bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishment and Accuracy Analysis of Measurement Control Network Based on Length–Angle Mixed Intersection Adjustment Model
Authors: Xiong Zhi , Li Chunsen , Zhang Hao , Zhong Chenxiaopeng , Zhai Zhongsheng , Zhao Ziyue
Published: June 2024

To achieve high-precision measurements of target points on long straight tracks, a multi-level measurement method based on length–angle mixed intersection techniques was explored. Firstly, a control network with graded measurement levels was proposed, based on the spatial error characteristics of different measuring devices and the principle of nonlinear least squares, and a method for adjustment calculation based on length–angle mixed intersection was studied. Secondly, numerical simulation was conducted to assess the impact of instrument placement on measurement accuracy, and the results indicated that central positioning within the measurement range can effectively minimize the overall point location errors. Finally, the methodology was validated in a practical setting at a rocket sled test site. Experimental results demonstrated that, within a measurement range of approximately 669 m, when target points were located on one side of the track and distance measurements were used as benchmark values, the measurement control network achieved a distance standard deviation of 0.20 mm. The range of distance deviations was between −0.85 mm and 0.98 mm. This approach offers substantial reference value for high-precision coordinate measurements over extended distances.
User-Centric Internet of Things and Controlled Service Scheduling Scheme for a Software-Defined Network
Authors: Anjum Mohd , Min Hong , Ahmed Zubair
Published: June 2024

Mobile users can access vital real-time services through wireless paradigms like software-defined network (SDN) topologies and the Internet of Things. Point-of-contact-based infrastructures and dynamic user densities increase resource access and service-sharing concurrency. Thus, controlling power consumption and network and device congestion becomes a major issue for SDN-based IoT applications. This paper uses the Controlled Service Scheduling Scheme (CS3) to address the challenge of simultaneous scheduling and power allocation. The suggested approach uses deep recurrent learning and probabilistic balancing for power allocation and service distribution during user-centric concurrent sharing intervals. The SDN control plane decides how much power to use for service delivery while forecasting user service demands directs the scheduling interval allocation. Power management is under the control plane of the SDN, whereas service distribution is under the data plane. Power-to-service requirements are evaluated probabilistically, and updates for both aircraft are obtained via the deep learning model. This allocation serves as the basis for training the learning model to alleviate power deficits across succeeding intervals. The simulation experiments are modeled using the Contiki Cooja simulator, where 200 mobile users are placed. The proposed plan delivers a 14.9% high-service distribution for various users, 18.29% less delay, 13.34% less failure, 5.54% less downtime, and 18.68% less power consumption.
Quantitative Analysis of Influencing Factors on Changzhou Ship Lock Capacity
Authors: Xin Quanbo , Wang Yong , Zhang Ming , Wang Ruixi , Wang Yongchao
Published: June 2024

The Changzhou ship lock is approaching its capacity limit. In order to quantitatively analyze the influencing factors that restrict the capacity of the Changzhou ship lock, this study proposes an influencing factor analysis method based on principal component analysis (PCA). This method estimates the confidence interval of ship passing time by fitting a lognormal distribution curve, eliminates redundancy in navigability data by combining the hydrological data and cargo load data, and quantitatively analyzes the influencing factors of ship lock capacity under saturated operating conditions. The results show that the influencing factors of Changzhou ship lock capacity are classified according to their influence contribution rate as minimum water depth above the lock sill, operation direction, ship dimensions, draft, loading capacity, and actual load. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for improving the ship lock capacity and have application value for lock scheduling management.
Introduction for Special Issue “Rethinking Contemporary Latin American Art”
Authors: Roquez Gabriela Germana , Wolff Lesley A.
Published: June 2024

Today’s fleeting spectacles—art fairs, biennials, and NFTs—continue to shape a global consensus about contemporary Latin American art based on practices developed in urban, white, and mestizo middle- and upper-class contexts [...]
Characterization of Isoclinic, Transversally Geodesic and Grassmannizable Webs
Authors: Saab Jihad , Absi Rafik
Published: June 2024

One of the most relevant topics in web theory is linearization. A particular class of linearizable webs is the Grassmannizable web. Akivis gave a characterization of such a web, showing that Grassmannizable webs are equivalent to isoclinic and transversally geodesic webs. The obstructions given by Akivis that characterize isoclinic and transversally geodesic webs are computed locally, and it is difficult to give them an interpretation in relation to torsion or curvature of the unique Chern connection associated with a web. In this paper, using Nagy’s web formalism, Frölisher—Nejenhuis theory for derivation associated with vector differential forms, and Grifone’s connection theory for tensorial algebra on the tangent bundle, we find invariants associated with almost-Grassmann structures expressed in terms of torsion, curvature, and Nagy’s tensors, and we provide an interpretation in terms of these invariants for the isoclinic, transversally geodesic, Grassmannizable, and parallelizable webs.
Preliminary Study of Scent Rolling in Captive Wolves (Canis lupus L. 1758) in Response to Olfactory Enrichment
Authors: Boić Nikolina , Jukić Nikica , Mikuška Alma , Bjedov Dora , Kovačić Mislav , Šalika-Todorović Tatjana , Sudarić Bogojević Mirta
Published: June 2024

Scent rolling, a behaviour observed in various large carnivores like wolves, entails the animal lowering its chin and neck towards a scent, followed by rubbing the head, neck, shoulders, and back into it. This behaviour is prevalent among wolves exposed to diverse scents, though its exact purpose remains uncertain. In this study, captive wolves at Osijek Zoo responded differently to odours during olfactory enrichment sessions. In the initial year of this study, the highest level of interest, evidenced by both the frequency of responses and scent-rolling behaviour, was noted when the wolves encountered odours such as curry and rosemary, along with deer/mouflon and rat faeces. While certain odours, such as llama faeces and deer/mouflon faeces, garnered longer durations of interest in the second year of study, others, like guinea pig faeces and oregano, elicited shorter responses. Female wolves demonstrated a higher level of engagement with scents compared with males, particularly through scent rolling behaviour, which was exclusively observed in females during the second year of this study. Interestingly, certain odours did not trigger scent rolling, suggesting selective preferences. On the other hand, sheep’s wool induced the longest duration of scent rolling, and a lack of significant differences in behaviour was observed between morning and afternoon sessions. Despite the existence of multiple hypotheses put forward to explain the causation of scent rolling in wolves, it seems to be elicited by unfamiliar odours.
Investigating the Mechanical Performance of Bionic Wings Based on the Flapping Kinematics of Beetle Hindwings
Authors: Liu Chao , Shen Tianyu , Shen Huan , Ling Mingxiang , Chen Guodong , Lu Bo , Chen Feng , Wang Zhenhua
Published: June 2024

The beetle, of the order Coleoptera, possesses outstanding flight capabilities. After completing flight, they can fold their hindwings under the elytra and swiftly unfold them again when they take off. This sophisticated hindwing structure is a result of biological evolution, showcasing the strong environmental adaptability of this species. The beetle’s hindwings can provide biomimetic inspiration for the design of flapping-wing micro air vehicles (FWMAVs). In this study, the Asian ladybird (Harmonia axyridis Pallas) was chosen as the bionic research object. Various kinematic parameters of its flapping flight were analyzed, including the flight characteristics of the hindwings, wing tip motion trajectories, and aerodynamic characteristics. Based on these results, a flapping kinematic model of the Asian ladybird was established. Then, three bionic deployable wing models were designed and their structural mechanical properties were analyzed. The results show that the structure of wing vein bars determined the mechanical properties of the bionic wing. This study can provide a theoretical basis and technical reference for further bionic wing design.
Temporal–Posterior Alpha Power in Resting-State Electroencephalography as a Potential Marker of Complex Childhood Trauma in Institutionalized Adolescents
Authors: Marcu Gabriela Mariana , Băcilă Ciprian Ionuț , Zăgrean Ana-Maria
Published: June 2024

The present study explored whether, given the association of temporal alpha with fear circuitry (learning and conditioning), exposure to complex childhood trauma (CCT) is reflected in the temporal–posterior alpha power in resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) in complex trauma-exposed adolescents in a sample of 25 adolescents and similar controls aged 12–17 years. Both trauma and psychopathology were screened or assessed, and resting-state EEG was recorded following a preregistered protocol for data collection. Temporal–posterior alpha power, corresponding to the T5 and T6 electrode locations (international 10–20 system), was extracted from resting-state EEG in both eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. We found that in the eyes-open condition, temporal–posterior alpha was significantly lower in adolescents exposed to CCT relative to healthy controls, suggesting that childhood trauma exposure may have a measurable impact on alpha oscillatory patterns. Our study highlights the importance of considering potential neural markers, such as temporal–posterior alpha power, to understanding the long-term consequences of CCT exposure in developmental samples, with possible important clinical implications in guiding neuroregulation interventions.
Metacognitive Awareness of Older Adult Drivers with Mild Cognitive Impairment: Relationships with Demographics, Subjective Evaluation of Cognition, and Driving Self-Efficacy
Authors: Tsouvala Anastasia , Katsouri Ioanna-Giannoula , Moraitou Despina , Papantoniou Georgia , Sofologi Maria , Nikova Alexandrina , Vlotinou Pinelopi , Tsiakiri Anna , Tsolaki Magdalini
Published: June 2024

(1) Self-regulation of driving is a means of maintaining one’s driving identity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which older drivers with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) are metacognitively aware of the requirements of specific demanding driving conditions and whether this awareness is linked to subjective assessments of cognition. (2) One hundred seventeen (117) older MCI drivers participated in a telephone survey in which they reported their metacognitive experiences in nine driving conditions, listed as an aim of self-regulation. The analyses included the participants’ subjective cognitive assessments, both in terms of their cognitive state and their perceived driving self-efficacy. (3) The analyses pointed out a direct and negative effect of age on the formation of the metacognitive feeling of certainty. Furthermore, an indirect effect of sex through driving self-efficacy was established. This effect was negative in the case of the metacognitive feeling of difficulty and the estimation of effort and positive in the case of the metacognitive feeling of certainty. (4) This position points out the need to establish appropriate levels of the perceived self-efficacy of older drivers with MCI, and it raises issues when it moves to fictitious levels.
Navigating the Grey Zone: The Impact of Legislative Frameworks in North America and Europe on Adolescent Cannabis Use—A Systematic Review
Authors: Jablonska Barbara , Negura Lilian
Published: June 2024

Objectives: This paper aims to systematically review the impact of legislative framework changes in North America and Europe on adolescent cannabis use. It not only seeks to examine the prevalence of adolescent marijuana use following legislative changes but also to identify the driving forces behind fluctuations in use and to address the gaps left by previous studies. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted in selected databases. After screening English-language publications dating from 2013 to 2023 (n = 453 studies), 24 met the inclusion criteria. Articles were considered if they analyzed the impact of legislative changes on adolescent cannabis use in countries across North America and Europe. Synthesis: The overall findings suggest an inconsistency regarding the prevalence of cannabis use among youth and adolescents following policy changes. The effects of modifications in cannabis policies on marijuana consumption are complex and influenced by various factors. These include the details of legislation, societal perspectives, enforcement methods, socioeconomic status, and cultural background. Conclusions: The results of this analysis reveal a nuanced reality. Although research suggests a rise in cannabis use after legalization, there are variations in the outcomes observed. This highlights the significance of considering context and demographics. Moreover, studies shed light on how specific policy changes, such as depenalization, can affect cannabis use.
Geometric Design Methodology for Deployable Self-Locking Semicylindrical Structures
Authors: Zhao Zhanwei , Yu Lei
Published: June 2024

Due to their unique bistable characteristics, deployable self-locking structures are suitable for many engineering fields. Without changing the geometrical composition, such structures can be unfolded and locked solely by the elastic deformation of materials. However, their further applications are hampered by the lack of simple and systematic geometric design methodologies that consider arbitrary structural curvature profiles. This paper proposes such a methodology for double-layer semicylindrical grid structures to simplify their cumbersome geometric design. The proposed methodology takes joint sizes into account to ensure that the design results can be applied to actual projects without further adjustments. By introducing symmetry into the structural units (SUs) and selecting reasonable geometric parameters that describe the structural side elevation profile, a concise set of simultaneous nonlinear geometric constraint equations is established, the solution of which provides the geometric parameter values of the grid shape. On this basis, the remaining geometric parameter values, i.e., the geometric parameter values of the inner scissor-like elements (SLEs) of each SU, can be achieved from the equations derived from general SLEs. Design examples and the assembled physical grid structure indicate the feasibility and wide applicability of the proposed geometric design methodology.
Evaluating Modular House Construction Projects: A Delphi Method Enhanced by Conversational AI
Authors: Maceika Augustinas , Bugajev Andrej , Šostak Olga R.
Published: June 2024

This study focuses on evaluating modular house construction projects, which is a critical segment within sustainable building practices. Despite the significant advantages of modular construction, such as enhanced resource efficiency and reduced environmental impact, existing research often overlooks its unique attributes and constraints. Our objectives were to identify crucial parameters for a comprehensive evaluation of modular construction, particularly emphasizing sustainability, and to explore how an advanced conversational AI tool, ChatGPT, can assist in modular building assessments. We employed the Delphi method to define these parameters and integrated ChatGPT to develop a robust assessment methodology. This approach allowed us to harness AI-driven insights to enrich the evaluation process. Our findings suggest that ChatGPT delivers high-quality results comparable to those produced by experts in modular building assessments. ChatGPT formulated a detailed description of the evaluation scale for each criterion, effectively outlining the guidelines for evaluating modular house projects. To illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed methodology, we applied it to a real-world modular house project in Lithuania, demonstrating how this approach can significantly contribute to advancing sustainable construction practices.
Using Excel Solver’s Parameter Function in Predicting and Interpretation for Kinetic Adsorption Model via Batch Sorption: Selection and Statistical Analysis for Basic Dye Removal onto a Novel Magnetic Nanosorbent
Authors: Wongphat Akkharaphong , Wongcharee Surachai , Chaiduangsri Nuttapon , Suwannahong Kowit , Kreetachat Torpong , Imman Saksit , Suriyachai Nopparat , Hongthong Sukanya , Phadee Panarat , Thanarat Preut , Rioyo Javier
Published: June 2024

Magnetic nanosorbents efficiently capture substances, particularly basic dyes, and can be easily recovered using a magnetic field in water treatment. Adsorption is a cost-effective and highly efficient method for basic dye removal. This study compared eight nonlinear kinetic adsorption models using Microsoft Excel 2023, which provided a detailed analysis and statistical results comparable to advanced programs like MATLAB and OriginPro. The Fractal Like-Pseudo First Order (FL-PFO) model showed the best fit for the kinetic adsorption model, closely predicting experimental data at 33.09 mg g−1. This suggests that the diffusion rate of basic dye within the magnetic nanosorbent pores is a crucial factor. The statistical parameters confirmed the suitability of these kinetic adsorption models for describing the observed behavior. Overall, Microsoft Excel emerged as a reliable tool for predicting adsorption behavior using various kinetic models for basic dye removal, offering a wide range of functions for diverse applications, including environmental monitoring and modeling. Corrected Akaike’s information criterion was used to determine the optimal model. It found the lowest AICcorrected value of about −3.8479 for the FL-PFO kinetic model, while the Elovich kinetic adsorption model had the highest AICcorrected value of 29.6605. This indicates that the FL-PFO kinetic model effectively correlated the kinetic data. It can be concluded that Microsoft Excel’s accessibility, familiarity, and broad range of capabilities make it a valuable resource for many aspects of environmental engineering.
New Insights into the Assessment of Archaeological Crystalline Structures
Authors: Scatigno Claudia , Festa Giulia , Maguregui Maite
Published: June 2024

New analytical approaches and tools have become essential for safeguarding archaeological assets, given the accelerated degradation caused by diagenetic alteration or exposure to the atmosphere [...]
Deep Learning-Based High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) Generation Model for 4D Time-Resolved Angiography with Interleaved Stochastic Trajectories (TWIST) MRA in Fast Stroke Imaging
Authors: Kim Bo Kyu , You Sung-Hye , Kim Byungjun , Shin Jae Ho
Published: June 2024

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to improve the qualitative and quantitative image quality of the time-resolved angiography with interleaved stochastic trajectories technique (4D-TWIST-MRA) using deep neural network (DNN)-based MR image reconstruction software. Materials and Methods: A total of 520 consecutive patients underwent 4D-TWIST-MRA for ischemic stroke or intracranial vessel stenosis evaluation. Four-dimensional DNN-reconstructed MRA (4D-DNR) was generated using commercially available software (SwiftMR v.3.0.0.0, AIRS Medical, Seoul, Republic of Korea). Among those evaluated, 397 (76.3%) patients received concurrent time-of-flight MRA (TOF-MRA) to compare the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), image quality, noise, sharpness, vascular conspicuity, and degree of venous contamination with a 5-point Likert scale. Two radiologists independently evaluated the detection rate of intracranial aneurysm in TOF-MRA, 4D-TWIST-MRA, and 4D-DNR in separate sessions. The other 123 (23.7%) patients received 4D-TWIST-MRA due to a suspicion of acute ischemic stroke. The confidence level and decision time for large vessel occlusion were evaluated in these patients. Results: In qualitative analysis, 4D-DNR demonstrated better overall image quality, sharpness, vascular conspicuity, and noise reduction compared to 4D-TWIST-MRA. Moreover, 4D-DNR exhibited a higher SNR than 4D-TWIST-MRA. The venous contamination and aneurysm detection rates were not significantly different between the two MRA images. When compared to TOF-MRA, 4D-CE-MRA underestimated the aneurysm size (2.66 ± 0.51 vs. 1.75 ± 0.62, p = 0.029); however, 4D-DNR showed no significant difference in size compared to TOF-MRA (2.66 ± 0.51 vs. 2.10 ± 0.41, p = 0.327). In the diagnosis of large vessel occlusion, 4D-DNR showed a better confidence level and shorter decision time than 4D-TWIST-MRA. Conclusion: DNN reconstruction may improve the qualitative and quantitative image quality of 4D-TWIST-MRA, and also enhance diagnostic performance for intracranial aneurysm and large vessel occlusion.
Evaluating the Compatibility of the Digit-in-Noise Test with Hearing Screening in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities: A Pilot Study
Authors: Shmerler Noa , Saban-Bezalel Ronit , Fostick Leah
Published: June 2024

Hearing impairment among adults with intellectual disability (ID) is notably prevalent yet frequently underdiagnosed due, in part, to the challenges associated with traditional hearing screening methods in this population. This study explores the effectiveness of the Digit-in-Noise (DIN) test as a viable alternative for hearing screening within natural settings and with familiar personnel. A total of 16 Hebrew-speaking adults with ID were recruited from supported employment programs, 10 of whom completed the study. The DIN test, which was administered in a daily environment using a simple digital device, evaluated the speech recognition threshold in noise. Results indicated that while some participants performed comparably to typically developing individuals, others showed varying levels of hearing thresholds, suggesting diverse auditory capabilities within the ID population. This pilot study confirms that the DIN test can be feasibly integrated into routine care settings, offering a friendly and accessible method for assessing hearing abilities in adults with ID. The findings advocate for the broader adoption of and potential modifications to the DIN Test to enhance its applicability and inclusiveness, thereby improving diagnostic accuracy and subsequent auditory care for this underserved population.
Clinical and Hemodynamic Features of Aneurysm Rupture in Coil Embolization of Intracranial Aneurysms
Authors: Suzuki Tomoaki , Hasegawa Hitoshi , Shibuya Kohei , Fujiwara Hidemoto , Oishi Makoto
Published: June 2024

Intraprocedural rupture (IPR) during coil embolization (CE) of an intracranial aneurysm is a significant clinical concern that necessitates a comprehensive understanding of its clinical and hemodynamic predictors. Between January 2012 and December 2023, 435 saccular cerebral aneurysms were treated with CE at our institution. The inclusion criterion was extravasation or coil protrusion during CE. Postoperative data were used to confirm rupture points, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed to assess hemodynamic characteristics, focusing on maximum pressure (Pmax) and wall shear stress (WSS). IPR occurred in six aneurysms (1.3%; three ruptured and three unruptured), with a dome size of 4.7 ± 1.8 mm and a D/N ratio of 1.5 ± 0.5. There were four aneurysms in the internal carotid artery (ICA), one in the anterior cerebral artery, and one in the middle cerebral artery. ICA aneurysms were treated using adjunctive techniques (three balloon-assisted, one stent-assisted). Two aneurysms (M1M2 and A1) were treated simply, yet had relatively small and misaligned domes. CFD analysis identified the rupture point as a flow impingement zone with Pmax in five aneurysms (83.3%). Time-averaged WSS was locally reduced around this area (1.3 ± 0.7 [Pa]), significantly lower than the aneurysmal dome (p < 0.01). Hemodynamically unstable areas have fragile, thin walls with rupture risk. A microcatheter was inserted along the inflow zone, directed towards the caution area. These findings underscore the importance of identifying hemodynamically unstable areas during CE. Adjunctive techniques should be applied with caution, especially in small aneurysms with axial misalignment, to minimize the rupture risk.
Gastro-Esophageal Cancer: Can Radiomic Parameters from Baseline 18F-FDG-PET/CT Predict the Development of Distant Metastatic Disease?
Authors: Hinzpeter Ricarda , Mirshahvalad Seyed Ali , Kulanthaivelu Roshini , Kohan Andres , Ortega Claudia , Metser Ur , Liu Amy , Farag Adam , Elimova Elena , Wong Rebecca K. S. , Yeung Jonathan , Jang Raymond Woo-Jun , Veit-Haibach Patrick
Published: June 2024

We aimed to determine if clinical parameters and radiomics combined with sarcopenia status derived from baseline 18F-FDG-PET/CT could predict developing metastatic disease and overall survival (OS) in gastroesophageal cancer (GEC). Patients referred for primary staging who underwent 18F-FDG-PET/CT from 2008 to 2019 were evaluated retrospectively. Overall, 243 GEC patients (mean age = 64) were enrolled. Clinical, histopathology, and sarcopenia data were obtained, and primary tumor radiomics features were extracted. For classification (early-stage vs. advanced disease), the association of the studied parameters was evaluated. Various clinical and radiomics models were developed and assessed. Accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. For OS prediction, univariable and multivariable Cox analyses were performed. The best model included PET/CT radiomics features, clinical data, and sarcopenia score (accuracy = 80%; AUC = 88%). For OS prediction, various clinical, CT, and PET features entered the multivariable analysis. Three clinical factors (advanced disease, age ≥ 70 and ECOG ≥ 2), along with one CT-derived and one PET-derived radiomics feature, retained their significance. Overall, 18F-FDG PET/CT radiomics seems to have a potential added value in identifying GEC patients with advanced disease and may enhance the performance of baseline clinical parameters. These features may also have a prognostic value for OS, improving the decision-making for GEC patients.
Three-Dimensional Documentation and Reconversion of Architectural Heritage by UAV and HBIM: A Study of Santo Stefano Church in Italy
Authors: Lin Guiye , Li Guokai , Giordano Andrea , Sang Kun , Stendardo Luigi , Yang Xiaochun
Published: June 2024

Historic buildings hold significant cultural value and their repair and protection require diverse approaches. With the advent of 3D digitalization, drones have gained significance in heritage studies. This research focuses on applying digital methods for restoring architectural heritage. It utilizes non-contact measurement technology, specifically unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), for data collection, creating 3D point cloud models using heritage building information modeling (HBIM), and employing virtual reality (VR) for architectural heritage restoration. Employing the “close + surround” oblique photography technique combined with image matching, computer vision, and other technologies, a detailed and comprehensive 3D model of the real scene can be constructed. It provides crucial data support for subsequent protection research and transformation efforts. Using the case of the Santo Stefano Church in Volterra, Italy, an idealized reconstructed 3D model database was established after data collection to preserve essential resources such as the original spatial data and relationships of architectural sites. Through the analysis of relevant historical data and the implementation of VR, the idealized and original appearance of the case was authentically restored. As a result, in the virtual simulation space, the building’s style was realistically displayed with an immersive experience. This approach not only safeguards cultural heritage but also enhances the city’s image and promotes tourism resources, catering to the diverse needs of tourists.
Digital Twins in Agriculture: A Review of Recent Progress and Open Issues
Authors: Wang Li
Published: June 2024

Digital twin technology is expected to transform agriculture. By creating the virtual representation of a physical entity, it assists food producers in monitoring, predicting, and optimizing the production process remotely and even autonomously. However, the progress in this area is relatively slower than in industries like manufacturing. A systematic investigation of agricultural digital twins’ current status and progress is imperative. With seventy published papers, this work elaborated on the studies targeting agricultural digital twins from overall trends, focused areas (including domains, processes, and topics), reference architectures, and open questions, which could help scholars examine their research agenda and support the further development of digital twins in agriculture.
Multi-Point Sensing via Organic Optical Fibres for FLASH Proton Therapy
Authors: Penner Crystal , Usherovich Samuel , Andru Sophia , Bélanger-Champagne Camille , Hohnholz Janina , Stoeber Boris , Duzenli Cheryl , Hoehr Cornelia
Published: June 2024

Optical fibres are gaining popularity for relative dosimetry in proton therapy due to their spatial resolution and ability for near real-time acquisition. For FLASH proton therapy, these fibres need to handle higher dose rates and larger doses than for conventional proton dose rates. We developed a multi-point fibre sensor embedded in a 3D-printed phantom which can measure the profile of a FLASH proton beam. Seven PMMA fibres of 1 mm diameter were embedded in a custom 3D-printed plastic phantom of the same density as the fibres. The phantom was placed in a proton beam with FLASH dose rates at the TRIUMF Proton Therapy Research Centre (PTRC). The sensor was exposed to different proton energies, 13.5 MeV, 19 MeV and 40.4 MeV, achieved by adding PMMA bolus in front of the phantom and three different beam currents, varying the dose rates from 7.5 to 101 Gy/s. The array was able to record beam profiles in both transverse and axial directions in relative agreement with measurements from EBT-XD radiochromic films (transverse) and Monte Carlo simulations (axial). A decrease in light output over time was observed, which might be caused by radiation damage in the matrix of the fibre and characterised by an exponential decay function.
Distributed Group Key Management Based on Blockchain
Authors: Ni Jia , Fang Guowei , Zhao Yekang , Ren Jingjing , Chen Long , Ren Yongjun
Published: June 2024

Against the backdrop of rapidly advancing cloud storage technology, as well as 5G and 6G communication technologies, group key management faces increasingly daunting challenges. Traditional key management encounters difficulties in key distribution, security threats, management complexity, and issues of trustworthiness. Particularly in scenarios with a large number of members or frequent member turnover within groups, this may lead to security vulnerabilities such as permission confusion, exacerbating the security risks and management complexity faced by the system. To address these issues, this paper utilizes blockchain technology to achieve distributed storage and management of group keys. This solution combines key management with the distributed characteristics of blockchain, enhancing scalability, and enabling tracking of malicious members. Simultaneously, by integrating intelligent authentication mechanisms and lightweight data update mechanisms, it effectively enhances the security, trustworthiness, and scalability of the key management system. This provides important technical support for constructing a more secure and reliable network environment.
Matter Protocol Integration Using Espressif’s Solutions to Achieve Smart Home Interoperability
Authors: Mota Afonso , Serôdio Carlos , Valente António
Published: June 2024

Smart home devices are becoming more popular over the years. A diverse range of appliances is being created, and Ambient Intelligence is growing in homes. However, there are various producers of these gadgets, different kinds of protocols, and diverse environments. The lack of interoperability reduces comfort of the user and turns into a barrier to smart home adoption. Matter is growing by constructing an open-source application layer protocol that can be compatible with all smart home ecosystems. In this article, a Matter overview is provided (namely, of the Commissioning stage), and a Matter Accessory using ESP32-S3 is developed referring to the manufacturer’s SDKs and is inserted into an existent household ecosystem. Its behavior on the network is briefly analyzed, and interactions with the device are carried out. The simplicity of these tasks demonstrates accessibility for developers to create products, especially when it comes to firmware. Additionally, device commissioning and control are straightforward for the consumer. This capacity of gadget incorporation into diverse ecosystems using Matter is already on the market and might result in higher device production and enhanced smart home adoption.
Improving the Efficiency of the Axial Flux Machine with Hybrid Excitation
Authors: Prajzendanc Pawel , Palka Ryszard , Paplicki Piotr , Wardach Marcin , Cichowicz Michal , Cierzniewski Kamil , Dorobczynski Lech , Gundabattini Edison
Published: June 2024

This paper discusses the construction and operating principle of an axial flux electric machine with hybrid excitation. Based on computer simulations using the Finite Element Method, an analysis was conducted with changes in the geometry of the magnetic circuit, which involves the rotation of the rotor disks relative to each other on the operating parameters of the machine. Both the generator state of operation, in the meaning of analyzing the induced voltage (adjustment at −11% ÷ +64%) and the cogging torque, and the motor state of operation, in the meaning of analyzing the ripple of the electromagnetic torque (possible reduction by almost 30%), were examined. The article concludes with observations on how the change in the angle of the rotor disks affects the efficiency of the disk machine with axial flux and hybrid excitation.
A Novel Paradigm for Controlling Navigation and Walking in Biped Robotics
Authors: Menga Giuseppe
Published: June 2024

This paper extends the three-dimensional inverted pendulum (spherical inverted pendulum or SIP) in a polar coordinate system to simulate human walking in free fall and the energy recovery when the foot collides with the ground. The purpose is to propose a general model to account for all characteristics of the biped and of the gait, while adding minimal dynamical complexity with respect to the SIP. This model allows for both walking omnidirectionally on a flat surface and going up and down staircases. The technique does not use torque control. However, for the gait, the only action is the change in angular velocity at the start of a new step with respect to those given after the collision (emulating the torque action in the brief double stance period) to recover from the losses, as well as the preparation of the position in the frontal and sagittal planes of the swing foot for the next collision for balance and maneuvering. Moreover, in climbing or descending staircases, during the step, the length of the supporting leg is modified for the height of the step of the staircase. Simulation examples are offered for a rectilinear walk, ascending and descending rectilinear or spiral staircases, showing stability of the walk, and the expenditure of energy.
Review of DC Motor Modeling and Linear Control: Theory with Laboratory Tests
Authors: Kuczmann Miklós
Published: June 2024

This review paper introduces the modeling, measurement, identification and control of direct current motors based on the state space modeling and the transfer function representation. These models are identified by real laboratory measurements, and the simulated results are compared with the measurements. Continuous-time and discrete-time PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers, discrete-time state feedback and linear quadratic controllers are designed mathematically. The designed controllers are realized by the microcontroller Arduino UNO, and the behavior of the controllers is compared and analyzed. The noisy current signal has been measured by a discrete-time observer, steady-state Kalman filtering is also studied. The practical results of the implemented controllers support the theoretical results very well.
Review of Main Projects, Characteristics and Challenges in Flexibility Markets for Services Addressed to Electricity Distribution Network
Authors: Viganò Giacomo , Lattanzio Giorgia , Rossi Marco
Published: June 2024

The expansion of distributed renewable resources, together with increased demand from the electrification of transport and heating sectors, impacts distribution networks significantly. Additionally, the emergence of non-programmable and intermittent generators is set to diminish the dominance of traditional rotating and programmable generation, thereby affecting the overall stability of the system. Nevertheless, the flexibility offered by distributed resources has the potential to alleviate the necessity for network reinforcement and contribute to system stability at competitive costs. Local flexibility procurement should be rooted in local markets, serving as mechanisms to address distribution congestion and coordinate the provision of flexibility for transmission network services. The multitude of existing systems and the interdependence of flexibility services have given rise to diverse solutions, still undergoing experimentation in various countries. This paper aims to scrutinize key projects that have established local flexibility markets, delineating their fundamental characteristics, the most common solutions, identifying prevalent barriers and suggesting potential future improvements. The investigation focuses on the most uncertain aspects of local markets: possible TSO-DSO coordination schemes, the time horizon for the acquisition of services and the baseline definition methodologies.
Assessing Open Circuit Voltage Losses in PEMFCs: A New Methodological Approach
Authors: Mazzeo Francesco , Di Napoli Luca , Carello Massimiliana
Published: June 2024

Proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are increasingly used in the automotive sector. A crucial point for estimating the performance of such systems is open-circuit voltage (OCV) losses, among which the most influential are mixed potential, hydrogen crossover, and internal short circuits. These losses are often overlooked in the modeling of such electrochemical cells, leading to an inaccurate estimation of the real voltage that is calculated starting from the Nernst Equation. An innovative method is presented to estimate the losses based on the division of the membrane into two domains: solid and aqueous. The influence of the macro-parameters (temperature, pressure, and RH) was analyzed for each phenomenon and was linked to the membrane water content. For low levels of PEM hydration, internal short circuits were of the same order of magnitude as hydrogen crossover. The OCV model accuracy was assessed on a commercial stack, used on a vehicle prototype competing in the Shell Eco-Marathon challenge. The data of interest were obtained through laboratory tests and subsequent disassembly of the stack. A PEM thickness of 127 μm was measured corresponding to Nafion 115. For further validation, the model results were compared with data in the literature.
Towards Energy Efficient Cloud: A Green and Intelligent Migration of Traditional Energy Sources
Authors: Mohsin Syed Muhammad , Maqsood Tahir , Madani Sajjad Ahmad
Published: June 2024

Geographically distributed cloud data centers (DCs) consume enormous amounts of energy to meet the ever-increasing processing and storage demands of users. The brown energy generated using fossil fuels is expensive and significantly contributes to global warming. Considering the environmental impact caused by the high carbon emissions and relatively high energy cost of brown energy, we propose the integration of renewable energy sources (RES), especially solar and wind energy, with brown energy to power cloud data centers. In our earlier study, we addressed the intermittency of renewable energy sources, where we replaced the random initialization of artificial neural network (ANN) edge weights with the harmony search algorithm (HSA)-optimized assignment of weights. This study incorporated reliably forecast solar and wind energy into the input parameters of our proposed green energy manager (GEM), for cost minimization, carbon emission minimization, and better energy management of cloud DCs, to make our current study more reliable and trustworthy. Four power sources, on-site solar energy and wind energy, off-site solar energy and wind energy, energy stored in energy storage devices, and brown energy, were considered in this study and simulations were carried out for three different cases. The simulation results showed that case 1 (all brown) was 58% more expensive and caused 71% higher carbon emissions than case 2.1 (cost minimization). Case 1 (all brown) was 39% more expensive and had 80% higher carbon emissions than case 2.2 (carbon emission minimization). The simulation results justify the necessity and importance of the GEM, and finally the results proved that our proposed GEM is less expensive and more environmentally friendly.
Electrode Materials with High Performance of Nickel Sulfide/Titanium Nitride@Co-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks/Nickel Foam for Supercapacitors
Authors: Zong Naixuan , Wang Junli , Liu Zhenwei , Wu Song , Tong Xiaoning , Kong Qingxiang , Xu Ruidong , Yang Linjing
Published: June 2024

The metal–organic framework (MOF) materials with significant steadiness and a large specific surface area have been popular with supercapacitor material in recent years. However, its application in supercapacitors is restricted due to the low specific capacitance and poor conductivity. Herein, sulfur compounds with a high theoretical specific capacitance and highly conductive titanium nitride (TiN) were introduced into Co-based metal–organic frameworks/nickel foam (Co-MOF/NF) through a two-step hydrothermal technique (nickel sulfide/titanium nitride@ Co-based metal–organic frameworks/nickel foam). In detail, the fabricated nickel sulfide/titanium nitride@Co-based metal–organic frameworks/nickel foam (Ni3S2/TiN@Co-MOF/NF) electrode material exhibits a markedly high specific capacitance (2648.8 F g−1) at 1 A g−1, compared with that (770 F g−1) of the precursor Co-MOF/NF. And its mass specific capacitance is retained 88.3% (8 A g−1) after 5000 cycles. Furthermore, a non-symmetrical supercapacitor (ASC) composed of Ni3S2/TiN@Co-MOF/NF and AC exhibits excellent power density (801.8 W kg−1) and energy density (97.8 W h kg−1). Therefore, Ni3S2/TiN@Co-MOF/NF with excellent electrochemical properties and stability provides new ideas for the development of excellent supercapacitor electrode materials.
Energy Consumption Analysis and Characterization of the Residential Sector in the US towards Sustainable Development
Authors: Bawaneh Khaled , Das Samir , Rasheduzzaman Md.
Published: June 2024

In 2023, residential and commercial sectors together consumed approximately 27.6% of total United States (U.S.) energy, equivalent to about 20.6 quadrillion Btu. Factoring in the electrical system energy losses, the residential sector represented approximately 19.7% of total U.S. energy consumption during that time. There were approximately 144 million housing units in the United States in 2023, which is increasing yearly. In this study, information on energy usage in the United States residential sector has been analyzed and then represented as energy intensities to establish benchmark data and to compare energy consumption of varying sizes and locations. First, public sources were identified and data from these previously published sources were aggregated to determine the energy use of the residential sector within the US. Next, as part of this study, the energy data for seven houses/apartments from five different United States climate zones were collected firsthand. That data were analyzed, and the energy intensity of each home was calculated and then compared with the energy intensities of the other homes in the same states using Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) data. The energy intensity for each facility was calculated based on the actual energy bills. Finally, the study evaluated the carbon footprint associated with residential energy consumption in all 50 states to reinforce the importance of sustainable development initiatives.
4E Study and Best Performance Analysis of a Hydrogen Multi-Generation Layout by Waste Energy Recovery of Combined SOFC-GT-ORC
Authors: Zoghi Mohammad , Hosseinzadeh Nasser , Gharaie Saleh , Zare Ali
Published: June 2024

Different approaches have been suggested for the waste heat recovery of high-temperature exhausted gas of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). In such systems, mostly gas turbine (GT) and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) are added as bottoming systems to the SOFC (Configuration 1). However, the SOFC-GT-ORC has a considerable amount of waste energy which can be recovered. In the present research, the waste energy of ORC in the heat rejection stage and the residual exhausted gas of the system were recovered by a thermoelectric generator (TEG) and a hot water unit, respectively. Then, the extra produced power in the TEG was directed to a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer and a reverse osmosis desalination unit (RODU) for hydrogen and potable water outputs. The performance of SOFC-GT, Configuration 1, and Configuration 2 was compared through a 4E (energy, exergy, exergy-economic, and environmental) analysis. In the best performance point, the exergy efficiency and unit cost of product (UCOP) of SOFC-GT were obtained as 69.41% and USD 26.53/GJ. The exergy efficiency increased by 2.56% and 2.86%, and the UCOP rose by 0.45% and 12.25% in Configurations 1 and 2. So, the overall performance of Configuration 1 was acceptable and Configuration 2 led to the highest exergy efficiency, while its economic performance was not competitive because of the high investment cost of RODU.