bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Co-digestão anaeróbia de substâncias surfactantes, óleo e lodo de esgoto
Authors: Costa Maria José Comandante , Sousa José Tavares de , Leite Valderi Duarte , Lopes Wilton da Silva , Santos Keliana Dantas
Published: April 2008

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a viabilidade de se tratar conjuntamente substâncias surfactantes, óleo mineral e lodo de esgoto sanitário. Para todos os tratamentos foram analisadas as concentrações de matéria orgânica (DQO) afluente e efluente. O sistema experimental foi monitorado durante 150 dias e diariamente eram realizadas quantificações do volume e da composição do biogás produzido. Foram constatadas remoções de DQO filtrada média de 82% aos 18 dias, e para DQO bruta em torno de 76% para os seis tratamentos aos 100 dias de operação. A produção de metano observada durante o período experimental demonstrou que as diferentes concentrações de surfactantes presentes no sistema não se mostraram tóxicas o suficiente para inibir as bactérias metanogênicas.
Avaliação das espécies de plantas avicennia schaueriana, laguncularia racemosa e rhizophora mangle como bioindicadoras de poluição por metais pesados em ambientes de mangues
Authors: Ramos Miriam Gonçalves Martins , Geraldo Luiz Paulo
Published: April 2008

Neste trabalho, investigou-se o nível de contaminação por Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb e Zn, nos ambientes de mangues próximos ao Rio Cubatão, utilizando como bioindicador as espécies de plantas A. schaueriana, L. racemosa e R. mangle. As amostras de folhas destas plantas foram coletadas em quatro pontos de amostragem situados fora da área povoada da cidade de Cubatão. O conteúdo de metais pesados nas folhas foi determinado utilizando a técnica de Espectrometria por Absorção Atômica (FAAS). Os resultados obtidos indicam uma contaminação por cádmio e cromo em diversas amostras analisadas neste trabalho. De uma forma geral, as três espécies de plantas apresentaram resultados muito similares tanto no teor como na ordem em que bioacumulam os metais estudados: Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Cd. Desta forma, em princípio, qualquer uma delas poderia ser utilizada como bioindicador de poluição ambiental por metais pesados naquela região.
Dispensação farmacêutica: uma análise de diferentes conceitos e modelos
Authors: Angonesi Daniela
Published: April 2008

Apresenta-se uma revisão das definições e metodologias de dispensação elaboradas pelos órgãos públicos reguladores, organizações profissionais e de saúde no Brasil e em outros países e alguns autores brasileiros, sob a perspectiva da contemplação de aspectos técnicos relativos aos medicamentos e a influência da filosofia da atenção farmacêutica. Vários modelos de dispensação consideram os aspectos técnicos relativos aos medicamentos e alguns acrescentam a necessidade de orientação para o uso correto dos medicamentos ou ainda elementos da filosofia da atenção farmacêutica. Mas é necessário rever a definição da dispensação no Brasil para que possam ser criados procedimentos possíveis de serem realizados na prática em uma farmácia comunitária e que cumpram com os objetivos desta atividade farmacêutica.
Quando o anúncio é bom, todo mundo compra: o Projeto MonitorAÇÃO e a propaganda de medicamentos no Brasil
Authors: Soares Jussara Calmon Reis de Souza
Published: April 2008

O presente artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre a propaganda de medicamentos no Brasil baseada no relatório final da equipe UFF do Projeto MonitorAÇÃO. A partir de um convênio com a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), durante um ano foram monitoradas e analisadas peças publicitárias de medicamentos, entre outros produtos sujeitos à vigilância sanitária, de acordo com metodologia proposta pela Agência. A monitoração incluiu coleta mensal de peças em consultórios e clínicas, em farmácias e drogarias, revistas especializadas, além de programas de rádio e TV, no caso dos medicamentos isentos de prescrição. Para as análises, foram elaborados pareceres técnico-científico, de risco sanitário, publicitário e o parecer legal conclusivo. Foram enviadas 159 peças publicitárias referentes a todos os medicamentos, de um total de 263 peças irregulares analisadas de outubro de 2004 a agosto de 2005. Foram constatados a má qualidade das informações prestadas aos profissionais de saúde e o estímulo ao uso indiscriminado dos produtos, no caso das peças publicitárias de medicamentos de venda livre. Com base nos resultados obtidos neste e em outros estudos sobre o tema, propõe-se a proibição da propaganda de medicamentos no país.
Apelos racionais e emocionais na propaganda de medicamentos de prescrição: estudo de um remédio para emagrecer
Authors: Huertas Melby Karina Zuniga , Campomar Marcos Cortez
Published: April 2008

A propaganda Direta ao Consumidor (DC) de medicamentos encoraja as pessoas a perguntar aos médicos por determinados medicamentos e tratamentos que requerem prescrição médica. Para aumentar o poder persuasivo, modelos de propaganda recomendam equiparar os apelos (racionais e/ou emocionais) à atitude do consumidor sobre o produto (cognitiva e/ou afetiva). Essa recomendação gera controvérsias no âmbito da propaganda DC. Apelos emocionais seriam sempre inadequados, embora freqüentemente utilizados, nesse tipo de propaganda. Devido à inexistência de evidência empírica sobre a perspectiva do consumidor, empreendeu-se um levantamento descritivo com objetivo de avaliar: i) os componentes da atitude sobre medicamentos; ii) a atitude e as intenções comportamentais frente a anúncios DC (um com apelos racionais e outro com apelos emocionais). Escolheu-se um medicamento de prescrição para emagrecer. Constatou-se atitude predominantemente cognitiva sobre o produto e atitude e intenção comportamental mais favorável frente a anúncio racional. Cognição negativa sobre o produto foi marcante, anulando o poder persuasivo de apelos emocionais.
Fatores relacionados à prescrição médica de antibióticos em farmácia pública da região Oeste da cidade de São Paulo
Authors: Nicolini Paola , Nascimento Jorge Willian Leandro , Greco Karin Vicente , Menezes Fabianna Gatti de
Published: April 2008

Os antibióticos são comumente utilizados para melhorar uma infecção estabelecida e possuem a finalidade de eliminar ou impedir o crescimento bacteriano. Os riscos mais importantes relacionados ao seu uso são: reações adversas, resistência bacteriana e possíveis interações medicamentosas. Foram realizadas entrevistas com os pacientes para observar o entendimento dos mesmos sobre o uso do antibiótico e tratamento. 38,3% dos pacientes são menores de 18 anos e a maioria é do sexo feminino. Um terço não compreende diagnóstico ou posologia e a maioria consultou-se com um clínico geral. Ainda há resistência na prescrição do nome genérico. Cerca de 8% das receitas continham interação medicamentosa. Grande parte dos tratamentos pode estar comprometida pelo não entendimento do paciente ou presença de interação medicamentosa. A eficácia do tratamento depende de todos os profissionais de saúde, sendo necessário treinamento a esses profissionais tanto para conhecimento próprio quanto para atenção farmacêutica.
Prevalência de fatores de risco para doenças crônicas: inquérito populacional mediante entrevistas telefônicas em Botucatu, São Paulo, 2004
Authors: Carvalhaes Maria Antonieta de Barros Leite , Moura Erly Catarina de , Monteiro Carlos Augusto
Published: April 2008

OBJETIVO: Descrever resultados da aplicação de um sistema de monitoramento de fatores de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) por meio de entrevistas telefônicas (SIMTEL) no município de Botucatu/SP. MÉTODOS: Entrevistou-se amostra probabilística (n = 1.410) da população de indivíduos com 18 ou mais anos de idade residente em domicílios do município de Botucatu/SP, conectados à rede de telefonia fixa. A amostragem foi realizada em três etapas: sorteio de linhas do cadastro da companhia telefônica; seleção de linhas residenciais ativas; sorteio para entrevista de um morador com 18 ou mais anos de idade por linha elegível. A taxa de sucesso (entrevistas realizadas: linhas elegíveis sorteadas) foi de 86,9%, sendo de 5,8% a proporção de recusas. Foi aplicado um questionário com 74 questões sobre consumo alimentar, atividade física, tabagismo, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, peso e estatura recordados e auto-referência a diagnósticos médicos de hipertensão arterial e diabetes. Apresentam-se estimativas brutas da prevalência de fatores de risco/proteção para DCNT e estimativas ajustadas que levam em conta a distribuição segundo idade, sexo e escolaridade da população adulta total do município no Censo Demográfico de 2000. RESULTADOS: Foram observadas altas prevalências de excesso de peso (46.7%) e sedentarismo (57.9%). Houve desvantagem para os homens quanto ao consumo excessivo de bebidas alcoólicas e vantagem no que se refere à prática de atividade física em 1 ou mais dias da semana. Nas mulheres, observou-se associação inversa entre escolaridade e os seguintes fatores de risco: obesidade, excesso de peso, sedentarismo, consumo de carnes com gordura e hábito de fumar. Resultado semelhante foi observado para homens, exceto com relação a obesidade e excesso de peso. CONCLUSÕES: A segunda experiência de aplicação do SIMTEL confirmou o desempenho satisfatório e a utilidade do sistema em nosso meio.
Aplicação da metodologia de relacionamento probabilístico de base de dados para a identificação de óbitos em estudos epidemiológicos
Authors: Machado Juliana Pires , Silveira Daniele Pinto da , Santos Isabela Soares , Piovesan Márcia Franke , Albuquerque Ceres
Published: April 2008

A crescente disponibilidade de dados de abrangência nacional, organizados em distintos sistemas de informação, requer o desenvolvimento de metodologias para o relacionamento de variáveis constantes em diferentes bases de dados. Este artigo descreve e analisa a metodologia utilizada no relacionamento das bases de dados nacionais do Sistema de Informação de Beneficiários (planos privados de assistência à saúde) e do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade. Foram analisados os registros de óbitos e os registros de beneficiários no ano de 2004, identificando-se 92.566 óbitos em beneficiários de planos privados de saúde. O rigor na especificidade, em detrimento da sensibilidade do método empregado, não gerou vieses de seleção que pudessem comprometer as análises resultantes. A razão de mortalidade padronizada aponta a subestimação do número de óbitos, além de evidenciar diferenças no risco de morte entre as populações analisadas; no entanto, as diferentes situações de vida e saúde a que estão expostas podem ter interferido nos resultados.
Adaptação do Bird Mark 7 para oferta de pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas em ventilação não-invasiva: estudo em modelo mecânico
Authors: Kikuti Beatriz Mayumi , Utsunomia Karen , Colaneri Renata Potonyacz , Carvalho Carlos Roberto Ribeiro de , Caruso Pedro
Published: April 2008

OBJETIVO: Testar a eficiência da adaptação do ventilador Bird Mark 7 para oferecer pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas, conhecida como continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) em inglês, em ventilação não-invasiva. MÉTODOS: Estudo experimental utilizando um modelo mecânico do sistema respiratório. O Bird Mark 7 foi alimentado com 400 e 500 kPa e foi testado em CPAP de 5, 10 e 15 cmH2O. Para avaliar a eficiência da adaptação foram analisados os seguintes variáveis: diferença entre a CPAP pré-determinada e a CPAP realmente atingida (CPAPreal); área da pressão da via aérea sob o nível de CPAP ajustado (ÁREA CPAP); e volume corrente gerado. RESULTADOS: A adaptação do Bird Mark 7 para oferecer CPAP em ventilação não-invasiva conseguiu atingir o volume corrente esperado em todas as situações de esforço inspiratório (normal ou elevado), pressão de alimentação (400 ou 500 kPa) e valor de CPAP (5, 10 ou 15 cmH2O). Para os CPAPs de 5 e 10 cmH2O, o CPAPreal foi muito próximo do pré-determinado, e a ÁREA CPAP teve valor próximo de zero. Para o CPAP de 15 cmH2O, o CPAPreal ficou abaixo do pré-determinado, e a ÁREA CPAP teve valor elevado. CONCLUSÃO: A eficiência da adaptação do Bird Mark 7 para oferecer CPAP em ventilação não-invasiva foi boa para os valores de CPAP de 5 e 10 cmH2O e insuficiente para CPAP de 15 cmH2O. Se adaptado como em nosso estudo, o Bird Mark 7 pode ser uma opção para oferta de CPAP até 10 cmH2O em locais onde equipamentos de ventilação não-invasiva são escassos ou inexistentes.
Cadmium, lead, and mercury levels in feathers of small passerine birds: Noninvasive sampling strategy
Authors: Bianchi Nicola , Ancora Stefania , di Fazio Noemi , Leonzio Claudio
Published: April 2008

Bird feathers have been widely used as a nondestructive biological material for monitoring heavy metals. Sources of metals taken up by feathers include diet (metals are incorporated during feather formation), preening, and direct contact with metals in water, air, dust, and plants. In the literature, data regarding the origin of trace elements in feathers are not univocal. Only in the vast literature concerning mercury (as methyl mercury) has endogenous origin been determined. In the present study, we investigate cadmium, lead, and mercury levels in feathers of prey of Falco eleonorae in relation to the ecological characteristics (molt, habitat, and contamination by soil) of the different species. Cluster analysis identified two main groups of species. Differences and correlations within and between groups identified by cluster analysis were then checked by nonparametric statistical analysis. The results showed that mercury levels had a pattern significantly different from those of cadmium and lead, which in turn showed a significant positive correlation, suggesting different origins. Nests of F. eleonorae proved to be a good source for feathers of small trans-Saharan passerines collected by a noninvasive method. They provided abundant feathers of the various species in a relatively small area— in this case, the falcon colony on the Isle of San Pietro, Sardinia, Italy.
Toxicity and bioavailability of copper nanoparticles to the terrestrial plants mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus) and wheat (Triticum aestivum): Plant agar test for water-insoluble nanoparticles
Authors: Lee Woo-Mi , An Youn-Joo , Yoon Hyeon , Kweon Hee-Seok
Published: April 2008

Because of their insolubility in water, nanoparticles have a limitation concerning toxicity experiments. The present study demonstrated a plant agar test for homogeneous exposure of nanoparticles to plant species. The effect of Cu nanoparticles on the growth of a plant seedling was studied, and bioaccumulation of nanoparticles was investigated. All tests were conducted in plant agar media to prevent precipitation of water-insoluble nanoparticles in test units. The plant species were Phaseolus radiatus (mung bean) and Triticum aestivum (wheat). Growth inhibition of a seedling exposed to different concentrations of Cu nanoparticles was examined. Copper nanoparticles were toxic to both plants and also were bioavailable. The 2-d median effective concentrations for P. radiatus and T. aestivum exposed to Cu nanoparticles were 335 (95% confidence level, 251–447) and 570 (450–722) mg/L, respectively. Phaseolus radiatus was more sensitive than T. aestivum to Cu nanoparticles. A cupric ion released from Cu nanoparticles had negligible effects in the concentration ranges of the present study, and the apparent toxicity clearly resulted from Cu nanoparticles. Bioaccumulation increased with increasing concentration of Cu nanoparticles, and agglomeration of particles was observed in the cells using transmission-electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The present study demonstrated that the plant agar test was a good protocol for testing the phytotoxicity of nanoparticles, which are hardly water soluble.
Groups and Algebras of Binary Relations
Authors: Givant Steven , Andréka Hajnal
Published: April 2008

In 1941, Tarski published an abstract, finitely axiomatized version of the theory of binary relations, called the theory of relation algebras. He asked whether every model of his abstract theory could be represented as a concrete algebra of binary relations. He and Jónsson obtained some initial, positive results for special classes of abstract relation algebras. But Lyndon showed, in 1950, that in general the answer to Tarski's question is negative. Monk proved later that the answer remains negative even if one adjoins finitely many new axioms to Tarski's system. In this paper we describe a far-reaching generalization of the positive results of Jónsson and Tarski, as well as of some later, related results of Maddux. We construct a class of concrete models of Tarski's axioms—called coset relation algebras—that are very close in spirit to algebras of binary relations, but are built using systems of groups and cosets instead of elements of a base set. The models include all algebras of binary relations, and many non-representable relation algebras as well. We prove that every atomic relation algebra satisfying a certain measurability condition—a condition generalizing the conditions imposed by Jónsson and Tarski—is essentially isomorphic to a coset relation algebra. The theorem raises the possibility of providing a positive solution to Tarski's problem by using coset relation algebras instead of the standard algebras of binary relations.
Fixed Point Logics
Authors: Dawar Anuj , Gurevich Yuri
Published: April 2008

We consider fixed point logics, i.e., extensions of first order predicate logic with operators defining fixed points. A number of such operators, generalizing inductive definitions, have been studied in the context of finite model theory, including nondeterministic and alternating operators. We review results established in finite model theory, and also consider the expressive power of the resulting logics on infinite structures. In particular, we establish the relationship between inflationary and nondeterministic fixed point logics and second order logic, and we consider questions related to the determinacy of games associated with alternating fixed points.
Zermelo's Cantorian Theory of Systems of Infinitely Long Propositions
Authors: Taylor R. Gregory
Published: April 2008

In papers published between 1930 and 1935, Zermelo outlines a foundational program, with infinitary logic at its heart, that is intended to (1) secure axiomatic set theory as a foundation for arithmetic and analysis and (2) show that all mathematical propositions are decidable. Zermelo's theory of systems of infinitely long propositions may be termed “Cantorian” in that a logical distinction between open and closed domains plays a signal role. Well-foundedness and strong inaccessibility are used to systematically integrate highly transfinite concepts of demonstrability and existence. Zermelo incompleteness is then the analogue of the Problem of Proper Classes, and the resolution of these two anomalies is similarly analogous.
Isozyme evidence on the specific distinctness and phylogenetic position of Vicia incisa (Fabaceae)
Authors: Jaaska Vello
Published: April 2008

Vicia incisa is a taxonomically controversial species that has been also treated as a subspecies of V. sativa because of a great morphological similarity. The phylogenetic position of V. incisa is uncertain because various DNA markers have provided contradictory results. Isozymes of V. incisa encoded by 15 loci and resolved with the use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) are described and compared with those of seven related species belonging to sections Vicia, Sepium, Lathyroides and Pseudolathyrus in order to get new evidence about its taxonomic rank and phylogenetic position. Phylogenetic relationships are analyzed with maximum parsimony and neighbour joining methods. Vicia incisa is shown to differ from all three subspecies of V. sativa including, sativa, cordata and nigra, by alternate variants of ten isozymes out of 15 analysed. Instead, V. incisa has much more similarity to V. grandiflora and V. sepium by sharing eight isozyme variants which differ from the subspecies of V. sativa. The most parsimony and neighbour joining analyses of the isozyme variation placed V. incisa as basally linked to the V. grandiflora and V. sepium species couple in the clade of section Sepium (= sect. Atossa), while the subspecies of V. sativa together with V. lathyroides formed a separate clade of section Vicia. The isozyme data provide further support to the species status of V. incisa.
Molecular evidences on the benefit of N-acetylcysteine in experimental colitis
Authors: Ebrahimi Fatemeh , Esmaily Hadi , Baeeri Maryam , Mohammadirad Azadeh , Fallah Saeed , Abdollahi Mohammad
Published: April 2008

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic recurrent disease of the digestive tract with an unknown etiology. The aim of this study was to examine the possible protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the mouse model of IBD by measuring specific biomarkers in the colon cells. Colitis was induced by administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water (3%) for 7 days. Three doses of NAC (106, 160, and 240 mg/kg) were given after induction of colitis (4 days post DSS) for 4 days by gavage. Lipid peroxides (LP), total antioxidant power (TAP), total thiol molecules (TTM), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were measured in the colon homogenate of the treated animals. NAC (160 and 240 mg/kg) significantly decreased LP, TNF-α, NO and increased TTM, SOD, and CAT. The TAP was also increased by NAC (240 mg/kg). It is concluded that moderate to high doses of NAC improves cellular biomarkers of IBD in mice. Further studies should be trialled in humans suffering from two common inflammatory bowel disease called ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.
The effect of vibratory disturbance on sexual behaviour of the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae)
Authors: Polajnar Jernej , Čokl Andrej
Published: April 2008

The effect of vibratory disturbance on sexual behaviour and substrate-borne sound communication of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula L. was studied. Disturbance signals do not change the time N. viridula males need to locate the source of vibratory signals, but decrease the number of males responding with the calling and courtship song to calling females. Female N. viridula proceed calling during stimulation with disturbance signals but some of them change the song rhythm by skipping one or more signal intervals or emitting the repelling signals. The number of females which change the dominant frequency of the calling song decreases proportionally with increasing differences between the dominant frequency of the disturbance signals and the emitted female calling song. Variation of the song dominant frequency probably serves females to avoid interference by increasing the signal to noise ratio. Signal duration and repetition rate do not change significantly when the female is stimulated with the disturbance signals. This indicates that frequency shift by calling females is the main strategy for reducing interference by competitive signalers in N. viridula vibrational communication.
Antiapoptotic activity maintenance of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor and the C fragment of the tetanus toxin genetic fusion protein
Authors: Ciriza Jesús , García-Ojeda Marcos , Martín-Burriel Inmaculada , Agulhon Cendra , Miana-Mena Francisco , Muñoz Maria , Zaragoza Pilar , Brûlet Philippe , Osta Rosario
Published: April 2008

Neurotrophic factors have been widely suggested as a treatment for multiple diseases including motorneuron pathologies, like Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. However, clinical trials in which growth factors have been systematically administered to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis patients have not been effective, owing in part to the short half-life of these factors and their low concentrations at target sites. A possible strategy is the use of the atoxic C fragment of the tetanus toxin as a neurotrophic factor carrier to the motorneurons. The activity of trophic factors should be tested because their genetic fusion to proteins could alter their folding and conformation, thus undermining their neuroprotective properties. For this purpose, in this paper we explored the Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) activity maintenance after genetic fusion with the C fragment of the tetanus toxin. We demonstrated that BDNF fused with the C fragment of the tetanus toxin induces the neuronal survival Akt kinase pathway in mouse cortical culture neurons and maintains its antiapoptotic neuronal activity in Neuro2A cells.
Proliferation of endothelial cells in neoangiogenesis of human cortical glioblastoma
Authors: Krstulja Mira , Bonifacic David , Cvejanović Slobodan
Published: April 2008

In 1982 Vilanova et al. quantitatively described the neovessel area in glioblastoma and suggested zonal differences in vessel surface area. In this study we investigated specific cell proliferation and angiogenic patterns in the vessel compartment of cortical glioblastoma. We used Ki67, CD34 and SMA double immunohistochemical staining to quantitate vascular patterns and cell specific proliferation and presented glioblastoma with several parameters of angiogenesis. Endothelial cell proliferation was higher in complex and bizzare neovessels than in the simple and sprouting glioblastoma neovessels. There was a higher frequency of sprouting simple vessels in close proximity to the palisade and a higher frequency of bizzare vessels in the microzone distant to the palisade. Quantitatively presented for the first time, the neovessel proliferation patterns support cortical glioblastoma compartmentalization. The data obtained are relevant to medical doctors using neoangiogenesis in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of neoplasia. The results obtained in 15 patients call for further investigation of endothelial cell/pericyte relationships and glioblastoma compartmentalization.
The Third Age and the Baby Boomers
Authors: Gilleard Chris , Higgs Paul
Published: April 2008

This paper outlines two contrasting positions in interpreting contemporary change in later life. These are summarily represented by a cohort approach that focuses upon the baby boomers and a generational approach that focuses upon the third age. We argue that understanding the role of the sixties’ cultural revolution for the emergence of the third age offers a broader conceptual understanding of the transformation of later life than that provided by the more restrictive and restricting framework of a baby boom cohort. That many people, particularly in the USA, self identify with the term ’baby boomer’ reflects not so much the power of cohorts as structuring influences on the ’conscience collective’ as the role of the market and the media in shaping their social identities.
Ageing in Inner Cities The Residential Dilemmas of the Baby Boomer Generation
Authors: Bonvalet Catherine , Ogg Jim
Published: April 2008

Although residential mobility decreases with age, rates rise around the age of retirement, especially for people living in cities. The post-war birth cohort of 1945–1954 differs in many respects from previous generations, and these differences are currently influencing residential choices made around the age of retirement. Using data from 60 semi-structured interviews in four areas of London and Paris that have undergone gentrification, this paper examines the residential trajectories and choices facing members of the 1945–1954 birth cohort. The analysis reveals three types of residential trajectories – ’pioneers of gentrification’, ’city movers’ and ’local inhabitants’. These trajectories are intertwined with contextual factors such as life course events, family situation, housing market conditions, and the institutions of Britain and France. The analysis shows that pioneers of gentrification have more opportunities for choice in future residential locations, and are tending to adopt complex residential patterns that often involve a combination of extended stays throughout the year in different locations. Whilst they still favour a city life, their current neighbourhood location is not a priority in any future residential choice. City movers have lived in diverse locations over the life course and although they too express a continued preference for the city, ties to the local neighbourhood remain relatively weak. Among the ’local’ inhabitants, differentiation from the gentrifers is strong, and attachment to the local neighbourhood depends upon the context of the urban setting. The British and French contexts of housing policy and markets play an important role in determining residential mobility. Collectively, the analysis shows that there is little ’stability’ in the choices for current cohorts of people in cities approaching retirement, with few interviewees having formed a definitive plan for a future residential location.
Enhanced stability regions for model predictive control of nonlinear process systems
Authors: Mahmood Maaz , Mhaskar Prashant
Published: April 2008

The problem of predictive control of nonlinear process systems subject to input constraints is considered. The key idea in the proposed approach is to use control‐law independent characterization of the process dynamics subject to constraints via model predicative controllers to expand on the set of initial conditions for which closed–loop stability can be achieved. An application of this idea is presented to the case of linear process systems for which characterizations of the null controllable region (the set of initial conditions from where closed–loop stability can be achieved subject to input constraints) are available, but not practically implementable control laws that achieve stability from the entire null controllable region. A predictive controller is designed that achieves closed–loop stability for every initial condition in the null controllable region. For nonlinear process systems, while the characterization of the null controllable region remains an open problem, the set of initial conditions for which a (given) Lyapunov function can be made to decay is analytically computed. Constraints are formulated requiring the process to evolve within the region from where continued decay of the Lyapunov function value is achievable and incorporated in the predictive control design, thereby expanding on the set of initial conditions from where closed–loop stability can be achieved. The proposed method is illustrated using a chemical reactor example, and the robustness with respect to parametric uncertainty and disturbances demonstrated via application to a styrene polymerization process. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Disruption of chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 2 (CHD2) causes scoliosis
Authors: Kulkarni Shashikant , Nagarajan Prabakaran , Wall Jonathan , Donovan Diana J. , Donell Robert L. , Ligon Azra H. , Venkatachalam Sundaresan , Quade Bradley J.
Published: April 2008

Herein we characterize an apparently balanced de novo translocation, t(X;15)(p22.2;q26.1)dn, in a female patient with scoliosis, hirsutism, learning problems, and developmental delay (DGAP025). Other clinical findings include a high‐arched palate, 2–3 syndactyly of the toes, and mildly elevated serum testosterone. No known or predicted genes are disrupted by the Xp22.2 breakpoint. The 15q26.1 breakpoint disrupts chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 2 (CHD2). Another member of the chromatin‐remodeling gene family, CHD7, has been associated with a defined constellation of congenital anomalies known as coloboma, heart anomaly, choanal atresia, mental retardation, genital and ear anomalies syndrome (CHARGE) and idiopathic scoliosis. Monosomy of 15q26 also has been associated with a spectrum of congenital abnormalities and growth retardation that overlaps with those of DGAP025. To provide a biological correlate, we characterized a mutant mouse model with Chd2 disruption that is associated with embryonic and perinatal lethality. Expression analysis indicated that Chd2 is expressed in the heart, forebrain, extremities, facial and dorsal regions during specific times of embryonic development. Chd2+/m mice showed pronounced lordokyphosis, reduced body fat, postnatal runting, and growth retardation. These data suggest that haploinsufficiency for CHD2 could result in a complex of abnormal human phenotypes that includes scoliosis and possibly features similar to CHARGE syndrome. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrachromosomal partial triplication of chromosome 13 secondary to a paternal duplication with mild phenotypic effect
Authors: López‐Expósito Isabel , Bafalliu Juan Antonio , Santos Mónica , Fuster Carme , Puche‐Mira Alberto , Guillén‐Navarro Encarna
Published: April 2008

Intrachromosomal triplications are rare and can be mistaken for duplications. The majority of triplications reported are de novo, mostly involving chromosome 15q, and have a middle inverted repeat. We report on the clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular analyses of a patient with a novel triplication 13q21.1–q21.33 secondary to a familial duplication 13q21.1–q21.33 with mild phenotypic effect in three generations. The propositus was an 8‐year‐old boy referred because of language delay and mild mental retardation. His weight, height and OFC were above the 97th centile. He had delayed tooth eruption and subtle dysmorphic features. Chromosome analysis (550 band stage) showed extra material in 13q21. Family history was unremarkable except for adult‐onset sensorineural hearing loss in the father and paternal grandfather. Their karyotypes and those of both brothers of the propositus also showed an abnormal chromosome 13 but with less extra genetic material. FISH analysis with several BAC clones showed a triplication in the propositus between 204N9 and 184B18 (which mapped to 13q21.1 and 13q21.33, respectively) and a direct duplication for the same fragment (around 12 Mb) in the rest of the family members with the abnormal chromosome 13. The FISH signals did not show a middle inverted repeat. We describe the first intrachromosomal triplication 13q21.1–q21.33 derived from a paternal duplication. Meiotic instability in the transmission of a duplication has not been previously observed. Phenotypic variability may be explained by chromosomal non‐penetrance or dosage critical loci located in the triplicate/duplicate segment. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nutritional and genetic determinants of vitamin B and homocysteine metabolisms in neural tube defects: A multicenter case–control study
Authors: Candito Mirande , Rivet Romain , Herbeth Bernard , Boisson Catherine , Rudigoz René‐Charles , Luton Dominique , Journel Hubert , Oury Jean‐François , Roux François , Saura Robert , Vernhet Isabelle , Gaucherand Pascal , Muller Françoise , Guidicelli Béatrice , Heckenroth Hélène , Poulain Patrice , Blayau Martine , Francannet Christine , Roszyk Laurence , Brustié Cécile , Staccini Pascal , Gérard Philippe , Fillion‐Emery Nathalie , Guéant‐Rodriguez Rosa‐Maria , Van Obberghen Emmanuel , Guéant Jean‐Louis
Published: April 2008

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe congenital malformations due to failure of neural tube formation in early pregnancy. The proof that folic acid prevents NTDs raises the question of whether other parts of homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism may affect rates of NTDs. This French case‐control study covered: 77 women aged 17–42 years sampled prior to elective abortion for a severe NTDs (cases) and 61 women aged 20–43 years with a normal pregnancy. Plasma and erythrocyte folate, plasma B6, B12 and Hcy were tested as five polymorphisms MTHFR 677 C → T, MTHFR 1298 A → C, MTR 2756 A → G, MTTR 66 A → G and TCN2 776 C → G. Cases had significantly lower erythrocyte folate, plasma folate, B12 and B6 concentrations than the controls, and higher Hcy concentration. The odds ratio was 2.15 (95% CI: 1.00–4.59) for women with the MTRR 66 A → G allele and it was decreased for mothers carrying the MTHFR 1298 A → C allele. In multivariate analysis, only the erythrocyte folate concentration (P = 0.005) and plasma B6 concentration (P = 0.020) were predictors. Red cell folate is the main determinant of NTDs in France. Folic acid supplement or flour fortification would prevent most cases. Increased consumption of vitamins B12 and B6 could contribute to the prevention of NTDs. Genetic polymorphisms played only a small role. Until folic acid fortification becomes mandatory, all women of reproductive age should consume folic acid in a multivitamin that also contains B12 and B6. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sotos syndrome: Antenatal presentation
Authors: Thomas Aidan , Lemire Edmond G.
Published: April 2008

There is little published information regarding the clinical presentation of Sotos syndrome in pregnancy. In this report, we describe the antenatal presentation of a child subsequently diagnosed with Sotos syndrome by molecular analysis. The pregnancy was complicated by a positive maternal serum screen and abnormal ultrasound findings including macrocephaly, polyhydramnios and decreased fetal movements. This is the first report of an elevated Down syndrome risk in a pregnancy with confirmed Sotos syndrome. Sotos syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis of newborns with a normal karyotype where the pregnancy has demonstrated an increased risk for Down syndrome by maternal serum screening, especially in the presence of supportive ultrasound findings. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using ancient mtDNA to reconstruct the population history of northeastern North America
Authors: Schultz Shook Beth Alison , Smith David Glenn
Published: April 2008

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was extracted and analyzed from the skeletal remains of 44 individuals, representing four prehistoric populations, and compared to that from two other prehistoric and several contemporary Native American populations to investigate biological relationships and demographic history in northeastern North America. The mtDNA haplogroup frequencies of ancient human remains from the Morse (Red Ocher tradition, 2,700 BP) and Orendorf (Mississippian tradition, 800 BP) sites from the Central Illinois River Valley, and the Great Western Park (Western Basin tradition, 800 BP) and Glacial Kame (2,900 BP) populations from southwestern Ontario, change over time while maintaining a regional continuity between localities. Haplotype patterns suggest that some ancestors of present day Native Americans in northeastern North America have been in that region for at least 3,000 years but have experienced extensive gene flow throughout time, resulting, at least in part, from a demic expansion of ancestors of modern Algonquian‐speaking people. However, genetic drift has also been a significant force, and together with a major population crash after European contact, has altered haplogroup frequencies and caused the loss of many haplotypes. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prehistoric trepanation in the Cuzco region of Peru: A view into an ancient Andean practice
Authors: Andrushko Valerie A. , Verano John W.
Published: April 2008

In this study, patterns of prehistoric trepanation in the southern highlands of Peru were examined through an analysis of 11 Cuzco‐region burial sites. Trepanations were found in 66 individuals, with several individuals exhibiting more than one trepanation, for a total of 109 perforations observed. The predominant methods used were circular cutting and scraping—methods that proved highly successful with an overall 83% survival rate and little ensuing infection. Survival rates showed a significant increase over time, apparently reflecting improvements in trepanation technique through experimentation and practical experience. Practitioners avoided certain areas of the cranium and employed methods that reduced the likelihood of damage to the cerebral meninges and venous sinuses. In many cases, trepanation as a medical treatment appears to have been prompted by cranial trauma, a finding that corroborates other studies pointing to cranial trauma as a primary motivation for the surgical procedure. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapamycin prevents epilepsy in a mouse model of tuberous sclerosis complex
Authors: Zeng Ling‐Hui , Xu Lin , Gutmann David H. , Wong Michael
Published: April 2008

Objective

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) represents one of the most common genetic causes of epilepsy. TSC gene inactivation leads to hyperactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway, raising the intriguing possibility that mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors might be effective in preventing or treating epilepsy in patients with TSC. Mice with conditional inactivation of the Tsc1 gene primarily in glia (Tsc1GFAPCKO mice) develop glial proliferation, progressive epilepsy, and premature death. Here, we tested whether rapamycin could prevent or reverse epilepsy, as well as other cellular and molecular brain abnormalities in Tsc1GFAPCKO mice.

Methods

Tsc1GFAPCKO mice and littermate control animals were treated with rapamycin or vehicle starting at postnatal day 14 (early treatment) or 6 weeks of age (late treatment), corresponding to times before and after onset of neurological abnormalities in Tsc1GFAPCKO mice. Mice were monitored for seizures by serial video‐electroencephalogram and for long‐term survival. Brains were examined histologically for astrogliosis and neuronal organization. Expression of phospho‐S6 and other molecular markers correlating with epileptogenesis was measured by Western blotting.

Results

Early treatment with rapamycin prevented the development of epilepsy and premature death observed in vehicle‐treated Tsc1GFAPCKO mice. Late treatment with rapamycin suppressed seizures and prolonged survival in Tsc1GFAPCKO mice that had already developed epilepsy. Correspondingly, rapamycin inhibited the abnormal activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, astrogliosis, and neuronal disorganization, and increased brain size in Tsc1GFAPCKO mice.

Interpretation

Rapamycin has strong efficacy for preventing seizures and prolonging survival in Tsc1GFAPCKO mice. Ann Neurol 2008
Synthesis and Anti‐inflammatory Activity Evaluation of Novel 7‐Alkoxy‐1‐amino‐4,5‐dihydro[1,2,4]triazole[4,3‐a]quinolines
Authors: Sun Xian‐Yu , Wei Cheng‐Xi , Chai Kyu‐Yun , Piao Hu‐Ri , Quan Zhe‐Shan
Published: April 2008

In this study, a novel series of 7‐alkoxy‐1‐amino‐4,5‐dihydro[1,2,4]triazole[4,3‐a]quinolines were synthesized by using 6‐hydroxy‐3,4‐dihydro‐2(1H)‐quinolone as the starting material. These compounds were evaluated for anti‐inflammatory activity through monitoring their ability to inhibit xylene‐induced ear edema in mice. Some of the tested compounds exhibited significant activity, and the compounds 5f (7‐(benzyloxy)‐4,5‐dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]quinolin‐1‐amine) and 5i (7‐(p‐chlorobenzyloxy)‐4,5‐dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]quinolin‐1‐amine) showed the highest anti‐inflammatory activity (52% and 58% inhibition, respectively, at 2 h pre‐administration) which were comparable to or even slightly more potent than the reference drug ibuprofen (55%). Furthermore, the structure‐activity relationship of these 1,2,4‐triazole quinolines was demonstrated.
Thalidomide as a Multi‐Template for Development of Biologically Active Compounds
Authors: Hashimoto Yuichi
Published: April 2008

Thalidomide is a teratogenic/hypnotic/sedative agent which elicits a wide range of pharmaceutical/biological activities. The diversity of its biological activities suggested that the drug might be useful as a multi‐template for development of various kinds of biologically active compounds. We adopted two strategies for the structural development of thalidomide. The first was to develop the structure of the drug based on the target molecules to which thalidomide itself and/or its metabolites directly bind, or the assay systems in which thalidomide itself and/or its metabolites exhibit activity. Based on this strategy, tumor necrosis factor‐α production‐regulating agents, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, anti‐angiogenic agents, and tubulin polymerization inhibitors have been created. The second was to develop the structure of thalidomide based on hypothetical target molecule(s)/biological response(s) which might be relevant to the pharmacological effects elicited by thalidomide. Based on this strategy, androgen antagonists, progesterone antagonists, cell differentiation inducers, aminopeptidase inhibitors, thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors, μ‐calpain inhibitors, α‐glucosidase inhibitors and nuclear liver X receptors (LXRs) antagonists have been created. Our structural development studies on thalidomide are reviewed focusing on recent development of tubulin polymerization inhibitors, α‐glucosidase inhibitors, and nuclear liver X receptors antagonists.
Formulation, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of quantum dots loaded in poly(lactide)‐vitamin E TPGS nanoparticles for cellular and molecular imaging
Authors: Pan Jie , Wang Yan , Feng Si‐Shen
Published: April 2008

We developed a novel system of poly(lactide acid)‐d‐α‐tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (PLA‐TPGS) nanoparticles (NPs) for quantum dots (QDs) formulation to improve imaging effects and reduce side effects as well as to promote a sustainable imaging. The QDs‐loaded PLA‐TPGS NPs were prepared by a modified solvent extraction/evaporation method, which were then characterized by laser light scattering (LLS) for size and size distribution; field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) for surface morphology. Surface chemistry of the QDs‐loaded PLA‐TPGS NPs was analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy (FTIR). Encapsulation efficiency of the QDs in the polymeric nanoparticles was measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES). The photostability of the QDs formulated in the PLA‐TPGS nanoparticles was investigated as changes in the florescence intensity versus the irradiation time. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to image the cellular uptake of the QDs‐loaded NPs by MCF‐7 cells. Methylthiazolyldiphenyl‐tetrazolium (MTT) assay was employed to assess the viability of MCF‐7 cells incubated with the QDs formulated by the PLA‐TPGS NPs versus the mercaptoacetic acid (MAA)‐coated QDs. It was found that the QDs formulated in the PLA‐TPGS NPs can result in higher fluorescence intensity and higher photostability than the bare QDs as well as lower cytotoxicity than the MAA‐coated QDs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 622–633. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Caveats in the interpretation of the surgical literature
Authors: Guller U
Published: April 2008

The ability to appraise research literature critically is an invaluable tool in the era of evidence-based medicine. The objective of this educational article is to highlight certain caveats that are important to those who seek to interpret the surgical literature. These caveats are illustrated with intuitive examples drawn from the field of surgery. It is hoped that the article will help surgeons to recognize the common pitfalls encountered when interpreting scientific reports. This is important if research findings are to be transferred appropriately into the realm of clinical practice.
Multivariable analysis comparing outcome after sentinel node biopsy or therapeutic lymph node dissection in patients with melanoma (Br J Surg 2007; 94: 1293–1299)
Authors: Thomas J Meirion , Hayes A
Published: April 2008

The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved,appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.