bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Placental ultrasonography
Authors: King Donald Latham
Published: February 2007

Ultrasonography is the preferred technique for placental localization. It permits a comparatively precise estimate of the separation of the lower placental margin and internal cervical os. Six false positive diagnoses of placenta previa occurred in a series of 244 patients. There were no false negative diagnoses. The diagnosis of placenta previa was confirmed as correct in ten patients. Determination of the location of the lower margin of a posterior placenta obscured by the overlying fetus may be assisted by measurement of the separation of the anterior sacral margin and the fetal head when the latter is dipping into the pelvis. A separation of greater than 15 millimeters usually indicates extension of the lower placental margin over the sacral promontory and onto the lower uterine segment.
A digitized, direct contact b‐scanner for ophthalmic application
Authors: Holasek E. , Sokollu A. , Purnell E. W.
Published: February 2007

This paper presents the principles of a portable compact instrument utilizing a digital control system and providing B‐scan displays. The instrument is designed exclusively for ophthalmic applications. The system is comprised of a self‐contained scanning head and a signal display unit. The entire unit can easily be rolled to the patient's bedside or into the operating room. A programmed pulse generator provides signals for incremental angular positioning of the transducer as well as signals for the formation of the display. The transducer is moved by a stepping motor to establish the incremental sector scan. Display sweeps are generated by digital‐to‐analog conversion to circumvent the use of mechanically‐driven position sensors as used in conventional systems.
Cardiac echo‐differentiation (CED) evaluated with phonocardiography
Authors: Galbo H. , Paulev P. ‐E. , Neumann F. , Pedersen P. C.
Published: February 2007

A new, standardized, ultrasound cardiographic technique — CED — is evaluated in four healthy subjects during rest and during graded cycling (supine). The myocardial contraction displacement(s) of an easily recognized area of the posterior wall of the left ventricle was recorded (s(t)‐curves). On line differentiators were developed to differentiate the s(t)‐curves, hereby providing the velocity (V̇ = ds/dt) and acceleration (Ä = d2s/dt2) of contraction. The positive velocity period, here called CED systole, was equal to the left ventricular ejection time at rest. The CED systole amounts to approximately 90% of the auscultatory systole at all levels of activity. The positive peak values of the first and second time derivatives of the s(t)‐curves are located almost constantly relative to the CED — and auscultatory — systolic durations at all exercise levels, confirming that the recordings were obtained from the same epicardial area at all examinations in each subject. The positive, peak velocity (V̇1) is possibly a sensitive estimate of the contractility of the superficial myocardial layer. The size of the CED‐variables were correlated with the steady state work rate of each subject. The CED‐examination was practicable evenduringheavy, supine exercise.
Echographic changes with placental ageing
Authors: Winsberg F.
Published: February 2007

After 36 weeks gestation the placenta has a distinct echographic appearance which is characterized by rounded transonic areas measuring 1.5 to 4.5 cm. in diameter. Anatomic and histologic study of seven placentas with this echographic appearance has snown no abnormalities or characteristic findings. The recognition of the mature placenta is of clinical use in the determination of dysmaturity and growth retardation, where a single fetal head measurement may be misleading. The changes in the internal consistency of the placenta are most easily identified with a real‐time, water bath, linear scanner (Siemens Vidoson) but may also be seen with a compound contact scanner if non‐storage recording is employed.
Grey scale echography in the diagnosis of intrahepatic disease
Authors: Taylor K. J. W. , Carpenter D. A. , McCready V. R.
Published: February 2007

Conventional signal processing and display of information obtained by ultrasonic scanning results in the loss of low level information which may be diagnostically valuable by demonstrating the internal structure of organs. The use of grey scale echography preserves this information, allowing visualization of the normal tissue patterns and the minimal deviations from these which can indicate early pathology. This technique supplements radioisotope scanning since it has greater resolution. The method may be particularly valuable in evaluating the effect of therapy on liver metastases.
Echocardiographic patterns recorded from a patient with a peripheral arterio‐venous shunt
Authors: Smith Mckamy , Hood William P.
Published: February 2007

The echocardiographic patterns of increased right ventricular dimension and abnormal septal motion were observed in a patient with a large pelvic arterio‐venous (A‐V) shunt and no associated cardiac lesion. Although there was evidence of incomplete closure of the shunt four months after surgery, the right ventricular dimension had returned to normal but abnormal septal motion persisted. While these echocardiographic findings cannot be attributed specifically to the shunt in this patient, such a lesion should be considered in patients with these echocardiographic patterns and no cardiac abnormality.
Ultrasound studies in premature infants after birth
Authors: Grumme TH. , Meese W. , Frommel G. , Tandhavadhana C.
Published: February 2007

Between February 1970 and December 1971, 200 premature infants with birth weights of up to 2500 g were examined echoencephalographically within 48 hours of birth. The third ventricle and the brain‐mantle‐index (BMI) were determined. It was statistically proved that with increasing weight, advancing gestational age and growth of head circumference, the width of the third ventricle diminishes. The breadth of the third ventricle in premature infants and so‐called “small‐for‐date‐infants” was found to be essentially the same. An enlarged width of the third ventricle in cases of low birth weight and low gestational age, could possibly represent a physiological phase. BMI and third ventricle correlated closely. Conclusion: The more fully developed the premature infant, the smaller the width of the ventricular system.
Light‐emitting diode device for display of numerical data on any ultrasound oscilloscope
Authors: Skolnick M. Leon
Published: February 2007

By removing the light emitting diode (LED) chips from a commercial compact calculator and reconnecting the LED chips by cable to the calculator, the author produced an inexpensive device to display numerical data on any ultrasound oscilloscope screen. The chip is clipped to the face of the oscilloscope and photographed as part of the Polaroid or 70mm scan. Eight digits and one symbol can be displayed showing date, patient number, decibel level and position of scan.
Schlieren study of pulsed ultrasound transmission through human skull
Authors: Smith S. W. , Thurstone F. L.
Published: February 2007

A study has been made of the effects of the human skull on pulsed ultrasound from a diagnostic transducer. Schlieren photographs of ultrasound transmitted through a pediatric skull were made in various directions. Other than attenuation, little effect was observed on the directionality or spatial distribution of the ultrasonic pulses. These observations may be significant in considering the deleterious effects of the skull on imaging intracranial anatomy.
Determination of organ volume by means of ultrasonic B‐mode scanning
Authors: Doust Bruce D. , Baum Janet K. , Maklad Nabil F. , Baum Richard F.
Published: February 2007

The volume of the urinary bladder was measured in 23 nonpregnant females, 18 males and 8 pregnant females—49 patients in all. Measurement of organ volume was accomplished to an accuracy of ± 20% in over 90% of cases in bladders between 40 cc and 800 cc in volume. Multiple parallel B‐mode sections were taken at 1 cm intervals where cross‐sectional area changed slowly, and at intervals of 1/2 cm where cross‐sectional area changed rapidly. The area of each cross section was measured with a polar planimeter, and then multiplied by the distance between adjacent scans to give an approximate estimate of the volume between successive sections. The total of these volumes represents the volume of the organ (planimeter volume). A further increase in accuracy was obtained by applying the regression equation: true volume = 25cc + planimeter volume.

The calculated volume was compared with voided urine volume. Patients with residual urine were exlucded. The method does not require the use of computer techniques. In organs where there is significant respiratory motion, such as the liver, the spleen and the kidneys, suspension of respiration in the same phase during each scan is mandatory to achieve an accurate result.
Echocardiographic diagnosis of calcific stenosis of a stented aortic homograft in the mitral position
Authors: Horowitz Michael S. , Goodman Daniel J. , Popp Richard L.
Published: February 2007

Echocardiography was used to diagnose a calcified and stenotic stent‐mounted aortic homograft in the mitral position. Poorly moving intense echoes from the valve leaflets suggested extensive tissue fibrosis and calcification. Markedly reduced diastolic posterior movement of the echoes returning from the stent implied restriction to ventricular filling through a stenotic mitral valve. Hemodynamic, angiographic, and pathologic findings confirmed this ultrasonic diagnosis. The ultrasonic appearance of the normally functioning stented tissue valve in the mitral position and the technique for recording this bioprosthesis are described.
The ultrasonic determination of renal transplant volume
Authors: Bartrum Royal J. , Smith Edward H. , D'orsi Carl J. , Dantono John
Published: February 2007

Four methods are described for calculating the volume of the transplanted kidney from the ultrasonic scan. The first, called an integration method, utilized measurements based on both longitudinal and transverse scans. The other three were based on measurements from a single longitudinal scan. Of the four methods tested, the “integration” procedure is clearly superior to the simpler approximations. Although extremely accurate in vitro, a moderate error is to be expected when in vivo scans are performed. A single ultrasonographer should perform all volume determinations so as to minimize subjective scanning technique differences. Correctly performed, the ultrasonic volume should be within 14% of the true volume at the 95% confidence level.
The ultrasound findings in an obstructed afferent loop
Authors: Hauser J. Bruce , Stanley Robert J. , Geisse Guillermo
Published: February 2007

The widest application of abdominal ultrasonography is the determination of location and character of abdominal masses. Retroperitoneal, pancreatic, aortic, hepatic and renal masses have been well described (1). We are reporting a case of an obstructed afferent loop visualized by ultrasound.
Ultrasound diagnosis of and cyst puncture guidance for a second unilateral renal cyst
Authors: Darby R. E. , Wayne R. W.
Published: February 2007

Ultrasound has proved to be a valuable diagnostic tool in the evaluation of renal masses (1–3). A case is presented in which the kidney echogram demonstrated an additional renal cyst not suspected by intravenous pyelography. Both left renal cysts were punctured with a single insertion of an aspiration needle using A‐mode ultrasound monitoring and simultaneous infusion pyelography for localization of the cysts during the puncture procedure.
A simple technique to determine the extent of abdominal aortic aneurysms on B‐mode sonography
Authors: Anderson Richard D.
Published: February 2007

A simple technique is presented to evaluate extension of abdominal aortic aneurysms above the level of the renal arteries at sonography. Knowledge of such extension is important because these cases may require a thoroacoabdominal surgical approach. Iliac extension of abdominal aortic aneurysms also may be evaluated by sonography.
Ultrasonic study of venous patterns in the right hypochondrium: An anatomical approach to differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice
Authors: Weill F. , Eisenscher A. , Aucant D. , Bourgoin A. , Gallinet D.
Published: February 2007

Through real time ultrasonography, it is possible to display the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein, the vena porta, and the intrahepatic portal and systemic veins. In jaundice, it is of the utmost importance to carefully identify the vena porta before making a diagnosis of common bile duct enlargement. It is also necessary, when confronted with a pattern of apparently enlarged intrahepatic ducts, to conduct a thorough study of possible confluences of the ducts with the vena porta or vena cava to be certain that the ducts are not part of the portal or systemic venous network. Without such differentiation, portal enlargement caused portal hypertension, systemic venous enlargement caused cardiac insufficiency, or even nonpathological wide veins may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of obstructive jaundice.
A new system for rapid review of clinical studies and more efficient group teaching in ultrasound
Authors: Blackwell Eric , McKinney William M.
Published: February 2007

A system using television in a convenient format is described. Its applications include rapid, convenient review of studies clinicians and efficient presentation of data to groups of ultrasound trainees. The videotape capability of unit allows production of teaching aids for sharing with other labs.
A removable ultrasonic collimator for improving resolution
Authors: Yeh En‐Lin
Published: February 2007

A removable ultrasonic collimator is described. It could be easily attached to a general purpose transducer to improve resolution on ultrasound study of superficial small organs. The collimator is made of a small central focusing lens, 6 mm in diameter, surrounded air. The air insulates the peripheral portion of the transducer surface. Only the central ultrasonic beam would be transmitted through the lens. As a result, the ultrasonic beam is narrowed and the resolution is improved. Draw‐back of the collimator is a reduction in the ultrasound intensity. However, it can be compensated for increasing either the transducer output or system gain.
Ultrasound physics for the physician a brief review
Authors: Carlsen Ernest N.
Published: February 2007

The field of clinical ultrasound has exploded with new instrumentation, and has far surpassed the number of trained personnel available for the sophisticated interpretation required. Many physicians today are being required to become proficient in the field without any formal training. This review is provided to aid the physician in the understanding of the basic physics of ultrasound.
Report of the inter‐society commission for heart disease resources Optimal resources for ultrasonic examination of the heart
Authors: Gramiak Raymond , Fortuin Nicholas J. , King Donald L. , Popp Richard L. , Feigenbaum Harvey
Published: February 2007

The echocardiographic examination is described and the current status of ultrasound in cardiac diagnosis is summarized. Planning guidelines are provided for hospital based echocardiography laboratories including resource criteria for professional personnel and training, equipment, space, and support systems. Minimal case loads for maintaining quality performance of the examiner are recommended and various administrative patterns for organizing an echocardiography service are discussed. Approaches for establishing professional fees and emerging applications of diagnostic ultrasound in cardiovascular medicine are briefly reviewed. There is a description of the procedure for conducting an adequate echocardiographic examination in children and adults.
Gray scale compound scan echography of the normal upper abdomen
Authors: Garrett William J. , Kossoff George , Carpenter David A.
Published: February 2007

Compound scanning shows the size, shape, position, and anatomical relationships between the various organs in the upper abdomen. Gray scale compound scanning gives additional information from the parenchyma of organs and allows description of the characteristic ultrasonic appearance of specific tissues such as liver, spleen, or kidney. The method is complementary to simple scanning and for diagnostic work a combination of the two methods is recommended.
Ultrasound as a diagnostic aid in ventral abdominal hernia
Authors: Spangen Leif
Published: February 2007

Preliminary results are presented of ultrasound investigations in 34 patients with suspected abdominal hernias. All patients were explored surgically on the basis of clinical indications, and the surgical findings were compared with the results of the ultrasound investigation. Small hernias in the anterior abdominal wall (fascia Spigelii and linea alba) can be demonstrated by ultrasound, but there are certain circumstances which can lead to false positive ultrasound results.
Optical holography in ultrasonography
Authors: Baum Gilbert
Published: February 2007

Three techniques for producing three‐dimensional ultrasonograms have been investigated. Of these, the optical holographic technique appears to have the advantages of simultaneous viewing of all levels and directions. The effects of magnification, gray scale, manipulation, and more expeditious means of producing such holograms remain to be investigated.
Contact B‐scan echographic diagnosis of ophthalmopathic graves' disease
Authors: Hodes Barton L. , Stern George
Published: February 2007

Ophthalmopathic Graves' disease (endocrine ophthalmopathy) is difficult to diagnose with certainty in the absence of confirmatory laboratory studies. In 11 of 15 patients with proven Graves' ophthalmopathy who were studied with contact B‐scan ultra‐sonography, distinct evidence of orbital edema was demonstrated. Since these abnormalities were not encountered in any of eight patients with tumorous invasion of the rbit causing proptosis, or in any of 50 patients studied for intraocular pathology, it is concluded that contact B‐scan echography is a valuable diagnostic tool and should be utilized early in the study of all patients with orbital disease.
A Routine procedure for monitoring clinical ultrasound equipment
Authors: Goldstein Albert
Published: February 2007

A procedure has been devised for monitoring many critical performance characteristics of clinical ultrasound systems. It is easy to use in a clinical environment and is sufficiently precise to check system consistency or reproducibility. The procedure permits monitoring the system as a whole with enough specificity to locate malfunctioning components. The range response of the system with the beam normal to a planar reflector in distilled water at room temperature is obtained in a single Polaroid image for various control settings. System performance, excluding B mode velocity calibration, display linearity, and position registration, may be routinely monitored with a minimum of measurements. A feasibility test confirmed the method's precision, reproducibility (2%), and ease of performance.
Common artifacts in ultrasound scanning
Authors: Skolnick M. Leon , Meire Hylton B. , Lecky James W.
Published: February 2007

Numerous artifacts can occur during contact B scanning of the abdomen. These artifacts may give anatomically inaccurate scans and thus lead the interpreter into making an inaccurate diagnosis. This paper describes and illustrates artifacts resulting from improper scanning techniques, improperly set gain levels, motion related organ distortion, and acoustic reverberations.
Posterior fossa cyst: Prenatal diagnosis by ultrasound
Authors: Lee Timothy G. , Newton Burritt W.
Published: February 2007

Ultrasound imaging of congenital anomalies in utero is feasible. Fetal intracranial details of a posterior fossa cyst were demonstrated by sonography. To our knowledge, an ultrasonic antenatal diagnosis of a posterior fossa cyst has not yet been reported.
Echocardiographic features of combined hypertrophic and membranous subvalvular aortic stenosis: A case report
Authors: Krueger Steven K. , Hofschire Philip J. , Forker Alan D.
Published: February 2007

Combined hypertrophic and membranous subvalvular aortic stenosis was detected by echocardiography. The diagnosis was established by the discovery of severe asymmetric septal hypertrophy, a membrane in the left ventricular outflow tract, narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract, as well as high frequency fluttering and premature systolic closure of the aortic valve leaflets.
A simple ultrasound guide for needle puncture
Authors: Yeh Hsu‐Chong , Mitty Harold A. , Wolf Bernard S.
Published: February 2007

A method of ultrasound directed needle puncture using a clamp and a guide block is described. It eliminates the need for an aspiration biopsy transducer and has proved to be simple, accurate, and inexpensive.
Newer ultrasonographic anatomy in the upper abdomen: II. The major systemic veins and arteries with a special note on localization of the pancreas
Authors: Filly Roy A , Carlsen Ernest N.
Published: February 2007

Gray scale ultrasonography has made it possible to identify the major systemic arteries and veins in the upper abdomen. Identification of these vascular structures is discussed as well as their value as anatomic landmarks.
Swinging heart syndrome with predominant anterior pericardial effusion
Authors: Krueger Steven K. , Zucker Robert P. , Dzindzio Barry S. , Forker Alan D.
Published: February 2007

A 16 year old male with carcinoma of the anterior mediastinum developed pericardial tamponade. An echocardiogram demonstrated a large pericardial effusion with the swinging heart syndrome. The unexpected finding was the predominant anterior location of the effusion.
High frequency oscillations of the pulmonary valve leaflet in double‐chamber right ventricl
Authors: Shaub Michael , Wilson Robert , Young Guillermo
Published: February 2007

The abnormal pulmonary valve echocardiographic tracing in a patient with a double‐chambered right ventricle is presented. Preoperatively, the posterior pulmonary valve leaflet demonstrated a partial closure in systole, followed by coarse fluttering of the leaflet. The postoperative echocardiographic tracing of the pulmonary valve was normal. It is suggested that an obstructive process proximal to either semilunar valve which converts laminar flow to turbulent flow is capable of producing a similar pattern in the leaflets during ventricular ejection.
A new technique utilizing ultrasound to aid in intrauterine transfusion
Authors: Hobbins John C. , Davis Clarence D. , Webster John
Published: February 2007

A new technique is described which utilizes ultrasound to diminish fetal exposure to x ray during intrauterine transfusion. In replacing x ray imagery, ultrasound better localizes the exact position of the intrauterine contents, including the vital fetal intraabdominal structures. Using an A mode needle aspiration transducer, it is possible to guide the tip of the transfusing needle into the center of the fetal intraperitoneal cavity.
Technique for dual transducer echocardiography
Authors: Rothendler James A. , King Donald L. , Green William M.
Published: February 2007

Circuitry for simultaneous recording from dual transducers on a single echocardiogram is presented. The technique may be used to compare the motion pattern and time intervals of separate intracardiac structures. The technique may be difficult, is limited by the size of the cardiac window, and may be most useful for research purposes.
Digital computer analysis of M‐scan echocardiograms
Authors: Pai A. L. , Cahill N. S. , DuBroff R. J. , Fozzard H. A. , Brooks H. L.
Published: February 2007

In the past few years, echocardiography has emerged as a useful noninvasive clinical tool in cardiac diagnosis. Conventional methods for analyzing echocardiographic data involve time consuming and tedious manual techniques for measuring various distances and computing cardiac parameters of interest. This paper describes a useful method for automating the analysis of M scan echocardiograms both for routine clinical work as well as for special research oriented ultrasonic cardiac studies.

Using a GRAF/PEN digitizer interfaced t o a PDP‐11 minicomputer system, relevant points of the ventricular and mitral valve interfaces, R‐R intervals, and time and distance calibration points are entered from hard copies of M scan echocardiograms. The computer then determines all the parameters of interest such as left ventricular (LV) diameters, LV volumes, LV mass, ejection fraction, stroke volume, cardiac output, septa1 and posterior wall dynamics, as well as such mitral valve (MV) parameters as opening/closing velocities, excursions, and areas subtended by both MV leaflets. The data and results are stored on disc or tape and a report of the results is immediately available from a printer for incorporation into the patient's record file.
Echographic patterns of malignant lymphoma
Authors: Kobayashi Toshiji , Takatani Osamu , Kimura Kiyoji
Published: February 2007

Contact B mode ultrasound was used to evaluate 53 patients with malignant lymphoma stages III and IV. The echographic characteristics of retroperitoneal involvement by these lesions were evaluated to establish diagnostic criteria. This method can be used also to evaluate regression of retroperitoneal tumor involvement of paravertebral or paraaortic lymph nodes during anticancer chemotherapy.
Differences in the attenuation of ultrasound by normal, benign, and malignant breast tissue
Authors: Calderon C. , Vilkomerson D. , Mezrich R. , Etzold K. F. , Kingsley B. , Haskin M.
Published: February 2007

In quantitative measurements of the attenuation of ultrasound in 18 samples of variously normal, benign, and malignant breast tissue, we found significantly different ranges of attenuation. As observed in previous in vivo studies, with the exception of medullary carcinoma, malignant tissue produces the most attentuation of ultrasound in the frequency range of 1.5 to 3.0 MHz we employed. The apparatus, measurement method, results, and the possible causes of the differences in attenuation are presented.
Ultrasonic diagnosis of liver metastases
Authors: McArdle Colin R.
Published: February 2007

Twenty‐one patients were investigated with ultrasound for the diagnosis of liver metastases. The most common specific appearnces of liver metastases encountered in this series were echogenic nodules and transsonic areas within an echogenic parenchyma. Nonspecific signs include hepatomegaly, distortion of the hepatic outline and alteration of the normal liver architecture. The results of this study suggest that the accuracy of this method of identifying liver metastases may be high.
Ultrasonic evaluation of intrathoracic masses
Authors: Wolson Alan H.
Published: February 2007

B mode ultrasound can be used to evaluate intrathoracic masses that contact the chest wall. It provides a noninvasive technique to distinguish cystic from solid lesions and to assess the internal structure. Four cases are reported in which this procedure was used to provide diagnostic information.
Expanded criteria for the ultrasonic diagnosis of gallstones
Authors: Crow Harte C. , Bartrum Royal J. , Foote Sheila R.
Published: February 2007

The ultrasonic examination of the gallbladder for stones can be an accurate procedure if an expanded set of criteria are used. Employing such criteria we have been able to reach a diagnosis in 92 percent of examinations with no false positive and no false negative results. The expanded criteria are described and several illustrative examples are shown.
Torque feedback radiometer for ultrasonic power measurements
Authors: Dunbar Lee E.
Published: February 2007

A radiometer for use in ultrasonic power measurements in the 10–200 milliwatt regime has been built and tested. The device is based on the torque feedback principle applied to a friction‐free taut‐band meter movement. Measurements using the instrument have been made on two commerical ultrasound instruments.
Diagnostic echocardiography in the adult
Authors: Kraus Robert
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this paper is to review basic and practical adult echocardiography. The commonly used techniques are briefly described. Normal valve characteristics, common valvular abnormalities, evaluation of cardiac chamber dimensions, pericardial space and left ventricular function are discussed. Newer aspects of echocardiography, two‐dimensional scanning and pulsed Doppler techniques, are briefly reviewed. Finally, a discussion of problems and new directions in the field are presented.
Echoencephalographs of 100 consecutive acute psychiatric admissions
Authors: Daum Conrad H. , McKinney William M. , Proctor Richard C. , Barnes Ralph W. , Potter Patty
Published: February 2007

Echoencephalography (ECHO) on 100 consecutive acute short‐term psychiatric admissions showed a high (12 per cent) incidence of abnormalities. Incidence of midline ECHO abnormalities was 2 per cent, comparable to similar studies. Ventricular enlargement accounted for the majority of ECHO abnormalities. This study also confirmed a previous report of a relationship between third ventricular size and response to treatment. Use of the ECHO as a screening test for these patients was safe and rapid. Correlative studies tended to confirm ECHO findings.
Color encoded display of M code echocardiograms
Authors: Flinn George S.
Published: February 2007

The need for increased dynamic range of echoes in echocardiography is discussed. A method for acquiring color coded echocardiograms is described and advantages as well as disadvantages are discussed. Typical results of color coded echocardiograms advantagesasare shown.
Intraoperative echocardiographic studies of the mitral valve: Assessment of commissurotomy and repair
Authors: Mary David A. S. , Catchpole Leslie A. , Ionescu Marian I.
Published: February 2007

Mitral echocardiograms obtained by direct application of the ultrasonic probe to the epicardial surface were compared with echocardiograms obtained by the conventional chest surface technique in 32 patients. The groups comprised 16 patients with stenosis, nine with incompetence, and seven patients with normal mitral valves. In every patient, prior to the exploration of the mitral valve, echocardiograms were obtained from the surface of the chest and from the epicardial surface of the heart. In 13 patients, direct epicardial and chest surface echocardiograms were repeated after mitral valvotomy or repair. The initial mitral valve lesion in these patients was stenosis in seven and incompetence in six. The diastolic closure rates (E‐F speed) obtained by direct epicardial surface echocardiography revealed a significant statistical correlation (P < 0.001) which was comparable to that recorded from the chest surface. This technique offers a further means of detecting residual mitral stenosis, before closure of the chest, after conimissurotomy or repair.
Normal upper abdominal vasculature: A study correlating contact B scanning with arteriography and gross anatomy
Authors: Skolnick M. Leon , Royal David R.
Published: February 2007

Visualization of the normal upper abdominal vessels has been reported using gray scale ultrasound contact scanners. In this report we will demonstrate that the same vessels can also be seen on scans made with bistable equipment. The vessels on serial sagittal and transverse ultrasound scans will be compared with arteriograms, anatomic drawings, and cadaver photographs to provide the anatomic justification for identifying the vessels seen on the ultrasound images. Modifications in scanning technique and equipment setting to obtain the bistable images of vessels are discussed.
Gray scale echography of soluble protein and protein aggregate fluid collections (in vitro study)
Authors: Cunningham Jerome J. , Wooten Wayne , Cunningham Margaret A.
Published: February 2007

Soluble protein fluid collections ranging from 0.5 to 21 gm/l00 ml and collections of protein microaggregates with a particle size less than 700 microns are indistinguishable from water when these collections are examined qualitatively by gray scale echography in a laboratory setting. Echography of protein macroaggregate collections of 1‐3 mm particle size gives rise to images showing strong internal echoes and poor margin definition and may simulate solid structures. Protein macroaggregates may be the source of error when complex biological fluids simulate solid lesions on gray scale echograms.
Correlations of carotid and intracranial pulsations occuring simultaneously with K complexes in the electroencephalogram
Authors: Fernandez Heriberto , Smith Baldwin
Published: February 2007

Changes in both intracranial and carotid pulsations occurred each time K complexes appeared in the electroencephalogram. This new method for the simultaneous recording of intracranial and carotid pulsations and for correlating them with changes in the EEG will allow further investigation into the origin of intracranial pulsations.
An ultrasonic multitransducer scanner for real‐time heart imaging
Authors: Pedersen Jan Fog , Northeved Allan
Published: February 2007

An ultrasonic multitransducer scanner has been developed. It works in combination with a conventional echocardiograph and is capable of instant dynamic cross‐sectional imaging of the heart. A 10 cm wide area is scanned by 50 parallel sound beams, spaced 2 mm apart, at a frame rate of 36 per second. The equipment is described and preliminary clinical experience is reported. The scanner has been used for routine heart examinations and for obstetrical and abdominal scanning as well.
Oscillation of left ventricular structures in aortic regurgitation
Authors: Johnson Allen D. , Gosink Barbara B. , Forsythe John , Grandjean Nanette
Published: February 2007

High‐frequency diastolic oscillation of the anterior mitral leaflet is a common echocardiographic feature in aortic regurgitation. We have studied a group of 56 patients with aortic regurgitation in whom diastolic oscillation of the anterior mitral leaflet was present. Thirty‐one of these had similar diastolic oscillation of the posterior leaflet; occasional patients demonstrated oscillation of the interventricular septum or chordae tendineae. The presence of these diastolic oscillations did not correlate with the presence of the Austin‐Flint murmur. We conclude that diastolic oscillation of left ventricular structures other than the anterior mitral leaflet can be recorded on echocardiograms of patients with aortic regurgiation. The mechanism responsible for these oscillations is not known; several possibilities are discussed.
Gray scale sonographic anatomy of the pancreas
Authors: Ghorashi Bijan , Rector William R.
Published: February 2007

With the development of gray scale, the appearance of pancreatic anatomy and its relationship to surrounding structures can be demonstrated more effectively. Gray scale has made it possible to identify such vessels as the portal vein, superior mesenteric vein, superior mesenteric artery, splenic vein, etc. This makes it possible to identify the pancreas more precisely. The normal pancreas appears to have a fairly specific echo pattern. The pancreas scanning techniques used in this study include the oblique, transverse, and longitudinal sections. Oblique views are especially useful.
The antepartum findings of conjoined twins
Authors: Wilson Robert L. , Shaub Michael S. , Cetrulo Curtis J.
Published: February 2007

Various estimates abound as to the incidence of conjoined (Siamese) twins, but they are indeed uncommon. The probability of their occurance has been calculated to be once in every 12,000 to once in every 100,000 deliveries. Although uncommon, the antepartum diagnosis can be extremely important to the twins and the mother, if only to spare the trauma of a trial by labor. The findings, both radiographic and ultrasonic, are presented herein.
Noninvasive ultrasonic estimation of brachial artery blood flow
Authors: Thomas Paul A.
Published: February 2007

Ultrasonic instrumentation based on the Doppler phenomenon fulfills the requirements that a blood flowmeter should sense a variable which is a funciton of the volume of blood moved through a blood vessel in situ. The blood foow velocity waveform recorded noninvasively from the brachial artery in the antecubital fossa was used as basis for quantitatively estimating a stroke flow index. The method used in these experiments was reproducible in 31 volunteer subjects studied; the first and second brachial artery stroke flow indices determined on different days had a correlation coefficient of 0.909. The calculated minute flow index ranged from 32 to 95 ml in these subjects. A clinical application was explored by making serial measurements before and after operation in 64 patients submitting to 68 open heart operations. A significant reduction in the brachial artery blood flow velocity was recorded ostoperatively in 21 of these patients. The brachial artery stroke flow index has potential value as an objective measure of cardiovascular instability.
Continuous abdominal raster scanning a technique for increasing anatomic informaiton and reducing scan time
Authors: Skolnick M. Leon , Royal David R.
Published: February 2007

Continuous raster scanning can improve avdominal ′B scan image resolution and decrease the time required for scanning. Rapid, serial, single‐sweep scans are performed at 3 to 8 mm intervals during suspended respiration. This technique markedly reduces organ distortion by respiratory and vascular motion. It is best performed with a contact scanner operating in video mode that utilizes a high resolution storage oscilloscope.
Ultrasonic evaluation of radiation therapy ports
Authors: Carter Stephen J. , Denney John D. , Tesh Donald W. , Marty Raymond , Davis M. Christine
Published: February 2007

Radiation therapy is useful in the palliative treatment of large, unresectable abdominal and pelvic malignancies. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of B mode ultrasound scanning as an adjunctin radiation treatment planning of these patients. Fifty‐one patients with large abdominal or pelvic masses had radiation therapy ports established using findings from surgery, radiographs, and physical examination. All the patients then had B mode ultra sound examinations. The position of the therapy ports was marked on the echogram. Thirty‐one of the 51 patients studied (61 percent) had evidence of extension of tumor beyond the therapy ports. This was often due to “iceberging”, i.e. when the deep portion of the tumor was considerably larger than the palpable margins of the superficial portion. B mode ultrasound scanning is a valuable adjunct in planning palliative radiation therapy of patients with large, unresectable, abdominal and pelvic malignancies.
Contralateral displacement of abdominal viscera by a retroperitoneal liposarcoma: Ultrasonic demonstration
Authors: Kim Erich , Goldman Stanford M. , Minkin Stanford D. , Salik Julian O.
Published: February 2007

Occasional reports have described contralateral displacement of the kidney, gall bladder, or liver by masses, but no ultrasonographic description of this phenomenon has been published. To our knowledge, this is the first report of contralateral displacement of all three structures by an encapsulated, well‐differentiated, low‐grade liposarcoma. The significance to the ultrasonographer lies in the fact that he may be the firt physician, as we were in this case, to have the opportunity to recognize the true anatomical relationships of all three organs and to suggest that this tumor is more likely to be benign or slowly growing rather than a highly infiltrative process.
Phonocardiographic and echocardiographic features of Lillehei‐Kaster mitral prosthesis
Authors: Estevez Roberto , Mookherjee S. , Potts James , Fulton Maru , Obeid Anis I.
Published: February 2007

Fifteen patients were studied with phonocardiography (phono) and echocardiography (echo) three to 13 months after mitral valve replacement with Lillehei‐Kaster mitral valve prostheses. Echo measurements in all patients included prosthesis excursion (DE), opening velocity (OV), closing velocity (CV), and Q‐to‐mitral prosthesis closure (Q‐MPC). In five patients, further, echo measurements included isometric contraction period (ICP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and time to complettion of aortic valve opening (TCAO). Phono measurements in all patients included pre‐ejection perior (PEP), LVET, and PEP/LVET. Further phono measurements in the same five patients in whom further echo measurements were performed included Q to first heart sound (Q‐S1), ICP, and isometric relaxation period (IRP). Phono and echo measurements were done sequentially. The echo results showed widespread values for De, OV and CV with no correlation between clinical state, size of prosthesis, or postoperative duration. There was a positive correlation between CV and OV, r + 0.65. Q‐MPC by echo averaged 72 msec, which is longer than reported values for Q‐to‐mitral valve closure in normal people. Similarly, ICP by echo was shorter than ICP by phono in every patient. Of the phono measurements IRP was shortest (45 msec) in one patient in congestive heart failure with a possible prosthesis malfunction. We conclude that echo and phonocardiography are useful tools in evaluation mitral prosthesis function, but because normal values are wide spread, individual measurements may be useful for followup in the same individual. Precise measurement of subdivisions of systolic intervals are now possible with these techniques.
Echocardiographic detection and management of patent ductus arteriosus in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome: A two‐and one‐half year prospective study
Authors: Goldberg Stanley J. , Allen Hugh D. , Sahn David J.
Published: February 2007

A prospective 2 1/2 year study of 50 infants with combined respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was undertaken to determine whether echocardiographic measurements combined with clinical assessment could be used to select those infants who needed cardiac treatment. From a pilot study, criteria were adopted to use digoxin in the treatment of infants with evidence of congestive cardiac failure and/or a left atrial dimension 1.5 times normal size, and to ligate the PDA in those with unremitting congestive cardiac failure and a left atrial dimension persistently twice normal. Left atrial, left ventricular, and aortic dimensions, left atrial to aortic ratio, and mean Vef were echocardiographically determined. Forty‐six per cent of the 50 infants with PDA required igoxin administration, and 18 per cent of the total group was operated. The long‐term mortality for the total group was 12 per cent (6 of 50) and mortality was 33 per cent (3 of 9) for the operated group. Results showed that absolute left atrial dimension, particularly if recorded in two dimensions, most accurately predicted those infants who would develop congestive cardiac failure that would become medically unmanageable.
Ultrasonic contrast study to identify stomach tap water microbubbles
Authors: Yeh Hsu‐Chong , Wolf Bernard S.
Published: February 2007

An ultrasound technique to rapidly distinguish gastric contents from a true mass by rescanning after drinking freshly drawn tap water is described. Microbubbles in the water produce strong echoes which typically efface the mass‐like appearance of the stomach.
A comparison of gray scale ultrasound and radionuclide imaging for the detection of focal hepatic lesions: Open shutter technique
Authors: Zatz Leslie M. , Gouldin Judith A. , Hanley Gail A.
Published: February 2007

A conventional B scan ultrasound unit was modified by the addition of a specially built logarithmic amplifier and a high resolution nonstorage oscilloscope, as suggested by Taylor and Carpenter. One hundred five consecutive patients submitted for radionuclide imaging of the liver were examined with ultrasound using a standardized scanning system. The ultrasound technique produced scans that were technically poor or inadequate in 37 per cent of the patients studied. In the studies in which there has been confirmation, the ultrasound diagnosis was accurate in 73 per cent and the radionuclide diagnosis was correct in 83 per cent. The combined accuracy of the two studies was 93 per cent. In 11 patients, ultrasound more clearly defined the lesions that were demonstrated by both techniques or demonstrated the nature of suspicious or equivocal areas on the radionuclide images. In 84 patients, the radionuclide scan imaged the liver more completely or demonstrated lesions more clearly than did the ultrasound examination. This specific approach to ultrasound gray scale imaging appears to be a valuable supplemental tool to radionuclide imaging, but at its present sate of development cannot replace it as a routine screening technique for hepatic disease.
Ultrasonic fragmentation of large risidual Biliary tract stone
Authors: Bean William J. , Davies Hywel , Barned Frank
Published: February 2007

A large residual common hepatic duct stone was fragmented successfully by a flexible ultrasonic drill passed through a T‐tube tract into the duct.
The relationship of computed tomography and ultrasonography in diagnosis of abdominal disease
Authors: Holm Hans H. , Smith Edward H. , Bartrum Royal J. , Edwards Sally Ann
Published: February 2007

A detailed comparison of computed tomography and ultrasonography of the abdomen is presented from a theoretical point of view. The advantages and limitations of both modalities are discussed in terms of scan content, resolution, plane of interrogation, dynamic imaging, examination time, imaging problems, automation, contrast administration, puncture guidance, examination availability, hazards, personnel and space requirements, and cost. Analysis of these factors leads the authors to conclude that ultrasound should be the procedure of choice for sectional imaging of the abdomen. Computed tomography should be reserved for those situations in which the ultrasound examination is not diagnostic (.e., skeletal system, lungs, mediastinum).
The atrophic postmenopausal uterus
Authors: Miller Edward I. , Thomas Roger H. , Lines Patricia
Published: February 2007

The size of postmenopausal uterus varies, but after 65 years of age, it routinely appears atrohic. A pelvic mass in this age group should not be assumed to be within the uterus unless a careful search excludes an atrophic uterus. Single sweep longitudinal ultrasound sections are the best method of localizing a small uterus, but sometimes gain settings must be varied to demonstrate the organ.
Atypical cholesonograms in primary and secondary malignant disease of the biliary tract
Authors: Cunningham Jereome J.
Published: February 2007

Hepatic metastases or mass lesion near the head of the pancreas are usually found when echograms are performed on patients with malignant disease of the biliary tract. Atypical cholesonograms may result when the gall bladder itself is deformed or invaded by tumor, when tumor obstructing the bile duct is plaquelike and not detectable as a mass lesion, or when gall stones coexist as a purely incidental finding.
Ultrasonic evaluation of portacaval shunts
Authors: Goldberg Barry B. , Patel Jagdish
Published: February 2007

Patients who had portacaval shunts were examined both before and after surgery. In the majority of cases, it was possible to detect the portcaval shunt by actually demonstrating the site of anastomosis. There was dilatation of the vena cava just cephalad to the site of the anastomosis due to the increased volume of blood entering the vena cava from the portal system. Mesocaval shunts have also been detected. Splenorenal shunts, however, could not be demonstrated in this series. While gray scale B scan ultrasound was used to record the site of anastomosis and measure the vessel diameters, real time two‐dimensional ultrasound provided dynamic information. Long term serial examinations are being obtained to evaluate the continued patency of the shunts. Ultrasound appears to be a promising new noninvasive study for the evaluation of portcaval shunts.