bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hygroscopic growth of water soluble organic carbon isolated from atmospheric aerosol collected at U.S. national parks and Storm Peak Laboratory
Authors: Taylor Nathan F. , Collins Don R. , Lowenthal Douglas H. , Zielinska Barbara , Samburova Vera , Kumar Naresh , Hallar A. Gannet , Mazzoleni Lynn R. , McCubbin Ian B.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Due to the atmospheric abundance and chemical complexity of Water Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC), its contribution to the hydration behavior of atmospheric aerosol is both significant and difficult to assess. For the present study, the hygroscopicity and CCN activity of isolated atmospheric WSOC particulate matter was measured without the compounding effects of common, soluble inorganic aerosol constituents. WSOC was extracted with high purity water from daily high-volume PM2.5 filter samples and separated from water soluble inorganic constituents using solid phase extraction. The WSOC filter extracts were concentrated and combined to provide sufficient mass for continuous generation of the WSOC-only aerosol over the combined measurement time of the tandem differential mobility analyzer and coupled scanning mobility particle sizer/CCN counter used for the analysis. Aerosol samples were taken at Great Smoky Mountains National Park during the summer of 2006 and fall-winter of 2007–08; Mount Rainier National Park during the summer of 2009; Storm Peak Laboratory (SPL) near Steamboat Springs, Colorado, during the summer of 2010; and Acadia National Park during the summer of 2011. Across all sampling locations and seasons, the hygroscopic growth of WSOC samples at 90 % RH, expressed in terms of the hygroscopicity parameter, "kappa," ranged from 0.05–0.15. Comparisons between the hygroscopicity of WSOC and that of samples containing all soluble materials extracted from the filters implied a significant modification of the hydration behavior of inorganic components, including decreased hysteresis separating efflorescence and deliquescence and enhanced dissolution between 40 and 80 % RH.
Relationships between tuna catch and variable frequency oceanographic
conditions
Authors: Ormaza-González Franklin Isaac , Mora-Cervetto Alejandra , Bermúdez-Martínez Raquel María
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Skipjack (Katsuwunus pelamis), yellow fin (Thunnus albacares) and albacore (Thunnus alulunga) tunas landed in the Eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO) countries and Ecuador were correlated to the Indexes Oceanic El Niño (ONI) and Multivariate Enso Index (MEI). The temporal series 1983–2012, and 1977–1999 (warm Pacific Decadal Oscillation, PDO), and 2000–2012 (cold PDO) were analyzed. Linear correlation showed that at least 11 % of the total landings were associated with the MEI, with a slightly negative gradient from cold to warm conditions. When non-linear regression (n  =  6), the R2 was higher up to 0.304 (MEI, r =  0.551). The correlation shows high spread from −0.5 to +0.5 for both MEI/ONI; the highest landings occurred at 0.34–0.45; both indexes suggested that at extreme values < −1.0 and > 1.1 total landings tend to decrease. Landings were associated up to 21.9 % (MEI) in 2000–2012, 1983–1999 rendered lower R2 (< 0.09); i.e., during cold PDO periods there was a higher association between landings and oceanographic conditions. For the non-linear regression (n  =  6) a R2 of 0.374 (MEI) and 0.408 (ONI) were registered, for the 2000–2012, a higher R2 was observed in 1983–1999, 0.443 and 0.711 for MEI and ONI respectively, suggesting that is better to analyze split series (1983–1999, 2000–2012) than as a whole (1983–2012), due to noise produced by the transition from hot to cold PDOs. The highest landings were in the range −0.2 to 0.5 for MEI/ONI. The linear regression of skipjack landings in Ecuador gave an R2 of 0.140 (MEI) and 0.066 (ONI) and the non-linear were 0.440 and 0.183 respectively. Total landings in the EPO associated to oceanographic events of high and low frequencies could be used somehow as predictors of the high El Niño o La Niña. There is a clear evidence that tuna fish biomass are at higher levels when the PDO is on cold phase (2000–2030) and vice versa on warm phase (1980–1999). The analysis of the skipjack catch per unit effort (CPUE) on floating aggregating devices (FADs) suggests higher CPUE on FADs (around 20 mt set−1) when oceanographic indexes ONI/MEI are below −0.5. Findings of this work suggest that fishing and management of commercial fish must be analyzed under the light of oceanographic conditions.
Errors in radial velocity variance from Doppler wind lidar
Authors: Wang H. , Barthelmie R. J. , Doubrawa P. , Pryor S. C.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. A high-fidelity lidar turbulence measurement technique relies on accurate estimates of radial velocity variance that are subject to both systematic and random errors determined by the autocorrelation function of radial velocity, the sampling rate, and the sampling duration. Using both statistically simulated and observed data, this paper quantifies the effect of the volumetric averaging in lidar radial velocity measurements on the autocorrelation function and the dependence of the systematic and random errors on the sampling duration. For current-generation scanning lidars and sampling durations of about 30 min and longer, during which the stationarity assumption is valid for atmospheric flows, the systematic error is negligible but the random error exceeds about 10 %.
Dinocyst assemblage constraints on oceanographic and atmospheric processes
in the eastern equatorial Atlantic over the last 44 kyr
Authors: Hardy William , Penaud Aurélie , Marret Fabienne , Bayon Germain , Marsset Tania , Droz Laurence
Published: August 2016

Abstract. A new 44 kyr long record of dinoflagellate (phytoplanktonic organisms) cysts (dinocysts) is presented from a marine sediment core collected on the Congolese margin with the aim of reconstructing past hydrological changes in the equatorial eastern Atlantic Ocean since Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 3. Our high-resolution dinocyst record indicates that significant temperature and moisture variations occurred across the glacial period, the last deglaciation and the Holocene. The use of specific dinocyst taxa, indicative of fluvial, upwelling and Benguela Current past environments for instance, provides insights into the main forcing mechanisms controlling palaeohydrological changes on orbital timescales. In particular, we are able, for the last 44 kyr, to correlate fluvial-sensitive taxa to monsoonal mechanisms related to precession minima–obliquity maxima combinations. While upwelling mechanisms appear as the main drivers for dinoflagellate productivity during MIS 2, dissolved nutrient-enriched Congo River inputs to the ocean also played a significant role in promoting dinoflagellate productivity between approximately 15.5 and 5 ka BP. Finally, this high-resolution dinocyst study permits us to precisely investigate the suborbital timing of the last glacial–interglacial termination, including an atypical warm and wet oceanic LGM signature, northern high-latitude abrupt climate change impacts in the equatorial eastern Atlantic, as well as a two-step decrease in moisture conditions during the Holocene at around 7–6 and 4–3.5 ka BP.
Plant water resource partitioning and xylem-leaf deuterium enrichment in a seasonally dry tropical climate
Authors: De Wispelaere Lien , Bodé Samuel , Hervé-Fernández Pedro , Hemp Andreas , Verschuren Dirk , Boeckx Pascal
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Lake Challa (3°19' S, 37°42' E) is a steep-sided crater lake situated in equatorial East Africa, a tropical semi-arid area with bimodal rainfall pattern. Plants in this region are exposed to a prolonged dry season and we investigated if (1) these plants show spatial variability and temporal shifts in their water source use; (2) seasonal differences in the isotopic composition of precipitation are reflected in xylem water; and (3) plant family, growth form, leaf phenology, habitat and season influence the xylem-to-leaf water deuterium enrichment. In this study, the δ2H and δ18O of precipitation, lake water, groundwater, plant xylem water and plant leaf water were measured across different plant species, seasons and plant habitats in the vicinity of Lake Challa. We found that plants rely mostly on water from the "short" rains falling from October to December (northeastern monsoon), as these recharge the soil after the long dry season. This plant-available water pool is only slightly replenished by the "long" rains falling from February to May (southeastern monsoon), in agreement with the "two water world" hypothesis according to which plants rely on a static water pool while a mobile water pool recharges the groundwater. Trees at the lake shore and on the crater rim use more evaporated water than shrubs in the same habitats, suggesting that trees tap water from the topsoil where the nutrient content is highest. Plants at the lake shore rely on a water source admixed with lake water. The enrichment in deuterium from xylem water to leaf water averages 24 ± 28 ‰. According to our results, plant species and their associated leaf phenology are the primary factors influencing this enrichment factor, while growth form and season have negligible effects.
Why CO2 cools the middle atmosphere – a consolidating model perspective
Authors: Goessling Helge F. , Bathiany Sebastian
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Complex models of the atmosphere show that increased carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, while warming the surface and troposphere, lead to lower temperatures in the stratosphere and mesosphere. This cooling, which is often referred to as “stratospheric cooling”, is evident also in observations and considered to be one of the fingerprints of anthropogenic global warming. Although the responsible mechanisms have been identified, they have mostly been discussed heuristically, incompletely, or in combination with other effects such as ozone depletion, leaving the subject prone to misconceptions. Here we use a one-dimensional window-grey radiation model of the atmosphere to illustrate the physical essence of the mechanisms by which CO2 cools the stratosphere and mesosphere: (i) the blocking effect, associated with a cooling due to the fact that CO2 absorbs radiation at wavelengths where the atmosphere is already relatively opaque, and (ii) the indirect solar effect, associated with a cooling in places where an additional (solar) heating term is present (which on Earth is particularly the case in the upper parts of the ozone layer). By contrast, in the grey model without solar heating within the atmosphere, the cooling aloft is only a transient blocking phenomenon that is completely compensated as the surface attains its warmer equilibrium. Moreover, we quantify the relative contribution of these effects by simulating the response to an abrupt increase in CO2 (and chlorofluorocarbon) concentrations with an atmospheric general circulation model. We find that the two permanent effects contribute roughly equally to the CO2-induced cooling, with the indirect solar effect dominating around the stratopause and the blocking effect dominating otherwise.
A thermodynamic formulation of root water uptake
Authors: Hildebrandt Anke , Kleidon Axel , Bechmann Marcel
Published: August 2016

Abstract. By extracting bound water from the soil and lifting it to the canopy, root systems of vegetation perform work. Here we describe how root water uptake can be evaluated thermodynamically and demonstrate that this evaluation provides additional insights into the factors that impede root water uptake. We derive an expression that relates the energy export at the base of the root system to a sum of terms that reflect all fluxes and storage changes along the flow path in thermodynamic terms. We illustrate this thermodynamic formulation using an idealized setup of scenarios with a simple model. In these scenarios, we demonstrate why heterogeneity in soil water distribution and rooting properties affect the impediment of water flow even though the mean soil water content and rooting properties are the same across the scenarios. The effects of heterogeneity can clearly be identified in the thermodynamics of the system in terms of differences in dissipative losses and hydraulic energy, resulting in an earlier start of water limitation in the drying cycle. We conclude that this thermodynamic evaluation of root water uptake conveniently provides insights into the impediments of different processes along the entire flow path, which goes beyond resistances and also accounts for the role of heterogeneity in soil water distribution.
The evolution of root zone moisture capacities after land use change: a step towards predictions under change?
Authors: Nijzink Remko , Hutton Christopher , Pechlivanidis Ilias , Capell René , Arheimer Berit , Freer Jim , Han Dawei , Wagener Wagener , McGuire Kevin , Savenije Hubert , Hrachowitz Markus
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The core component of many hydrological systems, the moisture storage capacity available to vegetation, is impossible to observe directly at the catchment scale and is typically treated as a calibration parameter or obtained from a priori available soil characteristics combined with estimates of rooting depth. Often this parameter is considered to remain constant in time. This is not only conceptually problematic, it is also a potential source of error under the influence of land use and climate change. In this paper we test the potential of a recently introduced method to robustly estimate catchment-scale root zone storage capacities exclusively based on climate data (i.e. rainfall distribution and evaporation) to reproduce the temporal evolution of root zone storage under change. Using long-term data from three experimental catchments that underwent significant land use change, we tested the hypotheses that: (1) root zone moisture storage capacities are essentially controlled by land cover and climate, (2) root zone moisture storage capacities are dynamically adapting to changing environmental conditions, and (3) simple conceptual yet dynamic parametrization, mimicking changes in root zone storage capacities, can improve a model's skill to reproduce observed hydrological response dynamics. It was found that water-balance derived root zone storage capacities were similar to the values obtained from calibration of four different conceptual hydrological models. A sharp decline in root zone storage capacity was observed after deforestation, followed by a gradual recovery. Trend analysis suggested recovery periods between 5 and 13 years after deforestation. In a proof-of-concept analysis, one of the hydrological models was adapted to allow dynamically changing root zone storage capacities, following the observed changes due to deforestation. Although the overall performance of the modified model did not considerably change, it provided significantly better representations of high flows and peak flows, underlining the potential of the approach. In 54 % of all the evaluated hydrological signatures, considering all three catchments, improvements were observed when adding a time-variant representation of the root zone storage to the model. In summary, it is shown that root zone moisture storage capacities can be highly affected by deforestation and climatic influences and that a simple method exclusively based on climate-data can provide robust, catchment-scale estimates of this crucial and dynamic parameter.
Fast evaluation of tsunami scenarios: uncertainty assessment for a Mediterranean Sea database
Authors: Molinari Irene , Tonini Roberto , Piatanesi Alessio , Lorito Stefano , Romano Fabrizio , Melini Daniele , González Vida Jose M. , Macías Jorge , Castro Manuel J. , de la Asunción Marc
Published: August 2016

Abstract. We present a database of pre-calculated tsunami waveforms for the entire Mediterranean Sea, obtained by numerical propagation of uniformly spaced Gaussian-shaped elementary sources for the sea level elevation. Based on any initial sea surface displacement, the database allows the fast calculation of full waveforms at coastal sites by linear superposition. A computationally inexpensive procedure is set to estimate the coefficients for the linear superposition. The elementary sources size and spacing is fine enough to satisfactorily reproduce the effects of M >= 6.0 earthquakes. Tsunami propagation is modelled by using the Tsunami-HySEA code, a GPU finite volumes solver for the shallow water equations. Like other existing methods based on the initial sea level elevation, this database is independent on the faulting geometry and mechanism, which makes it applicable in any tectonic environment. However, this is the first time to our knowledge that the uncertainty associated to such a procedure is systematically analysed, and that relatively small earthquakes, which may be relevant in the near field of the source in a complex tectonic setting, are considered. We model a large set of synthetic tsunami test scenarios, selected to explore the uncertainty introduced when approximating tsunami waveforms and their maxima by fast and simplified linear combination. The resulting product is suitable for different applications such as probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis, tsunami source inversions and tsunami warning systems.
Cidade, trabalhadores e alfabetização: um estudo sobre alunos da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) de Marechal Cândido Rondon – PR
Authors: Fernando Langaro Jiani
Published: August 2016

O artigo propõe reflexão sobre as relações estabelecidas por trabalhadores do município de Marechal Cândido Rondon-PR com a alfabetização. Trata-se de alunos dos cursos de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) da cidade, com quem se dialogou através da metodologia de pesquisa com narrativas orais, entre os anos de 2002 e 2003. Em sua maioria são trabalhadores (alguns assalariados, outros informais), que haviam migrado para o local nas décadas de 1990 e 2000. Procurou-se compreender como eles experienciavam o trabalho e a vida urbana diante de seu precário domínio da linguagem escrita e suas estratégias para superar dificuldades do dia a dia.
Arte e artista em transição: história da arte, contemporaneidade artística e descolonialidade
Authors: Costa Gil Vieira
Published: August 2016

Neste artigo são abordadas as noções de história da arte contemporânea, de contemporaneidade e de contemporaneidade artística. Estuda-se especialmente a arte contemporânea enquanto objeto de pesquisa em construção, cuja análise histórica pressupõe outros modelos epistemológicos, especialmente aqueles que tomam em consideração a chamada descolonialidade. Apresenta-se a arte contemporânea como fenômeno vivenciado simultaneamente e de maneira transnacional. Assim, trabalha-se com a possibilidade de estudar a história da arte contemporânea a partir de determinados contextos, e tomando como objeto de pesquisa não somente obras artísticas, mas também comportamentos gerados nos circuitos artísticos. Por fim, a exposição Retrospectiva folclórica (José Pires Rego, Belém, 1976) é investigada, como estudo de caso, por meio da aplicação dos pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos delineados.
Discursive Strategies and the Maintenance of Legitimacy
Authors: Hasbani Marc , Breton Gaétan
Published: August 2016

Any organization, to fulfill its mandate from the society, needs to have the legitimacy to use collective resources. Conferred almost automatically at the birth of the organization, it has to be maintained and even repaired when necessary. Legitimacy appears then as a conversation between the organization and the general public. Noticeably, this continuous conversation is sustained through the media and also through documents issued by the firm, particularly the annual report. The firms use discursive strategies to entertain their legitimacy.

Using semiotic analysis in the frame of a multiple cases study (6 firms over 5 years), this paper isolates the different stories in the annual reports, including the images that are integrated parts of these narrations. We apply the semiotic instrument to these stories to deconstruct the content and expose the actor filling actantial roles. We found a substantial amount of stories (187 in 30 reports) containing the categories developed by Greimas & Bremond from the work of Propp, implying an intensive use of the report in the conversation maintaining legitimacy.
Gender Alterations in English and French Modernist “Bluebeard” Fairytale
Authors: Valeriia Dmytriieva
Published: August 2016

The article is aimed at scrutinizing a variety of modernistic writings in a Bluebeard fairytale tradition. It is intended to show what is to be gained by studying texts in relation to the contexts in which they were produced. The period considered here is that of the late XIX and early XX centuries. This takes us into discussing patriarchal authority in the political thought of the early modern time in France and that of the Victorian England.The “Bluebeard” fairytale changes in the domain of gender as a response to certain historical and psychological changes are analyzed. A wide range of writings is investigated to reveal the contribution made by the French and English authors in the field of literature. The analysis implies that certain feministic ideas which grew out of social changes in the society of France and England have provoked some archetypal alterations in the texts of French and English modernists.
Construct-focused Configural Invariance for Measures Showing a Multi-dimensional Structure and Application to Exchange Test Data
Authors: Schweizer Karl , Ren Xuezhu , Schreiner Michael
Published: August 2016

The concept of construct-focused configural invariance is proposed for investigating the measurement invariance of measures that need to be represented by means of a multi-dimensional model with constrained discriminability. The major characteristic of this concept is the concentration of the investigation of invariance on the component representing the process or processes associated with the construct of interest. This concept enables the exclusion of other components accounting for irrelevant but systematic variance from an investigation. Three large sets of Exchange Test data that differed according to the applied version of the Exchange Test and the population from which the samples originated were investigated according to this concept. Two samples were university students and the third one internet users. It was possible to establish construct-focused configural invariance and corresponding metric invariance for Exchange Test.
Using Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by-products to Cultivate Lactobacillus reuteri spp.
Authors: Ayad Amira A , El-Rab Deiaa Gad , Shahbazi Abolghasem , Worku Mulumebet , Schimmel Keith , Ejimakor Godfrey , Zimmerman Tahl , Ibrahim Salam A.
Published: August 2016

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are used by industry to produce fermented food products. The standard media used to cultivate LABs is DeMan Rogosa Sharp (MRS). However, it is expensive. Alternative low-cost media must be developed for industrial use. A good source for growth media components are by-products generated during the production of agricultural goods, such as dates. Our objective was to investigate the use of date by-products for cultivating Lactobacillus reuteri. Date palm extract (DPE) was prepared by pressing fresh date fruits for one week and diluting 1:2 with diH2O, centrifuging at 4696 x g and 4°C 25 min, and autoclaving the supernatant at 110°C for 15 min. An MRS-based buffer solution was added to DPE make a date palm medium (DPM). DPM was then enriched with various amounts phytone peptone (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 %, w/v). The enriched DPMs were used to cultivate three strains of Lactobacillus reuteri: DSM 20016, CF2-7F, and SD 2112. Our results showed that in the DPM minus phytone peptone, bacterial counts reached 3.18 ± 0.5 log CFU/mL. Addition of lower amounts of phytone peptone did not improve bacterial growth. However, DPM medium supplemented with 0.8% phytone peptone improved the bacterial counts, which reached 6.94 ± 0.1 log CFU/mL, similar to what was observed with MRS (7.90± 0.24 log CFU/mL). There was no significant difference in the growth of LAB in MRS and phytone peptone enriched media DPM (p > 0.05). Date by-products are potentially alternative low cost components of LAB growth media.
Cyclic Voltammetry of Trazodone as [piperazin-1-yl] Antidepressant Drug and Bovine Serum Albumin Binding
Authors: Iffat Azeem  , Shaikh Mohiuddin  , Arooj Fatima
Published: August 2016

The electrochemical behavior of trazodone (TRZ), 2-{3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl] propyl}-2H,3H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-3-one has been investigated bycyclic voltammerty measurements at glassy carbon working electrode. The voltammetric method includes selection of supporting electrolyte, pH, scan rate and temperature optimization; and measurements of some other basic voltammetric parameters. The TRZ oxidation peaks are decreased as a result of TRZ-BSA binding. TRZ-BSA binding mechanism is also established.
Effect of Annealing on Morphological and Functional Properties of Pakistani White Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Starch
Authors: Tahira Mohsin Ali  , Abid Hasnain
Published: August 2016

The present study reports the effect of annealing on the morphological and functional properties of starch isolated from white sorghum grains. Scanning electron micrographs of native white sorghum starch (NWSS) revealed the presence of spherical and polygonal shaped granules with random distribution of surface pores. The diameter of surface pores ranged between 213-275 nm in NWSS. The size of small and large granules in NWSS ranged between 5-7 µm and 11-21 µm, respectively. There was no significant difference in the size and shape of NWSS and annealed white sorghum starch (AWSS) granules. However, the diameter of surface pores doubled after annealing. The AWSS showed reduced swelling power, solubility and water binding capacity. Pasting temperature increased from 73.4°C in NWSS to 75.8°C in AWSS. The pasting profile of annealed starches showed reduction in peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity, cold paste viscosity and set back viscosity. Paste clarity improved on annealing while, the extent of reduction in percent transmittance after 72 hours of storage was higher for NWSS suggesting use of annealed starch in high clarity products.
Semiotic Shortcuts. The Graphical Abstract Strategies of Engineering Students
Authors: Guinda Carmen Sancho
Published: August 2016

Graphical abstracts are representative of the rising promotionalism, interdisciplinarity and changing researcher roles in the current dissemination of science and technology. Their design, moreover, amalgamates a number of transdisciplinary skills much valued in higher education, such as critical and lateral thinking, and cultural and audience awareness. In this study, I investigate a corpus of 56 samples of graphical abstracts devised by my aeronautical engineering students, to find out the ‘semiotic shortcuts’ or encoding strategies they deploy, without any previous instruction, to pack information and translate the verbal into the visual. Findings suggest that their ‘natural digital-native graphicacy’ is conservative as to the medium, format and type of representation, but versatile regarding particular meanings, although not always unambiguous or register-appropriate. Consequently, I claim the convenience of including graphicacy/visual literacy and some basic training on graphical abstract design in the English for Specific Purposes and the disciplinary English-medium curriculum.
A Social Semiotic Theory of Synesthesia? - A Discussion Paper
Authors: Van Leeuwen Theo
Published: August 2016

After a brief survey of ideas about synesthesia in philosophy, science and the arts, this paper explores the common qualities of the parameters of colour, graphic shape (including typography), timbre and texture, hypothesizes a number of points of correspondence and argues for their semiotic importance in the contemporary multimodal communication of identity.
Krugman vs Garicano: Individual and Cultural Differences in the Rhetoric of two Economic Op-ed Writers
Authors: Llopis María Ángeles Orts
Published: August 2016

The present paper attempts to account for the rhetorical traits of two prestigious economists, who are also authors of economic op-eds: Paul Krugman and Luis Garicano, who write for a prestigious American newspaper, the New York Times, and for the renowned Spanish newspaper, El País, respectively. Through a contrastive study of a roughly 12-thousand-word corpus of either author, this analysis has attempted, on the one hand, to endeavor a qualitative analysis scrutinizing the formal, or lexical-semantic aspects, of their prose in terms of technical words, clichés and coinages, as well as the patterns of conceptualization of the metaphors they use to describe the economic crisis that is sweeping the Western world at large. The second part of the analysis has concentrated upon the interpersonality of the texts, at the pragmatic layer of the op-ed genre, thus covering the extra-linguistic context of the texts which have been scrutinized under the umbrella of metadiscourse. These two different, but complementary, levels of analysis have led to the conclusion that the authors’ styles depict two individual ways in which op-eds are written in the economic world, but that their styles also refl ect cultural and linguistic differences in the way columns are viewed in the English and Spanish languages.
Translation Revision: Correlating Revision Procedure and Error Detection
Authors: Ipsen A. Helene , Dam Helle Vrønning
Published: August 2016

This article reports on an empirical study on translation revision. With the aim of investigating the possible link between revision procedure and quality, the research correlates an indicator of quality, error detection, with revision procedure. Error detection and revision procedure were studied drawing on a convergent parallel mixed-methods research design involving three different sources of data. Nine subjects performed a revision task and thus produced text data; their activities on the computer screen were captured and saved as video fi les; and retrospective interviews were conducted with the revisers upon completion of the task. Results show that the highest error detection scores were linked with a variety of revision procedures, but with one common denominator: the target text was consistently the point of departure. Revisers with high error detection scores thus engaged in various different revision procedures, but their focus of attention in the initial operations was the translation rather than the source text in all cases. Conversely, the revisers whose initial attention was directed towards the source text received the lowest error detection scores in the revision task.
The Use of Anglicisms in Spanish Television Commercials of Cosmetics, Hygiene and Personal Care Products
Authors: Rodríguez-Medina María Jésus
Published: August 2016

This paper analyses the use of English in Spanish television commercials, since no scientifi c studies have been carried out so far in this fi eld. Although there are a few similar studies of print media, our review of the literature has shown some gaps in the research on Anglicisms used in advertising. English seems to be widely present in television commercials in Spain for different reasons. Marketing and cost-saving strategies of multinational companies together with the prestige of the English language and Anglo-American culture in Spain are some of the primary causes. In our study, we have focused on a corpus of pure Anglicisms (English words which have not been adapted to Spanish) and pseudo-Anglicisms (terms that do not exist in English, though they are similar to English words), found in commercials related to cosmetics, hygiene and personal care products, as part of the research project “Globalisation and Impact of the Anglo-American Culture on Spain”. Five hundred and thirty one commercials of the three main private national television channels in Spain (Tele5, Antena3, LaSexta) and children’s Disney Channel (Spain) were compiled in 2013. The results confi rm a considerable presence of pure Anglicisms, English-Spanish code switching, pseudo-Anglicisms and Anglo-American imagery and music in the advertising of products related to cosmetics, hygiene and personal care on Spanish television. Consequently, the link of these products to the prestige of the English-speaking world is reinforced.
Implicitation in Legal Translation - A Study of Spanish-Danish Translation of Judgments
Authors: Vesterager Anja Krogsgaard
Published: August 2016

Whilst the concept of explicitation has spawned many research projects in the field of Translation Studies, implicitation remains an understudied area. This article addresses that research gap, reporting on the findings of an empirical study on Danish translators’ use of implicitations in their Spanish to Danish translations of an excerpt from a judgment. The aim of the study was to examine, on the one hand, whether the translators used implicitations in their translations, and, on the other hand, whether differences could be observed between experts and non-experts. The data reported here consisted of a Spanish source text and 10 translations into Danish by five experts and five non-experts. The translations were analysed using qualitative methods (consisting of contrastive text analysis) followed by a quantitative synthesis. Overall, the findings revealed that implicitations were very rare and, consequently, no conclusive results could be drawn in relation to translation expertise.
Analysis of quality indexes of the provided health services in public and private services of Angola
Authors: Vicente Maria Teresa Conceição , Raimundo Rodrigo Daminello , Azalis Ligia Ajaime , Junqueira Virginia Berlanga Campos , Fonseca Fernando Luiz Affonso
Published: August 2016

Introduction: Quality indices are being increasingly used by leaders, managers and health professionals as operational tools to improve processes and reduce costs. Noting that there is a greater tendency of private hospitals operating in the regulatory model for market mechanisms, it is expected that the quality indicators that serve as a reference for monitoring the health management are more critical in public hospitals. Objective: Evaluate the quality of health services provided in public and private service in Angola. Methods: We analyzed 142 patients of a public and a private institutions in Angola in a structured interview on health indicators. The indices were collected according to the process structure components and results. Results: There are 51,453 calls in the public institution, remaining hospitalized a day, an average of 184 patients,  with an annual rate of bed occupancy of 90.84%. 50% of respondents praised the services and 22% complained about the quality of services. He was appointed as the main grounds for complaint the slow service (17%). The private institution received 2,222 patients, with an average of 570 patients. The mean hospital stay was 4.5 days. The average monthly rate of bed occupancy was 59.9%. In assessing the degree of satisfaction of care, regular or bad satisfaction obtained a rate of 60% in the private institution. Conclusion: There was no favorable results for quality in health management both in public service and in private.
Education and Communication in an Interprofessional Antimicrobial Stewardship Program
Authors: Foral Pamela A. , Anthone Jennifer M. , Destache Christopher J. , Vivekanandan Renuga , Preheim Laurel C. , Gorby Gary L. , Horne John M. , Dobronski Leo A. , Syed Javeria J. , Mindru Cezarina , Ali Mir A. , Ali Karim F. , Neemann Kari A. , Bittner Marvin J.
Published: August 2016

Context: Interprofessional education/interprofessional practice (IPE/IPP) is an essential component in medical education and training. A collaborative interprofessional team environment ensures optimal patient-centered care.

Objective: To describe the implementation of 2 interprofessional antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) teams using IPE/IPP and to assess the acceptance rate by the primary medical and surgical teams of ASP recommendations for antimicrobial interventions.

Methods: A business plan for the ASP was approved at 2 academic medical centers used for the present study. During a 3-year study period, 2 interprofessional ASP teams included an attending physician specializing in infectious disease (ID), an ID physician fellow, an ASP pharmacist, physician residents, medical students, pharmacy residents, and pharmacy students. Educational seminars were presented for all adult-admitting physicians to discuss the need for the ASP and the prospective audit and feedback process. Cases were presented for discussion during ASP/ID rounds and recommendations were agreed upon by the ASP team. A motivational interviewing face-to-face technique was frequently used to convey the ASP team recommendation to the primary medical or surgical team in a noncoercive and educational manner. The ASP team recommendations for ASP interventions were documented in the medical records.

Results: The overall acceptance rate of recommendations by the primary medical and surgical teams were greater than 90% (2051 of 2266). The most frequent interventions provided were streamline therapy (601), route of administration change (452), bug-drug mismatch (190), and discontinuation of therapy (179). Route of administration change was also the most frequently accepted intervention (96%).

Conclusions: The motivational face-to-face communication technique was particularly useful in conveying ASP team member recommendations to the primary medical or surgical teams. Communicating recommendations as a multidisciplinary team in an educational manner seems to have resulted in to greater acceptance of recommendations.
Multicenter Osteopathic Pneumonia Study in the Elderly: Subgroup Analysis on Hospital Length of Stay, Ventilator-Dependent Respiratory Failure Rate, and In-hospital Mortality Rate
Authors: Noll Donald R. , Degenhardt Brian F. , Johnson Jane C.
Published: August 2016

Context: Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) is a promising adjunctive treatment for older adults hospitalized for pneumonia.

Objective: To report subgroup analyses from the Multicenter Osteopathic Pneumonia Study in the Elderly (MOPSE) relating to hospital length of stay (LOS), ventilator-dependent respiratory failure rate, and in-hospital mortality rate.

Design: Multicenter randomized controlled trial.

Setting: Seven community hospitals.

Participants: Three hundred eighty-seven patients aged 50 years or older who met specific criteria for pneumonia on hospital admission.

Interventions: Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups that received an adjunctive OMT protocol (n=130), a light touch (LT) protocol (n=124), or conventional care only (CCO) (n=133).

Main Outcome Measures: Outcomes for subgroup analyses were LOS, ventilator-dependent respiratory failure rate, and in-hospital mortality rate. Subgroups were age (50-74 years or ≥75 years), Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) class (I-II, III, IV, or V), and type of pneumonia (community-acquired or nursing–home acquired). Data were analyzed by intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses using stratified Cox proportional hazards models and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests for general association.

Results: By per-protocol analysis of the younger age subgroup, LOS was shorter for the OMT group (median, 2.9 days; n=43) than the LT (median, 3.7 days; n=45) and CCO (median, 4.0 days; n=65) groups (P=.006). By intention-to-treat analysis of the older age subgroup, in-hospital mortality rates were lower for the OMT (1 of 66 [2%]) and LT (2 of 68 [3%]) groups than the CCO group (9 of 67 [13%]) (P=.005). By per-protocol analysis of the PSI class IV subgroup, the OMT group had a shorter LOS than the CCO group (median, 3.8 days [n=40] vs 5.0 days [n=50]; P=.01) and a lower ventilator-dependent respiratory failure rate than the CCO group (0 of 40 [0%] vs 5 of 50 [10%]; P=.05). By intention-to-treat analysis, in-hospital mortality rates in the PSI class V subgroup were lower (P=.05) for the OMT group (1 of 22 [5%]) than the CCO group (6 of 19 [32%]) but not the LT group (2 of 15 [13%]).

Conclusion: Subgroup analyses suggested adjunctive OMT for pneumonia reduced LOS in adults aged 50 to 74 years and lowered in-hospital mortality rates in adults aged 75 years or older. Adjunctive OMT may also reduce LOS and in-hospital mortality rates in older adults with more severe pneumonia. Interestingly, LT also reduced in-hospital mortality rates in adults aged 75 years or older relative to CCO. (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00258661)
Teaching and Assessment of High-Velocity, Low-Amplitude Techniques for the Spine in Predoctoral Medical Education
Authors: Channell Millicent King
Published: August 2016

Although national didactic criteria have been set for predoctoral education and assessment in osteopathic manipulative treatment, there is no criterion standard for teaching methods and assessments of osteopathic manipulative treatment competence in colleges of osteopathic medicine. This issue is more pressing with the creation of the single graduate medical education accreditation system by the American Osteopathic Association and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, which introduced the creation of “osteopathic recognition” for residencies that want to incorporate osteopathic principles and practice into their programs. Residencies with osteopathic recognition may include both osteopathic and allopathic graduates. Increased standardization at the predoctoral level, however, is recommended as osteopathic principles and practice training applications are expanded. The objectives of this article are to review the standards for teaching osteopathic medical students high-velocity, low-amplitude (HVLA) techniques for the spine; to review and discuss the methods used to assess medical students’ proficiency in using HVLA; and to propose baseline standards for teaching and assessing HVLA techniques among medical students.
Nonprofit Board Membership for Health Care Professionals: Honor or Responsibility?
Authors: Johnson Joyce M. , Calderwood James A.
Published: August 2016

Physicians and other health care professionals are often invited to serve on nonprofit boards. Although service on a nonprofit board is an honor, it carries a large responsibility. Many health care professionals are unaware of the level of commitment and involvement board service requires, particularly fiduciary boards, which have accompanying risks and legal functions. In the present article, the authors describe the activities and responsibilities of a fiduciary board member. They also provide a checklist of questions to ask before agreeing to serve on a board and discuss how to decide whether one is the right fit for a specific board position.
Sistema de indicadores de sustentabilidade do desenvolvimento do turismo: um estudo de caso do município de Areia – PB
Authors: Silva Nicole Cavalcanti , Cândido Gesinaldo Ataíde
Published: August 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar e analisar o nível de sustentabilidade da atividade turística no município de Areia - PB, através de aplicação da metodologia do Sistema de Indicadores de Sustentabilidade do Desenvolvimento do Turismo (SISDTur), proposto por Hanai (2009). A pesquisa caracteriza-se como descritiva e exploratória, de natureza quantitativa, complementada por análise de dados secundários e observação não participante. Foram estabelecidos três estágios de critérios de análises dos dados: análise dos indicadores, onde os dados coletados foram tratados por meio de técnicas estatísticas: média, desvio-padrão e coeficiente de variação; análise das dimensões e análise global da sustentabilidade. Os resultados obtidos apontam que o município pesquisado apresenta-se parcialmente insustentável, comprovada pela faixa do padrão de sustentabilidade e insustentabilidade, pois das seis dimensões da sustentabilidade duas apresentaram-se em sustentabilidade intermediária, duas parcialmente insustentáveis e duas insustentáveis. Tal situação demanda novas e melhores formas de atuação dos gestores públicos na implementação de investimentos, planos e projetos que possam viabilizar a sua melhoria e contribuir com o desenvolvimento sustentável do turismo no município.
The outflow of ionospheric nitrogen ions: A possible tracer for the altitude‐dependent transport and energization processes of ionospheric plasma
Authors: Ilie Raluca , Liemohn Michael W.
Published: August 2016

Though limited, the existing observational data set indicates that N+ is a significant ion in the ionosphere, and its concentration varies with season, time of day, solar cycle, latitude, and geomagnetic conditions. Knowledge of the differential transport of heavy versus light ionospheric species can provide the connection between the macroscale dynamics and microscale processes that govern the near‐Earth space. The mass distribution of accelerated ionospheric ions reflects the source region of the low‐altitude ion composition, and the minor ion component can serve as a tracer of ionospheric processes since they can have a significant influence on the local plasma dynamics.
An improved method for interpretation of riverine concentration‐discharge relationships indicates long‐term shifts in reservoir sediment trapping
Authors: Zhang Qian , Harman Ciaran J. , Ball William P.
Published: August 2016

Derived from river monitoring data, concentration‐discharge (C‐Q) relationships are powerful indicators of export dynamics. Proper interpretation of such relationships can be made complex, however, if the ln(C)‐ln(Q) relationships are nonlinear or if the relationships change over time, season, or discharge. Methods of addressing these issues by “binning” data can introduce artifacts that obscure underlying interactions among time, discharge, and season. Here we illustrate these issues and propose an alternative method that uses the regression coefficients of the recently developed “Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season” model for examining C‐Q relationships in long‐term, discretely sampled data for various water‐quality constituents, including their uncertainties. The method is applied to sediment concentration data from Susquehanna River at Conowingo Dam, Maryland, to illustrate how the coefficients can be accessed and presented in ways that provide additional insights toward the interpretation of river water‐quality data, which reaffirms the recently documented decadal‐scale decline in reservoir trapping performance.
Using a large ensemble of simulations to assess the Northern Hemisphere stratospheric dynamical response to tropical volcanic eruptions and its uncertainty
Authors: Bittner Matthias , Schmidt Hauke , Timmreck Claudia , Sienz Frank
Published: August 2016

The observed strengthening of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) polar vortex after tropical volcanic eruptions appears to be underestimated by coupled climate models. However, there are only a limited number of observed eruptions, which makes the attribution of volcanic signals difficult, because the polar vortex is also influenced by other external forcing factors as well as internal variability. We show with a 100‐member ensemble of historical (1850–2005) simulations with the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model that an ensemble larger than what is provided by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models is needed to detect a statistically significant NH polar vortex strengthening. The most robust signal can be found when only the two strongest eruptions (Krakatau and Pinatubo) are considered in contrast to including smaller eruptions to increase the sample size. For these two strongest eruptions, the mean of 15 CMIP5 models shows a statistically significant strengthening of the NH polar vortex as well.