bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Morbidities of Elderly Out-patients Attending Various Outreach Clinics in Gandaki Province of Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Khattri Jai Bahadur , Godar Srijana Thapa , Subedi Anil , Tirkey Shweta
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Dramatic growth of the aging population resulted in an increased number of mentaldisorders and such data are limited in Nepal. The objective is to find out the psychiatric morbiditiesof elderly out-patients attending Baglung, Kusma, Walling, and Dumre out-reach clinics in GandakiProvince of Nepal.

Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in 392 patients attending out-reachclinics of Baglung, Kusma, Walling, and Dumre of Gandaki Province for one year with the convenientsampling method. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee of ManipalCollege of Medical Sciences, Pokhara. The diagnosis was done according to the InternationalClassification of Disease-10 guidelines. Epi-info 7 was used and point estimate at 95% ConfidenceInterval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data and the analysis wasdone.

Results: The prevalence of neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorders 145 (37.0%) wasmaximum followed by mood disorders 111 (28.3%). Maximum cases were in between 66 and 75years, Brahmin and Chhetri caste, females, married, and from an extended nuclear family. Thereis more prevalence of female gender in all psychiatric diagnoses except in mental and behavioraldisorders due to psychoactive substance use. There is more prevalence of age groups of patients lessthan or equal to 75 years in all the psychiatric diagnosis.

Conclusions: Neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorders were the most common diagnosis.The risk of development of certain disorders based on gender and age group of the patients wouldbe helpful for case identification.
Massive Gastrointestinal Bleeding Masquerading Coagulopathy in Acute Viral Hepatitis: A Case Report
Authors: Pokhrel Bhishma , Daha Sunil Kumar , Shrestha Nikhil , Sah Pankaj Kumar , Khanal Nimesh
Published: November 2020

Hepatitis A virus infection is typically an acute self-limiting illness associated with general nonspecific symptoms such as fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or discomfort,and diarrhea. This may have atypical manifestation like prolonged cholestasis. Despite havingvarying typical and atypical manifestations such a case may present with life-threatening bleedingfrom a co-existing surgical cause such as perforation of Meckel’s diverticulum.
Management of the Thyroid Gland in Papillary Carcinoma of the Thyroglossal Cyst: A Case Report
Authors: George Philip , Mani Suresh , Telugu Ramesh Babu , Michael Rajiv Charles
Published: November 2020

Carcinoma arising in a thyroglossal cyst is rare. We present a case of anterior neck swelling diagnosed to be thyroglossal cyst clinically which turns out to be a papillary carcinoma arising in thyroglossal cyst. She underwent sistrunk procedure with total thyroidectomy and diseasefree on follow up evaluation. Even though preoperative ultrasonography had shown thyroid nodule, the final histology did not show malignancy. There is a paucity of clear-cut guidelines in the management of the thyroid gland in a thyroglossal cyst carcinoma. In thyroglossal cyst carcinoma cases, we recommend thyroidectomy only when there is a thyroid nodule with high-risk features.
Head and Neck Cylindroma Masquerading as Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report
Authors: Konkimalla Abhilash , Sakthivel Pirabu , Singh Chirom Amit , Yogal Rijendra , Panda Smriti , Sharma Meher Chand
Published: November 2020

Cylindroma is an uncommon skin appendageal tumor encountered by otorhinolaryngologists in the head and neck. We present a case of a 70-year-old lady who presented with an ulcerative lesion in the pre auricular region. These appendageal tumours can mimic more sinister lesions like squamous cell carcinoma which might warrant overtreatment. This report highlights the importance of harbouring knowledge of these benign tumours in order to provide appropriate management.
Role of Spirituality in Mental Health in Nepal
Authors: Poudel Anita
Published: November 2020

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Postpartum Maternal Morbidity Requiring Hospital Admission in A Teaching Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Shrestha Pravin , Mahato Vibha , Karmacharya Smita Shrestha
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Major concern shifts from mother to newborn in postnatal period. Postpartum complications contribute to a lot of maternal morbidity and mortality. This study aims to determine the prevalence of morbidities in women following delivery at Manipal Teaching Hospital so as to identify and improve maternal quality care.

Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Teaching Hospital from September 2018 to March 2020 after ethical approval from the institutional review committee with reference number 1296. All the women presenting to the department during the study period were included in the study. Women who were admitted to accompany and nurse their babies for neonatal problems were excluded.Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Data were entered in Excel and analysed in SPSS.

Results: Among 3510 cases, 104 women were admitted with various postpartum morbidities. The prevalence of postpartum morbidity was found to be 104 (2.96%) at 95% Confidence Interval (2.67-3.25). Puerperal sepsis was diagnosed in 23 (22.11%), preeclampsia in 20(19.23%) eclampsia in 14 (13.46%) and haemorrhage in 14 (13.46%) respectively. Majority of patients, 83.65% belonged to age group of 20-34 years. Nine patients (8.65%) were teenage mothers.

Conclusions: Puerperal sepsis, preeclampsia, eclampsia and haemorrhage were the major postpartum complications requiring admissions in hospital.
Prevalence of p-16 Positive Laryngeal and Pharyngeal Tumors in Nepalese Population: A Hospital based Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Gyawali Bigyan Raj , Acharya Kunjan , Sapkota Ravindra , Baskota Dharma Kanta , Sinha Bimal Kumar
Published: November 2020

Introduction: P16 overexpression is considered as a good prognostic marker for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. However, there are very few literatures on the prevalence and outcomes of p16 overexpression in non-oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and benign head and neck tumors. The aim of our study was to estimate the hospital based prevalence of p16 positive laryngeal and pharyngeal tumors and to compare it with the prevalence of p16 expression in the non tumor tissue (tonsils).

Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Cases of all genders >15 years presenting with malignant or benign tumors of larynx and all the subsites of pharynx were included in the study for evaluation of p16 expression by immunohistochemistry. Tonsillar tissue of cases undergoing tonsillectomy for recurrent acute tonsillitis were taken as non-tumorous tissue to evaluate for p16 expression.

Results: A total of 48 cases were included in our study with 24 cases having different tumors of head and neck region and 24 cases having recurrent acute tonsillitis who were kept under non-tumor group. Eight cases (33.3%) in the tumor group showed positive stain for p16 in IHC. In non tumor group, 7 cases (29.1%) showed positive IHC staining for p16.

Conclusions: P16 expression can be present in both benign and malignant tumors of various subsites of head and neck region and also in tonsillar tissue affected by inflammation.
Spectrum of Injury Presenting to Emergency Department in A Tertiary Care Hospital in Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Thapa Sameer , Upreti Anup Raj , Dawadi Bishow Raj
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Injury is one of the major global public health problems causing significant number of death and disability. The study aims to study the epidemiological and clinical profile of patients presented in emergency department with injury.

Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care hospital from September 2019 to February 2020 after obtaining ethical approval from Institutional review board (reference number 007-076/077). A convenient sampling method was applied. Epidemiological factors, chronological factors, causes of injury, anatomical distribution, pattern of injury were studied. Statistical analysis was done using statistical package for the social sciences version 20. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data.

Results: Out of 197 patients, 72 (36.5%) patients had fall followed by road traffic accident 57 (28.9%). Of total, 80 (40.6%) had injury at home and 80 (40.6%) had cut injury. Head and neck accounted for 66 (33.5%) of total injury followed by upper Extremities 50 (25.4%) and lower extremities 47 (23.9%). Eighty-seven (44.2%) of the patients visited emergency within 30 minutes of sustained injury.

Conclusions: The top three leading causes of injuries visiting emergency department were: fall, Road Traffic Accident and physical assaults respectively. The most common mode was fall being cut as most common pattern. Head and neck was the most commonest site of injury. The common place of injury was home.
Right Ventricular Dimensions and Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion among Medical Students of Tertiary Care Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Poudel Nimesh , Bhattarai Mahesh , Bhatt Laxmi Raj , Karki Dambar Bahadur
Published: November 2020

Introduction: The change in morphology and functions of the right ventricle is an important predictor of heart and lung disease. There is limited data on the normal dimension of the right ventricle. The study aimed to find the right ventricular diameter, its thickness, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion in healthy male medical students of a tertiary care hospital.

Methods: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in healthy medical students of Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital, from February-April, 2019. Ethical approval was taken from the institutional review committee (reference number 120720193). Convenient sampling method was used. We measured various dimensions of the right ventricle in different views. The data was analyzed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.

Results: In the 96 male students included in the study, the mean right ventricular basal diameter was 36.45±3.49 mm, right ventricular mid cavity diameter was 29±3.63 mm, right ventricular longitudinal dimension was 65.72±7.52 mm, right ventricular outflow tract in parasternal long-axis view was 27.07±2.12 mm, proximal and distal right ventricular outflow in parasternal short-axis view was 25.33±2.57 mm and 20.08±1.99 mm, right ventricular thickness was 4.20±0.54 mm, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion was 23.02±3.54 mm.

Conclusions: The study found that the values of right ventricular dimensions and the right ventricle's tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion among male medical students of a tertiary care hospital to be in accordance with the guidelines by the American Society of Echocardiography. The upper limits of the normal values of the right ventricle could be very helpful in clinical practice in determining the right ventricle dimension.
Dual Antiepileptics Induced Stevens-Johnson Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Nakarmi Prami , Raut Sumit , Manandhar Siddhartha , Shrestha Abhash
Published: November 2020

Stevens-Johnson syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis are acute mucocutaneous reactions hallmark of which is widespread necrosis and detachment of epidermis. SJS/TEN fall under the single disease spectrum with an incidence rate of 1.0 to 6.0 per 1000000 and 0.4 to 1.2 per 1000000 respectively. Here, we present a case of a 46 years female who developed a generalized erythematous rash over her body, 26 days after being exposed to phenytoin and sodium valproate. Given the strong association between SJS and antiepileptic drugs, and the usual presentation being within the first eight weeks of exposure to susceptible medications; we diagnosed her with SJS. Phenytoin and sodium valproate was withdrawn and she was managed with antihistamines and corticosteroids. She improved significantly within 15 days of our intervention. The mortality rates for SJS and TEN are up to 10% and 30-50% respectively. Early identification of SJS, discontinuation of triggering medicines, and prompt initiation of supportive therapy improve the prognosis.
Prevalence of Repeat Cesarean Section in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Sharma Jyotshna , Tiwari Sanjeeb , M Padhye Saraswati , Mahato Bidya
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Cesarean section is the surgical delivery of a baby through an incision made in the mother's abdomen and uterus. Repeat cesarean section has recently increased, partly because of concern about increased risk of uterine rupture in women attempting vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. Among the women who underwent cesarean section in their first delivery, 80-96% had a second surgical delivery. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe the prevalence of repeat cesarean section among Nepali women presented at Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital who had a previous cesarean section.

 

Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital from 1st of February to 31st of May 2020. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee of the Kathmandu Medical College. Convenient sampling was done. All pregnant patients between gestational ages of 37-40 weeks with previous cesarean section admitted for safe confinement were included in the study.

 

Results: Among the 104 women, who had prior cesarean section, 99 (95.19%) had second cesarean section and 5 (4.81%) had vaginal birth after cesarean. The most common indication for the first cesarean section was fetal distress 31 (29.81%) while the indication for the second cesarean section among previously cesarean section women was cephalo pelvic disproportion 39 (39.40%).

 

Conclusions: The proportion of cesarean section in both first and subsequent delivery is quite high. This high rate may compromise the reproductive future of the women who underwent consecutive cesarean section with possible consequent complications.
Ringer’s Lactate Hydration and Incidence of Post ERCP Pancreatitis: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Pun Ashis , Dhungana Amit , Neupane Dipendra
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is one of the most frequently used treatment modality for various pancreatobiliary problems. Frequent complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography include pancreatitis, cholangitis, hemorrhage and perforation. This study was done to see the prevalence of post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis in patient aggressively hydrated with Ringer’s Lactate solution.

Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out on patient undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography at Bharatpur Hospital from June 2018 to August 2020. Ethical clearance was taken from Institutional Review Committee Bharatpur Hospital (reference number 16/076/77). The convenient sampling method was applied. Data were collected and analyzed in statistical package for the social sciences version 16. Point estimate at 95% confidence interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data.

Results: Pain abdomen was assessed using Visual Analogue Scale and it was found that 8.1% of patients (15 patients) complained of pain abdomen with visual analogue scale> 3. Serum amylase was sent only in those patients who complained of pain abdomen and only in three patients (1.6%) serum amylase was increased more than 3 times the upper limit of normal value suggestive of pancreatitis. All three patients who had pancreatitis had precut sphincterotomy.

Conclusions: In this study we found that incidence of pancreatitis slumped after aggressive hydration with Ringer’s lactate solution and adjunct use of other prophylactic measures for prevention of post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis might yield further better results.
Mental Wellbeing during the Lockdown Period following the COVID-19 Pandemic in Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Shrestha Carmina , Ghimire Calvin , Acharya Sajan , KC Prabhat , Singh Swarndeep , Sharma Pawan
Published: November 2020

Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected all aspects of society, including mental and physical health. Often missed is the fact that the pandemic is occurring against the backdrop of a very high prevalence of mental health issues. Protecting the mental health of people and healthcare workers is important for long-term positive health outcomes and proper control of the outbreak.

Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional, questionnaire-based, online survey by convenience sampling. Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review committee of Nepal Health Research Council (reference no. 2467). Open access, pre-validated questionnaires were used. Participants with significantly poor Mental wellbeing were identified using the WHO well-being index threshold score. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out.

Results: Five hundred and fifty-six participants were included in the analysis. Forty percent of the participants reported a WHO well-being index score of below 13, indicative of poor mental wellbeing and a need for further assessment for depression. Poor Mental wellbeing was more prevalent among participants less than 30 years of age, female gender, never married, diagnosed mental disorder, living alone and those using informal sources for COVID-19 related information. More participants with lower sleep quality score and higher perceived stress score reported poor Mental wellbeing.

Conclusions: Combating this challenge requires integration across disciplines. One potential part of the solution is psychological intervention teams. An emerging positive connotation to the pandemic is that it needs to be harnessed as a tool for improving health facilities, community participation, and fighting misinformation.
Medical Induction for Mid trimester Abortion: A Hospital-based Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Sharma Jyotshna , Tiwari Sanjeeb , Pokhrel Manoj , Lama Lhakpa
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Second trimester abortion is known as termination of pregnancy from 13- 28 weeks of gestation which can be further divided into early second trimester as 13-22 weeks and late as 23-28 weeks. In our study we have limited up to early second trimester. We intend to see the success rate of combination of mifepristone and misoprostol for medical induction, median time required for expulsion, complication and need of dilation and evacuation in some cases. This study also aims to give a review of current literature in mid trimester abortion with respect to efficacy, complication and also to provide evidencebase recommendation for safe regimens for mid trimester pregnancy termination.

Methods: This was hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 40 pregnant women at second trimester admitted for termination of pregnancy in Kathmandu medical collage teaching hospital for the period of six month. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee of Kathmandu Medical College (Ref: 2207202002). Convenient sampling was done. All the pregnant women who need to terminate their pregnancy at second trimester (13-22 weeks) were admitted at Kathmandu Medical College Teaching hospital for termination of pregnancy were included in the study.

Results: Among the 40 women, who had termination of pregnancy at second trimester 37 (92.5%) had successful medical termination whereas 3 (7.5%) needed dilatation and evacuation.

Conclusions: The combination of Mifepristone and Misoprostol have excellent result for termination of pregnancy if appropriately used after evaluating the patient with minimal complications.
Functional Outcome Estimation of Bimalleolar Ankle Fractures Treated by Open Reduction and Internal Fixation at a Tertiary Care Center: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Dwivedi Rajeev , Karki Ankit , Bhattarai Roshan , Rijal Badri
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Ankle fractures account for about 9% of all fractures in adults. Open reduction and internal fixation is the preferred treatment for such injuries. However, surgery is not free of complications, and outcomes following surgery are not always satisfactory. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the functional outcomes of bimalleolar ankle fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation.

Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out at a tertiary care center in the western region of Nepal among the patients with bimalleolar ankle fractures from March 2017 to August 2020 after approval from the Institutional review committee. Convenience sampling was done to reach the sample size. Twenty-nine cases were included in the study. Data were recorded in proforma and data analysis was done in the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 16.0). The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-handfoot score was used to assess the final outcome.

Results: At the final evaluation mean AOFAS ankle-handfoot score score was 89.86 (±7.95). According to the AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score, there were 19 excellent (65.51%), six good (20.68%), and four fair (13.79%) results. Complications in the form of superficial infection were seen in four (13.79%) cases.

Conclusions: Functional outcomes following surgical treatment of bimalleolar ankle fractures are mostly excellent to good and complications following surgery are few, therefore, surgery is a better option of treatment in bimalleolar ankle fractures.
The validity of the baptism of heretics according to Cyprian of Carthage, pope Stephen and Firmilian of Caesarea
Authors: Grzywaczewski Joseph
Published: November 2020

Artykuł dotyczy debaty nad ważnością chrztu, jaka toczyła się w 2. poł. III w. pomiędzy biskupem Rzymu Stefanem a Cyprianem z Kartaginy i Firmilianem z Cezarei. Stefan przyjmował obiektywną skuteczność sakramentów (ex ope­re operato) i prezentował pogląd, że chrzest udzielany w sektach jest ważny. Wymienieni biskupi temu przeczyli. Według biskupa Rzymu w rycie sakra­mentalnym działa sam Chrystus. Według Cypriana i Firmiliana chrzest stanowi wprowadzenie do Kościoła. Heretyk nie może nikogo wprowadzić do Kościoła, skoro sam do niego nie należy. Obradowano nad tym zagadnieniem z Rzymie, w Kartaginie oraz w Ikonium. Pomimo rozbieżności opinii nie doszło do formal­nego rozłamu w Kościele. Później zwyciężyła w chrześcijaństwie tradycja rzym­ska, według której chrzest udzielany poza Kościołem jest ważny.
Poznanie i wolna wola – dwie podstawowe kategorie antropologii Ambrozjastra
Authors: Babiarz Grzegorz
Published: November 2020

Ambrosiaster belongs to the Roman school of exegesis. He deserves the atten­tion because of the relations between him and Marius Victorinus, his predecessor, as well as Pelagius and Augustine, his successors. The purpose of the article was to present Ambrosiaster’s anthropology on the basis of his writings. The conclu­sions have been presented in three parts: the elements of human nature, the ratio­nality of knowledge and the scope of free will. The first part shows the process in which the elements of nature are integrated. The spirit plays the decisive role synchronizing both the body and the soul. This dynamic and ongoing process is inspired by the presence of the Holy Spirit. The second part reveals two conditions for gaining knowledge: accepting the limita­tions of the mind and expanding and developing the principle of analogy. The last part presents two ways the free will is practised: by increasing how much one owns, which may be associated with lust, or by strengthening one’s inner strength. The role of the cultural and the ecclesial environment constitutes important infor­mation for the reconstruction of the views of Ambrosiaster. This raises the ques­tion whether – alongside Antioch and Alexandria – one could also talk about the Roman school of exegesis (Marius Victorinus, Ambrosiaster, Pelagius).
Przebóstwienie człowieka w pismach Jana Kasjana
Authors: Nocoń Arkadiusz
Published: November 2020

One of the principal ideas in oriental anthropology is that of the divinization of man. The author studies this idea in John Cassian and draws the conclusion that not only was it known to Cassian, but indeed it is the filter through which he views the question of grace. The author arrives at this conclusion, above all, by underlin­ing oriental monasticism as the original context of the theology of divinization. Cassian was trained as a theologian and monk in this very ambience. All of the elements of the concept of divinization are present in the writings of Cassian and the two biblical models for the qšwsij of man – its creation of man in the image and likeness of God (Gen 1: 26-27) and the Transfiguration on Mount Tabor (Mt 17: 1-8; Mc 9: 2-8; Lc 9: 28-36) – are widely commented on by Cassian and form the basis of his theological and ascetical teaching. Cassian’s doctrine on grace, which is deeply penetrated by the concept of divinization, propounds the idea that, after original sin, the likeness of God in man is destroyed, but the image of God in man – reason, free will, and conscience – remains. The grace of God, perceived through the prism of divinization, in Cassian implies not a “resurrection” of the dead nature of man, but a strengthening of his relationship with God, a passage from the condition of “slave” to that of “friend”. This teaching, characterized as it is by a salvific optimism which is typically oriental, according to the author, should no longer be regarded as a form of semipelagianism. Rather, but with due qualification, it should be regarded as a valid and interesting way of speaking on the perennially difficult quaestio of the relationship between grace and free will.
Exercitus barbarorum. Organizacja i działania wojsk ludów germańskich osiadłych w V i VI wieku w basenie Morza Śródziemnego
Authors: Wilczyński Marek
Published: November 2020

Organization of the armies of the barbarian states that emerged on the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea in the 5th and 6th centuries can only partially be recon­structed. Primary sources and archeological records vary depending on the state. The preserved evidence relating to the military power of the Vandals and Goths is relatively good, much less is known about the Svevs. All of the discussed barbar­ian armies were presumably grouped into units based on ten. Better insight can only be provided into the top military ranks. An interesting issue presented in the thesis is to what degree the former tribal structures were preserved and how far the Roman models were followed by the barbaric people. None of the armies of the kingdoms referred to above can fully be compared with the Germanic army that existed in the north of the Medieval Europe, which inevitably leads to sub­stantive errors. All the foregoing kingdoms had armies mostly composed of native warriors which, however, did not guarantee their purely Germanic character. The author tries to determine to what extent the Roman population or inhabitants of certain provinces, e.g. the Moors joined the military organizations of kingdoms under the Germanic rule. Examples of the Roman officers and commanders who sought carrier in the Gothic army or representatives of subdued nations serving in the Vandals’ navy or auxiliaries encourage to perform further study in this field.
Sekrety duchowej walki w mowie "O wojnach" Afrahata, perskiego mędrca
Authors: Uciecha Andrzej
Published: November 2020

In the Demonstration “On Wars” Aphrahat prophetically announces the times of Christian persecution and at the same time in a secret way persuades and en­courages to place one’s faith in God’s Providence. The Persian comments on his contemporary events in a military convention, in the context of the ideals of spiri­tual struggles of the “sons of covenant”. In every difficult situation Christian “ath­letes” should see a call for conversion. A theological message of the speech “On Wars” has been included in the encouragement to interpret the persecution of the Church as a sign of God’s admonition; the Sage says nothing about God’s wrath or His punishment.
Pseudo-Hieronim, Krótkie streszczenie niedługich rozdziałów Izajasza (In Esaia parvula adbreviatio de capitulis paucis, CPL 585)
Authors: Krzyszczuk Łukasz
Published: November 2020

nie dotyczy
Clement’s of Alexandria teaching about the cryptic philosophical tradition
Authors: Artemi Eirini
Published: November 2020

Prezentowany artykuł, składający się z trzech części: tradycja apokryficzna w Kościele; Klemens z Aleksandrii i wykorzystanie tradycji apokryficznej w jego pismach; Logos w myśli Klemensa Aleksandryjskiego, ukazuje, jakie miejsce Klemens widział dla tradycji apokryficznej w nauczaniu Kościoła i swoich pis­mach. Klemens wyjaśnia z naciskiem, że sekretna tradycja filozoficzna prowadzi gnostyków do stania się ucieleśnieniem obecności Chrystusa w świecie. Ta se­kretna tradycja filozoficzna różni się od tradycji chrześcijańskiej, przynależnej do Kościoła i dlatego Klemens nie odnosi się często do nauczania Kościoła, lecz odwołuje się do innej tradycji – do apokryfów. Jednocześnie nie chce pomijać prawdziwej Tradycji kościelnej. Ta niespisana tradycja, którą Klemens traktuje jako nasiona wiedzy, które z konieczności mają być trzymane w ukryciu, wpływa na formę i znajduje swe miejsce w księgach Stromatów.
Odpoczynek Boga (Rdz 2,1-3) w interpretacji Ojców Kościoła
Authors: Czyżewski Bogdan
Published: November 2020

The theme of this paper is the exegesis of Gen 2:1-3 in selected writings of the Church Fathers and early Christian writers. The Early Church authors pon­dered over the passage in question, seeking to find the meaning of God’s resting on the seventh day from all his work of creation of the world and man. In their statements, early Christian writers clearly stated that the Biblical text should be read spiritually while treated as a metaphor. For God does not need rest, but man. It is for man that the Creator made the Sabbath day, and made it holy, and since the Resurrection of Christ, Sunday has been a holy day designated for rest and celebration. Concurrently, it was the announcement of the eighth day, or eternity, in which a man, free from all the trouble and bodily decay, will forever rest in God and live a true union with Him.
Komentarz do historii Hioba Filipa Prezbitera a epitoma tego dzieła. Przyczynek do badań porównawczych nad tymi tekstami
Authors: Jóźwiak Magdalena
Published: November 2020

The present article enlivens the figure of Philip Presbyter, which slowly emerges from oblivion where he was sent to stay as a forgotten author, while his commentary on the Book of Job had been lying in the library among dust-covered codes, waiting for 12 centuries to be brought to daylight. We attempted, first of all, at separating those two texts, which have been equated with each other for ages, namely Commentarii in Iob (Patrologia Latina 26, 619-802), wrongly attributed to St. Jerome or Philip Presbyter from In historiam Iob commentariorum libri tres, by Philip, a work forgotten until 1991. The overriding aim of the article was to display, on chosen examples, how the author of the epitome takes advantage of Philip’s commentary. We attempted at answering the question if the anonymous writer of the epitome copies Philip Presbyter’s interpretations word by word, or whether he made his own contribution to the Book of Job.
Dieta monastyczna w świetle nauki medycznej. Teodoret z Cyru i medycy o soczewicy
Authors: Kokoszko Maciej , Dybała Jolanta , Jagusiak Krzysztof , Rzeźnicka Zofia
Published: November 2020

The present article discusses one of the most important ingredients of the Syrian ascetic diet (from the beginning of the IVth to the mid Vth century) as de­scribed by Theodoret of Cyrus in his Historia religiosa, namely lentils (fakÒj). The basis of the research is constituted by ancient and byzantine medical trea­tises composed between the Ist and the VIIth centuries by Dioscurides, Galen, Oribasiusa, Aetius of Amida and Paul of Aegina. The aim of the article is to de­scribe the role of the legume and thereby opine on compatibility or incompatibil­ity of the monastic dietetic pattern with the one described by the medical doctors. First, the authors of the study try to show the importance of lentils as food across the area of the Mediterranean. Subsequently, they proceed to sketch its dietetic characteristics developed by ancient and Byzantine medical doctors and conclude that the evaluation was not fully appreciative of the foodstuff. Thirdly, the authors come to show applications of lentils in medical procedures, since both in Antiquity as well as in Byzantium the plant was considered to be a medicine. The discussion on lentils is concluded by introducing culinary uses of lentils, which abound in medical writings. The authors also note that all the preserved rec­ipes envisage the cooking of the food, i.e. a procedure which was usually avoided by the Syrian ascetics.
Zło i grzech w nauczaniu Sulpicjusza Sewera
Authors: Pochwat Józef
Published: November 2020

Sulpicius Severus (c. 360-420) was aware of the enormity of evil that people commit. He kept reminding, that the source of this situation is the sin of the first couple, Adam and Eve. A human being took side of Satan rather than God, and consequently developed all kinds of sins of disorder in a delicate field of human sexuality, various vices, murders and wars. Everyone commits sins, no matter who he is and what he does in life. Sulpicius Severus emphasized the truth that sin means disaster, loss of the most important values of freedom and happiness in God. An important feature in the teaching of Sulpicius Severus is his approach to the pagans and heretics. Both of them are treated by him as those who are under the influence of Satan; pagans – because by worshiping idols they venerate de­mons, and heretics – because by preaching false doctrines they submit to the spirit of lies, that is the spirit of Satan.
Arabscy chrześcijanie wobec fatum. ‘Abdallāh ibn al-Faḍl al-Anṭākī i jego traktat "O obaleniu wyroku gwiazd"
Authors: Sadowski Michał
Published: November 2020

‘Abdallāh ibn al-Faḍl al-Anṭākī is one of the most prolific writers of the Melkite Church within the confines of the Abbasid Caliphate during its mid pe­riod. From among hundreds of his various texts the Refutation of the sentenc­es of the stars merits our attention due to its unceasing relevance. In short five sections of the treatise the author attempts to clarify his teaching on the issue of fate that continues to be discussed among the Christians at the time. Ibn al-Faḍl supports his exposition on the Patristic thought on fate, mostly elaborated by John Chrysostom. Among the sources of the treatise, we also find an explicit reference to the Ancient writers, like Galen, and Muslim philosophers of the time. The paper aims to discuss the origin of Arab Christian teaching on fate and to deliver to the Polish reader its first Polish translation.
O możliwości zbawienia poza Kościołem. Wybrane zagadnienia soteriologii św. Augustyna
Authors: Terka Mariusz
Published: November 2020

In Saint Augustine’s teaching, salvation is always an act of God’s grace given to man through the agency of Christ. For this reason, the space of granting this grace is the Church, understood as a component of the structure of totus Christus. The Bishop of Hippo stresses, therefore, the need for belonging to the Church and the importance of baptism in the sanctification and salvation of man, because good deeds done without God’s grace have no value deserving salvation. The Church is, above all, a spiritual community in which a factor decisive to man’s communication with God, besides God’s grace, is primarily the love of God; and what closes up the human heart to this grace is pride. Therefore, aside from the visible community of Christians, there are also those just, who are among the saved. They include also those, who cure the disease of pride with the love of other people and service for the common good.
Społeczne przesłanie prośby „chleba naszego powszedniego daj nam dzisiaj” w komentarzach Ojców Kościoła do Modlitwy Pańskiej
Authors: Wygralak Paweł
Published: November 2020

The article discusses the problem of social message of the Fourth Petition in the Lord’s Prayer: “Give us this day our daily bread”. As Fathers of the Church comment on the content of the request, they find its fulfillment “in the hands” of the Christian themselves. This prayer will be answered insofar as the one in prayer adopts the right attitude towards material goods. According to the most ancient commentators, Disciple of Christ should care only about what is indispensable for everyday life. In addition, it is important to ask for bread only “this day” whereas “tomorrow” should be entrusted to God’s Providence. Here they often like to ap­peal to the Christ’s parable of the rich man, who yielded an abundant harvest (Lk 12, 16-20). Few Fathers, especially Cyprian of Carthage, Gregory of Nyssa and Pseudo-Chrysostom point out that the request for daily bread demands the active help to the needy, as well as the prevention of all forms of social injustice.
Ojcowie Kościoła a teologia moralna jako nauka teologiczna
Authors: Wyrostkiewicz Michał
Published: November 2020

Testimonies of life and faith of the Fathers of the Church, and their teaching (letter, scriptures) impact on moral theology as a theological science. First, as “loci theologici” of contemporary theology. Omitting them would result in danger to go beyond a theology in the spirit of one, catholic and apostolic Church. Then, because the actions and writings of the Fathers of the Church are examples of ex­ploration and argumentation for today’s theologians, also moralists. Information on the life and teachings (scriptures) are conclusive, actual and current presenta­tion morality and the confirmation of new moral-theological views and theses. For this, however, it is necessary to use the material developed by the researchers of the Fathers of the Church (specialists in patrology). They, due to its historical and philological methods and competencies, adapt antique texts and information to the needs of contemporary theologians, also moralists.
Ku chrześcijańskim korzeniom Europy. Znaczenie nawrócenia cesarza Konstantyna dla Kościoła, dla Cesarstwa Rzymskiego, dla Europy
Authors: Grzywaczewski Józef
Published: November 2020

The article is consecrated to Constantine’s conversion and to its consequences for the Church, for the Roman Empire and for Europe. There is a general opinion that, even if his attachment to Christianity was not very mature, he worked for the Christian religion during all his life. He has taken many decisions on behalf of the Church; he protected her against the Donatists in Africa. His position towards the Arian heresy was not very clear. He did not pay attention to the dogmatic for­mulas, but especially to those solutions which guaranteed peace among people. Surely, the emperor once introduced into the Church, remained there as her pro­tector and head. The society was accustomed the emperor’s position as pontifex maximus. Bishops did not protested against his involving into ecclesiastic matters because he worked on their behalf. The effect of Constantine’s attitude was: the Christianization of the Roman Empire and the connection of the Church to the State. In later centuries such an alliance of the altar with the throne was boring for the Church. It is said that every privilege has to be paid. The Roman Empire was collapsed in the end of the fifth century, but its heritage remained in Europe. Charlemagne, cooperating with Pope Leon III, tried to restore the Roman Empire as a Christian State, but he failed to do it. Surely, by his support for schools and studies, he contributed to the European culture. The idea of the Sacrum Imperium Romanum appeared again in the times of Otto I, and especially of Otto III. Such an idea was not possible to be put into practice. The Roman Empire has never been restored, but many of its elements were assimilated by the Church and by medieval Europe. There are to be noticed in all European countries in our time.
Constantinian shift – the truth or a myth?
Authors: Bralewski Sławomir
Published: November 2020

Zdefiniowanie zjawiska nazwanego przełomem czy rewolucją konstantyńską nie jest łatwe. Wydaje się, że trzeba w nim widzieć epokowy czyn cesarza, który nie tylko uznał i otoczył opieką Kościół, ale związał go z państwem i doprowa­dził do wielkiego znaczenia, pozyskując w zamian, w swoim głębokim przeko­naniu, błogosławieństwo samego Boga dla Imperium Romanum i jego władców. Konsekwencją wydarzeń określanych tym mianem –według wielu badaczy – była epoka czy era konstantyńska, w której Kościół narażony był na dwojakie niebez­pieczeństwo. Mógł on bowiem zdominować rządzących i państwo bądź podpo­rządkować się im i stać się instrumentem w ich rękach. W Kościele katolickim zakończyć epokę tę miał dopiero II Sobór Watykański. Konstantyn w swej po­lityce państwowej był przede wszystkim kontynuatorem tradycji odziedziczonej po przodkach, co było zaprzeczeniem idei przełomu. Zapoczątkował jednak pro­cesy, dzięki którym z czasem dokonało się gruntowne przeobrażenie Cesarstwa Rzymskiego. Niewątpliwie charakter przełomowy miało samo nawrócenie cesa­rza na chrześcijaństwo, jakkolwiek by je rozumieć i datować, chociaż i ono mogło być postrzegane przez Rzymian jako wybór boskiego patrona, który zapewnia zwycięstwa cesarzowi oraz wychowanie cesarskich dzieci w duchu chrześcijań­skim. Jednak oddanie siebie i swego państwa przez Konstantyna w opiekę jedyne­go Boga samo w sobie miało charakter rewolucyjny. Monoteizm wszak z natury wykluczał inne kulty i choć upłynęło jeszcze kilkadziesiąt lat, nim chrześcijań­stwo oficjalnie stało się religią państwową w Imperium Romanum, to było to kon­sekwencją wyboru dokonanego przez Konstantyna.
Constantine and the legal recognition of Christianity: what changed, and some historical forerunners
Authors: Ramelli Ilaria L.E.
Published: November 2020

Cesarz Konstantyn nie tylko zdecydowanie zniósł skutki senatus consultum z roku 35, zakazującego wyznawania chrześcijaństwa, lecz także przekształcił je w Imperium Rzymskim z illicita superstitio w religio licita. Jednak już przed Konstantynem były takie próby – usiłował to dokonać Galien, jednak tylko z efek­tem częściowym i czasowym; być może zamierzali uczynić to także Hadrian, Aleksander Sewer i Heliogabal, jednak bez powodzenia. Najbardziej niezwykłą, chociaż problematyczną, relację do chrześcijaństwa miał Tyberiusz. W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano źródła oraz znaczenie lekceważonego zazwyczaj sena­tus consultum z roku 35, które jest potwierdzone nie tylko u Tertuliana, ale także u Porfiriusza i w Aktach Apoloniusza, Senatora i Męczennika.
Constantine’s summus deus and the Nicene unus deus: imperial agenda and ecclesiastical conviction
Authors: Toom Tarmo
Published: November 2020

Cesarz Konstantyn Wielki w zachowanych listach i mowach wielokrotnie odnosił się do Boga. Odniesienia te jednak rzadko przybierały postać rozważań teologicznych na temat Jego istoty; zwykle ograniczały do wykorzystywania pewnych ambiwalentnych Jego tytułów. W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano cesarską koncepcję Boga przy pomocy tak zwanej „małej teologii”. Wygląda na to, że konstantyńskie rozumienie Boga rozwinęło się z zamkniętego pogańskiego henoteizmu w zaawansowany chrześcijański monoteizm, mimo że zachowało rys wiary w istnienie wielu postaci Boga. Niejasność kwestii teologicznych służyła ustanowieniu możliwie najszerszego kompromisu teologicznego w Cesarstwie Rzymskim. W tym samym czasie owa zamierzona niejasność wpłynęła na róż­ne sposoby interpretowania konstantyńskich wypowiedzi teologicznych i – być może – w pośredni sposób oddziaływała na trynitne spory w łonie Kościoła. Porównanie konstantyńskiej i nicejskiej koncepcji Boga pokazuje zarówno waż­ny kompromis, jak i istnienie różnorakich, leżących u jego podstaw czynników.
Nicene terminology defended by Athanasius of Alexandria in "De Decretis Nicaenae synodi" and the possible influence of Eusebius’ "Epistula ad Caesarienses"
Authors: Dudzik Pavel
Published: November 2020

Celem artykułu jest porównanie dwóch narracji teologicznych – zawartych w Epistula ad Caesarienses Euzebiusza z Cezarei i De decretis Nicaenae synodi Atanazego Aleksandryjskiego – prezentujących orzeczenia Soboru Nicejskiego i mających na celu doprowadzenie do uznania Credo nicejskiego. W niniejszym opracowaniu została dokonana przede wszystkim analiza rozdziałów 19. i 20. De decretis Nicaenae synodi, w których mogą być obecne sugestie polemiczne w sto­sunku do sformułowań z listu Euzebiusza. Obiektem badań jest także zawarta w De decretis Nicaenae synodi 24 dwustopniowa struktura definicji ÐmooÚsioj, która może mieć swoje źródła w liście Euzebiusza. Godny prześledzenia jest tak­że fragment 25. dzieła Atanazego zawierający ukryte aluzje do wzmianki o nicej­skich poprzednikach w piśmie Euzebiusza. Na podstawie analiz tych fragmentów wydaje się, że Atanazy dokładnie rozważył argumenty i słabe punkty wywodów Euzebiusza i stało się to podstawą do jego własnej narracji teologicznej broniącej nicejskiego wyznania wiary.
Theodore of Mopsuestia’s hermeneutics: transformed theology in response to fourth century crises
Authors: Kofsky Aryeh , Ruzer Serge
Published: November 2020

Niniejsze studium ukazuje, w jaki sposób egzegeza Teodora z Mopsuestii, po­wstała w reakcji na główne spory teologiczne IV w., wpływała na dalszy rozwój jego chrystologii, którą odziedziczył po swoim mistrzu – Diodorze z Tarsu. Po­lemiczna dynamika myślenia Teodora doprowadziła go do wytworzenia obrazu Chrystusa, skupiającego się wyłącznie na Jego człowieczeństwie. Rozwój ten jest wyraźnie dostrzegalny przede wszystkim w zachowanym w języku syryjskim Ko­mentarzu na Ewangelię według św. Jana. Niniejszy artykuł skupia się zatem na analizie tego komentarza i poszukiwaniu w nim wskazań Teodora na wyzwania czasów w których żył, zwłaszcza ówczesnych herezji (głównie arianizmu i apo­linaryzmu), oraz dróg, które wiodły go do przekształcenia jego teologii, w szcze­gólności zaś chrystologicznego myślenia, odzwierciedlonego w hermeneutycz­nym kontekście Komentarza.