bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STANDARDISASI DESAIN SERAGAM SEKOLAH SISWA TAMAN KANAK-KANAK
Authors: Andanari Runi , Kahdar Kahfiati , Riyadi Slamet
Published: May 2020

ABSTRAKÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â  Pendidikan formal di Indonesia identik dengan kebutuhan seragam dan telah diatur dalam Peraturan Pemerintah. Taman Kanak-Kanak (TK) merupakan pendidikan awal jalur formal juga telah menerapkan aturan berseragam bagi siswanya meski belum tercantum dalam peraturan pemerintah. Seragam siswa TK yang termasuk dalam kategori busana anak memiliki karakteristik desain khusus agar sesuai dengan fisiologis dan aktivitas anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi karakteristik desain seragam sekolah yang ideal dan sesuai dengan aktivitas sehingga dapat menjadi rekomendasi standar seragam siswa TK. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan analisis isi. Penelitian ini melihat seragam sekolah dari aspek pengguna dan konsumen untuk mendapatkan rekomendasi desain yang memenuhi kedua aspek tersebut. Observasi dilakukan pada 3 (tiga) sekolah TK di Bandung untuk mendapatkan data aktivitas dari aspek pengguna. Data preferensi dari aspek konsumen (orang tua siswa) diambil menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa preferensi desain seragam sekolah berdasarkan konsumen sebagian besar dapat memenuhi standar desain untuk seragam sekolah TK dan menyetujui penerapan aturan wajib berseragam sekolah TK.
PENGEMBANGAN WILAYAH PERBATASAN INDONESIA MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN PARIWISATA
Authors: Asthu Agita Arrasy
Published: May 2020

Wilayah perbatasan sering terabaikan dan tidak menjadi fokus pembangunan, hal ini menyebabkan wilayah perbatasan semakin sulit untuk mengejar ketertinggalan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Analytical Hierrarchy Process untuk memeringkatkan perbatasan mana saja yang menjadi prioritas pembangunan, kemudian disandingkan dengan pembangunan yang telah pemerintah lakukan. Variabel yang digunakan adalah data kunjungan wisman (mobile positioning data), populasi per kecamatan, pengeluaran per kapita, dan PDRB per kapita. Penelitian dilakukan di sejumlah 323 kecamatan yang tersebar di 29 kabupaten kota atau sembilan provinsi yang menjadi objek kajian. Dari data tersebut, penulis mengambil 10 skor AHP tertinggi yang terbagi menjadi dua kategori pembangunan, yaitu kategori (1) sudah tepat sasaran program pemerintah dan (2) daerah yang belum tepat sasaran program pemerintah. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembangunan di perbatasan mengalami ketimpangan atau kurang tepat sasaran. Untuk mengikis ketimpangan yang terjadi, pendekatan pariwisata dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif. Pendekatan ini menggunakan konsep pembangunan destinasi pariwisata yang fokus pada pembangunan tiga pilar, yaitu atraksi (pasar dan ruang publik), aksesibilitas (jalan raya, gerbang pintu masuk, dan transportasi umum), serta amenitas (Homestay dan Hotel).
Assessing Ecosystem Services Delivered by Public Green Spaces in Major European Cities
Authors: Alexandre Castanho Rui , Cabezas José , Manuel Naranjo Gómez José , Martín Gallardo José , Fernández-Pozo Luis , Yilmaz Genç Sema , Lousada Sérgio , Loures Luís
Published: May 2020

In the last decades, there was a significant population growth in urban areas. In this regard, the European major cities are not an exception; in fact, they are even still more affected by that populational exodus and consequently for an urban growth. Therefore, and considering that the urban parks in the cities are not growing at the same pace, a question is raised: “Are the public green spaces in the European major cities still able to provide the needed ecosystem services to their populations?” Based on the above-mentioned question, the present chapter aims to provide the first insights and answers to this question. Contextually, the study uses a case study research (CSR) method over several European major cities. Besides, GIS tools crossing statistical data are also used to analyze the data and consequently understood and establish a state of the art regarding this relevant issue.
What Is the Argument for the Fair Value of Political Liberty?
Authors: Edmundson William A. ,   Department of Philosophy, Florida State University
Published: May 2020

The equal political liberties are among the basic first-principle liberties in John Rawls’s theory of Justice as fairness. Rawls insists, further, that the “fair value” of the political liberties must be guaranteed. Disavowing an interest in fair value is what disqualifies welfare-state capitalism as a possible realizer of Justice as fairness. Yet Rawls never gives a perspicuous statement of the reasoning in the original position for the fair-value guarantee. This article gathers up two distinct strands of Rawls’s argument, and presents it in a straightforward sequence. Justice as fairness is contrasted to a competitor political conception of justice that is just like it but without the fair-value guarantee. A schema of the two-strand argument is presented in the Appendix.
Habitat use of Orconectes meeki meeki and Orconectes williamsi in an intermittent Ozark stream
Authors: Herleth-King Shawna S. , Mattingly Hayden T. , DiStefano Robert J.
Published: May 2020

Relatively few studies have examined fine-scale habitat use of crayfish in headwater streams, despite increasing awareness of the importance of such habitats. Orconectes meeki meeki, Meek’s crayfish, is endemic to the upper White River drainage of Missouri and Arkansas, and Orconectes williamsi, Williams’ crayfish, occurs only there and in the Arkansas River drainage. Our objective was to describe speciesspecific habitat use of these crayfishes at two spatial scales (pool-riffle and microhabitat) within a seasonally intermittent stream. From May through August 2008, we sampled ten riffles and five pools in Rock Creek, Missouri, to quantify surface and hyporheic environmental variables. Density of O. m. meeki was similar between riffles and pools; O. williamsi density was greater in riffles. At the riffle scale, O. m. meeki was positively associated with wetted channel width and upwelling hyporheic zones; O. williamsi was negatively associated with surface and hyporheic water temperatures. At the microhabitat scale within riffles, O. m. meeki was positively associated with wetted depth and pebble-cobble substrates; O. williamsi was positively associated with surface velocity and pebble-cobble substrates. Habitat use was relatively static for both species as surface flows waned from May through August. Our research provides detailed, fine-scale habitat associations of the crayfish to complement existing knowledge of these species at coarser spatial scales.
New crayfish species records from the Sipsey Fork drainage, including Lewis Smith Reservoir (Alabama, USA): native or introduced species?
Authors: Adams Susan B. , Roghair Craig , Krause Colin , Warren Melvin L. , Cochran J. Allison , Dolloff Andy , Moran John , McGregor Stuart W. , Schuster Guenter A. , Gangloff Michael , DeVries Dennis R. , Kendrick Michael R. , Grove G. Lee , Wright Russell A.
Published: May 2020

As part of a study of aquatic faunal community changes along riverine-lacustrine transition zones upstream of Lewis Smith Reservoir in northwest Alabama, USA, we collected crayfish from 60 sites in the Sipsey Fork, Brushy Creek, and selected tributaries (Black Warrior River system). After finding two unexpected and possibly-introduced crayfish species, we expanded our investigation of crayfish distributions to include crayfish obtained from stomachs of black bass (Micropterus spp.) caught at seven sites in the reservoir. To explore what crayfish species were in the drainage historically, we examined museum databases as well as stomach and intestinal contents of a variety of preserved fishes that were caught in the Sipsey Fork and Brushy Creek drainages upstream of the reservoir in the early 1990’s. Of the seven crayfish species collected, one, Orconectes (Procericambarus) sp. nr ronaldi, was not previously reported from Alabama, and another, O. lancifer, was not reported from the Black Warrior River system prior to the study. Three are known or possibly introduced species. Upstream of the reservoir, the native species Cambarus obstipus, C. striatus, and O. validus were common. The same three species were found in fish collected in the 1990’s. Orconectes perfectus was found only in the reservoir but may be native to the drainage. Orconectes lancifer was in the reservoir and in stream reaches influenced by the reservoir. Evidence points to O. lancifer being introduced in the drainage, but this is uncertain. Orconectes sp. nr ronaldi was found in a relatively small portion of Brushy Creek and its tributaries, in both flowing and impounded habitats, and may be introduced. Orconectes virilis is introduced in Alabama and was found only in stomachs of fish collected in the reservoir.
Molecular and morphological analyses reveal cryptic crayfish invasions in the Appalachian Mountains
Authors: Kessler Raymond A. , Black Tyler R. , Fraley Stephen J. , Gangloff Michael M.
Published: May 2020

The crayfish genus Orconectes is widespread in North America and includes both regional endemics and several aggressively invasive species. Orconectes rusticus was recently discovered in three western North Carolina streams. We examined specimens from these localities as well as individuals from across the region using molecular and morphological analyses to verify diagnoses. We sequenced and analyzed a portion of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit (COI) gene and compared reads to GenBank reference sequences. We used mtDNA diagnoses to evaluate the utility of quantitative morphological analyses to correctly classify specimens. Comparisons with reference sequences revealed cryptic diversity among introduced populations. The population previously identified as O. rusticus in the Little Tennessee River is genetically most similar to O. juvenilis. Moreover, the putative un-described Cheoah Crayfish appears to be an introduced O. juvenilis population. Comparisons with topotypic and introduced O. juvenilis populations suggest the Little Tennessee River population originated in the lower Ohio Valley and that populations of this cryptic invader may be more widespread than previously believed. Additionally, these results demonstrate the susceptibility of reservoir fisheries to crayfish invasions. Future studies of invasive crayfish and putative new species should use molecular data to verify morphological diagnoses.
Summer food habits of female new river crayfish (Cambarus chasmodactylus) in Anthony Creek, West Virginia
Authors: Fagundo Raquel A. , Loughman Zachary J.
Published: May 2020

Cambarus chasmodactylus is restricted to the New River drainage of the Central Appalachians. Female crayfish display cyclic reproductive states, but the ecological implications of this cycle have yet to be assessed. Female C. chasmodactylus were collected from Anthony Creek, West Virginia during the summer months to investigate food habits. Stomach content frequencies were obtained for four broad categories. Food items were identified to the lowest taxonomic level applicable. Feeding spectra were used to assess the importance of prey items. Generalized linear models were used to assess the effects of season, body size, and reproductive state on broad food categories, amount of food consumed, and the frequency of the most abundant prey item. The most food was consumed during June and the least in August. Organic detritus was consumed most frequently and reached its highest frequency in late summer. Animal matter was consumed more frequently by larger animals. Snails were the most predominate animal ingested, showing lower frequencies in June and September in comparison to August and October. Results indicate New River crayfish are feeding generalists and food habits changed with season. There is indication that body size and reproductive state may have a direct or indirect link to food habits.
Fotografias feitas a mãos de escrita: uma poética do infravisual na Educação
Authors: Lotus Steph , Lamela Adó Máximo Daniel
Published: May 2020

O texto aborda conceitos e materiais trabalhados em aula a partir de uma proposta de estágio de docência em uma disciplina voltada para as licenciaturas na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. A proposta se vale de exercícios de escrita e trabalha um viés poético, a partir de um visual fotográfico. Procura-se entrar na arte literária com o fazer da fotografia para escrever com o ínfimo, como um fator mínimo, o infra de um cotidiano visual da docência. Ao tomar esse fazer em uma concepção com o fotográfico, teríamos algo como um infravisual, uma poética. Compreende-se com Barthes (2013) que a escrita envolve um gesto manual e esse gesto ele o chama de escripção, se dá na prática de uma escrita manu-corporal. E, com Valéry (2018) e Adó (2013), como uma ação transformadora do espírito. Por fim, e por vias fotográficas, afirma-se o trabalho docente ao especular sobre o fazer artístico da escritora Virginia Woolf. Nisso, observa-se uma potência que pode, (ao extrair desses estudos recursos literários) viabilizar a produção de uma escrita em Educação que seja, ela mesma, de tropo fotográfico. Ou seja, um pensamento fotográfico que se produz por uma poética do infravisual.
MIX RATIO OPTIMIZATION DESIGN METHOD FOR HOT IN-PLACE RECYCLED ASPHALT MIXTURES
Authors: JING HONGJUN , CONG YUE , ZHANG YANQING , SONG LICHEN , ROMANOVICH MARINA
Published: May 2020

The mix design for hot in-place recycled mixtures is the key that determines the regeneration performance of asphalt pavement. However, existing design methods have numerous problems, such as the involvement of numerous influential factors and levels and poor adaptation to the composition features of hot in-place recycled mixtures. To establish a mix design method for hot in-place recycled mixtures, the mode of action of rejuvenator was analyzed in this study, and the mix design method for mixtures was optimized by introducing an orthogonal test. The regeneration mechanism of rejuvenators in reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) was analyzed, and the optimal working conditions of rejuvenators were determined preliminarily through physical performance, chemical composition, and dynamic shearing rheological tests. In addition, the influences of the dosage of rejuvenator, RAP, and new asphalt on the high-temperature and low-temperature performance and water stability of the recycled asphalt mixture were analyzed through an orthogonal design method by combining trabecular bending rheological, wheel rutting, and freeze-thaw splitting tests. The optimal mix design of the recycled mixture was determined on this basis. According to test results, the rejuvenator and RAP can influence the pavement performance of the recycled mixture more than new asphalt. When the dosage of the rejuvenator is 5% of the total asphalt mass, the proportion of RAP and new asphalt are 80% and 0%, respectively, and the recycling effect of the asphalt mixture is the best. The proposed method is economical and environmentally friendly and has been well applied in ordinary trunk highway maintenance engineering in Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province, China, since 2017. Research conclusions can provide references for the hot in-place recycling engineering of asphalt pavement.

Keywords: Hot in-place recycling, Rejuvenator dosage, RAP, Dynamic shear rheological test, Orthogonal test
Investigating the potential impact of 1.5, 2 and 3 °C global warming levels on crop suitability and planting season over West Africa
Authors: Egbebiyi Temitope Samuel , Crespo Olivier , Lennard Christopher , Zaroug Modathir , Nikulin Grigory , Harris Ian , Price Jeff , Forstenhäusler Nicole , Warren Rachel
Published: May 2020

West African rainfed agriculture is highly vulnerable to climate variability and change. Global warming is projected to result in higher regional warming and have a strong impact on agriculture. This study specifically examines the impact of global warming levels (GWLs) of 1.5°, 2° and 3 °C relative to 1971–2000 on crop suitability over West Africa. We used 10 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase5 Global Climate Models (CMIP5 GCMs) downscaled by Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) Rossby Centre’s regional Atmospheric model version 4, RCA4, to drive Ecocrop, a crop suitability model, for pearl millet, cassava, groundnut, cowpea, maize and plantain. The results show Ecocrop simulated crop suitability spatial representation with higher suitability, observed to the south of latitude 14°N and lower suitability to its north for 1971–2000 for all crops except for plantain (12°N). The model also simulates the best three planting months within the growing season from September-August over the past climate. Projected changes in crop suitability under the three GWLs 1.5–3.0 °C suggest a spatial suitability expansion for legume and cereal crops, notably in the central southern Sahel zone; root and tuber and plantain in the central Guinea-Savanna zone. In contrast, projected decreases in the crop suitability index value are predicted to the south of 14°N for cereals, root and tuber crops; nevertheless, the areas remain suitable for the crops. A delay of between 1-3 months is projected over the region during the planting month under the three GWLs for legumes, pearl millet and plantain. A two month delay in planting is projected in the south, notably over the Guinea and central Savanna zone with earlier planting of about three months in the Savanna-Sahel zones. The effect of GWL2.0 and GWL3.0 warming in comparison to GWL1.5 °C are more dramatic on cereals and root and tuber crops, especially cassava. All the projected changes in simulated crop suitability in response to climatic variables are statistically significant at 99% confidence level. There is also an increasing trend in the projected crop suitability change across the three warming except for cowpea. This study has implications for improving the resilience of crop production to climate changes, and more broadly, to food security in West Africa.
Cloning, expression and characterization of a chitinase from Paenibacillus chitinolyticus strain UMBR 0002
Authors: Liu Cong , Shen Naikun , Wu Jiafa , Jiang Mingguo , Shi Songbiao , Wang Jinzi , Wei Yanye , Yang Lifang
Published: May 2020

Background

Chitinases are enzymes which degrade β-1,4-glycosidid linkages in chitin. The enzymatic degradation of shellfish waste (containing chitin) to chitooligosaccharides is used in industrial applications to generate high-value-added products from such waste. However, chitinases are currently produced with low efficiency and poor tolerance, limiting the industrial utility. Therefore, identifying chitinases with higher enzymatic activity and tolerance is of great importance.

Methods

Primers were designed using the genomic database of Paenibacillus chitinolyticus NBRC 15660. An exochitinase (CHI) was cloned into the recombinant plasmid pET-22b (+) to form pET-22b (+)-CHI, which was transformed into Escherichia coli TOP10 to construct a genomic library. Transformation was confirmed by colony-polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis. The target sequence was verified by sequencing. Recombinant pET-22b (+)-CHI was transformed into E. coli Rosetta-gami B (DE3) for expression of chitinase. Recombinant protein was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and enzymatic analysis was carried out.

Results

The exochitinase CHI from P. chitinolyticus strain UMBR 0002 was successfully cloned and heterologously expressed in E. coli Rosetta-gami B (DE3). Purification yielded a 13.36-fold enrichment and recovery yield of 72.20%. The purified enzyme had a specific activity of 750.64 mU mg−1. The optimum pH and temperature for degradation of colloidal chitin were 5.0 and 45 °C, respectively. The enzyme showed high stability, retaining >70% activity at pH 4.0–10.0 and 25–45 °C (maximum of 90 min). The activity of CHI strongly increased with the addition of Ca2+, Mn2+, Tween 80 and urea. Conversely, Cu2+, Fe3+, acetic acid, isoamyl alcohol, sodium dodecyl sulfate and β-mercaptoethanol significantly inhibited enzyme activity. The oligosaccharides produced by CHI from colloidal chitin exhibited a degree of polymerization, forming N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and (GlcNAc)2 as products.

Conclusions

This is the first report of the cloning, heterologous expression and purification of a chitinase from P. chitinolyticus strain UMBR 0002. The results highlight CHI as a good candidate enzyme for green degradation of chitinous waste.
Genome-wide analysis of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene family in Zostera marina and expression profile analysis under temperature stress
Authors: Zang Yu , Chen Jun , Li Ruoxi , Shang Shuai , Tang Xuexi
Published: May 2020

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) serve as the first line of defense in the plant antioxidant enzyme system, and play a primary role in the removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, our understanding of the functions of the SOD family in Zostera marina is limited. In this study, a systematic analysis was conducted on the characteristics of the SOD genes in Z. marina at the whole-genome level. Five SOD genes were identified, consisting of two Cu/ZnSODs, two FeSODs, and one MnSOD. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ZmSOD proteins could be divided into two major categories (Cu/ZnSODs and Fe-MnSODs). Sequence motifs, gene structure, and the 3D-modeled protein structures further supported the phylogenetic analysis, with each subgroup having similar motifs, exon-intron structures, and protein structures. Additionally, several cis-elements were identified that may respond to biotic and abiotic stresses. Transcriptome analysis revealed expression diversity of ZmSODs in various tissues. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression level of most ZmSOD genes trended to decreased expression with the increase of temperature, indicating that heat stress inhibits expression of ZmSODs and may result in reduced ability of ZmSODs to scavenge ROS. Our results provide a basis for further functional research on the SOD gene family in Z. marina, which will help to determine the molecular mechanism of ZmSOD genes in response to environmental stress.
Comparison of defense responses of transgenic potato lines expressing three different Rpi genes to specific Phytophthora infestans races based on transcriptome profiling
Authors: Yang Xiaohui , Guo Xiao , Chen Guangxia , Dong Daofeng , Liu Fang , Yang Yuanjun , Yang Yu , Li Guangcun
Published: May 2020

Potato late blight, one of the most devastating diseases in potato, is caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans. Over 20 resistance genes have been cloned including R1, R3a, and R3b. The distinctions between defense response mechanisms mediated by different resistance genes are still unclear. Here we performed transcriptome profiling in three transgenic lines, R1, R3a, and R3b, and wild-type Desiree under inoculation with two P. infestans isolates, 89148 (race 0) and CN152 (super race), using RNA-seq. Compared with wild type, specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the three transgenic lines. The highest number of DEGs occurred in transgenic R3b, with 779 DEGs in response to isolate 89148 and 864 DEGs in response to infection by CN152, followed by transgenic R1 lines with 408 DEGs for isolate 89148 and 267 DEGs for CN152. Based on gene ontology, the most common GO terms (15 for 89148 and 20 for CN152) were enriched in transgenic R3a and R3b lines. This indicates that the defense pathways mediated by R3a and R3b are more similar than those mediated by R1. Further separate GO analysis of up- or down-regulated DEGs showed that the down-regulated DEGs mainly functioned in mediating the resistance of potato to P. infestans 89148 by response to stress biological process and to CN152 by oxidation reduction biological process. KEGG pathways of DNA replication, plant-pathogen interaction and pentose and glucuronate interconversions are unique for transgenic R1, R3a, and R3b lines in incompatible interactions. Quantitative real-time PCR experimental validation confirmed the induced expression of DEGs in the late blight resistance signaling pathway. Our results will lay a solid foundation for further understanding the mechanisms of plant-pathogen interactions, and provide a theoretical reference for durable resistance in potato.
Genetic analysis of scat samples to inform conservation of the Tasmanian devil
Authors: Grueber Catherine E. , Chong Rowena , Gooley Rebecca M. , McLennan Elspeth A. , Barrs Vanessa R. , Belov Katherine , Hogg Carolyn J.
Published: May 2020

Recent advances in molecular genetics have enabled a great deal of information about species to be obtained from analysis of non-invasively collected samples such as scat. Scat provides genetic information via residual host DNA on the outside of the scat, via characterising the genetic makeup of intestinal microbes that are present in the scat, or by examining the DNA remnants of prey items that have passed through the animal’s digestive tract. In this review, we provide a case study to demonstrate how these approaches are being used to better understand the threatened Tasmanian devil in the landscape, and to support the species’ conservation. Scat analysis enables us to quantify the genetic diversity of remote populations, where trapping is logistically challenging. We are beginning to learn how conservation management impacts the microbiome of threatened species, and investigate how various management strategies may be impacting the diverse array of bacteria and viruses that devils, like all animal species, are host to. We are using scat samples to better understand the interaction between devils and other animals in their environment by learning more about what they eat. We explore the strengths and challenges of these approaches by comparing our work to that conducted in other species. Finally, we provide specific examples of how our results are being integrated into conservation strategy for the devil.
Individualism as Threat to Patriotism: An Outlook on Students as Social Media User
Authors: Basir Siti Norayu Mohd , Bakar Mohd Zaini Abu
Published: May 2020

The aims of this paper is to investigate the perception of patriotism concept among students who also a social media user and how the individualism values can possibly be a threat to patriotic values among them. Data collected using qualitative research methods by implementing convenience sampling methods. A total of six students were involved in the interview session. The findings of the research suggested that the informants agreed the most common concept of patriotism are  pride and love towards the country and individualism has connection with freedom of speech, autonomy and uniqueness. The spreading and sharing of global values that fought personal rights more important than the right of the community through the internet and the social media caused the erosion of patriotism in modern society but not necessary give impact to their patriotic values. Freedom to respond, use and commenting in social media including sensitive issues like race and religion give new challenges to the unity of the Malaysian people. Therefore, existence of the patriotism is an important medium in defending a country with its own identity.
Growth and Mortality of Sillago sihama (Forsskål) from Karachi Coast, Pakistan
Authors: Baset Abdul , Liu Qun , Liao Baochao , Waris Abdul , Yanan Han , Qingqing Zhang , Ahmad Imtiaz
Published: May 2020

Length frequency data of silver sillago, Sillago sihama (Forsskål) were collected and measured from the fisherman catches using beach seines and handlines, at random, during 2012 from the Karachi coast of Pakistan. In this study, 1846 fish individuals (male and female combined) were collected ranging from 10 to 24 cm with dominant individuals ranged 12 to 16 cm (total length). Weight ranging was measured from 9 to 110 g. The above length-frequency data were analysed for the estimation of growth and mortality parameters. The power coefficient b of length-weight, the relationship was estimated at 2.9177. The estimated von Bertalanffy growth, function parameters of 25.20 cm (L∞) and 1.00 year-1 (K) were calculated by ELEFAN method equipped on FiSAT computer package. With length-converted catch curve analysis, the total mortality rate (Z) and its 95% confidence interval were 2.42 (2.174-2.669) year-1. The natural mortality rate (M) was 1.84 year-1 calculated with Pauly’s equation (the annual average seawater temperature was 27°C). Therefore, the fishing mortality rate was Z-M= 0.5787year-1. The exploitation ratio (E) estimated as F/Z=0.239 which is less than biological reference point (0.5), therefore it indicates that the stock of S. sihama was exploited at managed.
Screening Out the Phytochemicals and Colour Values in White and Black Rice Lines and Its Interrelationship
Authors: Theiventhiran T. Vasantha , Amutha S. , Ramalingam J. , Hemalatha G. , Umamaheswari T.
Published: May 2020

Problem: Kavuni is a traditional black rice variety of Tamil Nadu, India it rich in nutritional and therapeutic properties.  These traits it is not being cultivated widely, due to long duration, poor tillering and low yielding agronomic characters.

Objectives: In the  study, twenty three breeding rice lines from the cross between black kavuni and Co 50  were investigated for colour values and phytochemical viz., total phenols content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and total anthocyanin content (TAC).

Methods: Twenty five rice samples were grouped as black and white rice based on colour of aleuronic layer by visual inspection. The color values expressed as L* (lightness), a* (redness), b* (yellowness), H° (hue) and C (chroma). TPC by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and expressed as milligram of gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE/g) per g. TFC by aluminum chloride method and expressed as mg catechin equivalent (mg CATE) per 100 g. TAC was measured by pH differential method, expressed as mg cyaniding 3-glucoside per 100 g (c3-glucoside/100 g).

Main results: The black phenotype rice had low value in L*, b*, C, H° and high values in a* than the white color rice. In the black rice group, 145-6 breeding line had darker black aleuronic layer than other black rice. The TPC, TFC and TAC ranged between 0.74 -3.24 mg GAE/g, 12.79 – 82.58 mg CATE/100 g and 0.4-223.76 mg c3-glucoside/100 g, respectively.  High level of TPC, TFC and TAC were recorded in black phenotypic rice, where as lower levels in white rice. The maximum amount of TPC and TAC were observed in 145-6 rice line, which on par with parent black kavuni rice.  The maximum level TFC was observed in 144-2 rice line than the parent rice kavuni. The TPC, TFC and TAC were negatively correlated with L*, b*, C and H° values and positively correlated with a* values at 0.01 probability level. Among the 23 rice lines, based on TPC, TAC and TFC the superior breeding rice lines were 145-6 and 144-2 respectively. The results showed that dark black grain has higher phytochemicals than white grain.

Main recommendation:  The results indicate provide the opportunities to further increase the nutritional benefits of some food products from black rice in terms of therapeutic properties.
Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Different Sources at Sadat City
Authors: Elsyaed Mohamed Sabry Abd Elraheam , Mounir Mary
Published: May 2020

Aims: A great concern directed to non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotypes due to their public health importance. Detecting the existence, antimicrobial profiles, and virulence repertoire of different STEC serotypes from animals essential for human food are important.

Study Design: This study aimed to investigate the presence of STEC in different hosts, the distribution pattern of stx1, stx2, eaeA, and hlyA genes encoding Shiga toxins 1 and 2, intimin, and enterohemolysin, respectively, and the antimicrobial resistance of the detected serotypes.

Results: A total of 75 samples were collected, 20 fecal samples from broilers, 15 fecal samples from ducks, 20 beef samples, and 20 human urine samples. Escherichia coli was detected at a rate of 60/75 (80%) distributed as;17 (85%), 8 (53.3%), 15(75%), and 20 (100%) from broilers, ducks, human urine, and beef samples, respectively. There was a significant difference between the isolation rates of E. coli from different sources with p<0.05. The prevalent serotypes were O78, O2:H6, O15:H2, and O26: H1. The frequency of stx1 gene was 56/60 (93.3%), stx2 gene was 55/60 (91.6%), the eaeA gene was 35/60 (58.3%), and hlyA gene was 26/60 (43.3%). The most effective antimicrobials were amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin with the efficacy of 52/60 (86.6%) for each, while the efficacy of chloramphenicol and doxycycline was 5/60 (8.3%) and 44/60 (73.3%), respectively.

Conclusion: The high frequency of non-O157 Shiga toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from different samples at Sadat City, high prevalence of virulence factors and resistance to chloramphenicol and doxycycline will help in monitoring the distribution of virulent serotypes and contribute to the establishment of control measures to reduce the spread of infection.
Circularly Polarized Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence and Encapsulation Engineering for MOF‐Based Fluorescent/Phosphorescent White Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Fu Hong‐Ru , Wang Ning , Wu Xiao‐Xia , Li Fei‐Fei , Zhao Ying , Ma Lu‐Fang , Du Miao
Published: May 2020

Optical materials with circularly polarized luminescence and room temperature phosphorescence currently attract great attention owing to their unique optoelectronic properties. Herein, via the coordination‐induced assembly strategy, a homochiral metal–organic framework (MOF) 1 with high stability and porosity is successfully synthesized by using the achiral triphenylamine‐based molecule as the building block. Remarkably, MOF 1 shows circularly polarized luminescence and phosphorescence at room temperature simultaneously, also with excellent anisotropic optical properties. Furthermore, MOF 1 can serve as a nanocontainer to construct dye‐encapsulated host–guest systems. Importantly, the multicolor emissions including white‐light emission can be achieved. The corresponding color rendering index and correlated color temperature values of light emitting device are 73 and 5541 K, when using dye‐loaded MOF 1⊃RhB 10 (CIE: 0.33, 0.33) as single‐phase white light‐emitting phosphor. This study first reports circularly polarized phosphorescence based on MOF without precious metals under ambient conditions, and also is first time for phosphorescent polarized materials with high porosity. These results will open up a new pathway to the design of porous chiroptical materials and white‐light materials.
All‐Optical Helicity‐Dependent Switching in Hybrid Metal–Ferromagnet Thin Films
Authors: Cheng Feng , Du Zhidong , Wang Xinjun , Cai Ziqiang , Li Lin , Wang Chuangtang , Benabbas Abdelkrim , Champion Paul , Sun Nianxiang , Pan Liang , Liu Yongmin
Published: May 2020

Over the past decades, optical manipulation of magnetization by ultrafast laser pulses has attracted extensive interest. It not only shows intriguing fundamental science arising from the interactions between spins, electrons, phonons, and photons, but also manifests the potential to process and store data at a speed that is three orders of magnitude faster than the current technologies. In this paper, all‐optical helicity‐dependent switching (AO‐HDS) in hybrid metal–ferromagnet thin films, which consist of Co/Pt multilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and an Au film capping layer on the top, is experimentally demonstrated. The switching behaviors of the hybrid Co/Pt–Au material, with various laser repetition rates, scanning speeds, and fluencies, are systematically studied. In comparison with bare Co/Pt multilayers, the hybrid metal–ferromagnet thin films show pronounced AO‐HDS when the number of laser pulses per μm along the scanning direction gradually increases. In addition, the AO‐HDS effect is very robust against laser fluences. A possible mechanism is further proposed based on numerical simulations of the optomagnetic coupling model. These findings promise a new material system that exhibits stable AO‐HDS phenomena, and hence can transform future magnetic storage devices, especially with the addition of plasmonic nanostructures made of noble metals.
KIAA1217: A novel candidate gene associated with isolated and syndromic vertebral malformations
Authors: Al Dhaheri Noura , Wu Nan , Zhao Sen , Wu Zhihong , Blank Robert D. , Zhang Jianguo , Raggio Cathy , Halanski Matthew , Shen Jianxiong , Noonan Ken , Qiu Guixing , Nemeth Blaise , Sund Sarah , Dunwoodie Sally L. , Chapman Gavin , Glurich Ingrid , Steiner Robert D. , Wohler Elizabeth , Martin Renan , Sobreira Nara Lygia , Giampietro Philip F.
Published: May 2020

Vertebral malformations (VMs) are caused by alterations in somitogenesis and may occur in association with other congenital anomalies. The genetic etiology of most VMs remains unknown and their identification may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic and prevention strategies. Exome sequencing was performed on both the discovery cohort of nine unrelated probands from the USA with VMs and the replication cohort from China (Deciphering Disorders Involving Scoliosis & COmorbidities study). The discovery cohort was analyzed using the PhenoDB analysis tool. Heterozygous and homozygous, rare and functional variants were selected and evaluated for their ClinVar, HGMD, OMIM, GWAS, mouse model phenotypes, and other annotations to identify the best candidates. Genes with candidate variants in three or more probands were selected. The replication cohort was analyzed by another in‐house developed pipeline. We identified rare heterozygous variants in KIAA1217 in four out of nine probands in the discovery cohort and in five out of 35 probands in the replication cohort. Collectively, we identified 11 KIAA1217 rare variants in 10 probands, three of which have not been described in gnomAD and one of which is a nonsense variant. We propose that genetic variations of KIAA1217 may contribute to the etiology of VMs.
Psychosocial implications of living with familial risk of a psychiatric disorder and attitudes to psychiatric genetic testing: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Meiser Bettina , Guo Xin Y. , Putt Sophie , Fullerton Janice M. , Schofield Peter R. , Mitchell Philip B. , Yanes Tatiane
Published: May 2020

The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the existing evidence documenting the psychosocial implications of living with a familial risk of an adult‐onset psychiatric disorder. Six databases were searched systematically to identify qualitative and quantitative studies, which explored perspectives of those at increased risk for psychiatric disorders, as well as the general public. Thematic analysis was used to identify major themes. Thirty‐five articles met the eligibility criteria and reported on the views of 4,896 participants. The literature demonstrates strong interest in psychiatric genetic testing of adults as well as children, whereas attitudes toward prenatal testing were much less positive. Predictors of interest in testing, as well as perceived advantages and disadvantages were identified. Very few studies are available on anticipated and actual reactions to receiving results. Studies show that the majority of participants feel that having a genetic explanation would alleviate some of the stigma associated with mental illness. This review shows that interest in, and predictors of attitudes toward, psychiatric genetic testing are well researched, but the extent to which attitudes will translate into actual testing uptake is unknown. Future research also needs to assess the actual behavioral and psychological impact of genetic testing.
Effect of Fruit Maturity on Microstructural Changes and Oil Yield during Cold‐Pressed Oil Extraction of ‘Hass’ Avocado
Authors: Yang Shuo , Fullerton Christina , Hallett Ian , Oh Hyunah E. , Woolf Allan B. , Wong Marie
Published: May 2020

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of avocado fruit maturity (as estimated by time of harvest during the season) on cold‐pressed oil yield. ‘Hass’ avocado fruit at six different stages of on‐tree maturity (harvested between September and April 2016/2017) were processed in a commercial cold‐pressed oil extraction plant. After destoning and grinding, the fruit pulp was malaxed for 120 min. Avocado pulp samples were examined by light microscopy, electrical conductivity, and electrical impedance spectroscopy. More intact parenchyma cells were observed by microscopy in early‐season fruit. The greatest cell disruption occurred after the grinding step as shown by electrical resistance values. The late‐season fruit were found to have higher conductivity and lower electrical resistance values which indicated more cell disruption occurred during extraction. Cell walls extracted from fruit harvested later in the season showed a higher yield of the water‐soluble polysaccharides and a lower yield of the trans‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetraacetic acid (CDTA)‐soluble polysaccharides. The cold‐pressed oil extraction yield (g oil/100 g fresh flesh) was found to increase with fruit maturity from 10.4 in the early season to 22.5 (g oil/100 g fresh flesh) in the late season. The extraction efficiency (cold‐pressed extraction yield/total oil content) also increased from early season (77.2%) to late season (96.6%). In conclusion, the avocado flesh cellular structure ruptured more easily in late‐season fruit suggesting of a contribution to more oil release and improved extraction yields.
Co‐electrospun cellulose diacetate‐graft‐poly(ethylene terephthalate) and collagen composite nanofibrous mats for cells culture
Authors: Gao Feifei , Jiang Mingli , Liang Wencheng , Fang Xiangchen , Bai Fudong , Zhou Yan , Lang Meidong
Published: May 2020

In this study, a kind of novel composite nanofibrous mats with cellulose diacetate‐graft‐poly(ethylene terephthalate) (CDA‐g‐PET) and Type I collagen were obtained by electrospinning and five different ratios of CDA‐g‐PET/Type I collagen (1:0, 1:0.1, 1:0.2, 1:0.3, 1:0.4) were set to explore the effects of components on its properties. The scanning electron microscope images demonstrated that the formation of uniform and smooth nanofibers with free beads. Compared with pure CDA‐g‐PET mats, the composite materials transformed into hydrophilic ones with increasing the content of Type I collagen. Moreover, the tensile strength of the composite nanofibrous mats got higher, while its water vapor transmission rate got lower after blending with Type I collagen. In addition, the cell proliferation and adhesion on composite nanofibrous mats were improved according by the results of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) culturing experiments. Especially, the cells growth attained optimum when the CDA‐g‐PET/Type I collagen ratio reached 1:0.3 and 1:0.4, where showed no significant difference. In consequence, the above results indicated that the novel composite nanofibrous mats consisted of CDA‐g‐PET and Type I collagen obtained by electrospinning combined good mechanical strength of CDA‐g‐PET and excellent biological functions of Type I collagen. The nanoscale structure might mimic the nanofibrous extracellular matrix feature, which present the potential use in cells culture.
Lead in Drinking Water: A Canadian Perspective
Authors: Ohman Klas , Craik Steve , Chow Larry
Published: May 2020

Key Takeaways

Lead in drinking water is a top public health issue in the United States and Canada, with similarities and differences in how each country addresses it.

Although lacking specifics in some aspects, Canada's new legislation for lead levels in drinking water means more stringent rules and more comprehensive methods for testing and treating.

Strategies for sampling and testing are less prescriptive with this new guideline, allowing more flexibility in setting up a lead monitoring and service replacement program.

The strategies used to replace and pay for lead service lines differ among various Canadian water utilities.
Aluminum in Drinking Water: Occurrence, Effects, and Control
Authors: Edzwald James K.
Published: May 2020

Key Takeaways

Excessive aluminum intake may cause neuromuscular effects, although drinking water aluminum intake by humans is minor compared with intake from other sources.

Non‐health‐based effects in drinking water, such as post‐precipitation and pipe scales in the distribution system, are more of a problem than health‐based concentrations.

High aluminum concentrations in treated waters indicate poor coagulation practice, which should be adjusted to address seasonal temperatures, pH, and coagulant dose.
Machine Learning for Pipe Condition Assessments
Authors: Fitchett James C. , Karadimitriou Kosmas , West Zella , Hughes David M.
Published: May 2020

Key Takeaways

Utilities replace water mains by responding to failures or proactively choosing pipes likely to fail. Machine learning can find fragile pipes more accurately than using age or historical breaks as indicators.

More accurate and often less expensive than other condition assessments, machine learning uses hundreds of variables to find patterns most people can't see.

Timely selection of the right pipes to inspect, repair, or replace can reduce breaks and optimize the pipes’ remaining useful life.
The first 60 years: Honoring Teratology's past, a new perspective on the future
Authors: Roberts Linda G. , Lewis Elise M.
Published: May 2020

Background

This paper updates the history of the Teratology Society, now known as the Society for Birth Defects Research and Prevention (BDRP), for its first 60 years and describes the current strategy to position the Society to continue to advance its multidisciplinary science in the future. Common threads across our history include the positive impact of the Society's approach to sharing multidisciplinary, cutting‐edge science and the collegial nature of the annual meetings.

Aim

In recent years, we have tackled challenging issues through periodic strategic planning sessions to improve the impact of the Society and its value to our members.

Materials & Methods

Archived and current resources were reviewed for this historical perspective.

Results

In 2019, the Society took steps to rebrand itself to clarify our mission to the broader scientific and governmental communities.

Discussion

Although our name has changed, the mission remains to understand and prevent birth defects and disorders of developmental and reproductive origin.

Conclusion

As BDRP, we continue to promote the exchange of research and ideas, provide educational opportunities, influence policy through advocacy, and evolve our communications to better serve our members and to have a greater impact on the health of future generations.