bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revolution in the Colonies
Authors: Cowie Donald
Published: March 2013

That industrial revolulion is meant should not detract from the sting of the title; for we are beginning to learn that everywhere rapid industrialization can affect communities more profoundly than the most sanguinary political upheavals. Nearly two centuries ago the industrial revolution came to England; the last war brought it at length to the Dominions; today it is the turn of the most primitive lands, in Africa, Asia, the western and eastern archipelagoes—and some interesting problems have been set thereby, especially for the administrators of the last real British Empire.
New Testament Scholarship in My Time
Authors: Falconer Sir Robert
Published: March 2013

In 1881, as a lad of fourteen, I reached New York from Trinidad. Among other interesting events of which I have a memory was the excitement due to the arrival from London, a few days before, of the first consignment of copies of the Revised New Testament. It was said to have made a sensation in New York comparable to that made by the issue of the book in London. In the history of the English Bible, its publication was indeed a significant milestone. It was at once attacked on the ground that it was far more than a revision of the Authorized Version, more even than a fresh translation; for it was based upon a new Greek text. It would impair in the minds of religious people—so it was said—the sacred words endeared by long use. Amid the controversy, however, there was this satisfaction, as I well remember hearing my father assure some friends, that no changes in the translation, which was the result of the labours during many years of the greatest British and American New Testament scholars, had vitally affected any doctrine. This very satisfaction was due to a method of scriptural interpretation which has since been utterly changed. Then, the Bible was treated by theologians as a treasury of doctrines. Each verse was held to be verbally inspired, and could be used, often under distortion of its true import, to prove some doctrine the assent to which was deemed vital for soundness in the faith. But after the Revised Version appeared, the previously wide-spread doctrine of plenary inspiration gradually dropped out of sight. If verbal accuracy was essential to guarantee the truth of doctrine, why had the Holy Spirit allowed corruptions in the texts? The revised book made its way very slowly, though surely; for sacred truth, invested with such noble expression as that of the Authorized Version, had through public reading and private meditation so appealed to the heart and mind that any change jarred the sensitively responsive spirit.
Nicolas Berdyaev
Authors: Munzer Egbert
Published: March 2013

Berdyaev tells us in the first lines of his biography of Leontyev that “Constantine Leontyev was an exceptional and unique person, and to love and appreciate him would require a special predilection.” The same can be said of Berdyaev himself. His greatest creative strength, like Leontyev's, is prophecy. Prophets are unique and lonely personalities; they shun the Schools and are stoned by the herd. Even amongst themselves the modern prophets, like their predecessors of the Old Testament, do not form a homogeneous group. The bond between them is esoteric. To assign a place to Berdyaev amongst those men whom he regards as his modern ancestors, such as Joseph de Maistre, Kierkegaard, Carlyle, Dostoyevsky, Leontyev, Nietzsche, Solovyov, Bloy, and Feodorov, means actually to state that he is of no school and is not likely to found an Academy. He himself confesses that he owes most to Dostoyevsky, to whom he devoted penetrating studies. In a certain sense, it is true, his whole work is a profound interpretation of the “Grand Inquisitor”, the shining ray of genius in The Brothers Karamasov. Yet he absorbed so many currents of thought, and developed so many new ideas that this interpretation differs in essential respects from the visions of his master.
Drieu La Rochelle: Study of a Collaborator
Authors: Corrigan Beatrice
Published: March 2013

One of the strangest phenomena in the pattern of the Nazi conquest was the ease with which, in most of the occupied countries, men could be found willing, even eager, to collaborate with the new order. In France not only were the army and all the political parties riddled with sympathizers prepared to support the cause of the invaders, but even among authors and artists there were many ready to forswear the principles of which France had been proud for generations, and to lend their pens to the puppet press, subject to German direction and German censorship. Their defection cannot be dismissed as simple venality; some of them, doubtless, were blackmailed into submissiveness; some, perhaps, were embittered because they had not won the success which they considered their due; but for many writers amity for Germany was not the result of a hasty, expedient conversion, but rather the logical development of earlier secret doubts and half-admitted sympathies.
The Unbinding of Prometheus
Authors: Thomson James
Published: March 2013

Prometheus Bound is the tragedy of civilization. In Greek mythology, Prometheus brought the gift of fire to earth and so gave to man the arts of civilized life: but, as a penalty for his presumption and to expiate his folly, the fire-bringer was impaled by Zeus. The compassionate llberator of men brought captivity to himself. The Titan Prometheus, as his name suggests, endowed mankind with the capacity to rise above the constraints of immediacy by the power of thought, and thus men began to acquire skilled mastery over their environment. But man is creature as well as creator. There are limits to his freedom which are not of his own imposition. Within human life there is an unremitting tension, from which, with advance in technical ability, we are never set free. The Promethean gifts carry their own problems with them, from which, as yet, no way of escape has been found.
Maria Chapdelaine Chez Elle
Authors: McAndrew Allan
Published: March 2013

Maria Chapdelaine is a novel with, a history which has been frequently told. In the province of Quebec, Louis Hémon's tale has been discussed in such a way as to give it a special history, that of its reception in French Canada. That reception was marked by three stages: the years from 1916 to 1921 before the book was given a French edition; the period immediately following upon the French editions and the wide diffusion of the novel throughout the world; and more recent times—a period of belated recognition.
Clio in Canada: The Interpretation of Canadian History
Authors: Morton W. L.
Published: March 2013

In Canada much effort has now been given to historical research. Much less attention, to all appearances, has been devoted to problems of historical criticism, particularly to those which arise when the field of reference is narrowed down to that of national history. Yet certain well-defined interpretations of Canadian history have been developed, and have shaped historical thought in Canada and popular understanding of Canadian history. This paper intends no more than to raise the questions: upon what critical premises have these interpretations been raised, and what has been their effect in terms of historical thinking and popular knowledge?
Poetry
Authors: Brown E. K.
Published: March 2013

Reviews of poetry published in Canada in 1945.
Fiction
Authors: MacGillivray J. R.
Published: March 2013

Reviews of fiction published in Canada in 1945.
Flaubert and his Victorian Critics
Authors: Pacey Desmond
Published: March 2013

No French novelist of the nineteenth century, with the possible exception of Balzac, exercised a more important and pervasive influence upon the development of the English novel than did Gustave Flaubert. George, Moore, George Gissing, Henry James, R. L. Stevenson, Joseph Conrad, Arnold Bennett, Somerset Maugham—all these, together with many minor figures, were inspired by Flaubert's ideals of patient observation, stylistic precision and rhythm, and impassive objectivity. For all this, Flaubert had to wait long for any sort of recognition from the English public and critics; and when such recognition came it was strongly mingled with resentment and abuse. It was not until the middle of the last decade of the century that admiration for his achievements attained any degree of unanimity. In this article, I propose to review the course of his English reception up to the close of the Victorian period.
Pascal and the Great Experiment
Authors: Andison J. G.
Published: March 2013

In France, the year 1948 has already marked the hundredth anniversary of the Revolution of February, and in November the University of Bordeaux will be celebrating the two-hundredth anniversary of Montesquieu's Esprit des lois. This year is also the anniversary of another event, intrinsically much less important than the other two, but related to a discussion which was decisive in discrediting the qualitative physics of Aristotle and the School, and in establishing the experimental method of mechanistic physics—the Great Experiment of the Puy-de-Dôme.
Reviews
Authors: Schreiber Carl , Helleiner Karl , Knox R. S. , White Newman , Norwood Gilbert , Ross Malcolm , Hogg F. S.
Published: March 2013

Barker Fairely, A Study of Goethe, reviewed by Carl F. Schreiber

Ulrich von Hassell, The Von Hassel Diaries, 1938–1944: The Story of the Forces against Hitler inside Germany, reviewed by Karl F. Helleiner

Hans Bernd Gisevius, To the Bitter End, reviewed by Karl F. Helleiner

Lily B. Campbell, Shakespeare's “Histories”: Mirrors of Elizabethan Policy, reviewed by R. S. Knox

Paul S. Conklin, A History of Hamlet Criticism, 1601–1821, reviewed by R. S. Knox

Alfred Harbage, As They Liked It: An Essay on Shakespeare and Morality, reviewed by R. S. Knox

William Godwin, Enquiry concerning Political Justice and Its Influence on Morals and Happiness, reviewed by Newman I. White

F. Brittain, eds., Arthur Quiller-Couch: A Biographical Study of Q, reviewed by Gilbert Norwood

Basil Willey, The “Q” Tradition : An Inaugural Lecture, reviewed by Gilbert Norwood

Samuel C. Chew, The Virtues Reconciled: An Iconographic Study, reviewed by Malcolm MacKenzie Ross

Sir James Jeans, The Growth of Physical Science, reviewed by F. S. Hogg
Women as Wage Earners
Authors: Fay
Published: March 2013

It would not be so very far from the truth to say that political economy was born in Charles II's London out of taxes, plagues and envy of the Dutch. Inside Sir William Petty's Treatise of Taxes and Contributions (1662) there is a core of economic theory-a preliminary statement of the law of rent, and that famous first effort after an immutable standard of value which runs: "all things ought to be valued by two natural denominations, which is land and labour .... so as we might express the value by either of them alone as well or better than by both, and reduce one in to the other as easily as we reduce pence into pounds" (Petty's Works, ed. C. H. Hull, 44-45). In the same year, 1662, came John Graunt's Observations on the Bills of Mortality, an epoch-making pioneer work in vital statistics. The bills were for London, and the series began in 1603. They recorded christenings and burials, and the causes of death, as reported by the searchers, who "are ancient matrons sworn to their office"-a grim employment indeed. The reason for the compilation was the periodic ravage caused by the plague, and by studying aggregates over the long period from 1603 to 1664 (for the great plague of 1665 led to a second edition in that year), Graunt was able to observe their peculiar properties, to become in fact the first statistician. He found that there were more males than females in the tables, and "that the one exceed the other by a thirteenth part."
Marivaux and the Art of Comedy
Authors: Green
Published: March 2013

It is a commonplace of literary history that a dramatic genius, a Shakespeare, a Molière or a Goethe, exercises a fertilizing effect on posterity. Dramatic critics, moreover, urge our younger writers to model themselves on the great craftsmen of the past, forgetting that these, qua geniuses, are supposed to have attained, in their peculiar spheres, the highest point of artistic perfection. One can well imagine, however, a much-badgered young modern retorting, and with some justice, "My dear sir, it is precisely because I realize that Shakespeare, Molière and Goethe are, as you say, geniuses that I refuse to waste my time and energies in a futile attempt to beat them at their own game. Does not genius imply perfection, finality-in short, the closing of a chapter in the evolution of art?" But surely this presumptuous young upstart will not deny at least, that the study of Shakespeare, Molière and Goethe must be of immense value to one who is learning the elementary technique of his craft? "Dangerous models", he replies. "Imagine me, like Shakespeare, basing a play on the hypothesis that a man has mortgaged one pound of his flesh to a vindictive usurer, or, like Goethe, on the assumption that, as Stendhal says, a man needs the help of the devil to seduce a little village girl! Or would you have me, like Molière in the Avare, bring about my denouement by a complicated and romantic business involving corsairs and slaves?".
Democracy and Economic Affairs
Authors: Stamp Sir Josiah
Published: March 2013

I have to address you to-night on the subject of "Democracy and Economic Affairs." It is a platitude that we are living in critical and responsible times; critical because the problems can be held up while we are discussing them, only to a limited extent. So many of the problems in the past have perhaps improved while they have been discussed; those of the present could easily be progressively deteriorating while they are being discussed, and so we get into what the journalist describes as a "vicious spiral," and find that situations which were manageable under ordinary circumstances get into altogether new relations and new proportions, and require dangerous remedies. We also find, if we do nothing, or if we try only small doses of remedies, that we may not be acting for the best. Then we know that the forces which are to be controlled often lie beyond the boundaries of any one nation, and affect vast populations, and yet we have not yet invented a satisfactory international control over these economic matters. We have hardly invented an easy means of international inquiry and decision, to say nothing of executive action.
The Use of Prose in English Drama before Shakespeare
Authors: MacDonald
Published: March 2013

>"Whenever the Elizabethans wanted to slow down for rhythmic purposes, or to concentrate attention, or to develop a convincing argument, they gave the wheel to prose." This airy generalization by Heltubada in Bonamy Dobree's Histriophone set me rummaging over some old notes on the use of prose in the English drama down to 1595. What I found in them made it seem worth while to put together the facts I had collected so that their bearing, especially on Shakespeare's use of prose, might be available for other students who, like myself, prefer the sober evidence of historical development to the fitful illumination of that dubious inner guidance which seems now to be fashionable in both religion and criticism.
The Exile of Henry James
Authors: Edel Leon
Published: March 2013

American criticism, always tending to be self-conscious, has latterly been pre-occupied with the problem of Henry James's expatriation. The novelist, it will be remembered, left the United States in 1883 and did not return for twenty years; and then only for a short visit. Was this self-imposed exile-and we must be careful in using the word, for James surely, never thought himself an exile-premeditated, or was it forced upon him by a hostile American environment? Was it the exile of a Turgeniev who followed a woman into Europe, or the exile of a Byron who fled England's shores on his extraordinary pilgrimage? In truth it was neither. James did not leave America because he could not create there: he went to Europe because he could create in Europe. And this is very important.
Three Mayan Classics
Authors: Irving T.
Published: March 2013

The Mayas of Yucatan and Guatemala form the native American group which has left the most extensive records of its literature and history. For almost two thousand years, their area of influence extended over most of Yucatan, Chiapas, and Guatemala, and parts of Honduras and Salvador. Thus these documents have a real value in reconstructing the life of an important cultural region of the world.
British Trade Unionism in the Mid-Victorian Era
Authors: Garbati Irving
Published: March 2013

British trade unions, comprising now almost eight million members, are the most important single element in the Labour party. Out of its total membership of 5,422,437 in 1948, 4,751,030 members were furnished by the trade unions. The Labour party, it must be remembered furthermore, derives its original authority from the Trades Union Congress, when in 1899 it authorized the establishment of the Labour Representation Committee, which became the Labour party in 1906. The trade unions thus not only officially support one political party but are committed to a programme envisaging the ultimate establishment of socialism in Great Britain.
A New Poem on an Old Subject from a Notebook of A. E. Housman
Authors: Haber Tom
Published: March 2013

In the late summer of 1894, A. E. Housman's imagination, as the first of his four Notebooks shows, was trafficking with two weighty topics: the violent rivalries of young men and the worldly wisdom of his mythical Terence Hearsay, who was at this time being groomed as the spokesman of A Shropshire Lad. Pages 187 to 194 of Notebook A (so designated by Laurence Housman, who by the terms of his brother's will became his literary executor) belong to a period prior to the days of “continuous excitement” under which the greater part of A Shropshire Lad was written; but they antedate the crisis by only a few months, and by August of 1894 the first tremors of the earthquake were stirring.
Social Studies
Authors: Brady A.
Published: March 2013

Reviews of scholarship in the social sciences published in Canada in 1950.
Letters and International Politics, 1911–1914: The French Writer in a World Crisis
Authors: Cairns John
Published: March 2013

Few things change faster and more regularly than fashions in history. Among historians the study of international events leading up to 1914 has long since passed out of vogue. A second war and the shadow of a third have shifted attention to what seem to be the more urgent problems of democracy and dictatorship, capitalism and communism, America and the Soviet Union. The glittering lost world of European emperors, cultivated ambassadors, and diplomatic intrigue has receded almost from memory. The superheated scholarly debates of the twenties and thirties on the never-never issue of war guilt find now only the tiniest echo in the corridors of the great universities and historical association meetings. Of the guilt for the second war discussion may seem unnecessary or superfluous; for the possible third, still somewhat premature; for the first, virtually academically absurd. Yet in the study of the coming of that great and dreadful First World War and of the national societies which brought it about lie interesting and important truths about the nature of Western civilization. And not least of them are those concerning national groups and their relationships to the process of making international politics.
Reviews
Authors: Saunders Richard , Endicott
Published: March 2013

F.C. Green, Jean-Jacques Rousseau: A Critical Study of His Life and Writings, reviewed by Richard Saunders

Malcolm Brown, George Moore: A Reconsideration, reviewed by N.J. Endicott
Poetry
Authors: Frye Northrop
Published: March 2013

Reviews of poetry published in Canada in 1956.
Window and Cross in Henry Adams' Education
Authors: MacLean Kenneth
Published: March 2013

A distinguishing paradox of Western literature of recent time is the frequent combining, in even measures of poetry and prose, of the matters of society and history with those of personality and the individual. The Education of Henry Adams so combines. Its formal interest as social history cannot be overstated. In its earlier sections it moves through the mind of nineteenth-century New England—the lingering of the Enlightenment, the calm of Harvard, the shattering dilemmas of the Civil War. During this war Adams acted as private secretary for his father who was the United States Minister in London, and the second large movement of this volume presents a great deal of nineteenth-century England as this society moved further into its industrial phase—London growing smaller as it doubled in size. We see the scene, and we are introduced to the greater tones of government, literature, and country-house life. Further on, into the 70's and after, the Education brings us back to this continent where a Pennsylvania mind, devoted to "work, whiskey, and cards," was creating the new America of railways, oil, dynamos, hoping to find Fortune asleep in an elevator. The last chapters, less social than philosophical, deal sceptically with dominant turn-of-the-century theories and syntheses, while developing Adams' own questionable laws of inertia and acceleration. In the later pages, too, the reader is carried into the sleepy trades, into the religion of the Far East, and finally into the mediaeval religion of the nearer West. Within this impressive socio-philosophical story (of greatest value in itself, and clearly the work of the admirable historian of Jefferson and Madison) there moves, even as valuably, a private spirit, a private secretary, in full literary and imaginative intimacy.
Social Studies I
Authors: Brady Alexander
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books about social studies published in Canada in 1958.
Les Études Sociales
Authors: Bonenfant Jean-Charles
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books on French-Canadian social studies published in Canada in 1958.
The Condition of Light: Henry James's The Sacred Fount
Authors: Reaney James
Published: March 2013

Recent criticism of The Sacred Fount still leaves the reader with a dissatisfying puzzle on his hands. I should like to put forward a possible interpretation of this novel which presents James neither as frivolously "playing about" nor as being anti-intellectual. But first, beforehand, some space should be devoted to the other—let us call them—imbibers.
Social Studies
Authors: Brady Alexander
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books about social studies published in Canada in 1961.
Franz Kafka and Psychoanalysis
Authors: Gunvaldsen
Published: March 2013

In the Fourth Octave Notebook, under the date February 25, 1918, Kafka made an unusually explicit statement concerning his ill success in everything that meant most to him in life—family relationships, friendship, engagement, profession, literature. His failures were not owing, he said, either to indolence or to lack of goodwill and talent for these things. He was defeated, rather, by the environment, or as he put it, the lack of soil, air, and Gebot, meaning a positive, authoritative influence at home. It is the same indictment of his home that he was to repeat in "He," for its having failed to protect him against the negative authority of school and education in general. Now, such emphatic self-exoneration would appear to be quite in keeping with the widely held conception of Kafka's personality as that of a neurasthenic weakling, were it not for the fact that Kafka was less concerned with exoneration than with the human and cultural problem inherent in the lack of soil, air, and a wholesome influence, for he was convinced that there was a general cultural deficit involved, something that concerned not only himself but his century, and his generation in particular.
Dürrenmatt and the Spririt of Play
Authors: Sharp Sister Corona
Published: March 2013

The spirit of play is as old as the human race and finds its more elaborate expression in sports, in games, and in the "work" of artists of many cultures! A vision of the most highly developed form of play is "Das Glasperlenspiel," described in the novel by Hermann Hesse. Although few artists place their work in the exalted position of Hesse's Game, most of them share a belief in his basic assumptions. These fundamentals are the purpose of delight and the freedom from outward necessity. Some artists, such as Flaubert and Conrad, have found only agony in their work; but others, such as James, Stevenson, and Dürrenmatt, have discussed it explicitly in terms of play.
Donne's Timeless Anniversaries
Authors: Sicherman Carol
Published: March 2013

Yeats told Anne Gregory that only God could love her for herself alone, and not her yellow hair. Literary scholars tell us that we can never know, or begin to know, rich poems of a past era unless we first learn as much as possible about their historical milieu, and even then we can't know the poems "for themselves." But need we in fact take the hair and leave the girl, take the history and leave the whole poem? If we learn the golden sayings of literary historians, is it then so hubristic to read the poems — Donne's Anniversaries, in this case — for themselves alone? Perhaps it is not impossible to have our cake and eat it too, to love both the essential Anne and her yellow hair, to read the Anniversaries with that "historical sense ... of the timeless and of the temporal together" of which Eliot speaks in "Tradition and the Individual Talent."
On Translating Aristotle's Poetics
Authors: Whalley George
Published: March 2013

The obvious question is — why again? Even a select list of English translations in this century makes quite a litany: Butcher, Bywater, Hamilton Fyfe, Lane Cooper, Allan Gilbert, Preston Epps, Seymour Pitcher, L. J. Potts, George Grube, Gerald Else. I admire three or four of these, and decry none of them. While the study of English literature has — in part at least — taken the place of Greek and Latin as a central humanist discipline and literary criticism has tried to assume the role almost of an autonomous discipline, Aristotle's Poetics has continued to be a document of great historical and critical importance. Because almost nobody in the field of English studies reads Greek any more — if indeed anybody ever could read fluently and without dismay the Greek of the Poetics — translations have accumulated, all highly accomplished. But many of them are of a marmoreal smoothness; almost the more eloquent and stylish the translation, the farther it is from indUcing the direct tactile qualities of the Greek original. For many students of English literature, even some pretty mature ones, the Poetics is either a doctrinaire statement that can be readily mastered from a translation, or a very limited account of poetry, interesting enough as the oldest surviving treatise on poetry but distant, foreign, and not very much to the point. Certainly the continuous reprinting of Butcher's translation in collections of critical texts has not encouraged the currency in English studies of certain important developments in Aristotelian scholarship in the past forty years.
Time and Redemption in Samson Agonistes and Iphigenie auf Tauris
Authors: Mueller Martin
Published: March 2013

In a recent essay Arthur Henkel has interpreted Iphigenie auf Tauris as a secular variation on the theme of Christian humanism, and by demonstrating the bold and utopian nature of the ethics embodied in Iphigenie's decision to tell the truth he has rescued Goethe's humanitarianism from the charge of avoiding or trivializing the tragic implications of the story. In the following pages I shall elaborate on this interpretation by analyzing Iphigenie's actions as those of a secular redeemer. More specifically, I shall use a comparison with Samson Agonistes in order to show how Goethe's play must be seen as the result of adapting the plot patterns of its Greek sources to the needs of a moral vision which – although secular in kind – retains many of the structures of the Christian universe from which it is derived.
In Parenthesis Among The War Books
Authors: Blissett William
Published: March 2013

'I did not intend this as a 'War Book" - it happens to be concerned with war. I should prefer it to be about a good sort of peace. ...' In spite of this disclaimer, In Parenthesis by the bias of its material substance is a war book, whatever the author's expressed intention. 'Here is a book about the experiences of one soldier in the War of 1914-18. It is also a book about War,' writes T.S. Eliot in his introduction, though he adds immediately, 'and about many other things also, such as Roman Britain, the Arthurian Legend, and divers matters which are given association by the mind of the writer." In the last analysis perhaps it belongs with the Iliad, the Chanson de Roland, the Morte Darthur, Henry V, and St John Perse's Anabase, but at first sorting it belongs with the books of the Great War and, within that category, to the fictional and autobiographical recollections of life on the Western Front rather than to the poems written under fire or to the books in which the War is only an episode. In order to examine In Parenthesis from this angle, I have read a good number of war books up to 1937 available in English to the interested reader.' I have learned that David Jones rather tended to steer clear of them during the writing of his book (in the late 1920s and early 1930s) and that his reading did not go much beyond Sassoon, Owen, Graves, Blunden, and Ernst Jünger at the time, with the addition, much later, of Aubrey Wade's The War of the Guns (1936) and The War the Infantry Knew (1938), a circumstantial account compiled by an anonymous medical officer of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, his own regiment. My interest throughout has been in analogues, not influences: indeed, I have found no evidence to indicate that In Parenthesis was influenced by any other war book, either in conception or in detail.
Chaucher's Eagle and the Element Air
Authors: Berry Reginald
Published: March 2013

Although Chaucer's Hous of Fame appears in so many ways to have been iconographically inspired, one is surprised that critical and interpretative activity has most often been concerned with the explication of the purely literary and scriptural sources of the poem. An early exception was Rosemond Tuve, who, in relating it to a poem by Guillaume de Deguilleville, noted that several manuscripts of Lydgate's translation of Guillaume's Pélérinage de la vie humaine contained illustrations of a revolving tower and a bird with a man's face. J.A.W. Bennett, in his illuminating study of the poem, has made several brief allusions to its traditional iconography. However, until the recent appearance of an article by John Leyerle, 'Chaucer's Windy Eagle,' neither the central importance to the poem of the Eagle nor the complicated variety of its sources had been persuasively emphasized. In addition to origins in literature, natural history, and astronomy, Leyerle proposes and demonstrates as a source the gleaming brass eagle lectern of the church, which resembles Chaucer's golden eagle. At the risk of increasing the existing complexity, I should like to suggest for Chaucer's great bird another possible iconographic source, which, though not obvious, is nonetheless worth recording.
Character and Consciousness: D.H. Lawrence, Wilhelm Reich, and Jean-Paul Sartre
Authors: Adamowski
Published: March 2013

In the years that have followed the publication of Herbert Marcuse's Eros and Civilization there have appeared a number of efforts to call into question the prevailing models of Western character structure. Life as a bourgeois death, the long shadow of a 'Protestant ethic' fallen across the Western ego, the inevitable discontent that is the price of civilization these and other unsettling visions of our 'destiny' have been challenged by such new metaphors as those of 'Orpheus and Narcissus,' 'Dionysian consciousness,' and androgyny. The struggle against received notions of character that was taken up by Marcuse and Norman O. Brown has in recent years been continued, at a more popular level, in such works as Theodore Roszak's The Making of a Counter Culture, Charles Reich's The Greening of America, and Philip Slater's The Pursuit of Loneliness. In Paul Robinson (The Freudian Left) and Richard King (The Party of Eros), this 'movement' has spawned its historians, who trace its development out of early Freudian radicalism.
Poetry
Authors: Hornyasky Michael
Published: March 2013

Reviews of poetry published in Canada in 1973.
'God a Tame Confederate': The Reader's Dual Vision in Pippa Passes
Authors: Slinn E. Warwick
Published: March 2013

The literary problems associated with impersonal narration are now well known, and the extensive arguments that have developed about such works as A Portrait of the Artist or The Turn of the Screw should make changing interpretations of Pippa Passes less surprising. This experimental work, with its hybrid elements of picaresque, stage play, and monologue, and its varied tonal qualities from the opening lyrical splendour to Bluphocks's cynical doggerel, demands of its reader the same balancing of sympathetic involvement and ironic judgement as leads to so much of the ambiguity in modern literature. The difficulty of interpretation, however, is not only that caused by the disequilibrium between experience and idea or between sympathy and judgement which has been the subject of debate about dramatic monologues; the problem also involves the role of illusion in defining identity, and a dramatic method which uses irony as a means of unity. Structurally, Browning brings together two essentially different approaches, the expressive and the mimetic, or the lyric and the dramatic, juxtaposing the single vision of an isolated mind with the multiple views of the social world. It has always been recognized that this method causes a problem in unity, but what has not been so obvious is the nature of the dual vision which, through the resulting ironies, Browning provides for his reader.
Fiction
Authors: Bilan
Published: March 2013

Reviews of drama published in Canada in 1976.
Theatre
Authors: Mailhot Laurent
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian books on theatre published in 1976.
Moral Geography in Jane Austen
Authors: Jackel David
Published: March 2013

Several years ago Charles J. McCann drew attention to the way in which Jane Austen 'carefully places her characters in just the proper symbol of their economic, social, or intellectual condition. In this respect the country houses in all Austen novels, and especially those in Pride and Prejudice, are constant values — that is to say, each is a recognizable emblem for a complex of social, economic, and intellectual realities.’ More recently the importance of estates and country houses in Austen's novels has been investigated in some detail by writers who have reinforced and extended McCann's conclusions. The useful results of these studies have tended, however, to focus attention on the thematic importance of setting in Jane Austen's works while ignoring or underestimating the extent to which the handling of settings and locations, particularly in Pride and Prejudice, must also be understood as an aspect of her indirect narrative method, whose function is to assist the reader in making proper moral judgments about the characters. The subject is of interest because this is one significant area in which Jane Austen could have learned very little, except in a negative way, from the practice of earlier novelists. In other words, her accomplishment here is proof both of craftsmanship in execution and of originality in design.
I.A. Richards (1893–1979) Grand Master of Interpretations
Authors: Hamlin Cyrus
Published: March 2013

The death of Ivor Armstrong Richards on 7 September 1979 saddens a worldwide community of devoted friends, former students, and attentive readers of his various published works, not to mention so many more, teachers and critics of English, who may know nothing of the man and his writing and yet be in his debt. His passing marks the end of an era in Anglo-American criticism, which may well be judged unique for the range and authority of its hermeneutic advances. Richards's career extended through six decades and touched on so many areas of intellectual endeavour that no commemorative résumé could do it justice. He was one of the founders of the New Criticism; a pioneer in poetics, semantics, and the theory of literature and interpretation; an eloquent spokesman for so many causes in the better use of English, especially in education; in his later years a poet of spectacular formal versatility; and above all, to generations of attentive students at Cambridge, Harvard, or wherever, a teacher and mentor without equal.
'Meet Mrs. Bundren': As I Lay Dying — Gentility, Tact, and Psychoanalysis
Authors: Adamowski
Published: March 2013

The critic who finds it necessary to employ psychoanalysis is in the position of an infantryman who finds himself in the middle of a minefield: to turn back is as risky as to go on. He cannot step back into a pre-Freudian world because he realizes that literature is, among other things, a network of desires, fears, and motives. Thus he will be uneasy at any suggestion that such emotions — simply because they are 'textual' rather than the emotions of lived experience — can be understood as though psychoanalysis did not exist or as if, at the foot of Mount Parnassus, a 'No Trespassing' sign had been erected by those who may recognize the 'clinical value' of psychoanalysis while, at the same time, they wish to keep it in its place. Moreover, he will doubt that any homebrewed, common-sense psychology will be a sufficient supplement to his effort to understand that congeries of fears, desires, and motives that is his special concern. The claims of common sense must always be heard with respect, but they cannot be allowed to generate taboos. Finally, when he considers the various psychologies that stand as rivals to psychoanalysis and encourage a certain kind of literary senSibility in its resistance to all 'extra-literary' aids to criticism, he will agree that what Sartre once wrote of 'corrections' to Marxism applies also to them: every post-Freudian thought reveals itself, upon closer examination, to be a pre-Freudian thought.
Reviews
Authors: De Quehen  , Bentley Jr.  , Gold Joseph
Published: March 2013

George McFadden, Dryden, The Public Writer, 1660–1685, reviewed by A.H. De Quehen

W.K. Thomas, The Crafting of 'Absalom and Achitophel': Dryden's 'Pen for a Party', reviewed by A.H. De Quehen

Kenneth Garlick and Angus Macintyre, eds., The Diary of Joseph Farington, reviewed by G.E. Bentley, Jr.

Michael Steig, Dickens and Phiz, reviewed by Joseph Gold
Poesie
Authors: Giguere Richard
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian poetry published in Canada in 1979.
From College to University
Authors: Falconer Sir Robert
Published: March 2013

The past three-quarters of a century has been a period of swift dissolving views, one passing in to the other so quickly that attention was usually fixed on the rapidity rather than on the magnitude of the changes. Occasionally, however, one takes a glance backward over a longer or shorter prospect, and then can realize how far the “hurrying years” have carried us. I hope that I may, without inducing the tedium which the ageing often inflict upon the younger by their reminiscences, be able to outline some of the academic movement which, during the last fifty years, I have observed more or less closely.
Reviews
Authors: Beach Joseph Warren , Woodhouse  , Wade  , Brady
Published: March 2013

E. K. Brown, Edith Wharton: Étude critique, reviewed by Joseph Beach

James Holly Hanford and Waldo Hilary Dunn, eds., De Doctrina Christiana, reviewed by A. S. P Woodhouse

Arthur Sewell, "Milton's De Doctrina Christiana", reviewed by A. S. P Woodhouse

Basil Willey, The Seventeenth Century Background: Studies in the Thought of the Age in Relation to Poetry and Religion, reviewed by A. S. P Woodhouse

Perry Miller, Orthodoxy in Massachusetts, reviewed by A. S. P Woodhouse

Paul Elmer More and Frank Leslie Cross, eds., Anglicanism: The Thought and Practice of the Church of England illustrated from the Religious Literature of the Seventeenth Century, reviewed by A. S. P Woodhouse

Vivian de Sola Pinto, Peter Sterry, Platonist and Puritan, reviewed by A. S. P Woodhouse

W. P. M. Kennedy and H. J. Schlosberg, The Law and Custom of the South African Constitution, reviewed by E. C. S. Wade

W. P. M. Kennedy, Essays in Constitutional Law, reviewed by E. C. S. Wade

Better Government Personnel: Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Public Serivce Personnel, reviewed by A. Brady
Peoples Without Space?
Authors: Robinson Christopher
Published: March 2013

The Have-nots are clam.ouring that they are “peoples without space,” and are disturbing the world with their claims for expansion. Germany is arming; Italy is fighting; Japan, having done the immediately necessary fighting, is digesting her gains, and steadily, though less spectacularly, absorbing more. The Haves are counter-arming, with growing anxiety.
The Intellectuals in the Third Reich
Authors: Steinhauer
Published: March 2013

The official prophets of the New Germany have received more than their due share of attention In the foreign press. The sensational and, at times, fantastic notions of Herren Hitler, Goebbels, Rosenberg, and Streicher have diverted our attention from the many intellectuals who direct Germany's cultural institutions and write for the better class of journals. What is the attitude of these artists, writers, scholars, and scientists to the Third Reich? Do they welcome the National Socialist Weltanschauung, do they recoil from it in horror, or do they accept it because they are powerless to do anything else?
Purity and Propaganda in Art
Authors: Clark
Published: March 2013

The Demon of the Absolute presides sardonically over our age. The eternal tendency of the human spirit towards polarity (in popular language “to go to extremes”) has been extended from the ordinary affairs of life to the higher spheres of politics and philosophy. One must be either a hundred per cent. Nationalist or an Internationalist, a Capitalist or a Communist, a belated Victorian or an anticipatory Utopian, a Neo-Humanist or a Naturalist, a believer in “pure science” or “applied science.” Every phase of human activity is regarded as having a positive or a negative pole, around one of which all self-respecting particles feel it their duty to collect. In the intellectual sphere the tendency takes the form of assigning narrow and exclusive fields to certain kinds of mental activity, of fencing them off from human activity in general. The white radiance of life is being broken and scattered in fragments by the Absolute's dome of many-coloured glass.
The Self in Modern Thought
Authors: Lodge Rupert
Published: March 2013

Linguistic usage indicates that we all naturally regard the world as made up of “things.” Whenever, in the web of relations which surrounds us, we come upon permanent centres of behaviour, we attribute thinghood to them. “The stone itself,” “the flower itself,” etc., are thought of as individuals possessing distinct characteristics of their own; and although we may speak of them impersonally, there is a strong tendency to think of them, not merely as “things,” but as “individuals,” and even as “selves.” We are incurable animists. Anything which moves or might move, we tend to regard as somehow alive; and anything which is alive, or might be alive, we tend to regard as animated by some sort of “self.” In cases where these living “selves” are closely associated with the life of human beings, we go further and tend to attribute to them personality in the full sense, accepting them almost as our social equals. “Poor dear Fido” is, to many of us, a personage to be propitiated; “Pretty Poll” is, in many neighbourhoods, a well-known character; “Puss in Boots” is not the only cat who has assisted his master in to the ranks of the nobility; and a horse was, on one occasion, elevated to the position of consul of the Roman Empire.
Romans
Authors: Michon Jacques
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian fiction published in Canada in 1981.
Humanities
Authors: Good Graham
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books on the humanities published in Canada in 1981.
Poetry
Authors: Djwa Sandra , Hatch Ronald
Published: March 2013

Reviews of topic published in Canada in 1983.
Humanities
Authors: Crosta Suzanne
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books on the humanities published in Canada in 1983.
Place and Replacement in Mansfield Park
Authors: Flahiff
Published: March 2013

On the ramparts at Portsmouth, Fanny Price is almost as vulnerable as Hamlet was upon the ramparts of Elsinore. 'The very place,' Horatio warned the Prince, 'puts toys of desperation / Without more motive, into every brain / That looks so many fathoms to the sea / And hears it roar beneath.' The uncommon loveliness of that Portsmouth day, the chiaroscuro effect of the sporting clouds, the vivacity of the sea 'dashing against the ramparts' combine with the recent oppressiveness of the handy-dandy world of her parents' household, with the presence of Henry Crawford's arm upon which she can lean, even with the little opportunity she has had of late for this kind of exercise, to make Fanny 'almost careless of the circumstances' (p 413) under which she experiences the scene.
Reviews
Authors: Klausner David , Stevens Paul , De Quehen A. H. , Brückmann Patricia , Bentley  , Bennett James , Henderson Greig , Zappel Kristiane
Published: March 2013

Richard Morgan Loomis, Dafydd ap Gwilym: The Poems, reviewed by David N. Klausner

Rachel Bromwich, Dafydd ap Gwilym: A Selection of Poems, reviewed by David N. Klausner

Elizabeth Ely Fuller, Milton's Kinesthetic Vision in 'Paradise Lost', reviewed by Paul Stevens

James Thorpe, John Milton: The Inner Life, reviewed by Paul Stevens

Vincent Carretta, The Snarling Muse: Verbal and Visual Political Satire from Pope to Churchill, reviewed by A. H. De Quehen

Felicity A. Nussbaum, The Brink of All We Have: English Satires on Women, 1660–1750, reviewed by A. H. De Quehen

Robert L. S. Cowley, Hogarth's Marriage A-La-Mode, reviewed by Patricia Brückmann

Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth and the Times-of-the-Day Tradition, reviewed by Patricia Brückmann

David Bindman, William Blake and His Art and Times, reviewed by G. E. Bentley

Heather Glen, Vision and Disenchantment: Blake's 'Songs' and Wordsworth's 'Lyrical Ballads', reviewed by James R. Bennett

Frank Lentricchia, Criticism and Social Change, reviewed by Greig E. Henderson

Lucette Czyba, Mythes et idéologie de la femme dans les romans de Flaubert, reviewed by Kristiane Zappel
Polyphonic Powys: Dostoevsky, Bakhtin, and A Glastonbury Romance
Authors: Lock Charles
Published: March 2013

Criticism has needed neither to question nor to insist on the importance of Dostoevsky for John Cowper Powys: the influence was claimed and proclaimed by Powys himself throughout his career. From Powys's first reading of Dostoevsky—Vizetelly's translation of Crime and Punishment in December 1910, through uncountable lectures, an essay in his first book of literary criticism, Visions and Revisions (1915), the dramatization of The Idiot (written c 1919; produced 1922; unpublished), and an essay in The Pleasures of Literature (1938), to the two-hundred-page book on Dostoevsky (1946), there is a firm continuity of attention and allegiance.
Humanities
Authors: Westerholm Stephen
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books on the humanities published in Canada in 1986.
Poesie
Authors: Yergeau Robert
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian poetry published in Canada in 1987.
Humanities
Authors: Cook David
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books on the humanities published in Canada in 1987.