bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rearticulating theory and methodology for perezhivanie and becoming
Authors: Prior Paul , Hengst Julie , Kovanen Bruce , Mazuchelli Larissa , Turnipseed Nicole , Ware Ryan
Published: February 2024

Taking up Lemke’s (2000) critical questions of how moments add up to lives and social life, we articulate theoretical and methodological frameworks for perezhivanie and becoming, challenging binaries that splinter entangled flows of perezhivanie into frozen categories. Working from a flat CHAT notion of assemblage to develop an ontology of moments, we stress consequentiality, arguing it emerges in intersections of embodied intensities (not only affective, but also indexical, intra-actional, and historic), the dispersed bio-cultural-historical weight of artifacts and practices, and dialogic resonances across moments. Methodologically, we take an ethico-onto-epistemological perspective to systematically study perezhivanie. The bio-ecological model of rich environments (centered around meaningful complexity, agency, and individual optimization) offers both a key framework for understanding becoming and a design framework for transdisciplinary realizations of ethico-onto-epistemological practice. We illustrate these frameworks with examples from four research projects: a university physics lab group doing and writing an experiment, a former pastor managing bipolar disorder and rejecting faith, a sustained social justice education program at a university, and intersections of aging policies, media representations, and stroke survival in Brazil. Finally, we argue that an ontology of moments centered on consequentiality can illuminate perezhivanie's relationship to becoming and that the model of enriched environments offers metrics to assess and design environments.
Teachers’ Eyebrow and Head Movements and Repeats as Other-Initiations of Repair in Second-Language Classrooms
Authors: Wang Xiaoyun , Li Xiaoting
Published: February 2024

This study investigates how teachers use language and bodily-visual practices, and particularly facial gestures, to initiate repair of problems in students’ utterances in Chinese as a Second Language classroom interactions. We identify two multimodal practices used by teachers for other-initiation of repair. First, teachers use a “visual repair initiator” of eyebrow raises and head tilts to address apparent language errors in students’ utterances without specifying the trouble-source. Second, teachers use full or partial repeats with marked prosody and eyebrow raises to display problems with accepting a student’s response. We argue that the two practices are deployed to deal with different types of problems in students’ utterances.
Analyse du rapport Laurent à la lumière de la perspective des systèmes de Munro
Authors: Robichaud Marie-Joëlle , Vargas Diaz Rosita , Leclair Mallette Isabelle-Ann , Lalande Célyne , Bourque Mélanie , Bourgelas Camille
Published: February 2024

Étant donné la complexité et les hauts risques associés à la pratique en contexte de protection de la jeunesse (PJ), les « erreurs » ou les « drames » sont inévitables (Munro, 2005). En ce sens, dans sa perspective des systèmes, Munro argumente que pour les réduire au maximum et améliorer la performance globale des systèmes de PJ, il faut que les « erreurs », qui sont souvent individualisées au niveau des professionnelles, soient plutôt analysées au sein d’un système managérial et organisationnel plus large (2005; 2011; 2019). Plus précisément, il faut prendre en compte 1) les facteurs liés aux individus, 2) les ressources et les contraintes ainsi que 3) le contexte organisationnel, et comprendre comment ceux-ci influencent l’exercice des professionnelles et la qualité des services aux jeunes et à leurs familles (Munro et Hubbard, 2011). L’objectif de cet article est de présenter, à la lumière des trois niveaux de la perspective des systèmes (Munro, 2005; 2011; 2019), une analyse critique des conditions de pratique des professionnelles des services de PJ telles que présentées dans le rapport de la Commission spéciale sur les droits des enfants et la protection de la jeunesse (CSDEPJ, appelée commission Laurent). L’analyse thématique complète du rapport a permis d’identifier trois axes thématiques transversaux aux conditions de pratique : 1) la gestion de la performance; 2) la culture du risque et 3) le vécu des professionnelles. Les constats découlant de ces trois axes présentent des cohérences, mais aussi certaines tensions et discontinuités avec la perspective des systèmes : 1) la prépondérance de recommand’Actions qui s’intéressent aux professionnelles en comparaison des deux autres niveaux, soit les ressources et l’organisation; 2) des propositions qui posent le risque de resserrer le contrôle des pratiques plutôt que de valoriser l’expertise des professionnelles; 3) des stratégies qui misent sur l’adaptation plutôt que sur le changement vers une culture d’apprentissage. Les similitudes, les écarts et les discontinuités entre les constats et les recommand’Actions sont discutés afin d’illustrer certains angles morts du rapport Laurent, notamment la valorisation d’une culture d’apprentissage cohérente avec l’incertitude et l’exceptionnalité du travail en contexte de PJ.
A Case of Upper Limb Amputation Managed with USG-guided Continuous Infraclavicular Nerve Block for Improved Postoperative Analgesia
Authors: Nankar Yashwant , Joey Anilin , Harika Atluri
Published: February 2024

Phantom Limb Pain (PLP) is defined as any perceived painful sensation localised to the region of the amputated body part, while phantom limb sensations are non painful sensations emanating from the phantom limb, including proprioceptive awareness, kinetic, exteroceptive, and superadded sensations. The mode of anaesthesia administered during amputation is an important factor in determining the emergence of PLP or phantom sensations. The majority of patients requiring emergency care are victims of traumatic injuries to the upper limbs, which are most often treated conservatively. The authors present the case of a 67-yearold male patient who sustained a fall on his arm while carrying a metal container, resulting in a laceration to his left arm that led to disruption of brachial artery blood flow, necessitating amputation. Although upper limb injuries are relatively common, concurrent vascular injuries are rare. However, when a major vessel such as the brachial artery is injured, amputation may be required. This loss of a limb can result in PLP. To prevent this, the authors used a unique and rare protocol of Continuous Peripheral Nerve Block (CPNB) in the present case. It not only underscored the importance of intraoperative analgesia in preventing PLP but also proved to be a crucial anaesthetic tool in facilitating the surgery and providing the patient with a more comfortable postoperative recovery.
Production and Quality Evaluation of Acha (D.exilis)-Cowpea (Phaseleous vulgaris)-Carrot (Daucus carota) Based Couscous
Authors: Ayo J. A.  , Ibrahim A. N.  , Orafa, P. N.  , Omolagu A. C.  , Gbuusu, B.  , Vongfa A. C.
Published: February 2024

The quality of couscous produced from acha, cowpea and carrot flour blends were investigated. The chemical composition, functional and pasting properties of acha, cowpea and carrot flour blends and sensory properties of the couscous prepared from acha, cowpea and carrot flour blends at ratios of 100:0:0; 90:5:5; 80:10:10; 75:15:10; 70:15:15; 65:20:15; 60:20:20; 55:25:20 and 50:25:25 were analyzed using standard methods. The moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash and crude fiber contents increased from 9.38 to 14.49, 8.40 to 9.75, 1.59 to 2.62, 3.89 to 5.85 and 2.77 to 3.31%, respectively with increase in the addition of cowpea and carrot flours. While the carbohydrates decreased from 73.97 to 63.98% with increase in the addition of cowpea and carrot flours. The sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron and phosphorus contents of the couscous samples content ranged from 13.51 to 33.78, 89.10 to 128.44, 23.20 to 40.72, 1.80 to 4.44, 3.71 to 14, 125.72 to 196. 35 and 91.53 to 118.91 mg/100g, respectively. The average mean scores for mouth feel, texture and flavor increased from 5.75 to 6.88, 6.00 to 7.18 and 6.68 to 6.94, respectively, with increase in cowpea flour  up to 20% and decreased with further increase. The most acceptable and preferred couscous blend was that with 20% cowpea and 15% carrot flour with corresponding improvement of 12.38% protein and 44.18% fiber content. The acceptability of acha-cowpea-carrot flour blend couscous could greatly improve the nutritional intake of the consumers and as well reduce importation of wheat flour and encourage commercial growth of cowpea and carrot in Nigeria.
The Effect of Upturn National Bank Billing System on Revenue Collection in the County Government of Nandi in Kenya
Authors: Limo Elly Kipkemboi , Koskei Loice
Published: February 2024

The Constitution of Kenya 2010, led to the devolution of various public services to county governments, including the responsibility of revenue collection to fund their operations and functions. When the optimal collection of necessary revenues by county governments is not achieved, the public may suffer adverse consequences, experiencing poor service delivery. This study examined the effect of Upturn National Bank billing system on revenue collection in the county government of Nandi and was guided by the revenue diversification theory and the resource-based view theory. The study employed a descriptive research design. The target population of the study was 4,017 employees in the twelve departments of the county government of Nandi. This study used the Yamane (1973) formula to get the sample size and stratified random sampling to select respondents. Data was collected through questionnaires. The statistical package for social sciences was used to analyse the data. Inferential statistics was used to compare each independent variable with the dependent variable. The relationship between variables was evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Furthermore, regression analysis was conducted to analyze the combined effect of the variables. The study variables were   tested at a significance level of 5%. Tables were used to present findings. Results revealed that the Nandi county government’s electronic billing system had a positive and significant impact on revenue collection (β =0.184, p =0.000). The use of online platforms streamlined billing processes. This study recommended that the county’s billing should be done through online platforms. The county’s internal audit department should ensure that there are adequate electronic checks in bank accounts. Findings of this study are important to the county governments as they would form a basis against which robust billing policies would be instituted to enhance revenue collection. Additionally, this study would add to theory on e-billing and revenue collection for devolved systems of government.
Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Revisit
Authors: Eniekezimene Ariayefa Francis , Wodu Ebimowei , Anda-Owei Joseph Peres
Published: February 2024

This study examined the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in Nigeria from 1981 to 2022. Real gross domestic product growth rate (RGDPGR) was the proxy for economic growth while foreign direct investment (FDI), gross fixed capital formation (GFCF), per capita income (PCI) and exchange rate (EXR) were the explanatory variables. The study employed the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique to estimate the model, while the eclectic paradigm and endogenous growth theory served as the theoretical framework for the study. The results revealed that in the long run, foreign direct investment, per capita income and exchange rate were positive but statistically insignificant to economic growth in Nigeria, while gross fixed capital formation was insignificant. However, in the short, GFCF had significant negative impact on economic growth in the second lagged year showing that a unit increase in GFCF decreased RGDPGR by approximately 10.21% while per capita income impacted positively on the growth of the Nigerian economy. Consequently, the study recommended that as a signal of market size for the inflow of FDI and particularly as a signal of human capital development, the government should increase her investment in human capital development focusing on technical skills relevant in manufacturing and service sectors to engender growth in per capita income to attract FDI and economic growth in Nigeria.
Multivariate Rank-Based Analysis of Multiple Endpoints in Clinical Trials: A Global Test Approach
Authors: Li Kexuan , Yang Lingli , Zhao Shaofei , Sinks Susie , Lin Luan , Sun Peng
Published: February 2024

Clinical trials demand a comprehensive evaluation of multiple endpoints to provide a thorough understanding of intervention efficacy and safety. In response to a discerned gap in existing literature, this study introduces an innovative global nonparametric testing procedure, grounded in multivariate ranks, for the holistic analysis of these diverse endpoints. Unlike conventional approaches that heavily rely on pairwise comparisons for individual endpoints, our method takes a novel approach by directly incorporating multivariate ranks. This methodology builds on the strengths of previous models while addressing their limitations, ensuring a more nuanced and robust assessment. By considering the joint ranking of all endpoints, our approach exhibits heightened resilience against diverse data distributions and common censoring mechanisms commonly encountered in clinical trials. The proposed method emerges from a thoughtful integration of existing models, contributing to the methodological evolution in the field. To illustrate its superiority, extensive simulations have been conducted. The results unequivocally demonstrate the superior performance of our multivariate rank-based approach, showcasing its ability to effectively control type I error and achieve higher power compared to conventional rank-based methods. This empirical validation not only underscores the method's efficacy but also highlights its versatility and robustness across a spectrum of clinical trial settings.
Hybrid Approach to Classification of DDoS Attacks on a Computer Network Infrastructure
Authors: Effah Enock Quansah , Osei Eric Opoku , Maxwell Dorgbefu Jnr.  , Tetteh Abraham
Published: February 2024

The advancement in technology, its ease of use, and the competitive nature of its deployment in business operations have led to the wide spread of networking systems globally, and Ghana is not an exception. Most business operations and even personal activities are now conducted online leading to increased network connectivity, access to networked resources, and the corresponding cyber-attacks on these network systems. Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) is one of the sophisticated attacks in the cyberspace. In DDOs, the attacker floods the network with massive and unsolicited traffic, causing the network infrastructure to exhaust all its resources in responding to the attacker’s request, thereby denying access to legitimate users of such resources. In this study, we designed and implemented a hybrid deep learning model (CRNN-Infusion) for detection and classification of DDoS attacks. Our model utilized the CNN, and RNN models, with the CICDDoS2019 dataset obtained from the Canadian Institute of Cybersecurity (CIC) for its training, with Random Search Hyperparameter Tuning (RSHT) and Feature Selection (FS) techniques for model efficiency and dimensionality reduction. Cybersecurity (CIC) for the model’s training, with Random Search Hyperparameter Tuning (RSHT) and FS techniques for model efficiency and dimensionality reduction. The results showed that, our proposed model is a better classifier for DDoS attacks compared to other deep learning (DL) models trained on the same dataset. With the highest accuracy of 98.92%, hybrid deep learning models are suitable for detecting and classifying DDoS attacks on network infrastructures. The findings point out that, with the appropriate choice of feature selection and hyperparameter tuning techniques, hybrid deep learning models perform optimally, with 98.92% accuracy, 99.02% precision, 98.92% recall, and 98.93% F1 score for our proposed model.
Effect of Different Transplanting Dates on Performance of Different Varieties on Growth of Broccoli
Authors: Kamboj Anshu , Shallu  , Parkash Ravi
Published: February 2024

The field trail was undertaken on the crop broccoli in the Rabi season of 2022-23 at Agriculture Research Farm, School of Agricultural Sciences and Technology RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab to find out the “Effect of different transplanting dates on performance of different varieties on growth of broccoli”. The soil of the experimental plot had a slightly alkaline texture, a naturally occurring pH of 7.5, level of organic carbon (0.62%) and available amounts of N (430.32 kg/ha), P (17.54 kg/ha) and K (251.65 kg/ha). The experiment was designed in Factorial randomized block design (FRBD), replicated with three times and included nine treatments i.e. D1V1 (5th November + Rani Hybrid), D2V1 (15th November + Rani Hybrid), D3V1 (25th November + Rani Hybrid), D1V2 (5th November + Palam Samridhi), D2V2 (15th November + Palam Samridhi), D3V2 (25th November + Palam Samridhi), D1V3 (5th November + Bobby Hybrid), D2V3 (15th November + Bobby Hybrid) and D3V3 (25th November + Bobby Hybrid). The results indicated that significantly higher growth parameters viz., number of leaves per plant, plant height, leaf length, width and plant spread was observed  on the 15th November transplanting as compared to 5th November  and 25th November transplanting dates. In conclusion establishment of variety Palam Samridhi showed an excellent result on the 15th November transplanting date as compared to other transplanting dates.
Influence of Various Methods of Sowing and Organic Manures on the Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Prakash Bandi Gnana , Dawson Joy , Naveena Kadiyala , Reddy Reddy Vinay Kumar
Published: February 2024

The study was conducted at the certified organic experimental farm of SHUATS Model of Organic Farm (SMOF) at NAI, Prayagraj, in the winter rabi season of 2020-21. The primary objective was to scrutinize the nuanced impact of diverse sowing methods and organic manures on the yield attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This comprehensive investigation consisted of nine treatments, each replicated three times and arranged in a randomized block design. Noteworthy findings emerged, revealing that Row sowing coupled with Poultry manure (5 t/ha), Panchagavya 3% FS, and Jeevamrut 500 l/ha FS resulted in the tallest plant height (78.30 cm). Moreover, the optimal combination of SWI with Poultry manure (5 t/ha), Panchagavya 3% FS, and Jeevamrut 500 l/ha FS exhibited the highest number of tillers per plant (10.53) and the maximum dry weight per plant (18.00 g/plant). Better yield performance, however, was achieved by Row sowing in conjunction with Poultry manure (5 t/ha), Panchagavya 3% FS, and Jeevamrut 500 l/ha FS, where it not only showcased the highest grain yield (3.16 t/ha) and straw yield (4.48 t/ha) but also demonstrated superiority in gross return (Rs. 1,44,000.00/ha), net returns (Rs. 95,940.00/ha), and an impressive benefit-cost ratio of 1.99. These outcomes underscore the paramount importance of precision in agricultural practices for achieving enhanced productivity and economic viability.
Investigating the Bioactive Potential of Persicaria hydropiper: GC-MS Profiling and In vivo Exploration of Antinociceptive and Antidiarrheal Effects
Authors: Chowdhury Maria , Ritu Tajmim Jahan , Nahar Nazmun
Published: February 2024

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the impact of methanol-derived leaf extracts from the Persicaria hydropiper plant on the GCMS analysis and in-vivo antinociceptive and antidiarrheal activities.

Study Design: The GCMS analysis was used to analyze the phytochemicals of the methanolic extract of Persicaria hydropiper (MEPH). The research aimed to investigate the possible in-vivo activities, including the antinociceptive and antidiarrheal activity, of the plant's chemical ingredient, which is of pharmaceutical significance. Whether the changes seen in experimental animals have statistical significance.

Methodology: Potential antinociceptive and antidiarrheal properties of MEPH were studied after phytochemicals were found by GCMS analysis of the plant.  Swiss albino mice assessed antidiarrheal activity using the castor oil-induced method and antinociceptive activities at various dosages using the hotplate and glutamate-induced nociception methods, respectively.

Results: The MEPH GCMS analysis revealed that 65 phytochemicals were found which have greater pharmacological activities.  In contrast, MEPH inhibited peripheral nociception in the glutamate-induced paw licking nociceptive paradigm with percent inhibitions of 86.53 and 93.59, respectively. In addition, the hot plate test revealed a significant antinociceptive effect. Where the castor oil-induced antidiarrheal method showed 80.16 and 87% of inhibition of diarrhea compared to the standard loperamide's value of 84.19%. Each pharmacological model was experimented using the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg.Conclusion: Several pathological conditions, including dysentery, Persistent diarrhea, arthritis and other pain, inflammation related diseases, may benefit in the future from the use of plant-derived pharmacological agents due to their antinociceptive and antidiarrheal activities.
Impact of Clinical Severity on Maternal and Perinatal Outcome Across Trimesters in COVID 19 Pregnancies: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Kubiszeski EH  , Carmo MAMV  , Carmo AV  , AANCR Rosa , Carvalho AMB  , Souza NS  , Fontes CJ  , Galera MF
Published: February 2024

Aims: To analyze the impact of clinical severity on maternal and perinatal outcomes across trimesters in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pregnancies.

Study design: This was a prospective open cohort study of pregnant women with COVID-19 during the prenatal, delivery, postpartum periods from September 2020 to March 2022.

Methodology: For data analysis, 132 pregnant women who had no pre-existing comorbidities or pregnancy-related complications at the beginning of the cohort were selected. Data related to COVID-19, demographic, clinical, obstetric, laboratory, ultrasound and birth outcomes were collected.

Results: A total of 132 pregnant women with COVID-19 were followed up for 2237 women-week. Among them, 19.7% experienced maternal complications such as premature rupture of membranes (19.7%), premature delivery (10.6%), postpartum hemorrhage (8.3%), and preeclampsia (6.8%), or fetal/neonatal complications, including small for gestational age (9.1%), need for neonatal intensive care unit (9.1%), and acute fetal distress (6.1%). Having moderate/severe COVID-19 on prenatal care admission (hazard ratio (HR):3.75) and 95% confidence interval (CI95%):1.63; 8.61 or contracting the infection during the second (HR: 6.35; CI95%: 2.35; 17.17) or third trimester (HR:14.35; CI95%:4.85; 42.41) of pregnancy were significantly associated with these maternal complications. Similarly, having moderate/severe COVID-19 on prenatal care admission (HR:3.90; CI95%:1.48; 10.24) or contracting the infection during the second (HR:6.84; CI95%:2.05; 22.84) or third trimester (HR:22.4; CI95%:6.57; 76.33) of pregnancy were also associated with fetal/neonatal complications.

Conclusion: Pregnant women with COVID-19 have a higher risk of maternal or fetal/neonatal complications if they present with a moderate/severe COVID-19 on prenatal care admission or if the infection occurs in the second or third trimester of pregnancy.
Cultivating Solutions: Farmer-Driven Constraints and Suggestions for Kisan Call Centre Advisories
Authors: Yadav Vishal , Doharey R. K. , Vishwakarma Jyoti , Meena N. R. , Kumar Manoj , Kumar Yogesh
Published: February 2024

The timely availability of relevant information along with effective communication have been critical factors for boosting agricultural productivity. Despite an enormous amount of information, identifying its relevance, application, and delivery methods to people in need has been a considerable difficulty. Farmers require a wide range of information throughout the agricultural process, including enhanced cultivation procedures, weather forecasts, hybrid seeds, cultivation inputs, pest and disease management storage facilities, and produce pricing. The Kisan Call Centre is projected to narrow down the information divide between trained agriculturists and farmers. The present study was undertaken, to contribute to the reorganization and integration of essential modifications, aiming to extend outreach to underserved populations. It was found that major constraints as perceived by respondent were“, the first rank is given to the sometimes call diverted to other state (57.33 MPS) followed by Kisan Call Center is not providing the information regarding the Seed, pesticide etc. It was found that the suggestion “The first rank is given to the irrelevant questions /discussions must be avoided during call (85.33 MPS) followed by the use of technical words should be replaced with the local words by Call Center Agent (81.33 MPS) etc. This will enhance the efficient distribution of information, ultimately making the Kisan Call Centre (KCC) more effective for users by ensuring the delivery of timely and pertinent information.
A Survey on the Role of Technological Innovation in Nigerian Deposit Money Bank Fraud Prevention
Authors: Adeyemo Kabiru , Obafemi Fatoki Jacob
Published: February 2024

Technological innovation plays a pivotal role in transforming the landscape of fraud prevention within Nigeria Deposit Money Banks (DMBs). This research explores the multifaceted impact of advanced technologies on fortifying the defenses of DMBs against fraudulent activities. Leveraging a comprehensive analysis of survey results and empirical data, the study delves into the perceptions and attitudes of stakeholders towards the integration of innovative solutions, including advanced data analytics, machine learning algorithms, real-time monitoring systems, and block chain technology. The findings reveal a widespread consensus among participants regarding the positive impact of these technologies on early fraud detection, prevention, and overall security.  Notably, 86% of respondents acknowledge the positive impact of advanced data analytics and machine learning algorithms, emphasizing their potential benefits in thwarting fraudulent activities. Real-time monitoring systems, artificial intelligence, robust encryption, and cyber security protocols were also recognized by a majority of participants, affirming their crucial roles in bolstering fraud prevention measures within DMBs. The study employs a chi-square test to establish significant relationships between technological innovation and the enhancement of fraud prevention mechanisms, supported by calculated values exceeding critical thresholds. Furthermore, the abstract highlights the importance of continuous staff training, collaboration with fintech innovators, and regular security audits as integral components of a holistic fraud prevention strategy. The overall positive sentiments expressed by respondents underscore the transformative potential of technological innovation in mitigating fraud risks. This study contributes valuable insights that inform decision-making processes, guiding the strategic integration of advanced technologies within the Nigerian banking sector to reinforce operational frameworks against emerging fraud challenges. Technological innovation stands as an indispensable catalyst for fortifying the defense mechanisms of Nigeria Deposit Money Banks against fraud. The seamless integration of advanced technologies not only enhances security measures but also fosters a more robust, efficient, and resilient banking system, thereby mitigating risks and fostering sustainable growth in the financial sector.
Design and Development of Machine Learning and Evolutionary Computation Methods for Risk Factors Identification in Early Childhood Disability
Authors: Suryasa Dr. I Wayan , Werdistira I Wayan Astu
Published: February 2024

Timely identification of social and emotional disorders is crucial for the immediate welfare and future well-being of young children. The present study encounters challenges in identifying and establishing risk factors associated with early childhood impairment. Consequently, the overall system performance is substantially reduced. In order to tackle the aforementioned challenges, this study proposes the utilisation of the Cuckoo Search Optimisation with Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System (CSO+ANFIS) technique. The aim is to effectively generate and identify risk factors associated with early childhood disability. This study employs the CSO method to select the most important attributes and determines the optimal objective function based on the highest fitness values. The ANFIS technique focuses on identifying important risk variables by analysing the hidden layer and fuzzy inference values. The experimental results have shown that the suggested CSO+ANFIS technique surpasses the current paradigm in terms of accuracy and sensitivity metrics.
Hydroboration
Authors: Zaidlewicz Marek
Published: January 2005

The hydroboration reaction and transformations of its organoborane products are described. The mechanism and the chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselectivity of the uncatalyzed and catalyzed hydroboration reaction are presented, as well as the synthesis and characteristics of the most common hydroborating agents. Transformations of organoboranes may involve carbon–heteroatom bond formation and lead to stereoselective synthesis of organic halides, amines, aziridines, sulfur, selenium, mercury, and zinc compounds. Hydroboration–protonolysis is a nonocatalytic method for cis hydrogenation of multiple bonds. Hydroboration–oxidation is a standard method for cis‐anti‐Markovnikov hydroxylation of multiple bonds, whereas the catalyzed hydroboration may lead to Markovnikov hydroxylation. Contrathermodynamic isomerization of olefins is discussed. Carbon–carbon bond formation can be accomplished by transformation of organoboranes through coupling of groups attached to boron, cross‐coupling of organoboranes with organic halides and triflates, organoborate rearrangements providing access to alkynes, dienes, and enynes. Single‐carbon insertion reactions, make possible homologation of organoboranes. Other transformations include α‐alkylation of carbonyl compounds, the boron Wittig reaction, concerted reactions of allylic and vinylic boranes, allylboration, allenylboration and propargylboration of aldehydes leading to stereodefined allylic, homoallylic, and allenyl alcohols. The synthesis of boron‐containing polymers and isotopically labeled compounds is covered. Asymmetric synthesis via chiral organoboranes and stereodirected enolboration–aldolization is described.
Sodium Chloride
Authors: Feldman Susan R.
Published: January 2005

Sodium chloride (common salt, halite) is an abundant resource that is essential to humans and animals as a nutrient for proper bodily functions. Commercially, salt is produced by deep mining of underground halite formations, solar evaporation of seawater or natural brines, or by solution mining of bedded deposits. A strong electrolyte, sodium chloride is used as a raw material for many chemical reactions. Its uses number ∼14,000, with chemical production and highway deicing being the biggest volume users. Salt is the carrier for the nutrient iodine, used to prevent iodine deficiency disorders. The history of salt demonstrates the importance of this essential nutrient to the outcome of world history and development of language, formation of cities, and the locations of industry.
Hydrocarbons
Authors: Mears David E. , Eastman Alan D.
Published: January 2005

Hydrocarbons, compounds of carbon and hydrogen, are structurally classified as aromatic and aliphatic; the latter includes alkanes (paraffins), alkenes (olefins), alkynes (acetylenes), and cycloparaffins. Hydrocarbons are important sources for energy and chemicals and are directly related to the gross national product. The United States has led the world in developing refining and petrochemical processes for hydrocarbons from crude oil and natural gas.

Hydrocarbons are used in the production of lubricants, in agriculture and food, in coatings, and in polymers. Toxicity and regulatory issues, including U.S. Clean Air Acts, the Clean Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and others are discussed.

The focus of this article is on the first three members of the alkane family, methane, ethane, and propane; the two isomeric butanes; the three isomeric pentanes; hexanes; and cyclohexane. Their properties, manufacture, and uses are described.Natural gas is the principal source of methanes, ethanes, and propane. Butanes are recovered from natural gas and petroleum refining streams. Pentanes occur in straight‐run gasoline and certain refining streams. Hexane and cyclohexane can be obtained from crude oil. High purity cyclohexane is made by hydrogenation of benzene.Principal uses of the alkanes are as fuels and as raw materials for essential chemical intermediates, notably ethylene from ethane and propane and nylon precursors from cyclohexane.
Sutures
Authors: Chu C. C.
Published: January 2005

Among wound closure biomaterials, sutures have the longest history, have received the most attention, and are the most widely used. A suture is a strand of material, either natural or synthetic, used to ligate blood vessels and to approximate tissue together. In this article, all aspects of suture‐based wound closure biomaterials, their classification, and chemical, physical, mechanical, biological, and biodegradation properties are concisely covered. Catgut and silk dominated the suture market until 1930. The introduction of steel wire and synthetic nonabsorbable fibers such as nylon, polyester, and polypropylene during and after World War II greatly expanded the chemical composition of suture materials. The introduction of absorbable suture materials in the 1970s opened a new milestone for suture materials. The most important advantage of synthetic absorbable sutures is their reproducible and predictable degradability inside a biological environment.
Vinyl Acetate Polymers
Authors: Cordeiro Cajetan F. , Petrocelli Francis P.
Published: January 2005

This article provides information related to the chemistry, manufacture, and use of poly(vinyl acetate). Summary information is provided on vinyl acetate as the primary ingredient in the manufacture of the polymer. This information focuses on the chemical and physical properties of the material and the handling and safety aspects pertinent to its use in a polymerization system. The key material properties of poly(vinyl acetate) homopolymer and copolymers are described. The influences of key components of the polymerization recipe are discussed, such as the effect of the stabilizers, comonomers, and chain‐transfer agents on the reaction and product. Polymerization process aspects are covered with a focus on emulsion polymerization. The mechanisms involved in the vinyl acetate polymerization reaction are discussed. An overview is provided of the applications of the homopolymer and copolymers in adhesives, paint, paper, and other areas. General information is provided in these areas with references which can be used to obtain more specific information.
Temperature‐Controlled Catalytic Growth of ZnS Nanostructures by the Evaporation of ZnS Nanopowders
Authors: Fang X. S. , Ye C. H. , Zhang L. D. , Wang Y. H. , Wu Y. C.
Published: January 2005

ZnS nanostructures with different morphologies, sizes, and microstructures were synthesized by the evaporation of ZnS nanopowders. Based on the appearance of the as‐synthesized products, we show that substrate temperature and catalyst are the critical factors for controlling the size and the structure of various kinds of ZnS nanostructures, such as nanorods, nanowires, nanobelts, and nanosheets. Within a certain temperature range, products with a specific morphology can be obtained. Therefore, it may be possible to obtain ZnS nanostructures with a specific morphology by controlling the reaction temperature and catalyst. This represents an important step toward the design and control of nanostructures. High‐resolution electron microscopy revealed that most of the nanorods and nanowires grew along the [100] direction, whereas most of the nanobelts and nanosheets grew along [001]. Photoluminescence properties and growth mechanisms of these as‐synthesized ZnS nanostructures are discussed.
Defect‐Related Optical Behavior in Surface Modified TiO2 Nanostructures
Authors: Prokes S. M. , Gole J. L. , Chen X. , Burda C. , Carlos W. E.
Published: January 2005

The surface modification of TiO2 nanostructures to incorporate nitrogen and form visible light absorbing titanium oxynitride centers is studied. Anatase TiO2 structures in the 5–20 nm range, formed by a wet chemical technique, were surface modified and the nitridation of the highly reactive TiO2 nanocolloid surface, as determined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies, is achieved by a quick and simple treatment in alkyl ammonium compounds. The nitriding process was also simultaneously accompanied by metal seeding resulting in a metal coating layer on the TiO2 structures. The structure of the resultant titanium oxynitride nanostructures remains anatase. These freshly prepared samples exhibited a strong emission near 560 nm (2.21 eV), which red‐shifted to 660 nm (1.88 eV) and dropped in intensity with aging in the atmosphere. This behavior was also evident in some of the combined nitrogen doped and metal seeded TiO2 nanocolloids. Electron spin resonance (ESR) performed on these samples identified a resonance at g = 2.0035, which increased significantly with nitridation. The resonance is attributed to an oxygen hole center created near the surface of the nanocolloid, which correlates well with the observed optical activity.
Growth of Aligned Square‐Shaped SnO2 Tube Arrays
Authors: Liu Y. , Liu M.
Published: January 2005

Tin dioxide (SnO2) box beams, or tubes with square or rectangular cross‐sections, are synthesized on quartz substrates using a combustion chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method in an open atmosphere at 850 °C to 1150 °C. The cross‐sectional width of the as‐synthesized SnO2 tubules is tunable from 50 nm to sub‐micrometer depending on synthesis temperature. Each tubule is found to be a single crystal of rutile structure with four {110} peripheral surfaces and <001> growth direction. Although several growth patterns are observed for different samples, the basic growth mechanism is believed to be a self‐catalyzed, direct vapor–solid (VS) process, where most new material is incorporated into the bottom parts of the existing SnO2 tubules through surface diffusion. The tubes are readily aligned in the direction perpendicular to the substrate surface to form tube arrays. These well‐aligned SnO2 tubule arrays with tunable tube size could be the building blocks or templates for fabrication of functional nanodevices, especially those relevant to energy storage and conversion such as nanobatteries, nanofuel cells, and nanosensors. A gas sensor based on a single SnO2 nanotubes demonstrated extremely high sensitivity to ethanol vapor.
Stability and Hydrogenation of “Bare” Gadolinium Nanoparticles
Authors: Aruna I. , Mehta B. R. , Malhotra L. K. , Shivaprasad S. M.
Published: January 2005

Gadolinium nanoparticles, deposited via an inert gas evaporation method, show improved stability towards oxidation and it is therefore possible to carry out an ex‐situ investigation on “bare” Gd nanoparticles, i.e., in the absence of a protective Pd layer, for the first time. A size‐induced structural transformation from hexagonal close packing to the higher‐symmetry face‐centered cubic structure is observed. The important observation of hydrogen–Gd‐nanoparticle interaction at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, without a Pd catalytic layer, makes Gd nanoparticles a potential candidate for hydrogen‐sensing, switching, and storage applications.
Plastic Electronic Devices Through Line Patterning of Conducting Polymers
Authors: Hohnholz D. , Okuzaki H. , MacDiarmid A. G.
Published: January 2005

A novel method for the preparation of transparent conducting‐polymer patterns on flexible substrates is presented. This method, line patterning, employs mostly standard office equipment, such as drawing software, a laser printer, and commercial overhead transparencies, together with a solution or dispersion of a conducting polymer. The preparation of a seven‐segment polymer‐dispersed liquid‐crystal display using electrodes of the conducting polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(4‐styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS) is described in detail. Furthermore, a method to fabricate an eleven‐key push‐button array for keypad applications is presented. Properties of the electrode films and patterns are discussed using microscopy images, atomic force microscopy, conductivity measurements, and tests of film stability.
Multiobjective optimization strategies for linear gradient chromatography
Authors: Nagrath Deepak , Bequette B. Wayne , Cramer S. M. , Messac Achille
Published: January 2005

The increase in the scale of preparative chromatographic processes for biopharmaceutical applications now necessitates the development of effective optimization strategies for large‐scale processes in a manufacturing setting. The current state of the art for optimization of preparative chromatography has been limited to single objective functions. Further, there is a lack of understanding of when to use a particular objective, and how to combine and/or prioritize mutually competing objectives to achieve a true optimal solution. In this paper, these limitations are addressed by using a physical programming–based multiobjective optimization (MO) strategy. A set of Pareto solutions are first generated for model protein separations for both bi‐objective (production rate and yield) and tri‐objective (production rate, yield, and product pool concentration) scenarios. These Pareto frontiers are used to visualize the Pareto optimal surface for different components with various purity constraints and provide a qualitative framework to evaluate the optimal solutions. A physical programming–based multiobjective framework is then used for the quantitative evaluation of the optimal solutions for tertiary protein mixtures. This enables the interpretation of results for different sets of hierarchy and priority values assigned to the objective functions and constraints for the chromatographic processes. This novel multiobjective optimization approach computes the trade‐offs between the conflicting design objectives and helps in choosing an operating condition from infinite feasible optimal solutions. The combined quantitative and visualization framework presented in this paper sets the stage for the development of true optimal solutions for complex nonlinear preparative separations. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 511–525, 2005
Die Dihydroxyaceton‐Einheit – ein nützlicher C3‐Baustein in der Organischen Synthese
Authors: Enders Dieter , Voith Matthias , Lenzen Achim
Published: January 2005

Dihydroxyacetonphosphat (DHAP) dient der Natur als Methylenkomponente in verschiedensten enzymkatalysierten Aldolreaktionen. Das wohl wichtigste Beispiel in diesem Zusammenhang ist die Photosynthese, bei derd‐Glucose, der mengenmäßig bedeutendste Naturstoff, ausgehend von DHAP in nur wenigen Stufen gebildet wird. In den vergangenen Jahren wurde eine Vielzahl von synthetischen DHAP‐Äquivalenten entwickelt, die insofern besondere Aufmerksamkeit verdienen, als ihre Anwendbarkeit nicht auf (stereoselektive) Aldolreaktionen beschränkt ist. Die Reagentien stellten ihr Potenzial auch bei einer Reihe weiterer asymmetrischer elektrophiler α‐Substitutionen in zahlreichen zielgerichteten Synthesen überzeugend unter Beweis. Die verwandten 1,3‐Dioxine sind darüber hinaus nützliche Äquivalente 2‐substituierter Acroleine.
Oligosaccharide Mimics Containing Galactose and Fucose Specifically Label Tumour Cell Surfaces and Inhibit Cell Adhesion to Fibronectin
Authors: Kim Evelyn Y.‐L. , Gronewold Claas , Chatterjee Amitava , von der Lieth Claus‐Wilhelm , Kliem Christian , Schmauser Birgit , Wiessler Manfred , Frei Eva
Published: January 2005

With the aim of establishing a versatile and easy synthesis of branched saccharides for biological applications, we used molecular‐dynamics simulations to model Lewisy to two classes of di‐ or triantennary saccharide mimetics. One set of mimetics was based on 1,3,5‐tris(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane (TMC) as the core, the other on furan, and both were derivatised with galactose and/or fucose. The TMC‐based saccharides were biotinylated, while the furan disaccharides were treated with maleimide‐activated biotin in a Diels–Alder fashion to yield oxazatricyclodecanes (OTDs). These were then assayed as cell‐surface labels in human colon (SW480 and CaCo‐2), liver (PLC), Glia (U333 CG 343) and ovary (SKOV‐3) tumour cell lines. Discrete staining patterns were observed in all cells, usually at one or two poles of the cells, particularly with the asymmetric 3‐β‐L‐fucopyranosyloxymethyl‐4‐β‐D‐galactopyranosyloxymethyl‐OTD. Normal SV40‐transformed fibroblasts (SV80) showed no staining. Adhesion of the highly metastatic mouse melanoma line B16 F10 to fibronectin was inhibited by 80 % by the TMC‐digalactoside and by 30 % by 3,4‐bis‐(β‐D‐galactopyranosyloxymethyl)furan. None of the saccharide mimetics inhibited the adhesion of the less metastatic B16 F1 line. Migration of B16 F10 cells through MatrigelTM was greatly inhibited by the TMC‐digalactoside and weakly inhibited by the TMC‐trigalactoside. The saccharide mimetics that had shown the best structural agreements with the terminal saccharides of Lewisy in the molecular dynamics simulation were also the most biologically potent compounds; this underlines the predictive nature of molecular dynamics simulations. The use of the non‐saccharide cores enabled us to adapt spacer lengths and terminal saccharides to optimise the structures to bind more avidly to cell‐surface lectins.
Transport Of Surface‐Modified Nanoparticles Through Cell Monolayers
Authors: Koch Annette M. , Reynolds Fred , Merkle Hans P. , Weissleder Ralph , Josephson Lee
Published: January 2005

We synthesized three peptides, aD‐polyarginyl peptide (r8(FITC)), a Tat peptide (Tat(FITC)), and a control peptide (Cp(FITC)) and attached each to amino‐CLIO, a nanoparticle 30 nm in diameter. We then examined the effective permeability,Peff, of all six materials through CaCo‐2 monolayers. The transport of peptide–nanoparticles was characterized by a lag phase (0–8 h) and a steady‐state phase (9–27 h). The steady‐statePeffvalues for peptides were in the order r8(FITC)>Tat(FITC)=Cp(FITC). When r8(FITC) and Tat(FITC) peptides were attached to the nanoparticle, they conferred their propensity to traverse cell monolayers onto the nanoparticle, whereas Cp(FITC) did not. Thus, when the r8(FITC) peptide was attached to the amino‐CLIO nanoparticle, the resulting peptide–nanoparticle had aPeffsimilar to that of this poly‐d‐arginyl peptide alone. ThePeffof r8(FITC)–CLIO (MW∼1000 kDa) was similar to that of mannitol (MW=182 Da), a poorly transported reference substance, with a far lower molecular weight. These results are the first to indicate that the modification of nanoparticles by attachment of membrane‐translocating sequence‐based peptides can alter nanoparticle transport through monolayers. This suggests that the surface modification of nanoparticles might be a general strategy for enhancing the permeability of drugs and that high‐permeability nanoparticle‐based therapeutics can be useful in selected pharmaceutical applications.