bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nutrition of Six Selected Neo-Tropical Mammals in Trinidad and Tobago with the Potential for Domestication
Authors: Lall Kavita , Jones Kegan , Garcia Gary
Published: May 2018

This review highlights the available literature on the nutrition of six neo-tropical animals with the potential for domestication—the agouti (Dasyprocta leporina/D. aguti), lappe (Agouti paca), capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), manicou/opossum (Didelphis marsupialis insularis), collared peccary (Peccary tajucu) and the red brokcet deer (Mazama americana). Over 100 references were used, spanning over 100 years. The earliest being 1915 and the most recent being 2018. The references used in this review were synthesized to give a detailed look of the dentition, anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract and type of feed these animals consume. Nutritional requirements of the animals are required to understand what is needed for growth, maintenance and reproduction of each physiological stage. The agouti (D. leporina/D. aguti) was observed to be a monogastric mammal that fed primarily on fruits, seeds, animal matter and practiced caecotrophy. The lappe/paca (C. paca/A. paca) was described as a strict herbivore and a frugivore which practiced caecotrophy, with a diet that varied throughout the year, according to food availability. The capybara (H. hydrochaeris) was found to be the largest known rodent and was described as a semiaquatic hindgut fermenter that practiced caecotrophy. The manicou/opossum (D. marsupialis insularis) was found to be an omnivore with a simple stomach. The collared peccary (T. tajacu) was found to be frugivorous. Their unique stomach enabled them to consume a wide variety of feedstuff, allowing them to be found in a wide range of habitats. The red brocket deer (M. americana), a ruminant, was described as a browser that consumed mainly fruits and seeds and they frequented mineral lick. Knowledge of what they consume in the wild is important, so that we know what to feed in captivity. There is also the need to evaluate captive diets while trying to domesticate these mammals and develop nutrient requirement tables for these neo-tropical animals. Finally, an understanding of the dentition and gastrointestinal tract is important to increase efficiency (nutritional and cost). These six neo-tropical mammals were chosen due to their prevalence as game species in Trinidad and Tobago.
Developing applicable driving cycle for retrofitted Plug-In Hybrid ElectricVehicles (PHEVs): environmental impact assessment
Authors: Wynen V. , Boureima F.-S. , Matheys J. , Bossche P. , Van Mierlo J.
Published: May 2018

According to estimates by two market research companies [1], the proportion of hybrid vehicles in world vehicle registrations will increase from about 1.25 percent in 2010 to a maximum of 18 percent in 2020. A recent EURELECTRIC report [2] calls the plug-in hybrid “a logical development of the hybrid vehicle,” and envisions a potential PHEV market share in Europe of 8 to 20 percent by 2030. The global market for PHEVs is estimated to reach 130,000 vehicles by 2015 [3]. In light of this trend, standardization is needed. The primary objective of standardization is to lower development and production costs and ensure consistent quality, while at the same time satisfying all the demands of practical vehicle operation [4]. Adequate standards for measuring the performance or fuel consumption as well as the emission measurement standards do satisfy customer demand for comparable figures between hybrid models and conventional vehicles. The main objective of this paper is to provide a new adapted type approval test procedure for homologation purposes to better reflect the real environmental benefits of this type of vehicles. The driving cycle is based on the New European Driving Cycle. The environmental assessment together with the new Ecoscores [5] of retrofitted large family cars and SUV’s are evaluated.
Current Challenges and Outlook of Electric Snowmobile Technology - Lessons from Clean Snowmobile Challenge
Authors: Golub Michael , Zhang Jing
Published: May 2018

Although an electric snowmobile can be constructed, there are several technical challenges to make it viable for end-users. The energy requirements are extremely variable and depend on the weather conditions. Both temperature and snow conditions add to the complexity. The battery life will be shortened in extreme conditions. For example, the snow conditions cause changes to the rolling resistance as shown Figure 1. Current electric snowmobiles have not been able to use less than 200 Wh/mi. The snowmobile can be designed to take on energy denser batteries that will be developed eventually, however currently there is limited volume contained within the snowmobile to store the batteries.
Driving an Industry: Medium and Heavy Duty Fuel Cell Electric Truck Component Sizing
Authors: Marcinkoski J. , Vijayagopal R. , Kast J. , Duran A.
Published: May 2018

Medium and heavy duty (MD and HD respectively) vehicles are responsible for 26 percent of the total U.S. transportation petroleum consumption [1]. Hydrogen fuel cells have demonstrated value as part of a portfolio of strategies for reducing petroleum use and emissions from MD and HD vehicles [2] [3], but their performance and range capabilities, and associated component sizing remain less clear when compared to other powertrains. This paper examines the suitability of converting a representative sample of MD and HD diesel trucks into Fuel Cell Electric Trucks (FCETs), while ensuring the same truck performance, in terms of range, payload, acceleration, speed, gradeability and fuel economy.
Electric Vehicles: Impacts of Mileage Accumulation and Fast Charging
Authors: Loiselle-Lapointe Aaron , Whittal Ian , Christenson Martha
Published: May 2018

The impact of mileage accumulation and fast charging on driving range and battery energy of a light-duty battery electric vehicle (BEV), commercially available in North America, is being investigated. Two identical model BEVs are undergoing mileage accumulation on-road in Ottawa, Canada as well as testing on a chassis dynamometer in accordance with the SAE J1634 recommended test procedures. BEV1 is charged exclusively on DC fast-charging (DCFC) and BEV2 is charged exclusively on SAE AC Level 2 (ACL2). At the time of writing, the BEVs have been tested initially at 1,600 km, and then again after mileage accumulation to 15,000 km. Baseline results indicate that the two BEVs had a similar initial performance, and after 15,000 km the vehicles continue to have a similar driving range and useable battery energy despite the different charging methods. Both vehicles did, however, show decreased useable battery energy and recharge energy after 15,000 km of mileage accumulation and the resulting decrease in driving range varied between 0.4 and 13% depending on test conditions; these changes were not always statistically significant. Further testing is planned at approximately 15,000 km intervals up to 105,000 km. The next round of testing, at 34,000 km, will follow mileage accumulation at cold temperature, during an Ottawa, Canada winter.
Effectiveness of Teachers’ Guides in the Global South: Scripting, Learning Outcomes, and Classroom Utilization
Authors: Piper Benjamin , Sitabkhan Yasmin , Mejia Jessica , Betts Kellie
Published: May 2018

This report presents the results of RTI International Education’s study on teachers' guides across 13 countries and 19 projects. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, we examine how teachers’ guides across the projects differ and find substantial variation in the design and structure of the documents. We develop a scripting index so that the scripting levels of the guides can be compared across projects. The impact results of the programs that use teachers’ guides show significant impacts on learning outcomes, associated with approximately an additional half year of learning, showing that structured teachers’ guides contribute to improved learning outcomes. During observations, we find that teachers make a variety of changes in their classroom instruction from how the guides are written, showing that the utilization of structured teachers’ guides do not create robotic teachers unable to use their own professional skills to teach children. Unfortunately, many changes that teachers make reduce the amount of group work and interactivity that was described in the guides, suggesting that programs should encourage teachers to more heavily utilize the instructional routines designed in the guide. The report includes a set of research-based guidelines that material developers can use to develop teachers’ guides that will support effective instructional practices and help improve learning outcomes. The key takeaway from the report is that structured teachers' guides improve learning outcomes, but that overly scripted teachers' guides are somewhat less effective than simplified teachers' guides that give specific guidance to the teacher but are not written word for word for each lesson in the guide.
Effect of Different Photoiniciers of Experimental Adhesive Systems on Adhesive Interface Union Resistance
Authors: Gomes Tiago Norões , Matos Jefferson David Melo de , Vasconcelos John Eversong Lucena de , Olivieri Karina Andrea Novaes , Brandt William Cunha , Miranda Milton Edson
Published: May 2018

Aim: The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of experimental resinous adhesives containing different combinations of photoinitiators systems through the bending test.

Material and Methods: Resinous adhesive formulations were prepared with monomer mixtures consisting of 50% by mass of bisphenol dimethacrylate glycidyl (BisGMA) and 50% by mass of triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA). The photoinitiators were used, camphorquinone (CQ) and bis-alkyl phosphinic oxide (BAPO). The co-initiators were diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (DFI) and the amine (dimethylamino methylmethacrylate - DMAEMA) in the 1:1 proportion by mass. The photopolymerizable initiator systems were dissolved in the organic matrix at 0.5% by mass concentrations, creating eight groups (G1- CQ, G2- CQ/amine, G3- CQ/DFI, G4- CQ/amine/DFI, G5- BAPO, G6- BAPO/amine, G7- BAPO/DFI, G8- BAPO/amine/DFI). Samples with 7.0 mm in length, 2.0 mm wide and 1.0 mm height were prepared (n=12). The curing light used was VALO – Ultradent and the curing time was 20 s. The samples were subjected to evaluation of bending test at three points at a speed of 1 mm/min to evaluate the flexural resistance (FR).

Results: The results were submitted to analysis of variance with one criterion (p < 0,001) and multiple comparisons were performed using Tukey test. Systems with the photoinitiator BAPO showed higher or equivalent bending values that demonstrated by the conventional system containing CQ/amine. Systems with the DFI had higher flexural values in relation to those demonstrated by systems without the DFI to CQ.

Conclusion: The use of systems with alternative photoinitiators and co-initiators allows to obtain superior properties to the conventional system, making these promising systems to act both in isolation as associated with conventional systems.
Notulae to the Italian native vascular flora: 3
Authors: Bartolucci Fabrizio , Domina Gianniantonio , Adorni Michele , Alessandrini Alessandro , Ardenghi Nicola M.G. , Banfi Enrico , Baragliu Giovanni A. , Bernardo Liliana , Bertolli Alessio , Biondi Edoardo , Carotenuto Luciana , Casavecchia Simona , Cauzzi Paolo , Conti Fabio , Crisanti Maria A. , D’Amico Francesco S. , Di Cecco Valter , Di Martino Luciano , Faggi Giorgio , Falcinelli Francesco , Forte Luigi , Galasso Gabriele , Gasparri Roberta , Ghillani Luigi , Gottschlich Günter , Guzzon Filippo , Harpke Doerte , Lastrucci Lorenzo , Lattanzi Edda , Maiorca Giovanni , Marchetti Dino , Medagli Pietro , Olivieri Nicola , Pascale Marziano , Passalacqua Nicodemo G. , Peruzzi Lorenzo , Picollo Sergio , Prosser Filippo , Ricciardi Massimo , Salerno Giovanni , Stinca Adriano , Terzi Massimo , Viciani Daniele , Wagensommer Robert P. , Nepi Chiara
Published: May 2018

In this contribution new data concerning the distribution of native vascular flora in Italy are presented. It includes new records, exclusions, and confirmations to the Italian administrative regions for taxa in the generaAsplenium,Bolboschoenus,Botrychium,Chamaerops,Crocus,Galeopsis,Grafia,Helosciadium,Hieracium,Juniperus,Leucanthemum,Lolium,Medicago,Phalaris,Piptatherum,Potamogeton,Salicornia,Salvia,Seseli,Silene,Spiraea,TorilisandVicia.Rhaponticoidescalabricais proposed assynonym novumofR.centaurium. Furthermore, new combinations in the generaGalatellaandLactucaare proposed.
Global and Regional IUCN Red List Assessments: 4
Authors: Fenu Giuseppe , Ferretti Giulio , Gennai Matilde , Lahora Agustín , Mendoza-Fernández Antonio J. , Mota Juan , Robles Jesús , Serra Lluís , Schwarzer Hedwig , Sanchez-Gomez Pedro , Viciani Daniele , Orsenigo Simone
Published: May 2018

In this contribution, the conservation status assessments of three vascular plants are presented following to IUCN categories and criteria. It includes the assessment at global level of Saxifragacaprariae Mannocci, Ferretti, Mazzoncini & Viciani and S.montis-christi Mannocci, Ferretti, Mazzoncini & Viciani and the regional assessment of Halocnemumcruciatum (Forssk.) Tod. (Spain).
Notulae to the Italian alien vascular flora: 4
Authors: Galasso Gabriele , Domina Gianniantonio , Bonari Gianmaria , Buono Sergio , Chianese Giuseppina , Cortesi Gloria , Frangini Giuliano , Iamonico Duilio , Olivieri Nicola , Peruzzi Lorenzo , Pierini Brunello , Roma-Marzio Francesco , Scoppola Anna , Soldano Adriano , Stinca Adriano , Tomaselli Valeria , Veronico Giuseppe , Nepi Chiara
Published: May 2018

In this contribution, new data concerning the Italian distribution of alien vascular flora are presented. It includes new records and exclusions for Italy or for Italian administrative regions of taxa in the genera Cedrus, Cenchrus, Citrus, Cyrtomium, Diospyros, Elaeagnus, Erigeron, Iris, Oenothera, Pavonia, Phytolacca, Styphnolobium, and Verbena. Furthermore, a new combination in the genus Amaranthus is proposed.
Notulae to the Italian flora of algae, bryophytes, fungi and lichens: 5
Authors: Ravera Sonia , Vizzini Alfredo , Cogoni Annalena , Aleffi Michele , Benesperi Renato , Bianchi Elisabetta , von Brackel Wolfgang , Cataldo Daniela , D'Antonio Costantino , Di Nuzzo Luca , Favero Longo Sergio Enrico , Gheza Gabriele , Isocrono Deborah , Matteucci Enrica , Martellos Stefano , Morosini Lorenzo , Nimis Pier Luigi , Ongaro Silvia , Poponessi Silvia , Puntillo Domenico , Sguazzin Francesco , Tretiach Mauro
Published: May 2018

In this contribution, new data concerning bryophytes, fungi, and lichens of the Italian flora are presented. It includes new records and confirmations for the bryophyte genera Diplophyllum and Ptychostomum, the fungal genera Arrhenia, Gymnosporangium, and Sporidesmium and the lichen genera Arthonia, Coenogonium, Flavoplaca, Gyalolechia, Parmotrema, Peltigera, Pterygiopsis, Squamarina, Tornabea, and Waynea.
Patterns of occurrence of semi-aquatic reptiles in highly invaded Mediterranean rivers
Authors: Escoriza Daniel
Published: May 2018

The fluvial systems in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula are highly disturbed habitats, with widespread occurrence of alien species. Previous studies have shown that alien species have a major impact on native freshwater fauna, but it is not known what effect they have on semi-aquatic reptiles. Here the author investigated the factors that influence the occurrence of three species of semi-aquatic reptiles, one turtle (Mauremysleprosa) and two snakes (NatrixastreptophoraandNatrixmaura), at 261 sites in seven rivers/streams in Girona (north-eastern Spain). The studied semi-aquatic reptiles are habitat generalists which can occupy sections of rivers with altered regimes. The relationships of reptile presence to abiotic niche parameters and the presence of alien species were evaluated, as well as the patterns of pairwise co-occurrence between the reptiles. The presence of alien species did impact one out of three reptiles in this community. The association between both species of natricines was weakly negative, suggesting that interspecific competition does not structure their co-occurrences. The removal of alien species is the most appropriate strategy to preserve the complete diversity of native semi-aquatic reptiles.
La philanthropie comme investissement
Authors: Depecker Thomas , Déplaude Marc-Olivier , Larchet Nicolas
Published: May 2018

De nombreuses expressions sont apparues pour décrire l’essor des pratiques et organisations philanthropiques en France et dans le monde depuis les années 1990, telles que celles de strategic philanthropy , de venture philanthropy ou, plus récemment, de philanthrocapitalism . Ces termes caractériseraient à la fois le développement de nouvelles manières de faire de la philanthropie, davantage soucieuses d’efficacité et de résultats, et l’apparition d’une nouvelle génération d’entrepreneurs soucieux d’œuvrer pour le bien commun dans le cadre de leurs activités économiques. Cet article vise à discuter ces présupposés. En s’appuyant dans un premier temps sur des travaux récents de chercheurs francophones et sur les philanthropic studies qui se sont développées aux États-Unis depuis les années 1950, nous nous intéresserons, dans un second temps, aux pratiques philanthropiques des élites les plus dotées en capital économique, en proposant d’analyser leurs dons comme des investissements indissociablement économiques, symboliques et politiques. Cela nous conduit, dans un troisième temps, à mettre en évidence les stratégies des organisations philanthropiques pour maximiser les effets de leurs dons, et surtout pour inciter d’autres acteurs, publics et privés, à les compléter. Enfin, dans un dernier temps, nous nous penchons sur les bénéfices que procurent ces dons à leurs auteurs, en leur permettant de convertir une fraction de leur capital économique en d’autres formes de capitaux pour conforter leur position.
Le philanthrocapitalisme et les « crimes des dominants »
Authors: McGoey Linsey , Thiel Darren , West Robin , Narcy Fanny
Published: May 2018

Cet article a deux objectifs principaux. Dans une première partie, nous définissons la notion de « philanthrocapitalisme », un mouvement mondial qui prétend accroître l’efficacité de la philanthropie en appliquant les logiques de marché issues du monde de l’entreprise à la sphère caritative. À l’encontre d’autres analyses du philanthrocapitalisme, nous suggérons qu’une augmentation du volume des dons privés ne constitue pas une caractéristique intrinsèque des nouveaux modèles philanthropiques. Leur nouveauté réside plutôt dans l’attribution de subventions directes à de grandes entreprises grâce aux dons provenant d’organisations philanthropiques telles que la Fondation Bill et Melinda Gates. Cela nous amène à notre second point, où nous défendons l’idée selon laquelle la caractéristique la plus importante de la nouvelle philanthropie réside dans la façon dont les philanthrocapitalistes manient une rhétorique pro-marché pour conférer une certaine légitimité morale aux réglementations favorables aux entreprises et aux dépenses publiques qui exacerbent les inégalités économiques. Cette légitimité ne peut durer que tant que les conséquences négatives des transferts de richesse des fonds publics vers les entreprises sont stratégiquement ignorées. Nous postulons que les organisations philanthrocapitalistes remplissent une fonction épistémologique et moralisatrice qui soustrait à la vue du public les préjudices causés par les entreprises. En nous appuyant sur le concept d’autorité charismatique de Max Weber et sur les travaux de criminologues portant sur les « crimes des dominants », nous examinons comment et pourquoi une élite d’acteurs philanthropiques, dont l’existence et les agissements nuisent souvent au public, a réussi à présenter comme socialement bénéfique le recours à des solutions de marché en réponse à des problèmes humains.
Une organisation hybride dans l’arène européenne : Open Society Foundations et la construction du champ de la lutte contre les discriminations
Authors: Calligaro Oriane
Published: May 2018

Cet article montre comment une organisation philanthropique, Open Society Foundations (OSF), participe à la construction de la lutte contre les discriminations comme champ organisationnel au sein de la sphère institutionnelle européenne. OSF opère selon une stratégie déjà étudiée dans le cas d’autres fondations : l’« enrôlement » de différentes organisations bénéficiaires dans un projet collectif. Cependant, OSF est un cas spécifique du fait de son intervention directe comme protagoniste du champ, soit au sein de coalitions avec des ONG, soit en son nom propre en tant que lobby auprès des institutions européennes. OSF est en effet un acteur hybride : c’est un bailleur de fonds aux ressources très importantes dans une période où les subventions publiques sont en net recul ; elle agit également comme think tank et lobby dont les propositions en termes de politiques publiques se fondent à la fois sur l’expertise d’employés très qualifiés et sur le savoir fourni par les ONG bénéficiaires. En cela, OSF diffère du modèle décrit par la littérature de façonnement indirect et « subtil » des mouvements sociaux et de leurs champs organisationnels par les fondations philanthropiques.
Politiques publiques du cirque
Authors: Salaméro Émilie
Published: May 2018

Les rapports entre administrations publiques et entrepreneurs du cirque se sont profondément transformés après que le président Valéry Giscard d’Estaing eut lancé la première politique culturelle en faveur du cirque. En s’intéressant à cette conjoncture inédite, l’article montre la réciprocité des liens entre processus d’identification sociale d’une pratique et modalités d’action publique. Plus précisément, divers matériaux permettent de pointer trois temps de la politique en matière de cirque conduite entre 1978 et le milieu des années 1990 : sa genèse, sa réorientation ainsi que les raisons avancées, et leurs effets sur les dynamiques professionnelles.
Verse Scored Free: Scansion, Recording, Notation
Authors: Nowell Smith David
Published: May 2018

Cet essai retrace les tentatives faites par les prosodistes pour noter ( score ) le rythme de la poésie, notamment à l’aide de systèmes de notations empruntés à l’harmonie diatonique. La notation articule deux impulsions contradictoires : l’enregistrement d’une voix posée comme préexistante, et la génération de mise en voix ultérieures. En outre, elle introduit un ensemble de disjonctions entre le corps des voix qui sont notées ou qui interprètent la notation, et le corps de la marque en tant que signe visuel, tout en pointant vers leur réconciliation. L’appel à la musique devient un moyen de réguler ces tensions en même temps qu’il tente d’évacuer les excès rythmiques auxquels la scansion traditionnelle n’a jamais été capable de rendre justice.
Merce Cunningham: Corps à corps avec l’écrit, or, The Body in/and Writing
Authors: Noland Carrie
Published: May 2018

Paperwork , paperasse : c’est ainsi que Merce Cunningham désignait les listes, diagrammes, tableaux, indications, notes, plans ou procédures qu’il produisait avant et pendant qu’il composait une chorégraphie. Il parlait souvent avec mépris de cette « paperasse » et affirmait que la danse naissait d’abord dans le corps, le studio de danse et non sur la page. Dans son esprit, la danse et la paperasse sont deux choses distinctes qui ne doivent pas être confondues. Pourtant, sa danse témoigne des effets profonds qu’a eu sur elle la paperasse, les listes d’options qu’il dressait, les résultats de procédures qu’il notait. Ses ballets n’auraient pas vu le jour, son style chorégraphique si particulier n’existerait pas sans l’écriture qui fut son outil premier et indispensable. Si une partition n’est pas une simple transcription a posteriori mais la préfiguration de l’œuvre à mettre en scène, alors on peut dire que Cunningham écrivait des partitions et qu’elles jouent un rôle important dans son travail. Ce qui ne veut pas dire que tout ce qui avait été mis noir sur blanc déterminait les séquences de mouvement à suivre. Mais il y a une dialectique entre l’écriture et le mouvement, l’inscription et le geste, qui informe sa pratique et dont on n’a pas encore pris la mesure. Dans cet article, je commence par décrire les pratiques d’écriture de Cunningham, puis je dégage leur signification au sein du projet chorégraphique avant d’analyser un bref extrait de Summerspace (1958) qui se préoccupe de manière centrale d’écriture et du rapport de l’écriture au mouvement incarné.
Les espaces marins du Pacifique entre logiques de commun et d’accaparement
Authors: Meur Pierre-Yves Le , Bambridge Tamatoa , Dégremont Marlène , Rodary Estienne
Published: May 2018

Les espaces océaniques apparaissent comme une dernière frontière territoriale à conquérir, délimiter et administrer. Cette « course à la mer » se nourrit, dans le Pacifique, d’enjeux économiques (mines sous-marines, développement insulaire), environnementaux (conservation de la bio-diversité) et politiques (souveraineté). Les interactions entre la multiplicité d’acteurs impliqués à différentes échelles et la pluralité des ordres de ressources concernés s’articulent à des temporalités elles-mêmes hétérogènes et génèrent des processus situés sur un axe opposant conceptuellement et politiquement privatisation/accaparement (grabbing) et mise en commun (commoning).
Le rôle des « jeunesses des rues » au Cap-Haïtien
Authors: Armagnague-Roucher Maïtena
Published: May 2018

Cet article repose sur une recherche réalisée au Cap-Haïtien sur la « jeunesse des rues » dans le cadre d’un double partenariat haïtianno-français : partenariat universitaire et de collectivités territoriales. On y apprend que l’hétérogénéité et l’instabilité de cette population constituent des structures sociales à part entière. Elles sont ainsi porteuses de ressources, de subjectivité et de repères identificatoires, sources de libertés d’action dans des univers contraints. Ces expériences juvéniles permettent de comprendre la société capoise, dans ses disparités et sa justice sociale locale, notamment structurée par les organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) internationales.
Optimización microestructural de fundiciones grises dúctiles no aleadas, con matriz ferrítica, empleadas en la fabricación de bujes de aerogeneradores
Authors: Asensio-Lozano Juan , Álvarez-Antolín José F. , Álvarez-Pérez Carlos H.
Published: May 2018

El objetivo de este trabajo fue la optimización microestructural de fundiciones grises con grafito esferoidal y matriz ferrítica, empleadas en la fabricación de bujes de aerogeneradores, prestando una especial atención a la geometría y distribución de los esferoides de grafito para asegurar el cumplimiento de las propiedades mecánicas requeridas para esta aplicación. En un entorno de gran competitividad y exigencia, marcado por los estándares internacionales que establecen las propiedades mecánicas mínimas que deben cumplir los materiales empleados, el cumplimiento de este objetivo se llevó a cabo correlacionando microestructura y propiedades. Para ello, la metodología de investigación consistió en la generación de conocimiento a partir de coladas industriales “a medida”, seguido de un análisis de la microestructura, con el fin de extraer conclusiones importantes, de aplicación práctica en el proceso de fabricación, mediante el empleo de técnicas estadísticas. La herramienta estadística empleada fue un Diseño de Experimentos Fraccional (DOE), con 7 factores, 16 experimentos y resolución IV. Las muestras empleadas en cada experimento fueron cubos de igual geometría, y con un módulo de masividad de valor 4 cm, el cual se encuentra entre los valores más altos alcanzados en los centros reales de los bujes de aerogeneradores con potencia de 3 MW. Se concluye que el empleo de nodulizantes con trazas de lantano favorece la reducción de la fracción de volumen de perlita, aunque se ha demostrado que la presencia de lantano resulta negativa para promover la morfología esferoidal del grafito primario. A su vez, se ha constatado, sobre la morfología esferoidal del grafito, el efecto negativo del empleo de preinoculantes que contienen SiC, y también que la utilización de chatarra con bajo contenido de Mn favorece la formación de grafito y la reducción de la fracción en volumen de perlita. Se ha comprobado que el efecto “blanqueante” del Mn se ve minimizado con bajos carbonos equivalentes.
Migrations de retour dans les Alpes italiennes : mobilités, « cittadinanza » et sentiment d’appartenance
Authors: Melissa Blanchard , Francesca Sirna
Published: May 2018

Les analyses des migrations n’étudient pas forcément les mouvements de retour. Lorsqu’elles le font, le retour devient l’objet d’études qui ne prennent pas en considération le pays où les migrants ont séjourné, parfois pendant de nombreuses années. À partir d’une lecture critique de la notion de « retour », cette note de recherche compare les parcours de deux groupes d’émigrants et de descendants d’émigrants originaires de deux régions des Alpes italiennes, le Piémont et le Trentin, « rentrant » dans leur région d’origine ou dans celle de leurs ancêtres, entre la crise économique des années 1970 et les années 2010. Peu d’études ont proposé une analyse comparative des flux migratoires européens et d’outre-Atlantique : cette note de recherche propose également de contribuer à la réflexion sur les effets de la distance/proximité sur les pratiques et les perceptions que les acteurs ont de leur trajectoire. Il veut aussi apporter une contribution aux études sur les migrations alpines en questionnant la complexité des pratiques et des espaces dans lesquels ces acteurs se déploient.
La « cause » des descendants d’immigrés à l’école saisie par des experts et ministres de l’Éducation : une catégorie d’action publique en mutation
Authors: Mottet Geneviève
Published: May 2018

Cet article éclaire la carrière publique de la « cause » des descendants d’immigrés à l’école par l’étude du processus d’institutionnalisation des dispositifs créés à son propos (1960-2015). Il met en exergue la manière dont des experts et les ministres de l’Éducation qui se sont succédé à Genève au cours de cette période ont élaboré des dispositifs à destination des descendants d’immigrés. Fondé sur une analyse pluriméthodologique (entretiens qualitatifs, analyse documentaire), ce texte entend rendre compte des principaux changements des référentiels cognitifs, moraux et pratiques caractéristiques de l’orientation dominante des politiques publiques de l’éducation « en actes » à Genève. L’article met en lumière l’existence de deux matrices cognitives distinctes de la « cause » des descendants d’immigrés à l’école. La première se développe dans une logique d’émancipation sociale de cette nouvelle catégorie d’action publique (1960-2000) et la seconde dans une visée de participation sociale (2000-2015).
« Tu ne pleures pas, tu suis Dieu… » Les aventuriers et le spectre de la mort
Authors: Canut Cécile
Published: May 2018

Si la mort sur la route tend à constituer un indicible ou un inénarrable, la dimension métaphysique et religieuse est essentielle pour saisir l’absence de pathos dans les récits concernant les scènes de violence et de mort auxquelles les voyageurs ont été exposés. Cet article se focalise sur la dimension existentielle qui émerge des formes langagières utilisées par les aventuriers (d’Afrique de l’Ouest) dans leurs récits, en mettant en lien les passages d’évocation de la mort et de la place de Dieu dans plusieurs corpus issus de terrains divers. À travers la construction des récits, les modalités discursives ou les formes de dialogisme, on observe que la mort revêt un caractère de subsidiarité dans le parcours mis en mots. Dans cette quête, la place de Dieu comme garant d’un devenir devient alors essentielle. Pris dans la contradiction entre une injonction divine appelant à se soumettre à la loi du destin et le désir incommensurable de se déplacer pour forcer ce destin, les aventuriers ne cessent d’expérimenter une tension dont le point de résolution ne peut revêtir que la délivrance définitive.
Dire la violence des frontières dans le rapport de force que constitue la procédure d’asile. Le cas d’Ali, de l’Afghanistan en Belgique
Authors: Mazzocchetti Jacinthe
Published: May 2018

Cet article a pour objet de décrire la violence des frontières, à la fois géopolitiques et symboliques, qui se donnent à voir au travers des procédures relatives aux demandes d’asile : demandes initiales, recours, refus, etc. À partir du récit de vie d’Ali Y., demandeur d’asile afghan (arrivé mineur en Belgique, mais non reconnu comme tel), ainsi que de l’ensemble des documents de son dossier (rapports d’auditions, recours, rapports d’experts, cartes géographiques officielles et mentales, etc.), l’article analyse l’ethnocentrisme des procédures d’asile au travers des questions que soulève l’usage du récit biographique dans l’examen des demandes d’asile (le fait de se raconter). Il analyse également l’incidence sur l’issue de la procédure des représentations différenciées de l’espace, du temps et de la parenté du demandeur et de l’examinateur.
Expression of the Atypical Chemokine Receptor ACKR4 Identifies a Novel Population of Intestinal Submucosal Fibroblasts That Preferentially Expresses Endothelial Cell Regulators
Authors: Thomson Carolyn A. , van de Pavert Serge A. , Stakenborg Michelle , Labeeuw Evelien , Matteoli Gianluca , Mowat Allan McI , Nibbs Robert J. B.
Published: May 2018

Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) are expressed by discrete populations of stromal cells at specific anatomical locations where they control leukocyte migration by scavenging or transporting chemokines. ACKR4 is an atypical receptor for CCL19, CCL21, and CCL25. In skin, ACKR4 plays indispensable roles in regulating CCR7-dependent APC migration, and there is a paucity of migratory APCs in the skin-draining lymph nodes of Ackr4-deficient mice under steady-state and inflammatory conditions. This is caused by loss of ACKR4-mediated CCL19/21 scavenging by keratinocytes and lymphatic endothelial cells. In contrast, we show in this study that Ackr4 deficiency does not affect dendritic cell abundance in the small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes, at steady state or after R848-induced mobilization. Moreover, Ackr4 expression is largely restricted to mesenchymal cells in the intestine, where it identifies a previously uncharacterized population of fibroblasts residing exclusively in the submucosa. Compared with related Ackr4− mesenchymal cells, these Ackr4+ fibroblasts have elevated expression of genes encoding endothelial cell regulators and lie in close proximity to submucosal blood and lymphatic vessels. We also provide evidence that Ackr4+ fibroblasts form physical interactions with lymphatic endothelial cells, and engage in molecular interactions with these cells via the VEGFD/VEGFR3 and CCL21/ACKR4 pathways. Thus, intestinal submucosal fibroblasts in mice are a distinct population of intestinal mesenchymal cells that can be identified by their expression of Ackr4 and have transcriptional and anatomical properties that strongly suggest roles in endothelial cell regulation.
Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Nonstructural Protein NS5 Induces RANTES Expression Dependent on the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Activity
Authors: Zheng Zifeng , Yang Jieyu , Jiang Xuan , Liu Yalan , Zhang Xiaowei , Li Mei , Zhang Mudan , Fu Ming , Hu Kai , Wang Hanzhong , Luo Min-Hua , Gong Peng , Hu Qinxue
Published: May 2018

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of the flaviviruses that targets the CNS and causes encephalitis in humans. The mechanism of TBEV that causes CNS destruction remains unclear. It has been reported that RANTES-mediated migration of human blood monocytes and T lymphocytes is specifically induced in the brain of mice infected with TBEV, which causes ensuing neuroinflammation and may contribute to brain destruction. However, the viral components responsible for RANTES induction and the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully addressed. In this study, we demonstrate that the NS5, but not other viral proteins of TBEV, induces RANTES production in human glioblastoma cell lines and primary astrocytes. TBEV NS5 appears to activate the IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) signaling pathway in a manner dependent on RIG-I/MDA5, which leads to the nuclear translocation of IRF-3 to bind with RANTES promoter. Further studies reveal that the activity of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) but not the RNA cap methyltransferase is critical for TBEV NS5–induced RANTES expression, and this is likely due to RdRP-mediated synthesis of dsRNA. Additional data indicate that the residues at K359, D361, and D664 of TBEV NS5 are critical for RdRP activity and RANTES induction. Of note, NS5s from other flaviviruses, including Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, Zika virus, and dengue virus, can also induce RANTES expression, suggesting the significance of NS5-induced RANTES expression in flavivirus pathogenesis. Our findings provide a foundation for further understanding how flaviviruses cause neuroinflammation and a potential viral target for intervention.
Challenges in the Diagnosis of Leptospirosis Outwith Endemic Settings: A Scottish Single Centre Experience
Authors: Russell CD , Jones ME , O'Shea DT , Simpson KJ , Mitchell A , Laurenson IF
Published: May 2018

Background

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection occurring worldwide but endemic in tropical countries. This study describes diagnostic testing for leptospirosis at our institution in Scotland over a 10-year period.

Method

We identified patients with blood samples referred to the Public Health England reference laboratory for leptospirosis testing between 2006 and 2016.

Results

A total of 480 samples were sent for IgM ELISA testing with 26 positive results from 14 patients. Two patients met criteria for ‘confirmed’ leptospirosis (microscopic agglutination test > 1:320 in one case and a positive PCR in the other) and the remaining 12 were ‘probable’ on the basis of IgM ELISA positivity, though 9 did not have microscopic agglutination testing performed. Nine infections were imported, mostly from Asia and with a history of fresh water exposure. Three co-infections (respiratory syncytial virus, influenza B and Campylobacter sp.) were identified.

Conclusions

Practical issues with microscopic agglutination testing (insufficient blood sent to reference laboratory) and PCR (travellers returning > 7 days after illness onset) represent challenges to the laboratory confirmation of a clinical diagnosis of leptospirosis. Co-infection and infectious/auto-immune causes of false positive serology should be evaluated.
Alk Immunohistochemistry is Highly Sensitive and Specific for the Detection of Alk Translocated Lung Adenocarcinomas: Lessons from An Audit of Lung Cancer Molecular Testing
Authors: Kheng YC , Walsh K , Williams L , Wallace WA , Harrison DJ , Oniscu A
Published: May 2018

Background

The approval of novel targeted treatments for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-positive and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small cell lung cancer has led to the increased requirement for mutation testing.

Results

We report our experience of ALK testing with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (FISH) and present the prevalence of EGFR, Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and ALK mutations. From January 2011 to May 2014, we found mutation rates of EGFR, KRAS and ALK to be 10.4% (67/643), 35.8% (86/240) and 2.3% (7/304), respectively. ALK-rearrangements were found to be associated with never smokers (p < 0.001) and younger patients (≤ 50 years old) (p < 0.001). ALK IHC protein expression in tumour cells is 100% sensitive (7 IHC+/7 FISH+) and 96.6% specific (113 IHC-/117 FISH-) for ALK-rearrangements by FISH. ALK-rearranged tumours were wild-type for EGFR and KRAS.

Conclusion

Our findings support the use of ALK protein expression and KRAS mutation testing as part of the molecular diagnostic algorithm for lung adenocarcinomas.
Cost-Effectiveness of Physical Fitness Training for Stroke Survivors
Authors: Collins M , Clifton E , van Wijck F , Mead GE
Published: May 2018

Background

Physical fitness is impaired after stroke, yet fitness training after stroke reduces disability. Several international guidelines recommend that fitness training be incorporated as part of stroke rehabilitation. However, information about cost-effectiveness is limited.

Methods

A decision tree model was used to estimate the cost-effectiveness of a fitness programme for stroke survivors vs. relaxation (control group). This was based on a published randomised controlled trial, from which evidence about quality of life was used to estimate Quality Adjusted Life Years. Costs were based on the cost of the provision of group fitness classes within local community centres and a cost per Quality Adjusted Life Year was calculated.

Results

The results of the base case analysis found an incremental cost per Quality Adjusted Life Year of £2,343.

Conclusions

Physical fitness sessions after stroke are a cost-effective intervention for stroke survivors. This information will help make the case for the development of new services.
Amanita Muscaria (Fly Agaric): From a Shamanistic Hallucinogen to the Search for Acetylcholine
Authors: Lee MR , Dukan E , Milne I
Published: May 2018

The mushroom Amanita muscaria (fly agaric) is widely distributed throughout continental Europe and the UK. Its common name suggests that it had been used to kill flies, until superseded by arsenic. The bioactive compounds occurring in the mushroom remained a mystery for long periods of time, but eventually four hallucinogens were isolated from the fungus: muscarine, muscimol, muscazone and ibotenic acid.

The shamans of Eastern Siberia used the mushroom as an inebriant and a hallucinogen. In 1912, Henry Dale suggested that muscarine (or a closely related substance) was the transmitter at the parasympathetic nerve endings, where it would produce lacrimation, salivation, sweating, bronchoconstriction and increased intestinal motility. He and Otto Loewi eventually isolated the transmitter and showed that it was not muscarine but acetylcholine. The receptor is now known variously as cholinergic or muscarinic. From this basic knowledge, drugs such as pilocarpine (cholinergic) and ipratropium (anticholinergic) have been shown to be of value in glaucoma and diseases of the lungs, respectively.
Statistical study of ULF waves in the magnetotail by THEMIS
observations
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Tian Anmin , Shi Quanqi , Li Hanlin , Degeling Alexander W. , Rae I. Jonathan , Forsyth Colin , Zong Qiugang , Wang Mengmeng , Shen Xiaochen , Sun Weijie , Bai Shichen , Guo Ruilong , Wang Huizi , Fazakerly Andrew , Fu Suiyan , Pu Zuiyin
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves are ubiquitous in the magnetosphere. Previous studies mostly focused on ULF waves in the dayside or near-earth region (with radial distance R
The Effects of Politically Connected Audit Committees on Audit Fees: Evidence in Malaysia
Authors: Jamil Nurul Nazlia
Published: May 2018

This study aims to contribute to an understanding of politically connected audit committees on audit fees in an emerging market, using the case of Malaysia. Malaysia offers an interesting and important setting as Malaysian companies are highly concentrated and politically sensitive. In particular, the study seeks to examine the level of political connections represented in the audit committees associated with the level of audit fees incurred by Malaysian public listed companies. For the purpose of this study, a quantitative approach (archival data analysis) has been adopted. Three hypotheses are tested: (1) There is a positive relationship between the proportion of audit committee members who are senior government officers (SGO) and audit fees; (2) There is a positive relationship between the proportions of audit committee members who are politicians and audit fees; (3) There is a positive relationship between audit committee characteristics (independence, size, meeting and financial expertise) and audit fees. The results of the study indicate that politically connected audit committees (identified by members who are either senior government officers or politicians) have a significant association with the incidence of higher audit fees. This suggests that politically connected audit committees are able to capitalize on their connections to influence companies and create direct demand for the auditors to increase their audit effort, as measured by audit fees. One of the issues that emerge from these findings is that companies highly value political connections to obtain external resources given the uncertainties in the business environment. Also, the findings highlight the need for stronger corporate governance to mitigate the higher inherent audit risks in politically connected companies.
Monetary and Financial Instability and European Bank Interest Margins
Authors: Mendes Victor , Abreu Margarida
Published: May 2018

This paper studies the extent to which financial instability and monetary and exchange rate policy influence European bank net interest margins, controlling for microeconomic variables and allowing for the heterogeneity of the banking industry. The sample is a broad cross-section of balance sheet and income statement information provided by banks from 12 European countries.We conclude that European banks are sensitive to exchange rate and interest rate volatility. They are also affected by their home country’s vulnerability to balance of payment and currency crises, but we find that banks feel differently about the associated risk of liquidity problems depending on their specialization. The instability of international financial markets is not good for banks, insofar as interest and exchange rate volatility both have a negative impact on the net interest margin.
Political Islam (The Justice and Development Party in Turkey) Versus the Gülen Movement
Authors: Dogan Recep
Published: May 2018

Islam has been interpreted by individuals since its birth and Political Islam is one of them. Moderate Muslim Scholars have identified some of its interpretations as extreme due to their consequences and negative effects on Muslims and others. Political Islam has a long history and the Justice and Development Party (the AKP) is a new face of it in 21st Century. The purpose of this paper is to explore the defining political Islam, especially in the characteristics of the Ruling Party (Justice and Development Party) and compare its Islam to Hizmet (service) Movement. Although the AKP has long benefitted from the valuable support of Fethullah Gülen and his followers in the way of democratizing the state and its institutions the two allies have clearly separated from each other since 2013 maybe a little bit earlier. This separation has created a massive impact on Muslims as well as on other people. Due to a great polarization, hatred and enmity between the two groups and its huge effect on society it has become a necessity to analyze the interpretation of Islam by these two groups.