bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of single nucleotide polymorphisms in GIPR gene in the changes of secretion in hormones and adipokines in patients with obesity with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Skuratovskaia D.A. , Vulf M.A. , Kirienkova E.V. , Mironyuk N.I. , Zatolokin P.A. , Litvinova L.S.
Published: April 2018

The relationship between the rs2302382, rs8111428 and Glu354Gln (rs1800437) polymorphisms in GIPR (glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor) gene and plasma levels of mediators involved in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in obese patients with type 2 diabetes (before and after a test breakfast) was investigated. The contribution of polymorphic variants of rs2302382, rs8111428 in GIPR gene in the predisposition to type 2 diabetes in individuals belonging to the Slavic population of Russia was found. Polymorphisms rs2302382 and rs8111428 in the GIPR gene were characterized by the nonequilibrium cohesion. The decrease in the level of expression of the GIPR gene in adipose tissue of the small intestine mesentery in the carriers of the CC genotype rs2302382 and AA rs8111428 was associated with the increase in the plasma leptin level, whereas during normal expression, the plasma content of insulin, and GIP (in persons with the genotype of the polymorphism rs2302382 and AG polymorphism rs8111428), resistin and ghrelin (in individuals with the genotype of the polymorphism rs2302382) increased. We propose the stimulating effect of GIP on the secretion of resistin, leptin and ghrelin, with an increase in insulin production in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.
TIP FAKÜLTESİ 1. VE 3. SINIF ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN CARRF-KL ÖLÇEĞİ İLE KARDİYOVASKÜLER HASTALIK BİLGİ DÜZEYLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ
Authors: Erenoğlu Son Nazan
Published: April 2018

AMAÇ: Kardiyovasküler hastalıklar (KVH) halen dünyadaki en büyük mortaliteye sahip hastalıklardan biridir ve KVH’ın bazı risk faktörleri önlenebilir. Birçok öğrenci KVH’ın risk faktörü ile ilgili bilgi sahibi olsa da, tıp öğrencilerinin algılama düzeyi hala yeterli değildir. Bu çalışmada, Tıp Fakültesi öğrencilerinin KVH risk faktörleri bilgi düzeylerini ölçmeyi amaçladık.GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Araştırmada kardiovasküler bilgi düzeyi ölçeği (CARRF-KL) kullanılmıştır. 310 öğrenci (n=168 1. sınıf, n=142 3. sınıf) çalışmamıza gönüllü olarak katılmıştır.BULGULAR: Öğrencilerin ortalama puanları, 1. sınıfta, 3. sınıfa göre anlamlı derecede yüksek bulundu (24,40±3,07-22,71±4,36, p<0,001). İlk dört sorunun ortalaması 3.sınıfta, 1.sınıftan anlamlı derecede yüksek bulundu (3,66±0,85’ekarşı 3,68±0,61; F: 4,169; p = 0,006). 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28 sorular için ortalama değer 1.sınıflarda, 3. sınıflara nazaran anlamlı derecede yüksekbulundu (13,64±1,89-12,15±2,62, F: 20,379; p<0,0001). 7, 8, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 26 sorular içinde aynı şekilde 1.sınıflarda, 3. sınıflara nazaran anlamlı derecede yüksekbulundu (7,11±1,35-6,89±1,72; F: 58,650; p<0,0001).SONUÇ: Çalışmamıza katılan öğrencilerin CARRF-KL skor puanı ortalaması literatürden daha yüksek bulunmasına karşın, sonuçlar çok yeterli değildi. 1. sınıflar soruların çoğunluğuna, 3. sınıfa göre daha iyi yanıt vermiştir. Sigara içimi en iyi bilinen risk faktörüdür. Eğitimlerde; hiperlipidemi, diabetes mellitus gibi kronik metabolik hastalıklarla ilgili bilgiler daha etkin olarak vurgulanmalıdır.
THE EXAMINATION ABOUT KNIFE USING BEHAVIORS OF YOUTH WITH REGARD TO VARIOUS VARIABLES DURING A FIGHT (SIVAS EXAMPLE)
Authors: NAİR Güney
Published: April 2018

The major issue to deal

with is the violence of youth who is dynamic part of the society, yet this

crucial social problem is not put enough emphasis on World Health Organization (WHO) considers that

matter as one of the prior and universal issues needed to be solved. Acts of

violence committed by young persons with cutleries and firearms make a great

effect on the social life with the results of psychological and socio-economic results

in addition to life losses and injuries. The youth-borne activities

especially in the Western societies that are performed with firearms and cause

the mass deaths lead to worries in all communities inasmuch as violence is a

learned behavior.

In our country, the studies

conducted on the youth violence are hardly sufficient. The scientific

researches concentrate on the certain types of violence such as the

"violence against women", "domestic violence", and

"child battering" but however the studies on the "youth

violence" remain short.

The research study in youth

violence is conducted in Sivas, which aims to examine the knife using behaviors

of youth during a fight with regard to various variables. We choose the

province of Sivas on the grounds that the cutlery has a great importance in the

city life, the prevalence of the behaviors of carrying a knife and knife using

in the swagger culture in its old boroughs such as Yüceyurt (Çavuşbaşı),

Kızılırmak (Çayırağzı), Pulur, the official records of stabbing cases of almost

every day among the youth according to the statistics of the years of 2001 –

2011, an action plan developed for the city, and the convenience for a

research.

The quality and form of relationships which youngsters establish among

their families, schools and social environment act as a determinative in

forming their behaviors towards violence.

In order to solve the

problems derived from the youth violence, it is of vital importance that the

youth are able to communicate with their parents in a trust-based relationship

and share their problems. This is also true in the school environment and social

circle where they spend a considerable part of their lives. In addition, some

strategies facilitate the problem solving, such as raising awareness on the

negativities of the youth violence, making eye-opening additions into the

educational programs, extending the counseling services, and developing

informative programs through the communication instruments. 
ÖZNELERİN GÖZÜNDEN VE DİLİNDEN AİLENİN TOPLUMSAL OLARAK İNŞASINA FENOMENOLOJİK BİR YAKLAŞIM
Authors: PEHLİVAN Oğuz
Published: April 2018

Öznenin

aile tanımı normlar ya da yasalar ile ifade edilen aile tanımından farklı

olabilmekte; bu durum da ailenin araştırma nesnesi olarak kabulünde bir takım

sıkıntılar yaratabilmektedir. Bu araştırmada, her özne için farklı bir aile

tanımı olabileceği savından hareketle, ailenin temel karakteristiği bireyin

yaşadığı gerçek zaman ve mekânda, bireyin öznelere ve nesnelere verdiği anlam

üzerine inşa ettiğini göstermek hedeflenmiştir.

Araştırmada,

öznelerin zaman, mekân, yapmış oldukları olaylar ve geçmişleriyle olan

ilişkileri temelinde gelişen, derinliklerdeki anlamı sorgulayan, fenomenolojik

bir bakış açısıyla nitel analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Ankara ve İzmir kent ve

kırsalından seçilen kırk altı kişiyle yüz yüze mülakat yapılmıştır.Araştırma

sonucunda özne merkezli ailenin, bireyin akrabalık sistemi içerisinde, kendi dünya

algısı etrafında inşa edildiği; yaş ve medeni durum değişikliklerinin bu sınırların

inşasında rol oynadığı; "senin ailen" ve "benim ailem"

tanımlarının bireylerin, gündelik hayat deneyimleri ile birlikte sosyal inşa

sürecinde "bizim ailemiz" kavramı içerisindeki bireylere dönüştüğü

saptanmıştır. 
Targeting Ameloblatoma into Apoptosis
Authors: Sandra Ferry
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND: Generally ameloblastoma is a locally aggressive, slow growing, non-metastatic epithelial odontogenic benign tumor. However, rarely some ameloblastoma can metastasize in spite of a benign histologic appearance. Targeting ameloblastoma by inducing it into apoptosis could be a beneficial strategy, since many ameloblastoma cases were reported recurrent after surgical therapy.CONTENT: To investigate ameloblastoma in cellular aspect,cytological pattern of ameloblastoma was divided intoouter layer/peripheral and inner layer/central cells. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Fas ligand (FasL), TNF receptor (TNFR)1/death receptor (DR)1, TNFR2/DR2, DR4, DR5andFas were highly expressed in central than peripheral cells. Despite inducing apoptosis, TNF-α can induce PI3K leading to Akt and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation in AM-1 cells, which later induce cell survival and proliferation. Therefore apoptotic induction in ameloblastoma should be suggested in higher TNF-α concentration. Expression of FasL and Fas are closely associated with squamous metaplasia and  granular transformation of the tumor cells, suggesting that apoptosis induced by FasL may play a role in the terminally differentiated or degenerative ameloblastoma cells. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has emerged as an apoptotic inducing anticancer agent in tumor cells specifically. TRAIL induced activation of caspases, lowering mitochondrial membrane potential, high number of apoptotic cells in ameloblastoma cells. Therefore, TRAIL could be a potential agent for targeting ameloblastoma, although further study should be explored.SUMMARY: Targeting ameloblastoma by inducing it into apoptosis could be achieved effectively, although some criteria should be considered. Therefore understanding the underlying apoptosis signaling pathways are necessary for inducing ameloblasotma into apoptosis. Investigations on other apoptosis-related molecules, potential apoptosis-inducing natural products, and novel approach in reprogramming, are important in the future for a better anagement of ameloblastoma.KEYWORDS: ameloblastoma, apoptosis, TNF, Fas, TRAIL, Akt, MAPK, caspase
A eficácia horizontal direta dos direitos fundamentais no âmbito das relações de trabalho: o papel da negociação coletiva na implementação de ações afirmativas da dignidade do trabalhador
Authors: Goldschmidt Rodrigo , Siqueira Rodrigo Espiúca dos Anjos
Published: April 2018

Resumo: Neste artigo analisa-se a implementação de ações afirmativas pelas empresas empregadoras e sindicatos obreiros, mediante a negociação coletiva como forma de concretização da dignidade do trabalhador sob as perspectivas objetiva e subjetiva dos direitos fundamentais sociais. Nessa tarefa, apresenta-se o conceito de direitos fundamentais e sua relação com a dignidade da pessoa humana. Na sua segunda parte, analisam-se as teorias sobre a eficácia dos direitos fundamentais, em suas dimensões vertical e horizontal. Em seguida, apresenta-se o conceito de ações afirmativas da dignidade da pessoa humana como medidas de concretização da dignidade, para, ao final, apresentar exemplos de normas coletivas que afirmam, concretamente, a dignidade do trabalhador, no âmbito da eficácia horizontal dos direitos fundamentais nas relações entre particulares de forma direta e imediata. A metodologia do estudo é a analítica-interpretativa de investigação bibliográfica e documental. Por método, adotou-se o indutivo.Palavras-chave: Eficácia horizontal. Direitos fundamentais. Ações afirmativas. Negociação coletiva. Dignidade humana. Abstract: The article analyzes the implementation of affirmative actions by employers’ and workers’ unions, through collective bargaining as a way of achieving the dignity of workers under the objective and subjective perspectives of fundamental social rights. In this task, it presents the concept of fundamental rights and their relationship with the dignity of the human person. In its second part, it analyzes the theories on the effectiveness of fundamental rights, in their vertical and horizontal dimensions. Then, it presents a concept of affirmative actions of the dignity of the human person as measures for the realization of dignity, in order to present examples of collective norms that concretely affirm the dignity of the worker within the framework of the horizontal effectiveness of fundamental rights in relations between private individuals directly and immediately. The methodology of the study is the analytical-interpretative of bibliographic and documentary research. As a method, the inductive was adopted.Keywords: Horizontal efficacy. Fundamental rights. Affirmative actions. Labor negotiations. Human dignity.
Del Derecho a la Economía con Derecho: la relación Derecho-Economía revisitada
Authors: Castellanos Obregón Fernando Luis
Published: April 2018

Frente a todos los riesgos e incertidumbres que el orden global de hoy comporta, se señala aquí, en particular, que las fronteras que algunos tratadistas persisten en mantener entre los campos del Derecho y la Economía, hoy por hoy, resultan ser un sinsentido, pues, en la práctica, son más fluidas, aunque, a su vez, más complejas de lo que cualquier ortodoxia supone. Además, al igual que el ejercicio profesional de la Economía, la práctica jurídica es una práctica social que produce unos efectos, bien sea de incentivo o de inhibición. Entendidas así las cosas, la interrelación entre Derecho y Economía tiene implicaciones muy profundas, pues si bien desde el punto de vista convencional, las prácticas de ambos campos son producto de la elección entre alternativas, suele desconocerse que también son permeables a la influencia de procesos y/o centros de poder y decisión que están fuera del alcance y control de quienes deciden en los países. Ello se traduce en que, a partir de una decisión inicial, ya no sea tan claro que la estrategia elegida permita anticipar, tanto jurídica como económicamente, un conjunto cierto de escenarios alternativos.
Türkiye Havayolu İç Hat Şehir Çiftlerindeki Pazar Yapılarının Piyasa Yoğunlaşması Ölçütleri İle Belirlenmesi
Authors: Yaşar Mehmet , Gerede Ender
Published: April 2018

Türkiye’de 1983 ve 2003 yıllarında havayolu taşımacılığı pazarındaki
ekonomik düzenlemelerin serbestleştirilmesinin temel amacı rekabeti artırarak
pazarın büyütülmesidir. 1983 yılındaki serbestleşme iç hatlar pazarında kayda
değer olumlu bir sonuç yaratmazken 2003 yılındaki serbestleşmeden sonra iç
hatlar pazarının önemli ölçüde büyüdüğü bilinmektedir. Bununla birlikte
büyümenin iç hatlarda yeni şehir çiftlerinin devreye girmesiyle mi yoksa daha
önceden hizmet götürülen şehir çifti pazarlarındaki rekabetin artmasıyla mı
oluştuğu araştırmaya değer bir konudur. Herhangi bir pazarda gerçekleştirilen
ekonomik faaliyetlerin az sayıda işletme tarafından yürütülmesi anlamına gelen
piyasa yoğunlaşmasının artması rekabeti olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir.
Yoğunlaşmanın yüksek olduğu piyasalar monopol ve düopol pazarlara işaret
etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye iç hatlarında şehir çifti pazarlarındaki
yoğunlaşma derecesi ölçülerek pazara girişin serbestleştirilmesinin temel amacı
olan rekabet artışının durumu ortaya konmuştur. Yolcu sayıları üzerinden her
bir şehir çifti için havayolu işletmelerinin pazar payları belirlenmiş ve 2012
ve 2014 yılları arası temel alınarak toplam 1447 şehir çifti için yoğunlaşma
değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Hesaplamalar yapılırken piyasa yoğunlaşması ile
ilgili ölçüm araçları olan N firma yoğunlaşma oranı, Herfindahl-Hirschmann
Endeksi ve Entropi Endeksi kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak pazarların çok büyük
bir bölümünün monopol, önemli bir bölümünün düopol olduğu ve çok az sayıda
şehir çiftinin oligopol ve oligopole yakın özellikler taşıdığı anlaşılmıştır.
Şehir çifti pazarları yolcu sayıları üzerinden değerlendirildiğinde
yoğunlaşmanın rekabeti olumsuz yönde etkileyecek kadar yüksek olduğu sonucuna
varılmıştır.
试析建筑装饰施工管理的发展方向及管理措施
Authors: 周 蓉
Published: April 2018

现在国家经济和社会不断发展,人们的生活水平得到了大幅度提高,人们越来越重视生活质量了。随着建筑行业的发展,建筑装饰施工的管理也在逐步发展和完善。研究建筑装饰施工的管理有很重要的现实意义。文章从管理的发展方向进行了阐述,提出了一些合理的管理措施,希望能够给相关的工作人员提供一些建议。
如何加强工程造价管理
Authors: 何 青
Published: April 2018

现在我们国家的经济和社会不断进步,出现了很多建筑工程。在建筑工程进行的时候要做好造价管理。造价管理非常重要,不管是在工程的招投标过程中,还是在工程的施工和验收阶段都要做好造价的控制。工程的造价管理和施工单位的经济利益息息相关。文章从工程造价管理现状进行了分析,提出了一些加强工程造价管理的措施,希望能够给相关管理人员提供一些建议。
市政给排水施工中的长距离顶管施工技术分析
Authors: 张 博源
Published: April 2018

在城市中,完善的给排水系统是人们舒适生活和工作的基础设施。市政给排水的工程与施工显得非常的重要,有着不可或缺的地位。在给排水施工技术中,顶管施工是给排水管道施工技术中的关键敷设技术,在市政给排水工程和企业施工中应用非常广泛。
文物建筑迁移保护中的场地利用与环境塑造
Authors: 樊 凡
Published: April 2018

文物建筑是能够反映历史风貌、地方特色,且具有一定文物价值的建筑。在我国社会经济快速发展的背景下,文物建筑保护工作变得越来越重要,要求也越来越高。基于此,本文就对文物建筑迁移保护中的场地利用与环境塑造展开探究,以期为文物建筑迁移保护工作提供参考依据。
小口径过江顶管关键施工技术研究
Authors: 吴 朝
Published: April 2018

随着顶管法施工技术的广泛应用,复杂工程环境下对顶管一次顶进距离要求越来越高。长距离顶管将导致顶力的增加和管线变形风险的加大,而小口径顶管又会进一步缩小管内的施工空间,对顶管内施工管线布置、测量系统、通风系统和中继间等施工技术提出更高的要求。本文结合绍兴城市北部区域供水保障工程,对小口径长距离钢顶管过江顶进施工中的几个关键施工技术进行了分析改进,并探讨了改进施工技术的实施效果,为同类顶管工程的设计和施工提供了参考。
优化建筑施工技术 降低建筑能源损耗
Authors: 祁 如祥
Published: April 2018

自改革开放以来,我国的建筑工程不断增多。众所周知,建筑工程需要消耗大量的能源,据了解,建筑上的耗能量要占总体的百分之三十。而仅就现阶段的发展来看,我国的建筑所具有的保温隔热效果不是很理想,功能设施也不健全,所以应重点解决建筑施工中的能源消耗问题。
论述市政道桥施工问题与安全管理
Authors: 王 海玲 , 李 明
Published: April 2018

市政道桥工程作为城市基础建设的重要项目,其施工质量对于使用者的安全有着至关重要的影响。因此,施工单位必须对施工过程中存在的问题加以重视,进一步提升市政道桥的施工质量。本文将对市政道桥施工过程中存在的一些问题进行分析和探究,并针对相关问题提出了具体的建议和措施,希望能为施工单位提供一定的参考和帮助。
Searching in the Context of a Task: A Review of Methods and Tools
Authors: Maguitman Ana
Published: April 2018

Contextual information extracted from the user task can help to better target retrieval to task-relevant content. In particular, topical context can be exploited to identify the subject of the information needs, contributing to reduce the information overload problem. A great number of methods exist to extract raw context data and contextual interaction patterns from the user task and to model this information using higher-level representations. Context can then be used as a source for automatic query generation, or as a means to refine or disambiguate user-generated queries. It can also be used to filter and rank results as well as to select domain-specific search engines with better capabilities to satisfy specific information requests. This article reviews methods that have been applied to deal with the problem of reflecting the current and long-term interests of a user in the search process. It discusses major difficulties encountered in the research area of context-based information retrieval and presents an overview of tools proposed since the mid-nineties to deal with the problem of context-based search.
Automatic Generation of Test Cases from UML Models
Authors: Pérez Constanza , Marín Beatriz
Published: April 2018

[Context] The growing demand for high-quality software has caused the industry to incorporate processes to enable them to comply with these standards, but increasing the cost of development. A strategy to reduce this cost is to incorporate quality evaluations from early stages of software development. A technique that facilitates this evaluation is the model-based testing, which allows to generate test cases at early phases using as input the conceptual models of the system.

[Objective] In this paper, we introduce TCGen, a tool that enables the automatic generation of abstract test cases starting from UML conceptual models.

[Method] The design and implementation of TCGen, a technique that applies different testing criteria to class diagrams and state transition diagrams to generates test cases, is presented as a model-based testing approach. To do that, TCGen uses UML models, which are widely used at industry and a set of algorithms that recognize the concepts in the models in order to generate abstract test cases.

[Results] An exploratory experimental evaluation has been performed to compare the TCGen tool with traditional testing.

[Conclusions] Even though the exploratory evaluation shows promising results, it is necessary to perform more empirical evaluations in order to generalize the results.

Abstract (in Spanish):

[Contexto] La creciente demanda de software de alta calidad ha provocado que la industria incorpore procesos para permitirles cumplir con estos estándares, pero aumentando el costo del desarrollo. Una estrategia para reducir este costo es incorporar evaluaciones de calidad desde las primeras etapas del desarrollo del software. Una técnica que facilita esta evaluación es la prueba basada en modelos, que permite generar casos de prueba en fases tempranas utilizando como entrada los modelos conceptuales del sistema.

[Objetivo] En este artículo, presentamos TCGen, una herramienta que permite la generación automática de casos de pruebas abstractas a partir de modelos conceptuales UML.

[Método] El diseño e implementación de TCGen, una técnica que aplica diferentes criterios de prueba a los diagramas de clases y diagramas de transición de estados para generar casos de prueba, se presenta como un enfoque de prueba basado en modelos. Para hacer eso, TCGen utiliza modelos UML, que son ampliamente utilizados en la industria y un conjunto de algoritmos que reconocen los conceptos en los modelos para generar casos de prueba abstractos.

[Resultados] Se realizó una evaluación experimental exploratoria para comparar la herramienta TCGen con las pruebas tradicionales.

[Conclusiones] Aunque la evaluación exploratoria muestra resultados prometedores, es necesario realizar más evaluaciones empíricas para generalizar los resultados.
Flora, estrutura diamétrica, hipsométrica e grupos ecológicos de um fragmento de Cerrado do Cariri, Tocantins
Authors: Oliveira Lucicléia Mendes de , Santos André Ferreira dos , Tavares Maira Elisa Ferreira , Ganassoli Eduardo , Giongo Marcos
Published: April 2018

O objetivo foi identificar a composição florística, destacar as espécies raras e/ou em risco de extinção, classificar em grupos ecológicos e avaliar a estrutura quanto às classes diamétricas e hipsométricas num fragmento de Cerrado de Cariri, Tocantins. Foram mensurados 2.654 indivíduos, distribuídos em 34 famílias, 73 gêneros e 81 espécies. A classe diamétrica predominante dos indivíduos foi 2,5-4,3 cm e hipsométrica de 4,6-8,2 m. Conclui-se que o fragmento é composto por indivíduos predominantemente jovens e o índice sucessional (IS=1,64) caracteriza a população com estágio de sucessão ecológico em fase de transição entre o inicial e o intermediário.
Por uma Engenharia Geográfica: da técnica na geografia a uma geografia técnica
Authors: Coutinho Luciano Melo
Published: April 2018

Este artigo propõe a engenharia geográfica como alternativa para (re)inserir o Geógrafo no mercado de trabalho de constantes e intensas transformações. Correlaciona as atribuições do geógrafo com outras categorias profissionais, evidencia sua baixa representatividade no mercado e fatores que limitam seu reconhecimento e desempenho profissional. No cenário de constantes e intensas transformações, que priorizam as tecnologias e profissionais técnicos e pragmáticos, é notória a ascensão dos cursos de engenharias. A proposta da engenharia geográfica não é vista como mais uma tendência, e sim como opção para promover autonomia, superar crises, capacitação tecnológica e um eficiente desempenho profissional.
Investigating the Role of Shape and Size of Gold Nanoparticles on Their Toxicities to Fungi
Authors: Liu Kangze , He Zhonglei , Byrne Hugh J. , Curtin James F. , Tian Furong
Published: April 2018

The possibility of releasing gold nanoparticles (GNP) into the environment has been rapidly increasing with the wide spread and flourishing application of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in a wide range of areas. Consequently, environmental effects of GNP, especially toxicities to living organisms have drawn great attention. However, their toxicological characteristics still remain unclear. Fungi, as the decomposers of the ecosystem, interact directly with the environment and critically control the overall health of the biosphere. Thus, their sensitivity to GNP toxicity is particularly important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of shape and size of GNPs on their toxicities to fungi, which could help reveal the ecotoxicity of GNPs. Aspergillus niger, Mucor hiemalis and Penicillium chrysogenum were chosen for toxicity assessment, and spherical and star/flower-shaped GNPs sized from 0.7 nm to large aggregates of 400 nm have been synthesised. After exposure to GNPs and their corresponding reaction agents and incubation for 48 hours, the survival rates of each kind of fungus was calculated and compared. The results indicated that fungal species was the major determinant of the variation of survival rates, whereby A. niger was most sensitive and M. himalis was least sensitive to GNP exposure. Additionally, larger and non-spherical GNPs had relatively stronger toxicities.
Stabilization and Protection of Biomaterial through Biomineralization via Surface Interaction: An Astrobiological Approach
Authors: Bhatt Preeti , Pant Chandra Kala , Pandey Pramod , Pandey Yogesh , Sati Satish Chandra , Mehata Mohan Singh
Published: April 2018

A Cytosine (CYN), core constituent of both RNA and DNA, is a well-known functional biomaterial of living system. Adsorption of such molecule on primigenial mineral surfaces transacts a very specific and selective role in biocompatibility and biomineralization. The adsorption behaviour of CYN, with change in pH, concentration, time and temperature on siliceous Montmorillonite (MMT) surface, a prominent nanoclay of smectite group with specific surface area, was studied systematically and methodically using different spectral techniques (viz. UV, FTIR, SEM and XRD). Biogenic metal dication [M2+= Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+ and Cu2+] entrapped nanocomposites of MMT were prepared separately by cation-exchange approach. The results reveal significant role of MMT and biogenic metal ions on the quantity of CYN adsorbed. The adsorption isotherm elegantly evinces monolayer formation of the biomaterial on the surface of MMT and MMT-M2+. The Langmuir adsorption parameters (KL & Xm) delineated appreciable interaction of CYN on MMT-Fe2+ surface as compared to MMT alone and other metal confined MMTs. The present work throws light on affinity of MMT nanoclay (having multifarious applications in biological systems) involving biogenic metal ions on stabilization and protection of biomaterials through biomineralization during prebiotic chemical evolution of biomolecules. The results embarks better adsorption capability of transition metal ion incorporated MMT than the clay without metal ion and with alkaline Earth dications due to better coordination properties of transition metal ions involving their d-orbitals for stable complex formation with negative sites of cytosine molecules as ligands. Since metal ions are key components of various enzymes which can catalyse a number of biochemical reactions in the living systems, the present study give better understanding regarding the pathways of aggregation of biomonomers on solid surfaces which themselves might have catalysed the formation of complex biomolecules via polymerization and condensation in enzyme free environment of early Earth and also influences implant biocompatibility.
The Mechanical Properties Enhancement of Biodegradable Aminofunctional Starch/Carboxylate Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Latex Films
Authors: Misman Muhammad Afiq , Azura A. Rashid
Published: April 2018

The Aminofunctional starch/Carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (ANS/XNBR) latex films were prepared with control (0), 5, 10, 15, and 20 phr of ANS loadings. The films were subjected to soil burial test for 8 weeks, which recovered every two weeks to quantify the degraded properties. The control (week 0) and biodegraded films were subjected to physical tests (crosslink density, tensile, and tear strength tests) and biodegradation quantification (mass loss retention, and water vapor transmission rates). The optimum physical properties of ANS/XNBR films were subjected to further assessment of its degradation properties which include morphological (optical and scanning electron microscopes (SEM)), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) respectively. Overall, mechanical properties of biodegraded ANS/XNBR latex films decreased as biodegradation period elapses. The biodegradation assessment via water vapor transmission rates and mass loss analyses indicates the high degree of biodegradation rates were observed with higher loading of ANS/XNBR latex films. Morphological analyses via optical microscope shows the transformation of the films surface opacity during biodegradation test. SEM images depicted the microorganism remains on the film surfaces. For FTIR analysis, the most significant changes in the spectras of the films appeared in the region of 790–3000 cm−1. TGA thermograph shows the thermal retention of the materials decreased, as the biodegradation period elapses for optimum ANS/XNBR latex films. From the results obtained, ANS/XNBR latex films shows optimum degradation and mechanical properties at 10 phr filler loading.
PROPERTI MEKANIK TARIK BAJA WIRE O 3.2 MM DAN PC BAR O 7.1 MM SEBAGAI TULANGAN PADA TIANG PANCANG BETON PRATEKAN SPUN PILE
Authors: Irawan Candra , Raka I Gusti Putu , Faimun Faimun , Djamaluddin Rudy , Suprobo Priyo , Soeprapto Gambiro
Published: April 2018

Abstrak

Paper ini menyajikan properti mekanik tarik baja tulangan wire berdiameter 3.2 mm dan PC bar berdiameter 7.1 mm yang digunakan sebagai tulangan transversal dan longitudinal untuk tiang pancang beton pratekan spun pile. Pembebanan aksial tarik dilakukan menggunakan mesin Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Regangan tarik yang terjadi pada baja tulangan dibaca oleh sensor strain gauge yang ditempel pada bagian sisi luar baja tulangan. Beban tarik dan regangan baja tulangan direkam menggunakan alat data logger. Hasil pengujian tarik ini berupa kurva hubungan antara tegangan dan regangan. Analisis kurva tersebut menghasilkan modulus elastisitas PC bar adalah 230 GPa dan wire dan 220 GPa. PC bar memiliki tegangan leleh  1404 MPa dan tegangan ultimit  1469 MPa. Regangan saat leleh PC bar  0.007 dan regangan ultimitnya 0.023. Sedangkan wire memiliki tegangan ultimit 712 MPa. Nilai elongasi wire dan PC bar adalah 2.0% dan 8.7%.

Kata-kata kunci: properti mekanik tarik, PC bar, wire, spun pile.

Abstract

This paper presents the tensile mechanical properties of the 3.2 mm in diameter of the wire and 7.1 mm in diameter of PC bars used as transverse and longitudinal reinforcement for prestressed spun piles. The axial tensile loading is carried out on using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) machine. The tensile strain was occurring in the reinforcing steel read by the strain gauge sensor attached to the outer side of the reinforcing steel. The tensile load and reinforcement steel strain are recorded using the data logger. The result of this tensile test is a curve of the stress and strain relationship. The elastic modulus of PC bar and the wire is 229577 MPa and 219774 MPa. The yield and ultimate stress of the PC bar are 1404 MPa and 1469 MPa. The yield and ultimate strain are 0.007 and  0.023, respectively. Wire 3.2 mm has a 712 MPa ultimate stress. The value of wire and PC bar elongation is 2.0% and 8.7%, respectively.

Keywords: tensile mechanical property, PC bar, wire, spun pile.
Risks Management for Liquid Waste Disposal Area in the Khartoum Refinery-Sudan
Authors: Ahmed Mohieldeen M. A. , Ali Osman M. M. , Ibrahim Muzmmel M.M. , Ghabshawi Omer M.A. Al
Published: April 2018

This study focused on evaluating the procedures of risk management associated with disposal of oil wastewater at Gaili area, Khartoum north, Sudan. Approaches used in this study. Research tools conducted were Interviews, sampling and analysis report interpretation, aerial photographs analysis & topographic modeling analysis for the Gaili area. The study of risk management is conducted for oily wastewater disposal at Gaili area and analyzed current activities of the Khartoum refinery, petrochemical plant, Garri power plant, fuel terminals and the gathered data. The Study found that the selection of the site of the wastewater area was improper, the construction specification of the oily waste water area was not following the international standards and the final disposal of the generated sludge is not following the international environmental conventions. The study found that the wastewater disposal area might have huge probability of impacting the surrounding environment, and severe impacts will be on the groundwater, soil, surrounding water courses and the quality of the air in Gaili area will be affected by oily wastewater disposal. The study recommended establishing an environmental monitoring program for the wastewater activities, and to conduct an environmental site assessment of the area and adopt the remediation plan developed according to the developed data, to construct a new sedimentation lagoon according to international standard and to provide a bioremediation unit to treat the generated sludge.
CEREMONIAL TEXTILE IN XVII CENTURY: PEARL WORKS OF THE MOSCOW KREMLIN WORKSHOPS
Authors: Shapiro B. L.
Published: April 2018

The article introduces the results of a study dedicated to the most spectacular textile in the royal household in the XVII century Russia – the heyday of Russian pearl works. This is the context for the study of the Moscow Kremlin pearl works kept in those days in the Royal Treasury and the Sacristy. Today these masterpieces are in the collection of the Armory Chamber. The analysis involves ceremonial wraps and various pearl covers. The research refines the series of secular and cult-ritual ceremonial textile of the XVII century, which was adorned with the pearl threading technique. The author identifies a range of such items located in the national museum collections. Much attention is paid to the specifics of ancient Russian pearl work. The emphasis is on one of the most valuable items made in this technique. It is the so-called «Blanket with Kingdoms» from the Royal Stables Treasury; the item was made at the beginning of the second quarter of the XVII century. According to the results of the analysis, the textiles with pearl works can be regarded as a significant material source on the history of the ceremonial culture of the late Russian Middle Ages.
Start-up of a microalgae-based treatment system within the biorefinery concept: from wastewater to bioproducts
Authors: Uggetti Enrica , García Joan , Álvarez Juan Antonio , García-Galán María Jesús
Published: April 2018

Within the European project INCOVER, an experimental microalgae-based treatment system has been built for wastewater reuse and added-value products generation. This article describes this new experimental plant and the start-up stage, starting from the new design of three semi-closed horizontal photobioreactors with low energy requirements for microalgae cultivation (30 m3 total), using agricultural runoff and urban wastewater as feedstock. The inflow nutrients concentration is adjusted to select cyanobacteria, microalgae able to accumulate polyhydroxybutyrates, which can be used for bioplastics production. Part of the harvested biomass is used as substrate for anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) with secondary sludge to obtain biogas. This biogas is then cleaned in an absorption column to reach methane concentration up to 99%. The digestate from the AcoD is further processed in sludge wetlands for stabilization and biofertilizer production. On the other hand, treated water undergoes ultrafiltration and disinfection through a solar-driven process, then it is pumped through absorption materials to recover nutrients, and eventually applied in an agricultural field to grow energy crops by means of a smart irrigation system. This plant presents a sustainable approach for wastewater management, which can be seen as a resource recovery process more than a waste treatment.
Current and Future Prospects of Nitro-compounds as Drugs for Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis
Authors: Patterson Stephen , Fairlamb Alan H.
Published: April 2018

Interest in nitroheterocyclic drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases has undergone a resurgence in recent years. Here we review the current status of monocyclic and bicyclic nitroheterocyclic compounds as existing or potential new treatments for visceral leishmaniasis, Chagas’ disease and human African trypanosomiasis. Both monocyclic (nifurtimox, benznidazole and fexinidazole) and bicyclic (pretomanid (PA-824) and delamanid (OPC-67683)) nitro-compounds are prodrugs, requiring enzymatic activation to exert their parasite toxicity. Current understanding of the nitroreductases involved in activation and possible mechanisms by which parasites develop resistance is discussed along with a description of the pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic behaviour and chemical structure-activity relationships of drugs and experimental compounds.
Role of Melatonin in the Inflammatory Process and its Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Carrascal Livia , Nunez-Abades Pedro , Ayala Antonio , Cano Mercedes
Published: April 2018

Melatonin is an indolamine synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland along with other extrapineal
sources including immune system cells, the brain, skin and the gastrointestinal tract. Growing interest in this
compound as a potential therapeutic agent in several diseases stems from its pleiotropic effects. Thus, melatonin
plays a key role in various physiological activities that include regulation of circadian rhythms, immune responses,
the oxidative process, apoptosis or mitochondrial homeostasis. Most of these processes are altered during
inflammatory pathologies, among which neurodegenerative and bowel diseases stand out. Therapeutic assays
with melatonin indicate that it has a beneficial therapeutic value in the treatment of several inflammatory diseases,
such as Alzheimer, Amiotrophic Lateral, Multiple Sclerosis and Huntigton´s disease as well as ulcerative
colitis. However, contradictory effects have been demonstrated in Parkinson´s and Chron´s diseases, which, in
some cases, the reported effects were beneficial while in others the pathology was exacerbated. These various
results may be related to several factors. In the first place, it should be taken into account that at the beginning of
the inflammation phase there is a production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that should not be blocked by
exclusively antioxidant molecules, since, on the one hand, it would be interfering with the action of neutrophils
and macrophages and, on the other, with the apoptotic signals activated by ROS. It is also important to keep in
mind that the end result of an anti-inflammatory molecule will depend on the degree of inflammation or whether
or not it has been resolved and has therefore become chronic. In this review we present the use of melatonin in the
control of inflammation underlying the above mentioned diseases. These actions are mediated through their receptors
but also with their direct antioxidant action and melatonin's ability to break the vicious cycle of ROSinflammation.
This review is aimed at evaluating the effect of melatonin on activity of the inflammatory process
and at its immunomodulator effects.
Molecular Targets of Phytochemicals for Skin Inflammation
Authors: Kim Jong-Eun , Lee Ki Won
Published: April 2018

Skin is a protective organ and the largest of the human body. Due to its pivotal role in aesthetic appearance,
skin health has a significant impact on quality of life. Chronic inflammation of the skin often marks the
beginning of various skin diseases. Immune-mediated responses serve to protect the body from external insults
and require succinct control, and can lead to ongoing cellular damage and various skin conditions if left unchecked.
Studies have shown that phytochemicals can alter processes involved in skin inflammation and alleviate
the effects of aging, cancer, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and vitiligo. Direct molecular targets of some phytochemicals
have been identified and their precise mechanisms of action investigated. In this review, we summarize
recent findings on the effects of phytochemicals on skin inflammation and the mechanisms of action involved.
Diagnostic Issues in Early-Onset Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and their Treatment Implications
Authors: Burchi Elisabetta , Pallanti Stefano
Published: April 2018

Background:

The lifespan approach and recent shift in the conceptualization of Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder (OCD) promoted by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM5) along with novel insights into the pathogenesis of this heterogeneous disorder are driving the development of new outcome measures and new treatments for a disease that, on the other hand, is characterized by high rates of refractoriness.

Objective and Methods:

The aim of this review is to provide a discussion of the translational evidence about Early Onset OCD (EO) in compliance with a neurodevelopmental and RdoC perspective.

Results and Conclusion:

O might be considered the neurodevelopmental subtype of OCD. Indeed there is evidence that different clusters of symptoms and dimensions at an early stage predict different trajectories in phenotype and that distinct neurocircuit pathways underpin the progression of the disorder. Despite the development of high refractoriness in the course of the disorder, evidence suggests that EO may be particularly treatment responsive in the early stages, thus showing the need for early recognition and additional recovery oriented studies in this subgroup.

:

Consistent with the neurodevelopmental perspective, immunity and glutamate neurotransmission are emerging as novel pathways for parsing out the neurobiology of OCD, the EO form, in particular, supporting the implementation of new multisystemic models of the OCD phenotype. Brain connectivity patterns, immune and microbiome profiles are standing out as promising areas for biomarkers with the potential for targeted personalized therapies in EO.
One-pot Synthesis of Pyrazolone Sulfones by Iodine-catalyzed Sulfenylation of Pyrazolones with Aryl Sulfonyl Hydrazides Followed by Oxidation in Water
Authors: Zhao Xia , Lu Xiaoyu , Zhang Lipeng , Li Tianjiao , Lu Kui
Published: April 2018

Aim and Objective: Pyrazolone sulfones have been reported to exhibit herbicidal and antibacterial
activities. In spite of their good bioactivities, only a few methods have been developed to prepare pyrazolone
sulfones. However, the substrate scope of these methods is limited. Moreover, the direct sulfonylation of pyrazolone
by aryl sulfonyl chloride failed to give pyrazolone sulfones. Thus, developing a more efficient method
to synthesize pyrazolone sulfones is very important.

Materials and Method:

Pyrazolone, aryl sulphonyl hydrazide, iodine, p-toluenesulphonic acid and water were
mixed in a sealed tube, which was heated to 100°C for 12 hours. The mixture was cooled to 0°C and m-CPBA
was added in batches. The mixture was allowed to stir for 30 min at room temperature. The crude product was
purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford sulfuryl pyrazolone.

Results:

In all cases, the sulfenylation products were formed smoothly under the optimized reaction conditions,
and were then oxidized to the corresponding sulfones in good yields by 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA)
in water. Single crystal X-ray analysis of pyrazolone sulfone 4aa showed that the major tautomer of pyrazolone
sulfones was the amide form instead of the enol form observed for pyrazolone thioethers. Moreover, the C=N
double bond isomerized to form an α,β-unsaturated C=C double bond.

Conclusion:

An efficient method to synthesize pyrazolone thioethers by iodine-catalyzed sulfenylation of
pyrazolones with aryl sulfonyl hydrazides in water was developed. Moreover, this method was employed to
synthesize pyrazolone sulfones in one-pot by subsequent sulfenylation and oxidation reactions.
Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Pizza Dough-base Enriched with Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) Extracts
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad J. , Butt Masood S. , Saeed Iqra , Suleria Hafiz A.R.
Published: April 2018

Background:

Changing lifestyles have paved the way towards various physiological dysfunctions.
Phytochemicals derived from spices are being widely utilized in diet from ancient times to
fight against these physiological dysfunctions owing to their therapeutic potential and high pharmacological
activities.

Methods:

Methods: The current investigation was an attempt to explore the antioxidant potential, physicochemical,
and sensory properties of black cumin (Nigella sativa) enriched pizza base that was developed by
using conventional and supercritical extracts.

Results:

It was observed that the texture of product becomes harder during storage from 4.36±0.16 to
4.71±0.17 kg force. Nonetheless, supercritical extract pizza base got better hedonic scores compared
to other treatments. Antioxidant potential of pizza base enriched with supercritical extracts (Total
Phenolic Content 108.08±4.88 mg GAE/100g) was also better than control and conventional solvent
extract enriched treatment as 63.24±3.03 and 95.34±3.66 mg GAE/100g, respectively.

Conclusion:

Conclusively, the results depicted that pizza base containing supercritical extract exhibited
superior physiochemical, hedonic and antioxidant properties.
A Rapid and Nondestructive Method for the Prediction of Ibuprofen Tablet Hardness Using NIR Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy
Authors: Peng Qiushi , Bao Yi , Chen Tingyu , Peng Qianrong , Yang Min
Published: April 2018

Introduction:

This study aimed at developing a technology to measure the hardness of Ibuprofen
(IBU) tablets and optimize the IBU formulation using Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy.

Materials and Methods:

Tablets (400 mg±5%, 10mm in diameter) consisting of IBU, microcrystalline
cellulose SH-103, carboxymethyl starch sodium, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide were formed of
various hardness (2kg, 4kg, 6kg, 8kg, 10kg, 12kg). The reflectance NIR spectra of various tablets were
employed to establish 9 calibrations models, which were further used to predict tablet hardness by Partial
least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) analysis.

Results and Conclusion:

Cross-validation with independent samples shows that PLS is the optimal
predictive model. Which R2=0.9832, RSECV=0.334 and RSE=0.0669. This study established a new,
simple, rapid, nondestructive and reliable methodology to optimize the IBU tablet hardness.
Sensitive Electrochemical Monitoring of Piroxicam in Pharmaceuticals Using Carbon Ionic Liquid Electrode
Authors: Ghobadpour Ghazal , Farjami Fatemeh , Fasihi Farshid
Published: April 2018

Background:

Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The prevailing clinical use and investigation of piroxicam necessitate a rapid and sensitive method for its determination. A carbon ionic liquid electrode, fabricated using graphite and the ionic liquid 1-octylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate (OPFP) was used as an electrochemical sensor for piroxicam determination.

Methods:

The surface of the proposed electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was applied to study the oxidation of piroxicam and to acquire information about the reaction mechanism. Differential pulse voltammetry was also used as an analytical technique for quantification of the sub-micromolar concentration of piroxicam.

Results:

One oxidation peak at 0.55V was observed at CILE. The oxidation peak at the CPE was weak, while the response was notably increased at the CILE. The proposed electrode exhibited interesting sensitivity towards the determination of piroxicam and the anodic peak current versus piroxicam concentration was linear in the ranges of 0.2-60 µM. The detection limit of 40 nM was achieved.

Conclusion:

The electroxidation process was irreversible and revealed adsorption controlled behavior. The method was successfully applied for the determination of piroxicam content in pharmaceutical samples.
El sistema proteolítico calpaina en la tenderización de la carne: Un enfoque molecular.
Authors: Coria María S. , Carranza Pedro G. , Palma Gustavo A.
Published: April 2018

a terneza de la carne es considerada como el atributo de mayor importancia en el concepto de calidad de carne. El proceso de tenderización de la carne post mortem es principalmente el resultado de la degradación de proteínas clave de las fibras musculares, mediado por las proteasas del sistema calpaína. Este sistema proteico está compuesto por tres moléculas: dos proteasas calcio-dependientes y su inhibidor específico. Numerosos estudios han demostrado que el sistema calpaína desempeña un papel central en la proteólisis postmortem y en la tenderización de la carne. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir los últimos descubrimientos bioquímicos y moleculares en relación con este sistema proteolítico y su relación con la terneza de la carne bovina. Se describen los hallazgos de polimorfismos de ADN y de expresión de ARNm y proteínas, como herramientas para predecir la terneza de la carne. La comprensión de las bases moleculares de la tenderización de la carne puede ser de utilidad para la industria cárnica, permitiendo la modificación de las prácticas de manipulación antes del sacrificio y los tratamientos post mortem, mejorando la calidad de la carne bovina.