bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Academic outcomes in childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Zelko Frank , Beebe Dean , Baker Aimee , Nelson Shannen M. , Ali Aisha , Cedeno Adlin , Dina Blair , Klein‐Gitelman Marisa S. , Ying Jun , Brunner Hermine I.
Published: November 2012

Objective

To explore academic outcomes in childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) and their relationship to variables such as demographic and socioeconomic status, neurocognitive functioning, behavioral/emotional adjustment, and cSLE disease status.

Methods

Forty pairs of children diagnosed with cSLE and healthy best friend controls were rated by parents on a standardized scale of school competence. Information about participants' demographic and socioeconomic status was obtained, along with measures of cSLE disease activity and damage. All of the participants received formal neurocognitive testing and were also rated on standardized scales of behavioral/emotional adjustment and executive functioning.

Results

Compared to healthy controls, school competence was rated as lower in the cSLE group, although the groups did not differ significantly on indices of cognitive, behavioral, emotional, or executive functioning. School competence ratings were correlated with reading and mathematics achievement test scores in both groups, and with ratings of mental self‐regulation in the cSLE group. School competence ratings were correlated with measures of cSLE disease activity and treatment intensity.

Conclusion

cSLE is associated with inferior parent‐rated academic outcomes compared to those noted in demographically‐matched peers, despite similar neurocognitive function. The adverse academic outcomes that distinguish children with cSLE from their demographically‐matched peers appear to be mediated by SLE disease activity and treatment.
Defining the aromatase inhibitor musculoskeletal syndrome: A prospective study
Authors: Singer Ora , Cigler Tessa , Moore Anne B. , Levine Alana B. , Hentel Keith , Belfi Lily , Do Huong T. , Mandl Lisa A.
Published: November 2012

Objective

To define the musculoskeletal syndrome associated with use of aromatase inhibitors (AIs), specifically, to describe its incidence, time to onset, risk factors, and clinical presentation.

Methods

Postmenopausal women with hormone‐sensitive, nonmetastatic breast cancer starting AI therapy were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. They underwent complete rheumatologic evaluation and contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the hands and wrists prior to starting AI, at 3 and 6 months. The primary outcome was change in grip strength.

Results

Twenty‐eight (54%) of 52 women reported new or worsening musculoskeletal symptoms. Two discontinued AIs due to pain. Mean time to symptom onset was 6 weeks (range 2–18 weeks), and 75% of symptomatic patients developed symptoms by 8 weeks. Later‐stage cancer and worse quality of life (QOL) pretreatment were significantly associated with symptom development. Sixty‐eight percent of symptomatic subjects had involvement of the hands; however, there was no difference in the mean change in grip strength (−2.9 kg versus −1.3 kg; P = 0.6). Among symptomatic subjects, 46% had evidence of focal tenosynovitis of the hands and feet on examination. Although some symptomatic subjects had new MRI abnormalities, Rheumatoid Arthritis Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scoring did not significantly change.

Conclusion

The incidence of AI‐associated musculoskeletal syndrome is more than 50%, with most women developing symptoms by 8 weeks. The key finding in symptomatic women was focal tenosynovitis of the hands and feet, without evidence of autoimmune disease or systemic inflammation. Later‐stage cancer and poorer QOL were predictive of symptom development.
Does medication adherence itself confer fracture protection? An investigation of the healthy adherer effect in observational data
Authors: Curtis Jeffrey R. , Yun Huifeng , Lange Jeff L. , Matthews Robert , Sharma Pradeep , Saag Kenneth G. , Delzell Elizabeth
Published: November 2012

Objective

Prior observational studies have shown an association between bisphosphonate adherence and fewer fractures. It is unclear if such studies reflect pharmacologic benefits or behavioral attributes, i.e., the healthy adherer effect. Our objective was to examine the association of therapy adherence and fracture risk among patients initiating therapies hypothesized to be favorable, unfavorable, or neutral toward fracture risk, in order to evaluate for a healthy adherer effect.

Methods

In this observational study, we identified patients within Medicare 2006–2009 data who initiated any of 3 medication groups within 9 months after an osteoporotic fracture as follows: 1) oral bisphosphonates (n = 2,507), 2) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs; n = 2,420), or 3) angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or calcium‐channel blocker (CCB; n = 2,178). Cox regression analysis, adjusting for covariates, was used to compare fracture rates at the hip and major osteoporotic fracture sites (including hip, clinical vertebral, humerus, and wrist) during followup, comparing patients with high adherence versus low adherence within each medication group.

Results

There were few baseline differences between those who had high adherence versus lower adherence. High adherence with bisphosphonates decreased fracture risk at both hip (hazard ratio [HR] 0.53, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.32–0.96) and major fracture sites (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.45–0.80). High adherence with SSRIs suggested increased fracture risk at both hip (HR 1.58, 95% CI 0.97–2.57) and major fracture sites (HR 1.32, 95% CI 0.96–1.83). High adherence with ACE inhibitors/CCBs was neutral toward fracture risk at both hip (HR 1.27, 95% CI 0.67–2.41) and major fracture sites (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.67–1.49).

Conclusion

In this observational cohort of older individuals, the association between medication adherence and fracture risk differed by medication exposure, suggesting a limited role for the healthy adherer effect in observational studies of osteoporosis medications.
Validation of a novel multibiomarker test to assess rheumatoid arthritis disease activity
Authors: Curtis Jeffrey R. , van der Helm‐van Mil Annette H. , Knevel Rachel , Huizinga Tom W. , Haney Douglas J. , Shen Yijing , Ramanujan Saroja , Cavet Guy , Centola Michael , Hesterberg Lyndal K. , Chernoff David , Ford Kerri , Shadick Nancy A. , Hamburger Max , Fleischmann Roy , Keystone Edward , Weinblatt Michael E.
Published: November 2012

Objective

Quantitative assessment of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is important for patient management, and additional objective information may aid rheumatologists in clinical decision making. We validated a recently developed multibiomarker disease activity (MBDA) test relative to clinical disease activity in diverse RA cohorts.

Methods

Serum samples were obtained from the Index for Rheumatoid Arthritis Measurement, Brigham and Women's Hospital Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study, and Leiden Early Arthritis Clinic cohorts. Levels of 12 biomarkers were measured and combined according to a prespecified algorithm to generate the composite MBDA score. The relationship of the MBDA score to clinical disease activity was characterized separately in seropositive and seronegative patients using Pearson's correlations and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) to discriminate between patients with low and moderate/high disease activity. Associations between changes in MBDA score and clinical responses 6–12 weeks after initiation of anti–tumor necrosis factor or methotrexate treatment were evaluated by the AUROC.

Results

The MBDA score was significantly associated with the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using the C‐reactive protein level (DAS28‐CRP) in both seropositive (AUROC 0.77, P < 0.001) and seronegative (AUROC 0.70, P < 0.001) patients. In subgroups based on age, sex, body mass index, and treatment, the MBDA score was associated with the DAS28‐CRP (P < 0.05) in all seropositive and most seronegative subgroups. Changes in the MBDA score at 6–12 weeks could discriminate both American College of Rheumatology criteria for 50% improvement responses (P = 0.03) and DAS28‐CRP improvement (P = 0.002). Changes in the MBDA score at 2 weeks were also associated with subsequent DAS28‐CRP response (P = 0.02).

Conclusion

Our findings establish the criterion and discriminant validity of a novel multibiomarker test as an objective measure of RA disease activity to aid in the management of RA in patients with this condition.
Adherence with bisphosphonate therapy in US veterans with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Richards J. Steuart , Cannon Grant W. , Hayden Candace L. , Amdur Richard L. , Lazaro Deana , Mikuls Ted R. , Reimold Andreas M. , Caplan Liron , Johnson Dannette S. , Schwab Pascale , Cherascu Bogdan N. , Kerr Gail S.
Published: November 2012

Objective

Pharmacy Benefits Management program data for patients enrolled in the Veterans Affairs Rheumatoid Arthritis (VARA) registry were linked with clinical data to determine bisphosphonate adherence and persistence among US veterans with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to determine factors associated with adherence.

Methods

The primary outcome measures were the duration of bisphosphonate therapy and the medication possession ratio (MPR). Patients with an MPR <0.80 were classified as nonadherent. Potential covariates considered in the analysis included patient demographics, RA disease activity and severity parameters, and factors associated with osteoporosis risk. Associations of patient factors with duration of therapy and adherence were examined using multivariable regression modeling.

Results

Bisphosphonates were prescribed to 573 (41.5%) of 1,382 VARA subjects. The mean ± SD duration of therapy for bisphosphonates was 39.2 ± 31.4 months. A longer duration of therapy correlated with older age, more years of education, and dual x‐ray absorptiometry testing. The mean ± SD MPR of VARA subjects for bisphosphonate therapy was 0.69 ± 0.28; 302 (52.7%) were nonadherent. In multivariate analyses, nonadherence with bisphosphonate therapy was associated with a longer duration of RA disease (odds ratio [OR] 1.02, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.00–1.04) and duration of bisphosphonate therapy >32 months (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.04–2.57). Whites were less likely to have a low MPR compared with nonwhites (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.30–0.88).

Conclusion

Nonadherence with bisphosphonates was common in this cohort of RA patients and was associated with nonwhite ethnicity, a longer duration of RA disease, and a greater duration of bisphosphonate therapy.
Influence of ethnicity on childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus: Results from a multiethnic multicenter Canadian cohort
Authors: Levy Deborah M. , Peschken Christine A. , Tucker Lori B. , Chédeville Gaëlle , Huber Adam M. , Pope Janet E. ,   the Canadian Network for Improved Outcomes in SLE 1000 Faces Investigators, Silverman Earl D.
Published: November 2012

Objective

To determine the influence of ethnicity and sociodemographic factors on disease characteristics of the Canadian pediatric lupus population.

Methods

Childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients at 4 pediatric centers in Halifax, Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver were consecutively recruited. Sociodemographics and disease data were collected. Patients were categorized by their primary self‐selected ethnicity, and exploratory cluster analyses were examined for disease expression by ethnicity.

Results

We enrolled 213 childhood‐onset SLE patients, and ethnicity data were available for 206 patients: white (31%), Asian (30%), South Asian (15%), black (10%), Latino/Hispanic (4%), Aboriginal (4%), and Arab/Middle Eastern (3%). The frequency of clinical classification criteria (malar rash, arthritis, serositis, and renal disease) and autoantibodies significantly differed among ethnicities. Medications were prescribed equally across ethnicities: 76% were taking prednisone, 86% antimalarials, and 56% required additional immunosuppressants. Cluster analysis partitioned into 3 main groups: mild (n = 50), moderate (n = 82), and severe (n = 68) disease clusters. Only 20% of white patients were in the severe cluster compared to 51% of Asian and 41% of black patients (P = 0.03). However, disease activity indices and damage scores were similar across ethnicities.

Conclusion

Canadian childhood‐onset SLE patients reflect our multiethnic population, with differences in disease manifestations, autoantibody profiles, and severity of disease expression by ethnicity.
Disease activity and fatigue in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Ringold Sarah , Ward Teresa M. , Wallace Carol A.
Published: November 2012

Objective

To examine the association between parent/proxy‐ and child‐reported fatigue and disease activity in children with polyarticular, extended oligoarticular, and persistent oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).

Methods

We enrolled a cross‐sectional cohort of 309 children recruited from the Seattle Children's Hospital rheumatology clinic from 2009–2011. Parents and children completed the PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scales. The parent/proxy, child, and/or physician provided additional disease activity data at each clinic visit, including active joint count, pain, and the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (C‐HAQ). Disease activity was dichotomized as active or inactive using the American College of Rheumatology provisional criteria for clinically inactive disease. The Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (JADAS) was also calculated. Linear regression was used to examine the associations between fatigue and disease activity.

Results

Associations among fatigue, clinically inactive disease, and the JADAS were not statistically significant after controlling for pain. In the multivariable models of fatigue, the C‐HAQ and parent/child‐reported disease activity were significantly associated with fatigue; however, only the C‐HAQ remained significantly associated after adjustment for pain. The C‐HAQ and parent/child‐reported disease activity explained 17% and 30% of the variance in fatigue for the parent/proxy‐ and child‐reported multivariable models, respectively.

Conclusion

In this cohort, functional ability, as measured by the C‐HAQ, was significantly associated with fatigue. Child‐ and parent/proxy‐reported pain were important confounders of the relationship between fatigue and disease activity. Routinely incorporating pain and fatigue into interventional and observational trials of JIA will enable better delineation of the relationships between these variables.
Perception and presentation of function in patients with unilateral versus bilateral knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Marmon Adam R. , Zeni Joseph A. , Snyder‐Mackler Lynn
Published: November 2012

Objective

Lower extremity functional performance and perception of functional abilities influence clinical management in people diagnosed with unilateral or bilateral knee osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this study was to determine if there were differences in perception of function and performance during functional tasks between individuals with unilateral and bilateral knee OA.

Methods

The functional abilities of patients with symptomatic and radiographic diagnosed unilateral (n = 84) or bilateral (n = 68) knee OA were evaluated with self‐report measures and performance‐based tests. Self‐report measures included the Knee Outcome Survey, the Global Rating Scale, and the physical component of the Short Form 36 health survey; functional tests included the Timed Up‐and‐Go Test, the Stair Climbing Test, and the 6‐Minute Walk Test. Multivariate analyses of variance were performed separately for men and women to determine if perception (self‐report measures) and performance (functional tests) were dependent on the number of involved knees.

Results

No significant main effects were observed in functional performance between groups for either sex. Similarly, the perception measures did not differ between groups. In general, individuals diagnosed with unilateral and bilateral knee OA both performed functional tasks and perceived their functional ability similarly.

Conclusion

Regardless of the number of involved knees, individuals with knee OA perform and perceive their functional ability similarly, which suggests that clinicians need to consider other factors, such as how long the disease has been progressing or how functional abilities have changed, when treating patients with knee OA.
Risk Factors for Progression in Hand Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kwok W. Y. , Plevier J. W. M. , Rosendaal F. R. , Huizinga T. W. J. , Kloppenburg M.
Published: November 2012

Objective

To assess the risk factors for progression of hand osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

In a systematic review of cohort studies, medical literature databases were searched up to May 2012 for articles reporting data on the association between risk factors and hand OA progression. The quality of these studies was assessed by 2 independent reviewers using a criteria scoring system of 16 items, and studies were dichotomized into those with scores of 69% or over and those with scores under 69%. Best evidence synthesis was used to determine the level of evidence per risk factor.

Results

In total, 14 articles that fulfilled the selection criteria were included, of which 8 were high quality. The most frequently investigated risk factors were age, sex, radiographic features (e.g., erosive OA), and scintigraphy. Progression was mostly defined by radiographic criteria, but also clinical progression as an outcome was described. Most of the investigated risk factors showed limited or inconclusive evidence for an association with hand OA progression. Limited evidence according to the best evidence synthesis with most available studies was present for the association between a positive scintigraphic scan and radiographic progression (up to 2.8 times more progression than negative joints).

Conclusion

Limited evidence is available for a positive association between an abnormal scintigraphic scan and radiographic hand OA progression. These data suggest that a positive scintigraphic scan as an inclusion criterion for studies that aim to show structural modification can increase the power of such studies. Future longitudinal studies with a well‐defined baseline population are needed to search for risk factors of hand OA progression.
Congenital high airway obstruction sequence (CHAOS): A new case and a review of phenotypic features
Authors: Sanford Erica , Saadai Payam , Lee Hanmin , Slavotinek Anne
Published: November 2012

Congenital high airway obstruction sequence (CHAOS) has traditionally been defined as airway obstruction with ultrasound evidence of distal airway dilatation, expanded lungs, ascites, and hydrops. It can result from aplasia or intrinsic obstruction to the formation of the upper airway (larynx and trachea) during development. CHAOS is commonly sporadic and there is no known causative gene. In this comprehensive review on CHAOS, we examined 117 reported cases of this sequence and describe a new case. Malformations in addition to high airway obstruction were present in 64/118 (54.2%) of patients. The most frequent anomalies affected the digits and musculoskeletal system, but there was no distinct phenotype or characteristic dysmorphic appearance associated with CHAOS. The ex utero intrapartum therapy (EXIT) procedure has greatly improved survival for these patients and 36/118 (30.5%) were alive at the time of reporting. Only 2 patients out of 12 who underwent laryngotracheoplasty were tracheostomy‐free at the time of their reporting. Six out of 13 were able to produce some speech. Our review provides valuable information on associated anomalies and survival in this complex sequence. The phenotypic variability seen in this review of patients makes it likely that the causes of CHAOS are genetically heterogeneous. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
1.15 Mb microdeletion in chromosome band 20p13 associated with moderate developmental delay—Additional case and data's review
Authors: Jezela‐Stanek Aleksandra , Kucharczyk Marzena , Pelc Magdalena , Gutkowska Anna , Krajewska‐Walasek Małgorzata
Published: November 2012

We report on a 9‐year‐old girl with subtelomeric 20p microdeletion. She was referred for genetic counseling because of learning difficulties/school problems. During the evaluation short stature, hypoplastic fingernails, submucous cleft palate with cleft uvula, flat feet, and frequent upper respiratory infections, as well as the large fontanelle after birth were observed. No facial dysmorphic features specific for chromosomal aberrations were present. The diagnosis of deletion of 20p13 was established by MLPA, and delineated by arrayCGH. Our report describes the third individual with this approximate deletion, and presents detailed molecular and phenotypic characteristics providing new data supporting future genotype–phenotype study. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Erratum: Association of CRHR1 and CRHR2 with major depressive disorder and panic disorder in a Japanese population
Authors: Ishitobi Yoshinobu , Nakayama Shinya , Yamaguchi Kana , Kanehisa Masayuki , Higuma Haruka , Maruyama Yoshihiro , Ninomiya Taiga , Okamoto Shizuko , Tanaka Yoshihiro , Tsuru Jusen , Hanada Hiroaki , Isogawa Koichi , Akiyoshi Jotaro
Published: November 2012

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and panic disorder (PD) are common and disabling medical disorders with stress and genetic components. Dysregulation of the stress response of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, including the corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH) signaling via primary receptors (CRHR1 and CRHR2), is considered to play a major role for onset and recurrence in MDD and PD. To confirm the association of CRHR1 and CRHR2 with MDD and PD, we investigated 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs4076452, rs7209436, rs110402, rs242924, rs242940, and rs173365 for CRHR1 and rs4722999, rs3779250, rs2267710, rs1076292, rs2284217, and rs226771 for CRHR2) in MDD patients (n = 173), PD patients (n = 180), and healthy controls (n = 285). The SNP rs110402 and rs242924 in the CRHR1 gene and the rs3779250 in the CRHR2 gene were associated with MDD. The SNP rs242924 in the CRHR1 gene was also associated with PD. The T–A–T–G–G haplotype consisting of rs7209436 and rs173365 in CRHR1 was positively associated with MDD. The T–A haplotype consisting of rs7209436 and rs110402 in CRHR1 was positively associated with MDD. The C–C haplotype consisting of rs4722999 and rs3779250 in CRHR2 was associated with PD. These results provide support for an association of CRHR1 and CRHR2 with MDD and PD. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative study of regional homogeneity in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder
Authors: Chen Jun , Xu Yong , Zhang Kerang , Liu Zhifen , Xu Cheng , Shen Yan , Xu Qi
Published: November 2012

Compelling evidence suggests that there is a considerable overlap in structural and functional alternation in the brain between different neuropsychiatric disorders. However, whether these overlaps are specific for schizophrenia has yet to be investigated. A total of 36 patients with paranoid schizophrenia, 43 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), and 44 healthy controls were recruited to undergo resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI) for analysis of regional homogeneity (ReHo). Twelve regions of interest (ROIs) in the frontal and temporal lobes were generated and one‐way ANOVA was performed to test the ReHo differences within these ROIs between the above three groups. The ReHo values within ROIs were extracted to investigate whether a left‐right asymmetry existed in a mental disorder. One‐way ANOVA showed significant differences in ReHo in the right superior frontal gyrus and left superior temporal gyrus; post hoc analysis revealed that schizophrenic patients had lower ReHo in the left superior temporal gyrus than either control subjects or patients with MDD. Increased ReHo was observed in the right superior frontal gyrus in schizophrenic patients compared with control subjects, and a left‐less‐than‐right asymmetry was also found in this region in schizophrenic patients. The above alterations in ReHo were not affected by age and genders. Our study suggests that the altered ReHo in the superior frontal and temporal gyrus may be specific for schizophrenia rather than MDD. A left‐less‐than‐right asymmetry activation pattern may exist in the resting‐state superior frontal gyrus in schizophrenia. This finding would be helpful for better understanding the pathological mechanisms of schizophrenia. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
External Regulation of Controlled Polymerizations
Authors: Leibfarth Frank A. , Mattson Kaila M. , Fors Brett P. , Collins Hazel A. , Hawker Craig J.
Published: November 2012

Polymer chemists, through advances in controlled polymerization techniques and reliable post‐functionalization methods, now have the tools to create materials of almost infinite variety and architecture. Many relevant challenges in materials science, however, require not only functional polymers but also on‐demand access to the properties and performance they provide. The power of such temporal and spatial control of polymerization can be found in nature, where the production of proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides helps regulate multicomponent systems and maintain homeostasis. Here we review existing strategies for temporal control of polymerizations through external stimuli including chemical reagents, applied voltage, light, and mechanical force. Recent work illustrates the considerable potential for this emerging field and provides a coherent vision and set of criteria for pursuing future strategies for regulating controlled polymerizations.
Embryotoxicity of Psoralea corylifolia L.: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies
Authors: Xu Min , Tian Xiao Y. , Leung Kelvin S.‐Y. , Lee Kam C. , Chow Tak C. , Deng Bin , Yiu Chi M. , Chow Chi I. , Zhao Zhong Z. , Yang Zhi J. , Fun Fong W. , Xiao Ting T. , Xu Wei , Deng Ping X.
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUND

Psoralea corylifolia L. (PC) was commonly used to treat miscarriages clinically. The aim of this study was to examine its embryotoxicity in mice and embryonic stem cells (ESCs).

METHODS

Quality control of PC extract including reference marker compounds, pesticide residues, and heavy metals was authenticated with HPLC, Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), and inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry. Pregnant mice were randomly assigned into five groups and dosed with distilled water (G1), PC extract of 2 (G2), 4 (G3), or 8 g/kg/day (G4), and vitamin A (G5). Meanwhile, half maximal inhibitory concentration values for ESCs and 3T3 cells were identified in a cytotoxicity assay, and apoptosis in neuroepithelium was assessed by transmission electron microscopy.

RESULTS

In the G4 group, a statistically significant decrease in the total fetus, live fetus, and gravid uterine weight, and increase in the resorbed fetus, postimplantation loss, and neuroepithelial apoptosis as well as maternal liver‐weight were found (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

PC extracts at 8 g/kg/day might cause fetal toxicity and maternal liver damage in mice, although it did not cause typical malformation and ESC's cytotoxicity in this experiment. Our data suggested that high dosage and long‐term administration of PC preparations may not be safe for pregnant women.
4,10‐Dibromoanthanthrone as a New Building Block for p‐Type, n‐Type, and Ambipolar π‐Conjugated Materials
Authors: Giguère Jean‐Benoît , Verolet Quentin , Morin Jean‐François
Published: November 2012

New p‐type, n‐type, and ambipolar molecules were synthesized from commercially available 4,10‐dibromoanthanthrone dye. Substitution at the 4,10‐ and 6,12‐positions with different electron‐rich and electron‐poor units allowed the modulation of the optoelectronic properties of the molecules. A bis(dicyanovinylene)‐functionalized compound was also prepared with a reduction potential as low as −50 mV versus Ag+ with a crystalline two‐dimensional lamellar packing arrangement. These characteristics are important prerequisites for air‐stable n‐type organic field‐effect transistor applications.
Hot Water‐Promoted SN1 Solvolysis Reactions of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols
Authors: Xu Zhao‐Bing , Qu Jin
Published: November 2012

During the studies of hydrolysis of epoxides in water, we found that the hydrolysis of (−)‐α‐pinene oxide at 20 °C gave enantiomerically pure trans‐(−)‐sobrerol, whereas the same reaction in water heated at reflux unexpectedly gave a racemic mixture of trans‐ and cis‐sobrerol (trans/cis=6:4). We have examined this remarkable difference in detail and found that hot water, whose behavior is quite different compared with room‐ or high‐temperature water, could promote SN1 solvolysis reactions of allylic alcohols and thus caused the racemization of trans‐(−)‐sobrerol. The effect of reaction temperature, the addition of organic co‐solvent, and the concentration of the solute on the rate of the racemization of trans‐(−)‐sobrerol were further examined to understand the role that hot water played in the reaction. It was proposed that the catalytic effects of hot water are owing to its mild acidic characteristic, thermal activation, high ionizing power, and better solubility of organic reactant. Further investigation showed that the racemization of other chiral allylic/benzylic alcohols could efficiently proceed in hot water.
Management of the unholy trinity diabetes–obesity–hypertension (diabesotension)
Authors: Sharabi Yehonatan
Published: November 2012

Diabetes, obesity and hypertension are common conditions and their concurrence is more common than would have been expected: 15% of the developed world suffer from the triad of “diabesotension”. The pathophysiology involves characteristic neurohormonal profiles that collectively suggest the consideration of diabesotension as a distinct clinical entity. Diabesotensive patients have double the risk of suffering from the micro and macrovascular complications of each of the conditions alone. Therefore, it is critical to reduce their overall risk and provide them with special attention. Studies have shown that the number needed to treat in diabesotension is lower compared to non‐obese. Appropriate treatment goals should be set. With regards to hypertension, recent clinical trials point to 130‐135/80‐85 mmHg. Lifestyle modifications are critical, therefore DASH and Mediterranean diet should be recommended along with a physical training program. Weight reduction strategies often fail and bariatric surgery should be considered. All antihypertensive drug‐classes are adequate to treat uncomplicated diabesotension and it is not mandatory to include RAAS blockers as first‐line therapy. However, as second line, for high risk patients and patients with nephropathy – a RAAS blocker is indicated. Combination therapy is almost always prescribed in the course of the disease. In the absence of compelling indications, a RAAS blocker with a calcium‐channels blocker is preferred as it provides benefits beyond blood pressure control. Resistant hypertension is common, and secondary causes should be looked for, particularly sleep apnea. A novel procedure such as renal denervation is a promising option due to its antihypertensive and metabolic benefits.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Areneruthenium(II) Complexes Containing Bispyrazolylmethane Ligands: Effect of the Ligand Substituents on the Formation of an Isomer and on the Fluxional Behaviour
Authors: Carrión M. Carmen , Sepúlveda Francisco , Jalón Félix A. , Manzano Blanca R. , Rodríguez Ana M.
Published: November 2012

Ruthenium derivatives of the type [RuCl(arene)(NN)][BPh4] (arene = benzene, 1; p‐cymene, 2) with NN = 2‐methoxyphenyl‐bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)methane (bpz*mArOCH3) have been synthesized and characterized. Two isomers were formed for both complexes and in each case the aryl ring was bonded to the methynic carbon with an axial disposition in the metallacycle. In the complexes either the chloro ligand (isomer A) or the arene (isomer B′) is oriented towards the pyrazolyl rings. Isomer B′ is reported here for the first time for these types of derivatives. The structure of 1 was determined by X‐ray diffraction and corresponds to isomer A. The fluxional behaviour of the new derivatives, along with that of other compounds previously synthesized by us that contain similar ligands, has been studied to evaluate the influence of the substitution in the pyrazolyl groups and in the aryl substituent of the central methynic carbon. Restricted rotation of the rings was found in complexes 1 and 2 and atropisomers were detected at low temperature. Complexes 1 and 2 were active precursors for the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of benzophenone with 2‐propanol as the hydrogen source in the presence of base and also under base‐free conditions. The results were compared with those obtained for other related derivatives. It was concluded that the simultaneous presence of the methyl and methoxy groups on the pyrazolyl and aryl rings, respectively, gives rise to worse results for the reactions with a base but an improvement was found for the reactions carried out in the absence of base.
A Polyoxometalate Containing Circular {P5W30} Units and Cubic {Cu4} Clusters
Authors: Huang Ling , Cheng Lin , Wang Sa‐Sa , Fang Wei‐Hui , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: November 2012

A polyoxometalate (POM) based on the assembly of [P5W30O110]15– ({P5W30}) units and copper ions, {(H5P5W30O110)2[(en)4Cu4(μ3‐OH)3(μ‐H2O)]2}[Cu(en)2]4[Cu(H2O)3]·12H2O (en = ethylenediamine) (1), has been made under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and power XRD; saturated {P5W30} was used as the precursor to make the new POM. POM 1 is the first 3D {P5W30}‐based POM linked by late transition metal copper complex ions, and it also features the rarely seen linkages of the saturated {P5W30} units and [Cu4(μ3‐OH)3(μ‐H2O)] ({Cu4}) clusters. In the structure of 1, the {P5W30} units and {Cu4} clusters are alternately linked to form dimeric units and are further connected by two kinds of [Cu(en)2]2+ complex bridges, which results in the 3D framework.
Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Undecaarylcorroles and the First Undecaarylcorrole Free Base
Authors: Gao Di , Canard Gabriel , Giorgi Michel , Balaban Teodor Silviu
Published: November 2012

The Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction of copper β‐octabromo‐meso‐triarylcorroles with arylboronic acids led to various copper peraryl‐substituted corroles 4a–c, 5a–c, and 6a–c. The crystal structures of complexes 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, and 6c show that their saddling dihedral angles strongly depend on the nature of the meso substituents, whereas the β‐aryl substituents induce a significant redshift of their UV/Vis absorption maxima. Copper corrole 5c was successfully demetalated to produce the corresponding undecaarylcorrole free base 7. The crystal structure of 7 revealed that the introduction of 11 bulky aryl groups on the corrole ring did not produce unusual distortions in the macrocycle of the free base.
Synthesis of Aryl and Arylmethyl Phosphonates by Cross‐Coupling of Aryl or Arylmethyl Halides (X = I, Br and Cl) with Diisopropyl H‐Phosphonate
Authors: Xu Kai , Hu Hao , Yang Fan , Wu Yangjie
Published: November 2012

An efficient and generally applicable protocol for the palladacycle‐catalysed arylation or K2CO3‐promoted arylmethylation of diisopropyl H‐phosphonate has been developed. The remarkable features of the palladacycle‐catalysed arylation reaction include wide substrate scope (aryl iodides, bromides and chlorides), significant shortening of the reaction time (2 or 3 h) and a low catalyst loading of 1 mol‐%. Note that with the base K2CO3 as promoter, arylmethylation could be achieved without any palladium catalyst. Moreover, the first example of a palladium‐catalysed phosphonation of inactive electron‐rich aryl chlorides with tBuOK as the base has been realized. This result could be considered an important improvement and complement to earlier work of Montchamp and Han, whose catalytic systems are typically compatible with electron‐deficient and electron‐neutral aryl chlorides.
All‐Solid‐State pH Sensor Used in Oil Drilling Mud
Authors: Lorant Stéphanie , Bohnke Odile , Brévière Jérôme , Bohnke Claude
Published: November 2012

A new all‐solid‐state pH sensor combining an Ion‐Selective Electrode (ISE) for pH measurements and an all‐solid‐state reference electrode using a lithium ion conducting ceramic is presented. The use of a liquid internal reference in commercialized pH and reference electrodes leads to important drawbacks that considerably limit their use for in‐situ measurements. The manufacturing and properties of an all‐solid‐state reference electrode made of the ceramic Li0.3La0.57TiO3 (LLTO) and an all‐solid‐state pH microelectrode are described. Both electrodes are combined to prepare an all‐solid‐state pH sensor which can be used in different applications such as medicine, food industry or oil or water drilling industries.
Determination of Xenoestrogenic Compounds Using a Nanostructured Biosensing Device
Authors: Gurban Ana‐Maria , Rotariu Lucian , Marinescu Virgil Emanuel , Bala Camelia
Published: November 2012

A ternary composite material based on Prussian blue, single‐walled carbon nanotubes and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate was prepared and tested for electrochemical detection of H2O2. The sensor allows amperometric detection of H2O2 at −0.05 V, with a sensitivity of 137 mA M−1⋅cm−2. The nanocomposite provides a favorable microenvironment for immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Determination of xenoestrogenic compounds was performed by enzymatic oxidation at the surface of modified screen printed biosensor in the presence of H2O2. The developed electrochemical biosensors exhibited high sensitivity, low detection limits, good operational and storage stability, for detection of 4‐t‐butylphenol, 4‐t‐octylphenol, 4‐n‐nonylphenol and 4‐n‐nonylphenol ethoxylate.
The Role of PANI/Nafion on the Performance of ORR in Gas Diffusion Electrodes of PEM Fuel Cell
Authors: Gharibi Hussein , Faraji Monireh , Kheirmand Mehdi
Published: November 2012

In this work, gas diffusion electrodes were fabricated from Nafion and polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers. The goal of this work was to find the optimal combination of Nafion and polyaniline in gas diffusion electrodes. The electrodes were evaluated for oxygen reduction reaction effectiveness, and their electrochemical properties were investigated by using electrochemical techniques, and PEM single cell. The results revealed that electrodes containing both Nafion and polyaniline worked more efficiently than electrodes containing either Nafion or polyaniline only. The optimum combination is noted as 0.6 mg/cm2 PANI and 0.4 mg/cm2 Nafion.
Voltammetric Determination of Acibenzolar‐S‐Methyl Using a Renewable Silver Amalgam Film Electrode
Authors: Guziejewski Dariusz , Brycht Mariola , Skrzypek Sławomira , Nosal‐Wiercińska Agnieszka , Ciesielski Witold
Published: November 2012

Acibenzolar‐S‐methyl (ASM) is a novel fungicide applied for crop protection. A renewable silver amalgam film electrode was used for the determination of ASM in pH 3.4 BrittonRobinson buffer using square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SW AdSV). The parameters of the method were optimized. The electroanalytical procedure made possible to determine ASM in the concentration range of 5×10−8–3×10−7 mol L−1 (LOD=4.86×10−9, LOQ=1.62×10−8 mol L−1). The effect of common interfering pesticides and heavy metal ions was checked. The validated method was applied in ASM determination in spiked water samples.
Posttranslational oxidative modification of (R)‐2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)propionate/α‐ketoglutarate‐dependent dioxygenases (RdpA) leads to improved degradation of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4‐D)
Authors: Leibeling Sabine , Maeß Marten B. , Centler Florian , Kleinsteuber Sabine , von Bergen Martin , Thullner Martin , Harms Hauke , Müller Roland H.
Published: November 2012

Microbial activities and the versatility gained through adaptation to xenobiotic compounds are the main biological forces to counteract environmental pollution. The current results present a new adaptive mechanism that is mediated through posttranslational modifications. Strains of Delftia acidovorans incapable of growing autochthonously on 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4‐D) were cultivated in a chemostat on 2,4‐D in the presence of (R)‐2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)propionate. Long‐term cultivation led to enhanced 2,4‐D degradation, as demonstrated by improved values of the Michaelis–Menten constant Km for 2,4‐D and the catalytic efficiency kcat/Km of the initial degradative key enzyme (R)‐2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)propionate/α‐ketoglutarate‐dependent dioxygenases (RdpA). Analyses of the rdpA gene did not reveal any mutations, indicating a nongenetic mechanism of adaptation. 2‐DE of enzyme preparations, however, showed a series of RdpA forms varying in their pI. During adaptation increased numbers of RdpA variants were observed. Subsequent immunoassays of the RdpA variants showed a specific reaction with 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), characteristic of carbonylation modifications. Together these results indicate that posttranslational carbonylation modified the substrate specificity of RdpA. A model was implemented explaining the segregation of clones with improved degradative activity within the chemostat. The process described is capable of quickly responding to environmental conditions by reversibly adapting the degradative potential to various phenoxyalkanoate herbicides.
Utility stocks poised to fall off the dividend tax cliff?
Authors: Scheig Gregory E.
Published: November 2012

For investors, one of the most pressing questions is whether the recent presidential election and the pending expiration of Bush‐era tax cuts will result in higher dividend taxes. At the end of this year, the tax changes made in 2002 and 2003 will expire, and if Congress does not act, the tax code will revert to what it was prior to those changes, with significantly higher tax rates for dividend income and capital gains. In 2003, the tax code was altered to bring the tax rate on dividend income down to 15 percent, to match the tax rate on capital gains. For high‐income investors, the rates on dividends are expected to revert to 40 percent and the rates on capital gains to 20 percent.
State regulation: Regulatory risks in tight oil and gas development
Authors: Wiseman Hannah
Published: November 2012

The discovery of “tight” gas and oil resources—reserves in low‐permeability shales, tight sandstones, and coalbeds below US soils1—is not new. Indeed, the Railroad Commission of Texas sets 1981 as the field discovery date for the Barnett Shale, one of the most productive low‐permeability formations developed so far.2 Only recently, however, have oil and gas operators produced these resources in quantities sufficient to force them to the forefront of the US energy picture. As natural gas production, in particular, has expanded, prices have dropped, and gas has become a more prominent fuel for electricity generation.3
Public relations: Managing NIMBY issues before they manage you
Authors: Severson Gary
Published: November 2012

Those who are responsible for siting and permitting site‐specific or linear facilities are well aware that in today's environment of regulatory requirements, polarized politics, and litigation, citizen opposition to proposed projects can be daunting. Determined citizens have successful track records of delaying projects, driving up project costs, and blocking projects that are technically sound and necessary. To relegate the causes of citizen opposition to a few selfish people who do not want the project in their backyards is to miss the crux of grassroots citizen activism.
Executive functioning in individuals with schizophrenia and/or cocaine dependence
Authors: Benaiges Irina , Serra‐Grabulosa Josep Maria , Prat Gemma , Adan Ana
Published: November 2012

Objective

Although little is known about neurocognition in Dual Diagnosis, it has been suggested that Schizophrenia (SZ) patients with comorbid substance use belong to a subgroup with lower genetic vulnerability to develop SZ and, consequently, they show better executive and social premorbid functioning. The first aim of this study was to assess the executive functioning, and the second one was to explore the effect of age of onset of substance use in neurocognition in SZ patients with cocaine dependence.

Methods

The total sample consisted of 95 male patients, aged 20 to 60 years, divided in three groups: one group with SZ and cocaine dependence (SZ+; n = 30), another group with SZ without cocaine dependence (SZ−; n = 30), and a control group with cocaine dependence without psychiatric comorbidity (COC; n = 35).

Results

We found a better executive functioning in both SZ+ and COC than SZ−. We observed a worse performance of SZ+ patients compared with COC in cognitive set‐shifting regardless the age of onset of consumption.

Conclusions

The results agree with the hypothesis of a lower genetic vulnerability in SZ+ patients to develop psychosis compared with SZ−, who develop it without any additional trigger. However, future research is needed to clarify the current knowledge gaps. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
COMPETITION AND CASCADES IN MARKETS: AN AGENT‐BASED MODEL OF ENDOGENOUS MERGERS
Authors: Zedan Camillia , Ianni Antonella , Bullock Seth
Published: November 2012

We present an agent‐based model of endogenous merger formation in a market with turnover of market participants. We describe the dynamics of the model and identify the conditions under which market competition is sufficiently disrupted to prompt extended periods during which mergers are desirable. We also demonstrate how merger waves can be triggered by industry shocks and firm overconfidence. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of Human MDR1 and BCRP Transporter ATPase Activity by Organochlorine and Pyrethroid Insecticides
Authors: Bircsak Kristin M. , Richardson Jason R. , Aleksunes Lauren M.
Published: November 2012

Despite the growing evidence suggesting that pesticides contribute to chronic diseases, there is a limited understanding of how these chemicals are removed from cells and whether pesticides can alter the disposition of drugs. The present study examined the effects of two classes of insecticides (organochlorine and pyrethroid) on the ATPase activity of the human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) efflux transporters. Using plasma membranes from cells overexpressing MDR1 and BCRP, it was demonstrated that the organochlorine pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (o,p'‐DDT and p,p'‐DDT isomers) as well as its metabolite (p,p'‐dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane), inhibit both MDR1 and BCRP ATPase activity. In addition, p,p'‐dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, and two pyrethroid pesticides inhibited BCRP ATPase activity between 4 and 7 μM. Additional research is necessary to further characterize the functional inhibition of MDR1 and BCRP activity and determine whether pesticides alter the transporter‐mediated disposition of other chemicals. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J BiochemMol Toxicol 27:157‐164, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.21458