bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: The “New” Chemosystematics: Phylogeny and Phytochemistry
Authors: Larsson Sonny
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phytochemicals: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly?
Authors: Molyneux Russell J. , Lee Stephen T. , Gardner Dale R. , Panter Kip E. , James Lynn F.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Evolution of Chemosystematics
Authors: Reynolds Tom
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Thalamo‐telencephalic pathways in the fire‐bellied toad Bombina orientalis
Authors: Laberge Frédéric , Mühlenbrock‐Lenter Sabine , Dicke Ursula , Roth Gerhard
Published: April 2008

It was suggested that among extant vertebrates, anuran amphibians display a brain organization closest to the ancestral tetrapod condition, and recent research suggests that anuran brains share important similarities with the brains of amniotes. The thalamus is the major source of sensory input to the telencephalon in both amphibians and amniote vertebrates, and this sensory input is critical for higher brain functions. The present study investigated the thalamo‐telencephalic pathways in the fire‐bellied toad Bombina orientalis, a basal anuran, by using a combination of retrograde tract tracing and intracellular injections with the tracer biocytin. Intracellular labeling revealed that the majority of neurons in the anterior and central thalamic nuclei project to multiple brain targets involved in behavioral modulation either through axon collaterals or en passant varicosities. Single anterior thalamic neurons target multiple regions in the forebrain and midbrain. Of note, these neurons display abundant projections to the medial amygdala and a variety of pallial areas, predominantly the anterior medial pallium. In Bombina, telencephalic projections of central thalamic neurons are restricted to the dorsal striato‐pallidum. The bed nucleus of the pallial commissure/thalamic eminence similarly targets multiple brain regions including the ventral medial pallium, but this is accomplished through a higher variety of distinct neuron types. We propose that the amphibian diencephalon exerts widespread influence in brain regions involved in behavioral modulation and that a single dorsal thalamic neuron is in a position to integrate different sensory channels and distribute the resulting information to multiple brain regions. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:806–823, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electron‐Self‐Exchange Kinetics of the Cyclooctatetraene/Cyclooctatetraene Radical‐Anion Couple
Authors: Grampp Günter , Großmann Birgit , Heinze Jürgen , Landgraf Stephan , Rasmussen Kenneth
Published: April 2008

Rate constants khom and khet are reported for the homogeneous electron‐self‐exchange and the heterogeneous electrochemical electron‐transfer reactions, respectively, of the cyclooctatetraene/cyclooctatetraene− (COT/COT.−) redox couple. In acetonitrile, the values khom (298 K)=(5±3)×105 M−1 s−1 and khet (295 K)=8×10−3 cm s−1 are found, whereas slightly faster rates are obtained in dimethylformamide, namely, khom (298 K)=(1.6±0.6)×106 M−1 s−1 and khet (295 K)=2×10−2 cm s−1. The khom rates are obtained from electron spin resonance (ESR) line broadening whereas the khet rates are measured at a mercurized Pt electrode by using Nicolson’s method. The slowness of both electron‐transfer reactions is caused by the high inner‐sphere reorganization energy that results from the inevitable conformational change that takes place upon going from the tub‐like COT molecule to the planar COT.− anion. The rates are well‐understood in terms of Marcus theory, including an additional medium inner‐sphere mode which is responsible for the flattening of COT.
Determination of NMR Lineshape Anisotropy of Guest Molecules within Inclusion Complexes from Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Alavi Saman , Dornan Peter , Woo Tom K.
Published: April 2008

Nonspherical cages in inclusion compounds can result in non‐uniform motion of guest species in these cages and anisotropic lineshapes in NMR spectra of the guest. Herein, we develop a methodology to calculate lineshape anisotropy of guest species in cages based on molecular dynamics simulations of the inclusion compound. The methodology is valid for guest atoms with spin 1/2 nuclei and does not depend on the temperature and type of inclusion compound or guest species studied. As an example, the nonspherical shape of the structure I (sI) clathrate hydrate large cages leads to preferential alignment of linear CO2 molecules in directions parallel to the two hexagonal faces of the cages. The angular distribution of the CO2 guests in terms of a polar angle θ and azimuth angle ϕ and small amplitude vibrational motions in the large cage are characterized by molecular dynamics simulations at different temperatures in the stability range of the CO2 sI clathrate. The experimental 13C NMR lineshapes of CO2 guests in the large cages show a reversal of the skew between the low temperature (77 K) and the high temperature (238 K) limits of the stability of the clathrate. We determine the angular distributions of the guests in the cages by classical MD simulations of the sI clathrate and calculate the 13C NMR lineshapes over a range of temperatures. Good agreement between experimental lineshapes and calculated lineshapes is obtained. No assumptions regarding the nature of the guest motions in the cages are required.
Clean and Facile Solution Synthesis of Iron(III)‐Entrapped γ‐Alumina Nanosorbents for Arsenic Removal
Authors: Park Ho Seok , Lee Young‐Chul , Choi Bong Gill , Hong Won Hi , Yang Ji‐Won
Published: April 2008

Iron(III)‐entrapped γ‐alumina nanosorbents were prepared by an environmentally benign method using an ionothermal process based on an ionic liquid to synthesize the γ‐alumina host and a sonochemical method to entrap the iron(III) guest. The morphology of the alumina depends on the aluminum precursor used, giving aligned bundled and randomly debundled γ‐alumina nanorods as well as wormlike mesoporous alumina. In particular, the rodlike structure shows significantly greater mesoporosity than the wormlike porous γ‐alumina structure. Moreover, entrapment of iron(III) in the γ‐alumina nanosorbents with randomly debundled rodlike structures leads to the greatest AsV removal capacity and the fastest adsorption rate as compared to the other FeIII‐entrapped adsorbents, as a result of its larger surface area and pore sizes. Thus, this method provides a clean and effective route to an advanced host–guest adsorbent system for application in the removal of arsenic from drinking water.
From Biomass to a Renewable LiXC6O6 Organic Electrode for Sustainable Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Haiyan , Armand Michel , Demailly Gilles , Dolhem Franck , Poizot Philippe , Tarascon Jean‐Marie
Published: April 2008

Li‐ion batteries presently operate on inorganic insertion compounds. The abundance and materials life‐cycle costs of such batteries may present issues in the long term with foreseeable large‐scale applications. To address the issue of sustainability of electrode materials, a radically different approach from the conventional route has been adopted to develop new organic electrode materials. The oxocarbon salt Li2C6O6 is synthesized through potentially low‐cost processes free of toxic solvents and by enlisting the use of natural organic sources (CO2‐harvesting entities). It contains carbonyl groups as redox centres and can electrochemically react with four Li ions per formula unit. Such battery processing comes close to both sustainable and green chemistry concepts, which are not currently present in Li‐ion cell technology. The consideration of renewable resources in designing electrode materials could potentially enable the realization of green and sustainable batteries within the next decade.
High‐Surface‐Area TiO2 and TiN as Catalysts for the CC Coupling of Alcohols and Ketones
Authors: Fischer Anna , Makowski Philippe , Müller Jens‐Oliver , Antonietti Markus , Thomas Arne , Goettmann Frederic
Published: April 2008

To design more sustainable processes for the alkylation of ketones, the use of both atom‐ineffective leaving groups such as halides and boron as well as noble‐metal‐based catalysts should be avoided. For that purpose, high‐surface‐area titanium nitride was prepared from high‐surface‐area titanium dioxide using cyanamide as a transcription agent. The resulting nitride as well as the initial oxide proved to be effective and versatile catalysts for the alkylation of ketones with alcohols. Interestingly, the TiN catalyst yields unsaturated compounds, while the oxide‐based catalyst mainly yields saturated coupling products. As a result of its metallic properties, TiN shows a strong tendency to catalyse the dehydrogenation of alcohols, which then undergo aldol condensation with ketones. In contrast, TiO2 promotes the direct nucleophilic attack of ketones on alcohols.
Coordination Studies of a New Nonsymmetric Ditertiary Phosphane Bearing a Single Phosphaadamantane Cage
Authors: Cunningham Tom J. , Elsegood Mark R. J. , Kelly Paul F. , Smith Martin B. , Staniland Paul M.
Published: April 2008

The new nonsymmetric ditertiary phosphane, Ph2P(CH2)2PAd (1), was prepared in one‐step from Ph2PCH=CH2 andH‐PAd (H‐PAd = 1,3,5,7‐tetramethyl‐2,4,8‐trioxa‐6‐phosphaadamantane) by a hydrophosphination reaction using 2,2′‐azo‐bisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as free radical initiator. The sterically encumbered phosphaadamantane cage in 1 was found to influence the coordination capabilities of this ligand. The reaction of 1 with [PdCl2(cod)] or [Pt(CH3)2(cod)] (cod = cycloocta‐1,5‐diene) gave the corresponding κ2‐P,P′‐chelate complexes cis‐[PdCl2(1)] (2) and cis‐[Pt(CH3)2(1)] (3), respectively. The dinuclear gold(I) complex [Ph2P(AuCl)(CH2)2PAd(AuCl)] (4) was prepared from 1 and 2 equiv. of [AuCl(tht)] (tht = tetrahydrothiophene). In contrast, the cleavage of the chloro‐bridged dimers {RuCl2(η6‐p‐cymene)}2 or {MCl2(η5‐Cp*)}2 (M = Rh, Ir) with 1 gave the κ1‐P‐monodentate complexes [RuCl2(η6‐p‐cymene)(1)] (5), [RhCl2(η5‐Cp*)(1)] (6) and [IrCl2(η5‐Cp*)(1)] (7), respectively, in which the ‐PAd group is non‐coordinating. Chloride abstraction from 6 (or 7) can be accomplished upon addition of Na[SbF6] to generate the cationic κ2‐P,P′‐chelate complexes 8b (and 9b). Alternatively 8a (or 9a) could be observed, as their chloride salts, by 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy upon addition of several drops of CH3OH to CDCl3 solutions of 6 (or 7). The reaction of 5–7 with [AuCl(tht)] gave the dinuclear complexes [κ2‐P,P′‐μ‐RuCl2(η6‐p‐cymene){Ph2P(CH2)2PAd(AuCl)}] (10), [κ2‐P,P′‐μ‐RhCl2(η5‐Cp*){Ph2P(CH2)2PAd(AuCl)}] (11) and [κ2‐P,P′‐μ‐IrCl2(η5‐Cp*){Ph2P(CH2)2PAd(AuCl)}] (12). Reaction of two equiv. of 5 with the labile precursors [PdCl2(CH3CN)2] or [PtCl2(PhCN)2] gave instead the novel trinuclear Ru2Pd and Ru2Pt complexes trans‐[{κ2‐P,P′‐μ‐RuCl2(η6‐p‐cymene){Ph2P(CH2)2PAd}}2PdCl2] (13) and trans‐[{κ2‐P,P′‐μ‐RuCl2(η6‐p‐cymene){Ph2P(CH2)2PAd}}2PtCl2] (14), respectively. All new compounds have been fully characterised by spectroscopic and analytical methods. Furthermore the structures of 3·CHCl3, 4, 5, 7·CHCl3, 10·CH2Cl2·0.5C2H10O and 13·2CH2Cl2 have been elucidated by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. The X‐ray structures of 10·CH2Cl2·0.5C4H10O and 13·2CH2Cl2 demonstrate how nonsymmetric ditertiary phosphane complexes bearing one pendant phosphaadamantane moiety can be used as metalloligands in the controlled syntheses of novel bi‐ and trimetallic complexes.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Syntheses, Structures and Photophysical Properties of New Heterodinuclear Cd–Ln Coordination Complexes (Ln = Sm, Eu, Tb, Nd, Ho, Er)
Authors: Chi Yu‐Xian , Niu Shu‐Yun , Wang Zhao‐Long , Jin Jing
Published: April 2008

Six novel heterodinuclear d–f coordination complexes [LnCd(C8H7O3)5(phen)(H2O)] (Ln = Sm 1, Eu 2, Tb 3, Nd 4, Ho 5, Er 6; C8H7O3 = 4‐methoxybenzoato; phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline) were synthesized by the hydrothermal method, and their structures were studied by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The IR and UV/Vis/NIR absorption spectra and the luminescence spectra of the six complexes were determined at room temperature. They have the same molecular structure, and two neighboring molecules are connected by hydrogen bonds or by a Ln···O weak interaction to form dimer crystals. In the visible region, the emission spectra of complexes 1–3 show the intense characteristic bands of the corresponding LnIII ions, which are mainly attributed to the efficient energy transfer from the d block to the f block, that is, to the good sensitization of the d block. Moreover, in the Cd–Ln coordination complexes, the Cd···Ln separation is very small, and the 4d orbitals of the CdII ion may influence the 4f orbitals of the LnIII ion, which probably causes some of the f levels of the LnIII ion to be adjusted, and this effect can be observed in the shifts or splittings of the absorption bands in the UV/Vis/NIR spectra of the complexes. Especially in complexes 4–6, some energy levels of the LnIII ions have shifts or splittings, hence the corresponding emission bands exhibit shifts or splittings in the NIR region. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Effect of various extraction conditions on the phenolic contents of pomegranate seed oil
Authors: Abbasi Hajar , Rezaei Karamatollah , Emamdjomeh Zahra , Mousavi Seyyed M. Ebrahimzadeh
Published: April 2008

Pomegranate seeds are byproducts of the pomegranate juice industry. Because of the presence of large amounts of certain pharmaceutical and nutraceutical components in the seeds, a proper extraction method to obtain these components is highly demanded in the food industry. In this study, the effect of different extraction methods on the total phenolic contents of the oil extracted from pomegranate seeds of the Malas variety from Shahreza, Iran, was investigated. Four different extraction methods including normal stirring, Soxhlet, microwave irradiation and ultrasonic irradiation using two types of organic solvents as well as a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method using CO2 as solvent were applied. The different organic solvents of this study did not indicate any significant differences in the total phenolic contents of the extracted oils, but the extracted oils from the various conditions of SFE indicated wide changes in the amount of phenolic compounds (7.8–72.1 mg/g). The total phenolic content of the extracted oil from one of the SFE runs was several times greater than those in the extracted oils using organic solvents.
Microwave‐assisted hydrodistillation of essential oil from Zataria multiflora Boiss
Authors: Golmakani Mohammad‐Taghi , Rezaei Karamatollah
Published: April 2008

Microwave‐assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) has recently gained attention for the extraction of essential oils. A concern with the use of MAHD is the possibility of sample deterioration during the extended exposure to microwave irradiation. In this study, MAHD was applied as a new and green technology for the extraction of essential oil from Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Shirazi thyme) aerial parts. Superior results were obtained with the proposed method in terms of extraction time [1 h vs. 4 h in hydrodistillation (HD)] for an essential oil recovery of 3.66 and 3.44%, respectively. Images obtained from thyme leaves using scanning electron microscopy indicated a sudden eruption of essential oil glands undergoing MAHD. GC‐MS analysis of the essential oils did not indicate any new or missing compounds in the essential oil obtained by MAHD in comparison with that by HD. Therefore, a microwave oven can be safely used for the extraction of essential oil from Shirazi thyme.
A multichannel electrophoresis microchip platform for rapid chiral selector screening
Authors: Gao Yan , Luo Yong , Qin Jianhua , Lin Bingcheng
Published: April 2008

This study presents a four‐channel electrophoresis chip platform, featuring double‐cross hydrostatic sample injection, for rapid chiral selector screening. This platform needs only five electrodes to drive microchip electrophoresis in four separate channels for screening four chiral selectors at a time. To demonstrate the performance of this screening platform, eight neutral CDs and their derivatives as chiral selectors were screened towards two FITC‐labeled chiral compounds. The screening could be accomplished in less than 2 min. Dimethyl‐β‐CD and hydroxypropyl‐α‐CD was demonstrated to be the appropriate selectors for FITC‐norfenefrine and FITC‐baclofen, respectively. The established platform is easy to operate and suitable for rapid screening process, which is expected to be a potential platform for high‐throughput screening of chiral selectors.
Analytical optimization of nanocomposite surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy/scattering detection in microfluidic separation devices
Authors: Connatser R. Maggie , Cochran Malcolm , Harrison Robert J. , Sepaniak Michael J.
Published: April 2008

Adding vibrational spectroscopies to the arsenal of detection modes for microfluidics (μfluidics) offers benefits afforded by structurally descriptive identification of separated electrophoretic bands. We have previously applied surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection with nanocomposite metal–elastomer substrates as a detection mode in μfluidic channels. To create these μfluidic‐SERS devices, silver‐PDMS substrate regions are integrated into the architecture of a separation chip fabricated from PDMS or glass. Herein, we investigate analytical figures of merit for integrated μfluidic‐SERS devices by implementing improvements in fluidic and SERS substrate fabrication as well as data collection strategies. Improvements are achieved by chemical modification of the PDMS channel, increasing effective detection efficiency by minimizing analyte partitioning into nonsensing walls rendering more analyte available to the metallized cover slide of channels and also by uniquely fabricating deep channels that have larger volume to SERS surface area ratios than conventional channels. A method is developed to exploit the inherent concentration profile of analyte material within an electrophoretic band in order to extend the linear dynamic range of detection on the SERS nanostructured surface. This is accomplished by spatially interrogating the Gaussian concentration profile of said bands. The subtleties of this technique give insight into the analytical utility of SERS detection in general. Finally, SERS substrates uniquely created via electron beam lithography with controllable morphologies are integrated into μfluidic‐SERS devices to prove feasibility of such a coupling for future work. A separation of endocrine disrupting chemicals in a hybrid SERS nanocomposite‐glass device is the capstone of this work.
Electrokinetic supercharging for highly efficient peptide preconcentration in capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Busnel Jean‐Marc , Lion Niels , Girault Hubert H.
Published: April 2008

Electrokinetic supercharging has been integrated in CZE for the development of a highly sensitive methodology for protein tryptic digest analysis. A careful choice of the experimental conditions led to sensitivity enhancement factors between 1000 and 10 000 whilst maintaining a satisfactory resolution. Peptides in the low nanomolar concentration range have been detected despite the use of the poorly sensitive UV absorbance detection mode. The buffer system used in this study is fully suitable for coupling CE to MS.
Sulfonated molecules that bind a partially structured species of β2‐microglobulin also influence refolding and fibrillogenesis
Authors: Carazzone Chiara , Colombo Raffaella , Quaglia Milena , Mangione Palma , Raimondi Sara , Giorgetti Sofia , Caccialanza Gabriele , Bellotti Vittorio , De Lorenzi Ersilia
Published: April 2008

Human β2‐microglobulin (β2‐m) is a small amyloidogenic protein responsible for dialysis‐related amyloidosis, which represents a severe complication of long‐term hemodialysis. A therapeutic approach for this amyloidosis could be based on the stabilization of β2‐m through the binding to a small molecule, to possibly inhibit protein misfolding and amyloid fibril formation. The search of a strong ligand of this protein is extremely challenging: by using CE in affinity and refolding experiments we study the effect that previously selected sulfonated molecules have on the equilibrium between the native form and an ensemble of conformers populating the slow phase of β2‐m folding. These data are correlated with the effect that the same molecules exert on in vitro fibrillogenesis experiments.
COWAR: A CAPE OPEN software module for the evaluation of process sustainability
Authors: Fermeglia Maurizio , Longo Gennaro , Toma Letitia
Published: April 2008

The sustainability of a chemical process can be estimated using qualitative and quantitative indicators. Quantitative indicators, such as potential environmental impact (PEI) indexes, are essential for evaluating the environmental impact of a chemical process and for choosing the best design among available alternatives. Waste Reduction (WAR) Algorithm, used to calculate the PEI indexes, is implemented using a standard methodology, CAPE OPEN (CO). Such development leads to COWAR, a software module for the evaluation of process sustainability. Details regarding the COWAR development and function are presented in this work. Finally, a representative chemical process is presented to demonstrate the software applicability. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2008
Efficiency of single‐stock futures: An intraday analysis
Authors: Fung Joseph K.W. , Tse Yiuman
Published: April 2008

Using intraday bid–ask quotes of single‐stock futures (SSFs) contracts and the underlying stocks, the pricing and informational efficiency of SSF traded on the Hong Kong Exchange are examined. Both the SSFs and the stocks are traded on electronic platforms. The market microstructure and the data obviate the problems of stale and non‐executable prices as well as uncertain bid–ask bounce of the thinly traded futures contracts. Nominal price comparisons show that more than 80% of SSF quotes are inferior to stock quotes. More than 99% of the observed futures spreads are above one stock tick compared with only 2% of those for stocks. After adjusting for the cost‐of‐carry, however, SSFs are fairly priced. Given higher stock trading costs, non‐members should even find the futures attractively priced. Thus, the absence of competitive market maker does not bias prices so as to discourage trading. SSF quotes also account for one‐third of price discovery despite their low volume. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:518–536, 2008
Pricing European Asian options with skewness and kurtosis in the underlying distribution
Authors: Lo Keng‐Hsin , Wang Kehluh , Hsu Ming‐Feng
Published: April 2008

Numerical valuation model is extended for European Asian options while considering the higher moments of the underlying asset return distribution. The Edgeworth binomial lattice is applied and the lower and upper bounds of the option value are calculated. That the error bound in pricing Asian options from the Edgeworth binomial model is smaller than the error bound model by Chalasani et al. is shown. The approach is used to price the average rate currency option with different skewness and kurtosis. The numerical results show that this approach can effectively deal with the higher moments of the underlying distribution and provide better estimates of option value compared with various studies in literature. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:598–616, 2008
Precipitation water storage capacity in a temperate mixed oak–beech canopy
Authors: André Frédéric , Jonard Mathieu , Ponette Quentin
Published: April 2008

The storage capacity of a temperate mixed oak–beech stand was investigated as a function of stand density and species composition. Measurements were performed in selected zones delimited by three neighbouring trees. Three independent approaches were compared: (i) a spraying laboratory experiment to estimate the water storage on foliage before and after dripping; (ii) a mechanistic model describing rainfall partitioning within the forest canopy and providing estimates of foliage storage capacities; and (iii) linear regression analyses to evaluate the canopy (foliage + branches) storage capacity using the relationship between throughfall and rainfall. Good agreement was generally observed between the laboratory experiment and the mechanistic model estimates, while estimations from the regression method tended to exceed those from the other approaches. Storage capacity estimates ranged from 0·22 mm to 0·80 mm for pure oak zones, from 0·24 mm to 1·12 mm for mixed zones and from 0·53 mm to 1·17 mm for pure beech zones. The increase of storage capacity with increasing proportion of beech in the canopy resulted from higher beech LAI compared with oak. Similarly, for mixed and pure beech canopies, storage capacity was higher for high density zones than for low density zones as a result of the increase in LAI with increasing local basal area; in contrast, for pure oak, the storage capacity was not related to basal area because of the lower shade‐tolerance of this species compared with beech. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ion enrichment of snowmelt runoff water caused by basal ice formation
Authors: Lilbæk Gro , Pomeroy John W.
Published: April 2008

Once meltwater reaches the base of a snowpack it can infiltrate the underlying stratum, runoff, or refreeze and form a basal ice layer. Basal ice formation is most common early in melt over saturated or very cold frozen soils. Initial meltwater becomes enriched in ion concentrations compared to the parent snow due to ion fractionation during thaw and percolation through the snowpack. If ion exclusion occurs during basal ice formation, further enrichment of initial runoff water ion concentrations might occur. The influence of basal ice formation on runoff water chemistry was examined by comparing ion concentrations in runoff water that had sustained basal ice contact, to meltwater before basal ice contact. A series of experiments, involving melting a snowpack in a large insulated box over a cold impermeable substrate in a temperature‐controlled room, were carried out. A cooling system at the chemically inert base ensured formation of basal ice during snowmelt. Meltwater samples were collected throughout melt from within the snowpack using an extraction tube; runoff water was collected at the base. All samples were analysed for major anions and cations. Results showed that formation of basal ice layers can sometimes enrich the initial runoff water compared to meltwater before basal ice contact. Ion concentrations in basal ice contact runoff water were up to sixteen times greater than those in no‐contact meltwater; however, on average, basal ice contact runoff water showed 1·5 times the ion concentrations of the no‐contact meltwater. Enrichment was greatest with the rapid formation of a thick basal ice layer. The implications are that basal ice formation alters both meltwater ion pathway and concentration. When no basal ice is present, enhanced infiltration of meltwater ion load can cause relatively dilute runoff water. When basal ice is present all meltwater runs off and further ion‐concentration enrichment occurs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reinforcement of bone cement using zirconia fibers with and without acrylic coating
Authors: Kotha Shiva , Li Chaodi , Schmid Steven , Mason James
Published: April 2008

Acrylic (polymethylmethacrylate or PMMA) bone cement was modified by the addition of high‐strength zirconia fibers with average lengths of 200 μm and diameters of 15 μm or 30 μm. A novel emulsion polymerization process was developed to encapsulate individual fibers in PMMA. Improvements in tensile and compressive properties as well as in fracture toughness were investigated upon incorporation of uncoated and acrylic coated zirconia fibers. Bone cements were reinforced with 2% by volume of the 15 μm diameter and 5% by volume of the 30 μm fibers. Results indicate that elastic modulus and ultimate strength of bone cements reinforced with zirconia fibers were higher than controls, being the largest for cements reinforced with 30 μm diameter fibers. The fracture toughness of the cement increased by 23% and 41% by the addition of 15 μm and 30 μm fibers, respectively. Coating of individual zirconia fibers did not result in improved material properties of bone cements. The use of uncoated or acrylic coated 30 μm fibers is recommended based on the significant increases in ultimate strength and fracture toughness of the cements. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Fabrication of burst pressure competent vascular grafts via electrospinning: Effects of microstructure
Authors: Drilling Sarah , Gaumer Jeremy , Lannutti John
Published: April 2008

In this work, electrospun tubes of interest for vascular tissue engineering were fabricated and evaluated for burst pressure and suture retention strength (SRS) in the same context as tensile strength providing a direct, novel comparison. Tubes could be fabricated displaying average burst pressures up to 4000 mmHg—well above the standard of 2000 mmHg—and SRS values matching those of relevant natural tissues. Surprisingly, highly oriented fiber and maximal tensile properties are not absolutely necessary to attain clinically adequate burst pressures. The ability to resist bursting is clearly related to both initial solution solids loading and electrospinning deposition time. We make novel in situ observations of the relative microstructural characteristics of failure during bursting, and connect this to the conditions used to fabricate the graft. Processes typically thought to promote fiber alignment are, in fact, highly condition‐dependent and do not always provide superior properties. In fact, electrospun structures displaying no discernable alignment could achieve burst pressures regarded clinically sufficient. The properties of individual electrospun fiber clearly do not fully dictate macroscale properties. Normal background levels of point bonding are enhanced by increased rotational speeds, and can have effects on properties more dominant than those of alignment. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Interfaces in graded coatings on titanium‐based implants
Authors: Lopez‐Esteban S. , Gutierrez‐Gonzalez C. F. , Gremillard L. , Saiz E. , Tomsia A. P.
Published: April 2008

Graded bilayered glass–ceramic composite coatings on Ti6Al4V substrates were fabricated using an enameling technique. The layers consisted of a mixture of glasses in the CaO‐MgO‐Na2O‐K2O‐P2O5 system with different amounts of calcium phosphates (CPs). Optimum firing conditions have been determined for the fabrication of coatings having good adhesion to the metal, while avoiding deleterious reactions between the glass and the ceramic particles. The final coatings do not crack or delaminate. The use of high‐silica layers (>60 wt % SiO2) in contact with the alloy promotes long‐term stability of the coating; glass–metal adhesion is achieved through the formation of a nanostructured Ti5Si3 layer. A surface layer containing a mixture of a low‐silica glass (∼53 wt % SiO2) and synthetic hydroxyapatite particles promotes the precipitation of new apatite during tests in vitro. The in vitro behavior of the coatings in simulated body fluid depends both on the composition of the glass matrix and the CP particles, and is strongly affected by the coating design and the firing conditions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Effects of repetitive and short time strain in human bone marrow stromal cells
Authors: Diederichs Solvig , Freiberger Friedrich , van Griensven Martijn
Published: April 2008

For the long‐term objective to engineer a functional bone construct, we applied unidirectional cyclic mechanical strain to human bone marrow stromal cells. Two strain regimes were applied comprising single and repetitive strain, respectively. For the single strain, we applied 15 and 60 min of mechanical load (1 Hz, 5% elongation). Increased proliferation and type I collagen levels were detected after 15‐ and 60‐min load accompanied by increased type III collagen production after 60 min of strain. To study a possible amplification of effects, long time strain on 3 consecutive days, with every day 8 h strain duration, was applied in order to induce persistent and evident cellular reactions. Furthermore, an increased calcification was observed. The observed changes were not associated with changes in p38, extracellular signal regulated kinase or c‐jun N‐terminal kinase activation (Western Blot). In conclusion, application of a single strain period of up to 60 min is not sufficient to induce persistent cellular reactions. Fifteen minutes seems to induce beneficial effects, whereas 60 min of strain induces collagen type III (as a sign of scar formation). Repetition of strain (3 × 8 h) induced enhanced differentiation without detrimental side effects. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Characterization of low‐molecular‐weight hyaluronic acid‐based hydrogel and differential stem cell responses in the hydrogel microenvironments
Authors: Kim Jungju , Park Yongdoo , Tae Giyoong , Lee Kyu Back , Hwang Chang Mo , Hwang Soon Jung , Kim In Sook , Noh Insup , Sun Kyung
Published: April 2008

Hyaluronic acid is a natural glycosaminoglycan involved in biological processes. Low‐molecular‐weight hyaluronic acid (10 and 50 kDa)‐based hydrogel was synthesized using derivatized hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronic acid was acrylated by two steps: (1) introduction of an amine group using adipic acid dihydrazide, and (2) acrylation by N‐acryloxysuccinimide. Injectable hyaluronic acid‐based hydrogel was prepared by using acrylated hyaluronic acid and poly(ethylene glycol) tetra‐thiols via Michael‐type addition reaction. Mechanical properties of the hydrogel were evaluated by varying the molecular weight of acrylated hyaluronic acid (10 and 50 kDa) and the weight percent of hydrogel. Hydrogel based on 50‐kDa hyaluronic acid showed the shortest gelation time and the highest complex modulus. Next, human mesenchymal stem cells were cultured in cell‐adhesive RGD peptide‐immobilized hydrogels together with bone morphogenic protein‐2 (BMP‐2). Cells cultured in the RGD/BMP‐2‐incorporated hydrogels showed proliferation rates higher than that of control or RGD‐immobilized hydrogels. Real‐time RT‐PCR showed that the expression of osteoblast marker genes such as CBFα1 and alkaline phosphatase was increased in hyaluronic acid‐based hydrogel, and the expression level was dependent on the molecular weight of hyaluronic acid, RGD peptide, and BMP‐2. This study indicates that low‐molecular‐weight hyaluronic acid‐based hydrogel can be applied to tissue regeneration as differentiation guidance materials of stem cells. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Expression of the calcitonin receptor, calcitonin receptor‐like receptor, and receptor activity modifying proteins during osteoclast differentiation
Authors: Granholm Susanne , Lundberg Pernilla , Lerner Ulf H.
Published: April 2008

The expressions of the calcitonin receptor (CTR), the calcitonin receptor‐like receptor (CLR), the receptor activity‐modifying proteins (RAMP) 1–3, and of the receptor component protein (RCP) have been studied in mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMM) during osteoclast differentiation, induced by treatment with M‐CSF and RANKL. Analyses of mRNA showed that CLR and RAMP1–3, but not CTR, were expressed in M‐CSF stimulated BMM. RANKL gradually increased CTR mRNA, transiently enhanced CLR and transiently decreased RAMP1 mRNA, but did not affect RAMP2, RAMP3, or RCP mRNA. However, RANKL did not affect protein levels of CLR or RAMP1–3 as assessed by Western blots or FACS analyses, whereas immunocytochemistry showed enhanced CTR protein. Analyses of cAMP production showed that BMM cells expressed functional receptors for calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), amylin, adrenomedullin, and intermedin, but not for calcitonin and calcitonin receptor stimulating peptide (CRSP), but that RANKL induced the expression of receptors for calcitonin and CRSP as well. Calcitonin, CGRP, amylin, adrenomedullin, intermedin, and CRSP all down regulated the CTR mRNA, but none of the peptides caused any effects on the expression of CLR or any of the RAMPs. Our data show that BMM cells express receptors for CGRP, amylin, adrenomedullin, and intermedin and that RANKL induces the formation of receptors for calcitonin and CRSP in these cells. We also show, for the first time, that the CTR is not only down regulated by signaling through the CTR but also by the peptides signaling through CLR/RAMPs. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 920–933, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypoxia stimulates the autocrine regulation of migration of vascular smooth muscle cells via HIF‐1α‐dependent expression of thrombospondin‐1
Authors: Osada‐Oka Mayuko , Ikeda Takako , Akiba Satoshi , Sato Takashi
Published: April 2008

The migration of vascular smooth muscle cells from the media to intima and their subsequent proliferation are critical causes of arterial wall thickening. In atherosclerotic lesions increases in the thickness of the vascular wall and the impairment of oxygen diffusion capacity result in the development of hypoxic lesions. We investigated the effect of hypoxia on the migration of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CASMCs) via HIF‐1α‐dependent expression of thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1). When the cells were cultured under hypoxic conditions, mRNA and protein levels of TSP‐1, and mRNA levels of integrin β3 were increased with the increase in HIF‐1α protein. DNA synthesis and migration of the cells were stimulated under the conditions, and a neutralizing anti‐TSP‐1 antibody apparently suppressed the migration, but not DNA synthesis. The migration was also inhibited by RGD peptide that binds to integrin β3. Furthermore, the migration was completely suppressed in HIF‐1α‐knockdown cells exposed to hypoxia, while it was significantly enhanced in HIF‐1α‐overexpressing cells. These results suggest that the hypoxia induces the migration of CASMCs, and that the migration is elicited by TSP‐1 of which induction is fully dependent on the stabilization of HIF‐1α, in autocrine regulation. Thus we suggest that HIF‐1α plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 1918–1926, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The ethical practice of psychotherapy: easily within our reach
Authors: Barnett Jeffrey E.
Published: April 2008

Psychotherapists confront a myriad of ethical dilemmas as they endeavor to provide effective services. This issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session on Ethics in Psychotherapy provides psychotherapists with thoughtful reviews, case examples, and practical guidance in the major areas of ethics. Following this brief introduction, the subsequent seven articles cover Informed consent; confidentiality, privilege, and their limits; treatment of minors and their families; business matters of practice (e.g., money, fees, bartering, advertising); clinical competence and scope of practice; boundaries and nonsexual multiple relationships; and termination and abandonment. This issue is designed to promote ethical practice, to provide guidance on common ethical dilemmas, and to prevent ethical challenges before they occur. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol:In Session 64: 1–7, 2008.
Abdominal aortic wall motion of healthy and hypertensive subjects: Evaluation of tissue Doppler velocity imaging
Authors: Huang Ying , Hu Bing , Huang Pin‐Tong , Sun Hai‐Yan , Zhu Jia‐An
Published: April 2008

Purpose.

To investigate the potential clinical application of tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) for motion measurement of the aortic wall in healthy and hypertensive adults.

Method.

We used TDI to examine 53 hypertensive and 29 sex‐matched healthy adults. Maximum velocity of the first and second systolic wall expansion peaks (S1, S2), maximum velocity of early (D) and end (E) diastolic retraction velocity peaks, pulse wave transmit time (PWTT), and stiffness index (β) of the abdominal aorta were measured and compared as for factors influencing vascular compliance, including age, sex, and blood pressure.

Results.

Compared with the healthy subjects, the wall motion waveform of hypertensive patients showed absent E, mixed S1 and S2 peaks, and blunted S1. S1 and D were lower in hypertensive than in healthy subjects. Shortened PWTT and increased indicated increased aortic stiffness in both male and female hypertensive subects when compared with controls. Age, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and sex were the significant independent factors modulating S1, while DBP and age were the significant independent factors modulating D. PWTT was independently influenced by age and systolic blood pressure.

Conclusion.

This study provides evidence that abdominal aortic wall motion measurement with TDI could demonstrate qualitative and quantitative wall motion features differentiating hypertensive from healthy adults. Wall motion velocity and PWTT could reflect abdominal aortic compliance changes related to age, sex, and blood pressure. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008.
Four‐dimensional sonography with B‐flow imaging and spatiotemporal image correlation for visualization of the fetal heart
Authors: Hata Toshiyuki , Dai Shu‐Yan , Inubashiri Eisuke , Kanenishi Kenji , Tanaka Hirokazu , Yanagihara Toshihiro , Araki Seiko
Published: April 2008

Purpose.

To use B‐flow imaging with 4‐dimensional (4D) sonography and spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) in the evaluation of normal fetal heart and congenital heart disease during pregnancy.

Method.

Volume data sets of the fetal heart were acquired with automated transverse and longitudinal sweeps of the anterior chest wall. We studied 13 normal fetuses and 2 fetuses with congenital heart disease (1 double‐outlet right ventricle and 1 hypoplastic left heart syndrome) at gestation ages ranging from 13 to 39 weeks using transabdominal 4D B‐flow sonography with STIC (4D BF‐STIC).

Results.

4D BF‐STIC demonstrated dynamic angiographic features in both normal and abnormal fetal hearts. 4D BF‐STIC images could not be obtained in 2 normal fetuses at 18.1 and 33.1 weeks because of the high fetal heart rate and inappropriate fetal position. In normal fetal heart, characteristic hemodynamic changes in both atria and ventricles were clearly demonstrated in systole and diastole. 4D BF‐STIC also allowed visualization of the relationship, size, and course of the outflow tracts, thus helping the examiner to better understand the relationships between the vessels. In a case of hypoplastic left heart syndrome, dramatic hemodynamic changes including the right atrium, right ventricle, and pulmonary artery were evident. In a case of double‐outlet right ventricle with ventricular septal defect, left‐to‐right shunt flow through a ventricular septal defect was clearly shown, as were great arteries originating in parallel from the right ventricle.

Conclusion.

4D BF‐STIC provides a means of real‐time 3‐dimensional evaluation of fetal intracardiac and extracardiac hemodynamics in the second and third trimesters. This novel technique assists in the evaluation of fetal cardiac hemodynamics and may play an important role in future fetal cardiac research and in the evaluation of congenital heart disease in the fetus. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008.
Pharmaceutical analysis by supercritical fluid chromatography: Optimization of the mobile phase composition on a 2‐ethylpyridine column
Authors: Brunelli Claudio , Zhao Yining , Brown Melissa‐Hanna , Sandra Pat
Published: April 2008

The separation of neutral, acidic, and basic pharmaceuticals with diverse physicochemical properties by packed column supercritical fluid chromatography (pSFC) on a 2‐ethylpyridine column (25 cm×4.6 mm id, 3 μm particles) is presented. The optimization strategy involved separations at 100% methanol (MeOH) and at 50% MeOH/50% ACN while keeping the peak symmetry additives formic acid (FA) and isopropylamine (IPA) at constant levels of 0.25% v/v. By plotting the adjusted retention times as a function of the MeOH/ACN ratio, an optimal modifier ratio composition of 65% MeOH/35% ACN was found. The total set of 26 neutral, acidic, and basic pharmaceuticals was analyzed and the optimal composition experimentally verified. This mobile phase composition is currently used in pharmaceutical method development and open‐access generic screening environments.
Is there any place for alimentary probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics, for patients with inflammatory bowel disease?
Authors: Seksik Philippe , Dray Xavier , Sokol Harry , Marteau Philippe
Published: April 2008

The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves an interaction between genetically determined host susceptibility, dysregulated immune response, and the enteric microbiota. Ecological treatments including probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics are actively studied in Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and pouchitis. We review herein the literature on the rational use of probiotics in IBD considering efficacy (as evaluated in randomized controlled trials), mechanisms of action and safety issues. A probiotic effect is strictly restricted to one defined strain and cannot be generalized from one to another. There is evidence of efficacy of some probiotic drugs in pouchitis (VSL#3), and in the prevention of recurrence of UC (Escherichia coli Nissle 1917). However, the evidence for efficacy of probiotic drugs in CD is still low as well as that of dietary ecological treatments. Despite an ecological (hopefully nutritional) treatment of IBD is promising, many questions remain unanswered and further clinical and fundamental studies are needed.
6‐Shogaol induces apoptosis in human colorectal carcinoma cells via ROS production, caspase activation, and GADD 153 expression
Authors: Pan Min‐Hsiung , Hsieh Min‐Chi , Kuo Jen‐Min , Lai Ching‐Shu , Wu Hou , Sang Shengmin , Ho Chi‐Tang
Published: April 2008

Ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, is a traditional medicine with anti‐inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties. This study examined the growth inhibitory effects of the structurally related compounds 6‐gingerol and 6‐shogaol on human cancer cells. 6‐Shogaol [1‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)‐4‐decen‐3‐one] inhibits the growth of human cancer cells and induces apoptosis in COLO 205 cells through modulation of mitochondrial functions regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS generation occurs in the early stages of 6‐shogaol‐induced apoptosis, preceding cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and DNA fragmentation. Up‐regulation of Bax, Fas, and FasL, as well as down‐regulation of Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐XL were observed in 6‐shogaol‐treated COLO 205 cells. N‐acetylcysteine (NAC), but not by other antioxidants, suppress 6‐shogaol‐induced apoptosis. The growth arrest and DNA damage (GADD)‐inducible transcription factor 153 (GADD153) mRNA and protein is markedly induced in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner in response to 6‐shogaol.