bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rumen fermentation response to a direct-fed xylanase enzyme preparation from Thermomyces lanuginosus in sheep
Authors: Jurkovich V. , Kutasi J. , Fébel Hedvig , Reiczigel J. , Brydl E. , Könyves L. , Rafai P.
Published: August 2006

A study was conducted to obtain data on the effects of a fungal fibrolytic enzyme preparation (Rumino-zyme, with 250 FXU/g xylanase activities) from Thermomyces lanuginosus on some rumen fermentation parameters in sheep. Ruminal fluid samples were taken just before the morning feeding and then 2 h and 4 h after feeding. Xylanase activity, pH, concentration of ammonia and volatile fatty acids were measured. The enzyme supplementation did not affect the pH but increased the xylanase activity and the total VFA concentration of the rumen fluid. The molar proportion of acetate increased, propionate was not affected and butyrate decreased after enzyme administration. The concentration of ammonia also decreased after supplementation with the enzyme product. It can be concluded that the xylanase enzyme preparation from T. lanuginosus induced favourable changes in the major rumen fermentation parameters in sheep.
Repeatability and reproducibility of distraction indices in Pennhip examinations of the hip joint in dogs
Authors: Ginja M. M. D. , Ferreira A. J. A. , Silvestre M. , Gonzalo-Orden J. M. , Llorens-Pena M. P.
Published: August 2006

Repeatability and reproducibility of Distraction Index (DI) measurements in the PennHIP method were evaluated in 100 dogs. The PennHIP distraction views sent to the PennHIP Analysis Center (PAC) were duplicated, digitalised, and identified with a code, and an adequate computer software was used for DI measurements. One examiner performed two DI measurement sessions, evaluating individually 200 hip joints. The scoring repeatability and reproducibility were estimated calculating the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) between the two DI measurement sessions and between the second DI measurement session and the DI in PAC reports, respectively. The ICC for repeatability was 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.96 to 0.98], and the ICC for reproducibility was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.93 to 0.96). The results suggest that the DI measurement method described is repeatable and can reproduce the PAC reports with confidence. Distraction indices measured in different PennHIP studies, using this DI measurement method and performed by trained researchers, can be considered interchangeable.
Dante's Paradiso: Cantos XXIV-XXVI
Authors: Walter Edward L.
Published: August 2006

The xxivth, xxvth and xxvith books of the ‘Paradiso’ consist chiefly of what has always been something of a puzzle to me, the examination of Dante by Peter, James and John, on Faith, Hope and Love. The allegory of the ‘Divina Commedia,’ clear enough in its main outlines, becomes matter for endless discussion as soon as we descend into details, but nowhere else, so far as I have observed, is there any difficulty in interpreting the general significance of so large a body of verse as these three books, if we take the literal sense, or in adapting it to some one theory, if we take the allegorical sense. The fact that I do not find any discussion of this puzzling examination in the Dante literature accessible to me has made me somewhat fearful of committing an offense very common in the study of all masterpieces in all literatures; but I console myself by the reflection, that in the vast number of Dante students who have found difficulties where none existed, I should feel myself in good company.
Notes on Elizabethan Prose
Authors: Garnett James M.
Published: August 2006

The progress of English prose is a subject of great interest, and one that has not as yet been thoroughly treated from the historical point of view. Here, as elsewhere in literary, as well as scientific subjects, the inductive method must be employed, and by selection and comparison the advance made from century to century may be indicated. Any treatment of the subject making the smallest pretension to fullness should begin at least as early as the second half of the fourteenth century, with the prose of Wyclif and his contemporaries, after the native and foreign elements of the language had become so blended into one that what was once foreign was no longer felt to be so. The progress should be traced through the fifteenth century, marked by the names of Mandeville—whose so-called ‘Travels’ has at last found its true historical position,—Pecock, Malory and Caxton, to the first half of the sixteenth century, when prose-writers become more numerous, and the language becomes more flexible and better suited to the purposes of prose, as seen in the writings of Sir Thomas More and his controversial opponent, William Tyndale, Sir Thomas Elyot, whose “Boke called the Governour” is a real land-mark of English prose, Bishop Hugh Latimer, the most forcible and witty preacher of his time, and Roger Ascham, who connects the reigns of Henry VIII and Elizabeth, and who deliberately uses English for his works, although it would have been “more easier” for him to write in Latin.
Italo-Keltisches
Authors: Otto Richard
Published: August 2006

Niemand kann sich verhehlen, dass noch manche Jahre vergehen werden, ehe man über die alte Streitfrage das letzte Wort sprechen kann, d. h. ehe man genau weiss, was wir an den von Macpherson hinterlassenen selbstgeschriebenen gaelischen Texten eigentlich haben. In Deutschland ist seit vielen Jahren das Interesse an diesen Fragen ein sehr geringes, man tröstet sich mit dem Buche des Talvj, ‘Die Unechtheit der Lieder Ossians,’ ohne es mit kritischen Augen zu prüfen; in England dagegen lebt dank diesem Streitobjecte der alte Zwist zwischen Kelten und Sachsen noch fort.
IV. The Stressed Vowels of Ælfric's Homilies, Vol. I.
Authors: Fischer Frank
Published: August 2006

Our knowledge of the phonology of Old English, and more especially of Old English vowels, is as yet comparatively limited. Nor can this afford much occasion for surprise, when we consider how short a time has elapsed since the initial steps were taken in what could justly be considered a scientific treatment of the subject. The phonology of Old English therefore offers a broad field for investigation, and it has been the purpose of the author of this monograph to cover some portion, however small, of the unexplored territory.
Weights in the cohomology of toric varieties
Authors: Weber Andrzej
Published: August 2006

We describe the weight filtration in the cohomology of toric varieties. We present a role of the Frobenius automorphism in an elementary way. We prove that equivariant intersection homology of an arbitrary toric variety is pure. We obtain results concerning Koszul duality: nonequivariant intersection cohomology is equal to the cohomology of the Koszul complexIH
T*(X)⊗H*(T). We also describe the weight filtration inIH
*(X).
Crystallinity Control of a Nanostructured LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Spinel via Polymer‐Assisted Synthesis: A Method for Improving Its Rate Capability and Performance in 5 V Lithium Batteries
Authors: Arrebola J. C. , Caballero A. , Cruz M. , Hernán L. , Morales J. , Castellón E. R.
Published: August 2006

Li–Ni–Mn spinels of nominal composition LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, which are functional materials for electrodes in high‐voltage lithium batteries, are prepared by thermal decomposition of mixed nanocrystalline oxalates obtained by grinding hydrated salts and oxalic acid in the presence of polyethyleneglycol 400. Their structure, microstructure, and texture are established from combined X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), IR spectroscopy, and N2 absorption measurements. The polymer tailors the shape of particles, which adopt a nanorodlike morphology at low temperatures (400 °C). In fact, the nanorods consist of highly distorted oriented nanocrystals connected by a polymer‐based film as inferred from IR and XPS spectra. The electrochemical properties of spinels in this peculiar form are quite poor, mainly as a result of the high microstrain content of their nanocrystals. Raising the temperature up to 800 °C partially destroys the nanorods, which become highly crystalline nanoparticles approximately 80 nm in size. At this temperature, the polymer facilitates crystal growth; this leads to highly crystalline polyhedral nanoparticles as revealed from TEM images and microstrain data. Following functionalization as a cathode in lithium cells, this material exhibits a very good rate capability, coulombic efficiency, and capacity retention even upon cycling at voltages as high as 5 V. Moreover, it withstands fast‐charge–slow‐discharge processes, which is an important cycle‐life‐related property for commercial batteries.
Straightforward Synthesis of a Fluorous Tetraarylporphyrin: an Efficient and Recyclable Sensitizer for Photooxygenation Reactions
Authors: Pozzi Gianluca , Mercs Lászlo , Holczknecht Orsolya , Martimbianco Fabio , Fabris Fabrizio
Published: August 2006

A fluorous tetraarylporphyrin has been prepared in a single reaction step starting from commercially available 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin [TPP(OH)4]. The new compound was successfully employed as a sensitizer in photooxygenation reactions carried out under homogeneous conditions, showing activity comparable to the standard 5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) sensitizer. Photooxygenation reactions were also investigated under fluorous biphasic conditions, yielding somewhat different product distributions. Because of its fluorous nature, the new porphyrin could be easily removed from the homogeneous mixture by liquid‐liquid or solid phase extraction. In the case of fluorous biphasic reactions, the fluorous sensitizer could be recovered by simple phase separation and then reused, maintaining its efficiency at least upon five subsequent runs.
Multiphase Systems for the Recycling of Alkoxycarbonylation Catalysts
Authors: de Pater Jeroen J. M. , Deelman Berth‐Jan , Elsevier Cornelis J. , van Koten Gerard
Published: August 2006

This review evaluates the various multiphasic systems that have been developed for catalyst recycling in the context of alkoxycarbonylation of alkenes and alkynes. Immobilization of the catalyst on an insoluble support, such as silica, alumina, clay or a polymer, as well as immobilization in the inorganic phase of several liquid/liquid biphasic systems (aqueous/organic, ionic liquid/organic, fluorous/organic or supercritical CO2/organic) has been described. In several cases detailed information on the efficiency of catalyst separation and recycling is available. Most of the work was focused on the alkoxycarbonylation reactions of alkenes, for which several efficient methods for catalyst recycling were demonstrated. The recycling of catalyst through specific precipitation from supercritical CO2 or selective dissolution in a fluorous phase, has received only scant attention but offers many opportunities for further improvement.
Water‐Soluble Group 8 and 9 Transition Metal Complexes Containing a Trihydrazinophosphaadamantane Ligand: Catalytic Applications in Isomerization of Allylic Alcohols and Cycloisomerization of (Z)‐Enynols in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Díaz‐Álvarez Alba E. , Crochet Pascale , Zablocka Maria , Duhayon Carine , Cadierno Victorio , Gimeno José , Majoral Jean Pierre
Published: August 2006

An optimized synthesis of the 2,4,10‐trimethyl‐1,2,4,5,7,10‐hexaaza‐3‐phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane ligand (THPA) is described. It readily reacts with the dimers [{RuCl(μ‐Cl)(η6‐arene)}2] and [{MCl(μ‐Cl)(cod)}2] to yield the corresponding mononuclear complexes [RuCl2(THPA)(η6‐arene)] [arene=C6H6 (4a), p‐cymene (4b), 1,3,5‐C6H3Me3 (4c), C6Me6 (4d)] and [MCl(THPA)(cod)] [M=Rh (7a), Ir (7b)], respectively. Treatment of 4a and b with MeOTf affords the cationic derivatives [RuCl2(THPA‐Me)(η6‐arene)][OTf] {arene=C6H6 (5a), p‐cymene (5b); THPA‐Me=1,2,4,10‐tetramethyl‐2,4,5,7,10‐pentaaza‐1‐azonia‐3‐phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane}. The arene‐ruthenium(II) complexes 4a–d and 5a and b are efficient catalysts for the redox isomerization of allylic alcohols into carbonyl compounds in both THF and aqueous media. The catalytic systems can be recycled by a simple extraction process and used in up to 4 consecutive runs. All the water‐soluble complexes prepared in this work are able to promote the cycloisomerization of (Z)‐enynols to afford furans in water, the best performance being obtained with the iridium catalyst 7b. Furthermore, 7b has shown an excellent recyclability (10 runs). This study represents the first example of iridium‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of (Z)‐enynols.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of α‐Oxyamines via Gold‐, Silver‐ and Copper‐Catalyzed, Three‐Component Couplings of α‐Oxyaldehydes, Alkynes, and Amines in Water
Authors: Huang Baosheng , Yao Xiaoquan , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: August 2006

The three‐component couplings of α‐oxyaldehydes, alkynes, and amines in water were investigated by using gold, silver and copper catalysts. Gold(I) was found to be the most effective catalyst in this reaction to afford propargylamines in good yields and moderate diastereoselectivities. On the other hand, silver catalysts show the best catalytic activities on non‐coordinating α‐alkyl‐substituted aldehydes.
Iron(III)–Zirconium(IV) Combined Salt Immobilized on N‐(Polystyrylbutyl)pyridinium Triflylimide as a Reusable Catalyst for a Dehydrative Esterification Reaction
Authors: Nakamura Yuka , Maki Toshikatsu , Wang Xiaowei , Ishihara Kazuaki , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: August 2006

N‐(Polystyrylbutyl)pyridinium triflylimide is prepared by a coupling reaction of commercially available 4‐bromobutyl‐polystyrene with pyridine and a subsequent anion exchange reaction with lithium triflylimide. This new polystyrene‐bound pyridinium salt is useful as a solid support to immobilize a zirconium(IV)–iron(III) binary metal complex, which is a homogeneous catalyst for the dehydrative ester condensation of an equimolar mixture of carboxylic acids and alcohols. The immobilized zirconium(IV)–iron(III) complex is easily recovered by filtration after complete esterification, and is reusable without any loss of activity.
Efficient Recycling in Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions of Aryl Chlorides with Arylboronic Acids using Polymer‐Supported Aryldicyclohexylphosphine
Authors: Glegoła Katarzyna , Framery Eric , Pietrusiewicz K. Michał , Sinou Denis
Published: August 2006

The synthesis of polymer‐supported aryldicyclohexylphosphines has been developed. The catalytic performance of these ligands has been demonstrated in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction of aryl chlorides with arylboronic acids. Concerning the recycling of the catalyst, the ligand based on copolymer polyethylene glycol/polystyrene showed a very high activity which was maintained during 6 runs.
Alkylation of Aldehydes with Trialkylboranes in Water
Authors: Hirano Koji , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro
Published: August 2006

Water enables the alkylation of aldehydes with trialkylboranes under nickel catalysis without the addition of a base. Trialkylboranes prepared from borane‐dimethyl sulfide and terminal olefins via hydroboration as well as commercially available trialkylboranes could be employed for the reaction. The reaction would proceed via η2‐coordinated nickel complexes with aldehydes as the key intermediates.
Cross‐Linked Aggregates of the Hydroxynitrile Lyase from Manihot esculenta: Highly Active and Robust Biocatalysts
Authors: Chmura Andrzej , van der Kraan Geert M. , Kielar Filip , van Langen Luuk M. , van Rantwijk Fred , Sheldon Roger A.
Published: August 2006

The precipitation and cross‐linking into CLEAs of the hydroxynitrile lyase (E.C. 4.1.2.10) from Manihot esculenta was investigated and an optimized procedure, which involved precipitation with (NH4)2SO4, was developed. It was found that a fast (photometric) assay severely underestimated the activity recovery in the CLEA due to rate‐limiting diffusion, whereas in a synthetic assay the activity recovery was up to 93 % of the starting activity. The CLEA was applied in the hydrocyanation of various aldehydes and ketones in microaqueous medium, conditions that rendered the non‐enzymatic background reaction insignificant, even with unreactive substrates.
Maximise Equilibrium Conversion in Biphasic Catalysed Reactions: How to Obtain Reliable Data for Equilibrium Constants?
Authors: Eckstein M. F. , Lembrecht J. , Schumacher J. , Eberhard W. , Spiess A. C. , Peters M. , Roosen C. , Greiner L. , Leitner W. , Kragl U.
Published: August 2006

For the prediction and optimisation of the equilibrium conversion in biphasic catalysed reactions, the equilibrium constant of the desired reaction and the partition coefficients of all reactants have to be known. Within this contribution we have examined the alcohol dehydrogenase‐catalysed reduction of several linear and aromatic ketones in biphasic reaction media with respect to equilibrium conversion. In this example, the equilibrium constant can be expressed in terms of differences in oxidation‐reduction potentials ΔE0. However, for a large variety of organic compounds, these data are quite rare in the literature. To overcome this lack of data, we have utilised methods of computational chemistry to calculate data for the Gibbs free energy ΔGR leading to the equilibrium constants of a homologous series of linear ketones. To obtain comparable data for the reduction of substituted acetophenone derivatives, the Hammett relation leads to the necessary equilibrium constants. Furthermore, we compare the equilibrium conversions of a set of cofactor regeneration methods for the alcohol dehydrogenase‐catalysed reductions. These results lead to a time‐saving experimental design for the enantioselective reduction of 2‐octanone to (R)‐2‐octanol on a preparative scale utilising biphasic reaction conditions.
Water‐Soluble Triphenylphosphane‐3,3′,3′′‐tricarboxylate (m‐TPPTC) Ligand and Methylated Cyclodextrins: A New Combination for Biphasic Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydroformylation of Higher Olefins
Authors: Tilloy Sébastien , Genin Emilie , Hapiot Frédéric , Landy David , Fourmentin Sophie , Genêt Jean‐Pierre , Michelet Véronique , Monflier Eric
Published: August 2006

The methylated cyclodextrins/m‐TPPTC [tris(m‐carboxyphenyl)phosphane trilithium salt] couples proved to be more efficient than the well‐known methylated cyclodextrins/TPPTS [tris(m‐sulfonatophenyl)phosphane trisodium salt] systems in terms of activities and selectivities to perform the Rh‐catalyzed hydroformylation of higher olefins in an aqueous‐organic system. The interactions cyclodextrins/m‐TPPTC have been fully studied by NMR spectroscopy.
Heterogenisation of Acylperrhenate on Mesoporous Materials and its Application in Catalysis
Authors: Veljanovski Draganco , Sakthivel Ayyamperumal , Herrmann Wolfgang A. , Kühn Fritz E.
Published: August 2006

Acylperrhenate is grafted on the surface of mesoporous silicates and aluminiosilicate molecular sieves through available surface silanol and acidic hydroxy groups. The intactness of the mesoporous supports and the nature of the catalytic species is demonstrated by XRD, TEM, FT‐IR, N2 adsorption‐desorption and elemental analysis. The grafted materials are applied for alkene epoxidation. The catalysts are found to be stable against decomposition on the surfaces and to exhibit good catalytic activity. However, during the course of repeated catalytic runs, some leaching associated with subsequent decomposition of the catalyst is observed, reducing the activity of the materials.
Polyglycerol‐Supported Chromium‐Salen as a High‐Loading Dendritic Catalyst for Stereoselective Diels–Alder Reactions
Authors: Hajji Chakib , Roller Sebastian , Beigi Maryam , Liese Andreas , Haag Rainer
Published: August 2006

In this paper we demonstrate the application of hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG) 3 as a polymeric support for asymmetric catalysis. A new polyglycerol‐supported unsymmetrical salen ligand 4 is described, which was successfully purified by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) or by ultrafiltration. After the insertion of the metal, e.g., chromium, the corresponding polymeric chromium complex was used as catalyst for asymmetric Diels–Alder reactions between Danishefsky’s diene and benzaldehyde. The catalytic activities (up to 98 % conversion) and enantioselectivities (up to 78 % ee) were comparable to the original catalyst reported by Jacobsen. The soluble polyglycerol‐supported catalysts were recovered by dialysis after the catalytic reactions and were recycled two times to afford identical reactivities as in the first run, with slightly reduced enantioselectivities. Moreover, this polymeric support catalyst showed a high retention (99.02 %) in a continuously operated membrane reactor.
Immobilization of Osmium Catalysts for Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Olefins
Authors: Kobayashi Shū , Sugiura Masaharu
Published: August 2006

Osmium‐catalyzed asymmetric dihydroxylation provides powerful synthetic routes to optically active vicinal diols from olefins with high enantioselectivity. High catalytic efficiency using only 0.2–1.0 mol % of the osmium catalyst has been attained, and the chiral ligand may be recoverable in large‐scale synthesis by extraction with dilute sulfuric acid. However, in spite of the significant advances in this transformation, high toxicity and volatility of the osmium components as well as possible contamination of toxic osmium species in the products have been obstacles for industrial applications. To address this issue, considerable efforts have been devoted to immobilization of the osmium catalyst. This review summarizes several promising methods for immobilization of the osmium components, especially focusing on solid phase‐supported osmium catalysts for asymmetric dihydroxylation.
Linking Antley–Bixler syndrome and congenital adrenal hyperplasia: A novel case of P450 oxidoreductase deficiency
Authors: Williamson L. , Arlt W. , Shackleton C. , Kelley R.I. , Braddock S.R.
Published: August 2006

The Antley–Bixler syndrome (ABS) is a multiple congenital malformation syndrome with craniosynostosis, radiohumeral synostosis, femoral bowing, choanal atresia or stenosis, joint contractures, urogenital abnormalities and, often, early death. Autosomal recessive and dominant inheritance have been postulated, as has fluconazole teratogenesis. Mutations in POR (P450 (cytochrome) oxidoreductase, an essential electron donor to enzymes participating in cholesterol biosynthesis), have been identified in some patients with the ABS phenotype. Recent evidence suggests that these mutations cause attenuated steroid hydroxylation, which in turn, causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) with ambiguous genitalia in both sexes and glucocorticoid deficiency. Here, we report on a new patient with findings of both ABS and CAH that further illustrates how low maternal estriol at prenatal screening can serve as a marker steroid facilitating early diagnosis. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk of limb deficiency defects associated with NAT1, NAT2, GSTT1, GSTM1, and NOS3 genetic variants, maternal smoking, and vitamin supplement intake
Authors: Carmichael Suzan L. , Shaw Gary M. , Yang Wei , Iovannisci David M. , Lammer Edward
Published: August 2006

Increasing epidemiologic evidence suggests that genetic susceptibilities contribute to birth defects risks, especially in combination with other environmental exposures. This analysis examines the association of risk of limb deficiency defects with infant genotypes for N‐acetyltranferases (NAT1, NAT2), glutathione‐S‐tranferases (GSTT1, GSTM1), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3). The combined effects of infant genotype with maternal smoking and supplement intake were also examined. The authors genotyped 92 cases and 201 non‐malformed controls from a California population‐based case‐control study (1987–1988 birth cohort). Several of the infant genotypes were associated with an at least 1.5‐fold increased risk for limb deficiency defects: homozygosity for the NAT1 1088 and 1095 polymorphisms, heterozygosity and homozygosity for the NOS3 A(−922)G polymorphism, and heterozygosity (but not homozygosity) for the NOS3 G894T polymorphism. The authors hypothesized that the effects of selected variant genotypes in the presence of maternal smoking, or in the absence of supplement intake, may exceed effects of any of these factors alone. A few observations suggested that risks were greatest among infants with variant genotypes, whose mothers also smoked or did not take supplements, but most did not, and risk estimates were imprecise. Further studies exploring genetic susceptibility and combined gene‐environment effects with respect to limb development will be important to continued improvement of our understanding of the etiology of limb anomalies. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High cognitive functioning and behavioral phenotype in Pallister‐Killian syndrome
Authors: Stalker Heather J. , Gray B.A. , Bent‐Williams A. , Zori R.T.
Published: August 2006

Pallister‐Killian syndrome (PKS) is a rare syndrome of multiple congenital anomalies attributable to the presence of a mosaic supernumerary isochromosome 12p. The syndrome presents with a recognizable pattern of findings including: pigmentary skin changes, characteristic facial features (sparse anterior scalp hair, flattened midface, macrostomia, and coarsening of the facial features), and developmental delay. The developmental phenotype of PKS is quite variable, but most are considered to fall into the profound range of developmental retardation. We report on an individual with classical features of PKS with development significantly better than that reported in the literature. Developmental and behavioral testing in this individual alters the range of developmental expectation in PKS, and highlights the need for consideration of chromosomal analysis in individuals with normal or near‐normal intelligence if other physical phenotypic features of PKS are present. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal diagnosis of episodic tachypnea in an infant with OFD VI
Authors: McPherson Elizabeth , Zaleski Christina , Mascola Maria
Published: August 2006

Episodic tachypnea is a typical neonatal presentation of Joubert syndrome, but may also occur in infants with other anomalies of the cerebellar vermis. Even though fetuses at risk for Joubert syndrome are usually closely followed by ultrasound, this respiratory pattern has only once been described prenatally. We describe a patient who presented prenatally with posterior meningocele, Dandy‐Walker cyst, and four limb polydactyly on ultrasound. Amniocentesis showed a normal male karyotype and normal 7DHC. At 31 weeks, episodic fetal tachypnea was noted on ultrasound. The working diagnosis was Joubert syndrome or oro‐facio‐digital syndrome type VI (OFD VI). At birth, in addition to the findings noted prenatally, he had multiple nodules of his tongue, a Y‐shaped metacarpal and micropenis. His respiratory pattern was notable for alternating tachypnea and apnea with respiratory rates up to 200 followed by apnea and bradycardia. Magnetic resonance image showed Dandy‐Walker with massive 4th ventricle, complete absence of the cerebellar vermis, hypoplastic brainstem, and small meningocele. Development is profoundly delayed and he remains ventilator dependent. Both the previously described Joubert patient with prenatally recognized tachypnea, and our patient are atypical for Joubert syndrome since they have polydactyly (which occurs in only 8% of Joubert patients) and hamartomas of the tongue (which occur in 2%). Despite the tongue hamartomas, these patients are not entirely typical for OFD VI, since their polydactyly is postaxial. The observation of prenatal tachypnea in these two patients, but not in typical Joubert patients, suggests they have either a variant of OFD VI or a new Joubert or OFD‐like syndrome. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DHCR7 mutation carrier rates and prevalence of the RSH/Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome: Where are the patients?
Authors: Nowaczyk Małgorzata J.M. , Waye John S. , Douketis James D.
Published: August 2006

RSH/Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz (SLOS) is an inborn error of metabolism with protean manifestations. Its exact incidence and prevalence are not known; however, the carrier rate for the most frequently occurring mutation, the null mutation IVS8‐1G > C, is approximately 1 in 100 for the Caucasian population in North America (1%) and possibly as high as 1 in 50 to 1 in 30 in Central European populations (2–3.3%). Based on the allele frequencies and the proportion of this mutation observed in various patient populations, the expected incidence of RSH/SLOS in those populations was calculated and reported to be between 1 in 1,590 and 1 in 17,000. However, around the world the observed prevalence and incidence are much lower than those calculated from the individual mutation carrier rates observed in any given population. The discrepancy between the expected incidence and prevalence can be explained only in part by the neonatal and infancy deaths of the most severely affected children with RSH/SLOS and the under ascertainment of mild and atypical cases at the mild end of the spectrum. RSH/SLOS may be responsible for a high number of miscarriages. Recent observations estimate the prevalence of SLOS at 16 weeks of gestation as similar to that observed at birth (approximately 1 in 60,000) suggesting that either reduced fertility of carrier couples or losses of affected embryos or fetuses in the first trimester play a significant role in reducing the second trimester prevalence of RSH/SLOS. It is possible that the estimates of carrier rates based on population screening for the most commonly occurring mutations may not reflect the true carrier rates in the population. In order to reconcile the above‐mentioned paradoxes, we propose a model based on a higher than observed carrier frequency of the most common mutation and on very high fetal loss of homozygotes for that mutation. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical experience with array CGH: Case presentations from nine months of practice
Authors: Poss Alexis F. , Goldenberg Paula C. , Rehder Catherine W. , Kearney Hutton M. , Melvin Elizabeth C. , Koeberl Dwight D. , McDonald Marie T.
Published: August 2006

A total of 124 individuals were tested in the initial 9 months that array CGH technology was offered to clinical genetics patients. In 11 of these patients array CGH identified a previously unsuspected diagnosis. A suspected diagnosis was confirmed in three patients. A single case in this series proved to be a polymorphic copy number variant. This paper describes five of the patients with previously unsuspected diagnoses in detail. We suggest that array CGH is an improved tool ready for routine use in clinical genetics. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of Angelman syndrome and Prader–Willi syndrome in Estonian children: Sister syndromes not equally represented
Authors: Õiglane‐Shlik Eve , Talvik Tiina , Žordania Riina , Põder Haide , Kahre Tiina , Raukas Elve , Ilus Tiiu , Tasa Gunnar , Bartsch Oliver , Väisänen Marja‐Leena , Õunap Katrin
Published: August 2006

In 2000–2004, we performed a focused search for individuals with Angelman syndrome (AS) and Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) aiming to establish the prevalence data for the individuals born between 1984 and 2004 in Estonia. All persons with probable AS or PWS (n = 184) were studied using the DNA methylation test. Individuals with abnormal methylation were all further tested by chromosomal and FISH analysis, and if necessary for uniparental disomy and UBE3A gene mutation. Nineteen cases with abnormal methylation test result were identified. Seven of them had AS, including six (85.7%) due to 15q11‐13 deletion and one paternal UPD15. Twelve subjects had PWS: 4 (33%) 15q11‐13 deletions, 6 (50%) maternal UPD15, 1 unbalanced chromosome 14;15 translocation resulting in a chromosome 15pter‐q13 deletion, and 1 Robertsonian 15q;15q translocation. The minimum livebirth prevalence in 1984–2004 for AS was 1:52,181 (95% CI 1:25,326–1:1,29,785) and for PWS 1:30,439 (95% CI 1:17,425–1:58,908). The livebirth prevalence of AS and PWS increased within this period, but the change was statistically significant only for PWS (P = 0.032), from expected 1:88,495 (95% CI 1:24,390–1:3,22,580) to expected 1:12,547 (95% CI 1:540–1:29,154). Six individuals with AS and 11 with PWS were alive on the prevalence day (January 1, 2005), indicating the point prevalence proportion of 1:56,112 (95% CI 1:25,780–1:1,52,899) and 1:30,606 (95% CI 1:17,105–1:61,311), respectively. Our results showing the birth prevalence of AS 1.7 times less than PWS challenge the opinion that both syndromes are equally represented, and are in line with the view that mutations in sperm and oocytes occur at different frequencies. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atrioventricular block and wiry hair in Teebi hypertelorism syndrome
Authors: Han Xiao‐Dong , Cox Vicki , Slavotinek Anne
Published: August 2006

We report on a 4½‐year‐old girl with clinical features of Teebi hypertelorism syndrome (THS), including a prominent forehead with a widow's peak, heavy and broad eyebrows, hypertelorism, long palpebral fissures, ptosis, a thin upper lip, a grooved chin, and a left preauricular cyst. She required a pacemaker for third degree atrioventricular (AV) block, a finding that has not been previously reported in 36 other patients with THS and for which we were unable to identify other causes. We have reviewed the previous reports of THS and note a characteristic facial appearance with hypertelorism, heavy, broad, and arched eyebrows, a thin upper lip with a long and deep philtrum, and a prominent forehead. Structural cardiac defects were present in five patients, implying that cardiac investigations are warranted in patients with a cardiac murmur and a clinical diagnosis of THS. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Titelbild: Toward the Total Synthesis of Spirastrellolide A. Part 1: Strategic Considerations and Preparation of the Southern Domain / Toward the Total Synthesis of Spirastrellolide A. Part 2: Conquest of the Northern Hemisphere (Angew. Chem. 33/2006)
Authors: Fürstner Alois , Fenster Michaël D. B. , Fasching Bernhard , Godbout Cédrickx , Radkowski Karin
Published: August 2006

Der antimitotische Naturstoff Spirastrellolid A hat eine komplizierte Struktur und zeigt beeindruckende biologische Wirkungen. Von dieser Substanz ist vieles noch unbekannt, darunter relative und absolute Konfigurationen und biologische Funktionsweise. In zwei Zuschriften auf S. 5632 und 5636 ff. beschreiben A. Fürstner et al. die Synthese aller vier Bausteine von Spirastrellolid A – erste Schritte hin zu einer Beantwortung der offenen Fragen. (Bild von Zellen während der Mitose: Conley Rieder.)
Catalytic polymerization of phenylacetylene with dimeric [Rh(OMe)(cod)]2 complex in ionic liquids
Authors: Gil Wojciech , Trzeciak Anna M. , Ziółkowski Józef J.
Published: August 2006

Dimeric rhodium(I) complex [Rh(OMe)(cod)]2 was found to be an active catalyst of phenylacetylene polymerization to poly(phenylacetylene) (PPA) in ionic liquids containing imidazolium or pyridinium cations. The highest yield of PPA (92%) was obtained in 1‐butyl‐4‐methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate as reaction medium. The yield of PPA in imidazolium ionic liquids containing BF4− or PF6− anions increased to 83–99% when Et3N or cycloocta‐1,5‐diene were added as co‐catalysts. In 1‐methyl‐3‐octylimidazolium chloride (MOI · Cl) polymerization rate was much lower than in other ionic liquids, although the highest Mw (72 400) was obtained. Spectroscopic studies confirmed that [Rh(OMe)(cod)]2 reacted with MOI · Cl forming new carbene Rh(I) complex, which can participate in the polymerization process. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antibiotic Resistance: Mono‐ and Dinuclear Zinc Complexes as Metallo‐β‐Lactamase Mimics
Authors: Tamilselvi A. , Nethaji Munirathinam , Mugesh G.
Published: August 2006

Biomimetic systems containing one or two zinc(II) ions supported by phenolate ligands were developed as functional mimics of metallo‐β‐lactamase. These complexes were shown to catalytically hydrolyze β‐lactam substrates, such as oxacillin and penicillin G. The dinuclear zinc complex 1, which has a coordinated water molecule, exhibits high β‐lactamase activity, whereas the dinuclear zinc complex 2, which has no water molecules, but labile chloride ligands, shows a much lower activity. The high β‐lactamase activity of complex 1 can be ascribed to the presence of a zinc‐bound water molecule that is activated by being hydrogen bonded to acetate substituents. The kinetics of the hydrolysis of oxacillin by complex 1 and the effect of pH on the reaction rates are reported in detail. In addition, the kinetic parameters obtained for the synthetic analogues are compared with those of the natural metallo‐β‐lactamase from Bacillus cereus (BcII). To understand the role of the second metal ion in hydrolysis, the syntheses and catalytic activities of two mononuclear complexes (3 and 4) that include coordinated water molecules are described. Interestingly, the mononuclear zinc complexes 3 and 4 also exhibit high activity, supporting the assumption that the second zinc ion is not crucial for the β‐lactamase activity.
Dirubidium Fluorotrioxophosphate, Rb2PO3F, at 290 and 130 K, and Dicaesium Fluorotrioxophosphate, Cs2PO3F, at 240 and 100 K.
Authors: Fabry Jan , Dusek Michal , Fejfarova Karla , Krupkova Radmila , Vanek Premysl , Cisarova Ivana
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microalga Chlorella sorokiniana: A New Sulfoxidation Biocatalyst.
Authors: Daligault Franck , Nugier‐Chauvin Caroline , Patin Henri
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Diols Using the Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagent, Phenyliodine(III) Bis(trifluoroacetate).
Authors: Celik Murat , Alp Cemalettin , Coskun Betuel , Gueltekin M Serdar , Balci Metin
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Facile and Chemoselective Conjugate Reduction Using Polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) and Catalytic B(C6F5)3.
Authors: Chandrasekhar Srivari , Chandrashekar Gudise , Reddy Marepally Srinivasa , Srihari Pabbaraja
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Class of Versatile Chiral‐Bridged Atropisomeric Diphosphine Ligands: Remarkably Efficient Ligand Syntheses and Their Applications in Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation Reactions.
Authors: Qiu Liqin , Kwong Fuk Yee , Wu Jing , Lam Wai Har , Chan Shusun , Yu Wing‐Yiu , Li Yue‐Ming , Guo Rongwei , Zhou Zhongyuan , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile N‐Arylation of Amines and Sulfonamides and O‐Arylation of Phenols and Arenecarboxylic Acids
Authors: Liu Zhijian , Larock Richard C.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile N‐Arylation of Amines and Sulfonamides and O‐Arylation of Phenols and Arenecarboxylic Acids.
Authors: Liu Zhijian , Larock Richard C.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Functionalization of β‐Iodo‐α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones via an Iodine—Copper Exchange Reaction.
Authors: Yang Xiaoyin , Knochel Paul
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rapid and Efficient Method for Acetylation of Alcohols and Phenols with Acetic Anhydride Catalyzed by Silica Sulfate.
Authors: Jin Tong‐Shou , Zhao Ying , Liu Li‐Bin , Chen Zhuo , Li Tong‐Shuang
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dimroth Rearrangement in Synthesis of a Heteroditopic Receptor.
Authors: Geide I. V. , Glukhareva T. V. , Matern A. I. , Morzherin Yu. Yu.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective, Facially Selective Carbomagnesation of Cyclopropenes.
Authors: Liu Xiaozhong , Fox Joseph M.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of Cyclic N‐tert‐Butylsulfonyl Enamines by Rh(II)‐Mediated Ring Expansion of α‐Diazoesters.
Authors: Chen Shufeng , Zhao Yonghua , Wang Jianbo
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Aldol Reactions of Trichlorosilyl Enol Ethers Catalyzed by the Chiral Phosphine Oxide BINAPO.
Authors: Kotani Shunsuke , Hashimoto Shunichi , Nakajima Makoto
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Studies on Novel Synthetic Methodologies. Part 67. (Bromodimethyl)sulfonium Bromide Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of α‐Aminonitriles.
Authors: Das Biswanath , Ramu R. , Ravikanth B. , Reddy K. Ravinder
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Expedient Synthesis of 1‐Vinylpyrrole‐2‐carbaldehydes.
Authors: Mikhaleva Al'bina I. , Zaitsev Alexey B. , Ivanov Andrey V. , Schmidt Elena Yu. , Vasil'tsov Alexander M. , Trofimov Boris A.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Oxadiazoles from Carboxylic Acid Esters and Amidoximes Using Potassium Carbonate.
Authors: Amarasinghe Kande K. D. , Maier Matthew B. , Srivastava Anil , Gray Jeffrey L.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tandem Nazarov Cyclization—Michael Addition Sequence Catalyzed by an Ir(III) Complex.
Authors: Janka Mesfin , He Wei , Haedicke Inga E. , Fronczek Frank R. , Frontier Alison J. , Eisenberg Richard
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Methyl, Trifluoromethyl, and Methoxycarbonyl—Introduction to the Fifth Position on the Pyridine Ring of Chloronicotinyl Insecticide Imidacloprid.
Authors: Kagabu Shinzo
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Alkynylation of Halo Pyrimidines under Pd/C—Copper Catalysis: Regioselective Synthesis of 4‐ and 5‐Alkynylpyrimidines.
Authors: Pal Manojit , Batchu Venkateswara Rao , Swamy Nalivela Kumara , Padakanti Srinivas
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mannich Reaction in the Synthesis of N,S‐Containing Heterocycles. Part 2. Convenient One‐Pot Synthesis of 3,5,7,11‐Tetraazatricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]tridec‐2‐ene Derivatives.
Authors: Dotsenko V. V. , Krivokolysko S. G. , Litvinov V. P.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1,3,2‐Oxazaphosphinane Analogues of Phosphorylacetic Acid Derivatives: Synthesis and Properties.
Authors: Shipov A. E. , Genkina G. K. , Petrovskii P. V. , Mastryukova T. A.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Litseaverticillols A (I) and B (II).
Authors: Morita Akira , Kuwahara Shigefumi
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Synthesis of Onoceranediol from 12‐Hydroperoxy‐8α,12‐epoxy‐11‐bishomodrimane.
Authors: Vlad P. F. , Kuchkova K. I. , Aryku A. N. , Deleanu K.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Unexpected Transformation of Methyl 3,6‐Anhydro‐2,7‐dideoxy‐7‐iodo‐4,5‐O‐isopropylidene‐D‐allo‐heptonate in the Dehydroiodination Reaction with 1,8‐Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene.
Authors: Ivanova N. A. , Valiullina Z. R. , Shitikova O. V. , Miftakhov M. S.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of C‐Glucoside endo‐Glycals from C‐Glucosyl Vinyl Sulfones.
Authors: Gueyrard David , Fontaine Patrice , Goekjian Peter G.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of the Marine Alkaloid (.+‐.)‐Lepadiformine via a Radical Carboazidation.
Authors: Schaer Pascal , Renaud Philippe
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Discovery of Potent and Orally Active MTP Inhibitors as Potential anti‐Obesity Agents.
Authors: Li Jin , et al. et al.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mass Transport in Chalcogenide Electrolyte Films — Materials and Applications
Authors: Kozicki Michael N. , Mitkova Maria
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.