bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global City-Regions in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Hall Sir Peter
Published: November 2023

There are two questions, separate but interrelated. First, what do we mean by a “global city”? This is an old question, much discussed, but not satisfactorily answered. We need to resolve it before we can proceed to the second and novel question, which is the subject of this symposium: what do we mean by a “global city-region”? A major review of the global-cities literature has come recently from the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network at the University of Loughborough, led by Peter Taylor and John Beaverstock. We can echo their conclusion that “Positioning world cities in a global urban hierarchy has be come a preoccupation for the many scholars of international urban studies” (Beaverstock, Smith, and Taylor 1999: 2).
Environmental Sustainability and Services in Developing Global City-Regions
Authors: Panayotou Theodore
Published: November 2023

Global city-regions have enormous advantages in terms of economies of scale and agglomeration and ability to attract investment and to create jobs and wealth. At the same time, megacities, and even cities of moderate size, require continuous investment in expansion and maintenance of a broad range of infrastructure and public services if they are to work efficiently and to continue to attract investment and provide a satisfactory quality of life to their expanding and increasingly de manding populations. Even in developed countries, providing adequate infrastructure and public services to meet the growing demand and to ensure improving-or at least not deteriorating-environmental quality has always been a challenge.
International Criminal Jurisdiction
Authors: Arthur Watts
Published: November 2023

The idea of establishing an international criminal court is not new, but it has been slow to gather sufficient momentum to turn the ideal into a reality. In 1872 a proposal was made, but not acted upon, for the establishment of such a court to bring to justice any person responsible for violations of the 1864 Geneva Convention. After the First World War a commission proposed that an ad hoc tribunal be set up to try nationals of the defeated ‘Central Powers’ for violations of the laws of war and the law of humanity, but in the Treaty of Versailles 1919 this proposal was rejected in favour of an ad hoc tribunal to try only the German Emperor for a ‘supreme offence against international morality and the sanctity of treaties’ (but the Emperor escaped trial by fleeing to The Netherlands). A permanent international criminal court within the framework of the League of Nations was proposed in 1920, but the Assembly considered the proposal premature.
Is there a European Approach to Human Rights?
Authors: Leben Charles
Published: November 2023

At first sight the question takes us by surprise, so closely linked in our minds are human rights with the universal, and not the particular. Certain quotations concerning the universal dimension of human rights spring to mind immediately: ‘[a]ll men are born equally free and independent’ (Virginia Declaration of Rights, June 1776); or ‘all men are created equal, … they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights’ (Declaration of Independence of the United States of America, July 1776), ‘[m]en are born free and equal in rights’, and this is a ‘sacred and inalienable right’ (France, 1789). And all those texts reach their apogee, as it were, in Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: ‘ [a]ll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights’ and this time, moreover, the man/human being ambiguity is swept aside.
Human Rights Clauses in External Agreements of the EC
Authors: Riedel Eibe , Will Martin
Published: November 2023

The unsatisfactory situation with regard to suspending or terminating agreements between the European Communities (EC) and third States or groups of third States in the event of grave human rights breaches was one of the main reasons human rights clauses became incorporated in such agreements from Lome IV (1989) onwards. Massive human rights violations in States like Uganda or Equatorial Guinea immediately after Lome I had come into force on 1 April 1976 had underlined the moral and legal dilemma of the EC: They had increasingly found themselves facing payment obligations arising from treaties vis-á-vis regimes perpetrating human rights violations. The fact that payments, such as the payment of seven million ECU to the Idi Amin regime out of STABEX funds were not halted altogether, despite such violations, had its root-cause not least in the limited possibilities for reaction which general international law offered.
Background to the Tampere Summit
Authors: Kennett W A
Published: November 2023

The Presidency conclusions at Tampere did not come out of a vacuum. They are based on developments in different areas of Community law which have until recently pursued separate courses. The fusing of ideas from these different areas will give progress towards a European Judicial Area a new impetus. The aim of this chapter is to try to indicate some of the elements that are now being combined to produce a new set of policies.
Garnishment
Authors: Kennett W A
Published: November 2023

All European Union legal systems contain rules to allow execution out of debts. A judgment creditor’s claim may be enforced by requiring a third party who owes money to the judgment debtor to pay that money to the judgment creditor instead. The third party’s debt to the judgment debtor is seized by the judgment creditor, with the result that payment cannot be made to the judgment debtor and must instead be made to the judgment creditor. In practice the procedure is commonly used to enable the judgment creditor to access funds of the debtor held in a bank account, or to seize a proportion of the debtor’s wages or salary. For present purposes such execution will be referred to as ‘garnishment’.
CPT and Other International Standards for the Prevention of Torture
Authors: Suntinger Walter
Published: November 2023

It has been said of the CPT’s procedural safeguards that ‘it must be stressed that [they] have not been developed in a vacuum’.1 This observation is true for all CPT standards, and the purpose of this chapter is to examine the manner in which the preventive standards applied by the CPT relate to the broader, comprehensive web of international obligations, norms, and standards of which they form a part.
The CPT in France
Authors: Hank Roland
Published: November 2023

The CPT carried out two periodic visits of thirteen days each in 1991 and 1996 and one ad hoc visit of three days in 1994. A further ad hoc visit lasting five days was made in 1994 to the French overseas department of Martinique. Given that the situation in Martinique is not comparable to that in the mother country, the following analysis will be restricted to the inspections of continental French territory.
The Law of Secured Finance
Authors: Ali Pau
Published: November 2023

The security interest is one of the most important devices used by financiers to manage credit risk. A financier that holds a security interest over the assets of a debtor enjoys considerable advantages over those creditors of the debtor who do not - since the security interest confers on the financier, in the event of a default by or the insolvency of the debtor, preferential rights of recourse against the assets encompassed by the security interest. By far the most important class of security interest, concerns security interests granted by companies over their personal property. The company is the dominant legal entity used for business enterprises, and a company's most valuable assets are likely to be its receivables, inventory, cash deposits, investment assets and intellectual property rights, all types of personal property. Security interests over personal property thus play an integral role in many modern financing transactions. For example, the obligations owed by a company to a financier in a multi-lender transaction (such as a loan syndication or risk participation) and to investors in structured financial products (such as asset-backed securities) are commonly supported by security interests over the company's personal property. This book discusses in detail the types of security interest that companies can grant over their personal property, and the regulation of such security interests under the laws of England and Wales, and the major common law jurisdictions of Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Reference is also made to selected material on security interests from the economically important common law jurisdictions of Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore. The book also examines the latest forms of security interest - such as lightweight floaters and fixed charges over fluctuating asset classes - being used by financiers, and the substitutes for security interests, principally negative pledges, retention of title clauses, set-off and flawed assets. Finally, the book considers the international initiatives of UNCITRAL and Unidroit to place cross-border security interests on a sounder footing.
Federalism and Regulation: Some Generalizations
Authors: Revesz Richard L
Published: November 2023

Since the early 1990s, the legal academic literature has paid a great deal of attention to how responsibility over environmental regulation in the United States should be allocated between the federal government and the states. One purpose of this chapter, to which I turn in Part I, is to defend the approach for the analysis of this issue that I have developed in a series of prior articles (Revesz 1997c; 1997e; 1996; 1992). A second goal of the chapter is to suggest how the analysis of federalism and environmental regulation in the United States can cast light on other questions that are of central concern to the contributors to this volume. Part II deals with the allocation of responsibility over environmental regulation in other systems of economic integration, particularly the European Union. Part III discusses the treatment of environmental matters in international trade disputes. Finally, Part IV turns its attention to other areas of government intervention, such as corporate law, banking, and programmes of economic redistribution.
Regulatory Competition versus Harmonization in European Company Law
Authors: Deakin Simon
Published: November 2023

European company law exemplifies the limited extent to which harmonizing measures have led to greater uniformity in the private and commercial laws of the EU member states. Although important Directives have been adopted in relation to a number of areas, including accounting requirements and rules relating to the maintenance of share capital, taken together they fall a long way short of establishing a systematic code relating to the formation and governance of companies. Numerous initiatives in the field of company law currently remain in a state of suspended animation; these include proposals for a model European company statute, standardized rules for public companies, and a framework for the regulation of takeover bids.
The Human Rights Act 1998 in Comparison with the Protection of Privacy and Personality in Germany
Authors: BrÖmmekamp Birgit
Published: November 2023

Something highly exciting is happening in English law. For centuries England was one of the few countries without a written constitution. With the Human Rights Act (HRA) the United Kingdom is for the first time introducing a catalogue of civil rights into English law. Contrary to English law which developed unwritten rules and constitutional conventions over centuries, German law adopted a Bill of Rights within its Constitution (the German Basic Law—Grundgesetz, GG) after the experience of the Third Reich, a time when civil rights were denied, and under the control of the allied forces in 1949. Since 1954 it has acknowledged a general right of personality, which the Calcutt Committee considered impossible to define. Against the background of five decades of experience with statutory fundamental rights and forty-five years of experience with an acknowledged general right of personality, here are some thoughts English jurists will probably have to set their minds to in the future.
Defamatory Meaning: Pleading and Practice in New South Wales
Authors: Kenyon Andrew T
Published: November 2023

What meaning does a publication convey? Is the meaning defamatory? These are difficult questions for defamation litigation to deal with, both at interlocutory and trial stages. Reforming the roles of judge and jury in defamation trials may improve the way in which these questions are answered. And there is much criticism to answer. This article considers some of the practical effects of recent New South Wales developments. The focus is on one aspect of New South Wales defamation procedure relevant to meaning. This is the relationship between pleading meaning, interlocutory hearings about meaning, and appeals from those hearings. The possibilities for significant change to New South Wales defamation litigation in this area became clearer during 1999. The merits of increasing the trial judge’s role are not debated directly here. The examination, however, may be useful for any consideration of the defamation jury’s contemporary significance, given its pivotal historical position under Fox’s Libel Act (1792).
The Data Protection Act 1998 and the Media
Authors: Tugendhat Michael qc
Published: November 2023

There has been a Data Protection Act since 1984. The new Act passed in 1998 contains most of the provisions of the old one, with extensions, of which the most important is the inclusion of manual files. The 1984 Act applied to the media in principle, but not to manual files. In practice its effect was not felt until the use by the media of computers became widespread. Even then it was possible to avoid the application of the Act to any information simply by ensuring that it was kept only in a paper form. The importance of this legislation to the media has been recognized.
Film, Ciné and Audio-visual Works: Questions of Definition
Authors: Firth* Alison
Published: November 2023

Terms such as ‘film’, ‘ciné’, ‘movie’ are full of meaning for many people. They may evoke pleasant memories or sad, describe an occasional pleasure or a lifelong obsession. Most of us would expect to recognize a ciné film or a movie when we saw it. But such works attract a great variety of legal definition. This survey attempts to investigate the mode of definition for copyright purposes.
New Media and Internet
Authors: Enser* John
Published: November 2023

The challenge in a publication such as this of compiling a chapter on the Internet and new media is that the area of law is so fast-moving that, by the time this review is published, it will be largely of historical interest in establishing what stage of development the law had reached at a certain date.
The Music Industry in 1998–9
Authors: Enser* John , Sprawson Rupert , Brown Michelle , Thomas Owen
Published: November 2023

As the practice of music law is well developed, it is a rare year which gives rise to more than one memorable case. This year is not one of those rare years, in that the only case of real note was the ‘Spandau Ballet’ case, which examined the interrelationship between band members and, in particular, the difference between those who are also song writers and those who are not.
EC and UK Competition Law Developments
Authors: Szlezinger* Sam , Aitman David
Published: November 2023

The competition authorities in London and Brussels have, over the last year, reviewed a significant number of media-related acquisitions, mergers, and joint ventures. Many of these arrangements have been designed to deliver the resources necessary for providing digital services, often bringing together the skills and businesses of conventional media companies and telecommunications or Internet companies. Perhaps the most significant of such arrangements are the planned merger of Time Warner and AOL and Microsoft’s acquisition of a controlling interest in Telewest. The former transaction has yet to be considered by the competition authorities, while the European Commission has just opened a full investigation into the latter on the basis of vertical concerns about the effect on the market for supply of set-top boxes.
Survey of the Main Developments in the Field of Broadcasting Law in 1999
Authors: Ballard* Tony
Published: November 2023

During 1999, developments in the telecommunications sector have had considerable impact on the development of broadcasting law. The telecommunications regulator, OFTEL, decided that BT should unbundle its local loops and allow competing operators access to its ubiquitous copper-based local access network to facilitate the provision of higher bandwidth services to the mass market. The spectrum regulator, the Radio communications Agency (RA), an executive agency of the DTI, announced that spectrum would be made available for operators to deliver broadband services throughout the country using local microwave networks. It also published an Information Memorandum for the running of an auction for third-generation mobile networks, which will permit the delivery of higher bandwidth services to mobile terminals. Each of these technologies involves local access networks which are or will be capable of delivering not only high speed Internet access but also the traditional broadcast services to everyone.
Libel Law
Authors: Barendt Richard , Eric Shillito
Published: November 2023

A radical innovation of the reforms is the concept of case management. The court has a duty actively to manage cases. Active case management includes, for example, identifying the issues at an early stage; fixing timetables or otherwise controlling the progress of the case; considering whether the likely benefits of taking a particular step justify the cost of taking it; and dealing with the case without the parties needing to attend at court. Using its case-management powers, the court (after serving an allocation questionnaire on the parties) will allocate each civil case to one of three tracks. They are: the small claims track. This is the normal track for a claim with a financial value of not more than £5,000. Costs are not normally recoverable unless a party has behaved unreasonably; (2) the fast track.
Money as Property
Authors: Fox David
Published: November 2023

The subject of this book is the proprietary consequences of transferring money as a means of payment. It explains how property in money passes when it is trans-ferred in an intentional payment and the consequences for the payer’s property if that payment is defective.1 This may be either because the payer’s intention to pay the money is vitiated to some degree, or because the underlying transaction in which he or she makes the payment is invalid or affected by some lack of authority of one of the parties to it. The book argues for a connected view of the behaviour of property in money in all its forms, whether corporeal or incorporeal.
Explaining The Property Rights Regime Applied to Money
Authors: Fox David
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter has outlined the three main features of the characteristic proprietary regime applying to money. These are, first, its ability to pass as currency, so that fresh indefeasible title is created in the person who receives it as bona fide purchaser for value; secondly, its susceptibility to the principle of abstraction, which allows the legal title to money to pass by simple delivery or transfer regard-less of the validity of the underlying transaction in which it is paid; and, thirdly, its relative untraceability at law so that a former owner’s surviving legal title to money is practically extinguished once his or her money has been mixed.
Derivative Transfers Of Title: General Principles
Authors: Fox David
Published: November 2023

The distinctive feature of a derivative transfer of title to money is that the person acquires his or her title through some other person who previously owned it. Whatever interest the recipient has in the money is not newly created but is treated as the continuation of the interest which the payer had in the money before the transfer. In that sense, it can be distinguished from original means of acquiring title,such as taking possession of property, which generate a fresh title to the money regardless of whether the transfer between the former owner and the recipient of the money would have been effective to pass the former owner’s interest to him or her.
Derivative Transfers of Title to Incorporeal Money
Authors: Fox David
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers how title passes in a derivative transfer of incorporeal money made through a payment mechanism. Incorporeal money transfers need to be considered on their own terms. The corresponding principles governing the transfer of corporeal money provide only a rough analogy to explain the operation of transfers in an incorporeal medium. With a transfer through a payment mechanism, no coins or notes are ever delivered from the payer to the recipient. Indeed, it is not even necessary that any part of the payment process should be represented by physical delivery of a corporeal chattel between them, such as a negotiable instrument.
Introducing Cognitive Interfaces and Constraints on Linking Cognitive Information
Authors: Der Zee Emile Van , Nikanne Urpo
Published: November 2023

Cognitive science considers the human mind as an information-processing device which processes spatial information, linguistic information, motoric information, etc. (Posner 1989; Wilson and Keil 1999). Our minds are able to link together these different kinds of information in order to make it possible, for example, to talk about what we see or to act upon what we hear. All chapters in this book consider the linking between different kinds of cognitive information. More specifically, each chapter looks at some of the constraints that play a role in linking different kinds of cognitive information to each other. Why is it possible for English speakers to say, for example-when they link visual information to linguistic information-The bike is next to the building, but not The building is next to the bike (Talmy 1983; Landau and Jackendoff 1993)? This chapter looks at some general constraints on linking different kinds of cognitive information, and also shows how the different chapters in this book that address specific constraints fit into this more general picture.
Retrieving Spatial Relations From Observation and Memory
Authors: Bryant David J , Tversky Barbara , Lanca Margaret
Published: November 2023

According to the classical view of imagery, images have analogue properties and are like internalized perceptions. Mental representations of some spatial situations, such as the one investigated here, do not conform to that view. In the present research, people studied spatial scenes consisting of an array of objects either around themselves or around a doll. To direction probes, they reported the objects lying in different directions from the body either from observation or from memory. The patterns of retrieval times from observation and memory differed, and were not analogue in memory, indicating that mental representations of these scenes are more like mental models than like images. Three models that account for the behaviour in the different tasks are presented. In contrast to images, mental models reflect conceptions of space rather than perceptions of it. Mental models are more schematic or categorical than images and incorporate knowledge about the world that is not purely perceptual.
Why We Can Talk About Bulging Barrels and Spinning Spirals: Curvature Representation in the Lexical Interface
Authors: Zee Emile Van Der
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers Dutch nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs that refer to path curvature, object curvature, and surface curvature (e.g. a kink, to zigzag, bent, and circling). It is shown (1) that part of the meaning of such words is described by spatial features encoding axis and contour curvature, (2) that certain features encoding axis curvature behave like focal values, (3) that there is a systematic link between conceptual and spatial representations in the lexical structure of Dutch curvature words, and (4) that semiproductive rules explain how Dutch curvature verbs, adjectives, and adverbs can be derived from Dutch nouns. The formal tools that are used to describe the lexical structure of curvature words derive from Conceptual Semantics (for example Jackendoff 1983) and Recognition by Components theory (for example Biederman 1987). The conclusions, however, are phrased in a theory-neutral way, and are accessible to other frameworks in lexical semantics and visual perception.
An Indo-European Linguistic Area and its Characteristics: Ancient Anatolia. Areal Diffusion as a Challenge to the Comparative Method?
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

I first examine in detail the characteristic features of a hitherto scarcely recognized ancient diffusional linguistic area, including both Indo-European languages of one subgroup and contiguous non-Indo-European languages. Chronological considerations are given particular attention, as well the apparent conjunction and — not disjunction — of areal development (diffusion towards a common proto type) and genetic development (language differentiation and the formation of species). I then present a classic case of diffusion of morphological or morphosyntactic features from one Indo-European subgroup (Anatolian) to another (Greek), geographica1ly contiguous. The particulars involved are of theoretical significance: marked extension of the syntactic development of a native morpheme on the model of the syntactic function of a phonetically similar morpheme in the diffusing language. I claim that the comparative method can handle such phenomena. In support I examine some recent contributions by J. Heath to the theory of genetic morphological change in its historical dynamics, which present striking analogies to the cases of diffusional morphological change just examined. Heath invokes the biological model of punctuated equilibrium previously adopted by Dixon (1997), but with significant differences in ‘scenario’. These are then discussed and evaluated in the light of the Indo-European evidence presented earlier, and a fluid scenario presented combining genetic and areal development, both viewed as the legitimate purlieu of the comparative method and the comparativist historian of language.
Language Contact and Areal Diffusion in Sinitic Languages
Authors: Chappell Hilary
Published: November 2023

This analysis includes a description of language-contact phenomena such as stratification, hybridization, and convergence for Sinitic languages. It also presents typologically unusual grammatical features for Sinitic such as double-patient constructions, negative existential constructions and agentive adversative pass ives, while tracing the development of complementizers and diminutives and demarcating the extent of their use across Sinitic and the Sinospheric zone. Both these kinds of data are then used to explore the issue of the adequacy of the comparative method to model linguistic relationships inside and outside the Sinitic family. It is argued that any adequate explanation of language family formation and development needs to take into account these different kinds of evidence (or counter-evidence) in modelling genetic relationships.
Unicompartmental Knee Prosthesis Implantation with a Non-image-based Navigation System
Authors: Jenny Jean-Yves , Boeri Jean-Yves
Published: November 2023

The accuracy of implantation is an accepted prognostic factor for the long term survival of unicompartmental knee prostheses (UKP).1–3 However, most UKP systems offer a limited and potentially inaccurate instrumentation that rely on substantial surgeon judgment for prosthesis placement. Rates of inaccurate implantation as high as 30 per cent have been reported with conventional, free hand instrumentation.4 The intramedullary femoral guiding device can improve these results,5,6 but does not allow reproducible optimal implantation.
Pelvic trauma
Authors: Kahler David M
Published: November 2023

Orthopaedic trauma surgeons are experienced in minimally invasive techniques using two-dimensional video output during either arthroscopy or C-arm fluoroscopy. Standard C-arm fluoroscopy is some- times sufficient for percutaneous placement of screws in various trajectories about the pelvis and acetabulum. The biggest limitation of this technique is that imaging is generally available in only one plane at a time. The surgeon must position the implant in one view, and then obtain additional images in other planes for ‘trial and error’ placement of guide wires or screws.
Why a history of dialysis?
Authors: Cameron J Stewart
Published: November 2023

Kidney failure is by no means as common as cancers or heart disease, but by the end of the last millennium nearly one million individuals worldwide, who had suffered complete and irreversible failure of kidney function, were being maintained alive by a ‘temporary’ treatment: dialysis. The interest of chronicling the development of this treatment arises, not only from its important role in treating patients with kidney disease, but because of the lessons it can teach us about the development of medicine and the introduction of new treatments. The kidney was the first organ for which complete mechanical substitution became possible. This meant that when the idea of treating kidney failure by a machine was first suggested more than half a century ago, neither the medical professions nor those in charge of the delivery of health care were able to comprehend the change that it represented, and most opposed its introduction.
The science of dialysis: ‘uraemic toxins’
Authors: Cameron J Stewart
Published: November 2023

Before the concept of treating renal failure by dialysis could arise, two ideas had to be present first: (i) that in some way loss of renal function leads to the accumulation, in the blood and other body fluid, of substances normally excreted, which contribute to or cause the illness and subsequent death of the individual; and (ii) that these sub-stances might be removed from the blood (and secondarily from the tissues) by processes of diffusion or dialysis.
The rise of the concept of acute renal failure; the flame photometer, urologists and nephrologists
Authors: Cameron J Stewart
Published: November 2023

We have seen that both Alwall and Kolff began their work with the clear intention of treating patients with chronic irreversible uraemia, who appeared to both of them as the main clinical problem in the 1930s. It is less certain what Murray’s original intentions were in 1940–1942, but seems likely he had the same goals—although it should be noted that unlike his two colleagues, his very first case treated in 1946 was a patient with acute renal failure from mercury poisoning, who had a successsful outcome after three dialyses. In fact, as it turned out, for the first 15 years of its existence as a clinical technique, dialysis was used for a parallel group of patients—those with acute, potentially reversible renal failure.
Current context and aims
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

The rate of change in provision in mental health services has been gathering pace for the last 20 years. As outlined in Chapter 1 this has been driven by the shift in emphasis from long-term care in mental hospitals to support in the community, with only episodic admissions to hospitals for acute breakdowns. This shift has been accompanied by the process of deinstitutionalization and the closure of the large, old mental hospitals. Such a picture is, of necessity, an oversimplification. There remains a significant minority of long-term patients who have not been able to transfer to community care. For some this is because their illnesses are so severe, or their behaviour so unacceptable, that psychiatric hospital remains the only tolerant and safe environment for them. Others have remained in hospital because their mental illness has been compounded by age and infirmity. They are often referred to as ‘graduate long-stay’ because their original psychotic illness has become overshadowed by cognitive impairment.
Who is assertive outreach for? Referrals and discharges
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

Which patients an assertive outreach team should target is the first question usually asked when the decision is made to establish such a service. Various proposals are made, some based on evidence, some on wishful thinking, and some on simple desperation— ‘revolving door patients’, ‘dual-diagnosis patients’, ‘personality disorder patients’, ‘offender patients’, ‘the homeless’, etc. A local needs’ assessment promptly follows which identifies the number of potential patients who meet the agreed profile. From this calculations are made about the size of the team and the resource implications.
Key working versus the ‘team approach’
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

In England and Wales, the care programme approach (CPA) (Department of Health 1990) requires that all individuals with mental health problems who are being cared for by specialist services should be registered on the CPA and that each should have a designated ‘key worker’. There have been various changes to this legislation and changes of terms (Department of Health 1990). What was originally called ‘higher level’ CPA metamorphosed through ‘levels 2 and 3’ to ‘enhanced’. ‘Key worker’ has sadly been renamed ‘care co-ordinator’, thereby perpetuating the confusion between brokeranage and clinical case management (and possibly CPA and social services care management) (Burns 1997b).
Medication compliance
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

When patients are admitted with another relapse of their psychotic illness there is often discussion about whether they have been taking their medicines regularly. It is common in mental health practice to find that they have either stopped taking their tablets altogether or have been irregular with them several weeks before admission. The debate then arises about whether they have broken down because they stopped taking the medicine or stopped taking the medicine because they were breaking down. Whichever it is, failure to take medicines as prescribed has been unequivocally demonstrated to increase the risk of relapse (Curson et al. 1985; Hirsch et al. 1973).
Hostility
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

We use the term ‘hostility’ to encompass a range of behaviours that we might encounter whilst working in the community with people suffering severe mental illness. These behaviours are not exclusive to our patients; in daily life we might encounter passive aggression, intimidating behaviour, verbal aggression, and threats—especially whilst driving a car! Actual physical violence, however, remains rare both in our practice and in society. Homicides by people with mental illness are, mercifully, infrequent events and as such are statistically difficult to predict, despite increasingly sophisticated risk assessment procedures (Munro and Rumgay 2000).
Personality problems and disorders
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

Personality is that which makes each of us different and unique. When we speak of someone’s personality we focus on those aspects of him or her which make them most memorable. We have an enormous range of terms to describe an individual’s personality—strong, fiery, passionate, phlegmatic, intellectual, cold, ruthless, conscientious, etc. If we are to work successfully with longterm relationships, we need to pay due attention to personality. Our patients’ personalities profoundly affect how they deal with their illnesses and undoubtedly have a major impact on their overall outcome.
Crisis intervention
Authors: Graham Cynthia , Bancroft John
Published: November 2023

Since the book’s third edition in 1996, several notable developments have occurred in ‘crisis intervention’ (CI). Professional (and public) interest in CI has grown substantially, as evidenced by new books (Aguilera 1998; Roberts 2000; James and Gilliland 2005) and journals (e.g. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, Crisis Intervention and Time-Limited Treatment). In North America, Europe, and Asia, many treatment programs have evolved. Crises are affecting an ever-increasing number of people. Lifetime prevalence for exposure to trauma is escalating (Kessler et al. 1995) to such a degree that mass disasters have been regarded as ‘virtually epidemic’ in nature (Everly et al. 2000, p. 77).
Group psychotherapy
Authors: Aveline Mark
Published: November 2023

The goals of long-term individual therapy discussed in Chapter 5 can also be tackled in group therapy. In this chapter, an interpersonal model of small group therapy is described with special emphasis on therapeutic factors. Selection, group composition, preparation of members, group development, the mature group, and ethical issues are covered. The final section deals briefly with other applications of the group approach and with training. Human beings live, work, and play in diverse groups, and find and express their identity through social interaction. Not surprisingly, many of the psychological problems they experience stem from disturbed relationships within the groups in which they have learned to be the people they are.
Couple psychotherapy
Authors: Crowe Michael
Published: November 2023

The institution of marriage, especially in Western societies, is in a state of flux. Pressures exist which both idealize and undermine couple relationships. There is increased public interest in exploring the nature of couple interaction and a parallel process which questions the basis of couple relationships and seeks more individual freedom and fulfilment. It is not surprising therefore that there is a high demand for couple therapy (Crowe and Ridley 2000). Marriage itself is becoming less popular, having reached a peak in the 1960s. Added to this, many forms of unofficial pairing exist, which often include cohabitation, and sometimes also involve the rearing of children.
Family therapy in the adult psychiatric setting
Authors: Harari Edwin , Bloch Sidney
Published: November 2023

The term ‘family therapy’ covers a variety of approaches. At one extreme it is a method drawn from one or more of a range of theoretically based schools that seek to help an individual patient who presents with a clinical syndrome. At the other extreme family therapy is a way of thinking about psychotherapy in general; the intervention may involve the individual alone, the nuclear family, or an extended network, but the focus is the relationships between people.
Theories of Organizational Stress
Authors: Cooper Cary L
Published: November 2023

During the past two decades, the nature of work has changed dramatically, as more and more organizations downsize, outsource and move toward short-term contracts, part-time working and teleworking. The costs of stress in the workplace in most of the developed and developing world have risen accordingly in terms of increased sickness absence, labour turnover, burnout, premature death and decreased productivity. This book, in one volume, provides all the major theories of organizational stress from the leading researchers and writers in the field. It is a guide to identifying the sources of pressures in jobs and the workplace so that we may be able to intervene to change and manage the growing problem of organizational stress.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper Cary L
Published: November 2023

work, is, by its very nature, about violence-to the spirit as well as to the body. It is about ulcers as well as accidents, about shouting matches as well as fistfights, about nervous breakdowns as well as kicking the dog around. It is, above all (or beneath all), about daily humiliations. To survive the day is triumph enough for the walking wounded among the great many of us. To this day, the costs of occupational stress are still present and growing, as the very nature of work is dramatically changing. It has been estimated that the cost of stress to American organizations, assessed by absenteeism, reduced productivity, compensation claims, health insurance and direct medical expenses is in the region of$150 billion per year (Karasek and Theorell, 1990). In the UK, the Confederation of British Industry recently calculated that the costs of sickness absence to the UK economy was over £12 billion, of which around 50 percent has been estimated to be stress related, while the British Heart Foundation found that over 21 percent of all male absence and 45 percent of all premature deaths at work are due to heart and circulatory disease, in which stress plays a significant role.
Adverse Health Effects of Effort-Reward Imbalance at Work: Theory, Empirical Support, and Implications for Prevention
Authors: Siegrist Johannes
Published: November 2023

Although it is now widely recognized that ‘stress’ is the result of an interaction between environmental constraints or threats and individual coping resources the notion of’ organizational stress’ seems to imply a causal role of specific environments such as organizations in the stress process. This notion may be too simplistic, bringing us back to the tradition of’black box’ approaches towards studying human behaviour. In fact, there is now clear evidence of individual differences in coping with organizational stressors as well as in a person’s susceptibility for the health consequences of stressful experience (Cooper and Payne, 1991; Parkes, 1991; Weiner, 1992). On the other hand, stress-related health effects are more pronounced in individuals who participate in specific organizations, e.g. in particular work environments (see below). Therefore, a theoretical approach is needed which adequately addresses this person-environment interaction in the stress process.
Key aspects of decision modelling for economic evaluation
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Claxton Karl , Sculpher Mark
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the basic elements of decision modelling for economic evaluation. It considers the key stages in developing a decision analytic model and describes the cohort model, the main type of decision model used in the field. The decision tree and Markov model are described in detail and examples provided of their use in economic evaluation. It is possible to identify a series of stages in developing a decision model for economic evaluation. In part, this will involve some general choices concerning the nature of the evaluation. This will include the measure of effect and the time horizon, but also the perspective of the analysis; that is, whose costs and effects we are interested in? Below is a list of the stages in the development process which relate specifically to the decision modelling.
The Role And Use Of Differential Item Functioning (Dif) Analysis Of Quality Of Life Data From Clinical Trials
Authors: Groenvold Mogens , Petersen Morten Aagaard
Published: November 2023

When using a multi-item scale as an end point in a clinical trial we assume that the scale provides a correct description of the level of the construct (e.g. pain) it is supposed to assess. However, in some cases the use of a multi-item scale may lead to incorrect conclusions. Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis (previously called item bias analysis) investigates how a multi-item scale performs in specific analytic situations. For example, when used to compare groups in a trial, does the score from a multi-item scale yield a correct representation of the information in its items?
Self-Rated Health
Authors: Bjorner Jakob B , Fayers Peter , Idler Ellen
Published: November 2023

Many health-related quality of life questionnaires and health surveys contain questions of the type: ‘In general, would you say your health is: excellent, very good, good, poor or fair? ‘ or ‘What do you think of your own health condition compared to that of other men of your age? ‘ Such global questions concerning the general perception of a respondent ‘s own health have been focus of increasing interest in public health research during the past decades – for four reasons: Answers to such questions have been shown to be surprisingly strong predictors of subsequent mortality, morbidity, discharge from the labour force, and use of medical services. The associations generally persist even after controlling for numerous other risk factors.
Apologies in clinical medicine
Authors: O’Donovan Carmel
Published: November 2023

It is always hard to admit fault and an apology requires courage and insight. When this exchange is in the face of a clinical incident with ongoing sequelae there can be many additional valid concerns with regard to issues such as liability, i.e. ‘Who will pay?’ if things have gone wrong and a patient has been harmed. This chapter seeks to demystify the area of apology and to offer strategies that will minimize problems for both the health-care provider and the patient. It deals with the fundamentals of legal liability and looks at the ways in which clinical risk management and governance underpin patient protection mechanisms.
The Extended Warranty
Authors: Kraus Frances
Published: November 2023

The title of this book is intended to reflect the reality of work with bereaved children and families. Professionals and volunteers in the field are aware that for many bereaved families, a brief intervention will be the only one possible. The reasons are varied; for example, they can arise from the difficulties that bereaved families encounter in juggling the practical requirements of their everyday lives with their need to allow space and time to grieve, or from the limitations imposed by professional or volunteer bereavement workers who have to ration scarce resources. The Candle project followed the pattern of short-term intervention in bereavement that had worked well in a bereavement service already offered by St Christopher’s Hospice. This service had con- firmed our belief that, provided the service is delivered swiftly when requested, so that help is available when families are most receptive, short-term work is appropriate for the majority of bereaved children and families. Bereavement is a normal process of adjustment to a major life event, and attending counselling sessions long term can reduce a family’s coping skills by creating a dependency on the bereavement counsellor or agency. Children form close relationships very quickly, and the ending of a long-term counselling relationship can give them another loss to cope with.
Working with Volunteers to Provide Bereavement Support to Children
Authors: Pentland Christine
Published: November 2023

The anxiety in the room is palpable. The nine people who are gathered look as if they are anticipating a visit to the dentist, probably without anaesthetic. The challenge for us is clear; we have forty hours to replace anxiety with confidence, to bring knowledge, to enable the personal growth and reflective learning which will enable these individuals to become SeeSaw Support Workers. SeeSaw is a grief support service for children in Oxfordshire, England. We aim to offer a flexible, bespoke support service to children up to the age of eighteen who have been bereaved of a parent or sibling.
Metals and oxygen: respiration, oxidation, and oxygen toxicity
Authors: Gutteridge John M C , Halliwell Barry
Published: November 2023

Aerobic respiration is the process by whichO2 is used to oxidize foodstuffs (fats, carbohydrates, proteins) and produce heat and other forms of energy such as ATP. Because O2 is poorly soluble in water, the major constituent of the human body † we have evolved a transport protein to carry it, haemoglobin in the red blood cells (Figure 1). Haemoglobin has four protein subunits. To each is bound a complex chemical structure (haem), at the centre of which is an iron ion, in the ferrous (Fe2+) state. Oxygen reversibly binds to this iron, giving a Fe2+— O2 complex (causing the bright red colour of oxygenated blood).