bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sue Bulmer's legacy in highland New Guinea: A re‐examination of the Bulmer Collection and future directions
Authors: GAFFNEY DYLAN , FORD ANNE , SUMMERHAYES GLENN R.
Published: September 2016

This paper examines the archaeological collections accumulated by Sue Bulmer during her time in the New Guinea Highlands. Bulmer used this collection as a basis to investigate key themes in the island's prehistory. We focus on several of these research themes, established in the early years, but which remain pertinent: the occupation of the interior during the Late Pleistocene, the establishment of agriculture and horticulture in the Holocene, and the routes of trade and exchange from the coast into the Highlands. Case studies of recent research produced from the collection revisit these themes, providing valuable updates.
Preoperative radiotherapy in the management of retroperitoneal liposarcoma
Authors: Ecker B L , Peters M G , McMillan M T , Sinnamon A J , Zhang P J , Fraker D L , Levin W P , Roses R E , Karakousis G C
Published: September 2016

Background

Histological subtype influences both prognosis and patterns of treatment failure in retroperitoneal sarcoma. Previous studies on the efficacy of neoadjuvant radiotherapy (NRT) have incorporated multiple histological types with heterogeneous tumour biology. The survival impact of NRT specifically for patients with retroperitoneal liposarcoma is poorly defined.

Methods

Patients who underwent resection with curative intent for retroperitoneal liposarcoma and who received NRT or surgery alone were identified in the US National Cancer Data Base (2004–2013). Cox regression was used to identify co-variables associated with overall survival. NRT and surgery-alone cohorts were matched 1 : 1 by propensity scores based on the survival hazard on Cox modelling. Overall survival was compared by Kaplan–Meier estimates.

Results

A total of 2082 patients with retroperitoneal liposarcoma were identified; 1908 underwent surgery alone and 174 received NRT before surgical resection. Median tumour size was 22·0 cm and 34·9 per cent of tumours were high grade. In the unmatched cohort, NRT was not associated with improved overall survival (χ2 = 3·49, P = 0·062). In the propensity score-matched cohort, NRT was associated with an improvement in survival (median overall survival 129·2 versus 84·3 months; P = 0·046; hazard ratio (HR) 1·54, 95 per cent c.i. 1·01 to 2·36). This effect appeared most pronounced for tumours with adjacent organ invasion (median overall survival not reached versus 63·8 months; P = 0·044; HR 1·79, 1·01 to 3·19).

Conclusion

NRT improved survival in patients undergoing surgery for retroperitoneal liposarcoma, particularly those with high-risk pathological features.
New antiarrhythmic drugs for atrial fibrillation
Authors: Fragakis N. , Vassilikos V. P.
Published: September 2016

Atrial fibrillation is a complex arrhythmia that is difficult to treat with conventional antiarrhythmic agents. Novel pharmacological approaches are in progress focused on the development of agents with selective affinity to ion channels predominately involved in the atrium. In parallel, research efforts have been focused on the development of agents targeting to modification of those pathways and molecular mediators which are involved in the propagation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF). In this review, we focus on the basic and clinical pharmacology of new and emerging antiarrhythmic drugs such as vernakalant, dronedarone, and ranolazine, whereas we briefly comment on the future directions of antiarrhythmic therapy in AF.

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Recurrent transient global amnesia as presenting symptoms of CADASIL
Authors: Pradotto Luca , Orsi Laura , Mencarelli Monica , Caglio Marcella , Lauro Danilo , Milesi Alessandra , Di Blasio Anna , Mauro Alessandro
Published: September 2016

Key Clinical Message

Despite transient global amnesia is considered unusual in Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) and causal relation is still unclear, this report suggests to consider CADASIL in those patients with recurrent transient global amnesia, especially when MRI shows multifocal hyperintensities affecting the cerebral white matter or when it is followed by cognitive decline.
Domino Staudinger/aza‐Wittig/Mannich Reaction: An Approach to Diversity of Di‐ and Tetrahydropyrrole Scaffolds
Authors: Pavlova Anna S. , Ivanova Olga A. , Chagarovskiy Alexey O. , Stebunov Nikolay S. , Orlov Nikolay V. , Shumsky Alexey N. , Budynina Ekaterina M. , Rybakov Victor B. , Trushkov Igor V.
Published: September 2016

A highly efficient and selective domino reaction producing valuable di‐ and tetrahydropyrrole‐based skeletons from azidoethyl‐substituted CH‐acids and (thio)carbonyl compounds has been developed. By involving the additional functional groups in starting compounds into the domino reaction or postmodification of the primary reaction products, the simple construction of the pharmaceutically relevant three‐ and polycyclic azaheterocyclic scaffolds was demonstrated.
Berkelic Acid: Straightforward Analogue Synthesis and Studies of Activity Against Selected Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Arto Tamara , de Santa‐María Inés Sáenz , Chiara María‐Dolores , Fañanás Francisco J. , Rodríguez Félix
Published: September 2016

(–)‐Berkelic acid is an architecturally unique secondary metabolite isolated from an extremophilic Penicillium species. In this paper, we describe a very simple protocol to construct the central core of this natural product. Using this strategy, not only (–)‐berkelic acid, but also a small library of analogues has been accessed. The key point of our protocol is a remarkable silver‐catalysed cascade reaction that allows the assembly of the core of the natural product in a single step and from two simple starting materials, a 4‐pentynol derivative and an ortho‐alkynylsalicylaldehyde. The cytotoxicity of our synthetic (–)‐berkelic acid and some analogues against two cancer cell lines, OVCAR‐3 and SSCC38, was evaluated.
Nanostructured Hexacyanoferrate Intercalated Ni/Al Layered Double Hydroxide Modified Electrode as a Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor for Paracetamol Determination
Authors: Asadpour‐Zeynali Karim , Amini Roghayeh
Published: September 2016

An electrochemical sensor for paracetamol (PC) based on the hexacyanoferate(III) intercalated Ni−Al layered double hydroxide (Ni−Al−HCF) was presented. The as‐prepared LDH structurally and morphologically was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform IR. Electrochemical studies revealed that Ni−Al−HCF film modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode exhibited remarkable electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of paracetamol. The electrochemical behavior of PC on the Ni−Al−HCF film was investigated in detail. Under optimum experimental conditions, the electrocatalytic response of the modified GC electrode was linear in the PC concentration range 3×10−6−–1.5×10−3 mol L−1, with a detection limit of 8×10−7 mol L−1 (S/N=3), using hydrodynamic amperometry. In addition, the modified electrode exhibited good reproducibility, long‐term stability and anti‐interference property. The fabricated sensor was successfully applied to determination of PC in various pharmaceutical preparations such as tablets, oral solution, and oral drops. Finally, the method was validated by the analysis of paracetamol spiked human serum samples, and good recoveries were obtained in the range of 99.2–103 %.
Trace level determination of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol in a perfume using liquid chromatography high resolution tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry
Authors: Thalhamer Bernhard , Himmelsbach Markus , Buchberger Wolfgang
Published: September 2016

Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC), which is the primary psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, was identified at trace levels in a perfume whose name/brand and its scent aim to arouse associations with marijuana/hashish. The presence of Δ9‐THC was unambiguously confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometric detection. The relevant HPLC peak of the analysed perfume shows identical chromatographic behaviour and mass spectrometric fragmentation compared to an authentic reference material of Δ9‐THC. Electrospray ionization was performed in the positive mode, fragmentation was carried out by both collision‐​induced dissociation and higher‐energy collisional dissociation. The quantitation of Δ9‐THC in the complex perfume matrix was performed by HPLC combined with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (HPLC‐MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Calibration by the standard addition method yielded a concentration of 0.2 µg Δ9‐THC per ml perfume. Additionally gas chromatography mass spectrometry was also used to confirm the results for Δ9‐THC. It is based on a fundamentally different separation principle and results were in good agreement with HPLC‐MS/MS, which proved the reliability of the analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic and hepatic effects of bloodletting in dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome: A randomized controlled study in 274 patients
Authors: Lainé Fabrice , Ruivard Marc , Loustaud‐Ratti Véronique , Bonnet Fabrice , Calès Paul , Bardou‐Jacquet Edouard , Sacher‐Huvelin Sylvie , Causse Xavier , Beusnel Christine , Renault Alain , Bellissant Eric , Deugnier Yves ,   Study Group
Published: September 2016

Dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome (DIOS) is a common cause of hyperferritinemia, accounting for a mild increase of iron stores in insulin‐resistant subjects. Iron removal could improve insulin sensitivity. We performed a prospective, randomized, controlled trial (NCT01015525) in nondiabetic DIOS patients with hepatic iron >50 μmol/g at magnetic resonance imaging to compare the metabolic and hepatic outcomes of 1‐year maintenance of serum ferritin levels <50 μg/L by bloodletting associated with lifestyle and diet advice (LFDA) to those of LFDA only. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) with stratification by center (n = 8) and hyperglycemia (>5.6 mmol/L). Sample size was calculated to provide 90% power and a difference in fasting glycemia of 0.25 mmol/L. Analysis was done in an intention‐to‐treat population. In 2010‐2014, 146 patients were randomly assigned to receive venesections with LFDA and 128 to LFDA only. At the end of the study, comparison of iron‐depleted patients and controls showed ferritin levels 71 ± 48 μg/L after removal of 4.9 ± 1.6 L of blood versus 733 ± 277 μg/L (P < 0.0001), glycemia 5.44 ± 0.7 versus 5.49 ± 0.7 mmol/L (P = 0.57), body weight +0.5 ± 4.3% versus ‐0.6 ± 3.3% (P = 0.03), homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance 3.39 versus 2.40 (P = 0.002), alanine aminotransaminase 33 ± 22 versus 37 ± 21 IU/L (P = 0.10), aspartate aminotransaminase 27 ± 13 versus 27 ± 10 IU/L (P = 0.81), gamma‐glutamyl transferase 54 ± 138 versus 49 ± 35 IU/L (P = 0.72), Fatty Liver Index 58.9 ± 24.6 versus 61.2 ± 22.9 (P = 0.37), and Fibrosis‐4 score 1.5 ± 0.6 versus 1.30 ± 0.6 (P = 0.51). Fatigue occurred in 25.3% of venesected patients versus 2.3% of controls (P < 0.0001). In the subgroup of patients who lost weight, glycemia, homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance, serum ferritin, lipid profile, and liver function tests improved irrespective of bloodletting. Conclusion: In DIOS patients, iron depletion by bloodletting does not improve metabolic and hepatic features, is associated with weight gain, and is not as well tolerated as expected; sustained modification of diet and lifestyle habits remains the first therapeutic intervention in DIOS. (Hepatology 2017;65:465‐474).
Configurational Assignment of ‘Cryptochiral’ 10‐Hydroxystearic Acid Through an Asymmetric Catalytic Synthesis
Authors: Brunner Andreas , Hintermann Lukas
Published: September 2016

An asymmetric catalytic total synthesis of (S)‐10‐hydroxystearic acid (1) for comparison of its absolute configuration to that of samples obtained by fermentative hydration of oleic acid is reported. The synthesis involves two catalytic key‐steps, namely Ru‐catalyzed anti‐Markovnikov hydration of 9‐decynoic acid (7) to 10‐oxodecanoic acid (5), followed by titanium‐mediated asymmetric catalytic addition of dioctylzinc (25) to 5 in presence of the chiral ligand N,N’‐((1R,2R)‐cyclohexane‐1,2‐diyl)bis(1,1,1‐trifluoromethanesulfonamide) (6). The synthesis is short and efficient and avoids use of protecting groups. Ozonolysis of 10‐undecynoic acid (9) to 5 provides an alternative entry point into the synthetic route. The double dehydrobromination of (ω,ω‐1)‐dibromoalkanoic acids to ω‐alkynoic acids under a variety of conditions was investigated with 10,11‐dibromoundecanoic acid (11) as model substrate and using qNMR to quantify all reaction products. The synthetic approaches presented here have the potential to be generalized to the asymmetric catalytic synthesis of a variety of n‐hydroxy‐fatty acids.
A Systems Approach to Identify Skill Needs for Agrifood Nanotechnology: A Multiphase Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Yawson Robert M. , Greiman Bradley C.
Published: September 2016

As nanotechnology continues to advance in food and agriculture, there is the need for pragmatic decisions as to how to prepare the workforce, and human resource development (HRD) has a vital role to play. This mixed methods study followed a four‐step process: The first phase involved a comprehensive systematic evidence review (SER) and stakeholder analysis. The second phase used multicriteria approaches for value elicitation, and the third phase included quantitative analysis, qualitative systems analysis (QSA), and strategic flexibility analysis (SFA) of evidence from the systematic review and the multicriteria value elicitation of experts and stakeholders. The final phase created a generic systems map (influence diagram) to describe the current and future skill needs of agrifood nanotechnology workers holistically as well as how HRD can meet these requirements.
Carbon, nitrogen, and water stable isotopes in plant tissue and soils across a moisture gradient in Puerto Rico
Authors: Evaristo Jaivime , McDonnell Jeff J.
Published: September 2016

Stable isotopes in the water molecule (2H or D and 18O), carbon, and nitrogen are useful tracers and integrators of processes in plant ecohydrological systems across scales. Over the last few years, there has been growing interest in regional to continental scale synthesis of stable isotope data with a view to elucidating biogeochemical and ecohydrological patterns. Published datasets from the humid tropics, however, are limited. To be able to contribute to bridging the “data gap” in the humid tropics, here, we publish a relatively novel and unique suite of δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, and δ18O isotope data from three sites across a moisture gradient and contrasting land use in Puerto Rico. Plant tissue (xylem and leaf) samples from two species of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla and Swietenia mahagoni) and soil samples down to 60 cm in the soil profile were collected in relatively “wet” (July 2012) and “dry” (February 2013) periods at two sites in northeastern (Luquillo) and southwestern (Susua) Puerto Rico. The same sampling suite is also being made available from a highly urbanized site in the capital San Juan. Leaf samples taken in July 2012 and February 2013 were analyzed for δ13C and δ15N; all xylem and bulk soil samples were analyzed for δ2H and δ18O. Soil samples taken in July 2012 were analyzed for δ13C and δ15N. Leaf δ15N and δ13C dataset showed patterns that are possibly associated with site differences. While spatial patterns were also apparent in soil δ15N and δ13C dataset, the positively linear δ15N –δ13C relationship tends to weaken with site moisture. Soil depth and site moisture patterns were also observed in the δ2H and δ18O datasets of bulk soil and xylem samples. The purpose of these datasets is to provide baseline information on soil–plant water (δ2H and δ18O, N = 319), δ13C (N = 272), and δ15N (N = 269) that may be useful in a wide range of research questions from ecohydrological relations to biogeochemical patterns in soils and vegetation.
Effect of feeder free poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) scaffolds on morphology, proliferation, and pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Galuppo Andrea G. , Chagastelles Pedro C. , Gamba Douglas , Iglesias Daikelly B. , Sperling Laura E. , Machado Janine , Petry Jéssica F. T. C. , Wendorff Joachim , Petzhold Cesar L. , Pranke Patricia
Published: September 2016

The aim of the study has been to evaluate the morphology, proliferation, and pluripotency maintenance of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) cultivated on poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) scaffolds. The scaffolds were hydrolyzed with NaOH (treated) and nonhydrolyzed (untreated). Morphological and mechanical characterization of the scaffolds was performed. mESC were evaluated for cell viability, cytotoxicity, expression of pluripotency markers, colony morphology, and overall distribution. The treatment generated a reduction in the hydrophobic characteristics of the scaffolds, leading to a higher wettability compared to the untreated group. The viability, cytotoxicity, number of colonies, and the thickness of the cell layer presented similar results between the scaffold groups. The viability test showed that it was possible to cultivate the mESCs on the scaffolds. The cytotoxicity analysis showed that the PLGA scaffolds were not harmful for the cells. The cells maintained the expression of the pluripotency markers Oct4 and Sox2. The number of colonies and the thickness of the cell layer on the scaffold showed that they were not able to colonize the entire volume of the scaffolds. The area occupied by the mESCs was the same between the treated and untreated groups after 14 days in culture. It is possible to conclude that both conditions are equally suitable for maintaining mESC culture. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 424–432, 2017.
Comparison of laparoscopic major hepatectomy with propensity score matched open cases from the National Clinical Database in Japan
Authors: Takahara Takeshi , Wakabayashi Go , Konno Hiroyuki , Gotoh Mitsukazu , Yamaue Hiroki , Yanaga Katsuhiko , Fujimoto Jirou , Kaneko Hironori , Unno Michiaki , Endo Itaru , Seto Yasuyuki , Miyata Hiroaki , Miyazaki Masaru , Yamamoto Masakazu
Published: September 2016

Background

The National Clinical Database (NCD) in Japan is a nationwide registry that collects the data of more than 1,200,000 surgical cases annually from over 3,500 hospitals. Based on the NCD data, this study compared the perioperative outcomes of major laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) with those of major open liver resection (OLR) using the propensity score matching method.

Methods

We collected data on 15,191 major hepatectomy cases (929 major LLR cases and 14,262 major OLR cases), and investigated the short‐term outcomes in well‐matched groups.

Results

In the LLR group, 30‐day mortality, in‐hospital mortality, and operative mortality were 0.9%, 1.7%, and 1.7% respectively. The mean blood loss in the LLR group (865.4 ± 1,148.2 ml) was significantly less than in the OLR group (1,053.8 ± 1,176.6 ml), and the median postoperative hospital stay for the LLR patients (21.37 ± 19.71 days) was significantly shorter than for the OLR patients (26.25 ± 24.53 days). The complication rate in the LLR group (16.4%) was significantly lower than that in the OLR group (23.5%).

Conclusion

LLR in selected patients is currently safely performed as well as OLR even in patients requiring major hepatectomy, associated with less blood loss, shorter hospital stays, and fewer complications.
Identification of secondary salts and their sources in deteriorated stone monuments using micro‐Raman spectroscopy, SEM‐EDS and XRD
Authors: Marszałek Mariola
Published: September 2016

Salts crystallisation is a cause of deterioration of stone monuments. Very small sizes of salt crystals, often a multiphase composition and usually low concentrations hamper their identification. Therefore, micro‐Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and, in some cases, X‐ray diffraction have been used to identify the salts that crystallised within and on the weathered limestone and sandstone architectonic details of the Blessed Salomea sculpture and its arch in the cloister of the Poor Clares in Kraków, Poland. Possible sources of salts, i.e. regarding the plaster around the details, the mortar of joints of the arch and previous conservation procedures, have been discussed. The limestone sculpture reveals the presence of black crusts and the sandstone arch of white efflorescences, both stones crumble and exfoliate. Gypsum and barite were the only salts in the black crust and subflorescences of the limestone. The salts in the pore space of the sandstone include mainly aphthitalite, niter, nitratine and burkeite, while efflorescences consist of thenardite and syngenite. Such differences probably result from various precipitation conditions in narrow pore spaces and on the unconfined sandstone surface. The deterioration products have been mainly assigned to air pollution, stone itself in the case of the limestone, and migration of ions from structural elements of the arch in the case of the sandstone. The impact of the chemicals utilised for stone conservation also seems to be possible. Characterisation of the salts present in deteriorated stones can help in selecting the methods of stone desalination and conservation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anwendung des Örtlichen Konzepts in der Turbinenschaufelauslegung
Authors: Dankert M. , Richter C.
Published: September 2016

Die Anforderungen an große Kraftwerksturbinen (Gas‐ und Dampfturbinen) sind im Zusammenhang mit der Energiewende in den letzten Jahren signifikant gestiegen. Durch die wachsende Einspeisung von Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien wie Wind und Sonne gewinnt die Erhöhung der Flexibilität im Kraftwerksbetrieb immer mehr an Bedeutung. Dafür müssen zuverlässige und robuste Turbinen entwickelt werden. Turbinenschaufeln sind eine der Schlüsselkomponenten einer Turbine und ein entscheidender Erfolgsfaktor, um die aktuellen und zukünftigen Markt‐ und Kundenanforderungen zu erfüllen und die damit verbundenen Herausforderungen zu meistern.

Die Auslegung von Turbinenschaufeln ist komplex. Turbinenschaufeln sind im Betrieb häufig extremen, hohen sowie komplexen mechanischen und thermischen Belastungen ausgesetzt. Diese mechanischen und thermischen Betriebsbelastungen führen zu hohen Bauteilbeanspruchungen und häufig zu einem Ermüdungs‐ und/oder Kriechlebensdauerverbrauch. Hersteller großer Kraftwerksturbinen können ihre Turbinen und deren Komponenten in den allermeisten Fällen nicht im Vorfeld auf Prüfständen testen. Außerdem können Fehler in der Auslegung der Komponenten zu deren Versagen im Betrieb und damit zumindest zu erheblichen wirtschaftlichen Schäden führen. Aus diesen Gründen und vor dem Hintergrund der zunehmend flexibleren Fahrweise von Kraftwerken und der damit verbundenen höheren Anzahl an Lastwechseln sind für die Entwicklung und Auslegung von Turbinenschaufeln sowie deren Lebensdauervorhersage geeignete, zuverlässige und abgesicherte Berechnungs‐ und Bewertungskonzepte sowie Regeln unerlässlich, um den sicheren Betrieb der Turbinenschaufeln zu ermöglichen. Dies gilt insbesondere für die genaue Beschreibung des Ermüdungsverhaltens unter Betriebsbelastung.

Der vorliegende Artikel beschäftigt sich mit den hier verwendeten Konzepten zur Lebensdauervorhersage und zum Betriebsfestigkeitsnachweis von Gas‐ und Dampfturbinenschaufeln.
Erweiterungen des Fließstreifenmodells hinsichtlich verschiedener Einflussfaktoren auf das Ermüdungsrisswachstum
Authors: Schlitzer T.
Published: September 2016

Das Fließstreifenmodell ist ein verbreitetes Hilfsmittel zur Berechnung der zyklischen Rissspitzenöffnungsverschiebung und des Ermüdungsrisswachstums von Strukturen unter isothermer zyklischer Belastung. Im Zuge einer Modellerweiterung kommt das rheologische Masing‐Modell zum Einsatz, das aus parallel geschalteten Reihenschaltungen von Feder und Reibelement besteht. Indem den Reibelementen unterschiedliche Fließspannungen zugeordnet werden, kann mit dem Masing‐Modell die zyklische Spannungs‐Dehnungs‐Kurve des Werkstoffs beschrieben werden. Anstelle einer konstanten Fließspannung werden diese verschiedenen Fließspannungen zufällig den einzelnen Elementen, in die die Riss‐Ligament‐Linie im Fließstreifenmodell unterteilt ist, zugewiesen. Neben einer besseren Modellierung des mechanischen Materialverhaltens ist auf diese Weise die Berücksichtigung mikrostruktureller Aspekte des Ermüdungsrisswachstums möglich, wenn auf die Werte der Fließspannungen im Bereich des frühen mikrostrukturellen Risswachstums Einfluss genommen wird. Zur Untersuchung thermomechanischer Ermüdung werden die Fließspannungen in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur formuliert.
3‐D flow of a compressible viscous micropolar fluid with cylindrical symmetry: uniqueness of a generalized solution
Authors: Mujaković Nermina , Simčić Loredana , Dražić Ivan
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we consider a nonstationary 3‐D flow of a compressible viscous and heat‐conducting micropolar fluid, which is in the thermodynamical sense perfect and polytropic. The fluid domain is a subset of R3 bounded with two coaxial cylinders that present solid thermoinsulated walls. The mathematical model is set up in Lagrangian description. If we assume that the initial mass density, temperature, as well as the velocity and microrotation vectors are smooth enough cylindrically symmetric functions, then our problem has a generalized cylindrically symmetric solution for a sufficiently small time interval. Here, we prove the uniqueness of this solution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Traveling wave solutions for a delayed diffusive SIR epidemic model with nonlinear incidence rate and external supplies
Authors: Zhou Kai , Han Maoan , Wang Qiru
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we study the traveling wave solutions of a delayed diffusive SIR epidemic model with nonlinear incidence rate and constant external supplies. We find that the existence of traveling wave solutions is determined by the basic reproduction number of the corresponding spatial‐homogenous delay differential system and the minimal wave speed. The existence is proved by applying Schauder's fixed point theorem and Lyapunov functional method. The non‐existence of traveling waves is obtained by two‐sided Laplace transform. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic adaptivity in the fully nonlocal quasicontinuum method for coarse‐grained atomistic simulations
Authors: Tembhekar I. , Amelang J. S. , Munk L. , Kochmann D. M.
Published: September 2016

The quasicontinuum (QC) method is a concurrent scale‐bridging technique that extends atomistic accuracy to significantly larger length scales by reducing the full atomic ensemble to a small set of representative atoms and using interpolation to recover the motion of all lattice sites where full atomistic resolution is not necessary. While traditional QC methods thereby create interfaces between fully resolved and coarse‐grained regions, the recently introduced fully nonlocal QC framework does not fundamentally differentiate between atomistic and coarsened domains. Adding adaptive refinement enables us to tie atomistic resolution to evolving regions of interest such as moving defects. However, model adaptivity is challenging because large particle motion is described based on a reference mesh (even in the atomistic regions). Unlike in the context of, for example, finite element meshes, adaptivity here requires that (i) all vertices lie on a discrete point set (the atomic lattice), (ii) model refinement is performed locally and provides sufficient mesh quality, and (iii) Verlet neighborhood updates in the atomistic domain are performed against a Lagrangian mesh. With the suite of adaptivity tools outlined here, the nonlocal QC method is shown to bridge across scales from atomistics to the continuum in a truly seamless fashion, as illustrated for nanoindentation and void growth. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of polycationic micelles by self‐assembly of polyethyleneimine functionalized oligo[(ε‐caprolactone)‐co‐glycolide] ABA block copolymers
Authors: Balk Maria , Behl Marc , Yang Jing , Li Qian , Wischke Christian , Feng Yakai , Lendlein Andreas
Published: September 2016

Cationic polymeric micelles are of interest as delivery materials for nucleotides allowing condensation and transport of anionic macromolecules and enabling the reduction of cytotoxicity of polyethyleneimine, the current standard of vectors for non‐viral nucleic acid delivery. In addition, micelles based on a degradable core would be capable to degrade hydrolytically and release their payload, which should preferably occur after uptake in early endosomes providing a pH of 5.5. We explored whether degradable and amphiphilic ABA block copolymers from hyperbranched polyethyleneimine A blocks and B blocks based on hydrophobic oligoesters (CG) can be created, which can degrade in a pH range relevant for the early endosomes. CG was synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone and diglycolide. Polycationic micelles with particle sizes between 19 ± 1 and 43 ± 2 nm were obtained by self‐assembly of the ABA block copolymers with different chain lengths of B blocks and/or co‐assembly with a diblock copolymer from poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) functionalized CG oligoester in phosphate‐buffered saline solution. Mixed micelles containing PEG‐CG showed a decreased zeta potential, suggesting a shielding by dangling PEG chains at the micelle surfaces. Sizes of cationic micelles were stable at pH = 7.4 over the studied time period of 2 weeks at 37 °C. The hydrolytic degradation was controlled by the composition of the CG core and was accelerated when the pH was decreased to 5.5 as detected by increasing micelle sizes. In this way, the polycationic micelles may act as an on‐demand delivery system of condensed macromolecules. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Number of Unfavorable Intermediate‐Risk Factors Predicts Pathologic Upstaging and Prostate Cancer‐Specific Mortality Following Radical Prostatectomy: Results From the SEARCH Database
Authors: Zumsteg Zachary S. , Chen Zinan , Howard Lauren E. , Amling Christopher L. , Aronson William J. , Cooperberg Matthew R. , Kane Christopher J. , Terris Martha K. , Spratt Daniel E. , Sandler Howard M. , Freedland Stephen J.
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

To validate and further improve the stratification of intermediate risk prostate cancer into favorable and unfavorable subgroups for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The SEARCH database was queried for IR patients undergoing radical prostatectomy without adjuvant radiotherapy. UIR disease was defined any patient with at least one unfavorable risk factor (URF), including primary Gleason pattern 4, 50% of more biopsy cores containing cancer, or multiple National Comprehensive Cancer Network IR factors.

RESULTS

One thousand five hundred eighty‐six patients with IR prostate cancer comprised the study cohort. Median follow‐up was 62 months. Patients classified as UIR were significantly more likely to have pathologic high‐risk features, such as Gleason score 8 − 10, pT3–4 disease, or lymph node metastases, than FIR patients (P < 0.001). Furthermore, UIR patients had significantly higher rates of PSA‐relapse (PSA, hazard ratio [HR] = 1.89, P < 0.001) and distant metastasis (DM, HR = 2.92, P = 0.001), but no difference in prostate cancer‐specific mortality (PCSM) or all‐cause mortality in multivariable analysis. On secondary analysis, patients with ≥2 URF had significantly worse PSA‐RFS, DM, and PCSM than those with 0 or 1 URF. Moreover, 40% of patients with ≥2 URF had high‐risk pathologic features.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with UIR prostate cancer are at increased risk of PSA relapse, DM, and pathologic upstaging following prostatectomy. However, increased risk of PCSM was only detected in those with ≥2 URF. This suggests that further refinement of the UIR subgroup may improve risk stratification. Prostate Prostate 77:154–163, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improvement of 1.0 eV GaInNAsSb solar cell performance upon optimal annealing
Authors: Miyashita Naoya , Ahsan Nazmul , Okada Yoshitaka
Published: September 2016

This work studies the impact of optimal postannealing on the 1.0 eV GaInNAsSb solar cells for application to high‐efficiency multijunction solar cells. Compared to our past report in which reasonably good solar cell performance was achieved for devices annealed at 850 °C, further optimization was carried out in order to lower the temperature. Both the light current–voltage and internal quantum efficiency (IQE) characteristics reveal that significant improvements of the device qualities can be obtained with the lower annealing temperatures. For the optimal anneal condition, >90% of the IQEs was achieved with the 3.0 μm thick GaInNAsSb solar cell devices.
Southerly nocturnal bores over northeastern Australia
Authors: Schmidt Christoph W. , Smith Roger K.
Published: September 2016

Analyses of 1‐min data from automatic weather stations (AWSs) in the Gulf of Carpentaria region are used to study southerly nocturnal bores over northeastern Australia. The data cover the time period 1 August to 31 December in the three years 2012–2014. A total of 12 days on which a bore passed over the region of interest were found. Ten of the disturbances occurred between August and mid‐October in the presence of synoptic‐scale ridging across the continent behind a frontal trough. The other two occurred in early November in the presence of localized ridging behind an inland trough separate from a frontal trough. Six of the bores were followed some hours later by a clear air mass change. Four of the 12 cases are examined in detail wherein interpretations of the AWS data are aided by analysis fields from the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The results indicate that the longevity of the bore is related to the time of day that the cold front interacts with the stable maritime layer to the north of it. The ECMWF analyses are able to capture the frontal troughs as well as the timing of their passage through the AWS network. In the analyses, the troughs are seen as narrow strips of elevated cyclonic vorticity at 950 mb. Vertical cross‐sections intersecting the troughs showed structural characteristics of a shallow cold front, but the horizontal resolution of the analyses is inadequate to capture the generation of bores ahead of the fronts.
Factors Influencing Movements of Two Migratory Fishes within the Tailrace of a Large Neotropical Dam and their Implications for Hydropower Impacts
Authors: Suzuki F. M. , Dunham J. B. , Silva L. G. M. , Alves C. B. M. , Pompeu P. S.
Published: September 2016

Fish attempting to move upstream through hydroelectric dams can be trapped and killed in turbines. Understanding fish movement patterns can provide useful insights for how to manage dam operations to minimize fish kill in turbines. We evaluated the movements of two migratory fish (Curimba—Prochilodus argenteus and Mandi—Pimelodus maculatus) using acoustic telemetry in the tailrace of Três Marias Dam (São Francisco River, Brazil) from 31 October 2011 to 16 February 2012. The majority of tagged fish left the tailrace in less than one week; however, some individuals returned, performing several visits to the tailrace. Mandi remained longer in the tailrace than Curimba. The number of visits was influenced by diel period, turbine and spillway discharge. Although the diel period was the only important contributor to the visits performed by Curimba, the movements of Mandi were significantly influenced by three factors. We found that whereas Curimba was predominantly diurnal, Mandi showed nocturnal habits. Additionally, visits of Mandi were significantly greater during higher turbine and spillway discharge. We discuss the implications of these results for understanding fish movements in the Três Marias Dam tailrace and their potential implications for adapting hydroelectric operations to minimize fish kills. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption and decomposition of HMX and CL‐20 on Al(111) surface by DFT investigation
Authors: Ye Cai‐Chao , An Qi , Xu Si‐Yu , Ju Xue‐Hai
Published: September 2016

The adsorption and decomposition of HMX and CL‐20 molecules on the Al(111) surface were investigated by the generalized gradient approximation of density functional theory. The calculations employed a supercell (6 × 6 × 3) slab model and three‐dimensional periodic boundary conditions. The strong attractive forces between HMX (or CL‐20) molecule and Al atoms induce the breaking of N‐O and N‐N bonds in nitro group. Subsequently, the dissociated oxygen atoms, NO2 groups, and radical fragments of HMX or CL‐20 oxidize the Al surface. The largest adsorption energy is −1792.7 kJ/mol in B1, where CL‐20 decomposes into four O atoms and a CL‐20 fragment. With the number of the radical species in adsorption configurations increases, the corresponding adsorption energy increases greatly. We also investigated the decomposition mechanism of HMX and CL‐20 molecules on the Al(111) surface. The activation energies (Ea) for the dissociations A2, A3, B1, and B6 are 31.2, 47.9, 75.5, and 75.9 kJ/mol, respectively. Although CL‐20 is more sensitive than HMX in its gaseous state, the Ea of CL‐20 is higher than that of HMX when they adsorb and decompose on the Al(111) surface, which indicates that the HMX is even easier to decompose on Al(111) surface as compared with CL‐20. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Three Novel Polyoxometalate–based Helical Hybrids from Simple to Complicated Helixes via Turing Metal Salt
Authors: Sun Wenlong , Zhang Chunjing , Pang Haijun , Ma Huiyuan , Zhang Zhuanfang , Wang Mo
Published: September 2016

Three novel helical compounds, [Ag3(H2O)2(btpe)2](HMo8O26)⋅2H2O (1), [Cu3(btpe)4(ac)2](Mo8O26) (2), and [Co(btpe)2]2(Mo8O26) (3) (btpe=1,5‐bis(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)pentane and ac=acetate) have been synthesized under the same hydrothermal conditions. Structural characterizations by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction show that compounds 1 and 2 possess a pair of the right‐ and left‐handed double helixes with communal entanglement nodes, whereas compound 3 represents the first example of POM‐based double helical compound that consists of three pair of the right‐ and left‐handed double helixes, containing two pairs of the right‐ and left‐handed double helixes with communal entanglement nodes and a pair of the right‐ and left‐handed double helixes without entanglement nodes. Also, the photocatalytic experiment indicates that the title compounds present a good degradation activity and may be potential photocatalysts to decompose the Methylene Blue dye.
Free‐Standing Graphene/Conducting Polymer Hybrid Cathodes as FTO and Pt‐Free Electrode for Quasi‐State Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Ramalingam Karthick , Panchu SarojiniJeeva , Salunke Ashish Shivaji , Muthukumar Kamalambika , Ramanujam Ashwin , Muthiah Selvaraj
Published: September 2016

Highly conducting freestanding graphene (FSG) was synthesized by the simple vacuum filtration method and utilized as a cathode current collector for (fluorine doped tin oxide) FTO free quasi‐dye sensitized solar cell (q‐DSSC). Subsequently,conducting polymers (CPs) viz., polyaniline (PANI) and poly(3,4‐ethylene‐di‐oxythiophene) (PEDOT) was decorated on FSG surface by electrochemical polymerization which acts as a electrocatalytst for Pt free q‐DSSC. Entirely, the FSG/CPs affords as a novel cathode architecture for FTO/Pt free electrode for q‐DSSCs. Remarkably, the FSG paper electrode exhibits lower sheet resistance (9‐11 Ω sq‐1) than the FTO which was directly utilized as current collector. Interestingly, the FSG/CPs based cathode shows an improved electro‐catalytic behaviour towards tri‐iodide reduction and in particularly, the photovoltaic performance of FSG/PEDOT shows power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.4 % compared with Pt/FTO of 5.1 %. It can be stated that synergetic effect of FSG/PEDOT proves to be a cost effective and efficientsubstitute for cathodes in q‐DSSC.
Fabrication of TiO2/CdS/Ag2S Nano‐Heterostructured Photoanode for Enhancing Photoelectrochemical and Photocatalytic Activity under Visible Light
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Singh Aadesh P , Yadav Nitin , Thirumal Meganathan , Mehta B. R. , Ganguli Ashok K.
Published: September 2016

Wide optical absorption window, long lived and high charge carrier transfer efficiency are the prime characteristics towards the accomplishment of remarkably efficient photocatalysts. In this context, we have synthesized TiO2/CdS/Ag2S core/shell/shell (CSS) heterostructures by using ion‐exchange method. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) measurements unveiled appreciably increased PEC water splitting performance of the CSS heterostructure (used as photoanodes), as indicated by high photocurrent density of ∼ 7.6 mA/cm2 at 1.0 V versus Ag/AgCl and low photocurrent onset potential of ∼ 0.1 V as compared to pristine TiO2 nanorods. Mott‐Schottky analysis evident the p‐n junction features of heterostructures that strengthen the separation of electron and holes. We have investigated the exciton dynamics with photoluminescence (PL) and time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) studies. The diminished PL intensity and shorten average lifetime (τavg) in CSS heterostructures is a clear manifestation of suppression of charge carrier recombination as well as efficient charge carrier transfer from CdS (shell) to TiO2 (core). Thus, both factors prolonged and efficient transfer of visible light driven charge carriers led to phenomenal photoactivity of TiO2/CdS/Ag2S based CSS heterostructures towards the degradation of toxic organic pollutants and PEC water oxidation. We anticipate that the architecture of CSS hetrostructures will provide a new paradigm in the realm of photocatalysis.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Direct Synthesis of Tetra‐ and Pentacyclic Azaheteroarenes via [3+3] Annulation of Nitroarenes and Benzyl‐Type Carbanions Mediated by Silylating Agents.
Authors: Nowacki Michał , Wojciechowski Krzysztof
Published: September 2016

Benzylic‐type carbanions react with nitroarenes under mild conditions in the presence of DBU and trialkylchlorosilanes to form tetra‐and pentacyclic azaarenes. The reaction proceed via transformation of the σH‐adduct formed from carbanion and nitroarene. Reaction proceed under mild conditions at room temperature and does not require transition‐metal reagents at any stage of the process.
Assessing how habitat loss restricts the geographic range of Neotropical anurans
Authors: Vasconcelos Tiago S. , Doro João Lucas P.
Published: September 2016

Habitat loss and fragmentation exert unquestionable negative effects in a wide range of taxa on both regional and local scales. However, there is a debate over whether habitat change impacts geographic species distribution. We assess how habitat loss restricts large‐scale species distribution on a geographic scale for four South American anurans that are known to occur in well conserved habitats, yet which are absent in others that are close by and more degraded. We used occurrence records of each species in Brazil and performed different modeling algorithms to compare ensemble distribution models generated by two different sets of predictors: a climate‐only versus a climate‐habitat procedure. We found that the distribution area predicted by the climate‐only procedure was larger than that of the climate‐habitat procedure for all species. The areas not predicted by the climate‐habitat but predicted by the climate‐only procedure for all species are commonly located in inland areas in southeastern Brazil, which coincides with areas that have suffered the most from habitat loss in the country. Plotting the predictions against well‐surveyed areas where the species have not been recorded, we found evidence that habitat loss may have restricted the current geographic ranges of Hypsiboas faber and Rhinella ornata. Finally, modeling approaches incorporating habitat landscape metrics, particularly for habitat‐specialist species, may be a helpful tool for identifying areas that harbored these species before deforestation took place.
La contribution limitée de la Convention des Nations Unies sur les contrats de vente internationale des marchandises pour l’application des “clauses de durabilité” des biocarburants
Authors: DE ANDRADE PRISCILA PEREIRA
Published: September 2016

L’inclusion de l’objectif du développement durable au sein des chaînes contractuelles internationales de vente de biocarburants souligne un nouveau rôle pour le droit international des contrats. Cet article examine comment les règles matérielles de la Convention des Nations Unies sur les contrats de vente internationale des marchandises (CVIM) peuvent contribuer à la mise en œuvre du développement durable et à l’applicabilité des “clauses de durabilité.” Les cocontractants, et notamment les derniers acheteurs d’une chaîne d’approvisionnement mondiale, ont le droit d’exiger l’exécution de ces clauses contractuelles. Toutefois, la CVIM demeure limitée quant aux effets juridiques des contrats internationaux à l’égard des tiers bénéficiaires ou intéressés au développement durable des biocarburants. Dans ce contexte, le rôle joué par l’outil contractuel dans le commerce international des produits durables devient non seulement utile, mais aussi indispensable.
SARAH ALLAN,BURIED IDEAS: LEGENDS OF ABDICATION AND IDEAL GOVERNMENT IN EARLY CHINESE BAMBOO-SLIP MANUSCRIPTS: A REVIEW ARTICLE
Authors: Lewis Mark Edward
Published: September 2016

Buried Ideasis a major contribution to the study of early China, and of ancient civilizations in general. It analyzes four important, recently discovered texts that in some manner deal with the idea that the position of the ruler should be transferred by voluntary abdication from one sage to another. In addition to analyzing in detail the arguments of these texts and their relations to the received tradition, it also provides a useful introductory survey of the current state of the study of Chu-script bamboo-slip texts, facilitates direct confrontation with these texts for anyone who desires to pursue them, demonstrates—in association with her earlier monographs—how newly discovered texts have transformed our understanding of early China, offers insights into the origins and deep structure of the Chinese modeling of history as a dynastic cycle/sequence, and shows how working across generic boundaries both improves our understanding of ancient China, and allows more insightful comparisons with other early civilizations.
ON FOREMAN’S MAXIMALITY PRINCIPLE
Authors: GOLSHANI MOHAMMAD , HAYUT YAIR
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we consider Foreman’s maximality principle, which says that any nontrivial forcing notion either adds a new real or collapses some cardinals. We prove the consistency of some of its consequences. We observe that it is consistent that every c.c.c. forcing adds a real and that for every uncountable regular cardinal κ, every κ-closed forcing of size 2<κ collapses some cardinal.