bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Astrophysical constraints on massive black hole binary evolution from pulsar timing arrays
Authors: Middleton Hannah , Del Pozzo Walter , Farr Will M. , Sesana Alberto , Vecchio Alberto
Published: November 2015

We consider the information that can be derived about massive black hole binary (MBHB) populations and their formation history solely from current and possible future pulsar timing array (PTA) results. We use models of the stochastic gravitational-wave background from circular MBHBs with chirp mass in the range 106–1011 M⊙ evolving solely due to radiation reaction. Our parametrized models for the black hole merger history make only weak assumptions about the properties of the black holes merging over cosmic time. We show that current PTA results place an upper limit on the black hole merger density which does not depend on the choice of a particular merger history model; however, they provide no information about the redshift or mass distribution. We show that even in the case of a detection resulting from a factor of 10 increase in amplitude sensitivity, PTAs will only put weak constraints on the source merger density as a function of mass, and will not provide any additional information on the redshift distribution. Without additional assumptions or information from other observations, a detection cannot meaningfully bound the massive black hole merger rate above zero for any particular mass.
New versus Conventional Helmet for Delivering Noninvasive Ventilation
Authors: Olivieri Carlo , Longhini Federico , Cena Tiziana , Cammarota Gianmaria , Vaschetto Rosanna , Messina Antonio , Berni Paola , Magnani Corrado , Della Corte Francesco , Navalesi Paolo
Published: November 2015

AbstractAbstract

In 14 patients, a novel helmet provided more comfort and faster responses to effort than the standard helmet, but an endotracheal tube enabled the most rapid responses.

Background

The helmet is a well-tolerated interface for noninvasive ventilation, although it is associated with poor patient–ventilator interaction. A new helmet (NH) has proven to attenuate this limitation of the standard helmet (SH) in both bench study and healthy volunteers. The authors compared a NH and a SH in intensive care unit patients receiving noninvasive ventilation for prevention of postextubation respiratory failure; both helmets were also compared with the endotracheal tube in place before extubation.

Methods

Fourteen patients underwent 30-min trials in pressure support during invasive ventilation and then with a SH and a NH in a random order. The authors measured comfort, triggering delays, rates of pressurization (airway pressure–time product [PTP] of the first 300 [PTP300-index] and 500 [PTP500-index] ms from the onset of effort, and the first 200 ms from the onset of insufflation [PTP200]), time of synchrony between effort and assistance (Timesynch/Tineu), respiratory drive and frequency, arterial blood gases (ABGs), and rate of asynchrony.

Results

Compared with SH, NH improved comfort (5.5 [5.0 to 6.0] vs. 8.0 [7.8 to 8.0]), respectively, P < 0.001), inspiratory trigger delay (0.31 [0.22 to 0.43] vs. 0.25 [0.18 to 0.31] s, P = 0.007), and pressurization (PTP300-index: 0.8 [0.1 to 1.8] vs. 2.7 [7.1 to 10.0]%; PTP500-index: 4.8 [2.5 to 9.9] vs. 27.3 [16.2 to 34.8]%; PTP200: 13.6 [10.1 to 19.6] vs. 30.4 [24.9 to 38.4] cm H2O/s, P < 0.01 for all comparisons) and Timesynch/Tineu (0.64 [0.48 to 0.72] vs. 0.71 [0.61 to 0.81], P = 0.007). Respiratory drive and frequency, ABGs, and rate of asynchrony were not different between helmets. Endotracheal tube outperformed both helmets with respect to all variables, except for respiratory rate, ABGs, and asynchronies.

Conclusions

Compared with a SH, a NH improved comfort and patient–ventilator interaction.
Visualizing the Propagation of Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Cereda Maurizio , Xin Yi , Meeder Natalie , Zeng Johnathan , Jiang YunQing , Hamedani Hooman , Profka Harrilla , Kadlecek Stephen , Clapp Justin , Deshpande Charuhas G. , Wu Jue , Gee James C. , Kavanagh Brian P. , Rizi Rahim R.
Published: November 2015

AbstractAbstract

Sequential computed tomography illustrates how lung strain, but not hypoxemia, predicts the spatial propagation of lung injury after acid aspiration. Lung regions near the initial injury focus may be more vulnerable to injury propagation by mechanical ventilation.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Background

Mechanical ventilation worsens acute respiratory distress syndrome, but this secondary “ventilator-associated” injury is variable and difficult to predict. The authors aimed to visualize the propagation of such ventilator-induced injury, in the presence (and absence) of a primary underlying lung injury, and to determine the predictors of propagation.

Methods

Anesthetized rats (n = 20) received acid aspiration (hydrochloric acid) followed by ventilation with moderate tidal volume (VT). In animals surviving ventilation for at least 2 h, propagation of injury was quantified by using serial computed tomography. Baseline lung status was assessed by oxygenation, lung weight, and lung strain (VT/expiratory lung volume). Separate groups of rats without hydrochloric acid aspiration were ventilated with large (n = 10) or moderate (n = 6) VT.

Results

In 15 rats surviving longer than 2 h, computed tomography opacities spread outward from the initial site of injury. Propagation was associated with higher baseline strain (propagation vs. no propagation [mean ± SD]: 1.52 ± 0.13 vs. 1.16 ± 0.20, P < 0.01) but similar oxygenation and lung weight. Propagation did not occur where baseline strain was less than 1.29. In healthy animals, large VT caused injury that was propagated inward from the lung periphery; in the absence of preexisting injury, propagation did not occur where strain was less than 2.0.

Conclusions

Compared with healthy lungs, underlying injury causes propagation to occur at a lower strain threshold and it originates at the site of injury; this suggests that tissue around the primary lesion is more sensitive. Understanding how injury is propagated may ultimately facilitate a more individualized monitoring or management.
Two-phase fluid flow in geometric packing
Authors: Paiva Aureliano Sancho S. , Oliveira Rafael S. , Andrade Roberto F. S.
Published: November 2015

We investigate how a plug of obstacles inside a two-dimensional channel affects the drainage of high viscous fluid (oil) when the channel is invaded by a less viscous fluid (water). The plug consists of an Apollonian packing with, at most, 17 circles of different sizes, which is intended to model an inhomogeneous porous region. The work aims to quantify the amount of retained oil in the region where the flow is influenced by the packing. The investigation, carried out with the help of the computational fluid dynamics package
ANSYS-FLUENT
, is based on the integration of the complete set of equations of motion. The study considers the effect of both the injection speed and the number and size of obstacles, which directly affects the porosity of the system. The results indicate a complex dependence in the fraction of retained oil on the velocity and geometric parameters. The regions where the oil remains trapped is very sensitive to the number of circles and their size, which influence in different ways the porosity of the system. Nevertheless, at low values of Reynolds and capillary numbers
Re
<4 and
n
c
≃10
−5
, the overall expected result that the volume fraction of oil retained decreases with increasing porosity is recovered. A direct relationship between the injection speed and the fraction of oil is also obtained.
Experimental dynamics in magnetic field-driven flows compared to thermoconvective convection
Authors: Cortés-Domínguez I. , Burguete J. , Mancini H. L.
Published: November 2015

We compare the dynamics obtained in two intermediate aspect ratio (diameter over height) experiments. These systems have rotational symmetry and consist of fluid layers that are destabilized using two different methods. The first one is a classical Bénard–Marangoni experiment, where the destabilizing forces, buoyancy and surface tension, are created by temperature gradients. The second system consists of a large drop of liquid metal destabilized using oscillating magnetic fields. In this configuration, the instability is generated by a radial Lorentz force acting on the conducting fluid. Although there are many important differences between the two configurations, the dynamics are quite similar: the patterns break the rotational symmetry, and different azimuthal and radial wavenumbers appear depending on the experimental control parameters. These patterns in most cases are stationary, but for some parameters they exhibit different dynamical behaviours: rotations, transitions between different solutions or cyclic connections between different patterns.
Non-unique results of collisions of quasi-one-dimensional dissipative solitons
Authors: Descalzi Orazio , Brand Helmut R.
Published: November 2015

We investigate collisions of quasi-one-dimensional dissipative solitons (DSs) for a large class of initial conditions, which are not temporally asymptotic quasi-one-dimensional DSs. For the case of sufficiently small approach velocity and sufficiently large values of the dissipative cross-coupling between the counter-propagating DSs, we find non-unique results for the outcome of collisions. We demonstrate that these non-unique results are intrinsically related to a modulation instability along the crest of the quasi-one-dimensional objects. As a model, we use coupled cubic–quintic complex Ginzburg–Landau equations. Among the final results found are stationary and oscillatory compound states as well as more complex assemblies consisting of quasi-one-dimensional and localized states. We analyse to what extent the final results can be described by the solutions of one cubic–quintic complex Ginzburg–Landau equation with effective parameters.
Effect of the vibration profile on shallow granular systems
Authors: Cordero Patricio , Risso Dino , Soto Rodrigo
Published: November 2015

We describe the collective behaviour of a system of many inelastic spherical particles inside a box which is being periodically vibrated. The box is shallow, with large horizontal dimensions, while the height is less than two particle diameters. The vibrations are not symmetric: the time the box is moving up is, in general, different from the time it is moving down. The limit cycles of isolated grains are largely affected by the asymmetry of the vibration mode, increasing the size in phase space of the chaotic regions. When many grains are placed in the box, the phase separation between dense, solid-like regions, coexisting with fluid-like regions takes place at smaller global densities for asymmetric vibration profiles. Besides, the order parameter of the transition takes larger values when asymmetric forcing is used.
A permutation information theory tour through different interest rate maturities: the Libor case
Authors: Bariviera Aurelio Fernández , Guercio María Belén , Martinez Lisana B. , Rosso Osvaldo A.
Published: November 2015

This paper analyses Libor interest rates for seven different maturities and referred to operations in British pounds, euros, Swiss francs and Japanese yen, during the period 2001–2015. The analysis is performed by means of two quantifiers derived from information theory: the permutation Shannon entropy and the permutation Fisher information measure. An anomalous behaviour in the Libor is detected in all currencies except euros during the years 2006–2012. The stochastic switch is more severe in one, two and three months maturities. Given the special mechanism of Libor setting, we conjecture that the behaviour could have been produced by the manipulation that was uncovered by financial authorities. We argue that our methodology is pertinent as a market overseeing instrument.
Crystal structure and computational study of 3,4-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-9-methyl-6-methylidene-3a,4,5,6,6a,9,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2,8(3H,7H)-dione
Authors: Çelik Ísmail , Akkurt Mehmet , Akşit Hüseyin , Erenler Ramazan , García-Granda Santiago
Published: November 2015

In the molecule of title compound, C15H20O6, also known as cynarinin A, the cyclopentane ring having twist conformation and a γ-lactone ring assuming an envelope conformation aretrans- andcis-fused, respectively, to a cycloheptane ring adopting a twist-chair conformation. In the crystal, O—H...O hydrogen bonds link neighbouring molecules, forming a three-dimensional network. Theoretical calculations of the molecular structure using theCNDOapproximation andMOPAC PM3geometry optimization are in satisfactory agreement with the results of the X-ray structure analysis.
Crystal structure of hydrazine iron(III) phosphate, the first transition metal phosphate containing hydrazine
Authors: David Renald
Published: November 2015

The title compound, poly[(μ2-hydrazine)(μ4-phosphato)iron(III)], [Fe(PO4)(N2H4)]n, was prepared under hydrothermal conditions. Its asymmetric unit contains one FeIIIatom located on an inversion centre, one P atom located on a twofold rotation axis, and two O, one N and two H atoms located on general positions. The FeIIIatom is bound to four O atoms of symmetry-related PO4tetrahedra and to two N atoms of two symmetry-related hydrazine ligands, resulting in a slightly distorted FeO4N2octahedron. The crystal structure consists of a three-dimensional hydrazine/iron phoshate framework whereby each PO4tetrahedron bridges four FeIIIatoms and each hydrazine ligand bridges two FeIIIatoms. The H atoms of the hydrazine ligands are also involved in moderate N—H...O hydrogen bonding with phosphate O atoms. The crystal structure is isotypic with the sulfates [Co(SO4)(N2H4)] and [Mn(SO4)(N2H4)].
Crystal structure ofN′-[(E)-(1S,3R)-(3-isopropyl-1-methyl-2-oxocyclopentyl)methylidene]-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide
Authors: Tymann David , Dragon Dina Christina , Golz Christopher , Preut Hans , Strohmann Carsten , Hiersemann Martin
Published: November 2015

The title compound, C17H24N2O3S, was synthesized in order to determine the relative configuration of the corresponding β-keto aldehyde. In the U-shaped molecule, the five-membered ring approximates an envelope, with the methylene C atom adjacent to the quaternary C atom being the flap, and the methyl and isopropyl substituents lying to the same side of the ring. The dihedral angles between the four nearly coplanar atoms of the five-membered ring and the flap and the aromatic ring are 35.74 (15) and 55.72 (9)°, respectively. The bond angles around the S atom are in the range from 103.26 (12) to 120.65 (14)°. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviaN—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a chain along theaaxis.
Crystal structure of bis-p-anizidinegossypol with an unknown solvate
Authors: Honkeldieva Muhabbat T. , Talipov Samat A. , Kunafiev Rishad , Ibragimov Bakhtiyar T.
Published: November 2015

The title compound, C44H44N2O8, (systematic name: 1,1′,6,6′-tetrahydroxy-5,5′-diisopropyl-8,8′-bis{[(4-methoxyphenyl)iminiumyl]methyl}-3,3′-dimethyl-2,2′-binaphthalene-7,7′-diolate) has been obtained by the addition ofp-anizidine to gossypol dissolved in dichloromethane. In the solid state, the title compound exists in the enamine or quinoid form. The two naphthyl moieties are inclined to one another by 72.08 (5)°. The pendant phenyl rings are inclined at 22.26 (14) and 23.86 (13)° to the corresponding naphthyl rings. In the crystal, molecules are incorporated into layers through inversion-related pairs of O—H...O interactions [graph setsR22(20) andR22(10)] and translation-related O—H...O interactions [graph setC(15)]. The packing of these layers in the crystal structure gives rise to channels in the [011] direction, with hydrophobic interactions occurring between adjacent layers. The channels are 5–7 Å wide, and the void volume of each cell is 655 Å3, corresponding to 26.6% of the cell volume. Disordered guest molecules, probably solvent and water molecules, occupy these voids of the crystal; their contribution to the scattering was removed with the SQUEEZE routine [Spek (2015).Acta Cryst. C71, 9–18] ofPLATON[Spek (2009).Acta Cryst.D65, 148–155].
Crystal structure of 4,4′-dibromo-2′,5′-dimethoxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2,5-dione (BrHBQBr)
Authors: Meany Joseph E. , Kelley Steven P. , Metzger Robert M. , Rogers Robin D. , Woski Stephen A.
Published: November 2015

In the title compound, C14H10Br2O4, the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 67.29 (19)°. Both methoxy-group C atoms lie close to the plane of their attached ring [deviations = −0.130 (4) and 0.005 (5) Å]. In the crystal, molecules pack in a centrosymmetric fashion and interactviaa mixture of weak π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centoid separations = 4.044 (2) and 4.063 (3) Å], weak C—H...O hydrogen bonding, and Br...Br halogen bonding. This induces a geometry quite different than that predicted by theory.
Crystal structure ofN-(1-acetyl-3-chloro-1H-indazol-6-yl)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide
Authors: Hakmaoui Yassine , Rakib El Mostapha , Gamouh Ahmed , Saadi Mohamed , El Ammari Lahcen
Published: November 2015

In the title compound, C16H14ClN3O4S, the six-membered ring of the indazole group is connected to a sulfonamide group. The indazole system is essentially planar, with the greatest deviation from the mean plane being 0.007 (2) Å. The dihedral angle between the two six-membered rings is 74.99 (9)°. The crystal structure exhibits inversion dimers in which molecules are linked by pairs of N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds.
Effect of fin and tube configuration on heat transfer of an internally finned tube
Authors: Mohapatra Kailash , Mishra Dipti Prasad
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to determine the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of an internally finned tube for different flow conditions.

Design/methodology/approach

– Numerical investigation have been performed by solving the conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy with two equation-based k-eps model to determine the wall temperature, outlet temperature and Nusselt number of an internally finned tube.

Findings

– It has been found from the numerically investigation that there exists an optimum fin height and fin number for maximum heat transfer. It was also found that the heat transfer in T-shaped fin was highest compared to other shape. The saw type fins had a higher heat transfer rate compared to the plane rectangular fins having same surface area and the heat transfer rate was increasing with teeth number. Keeping the surface area constant, the shape of the duct was changed from cylindrical to other shape and it was found that the heat transfer was highest for frustum shape compared to other shape.

Practical implications

– The present computations could be used to predict the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of an internal finned tube specifically used in chemical and power plants.

Originality/value

– The original contribution of the paper was in the use of the two equation-based k-eps turbulent model to predict the maximum heat transfer through optimum design of fins and duct.
Local fractional differential equations by the Exp-function method
Authors: Jia Zhijuan , Hu Mingsheng , Chen Qiaoling , Jai Suimin
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The fractional complex transform is used to convert the fractional differential equation to its differential partner and the exp-function method is to solve the resultant equation. The exact solutions for the equation are successfully established. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– Use the chain rule of the local fractional derivative and the exp-function method.

Findings

– Some new exact solutions for the fractional differential equation are successfully established, and the process of the solution is extremely simple and remarkably accessible.

Originality/value

– The fractional complex transform is used to convert the fractional differential equation to its differential partner and the exp-function method is to solve the resultant equation.
Unconditional convergence of the Euler semi-implicit scheme for the 3D incompressible MHD equations
Authors: Zhang Guo-Dong , He Yinnian
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to consider the numerical implementation of the Euler semi-implicit scheme for three-dimensional non-stationary magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations. The Euler semi-implicit scheme is used for time discretization and (P
1b
, P
1, P
1) finite element for velocity, pressure and magnet is used for the spatial discretization.

Design/methodology/approach

– Several numerical experiments are provided to show this scheme is unconditional stability and unconditional L2−H2 convergence with the L2−H2 optimal error rates for solving the non-stationary MHD flows.

Findings

– In this paper, the authors mainly focus on the numerical investigation of the Euler semi-implicit scheme for MHD flows. First, the unconditional stability and the L2−H2 unconditional convergence with optimal L2−H2 error rates of this scheme are validated through our numerical tests. Some interesting phenomenons are presented.

Originality/value

– The Euler semi-implicit scheme is used to simulate a practical physics model problem to investigate the interaction of fluid and induced magnetic field. Some interesting phenomenons are presented.
Numerical analysis of effect of magnetic field on combined surface tension and buoyancy driven convection in partially heated open enclosure
Authors: Nagarajan N. , Öztop Hakan F. , Begum A. Shamadhani , Al-Salem Khaled
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of the paper is to investigate the effects of magnetic field on the flow driven by the combined mechanism of buoyancy and thermocapillary flow in an open enclosure with localized heating from below and symmetrical cooling from the sides.

Design/methodology/approach

– The governing equations are discretized by the control volume method with power-law scheme and solved numerically by SIMPLE algorithm for the pressure-velocity coupling together with under-relaxation technique.

Findings

– In this work, it is observed that, the average Nusselt number, decreases with an increase of Hartmann number Ha, and increases with increase of Prandtl and Grashof number. At large Marangoni number Ma, a prominent secondary eddies are observed at the top of the enclosure due to the effect of surface tension.

Originality/value

– The study combines many external forces on thermocapillary flow.
Upper garment 3D modeling for pattern making
Authors: Zhang Jun , Innami Noriaki , Kim KyoungOk , Takatera Masayuki
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to produce an upper garment model for three-dimensional (3D) pattern making. This model will take into account ease allowance and silhouette, and will be used to propose a size-changing method.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors used two real garment bodices with a surface suitable for pattern development. The garments were fitted to a designated dummy body and scanned. Using the scanned data, the authors made those upper garment basic models suitable for 3D pattern making. Using one model, the authors produced two bodice patterns, one with the original seam lines and the other with seam lines that differed from the original ones, and then compared them with the original jacket bodice. To construct garment models that were different in size from the basic model, the authors calculated multiplication factors of cross-sectional dimensions (in the front, back and lateral directions) between the basic garment and the actual garment shape worn on a body for each basic model. Using the multiplication factors, the authors made two different size garment models from two different size dummies for each basic model. The authors used these models to make patterns and garments.

Findings

– The reproduced jackets had similar shapes, silhouettes and ease allowances to the original jacket. Two garments of different sizes for each original jacket were made using the multiplication factors, and these garments also had similar silhouettes to the original jacket.

Research limitations/implications

– The implications of the work could be the new size-changing method.

Originality/value

– Using the modeling method, the authors were able to make complex new garment models that take into account ease allowance and silhouette. The ability to size these models up or down using multiplication factors could be a substitute for the grading method.
Ring yarn quality prediction using hybrid artificial neural network
Authors: Ghanmi Hanen , Ghith Adel , Benameur Tarek
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to predict a global quality index of a ring spun yarn whose count Ne is ranging between 7.8 (76.92 tex) and 22.2 (27 tex). To fulfill this goal, a hybrid model based on artificial neural network (ANN) and fuzzy logic has been established. Fiber properties, yarn count and twist level are used as inputs to train the hybrid model and the output would be a quality index which includes the major physical properties of ring spun yarn.

Design/methodology/approach

– The hybrid model has been developed by means of the application of two soft computing approaches. These techniques are ANN which allows the authors to predict four important yarn properties, namely: tenacity, breaking elongation, unevenness and hairiness and fuzzy expert system which investigates spinner experience to give each combination of the four yarn properties an index ranging from 0 to 1. The prediction of the model accuracy was estimated using statistical performance criteria. These criteria are correlation coefficient, root mean square error, mean absolute error and mean relative percent error.

Findings

– The obtained results show that the constructed hybrid model is able to predict yarn quality from the chosen input variables with a reasonable degree of accuracy.

Originality/value

– Until now, there is no sufficiently information to evaluate and predict the global yarn quality from raw materials characteristics and process parameters. Therefore, this present paper’s aim is to investigate spinner experience and their understanding about both the impact of various parameters on yarn properties and the relationship between these properties and the global yarn quality to predict a quality index.
The growth of the green office market in the UK
Authors: Oyedokun Tunbosun , Jones Colin , Dunse Neil
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the experience of the UK office market in embracing green buildings. The empirical analysis considers the spatial pattern and growth of green buildings in cities since 1990. It examines the perceived industry wisdom that the establishment of a green premium for occupation is the key to greening the office stock.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper begins by looking at the concept of a green office and then examines the evolving attitudes towards these offices and the issues for local market dynamics. The empirical analysis examines the current spatial pattern of green office buildings in the UK and then their impact on city office markets, where there is a major concentration. The latter part of the paper examines the growth of green offices since 1990. It begins with national trends and then examines the evolution of green development in individual cities.

Findings

– The initial adoption of green offices was slow. There has been a dramatic rise in green offices at the peak of the past decade’s development boom and in the immediate years that followed. Market acceptance of the importance of greenness appears still to be in the melting pot with limited market transactions since 2008. Green offices represent only 2.7 per cent of office buildings and 12 per cent of total space in the market. Most green offices are in the principal cities with the largest concentration in London. London represents the only potential locality where a green market could have been established so far.

Practical implications

– The paper provides an empirical assessment of the growth of green offices in the UK.

Originality/value

– This is the first paper to consider the development and scale of green offices in the context of local markets. It challenges the perceived wisdom that a green premium is central to the green transformation to date.
Exploring value for money (VfM) assessment methods of public-private partnership projects in Ghana
Authors: Ameyaw Collins , Adjei-Kumi Theophilus , Owusu-Manu De-Graft
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the various approaches prescribed in literature in the assessment of value for money (VfM) of public–private partnership (PPP) projects with the aim to develop a theoretical framework for measuring VfM in Ghana.Public–private partnership (PPP) has long been recognized as an effective way of procuring public infrastructure to deliver value for money, but the subject has received little research attention in Ghana.

Design/methodology/approach

– The methodology comprises a multi-stage critical review of relevant literature; review of Ghana’s National Policy on PPP and review of the Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663). This paper was underpinned by an interpretivist philosophy and is inductive in nature.

Findings

– The approach for VfM assessment largely depends on the jurisdiction of the project. Multiple methods (qualitative and quantitative) are used along the project cycle in the bid to achieve VfM. The most common assessment approaches include public sector comparator shadow bid, lease-purchase analysis, cost benefits analysis, public interest test central guidelines and competitive bidding. The study developed a theoretical framework for assessing VfM in Ghana.

Research limitations/implications

– The research was purely exploratory and non-empirical; and hence cannot be generalized in a broader context.

Practical implications

– Implementation of the National PPP policy and for PPP to thrive in Ghana, a framework to guide the assessment and achievement of VfM is crucial. The steps outlined if followed would help ensure the public receives the best of all PPP deals in Ghana.

Originality/value

– This paper is unique providing insights into a conceptual basis for assessing VfM and provides a basis for future empirical study.
The effects of cost-based contractor selection on construction project performance
Authors: Olaniran Olugbenga Jide
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to present the outcome of a study conducted on the impact that cost-based contractor selection (CBCS) might have on construction project performance. Several criteria are normally used to select construction contractors, competitiveness of the quoted prices of the prospective contractors is one such important criterion. However, choosing contractors solely on the basis of the quoted price may cause poor performance in the construction project.

Design/methodology/approach

– A quantitative approach was adopted. A critical review of the literature was conducted to develop 50 survey questions relating to the problems that CBCS might have on construction project performance.

Findings

– Analysis of close data obtained from the survey of construction experts showed the nature of project performance problems associated with the CBCS to be project time delays and non-compliance with construction standards. The major reason they occurred was found to be the reduced profit margin for contractors.

Research limitations/implications

– The research sample size is small and restricted to construction professionals in Brunei.

Practical implications

– The study findings present updated information to construction professionals about the inherent impacts of choosing contractors based on cost. Furthermore, this study enhances the approach of selecting contractors within the construction industry.

Originality/value

– The study made strong and unique arguments about the problems associated with choosing construction contractors based on cost. This study contributes to the body of knowledge relevant to the management of construction projects.
Looking in the mirror
Authors: Wells Paul
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– There is a widely held stereotypical view that accounting is structured, precise, compliance-driven and repetitive. Drawing on social psychology theory, this paper aims to examine how accountants may contribute to these stereotypical perceptions.

Design/methodology/approach

– Individual perception data were collected through questionnaires and interviews with accountants from the corporate, public practice and not-for-profit sectors, along with “Chartered Accountants” who no longer work as accountants.

Findings

– These findings suggest that, contrary to results from an earlier study, the targets of the accounting stereotype contribute to the stereotype formation and maintenance and that increased exposure to accountants may serve only to confirm and reinforce the accounting stereotype.

Research limitations/implications

– There are a small number of participants in this study, and this limits the ability to generalise the findings.

Practical implications

– These findings have important implications for the profession in how it communicates and promotes the role of the accountant in society. Failure to address the issues identified may lead the stereotype to become self-fulfilling. This may result in the recruitment of future accountants who lack the required skills and capabilities. This could lead to the loss of non-compliance-related accounting work to other business professionals.

Originality/value

– This study responds to criticism that little is known about how and why the accounting stereotype is formed and how contact with an accountant may increase stereotypicality. Additionally, this paper proposes a strategy to reduce stereotypicality through contact with accountants.
Making sense of government budgeting: an internal transparency perspective
Authors: Lapsley Irvine , Ríos Ana-María
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is an investigation of internal transparency in government budgeting.

Design/methodology/approach

– A case study which uses mixed methods – documentary analysis, some observation and elite interviews.

Findings

– Politicians do not want transparency. Despite the way in which the idea of transparency in government is beyond open challenge, this study reveals the manner in which politicians can inhibit and limit transparency through political will and action.

Research limitations/implications

– These findings raise serious challenges for policymakers who design government budgeting systems. They should raise concerns among other interested parties, including the media, the electorate and oversight bodies.

Practical implications

– Are government budgets rigorously scrutinised? This evidence suggests not. This has major implications for accountants in government and for those who seek to use this information.

Social implications

– This research needs to be extended beyond the case of a government body – the Scottish Parliament – which was designed for and committed to transparency in its activities. For those public service organisations which have no such commitment, is public accountability achievable?

Originality/value

– This study uses a novel lens of three levels of transparency as devised by Biondi and Lapsley (2014). It focuses on an emergent field of internal transparency in government budgeting.
Characterisation of Lactobacillus helveticus strains isolated from home‐made dairy products in Iran
Authors: Nejati Fatemeh , Babaei Mahdi , Taghi‐Zadeh Alam
Published: November 2015

The aims of this study were the isolation and characterisation of a number of lactobacilli strains from traditional dairy products. Fifteen home‐made samples were pour‐plated onto MRS and predominant colonies were randomly picked up. Nine isolated lactobacilli were grouped using rep‐PCR fingerprinting, and partial sequencing of 16S‐rRNA of group's representatives confirmed them as Lactobacillus helveticus. Detection of two CEP (prtH and prtH2) genes and examination of acidification and growth in milk revealed intradiversity among isolates. The findings indicate the possibility of isolating novel wild strains of L. helveticus from home‐made products and emphasises on the necessity of both genetic and technological characterisation for deeper differentiation of strains.
Extremophile microbiomes in acidic and hypersaline river sediments of Western Australia
Authors: Lu Shipeng , Peiffer Stefan , Lazar Cassandre Sara , Oldham Carolyn , Neu Thomas R. , Ciobota Valerian , Näb Olga , Lillicrap Adam , Rösch Petra , Popp Jürgen , Küsel Kirsten
Published: November 2015

We investigated the microbial community compositions in two sediment samples from the acidic (pH ∼3) and hypersaline (>4.5% NaCl) surface waters, which are widespread in Western Australia. In West Dalyup River, large amounts of NaCl, Fe(II) and sulfate are brought by the groundwater into the surface run‐off. The presence of K‐jarosite and schwertmannite minerals in the river sediments suggested the occurrence of microbial Fe(II) oxidation because chemical oxidation is greatly reduced at low pH. 16S rRNA gene diversity analyses revealed that sequences affiliated with an uncultured archaeal lineage named Aplasma, which has the genomic potential for Fe(II) oxidation, were dominant in both sediment samples. The acidophilic heterotrophs Acidiphilium and Acidocella were identified as the dominant bacterial groups. Acidiphilium strain AusYE3‐1 obtained from the river sediment tolerated up to 6% NaCl at pH 3 under oxic conditions and cells of strain AusYE3‐1 reduced the effects of high salt content by forming filamentous structure clumping as aggregates. Neither growth nor Fe(III) reduction by strain AusYE3‐1 was observed in anoxic salt‐containing medium. The detection of Aplasma group as potential Fe(II) oxidizers and the inhibited Fe(III)‐reducing capacity of Acidiphilium contributes to our understanding of the microbial ecology of acidic hypersaline environments.
Risk factors in Australian bond returns
Authors: Bianchi Robert J. , Drew Michael E. , Roca Eduardo , Whittaker Timothy
Published: November 2015

This study examines the risk factors in Australian bond returns. The study quantifies bond liquidity and estimates a liquidity risk factor in the Australian setting. We develop a three‐factor asset pricing framework that uses term, default and liquidity risk factors to explain the variation of Australian bond returns. Our findings corroborate the US evidence on the pervasiveness of these risk factors faced by bond investors. The three‐factor model developed in this study has practical applications when calculating the cost of debt, evaluating the performance of an active bond fund manager and hedging underlying risk in a bond portfolio.
Evaluation of a New Zealand program to improve transition of care for older high risk adults
Authors: Robinson Thomas E , Zhou Lifeng , Kerse Ngaire , Scott John DR , Christiansen Jonathan P , Holland Karen , Armstrong Delwyn E , Bramley Dale
Published: November 2015

Transition interventions aim to improve care and reduce hospital readmissions but evaluations of these interventions have reported inconsistent results. We report on the evaluation of an intervention implemented in Auckland, New Zealand. Participants were people over the age of 65 who had an acute medical admission and were at high risk of readmission. The intervention included an improved discharge process and nurse telephone follow‐up soon after discharge. Outcomes were 28 day readmission rates and emergency attendances. The study is observational, using both interrupted times series and regression discontinuity designs. 5239 patients were treated over a one year period. There was no change in readmission rates or ED attendances or secondary outcomes. Not all patients received all components of the intervention. This transition intervention was not successful. Possible reasons for this and implications are discussed. Although non‐experimental methods were used, we believe the results are robust.
Old lesbians: Gendered histories and persistent challenges
Authors: Waite Helen
Published: November 2015

Aim

This article provides an overview of how gender and historical contexts influence the well‐being of old lesbians. It aims to inform the practice of aged care providers in addressing the needs of these women.

Methods

The lived experience of old lesbians is examined using feminist methodology with a focus on hegemonic femininity, social structures and cultural life.

Results

Old lesbians being selectively ‘open’, their use of health services and desire for lesbian‐specific aged care are all influenced by lesbophobia, a complex of discriminations. The age women began living as lesbian and fluidity of orientation, are central to understanding their particular needs. Many old lesbians have created social groups and intentional communities where there is support and freedom.

Conclusion

The current ‘inclusivity’ approach is insufficient for culturally appropriate aged care for old lesbians. Developing practices that meet their needs requires better understanding of lesbians' different life courses and why they created lesbian cultures.
Enhanced Fibroblast Cellular Ligamentization Process to Polyethylene Terepthalate Artificial Ligament by Silk Fibroin Coating
Authors: Jiang Jia , Ai Chengchong , Zhan Zufeng , Zhang Peng , Wan Fang , Chen Jun , Hao Wei , Wang Yaxian , Yao Jinrong , Shao Zhengzhong , Chen Tianwu , Zhou Liang , Chen Shiyi
Published: November 2015

Artificial ligaments utilized in reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are usually made of polyethylene terepthalate (PET) because of its good mechanical properties in vivo. However, it was found that the deficiencies in hydrophilicity and biocompatibility of PET hindered the process of ligamentization. Therefore, surface modification of the PET is deemed as a solution in resolving such problem. Silk fibroin (SF), which is characterized by good biocompatibility and low immunogenicity in clinical applications, was utilized to prepare a coating on the PET ligament (PET+SF) in this work. At first, decrease of hydrophobicity and appearance of amino groups were found on the surface of artificial PET ligament after coating with SF. Second, mouse fibroblasts were cultured on the two different kinds of ligament in order to clarify the possible effect of SF coating. It was proved that mouse fibroblasts display better adhesion and proliferation on PET+SF than PET ligament according to the results of several technical methods including SEM observation, cell adhesive force and spread area test, and mRNA analysis. Meanwhile, methylthiazolyldiphenyl‐tetrazolium bromide and DNA content tests showed that biocompatibility of PET+SF is better than PET ligament. In addition, collagen deposition tests also indicated that the quantity of collagen in PET+SF is higher than PET ligament. Based on these results, it can be concluded that SF coating is suggested to be an effective approach to modify the surface of PET ligament and enhance the “ligamentization” process in vivo accordingly.
13C Breath Tests Are Feasible in Patients With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Devices
Authors: Bednarsch Jan , Menk Mario , Malinowski Maciej , Weber‐Carstens Steffen , Pratschke Johann , Stockmann Martin
Published: November 2015

Temporary extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been established as an essential part of therapy in patients with pulmonary or cardiac failure. As physiological gaseous exchange is artificially altered in this patient group, it is debatable whether a
13C‐breath test can be carried out. In this proof of technical feasibility report, we assess the viability of the
13C‐breath test LiMAx (maximum liver function capacity) in patients on ECMO therapy. All breath probes for the test device were obtained directly via the membrane oxygenator. Data of four patients receiving liver function assessment with the
13C‐breath test LiMAx while having ECMO therapy were analyzed. All results were compared with validated scenarios of the testing procedures. The LiMAx test could successfully be carried out in every case without changing ECMO settings. Clinical course of the patients ranging from multiorgan failure to no sign of liver insufficiency was in accordance with the results of the LiMAx liver function test. The
13C‐breath test is technically feasible in the context of ECMO. Further evaluation of
13C‐breath test in general would be worthwhile. The LiMAx test as a
13C‐breath test accessing liver function might be of particular predictive interest if patients with ECMO therapy develop multiorgan failure.
Serum interferon‐inducible protein 10 levels predict hepatitis B s antigen seroclearance in patients with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Wong G. L.‐H. , Chan H. L.‐Y. , Chan H.‐Y. , Tse C.‐H. , Chim A. M.‐L. , Lo A. O.‐S. , Wong V. W.‐S.
Published: November 2015

Background

Hepatitis B s antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance is regarded as the optimal virological end‐point.

Aim

To investigate the dynamic changes in serum cytokine levels around the time of HBsAg seroclearance.

Methods

This was a case–control study. Consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who lost HBsAg were matched with those remained positive for HBsAg with same age, gender, HBeAg status and presence of cirrhosis in 1:2 ratio. Relevant serum cytokines [interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐3, IL‐4, IL‐7, IL‐9, IL‐10, IL‐12, IL‐15, IL‐21 interferon‐γ, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) and interferon‐inducible protein 10 (IP‐10)] were assayed at the time (Year 0) and 3 years before (Year −3) HBsAg seroclearance.

Results

Seventy‐one and 142 CHB patients who did and did not achieve HBsAg seroclearance were included. Mean age was 48 ± 11 years; 76% were male, 20% had positive HBeAg, 99 (46%) patients received anti‐viral therapy, and mean baseline HBV DNA was 3.78 ± 2.28 log IU/mL vs. 4.36 ± 2.13 log IU/mL respectively (P = 0.05). In those who achieved HBsAg seroclearance, serum IL‐15 and GM‐CSF levels decreased significantly from Year −3 to Year 0 (P = 0.017 and 0.05 respectively). When compared to controls, only serum IP‐10 level was significantly lower at Year 0 than at Year −3 in patients with HBsAg seroclearance. Lower serum IP‐10 level at Year 0 was the only factor associated with HBsAg seroclearance. There was no correlation between serum IP‐10 and HBsAg levels around the time of HBsAg seroclearance.

Conclusion

Lower serum IP‐10 level at Year 0 was the only factor associated with HBsAg seroclearance.