bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Science and Technology of Nonexplosive Severance Techniques
Authors: Kaiser Mark J. , Pulsipher Allan G. , Byrd Robert C.
Published: June 2009

A variety of cutting technology is used in support of decommissioning offshore structures in the Gulf of Mexico. The purpose of this paper is to describe the science and technology of nonexplosive severance techniques, and to examine their environmental, physical, safety, and activity
requirements. Abrasive water jet, diamond wire, diver torch, mechanical methods, and sand cutters are the primary nonexplosive cutting techniques applied in the Gulf of Mexico. The technology of nonexplosive removal techniques has not changed dramatically over the past decade, but technological
progress continues to be made, most notably in abrasive water jet and diamond wire technology. A review of each nonexplosive cutting technique will be described within and across each stage of decommissioning.
Underwater Gliders for Ocean Research
Authors: Rudnick Daniel L. , Davis Russ E. , Eriksen Charles C. , Fratantoni David M. , Perry Mary Jane
Published: June 2009

Underwater gliders are autonomous vehicles that profile vertically by controlling buoyancy and move horizontally on wings. Gliders are reviewed, from their conception by Henry Stommel as an extension of autonomous profiling floats, through their development in three models, and including
their first deployments singly and in numbers. The basics of glider function are discussed as implemented by University of Washington in Seaglider, Scripps Institution of Oceanography in Spray, and Webb Research in Slocum. Gliders sample in the archetypical modes of sections and of "virtual
moorings." Preliminary results are presented from a recent demonstration project that used a network of gliders off Monterey. A wide range of sensors has already been deployed on gliders, with many under current development, and an even wider range of future possibilities. Glider networks
appear to be one of the best approaches to achieving subsurface spatial resolution necessary for ocean research.
An Integrated Approach to Ocean Observatory Data Acquisition/Management and Infrastructure Control Using Web Services
Authors: St. Arnaud Bill , Chave Alan D. , Maffei Andrew R. , Lazowska Edward , Smarr Larry , Gopalan Ganesh
Published: June 2009

The proliferation of ocean observatories in the absence of agreed-upon standards for instrument and user interfaces and observatory control functions will constrain interoperability and cross-linking of disparate datasets. This will in turn limit the scientific impact of ocean observatories
and increase their operating costs. Devising hardware-based standards will be difficult given the different internal architectures of existing and planned ocean observatories. This paper proposes that instrument, data, and observatory control processes be wrapped with standard web services
which will provide a global software standard for these observatory functions. In addition to facilitating interoperability, state-full web services with workflow bindings for observatory instrument and data processes will enable dynamic user control of observatory configuration and the creation
of multiple virtual instrument networks within one or more ocean observatories. These concepts are defined and illustrated through a number of use scenarios.
Chemical and Biological Sensors for Time-Series Research: Current Status and New Directions
Authors: Daly Kendra L. , Byrne Robert H. , Dickson Andrew G. , Gallager Scott M. , Perry Mary Jane , Tivey Margaret K.
Published: June 2009

Ocean observatories will require extensive use of sensors and sensing systems to enable time-series observations and interactive experiments on remote permanent and mobile platforms. In this paper we assess the "readiness" of chemical and biological sensors that will be critical to
the success of ocean observatories. We conclude that although there have been many technological advances in the development of sensors in recent years, few chemical or biological sensors are capable of long-term deployment (∼ 1 year). In particular, sensors in coastal regions and near
hydrothermal vents will need to be regularly serviced for biofouling for the foreseeable future, while sensors on deep-water observatories that spend limited time in the euphotic zone may be able to operate for longer periods. A number of exciting new technologies hold great promise for sensors
in the years to come. Significant effort and resources, however, are urgently needed for sensor development to ensure that the opportunities for science and discovery made accessible by ocean observatories are fully realized.
Exploring the Deepest Depths: Preliminary Design of a Novel Light-Tethered Hybrid ROV for Global Science in Extreme Environments
Authors: Bowen Andrew D. , Yoerger Dana R. , Whitcomb Louis L. , Fornari Daniel J.
Published: June 2009

This paper describes a new project to build an operational underwater vehicle that can perform scientific survey and sampling to the full depth of the ocean (11,000 meters). The vehicle, called a hybrid remotely operated vehicle (HROV), will operate in two different modes. For broad
area survey, the vehicle will operate untethered as a autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) capable of exploring and mapping the seafloor with sonars and cameras. After targets of interest have been found, the vehicle will be converted at-sea to become a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) that
will enable close up imaging and sampling. The ROV configuration will incorporate a lightweight fiber optic tether to the surface for high bandwidth real-time video and data telemetry to the surface to enable high-quality teleoperation, additional cameras and lights, a manipulator arm, and
sampling gear. This paper outlines the scientific motivation for the project as well as the feasibility of our design concept. Analysis of the fiber optic cable shows our approach to be practical even with fairly extreme current profiles. An overall approach to the vehicle design is also presented,
including options for pressure housings and buoyancy materials.
A National Coastal Ocean Surface Current Mapping System for the United States
Authors: Paduan Jeffrey D. , Kosro P. Michael , Glenn Scott M.
Published: June 2009

A description is given for a nation-wide surface current mapping system for the U.S. continental shelf regions based on the emerging capabilities of high frequency (HF) radar backscatter instruments. These HF radar systems have the advantages of being real-time, non-invasive, shore-based
instruments capable of mapping ocean surface currents out to ranges of ∼200 km from shore. A framework for a national backbone system is described based on long-range HF radar systems and example results are provided from existing arrays off the northwest and northeast U.S. coastlines.
Marine Technology and Policy in 2005: Emerging Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: McLean Craig N. , Showalter Stephanie , Larkin Emily
Published: June 2009

Recent seminal studies of national ocean policy have focused the attention of the marine science and technology communities on the possibility of outcomes in the near future. The U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy offered over two hundred recommendations, and has raised expectations for
a period of heightened ocean interest. In response to the policy recommendations of the Commission, the President has set certain policies through his December 2004 Executive Order on Ocean Policy and through the issuance of the U.S. Ocean Action Plan. This Plan holds promise for the technology
community. With the opportunities of technology advancement, however, come the uncertainties of change. Using the Integrated Ocean Observing System as an example of beneficial change, both in collection methodologies and integration of science data, and in proposing the legal complexities
of Autonomous Undersea Vehicle strandings and unwanted recovery, the authors demonstrate examples of the benefits and uncertainties ahead, all of which comprise opportunity.
Interdisciplinary Aspects of Offshore Structures
Authors: Marshall Peter W.
Published: June 2009

While some institutions treat Ocean Engineering as a single discipline, much of the progress in this area has been brought about by the interdisciplinary collaboration of experts in different areas, such as:Structural engineering Mineral resourcesOcean energy Offshore economic
potentialRemotely operated vehicles Marine law & policyDynamic positioning Marine educationMoorings Marine materialsSeafloor engineering Physical oceanography/meteorologyLarge offshore platforms are usually designed by teams of engineers. Although the lead engineer
often may be a structural engineer, many elements of the other technologies are involved. This paper is an update to earlier summaries by Marshall (1980, 1993), but retains many of the pre-Internet classic references. Papers from the Offshore Technology Conference are listed separately, and
cited by OTC number.
The Current Art of Underwater Imaging – With a Glimpse of the Past and Vision of the Future
Authors: Kocak Donna M. , Caimi Frank M.
Published: June 2009

This State of Technology Report on Underwater Imaging provides a historical synopsis of underwater imaging, discusses current state of the art, and suggests future possibilities for continued advancement of the field. The history presented herein provides information assembled in a
manner not found in previous reviews. Present work is grouped according to imaging methodology wherein foremost research and technical innovations of the field are highlighted, with a focus on the past five years. Trends in research and development are also discussed as they relate to emerging
underwater imaging techniques and technologies.
Remote Video Revisited: A Visual Technique for Conducting Long-term Monitoring of Reef Fishes on the Continental Shelf
Authors: Barans C.A. , Arendt M.D. , Moore T. , Schmidt D.
Published: June 2009

Fisheries observation data collected at similar times and frequencies as hydrographic data could contribute significantly to the development of models for predicting responses of fish assemblages to changing environmental conditions. Traditional collections of fishery observation data
rarely occur with sufficient temporal replication for modeling; however, remotely collected underwater video data represents a promising remedy. In August 1999, an experimental underwater fish habitat and video data collection system were established on the middle continental shelf off the
coast of Georgia. Short (10 s) video data files were collected hourly during daylight and transmitted 72 km to shore by microwave once daily. An extraordinarily large and valuable dataset was generated despite technical problems, which precluded data collection during more than half of the
days within the 1999-2002 study period. Evaluation of 5,590 usable video files from 429 observation days resulted in documentation of presence, relative abundance and behavior for at least 50 species, including several highly migratory pelagic species for which little scientific data exists.
Future efforts of this ongoing study will attempt to mitigate technical problems discovered during 1999-2002. Expansion of automated visual sampling to numerous index stations along the continental shelf has the potential of greatly complementing infrequent and expensive sampling cruises to
collect ecological and behavioral data.
Potential Depth Biasing Using the Biosonics VBT Seabed Classification Software
Authors: Dommisse Michaela , Urban Dan , Finney Bruce , Hills Susan
Published: June 2009

The use of digital echosounders with post-processing commercial seabed classification software is becoming increasingly popular to create high-resolution resource maps of marine habitats over large scales. Here, we examine the Biosonics Visual Bottom Typing (VBT) seabed classification
software (version 1.91). Although the VBT software uses potentially robust seabed classification parameters and has many useful features, a major drawback of the software is that it does not normalize echoes to a reference depth (typically the average survey depth). Depth normalizing adjusts
for a change in echo length with depth. Without it, the VBT classification parameters that are calculated from the energy integral of the returned echo envelope over a fixed sampling window can be depth biased. The degree of misclassification from depth biasing will depend on the particular
echosounder specifications (beamwidth (at −3dB) and pulse length) and characteristics of the survey area (depth variation and bottom acoustic diversity). Depth normalization applied before classification parameters are calculated is a very simple solution to potential depth-related misclassification
and should be incorporated into the VBT software as a matter of priority to ensure its reliability and broad user application.
Groundwater Plume Mapping in a Submerged Sinkhole in Lake Huron
Authors: Ruberg Steven A. , Coleman Dwight F. , Johengen Thomas H. , Meadows Guy A. , Van Sumeren Hans W. , Lang Gregory A. , Biddanda Bopaiah A.
Published: June 2009

A multidisciplinary exploratory project team from the Institute for Exploration, the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Grand Valley State University, and the University of Michigan located and explored a submerged sinkhole in Lake Huron during September 2003. A CTD system
and an ultra-short baseline (USBL) acoustic navigational tracking system integrated with an open frame remotely operated vehicle (ROV) provided high-resolution depth, temperature, and conductivity maps of the sinkhole and plume. Samples were also peristaltically pumped to the surface from
a depth of 92 meters within and outside of the sinkhole plume. A 1-2 m thick cloudy layer with a strong hydrogen sulfide odor characterized the water mass close to the plume. Relative to ambient lake water, water samples collected within this layer were characterized by slightly higher (4-7.5
°C) temperatures, very high levels of chloride and conductivity (10-fold) as well as extremely high concentrations of organic matter (up to 400 mg C/L), sulfate, and phosphorus. Our observations demonstrated the occurrence of unique biogeochemical conditions at this submerged sinkhole
environment.
New Stereo Acoustic Data Logger for Free-ranging Dolphins and Porpoises
Authors: Akamatsu Tomonari , Matsuda Akihiko , Suzuki Shiro , Wang Ding , Wang Kexiong , Suzuki Michihiko , Muramoto Hiroyuki , Sugiyama Naoki , Oota Katsunori
Published: June 2009

To observe the bio-sonar behavior of dolphins and porpoises, a miniature stereo acoustic data logger was developed to record the echolocation clicks of small cetaceans. The 'A-tag' device is small enough to be attached to a dolphin or porpoise. A-tag can record the sonar pulse intensity,
precise inter-click-intervals, and time difference between sounds arriving at two different hydrophones. The A-tag works for up to 60 hours continuously and allows observation of the sonar target range of free-ranging odontocetes. The time of arrival at the two hydrophones on the tag allows
vocalizations from nearby individuals to be identified. A less invasive tagging technique using a suction cup was also developed. A mean attachment time of 15 hours was obtained on free-ranging finless porpoises in a freshwater system in China. The A-tag proved to be a useful tool for investigating
the underwater echolocation behavior of odontocetes.
An Epibenthic Sledge for Operations on Marine Soft Bottom and Bedrock
Authors: Brenke Nils
Published: June 2009

A multi-purpose epibenthic sledge, designed for sampling of small benthic macrofauna in marine habitats and at any navigable depth, is presented. The new epibenthic sledge operates reliably on soft sediments in shallow and in open oceanic deep water, as well as on steep slopes, between
rocks and glacier moraines as frequently found in Antarctic waters, and on primary hard substrate. The construction is of high mechanical stability with fully protected nets. In case of damage, parts of the sledge can be replaced or repaired easily on board. A description of the gear with
a detailed construction plan, as well as parameters for handling in diverse marine habitats, is given. Calculation of the towing distance and first results with possible sources of errors are discussed.
Application of Real-time Monitoring Buoy Systems for Physical and Biogeochemical Parameters in the Coastal Ocean around the Korean Peninsula
Authors: Nam SungHyun , Kim Guebuem , Kim Kyung-Ryul , Kim Kuh , Cheng Lawrence Oh , Kim Ki-Wan , Ossi Hyong , Kim Young-Gyu
Published: June 2009

We introduce technological achievements while developing real-time ocean monitoring buoy systems in the key coastal regions around the Korean peninsula, and highlight their potential contribution to oceanographic studies in the region. Major achievements are an integration of physical
and biogeochemical sensors, real-time and two-way communication, sustainable maintenance with stable power supply and mooring design, and the two-way control of sensor and sampling strategies with high sampling rates (as often as every minute). The time-series data from two buoy systems deployed
in the key coastal regions are given as examples to show their potential use in studying oceanographic issues, such as major current variations along the east coast of Korea, wind-driven episodic events including typhoon passages, and frequent changes due to internal wave passages. The real-time
and high-frequency monitoring of biogeochemical properties of seawater together with physical parameters could be used for numerous oceanographic studies in the coastal region, i.e., air-sea gas exchange, harmful dinoflagellate bloom, interaction between physical and biogeochemical processes.
Effect of Suspended Sediment on Acoustic Detection Using Reverberation
Authors: Chu Peter C. , Cornelius Michael , Wagstaff Mel
Published: June 2009

Sonar operates by ensonifying a broad swath of the seabed using a line array of acoustic projectors with acoustic backscattering from the ensonified sediment. The suspended sediment layer affects the sonar imagery through the volume scattering strength. Understanding the acoustic characteristics
of the suspended sediment layer can aid the Navy in detecting sea mines with sonar imagery. In this study, the Navy's Comprehensive Acoustic Simulation System is used to investigate such an effect. A range of critical values of volume scattering strength for buried object detection is found
through repeated model simulations.
A Coupled Asymmetrical Multiple Opening Closing Net with Environmental Sampling System
Authors: Guigand Cedric M. , Cowen Robert K. , Llopiz Joel K. , Richardson David E.
Published: June 2009

Recruitment levels of fishes are potentially related to the abundance of larval fishes and their food source. A system that could allow for the concurrent investigation of fine-scale distribution of fish larvae and their potential prey could add significantly to the understanding of
the early life history of marine fishes. A coupled Multiple Opening Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System (MOCNESS) that combines two sub-systems (1 m2 and 4 m2 net sets) working in synchronization was designed to answer these questions. The mesh size was different
on each set of nets allowing the collection of a broad size range of organisms while optimizing the catch of larger fish larvae and eliminating unnecessary large samples of zooplankton. Moreover, the system eliminated the need to deploy separate MOCNESS using different mesh sizes, thus reducing
ship time costs, and avoiding any aliasing associated with trying to sample the same water mass with separate nets fished sequentially. The system has been used at sea under varying weather conditions onboard the R/V F. G. Walton Smith and sampled adequately.
The Gulf Stream Voyage: Using Real Time Data in the Classroom
Authors: Hotaling Liesl
Published: June 2009

The recent ingression of numerous scientific research sensor networks promises the potential to improve scientific knowledge and influence many societal issues including education. Until the availability of the Internet in classrooms, students used limited and outdated data sets to
learn about dynamic earth systems. Internet access creates an important opportunity for students to obtain real-time data, providing them with engaging and up-to-date information. It is essential for research scientists to consider audiences beyond their own research community and think about
how and where their data can be used for educational purposes, and to create engaging, clear, concise displays of data in an effort to reach non-scientific audiences. Scientific real-time data sources displayed in a "friendly" manner have been used in classrooms for several years resulting
in the discovery of several significant educational advantages including: the infusion of inquiry-based learning, fostering problem solving skills, addressing several learning styles, and student relevance. As an example of ways in which scientific real-time data can be adapted for use in
the classroom, this paper describes The Gulf Stream Voyage which is an Internet-based multidisciplinary project that utilizes both real-time data and primary source materials to help guide students to discover the science and history of the Gulf Stream.
Overview of National and State Standards in Science
Authors: Labov Jay B.
Published: June 2009

Standards in science and other subjects are a recent phenomenon in education, with most having been developed within the past 15 years. Science content standards now exist in 49 of 50 states and the District of Columbia (lowa has not developed its own standards). In some states a great
deal of controversy surrounded initial adoption of content standards; in others controversy ensued when standards were revisited or revised (mandated by many states every 5-7 years). Here a brief history and overview of the science content standards movement in the United States are given
along with insights into the forces that caused adoption to be contentious in some states, and the important part that professional scientists and engineers might play in shaping those standards. Roles for the ocean sciences in enhancing science learning and teaching through state standards
are also considered.
Achieving Environmental Literacy with NOAA's Observing Systems Data
Authors: McDougall Carrie , Ibanez Atziri , White Susan
Published: June 2009

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has significantly increased its commitment to promoting environmental literacy by adopting this effort as a strategic cross-cutting priority, forming an Office of Education and establishing an Education Council. Another of NOAA's
strategic cross-cutting priorities is integrating global environmental observations and data management. NOAA possesses a vast array of observing systems that monitor oceanic, atmospheric, and terrestrial parameters. The streaming data from these systems offers broad opportunities to create
real-time visualizations of dynamic Earth processes and to capture rare and spectacular events that occur on regional or global geographic scales. Making these visualizations available to and understandable by the general public is not an easy task. The potential return on investment however,
is large. NOAA's Education Council realizes the educational potential that observing system data offer and has adopted Earth Observing Systems Education as a top priority. An effort is currently underway in NOAA to assess existing observing system education activities within and outside the
Agency and to pilot education programs using the available streaming data. We will report on the process of assessment and on some of the pilot projects we have begun with a focus on a case study provided by the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS), a program that provides a
fully operational network of integrated observing systems focused on the nation's estuaries.
Coastal Ocean Observing Technology Transfer to Educators
Authors: Spence Lundie , Schaeffer Blake A. , Thomas Carrie , Hathaway Terri Kirby , Olsen Margaret
Published: June 2009

Coastal ocean observing systems provide an opportunity to connect scientific concepts, technology and careers to education. These systems also provide outreach opportunities for researchers to connect beyond their peers to the public. Use of real/near real-time coastal ocean observational
data has local relevance and can generate excitement for teachers and students about the changes and patterns in the ocean environment. New collaborations, strategies and models must be forged between scientists and educators to meet challenges and provide benefits. Challenges include the
identification of connections between coastal ocean observing science and precollege science standards and curricula, the design of effective professional development workshops to transfer technology to teachers, the development of Web-based observation data that is accessible to teachers
and their students, and the construction and testing of model inquiry lessons, which include use of real/near real-time observations data and GIS maps. Benefits include outreach opportunities for researchers, inquiry-driven applications for precollege students and the introduction of coastal
ocean observing to students with the outcome of a highly trained and diverse work force in ocean sciences for the future. Effective strategies for transfer require new opportunities for engagement between scientists and educators, sharing of credit, evaluations, and solid technical reviews
of all products to ensure scientific and educational accuracy.
The Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence (COSEE): A National Success Story
Authors: Walker Sharon H. , Strang Craig , Cook Susan
Published: June 2009

This article focuses on the success achieved over a three year period by the National COSEE Network which is comprised of seven regional Centers and one Central Coordinating Office (CCO). This success is based on a Network of professionals who are proactive and passionate about ocean
sciences and education; embrace a common focus; exhibit extraordinary teamwork; involve multiple partners; understand the need for both grassroots and national leadership; work toward making its unique and collaborative infrastructure seamless; and implement effective strategic planning. Specifically,
COSEE focuses on: serving as a catalyst and portal in engaging scientists and formal/informal educators to "bridge the gap" between current research and its relevance to precollege teachers and their students, informal educators, and the general public within museums, science centers, and
aquariums; determining what it is all people should know about our watery planet to be considered ocean literate; working toward enhanced diversity in the workforce; implementing regional and national evaluation plans; developing a mechanism to infuse ocean sciences into existing and future
State and National Science Education Standards; and disseminating high-quality COSEE resources, based on sound science. The National COSEE Network is sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the Office
of Naval Research (ONR).
The Path to Ocean Sciences Literacy: Essential Steps Along the Way
Authors: Walker Sharon H. , Keener-Chavis Paula
Published: June 2009

The authors of this manuscript offer perspectives on 1) the status of ocean sciences education within the U.S. over the last two decades; 2) subsequent challenges and opportunities, ranging from the lack of funding to issues and common foci within the ocean sciences community relative
to the scientific, engineering, and technological capabilities in ocean research and exploration; and 3) recommended actions and partnerships supported by an array of recent publications addressing ocean science literacy (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2004; National Oceanographic
Partnership Program, 2004; U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, 2004; White House, 2004). Four high priority areas are addressed: increased ocean sciences professional development programs for educators, promotion and retention of a diverse ocean sciences workforce, provision of high-quality kindergarten
through grade 16 curricula, and enhanced partnerships at all levels within the ocean sciences community. We also offer a summary of benefits that an ocean literate society can offer a nation.
Use of CDMA Acoustic Telemetry to Document 3-D Positions of Fish: Relevance to the Design and Monitoring of Aquatic Protected Areas
Authors: Cooke Steven J. , Niezgoda George H. , Hanson Kyle C. , Suski Cory D. , Phelan Frank J.S. , Tinline Roly , Philipp David P.
Published: June 2009

Knowledge of animal spatial ecology is essential for the design and siting of proposed aquatic protected areas (APAs), as well as the assessment and monitoring of existing ones. Acoustic telemetry is one of the primary tools for the assessment of animal movements in aquatic systems
through either manual tracking or the establishment of fixed receiving stations. Recent technological developments in code division multiple access (CDMA) acoustic telemetry now enable the simultaneous real-time monitoring of numerous individual fish at fine time scales providing APA researchers
with a robust new tool. Fish can be positioned in three-dimensions with sub-meter accuracy in both deep and shallow waters. Here, we describe a whole-lake environmental observatory that includes a 13-hydrophone acoustic telemetry array that has been used to monitor the position of 22 tagged
fish at 15 sec intervals. Although we use a freshwater fish and environment as a case study, this telemetry system is equally useful for marine environments including under-ice. We evaluate the applicability of CDMA MAP technology to address pressing questions in applied APA research. The
CDMA MAP system provides the flexibility to collect information at multiple spatial-temporal scales, responding to the varied levels of detail and precision required for different applications in APA research. When combined with the suite of other telemetry and monitoring approaches available,
CDMA MAP technology will enable researchers to document the spatial ecology essential for improving APA science. Furthermore, because numerous animals from different trophic levels can be tracked in real time, CDMA MAP technology will also aid in our understanding of complex community-level
dynamics consistent with the shift towards ecosystem-based APA management.
Fish Movement in a Temperate Marine Reserve: New Insights through Application of Acoustic Tracking
Authors: Parsons Darren , Egli Daniel
Published: June 2009

In this review we present the progression of research that has led to the current level of understanding of snapper (Pagrus auratus: Sparidae) movement and protection effects in NE New Zealand marine reserves. Mark and recapture, florescent elastomer tags, acoustic tracking at
varying spatial scales and geolocation tags were applied to examine fish behavior. Results from each method revealed new insight into teleost behavior. This advocates the importance of using the appropriate method depending on the spatial and temporal scales, to avoid making premature conclusions.
We propose that the continuum of movement behaviors observed may have resulted partially from a range of factors that change once a marine reserve is established. Examining movement and response to protection in no-take reserves is crucial to provide a scientific basis for efficient future
marine reserve design.
In Situ Tagging and Tracking of Coral Reef Fishes from the Aquarius Undersea Laboratory
Authors: Lindholm James , Fangman Sarah , Kaufman Les , Miller Steven
Published: June 2009

We surgically implanted coded-acoustic transmitters in a total of 46 coral reef fish during a saturation mission to the Aquarius Undersea Laboratory in August 2002. Aquarius is located within the Conch Reef Research Only Area, a no-take marine reserve in the northern Florida
Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Over the course of 10 days, with daily bottom times of 7 hrs, saturation diving operations allowed us to collect, surgically tag, release, and subsequently track fishes entirely in situ. Fish were collected using baited traps deployed adjacent to the
reef as well as nets manipulated on the bottom by divers. Surgical implantation of acoustic transmitters was conducted at a mobile surgical station that was moved to different sites across the reef. Each fish was revived from anesthetic and released as divers swam the fish about the reef.
Short-term tracking of tagged fish was conducted by saturation divers, while long-term fish movement was recorded by a series of acoustic receivers deployed on the seafloor. Though not designed as an explicit comparison with surface tagging operations, the benefits of working entirely in
situ were apparent.
Multidimensional Tracking of Giant Pacific Octopuses in Northern Japan Reveals Unexpected Foraging Behaviour
Authors: Rigby P. Robin , Sakurai Yasunori
Published: June 2009

Most marine populations are in decline (Pauly, 2000; Leon, 2003) and reports of stable or increasing stocks are viewed with some scepticism (Myers and Worm, 2003). Compensation for decreasing fish stocks by cephalopod populations has been theorized and reported (O'Dor, 1998; Chotiyaputta
et al., 2002). Around Hokkaido Island (northern Japan), catch per unit effort (CPUE) of Enteroctopus dofleini is relatively stable (Hokkaido Fisheries Annual Report, 1986-2001). Decreasing inter-specific competition for food, reduced predation pressure by large fishes and a prevailing
temperature regime are possible factors in the stability of the E dofleini catch rate; but so is the flexible behaviour of octopuses. Neural and behaviour studies (Young, 1961; Mather, 1994; Yamazaki et al., 2002) have alluded to the benefits of the adaptability of octopus behaviour,
but no suggestions are as succinct as our findings during a recent radio acoustic tagging study where tagged octopuses stayed in smaller home ranges for longer periods of time than expected (Mather et al., 1985) while feeding off of a gill net. We propose that these findings have direct implications
to understanding of the ecology of the species and are an example of why in situ monitoring provided by Radio Acoustic Positioning (RAP) technology is an essential part of the planning, and implantation of regional management plans and the development and monitoring of marine protected
areas.
Using Acoustic Monitoring to Evaluate MPAs for Shark Nursery Areas: The Importance of Long-term Data
Authors: Heupel M.R. , Simpfendorfer C.A.
Published: June 2009

The presence and movements of a population of young blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus) was monitored via a series of acoustic hydrophones over a period of three years to examine their use of a coastal nursery area. Data from this project were used to investigate the efficacy
of hypothetical marine protected areas for this population. Small and large reserve designs were used to determine which would provide better protection for this population. The small reserve provided consistent levels of protection across years with sharks receiving good protection early
in the summer season, but with declining protection thereafter. The large reserve provided less consistent levels of protection across years, but provided protection for a greater portion of time than the small reserve. Excursions from the small reserve were high early in the season and declined
as sharks used this region less through the later portion of the summer. Excursions from the large reserve did not show any consistent pattern, but were also high early in the season and decreased through time as sharks used less of the reserve area. These results, coupled with previously
calculated mortality estimates, revealed that the large reserve provided better protection for young sharks during their most vulnerable period within the nursery. We suggest that time-area closures for nursery populations of highly mobile shark species may be of value. Results of this study
also show that long-term data may be critical to effective reserve design and placement, and assessment of reserve efficacy.
Commercial Fishing: Has Technology Made the Industry Safe...Enough?
Authors: Dwyer Kyra M. , Burns R.J.
Published: June 2009

The Fishing Vessel Safety Act, signed into law on September 9, 1988, was the first comprehensive legislation to be enacted in this country with the goal of reducing industry fatality rates. Paramount in the new regulations were provisions for the mandatory carriage of safety equipment
aboard all commercial fishing vessels, depending on the vessel's route, size, and build date. The introduction of this technology had a measurable impact on reducing both vessel losses and fatalities, but the downward trends seen within the first ten years of the Act's enactment have since
leveled off and are holding steady at what remains unacceptably high rates in comparison to other industries. This article argues that human and economic factors are limiting the effectiveness of available technology and contributing to this statistical plateau. Specific examples of these
factors are provided, and possible solutions examined in the context of fishing vessel casualties and safety enforcement. Additionally, this article examines the roles of industry members and regulators as they work towards the shared goal of realizing a safe commercial fishing industry. However,
inherent in this goal is realizing when these objectives have been achieved—and, given the complex nature of fishing vessel casualties, this realization may be the most difficult challenge of all.
Fishing Techniques to Reduce the Bycatch of Threatened Marine Animals
Authors: Werner Timothy , Kraus Scott , Read Andrew , Zollett Erika
Published: June 2009

Unintended injuries and fatalities to non-target marine species—a major component of “bycatch”—is one of the principal threats to the survival of many endangered marine populations and species. This paper describes both proposed and existing fishing techniques
for reducing non-target species bycatch, and reviews their focus across different fisheries and wildlife groups. The intent of this inventory was to gain a better understanding of the range of techniques available and to highlight priorities for research and development. In all, 55 techniques
were identified, with the majority directed at reducing bycatch in longline fisheries, and intended to benefit primarily seabirds, sea turtles, and small mammals. Bycatch reduction is a dynamic field with many examples of effective techniques, though some underserved fisheries and wildlife
groups should receive more attention.
Using Red Light with Fixed-site Video Cameras to Study the Behavior of the Spiny Lobster, Panulirus argus, and Associated Animals at Night and Inside Their Shelters
Authors: Weiss Howard M. , Lozano-Álvarez Enrique , Briones-Fourzán Patricia , Negrete-Soto Fernando
Published: June 2009

Fixed-site video cameras can be a powerful tool for studying marine animals in the sea without disturbing their behavior. Artificial light is required to use these cameras at night or in dark places such as inside animal dens. Red light is theoretically the best choice because the eyes
of many marine animals are relatively insensitive to light above 600 nm wavelength, red light penetrates water much further than infrared, and many video cameras are highly sensitive to red light. This study found that video and red light can be used at night in the sea to study the behavior
of spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, without significant effects. The shelter occupancy rate of tethered lobsters was similar in continuous red light as in the dark and red light did not attract or repel free-living lobsters. Red light did attract a small additional number of fish which
were already nearby the lobster shelters and did not appear to disturb the lobsters. Loss of P. argus from octopus predation was similar in red light as in the dark. Six species of predators (two triggerfishes, an octopus, two snappers, and a moray eel) were recorded on videotape killing
lobsters at shelters in the sea. Predation usually occurred outside the shelters. Other species scavenged on the lobster remains after they were killed. A variety of animals frequently cohabited with lobsters inside shelters for a few minutes to several days. The interactions of these animals
with the lobsters rarely involved any strong aggression or defensive behavior.
Trawling: Historic Development, Current Status and Future Challenges
Authors: Graham Norman
Published: June 2009

Otter trawling was developed in the late 1800s and is one of the most widely used fish capture methods today. While cod-end mesh size regulations have aimed at controlling the size of fish caught, many trawl fisheries suffer from discarding of small and unwanted species, including marine
mammals and turtles. Developments aimed at improving size and species selectivity have been introduced and have reduced discarding considerably. However, in some fisheries such solutions have failed to be adequately implemented and require the use of management incentives to mitigate discard
problems. More recently concerns relating to environmental impact of trawls have increased and analogies comparing trawling to forest clear-cutting are found in peer-reviewed literature. Scientific evidence to substantiate such dramatic comparisons is weak due to methodological inadequacies.
Adopting a precautionary approach and responding to political pressure, research has begun to focus on reducing the physical impact of trawls on benthic communities. Alternative capture methods using static gears also have inherent problems and are unlikely to provide economically viable alternatives
while maintaining current catch rates without further development.
Pelagic Longline Fishing Gear: A Brief History and Review of Research Efforts to Improve Selectivity
Authors: Watson J. W. , Kerstetter D.W.
Published: June 2009

Pelagic longline gear had several independent evolutions, but the most widespread form appears to have been originally developed by the Japanese as early as the mid-19th century. Technological developments such as polyamide monofilament line and modern fishing vessel construction
have resulted in the evolution and expansion of this gear type as the primary worldwide method of commercially harvesting large pelagic fishes such as broadbill swordfish and tunas. Although the adaptability of the gear through changes in materials, lengths, and deployment strategies has
resulted in generally high selectivity for many target species, the bycatch of protected species by pelagic longlines is considered a global problem in the conservation effort to sustain populations of sea turtles, sea birds, and some istiophorid billfishes (sailfishes; spearfishes; marlins).
Recent research on the modification of pelagic longline fishing strategies uses this inherent adaptability of the gear to avoid or reduce the mortality of bycatch species. This is an alternative to the traditional management strategy of closed areas, which fishermen view as less effective
and generally more restrictive (limiting) with respect to target catches. This work with academic partners and commercial fishermen has resulted in the development of bycatch reduction strategies which include safe handling and release gear and protocols, use of circle hooks in place of traditional
J-style hooks, restrictions on gangion and mainline lengths, and corrodible hooks.
Fiber Rope and Fishing
Authors: McKenna Henry
Published: June 2009

Modern synthetic fiber materials coupled with the various rope constructions that are currently available produce a wide variety of ropes well suited for today's fishing applications. Ropemakers provide many products designed exclusively for fishermen. The market is large, which encourages
competition; however, it is also very cost sensitive which can inhibit research and development. This article begins with the history of ropemaking and goes on to describe modern ropemaking materials and designs, the properties and applications of rope in fishing, and sources of rope information.
Whale entanglement and environmental concerns are areas where the selection, use, control and disposal of rope fishing gear could well become regulatory issues. An ongoing whale entanglement research program may be a model that will stimulate research.
Ocean Surveying from Manned Submersibles
Authors: Busby Roswell F.
Published: June 2009

The performance of the bathyscaphes and second generation manned submersibles has generated considerable speculation concerning the merits of these platforms as undersea surveying tools. Although a wide variety of tasks have been successfully performed, the manned submersible is still
too new a tool to have firmly established its role in oceanographic/engineering surveys. Undersea navigation, launch/retrieval methods and surveying sensors designed for submersible use are, in the main, unsatisfactory, but their development is being pursued. Preliminary observations indicate
that the following surveying missions could benefit most highly through employment of a Deep Ocean Survey Vehicle, (DOSV): (1) Site Surveys of small ocean bottom areas for installation of hardware or habitats; (2) Bottom Truth Surveys of representative areas for verification
of surface-obtained data; (3) Route Selection Surveys of prospective cable or pipeline routes; (4) Biological Surveys for quantitative and qualitative assessment of marine biota; and (5) Geological Surveys of bottom sediments, structures and depositional/erosional processes.
Although little, if any, ocean surveying per se has been performed from submersibles, sufficient observations exist to indicate that surface-conducted surveying may produce an erroneous impression of the bottom and near-bottom environment. Wide beam (60° cone) echo-sounding in the
Bahamas completely missed 3 to 150 meter (10-500 ft.) high near-vertical cliffs and outcrops which have been observed from submersibles. Near-bottom current speeds have been observed to vary from essentially zero to 20 cm/sec (0.5 kns.) within a lateral distance of less than 1 meter. Zonation
of currents along the bottom was observed in the Straits of Florida which would have been virtually impossible to observe and interpret with conventional measuring techniques. Abrupt changes in bottom sediment grain sizes have been observed which would lead to erroneous impressions if sampled
from the surface. Preliminary tests have indicated that sediment bearing strengths measured from surface-collected cores may be in error by several orders of magnitude from measurements taken by manned submersibles in situ.
Some Unusual Photographs in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Ewing Maurice , Hunkins Kenneth , Thorndike E. M.
Published: June 2009

Streak photographs of marine animals recorded with a shutterless camera and moving film have furnished information about life deep in the Arctic Ocean. This unexpected occurrence illustrates one of the desirable features of photographic instrumentation. The photographs were obtained
with a nephelometer used at the Arctic drifting ice station, T-3, during 1966 and 1967. The animal has been identified as the marine amphipod. Parathemisto abyssorum, Boek.
Project Add
Authors: Hess Frederic R.
Published: June 2009

A digitally controlled acoustic system for measurement of ocean depths by echo sounding is described. This automatic digital depth (ADD) system was developed at W. H. O. I. to provide depth information directly to a shipboard digital computer. Automatic range gating prevents false depth
readings from echoes returned from shallow, midwater reflectors. Readout is both visual, on a lighted digital display and electrical in the form of a binary coded decimal (BCD) output. The depth is read directly in fathoms based on 4800 feet per second sound velocity. Other units of depth
may be used with little change in circuitry.