bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The spatial and temporal dimensions of a rural landscape: the Yucatec Maya k'ax
Authors: BROWN DENISE FAY
Published: August 2010

This article presents a case study of rural landscape concepts found in the indigenous Yucatec Maya area of Mexico. Of particular interest in this article is the contrast between the Maya conceptualization of the forest as essential to sustainable agriculture and a Western notion of the forest as the antithesis of agriculture. The former has created a tropical forest that is a product of Maya management and the basis of a sustained Maya society, whereas the latter leads to practices that destroy this forest producing a non‐sustainable system. Cyclical landscape processes in the former contrast with linear landscape processes in the latter. In order to compare and contrast the landscapes, a model that identifies embedded concepts is used. It is proposed that the Maya system has an element of verticality and temporality leading to sustainability, a feature lacking in the Western conceptualization.
The boundaries of suburban discontent? Urban definitions and neighbourhood political effects
Authors: WALKS R. ALAN
Published: August 2010

Residents of city and suburban neighbourhoods have diverged in the way they vote, with inner‐city dwellers preferring political parties on the left while suburbanites increasingly vote for parties on the right. Yet it is not clear whether such a division is more evident between residents of central and suburban municipalities (the jurisdictional hypothesis), or between residents of neighbourhoods differentiated by urban form and, by assumption, lifestyle (the morphological hypothesis). While there are clear reasons for the predominant reliance on municipal differences in research based in the U.S. and other countries, it is not evident that these reasons apply in the Canadian context. This article examines how urban boundaries articulate electoral differences between metropolitan residents in Canada's three largest urban regions, using aggregate election data for federal elections between 1945 and 2000, survey data from the 2000 Canada election study and a series of indices developed by the author. It is found that while trends towards city–suburban polarization are similar regardless of the boundaries used to define the zones, in the Canadian case the results are stronger and more significant when boundaries based on urban form (between pre‐and post‐war development) are employed. The implications of these results for the relationship between urban space and political values in Canadian cities are then discussed.
A regional comparison of the implications of climate change for the golf industry in Canada
Authors: SCOTT DANIEL , JONES BRENDA
Published: August 2010

Golf is a recreation industry particularly sensitive to climate, yet the potential implications of climate change for the industry remain largely unexamined. This study presents findings of the first known impact assessment to compare the regional impacts of projected changes in the climate on the golf industry in Canada (or internationally). Empirical relationships between daily rounds played and four weather variables were defined through multiple regression analysis and then used to examine the potential impacts of two climate change scenarios on the length of the golf season and the number of rounds played in three regions of Canada (West Coast, Great Lakes, East Coast). Regionally, the West Coast region was projected to benefit the least from projected climate change, as golf courses that are currently open year round experienced only slight projected increases in rounds played in the 2020s and 2050s. Golf courses in the Great Lakes region could experience a 10‐ to 51‐day longer average golf season and a 21 percent to 3 percent increase in rounds as early as the 2020s, and an even more pronounced increase in the 2050s. East Coast golf courses were projected to benefit the most under both climate change scenarios, experiencing larger gains in average operating seasons (25 to 45 days in the 2020s) and a 40 percent to 48 percent increase in rounds played by as early as the 2020s.
Intimate colonialisms: the material and experienced places of British Columbia's residential schools
Authors: DE LEEUW SARAH
Published: August 2010

The theoretical premise of this paper is that place is an unbounded material, social and cultural agent within and through which practices of colonialism were enacted in British Columbia. Specifically, the places of British Columbia's ‘Indian’ residential schools, and the subjects who occupied them, are conceptualized as intimate sites nested within Canadian colonial and nation‐building agendas that were predicated on policies of assimilation, enculturation or annihilation of indigenous people. Such conceptualizations allow for an understanding of both how colonialism was actualized against First Nations' peoples and how First Nations' peoples actively navigated and resisted that colonial project. In order to access experiences of residential school places, the article draws from published First Nations' testimonial literatures. It also draws from creative materials produced by students within the schools in order to understand how First Nations' students articulated against assimilative educational processes. The article concludes with a consideration of how nested place, First Nations' resistances, and Euro‐colonial concepts of gender are circulating today with reference to a Dakelh woman (and former residential school student) under consideration for beatification in northern British Columbia.
Ten compactness properties of circles: measuring shape in geography
Authors: ANGEL SHLOMO , PARENT JASON , CIVCO DANIEL L.
Published: August 2010

This essay sheds new light on the meaning and measurement of compactness—one of the most intriguing and least‐understood properties of geographic shapes. We articulate a unified theoretical foundation for the study of shape compactness that rests on two simple observations: First, that the circle is the most compact of shapes. And second, that there are 10—and possibly more—distinct geometrical properties of the circle that make it the most compact of shapes. We introduce these 10 properties, illustrate them with real‐world examples and define indices associated with these properties that can be calculated using a geographic information system.
XVI. ON THE DESIGNING OF CONTINUOUS CURRENT DYNAMO MACHINES*
Authors: JAMIESON ANDREW
Published: August 2010

Reprinted by permission from the Proceedings of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland.
THE VIBRATION OF STEAMERS: ON SOME EXPERIMENTS MADE ON BOARD THE ATLANTIC LINER DEUTSCHLAND, DURING HER TRIAL TRIP IN JUNE, 1900
Authors: Schlick Herr Otto
Published: August 2010

Abstract of a paper read before the Institution of Naval Architects.
VISCOSITY AND ITS RELATION TO LUBRICATING VALUE.
Authors: Flowers Alan E.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS The article describes what is meant by viscosity and the effect of that quality upon the “body” and lubricating value of an oil. The moving parts of a bearing are separated by a cushion of oil, the film adjacent to each surface sticking to that surface. The motion is thus between particles of the fluid, and the bearing obeys the laws of fluid friction. This gives the definitions that “fluid lubrication” is the sepaydon of solid surfaces by means of a fluid of suitable viscosity, and that “body” is this ability to be dragged between and so to lubricate surfaces. The resistances increase with the viscosity and the velocity, but decrease with increased clearance.
SUPERCHARGERS AND SUPERCHARGING ENGINES
Authors: Hallett Major George E. A.
Published: August 2010

The “celing” or maximum attainable altitude of an airplane is limited by the engine output. As the available engine power if reduced by the varified atmosphere at high altitde, it is obvious that a raising of the ceiling by a considrable amount would require either the use of very much larger and heavier engines or some means of supplying the present engines with fule mixture at sea‐level pressure. The latter method is the only one worthy of studious considerations an consequently much effort has been expended to develop a supercharger or a supercharging engine that will meet the requirements successfully. In the following article whic was delivered as a paper before the Society of Automotive Engineers, January 7 and 8, 1920, the author reviews the work which has been done and outlines the possibilities of the future—Editor.
ANALYSIS OF THE FUEL CONSUMPTION OF DIESEL MOTORSHIPS
Authors: GROSS C. F. , MARTIN B. W.
Published: August 2010

This study includes a collection of the data concerning the operation of seventy Diesel vessels which have been placed in service during the past eight years. An analysis is made on several different basis, but particularly that with regard to fuel consumption. Comparisons between the two‐cycle and four‐cycle are drawn with a view toward clarifying this question which is still a much disputed one in the motorship field.
FUEL AND LUBRICATING OIL AS THE CAUSE OF ENGINE TROUBLES
Authors: Jentzsch Hermann , Magdeburger E. C.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:— Discussion of operating difficulties of various internal combustion engines. Self‐ignition and ignition factor. Explosive ignition as cause of knocking. Oxygen consumption for ignition and combustion. Thermal work of oxygen. Experiences with lubricating and fuel oils.
A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE CORRECT BURNING TEMPERATURE FOR FUEL OILS.
Authors: Murdaugh Albert C.
Published: August 2010

Some years ago, before excessive refining dropped the commercial supply of the straight run crudes to its present low level, Commander G. B. Vroom, U. S. N., discovered the peculiar relationship between the fuel oils which caused their temperature‐viscosity curves, when plotted on logarithmic paper, to all pass through a single point. He utilized this datum point in an ingenious way to produce what was known as the Vroom Diagram, which provided an easy method by which a determination of the burning temperature for any fuel oil commercially available at that time could be made. With the prevalent and increasing use and availability of fuel oils largely made up of cracked residua, the common point in the logarithmic curves has disappeared, and the Vroom Diagram has become practically obsolete. The author of this article believes that he has discovered a substitute for Vroom's datum point which bids fair to be as useful for the cracked oils, as was Vroom's for the straight run crudes. While sixty determinations cannot be said to establish a law, it will be interesting and valuable to all operating engineers if wider experience and test demonstrates the correctness of the author's observation. Lieutenant Murdaugh, recently attached to the Bureau of Engineering, believes that his use of the temperature‐viscosity diagram in this manner and for this purpose is an original contribution, and the Editor of the Journal will be pleased to receive any data or comment which tends to support or discredit the accuracy of the author's observation.
THE DEAERATION OF BOILER FEED WATER
Authors: Bruner R. W.
Published: August 2010

As methods for treating boiler feed water have improved, and marine engineers have increasingly turned their attention to the need for greater cleanliness of the waterside, it is becoming apparent that there is a distinct possibility that modern cleanliness may not be an unmitigated blessing. Perhaps some reasonable amount of scale served a useful purpose in guarding clean metal from oxygen attack, and perhaps a permanent oxide film served other purposes than merely to increase the heat transfer coefficient. There is much discussion along such lines these days, and Commander Bruner's discussion of oxygen elimination and reduction is therefore timely, and interesting to all ship engineers. Marine boilers become more efficient with each new design, and weight factors are dropping daily. But this means that there is less metal in them to start with, and it follows that they are more vulnerable than the boilers of twenty years ago to an insidious disintegration into Fe2O3 and Fe3O4.
ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS CONTROLLED BY MUTATORS
Authors: Robinson S. M.
Published: August 2010

This is the second of a series of three papers dealing with the use of electron tubes for power purposes coming from the pen of Admiral Robinson. His many friends who watch for his contributions will be glad to hear that he is now quite completely recovered from injuries received in an automobile accident about two months ago. His first paper dealt with “Direct Current Power Transmission.” This paper covers power utilisation, and the third paper will show how to make some of the calculations covering a number of the circuits used. The author suggests that perhaps the title used for these three papers should have been “New Electricity,” because the ability of the electron tube to start and stop currents in practically any desired time has opened up an entirely new method of utilizing electricity; the method is so novel, and brings in so many new concepts, that it is almost as if a new form of energy had been discovered.
ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF UNITED STATES NAVAL ENGINEERING HISTORY
Authors: Bowen Harold G.
Published: August 2010

On November 3, 1937, the American Newcomen Society made its annual pilgrimage to Annapolis, Maryland, to visit a historic old town where every street and building remind us of their presence long ago at the birth‐throes of a nation.

The Newcomen Society of Great Britain has for many years dedicated itself to the study of engineering history in England, and its off‐shoot in this country carries on the tradition here. On both sides of the Atlantic, the rosters of membership include a most distinguished and representative group of business and professional men whose hobby it is to trace down the obscure trails of engineering development in every line.

The objective of the Society's pilgrimage this year was primarily a Naval study so that the visit was made to see the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. During the visit, the Chief Engineer of the Navy, Admiral Bowen, delivered the principal address, discussing Naval engineering development over the last one hundred years. The subject matter is of so much interest to every member of the Society of Naval Engineers, and so provocative to all students of naval and marine engineering history, that it has been printed here in full with the kind permission of the Newcomen Society, and of the author—the prospective next President of this Society.
THE EFFECT OF COLD WORK ON THE CORRODIBILITY OF CAST CORROSION RESISTANT STEEL IN SALT SPRAY AND NITRIC ACID
Authors: Duma Joseph A.
Published: August 2010

As those readers of the Journal interested in metallurgy will recall, Mr. Duma contributed an article in the August, 1936, issue of the Journal which dealt with some peculiar properties of 70–30 Copper Nickel Condenser Tubes which had been purchased under the then existent specifications. Mr. Duma's article created some discussion at that time and the careful laboratory work of the Norfolk Navy Yard subsequently caused some revision of the specifications. In this discussion, Mr. Duma presents another original investigation of his laboratory which should be interesting in view of the rather widespread belief that the cold working of cast corrosion resistant steel is deleterious to its corrosion resisting properties. As he points out, only steel produced under the technique followed by the Norfolk Navy Yard was examined, but the results obtained certainly seem to indicate that for this steel, at least, cold working of itself does not necessarily reduce the corrosion resistant properties.
SOUND AND VIBRATION IN MARINE GEARING
Authors: Kuhns Austin
Published: August 2010

This article is the first of two to be written by Mr. Kuhns, in which he will deal with the problem of noise production and its control in gear manufacture. As the speed and power increases in marine and naval propulsion installations, the noise inherent to operation has tended to increase to a point where it must be definitely controlled if we are to avoid the unfortunate psychological and physiological effects which it wreaks on the plant operators when excessive.

Due to the acuteness of the problem brought about by the use of higher steam pressures, higher machinery speeds and more compact machinery layouts, it is receiving the most earnest study by all machinery designers, and Mr. Kuhns' long association with gear manufacture qualifies him to speak with authority on the elimination and reduction of noise in marine gears.

The present article states the problem and gives a general discussion of it. The second article, which will appear in the next issue of the Journal, will discuss the experience which has been had in several specific instances to illustrate the progress which is being made in meeting the need for more effective control.
THE STOPPING OF SHIPS
Authors: Robinson S. M.
Published: August 2010

This article is of particular interest to the ship, engine, and propeller designer. In it, Admiral Robinson has restated, and simplified equations covering ship movement in the transient period of starting, stopping, and backing, which he developed and published in the Journal twenty‐two years ago. Through the years additional data has become available to check or modify the constants originally derived, and this has been used in recasting the old equations. The discussion is timely because of Mr. W. E. Thau's recent article on the same subject published in the Transactions of the American Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Volume 45, 1937
THE ANCESTORS OF OUR PRESENT PUMPS
Authors: Zimmerli Rupert M.
Published: August 2010

“It is a cruel mortification, in searching for what is instructive in the history of past times, to find the exploits of conquerors who have desolated the earth, and the freaks of tyrants who have rendered nations unhappy, are recorded with minute and often disgusting accuracy—while the discovery of the useful arts, and the progress of the most beneficial branches of commerce, are passed over in silence, and suffered to sink into oblivion.”—Robertson's India.
HIGH TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES FOR SOME ALLOYS OF PARTICULAR INTEREST TO THE NAVY
Authors: Stewart William C.
Published: August 2010

The creep of metals, particularly at the higher temperatures, is a matter of increasing concern to structural engineers, who are now commencing to realise that this widely‐varying property of metals in common use today may be of critical importance to them. As data on creep has slowly been assembled over the last fifteen years. it has become increasingly apparent that the phenomenon accounts for many of the hitherto mysterious failures which have occurred in all kinds of structures.

However, creep‐testing apparatus, especially that suitable for measuring the property in metals at high temperatures, is expensive, delicate, and difficult to design. Also, creep tests to be of value must be run over long periods of time; the available apparatus is absorbed in the conduct of a limited number of tests, and, in consequence, the output of information is distressingly small. The data presented by Mr. Stewart in this article will, therefore, he of particular interest to students of the phenomenon who are busily filling the blank spaces in the field of existing knowledge, but it will also be interesting to many others who are not yet familiar with the strange vagaries to which many metals are subject by reason of it.
STOPPING AND BACKING TESTS U. S. COAST GUARD CUTTERS DUANE AND CAMPBELL
Authors: Curry H. H.
Published: August 2010

The performance of a vessel during the transient conditions of stopping and backing is of particular interest to the naval designer. In this article the author uses data obtained from the trials of recent Coast Guard vessels. He develops conclusions in regard to the importance of “timing” in maneuvering the machinery and recommends certain principles of design to improve the time elements. Since ships' propellers are in an extreme state of cavitation during the stopping period, he has recognized the difficulty of evaluating the effect of water circulation in predicting full scale performance from model tests in open water or in a confined stream at reduced pressure. A wealth of detail is included regarding methods of test and sources in order that the reader may appraise the accuracy of data and the applicability of the conclusions to a particular problem. Reference is made to articles on the stopping of ships by Rear Admiral S. M. Robinson, U. S. Navy, in previous issues of the Journal.
ENTHALPY OF SUPERHEATED STEAM
Authors: Wiegand Fred J.
Published: August 2010

One of the most frequent uses made of a steam table is to find the enthalpy, or total heat, of superheated steam. For pressures above 250 pounds, the ordinary tables require a double interpolation as the values are given only in increments of five or ten pounds pressure and tea, twenty, or more degrees temperature. To avoid these laborious interpolations with their attendant chances of error, the accompanying table has been compiled from which enthalpy may be read with but one calculation involving merely the multiplication of two small numbers. The values of enthalpy are given in B.T.U. per pound of steam in increments of one pound pressure and ten degrees temperature. It is believed that the range of pressure and temperature selected will make the table useful to personnel concerned with the latest type of boilers.
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION CONFERENCES
Authors: Hooper Stanford C.
Published: August 2010

Rapid expansion and improvement in all forms of communications have made it necessary for the nations of the world to hold many international communication conferences, especially since the World War. These conferences serve to arrange neatly the intricate web of communication services, the nervous system of the modern world. The United States has had a vital interest in all of them, and has usually been represented. The Navy, because of its superior experience with the subject and to protect its own interests, has often assisted both in the preparations for the collaborations and as a part of the American delegation. The author has been intimately associated with telecommunications since the early days of wireless communication. He has guided the development of communications in the Navy. The Society is fortunate in publishing this article written by him since his return from the recent conference in Cairo, Egypt.
THE GAS TURBINE CHALLENGES
Authors: Noble Warren
Published: August 2010

For many years engineers have speculated on the advent and possibilities of a useful gas turbine. A short article by W. E. Trumpler, entitled “The Combustion Turbine,” appeared in the February, 1935, issue of Power on pages 78 to 80. This article included a description of the actual apparatus together with operating efficiency and other data.

In the present paper, the author makes a preliminary survey of the application of gas turbines in the marine field. He derives a skeleton structure which he predicts will be completed at an early date by filling in the essentials of practicable design and construction technique.
THE EFFECT OF TIME AND ELEVATED TEMPERATURES ON NAVAL BOILER TUBING
Authors: Calvert A. P.
Published: August 2010

The author presented an authoritative paper, “Factors Influencing the Failure of Naval Boiler Tubes,” in the February, 1939, issue of the Journal. He extends the results of his investigations here by reporting laboratory tests of boiler tubing under pressure at elevated temperatures.
SOME FACTS ABOUT CENTRIFUGAL AND PROPELLER PUMPS
Authors: Zimmerli Rupert M.
Published: August 2010

Twenty years ago nearly all of the water pumping auxiliaries in Naval vessels were of the reciprocating type. Today the only reciprocating pumps retained are for the emergency boiler feed and for the fire and bilge pump service. With these two exceptions water pumping is being accomplished by the use of centrifugal and propeller pumps. The author presents a short discussion of the latter types without going into the more intricate design details.
A NEW SPECTROGRAPH TESTING TECHNIQUE, ESTABLISHED AT PEARL HARBOR NAVY YARD
Authors: Hammond. W. H.
Published: August 2010

The Industrial Department of the Pearl Harbor Navy Yard has recently installed a grating spectrograph in the general testing laboratory to be used in increasing the technical efficiency of ship overhaul work.

The Pearl Harbor spectrograph is of a relatively new type to be manufactured for general industrial analysis. There are features in its installation of original design. The uses to which such a piece of equipment may be put in a purely repair and maintenance yard may not be self‐apparent. Therefore, its description will be of interest as an adjunct to the control and inspection of materials.
CHARACTERISTICS OF WELDING ARCS AND WELDING SET CIRCUITS
Authors: Stine. Wilmer E.
Published: August 2010

A fluctuating electric process accompanies the deposition of weld metal by electric arc. The success of the process depends upon the manner in which the electric circuit responds to transitory influences in the arc. The author explains the several influences and derives the electrical qualities that maintain a stable and efficient welding arc.
THE WEIGHT FACTOR IN THE DESIGN OF RADIO EQUIPMENT FOR NAVAL AIRCRAFT
Authors: Wells Wm. B.
Published: August 2010

The author here presents the first part of a two part article. The subject, touching as it does the fields of both radio design and aeronautics, is of timely interest to naval engineers. In part one, the author devotes his technical discussion largely to the affect of antenna design on his subject. The second part will cover other factors.
SUPERCHARGING OF DIESEL ENGINES
Authors: Newell Edward D.
Published: August 2010

The author classifies and describes the various methods which have been applied to supercharging Diesel engines, and presents examples of each.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE DESIGN OF LARGE HIGH‐PRESSURE STEEL VALVES
Authors: Cotterman Frank D. , Falls R. E.
Published: August 2010

The design of a valve derives first from its function as a regulator of fluid flow. The resulting shape, viewed as a pressure vessel with superimposed mechanical and thermal loading, defies accurate stress calculations. In Part I, the authors describe a successful method of supplementing approximate calculations by tests in order to determine the metal thickness for safe pressure‐temperature rating.

Within limits, the shape of a valve may be altered to reduce pressure drop without interfering with its effectiveness as a fluid flow regulator. In Part II, the authors present test results which compare the resistance to steam flow in valves of several types.
THE LAUNCHING OF THE NORTH CAROLINA
Authors: Kaplan Leonard
Published: August 2010

The author, in a technical manner, covers a type of event which has been absent from the American scene for many years—the launching of a battleship.
ELECTRICAL INSULATION
Authors: LUNSFORD JESSE B.
Published: August 2010

The author presents the fifth and last part of his series. One part was published in each issue of the JOURNAL during 1990.

In spite of the general title of this series of discussions, there has been no intent herein to “peddle insulation” as such. The subject has not been handled by a “specialist,” nor is it intended for consumption by “specialists.” It is a “layman's” idea. written in a “layman's” language, without thought of being very technical. It is chiefly concerned about how one can procure service, of the most reliable sort, guaranteed for long life, done up in the lightest and most space‐conserving packages—big, little dynamos.

And reverting back to the three whys, imagine yourself in the service of the Navy; then how about answering them yourself:

 Should anything be done?

 Is this the thing to do ?

 Is now the time?—if not, when would be a good time?
DISCUSSION
Authors: NORDSTROM H. F.
Published: August 2010

The following discussions by Professor H. F. Nordstrom and J. H. Strandell complete the discussion in the JOURNAL Which was started by the publication in the August, 1940, issue, of Mr. Strandell's article “Controllable Pitch Propellers.”
STATISTICAL INFERENCE APPLIED TO NAVAL ENGINEERING.*
Authors: Curtiss J. H.
Published: August 2010

This article presents a general account of the work of the Bureau of Ships in applying analytical statistical methods to problems in Naval engineering. An attempt is made to give a clear idea of the specific contribution of the statistical methodology in each of the various applications described. To this end, the statistical background is discussed at some length, both in the main body of the paper and in an Appendix. It is brought out in the discussion that the type of statistical methodology which has been most useful is the type in which the emphasis is not so much on the mere gathering of relevant data, as on the processing and interpreting of the data in such a way that probable inferences can be drawn from them through the use of the modern mathematical theory of statistics. The applications comprise studies of the engineering performance of the fleet, research in and development of materials used in shipbuilding and maintenance, and control of quality of purchased materials. Particular attention is paid to the establishing and enforcement of standards by statistical methods. The article concludes with emphasis on the fact that the statistical methodology is only a tool of the engineer, albeit at times an indispensable one, and is no substitute for sound engineering theory.
TESTING ELECTRICAL INSULATING VARNISHES—An exhaustive treatise in which all types of tests of electrical insulating varnishes are discussed as to their method, variables and significance. In two parts.
Authors: Steffens Herbert G.
Published: August 2010

1Herbert G. Steffens B. S. (1939); Ch. E., (1946); Newark College of Engineering, Newark, New Jersey; spent four years in the testing and formula development of electrical insulating varnishes for impregnation and coating at Irvington Varnish and Insulator Co., Irvington, New Jersey; served three years as Materials Engineer in charge of electrical insulating varnish testing at the Materials Laboratory, Navy Yard, New York; now Research Manager of the Cap‐Seal Division of the Irvington Varnish and Insulator Co.; Member of American Chemical Society and Metropolitan Microchemical Society.
TIN CONSERVATION
Authors: MACHOL MORRIS R.
Published: August 2010

Tin can be saved by:

1. Reducing the thickness of babbitt in babbitted bearings:

2. By changes in the design covering shape of bearings and methods of bonding.

3. By substituting babbitt metals with smaller tin content—for instance using lead base instead of tin base babbitts.

4. By reducing the percentage of tin in solder—and by adding very small quantities of other metals to compensate.

5. By specifying bronze compositions with smaller tin content where physical or corrosion‐resistant characteristics will permit.

The above conclusions are supported by data and examples herein contained. The author of this brochure, as a consultant for the War Production Board during World War II, called on many manufacturers to discuss methods of conserving tin. Through the experiences of many organizations in different kinds of industry a number of practical ways to save tin were recorded.

This information has been collected, revised and is presented herewith.
SHIP MOTIONS
Authors: NIEDERMAIR JOHN C.
Published: August 2010

This paper was presented in London on 28 June, 1951 before the International Conference of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. The author who is a member of the Council of the American Society of Naval Engineers was initially sponsored by the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. By agreement his sponsorship was shared by ASNE and this paper is published in the JOURNAL as original paper in the United States. This publication is by agreement with the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.
IS STANDARDIZATION A SCIENCE?
Authors: SEAMAN ELLSWORTH F.
Published: August 2010

Standardization effort is in many instances seriously retarded through lack of an awareness of certain fundamental principles that have never been clearly set forth. This is true even though standardization finds its greatest application in the engineering field where an analytical approach develops the facts and where the use of basic scientific concepts lead to the ultimate solution. It is the purpose of this paper to show that the engineering approach applies to standardization as such. This is done by analyzing the different aspects of standardization, grouping them under generic categories, and then defining them in terms of theorems.
HULL CRACKS ON DESTROYERS
Authors: FOWDEN W.M.M. , MAR H. Q.
Published: August 2010

This paper reports the occurrence of fatigue cracks in a number of World War II U.S. destroyers and shows some of the causes of these cracks. Although the cracks do not appear to endanger these ships, they are a nuisance and require removing the ships from operation. Since most of these cracks are below waterline, drydocking is usually required. Slight changes in design and construction could eliminate this expensive and bothersome maintenance.
THERMAL STRESSES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN NUCLEAR FUEL ELEMENTS
Authors: SMITH C. O.
Published: August 2010

The concept of the effect of temperature and temperature gradients in developing thermal stresses and strains is presented and discussed. Equations for the general case are developed and applied to the specific case of the circular cylinder (pipe). Temperature and thermal stress distributions for four different potential nuclear fuel elements are pictured and compared. Some conclusions of practical significance are drawn from this comparison.
THERMAL INSTABILITY IN HIGH SPEED GEARING
Authors: WELCH W. P. , BORON J. F.
Published: August 2010

Thermal expansion effects in gearing have usually been considered from a steady state point‐of‐view. A theory of thermal instability is developed which takes into account the tendency of the thermal effects to be regenerative. This theory provides an adequate and complete explanation for several heretofore unexplained cases of tooth failure in high speed high horsepower reduction gears. Experimental verification of the theory is presented and some of the conditions for avoiding thermal instability are described.
PROPELLER CHARACTERISTICS WITH DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF THE RUDDERS IN THE PROPELLER RACE OF TWIN RUDDERS‐TWIN SCREWS SHIPS
Authors: KAFALI K.
Published: August 2010

The research deals mainly with experiments of a one rudder‐one screw combination which is supposed to represent the condition of the twin rudders‐twin screws type, This study includes only the case of rudder which was placed inboard of propeller centerline and located in the propeller race. Different locations of rudders have been the subject of investigations to study the optimum position relative to the propeller.
UNDERSTANDING AUTOMATIC COMBUSTION CONTROL
Authors: BRALEWSKI S. G.
Published: August 2010

1THE AUTHOR After some nineteen years of naval service, fourteen as a Chief Boilermaker and Chief Boilerman aboard tenders, destroyers, aircraft carriers, and three years in engineering experimental work, I find myself retired from the Navy, engaged as a service engineer with an automatic control company. My introduction to automatic combustion controls, ten years ago, was much the same as it is today for the average boiler operator. Only by refusal to accept a mechanical, pneumatic, electric or hydraulic “monster” that was doing my job as beyond my understanding, could I, or can anyone else, master automatic control systems. As a teacher, primarily, I have taken some liberties to maintain the desired simplicity in comparison in the article. The purpose is to get the operator to feel that controls can be understood and that existing instructions, schematics and blueprints can enlighten him further in mastery of automatic combustion control. With a basis in the relationship between automatic control and manual control the average man with initiative and desire “to know” can “know” by applying himself to the task.
Rat Liver Microsomal Lipid Peroxidation Produced during the Oxidative Metabolism of Ethacrynic Acid
Authors: Yamamoto Kyoko , Masubuchi Yasuhiro , Narimatsu Shizuo , Kobayashi Satoshi , Horie Toshiharu
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were produced in rat liver microsomal suspension incubated with ethacrynic acid (loop diuretic drug) and NADPH. Two oxidative metabolites of ethacrynic acid with dicarboxylic acid and hydroxylated ethyl group, respectively, were formed in the reaction mixture. The oxidative metabolism of ethacrynic acid was inhibited by cytochrome P450 inhibitors. The formation of TBARS was remarkably depressed by inhibitors like diethyldithiocarbamate and disulfiram. These results indicate that lipid peroxidation occurred in rat liver microsomes through the oxidative metabolism of ethacrynic acid.
Effect of Clarithromycin and Itraconazole on the Pharmacokinetics of Ropivacaine
Authors: Jokinen Mika J. , Ahonen Jouni , Neuvonen Pertti J. , Olkkola Klaus T.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: In a double‐blind, randomised, three‐way cross‐over study, eight healthy volunteers ingested daily for 4 days either 250 mg clarithromycin twice daily, 200 mg itraconazole once daily, or placebo. On day 4, each subject received a single dose of 0.6 mg kg−1 ropivacaine intravenously over 30 min. Ropivacaine and (S)‐2′,6′‐pipecoloxylidide in venous plasma and urine samples were measured for up to 12 hours and 24 hours, respectively. There were no significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of the parent ropivacaine after ingestion of clarithromycin or itraconazole. However, the peak plasma concentration and AUC of (S)‐2′,6′‐pipecoloxylidide metabolite were significantly decreased in both the clarithromycin and itraconazole phases, compared with the placebo phase. The fraction of ropivacaine metabolised to (S)‐2′,6′‐pipecoloxylidide excreted in urine was decreased in the itraconazole phase. Both clarithromycin and itraconazole inhibit the CYP3A4 mediated formation of (S)‐2′,6′‐pipecoloxylidide from ropivacaine. With the doses used, itraconazole is a stronger inhibitor than clarithromycin. The interaction of clarithromycin with ropivacaine seems to be dose (concentration)‐dependent.
Short‐Term Effects of Four Antibiotics on DNA Synthesis in Endothelial CellsNote
Authors: Lanbeck Peter , Paulsen Otto
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The irritating effect of parenterally administered antibiotics on vessels is a common clinical problem. In a previous study we found that solutions of three commonly used antibiotics, cefuroxime, erythromycin and dicloxacillin, exerted cytotoxic effects on endothelial cells after 24 hr exposure. In contrast benzylpenicillin did not have such effects. In the present study, endothelial cells of different origin were exposed to these four antibiotics at higher concentrations than in the previous investigation but only for 5, 30 and 60 min. Incorporation of 3H‐thymidine in the cells as a measurement of DNA synthesis was used as cytotoxic assay. A concentration‐dependent and time‐related inhibition was found after exposure to erythromycin and dicloxacillin but not after exposure to cefuroxime and benzylpenicillin. The effects were similar on the three different cell types used in the experiments. This study demonstrates that the cytotoxic effects differ even after short‐term exposure to the antibiotics. In contrast to the previous study, cefuroxime lacks cytotoxicity when endothelial cells are exposed for less than one hour. The short‐term exposition model used in this study should be more predictive as it mimics in vivo conditions better.
Toxic Effects of Sarin in Rats at Three Months Following Single or Repeated Low‐Level Inhalation Exposure
Authors: Kassa Jiří , Pecka Miroslav , Tichý Miloš , Bajgar Jiří , Koupilová Marie , Herink Josef , Kročová Zuzana
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Male albino Wistar rats were once or repeatedly exposed to three various low concentrations of sarin for 60 min. in the inhalation chamber. The clinical status of control as well as sarin‐poisoned rats was tested 3 months after exposure to sarin using biochemical, haematological, neurophysiological, behavioural and immunotoxicological methods. While biochemical and haematological parameters, including the activities of cholinesterases in erythrocytes, plasma and various organs (brain, diaphragm), did not differ from the control values regardless of the sarin concentration used, few signs of sarin‐induced neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity in sarin‐poisoned rats were demonstrated. This was especially true when the single exposure of rats to non‐convulsive symptomatic concentration and repeated exposure of rats to clinically asymptomatic concentration of sarin was used. In rats repeatedly poisoned with clinically asymptomatic concentrations of sarin, the alteration of the gait characterized by ataxia, the increase in the stereotyped behaviour, the increase in the excitability of the central nervous system following the administration of the convulsive drug pentamethylenetetrazol were observed. In rats poisoned with non‐convulsive symptomatic concentration of sarin, the subtle supression of spontaneous, as well as lipopolysaccharides‐stimulated, proliferation of spleen lymphocytes and the bactericidal activity of peritoneal macrophages was primarily observed besides the signs of neurotoxicity. Our findings confirm that both non‐convulsive symptomatic and clinically asymptomatic concentrations of sarin can only cause very few, subtle long‐term signs of neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity in sarin‐poisoned rats when the rats were exposed to asymptomatic sarin concentrations repeatedly.
Cyproterone Acetate: A Genotoxic Carcinogen?
Authors: Kasper Peter
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Cyproterone acetate, a widely used synthetic progestagen with antiandrogenic activity, is known for years to produce liver tumours in rats, with a higher incidence in females. This effect was attributed to a rodent‐specific tumour promoting mode of action based on the detection of a strong hepato‐mitogenic activity of cyproterone acetate. However, more recent studies have demonstrated that cyproterone acetate is sex‐specifically activated to (a) DNA‐damaging intermediate(s) in the liver of female rats which result in the formation of DNA adducts, induction of DNA repair, and increased levels of micronuclei and gene mutations. Consistent with a sex‐specific genotoxicity, cyproterone acetate showed a tumour‐initiating potential in a liver foci assay with female rats but not with male rats. Most important, cyproterone acetate was found to induce formation of DNA adducts in primary cultures of human hepatocytes indicating that human liver cells have the capacity to activate cyproterone acetate to genotoxic intermediates. However, the overall assessment of the preclinical data presented in this review suggests that induction of liver tumours in female rats most probably depends on both, genotoxic and mitogenic effects which would suggest a non‐linear mode of action with regard to tumour formation. With the exception of DNA adduct formation all other adverse effects induced by cyproterone acetate in rat liver, including gene mutations and liver tumours, can be detected at very high dose levels only. Hence, a cancer risk estimate based on a simple linear extrapolation from high dose to low exposure conditions of recommended clinical use would be questionable. Human data from pharmacoepidemiological studies that specifically addressed the question of possible liver cancer risk in patients treated with cyproterone acetate do in principle support this interpretation. In agreement with these considerations the regulatory authorities of the European Union came to the common conclusion that a possible cancer risk associated with the clinical use of cyproterone acetate, if any, appears to be low and the risk‐benefit ratios for the currently authorised indications remain favourable.
Diverging Effects of 5‐HT3 Receptor Antagonists Ondansetron and Granisetron on Estramustine‐Inhibited Cellular Potassium Transport
Authors: Behnam‐Motlagh Parviz , Sandström Per‐Erik , Henriksson Roger , Grankvist Kjell
Published: August 2010

Abstract: We used 86Rb+ (K+ analogue) to study potassium influx during the interaction of highly specific 5‐HT3‐receptor antagonists, ondansetron and granisetron, with the effects of the anticancer drug, estramustine phosphate, on P31 mesothelioma cells. Estramustine phosphate (80 mg/l, 142 μmol/l) for 120 min. reduced 86Rb+ influx by 18.7%. The reduction was inhibited by ondansetron (0.1 μmol/l), but augmented by granisetron (0.1 μmol/l). Serotonin (1.0 μmol/l) antagonized ondansetron inhibition and restored granisetron‐augmented reduction of estramustine phosphate‐induced 86Rb+ influx to the level of the drug itself. Estramustine phosphate inhibited cellular Na+, K+, 2Cl− ‐cotransport activity whereas Na+, K+, ATPase activity was unaffected. Ondansetron blockade of estramustine phosphate‐induced reduction of 86Rb+ influx was due to increased Na+, K+, ATPase and Na+, K+, 2Cl−‐cotransport whereas augmentation of estramustine phosphate‐induced reduction of 86Rb+ influx by granisetron, or combination of 5‐HT3 receptor antagonists with serotonin was due mainly to inhibition of cellular Na+, K+, ATPase activity. Thus, ondansetron possesses a distinct ability to reverse K+ influx of tumour cells exposed to estramustine phosphate whereas granisetron does not, due to different effect on cellular Na+, K+, ATPase and Na+, K+, 2Cl− ‐cotransport activity. Highly 5‐HT3 receptor‐specific antiemetic agents may have different effects on ion transport of tumour cells during treatment with cytotoxic drugs.
Role of Daunorubicinol in Daunorubicin‐Induced Cardiotoxicity as Evaluated with the Model of Isolated Perfused Rat Heart
Authors: Platel Denis , Bonoron‐Adèle Simone , Robert Jacques
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Cardiotoxicity is the major side‐effect and limits the clinical use of the anthracyclines, doxorubicin and daunorubicin. A special problem is raised by the metabolites of these drugs, the amount of which may vary according to drug combinations and formulations. Doxorubicinol, the 13‐dihydroderivative of doxorubicin, has been shown to be more cardiotoxic than unchanged doxorubicin. Daunorubicinol has been assumed also to be more cardiotoxic than unchanged daunorubicin but its direct effect on cardiac function has never been evaluated in preclinical models. We have compared the cardiac effects (developed pressure, contractility and relaxation of the left ventricle) induced by daunorubicinol to those induced by daunorubicin, using the model of the isolated perfused rat heart. After treatment of rats with 6 doses of 3 mg/kg intraperitoneally, daunorubicin strongly decreased the cardiac functional parameters, while daunorubicinol did not induce cardiotoxicity. Both treatments induced a similar accumulation of daunorubicinol in the myocardium, while daunorubicin was only found in the hearts of rats treated with this drug. Direct perfusion of the hearts of untreated rats with both drugs at 10 μM induced a depression in heart function, but daunorubicin induced a progressive increase in diastolic pressure, reflecting the difficulties encountered by the heart to maintain its activity in the presence of this drug, while daunorubicinol did not. We conclude that daunorubicinol is not responsible for the important cardiac toxicity of daunorubicin.