bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les lois de la guerre chez les anciens Hindous
Authors: Oltramare Paul
Published: March 2011

Quelques lecteurs du Bulletin connaissent sans doute le nom de M. John Muir, l'illustre auteur des Sanskrit Texts et le Mécène des études indiennes. La traduction en vers anglais de nombreux passages empruntés aux ouvrages les plus variés de la littérature sanscrite, ne sera pas le moindre service que le savant anglais aura rendu à l'indianisme. Rien n'est en eflet plus propre à faire aimer l'Inde et ses écrivains que ces petites collections, distribuées géné- reusement par l'auteur, où l'on trouve, dégagées de leur gangue et rendues en vers, que les gens compétents déclarent pleins de charme et d'aisance, tant de pensées profondes ou ingénieuses, et presque toutes d'une haute moralité
Fondation d'une Société en Roumanie et dissolution de celle des États-Unis
Authors: Ador G , Moynier G
Published: March 2011

Deux fois déjà, depuis le commencement de cette année, nous avons eu à vous annoncer la formation de nouvelles sociétés de secours dans l'Europe orientale (au Monténégro et en Serbie), et nous venons aujourd'hui vous faire part de la fondation d'une soeiété du même genre en Roumanie. La jeune Société roumaine de la Croix rouge nous a témoigné le désir d'être mise en rapport avec les sociétés des autres pays, et nous nous empressons de faire droit à sa requête. Il y a longtemps que nous souhaitions de voir la Croix rouge arborée sur le Bas-Danube; aussi avons-nous appris avec satisfaction, par une lettre datée du 27 juillet, que les difficultés qui s'y opposaient avaient été victorieusement surmontées. Les événements dont la Serbie est actuellement le théâtre, suivant de près l'adhésion du gouvernement roumain à la Convention de Genève, semblent avoir déterminé la création de la société dont nous parlons.
Les Destinées de la Convention de Genève pendant la guerre de Serbie
Authors: Ador G , Moynier G
Published: March 2011

La suspension acluelle des hostilités en Turquie donne aux combattants un moment de répit, dont nous-mêmes désirons profiter pour vous entretenir de la guerre de Serbie, dans ses rapports avec la Convention de Genéve.
Conférence internationale à Vienne en 1871
Authors: d'Arneth F. H.
Published: March 2011

En vue de répondre dignement à l'attente et aux vœux qui se rattachent à la réunion de la Conférence internationale des Sociétés de secours aux militaires blessés ou malades en campagne, laquelle aura lieu à Vienne en 1871, la Société patriotique autrichienne ne croit pouvoir mieux faire que de donner, dès à présent, à ceux qui s'y intéressent, connaissance du modus procedendi proposé par elle comme devant servir de base à la dite Conférence. Elle prie toutes les sociétés de secours, toutes les rédactions de journaux, de même que les personnes qui désireraient prendre une part active è l'œuvre philanthropique dont il s'agit, de bien vouloir lui transmettre leurs observations et leurs désirs, tendant à modifier les propositions ci-dessous énumérées, afin qu'elle puisse y faire droit dans la mesure du possible.
Statuts de la Commission portugaise
Authors: de Magalhaes José Maria
Published: March 2011

Art. 1. II est fondé à Lisbonne une Association, sous le nom de Commission portugaise de secours aux militaires blessés et malades en temps de guerre, pour concourir à l'œuvre humanitaire indiquée par ce titre, selon les vues de la Conférence européenne, réunie à Genève, enl'année 1863, lesquelles furent suivies de la Convention de Genève, du 22 août 1864.
Association patriotique de dames à Berlin
Authors: de Sydow R.
Published: March 2011

Le second supplément du journal le Kriegerheil est entièrement consacré à l'Association patriotique de dames, dont les membres sont répandus dans toutes les provinces de la monarchie prussienne et même dans d'autres pays de l'Allemagne du Nord.
Guerre d'Orient
Authors: Loyd-Lindsay R.
Published: March 2011

Le Times et d'autres journaux anglais ont publié plusieurs appels en faveur des malades et blessés des armées qui se trouvent actuellement sur les bords du Danube et dans l'Asie mineure. Mais ces appels n'ont été faits que pour les soldatsturcs, dont la triste situation est digne, sans aucun doule, d'attirer l'attention et d'exciter la sympathie de l'Angleterre. En de précédentes occasions, l'assistance de la Société nationale a été tout autre. Il fut établi en principe que les secours de la Société seraient donnés d'abord aux malades et aux blessés de nos propres armées si, par malheur, elles se trouvaient engagées dans quelque guerre; mais que, si notre pays demeurait neutre, les secours seraient impartialement offerts aux malades et blessés des nations belligérantes. C'est ce qui a eu lieu durant la guerre franco-allemande et récemment dans la guerre de Serbie, et ce principe continuera d'être suivi.
Création de la Médaille Nightingale
Authors: Ador Gustave
Published: March 2011

La Conférence de Washington, en 1912, a institué, à lá suite d'un rapport présenté par le Comité international une « Médaille Nightingale », destinée à honorer les dames qui se seraient particulièrement distinguées dans les soins des malades ou des blessés.
Composition du Comité central pour 1914
Authors: Ithurralde J. , Bigorra J.
Published: March 2011

J'ai l'honneur de vous communiquer ci-après le cadre des membres du Comité de direction de la Croix-Rouge chilienne pour l'année 1914.
Neutralité suisse et blessés de la guerre
Authors: Ferrière
Published: March 2011

Un citoyen suisse très versé dans les questions militaires et économiques suggère dans le Berner Tagblatt de faire participer la Suisse, en cas de guerre européenne, à la grande mission humanitaire que représente la Croix-Rouge, en recueillant les blessés et malades des armées combattantes des pays limitrophes et en les soignant pendant la période des hostilités. En retour de ce service, la Suisse serait autorisée, de la part des puissances voisines qui prendraient les mesures voulues pour cela, à faire passer à travers leur territoire ses approvisionnements en produits de nécessité vitale : blé, combustible, etc… Nul n'ignore, en effet, qu'en cas de guerre générale, la Suisse pourrait se trouver en peu de semaines dans une situation très critique, voisine de la famine même, et qu'elle ne pourrait guère compter obtenir le libre passage pour ses approvisionnements à travers les Etats belligérants sans leur assurer un avantage matériel en retour.
L'organisation de la lutte contre la tuberculose
Authors: Hanabusa Vicomte
Published: March 2011

Nous avons reçu du Comité central de Tokio la lettre suivante dont l'intérêt légitime une publication in-extenso :

«Tokio, le 26 février 1914.
Morbidité par maladies psychiques dans les guerres balkaniques de 1912–1913
Authors: F.
Published: March 2011

Le Dr Subotitsch, directeur de l'établissement d'aliénés de Belgrade et secrétaire de la Croix-Rouge serbe, a présenté au récent Congrès international de psychiatrie de Moscou, un rapport sur ce sujet en ce qui concerne les armées serbe, bulgare, monténégrine et grecque. Nous ne suivrons pas le rapporteur dans les détails de son exposé. Contentons-nous de constater que les armées balkaniques se sont montrées plus résistantes aux affections psychiques que les armées d'autres nations, si l'on se base sur les statistiques de cette guerre comparées à celles des guerres antérieures d'Europe et des colonies. Sans doute la cause principale en réside-t-elle dans la résistance tres grande de ces populations aux fatigues physiques, dans la simplicité de leurs mœurs et dans leur sobriété.
Démission de Mgr. le Duc de Nemours
Authors: de Beaufort Cte
Published: March 2011

Le Comité central français nous a communiqué, pour être insérée dans le Bulletin, la lettre suivante qu'il a adressée à ses Comités de province.
Le brancard avec bache-couverture de M. Longhaye
Authors: D'Espine
Published: March 2011

Le Bulletin a déjà signalé l'utile invention de M. Longhaye, président du Comité du département du Nord, dans son n° 70 (page 77). Depuis lors, l'inventeur ayant eu l'obligeance d'envoyer au Comité international un modèle de son brancard, nous nous trouvons en mesure d'en donner ici une courte description
Grain size control of river suspended sediment geochemistry: Clues from Amazon River depth profiles
Authors: Bouchez Julien , Gaillardet Jérôme , France‐Lanord Christian , Maurice Laurence , Dutra‐Maia Poliana
Published: March 2011

Residual solid products of erosion display a wide range of size, density, shape, mineralogy, and chemical composition and are hydrodynamically sorted in large river channels during their transport. We characterize the chemical and isotopic variability of river sediments of the Amazon Basin, collected at different water depths, as a function of grain size. Absolute chemical concentrations and Sr and Nd isotopic ratios greatly varies along channel depth. The Al/Si ratio, tightly linked to grain size distribution, systematically decreases with depth, mostly reflecting dilution by quartz minerals. A double‐normalization diagram is proposed to correct from dilution effects. Elements define fan‐shaped patterns and can be classified in three different groups with respect to hydrodynamic sorting during transport in the Amazon: (1) “poorly sorted” insoluble elements like Al, Fe, Th, and REEs, (2) “well‐sorted” insoluble elements like Zr and Ti, mainly carried by heavy minerals, and (3) alkali (Na to Cs) and alkali‐earth elements (Mg to Ba), for which a large variety of patterns is observed, related, for alkali, to their variable affinity for phyllosilicates. Sr isotopes show that the Amazon River at the mouth is stratified, the Madeira‐ and Solimões‐derived sediments being preferentially transported near the channel surface and at depth, respectively. The comparison between the Solimões and Madeira rivers shows how the interplay between grain sorting, weathering, and crustal composition controls the composition of the suspended river sediments.
Paleolinguistics brings more light on the earliest history of the traditional Eurasian pulse crops
Authors: Mikic Aleksandar , Medovic Aleksandar , Cupina Branko , Mihailovic Vojislav , Ignjatovic-Cupina Aleksandra , Djordjevic Vuk , Kobiljski Borislav
Published: March 2011

Traditional pulse crops such as pea, lentil, field bean, bitter vetch, chickpea and common vetch originate from Middle East, Mediterranean and Central Asia^1^. They were a part of human diets in hunter-gatherers communities^2^ and are one of the most ancient cultivated crops^3,4^. Europe has always been rich in languages^5^, with individual families still preserving common vocabularies related to agriculture^6,7^. The evidence on the early pulse history witnessed by the attested roots in diverse Eurasian proto-languages remains insufficiently clarified and its potential for supporting archaeobotanical findings is still non-assessed. Here we show that the paleolinguistic research may contribute to archaeobotany in understanding the role traditional Eurasian pulse crops had in the everyday life of ancient Europeans. It was found that the Proto-Indo-European language^8,9^ had the largest number of roots directly related to pulses, such as *arnk(')- (a leguminous plant), *bhabh- (field bean), *erəgw[h]- (a kernel of leguminous plant; pea), *ghArs- (a leguminous plant), *kek-, *k'ik'- (pea) and *lent- (lentil)^10,11,12^, numerous words subsequently related to pulses^13,14^ and borrowings from one branch to another^15^, confirming their essential place in the nutrition of Proto-Indo-Europeans^16,17,18^. It was also determined that pea was the most important among Proto-Uralic people^19,20,21^, while pea and lentil were the most significant in the agriculture of Proto-Altaic people^22,23,24^. Pea and bean were most common among Caucasians^25,26^, Basques^27,28^ and their hypothetical common forefathers^29^ and bean and lentil among the Afro-Asiatic ancestors of modern Maltese^30^. Our results demonstrate that pulses were common among the ancestors of present European nations and that paleolinguistics and its lexicological and etymological analysis may be useful in better understanding the earliest days of traditional Eurasian crops. We believe our results could be a basis for advanced multidisciplinary approach to the pulse crop domestication, involving plant scientists, archaeobotanists and linguists, and for reconstructing even earlier periods of pulse history.
Simulation Experiment Description Markup Language (SED-ML) : Level 1 Version 1
Authors: Waltemath Dagmar , Bergmann Frank , Adams Richard , Le Novere Nicolas
Published: March 2011

The Simulation Experiment Description Markup Language (SED-ML) is an XML-based format for encoding simulation experiments, following the requirements defined in the MIASE guidelines. SED-ML allows one to define the model to use, the experimental task to run, and which result to produce.
Affordances of distractors and compatibility effects: a study with the computational model TRoPICALS
Authors: Caligiore Daniele , Borghi Anna M. , Parisi Domenico , Ellis Rob , Cangelosi Angelo , Baldassarre Gianluca
Published: March 2011

Seeing an object activates in the brain both visual and action codes. Crucial evidence supporting this view is offered by compatibility effect experiments (Ellis et al. (2007). J Exp Psychol: Hum Percept Perform): perception of an object can facilitate or interfere with the execution of an action (e.g. grasping) even when the viewer has no intention of interacting with the object. TRoPICALS (Caligiore et al. (2010). Psychol Rev) is a computational model developed to study compatibility effects. It provides a general hypothesis about the brain mechanisms underlying compatibility effects, suggesting that the top-down bias from prefrontal cortex (PFC), and its agreement or disagreement with the affordances of objects, plays a key role in such phenomena. Compatibility effects have been investigated in the presence of a distractor object in (Ellis et al. (2007). J Exp Psychol: Hum Percept Perform). The reaction times (RTs) results confirmed compatibility effects found in previous experiments without the distractor. Interestingly, results also showed an unexpected effect of the distractor: responding to a target with a grip compatible with the size of the distractor produced slower RTs in comparison to the incompatible case. Here we present an enhanced version of TRoPICALS that reproduces and explains these new results. This explanation is based on the idea according to which PFC might play a double role in its top-down guidance of action selection producing: (a) a positive bias in favor of the action requested by the experimental task; (b) a negative bias directed to inhibiting the action evoked by the distractor. The model also provides two testable predictions on the possible consequences on compatibilities effects of the target and distractor objects in Parkinsonian disease patients with damages of inhibitory circuits.
Longitudinal Associations of Adiposity With Adult Lung Function in the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health (CDAH) Study
Authors: Curry Beverley A. , Blizzard C. Leigh , Schmidt Michael D. , Walters E. Haydn , Dwyer Terence , Venn Alison J.
Published: March 2011

Childhood BMI has been reported to be positively associated with adult lung function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of childhood BMI on young adult lung function independently of the effects of lean body mass (LBM). Clinical and questionnaire data were collected from 654 young Australian adults (aged 27–36 years), first studied when age 9, 12, or 15 years. Adult lung function was measured by forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, and the forced expiratory flow in the middle 50% of FVC (FEF25–75). BMI and LBM were derived from anthropometric measures at baseline (1985) and at follow‐up (2004–2006). Multivariable models were used to investigate the effect of age and sex standardized BMI in childhood on adult lung function, before and after adjustment for LBM. Adult adiposity had a strong deleterious effect on lung function, irrespective of childhood BMI, and adjustment for childhood LBM eliminated any apparent beneficial effect of childhood BMI on adult FEV1 or FVC. This suggests that the beneficial effect of increased BMI in childhood on adult FEV1 and FVC observed in previous longitudinal studies is likely to be attributable to greater childhood LBM not adiposity. Obese children who become obese adults can expect to have poorer lung function than those who maintain healthy weight but large deficits in lung function are also likely for healthy weight children who become obese adults. This highlights the importance of lifetime healthy weight maintenance.
Dietary Monounsaturated Fat in Early Life Regulates IGFBP2: Implications for Fat Mass Accretion and Insulin Sensitivity
Authors: Sabin Matthew A. , Yau Steven W. , Russo Vincenzo C. , Clarke Iain J. , Dunshea Frank R. , Chau Jillian , Cox Maree , Werther George A.
Published: March 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of dietary supplementation with fat or sugar on body composition (BC) and insulin sensitivity (IS) in maturing pigs. Fifty newborn pigs randomized to a control diet or 18% saturated fat (SF), 18% monounsaturated fat (MUF), 18% mixed fat (MF), or 50% sucrose (SUC), from 1 to 16 weeks of age. Outcomes included weight gain, BC (dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry, DXA), IS (fasting insulin and hyperinsulinaemic‐euglycaemic clamps), fasting Non‐Esterified Fatty Acid (NEFA) concentrations, and mRNA expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and IS in skeletal muscle (SM), subcutaneous (SAT), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). In vitro studies examined direct effects of fatty acids on insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) mRNA in C2C12 myotubes. While SUC‐fed pigs gained most weight (due to larger quantities consumed; P < 0.01), those fed fat‐enriched diets exhibited more weight gain per unit energy intake (P < 0.001). Total (P = 0.03) and visceral (P = 0.04) adiposity were greatest in MUF‐fed pigs. Whole‐body IS was decreased in those fed fat (P = 0.04), with fasting insulin increased in MUF‐fed pigs (P = 0.03). SM IGFBP2 mRNA was increased in MUF‐fed pigs (P = 0.009) and, in all animals, SM IGFBP2 mRNA correlated with total (P = 0.007) and visceral (P = 0.001) fat, fasting insulin (r = 0.321; P = 0.03) and change in NEFA concentrations (r = 0.285; P = 0.047). Furthermore, exposure of in vitro cultured myotubes to MUF, but not SF, reduced IGFBP2 mRNA suggesting a converse direct effect. In conclusion, diets high in fat, but not sugar, promote visceral adiposity and insulin resistance in maturing pigs, with evidence that fatty acids have direct and indirect effects on IGFBP2 mRNA expression in muscle.
Recent advances in hydrogen-bonded hexameric encapsulation complexes
Authors: Avram Liat , Cohen Yoram , Rebek Jr. Julius
Published: March 2011

Recent developments in the chemistry of resorcin[4]arene and pyrogallol[4]arene capsules are reviewed.
Recent advances in sunlight induced polymerization: role of new photoinitiating systems based on the silyl radical chemistry
Authors: Lalevée Jacques , Fouassier Jean Pierre
Published: March 2011

Silyl radical chemistry opens new opportunities for photoinitiating systems for sunlight polymerization.
Stress tunable properties of ferromagnetic microwires and their multifunctional composites
Authors: Qin F. X. , Peng H. X. , Popov V. V. , Panina L. V. , Ipatov M. , Zhukova V. , Zhukov A. , Gonzalez J.
Published: March 2011

We report the results of a systematic study on stress tunable absorption of glass-coated amorphous Co68.7Fe4Ni1B13Si11Mo2.3 microwires and their composites. The magnetic microwires possess good stress-impedance properties and yield a stress dependence of absorption at gigahertz frequencies. The stress compensates the reverse effect of magnetic field on absorption. There exist strong stress dependences of the effective permittivity and transmission parameters. Composite failure due to the wire damage results in a dramatic change of the sign and magnitude of effective permittivity. The double peak is identified in the stress dependence of field tunability, in contrast to the single peak for the magnetic field tunability. All these results indicate that the present composites are very promising for detecting the ambient stress levels and interrogating the structural integrity.
Simulating realistic implementations of spin field effect transistor
Authors: Gao Yunfei , Lundstrom Mark S. , Nikonov Dmitri E.
Published: March 2011

The spin field effect transistor (spinFET), consisting of two ferromagnetic source/drain contacts and a Si channel, is predicted to have outstanding device and circuit performance. We carry out a rigorous numerical simulation of the spinFET based on the nonequilibrium Green’s function formalism self-consistently coupled with a Poisson solver to produce the device I–V characteristics. Good agreement with the recent experiments in terms of spin injection, spin transport, and the magnetoresistance ratio (MR) is obtained. We include factors crucial for realistic devices: tunneling through a dielectric barrier, and spin relaxation at the interface and in the channel. Using these simulations, we suggest ways of optimizing the device. We propose that by choosing the right contact material and inserting tunnel oxide barriers between the source/drain and channel to filter different spins, the MR can be restored to ∼2000%, which would be beneficial to the reconfigurable logic circuit application.
Fabrication of thin films for a small alternating gradient field magnetometer for biomedical magnetic sensing applications
Authors: Jones N. J. , McNerny K. L. , Sokalski V. , Diaz-Michelena M. , Laughlin D. E. , McHenry M. E.
Published: March 2011

Thin film alternating gradient field magnetometers (AGFM) have potential for measuring magnetic moments of minerals in extraterrestrial soil samples. AGFM sensors offer increased spatial resolution required to detect magnetic nanoparticles for biosensing applications. We have fabricated a patterned thin film with the properties necessary for use in a small AGFM system. Hexagonal-close-packed CoCrPt thin films of 20 and 500 nm were sputtered (nominal composition of Co66Cr15Pt19), showing a high magnetic moment and large out-of-plane anisotropy. The films showed a Δθ50 of better than 3° for the (002) CoCrPt peak for all films, which improves with thickness. The texture is partly due to the NiW and Ru underlayers. The films showed an out-of-plane easy axis, indicating a strong uniaxial anisotropy that exceeds the shape demagnetization energy. This is due to the addition of Cr, which decreases the magnetic moment of the films; magnetoelastic coupling and film stresses may also aid in achieving a perpendicular anisotropy. The first-order uniaxial anisotropy constants were calculated as a function of temperature, ranging from 3.7 × 106 ergs/cm3 at room temperature to 6.8 × 105 ergs/cm3 at 500 °C, and the T dependence agrees with Akulov’s theory for uniaxial materials. The thickest film was etched with a checkerboard pattern to decrease the demagnetization effects, which are seen more influentially in the thicker films. This opened up the hysteresis loop, and decreased the amount of field necessary to overcome the thin film geometry.
Synthesis and characterization of nanosized ferrites from the thermolysis of strontium and barium tris(succinato)ferrate(III) precursors
Authors: Kaur Harpreet , Singh Jashanpreet , Gandotra Karun , Randhawa B. S.
Published: March 2011

Thermal analysis of alkaline earth metal tris(succinato)ferrate(III) precursors, M3[Fe(C4H4O4)3]2.xH2O (M = Sr, Ba) has been monitored isothermally and nonisothermally employing various physico-chemical techniques viz. simultaneous thermo gravimetry-derivative thermo gravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DTG-DSC), XRD, Mössbauer spectroscopy, VSM, and TEM to characterize the intermediates/end products. Simultaneous TG-DTG-DSC depicts the sequence of the solid-state reactions in which dehydration is the first step followed by the decomposition of anhydrous precursors to yield iron(II) oxalate, Fe(II)C2O4, and respective metal oxalate intermediate species in the temperature range 150–210°C. A subsequent oxidative decomposition of iron(II) species leads to the formation of α-Fe2O3 and respective alkaline earth metal carbonate in the temperature range of 250–350°C. Finally, the alkaline earth metal carbonates decompose into their respective oxides in the temperature range of 590–680°C, followed by a solid-state reaction (>700°C) with α-Fe2O3 leading to the formation of ferrites of the stoichiometry, Sr2Fe2O5 and BaFe2O4. TEM studies reveal the formation of ferrite nanoparticles with average grain size of 25–30 nm.
Development of current perpendicular to plane differential dual spin valve for ultrahigh resolution
Authors: Han G. C. , Wang C. C. , Qiu J. J. , Luo P. , Ko V. , Guo Z. B. , Zong B. Y. , An L. H.
Published: March 2011

Recently, a differential dual spin valve (DDSV) has been proposed to enhance the downtrack resolution for the application in the hard disk drive recording at 10 Tb/in2 and beyond. The following key issues for the implementation of a high-quality DDSV have been addressed. I. Formation of the antiparallel arrangement of the reference magnetization of two spin valves (SVs) with high pinning stability. II. Differential effect of a DDSV. To achieve perfect differential effect in a DDSV, not only should two SVs have the same giant magnetoresistance effect, but their free-layer (FL) magnetization should also respond to a field identically. Using 2.4 nm ruthenium as the gap layer to form a ferromagnetic interlayer coupling between FLs, a good differential effect is achieved. III. Quasistatic characterization of a DDSV. As there is no output from a DDSV under a uniform field, it would be difficult to evaluate performances of a DDSV. By varying the annealing field direction, field response of each SV as well as differential effect can be identified.
Dependence of magnetomechanical performance of CoGaxFe2−xO4 on temperature variation
Authors: Nlebedim I. C. , Melikhov Y. , Snyder J. E. , Ranvah N. , Moses A. J. , Jiles D. C.
Published: March 2011

The temperature dependence of the magnetoelastic properties of the CoGaxFe2−xO4 system (for x = 0.0, 0.2, and 0.4) has been studied. It has been shown that increase in temperature resulted in reduced magnetostrictive hysteresis. For both CoGa0.2Fe1.8O4 and CoGa0.4Fe1.6O4, the measured magnetostriction amplitudes were higher at 250 K than at 150 K. It was also shown that the temperature stability of magnetostriction in CoGa0.2Fe1.8O4 is higher than that of the other compositions studiedwhich is important for sensor applications. The highest strain sensitivity was obtained for CoGa0.2Fe1.8O4 at 250 K. Results demonstrate the possibility of tailoring magnetomechanical properties of the material to suit intended applications under varying temperature conditions.
Optical second- and third-harmonic generation on the ferromagnetic semiconductor europium oxide
Authors: Matsubara Masakazu , Becher Carsten , Schmehl Andreas , Mannhart Jochen , Schlom Darrell G. , Fiebig Manfred
Published: March 2011

Optical second- and third-harmonic generation on epitaxial films of the ferromagnetic semiconductor europium oxide reveal selective coupling to the magnetic and crystallographic properties of the compound. Second-harmonic generation couples linearly to the order parameter parametrizing the long-range ferromagnetic order. In contrast, third-harmonic generation couples to the crystallographic lattice and to the short-range spin-spin correlations manifesting macroscopically as a magnetostrictive effect. These results demonstrate the potential of nonlinear optics for acquiring unique information about the crystallographic, electronic, and magnetic properties of spintronics compounds.
Effects of Cu and Fe doping on Raman spectra and on the structural and magnetic properties of ErMnO3
Authors: Liu P. , Cheng Z. X. , Du Y. , Wang X. L.
Published: March 2011

Single phase ErMexMn1−xO3 (Me = Cu, Fe; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) samples were synthesized by the solid state reaction method. The differences between the doping effects on the Raman spectra and on the structural, magnetic, and thermal properties of the two systems have been systematically investigated. In the ErCuxMn1−xO3 system, lattice parameter a increases with doping, while lattice parameter c decreases. It is more complicated in the ErFexMn1−xO3 system, where lattice parameter a decreases with doping, while lattice parameter c is enhanced after an initial slight decrease. Raman spectra show that the phonon peaks of ErFexMn1−xO3 slightly shift to higher frequencies with doping, while those of ErCuxMn1−xO3 apparently shift toward lower frequencies. Heat capacity data indicates that the Néel temperature of ErMnO3 is reduced to 61 K for ErCu0.1Mn0.9O3 by Cu doping, whereas it is slightly enhanced to 79 K for ErFe0.1Mn0.9O3 through Fe doping.
Experimental analysis of vibrations damping due to magnetostrictive based energy harvesting
Authors: Davino Daniele , Giustiniani Alessandro , Visone Ciro , Adly Amr
Published: March 2011

The paper deals with the mechanical vibrations damping effect induced by a magnetostrictive energy harvesting device properly working. The proposed experimental setup allows us to investigate, through time-domain measurements, the dependence of the mechanical damping from parameters like magnetic bias and external load, affecting the global harvested power. This result would underline the promising possibility to reduce mechanical vibrations and obtain power harvesting at the same time.
The hydrogen absorption properties and magnetocaloric effect of La0.8Ce0.2(Fe1−xMnx)11.5Si1.5Hy
Authors: Wang Chaolun , Long Yi , Ma Tao , Fu Bin , Ye Rongchang , Chang Yongqin , Hu Fengxia , Shen Jun
Published: March 2011

The effect of hydrogenating process on the homogeneity of hydrogen absorption in the La0.8Ce0.2(Fe1−xMnx)11.5Si1.5 compounds was investigated. It is attractive that the distribution of hydrogen atoms in the compounds becomes more uniform with increasing hydrogen pressure and annealing temperature. Homogeneous hydrides of La0.8Ce0.2(Fe0.985Mn0.015)11.5Si1.5 were obtained by annealing them at the temperature of 773 K and under the hydrogen atmosphere of 0.5 MPa. With changes of Mn content, the Curie temperatures (TC) of the hydrides of La0.8Ce0.2(Fe1−xMnx)11.5Si1.5 can be adjusted in the room temperature range from 279 to 312 K. Large magnetic entropy changes due to the itinerant-electron metamagnetic transition are obtained in the room temperature range for the hydrides of La0.8Ce0.2(Fe1−xMnx)11.5Si1.5.
Frequency transition of spin-torque oscillator under the magnetic-field pulse in nanosecond range
Authors: Nagasawa Tazumi , Suto Hirofumi , Kudo Kiwamu , Mizushima Koichi , Sato Rie
Published: March 2011

We report a time domain study of the frequency transition of spin-torque oscillator (STO) under the magnetic-field pulse in nanosecond range. We fabricated the pillar-structured STO devices consisting of MgO-based tunnel junctions with CoFeB free layers. Single-shot waveforms of the STO were obtained using a real-time oscilloscope (40 GS/sec). First, we measured current dependence of the waveform to investigate the time-domain stability of the oscillation. With the increase in the dc current applied to the STO, the oscillation state changed continuously in the following order: thermal fluctuation, intermittent unsteady oscillation, steady oscillation, and chaotic oscillation. Next, we measured the response of the STO to the magnetic-field pulse with a rise time of 0.5 ns, a duration time of 10 ns, and an amplitude of 60 Oe. In this measurement, the oscillation state was kept in the above-mentioned steady state with the frequency ∼3.5 GHz and the spectral linewidth ∼50 MHz. In the presence of the magnetic-field pulse, the oscillation frequency shifted around 150 MHz and the frequency transition occurred in less than 2 ns.
Magnetic domain observation of Nd-Fe-B magnets with submicron-sized grains by high-resolution Kerr microscopy
Authors: Takezawa M. , Tani N. , Nagashima Y. , Morimoto Y. , Yamasaki J. , Nozawa N. , Nishiuchi T. , Hirosawa S.
Published: March 2011

A Kerr microscope that uses UV light for high-resolution observation of magnetic domains was developed, and the domain structure and magnetization process of hot-pressed magnets prepared from hydrogenation-disproportionation-desorption-recombination (HDDR) processed powders were examined. This microscope is capable of distinguishing nanometer-sized domain patterns. The coercivity of the hot-pressed HDDR magnet depends on the area of magnetization reversal during a reversal process. Magnetization reversal occurs simultaneously in a few grains in a low-coercivity magnet because the Nd-rich phase along the grain boundaries is absent. In contrast, in a high-coercivity magnet, magnetization reversal in a grain independently occurs because of an adequate Nd-rich phase along the grain boundaries. It follows that the high coercivity of an HDDR powder compacted by hot pressing is due to domain wall pinning at the grain boundaries.
Analytical description for current-induced vortex core displacement
Authors: Heyne L. , Kläui M.
Published: March 2011

In this article, an analytical model for current-induced vortex core displacement is developed. By using this model, one can solve the equations of motion analytically to determine the effects of the adiabatic and nonadiabatic spin-torque terms. The final displacement direction of the vortex core due to the two torque terms mirrors their relative strengths. The resulting vortex core displacement direction combined with the amplitude of the displacement is thus a measure for both torque terms.
A feasible approach for preparing remanence enhanced NdFeB based permanent magnetic composites
Authors: Su K. P. , Liu Z. W. , Yu H. Y. , Zhong X. C. , Qiu W. Q. , Zeng D. C.
Published: March 2011

NdFeB based permanent magnetic nanocomposites were prepared by depositing soft magnetic Fe, Co, or Fe65Co35 nanoparticles on the melt spun NdFeB powders with near single phase composition by a chemical reduction method. The effects of the reduction process, the composition, and the concentrations of metal ions on the magnetic properties of nanocomposites were investigated. Introducing and increasing soft nanoparticle content improved the remanence and maximum energy product of the nanocomposites at the expense of coercivity. Fe65Co35 coated NdFeB powders had higher remanence and energy product than Co or Fe coated powders. The inter-grain exchange coupling between hard and soft magnetic grains was demonstrated by the smooth demagnetization curve with high remanent polarization. Remanence enhanced bulk magnets were also fabricated by consolidating the nanocomposite powders using spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique.
High-temperature electrical and thermal transport properties of fully filled skutterudites RFe4Sb12 (R = Ca, Sr, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, and Yb)
Authors: Qiu P. F. , Yang J. , Liu R. H. , Shi X. , Huang X. Y. , Snyder G. J. , Zhang W. , Chen L. D.
Published: March 2011

Fully filled skutterudites RFe4Sb12 (R = Ca, Sr, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, and Yb) have been prepared and the high-temperature electrical and thermal transport properties are investigated systematically. Lattice constants of RFe4Sb12 increase almost linearly with increasing the ionic radii of the fillers, while the lattice expansion in filled structure is weakly influenced by the filler valence charge states. Using simple charge counting, the hole concentration in RFe4Sb12 with divalent fillers (R = Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu, and Yb) is much higher than that in RFe4Sb12 with trivalent fillers (R = La, Ce, Pr, and Nd), resulting in relatively high electrical conductivity and low Seebeck coefficient. It is also found that RFe4Sb12 filled skutterudites having similar filler valence charge states exhibit comparable electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient, and the behavior of the temperature dependence, thereby leading to comparable power factor values in the temperature range from 300 to 800 K. All RFe4Sb12 samples possess low lattice thermal conductivity. The correlation between the lattice thermal resistivity WL and ionic radii of the fillers is discussed and a good relationship of WL ∼ (rcage−rion)3 is observed in lanthanide metal filled skutterudites. CeFe4Sb12, PrFe4Sb12, and NdFe4Sb12 show the highest thermoelectric figure of merit around 0.87 at 750 K among all the filled skutterudites studied in this work.
Voltage bias influence on the converse magnetoelectric effect of PZT/terfenol-D/PZT laminates
Authors: Hockel Joshua L. , Wu Tao , Carman Gregory P.
Published: March 2011

The converse magnetoelectric effect (CME) of a 2-mm-thick Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT)/Tb0.30Dy0.7Fe2 (Terfenol-D)/PZT laminate subjected to an applied dc voltage bias has been investigated. Experimental data demonstrate that the CME coefficient αCME (B/Vac)is highly dependent on the applied voltage bias. In the present work, the voltage bias is shown to increase the magnitude of magnetostriction in the Terfenol-D, which results in an increase in the magnitude and range of piezomagnetic coefficient and αCME values. It is shown that αCME can range from a minimum of 0.4 G/V at a voltage bias of −200 V to a value of 1.65 G/V at a voltage bias of 700 V. This range represents a greater than 400% change in the αCME at a fixed magnetic field bias, the largest change in αCME due to voltage bias yet reported. The expanded range is primarily caused by giant shifts in the piezomagnetic coefficient and not by nonlinearities in the piezoelectric coefficient.
Power optimization for domain wall motion in ferromagnetic nanowires
Authors: Tretiakov O. A. , Liu Y. , Abanov Ar.
Published: March 2011

The current mediated domain-wall dynamics in a thin ferromagnetic wire is investigated. We derive the effective equations of motion of the domain wall. They are used to study the possibility to optimize the power supplied by electric current for the motion of domain walls in a nanowire. We show that a certain resonant time-dependent current moving a domain wall can significantly reduce the Joule heating in the wire, and thus it can lead to a novel proposal for the most energy efficient memory devices. We discuss how Gilbert damping, nonadiabatic spin transfer torque, and the presence of Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction can effect this power optimization.
Structure, magnetic, and dielectric properties of (1-x)BiFeO3-xBaTiO3 ceramics
Authors: Wang T.-H. , Ding Y. , Tu C.-S. , Yao Y.-D. , Wu K.-T. , Lin T.-C. , Yu H.-H. , Ku C.-S. , Lee H.-Y.
Published: March 2011

Structure, magnetization, and dielectric permittivity of (1-x)BiFeO3-xBaTiO3 (BFO-BT) ceramics have been studied as a function of BT content (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3). In situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction result of BFO reveals a rhombohedral (R)–orthorhombic (O)–cubic (C) phase transition near 820 and 850 °C upon heating. BFO-10%BT and BFO-20%BT exhibit a R–C transition near 760 and 740 °C, respectively. A C(R)–C transition takes place near 680 °C in BFO-30%BT. C(R) represents that a minor R phase coexists in the C matrix. A local minimum of R distortion angle αR occurs upon heating and implies ionic displacements. This anomaly is likely resulted from the antiferromagnetic (AFM)–paramagnetic (PM) transition and is responsible for the broad frequency-dependent dielectric maximum. BFO and BFO-10−30%BT ceramics exhibit a similar AFM behavior with magnetic susceptibility of about 8.2 × 10-6 emu/g·Oe at room temperature. This work suggests that BTO-substitution can enhance dielectric response and reduce the dielectric loss.
On-chip bio-analyte detection utilizing the velocity of magnetic microparticles in a fluid
Authors: Giouroudi Ioanna , van den Driesche Sander , Kosel Jürgen , Grössinger Roland , Vellekoop Michael J.
Published: March 2011

A biosensing principle utilizing the motion of suspended magnetic microparticles in a microfluidic system is presented. The system utilizes the innovative concept of the velocity dependence of magnetic microparticles (MPs) due to their volumetric change when analyte is attached to their surface via antibody–antigen binding. When the magnetic microparticles are attracted by a magnetic field within a microfluidic channel their velocity depends on the presence of analyte. Specifically, their velocity decreases drastically when the magnetic microparticles are covered by (nonmagnetic) analyte (LMPs) due to the increased drag force in the opposite direction to that of the magnetic force. Experiments were carried out as a proof of concept. A promising 52% decrease in the velocity of the LMPs in comparison to that of the MPs was measured when both of them were accelerated inside a microfluidic channel using an external permanent magnet. The presented biosensing methodology offers a compact and integrated solution for a new kind of on-chip analysis with potentially high sensitivity and shorter acquisition time than conventional laboratory based systems.
Characterization of microstructural defects in melt grown ZnO single crystals
Authors: Anwand W. , Brauer G. , Grynszpan R. I. , Cowan T. E. , Schulz D. , Klimm D. , Čižek J. , Kuriplach J. , Procházka I. , Ling C. C. , Djurišić A. B. , Klemm V. , Schreiber G. , Rafaja D.
Published: March 2011

Various nominally undoped, hydrothermally or melt grown (MG) ZnO single crystals have been investigated by standard positron lifetime measurements. Furthermore, optical transmission measurements and structural characterizations have been performed; the content of hydrogen in the bound state was determined by nuclear reaction analysis. A positron lifetime of 165-167 ps, measured for a brownish MG ZnO sample containing (0.30 ± 0.03) at.-% of bound hydrogen, matches perfectly the value found for colorless MG ZnO crystals. The edge shift, observed in the “blue light domain” of the optical absorption for the former sample with respect to the latter samples, is estimated to be 0.70 eV, and found equal to a value reported previously. The possible role of zinc interstitials is considered and discussed. Microstructure analysis by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of stacking faults in MG crystals in a high concentration, which suggests these defects to be responsible for the observed positron lifetime.
Single-shot nanometer-scale holographic imaging with laser-driven x-ray laser
Authors: Kim H. T. , Kim I J. , Kim C. M. , Jeong T. M. , Yu T. J. , Lee S. K. , Sung J. H. , Yoon J. W. , Yun H. , Jeon S. C. , Choi I. W. , Lee J.
Published: March 2011

Single-shot nanometer-scale imaging techniques have become important because of their potential application in observing the structural dynamics of nanomaterials. We report here the image reconstruction results obtained using single-shot Fourier transform x-ray holography with an x-ray laser driven by a table top laser system. A minimum resolution of 87 nm was obtained from the reconstructed image. We could also discriminate the aggregates of carbon nanotubes, which shows the feasibility of single-exposure nanoimaging for real specimens using a laser-driven x-ray laser.
Constitutive equations for the flow behavior of entangled polymeric systems: Application to star polymers
Authors: Briels W. J. , Vlassopoulos D. , Kang Kyongok , Dhont Jan K. G.
Published: March 2011

A semimicroscopic derivation is presented of equations of motion for the density and the flow velocity of concentrated systems of entangled polymers. The essential ingredient is the transient force that results from perturbations of overlapping polymers due to flow. A Smoluchowski equation is derived that includes these transient forces. From this, an equation of motion for the polymer number density is obtained, in which body forces couple the evolution of the polymer density to the local velocity field. Using a semimicroscopic Ansatz for the dynamics of the number of entanglements between overlapping polymers, and for the perturbations of the pair-correlation function due to flow, body forces are calculated for nonuniform systems where the density as well as the shear rate varies with position. Explicit expressions are derived for the shear viscosity and normal forces, as well as for nonlocal contributions to the body force, such as the shear-curvature viscosity. A contribution to the equation of motion for the density is found that describes mass transport due to spatial variation of the shear rate. The two coupled equations of motion for the density and flow velocity predict flow instabilities that will be discussed in more detail in a forthcoming publication.
Size-dependent effects in exchange-biased planar Hall effect sensor crosses
Authors: Donolato M. , Dalslet B. T. , Damsgaard C. D. , Gunnarsson K. , Jacobsen C. S. , Svedlindh P. , Hansen M. F.
Published: March 2011

Exchange-biased planar Hall effect magnetic field sensor crosses with arm width w have been studied as function of w. For large values of w, the magnetic behavior is hysteresis-free and follows the single domain Stoner–Wohlfarth model. When w is decreased, hysteresis is observed in the sensor response. For intermediate values of w, the magnetization reversal takes place in two steps, and for small values of w, the magnetization reversal takes place in a single step. Based on electrical measurements, magnetic force microscopy, and micromagnetic simulations, the observations are explained by an increasing magnetic shape anisotropy of the arms of the cross. We propose a simple analytical model that captures the essential physics of the observations and parameterizes the effects of the cross-shape on the central part of the cross.
Analytical electron microscopy investigation of elemental composition and bonding structure at the Sb-doped Ni-fully-silicide/SiO2 interface
Authors: Kawasaki Naohiko , Sugiyama Naoyuki , Otsuka Yuji , Hashimoto Hideki , Kurata Hiroki , Isoda Seiji
Published: March 2011

It is very important to control the elemental composition and bonding structure at the gate electrode/gate dielectrics interface in metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor devices because this determines the threshold voltage of the gate electrode. In this study, we investigated the structure at the interface between the antimony (Sb)-doped nickel-fully-silicide gate electrode and SiO2 dielectrics by employing high-spatial resolution techniques such as energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy using a scanning transmission electron microscope. In one region, we found a thin nickel layer at the NiSi/SiO2 interface originating from the migration of native oxide at the face of the poly-silicon. In another region, a Sb pileup was detected at the NiSi/SiO2 interface where the Ni L3-edge spectrum showed Ni–Sb bonding, then it was suggested that Sb atoms exist at the bottom of NiSi, substituting for Si atoms in NiSi.
Impact of ultrathin Al2O3 barrier layer on electrical properties of LaLuO3 metal-oxide-semiconductor devices
Authors: Liu Yiqun , Shen Shaoping , Brillson Leonard J. , Gordon Roy G.
Published: March 2011

Temperature-dependent current-voltage measurements showed Poole–Frenkel conduction behavior through high-κ LaLuO3 films made by atomic layer deposition on Si. The energy levels that trap electrons were around 0.66 eV below the conduction band and were identified as oxygen vacancy levels. Oxygen treatments were done to decrease oxygen vacancies but an interfacial layer formed and the interface state density (Dit) increased. Therefore, ultrathin Al2O3 was used to protect the interface during oxygen treatments. Electrical properties were improved and no interfacial layer developed. Dit was below 9×1011 eV−1 cm−2 and leakage was 5×10−4 A/cm2 at 1 V for 1 nm equivalent oxide thickness.