bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Underdispersion and overdispersion of traits in terrestrial snail communities on islands
Authors: Astor Tina , Strengbom Joachim , Berg Matty P. , Lenoir Lisette , Marteinsdóttir Bryndís , Bengtsson Jan
Published: April 2014

Understanding and disentangling different processes underlying the assembly and diversity of communities remains a key challenge in ecology. Species can assemble into communities either randomly or due to deterministic processes. Deterministic assembly leads to species being more similar (underdispersed) or more different (overdispersed) in certain traits than would be expected by chance. However, the relative importance of those processes is not well understood for many organisms, including terrestrial invertebrates. Based on knowledge of a broad range of species traits, we tested for the presence of trait underdispersion (indicating dispersal or environmental filtering) and trait overdispersion (indicating niche partitioning) and their relative importance in explaining land snail community composition on lake islands. The analysis of community assembly was performed using a functional diversity index (Rao's quadratic entropy) in combination with a null model approach. Regression analysis with the effect sizes of the assembly tests and environmental variables gave information on the strength of under‐ and overdispersion along environmental gradients. Additionally, we examined the link between community weighted mean trait values and environmental variables using a CWM‐RDA. We found both trait underdispersion and trait overdispersion, but underdispersion (eight traits) was more frequently detected than overdispersion (two traits). Underdispersion was related to four environmental variables (tree cover, habitat diversity, productivity of ground vegetation, and location on an esker ridge). Our results show clear evidence for underdispersion in traits driven by environmental filtering, but no clear evidence for dispersal filtering. We did not find evidence for overdispersion of traits due to diet or body size, but overdispersion in shell shape may indicate niche differentiation between snail species driven by small‐scale habitat heterogeneity. The use of species traits enabled us to identify key traits involved in snail community assembly and to detect the simultaneous occurrence of trait underdispersion and overdispersion.
Biogeochemical processes and phytoplankton nutrient limitation in the inflow transition zone of a large eutrophic lake during a summer rain event
Authors: Abell Jonathan M. , Hamilton David P.
Published: April 2014

We used high‐frequency sampling paired with a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic–ecological model application to study how dynamic variations in water, nutrient and sediment transport in a stream inflow interacted with circulation processes in a receiving eutrophic lake to affect water quality during a 5‐day period of high rainfall in the summer. Wind‐driven horizontal circulations in the lake caused deflection of the inflowing stream, strongly influencing water quality in the littoral zone over distances >1 km from the stream mouth and constraining sediment and nutrient flux to the pelagic zone. The nutrient limitation status of phytoplankton varied both temporally and spatially within the lake in relation to nutrient transport processes and, potentially, variation in assemblage composition and environmental history. The occurrence of active processes that caused net removal (e.g. deposition) or accumulation (e.g. resuspension) of nutrients and sediments in the water column was characterized by comparing concentrations of suspended sediments and dissolved nutrients measured in the transition zone with concentrations estimated assuming only conservative mixing between the stream and the lake. Chlorophyll a concentrations in the transition zone were generally diluted by the stream, although ‘hot spots’ (≈10–30 m wide) of high concentrations occurred in the nutrient‐rich plume on a day when phytoplankton at a pelagic site were nutrient limited. This study highlighted how characteristics of littoral‐pelagic coupling can influence fine‐scale spatial and temporal variations in the water quality of large lakes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social support from fellow group members triggers additional effort in groups
Authors: Hüffmeier Joachim , Wessolowski Katrin , van Randenborgh Annette , Bothin Julia , Schmid‐Loertzer Nikola , Hertel Guido
Published: April 2014

This research demonstrates social support from fellow group members as unique trigger of additional effort and performance in groups. Support‐induced effort gains are shown both compared with groups without social support and individual work. Study 1 examined existing beliefs about motivating group work among employees with professional group work experience (n = 130). The results revealed social support as one of the most frequently reported sources of group‐induced effort gains. Study 2 explored self‐reported effort intentions in group training scenarios among athletes (n = 94). Finally, Study 3 examined performance as a manifest indicator of effort in an experimental persistence task among students (n = 88). The results of Study 2 and Study 3 showed significant gains due to social support in both self‐reported effort and manifest performance, respectively. Together, the results demonstrate that receiving social support from fellow group members leads to higher effort in groups at the level of existing beliefs about motivating group work, at the level of effort intentions, and at the level of manifest performance behavior. The observed findings cannot be explained by established sources of motivation gains in groups such as social comparison or social indispensability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Group‐level effects of forgiveness: Group cohesiveness and collective action in social dilemmas
Authors: Irwin Kyle , Tsang Jo‐Ann , Carlisle Robert , Shen Megan Johnson
Published: April 2014

Forgiveness research has predominately focused on individual/relational outcomes such as well‐being and closeness. Less research has examined group outcomes such as cohesiveness or collective action. Forgiveness studies have also emphasized the victim's or transgressor's perspective, neglecting the effects of forgiveness on ingroup members who have neither given nor received forgiveness. We theorize that forgiveness promotes collective action among ingroup members through group cohesiveness and that transgressors' apologetic reactions impact this process. In a laboratory experiment, 229 students (175 females) were led to believe they were in a social dilemma with three others. Some participants witnessed group members forgive an apologetic, obstinate, or neutral defector, whereas others witnessed an unforgiving response. Forgiveness of apologetic and neutral defectors increased later cooperation among ingroup members. This effect was generally mediated by group cohesiveness. Our findings suggest that forgiveness can impact cooperation on a group level, providing a path to successful resolutions to collective action problems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous generation of electricity and removal of organic load from synthetic wastewater in a membrane less microbial fuel cell: Parametric evaluation
Authors: Shankar Ravi , Mondal Prasenjit , Chand Shri
Published: April 2014

This work deals with the simultaneous generation of electricity and removal of organic load from synthetic wastewater containing eqimolar concentration of glucose and glutamic acid. The effect of initial COD (mg/L), anodic pH and metals (Zn2+, Cr6+, and Fe3+) concentration on the generation of current density and voltage has been studied. Although, the amount of COD removed increases with increase in the initial COD value from 500 to 2500 mg/L, the maximum generation of current density (19 mA/m2) and voltage (14.8 mV), after 7 days of operation, is achieved at the initial COD value of 1500 mg/L at anodic pH value of 7. Difference in the anodic and cathodic pH has also been observed maximum (∼1) at the initial COD value of 1500 mg/L. Addition of metals initially increases the voltage and power density generation, attains a maximum value at a certain metal concentration and decreases thereafter with increase in metal concentration. Optimum concentration of metals, that is, 8 mg/L Zn2+, 7 mg/L Cr6+, and 10 mg/L Fe3+ in the solution produces maximum voltage of 142, 490, and 321 mV, after 7 days of operation, respectively. Corresponding maximum power densities are 6.9, 508, and 192 mW/m2, respectively. The present process seems to have maximum current density and voltage generation capacity in comparison to some recently reported literatures on membrane less MFCand is able to reduce COD value below permissible limit with the initial COD value ≤1250 mg/L. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 255–264, 2015
Wernicke Encephalopathy in Subjects Undergoing Restrictive Weight Loss Surgery: A Systematic Review of Literature Data
Authors: Milone Marco , Di Minno Matteo Nicola Dario , Lupoli Roberta , Maietta Paola , Bianco Paolo , Pisapia Anna , Gaudioso Dario , Taffuri Caterina , Milone Francesco , Musella Mario
Published: April 2014

The use of weight loss surgery is progressively increasing, and in recent years, restrictive bariatric surgery procedures have been more often used. Although thought to be associated with a lower incidence of post‐operative side effects than malabsorpitive surgery, some cases of micronutrients deficiency have been reported because of an acquired thiamine deficiency; in this clinical setting, some cases of Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) have been described. Major determinants and predictors of this major neurological complication are currently unknown. The aim of this systematic review was to analyse literature data in order to address this issue. The main result of our systematic review was that persistent vomiting is the major determinant of WE in patients undergoing restrictive weight loss surgery. In addition, early thiamine supplementation can rapidly improve the clinical conditions, avoiding permanent deficiencies. On the other hand, given the wide variability of clinical and demographic characteristics, definite prognostic factors of WE occurrence and of clinical outcome cannot be identified. In conclusion, although our results are suggestive, further ad hoc prospective studies evaluating changes in micronutrients levels according to different types of surgery are needed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Regional grain size variations in aeolian sediments along the transition between Tibetan highlands and north‐western Chinese deserts – the influence of geomorphological settings on aeolian transport pathways
Authors: Nottebaum Veit , Lehmkuhl Frank , Stauch Georg , Hartmann Kai , Wünnemann Bernd , Schimpf Stefan , Lu Huayu
Published: April 2014

Sediment distribution is investigated applying grain size analysis to 279 surface samples from the transitional zone between high mountains (Qilian Shan) and their arid forelands (Hexi Corridor) in north‐western China. Six main sediment types were classified. Medium scale (103 m) geomorphological setting is carefully considered as it may play an important role concerning sediment supply and availability. A tripartite distribution of sedimentological landscape units along the mountain to foreland transition is evident. Aeolian sediments (e.g. loess and dune sands) are widespread. They are used to identify aeolian transport pathways. The mU/fS‐ratio (5–11 µm/48–70 µm) among primary loess opposes the two grain size fractions being most sensitive to varying accumulation conditions. The first fraction is attributed to long‐distance transport in high suspension clouds whereas the latter represents local transport in saltation mode. The ratio shows strong correlation with elevation (R2 = 0.77). Thus, it indicates a relatively higher far‐traveled dust supply in mountainous areas (>3000 m above sea level [a.s.l.]) compared to the foreland. The contribution of westerlies to high mountain loess deposits is considered likely. Hereby, the influence of the geomorphological setting on grain size composition of aeolian sediments becomes apparent: the contribution from distant dust sources is ubiquitous in the study area. However, the far‐distance contribution may be reduced by the availability of fine sand provided in low topography settings. Plain foreland areas support fine sand deflation from supplying river beds, allowing the formation of sandy loess in foreland areas and intramontane basins. In contrast, high mountain topography inhibits strong sand deflation into loess deposits. Eastern parts of the Hexi Corridor show higher aeolian sand occurrence. In contrast, the western parts are dominated by gravel gobi surfaces. This is attributed to higher sand supply in eastern parts provided by the Badain Jaran Desert and fluvial storages as sand sources. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lytic enzyme production optimization using low‐cost substrates and its application in the clarification of xanthan gum culture broth
Authors: da Silva Cíntia Reis , Silva Marilia Lordelo Cardoso , Kamida Helio Mitoshi , Goes‐Neto Aristoteles , Koblitz Maria Gabriela Bello
Published: April 2014

Lytic enzymes are widely used in industrial biotechnology as they are able to hydrolyze the bacterial cell wall. One application of these enzymes is the clarification of the culture broth for the production of xanthan gum, because of its viability in viscous media and high specificity. The screening process for filamentous fungi producing lytic enzymes, the optimization of production of these enzymes by the selected microorganism, and the optimization of the application of the enzymes produced in the clarification of culture broth are presented in this article. Eleven fungal isolates were tested for their ability to produce enzymes able to increase the transmittance of the culture broth containing cells of Xanthomonas campestris. To optimize the secretion of lytic enzymes by the selected microorganism the following variables were tested: solid substrate, initial pH, incubation temperature, and addition of inducer (gelatin). Thereafter, secretion of the enzymes over time of incubation was assessed. To optimize the clarification process a central composite rotational design was applied in which the pH of the reaction medium, the dilution of the broth, and the reaction temperature were evaluated. The isolate identified as Aspergillus tamarii was selected for increasing the transmittance of the broth from 2.1% to 54.8%. The best conditions for cultivation of this microorganism were: use of coconut husk as solid substrate, with 90% moisture, at 30°C for 20 days. The lytic enzymes produced thereby were able to increase the transmittance of the culture broth from 2.1% to 70.6% at 65°C, without dilution and without pH adjustment.
Impact of chiasma opticum malformations on the organization of the human ventral visual cortex
Authors: Kaule Falko R. , Wolynski Barbara , Gottlob Irene , Stadler Joerg , Speck Oliver , Kanowski Martin , Meltendorf Synke , Behrens‐Baumann Wolfgang , Hoffmann Michael B.
Published: April 2014

Congenital malformations of the optic chiasm, such as enhanced and reduced crossing of the optic nerve fibers, are evident in albinism and achiasma, respectively. In early visual cortex the resulting additional visual input from the ipsilateral visual hemifield is superimposed onto the normal retinotopic representation of the contralateral visual field, which is likely due to conservative geniculo‐striate projections. Counterintuitively, this organization in early visual cortex does not have profound consequences on visual function. Here we ask, whether higher stages of visual processing provide a correction to the abnormal representation allowing for largely normal perception. To this end we assessed the organization patterns of early and ventral visual cortex in five albinotic, one achiasmic, and five control participants. In albinism and achiasma the mirror‐symmetrical superposition of the ipsilateral and contalateral visual fields was evident not only in early visual cortex, but also in the higher areas of the ventral processing stream. Specifically, in the visual areas VO1/2 and PHC1/2 no differences in the extent, the degree of superposition, and the magnitude of the responses were evident in comparison to the early visual areas. Consequently, the highly atypical organization of the primary visual cortex was propagated downstream to highly specialized processing stages in an undiminished and unchanged manner. This indicates largely unaltered cortico‐cortical connections in both types of misrouting, i.e., enhanced and reduced crossing of the optic nerves. It is concluded that main aspects of visual function are preserved despite sizable representation abnormalities in the ventral visual processing stream. Hum Brain Mapp 35:5093–5105, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors predicting outcome after salvage treatment for stage IV oral squamous cell carcinoma: Evidence of the potential importance of the cyclooxygenase‐2–prostaglandin E2 pathway
Authors: Kekatpure Vikram D. , Singh Mandeep , Selvam Sumithra , Shetkar Girish , Hedne Naveen C. , Trivedi Nirav P. , Siddappa Gangotri , Govindan Sindhu V. , Suresh Amritha , Rangarajan Bharath , Dannenberg Andrew J. , Kuriakose Moni Abraham.
Published: April 2014

Background

We determined the clinicopathological factors that predicted outcome after salvage treatment for stage IV oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Additionally, the prognostic significance of the cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2)/microsomal prostaglandin‐E synthase‐1 (mPGES‐1) pathway was evaluated.

Methods

Thirty‐one patients who underwent salvage surgery were included. COX‐2 and mPGES‐1 levels were quantified by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results

The 2‐year disease‐free and overall survival rates were 46% and 53%, respectively. Adequacy of initial treatment, tobacco smoking, and the presence of pathological risk factors were predictive of mortality. In patients who had not received chemotherapy before salvage surgery, high levels of intratumoral COX‐2 and mPGES‐1 were associated with poor prognosis. By contrast, high intratumoral COX‐2 and mPGES‐1 after chemotherapy were associated with improved outcomes.

Conclusion

Clinicopathological factors may inform treatment decisions in patients with stage IV OSCC. Expression patterns of COX‐2 and mPGES‐1 correlated with outcome and warrant further investigation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 1142–1149, 2015
Saturated hydraulic conductivity in Sphagnum‐dominated peatlands: do microforms matter?
Authors: Branham Jordanna E. , Strack Maria
Published: April 2014

Within peatland ecosystems, small deviations in surface elevation result in microforms that differ in depth to water table, plant type and rate of biogeochemical cycling, possibly leading to differences in peat physical and hydrological properties that could feed back to the whole ecosystem hydrological and biogeochemical function. However, hydrological parameters for peatland microforms have not been quantified. This study determined bulk density, pore size distribution and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) at hummocks and hollows of four, Sphagnum‐dominated Canadian peatlands. Study sites included both a bog and poor fen in each of Alberta and Quebec allowing for investigation of differences in peat hydrophysical properties between microforms across a range of Sphagnum‐dominated peatlands. Hydraulic conductivity was determined in the laboratory on peat from the surface (0.03–0.08 m) and the saturated zone (0.20 m below the local water table position). Peatland type, climate region, microform and depth of peat were all significant descriptors of variation in Ksat. Deeper peat was less conductive than surface peat. Hummocks generally had higher Ksat than hollows at both surface and saturated zones, although differences between microforms varied between sites. Differences in Ksat between samples were correlated with bulk density, von Post humification and macroporosity. These results indicate that there are microtopographical differences in peat hydrophysical properties; however, the strong decline in Ksat with depth indicates that differences in the local water table, resulting in a change in depth of water flow, is likely a stronger control on local Ksat than microform type. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncertainty in modelling the hydrologic responses of a large watershed: a case study of the Athabasca River basin, Canada
Authors: Eum Hyung‐Il , Yonas Dibike , Prowse Terry
Published: April 2014

Large‐scale watershed modelling presents a unique challenge in terms of physiographic and climatological heterogeneity, and spatially varied hydrologic responses. In particular, the spatial variability in hydrologic processes may introduce a high degree of uncertainty in the modelling of a large watershed. This study assessed the uncertainties in annual/seasonal streamflow and annual peak flow simulations with respect to selection of climate data and model parameter sets for the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model of the Athabasca River basin (ARB) in Alberta, Canada. Two high‐resolution gridded climate data sets over the 1979 to 2010 period, and six different model parameter sets calibrated corresponding to different time periods and various hydrologic patterns, were employed to quantify the uncertainty in VIC simulations. Moreover, the possibility of an ensemble approach to predict hydrologic responses in the ARB has been investigated. The results indicated that streamflow simulations near the headwater and along the Athabasca River mainstream have high uncertainty corresponding to selection of climate data mainly because of greater difference of precipitation between the two climate data sets, whereas sub‐basin stations at low elevations were more sensitive to the selection of parameter set for interflow‐dominated runoff cycle. All stations showed higher uncertainty corresponding to the selection of parameter set for annual peak flows. In addition, this study confirmed that the ensemble means can provide more accurate and consistent hydrologic information for the low‐elevation area where higher internal variability exists. © 2013 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Hydrological Processes © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Comparison of simple and complex auditory‐visual conditional discrimination training
Authors: Rosales Rocío , Maderitz Cecelia , Garcia Yors A.
Published: April 2014

We investigated the relative effects of simple and complex auditory‐visual discrimination training using an adapted alternating treatments design to establish derived stimulus relations in 2 children who had been diagnosed with autism and 1 typically developing peer. Emergence of untrained conditional relations was observed after training in both conditions, with a possible advantage of simple‐sample training for 1 participant. Results of generalization and follow‐up probes were mixed.
Using audio script fading and multiple‐exemplar training to increase vocal interactions in children with autism
Authors: Garcia‐Albea Elena , Reeve Sharon A. , Brothers Kevin J. , Reeve Kenneth F.
Published: April 2014

Script‐fading procedures have been shown to be effective for teaching children with autism to initiate and participate in social interactions without vocal prompts from adults. In previous script and script‐fading research, however, there has been no demonstration of a generalized repertoire of vocal interactions under the control of naturally occurring relevant stimuli. In this study, 4 boys with autism were taught to initiate a conversation in the presence of toys through the use of a script and script‐fading procedure. Training with multiple categories and exemplars of toys was used to increase the likelihood of generalization of vocal interactions across novel toys. A multiple‐probe design across participants was used to assess the effects of these procedures. The intervention successfully brought interactions by children with autism under the control of relevant stimuli in the environment. Future research pertaining to the specific implementation of these procedures (e.g., fading, script placement, participant characteristics) is discussed.
Further evaluation of a functional analysis of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity in young children
Authors: Larson Tracy A. , Normand Matthew P. , Morley Allison J. , Miller Bryon G.
Published: April 2014

Inadequate physical activity increases the risks related to several health problems in children; however, increasing physical activity mitigates these risks. In this study, we examined the relations between moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and several environmental conditions (attention, interactive play, alone, escape) with 4 preschool children. We compared the experimental conditions to a control condition and a naturalistic baseline according to a combined multielement and reversal design. Results indicated that all participants were most active in the interactive play condition and that the percentage of MVPA varied across experimental and control conditions. In addition, the frequency and duration of bouts of MVPA were greatest in the interactive play condition. The current study presents a methodology for the identification of environmental contingencies that support increased levels of MVPA in young children, and it holds promise for improving our understanding of the variables related to physical activity.
Cell microencapsulation with synthetic polymers
Authors: Olabisi Ronke M.
Published: April 2014

The encapsulation of cells into polymeric microspheres or microcapsules has permitted the transplantation of cells into human and animal subjects without the need for immunosuppressants. Cell‐based therapies use donor cells to provide sustained release of a therapeutic product, such as insulin, and have shown promise in treating a variety of diseases. Immunoisolation of these cells via microencapsulation is a hotly investigated field, and the preferred material of choice has been alginate, a natural polymer derived from seaweed due to its gelling conditions. Although many natural polymers tend to gel in conditions favorable to mammalian cell encapsulation, there remain challenges such as batch to batch variability and residual components from the original source that can lead to an immune response when implanted into a recipient. Synthetic materials have the potential to avoid these issues; however, historically they have required harsh polymerization conditions that are not favorable to mammalian cells. As research into microencapsulation grows, more investigators are exploring methods to microencapsulate cells into synthetic polymers. This review describes a variety of synthetic polymers used to microencapsulate cells. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 846–859, 2015.
Delivery of BMP‐2 by two clinically available apatite materials: In vitro and in vivo comparison
Authors: Hänseler Patrick , Ehrbar Martin , Kruse Astrid , Fischer Eliane , Schibli Roger , Ghayor Chafik , Weber Franz E.
Published: April 2014

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are deposited in bone and responsible for osteoinduction. The interplay between delivery system and BMP, resulting in a characteristic release profile, is crucial for clinical success. We here report on two apatite based commercially available granules which could potentially be used in a combination product with recombinant human BMP‐2 (rhBMP‐2). Regardless of their similar chemistry, their interaction with rhBMP‐2 differs. Deproteinized bovine bone matrix (DBBM), a clinically well‐established bone substitute, has a high affinity to rhBMP‐2 and releases only 50% of the growth factor during the first 2 weeks in vitro. Activity of the physio‐adsorbed rhBMP‐2 is indicated by an enhanced bone augmentation in vivo. In contrast, all rhBMP‐2 delivered in combination with synthetic hydroxyapatite/β‐tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) granules is released during the first 24 h. For both HA/TCP and DBBM, the released rhBMP‐2 is active in vitro. Our results suggest that the different release behavior from these two apatite granules is due to the 1000‐fold higher specific surface area of DBBM compared to HA/TCP. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 628–638, 2015.
The Recent Prevalence of Osteoporosis and Low Bone Mass in the United States Based on Bone Mineral Density at the Femoral Neck or Lumbar Spine
Authors: Wright Nicole C , Looker Anne C , Saag Kenneth G , Curtis Jeffrey R , Delzell Elizabeth S , Randall Susan , Dawson-Hughes Bess
Published: April 2014

The goal of our study was to estimate the prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass based on bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck and the lumbar spine in adults 50 years and older in the United States (US). We applied prevalence estimates of osteoporosis or low bone mass at the femoral neck or lumbar spine (adjusted by age, sex, and race/ethnicity to the 2010 Census) for the noninstitutionalized population aged 50 years and older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2010 to 2010 US Census population counts to determine the total number of older US residents with osteoporosis and low bone mass. There were more than 99 million adults aged 50 years and older in the US in 2010. Based on an overall 10.3% prevalence of osteoporosis, we estimated that in 2010, 10.2 million older adults had osteoporosis. The overall low bone mass prevalence was 43.9%, from which we estimated that 43.4 million older adults had low bone mass. We estimated that 7.7 million non-Hispanic white, 0.5 million non-Hispanic black, and 0.6 million Mexican American adults had osteoporosis, and another 33.8, 2.9, and 2.0 million had low bone mass, respectively. When combined, osteoporosis and low bone mass at the femoral neck or lumbar spine affected an estimated 53.6 million older US adults in 2010. Although most of the individuals with osteoporosis or low bone mass were non-Hispanic white women, a substantial number of men and women from other racial/ethnic groups also had osteoporotic BMD or low bone mass. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
RTP801 Regulates Maneb‐ and Mancozeb‐Induced Cytotoxicity via NF‐κB
Authors: Cheng Shu‐Yuan , Oh Seon , Velasco Marcela , Ta Christine , Montalvo Jessica , Calderone Alyssa
Published: April 2014

Environmental factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Maneb (MB) and mancozeb (MZ) have been extensively used as pesticides. Exposure to MB lowers the threshold for dopaminergic damage triggered by 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine. MB and MZ potentiate 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridium (MPP+)‐induced cytotoxicity in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells partially via nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) activation. RTP801 dramatically increased by oxidative stresses and DNA damage is the possible mechanism of neurotoxins‐induced cell death in many studies. This study demonstrated that MB and MZ induced DNA damage as seen in comet assay. The expressions of RTP801 protein and mRNA were elevated after MB and MZ exposures. By knocking down RTP801 using shRNA, we demonstrated that NF‐κB activation by MB and MZ was regulated by RTP801 and cell death triggered by MB and MZ was associated with RTP801 elevation. This revealed that the toxic mechanisms of dithiocarbamates are via the cross talk between RTP801 and NF‐κB.
Synthesis and Biological Activities of 3‐Substituted Analogues of Tenuazonic Acid
Authors: Liu Yu‐Xiu , Cui Zhi‐Peng , Zhao Hua‐Ping , Li Yong‐Hong , Gu Yu‐Cheng , Wang Qing‐Min
Published: April 2014

A series of tenuazonic acid analogues in which the acetyl group was replaced with electron‐withdrawing substituents have been synthesized with the aim of obtaining molecules with various bioactivities. Substituents such as cyano, sulfonyl, and amido were introduced at the 3‐position of the pyrrolidine‐2,4‐dione nucleus of tenuazonic acid. 3‐Cyano and sulfonyl pyrrolidine‐2,4‐dione compounds (2 and 6) were prepared via a Dieckmann cyclization as key step. 3‐Amido pyrrolidine‐2,4‐dione compounds (9) were prepared by a microwave‐assisted amidation reaction from corresponding 3‐carboxylate derivative. The target compounds were evaluated; their herbicidal, fungicidal, and insecticidal activities, and the preliminary bioassay data showed that some 3‐cyanopyrrolidine‐2,4‐diones 2 gave good insecticidal activity, whereas some 3‐amido compounds 9 exhibited moderate to strong fungicidal activity against Pythium dissimile at 20 mg/L.
A Convenient Synthesis of New Annelated Pyrimidines and Their Biological Importance
Authors: Wahab Khan M. , Uddin Mohammed Kabir , Ali Morshed , Rahman Mohammad S. , Rashid Mohammad Abdur , Chowdhury Rasheduzzaman
Published: April 2014

Several bicyclic/tricyclic‐fused pyrimidines were synthesized from the reactions of amino esters and bifunctional nucleophiles such as 2‐methylthio‐thiazoline and 2‐methylthio‐imidazoline. The synthesized compounds were tested for their in vitro antimicrobial activities that revealed mild to moderate growth inhibitory potentials.
Synthesis of Potentially Biologically Active 6‐(1,3‐Butadiynyl)purines
Authors: Křováček M. , Dvořák D.
Published: April 2014

1,3‐Alkadiynyl(trimethyl)silanes were prepared by the Negishi or Sonogashira reactions of bromoethynyl(trimethyl)silane with several terminal alkynes in 34–75% yield. However, the direct Hiyama coupling of these compounds with 6‐iodopurine derivatives has not been successful. Therefore, a modified Sonogashira reaction using TBAF or CsF for in situ removal of the trimethylsilyl group has been utilized. This methodology afforded the desired 6‐(1,3‐butadiynyl)purines in 47–87% yield.
Novel Synthesis of 6‐Substituted 2‐Picolines from Aryl/heteroaryl β‐Enaminones and Meldrum's Acid Using CeCl3.7H2O/NaI
Authors: Addla Dinesh , Kantevari Srinivas
Published: April 2014

One‐pot condensation of aryl/heteroaryl β‐enaminones, Meldrum's acid, and ammonium acetate in the presence of CeCl3.7H2O/NaI via tandem Michael addition–cyclodehydration–elimination sequence led to the formation of novel regioselective 6‐substituted 2‐picolines.
What makes affirmative action‐based hiring decisions seem (un)fair? A test of an ideological explanation for fairness judgments
Authors: Gu Jun , McFerran Brent , Aquino Karl , Kim Tai Gyu
Published: April 2014

Studies show that Whites tend to show the lowest level of support for affirmative action (AA) policies. Opponents of AA often argue that this is because it violates principles of meritocracy. However, self‐interest (based on social identification with those adversely affected) could also explain their opposition. In three studies, we varied whether an Asian or White male is adversely affected by AA to test another explanation; namely, that Whites' fairness judgments are based on both the adversely affected person's race and the fairness evaluator's ideological beliefs. Although we found some support for the meritocratic explanation, this was not sufficient to explain why Whites view AA as (un)fair. Instead, we found strong support for our prediction that Whites who are opposed to equality perceive more unfairness when a White (vs. Asian) was harmed by AA, whereas Whites who endorse egalitarian ideologies perceive the opposite. This finding suggests that neither self‐interest nor meritocratic explanations can fully account for Whites' opposition to AA. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability of CMIP5 GCM simulations in reproducing atmospheric circulation over Europe and the North Atlantic: a statistical downscaling perspective
Authors: Wójcik Robert
Published: April 2014

Reliability of GCM (general circulation model) simulations is a significant predictor selection criteria and seems to be essential for outcomes of the statistical downscaling. This article investigates the reliability of a wide ensemble of CMIP5 climate models in reproducing seasonal atmospheric circulation patterns over Europe and the North Atlantic, namely sea level pressure (SLP) and 500 hPa geopotential height (G500). GCMs were evaluated with respect to 1971–2000 NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data by means of MAE, correlation coefficient and standard deviation. An attempt was made to determine the range of biases introduced into the statistical models by biases in the GCM simulations. For this purpose, canonical correlation analysis (CCA) models linking large‐scale atmospheric circulation and air temperature in Poland were driven by historical GCM simulations expressed as anomalies with reference to the reanalysis data.

It was shown that reliability of GCMs varies considerably, both seasonally and on an inter‐model basis, thus becoming unfavourable in the context of statistical downscaling application. Overall, GCM ability to reproduce G500 values is better than for SLP. The most important finding from the statistical downscaling perspective is that SLP and G500 biases may introduce considerable air temperature biases (T‐GCMbiases) into the downscaled reconstructions or projections of climate change. Seasonally, the highest T‐GCMbiases were found in DJF, when a significant overestimation of air temperature results from a GCM tendency to overestimate the meridional pressure gradient. A similar situation appears to be a significant factor in MAM and SON. Multiyear average GCM biases do not, however, explain a significant part of the inter‐model variability of T‐GCMbias, thus highlighting the need for a more in‐depth evaluation. Nevertheless, good GCM performance seems to ensure that T‐GCMbias is not of a considerable value. Overall, the results of the article emphasise the necessity for undertaking an application‐oriented assessment of GCM reliability prior to any statistical downscaling approach.
Development and application of a quantitative loop‐mediated isothermal amplification method for detecting genetically modified maize MON863
Authors: Huang Sicong , Xu Yuancong , Yan Xinghua , Shang Ying , Zhu Pengyu , Tian Wenying , Xu Wentao
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND

A SYBR Green I‐based quantitative loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for the rapid detection of genetically modified maize MON863. A set of primers was designed based on the integration region of the Cry3Bb1 and tahsp17 genes.

RESULTS

The qualitative and quantitative reaction conditions (dNTPs, betaine, primers, Mg2+, Bst polymerase, temperature, reaction time) were optimized. The concentrations of Mg2+ and betaine were found to be important to the LAMP assay. The detection limits of both qualitative and quantitative LAMP for MON863 were as low as 4 haploid genomic DNA, and the LAMP reactions can be completed within 1 h at an isothermal temperature of 65 °C.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study demonstrate that this new SYBR Green I‐based quantitative LAMP assay system is reliable, sensitive and accurate. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Efficiency improvement of fluorescent blue device by molecular orientation of blue dopant
Authors: Ogiwara Toshinari , Ito Hirokatsu , Mizuki Yumiko , Naraoka Ryo , Funahashi Masakazu , Kuma Hitoshi
Published: April 2014

The relationship between molecular shape of fluorescent blue dopants (BDs) and degree of molecular orientation was studied. BDs with larger ovality showed higher degree of orientation and higher external quantum efficiency (EQE) over 10% in a fluorescent blue device. Impedance spectroscopy, transient electroluminescence spectroscopy, and optical simulation results highly indicated that such high EQE was originated mainly from the optical effect of horizontal‐aligned BDs. Furthermore, a higher EQE of 11.5% at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 was successfully achieved by modifying molecular structure of BD.
High‐resolution high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry characterization of a new isoform of human salivary acidic proline‐rich proteins named Roma‐Boston Ser22(Phos) → Phe variant
Authors: Iavarone Federica , D'Alessandro Alfredo , Tian Na , Cabras Tiziana , Messana Irene , Helmerhorst Eva J. , Oppenheim Frank G. , Castagnola Massimo
Published: April 2014

During a survey of human saliva by a top‐down reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry approach, two proteins eluting at 27.4 and 28.4 min, with average masses of 15 494 ± 1 and 11 142 ± 1 Da, were detected in a subject from Boston. The Δmass value (4352 Da) of the two proteins was similar to the difference in mass values between intact (150 amino acids, [a.a.]) and truncated acidic proline‐rich proteins (aPRPs; 106 a.a.) suggesting an a.a. substitution in the first 106 residues resulting in a strong reduction in polarity, since under the same experimental conditions aPRPs eluted at ∼22.5 min (intact) and 23.5 min (truncated forms). Manual inspection of the high‐resolution high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectra of the truncated isoform showed the replacement of the phosphorylated Ser‐22 in PRP‐3 with a Phe residue. Inspection of the tandem mass spectra of the intact isoform confirmed the substitution, which is allowed by the code transition TCT→TTT and is in agreement with the dramatic increase in elution time. The isoform was also detected in two other subjects, one from Boston (unrelated to the previous) and one from Rome. For this reason we propose to name this variant PRP‐1 (PRP‐3) RB (Roma‐Boston) Ser22(phos)→Phe.
Simultaneous analysis of metformin and cyanoguanidine by capillary zone electrophoresis and its application in a stability study
Authors: Doomkaew Athiporn , Prutthiwanasan Brompoj , Suntornsuk Leena
Published: April 2014

A capillary zone electrophoresis method was established for stability study of metformin (MET). MET and cyanoguanidine (CGN; a major degradation product) were well separated (with a resolution of 38.9) in 40 mM citrate buffer (pH 6.7) using a fused‐silica capillary with an effective length of 60 cm and an inner diameter of 50 μm, injection at 50 mbar for 5 s at 30°C with an applied voltage of 15 kV and diode array detection at 214 nm. Method validation showed good linearity (r2 > 0.99), precision (%RSDs < 1.98%), and accuracy (%recovery between 98.3 and 100.9%). Limits of detection and quantification were <30 and 100 μg/mL, respectively. The method was robust upon alteration of pH and voltage (%RSDs < 1.99%). Stability profiles of metformin from 11 stress conditions and the degradation kinetics could be established, using the simple capillary zone electrophoresis system. A mechanism for the degradation of MET was also proposed. MET was stable in neutral hydrolysis, but degraded under alkaline hydrolysis and oxidation. Under both conditions, CGN was quantified as the degradation product. An assay of MET in raw material and tablets showed that content of the drugs in all samples met the requirements of pharmacopeias and CGN was not detected.
Impact of electrode design and surgical approach on scalar location and cochlear implant outcomes
Authors: Wanna George B. , Noble Jack H. , Carlson Matthew L. , Gifford René H. , Dietrich Mary S. , Haynes David S. , Dawant Benoit M. , Labadie Robert F.
Published: April 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Three surgical approaches: cochleostomy (C), round window (RW), and extended round window (ERW); and two electrodes types: lateral wall (LW) and perimodiolar (PM), account for the vast majority of cochlear implantations. The goal of this study was to analyze the relationship between surgical approach and electrode type with final intracochlear position of the electrode array and subsequent hearing outcomes.

Study Design

Comparative longitudinal study.

Methods

One hundred postlingually implanted adult patients were enrolled in the study. From the postoperative scan, intracochlear electrode location was determined and using rigid registration, transformed back to the preoperative computed tomography which had intracochlear anatomy (scala tympani and scala vestibuli) specified using a statistical shape model based on 10 microCT scans of human cadaveric cochleae. Likelihood ratio chi‐square statistics were used to evaluate for differences in electrode placement with respect to surgical approach (C, RW, ERW) and type of electrode (LW, PM).

Results

Electrode placement completely within the scala tympani (ST) was more common for LW than were PM designs (89% vs. 58%; P < 0.001). RW and ERW approaches were associated with lower rates of electrode placement outside the ST than was the cochleostomy approach (9%, 16%, and 63%, respectively; P < 0.001). This pattern held true regardless of whether the implant was LW or PM. When examining electrode placement and hearing outcome, those with electrode residing completely within the ST had better consonant‐nucleus‐consonant word scores than did patients with any number of electrodes located outside the ST (P = 0.045).

Conclusion

These data suggest that RW and ERW approaches and LW electrodes are associated with an increased likelihood of successful ST placement. Furthermore, electrode position entirely within the ST confers superior audiological outcomes.

Level Of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 124:S1–S7, 2014
Risk factors for adult‐onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
Authors: Ruiz Ryan , Achlatis Stratos , Verma Avanti , Born Hayley , Kapadia Farzana , Fang Yixin , Pitman Michael , Sulica Lucian , Branski Ryan C. , Amin Milan R.
Published: April 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate risk factors strongly associated with adult‐onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (AO‐RRP).

Study Design

Prospective, age‐ and sex‐matched, case control.

Methods

Patients with AO‐RRP and controls completed a computer‐based, 89‐item questionnaire across three academic institutions.

Results

Forty‐eight AO‐RRP patients were compared to 73 controls; 43 of the 48 AO‐RRP patients were male (89.5%). The difference in the median number of lifetime sexual partners between AO‐RRP (15) and controls (10) was significant (P = 0.0387). Additionally, an increased number of lifetime sexual partners (≥ 26) was associated with AO‐RRP. No significant difference for the number of lifetime oral sex partners was observed between groups. Increased comorbidity, as quantified by the Charlson Comorbidity Index, was observed in patients with AO‐RRP. AO‐RRP and control groups were similar across many other variables, including birth history, smoking history, alcohol use, drug use, education, income, and the Short Form Health Survey scores.

Conclusions

AO‐RRP was not associated with previously proposed risk factors for juvenile‐onset RRP and may be associated with an increased number of lifetime sexual partners.

Level of Evidence

3b. Laryngoscope 124:2338–2344, 2014