bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Petrology of the Udayagiri Anorthosite Complex, Eastern Ghats Belt, India
Authors: Mahapatro S. N. , Tripathy A. K. , Nanda J. K. , Rath S. C.
Published: October 2013

The Eastern Ghats Belt (EGB), characterised by pervasive Grenvillian granulite facies metamorphism, is the host to several 950-1000 Ma old massif-type anorthosite complexes. The present work describes one such complex near Udayagiri from the northern margin of the EGB, reported for the first time as “Udayagiri anorthosite complex” (UAC). The ‘massif type’ UAC comprises mainly of anorthosite, leuconorite-olivine leuconorite and norite in the decreasing order of areal extent. Mineralogically, these rocks dominantly consist of cumulates of moderately calcic plagioclase (∼An50-60), moderately magnesian intercumulus olivine (XMg: ∼0.6) and orthopyroxene (XMg : 0.47 to 0.70). Metamorphic garnet (Alm: ∼50 mol%) is also common in these rocks.

Anorthosite and leuconorite of the UAC exhibit a moderate ‘+ve’ Eu anomaly. Norite occurs locally as schlierens and is relatively rich in Fe, P, Rb, Sr, Th, Nb, Ta, Y and REE which could be a residual melt product. These rocks exhibit both relict magmatic mineralogy and textures with a metamorphic impress manifested by the development of multilayered corona involving olivine, orthopyroxene, garnet, phlogopite, ilmenite and plagioclase during cooling of the pluton. The corona development is a result of combination of significant magmatic and metamorphic reactions which have the potential to provide important clues for deciphering the magmatic and metamorphic evolution of such plutons in ambient granulite facies conditions.
Characteristics and Mechanism of Concentrated Unloading in Bank Slope of Yangqu Hydropower Station
Authors: Xia Min , Ren Guang Ming
Published: October 2013

Based on the study of field background, tectonic evolution and development history of the Yellow River valley, the authors made an in-depth study of the distribution and formation mechanism of the deep concentrated unloading of a typical bank slope developed in broad basin, and found that the concentrated unloading ranges from 2520 to 2650 m at El, the horizontal depth is 40 to 90 m in left bank and 40 to 60 m in right bank. It showed that these deep cracks in concentrated unloading zone generally dip towards the river or to the inner slope with high angle, and the cause of formation due to the category of unloading. The concentrated unloading is the product of the epigenetic deformation along the original tectonic structural planes accompanied by the stress release of slope during the formation process of river bank slope.
Analysis of the fictitious domain method with penalty for elliptic problems
Authors: Zhou Guanyu , Saito Norikazu
Published: October 2013

The fictitious domain method with H
1-penalty for elliptic problems is considered. We propose a new way to derive the sharp error estimates between the solutions of original elliptic problems and their H
1-penalty problems, which can be applied to parabolic problem with moving-boundary maintaing the sharpness of the error estimate. We also prove some regularity theorems for H
1-penalty problems. The P1 finite element approximation to H
1-penalty problems is investigated. We study error estimates between the solutions of H
1-penalty problems and discrete problems in H
1 norm, as well as in L
2 norm, which is not currently found in the literature. Thanks to regularity theorems, we can simplify the analysis of error estimates. Due to the integration on a curved domain, the discrete problem is not suitable for computation directly. Hence an approximation of the discrete problem is necessary. We provide an approximation scheme for the discrete problem and derive its error estimates. The validity of theoretical results is confirmed by numerical examples.
Enzymatic production of mono‐ubiquitinated proteins for structural studies: The example of the Josephin domain of ataxin‐3
Authors: Faggiano Serena , Menon Rajesh P. , Kelly Geoff P. , McCormick John , Todi Sokol V. , Scaglione K. Matthew , Paulson Henry L. , Pastore Annalisa
Published: October 2013

Protein ubiquitination occurs through formation of an isopeptide bond between the C‐terminal glycine of ubiquitin (Ub) and the ɛ‐amino group of a substrate lysine residue. This post‐translational modification, which occurs through the attachment of single and/or multiple copies of mono‐ubiquitin and poly‐ubiquitin chains, is involved in crucial cellular events such as protein degradation, cell‐cycle regulation and DNA repair. The abnormal functioning of ubiquitin pathways is also implicated in the pathogenesis of several human diseases ranging from cancer to neurodegeneration. However, despite the undoubted biological importance, understanding the molecular basis of how ubiquitination regulates different pathways has up to now been strongly limited by the difficulty of producing the amounts of highly homogeneous samples that are needed for a structural characterization by X‐ray crystallography and/or NMR. Here, we report on the production of milligrams of highly pure Josephin mono‐ubiquitinated on lysine 117 through large scale in vitro enzymatic ubiquitination. Josephin is the catalytic domain of ataxin‐3, a protein responsible for spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Ataxin‐3 is the first deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) reported to be activated by mono‐ubiquitination. We demonstrate that the samples produced with the described method are correctly folded and suitable for structural studies. The protocol allows facile selective labelling of the components. Our results provide an important proof‐of‐concept that may pave the way to new approaches to the in vitro study of ubiquitinated proteins.
Generating diffuse discharge via repetitive nanosecond pulses and line-line electrodes in atmospheric air
Authors: Li Lee , Liu Yun-Long , Ge Ya-Feng , Bin Yu , Huang Jia-Jia , Lin Fo-Chan
Published: October 2013

Diffuse discharge in atmospheric air can generate extremely high power density and large-scale non-thermal plasma. An achievable method of generating diffuse discharge is reported in this paper. Based on the resonance theory, a compact high-voltage repetitive nanosecond pulse generator (HRNPG) has been developed as discharge excitation source. The HRNPG mainly consists of repetitive charging circuit, Tesla transformer and sharpening switch. With the voltage lower than 1.0 kV, the primary repetitive charging circuit comprises two fast thyristors as low-voltage switches. A spiral Tesla transformer is designed to provide a peak transformation ratio of more than 100. The HRNPG prototype is capable of generating a pulse with over 100 kV peak voltage and ∼30 ns rise-time at the repetition frequency of 500 Hz. Using the copper line electrodes with a diameter of 0.4 mm, the gaps with highly non-uniform electric field are structured. With the suitable gap spacing and applied pulse, the glow-like diffuse discharge has been generated in line-type and ring-type electrode pairs. Some typical images are presented.
Two-dimensional RF pulses: A new approach to selectively exciting J-coupled spins in nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Lupulescu Adonis , Aharon Hannah , Frydman Lucio
Published: October 2013

A new scheme for the excitation of spins according to the joint values of their heteronuclear or homonuclear J couplings and of their chemical shifts, is proposed and demonstrated. The principles of the new pulses involved derive from those employed in NMR imaging for exciting arbitrary 2D spatial shapes, using so-called “multidimensional” RF pulses. It is shown that if recast in a suitable spectroscopic framework, the distinction that π-pulses enable to establish between linear and bilinear interactions, support the selective excitation of coherences possessing arbitrary combinations of chemical shift and J-coupling values – a flexibility akin to that provided by a 2D J-resolved NMR spectrum. Details on the execution of the resulting 2D “J-shift” RF pulses are given, and examples where excitation only addresses spins with particular chemical shift offsets fulfilling specific J-coupling displacements, are demonstrated. Additional instances where such pulses could be applied, as well as main limitations of this new approach, are briefly discussed.
Evidence for several dipolar quasi-invariants in liquid crystals
Authors: Bonin C. J. , González C. E. , Segnorile H. H. , Zamar R. C.
Published: October 2013

The quasi-equilibrium states of an observed quantum system involve as many constants of motion as the dimension of the operator basis which spans the blocks of all the degenerate eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian that drives the system dynamics, however, the possibility of observing such quasi-invariants in solid-like spin systems in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is not a strictly exact prediction. The aim of this work is to provide experimental evidence of several quasi-invariants, in the proton NMR of small spin clusters, like nematic liquid crystal molecules, in which the use of thermodynamic arguments is not justified. We explore the spin states prepared with the Jeener-Broekaert pulse sequence by analyzing the time-domain signals yielded by this sequence as a function of the preparation times, in a variety of dipolar networks, solids, and liquid crystals. We observe that the signals can be explained with two dipolar quasi-invariants only within a range of short preparation times, however at longer times liquid crystal signals show an echo-like behaviour whose description requires assuming more quasi-invariants. We study the multiple quantum coherence content of such signals on a basis orthogonal to the z-basis and see that such states involve a significant number of correlated spins. Therefore, we show that the NMR signals within the whole preparation time-scale can only be reconstructed by assuming the occurrence of multiple quasi-invariants which we experimentally isolate.
Adsorption-controlled growth of BiVO4 by molecular-beam epitaxy
Authors: Stoughton S. , Showak M. , Mao Q. , Koirala P. , Hillsberry D. A. , Sallis S. , Kourkoutis L. F. , Nguyen K. , Piper L. F. J. , Tenne D. A. , Podraza N. J. , Muller D. A. , Adamo C. , Schlom D. G.
Published: October 2013

Single-phase epitaxial films of the monoclinic polymorph of BiVO4 were synthesized by reactive molecular-beam epitaxy under adsorption-controlled conditions. The BiVO4 films were grown on (001) yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia (YSZ) substrates. Four-circle x-ray diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and Raman spectroscopy confirm the epitaxial growth of monoclinic BiVO4 with an atomically abrupt interface and orientation relationship (001)BiVO4 ∥ (001)YSZ with [100]BiVO4 ∥ [100]YSZ. Spectroscopic ellipsometry, STEM electron energy loss spectroscopy (STEM-EELS), and x-ray absorption spectroscopy indicate that the films have a direct band gap of 2.5 ± 0.1 eV.
An investigation of capacitance-voltage hysteresis in metal/high-k/In0.53Ga0.47As metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors
Authors: Lin Jun , Gomeniuk Yuri Y. , Monaghan Scott , Povey Ian M. , Cherkaoui Karim , O'Connor Éamon , Power Máire , Hurley Paul K.
Published: October 2013

In this work, we present the results of an investigation into charge trapping in metal/high-k/In0.53Ga0.47As metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors (MOS capacitors), which is analysed using the hysteresis exhibited in the capacitance-voltage (C-V) response. The availability of both n and p doped In0.53Ga0.47As epitaxial layers allows the investigation of both hole and electron trapping in the bulk of HfO2 and Al2O3 films formed using atomic layer deposition (ALD). The HfO2/In0.53Ga0.47As and Al2O3/In0.53Ga0.47As MOS capacitors exhibit an almost reversible trapping behaviour, where the density of trapped charge is of a similar level to high-k/In0.53Ga0.47As interface state density, for both electrons and holes in the HfO2 and Al2O3 films. The experimental results demonstrate that the magnitude of the C-V hysteresis increases significantly for samples which have a native oxide layer present between the In0.53Ga0.47As surface and the high-k oxide, suggesting that the charge trapping responsible for the C-V hysteresis is taking place primarily in the interfacial oxide transition layer between the In0.53Ga0.47As and the ALD deposited oxide. Analysis of samples with a range of oxide thickness values also demonstrates that the magnitude of the C-V hysteresis window increases linearly with the increasing oxide thickness, and the corresponding trapped charge density is not a function of the oxide thickness, providing further evidence that the charge trapping is predominantly localised as a line charge and taking place primarily in the interfacial oxide transition layer located between the In0.53Ga0.47As and the high-k oxide.
Protein folding: Complex potential for the driving force in a two-dimensional space of collective variables
Authors: Chekmarev Sergei F.
Published: October 2013

Using the Helmholtz decomposition of the vector field of folding fluxes in a two-dimensional space of collective variables, a potential of the driving force for protein folding is introduced. The potential has two components. One component is responsible for the source and sink of the folding flows, which represent respectively, the unfolded states and the native state of the protein, and the other, which accounts for the flow vorticity inherently generated at the periphery of the flow field, is responsible for the canalization of the flow between the source and sink. The theoretical consideration is illustrated by calculations for a model β-hairpin protein.
The role of tetragonal side morphotropic phase boundary in modified relaxor-PbTiO3 crystals for high power transducer applications
Authors: Kong Lingping , Liu Gang , Zhang Shujun , Liu Haozhe
Published: October 2013

Morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) in ferroelectric materials leads to improved properties due to the structural instability. The manganese modified Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 crystals with MPB composition were investigated, the structure/property relationship was established. The tetragonal side MPB (coexistence of 91% tetragonal and 9% monoclinic phases) was confirmed by X-ray synchrotron data, while relaxor behavior was detected by Raman characterization and dielectric measurement. Crystals with such MPB composition possess high “figure of merit” (d33·Q33 ∼ 106 pC/N), being one order higher when compared with their pure rhombohedral counterparts. Together with high Curie temperature (∼229 °C) and temperature stability of properties, demonstrating a promising candidate for high power transducer applications.
Turning point temperature and competition between relativistic and ponderomotive effects in self-focusing of laser beam in plasma
Authors: Bokaei B. , Niknam A. R. , Jafari Milani M. R.
Published: October 2013

The propagation characters of Gaussian laser beam in collisionless plasma are investigated by considering the ponderomotive and relativistic nonlinearities. The second-order differential equation of dimensionless beam width parameter is solved numerically, taking into account the effect of electron temperature. The results show that the ponderomotive force does not facilitate the relativistic self-focusing in all intensity ranges. In fact, there exists a certain intensity value that, if below this value, the ponderomotive nonlinearity can contribute to the relativistic self-focusing, or obstruct it, if above. It is also indicated that there is a temperature interval in which self-focusing can occur, while the beam diverges outside of this region. In addition, the results represent the existence of a “turning point temperature” in the mentioned interval that the self-focusing has the strongest power. The value of the turning point is dependent on laser intensity in which higher intensities result in higher turning point.
A compact model for tunnel field-effect transistors incorporating nonlocal band-to-band tunneling
Authors: Fukuda K. , Mori T. , Mizubayashi W. , Morita Y. , Tanabe A. , Masahara M. , Yasuda T. , Migita S. , Ota H.
Published: October 2013

To enable circuit design using tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs), a physics-based model based on nonlocal band-to-band tunneling is developed. To maintain accuracy, the tunneling lengths are estimated assuming that both vertical and horizontal tunneling paths exist in the device. The static current-voltage characteristics are modeled, including the diode currents and Esaki tunneling. Parasitic capacitances and resistances are included to enable transient circuit analyses. The model is validated by comparison with measurements of silicon TFETs, as well as with semiconductor device simulations based on nonlocal band-to-band tunneling. The model accounts for TFET behavior in circuits, as demonstrated by simulations of inverters and static random access memories. Consequently, the model can be used to develop TFET circuits for low-power applications.
The effect of static many-body local-field corrections to inelastic electron scattering in condensed media
Authors: Emfietzoglou Dimitris , Kyriakou Ioanna , Garcia-Molina Rafael , Abril Isabel
Published: October 2013

We present a manageable approach to include, within the context of optical-data models of the dielectric response function, exchange and correlation (XC) effects in inelastic electron scattering, thus, going beyond the standard random-phase approximation (RPA). The many-body local-field correction in its static limit, G(q), is employed to incorporate XC effects to all orders in q at both the level of “screening” and the level of “scattering” by computing the so-called test-charge–test-charge (t–t), electron–test-charge (e–t), and electron–electron (e–e) dielectric functions. Some of the most used analytic approximations for G(q) are examined, ranging from the early Hubbard-like expressions to more recent parameterized formulations that satisfy some of the known asymptotic limits. The effect of the different G(q) models upon the inelastic scattering of low-medium energy electrons in condensed matter is examined using solid (amorphous) carbon as an example. It is shown that when XC corrections at all levels are considered, a net reduction of the inelastic scattering cross section by up to 20%–30% from the corresponding RPA value is obtained. Interestingly, a screened Hubbard approximation to G(q) reproduces (to a few %) the results of more accurate representations. Based on the present results, the controversial high-q asymptotic behaviour of G(q) is inconsequential to inelastic electron scattering in the examined energy range.
Communication: Ultraviolet photodissociation dynamics of the simplest Criegee intermediate CH2OO
Authors: Lehman Julia H. , Li Hongwei , Beames Joseph M. , Lester Marsha I.
Published: October 2013

The velocity and angular distributions of O 1D photofragments arising from UV excitation of the CH2OO intermediate on the B 1A′ ← X 1A′ transition are characterized using velocity map ion imaging. The anisotropic angular distribution yields the orientation of the transition dipole moment, which reflects the π* ← π character of the electronic transition associated with the COO group. The total kinetic energy release distributions obtained at several photolysis wavelengths provide detail on the internal energy distribution of the formaldehyde cofragments and the dissociation energy of CH2OO X 1A′ to O 1D + H2CO X 1A1. A common termination of the total kinetic energy distributions, after accounting for the different excitation energies, gives an upper limit for the CH2OO X 1A′ dissociation energy of D0 ≤ 54 kcal mol−1, which is compared with theoretical predictions including high level multi-reference ab initio calculations.
Second harmonic acoustic responses induced in matter by quasi continuous radiofrequency fields
Authors: Kellnberger Stephan , Omar Murad , Sergiadis George , Ntziachristos Vasilis
Published: October 2013

We subjected conductive matter and tissue to intermittent continuous-wave radiofrequency fields and investigated whether acoustic responses could be recorded. By placing samples in the near-field of the excitation, we observed frequency-domain acoustic responses from tissues responding to CW radiofrequency excitation. Frequency analysis revealed the generation of 2nd harmonic mechanical waves. This discovery of non-linear responses can lead to alternative measurement concepts of CW radiofrequency deposition in matter and tissues. We offer the theoretical mainframe and discuss sensing applications involving the direct measurement of second harmonic responses representative of CW RF energy deposition in matter.
Influence of growth temperature on electrical, optical, and plasmonic properties of aluminum:zinc oxide films grown by radio frequency magnetron sputtering
Authors: Dondapati Hareesh , Santiago Kevin , Pradhan A. K.
Published: October 2013

We have investigated the responsible mechanism for the observation of metallic conductivity at room temperature and metal-semiconductor transition (MST) at lower temperatures for aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films. AZO films were grown on glass substrates by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering with varying substrate temperatures (Ts). The films were found to be crystalline with the electrical resistivity close to 1.1 × 10−3 Ω cm and transmittance more than 85% in the visible region. The saturated optical band gap of 3.76 eV was observed for the sample grown at Ts of 400 °C, however, a slight decrease in the bandgap was noticed above 400 °C, which can be explained by Burstein–Moss effect. Temperature dependent resistivity measurements of these highly conducting and transparent films showed a MST at ∼110 K. The observed metal-like and metal-semiconductor transitions are explained by taking into account the Mott phase transition and localization effects due to defects. All AZO films demonstrate crossover in permittivity from positive to negative and low loss in the near-infrared region, illustrating its applications for plasmonic metamaterials, including waveguides for near infrared telecommunication region. Based on the results presented in this study, the low electrical resistivity and high optical transmittance of AZO films suggested a possibility for the application in the flexible electronic devices, such as transparent conducting oxide film on LEDs, solar cells, and touch panels.
Correlation of ZnO orientation to band alignment in p-Mg0.2Ni0.8O/n-ZnO interfaces
Authors: Zhou T. T. , Lu B. , Wu C. J. , Ye Z. Z. , Lu J. G. , Pan X. H.
Published: October 2013

We have investigated the influence of ZnO orientation on the valence band offset (ΔEV) of Mg0.2Ni0.8O(111)/ZnO (112¯0) and Mg0.2Ni0.8O(111)/ZnO(0002) heterostructures by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Combining with the experimental optical energy band gap extracted from UV-vis transmittance spectra, the energy band alignment at the interfaces has been determined. The ΔEV has been found to be 1.8 ± 0.1 eV and 1.4 ± 0.1 eV for Mg0.2Ni0.8O(111)/ZnO (112¯0) and Mg0.2Ni0.8O(111)/ZnO(0002), respectively. Both the heterostructures show type-II band configurations with conduction band offsets (ΔEC) of 2.4 ± 0.1 eV and 2.0 ± 0.1 eV, respectively. The ZnO orientation correlated electronic structure in p-Mg0.2Ni0.8O/n-ZnO interfaces can be explained well by the effect of spontaneous polarization in ZnO. Furthermore, the results offer opportunity that desired band offsets in MgxNi1−xO/ZnO heterostructures can be obtained by appropriately adjusting Mg composition.
Electronic transport in heavily doped Ag/n-Si composite films
Authors: Bates Clayton W. , Zhang Chichang
Published: October 2013

Hall measurements characterized Ag/n-Si composite films 1 micron thick produced by magnetron co-sputtering onto high resistivity Si (111) substrates at 550°C. The targets were Ag and n-type Si doped with 3 × 1019/cm3 of antimony. Films were prepared with 13, 16 and 22 at. % Ag and measured over a temperature range 77–500°K. Conduction takes place at low temperatures by variable rang hopping in localized states at the Fermi level and by thermal activation over grain boundaries at higher temperatures. The Log Resistivity vs 1/kT curves for the three Ag concentrations vary in a similar manner, but decrease in magnitude with increasing Ag due to the smaller number of grain boundaries between Ag nanoparticles occurring with increasing Ag concentration. At low temperatures Hall mobilities are essentially independent of temperature as the carrier densities for the three Ag concentrations are constant from 77 to slightly under 300°K with resistivities varying by small amounts. The mobilities at all Ag concentrations increase with temperature and approach each other as the effects of grain boundaries become less important. This work presents for the first time the effects of metal particles embedded in a semiconductor on the transport properties of carriers in the semiconductor. Though these effects are for a given average particle size most of the results are expected to hold over a range of particle sizes. Free electrons produced in films containing 13 and 16 at. % Ag result in concentrations of 1.5 × 1019/cm3, one half the antimony doping, while those with 22 at. % Ag, the carrier concentrations are three orders of magnitude higher. These constant carrier concentrations are due to the metal-insulator transition that occurs in doped crystalline and polycrystalline silicon for carrier densities nc >3.9 × 1018/cm3. The three orders of magnitude higher carrier concentration produced in films with 22 at. % Ag is argued to be due to doping of the Si matrix by the Ag nanoparticles at this concentration, a doping effect previously observed in ErAs in InGaAs. A discussion of this doping effect is presented that is in keeping with the experimental observations though other factors such as particle size effects need further experimental confirmation. Thermal activation energies and grain boundary barrier heights were obtained from resistivity and Hall mobility data. The barrier heights of 0.360, 0.390 and 0.470 eV measured for films with Ag concentrations of 13, 16 and 22 at. % Ag respectively, are quite high compared to those obtained by other methods used for producing polycrystalline Si (10-100 mev) and need to be considerably reduced in order to increase the efficiency of the detectors for which these Ag/n-Si composite films will be used. Thermal annealing of as-deposited films is suggested as one means to accomplish this result.
Analysis of InxGa1−xN/Si p-n heterojunction solar cells and the effects of spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization charges
Authors: Zheng Yangdong , Mihara Akihiro , Yamamoto Akio
Published: October 2013

The band structures, current-voltage characteristics under solar illumination, and photovoltaic (PV) properties of InxGa1−xN/Si p-n heterojunction solar cells (SCs), as well as the effects of spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization (Psp-PPZ) induced charges are investigated theoretically and numerically. We find that the energy peaks on the conduction and valence bands could exponentially reduce the diffusion currents and photocurrents, thus profoundly affect the PV properties of the SCs. Except for large values, the Psp-PPZ induced interface charges have little influence on the band structures and the PV properties. These results should be useful in analysis and design for multijunction tandem InxGa1−xN/Si SC devices.
A verification study on saving energy cost and reducing CO2 emission with large-scale geothermal heat pump systems in Korea
Authors: Park Byeong-Hak , Kim Hyoung-Soo , Lee Kang-Kun
Published: October 2013

This paper presents economic and environmental effects by using monitoring data collected over a 2-yr period in geothermal heating and cooling facilities in Jungwon University, Korea. The facility has heating capacity of 7045 kW and cooling capacity of 5947 kW. Such monitoring data are rarely reported in the literature; thus, the evaluation based on long-term operational data will contribute greatly to the objective assessment of the geothermal heat pump system (GHPS) as a renewable energy resource. The effects of relative energy cost saving and reductions in CO2 emission were predicted for comparison with conventional heating and cooling systems. The GHPS was estimated to reduce energy costs by 76.4%–85.3% and yield a reduction of CO2 emission of 398–595 tons annually. We also conducted an economic analysis using the benefit/cost ratio (BCR) method according to scenarios in which the lifespan and discount rate for the GHPS were varied. Since the BCR for the GHPS was in the range of 1.99–3.58 (case 1) and 1.67–3.01 (case 2), GHPS is considered to be more economic than other types of heating and cooling systems. These results provide evidentiary data to help overcome skepticism over the applicability of large-scale GHPSs.
High Schottky barrier height of Au contact on Si-nanowire arrays with sulfide treatment
Authors: Ruan Cheng-He , Lin Yow-Jon
Published: October 2013

We report on the formation of high-barrier Au contact to Si nanowires (SiNWs) with sulfide treatment. The discrepancy in Schottky barrier height (qϕB) extracted from current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics was studied. A high qϕB of 1.03 eV is achieved between the 60 s-sulfide-treated SiNW surface and Au, which is confirmed by C-V measurements. For Au/SiNWs/n-type Si Schottky diodes, qϕB determined from C-V measurements is higher than that determined from I-V measurements, owing to the image-force lowering and the larger ideality factor than 2. However, for Au/60 s-sulfide-treated SiNWs/n-type Si Schottky diodes, the lower qϕB determined from I-V measurements than that determined from C-V measurements is attributed to a combined effect of the image-force lowering and the interfacial dipole. Note, a suitable sulfide treatment time is an important issue for producing high-quality Schottky diodes.
Electrical characterization of graphene films synthesized by low-temperature microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Okigawa Yuki , Tsugawa Kazuo , Yamada Takatoshi , Ishihara Masatou , Hasegawa Masataka
Published: October 2013

In this Letter, we discuss the results of Hall effect measurements to examine the electrical properties of the graphene films synthesized by low-temperature microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. Van der Pauw devices with sizes of 50–100 μm were fabricated, for which we observed p-type conduction and mobility from 10 to 100 cm2/V s. To investigate the mobility dispersion, we performed Raman mapping to quantify the number of defects and the disorder in graphene films. The results suggest that the D-band/G-band intensity ratio is correlated with the mobility. Moreover, we discuss the factors controlling the mobility and how to improve the quality of the graphene films by reducing the number of defects.
Terahertz modulation on angle-dependent photoexcitation in organic-inorganic hybrid structures
Authors: Keun Yoo Hyung , Lee Sun-Goo , Kang Chul , Kee Chul-Sik , Wook Lee Joong
Published: October 2013

The characteristics of terahertz (THz) modulation in organic copper phthalocyanine thin films deposited on a Si wafer were investigated by angle-dependent photoexcitation. We reveal that the efficiency of THz modulation reflects not only the angle-dependent reflectivity of the organic thin films that undergo a change of complex refractive index due to photoexcitation but also the laser-induced birefringence induced by a charge density grating in the direction normal to the polarization of the excitation beams.
Robustness of the filamentation instability for asymmetric plasma shells collision in arbitrarily oriented magnetic field
Authors: Bret A.
Published: October 2013

The filamentation instability triggered when two counter streaming plasma shells overlap appears to be the main mechanism by which collisionless shocks are generated. It has been known for long that a flow aligned magnetic field can completely suppress this instability. In a recent paper [Phys. Plasmas 18, 080706 (2011)], it was demonstrated in two dimensions that for the case of two cold, symmetric, relativistically colliding shells, such cancellation cannot occur if the field is not perfectly aligned. Here, this result is extended to the case of two asymmetric shells. The filamentation instability appears therefore as an increasingly robust mechanism to generate shocks.
Toward a high Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cell efficiency processed by spray pyrolysis method
Authors: Vigil-Galán O. , Courel Maykel , Espindola-Rodriguez M. , Izquierdo-Roca V. , Saucedo E. , Fairbrother A.
Published: October 2013

In this work, a review about the influence of the growth parameters on the chemical and physical properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) deposited by pneumatic spray pyrolysis technique and its impact on the thin film solar cells is presented and analyzed in order to identify the major drawbacks of this technique and the possibility to improve the device efficiency. Our best solar cell using sprayed CZTS shows an open-circuit voltage of 361 mV, a short-circuit current density of 7.5 mA/cm2, a fill factor of 0.37, and an efficiency of 1% under irradiation of AM 1.5 and 100 mW/cm2. Some of the key mechanisms related to the properties of sprayed CZTS layers, as well as those concerning the solar cells mechanisms that limit the cell performance, are also analyzed.
Salience and the sociolinguistics of Scouse spelling
Authors: Honeybone Patrick , Watson Kevin
Published: October 2013

In this article we investigate a phenomenon in which non-standard spelling is normal in professionally produced, published English. Specifically, we discuss the literary genre of Contemporary Humorous Localised Dialect Literature (CHLDL), in which semi-phonological spellings are used to represent aspects of non-standard varieties. Our aims are twofold: 1) we provide, by example, a framework for the quantitative analysis of such types of dialect orthography, which treats respellings as linguistic variables, and 2) we argue that this type of quantitative analysis of CHLDL can shed light on which phonological features are sociolinguistically salient in a given variety, as long as we bear in mind both what is possible orthographically and the phonological status of the dialect features involved. We explore these issues by investigating a corpus of ‘folk phrasebooks’ which represent the variety of English spoken in Liverpool (Scouse), in the north-west of England.
Making use of cues to sentence length in L1 and L2 German*
Authors: O’Brien Mary Grantham , Jackson Carrie N. , Hendricks Alison Eisel
Published: October 2013

The current study examines whether German native speakers and immersed and non-immersed L2 learners of German use prosodic cues to identify the length of a sentence in perception as a means to investigate the interaction between prosody and syntactic structure among L2 learners. In a perceptual gating experiment, all three groups successfully differentiated short from medium and long sentences, although the native speakers used cues to identify sentence length earlier than the L2 learners. Among the L2 participants, those immersed in the L2 and those with higher L2 proficiency were better able to distinguish sentence length in the gating task. Importantly, immersed participants were more likely to differentiate short from non-short sentences than those who were not immersed, and those who were more proficient were less indeterminate and more confident in their responses than were those with lower L2 proficiency.
Translating Greek plays for the theatre today
Authors: Hardwick Lorna
Published: October 2013

This essay discusses the relationship between form, language, rewriting and performance in the contemporary staging of ancient Greek drama, with special attention to the range of working practices of the translators, rewriters and theatre practitioners that are involved in the performance creation process. The discussion is framed by questions about the reciprocal influences of research in translation studies and in classics and about how both can best engage with the insights offered by performance praxis.
Cultural capital in intercultural theatre
Authors: O’Toole Emer
Published: October 2013

In 2006, the Dublin-based theatre company Pan Pan went to China to produce a Mandarin version of J.M. Synge’s canonical Irish playThe Playboy of the Western World. Director Gavin Quinn chose to set the adaptation in a hairdresser/ massage parlour/brothel, on the outskirts of Beijing. He originally wanted the protagonist to hail from Xin-Jiang, China’s troubled Sinomuslim province. In interview, he said he was advised against this for fear of Chinese state censorship. However, the Chinese translators, Yue Sun and Zhaohui Wang, suggest that the decision not to represent a Muslim protagonist had to do with ethnic sensitivities. In order to analyse this conflict, this article draws on translation sociology after Bourdieu, clarifying the functioning of the habitus, and formulating a global field of cultural production. It argues that analysis of intercultural processes focused on cultural capital can provide materially engaged insights into the power relations informing given intercultural situations.
An integrated computational approach for metabolic flux analysis coupled with inference of tandem-MS collisional fragments
Authors: Tepper Naama , Shlomi Tomer
Published: October 2013

Motivation: Metabolic flux analysis (MFA) is a commonly used approach for quantifying metabolic fluxes based on tracking isotope labeling of metabolite within cells. Tandem mass-spectrometry (MS/MS) has been recently shown to be especially useful for MFA by providing rich information on metabolite positional labeling, measuring isotopic labeling patterns of collisional fragments. However, a major limitation in this approach is the requirement that the positional origin of atoms in a collisional fragment would be known a priori, which in many cases is difficult to determine.

Results: Here we show that MS/MS data could also be used to improve flux inference even when the positional origin of fragments is unknown. We develop a novel method, metabolic flux analysis/unknown fragments, that extends on standard MFA and jointly searches for the most likely metabolic fluxes together with the most plausible position of collisional fragments that would optimally match measured MS/MS data. MFA/UF is shown to markedly improve flux prediction accuracy in a simulation model of gluconeogenesis and using experimental MS/MS data in Bacillus subtilis.

Availability and Implementation: Freely available at www.cs.technion.ac.il/∼tomersh/methods.html

Contact:  tomersh@cs.technion.ac.il
Streptomyces graminilatus sp. nov., isolated from bamboo litter
Authors: Lee Hyo-Jin , Whang Kyung-Sook
Published: October 2013

A Gram-stain-positive, novel actinobacterium, designated strain JL-6T, was isolated from the litter of a bamboo (Sasa borealis) forest in Damyang, Korea. Strain JL-6T had white‐grey, smooth, cylindrical spores that were borne in straight, long spore-chains. The novel strain grew aerobically at 15–28 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH 4.0–8.0 (optimum, pH 5.5) and with 0–1.5 % (w/v) NaCl. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained ll-diaminopimelic acid, glutamic acid, alanine and glycine. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8). Whole-cell hydrolysates mainly contained glucose and ribose. Phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine were the diagnostic phospholipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 72.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JL-6T belonged to the genus

Streptomyces

with sequence similarities ranging from 97.3 % to 98.3 %. However, DNA–DNA hybridization between JL-6T and the closest related strain,

Streptomyces turgidiscabies
, ATCC 700248T and other closely related species in the genus

Streptomyces

showed <50 % relatedness. Based on these observations, strain JL-6T is proposed to represent a novel species of the genus

Streptomyces

, for which the name Streptomyces graminilatus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JL-6T ( = KACC 16470T = NBRC 108882T).
Molecular characterization of the β‐lactamases in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Marie Mohammed Ali , John James , Krishnappa Lakshmana Gowda , Gopalkrishnan Sangeetha
Published: October 2013

The widespread use of antimicrobials has increased the occurrence of multidrug resistant microbes. The commonest mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is production of β‐lactamases such as metallo‐β‐lactamases (MBL) and extended spectrum β‐lactamases (ESBL). Few studies have used a molecular approach to characterize the prevalence of β‐lactamases. Here, the prevalence of different β‐lactamases was characterized by performing three multiplex PCRs targeting genes similar to those described in earlier publications. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests for all isolates were performed using the agar dilution method. β‐lactamase was detected in 72% of the isolates, the detection rate being 64% in 2011 and 75% in 2012. The isolates were highly resistant to carbapenems such as meropenem and imipenem and susceptible to colistin and tigecycline. In this study, 22% of isolates contained both MBL and ESBL. ESBL was detected more frequently in Escherichia coli isolates, whereas carbapenemase was detected more frequently in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. These findings suggest the spread of multi‐resistant ESBL and MBL producers in the community. Our results have implications for patient treatment and also indicate the need for increased surveillance and molecular characterization of isolates.
Different antigenicities of the N‐terminal region of cellular and scrapie prion proteins
Authors: Ushiki‐Kaku Yuko , Iwamaru Yoshifumi , Masujin Kentaro , Imamura Morikazu , Itohara Shigeyoshi , Ogawa‐Goto Kiyoko , Hattori Shunji , Yokoyama Takashi
Published: October 2013

Limited information is available about conformational differences between the abnormal isoform of prion protein (PrPSc) and cellular prion protein (PrPC) under native conditions. To clarify conformational differences between these two isoforms, PrP‐deficient mice were immunized with brain homogenates of normal and scrapie‐infected animals. All mice generated anti‐PrP antibodies. Peptide array analysis of these serum samples revealed a distinctive epitope of PrPSc consisting of QGSPGGN (PrP41–47) at the N‐terminus. This study demonstrated a conformational dissimilarity at the N‐terminus between PrPSc and PrPC, a finding that may provide novel information about conformational features of PrPSc.
A decade of free‐air CO2 enrichment increased the carbon throughput in a grass‐clover ecosystem but did not drastically change carbon allocation patterns
Authors: Staddon Philip L. , Reinsch Sabine , Olsson Pål A. , Ambus Per , Lüscher Andreas , Jakobsen Iver
Published: October 2013

The response of the soil carbon cycle to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration has far reaching consequences for the ecosystem carbon balance under future climatic conditions. We report on work carried out in the Swiss free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment, where we used in situ 13CO2 labelling to determine whether elevated CO2 (+230 μL L−1) concentration changes the fate of recently assimilated carbon in the soil microbial community.

Elevated CO2 (eCO2) concentration had an overall positive effect on microbial abundance (P < 0·001) with the gram‐negative bacteria showing significantly increased quantities.

Gram‐negative bacteria and saprotrophic fungi tended to utilize a higher amount of recently assimilated carbon under eCO2. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) utilized plant‐assimilated carbon within 1 day after the 13CO2 pulse and 13C uptake patterns in AMF suggest that carbon transfer is faster under eCO2 concentration than under ambient CO2 (aCO2). Additionally, the respiration of recently assimilated carbon was significantly higher under eCO2 than aCO2 concentration.

Our data suggest that elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration accelerated and increased the utilization of recently assimilated carbon by the microbial community without changing the microbial community composition drastically.

We conclude that a higher standing soil microbial biomass under eCO2 concentration was the key cause for the higher carbon flow through the plant–soil system. Carbon utilization by microbial functional groups was only little affected by a decade of CO2 enrichment.
Heterogeneity of reproductive age increases the viability of semelparous populations
Authors: Acker Paul , Robert Alexandre , Bourget Romain , Colas Bruno
Published: October 2013

One important feature of natural populations is that individuals of the same age or functional class at a given time may vary in their demographic rates, such as their survival probabilities or fecundities. This demographic heterogeneity is due to the plastic response of individuals to spatially variable environmental conditions, to genetic variation or to maternal or cohort effects. Although demographic heterogeneity may have serious consequences, it is generally not included in models of population dynamics. The interactions of demographic heterogeneity with environmental stochasticity and density dependence are poorly understood, as are its consequences for population viability.

We explored the effect of heterogeneity in age at reproduction on the dynamics and viability of semelparous populations. We developed individual‐based models according to which individuals had to follow a particular life path in a multifurcated life cycle. We used data from a well‐studied monocarpic plant, Centaurea corymbosa, to calibrate the models with realistic distributions of demographic parameters.

Disregarding the trivial effect of changing generation time, we found that heterogeneous populations had higher viability than homogeneous populations due to the desynchronization of demographic processes among individuals.

Heterogeneity buffers the negative impact of environmental stochasticity by reducing the covariation of life histories among individuals (i.e. the bet‐hedging effect). In addition, when negative density dependence is implemented, desynchronization in heterogeneous populations reduces intraspecific competition. Indeed, crowded cohorts, occurring randomly due to demographic or environmental stochasticity, can spread their offspring over several years, which limits negative interactions among individuals due to resource limitations (in this study, a fixed number of microsites for seedlings). These effects are likely to occur in every semelparous population.

Our results allow us to better understand the functional links between the heterogeneity, desynchronization, dynamics and viability of populations facing spatial and temporal variations in their environments. These links suggest that demographic heterogeneity, regardless of its causes (genetic variation or plasticity), is an important component of population dynamics. Neglecting demographic heterogeneity leads to overestimating the level of synchronization among individuals, which may in turn strongly bias viability assessments in realistic environments.
Extended structure tensors for multiple directionality estimation
Authors: Andersson Fredrik , Duchkov Anton A.
Published: October 2013

Standard structure tensors provide a robust way of directionality estimation of waves (or edges) but only for the case when they do not intersect. In this work, a structure tensor extension using a one‐way wave equation is proposed as a tool for estimating directionality in seismic data and images in the presence of conflicting dips. Detection of two intersecting waves is possible in a two‐dimensional case. In three dimensions both two and three intersecting waves can be detected. Moreover, a method for directionality filtering using the estimated directions is proposed. This method makes use of the ideas of a one‐way wave equation but can be applied to generic images not related to wave propagation.