bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The reaction of lithium metal vapor with single walled carbon nanotubes of large diameters
Authors: Kalbac Martin , Kavan Ladislav , Dunsch Lothar
Published: October 2009

Raman spectroscopy was used to evaluate the effect of lithium vapor on single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) having diameters from 1.2 to 1.6 nm. The Raman spectra were excited by five different laser lines. A strong doping of SWCNTs after the reaction with Li vapor was confirmed by the corresponding attenuation of the Raman signal. The relative intensities and frequencies of the radial breathing mode of the Li vapor treated SWCNT were recovered after subsequent reaction with water. Our data demonstrate that the reaction of Li with large diameter SWCNTs is reversible, which is different from previous results showing irreversible changes for SWCNT samples containing both large diameter and small diameter tubes. The subsequent in situ Raman spectroelectrochemical measurement of our sample confirmed that after water treatment of the Li etched sample there is no significant residual doping of the SWCNT sample.
Experimental realization of high spin states in dilutely hydrogenated fullerenes
Authors: Makarova T. L. , Zakharova I. B. , Kvyatkovskii O. E. , Buga S. G. , Volkov A. P. , Shelankov A. L.
Published: October 2009

A novel method for preparing dilutely hydrogenated fullerenes H:C60 is presented. DFT calculations of the Raman spectra at the B3LYP/3‐21G level are compared with the experimental data. Under the laser treatment these phases form a rich variety of dimeric and polymeric structures, quite in contrast to pristine C60 which forms dimers and polymers bonded through the [2 + 2] addition, and in contrast to heavily hydrogenated fullerenes which do not polymerize at all. Dilutely hydrogenated fullerenes polymerize differently, forming both double bonded structures and single bonded dimers. We have shown that dilute hydrogenation of C60 creates large amount of unpaired spins which disappear due to the formation of diamagnetic single bonded dimers.
Sorting of single‐walled carbon nanotubes by amphiphiles molecules adsorption studied by resonant Raman excitation profile
Authors: Alvarez Laurent , Righi Ariete , Maciel Indhira O. , Pimenta Marcos A. , Michel Thierry , Marquis Renaud , Meunier Stéphane , Sauvajol Jean‐Louis
Published: October 2009

Adsorption of specifically designed polyaromatic amphiphiles were used to sort HiPCo single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with different helicities. The sorting is investigated by resonant Raman excitation profiles. Chiral indexes (n and m) of SWNTs present in our samples are determined by fitting the Raman peaks observed in the radial breathing modes region (RBM). Scanning over an excitation energy range between 2 and 2.2 eV with a 0.01 eV step allows to investigate mainly two families of metallic nanotubes (2n + m = 24 and 2n + m = 27). The transition energies of nanotubes measured from the Raman spectra differ from the calculated ones, leading to useful corrections of the Kataura plot. The results also display significant differences between the sorted and the reference samples, meaning that discrimination between SWNTs of different properties is possible.
Shear‐stimulated formation of multi‐wall carbon nanotube networks in polymer melts
Authors: Skipa T. , Lellinger D. , Saphiannikova M. , Alig I.
Published: October 2009

We report on shear‐induced nanotube network formation in multi‐wall nanotubes/polycarbonate (MWNT/PC) composite melts which was directly monitored by the time‐resolved DC‐conductivity measurements during steady shear. A small steady shear applied for 1 h to a non‐conductive composite with initially well‐dispersed nanotubes was found to induce the insulator‐to‐conductor transition resulting in a conductivity increase by about six orders of magnitude. Similar composite melt annealed without steady shear demonstrates much slower process of the network formation what can be attributed to an agglomeration of attractively interacting nanotubes in polymer melts. The rheologic properties were also measured for shear‐stimulated agglomeration. Unexpected difference between the electrical and mechanical networks in MWNT/PC composites was found. For the modeling of the network formation a shear‐dependent kinetic equation for the nanotube agglomeration was coupled with empirical formula for insulator‐to‐conductor transition.

magnified image

Electric DC‐conductivity and shear modulus (G′ and G″) of MWNT/PC melt (230 °C) measured simultaneously during shear‐stimulated network formation.
Exciton energy calculations for single wall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Saito R. , Sato K. , Araujo P. T. , Jorio A. , Dresselhaus G. , Dresselhaus M. S.
Published: October 2009

Using the Bethe–Salpeter equation, we have calculated the exciton energies of (i) bright exciton states; (ii) 2g exciton energies; and (iii) the energy difference between dark and bright exciton states for single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as a function of diameter. By adjusting the dielectric constant, we can reproduce the observed exciton energies in the resonance Raman spectra and two‐photon absorption spectra for SWNTs. The environmental effect on the transition energies can be explained by a diameter‐dependent dielectric constant. However, the energy difference between the dark and bright exciton states cannot be reproduced simply by changing the dielectric constant consistently. Thus we need to consider the evaluation of the Coulomb interaction, especially with regard to the surrounding materials.
Electrophysical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with various diameters
Authors: Romanenko A. I. , Anikeeva O. B. , Buryakov T. I. , Tkachev E. N. , Zhdanov K. R. , Kuznetsov V. L. , Mazov I. N. , Usoltseva A. N.
Published: October 2009

We have investigated temperature σ(T) and magnetic field σ(B) dependences of the conductivity σ of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with different average outer diameter $\overline d $. From the experimental data we have separated the quantum corrections to σ(T) and σ(B). We have discovered that only quantum corrections for interaction electrons (QCIE) to σ(B) take place. It is associated to the absence of the bulk formations of amorphous carbon in produced MWNTs. From the data of QCIE we have estimated the constant of electron–electron interaction λ which is negative (attraction between electrons) and gradually falling with decrease in MWNTs $\overline d $. Influence of defectiveness and structure of MWNTs on electrophysical properties is discussed.
Diameter dependent Raman scattering of WS2 nanotubes
Authors: Krause Matthias , Virsek Marko , Remškar Maja , Kolitsch Andreas , Möller Wolfhard
Published: October 2009

The effect of the tube diameter and of the surface layer on the Raman spectra of WS2 nanotubes is investigated. With decreasing diameter, a disorder‐induced line in the A1g mode range, the D‐A1g line, is selectively enhanced. This enhancement is attributed to an increasing structural disorder in smaller nanotubes. On the other hand, no significant effect on the D‐A1g/A1g intensity ratio is observed for a Raman scan perpendicular to a 290 nm diameter tube. Therefore the enhancement of the disorder‐induced line is an intrinsic property of WS2 nanostructures and not a surface layer effect.
Self‐oscillations of carbon nanotube twist‐yarn during field emission
Authors: Kleshch V. I. , Zakhidov Al. A. , Obraztsov A. N. , Obraztsova E. D. , Baughman R. H.
Published: October 2009

Electromechanical self‐oscillations were induced during field emission from the lateral surface of a twisted nanotube yarn obtained by solid‐state spinning from a forest of vertically aligned multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (CNT). Oscillations at several kilohertz frequencies were driven by applying a constant voltage between fixed opposite ends of the nanotube yarn and a flat anode. An electromechanical model is developed which explains the observed phenomenon. The model is equally applicable to any mechanically flexible field emitter including single nanoemitters like CNTs, which have shown a self‐oscillating behaviour in several previous in situ experiments. This phenomenon opens a possibility of developing a new type of devices for conversion of DC voltage into the high frequency electromagnetic oscillations utilizing flexible nanoemitters.
The quenching of ortho ‐positronium
Authors: Hyodo Toshio , Nakayama Takashi , Saito Haruo , Saito Fuminori , Wada Ken
Published: October 2009

Ortho‐positronium (o ‐Ps), which self‐annihilates into 3γ with a lifetime of 142ns, may be quenched through various interactions with atoms and molecules. The quenching process of o ‐Ps in gases, (i) pick‐off quenching, (ii) attachment (chemical) quenching, (iii) spin conversion quenching through electron exchange, (iv) spin conversion quenching through spin‐orbit interaction with a heavy atom, are reviewed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Positron annihilation studies on bulk cobalt silicides
Authors: Abhaya S. , Amarendra G.
Published: October 2009

Bulk cobalt silicides Co2Si, CoSi and CoSi2 have been investigated using experimental positron lifetime, coincidence Doppler broadening and depth‐resolved positron beam studies. Psitron lifetime and coincidence Doppler ratio curves have shown distinct features for the silicides as compared to that of pure Co and Si. Ab‐initio calculations of positron life time have been carried out using the DOPPLER program. The experimental positron lifetime values are higher than the theoretical estimates for Co2Si and CoSi2, suggesting that these silicides contain vacancy defects. This is further supported by positron diffusion lengths deduced from the VEPFIT analysis of positron beam results. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transmission positron microscopes, application of imaging plates to positron, electron and muon research and a proposal for a strong positron source at J‐PARC
Authors: Doyama Masao , Kogure Yoshiaki , Inoue Miyoshi , Kurihara Toshikazu , Miyake Y. , Nishiyama Kusuo , Shimomura Koichiro , Yoshiie Toshisada , Hayashi Yosihiko , Xu Q. , Cao Xingzhong , Matsuya M. , Fujinami M.
Published: October 2009

Transmission positron microscope projects in Japan are reviewed. Applications of imaging plates to obtain positron, electron and muon images are discussed and examples are shown. Characteristic features of positron, electron, and muon images are shown and compared. Quite interesting examples of crossed foils of copper and tungsten foils are shown and an explanation is given. Finally, a strong positron source at J‐PARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex) is proposed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Development of a method to investigate interactions between positronium and the surface of fine particles
Authors: Saito Fuminori , Saito Kotaro , Hyodo Toshio
Published: October 2009

A method is developed to use positronium (Ps) formed in silica nanoparticle aggregate to study the surfaces of various particles. The method is demonstrated with the study of the interactions of Ps with noble metal fine particles in which Ps is not formed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
PALS investigation of chromium effect in ferritic/martensitic steels implanted with helium
Authors: Sojak Stanislav , Kršjak Vladimír , Slugeň Vladimír , Petriska Martin , Veterníková Jana
Published: October 2009

Chromium is an element with significant effect on the elevated temperature corrosion resistance and the low radiation induced void swelling. There were several studies carried out with regard to effect of Cr on the defect creation and stability [1, 2], but this issue is not fully understood yet. This paper contributes to this research with the study of Fe‐Cr binary alloys with different Cr content, implanted by helium by the use of cascade accelerator and investigated by conventional PALS set‐up. Our measurements show that chromium plays a role in the formation of small vacancy clusters, affecting the size and distribution of these defects. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microstructure and positron behavior in FeCl3 doped PVA/PVP blend
Authors: Ravindrachary V. , Bhajantri R. F. , Harisha A. , Ismayil  , Ranganathaiah C.
Published: October 2009

We are reporting the positron behaviour in transition metal chloride FeCl3 doped PVA/PVP (50:50) blend. Pure and FeCl3 doped blend films were prepared using solution casting method and studied using X‐ray Diffraction (XRD) and Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS). XRD studies show that the doping increases the amorphous nature of the blend and the PALS studies reveal that the o‐Ps lifetime (τ3) and intensity (I3) decreases with increase in FeCl3 doping level. This is due to chemical quenching and inhibition process of Ps due to doping concentration, which are discussed in the text. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Do tropical cyclones intensify by WISHE?
Authors: Montgomery Michael T. , Sang Nguyen Van , Smith Roger K. , Persing John
Published: October 2009

In this paper we seek and obtain a basic understanding of tropical cyclone intensification in three dimensions when precipitation and evaporative‐cooling (warm rain) processes are included. Intensification with warm rain physics included is found to be dominated by highly localized deep convective structures possessing strong cyclonic vorticity in their cores—dubbed ‘Vortical Hot Towers’ (VHTs). Unlike previous studies, the findings herein suggest an intensification pathway that is distinct from the ‘evaporation–wind’ feedback mechanism known as wind‐induced surface heat exchange (WISHE), which requires a positive feedback between the azimuthal‐mean boundary‐layer equivalent potential temperature and the azimuthal‐mean surface wind speed underneath the eyewall of the storm. Intensification from a finite‐amplitude initial vortex is shown to not require this evaporation–wind feedback process. Indeed, when the surface wind speed in the sea‐to‐air vapour fluxes is capped at a nominal (trade‐wind) value, the vortex still intensifies by the same pathway identified in the main experiments via the generation of locally buoyant VHTs and the near‐surface convergence that the VHTs induce within the boundary layer.

The present findings and interpretations challenge the prevailing view that tropical cyclones are premier examples of vortical systems arising from WISHE. Given the potential significance on our understanding of the dynamics of hurricanes, and given the limitations of the present modelling framework, further tests of these predictions are advocated. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Architecture and protocol design for a pervasive robot swarm communication networks
Authors: Li Ming , Harris John , Chen Min , Mao Shiwen , Xiao Yang , Read Walter , Prabhakaran B.
Published: October 2009

There has been increasing interest in deploying a team of robots, or robot swarms, to fulfill certain complicate tasks such as surveillance. Since robot swarms may move to areas of far distance, it is important to have a pervasive networking environment for communications among robots, administrators, and mobile users. In this paper, we first propose a pervasive architecture to integrate wireless mesh networks and robot swarm networks to build a robot swarm communication network within the areas of special interest. Under the proposed architecture, one or more robots can get connected with a nearby mesh router and access the remote server, while a self‐organizing mobilead hocnetwork is formed within each swarm for communications among the robots. We then address and analyze many important issues and challenges. Finally, we describe our work to enable this architecture through a scalable algorithm for autonomous swarm deployment and ROBOTRAK, a socket‐based‐swarm monitoring and control toolkit. Extensive simulation results and demonstrations are presented to show the desirable features of the proposed algorithm and toolkit. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Positive‐feedback loops in cell cycle progression
Authors: Pomerening Joseph R.
Published: October 2009

A positive‐feedback loop is a simple motif that is ubiquitous to the modules and networks that comprise cellular signaling systems. Signaling behaviors that are synonymous with positive feedback include amplification and rapid switching, maintenance, and the coherence of outputs. Recent advances have been made towards understanding how positive‐feedback loops function, as well as their mechanistic basis in controlling eukaryotic cell cycle progression. Some of these advances will be reviewed here, including: how cyclin controls passage through Start and maintains coherence of G1/S regulon expression in yeast; how Polo‐like kinase 1 activation is driven by Bora and Aurora A, and its expression is stimulated by Forkhead Box M1 in mammalian cells; and how some of the various dynamic behaviors of spindle assembly and anaphase onset can be produced.
Prevalence of feline coronavirus in two cat populations in Malaysia
Authors: Sharif Saeed , Arshad Siti S. , Hair-Bejo Mohd , Omar Abdul R. , Zeenathul Nazariah A. , Hafidz Mohd A.
Published: October 2009

The prevalence of feline coronavirus (FCoV) was studied in two catteries in Malaysia. Rectal swabs or faecal samples were collected from a total of 44 clinically healthy Persian purebred and mix-breed cats. RNA extracted from the faecal material was subjected to a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primers flanking for a conserved region of the virus genome. The overall prevalence of FCoV infection was 84% and the infection rate was higher in Persian purebred cats (96%) than mix-breed cats (70%). There was no significant association between the age or gender of tested cats and shedding the virus. This study is the first PCR-based survey for FCoV in Malaysia and showed the ubiquitous presence of FCoV in Malaysian cat colonies.
CARS – Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery
Authors: Lemke Heinz U.
Published: October 2009

Einleitung

Innovative Entwicklungen zur CAD und CAT als auch ihre klinischen Anwendungen werden unter dem Begriff Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery (CARS) zusammengefasst. Mit einer ständig wachsenden Anzahl von interdisziplinären und internationalen durchgeführten Forschungs- und Entwicklungsaktivitäten trägt CARS wesentlich dazu bei, dass ein signifikanter Teil der Medizin sich in einem fundamentalen Wandel hin zu einer Digitalisierung befindet.
Planned Creation of Vascular Access Saves Medical Expenses for Incident Dialysis Patients
Authors: Wu Ling‐Chu , Lin Ming‐Yen , Hsieh Chong‐Chao , Chiu Herng‐Chia , Mau Lih‐Wen , Chiu Yi‐Wen , Chen Hung‐Chun , Hwang Shang‐Jyh
Published: October 2009

Hospitalization to initiate hemodialysis (HD) through temporary catheterization and subsequent creation of permanent vascular access (VA) is costly. Therefore, we studied the influence of the timing of VA creation on medical expenses, length of stay (LOS) and 1‐year primary patency rate in incident HD patients. We analyzed the medical expenses associated with hospitalization and LOS at VA creation in 486 incident HD patients at two hospitals in southern Taiwan. Patients with early VA creation, more than 1 month before HD initiation, were defined as the Planned group (n = 70); less than 1 month as the Delayed group (n = 48); and those with VA creation after the initiation of HD as the Urgent group (n = 368). The Urgent group had the highest inpatient medical expenses and LOS compared with the other two groups. Multiple regression analyses of inpatient medical expenses and LOS showed that the timing of VA creation, the type of VA, marital and employment status and the number of comorbidities were significant factors responsible for the differences between groups. Furthermore, higher inpatient medical expenses and longer LOS in the Urgent group were noted in the arteriovenous fistula and arteriovenous graft subgroups. Kaplan‐Meier Survival analysis showed that the 1‐year primary patency rate was highest in the Delayed group and lowest in the Planned group, while Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the type of VA, but not the timing of VA creation, was a significant risk factor for VA patency. Arteriovenous graft had a higher risk for occlusion than arteriovenous fistula. In conclusion, planned VA creation before the initiation of HD is associated with lower inpatient medical expenses and shorter LOS, which should be promoted for pre‐end‐stage renal disease care, but the care for VA should be further emphasized before the progression to end‐stage renal disease, and the patency of the VA should be cautiously monitored.
Behavior Problems and Subtypes of Attention‐deficit Hyperactivity Disorder With Comorbidities
Authors: Tzang Ruu‐Fen , Chang Yue‐Cune
Published: October 2009

This study investigated the relationship between Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) symptoms and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes [inattentive (ADHD‐I) and combined (ADHD‐C)] with or without comorbidities. Overall, 116 ADHD children were interviewed using the Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview to assess ADHD subtypes and comorbidities, and were then divided into four groups according to their subtypes and comorbidities. The CBCL was completed by the parents of the ADHD children. The association between behavioral symptom severity and groups was examined by comparing the CBCL scales of the four groups. The scores for the Aggressive Behavior (p = 0.014) and Anxiety/Depression scales (p = 0.033) were higher in patients with ADHD‐I with comorbidities than with ADHD‐I without comorbidities. In addition, the score for the Aggressive Behavior scale was higher in patients with ADHD‐C without comorbidities than in patients with ADHD‐I without comorbidities (p = 0.011). The scores for the six CBCL scales were all higher in patients with ADHD‐C with comorbidities than in patients with ADHD‐I without comorbidities. Our findings suggest a synergistic effect of the co‐occurrence of comorbidities and the ADHD‐C subtype on behavioral symptom severity. Physicians could use the CBCL scales to distinguish patients with more severe symptoms from patients with less severe symptoms.
Reconstruction of a Massive Femoral Bone Defect Using a Double‐barreled Free Vascularized Fibular Bone Graft After Wide Resection of Femoral Chondrosarcoma
Authors: Chu Chun‐Hui , Jou I‐Ming , Shieh Shyh‐Jou
Published: October 2009

Salvaging the limb after malignant bone tumor ablation is a tough challenge for a reconstructive surgeon confronting such extensive bone defects. A 40‐year‐old male without any underlying disease was incidentally diagnosed with a chondrosarcoma over his left femoral bone. An orthopedic surgeon did a wide resection of the malignant bone tumor, leaving a massive bone defect about 11.3 cm in length. A double‐barreled free vascularized fibular bone was designed to reconstruct the femoral bone defect. The maximal fibular bone graft harvested was 19 cm long; after the osteotomy, one barrel was 11 cm and the other was 8 cm. An iliac crest cancellous bone graft was harvested to fill the residual space. The pathology report showed a grade 1 well‐differentiated conventional chondrosarcoma, and further adjuvant therapy was not suggested. At a 3‐year follow‐up, plain radiography showed a good bony union of the graft, and the patient could easily tolerate daily activity. A vascularized double‐barreled fibular graft is an ideal option for reconstructing a massive defect in weight‐bearing bone: it provides not only sufficient mechanical strength but also good union for early rehabilitation. We describe the long‐term results after reconstruction and provide a literature review of long‐bone chondrosarcoma.
Extensive Subcutaneous Emphysema After Extraction of a Mandibular Third Molar: A Case Report
Authors: Kung Jung‐Chang , Chuang Fu‐Hsiung , Hsu Kun‐Jung , Shih Yi‐Lun , Chen Chun‐Min , Huang I‐Yueh
Published: October 2009

Surgical emphysema is an uncommon but potentially serious complication of third molar removal and other oral procedures. The purpose of this case report is to remind dentists of the risk of surgical emphysema. Surgical emphysema developed in a 32‐year‐old female after removal of a mandibular third molar using a high‐speed dental hand‐piece. Because of the extent of the swelling, the patient was admitted for observation. Because of progressive swelling, a submandibular surgical incision and drainage was performed, which led to rapid resolution. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of surgical emphysema are discussed to draw dentists' attention to the management and prevention of this complication.
Antioxidant-enriched enteral nutrition and immuno-inflammatory response after major gastrointestinal tract surgery
Authors: van Stijn Mireille F. M. , Boelens Petra G. , Richir Milan C. , Ligthart-Melis Gerdien C. , Twisk Jos W. R. , Diks Jeroen , Houdijk Alexander P. J. , van Leeuwen Paul A. M.
Published: October 2009

Major surgery induces an immuno-inflammatory response accompanied by oxidative stress that may impair cellular function and delay recovery. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of an enteral supplement, containing glutamine and antioxidants, on circulating levels of immuno-inflammatory markers after major gastrointestinal tract surgery. Patients (n21) undergoing major gastrointestinal tract surgery were randomised in a single-centre, open-label study. The effects on circulating levels of immuno-inflammatory markers were determined on the day before surgery and on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 after surgery. Major gastrointestinal surgery increased IL-6, TNF receptor 55/60 (TNF-R55) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Surgery reduced human leucocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) expression on monocytes. CRP decrease was more pronounced in the first 7 d in the treatment group compared with the control group. In the treatment group, from the moment Module AOX was administered on day 1 after surgery, TNF receptor 75/80 (TNF-R75) level decreased until the third post-operative day and then stabilised, whereas in the control group the TNF-R75 level continued to increase. The results of the present pilot study suggest that enteral nutrition enriched with glutamine and antioxidants possibly moderates the immuno-inflammatory response (CRP, TNF-R75) after surgery.
Trends in food intake in French children from 1999 to 2007: results from the INCA (étude Individuelle Nationale des Consommations Alimentaires) dietary surveys
Authors: Lioret Sandrine , Dubuisson Carine , Dufour Ariane , Touvier Mathilde , Calamassi-Tran Gloria , Maire Bernard , Volatier Jean-Luc , Lafay Lionel
Published: October 2009

The objectives of the present study were to assess the intake of different food groups in French children aged 3–17 years (n1455), and to analyse trends since a dietary survey undertaken 8 years ago. Dietary intake was evaluated using data from the 2006–7 cross-sectional INCA2 national dietary survey (étude Individuelle Nationale sur les Consommations Alimentaires), based on a 7 d food record. Dietary intake (percentage of subjects consuming the food group and amount eaten) was assessed for thirty-nine food categories. We observed variations in food consumption by age, sex, North–South regional gradient, seasonal period and educational level of the responding parent. Trends in dietary intake between 1999 and 2007 were determined by comparing the INCA1 (n1126) and the INCA2 surveys. Both surveys had been carried out using the same methodology. The findings showed a decrease in energy intake in children aged 3–14 years, due to a reduction in the consumption of foods of animal origin and sweetened products. In adolescents aged 15–17 years, energy intake remained rather stable; during this 8-year period, the consumption of meat decreased, whereas the consumption of savoury snacks such as sandwiches and hamburgers significantly increased. These trends occurred during a time of growing concern about overweight and the associated co-morbidities in France. A number of public health measures were implemented over this period to improve dietary habits and physical activity patterns in children and adults. The periodic monitoring of dietary patterns through the INCA surveys is an essential part of the surveillance network in France.
The association between dietary protein intake and bone mass accretion in pubertal girls with low calcium intakes
Authors: Zhang Qian , Ma Guansheng , Greenfield Heather , Zhu Kun , Du Xueqin , Foo Leng Huat , Hu Xiaoqi , Fraser David R.
Published: October 2009

To assess the association between protein intakes and bone mass accrual in girls, data were analysed for 757 pre-pubertal girls (mean age 10·1 years) in urban Beijing, China, who participated in a 5-year study including 2 years of milk supplementation (intervention groups only) and 3 years of follow-up study. At 0, 12, 24, 48 and 60 months from the baseline, bone mass of the proximal or distal forearm (PF or DF) and total body (TB) was measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; dietary intakes were assessed by a 3-d food record (including two weekdays and one weekend day). Linear mixed models were used and continuous variables were logarithm transformed. The mean longitudinal Ca intake (432–675 mg/d on average) positively influenced bone mineral content (BMC) at TB, PF and DF after controlling for baseline bone mass and other possible confounders. However, negative associations were observed between protein intake (55·9–61·0 g/d on average) and BMC accrual at TB, PF or DF (β = − 1·92, − 10·2 or − 4·82, respectively, P < 0·01) after adjustment. When protein intake was considered according to animal or plant food sources, protein from animal foods, particularly meat, had significant negative effects on BMC accrual at DF or PF after adjustment. It was concluded that higher protein intake, especially from animal foods, appeared to have a negative effect on bone mass accrual in Chinese pubertal girls with low Ca intakes.
Identification and metabolite profiling ofSitophilus oryzaeL. by 1D and 2D NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Trivedi A. , Kaushik P. , Pandey A.
Published: October 2009

The polyphagous insectSitophilus oryzaeL. (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) has a tremendous adaptability in feeding behaviour, making it a serious invasive pest of stored cereals. The present study identifies the metabolite composition ofSitophilus oryzae(S. oryzae) using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Assignment of 1D-proton by NMR,1H-1H COSY, 2D-TOCSY1H-1H, had been done. Amongst the various biochemically important metabolites isoleucine, valine, leucine, β-hydroxybutyrate, lysine, glutamate, glutamine, proline, lactate, alanine, di-methylamine, α-glucose, β-glucose, choline, glycerophosphorylcholine and tyrosine are present inS. oryzae. In wheat-fedS. oryzae, the presence of threonine and the absence of lactate is observed. In rice-fedS. oryzae, however, the presence of lactate and the absence of threonine were observed. Barley-fedS. oryzaeshows presence of both tyrosine and lactate. It is concluded that the pestS. oryzaehas adaptability on different stored cereals and grains, depicting the presence of earlier reported metabolites. The present study aims to identify the key metabolic components and associated enzymes inSitophilus oryzaefed on different cereals.
Adult fecundity, host plant preferences, field activity and parasitism in the leaf weevilPhyllobius pyri(L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Billiald H.E. , Straw N.A. , Stewart A.J.A.
Published: October 2009

Adults of the leaf weevilPhyllobius pyri(L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) feed on a wide variety of broadleaved trees and occasionally cause severe defoliation in newly established farm woodlands. There is little information, however, on the relative susceptibility of different tree species to damage or on the habitat associations of adults and larvae ofP. pyri, which might indicate the conditions that predispose trees to attack. Captures of adultP. pyriin emergence and flight traps in the current study indicated population densities in grassland of 0.5–6.4 adults per m2at emergence but higher densities up to 13.5 per m2in young pine plantations, where there was a mixture of grassy patches and young, naturally regenerating birch trees. The close proximity of larval food resources (grass roots) and a favoured adult host-plant, which also occurs in young farm woodlands, provided ideal conditions forP. pyriand allowed high population densities to develop. Feeding and performance experiments indicated that cherry, birch, oak and hornbeam were most susceptible toP. pyri, whereas field maple, hawthorn, rowan, lime and especially ash were resistant. Adult femaleP. pyriemerged in May reproductively immature and fed on tree foliage for 15.9±0.9 days before laying their first batch of eggs. Adults lived for 33.3±1.5 days, on average, and females laid a mean of 191.9±34.5 eggs (maximum=589) during their lifetime. Eggs hatched after 16–20 days. During 2003 and 2004, 11–16% of adultP. pyriwere parasitised byPygostylus falcatus(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and 19–29% were parasitised byRondania fasciata(Diptera: Tachinidae).
Native range assessment of classical biological control agents: impact of inundative releases as pre-introduction evaluation
Authors: Jenner W.H. , Mason P.G. , Cappuccino N. , Kuhlmann U.
Published: October 2009

Diadromus pulchellus Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is a pupal parasitoid under consideration for introduction into Canada for the control of the invasive leek moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae). Since study of the parasitoid outside of quarantine was not permitted in Canada at the time of this project, we assessed its efficacy via field trials in its native range in central Europe. This was done by simulating introductory releases that would eventually take place in Canada when a permit for release is obtained. In 2007 and 2008, experimental leek plots were artificially infested with pest larvae to mimic the higher pest densities common in Canada. Based on a preliminary experiment showing that leek moth pupae were suitable for parasitism up to 5–6 days after pupation, D. pulchellus adults were mass-released into the field plots when the first host cocoons were observed. The laboratory-reared agents reproduced successfully in all trials and radically reduced leek moth survival. Taking into account background parasitism caused by naturally occurring D. pulchellus, the released agents parasitized at least 15.8%, 43.9%, 48.1% and 58.8% of the available hosts in the four release trials. When this significant contribution to leek moth mortality is added to previously published life tables, in which pupal parasitism was absent, the total pupal mortality increases from 60.1% to 76.7%. This study demonstrates how field trials involving environmental manipulation in an agent's native range can yield predictions of the agent's field efficacy once introduced into a novel area.
INFLUENCE OF CROSS-POLLINATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PARTHENOCARPIC OLIVE (OLEA EUROPAEA) FRUITS (SHOTBERRIES)
Authors: KOUBOURIS GEORGIOS C. , METZIDAKIS IOANNIS T. , VASILAKAKIS MILTIADIS D.
Published: October 2009

The impact of three different pollination treatments (self-, cross-, free-) on the degree of shotberry (seedless fruit) formation of the olive tree cultivars (cvs) Koroneiki, Kalamata, Mastoidis and Amigdalolia was studied for three consecutive years. Controlled crosses were made for the cross-pollination treatments, while for the free pollination treatment flowers were allowed to receive pollen from more than 40 cultivars present in the field. Significant differences were recorded between treatments, cultivars and years. The lowest degree of shotberry formation was observed in free-pollinated trees while the highest was in self-pollinated trees of all cultivars. Low air temperature incidents during the flowering period increased shotberry formation. Cultivars Koroneiki and Mastoidis were reciprocally the most effective pollinator varieties in reducing shotberries. Cultivar Koroneiki could be considered as the most suitable pollinator to reduce shotberries in Kalamata. When cv. Amigdalolia was cross-pollinated by cvs Koroneiki and Mastoidis the degree of shotberry formation was lower when compared to cross-pollination by cv. Kalamata.
Model estimation of ammonia volatilization from a paddy rice field after application of a surface film-forming material
Authors: ZHUANG S. Y. , WANG M. K.
Published: October 2009

The efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer use is as low as 0·30–0·35 in most agricultural practices due to losses to the natural environment in many ways. Ammonia (NH3) volatilization is important in paddy rice fields. The present study investigated the effect of a surface film-forming material (SFFM) on NH3 volatilization from a paddy rice field, by model estimation using parameters from evaporative pan experiments. The modified Jayaweera–Mikkelsen (J-M) ammonia volatilization model was employed to simulate and elucidate the effect of SFFM in reducing ammonia volatilization from paddy fields. A parameter of kf value in the J–M modified model was introduced to represent the resistance of NH3 volatilization loss from SFFM. The simulated data fitted well with the prediction of the J–M modified model and field observations. The modified J–M model is suitable for screening and verifying the new SFFM, and merits further study.
Organization and Financing of Innovation, and the Choice between Corporate and Independent Venture Capital
Authors: Fulghieri Paolo , Sevilir Merih
Published: October 2009

This paper examines the impact of competition on the optimal organization and financing structures in innovation-intensive industries. We show that as an optimal response to competition, firms may choose external organization structures established in collaboration with specialized start-ups where they provide start-up financing from their own resources. As the intensity of the competition to innovate increases, firms move from internal to external organization of projects to increase the speed of product innovation and to obtain a competitive advantage with respect to rival firms in their industry. We also show that as the level of competition increases, firms provide a higher level of financing for externally organized projects in the form of corporate venture capital (CVC). Our results help explain the emergence of organization and financing arrangements such as CVC and strategic alliances, where large established firms organize their projects in collaboration with external specialized firms and provide financing for externally organized projects from their own internal resources.
Does Skin in the Game Matter? Director Incentives and Governance in the Mutual Fund Industry
Authors: Cremers Martijn , Driessen Joost , Maenhout Pascal , Weinbaum David
Published: October 2009

We use a unique database on ownership stakes of equity mutual fund directors to analyze whether the directors’ incentive structure is related to fund performance. Ownership of both independent and nonindependent directors plays an economically and statistically significant role. Funds in which directors have low ownership, or “skin in the game,” significantly underperform. We posit two economic mechanisms to explain this relation. First, lack of ownership could indicate a director’s lack of alignment with fund shareholder interests. Second, directors may have superior private information on future performance. We find evidence in support of the first and against the second mechanism.
Wave scattering by multiple rows of circular ice floes
Authors: BENNETTS L. G. , SQUIRE V. A.
Published: October 2009

A three-dimensional model of ocean-wave scattering in the marginal ice zone is constructed using linear theory under time-harmonic conditions. Individual floes are represented by circular elastic plates and are permitted to have a physically realistic draught. These floes are arranged into a finite number of parallel rows, and each row possesses an infinite number of identical floes that are evenly spaced. The floe properties may differ between rows, and the spacing between the rows is arbitrary.

The vertical dependence of the solution is expanded in a finite number of modes, and through the use of a variational principle, a finite set of two-dimensional equations is generated from which the full-linear solution may be retrieved to any desired accuracy. By dictating the periodicity in each row to be identical, the scattering properties of the individual rows are combined using transfer matrices that take account of interactions between both propagating and evanescent waves.

Numerical results are presented that investigate the differences between using the three-dimensional model and using a two-dimensional model in which the rows are replaced with strips of ice. Furthermore, Bragg resonance is identified when the rows are identical and equi-spaced, and its reduction when the inhomogeneities, that are accommodated by the model, are introduced is shown.
The transmission of nosocomial pathogens in an intensive care unit: a space–time clustering and structural equation modelling approach
Authors: RUSHTON S. P. , SHIRLEY M. D. F. , SHERIDAN E. A. , LANYON C. V. , O'DONNELL A. G.
Published: October 2009

We investigated the incidence of cases of nosocomial pathogens and risk factors in an intensive treatment unit ward to determine if the number of cases is dependent on location of patients and the colonization/infection history of the ward. A clustering approach method was developed to investigate the patterns of spread of cases through time for five microorganisms [methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Acinetobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Candida spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa] using hospital microbiological monitoring data and ward records of patient-bed use. Cases of colonization/infection by MRSA, Candida and Pseudomonas were clustered in beds and through time while cases of Klebsiella and Acinetobacter were not. We used structural equation modelling to analyse interacting risk factors and the potential pathways of transmission in the ward. Prior nurse contact with colonized/infected patients, mediated by the number of patient-bed movements, were important predictors for all cases, except for those of Pseudomonas. General health and invasive surgery were significant predictors of cases of Candida and Klebsiella. We suggest that isolation and bed movement as a strategy to manage MRSA infections is likely to impact upon the incidence of cases of other opportunist pathogens.
WHEN LATTICE HOMOMORPHISMS OF ARCHIMEDEAN VECTOR LATTICES ARE RIESZ HOMOMORPHISMS
Authors: TOUMI MOHAMED ALI
Published: October 2009

Let A, B be Archimedean vector lattices and let (ui)i∈I, (vi)i∈I be maximal orthogonal systems of A and B, respectively. In this paper, we prove that if T is a lattice homomorphism from A into B such that $T\left ( \lambda u_{i}\right ) =\lambda v_{i}$ for each λ∈ℝ+ and i∈I, then T is linear. This generalizes earlier results of Ercan and Wickstead (Math. Nachr279 (9–10) (2006), 1024–1027), Lochan and Strauss (J. London Math. Soc. (2) 25 (1982), 379–384), Mena and Roth (Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.71 (1978), 11–12) and Thanh (Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Eotvos Sect. Math.34 (1992), 167–171).
AUTOMORPHISMS OF NONSELFADJOINT DIRECTED GRAPH OPERATOR ALGEBRAS
Authors: DUNCAN BENTON L.
Published: October 2009

We analyze the automorphism group for the norm closed quiver algebras 𝒯+(Q). We begin by focusing on two normal subgroups of the automorphism group which are characterized by their actions on the maximal ideal space of 𝒯+(Q). To further discuss arbitrary automorphisms we factor automorphism through subalgebras for which the automorphism group can be better understood. This allows us to classify a large number of noninner automorphisms. We suggest a candidate for the group of inner automorphisms.
TRIPLE COHOMOLOGY AND DIVIDED POWERS ALGEBRAS IN PRIME CHARACTERISTIC
Authors: DOKAS IOANNIS
Published: October 2009

In this paper using the Quillen–Barr–Beck (co-)homology theory of universal algebras we define (co-)homology groups for commutative algebras with divided powers in prime characteristic. In particular, we determine for A a commutative 𝔽p-algebra with divided powers, the category of Beck A-modules and the group of Beck derivations. We construct the abelianization functor and we define (co-)homology. Moreover, we determine the cohomology in low dimensions and we interpret the first cohomology in terms of extensions.
SINGULARITIES OF QUADRATIC DIFFERENTIALS AND EXTREMAL TEICHMÜLLER MAPPINGS DEFINED BY DEHN TWISTS
Authors: ZHANG C.
Published: October 2009

Let S be a Riemann surface of finite type. Let ω be a pseudo-Anosov map of S that is obtained from Dehn twists along two families {A,B} of simple closed geodesics that fill S. Then ω can be realized as an extremal Teichmüller mapping on a surface of the same type (also denoted by S). Let ϕ be the corresponding holomorphic quadratic differential on S. We show that under certain conditions all possible nonpuncture zeros of ϕ stay away from all closures of once punctured disk components of S∖{A,B}, and the closure of each disk component of S∖{A,B} contains at most one zero of ϕ. As a consequence, we show that the number of distinct zeros and poles of ϕ is less than or equal to the number of components of S∖{A,B}.
ARBITRAGE-FREE OPTION PRICING MODELS
Authors: BELL DENIS , STELLJES SCOTT
Published: October 2009

We describe a scheme for constructing explicitly solvable arbitrage-free models for stock price. This is used to study a model similar to one introduced by Cox and Ross, where the volatility of the stock is proportional to the square root of the stock price. We derive a formula for the value of a European call option based on this model and give a procedure for estimating parameters and for testing the validity of the model.
TENSOR PRODUCT REPRESENTATION OF THE (PRE)DUAL OF THE Lp-SPACE OF A VECTOR MEASURE
Authors: FERRANDO IRENE , SÁNCHEZ PÉREZ ENRIQUE A.
Published: October 2009

The duality properties of the integration map associated with a vector measure m are used to obtain a representation of the (pre)dual space of the space Lp(m) of p-integrable functions (where 1<p<∞) with respect to the measure m. For this, we provide suitable topologies for the tensor product of the space of q-integrable functions with respect to m (where p and q are conjugate real numbers) and the dual of the Banach space where m takes its values. Our main result asserts that under the assumption of compactness of the unit ball with respect to a particular topology, the space Lp(m) can be written as the dual of a suitable normed space.
Coping with Spain's aging: retirement rules and incentives
Authors: CATALÁN MARIO , GUAJARDO JAIME , HOFFMAISTER ALEXANDER W.
Published: October 2009

This paper evaluates the macroeconomic and welfare effects of extending the averaging period used to calculate pension benefits in a pay-as-you-go system. It also examines the complementarities between reforms extending the averaging period and those increasing the retirement age under alternative tax policies. The analysis applies a model in the Auerbach-Kotlikoff tradition to the Spanish economy. Extending the averaging period to the entire work life maximizes long-run welfare and limits expenditure pressures at the peak of the demographic shock as much as increasing the retirement age in line with life expectancy. Moreover, during the demographic transition, pension reforms induce intertemporal labor substitution effects that engender aggregate labor cycles.