bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arterial pressure, end‐tidal carbon dioxide, and central venous oxygen saturation in reflecting compression depth
Authors: Ryu S‐J. , Lee S‐J. , Park C‐H. , Lee S‐M. , Lee D‐H. , Cho Y‐S. , Jung Y‐H. , Lee B‐K. , Jeung K‐W.
Published: April 2016

Background

We sought to investigate the utility of arterial pressure, end‐tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), and central venous oxygen saturation (SCVO2) to guide compression depth adjustment. Thus, in a pig model of cardiac arrest, we observed these parameters during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with optimal and suboptimal compression depths.

Methods

Sixteen pigs underwent three experimental sessions after induction of ventricular fibrillation. First, the animals received two 4‐min CPR trials with either optimal (20% of the anteroposterior diameter) or suboptimal (70% of the optimal depth) compression depth. Second, the animals received two 5‐min CPR trials with optimal compression depth, in which adrenaline (0.02 mg/kg) or saline placebo was administered. Third, the animals randomly received compression with either optimal or suboptimal depth during advanced cardiovascular life support.

Results

The systolic arterial pressure reflected compression depth most accurately and immediately (area under the curve [AUC], 0.895–0.939 without adrenaline and 0.928–1.000 with adrenaline). Although the response of ETCO2 to the change in compression depth was 0.5 min slower than that of the systolic arterial pressure, the performance of ETCO2 was comparable with that of systolic arterial pressure. SCVO2 did not reflect compression depth. Adrenaline administration remarkably increased systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, and coronary perfusion pressure but did not affect the ETCO2 readings.

Conclusion

In a pig model of cardiac arrest, systolic arterial pressure reflected compression depth immediately and accurately. The performance of ETCO2 was comparable with that of systolic arterial pressure. SCVO2 did not reflect compression depth.
Choroidal circulation impairment during the anterior recurrence of Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease confirmed with indocyanine green angiography and laser speckle flowgraphy
Authors: Takemoto Yuko , Namba Kenichi , Mizuuchi Kazuomi , Iwata Daiju , Uno Tomoe , Ohno Shigeaki , Hirooka Kiriko , Hashimoto Yuki , Saito Wataru , Sugiyama Kazuhisa , Ishida Susumu
Published: April 2016

Purpose

To assess choroidal inflammation‐related circulatory changes associated with the anterior recurrence of Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) disease, using indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG).

Methods

This retrospective case series included 17 eyes of 11 patients with VKH disease showing recurrent inflammatory findings in the anterior, but not posterior, segment (i.e. anterior recurrence). Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and LSFG were performed at the time of recurrence and one month after the initiation of corticosteroid therapy. The number and total area of hypofluorescent dark dots (HDDs) on ICGA were independently counted by three physicians and measured with ImageJ, respectively. Mean blur rate (MBR), a quantitative index of relative blood flow velocity, was calculated via the LSFG Analyzer software.

Results

Hypofluorescent dark dots (HDDs) were identified on ICGA in 13 of 17 eyes (76%) with the anterior recurrence of VKH disease. The number and total area of HDDs significantly decreased from 203 ± 101 dots to 59 ± 51 dots and from 48 789 ± 24 251 pixels to 15 664 ± 13 254 pixels, respectively. The change ratio of MBR significantly increased by 17.9 ± 16.3% after the treatment. Importantly, there was no significant association between the change ratios of HDDs and MBR.

Conclusions

These findings on LSFG and ICGA clearly demonstrated subclinical involvement as well as post‐treatment improvement of choroidal circulation impairment due to granulomatous inflammation in eyes with the anterior recurrence of VKH disease. The present data suggest the validity of using these two examinations, capable of detecting different circulatory changes, in the management of recurrent VKH disease.
Multiple simultaneous choroidal melanomas arising in the same eye: globe salvage by radiotherapy
Authors: Zhang Matthew M. , Papakostas Thanos D. , Malcolm Arnold W. , Ancell Kristin K. , Biscotti Charles V. , Gragoudas Evangelos S. , Daniels Anthony B.
Published: April 2016

Purpose

Multiple choroidal melanomas arising in the same eye is a very rare entity, usually leading ophthalmologists to entertain other diagnoses. Historically, the only available treatment reported for this rare entity was enucleation. In this study we demonstrate in a series of patients with multiple simultaneous choroidal melanomas that eye salvage is possible using a variety of radiotherapy techniques.

Observations

Both patients presented with two simultaneous choroidal melanomas in one eye. The first patient was only 30 years old and presented with two largely amelanotic tumours with large exudative retinal detachment. Cytology from fine needle aspiration biopsies from both tumours with immunohistochemistry confirmed two separate melanomas. Sequential radioactive iodine plaque brachytherapy led to regression of both tumours. The second, older patient's two tumours both had the typical appearance of choroidal melanoma and he underwent proton beam irradiation to the entire field leading to tumour regression.

Conclusions

Multiple choroidal melanomas can rarely arise simultaneously in the same eye, and despite their variable appearance, a definitive diagnosis can be aided by cytology and immunohistochemistry in atypical‐appearing cases. While all other previously reported cases have necessitated enucleation, we demonstrate that globe salvage is possible using either proton beam irradiation to the entire tumour field, or with sequential radioactive plaque brachytherapy.
Combined adjuvants of poly(I:C) plus LAG‐3‐Ig improve antitumor effects of tumor‐specific T cells, preventing their exhaustion
Authors: Kano Yosuke , Iguchi Takahiro , Matsui Hiroto , Adachi Keishi , Sakoda Yukimi , Miyakawa Tomoya , Doi Shun , Hazama Shoichi , Nagano Hiroaki , Ueyama Yoshiya , Tamada Koji
Published: April 2016

Therapeutic cancer vaccines are designed to treat cancer by boosting the endogenous immune system to fight against the cancer. In the development of clinically effective cancer vaccines, one of the most practical objectives is to identify adjuvants that are capable of optimizing the vaccine effects. In this study, we explored the potential of polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) and LAG‐3‐Ig (soluble recombinant protein of lymphocyte activation gene‐3 [LAG‐3] extracellular domain fused with human IgG Fc region) as adjuvants for P1A tumor antigen peptide vaccine in a pre‐established P815 mouse tumor model with a transfer of tumor‐specific T cells. Whereas the use of poly(I:C) or LAG‐3‐Ig as a signal adjuvant induced a slight enhancement of P1A vaccine effects compared to incomplete Freund's adjuvant, combined treatment with poly(I:C) plus LAG‐3‐Ig remarkably potentiated antitumor effects, leading to complete rejection of pre‐established tumor and long‐term survival of mice. The potent adjuvant effects of poly(I:C) plus LAG‐3‐Ig were associated with an enhanced infiltration of T cells in the tumor tissues, and an increased proliferation and Th1‐type cytokine production of tumor‐reactive T cells. Importantly, the combined adjuvant of poly(I:C) plus LAG‐3‐Ig downregulated expressions of PD‐1, LAG‐3, and TIGIT on P1A‐specific T cells, indicating prevention of T cell exhaustion. Taken together, the results of the current study show that the combined adjuvants of poly(I:C) plus LAG‐3‐Ig with tumor peptide vaccine induce profound antitumor effects by activating tumor‐specific T cells.
Anti‐bevacizumab idiotype antibody vaccination is effective in inducing vascular endothelial growth factor‐binding response, impairing tumor outgrowth
Authors: Sanches Jéssica de Souza , Aguiar Rodrigo Barbosa de , Parise Carolina Bellini , Suzuki Juliana Mayumi , Chammas Roger , de Moraes Jane Zveiter
Published: April 2016

Tumors require blood supply and, to overcome this restriction, induce angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in this process, which explains the great number of antiangiogenic therapies targeting VEGF. The research and development of targeted therapy has led to the approval of bevacizumab, a humanized anti‐VEGF monoclonal antibody (mAb), in clinical settings. However, side effects have been reported, usually as a consequence of bolus‐dose administration of the antibody. This limitation could be circumvented through the use of anti‐idiotype (Id) antibodies. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of an active VEGF‐binding immune response generated by an anti‐bevacizumab idiotype mAb, 10.D7. The 10.D7 anti‐Id mAb vaccination led to detectable levels of VEGF‐binding anti‐anti‐Id antibodies. In order to examine whether this humoral immune response could have implications for tumor development, 10.D7‐immunized mice were challenged with B16‐F10 tumor cells. Mice immunized with 10.D7 anti‐Id mAb revealed reduced tumor growth when compared to control groups. Histological analyses of tumor sections from 10.D7‐immunized mice showed increased necrotic areas, decreased CD31‐positive vascular density and reduced CD68‐positive cell infiltration. Our results encourage further therapeutic studies, particularly if one considers that the anti‐Id therapeutic vaccination maintains stable levels of VEGF‐binding antibodies, which might be useful in the control of tumor relapse.
Play distraction versus pharmacological treatment to reduce anxiety levels in children undergoing day surgery: a randomized controlled non‐inferiority trial
Authors: Al‐Yateem N. , Brenner M. , Shorrab A. A. , Docherty C.
Published: April 2016

Background

Perioperative experience can be one of the most distressful experiences in a child's life if not managed properly by healthcare professionals. Its consequences can extend well beyond surgery and recovery into the child's future life. Healthcare professionals have a responsibility to decrease the anxiety associated with this experience, improve the child's and the parent's experience and prevent negative consequences. This has traditionally been performed through pharmacological treatment which might have negative side effects. More developmentally appropriate distraction methods are currently being trialled globally to augment the evidence that supports their use as a similarly efficient alternative.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to explore the efficiency of storytelling, pictures and colouring activities as an anxiolytic intervention in comparison to the traditional pharmacological premedication technique in a non‐inferiority study.

Study design

A randomized non‐inferiority controlled trial was carried out in 168 children scheduled for day surgery. Children's perioperative anxiety was assessed by a trained anaesthetist using the modified Yale Preoperative Assessment Scale and by parents using the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Children's vital signs were also collected preoperatively during the induction period and during the recovery period.

Results

The primary endpoint, which is non‐inferiority in terms of anxiety as per Yale Preoperative Assessment Scale survey between play distraction and preoperative medication, was met [average score 10.95 vs. 10.94, respectively, 95% confidence interval (−0.35; 0.37); P = 0.941]. Moreover, anxiety scores of both the intervention and the control group were quite comparable as per STAIC survey [20.90 vs. 20.73, respectively, 95% confidence interval (−0.52; 0.88); P = 0.708] and in terms of vital signs.

Conclusion

The results indicate that the distraction technique employed can be considered as an efficient alternative to traditional pharmacological premedication for children undergoing day surgery.
Resistin is a predictor of asthma risk and resistin:adiponectin ratio is a negative predictor of lung function in asthma
Authors: Ballantyne D. , Scott H. , MacDonald‐Wicks L. , Gibson P. G. , Wood L. G.
Published: April 2016

Background

Adipokines, such as resistin and adiponectin, modify inflammation and may contribute to increased asthma risk and severity in obese people.

Objective

To examine plasma resistin and resistin:adiponectin ratio (i) in asthmatics compared to healthy controls, (ii) according to asthma severity, obesity and gender (iii) following weight loss in obese asthmatics.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional observational study of asthmatic adults (n = 96) and healthy controls (n = 46), plasma resistin and adiponectin were measured. In a separate intervention study, obese asthmatic adults (n = 27) completed a 10‐week weight loss intervention and plasma resistin and adiponectin concentrations were analysed.

Results

Plasma resistin and resistin:adiponectin ratio were higher in asthma compared to controls and were higher again in subjects with a severe vs. mild‐to‐moderate asthma pattern. Amongst asthmatic subjects, resistin was not modified by gender or obesity, while adiponectin was lower in males and obese subjects. As a result, resistin:adiponectin ratio was higher in obese males, non‐obese males and obese females, compared to non‐obese females. In a logistic regression model, plasma resistin concentration was a predictor of asthma risk. In a multiple linear regression model, plasma resistin:adiponectin ratio was a negative predictor of FEV1 in asthma. Following weight loss, neither resistin, adiponectin nor resistin:adiponectin ratio was changed. However, the change (∆) in %body fat was associated with ∆ resistin:adiponectin ratio. Post‐intervention ∆ resistin was negatively correlated with both ∆FRC and ∆RV.

Conclusion and clinical relevance

This study demonstrates that resistin and resistin:adiponectin ratio are higher in asthma and are higher again in subjects who have more severe disease. Resistin:adiponectin ratio is highest in obese male asthmatics. As resistin is a predictor of asthma risk and resistin:adiponectin is a predictor of FEV1 in asthma, these adipokines may be contributing to the obese asthma phenotype, thus providing a potential therapeutic target for obese asthma.
Factors affecting refractive outcome after cataract surgery in primary angle‐closure glaucoma
Authors: Seo Sam , Lee Chong Eun , Kim Young Kook , Lee Sang Yoon , Jeoung Jin Wook , Park Ki Ho
Published: April 2016

Background

To evaluate the biometric factors associated with the accuracy of intraocular lens power predictions for cataract surgery in primary angle‐closure (PAC) or primary angle‐closure glaucoma (PACG) eyes.

Design

Cross‐sectional study

Participants

This study included 103 PAC or PACG patients who had undergone cataract surgery.

Methods

All participants underwent anterior‐segment optical coherence tomography preoperatively. Two novel biometric factors – the relative lens vault (the ratio of lens vault to anterior vault) and the anterior vault (the sum of lens vault and anterior chamber depth) – were measured using customized software. The powers of the implanted intraocular lens and the actual postoperative refractive errors were compared. The mean refractive error and the median absolute error were calculated and compared using repeated measures ANOVA and Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed‐rank test. The biometric factors associated with the postoperative refractive error were investigated by multivariate regression analysis.

Main Outcome Measures

Preoperative anterior‐segment biometric factors, difference between predicted and actual postoperative refraction.

Results

The Haigis, Hoffer Q and SRK/T formulas all showed a slight tendency toward resultant hyperopia, respectively (P < 0.001, P = 0.05, P = 0.003). The Hoffer Q formula had the least prediction error (P < 0.001). In the multivariate regression analysis, the relative lens vault was the only independent factor predicting postoperative refractive error (β = 0.392, P = 0.011).

Conclusion

Intraocular lens power predictions for cataract surgery in PAC or PACG patients can be inaccurate. Such results might be associated with anterior‐segment biometric factors. Preoperative relative lens vault appears to be a significant factor predicting refractive outcome after cataract surgery in patients with PAC or PACG.
Adolescents Conceived through Donor Insemination in Mother‐Headed Families: A Qualitative Study of Motivations and Experiences of Contacting and Meeting Same‐donor Offspring
Authors: Persaud Sherina , Freeman Tabitha , Jadva Vasanti , Slutsky Jenna , Kramer Wendy , Steele Miriam , Steele Howard , Golombok Susan
Published: April 2016

This study interviewed adolescents conceived using sperm donation to examine their experiences of contacting and meeting ‘same‐donor offspring’ (i.e. donor‐conceived offspring raised in different families who share the same donor), their motivations for this contact, and how they make meaning of these relationships. This in‐depth qualitative study involved semi‐structured interviews with 23 young people aged 12–19 years (mean = 14 years). Interviewees were motivated by curiosity about their biological relations and by wanting to extend their family. Contact with same‐donor offspring was described as being either normal/neutral or as a unique experience that was integrated into their identity. This study highlights the importance of contact between same donor offspring, particularly during adolescence, a developmental stage associated with identity formation. The findings have important policy implications as they suggest that donor‐conceived individuals may benefit from contact with others conceived using the same donor prior to the age of 18 years.
Cost‐effectiveness of implant‐supported mandibular removable partial dentures
Authors: Jensen Charlotte , Ross Jamila , Feenstra Talitha L. , Raghoebar Gerry M. , Speksnijder Caroline , Meijer Henny J.A. , Cune Marco S.
Published: April 2016

Objectives

The aim of this study was to conduct a cost‐effectiveness analysis comparing conventional removable partial dentures (RPDs) and implant‐supported RPDs (ISRPDs) treatment in patients with an edentulous maxilla and a bilateral free‐ending situation in the mandible.

Material and methods

Thirty subjects were included. A new RPD was made and implant support was provided 3 months later. Treatment costs (opportunity costs and costs based on tariffs) were calculated. Treatment effect was expressed by means of the Dutch Oral Health Impact Profile questionnaire (OHIP‐NL49), a chewing ability test (Mixing Ability Index, MAI) and a short‐form health survey measuring perceived general health (SF‐36), which was subsequently converted into quality‐adjusted‐life‐years (QALYs). The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) was the primary outcome measure of cost‐effectiveness, comparing both treatment strategies.

Results

The mean total opportunity costs were €981 (95% CI €971–€991) for the RPD treatment and €2.480 (95% CI €2.461–€2.500) for the ISRPD treatment. The total costs derived from the national tariff structure were €850 for the RPD treatment and €2.610 for the ISRPD treatment. The ICER for OHIP‐NL49 and MAI using the opportunity costs was €80 and €786, respectively. When using the tariff structure, corresponding ICERs were €94 and €921. The effect of supporting an RPD with implants when expressed in QALYs was negligible; hence an ICER was not determined.

Conclusions

It is concluded that depending on the choice of outcome measure and monetary threshold, supporting an RPD with implants is cost‐effective when payers are willing to pay more than €80 per OHIP point gained. Per MAI point gained, an additional €786 has to be invested.
Mitochondrial Membrane Potential‐dependent Endoplasmic Reticulum Fragmentation is an Important Step in Neuritic Degeneration
Authors: Bao Fei‐Xiang , Shi Hong‐Yan , Long Qi , Yang Liang , Wu Yi , Ying Zhong‐Fu , Qin Da‐Jiang , Zhang Jian , Guo Yi‐Ping , Li Hong‐Mei , Liu Xing‐Guo
Published: April 2016

Background

Neuritic degeneration is an important early pathological step in neurodegeneration.

Aim

The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanisms connecting neuritic degeneration to the functional and morphological remodeling of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria.

Methods

Here, we set up neuritic degeneration models by neurite cutting‐induced neural degeneration in human‐induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived neurons.

Results

We found that neuritic ER becomes fragmented and forms complexes with mitochondria, which induces IP3R‐dependent mitochondrial Ca2+ elevation and dysfunction during neuritic degeneration. Furthermore, mitochondrial membrane potential is required for ER fragmentation and mitochondrial Ca2+ elevation during neuritic degeneration. Mechanically, tightening of the ER–mitochondria associations by expression of a short “synthetic linker” and ER Ca2+ releasing together could promote mitochondrial Ca2+ elevation, dysfunction, and reactive oxygen species generation.

Conclusion

Our study reveals a dynamic remodeling of the ER–mitochondria interface underlying neuritic degeneration.
Baseline Differences in Minor Lymphocyte Subpopulations may Predict Response to Fingolimod in Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Authors: Teniente‐Serra Aina , Hervás José Vicente , Quirant‐Sánchez Bibiana , Mansilla María José , Grau‐López Laia , Ramo‐Tello Cristina , Martínez‐Cáceres Eva María
Published: April 2016

Aims

Fingolimod, oral treatment for relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), is an agonist of sphingosine and its metabolite S1P that binds their receptors, blocking the egress of lymphocytes from lymph nodes. The aim of this study was immunomonitoring of minor peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations in RRMS patients under treatment with fingolimod and correlation with treatment response.

Methods

Prospective study. T‐ and B‐cell subpopulations were analyzed using multiparametric flow cytometry in peripheral blood from 14 RRMS patients under treatment with fingolimod at baseline, +1, +3, +6, +9, and +12 months of follow‐up. Response to therapy was assessed at month +12.

Results

Most changes in minor lymphocyte subpopulations occurred in the first month of treatment and were maintained until the end of follow‐up. The basal percentages of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) and transitional B cells were lower in responder patients than in nonresponders. After 1 month of follow‐up, the percentages of late effector memory CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood were higher in responder patients.

Conclusion

If confirmed in a bigger cohort of patients, analysis of percentages of minor lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood of patients with RRMS prior and after +1 month of treatment might predict clinical response to fingolimod.
Central IGF‐I Receptors in the Brain are Instrumental to Neuroprotection by Systemically Injected IGF‐I in a Rat Model for Ischemic Stroke
Authors: De Geyter Deborah , De Smedt Ann , Stoop Wendy , De Keyser Jacques , Kooijman Ron
Published: April 2016

Aim

Insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) is a neuroprotective agent in animal models of ischemic stroke. The purpose of this study was to determine whether systemically injected IGF‐I exerts its neuroprotective action by binding to IGF‐I receptors in the brain after crossing the blood–brain barrier, or via peripheral effects.

Methods

To differentiate the central effects of IGF‐I from systemic effects, ischemic stroke was induced in conscious male Wistar Kyoto rats by the injection of endothelin‐1 adjacent to the middle cerebral artery in the right hemisphere, while either the IGF‐I receptor antagonist JB‐1 or vehicle was introduced into the right lateral ventricle.

Results

Intravenous injection of recombinant human (rh)IGF‐I resulted in 50% reduction in infarct size, which was counteracted by the central administration of JB‐1. Furthermore, rhIGF‐I was detected in both the ischemic and nonischemic hemisphere.

Conclusions

Systemically injected rhIGF‐I passes the blood–brain barrier and protects neurons via IGF‐I receptors in the brain in rats with an ischemic stroke.
Face and emotion expression processing and the serotonin transporter polymorphism 5‐HTTLPR/rs22531
Authors: Hildebrandt A. , Kiy A. , Reuter M. , Sommer W. , Wilhelm O.
Published: April 2016

Face cognition, including face identity and facial expression processing, is a crucial component of socio‐emotional abilities, characterizing humans as highest developed social beings. However, for these trait domains molecular genetic studies investigating gene–behavior associations based on well‐founded phenotype definitions are still rare. We examined the relationship between 5‐HTTLPR/rs25531 polymorphisms – related to serotonin‐reuptake – and the ability to perceive and recognize faces and emotional expressions in human faces. For this aim we conducted structural equation modeling on data from 230 young adults, obtained by using a comprehensive, multivariate task battery with maximal effort tasks. By additionally modeling fluid intelligence and immediate and delayed memory factors, we aimed to address the discriminant relationships of the 5‐HTTLPR/rs25531 polymorphisms with socio‐emotional abilities. We found a robust association between the 5‐HTTLPR/rs25531 polymorphism and facial emotion perception. Carriers of two long (L) alleles outperformed carriers of one or two S alleles. Weaker associations were present for face identity perception and memory for emotional facial expressions. There was no association between the 5‐HTTLPR/rs25531 polymorphism and non‐social abilities, demonstrating discriminant validity of the relationships. We discuss the implications and possible neural mechanisms underlying these novel findings.
Salivary duct carcinoma with rhabdoid features: a salivary counterpart of pleomorphic lobular carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Kusafuka Kimihide , Kawasaki Takuya , Maeda Matsuyoshi , Yamanegi Koji , Baba Satoshi , Ito Yohei , Inagaki Hiroshi , Nakajima Takashi
Published: April 2016

Aim

To analyse the clinicopathological features and immunohistochemical characteristics of nine cases of salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) with rhabdoid features (SDCRF), representing a new, extremely rare type of salivary gland malignancy.

Methods and results

We analysed 2511 cases of salivary gland tumour, clinicopathologically and immunohistochemically. The incidence of SDCRF was 0.4%. Eight patients were male. The age of patients ranged from 36 years to 85 years (mean, 61 years). SDC arose from the parotid glands and submandibular gland in six and three cases, respectively. Seven cases appeared as a carcinoma component of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma cases. Six patients died of disease. Histologically, diffuse proliferations of non‐coherent large ovoid or polygonal carcinoma cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and eccentric nuclei were observed in all cases; such cytological characteristics were defined as ‘rhabdoid features’. Immunohistochemically, all cases were positive for cytokeratin, gross cystic disease fluid protein‐15, androgen receptor, and SMARCB1, seven cases were positive for HER2, and two cases were positive for epidermal growth factor receptor. However, all cases were negative for vimentin and myoepithelial markers. Eight cases showed no or aberrant expression of E‐cadherin and β‐catenin. The results suggest that SDCRF is an extremely rare subtype of SDC, and not a sarcomatoid variant of SDC. SDCRF is histologically unique, and is positive for SDC markers but negative for vimentin, unlike rhabdoid‐type carcinomas arising from other organs.

Conclusions

The morphogenesis of SDCRF is related to no or aberrant expression of cell–cell adhesion molecules. Therefore, SDCRF could be a salivary counterpart to pleomorphic lobular breast carcinoma.
Sunscreen sun protection factor claim based on in vivo interlaboratory variability
Authors: Miksa S. , Lutz D. , Guy C. , Delamour E.
Published: April 2016

Objective

The SPF (sun protection factor) is the best known reference in the world for expressing UVB protection. The SPF is used for labelling purposes for consumer guidance. The determination of the SPF is often accomplished using an in vivo method that has been standardized. Only one in vivo SPF value from one laboratory is required for claiming an SPF value. The aim of this study was to determine the relevance of the in vivo SPF value in terms of interlaboratory variability for claiming purposes and to determine whether some minimum number of different in vivo SPF values from different laboratories would improve the reliability of the final SPF claimed.

Methods

A large population of 44 different commercially available sunscreen formulations from the European market has been investigated, covering various product types. The majority of the SPF values claimed ranged from 15 to 50+. For each product, at least three different in vivo SPF values tested in different laboratories have been gathered, and a variety of statistical analyses have been performed.

Results

For each SPF category from the average of all samples, the minimum and maximum in vivo‐measured SPF values from the different laboratories would lead to labels claiming different levels of SPF for the same product. Indeed, with coefficients of variation for in vivo SPF determinations that exceed 50% in some cases, as an example, the same product could in reality be claimed to be SPF 30, SPF 50 or SPF 50+.

Conclusion

In this study, the authors demonstrated that using only one in vivo SPF value from one laboratory may actually challenge the reliability of the final SPF claim significantly. To reduce the consumer health risk by ensuring the reliability of the SPF claim, an average from at least 3 (ideally 4) different in vivo SPF values should be compulsory.
A fundamental investigation into aspects of the physiology and biochemistry of the stratum corneum in subjects with sensitive skin
Authors: Raj N. , Voegeli R. , Rawlings A. V. , Doppler S. , Imfeld D. , Munday M. R. , Lane M. E.
Published: April 2016

Background

Sensitive skin is a poorly understood skin condition. Defects in stratum corneum (SC) barrier function and/or extrasensory neuronal networks in the epidermis are believed to be involved in the problem.

Objectives

This study aimed to unravel the relationships between bleomycin hydrolase (BH) and calpain‐1 (C‐1), pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA) levels, corneocyte maturation, transglutaminase (TG) and plasmin activities on the cheeks of subjects with sensitive skin.

Methods

Forty‐eight female Caucasian subjects, Fitzpatrick skin phototypes II–III, with self‐perceived sensitive facial skin, were assessed and underwent a capsaicin reactivity test. Expert grading of skin condition was conducted as well as the measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin capacitance, SC cohesion and SC integrity. BH, C‐1 and plasmin activities were measured as well as PCA levels, plasmin and TG activity. Differential Nile red and involucrin immunostaining was performed to assess corneocyte maturation and size.

Results

About 52% of the subjects reacted to capsaicin. There were no significant differences between the capsaicin‐sensitive and non‐capsaicin‐sensitive subjects with reference to skin grading, TEWL, skin capacitance and SC cohesion. PCA levels and BH activity were lowest in the capsaicin‐sensitive panel (P < 0.05) and were correlated in non‐capsaicin‐sensitive subjects (r = 0.72). The activity of TG was significantly lower (48%) in the capsaicin‐sensitive subjects (P < 0.001) and their corneocytes were less mature and smaller (P ≤ 0.05). SC was estimated to be thinner (6.87 ± 0.28 vs. 8.68 ± 0.26 μm; P = 0.001) in the capsaicin‐sensitive subjects with a corresponding shorter SC path length (83.2 ± 4.4 μm and 113.1 ± 4.5 μm; P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Despite the physiological similarities between the two groups of sensitive skin subjects, differences in their biochemistry were clearly evident. Lower levels of PCA, BH and TG activities together with a greater number of smaller and immature corneocytes indicate inferior SC maturation in the capsaicin‐sensitive subjects. The reduced maturation of corneocytes and thinner SC likely contributes to a greater penetration of capsaicin and the associated increased skin sensitivity.
Bioactive Sol–Gel Glasses at the Atomic Scale: The Complementary Use of Advanced Probe and Computer Modeling Methods
Authors: Christie Jamieson K. , Cormack Alastair N. , Hanna John V. , Martin Richard A. , Newport Robert J. , Pickup David M. , Smith Mark E.
Published: April 2016

Sol–gel‐synthesized bioactive glasses may be formed via a hydrolysis condensation reaction, silica being introduced in the form of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and calcium is typically added in the form of calcium nitrate. The synthesis reaction proceeds in an aqueous environment; the resultant gel is dried, before stabilization by heat treatment. These materials, being amorphous, are complex at the level of their atomic‐scale structure, but their bulk properties may only be properly understood on the basis of that structural insight. Thus, a full understanding of their structure‐property relationship may only be achieved through the application of a coherent suite of leading‐edge experimental probes, coupled with the cogent use of advanced computer simulation methods. Using as an exemplar a calcia–silica sol–gel glass of the kind developed by Larry Hench, in the memory of whom this paper is dedicated, we illustrate the successful use of high‐energy X‐ray and neutron scattering (diffraction) methods, magic‐angle spinning solid‐state NMR, and molecular dynamics simulation as components to a powerful methodology for the study of amorphous materials.
Self‐Organized Growth of Sodium Borate‐Rich Droplets in a Phase‐Separated Sodium Borosilicate Glass
Authors: Häßler Johannes , Rüssel Christian
Published: April 2016

A glass with the composition 60 SiO2, 37 B2O3, and 3 Na2O was casted and subsequently cooled to room temperature. During subsequent heat treatment at temperatures in the range from 520 to 680°C, the glass shows phase separation and SiO2‐rich droplets in a B2O3‐rich matrix are formed. The droplet size strongly depends on the temperature and duration of heat treatment. In the dilatometric curves of the phase‐separated glasses, two glass transition temperatures are observed. At high annealing temperatures, the transition temperatures vary according to the decomposition cupola. At lower temperatures, the phase formation is restricted by the kinetics. Particle sizes and growth rates are not governed by Ostwald ripening and deviate from the expected rate law d ~ t1/3. The exponent in the rate law is much smaller than one‐third, and hence, the coarsening of the droplet structured is hindered. In analogy to crystal growth models reported in the literature, this growth hindrance is explained by the formation of a highly viscous shell around growing particles.
‘British is professional, American is urban’: attitudes towards English reference accents in Spain
Authors: Carrie Erin
Published: April 2016

The spread and diversification of English worldwide challenges the use of reference accents in EFL classrooms. Yet, learners often demonstrate greater recognition of, familiarity with and preference for inner‐circle varieties of English speech, especially Received Pronunciation (RP) and General American (GenAm). This paper investigates the attitudes of 71 university students in Spain towards these speech varieties. Using the verbal guise technique, it measures cognitive, affective and conative responses to speech stimuli. Qualitative comments, collected using questionnaires and interviews, help to interpret these evaluative responses. The findings suggest a desire to emulate RP, often associated with status and prestige, though greater solidarity and stronger affiliative feelings towards GenAm speakers. They highlight the complexity and dynamism of the language attitudes of EFL learners in the Spanish context.
Effects of UV‐C irradiation on the physiological and antioxidant responses of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) during storage
Authors: Lu Yuanyuan , Zhang Jie , Wang Xiaotuo , Lin Qiong , Liu Wei , Xie Xinfang , Wang Zhidong , Guan Wenqiang
Published: April 2016

Novel postharvest technology not only preserves the freshness of fruits and vegetables, but also triggers the biosynthesis of antioxidant compounds as a secondary response. This study examined the browning and antioxidant properties of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) treated with UV‐C irradiation in combination with cold storage. Three sample preparation methods for antioxidant activity analysis, simulative gastrointestinal digestion (GAR), direct evaluation (QUENCHER) and traditional solvent extraction (TSE), were used to evaluate the samples, and followed analysing by both FRAP and ABTS assays. Broadly, the results indicated that, following an initial increase, UV‐C irradiation suppressed browning during a cold storage period of 18 days. And the total phenolic content of the treated mushrooms were higher than that of the control, while the ascorbic acid content decreased sharply during storage, and UV‐C treatment had negative effects on ascorbic acid content. Results from the QUENCHER and GAR methods showed that UV‐C treatment significantly increases the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of mushrooms throughout the entire storage period, and have a larger magnitude than that of TSE method. In conclusion, the combination of UV‐C irradiation and cold storage showed great potential for improving mushroom quality as a new postharvest technology.
HLA‐G 14‐bp polymorphism affects the age of onset in Type I Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Gerasimou P. , Skordis N. , Picolos M. , Spyridonidis A. , Costeas P.
Published: April 2016

Type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an organ‐specific autoimmune disorder affecting the insulin‐producing pancreatic cells. T1DM genetic association studies have so far revealed the involvement of more than 40 loci, with particularly strong associations for the human leucocyte antigens (HLA). Further to the well‐established HLA class II associations, the immunomodulatory elements in the telomeric major histocompatibility complex locus, specifically nonclassical HLA class I, were also associated with T1DM, either in conferring susceptibility or by contributing to the overall pathogenesis. This study investigates the involvement of a 14‐bp deletion polymorphism (rs371194629) at the 3′ untranslated region of HLA‐G in the context of T1DM and age of onset. The frequency of the polymorphism was determined in unrelated T1DM Cypriot patients and findings that emerge from this study show a strong association between the HLA‐G 14‐bp polymorphism and T1DM with respect to the age of onset. Specifically, the deletion/deletion (DEL/DEL) genotype was found to be associated with an early age of onset (P = 0.001), while the presence of the insertion allele (INS) was associated to a later age of onset (P = 0.0001), portraying a possible dominant effect over the deletion allele, a role in delaying disease onset and an overall involvement of HLA‐G in the pathogenesis of type I diabetes mellitus.
Prediction on Mn4+‐Doped Germanate Red Phosphor by Crystal Field Calculation on Basis of Exchange Charge Model: A Case Study on K2Ge4O9:Mn4+
Authors: Li Pengfei , Brik Mikhail G. , Li Lejing , Han Jin , Li Xiaoman , Peng Mingying
Published: April 2016

Blue excitable red phosphor is the key component to improve the quality of lighting and display which is based on InGaN blue chips. Because of the potential in the area, Mn4+ red phosphors have recently got rising interests. However, most of them were found by trial and error. It remains very challenging to predict which kind of compound can stabilize Mn4+ and which wavelengths Mn4+ ions if they could survive in it will exhibit the excitation and emission at. Here, we first propose to use crystal field calculation on basis of exchange charge model to predict the energy levels of Mn4+ ion in germanate K2Ge4O9 since Mn4+ and Ge4+ are almost identical in size and charge, and the local field around Mn4+ will experience less distortion after substitution for Ge4+. The calculation shows the red emission peaking at 663 nm and the blue absorption of 4A2g (4F) → 4T2g (4F) in 450~470 nm, which matches better to blue chips than commercial phosphor 3.5MgO·0.5MgF2·GeO2:Mn4+. This inspires the synthesis of Mn‐doped K2Ge4O9, the optical properties of which confirm the existence of Mn4+ and consist with the prediction. Comparison between theoretical and experimental results implies that no obvious preference of Mn4+ substitution over two different types of octahedral germanium sites, Ge1 and Ge2. Consequent systematic explorations have been made on the effects of flux content, preparation temperature, Mn content, and holding time to find the ways to enhance the Mn4+ luminescence for promotion of practical application. The results reveal the optimal sample can be made under much mild optimal condition (850°C for 4 h in air) with a quantum yield of >30% upon blue excitation of 460~470 nm. As temperature rises from 8 to 573 K, zero photon line (ZPL) emission redshifts along with gradual appearance of anti‐Stokes side phonon bands due to the enhanced interaction of Mn4+ with host. This work demonstrates it possible to find Mn4+ red phosphors by guide of crystal field calculation.
Elucidating the Effect of Iron Speciation (Fe2+/Fe3+) on Crystallization Kinetics of Sodium Aluminosilicate Glasses
Authors: Shaharyar Yaqoot , Cheng Justin Y. , Han Edmund , Maron Allyson , Weaver Jamie , Marcial José , McCloy John S. , Goel Ashutosh
Published: April 2016

We report on the influence of Fe2O3 on the crystallization kinetics of nepheline (Na2O·Al2O3·2SiO2)‐based sodium aluminosilicate glasses. A series of glasses with varying Al2O3/Fe2O3 content were synthesized in the system 25Na2O–(25–x) Al2O3–xFe2O3–50SiO2 (x varies between 0 and 5 mol%) through melt‐quench technique. A systematic set of experiments were performed to elucidate the influence of iron speciation (Fe2+/Fe3+) on the crystallization kinetics of these glasses including: (1) obtaining the details of nonisothermal crystallization kinetics by differential scanning calorimetry, (2) determining the influence of heat treatment on the structure and iron coordination in glasses by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and wet chemistry, and (3) following the crystalline phase evolution in glasses in air and inert environments by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The crystallization of two polymorphs of NaAlSiO4—carnegieite (orthorhombic) and nepheline (hexagonal)—was observed in all the glasses, wherein the incorporation of iron promotes the formation of nepheline over carnegieite while shifting the crystallization mechanism from surface to volume. The influence of environment (air versus inert) and iron content on the crystallization kinetics of these glasses is contextualized from the perspective of the devitrification problem usually observed in sodium‐ and alumina‐rich high level nuclear waste glasses.
Synthesis of Calcium Silicate Hydrate in Highly Alkaline System
Authors: Zhu Ganyu , Li Huiquan , Wang Xingrui , Li Shaopeng , Hou Xinjuan , Wu Wenfen , Tang Qing
Published: April 2016

Synthesis of calcium silicate hydrate (C‐S‐H) was conducted over the range of 50°C–90°C and C/S ratio of 0.86–2.14 in the highly alkaline Na2O–CaO–SiO2–H2O system for silicon utilization in high alumina fly ash. Structural change in C‐S‐H formed in the highly alkaline system was investigated using XRD and 29Si MAS NMR spectra. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to confirm the amount of sodium ions in C‐S‐H. Conversion of Si may reach 99% under optimum conditions. A higher degree of polymerization of silicate was obtained at lower temperature and C/S ratio. Na+ was confirmed to exist as Na–OSi and Na–OH. The amount of Na+ is the least at C/S ratio of 1.43, which conform to the prediction of topological constraint theory. High Ca/Si ratio leads to the increasing in Na+ combined in the interlayer. Increasing in the Na+ concentration in the system also increases the amount of Na+ combined in the interlayer and reduces the polymerization. Ion exchange was proven to be an effective way to remove Na+ combined in the interlayer of C‐S‐H.
Multiscale Modeling of the Nanodefects and Temperature Effect on the Mechanical Response of Sapphire
Authors: Zamani Seyed Mohammad Mahdi , Iacobellis Vincent , Behdinan Kamran
Published: April 2016

A multiscale approach using Bridging Cell Method (BCM) is applied to simulate the combined effect of temperature and alumina's common structural nanodefects such as nanovoids, precracks, and Mg impurities on the mechanical response of single crystal C‐plane and M‐plane sapphire. The BCM model consists of three domains of continuum, bridging, and atomistic, where the whole system is solved in a finite element (FE) framework. Interatomic interaction potentials and temperature‐dependent formulations are incorporated in the atomistic domain to conduct simulations for structures containing nanodefects at a range of finite temperatures from 300 to 1600 K. The results are compared for each case to analyze the effect of temperature and nanodefects. Mechanical response of the material is presented and discussed with respect to ultimate tensile strength (UTS), stress distribution and elasticity. Results show different material behavior for C‐plane and M‐plane under the same biaxial loading conditions but containing different nanodefects. Precracks are found to be the most critical defects for both systems, which significantly reduce structural strength.
Could a mobile‐assisted learning system support flipped classrooms for classical Chinese learning?
Authors: Wang Y.‐H.
Published: April 2016

In this study, the researcher aimed to develop a mobile‐assisted learning system and to investigate whether it could promote teenage learners' classical Chinese learning through the flipped classroom approach. The researcher first proposed the structure of the Cross‐device Mobile‐Assisted Classical Chinese (CMACC) system according to the pilot survey and reviewed literature, and then adopted a quasi‐experimental design to understand whether the developed system could promote and support flipped classroom learning for classical Chinese. A total of 56 eleventh graders from two classes participated in the experiment. The learners in the experimental group learned classical Chinese with the flipped classroom learning strategy with the assistance of the CMACC system, while the control group adopted the flipped classroom learning strategy without using the CMACC system. The results reveal that all of the students improved their Chinese performance, but it was noticeable that the learners who used the CMACC system showed better motivation in terms of self‐directed preview learning, while those who only learned with the traditional textbooks tended to be more passive. In sum, the mobile‐assisted learning system added value in providing learners with opportunities to achieve anytime and anywhere flipped classroom learning. The integration of ubiquitous mobile learning technology and the flipped classroom strategy can be viewed as a critical factor leading to students achieving self‐regulated learning. It is also suggested that instructors should carefully take the targeted learners' cultural background and the availability of supporting learning devices into consideration so as to prevent the flipped classroom from exacerbating the digital divide. Other suggestions for educators and instructional designers are also proposed.