bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence of Anti-Proliferative Activities in Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis) By-Products
Authors: Beaulieu Lucie , Thibodeau Jacinthe , Bonnet Claudie , Bryl Piotr , Carbonneau Marie-Elise
Published: March 2013

Shellfish waste components contain significant levels of high quality protein and are therefore a potential source for biofunctional high-value peptides. The feasibility of applying a pilot scale enzymatic hydrolysis process to whole Mytilus edulis and, by fractionation, recover hydrolysates presenting a biological activity of interest, was evaluated. Fractions were tested on four immortalized cancerous cell lines: A549, BT549, HCT15 and PC3. The 50 kDa fraction, enriched in peptides, presented anti-proliferative activity with all cell lines and results suggest a bioactive molecule synergy within the fraction. At a protein concentration of 44 µg/mL, the 50 kDa fraction induced a mortality of 90% for PC3, 89% for A549, 85% for HCT15 and of 81% for BT549 cell lines. At the low protein concentration of only 11 µg/mL the 50 kDa fraction still entails a cell mortality of 76% for A549 and 87% for PC3 cell lines. The 50 kDa fraction contains 56% of proteins, 3% of lipids and 6% of minerals on a dry weight basis and the lowest levels detected of taurine and methionine and highest levels of threonine, proline and glycine amino acids. The enzymatic hydrolysis process suggests that Mytilus edulis by-products should be viewed as high-valued products with strong potential as anti-proliferative agent and promising active ingredients in functional foods.
An Overview on the Marine Neurotoxin, Saxitoxin: Genetics, Molecular Targets, Methods of Detection and Ecological Functions
Authors: Cusick Kathleen , Sayler Gary
Published: March 2013

Marine neurotoxins are natural products produced by phytoplankton and select species of invertebrates and fish. These compounds interact with voltage-gated sodium, potassium and calcium channels and modulate the flux of these ions into various cell types. This review provides a summary of marine neurotoxins, including their structures, molecular targets and pharmacologies. Saxitoxin and its derivatives, collectively referred to as paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), are unique among neurotoxins in that they are found in both marine and freshwater environments by organisms inhabiting two kingdoms of life. Prokaryotic cyanobacteria are responsible for PST production in freshwater systems, while eukaryotic dinoflagellates are the main producers in marine waters. Bioaccumulation by filter-feeding bivalves and fish and subsequent transfer through the food web results in the potentially fatal human illnesses, paralytic shellfish poisoning and saxitoxin pufferfish poisoning. These illnesses are a result of saxitoxin’s ability to bind to the voltage-gated sodium channel, blocking the passage of nerve impulses and leading to death via respiratory paralysis. Recent advances in saxitoxin research are discussed, including the molecular biology of toxin synthesis, new protein targets, association with metal-binding motifs and methods of detection. The eco-evolutionary role(s) PSTs may serve for phytoplankton species that produce them are also discussed.
Evaluation of Soil Moisture Retrieval from the ERS and Metop Scatterometers in the Lower Mekong Basin
Authors: Naeimi Vahid , Leinenkugel Patrick , Sabel Daniel , Wagner Wolfgang , Apel Heiko , Kuenzer Claudia
Published: March 2013

The natural environment and livelihoods in the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) are significantly affected by the annual hydrological cycle. Monitoring of soil moisture as a key variable in the hydrological cycle is of great interest in a number of Hydrological and agricultural applications. In this study we evaluated the quality and spatiotemporal variability of the soil moisture product retrieved from C-band scatterometers data across the LMB sub-catchments. The soil moisture retrieval algorithm showed reasonable performance in most areas of the LMB with the exception of a few sub-catchments in the eastern parts of Laos, where the land cover is characterized by dense vegetation. The best performance of the retrieval algorithm was obtained in agricultural regions. Comparison of the available in situ evaporation data in the LMB and the Basin Water Index (BWI), an indicator of the basin soil moisture condition, showed significant negative correlations up to R = −0.85. The inter-annual variation of the calculated BWI was also found corresponding to the reported extreme hydro-meteorological events in the Mekong region. The retrieved soil moisture data show high correlation (up to R = 0.92) with monthly anomalies of precipitation in non-irrigated regions. In general, the seasonal variability of soil moisture in the LMB was well captured by the retrieval method. The results of analysis also showed significant correlation between El Niño events and the monthly BWI anomaly measurements particularly for the month May with the maximum correlation of R = 0.88.
Le pauvre, le savant et le politique
Authors: Rodriguez Jacques
Published: March 2013

La sociologie anglaise est bien mal connue de ce côté-ci de la Manche, et plus encore sa genèse. Le rappel que nous propose ici Jacques Rodriguez est ainsi instructif à plus d’un titre. Il montre en particulier que celle-ci est indissociable de l’émergence de la « question sociale », et pose ce faisant une série de questionnements quant à la manière d’appréhender les phénomènes rattachés à la « pauvreté » qui présentent encore une actualité certaine.
Mesurer la pauvreté ?
Authors: Houseaux Frédérique
Published: March 2013

La conception de politiques publiques implique, avant toute chose, de définir nécessairement son objet et ses publics. Or les phénomènes associés à la pauvreté montrent que ce préalable est en réalité complexe. Cette séance de travaux dirigés proposée par Frédérique Houseaux le rappelle ici utilement.
La « dégauchisation » d'Israël ? Les paradoxes d'une société en conflit
Authors: Cohen Samy
Published: March 2013

L’électorat israélien a-t-il basculé à droite, comme l’affirment ces dernières années nombre de commentateurs ? Sans doute moins qu’il n’a constaté l’incapacité des partis de gauche à gérer le processus de paix et à traiter à fond la question de la sécurité des populations israéliennes. Les partis de droite ne suscitent pas l’adhésion de fond : simplement, l’offre de gauche n’existe plus guère. La reconstitution d’une gauche démocratique est sans doute possible mais elle prendra du temps. politique étrangère
Quelle politique énergétique pour la Russie au Moyen-Orient ?
Authors: Nocetti Julien
Published: March 2013

La relation avec le Moyen-Orient est un élément central de l’équation énergétique russe. Le poids déterminant de l’OPEP pour la fixation des prix du pétrole pousse Moscou à resserrer ses liens avec certains pays dominants du cartel – dont l’Arabie Saoudite. L’incertitude de la conjoncture régionale (développement des printemps arabes, crise syrienne, problème iranien, etc.) pourrait néanmoins venir perturber la stratégie, et plus généralement la position, de la Russie au Moyen-Orient. politique étrangère
Les relations UE-Russie à l'ère du jeu à somme nulle
Authors: Bordachev Timofei V.
Published: March 2013

L’Union européenne et la Russie entretiennent des relations d’apparence cordiale mais les cadres de leur coopération ne les satisfont ni l’une ni l’autre. Dans les espaces hier contrôlés par l’URSS, elles ont des intérêts de fait concurrents qui menacent de se cristalliser en blocs politico-économiques rivaux. UE et Russie ne pourraient sortir leur coopération de son impasse qu’en redéfinissant radicalement les objectifs communs de cette coopération, au service du développement du continent. politique étrangère
Eh bien comme évaluateur de discours
Authors: Lefeuvre Florence
Published: March 2013

L’objet de cet article est d’examiner bien comme évaluateur du discours, à l’oral spontané ou représenté, sous la réalisation du segment eh bien . Bien évalue le discours sur sa gauche alors que eh ouvre, en le focalisant, sur le discours de droite. C’est pourquoi il se trouve régulièrement dans les configurations discursives suivantes : au début de la reprise d’un schéma syntaxique abandonné, d’un tour de parole, d’une réponse à une question, du discours rapporté. Il se trouve ainsi dans une position de préfixe, soit comme tout premier préfixe, soit après un circonstant ou un élément disloqué : la présence d’ eh bien souligne le fait que ces éléments se trouvent pris en considération par rapport à l’unité prédicative suivante.
L’ameublement du salon d’Apollon, xviie-xviiie siècle
Authors: Maës Antoine
Published: March 2013

Si le salon d’Apollon brillait par sa fonction de salle du Trône, il rayonnait par l’ameublement qui s’y trouvait sous l’Ancien Régime. Reflet de l’orgueil des souverains qui rivalisèrent de luxe et de prodigalité, il fut le miroir de la grandeur du royaume. Admirée en son temps, imaginée à présent, car vidée par les révolutionnaires, la salle du Trône fascinait, tant par le luxe qui s’y déployait que par les événements qui s’y déroulèrent. Si l’ameublement des résidences royales exprimait le faste du pouvoir, celui du salon d’Apollon en fut le parangon : l’exubérance du mobilier d’argent puis la magnificence du mobilier de bois doré n’eurent d’égale que la somptuosité des textiles qui contribuèrent à faire de cette pièce un écrin digne de la Couronne, dont elle exaltait le prestige. Archives et témoignages de contemporains éblouis par tant de splendeur permettent aujourd’hui d’appréhender les différents états que connut l’ameublement du salon d’Apollon des années 1680 à la veille de la Révolution.
Student Motivation for Involvement in Supervised Agricultural Experiences: An HistoricalPerspective
Authors: Bird William A. , Martin Michael J. , Simonsen Jon C.
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine student motivation for SAEs through the lens of the SelfDetermination Theory. Self-Determination Theory proposed that human beings are more genuinely motivated when driven by internal factors as opposed to external factors. We used historical research and general qualitative interpretative methods to develop an explanation of student motivation for SAEs. We examined historical magazines, documents, and books for detailed cases of SAE participation. Three specific time periods were examined: 1928-1934, 1947-1953, and 1966-1973. We found that student motivation for SAEs has been a prevailing topic since the 1920s. SAEs have typically been initiated by utilizing extrinsic motivating forces through mandating, awards, class requirements, or collaborative school projects. Although extrinsic motivation was not ideal, half of the cases studied ended with a developed internal locus of causality. This demonstrated that student motivation to participate in SAEs could be established by external motivators and later sustained by internal stimulus. We recommend that agricultural education practitioners use caution when assigning external rewards. Overuse of external rewards such as money, trophies, or recognition could potentially distort a student’s acquisition of the “true” SAE values of enhanced learning and career exploration.
The History of Future Farmer Organizations Around the World
Authors: Connors James J.
Published: March 2013

The establishment of the Future Farmers of America in 1928 and its subsequent growth in size and scope was noticed around the world. Agricultural education professionals from dozens of other countries wanted to know about the organization and how it helped motivate young rural boys to study vocational agriculture and choose agriculture as a career field. Over the course of several decades, many countries started their own “future farmer” organizations. The most successful was the Future Farmers of Japan, which is a large and vibrant organization to this day. As the FFA grew, so did its involvement in international activities. The FFA has worked with many other countries to offer exchange programs, study tours, and travel seminars for state FFA officers, award winners, and national FFA officer teams. The FFA has also offered Work Experience Abroad, World Experience in Agriculture, and the World AgriScience Studies Programs. This historical research study investigated future farmers’ organizations in other countries, the history of FFA international activities, and study tours and travel seminars for award winners and FFA officers.
Ensemble filter based estimation of spatially distributed parameters in a mesoscale dust model: experiments with simulated and real data
Authors: Khade V. M. , Hansen J. A. , Reid J. S. , Westphal D. L.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The ensemble adjustment Kalman filter (EAKF) is used to estimate the erodibility fraction parameter field in a coupled meteorology and dust aerosol model (Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS)) over the Sahara desert. Erodibility is often employed as the key parameter to map dust source. It is used along with surface winds (or surface wind stress) to calculate dust emissions. Using the Saharan desert as a test bed, a perfect model Observation System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) with 40 ensemble members, and observations of aerosol optical depth (AOD), the EAKF is shown to recover correct values of erodibility at about 80% of the points in the domain. It is found that dust advected from upstream grid points acts as noise and complicates erodibility estimation. It is also found that the rate of convergence is significantly impacted by the structure of the initial distribution of erodibility estimates; isotropic initial distributions exhibit slow convergence, while initial distributions with geographically localized structure converge more quickly. Experiments using observations of Deep Blue AOD retrievals from the MODIS satellite sensor result in erodibility estimates that are considerably lower than the values used operationally. Verification shows that the use of the tuned erodibility field results in better predictions of AOD over the west Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula.
Modeling light use efficiency in a subtropical mangrove forest equipped with CO2 eddy covariance
Authors: Barr J. G. , Engel V. , Fuentes J. D. , Fuller D. O. , Kwon H.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Despite the importance of mangrove ecosystems in the global carbon budget, the relationships between environmental drivers and carbon dynamics in these forests remain poorly understood. This limited understanding is partly a result of the challenges associated with in situ flux studies. Tower-based CO2 eddy covariance (EC) systems are installed in only a few mangrove forests worldwide, and the longest EC record from the Florida Everglades contains less than 9 years of observations. A primary goal of the present study was to develop a methodology to estimate canopy-scale photosynthetic light use efficiency in this forest. These tower-based observations represent a basis for associating CO2 fluxes with canopy light use properties, and thus provide the means for utilizing satellite-based reflectance data for larger scale investigations. We present a model for mangrove canopy light use efficiency utilizing the enhanced green vegetation index (EVI) derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) that is capable of predicting changes in mangrove forest CO2 fluxes caused by a hurricane disturbance and changes in regional environmental conditions, including temperature and salinity. Model parameters are solved for in a Bayesian framework. The model structure requires estimates of ecosystem respiration (RE), and we present the first ever tower-based estimates of mangrove forest RE derived from nighttime CO2 fluxes. Our investigation is also the first to show the effects of salinity on mangrove forest CO2 uptake, which declines 5% per each 10 parts per thousand (ppt) increase in salinity. Light use efficiency in this forest declines with increasing daily photosynthetic active radiation, which is an important departure from the assumption of constant light use efficiency typically applied in satellite-driven models. The model developed here provides a framework for estimating CO2 uptake by these forests from reflectance data and information about environmental conditions.
Impact of precipitation intermittency on NAO-temperature signals in proxy records
Authors: Casado M. , Ortega P. , Masson-Delmotte V. , Risi C. , Swingedouw D. , Daux V. , Genty D. , Maignan F. , Solomina O. , Vinther B. , Viovy N. , Yiou P.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. In mid and high latitudes, the stable isotope ratio in precipitation is driven by changes in temperature, which control atmospheric distillation. This relationship forms the basis for many continental paleoclimatic reconstructions using direct (e.g. ice cores) or indirect (e.g. tree ring cellulose, speleothem calcite) archives of past precipitation. However, the archiving process is inherently biased by intermittency of precipitation. Here, we use two sets of atmospheric reanalyses (NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction) and ERA-interim) to quantify this precipitation intermittency bias, by comparing seasonal (winter and summer) temperatures estimated with and without precipitation weighting. We show that this bias reaches up to 10 °C and has large interannual variability. We then assess the impact of precipitation intermittency on the strength and stability of temporal correlations between seasonal temperatures and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Precipitation weighting reduces the correlation between winter NAO and temperature in some areas (e.g. Québec, South-East USA, East Greenland, East Siberia, Mediterranean sector) but does not alter the main patterns of correlation. The correlations between NAO, δ18O in precipitation, temperature and precipitation weighted temperature are investigated using outputs of an atmospheric general circulation model enabled with stable isotopes and nudged using reanalyses (LMDZiso (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Zoom)). In winter, LMDZiso shows similar correlation values between the NAO and both the precipitation weighted temperature and δ18O in precipitation, thus suggesting limited impacts of moisture origin. Correlations of comparable magnitude are obtained for the available observational evidence (GNIP (Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation) and Greenland ice core data). Our findings support the use of archives of past δ18O for NAO reconstructions.
Interpreting muon radiographic data in a fault zone: possible application to geothermal reservoir detection and monitoring
Authors: Tanaka H. K. M. , Muraoka H.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Rainfall-triggered fluid flow in a mechanical fracture zone associated with a seismic fault has been estimated (Tanaka et al., 2011) using muon radiography by measuring the water position over time in response to rainfall events. In this report, the data taken by Tanaka et al. (2011) are reanalyzed to estimate the porosity distribution as a function of a distance from the fault gouge. The result shows a similar pattern of the porosity distribution as measured by borehole sampling at Nojima fault. There is a low porosity shear zone axis surrounded by porous damaged areas with density increasing with the distance from the fault gouge. The dynamic muon radiography (Tanaka et al., 2011) provides a new method to delineate both the recharge and discharge zones along the fault segment, an entire hydrothermal circulation system. This might dramatically raise the success rate for drilling of geothermal exploration wells, and it might open a new horizon in the geothermal exploration and monitoring.
Surface energy budget on Larsen and Wilkins ice shelves in the Antarctic Peninsula: results based on reanalyses in 1989–2010
Authors: Välisuo I. , Vihma T. , King J. C.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Ice shelves in the Antarctic Peninsula have significantly disintegrated during the recent decades. To better understand the atmospheric contribution in the process, we have analysed the inter-annual variations in radiative and turbulent surface fluxes and weather conditions over Larsen C Ice Shelf (LCIS) and Wilkins Ice Shelf (WIS) in the Antarctic Peninsula in 1989–2010. Three atmospheric reanalyses were applied: ERA-Interim by ECMWF, Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) by NCEP, and JRA-25/JCDAS by the Japan Meteorological Agency. In addition, in situ observations from an automatic weather station (AWS) on LCIS were applied, mainly for validation of the reanalyses. The AWS observations on LCIS did not show any significant temperature trend, and the reanalyses showed warming trends only over WIS: ERA-Interim in winter (0.23 °C yr−1) and JRA in autumn (0.13 °C yr−1). In LCIS from December through August and in WIS from March through August, the variations of surface net flux were partly explained by the combined effects of atmospheric pressure, wind, and cloud fraction. The explained variance was much higher in LCIS (up to 80%) than in WIS (26–27%). Summer melting on LCIS varied between 0 and 45 cm water equivalent (w.e.), which is comparable to previous results. The mean amount of melt days per summer on LCIS was only 17. The high values of melting in summer 2001–2002 presented in previous studies on the basis of simple calculations were not supported by our study. Instead, our calculations based on ERA-Interim yielded strongest melting in summer 1992–1993 on both ice shelves. On WIS the summer melting ranged between 2 and 40 cm w.e., and the peak values coincided with the largest disintegrations of the ice shelf.
Flight Control Laws Verification Using Continuous Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Al-Asasfeh A. , Hamdan N. , Abo-Hammour Z.
Published: March 2013

This work is concerned with the application of a continuous genetic algorithm (CGA) to solve the nonlinear optimization problem that results from the clearance process of nonlinear flight control laws. The CGA is used to generate a pilot command signal that governs the aircraft performance around certain points in the flight envelope about which the aircraft dynamics were trimmed. The performance of the aircraft model due to pitch and roll pilot commands is analyzed to find the worst combination that leads to a nonallowable load factor. The motivations for using the CGA to solve this type of optimization problem are due to the fact that the pilot command signals are smooth and correlated, which are difficult to generate using the conventional genetic algorithm (GA). Also the CGA has the advantage over the conventional GA method in being able to generate smooth solutions without the loss of significant information in the presence of a rate limiter in the controller design and the time delay in response to the actuators. Simulation results are presented which show superior convergence performance using the CGA compared with conventional genetic algorithms.
The cephalopods of the Boda Limestone, Late Ordovician, of Dalarna, Sweden
Authors: Kröger Björn
Published: March 2013

The late Katian, Late Ordovician Boda Limestone of Dalarna, Sweden contains a rich cephalopod assemblage. The assemblage consists of 61 species, of 31 genera, comprising almost all major Ordovician cephalopod orders. Most common and diverse are the Orthocerida. The Ascocerida are also remarkably comman and diverse. The new ascocerid species, Redpathoceras bullatum sp. nov., R. depressum sp. nov., R. magnum sp. nov., and Probillingsites scandinavicum sp. nov., give reason to revise current hypotheses on the origin an evolution of this group. An ascocerid origin from barrandeoceratids or aspidoceratids is hypothesised. The absence of actinocerids in the Boda Limestone is notable, and is interpreted as an indication of relatively cool or/and deep depositional environments. The dominance of orthocerids is provisionally interpreted as evidence for nutrient-rich waters during the time of the deposition of the Boda Limestone. Additionally, the assemblage contains the new barrandeocerids Schuchertoceras fryi sp. nov., Siljanoceras varians gen. et sp. nov., Warburgoceras gen. nov. (for Cyrtoceras longitudinale Angelin in Angelin & Lindström, 1880), the new endocerid Cameroceras turrisoides sp. nov., the new oncocerid Cyrtorizoceras thorslundi sp. nov., and the new orthocerids Dawsonoceras stumburi sp. nov., Isorthoceras angelini sp. nov., I. curvilineatum sp. nov., Nathorstoceras adnatum gen. et sp. nov., N. kallholnense gen. et sp. nov., Palaeodawsonocerina? nicolletoides sp. nov., Pleurorthoceras osmundsbergense sp. nov., and Striatocycloceras isbergi sp. nov.
Bending Angle and Temperature Climatologies from Global Positioning System Radio Occultations
Authors: Biondi R. , Neubert T.
Published: March 2013

The Global Positioning System (GPS) Radio Occultation (OR) technique provides estimates of atmospheric density, temperature, and water vapour content with high vertical resolution, global coverage, and high accuracy. We have used data acquired using this technique in the period 1995–2009 to create a reference climatology of radio occultation bending angle and atmospheric temperature which are used for meteorological studies. The bending angle is interesting because it is a direct measurement and independent of models. It is given with one-degree spatial resolution and 50-meter vertical sampling. In addition, we give the temperature climatology with one-degree spatial resolution and 100-meter vertical sampling. This dataset can be used for several applications including weather forecast, physics of atmosphere, and climate changes. Since the GPS signal is not affected by clouds and the acquisitions are evenly distributed in the globe, the dataset is well suited for studying extreme events (such as convective systems and tropical cyclones) and remote areas.
Shedding new light on the origins of olfactory neurons
Authors: Whitfield Tanya T
Published: March 2013

Sensory neurons in the nose of the zebrafish are derived from both neural crest cells and placode cells.
Science Network Focuses on Deep Carbon in the Earth
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: March 2013

With carbon playing a critical role related to energy, climate, resources, and life on the planet; with vast stores of it underground; and with many basic questions unanswered about the element, the 10‐year international Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO) program, which began in 2009, has ambitious goals to fill in some of those knowledge gaps. To help assess current knowledge and questions about carbon, DCO held a scientific meeting in early March at the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D. C., and released a nearly 700‐page open access book, Carbon in Earth, which outlines many key issues related to carbon.
The interaction between soil formation and landscape evolution
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: March 2013

Soil formation and landscape evolution are closely related, but they have generally been considered separately by scientists. Now Vanwalleghem et al. have created the first model to fully integrate the two. The model, called MILESD, looks at soil formation processes, including physical and chemical weathering, formation of clays, and biological mixing. It also includes vertical and horizontal soil redistribution processes. The model allows the researchers to look at the effect of erosion on soil profile depth and layering as well as soil properties such as texture, stoniness, and organic carbon content. It also enables them to study the effect of soil dynamics on sediment dynamics.
Global climatology of explosive cyclones
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: March 2013

Explosive cyclones, which have rapidly intensifying winds and heavy rain, can seriously threaten life and property. These “meteorological bombs” are difficult to forecast, in part because scientists need a better understanding of the physical mechanisms by which they form. In particular, the large‐scale circulation conditions that may contribute to explosive cyclone formation are not well understood.
Cross‐Sectional Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Applied to Complex Oxide Interfaces
Authors: Chien Te Yu , Chakhalian Jak , Freeland John W. , Guisinger Nathan P.
Published: March 2013

Understanding interfacial science is critical to many modern technologies. It is very common in solid‐state physics for electronic properties to show novel phenomena when combining various dissimilar materials at atomically abrupt interfaces. For example, semiconductor interfaces have provided the foundation of modern electronic devices for several decades. Now with advances in growth and synthesis, controllable high quality complex oxide heterojunctions can be routinely fabricated. Since complex oxide materials exhibit a wide variety of functionalities owing to their strong coupling to the electron, lattice, orbital and spin degrees of freedom, these materials display a wide spectrum of interesting functionalities. Combining dissimilar complex oxides at interfaces allows one to explore and create intriguing phenomena that are not attainable in the lone bulk constituents. However, the key challenge has been the direct characterization of these interfaces at the nanoscale in order to understand the physical properties found at complex oxide interfaces. This requires the development of new experimental approaches. In this paper, we review the utilization of cross‐sectional scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy as a direct probe of these oxide interfaces at the nanoscale. This technique provides valuable insight to both structural and electronic properties of these unique systems and enables understanding of the detailed electronic structure (e.g., local electronic density of states (LDOS), charge transfer, band bending, etc.) at oxide interfaces, which is of key interest to both fundamental and applied science.
Hierarchical Structuring in Block Copolymer Nanocomposites through Two Phase‐Separation Processes Operating on Different Time Scales
Authors: Ploshnik Elina , Langner Karol M. , Halevi Amit , Ben‐Lulu Meirav , Müller Axel H. E. , Fraaije Johannes G. E. M. , Agur Sevink G. J. , Shenhar Roy
Published: March 2013

Tailoring the size and surface chemistry of nanoparticles allows one to control their position in a block copolymer, but this is usually limited to one‐dimensional distribution across domains. Here, the hierarchical assembly of poly(ethylene oxide)‐stabilized gold nanoparticles (Au‐PEO) into hexagonally packed clusters inside mesostructured ultrathin films of polystyrene‐block‐poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS‐b‐PMMA) is described. A close examination of the structural evolution at different nanoparticle filling fractions and PEO ligand molecular weights suggests that the mechanism leading to this structure‐within‐structure is the existence of two phase separation processes operating on different time scales. The length of the PEO ligand is shown to influence not only the interparticle distances but also the phase separation processes. These conclusions are supported by novel mesoscopic simulations, which provide additional insight into the kinetic and thermodynamic factors that are responsible for this behavior.
Adsorption of glucose into zeolite beta from aqueous solution
Authors: Bai Peng , Siepmann J. Ilja , Deem Michael W.
Published: March 2013

Hydrophobic zeolites, including Ti‐ and Sn‐beta, have been found to adsorb and isomerize glucose into fructose. An experimental question has been the significance of the entropic contribution to the free energy of transfer of glucose from solution to zeolite. We here perform Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo calculations to quantify the enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of transfer of glucose from the aqueous phase to the zeolite phase. We find that the entropic contribution is large and positive, nearly compensating for an unfavorable enthalpy of transfer in all‐silica zeolite beta. A significant component of the positive entropy of transfer from the aqueous phase to zeolite is the unstructuring of first coordination shell waters around glucose as it leaves the solution. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3523–3529, 2013
Measuring hazardous work and identifying risk factors for non‐fatal injuries among children working in Philippine agriculture
Authors: Castro Charita L. , Hunting Katherine
Published: March 2013

Objectives

Global consensus is lacking, especially among developing countries, on whether agricultural work is detrimental to children's health and safety. We aimed to measure the degree to which Philippine children working in agriculture have a higher risk of injury compared with children working in other industries, and to uncover potential risk factors for their non‐fatal injuries.

Methods

Using the Philippine Survey of Children (SOC) 2001, we calculated injury incidence rates and relative risk measures across industries, and employed a multivariate logistic regression on the sample of working children in agriculture to ascertain the association of various exposures with the occurrence of work‐related injuries.

Results

Children working in agriculture had a fivefold risk of non‐fatal injury compared to children working in other industries. Logistic regression indicated that the most robust risk factor for the occurrence of non‐fatal injury was the use of tools (OR = 3.12).

Conclusions

The results of this study demonstrate agriculture to be a hazardous industry for children. Further research should focus on identifying the most dangerous tools and restricting their use. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:709–719, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bilateral Pheochromocytomas, Hemihyperplasia, and Subtle Somatic Mosaicism: The Importance of Detecting Low‐Level Uniparental Disomy
Authors: Kalish Jennifer M. , Conlin Laura K. , Mostoufi‐Moab Sogol , Wilkens Alisha B. , Mulchandani Surabhi , Zelley Kristin , Kowalski Megan , Bhatti Tricia R. , Russo Pierre , Mattei Peter , Mackenzie William G. , LiVolsi Virginia , Nichols Kim E. , Biegel Jaclyn A. , Spinner Nancy B. , Deardorff Matthew A.
Published: March 2013

We report on a patient with early onset pediatric bilateral pheochromocytomas caused by mosaic chromosome 11p15 paternal uniparental isodisomy (UPD). Hemihyperplasia of the arm was diagnosed in a 4‐month‐old female and clinical methylation testing for 11p15 in the blood was normal, with a reported detection threshold for mosaicism of 20%. She was subsequently diagnosed at 18 months with bilateral pheochromocytomas. Single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis of pheochromocytoma tissue demonstrated mosaic deletions of 8p12pter, 21q21.1qter, 22q11.23qter; commonly seen in pheochromocytomas. In addition, mosaic 11p15.3pter homozygosity was noted. Molecular testing for other causes of pheochromocytomas was normal, suggesting that 11p15 homozygosity was the primary event. Subsequent SNP array analysis of skin fibroblasts from the hyperplastic side demonstrated 5% mosaic paternal UPD for 11p15. We have subsequently used SNP array analysis to identify four patients with subtle hemihyperplasia with low‐level mosaic UPD that was not detected by methylation analysis. Given the increased sensitivity of SNP array analysis to detect UPD along with the increased incidence of tumorigenesis in these UPD patients, we suggest that it has high utility in the clinical work‐up of hemihyperplasia. The present case also suggests that 11p15 paternal UPD may be an under‐detected mechanism of sporadic pheochromocytoma in the pediatric population. Furthermore, a review of the literature suggests that patients with 11p15 paternal UPD may present after 8 years of age with pheochromocytoma and raises the possibility that ultrasound screening could be considered beyond 8 years of age in this subset of hemihyperplasia and Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome patients. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Corpus Callosum Shape Is Altered in Individuals With Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Weinberg Seth M. , Parsons Trish E. , Fogel Melissa R. , Walter Courtney P. , Conrad Amy L. , Nopoulos Peg
Published: March 2013

Individuals with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) have altered brain structure compared with healthy controls. Preliminary evidence suggests that the corpus callosum may be dysmorphic in orofacial clefting; however, this midline brain structure has not been systematically assessed in this population. The goal of the present study was to carry out a morphometric assessment of the corpus callosum and its relationship to cognitive performance in a well‐characterized patient cohort with orofacial cleft. Midline brain images were obtained from previously collected MRI scans of 24 CL/P subjects and 40‐adult‐male controls. Eight landmarks on the corpus callosum were digitized on each image and their x,y coordinate locations saved. A geometric morphometrics analysis was applied to the landmark coordinate data to test for shape differences across groups. The relationship between corpus callosum shape and IQ was explored with nonparametric correlation coefficients. Results revealed significant differences in mean corpus callosum shape between CL/P cases and controls (P = 0.029). The CL/P corpus callosum was characterized by increased overall convexity resulting from a superior and posterior displacement. Within CL/P cases, increased corpus callosum shape dysmorphology was moderately correlated with reduced performance IQ (r = 0.546). These results provide additional evidence that midline brain changes may be an important part of the orofacial cleft phenotype. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fraser Syndrome: Epidemiological Study in a European Population
Authors: Barisic Ingeborg , Odak Ljubica , Loane Maria , Garne Ester , Wellesley Diana , Calzolari Elisa , Dolk Helen , Addor Marie‐Claude , Arriola Larraitz , Bergman Jorieke , Bianca Sebastiano , Boyd Patricia A. , Draper Elizabeth S , Gatt Miriam , Haeusler Martin , Khoshnood Babak , Latos‐Bielenska Anna , McDonnell Bob , Pierini Anna , Rankin Judith , Rissmann Anke , Queisser‐Luft Annette , Verellen‐Dumoulin Christine , Stone David , Tenconi Romano
Published: March 2013

Fraser syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by cryptophthalmos, cutaneous syndactyly, laryngeal, and urogenital malformations. We present a population‐based epidemiological study using data provided by the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT) network of birth defect registries. Between January 1990 and December 2008, we identified 26 cases of Fraser syndrome in the monitored population of 12,886,464 births (minimal estimated prevalence of 0.20 per 100,000 or 1:495,633 births). Most cases (18/26; 69%) were registered in the western part of Europe, where the mean prevalence is 1 in 230,695 births, compared to the prevalence 1 in 1,091,175 for the rest of Europe (P = 0.0003). Consanguinity was present in 7/26 (27%) families. Ten (38%) cases were liveborn, 14 (54%) pregnancies were terminated following prenatal detection of a serious anomaly, and 2 (8%) were stillborn. Eye anomalies were found in 20/24 (83%), syndactyly in 14/24 (58%), and laryngeal anomalies in 5/24 (21%) patients. Ambiguous genitalia were observed in 3/24 (13%) cases. Bilateral renal agenesis was present in 12/24 (50%) and unilateral in 4/24 (17%) cases. The frequency of anorectal anomalies was particularly high (42%). Most cases of Fraser syndrome (85%) are suspected prenatally, often due to the presence of the association of renal agenesis and cryptophthalmos. In the European population, a high proportion (82%) of pregnancies is terminated, thus reducing the live birth prevalence to a third of the total prevalence rate. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vorschläge für eine Neufassung von Anforderungen in DIN 4109 "Schallschutz im Hochbau"
Authors: Moll W.
Published: March 2013

Dieser Beitrag enthält Vorschläge für eine Neufassung von Anforderungen in der künftigen DIN 4109 "Schallschutz im Hochbau". Damit ist nicht beabsichtigt, existierende bauakustische Anforderungen verschärfen zu wollen, sondern dem Schallschutz Priorität vor der Schalldämmung einzuräumen. Die ein Bauteil kennzeichnende Dämmung ist zwar die wichtigste aber nicht die einzig maßgebliche Einflußgröße für den Schallschutz zwischen zwei Räumen. Die Unterschiede zwischen beiden Größen wachsen mit den Raumvolumina und können bei großen Räumen beträchtlich sein. Durch die Beschreibung typischer akustisch zu unterscheidender Raumgruppen sollen mit diesen Vorschlägen gleichzeitig auch mehr an der Praxis orientierte und daher differenziertere Anforderungen als Grundlage künftiger Bauakustikplanungen geschaffen werden. Der Verfasser ist Mitglied in den Ausschüssen, in denen die Neufassung der DIN 4109 bearbeitet wird. Er stellt in diesem Beitrag seine Vorschläge für Anforderungen an den baulichen Schallschutz zur Diskussion, die er in die Arbeitsausschüsse eingebracht hat und die er auch dem Kreis fachkompetenter Kollegen zur Beurteilung vorlegen möchte, um eine breite Konsensbasis bei den Anforderungen der neuen DIN 4109 zu erreichen.
Ausgewählte bauphysikalische Probleme von Wohngebäuden in Stahl‐Leichtbauweise
Authors: Grosch V. , Beirow B.
Published: March 2013

Bei der Planung und Ausführung von Gebäuden in Stahl‐Leichtbauweise sind verschiedene bauphysikalische und bautechnische Besonderheiten zu beachten. Auf der Grundlage von Erfahrungen, die im Rahmen eines internationalen EGKS‐Foschungsprojektes und bei der Untersuchung eines Demonstrationshauses gesammelt wurden, versuchen die Autoren auf einige ausgewählte Problemkreise näher einzugehen. Zum Thema Wärmebrückeneinflüsse wird ein Vergleich der mit verschiedenen Verfahren ermittelten Wärmedurchgangskoeffizienten ausgewählter Außenwandkonstruktionen angestellt und die Bedeutung von 3D‐Wärmebrückenberechnungen für die Beurteilung des Tauwasser‐ und Schimmelrisikos aufgezeigt. Hinsichtlich des Luft‐ und Trittschallschutzes weisen Stahlverbundkonstruktionen ähnliche Eigenschaften wie andere Trockenbauweisen auf. Die Einhaltung der im Wohnungsbau geltenden bauakustischen Anforderungen und Empfehlungen ist bei Beachtung der entsprechenden Konstruktionsregeln grundsätzlich möglich. Prüfungen von Geschoßdecken hinsichtlich ihres Schwingungsverhaltens ergaben für das untersuchte Demonstrationshaus eine positive Bewertung. Aus der Sicht der Autoren besteht hier noch weiterer Untersuchungsbedarf.
Schlitzförmige Schallabsorber
Authors: Leistner Ph. , Fuchs H. V.
Published: March 2013

Die Vielfalt der Schallabsorber in der raumakustischen Praxis zeugt von ganz unterschiedlichen Gestaltungsansprüchen. Geeignete Alternativen, mit denen sich auch die nicht weniger vielfältigen akustischen Anforderungen erfüllen lassen, reichen von ebenen und schlanken Tiefenabsorbern bis hin zu transparenten mikroperforierten Platten und Folien mit hoher Effizienz im mittel‐ und hochfrequenten Bereich. Konstruktiv einfache und variable Schallabsorber sind beispielsweise schlitzförmige Absorber, d. h. poröse Schichten mit geschlitzten Abdeckungen. Einerseits werden die Schlitzplatten als schalldurchlässige Schutzschicht betrachtet, andererseits wird die Luftmasse in den Schlitzen vor dünnen Absorberlagen mit Wandabstand als Bestandteil eines (bedämpften) Helmholtz‐Resonators interpretiert. Das im Aufsatz vorgestellte Auslegungs‐ und Berechnungsmodell für schlitzförmige Absorber zielt auf die Optimierung als sehr breitbandige Mittenschlucker.
Energieoptimierte Gebäudeform und Hüllflächen‐zu‐Volumen‐Verhältnis
Authors: Rabenstein D.
Published: March 2013

Die energieoptimierte Form eines Gebäudes ist oft sehr verschieden von der Form eines Gebäudes gleicher Nutzfläche, die sich aus einer Minimierung des Hüllflächen‐zu‐Volumen‐Verhältnisses ergibt. Dies wird auf analytischem Weg am Beispiel von quaderförmigen Gebäuden gezeigt. Wärmeschutzverordnung und künftige Energieeinsparverordnung mit A/V‐abhängigen Anforderungen unterstützen die energetischen Formoptimierung.
Schallabsorber und Schalldämpfer ‐ Innovation für Maßnahmen zur Lärmbekämpfung und Raumakustik, Teil 4: Absorber mit aktiven Komponenten
Authors: Leistner Ph. , Leistner M. , Zimmermann St.
Published: March 2013

Die in Teil 1 bis 3 dieses Innovatoriums behandelten passiven und reaktiven Schallabsorber und Schalldämpfer dienen seit langem dem Lärmschutz und der akustischen Behaglichkeit. Mit den Verbundplatten‐Resonatoren in Abschn. 6.4, den Membran‐Absorbern in Abschn. 7.4 sowie den Rohr‐Schalldämpfern in Abschn. 8.4 wurden auch bereits einige neuartige Varianten vorgestellt, die eine besonders hohe und breitbandige Wirksamkeit bei tiefen Frequenzen aufzuweisen haben und faserfrei aufgebaut werden können. In den Medien erregt daneben die "Aktive Lärmminderung", auch als "Antischall"‐Maßnahme tituliert, immer wieder großes Interesse. Weil diese aber einen sehr hohen elektronischen Aufwand erfordert, blieb ihr praktischer Einsatz bisher auf wenige Sonderfälle, wie z. B. die Kopfhörer von Hubschrauber‐Piloten, beschränkt. In Teil 4 wird dagegen ein relativ einfach funktionierendes neues Prinzip zur aktiven Unterstützung reaktiv wirksamer Absorber vorgestellt, das sich bereits als hochwirksame Schalldämpfereinheit für kompakte Klimageräte und an Heizungsanlagen in großer Stückzahl dauerhaft besonders bei tiefen und mittleren Frequenzen bewährt hat.
Struktur‐ und Feuchteuntersuchung in Betonstrukturen mit der Impuls‐Thermografie
Authors: Maierhofer Ch. , Brinke A. , Hillemeier B. , Rieck C. , Rölling M. , Wiggenhauser H.
Published: March 2013

In diesem Aufsatz werden Entwicklung und Anwendung der Impuls‐Thermografie zur zerstörungsfreien Prüfung im Bauwesen beschrieben. Bei diesem Verfahren wird der Abkühlungsprozeß auf der Oberfläche eines Bauteils nach externer Erwärmung mit einer Strahlungsquelle unter Einsatz einer Infrarot‐Kamera beobachtet. Ziel ist hier die Ortung von trockenen und feuchten Hohlstellen und Kiesnestern in unterschiedlichen Größen und Tiefen (Betondeckung bis zu 10 cm) in einem Betonprobekörper. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse werden mit numerischen Simulationen verglichen, die mit einem Finite‐Elemente‐Programm durchgeführt wurden.
Energieeinsatz in Bürogebäuden, Teil 1: Fakten, Konzepte und beispielhafte Bauten auf dem Weg zu hoher Arbeitsplatzqualität bei geringem Energieverbrauch
Authors: Voss K. , Löhnert G. , Wagner A.
Published: March 2013

Niedrigenergie‐ und Passivhäuser sind heute gängige Themen der Planungs‐ und Baupraxis bei Wohngebäuden. Ein anderes Bild zeigt sich im Nichtwohnungsbau. Um diesen Sektor zu erschließen, fördert das Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Arbeit im Rahmen des Förderprogramms Solaroptimiertes Bauen ‐ kurz SolarBau ‐ daher bereits seit 1995 Forschung und Demonstration auf dem Gebiet energiesparender Gebäude des Nichtwohnungsbaus. Neben einer Primärenergiekennzahl von 100 kWh/m�a als Zielwert für die gesamte technische Gebäudeausrüstung wird ein Verzicht auf aktive Kühlung und die sinnvolle Integration erneuerbarer Energien in die Energieversorgung gefordert. Zielsetzung aller Demonstrationsbauten ist die Verbindung von hoher Arbeitsplatzqualität mit geringem Energieverbrauch. Die Förderung stellt keine Investitionszuschüsse zur Verfügung sondern unterstützt gezielt den Planungsmehraufwand und die meßtechnische Erfolgskontrolle. Der vorliegende Beitrag berichtet über die Hintergründe, die durchgeführten Projekte und gibt ein erstes Fazit.