bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entropy and Composition Regulations of Air Electrodes Enable Efficient Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions for Reversible Solid Oxide Cells
Authors: Zhu Feng , Du Zhiwei , Xu Kang , He Fan , Xu Yangsen , Liao Yuhe , Chen Yu
Published: July 2024

One of the urgent challenges for efficient energy storage/conversion devices is the poor electrocatalytic activity and reversible operation capability for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of the air electrodes. Recently, tremendous efforts of high‐entropy air electrodes are devoted, yet the performance enhancement is often ascribed to the high‐entropy. Herein, the effects of the increase of configurational entropy and the selection of specifically doped elements are investigated on the electrochemical performance of the electrodes. These results suggest that the selection of doped elements may contribute more to enhancing the electrocatalytic activity and stability of air electrodes when compared with the increase of the configurational entropy. Accordingly, the optimized medium‐entropy Pr1/2Ba1/6Sr1/6Ca1/6CoO3‐δ (PBSCC) electrode shows superior electrocatalytic activity and stability for ORR and OER. A reversible solid oxide cell utilizing PBSCC demonstrates exceptional electrochemical performance, conveying a peak power density of 2.01 W cm−2 in the fuel cell mode and a current density of 1.40 A cm−2 in electrolysis mode (under 50% H2O humidified H2 at 1.3 V) at 750 °C, while maintaining excellent cyclable operation stability for over 115 h.
Ternary Pentlandites as Hydrogen Evolution Catalysts in Alkaline Media
Authors: Sanden Sebastian A. , Smialkowski Mathias , Hu Sabrina Y. , Suvagiya Nevil , Angel Steven , Schulz Christof , Apfel Ulf‐Peter
Published: July 2024

Metal sulfides are promising alternatives to noble metal electrocatalysts for water‐based hydrogen evolution. Pentlandites, notably, exhibit high activity in acidic environments. To explore their potential in alkaline conditions, pentlandite electrodes are tested in both conventional three‐electrode setups and scaled up to a 12.6 cm membrane electrode assembly (MEA). Optimized pentlandites with a stochiometry of , containing Fe, Ni, and Co, show reduced overpotentials for hydrogen evolution with higher Fe and Ni contents. However, a minimum Co content of three equivalents is necessary for peak hydrogen evolution reaction activity with −0.40 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode at −300 mA cm. Stability assessments via X‐ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopy reveal minor surface changes for Fe and Ni species but significant leaching of cobalt from CoNiS surfaces postelectrolysis. Selected pentlandite catalysts are integrated into MEAs, with achieving 1 A cm at 2.2 V with minimal potential decay of 50 μV h alongside a LaSrCoO anode. These findings underscore the suitability of pentlandite catalysts for water splitting at industrial scales under alkaline conditions.
Association of reef fish with oil and gas platforms in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Fujiwara Masami , Beyea R. Taylor , Putman Nathan F.
Published: July 2024

Offshore oil and gas platforms support abundant reef fish and are popular fishing sites for recreational anglers. However, the rapid decommissioning and removal of active platforms have decreased such fishing opportunities in the Gulf of Mexico, raising concerns about fisheries impacts. Conversely, planned offshore energy structures like wind turbines may offer similar habitats and fishing sites. To inform spatial planning for marine energy infrastructure in the context of recreational fisheries, we created models of fish communities associated with oil and gas platforms using existing abundance data. We employed Random Forest analysis to predict the presence‐absence and abundance of Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) and Greater Amberjack (Seriola dumerili) at platforms using 47 environmental and platform variables. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling on Bray−Curtis dissimilarities explored fish species composition among 37 species. Results showed variability in Red Snapper and Greater Amberjack incidence/abundance from shore to shelf‐edge, not attributed to surrounding habitat or climatological oceanographic variables. Incidence models were more robust than abundance models. Fish species composition was significantly influenced by location gradient, with less impact from other habitat features. Our findings guide selecting areas for artificial structures to enhance angler opportunities and maintain fish diversity, but identifying the drivers of finer scale abundance variation will require further sampling.
Medical costs and incremental medical costs of asthma among workers in the United States
Authors: Bhattacharya Anasua , Syamlal Girija , Dodd Katelynn E.
Published: July 2024

Background

Asthma, a chronic respiratory disease, is associated with high economic burden. This study estimates per‐worker medical and incremental medical costs associated with treated asthma by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, industries, medical events, and sources of payments for workers aged ≥18 years.

Methods

We analyzed Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data from 2018 to 2020 to assess medical costs for treated asthma among workers using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification code for asthma (J45). We used two‐part regression models to estimate medical and incremental medical costs controlling for covariates. All results are adjusted for inflation and presented in 2022 US dollar values.

Results

An estimated annual average of 8.2 million workers out of 176 million had at least one medical event associated with treated asthma. The annualized estimated per‐worker incremental medical costs for those with treated asthma was $457 and was highest among: those in the age group of 35–44 years ($534), in the western region ($768), of Hispanic ethnicity ($693), employed in the utility and transportation industries ($898), males ($650), and for inpatient admissions ($754). The total annualized medical costs of treated asthma was $21 billion and total of incremental medical costs was $3.8 billion.

Conclusion

Findings of higher incremental medical costs for treated asthma among workers in certain socioeconomic, demographic, and industry groups highlight the economic benefit of prevention and early intervention to reduce morbidity of asthma in working adults. Our results suggest that the per‐person incremental medical costs of treated asthma among workers are lower than that for all US adults.
Effect of gamification with a support partner to increase physical activity in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease: The STEP 4Life randomized clinical trial
Authors: Greysen S. Ryan , Oon Ai Leen , Harkins Kristin , Rareshide Charles , Mondal Angira , Patel Mitesh S. , Grill Joshua D. , Karlawish Jason
Published: July 2024

INTRODUCTION

Physical activity is associated with reduced risk of cognitive and functional decline but scalable, sustainable interventions for populations at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AD and related dementias (ADRD) are lacking.

METHODS

A 12‐week randomized‐controlled trial was conducted with a 3‐week follow‐up using a national AD prevention registry (GeneMatch). The control group (n = 50) set step goals and received daily feedback. The intervention group (n = 44) also received a behaviorally designed game based on achieving step goals and reinforced by a support partner.

RESULTS

Intervention participants (94 participants, mean age 70, 78% female) had greater change in mean daily step count than control of 1699 steps/day (95% confidence interval [CI], 1149–2249), P < 0.0001, which was sustained in the follow‐up period at 1219 steps/day (95% CI, 455–1983), P = 0.0018. Carriers of the apolipoprotein E ε4 gene (high risk) did not perform differently than non‐carriers; however, high self‐reported risk perception was associated with higher activity.

DISCUSSION

A gamified intervention was effective in promoting and sustaining higher physical activity in older adults at genetic risk for AD/ADRD.

Highlights

A simple game played with a support partner increased walking in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD).

The game also increased minutes of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity per day.

Perception of lifelong AD risk was associated with increased activity but genetic risk (apolipoprotein E ε4+) was not.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05069155
Regioselective Oxidative Phenol Coupling by a Mushroom Unspecific Peroxygenase
Authors: Platz Lukas , Löhr Nikolai A. , Girkens Max P. , Eisen Frederic , Braun Konstantin , Fessner Nico , Bär Christian , Hüttel Wolfgang , Hoffmeister Dirk , Müller Michael
Published: July 2024

Bioactive dimeric (pre‐)anthraquinones are ubiquitous in nature and are found in bacteria, fungi, insects, and plants. Their biosynthesis via oxidative phenol coupling (OPC) is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes, peroxidases, or laccases. While the biocatalysis of OPC in molds (Ascomycota) is well‐known, the respective enzymes in mushroom‐forming fungi (Basidiomycota) are unknown. Here, we report on the biosynthesis of the atropisomers phlegmacin A1 and B1 of the mushroom Cortinarius odorifer. The biosynthesis of these unsymmetrically 7,10’‐homo‐coupled dihydroanthracenones was heterologously reconstituted in the mold Aspergillus niger. Methylation of the parental monomer atrochrysone to its 6‐O‐methyl ether torosachrysone by the O‐methyltransferase CoOMT1 precedes the regioselective homocoupling to phlegmacin, catalyzed by the enzyme CoUPO1 annotated as an “unspecific peroxygenase” (UPO). Our results reveal an unprecedented UPO reaction, thereby expanding the biocatalytic portfolio of oxidative phenol coupling beyond the commonly reported enzymes. The results show that Basidiomycota use peroxygenases to selectively couple aryls independently of and convergently to any other group of organisms, emphasizing the central role of OPC in natural processes.
Association of Autoantibody Concentrations and Trajectories With Lupus Nephritis Histologic Features and Treatment Response
Authors: Fava Andrea , Wagner Catriona A. , Guthridge Carla J. , Kheir Joseph , Macwana Susan , DeJager Wade , Gross Tim , Izmirly Peter , Belmont H. Michael , Diamond Betty , Davidson Anne , Utz Paul J. , Weisman Michael H , Magder Laurence S. ,   the Accelerating Medicines Partnership Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (AMP RA/SLE) Network, Guthridge Joel M. , Petri Michelle , Buyon Jill , James Judith A.
Published: July 2024

Objective

Autoantibodies are a hallmark of lupus nephritis (LN), but their association with LN classes and treatment response are not adequately known. In this study, we quantified circulating autoantibodies in the Accelerating Medicines Partnership LN longitudinal cohort to identify serological biomarkers of LN histologic classification and treatment response and how these biomarkers change over time based on treatment response.

Methods

Peripheral blood samples were collected from 279 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus undergoing diagnostic kidney biopsy based on proteinuria. Of these, 268 were diagnosed with LN. Thirteen autoantibody specificities were measured by bead‐based assays (Bio‐Rad Bioplex 2200) and anti‐C1q by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay at the time of biopsy (baseline) and at 3, 6, and 12 months after biopsy. Clinical response was determined at 12 months.

Results

Proliferative LN (International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society class III/IV±V, n = 160) was associated with higher concentrations of anti‐C1q, anti‐chromatin, anti–double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA), and anti–ribosomal P autoantibodies compared to nonproliferative LN (classes I/II/V/VI, n = 108). Anti‐C1q and‐dsDNA were independently associated with proliferative LN. In proliferative LN, higher baseline anti‐C1q levels predicted complete response (area under the curve [AUC] 0.72; P = 0.002) better than baseline proteinuria (AUC 0.59; P = 0.21). Furthermore, all autoantibody levels except for anti‐La/SSB decreased over 12 months in patients with proliferative, but not membranous, LN with a complete response.

Conclusion

Baseline levels of anti‐C1q and anti‐dsDNA may serve as noninvasive biomarkers of proliferative LN, and anti‐C1q may predict complete response at the time of kidney biopsy. In addition, tracking autoantibodies over time may provide further insights into treatment response and pathogenic mechanisms in patients with proliferative LN.

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Learning in context: Undergraduate students' knowledge and the content retention of anatomy between discipline‐specific and integrated course approaches
Authors: Adams Jessica A. , Dewsbury Bryan M. , Tanzer Joshua R.
Published: July 2024

Undergraduate introductory human anatomy and human physiology courses are either taught as discipline‐specific or integrated anatomy and physiology (A&P) sequences. An institution underwent a curricular revision to change the course approach from discipline‐specific Human Anatomy and Human Physiology to an integrated A&P I and II sequence, allowing the unique opportunity to explore the potential role of contextual learning in academic achievement and content retention. Mediation and moderation analysis was used to evaluate lecture examinations, laboratory practical examinations, and anatomical content retention between the different course approaches. Undergraduate students in the integrated A&P I course approach performed significantly better on lecture assessments and had a higher anatomy content retention rate at the end of the year than students enrolled in the standalone Human Anatomy course. The lecture examination averages between Human Physiology and A&P II (the second course in the sequence), as well as the anatomy laboratory practical examinations, were not significantly different between discipline‐specific and integrated course approaches. The results suggest contextual learning—providing physiological context to anatomical structures—increases the anatomical content retention and academic achievement overall.
Harnessing Solar Power for Oxidation of Organic Compounds by Re(I)Dipyrrinato Complexes
Authors: Kumar Shekhar , Agarwal Kritika , Sanyam  , Mondal Anirban , Gupta Iti
Published: July 2024

Metal dipyrrinato complexes of 4d and 5d metals have distinctive features such as high absorption coefficients in the visible section and room temperature phosphorescence in the red region. This work demonstrates the light‐assisted oxidation of organic compounds employing rhenium(I)dipyrrinato complexes as catalysts. The heavy atom effect in rhenium(I)dipyrrinato complexes leads to the formation of long‐lived triplet excited states, and these complexes can generate singlet oxygen in excellent yields (up to 84 %). A method was developed for photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of sulfides and amines using only 0.05 mol % and 0.025 mol % of the rhenium(I)dipyrrinato complexes, respectively. The method is efficient, and within 2 h, a variety of substrates were oxidized to produce sulfoxides and imines in high yields (up to 97 %). Rhenium(I)dipyrrinato complexes work very well both in visible light and sunlight, making them promising candidates for photocatalytic applications.
Fractional order modeling and internal model control method for dielectric elastomer actuator
Authors: Xu Zhichao , Wu Jundong , Wang Yawu
Published: July 2024

The dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) is widely used in the field of soft robots due to its large deformation, light weight, fast response, and high‐energy conversion efficiency. The high‐precision control of the DEA is the precondition for soft robots to perform complicated tasks. In early studies, researchers usually employed integer order modeling and control methods to build the dynamic model of the DEA and to achieve its tracking control. However, these methods are not good at handling the complicated memory property of the DEA. In addition, the number of required parameters in integer order models and control methods is enormous, which hinders their practical applications. To solve these problems, the fractional order modeling method and fractional order internal model control method of the DEA are proposed in this paper. Firstly, a fractional order transfer function (FOTF) model of the DEA is built to depict its complicated memory property. Then, to achieve the computer control, an integer order approximation model (IOAM) of the FOTF model is built by using the Oustaloup filter. Considering that the order of the IOAM is too high, a reduced integer order approximation model is established by using the square root balance truncation algorithm to facilitate the system controller design. Next, a fractional order internal model controller is designed. Finally, tracking control experiments are exerted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Since the root‐mean‐square errors of all experimental results are less than 2%, the proposed modeling method and control method are superior from the perspective of the practical application.
Advances in xenogeneic donor decellularized organs: A review on studies with sheep and porcine‐derived heart valves
Authors: Inal Muslum Suleyman , Avci Huseyin , Hassan Shabir , Darcan Cihan , Shin Su Ryon , Akpek Ali
Published: July 2024

Heart valve replacement surgeries are performed on patients suffering from abnormal heart valve function. In these operations, the problematic tissue is replaced with mechanical valves or with bioprosthetics that are being developed. The thrombotic effect of mechanical valves, reflecting the need for lifelong use of anticoagulation drugs, and the short‐lived nature of biological valves make these two types of valves problematic. In addition, they cannot adapt to the somatic growth of young patients. Although decellularized scaffolds have shown some promise, a successful translation has so far evaded. Although decellularized porcine xenografts have been extensively studied in the literature, they have several disadvantages, such as a propensity for calcification in the implant model, a risk of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) infection, and a high xenoantigen density. As seen in clinical data, it is clear that there are biocompatibility problems in almost all studies. However, since decellularized sheep heart valves have not been tried in the clinic, a large data pool could not be established. This review compares and contrasts decellularized porcine and sheep xenografts for heart valve tissue engineering. It reveals that decellularized sheep heart valves can be an alternative to pigs in terms of biocompatibility. In addition, it highlights the potential advantages of bioinks derived from the decellularized extracellular matrix in 3D bioprinting technology, emphasizing that they can be a new alternative for the application. We also outline the future prospects of using sheep xenografts for heart valve tissue engineering.
Emerging importance of stool preservation methods in OMICS studies with special focus on cancer biology
Authors: Mehra Parul , Kumar Anil
Published: July 2024

The intricate consortium of microorganisms in the human gut plays a crucial role in different physiological functions. The complex known‐unknown elements of the gut microbiome are perplexing and the absence of standardized procedures for collecting and preserving samples has hindered continuous research in comprehending it. The technological bias produced because of lack of standard protocols has affected the reproducibility of results. The complex nature of diseases like colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer require a thorough understanding of its etiology for an efficient and timely diagnosis. The designated protocols for collection and preservation of stool specimens have great variance, hence generate inconsistencies in OMICS studies. Due to the complications associated to the nature of sample, it is important to preserve the sample to be studied later in a laboratory or to be used in the future research purpose. Stool preservation is gaining importance due to the increased use of treatment options like fecal microbiota transplantation to cure conditions like recurrent Clostridium difficile infections and for OMICS studies including metagenomics, metabolomics and culturomics. This review provides an insight into the importance of omics studies for the identification and development of novel biomarkers for quick and noninvasive diagnosis of various diseases.
Transcriptome‐wide profiling for melanocytes derived from newborn and adult human epidermis with enhanced proliferation
Authors: Orimoto Ai , Kashiwagi Sayo , Funakoshi Ayaka , Shimizu Takashi , Ishii Tsuyoshi , Kiyono Tohru , Fukuda Tomokazu
Published: July 2024

The senescence‐associated protein p16INK4A acts as a limiter element in cell‐cycle progression. The loss of p16INK4A function is causally related to cellular immortalization. The increase in p16INK4A levels with advancing age was demonstrated in melanocytes. However, the characteristic difference between young and senescent melanocytes affecting immortalization of melanocytes remains unclear. In this study, we generated 10 different cell lines in total from newborn (NB) and adult (AD) primary normal human epidermal melanocytes (NHEM) using four different methods, transduction of CDK4R24C and cyclin D1 (K4D), K4D with TERT (K4DT), SV40 T‐antigen (SV40T), and HPV16 E6 and E7 (E6/E7) and performed whole transcriptome sequencing analysis (RNA‐Seq) to elucidate the differences of genome‐wide expression profiles among cell lines. The analysis data revealed distinct differences in expression pattern between cell lines from NB and AD although no distinct biological differences were detected in analyses such as comparison of cell morphology, evaluation of cell proliferation, and cell cycle profiles. This study may provide useful in vitro models to benefit the understanding of skin‐related diseases.
Yeast Surface Display Enables One‐Step Production and Immobilization of Unspecific Peroxygenases
Authors: Teetz Niklas , Lang Selina , Liese Andreas , Holtmann Dirk
Published: July 2024

Unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) are regarded as a “dream catalyst” for selective oxyfunctionalization reactions like oxygenations. We present the display of the model UPO rAaeUPO (PaDa−I) on the cell surface of the heterologous production host Komagataella phaffii as a one‐step production and immobilization process. The coding sequence for PaDa−I was combined with genes coding for cell wall proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and transformed into K. phaffii. The fusion proteins were compared among each other and with secreted, free PaDa−I. One system in particular, a C‐terminal fusion of PaDa−I and Sag1 yielded near identical activity per volume culture broth to the secreted PaDa−I with ~90 % of the activity being at the cell wall. The surface display simplifies downstream processing and includes immobilization on a cheap, retainable and replaceable matrix, that is the production host itself. The enzymes remained active in a repeated batch process for 10 batches and 200 h of catalysis.
Oxidative N−N Bond Formation Versus the Curtius Rearrangement
Authors: Hohenadel Melissa , Ebel Ben , Oppel Iris M. , Patureau Frederic W.
Published: July 2024

The oxidative formation of N−N bonds from primary amides has been recently reported and then retracted in the journal Nature Communications by Kathiravan, Nicholls, and co‐authors, utilizing a hypervalent iodane reagent. Unfortunately, the authors failed to recognize the Curtius reaction taking place under the described reaction conditions. Thus, the claimed N−N coupling products were not formed. Instead, the Curtius rearrangement urea coupling products were obtained. We demonstrate this herein by means of NMR and x‐ray analysis, as well as with the support of an alternative synthetic route.
Nitrogen removal and microbial community variation in a shallow constructed wetland with Fe–C porous filter material as substrate
Authors: Chu Shuyi , Cao Zhuangzhuang , Su Zhongping , Xiao Jibo , Li Jun
Published: July 2024

This study aims to examine the nitrogen removal characteristics and microbial community variation at low hydraulic retention time (HRT) in a shallow constructed wetland (SCW) using iron–carbon (Fe–C) porous filter material (PFM) as substrate. Effects of influent nitrogen forms and chemical oxygen demand (COD)/N ratio on nitrogen removal performance at HRT of 1 day were investigated. Results showed that total nitrogen (TN) removal declined with the decrease of influent NH4+‐N‐to‐NO3−‐N ratio. When the influent NH4+‐N/NO3−‐N ratio was 0.1, TN removal decreased by 15.4% compared with that at ratio of 2.0. The increase of influent COD/N ratio enhanced NO3−‐N reduction, and TN removal reached 74.5% at influent COD/N ratio 7.0. The microbial community was analyzed for the biofilm samples on Fe–C PFM at front (WF), middle (WM), and back (WB) of SCW. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Firmicutes were dominant bacteria phyla. The relative abundance of genera involved in the nitrification and denitrification decreased with the influent flow. The iron autotrophic denitrifying and macromolecular organics degrading bacteria were abundant in the middle and back of SCW. Microbial nitrification and denitrification, plant uptake, and plant synergism contributed to 86.3%, 7.41%, and 19.9% of N removal, respectively. These results demonstrated that the SCW with Fe–C PFM as substrate was efficient in nitrogen removal at low HRT.
Atypical Course of the Habenulo‐Interpeduncular Tract in Chick Embryos
Authors: Ferran José Luis , Puelles Luis
Published: July 2024

Classical studies of the avian diencephalon hardly mention the habenulo‐interpeduncular tract (a.k.a. retroflex tract), although both the habenula (HB) (its origin) and the interpeduncular nuclear complex (its target) are present. Retroflex tract fibers were described at early embryonic stages but seem absent in the adult in routine stains. However, this tract is a salient diencephalic landmark in all other vertebrate lineages. It typically emerges out of the caudal HB, courses dorsoventrally across thalamic alar and basal plates just in front of the thalamo‐pretectal boundary, and then sharply bends 90° caudalwards at paramedian basal plate levels (this is the “retroflexion”), to approach longitudinally via paramedian pretectum and midbrain the rostralmost hindbrain, specifically the prepontine median interpeduncular complex across isthmus and rhombomere 1. We systematize this habenulo‐interpeduncular course into four parts named subhabenular, retrothalamic, tegmental, and interpeduncular. We reexamined the chicken habenulo‐interpeduncular fibers at stages HH30 and HH35 (6.5‐ and 9‐day incubation) by mapping them specifically with immunoreaction for BEN protein, a well‐known marker. We found that only a small fraction of the stained retroflex tract fibers approaches the basal plate by coursing along the standard dorsoventral pathway in front of the thalamo‐pretectal boundary. Many other habenular fibers instead diverge into atypical dispersed courses across the thalamic cell mass (implying alteration of the first subhabenular part of the standard course) before reaching the basal plate; this dispersion explains their invisibility. A significant number of such transthalamic habenular fibers cross orthogonally the zona limitans (ZLI) (the rostral thalamic boundary) and invade the caudal alar prethalamus. Here, they immediately descend dorsoventrally, just rostrally to the ZLI, until reaching the prethalamic basal plate, where they bend (retroflex) caudalwards, entering the thalamic basal paramedian area. These atypical fibers gradually fasciculate with the other groups of habenular efferent fibers in their final longitudinal approach to the hindbrain interpeduncular complex. We conclude that the poor visibility of this tract in birds is due to its dispersion into a diversity of atypical alternative routes, though all components eventually reach the interpeduncular complex. This case merits further analysis of the diverse permissive versus nonpermissive guidance mechanisms called into action, which partially correlate distinctly with successive diencephalic, mesencephalic, and hindbrain neuromeric fields and their boundaries.
Low Valence Triel (I) Systems as Hydrogen Bond Acceptors and their Stability with Respect to Triel (III) Compounds
Authors: Sánchez‐Sanz Goar , Alkorta Ibon , Elguero José
Published: July 2024

A theoretical study of the complexes formed by carbene like Al(I), Ga(I), In(I) and Tl(I) compounds with hydrogen bond donors (HBD), XH (HCCH, HSH,HOH, HCN, HCl, HBr, HF, and HNC) have been carried out at MP2 computational level. The isolated triel(I) compounds show a negative region of the molecular electrostatic potential region associated with the triel atom suitable to interact with electron deficient groups. This region is associated to a lone pair based on the ELF analysis and to the location of the HOMO orbital. The complexes are similar to those found in nitrogen heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) with HBD. In addition, the oxidative addition reactions of those complexes to yield the corresponding valence III compounds have been characterized. The Al(III) compounds are much more stable than the corresponding Al(I) complexes. However, the stability of the triel(III) compounds decreases with the size of the triel atom and for the thallium derivatives, the Tl(I) complexes are more stable than the Tl(III) compounds in accordance with the number of the structures found in the CSD. The barrier of the TS connecting the triel(I) and triel(III) systems increases with the size of the triel atoms.
Precision Chemistry of Metallofullerenes and Graphene: Recent Advances
Authors: Chang Xueyi , Chen Muqing , Wei Tao
Published: July 2024

Precision chemistry of synthetic carbon allotropes including fullerene and graphene, characterized by a well‐controlled and spatially resolved addends bonding, has received widespread attention owing to its capability to tailor their physicochemical properties for high‐end applications. In the context of fullerene, particularly endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), precision chemistry emphasizes the regioselective binding of a specific number of moieties to the fullerene cage. In the case of graphene, precision chemistry focuses on achieving precise patterning and tailored modifications. Inspired by their intriguing advantages, the precision chemistry of these two members has witnessed rapid advancements. While existing reviews have outlined advancements in the precision chemistry of EMFs and graphene, this review uniquely concentrates on the most recent progress. Finally, the prospects in this field, with a special focus on the potential for creating functional materials through strategically patterned binding of fullerene and graphene networks are envisioned.
Advancements in Rechargeable Zn‐Air Batteries with Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenides as Bifunctional Electrocatalyst
Authors: Gupta Rohit Kumar , Maurya Prince Kumar , Mishra Ashish Kumar
Published: July 2024

This review covers recent progress on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) as bifunctional electrocatalysts for Zinc‐air batteries (ZABs), emphasizing their suitable surface area, electrocatalytic active sites, stability in acidic/basic environments, and tunable electronic properties. It discusses strategies like defect engineering, doping, interface, and structural modifications of TMDs nanostructures for enhancing the performances of ZABs. Zinc‐air batteries are promising energy storage devices owing to their high energy density, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, the development of durable and efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts is a major concern for Zn‐air batteries. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) as bifunctional electrocatalysts for Zn‐air batteries. We discuss the advantages of TMDs, such as high activity, good stability, and tunable electronic structure, as well as the challenges, such as low conductivity, poor durability, and limited active sites. We also highlight the strategies for fine‐tuning the properties of TMDs, such as defect engineering, doping, hybridization, and structural engineering, to enhance their catalytic performance and stability. We provide a comprehensive and in‐depth analysis of the applications of TMDs in Zn‐air batteries, demonstrating their potential as low‐cost, abundant, and environmentally friendly alternatives to noble metal catalysts. We also suggest future directions like exploring new TMDs materials and compositions, developing novel synthesis and modification techniques, investigating the interfacial interactions and charge transfer processes, and integrating TMDs with other functional materials. This review aims to illuminate the path forward for the development of efficient and durable Zn‐air batteries, aligning with the broader objectives of sustainable energy solutions.
Coumarin‐Derived Caging Groups in the Spotlight: Tailoring Physiochemical and Photophysical Properties
Authors: Clotworthy Megan R. , Dawson Joseph J. M. , Johnstone Mark D. , Fleming Cassandra L.
Published: July 2024

The development of light‐responsive molecular tools enables spatiotemporal control of biochemical processes with superior precision. Amongst these molecular tools, photolabile caging groups are employed to prevent critical binding interactions between a bioactive molecule and its corresponding target. Only upon irradiation with light, the bioactive is released in its ‘active’ form and is now readily available to bind to its target. Coumarin‐derived caging groups constitute one of the most popular classes of photolabile protecting groups, due to their facile synthetic accessibility, ease of tuning photophysical properties via structural modification and rapid photolysis reactions. Herein, we highlight the recent progress made on the development of coumarin‐derived caging groups, in which the red‐shifting of absorption spectra, improving aqueous solubility and tailoring sub‐cellular localisation has been of particular interest.
Left behind in the “Return to Normal”: People with intellectual and developmental disabilities' outcomes and supports 4 years into COVID‐19
Authors: Friedman Carli
Published: July 2024

The COVID‐19 pandemic has impacted people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) immensely. While the pandemic and life during it has changed over time, by the end of 2023, the most prominent narrative was a “return to normal.” Yet, there is less research about people with IDD's quality of life and services and supports beyond the initial waves of the pandemic. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on people with IDD's quality of life outcomes and supports 4 years into the pandemic. Using a repeated cross‐sectional design and linear and binary logistic regression models, we analyzed secondary Personal Outcome Measures® data from 4549 people with IDD from 2018 to 2023 in the United States (n = 4391; 32 states), Canada (n = 142), Ireland (n = 12), New Zealand (n = 3), and Australia (n = 1). We found people with IDD's quality of life outcomes and supports have yet to return to prepandemic levels. In fact, not only was almost every area of quality of life negatively impacted, many people with IDD who were interviewed in 2022 and 2023 had worse outcomes and supports than those interviewed earlier in the pandemic. Instead of clinging to the idea that life or the service system for people with IDD has “returned to normal,” we must recognize that normal was never a good enough destination to return to for people with IDD in the first place. Instead, we must commit to a new normal that is inclusive, accessible, and equitable.
Numerical simulation and dynamic experimental investigation on vibration control of a structural system with a stacked single particle‐inerter damper
Authors: Sun Haoding , He Haoxiang , Cheng Yang , Gao Xiaojian
Published: July 2024

To overcome the deficiencies of large particle radius, strict vibration conditions, and low kinetic energy exchange rate of traditional particle dampers, it is proposed to organically combine the rack and pinion inerter device with a stacked single particle damper (SSPD) to form a novel stacked single particle‐inerter damping system (SSPIS). Based on a detailed analysis of the force state of particles at various stages, the vibration damping mechanism of SSPIS is analyzed, and a mechanical model of a single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) structure equipped with an SSPIS is established. The numerical simulation and analysis process of SSPIS is provided, and a parametric design method of inerter device based on the structural performance requirements is proposed. The accuracy of the theoretical mechanical model and numerical simulation analysis process of SSPIS is verified through shaking table tests of a single‐story steel frame, and the actual damping control effect of SSPIS on the controlled structure is investigated. Both test and theoretical results show that the numerical simulation analysis process of SSPIS is clear and accurate, and the mechanical model of the SSPIS‐SDOF structural system is highly accurate. The inerter device in SSPIS can significantly improve the momentum exchange efficiency between particles and structures, and SSPIS could adaptively adjust the particle radius size on demand compared with the traditional particle dampers, with a high damping frequency band, and can realize good damping control effect under the earthquake with various types of sites, which has expansive engineering application scenarios.
A hierarchical method and workflow for the semi‐automated mapping of valley bottom geomorphic units using publicly available remote sensing datasets
Authors: Zhang Nuosha , Fryirs Kirstie
Published: July 2024

Geomorphic units (GUs) are the landforms that make up the valley bottom and are produced by fluvial processes that determine river structure and function. Mapping of GUs can be used to interpret river type and behaviour and to analyse river condition and recovery processes. The advancement of remote sensing technologies and big‐data acquisition are enabling the development and operationalisation of tools to semi‐automate the mapping of assemblages of GUs across large spatial areas. In this study, we develop a hierarchical method that combines a landscape classification approach (Geomorphons) with supervised classification using light detection and ranging data (LiDAR) and satellite images to semi‐automate the mapping of GUs across valley bottoms. We have also produced a new method for identifying and mapping pools in the absence of bathymetry data. We applied our method on 78 river sections in coastal catchments of NSW, Australia. We were able to identify 20 refined GU types and four further sub‐types of bank‐attached bars. Our method produced GU maps that are consistent with desktop manual delineation from aerial images and digital elevation models. Our hierarchical method offers GU maps with varying accuracy and resolution, accommodating a user's decisions regarding amount of effort invested relative to map quality and accuracy required. Initial runs produce maps with 12 preliminary GUs with 61%–75% consistency when compared to desktop manual mapping. With additional effort and manual corrections, a higher level of GU identification is possible (i.e. refined GU mapping increases the consistency to 70%–81%). The delineation of more intricate sub‐types of GU or sub‐units on compound GUs, which is essential for interpretation of river behaviour, condition, and recovery, still requires on‐site field verification to achieve the best results.
The effects of changing channel retention: Unravelling the mechanisms behind the spatial and temporal trends of suspended sediment in the Rhine basin
Authors: Cox Jana , van der Perk Marcel , Edler Tatjana , Middelkoop Hans
Published: July 2024

Deltas are reliant on upstream fluvial sediment sources for their survival. In the Rhine basin, the suspended sediment transport governs the supply of fines to the delta, a supply that has been dwindling for several decades. We investigate the changes in suspended sediment (SS) fluxes along the main Rhine branch and its tributaries since 1997 and link these to past and ongoing human activities in the basin. We demonstrate that the spatial pattern in the temporal change can allow us to discount and determine specific mechanisms of SS delivery, transport and trapping that are causing the recent decline. A clear spatial trend in the temporal change emerges: there is an increasing loss of SS from the upper basin towards the delta apex. For the last two decades, this is contributed to the introduction of retention basins, which increase the trapping of overbank fines during high flow. However, the declining sediment flux to the delta extends further in the past (at least since 1950); thus, we also examine potential historical mechanisms, which are different from the short‐term explanation. The longer term decline can be explained by the compound effects of dam construction and the decreasing fine sediment uptake by the river from its channel bed. The Rhine River has demonstrated incision in response to normalization works (finalized in the early 1920s). The incision rates declined over the second half of the 20th century corresponding to a declining SS supply from the bed to the delta apex. The importance of the channel bed as a source contributing to the total SS in human‐affected rivers and the contribution of fines through varying channel bed incision has not yet been identified or considered in global river basin studies. However, it may become increasingly relevant as more rivers are urbanized and controlled for flood protection purposes in the face of climate change.
Procedures to evaluate potential of plants as natural food preservatives: Phytochemical characterization, novel extraction technology, and safety evaluation—A comprehensive review
Authors: Ahmadi Negin , Mosleh Nazanin , Yeganeh Mahta , Ahmadi Nadia , Malakouti Sara , Shahsavari Saleh , Shahraki Reza , Katebi Somaye , Agapoor Mina , Sadeghi Sonia , Bagheri Karim
Published: July 2024

There is increasing demand for natural food preservative in food manufacturing industry as it is the key to meet consumers' preferences toward healthier food choice. Plant is listed among the most important resources of bioactive components to be utilized as the green and natural food preservatives. There are more than 10,000 kinds of bioactive components in plants that possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Artemisia with potential antimicrobial and antioxidant attributes, as well as functional and medicinal properties, is one of the most important plant species. The manuscript presents a comprehensive review of the potential of the Artemisia species as natural food preservatives. The current challenges and ways forward in using Artemisia EOs and extracts as food preservatives are also discussed. This topic is timely and important considering the natural preservatives used to replace chemical ingredients, sustaining quality, healthy properties, and shelf life of food products as well as efficient and novel extraction techniques.
The effects of the interaction between cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside (C3G) and walnut protein isolate (WPI) on the thermal and oxidative stability of C3G
Authors: Wang Daquan , Cui Haipeng , Zong Kaili , Hu Hongchao , Li Yali , Yang Jianting
Published: July 2024

This study explores the interaction between cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside (C3G), a water‐soluble pigment known for its diverse functional activities, and walnut protein isolate (WPI) as a potential stabilizing agent. Given the inherent instability of C3G, particularly its limited application in the food industry due to sensitivity to thermal and oxidative conditions, this research study aims to enhance its stability. According to the results of the fluorescence quenching experiment, C3G can efficiently quench WPI's intrinsic fluorescence through static quenching. Structural exploration revealed that C3G bound WPI via hydrophobic interaction force, with the number of bound C3G molecules (n) almost equivalent to 1. The ΔG value denoting change in Gibbs free energy for C3G binding with WPI was −8.05 kJ/mol, which indicated that the interaction between C3G and WPI is spontaneous. Moreover, the conformational structures of WPI were altered by C3G binding with a decrease in α‐helix contents and an increase in β‐turn, β‐sheet, and random coil contents. The thermal degradation kinetics indicate that after interacting with WPI, the half‐life of C3G increased by 1.62 times and 1.05 times at 80 and 95°C, respectively. The results of the oxidation stability test showed that the presence of WPI effectively reduced the discoloration and degradation of C3G caused by oxidation, and improved the oxidation stability of C3G. This study's findings will help to clarify the interaction mechanism between C3G and WPI, and broaden C3G's application scope in the food processing field.
Olfactory–trigeminal integration in the primary olfactory cortex
Authors: Karunanayaka Prasanna R. , Lu Jiaming , Elyan Rommy , Yang Qing X. , Sathian K.
Published: July 2024

Humans naturally integrate signals from the olfactory and intranasal trigeminal systems. A tight interplay has been demonstrated between these two systems, and yet the neural circuitry mediating olfactory–trigeminal (OT) integration remains poorly understood. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), combined with psychophysics, this study investigated the neural mechanisms underlying OT integration. Fifteen participants with normal olfactory function performed a localization task with air‐puff stimuli, phenylethyl alcohol (PEA; rose odor), or a combination thereof while being scanned. The ability to localize PEA to either nostril was at chance. Yet, its presence significantly improved the localization accuracy of weak, but not strong, air‐puffs, when both stimuli were delivered concurrently to the same nostril, but not when different nostrils received the two stimuli. This enhancement in localization accuracy, exemplifying the principles of spatial coincidence and inverse effectiveness in multisensory integration, was associated with multisensory integrative activity in the primary olfactory (POC), orbitofrontal (OFC), superior temporal (STC), inferior parietal (IPC) and cingulate cortices, and in the cerebellum. Multisensory enhancement in most of these regions correlated with behavioral multisensory enhancement, as did increases in connectivity between some of these regions. We interpret these findings as indicating that the POC is part of a distributed brain network mediating integration between the olfactory and trigeminal systems.

Practitioner Points

Psychophysical and neuroimaging study of olfactory–trigeminal (OT) integration.

Behavior, cortical activity, and network connectivity show OT integration.

OT integration obeys principles of inverse effectiveness and spatial coincidence.

Behavioral and neural measures of OT integration are correlated.