bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional Microglial Response in Entorhino–Hippocampal Slice Cultures to Schaffer Collateral Lesion and Metalloproteinases Modulation
Authors: Virtuoso Assunta , Galanis Christos , Lenz Maximilian , Papa Michele , Vlachos Andreas
Published: February 2024

Microglia and astrocytes are essential in sustaining physiological networks in the central nervous system, with their ability to remodel the extracellular matrix, being pivotal for synapse plasticity. Recent findings have challenged the traditional view of homogenous glial populations in the brain, uncovering morphological, functional, and molecular heterogeneity among glial cells. This diversity has significant implications for both physiological and pathological brain states. In the present study, we mechanically induced a Schaffer collateral lesion (SCL) in mouse entorhino–hippocampal slice cultures to investigate glial behavior, i.e., microglia and astrocytes, under metalloproteinases (MMPs) modulation in the lesioned area, CA3, and the denervated region, CA1. We observed distinct response patterns in the microglia and astrocytes 3 days after the lesion. Notably, GFAP-expressing astrocytes showed no immediate changes post-SCL. Microglia responses varied depending on their anatomical location, underscoring the complexity of the hippocampal neuroglial network post-injury. The MMPs inhibitor GM6001 did not affect microglial reactions in CA3, while increasing the number of Iba1-expressing cells in CA1, leading to a withdrawal of their primary branches. These findings highlight the importance of understanding glial regionalization following neural injury and MMPs modulation and pave the way for further research into glia-targeted therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders.
Advancing Prone-Transpsoas Spine Surgery: A Narrative Review and Evolution of Indications with Representative Cases
Authors: Drossopoulos Peter N. , Bardeesi Anas , Wang Timothy Y. , Huang Chuan-Ching , Ononogbu-uche Favour C. , Than Khoi D. , Crutcher Clifford , Pokorny Gabriel , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Pollina John , Taylor William , Bhowmick Deb A. , Pimenta Luiz , Abd-El-Barr Muhammad M.
Published: February 2024

The Prone Transpsoas (PTP) approach to lumbar spine surgery, emerging as an evolution of lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF), offers significant advantages over traditional methods. PTP has demonstrated increased lumbar lordosis gains compared to LLIF, owing to the natural increase in lordosis afforded by prone positioning. Additionally, the prone position offers anatomical advantages, with shifts in the psoas muscle and lumbar plexus, reducing the likelihood of postoperative femoral plexopathy and moving critical peritoneal contents away from the approach. Furthermore, operative efficiency is a notable benefit of PTP. By eliminating the need for intraoperative position changes, PTP reduces surgical time, which in turn decreases the risk of complications and operative costs. Finally, its versatility extends to various lumbar pathologies, including degeneration, adjacent segment disease, and deformities. The growing body of evidence indicates that PTP is at least as safe as traditional approaches, with a potentially better complication profile. In this narrative review, we review the historical evolution of lateral interbody fusion, culminating in the prone transpsoas approach. We also describe several adjuncts of PTP, including robotics and radiation-reduction methods. Finally, we illustrate the versatility of PTP and its uses, ranging from ‘simple’ degenerative cases to complex deformity surgeries.
Severe Lung Dysfunction and Pulmonary Blood Flow during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Falk Lars , Lidegran Marika , Diaz Ruiz Sandra , Hultman Jan , Broman Lars Mikael
Published: February 2024

Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is indicated for patients with severe respiratory and/or circulatory failure. The standard technique to visualize the extent of pulmonary damage during ECMO is computed tomography (CT). Purpose: This single-center, retrospective study investigated whether pulmonary blood flow (PBF) measured with echocardiography can assist in assessing the extent of pulmonary damage and whether echocardiography and CT findings are associated with patient outcomes. Methods: All patients (>15 years) commenced on ECMO between 2011 and 2017 with septic shock of pulmonary origin and a treatment time >28 days were screened. Of 277 eligible patients, 9 were identified where both CT and echocardiography had been consecutively performed. Results: CT failed to indicate any differences in viable lung parenchyma within or between survivors and non-survivors at any time during ECMO treatment. Upon initiation of ECMO, the survivors (n = 5) and non-survivors (n = 4) had similar PBF. During a full course of ECMO support, survivors showed no change in PBF (3.8 ± 2.1 at ECMO start vs. 7.9 ± 4.3 L/min, p = 0.12), whereas non-survivors significantly deteriorated in PBF from 3.5 ± 1.0 to 1.0 ± 1.1 L/min (p = 0.029). Tidal volumes were significantly lower over time among the non-survivors, p = 0.047. Conclusions: In prolonged ECMO for pulmonary septic shock, CT was not found to be effective for the evaluation of pulmonary viability or recovery. This hypothesis-generating investigation supports echocardiography as a tool to predict pulmonary recovery via the assessment of PBF at the early to later stages of ECMO support.
Conditional Dependence across Slow and Fast Item Responses: With a Latent Space Item Response Modeling Approach
Authors: Kim Nana , Jeon Minjeong , Partchev Ivailo
Published: February 2024

There recently have been many studies examining conditional dependence between response accuracy and response times in cognitive tests. While most previous research has focused on revealing a general pattern of conditional dependence for all respondents and items, it is plausible that the pattern may vary across respondents and items. In this paper, we attend to its potential heterogeneity and examine the item and person specificities involved in the conditional dependence between item responses and response times. To this end, we use a latent space item response theory (LSIRT) approach with an interaction map that visualizes conditional dependence in response data in the form of item–respondent interactions. We incorporate response time information into the interaction map by applying LSIRT models to slow and fast item responses. Through empirical illustrations with three cognitive test datasets, we confirm the presence and patterns of conditional dependence between item responses and response times, a result consistent with previous studies. Our results further illustrate the heterogeneity in the conditional dependence across respondents, which provides insights into understanding individuals’ underlying item-solving processes in cognitive tests. Some practical implications of the results and the use of interaction maps in cognitive tests are discussed.
Laboratory Measurements of Pyrene and Acenaphthene Partition into Microplastics
Authors: Zhang Yi-Ming , Brimblecombe Peter , Lee Chon-Lin
Published: February 2024

Microplastics are a major environmental issue. In marine systems, these break down into small fragments that may lodge within organisms, but they behave as vectors for chemicals when pollutants such as metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, and pharmaceuticals are absorbed by the particles. The rate and extent of uptake of organic compounds onto microplastics is dependent on a range of factors such as the sites available on the surface, the type of plastic, and the compound being sorbed, with hydrophobicity an important property. Laboratory experiments determined the uptake of pyrene and acenaphthene (and sometimes phenanthrene) onto pellets of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyoxymethylene (POM), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS). The kinetics of uptake in the experiments reveals half-lives ~10 h. The extent of partition onto the plastic pellets was similar for pyrene and phenanthrene, though lower for acenaphthene. This was not surprising because the octanol-water distribution coefficient of acenaphthene is about an order of magnitude smaller than that of pyrene, suggesting it is less hydrophobic. The PAHs are distributed most strongly into PP but only weakly into PVC. The fragmentation and oxidation of microplastics means that they sorb increasing amounts of organic material as they age.
AI-Light Spectrum Replicator (LSR): A Novel Simulated In Situ Lab/On-Deck Incubator
Authors: Puškarić Staša , Sokač Mateo , Ninčević Živana , Prelesnik Heliodor , Børsheim Knut Yngve
Published: February 2024

In this communication, we present the prototype of a new simulated in situ lab/on-deck incubator, the light spectrum replicator (LSR), and a method for simulating the measured in situ HOCR light spectrum curves in incubation chambers. We developed this system using AI and genetic algorithms in an iterative fashion to find the best-fitting light spectrum in situ irradiance at different depths. The HOCR light spectrum measured at the depth and time of sampling was processed immediately, so the incubator is in a stable and ready condition by the time the samples inoculated with 14C were placed in sample holders (10 min after sampling). This incubator is intended to provide a reliable, fast, and easy-to-use tool for studying primary production based on the evaluation of the photosynthetic uptake of 14C. This system enables short incubation periods for small samples: we tested incubations of 5 mL samples during 15 min incubation periods. Our initial measurements taken using the prototype revealed a sufficiently good correlation between the on-deck measurements and in situ incubations. This prototype can be improved, as discussed in this text.
Mainstreaming and Weaponizing Satire in Nigerian Journalism Practice
Authors: Ogbodo Jude Nwakpoke , Onwe Emmanuel Chike , Ewa-Ibe Blessing , Oshionebo Emem
Published: February 2024

Satire has gained increased scholarly traction across journalism and related fields. The genre increases the entertainment value of journalism and broadens its appeal. Satirical news also serves as a catalyst to pique the curiosity of ordinarily disinterested audiences in news, particularly political news. However, there are some concerns emerging from the weaponization of satire in this contemporary period, which is characterised by the proliferation of fake news and misinformation. From the Nigerian context, there have been minimal empirical spotlights placed on satirical journalism. We employed semi-structured interviews to explore the views of Nigerian print satirical journalists and cartoonists. Our finding broadens scholarship in the evolving area of satirical journalism. It demonstrates how the mainstreaming and the weaponization of satire have changed the texture of satire in Nigerian journalism. Although ethical concerns are admitted, we argue that cartoonists and satirical journalists have a responsibility to adjust to the dynamic media ecology, where satire continuously provides insightful critique and entertaining commentaries.
LPL rs264, PROCR rs867186 and PDGF rs974819 Gene Polymorphisms in Patients with Unstable Angina
Authors: Malinowski Damian , Safranow Krzysztof , Pawlik Andrzej
Published: February 2024

Background: Coronary artery disease is caused by changes in the coronary arteries due to the atherosclerotic process and thrombotic changes. A very important role in the development of the atherosclerotic process in the coronary vessels is played by the inflammatory process and the immune response. Due to the important role of lipids and the coagulation process in the atherosclerotic process, research has also focused on genes affecting lipid metabolism and the coagulation system. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is an enzyme that metabolises lipids, hydrolysing triglycerides to produce free fatty acids and glycerol. Protein C (PC) is an essential component of coagulation and fibrinolysis. It is activated on the endothelial surface by the membrane-bound thrombin-thrombomodulin complex. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has a number of important functions in processes related to fibroblast and smooth muscle cell function. Due to their influence on lipid metabolism and coagulation processes, LPL, PROCR (endothelial cell protein C receptor) and PDGF may affect the atherosclerotic process and, thus, the risk of coronary heart disease. The aim of the study was to examine the associations between the LPL rs264, PROCR rs867186 and PDGF rs974819 gene polymorphisms and the risk of unstable angina and selected clinical parameters. Methods: The study included 232 patients with unstable angina and 144 healthy subjects as the control group. Genotyping was performed using real-time PCR. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of the polymorphisms tested between the patients with unstable angina and the control subjects. The results showed associations between the PROCR rs867186 and PDGF rs974819 polymorphisms and some clinical parameters in patients with unstable angina. In patients with the PDGF rs974819 CC genotype, there were increased values for cholesterol and LDL serum levels in comparison with patients with the PDGF rs974819 CT and TT genotypes. In patients with the PROCR rs867186 AA genotype, HDL serum levels were lower than in patients with the GA genotype. Conclusions: The results of our study did not show that the LPL rs264, PROCR rs867186 and PDGF rs974819 gene polymorphisms were significant risk factors for unstable angina in our population. The results of the study suggest that PDGF rs974819 and PROCR rs867186 may be associated with some parameters of lipid metabolism.
The Value of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Stormwater Management: A Case Study of a Traditional Village
Authors: Li Jiaxin , Zhou Wuzhong , Tao Cong
Published: February 2024

In recent years, floods have occurred frequently in urban and rural areas around the world, causing heavy casualties and property damage. In contrast, some traditional Chinese villages have never flooded. It is hypothesized that these villages, because of their long-term adaptations to their environment, hold necessary ecological knowledge regarding stormwater management so that damaging flooding can be avoided. Previous studies on the traditional ecological knowledge regarding stormwater management in traditional Chinese villages are mostly qualitative studies, and these fail in their evaluation of the functional performance of stormwater management facilities and measures. Therefore, we use the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) in our quantitative evaluation of stormwater management in Zhuge, a traditional Chinese village, so as to rationally analyze the traditional ecological knowledge regarding stormwater management in traditional Chinese villages. In order to analyze the functions and efficiency of stormwater management facilities such as ponds, canals, and permeable pavement in Zhuge Village, this study sets out four scenarios: the No Pond Scenario (NO-PO), the No Canal Scenario (NO-CO), the No Permeable Pavement Scenario (NO-PP), and the actual Current Scenario (CS). The SWMM is used to simulate and quantitatively analyze the stormwater hydrological processes of the four scenarios in different rainfall return periods. The following conclusions emerged from our evaluation of the approaches used in Zhuge Village: (1) The rainwater regulation system composed of ponds, canals, and permeable pavement can play a dual role in alleviating rainstorm disasters and fully storing rainwater, achieving the flexible allocation of rainwater resources. It can effectively alleviate the problem of uneven time and space of local rainfall in shallow, hilly areas, reflecting the traditional ecological wisdom of residents in adapting to the local natural environment. (2) As a rainwater regulation device, ponds are very effective in storing water and mitigating periods of intense runoff. (3) The main function of canals is to rapidly drain water and balance rainwater resources. (4) The main function of permeable pavement is to increase rainwater infiltration and reduce the peak runoff and runoff. (5) The use of the SWMM proved effective in both quantifying the results as well as elucidating stormwater management strategies.
Possible Correlations between Mean Platelet Volume and Biological, Electrocardiographic, and Echocardiographic Parameters in Patients with Heart Failure
Authors: Catană Andreea , Andrei Cătălina Liliana , Guberna Suzana , Ceban Octavian , Sinescu Crina Julieta
Published: February 2024

(1) Background: Despite advancements in medical research and discoveries, heart failure (HF) still represents a significant and prevalent public health challenge. It is characterized by persistently high mortality and morbidity rates, along with increased rates of readmissions, particularly among the elderly population. (2) Methods: This study was conducted retrospectively on 260 patients with stable or decompensated chronic HF. The parameter of interest in the study population was the mean platelet volume (MPV), and the main objective of the research was to identify a possible relationship between MPV and several variables—biological (NT-proBNP, presepsin, red cell distribution width (RDW)), electrocardiographic (atrial fibrillation (AFib) rhythm, sinus rhythm (SR)), and echocardiographic (left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), left atrial (LA) diameter, left ventricle (LV) diameter, pulmonary hypertension (PH)). (3) Results: By applying logistic and linear regression models, we assessed whether there is a correlation between MPV and biological, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic variables in patients with HF. The results revealed linear relationships between MPV and NT pro-BNP values and between MPV and RDW values, and an increased probability for the patients to have an AFib rhythm, reduced LVEF, dilated LA, dilated LV, and PH as their MPV value increases. The results were deemed statistically relevant based on a p-value below 0.05. (4) Conclusions: Through regression model analyses, our research revealed that certain negative variables in HF patients such as increased levels of NT-proBNP, increased levels of RDW, AFib rhythm, reduced LVEF, dilated LA, dilated LV, and PH, could be predicted based on MPV values.
Viscoelastic Water-Based Lubricants with Nopal Cactus Mucilage as Green Metalworking Fluids
Authors: Farfan-Cabrera Leonardo I. , Aguilar-Rosas Oscar A. , Pérez-González José , Marín-Santibañez Benjamín M. , Rodríguez-González Francisco
Published: February 2024

Recent green manufacturing demands have boosted the development of new biodegradable lubricants to replace petroleum-based lubricants. In this regard, water-based lubricants have been at the vanguard of recent research for a wide range of industrial applications, including metalworking fluids (MWFs). In this work, we present an experimental investigation on the performance of novel green MWFs based on aqueous nopal mucilage solutions. For this, fully biodegradable solutions with different mucilage concentrations (2.29, 4.58, and 6.85 mg/mL) were evaluated in terms of rheological, tribological, thermal stability, and turning (minimum quantity lubrication) performance and compared to a commercial semisynthetic oil-based MWF (Cimstar 60). Mucilage solutions exhibited viscoelastic shear-thinning behavior, which was enhanced along with mucilage concentration. The solution with the highest mucilage content studied resulted in the lowest wear, friction, and temperature in comparison to the other solutions and neat water in extreme pressure four-ball tests and a similar level of lubricity as compared to the commercial MWF in cutting tests. This performance is associated with the enhanced viscosity and elasticity of the solution, as well as the contents of lipids with fatty acids in the mucilage. Overall, the present results reveal the relevance of the viscoelastic behavior of the lubricant, elasticity in particular, in lubrication processes and point to nopal mucilage as an effective green additive to produce innocuous MWFs.
Application and Prospect of Wear Simulation Based on ABAQUS: A Review
Authors: Yan Liang , Guan Linyi , Wang Di , Xiang Dingding
Published: February 2024

The finite element method(FEM) is a powerful tool for studying friction and wear. Compared to experimental methods, it has outstanding advantages, such as saving financial costs and time. In addition, it has been widely used in friction and wear research. This paper discusses the application of the FEM in the study of friction and wear in terms of the finite element modeling methods, factors affecting wear behavior, wear theory, and the practical application of the method. Finally, the latest progress of finite element simulation wear research is summarized, and the future research direction is proposed.
Synergistic Effects of Functionalized WS2 and SiO2 Nanoparticles and a Phosphonium Ionic Liquid as Hybrid Additives of Low-Viscosity Lubricants
Authors: Liñeira del Río José M. , Fernandes Carlos M. C. G. , Gonçalves David E. P. , Seabra Jorge H. O.
Published: February 2024

This research shows the antifriction and antiwear synergies between a phosphonium ionic liquid (IL) and f-WS2 and f-SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) as additives of a base oil with low viscosity (PAO6). Mass concentrations of 0.1 wt% nanoadditives and 1% IL were selected to formulate the nanolubricants. Pure sliding and rolling–sliding friction tests were performed at 120 °C, finding great friction reductions in comparison with the PAO6 base oil, specifically for the double hybrid nanolubricant (PAO6 + 1 wt% IL + 0.1 wt% f-WS2 + 0.1 wt% f-SiO2). Regarding the wear produced, the greatest antiwear behavior was also achieved for the double hybrid nanolubricant (width reduction of 48% and worn area decrease of 84%). Furthermore, by means of Raman microscopy and roughness examination of the worn surfaces, it can be proposed that the lubrication mechanism of doubled hybrid nanolubricants could be supported by the adsorbed tribofilm (IL and f-WS2) as well as the mending effects (f-WS2 and f-SiO2).
To What Extent Does Cardiovascular Risk Classification of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Differ between European Guidelines from 2023, 2021, and 2019? A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Luca Silvia Ana , Bungau Raluca Malina , Lazar Sandra , Potre Ovidiu , Timar Bogdan
Published: February 2024

Background and Objectives: Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) is intricately associated with an increased cardiovascular (CV) risk, highlighting the imperative for tailored intervention in the prevention and management of CV diseases. To assess the CV risk and subsequent interventions in patients with diabetes, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) has been consistently developing and updating specific guidelines for risk assessment and patient management since 2019. The 2023 risk classification method has significantly changed, introducing a novel probability-based assessment through the implementation of SCORE2-Diabetes instrument. This marks a shift from the risk factor-based classification employed in the 2019 and 2021 methods, representing an innovative approach in risk assessment for individuals with T2DM. This study aims to evaluate the differences in the CV risk classification among hospitalized patients with T2DM using the three proposed methods within the Romanian population, a European population considered to be at very high cardiovascular risk. Materials and Methods: in a consecutive-case, population-based study design, 70 patients hospitalized with T2DM from a European population characterized by very high CV risk were assessed for CV risk using the three proposed methods. The differences between these classifications were subsequently analyzed. Results: In the study group, according to 2023 classification, one patient (1.4%) was classified with moderate CV risk, eight (11.4%) with high cardiovascular risk, and sixty-one (87.2%) with very high cardiovascular risk. A total of 36 patients (51.4%) were classified differently compared to 2021 criteria, the differences being statistically significant (p = 0.047), while 13 (18.6%) were different compared to 2019 criteria, the differences being statistically non-significant (p = 0.731). By comparing the 2021 to the 2019 ESC Guidelines recommendations, 40 patients had a one-step decrease in cardiovascular risk category, from very high to high risk. Conclusions: Most patients included in the analysis were classified as very high CV risk (87.2%). Within a European population characterized by very high CV risk, the SCORE2-Diabetes instrument proves to be a valuable tool, contributing to most step-ups in CV risk classes within the 2023 classification. In a very-high-risk demographic, the 2023 algorithm resulted in different classifications in contrast to the 2021 method but similar classifications observed with the 2019 method.
Inverse Design of Aluminium Alloys Using Genetic Algorithm: A Class-Based Workflow
Authors: Bhat Ninad , Barnard Amanda S. , Birbilis Nick
Published: February 2024

The design of aluminium alloys often encounters a trade-off between strength and ductility, making it challenging to achieve desired properties. Adding to this challenge is the broad range of alloying elements, their varying concentrations, and the different processing conditions (features) available for alloy production. Traditionally, the inverse design of alloys using machine learning involves combining a trained regression model for the prediction of properties with a multi-objective genetic algorithm to search for optimal features. This paper presents an enhancement in this approach by integrating data-driven classes to train class-specific regressors. These models are then used individually with genetic algorithms to search for alloys with high strength and elongation. The results demonstrate that this improved workflow can surpass traditional class-agnostic optimisation in predicting alloys with higher tensile strength and elongation.
Acid Treatments of Ti-Based Metallic Glasses for Improving Corrosion Resistance in Implant Applications
Authors: Fernández-Navas Nora , Shtefan Viktoriia , Hantusch Martin , Gebert Annett
Published: February 2024

Ti-based bulk metallic glasses are promising materials for metallic bone implants, mainly due to their mechanical biofunctionality. A major drawback is their limited corrosion resistance, with high sensitivity to pitting. Thus, effective surface treatments for these alloys must be developed. This work investigates the electrochemical treatment feasibility of nitric acid (HNO3) solution for two bulk glass-forming alloys. The surface states obtained at different anodic potentials are characterized with electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. The corrosion behavior of the treated glassy alloys is analyzed via comparison to non-treated states in phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) at 37 °C. For the glassy Ti47Zr7.5Cu38Fe2.5Sn2Si1Ag2 alloy, the pre-treatment causes pseudo-dealloying, with a transformation from naturally passivated surfaces to Ti- and Zr-oxide nanoporous layers and Cu-species removal from the near-surface regions. This results in effective suppression of chloride-induced pitting in PBS. The glassy Ti40Zr10Cu34Pd14Sn2 alloy shows lower free corrosion activity in HNO3 and PBS due to Pd stabilizing its strong passivity. However, this alloy undergoes pitting under anodic conditions. Surface pre-treatment results in Cu depletion but causes enrichment of Pd species and non-homogeneous surface oxidation. Therefore, for this glassy alloy, pitting cannot be completely inhibited in PBS. Concluding, anodic treatments in HNO3 are more suitable for Pd-free glassy Ti-based alloys.
Antibacterial Activity of Plant Polyphenols Belonging to the Tannins against Streptococcus mutans—Potential against Dental Caries
Authors: Czerkas Krzysztof , Olchowik-Grabarek Ewa , Łomanowska Magdalena , Abdulladjanova Nodira , Sękowski Szymon
Published: February 2024

Dental caries (DC) is the most common oral pathology. The main bacteria responsible for DC is Streptococcus mutans. One of the strategies that can decrease or eliminate the risk of DC development is using compounds that will inhibit both the growth and virulence factors of S. mutans. Tannins are plant polyphenols that have strong antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity of three tannins against S. mutans. In this investigation, microbiological tests (MIC and MBC) and physicochemical techniques like the fluorescence measurements of tannins’ interaction with S. mutans cell membrane and membrane proteins, zeta potential, and thermodynamic analyses were used to obtain knowledge about the antibacterial potential of the investigated compounds against S. mutans as well as about the mechanisms associated with antibacterial activity. The obtained results demonstrate that the used compounds exhibit high antibacterial activity against S. mutans. The mechanisms of their antibacterial activity are linked to the strong change in the S. mutans membrane fluidity and potential, and to their interaction with membrane proteins that can result in great disturbance of bacterial physiology and ultimately the inhibition of bacterial growth, triggering their death. Therefore, it can be concluded that the investigated compounds can be potentially used as natural factors in the prevention of dental caries.
The Effect of Impact Load on the Atomistic Scale Fracture Behavior of Nanocrystalline bcc Iron
Authors: Zhao Zhifu , Wang Zhen , Bie Yehui , Liu Xiaoming , Wei Yueguang
Published: February 2024

Nanocrystalline metals have many applications in nanodevices, especially nanoscale electronics in aerospace. Their ability to resist fracture under impact produced by environmental stress is the main concern of nanodevice design. By carrying out molecular dynamics simulations under different fast loading rates, this work examines the effect of impact load on the fracture behavior of nanocrystalline bcc iron at an atomistic scale. The results show that a crack propagates with intergranular decohesion in nanocrystalline iron. With the increase in impact load, intergranular decohesion weakens, and plastic behaviors are generated by grain boundary activities. Also, the mechanism dominating plastic deformation changes from the atomic slip at the crack tip to obvious grain boundary activities. The grain boundary activities produced by the increase in impact load lead to an increase in the threshold energy for crack cleavage and enhance nanocrystalline bcc iron resistance to fracture. Nanocrystalline bcc iron can keep a high fracture ductility under a large impact load.
Testing Higher Derivative Gravity through Tunnelling
Authors: Gregory Ruth , Hu Shi-Qian
Published: February 2024

Higher derivative terms in the gravitational action are natural from the perspective of quantum gravity, but are perceived as leading to a lack of well-posedness. The Gauss–Bonnet term has second-order equations of motion, but does not impact gravitational dynamics in 4D, so one might expect that it is not physically relevant. We discuss how signatures can show up in tunnelling processes and whether these will likely be physically accessible in Higgs vacuum decay.
Optical–Mechanical Integration Analysis and Validation of LiDAR Integrated Systems with a Small Field of View and High Repetition Frequency
Authors: Li Lu , Xing Kunming , Zhao Ming , Wang Bangxin , Chen Jianfeng , Zhuang Peng
Published: February 2024

Integrated systems are facing complex and changing environments with the wide application of atmospheric LiDAR in civil, aerospace, and military fields. Traditional analysis methods employ optical software to evaluate the optical performance of integrated systems, and cannot comprehensively consider the influence of optical and mechanical coupling on the optical performance of the integrated system, resulting in the unsatisfactory accuracy of the analysis results. Optical–mechanical integration technology provides a promising solution to this problem. A small-field-of-view LiDAR system with high repetition frequency, low energy, and single-photon detection technology was taken as an example in this study, and the Zernike polynomial fitting algorithm was programmed to enable transmission between optical and mechanical data. Optical–mechanical integration technology was employed to obtain the optical parameters of the integrated system under a gravity load in the process of designing the optical–mechanical structure of the integrated system. The experimental validation results revealed that the optical–mechanical integration analysis of the divergence angle of the transmission unit resulted in an error of 2.586%. The focal length of the telescope increased by 89 μm, its field of view was 244 μrad, and the error of the detector target surface spot was 4.196%. The continuous day/night detection results showed that the system could accurately detect the temporal and spatial variations in clouds and aerosols. The inverted optical depths were experimentally compared with those obtained using a solar photometer. The average optical depth was 0.314, as detected using LiDAR, and 0.329, as detected by the sun photometer, with an average detection error of 4.559%. Therefore, optical–mechanical integration analysis can effectively improve the stability of the structure of highly integrated and complex optical systems.
The Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Cell-Protective Properties of Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Rowanberry (Sorbus aucuparia L.) Fruits In Vitro
Authors: Aurori Mara , Niculae Mihaela , Hanganu Daniela , Pall Emoke , Cenariu Mihai , Vodnar Dan Cristian , Fiţ Nicodim , Andrei Sanda
Published: February 2024

Considering that Sorbus aucuparia fruits have been underutilized despite their tremendous potential, this study aimed to correlate the in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and cell-protective abilities of fruit extracts derived from Sorbus aucuparia Romanian cultivars with their phytochemical composition. Therefore, following the preparation of ethanolic and carotenoid extracts, phytochemical screening was performed using UV–Vis and HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS methods. The antioxidant activity was analyzed using DPPH and FRAP tests. As the results revealed high contents of bioactive compounds (polyphenols 1.11 mg GAE/g DM, flavonoids 430.06 µg QE/g DM and carotenoids 95.68 µg/g DM) and an important antiradical action (DPPH 24.51 mg/mL and FRAP 0.016 µM TE/mL), we chose to further examine the fruits’ biological properties. The antibacterial capacity was assessed employing agar well diffusion and broth microdilution techniques, with fruits displaying an intense activity against MSSA, MRSA and Enterococcus faecalis, but also E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cell-protective activity was analyzed on gentamicin-stressed renal cells, through MTT and Annexin V-FITC assays. Importantly, a significant increase in viability was registered on stressed cells following extract administration in low doses; nevertheless, viability was noticed to decline when exposed to elevated concentrations, potentially due to the cumulative actions of the extract and gentamicin. These findings offer novel light on the antibacterial activity of Sorbus aucuparia Romanian cultivars, as well as their cell-protective ability in renal cell injury.
Antioxidant Activity and Seasonal Variations in the Composition of Insoluble Fiber from the Cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller: Development of New Extraction Procedures to Improve Fiber Yield
Authors: Caminiti Rosamaria , Serra Maria , Nucera Saverio , Ruga Stefano , Oppedisano Francesca , Scarano Federica , Macrì Roberta , Muscoli Carolina , Palma Ernesto , Musolino Vincenzo , Statti Giancarlo , Mollace Vincenzo , Maiuolo Jessica
Published: February 2024

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller is a plant belonging to the Cactaceae family adapted to live in environments characterized by long periods of drought and arid or desert climates. This plant is characterized by an aerial part composed of structures transformed by branches, called “cladodes”, which are essential to reduce excessive perspiration of water and appear covered with thorns. The composition of the cladodes includes water, polysaccharides, fiber, proteins, vitamins, fatty acids, sterols, polyphenols, and minerals. The main purposes of this scientific work are (a) to compare the insoluble fiber (IF) extracted from the cladodes of O. ficus-indica belonging to the same plant but collected in different seasonal periods (winter and summer) and develop new extraction protocols that are able to improve the yield obtained and (b) evaluate the antioxidant potential of the fiber and study possible variations as a result of the extraction protocol chosen. The first objective was achieved (1) by measuring the amount of IF extracted from cladodes harvested in winter and summer (CW and CS, respectively) and (2) by modifying three variables involved in the fiber extraction protocol. To achieve the second objective, the following experiments were carried out: (1) measurement of the antioxidant potential of IF in CW and CS; (2) measurement of cellular reactive oxygen species; (3) measurement of the activity of some antioxidant enzymes; and (4) comparison of the polyphenol content in CW and CS. In conclusion, the results obtained showed that the IF extraction process can be improved, achieving a uniform yield regardless of seasonality; the antioxidant effect may vary depending on the extraction protocol.
The Gods among Us: A Shared Recipe for Making Saints in Early Jewish and Daoist Hagiographies
Authors: Shen Jianyu
Published: February 2024

This article examines the earthly journey of the saints in early Jewish and Daoist hagiographies. The major texts for comparative reading are Sefer Shivchei Ha-Ar”i and Shenxian Zhuan, namely, the foundation stones of each hagiographical tradition. Emphasis is laid on the most significant phases in the process of making saints while the candidates dwell in the worldly domain as quasi-divine beings: (1) Mystical Birth, (2) Life in Seclusion, and (3) Divine Encounters. During these stages of transition, the sages were imparted with the esoteric wisdom and the godly features that rendered them extraordinary exemplars of religiosity. My investigation demonstrates that this recipe is shared by both hagiographical traditions, despite the distance in time and space, to construct the image of saints, each expressed with culturally distinct characteristics of their own. I argue that both traditions display a pattern of human-centered sainthood instead of the divine-endorsed type—while the birth myth shows a discernible degree of predestined sagehood, painstaking periods, such as self-isolation and learning with the true masters, are more crucial to the sages’ transformation of identity in the realm of Earth, the dynamic incubator that breeds holiness for the most qualified souls.
A Relational-Cultural Approach to Examining Concealment among Latter-Day Saint Sexual Minorities
Authors: Skidmore Samuel J. , Sorrell Sydney A. , Lake Kyrstin
Published: February 2024

Sexual minorities often conceal their sexual identity from others to avoid distal stressors. Such concealment efforts occur more frequently among sexual minorities in religious settings where rejection and discrimination are more likely. Using a sample of 392 Latter-day Saint (“Mormon”) sexual minorities, we assess (a) the effect of religious affiliation on concealment efforts, (b) the relationship between social support, authenticity, and religious commitment on concealment, and (c) the moderating effect of authenticity on religious commitment and concealment. Multi-level model analyses revealed that religious affiliation alone accounted for over half (51.7%) of the variation in concealment efforts for Latter-day Saint sexual minorities. Social support directly was related to less concealment, whereas religious commitment was related to more concealment, with authenticity moderating the impact of religious commitment on concealment efforts. The present study provides insight into how religious sexual minorities may approach relationships and inadvertently wound their chances to connect with others.
Researching Artificial Intelligence Applications in Evangelical and Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches: Purity, Bible, and Mission as Driving Forces
Authors: La Cruz Alexandra , Mora Fernando
Published: February 2024

We explore in this article how Evangelical and Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches (EPCCs) view Artificial Intelligence (AI), and how they use it, either intentionally or indirectly. Considering first the digital habitus in which EPCCs are immersed, we have documented and analyzed three sample cases showing how EPCCs use advanced AI tools to improve the sanctification process for believers; how the Bible can be translated, distributed, and its reading can be fostered around the world, using machine intelligence; and how a spiritual revival among EPCCs can spread rapidly through AI-mediated algorithms. We discuss the implications of these developments and conclude finally with some ideas about how EPCCs should engage AI applications in the future.
Biomechanical Factors Predisposing to Knee Injuries in Junior Female Basketball Players
Authors: Mallada Néstor Pérez , Beltrán María Jesús Martínez , Nuño María Ana Saenz , Ribeiro Ana S. F. , Villa Ignacio de Miguel , Molina Carlos Miso , Tabares Ana María Echeverri , Santamaría Andrés Paramio , Sánchez Hugo Lamas
Published: February 2024

This cross-sectional observational study aims to determine isokinetic normality data at different speeds, and isometric data of ankle and knee joints, in healthy basketball players aged 15–16 years old. The participants were recruited through non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, and biomechanical variables were collected. The study involved 42 participants. Right-leg dominance was higher in women (85.7%) than in men (78.6%). Men had a higher weight, height, and body mass index compared to women. Statistically significant differences were observed between sex and height (p < 0.001). Significant differences were found between sexes in knee flexor and extensor strength at different isokinetic speeds (30°, 120°, and 180°/s), except for the maximum peak strength knee flexion at 180°/s in the right leg. In the ankle, the variables inversion, eversion, and work strength values at different isokinetic speeds and full RoM, by sex, were not significantly different, except for the right (p = 0.004) and the left (p = 0.035) ankle full RoM. The study found lower knee extensor strength in women, indicating the need to improve knee flexor/extensor strength in women to match that of men, as seen in other joints. The results can guide the development of preventive and therapeutic interventions for lower limb injuries in basketball players.
Dual Data Streaming on Tropospheric Communication Links Based on the Determination of Beam Pointing Dynamics Using a Modified Ray-Based Channel Model
Authors: Garg Amit , Mishra Ranjan , Kalra Ashok Kumar , Kapoor Ankush
Published: February 2024

Tropospheric systems are widely used by military forces as they provide long-distance, real-time communication. Slow-fading propagation loss reduces link availability and limits its data-carrying capacity. Beam pointing dynamics provides knowledge of favorable heights at different times of the day in different seasons and a useful steering range. Beam steering, based on the beam pointing dynamics of the link, can overcome slow fading. The main contributions of this paper are the derivation of a realistic and accurate tropospheric channel model obtained by making important modifications to Dinc’s ray-based model. This paper also presents a method for determining beam pointing dynamics using the modified model. Beam pointing dynamics for two different links located in India have been determined in this paper using real-world data obtained from the Indian Meteorological Department. Another significant contribution of the paper is presenting the prospect of dual data streaming on tropospheric links using a fixed beam and a dynamically steered beam, based on the examination of beam pointing dynamics obtained for the two links. The main result presented in this paper is the comparison of powers received from the most favorable heights in a steerable beam system with the powers received in conventional fixed-beam systems for different days of the year. It has been shown that a higher received power can be achieved with beam steering. Another important result shown is the comparison of the achievable data rates for a single fixed-beam system and a dual-beam (one fixed beam and one dynamically steered beam) system. It has been shown that almost double the data rate is achievable in a dual-beam system. The method for the determination of beam pointing dynamics and the possibility of dual data streaming presented in this paper can significantly enhance the availability and capacity of tropospheric links.
A Practical Guide to Full Value of Vaccine Assessments
Authors: Trotter Caroline , Giersing Birgitte , Lindstrand Ann , Bar-Zeev Naor , Cernuschi Tania , Franzel-Sassanpour Lauren , Friede Martin , Hombach Joachim , Jansen Maarten , Hasso-Agopsowicz Mateusz , Koh Mitsuki , Sim So Yoon , Spasenoska Dijana , Yeung Karene Hoi Ting , Lambach Philipp
Published: February 2024

Articulating the wide range of health, social and economic benefits that vaccines offer may help to overcome obstacles in the vaccine development pipeline. A framework to guide the assessment and communication of the value of a vaccine—the Full Value of Vaccine Assessment (FVVA)—has been developed by the WHO. The FVVA framework offers a holistic assessment of the value of vaccines, providing a synthesis of evidence to inform the public health need of a vaccine, describing the supply and demand aspects, its market and its impact from a health, financial and economic perspective. This paper provides a practical guide to how FVVAs are developed and used to support investment in vaccines, ultimately leading to sustained implementation in countries. The FVVA includes a range of elements that can be broadly categorised as synthesis, vaccine development narrative and defining vaccine impact and value. Depending on the features of the disease/vaccine in question, different elements may be emphasised; however, a standardised set of elements is recommended for each FVVA. The FVVA should be developed by an expert group who represent a range of stakeholders, perspectives and geographies and ensure a fair, coherent and evidence-based assessment of vaccine value.