital than what occurred before the reform.
The nobel prize in physiology or medicine — 2021
Authors: Hagymási Krisztina
Published: March 2022

The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine jointly to David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch. TRP and Piezo channels also have several additional physiological functions, so targeting their functions could be a promising therapeutic target for different diseases, including the management of pain.
Effect of Cooling Rate on the Oleogel Properties of Wax–Wax-Hydrolyzate Mixtures
Authors: Wettlaufer Till , Flöter Eckhard
Published: March 2022

In this contribution, the effect of cooling rates on a wide compositional range of waxes as oleogel structurants was systematically investigated. The different waxes exhibited varying levels of wax esters (WE), fatty acids (FA), fatty alcohols (FaOH) and hydrocarbons (HC) and were systematically altered by combinations of sunflower wax (SFW), bees wax (BW) and their hydrolyzed variants (SFWh, BWh). By applying slow, medium and high cooling rates, the resulting gel properties were investigated in terms of firmness, calorimetry and microstructure. It was found that the calorimetrical signal is mainly affected by the waxes’ composition. However, due to enlarged dynamic induction times upon crystallization, a shift in dissolution temperature could be observed in heating scans. In our latest work we were able to formulate the degree of homogeneity (DoH), with which it was possible to predict the undercooling in SFW mixtures. The introduction of a novel method emerged for firmness measurements of oleogels treated with the different rates. Thus, it was possible to detect with high sensitivity for all waxes for applied cooling rates, caused by modification of microstructure. Combination of different methods further elucidated that higher rates need to be applied to further scale firmness of oleogels in industrial processes.
A system for real-time multivariate feature combination of endoscopic mitral valve simulator training data
Authors: Fuchs Reinhard , Van Praet Karel M. , Bieck Richard , Kempfert Jörg , Holzhey David , Kofler Markus , Borger Michael A. , Jacobs Stephan , Falk Volkmar , Neumuth Thomas
Published: March 2022

Purpose

For an in-depth analysis of the learning benefits that a stereoscopic view presents during endoscopic training, surgeons required a custom surgical evaluation system enabling simulator independent evaluation of endoscopic skills. Automated surgical skill assessment is in dire need since supervised training sessions and video analysis of recorded endoscope data are very time-consuming. This paper presents a first step towards a multimodal training evaluation system, which is not restricted to certain training setups and fixed evaluation metrics.

Methods

With our system we performed data fusion of motion and muscle-action measurements during multiple endoscopic exercises. The exercises were performed by medical experts with different surgical skill levels, using either two or three-dimensional endoscopic imaging. Based on the multi-modal measurements, training features were calculated and their significance assessed by distance and variance analysis. Finally, the features were used automatic classification of the used endoscope modes.

Results

During the study, 324 datasets from 12 participating volunteers were recorded, consisting of spatial information from the participants’ joint and right forearm electromyographic information. Feature significance analysis showed distinctive significance differences, with amplitude-related muscle information and velocity information from hand and wrist being among the most significant ones. The analyzed and generated classification models exceeded a correct prediction rate of used endoscope type accuracy rate of 90%.

Conclusion

The results support the validity of our setup and feature calculation, while their analysis shows significant distinctions and can be used to identify the used endoscopic view mode, something not apparent when analyzing time tables of each exercise attempt. The presented work is therefore a first step toward future developments, with which multivariate feature vectors can be classified automatically in real-time to evaluate endoscopic training and track learning progress.
On sums of dependent random lifetimes under the time-transformed exponential model
Authors: Navarro Jorge , Pellerey Franco , Mulero Julio
Published: March 2022

For a given pair of random lifetimes whose dependence is described by a time-transformed exponential model, we provide analytical expressions for the distribution of their sum. These expressions are obtained by using a representation of the joint distribution in terms of bivariate distortions, which is an alternative approach to the classical copula representation. Since this approach allows one to obtain conditional distributions and their inverses in simple form, then it is also shown how it can be used to predict the value of the sum from the value of one of the variables (or vice versa) by using quantile regression techniques.
Demi-linear analysis III—demi-distributions with compact support
Authors: Li Rong-lu , Zhong Shu-hui , Kim Dohan , Wu Jun-de
Published: March 2022

A series of detailed quantitative results is established for the family of demi-distributions which is a large extension of the family of usual distributions.
Modelling Three-Dimensional Microstructure Evolution Influenced by Concurrent Structural Mechanical Mechanisms
Authors: Soar Peter , Kao Andrew , Djambazov Georgi , Pericleous Koulis
Published: March 2022

The interdependence between structural mechanics and microstructure solidification is an inherently three-dimensional phenomenon, where the complex physical processes and mechanical interactions can lead to dendrites growing at orientations influenced by twisting and out of plane bending. These effects can have a significant impact on the formation of defects and the overall macroscopic material properties of the structure. However, all attempts to numerically model this process so far have been limited to two-dimensional representations of the problem, which necessitates ignoring any potential behaviour that may arise from these more complex deformation events. For this reason, the two-dimensional numerical methods presented in previous papers, which couple a Finite Volume Structural Mechanics Solver to a Cellular Automata solidification solver, have been expanded so that problems may now be simulated in three dimensions. Results are presented which do not aim to predict any specific mechanism but rather highlight the new capabilities of this improved three-dimensional modelling framework.
In Utero Development and Immunosurveillance of B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Rüchel Nadine , Jepsen Vera H. , Hein Daniel , Fischer Ute , Borkhardt Arndt , Gössling Katharina L.
Published: March 2022

Opinion statement

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequent type of pediatric cancer with a peak incidence at 2–5 years of age. ALL frequently begins in utero with the emergence of clinically silent, preleukemic cells. Underlying leukemia-predisposing germline and acquired somatic mutations define distinct ALL subtypes that vary dramatically in treatment outcomes. In addition to genetic predisposition, a second hit, which usually occurs postnatally, is required for development of overt leukemia in most ALL subtypes. An untrained, dysregulated immune response, possibly due to an abnormal response to infection, may be an important co-factor triggering the onset of leukemia. Furthermore, the involvement of natural killer (NK) cells and T helper (Th) cells in controlling the preleukemic cells has been discussed. Identifying the cell of origin of the preleukemia-initiating event might give additional insights into potential options for prevention. Modulation of the immune system to achieve prolonged immunosurveillance of the preleukemic clone that eventually dies out in later years might present a future directive. Herein, we review the concepts of prenatal origin as well as potential preventive approaches to pediatric B cell precursor (BCP) ALL.
Novel Approaches for the Treatment of Patients with Richter’s Syndrome
Authors: Iannello Andrea , Deaglio Silvia , Vaisitti Tiziana
Published: March 2022

Opinion statement

In the last 10–15 years, the way to treat cancers has dramatically changed towards precision medicine approaches. These treatment options are mainly based on selective targeting against signaling pathways critical for or detrimentally activated in cancer cells in cancer cells, as well as exploiting molecules that are specifically expressed on neoplastic cells, also known as tumor-associated antigens. These considerations hold true also in the hematological field where a plethora of novel targeted agents have reached patients’ bedside, significantly improving clinical responses. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an example of how targeted therapies, such as BTK, PI3K, or Bcl-2 inhibitors as well as anti-CD20 antibodies, have improved patients’ management, even when adopted as frontline treatment. However, these advancements do not apply to Richter’s syndrome (RS), the transformation of CLL into a very aggressive and fatal lymphoma, occurring in 2–10% of patients. RS is usually a fast-growing lymphoma of the diffuse large B cell or the Hodgkin’s variant, with a dismal prognosis. Despite advancements in depicting and understanding the genetic background of RS and its pathogenesis, no significant clinical results have been registered. In the last couple of years, several studies have started to investigate the impact of novel drugs or drug combinations and some of them have opened for clinical trials, currently in phase I or II, whose results will be soon available. This review will present an overview of current and most recent therapeutic options in RS, discussing also how results coming from xenograft models may help in designing and identifying novel treatment opportunities to overcome the lack of effective therapies.
Drivers, barriers and supply chain variables influencing the adoption of the blockchain to support traceability along fashion supply chains
Authors: Moretto Antonella , Macchion Laura
Published: March 2022

The critical role of blockchain technology in ensuring a proper level of traceability and visibility along supply chains is increasingly being explored in the literature. This critical examination must focus on the factors that either encourage or hinder (i.e. the drivers or barriers) the implementation of this technology in extended supply chains. On the assumption that the blockchain will need to be adopted at the supply chain level, the enabling factors and the contingent variables of different supply chains must be identified and analysed. The appropriate identification of supply chain partners is becoming a critical factor of success since the globalization of supply chains makes their management and control increasingly difficult. This is particularly true of the fashion industry. Five blockchain providers and seven focal companies working in the fashion industry were interviewed to compare their different viewpoints on this topic. The results highlight which drivers, barriers, and supply chain variables impact the implementation of the blockchain and specific research propositions are formulated.
Yield Depression in New Zealand Potato Crops Associated with Soil Compaction and Soil-Borne Diseases
Authors: Sinton Sarah M. , Falloon Richard E. , Jamieson Peter D. , Meenken Esther D. , Shah Farhat A. , Brown Hamish E. , Dellow Steven J. , Michel Alex J. , Fletcher John D.
Published: March 2022

In New Zealand, potato crop yields of 90 t ha−1 are achievable but at 55 t ha−1, the average is becoming economically unsustainable. In 2012/13, a grower-initiated survey found that Rhizoctonia solani and Spongospora subterranea (soil-borne pathogens) and soil compaction were widespread in 11 Canterbury potato crops. Targeted areas in these crops had measured yield losses of 0 (healthy plants) – 42 (diseased, resource constrained plants) t ha−1, limiting the farmer-measured field yield to a 56 t ha−1 average. In 2014/15, growth, water use and health of three contrasting crops were measured. Near-potential yield was achieved in one crop when disease incidence and severity were low and resources adequate. The other two crops yielded less than potential; one had an inadequate water supply and the other widespread soil-borne disease. Any suspected links between soil-borne disease, soil compaction and yield were further investigated by using them as factors in replicated experiments reported elsewhere.
Net Drawdown of Greenhouse Gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) by a Temperate Australian Seagrass Meadow
Authors: Ollivier Quinn R. , Maher Damien T. , Pitfield Chris , Macreadie Peter I.
Published: March 2022

Seagrasses have some of the highest rates of carbon burial on the planet and have therefore been highlighted as ecosystems for nature-based climate change mitigation. However, information is still needed on the net radiative forcing benefit of seagrasses inclusive of their associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Here, we report simultaneous estimates of seagrass-associated carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) air–water emissions. Applying in situ sampling within a south-east Australian seagrass ecosystem, this study finds atmospheric GHG emissions from waters above seagrasses to range from − 480 ± 15.96 to − 16.2 ± 8.32 mg CO2-equivalents m2 d−1 (net uptake), with large temporal and spatial variability. Using a combination of gas specific mass balance equations, dissolved stable carbon isotope values (δ13C) and in situ time-series data, CO2-e flux is estimated at − 21.74 mg m2 d−1. We find that the net release of CH4 (0.44 µmol m2 h−1) and net uptake of N2O (− 0.06 µmol m2 h−1) effectively negated each other at 16.12 and − 16.13 mg CO2-e m2 d−1, respectively. The results of this study indicate that temperate Australian seagrasses may function as net sinks of atmospheric CO2-e. These results contribute towards filling key emission accounting gaps both in the Australian region, and through the simultaneous measurement of the three key greenhouse gas species.
Listriodon dukkar sp. nov. (Suidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the late Miocene of Pasuda (Gujarat, India): the decline and extinction of the Listriodontinae
Authors: van der Made Jan , Choudhary Deepak , Singh Ningthoujam Premjit , Sharma K. Milankumar , Singh Nongmaithem Amardas , Patnaik Rajeev
Published: March 2022

The Listriodontinae were a common and widespread group of Suidae (pigs) that lived in an area extending from Portugal to China and to southern Africa. Here, we describe the new speciesListriodon dukkarfrom Pasuda (Gujarat, India). It shares features withLi. pentapotamiae,evolved from it, and is the last representative of this lineage. The Listriodontinae flourished for about 10 million years, reached their maximum diversity and geographic extension during the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum (about 17–13.6 Ma), and their last records are close in age and date to ~ 9.8 Ma in the Indian Subcontinent, 9.78 Ma in Europe, and ~ 10 Ma in Africa. We review the environments in which the last listriodont lineages lived and went extinct. Their extinctions occurred against a background of increasing seasonality, vegetation change, a rise in bovid diversity and abundance, and local events, such as the European Vallesian Crisis and a dramatic drop in tragulid abundance in the Siwaliks. However, changes in the atmospheric pCO2may have contributed to their decline and extinction in all their geographic distribution. Decreasing pCO2is expected to have decreased sugar content and increased protein content of leaves and fruit. Hindgut fermenting Suoidea have higher protein requirements, while foregut fermenting Suoidea are more efficient in digesting sugars. Listriodontinae were probably foregut fermenters and were less well adapted in a low pCO2world.
Urban geology from a GIS-based geotechnical system: a case study in a medium-sized city (Oviedo, NW Spain)
Authors: Pando Luis , Flor-Blanco Germán , Llana-Fúnez Sergio
Published: March 2022

This paper describes the development of a GIS-based geotechnical system designed to face challenges on urban geology in a Spanish mid-sized city. Its multipurpose nature is based on a relational database that holds a wide variety of georeferenced ground data, mostly extracted from geotechnical reports or acquired during fieldwork. At present it includes, among other unpublished information, more than 2000 site investigations and the results from 5000 tests carried out on rock, soil and groundwater samples. This desk tool provides a better understanding of the bedrock and superficial geology through the spatial analysis of the collected subsurface data. The main achievements include the classification and mapping of man-made grounds, fluvial sediments and residual soils; the identification of unreported faults; the review and detailed study of geotechnical parameters and properties of the rocks and soils; and the hydrogeological characterization of the permeable units. It also provided the surface geological mapping of the urban area; the development of a geo-engineering map based on lithological, geotechnical and construction criteria; and the creation of a preliminary 3D layer-based ground model of the city centre, where the subsurface contains stone used for heritage buildings listed by UNESCO.
Evaluating the use of lamotrigine to reduce mood lability and impulsive behaviors in adults with chronic and severe eating disorders
Authors: Reilly Erin E. , Berner Laura A. , Trunko Mary Ellen , Schwartz Terry , Anderson Leslie K. , Krueger Angeline , Yu Xinze , Chen Joanna Y. , Cusack Anne , Nakamura Tiffany , Kaye Walter H.
Published: March 2022

Background

Gold-standard psychological and pharmacological treatments for bulimic-spectrum eating disorders only result in remission for around 50% of patients; patients with affective lability and impulsivity represent a subgroup with particularly poor outcomes. Both dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), a treatment for emotion dysregulation, and lamotrigine, a mood stabilizer, have demonstrated promise for targeting affective lability and impulsivity; however, data exploring the combination of these interventions remain limited.

Objective

We followed a group of women with recurrent dysregulated eating behaviors (N = 62) throughout intensive DBT treatment and compared the symptom trajectory of those prescribed lamotrigine (n = 28) and those who were not (n = 34).

Method

Participants completed surveys every 2 weeks throughout treatment.

Results

Group analyses suggested that all participants self-reported decreases in emotional reactivity, negative urgency, and symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD). The lamotrigine group reported greater elevations in BPD symptoms at baseline, but demonstrated steeper decreases in emotion and behavioral dysregulation than the non-matched comparison group. Within-subject analyses suggested that within the lamotrigine group, subjects reported greater decreases in symptoms following prescription of lamotrigine.

Conclusions

Findings provide initial data suggesting that lamotrigine could be useful as an adjunctive treatment for patients with affective lability and impulsivity.

Level of evidence

IV, time series without randomization.
Ernährung in der Schwangerschaft: Makronährstoffe
Authors: Zauner Christian
Published: March 2022

Eine Frau erfährt durch eine Schwangerschaft diverse physiologische und metabolische Veränderungen, um den Fetus zu ernähren und sich selbst auf die Geburt vorzubereiten. Dafür müssen ausreichend Energie und Nährstoffe bereitgestellt werden, wofür eine gesunde und ausgewogene Ernährung der werdenden Mutter beste Voraussetzungen schafft. Der zusätzliche Energiebedarf während einer Schwangerschaft wird jedoch von vielen überschätzt. Dieser steigt erst im zweiten Trimenon um etwa 250 Kilokalorien (kcal)/Tag (d) und im dritten Trimenon um weitere 250 kcal/Tag an. Eine überhöhte Energiezufuhr bedingt eine positive Energiebilanz, die eine überdurchschnittliche Gewichtszunahme mit damit verbundenen Risiken und Komplikationen nach sich ziehen kann. Die Ernährungsempfehlungen für Schwangere orientieren sich an den allgemeinen Empfehlungen für Erwachsene, wobei kalorienfreie Getränke und pflanzliche Nahrungsmittel reichlich und tierische Lebensmittel dagegen mäßig konsumiert werden sollten. Auch auf eine ausreichende Zufuhr von Ballaststoffen sollte geachtet werden. Sehr sparsam sollten Süßigkeiten, zuckerhaltige Getränke, verarbeitete Snacks und Nahrungsmittel mit einem hohen Anteil an gesättigten Fettsäuren gegessen werden. Der Bedarf an Kohlenhydraten ändert sich durch eine Schwangerschaft grundsätzlich nicht. Ihr Anteil sollte bei etwa 50–55 % der täglichen Energiezufuhr liegen, wobei die Aufnahme von freiem Zucker limitiert werden sollte. Der Anteil der Fette sollte etwa 30 % einnehmen, wobei eine ausreichende Zufuhr von ungesättigten bzw. essenziellen Fettsäuren zu gewährleisten ist. Ansonsten sind fetale Entwicklungsstörungen und das Auftreten von Schwangerschaftskomplikationen möglich. Eine Supplementierung von ω‑3-Fettsäuren ist in Einzelfällen in Erwägung zu ziehen, jedoch nicht generell zu empfehlen. Der Proteinbedarf steigt während der Schwangerschaft ab dem 4. Schwangerschaftsmonat an. Es wurde für das zweite Trimenon ein Anstieg von 15 % und für das dritte Trimenon ein Anstieg von 25 % beschrieben. Die Proteinzufuhr sollte jedoch auf einem moderaten Niveau bleiben und 25 % der gesamten täglichen Energiezufuhr nicht übersteigen. Eine mit Bedacht ausgewählte, ausgewogene und nährstoffreiche Ernährung bereits vor und auch während der Schwangerschaft kann den Verlauf und die fetale Entwicklung positiv beeinflussen. Darüber hinaus können dadurch die Gesundheit, das Wohlbefinden der werdenden Mutter sowie die Entwicklung des Kindes bis ins Erwachsenenalter gefördert werden.
Emerging scaffold- and cellular-based strategies for brain tissue regeneration and imaging
Authors: Collins Maurice N. , Zamboni Fernanda , Serafin Aleksandra , Escobar Ane , Stepanian Romain , Culebras Mario , Reis Rui L. , Oliveira Joaquim M.
Published: March 2022

Stimulating brain tissue regeneration is a major challenge after central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as those observed from trauma or cerebrovascular accidents. Full regeneration is difficult even when a neurogenesis-associated repair response may occur. Currently, there are no effective treatments to stimulate brain tissue regeneration. However, biomaterial scaffolds are showing promising results, where hydrogels are the materials of choice to develop these supportive scaffolds for cell carriers. Their combination with growth factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), together with other cell therapy strategies allows the prevention of further neuronal death and can potentially lead to the direct stimulation of neurogenesis and vascularisation at the injured site. Imaging of the injured site is particularly critical to study the reestablishment of neural cell functionality after brain tissue injury. This review outlines the latest key advances associated with different strategies aiming to promote the neuroregeneration, imaging, and functional recovery of brain tissue.

Graphical abstract
Impact of assimilating Formosat-7/COSMIC-II GNSS radio occultation data on heavy rainfall prediction in Taiwan
Authors: Chang Chih-Chien , Yang Shu-Chih
Published: March 2022

This study investigates the impact of assimilating Formosat-7/COSMIC-II (FS7/C2) radio occultation (RO) refractivity data on predicting the heavy rainfall event that occurred in Taiwan on August 13, 2019. This event was characterized by heavy rainfall over the coastal region of central and southwestern Taiwan. Our investigation is performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting-Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter. Generally, assimilating the RO data increases the amount of moisture over the northern South China Sea (SCS) and the Pearl River area in southern China. It was expected that assimilating the RO data would improve low-level moisture analysis, given that more RO data are available for the lower atmosphere compared to those from Formosat-3/COSMIC-I. However, our results show that the experiment that does not include the RO data below 3 km facilitates better rainfall prediction over Taiwan in terms of the intensity and location of heavy rainfall. This heavy rainfall event can be attributed to moisture transport from the Pearl River area, where the RO data at the altitude of 3–5 km provide effective moisture enhancement to deepen the high-moisture layer. The experiment using the local spectral width (LSW) to conduct the quality control (QC) also helps improve rainfall prediction. However, such an LSW-based QC procedure tends to reject significant amounts of RO data 3 km above the land. Based on this case study, our results show that the QC procedure brings a larger impact to rainfall prediction than counterparts that adjust the observation error variance. A sophisticated QC procedure should be developed to optimize the impact of low-level RO data.
Human and Non-Human Targets in International Armed Conflicts
Authors: Grzebyk Patrycja
Published: March 2022

What norms apply to the determination of lawful targets? What persons and objects may be lawfully targeted in armed conflict? What are the reasons, both legal and extra-legal, of civilian losses? What principles must be observed when attacking military objectives? How can the protection of persons who are not participating in hostilities can be strengthened? Is it possible to develop a consistent approach to targeting in armed conflict regardless of the legal qualification of the armed conflict? This monograph answers these questions and many more. Taking into account both military objectives and civilian objects, it considers the extent of their protection in a range of contexts, providing an essential source of reference for scholars dealing with issues across international humanitarian law and armed conflict.
A Planning Theory of Acting Together
Authors: BRATMAN MICHAEL E.
Published: March 2022

We have the capacity to act together in shared intentional and shared cooperative ways. This lecture argues that our capacity for the plan-based, mind-supported cross-temporal organization of our individual activities, together with certain further elements, suffices for our capacity for the mind-supported, small-scale social organization characteristic of acting together. These two fundamental forms of human practical organization––diachronic and small-scale social––are for us grounded in a common core: our capacity for planning agency.
Evaluating the incidence of bacteriuria in female patients before and after implementation of external urinary collection devices
Authors: Noval Mandee M. , Leekha Surbhi , Armahizer Michael , Celotto Abigale , Bhatt Meghna , Seung Hyunuk , Claeys Kimberly
Published: March 2022

External urinary collection devices (ECDs) are increasingly used in female patients, however, their impact on bacteriuria and antimicrobial use is unclear. Comparing the periods before and after the implementation of an ECD use policy, we found an overall decrease in bacteriuria but no significant decrease in trend of monthly rates. Antimicrobial use for genitourinary indications did not change.
Analytical bounds on the heat transport in internally heated convection
Authors: Kumar Anuj , Arslan Ali , Fantuzzi Giovanni , Craske John , Wynn Andrew
Published: March 2022

We obtain an analytical bound on the non-dimensional mean vertical convective heat flux $\langle w T \rangle$ between two parallel boundaries driven by uniform internal heating. We consider two configurations. In the first, both boundaries are held at the same constant temperature and $\langle wT \rangle$ measures the asymmetry of the heat fluxes escaping the layer through the top and bottom boundaries. In the second configuration, the top boundary is held at constant temperature, the bottom one is perfectly insulating, and $\langle wT \rangle$ is related to the difference between the horizontally-averaged temperatures of the two boundaries. For the first configuration, Arslan et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 919, 2021, p. A15) recently provided numerical evidence that Rayleigh-number-dependent corrections to the only known rigorous bound $\langle w T \rangle \leq 1/2$ may be provable if the classical background method is augmented with a minimum principle stating that the fluid's temperature is no smaller than that of the top boundary. Here, we confirm this fact rigorously for both configurations by proving bounds on $\langle wT \rangle$ that approach $1/2$ exponentially from below as the Rayleigh number is increased. The key to obtaining these bounds is inner boundary layers in the background fields with a particular inverse-power scaling, which can be controlled in the spectral constraint using Hardy and Rellich inequalities. These allow for qualitative improvements in the analysis that are not available to standard constructions.
The influence of managerial attributions on corporate entrepreneurship
Authors: Jayamohan Parvathi , Moss Todd , McKelvie Alexander , Hyman Michael
Published: March 2022

We use attribution theory to show that firms that make more internal attributions to positive performance outcomes engage slack resources more freely for corporate entrepreneurship (CE) than firms that make fewer of such attributions. In addition, we show that the way in which companies make external attributions to performance outcomes moderates this relationship. To examine this empirically, we explore how top management teams discuss the factors that contribute to firm performance. Specifically, we look at attributions provided in the Management's Discussion and Analysis section of the annual reports of 144 pharmaceutical firms over a 2-year period. In line with our predictions, we find that greater internal attribution to positive performance outcomes leads to increased use of slack resources for CE. Furthermore, we find that this effect is stronger when firms make more external attributions to negative performance outcomes than positive performance outcomes.
Decreasing the RAG:SAG ratio of granola cereal predictably reduces postprandial glucose and insulin responses: a report of four randomised trials in healthy adults
Authors: Wolever Thomas M.S. , Jenkins Alexandra L. , Campbell Janice E. , Ezatagha Adish , Dhillon Simarata , Johnson Jodee , Schuette John , Chen Yumin , Chu YiFang
Published: March 2022

Dietary starch contains rapidly (RAG) and slowly available glucose (SAG). To establish the relationships between the RAG:SAG ratio and postprandial glucose, insulin and hunger, we measured postprandial responses elicited by test meals varying in the RAG:SAG ratio in n 160 healthy adults, each of whom participated in one of four randomised cross-over studies (n 40 each): a pilot trial comparing six chews (RAG:SAG ratio 2·4–42·7) and three studies comparing a test granola (TG1-3, RAG:SAG ratio 4·5–5·2) with a control granola (CG1–3, RAG:SAG ratio 54·8–69·3). Within studies, test meals were matched for fat, protein and available carbohydrate. Blood glucose, serum insulin and subjective hunger were measured for 3 h. Data were subjected to repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The relationships between the RAG:SAG ratio and postprandial end points were determined by regression analysis. In the pilot trial, 0–2 h glucose incremental areas under the curve (iAUC0–2; primary end point) varied across the six chews (P = 0·014) with each 50 % reduction in the RAG:SAG ratio reducing relative glucose response by 4·0 %. TGs1-3 elicited significantly lower glucose iAUC0–2 than CGs1–3 by 17, 18 and 17 %, respectively (similar to the 15 % reduction predicted by the pilot trial). The combined means ± sem (n 120) for TC and CG were glucose iAUC0–2, 98 ± 4 v. 118 ± 4 mmol × min/l (P < 0·001), and insulin iAUC0–2, 153 ± 9 v. 184 ± 11 nmol × h/l (P < 0·001), respectively. Neither postprandial hunger nor glucose or hunger increments 2 h after eating differed significantly between TG and CG. We concluded that TGs with RAG:SAG ratios <5·5 predictably reduced glycaemic and insulinaemic responses compared with CGs with RAG:SAG ratios >54. However, compared with CG, TG did not reduce postprandial hunger or delay the return of glucose or hunger to baseline.
Effects of nitrogen application rates on the spatio-temporal variation of leaf SPAD readings on the maize canopy
Authors: Li Y. Y. , Ming B. , Fan P. P. , Liu Y. , Wang K. R. , Hou P. , Li S. K. , Xie R. Z.
Published: March 2022

The spatio-temporal variation of leaf chlorophyll content is an important crop phenotypic trait that is of great significance for evaluating crop productivity. This study used a soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter for non-destructive monitoring of leaf chlorophyll dynamics to characterize the patterns of spatio-temporal variation in the nutritional status of maize (Zea maysL.) leaves under three nitrogen treatments in two cultivars. The results showed that nitrogen levels could affect the maximum leaf SPAD reading (SPADmax) and the duration of high SPAD reading. A rational model was used to measure the changes in SPAD readings over time in single leaves. This model was suitable for predicting the dynamics of the nutrient status for each leaf position under different nitrogen treatments, and model parameter values were position dependent.SPADmaxat each leaf decreased with the reduction of nitrogen supply. Leaves at different positions in both cultivars responded differently to higher nitrogen rates. Lower leaves (8th–10th positions) were more sensitive than the other leaves in response to nitrogen. Monitoring the SPAD reading dynamic of lower leaves could accurately characterize and assess the nitrogen supply in plants. The lower leaves in nitrogen-deficient plants had a shorter duration of high SPAD readings compared to nitrogen-sufficient plants; this physiological mechanism should be studied further. In summary, the spatio-temporal variation of plant nitrogen status in maize was analysed to determine critical leaf positions for potentially assisting in the identification of appropriate agronomic management practices, such as the adjustment of nitrogen rates in late fertilization.
Self-, other-, and dual-harm during adolescence: a prospective-longitudinal study of childhood risk factors and early adult correlates
Authors: Steinhoff Annekatrin , Bechtiger Laura , Ribeaud Denis , Eisner Manuel , Shanahan Lilly
Published: March 2022

Background

Little is known about the childhood antecedents and adult correlates of adolescent dual-harm (i.e. co-occurring self- and other-harm). We examine the longitudinal associations between (a) social and psychological risk factors in childhood and adolescent dual-harm and (b) adolescent dual-harm and social and mental health impairments in early adulthood.

Methods

Participants (N = 1482) are from a prospective longitudinal community-representative study. Dual-, self-, and other-harm were self-reported at ages 13, 15, and 17. Social and psychological risk factors in childhood were assessed between 7 and 11; early adult correlates at age 20. Groups with dual-harm, self-harm only, other-harm only, and no harm were compared.

Results

Between 13 and 17, 7.2% of adolescents reported dual-harm (self-harm only: 16.2%; other-harm only: 13.3%). Some childhood risk factors (e.g. sensation-seeking, parental divorce, victimization by peers) characterized all harm groups; others were common to the dual- and self-harm (anxiety/depressive symptoms, relational aggression) or dual- and other-harm groups only (low self-control, substance use, delinquency). Adolescents with dual-harm had reported more physical aggression and harsh parenting, and lower school bonding in childhood than any other group. In early adulthood, they reported more anxiety/depressive symptoms, psychopathy symptoms, homicidal ideations, delinquency, and victimization experiences than any other group.

Conclusions

Adolescent dual-harm follows psychological problems and social disconnection in childhood and signals risk of psychopathology and isolation in early adulthood. To curb the burden from dual-harm, interventions must target adolescents, families, peer networks, and school environments. Differentiating youth with dual-harm from those with single-harm is important for developing personalized treatments.