bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conceptions of and Approaches to Learning Mathematics
Authors: Mji Andile
Published: August 2011

Pearson correlation coefficients indicated a different relationship between conceptions of mathematics and approaches to learning mathematics to that reported in literature. It was concluded that the 154 students (82 women and 72 men) followed a strategic approach to learning mathematics.
Workplace Romance in the Public Sector: Sex Differences in Reactions to the Clinton-Lewinsky Affair
Authors: Powell Gary N.
Published: August 2011

This study examined reactions of part-time MBA students ( n = 199) and undergraduate business students ( n = 220) to the affair involving U.S. President Bill Clinton and White House intern Monica Lewinsky prior to Clinton's impeachment by the House of Representatives. Consistent with research on attitudes toward workplace romance in the private sector, women believed that this affair occurring in the public sector represented a more serious problem for the nation and more than men were inclined to prefer that some type of action, e.g., resignation or impeachment, be taken. Implications of the results are discussed.
Comparison: Attitudes toward Homosexuality of International and American College Students
Authors: Lippincott Joseph A. , Wlazelek Brian , Schumacher Lisa J.
Published: August 2011

Using the Index of Attitudes Toward Homosexuals to study the attitudes of 34 Asian students and 32 American students toward lesbians and gay men showed these Asian students were more likely to harbor homophobic attitudes than these American students. There were no significant sex differences between groups.
Validating Cluster Assignments
Authors: Ketchen David J. , Hult G. Tomas M.
Published: August 2011

In the absence of a statistically based assessment of cluster assignments of observations in terms of their similarity along selected variables the validity of a set of clusters could be developed if clusters withstand both empirical scrutiny and “make sense” to expert informants.
Interracial Dating: Attitudes and Experience among American College Students in California
Authors: Fiebert Martin S. , Karamol Holly , Kasdan Margo
Published: August 2011

Dating and marriage crossing ethnic, racial, and cultural lines have become increasingly common in the United States. This study examined two aspects, interracial dating behavior and attitudes toward romantic involvement, in four ethnic groups of college students: Euro-American, Latino, Asian-American, and African-American. Subjects (196 men, 367 women) were surveyed with regard to their willingness to be romantically involved interracially or interculturally along with their actual interracial dating experience. Analysis indicated a high willingness in all ethnic groups to be romantically involved as well as an absence of sex difference with regard to both attitude and experience. However, there were differences in both attitude and experience among ethnic groups.
Personality Characteristics and Coping Styles of Women Working in and in Training for Nontraditional Blue Collar Jobs
Authors: Nash Heather C. , Chrisler Joan C.
Published: August 2011

43 women employed in nontraditional blue collar jobs were compared with 27 women in training for such jobs on a number of variables linked to job success and satisfaction. The purpose of the study was to determine whether women enter blue collar trades with characteristics that predispose them to successful work-role transitions or whether they adopt different coping styles and behavioral characteristics over time in order to fit into their work environments. Questionnaire packets that contained the Self-efficacy Scale, the Personal Assertion Analysis, the Ways of Coping Scale–Revised, and the Bem Sex Role Inventory were completed by 70 women. Participants in training were more androgynous and higher than expected on both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping. Possible explanations and suggestions for research are discussed.
Revision of Texts with Word-Processing
Authors: Nuvoli Gianfranco
Published: August 2011

The aim of the research was to study the use of a word processor to improve writing and revising skill by 28 pairs of primary school children. Analysis confirmed greater difficulty in the drafting of texts than with traditional handwriting, but the increase in the number of words and errors does not imply improvement in lexical and orthographical aspects. The guided revision of texts on a word processor may support beginning writers' expression and, with increasing ease, allow them to use greater precision in the process of revision.
Motivations for Use of Opiates among Addicts Seeking Treatment in Shiraz
Authors: Ahmadi Jamshid , Ghanizadeh Ahmad
Published: August 2011

This study assessed the characteristics and motivation for substance use among addicts referred to the Shiraz Self-identified Center, an out-patient treatment facility. Data were gathered by a semistructured interview from 306 consecutive addicts seeking treatment and referred from July to September, 1998. Their mean age was 37 yr., and the majority (73.9%) were married. Of these addicts, 28.4% were workers, 13.4% drivers, and 11.4% were unemployed. Modeling or social pressure (43.1%) was identified as the first and enjoyment (fun) was the second most common reason given for opiate use. The majority (97.1%) used opium and 71.9% used alcohol; however, only 2.6% reported current use of alcohol. Other subjects were current users of cigarettes (72.2%), opium (67%), heroin (35%), hashish (2%), hallucinogens (0.3%), and cocaine (0.3%). The most common reason given for currently using opiates was habit (56.5%). About 36% of the subjects reported that they had frequently used opiates for more than a decade. These findings are quite different from those carried out in the West, although there is some overlap. Cultural attitudes toward drug use likely affect the types and amount of use.
Expression of Unfavorable Emotions in Japanese College Students with Alexithymic Characteristics
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Koyama Kanae
Published: August 2011

We examined the association of alexithymic characteristics and the expression of unfavorable feelings such as anger and hostility in a sample of 489 Japanese college students. Analysis suggested that alexithymic college students are prone to indicate not only emotional instability but also cynical hostility and anger. On the contrary, alexithymic college students indicated significantly higher scores on Anger-in and Anger Control, which may be related to Japanese sociocultural aspects. In particular, Anger Control was stronger in the men who were alexithymic, suggesting that they may unconsciously struggle for the suppression or control of unfavorable feelings such as anger and hostility to stabilize their inner emotions.
Who Buys Their Textbooks Online?
Authors: Yang Bijou , Lester David
Published: August 2011

A pilot study of 82 undergraduates indicated that skills with computers and Internet use predicted purchasing textbooks online.
Psychoaffective Immaturity in Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Loas G. , Seillier A. , Fréville C.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the prevalence of psychoaffective immaturity and tested the hypothesis that it associated with bad prognosis. For 135 psychiatric patients meeting criteria for personality, neurotic, affective, substance use, or psychotic disorders emotional immaturity was rated using the 1985 diagnostic criteria of Doutheau, Dubertret, Moutin, and Barrois. 58 subjects (42.96%, 95% Confidence Interval: 34.61–51.31) were classified as immature. Scores of the Nonimmature and Immature groups were compared for the Beck Depression Inventory and the Professional and Social Functioning Assessment Scale. Scores were, respectively, significantly higher and lower in those patients classified as Immature than those who were classified Nonimmature. When depression was controlled by a covariance analysis, the mean difference on the Professional and Social Functioning Assessment Scale remained significant. It appears that psychoaffective immaturity is a factor associated with severity of psychiatric disorders.
Determinants of Infants' Understanding of Supporting Relations: Amount of Contact versus Position of the Center of Gravity
Authors: Dan Naoko , Omori Takahide , Tomiyasu Yoshikazu
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the developmental age at which infants recognize about supporting relations between objects and what information they use to judge whether a supported object will fall down or not. Four kinds of events were used. All events involved support in relation of two boxes, which differed in the amount of contact between objects and the amount of discrepancy between the supported object's position and its most balanced position. 115 infants (3 to 13 mo.) saw 4 events which differed on these two variables. Infants 10 months and older looked longer at the event in which the center of a supported box was just outside of the edge of a supporting box, that is, a support relation in which it was difficult to anticipate whether the box would fall down or not. Analysis suggested that infants' attention is not determined by only one simple stimulus variable but by more complicated variables (such as uncertainty of prediction).
Demographic Variables and Microcog Performance: Relationships for VA Patients under Treatment for Substance Abuse
Authors: Lopez Shane J. , Ryan Joseph J. , Sumerall Scott W. , Lichtenberg James W. , Glasnapp Doug , Krieshok Thomas S. , Van Fleet Jay N.
Published: August 2011

The associations of demographic variables with cognitive performance, as measured by the MicroCog ability domain scores, were assessed with 222 substance abusers who were patients in a VA medical center. Analysis indicated that age was negatively related to all five outcomes scores, and education was positively related to measures assessing Attention/Mental Control and Reasoning/Calculation. These findings are consistent with past theoretical and applied research. The demographic variables, as a group, accounted for a total of 17% to 37% of the variance in the five domain scores.
Neurotic Perfectionism, Perceived Stress, and Self-Esteem among Japanese Men: A Prospective Study
Authors: Sumi Katsunori , Tsuzuki Shouhei , Kanda Koji
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the relationship between self-report scores of neurotic perfectionism and of perceived stress and self-esteem 6 wk. later among 146 Japanese male college students. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that scores for neurotic perfectionism accounted for statistically significant but functionally small variance (4% and 3%) in scores for perceived stress and self-esteem obtained at Time 2 (6 wk. later), after controlling for the scores for perceived stress and self-esteem at Time 1, respectively.
A Short-Form Measure of Loneliness among Second-Generation Migrants
Authors: Neto Félix
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric characteristics of a 6-item measure to assess loneliness among 109 second-generation adolescent migrants. Analysis supported the validity and reliability of the scale with this sample of acculturating adolescents.
Suicide in a Northeastern Police Department
Authors: Lindsay Mark S. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

A northeastern American municipal police department experienced a cluster of suicides in 1987–1993 but experienced none in the period 1994–1999.
Comparison of Visual Motor Development in Hong Kong and the USA Assessed on the Qualitative Scoring System for the Modified Bender-Gestalt Test
Authors: Chan Po Wah
Published: August 2011

This study compared the visuomotor development of young children in Hong Kong and the USA assessed on the Qualitative Scoring System for the Modified Bender-Gestalt test. 744 children aged 4:6 to 8:5 years from 6 kindergartens and 6 primary schools in Hong Kong were administered the Modified Bender-Gestalt test. The Qualitative Scoring System was used to measure the children's visuomotor development. Their visuomotor scores were then compared with norms for children in the USA. Analysis indicated significant differences across all age groups of 4:6 to 8:5 years in 6-mo. units. Consistent with previous research, children in Hong Kong outperformed their western peers. Percentile scores and T scores for children in Hong Kong in each age group were reported.
Parents Who Report Using Illicit Drugs: Findings and Implications from the Drugnet Study
Authors: Nicholson Thomas , White John , Cline Robin , Minors Patricia , Duncan David
Published: August 2011

In recent years, a national discussion has emerged concerning what parents should tell their children about their own past drug use. DRUGNET is an ongoing, on-line survey of successful, healthy, adults who occasionally use illicit drugs. This paper reviews data from a subset of this survey, namely, those respondents who were parents with self-reported use of at least one illicit drug. The sample ( n = 325) was predominantly white men who reported having above average education and household incomes. Their mental health as measured by the General Well-being Schedule was similar to the national norm. Respondents reported using drugs to manage parental stress and expressed concerns over how to communicate with their children and legal risks related to their own drug use. The limitations and the implications of these data are discussed.
Test-Retest Reliability and Factor Structures of Organizational Citizenship Behavior for Hong Kong Workers
Authors: Lam Simon S. K.
Published: August 2011

In 1990 Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Moorman, and Fetter developed a scale to measure the five dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior. Test-retest data over 15 weeks are reported for this scale for a sample of 82 female and 32 male Chinese tellers (ages 18 to 54 years) from a large international bank in Hong Kong. Stability was .83, and there was no significant change between Times 1 and 2. Analysis indicated the five-factor structure and showed it to be a reliable measure when used with a nonwestern sample.
Factor Analytic Properties of the Quality of Life Profile: Examination of the Nine Subdomain Quality of Life Model
Authors: Raphael Dennis , Waalen Judith , Karabanow Alexander
Published: August 2011

The Quality of Life Profile is a 54-item multidimensional measure of quality of life. The measure is based upon a theoretical approach that considers quality of life to include satisfaction with nine subdomains of functioning. To date, the factor structure of this 54-item collection has not been examined. To do so, an examination was made of the factor structure that emerged from an administration to 219 gay men, half of whom were HIV+. Analysis indicated that seven subdomains were clearly represented in seven of the 11 factors that emerged. One subdomain was fractured into two factors and one subdomain did not appear in the factor structure. Two minor factors appeared to represent issues that may be especially important to gay men living in the HIV era. The study provides insights into the structure of quality of life among gay men living in Ontario.
Development and Psychometric Properties of the Student Worry Questionnaire–30
Authors: Osman Augustine , Gutierrez Peter M. , Downs William R. , Kopper Beverly A. , Barrios Francisco X. , Haraburda Cheryl M.
Published: August 2011

Described are the development and initial psychometric properties (Ns = 50 and 188) of a self-report measure, the Student Worry Questionnaire–30, for use with college undergraduates Exploratory principal components analyses (Ns = 388, 350, and 396) with oblimin rotation indicated six domains of worrisome thinking, financial-related concerns, significant others' well-being, social adequacy concerns, academic concerns, and general anxiety symptoms. The total score and scale scores showed internal consistency of .80 to .94. Also, test-retest reliability analyses (.75 to .80) support consistency of responses over 4 wk. Strong evidence for convergent validity was indicated. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the fit of the 6-factor oblique model. Limitations of the present studies, and directions for research are discussed.
Apologies: Genuine Admissions of Blameworthiness or Scripted, Sympathetic Responses?
Authors: Blackman Melinda C. , Stubbs Elizabeth C.
Published: August 2011

The present study assessed whether apologies, given when an implicit offense is committed, are a product of the perpetrator's attributions of blameworthiness or merely scripted, sympathetic responses given without discrimination. 139 university students were manipulated to commit an implicit offense, accidental bodily contact with a confederate. The attributions that the perpetrator or student made for the incident were then recorded. The participants' attributions for the offense played a negligible role in predicting the elicitation of an apology. However, the participants' sympathy and desire to help the victim were somewhat associated with whether an apology would be delivered. Results suggest that apologies are not necessarily admissions of blameworthiness but may be in many cases scripted and or sympathetic responses.
Psychological Predictors of Sexual Behaviors Related to AIDS Transmission
Authors: Thompson Kathryn L. , Geher Glenn , Stevens Karen F. , Stem Samuel T. , Lintz Mary K.
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to assess the differential value of several psychological variables with regard to predicting safe-sex behavior. A sample of 94 male and 179 female undergraduate students, ranging in age from 16 to 66 years, were surveyed about sexual issues related to safe-sex practices. The survey included scales measuring participants' knowledge of transmission of AIDS, self-perception of safe-sex communication, fear and concern about AIDS, attitudes toward AIDS victims, and self-report of risky behavior. Several interesting relationships among predictor variables were found. For instance, favorable attitudes toward AIDS victims were positively correlated with knowledge about AIDS transmission, perceived communication with partners about safe sex, and fear of acquiring AIDS. However, only two predictor variables were independently predictive of self-reports of risky sexual behavior; specifically, fear about AIDS transmission was positively correlated with risky behavior, while communication was negatively correlated with risky behavior. These data suggest a need for a model that allows for complex, reciprocal relationships between the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components of safe-sex practice. Implications are applied to research with college populations.
Selected Lifestyle and Risk Behaviors Associated with Adolescents' Smoking
Authors: Wang Min Qi
Published: August 2011

A selected number of lifestyle and risk behaviors of adolescents in relation to their smoking were studied using both longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses. Data of a national sample of 4,431 nonsmoking adolescents who participated in the 1989 Teenage Attitudes and Practices Survey and were re-interviewed in 1993 were analyzed. Adolescents who engaged in physical fights, engaged in drunk driving, and were risk-takers were more likely to be regular experimental smokers than adolescents who did not exhibit these behaviors. The data suggest that high-risk behaviors may cluster. Interventions may be necessary to target multiple risk behaviors and be more effective in changing adolescents' risk behaviors associated with smoking.
College Students Who Wear Watches: Locus of Control and Motivational Sources
Authors: Spencer Boyd
Published: August 2011

119 undergraduate college students were administered the Rotter I-E Scale and the Motivation Sources Inventory Scores were compared for a group of 66 students who were wearing watches and 53 students who were not wearing watches. The former had higher scores on External locus of control and higher scores on a measure of Instrumental Motivation as anticipated.
Measures of the Sheep-Goat Variable, Transliminality, and Their Correlates
Authors: Thalbourne Michael A.
Published: August 2011

In this study a battery of pencil-and-paper tests was given to 125 first-year psychology students (27% men). This battery included as measures of belief in the paranormal (the so-called “sheep-goat variable”) the Australian Sheep-Goat Scale, Tobacyk's Revised Paranormal Belief Scale (comprised of two scales—New Age Philosophy and Traditional Paranormal Beliefs), and the Anomalous Experience Inventory (comprised of five scales: Anomalous/Paranormal Experience, Belief, Ability, Fear, and Drug Use). Also included were the 29-item Transliminality Scale, a 35-item Kundalini Scale, an experimental 13-item Determinism/Free Will scale, and a number of single-question items aimed specifically at transliminality. The results were, first, that virtually all the measures of the sheep-goat variable were intercorrelated with each other (range, .34 to .77), thereby providing support for their convergent validity. Second, scores on the Kundalini Scale and Drug Use correlated significantly with scores on the sheep-goat variable, replicating previous findings. And, finally, many correlates of transliminality were found, again including scores on the Kundalini Scale and Drug Use (prescribed and illicit) as well as certain determinism-related beliefs. Beliefs, experiences, and behaviors associated with transliminality and the Kundalini experience may reflect a desire to escape a negative state of being.
An Alternative Scoring Method for the Motivation Sources Inventory: A Case for Ratio Analysis
Authors: Barbuto John E.
Published: August 2011

Previously published research is examined, and an alternative scoring method for the Motivation Sources Inventory is proposed. The new method, ratio analysis, provides an empirical assessment more consistent with the theoretical framework of the inventory. Theoretical and empirical support for ratio analysis is provided.
Relation of Self-Acceptance and Acceptance of others
Authors: Durm Mark W. , Glaze Patricia E.
Published: August 2011

A significant positive correlation of .33 was found for ratings on the Self-acceptance Scale and on the Acceptance of Others Scale for 13 undergraduate men and 45 women.
Validation of the Japanese Version of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory in a Large Community Sample
Authors: Yoshimura Kimio , Ono Yutaka , Nakamura Kenji , Nathan Jeffrey H. , Suzuki Kazuo
Published: August 2011

The NEO Five-Factor Inventory is the shortened version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the shortened version in the general population of Japan. This version was translated into Japanese and then administered to 2,051 adults in a rural town in Akita Prefecture. A total of 1,664 (81.1%) individuals gave valid answers. Internal reliability, assessed by Cronbach alpha for subscales, ranged from .60 to .77. The scales were only weakly correlated both with each other and with age. In a multiple regression analysis, only the Neuroticism scale score was a significant predictor of scores on the General Health Questionnaire. Factor analysis supported the theoretical structure of personality. Overall, the Japanese version showed good reliability and validity in this sample of the general population of Japan.
Motivation in Physical Education is Correlated with Participation in Sport after School
Authors: Goudas Marios , Dermitzaki Irini , Bagiatis Konstantinos
Published: August 2011

The aim of the present study was to examine differences in motivation with respect to physical education of students who participate in after-school sport clubs and students who do not. 247 secondary school students responded to scales assessing intrinsic motivation, outcome expectancies, perceived competence, and perceived usefulness of physical education. Analysis showed that students in after-school sports exhibited a more positive motivational pattern regarding physical education with intrinsic motivation, outcome expectancies, and perceived competence making unique contributions to the overall difference.
Sex Differences in Social Support, Loneliness, and Depression among Korean College Students
Authors: Kim Oksoo
Published: August 2011

This study examined the sex differences in reports of social support (network size and satisfaction), loneliness, and depression among Korean college students and examined whether measures of social support and loneliness predicted depression scores. In the sample were 452 college students enrolled in four universities in Korea. The women reported a larger social support network size and being less satisfied with their support than the men. Women reported higher scores on the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory than men. Social support satisfaction scores and network size on the Social Support Questionnaire–6 and scores on the Loneliness Scale predicted scores on Depression in both the groups. Loneliness was the largest predictor of Depression for either sex. The amount of variance in Depression accounted for by Loneliness was 35% for women and 24% for men.
Prescription Privileges: Attitudes of Clinical Social Workers
Authors: Piotrowski Chris , Doelker Richard
Published: August 2011

From an initial survey on prescription privileges of a national sample of social workers, of the 176 respondents, 52% were opposed and 19% were in favor of prescription privileges.
Effects of Permanent Residence with Foster Mothers and New Siblings upon Numbers of Mast Cells within the Thalamus of Preweaned Rats
Authors: Lafreniere G. F. , Persinger M. A. , Lafrenier R. F.
Published: August 2011

In a split-litter, cross-fostered design, the numbers of mast cells per 10 micrometer sections within the thalamic boundaries in rats that had been reared by 8 natural or 8 foster mothers were counted 5 days and 10 days after the transfer had occurred on postnatal Day 10. The rats from 4 litters with the highest numbers of thalamic mast cells exhibited marked reductions in these numbers when fostered by mothers of the 4 litters with the fewest numbers of thalamic mast cells. The reverse influence was not observed. These results suggest that adaptation to changing maternal environments for rats with congenitally elevated numbers of mast cells may increase the risk of degranulation and transient anomalies within cerebral vasculature or the blood-brain barrier.
Stepping Aside for Elderly Persons in American versus East-Asian Cultures
Authors: Baker Broshel Lenea , Hewitt Jay
Published: August 2011

In the current study, younger (15–30 years of age) and older (60+ years of age) Asian-American and European-American individuals ( N = 160) were observed as they approached someone of the same ethnic group on a walkway at a city market. The interaction was recorded if one stepped aside and let the other pass. Younger Asian-Americans tended to step aside for older Asian-Americans. No such trend was observed among European-Americans. Results were discussed in terms of cultural values.
Sources of Increasing Agedness of References in Psychology-of-Learning Textbooks, 1952–1995
Authors: Coleman S. R.
Published: August 2011

This article identifies sources of a significant increase in the agedness of references in 89 learning textbooks published from 1952 through 1995.
Preliminary Data on the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory–20 from Female Caregivers of Male Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Schneider Robert A.
Published: August 2011

To test the reliability and concurrent validity of the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory–20, 45 spouses or first-degree female caregivers of male hemodialysis patients in northern and eastern Iowa were administered the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory–20 and the Rhoten Fatigue Scale. Four of the five subscales had a high Cronbach alpha (.76 to .82). There were low to moderate statistically significant Pearson correlations between scores on the Rhoten Fatigue Inventory and the MFI–20 subscales (.40 to .72). Limitations of generalizations are addressed.
Self-Confidence in Financial Analysis: A Study of Younger and Older Male Professional Analysts
Authors: Webster Robert L. , Ellis T. Selwyn
Published: August 2011

Measures of reported self-confidence in performing financial analysis by 59 professional male analysts, 31 born between 1946 and 1964 and 28 born between 1965 and 1976, were investigated and reported. Self-confidence in one's ability is important in the securities industry because it affects recommendations and decisions to buy, sell, and hold securities. The respondents analyzed a set of multiyear corporate financial statements and reported their self-confidence in six separate financial areas. Data from the 59 male financial analysts were tallied and analyzed using both univariate and multivariate statistical tests. Rated self-confidence was not significantly different for the younger and the older men. These results are not consistent with a similar prior study of female analysts in which younger women showed significantly higher self-confidence than older women.
Meaning in Life and Sense of Mastery in Chinese Adolescents with Economic Disadvantage
Authors: Shek Daniel T. L.
Published: August 2011

Data from 229 Hong Kong Chinese adolescents with economic disadvantage showed that there was a positive relationship between reported meaning in life and sense of mastery.
Two-Year Comparison of Income, Education, and Depression among Parents Participating in Regular Head Start or Supplementary Family Service Center Services
Authors: Poresky Robert H. , Daniels Ann Michelle
Published: August 2011

Changes after 2 years in a Head Start Family Service Center Demonstration Project were assessed through pre-implementation and postimplementation interviews with 80 parents of Head Start children to evaluate changes during the project noted for the children's parents. Compared with parents in regular Head Start, parents in the supplementary Family Service Center project reported more contact with staff, increased their functional literacy scores, and increased their family incomes. The percentage of these parents with high depression scores decreased. These changes encourage implementation of more intensive social services within Head Start programs as a means of effectively assisting Head Start parents.
Relationships among Perceived Justice, Customers' Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions: The Moderating Role of Gender
Authors: Martínez-Tur Vicente , Ramos José , Peiró José M. , García-Buades Esther
Published: August 2011

This article tested the gender differences in the relationships between perceptions of justice, customers' satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. The sample consisted of 334 subjects (205 men and 129 women) surveyed in 38 hotels located in Spain. A questionnaire was used to measure distributive, procedural, and interactional justice as well as customers' responses of satisfaction and intentions. Analysis showed that the correlation between scores for distributive justice and customers' satisfaction as well as that between distributive justice and intentions were greater for men than for women. In contrast, the sex differences in the links of procedural and interactional justice to satisfaction and intentions were not significant.
Personality Predictors of Happiness
Authors: Neto Félix
Published: August 2011

The Oxford Happiness Inventory and a battery of personality measures were completed by 171 subjects. The results showed predicted positive correlations for happiness with satisfaction with life, self-esteem, and sociability and negative correlations of happiness with embarrassability, loneliness, shyness, and social anxiety. Four predictors (satisfaction with life, shyness, loneliness, and sociability) accounted for 58% of the variance in happiness scores. These results support previous research as well as validate the Portuguese version of the happiness inventory.
Psychometric Characteristics of the Conceptions of Mathematics Questionnaire
Authors: Mji Andile , Klass Emily N.
Published: August 2011

This study describes the psychometric characteristics of the 19-item Conceptions of Mathematics Questionnaire for a total of 158 students (86 women and 72 men). The coefficient α of internal consistency reliability was .75. Principal components analysis with varimax rotation indicated a two-component solution could be extracted. The two theoretically meaningful dimensions were fragmented conceptions (α = .80) and cohesive conceptions (α = .80). The former entails seeing mathematics as number rules and formulae to be used to solve problems. Students who hold this conception use rote learning and memorization. In contrast, the latter entails seeing mathematics as a complex logical system for solving complex problems. Students with such a conception approach learning to attain, develop, and apply knowledge.
A Psychometric Comparison of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule across Age and Sex
Authors: Molloy Geoffrey N. , Pallant Julie F. , Kantas Aristotle
Published: August 2011

This study examined factorial and other psychometric characteristics of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule in relation to mixed-sex youth ( n: 234) and adult ( n: 436) samples. Broadly, the results for both age groups were supportive of commonly reported statistical properties of the schedule. Although two factors were plainly identified, they were not clearly endorsed for either age group by confirmatory indices of fit. Within the adolescent sample, sex differences in response to the scales were noted.
Ecstasy is a Dangerous Drug
Authors: Murray John B.
Published: August 2011

Ecstasy, a dangerous psychoactive drug, has become a popular recreational drug on college campuses and dance halls in the United States, United Kingdom, and around the world. No reports on ecstasy have shown addictiveness, and some users of ecstasy claim they prefer infrequent use which is not the usual addictive pattern. Jaw clenching, bruxism, and some cardiac arrhythmias requiring medical attention have been associated with consumption of ecstasy and some fatalities. In large scale retrospective questionnaire studies of subjective experiences users claimed that they felt a gentle relaxation and openness to others and few adversive effects. In rats and monkeys ecstasy has caused depletion of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain but similar effects have not been identified for humans. Case reports have shown panic attacks, flashbacks, paranoia, and even fatalities. The Drug Enforcement Administration in 1985 placed ecstasy in Schedule I, the most restrictive drug category.
Sensorimotor Gating and Attitudes Related to Schizotypal Proneness
Authors: Weike Almut I. , Hamm Alfons O. , Vaitl Dieter
Published: August 2011

The magnitude of the startle eyeblink response is diminished when the startle-eliciting probe is shortly preceded by another stimulus. This so called prepulse inhibition is interpreted as an automatic sensorimotor gating mechanism. There is substantial support for prepulse inhibition deficits in subjects suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorders and in psychosis-prone normals as well. Thus, prepulse inhibition deficits may reflect vulnerability on the hypothesized psychopathological continuum from “normal” to “schizophrenia.” The present experiment investigated the amount of prepulse inhibition in a sample selected for “belief in extraordinary phenomena,” an attitude related to measures of psychosis-proneness. Believers and skeptics were tested in an acoustic prepulse-inhibition paradigm. As expected, presentation of prepulses clearly diminished magnitude of startle response, with greatest inhibition effects gained by lead intervals of 60 and 120 msec. Patterns of response were identical for believers and skeptics, i.e., attitude towards extraordinary phenomena did not seem to be related to functional information-processing deficits as has been observed in psychosis-prone normals.
Outcomes of a Leadership Intervention for a Metropolitan Fire Department
Authors: Beaton Randal , Johnson L. Clark , Infield Susan , Ollis Terry , Bond Gail
Published: August 2011

Poor leadership can contribute to job dissatisfaction and employees' “burnout.” Perceived lack of leadership skills is also a source of stress for supervisors. This study evaluated the efficacy of a brief multicomponent leadership intervention provided for fire service supervisors in an urban fire department. Ratings by 51 line firefighters and 8 first-line supervisors documented improvements in their immediate supervisors' performance at 3 mo. postintervention. Self-reports by line firefighters also showed improvements in perceptions of their ability to attain career goals, which were sustained at 9 mo. postintervention. There were also improvements on certain stress-related symptoms indices reported by the sample of firefighter supervisors at both the 3-mo. and 9-mo. follow-ups. No significant changes on any of these measures, obtained at comparable time points, were observed in a (nonequivalent) control sample of firefighters and their first-line supervisors in an “untreated” urban fire department.
Maternal Question-Asking of Japanese Children with down Syndrome and with No Disability
Authors: Huang Su-Fen , Oi Manabu
Published: August 2011

In an extension of maternal question-asking to Japanese children during free play and at meal time each of 20 mother-child dyads was videotaped at home. The mothers of children with Down syndrome asked more questions during free play, at meal time, and for the sum of these two. Also, they produced more requests for information during free play and for combined conditions and fewer clarification requests during free play. The results were compared to those of the previous study of Taiwanese mothers.
Adverse Sexual and Psychological Effects of Male Infant Circumcision
Authors: Boyle Gregory J. , Bensley Gillian A.
Published: August 2011

A survey of the 35 female and 42 gay sexual partners of circumcised and genitally intact men, and a separate survey of 53 circumcised and 30 genitally intact men themselves, indicated that circumcised men experienced significantly reduced sexual sensation along with associated long-lasting negative emotional consequences.
Formulas for Combining Summary Statistics
Authors: Charter Richard A.
Published: August 2011

Formulas for computing the combined mean and standard deviation for any number of groups are presented. These formulas produce results that are different from the pooling (averaging) method.
An Investigation of Gf-Gc Theory in the Older Adult Population: Joint Factor Analysis of the Woodcock-Johnson–Revised and the Detroit Test of Learning Aptitude–Adult
Authors: Buckhalt Joseph A. , McGhee Ron L. , Ehrler David J.
Published: August 2011

Researchers and clinicians are increasingly interested in the structure of intelligence among older adults. A joint factor analysis was conducted for 27 subtests of the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery–Revised and the Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude–Adult for a sample of 50 persons ranging in age from 55 to 84 years ( M = 65.16 yr.). The results provide evidence for the latent factors specified by Gf-Gc theory in older adults, indicate which Gf-Gc factors are measured by subtests of the two batteries, and illustrate the necessity of cross-battery assessment to identify the full complement of Gf-Gc factors.
Anxiety among University Students in South Africa
Authors: Pillay A. L. , Edwards S. D. , Sargent C. , Dhlomo R. M.
Published: August 2011

Of 214 first-year students in an historically Black university, 17.8% scored in the Severe range on the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Sex and rural or urban background were not significant factors.
External Validity of Religiosity Scales for a Sample of Southern Students
Authors: Durm Mark W. , Glaze Patricia
Published: August 2011

When mean scores on the Spiritual or Philosophical Domain of the Coping Resources Inventory for 96 university students of ages 20 to 47 years, were compared with means of the standardization sample, values fell outside the upper limit of the 99% confidence interval, suggesting the scale may not have external validity for a sample of students.
Personality Change as Defensive Responses of Patients Evaluated for Liver Transplant
Authors: Bonaguidi Franco , Trivella M. Giovanna , Michelassi Claudio , Filipponi Franco , Mosca Franco , L'Abbate Antonio
Published: August 2011

Patients affected by endstage liver disease and awaiting liver transplant suffer very stressful conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the personality and behavioral responses of a group of liver transplant candidates, 95 men ( M age 50 yr.) and of a group of 18 normal men ( M age 49 yr.). The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire of Cattell, and the PSY Inventory for Behavioral Assessment were administered to assess personality and behavior. On the 16PF Questionnaire, patients had significantly different mean scores from normal subjects on Scale B– (low mental capacity), G (conformity), N (shrewdness), and Q1– (conservatism). They also showed a somewhat lower but not a statistically significant mean on Scale E (submissiveness). In addition, on the four second-order factors of the 16PF (Anxiety, Control, Pathemia, and Extraversion) patients had a significantly higher mean on Control. With respect to PSY Inventory factors, patients showed impairment in energy, sleep, sexual disturbances, and obsessive behaviors. It appears these patients with endstage liver disease, who were evaluated for liver transplant, showed psychological regressive functioning, i.e., high control and dependency on medical staff, submissiveness, which are interpretable as defensive responses to upcoming transplant.
Green, Mandel, Hotvedt, Gray, and Smith's Study of 50 Lesbian Mothers and Their Children: Inconsistencies in Four Published Reports of the Data
Authors: Cameron Paul , Cameron Kirk , Landess Thomas
Published: August 2011

The 1986 study of 50 lesbian mothers by Green, et al. may be the most influential concerning homosexual parenting. However, after setting standards for—and noting preliminary evidence of—gender identity confusion in 1980 and 1982, confirmatory findings in 1986 were not included in the report's abstract and conclusions. Numerous discrepancies in different published accounts of this study—including number of subjects and how subjects were matched and analyzed—cannot be reconciled. The earliest reports were not cited in the final report which led to treatment in the literature as separate studies. The inconsistencies between the published accounts are substantive and numerous enough to recommend that the authors issue a complete and detailed report of the study.
Recruitment of Research Participants from U.S. Jury Pools
Authors: Cooper Crystale Purvis , Roter Debra L.
Published: August 2011

Psychological research is often criticized for routine use of a narrow and unrepresentative study population—college students. This study investigated the feasibility of recruiting research participants from U.S. jury pools, which by law must include a representative cross-section of the public. A questionnaire was mailed to the jury administrators in the 217 U.S. state court jurisdictions with populations of 250,000 or more. Court officials representing 79 jurisdictions in 30 states and the District of Columbia returned surveys (36% response rate). In addition, respondents who indicated in the mail survey that their court had previously allowed outside investigators to recruit jurors also completed a follow-up telephone interview. While the majority of jurisdictions (61%) opposed participation of jurors in research, 31 jurisdictions (39%) did not object to this practice. Only 8 of the nonopposed jurisdictions had been asked to host research, and 7 had agreed to do so. The jurisdictions that opened their jury pools to researchers employed a number of strategies to circumvent potential problems and generally reported that hosting research was a positive experience. Jury pools represent a viable and relatively untapped source of research participants. Many courts are open to the possibility of hosting research but have never been asked to do so. Both researchers and court officials should be reassured by the positive experiences of courts that have hosted research.
Preliminary Comparison of Treatments of Shoulder Injuries Using the FitLinxx™ Computer Feedback System and Standard Physical Therapy
Authors: Annesi James J.
Published: August 2011

Men and women suffering from various shoulder injuries ( n = 28) were recruited to test the efficacy of a computer feedback system during physical therapy. Measures of physiological progress were statistically equivalent between the Standard Treatment and FitLinxx™-supported groups. Although compliance was uniformly high between groups, the FitLinxx™-supported patients were more likely to continue exercise after termination of treatment. Considerably less total professional time was required for FitLinxx™-supported therapy. Suggestions were made to replicate and extend the present preliminary findings.
Contribution of Job Satisfaction to Happiness of Asian Americans
Authors: Weaver Charles N.
Published: August 2011

Many demographic and labor force characteristics, such as family income, educational attainment, and occupation, correlated with job satisfaction. Since Asian Americans are more like Euro-Americans than African Americans in most of these characteristics, it seems reasonable to predict that their job satisfaction would be high as for Euro-Americans rather than low as for African Americans. Yet research of Weaver and Hinson showed that the opposite is true. One explanation for this unexpected result is that Asians do not think of jobs as a source of happiness but simply as a means of earning money to underwrite other aspects of their lives, such as the well-being of their families, which are the main sources of their happiness. The hypothesis was tested that job satisfaction does not contribute to the happiness of Asian Americans in comparison to satisfaction from other domains of their lives. Analysis was conducted of the attitudes of Asian-American ( n = 160), African-American ( n = 602), and Euro-American ( n = 6,477) workers who responded to 22 surveys drawn from 1972 to 1998, each of which was representative of the labor force of the USA. The hypothesis was supported by the finding that the partial correlation of job satisfaction and global happiness with satisfaction in seven other domains of life (marriage, financial condition, community, nonwork activities, family, health and physical condition, and friendships) held constant was significant for Euro-American women and men but not for Asian Americans or African Americans of either sex. And, the same result occurred when global happiness was regressed on job satisfaction net the effects of satisfaction in other seven domains.
Factors Affecting Behaviors That Address HIV Risk among Senior Secondary School Pupils in South Africa
Authors: Peltzer Karl
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting HIV risk reduction among senior secondary school pupils in South Africa. The sample included 460 Grade 12, Secondary School pupils whose ages ranged from 16 to 30 years ( M = 19.7 yr., SD = 2.5) and who were chosen at random from the total Grade 12 population throughout one region in the Northern Province of South Africa. Measures were of sexual behavior and condom use, knowledge about correct condom use, intention of condom use, behavioral norms, attitudes, normative beliefs, and subjective norms about condoms, HIV/AIDS vulnerability (likelihood to get it) and severity of the illness in the country, and condom use self-efficacy. Bivariate analysis gave positive significant relations among normative beliefs, subjective norms, and attitudes towards condom use as well as HIV/AIDS vulnerability and HIV risk behavior. Regression analysis indicated that for boys, younger age at first vaginal intercourse, less intention for condom use, and HIV/AIDS vulnerability were predictive for HIV/AIDS risk behavior and explained 39% of the variance. It is suggested that these predictors should be included in intervention programs for HIV prevention.