bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Total Lagrangian explicit dynamics finite element algorithm for computing soft tissue deformation
Authors: Miller Karol , Joldes Grand , Lance Dane , Wittek Adam
Published: August 2006

We propose an efficient numerical algorithm for computing deformations of ‘very’ soft tissues (such as the brain, liver, kidney etc.), with applications to real‐time surgical simulation. The algorithm is based on the finite element method using the total Lagrangian formulation, where stresses and strains are measured with respect to the original configuration. This choice allows for pre‐computing of most spatial derivatives before the commencement of the time‐stepping procedure.

We used explicit time integration that eliminated the need for iterative equation solving during the time‐stepping procedure. The algorithm is capable of handling both geometric and material non‐linearities. The total Lagrangian explicit dynamics (TLED) algorithm using eight‐noded hexahedral under‐integrated elements requires approximately 35% fewer floating‐point operations per element, per time step than the updated Lagrangian explicit algorithm using the same elements.

Stability analysis of the algorithm suggests that due to much lower stiffness of very soft tissues than that of typical engineering materials, integration time steps a few orders of magnitude larger than what is typically used in engineering simulations are possible.

Numerical examples confirm the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed TLED algorithm. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of pressure equipment by application of the primal‐dual theory of shakedown
Authors: Vu Duc Khoi , Staat Manfred , Tran Ich Thinh
Published: August 2006

The paper describes the application of the primal‐dual theory of limit and shakedown analysis in safety assessment and design of pressure components according to the new European approach to design by analysis. Two methods, the static and kinematic one, and their combination, the primal‐dual method, are discussed. A numerical example is presented to show the robustness of the primal‐dual method compared with two other methods recently used in two European projects on safety assessment and design. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution of non‐linear dispersive wave problems using a moving finite element method
Authors: Wacher Abigail , Givoli Dan
Published: August 2006

The solution of the fully non‐linear time‐dependent two‐dimensional shallow water equations is considered. Dispersive effects due to the Coriolis forces are taken into account. Such effects are of major importance in geophysical fluid dynamics applications. The recently proposed string gradient weighted moving finite element method is extended for this class of problems. This method simultaneously determines, at each time step, the solution of the governing partial differential equations and an optimal location of the finite element nodes. It has previously been applied to non‐dispersive wave problems; here its performance under the demanding conditions of large Coriolis forces, inducing large mesh and field rotation, is studied. Optimal rates of convergence are obtained. Results for some example problems of water hump release are presented. Non‐linear and linearized solutions are compared. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A combination of implicit and adaptative upwind tools for the numerical solution of incompressible free surface flows
Authors: Ferreira V. G. , Oishi C. M. , Kurokawa F. A. , Kaibara M. K. , Cuminato J. A. , Castelo A. , Mangiavacchi N. , Tomé M. F. , McKee S.
Published: August 2006

This paper is concerned with the numerical solutions of time dependent two‐dimensional incompressible flows. By using the primitive variables of velocity and pressure, the Navier–Stokes and mass conservation equations are solved by a semi‐implicit finite difference projection method. A new bounded higher order upwind convection scheme is employed to deal with the non‐linear (advective) terms. The procedure is an adaptation of the GENSMAC (J. Comput. Phys. 1994; 110:171–186) methodology for calculating confined and free surface fluid flows at both low and high Reynolds numbers. The calculations were performed by using the 2D version of the Freeflow simulation system (J. Comp. Visual. Science 2000; 2:199–210). In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the numerical method, various test cases are presented. These are the fully developed flow in a channel, the flow over a backward facing step, the die‐swell problem, the broken dam flow, and an impinging jet onto a flat plate. The numerical results compare favourably with the experimental data and the analytical solutions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fully implicit finite difference scheme for velocity and temperature coupled solutions of polymer melt flow
Authors: Vaz M. , Zdanski P. S. B.
Published: August 2006

This work presents a fully implicit finite difference scheme aimed at simulation of polymer melt flow in channels and mould cavities. This class of problems is characterized by strong material non‐linearity and coupling of momentum, heat and mass transfer. The computational approach is based on the generalized Newtonian model and utilizes central discretization for both diffusive and convective terms, collocated meshes and artificial dissipation control to handle spurious pressure modes. The formulation accounts for the full interaction between the thermal effects caused by viscous heating and the momentum diffusion effects dictated by a shear rate and temperature‐dependent constitutive model. Solutions for plane channels and asymmetric sudden expansion illustrate application to polymer melt flow. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilized velocity post‐processings for Darcy flow in heterogeneous porous media
Authors: Correa M. R. , Loula A. F. D.
Published: August 2006

Stable and accurate finite element methods are presented for Darcy flow in heterogeneous porous media with an interface of discontinuity of the hydraulic conductivity tensor. Accurate velocity fields are computed through global or local post‐processing formulations that use previous approximations of the hydraulic potential. Stability is provided by combining Galerkin and least squares (GLS) residuals of the governing equations with an additional stabilization on the interface that incorporates the discontinuity on the tangential component of the velocity field in a strong sense. Numerical analysis is outlined and numerical results are presented to illustrate the good performance of the proposed methods. Convergence studies for a heterogeneous and anisotropic porous medium confirm the same rates of convergence predicted for homogeneous problem with smooth solutions, for both global and local post‐processings. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of dendritic cell migration into the draining lymph nodes of mice
Authors: Baumjohann Dirk , Hess Andreas , Budinsky Lubos , Brune Kay , Schuler Gerold , Lutz Manfred B.
Published: August 2006

Dendritic cell (DC) migration into the draining lymph nodes is critical for T cell priming. Here, we show that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to visualize DC migration in vivo. We combined clinically approved small particles of iron oxide (SPIO) with protamine sulfate to achieve efficient uptake by murine bone marrow‐derived DC. SPIO‐DC were largely unaltered and after injection into the footpads of mice, they migrated into the T cell areas of the draining lymph nodes, which could be visualized by MRI. Distinct MRI signal reduction patterns correlated with the detection of SPIO‐DC mainly within Thy‐1.2+ B220– T cell areas, as confirmed by iron staining and immunohistology. Clear signal reduction patterns could still be observed with 1 × 106 injected SPIO‐DC at high resolution, resulting in the detection of about 2000 DC. Control injections of homing‐incompetent SPIO‐DC derived from CCR7–/– mice or SPIO alone did not reach the T cell areas. Taken together, the results demonstrate that clinically approved contrast agents allow the non‐invasive visualization of DC migration into the draining lymph node by MRI in vivo at high resolution. This protocol therefore also allows dynamic imaging of immune responses and MRI‐based tracking of human DC in patients.
Interaction between the CCR5 chemokine receptors and microbial HSP70
Authors: Whittall Trevor , Wang Yufei , Younson Justine , Kelly Charles , Bergmeier Lesley , Peters Barry , Singh Mahavir , Lehner Thomas
Published: August 2006

Evidence is presented that the microbial 70‐kD heat shock protein (HSP70) binds to CCR5 chemokine receptors in CCR5‐transfected cell lines and in primary human cells. Significant CCR5‐mediated calcium mobilization was stimulated by HSP70 and inhibited with TAK 779, which is a specific CCR5 antagonist. HSP70‐mediated activation of the p38 MAPK phosphorylation signaling pathway was also demonstrated in CCR5‐transfected HEK 293 cells. Direct binding of three extracellular peptides of CCR5 to HSP70 was demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance. Functional evidence of an interaction between HSP70, CCR5 and CD40 was shown by enhanced production of CCL5 by HEK 293 cells transfected with both CD40 and CCR5. Primary monocyte‐derived immature DC stimulated with HSP70 produced IL‐12 p40, which showed dose‐dependent inhibition of >90% on treatment with both TAK 779 and anti‐CD40 mAb. Stimulation of IL‐12 p40 or TNF‐α by HSP70 was related to the differential cell surface expression of CCR5 in primary human immature and mature DC, and those with the homozygous ▵▵32 CCR5 mutation. These findings may be of significance in the interaction between HSP70 and immune responses of CCR5+ T cells in HIV‐1 infection, as well as in inflammatory bowel disease.

See accompanying commentary: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636551
Activated NKT cells increase dendritic cell migration and enhance CD8+ T cell responses in the skin
Authors: Gorbachev Anton V. , Fairchild Robert L.
Published: August 2006

Activated NKT cells produce cytokines such as IL‐4 and IFN‐γ that function locally to influence the strength and functional development of antigen‐specific T cells. Here we identify an alternative mechanism by which NKT cells influence the strength of T cell responses: through modulation of peripheral dendritic cell (DC) trafficking. NKT cell activation with α‐galactosylceramide induced high systemic levels of TNF‐α that mediated increased DC migration from skin to draining lymph nodes. This increased DC trafficking led to a threefold increase in effector T cell priming and in the immune response elicited to antigen challenge when α‐galactosylceramide was given at the time of immunization of the skin. These studies provide important implications for the use of NKT cell activation strategies to manipulate T cell‐mediated responses including responses to cutaneous tumors and graft vs. host disease.
Multicomponent Supramolecular Devices: Synthesis, Optical, and Electronic Properties of Bridged Bis‐dirhodium and ‐diruthenium Complexes
Authors: Petitjean Anne , Puntoriero Fausto , Campagna Sebastiano , Juris Alberto , Lehn Jean‐Marie
Published: August 2006

Four ruthenium‐ and rhodium‐based metal–metal‐bonded multicomponent systems have been synthesized, and their absorption, redox, spectroelectrochemical and structural properties have been studied. The absorption spectra of the four bis‐dimetallic compounds M2LM2, where L is a bridging ligand and M is rhodium or ruthenium, exhibit very strong bands in the UV, visible and, for the diruthenium species, near‐IR region. The low‐energy absorption bands are assigned to charge‐transfer transitions involving a metal–metal bonding orbital as the donor and an orbital centered on the bis‐tetradentate aromatic ligands as the acceptor (metal–metal to ligand charge transfer, M2LCT). Each compound exhibits reversible bridging‐ligand‐centered reductions at mild potentials and several reversible oxidation processes. The oxidation signals of the two equivalent dimetallic centers of each bis‐dimetallic compound are split, with the splitting — a measure of the electronic coupling — depending on both the metal and bridging ligand. The mixed‐valence species of the dirhodium species was investigated, and the electronic coupling matrix element calculated from the experimental intervalence band parameters for one of them (86 cm–1) indicates a significant inter‐component electronic interaction which compares well with good electron conducting anionic bridges such as cyanides. Although none of these compounds is luminescent, the M2LCT excited state of one of the bis‐dirhodium complexes is relatively long‐lived (about 6 μs) in degassed acetonitrile at room temperature. The results presented here are promising for the development of linear poly‐dimetallic complexes built on longer naphthyridine‐based strands, with significant long‐range electronic coupling and molecular‐wire‐like behavior. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Stereochemistry of the Tetrabutylammonium Cyanide‐Catalyzed Cyanosylilation of Cyclic α,β‐Epoxyketones – Dependence of the Diastereoselectivity on the Ring Size
Authors: Aljarilla Ana , Córdoba Rubén , Csaky Aurelio G. , Fernández Israel , López Ortiz Fernando , Plumet Joaquín , Ruiz Gómez Gloria
Published: August 2006

The diastereoselective Bu4NCN‐catalyzed addition of TMSCN to cyclic α,β‐epoxyketones has been considered. Good diastereoselectivities were found, depending on the ring size of the starting material. Computational studies account for the observed diastereoselectivities. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Photochemistry of Styrylcalix[4]arenes
Authors: Mastalerz Michael , Hüggenberg Wiebke , Dyker Gerald
Published: August 2006

The photochemical transformation of the monostyrylcalix[4]arenes 12a and 12b either leads to inherent chiral calix[4]phenanthrenes 13a and 13b under basic reaction conditions or to unexpected products of an acid‐catalyzed ring cleavage of the macrocycle. Studies towards the reaction mechanism and the optimization of the reaction conditions are presented.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis and Characterization of Carbazole‐Based Dendrimers with Porphyrin Cores
Authors: Xu Ting Hua , Lu Ran , Qiu Xian Ping , Liu Xing Liang , Xue Peng Chong , Tan Chang Hui , Bao Chun Yan , Zhao Ying Ying
Published: August 2006

A series of novel dendritic carbazole‐based porphyrins [T(Cz‐Gn)Ps] have been synthesized by a combination of Ullmann coupling and Adler condensation reactions and their intramolecular energy‐transfer properties have been studied by absorption and steady‐state fluorescence spectroscopy. It has been found that the light‐harvesting capabilities of T(Cz‐Gn)Ps increase with increasing generation, but that the efficiency of the energy transfer decreases from T(Cz‐G0)P to T(Cz‐G2)P due to the Förster energy‐transfer process. In addition, these dendritic macromolecules can emit intense red light with high fluorescence quantum yields and so may find applications in photonic devices. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Biocatalytic Racemization of (Hetero)Aryl‐aliphatic α‐Hydroxycarboxylic Acids by Lactobacillus spp. Proceeds via an Oxidation–Reduction Sequence
Authors: Nestl Bettina M. , Glueck Silvia M. , Hall Melanie , Kroutil Wolfgang , Stuermer Rainer , Hauer Bernhard , Faber Kurt
Published: August 2006

The biocatalytic racemization of a range of (hetero)aryl‐ and (di)aryl‐aliphatic α‐hydroxycarboxylic acids has been achieved by using whole resting cells of Lactobacillus spp. The essentially mild (physiological) reaction conditions ensure the suppression of undesired side reactions, such as elimination, decomposition or condensation. Cofactor/inhibitor studies using a cell‐free extract of Lactobacillus paracasei DSM 20207 reveal that the addition of redox cofactors (NAD+/NADH) leads to a distinct increase in the racemization rate, while strong inhibition is observed in the presence of Thio‐NAD+, which suggests that the racemization proceeds by an oxidation–reduction sequence rather than involvement of a “racemase” enzyme. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Cover Picture: Synthesis of Macrocyclic Molecular Rods as Potential Electronic Devices (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 17/2006)
Authors: Błaszczyk Alfred , Chadim Martin , von Hänisch Carsten , Mayor Marcel
Published: August 2006

The cover picture shows a macrocyclic molecule comprising a mechanically revolving subunit as a potential electrical switch on a single molecule level. Mechanical concepts have already been applied very successfully at the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH to minute objects like the tiny gearwheel in the micrometer range presented by an ant. The expansion of these ideas to molecular devices is a fascinating scientific challenge at the interface between chemistry and nanotechnology. The synthesis and characterization of the macrocycle are discussed in detail in the article by M. Mayor et al. on p. 3809 ff.
Identity impairment and the eating disorders: content and organization of the self‐concept in women with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
Authors: Stein Karen Farchaus , Corte Colleen
Published: August 2006

Objective

The cognitive model of the self‐concept was used to test the theoretical proposition that disturbances in overall identity development are a core vulnerability that lead to formation of a fat body weight self‐definition and eating disorder symptomatology.

Method

Structural properties of the self‐concept, availability in memory of a fat body weight self‐schema, and eating disordered attitudes and behaviours were measured in women with anorexia nervosa (AN) (n = 26), bulimia nervosa (BN) (n = 53) and controls (n = 32).

Results

Women with (AN) and (BN) had fewer positive and more negative and highly interrelated self‐schemas compared to controls, and women with BN showed information processing evidence of a fat self‐schema available in memory. These self‐concept properties predicted eating disordered attitudes and behaviour.

Discussion

Disturbances in the overall collection of identities—an impoverished self—is an important contributor to eating disorder symptomatology. The development of new positive selves may be an important factor in recovery. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Holocaust exposure and disordered eating: a study of multi‐generational transmission
Authors: Zohar Ada H. , Giladi Lotem , Givati Timor
Published: August 2006

Objective

To test the hypothesis that disordered eating in second‐ and third‐generation women would be related to their levels of Holocaust exposure and family dysfunction.

Method

One hundred eight mother‐daughter dyads were ascertained through the daughters, all Israeli college students 18‐‐35 years of age. Mothers and daughters assessed themselves on family function, Holocaust exposure and disordered eating.

Results

The disordered eating of women of the third generation was partially predicted by their mothers' disordered eating and by their mothers' Holocaust exposure. The second generation reported more maternal over‐protection and emotional over‐involvement than did the third generation. Contrary to expectation, the third‐generation women were more Holocaust exposed than were the second generation.

Discussion

The nature of Holocaust exposure for second and third generations needs further study and clarification in relation to disordered eating. There is considerable disparity between the results of clinical and qualitative studies which tend to find a strong relationship between Holocaust exposure and psychopathology, and population‐based quantitative studies which tend to find a much weaker relationship. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Readiness to recover in anorexia nervosa: what does it depend on in female inpatients?
Authors: Rushford Nola
Published: August 2006

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is difficult to treat, especially when the patient's condition is sufficiently severe to require an inpatient admission. An impediment to treatment is the disinclination of the patient to recover, who often prefers the distress of AN over weight gain. An inpatient‐rated visual analogue scale depicting readiness to recover (RR) was studied to determine (a) its concurrent prediction by AN diagnostic criteria and risk‐related factors and (b) its relationships to an adapted stages of change questionnaire (a‐SCQ) and comparison of their predictions of drive for thinness (EDI‐DT) at discharge. For (a), fear of gaining weight, state anger and ineffectiveness undermined RR, while higher BMI and the capacity to see low weight as a health risk supported it. For (b), RR was related to a‐SCQ, but only RR predicted discharge EDI‐DT. The findings reinforce the conceptual complexity of readiness to recover and indicate practical interventions in preparing sufferers of AN for recovery in an inpatient setting. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Perfectionism and eating attitudes in Portuguese university students
Authors: Macedo António , Soares Maria João , Azevedo Maria Helena , Gomes Ana , Pereira Ana Telma , Maia Berta , Pato Michele
Published: August 2006

Objectives:

The main objective was to explore which are the dimensions of perfectionism that are linked to disordered eating behaviour (EB) in a large non‐clinical sample of both genders.

Method:

One thousand one hundred and sixty‐three undergraduate students of the University of Coimbra completed the Portuguese versions of the multidimensional perfectionism scale (MPS) and the eating attitudes test (EAT‐40).

Results:

In both genders, the MPS total score was associated with the EAT total score and all EAT dimensions (except for socially prescribed perfectionism in females).

Self‐oriented perfectionism (SOP) and socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) were associated with EAT total score, diet concerns (DC) and bulimic behaviour (BB) in females while in males the social prescribed perfectionism (SPP) was the useful predictor of EAT total score, BB and social pressure to eat (SPE).

Conclusion:

These results confirm that in general high levels of perfectionism are associated with abnormal EB. This was the case for both genders for SPP but for SOP for females only. The association for other oriented perfectionism (OOP) was greater for males than for females. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Effectiveness of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: diagnosis and severity as predictors of response in routine practice
Authors: Putt Rohan Van Der , Dineen Catherine , Janes David , Series Hugh , McShane Rupert
Published: August 2006

Background

Evidence from open label studies has indicated that patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) do better than those with other diagnoses, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, those with dementia of moderate severity do better than those with mild severity.

Method

Data collected for the monitoring of cholinesterase inhibitor prescribing in Oxfordshire over four years were supplemented with retrospective case notes inspection. ‘Clinical response’ was defined as improvement sufficient to merit continuation of therapy. A mini‐mental state examination (MMSE) improvement of 2 or more points was defined as a ‘cognitive response’.

Results

Medication was prescribed for 1322 patients and outcome data was available on 1250. Subsequently, 939 patients were reassessed after a mean of 120 days (SD 64.1). Medication was discontinued early by 311, mainly due to side effects. Of those who reached reassessment, 82% (771 of 939) were clinical responders and 37% (232 of 622) were cognitive responders. Overall, MMSE scores improved by +0.6 points [95% Confidence Intervals (CI) 0.3–0.9] and by +1.0 points (95% CI 0.7–1.3) in clinical responders; and deteriorated −1.5 points (95% CI −0.9–−2.1) in clinical non‐responders. A greater probability of clinical response was seen for DLB/PDD compared to AD patients (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.28, 95% CI 1.07–4.89], and in men (OR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.02–2.23). A positive cognitive response was predicted by DLB/PDD compared to AD (OR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.16–3.70), moderate dementia compared to mild dementia (OR = 3.90, 95% CI 2.75–5.52), and by increasing age (OR 1.03 for each incremental year, 95% CI 1.01–1.06). Those with moderate dementia were not more likely to have a positive clinical response than those with mild dementia.

Conclusions

DLB/PDD patients were more likely to be both clinical and cognitive responders than those with AD. The finding that cognitive, but not clinical, response was more likely in those with moderate dementia than in those with mild dementia accords with the findings from randomised studies in the January 2006 revision of the NICE Appraisal Consultation Document. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress in caregivers of demented people in Korea—a modification of Pearlin and colleagues' stress model
Authors: Lee Hyoung Suk , Kim Doh Kwan , Kim Ji‐Hae
Published: August 2006

Objectives

We investigated the influence of demented people's function and caregiver burden on caregivers' psychological distress. Based on a modified model of Pearlin and colleagues (1990), we assessed the stress of demented people's caregivers in Korea.

Methods

A total of 122 demented people and their caregivers participated in this study. We evaluated dementia severity by the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), and caregivers reported their objective and subjective stressors. Objective stressors are the demented people's functional deterioration and behavioral problems, and subjective stressors are caregivers' reaction to objective stressors and the subjective burden in caregiving. The overall psychological distress of caregivers was evaluated by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory‐State (STAI‐S).

Results

There were significant differences in both objective and subjective stressors according to the severity of dementia, but there was no significant difference in caregivers' psychological distress. The goodness‐of‐fit evaluation model showed the coping and social support variables affected the psychological distress as mediator variables (df = 109, χ
2 = 209.75, NFI = 0.949, RFI = 0.929, IFI = 0.975, TLI = 0.964, RMSEA = 0.087).

Conclusion

The model suggests that psychological distress of caregivers is related to diverse variables, such as objective and subjective stressors, coping, and social support. This study provides verification of the modified model of Pearlin and coworkers in Koreans, and lays a foundation for practical use and further study. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling to analyse the impacts of animal treading effects on soil infiltration
Authors: Tian Y. Q. , McDowell R. , Yu Q. , Sheath G. W. , Carlson W. T. , Gong P.
Published: August 2006

Animal treading can change soil physical properties, and thus is an important factor in hydrological modelling. We investigated the impacts of animal treading on infiltration by using a series of rainfall simulation experiments at Whatawhata Research Center, Waikato, New Zealand. The study identified significant variables for estimating soil steady‐state infiltration at a micro‐site (0·5 m2) and fitted the Green and Ampt equation by modifying or including variables for soil and water parameters and animal activities on grazing paddocks. A regression function for estimating steady‐state infiltration rate was created for each of four scenarios: between tracks (inter‐track), track, easy slope with ash soil, and easy slope with clay soil. Significant variables included the number of days after treading, antecedent soil moisture, field capacity, percentage of bare ground, bulk density, and the high degree of soil damage (damage not compacted). Regression models explained more than 71% of the variance in steady‐state infiltration for three scenarios, but only 53% for the easy slope with clay soil. The remodified Green and Ampt equation provided satisfactory estimation of infiltration for all scenarios (accuracy > 80%), and thus enables us to use the modified model for Waikato hill country pastures of different topography, soil physical condition, season and grazing management. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of potential evapotranspiration over the Yellow River basin: reference crop evaporation or Shuttleworth–Wallace?
Authors: Zhou M. C. , Ishidaira H. , Takeuchi K.
Published: August 2006

Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is a key input to hydrological models. Its estimation has often been via the Penman–Monteith (P–M) equation, most recently in the form of an estimate of reference evapotranspiration (RET) as recommended by FAO‐56. In this paper the Shuttleworth–Wallace (S–W) model is implemented to estimate PET directly in a form that recognizes vegetation diversity and temporal change without reference to experimental measurements and without calibration. The threshold values of vegetation parameters are drawn from the literature based on the International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme land cover classification. The spatial and temporal variation of the LAI of vegetation is derived from the composite NOAA‐AVHRR normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using a method based on the SiB2 model, and the Climate Research Unit database is used to provide the required meteorological data. All these data inputs are publicly and globally available. Consequently, the implementation of the S–W model developed in this study is applicable at the global scale, an essential requirement if it is to be applied in data‐poor or ungauged large basins.

A comparison is made between the FAO‐56 method and the S–W model when applied to the Yellow River basin for the whole of the last century. The resulting estimates of RET and PET and their association with vegetation types and leaf area index (LAI) are examined over the whole basin both annual and monthly and at six specific points. The effect of NDVI on the PET estimate is further evaluated by replacing the monthly NDVI product with the 10‐day product. Multiple regression relationships between monthly PET, RET, LAI, and climatic variables are explored for categories of vegetation types. The estimated RET is a good climatic index that adequately reflects the temporal change and spatial distribution of climate over the basin, but the PET estimated using the S–W model not only reflects the changes in climate, but also the vegetation distribution and the development of vegetation in response to climate. Although good statistical relationships can be established between PET, RET and/or climatic variables, applying these relationships likely will result in large errors because of the strong non‐linearity and scatter between the PET and the LAI of vegetation. It is concluded that use of the implementation of the S–W model described in this study results in a physically sound estimate of PET that accounts for changing land surface conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Reading NGOs visually’—Implications of visual images for NGO management
Authors: Dogra Nandita
Published: August 2006

This paper explores the ways in which the visual images of international non‐governmental organisations (INGOs) inform their key management areas of internal organisation & policies, roles and relationships. Drawing upon some unexpected findings based on the analysis of regular fundraising imagery of a UK‐based development INGO and brief comparisons with relevant media imagery, it challenges the predominantly ‘negative’ view of pre‐Ethiopian fundraising imagery. The paper carves out several implications of visual images for INGOs including the complex issue of internal coherence, their advocacy roles, and their relationships with Southern clients, media, Northern donors and public. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure of Polymer Brushes in Cylindrical Tubes: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Dimitrov Dimitar I. , Milchev Andrey , Binder Kurt , Heermann Dieter W.
Published: August 2006

Summary:Molecular dynamics simulations of a coarse‐grained bead‐spring model of flexible macromolecules tethered with one end to the surface of a cylindrical pore are presented. Chain lengthNand grafting density σ are varied over a wide range and the crossover from “mushroom” to “brush” behavior is studied for three pore diameters. The monomer density profile and the distribution of the free chain ends are computed and compared to the corresponding model of polymer brushes at flat substrates. It is found that there exists a regime ofNand σ for large enough pore diameter where the brush height in the pore exceeds the brush height on the flat substrate, while for large enoughNand σ (and small enough pore diameters) the opposite behavior occurs, i.e. the brush is compressed by confinement. These findings are used to discuss the corresponding theories on polymer brushes at concave substrates.

Snapshot picture of a brush grafted inside of a cylinder, for$N=16$,$D=30, \sigma =0.08$, displaying different chains in distinct colors in order to be able to distinguish them. Top shows a side view of the cylinder, and the lower part a view of the cross‐section. Note that the particles forming the cylindrical wall are not displayed.

magnified image

Snapshot picture of a brush grafted inside of a cylinder, for$N=16$,$D=30, \sigma =0.08$, displaying different chains in distinct colors in order to be able to distinguish them. Top shows a side view of the cylinder, and the lower part a view of the cross‐section. Note that the particles forming the cylindrical wall are not displayed.
Xyloccensin X and Y, two new limonoids from xylocarpus molluccensis: NMR investigation in mixture
Authors: Roy Abhijeet Deb , Kumar Rajesh , Gupta Poonam , Khaliq Tanvir , Narender Tadigoppula , Aggarwal Vijailakshmi , Roy Raja
Published: August 2006

Two new limonoids, xyloccensin X (1) and xyloccensin Y (2), have been identified in mixture using NMR spectroscopy. Both limonoids were isolated in mixture from the fruit of the plant Xylocarpus molluccensis. The structures of these were proposed after extensive 2D NMR analyses in mixture. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐scale modelling of two‐phase–two‐component processes in heterogeneous porous media
Authors: Niessner J. , Helmig R.
Published: August 2006

This work deals with flow and transport phenomena in porous media, which occur on different space and time scales. Additionally, the porous medium itself is heterogeneous where the heterogeneities occur on all spatial scales.

We consider a large domain with randomly distributed heterogeneities where complex two‐phase–two‐component processes are relevant only in a small (local) subdomain. This subdomain needs fine resolution as the complex processes are governed by small‐scale effects. For a comprehensive fine‐scale model taking into account two‐phase–two‐component processes as well as heterogeneities in the whole (global) model domain, data collection is expensive and computational time is high. Therefore, we developed a multi‐scale concept where on the one hand, the global flow field influences the local two‐phase–two‐component processes on the fine scale. On the other hand, a coarse‐scale saturation equation is solved where the effects of the fine‐scale two‐phase–two‐component processes in the subdomain are captured by source/sink terms and the effects of fine‐scale heterogeneities by a macrodispersion term. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A concise interface constitutive law for analysis of delamination and splitting in composite materials and its application to scaled notched tensile specimens
Authors: Jiang Wen‐Guang , Hallett Stephen R. , Green Ben G. , Wisnom Michael R.
Published: August 2006

A concise constitutive law for cohesive interfaces is proposed in this paper. A new state variable is introduced to track the extent of damage accumulated at the interface. The constitutive equations not only account for mixed‐mode delamination propagation in composite materials, but also satisfactorily deal with mode ratio change during the debonding process. The interface model is implemented in the LS‐DYNA explicit finite element code. The model has been applied to scaled open hole tension tests on laminated composite material. Comparison between numerical results and experiments shows good correlation for failure modes and strengths for a range of different specimen sizes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trepanation in the Chachapoya region of northern Perú
Authors: Nystrom K. C.
Published: August 2006

This paper discusses trepanation frequency data from the Chachapoya region of the northern highlands of Perú. New data from three skeletal samples are presented: Kuelap, Laguna Huayabamba, and Los Pinchudos, as well as isolated crania housed at the Chachapoya Museo Instituto Nacional de Cultura. The vast majority of the trepanations are circular in shape, except for one individual exhibiting as many as three roughly square trepanations. Evidence for healing is prevalent, with examples of both associated periosteal reaction of nearby outer table bone, as well as for healing of the insult itself. Only one case demonstrates a clear association between a traumatic injury and a trepanation event. The purpose or function of the remaining cases of trepanation, however, remains elusive. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinct telomere length regulation in premalignant cervical and endometrial lesions: implications for the roles of telomeres in uterine carcinogenesis
Authors: Maida Y , Kyo S , Forsyth NR , Takakura M , Sakaguchi J , Mizumoto Y , Hashimoto M , Nakamura M , Nakao S , Inoue M
Published: August 2006

Mouse models show that progressive shortening of telomeres with ageing causes chromosomal instability, which can lead to the initiation of cancer. However, it is unclear what roles telomere shortening plays in human carcinogenesis. The present study has investigated the involvement of telomere dynamics in uterine carcinogenesis. Using telomere‐FISH (telo‐FISH) assays, telomere lengths in premalignant and malignant cervical and endometrial lesions were measured and compared with chromosomal arm loss or gain. Telo‐FISH signals were visualized with Cy3‐labelled telomere‐specific probes and presented as telomere intensity (TI). Early‐stage cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CINs), especially CIN2, had significantly shorter telomeres than corresponding normal squamous epithelia (p = 0.019), together with increased rates of chromosomal arm loss/gain (p < 0.001). Cervical cancers had relatively short telomeres, but they also showed greater heterogeneity than other sampled tissues, including those with long telomeres. In contrast, there was no significant difference between the telomere length of normal endometrium and of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer. There was no significant difference in the rate of chromosomal arm loss/gain between normal endometrium and endometrial hyperplasia. These findings suggest that progressive shortening of telomeres occurs in CIN, in association with chromosomal instability, which may play critical roles in cervical carcinogenesis. In contrast, endometrial hyperplasias have relatively stable telomeres without widespread chromosome alteration, implying that endometrial carcinogenesis involves mechanisms distinct from those of cervical carcinogenesis, possibly including microsatellite instability. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Melt blending of polypropylene‐blend‐ polyamide 6‐blend‐organoclay systems
Authors: Su Quansheng , Feng Meng , Zhang Shimin , Jiang Jianming , Yang Mingshu
Published: August 2006

The melt blending of polypropylene‐blend‐polyamide 6‐blend‐organoclay (PP/PA6/organoclay) systems has been investigated using an internal mixer without any traditional compatibilizer. In the presence of organoclay, the melting of PA6 phase is accelerated and the dimension of the dispersed phase in the matrix is reduced. Transmission electron microscopy results reveal clay‐rich interface zones formed between the PA6 dispersed phase and the PP matrix in the PP/PA6/organoclay system. An interface blending approach has been designed to investigate the interface zones between the immiscible polymers, and the interface zones have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In the presence of the organoclay, the PA6 component in interface zones is stable even after etching extraction with formic acid, suggesting a strong interaction takes place among PP, PA6 and the organoclay. Such clay‐rich interface zones act as a compatibilizer for the two immiscible polymers, resulting in a better dispersion of PA6 phase in PP matrix. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
A novel approach and protocol for discovering extremely low‐abundance proteins in serum
Authors: Tanaka Yoshinori , Akiyama Hideo , Kuroda Toshihiko , Jung Giman , Tanahashi Kazuhiro , Sugaya Hiroyuki , Utsumi Jun , Kawasaki Hiroshi , Hirano Hisashi
Published: August 2006

The proteomic analysis of serum (plasma) has been a major approach to determining biomarkers essential for early disease diagnoses and drug discoveries. The determination of these biomarkers, however, is analytically challenging since the dynamic concentration range of serum proteins/peptides is extremely wide (more than 10 orders of magnitude). Thus, the reduction in sample complexity prior to proteomic analyses is essential, particularly in analyzing low‐abundance protein biomarkers. Here, we demonstrate a novel approach to the proteomic analyses of human serum that uses an originally developed serum protein separation device and a sequentially linked 3‐D‐LC‐MS/MS system. Our hollow‐fiber‐membrane‐based serum pretreatment device can efficiently deplete high‐molecular weight proteins and concentrate low‐molecular weight proteins/peptides automatically within 1 h. Four independent analyses of healthy human sera pretreated using this unique device, followed by the 3‐D‐LC‐MS/MS successfully produced 12 000–13 000 MS/MS spectra and hit around 1800 proteins (>95% reliability) and 2300 proteins (>80% reliability). We believe that the unique serum pretreatment device and proteomic analysis protocol reported here could be a powerful tool for searching physiological biomarkers by its high throughput (3.7 days per one sample analysis) and high performance of finding low abundant proteins from serum or plasma samples.
Gene expression changes in human cells after exposure to mobile phone microwaves
Authors: Remondini Daniel , Nylund Reetta , Reivinen Jukka , Poulletier de Gannes Florence , Veyret Bernard , Lagroye Isabelle , Haro Emmanuelle , Trillo M. Angeles , Capri Miriam , Franceschi Claudio , Schlatterer Kathrin , Gminski Richard , Fitzner Rudolf , Tauber Rudolf , Schuderer Jurgen , Kuster Niels , Leszczynski Dariusz , Bersani Ferdinando , Maercker Christian
Published: August 2006

Possible biological effects of mobile phone microwaves were investigated in vitro. In this study, which was part of the 5FP EU project REFLEX (Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards From Low‐Energy Electromagnetic Field Exposure Using Sensitive in vitro Methods), six human cell types, immortalized cell lines and primary cells, were exposed to 900 and 1800 MHz. RNA was isolated from exposed and sham‐exposed cells and labeled for transcriptome analysis on whole‐genome cDNA arrays. The results were evaluated statistically using bioinformatics techniques and examined for biological relevance with the help of different databases. NB69 neuroblastoma cells, T lymphocytes, and CHME5 microglial cells did not show significant changes in gene expression. In EA.hy926 endothelial cells, U937 lymphoblastoma cells, and HL‐60 leukemia cells we found between 12 and 34 up‐ or down‐regulated genes. Analysis of the affected gene families does not point towards a stress response. However, following microwave exposure, some but not all human cells might react with an increase in expression of genes encoding ribosomal proteins and therefore up‐regulating the cellular metabolism.
Mobile phone radiation causes changes in gene and protein expression in human endothelial cell lines and the response seems to be genome‐ and proteome‐dependent
Authors: Nylund Reetta , Leszczynski Dariusz
Published: August 2006

We have examined in vitro cell response to mobile phone radiation (900 MHz GSM signal) using two variants of human endothelial cell line: EA.hy926 and EA.hy926v1. Gene expression changes were examined in three experiments using cDNA Expression Arrays and protein expression changes were examined in ten experiments using 2‐DE and PDQuest software. Obtained results show that gene and protein expression were altered, in both examined cell lines, in response to one hour mobile phone radiation exposure at an average specific absorption rate of 2.8 W/kg. However, the same genes and proteins were differently affected by the exposure in each of the cell lines. This suggests that the cell response to mobile phone radiation might be genome‐ and proteome‐dependent. Therefore, it is likely that different types of cells and from different species might respond differently to mobile phone radiation or might have different sensitivity to this weak stimulus. Our findings might also explain, at least in part, the origin of discrepancies in replication studies between different laboratories.
Proteomic analysis and comparison of the biopsy and autopsy specimen of human brain temporal lobe
Authors: He Sizhi , Wang Qingsong , He Jintang , Pu Hai , Yang Wei , Ji Jianguo
Published: August 2006

The proteomic study on human temporal lobe can help us to understand the physiological function of CNS in normal as well as in pathological state. Proteomic tools are potent for the assessment of protein stability post mortem. In this pilot study, the human temporal lobe biopsy specimen with chronic pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and autopsy specimen in control were separated by 2‐DE. Using MALDI‐TOF‐MS and MS/MS, 375 protein spots were identified which were the products of 267 genes. Six down‐regulated and 23 up‐regulated protein spots in the autopsy specimen were ascertained after the gel image analysis with the ImageMaster software. A number of proteins that include neurotransmitter metabolic and glycolytic enzymes, cytoprotective proteins and cytoskeleton were found decreased while the precursor of apolipoprotein A‐I increased in the TLE brain. We tried several methods to prepare the protein samples and found that DNase and RNase treatment, ultracentrifugation and Amersham clean‐up kit purification can improve gel separation quality. This work optimized the sample preparation method and constructed a primary protein database of human temporal lobe and found some proteins with remarkable level change probably involved in the post‐mortem process and chronic pharmacoresistant TLE pathogenesis.
Gel‐free analysis of the human brain proteome: Application of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry on biopsy and autopsy samples
Authors: Dumont Debora , Noben Jean‐Paul , Verhaert Peter , Stinissen Piet , Robben Johan
Published: August 2006

This paper reports on the findings of the Biomedical Research Institute, as one of the participants in the pilot study of the HUPO Brain Proteome Project. A biopsy and autopsy study sample derived from human brain was distributed among the participants for proteomic analysis. In our laboratory, attention was focused on protein identification using the bottom‐up shotgun approach. Protein extracts derived from both samples were trypsinized and analyzed separately by 2‐D LC and MS. In a complementary approach, the tryptic digests were analyzed directly by LC‐ESI‐MS/MS and gas‐phase fractionation in the mass spectrometer. Taken together, both proteomic approaches in combination with a stringent evaluation process, resulted in the confident identification of 209 proteins in the human brain samples under investigation.