bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intrinsically flame retarded foams based on melamine − formaldehyde condensates: thermal and mechanical properties
Authors: Luo Fubin , Wu Kun , Zhu Hongyan , Li Xiaoya , Lu Mangeng
Published: December 2016

Two kinds of foam based on melamine − formaldehyde (MF) condensates (PVA/MF (PVA, polyvinyl alcohol), PVA/APTES/MF (APTES, 3‐triethoxysilylpropylamine)) were prepared by chemical modification. Pure MF foam has the serious disadvantage that it is very hard and brittle, breaks easily and crumbles when handled. After modification, PVA/MF and PVA/APTES/MF display excellent resilience. The structures of the foams were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), SEM and XRD. XRD data indicate that modifiers hinder the crystallization of MF, which might contribute to the improvement of resilience. Flame retardancy of the foams was characterized by limiting oxygen index testing, and the thermal degradation behavior was studied using TGA. The mode of flame retardant action is suggested by gaseous and solid phase analysis. TGA‐FTIR results demonstrate that the sublimation of the melamine of MF and foams based on MF occurs during thermal decomposition, which contributes to the high flame retardancy. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of specific proline residues on the kinetic stability of the triosephosphate isomerases of two trypanosomes
Authors: Guzmán‐Luna Valeria , Quezada Andrea G. , Díaz‐Salazar A. Jessica , Cabrera Nallely , Pérez‐Montfort Ruy , Costas Miguel
Published: December 2016

The effect of specific residues on the kinetic stability of two closely related triosephosphate isomerases (from Trypanosoma cruzi, TcTIM and Trypanosoma brucei, TbTIM) has been studied. Based on a comparison of their β‐turn occurrence, we engineered two chimerical enzymes where their super secondary β‐loop‐α motifs 2 ((βα)2) were swapped. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments showed that the (βα)2 motif of TcTIM inserted into TbTIM (2Tc) increases the kinetic stability. On the other hand, the presence of the (βα)2 motif of TbTIM inserted into TcTIM (2Tb) gave a chimerical protein difficult to purify in soluble form and with a significantly reduced kinetic stability. The comparison of the contact maps of the (βα)2 of TbTIM and TcTIM showed differences in the contact pattern of residues 43 and 49. In TcTIM these residues are prolines, located at the N‐terminal of loop‐2 and the C‐terminal of α‐helix‐2. Twelve mutants were engineered involving residues 43 and 49 to study the effect over the unfolding activation energy barrier (EA). A systematic analysis of DSC data showed a large decrease on the EA of TcTIM (ΔEA ranging from 468 to 678 kJ/mol) when the single and double proline mutations are present. The relevance of Pro43 to the kinetic stability is also revealed by mutation S43P, which increased the free energy of the transition state of TbTIM by 17.7 kJ/mol. Overall, the results indicate that protein kinetic stability can be severely affected by punctual mutations, disturbing the complex network of interactions that, in concerted action, determine protein stability. Proteins 2017; 85:571–579. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transcaval biopsy of a mediastinal mass compressing the superior vena cava
Authors: Logaraj Anthony , Edwards Philip
Published: December 2016

Imaging‐guided percutaneous chest biopsy is a commonly performed procedure and considered the minimally invasive gold standard for histopathological investigation of thoracic masses. Recognized complications include pneumothorax, air embolism, and seeding of the biopsy tract. We describe a novel approach to diagnostic sampling of a mediastinal mass in a critically unwell patient using a transjugular hepatic biopsy needle. Transcaval mediastinal biopsy may represent a safer alternative to percutaneous biopsy of mediastinal masses in critically unwell patients.
Enhanced Catalytic Performance of Manganese and Cobalt Co–doped CeO2 Catalysts for Diesel Soot Oxidation
Authors: Govinda Rao Bolla , Jampaiah Deshetti , Venkataswamy P. , Reddy Benjaram M.
Published: December 2016

Nanosized manganese and cobalt codoped ceria (Ce0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2−δ) solid solutions have been prepared through simple coprecipitation method to study the effect of Mn and Co bi‐dopants towards diesel soot oxidation. Pure ceria (CeO2), manganese doped ceria (Ce0.8Mn0.2O2−δ), and cobalt doped ceria (Ce0.8Co0.2O2−δ) solid solutions have also been prepared for comparison. XRD results revealed the formation of solid solutions in doped samples. XPS results confirmed the presence of more Ce3+ ions and surface adsorbed oxygen in codoped ceria. H2‐TPR study disclosed that the codoping of ceria exceptionally improves the redox behaviour of CeO2. The catalytic activity results demonstrate that Ce0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2−δ shows much better activity (T50 ∼ 636 K) while compared to pure CeO2 (T50 ∼ 874 K) in tight contact conditions. A larger surface area, facile redox behaviour, and high concentration of surface adsorbed oxygen species are proposed to be the crucial factors for the enhanced catalytic activity.
3D Framework and Supramolecular Structures Assembly from a Carboxyphosphonic Acid and Transition Metals: Sensing of Nitro Compounds and Surface Photovoltage Properties
Authors: Zhu Yanyu , Wang Tingting , Su Yuming , Sun Zhengang , Dong Dapeng , Cai Xiao'ou , Sun Hongmei , Li Jing
Published: December 2016

Three new metal carboxyphosphonates with 3D framework and supramolecular structures, namely, [Zn(H4L)2] (1), [Cu2(HL)(H2O)2] (2) and [NH(CH2)4NH]0.5[Cu(H3L)] (3) (H5L=4‐HOOC‐C6H4‐CH2N‐(CH2PO3H2)2), have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. For compound 1, {ZnO6} and {CPO3} polyhedra are interconnected into a 2D layer via corner‐sharing, which is further assembled into a 3D supramolecular structure through π‐π stacking interactions. Compound 2 exhibits a 3D framework structure. The interconnection of {CuO4N}, {CuO5} polyhedra and {CPO3} tetrahedra via corner‐sharing forms a 2D inorganic layer. These inorganic layers are further linked via the organic backbone {−C6H4CH2N(CH2)2−} of the carboxyphosphonate ligands, generating a 3D framework structure. In compound 3, two {CuO4N} polyhedra and four {CPO3} tetrahedra are interconnected into a unit, and then these units are further connected into a 1D infinite chain via corner‐sharing. Neighboring chains are assembled into a 2D layered structure through hydrogen bond interactions between the nitrogen atoms from piperazine and uncoordinated phosphonate oxygen atoms. Then, such layers are further assembled into a 3D supramolecular network via interlayer hydrogen bonds. Compound 1 has been realized for the sensitive sensing of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) by luminescence quenching method in the liquid phase. Surface photovoltage properties of compounds 2 and 3 have been investigated.
High Performance Nitroazacubane Energetic Compounds: Structural, Thermochemical and Detonation Characteristics
Authors: Roknabadi Akbar Gholami , Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein , Esmailpour Karim , Zamani Mehdi
Published: December 2016

In this article, density functional theory (DFT) and electrostatic potential (ESP) analysis are used to predict enthalpy of sublimation, crystal density and enthalpy of formation for some isomers of 20 new derivatives of nitroazacubane as new high performance energetic compounds. These data are used to predict detonation and physicothermal properties of the mentioned compounds, including heat, pressure, velocity and temperature of detonation as well as deflagration temperature, melting point and entropy of fusion through appropriate theoretical methods. The predicted properties are compared with octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) as one of well‐known high performance energetic compounds. Detonation performance of nitroazacubane compounds are surprisingly much higher than HMX, which confirm that they can be introduced as novel high performance energetic compounds.
TfOH Catalyzed [3+2] Cycloaddition of Cyclopropane 1,1‐Diesters with Nitriles: A Density Functional Study
Authors: Kurup Sudheer S. , Singh Priti , Joshi Kaustubh A.
Published: December 2016

The mechanistic pathways for TfOH catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between cyclopropane 1, 1 diesters and MeCN has been investigated using density functional theory. The study sheds light on selective synthesis of 1‐pyrroline or γ‐lactone derivatives in two different reaction conditions. Analysis of global reactivity descriptors in the solvent free medium predicts the protonated cyclopropane 1,1 diesters and MeCN as strong electrophile and nucleophile respectively, favoring intermolecular reaction to give 1‐pyrroline derivative as the product. On the other hand, the presence of solvent environment with DCM solvent significantly supresses this nature of the two molecules to undergo intermolecular reaction. Protonated cyclopropane 1,1 diester, therefore, prefers intramolecular rearrangement to yield γ‐lactone. While the synthesis of 1‐pyrroline derivative follows pathway involving a transition state showing weak interaction between two reactants, γ‐lactone synthesis undergo mechanism preferring initial cyclopropane ring opening transition state. Molecular electron density topography yield support to the proposed mechanism.
In situ Electrochemical Transformation of Ni3S2 and Ni3S2‐Ni from Sheets to Nanodisks: Towards Efficient Electrocatalysis for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
Authors: Busupalli Balanagulu , Battu Shateesh , Haram Santosh K. , Prasad B. L. V.
Published: December 2016

Transition metal sulphides have been viewed as alternatives to platinum based electrocatalysts for HER. Herein, we report the preparation of Ni3S2 in conjunction with Ni in a novel nanosheet morphology and verified its performance for HER. During cyclic polarization, exotic morphological transformation of Ni3S2‐Ni from nanosheets to nanodisks has been noted. This change is accompanied with initial increase in over‐potential that passed through maxima (∼ 100mV above the starting potential) and decreased to ∼ 50mV below the starting value. Enhanced electrocatalytic activity due to the morphological changes from sheets to nanodisks has been attributed to the formation of more number of exposed edge‐planes known to promote HER. Kinetic analysis based on Tafel slope displayed by this composite is comparable to that of Pt based catalysts.
Synthesis of Dissymmetric Malonic Acid Monoamides from Symmetric Dithiomalonates
Authors: Wauke Hisashi , Matsuo Kazumasa , Matsumoto Kenji , Shindo Mitsuru
Published: December 2016

We report a highly selective synthesis of dissymmetric S,N‐malonates from symmetric dithiomalonates under mild conditions. This reaction was accelerated using a Cu(II) catalyst developed by us. When an aliphatic amine was used as the nucleophile, the amine also worked as a base and accelerated the amination reaction. Kinetic studies indicated that the key step of this reaction is the thermal formation of an acylketene; its stability mainly contributes to the selectivity of the reaction. The synthetic utility of dissymmetric S,N‐malonates is also shown by the synthesis of linomide.
Rapid Access to Indoline Spiropyran Scaffolds by Domino‐Knoevenagel/oxa‐Diels‐Alder (DKODA) Reaction at Room Temperature
Authors: Dommaraju Yuvaraj , Borthakur Somadrita , Prajapati Dipak
Published: December 2016

A facile method has been developed for the synthesis of a novel indoline spiropyran derivatives via three‐component, catalyst‐free domino Knoevenagel/oxa‐Diels‐Alder (DKODA) reaction strategy at room temperature. The key step of the methodology is the in situ generation of oxa diene from Knoevenagel condensation of 4‐hydroxycoumarin 1 and aldehyde 2 undergoes oxa‐Diels‐Alder cyclization with dienophile 1,3,3‐trimethyl‐2‐methyleneindoline 3 to give the indoline spiropyran derivative 4.
Electrochemical Deposition of Platinum Nanoparticles on Reduced Graphene Oxide for Hydrogen Evolution from Acid Water
Authors: Kalasapurayil Aruna K. , Ramasamy Manoharan
Published: December 2016

Graphene is attracting a lot of researchers due to its diversified applications in various fields. However, till now there is no report about the usage of graphene as an electrocatalyst for catalyzing electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) in a water electrolyzer. Here, we demonstrate that chemically Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) exhibits hydrogen evolution activity close to that of 20 wt.% Pt/C in an acid electrolyte when it is subjected to electrochemical cycling in the potential window −180 to +420 mV vs. RHE. rGO exhibits an increase in the HER activity after cyclic voltammetry (CV) activation, provided Platinum (Pt) is used as the Counter Electrode (C.E). When pure graphite rod is employed as a C.E, unfortunately, the HER activity on rGO is negligible. When Pt is used as the C.E, Pt dissolves from the Pt C.E and subsequently deposites on the rGO material coated onto the Working Electrode (W.E). Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis indicates that the deposited particles remain as Pt Nanoparticles (Nps) on the surface of the rGO material. Possibly, improved activity is achieved due to the presence of Pt Nps on the surface of the rGO material rather than the activation of the rGO material itself.
Doing Feminist Research in Political and Social Science
Authors: Ackerly Brooke , True Jacqui
Published: December 2016

Guiding students step-by-step through the research process while simultaneously introducing a range of debates, challenges and tools that feminist scholars use, the second edition of this popular textbook provides a vital resource to those students and researchers approaching their studies from a feminist perspective. Interdisciplinary in its approach, the book covers everything from research design, analysis and presentation, to formulating research questions, data collection and publishing research. Offering the most comprehensive and practical guide to the subject available, the text is now also fully updated to take account of recent developments in the field, including participatory action research, new technologies and methods for working with big data and social media.

Doing Feminist Research is required reading for undergraduate and postgraduate courses taking a feminist approach to social science methodology, research design and methods. It is the ideal guide for all students and scholars carrying out feminist research, whether in the fields of international relations, political science, interdisciplinary international and global studies, development studies or gender and women's studies.

New to this Edition:

- New discussions of contemporary research methods, including participatory action research, survey research and technology, and methods for big data and social media.

- Updated to reflect recent developments in feminist and gender theory, with references to the latest research examples and new boxes considering recent shifts in the social and political sciences.

- Brand new boxed examples throughout covering topics including collaborations, femicide, negotiating changing research environments and the pros and cons of feminist participatory action research.

- The text is now written in the first (authors) and second (readers) person making the text clearer, more consistent and inclusive from the reader point of view.
How does the longevity of Sasa kurilensis ramets respond to a light gradient? An analysis of ontogenetic changes to hydraulic resistance and carbon budget within a ramet
Authors: Tsunoda Yuuki , Furukawa Shoko , Mizunaga Hiromi
Published: December 2016

We investigated how Sasa kurilensis ramet longevity differs under three light conditions. Ramet longevity is an important factor affecting the abundance of ramet populations and their biomass. The objectives of this study were to clarify: (1) whether ramet longevity varies spatially along a gradient of light conditions; (2) whether physiological functions, including water transport in culms, change with ontogenesis; (3) whether ramet longevity is associated with the most effective turnover for gaining a carbon profit within a ramet following a cost‐benefit model or is affected by other factors such as death caused by a decline in physiological function. We analyzed S. kurilensis ramet longevity, hydraulic resistance, photosynthetic rate, and carbon content. We then estimated the ramet carbon budget. The longevity of S. kurilensis ramets was 2.8–4.5 years in Beneath‐patch plots, 5.8–8.7 years in Edge‐patch plots, and 1.6–2.2 years in Open‐patch plots. Although leaf photosynthetic activity was stable, the instantaneous photosynthetic rate decreased during clear days in the open area. This may have been due to increased ramet hydraulic resistance. The rotation period of the most efficient carbon budget quantified by ecophysiological measurements was consistent with ramet longevity in Open‐patch (2 years) and Edge‐patch (5 years) sites. Meanwhile, the longevity of ramets grown under canopies was inconsistent with the cost‐benefit model rules for a carbon budget because the carbon gain was low throughout the ramet life span.
Thermal stability of low and high Mw fractions of bio-oil derived from lignin conversion in subcritical water
Authors: Lyckeskog Huyen Nguyen , Mattsson Cecilia , Olausson Lars , Andersson Sven-Ingvar , Vamling Lennart , Theliander Hans
Published: December 2016

The thermal stability of bio-oil influences its application in industry and is, therefore, a very important factor that must be taken into consideration. In this study, the stability of low and high molecular weight (Mw) fractions of bio-oil obtained from the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of lignin in subcritical water was studied at an elevated temperature (80 °C) for a period of 1 h, 1 day and 1 week. The changes in molecular weight (gel permeation chromatography (GPC)) and chemical composition (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and 2D heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) NMR (18.8 T, DMSO-d6)) of low and high Mw fractions of the HTL bio-oil (i.e. light oil (LO) and heavy oil (HO)) were evaluated before and after ageing. It was found that only a slight formation of high Mw insoluble structures was obtained during ageing at elevated temperature for 1 week: 0.5% for the LO and 3.1% for the HO. These higher Mw moieties might be formed from different polymerisation/condensation reactions of the reactive compounds (i.e. anisoles, guaiacols, phenols, methylene (–CH2–) groups in phenolic dimers and xanthene). The high Mw insolubles in both the LO and the HO were analysed for structural composition using 2D HSQC NMR to obtain a better understanding of the changes in the composition of bio-oil fractions during the accelerated ageing process. In addition, a chemical shift database in DMSO-d6 was analysed for a subset of phenolic model compounds to simplify the interpretation of the 2D HSQC NMR spectra.
Mental health of adolescents with currently and formerly incarcerated parents
Authors: Davis Laurel , Shlafer Rebecca J.
Published: December 2016

Reliable information about children of incarcerated people is difficult to obtain, and major gaps exist in our understanding of their well‐being. This study aims to determine whether adolescents with incarcerated parents report higher levels of mental health problems than those without an incarcerated parent, and whether the relationship between parental incarceration and adolescent mental health is moderated by parent‐child relationships. Using a statewide survey from one US state, we compared adolescents with a currently incarcerated parent to those with a formerly incarcerated parent and those with no history of parental incarceration on self‐reported indicators of mental health, and examined whether strong parent‐child relationships were protective against mental health concerns. Results indicate that adolescents with incarcerated parents are at elevated risk for mental health problems, and strong parent‐child relationships partially buffer children from risk. Findings underscore the need for more investment in effective early interventions for adolescents in highly adverse contexts.
My life as a pupil: The autobiographical memories of adolescents excluded from school
Authors: Farouk Shaalan
Published: December 2016

Narrative psychology is founded on the premise that substantial insight can be gained into individuals' self‐understanding and behaviour by studying the content of their autobiographical memories. This article contributes to this field of inquiry by suggesting that our understanding of adolescents’ exclusion from mainstream education can be enhanced by examining their recollections of school using a narrative dialogical approach. In a research project the autobiographical memories of fifteen female and twenty male students, aged 15–16 years, who had been excluded from secondary schools in London, England were collected and analysed. The aim was to examine how in their narrated depictions of the past, the adolescents explained and justified their position and behaviour at different times in their lives at school. The findings highlight how adolescents perceive themselves to have become positioned by the voices of significant others, schools as institutions and themselves at earlier or later stages in their lives.
Social interaction and cognitive decline: Results of a 7‐year community intervention
Authors: Hikichi Hiroyuki , Kondo Katsunori , Takeda Tokunori , Kawachi Ichiro
Published: December 2016

Introduction

There are few intervention studies that demonstrated linking social participation to lower risk of cognitive decline. We examined prospectively the protective effect of a community intervention program promoting social participation on the incidence of cognitive disability.

Methods

The baseline was established in a survey of community‐dwelling older people aged 65 years old or more in July 2006 (2793 respondents, response rate 48.5%). The setting was Taketoyo town in Japan, where municipal authorities launched an intervention that was based on the establishment of community‐based centers called “salons,” where the town's senior residents could congregate and participate in social activities, ranging from arts and crafts, games, and interactive activities with preschool children. Three salons were established in May 2010, and a total of 10 salons were in operation by 2013. We recorded the frequency of salon participation among survey respondents till 2013 and conducted two follow‐up surveys (in 2010 and 2013) to collect information about health status and behaviors. The onset of cognitive disability was followed from May 2007 to January 2014. We used the marginal structural models to evaluate the effect of program.

Results

The range of prevalence of cognitive disability was from 0.2% to 2.5% during the observation period. The proportion of respondents who participates to salons increased over time to about 11.7%. The frequency of salon participation was protectively associated with cognitive decline, even after adjusting for time‐dependent covariates and attrition (odds ratio = 0.73, 95% confidence interval: 0.54–0.99).

Discussion

Our study suggests that operating community salons that encourage social interactions, light physical activity, and cognitive activities among older participants may be effective for preventing cognitive decline. In future studies, we need to understand what sorts of activities (e.g., those involving light physical activity vs. purely intellectual activities) are most effective in maintaining cognitive function.
Owning Ideas
Authors: Bracha Oren
Published: December 2016

Owning Ideas is a comprehensive account of the emergence of the concept of intellectual property in the United States during the long nineteenth century. In the modern information era, intellectual property has become a central economic and cultural phenomenon and an important lever for allocating wealth and power. This book uncovers the intellectual origins of this modern concept of private property in ideas through a close study of its emergence within the two most important areas of this field: patent and copyright. By placing the development of legal concepts within their social context, this study reconstructs the radical transformation of the idea. Our modern notion of owning ideas, it argues, came into being when the ideals of eighteenth-century possessive individualism at the heart of early patent and copyright were subjected to the forces and ideology of late-nineteenth-century corporate liberalism.
Birth Control in the Decolonizing Caribbean
Authors: Bourbonnais Nicole C.
Published: December 2016

Over the course of the twentieth century, campaigns to increase access to modern birth control methods spread across the globe and fundamentally altered the way people thought about and mobilized around reproduction. This book explores how a variety of actors translated this movement into practice on four islands (Jamaica, Trinidad, Barbados, and Bermuda) from the 1930s–70s. The process of decolonization during this period led to heightened clashes over imperial and national policy and brought local class, race, and gender tensions to the surface, making debates over reproductive practices particularly evocative and illustrative of broader debates in the history of decolonization and international family planning. Birth Control in the Decolonizing Caribbean is at once a political history, a history of activism, and a social history, exploring the challenges faced by working class women as they tried to negotiate control over their reproductive lives.
The Measure of All Minds
Authors: Hernández-Orallo José
Published: December 2016

Are psychometric tests valid for a new reality of artificial intelligence systems, technology-enhanced humans, and hybrids yet to come? Are the Turing Test, the ubiquitous CAPTCHAs, and the various animal cognition tests the best alternatives? In this fascinating and provocative book, José Hernández-Orallo formulates major scientific questions, integrates the most significant research developments, and offers a vision of the universal evaluation of cognition. By replacing the dominant anthropocentric stance with a universal perspective where living organisms are considered as a special case, long-standing questions in the evaluation of behavior can be addressed in a wider landscape. Can we derive task difficulty intrinsically? Is a universal g factor - a common general component for all abilities - theoretically possible? Using algorithmic information theory as a foundation, the book elaborates on the evaluation of perceptual, developmental, social, verbal and collective features and critically analyzes what the future of intelligence might look like.
Is Having Your Computer Compromised a Personal Assault? The Ethics of Extended Cognition
Authors: CARTER J. ADAM , PALERMOS S. ORESTIS
Published: December 2016

Philosophy of mind and cognitive science (e.g., Clark and Chalmers 1998; Clark 2010; Palermos 2014) have recently become increasingly receptive to the hypothesis of extended cognition, according to which external artifacts such as our laptops and smartphones can—under appropriate circumstances—feature as material realizers of a person's cognitive processes. We argue that, to the extent that the hypothesis of extended cognition is correct, our legal and ethical theorizing and practice must be updated by broadening our conception of personal assault so as to include intentional harm toward gadgets that have beenappropriately integrated. We next situate the theoretical case forextended personalassault within the context of some recent ethical and legal cases and close with critical discussion.
The formation of diffusive staircases
Authors: Garaud P.
Published: December 2016

Radko’s recent article (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 805, 2016, pp. 147–170) entitled Thermohaline layering in dynamically and diffusively stable shear flows, is slated to become a seminal reference in the field of fluid dynamics. It proposes an elegant solution to the long-standing question of why thermohaline staircases form in the high-latitude oceans. Equally importantly, it provides a rare and interesting example of how two physical processes that are both strongly stable when considered individually, can trigger a linear instability when they interact.
Entangled Histories: German Veterinary Medicine,c.1770–1900
Authors: Mitsuda Tatsuya
Published: December 2016

Medical historians have recently become interested in the veterinary past, investigating the development of animal health in countries such as France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States. An appreciation of the German context, however, is still lacking – a gap in the knowledge that the present article seeks to fill. Providing a critical interpretation of the evolution of the veterinary profession, this investigation explains why veterinary and medical spheres intersected, drifted apart, then came back together; it also accounts for the stark differences in the position of veterinarians in Germany and Britain. Emphasis is placed on how diverse traditions, interests and conceptualisations of animal health shaped the German veterinary profession, conditioned its field of operation, influenced its choice of animals and diseases, and dictated the speed of reform. Due to a state-oriented model of professionalisation, veterinarians became more enthusiastic about public service than private practice, perceiving themselves to be alongside doctors and scientists in status, rather than next to animal healers or manual labourers. Building on their expertise in epizootics, veterinarians became involved in zoonoses, following outbreaks of trichinosis. They achieved a dominant position in meat hygiene by refashioning abattoirs into sites for the construction of veterinary knowledge. Later, bovine tuberculosis helped veterinarians cement this position, successfully showcasing their expertise and contribution to society by saving as much meat as possible from diseased livestock. Ultimately, this article shows how veterinarians were heavily ‘entangled’ with the fields of medicine, food, agriculture and the military.
Anti-Origenist Redaction in the Fragments of theGospel of Truth(NHC XII,2): Theological Controversy and the Transmission of Early Christian Literature
Authors: Smith Geoffrey
Published: December 2016

Ancient polemicists claim that apocryphal texts contributed to the enduring popularity of the Origenist “heresy” in fourth- and fifth-century Egypt. The anchorite Sopatrus associates “apocryphal literature” with “discussions about the image,” shorthand for Origenist debates over the loss of the image of God in humanity, and urges his hearers to avoid both apocryphal books and the theological controversy they incite. In his festal letter of 401 CE, the archbishop Theophilus of Alexandria rails against Origenist teaching and urges Christians throughout Egypt to reject “Origen's evils” and disregard “Scriptures called ‘apocrypha.’” Shenoute's association of Origenist themes with “apocryphal books” inI Am Amazeddemonstrates that non-canonical writings continued to occupy a central position in Origenist theological debates well into the fifth century.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEACHINGS OF PUBLICISTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Sivakumaran Sandesh
Published: December 2016

This article considers the influence of teachings of publicists on the development of international law. The category of ‘teachings of publicists’ is not a homogeneous one. The article argues that it can be divided into: entities that have been empowered by States to conclude teachings, such as the International Law Commission; expert groups, such as the Institut de Droit International; and ‘ordinary’ publicists. The teachings of ordinary publicists are also of different types and include digests, treatises, textbooks, monographs, journal articles, and blog posts. Only by breaking down the category into its various types can the influence of the teaching of publicists on the development of international law be properly gauged. Even then, it can prove rather difficult to pin down the notion of ‘influence’. Standard assessments of influence focus on the extent to which teachings are cited by courts and tribunals, in particular by the International Court of Justice. However, that approach privileges the role of courts and tribunals in the development of international law and overlooks the role of other actors. As such, the present article offers a different assessment of influence. It identifies the actors that comprise the community of international lawyers and analyses the various interactions that take place between these actors and the teachings of publicists. It is through this interaction, of which citation is but part, that the influence of the teachings of publicists can properly be determined.
The Politics of Noise Control in São Paulo
Authors: CARDOSO LEONARDO
Published: December 2016

In this article, I discuss São Paulo's legal apparatus in respect of environmental noise. I begin by situating my analysis within broader citizenship issues. I then focus on three debates on noise control in the city. The first two debates involve noise ordinances created in the 1990s and enforced by São Paulo's Programa de Silêncio Urbano (Urban Silence Programme, PSIU). The first revolves around the evangelical lawmakers’ attempts to exclude, minimize or hinder the impact of a noise ordinance on religious services. The second debate focuses on an ordinance that required bars without acoustic insulation to close at 1 am – a demand that faced strong opposition from businesses involved in the night-time economy. The third debate describes the recent attempt of a group of acoustic engineers to lobby the city administration for the systematic mapping of traffic noise. I contend that environmental noise is a fruitful point of entry to investigate how the state mediates universal equality and individual freedom, welfare principles and economic gain.
Total eclipse of the heart? The production of eclipsis in two speaking styles of Irish
Authors: Welby Pauline , Ní Chiosáin Máire , Ó Raghallaigh Brian
Published: December 2016

We examined the production of the Irish initial mutation eclipsis in two speaking styles. In initial mutation phenomena, a word appears with a different initial sound depending on the lexical or morphosyntactic environment (e.g.croí[kɾɣi] ‘(a) heart’ (radical form), (a)chroí[xɾɣi] ‘(his) heart/darling’ (séimhiú-lenition form), and (a)gcroí[ɡɾɣi] ‘their heart/darling’ (eclipsis form)). The goals of the study were:

(i)

to examine whether there are acoustic differences between the initial consonants of radical word forms (e.g. [ɡ] ofgruig‘(a) frown/scowl’) and the corresponding consonants of eclipsis forms (e.g. [ɡ] ofgcroí), as has been found for similar phenomena in other languages;

(ii)

to examine variability in the patterns of initial mutation in the speech of present-day speakers of Irish.

Our analyses offer limited evidence that there may be phonetic differences between radical and corresponding eclipsis consonants, but the current data do not allow us to rule out alternative explanations. The realization of initial mutations in semi-spontaneous speech differed dramatically both from that of read speech and from the expectations of the traditional grammar. The results suggest that the realization of eclipsis and other initial mutations may be style- or register-dependent. We also found some evidence that it may vary by consonant type, in part due to phonological frequency patterns of the language.
Principled Pragmatism: The Eastern Committee of German Economy and West German–Chinese relations during the early Cold War, 1949–1958
Authors: BERNARDINI GIOVANNI
Published: December 2016

This article focuses on the interplay between the political authorities and economic actors in the Federal Republic of Germany in the process of establishing relations with the People's Republic of China after 1949. Within this framework, the article will assess the role played by the Ost-Ausschuss der Deutschen Wirtschaft (Eastern Committee of German Economy), a semi-official organization recognized by the West German government. Both the ability of German economic actors and China's urgent need for economic contact with the West caused German-Chinese trade relations to circumvent the strict non-recognition policy followed by the West German government. The article also argues that, while economic relations heralded official recognition of the People's Republic of China by other Western European countries, in the case of the Federal Republic of Germany a division between the two spheres was finally accepted by the major actors involved, and ended only after the change of attitude imparted by the Nixon presidency in the United States during the early 1970s.
Circumventing the Cold War: The parallel diplomacy of economic and cultural exchanges between Western Europe and Socialist China in the 1950s and 1960s: An introduction
Authors: ROMANO ANGELA , ZANIER VALERIA
Published: December 2016

This special issue brings together historians with expertise on China and Western Europe who have the explicit intent of bridging the existing gap between two parallel strands of scholarship, that is, Europe in the Cold War and the history of Socialist China, and combining the different perspectives and approaches of international, diplomatic, business, and cultural historiographies. The contributors’ lively interaction and close collaboration has been the key to the conceptual development of a broader view of the relations between West European countries and Socialist China in the early decades of the Cold War, as well as of China's policy towards the capitalist world before the Reform and Opening era.
The X-claim argument against religious belief
Authors: LAW STEPHEN
Published: December 2016

This article outlines an argument against religious belief: the X-claim argument. The argument is novel at least in the sense that it has not yet been clearly articulated or addressed before in the philosophical literature. However, the argument is closely related to two more familiar varieties of argument currently receiving philosophical attention, namely: (i) arguments from religious diversity, and (ii) naturalistic debunking arguments (e.g. Freudian, Marxist, and evolutionary). I set out the X-claim argument, show that it has some prima facie plausibility, distinguish it from these other two arguments with which it might easily be confused, and, finally, explain why it has some significant advantages over these more familiar arguments against religious belief.
Foreign language aptitude theory: Yesterday, today and tomorrow
Authors: Wen Zhisheng (Edward) , Biedroń Adriana , Skehan Peter
Published: December 2016

Foreign language (FL) aptitude generally refers to a specific talent for learning a foreign or second language (L2). After experiencing a long period of marginalized interest, FL aptitude research in recent years has witnessed renewed enthusiasm across the disciplines of educational psychology, second language acquisition (SLA) and cognitive neuroscience. This paper sets out to offer a historical and an updated account of this recent progress in FL aptitude theory development and research. As its subtitle indicates, the paper centres on three major issues: following the introduction and clarification of basic concepts, Section 1 traces the early conceptions of FL aptitude dominated by John Carroll's pioneering work. Section 2 summarizes and examines more recent theoretical perspectives and FL aptitude models proposed by researchers from multiple disciplines that have significantly broadened the conventional research traditions associated with Carroll's original conception. Based on the research synthesis of current FL aptitude models, Section 3 suggests the directions FL aptitude theory and research might take in coming years. We conclude that a working memory perspective on FL aptitude presents one promising avenue for advance, as does the development of new aptitude tests to predict speed of automatization, implicit learning and greater control over an emerging language system. In addition, it is argued that issues of domain-specificity versus domain-generality for aptitude tests may lead to aptitude theory and research becoming more central in applied linguistics.
Shaping an agenda through
experience(s)
Authors: Grabe William
Published: December 2016

After finishing a B.A. degree in History and Political Sciences from Valparaiso
University, I began my post-undergraduate life going into the U. S. Peace Corps
and spending three years as an English as a foreign language (EFL) teacher in
lycees in Morocco. After all, in 1973, agreeing to a free
summer vacation in Morocco for Peace Corps training, if nothing else, seemed
like a good deal. Little did I know that an EFL/ESL (English as a second
language)/applied linguistics life would begin at that point. I did learn that I
liked teaching (which surprised me a bit) and the opportunities for creativity
it provided (even if teaching with ‘Martin and Jillian’ (Broughton
1968) and First things first (Alexander 1972) (for those who remember). As a young teacher, I
vividly remember, as a break from the routine, teaching my senior students the
lyrics to ‘All Along the Watchtower,’ first the Bob Dylan version,
then the Jimi Hendricks version. Sometimes we just have to take some chances.
Morocco was also a great place to be in the middle of multilingualism in action:
Moroccan Arabic, Berber, Modern Standard Arabic, French, Spanish, and English.
For many of my students, English was their fifth language.
A simple library implementation of binary sessions
Authors: PADOVANI LUCA
Published: December 2016

Inspired by the continuation-passing encoding of binary sessions, we describe a simple approach to embed a hybrid form of session type checking into any programming language that supports parametric polymorphism. The approach combines static protocol analysis with dynamic linearity checks. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique, we implement a well-integrated OCaml module for session communications. For free, OCaml provides us with equirecursive session types, parametric behavioural polymorphism, complete session type inference, and session subtyping.
Curating Tempelhof: negotiating the multiple histories of Berlin's ‘symbol of freedom’
Authors: COPLEY CLARE
Published: December 2016

Despite its National Socialist origins, the post-war use of Berlin's Tempelhof Airport has seen it recast as a ‘symbol of freedom’. Since the airport's 2008 closure, the site has been caught between calls for increased engagement with its use under the Third Reich and economic incentives to repackage it as an attractive events location. Through analysing the different strategies through which Tempelhof's past is negotiated, this article will highlight the contested nature of Berlin's relationship with the past and the complex interaction between memory politics and more pragmatic issues.
By women for women: modernism, architecture, and gender in building the new Jewish society in Mandatory Palestine
Authors: Davidi Sigal
Published: December 2016

This article explores issues of gender and modern architecture in Mandatory Palestine in the context of 1920s and 1930s modernism. Women architects, newly immigrated from Germany, collaborated with WIZO, Women's International Zionist Organisation, in building Domestic Science and Agriculture training schools for Jewish immigrant women in the country. WIZO adopted the concept of the modern domestic sphere, particularly the rational kitchen, believing that a modern and efficient household will benefit women and society as a whole. Thus, their planned schools were to be modern both in appearance and in their built-up space: rational, airy and full of light. The women architects who studied and worked in Germany prior to their immigration, emphasised these modernist concepts in their design. These early ambitious architectural achievements by women for women were unique in the context of modernism and helped structure the national identity of the ‘New re-formed domestic woman’ in Mandatory Palestine.
Melamine–Formaldehyde Microcapsules: Micro- and Nanostructural Characterization with Electron Microscopy
Authors: Heidari Hamed , Rivero Guadalupe , Idrissi Hosni , Ramachandran Dhanya , Cakir Seda , Egoavil Ricardo , Kurttepeli Mert , Crabbé Amandine C. , Hauffman Tom , Terryn Herman , Du Prez Filip , Schryvers Dominique
Published: December 2016

A systematic study has been carried out to compare the surface morphology, shell thickness, mechanical properties, and binding behavior of melamine–formaldehyde microcapsules of 5–30μm diameter size with various amounts of core content by using scanning and transmission electron microscopy including electron tomography,in situnanomechanical tensile testing, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. It is found that porosities are present on the outside surface of the capsule shell, but not on the inner surface of the shell. Nanomechanical tensile tests on the capsule shells reveal that Young’s modulus of the shell material is higher than that of bulk melamine–formaldehyde and that the shells exhibit a larger fracture strain compared with the bulk. Core-loss elemental analysis of microcapsules embedded in epoxy indicates that during the curing process, the microcapsule-matrix interface remains uniform and the epoxy matrix penetrates into the surface micro-porosities of the capsule shells.
CONGRUENCES MODULO 5 AND 7 FOR 4-COLORED GENERALIZED FROBENIUS PARTITIONS
Authors: CHAN HENG HUAT , WANG LIUQUAN , YANG YIFAN
Published: December 2016

Let $c\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{k}(n)$ denote the number of $k$-colored generalized Frobenius partitions of $n$. Recently, new Ramanujan-type congruences associated with $c\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{4}(n)$ were discovered. In this article, we discuss two approaches in proving such congruences using the theory of modular forms. Our methods allow us to prove congruences such as $c\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{4}(14n+6)\equiv 0\;\text{mod}\;7$ and Seller’s congruence $c\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{4}(10n+6)\equiv 0\;\text{mod}\;5$.
Five-year results for image-guided brachytherapy (IGBT) for cervical carcinoma: a report from single institute of Thailand
Authors: Tharavichitkul Ekkasit , Chakrabandhu Somvilai , Klunklin Pitchayaponne , Onchan Wimrak , Jia-Mahasap Bongkot , Janla-or Suwapim , Tippanya Damrongsak , Nobnop Wannapa , Wanwilairat Somsak , Pukanhaphan Nantaka , Galalae Razvan M. , Chitapanarux Imjai
Published: December 2016

Aim

To report of long-term results and toxicity profiles using image-guided brachytherapy (IGBT) combined with whole pelvic radiation therapy (WPRT) for cervical carcinoma.

Materials and Methods

In total, 52 patients with locally advanced cervical carcinoma were enrolled into the study. WPRT was used to treat the clinical target volume (CTV) with a dose of 45–50·4 Gy in 23–28 fractions. IGBT using computed tomography was performed at the dose of 6·5–7 Gy×4 fractions to the minimum dose covering 90% of target volume (D90) of high-risk clinical target volume (HR-CTV).

Results

The mean cumulative dose in equivalent doses of 2 Gy for the D90 of HR-CTV, dose at 2% at refereed volume (D2cc) of bladder, D2cc of rectum and D2cc of sigmoid colon were 92·4, 87·9, 69·6, and 72 Gy, respectively. At the median follow-up time of 61 months, the 5-year local control, disease-free survival, and overall survival rates were 96·2, 75 and 84·6% respectively. Two patients (3·8%) developed grade 3–4 gastrointestinal and two patients (3·8%) developed grade 3–4 genitourinal toxicities.

Conclusion

The combination of WPRT plus IGBT showed very promising long-term results with excellent local control and toxicity profiles.