bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alarmingly large unemployment gap despite of above-average education in adults with ASD without intellectual disability in Germany: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Espelöer Julia , Proft Julia , Falter-Wagner Christine M. , Vogeley Kai
Published: May 2022

For individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), both getting access to as well as staying in the labor market are very challenging. However, the detailed educational, vocational, and employment characteristics of persons with ASD without intellectual disabilities are not yet studied. We conducted a retrospective study on a sample of 232 clinically late-diagnosed adults with ASD without intellectual disabilities. Data were compared to the general German population obtained from the public database of the German Federal Employment Agency. Results showed that the majority of persons with ASD graduated from high school and obtained a university entrance qualification (ASD: 50.4%; general population: 32.5%). Also, lower rates of basic secondary education were found in the ASD sample (ASD: 16.5%, general population: 29.6%). Significantly less individuals with ASD completed vocational training (40.1%) in comparison to the German population (56.3%). Despite the above-average level of education, the unemployment rate of the sample substantially exceeds that of the general population by the factor 5 (ASD: 25.2%; general population: 5.2%). Periods of unwanted unemployment of persons with ASD lasted on average 23 months with interpersonal problems being the main reason for contract termination. A higher level of educational qualification does not protect against a higher risk of unemployment for individuals with ASD presumably due to autism-specific interpersonal difficulties. Data emphasize the necessity to develop and spread both specific employment support activities for individuals with ASD as well as adequate awareness raising strategies. Funded by a public grant of the “Landschaftsverband Rheinland (LVR)”.
Metabolic mechanisms of acute proximal tubular injury
Authors: Hall Andrew M. , de Seigneux Sophie
Published: May 2022

Damage to the proximal tubule (PT) is the most frequent cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in humans. Diagnostic and treatment options for AKI are currently limited, and a deeper understanding of pathogenic mechanisms at a cellular level is required to rectify this situation. Metabolism in the PT is complex and closely coupled to solute transport function. Recent studies have shown that major changes in PT metabolism occur during AKI and have highlighted some potential targets for intervention. However, translating these insights into effective new therapies still represents a substantial challenge. In this article, in addition to providing a brief overview of the current state of the field, we will highlight three emerging areas that we feel are worthy of greater attention. First, we will discuss the role of axial heterogeneity in cellular function along the PT in determining baseline susceptibility to different metabolic hits. Second, we will emphasize that elucidating insult specific pathogenic mechanisms will likely be critical in devising more personalized treatments for AKI. Finally, we will argue that uncovering links between tubular metabolism and whole-body homeostasis will identify new strategies to try to reduce the considerable morbidity and mortality associated with AKI. These concepts will be illustrated by examples of recent studies emanating from the authors’ laboratories and performed under the auspices of the Swiss National Competence Center for Kidney Research (NCCR Kidney.ch).
Occipito-transtentorial approach for falcotentorial meningiomas: how I do it
Authors: Papadimitriou Kyriakos , Cossu Giulia , Rocca Alda , Daniel Roy Thomas
Published: May 2022

Background

Falcotentorial meningiomas are rare tumors that arise at the junction of the dural folds of the tentorium and falx cerebri, at the junction of the vein of Galen with the straight sinus with possible extensions along the course of the straight sinus. Surgery of falcotentorial meningiomas remains challenging due to the intimate neurovascular relationships in the posterior incisural space.

Methods

We describe the key steps of the occipito-transtentorial approach for falcotentorial meningiomas with a video illustration. The surgical anatomy is described along with the advantages and limitations of this approach.

Conclusion

The occipito-transtentorial approach offers good surgical exposure and outcomes in carefully selected patients harboring falcotentorial meningiomas. Precise understanding of the relationship between the tumor and the internal cerebral veins, basal veins, and vein of Galen should be thoroughly analyzed as these structures may be infiltrated or displaced.
Bound-constrained global optimization of functions with low effective dimensionality using multiple random embeddings
Authors: Cartis Coralia , Massart Estelle , Otemissov Adilet
Published: May 2022

We consider the bound-constrained global optimization of functions with low effective dimensionality, that are constant along an (unknown) linear subspace and only vary over the effective (complement) subspace. We aim to implicitly explore the intrinsic low dimensionality of the constrained landscape using feasible random embeddings, in order to understand and improve the scalability of algorithms for the global optimization of these special-structure problems. A reduced subproblem formulation is investigated that solves the original problem over a random low-dimensional subspace subject to affine constraints, so as to preserve feasibility with respect to the given domain. Under reasonable assumptions, we show that the probability that the reduced problem is successful in solving the original, full-dimensional problem is positive. Furthermore, in the case when the objective’s effective subspace is aligned with the coordinate axes, we provide an asymptotic bound on this success probability that captures its polynomial dependence on the effective and, surprisingly, ambient dimensions. We then propose X-REGO, a generic algorithmic framework that uses multiple random embeddings, solving the above reduced problem repeatedly, approximately and possibly, adaptively. Using the success probability of the reduced subproblems, we prove that X-REGO converges globally, with probability one, and linearly in the number of embeddings, to an $$\epsilon $$
ϵ
-neighbourhood of a constrained global minimizer. Our numerical experiments on special structure functions illustrate our theoretical findings and the improved scalability of X-REGO variants when coupled with state-of-the-art global—and even local—optimization solvers for the subproblems.
Analysis of the Frank–Wolfe method for convex composite optimization involving a logarithmically-homogeneous barrier
Authors: Zhao Renbo , Freund Robert M.
Published: May 2022

We present and analyze a new generalized Frank–Wolfe method for the composite optimization problem$$(P): {\min }_{x\in {\mathbb {R}}^n} \; f(\mathsf {A} x) + h(x)$$(P):minx∈Rnf(Ax)+h(x), wherefis a$$\theta $$θ-logarithmically-homogeneous self-concordant barrier,$$\mathsf {A}$$Ais a linear operator and the functionhhas a bounded domain but is possibly non-smooth. We show that our generalized Frank–Wolfe method requires$$O((\delta _0 + \theta + R_h)\ln (\delta _0) + (\theta + R_h)^2/\varepsilon )$$O((δ0+θ+Rh)ln(δ0)+(θ+Rh)2/ε)iterations to produce an$$\varepsilon $$ε-approximate solution, where$$\delta _0$$δ0denotes the initial optimality gap and$$R_h$$Rhis the variation ofhon its domain. This result establishes certain intrinsic connections between$$\theta $$θ-logarithmically homogeneous barriers and the Frank–Wolfe method. When specialized to theD-optimal design problem, we essentially recover the complexity obtained by Khachiyan (Math Oper Res 21 (2): 307–320, 1996) using the Frank–Wolfe method with exact line-search. We also study the (Fenchel) dual problem of (P), and we show that our new method is equivalent to an adaptive-step-size mirror descent method applied to the dual problem. This enables us to provide iteration complexity bounds for the mirror descent method despite the fact that the dual objective function is non-Lipschitz and has unbounded domain. In addition, we present computational experiments that point to the potential usefulness of our generalized Frank–Wolfe method on Poisson image de-blurring problems with TV regularization, and on simulated PET problem instances.
Uniqueness and hyperconic geometry of positioning with biased distance measurements
Authors: Hou M.
Published: May 2022

Positioning an object with biased distance measurements is exactly solvable if exact knowledge of the reference locations and noise-free range measurements are assumed. By examining the positioning algebra, this paper obtains explicit necessary and sufficient conditions for the positioning problem to have a unique or twin solutions. The intersection of negative hyperconic halves is shown to be an exact geometric interpretation of the positioning solutions. The placement of non-coplanar references largely ensures but does not guarantee unique positioning. Given a set of references, object region for non-unique positioning is identifiable by using the conditions derived in this work. The placement of five references to form an asymmetric hexahedron is postulated to be sufficient for unique positioning in a three-dimensional environment. Illustrative examples explain these findings.
Abundance and richness of invertebrates in shade-grown versus sun-exposed coffee home gardens in Indonesia
Authors: Campera Marco , Budiadi Budiadi , Bušina Tomáš , Fathoni Baladzuri Hafizh , Dermody Janine , Nijman Vincent , Imron Muhammad Ali , Nekaris K. A. I.
Published: May 2022

Complex agroforestry systems are suggested as a possible solution to reduce the effects of deforestation in the tropics while enhancing the livelihoods of local human populations. Coffee (Coffea spp.) is one of the most important commodity crops in the world that can easily be cultivated in complex agroforestry systems. Coffee agroforestry systems usually sustain higher biodiversity levels than sun-exposed fields while keeping similar levels of productivity considering the several benefits of growing coffee under a complex system. We aim to explore the richness and abundance of invertebrates in coffee home gardens in West Java, Indonesia by comparing 14 sun-exposed and 14 shade-grown gardens. We collected data in March/April 2019 via pitfall traps, pan traps, and beating tray in each field. We ran generalised linear models to assess whether the number of species and the number of individuals of insects differed between sun-exposed vs. shade-grown coffee gardens, and tested associations between main taxa. Overall, there was no difference in the richness (sun-exposed: 19.86 ± SE1.19; shade-grown: 19.71 ± SE1.19; Z-value = 0.12, p value = 0.904) and abundance (sun-exposed: 141.93 ± SE 3.18; shade-grown: 139.93 ± SE3.16; Z-value = 0.35, p value = 0.706) of invertebrates in coffee gardens, although taxa specific differences were present. Sun-exposed fields had a higher abundance of invertebrates considered as pests (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae, Ectobiidae; Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Lycidae and Tenebrionidae; Diptera: Anisolabididae, Drosophilidae and Sarcophagidae). Camponotus spp. were the most dominant ants in shade-grown gardens while Dolichoderus spp. and Myrmicaria spp. were more abundant in sun-exposed gardens. Despite the fact that sun-exposed coffee fields registered higher abundance of invertebrate pests than shade-grown coffee fields, the richness of invertebrates did not substantially vary between sun-exposed and shade-grown coffee, suggesting that the matrix of gardens offers advanced ecosystem services. It is important to keep the complexity of agroforestry systems that provide key habitats for biodiversity.
The Singularity and Cosingularity Categories of C∗BG for Groups with Cyclic Sylow p-subgroups
Authors: Benson Dave , Greenlees John
Published: May 2022

We construct a differential graded algebra (DGA) modelling certain $A_{\infty }$

A

∞

algebras associated with a finite group G with cyclic Sylow subgroups, namely H∗BG and $H_{*}{\Omega } BG{^{^{\wedge }}_p}$

H

∗

Ω
B

G

p

∧

. We use our construction to investigate the singularity and cosingularity categories of these algebras. We give a complete classification of the indecomposables in these categories, and describe the Auslander–Reiten quiver. The theory applies to Brauer tree algebras in arbitrary characteristic, and we end with an example in characteristic zero coming from the Hecke algebras of symmetric groups.
On the binary formulation of air traffic flow management problems
Authors: Hamdan Sadeque , Jouini Oualid , Cheaitou Ali , Jemai Zied , Granberg Tobias Andersson
Published: May 2022

We discuss a widely used air traffic flow management formulation. We show that this formulation can lead to a solution where air delays are assigned to flights during their take-off which is prohibited in practice. Although air delay is more expensive than ground delay, the model may assign air delay to a few flights during their take-off to save more on not having as much ground delay. We present a modified formulation and verify its functionality in avoiding incorrect solutions.
Implications of ACC/AHA Versus ESC/EAS LDL-C Recommendations for Residual Risk Reduction in ASCVD: A Simulation Study From DA VINCI
Authors: Vallejo-Vaz Antonio J. , Bray Sarah , Villa Guillermo , Brandts Julia , Kiru Gaia , Murphy Jennifer , Banach Maciej , De Servi Stefano , Gaita Dan , Gouni-Berthold Ioanna , Kees Hovingh G. , Jozwiak Jacek J. , Jukema J. Wouter , Gabor Kiss Robert , Kownator Serge , Iversen Helle K. , Maher Vincent , Masana Luis , Parkhomenko Alexander , Peeters André , Clifford Piers , Raslova Katarina , Siostrzonek Peter , Romeo Stefano , Tousoulis Dimitrios , Vlachopoulos Charalambos , Vrablik Michal , Catapano Alberico L. , Poulter Neil R. , Ray Kausik K. ,   On behalf of the DA VINCI Study Investigators
Published: May 2022

Purpose

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) recommendations differ between the 2018 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) and 2019 European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society (ESC/EAS) guidelines for patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) (< 70 vs. < 55 mg/dl, respectively). In the DA VINCI study, residual cardiovascular risk was predicted in ASCVD patients. The extent to which relative and absolute risk might be lowered by achieving ACC/AHA versus ESC/EAS LDL-C recommended approaches was simulated.

Methods

DA VINCI was a cross-sectional observational study of patients prescribed lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) across 18 European countries. Ten-year cardiovascular risk (CVR) was predicted among ASCVD patients receiving stabilized LLT. For patients with LDL-C ≥ 70 mg/dl, the absolute LDL-C reduction required to achieve an LDL-C of < 70 or < 55 mg/dl (LDL-C of 69 or 54 mg/dl, respectively) was calculated. Relative and absolute risk reductions (RRRs and ARRs) were simulated.

Results

Of the 2039 patients, 61% did not achieve LDL-C < 70 mg/dl. For patients with LDL-C ≥ 70 mg/dl, median (interquartile range) baseline LDL-C and 10-year CVR were 93 (81–115) mg/dl and 32% (25–43%), respectively. Median LDL-C reductions of 24 (12–46) and 39 (27–91) mg/dl were needed to achieve an LDL-C of 69 and 54 mg/dl, respectively. Attaining ACC/AHA or ESC/EAS goals resulted in simulated RRRs of 14% (7–25%) and 22% (15–32%), respectively, and ARRs of 4% (2–7%) and 6% (4–9%), respectively.

Conclusion

In ASCVD patients, achieving ESC/EAS LDL-C goals could result in a 2% additional ARR over 10 years versus the ACC/AHA approach.

Graphical abstract
An empirical analysis of image augmentation against model inversion attack in federated learning
Authors: Shin Seunghyeon , Boyapati Mallika , Suo Kun , Kang Kyungtae , Son Junggab
Published: May 2022

Federated Learning (FL) is a technology that facilitates a sophisticated way to train distributed data. As the FL does not expose sensitive data in the training process, it was considered privacy-safe deep learning. However, a few recent studies proved that it is possible to expose the hidden data by exploiting the shared models only. One common solution for the data exposure is differential privacy that adds noise to hinder such an attack, however, it inevitably involves a trade-off between privacy and utility. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of image augmentation as an alternative defense strategy that has less impact of the trade-off. We conduct comprehensive experiments on the CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets with 14 augmentations and 9 magnitudes. As a result, the best combination of augmentation and magnitude for each image class in the datasets was discovered. Also, our results show that a well-fitted augmentation strategy can outperform differential privacy.
The Impact of Message Content and Format on Initial Parental Engagement in a Parenting Intervention: An Experimental Study
Authors: Gonzalez Carolina , Morawska Alina , Haslam Divna M.
Published: May 2022

Background

Engagement strategies are commonly used to enhance parents’ involvement in parenting interventions. However, few strategies have been evaluated to determine their effectiveness at increasing initial engagement. This study tested the effectiveness of message content (benefits vs. costs) and format (video vs. written) of engagement strategies on the initial engagement (i.e., recruitment, enrolment, and first attendance) of parents to parenting interventions.

Methods

Participants were 692 parents of children aged 2 to 12 years old. Parents were randomly allocated to one of four experimental conditions, which tested the combination of message (benefits vs. costs) and format (video vs. written). Recruitment, enrolment, and first attendance were measured as part of parent’s initial engagement to a self-directed parenting intervention.

Results

Neither message content nor format had an effect on recruitment, enrolment, or first attendance. However, parents who saw the costs content were significantly more likely to review the intervention workbook compared to parents who saw the message about the benefits of the intervention.

Conclusions

Brief testimonials have the potential to early engage parents when the message is positive, independently of its format. Future research should further explore the effects of different messages as well as other engagement strategies used to engage parents.

Trial Registration

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618001282279, prospectively registered 30/07/2018.
An extensive dust storm impact on air quality on 22 November 2018 in Sydney, Australia, using satellite remote sensing and ground data
Authors: Attiya Ali A. , Jones Brian G.
Published: May 2022

Recurrent dust storms represent a significant concern in Australia because of their related hazards and damages since particulate matter (PM) has harmful impacts on the environmental, health and economic sectors. The particulate matter may be released from natural sources and human activities. The major part of natural particulate matter is emitted into the air by wind erosion processes from desert and semi-desert areas at the world scale. A huge dust storm crossed over several areas of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, including the Sydney region on 21–22 November 2018 and decreased the horizontal visibility to less than 1 km for 22 h. This study examined the synoptic weather conditions, and assessed the air quality and identified the source and transport trajectory of the dust storm over Sydney using ground and satellite remote sensing data. PM10 (< 10 μm) concentrations were obtained from selected air quality monitoring sites operated by the Environmental Protection Agency in NSW. The highest hourly concentration of PM10 (578.7 μg/m3) was recorded at Singleton in the Hunter Valley, while concentrations in Sydney ranged from 480 to 385 μg/m3, well above the standard air quality level in Australia (50 μg/m3 per 24 h). The HYSPLIT back trajectories of air parcels suggest that the potential sources of the dust episode originated from the Lake Eyre Basin and northeast South Australia, the Mundi Mundi plains west of Broken Hill, Cobar and the grazing lands and the red sandplains in northwestern NSW. It then travelled towards the east coast. These long-range airflows transported suspended dust particles, raising air quality to hazardous levels (elevated PM10 levels) over most areas of NSW. The results from the HYSPLIT model for dust movement are confirmed by MODIS satellite images. Many areas of NSW experienced this intense dust storm due to northwest wind generated by the low-pressure systems and cold fronts over South Australia and many parts of western NSW as it moved eastward.
Barriers and drivers for sustainable business model innovation based on a radical farmland change scenario
Authors: Hansson Anna M. , Pedersen Eja , Karlsson Niklas P. E. , Weisner Stefan E. B.
Published: May 2022

The agricultural sector has a critical role in creating social and environmental value of natural resources in addition to its traditional role of creating economic value by supplying food to the ever-increasing world population. In fulfilling this dual role, the agricultural sector often faces competing pressures: to operate financially profitable businesses and to create, maintain, and benefit from ecosystem services (ES) in their operations. This paper analyses these pressures in an examination of drivers and barriers to the initiation of the business model innovation process for sustainability (BMIpfS) as perceived by ten agricultural business managers who operate farms in southern Sweden. The paper explores the interplay between managerial cognition and business decisions as revealed in semi-structured interviews. The new ES in focus connect to radical land-use change, paludiculture, as used in the rewetting of farmland intended to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that drained peat soil causes. The paper contributes to the literature by identifying drivers and barriers that moderates the initiation of the BMIpfS. Although the managers acknowledge the importance of long-term, sustainable social, and environmental value creation, they have grave doubts about the profitability of activities associated with the preservation of peat soils and connected ES. These managers would benefit from taking a more proactive, long-term approach to business model changes for sustainability and from acquiring more knowledge about market demand for sustainability-oriented ES. Successful facilitation and implementation of knowledge transfer and government subsidies that support ES could improve the turning of profits based on sustainable value creation.
The Bell Experiment and the Limitations of Actors
Authors: Helland Inge S.
Published: May 2022

The well known Bell experiment with two actors Alice and Bob is considered. First the simple deduction leading to the CHSH inequality under local realism is reviewed, and some arguments from the literature are recapitulated. Then I take up certain background themes before I enter a discussion of Alice’s analysis of the situation. An important point is that her mind is limited by the fact that her Hilbert space in this context is two-dimensional. General statements about a mind’s limitation during a decision process are derived from recent results on the reconstruction of quantum theory from conceptual variables. These results apply to any decision situation. Let all the data from the Bell experiment be handed over to a new actor Charlie, who performs a data analysis. But his mind is also limited: He has a four-dimensional Hilbert space in the context determined by the experiment. I show that this implies that neither Alice nor Charlie can have the argument leading to the CHSH inequality as a background for making decisions related to the experiment. Charlie may be any data analyst, and he may communicate with any person. It is argued that no rational person can be convinced by the CHSH argument when making empirical decisions on the Bell situation.
Endomyocardial biopsy in the clinical context: current indications and challenging scenarios
Authors: Porcari Aldostefano , Baggio Chiara , Fabris Enrico , Merlo Marco , Bussani Rossana , Perkan Andrea , Sinagra Gianfranco
Published: May 2022

Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is an invasive procedure originally developed for the monitoring of heart transplant rejection. Over the year, this procedure has gained a fundamental complementary role in the diagnostic work-up of several cardiac disorders, including cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, drug-related cardiotoxicity, amyloidosis, other infiltrative and storage disorders, and cardiac tumours. Major advances in EMB equipment and techniques for histological analysis have significantly improved diagnostic accuracy of EMB. In recent years, advanced imaging modalities such as echocardiography with three-dimensional and myocardial strain analysis, cardiac magnetic resonance and bone scintigraphy have transformed the non-invasive approach to diagnosis and prognostic stratification of several cardiac diseases. Therefore, it emerges the need to re-define the current role of EMB for diagnostic work-up and management of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge on EMB in light of the most recent evidences and to discuss current indications, including challenging scenarios encountered in clinical practice.
Physical characteristics of northern forested lakes predict sensitivity to climate change
Authors: Edlund Mark B. , Ramstack Hobbs Joy M. , Heathcote Adam J. , Engstrom Daniel R. , Saros Jasmine E. , Strock Kristin E. , Hobbs William O. , Andresen Norman A. , VanderMeulen David D.
Published: May 2022

Evidence suggests that boreal-lake ecosystems are changing rapidly, but with variable ecological responses, due to climate warming. Paleolimnological analysis of 27 undeveloped northern forested lakes showed significant and potentially climate-mediated shifts in diatom communities and increased carbon and biogenic silica burial. We hypothesize the sensitivity of northern forested lakes to climate change will vary along two physical gradients: one reflecting direct, in-lake climate effects (propensity to thermally stratify), the other reflecting indirect watershed effects (watershed to lake-surface area ratio). We focus on the historical response of algal communities to test our two-dimensional sensitivity framework. Historical algal response was summarized by measures of diatom community turnover, changes in species and diagnostic species groups, and measures of siliceous algal and overall primary production (biogenic silica, carbon burial). Measures of algal production increased across all lake types, with carbon burial proportionately higher in polymictic lakes. Greater diatom community change occurred in deep, stratified lakes with smaller watersheds, whereas diatom species groups showed variable responses along our two-dimensional sensitivity framework. Physical characteristics of lakes and watersheds could serve as predictors of sensitivity to climate change based on paleo-indicators that are mechanistically linked to direct and indirect limnological effects of climate change.
Characterizing the Ways in Which Young Students Recognise, Describe, Explain, and Employ Variation When Analysing Data in a STEM Context
Authors: Watson Jane , Fitzallen Noleine , Wright Suzie , Kelly Ben
Published: May 2022

This report focuses on the ways in which 36 Grade 4 students recognized, explained, described, and employed variation during interviews conducted 1 month after participating in STEM-based activities in which they tested, adjusted, and re-tested catapults. An inductive thematic methodology was used for analysis of the interview transcripts to capture the ways in which students discussed their analyses and justified their conclusions from the activity. The results were based on 1080 instances of variation in student responses to the interview questions, which evidenced three ways students characterized variation: contextual variation, specific variation, and general variation. Findings point to the essential nature of context in building statistical understanding in relation to both specific and general aspects of variation as well as decision-making in that context.
Modelling Thermal Diffusivity of Heterogeneous Materials Based on Thermal Diffusivities of Components with Implications for Thermal Diffusivity and Thermal Conductivity Measurement
Authors: Carson James K.
Published: May 2022

Effective thermal diffusivity models are useful for predicting thermal diffusivities of heterogeneous materials. The literature contains models that may be broadly categorised into four different types: (1) effective thermal diffusivity for highly specific applications (e.g. empirical curve fitting of measured data); (2) effective thermal diffusivity as a weighted averages of the components’ thermal diffusivities and volume fractions; (3) effective thermal diffusivity calculated from effective thermal conductivity, effective density and effective specific heat capacity known as the ‘lumped parameter’ approach (which is the most commonly employed method); (4) comparison of times for a fixed quantity of heat to be transferred to a composite material with the heat transfer time for a material with an effective thermal diffusivity. The latter three modelling methods were tested on theoretical composite materials, and none performed consistently better than the others, suggesting there is scope for further work in this area. Of the three methods, the least accurate on average was the lumped parameter method. Given that this relationship is often used to derive thermal conductivity data from thermal diffusivity data (or vice versa), it is possible that significant error is introduced to the derived property in addition to any measurement error, which is often not acknowledged.
The roots of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: evidence from Hungary
Authors: Bíró-Nagy András , Szászi Áron József
Published: May 2022

This research explores the determinants of vaccine hesitancy during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary. This article utilizes data from in-person public opinion research conducted in Hungary (March 2021, N = 1000). Government supporters, older people (60 +) and COVID-19 survivors were more likely to accept vaccination, but these variables lose significance, once controlling for personal fears and pandemic-related attitudes. COVID-19 related fears and precautious behavior reduce, while general level of fears increase the probability of vaccine hesitancy. Fear from partner’s aggression and higher levels of financial security negatively correlate with vaccine hesitancy. Our study separately analyzes the effect of various pandemic-related conspiratorial beliefs on vaccine hesitancy. All analyzed false beliefs have a significant positive effect on vaccine hesitancy, but the strongest predictors are vaccine-related conspiracy theories (“microchip” and “population control” theories) and virus denial.
Developmental Relations Between Bullying Victimization and Suicidal Ideation in Middle Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Do Internalizing Problems and Substance Use Mediate Their Links?
Authors: Zhu Xinxin , Griffiths Helen , Eisner Manuel , Hepp Urs , Ribeaud Denis , Murray Aja Louise
Published: May 2022

Previous research has suggested that bullying victimization is associated with higher suicidal risk among young people; however, the mechanisms underlying this relation have not been well examined. The current study aimed to illuminate the developmental links between bullying victimization and suicidal ideation by examining the mediating roles of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and substance use. The study sample consisted of n = 1465 participants (51.7% male) from the normative z-proso study. Using random intercept cross-lagged panel models and three waves of longitudinal data (ages 15, 17, and 20), the hypothesized mediation effects at the within-person level were tested while partialling out between-person confounds. The results suggested that, at the within-person level, bullying victimization did not predict subsequent suicidal ideation via depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, or substance use. However, age 15 bullying victimization predicted within-person increases in age 17 depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. In addition, depressive symptoms at age 15 and tobacco and cannabis use at age 17 were associated with within-person increases in bullying victimization at ages 17 and 20, respectively. The results also indicated that cannabis use and suicidal ideation were positively and reciprocally related over time. Future studies collecting data at multiple timescales are needed to understand proximal and longer-term mechanisms underlying the relation between bullying victimization and suicidality.
Optimal Double Stopping Problems for Maxima and Minima of Geometric Brownian Motions
Authors: Gapeev Pavel V. , Kort Peter M. , Lavrutich Maria N. , Thijssen Jacco J. J.
Published: May 2022

We present closed-form solutions to some double optimal stopping problems with payoffs representing linear functions of the running maxima and minima of a geometric Brownian motion. It is shown that the optimal stopping times are th first times at which the underlying process reaches some lower or upper stochastic boundaries depending on the current values of its running maximum or minimum. The proof is based on the reduction of the original double optimal stopping problems to sequences of single optimal stopping problems for the resulting three-dimensional continuous Markov process. The latter problems are solved as the equivalent free-boundary problems by means of the smooth-fit and normal-reflection conditions for the value functions at the optimal stopping boundaries and the edges of the three-dimensional state space. We show that the optimal stopping boundaries are determined as the extremal solutions of the associated first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The obtained results are related to the valuation of perpetual real double lookback options with floating sunk costs in the Black-Merton-Scholes model.
Convergence and an Explicit Formula for the Joint Moments of the Circular Jacobi $$\beta $$-Ensemble Characteristic Polynomial
Authors: Assiotis Theodoros , Gunes Mustafa Alper , Soor Arun
Published: May 2022

The problem of convergence of the joint moments, which depend on two parameters s and h, of the characteristic polynomial of a random Haar-distributed unitary matrix and its derivative, as the matrix size goes to infinity, has been studied for two decades, beginning with the thesis of Hughes (On the characteristic polynomial of a random unitary matrix and the Riemann zeta function, PhD Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001). Recently, Forrester (Joint moments of a characteristic polynomial and its derivative for the circular $$\beta $$
β
-ensemble, arXiv:2012.08618, 2020) considered the analogous problem for the Circular $$\beta $$
β
-Ensemble (C$$\beta $$
β
E) characteristic polynomial, proved convergence and obtained an explicit combinatorial formula for the limit for integer s and complex h. In this paper we consider this problem for a generalisation of the C$$\beta $$
β
E, the Circular Jacobi $$\beta $$
β
-ensemble (CJ$$\beta \text {E}_\delta $$

β

E
δ

), depending on an additional complex parameter $$\delta $$
δ
and we prove convergence of the joint moments for general positive real exponents s and h. We give a representation for the limit in terms of the moments of a family of real random variables of independent interest. This is done by making use of some general results on consistent probability measures on interlacing arrays. Using these techniques, we also extend Forrester’s explicit formula to the case of real s and $$\delta $$
δ
and integer h. Finally, we prove an analogous result for the moments of the logarithmic derivative of the characteristic polynomial of the Laguerre $$\beta $$
β
-ensemble.
Optimally ordering IDK classifiers subject to deadlines
Authors: Baruah Sanjoy , Burns Alan , Davis Robert I. , Wu Yue
Published: May 2022

A classifier is a software component, often based on Deep Learning, that categorizes each input provided to it into one of a fixed set of classes. An IDK classifier may additionally output “I Don’t Know” (IDK) for certain inputs. Multiple distinct IDK classifiers may be available for the same classification problem, offering different trade-offs between effectiveness, i.e. the probability of successful classification, and efficiency, i.e. execution time. Optimal offline algorithms are proposed for sequentially ordering IDK classifiers such that the expected duration to successfully classify an input is minimized, optionally subject to a hard deadline on the maximum time permitted for classification. Solutions are provided considering independent and dependent relationships between pairs of classifiers, as well as a mix of the two.
A Fully Coupled Hydro-Mechanical-Gas Model Based on Mixture Coupling Theory
Authors: Abdullah Sulaiman , Ma Yue , Chen Xiaohui , Khan Amirul
Published: May 2022

The interactions of gas migration, water transport and mechanical deformation of rocks are significant for geoenergy industry (e.g. Carbon Capture and Storage, radioactive waste disposal); however, the hydro-mechanical-gas coupled model remains a challenge due to the gap between multiple disciplines (e.g. Geomechanics and Geoenergy). This work presents a novel hydro-mechanical framework model of fully coupled two-phase fluid transport in a deformable porous media through extending mixture coupling theory which is based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The main difference between the mixture coupling theory approach and other approaches (ex., mechanic's approach) is that the mixture coupling theory uses energy and entropy analysis by utilizing the unbalanced thermodynamics, while the mechanic's approach analyses the stress–strain tensors. The gas free energy has been included in the Helmholtz free energy balance equation. Three main governing equations have been obtained for solid, liquid and gas phases. Benchmark experiments and modelling based on classical continuum mechanics approaches are used to validate the model by comparing the measured data to the simulation results. The results have a good agreement with experimental data, demonstrating that gas migration has a great influence on water transport and deformation of the solids. The novelty of this study is that it is providing a new approach to study the multiphase flow coupling in porous media rather than the classic mechanic’s approach.

Article Highlights

A Hydro-Mechanical-Gas (HMG) model has been developed using the mixture coupling theory approach.

The hydro-mechanical framework equations were established by using non-equilibrium thermodynamic and Darcy law.

The model has been validated using published experimental data and the results of other researchers with different approaches.
A retrospective study on dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in milk and dairy products from the Latium region (Italy) over a 7-year study period (2011–2017)
Authors: Battisti Sabrina , Scaramozzino Paola , Boselli Carlo , Busico Fabio , Berretta Sesto , Sala Marcello , Neri Bruno
Published: May 2022

This study reports the data of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), -furans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls dioxin-like (dl PCBs) measured in a total of 260 samples of the dairy supply chain collected over a period of 7 years (2011–2017) in the Latium region (Italy). Levels and average profiles of congeners were reported for each group of the analyzed dairy matrices, and any differences between different sampling strategies were considered (around likely pollutant sources or casual sampling). Of the samples, 95.4% resulted compliant with the regulated levels; only samples belonging to the “sheep bulk milk” matrix were found to be above either the action levels or the maximum levels (tot. 12 samples). Raw milk of the sheep species showed the highest averages (PCDD/F 0.248 and dl PCB 0.966 WHO TEQ pg/g of fat) compared to the milk of other species. The buffalo milk showed a content of dl PCB significantly lower (dl PCB: 0.371 WHO TEQ pg/g of fat) than the sheep milk (p<0.05). Dioxins were found to be superior to furans in almost all dairy products, except in the noncompliant samples where furans were higher. The OCDD was found to be the most abundant congener in almost all dairy products. This study provides a first list of reference values for background contamination of the dairy supply chain in the Latium region. These pre-existing values will be useful in all cases of environmental pollution to identify critical situations.
The value of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging scoring systems in explaining handgrip strength and functional impairment in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a pilot study
Authors: Salaffi Fausto , Carotti Marina , Di Carlo Marco , Ceccarelli Luca , Farah Sonia , Giovagnoni Andrea
Published: May 2022

Purpose

The goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between joint inflammation and damage of the wrists and hands, measured by semiquantitative ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging scoring systems, with functional disability and handgrip strength (HGs).

Materials and methods

Consecutive adult RA patients with active disease, as defined by a Disease Activity Score 28 joints C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) > 3.2, underwent a cross-sectional evaluation comprehensive of a clinimetric assessment, an HGs evaluation, an ultrasound assessment aimed at calculating the UltraSound-CLinical ARthritis Activity (US-CLARA), and a magnetic resonance imaging scored according to the modified Simplified Rheumatoid Arthritis Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (mod SAMIS). The Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient was used to test the correlations.

Results

Sixty-six patients with RA were investigated (age 55.6 ± 12.2 years). The mod SAMIS total score and the US-CLARA had a weak but significant correlation (rho = 0.377,p = 0.0018). Among the mod SAMIS sub-scores, there was a significant relationship between mod SAMIS bone edema (SAMIS-BME) and US-CLARA (rho = 0.799,p < 0.001) and mod SAMIS synovitis (SAMIS synovitis) and US-CLARA (rho = 0.539,p < 0.001). There were also significant negative relationships between the HGs score and the mod SAMIS total score and US-CLARA (rho = − 0.309,p = 0.011 and rho = − 0.775,p < 0.0001, respectively).

Conclusions

BME and synovitis have an influence on the function of the upper extremities. The US-CLARA and the mod SAMIS total score are intriguing options for semiquantitative assessment of joint inflammation and damage in RA.
Heterogeneity in agricultural households and transition paths in southern Tibet
Authors: Zhang Jing , Brown Colin , Waldron Scott , Yadav Lava , Zhuoga De-qing
Published: May 2022

Smallholder livelihoods in agricultural areas in Tibet Autonomous Region, China (Tibet for short) have traditionally been based on subsistence mixed crop-livestock systems. Like many parts of China and the developing world, rural Tibet is undergoing rapid change in agricultural development, boosted by links with the off-farm sector. However, the agricultural transition process in Tibet has not been linear, is affected by policies particular to the region, and varies significantly for different categories of rural actors. This paper analyses heterogeneity of household types in agricultural areas of southern Tibet and how household structures and characteristics result in different agricultural development pathways. Data is drawn from a stratified random survey of 144 households in three townships in southern Tibet and analysed through three methods: cluster analysis, bio-economic modelling, and analysis of household perceptions and attitudes to change. The analysis allows for the identification of three key household types — semi-subsistence, pluriactive and semi-commercial — organised along a continuum of intensification, commercialisation, specialisation and productivity. The study demonstrates the diversity of household farming systems in Tibet which in turn highlights the need for disaggregated analysis and tailored development policies and strategies. However, the analysis also reveals commonalities in development paths between groups, where all farm types are more interested in pursuing income and livelihood goals through an increase in productivity than through an increase in scale. Farmers in all systems choose to retain agriculture as a base from which to pursue livelihood strategies, especially through off-farm activities. Accounting for this household heterogeneity is important on several levels. First, it provides more granular detail on the process of development in rural areas of Tibet that have been very difficult to access in English literature especially in recent years. Second, the characteristics of the case study in agricultural areas of Tibet — especially the mixed agricultural-pastoral systems, high levels of seasonality, heavy state investment and increased integration with the other regions of China — may contribute to the broader agricultural development study. Third, policymakers in the central and local governments may be interested in how the household heterogeneity may affect — or be affected by — policies to increase agricultural productivity, intensify systems, change the composition of crop-livestock systems, promote rural-urban transformation and pursue environmental objectives, especially grassland degradation.
Supportive therapies in patients with advanced adrenocortical carcinoma submitted to standard EDP-M regimen
Authors: Turla Antonella , Laganà Marta , Grisanti Salvatore , Abate Andrea , Ferrari Vittorio Domenico , Cremaschi Valentina , Sigala Sandra , Consoli Francesca , Cosentini Deborah , Berruti Alfredo
Published: May 2022

Purpose

The management of patients with advanced/metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is challenging, EDP-M (etoposide, doxorubicin, cisplatin combined with mitotane) is the standard regimen. However, it is quite toxic, so an adequate supportive therapy is crucial to reduce as much as possible the side effects and maintain the dose intensity of cytotoxic agents.

Methods

We describe the main side effects of the EDP-M scheme and the best way to manage them based on the experience of the Medical Oncology Unit of the Spedali Civili of Brescia. We also deal with the administration of EDP-M in specific frail patients, such as those with huge disease extent and poor performance status (PS) and those with mild renal insufficiency.

Results

In patients with hormone secreting ACC the rapid control of Cushing syndrome using adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors such as metyrapone or osilodrostat is mandatory before starting EDP-M. Primary prophylaxis of neutropenia with Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factors is crucial and should be introduced at the first chemotherapy cycle. Possible mitotane induced hypoadrenalism should be always considered in case of persistent nausea and vomiting and asthenia in the interval between one cycle to another. In case of poor PS. A 24 h continuous infusion schedule of cisplatin could be an initial option in patients with poor PS as well as to reduce the risk of nefrotoxocity in patients with mild renal impairment.

Conclusion

A careful and accurate supportive care is essential to mitigate EDP-M side effects as much as possible and avoid that, due to toxicity, patients have to reduce doses and or postpone cytotoxic treatment with a negative impact on efficacy of this chemotherapy regimen.