bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methods of Segmentation and Positioning in the Product Market with Access to a New Foreign Market
Authors: Mikailova Rana
Published: January 2021

Entering a new foreign market has always remained an urgent problem. The interrelation of the internal and external commodity market is an important condition for the successful development of the economy of any country. Foreign experience shows that various strategic approaches are used for this purpose. The basic basis of the strategic approach is the systematic coverage of the product market, which includes undifferentiated marketing, differentiated marketing and concentrated marketing. Below we will consider in more detail the above strategic approaches to coverage of the product market. In particular, it is considered when an enterprise refuses features and explores the entire market from the position of a single approach. Differentiated marketing tactics are not about identifying a single need, but a general one. These include the formation of a product and a marketing program that will be useful to a significant number of consumers. A distinctive feature of differentiated marketing is that the company operates in a number of market segments and forms a distinctive offer for them. This approach is based on offering different products to the market in order to increase sales and penetrate deeper into the development of product market segments. Finally, concentrated marketing provides an opportunity for businesses to discover an additional opportunity that is more attractive from a resource constraint perspective. It is manifested by the concentration of efforts on a small share of a large commodity market.
Determinants of Capital Structure in the Construction Companies across Europe and Central Asia Region
Authors: Bal Hakan
Published: January 2021

This study examines the effects of asset tangibility, profitability, size and liquidity on capital structure (debt leverage) across the construction companies operating in in Europe and Central Asia region using the data between 1993 and 2019. The study documents that the capital structure and other financial ratios under study differ across countries, even in the same industry. Book leverage is found to be significantly negatively related to asset tangibility, profitability and liquidity in accordance with pecking order theory. In particular, fixed ratio has a negative effect on debt ratio in Russia and Romania, but no effect in other countries under study. The effect of size disappears when time dummy variables are introduced.
Intensität, Stabilität und Lebensformen
Authors: Benmakhlouf Ali
Published: January 2021

In seiner Abhandlung betrachtet Spinoza ein philosophisches Problem als eine Krankheit und sucht nach Heilung und den Mitteln, sein Leben zu ändern. Die Lösung liegt nicht darin, seine Ansichten gegen andere auszutauschen, sondern das zu ändern, was Wittgenstein als »Lebensform« bezeichnet. Wenn Spinoza das Bild einer tödlichen Krankheit gebraucht, dann denkt er nicht nur darüber nach, sondern nimmt in das Verhalten von Körper und Seele all das auf, was das Heilmittel erfordert.
Case Report: Organic Hallucinosis in Viral Encephalitis
Authors: Kusumadewi Andrian Fajar
Published: January 2021

Introduction : Organic mental disorders are diseases we need to put more attentionon because they are related to systemic disorders or disorders of the brain and cancause high mortality. Organic mental disorders often manifest in the form ofpsychiatric symptoms so that they can be treated too late because the physician isnot able to recognize the symptoms which can be fatal. Sequelae can be found inorganic mental disorders and may affect the patient’s quality of life, so a fast andproper management is needed to get a better outcome. Case presentation: A caseof organic hallucinosis in viral encephalitis had been reported in a 18 year-old malewith a history of sudden changes in behaviour. The symptoms appeared after thepatient had problems during OSPEK and was threatened by someone. The patientwas the only child in the family and often spoiled by his parents. Laboratory andimaging studies showed that there was a cerebritis in the CT scan result, a decreasein CD4 count, and an increase in anti-Rubella IgG titers in which the patient wasfinally diagnosed with viral encephalitis. Conclusion: The diagnosis of organicmental disorders can easily be overlooked in daily clinical practice so that patientsdo not receive proper management
Pemberdayaan Guru Dalam Mengembangkan Perangkat Media Screencast Omatic Melalui Sistem LSLC
Authors: Hironimus Tangi  , Natalia M. Mamulak  , Tinenti Yanti Rosinda
Published: January 2021

Pemberdayaan guru melalui  media Video Pembelajaran yang merangkum : materi ajar dalam tema tertentu, LKS, Soal tugas, dan media gambar dari buku teks, serta memanfaatkan Group WA untuk mengirim video.  Selain itu, Guru mengajar dalam bentuk tim, dengan kegiatan PLAN yaitu menyusun bersama rencana pembelajaran, DO melakukan bersama di kelas dari apa yang telah direncanakan, dan SEE merefleksikan bersama dari hasil pelakasanaan di kelas. Kegiatan ini di SDK Sta. Maria Assumpta Kupang  Nusa Tenggara Timur.  Selanjutnya hasil kegiatan ini dianalisis untu melihat ada pengaruh atau tidak terhadap hasil belajar siswa.

            Berdasarkan data analisis dapat dijelaskan bahwa secara korelasi diperoleh angka R sebesar 0.962  dan  R2 sebesar 95.6 %, Maka terjadi hubungan yang sangat kuat antara kemampuan guru dan LSLC terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Uji F diperoleh data yaitu F hitung > F tabel (153.219 > 3,88), maka ada pengaruh secara signifikan antara Kemampuan guru dan keterlaksanaan LSLC terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Uji t pada variabel X1 dan X2 dengan nilai t hitung > t tabel (8.679 >  2,178) maka secara parsial ada pengaruh signifikan antara kemampuan guru dan keterlaksanaan LSLC  terhadap hasil belajar siswa.

            Dengan demikian, kemampuan guru dan keterlaksanaan LSLC secara bersama-sama berpengaruh terhadap terhadap hasil belajar siswa.
Meningkatkan Literasi Masyarakat Bangko Kanan dalam Menghadapi Pandemi COVID-19
Authors: Veddayana Campin , Anita Fenny , Hardiana Rizka Puspita Ningrum
Published: January 2021

Dalam menghadapi masa pandemi COVID-19 dibutuhkan tatanan masyarakat dengan pola pikir dan pandangan yang kritis dan kreatif. Hal tersebut akan terwujud jika masyarakat memiliki literasi yang baik terkait wabah COVID-19. Sementara itu, kemampuan literasi masyarakat di wilayah Bangko Kanan dinilai masih lemah. Hal ini terlihat dari masyarakat yang masih acuh terhadap protokol kesehatan dan juga kepanikan yang berlebihan terhadap informasi terkait virus Corona yang beredar luas di masyarakat. Oleh sebab itu, penyuluhan terkait pandemi COVID-19 khususnya di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Bangko Kanan, kabupaten Rokan Hilir ini dilaksanakan untuk meningkatkan literasi masyarakat agar lebih peduli terhadap protokol kesehatan dan bersikap kritis terhadap informasi yang disuguhkan media.
Vascular plants dataset of the herbarium (HSS) of Agrarian Research Institute Finca “La Orden-Valdesequera” (CICYTEX), Extremadura, Spain
Authors: Márquez-García Francisco , García-Alonso David , Guerra-Barrena María Josefa , Vázquez-Pardo Francisco María
Published: January 2021

The HSS herbarium database includes 69,397 records of vascular plant taxa, representing 91.1% of the herbarium’s specimens as for December, 2019, which are available through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) website (accessible at https://doi.org/10.15468/siye1z). The database represents 4,343 species and 787 infraspecific taxa (530 subspecies, 130 varieties and 127 notho-species or hybrids) of 196 families and 1,164 genera, and 105 type sheets. So far, 97.7% of the databased records are georeferenced (geographic coordinates or MRGS coordinates) and the geographic area with the largest number of specimens is the southwest quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal).
Decision-making in a retailer-led closed-loop supply chain involving a third-party logistics provider
Authors: Chen Xiao-Xu , Xu Peng , Li Jiao-Jiao , Walker Thomas , Yang Guo-Qiang
Published: January 2021

This paper investigates decisions in a three-echelon closed-loop supply chain composed of one manufacturer, one retailer, and one third-party logistics provider (3PL), with the retailer being dominant. Inspired by game theory, we develop an equilibrium model for a retailer-led, closed-loop supply chain under logistics outsourcing. We derive the optimal forward and reverse logistics decisions of each supply chain member. This article analyzes the effects of market size, consumers' sensitivity to sales prices, the proportion of logistics costs, consumers' environmental awareness, and consumers' sensitivity to recycling prices on decision-making process. Finally, we provide a numerical example to verify the validity of our conclusions. Our results indicate that the higher the manufacturer's share in the forward logistics cost, the higher the sales price, the wholesale price, and the forward logistics service price, and the lower the order quantity. The higher the manufacturer's share in the reverse logistics costs, the lower the recycling price, the transfer price, and the recycling amount, and the higher the reverse logistics service price. Whether it is forward logistics or not, the higher the manufacturer's share in the logistics costs, the lower the profits of each member.
Les auxiliaires militaires de l’armée d’Afrique héritiers de l’exercitus Africae ?
Authors: Dondin-Payre Monique
Published: January 2021

La filiation établie entre l’Armée française d’Afrique et l’exercitus Africae romain est désormais bien connue ; on en examine ici un aspect particulier : les troupes auxiliaires ont-elles été l’objet d’un transfert similaire ? Plusieurs raisons expliquent que le lien entre supplétifs et auxilia ne fut jamais établi : les similitudes techniques et réglementaires relient la Légion étrangère aux auxilia et non à la legio ; l’attention exclusive portée à la légion, unité romaine par excellence aux yeux des Français, qui ignoraient alors l’importance numérique et tactique des auxilia ; les conditions de recrutement et d’emploi tout à fait différentes des supplétifs et des auxilia.
Auxilia externa et gentes dans les provinces maurétaniennes
Authors: Hamdoune Christine
Published: January 2021

La présence et l’action d’unités ethniques maures dans le cadre provincial des Maurétanies sont attestées par un certain nombre d’inscriptions. Celles-ci permettent de suivre l’évolution progressive de ces corps vers une intégration dans le dispositif de défense romain du ier au ive siècle. En outre, elles mettent en évidence la complexité des relations entre les Romains et les gentes : les auxilia recrutés dans les tribus de la province sont parfois engagés contre ces mêmes tribus insurgées.
Mobilité des unités et « dislocation » de la documentation : l’exemple des auxiliaires attestés en Numidie septentrionale au ier s. ap. J.‑C.
Authors: Baroni Anne-Florence
Published: January 2021

Avant la pacification de la Numidie septentrionale à la fin de l’époque julio-claudienne, la défense de Cirta, alors seule colonie romaine à l’extrémité occidentale de la province d’Afrique, repose principalement sur des unités auxiliaires. En raison de la mobilité des troupes et des individus, mais aussi de la nature et de la rareté de la documentation épigraphique au ier s. ap. J.‑C., les unités stationnées en Numidie et les lieux de garnison sont difficiles à identifier. Cependant, les attestations d’auxiliaires, croisées avec celles des descendants de vétérans installés à proximité de leurs anciens postes, font apparaître un dispositif défensif à l’ouest et au sud du territoire de Cirta, auquel ont pris part l’ala I Pannoniorum, la cohors VII Lusitanorum, vraisemblablement la cohors II Gemella Thracum et peut-être l’ala Veterana. Ces données permettent également d’éclairer les enjeux militaires à l’époque julio-claudienne, le processus de pacification et l’intégration des vétérans à la société locale
Coccolithophorids in Polar Waters: Wigwamma spp. Revisited
Authors: Heldal Mikal , Østergaard Jette Buch , Thomsen Helge Abildhauge
Published: January 2021

A contingent of weakly calcified coccolithophorid genera and species were described from polar regions almost 40 years ago. In the interim period a few additional findings have been reported enlarging the realm of some of the species. The genus Wigwamma is revisited here with the purpose of providing, based on additional sampling from both polar regions, an update on species morphology, life history events and biogeography that can serve as a reference for the future. A new genus, Pseudowigwamma gen. nov. is described to accommodate Wigwamma scenozonion, a species which critically deviates from a core group of five Wigwamma species in terms of coccolith morphology and life history events. Wigwamma armatura sp. nov. is described on the basis of material from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. While fitting nicely into the Wigwamma generic concept, the species adds new dimensions to the overall appearance of the coccolith armour of the cell.
CUANTIFICACIÓN DE METALES EN AGUAS DE RIEGO. ESTUDIO DE CASO EN LA PROVINCIA DE CHIMBORAZO
Authors: Idrovo Julio , Gavilanes Irene , Erazo R. , Veloz N. , Valverde H.
Published: January 2021

El crecimiento de la agroindustria en el Ecuador ha causado en los últimos años graves problemas de contaminación ambiental que afectan a sus recursos naturales, por lo cual es importante aplicar estrategias cada vez más eficaces para determinar las fuentes de contaminación y mitigar sus impactos en el ambiente. Una de las más importantes es la presencia de metales pesados, por lo tanto, es fundamental la determinación cuantitativa de ellos para llevar a cabo su gestión adecuada. La provincia de Chimborazo se encuentra ubicada en la zona central de los Andes ecuatorianos y una de sus principales agroindustrias es la relacionada con la producción de plantas ornamentales, cuya contaminación por metales pesados no ha sido suficientemente estudiada, especialmente en lo concerniente a las aguas de riego. El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación fue determinar cuantitativamente por espectroscopía de emisión atómica mediante plasma de acoplamiento inductivo, el grado de contaminación por metales pesados de las aguas de riego de la Industria Florícola “White River Roses” del cantón Penipe. Los resultados mostraron que, en general, el agua de riego que se utiliza en esta industria agrícola no contiene cantidades significativas de metales pesados.
ESTUDIO DE POTENCIA DE PRUEBAS DE NORMALIDAD USANDO DISTRIBUCIONES DESCONOCIDAS CON DISTINTOS NIVELES DE NO NORMALIDAD
Authors: Flores Muñoz Pablo , Muñoz Escobar Laura , Sánchez Acalo Tania
Published: January 2021

La mayoría de pruebas de hipótesis paramétricas están sujetas al cumplimiento de normalidad. Debido a la gran variedad de opciones para contrastar este supuesto, se considera como mejor alternativa el test que presente una mayor potencia. Investigaciones preliminares estiman este valor a partir de muestras provenientes de distribuciones no normales conocidas pero cuyo alejamiento o contaminación respecto a la normalidad se desconoce. En el presente estudio seleccionamos siete pruebas que además de ser las más comunes parecen ser las mejores. Mediante un proceso de simulación, estimamos la potencia de cada una de ellas usando  muestras provenientes de distribuciones desconocidas, pero con un alejamiento medible de la normalidad. Parece ser que el test de Shapiro – Wilk es la mejor opción, su potencia es muy elevada, pero solo para muestras no normales grandes y alejamientos fuertes. Para distribuciones con alejamientos débiles y muestras pequeñas parece ser que ninguna de las pruebas tradicionales en estudio es buena. Se discute un posible mal planteamiento de estos test y su incidencia en los resultados obtenidos. Finalmente se introduce la posibilidad de incluir pruebas basadas en el enfoque de equivalencia, las cuales quizás podrían resultar mejores que las pruebas estudiadas.
OBTENCIÓN DE DETERGENTE LÍQUIDO USANDO SAPONINA DE QUINUA (chenopodium quinoa willd), CHOCHO (lupinus mutabilis sweet) CABUYA (sisalana perrine) Y SU DISEÑO DE PRODUCCIÓN
Authors: Villacrés Alvarez Mario-Gustavo , Calderón Tapia Cristina-Gabriela , Cauja Moyón Lourdes-María , Arcos Guamán Tatiana-Manuela
Published: January 2021

Desde la aparición de la industria, así como obtenemos productos de mejor uso, también experimentamos cambios que perjudican nuestros recursos hídricos. Un ejemplo muy claro de ello es la presencia de tensoactivos en los detergentes, que por su naturaleza forman una capa de grasa en la superficie evitando el paso del oxígeno hacia el interior, provocando la muerte de las especies acuáticas, y sus restos al descomponerse emanan olores fuertes. La industrialización de la quinua se realiza por vía seca que se conoce como escarificación, el polvillo es desechado sin uso alguno. Para el caso del chocho al realizar el lavado se elimina la saponina en su totalidad, en ríos, acequias o alcantarillado. Y en la industrialización de la cabuya en la producción de cuerdas, el zumo con alto contenido de saponina, también es desechado sin ninguna utilidad. Por esta razón se diseñó un proceso para obtener un detergente líquido amigable con el medio ambiente, utilizando como materia prima los “desechos” generados en la industrialización de quinua, chocho y cabuya, utilizando su contenido de saponina que es biodegradable. La saponina se obtuvo por extracción simple utilizando como solvente etanol al 96% de pureza. Donde sus propiedades físico-químicas fueron: densidad 1,11g/mL; temperatura 20,2°C; pH 6,64; IR 1,372; °Brix 25 y viscosidad 386,8 cP. El detergente obtenido se rigió bajo la Norma NTE INEN 0847 (2009), obteniendo de materia grasa un 3,28% de alcalinidad libre (NaOH) 0%, de materia activa 36,12%, fosfatos 0,08% y biodegradabilidad 94%, lo que indica que es un producto libre de álcalis, silicatos de sodio anticorrosivos, estabilizadores de espuma de amida, carboxi metil celulosa para la formación de suspensiones de partículas de suelo, blanqueadores, suavizantes de tejidos, enzimas, abrillantadores ópticos y sulfato de sodio que son contaminantes, por lo tanto aportaría a la conservación ecológica del planeta, por lo que se puede comercializar, además se realizó los cálculos de los índices financieros dando como resultado un VAN de $174.074,21 un TIR de 87% con un índice de rentabilidad de 2,82 siendo una muy buena opción para una microempresa por lo que se considera un proyecto totalmente viable.
TÉTANOS: REVISIÓN A PROPÓSITO DE UN CASO CLÍNICO EN COTOPAXI – ECUADOR
Authors: García Heredia Gloria
Published: January 2021

El tétanos es una enfermedad infecciosa aguda, grave y potencialmente mortal que afecta al sistema nervioso. Es causada por una neurotoxina denominada tetanospasmina producida por la bacteria clostridium tetani. Esta  infección es infrecuente y  no es contagiosa; sin embargo sigue afectando ocasionalmente a nuestra población. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 65 años de edad quien ingresó al Hospital general IESS de Latacunga, provincia de Cotopaxi, por lesión postraumática en pierna izquierda y diez días después,  presentó tétanos generalizado. La paciente desconocía su historial de inmunizaciones de la infancia y en la edad adulta nunca recibió vacuna antitetánica. inicialmente se manifestó  con disfagia , trismus y 24 horas después evolucionó con  un aumento del tono muscular generalizado y compromiso de musculatura respiratoria, por lo que fue ingresada en la unidad de cuidados intensivos en donde permaneció seis semanas; fue manejada con inmunoglobulina antitetánica, toxoide antitetánico, antibioticoterapia, relajantes musculares y tratamiento de soporte. La herida sobreinfectada requirió injerto de piel luego de lo cual alcanzo recuperación completa. A propósito de este caso, se realizó una breve actualización de la literatura sobre esta patología de presentación infrecuente, por la inmunización sistemática incluida en la estrategia nacional de inmunizaciones, que tiene una letalidad aproximada del  30%.
APLICACIÓN DE COMPOSITOS FOTO-CATALIZADORES PARA LA DEGRADACIÓN DE P-NITROFENOL EN AGUA
Authors: Medina Ñuste Leonardo , Bravo Montenegro Marco , Gavilanes Montoya Alex , Beltrán Dávalos Andrés , Medina Serrano Carlos
Published: January 2021

La responsabilidad ambiental obliga a buscar vías adecuadas de tratamiento para los desechos líquidos contaminados por compuestos orgánicos y brindar alternativas a las industrias que generan estos efluentes. Por lo cual este trabajo se basa en la degradación de p-nitrofenol (PNF) aplicando compositos de dióxido de titanio (TiO) en carbón activado (CA/TiO). El fotocatalizador fue soportado sobre carbón en polvo (CA1) y carbón en escamas (CA2), llamados compositos, con el objeto de recuperarlo. Los compositos se caracterizaron con espectrofotómetro ir y microscopio de barrido electrónico. La degradación del contaminante fue evaluada con espectrofotómetro uv-visible. Para los ensayos con luz uv se utilizó una lámpara (λ = 365 nm) para irradiar el reactor durante todo el proceso y Ho como agente oxidante. Una vez estudiados los distintos ensayos usando un diseño experimental completamente aleatorio, se observó que la combinación de CA1 muestra una alta eficiencia (99,1%) de remoción de PNF en una solución acuosa concentrada (250mg l-1), en un tiempo medio de 80 minutos, pues ca2 presenta una remoción menor (50,46%) en 80 minutos de tratamiento. con esto se puede concluir que ca1 presenta un mejor acomplejamiento y eficiencia en la degradación de PNF.
The use of elder marc in the food industry
Authors: Burak L. Ch.
Published: January 2021

The article describes the varieties of elderberry, and the process of black elderberry fruits ripening. External characteristics of flowers, followed by ripening of fruits, have been described. The main components useful for the human body have been identified, which are contained in the fruits of the black elderberry. The effect of elderberry fruits on the human body when used for medicinal purposes has been. Elderberry fruits have a coloring substance that must be added to confectionery creams, sweets, marshmallows, as well as to liqueurs and wine products to give the products color and nutmeg taste. Elderberry fruits can be eaten fresh, ripe, but the most delicious and more useful fruits are provided in processed form, especially in juice and dried form. The useful properties of elderberry have been described, as well as the dangerous properties that appear in case of eating unripe elderberry fruits growing in the Republic of Belarus. The detailed composition of the components of elderberry fruit has been considered, all its useful properties noted. Particular attention is paid to the chemical composition of elderberry fruit, detailed amino acid composition of elderberry fruit has been given, and the composition of anthocyanin content in juice of direct extraction from elderberry fruit has been shown. The use of elderberry pomace in the food industry for the preparation of jam, jams, confiture, preserves and other products, as well as adding to wine, alcoholic beverages, to impart nutmeg taste, in the confectionery industry to add to dough and giving the product an almond smell has been described. It is especially noted that the pomace from elderberries contains biological active substances, bioflavonoids, anthocyanins, which confirms their immediate importance and the need to use for the creation of many products for preventive and functional purposes in the food industry.
Influence of morphological characteristics of stem and panicle length on wintering oat lodging resistance
Authors: Kuzenko M. V. , Kuzenko V. I.
Published: January 2021

The article presents the results of investigating morphological parameters of a stem and a panicle of wintering oat varieties and hybrid populations of the nursery of competitive variety trial and Avena fatua (L.) field weed species. The research has been carried out in order to identify differences in morphological characteristics of cultivated and weed-field types of oats, as well as to search for economically useful characteristics for practical use in breeding. The research focuses on lodging resistance as one of the significant economically valuable signs of increasing wintering oat productivity. The studied samples have been analyzed according to plant height, number and length of internodes, and panicle length. The role of the length of internodes and panicles in the formation of the height of both species has been determined. Differences in the length of internodes have been revealed when compared with the standard and Avena fatua (L.). The relationship between internodes and panicles with height has been shown, as well as the dependence of the developed length of each internode between the nodes of the plant itself. The performed correlation analysis has revealed the presence of a high positive relationship between the height of wintering oat plants and the length of the fifth internode (0,61) and panicle (0,91). The presence of these connections indicates the need for forms of oats with a short fifth internode and a panicle in order to increase the resistance to lodging in crosses. The use of the results of morphological analysis complements the visual assessment of lodging resistance, makes it possible to characterize the parental forms used in the hybridization process, and to promote the accelerated development of varieties resistant to stem lodging.
experimentação problematizadora e o ensino de ciências: desafios e perspectivas na educação do campo
Authors: Bressanini Monteiro Izabel , Lopes Rocha de Oliveira Cristiane , Medeiros Geremias Bethânia
Published: January 2021

Ao refletir sobre alternativas metodológicas, torna-se importante contextualizar o Ensino de Ciências sob o viés na Educação do Campo, com a finalidade de promover a participação efetiva dos estudantes no processo de construção de conhecimentos. A Experimentação Problematizadora tem sido enfatizada pelo seu grande potencial pedagógico, auxiliando no processo de construção dos saberes, por intermédio de questionamentos, com o intuito de superar o ensino fragmentado. Nessa perspectiva, buscou-se identificar os principais desafios enfrentados pelos educadores de Ciências em utilizar a Experimentação Problematizadora enquanto metodologia ativa nas Escolas Comunitárias Rurais de Jaguaré - ES, que adotam o Regime de Alternância. Para tanto, participaram do presente estudo três professoras, representando as três escolas pesquisadas. A pesquisa possui caráter qualitativo, e para coleta de dados foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e as informações obtidas foram gravadas e, posteriormente analisadas. Foi possível constatar que a Experimentação Problematizadora pode despertar o pensamento crítico dos estudantes, que por sua vez, se tornam protagonistas desse processo, contribuindo nas reflexões acerca das consequências da Ciência na Sociedade e nas possibilidades de enfrentamento dos problemas.
Educação Infantil do Campo: trajetória das políticas educacionais e suas implicações no cotidiano das instituições escolares
Authors: Caffé de Oliveira Uzêda Leomárcia , Pereira Barbosa Elizabete
Published: January 2021

Este artigo faz uma análise das políticas educacionais para Educação do Campo no Brasil e do processo de implementação dessas políticas na Educação Infantil do Campo estabelecendo uma interface entre o itinerário legislativo e os possíveis desdobramentos no cotidiano das instituições que acolhem crianças de zero a cinco anos, da zona rural. Trata-se de um recorte da pesquisa “Educação infantil na zona rural: caracterização e análise do cenário de implementação das políticas de educação do campo no município de Feira de Santana”, realizada pelo Centro de Estudos e Documentação em Educação da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Para compreender a realidade da Educação da Infantil na zona rural foi preciso contextualizar o movimento das políticas públicas e reconhecer o ordenamento jurídico como um dos instrumentos viáveis de luta. O presente trabalho baseia-se em análise bibliográfica e documental dos marcos legislativos para delimitar a responsabilidades das esferas municipal, estadual e federal com a qualidade da oferta e permanência das crianças na escola (BRASIL, 1988; BRASIL, 1996; BRASIL, 1998; BRASIL, 2002; BRASIL, 2009, BRASIL, 2010). Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que há avanços em direção ao cumprimento das normas estabelecidas no ordenamento jurídico nacional, mas que ainda há um fosso em direção ao alcance de uma Educação Infantil do Campo de qualidade respeitando as especificidades socioculturais, as necessidades formativas e educacionais das crianças.
Análise da formação de educadores do Assentamento Paulo César Vinha a partir dos conceitos de vivência e experiência de Walter Benjamin e Jorge Larrosa Bondía
Authors: De Souza Santos Júlio
Published: January 2021

O presente estudo objetiva caracterizar as experiências de formação de educadores das modalidades da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) e da Educação do Campo, na Escola Córrego do Cedro, do Assentamento Paulo César Vinha, que está vinculado ao Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) e situado no município de Conceição da Barra, na região Norte do Estado do Espírito Santo. Tomando como referência os conceitos de vivência e experiência, de Walter Benjamin e Jorge Larrosa Bondía; e de formação num sentido amplo, na perspectiva de Edna Castro de Oliveira, a pesquisa se beneficiou do aporte metodológico da Observação Participante com oito educadores de jovens e adultos. Considerando as concepções teórico-metodológicas adotadas, constatou-se, por um lado, um cenário de empobrecimento das experiências dos educadores, com o predomínio da vivência e, por outro lado, a existência de raras experiências dos educadores potencializadas pela constituição da comunidade de experiências com educandos da EJA no Assentamento Paulo César Vinha.

Palavras-chave: Experiência. Formação. Educação de Jovens e Adultos. Educação do Campo.
Metode Pengajaran Karakter Yang Digunakan Rasulullah SAW Kepada Para Sahabat Dalam Kitab Shahih Muslim
Authors: Syukur Taufik Abdillah
Published: January 2021

The research is talking about the prophet teaching method in building his companions character according to Shaheeh Muslim. And that result will explain about the complementation of prophet teaching method in shaping student character in the school.
This study depends on the sourced literature. The researcher qualitatively collects data, describes and analyzes it well. This research is about the character teaching method depends on the prophetic tradition (al-Hadits). The researcher classifies the hadits based on nation character, analyzes that results and relates things with the main project.
The result indicates that the most widely used method of the prophetinshapinghiscompanionscharacteristhemethodofstory, question & answer, and also lecturer. He also used another variety method such as problem solving, assignment, demonstration and fieldtrip. In shaping his companions character he did not use the method of discussion, experiment, and project.
Researcher recommends all teachers to control and widely explore those three methods (stories, discussion, and lecturer) and integrate love, friends/ communicative, and care character as the main student character in process character education at school.
Keywords: Prophet, Teaching method, Character, Shaheeh Muslim

Penelitian ini membahas tentang tentang metode pengajaran karakter yang digunakan Rasulullah SAW. kepada para shahabat dalam kitab Shahih Muslim dan implementasinya dalam pendidikan karakter di sekolah.
Penelitian ini menggunakan kajian pustaka yang bersumber dari kepustakaan. Peneliti mengumpulkan data yang bercorak kualitatif yang dideskripsikan untuk kemudian dianalisis. Penelitian ini seputar masalah metode pengajaran karakter yang mengambilhaditssebagaipijakannya. Adapununtukmenganalisa masalah, peneliti mengklasifikasikan hadits-hadits berdasarkan teori pendidikan karakter dan metode pengajaran. Kemudian menganalisis hasil klasifikasi tersebut dan menghubungkannya dengan pokok pembahasan.
Hasil penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa metode yang paling banyak digunakan Rasulullah SAW. dalam pendidikan karakter shahabat adalah metode cerita, tanya jawab dan ceramah. Rasulullah SAW. juga menggunakan metode lain walaupun tidak banyak seperti pemecahan masalah, penugasan, demostrasi dan karyawisata. Rasulullah SAW. tidak menggunakan metode diskusi, eksperimen dan proyek dalam pendidikan karakter shahabat.
Peneliti merekomendasikan agar para guru pengampu pendidikan karakter untuk menguasai tiga metode pengajaran yaitu cerita, tanya jawab dan ceramah serta mengintegrasikan karakter cinta, bersahabat/komunikatif dan peduli dalam proses pendidikan karakter di sekolah.
Kata Kunci: Nabi, Metode pengajaran, Karakter, Shahih Muslim
Relevansi Kedewasaan dalam Pernikahan dengan Upaya Pencapaian Tujuan Hidup Berkeluarga
Authors: Samsuri Samsuri
Published: January 2021

The regulations for the minimum age for marriage according
to the marriage law in Indonesia is relatively high for men but
low for women. However, if the author sees qualitatively, those
regulations are still far below the standards which are set by
WHO. In this fact, it is needed the efforts to increase the age
limit. Therefore, in order to develop the concept of marriage law
in Indonesia, the author offers to do the reconstruction of those
regulations to be 19 years for women and 21 years for men. The
determination of the age is because in the author opinion, the
physical and psychological development of the future bride has
begun to enter the age phase of maturity, although not perfect.
Keywords: Maturity, Wedding, Marriage Law

Ketentuan batas minimal usia untuk menikah menurut undangundang
perkawinan di Indonesia relatif tinggi untuk laki-laki
namun rendah untuk perempuan. Adapun jika penulis lihat secara
kualitatif, maka ketentuan yang ada tersebut masih jauh di bawah
standard yang ditetapkan oleh WHO. Dengan adanya kenyataan
ini, maka diperlukan upaya untuk menaikkan batasan usia
tersebut. Oleh karena itu, dalam rangka pengembangan konsep
undang-undang perkawinan di Indonesia penulis menawarkan
untuk dilakukannya rekonstruksi terhadap ketentuan tersebut
menjadi 19 tahun bagi perempuan dan 21 tahun bagi lakilaki.
Penentuan pada usia ini dikarenakan menurut hemat
penulis perkembangan fisik maupun psikis dari calon mempelai
sudah mulai memasuki fase usia kematangan meskipun belum
sempurna.
Kata Kunci: Kedewasaan, Pernikahan, Hukum Keluarga
Kajian Ma'anil Hadits Tentang Hukuman Mati Bagi Orang Murtad
Authors: Asrori Asrori
Published: January 2021

Discourse on the law of apostasy still leaves a debate. The text of
the hadith explicitly states the execution of death for those who
migrate from Islam, man baddal dīnahu faqtulūh. On the other
hand the Qur’an gived a signal that there is no compulsion in
Islam lā ikrāha fi al-Dīn. Humans have a prerogative to decide
their choice without any intervention of other authorities. The
dualism of the understanding of Islamic law resulting from these
two contradictory above propositions requires further discussion
in order to reveal the law given to apostates. This qualitative study
attempts to expose the opinions of ulama on execution of death
for apostates as well as attempts to compromise the dualism of
understanding of religious texts above.
Keywords: apostasy, dualism of Islamic law, Hadith

Vol. XIV, No. 2, 2018 ~ 161
Abstrak
Diskursus tentang hukum pindah agama (murtad) masih
menyisakan perdebatan. Teks hadis secara tegas menyatakan
eksekusi mati bagi mereka yang migrasi dari islam, man baddal
dīnahu faqtulūh. Disisi lain al-Qur’an memberikan isyarat,
bahwa tidak ada paksaan dalam islam lā ikrāha fi al-Dīn. Manusia
memiliki hak prerogatif untuk menentukan pilihannya tanpa ada
intervensi otoritas lain. Dualisme pemahaman hukum islam yang
dihasilkan dari kedua dalil yang nampak kontradiktif diatas perlu
adanya pembahasan lebih mendalam guna mengungkap hukum
yang diberikan bagi orang murtad. Penelitian kualitatif ini
mencoba untuk memaparkan pendapat ulama tentang hukuman
mati bagi orang murtad serta usaha untuk mengkomprokikan
dualisme pemahaman teks keagamaan di atas.
Kata Kunci: Murtad, Dualisme Hukum Islam, Hadis
MASHLAHAH AL-MURSALAH SEBAGAI DALIL DAN METODE IJTIHAD
Authors: Isnaini Isnaini
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Mashlahah al-mursalah (consideration of public interest) is a part of mashlahah (public interest), functions as argument and method to formulate the law when no legal argument to do or not to do. There is a ulama consensus on the allowance to consider public interest as argument or ijtihad method. This article explores various problem dealing with, ranging from the terminology, etymology, various of it, the requirement of mashlahah al-mursalah, and mashlahah al-mursalah as argument and ijtihad method and the implementation of mashlahah al-mursalah in early period, contemporary and the future.

Abstrak
Mashlahah al-mursalah adalah bahagian dari mashlahah, yang berfungsi menjadi dalil serta alat perumus hukum ketika tidak ada dalil hukum yang menyuruh atau melarang. Maka di sini terdapat ketidaksepakatan ulama tentang kebolehan berhujjah sebagai dalil dan metode ijtihad. Walaupun seperti itu, mashlahah mursalah telah memberikan solusi dalam menyelesaikan berbagai persoalan perbuatan manusia yang terkait hukum semenjak zaman Nabi Saw. sampai sekarang. Dalam artikel ini akan dipaparkan berbagai persoalan terkait dengan mashlahah al-mursalah, mulai terminology mashlahah al-mursalah dari sisi etimologi dan terminologi, macam-macam, syarat-syarat kehujjahan mashlahah al-mursalah, mashlahah al-mursalah sebagai dalil dan metode ijtihad dan perwujudan mashlahah al-mursalah di zaman klasik, kontemporer dan masa mendatang.
Awareness of Libyan Mothers About Child Feeding Practices in Benghazi, Libya
Authors: Ziuo Fatma
Published: January 2021

Objective: The study aimed to assess the infant and child feeding practices and some aspects of knowledge and attitudes of mothers attending immunization clinics at maternal and child health care clinics (MCH) in Benghazi about breastfeeding and weaning. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study undertaken at child clinics in Benghazi, Libya 2007 -2008. Eleven clinics were chosen by use of simple random sampling. A total of 577 mothers were interviewed. Results: 89.0% of mothers were breastfed their baby and 11.0 % were used bottle fed at birth, 44.3% initiate breastfeeding at 1sth half an hour after birth, only 25.2% exclusively breastfed (EBF) their babies for the first 4-6 months, and 38.0 % of mothers continue breast feeding up to 24 months. More than eighty percent of women thought that breastfeeding is important. Conclusion: Although the study revealed that majority of mothers practiced breastfeeding at birth, and they had good knowledge and satisfactory attitude toward breastfeeding, but the study reported that more than half of mothers-initiated breast feeding late and poor practice of exclusively breastfed for 4-6 months. Training program for doctors and nurses and implantation of baby friendly hospitals initiatives.
Pengaruh Penggunaan Multimedia Interaktif Model Tutorial dalam Pembelajaran Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas VIII SMPN 17 Padang
Authors: Noverdika Yami
Published: January 2021

Berdasarkan hasil observasi yang dilakukan di SMP Negeri 17 Padang, terlihat bahwa kegiatan pembelajaran TIK masih berpusat pada guru (Teacher Centered). Guru mendominasi kegiatan pembelajaran, sedangkan siswa mendengar dan mencatat apa yang disampaikan guru sehingga siswa masih kesulitan dalam memahami materi pelajaran karena penyampaian materi yang disampaikan guru terlalu cepat. Kurangnya partisipasi siswa dalam pembelajaran berdampak terhadap rendahnya hasil belajar, untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, diperlukan media pembelajaran yang melibatkan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran berupa multimedia interaktif model tutorial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Penggunaan Multimedia Interaktif Model Tutorial pada Pembelajaran Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas VIII SMPN 17 Padang tahun ajaran 2019/2020.

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif berbentuk quasy experiment. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh siswa kelas VIII SMPN 17 Padang yang berjumlah 217 orang yang terdiri dari 7 kelas dan sampel diambil dengan teknik Cluster Rondom Sampling, kelas VIII1 sebagai eksperimen yang menggunakan multimedia interaktif model tutorial dan siswa kelas VIII4 sebagai kelas kontrol yang menerapkan metode penugasan berbantuan LKS, masing-masingnya berjumlah 31 orang. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan tes objektif sebanyak 25 butir soal, dan alat pengumpul data lembaran jawaban. Jenis data penelitian berupa data hasil belajar siswa dan sumber datanya adalah nilai siswa. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney (U).

Hasil penelitian diperoleh nilai rata-rata kelas eksperimen yang menggunakan multimedia interaktif model tutorial 84 standar deviasi 7,80 dan varians 60,91 lebih tinggi dari nilai rata-rata kelas kontrol 76 standar deviasi 9,68 dan varians 93,86. Berdasarkan perhitungan menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney (U) diperoleh tabel Test Statistics ,baris Mann-Whitney U diperoleh harga U = 275,5 dan p-value = 0,04/2 = 0,02 < 0,05 atau H0 ditolak, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa ada perbedaan yang singnifikan antara hasil belajar kelas yang menggunakan multimedia interaktif model tutorial dan kelas yang menggunakan metode penugasan berbantuan LKS.
Simultaneous HPLC determination of coumarin, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamaldehyd, acid cinnamic, eugenol, cinnamyl acetat, acid 2-hydroxycinnamic in cinnamon using HPLC
Authors: Le Viet Ngan , Le Dinh Chi , Nguyen Thi Hong Anh , Nguyen Bich Ngoc , Nguyen Thi Phuong Lan , Nguyen Thi Minh Loi , Le Thi Hong Hao ,   National Institute for Food Control,   Hanoi University of Pharmacy,   National Instriture for food control,   National Institute for Food Control,   Vietnam Food Administration,   Quang Binh University,   National Institute for Food Control
Published: January 2021

The aim of the present study was the development and validation of a simple, precise and specific reversed phase HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of coumarin, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamaldehyd, acid cinnamic, eugenol, cinnamyl acetat, acid 2-hydroxycinnamic in cinnamon. The substances were extracted from the sample matrix with methanol, shaken at room temperature for 30 minutes and determined by HPLC-PDA on the following conditions: column C18 sunfire (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm), mobile phase 30mM ammonium acetate and methanol-acetonitrile (50:50) using gradient. The recovery > 90%, the repeatability has RSD < 7.3%, the LODs and LOQs of2-hydroxycinnamic acid, coumarin, cinnamaldehyd, cinnamyl alcohol, eugenol were 1 µg/g and 3.3 µg/g, respectively; the LODs and LOQs of cinnamic acid, cinnamyl acetate were 2 µg/g and 6.7 µg/g, respectively. The method has been applied to analyze the samples.
Semi-chronic toxicity assessment of Phellinus linteus biomass powder from submerged-culture
Authors: Bach Thi Nhu Quynh , Nguyen Thi Hang , Tran Thi Le , Nguyen Thi Lien , Pham Duc Cuong , Nguyen Thi Minh Huyen ,   Hai Phong University Medicinal and Pharmacy,   Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology,   Natural Science University, Hanoi National University,   National Institute of Drug Quality Control,   HaUI Technology Institute, Hanoi Industry University,   Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
Published: January 2021

Phellinus linteus biomass powder obtained after submerge-fermentation was assested for semi-chronic toxicity in rabbit for evaluation of the safety of using it as functional food. Rabbits were drunk test solution continuously in 28 days with 2 doses: 0.558 g/kg rabbit/ day  and 2.792 g/kg rabbit/day. The result showed that the tested samples did not affect to weight, status, activity of tested  rabbit.  The biochemical index which expressed the liver, kidney functions had no statistical different at before test, after 14 days of test, after 28 days of test, and after 14 days finish of test between tested group and control group (without drink tested sample). The similarity results was obtained with hematological index. There were no abnormal occur in heart, liver, kidney, lung, spleen, and digestive system of tested rabbits in general observation as well as no histopathological lesions of the liver and kidneys in microscopic observation of tested group.
Screenning and determination of polyhydroxyalkanoate production by Bacillus sp. strains
Authors: Nguyen Thi Da , Nguyen Trong Linh , Nguyen Thu Trang , Tran Manh Hai , La Thi Huyen ,   Institute of Biotechnology, Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology,   Institute of Biotechnology, Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology,   Institute of Biotechnology, Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology,   Institute of Biotechnology, Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology,   Institute of Biotechnology, Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology
Published: January 2021

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable polymers produced by microbes as reserve material when they were cultured in a limitation of nutrients and excess C source mediums. PHAs can be synthesized by various bacteria including gram positive and gram-negative bacteria. Among the PHA-producing gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus sp. produce and accumulate various monomer compositions of PHAs. In this study, about 83,3% of strains (05/06 strains) can accumulate PHAs production. Bacillus sp. DV01 accumulated a amount of PHA 23,9% of CWD after 96h when cultured in modified basal medium containing 1% (w/v) glucose. Bacillus sp.  DV01 was identified by sequecing the gene coding for 16S rRNA. BLAST results showed the obtained 16S rRNA sequence of this strain revealed 100% with the Bacillus megaterium and so-called Bacillus megaterium DV01.
Sàng lọc và đánh giá khả năng tích lũy Polyhydroxyalkanoate từ một số chủng Bacillus sp
Authors: Nguyễn Thị Đà , Nguyễn Trọng Linh , Nguyễn Thu Trang , Trần Mạnh Hải , Lã Thị Huyền ,   Viện Công nghệ sinh học, Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học và Công nghệ Việt Nam,   Viện Công nghệ sinh học, Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học và Công nghệ Việt Nam,   Viện Công nghệ sinh học, Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học và Công nghệ Việt Nam,   Viện Công nghệ sinh học, Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học và Công nghệ Việt Nam,   Viện Công nghệ sinh học, Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học và Công nghệ Việt Nam
Published: January 2021

Poly-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) là polyme có khả năng phân hủy sinh học được tổng hợp bởi nhiều nhóm vi sinh vật trong điều kiện hạn chế dinh dưỡng với vai trò làm nguồn dinh dưỡng dự trữ. Nhằm mục đích tìm kiếm và đánh giá thu chủng thuộc chi Bacillus có khả năng sản xuất của nhựa polyme phân hủy sinh học 06 chủng thuộc chi Bacillus đã được lựa chọn nghiên cứu và đánh giá.  Các chủng được sàng lọc kiểm tra khả năng tích lũy poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) bằng việc sử dụng Nile blue A để nhuộm và quan sát các tế bào có màu cam tích lũy poly-b-hydroxyalkanoates PHA. Kết quả cho thấy có 05/06 chủng chiếm 83,3% có khả năng tích lũy PHA. Chủng Bacillus sp. DV01 cho thấy khả năng tích lũy cao nhất. Kết quả phân loại dựa trên trình tự 16S rRNA cho thấy chủng này thuộc loài Bacillus megaterium với độ tương đồng đạt 100% và được đặt tên là Bacillus megaterium DV01. Hàm lượng PHA của B. megaterium DV01 khi tách thu được chiếm 23,9% so với sinh khối khô.