bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Traumatic Wound Dehiscence after Keratoplasty: Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Visual Outcome
Authors: Goweida Mohamed Bahgat , Helaly Hany Ahmed , Ghaith Alaa Atef
Published: July 2015

Purpose.The study aimed at evaluating the patients’ characteristics, risk factors, complications, and visual outcome of traumatic wound dehiscence after keratoplasty.Patients and Methods. A retrospective case series that included 20 eyes of 20 patients who had undergone a previous keratoplasty procedure followed by traumatic wound dehiscence. Records of the selected patients were reviewed. The mean duration of follow-up after repair was 21 months. Included patients were recalled for the final follow-up visit.Results.The procedure of corneal transplantation was penetrating (PKP) in 16 eyes and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) in 4 eyes. The associated anterior segment injuries included iris prolapse in 17 eyes and lens extrusion in 12 eyes. The associated posterior segment injuries included vitreous hemorrhage in 11 eyes and retinal detachment in 4 eyes. The final BSCVA was 0.1 or better in 5 cases (25 %) and was better than hand motions (HM) to less than 0.1 in 7 cases (35 %).Conclusion.Traumatic wound dehiscence following keratoplasty results in poor visual outcome. Cases following DALK may have less wound extent and better final visual outcome. The dehiscence seems most likely to occur during the first year.
A Triobjective Model for Locating a Public Semiobnoxious Facility in the Plane
Authors: Fernández José , Redondo Juana L. , Arrondo Aránzazu G. , Ortigosa Pilar M.
Published: July 2015

A new mathematical model for locating a single semiobnoxious facility in the plane is proposed. Three objectives are taken into consideration. The first one maximizes the efficiency of the service provided by the facility to some users, by minimizing the sum of weighted distances between the facility and those users. The second one minimizes the social cost caused by the undesirable effects produced by the facility, by minimizing the sum of the repulsions of the affected people (as they feel it). The third one aims to distribute the repulsions fairly (as equal as possible) among the affected people. To prove that the new model can be tackled in practice, two recent general-purpose multiobjective evolutionary algorithms, MOEA/D and FEMOEA, are suggested to obtain a discrete approximation of its Pareto-front. A computational study shows that both algorithms are suitable to cope with the problem.
Rotavirus Infects Human Biliary Epithelial Cells and Stimulates Secretion of Cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 via MAPK Pathway
Authors: Clemente Maria Grazia , Patton John T. , Anders Robert A. , Yolken Robert H. , Schwarz Kathleen B.
Published: July 2015

Biliary atresia (BA) is an infantile inflammatory cholangiopathy of unknown etiology although epidemiologic studies and animal models utilizing rotavirus (RV) have suggested a role for viral infection. Proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines have been detected in infants with BA. The purpose of our study was to investigate the susceptibility of human cholangiocytes (H69 cells) to infection with RRV and to determine if this infection resulted in cytokine secretion. Infection of H69 cells by RRV was noncytolytic and resulted in a time-dependent increase in the release of both infectious virions and cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 into the supernate. The greatest difference in cytokine supernatant levels between infected and mock-infected cells was noted at 24 hours postinfection (h p.i.) for IL-8, 556 ± 111 versus 77 ± 68 pg/mL (p<0.0001), and at 48 h p.i. for IL-6, 459 ± 64 versus 67 ± 2 pg/mL (p<0.0001). Production of both cytokines following RRV infection was significantly reduced by pretreating the H69 cells with inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).Conclusion. RRV can infect human cholangiocytes resulting in the production of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines via the MAPK pathway. RRV-infected H69 cells could be a useful model system for investigating the viral hypothesis of BA.
Effects of Low Ag Doping on Physical and Optical Waveguide Properties of Highly Oriented Sol-Gel ZnO Thin Films
Authors: Dehimi Mohamed , Touam Tahar , Chelouche Azeddine , Boudjouan Fares , Djouadi Djamel , Solard Jeanne , Fischer Alexis , Boudrioua Azzedine , Doghmane Abdellaziz
Published: July 2015

A sol-gel dip-coating process was used to deposit almost stress-free highlyc-axis oriented zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films onto glass substrates. The effects of low silver doping concentration (Ag/Zn < 1%) on the structural, morphological, optical, and waveguide properties of such films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy, UV-Visible spectrophotometry, and M-lines spectroscopy (MLS). XRD analysis revealed that all the films were in single phase and had a hexagonal wurtzite structure. The grain size values were calculated and found to be about 24–29 nm. SEM micrographs and AFM images have shown that film morphology and surface roughness were influenced by Ag doping concentration. According to UV-Vis. measurements all the films were highly transparent with average visible transmission values ranging from 80% to 86%. It was found that the Ag contents lead to widening of the band gap. MLS measurements at 632.8 nm wavelength put into evidence that all thin film planar waveguides demonstrate a well-guided fundamental mode for both transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarized light. Moreover, the refractive index of ZnO thin films was found to increase by Ag doping levels.
Predisposition to Cervical Atypia in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Clinical and Cytopathological Study
Authors: Al-Sherbeni Hend Hilal , Fahmy Ahmed Mohamed , Sherif Nadine
Published: July 2015

Introduction. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex disease with variable presentations, course, and prognosis. The female genital tract may be a potential target organ in SLE since cervical inflammation may be associated with disease activity. An increase in cervical dysplasia, a precursor of cervical cancer, has been reported in females with SLE.Aim of the Work. This work aimed to study the prevalence of abnormal cervicovaginal smears in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to correlate abnormal smear findings with exposure to infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) in SLE patients.Patients and Methods. Thirty-two patients with SLE, fulfilling the 1997 revised criteria for the classification of SLE, were included in this study. They were subjected to full history taking, clinical examination, laboratory investigations, and cervicovaginal smearing. Twenty healthy subjects not known to suffer from any rheumatological disease were used as controls, and they were subjected to cervicovaginal smearing.Results. Four out of 32 SLE patients showed abnormal Pap smears (12.5%) compared to none showing any cervical changes in the control group (0%). Among these 4 patients, 3 were having ASCU and one was having LSIL (HPV).Conclusion. Cervicovaginal smearing is an easy, economic, safe, repeatable, and noninvasive technique for screening and early detection of cervical neoplastic lesions in SLE.
Model-Based Adaptive Iterative Hard Thresholding Compressive Sensing in Sensor Network for Volcanic Earthquake Detection
Authors: Liu Guojin , Zhang Qian , Yang Yuyuan , Yin Zhenzhi , Zhu Bin
Published: July 2015

Recent years have witnessed pilot deployments of inexpensive wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for volcanic eruption detection, where the volcano-seismic signals were collected and processed by sensor nodes. However, it is faced with the limitation of energy resources and the transmission bottleneck of sensors in WSN. In this paper, a Model-Based Adaptive Iterative Hard Thresholding (MAIHT) compressive sensing scheme is developed, where a large number of inexpensive sensors are used to collect fine-grained, real-time volcano-seismic signals while a small number of powerful coordinator nodes process and pick arrival times of primary waves (i.e., P-phases). The paper contribution is two-fold. Firstly, a sparse measurement matrix with theoretical analysis of its restricted isometry property (RIP) is designed to simplify the acquisition process, thereby reducing required storage space and computational demands in sensors. Secondly, a compressive sensing reconstruction algorithm with theoretical analysis of its error bound is presented. Experimental results based on real volcano-seismic data collected from a volcano show that our method can recover the original seismic signal and achieve accurate P-phase picking based on the reconstructed seismic signal.
Adding Education to “Test and Treat”: Can We Overcome Drug Resistance?
Authors: Al-arydah Mo’tassem , Smith Robert
Published: July 2015

Recent mathematical modelling has advocated for rapid “test-and-treat” programs for HIV in the developing world, where HIV-positive individuals are identified and immediately begin a course of antiretroviral treatment, regardless of the length of time they have been infected. However, the foundations of this modelling ignored the effects of drug resistance on the epidemic. It also disregarded the heterogeneity of behaviour changes that may occur, as a result of education that some individuals may receive upon testing and treatment. We formulate an HIV/AIDS model to theoretically investigate how testing, educating HIV-positive cases, treatment, and drug resistance affect the HIV epidemic. We consider a variety of circumstances: both when education is included and not included, when testing and treatment are linked or are separate, when education is only partly effective, and when treatment leads to drug resistance. We show that education, if it is properly harnessed, can be a force strong enough to overcome the effects of antiretroviral drug resistance; however, in the absence of education, “test and treat” is likely to make the epidemic worse.
Time-Periodic Solutions of Driven-Damped Trimer Granular Crystals
Authors: Charalampidis E. G. , Li F. , Chong C. , Yang J. , Kevrekidis P. G.
Published: July 2015

We consider time-periodic structures of granular crystals consisting of alternate chrome steel (S) and tungsten carbide (W) spherical particles where each unit cell follows the pattern of a 2 : 1 trimer: S-W-S. The configuration at the left boundary is driven by a harmonic in-time actuation with given amplitude and frequency while the right one is a fixed wall. Similar to the case of a dimer chain, the combination of dissipation, driving of the boundary, and intrinsic nonlinearity leads to complex dynamics. For fixed driving frequencies in each of the spectral gaps, we find that the nonlinear surface modes and the states dictated by the linear drive collide in a saddle-node bifurcation as the driving amplitude is increased, beyond which the dynamics of the system becomes chaotic. While the bifurcation structure is similar for solutions within the first and second gap, those in the first gap appear to be less robust. We also conduct a continuation in driving frequency, where it is apparent that the nonlinearity of the system results in a complex bifurcation diagram, involving an intricate set of loops of branches, especially within the spectral gap. The theoretical findings are qualitatively corroborated by the experimental full-field visualization of the time-periodic structures.
Liquid Crystal Microlens Using Nanoparticle‐Induced Vertical Alignment
Authors: Hwang Shug-June , Shieh Yi-Ming , Lin Kuo-Ren
Published: July 2015

The nanoparticle‐induced vertical alignment (NIVA) of the nematic liquid crystals (LC) is applied to achieve an adaptive flat LC microlens with hybrid‐aligned nematic (HAN) mode by dropping polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticle solution on a homogeneous alignment layer. The vertical alignment induced by the POSS nanoparticles resulted in the formation of a hybrid‐aligned LC layer with concentric nonuniform distribution of the refractive index in the planar LC cell, which subsequently played the role of the lens, even in the absence of any applied voltages. The dimensions of the concentric HAN structure significantly depend on the volume of the microdroplet and the POSS concentration. The focus effect of this flat microlens was observed while electrically controlling its focal length using the applied voltages from −50 mm to −90 mm.
Congenital Vallecular Cyst Causing Airway Compromise in a 2-Month-Old Girl
Authors: AlAbdulla Amal Faisal
Published: July 2015

Congenital vallecular cyst is a rare entity and may present with acute airway obstruction. This is a case of congenital vallecular cyst presenting with airway compromise requiring immediate management. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical presentation of vallecular cysts are discussed as well as the diagnosis and management.
The Effect of Clinician Feedback Type on the Acquisition of a Vocal Siren
Authors: Joscelyne-May Charlotte , Madill Catherine J. , Thorpe William , McCabe Patricia
Published: July 2015

Objective: To compare the effects of different types of clinician feedback (auditory knowledge of performance, KP, kinaesthetic KP and knowledge of results, KR) on the production of a voice task during acquisition. KP conditions directed attention to auditory or kinaesthetic cues. KR feedback was provided as to how close the speaker's production was to a model. Patients and Methods: A factorial multivariate 3 × 8 design was used. Thirty-six females were randomly assigned to 3 different feedback groups and trained in the production of a vocal siren. The production of sirens was measured by variants of vocal intensity, cepstral peak prominence, phonation time and pitch phase compliance. Results: All groups showed significant improvement over time in measures of vocal intensity, timing of pitch change and phonation time. The KP group (auditory and kinaesthetic combined) showed significantly more improvement over time in vocal intensity than the KR group. The kinaesthetic KP group maintained better control of vocal clarity across attempts while reducing vocal intensity than the auditory KP group. Conclusion: Optimal feedback paradigms during acquisition may be different depending on the parameters of voicing being trained. Learners may benefit from KP feedback to control intensity, and kinaesthetic cues to control vocal clarity.
Up-Regulation of Glioma-Associated Oncogene Homolog 1 Expression by Serum Starvation Promotes Cell Survival in ER-Positive Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Xu Juan , Huang Gaoxiang , Zhang Zongjing , Zhao Jieying , Zhang Mingzhuo , Wang Yan , Liu Zhimin , Lu Jian
Published: July 2015

Background/Aims: Cancer cells are resistant to ischemia and starvation. Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1) is a positive transcriptional activator of Hedgehog (Hh) pathway and plays an essential role in the development of cancers, including breast cancer. However, how Gli1 promotes cell survival remains elusive. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the pro-survival effect of Gli1 under serum starvation and its molecular mechanism in ER-positive breast cancer cells. Methods: Gene expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) and Western blot. The survival of Gli1 stably transfected ER-positive breast cancer cell lines (Gli1-MCF-7 and Gli1-T47D cells) and their untransfected control cells was estimated by WST-8 assay. Microarray analysis was performed to screen downstream Hh/Gli1 target genes in Gli1-overexpressed MCF-7 cells. Transcriptional activities of NF-kappaB were measured by luciferase assays. ChIP analysis was performed to explore whether cIAP2 was a direct target gene of Gli1. Results: Serum starvation significantly up-regulated the expression of Gli1 gene through activating PI3K/AKT pathway. Over-expression of Gli1 markedly promoted cell survival under serum starvation. Microarray analysis revealed that 338 genes were differentially expressed in Gli1-MCF-7 cells compared with those in the control cells. Among these genes, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (cIAP2), coding an anti-apoptosis and pro-survival protein, was significantly up-regulated not only by Hh/Gli1 pathway, but also by serum starvation. However, ChIP assay revealed no binding of Gli1 to cIAP2 promoter at the region of -1792 to -1568bp. Moreover, over-expression of Gli1 resulted in enhanced trans-activation of transcriptional factor NF-κB. Suppression of NF-κB signaling with NF-κB inhibitor Bay11-7082, significantly reduced the expression of cIAP2 and the cell survival under serum starvation. Conclusion: Serum starvation significantly up-regulated the expression of Gli1, which in turn increased its key target cIAP2 expression and enhanced NF-κB/cIAP2 pathway, resulting in promoting cell survival under serum starvation. These findings may provide new insights into the pro-survival mechanisms of Gli1 in breast cancer.
Daytime Sleepiness and Sleep Inadequacy as Risk Factors for Dementia
Authors: Tsapanou Angeliki , Gu Yian , Manly Jennifer , Schupf Nicole , Tang Ming-Xin , Zimmerman Molly , Scarmeas Nikolaos , Stern Yaakov
Published: July 2015

Background/Aims: To examine the association between self-reported sleep problems and incidence of dementia in community-dwelling elderly people. Methods: 1,041 nondemented participants over 65 years old were examined longitudinally. Sleep problems were estimated using the RAND Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale examining sleep disturbance, snoring, sleep short of breath or with a headache, sleep adequacy, and sleep somnolence. Cox regression analysis was used to examine the association between sleep problems and risk for incident dementia. Age, gender, education, ethnicity, APOE-ε4, stroke, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and depression were included as covariates. Results: Over 3 years of follow-up, 966 (92.8%) participants remained nondemented, while 78 (7.2%) developed dementia. In unadjusted models, sleep inadequacy (‘Get the amount of sleep you need') at the initial visit was associated with increased risk of incident dementia (HR = 1.20; 95% CI 1.02-1.42; p = 0.027). Adjusting for all the covariates, increased risk of incident dementia was still associated with sleep inadequacy (HR = 1.20; 95% CI 1.01-1.42; p = 0.040), as well as with increased daytime sleepiness (‘Have trouble staying awake during the day') (HR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.00-1.54; p = 0.047). Conclusion: Our results suggest that sleep inadequacy and increased daytime sleepiness are risk factors for dementia in older adults, independent of demographic and clinical factors.
Dysphagia in Huntington's Disease: Correlation with Clinical Features
Authors: de Tommaso Marina , Nuzzi Angela , Dellomonaco Anna Rita , Sciruicchio Vittorio , Serpino Claudia , Cormio Claudia , Franco Giovanni , Megna Marisa
Published: July 2015

Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterised by motor impairment, cognitive decline and psychiatric disorders. Dysphagia is a pathologic condition that increases morbidity and mortality of the affected people. Our aim was to evaluate dysphagia in a group of HD patients in view of motor, cognitive and functional decline. Thirty-seven genetically confirmed HD patients were submitted to clinical evaluations of swallowing. Bedside Swallowing Assessment Scale (BSAS) was used. Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale (DOSS) was applied for a preliminary classification of swallowing difficulties. All patients were also evaluated by the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS). A group of 39 controls comparable for sex and age were recruited for BSAS scores normalisation. The BSAS scores indicated that in our HD cohort, 32.4% presented relevant or severe dysphagia. The DOSS levels were significantly correlated with main clinical features, such as age, disease duration and motor impairment, with special regard to lingual protrusion ability, dysarthria and bradykinesia. The total functional capacity (TFC) and cognitive scales did not show significant correlation with DOSS levels. The results of clinical examination of swallowing indicated that dysphagia is a prevalent motor symptom of HD.
Contrast-Enhanced Color Doppler Ultrasonography for Preoperative Evaluation of Sentinel Lymph Node in Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Dellaportas Dionysios , Koureas Andreas , Contis John , Lykoudis Panagis M. , Vraka Irene , Psychogios Dimitrios , Kondi-Pafiti Agatha , Voros Dionysios K.
Published: July 2015

Background: Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is the standard of care for breast cancer patients with non-palpable axillary lymph nodes. We evaluated the usefulness of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in preoperative detection of malignant SLNs. Methods: 50 patients with breast cancer (median age: 60 years) underwent a color power Doppler ultrasonography with intravenous contrast (Sonovue®) preoperatively, and findings suggestive of metastatic disease to the SLN were documented. The final histopathological report and the radiological preoperative record were compared. Finally, the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of this evolving diagnostic modality were calculated. Results: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound scan identified a negative SLN in the axilla of 27 patients and final histopathology was negative for 30 cases in total, so negative predictive value was calculated as 90% and positive predictive value was 75%. Overall sensitivity was 83.33% and specificity was 84.38%. Moreover, the ability of contrast-enhanced ultrasound to differentiate between SLN status was only statistically significantly correlated with the actual final histopathological report (p < 0.001), while successful ultrasound prediction was not correlated with any factor. Conclusions: SLN status can be evaluated preoperatively using contrast-enhanced color Doppler ultrasonography with high accuracy.
The Nonuniform Syntax of Postverbal Elements in SOV Languages: Hindi, Bangla, and the Rightward Scrambling Debate
Authors: Simpson Andrew , Choudhury Arunima
Published: July 2015

Much debate in recent years has focused on whether postverbal elements (PVEs) in SOV Hindi are derived via leftward movement compatible with the Linear Correspondence Axiom ( Mahajan 1997a , b , 2003 ) or whether they must be assumed to result from some kind of rightward non-antisymmetric movement ( Bhatt and Dayal 2007 , Manetta 2012 ). A second phenomenon, scope restrictions on wh-in- situ elements in postverbal CPs, is often linked to the syntactic analysis of PVEs. Comparing Hindi with Bangla, this article shows that PVEs in Indic languages are not derived in a uniform way and that the wh-scope restriction needs to be considered independently of the syntax of nonclausal PVEs.
FEAR and DREAD: starting distance, escape decisions and time hiding in refuge
Authors: Cooper William E. , Sherbrooke Wade C.
Published: July 2015

Flight initiation distance (FID = predator–prey distance when escape begins) increases as starting distance (predator–prey distance when approach begins) increases. The flush early and avoid the rush (FEAR) hypothesis proposes that this relationship exists because monitoring an approach is costly. Hypothesized causes are increase in assessed risk and decrease in obtainable benefits while monitoring as starting distance increases. We propose the delay risking emergence and avoid dying (DREAD) hypothesis: hiding time in refuge increases as starting distance increases because prey use risk assessed during approach to estimate risk upon emerging. In the lizard Callisaurus draconoides, FID increased as standardized starting distance increased at faster approach speeds, supporting the FEAR hypothesis. In its first test, the DREAD hypothesis was supported: hiding time in the lizard Sceloporus virgatus increased as standardized starting distance increased. No large benefits were attainable, suggesting that dynamic increase in assessed risk accounts for these findings.
Developing Global Public Participation (2)
Authors: Spijkers Otto , Honniball Arron
Published: July 2015

In an earlier article, we analysed the actuality and potential of participation at the international level, or more specifically: at the level of the United Nations (un). Is there a demand for public participation in the work of the United Nations, and if so, who has such demands? And how should the un meet these demands? In this article we will apply the theory presented in the first article to a case study: global public participation in the drafting process, at the un, of the Sustainable Development Goals will be examined and assessed against the findings uncovered in the first article.
Molecular phylogeny of the butterfly tribe Satyrini (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with emphasis on the utility of ribosomal mitochondrial genes 16s rDNA and nuclear 28s rDNA
Authors: YANG MINGSHENG , ZHANG YALIN
Published: July 2015

The tribe Satyrini is one of the most diverse groups of butterflies, but no robust phylogenetic hypothesis for this group has been achieved. Two rarely used 16s and 28s ribosomal and another seven protein-coding genes were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of the Satyrini, with further aim to evaluate the informativeness of the ribosomal genes. Our maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses consistently recovered three well-supported clades for the eleven sampled subtribes of Satyrini: clade I includes Eritina and Coenonymphina, being sister to the clade II + clade III; clade II contains Parargina, Mycalesina and Lethina, and the other six subtribes constitute clade III. The placements of the taxonomically unstable Davidina Oberthür and geographically restricted Paroeneis Moore in Satyrina are confirmed for the first time based on molecular evidence. The close relationships of Callerebia Butler, Loxerebia Watkins and Argestina Riley are well-supported. We suggest that Rhaphicera Butler belongs to Lethina. The partitioned Bremer support (PBS) values of MP analysis show that the 16s rDNA contributes well to the nodes representing all the taxa from subtribe to species levels, and the 28s rDNA is informative at the subtribe level. Furthermore, our ML analyses show that the ribosomal genes 16s rDNA and 28s rDNA are informative, because most node support values are lower in the ML tree after the removal of them than that in ML tree constructed based on the full nine-gene dataset. This indicates that some other ribosomal genes should be tentatively used through combining with traditionally used protein-coding genes in further analysis on phylogeny of Satyrini, providing that proper representatives are sampled.
Impact of Aviation on Climate: FAA’s Aviation Climate Change Research Initiative (ACCRI) Phase II
Authors: Brasseur Guy P. , Gupta Mohan , Anderson Bruce E. , Balasubramanian Sathya , Barrett Steven , Duda David , Fleming Gregg , Forster Piers M. , Fuglestvedt Jan , Gettelman Andrew , Halthore Rangasayi N. , Jacob S. Daniel , Jacobson Mark Z. , Khodayari Arezoo , Liou Kuo-Nan , Lund Marianne T. , Miake-Lye Richard C. , Minnis Patrick , Olsen Seth , Penner Joyce E. , Prinn Ronald , Schumann Ulrich , Selkirk Henry B. , Sokolov Andrei , Unger Nadine , Wolfe Philip , Wong Hsi-Wu , Wuebbles Donald W. , Yi Bingqi , Yang Ping , Zhou Cheng
Published: July 2015

Under the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) Aviation Climate Change Research Initiative (ACCRI), non-CO2 climatic impacts of commercial aviation are assessed for current (2006) and for future (2050) baseline and mitigation scenarios. The effects of the non-CO2 aircraft emissions are examined using a number of advanced climate and atmospheric chemistry transport models. Radiative forcing (RF) estimates for individual forcing effects are provided as a range for comparison against those published in the literature. Preliminary results for selected RF components for 2050 scenarios indicate that a 2% increase in fuel efficiency and a decrease in NOx emissions due to advanced aircraft technologies and operational procedures, as well as the introduction of renewable alternative fuels, will significantly decrease future aviation climate impacts. In particular, the use of renewable fuels will further decrease RF associated with sulfate aerosol and black carbon. While this focused ACCRI program effort has yielded significant new knowledge, fundamental uncertainties remain in our understanding of aviation climate impacts. These include several chemical and physical processes associated with NOx–O3–CH4 interactions and the formation of aviation-produced contrails and the effects of aviation soot aerosols on cirrus clouds as well as on deriving a measure of change in temperature from RF for aviation non-CO2 climate impacts—an important metric that informs decision-making.
The Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE): An Airborne and Ground-Based Exploration of Gravity Wave Propagation and Effects from Their Sources throughout the Lower and Middle Atmosphere
Authors: Fritts David C. , Smith Ronald B. , Taylor Michael J. , Doyle James D. , Eckermann Stephen D. , Dörnbrack Andreas , Rapp Markus , Williams Bifford P. , Pautet P.-Dominique , Bossert Katrina , Criddle Neal R. , Reynolds Carolyn A. , Reinecke P. Alex , Uddstrom Michael , Revell Michael J. , Turner Richard , Kaifler Bernd , Wagner Johannes S. , Mixa Tyler , Kruse Christopher G. , Nugent Alison D. , Watson Campbell D. , Gisinger Sonja , Smith Steven M. , Lieberman Ruth S. , Laughman Brian , Moore James J. , Brown William O. , Haggerty Julie A. , Rockwell Alison , Stossmeister Gregory J. , Williams Steven F. , Hernandez Gonzalo , Murphy Damian J. , Klekociuk Andrew R. , Reid Iain M. , Ma Jun
Published: July 2015

The Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE) was designed to quantify gravity wave (GW) dynamics and effects from orographic and other sources to regions of dissipation at high altitudes. The core DEEPWAVE field phase took place from May through July 2014 using a comprehensive suite of airborne and ground-based instruments providing measurements from Earth’s surface to ∼100 km. Austral winter was chosen to observe deep GW propagation to high altitudes. DEEPWAVE was based on South Island, New Zealand, to provide access to the New Zealand and Tasmanian “hotspots” of GW activity and additional GW sources over the Southern Ocean and Tasman Sea. To observe GWs up to ∼100 km, DEEPWAVE utilized three new instruments built specifically for the National Science Foundation (NSF)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Gulfstream V (GV): a Rayleigh lidar, a sodium resonance lidar, and an advanced mesosphere temperature mapper. These measurements were supplemented by in situ probes, dropsondes, and a microwave temperature profiler on the GV and by in situ probes and a Doppler lidar aboard the German DLR Falcon. Extensive ground-based instrumentation and radiosondes were deployed on South Island, Tasmania, and Southern Ocean islands. Deep orographic GWs were a primary target but multiple flights also observed deep GWs arising from deep convection, jet streams, and frontal systems. Highlights include the following: 1) strong orographic GW forcing accompanying strong cross-mountain flows, 2) strong high-altitude responses even when orographic forcing was weak, 3) large-scale GWs at high altitudes arising from jet stream sources, and 4) significant flight-level energy fluxes and often very large momentum fluxes at high altitudes.
Development of a Dynamics-Based Statistical Prediction Model for the Changma Onset
Authors: Park Hae-li , Seo Kyong-Hwan , Son Jun-Hyeok
Published: July 2015

The timing of the changma onset has high impacts on the Korean Peninsula, yet its seasonal prediction remains a great challenge because the changma undergoes various influences from the tropics, subtropics, and midlatitudes. In this study, a dynamics-based statistical prediction model for the changma onset is proposed. This model utilizes three predictors of slowly varying sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) over the northern tropical central Pacific, the North Atlantic, and the North Pacific occurring in the preceding spring season. SSTAs associated with each predictor persist until June and have an effect on the changma onset by inducing an anticyclonic anomaly to the southeast of the Korean Peninsula earlier than the climatological changma onset date. The persisting negative SSTAs over the northern tropical central Pacific and accompanying anomalous trade winds induce enhanced convection over the far-western tropical Pacific; in turn, these induce a cyclonic anomaly over the South China Sea and an anticyclonic anomaly southeast of the Korean Peninsula. The diabatic heating and cooling tendency related to the North Atlantic dipolar SSTAs induces downstream Rossby wave propagation in the upper troposphere, developing a barotropic anticyclonic anomaly to the south of the Korean Peninsula. A westerly wind anomaly at around 45°N resulting from the developing positive SSTAs over the North Pacific directly reduces the strength of the Okhotsk high and gives rise to an anticyclonic anomaly southeast of the Korean Peninsula. With the dynamics-based statistical prediction model, it is demonstrated that the changma onset has considerable predictability of r = 0.73 for the period from 1982 to 2014.
Kelvin Waves and Tropical Cyclogenesis: A Global Survey
Authors: Schreck Carl J.
Published: July 2015

Convectively coupled atmospheric Kelvin waves are among the most prominent sources of synoptic-scale rainfall variability in the tropics, but large uncertainties surround their role in tropical cyclogenesis. This study identifies the modulation of tropical cyclones relative to the passage of a Kelvin wave’s peak rainfall (i.e., its crest) in each basin. Tropical cyclogenesis is generally inhibited for 3 days before the crest and enhanced for 3 days afterward. Composites of storms forming in the most favorable lags illustrate the dynamical impacts of the waves. In most basins, the tropical cyclone actually forms during the convectively suppressed phase of the wave. The 850-hPa equatorial westerly anomalies provide the cyclonic vorticity for the nascent storm, and 200-hPa easterly anomalies enhance the outflow. The wind anomalies persist at both levels longer than the Kelvin wave’s period and are often related to the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). The onset of these wind anomalies occurs with the Kelvin wave passage, while the MJO apparently establishes their duration. Many of the composites also show evidence of an easterly wave from which the tropical cyclone develops. The composite easterly wave amplifies or even initiates within the Kelvin wave crest. These results show the importance of Kelvin waves interacting with the MJO and easterly waves during tropical cyclogenesis. Given that Kelvin waves often circumnavigate the globe, these results show promise for long-range forecasting of tropical cyclogenesis in all basins.
An integrative pan-cancer-wide analysis of epigenetic enzymes reveals universal patterns of epigenomic deregulation in cancer
Authors: Yang Zhen , Jones Allison , Widschwendter Martin , Teschendorff Andrew E.
Published: July 2015

Background

One of the most important recent findings in cancer genomics is the identification of novel driver mutations which often target genes that regulate genome-wide chromatin and DNA methylation marks. Little is known, however, as to whether these genes exhibit patterns of epigenomic deregulation that transcend cancer types.

Results

Here we conduct an integrative pan-cancer-wide analysis of matched RNA-Seq and DNA methylation data across ten different cancer types. We identify seven tumor suppressor and eleven oncogenic epigenetic enzymes which display patterns of deregulation and association with genome-wide cancer DNA methylation patterns, which are largely independent of cancer type. In doing so, we provide evidence that genome-wide cancer hyper- and hypo- DNA methylation patterns are independent processes, controlled by distinct sets of epigenetic enzyme genes. Using causal network modeling, we predict a number of candidate drivers of cancer DNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation. Finally, we show that the genomic loci whose DNA methylation levels associate most strongly with expression of these putative drivers are highly consistent across cancer types.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that there exist universal patterns of epigenomic deregulation that transcend cancer types, and that intra-tumor levels of genome-wide DNA hypomethylation and hypermethylation are controlled by distinct processes.
Hierarchical distance-based fuzzy approach to evaluate urban water supply systems in a semi-arid region
Authors: Yekta Tahereh Sadeghi , Khazaei Mohammad , Nabizadeh Ramin , Mahvi Amir Hossein , Nasseri Simin , Yari Ahmad Reza
Published: July 2015

Hierarchical distance-based fuzzy multi-criteria group decision making was served as a tool to evaluate the drinking water supply systems of Qom, a semi-arid city located in central part of Iran. A list of aspects consisting of 6 criteria and 35 sub-criteria were evaluated based on a linguistic term set by five decision-makers. Four water supply alternatives including “Public desalinated distribution system”, “PET Bottled Drinking Water”, “Private desalinated water suppliers” and “Household desalinated water units” were assessed based on criteria and sub-criteria.

Data were aggregated and normalized to apply Performance Ratings of Alternatives. Also, the Performance Ratings of Alternatives were aggregated again to achieve the Aggregate Performance Ratings. The weighted distances from ideal solution and anti-ideal solution were calculated after secondary normalization. The proximity of each alternative to the ideal solution was determined as the final step. The alternatives were ranked based on the magnitude of ideal solutions.

Results showed that “Public desalinated distribution system” was the most appropriate alternative to supply the drinking needs of Qom population. Also, “PET Bottled Drinking Water” was the second acceptable option. A novel classification of alternatives to satisfy the drinking water requirements was proposed which is applicable for the other cities located in semi-arid regions of Iran.

The health issues were considered as independent criterion, distinct from the environmental issues. The constraints of high-tech alternatives were also considered regarding to the level of dependency on overseas.
Acute Sleep Loss Induces Tissue-Specific Epigenetic and Transcriptional Alterations to Circadian Clock Genes in Men
Authors: Cedernaes Jonathan , Osler Megan E. , Voisin Sarah , Broman Jan-Erik , Vogel Heike , Dickson Suzanne L. , Zierath Juleen R. , Schiöth Helgi B. , Benedict Christian
Published: July 2015

Context:

Shift workers are at increased risk of metabolic morbidities. Clock genes are known to regulate metabolic processes in peripheral tissues, eg, glucose oxidation.

Objective:

This study aimed to investigate how clock genes are affected at the epigenetic and transcriptional level in peripheral human tissues following acute total sleep deprivation (TSD), mimicking shift work with extended wakefulness.

Intervention:

In a randomized, two-period, two-condition, crossover clinical study, 15 healthy men underwent two experimental sessions: x sleep (2230–0700 h) and overnight wakefulness. On the subsequent morning, serum cortisol was measured, followed by skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies for DNA methylation and gene expression analyses of core clock genes (BMAL1, CLOCK, CRY1, PER1). Finally, baseline and 2-h post-oral glucose load plasma glucose concentrations were determined.

Main Outcome Measures:

In adipose tissue, acute sleep deprivation vs sleep increased methylation in the promoter of CRY1 (+4%; P = .026) and in two promoter-interacting enhancer regions of PER1 (+15%; P = .036; +9%; P = .026). In skeletal muscle, TSD vs sleep decreased gene expression of BMAL1 (−18%; P = .033) and CRY1 (−22%; P = .047). Concentrations of serum cortisol, which can reset peripheral tissue clocks, were decreased (2449 ± 932 vs 3178 ± 723 nmol/L; P = .039), whereas postprandial plasma glucose concentrations were elevated after TSD (7.77 ± 1.63 vs 6.59 ± 1.32 mmol/L; P = .011).

Conclusions:

Our findings demonstrate that a single night of wakefulness can alter the epigenetic and transcriptional profile of core circadian clock genes in key metabolic tissues. Tissue-specific clock alterations could explain why shift work may disrupt metabolic integrity as observed herein.
Shale Gas in China: Reality and Dream
Authors: Dong Dazhong , Guan Quanzhong , Wang Shufang , Huang Jinliang , Wang Yuman , Zhang Chenchen
Published: July 2015

China extracted shale gas of 23, 500∼24, 600 m3/d from the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Shale Formation in Weiyuan gas field of Sichuan Basin in 1966. This shale interval, however, was considered less prospective because the Sinian Doushantuo Formation dolomite reservoir was defined as the target layer for drilling at that time. Forty years later, this black shale interval became attractive as triggered by the “Shale Gas Evolution” in North America. In 2005, by learning from shale gas mode of the United States, PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development (RIPED) reviewed the existing well data of the region where the Weiyuan and Longchang gas fields and the Changning structure were located within the Southern Sichuan Basin. In order to re-examine the gas shows and geochemical property and to evaluate the gas potential of shale strata within the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation and the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation. On that basis, for the entire Sichuan Basin and adjoining regions, PetroChina has carried out a geologic survey on organic-rich shales, drilled shallow shale gas appraisal wells, evaluated the shale gas resource potential, and defined some favorable targets for shale gas exploration and development by 2008. W201, the first shale gas appraisal well of China, drilled by PetroChina in 2009, initially produced 17, 000 m3/day from the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation shale and 10, 800 m3/day from the Qiongzhusi Formation shale, marking the commencement of shale gas exploration and development activities in China. Thus far, China has received shale gas flow from marine, transitional-limnetic coaly and lacustrine shales in many regions, such as Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, etc. The commercialization of marine shale gas has been achieved in Sichuan and Chongqing totaling 0.2 billion cubic meters of shale gas production in 2013. Through an overall review on the progress of shale gas exploration and development in China, we concluded that the geological conditions for shale gas in China are extremely complex. First, the most sedimentary basins in China belong to superimposed basins, all of them have experienced the depositional evolution from marine to terrestrial facies, and three types of shales were well developed including marine, transitional, and terrestrial organic-rich shales. Second, the conditions of shale gas formation and accumulation in China are favorable and shale gas resource has a great potential for further development in China. Third, like North America, the marine organic-rich shales of China have the best and most realistic shale gas exploration and development prospects. But it faces technical, environmental, regulatory, infrastructural and other challenges that are likely to delay rapid shale gas development. Fourth, until now, although the exploration and exploitation of shale gas in China are relatively low, very good signs have been emerged to prove that China has good prospects in the future.
On Analyzing the Correlations and Implications of Single-Number Quantities for Rating Airborne Sound Insulation in the Frequency Range 50 Hz to 5 kHz
Authors: Garg N. , Maji S.
Published: July 2015

The paper presents the implications and correlations of single-number quantities ( SNQ) proposed by Scholl et al., 2011 calculated from the sound transmission loss measurements conducted in the extended frequency range of 50 Hz to 5 kHz. Although the new SNQ proposed in ISO 16717 have been withdrawn, yet these SNQ may appear in future which has prompted the present analysis and discussion. The present study contributes to the ongoing debate on newly proposed SNQ by establishing their implications and correlations and the shift in numerical values in transition from old to proposed SNQ.
A ChIP on the shoulder? Chromatin immunoprecipitation and validation strategies for ChIP antibodies
Authors: Wardle Fiona C. , Tan Haihan
Published: July 2015

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a technique widely used in the study of epigenetics and transcriptional regulation of gene expression. However, its antibody-centric nature exposes it to similar challenges faced by other antibody-based procedures, of which the most prominent are issues of specificity and affinity in antigen recognition. As with other techniques that make use of antibodies, recent studies have shown the need for validation of ChIP antibodies in order to be sure they recognize the advertised protein or epitope. We summarize here the issues surrounding ChIP antibody usage, and highlight the toolkit of validation methods that can be employed by investigators looking to appraise these reagents.
Steps to ensure income generation success
Authors: Green Ryan
Published: July 2015

Planning matters, if you want to make time for income generation for your school. So how do you start? Ryan Green offers five pieces of advice.
Shifts in control disciplines and rescaling as a response to network governance failure: the BCJ case, Brazil
Authors: Kirschbaum Charles
Published: July 2015

I suggest that rescaling might be a response to network failure. In order to describe a network’s modes of governance, I borrow the idea of ‘disciplines of control’. This framework is applied to the Brazil Grows Together (BCJ) case, a policy aimed at pregnant women and early childhood care in a state in Brazil. I show that constituency pressures at state level led to rescaling, and higher selectiveness. Subsequently, network managers steered vertical communication, and promoted broader inclusion of stakeholders. I conclude the article by suggesting general mechanisms that govern rescaling within the network governance framework.
Open data and co-production of public value of BBC Backstage
Authors: Lin Yuwei
Published: July 2015

Openly accessible data sets (open data) have been recognized as valuable assets for creating business opportunities, revitalizing innovation and transparentizing organizational conducts. Public Service Broadcasters (PSB) such as the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) have been motivated to experiment with open data and new forms of innovation in content making, delivery and audience engagement. Through a case study of the BBC Backstage project, this article examines how such open innovation processes of engaging the public in the reuse and remix of open data were conceived, supported, managed and maintained. The research found that BBC Backstage had played an important role in encouraging and motivating people to reuse and repurpose the open data released by the BBC. New forms of outputs have emerged, as seen in the Data Arts visualization project and the R&DTV clips mashups. The article argues that PSB public value can be co-produced through opening up data sets, encouraging reuse and remix, and building up a network of enthusiastic and capable active audiences, the techno-elites, whose status has been encouraged the open data culture and alike. Lessons learned can help understand the meanings of open data from the PSB perspective, and the implications in media industry thereby foster innovation in future media and creative industries.