bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prognostic value of body composition on survival outcomes in melanoma patients receiving immunotherapy
Authors: Kuang Tianrui , Zhang Lilong , Qiu Zhendong , Zhang Yanbing , Wang Weixing
Published: November 2023

Objective

The influence of body composition on the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with melanoma is still uncertain in clinical practice. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the potential association between body composition and clinical outcomes in patients with melanoma undergoing ICIs treatment.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed across several databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar, to gather relevant studies. The primary outcomes of interest were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), assessed by hazard ratios (HR). Secondary outcomes, such as adverse events (AE), were evaluated using odds ratios (OR).

Results

This meta-analysis comprised ten articles involving a total of 1,283 patients. Systemic analysis of all collected evidence revealed that body composition, including low skeletal muscle index (SMI) (OS: HR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.13-2.43, p = 0.010; PFS: HR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.06-1.55, p = 0.009), high subcutaneous adipose tissue density (SMD) (OS: HR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.09-3.44, p = 0.025; PFS: HR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.06-1.63, p = 0.012), and sarcopenia (OS: HR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.03-1.51, p = 0.022; PFS: HR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.03-1.51, p = 0.022), were significantly associated with OS and PFS in melanoma patients treated with ICIs. However, these markers did not show a significant association with treatment-related adverse events. Interestingly, no significant correlation was found between visceral fat index (VFI) (OS: HR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.29-1.76, p = 0.462; PFS: HR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.93-1.02, p = 0.274) and OS or PFS in melanoma patients under ICIs treatment.

Conclusion

Body composition was found to be associated with decreased treatment response and lower long-term efficacy in patients with melanoma undergoing immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. However, it is important to note that body composition did not appear to contribute to increased incidence of adverse events in these patients.
New insight into the causal relationship between Graves’ disease liability and drug eruption: a Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Wu Dide , Liu Boyuan , Xian Wei , Yang Yuxin , Li Jinjian , Hong Shubin , Li Yanbing , Xiao Haipeng
Published: November 2023

Background

Graves’ disease (GD) and drug eruption are closely associated and frequently observed in the clinical setting. However, it remains unclear whether a causal relationship exists between these two conditions. The aim of the study is to investigate whether GD is causal to drug eruptions using two-sample Mendelian randomization.

Methods

We launched a two-sample MR to investigate whether GD is causal to drug eruption using Genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary data from Biobank Japan and FinnGen. Genetic variants were used as instrumental variables to avoid confounding bias. Statistical methods including inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, MR-Egger, and MR-PRESSO were conducted to identify the robustness of the causal effect.

Results

Genetically predicted GD may increase the risk of drug eruption by 30.3% (OR=1.303, 95% CI 1.119-1.516, p<0.001) in the Asian population. In European populations, GD may increase the generalized drug eruption by 15.9% (OR=1.159, 95%CI 0.982-1.367, p=0.080).

Conclusions

We found GD is potentially causal to drug eruption. This finding expanded the view of the frequently observed co-existence of GD and adverse drug reactions involving the skin. The mechanism remains for further investigation.
Lymphoma dissemination is a pathological hallmark for malignant progression of B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Li Xiaoxi , Jiang Yong , Qian Hui
Published: November 2023

Extranodal lymphoma occurs in one-third of lymphoma patients and is a key indicator of the international prognostic index, associated with unfavorable outcomes. Due to the lack of ideal models, the causes and characteristics of extranodal lymphoma are greatly underexplored. Recently, we observed a high incidence of extranodal lymphoma in two types of mouse models with tropism for the brain and kidneys. These findings prompt us to rethink the pathological progression of lymphoma colonization in lymph nodes and non-lymphoid organs. Nodal lymphoma, primary extranodal lymphoma and secondary extranodal lymphoma should be biologically and clinically distinctive scenarios. Based on the observations in mouse models with extranodal lymphoma, we propose that lymphoma dissemination can be seen as lymphoma losing the ability to home to lymph nodes. The pathological process of nodal lymphoma should be referred to as lymphoma homing to distinguish it from benign hyperplasia. Lymphoma dissemination, defined as a pathological process that lymphoma can occur in almost any part of the body, is a key pathological hallmark for malignant progression of B-cell lymphoma. Reshaping cellular plasticity is a promising strategy to allow transformed cells to homing back to lymph nodes and re-sensitize tumor cells to treatment. From this perspective, we provide new insights into the pathological progression of lymphoma dissemination and its inspiration on therapeutic interventions. We believe that establishing extranodal lymphoma mouse models, identifying molecular mechanism governing lymphoma dissemination, and developing therapies to prevent lymphoma dissemination will become emerging topics for fighting relapsed and refractory lymphoma.
The role of the interleukin-36 axis in generalized pustular psoriasis: a review of the mechanism of action of spesolimab
Authors: Hawkes Jason E. , Visvanathan Sudha , Krueger James G.
Published: November 2023

Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare, chronic, inflammatory skin disorder characterized by recurrent flares associated with skin erythema, desquamation, and widespread superficial sterile pustules, which may be severe (“lakes of pus”). Systemic symptoms are often present, including malaise, fever, and skin pain. In GPP, innate immune responses are driven by abnormal activation of the interleukin (IL)-36-chemokine-neutrophil axis and excessive neutrophil infiltration. This review highlights the IL-36 pathway in the context of the IL-1 superfamily and describes how unopposed IL-36 signaling can lead to the development of GPP. Targeted inhibition of the IL-36 receptor (IL-36R) is an attractive therapeutic strategy in the treatment of GPP, including flare prevention and sustained disease control. Spesolimab is a first-in-class, humanized, monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to the IL-36R and antagonizes IL-36 signaling. Spesolimab was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in September 2022 to treat GPP flares in adults and was subsequently approved for GPP flare treatment in other countries across the world. Anti-IL-36R therapy, such as spesolimab, can mitigate flares and address flare prevention in GPP, presumably through rebalancing IL-36 signaling and modulating the pro-inflammatory response of the downstream effectors.
Houttuynia cordata thunb. alleviates inflammatory bowel disease by modulating intestinal microenvironment: a research review
Authors: Wang Si , Li Lei , Chen Yuhan , Liu Qian , Zhou Shengyu , Li Ning , Wu Yueying , Yuan Jiali
Published: November 2023

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex group of chronic intestinal diseases, the cause of which has not yet been clarified, but it is widely believed that the disorder of the intestinal microenvironment and its related functional changes are key factors in the development of the disease. Houttuynia cordata thunb. is a traditional plant with abundant resources and long history of utilization in China, which has attracted widespread attention in recent years due to its potential in the treatment of IBD. However, its development and utilization are limited owing to the aristolochic acid alkaloids contained in it. Therefore, based on the relationship between the intestinal microenvironment and IBD, this article summarizes the potential mechanisms by which the main active ingredients of Houttuynia cordata thunb., such as volatile oils, polysaccharides, and flavonoids, and related traditional Chinese medicine preparations, such as Xiezhuo Jiedu Formula, alleviate IBD by regulating the intestinal microenvironment. At the same time, combined with current reports, the medicinal and edible safety of Houttuynia cordata thunb. is explained for providing ideas for further research and development of Houttuynia chordate thunb. in IBD disease, more treatment options for IBD patients, and more insights into the therapeutic potential of plants with homology of medicine and food in intestinal diseases, and even more diseases.
Allo Beta Cell transplantation: specific features, unanswered questions, and immunological challenge
Authors: Caldara Rossana , Tomajer Valentina , Monti Paolo , Sordi Valeria , Citro Antonio , Chimienti Raniero , Gremizzi Chiara , Catarinella Davide , Tentori Stefano , Paloschi Vera , Melzi Raffella , Mercalli Alessia , Nano Rita , Magistretti Paola , Partelli Stefano , Piemonti Lorenzo
Published: November 2023

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) presents a persistent medical challenge, demanding innovative strategies for sustained glycemic control and enhanced patient well-being. Beta cells are specialized cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. When beta cells are damaged or destroyed, insulin production decreases, which leads to T1D. Allo Beta Cell Transplantation has emerged as a promising therapeutic avenue, with the goal of reinstating glucose regulation and insulin production in T1D patients. However, the path to success in this approach is fraught with complex immunological hurdles that demand rigorous exploration and resolution for enduring therapeutic efficacy. This exploration focuses on the distinct immunological characteristics inherent to Allo Beta Cell Transplantation. An understanding of these unique challenges is pivotal for the development of effective therapeutic interventions. The critical role of glucose regulation and insulin in immune activation is emphasized, with an emphasis on the intricate interplay between beta cells and immune cells. The transplantation site, particularly the liver, is examined in depth, highlighting its relevance in the context of complex immunological issues. Scrutiny extends to recipient and donor matching, including the utilization of multiple islet donors, while also considering the potential risk of autoimmune recurrence. Moreover, unanswered questions and persistent gaps in knowledge within the field are identified. These include the absence of robust evidence supporting immunosuppression treatments, the need for reliable methods to assess rejection and treatment protocols, the lack of validated biomarkers for monitoring beta cell loss, and the imperative need for improved beta cell imaging techniques. In addition, attention is drawn to emerging directions and transformative strategies in the field. This encompasses alternative immunosuppressive regimens and calcineurin-free immunoprotocols, as well as a reevaluation of induction therapy and recipient preconditioning methods. Innovative approaches targeting autoimmune recurrence, such as CAR Tregs and TCR Tregs, are explored, along with the potential of stem stealth cells, tissue engineering, and encapsulation to overcome the risk of graft rejection. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the inherent immunological obstacles associated with Allo Beta Cell Transplantation. It offers valuable insights into emerging strategies and directions that hold great promise for advancing the field and ultimately improving outcomes for individuals living with diabetes.
Social-ecological vulnerability to climate change and risk governance in coastal fishing communities of Bangladesh
Authors: Sultana Rumana , Irfanullah Haseeb Md. , Selim Samiya A. , Alam Md. Shafiul
Published: November 2023

In Bangladesh, fishing communities are one of the most climate-vulnerable groups, though they play an important role in economic development. The main objective of this study was to identify vulnerability by exploring exposure (i.e., lack of regulating services or household capitals), susceptibility (i.e., lack of access to provisioning services), and lack of resilience (i.e., lack of alternative livelihoods and capacity) and to explore adaptation options, and challenges to understand risk governance. The study considered 45 published research articles for analysis following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Keywords were used in combinations (e.g., fishing communities and Bangladesh) to identify and screen published articles. Articles published in English focusing on vulnerability and/or risk governance, published between 2011 and 2022, featuring original empirical data or a comprehensive systematic review, and published in peer-reviewed journals were included. Articles were excluded if vulnerability and risk governance were evaluated but did not fit or match the definition used in this study. The study found frequent disasters and ocean warming caused different stresses, such as reduced fish catch and income, and resulted in an increased risk of fisheries conflict. Moreover, fishing communities have limited access to properties, modern fishing equipment, financial institutions, and fisher-centered organizations. Adaptation strategies include ecosystem-based (e.g., plantation, payment for ecosystem services) and non-ecosystem-based (e.g., temporary migration, getting help from neighbors) approaches. To boost fish production, the Government of Bangladesh instituted fishing restrictions and social safety net programs (e.g., distributing rice during the fishing restrictions); both initiatives were helpful. However, the conservation policies are not being implemented properly, and there is no particular social welfare, such as banking systems, and low- or no-interest loans being provided that may support fishers to buy fishing equipment or generate alternative income sources. Considering the previous evidence of risks, this paper recommends that fisheries conservation policies be implemented properly, and fishing communities be provided with insurance services and no- or low-interest loans. This will contribute to reducing the climate-induced social-ecological risk and improve sustainable livelihoods that can withstand any regional, national, or local crisis.
Investigation of inter-annual variation in the feeding habits of Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) and mackerels (Scomber spp.) in the Western North Pacific based on bulk and amino acid stable isotopes
Authors: Ohno Yosuke , Umezawa Yu , Okunishi Takeshi , Yukami Ryuji , Kamimura Yasuhiro , Yoshimizu Chikage , Tayasu Ichiro
Published: November 2023

Inter-annual variation in the feeding habits and food sources of Japanese sardine and mackerel at age-0 and age-1+ caught in the Kuroshio-Oyashio transition zone of the Western North Pacific were investigated based on analyses of bulk stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) and amino acid nitrogen isotopes (δ15NAA). Differences in δ13C and δ15N between Japanese sardine and mackerel were small for age-0, and inter-annual variation trends were similar, suggesting they depend on similar food sources in the same food web at this age. In contrast, inter-annual variation in δ13C and δ15N were significantly different between both species at age-1+, and both δ15N of phenylalanine (δ15NPhe: an indicator of nitrogen source) and trophic position estimated from δ15NAA (TPAA) were higher in mackerel, suggesting that the two species depend on distinct food webs as they age. Inter-annual variations in δ15NPhe were considered to have different causes for the two species; differences in food web structure due to the degree of southward intrusion of the Oyashio Current for Japanese sardine, compared to a shift in migration area and depth for mackerel. Furthermore, competition for food due to the recent increases in the population densities of both fishes appeared to be reflected in increased TPAA of mackerel. Although they are caught in the same region, the mechanism of variation in food sources differs because of differences in migration area, depth, and feeding habits. Differences in the feeding habits of Japanese sardine and mackerel may affect trophic status and spawning characteristics, potentially leading to different shifts in stock abundances.
Importance of life history traits for vulnerability to climate change: implications for macroalgal restoration
Authors: de Caralt Sònia , Verdura Jana , Santamaría Jorge , Vergés Alba , Cebrian Emma
Published: November 2023

Fucalean algae are dominant canopy-forming species that create extensive and highly productive ecosystems in the intertidal and subtidal rocky shores of temperate seas. Regrettably, these marine forests are in decline due to various human drivers, with the Mediterranean Sea one of the most threatened areas. To design appropriate restoration strategies adapted to cope with the unavoidable change in future climate conditions, the response to climate change of the candidate species must be considered. It is important to assess how the specific life history traits of the foundational species may determine environmental requirements, and thus responses to future climate change. This knowledge will allow us to predict the potential winners and losers among the species potentially inhabiting the same areas in a future context of global climate change, providing important information to fine-tune future restoration interventions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of two canopy-forming species inhabiting similar upper subtidal zones but with different life history traits to a combination of anomalous high temperatures and increased UV radiation. One of the species (Ericaria crinita) was perennial, slightly exposed rocky shores and dwelling in areas where extreme temperatures can be frequent; while the other (Ericaria mediterranea) a semi-perennial species that dwells in wave-exposed zones, with seawater temperatures buffered by the high hydrodynamism. Our results show that the effects of temperature and radiation are species- (mediated by the species life history traits) and life-stage specific. High temperatures strongly affected the adults of both species, especially E. mediterranea. The germlings in addition to being very susceptible to high temperatures, were also vulnerable to UV radiation, exacerbating the impacts of temperature, especially on E. crinita recruits. Interestingly, vulnerability to climate-driven impacts was determined by the specific life history traits, with i) the species dwelling in open areas the most sensitive to warming and, ii) the perennial species the most vulnerable to UV radiation. Last, we discuss how these species-specific responses to climate-driven impacts may be key in terms of species that could foster the resistance and resilience of marine ecosystems to future climate impacts.
Decoupling silicon metabolism from carbon and nitrogen assimilation poises diatoms to exploit episodic nutrient pulses in a coastal upwelling system
Authors: Maniscalco Michael A. , Brzezinski Mark A. , Krause Jeffrey W. , Thamatrakoln Kimberlee
Published: November 2023

Diatoms serve as the major link between the marine carbon (C) and silicon (Si) biogeochemical cycles through their contributions to primary productivity and requirement for Si during cell wall formation. Although several culture-based studies have investigated the molecular response of diatoms to Si and nitrogen (N) starvation and replenishment, diatom silicon metabolism has been understudied in natural populations. A series of deckboard Si-amendment incubations were conducted using surface water collected in the California Upwelling Zone near Monterey Bay. Steep concentration gradients in macronutrients in the surface ocean coupled with substantial N and Si utilization led to communities with distinctly different macronutrient states: replete (‘healthy’), low N (‘N-stressed’), and low N and Si (‘N- and Si-stressed’). Biogeochemical measurements of Si uptake combined with metatranscriptomic analysis of communities incubated with and without added Si were used to explore the underlying molecular response of diatom communities to different macronutrient availability. Metatranscriptomic analysis revealed that N-stressed communities exhibited dynamic shifts in N and C transcriptional patterns suggestive of compromised metabolism. Expression patterns in communities experiencing both N and Si stress imply that the presence of Si stress may partially ameliorate N stress and dampen the impact on organic matter metabolism. This response builds upon previous observations that the regulation of C and N metabolism is decoupled from Si limitation status, where Si stress allows the cell to optimize the metabolic machinery necessary to respond to episodic pulses of nutrients. Several well-characterized Si-metabolism associated genes were found to be poor molecular markers of Si physiological status; however, several uncharacterized Si-responsive genes were revealed to be potential indicators of Si stress or silica production.
Bio-inspired hierarchical polymer micro- and nanostructures for anti-adhesion applications
Authors: Plamadeala Cristina , Lifka Sebastian , Buchberger Gerda , Baumgartner Werner , Heitz Johannes
Published: November 2023

In this paper we present polymer surfaces inspired by the calamistrum of cribellate spiders. The calamistrum resembles a micro-comb with a finger-print-like nanorippled topography, which allows cribellate spiders to handle and process nanofibers, without sticking to them. Due to its morphology, the calamistrum has a reduced surface for contact with the nanofibers, which therefore reduces the adhesive forces. Three different types of structured surfaces were prepared: nanostructured surfaces (ripples), microstructured surfaces (lines), and a combination of micro- and nanostructured surfaces (lines superimposed with ripples). Polymer lines were created using UV mask lithography. Nanoripples, i.e., laser-induced periodic surface structures, were fabricated by exposure to a KrF* laser beam. Nanofibers were produced and deposited onto each sample by electrospinning. To quantify each samples’ adhesiveness, a peel-off test was used, and the results were plotted and compared against the control samples–a flat polymer film. Our results indicate that lines have a stronger influence on the adhesion reduction than the nanoripples: nanoripples reduce fiber adhesion by 7%, whereas the lines reduce it by 28%. The highest adhesion reduction of 33% is obtained for the polymer surfaces with a combination of both lines and nanoripples. Our results open new insights in the field of artificial nanofiber adhesion on micro- and nanopatterned surfaces, which are essential when designing tools for nanofiber handling.
Fatigue fracture failure analysis of guide valve based on welding defects
Authors: Du Chenyang , Liu Chang , Li Xiaowei , Lu Jianyu , Yuan Jun , Liu Baolin
Published: November 2023

This research paper presents a failure analysis conducted on the guide valve located at the bottom of the primary outlet buffer tank in the reciprocating machine of the diesel hydrogenation unit during its operation. Various methods, including in situ observation, macroscopic fracture analysis, metallographic analysis, microscopic fracture observation, material composition analysis, and hardness testing, were employed to investigate the cause of the failure. The findings indicate that the failure resulted from insufficient fusion between the valve body and the flange of the guide shower valve during the manufacturing and welding process. This lack of fusion led to fatigue failure of the weld during operation, ultimately resulting in valve cracking and detachment. The presence of fatigue failure is widespread and poses a significant threat in petrochemical plants and their surrounding environments, given the equipment’s exposure to alternating working conditions and vibrations. This failure analysis serves as a valuable reference for future quality inspections of petrochemical equipment parts. Additionally, it assists enterprises in mitigating risks throughout the design, installation, and maintenance processes, thereby reducing the likelihood of similar accidents occurring.
A closer look at weight loss interventions in primary care: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Perreault Leigh , Kramer E. Seth , Smith Peter C. , Schmidt Darren , Argyropoulos Christos
Published: November 2023

Purpose

The major aims were to quantify patient weight loss using various approaches adminstered by a primary care provider for at least 6 months and to unveil relevant contextual factors that could improve patient weight loss on a long-term basis.

Methods

A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to December 5, 2022. COVIDENCE systematic review software was used to identify and abstract data, as well as assess data quality and risk of bias.

Results

Seven studies included 2,187 people with obesity testing (1) anti-obesity medication (AOM), (2) AOM, intensive lifestyle counseling + meal replacements, and (3) physician training to better counsel patients on intensive lifestyle modification. Substantial heterogeneity in the outcomes was observed, as well as bias toward lack of published studies showing no effect. The random effect model estimated a treatment effect for the aggregate efficacy of primary care interventions −3.54 kg (95% CI: −5.61 kg to −1.47 kg). Interventions that included a medication component (alone or as part of a multipronged intervention) achieved a greater weight reduction by −2.94 kg (p < 0.0001). In all interventions, efficacy declined with time (reduction in weight loss by 0.53 kg per 6 months, 95% CI: 0.04–1.0 kg).

Conclusion

Weight loss interventions administered by a primary care provider can lead to modest weight loss. Weight loss is approximately doubled if anti-obesity medication is part of the treatment. Nevertheless, attenuated weight loss over time underscores the need for long-term treatment.

Systematic review registration

[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ CRD4202121242344], identifier (CRD42021242344).
Utilization of immediate postpartum intrauterine device and its associated factors among women who gave birth in public hospitals in West Wollega Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
Authors: Guye Ararso Hordofa , Kanea Efa Bayissa , Nigussie Tadesse , Girma Derara , Shambi Dame Banti
Published: November 2023

Background

The utilization of an immediate postpartum intrauterine device (IPPIUD) during the postpartum period helps women to realize their desire for birth spacing and prevent unplanned pregnancies. However, many postpartum mothers do not undergo immediate postpartum family planning in developing countries, including Ethiopia, which consequently increases the risk of unplanned pregnancies and pregnancy-related complications.

Objective

To assess the utilization of an IPPIUD and its associated factors among women who gave birth in public hospitals in the West Wollega Zone in 2022.

Methods

An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 605 postpartum mothers who delivered their baby between 15 April and 15 May 2022 at public hospitals in the West Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select study subjects, and the data were collected using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire, which was then entered into EpiData Entry version 4.6 and exported to the Statistical Package for Social Science version 26 for analysis. The variable with a p-value of ≤ 0.05 with an adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals was used to declare statistically significant association.

Result

The prevalence of the utilization of the IPPIUD among respondents who gave birth in West Wollega public hospitals within 48 h was 27.2% (95% CI, 23.7–30.9). Age ranging between 25 and 34 years (AOR = 4.27, 95%CI:1.68–10.85), early initiation of antenatal care (ANC; AOR = 1.91, 95%CI: 2.8–10.01), adequate knowledge of IPPIUD (AOR = 4.71, 95%CI: 2.63–6.63), favorable attitude toward family planning (AOR = 3.35, 95%CI: 2.07–5.44), planning of pregnancy (AOR = 2.21, 95%CI: 1.37–4.11), and counseling (AOR = 4.14, 95%CI: 2.60–6.68) were factors that were significantly associated with the utilization of IPPIUD.

Conclusion

According to the 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey (mini EDHS 2019), the utilization of an immediate postpartum intrauterine device was low, that is, 35%. Age of respondents, early initiation of antenatal care, favorable attitude toward, planning of pregnancy, adequate knowledge of, and counseling on IPPIUD utilization were significantly associated with the mother’s utilization of immediate postpartum intrauterine device. Thus, the zonal health office and health professionals should work toward encouraging all the women who gave birth at public hospitals to the utilization of immediate postpartum intrauterine devices by improving awareness among the women in that specific zone through counseling to increase the uptake of IPPIUD.
Applications of artificial intelligence in musculoskeletal ultrasound: narrative review
Authors: Dinescu Stefan Cristian , Stoica Doru , Bita Cristina Elena , Nicoara Andreea-Iulia , Cirstei Mihaela , Staiculesc Maria-Alexandra , Vreju Florentin
Published: November 2023

Ultrasonography (US) has become a valuable imaging tool for the examination of the musculoskeletal system. It provides important diagnostic information and it can also be very useful in the assessment of disease activity and treatment response. US has gained widespread use in rheumatology practice because it provides real time and dynamic assessment, although it is dependent on the examiner’s experience. The implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in the process of image recognition and interpretation has the potential to overcome certain limitations related to physician-dependent assessment, such as the variability in image acquisition. Multiple studies in the field of AI have explored how integrated machine learning algorithms could automate specific tissue recognition, diagnosis of joint and muscle pathology, and even grading of synovitis which is essential for monitoring disease activity. AI-based techniques applied in musculoskeletal US imaging focus on automated segmentation, image enhancement, detection and classification. AI-based US imaging can thus improve accuracy, time efficiency and offer a framework for standardization between different examinations. This paper will offer an overview of current research in the field of AI-based ultrasonography of the musculoskeletal system with focus on the applications of machine learning techniques in the examination of joints, muscles and peripheral nerves, which could potentially improve the performance of everyday clinical practice.
Development of a new broad-spectrum microencapsulation-based spray drying formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki IMBL-B9 for the control of moths
Authors: Duraisamy Kalaiselvi , Yu Nan Hee , Kim Seon Hwa , Baek Jong Hwi , Son Ji Yeon , Choi Euna , Park Min Gu , Kim Jiwon , Choi Jae Young , Sang Mee Kyung , Je Yeon Ho , Kim Jin-Cheol
Published: November 2023

Certain Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains such as Bt subsp. kurstaki and Bt subsp. aizawai have been widely used for pest management in agricultural practices. However, each strain only shows high specificity for pest control against a narrow range of lepidopteran species, and numerous lepidopteran pests have developed resistance to commercialized Bt strains. Therefore, there is a need for the development of novel Bt bioinsecticides which allow for potent and broad-spectrum insecticidal activity against lepidopteran species, including Spodoptera spp. (Noctuidae) and Plutella xylostealla (Plutellidae). In order to develop a novel bioinsecticide using Bt subsp. kurstaki IMBL-B9 (Btk IMBL-B9) that exhibits excellent insecticidal activity against three different lepidopteran species, we have developed a viable microencapsulation-based spray drying Btk IMBL-B9 formulation. The spore-crystal complex of Btk IMBL-B9 was microencapsulated using coating materials such as gum arabic, maltodextrin, and corn starch via spray drying. The encapsulated formulation of Btk IMBL-B9 presented an increased survival rate and storage stability at 54 ± 2°C for up to 6 weeks. The formulation showed similar insecticidal activity as the commercial bioinsecticide XenTari® against P. xylostella. Under controlled greenhouse conditions, the Btk IMBL-B9 formulation was more effective against Lepidoptera spp. S. frugiperda and P. xylostella, than XenTari®. These results suggest that the microencapsulation-based spray drying formulation of Btk IMBL-B9 can be used effectively for the control of a wide range of moths.
Genomic analyses of Burkholderia respiratory isolates indicates two evolutionarily distinct B. anthina clades
Authors: Pham Amy , Volmer James G. , Chambers Daniel C. , Smith Daniel J. , Reid David W. , Burr Lucy , Wells Timothy J.
Published: November 2023

Introduction

The Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) encompasses a group of at least 22 genetically distinct gram-negatives bacterial species ubiquitous in nature. Recognised as a group of genetically and phenotypically flexible species, the BCC inhabits diverse ecological niches causing both plant and human diseases. Comparative genomic analysis provides an in depth understanding into the population biology, phylogenetic relationship, and genomic architecture of species.

Methods

Here, we genomically characterise Burkholderia anthina isolated from patients with chronic lung infections, an understudied pathogen within the Burkholderia cepacia complex.

Results

We demonstrate that B. anthina is polyphyletic and constitutes two distinct evolutionary lineages. Core- and pan-genome analyses demonstrated substantial metabolic diversity, with B. anthina Clade I enriched in genes associated with microbial metabolism in diverse environments, including degradation of aromatic compounds and metabolism of xenobiotics, while B. anthina Clade II demonstrated an enhanced capability for siderophore biosynthesis.

Discussion

Based on our phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses, we suggest stratifying B. anthina to recognise a distinct species harbouring increased potential for iron metabolism via siderophore synthesis, for which we propose the name Burkholderia anthinoferum (sp. nov.).
Causal effects of gut microbiome on hypertension: a Mendelian randomization study
Authors: He Gang , Cao Yu , Wang Houzhao , Lv Xiaoying
Published: November 2023

Background

Previous observational studies have shown that there is an important relationship between gut microbiota and hypertension, we performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis to examine whether the gut microbiota is causally related to hypertension in order to find a basis for potential diagnostic or intervention approaches for hypertension.

Methods

We obtained significant single nucleotide polymorphisms related to gut microbiota and hypertension from publicly available genome-wide association studies for a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. A total of 18,340 individual genome-wide genotype data were included from 24 population-based cohorts. The inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis is the main analytical method for evaluating causal relationships, and the Mendelian randomization research results have been validated through a series of sensitivity analyses.

Results

The inverse-variance weighted analysis results indicated that phylum Verrucomicrobia (OR:0.831, 95%CI: 0.710–0.972; p = 0.021), family BacteroidalesS24.7group (OR:0.672, 95%CI: 0.496–0.911; p = 0.01), family Bifidobacteriaceae (OR:0.709, 95%CI:0.569–0.884, p = 0.002), genus Adlercreutzia (OR: 0.991, 95%CI: 0.982–0.999, p = 0.035), genus Phascolarctacterium (OR:0.819, 95%CI:0.685–0.981; p = 0.03), genus LachnospiraceaeNK4A136group (OR:0.990, 95%CI:0.981–0.999; p = 0.025), and genus Ruminococcus2 (OR:0.988, 95%CI: 0.979–0.997; p = 0.008) had protective causal effects on hypertension. The Family Alcaliginaceae (OR:1.011, 95%CI:1.000–1.021, p = 0.04), Genus Anaerostipes (OR:1.375, 95%CI:1.096–1.653; p = 0.025), Genus Collinsella (OR:1.899, 95%CI:1.361–2.348; p = 0.02), and Genus Lachnospiraceae_UCG_010 (OR:1.536, 95%CI:1.072–2.202; p = 0.019) were associated with a higher risk of HTN. The reverse Mendelian randomization analysis results showed no reverse causal relationship between HTN and these bacterial taxa.

Conclusion

Our Mendelian randomization analysis results indicate a potential causal relationship between these bacterial taxa and hypertension, providing a new perspective for the treatment and prevention of hypertension.
Genetic and pathogenic characterizations of a naturally occurring reassortant and homologous recombinant strain of the classical infectious bursal disease virus re-emerging in chickens in southern China
Authors: Wang Weiwei , Shi Jun , Zhang Yan , Qiao Yuanzheng , Zuo Wenbo , Wang Zhiyuan , Nong Tingbin , Hu Shichen , Chen Yang , Kong Ruiyang , He Xiumiao , Wei Ping
Published: November 2023

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) classical virus strain (cIBDV) can cause morbidity and mortality in young chickens with severe long-term immunosuppression. However, since the emergence and widespread prevalence of very virulent strain (vvIBDV) in China from 1991, reports of cIBDV have become rare. A novel reassortant and recombinant strain GXYL211225 (genotype A1aB1a) with segment A originating from the classical strain (A1a) and segment B from the attenuated vaccine strain (B1a) was characterized in the study. Notably, segment A resulted from recombination between the cIBDV strains 150127-0.2 and Faragher52-70, expressing as a backbone from 150127-0.2, where a fragment located at the position of nucleotide (nt) 519-1 410 was replaced by the corresponding region of Faragher52-70. The infection of GXYL211225 caused mortality in SPF chicken embryos, despite lacking the critical amino acid (aa) residues 253H, 279 N and 284A associated with the cellular tropism, and induced significant cytopathic effect (CPE) on a wide range of cells, confirming its natural cell-adapted character. Furthermore, the challenge experiment of GXYL211225 was performed on the commercial Three-yellow chickens of 4-week-old, and with the vvIBDV HLJ-0504-like strain NN1172 and the novel variant (nv) IBDV strain QZ191002 as the comparison. All the challenged birds experienced reduced body-weight gain. QZ191002 infected birds showed no obvious clinical symptoms or mortality, while those of NN1172 and GXYL211225 showed typical IBD symptoms and resulted in 20% (2/10) and 10% (1/10) of mortality rates, respectively. At 7 days post-challenge (dpc), the damages of bursal of Fabricius (BF) varied among groups, with NN1172 causing the most severe lesions, followed by GXYL211225, and then QZ191002. It was also found that the pathogenicity was correlated positively with the viral load, aligning with the histopathological severity in BF. The study confirms the rapid and diverse evolution of the re-emerged classical strains in the field and emphasizes the need to monitor the changes of IBDV on both the genetic and pathogenic aspects for the effective control of the disease.
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum monolayer enhanced bactericidal action of carvacrol: biofilm inhibition of viable foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms
Authors: Poscente Valeria , Di Gregorio Luciana , Costanzo Manuela , Nobili Chiara , Bernini Roberta , Garavaglia Luigi , Bevivino Annamaria
Published: November 2023

The prevalence of biofilm-associated microorganisms and the increasing use of ready-to-eat fresh products represent the current duality the food industry must address. Innovative and eco-friendly antibiofilm solutions and appropriate microbiological food control systems are urgently needed to improve food quality and safety. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro combined efficacy of carvacrol with a pre-formed biofilm monolayer of the probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DSM 20174. The antimicrobial activity of carvacrol against both planktonic and sessile cells of foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms, alone or in the presence of the pre-formed biofilm of L. plantarum, was investigated by culture-based methods along with flow cytometry (FCM) to monitor cells' cultivability and viability. The synergistic action of carvacrol and the pre-formed biofilm of L. plantarum was evaluated in the 96-well plates. The results showed that L. plantarum pre-formed biofilm monolayer enhanced the antimicrobial effect of carvacrol determining a bactericidal action while the treatment alone induced the viable but not culturable (VBNC) cell state only. Furthermore, the great efficacy of the combined treatment allowed the application of a lower concentration of carvacrol (100 ppm) to achieve significant damage in cell viability. In conclusion, the incorporation of carvacrol into the L. plantarum pre-formed biofilm represents a promising alternative for an antimicrobial functionalized ready-to-eat packaging.
Applications of Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy in microbial cell biology and environmental microbiology: advances, challenges, and future perspectives
Authors: Kassem Amin , Abbas Lana , Coutinho Oliver , Opara Somie , Najaf Hawraa , Kasperek Diana , Pokhrel Keshav , Li Xiaohua , Tiquia-Arashiro Sonia
Published: November 2023

Microorganisms play pivotal roles in shaping ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. Their intricate interactions involve complex biochemical processes. Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for monitoring these interactions, revealing microorganism composition and responses to the environment. This review explores the diversity of applications of FT-IR spectroscopy within the field of microbiology, highlighting its specific utility in microbial cell biology and environmental microbiology. It emphasizes key applications such as microbial identification, process monitoring, cell wall analysis, biofilm examination, stress response assessment, and environmental interaction investigation, showcasing the crucial role of FT-IR in advancing our understanding of microbial systems. Furthermore, we address challenges including sample complexity, data interpretation nuances, and the need for integration with complementary techniques. Future prospects for FT-IR in environmental microbiology include a wide range of transformative applications and advancements. These include the development of comprehensive and standardized FT-IR libraries for precise microbial identification, the integration of advanced analytical techniques, the adoption of high-throughput and single-cell analysis, real-time environmental monitoring using portable FT-IR systems and the incorporation of FT-IR data into ecological modeling for predictive insights into microbial responses to environmental changes. These innovative avenues promise to significantly advance our understanding of microorganisms and their complex interactions within various ecosystems.
Composition, interaction networks, and nitrogen metabolism patterns of bacterioplankton communities in a grassland type Lake: a case of Hulun Lake, China
Authors: Shi Yujiao , Li Wenbao , Guo Xin
Published: November 2023

The composition of bacterial communities in freshwater ecosystems is influenced by numerous factors including environmental conditions and biological interactions. In grassland inland closed lakes, factors affecting lake ecosystems are either exogenous or endogenous, contributing to the formation of distinct habitats in the surface and bottom waters of the bacterial communities. However, the extent to which environmental factors selectively shape the bacterial communities in aquatic systems remains unclear. Therefore, we sampled the surface, middle, and bottom waters at 13 sampling points in each layer. High-throughput sequencing techniques were employed to examine the spatial heterogeneity of the bacterial community structure during summer in Hulun Lake, the largest grassland-type lake in Inner Mongolia, China, to determine the microbial community dynamics and symbiosis patterns under different habitat conditions. Our results revealed a decrease in the diversity and heterogeneity of the bacterioplankton community, influenced by changes in the environment from exogenous inputs to endogenous releases. Furthermore, this alteration in community structure was concomitant with enhanced co-occurrences among microorganisms in the bottom water layers. This finding suggests that endogenous release promotes heightened symbiotic interactions, thereby facilitating the development of more complex modular structures. Symbiotic networks in different layers were differentiated by key species, with the ecological clustering modules of these species demonstrating dissimilar environmental preferences. The microbial communities were highly habitat-specific, mimicking responses to total nitrogen (TN) in the surface layer, pH in the middle layer, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the bottom layer. Bacterioplankton functions were assessed using Tax4Fun, indicating exogenous inputs and endogenous release increased the relative abundance of genes with nitrogen-fixing and nitrification potential nitrogen metabolism functions in surface and bottom waters, respectively. With Planctomycetota and Proteobacteria phyla as potential key groups for regulating nitrogen metabolic processes, Proteobacteria may facilitate the depletion of nitrate in surface and bottom waters, while the close contact of surface waters with the atmosphere accelerated Planctomycetota-dominated nitrogen fixation into the lake. Our findings contribute to the understanding of vertical microbial diversity and its network patterns in grassland type lakes, underscoring the potential role of environmental factors (exogenous inputs and endogenous releases) in bacterioplankton community formation.