bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guanosine 5′‐O‐Thiotriphosphate and Sodium Fluoride Activate Polyphosphoinositide Hydrolysis in Rat Cortical Membranes by Distinct Mechanisms
Authors: Li Peter P. , Sibony David , Warsh Jerry J.
Published: October 2006

NaF and guanosine 5′‐O‐thiotriphosphate [GTP(S)] stimulated the accumulation of [3H]inositol monophosphate ([3H]lnsP) in rat brain cortical membranes, with half‐maximal stimulation at 2 mM and 1 μM, respectively. Calcium also increased basal [3H]lnsP formation over a range of concentrations from 10‐7 to 10‐4M. The stimulatory effect of GTP(S) (30 μM) on [3H]InsP production was insensitive to Ca2+, whereas NaF‐evoked [3H]InsP formation was dependent on Ca2+ concentrations. Guanosine 5′‐O‐thiodiphosphate significantly attenuated GTP(S)‐ but not NaF‐stimulated [3H]InsP production. Coincubation of GTP(S) (30 μM) and submaximal concentrations of NaF (1 or 3 mM) stimulated [3H]InsP formation to a degree that was nearly additive with that produced by either drug alone. However, the resultant accumulation of [3H]InsP in the presence of maximally effective concentrations of GTP(S) and NaF was not different from that produced by NaF alone. Incubation of cortical membranes with GTP(S) and NaF for 1 min stimulated the accumulation of [3H]inositol bisphosphate (InsP2) but not [3H]InsP. [3H]InsP2 production elicited by GTP(S) was markedly enhanced by the muscarinic cholinergic agonist carbachol. In contrast, NaF‐stimulated [3H]InsP2 formation was not potentiated by carbachol. Our findings of different characteristics of GTP(S) and fluoride activation of polyphosphoinositide (PPI) hydrolysis suggest that separate regulatory mechanisms are involved in these two modes of stimulation in brain membranes. Activation of PPI hydrolysis by fluoride may be mediated by a direct stimulation of PPI phosphodiesterase or by activating a putative guanine nucleotide regulatory protein at a location distinct from the GTP‐binding site.
Drosophila
Egg Chambers Develop to Mature Eggs When Cultured in Vivo
Authors: Srdic Z. , Jacobs-Lorena Marcelo
Published: October 2006

Egg chambers were injected into the abdomen of adult
Drosophila
. When cultured in this manner, even the earliest detectable developmental stage developed into fully mature eggs. Both isolated egg chambers and those still associated with ovarian structures developed equally well. Maturation occurred within host flies of both sexes in the absence of any hormone treatment.
Maintenance of the Blood Level of Penicillin After Intramuscular Injection
Authors: Parkins William M. , Wiley Marjorie , Chandy Jacob , Zintel Harold A.
Published: October 2006

Blood concentrations of penicillin were maintained at measurable levels for as long as seven or eight hours following single intramuscular injections of penicillin in the dog and in patients by means of vehicles containing 6 per cent. to 20 per cent. ossein gelatin and a long-acting vasoconstrictor drug.

Intramuscular administration of penicillin can thus be carried on with three instead of eight injections per day with less variation in the extremes of penicillin blood levels.
On the Nature of Refractoriness of Certain Gram-Negative Bacilli to Penicillin
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory
Published: October 2006

The susceptibility of certain strains of
E. coli
and Salmonella is significantly greater in synthetic medium than in meat infusion broth. Casein hydrolysate, asparagine, glutamic acid to a lesser degree, and possibly some other aminoacids partially antagonize the effect of penicillin upon
E. coli
in synthetic medium. The antagonism of casein hydrolysate and asparagine can be removed in greater part by methionine. The observations suggest that the refractoriness of Gram-negative bacilli to penicillin is at least to some extent extrinsic in nature.
The Germicidal Efficiency of Emulsept and of Chlorine in Washing Dirty Eggs
Authors: Penniston Virginia J. , Hedrick Leslie R.
Published: October 2006

The percentages of microorganisms killed with emulsept in these experiments for the same series of eggs are many times greater than the percentages of those killed when 100 ppm active chlorine was used. Experiments are in progress on other phases of this problem.
A Colorimetric Method for the Micro-Determination of 2,2, Bis(P-Chlorophenyl) 1,1,1 Trichlorethane (DDT)
Authors: Stiff Henry A. , Castillo Julio C.
Published: October 2006

A colorimetric method for the micro-determination of 2,2 bis(p-chlorophenyl) 1,1,1 trichlorethane (DDT) is presented. The test is based on the discovery that when DDT is heated in an anhydrous pyridine solution containing xanthydrol and solid potassium hydroxide a red color develops, which under proper conditions is proportional to the amount of DDT present.

The reaction is sensitive to as little as 10 gammas of DDT. It will detect small differences in concentration within the range of 10 to 200 gammas. The test is relatively simple and can be run in a comparatively short time.
Poliomyelitis Virus in Fly-Contaminated Food Collected at an Epidemic
Authors: Ward Robert , Melnick Joseph L. , Horstmann Dorothy M.
Published: October 2006

Poliomyelitis virus has been detected in food exposed to flies at homes of poliomyelitis patients within an epidemic area. This was achieved by feeding such exposed food to chimpanzees which developed subclinical infections or asymptomatic carrier states ascertained by positive stool tests in rhesus monkeys.
Oral Administration of Penicillin in Corn Oil and Lanolin
Authors: Perlstein D. , Kluener R. G. , Liebmann A. J. , Dorrell I.
Published: October 2006

Oral administration of penicillin suspended in equal parts of corn oil and lanolin extends the maintenance of the penicillin level in the system (as determined by urine bio-assay). Measurable quantities were found 24 to 42 hours after ingestion.

Recovery of the penicillin is about five times higher than under administration in saline solution.

We wish to express our sincere appreciation to the various members of our staff who volunteered as subjects for these experiments.
The
in Vitro
Protection of Penicillin from Inactivation by Penicillinase
Authors: Perlstein David , Liebmann Alfred J.
Published: October 2006

(1) A combination of penicillin and immune plasma protein has been obtained which possesses bacteriostatic activity.

(2) The presence of the penicillinase immune plasma protein in this mixture protects penicillin
in vitro
from destruction by penicillinase.
Susceptibility of the Young White Mouse (
Mus musculus
) to Experimental Leptospirosis
Authors: Stavitsky Abram B. , Green Robert G.
Published: October 2006

The failure of even special methods to induce infection indicates that not all strains of young white laboratory mice (
Mus musculus
) are uniformly susceptible to fatal infection with
Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae.
Some strains of this species develop early pathological changes characteristic of the infection and harbor the organism in their kidneys, but do not succumb. Therefore not all strains of white mice are suitable for use in the diagnostic mouse protection test for leptospirosis described by Larson.
Relationships of Lymphocytes and Cancer
Authors: Kelsall Margaret A.
Published: October 2006

Lymphocytes are present in metastases of mammary carcinomas, in tissues containing the mammary tumor inciter and at neoplastic foci caused by irritation. Unbalance of sex hormones stimulates lymphoblastic tissue and increases tumor incidence. Inanition and radiation reduce the number of circulating lymphocytes and also the growth and occurrence of tumors. The nucleus of the lymphocyte is considered to be a possible factor causing a disturbance of the nucleoproteins.
Effect of Methionine Supplements on Hepatic Injury Produced by Carbon Tetrachloride
Authors: Drill Victor A. , Loomis Ted A.
Published: October 2006

At the present time the experimental evidence demonstrates that supplements of methionine will decrease the degree of liver damage produced by toxic agents in protein-depleted animals. In animals receiving a normal protein intake of 20-per cent or 41-per cent casein, methionine supplements did not decrease the degree of hepatic damage produced by carbon tetrachloride as judged by serum phosphatase values or bromsulphalein retention.
The Effect of B-Pyracin and the
Lactobacillus casei
Factor Upon Hemoglobin Regeneration Following Hemorrhage
Authors: Scott M. L. , Norris L. C. , Heuser G. F.
Published: October 2006

In severe experimental hemorrhagic anemia in hens, the injection of β-pyracin and
Lactobacillus casei
factor, alone and in combination, was found to hasten the regeneration of hemoglobin. When these factors were administered together, however, the rise in hemoglobin was much more rapid and the level reached was higher than in the lots administered the factors alone.

The hemoglobin levels in the control lots rose above the "pre-bleeding" values and then began an almost immediate decline to approximately the original level. In the lots receiving β-pyracin and
Lactobacillus casei
factor, alone or in combination, the hemoglobin levels also rose above the "pre-bleeding" values but were maintained for some time after injections were discontinued before declining to the original values.
Some Physical and Biologic Properties of Subtilin and Other Antibiotics
Authors: Anderson Hamilton H. , Villela Gilberto G. , Hansen Eder Lindsay , Reed Racheal K.
Published: October 2006

Subtilin, a new antibiotic obtained from
B. subtilis
, proved active
in vitro
against
L. plantarum
,
E. histolytica
and its associated bacterium 't', and
T. equiperdum
without causing immediate hemolysis of erythrocytes. Subtilin is tensioactive, and amounts required for antibiotic effect are within the range of surface tension activity. It was relatively nontoxic for four species of mammals, especially after intragastric administration. Gramicidin is more hemolytic and more toxic than subtilin.
The Age Factor in Adaptability of a Sarcoma Virus to Other Animal Species
Authors: Duran-Reynals F.
Published: October 2006

The age of the chicken in which the Rous sarcoma is grown has an influence on the variation and subsequent adaptation of the causative virus to ducks. Adaptation is relatively easy to accomplish when the tumor has been grown in adult chickens several months of age. It has never been accomplished when the tumor has been grown in chicks and only occasionally when it has been grown in old chickens.
A Useful Selective Bactericidal Property of Tergitol-7
Authors: Pollard Arthur L.
Published: October 2006

Starch tryptone agar containing 1 : 20,000 Tergitol-7 was successfully sterilized in the Arnold by one 30-minute heating period. Decreasing the concentration to 1 : 30,000 resulted in 4 per cent failures.

A concentration of 1 : 20,000 in the cold killed spores of
B. mycoides
and an unidentified heat-resistant bacillus but failed to kill spores of
B. subtilis.

Concentrations of 1 : 30,000 permitted growth after sterilization of all species of Streptomyces which were tested, while concentrations of 1 : 20,000 permitted growth of all species but one.

Concentrations of 1 : 20,000 did not inhibit the growth of selected species of
Penicillium
and
Aspergillus
or of
Staph. aureus.

Concentrations as high as 1 : 10,000 did not inhibit the growth of
E. coli.
Influence of Anesthesia on Experimental Western Equine Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Sulkin S. Edward , Goth Andres , Zarafonetis Christine
Published: October 2006

Anesthesia, by ether, is effective in the treatment of western equine encephalomyelitis in mice. Of mice treated with deep ether anesthesia soon after the intracerebral injection of western equine virus, only 58 per cent developed the disease as compared with 92.4 per cent of control animals. When anesthesia was delayed the approximate length of the incubation period, 60 per cent of the animals developed the disease as compared with 92.4 per cent of the controls. In addition, ether anesthesia delays the development of central nervous system symptoms not only when administered soon after the injection of the virus but also when administered after the disease has progressed far enough to cause objective signs of encephalitis.
Urinary Recovery of Penicillin After Oral Administration With Antacids and Buffers
Authors: Golden Milton J. , Neumeier Franz M.
Published: October 2006

Combinations of sodium bicarbonate, colloidal kaolin, magnesium trisilicate, and bismuth subcarbonate with penicillin produce a higher penicillin titer in the urine than the various antacids and buffers recommended for oral penicillin therapy.
Sexual Behavior: Extreme Reduction of Postejaculatory Refractory Period by Midbrain Lesions in Male Rats
Authors: Barfield R. J. , Wilson Catherine , McDonald P. G.
Published: October 2006

The refractory period that characteristically follows ejaculation was abolished or significantly reduced by rostral midbrain lesions in male rats. The postejaculatory vocalization was also abolished or reduced, but other aspects of copulatory performance were unaffected. The results were attributed to disruption of biogenic amine pathways that pass from the ventral part of the rostral midbrain into the posterior hypothalamus.
Sudden Extinction of the Dinosaurs: Latest Cretaceous, Upper Great Plains, USA
Authors: Sheehan Peter M. , Fastovsky David E. , Hoffmann Raymond G. , Berghaus Claudia B. , Gabriel Diane L.
Published: October 2006

Results of a three-year field study of family-level patterns of ecological diversity of dinosaurs in the Hell Creek Formation of Montana and North Dakota show no evidence (probability
P
< 0.05) of a gradual decline of dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous. Stratigraphic reliability was maintained through a tripartite division of the Hell Creek, and preservational biases were corrected for by comparison of results only from similar facies as well as through the use of large-scale, statistically rigorous survey and collection procedures. The findings are in agreement with an abrupt extinction event such as one caused by an asteroid impact.
The Dark Side of Venus: Near-Infrared Images and Spectra from the Anglo-Australian Observatory
Authors: Crisp D. , Allen D. A. , Grinspoon D. H. , Pollack J. B.
Published: October 2006

Near-infrared images and spectra of the night side of Venus taken at the Anglo-Australian Telescope during February 1990 reveal four new thermal emission windows at 1.10, 1.18, 1.27, and 1.31 micrometers (μm), in addition to the previously discovered windows at 1.74 and 2.3 μm. Images of the Venus night side show similar bright and dark markings in all windows, but their contrast is much lower at short wavelengths. The 1.27-μm window includes a bright, high-altitude O
2
airglow feature in addition to a thermal contribution from the deep atmosphere. Simulations of the 1.27- and 2.3-μm spectra indicate water vapor mixing ratios near 40 ± 20 parts per million by volume between the surface and the cloud base. No large horizontal gradients in the water vapor mixing ratios were detected at these altitudes.
Solar Control of the Upper Atmosphere of Triton
Authors: Lyons James R. , Yung Yuk L. , Allen Mark
Published: October 2006

If the upper atmosphere and ionosphere of Triton are controlled by precipitation of electrons from Neptune's magnetosphere as previously proposed, Triton could have the only ionosphere in the solar system not controlled by solar radiation. However, a new model of Triton's atmosphere, in which only solar radiation is present, predicts a large column of carbon atoms. With an assumed, but reasonable, rate of charge transfer between N
2
+
and C, a peak C
+
abundance results that is close to the peak electron densities measured by Voyager in Triton's ionosphere. These results suggest that Triton's upper atmospheric chemistry may thus be solar-controlled. Measurement of key reaction rate constants, currently unknown or highly uncertain at Triton's low temperatures, would help to clarify the chemical and physical processes occurring in Triton's atmosphere.
Origin of the Tetrapod Limb
Authors: Gunter Gordon
Published: October 2006

The paired fins of fishes were first used as props and supports for resting on the bottom; these were later used in a clumsy, walking manner, and this behavior perforce began first in the water, because the weak props could not support the animals without the water bouyancy; increased perfection of the mechanics of walking took place in the shallows; which was a refuge from the chief predators; the land was also attractive as a haven and as a source of food; the first vertebrate invaders of land probably had fins, and these became legs by enlargement of the fin base and loss of fin rays; these original limbs and girdles were weak and probably underwent a considerable period of evolution in swampy country; later they were perfected by further selection when it became necessary for early amphibians to move across dry land because of a failing local water supply.

This syllogism conforms to the known behavior and capabilities of fishes and amphibians and to the general facts of zoology and paleontology. It suggests that common, continuous activities and stresses—escape from enemies and food getting—led to the origin of the tetrapod limb. This obviates the necessity for explaining how discontinuous and somewhat catastrophic events, such as the drying up of water bodies, could have led to the origin of limbs, which at the very outset had to be fairly strong.

The general theory stated here is fairly clearly implied by Berry, who said, "Those fishy pioneers with air-bladders—and paired fins—which, after ages of using their fins for pushing and paddling themselves over mud flats, gradually ventured onto drier and drier ground—where they avoided the competition for food—and the dangers of swarming hordes of ganoid pirates of the waters, were the ancestors of the amphibians."
Makisterone A: A 28-Carbon Hexahydroxy Molting Hormone from the Embryo of the Milkweed Bug
Authors: Kaplanis J. N. , Dutky S. R. , Robbins W. E. , Thompson M. J. , Lindquist E. L. , Horn D. H. S. , Galbraith M. N.
Published: October 2006

Makisterone A is the predominant ecdysone in the 96 ± 4-hour-old embryo of the large milkweed bug and it is the first molting hormone with a C-24 alkyl substituent on the side chain to be isolated and identified from an insect. In addition, unknown compounds that may represent other C
28
ecdysones were detected in very low concentrations. The milkweed bug could well possess a biosynthetic-metabolic pathway for C
28
molting hormones instead of or in addition to known pathways for the C
27
ecdysones.
Vibrational Spectroscopy of Chemisorbed Fatty Acids with Inelastic Electron Tunneling
Authors: Cass Donald A. , Strauss Herbert L. , Hansma Paul K.
Published: October 2006

We have measured and assigned the inelastic tunneling spectra of hexanoic acid chemisorbed onto an oxidized aluminum film. We present evidence for gauche-trans as well as all-trans conformers in the monolayer and evidence in support of a recent theory of tunneling intensities.
Induced Transfer of Higher Plant Chloroplasts into Fungal Protoplasts
Authors: Vasil I. K. , Giles K. L.
Published: October 2006

Chloroplasts isolated from spinach leaves have been transferred in large numbers into protoplasts of
Neurospora crassa
with the help of polyethylene glycol. The chloroplasts show high photosynthetic activity—at least until the time of uptake—and the protoplasts continue to show active cytoplasmic streaming after chloroplast uptake.
Radioactivity of People and Milk: 1957
Authors: Anderson Ernest C.
Published: October 2006

The routine determination of cesium-137 and potassium-40 content of over 2200 samples was accomplished through utilization of one-fifth of the potential capacity of the Los Alamos human counter. Little change in the cesium-137 concentration in people was observed from 1956 to 1957, in spite of the increase in both the rate and the integrated levels of fallout. The correlation of levels in human beings with cesium levels in milk indicates a discrimination factor of 1.8 in this step of the ecological transfer. Precipitation is shown to be an important factor determining the cesium content of milk, but the lack of complete correlation indicates that a more detailed analysis is necessary. Contamination of the troposphere during periods of weapon testing complicates the interpretation, as do seasonal variations.
Phosphorescence Spectra and Analyses of Some Indole Derivatives
Authors: Freed Simon , Salmre William
Published: October 2006

Phosphorescence spectra of solutions frozen and at low temperatures (77°K) possess more characteristic structure and detail than fluorescence spectra. They contain no background due to scattering of the exciting radiation. Thus greater analytical specificity and sensitivity are obtained. Some indole derivatives indistinguishable by spectrofluorimetry are easily differentiated by spectrophosphorimetry.
On Evaporation from Wind-Swept Surfaces
Authors: Mysels Karol J.
Published: October 2006

Evaporation is analyzed in terms of resistances and driving forces for the coupled flows of vapor and heat. The conditions and assumptions under which all resistances can be determined independently are discussed, and preliminary experiments are reported. The effect of a monomolecular layer upon the transport of vapor is thus measured on a wind-swept surface, and its effect upon heat transport in the water is indicated.
Sterility in Female Guinea Pigs Induced by Injection with Testis
Authors: Isojima Shinzo , Graham Ruth M. , Graham John B.
Published: October 2006

Adult virgin female guinea pigs were injected with an emulsion of homologous adult testis and Freund's adjuvant before exposure to males. The fertility of this group was only 24 percent while the fertility of the control group was 84 percent. The testis-injected guinea pigs had also a high titer of antibodies against testis.
Alginase in the Sea Urchin
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Authors: Eppley Richard W. , Lasker Reuben
Published: October 2006

Viscosimetric evidence of alginase activity is given for the intestine and the intestinal contents of a sea urchin. The alginase activity of the gut wall and that of the contents of the gut differ in
p
H optima; this suggests that there may be two sources of alginase. The enzyme (or enzymes) depolymerizes algin.
Predaceous Feeding in Two Common Gooseneck Barnacles
Authors: Howard Galen Kent , Scott Henry C.
Published: October 2006

Lepas anatifera
and
Mitella polymerus
, while relatively unselective omnivores, behave at times like predatory macrophagous carnivores. Observations suggest a greater range of food size for gooseneck barnacles than is generally suspected and clearly indicate that large organisms, when available, are effectively captured and handled.
Drug Metabolism in the Newborn Rabbit
Authors: Fouts James R. , Adamson Richard H.
Published: October 2006

A number of drugs that are metabolized through the action of enzymes present in liver microsomes in the adult rabbit are not metabolized in livers of newborn rabbits. The development of metabolic pathways during a period of 4 weeks is presented. Evidence is given for the presence in livers of baby rabbits of inhibitors of some of these drug-enzyme systems.
Partitioning of Body Water in Sea Lamprey
Authors: Thorson Thomas B.
Published: October 2006

Measurements were made of the partitioning of total body water in the sea lamprey,
Petromyzon marinus
, between intracellular and extracellular compartments and the division of the latter into interstitial fluid and plasma. The apportionment of body water in agnathans is very similar to that in elasmobranchs, and both of these primitive groups differ from what is known of the more advanced teleosts.
Paramyosin and Contraction of "Catch Muscles"
Authors: Johnson William H. , Kahn Joseph S. , Szent-Györgyi Andrew G.
Published: October 2006

The isotonic shortening of glycerol-extracted preparations of molluscan catch muscles is inhibited at
p
H's and ionic strengths at which extracted paramyosin crystallizes. The isometric tension development is hardly altered under the same conditions. Consequently, the "catch mechanism" is explained on the basis of the crystallization of paramyosin.
Microbial Fermentation in Certain Mammals
Authors: Hungate R. E. , Phillips G. D. , McGregor A. , Hungate D. P. , Buechner H. K.
Published: October 2006

The fermentation in the caecum and large intestine of ruminants is negligible compared with that in the rumen. In small ruminants the rate per unit contents is faster than in large ones, due to faster turnover. The cellulolytic bacteria of several ruminants are similar but differ in nutritional requirements.
Rejection of the "Flying Primate" Hypothesis by Phylogenetic Evidence from the ε-globin Gene
Authors: Bailey Wendy J. , Slightom Jerry L. , Goodman Morris
Published: October 2006

Whether the bat suborder Megachiroptera (megabats) is most closely related to the other suborder of bats, Microchiroptera (microbats), or whether Megachiroptera is the sister group of order Primates has been an issue of much debate. Should all bats be classified into a monophyletic order (Chiroptera) or do bats have diphyletic origins, and are the megabats actually "flying primates"? These questions were addressed by phylogenetic analysis of ε-globin gene sequences from a number of primates and other eutherian mammals. Results of parsimony analysis not only support bat monophyly, but the strength of Chiroptera grouping is comparable to that supporting the monophyly of the prosimian primate suborder Strepsirhini (galago and lemur). Furthermore, 39 derived nucleotide sequence changes are uniquely shared by the megabat (
Cynopterus sphinx
) and microbat (
Megaderma lyra
) versus three commonly shared by the megabat, primates, and Dermoptera or flying lemur (
Cynocephalus variegatus
), and only two shared by either megabat and primates, or by megabat and flying lemur.
Electron Transfer and Absorption Spectra of Complexes
Authors: Ainsworth Stanley , Rabinowitch Eugene
Published: October 2006

Occurrence of light saturation in the reaction of thionine (T) with Fe
2+
suggests the existence of T ⋅ Fe
2+
complexes practically indistinguishable by their absorption spectra from free thionine; photoreduction seems to occur by electron transfer in such complexes, delayed by more than 10
-5
second after light absorption. Both phenomena must be of general significance.
Demonstration of the Influence of Stimulus and Response Categories upon Difference Limens
Authors: Notterman J. M. , Cicala G. A. , Page D. E.
Published: October 2006

Representative types of stimulus and response categories were used with the same subjects in determining the difference threshold for visual velocity discrimination. The observed interaction between these variables and difference limens was pronounced.
Immunological Differentiation of Epididymal and Seminal Spermatozoa of the Rabbit
Authors: Weil Alfred J.
Published: October 2006

Rabbit spermatozoa from the epididymis lack the antigenic material present on seminal spermatozoa, which these latter cells have in common with the seminal plasma. This observation provides further support for the indirect evidence, obtained previously, that antigenic material is taken up by the spermatozoa from the seminal plasma.
Encapsulation of Proteins in Transparent Porous Silicate Glasses Prepared by the Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Ellerby Lisa M. , Nishida Clinton R. , Nishida Fumito , Yamanaka Stacey A. , Dunn Bruce , Valentine Joan Selverstone , Zink Jeffrey I.
Published: October 2006

Novel sol-gel synthetic techniques were used to immobilize copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), cytochrome c, and myoglobin (Mb) by encapsulation in stable, optically transparent, porous silica glass matrices under mild conditions such that the biomolecules retained their characteristic reactivities and spectroscopic properties. The resulting glasses allowed transport of small molecules into and out of the glasses at reasonable rates but nevertheless retained the protein molecules within their pores. Chemical reactions of the immobilized proteins could be monitored by means of changes in their visible absorption spectra. Silica glasses containing the immobilized proteins were observed to have similar reactivities and spectroscopic properties to those found for the proteins in solution. For example, encapsulated CuZnSOD was demetallated and remetallated, encapsulated ferricytochrome c was reduced and then reoxidized, and encapsulated met Mb was reduced to deoxy Mb and then reacted either with dioxygen to make oxy Mb or with carbon monoxide to make carbonyl Mb.
Isolation, Identification, and Synthesis of the Sex Attractant of Gypsy Moth
Authors: Jacobson Martin , Beroza Morton , Jones William A.
Published: October 2006

The extremely potent sex attractant of the female gypsy moth has been isolated in pure form and identified as dextrorotatory 10-acetoxy-1-hydroxy-
cis
-7-hexadecene. The
dl
-form of the attractant has been synthesized.
Impaired Spatial Learning in α-Calcium-Calmodulin Kinase II Mutant Mice
Authors: Silva Alcino J. , Paylor Richard , Wehner Jeanne M. , Tonegawa Susumu
Published: October 2006

Although long-term potentiation (LTP) has been studied as the mechanism for hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, evidence for this hypothesis is still incomplete. The mice with a mutation in the α-calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II (α-CaMKII), a synaptic protein enriched in the hippocampus, are appropriate for addressing this issue because the hippocampus of these mice is deficient in LTP but maintains intact postsynaptic mechanisms. These mutant mice exhibit specific learning impairments, an indication that α-CaMKII has a prominent role in spatial learning, but that it is not essential for some types of non-spatial learning. The data considerably strengthen the contention that the synaptic changes exhibited in LTP are the basis for spatial memory.
The Cloning of a Family of Genes That Encode the Melanocortin Receptors
Authors: Mountjoy Kathleen G. , Robbins Linda S. , Mortrud Marty T. , Cone Roger D.
Published: October 2006

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) regulate pigmentation and adrenal cortical function, respectively. These peptides also have a variety of biological activities in other areas, including the brain, the pituitary, and the immune system. A complete understanding of the biological activities of these hormones requires the isolation and characterization of their corresponding receptors. The murine and human MSH receptors (MSH-Rs) and a human ACTH receptor (ACTH-R) were cloned. These receptors define a subfamily of receptors coupled to guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that may include the cannabinoid receptor.
Variation of Enhancement of Photosynthesis with Conditions of Algal Growth
Authors: McLeod G. C.
Published: October 2006

The Emerson effect was observed as an enhancement of photosynthesis in long-wavelength red light when beams of shorter wavelength were added. Two light beams of wavelengths 650 and 694 mμ, respectively, when presented together, gave a photosynthetic rate higher than the sum of the rates obtained separately. The amount of enhancement of photosynthesis depends upon the growth conditions of algal cells, and specifically on their phosphate metabolism.
Simple Method for Measuring Heart Vector of Isolated Animal Hearts
Authors: Nelson C. V.
Published: October 2006

The spatial dipole moment of a perfused animal heart suspended at the center of a fluid-filled sphere can be found in magnitude and direction to a good approximation by three sets of bipolar measurements. The method has been applied in finding the vectorcardiograms of turtle and rabbit hearts.
Possible Mode of Antidepressive Action of Imipramine
Authors: Stein Larry , Seifter Joseph
Published: October 2006

Imipramine augmented and prolonged methamphetamine-induced increases in the rate of responding of rats working for "rewarding" hypothalamic and midbrain stimulation. In contrast, chlorpromazine antagonized the effects of methamphetamine on self-stimulation. These opposite psychopharmacological effects are consistent with the different clinical effects of these drugs and suggest a mechanism for the antidepressive action of imipramine.
Some Characteristics of a Thermophilic Blue-Green Alga
Authors: Dyer Denzel L. , Gafford Robert D.
Published: October 2006

An alga identified as
Synechococcus lividus
has an exponential growth rate of nine doublings per day at 52°C with illumination of 1500 foot-candles. It uses nitrate or urea as a nitrogen source and does not use acetate or glucose. It seems a promising organism for atmospheric regeneration in sealed cabins.
Absence of the Diego Antigen, a Genetic Characteristic of Early Immigrants to South America
Authors: Layrisse M. , Wilbert J.
Published: October 2006

The Diego blood group is an exclusive Mongoloid gene marker, although it is not present in all Mongoloid populations. The absence of the gene in Waica Indians and its very low frequencies in Warrau and Yaruro Indians of South America suggest that it represents a genetic characteristic of Marginal American Indians. Since Marginal Indians are considered to be early comers to the New World, we suggest that Diego-negative populations were the first to arrive and to extend throughout South America, while the Diego-positive tribes came later.
Toxohormone-like Factor from Microorganisms with Impaired Respiration
Authors: Callao V. , Montoya E.
Published: October 2006

A substance that significantly depresses liver catalase values when injected into mice has been isolated from biochemical mutants of yeasts and staphylococci with impaired respiration. This is considered as an important argument in support of the Warburg hypothesis on the origin of cancer cells.
All-or-None versus Incremental Learning of Errorless Shock Escapes by the Rat
Authors: Coppock H. W. , Freund J. E.
Published: October 2006

Investigation showed that in a two-choice correction procedure the probability of an errorless response in those rats which have consistently made errors is not constant, as required by the all-or-none model, but increases with trials. Even an all-or-none model which provides for accidental error and accidental success is inadequate.
Action of 1,1,Dichloro-2-
p
-chlorophenyl-2-
o
-chlorophenylethane on Dog Adrenal Cortex
Authors: Cazorla Alberto , Moncloa Federico
Published: October 2006

A single intravenous injection of
op'
DDD (1,1,dichloro-2-
p
-chlorophenyl-2-
o
-chlorophenylethane) has an acute effect on the adrenal cortex of the dog. Within 2 hours after intravenous injection of the drug, there is a decrease in the in vitro response of the adrenal cortex to stimulation by adrenocorticotrophic hormone and an inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. The inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity might explain the effect of
op'
DDD on corticosteroid production.
Dating of Fossil Bones by the Fluorine Method
Authors: McConnell Duncan
Published: October 2006

In the light of the discussion presented here, we may conclude that fluorine dating is subject to many uncertainties. While the geochemical and geological uncertainties have been recognized, numerous crystal-chemical concepts concerning the nature of the carbonate-apatite minerals have been almost completely disregarded.
Reflexive Selection: A Possible Answer to an Old Puzzle
Authors: Moment Gairdner B.
Published: October 2006

With the color vision and learning abilities of birds and teleosts now proved, it appears possible that the hitherto puzzling massive variation in color and pattern of certain species, distributed through at least five phyla, is not the result of the mere free play of mutation but represents a protective variation and is the product of what may be called reflexive selection.
Dilute Locus and Audiogenic Seizures in Mice
Authors: Huff Sally D. , Huff Ronald L.
Published: October 2006

Evidence which indicates a positive relationship between susceptibility to audiogenic seizure and dilute coat color in mice is presented, and a possible mechanism for this relationship is discussed.
Overexpression of a Transporter Gene in a Multidrug-Resistant Human Lung Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Cole S. P. C. , Bhardwaj G. , Gerlach J. H. , Mackie J. E. , Grant C. E. , Almquist K. C. , Stewart A. J. , Kurz E. U. , Duncan A. M. V. , Deeley R. G.
Published: October 2006

The doxorubicin-selected lung cancer cell line H69AR is resistant to many chemotherapeutic agents. However, like most tumor samples from individuals with this disease, it does not overexpress P-glycoprotein, a transmembrane transport protein that is dependent on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and is associated with multidrug resistance. Complementary DNA (cDNA) clones corresponding to messenger RNAs (mRNAs) overexpressed in H69AR cells were isolated. One cDNA hybridized to an mRNA of 7.8 to 8.2 kilobases that was 100- to 200-fold more expressed in H69AR cells relative to drug-sensitive parental H69 cells. Overexpression was associated with amplification of the cognate gene located on chromosome 16 at band p13.1. Reversion to drug sensitivity was associated with loss of gene amplification and a marked decrease in mRNA expression. The mRNA encodes a member of the ATP-binding cassette transmembrane transporter superfamily.
Kerogen in the Chattanooga Shale
Authors: Breger Irving A. , Brown Andrew
Published: October 2006

The Chattanooga shale contains insoluble organic matter (kerogen) derived from terrestrial (humic) and from marine (sapropelic) sources. Kerogen from sapropelic sources contains more hydrogen than kerogen from humic sources. Thus the hydrogen content of the sapropelic contribution, and of the kerogen, increases toward that part of a shale most likely to be a source bed for petroleum. Uranium in the shale is derived from the adjoining land mass.
Determination of the Mixing Ratios of Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide in the Stratosphere
Authors: Rohrbough S. F.
Published: October 2006

Values for water vapor mixing ratio (0.32 g/kg) and carbon dioxide content (0.030 percent by volume) were measured at 119,300 feet and are compared with values obtained by others at lower altitudes.
Biosynthesis of Coumarin and Herniarin in Lavender
Authors: Brown Stewart A.
Published: October 2006

Coumarin and herniarin are formed in lavender from labeled
o
- and
p
-coumaric acids, respectively. At least part of the herniarin exists in lavender as a glycoside, presumably a 4-methoxycoumarinic acid glycoside, which yields free herniarin on hydrolysis. Biosynthesis of herniarin by successive
para
- and
ortho
- hydroxylation of cinnamic acid is indicated.
Effects of Early Perceptual Restriction on Simple Visual Discrimination
Authors: Melzack Ronald
Published: October 2006

Dogs were raised from infancy to maturity in lighted cages that restricted their visual experience but did not deprive them of all patterned stimulation. After they were released from their cages, they had greater difficulty than normally reared littermates in performing a simple black-white discrimination and in subsequent reversal training.
Changes in Permeability Induced by Victorin
Authors: Wheeler Harry , Black Homer S.
Published: October 2006

When susceptible oat tissues were treated with victorin, the toxin produced by the fungus
Helminthosporium victoriae
, and suspended and shaken in water, they lost electrolytes much more rapidly than untreated controls. Similar results were obtained with susceptible plants infected with
H. victoriae
but not with victorin-treated or inoculated, resistant plants. These results provide further evidence of the specificity of victorin and its ability to produce all the symptoms of Victoria blight of oats. They also suggest that changes in permeability, by affecting the salt balance of cells, may play a role in the augmented respiration characteristic of diseased plants.
Determination of the Tropospheric Residence Time of Lead-210
Authors: Fry L. M. , Menon K. K.
Published: October 2006

The ratios of bismuth-210 to lead-210 in rain samples were used to calculate tropospheric residence time for lead-210. The value of about 6 days thus obtained agrees closely with the average interval between two rainfalls.
Induction of Broadly Cross-Reactive Cytotoxic T Cells Recognizing an HIV-1 Envelope Determinant
Authors: Takahashi Hidemi , Nakagawa Yohko , Pendleton Charles D. , Houghten Richard A. , Yokomuro Kozo , Germain Ronald N. , Berzofsky Jay A.
Published: October 2006

An immunodominant determinant for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) exists in the hypervariable portion of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) gp160. Three mouse CTL lines (specific for isolates MN, RF, and IIIB) were examined for recognition of homologous determinants from distinct isolates. Only MN-elicited CTLs showed extensive interisolate cross-reactivity. Residue 325 played a critical role in specificity, with MN-elicited CTLs responding to peptides with an aromatic or cyclic residue and IIIB-induced cells recognizing peptides with an aliphatic residue at this position. CTL populations with broad specificities were generated by restimulation of IIIB-gp160 primed cells with MN-type peptides that have an aliphatic substitution at 325. This represents an approach to synthetic vaccines that can generate broadly cross-reactive CTLs capable of effector function against a wide range of HIV isolates.
A Drowned Miocene Terrace in the Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Menard H. W. , Allison E. C. , Durham J. W.
Published: October 2006

A highly fossiliferous sample dredged in September 1961 from a submerged terrace at a depth of 500 to 520 meters off Honolulu contains a reef fauna suggesting deposition at depths of 10 meters or less. The corals and pelagic foraminifers indicate a probable Miocene age. The Hawaiian rise was in existence prior to that time, and the submarine terrace and associated reef were subsequently submerged to their present position.
Regulation of Dynein-Driven Microtubule Sliding by the Radial Spokes in Flagella
Authors: Smith Elizabeth F. , Sale Winfield S.
Published: October 2006

The regulation of microtubule sliding in flagellar axonemes was studied with the use of
Chlamydomonas
mutants and in vitro assays. Microtubule sliding velocities were diminished in axonemes from mutant cells missing radial spoke structures but could be restored upon reconstitution with dynein from axonemes with wild-type radial spokes. These experiments demonstrate that the radial spokes activate dynein's microtubule sliding activity.
Giant Muscle Fibers in a Barnacle,
Balanus nubilus
Darwin
Authors: Hoyle Graham , Smyth Thomas
Published: October 2006

Cross-striated muscle fibers of very large size have been found in the scutal-tergal adductor and depressor muscles of the large barnacle
B. nubilus
. Adductor muscle fibers are up to 2 mm thick. They are innervated by separate nerves, each supplying one end, but not the central region, with terminals; each fiber receives two or three excitor axons. Depressor muscle fibers are up to 1.4 mm thick and receive multiterminal innervation along their entire length; they are innervated by two excitor axons. Postsynaptic potentials are of small or large size and lead to small or large twitches; they do not show facilitation. The muscle fibers shorten to as little as one-sixth resting length.
Signal Detection in the Rat
Authors: Hack Martin H.
Published: October 2006

An auditory detection experiment was performed with rats as subjects, and the data were analyzed with a signal detection model. Rats were run at fixed sound pressure levels, and their responses were partitioned so that operating characteristics could be constructed. Measures of detectability, (d
e
)
½
, were calculated from the operating characteristics, and show that (d
e
)
½
is a function of sound pressure levels, rising as these levels rise.
Mariner II: Preliminary Reports on Measurements of Venus: Charged Particles
Authors: Frank L. A. , Van Allen J. A. , Hills H. K.
Published: October 2006

There was a complete absence of charged particles associated with the planet Venus at radial distances as small as 41,000 km on the sunward side of the planet. This result is taken to mean that the magnetosphere of Venus, if any, does not extend to that great a distance. The most plausible interpretation is that (
M
V
/
M
E
) ≤ 0.18, where
M
V
and
M
E
are the dipole magnetic moments of Venus and Earth, respectively. The results are consistent with
M
V
/
M
E
= 0. Certain qualifications prevent this interpretation from being a definitive one.
Hydrogen-Aluminum Clays: A Third Buffer Range Appearing in Potentiometric Titration
Authors: Schwertmann U. , Jackson M. L.
Published: October 2006

Wyoming montmorillonite (bentonite, particles 2 to 0.2 μ in diameter) treated with hydrogen-ion-saturated resin shows, on titration in 1N KNO
3
with NaOH by a continuously recording instrument, a third buffer range between
p
H 5.5 and 7.6 in addition to the first range where exchangeable hydronium is neutralized and the second range where a reaction with exchangeable aluminohexahydronium, Al(OH
2
)
6
3+
, occurs. The third range increases considerably when the hydrogen-ion-saturated clay is aged, and is attributed to basic aluminum compounds formed in the presence of negative charges of montmorillonite, comparable to "third range" buffering noted in aged, partially neutralized aluminum chloride solutions.
In vitro Culture of the Flagellate Protozoan
Hexamita salmonis
Authors: Uzmann J. R. , Hayduk S. Hobbs
Published: October 2006

Trophozoites of
Hexamita salmonis
, asserted pathogen of juvenile salmonid fishes, were isolated from two species of Pacific salmon hosts and cultured repeatedly in an organic medium saturated with nitrogen. Primary isolates and serial subcultures usually exhibited five- to tenfold population increases per passage.
Dating Skeletal Material
Authors: Oakley Kenneth P.
Published: October 2006

A nitrogen test has become ancillary to radiocarbon dating.
Atmospheric Circulation from Fission-Product Radioactivity in Surface Air
Authors: Staley D. O.
Published: October 2006

The β-activity of fission products in surface air are analyzed in a diagram, with latitude and time as coordinates. Spring-season maxima and spread of new debris are readily discerned. Debris from 1961 Soviet testing, traveling by way of the upper troposphere or the stratosphere, arrived at 16° to 35°S more than a month before debris transported through the troposphere. A maximum lateral-diffusion coefficient of about 4 × 105m2sec-1is implied for the tropical troposphere, and a much larger value in middle and high latitudes. Debris in the troposphere from United States testing at 2°N spread mostly into the southern hemisphere.
Albumin Replacement by Fatty Acids in Clonal Growth of Mammalian Cells
Authors: Ham Richard G.
Published: October 2006

Clonal growth of Chinese hamster strain CHD-3 cells in a synthetic nutrient mixture supplemented with 10 micrograms of purified fetuin per milliliter exhibits an apparent requirement for serum albumin. The albumin can be replaced by linoleic acid, which occurs as a tightly bound component of most albumin preparations. Linolenic acid and corn oil can also replace albumin, while oleic acid and esters of linoleic and linolenic acids cannot.
Basalts Dredged from the Northeastern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Engel Celeste G. , Engel A. E. J.
Published: October 2006

Volcanic rocks dredged from seamounts, fault ridges, and other major geological features of the northeast Pacific Ocean include a wide variety of basalts. Most of these are vesicular, porphyritic types with near analogues in the Hawaiian and other oceanic islands. In addition, aluminous basalts and diabasic tholeiites impoverished in potassium also occur. There is no simple correlation of composition, degree of oxidation, vesiculation, or hydration of these basalts with texture, or depth of dredge site. Most samples appear to have been extruded at much shallower depths than those now pertaining at the dredge site. The distribution of these basalts suggests that the andesite line coincides with or lies on the continent side of the foot of the continental slope.