bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sodium tetrachloropalladate (Na2[PdCl4]) as an improved test salt for palladium allergy patch testing
Authors: Muris Joris , Kleverlaan Cornelis J , Feilzer Albert J , Rustemeyer Thomas
Published: August 2010

Background:  In the last decades, palladium is widely used in dentistry. Allergic reactions to palladium are rarely diagnosed with patch testing, even when positive results would be expected. Palladium tends to cross‐react with nickel, which should give rise to more positive reactions to palladium dichloride (standard test salt).

Objective:  The aim of the study was to test whether or not mono‐nuclear sodium tetrachloropalladate (Na2[PdCl4]) in petrolatum is a better test salt for diagnosing palladium allergy. Positive reactions to the investigated test salt are compared not only with PdCl2(aq.), but also to NiSO4(aq.) and NiSO4(pet.).

Patients/Methods:  Concentration series of Na2[PdCl4] were carried out. 164 consecutive patients were patch tested.

Results:  3% of Na2[PdCl4](pet.) was found to be the highest non‐irritative concentration. The results show (n = 164) that Na2[PdCl4] covers all reactions to PdCl2 (1.8%) and provokes more positive reactions (14%). From the 164 patients, 18.3% reacted positively to at least 1 of the nickel salts.

Conclusion:  The sensitivity of patch testing with Na2[PdCl4] is increased compared with the PdCl2 salt. Therefore, it can be concluded that Na2[PdCl4] is to be a better test salt for diagnosing palladium allergy with patch testing.
Drug‐elicited systemic allergic (contact) dermatitis – update and possible pathomechanisms
Authors: Thyssen Jacob Pontoppidan , Maibach Howard Ira
Published: August 2010

An allergic dermatitis reaction may develop after systemic exposure to a hapten that reaches the skin through haematogenous transport. This condition can be observed with and without previous cutaneous sensitization to the hapten but has traditionally been described following topical exposure. A heterogeneous clinical picture, in combination with limited insight to its pathomechanisms, makes such systemic reactions an area in need of further study. This article summarizes knowledge about systemic dermatitis elicited by drugs, with a special emphasis on possible pathomechanisms. A list of putative pathomechanisms is offered for future research. Literature was examined using PubMed–MEDLINE, EMBASE, Biosis, and Science Citation Index. Based on the literature, it is likely that humoral type 3, delayed‐type hypersensitivity, and drug‐driven (i.e. p‐i concept) reactions are involved. As commonly used terms may be misleading because skin contact is not a prerequisite, we suggest that the term ‘systemic allergic dermatitis’ should be used in the future.
Anogenital allergic contact dermatitis, the role of spices and flavour allergy
Authors: Vermaat Hester , Smienk Fiona , Rustemeyer Thomas , Bruynzeel Derk P. , Kirtschig Gudula
Published: August 2010

Background:  In patients with vulval or anogenital dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis is more common than allergic contact dermatitis. The reported frequency and relevance of contact sensitivity in anogenital dermatitis varies greatly.

Objective:  To determine the frequency and relevance of contact sensitization in a Dutch group of female patients with chronic anogenital complaints.

Methods:  We reviewed patch test results of 53 women with chronic anogenital complaints, with sole vulval symptoms in 29 women and sole perianal in 5, in whom inflammatory skin diseases like lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, psoriasis, as well as infectious diseases were unlikely or excluded as a cause of their symptoms. All women were tested with the European baseline series plus additional test series according to their personal history.

Results:  Thirty‐five patients (66%) showed one or more positive test reactions. Seven of these patients (20%) had one or more clinically relevant positive reactions, most often to flavours and spices.

Conclusion:  A considerable number of patients with anogenital dermatitis have a contact sensitization. Clinically relevant reactions were mainly found to spices and flavours. This is in contrast to the data reported in the literature that shows most contact allergies in vulval patients to ingredients of topical medication.
Occupational contact allergy to formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers
Authors: Aalto‐Korte Kristiina , Kuuliala O. , Suuronen K. , Alanko K.
Published: August 2010

Background:  Formaldehyde allergy is common and usually derives from formaldehyde‐releasing biocides in cosmetic and other products.

Objectives:  To analyse patterns of patch test reactions to formaldehyde and formaldehyde‐releasing compounds and the sources of sensitization.

Patients/Methods:  At the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, we screened the patch test files for allergic reactions to formaldehyde and 12 formaldehyde‐releasing compounds. All patients with contact allergy to any of the substances were included, and their records were reviewed.

Results:  Between January 2001 and May 2007, we had patch tested 81 patients with formaldehyde allergy and 18 with independent allergy to some formaldehyde releaser. Of the formaldehyde allergies, 60 were new sensitizations, 25 of which were considered to be occupational. The most common source of occupational sensitization was metalworking fluids followed by creams and related products. Exposure to formaldehyde‐releasing preservatives in liquid soaps and other rinse‐off products was common in both occupational and non‐occupational cases. Reactions to formaldehyde‐releasing compounds were seen in 79% of the formaldehyde‐allergic patients.

Conclusions:  Occupational formaldehyde allergy was common and occurred in metalworkers, hairdressers, masseurs, and workers using protective creams, detergents, and liquid soaps. When compared with studies on general dermatological patients, contact allergy to formaldehyde releasers without formaldehyde allergy was rare.
Skin reactions induced by experimental exposure to setae from larvae of the northern pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pinivora)
Authors: Fagrell Bengt , Jörneskog Gun , Salomonsson Ann‐Christin , Larsson Stig , Holm Go¨ran
Published: August 2010

Background:  Moth larvae that carry noxious hairs (setae) are spread worldwide. A population of the northern pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pinivora, TP) is present on the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. This study aimed to evaluate the local skin reactions following experimental exposure to TP setae.

Subjects and Methods:  A drop of setae suspension was applied on the volar forearm of six volunteers. The local skin reactions were studied by microscopy and skin perfusion using laser Doppler (LD) scanning.

Results:  Setae penetrated into the skin, and LD scanning showed marked increase in blood perfusion in all subjects. In two, with a history of severe symptoms, microscopic vacuoles developed around setae, followed by desquamation and severe symptoms. Remaining individuals, with only light symptoms during previous exposure, exhibited only mild reactions that disappeared within 3 weeks. In none of the volunteers, immunoglobulin (Ig) E or IgG4 antibodies to larval antigens were found.

Conclusion:  Experimental skin exposure to TP setae induces local inflammatory reactions independent of earlier exposure to TP. The degree of reaction correlated well with the magnitude of symptoms during natural exposure. The initial reaction mimics a ‘foreign body reaction’ that varies depending on individual predisposition.
Self‐renewal capacity of human epidermal Langerhans cells: observations made on a composite tissue allograft
Authors: Kanitakis Jean , Morelon Emmanuel , Petruzzo Palmina , Badet Lionel , Dubernard Jean‐Michel
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) are dendritic, antigen‐presenting cells residing within mammalian epidermis and mucosal epithelia. When massively depleted, they are replaced by cells of bone‐marrow origin. However, their renewal within normal skin under steady‐state conditions is not precisely known. We observed that epidermal LC within a human hand allograft remain stable in the long term (10 years) and are not replaced by cells of recipient’s origin; furthermore, we observed a Langerhans cell in mitosis within the epidermis 8 years postgraft. These results show that under almost physiological conditions, human LC renew in the epidermis by local mitoses of preexisting cells.
Human primary dendritic cell subsets differ in their IL‐12 release in response to Leishmania major infection
Authors: Zahn Sabine , Kirschsiefen Peter , Jonuleit Helmut , Steinbrink Kerstin , Von Stebut Esther
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Immunity against leishmaniasis has primarily been studied in experimental infections of mice. It was shown that infected skin dendritic cells (DC) are critical for the induction of protection against this pathogen, and targeting skin DC in vaccination approaches in mice has proven to be successful. However, little is known about the contribution of human DC subsets from the skin to primary immunity against this pathogen. In this study, we have analysed the interaction between different human DC subsets and Leishmania major. Primary human myeloid and monocyte‐derived DC ingested the parasite comparable to that of murine skin DC, and this resulted in DC activation and IL‐12 release, a cytokine essential for the induction of Th1/Tc1‐dependent protection. Interestingly, both Langerhans cells and plasmacytoid DC did not appear to contribute to protection in humans. Thus, in leishmaniasis, both murine and human data suggest that dermal inflammatory DC appear to be superior in promoting protection.
An allometric model of home range formation explains the structuring of animal communities exploiting heterogeneous resources
Authors: Buchmann Carsten M. , Schurr Frank M. , Nathan Ran , Jeltsch Florian
Published: August 2010

Understanding and predicting the composition and spatial structure of communities is a central challenge in ecology. An important structural property of animal communities is the distribution of individual home ranges. Home range formation is controlled by resource heterogeneity, the physiology and behaviour of individual animals, and their intra‐ and interspecific interactions. However, a quantitative mechanistic understanding of how home range formation influences community composition is still lacking. To explore the link between home range formation and community composition in heterogeneous landscapes we combine allometric relationships for physiological properties with an algorithm that selects optimal home ranges given locomotion costs, resource depletion and competition in a spatially‐explicit individual‐based modelling framework. From a spatial distribution of resources and an input distribution of animal body mass, our model predicts the size and location of individual home ranges as well as the individual size distribution (ISD) in an animal community. For a broad range of body mass input distributions, including empirical body mass distributions of North American and Australian mammals, our model predictions agree with independent data on the body mass scaling of home range size and individual abundance in terrestrial mammals. Model predictions are also robust against variation in habitat productivity and landscape heterogeneity. The combination of allometric relationships for locomotion costs and resource needs with resource competition in an optimal foraging framework enables us to scale from individual properties to the structure of animal communities in heterogeneous landscapes. The proposed spatially‐explicit modelling concept not only allows for detailed investigation of landscape effects on animal communities, but also provides novel insights into the mechanisms by which resource competition in space shapes animal communities.
Salivary lactoferrin in a selected group of subjects with exceptional extrinsic dental staining
Authors: Nordbo H. , Kolsto A. B. , Eriksen H. M.
Published: August 2010

Nordbø H, Kolstø AB, Eriksen HM. Salivary lactoferrin in a selected group of subjects with exceptional extrinsic dental staining. J Oral Pathol 1987: 16: 392–394.

Some people exhibit an exceptional tendency to develop brownish extrinsic staining on their teeth and previous studies indicate that iron may be involved in certain types. The object of this investigation was to find out whether the level of salivary lactoferrin, which is an ironbinding glycoprotein, is elevated in persons exhibiting extreme staining tendency. Subjects who developed dark brownish discoloration on the facial surfaces of their anterior teeth during a 3‐week period following professional cleaning of the teeth were selected for study. Salivary lactoferrin was measured by the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that this group of persons exhibited a markedly higher concentration of salivary lactoferrin compared with non‐stainers. It was also demonstrated in an in vitro study that combinations of lactoferrin, iron, and tannic acid produced stain on slabs of enamel and dentin.
Treatment of aphthous patients by enhancement of the salivary peroxidase system
Authors: Hoogendoorn H. , Piessens J. P.
Published: August 2010

Hoogendoorn H, Piessens JP. Treatment of aphthous patients by enhancement of the salivary peroxidase system. J Oral Pathol 1987: 16: 425–427.

The inhibition of glucose‐stimulated acid production by indigenous bacteria in human saliva is not achieved by the addition of up to 250 (μM hydrogen peroxide in vitro. However, in the presence of 2 × 10‐4% of hydroxyquinoline and the same amount of Zn, acid production is immediately terminated by addition of peroxide to only 25 μM. No inhibition is observed when any one of these components is omitted. On the basis of these observations, a mouthrinse containing the same concentrations of hydroxyquinoline and Zn was prepared. Hydrogen peroxide was provided by including glucose oxidase and amyloglucosidase. This mouthrinse was used in a pilot clinical study of 64 patients subject to severe aphthous attacks which were not previously relieved by the use of a peroxidogenic toothpaste. After a two‐month period, during which these patients rinsed twice daily with 5 ml of the mouthrinse, 45 patients reported relief of their symptoms. Of the remaining 19 patients, 17 reported no effect of using the mouthrinse, while 2 reported an exacerbation of their symptoms. The results of this study suggest that the mothrinse may be an effective method for treating patients who suffer from severe aphthous attacks.
Role of chewing and smoking habits in the etiology of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF): a case‐control study
Authors: Shah N. , Sharma P. P.
Published: August 2010

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), a premalignant and crippling condition of the oral mucous membrane, was studied to identify its relationship to various chewing and smoking habits. Two hundred and thirty‐six consecutive cases of OSF were compared with 221 control subjects matched for age, sex and socio‐economic conditions. It was found that chewing of areca nut/quid or pan masala (acommercial preparation of areca nuts, lime, catechu and undisclosed colouring, flavouring and sweetening agents) was directly related to OSF. Also, pan masala was chewed by a comparatively younger age group and was associated with OSF changes earlier than areca nut/quid chewing. However, chewing or smoking tobacco with various other chewing habits did not increase the risk of developing OSF. It was also found that frequency of chewing rather than the total duration of the habit was directly correlated to OSF.
Detection of Epstein‐Barr virus in oral scrapes in HIV infection, in hairy leukoplakia, and in Healthy non‐HIV‐infected people
Authors: Scully Crispian , Porter Stephen R. , Di Alberti Luca , Jalaal Mohamed , Maitland Norman
Published: August 2010

Epstein‐barr Virus (EBV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL). EBV is normally detected by lesional biopsy. The objectives of this study were to examine oral scrapes containing squamous epithelial cells from healthy non‐HIV‐infected people with and without clincial lesions of OHL, and from healthy non‐HIV‐infected controls, for EBV‐DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). EBV‐DNA was detected in 65% of HIV‐infected individuals it was found as frequently in those without OHL as in those with. Moreover, EBV‐DNA was not detected in all HIV‐infected individuals, nor in all OHL as in those with. Moreover, EBV‐DNA was not detected in all Hiv‐infected individuals, nor in all OHL> The results suggest that the presence or absenc e of detectable EBV‐DNA in oral scrapes, though a guide, cannot be regarded as absolutely reliable in the diagnosis or exclusion of OHL.
In situ hybridisation and immunocytochemical localisation of osteolytic cytokines and adhesion molecules in ameloblastomas
Authors: Pripatnanont Prisana , Song Yu , Harris Malcolm , Meghji Sajeda
Published: August 2010

Ameloblastomas produce interleukin‐1‐like activity that could explain some part of their osteolytic capability. However, the cellular source of this osteolytic activity is unknown. In the present study, cytokines with known inflammatory and osteolytic activity, i.e., interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), have been localised by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridisation. The cellular adhesion receptors ICAM‐1, E‐selectin and VCAM‐1 have also been immunolocalised. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that all seven specimens showed positive staining for IL‐1α and IL‐6 with these cytokines being located in the stellate reticulum‐like cells and vascular endothelium. Very faint staining for IL‐1β was seen in four of seven specimens. No reaction was seen for TNF‐α. All specimens demonstrated E‐selectin staining in the vascular endothelium and ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 staining in the stellate reticulum‐like cells and the endothelium. In situ hybridisation for the cytokines showed the presence of mRNA of both IL‐1α and IL‐6 in the stellate reticulum‐like cells. Faint staining for IL‐1β was also seen. No staining was seen for TNF. These findings show that ameloblastomas synthesize two bone‐modulating cytokines, IL‐1α and IL‐6, and that these are synthesized mainly by the stellate reticulum‐like cells. These tumours also contain a proportion of activated blood vessels in which endothelial cells express the cellular adhesion receptors ICAM‐1, E‐selectin and VCAM‐1.
Oral manifestations of HIV infection by gender and transmission category in Mexico City
Authors: Ramirez‐Amador Velia , Esquivel‐Pedraza Lilly , Sierra‐Madero Juan , Ponce‐de‐Leon Samuel , Ponce‐de‐Leon Sergio
Published: August 2010

A cross‐sectional analysis was conducted in Mexico City from September 1989 to March 1996, to determine the prevalence of HIV‐related oral manifestations by gender and route of HIV transmission. The diagnosis of HIV‐associated oral lesions was based on preestablished criteria. For the statistical analysis chisquared and Fisher's exact tests were used where appropriate. Odds ratios were calculated as estimates of the relative risks. Control of confounding factors was performed by logistic regression models. Oral lesions were present in 75% of 436 HIV+ patients. Hairy leukoplakia, erythematous and pseudomembranous candidosis, angular cheilitis and oral ulcers were frequently found. Patients who contracted HIV through blood transfusion were more likely to present erythematous candidosis (P=0.005) than subjects who acquired HIV through sexual transmission. Oral ulcers were seen only in men (P=0.02) and in individuals who contracted HIV through sexual transmission (P=0.02). This study brings valuable data in regard to differences in the type and prevalence of HIV‐related oral lesions by gender and the risk categories analysed, particularly blood transfusion.
p53 expression in oral precancer as a marker for malignant potential
Authors: Murti P. R. , Warnakulasuriya K. A. A. S. , Johnson N. W. , Bhonsle R. B. , Gupta P. C. , Daftary D. K. , Mehta F. S.
Published: August 2010

The potential of p53 protein expression as a marker for determining which oral precancerous lesions may transform to malignancy with time was assessed. We compared the p53 expression in archival formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues from 22 baseline biopsies of precancerous lesions that transformed to cancer in 4‐25 years against that in 68 similar lesions that did not transform over the same time period. Twenty‐nine percent of precancers that transformed were p53‐positive at baseline, compared to 31% of the biopsies that did not transform to malignancy. When examined by immunohistochemical methods p53 expression failed to detect potential malignant status of oral precancer. Non‐specificity of the assay may account for this result but overexpression of p53 due to DNA damage by tobacco/betel‐quid in non‐progressive lesions needs further study. Nine precancerous lesions became p53‐immunoreactive from precancer to cancer. This may suggest p53 overexpression peaks close to the time of transition from precancer to cancer rather than early in the natural history of oral precancer.
Hyalinosis cutis et mucosae: gingival involvement
Authors: Bazopoulou‐Kyrkanidou Euterpe , Tosios Konstantinos I. , Zabelis George , Charalampopoulou Sossana , Papanicolaou Stavros I.
Published: August 2010

Hyalinosis cutis et mucosae (lipoid proteinosis, Urbach‐Wiethe disease) is a rare syndrome with autosomal recessive inheritance. The disease is characterized by diffuse deposition of a hyaline‐like substance in the dermis, the submucosal connective tissue and various internal organs. The oral mucosa of affected people becomes nodular and thickened, with primary involvement of the labial, buccal and palatal mucosa, posterior tongue, and lingual frenulum. We report the case of a 66‐year‐old man with hyalinosis cutis et mucosae who presented with gingival hyperplasia due to diffuse deposition of hyaline‐like material, and discuss the diagnostic significance of the microscopic findings of the gingival tissues. The present clinical features are also compared to those of the same patient at the age of 38 years.
Localization of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in pleomorphic adenoma (PA) of salivary glands: an immunohistochemical and histochemical evaluation
Authors: Zhao Ming , Takata Takashi , Ogawa Ikuko , Miyauchi Mutsumi , Ito Hiroshi , Nikai Hiromasa
Published: August 2010

The tumor matrix of salivary pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is characteristically rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which contribute to its complex histoarchitecture. This study evaluated the microscopic localization of various GAGs in 17 PAs, using a panel of anti‐GAG monoclonal antibodies and biotinylated hyaluronic acid (HA)‐binding protein. Both epithelial and mesenchymal‐like tissues were confirmed to contain GAGs. Luminal epithelial cells mostly lacked GAGs, whereas GAGs were seen both in the cytoplasm and cell membrane of non‐luminal epithelial cells. In addition, small intercellular accumulations of GAGs were often present in solid epithelial areas, implying the epithelial origin of GAGs. GAGs did not appear to be a main component of the hyaline matrix. The myxoid region was consistently stained for both chondroitin 6‐sulfate (CS‐6) and HA but variably for chondroitin 4‐sulfate (CS‐4), dermatan sulfate (DS) and keratan sulfate (KS); heparan sulfate (HS) was not detected. The chondroid region showed increased staining for CS‐6 but reduced staining for HA when compared with the myxoid region. In addition, CS‐4, DS and KS were seen both in chondroid cells and the territorial matrix, whereas HS was present only in the cells. It is suggested that GAGs in PA are mainly produced by non‐luminal cells and influence the proliferation, differentiation, secretory activity and shape of tumor cells, thus contributing to the morphological diversity of this tumor.
Assessment of enamel hypoplasia in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy‐candidiasis‐ectodermal dystrophy (APECED)
Authors: Perniola Roberto , Tamborrino Giuseppe , Marsigliante Santo , De Rinaldis Corrado
Published: August 2010

The features of enamel hypoplasia in a small group of patients with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy‐candidiasis‐ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) are described. Using a recently developed method, the authors evaluated quantitatively the amount of defect in each tooth by measuring the width of the hypoplastic lesions and dividing the value by the crown height. They then assessed the degree of damage in each tooth type (from central incisors to second premolars) and patient. Canines were the most severely affected among maxillary and mandibular teeth, but all tooth types were involved. Analysing both the differences between patients and their age at the beginning of the defect, the authors observe that hypoparathyroidism is not responsible for the onset of enamel hypoplasia in APECED, although it may contribute to the damage.
Immunohistochemical localization of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and FGF receptor‐1 in human normal salivary glands and pleomorphic adenomas
Authors: Kusafuka Kimihide , Yamaguchi Akira , Kayano Teruo , Takemura Tamiko
Published: August 2010

Basic and acidic fibroblast growth factors (bFGF and aFGF) are heparin‐binding growth factors, and promote fibrogenesis and angiogenesis. We investigated the immunohistochemical localization of bFGF, aFGF, and FGF receptor‐1 in pleomorphic adenomas. In the normal salivary glands, bFGF was localized in the basement membranes of intercalated ducts, acini and basal cells of the excretory ducts, while aFGF was localized focally in the intercalated ductal cells and basal cells of the excretory ducts. In pleomorphic adenomas, bFGF was immunolocalized in the basement membranes around the solid nests of myoepithelial cells, around the neoplastic myoepithelial cells in the myxoid areas, and in the lacuna cells in the chondroid areas. In contrast, chondroid areas exhibited no immunoreactivity with aFGF. Positive signals for aFGF were localized in luminal cells of the tubuloglandular structures in pleomorphic adenomas. FGF receptor‐1 immunolocalized in the lacuna cells and myoepithelial cells in the solid and myxoid areas. These observations suggest that bFGF and FGF receptor‐1 produced by myoepithelial cells inhibited terminal differentiation and enchondral ossification in pleomorphic adenomas. These results also suggest important roles for FGFs in the formation of various structures with mesenchymal‐like histology.
Expression of CD44 variant exons by primary and metastatic oral squamous carcinomas
Authors: Oliveira D. T. , Sherriff M. , Odell E. W.
Published: August 2010

Abnormal CD44 expression in many neoplasms correlates with behaviour, but reports on its role in oral squamous carcinoma are contradictory. CD44 expression was characterised in a closely matched series of oral carcinomas with and without metastases in both frozen and formalin‐fixed tissue and correlated with behaviour and histological grading parameters. Eleven primary oral squamous carcinomas without metastases and nine primary carcinomas with 19 matched metastases were stained immunocytochemically for CD44H and products of variant exons v3, v4/5, v6 and v9. Patterns of staining in frozen and formalin‐fixed tissue were correlated with invasive front grading and behaviour using exact inferential statistics. Most primary carcinomas stained for all exons tested but some showed loss of expression of v4/5. Loss of expression was more marked in metastases, but there was no correlation between expression and behaviour or grade. Stromal surfaces of epithelial cells often expressed variant exon products reflecting loss of polarity. This, together with selective loss of v4 and v5 in primary carcinomas and their more frequent loss in metastases, suggests that CD44 may play a role in metastasis of some oral squamous carcinomas.
Telomerase activity in oral lichen planus
Authors: Thongprasom Kobkan , Mutirangura Apiwat , Cheerat Surasak
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of telomerase in refractory oral lichen planus. Using a polymerase chain reaction‐based telomerase activity assay, we investigated telomerase activity in 20 oral lichen planus specimens (erosive 9, atrophic 11). Telomerase activity was detected in 14 cases (erosive 7, atrophic 7). Furthermore, 13 cases of lichen planus with mild dysplasia proved telomerase‐positive in eight specimens and six of seven cases devoid of dysplasia were also positive in the telomerase assay. The data indicate that, in general, telomerase activity might be frequently detectable in OLP. The data also suggest that telomerase activity might not be particularly associated with the premalignant phenotype in OLP.
Expression of CD44s, CD44v5, CD44v6 and CD44v7‐8 in betel quid chewing‐associated oral premalignant lesions and squamous cell carcinomas in Taiwan
Authors: Kuo Mark Yen‐Ping , Cheng Shih‐Jung , Chen Hsin‐Ming , Kok Sang‐Heng , Hahn Liang‐Jiunn , Chiang Chun‐Pin
Published: August 2010

Aberrant expression of the cell surface adhesion molecule CD44 and its variant forms has been shown to be associated with the invasive and metastatic potential of cancer cells, and with poor prognosis in several types of cancers. Expression of CD44 standard (CD44s) and variant (CD44v) forms in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), epithelial dysplasia (ED), epithelial hyperkeratosis (EH) and normal buccal mucosa (NBM) have been examined using antibodies to CD44s, CD44v5, CD44v6 and CD44v7‐8. Positive CD44s, CD44v5, CD44v6 and CD44v7‐8 staining was detected in all the specimens from NBM, EH and ED. Positive staining of CD44s, CD44v5, CD44v6 or CD44v7‐8 was detected in 55 (88.7%), 48 (77.4%), 59 (95.2%) and 22 (35.5%) of the 62 SCC specimens, respectively. The positive staining of CD44v7‐8 in oral SCC was significantly less than that in NBM (P<0.01). No significant correlation was found between CD44v7‐8 expression and daily or total consumption of betel quids or cigarettes by the SCC patients. The 5‐year survival rate for patients with CD44v7‐8‐positive tumours was significantly higher than that for the CD44v7‐8‐negative group (P<0.03). These results indicate that loss of CD44v7‐8 expression may be a valuable factor for determining prognosis in oral SCC patients.
Detection of Helicobacter pylori in various oral lesions by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Authors: Mravak‐Stipetić Marinka , Gall‐Tros̆elj Koraljka , Lukac̆ Josip , Kusić Zvonko , Pavelić Kres̆imir , Pavelić Jasminka
Published: August 2010

Mravak‐Stipetic M, Gall‐Troselj K, Lukac J, Kusic Z, Pavelic K, Pavelic J: Detection of Helicobacter pylori in various oral lesions by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). J Oral Pathol Med 1998; 27: 1–3. © Munksgaard, 1998.

Nested PCR was used for the detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in specimens collected from seven different topographic sites in the oral cavity. Out of 161 patients, only 21 (13.04%) were positive. There was no correlation between H. pylori status and patient diagnosis and age. No preferential site for bacterial colonization was found in the oral cavity, nor was an association established between a bacterial presence and ulcerated versus non‐ulcerated lesions. The results indicate that the oral mucosa does not appear to represent a preferred site of colonization for H. pylori. Furthermore, the evidence presented in this paper suggests that H. pylori is not pathogenic in the oral cavity, nor is it associated with common oral pathologic processes.
Serine protease activity is essential for thrombin‐induced protein synthesis in cultured human dental pulp cells: modulation roles of prostaglandin E2
Authors: Chang Mei‐Chi , Lan Wan‐Hong , Chan Chiu‐Po , Lin Chun‐Pin , Hsieh Chi‐Chuan , Jeng Jiiang‐Huei
Published: August 2010

Chang MC, Lan WH, Chan CP, Lin CP, Hsieh CC, Jeng JH: Serine protease activity is essential for thrombin‐induced protein synthesis in cultured human dental pulp cells: modulation roles of prostaglandin E2. J Oral Pathol Med 1998; 27: 23–9. © Munksgaard, 1998.

Irritations and injuries to the dental pulp usually lead to different degrees of pulpal inflammation. To investigate the roles of thrombin and prostaglandins in the healing and inflammatory processes of dental pulp as well as their effects on pulpal protein synthesis, human dental pulp cell cultures were established and their protein production was measured with or without the presence of exogenous thrombin and prostaglandins. At concentrations of 1–25 U/ml, a‐thrombin increased the protein synthesis to 1.4–2.3 fold over the vehicle control. On the contrary, 0.1 (μg/ml of prostaglandin E] (PGE1 suppressed protein synthesis by 60%. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) also inhibited protein synthesis with an IC50 of 0.4 ug/ml. The stimulatory effects of thrombin (10 U/ml) can be inhibited by antithrombin III (2 U/ml) (a natural thrombin inhibitor) with heparin (2 U/ml), PPACK (D‐Phe‐Pro‐ArgCH2Cl) (20–50 ug/ml) (a serine protease inhibitor), and PGE2 (0.5–1.0 μg/ml). Moreover, TRAP (20–40 μg/ml), a thrombin receptor agonist peptide, also exerted a stimulatory effect (1.21–1.37 fold). In conclusion, thrombin‐induced protein synthesis by pulp cells is dependent on proteolytic activity, but not on binding to receptors. Both PGE1 and PGE2 exert suppressive effects on protein synthesis, indicating that interactions between thrombin and prostaglandins are important in regulating the inflammation, repair and regeneration of pulp tissue following injury.
Safety of salivary gland‐administered replication‐deficient recombinant adenovirus in rats
Authors: Delporte Christine , Miller Georgina , Kagami Hideaki , Lillibridge C. David , O'Connell Brian C. , Atkinson Jane C. , Baum Bruce J.
Published: August 2010

Delporte C, Miller G, Kagami H, Lillibridge CD, O'Connell BC, Atkinson JC, Baum BJ: Safety of salivary gland‐administered replication‐deficient recombinant adenovirus in rats. J Oral Pathol Med 1998; 27: 34–8. © Munksgaard, 1998.

We have examined the safety of a replication‐deficient recombinant adenovirus administered at a single, high dose intraductally to rat submandibular glands or systemically via the femoral vein. The virus used directed the synthesis of human aquaporin‐1, a water channel protein, and is termed AdhAQPl. Comparisons were made 1 and 9 days post‐infection with animals administered either a similar virus encoding no transgene or the viral suspension buffer. Animals were specifically not given anti‐inflammatory drugs to impede the well‐known immunopathologic response to recombinant adenoviral administration. Serum chemistries and hematological parameters were monitored. Rats were subjected to complete gross necropsy and selected tissues were evaluated by histopathology. Most clinical chemistry and hematology values were within normal ranges; however, evidence of inflammation (e.g., elevated lactic dehydrogenase, total leukocyte count) was seen. Gross pathology was normal, as was histopathology, excepting rare focal areas of necrosis. The results show that intrasalivary gland or intravenous AdhAQPl administration leads to low levels of toxicity in rats.
So‐called calcifying odontogenic cyst: review and discussion on the terminology and classification
Authors: Toida Makoto
Published: August 2010

Toida M: So‐called calcifying odontogenic cyst: review and discussion on the terminology and classification. J Oral Pathol Med 1998; 27: 49–52. © Munks‐gaard, 1998.

The so‐called calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) shows extensive diversity in its clinico‐histopathological appearances and biological behaviour. Because of this diversity, there has been confusion and disagreement on the terminology and classification of this lesion. The attempts at classification of COC may be divided into two concepts. The first concept is the “monistic” one that all COCs are neoplastic in nature, even though the majority are cystic in architecture and appear to be non‐neoplastic. The second is the “dualistic” concept that COC contains two entities: a cyst and a neoplasm. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) classified COC as an odontogenic tumour in 1992 based on the former concept, current thinking favors strongly the latter one. In this article, several previous classifications of COC in the literature are discussed and a new simple classification scheme based on the “dualistic” concept is proposed.
Cytotoxic and non‐genotoxic effects of arecoline on human buccal fibroblasts in vitro
Authors: Chang Yu‐Chao , Tai Kuo‐Wei , Cheng Min‐Hsiung , Chou Lin Shin‐Shen , Chou Ming‐Yung
Published: August 2010

Chang YC, Tai KW, Cheng MH, Chou LSS, Chou MY: Cytotoxic and non‐genotoxic effects of arecoline on human buccal fibroblasts in vitro. J Oral Pathol Med 1998; 27: 68–71. © Munksgaard, 1998.

Betel quid chewing has been linked to oral submucous fibrosis and oral cancer. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays were used to investigate the pathobiologi‐cal effects of arecoline on cultured human buccal fibroblasts. Arecoline increased double‐stranded polynucleic acid at the concentration of 0.1 to 10 μg/ml in a concentration‐dependent manner. At a concentration higher than 50 μg/ml, arecoline was cytotoxic to cultured fibroblasts and the cytotoxicity was dose‐dependent. No genotoxicity for arecoline was found even at a concentration of 400 μg/ml. On the other hand, 600 μg/ml glutathione (GSH) and 200 μg/ml glycyrrhizin could prevent the arecoline‐induced cytotoxicity. These results indicate that arecoline is a cytotoxic agent and no genotoxicity was found to human buccal fibroblasts. Furthermore, increasing consumption of GSH‐ and glycyrrhizin‐rich foods may reduce the oral diseases associated with betel quid chewing.
p53 aberrations in oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma detected by immunocytochemistry and PCR‐SSCP
Authors: Trivedy C. , Warnakulasuriya K. A. A. S. , Tavassoli M. , Steingrimsdottir H. , Penhallow J. , Maher R. , Johnson N. W.
Published: August 2010

Trivedy C, Warnakulasuriya KAAS, Tavassoli M, Steingrimsdottir H, Penhallow J, Maher R, Johnson NW: p53 aberrations in oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma detected by immunocytochemistry and PCR‐SSCP. J Oral Pathol Med 1998; 27: 72–7. © Munksgaard, 1998.

An archival series of oral biopsies from Karachi, Pakistan, consisting of 21 cases of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and 27 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), of which 6 had arisen from OSF, were used to examine the aberrations in the structure and expression of the p53 tumour suppressor gene. The PCR‐SSCP method was used for mutation analysis of exons 2–9, and (over)expression of p53 protein was detected by immunocytochemistry using monoclonal antibody DO 7. Positive immunostaining was observed in 15/20 (75%) of OSF specimens, 3/6 (50%) of SCC arising from OSF and 14/21 (67%) of SCC not arising from OSF. Mobility shifts in SSCP indicative of a mutation in p53 or loss of heterozygosity (deletion of a band) were seen in 13/21 cases of OSF and 15/27 cases of SCC. There was concordance between immunocytochemistry and SSCP results in a majority (33/48) of samples. Though the number of analysed SCC cases arising from OSF was limited, the results suggest that p53 mutation/protein stabilisation may play a part in the pathogenesis of OSF and its progression to SCC.
Oral mucosal lesions associated with betel quid, areca nut and tobacco chewing habits: consensus from a workshop held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, November 25‐27, 1996
Authors: Zain Rosnah Bte. , Ikeda Noriaki , Gupta Prakash Chandra , Warnakulasuriya Saman , van Wyk Christian Werner , Shrestha Prashanta , Axéll Tony
Published: August 2010

A variety of betel/areca nut/tobacco habits have been reviewed and categorized because of their possible causal association with oral cancer and various oral cancer and various oral precancerous lesions and conditions, and on account of their widespread occurrence in different parts of the world. At a recent workshop in Kuala Lumpur it was recommended that “quid” be defined as “a substance, or mixture of substances, placed in the mouth or chewed and remaining in contact with the mucosa, usually containing one or both of the two basic ingredients, tobacco and/or areca nut, in raw or any manufactured or processed form.” Clear delineations on contents of the quid (areca nut quid, tobacco quid, and tobacco and areca nut quid) are recommended as absolute criteria with finer subdivisions to be added if necessary. The betel quid refers to any quid wrapped in betel leaf and is therefore a specific variety of quid. The workshop proposed that quid‐related lesions should be categorized conceptually into two categories: first, those that are diffusely outlined and second, those localized at the site where a quid is regularly placed. Additional or expanded criteria and guidelines were proposed to define, describe or identify lesions such as chewer's mucosa, areca nut chewer's lesion, oral submucous fibrosis and other quid‐related lesions. A new clinical entity, betel‐quid lichenoid lesion, was also proposed to describe an oral lichen planus‐like lesion associated with the betel quid habit.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of the small and large proteoglycans in pleomorphic adenoma of salivary glands
Authors: Zhao Ming , Takata Takashi , Ogawa Ikuko , Yada Toshikazu , Kimata Koji , Nikai Hiromasa
Published: August 2010

This study investigated the immunolocalization of small and large proteoglycans (PGs), including decorin, biglycan, PG‐M/versican and aggrecan, in salivary pleomorphic adenoma (PA) using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. In addition, a polyclonal antibody, A0082, recognizing blood vessels was also used to help identify truly mesenchymal tissues in PA. Decorin reactivity was detected only in tumor capsule and interstitial tissue of non‐neoplastic salivary gland, but not in the tumor tissue. Biglycan was frequently revealed throughout the matrix of small chondroid regions and in the peripheral portion of larger chondroid regions. PG‐M/versican was mainly localized to the truly mesenchymal tissues in PA and the innermost portion of tumor capsule. On the contrary, aggrecan was extensively expressed in the non‐luminal epithelial areas as well as in the myxoid and chondroid areas, but not in the truly mesenchymal tissues. These findings suggest that aggrecan is the most widely distributed PG in PA and may be produced mainly by non‐luminal tumor cells. The absence of aggrecan from the truly mesenchymal tissues argues against its origin from this source. Both aggrecan and biglycan may play important roles in the chondroid differentiation and morphogenesis of PA.
Immunohistochemical expression of p53, MDM2, Ki‐67 and PCNA in central giant cell granuloma and giant cell tumor
Authors: de Souza Paulo E. A. , O. Paim Júlia F. , Carvalhais Júnia Noronha , Gomez Ricardo S.
Published: August 2010

Central gaint cell granuloma (CGCG) is a reactive bone lesion that occurs mainly in the jaws. The gaint cell tumour (GCT) is a benign locally aggressive neoplasm located near the articular end of tubular bones. Both lesions are characterised histologically by multinucleated gaint cells in a background of ovoid to spindle‐shaped mesenchymal cells. There is a basic question whether both lesions are separate entities or variants of the same disease. The study of cell cycle‐associated proteins may give insights into clarifing such question. The expression of these protiens is also important to determine the cell cycle regulation in both tumours. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochimical expression of p53, MDM2, Ki‐67 and PCNA in CGCG and GCT. The results demonstrated that, despite the lack of p53 immunoreactivity, all the samples showed wide expression of MDM2. The percentage of Ki‐67‐and PCNA‐positive cell in CGCG was statistically higher than that of GCT. Our findings shwo that CGCG has a higher proliferative activity compared with that of the GCT. Our results also suggest that p53 inactivation by MDM2 expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of gaint cell lesions of the jaws and long bones.
Suppression of Fas receptor and negative correlation of Fas ligand with differentiation and apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Loro Lado Lako , Vintermyr Olav Karsten , Johannessen Anne Christine , Liavaag Per Gunnar , Jonsson Roland
Published: August 2010

Apoptosis and the expression of Fas receptor (Fas) and Fas ligand (FasL) were studied in 8 samples of normal oral mucosa (OM) and in 19 oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) by immunohistochemistry and the TUNEL method. Fas was detected in less than 2% of cells of OSCC compared with 84.3 ± 9.0% of cells in the basal layer in OM. FasL was found to be highly expressed in poorly differentiated lesions (90.9 ± 3.6%), and in cells of both the basal (88.3 ± 4.3%) and central (85.3 ± 5.7%) parts of moderately differentiated lesions, whereas in well‐differentiated (WD) lessions expression was considerably lower in both basal (42.7 ± 4.1%) and central (11.5 ± 2.4%) parts. In normal OM FasL was primarily detected in cells of the basal layer, but in a high proportion of cells (84.9 ± 4.3%). Apototic cell death was greater in OSCC (1.6 ± 0.6%) than in OM (0.6 ± 0.2%, P<0.05) and was most pronounced in the central part of WD OSCC (2.3 ± 0.5%). Our results show that Fas is expressed in low quantities in OSCC and that FasL expression correlates negatively with degree of differentiation and apoptosis in OSCC.
Neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma of the oral mucosa: report of a case with immunohistochemical study and review of the literature
Authors: Longo Francesco , Califano Luigi , Mangone Giuseppe Michele , Errico Maria Elena
Published: August 2010

Merkel cell carcinoma (Mcc) is an uncommon and aggressive tumour with neuroendocrine features that occur predominantly in the head and neck region. The rarity of this tumour, especially when it arises in the oral mucosa, makes both early identification and standardisation of treatment difficult, particularly as regards complementary treatment. The availability of monoclonal antibodies with restricted specificity for some antigens thought to be related to neuroendocrine carcinomas, such as Merkel cell carcinoma, and ultrastructural studies offer some new leads to investigation. This has allowed, a greater number of these tumours to be discovered, thereby increasing the chances of effective management. A case of Mcc of the floor of the mouth is reported, together with the results of cytokeratin, neuron specific enolase and chromogranin immunohistochemistry.
DNA alterations in human oral squamous cell carcinomas detected by restriction landmark genomic scanning
Authors: Yamamoto K. , Konishi N. , Inui T. , Nakamura M. , Hiasa Y. , Kirita T. , Sugimura M.
Published: August 2010

Genetic abnormalities in human oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) were examined using restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS), a method of two‐dimensional gel analysis allowing detection of amplifications and other aberrations in genomic DNA. DNAs from 11 oral tumours as well as from contiguous normal squamous epithelium, were cleaved with the restriction enzyme Not I, [32P] end‐labeled and electrophoretically size‐fractionated. Following a second digestion employing Hinf I, the further fragmented DNA was again electrophoretically separated. Five fragments/spots were found amplified in at least 64% (7/11) (chromosome nos. 4, 9–12 or 22) of carcinomas, with one of these spots amplified in 100% (chromosome no. 4) of tumour samples. In addition, six other spots were frequently reduced in at least 55% (chromosome nos. 15 or 9–12) of tumour tissues. Further characterization of these common changes is needed to determine if they represent important alterations in OSCC.