bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Annual variations in sea surface height northeast of the Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Chen Shuiming , Qiu Bo
Published: September 2006

A decade‐long satellite altimeter data set is used to analyze the annual variations in the sea surface height (SSH) field northeast of the Hawaiian Islands. The annual harmonic amplitudes for the SSH and the along‐island geostrophic flow are 2–4 cm and 2–4 cm s−1, respectively. Although these values are an order of magnitude smaller than the regional mesoscale eddy signals, the annual SSH signals have a robust spatial structure that can be expressed as a function of distance northeastward away from the Hawaiian Islands. The annual SSH signals are then described by using trapped annual waves and a basin‐scale non‐propagating signal. Using the linearized vorticity equation, we suggest that the trapped annual waves are baroclinic Rossby waves that decay from the Hawaiian Islands.
Phenomenological solar signature in 400 years of reconstructed Northern Hemisphere temperature record
Authors: Scafetta N. , West B. J.
Published: September 2006

We study the solar impact on 400 years of a global surface temperature record since 1600. This period includes the pre‐industrial era (roughly 1600–1800 or 1600–1900), when negligible amount of anthropogenic‐added climate forcing was present and the sun realistically was the only climate force affecting climate on a secular scale, and the industrial era (roughly since 1800–1900), when anthropogenic‐added climate forcing has been present in some degree. We use a recent secular Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction (Moberg et al., 2005), three alternative total solar irradiance (TSI) proxy reconstructions (Lean et al., 1995; Lean, 2000; Wang et al., 2005) and a scale‐by‐scale transfer climate sensitivity model to solar changes (Scafetta and West, 2005, 2006). The phenomenological approach we propose is an alternative to the more traditional computer‐based climate model approach, and yields results proven to be almost independent on the secular TSI proxy reconstruction used. We find good correspondence between global temperature and solar induced temperature curves during the pre‐industrial period such as the cooling periods occurring during the Maunder Minimum (1645–1715) and the Dalton Minimum (1795–1825). The sun might have contributed approximately 50% of the observed global warming since 1900 (Scafetta and West, 2006). We briefly discuss the global cooling that occurred from the medieval maximum (≈1000–1100 AD) to the 17th century minimum.
Permeability of anisotropic tube pumice: Model calculations and measurements
Authors: Wright Heather M. N. , Roberts Jeffery J. , Cashman Katharine V.
Published: September 2006

We examine permeable flow through porous materials using volcanic pyroclasts with simple pore geometries. Laminar lattice‐Boltzmann (LB) fluid flow simulations through 3‐D synchrotron x‐ray microtomographic images allow us to model fluid flow through anisotropic pumiceous volcanic samples (tube pumice). We find a good correspondence between calculated permeability (using both simple approximations and LB simulations) and maximum laboratory permeability measured parallel to the direction of vesicle elongation in most tube pumice samples. Moreover, this comparison demonstrates that small vesicles control fluid flow through the pore structure of tube pumice, even when large, but isolated, vesicles are present. However, neither simple approximations nor LB models for flow through small tomographic volumes can adequately model permeable flow perpendicular to vesicle elongation or in material with complex geometries. This mismatch illustrates current limitations in both resolution of x‐ray tomography for delicate pumice structures and shows the importance of scale in LB calculations.
Cusp latitude and the optimal solar wind coupling function
Authors: Newell P. T. , Sotirelis T. , Liou K. , Meng C.‐I. , Rich F. J.
Published: September 2006

Previous work has established that the linear correlation of the low‐altitude particle cusp latitude with the southward component of the IMF is about 0.70. Several possibly better candidate functions for determining the coupling between the magnetosphere and the solar wind have been advanced, but none have been evaluated in terms of the cusp, which is a site of direct solar wind–magnetosphere interaction. On the basis of 11 years of DMSP satellite particle data from 1984–1994 (with verification from the subsequent 11 years, 1995–2005), we find that the best solar wind–magnetosphere coupling function involves electric field dimensions, such as the half wave rectifier (vBs) and the Kan‐Lee electric field (EKL = vBTsin2(θc/2), where θc is the IMF clock angle). Both the half wave rectifier (r = 0.77) and the Kan‐Lee (r = 0.78) functions have a linear correlation with cusp latitude which is noticeably better than the Bz function used in previous work, and also better than the ɛ parameter (ɛ = vB2sin4(θc/2)). However, the best correlation is with a function whose clock angle dependence is intermediate between the pure half wave rectifier (which implies no merging for Bz > 0) and the Kan‐Lee function. Namely, EWAV = vBTsin4(θc/2) correlates with cusp latitude at the r = 0.81 level. This latter clock angle dependence has been previously suggested at various times by J. R. Wygant, by S.‐I. Akasofu, and by V. M. Vasyliunas. The improved result holds for both the equatorward and poleward edge of the cusp, and regardless of how the IMF is propagated. Earlier work on cross polar cap potentials and on nightside auroral luminosity also favored the EWAV function, which in combination with our findings suggests a widely applicable result. Dayside merging is thus clearly not purely component driven, as the half wave rectifier formula implies. These results also suggest, albeit less convincingly, that merging shuts down for increasingly northward IMF more rapidly than the Kan‐Lee electric field implies.
Characteristics of solar flares associated with interplanetary shock or nonshock events at Earth
Authors: Zhao Xinhua , Feng Xueshang , Wu Chin‐Chun
Published: September 2006

Solar flares and metric type II radio bursts are one kind of preliminary manifestations of solar disturbances and they are fundamental for predicting the arrival of associated interplanetary (IP) shocks at Earth. We statistically studied 347 solar flare type II radio burst events during 1997.2–2002.8 and found (1) only 37.5% of them were followed by the IP shocks at L1 (in other words, at Earth), the others without such IP shocks account for 62.5%; (2) the IP shocks associated with intense flares have large probability to arrive at Earth; (3) the IP shocks associated with central flares are more likely to arrive at Earth than those associated with the limb flares, and the most probable location for flares associated with IP shocks at Earth is W20°; and (4) there exists a east‐west asymmetry in the distribution of geoeffectiveness of flare‐associated IP shocks along the flare longitude. Most severe geomagnetic storms (Dstmin ≤ −100 nT) are usually caused by flare‐associated shocks originating from western hemisphere or middle regions near central meridian, and the most probable location for strong flares associated with more intense geomagnetic storms is W20° as well. These results could provide some criteria to estimate whether the associated shock would arrive at Earth and corresponding geomagnetic storm intensity.
Environmental and Economic Tools to Support Sustainable Golf Tourism: The Algarve Experience, Portugal
Authors: Videira Nuno , Correia Antónia , Alves Inês , Ramires Catarina , Subtil Rui , Martins Victor
Published: September 2006

Environmental quality is a driving force for the sustainable development of tourism in the 21st century. Nevertheless, the increasing pressures placed upon the stocks of natural capital call for integrated approaches to balance the impacts of tourism activities. Recent growth trends of the golf industry are strengthening its potential to become a vehicle for competitive and sustainable tourism. On the other hand, golf courses cause undisputed environmental impacts, which require effective management and control. This paper presents a sustainability assessment framework and the results from its application to the Algarve's golf courses. A key element of the sustainability analysis was the development of performance indicators. It was concluded that the position of the existing courses in the environmental dimension could be improved if management tools were implemented by many of the golf clubs. This measure would bring the environmental indicators closer to the benchmarking values of the courses with the best environmental performance. In terms of economic and social performance, the indicators show that golf is a profitable business, whether as an anchor for other tourist development, or as a sporting activity on its own.
The Golf Players' Motivations: The Algarve Case
Authors: Correia Antonia , Pintassilgo Pedro
Published: September 2006

The purpose of this article is to investigate the motivations behind golf demand in the Algarve — one of Europe's most popular golf destinations. The research is based on the results of a survey on the golf demand of Algarve's golf courses, held in 2002. In order to identify the main motives behind golf demand in the region, a principal components analysis was performed. Four main choice factors were identified to explain the selection of Algarve's golf courses. The first was designated social environment and is associated with motives such as events and beaches. The second, leisure, is related to restaurants and bars, landscape, weather and accommodation. The third, entitled golf, is directly related to characteristics of courses. The fourth, logistics, is associated with variables such as price and accessibility. It is also found, through a cluster analysis that the choice factors can be associated with three market segments: the tourist golfer, who is mostly concerned with the golf courses and the game; the householder golfer, essentially centred on accommodation, gastronomy, landscape, weather, price and accessibility; and finally, the sun-beach tourist, who is mostly interested in tourist opportunities.
Management of Soil-Water Resources in Golf Courses
Authors: Tapias Josefina C. , Salgot Miquel
Published: September 2006

Water, soil, and turfgrass are the key elements in the environmental management of golf courses. All of them must be combined to create a modified ecosystem meeting the needs of the golf player. For several reasons, golf courses and golf itself are suffering from a misunderstanding and lack of a positive image in several European countries. Thus, the correct management and the wise use of natural resources, land, and water are nowadays paramount for the golf world. There are arguments about the amount of water used for golf course irrigation on the grounds of excess water resources employed, competition with other water uses, and the attitude of part of the public that considers golf as a sumptuary activity. Soil is also considered as a resource because golf courses use considerable amounts of land, for a limited amount of people, during the year. A discussion arises on whether land is modified in an irreversible way or not. Many times, the debate is not centred on the green areas, but on the built areas surrounding courses. Plants are the third element in a golf course, no less important, and the discussion in this case derives from the use of allochthonous species, usually consuming more water than the autochthonous ones.
Molecular enhancement of ferromagnetism in GaAs∕GaMnAs heterostructures
Authors: Carmeli Itai , Bloom Francisco , Gwinn E. G. , Kreutz T. C. , Scoby Cheyne , Gossard A. C. , Ray S. G. , Naaman Ron
Published: September 2006

The authors investigate effects of chemisorption of polar organic molecules onto ferromagnetic GaAs∕GaMnAs heterostructures. The chemisorbed heterostructures exhibit striking anisotropic enhancement of the magnetization, while GaAs substrates that are physisorbed with the same molecules show no change in magnetic properties. Thus the enhanced magnetism of the chemisorbed heterostructures reflects changes in spin alignment that arise from surface bonding of the organic monolayer.
Depth-dependent chemical and magnetic local orders in thin magnetic films
Authors: Souza-Neto Narcizo M. , Ramos Aline Y. , Tolentino Hélio C. N. , Martins Alessandro , Santos Antonio D.
Published: September 2006

The authors report on the use of x-ray absorption spectroscopy with resolved grazing incidence to clarify the thickness-dependent magnetic properties in nanometric CoPt films. They show that in the thinnest samples the chemical order that induces the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy has no depth dependence. However, in the thicker samples the chemical order is depth dependent along the film thickness, with a disordered layer close to the substrate. The ability of the experimental approach to address the depth dependence of the local structural parameters makes it a unique tool, suitable for nanometric structure where this dependence is an important problem.
Interaction of supernova remnants: From the circumstellar medium to the terrestrial laboratory
Authors: Velarde P. , García-Senz D. , Bravo E. , Ogando F. , Relaño A. , García C. , Oliva E.
Published: September 2006

The evolution of supernova remnants (SNRs) represents a useful and natural laboratory for gasdynamics studies. In this paper the results of several hydrodynamical simulations of the propagation and early phases of interaction of two SNRs embedded in a homogeneous interstellar environment are shown. In particular, the hydrodynamic evolution and collision of twin SNRs during their self-similar stage has been simulated using a two-dimensional Lagrangian hydrocode. In addition, the results of a detailed simulation that attempts to set the adequate conditions to reproduce the same phenomenon through laser ablation of two plastic plugs at the laboratory scale are presented. These results indicate that both large-scale and small-scale simulations display several common features that can be used to design an experiment aimed to validate the hydrodynamical codes. Of particular interest are the structures found around the juncture of the two colliding shells produced by the interaction of the remnants.
Luminescence dynamics and waveguide applications of europium doped gallium nitride powder
Authors: Poitras Carl B. , Wu Huaqiang , Turner Amy C. , Spencer Michael G. , Lipson Michal
Published: September 2006

The authors present time resolved photoluminescence studies of the 621nm emission of Eu doped GaN in the form of a powder. The authors also show light guiding on chip using SiON waveguides in conjunction with the GaN powder. The Eu luminescence shows two distinct temperature dependent behaviors of the lifetime when excited above the GaN band gap, one at 185K and one at 104K, with corresponding activation energies of 16 and 9meV, respectively.
Direct observation of waveguide formation in KGd(WO4)2 by low dose H+ ion implantation
Authors: Merchant C. A. , Aitchison J. S. , Garcia-Blanco S. , Hnatovsky C. , Taylor R. S. , Agulló-Rueda F. , Kellock A. J. , Baglin J. E. E.
Published: September 2006

In this letter, a direct measurement of a refractive index change in potassium gadolinium tungstate (KGW) created by a low-dose ion implantation of 1MeV hydrogen ions is reported. The characterization was performed using both microreflectivity and Raman spectroscopy measurements. The microreflectivity results show both negative and positive changes in refractive index in the damage region when measuring refractive index along different polarization axes. Micro-Raman spectroscopy analysis shows preservation of the Raman characteristics of KGW in the nondamaged crystal regions. These results show that ion implantation in KGW has a great potential for fabricating waveguide structures in Raman-based photonic devices.
New approach for the study of linear Vlasov stability of inhomogeneous systems
Authors: Camporeale Enrico , Delzanno Gian Luca , Lapenta Giovanni , Daughton William
Published: September 2006

This paper presents an alternative technique for solving the linearized Vlasov-Maxwell set of equations, in which the velocity dependence of the perturbed distribution function is described by means of an infinite series of orthogonal functions, chosen as Hermite polynomials. The orthogonality properties of such functions allow us to decompose the Vlasov equation into a set of infinite coupled linear equations. With a suitable truncation relation, the problem is transformed in an eigenvalue problem. This technique is based on solid but easy concepts, not attempting to evaluate the integration over the unperturbed trajectories and can be applied to any equilibrium. Although the solutions are approximate, because they neglect contributions of higher order coefficients of the series, the physical meaning of the low-order coefficients is clear. Furthermore the accuracy of the solution, which depends on the number of terms taken into account in the Hermite series, appears to be merely a problem of computational power. The method has been tested for a 1D Harris equilibrium, known to give rise to several instabilities like tearing, drift kink, and lower hybrid. The results are shown in agreement with those obtained by Daughton with a traditional technique based on the integration over unperturbed orbits.
Quenching of Er(III) luminescence by ligand C–H vibrations: Implications for the use of erbium complexes in telecommunications
Authors: Winkless L. , Tan R. H. C. , Zheng Y. , Motevalli M. , Wyatt P. B. , Gillin W. P.
Published: September 2006

The authors have quantified the quenching of the luminescence lifetime of Er3+ ions in organic complexes due to the presence of CH vibrational oscillators as a function of their distance from the ion. They have shown that any hydrogen atoms within a sphere of at least 20Å from an erbium ion will cause sufficient quenching to prohibit its use in telecommunications applications.
Metastable MgH2 phase predicted by first principles calculations
Authors: Song Y. , Guo Z. X.
Published: September 2006

Mg H 2 is a promising compound for hydrogen storage. Its relatively high stability has been the main obstacle for practical applications. Here, the authors report a first principles prediction of a metastable phase of MgH2. The predicted phase is characterized by tetragonal symmetry (I41∕amd, group 141) with the lattice parameters a=0.3813nm and c=0.9416nm and meets all the mechanical stability criteria. Its heat of formation is −58.03kJ∕molH2, which is much less negative than that of the α-MgH2 phase (−76kJ∕molH2). Hence, the tetragonal structure is more desirable than the α-MgH2 for practical hydrogen storage applications.
High-performance metal-semiconductor-metal deep-ultraviolet photodetectors based on homoepitaxial diamond thin film
Authors: Liao Meiyong , Koide Yasuo
Published: September 2006

The authors report on the high-performance metal-semiconductor-metal planar photoconductors based on unintentionally doped homoepitaxial diamond thin films. The photoconductors exhibit a discrimination ratio up to 108 between 210nm and visible light. The spectral responsivity at 220nm is about 6A∕W biased at 3V, corresponding to a photoconductivity gain of 33. Time-resolved photoresponse measurements using a pulsed 193nm laser show that the response time is smaller than the pulse width of 10ns.
Thermal expansion of liquid Ti–6Al–4V measured by electrostatic levitation
Authors: Li John J. Z. , Johnson William L. , Rhim Won-Kyu
Published: September 2006

The liquid density of Ti–6Al–4V was measured over a temperature range from 1661to1997K that included undercooling by as much as 280K. The sample was levitated in an electrostatic levitator and video imaging technique was used to capture the volume changes as a function of temperature. Over the temperature range the liquid density can be expressed by ρliq(T)=4123−0.254 (T−Tm)kg∕m3, where the melting temperature Tm is 1943K. The corresponding volume expansion coefficient is αliq=6.05×10−5K−1 near Tm.
Application of ferromagnetic nanowires to interfacial microrheology
Authors: Anguelouch A. , Leheny R. L. , Reich D. H.
Published: September 2006

Experiments are reported to characterize the viscous drag on Ni wires of diameter of 350nm and lengths of 5μm<L<30μm confined to the air interface of glycerol/water mixtures upon which very thin (30–150nm thick) silicone oil films are deposited. The sensitivity of the observed drag to the film viscosity demonstrates the utility of the wires as highly sensitive probes of interfacial shear rheology. The dependence of the drag on wire length is analyzed in terms of recent theoretical predictions for the hydrodynamic drag on an anisotropic particle confined to an interfacial film.
Organic light-emitting device on a scanning probe cantilever
Authors: An Kwang H. , O’Connor Brendan , Pipe Kevin P. , Zhao Yiying , Shtein Max
Published: September 2006

Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) were fabricated on scanning probe cantilevers using a combination of thermally evaporated molecular organic compounds and metallic electrodes. Ion beam milling was used to define the emissive region in the shape of a ring having a diameter of less than 5μm and a narrow width. Stable light emission was observed from the device at forward bias, with a current-voltage response similar to that of archetypal OLEDs. Based on this device, a novel electrically pumped scanning optical microscopy tool is suggested.
Electric conductivity of boron nitride thin films enhanced by in situ doping of zinc
Authors: Nose K. , Oba H. , Yoshida T.
Published: September 2006

The authors demonstrate that the electric conductivities of cubic and hexagonal boron nitride (c-BN and h-BN) thin films increased markedly by the in situ doping of zinc. The doped films were electrically semiconducting, and conductivities at room temperature increased from 10−8to10−2Ω−1cm−1 with increasing zinc concentration from 400to20000ppm. Activation energies for electric conduction (Ec) of c-BN decreased from 0.3to0.1eV with increasing zinc concentration, suggesting feasible shallow-level doping. On the other hand, h-BN thin films showed approximately 0.1eV higher Ec than those of c-BN’s, due to the formation of defective B–B bonds.
Thermally activated carrier transfer among CdTe∕ZnTe self-organized quantum dots
Authors: Tackeuchi Atsushi , Miyata Shogo , Sugawa Seiji , Kusunoki Koji , Kim Tae Whan , Kim Jae-Ho , Lee Hong Seok , Park Hong Lee
Published: September 2006

Carrier transfer among CdTe∕ZnTe self-organized quantum dots (QDs) was studied using time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The authors have confirmed that carriers in the high energy ground states of small QDs transfer to the lower-energy ground states of larger QDs even at 10K. The energy dependence of PL decay time changes uniquely with increasing temperature. They have found that the change in the energy dependence of PL decay time can be explained by thermally activated carrier transfer.
Pollen viability in Kunzea pomifera (Myrtaceae) as influenced by sucrose concentration and storage
Authors: Page T. , Moore G. M. , Will J. , Halloran G. M.
Published: September 2006

In vitro germination of freshly collected pollen was examined for five genotypes of Kunzea pomifera in liquid media with 5% and 10% sucrose. There were no significant differences in germination level between the different sucrose concentrations for each of the genotypes. Pollen-germination levels were significantly different among genotypes, ranging from 7 to 89%. Pollen of one genotype, stored for 12 months at 4°C and 10% relative humidity, was evaluated for germination at intervals over this period, and while significant differences in the levels of pollen germination after different storage periods were found, there was no correlation between germination percentage and storage time. Pollen of the K. pomifera accession Kmt1 stored under such conditions for 370 days was used in controlled pollination with accession Kmt2, resulting in 3.4 seeds per fruit, which was significantly fewer than the 17.2 seeds per fruit when using fresh pollen.
Embryology of Macroptilium arenarium (Leguminosae)
Authors: Gotelli M. , Galati B. , Hoc P.
Published: September 2006

Macroptilium arenarium (Bacigalupo) S.I.Drewes & R.A.Palacios produces two floral morphs, aerial chasmogamous flowers and cleistogamous flowers in geophyte racemes. A comparative study of the sporogenesis, gametogenesis and the development of the related sporophytic structures in both floral morphs is reported. The anther is tetrasporangiate, its wall consists of epidermis, endothecium, one or two middle layers and an uninucleate secretory tapetum. The mature endothecium presents fibrilar thickenings that are more developed in cleistogamous flowers. Pollen grains are tricolporate, angulaperturate, and are shed at bicellular stage. The ovule is crassinucelate, bitegmic and anacampylotropous. Megaspore tetrads with linear arrangement have been observed in chasmogamous flowers, whereas only megaspore dyads have been found in cleistogamous flowers. In both floral morphs the chalazal megaspore develops into an embryo sac of Polygonum type. Apomixis is considered as a possible replacement for sexual reproduction in cleistogamous flowers.
A study of the reproductive biology of blue-flowered Conospermum species (Proteaceae)
Authors: Stone Lynley M. , Seaton Kevin A. , Byrne Margaret , McComb Jen A.
Published: September 2006

Blue-flowered Conospermum species are endemic to Western Australia, and are highly sought after in the horticulture industry. Aspects of the reproductive biology of several species were investigated. The paniculate inflorescences of Conospermum eatoniae E.Pritz. contain 6–10 florets; however, the uppermost two or three florets never open and only the basal one or two florets in an inflorescence set seed. When insect pollinators are excluded, flowers do not self-pollinate and set seed. Stigma receptivity occurred for up to 6 days following triggering of the style and was variable between C. eatoniae, C. amoenum Meisn. subsp. amoenum, C. caeruleum R.Br. and C. brownii Meisn. Hand-pollination with 10 pollen genotypes and two maternal C. eatoniae parents showed that although pollen tubes were observed in the style, no seed was set. Genetic analysis of open-set seed progeny showed that C. eatoniae outcrossed infrequently when grown in clonal rows in a plantation, but outcrossing was common in wild plants. This study demonstrates that the reproductive biology of blue-flowered Conospermum is complex and requires further investigation if the species are to be widely cultivated for horticulture.
Optimising smoke treatments for jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest rehabilitation
Authors: Norman Melanie A. , Plummer Julie A. , Koch John M. , Mullins Greg R.
Published: September 2006

Alcoa is undertaking rehabilitation in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata D.Don ex Sm.) forest of Western Australia, following bauxite mining. One of the methods used in the rehabilitation program is broadcasting seeds; however, about two-thirds of species require seed-dormancy-breaking treatments. Smoke overcomes dormancy and enhances the germination of many jarrah forest species. Smoke-application methods were investigated to find the best seed treatment for 64 jarrah forest species. The optimum duration of seed imbibition in aqueous smoke and dilution of the aqueous smoke product were also investigated. The method of smoke application was important. Smoke water enhanced the germination of 12% of species, whereas aerosol smoke enhanced the germination of 6% of species. Both Grevillea pilulifera (Lindl.) Druce and Velleia trinervis Labill. had germination enhanced by both smoke-application methods. Aerosol smoke inhibited the germination of Clematis pubescens Endl. and Hypocalymma angustifolium (Endl.) Schauer. A total of 78% of species did not exhibit significantly enhanced germination when smoke treated, including the two species inhibited by smoke treatment. Germination was equivalent following 1- and 12-h imbibition in the aqueous smoke extract. Dilutions of the aqueous extract Regen 2000 Smokemaster from 1 to 3% were optimal for the germination of Marianthus bicolor (Putt.) F.Muell and Stylidium amoenum R.Br., even after subsequent washing with water, demonstrating the irreversible nature of smoke treatments. For species that did not exhibit smoke-enhanced germination, other dormancy-breaking treatments may be required before a response to smoke is elicited. These results have application to a wide variety of natural managed lands, disturbed and designed landscapes.
Getting trees on farms the easy way? Lessons from a model of eucalypt regeneration on pastures
Authors: Vesk Peter A. , Dorrough Josh W.
Published: September 2006

Substantial revegetation is required across much of Australian agricultural landscapes. Managers need to minimise the risks of failure and costs associated with revegetation. Whereas ‘natural regeneration’ of eucalypts is relatively cheap compared with direct seeding or planting tubes, natural regeneration in grazed lands occurs infrequently and under limited circumstances. Management needs to understand the situations in which natural regeneration is most likely to occur and what actions can improve the chances of regeneration. We used a rule- and stage-based model of eucalypt regeneration focusing on events between seed supply and sapling escape to synthesise current knowledge and learn how to improve the success rate of natural regeneration of eucalypts. The model used deterministic rules but with stochastic rainfall, and fire was applied stochastically as well as deterministically. Results from simulations suggested that low-productivity pastures have greater likelihood of supporting saplings than do high-productivity pastures. Fire and grazing can increase the chances of subsequent germination and early seedling survival, particularly in high-productivity pastures. As a result, management actions, such as fire and strategic grazing, can improve the probability of sapling establishment in a high-productivity pasture; however, frequency and timing of management actions are important. The following three sources of uncertainty appear crucial: first, variability in rainfall; second, uncertainty about rainfall effects on stage transitions; and third, variability in seed supply. These uncertainties can overwhelm improvements to the chances of regeneration owing to management interventions. Because rainfall and seed supply have overwhelming effects on the process of regeneration, they limit the ability of managers to influence the outcomes and this makes investment in natural regeneration inherently risky. Thus, better data are needed on the effect of rainfall on stage transitions and on spatial and temporal variation in seed supply. This would aid managers to estimate the likelihood of success of regeneration, and make decisions about if, when and where to invest in natural regeneration and what actions to implement.
Codon-usage bias versus gene conversion in the evolution of yeast duplicate genes
Authors: Lin Yeong-Shin , Byrnes Jake K. , Hwang Jenn-Kang , Li Wen-Hsiung
Published: September 2006

Many
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
duplicate genes that were derived from an ancient whole-genome duplication (WGD) unexpectedly show a small synonymous divergence (
K
S
), a higher sequence similarity to each other than to orthologues in
Saccharomyces bayanus
, or slow evolution compared with the orthologue in
Kluyveromyces waltii
, a non-WGD species. This decelerated evolution was attributed to gene conversion between duplicates. Using ≈300 WGD gene pairs in four species and their orthologues in non-WGD species, we show that codon-usage bias and protein-sequence conservation are two important causes for decelerated evolution of duplicate genes, whereas gene conversion is effective only in the presence of strong codon-usage bias or protein-sequence conservation. Furthermore, we find that change in mutation pattern or in tDNA copy number changed codon-usage bias and increased the
K
S
distance between
K. waltii
and
S. cerevisiae
. Intriguingly, some proteins showed fast evolution before the radiation of WGD species but little or no sequence divergence between orthologues and paralogues thereafter, indicating that functional conservation after the radiation may also be responsible for decelerated evolution in duplicates.
From Nationalism to Nation-Building: Latvian Politics and Minority Policy
Authors: Galbreath David J.
Published: September 2006

With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent independence of Latvia, a minority group became a majority and a majority group became a minority. This has been the situation for Latvians and Russians after August 1991. The Baltic States led the way towards first autonomy and then independence. The nationalist movement in the Latvian SSR was primarily aminoritynationalist movement. Why do minorities mobilise? Gurr finds that minorities rebel for two reasons: relative deprivation and group mobilisation. Relative deprivation answers the question ofwhyand it characterizes the status of the Latvian language and culture vis-à-vis that of Russia during the Soviet period. While relative deprivation has come under considerable criticism because of its inability to explainwhena group will mobilise, the notion can be found in the nationalist rhetoric before and since the restoration of Latvian independence. Group mobilisation goes further in explainingwhenminorities may assert political claims. Considered in terms of changes in the political opportunity structure, the changing politics ofglasnostallowed the nationalist movements to mobilise in the Baltic States.
“The Unspoilt Nature of German Ethnicity”: Immigration and Integration of “Ethnic Germans” in the German Empire and the Weimar Republic
Authors: Oltmer Jochen
Published: September 2006

In 1950, in the aftermath of the Second World War and after flight and expulsion had come to an end, there were about four million Germans still living in East, East Central and Southeast Europe. Between 1950 and 1975, a total of about 800,000Aussiedler(immigrants who are recognised by the German authorities as being of German descent) passed through the West German border transit camps, and 616,000 more arrived between 1976 and 1987. Then, with the opening of the Iron Curtain, mass immigration ofAussiedlerbegan. Against the background of glasnost and perestroika in the USSR, their numbers increased rapidly from 1987 onwards. During the next nearly two decades, three millionAussiedlerentered the Federal Republic of Germany. In all, more than four million migrants of officially recognised German descent migrated into Germany during the second half of the twentieth century.
Ethnicity as Social Rank: Governance, Law, and Empire in Muscovite Russia
Authors: Romaniello Matthew
Published: September 2006

Most European early-modern states transitioned from composite monarchies into centralized ones. Essentially, composite monarchies were “more than one country under the sovereignty of one ruler.” As Moscow expanded and acquired the surrounding principalities either by inheritance or force, its grand princes enacted a series of legal and administrative reforms to dissolve the differences among its territories and create a centralized monarchy. These political reforms began under Ivan III, who instituted a standardization of Muscovite legal practice and formalized a defined system of social precedence,mestnichestvo, which accorded high rank to his newly acquired provincial elites within the Muscovite social system. Change could not happen overnight, and further legal reforms by Ivan IV, in addition to new religious reforms to eradicate differences of practice among his subjects, centralized the Grand Prince's political and religious authority.
“Model Province”: Explaining the Holocaust of Bessarabian and Bukovinian Jewry
Authors: Solonari Vladimir
Published: September 2006

Romanian war-time policy towards Jews presents a paradox. In the summer and fall of 1941 Romanian military and police were killing the Jews of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina indiscriminately. In late fall of the same year, those Jews who survived the first wave of killings were forcibly deported further to the east—this time not only from Bessarabia and the northern part of Bukovina but from the whole of the latter's province. In the late fall of 1941, Jews from Odessa were once again murdered en masse and any survivors deported from the city. At this time, i.e. in the summer and fall of 1941, Romanian policy was at least as radical and brutal as the Germans', perhaps surpassing it in its brutality, a fact that elicited Hitler's delight and commendation. But then Romanian policy underwent a gradual but more and more pronounced change. Though Romanian authorities took part in the preparations for the deportation of Romanian Jews to the Nazi concentration camps in the summer and early fall 1942, in October of that year the Romanians abruptly terminated their participation in all preparations. In 1943 and 1944 the Romanian government even took measures to protect Romanian Jewish citizens residing in the German-ruled territories by demanding that those Jews were exempt from deportation to concentration camps and facilitated Jewish emigration to Palestine from Romania. Inside Romania, Jews were still heavily discriminated against, exposed to various vexations and harsh confiscatory taxation, but the majority of them survived the war.
Myo1c Binds Phosphoinositides through a Putative Pleckstrin Homology Domain
Authors: Hokanson David E. , Laakso Joseph M. , Lin Tianming , Sept David , Ostap E. Michael
Published: September 2006

Myo1c is a member of the myosin superfamily that binds phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), links the actin cytoskeleton to cellular membranes and plays roles in mechano-signal transduction and membrane trafficking. We located and characterized two distinct membrane binding sites within the regulatory and tail domains of this myosin. By sequence, secondary structure, and ab initio computational analyses, we identified a phosphoinositide binding site in the tail to be a putative pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. Point mutations of residues known to be essential for polyphosphoinositide binding in previously characterized PH domains inhibit myo1c binding to PIP2in vitro, disrupt in vivo membrane binding, and disrupt cellular localization. The extended sequence of this binding site is conserved within other myosin-I isoforms, suggesting they contain this putative PH domain. We also characterized a previously identified membrane binding site within the IQ motifs in the regulatory domain. This region is not phosphoinositide specific, but it binds anionic phospholipids in a calcium-dependent manner. However, this site is not essential for in vivo membrane binding.
A method for the non-destructive analysis of gradients of mechanical stresses by X-ray diffraction measurements at fixed penetration/information depths
Authors: Kumar A. , Welzel U. , Mittemeijer E. J.
Published: September 2006

A rigorous measurement strategy for (X-ray) diffraction stress measurements at fixed penetration/information depths has been developed. Thereby errors caused by lack of penetration-depth control in traditional (X-ray) diffraction (sin2ψ) measurements have been annulled. The range of accessible penetration/information depths and experimental aspects have been discussed. As a practical example, the depth gradient of the state of residual stress in a sputter-deposited nickel layer of 2 µm thickness has been investigated by diffraction stress measurements with uncontrolled penetration/information depth and two controlled penetration/information depths corresponding to about one quarter and one tenth of the layer thickness, respectively. The decrease of the planar tensile stress in the direction towards the surface could be well established quantitatively.
A novel optimization-based pole-figure inversion method: comparison with WIMV and maximum entropy methods
Authors: Bernier Joel V. , Miller Matthew P. , Boyce Donald E.
Published: September 2006

An optimization-based method for pole-figure (PF) inversion that utilizes the orientation distribution function (ODF) gradient for conditional control of the solution is presented. The novel PF inversion method, coined the hybrid {\cal H}^1-seminorm minimization (HHSM), is empirically shown to be versatile, general and robust in the presence of simulated experimental errors. Finite elements (FE) and Rodrigues space are used for the representation and parameterization of the orientation space throughout. The versatility of the FE representation is significantly enhanced from previous implementations by introducing a method for obtaining discrete approximations to spherical harmonic modes from the local FE basis functions. A comparative study with similar implementations of the basic WIMV algorithm and the maximum entropy method is undertaken using several model ODFs of varying sharpness and symmetry. Randomly distributed noise is added to the synthetic PFs to simulate experimental errors and assess the stability of each method. Solution consistency is assessed by inverting two sets of measured PFs, one complete, one incomplete, using several meshes on the orientation space with an increasing number of degrees of freedom. The HHSM method is shown to compare favorably in tests with both the WIMV method and the maximum entropy method.
WCEN: a computer program for initial processing of fiber diffraction patterns
Authors: Bian Wen , Wang Hong , McCullough Ian , Stubbs Gerald
Published: September 2006

Processing of fiber diffraction patterns is generally more difficult than for single-crystal patterns, and requires different algorithms and software. The programWCENhas been developed to determine experimental and specimen parameters and to convert diffraction data from detector to reciprocal space, and offers a variety of input and output formats, running under Mac OS X and Linux. The program is described and examples from oriented sols of filamentous plant viruses, illustrating different strategies for parameter determination and refinement, are given.
ELLSTAT: shape modeling for solution small-angle scattering of proteins and protein complexes with automated statistical characterization
Authors: Heller William T.
Published: September 2006

A method is presented for constructing one- and two-ellipsoid, core-shell-ellipsoid, cylinder and ellipsoid-plus-cylinder models from small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering data that calculates statistics on the resulting structural parameters. The method, implemented in the softwareELLSTAT, is capable of simultaneously fitting against several data sets and calculates averages, standard deviations and coefficients of linear correlation between the structural parameters of the resulting models. In this way, an improved understanding of the extent of the variability in and the interdependency between the model parameters that fit the input scattering data is developed, thereby providing a measure of the uniqueness of the models.
Location of Mn sites in ferromagnetic Ga1−xMnxAs studied by means of X-ray diffuse scattering holography
Authors: Kopecký M. , Kub J. , Busetto E. , Lausi A. , Cukr M. , Novák V. , Olejník K. , Wright J. P. , Fábry J.
Published: September 2006

A three-dimensional image of the local neighbourhood of Mn atoms in a Ga1−xMnxAs (x= 0.02) layer has been obtained by using X-ray diffuse scattering holography. The first and second nearest neighbours of the Mn atoms correspond to the local structure around Ga atoms in the zinc-blende GaAs structure. Accordingly, the Mn atoms are situated in substitutional positions.
Oxygen and glucose consumption in gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas: Correlation with markers of hypoxia, acidity and anaerobic glycolysis
Authors: Koukourakis Michael I. , Pitiakoudis Michael , Giatromanolaki Alexandra , Tsarouha Alexandra , Polychronidis Alexandros , Sivridis Efthimios , Simopoulos Costantinos
Published: September 2006

This study gives an insight into tumor metabolic activity by investigating oxygen and glucose content, together with their metabolic products carbon dioxide and acids‐pH, in the arterial and venous blood of a tumor. Nineteen patients with gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas undergoing surgery were studied. Biochemical analysis showed that in a large subgroup of tumors, oxygen consumption was reduced while that of glucose was increased in malignant, as compared to normal tissues; these features were more evident in tumors overexpressing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH‐5) and hypoxia inducible factors (HIF1α/2α). An increase in carbon dioxide production in the tumor environment was linked with overexpression of carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9). The simultaneous overexpression of CA9 and LDH‐5 was related to very low pH levels in the veins draining the tumor, suggesting an intense acidification of the tumor microenvironment in such cases. These in vivo data confirm the importance of HIFs and their downstream regulated genes in tumor metabolism, particularly in glycolysis and carbon dioxide buffering. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 1056 –1060)
Lack of enhancement of susceptibility to mammary and thyroid carcinogenesis in rats exposed to DMBA and DHPN following prepubertal iodine deficiency
Authors: Cho Young‐Man , Imai Toshio , Hasumura Mai , Hirose Masao
Published: September 2006

Epidemiologic and experimental studies suggest that iodine deficiency increases the risk of mammary as well as thyroid cancers, but susceptibility to tumor development when this occurs during the prepubertal stage is not completely understood. In the present study, we therefore evaluated this question in F344 rats. Dams during the lactation period and their weaned offspring until postnatal week 7 were fed an iodine‐free diet. Female offspring were then given 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA, 50 mg/kg body weight) by gavage for mammary tumor induction in week 7. Both the male and female rats were given free access to drinking water containing N‐bis(2‐hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN), (0.1 and 0.2% for male and female rats, respectively) for wide spectrum tumor induction in organs, including the thyroid gland, from weeks 7–11. All offspring were killed at week 50 for histopathological examination. The iodine deficiency had no significant influence on incidences and/or multiplicities of mammary and thyroid tumors. Furthermore, tumor induction in the liver, kidney, lung, esophagus and urinary bladder was not affected in either sex. The present results thus indicate a lack of influence of iodine deficiency condition early in life on subsequent carcinogenic susceptibility. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 1031–1036)
Different outcome of allogeneic transplantation in myelofibrosis using conventional or reduced‐intensity conditioning regimens
Authors: Merup Mats , Lazarevic Vladimir , Nahi Hareth , Andreasson Björn , Malm Claes , Nilsson Lars , Brune Mats , LeBlanc Katarina , Kutti Jack , Birgegård Gunnar ,   the Swedish Group for Myeloproliferative Disorders
Published: September 2006

Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains the only curative treatment of myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM). Previous reports have indicated significant treatment‐related mortality (TRM) for patients transplanted after myeloablative conditioning but superior survival has been reported after reduced‐intensity conditioning (RIC). We report the results of a survey of all allogeneic transplantations for MMM performed in Sweden at six transplant units between 1982 and 2004. Twenty‐seven patients were transplanted; 17 with a myeloablative conditioning regimen and 10 with RIC. The median age was 50 years (5–63 years) at transplantation. After a median follow up of 55 months, 20 patients are alive. TRM was 10% in the RIC group and 30% in the myeloablative group. There was no difference in survival for high or low‐risk patients according to Cervantes score or between sibling and unrelated donor transplantations.