bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A modular laboratory course using planarians to study genes involved in tissue regeneration
Authors: Ochoa Stacy D. , Dores Michael R. , Allen John M. , Tran Tuan , Osman Maryan , Vázquez Castellanos Nidia P. , Trejo JoAnn , Zayas Ricardo M.
Published: June 2019

Undergraduate research experiences are excellent opportunities to engage students in science alongside experienced scientists, but at large institutions, it is challenging to accommodate all students. To address and engage a larger number of students, we developed a modular laboratory course based on the course‐based undergraduate research experiences model. This new course was integrated with the scientific aims of a research laboratory studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tissue regeneration in planarians. In this course, students were asked to identify genes with roles in planarian biology. Students analyzed and cloned an assigned gene, determined its expression pattern in situ and examined its function in regeneration. Additionally, we developed critical thinking and scientific communication skills by incorporating activities focused on critical concepts. Students obtained high quality primary data and were successful in completing and mastering the course learning outcomes. They benefitted by developing basic research skills, learning to perform, trouble‐shooting experiments, reading and critically analyzing primary literature, and using the information to defend and explain their experimental results. Through this course, students also increased their confidence and ability to perform independent scientific research. The course was designed to make it accessible to the community to implement and adapt as appropriate in diverse institutions. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(5):547–559, 2019.
Business case of corporate social responsibility: A case study on Columbia Garments Limited in Bangladesh
Authors: Akterujjaman S.M. , Saha Swapan Kumar , Hossain Md. Arafat
Published: June 2019

This paper provides insight into the business case of corporate social responsibility (CSR) at Columbia Garments Limited in Bangladesh. Therefore, the study analyses how CSR practices have resulted in an increased financial and nonfinancial performance of this factory. Qualitative data were collected from primary sources through observation and in‐depth interview with the key person who is directly involved with CSR planning and implementation in the company. Secondary data were collected from annual reports, books, articles, periodicals of different domestic, and international agencies. Based on these considerations, a questionnaire and an interview were used as data collection methods. The result showed that the overall cost of the organization increased because of CSR implementation, but the company benefited financially in the long run through reduced labor turnover rate, increased workers' efficiency, increased audit quality, enhanced productivity, and motivated employees.
Pericardial tamponade due to erosion of a Figulla Flex II device after closure of an atrial septal defect
Authors: Abe Tadaaki , Tsukano Shinya , Tosaka Yuko
Published: June 2019

We present a case of an 8‐year‐old boy suffering from sudden‐onset severe chest pain and cardiogenic shock due to cardiac tamponade caused by erosion of a Figulla Flex II device. His symptoms developed 4 days after transcatheter closure of an atrial septal defect. After emergent pericardiocentesis, surgery was performed to remove the device, close the atrial septal defect, and repair the laceration in the anterior‐superior wall of the right atrium and the perforation on the aortic wall adjacent to the right atrial free wall perforation site. All surgical procedures were successful, and the patient was discharged without sequelae. Although there have been few reports on the erosion of this flexible device, a lethal complication can occur when the right‐sided disc of the oversized device impinges perpendicularly on the aortic wall.
Tris(2,2’‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)‐Nanomaterial Co‐Reactant Electrochemiluminescence
Authors: Chen Lichan , Wei Jingjing , Chi Yuwu , Zhou Shu‐Feng
Published: June 2019

Searching biocompatible electrochemiluminescence (ECL) co‐reactants for tris(2,2’‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+), a classical ECL reagent, has attracted extensive attention to expanding its analytical applications and improving sensing performances. Advances in nanomaterial science promote the discovery of novel co‐reactants and new enhancement mechanisms for Ru(bpy)32+ ECL. In this Minireview, we discuss the current progress in Ru(bpy)32+‐nanomaterial co‐reactant ECL with an emphasis on enhancement mechanisms and sensing strategies developed. Four kinds of nanomaterials for Ru(bpy)32+ ECL enhancement are classified into two groups, according to the working mechanisms and presented in the order of novelty. Perspectives on the promises and challenges facing this field are also discussed.
Improved Modeling of Peptidic Foldamers Using a Quantum Chemical Parametrization Based on Torsional Minimum Energy Path Matching
Authors: Wacha András , Beke‐Somfai Tamás , Nagy Tibor
Published: June 2019

The increasing interest in novel foldamer constructs demands an accurate computational treatment on an extensive timescale. However, it is still a challenge to derive a force field (FF) that can reproduce the experimentally known fold while also allowing the spontaneous exploration of other structures. Here, aiming at a realistic reproduction of backbone torsional barriers, the relevant proper dihedrals of acyclic β2‐, β3‐ and β2,3‐amino acids were added to the CHARMM FF and optimized using a novel, self‐consistent iterative procedure based on quantum chemical relaxed scans. The new FF was validated by molecular dynamics simulations on three acyclic peptides. While they resided most of the time in their preferred fold (>80 % in helices and >50 % in hairpin), they also visited other conformations. Owing to the CHARMM36m‐consistent parametrization, the proposed extension is suitable for exploring new foldamer structures and assemblies, and their interactions with diverse biomolecules.
High Resolution Imaging of Mouse Embryos and Neonates with X‐Ray Micro‐Computed Tomography
Authors: Hsu Chih‐Wei , Kalaga Sowmya , Akoma Uchechukwu , Rasmussen Tara L. , Christiansen Audrey E. , Dickinson Mary E.
Published: June 2019

Iodine‐contrast micro‐computed tomography (microCT) 3D imaging provides a non‐destructive and high‐throughput platform for studying mouse embryo and neonate development. Here we provide protocols on preparing mouse embryos and neonates between embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) to postnatal day 4 (P4) for iodine‐contrast microCT imaging. With the implementation of the STABILITY method to create a polymer‐tissue hybrid structure, we have demonstrated that not only is soft tissue shrinkage minimized but also the minimum required time for soft tissue staining with iodine is decreased, especially for E18.5 to P4 samples. In addition, we also provide a protocol on using commercially available X‐CLARITYTM hydrogel solution to create the similar polymer‐tissue hybrid structure on delicate early post‐implantation stage (E8.5 to E14.5) embryos. With its simple sample staining and mounting processes, this protocol is easy to adopt and implement for most of the commercially available, stand‐alone microCT systems in order to study mouse development between early post‐implantation to early postnatal stages. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exposure–Response Analyses of Upadacitinib Efficacy in Phase II Trials in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Basis for Phase III Dose Selection
Authors: Mohamed Mohamed‐Eslam F. , Klünder Ben , Camp Heidi S. , Othman Ahmed A.
Published: June 2019

The relationships between upadacitinib, an oral selective Janus kinase 1 inhibitor, plasma exposures, and its efficacy (assessed by the American College of Rheumatology 20%/50%/70% responses over time) in moderate‐to‐severe active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were characterized using data from 574 patients, on background methotrexate and inadequate response to methotrexate or anti‐TNF therapy, from two phase II trials conducted with twice‐daily dosing of an immediate‐release formulation. The developed time‐continuous Markov models were used to simulate efficacy of once‐daily (q.d.). regimens of upadacitinib extended‐release incorporating sources of uncertainty. Upadacitinib plasma concentrations associated with 15 and 30 mg extended‐release q.d. doses were predicted to achieve that plateau of response across RA subpopulations. Results from these analyses provided the rationale that supported selection and de‐risked evaluation of upadacitinib extended‐release doses for the first time in >4,000 patients in five large phase III trials.
The transition from amalgam to other restorative materials in the U.S. predoctoral pediatric dentistry clinics
Authors: Kateeb Elham T. , Warren John J.
Published: June 2019

Increased concerns about the safety of amalgam restorations in children have resulted in many dental schools emphasizing the teaching of alternative dental materials. This study investigated the current teaching of different dental materials for use in posterior teeth in the United States predoctoral pediatric dentistry programs. In 2011, the authors invited the chairs of the predoctoral pediatric dentistry departments in all accredited dental schools at that time (N = 57) to participate in an internet‐based survey. Descriptive statistics were calculated to describe the frequency of using different restorative materials. Regression models were developed to explore the factors related to the use of dental restorations in predoctoral pediatric clinics. Among the 44 dental schools that responded (77% response rate), 74% used amalgam, and 93% used composite in primary posterior teeth. Glass ionomer was used by 61% of the schools in primary posterior teeth. Placing amalgam in primary posterior teeth was associated with programs that treated more 3–5‐year‐old patients (β = .302, p < .043), whereas the use of glass ionomer was associated with having students serving at off‐site satellite dental clinics (β = .015, p < .012). In general, having departments with chairs who had positive attitudes towards Minimal Invasive Dentistry (MID) used composite (β = .091, p < .0001) and glass ionomer (β = 103, p < .0001) more frequently and were less likely to use amalgam (β = −.077, p < .005) in primary posterior teeth. Although teaching MID concepts in predoctoral pediatric clinics in dental schools is increasing, the use of amalgam in posterior primary and permanent teeth is still widely practiced.
Risk of death due to disease for thyroid fine‐needle aspirations of well‐differentiated thyroid carcinomas
Authors: Renshaw Andrew A. , Gould Edwin W.
Published: June 2019

The risk of malignancy for some diagnoses in thyroid fine‐needle aspirations is higher than the actual risk of clinical progression. Other measures of prognosis may be helpful in managing patients with indeterminate thyroid fine‐needle aspiration diagnoses. We estimated the risk of death due to disease (RDDD) for well‐differentiated thyroid carcinoma using a series of over 15 000 aspirates with over 2000 excisions and data from the SEER database. RDDD was low (1.3% or less for all categories). The RDDD of some indeterminate thyroid aspirates was higher than for malignant aspirates. The RDDD may provide additional information for patients and clinicians seeking to manage patients with indeterminate thyroid fine‐needle aspirates.
Microbial communities across a hillslope‐riparian transect shaped by proximity to the stream, groundwater table, and weathered bedrock
Authors: Lavy Adi , McGrath David Geller , Matheus Carnevali Paula B. , Wan Jiamin , Dong Wenming , Tokunaga Tetsu K. , Thomas Brian C. , Williams Kenneth H. , Hubbard Susan S. , Banfield Jillian F.
Published: June 2019

Watersheds are important suppliers of freshwater for human societies. Within mountainous watersheds, microbial communities impact water chemistry and element fluxes as water from precipitation events discharge through soils and underlying weathered rock, yet there is limited information regarding the structure and function of these communities. Within the East River, CO watershed, we conducted a depth‐resolved, hillslope to riparian zone transect study to identify factors that control how microorganisms are distributed and their functions. Metagenomic and geochemical analyses indicate that distance from the East River and proximity to groundwater and underlying weathered shale strongly impact microbial community structure and metabolic potential. Riparian zone microbial communities are compositionally distinct, from the phylum down to the species level, from all hillslope communities. Bacteria from phyla lacking isolated representatives consistently increase in abundance with increasing depth, but only in the riparian zone saturated sediments we found Candidate Phyla Radiation bacteria. Riparian zone microbial communities are functionally differentiated from hillslope communities based on their capacities for carbon and nitrogen fixation and sulfate reduction. Selenium reduction is prominent at depth in weathered shale and saturated riparian zone sediments and could impact water quality. We anticipate that the drivers of community composition and metabolic potential identified throughout the studied transect will predict patterns across the larger watershed hillslope system.
Phylogeography of Pulsatilla cernua (Ranunculaceae), a grassland species, in Japan
Authors: Takaishi Asuka , Kozhevnikov Andrey E. , Kozhevnikova Zoya V. , Ikeda Hajime , Fujii Noriyuki , Soejima Akiko
Published: June 2019

The genetic diversity and structure of Pulsatilla cernua, a continental‐grassland relict, were investigated using variations in chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and microsatellites of nuclear DNA. In the analyses of three cpDNA regions, 17 haplotypes were found in 24 populations of P. cernua from Japan, Korea, and Russia. Although the route and time of migration between the continent of Asia and Japan could not be well resolved, the cpDNA haplotype network suggests the existence of several ancient lineages in Japan and a recent secondary migration from Japan to the continent. Microsatellite analyses did not indicate genetic structure among the Japanese populations, indicating the existence of gene flow across the distribution area until recently. These results indicate that the present fragmentation of P. cernua in Japan may reflect a rapid, recent reduction from a previously large, continuous distribution.
Facile Synthesis of Highly Coking‐Resistant and Active Nickel‐Based Catalyst for Low‐Temperature CO2 Reforming of Methane
Authors: Kong Wenbo , Fu Yu , Guan Cairu , Pan Bingrong , Yuan Changkun , Li Shuqing , Cai Fufeng , Zhang Jun , Sun Yuhan
Published: June 2019

CO2 reforming of methane (DRM) represents a viable process to convert the two major greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) into high‐value syngas. Nickel‐based catalysts are effective and economical for such a reaction, but they are limited by deactivation owing to sintering and coking. In this work, a one‐pot hydrothermal method is presented, whereby highly stable nano‐sized Ni particles combined with a highly dispersed Ca promoter is implemented over Ca–Ni–SiO2. The so‐produced catalyst shows excellent performance for DRM at temperature as low as 550 °C, with no deactivation observed after a 20‐h catalytic run. Further characterizations demonstrate that the nickel silicate precursor produces sintering‐resistant Ni particles with an average diameter of 3.6 nm, harboring substantial active sites and with relatively active carbon species. In addition, the high dispersion of Ca promoter significantly increases the adsorption of CO2, which enhances the elimination of carbon deposition. Such a synergistic effect derived from small‐sized Ni active sites and basic promoter remarkably increases activity and stability of the catalyst, and inhibits carbon deposition, with only 0.6% deposited carbon formed.
Synthesis and characterization of a new phosphorus‐containing furan‐based epoxy curing agent as a flame retardant
Authors: Toan Mai , Park Ji‐Won , Kim Hyung‐Jun , Shin Seunghan
Published: June 2019

In this study, 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furfural (HMF) was used as a renewable resource for preparing an epoxy curing agent (furan‐based flame retardant, FBF), and a phosphorus‐containing functional group was also incorporated to enhance the flame retardancy of FBF. FBF was easily synthesized, and the total yield was 83%. 2‐Methyl imidazole was chosen as an accelerant to reduce the activation energy for the reaction of FBF with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). The DGEBA cured with FBF showed a low glass transition temperature and cross‐linking density compared with those of DGEBA cured with isophorondiamine (IPDA) and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). However, the FBF‐cured DGEBA exhibited a comparable tensile strength with that of the DGEBA‐IPDA and DGEBA‐DDM systems (81.96 MPa) and a significantly higher tensile modulus (1721 MPa) owing to the H‐bonding via oxygens of the phosphorus group of FBF in the network structure. The DGEBA cured with FBF showed a high char yield and a high limitation of oxygen index value (29.7%) compared with those of the IPDA‐ and DDM‐cured ones. The cone calorimeter measurement also showed that the DGEBA‐FBF system had a low heat release rate, total heat release, and smoke production rate, indicating the improved flame retardancy mediated by FBF.
Application of Membrane Reactor and PEMFC‐based Micro‐CHP System in Off‐grid Applications
Authors: Foresti S. , Manzolini G.
Published: June 2019

The performance of an innovative m‐CHP, rated at 5 kWel, is assessed at full and partial load. The system is powered by a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and hydrogen is produced via ethanol reforming in a membrane reactor. The membrane reactor selectivity may decrease with time and the separated hydrogen may contain other gases with penalties on cell voltage and system efficiency. To account for this aspect, the system is simulated at steady‐state conditions by 1D phenomenological models of the membrane reactor and the fuel cells stack, for different hydrogen purities and load fraction. The fuel cell efficiency is affected by the presence, at anode side, of CO and inert gases coming from the membrane reactor and from the cathode side by membrane electrode assembly (MEA) cross‐over, as well as by voltage decay over time.

Then the innovative micro‐combined heat and power (m‐CHP) system, coupled with a heat pump, and heat and electricity storage systems, is applied to two off‐grid houses, located in different climatic regions: it allows about 20% of fuel saving per year compared to a conventional m‐CHP based on an internal combustion engine. The fuel saving reduces to 15% in case of low‐purity hydrogen, and 10% in worst conditions with low‐purity hydrogen and degraded cells.
A spatio‐temporal cluster analysis of technical efficiency in the production of outpatient maternal health services and its structural correlates in México
Authors: Serván‐Mori Edson , Mendoza Miguel Ángel , Chivardi Carlos , Pineda‐Antúnez Carlos , Rodríguez‐Franco Roxana , Nigenda Gustavo
Published: June 2019

Objective

To analyze the formation of spatial clusters of technical efficiency (TE) in the production of outpatient maternal health services in México for the period 2008 to 2015.

Methods

We performed a longitudinal analysis of administrative and structural data related to the 243 Mexican health jurisdictions. We use window data envelopment analysis and spatial and econometric techniques. Structural correlates of each TE cluster obtained were identified estimating a pooled multinomial logit model.

Results

We observed an increase in the overall TE, accompanied by a reduction in its standard deviation. Furthermore, we identified positive TE spatial dependence both globally and locally. Multiple regression analysis showed that the maximum‐performance TE cluster was composed of health jurisdictions located in the North of México and characterized by social marginalization, a reduced indigenous population, and a low demand for maternal health services.

Conclusions

The identification of TE clusters can provide elements to induce decision makers to innovative in ways of allocating resources and manage their utilization. In México as other low‐ and middle‐income countries, it is key to develop targeting strategies to implement specific health services innovations putting to the population to be served at the front of the strategy. This implies testing new modalities to strengthen primary health services, the empowerment of community participation, the training and allocation of health personnel that could respond adequately to population's demand, and the active involvement of competent state and local authorities in the assessment of the results of these innovations.
Allergic sensitization among Danish infants at 13 months of age
Authors: Thøstesen Lisbeth M. , Kofoed Poul‐Erik
Published: June 2019

Background

Sensitization means elevated number of specific immunoglobulin E, either measured by skin prick test or in blood samples. Sensitization is associated with, but not synonymous with, allergic disease.

Methods

The Danish Calmette Study was conducted from 2012 to 2015 at three Danish hospitals, with the aim of exploring nonspecific effects of neonatal Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin vaccination. Participants at Kolding Hospital were invited to have a blood sample analyzed for allergic sensitization at 13 months of age. Telephone interviews gave information about allergic symptoms, and the children were examined for signs of atopic dermatitis at 3 and 13 months.

Results

Of the 1241 children included in the Danish Calmette Study in Kolding 1066 (86%) had a blood sample drawn, representing 36% of the invited families. The blood sample cohort had a relatively high percentage of atopic predisposition (66.6%) and most mothers had a medium or long education. We found 90 infants (8.4%) to be sensitized, with sensitization against food items (milk, egg, peanut, and hazelnut) being the most common. Atopic dermatitis was found in 19% of the children, and it was significantly associated with sensitization against egg, peanut, wheat, cat, and dog.

Conclusion

In a partly selected Danish cohort, sensitization was present in 8% at 13 months of age, especially sensitization against food items. Children with atopic dermatitis were significantly more sensitized (16.6%). However, most sensitized children did not have any allergic symptoms at this age.
Transcervical chorionic villus sampling in a low‐cost simulation model: Learning curve of maternal‐fetal medicine fellows in Mexico
Authors: Lumbreras‐Marquez Mario Isaac , Reyes‐Zamora Erick Jesus , Gallardo‐Gaona Juan Manuel , Velazquez‐Torres Berenice , Ramirez‐Calvo Jose Antonio , Camarena‐Cabrera Dulce Maria , Acevedo‐Gallegos Sandra
Published: June 2019

The implementation of a low‐cost simulation model and cumulative sum analysis enables training and monitoring of individual learning curves for transcervical chorionic villus sampling.
Use of Denosumab in Children With Osteoclast Bone Dysplasias: Report of Three Cases
Authors: Upfill‐Brown Alexander , Bukata Susan , Bernthal Nicholas M , Felsenfeld Alan L , Nelson Scott D , Singh Arun , Wesseling‐Perry Katherine , Eilber Fritz C , Federman Noah C
Published: June 2019

Denosumab has been used successfully to treat disease‐associated osteoclast overactivity, including giant cell tumor of bone. Given its mechanism of action, denosumab is a potent potential treatment of other osteoclast bone dysplasias including central giant cell granuloma (CGCG), aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC), and cherubism. Relatively little is known about the safety and efficacy of denosumab in patients with these conditions, especially in children. We report on 3 pediatric patients treated with denosumab over a 3‐year period at UCLA Medical Center (Los Angeles and Santa Monica, CA, USA): a 12‐year‐old with recurrent ABC of the pelvis, a 14‐year‐old with CGCG of the mandible, and a 12‐year‐old with cherubism. All were started on a 1‐year course of 15 doses 120 mg s.c., given monthly with two loading doses on day 8 and 15. All patients demonstrated rapid and pronounced clinical improvement while on denosumab, including a significant reduction in pain and sclerosis of lytic lesions on radiographs. Within 1 month of initiating therapy, 2 patients experienced hypocalcemia (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE] grade 2) and hypophosphatemia, with 1 patient experiencing symptoms. One patient went on to experience symptomatic rebound hypercalcemia (CTCAE grade 4) 5 months after completing therapy, requiring bisphosphonates and calcitonin. For the second patient, we developed a schedule to wean denosumab involving the progressive lengthening of time between doses from 1 to 4 months in 1‐month increments before cessation. We found that denosumab therapy results in significant clinical and radiographic improvement for pediatric patients with nonresectable ABC, CGCG, and cherubism. Problems with serum calcium may be more common in younger patients, with symptomatic and protracted rebound hypercalcemia after cessation of therapy the most significant. We present a potential solution to this problem with progressive spacing of doses. Potential serious adverse events from alterations in calcium homeostasis should be explored in prospective clinical trials. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The Impact of a Brief Bullying Bystander Intervention on Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Midgett Aida , Doumas Diana M.
Published: June 2019

The authors evaluated the impact of a brief bullying bystander intervention (STAC) on depressive symptoms among high school students using a randomized controlled design. Results of path analyses provided support for a mediational model in which the intervention was associated with an increase in sense of school belonging, which in turn was associated with a reduction in depressive symptoms. The authors discuss implications for high school counselors and counselors in other settings working with adolescents.
Interactive functions of microRNAs in the miR‐23a‐27a‐24‐2 cluster and the potential for targeted therapy in cancer
Authors: Cui Mengying , Yao Xiaoxiao , Lin Yang ,  Zhang Dan , Cui Ranji , Zhang Xuewen
Published: June 2019

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs about 19–22 nucleotides in length. Growing evidence has reported the significant role of miRNAs in various cancer‐associated biological processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, metabolism, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. However, most studies focus on the targets of some individual miRNAs; the interactive and global functions of diverse miRNAs are still unclear and the phenomenon of the gathering of miRNAs in clusters has always been ignored. On the other hand, the fact that a single miRNA may regulate many genes and that numerous mRNAs are regulated by the same miRNA also makes it imperative to further study the cooperating characteristics of miRNAs in cancer. MiR‐23a‐27a‐24‐2 is located in the human chromosome 9q22, forming three mature miRNAs: miR‐23a, miR27a, and miR‐24, which are expressed abnormally in many malignant tumors. This review aims to summarize the interactive functions of miRNAs in miR‐23a‐27a‐24‐2 clusters in cancer from the perspectives of the regulation network, tumor microenvironment, and targeted therapy.
Improvements in the South African HIV care cascade: findings on 90‐90‐90 targets from successive population‐representative surveys in North West Province
Authors: Lippman Sheri A , El Ayadi Alison M , Grignon Jessica S , Puren Adrian , Liegler Teri , Venter W D Francois , Ratlhagana Mary J , Morris Jessica L , Naidoo Evasen , Agnew Emily , Barnhart Scott , Shade Starley B
Published: June 2019

Introduction

To achieve epidemic control of HIV by 2030, countries aim to meet 90‐90‐90 targets to increase knowledge of HIV‐positive status, initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and viral suppression by 2020. We assessed the progress towards these targets from 2014 to 2016 in South Africa as expanded treatment policies were introduced using population‐representative surveys.

Methods

Data were collected in January to March 2014 and August to November 2016 in Dr. Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District, North West Province. Each multi‐stage cluster sample included 46 enumeration areas (EA), a target of 36 dwelling units (DU) per EA, and a single resident aged 18 to 49 per DU. Data collection included behavioural surveys, rapid HIV antibody testing and dried blood spot collection. We used weighted general linear regression to evaluate differences in the HIV care continuum over time.

Results

Overall, 1044 and 971 participants enrolled in 2014 and 2016 respectively with approximately 77% undergoing HIV testing. Despite increases in reported testing, known status among people living with HIV (PLHIV) remained similar at 68.7% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 60.9–75.6) in 2014 and 72.8% (95% CI = 63.6–80.4) in 2016. Men were consistently less likely than women to know their status. Among those with known status, PLHIV on ART increased significantly from 80.9% (95% CI = 71.9–87.4) to 91.5% (95% CI = 84.4–95.5). Viral suppression (<5000 copies/mL using DBS) among those on ART increased significantly from 55.0% (95% CI = 39.6–70.4) in 2014 to 81.4% (95% CI = 72.0–90.8) in 2016. Among all PLHIV an estimated 72.0% (95% CI = 63.8–80.1) of women and 45.8% (95% CI = 27.0–64.7) of men achieved viral suppression by 2016.

Conclusions

Over a period during which fixed‐dose combination was introduced, ART eligibility expanded, and efforts to streamline treatment were implemented, major improvements in the second and third 90‐90‐90 targets were achieved. Achieving the first 90 target will require targeted and improved testing models for men.
PrEP interest and HIV‐1 incidence among MSM and transgender women in coastal Kenya
Authors: Kimani Makobu , van der Elst Elise M , Chiro Oscar , Oduor Clifford , Wahome Elizabeth , Kazungu Winston , Shally Mahmud , Rinke de Wit Tobias F , Graham Susan M , Operario Don , Sanders Eduard J
Published: June 2019

Introduction

There is emerging data on HIV‐1 incidence among MSM in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), but no known estimate of HIV‐1 incidence among transgender women (TGW) in the region has yet been reported. We assessed HIV‐1 incidence and pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) interest in men who have sex with men exclusively (MSME), men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) and TGW in coastal Kenya.

Methods

HIV‐1‐seronegative individuals who had participated in an HIV testing study in 2016 were traced and retested in 2017 according to Kenyan guidelines. All participants were assigned male sex at birth and had male sex partners; additional data on gender identity and sexual orientation were obtained. We assessed the factors associated with HIV‐1 acquisition using Poisson regression and calculated HIV‐1 incidence in MSME, MSMW and TGW. PrEP interest was assessed through focus group discussions to characterize subcategories’ perceived PrEP needs.

Results

Of the 168 cohort participants, 42 were classified as MSME, 112 as MSMW and 14 as TGW. Overall, HIV‐1 incidence was 5.1 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.6 to 9.8) per 100 person‐years (PY): 4.5 (95% CI: 1.1 to 17.8] per 100 PY among MSME, 3.4 (95% CI: 1.3 to 9.1) per 100 PY among MSMW and 20.6 (95% CI: 6.6 to 63.8] per 100 PY among TGW. HIV‐1 acquisition was associated with exclusive receptive anal intercourse (aIRR 13.0, 95% CI 1.9 to 88.6), history of an STI in preceding six months (aIRR 10.3, 95% CI 2.2 to 49.4) and separated/divorced marital status (aIRR 8.2 (95%: 1.1 to 62.2). Almost all (98.8%) participants were interested in initiating PrEP. MSME and TGW felt that PrEP would lead to increases in condomless anal or group sex.

Conclusions

TGW had a very high HIV‐1 incidence compared with MSME and MSMW. Subcategories of MSM anticipated different PrEP needs and post‐PrEP risk behaviour. Further studies should assess if TGW may have been wrongly categorized as MSM in other HIV‐1 incidence studies in the region.
Heterogeneity of disease‐causing variants in the Swedish galactosemia population: Identification of 16 novel GALT variants
Authors: Ohlsson Annika , Hunt Mary , Wedell Anna , von Döbeln Ulrika
Published: June 2019

The aim was to determine disease‐causing variants in the GALT gene which codes for the enzyme galactose‐1‐phosphate uridylyltransferase. Loss of activity of this enzyme causes classical galactosemia—a life threatening, treatable disorder, included in the Swedish newborn screening program since 1967. A total of 66 patients with the disease are known in Sweden and 56 index patients were investigated. An additional two patients with Duarte galactosemia were included. The disease‐causing variants were identified in all patients. As reported from other countries only a few variants frequently recur in severe disease. The two variants p.(Gln188Arg) (c.563A>G) and p.(Met142Lys) (c.425T>A) are present in several index patients whereas the remaining are found in one to three patients each. The most common variant, p.(Gln188Arg), has an allele frequency of 51% in the cohort. A total of 16 novel variants were found among the 33 different variants in the cohort. Two of these are synonymous variants affecting splicing, demonstrating the importance of the evaluation of synonymous variants at the cDNA level. Concise sentence: Galactosemia is a rare disease in Sweden and the disease‐causing variants are heterogenous including two synonymous variants.
Energy Balance and Nutrition Status: A Prospective Assessment of Patients Undergoing Liver Transplantation
Authors: Ribeiro Helem Sena , Coury Nayhara Castro , de Vasconcelos Generoso Simone , Lima Agnaldo Soares , Correia Maria Isabel Toulson Davisson
Published: June 2019

Background

Energy balance (EB) and its relation to nutrition status throughout the perioperative period of liver transplantation (LTx) patients has been poorly reported in the literature, and this is the primary objective of the current study.

Methods

A prospective observational study was conducted with patients undergoing LTx, who were assessed before and after the operation. Resting energy expenditure, total energy expenditure (TEE), dietary intake, and EB were evaluated, as well as anthropometry, handgrip strength, and standard phase angle (SPA). The presence of complications after the operation, length of intensive care unit and hospital stay, and death were registered. A P‐value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The average age was 54.1 ± 11.5 years; 79.3% of the patients were male, and the mean model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) score was 16.7 ± 4.6. Negative EB was seen in 71.4% and 77.8% of patients before and after LTx, respectively. Food intake further decreased after the operation, leading to a significantly more negative EB. The prevalence of malnutrition ranged from 17.2% to 57.7% pretransplantation and 30.8% to 86.4% postoperatively, according to the different methods used. Increased preoperative TEE (0.040) and age (0.039) were predictive factors for complications, and low SPA was a predictive factor of death (0.038).

Conclusion

Negative EB was prevalent, and this was associated with high rates of malnutrition. These data reinforce the importance of individual nutrition assessment, including dietary intake, to tailor early nutrition interventions.
Recycling of End‐of‐Life Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) via Alkali Metal Halide‐Catalyzed Phenolysis
Authors: Alberti Christoph , Scheliga Felix , Enthaler Stephan
Published: June 2019

The chemical recycling of end‐of‐life plastic waste streams can contribute to a resource‐conserving and sustainable society. This matter of recycling is composed of a sequence of depolymerization and subsequent polymerization reactions. In this regard, we have studied the chemical recycling of end‐of‐life poly(bisphenol A carbonate) applying phenol as depolymerization reagent. In the presence of catalytic amounts of alkali metal halides as products bisphenol A and diphenyl carbonate were obtained in excellent turnover frequencies of up to 1392 h−1 and short reaction times. These depolymerization products offer the straightforward possibility to close the cycle by producing new poly(bisphenol A carbonate) and as second product phenol, which can be reused for further depolymerizations.
Enhanced Magnetic Component in Synthetic Goethite (α‐FeOOH) and its Relation with Morphological and Structural Characteristics
Authors: Valezi Daniel F. , Baú João P. T. , Zaia Dimas A. M. , Costa Antônio C. S. , Urbano Alexandre , Tupan Lilian F. S. , Paesano Andrea , Piccinato Marilene T. , Di Mauro Eduardo
Published: June 2019

Goethite (α‐FeOOH) is by definition an antiferromagnetic (AFM) material. In the present work an investigation of the magnetic properties of goethite is performed, studying the magnetic component of this material in different samples and relating these properties with its structural and morphological characteristics. Samples are synthetized in two distinct ways in order to generate solids with different degrees of structural defects and imperfections. Electron spin resonance (ESR) data show that the sample synthesized in a faster procedure, most susceptible to defects and imperfections (GC sample), shows an area under the ESR line ≈20 times higher than the sample set for a lower incidence of defects (GD sample). Experiments with heat‐treated samples at 150 °C show a reduction in the number of spins which contributed to ESR signal for the GC sample. Considering data of thermogravimetry (TGA), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Mössbauer spectroscopy, the differences observed in ESR analysis are attributed to a magnetic mismatch in the AFM structure caused by the incidence of local defects, more common in GC sample. Results of heat‐treated samples are associated to an increase in the exchange interaction between grains, which reduces the number of mismatched spins and favors the AFM arrangement.
NIR‐Triggered Photothermal Responsive Coatings with Remote and Localized Tunable Underwater Oil Adhesion
Authors: Shang Bin , Chen Min , Wu Limin
Published: June 2019

Tunable underwater oil adhesion is a critical issue in interfacial science and industrial applications. Although much progress has been made to date, development of novel smart coating materials that can selectively change the wetting property at different areas is considerably scarce. Here, a simple strategy is proposed to fabricate photothermal responsive coatings, which can change the oil adhesion behavior from low‐adhesive rolling state to high‐adhesive pinning state for a variety of oily liquids in a remote, local, and reversible manner. Owing to this unique controllability, the adhesion and no‐adhesion of oil droplets on the coated surfaces can be easily manipulated by remote and local near‐infrared radiation.
Vacuum‐Drying Processed Micrometer‐Thick Stable CsPbBr3 Perovskite Films with Efficient Blue‐To‐Green Photoconversion
Authors: Yin Yongming , Ali Muhammad Umair , Liu Ming , Miao Jingsheng , Peng Wenxiang , Li Dongze , Chen Shujhih , Lee Chiayu , Meng Hong
Published: June 2019

Metal halide perovskite materials have attracted great attention owing to their fascinating optoelectronic characteristics and low cost fabrication via facile solution processing. One of the potential applications of these materials is to employ them as color‐conversion layers (CCLs) for visible blue light to achieve full‐color displays. However, obtaining thick perovskite films to realize complete color conversion is a key challenge. Here, the fabrication of micrometer‐level thick CsPbBr3 perovskite films is presented through a facile vacuum drying approach. An efficient green photoconversion is realized in a 3.8 µm thick film from blue light @ 463 nm. For a back luminance of 1000 cd m−2, the brightness of the resulting green emission can reach as high as 200 cd m−2. Furthermore, only ≈2% of decay in brightness is observed when the films are tested after 18 days of exposure to ambient environment. In addition, a potential design is also proposed for full‐color displays with perovskite materials incorporated as CCLs.
Hybrid Cu0 and Cux+ as Atomic Interfaces Promote High‐Selectivity Conversion of CO2 to C2H5OH at Low Potential
Authors: Bai Xiaowan , Li Qiang , Shi Li , Niu Xianghong , Ling Chongyi , Wang Jinlan
Published: June 2019

The mixing of charge states of metal copper catalysts may lead to a much improved reactivity and selectivity toward multicarbon products for CO2 reduction. Here, an electrocatalyst model composed of copper clusters supported on graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) is proposed; the connecting Cu atoms with g‐C3N4 can be oxidized to Cux
+ due to substantial charge transfer from Cu to N atoms, while others stay as Cu0. It is revealed that CO2 can be captured and reduced into *CO on the Cut0 site, owing to its zero oxidation state. More importantly, C–C coupling reaction of two *CHO species on the Cut0–Cubx
+ atomic interface can occur with a rather low kinetic barrier of 0.57 eV, leading to the formation of the final C2 product, namely, C2H5OH. During the whole process, the limiting potential is just 0.68 V. These findings may open a new avenue for CO2 reduction into high‐value fuels and chemicals.
Consider using diplomas to convey student records
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: June 2019

LOS ANGELES — How useful are your students’ transcript, degree, or diploma in helping them articulate the skills and competencies they've mastered at your institution? Too often, the answer to that question is “not very.” When students have majored in more than one discipline, or have taken multiple minors or even a certification, it can be hard to define what the student learned. But using a comprehensive record attached to the diploma might be a possible solution for your institution.
Erratum to: Systematic classification of three-loop realizations of the Weinberg operator
Authors: Cepedello Ricardo , Fonseca Renato M. , Hirsch Martin
Published: June 2019

The strategy used in our original publication to classify the 3-loop realizations of the Weinberg operator admits a loophole which was overlooked it enlarges the set of genuine topologies.
An Updated Inquiry into the Study of Corporate Codes of Ethics: 2005–2016
Authors: Babri Maira , Davidson Bruce , Helin Sven
Published: June 2019

This paper presents a review of 100 empirical papers studying corporate codes of ethics (CCEs) in business organizations from the time period mid-2005 until mid-2016, following approximately an 11-year time period after the previous review of the literature. The reviewed papers are broadly categorized as content-oriented, output-oriented, or transformation-oriented. The review sheds light on empirical focus, context, questions addressed, methods, findings and theory. The findings are discussed in terms of the three categories as well as the aggregate, stock of empirical CCE studies in comparison with previous reviews, answering the question “where are we now?” Content and output studies still stand for the majority of the studies, whereas the transformation studies are fewer. Within these areas, two new trends are found to have emerged: discursive analyses and a focus on labor conditions. The review finds that (a) the content of CCEs is still predominantly self-defensive, (b) that CCEs are insufficient in themselves in terms of protecting workers’ rights, (c) that CCEs are likely to encounter tensions when implemented across national and organizational boundaries, and (d) that while perception of CCEs is generally positive, CCEs may lead to both positive and negative outcomes. Based on these findings, potential areas for further exploration in the area of CCE research are suggested.
Mineralogy of a New Occurrence of Lamprophyre Dyke from the Saurashtra Peninsula of Gujarat, Northwest Deccan Trap, India
Authors: Naushad Md. , Dongre Ashish , Behera Jnana R. , Murthy P. V. R. , Chakra Monalisa
Published: June 2019

A new occurrence of lamprophyre dyke is being reported from Saurashtra peninsula of Gujarat, north-western Deccan trap. The paper presents and discusses the detail mineralogy, field setting and whole rock major and trace element geochemistry. The newly discovered lamprophyre dyke intruded into the porphyritic olivine basalt flow. It is E-W trending dyke paralleling with Narmada rift trend, 200 m long and ~1 m in width. Petrographic observations suggest the lamprophyre dyke is fine grained, porphyritic and shows typical panidiomoprphic texture. It contains phenocrysts of euhedral to subhedral amphibole (kaersutite), subhedral clinopyroxenes (diposide augite) and olivine pseudomorph enveloped in the groundmass composed of plagioclase, clinopyroxene and amphibole with carbonate, Ti-magnetite, zeolite and apatite occurring as accessory phases. Few clinopyroxenes show reaction and embayed margins thus indicating xenocrystic orgin. The normative chemistry of the lamprophyre dyke suggests alkaline nature with significant amount of olivine and nepheline. Whole rock geochemical data shows comparatively higher SiO2 than the other lamprophyres of the Deccan and similar to the MgO depleted lamprophyres of the Chhota Udepur alkaline province. The primitive mantle normalized multi-elements pattern shows absence of any high field strength element (HFSE) anomaly. Studied dyke displays more similarity with the earlier reported pre- Deccan alkaline lamprophyres and more particular with the Chhota Udepur lamprophyre. Occurrence of this new lamprophyre dyke from the Saurashtra region extends and confirms the presence of lamprophyre magmatism in the far north-western part of the Deccan.
Estimation of Paleo-ice Sheet Thickness and Evolution of Landforms in Schirmacher Oasis and Adjoining Area, cDML, East Antarctica
Authors: Shrivastava Prakash K. , Roy Sandip K. , Srivastava Hari B. , Dharwadkar Amit
Published: June 2019

Quaternary period has witnessed perceptible climatic change in Schirmacher region, central Dronning Maud Land (cDML), East Antarctica. There were buildup of ice sheet and its recession throughout the period. The Schirmacher Oasis, Baalsrudfjellet, Veteheia and Veten nunataks are the prominent northernmost exposures in cDML area and play a major role in controlling the ice flow in this region resulting in glacial erosional as well as depositional landforms. These developments reveal vital information about the evolution of the region in Quaternary period. Erosional features such as roche-moutonees, glacially polished and abraded rocky outcrops with excellent preservation of glacial striations indicates the paleo-movement of overriding glaciers. Striations are generally preserved on polished surfaces of bedrock exposed on the high lands, however, glacial striations are also preserved over some mafic and resistant hard rocks in low lying areas. In general, the glacial striations indicate north-northeast movement of paleo ice sheet. Majority of the boulders in east-central valley show their longer axis trending in NNE-WSW to NE-SW directions. The cross cutting relation of striations give the changing directions of paleo ice sheet movement. Further, back calculation of depth of indentation and corresponding ice load gives a value of 100 to 500 m thick paleo-ice sheet in different parts of this region, documenting vast deglaciation in this region.