bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Music and Technology
Authors: Perone James E.
Published: September 2023

This book introduces readers to the most significant technological developments in music making and listening, including such topics as metronomes and the development of music notation as well as synthesizers, the latest music collaboration apps, and other 21st-century technologies.

Rather than focusing on technical and mechanical details, Music and Technology: A Historical Encyclopedia features the sociological role of technological developments by highlighting the roles they have played in society throughout time.

Students and music fans alike will gain valuable insight from this alphabetized encyclopedia of the most significant examples of technological changes that have impacted the creation, production, dissemination, recording, and/or consumption of music. The book also contains a chronology of milestone events in the history of music and technology as well as sidebars that focus on several key individual musicians and inventors.
The Political Economy of Electricity
Authors: Cooper Mark
Published: September 2023

Providing critical insights that will interest readers ranging from economists to environmentalists, policymakers, and politicians, this book analyzes the economics and technology trends involved in the dilemma of decarbonization and addresses why aggressive policy is required in a capitalist political economy to create a sea change away from fossil fuels.

The environmental damage across the globe is a result of the success of capitalist industrialism—250 years of carbon pollution resulting from consumption of fossil fuels to drive the economy and the worldwide aspiration to ever-increasing levels of economic development. But capitalism has also produced the tools to solve the problems it has created in the form of a technological revolution in low-carbon renewables, distributed resources, and intelligent systems to integrate supply and demand. This book comprehensively examines the political economy of electricity and analyzes the challenge of transforming today’s electricity sector to meet the dual goals of decarbonization and development expressed in the Paris Agreement.

Author Mark Cooper defines the dilemma of development and decarbonization as the great challenge facing the electricity industry and documents how the economic resources costs of a 100 percent-renewable portfolio has declined to the point that decarbonization can pay for itself, making the low-carbon renewable technologies that enable desired environmental and public-health benefits an easy sell. He identifies the substantial benefit of increasing use of information, communications, and advanced control technologies; shows how targeted innovation could speed the transition by a decade or two and lower the overall cost of the transition by as much as half; and explains why the flexible, multi-stakeholder approach of the Paris Agreement is the correct approach.
Katılım Finansın Ahlâki Temelleri: Kınalızâde ve İlm-i Tedbîri’l-Menzil Örneği
Authors: Yurtseven Muhammet
Published: September 2023

Kapitalizmin piyasa koşulları ile ahlâkın doğru orantılı olduğuna dair yaklaşımların varlığı mahfuz olmakla birlikte ahlâk ve iktisat ilişkisi son dönemlerde literatür içerisinde daha çok ele alınan bir alan olduğu görülmüştür. İslâm düşünce geleneği içerisinde İslâm ahlâkının; dinamik olduğu, insanın içinde bulunduğu her durumdan daha ideale taşıyan bir potansiyele sahip olduğu, sürekli bir yenilenme hali, çıkar duygularından uzak, pragmatizmi öteleyen ve ötesini hesap eden bir anlayışa sahip olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Bu çalışmada katılım finans sisteminin kendi ahlâki ilkeleri ile (İslâm Ahlâkı) piyasa koşullarında belirlenen ahlâki esasların uzlaşıp uzlaşmadığı İslâm ahlâk felsefesinin son dönem temsilcilerinden olan Kınalızâde Ali Efendi’nin (1510-1572) Türkçe olarak kaleme aldığı Ahlâk-ı Alâî isimli eseri bağlamında incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda katılım finans sisteminin ahlâkiliğine dair kaynak mesabesinde olan bu eserin muhtevası ile katılım finans sisteminin esasları ilişkilendirilmiş ve katılım finansın esaslarını belirleyen temel metinlerin gün yüzüne çıkarılmasına katkı sağlanmıştır.
Aliens as Creator Gods in Hollywood Cinema
Authors: Çakmak Fikrullah
Published: September 2023

Cinema, which incorporates visual and auditory elements, has been one of the most important inventions of humanity. In particular, its effective reach to the masses has enabled it to emerge as an effective power over societies. Any film of cinema is not only a work that aims to entertain the masses, but also a product that sets the agenda of individuals and societies, affects their world of thought, and imposes the reality it contains on societies. Cinema, which tries to produce new realities in every field, has also tried to create virtual realities in areas that religions attach importance to. One of the new truths that cinema tries to create is the subject of creation. Creation, which is also the main subject of religions, is the phenomenon that cinema has processed and reconstructed the most. Aliens are one of the myths that cinema uses against the creation narrative of theistic thought. While fictionalising the subject of creation and creating virtual realities through this fiction, cinema creates a new reality through the idea of aliens. By combining the agenda of popular culture with religious, cultural and mythological elements, cinema brings new explanations to life on earth. This fiction is used effectively in fantasy and science fiction films. At this point, the aim of our study is to analyse the creation fictions of Hollywood films and the alien myths used in these fictions in the context of aliens, the most colourful element of popular culture.
Modern Haredi Identity in Israel through Perceptions of American-Jewish Philanthropy
Authors:   Lee Cahaner, Abu Ofir
Published: September 2023

In this paper, we explore modern Haredi identity by focusing on the views of the new Haredi civic leadership in Israel (the homeland) on Jewish-American philanthropy (the diaspora). Drawing on ethnographic data, collected through interviews with 10 Haredi civic leaders and participant observation in a workshop that joined representatives of the two groups, we uncover the tensions which seem to constitute the symbolic boundaries of modern Haredi identity. One boundary relates to the dialectics of preservation and transformation: maintaining Haredi culture while pursuing a change in Haredi society in order to set it back on the right path. Another boundary refers to the dialectics of integration and distinction: the new Haredi civic leadership believes that Haredim can contribute to Israeli society as a whole but they should be able to do so while maintaining their Haredi values and Haredi way of life. The third boundary consists of the dialectics of differentiation and cooperation: The rejection of liberal Judaism (which Israeli Jews associate with American Jewry) alongside the willingness to cooperate with Jewish-American philanthropy. This study sheds new light on the issue of modern Haredi identity as it looks at how Haredi views of the diaspora serve identity construction processes in the Haredi society.
REPRESENTATIVIDADE FEMININA EM ESPECIALIDADES MÉDICAS CIRÚRGICAS
Authors: Almeida Amanda Helena Novaes Saldanha Ruy de , Paula Ana Clara Abreu Lima de , Pereira Bruno de Freitas Ricardo , Sasso Letícia Martins Dal , Uchôa João Pedro Matos , Ferreira Letícia Jacobowskí , Mendes Letícia Souza , Silva Nathália Lima de Oliveira , Paula Maria Antonia Abreu Lima de , Santos Monallisa Amanda Ximenes Mesquita dos
Published: September 2023

Ao longo de várias gerações, as mulheres que escolheram trilhar o caminho da carreira cirúrgica no Brasil enfrentaram obstáculos históricos significativos. Embora tenhamos assistido a um aumento gradual no número de mulheres na área médica ao longo dos anos, sua representação em especialidades cirúrgicas ainda permanece baixa. Essa disparidade é atribuída a uma série de fatores, que incluem a falta de confiança, a escassez de modelos femininos bem-sucedidos, a ausência de suporte institucional adequado para médicas que são mães e as pressões sociais e culturais arraigadas. Portanto, é de extrema importância reconhecer esses desafios e enfrentá-los de maneira proativa em nosso cotidiano. Apesar dos obstáculos, é crucial compreender que as mulheres possuem um potencial extraordinário para se destacar na cirurgia. Devemos encorajá-las a perseguir suas aspirações profissionais, desafiando os estereótipos de gênero e superando quaisquer preconceitos que possam surgir em seu caminho. A diversidade na medicina é essencial para um sistema de saúde mais inclusivo e abrangente.
NERVE AGENTS OF NERVE ACTION
Authors:   Belarusian State Medical University, A. A. Bova , Y. M. Gromowa ,   Belarusian State Medical University, P. W. Kriushev ,   Belarusian State Medical University, U. S. Lysyi ,   432 Order of the Red Star main military clinical medical center of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus, V. L. Aleksandrovih ,   432 Order of the Red Star main military clinical medical center of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus, A. I. Demidov ,   432 Order of the Red Star main military clinical medical center of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus
Published: September 2023

Observations of military conflicts and local wars of recent decades show us that the concept of "chemical weapons" has not yet been deleted from the military lexicon of various countries, despite the convention on its prohibition. In recent decades, there have been cases of the use of mustard gas, sarin, tabun and VX in Halabaja (Iraq), sarin in Tokyo (Japan) in 1995 and in Syria in 2013, 2017, incidents with substances of the Novichok group in 2018 and 2020, there are cases of the use of grenades with toxic substances by the Armed Forces of Ukraine substances (chlorine, ammonia). The use of organophosphorus compounds as the most effective group of toxic substances for sabotage purposes or as part of an armed conflict is not excluded.
INFLUENCE OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE MASS GROWTH ON IRON METABOLISM INDICATORS AMONG CONSCRIPTED SOLDIERS DURING THE PERIOD ADAPTATION TO THE SETTINGS OF MILITARY SERVICE
Authors:   Grodno State Medical University, I. N. Kniazev
Published: September 2023

Thousands of young men are conscripted for military service with various nutritional status and physical fitness condition every year. The adaptation of conscripted soldiers to the factors of military service occurs at three levels: physiological, psychological and social. The purpose of the study was to assess the dynamic changes of body structure parameters in conscripted soldiers during 6 months of service by conscription and to determine the effect of skeletal muscle mass growth on iron metabolism during adaptation to military service conditions. A prospective observational study involved 145 conscripted soldiers from one of the military units after informed consent. The study was performed from the moment of conscription for military service in 3 stages with an interval of 3 months using a four-component model of body structure and a four-component model of iron metabolism. The skeletal muscle mass and adipose tissue mass and were determined caliperometrically. Hematological and biochemical parameters of iron metabolism were assessed. Dynamic changes and types of growth of the skeletal muscle mass, as well as changes in the parameters of iron metabolism have been obtained. The body weight of conscripted soldiers changes slightly within 6 months from the moment of conscription. At the same time internal changes occurred in the structure of the body of conscripted soldiers due to an increase in skeletal muscle mass and a decrease in the mass of adipose tissues. The types of skeletal muscle mass growth were determined among conscripted soldiers. There were an increase in skeletal muscle mass and hemoglobin fund to provide them oxygen by the influence of increased physical loading. It led to a decrease in iron stores, estimated by serum ferritin, and signs became more pronounced of iron deficiency erythropoiesis, which were determined in erythrocyte indexes. These combined changes can be assessed as functional iron deficiency or iron deficiency without anemia.
ACUTE PANCREATITIS OF BILIARY ETIOLOGY. REPORT 2. CURRENT PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
Authors:   432 Order of the Red Star main military clinical medical center of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus, Mazanik A. V.
Published: September 2023

Principles of diagnostics and treatment based on the international proved practical recommendations are presented. The peculiarities of the pathogenesis of the disease dictate the necessity of distinguishing acute biliary pancreatitis into a separate clinical category and determine essential differences in its treatment tactics in comparison with acute pancreatitis of other etiology. The key components of the complex treatment of acute biliary pancreatitis are curing (conservative or operative) of duct hypertension and cholecystectomy, preferably – laparoscopic, and the time period, when duct system decompression can prevent the progression of acute pancreatitis, does not exceed 48 hours after the disease beginning. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a pathogenetically grounded method of the final treatment of acute pancreatitis of biliary etiology. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be performed during current hospitalization irrespective of the disease severity in all patients as soon as their condition allows to survive the intervention.
Observationally constrained analysis of sulfur cycle in the marine atmosphere with NASA ATom measurements and AeroCom model simulations
Authors: Bian Huisheng , Chin Mian , Colarco Peter R. , Apel Eric C. , Blake Donald R. , Froyd Karl , Hornbrook Rebecca S. , Jimenez Jose , Jost Pedro Campuzano , Lawler Michael , Liu Mingxu , Lund Marianne Tronstad , Matsui Hitoshi , Nault Benjamin A. , Penner Joyce E. , Rollins Andrew W. , Schill Gregory , Skeie Ragnhild B. , Wang Hailong , Xu Lu , Zhang Kai , Zhu Jialei
Published: September 2023

Abstract. The sulfur cycle plays a key role in atmospheric air quality, climate, and ecosystems. In this study, we compare the spatial and temporal distribution of four sulfur-containing species, dimethyl sulfide (DMS), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate methanesulfonate (MSA), and particulate sulfate (SO4), that were measured during the airborne NASA Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) mission and simulated by five AeroCom-III models to analyze the budget of sulfur cycle from the models. This study focuses on remote regions over the Pacific, Atlantic, and Southern Oceans from near the ocean surface to ~12-km altitude range, and covers all four seasons. These regions provide us with highly heterogeneous natural and anthropogenic source environments, which is not usually the case for traditional continental studies. We examine the vertical and seasonal variations of these sulfur species over tropical, mid-, and high-latitude regions in both hemispheres. We identify their origins from land versus ocean and from anthropogenic versus natural sources with sensitivity studies by applying tagged tracers linking to emission types and regions. In general, the differences among model results can be greater than one-order of magnitude. Comparing with observations, simulated SO2 is generally low while SO4 is high, and the model-observation agreement is much better in ATom-4 (April–May, 2018). There are much larger DMS concentrations simulated close to the sea surface than observed, indicating that the DMS emissions may be too high from all models. Anthropogenic emissions are the dominant source (40–60 % of the total amount) for atmospheric sulfate simulated at locations and times along the ATom flight tracks at almost every altitude, followed by volcanic emissions (18–32 %) and oceanic sources (16–32 %). Similar source contributions can also be derived at broad ocean basin and monthly scales, indicating that any reductions of anthropogenic sulfur emissions would have global impacts in modern times.
Variations of atmospheric PAHs concentrations, sources, health risk, and direct medical costs of lung cancer around the Bohai Sea under the background of pollution prevention and control in China
Authors: Ma Wenwen , Sun Rong , Wang Xiaoping , Zong Zheng , Zhao Shizhen , Sun Zeyu , Tian Chongguo , Tang Jianhui , Cui Song , Li Jun , Zhang Gan
Published: September 2023

Abstract. The Bohai Sea (BS) as the most polluted area of PAHs in China has been received wide attention in recent decades. To characterize the variations of concentrations and sources of PAHs from June 2014 to May 2019, fifteen congeners of PAHs (∑15PAHs) were measured from atmospheric samples (N=228) collected at 12 sites around the BS, and health risk and direct medical costs associated with lung cancer exposed to PAHs were also estimated. The annual daily average concentration of ∑15PAHs was 56.8 ± 4.7 ng m-3, dominated by low molecular weight (LMW-PAHs, 3-ring) (58.9 ± 7.8 %). During the five-year sampling period, the atmospheric ∑15PAHs concentration reduced by 17.5 % for the whole BS, especially in the tightly controlled area of Tianjin (TJ) with a drop of 51.7 %, which was mainly due to the decrease of high molec-ular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs, 5-6 ring) concentration. Generally, the concentration of ∑15PAHs was highest in winter and lowest in summer, mainly attributed to the change of LMW-PAHs concentration. Based on PMF model, PAHs at the BS were mainly ascribed to coal combustion and biomass burning. And the contribution of coal combustion and motor vehicle to PAHs had a different performance between the BS (coal combustion rose by 6.7 %, motor vehi-cle fell by 22.7 %) and TJ (coal combustion fell by 13.2 %, motor vehicle rose by 6.7 %). The in-cidence of lung cancer (ILCR) caused by exposing to atmospheric PAHs at the BS and TJ de-creased by 74.1 % and 91.6 % from 2014 to 2018, respectively. That was mainly due to the de-crease of the concentration of highly toxic HMW-PAHs. It was reflected on the savings of $10.7 million in direct medical costs of lung cancer exposed PAHs, which was accounted 46.1 % before air prevention and control around the BS. And there was a higher cost reduction of 54.5 % in TJ. Hence, this study proved that implementing pollution prevention and control not only effective-ly reduced the concentration of pollutants and the caused risks, but also significantly reduced the medical costs of diseases caused by corresponding expose.
Impact Ionization Double Peaks Analyzed in High Temporal Resolution on Solar Orbiter
Authors: Kočiščák Samuel , Mann Ingrid , Meyer-Vernet Nicole , Theodorsen Audun , Vaverka Jakub , Zaslavsky Arnaud
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Solar Orbiter is equipped with electrical antennas performing fast measurements of the surrounding electric field. The antennas register high velocity dust impacts through the electrical signatures of impact ionization. Although the basic principle of the detection has been known for decades, the understanding of the underlying process is not complete, due to unique mechanical and electrical design of each spacecraft and the variability of the process.  We present a study of electrical signatures of dust impacts on Solar Orbiter's body, as measured with Radio and Plasma Waves electrical suite. A large proportion of the signatures present a double-peak electrical waveforms in addition to the fast pre-spike due to electron motion, which are systematically observed for the first time. We believe this is due to Solar Orbiter's unique antenna design and a high temporal resolution of the measurements. The double peaks are explained as due to two distinct processes. Qualitative and quantitative features of both peaks are described. The process for producing the primary peak is known for a long time and the process for producing the secondary peak was proposed before (Pantellini et al., 2012a) for Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO), although the corresponding delay of 100 μs – 300 μs against the primary peak was not observed until now. The primary peak's amplitude is believed to be the better measure of the impact-produced charge and suggests that the typical amount is around 8 pC. The observed asymmetry between the primary peaks measured with individual antennas is quantitatively explained as electrostatic induction. A relationship between the primary and the secondary peaks' amplitudes is found to be non-linear and the relation is partially explained with a model for electrical interaction through the antennas' photoelectron sheath.
Film Review: Ben Jij Bij Mij/Are You With Me
Authors: Swinnen Aagje
Published: September 2023

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Introduction: Comparative Insights from the ASSA Project
Authors: Miller Daniel
Published: September 2023

This introduction provides a basic description of the Anthropology of Smartphones and Smart Ageing (ASSA) project, including the project’s range of field sites, methods, and ethics. I compare this project with prior comparative studies in the anthropology of ageing. I also discuss certain other findings of the ASSA project as they relate to the ASSA researchers’ re-conceptualisation of the smartphone and our work on mHealth. I then consider how an anthropological approach to comparison differs from that of other disciplines, partly through examining methods of comparison found within the articles in this Special Issue. In particular, I contrast the idea that anthropologists can compare data regarded as commensurable because of a standardisation in how they were collected, to a view that anthropologists mostly do not collect commensurable data at all; in which case, perhaps anthropologists are best at making comparison at the level of implied causation, sometimes developing a spectrum of field sites where implied causation can itself act as a parameter of difference.
Denetimli Serbestlik Sürecindeki Suça Sürüklenen Ergenlerde Sosyal Dışlanma, Toplumsal Aidiyet ve Gelecek Beklentisinin İncelenmesi
Authors: Suzer Gamli İpek , Karakuş Oğuz Bilal , Adak İbrahim , Yaşöz Cemre , Ekinci Ozalp
Published: September 2023

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, madde kullanımı veya temini nedeniyle denetimli serbestlik (DS) yükümlüsü olan ergenlerde, sosyal dışlanma, toplumsal aidiyet ve gelecek beklentisinin sağlıklı kontrollerle karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Çalışmaya, İstanbul’daki bir Çocuk ve Ergen Arındırma Merkezi (ÇEMATEM) Kliniği’ne uyuşturucu madde kullanımı veya temini gerekçesiyle DS yükümlüsü olarak başvuran 70 ergen ve psikiyatrik tanısı olmayan, yaş, cinsiyet ve sosyoekonomik düzeyi eşleştirilmiş 70 sağlıklı kontrol alınmıştır. Olgulara, sosyodemografik veri formu, Ergenler için Sosyal Dışlanma (Ostrasizm) Ölçeği, Ergenlerde Topluluk Hissi Ölçeği ve Ergen Gelecek Beklentileri Ölçeği uygulanmıştır.
Bulgular: DS yükümlüsü ergenlerin, %85,7 (n=60)’si erkek ve yaş ortalaması 17.17 ± 0.85 olarak saptandı. Bu ergenlerin, %74,3'ünde (n=52) en az bir psikiyatrik hastalık mevcuttu. En sık saptanan ruhsal bozukluğun ise %80.2 oranla dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB) olduğu bulundu. Bu grupta, okulu bırakma ve ailede adli öykü oranı anlamlı düzeyde yüksekti. Yükümlü ergenlerin sosyal dışlanma ölçek puanları anlamlı düzeyde yüksek , toplumsal aidiyet ve gelecek beklentileri ölçek puanları ise anlamlı düzeyde düşüktü.
Sonuç: Ergenlerde madde kullanımı; sosyal dışlanma, topluma aidiyet ve gelecek beklentilerini etkileyebilmektedir. DS yükümlüsü ergenlerde, psikososyal faktörler ve DEHB başta olmak üzere diğer psikopatolojilerin de irdelenmesi ve riskli grupların belirlenmesi önemlidir.
Inedita, t. 1: Logika. Część I
Authors: Twardowski Kazimierz
Published: September 2023

Niniejszy tom ineditów logicznych Kazimierza Twardowskiego rozpoczyna prosty i piękny (niedatowany) tekst „Logika jako nauka o prawdziwości sądów”, a kończą jego (również niedatowane) krótkie i wnikliwe uwagi pod wspólnym – pochodzącym od redaktora – tytułem „Autorytet naukowy”. Trzon tomu stanowią teksty wykładów uniwersyteckich Twardowskiego z lat 1895-1926, wygłaszanych przez niego w Uniwersytecie Lwowskim. Należą one głównie do działów logiki, które nazywał on odpowiednio „działem elementarnym” („teoretycznym”) i „działem metodologicznym” („praktycznym”), oraz do sylogistyki. Wykłady z sylogistyki są interesujące, także dla dzisiejszego czytelnika, m.in. dlatego, że należą do najobszerniejszej w naszej literaturze ekspozycji tego działu logiki. Ich wartość podnosi to, że omawiane w nich, często bardzo zawiłe, kwestie są ilustrowane starannie dobranymi, instruktywnymi i zarazem niekonwencjonalnymi przykładami. Z kolei wykłady z teorii badań indukcyjnych – pochodzące, co ważne, z roku akademickiego 1895/1896 – stały się, jak się okazuje, ważną inspiracją do badań nad indukcją i teorią prawdopodobieństwa, a także nad statusem praw w nauce, podejmowanych później przez przedstawicieli Szkoły Lwowsko-Warszawskiej. Historyka logiki zaciekawią zwłaszcza dwa publikowane po raz pierwszy teksty Twardowskiego. Pierwszy – to zachowany fragment pisma, prawdopodobnie z ok. 1920 roku, w którym Twardowski przeprowadza ważne dla XX-wiecznej metodologii odróżnienie między wykrywaniem a uzasadnianiem. Drugi – to, niestety znowu tylko fragmentaryczne, uwagi Twardowskiego na temat podejmowanych na przełomie XIX i XX wieku prób „algebraicznej” reformy logiki formalnej, w których to uwagach podkreśla on pewne wspólne wady tych prób.
Inedita, t. 2: Metafizyka i epistemologia
Authors: Twardowski Kazimierz
Published: September 2023

Tom zawiera niepublikowane dotąd prace Kazimierza Twardowskiego z zakresu ontologii, epistemologii i aksjologii, a węziej – etyki. Są to głównie rękopisy jego wykładów kursowych, które wygłaszał w latach 1897–1929 w Uniwersytecie Lwowskim, uzupełnione tekstami pojedynczych odczytów. Twardowski przedstawił w nich i poddał szczegółowemu rozbiorowi najważniejsze spory filozoficzne: z dziedziny ontologii (monizm – dualizm – pluralizm, materializm – spirytualizm, realizm – idealizm –solipsyzm itd.), z dziedziny epistemologii (agnostycyzm – sceptycyzm – dogmatyzm, racjonalizm – empiryzm – irracjonalizm, subiektywizm – obiektywizm, relatywizm – absolutyzm itd.) i z pogranicza metafizyki i aksjologii (np. determinizm – indeterminizm). Szczególną uwagę poświęcił zagadnieniu istnienia świata i problemowi psychofizycznemu. Przy okazji Twardowski przeprowadził analizę semantyczną kluczowych pojęć uwikłanych w te spory – m.in. pojęć: substancji i akcydensu, istoty żywej i rzeczy, bytu i istnienia, czasu i przestrzeni, przyczyny i skutku, spostrzeżenia i doznawania, przedmiotu i jego wyglądu, powiedzenia i sądu, hipotezy i tezy, prawdziwości i fałszywości (sądów), słuszności i niesłuszności (postępowania) oraz różnych odmian rozumowania. Sprecyzował też kluczowe dla Szkoły Lwowsko-Warszawskiej postulaty metodologiczne: postulat należytego uzasadniania sadów naukowych, postulat ścisłości ich wyrażania – a także postulat krytycznego szacunku do tradycji filozoficznej. Prace zawarte w tomie są świadectwem tego, że wbrew obiegowej opinii o przyczynkarskim charakterze dorobku naukowego Twardowskiego – miał on głęboko przemyślany pogląd na filozofię wziętą w całości oraz znakomitą „rozumiejącą” orientację w jej historii.
Climate Change and Pakistan’s Environmental Policy in the Light of International Obligations
Authors: Amir Farah
Published: September 2023

Climate Change is a global threat having its impacts on every sector of life. Although the causes stem from the industrialization of developed countries but the impacts of Climate Change are not restricted to only developed countries. The research deals with outlining the major gaps that hinder the implementation of international obligations. It starts from elaborating the major impacts that climate change pose to Pakistan such as ecological, agriculture, and health related. It also outlines the legislation done by Provinces and Federal Government to tackle this issue. In last, the major reason is explained and a suggestion of Cooperative federalism is also given, which can help figure out better laws and their implementation throughout Pakistan.
Smear Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients - An Epidemiological Perspective
Authors: Khutade Kalpesh , Shah Harshada , Yadav Dimple
Published: September 2023

India has the highest burden of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis in the world. Epidemiology is the study of disease in population. Epidemiology is the study of the frequency, pattern, and distribution of determinants (causes, risks) of health states and conditions (not just disease) in the general population. The data of sputum for tuberculosis during the period from January 2020 to December 2022 in Palghar, Maharashtra is available with the dept. of Microbiology. The, aim of the present study was to analyse the epidemiological perspective of pulmonary tuberculosis in the tribal population of Palghar district, Maharashtra. Out of the total 925 registered cases, 101 (10.92%) were found to be positive and 824 (89.08%) were negative. TB was higher in male population as compared to female population and the recorded ratio of occurrence was 11.54 % (65/563) and 09.94 % (36/362) respectively. The maximum number of TB patients were in the age group 21-30 year. In this present study where 04/5 (80%) HIV‑TB co‑infected individuals were included. It was concluded that TB is a prevailing disease in district Palghar. In the present study it has been observed that TB has severely affected the adults and economically productive age group of districts Palghar. Males are more susceptible to TB than females. Smoking and diabetes were found to be important social factor, significant related to the higher prevalence of disease.

Key words: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, prevalent causes, mortality, morbidity, multidrug resistant.
Multi-Scale Structural-aware Exposure Correction for Endoscopic Imaging
Authors: Espinosa Ricardo , Garcia-Vega Axel , Ochoa-Ruiz Gilberto
Published: September 2023

Endoscopy is the most widely imaging technique used for the diagnosis of cancerous lesions in hollow organs. However, endoscopic images are often affected by illumination artefacts: image parts may be over- or underexposed according to the light source pose and the tissue orientation. These artifacts have a strong negative impact on the performance of computer vision or artificial intelligence based diagnosis tools. Although endoscopic image enhancement methods are greatly required, little effort has been devoted to over- and underexposure enhancement in real-time. This contribution presents an extension to the objective function of LMSPEC, a method originally introduced to enhance images from natural scenes. It is used here for the exposure correction in endoscopic imaging and the preservation of structural information. To the best of our knowledge, this contribution is the first one that addresses the enhancement of both types of endoscopic artefacts (under- and over-exposure) using deep learning methods. Tested on the Endo4IE dataset, the proposed implementation has yielded a significant improvement over LMSPEC reaching a SSIM increase of 4.40% and 4.21% for over- and under-exposed images, respectively.
Des périodiques par et pour les lycéens. Le cas du Journal de mathématiques élémentaires de l’école préparatoire Sainte-Barbe en 1870
Authors: Gautreau Aurélien
Published: September 2023

Le Journal de mathématiques élémentaires, « fondé exclusivement par des élèves de mathématiques élémentaires » comme l’indique avec fierté la courte introduction du premier numéro, se voulait quinzomadaire. Au moins trois numéros sont parus au début de l’année 1870, rédigés par des étudiants de l’institution privée Sainte-Barbe à Paris. Ce périodique écrit à la main fait partie des quelques journaux lycéens des classes de mathématiques élémentaires parus entre 1860 et 1880. La période connaît un développement de l’édition de manuels d’un côté, de périodiques destinés à la préparation des concours les plus prestigieux de l’École polytechnique et de l’École normale supérieure de l’autre. Les élèves de mathématiques élémentaires, qui préparent Saint-Cyr, Centrale ou le baccalauréat ès sciences pour entrer à l’université, imitent par eux-mêmes ce dernier modèle. Notre étude de cas permet d’appréhender les enjeux disciplinaires et institutionnels de l’enseignement des mathématiques et de la physique dans ces classes, ainsi qu’une forme éditoriale originale qui révèle et produit un réseau spécifique de diffusion des savoirs.
L’automatisation éditoriale da la publication des données. Des tirés-à-part aux data journals en archéologie (1950-2000)
Authors: Plutniak Sébastien
Published: September 2023

Les formes éditoriales adoptées pour la publication des données scientifiques ont varié au cours de l’histoire. Les données étaient premièrement incluses dans la même unité éditoriale imprimée que leur étude, puis, avec les formats numériques, externalisées d’abord sous la forme de « matériaux supplémentaires » et, plus récemment, publiées de manière indépendante sur Internet, notamment avec les data journals. Cette étude porte sur un « chaînon manquant » dans cette histoire des formats éditoriaux : la publication de données imprimée et indépendante. Elle prend comme cas une méthode d’analyse des industries lithiques préhistoriques développée entre 1950 et 2000, en France, Italie et Espagne, ainsi qu’un périodique relatif, l’Archivio di tipologia analitica. Cela permet (1) de proposer un cadre d’analyse des transformations historiques de la publication des données scientifiques, (2) de montrer l’importance du phénomène d’autonomisation des formats éditoriaux, illustré ici à la fois par les tirés-à-part et par le développement de formats de représentation informatisés, (3) d’illustrer la pertinence et le potentiel des tirés-à-part en tant que source pour l’étude des sociabilités scientifiques.
Distributed generation for Microgrid technology
Authors: Mohamed Belrzaeg  , Mohamed Abou Sif  , Emad Almabsout  , Umar Ali Benisheikh
Published: September 2023

Distributed Generation (DG) refers to the generation of electricity from various small-scale sources of energy such as solar panels, wind turbines, or micro-turbines, located near the consumers. Microgrids (MGs), on the other hand are localized and autonomous electrical systems that can operate independently or in connection with the main power grid. The integration of DG within MGs has gained significant attention due to its potential benefits. This arrangement allows for increased efficiency, improved reliability, and enhanced resilience in the delivery of electricity. Furthermore, it enables the utilization of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs), reducing reliance on conventional fossil fuel-based power generation. In an MG with DG, the power generation sources are dispersed throughout the grid, supplying electricity to nearby consumers. Depending on the availability and generation capacity of each source, the MG can efficiently balance the energy supply and demand. In cases where excess generation occurs, the surplus energy can be exported back to the primary grid or stored for future use. The decentralized nature of distributed generation in MGs also contributes to more excellent grid stability and reliability. If any part of the main grid experiences a power outage, the MG can continue to operate independently, providing uninterrupted electricity to the connected consumers. This feature is especially valuable in remote areas, critical facilities, or during emergencies, where maintaining a reliable power supply is essential.
The Effect of Information and Coping with Anxiety Training Given to Women before Hysterectomy on their Level of Anxiety: A Post-Test Randomized Controlled Experimental Study
Authors: ALAÇAM Elçin , ALTUNDAL DURU Hilal , YILMAZ Mualla
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of information and coping with anxiety training given to women before they undergo hysterectomy on their anxiety levels.

Methods: The study sample comprised 59 women.

Results: It was determined that the training did not lead to a statistically significant difference in their anxiety levels but the mean scores obtained from the trait anxiety inventory by the women who received information from the nurse were lower.

Conclusion: In order to reduce the anxiety levels of women, nurses should provide comprehensive training and counseling before surgery.
Editorial
Authors: UFG Editores
Published: September 2023

La trayectoria de "Realidad y Reflexión" es una demostración de perseverancia y dedicación. A lo largo de más de dos décadas, la revista ha sido objeto de una evolución persistente, adaptándose a los cambios en la forma en que se produce y consume el conocimiento. En un mundo impulsado por la transformación digital y la aproximación entre disciplinas, la revista se ha mantenido vigente, brindando una plataforma editorial desde donde abordar temas que van desde la tecnología hasta la filosofía, desde la ciencia pura hasta su aplicación en la vida cotidiana.
Comunidades bénticas someras de Los Cóbanos (El Salvador), con dos nuevos registros a la biodiversidad
Authors: Segovia Prado Johanna Vanessa , Trejo Ramos Alejandra
Published: September 2023

Dado el papel funcional de las comunidades bénticas en la transferencia de energía, se incorporan en los análisis del estado de salud de los ecosistemas. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar los principales grupos funcionales en cuatro arrecifes rocosos someros de Los Cóbanos (El Salvador), así como conocer su estructura y la relación que la composición de especies tiene con variables físicas. El método que se utilizó fue transecto y cuadrante, y para el análisis de los datos se realizó con estadística descriptiva y análisis de componentes principales. Los principales grupos encontrados en los arrecifes son: gorgonias, esponjas, turf con hidroides y algas calcáreas. Además, se realizan dos nuevos reportes de especies marinas: Caryophyllia inornata y Solanderia sp. El conocimiento generado es de gran valor para comprender la dinámica y funcionamiento de los arrecifes salvadoreños.
Francisco Gavidia y sus reflexiones sobre la filosofía latinoamericana
Authors: Ortez Canales Alfredo Josué
Published: September 2023

El presente escrito tiene como objetivo delinear las reflexiones de Francisco Gavidia sobre el tema, ya clásico de la filosofía en la región, acerca de la construcción de una filosofía propia. De este tópico se ocupa en La formación de una filosofía propia o sea latinoamericana, texto que se usa, entre otros, para fines argumentativos. Además, se toman otros escritos que han producido investigadores de la obra del mismo autor, con el fin de exponer e interpretar lo fundamental del tema.
As ideias fundamentais de Marx sobre finanças e o sistema de crédito em O Capital
Authors: Grazziotin Henrique De Abreu , Herrlein Junior Ronaldo , Milan Marcelo
Published: September 2023

Este artigo busca enfatizar a importância do sistema de crédito, do sistema bancário e das finanças na interpretação de Marx acerca do capitalismo. O argumento desenvolvido é de que Marx apresenta uma complexa e aprofundada análise do crédito, das instituições financeiras, de instrumentos financeiros e de suas consequências para a acumulação de capital, como ressaltado na obra de Germer (1994, 1997a, 1997b, 2001, 2005). O reconhecimento desses elementos teóricos, que podem ser encontrados principalmente na Seção V do Livro III de O Capital, é essencial para um entendimento integral do funcionamento do capitalismo. Nesse artigo, apresentamos uma sistematização dos aspectos creditícios e financeiros do capitalismo ao descrever plenamente o funcionamento dos respectivos sistemas em Marx, com enfoque nos seguintes elementos: (i) crédito comercial; (ii) bancos e crédito bancário; (iii) dinheiro de crédito; (iv) a bolsa de valores e o mercado de títulos privados; e (v) a dívida pública. O objetivo é estabelecer uma referência para o desenvolvimento de uma teoria Marxista do dinheiro, do crédito e das finanças que seja baseada na interpretação de Marx acerca desses tópicos e capaz de ser articulada com suas teorias de instabilidade e de crise, como enfatizado por Germer em seus escritos.
Violación al derecho de presunción de inocencia en el proceso penal acusatorio
Authors: González Ibarra Juan de Dios , Peña Rangel Emilio Ricardo
Published: September 2023

En un sistema democrático y garantista de derecho, la presunción de inocencia constituye el centro de gravedad del derecho penal y, por extensión, de los procesos penales. Lo que precede exige que la normativa esté sujeta a los derechos humanos concebidos como el criterio último de justicia y legitimidad política del Estado de derecho contemporáneo. En México, la resolución de los problemas se ha limitado a la represión del Estado a través del derecho penal que hace frente a sus compromisos políticos. Esta solución del conflicto no es nueva, pero resulta peligrosa para la protección de los derechos humanos. Por consiguiente, a partir de la reforma constitucional de 2011, quedó plasmado en la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos el reconocimiento y protección de los derechos humanos, de modo que, en materia penal, se debe respetar a favor del inculpado la protección de una defensa adecuada, que privilegia el derecho a la presunción de inocencia y el de su libertad durante el procedimiento penal. Nuestro propósito en este libro es realizar una crítica propositiva para verificar si en el nuevo sistema de justicia procesal penal se violenta el principio de presunción de inocencia o queda debidamente garantizado, así como señalar la necesidad de construir nuestro propio derecho latinoamericano después de realizar un recorrido por la recepción del derecho penal procedente de Alemania, Francia, Italia y España.
Analysis of the Causes for the Sino-US Trade War
Authors: Fu Yujia
Published: September 2023

In 2018, the US government launched a trade war against China, and later it became a tit-for-tat competition between these two economies. It brought more uncertainties and challenges to bilateral and global trade. The economic conflict was a long-term issue between the two countries, while the Section 301 investigations provided rationales for the Trump administration to launch the trade war. This paper aims to reveal the reasons that contributed to the Sino-US trade war in order to better understand the whole economic conflict. There are some data collected by the US government and some official organizations are used in this paper to introduce the background. The writer mainly uses the literature analysis to discuss the possibilities that cause the trade war and applies one theory the Hegemonic Stability Theory to analyze the situation. At last, different perspectives of the deep-seated causes were applied to understand the trade war. This paper discovers that the trade war between the two countries was not only caused by economic conflicts, but also technological disputes, and other deep-seated issues, including national security and political concerns. All these causes should be addressed to understand and smooth the tensions.
The Re-danweilization of SU University During the COVID- 19 Pandemic
Authors: Wei Xiaohan
Published: September 2023

During the COVID-19 pandemic, China restored the management strategy of linking societal administration with spatial territory to prevent and control the spread of the pandemic. This study focuses on the most basic spatial unit of urban segmentation, the danwei, which was first established during the planned economy period. Analyzing SU University as a case study, we examine the background, methods, and process of re-danweilization in China during the COVID-19 pandemic; we evaluate the impact of its reactivation on the overall society and explore whether possible adjustments could be made to improve the effectiveness of the danwei system while preserving urbanism.
The Issue of Crime Committed by Juveniles in Rural Areas
Authors: Shang Yuteng
Published: September 2023

The problem of juvenile delinquency has gained much attention nationwide. In the domestic research field, however, there does not seem to be a comprehensive and robust exploration of juvenile delinquency in rural areas. This research examines the current situation of rural minor delinquency and explains the causes of the much higher delinquency rate than urban minor criminality in terms of both reality factors and psychological factors. The loose family connections and failed basic education may lead rural minors to detach from a stable psychological state and thus be more easily lured by the superior material life of criminal gangs and start committing criminal acts. Ultimately, the study proposes three suggestions: reshaping family intimacy; founding the psychological defense; and reducing recidivism. These suggestions may not substantially reduce the crime rate of rural minors, but at least should be the direction of improvement that ought to be pursued today. This study seeks to draw the attention of Chinese judicial and academic field to the crime of rural minors and gradually improve the current situation.
Legislative Conception for the Special Protection of Biometric Information: A Study Based on Extraterritorial Experience
Authors: Ma Ruoxue
Published: September 2023

In present society, where digital technology is widely used, biometric information is extensively applied to public security, social governance, finance and etc. Considering that biometric information, one of the most identifiable identifiers, has the characteristics of irreplaceability, immutability, and uniqueness, special legislative protection of biometric information is required. This paper uses case study, comparative research and regulatory research methods. It selects the definition, collection rules and processing rules of biometric information, which are mainly analysed in the United States, as studying points. Compared with Illinois Biometric Information Privacy Act, provisions of China Personal Information Protection Law on the processing rules of biometric information are more detailed and specific, but lack of a clear definition of biometric information and a clear exposition for informed consent, partial exemptions, and the principles of legality, legitimacy and necessity. There is still room for improvement in the refinement of the system and the practical implementation.
Transformation Model and Evaluation of Old Industrial Blocks in Shenzhen: A Case Study of OCT-LOFT
Authors: Li Shangwen
Published: September 2023

In urban renewal and transformation, the transformation and renewal of old industrial landscapes play a huge role. In the context of post-industrial society, industrial restructuring and industrial layout changes have led to the decline of many traditional industrial bases, which have been reduced to abandoned land and have generated a large amount of industrial wasteland, industrial facilities and industrial buildings and other resources. These resources are called post-industrial heritage and urgently need renewal and transformation. The best way to deal with this industrial heritage is to turn them into art parks and creative parks through various analysis methods. This paper chooses OCT-LOFT as an example to briefly introduce their current situation after the renovation, analyze their reason and pattern of transformation, and discuss the model evaluation. Through a case study of OCT-LOFT in Shenzhen, this paper explores the spatial production process of creative industries under the macro-institutional structure and micro-social network structure. The study finds that the institutional dividend promotes the spatial homogenization of OCT-LOFT, indirectly leading to its becoming a product of spatial reproduction and creating conditions for its heterogeneous spatial production.