bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plant Morphology and Reproduction
Authors: Waller Donald M
Published: November 2023

A plant’s reproductive behavior depends in both obvious and subtle ways on its size, growth form, and longevity. Some of these associations are the unavoidable results of the great plasticity found in plants, such as the general correlation between plant size and total flower and fruit production. Others probably reflect adaptation to particular growing conditions, such as the association noted by Salisbury114 between trees growing in shaded habitats and large seeds.
Forks, Phonographs, And Hot Air Balloons
Authors: Weber Robert J
Published: November 2023

Wheels, doorknobs, forks, and sewing needles are such everyday items that we rarely bother to wonder how they were invented. But where did the idea for the tea bag come from? Or the waterscrew, synthesizers, or genetic engineering? Drawing on hundreds of examples, this intriguing book sheds new light on human ingenuity from the Stone Age to the present day. Arguing that all inventions are the result of the same basic principles rather than random inspiration, cognitive psychologist Robert Weber reveals our mind's amazing capacity for problem-solving, and encourages us to take a fresh look at the world around us and tap into our own creativity.
Hybridization in Rare Plants: Insights from Case Studies in Cercocarpus and Helianthus
Authors: Rieseberg Loren H
Published: November 2023

It is now evident that hybridization can have both beneficial and harmful consequences for the conservation of biological diversity (Cade 1983). In some instances, hybridization may lead to greater genetic diversity, increased fitness, and adaptation to new environments (Stebbins 1942; Anderson 1949; Harlan 1983). Furthermore, in certain rare cases hybridization may be the only possible way to preserve the germplasm of a rare and endangered taxon. For example, hybridization was used to preserve the alleles of the now extinct dusky seaside sparrow, Ammospiza maritima nigrescens (Avise and Nelson 1989).
Psychopharmacology of Nicotine
Authors: Henningfield Jack E , Cohen Caroline , Pickworth Wallace B
Published: November 2023

Nicotine as delivered by use of tobacco products is highly addictive (see also Chapter 1). Regular ingestion of the alkaloid often produces a drug dependence in exactly the same sense that regular ingestion of heroin, cocaine, and alcohol can produce dependence. While the cultural context of drug use may influence the prevalence of dependence on a particular drug and the chances that a casual user will become addicted, pharmacologically, nicotine is as addictive as heroin and cocaine, although not more so (Henning-field, Cohen, Slade 1991). This chapter dis-cusses the psychopharmacology of nicotine in the context ofdrug dependence in general. The focus of this chapter is on the pharmacologic actions of nicotine that are important in the establishment and maintenance of nicotine dependence. Other chapters address the equally important social and environmental determinants of tobacco use, such as social pressures to use tobacco (Chapter 4) and the availability and financial cost of tobacco products (Chapter 3). Chapter 10 provides clinical guidelines for assessing the degree of nicotine depenence in an individual patient.
Formal Quit Smoking Treatments
Authors: Lando Harry A
Published: November 2023

Smoking cessation treatments have evolved considerably over the 25 years since the re-lease of the landmark 1964 Report of the Surgeon General on Smoking and Health (US Public Health Service 1964). It is well known that smokers prefer self-help and minimal-contact treatments over more intensive face-to-face or individual treatment programs (Schwartz 1987). However, for-mal treatment programs provide a critical backup to self-help and minimal-contact approaches. Formal treatments are more intensive; they offer structured assistance, important group and therapist support during the quitting phase, and the opportunity for individual counseling and program tailoring often not possible with self-help programs.
Morality, Politics, And Law
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

‘What is the proper relation of moral and religious beliefs to politics and law, especially in a society that, like the United States, is morally and religiously pluralistic?’ In Morality, Politics, and Law, noted constitutional theorist Michael Perry answers this fundamental question, criticizing the vision of constitutional adjudication and defending a more liberal philosophy of constitutional interpretation.
Origins of Neuroscience
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: November 2023

The juxtaposition of historical ideas and brain functions is presented here in a highly readable fashion. The roots of neurology, neuropsychology, and neuroscience are traced, emphasizing the functions of the brain and how they came to be associated with specific brain parts and systems. Part I is devoted to discussions of science and medicine in the early cultures of Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, as well as an overview of key figures and several landmark events of the Renaissance, the nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries. Part II begins with the sensory systems, starting with vision and audition, working through the skin senses and ending with gustation and olfaction. Part III details the latest advances in motor systems while including the histories of several of the most common movement disorders, like Parkinson's disease, Huntingdon's chorea, and Tourette's syndrome. Part IV examines the history of sleep, dreaming, and the emotions, while the succeeding part discusses higher functions of the brain and the brain as the organ of intellect. Part V also incorporates a discussion of the neurobiology of learning and of several disorders affecting memory. The final chapters of the book discuss therapies for various brain injuries, and how physicians and scientists began to account for recovery of function, by recognizing factors such as age at the time of injury, which might affect one's response to brain damage. Students and scholars in the neural sciences, as well as those interested in the history of science and medicine, will find the entire volume useful as a reference for learning about the origins of specific neurological functions or ideas.
The Ear and Theories of Hearing
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: November 2023

The Ancient Greeks associated sound with motion. Their analytical approach stressed the importance of air and other media in transmitting sound. The basic belief was that “like is perceived by like.” This belief was embraced in the fourth century by Empedocles, who assumed there was an internal air in the ear, by which we perceive the moving air that constitutes sound, as well as a light in the eye, by which we perceive external light.
Principles and Practices of Rehabilitation
Authors: Wilson Barbara A
Published: November 2023

Rehabilitation is a two way process. Unlike treatment, which is given to a patient, rehabilitation is a process in which the patient, client, or disabled person takes an active part. Professional staff work together with the disabled person to achieve the optimum level of physical, social, psychological, and vocational functioning. The ultimate goal of rehabilitation is to enable the person with a disability to function as adequately as possible in his or her most appropriate environment.
Jack: Coming to Terms with Amnesia
Authors: Wilson Barbara A
Published: November 2023

Although apparently happy and healthy, Jack attempted suicide with carbon monoxide poisoning when he was 19 yr old. Following resuscitation he sustained a generalized epileptic convulsion and remained unconscious for 20 min. For several months after this he suffered from subclinical seizures. Nine months later all seizure activity had ceased and his electroencephalogram (EEG) was normal. He was left however with a major problem of severe memory impairment, and was referred to me for help 8 mo after his suicide attempt. I made an appointment to see Jack and his parents and they traveled by car from their home approximately 20 miles away. It was clear that the suicide attempt had been a complete surprise to Jack’s parents although it had been a predetermined and planned event. Jack had taken equipment with him in the morning before leaving ostensibly for work. He was found in a parking lot some hours later by the police who thought he had been unconscious for about 2 h. He was taken to the hospital, treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and was considered lucky to be alive.
Alex: some recovery, return to work, and marriage following Anoxic brain damage
Authors: Wilson Barbara A
Published: November 2023

Alex was the oldest of three boys born to a family in the West of England. On leaving school he decided to spend a few months in Australia before taking up a university place. Although the details are not clear, it appears that while vacationing on the Queensland coast, Alex, then aged 19 yr, went to a barbecue beach party and engaged in some heavy drinking. The following morning he went on a diving trip and almost drowned. One report states that he was resuscitated on the beach for a period of 10 min or so before any spontaneous breathing occurred. He was admitted to the intensive care unit of a nearby hospital where he was placed on a ventilator. On the very first day there he was, apparently, only extending his arms to pain, suggesting fairly severe brain damage. However, a CT scan showed no significant abnormality. The following day Alex opened his eyes and obeyed simple commands. As a result of this improvement he was taken off the ventilator approximately 56 h after the accident. Soon after this he was able to speak to his parents who, having heard the news of the accident, had traveled out from England on the first available flight. They found Alex to be excited, hyperactive, and with a memory span of only a few seconds.
Lorna: Cognitive Decline and Myotonic Dystrophy
Authors: Wilson Barbara A
Published: November 2023

Loma was born in May 1954, the younger of two sisters. She was a normal child, did reasonably well at school, and had an active social life. She liked sports, particularly horseback riding, squash, walking, and tennis. When she was 18 and working as a secretary she came home one day for lunch and tried to remove a plug from the wall. She found she had difficulty letting go of the plug. This began to happen more often, she just could not immediately let go of things she was holding. Her parents, thinking there was a trivial explanation, asked their general practitioner to see Loma. He sent her to a specialist.
Ron: Picking Up the Pieces
Authors: Wilson Barbara A
Published: November 2023

Ron was almost 31 yr old at the time of his head injury. He was married with a daughter of 20 mo and was working for the gas board where he lectured apprentices. On the 2nd of September 1978 Ron was at his next door neighbor’s, helping to paint the house. He was working on the garage roof when the accident occurred. His wife Lesley described what happened.
Ted: the man who could read ii astrocytoma” but not “dog”
Authors: Wilson Barbara A
Published: November 2023

In 1986, talking to a speech therapist over a cup of coffee, I heard about Ted, a 71-yr-old man who had suffered a left hemisphere stroke the year before. Apparently he had difficulty identifying the initial letters of words. I pricked up my ears for, although this problem was often seen after right hemisphere lesions causing neglect of the left side of space (see Chapter 19), Ted had a left hemisphere lesion so, if his problem was due to neglect, he should be neglecting the right side of space or showing a nonlateralized neglect, i.e., omitting or neglecting letters across the page and not just initial letters. The speech therapist wanted to refer Ted to me for rehabilitation and I was happy to see him.
Richard: A Socially Skilled Young Man Despite Severe Memory and Perceptual Difficulties
Authors: Wilson Barbara A
Published: November 2023

Richard was born in August 1973, the youngest of three children. Following a normal pregnancy and delivery his first few weeks passed uneventfully. When he was lO wk old, however, he woke his parents in the early hours of the morning and was obviously unwell. For the following 4 days he was crying and irritable and vomited frequently. He was admitted to a nearby children’s hospital, a lumbar puncture was performed, and the results suggested a recent intracranial hemorrhage. Richard remained unwell, vomiting after feeds, and at 13 wk was referred to a neurological center. On admission, there was evidence of rising intracranial pressure with a tense bulging fontanelle and prominent lamdoid sutures. Richard continued to be irritable, he was also anemic but there were no other abnormalities noted. Over the next few days he became less irritable but his head circumference was increasing rapidly. He began vomiting again and a ventriculogram showed a communicating hydrocephalus with no obvious cause. A shunt was inserted on November 11, 1973. Following this operation Richard progressed well. He began feeding normally and his head circumference reduced.
Ties That Would Divide: Liberal-Labor Alliances in Britain, France, and Switzerland before the War
Authors: Luebbert Gregory m.
Published: November 2023

The British experience of an alliance between workers and reforming liberals dates in a limited way from at least the 1830s, but for our purposes the most critical years were those after 1867 and the passage of the Second Reform Act. This act enfranchised about two-thirds of the urban working class. It was followed in 1874 by legislation that secured, or until the end of the century was thought to have secured, the legal rights of trade unions to picket peacefully, bargain collectively, and stand immune from suits for damages
Earth Accretion
Authors: Ahrens T J
Published: November 2023

Accretion of the Earth is described in terms of the infall of volatile-, silicate-, sulfide-, and iron-bearing planetesimals. The shock pressures induced in the constituents of the planetesimals upon impact with the Earth detennine their fate and the oxidation state associated with reaction of the coaccreting protoatmosphere. For planetesimal infall velocities of <0.9 km/sec, the accreting Earth has a radius of :S1400km, and the impacting planetesimals retain their full complement of volatiles, e.g., H20, CO2, S02, NH3, CH., and noble gases. This portion of the initially accreted Earth is the present source of the mantle-derived 3He. The present rate of 3He flux from the Earth’s mantle is fully consistent with the existence of a planetesimal-derived primitive undifferentiated reservoir of an equivalent mass as a sphere of 1400 to 2000 km radius. Upon the onset of impact vaporization, at shock pressures of -19 GPa, the water driven from the planetesimals by impact is able to react with· metallic iron. This oxidation results in an increase in the iron silicate budget of the Earth. The composition of the mantle indicates that a maximum of 0.12 to 0.22 of the Earth’s mantle accreted under oxidizing conditions. As more water is released by impact, the protoatmosphere inhibited infrared radiative cooling of the surface. As a consequence, impact energy is trapped under the protoatmosphere and the surface temperature rises to the melting point of wet silicates (-1400 K); surface temperature then becomes buffered by the melting reaction. Composition of the protoatmosphere is controlled by temperature and partial solubility in molten silicate. lron silicates are reduced to metallic iron. lron, both thermally and shock heated, and iron sulfide form the Earth’s core. As accretion continues, the largest planetesimals impacting the Earth increase in diameter from several kilometers to several hundred kilometers and possibly to thousands of kilometers. We examine the constraints on impact-induced Joss of the entire protoatmosphere as a result of giant impact of large planetesimals. A -2000-km-diameter, 1037-erg impactor is found to be sufficient to completely eject into space the protoatmosphere of the Earth. impact of a larger 3000-km­ diameter object is calculated to expel the protoatmosphere to speeds of> 15 km/sec.
The Evolution Of The Terrestrial Environment
Authors: Tajika E , Matsui T
Published: November 2023

The evolution of the Earth’s environment during its 4.6-b.y. history is investigated using a carbon cycle model in which the carbon is assumed to circulate among five reservoirs ( the atmosphere, ocean, continents, seafloor, and mantle). In this model, we consider continental weathering, carbonate precipitation in the ocean, carbonate accretion to the continents, metamorphism of carbonates following CO degassing through arc volcanism, carbon regassing into the mantle, and CO2 degassing from the mantle. We also take into account changes in external conditions such as an increase in the solar luminosity, continental growth, and a decrease in tectonic activity with time, which obviously affect the carbon cycle. We numerically calculate the temporal variation of the carbon content of each reservoir under varying external conditions over the entire history of the Earth. We find that continental growth is required for the terrestrial environment to evolve to the present state, and that the carbon cycle has had an important role in stabilizing the surface temperature of the Earth throughout its entire history. The distribution of carbon at the surface is mainly controlled by one parameter, an accretion ratio, which represents the fraction of the seafloor carbonates accreted to the continents. When this value is equal to 0.7, correct values for the present distribution of carbon at the surface of the Earth can be obtained from the model.
Medieval mappaemundi and the Conceptual Map of Genetics: Changing Views of Cancer Biology and Other Thoughts
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M
Published: November 2023

Science is always driven by ideas stimulated by an excess of inexplicable facts. One hallmark of an area on the frontier of knowledge is that many different explanations seem to fit the facts about as well. We try to resolve this dilemma by integrating developments, arising from different parts of our field, to form a synthetic new understanding. In this chapter I will discuss this phenomenon in the context of modern developments in genetics, and as a case in point, in regard to the genetics of cancer. To do so, I will use the metaphor of a map.
Problems and Pitfalls in Linkage Mapping of Human Genetic Diseases: Illustrations from Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa (ADRP)
Authors: Daiger Stephen P , Blanton Susan H
Published: November 2023

During the past four decades, linkage mapping in humans has become one of the most effective methods for establishing the molecular basis of genetic diseases. By linkage mapping we mean linkage testing in families with the related goals of assigning genetic loci both to linkage groups and to chromosome regions. The first autosomal linkage in humans, between the Lutheran blood group and the ABO secretor locus, was reported in 1954 by J. Mohr. Shortly thereafter, linkage between Rh and elliptocytosis was reported and the first instance of genetic heterogeneity was demonstrated (Morton, 1956). Since then the power oflinkage mapping in humans has expanded profoundly and the utility of linkage as a first step toward identification of disease loci and the cloning of mutant genes has been demonstrated repeatedly.
Restless Genius
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan
Published: November 2023

Robert Hooke's hypotheses concerning the origin of terrestrial features were of major importance to the development of geology. This book interprets Hooke's Lectures and Discourses of Earthquakes, and Subterraneous Eruptions (1667-1694). The volume consists of the original text of the Discourses transposed into modern type and paired with explanatory annotations; a brief up-to-date biography of Hooke, with emphasis on his geological contributions; and a comparison of selected passages from James Hutton, to show the transmission of ideas and Hooke's influence on later geologists. It will attract Earth scientists and science historians, along with general readers interested in the history of geology.
Discriminating Between Phylogenetic Signal and Random Noise in DNA Sequences
Authors: Hillis David M
Published: November 2023

Most parsimonious trees are really neat. I am all for them, but have you any idea about the distribution of all the trees in the universe that you might have sampled? Fitch (1984)Nucleic acid sequences have become a major source of phylogenetic information. In order to use these data appropriately, it is critical to distinguish sequences that are saturated by change from those that are phylogenetically informative. In this chapter, I will call variation that is potentially informative about phylogenetic history “signal,” and use “noise” to describe variation that is not informative.
When are Phylogeny Estimates From Molecular and Morphological Data Incongruent?
Authors: Swofford David L
Published: November 2023

Many sources of information may be available for use in inferring phylogenetic relationships among a group of taxa. Because different character sets share a common evolutionary history, we expect reliable methods of phylogenetic analysis to recover the correct evolutionary tree regardless of the kind of data employed. To the extent that character sets “tell the truth” about their past, phylogenies inferred from different character sets should be congruent with the true tree and therefore with each other.
Introduction: Integration of Individual, Social, and Institutional Processes in Accounts of Children’s Learning and Development
Authors: Minick Norris , Stone C Addison , Forman Ellice A
Published: November 2023

Over the past 10 to 20 years, scholars concerned with human development have shown increasing interest in the social and cultural foundation of developmental processes. A recognizable piece of this complex fabric of theory and research consists in attempts to apply, extend, and develop the work of what is now widely known as the Soviet sociohistorical school-the work of L. S. Vygotsky, A. N. Leont’ev, A. R. Luria, and their colleagues and students. This volume continues the tradition by offering examples of theoretical and empirical attempts to extend and enrich the evolving framework. Though their ideas differ in many ways, the authors of the chapters included in this book share the view that early attempts to apply the Soviet sociohistorical framework to issues of development and learning had serious limitations. These limitations represent in part failure to capitalize on existing aspects of the framework and in part failure to integrate other frameworks into a more inclusive sociocultural theory of human development.
Discourse, Mathematical Thinking, and Classroom Practice
Authors: Cobb Paul , Wood Terry , Yackel Erna
Published: November 2023

Aspects of an on-going research and development project in elementary school mathematics that has as an overriding goal the development of a framework within which to coordinate sociological and psychological analyses of classroom life are discussed in this chapter. We must state at the out set that neither the theoretical nor the pragmatic aspects of our work were initially derived from neo-Vygotskian theory. Informed by an almost exclusively cognitive constructivist perspective, we initially intended to analyze individual children’s learning as they participated in classroom mathematical activity. Our interest in symbolic interactionism and ethnomethodology developed in concert with our growing awareness of the insufficiency of this initial theoretical orientation. It subsequently became apparent that the way in which we were attempting to make sense of classroom life was, in many respects, compatible with certain of Vygotsky’s theoretical notions, particularly his work in what Minick (1987) has identified as the last of the three phases of his in tell actual development(i.e., 1933-1934). We use sample episodes repeatedly in the main body of this chapter to illustrate our current view of classroom life and to highlight similarities and differences with Vygotskian theory. First, however, we give a brief overview of the project.
Commentary Time to Merge Vygotskian and Constructivist Conceptions of Knowledge Acquisition
Authors: Hatano Giyoo
Published: November 2023

The five chapters in this section made an agreeable impression on me, a sympathetic outsider of the North American Vygotskian school. All are based on the authors’ long-standing research on knowledge acquisition in the classroom, and they propose some extension or revision of the Vygotskian conception of learning by instruction. More precisely, their proposed extension has been motivated by the need to understand and develop further their target instructional practice. As Moll and his associates (this volume) put it, ‘practice can exceed as well as inform and elaborate‘ theoretical notion.
Toddlers’ Guided Participation with Their Caregivers in Cultural Activity
Authors: Rogoff Barbara , Mosier Christine , Mistry Jayanthi , Goncu Artin
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on cult similarities and variations in the guided participation of children in sociocultural activities. Children around the world, including middle-class U.S. children, learn and develop in situations of joint involvement with other people in culturally important activities. Caregivers and companions collaborate with children in deciding the nature of children’s activities and their responsibilities for participation. In the process of collaboration children adapt their knowledge to new situations, structure problem-solving attempts, and regulate their responsibility for managing the process. This guidance and participation includes tacit forms of communication and distal arrangements of children’s activities, as well as explicit verbal interaction. The mutual roles played by children and their caregivers rely on both the interest of caregivers in fostering mature roles and skills and children’s own eagerness to participate in adult activities and to push their development.
Institutional and Social Context of Educational Practice and Reform
Authors: Tharp Roland
Published: November 2023

The conservatism, not to say fierce resistance, of schools when faced with forces of change has been both puzzle and consternation for educational reformers. Every reform theorist, regardless of the particular focus or prescription, bemoans this apparent impermeability to reason, common sense, political forces, or even budgetary variation-and it is despite a clear hunger felt by teachers for new and useful ideas. Thus schools in North America embrace wave after wave of fads; enthuse, co-opt, and trivialize them; sweep on in an inexhaustible appetite for stimulation; and-as regards fundamentals-change not at all. The most profound calls for reform appear not even to be heard, for example that of Sarason, made 20 years ago, which sadly remains as apt today as then:
Abyss of Reason
Authors: Cottom Daniel
Published: November 2023

This book is a study of modern spiritualism, which flourished in the third quarter of the nineteenth century, and of surrealism, in its heyday between the world wars. The pairing yields a range of provocative material for working through issues with which criticism in all sorts of fields today remains preoccupied.
Optical Imaging of Architecture and Function in the :Living Brain
Authors: Grinvald Amiram , Bonhoeffer Tobias , Malonek Dov , Shoham Doron , Bartfeld Eyal , Arieli A , Hildesheim Rina , Ratzlaff Eugene
Published: November 2023

Two optical imaging techniques offer unique advantages that may be particularly suitable to explore higher cognitive brain functions in experimental animals and in the human, including the neuronal basis of learning and memory. In this chapter we briefly review our recent work regarding the development and applications of these novel techniques to explore simpler information processing systems, mostly the visual system. It appears that these two optical imaging techniques begin to shed more light on the organization and function of the cortex, because activity of millions of neurons is imaged simultaneously, rather than activity of a single neuron at a time. The first method uses voltage sensitive dyes to image the flow of neuronal activity from one cortical site to the next in real time. In cortical tissue, optical imaging based on voltage-sensitive dyes reflects mostly the inputs impinging on the fine dendrites of cortical cells, rather than the spike activity in the cell somata. It therefore often yields pictures very different from those obtained with conventional techniques.
Does Synaptic Selection Explain Auditory Imprinting?
Authors: Scheich Henning , Wallhausser-Franke E , Braun K
Published: November 2023

Ever since it was recognized that synaptic plasticity could be a basic correlate of learning and memory, “growth theories” have dominated this field of research (see McGeer, Eccles, & McGeer, 1978, chapter 15; Rosenzweig, M0llgaard, Diamond & Bennet, 1972). It appears to be common intuition that storage of new information in the brain should correspond to some “additive process” at the substrate level, anything from synaptic strengthening to formation of new synapses. Seminal theories like Hebb’s (1949) favored this view.
Emotions and Health
Authors: Lazarus Richard S
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters I treated emotion mainly as a dependent variable, focusing on the conditions that affect the emotion process and how it is generated and unfolds. There is no doubt, for example, that being ill is a powerful negative life condition affecting our emotions. Nevertheless, an overriding reason for our interest is the conviction that, when generated, emotion has profound consequences for health and functioning. When we ask whether and how emotions influence being well or ill, in the short or long term, the order of things is reversed and emotion - that is, the whole cognitive-motivational-relational configuration - becomes an independent variable.
Counterexamples in Probability and Real Analysis
Authors: Wise Gary L , Hall Eric B
Published: November 2023

Ideas in mathematical sciences that might seem intuitively obvious may be proved incorrect with the use of their counterexamples. This monograph concentrates on counterexamples for use at the intersection of probability and real analysis, which makes it unique among treatments of counterexamples. The authors maintain that, in fact, if taught correctly, probability theory cannot be separated from real analysis.
The Politics of an Idea
Authors: Ayres Ian , Braithwaite John
Published: November 2023

This book is about the need to transcend the intellectual stalemate between those who favor strong state regulation of business and those who advocate deregulation. It is a debate that has been rerun so many times that to open it up in an audience of regulatory policy makers today is to put them immediately to sleep. The practitioners yawn because they know that in reality regulation occurs in “many rooms” (Galanter, 1981; Nader and Nader, 1985). A free market can mean that private regulation by cartels will defeat competition; detailed state regulation can be a symbolic exercise that is readily side-stepped by minor realignment of the market.
Enforced Self-Regulation
Authors: Ayres Ian , Braithwaite John
Published: November 2023

In this book we have attempted to make the case that a requirement for breaking out of the sterile contest between deregulation and stronger regulation is innovation in regulatory design. Perhaps the greatest challenge facing regulatory design is not at the apex of the pyramid of regulatory strategies discussed in Chapter 2 (see Fig. 2.3), where a variety of well-tested punitive strategies exist.1 Nor is it at the base of the pyramid, where there is experience of the successes and failures of the free market and of self-regulation in protecting consumers. The need for innovation is at the intermediate levels of the pyramid of regulatory strategies.
The Rewards of Success
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence
Published: November 2023

The solution to the ornithine problem was the most important, but not the only scientific success that Hans Krebs enjoyed during April 1932. Within a few days of reaching that solution be also overcame the most prominent experimental obstacle be bad been facing in his investigation of deamination. When Krebs resumed his research on deamination, on April 21, be carried out one set of experiments using HCN, as usual. On April 23, however, he again began searching for other agents that might block more fully the disappearance of the pyruvate formed in the tissue slices from alanine.
Groups in Society: Danger and Deliverance
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles
Published: November 2023

Understanding human nature requires more than treating the individual. We must also understand the human groups in which individuals exist. The attention given to group life in biblical thought and the inseparability of group life from human existence stand in contrast to many Western political points of view, which treat individuals as by nature separate from groups; groups are formed secondarily and provisionally to meet individual needs and wants. A major weakness in the social thought of individualistically oriented forms of Christianity-whether liberal, existential, or Evangelical-is neglect of the importance of groups and their potential for both good and evil.
The Challenge of Biblical Justice
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles
Published: November 2023

People who discuss justice do agree that justice obliges us to do something that is good and that it is something which concerns other persons. Justice is a social norm, regulating the conduct of people in association with one another. The disagreement among students of justice is over what good justice obliges us to do. There are three basic approaches to justice reflecting broad differences in Weltanschauung. The first approach is that of positive law. Justice is conformity to law. It equals legality. The second approach is social good. Justice is what is useful for the good of the particular society. Finally, there is the natural right approach to justice. Justice is what is due by a transcending principle of right.
Participatory Ideals Encountering Human Nature: Socialism
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles
Published: November 2023

Socialism has other faces besides Marxism, which has provided the dominant form of the vision. Socialism is indeed difficult to separate from Marx. Marx’s own original ideas and effective articulation have had great influence upon later socialists, and many of the ideas of the socialists who influenced him have been best known through his writings.
Bell, Edison, and the Telephone
Authors: Carlson W Bernard , Gorman Michael E
Published: November 2023

While most scholars and laypersons would agree with Whitehead, it has been much more difficult to agree on what constitutes a method of invention. For some, “method of invention” is an oxymoron, for invention (and creativity generally) is the result of mystery, genius, and passion, all of which cannot be neatly analyzed as method. Others would agree with Whitehead that invention became methodical when ‘inventors and engineers applied scientific theories and the experimental method to technology (Constant, 1980, 1983; Layton, 1989). Still other scholars have emphasized that inventors do have a methodology or a style that is not entirely based on science (Hindle, 1983; Hughes, 1971, 1977, 1989; Lubar, 1987). And some sociologists have proposed that invention is not an individualistic but a social process in which negotiations and conflict replace methodology (Gilfillan, 1935; Bjiker, Hughes, & Pinch, 1987; Latour, 1987).
Why Wilbur and Orville? Some Thoughts on the Wright Brothers and the Process of Invention
Authors: Crouch Tom D
Published: November 2023

Why Wilbur and Orville? That, it seems to me, is the single most interesting and important question we can ask relating to the invention of the airplane. How did these two obscure bicycle makers and mechanics succeed, when some of the world’s best-trained and most experienced engineers and scientists had failed? It was a question the Wrights themselves found difficult to answer. They had kept a meticulous record of the evolution of their technology in diaries, letters, note books, and photographs. They knew precisely what they had done, and when. As to why they had done it, and how they had succeeded where so many others had failed, they were far less certain.
Inventors and Corporations in the Maturing Electrical Industry, 1890 – 1940
Authors: Wise George
Published: November 2023

It was the wedding of the year in Cleveland in 1929, but not for the usual reasons. On the full page in the Sunday supplement devoted to the marriage of Charles Young and Esther Christensen, the pictures of the fathers were bigger than those of the newlyweds. Charles’ father, Owen D. Young, was chairman of the board of General Electric, a renowned “industrial statesman” who had just led the U.S. delegation that had negotiated an apparently definitive settlement of the vexing World War Idebt issue. The feat would help make him Time magazine’s “Man of the Year” and a strong dark-horse candidate for the 1932 Democratic presidential nomination (Case & Case, 1982). Esther’s father, Niels Anton Christensen, was a well-known inventor. He was on his way to becoming a great inventor, if you are willing to define that term as someone who twice in his life invents the world’s best way to do something important. Thirty years earlier he had invented the best way to stop streetcars. Three years after the wedding, the father of the bride would become the father of the O-ring.
Masters Of Small Worlds
Authors: Mccurry Stephanie
Published: November 2023

In this innovative study of the South Carolina Low Country, author Stephanie McCurry explores the place of the yeomanry in plantation society--the complex web of domestic and public relations within which they were enmeshed, and the contradictory politics of slave society by which that class of small farmers extracted the privileges of masterhood from the region’s powerful planters. Insisting on the centrality of women as historical actors and gender as a category of analysis, this work shows how the fateful political choices made by the low-country yeomanry were rooted in the politics of the household, particularly in the customary relations of power male heads of independent households assumed over their dependents, whether slaves or free women and children. Such masterly prerogatives, practiced in the domestic sphere and redeemed in the public, explain the yeomanry’s deep commitment to slavery and, ultimately, their ardent embrace of secession. By placing the yeomanry in the center of the drama, McCurry offers a significant reinterpretation of this volatile society on the road to Civil War. Through careful and creative use of a wide variety of archival sources, she brings vividly to life the small worlds of yeoman households, and the larger world of the South Carolina Low Country, the plantation South, and nineteenth-century America.
Variations In The Structure And Shape Of Neurons Under Normal And Pathological Conditions, And The Functional Implications Of Such Variations
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

Until quite recently, staining with carmine or hematoxylin was the only useful way of examining neurons for this purpose, and Flesch and his students M. Koneff, Anna Gittis, and Anna Kottarewsky, used it to observe that all cells in a particular nucleus or center do not necessarily present the same appearance. Some neurons stain darkly, and it is obvious they have absorbed considerable dye; at the same time, however, they appear rather shriveled. Other cells with a relatively simple shape and larger surface area display a much lower affinity for the stain and as a result are more pale. Flesch and his students were not content to let this observation stand on its own; instead, they ventured the suggestion that neurons throughout all parts of the nervous system fall into two classes. The first, consisting of chromophilic cells, displays a strong affinity for hematoxylin, carmine, and, as we shall see, the basic aniline dyes; whereas the second type, consisting of chromophobic cells, displays a lower affinity for these tinctures and is thus more lightly stained. A similar observation was made by Bellonci, who used the intensity of brown staining produced by osmic acid to distinguish chromophils from chromophobes.
Extraspinal Neurons With An Axon In The Cord
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

Dorsal or sensory roots of the spinal cord are formed by the inner processes of unipolar cells in spinal ganglia; all sensory roots (whether spinal or cranial) are entirely dependent upon their .respective ganglia, which act as trophic centers and sources of neuronal activity. At each spinal level the ganglion is intercalated along the dorsal root before it joins the ventral root. Several years ago, the morphology of spinal and cranial sensory ganglia could really only be deduced from the embryological work of His. Today, however, it is known with certainty. The definitive evidence was provided by ourselvesI for the Gasserian (semilunar) ganglion and by Van Gehuchten for the same ganglion, as well as for ganglia of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. Further evidence was then provided by Lenhossek, who fitted the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve into the general scheme, and by Retzius, who established the bipolar nature of cells in the spiral ganglion (associated with the cochlear nerve) and in Scarpa’s ganglion (associated with the vestibular nerve).
Glia Of The Spinal Gray Matter
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

The gray matter of the spinal cord contains three nonneuronal cell types: epithelial or ependymal cells, stellate glial cells with short processes, and stellate glial cells with long processes. Ependymal Cells. Transverse sections of the spinal cord that have been stained with carmine, hematoxylin or a basic aniline dye reveal a central canal that is lined by cells with an epithelial appearance. These cells display an elongated prismatic, oval, or fusiform cell body, most of which is occupied by the nucleus, a short central process, and a long peripheral process.
Functional Implications Arising From New Concepts About The Structure Of The Spinal Cord
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

The examination of spinal cord morphology we have just completed indicates that this organ is simply made up of four types of neuron and their synapses: ( l) primary sensory neurons, which are typified by spinal ganglion cells; (2) secondary and tertiary sensory neurons, which consist of direct and crossed funicular cells of the spinal gray matter; (3) primary motor neurons-the ventral root cells; and, finally, ( 4) secondary motor neurons, which are typified by pyramidal cells in motor areas of the cerebral cortex giving rise to the pyramidal tract, and by cells in the deep cerebellar nuclei giving rise to axons ( the descending cerebellar fibers of Marchi) that influence motor cells in the ventral horn.
The Medulla
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

Like the spinal cord, the spinal bulb or medulla displays a cortex of white matter around the periphery and masses of gray matter within the center, and it also gives rise to a series of motor and sensory nerves. However, the position of gray masses, as well as the location and orientation of fiber tracts and nerves, has undergone major transformations within the medulla.
The Vagus And Glossopharyngeal Nerves Or Ixth And Xth Cranial Nerves
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

Although the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves follow separate courses in the periphery, their intramedullary relations make it clear that they are part of the same anatomical unit. In fact, they are associated with the same nuclei, where it is exceedingly difficult to recognize fibers belonging to one nerve or the other. Thus, we have combined the two nerves in the same description.
The Vestibulocochlear Nerve: Cochlear Branch Or Nerve
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

The cochlear nerve, which is also referred to as the cochlear branch of the acoustic or vestibulocochlear nerve, is sensory in nature, and its peripheral processes are distributed within the cochlea-the organ responsible for analyzing sound; thus, it is the nerve specifically concerned with audition. Spiral or Cochlear Ganglion. The cochlear nerve arises from a mass of gray matter that is arranged in a spiral around the modiolus of the cochlea-thus, the name spiral ganglion.
Neuronal Pathways Of THE Medulla And Associated Nuclei
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

Whether longitudinal or transverse, all pathways associated with the medulla can be divided into two types: Those arising outside the medulla are referred to as extrinsic or exogenous, whereas those arising within the medulla itself are called We shall not examine all of these pathways in detail here; some were described when we dealt with the spinal sensory nerves, and others will be discussed when we come to the structure of the cerebellum. We shall limit our task for the moment to those pathways whose histology or connections merit special attention.
Health Promotion for Minority Adolescents: Cultural Considerations
Authors: Earls Felton
Published: November 2023

A fundamental premise of this chapter is that culture has a high salience for adolescents and that the success of health promotion practices for this age group relies on special attention to cultural considerations. Adolescents are engaged in an active developmental process of evaluating themselves in relation to peers and societal institutions (Feldman& Elliott, 1990; Chapter 2). It is an examination that involves both introspectiv processes that help form identity and self-esteem, and social processes that position the adolescent in cultural, historical, and political perspectives. This convergence of inner and outer experiences is especially complex and provocative for minority adolescents, those representing geographic origins, racial background, language, history, and customs that are non-European in derivation. It is for these groups, representing some of the culturally diverse segments of American society, that special consideration in regard to health promotion is needed.
Promoting Positive Mental Health during Adolescence
Authors: Campas Bruce E
Published: November 2023

The promotion of positive mental health and the prevention of psychopathology are essential goals of a comprehensive model of mental health services for any age group. Efforts toward mental health promotion and the prevention of psychopathology are complementary to interventions to treat or remediate emotional and behavioral problems. However, the development and implementation of promotion and prevention programs require a fundamental shift in the paradigm that is typically used to guide most mental health services. Specifically, promotion and prevention programs require a model based on positive human development rather than pathology (Albee, 1982, 1986; Masterpasqua, 1989).