bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid Room Temperature Entropy‐Stabilized Synthesis Enabling Super‐Stable Metal Halide Perovskite Semiconductor Colloidal Nanocrystals
Authors: Zhang Louwen , Chen Yibo , Zheng Zhimiao , Zhou Yuan , Li Chen , Li Guang , Ren Bin , Hu Zhongqiang , Zhou Hai , Ren Fuqiang , Ke Weijun , Fang Guojia
Published: January 2025

Although high‐entropy materials have garnered extensive attention due to their substantially enhanced performance, their formation generally demands prolonged high‐temperature synthetic processes. Moreover, research on entropy‐stabilized halide perovskite (ESHP) semiconductor colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) is scarce. Herein, a highly efficient and rapid room temperature (RT) entropy‐stabilized approach in air is proposed, involving the concurrent incorporation of multi‐metal cations for the synthesis of high‐quality all‐inorganic ESHP NCs with near‐unity quantum yield and excellent colloidal stability. Remarkably, even after 8 months of aging in air, the ESHP NCs exhibited superior emission characteristics with a single‐exponential decay and maintained the initial NC monodispersity. Density functional theory calculations further demonstrated that the outstanding performance of ESHP NCs originated from the diminished crystal defects and a more robust octahedral structure. Significantly, this RT entropy‐driven synthesis can be extended to metal halide semiconductor NCs with diverse composition systems. The findings inspire new perspectives for entropy‐stabilized, high‐performance metal halide perovskite NCs toward versatile applications.
WS2/MHS PdTe2/Si Mixed‐Dimensional Heterojunction as Ultra‐Broadband Photodetector for Health and Safety Monitoring
Authors: Ling Cuicui , Rong Chen , Men Boxuan , Wang Jingyao , Sun Jiayi , Zhang Tuo , Zhang Lingtan , Guo Tianchao , Zhou Peiheng , Liu Wenpeng
Published: January 2025

Ultra‐broadband photodetectors (UB‐PDs) are essential in medical applications, public safety monitoring, and various other fields. However, developing UB‐PDs covering multiple bands from ultraviolet to medium infrared remains a challenge due to material limitations. Here, a mixed‐dimensional heterojunction composed of 2D WS2/monodisperse hexagonal stacking (MHS) 3D PdTe2 particles on 3D Si is proposed, capable of detecting light from 365 to 9600 nm. The exceptional performance of this photodetector is attributed to MHS PdTe₂ particles, which increase the specific surface area and enhance UV‐to‐NIR absorption of the 2D WS₂ nanofilm. At 980 nm (0 V), the device achieves a responsivity of 7.8 × 102 mA W−1, a detectivity of 2.5 × 1013 Jones, and a sensitivity of 2.6 × 108 cm2 W−1. The MHS PdTe₂ layer amplifies the built‐in electric field and enhances heterojunction self‐powered capability. This photodetector exhibits a high switching ratio (104), a rapid response time (24.14 µs), and a significant photocurrent gain at zero bias. Its application in blood oxygen saturation analysis is demonstrated based on dual‐wavelength photoplethysmography (PPG) at 650 and 905 nm, and infrared perspective imaging at 808 nm. Additionally, the device can differentiate materials based on their transmittance at 9600 nm. This research opens new avenues for the multifunctional use of UB‐PDs.
Electrically Switchable Multi‐Stable Topological States Enabled by Surface‐Induced Frustration in Nematic Liquid Crystal Cells
Authors: Neirynck Jelto , Hsiao Yu‐Tung , Stebryte Migle , Nys Inge
Published: January 2025

In liquid crystal (LC) cells, the surface patterning directs the self‐assembly of the uniaxial building blocks in the bulk, enabling the design of stimuli‐response optical devices with various functionalities. The combination of different anchoring patterns at both substrates can lead to surface induced frustration, preventing a purely planar and defect‐free configuration. In cells with crossed assembly of rotating anchoring patterns, elastic deformations allow to obtain a defect‐free bulk configuration, but an electrical stimulus can induce disclination lines. The disclination network is preserved without applied voltage. Depending on the electric field treatment and geometrical parameters, different multi‐stable states with and without disclinations are obtained. This is demonstrated with the help of dual‐frequency LCs, for which the frequency dependent dielectric properties allow repeatable switching between multi‐stable states. Topological protection and the associated energy barrier between different states explains the observed metastability. The obtained configurations are retrieved with Q‐tensor simulations and the validity is confirmed by matching optical simulations with experimentally obtained microscopy images. The realized multi‐stable topological states interact differently with light, resulting in distinct optical properties. Optimization allows to switch between a highly transparent state and an opaque state, opening up opportunities for smart windows with low energy consumption.
Protein‐Guided Biomimetic Calcification Constructing 3D Nitrogen‐Rich Core‐Shell Structures Realizing High‐Performance Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: He Di , Wang Tianyi , Lu Jiahui , Liu Yu , Gu Wei , Liu Xin , Fu Chongchong , Qin Yuting , Li Jiabao , Liu Xiaoyue , Wang Chengyin , Pang Huan
Published: January 2025

Biomimetic calcification is a micro‐crystallization process that mimics the natural biomineralization process, where biomacromolecules regulate the formation of inorganic minerals. In this study, it is presented that a protein‐assisted biomimetic calcification method for the in situ synthesis of nitrogen‐doped metal‐organic framework (MOF) materials. A series of unique core‐shell structures are created by utilizing proteins as templates and guiding agents in the nucleation step, creating ideal conditions for shell growth. To further understand the influence of the protein and organic ligand on the morphology of the MOF shell, the competing mechanism toward metal ions is supposed. Through systematic experiments and analyses, a strategy to construct unique precursor structures by controlling calcification nucleation is proposed. After carbonization, protein‐containing precursors exhibit exceptional porous characteristics, stability, and high nitrogen content. These attributes make them promising materials as sulfur hosts in lithium‐sulfur batteries (LSB). Electrochemical tests confirm that biomimetic calcification‐assisted 3D carbonaceous structure can effectively immobilize dissolved polysulfides, demonstrating strong adsorption and catalytic capabilities. This discovery not only opens up new avenues for employing biomimetic calcification as a sustainable method for batteries but also enlightens the fields of materials science, catalytic chemistry, and energy storage.
Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Framework Nanoscintillators for X‐Ray‐Induced Photodynamic Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Gu Lihui , Wu Han , Li Xu , Xu Jiahao , Wang Mingda , Li Chao , Yao Lanqing , Diao Yongkang , Li Yuchen , Chen Fujie , Shen Feng , Xiang Huijing , Chen Yu , Yang Tian
Published: January 2025

X‐ray induced photodynamic therapy (X‐PDT) leverages penetrating X‐ray to generate singlet oxygen (1O2) for treating deep‐seated tumors. However, conventional X‐PDT typically relies on heavy metal inorganic scintillators and organic photosensitizers to produce 1O2, which presents challenges related to toxicity and energy conversion efficiency. In this study, highly biocompatible organic phosphorescent nanoscintillators based on hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOF) are designed and engineered, termed BPT‐HOF@PEG, to enhance X‐PDT in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. BPT‐HOF@PEG functions simultaneously as both scintillator and photosensitizer, effectively absorbing and transferring X‐ray energy to generate abundant 1O2. Both in vitro and in vivo investigations demonstrate that internalized BPT‐HOF@PEG efficiently produces significant quantities of 1O2 upon X‐ray irradiation. Additionally, X‐ray exposure directly inflicts DNA damage, and the synergistic effects of these mechanisms result in pronounced cell death and substantial tumor growth inhibition, with a significant inhibition rate of up to 90.4% in vivo assessments. RNA sequencing analyses reveal that X‐PDT induces apoptosis in Hepa1‐6 cells while inhibiting cell proliferation, culminating in tumor cell death. Therefore, this work highlights the considerable potential of efficient phosphorescent HOF nanoscintillators‐based X‐PDT as a promising therapeutic approach for HCC, providing a highly effective alternative with negligible toxicity for patients with unresectable tumors.
Cryoshocked Adipocytes Mediated Dual‐Modal Strategy Combining Photodynamic Therapy and Triptolide Palmitate for Pulmonary Metastatic Melanoma Treatment
Authors: Li Aixue , Qi Fu , Zeng Yuanye , Liu Rongmei , Cai Huanhuan , He Mengyuan , Li Dan , Gu Yongwei , Liu Jiyong
Published: January 2025

Pulmonary metastasis represents one of the most prevalent forms of metastasis in advanced melanoma, with mortality rates reaching 70%. Current treatments including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy frequently exhibit limited efficacy or present high costs. To address these clinical needs, this study presents a biomimetic drug delivery system (Ce6‐pTP‐CsA) utilizing cryoshocked adipocytes (CsA) encapsulating the prodrug triptolide palmitate (pTP) and the photosensitizer Ce6, exploiting the characteristic of tumor cells to recruit and lipolyze adipocytes for energy. CsA substantially enhances the drug‐loading capacity of adipocytes, with its particle size characteristics enabling targeted delivery of pTP to the lungs. The combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and pTP activates the caspase cascade, promoting apoptosis in tumor cells. Notably, the cleavage of disulfide bonds in pTP depletes glutathione (GSH), reducing its scavenging effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhancing the efficacy of PDT. Results demonstrate that Ce6‐pTP‐CsA effectively inhibits the proliferation and invasion of pulmonary metastatic melanoma cells in vitro and induces apoptosis, while significantly suppressing lung metastasis of SCID mice models in vivo. In conclusion, this novel biomimetic drug delivery system based on adipocytes provides a promising strategy for targeted therapy in pulmonary metastatic melanoma.
Highly Robust Double Memristive Device Based on Perovskite/Molybdenum Oxide‐Sulfide Compound Heterojunction System
Authors: Kalemai Gion , Verykios Apostolos , Chatzigiannakis Georgios , Tsipas Polychronis , Dimoulas Athanasios , Psycharis Vassilis , Sakellis Elias , Boukos Nikos , Likodimos Vlassis , Karatasios Ioannis , Kourtis Michael‐Alexandros , Aidinis Konstantinos , Chroneos Alexander , Yusoff Abd Rashid bin Mohd , Argitis Panagiotis , Davazoglou Dimitris , Vasilopoulou Maria , Soultati Anastasia
Published: January 2025

Halide organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) are a promising class of materials for neuromorphic computing and processing systems demonstrating a variety of resistive switching (RS) mechanisms. HOIPs have been used as active layers in two‐ and three‐terminal synaptic devices reporting high performance in metrics of speed and energy consumption. Nevertheless, halide perovskites suffer from poor ambient stability and reproducibility. In this work, a highly robust double memristor based on two active layers forming a stacking heterojunction is demonstrated. In particular, the functional layer consists of a molybdenum oxide‐molybdenum sulfide compound (MoO3‐MoS2) and a quadruple cation perovskite (RbCsMAFA) deposited on top showing favorable band alignment for the specific application. The double memristor based on the MoO3‐MoS2/RbCsMAFA heterojunction exhibits impressive and stable resistive switching behavior with endurance of 100 cycles, high retention of 2 × 104 s, high environmental stability maintaining its memristive behavior for 1 month, and excellent artificial synaptic functions. The robust device also exhibits good thermal stability maintaining the memristive characteristics at 85 °C, as well as good photonic memristive behavior with an improved ON/OFF ratio under constant illumination. Here it is proven that the proposed double memristor is a promising candidate for artificial synapses and neuromorphic computing systems.
Characterization Techniques for Probing the Electrolyte Solvation Structures of Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries
Authors: Wang Xinqiang , Liu Bo , Xu Zhibin , Zhou Ya , Yang Yaxiong , Pan Hongge , Wang Gongming
Published: January 2025

While aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs) have shown great promise for large‐scale energy storage, a series of interfacial side reactions derived from the decomposition of active water molecules in the Zn2+ solvation structures seriously hinder the practical application of AZMBs. Recently, regulating the solvation structures of Zn2+ in electrolytes has been proven to be effective in alleviating the interfacial side reactions. Advanced characterization techniques to probe the solvation structures of electrolytes provide powerful tools for comprehensively understanding the underlying relationship between the solvation structures of electrolytes and the performance of AZMBs. Although significant processes have been achieved in electrolyte engineering and mechanistic understanding of the solvation structures has been preliminarily established, systematic summary of the characterization techniques for solvation structures is still absent. Considering the importance of the solvation structures in electrolyte engineering, a comprehensive review of this topic is necessary. In this review article, the advantages and application scope of the ever‐used characterization techniques in studying the solvation structures are introduced and the remaining challenges and the potential opportunities in the future are discussed.
An Energy Level Alignment Study of 2PACz Molecule on Perovskite Device‐Related Interfaces by Vacuum Deposition
Authors: Li Jielei , Li Shengwen , He Bingchen , Zheng Ruifeng , Wang Yulin , Chen Shi
Published: January 2025

Self‐assembling molecules (SAM) have been widely used in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSC) as a hole transfer layer due to nearly lossless charge transfer giving excellent device performance. However, the energy level alignment between SAM‐ and PSC‐related interfaces has not been systematically studied. Herein, the 2PACz, a typical SAM with the largest dipole moment, is chosen as the model system and is studied by vacuum deposition. It is found that the energy level alignment is determined by the orientation of 2PACz molecules on a different substrate. The molecules are lying down on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and giving nearly zero interface dipole. On solvent‐cleaned and plasma‐treated indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates, the SAM is vertically assembled with 0.22 and 0.13 eV work function increases, respectively. However, on sputtered ITO, SAM is assembled with upside down orientation, with 0.51 eV work function decrease. The change of orientation is due to strong interaction between oxygen vacancies in ITO substrate and carbazole head group of 2PACz. On perovskite film, SAM also shows a slightly upward orientation with additional passivation of free MA+ ions. Herein, it is confirmed that the energy level alignment of SAM plays an important role in hole extraction.
Cyano‐Borazine Photosensitizers for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Chowdhury Sanchari , Wakchure Vivek Chandrakant , Galleposo El Czar , Bonifazi Davide , Costa Rubén D.
Published: January 2025

Implementing novel metal‐free and strongly absorbing donor–acceptor sensitizers without carboxylic acid anchoring groups are still a frontier in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Herein, the facile synthesis of a strongly absorbing sensitizer combining three 1,1,4,4‐tetracyanobuta‐1,3‐diene (TCBD) anchoring moieties with a borazine core instead of the classical cyano anchoring groups, such as tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), and the dimethyl‐phenyl amino donor group, is disclosed. This results in a 1.6‐fold increase in solar energy conversion efficiency compared to DSSCs with the reference sensitizers (TCBD‐dimethyl‐amino‐phenyl core) and the prior art cyano‐sensitizers with TCNE and TCNG anchors. The advantages of the TCBD‐borazine design are twofold: 1) threefold increase in absorption extinction coefficient as well as 2) a reduction in back electron transfer and aggregation behavior upon dye adsorption onto the semiconducting electrode, resulting in 45% and 23% improvement in open‐circuit voltage (Voc) and short‐circuit current density (Jsc), respectively, compared to those of the prior art. Overall, this work highlights an easy‐to‐design of cyano‐sensitizer that results in a significant improvement of solar energy conversion when using borazine frameworks for the first time.
Prevalence and characteristics of group standardized letters of evaluation in emergency medicine: A cross‐sectional observational study
Authors: Sehdev Morgan , Egan Daniel J. , Bord Sharon , Hegarty Cullen , Shappell Eric
Published: January 2025

Background

The standardized letter of evaluation (SLOE) for emergency medicine (EM) is a well‐established tool for residency selection. While previous work characterizes the utility and outcomes related to SLOE use, less is known about SLOE authorship patterns and trends.

Objective

The objective was to measure the prevalence of group SLOEs in EM over time, characterize the role groups represented in group SLOEs, and compare the rating practices of groups of authors versus single authors.

Methods

SLOE data from 2016 through 2021 were obtained from the CORD database. An algorithm was developed to process SLOE author fields to accomplish three tasks: (1) determine whether the SLOE was written by an individual or a group, (2) determine the number of named letter writers on group SLOEs, and (3) identify roles of individuals listed on group SLOEs. A total of 150 SLOEs were randomly selected for review by the study team to use as a standard to which algorithm performance was compared. Mean ratings were compared for (1) individual versus group SLOEs and (2) individual SLOEs from clerkship directors (CDs) versus others.

Results

A total of 40,218 SLOEs met inclusion criteria. The algorithm performed well in detecting group SLOEs, authors, and titles. Institutions submitting only SLOEs written by a group of authors increased from 31.4% to 54.5%. Authors per group SLOE increased from 3.4 in 2016 to 4.0 in 2021. Mean ratings were slightly higher in individual SLOEs compared to group SLOEs. Individual SLOEs from non‐CDs had higher ratings compared to those from CDs.

Conclusions

The proportion of SLOEs authored by groups increased over the study interval. Grading practices are similar between group SLOEs and individual SLOEs authored by CDs. Individual SLOEs from non‐CDs had slightly higher ratings compared to the other groups.
Building a resilient organic hemp industry: Survey and focus groups assess research, extension, and education needs
Authors: Moore Virginia , Fratz Emily , Baltensperger David , Ellison Shelby , Grab Heather , Sosnoskie Lynn , Suchoff David , Vergara Daniela
Published: January 2025

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has many potential uses, including in textiles, construction, human food, animal feed, health, and personal care applications, and was once widely grown in the United States. Despite the tremendous initial excitement in hemp production and expansion of hemp acreage following its legalization in 2018, there remains uncertainty and risk surrounding the crop; major gaps in production and processing knowledge and supply and distribution chains exist because of previous legal barriers. In 2023, a national survey of current and prospective organic hemp growers (n = 140) was conducted to identify major challenges associated with organic hemp production and determine what resources and information are needed to support growth and resilience within the industry. A series of focus groups were also conducted with organic hemp growers, hemp educators, and industry stakeholders, including researchers and extensionists, current and prospective hemp business owners, hemp advocates and organizations, and hemp consultants (n = 39). Survey respondents and focus group participants included farmers across a wide range of farm types and sizes, geographic areas, production practices, and end‐use products. Most current hemp producers surveyed are growing hemp for cannabinoid products. Across the survey and focus groups, and regardless of farm type or end‐use product, the most significant challenges of organic hemp production are related to marketing, sales, and regulations. Despite these barriers, most survey respondents are interested in growing hemp in the future; this includes expanded interest in non‐cannabinoid end‐use products such as fiber, grain, seed, or transplants.
Evaluating the performance of drought indices for assessing agricultural droughts in Argentina
Authors: Sosa G. , Fernández‐Long M. E. , Vicente‐Serrano S. M
Published: January 2025

This article presents an analysis of the response of the annual yield of rainfed maize crops in the Argentine Pampas Region to five drought indices (standardized precipitation index [SPI], standardized soil moisture index [SSMI], standardized evapotranspiration deficit index [SEDI], standardized precipitation‐evapotranspiration index [SPEI], and standardized precipitation actual evapotranspiration index [SPET]) at different time scales (from 1 to 12 months). The idea of this work was to find the drought indices that best correspond to the interannual variability of maize yield and to use them in monitoring agricultural droughts. For this purpose, we correlated maize yields with different indices across all their time‐scales. We selected the indices with the best overall response to yields and then performed a principal component analysis. The findings revealed that the SEDI and the SPEI displayed the highest correlations with maize yields, followed by SPI, while SPET exhibited the lowest correlations. Principal component analysis demonstrated a heightened predictive capacity of drought indices between February and March, particularly at 7–8‐month scales, alongside the widely used 3‐month temporal scale for monitoring agricultural droughts. The stronger correlations exhibited by SEDI and SPEI, which incorporate atmospheric evaporative demand into their calculations, suggest that water availability is not the sole meteorological factor influencing drought impacts. Atmospheric demand considers temperature and air humidity, factors that intensify plant stress conditions. These findings supported the importance of considering flexible drought indices adapted to different time‐scales for accurate monitor of agricultural droughts, which can enhance planning and risk mitigation in crop production in the Pampas Region and beyond.
Intra‐Individual Stable Isotope Variation Tracks Brazilian Contemporary Dietary and Nutritional Transition
Authors: Valenzuela Luciano O. , Plens Claudia , Otero Felipe , Loupias Luciano L. , Soriano Evelyne Pessoa , de Carvalho Marcus Vitor Diniz , de Almeida Junior Erasmo , Daruge Junior Eduardo , Francesquini Júnior Luiz , Palhares Machado Carlos Eduardo , Ubelaker Douglas H.
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Contemporary dietary and nutritional transitions are commonplace, but difficult to study directly. In Brazil, and Latin America, this generalized process, leading to current obesity and malnutrition problems, started more than four decades ago. Although body weight and food availability are used to measure changes, not much information on food consumption and nutrition exist. Stable isotope analysis allows for the study of modern individual diets because it reflects the proportional contribution of different foods, general dietary patterns, and the effect of metabolism. Furthermore, when samples from tissues reflecting different time points are used, it allows for the assessment of individual transitions.

Objectives

To explore intra‐person isotopic variation for the first time in the Southern Hemisphere for modern humans, and examine the nutritional transition reported for Brazil in the past four decades.

Materials

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values from 68 14C‐dated bone samples (vertebra, occipital, parietal, femur) from 17 individuals born in 1963, from three cemeteries.

Results

Data reflect chronologically ordered high intra‐individual δ15N variation tracking the dietary and nutrition transition over the last few decades, while no relationship between δ13C values and time was found. Vertebrae, reflecting diets from the mid 2000s, showed lower δ15N values than other bones reflecting the mid 1980s and early 1990s.

Discussion

We show how different bones capture nutritional transitions over the lifespan of modern individuals. Nitrogen isotope values were lower in recent tissues as a consequence of the changes in the agri‐food industry and worldwide consumption patterns that have intensified in Latin America in the last decades.
Aryl‐Acetylene Layered Hybrid Perovskites in Photovoltaics
Authors: AlSabeh Ghewa , Slama Vladislav , Ren Ming , Almalki Masaud , Pfeifer Lukas , Kubicki Dominik J. , Zimmermann Paul , Hinderhofer Alexander , Faini Fabiola , Moia Davide , Othman Mostafa , Eickemeyer Felix T. , Carnevali Virginia , Lempesis Nikolaos , Vezzosi Andrea , Ansari Fatemeh , Schreiber Frank , Maier Joachim , Wolff Christian M. , Hessler‐Wyser Aïcha , Ballif Christophe , Grancini Giulia , Rothlisberger Ursula , Grätzel Michael , Milić Jovana V.
Published: January 2025

Metal halide perovskites have shown exceptional potential in converting solar energy to electric power in photovoltaics, yet their application is hampered by limited operational stability. This stimulated the development of hybrid layered (two‐dimensional, 2D) halide perovskites based on hydrophobic organic spacers, templating perovskite slabs, as a more stable alternative. However, conventional organic spacer cations are electronically insulating, resulting in charge confinement within the inorganic slabs, thus limiting their functionality. This can be ameliorated by extending the π‐conjugation of the spacer cations. We demonstrate the capacity to access Ruddlesden‐Popper and Dion‐Jacobson 2D perovskites incorporating for the first time aryl‐acetylene‐based (4‐ethynylphenyl)methylammonium (BMAA) and buta‐1,3‐diyne‐1,4‐diylbis(4,1‐phenylene)dimethylammonium (BDAA) spacers, respectively. We assess their unique opto(electro)ionic characteristics by a combination of techniques and apply them in mixed‐dimensional perovskite solar cells that show superior device performances with a power conversion efficiency of up to 23 % and higher operational stability, opening the way for multifunctionality in layered hybrid materials and their application.
Waste to Wealth: Cenospheres as Promising Thermal Insulation Coating Material for Protection Against Impinging Hot Air
Authors: Lakshmi Ramachandrappa Vara , Bera Parthasarathi , Jaikesh Sukumar , Kumar Venkatakrishnaiah Praveen , Srinivas Govindappa , Aruna Singanahalli Thippareddy , Barshilia Harish Chandra
Published: January 2025

Saving thermal energy in a sustainable way is one of the important aspects of global energy conservation. Therefore, conservation of thermal energy by different means has been a topic of applied research in the last several years. In this direction, low‐density, low‐thickness, cost‐effective, and easily scalable thermal insulation paint coating containing power plant waste cenosphere has been developed in the present work. Cenospheres having low thermal conductivity are used as fillers in an epoxy matrix. The coating has been developed using simple spray coating method. Morphology, phase, and particle size of cenospheres have been characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffractometry, and particle size analysis, respectively. Cenospheres show spherical morphology with mainly quartz and mullite phases. Chemical bonding and surface nature of the as‐prepared coating have been evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The coating contains C–O, C–O–C, C–C, C=C, –CH3, C–N, N–H, –OH, Al–O–Si, Al–O–Al bonds, as well as Si3+, Si4+, C–O, C=O, O–C=O, Ca2+, Na+, and Al3+ species on the surface of the coating. The thermal conductivity of epoxy‐cenospheres coating is in the range of 0.24 to 0.35 W m−1 K−1 for temperatures of 20 °C–200 °C. The thermal insulation property of the coating has been assessed using an indigenously built setup and the coating shows a temperature drop of 20 °C–27 °C, when the coating has been subjected to 200 °C hot air exposure for 5 to 20 min.
Development of Biodegradable High‐Alumina Clay‐Modified Poly (Butylene Adipate‐Co‐Terephthalate) Composites for Sustainable Packaging Applications
Authors: Dutta Koushik , Duarah Rituparna , Purbey Ravi , Jayaramudu J. , Das Manash R.
Published: January 2025

The urgent need for sustainable alternatives to conventional packaging has driven extensive research into biodegradable materials that reduce pollution and support the circular economy. Here, we present a novel approach to enhancing the properties of poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) by incorporating high‐alumina content clay in varying amounts of 0.25–2 weight percentages (wt%) using an ex‐situ fabrication method. This innovative composite design addresses the limitations of traditional PBAT by significantly improving its mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties, making it a viable candidate for high‐performance sustainable packaging. FT‐IR, XRD, and FE‐SEM confirmed a well‐dispersed clay network within the PBAT matrix. Quantitatively, the addition of alumina clay enhanced the elastic modulus to 31.9 MPa, representing a marked increase in stiffness. The composites also demonstrated improved thermal stability up to 364.3°C. Surface hydrophobicity was significantly increased (92.1°), while water vapor permeability reduced to 3.76 × 10−12 g·cm·cm−2 s−1 mmHg−1, showcasing superior moisture resistance compared to neat PBAT. Developed films showed excellent resistivity in various chemical environments for up to 45 days and remarkable packaging efficiency for up to 14 days. These findings highlight the unique potential of high‐alumina clay‐reinforced PBAT composites as robust, environmentally friendly materials that meet the diverse demands of the packaging industry.
Effect of Various Diamines on the Mechanical, Thermal, and High‐Frequency Dielectric Properties of Polyimide and Their Composites With Functionalized Hollow Silica Fiber
Authors: Ye Yu‐Min , Chen Erh‐Ching , Wu Tzong‐Ming
Published: January 2025

In this study, three different series of polyimides (PIs) and their composites fabricated using various chemical structure of diamines and functionalized hollow silica fiber (FHSF) were synthesized. The experimental results of three PIs indicate that the addition of fluorine atoms into the pending groups of PI can decrease the glass transition temperature (Tg) with increase in the chain flexibility and this can lower the dielectric constant of PI. The high‐frequency dielectric constants of the composite materials decrease with increase in the loadings of FHSF. These phenomena are possibly accredited to the steric hindrance effect caused by the presence of trifluoromethyl groups of PI polymer chain and FHSF, which can interrupt the PI chain packing and increase their free volumes, resulting in the decrease of Tg and the dielectric properties of PIs. The high‐frequency circuit transmission loss properties of fabricated composite materials measured using the Test Methods Manual IPC‐TM 650 2.5.5.14 are lower than those of pure polymer matrix, recommending that the prepared materials could be selected as interlayer dielectrics for nano‐level electronic.
Green Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Plumbago zeylanica Root Extract, Spectrochemical Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity Against Common Pathogen
Authors: Humayun Akhter Syed Md , Naeem Sajid , Ansari U. S. , Siddiqui Vasi Uddin , Bharti Shambhu Shankar , Ahmad Shameem , Alam Md Tanwir , Husain Dilawar , Patil A. V.
Published: January 2025

The root extract of Plumbago zeylanica was used to produce iron oxide (FeO), zinc oxide (ZnO), and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles. These metal oxides are easy to produce, inexpensive, and ecologically friendly, with considerable antibacterial activity against common infections. The purpose of this work is to explore a sustainable synthesis method and to investigate the comparative antibacterial activity of these nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized using a variety of techniques, including energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐vis) spectrophotometry, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The XRD patterns revealed the crystalline structures of the produced metal oxide nanoparticles by displaying prominent, intense peaks. Morphological investigation utilizing SEM and TEM techniques revealed the nanoparticles’ shapes and sizes, with an average particle size ranging from 9 to 36 nm. EDX spectra verified the presence of an oxide layer on all three metal oxide nanoparticles. UV‐vis and FTIR spectroscopy revealed additional optical characteristics. The antibacterial activities of FeO, ZnO, and CuO nanoparticles were tested using disk diffusion assays against Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The results showed that the antibacterial efficiency of these nanoparticles varied according to the type of bacteria. ZnO nanoparticles had the highest antibacterial activity against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, while FeO nanoparticles had the lowest antibacterial efficacy. These data imply that ZnO nanoparticles, in particular, have antibacterial properties.
Phase Structure of Holographic Superconductors With Spontaneous Scalarization
Authors: Guo Hong , Qian Wei‐Liang , Wang Bean
Published: January 2025

Within the holographic framework, we investigate the Einstein‐scalar‐Gauss‐Bonnet theory coupled with a Maxwell field in an asymptotically anti‐de Sitter (AdS) spacetime. Our findings reveal that holographic superconductor solutions exist when the Gauss‐Bonnet coupling constant is below the critical value , while spontaneous scalarization solutions emerge for . This raises the question whether the hairy black holes triggered by different mechanisms are smoothly joined by a phase transition or whether these are actually identical solutions. To examine this transition in greater detail, we constructed a phase diagram in terms of temperature and chemical potential. By explicitly evaluating the Gibbs free energy and its derivatives, we demonstrate that a smooth yet first‐order phase transition occurs between the two hairy solutions. In particular, a thermodynamic process can be devised in which a superconducting black hole transitions into a scalarized black hole by raising or lowering the temperature.
Integrated Network Pharmacology and Metabolomics to Investigate the Effects and Possible Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Rg2 Glycine Ester Derivative Against Hypoxia
Authors: Dong Qinghai , Shi Fei , Lin Fang , Wang Yaqi , An Yang , Xie Hongliu , Liu Jihua
Published: January 2025

Previous studies have suggested that ginsenoside Rg2 glycine ester derivative (RG) exhibits therapeutic potential in mitigating hypoxia. This study aimed to elucidate the potential mechanism of RG in hypoxia injury through a combined approach of metabolomics and network pharmacology. Initially, a CoCl2‐induced cell hypoxia model was established, and the therapeutic impact of RG on biochemical indices was evaluated. Subsequently, metabolomics analysis of cell samples was conducted to identify biomarkers, and network pharmacology was employed to identify potential targets of RG for hypoxia treatment. Finally, the key target and pathway were verified. The study revealed that RG could reverse CoCl2‐induced abnormalities in biochemical indicators. Metabolomics analysis identified 13 biomarkers and seven metabolic pathways associated with RG treatment. Utilizing network pharmacology, five key targets and five metabolic pathways were identified, partially aligning with the metabolomics results. Molecular docking results demonstrated the effective binding of RG to the key targets. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay verified that RG could exert antihypoxia effect by activated PI3K/Akt pathway. In conclusion, this integrated strategy, combining metabolomics with network pharmacology, sheds light on the protective mechanism of RG against hypoxia‐induced cellular damage. The findings offer valuable insights for future research and potential applications of RG in the field.
LC‐MS/MS Analyzing Praziquantel and 4‐Hydroxypraziquantel Enantiomers in Black Goat Plasma and Mechanism of Stereoselective Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Du Xiaoxi , Saleh Basma , Li Xiarong , Zheng Xiantong , Shu Xiaogui , Liu Rong , He Limin
Published: January 2025

Praziquantel (PZQ) is the most effective treatment for schistosomiasis, commonly administered as a racemic mixture of the two enantiomers. Despite many reports on the pharmacokinetics of PZQ, the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of PZQ and its major metabolite 4‐hydroxypraziquantel (4‐OH‐PZQ) remain poorly understood in goats. In this study, the chiral LC‐MS/MS method was further optimized for separating and quantifying PZQ, trans‐4‐OH‐PZQ, and cis‐4‐OH‐PZQ and their enantiomers and then applied for the molecular pharmacokinetics of three analytes in black goat plasma. The findings showed that PZQ was rapidly absorbed and metabolized to 4‐OH‐PZQ. The Cmax of trans‐4‐OH‐PZQ was about 3 times and 6 times higher than those of cis‐4‐OH‐PZQ and PZQ, respectively. The stereoselectivity of the PZQ and cis‐4‐OH‐PZQ enantiomers was insignificant in black goat plasma (p > 0.05), whereas the trans‐4‐OH‐PZQ enantiomers exhibited obvious stereoselectivity (p < 0.05). The Cmax of S‐trans‐4‐OH‐PZQ were ~3.1 times higher than that of R‐trans‐4‐OH‐PZQ. Further computer simulations indicated that these differences in the stereoselectivity might mainly stem from the different binding energies of the corresponding R‐ and S‐enantiomers of the target analytes to black goat plasma albumin. It has guiding significance for the research on the stereoselectivity of chiral veterinary drugs and their precision medication.
Probing Biomolecular Interactions with Paramagnetic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Busch Hannah , Yasir Ateeque Muhammad , Taube Florian , Wiegand Thomas , Corzilius Björn , Künze Georg
Published: January 2025

Recent advances in computational methods like AlphaFold have transformed structural biology, enabling accurate modeling of protein complexes and driving applications in drug discovery and protein engineering. However, predicting the structure of systems involving weak, transient, or dynamic interactions, or of complexes with disordered regions, remains challenging. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy offers atomic‐level insights into biomolecular complexes, even in weakly interacting and dynamic systems. Paramagnetic NMR, in particular, provides long‐range structural restraints, easily exceeding distances over 25 Å, making it ideal for studying large protein complexes. Advances in chemical tools for introducing paramagnetic tags into proteins, combined with progress in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, have enhanced the method's utility. This perspective article discusses paramagnetic NMR approaches for analyzing biomolecular complexes in solution and in the solid state, emphasizing quantities like pseudocontact shifts, residual dipolar couplings, and paramagnetic relaxation enhancements. Additionally, dynamic nuclear polarization offers a promising method to amplify NMR signals of large complexes, even in complex environments. The integration of AlphaFold protein structure prediction with paramagnetic NMR holds great potential for advancing our understanding of biomolecular interactions.
Substance use by teens stays low: MTF study
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2025

Adolescent substance use remains low, according to the most recent Monitoring the Future (MTF) study. Results released by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) show the fourth year of continued lowered levels for this age group.
Utilisation of a national database to characterise renal function in patients with COVID19 infection
Authors: Nelson Nicholas R. , Farina Nicholas , Rhoney Denise H. ,   the N3C consortium
Published: January 2025

Rationale

The incidence of renal function alterations among patients with COVID19 is unknown.

Objective

To determine the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) or augmented renal clearance (ARC) in patients hospitalised with COVID19 and identify risk factors for patients who may exhibit each renal alteration.

Methods

Retrospective, observational cohort analysis of hospitalise, adult patients within the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) database with laboratory confirmed COVID19 and available data to calculate creatinine clearance using the Cockcroft–Gault equation from 1 January 2020 through 9 April 2022.

Measurements

Incidence of AKI or ARC and patient demographics.

Main results

15 608 patients were included for renal function characterisation where 20.9% experienced AKI and 34.8% exhibited ARC. ARC lasted longer than AKI; however, AKI was associated with increased hospital length of stay and mortality. 11 274 patients were included in logistic regression analysis. Height and White race were the only variables associated with decreased risk of AKI while male sex and diabetes were associated with increased risk. Male sex, Black race and hypertension were associated with decreased risk of ARC. Age was associated with decreased risk of both AKI and ARC while weight and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with increased risk in both renal alterations.

Conclusions

A significant proportion of patients exhibit renal alterations during their hospitalisation for COVID19. These results provide initial evidence of identifying patients at risk of AKI or ARC, but more research is needed, especially with respect to use of biomarkers for renal alteration risk stratification.
The link of FOXO1 and FOXO4 transcription factors to development of the lens
Authors: Gheyas Rifah N. , Williams Ruby C. , Ryan Kelly A. , Menko A. Sue
Published: January 2025

Background

The FOXOs regulate the transcription of many genes, including ones directly linked to pathways required for lens development. However, this transcription factor family has rarely been studied in the context of development, including the development of the lens. FOXO expression, regulation, and function during lens development remained unexplored.

Results

In studies of the embryonic lens, we showed that both FOXO1 and FOXO4, which share many downstream targets, are expressed in a differentiation‐state‐specific manner, most highly in lens epithelial and differentiating cortical fiber cells. Their expression patterns and subcellular distributions suggest both shared and distinct functions. Stabilization of FOXO cytoplasmic pools involved their binding to the chaperone protein 14‐3‐3. FOXO association with β‐catenin linked this transcription complex to fiber cell‐specific gene activation. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling promoted FOXO1/FOXO4 nuclear localization in lens epithelial and fiber cells and expression of the CDKi p27 in the lens epithelium where it has been linked to lens cell withdrawal from the cell cycle and initiation of the lens differentiation program. We showed that FOXO1 transcriptional activation is required for the induction of p27 when Akt signaling is blocked, demonstrating the linearity of the PI3K/Akt/FOXO1/p27 pathway.

Conclusions

PI3K/Akt signaling regulates FOXO‐dependent lens cell differentiation.
In Situ Formation of Bifunctional Interlayer on 3D Conductive Scaffold for Dendrite‐Free Li Metal Batteries
Authors: Kim Yonghwan , Kim Dohyeong , Bae Minjun , Chang Yujin , An Won Young , Hong Hwichan , Hwang Seon Jae , Kim Dongwan , Lee Jeongyeon , Piao Yuanzhe
Published: January 2025

Regulating lithium (Li) plating/stripping behavior in three‐dimensional (3D) conductive scaffolds is critical to stabilizing Li metal batteries (LMBs). Surface protrusions and roughness in these scaffolds can induce uneven distributions of the electric fields and ionic concentrations, forming “hot spots.” Hot spots may cause uncontrollable Li dendrites growth, presenting significant challenges to the cycle stability and safety of LMBs. To address these issues, we construct a Li ionic conductive‐dielectric gradient bifunctional interlayer (ICDL) onto a 3D Li‐injected graphene/carbon nanotube scaffold (LGCF) via in situ reaction of exfoliated hexagonal boron nitride (fhBN) and molten Li. Microscopic and spectroscopic analyses reveal that ICDL consists of fhBN‐rich outer layer and inner layer enriched with Li3N and Li‐boron composites (Li‐B). The outer layer utilizes dielectric properties to effectively homogenize the electric field, while the inner layer ensures high Li ion conductivity. Moreover, DFT calculations indicate that ICDL can effectively adsorb Li and decrease the Li diffusion barrier, promoting enhanced Li ion transport. The modulation of Li kinetics by ICDL increases the critical length of the Li nucleus, enabling suppression of Li dendrite growth. Attributing to these advantages, the ICDL‐coated LGCF (ICDL@LGCF) demonstrates impressive long‐term cycle performances in both symmetric cells and full cells.
Facile Surface Chemical Tailoring of Industrial Carbon Waste for Improved Sodium Storage
Authors: Qi Ying , Ding Huarui , Zhang Tao , Jiang Wei , Qiu Jingxia
Published: January 2025

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as promising supplementary for energy storage devices. Among various anode materials, carbon‐based materials have been considered ideal for SIBs due to their excellent electronic conductivity, great mechanical strength, and large surface area. However, the small interlayer distance and slower reaction kinetics significantly limit their practical application in SIBs. The study of carbon materials in SIBs found that heteroatom doping could help enlarge interlayer distance and adsorb more Na+ simultaneously. Hence, petroleum coke (PC), an industrial waste, is chosen as a precursor. A straightforward oxidation and carbonization process is employed to introduce oxygen atoms into the carbon skeleton (OPC). The heteroatom‐doped OPC exhibits a unique microcrystalline structure comprising both graphitic and disordered regions. This structure improves rate performance and enhances initial columbic efficiency (ICE) for sodium storage. Consequently, it can deliver a better cycling capacity of 209 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and a high ICE of 51.3% (vs 66.9 mAh g−1 with ICE of PC 12.6%). This study shows that heteroatom doping and microstructural tailoring of materials derived from petroleum coke provide a viable approach for enhancing the electrochemical performance of SIBs, paving the way for sustainable and efficient sodium storage.