bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consideration of low viscous droplet breakage in the framework of the wide energy spectrum and the multiple fragments
Authors: Han Luchang , Gong Shenggao , Ding Yaowen , Fu Jin , Gao Ningning , Luo He'an
Published: April 2015

An improved model for low viscous droplet breakage has been developed. Unlike the previous work that considered the inertia subrange and adopted the assumption of binary breakage, this work considered the breakage of droplets in the framework of the multiple fragments and the wide energy spectrum (i.e., including the dissipation range, the inertia subrange, and the energy containing range simultaneously). The previous interactions between the droplet and the surrounding fluids have been considered through introducing the interaction forces. The effect of the surface deformation and oscillation resulting from these interactions on the constraints of multiple breakages has been accounted for. These factors have been neglected in the existing models. The wide energy spectrum distribution was found to have an important effect on the nonmonotone evolution of breakage frequency with increasing parent droplet size. The cumulative volume fractions predicted by this work showed a better agreement with the experimental data. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2147–2168, 2015
Optimal distribution of temperature driving forces in low‐temperature heat transfer
Authors: Austbø Bjørn , Gundersen Truls
Published: April 2015

A fairly extensive review of research on optimal distribution of driving forces in heat‐transfer processes is provided. Four different guidelines for specifying the temperature profiles in heat exchangers have been compared. Not surprisingly, the irreversibilities due to heat transfer in a heat exchanger of given size were found to be minimized when the temperature difference is proportional to the absolute temperature. Comparing a design with an optimal temperature profile and a design with a uniform temperature difference throughout the heat exchanger, sensitivity analyses illustrated that savings in irreversibilities increase with decreasing temperature level and increasing temperature span for the cooling load. Heat exchanger size was found to be of negligible importance. The results indicated that optimal utilization of heat exchanger area is of little importance for processes operating above ambient temperature, while significant savings can be obtained by optimal distribution of temperature driving forces in processes below ambient temperature. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2447–2455, 2015
A single high‐resolution HLA mismatch has a similar adverse impact on the outcome of related hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as a single low‐resolution HLA mismatch
Authors: Fuji Shigeo , Kanda Junya , Kato Shunichi , Ikegame Kazuhiro , Morishima Satoko , Miyamoto Toshihiro , Hidaka Michihiro , Kubo Kohmei , Miyamura Koichi , Tsudo Mitsuru , Kobayashi Hikaru , Maesako Yoshitomo , Eto Tetsuya , Adachi Souichi , Ichinohe Tatsuo , Atsuta Yoshiko , Kanda Yoshinobu ,   on behalf of the HLA Working Group of the Japan Society for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Published: April 2015

The relative importance of the resolution level of HLA typing has not been fully defined for related donor transplantation. To address this question, we retrospectively evaluated patients who underwent a first related hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from 2000 to 2011 from an HLA high‐resolution matched (MRD, n = 2,244), high‐resolution 1 locus‐mismatched (HR‐MMRD, n = 116), or low‐resolution 1 locus‐mismatched related donor (LR‐MMRD, n = 396) in the graft‐versus‐host direction at three loci (HLA A, B, and DRB1) using the database of the Japan Society for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. The median age was 40 years (0–74). The median follow‐up duration of surviving patients was 950 days. Although the cumulative incidences of grade III–IV acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) in the HR‐MMRD and LR‐MMRD groups were significantly higher than those in the MRD group (HR‐MMRD 19.8%, LR‐MMRD 20.4%, and MRD 9.5%), there was no statistically significant difference between the HR‐MMRD and LR‐MMRD groups (P = 0.65). Although both HR‐MMRD and LR‐MMRD were significantly associated with an increased risk of non‐relapse mortality and a worse overall survival, there was no statistically significant difference between the HR‐MMRD and LR‐MMRD groups. In conclusion, LR‐MM and HR‐MM have a similar adverse impact on the outcome in related HSCT. Am. J. Hematol. 90:618–623, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ASXL1 mutations are frequent and prognostically detrimental in CSF3R‐mutated chronic neutrophilic leukemia
Authors: Elliott Michelle A. , Pardanani Animesh , Hanson Curtis A. , Lasho Terra L. , Finke Christy M. , Belachew Alem A. , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: April 2015

Colony stimulating factor 3 receptor gene (CSF3R) mutations have recently been associated with chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL). Fourteen patients with CSF3R‐mutated CNL (median age 67 years; 57% males) were screened for additional mutations; 8 (57%) and 5 (38%) harbored an ASXL1 and/or SETBP1 mutation (two patients expressed both), respectively. Two patients developed blastic transformation, both SETBP1‐mutated and ASXL1‐unmutated, whereas two other cases evolved into chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), both ASXL1‐mutated and SETBP1‐unmutated. Median survival was 23.2 months (10 deaths documented). On multivariable analysis mutated ASXL1 (P = 0.009; HR 19.6, 95% CI 2.1–184.1) and thrombocytopenia (P = 0.005; HR 28.8, 95% CI 2.8–298.2) were independently predictive of shortened survival. This study provides information on the natural history of CSF3R‐mutated CNL and identifies mutant ASXL1 and thrombocytopenia as risk factors for survival. The study also suggests pathogenetic roles for SETBP1 and ASXL1 mutations in disease evolution into blast phase disease and CMML, respectively. Am. J. Hematol. 90:653–656, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bakterien und Weichtiere: Prinzipien der Biomineralisation von Eisenoxid‐Materialien
Authors: Faivre Damien , Godec Tina Ukmar
Published: April 2015

Diverse Organismen haben ein genetisches Programm, das ihnen die kontrollierte Bildung von Mineralien ermöglicht; dieser Prozess wird Biomineralisation genannt. Die Vielfalt der verschiedenen biologischen Materialien ist enorm und beruht auf der Fähigkeit, sowohl Keimbildung als auch Wachstum der Kristalle zu kontrollieren. Die Struktur und Zusammensetzung der Biomineralien stattet die Organismen mit Eigenschaften und Fähigkeiten aus, die vergleichbare abiotisch gebildete Materialien desselben Minerals normalerweise nicht aufweisen. Daher ist es von großem interdisziplinärem Interesse, die Mechanismen der Biomineralisation und Morphogenese besser zu verstehen. In diesem Aufsatz fassen wir das momentane Wissen über die Bildung von Eisenoxiden in Bakterien und Weichtieren zusammen und konzentrieren uns dabei auf die magnetischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften. Wir beschreiben die chemischen und biologischen Prozesse, die in die Kontrolle der Mineralfällung und Morphogenese involviert sind, und zeigen, wie die Organismen es schaffen, hochkomplexe Strukturen mit primitiven physikochemischen Mitteln zu bilden.
Gezielte Optimierung von molekularen Photokatalysatoren zur Wasserstoffproduktion mit sichtbarem Licht
Authors: Pfeffer Michael G. , Kowacs Tanja , Wächtler Maria , Guthmuller Julien , Dietzek Benjamin , Vos Johannes G. , Rau Sven
Published: April 2015

In einem intramolekularen Photokatalysator, bestehend aus einem RuII‐Photozentrum, einem Tetrapyridophenazin‐Brückenliganden und einer PtX2‐Einheit (X=Cl oder I) als Katalysezentrum, wurde der Einfluss der Struktur des Katalysezentrums auf die katalytische Aktivität des photochemischen molekularen Systems (PMD, photochemical molecular device) untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass der Austausch der terminalen Chloridliganden am Platinzentrum gegen Iodidliganden zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der Effizienz der Wasserstoffproduktion führt. Untersuchungen mittels Ultrakurzzeitspektroskopie belegen, dass die intramolekularen photophysikalischen Prozesse durch die strukturelle Veränderung des Katalysezentrums nicht beeinflusst werden. Zudem bleibt das grundlegende katalytische Verhalten, wie z. B. die sofortige Wasserstoffentwicklung, die konstante Umsatzfrequenz und die Stabilität des Katalysezentrums, erhalten. DFT‐Rechnungen belegen eine deutliche Erhöhung der Elektronendichte am katalytisch aktiven Platinzentrum durch den Austausch der terminalen Halogenidiganden, was als Erklärung für die signifikant erhöhte Katalyseaktivität dient.
Biomimetische Totalsynthese von Santalin Y
Authors: Strych Sebastian , Journot Guillaume , Pemberton Ryan P. , Wang Selina C. , Tantillo Dean J. , Trauner Dirk
Published: April 2015

Eine biomimetische Totalsynthese von Santalin Y, einem strukturell komplexen, jedoch racemischen Naturstoff, wird beschrieben. Ihr Schlüsselschritt ist eine (3+2)‐Cycloaddition eines Benzylstilbens an ein “vinyloges Oxidopyrylium”, gefolgt von einer intramolekularen Friedel‐Crafts‐Reaktion. Diese Kaskade erzeugt das einzigartige Oxafenestran‐Gerüst des Zielmoleküls und setzt seine fünf Stereozentren in einem einzigen Vorgang. Unsere Arbeit liefert einen schnellen Zugang zu Santalin Y und klärt dessen biosynthetische Beziehung zu anderen aus rotem Sandelholz isolierten Farbstoffen auf.
Optimization of Hydrogen‐Evolving Photochemical Molecular Devices
Authors: Pfeffer Michael G. , Kowacs Tanja , Wächtler Maria , Guthmuller Julien , Dietzek Benjamin , Vos Johannes G. , Rau Sven
Published: April 2015

A molecular photocatalyst consisting of a RuII photocenter, a tetrapyridophenazine bridging ligand, and a PtX2 (X=Cl or I) moiety as the catalytic center functions as a stable system for light‐driven hydrogen production. The catalytic activity of this photochemical molecular device (PMD) is significantly enhanced by exchanging the terminal chlorides at the Pt center for iodide ligands. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy shows that the intramolecular photophysics are not affected by this change. Additionally, the general catalytic behavior, that is, instant hydrogen formation, a constant turnover frequency, and stability are maintained. Unlike as observed for the Pd analogue, the presence of excess halide does not affect the hydrogen generation capacity of the PMD. The highly improved catalytic efficiency is explained by an increased electron density at the Pt catalytic center, this is confirmed by DFT studies.
Biochemistry students' ideas about how an enzyme interacts with a substrate
Authors: Linenberger Kimberly J. , Bretz Stacey Lowery
Published: April 2015

Enzyme‐substrate interactions are a fundamental concept of biochemistry that is built upon throughout multiple biochemistry courses. Central to understanding enzyme‐substrate interactions is specific knowledge of exactly how an enzyme and substrate interact. Within this narrower topic, students must understand the various binding sites on an enzyme and be able to reason from simplistic lock and key or induced fit models to the more complex energetics model of transition state theory. Learning to understand these many facets of enzyme‐substrate interactions and reasoning from multiple models present challenges where students incorrectly make connections between concepts or make no connection at all. This study investigated biochemistry students' understanding of enzyme‐substrate interactions through the use of clinical interviews and a national administration (N = 707) of the Enzyme–Substrate Interactions Concept Inventory. Findings include misconceptions regarding the nature of enzyme‐substrate interactions, naïve ideas about the active site, a lack of energetically driven interactions, and an incomplete understanding of the specificity pocket. © 2015 by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43(4):213–222, 2015.
Left phrenic nerve anatomy relative to the coronary venous system: Implications for phrenic nerve stimulation during cardiac resynchronization therapy
Authors: Spencer Julianne H. , Goff Ryan P. , Iaizzo Paul A.
Published: April 2015

The objective of this study was to quantitatively characterize anatomy of the human phrenic nerve in relation to the coronary venous system, to reduce undesired phrenic nerve stimulation during left‐sided lead implantations. We obtained CT scans while injecting contrast into coronary veins of 15 perfusion‐fixed human heart‐lung blocs. A radiopaque wire was glued to the phrenic nerve under CT, then we created three‐dimensional models of anatomy and measured anatomical parameters. The left phrenic nerve typically coursed over the basal region of the anterior interventricular vein, mid region of left marginal veins, and apical region of inferior and middle cardiac veins. There was large variation associated with the average angle between nerve and veins. Average angle across all coronary sinus tributaries was fairly consistent (101.3°–111.1°). The phrenic nerve coursed closest to the middle cardiac vein and left marginal veins. The phrenic nerve overlapped a left marginal vein in >50% of specimens. Clin. Anat. 28:621–626, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental Investigation and Simulation of Organophilic Pervaporation in Laboratory and Pilot Scale
Authors: Schiffmann Patrick , Repke Jens‐Uwe
Published: April 2015

Pervaporation is a well‐established separation technology for the production of anhydrous solvents, but its distribution in the chemical industry is still limited to a few individual applications. Besides the need of high‐selective membranes, the development of membrane modules adapted to the specific requirements of this process needs more research effort. Furthermore, only few modeling tools for the pervaporation process are available. In this work, a three‐step modeling approach ranging from a shortcut to a rigorous model is developed. A hydrophobic membrane is characterized in a laboratory test cell for the separation of 2‐butanol from water in a wide temperature and concentration range. The identified performance data are used to simulate the same separation task with an industrial‐scale membrane module. The results are validated by experiments conducted with a novel membrane module in pilot scale.
Drying of Iron Chloride Solutions: Laser Heating of Levitated Single Particles
Authors: Schiemann Martin , Baer Sebastian , Esen Cemal , Ostendorf Andreas
Published: April 2015

Iron chloride solutions are a waste product from the steel industry, which has to be recovered by the so‐called spray roasting process. As this process is a complex sequence of different steps, the drying process of the droplets was separated to get deeper insight into the particle formation process from aqueous iron chloride solutions. Experiments were carried out on single droplets in an acoustic levitator. A CO2 laser was used as heat source for the drying process. Particles with different shapes were generated by various concentrations of FeCl2 and laser power. The characteristic time scales and particle size evolution are compared with literature data.
Distillation Control Structure Selection for Energy‐Efficient Operations
Authors: Osuolale Funmilayo , Zhang Jie
Published: April 2015

Few studies have been reported concerning the energy efficiency of various distillation column control structures. The choice of an energy‐efficient control configuration by incorporating thermodynamics second law in the selection criteria is described. In addition to a relative gain array for assessing control loop interactions, a relative exergy array is used in evaluating the energy efficiency of various control structures. The preferred control structure should have both good operability and good energy efficiency as distillation columns are the major energy consumer in the chemical industry. The performance of the control structures in the dynamic mode is analyzed in detail. The proposed method is demonstrated on two binary distillation columns: methanol‐water separation and benzene‐toluene separation. Dynamic simulation results prove the efficiency of the proposed distillation control structure selection method.
Q = m c ΔT – Grundlage zur Steuerung des Stoffaustauschs von auf Verdunstung basierenden Prozessen
Authors: Feilner Roland , Werner Franz , Rehmann Dirk , Methner Frank‐Jürgen , Scheuren Hans
Published: April 2015

Thermische Trennverfahren sind in der lebensmittelverarbeitenden Industrie weit verbreitet. Oftmals werden hierbei Kochprozesse bei Atmosphären‐ oder Unterdruck eingesetzt, die aufgrund des hohen Dampfdrucks wasserreicher Lebensmittel sehr energieintensiv sind. Insbesondere bei der Auftrennung von gelösten Stoffen wie Aromen ergibt sich daher ein großes Optimierungspotenzial. Verdunstungsprozesse bieten die Möglichkeit, ohne den Einsatz zusätzlicher Primärenergie in Form von Wärme ebenfalls eine Auftrennung zu erreichen. Die bei der Verdunstung entstehende Temperaturabnahme der Flüssigkeit kann dabei als Maß für die Reduktion von (unerwünschten) flüchtigen Stoffen dienen und daher zur Regelung der Massenströme verwendet werden.
Absolute Brønsted Acidities and pH Scales in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Himmel Daniel , Goll Sascha K. , Scholz Franziska , Radtke Valentin , Leito Ivo , Krossing Ingo
Published: April 2015

Although receiving large interest over the last years, some fundamental aspects of Brønsted acidity in ionic liquids (ILs) have up to now been insufficiently highlighted. In this work, standard states, activity, and activity coefficient definitions for IL solvent systems were developed from general thermodynamic considerations and then extended to a general mixed solvent standard state. By using the bromide/bromoaluminate systems as representative ILs, formulae for thermodynamically consistent pH scales for ILs with simple (Br−) and complex ([AlnBr3n+1]−) anions were derived on the basis of the chemical potential of the proton. Supported by quantum chemical [ccsd(t)/MP2/DFT/COSMO‐RS] calculations, Gibbs solvation energies of the proton were calculated, which allowed the ILs to be ranked in absolute acidity, that is, pHabs or μabs(H+, IL), and additionally allowed their acidity to be compared with molecular Brønsted acid systems. It was shown that bromoaluminate ILs are suited for reaching superacidic conditions. The complexity of autoprotolysis processes in C6MIM+[AlBr4]− (C6MIM=1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) with or without the addition of basic (i.e. Br−) or acidic (AlBr3 and/or HBr) solutes was examined in detail by model calculations, and they indicated a large thermodynamic influence of small deviations from the exact stoichiometric composition.
Dimethylaminopyridine‐Supported Graft Polymer Catalyst and its Flow System
Authors: Okuno Yoshinori , Isomura Shigeki , Kamakura Takahiro , Sano Fumiaki , Tamahori Kaoru , Goto Takahiro , Hayashida Takahiro , Kitagawa Yuuichi , Fukuhara Ami , Takeda Kazuyoshi
Published: April 2015

A new heterogeneous organocatalyst, graft polymer supported dimethylaminopyridine (g‐DMAP), is developed. This catalyst has a flexible structure and comprises DMAP anchored to the polyethylene‐graft‐polyacrylic acid (PE‐g‐PAA). It exhibits higher activity than DMAP supported on polystyrene cross‐linked with divinylbenzene and can be recovered in batch mode acetylation. The activity and stability of this catalyst allow its application in continuous flow systems. Continuous acetylation proceeds with excellent conversion, and a turnover number of 560 can be achieved using g‐DMAP. Parallel fixed bed reactors were used to scale up the synthesis of this continuous flow system. Eight parallel fixed bed reactors displayed excellent conversion.
HumanB‐cell and progenitor stages as determined by probability state modeling of multidimensional cytometry data
Authors: Bagwell C. Bruce , Hill Beth L. , Wood Brent L. , Wallace Paul K. , Alrazzak Muaz , Kelliher Abigail S. , Preffer Frederic I.
Published: April 2015

Background

Human progenitor and B‐cell development is a highly regulated process characterized by the ordered differential expression of numerous cell‐surface and intracytoplasmic antigens. This study investigates the underlying coordination of these modulations by examining a series of normal bone marrow samples with the method of probability state modeling or PSM.

Results

The study is divided into two sections. The first section examines B‐cell stages subsequent to CD19 up‐regulation. The second section assesses an earlier differentiation stage before and including CD19 up‐regulation.

Post‐CD19 Antigenic Up‐Regulation

Statistical analyses of cytometry data derived from sixteen normal bone marrow specimens revealed that B cells have at least three distinct coordinated changes, forming four stages labeled as B1, B2, B3, and B4. At the end of B1; CD34 antigen expression down‐regulates with TdT while CD45, CD81, and CD20 slightly up‐regulate. At the end of B2, CD45 and CD20 up‐regulate. At the end of B3 and beginning of B4; CD10, CD38, and CD81 down‐regulate while CD22 and CD44 up‐regulate.

Pre‐CD19 Antigenic Up‐Regulation

Statistical analysis of ten normal bone marrows revealed that there are at least two measurable coordinated changes with progenitors, forming three stages labeled as P1, P2, and P3. At the end of P1, CD38 up‐regulates. At the end of P2; CD19, CD10, CD81, CD22, and CD9 up‐regulate while CD44 down‐regulates slightly.

Conclusions

These objective results yield a clearer immunophenotypic picture of the underlying cellular mechanisms that are operating in these important developmental processes. Also, unambiguously determined stages define what is meant by “normal” B‐cell development and may serve as a preliminary step for the development of highly sensitive minimum residual disease detection systems. A companion article is simultaneously being published in Cytometry Part A that will explain in further detail the theory behind PSM. Three short relevant videos are available in the online supporting information for both of these papers. © 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Ratio of neutrophilic CD64 and monocytic HLA‐DR: A novel parameter in diagnosis and prognostication of neonatal sepsis
Authors: Pradhan Richeek , Jain Paresh , Paria Anshuman , Saha Anindya , Sahoo Jagdish , Sen Anway , Mukherjee Suchandra , Som Tapas , Hazra Avijit , Warner Noel , Singh Arun K , Chatterjee Mitali
Published: April 2015

Objective

Approaches to monitoring of sepsis have traditionally relied upon the pro‐inflammatory component of the sepsis response. This study evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic potential of the ratio of neutrophilic CD64 (nCD64) and monocytic HLA‐DR (mHLA‐DR) median fluorescence index in monitoring of neonatal sepsis.

Methods

Blood from 100 neonates suspected of sepsis and 29 healthy controls was collected on clinical suspicion of sepsis, and the expression of nCD64, mHLA‐DR was evaluated by Flow Cytometry; thereby, a derived parameter “Sepsis index,” SI = nCD64/mHLA‐DR × 100 was estimated.

Results

At day 1, sensitivity and specificity to detect sepsis using nCD64 was 73.01% and 89.18%, respectively, while for SI it was 73.01% and 72.22%, respectively. On Kaplan‐Meier analysis, neonates with SI > cut‐off showed a higher 30 day‐mortality than those with low SI (P = 0.096). On multivariate analysis, the factor associated with mortality in our cohort was Apgar score ≤3, while SI showed a trend toward significance.

Conclusions

At day1, nCD64 is useful for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis whereas mHLA‐DR is beneficial for monitoring patients at a later time point. The SI is a marker of moderate diagnostic sensitivity and supplements the current arsenal of laboratory investigations to detect neonatal sepsis. As a marker of prognosis, a high SI shows a trend towards greater mortality. © 2015 Clinical Cytometry Society
Recent Progress in AlGaN‐Based Deep‐UV LEDs
Authors: HIRAYAMA HIDEKI , FUJIKAWA SACHIE , KAMATA NORIHIKO
Published: April 2015

Deep‐ultraviolet (DUV) light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are in demand for a wide variety of potential applications, such as sterilization, water and air purification, medical uses, and so on. We have demonstrated 222–351 nm AlGaN and quaternary InAlGaN‐based DUV‐LEDs by developing a low threading dislocation density (TDD) AlN crystal. We achieved an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of about 4% and an output power greater than 30 mW in DUV‐LEDs for use in sterilization applications by developing new crystal growth techniques.
A High Power InGaN‐LED on an m‐Plane GaN Substrate
Authors: YOKOGAWA TOSHIYA , OYA MITSUAKI , FUJIKANE MASAKI
Published: April 2015

Growing demands for reduction of energy consumption and environmental impact are rapidly leading to the spread of solid‐state LED lighting with low power consumption and high reliability. To meet these demands, we are developing high efficiency and high power LEDs on GaN substrates. A high optical output power of 1.23 W at 1 A was obtained by using the technologies of epitaxial growth of high‐quality m‐plane InGaN on GaN substrates and low contact resistance electrodes. The m‐plane InGaN‐LED realized a quite small external‐efficiency droop of about 20% up to 500 A/cm2, while major droop occurs in polar c‐plane (0001) InGaN LEDs.
Output Feedback Controller Based on a Complete Quadratic Lyapunov–Krasovskii Functional for Time‐Delay Systems
Authors: MINAGAWA DAIKI , UCHIMURA YUTAKA
Published: April 2015

This paper describes a stabilizing output feedback controller for a time‐delay system that is derived from a complete quadratic Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional. Because the complete quadratic Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional contains nonconstant coefficients for its decision variables, the stabilizing problem is more difficult to solve than the stability problem. Instead, this paper introduces a null term with a value of zero to convert the derivative of the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional into a quadratic form and avoid the multiplication of decision variables. The controller design procedure is given by a stability condition based on the linear matrix inequality. The performance of the proposed controller is weighted to consider the dynamics of the controlled plant.
Long‐term performance of in‐stream restoration measures in boreal streams
Authors: Marttila Maare , Louhi Pauliina , Huusko Ari , Mäki‐Petäys Aki , Yrjänä Timo , Muotka Timo
Published: April 2015

Studies on the effectiveness of in‐stream restoration have generally reported increased habitat heterogeneity, but biological responses have been more variable. One hypothesis states that the restored habitat structure does not persist through time, resulting in fading biological responses. We studied the durability of in‐stream restoration in northern and central Finland by assessing short‐term (0–1 years) and long‐term (≥10 years) changes in habitat structure after restoration. In 2010, we repeated the field surveys first conducted in the 1990s in 27 stream reaches. We also made similar habitat measurements in ten near‐pristine sites. Restoration caused significant changes in the stream habitat that either remained unaltered or were reinforced through time, with several of the restored sites resembling closely the near‐pristine reference sites 10–20 years post‐restoration. Cover of aquatic mosses initially decreased sharply but recovered close to near‐pristine level within about 15 years. However, substrate variability still remained somewhat lower in the restored than in near‐pristine streams. Individual restoration structures had changed little over time. The most evident failures were the disappearance and entrenchment of gravel beds. Restoration of our study sites had shifted the sites to a trajectory towards more natural habitat conditions, and our results do not support the hypothesis that gradual destruction of the restored habitat might partly explain weak biological responses. From the perspective of channel evolution, the restorations were still fairly recent, and only long‐term monitoring will tell if the sites will continue on the trajectory to hydromorphological and ecological recovery. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality evaluation of cold‐pressed edible oils from Macedonia
Authors: Kostadinović Veličkovska Sanja , Brühl Ludger , Mitrev Saša , Mirhosseini Hamed , Matthäus Bertrand
Published: April 2015

The chemical composition and quality of eight pure cold‐pressed oils and two blend oils from Macedonia were examined in this work. The highest level of oleic acid was determined in apricot kernel oil and rapeseed oil with abundance of 70.9 and 59.2%, respectively. The highest level of polyunsaturated fatty acids was seen for flaxseed and hemp seed oil with abundance of α‐linolenic acid of 55.1% for flaxseed oil and linoleic acid of 57.4% for hemp seed oil. Apricot kernel oil and roasted sesame seed oil had the highest oxidative stability with induction times of 7.6 and 10.9 h. Apricot oil, hemp seed oil, and flaxseed oil had the highest level of total vitamin‐E‐active compounds with 58.8, 58.1, and 69.7 per 100 g of oil with predomination of γ‐tocopherol. The highest peroxide number was detected in blend oils (oil 2 and oil 8) with values over 10 meq O2/kg of oil. The highest FFA was detected in rapeseed oil (1.57%). Roasted and unroasted sesame seed oils had relatively high specific extinction (K232 values 3.55 and 3.33, respectively). However, the highest UV extinction had a blend of pumpkin seed oil and sunflower oil with a value of 3.84.

Practical applications: The results of this study can be applied for determination of the most important major and minor components responsible for quality evaluation of cold‐pressed oils. Statistical results indicated a strong relationship between the level of monounsaturated fatty acids in the oil and their oxidative stability. The level of tocopherols and other vitamin‐E‐related compounds was in strong relationship with the antioxidant activity of the oils measured by the DPPH method. Phytosterols, as minor compounds present in the oils, did not contribute significantly to the total antioxidant potential of the oils but, their levels in particular oils, together with fatty acids, can be useful and reliable markers for the purity of the oils and determination of the composition of blends.

Score plot of fatty acid profile, induction time, peroxide number, FFA, specific extinction, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, DPPH and TEAC assay, vitamin‐E‐active compounds, and phytosterols of ten cold‐pressed edible oils from Macedonia.
Synthesis of Rigid Analogues of Flavone by Intramolecular Heck Reaction
Authors: Hou Chuanwei , Chen Hao , Xu Xing , Zhu Fangxia , Guo Lei , Jiang Min , Yang Chunhao , Deng Lianfu
Published: April 2015

A novel concise method to synthesize rigid analogues of flavone by an intramolecular Heck reaction with wide substrate scope was developed. The key intermediates 3‐(2‐bromobenzyl)‐4H‐chromen‐4‐ones were prepared easily in two steps. Most compounds were obtained with moderate to good yields (34–90 % yield, 19 examples).
Iron‐Catalyzed α‐Methylenation of Ketones with N,N‐Dimethylacetamide: An Approach for α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Li Yi‐Ming , Lou Shao‐Jie , Zhou Qin‐Hua , Zhu Lian‐Wen , Zhu Long‐Feng , Li Lei
Published: April 2015

In this study, we developed a general iron‐catalyzed α‐methylenation of ketones by using N,N‐dimethylacetamide as the one‐carbon source. Various ketones, including aryl and alkyl ketones, enones, and dicarbonyl compounds were well tolerated to yield the corresponding α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds in the presence of an iron catalyst, peroxides, and N,N‐dimethylacetamide under aerobic conditions.
Gold‐Catalysed Synthesis of Exocyclic Vinylogous Amides and β‐Amino Ketones: A Detailed Study on the 5‐exo/6‐endo‐dig Selectivity, Methodology and Scope
Authors: Scarpi Dina , Begliomini Stefano , Prandi Cristina , Oppedisano Alberto , Deagostino Annamaria , Gómez‐Bengoa Enrique , Fiser Béla , Occhiato Ernesto G.
Published: April 2015

The gold(I)‐catalysed reaction of N‐Boc‐protected 6‐alkynyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyridines, which gives synthetically useful vinylogous amides (β‐enaminones), has been studied in detail, in order to optimize the reaction conditions, enlarge the scope and gain insight into the mechanism and the structural features that selectively favour the 6‐endo‐dig oxyauration of the triple bond. Experimental studies and DFT calculations demonstrate that the 6‐endo‐dig approach is exclusive with substituted alkynes, whereas with terminal alkynes the 5‐exo‐dig cyclization prevails, despite the large angle (120°) at C‐6. The same selectivity was observed with N‐Cbz‐protected 2‐alkynylpiperidines. With these compounds, β‐amino ketones are obtained as a consequence of the 6‐endo‐dig attack onto a substituted triple bond. Sedamine alkaloids are easily obtained by this approach.
Flow Synthesis of Fluorinated α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Vukelić Stella , Ushakov Dmitry B. , Gilmore Kerry , Koksch Beate , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: April 2015

Fluorinated α‐amino acids are versatile compounds that are used for many purposes in medicinal and biochemistry. However, their synthesis remains a significant hurdle, often requiring multiple steps, multiple protecting groups, and/or the use of highly toxic reagents. These challenges have limited the application of fluorinated α‐amino acids. A convenient, protecting‐group‐free and semi‐continuous process for the synthesis of racemic fluorinated α‐amino acids from fluorinated amines is described. Following a singlet‐oxygen‐driven photooxidative cyanation, an acid‐mediated hydrolysis of the intermediate α‐amino nitrile yields the desired α‐amino acid. Aliphatic, benzylic, and homobenzylic residues with different fluorination degrees are tolerated, providing good overall yields (50–67 %). This semi‐continuous process is particularly advantageous for an aliphatic amine, the intermediate α‐amino nitrile of which decomposes upon isolation.
Effect of grapefruit and lavender essential oil scents on pancreatic sympathetic nerve activity and plasma glucose in rats
Authors: Horii Yuko , Maeda Keiko , Shen Jiao , Fujisaki Yoshiyuki , Nagai Katsuya
Published: April 2015

We previously found that olfactory stimulation of rats with the scent of grapefruit oil (SGFO) elevated the activity of the sympathetic nerves innervating the adrenal glands, kidneys and white adipose tissue, blood pressure and the plasma glycerol level, whereas olfactory stimulation with the scent of lavender oil (SLVO) suppressed these same physiological values. In this study, we examined the effects of olfactory stimulation with SGFO and SLVO on the efferent pancreatic sympathetic nerve activity (pancreatic‐SNA) in urethane‐anaesthetized rats, hyperglycemia induced by intracranial injection of 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2DG) in rats and hyperglycemia in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats which had been administered oral glucose. Olfactory stimulation with SGFO markedly elevated pancreatic‐SNA and significantly increased the plasma glucose level after the 2DG injection, whereas olfactory stimulation with SLVO markedly inhibited pancreatic‐SNA and significantly reduced the plasma glucose level after the 2DG injection. Furthermore, olfactory stimulation with SLVO suppressed the increase in the plasma glucose level after oral glucose loading in STZ‐diabetic rats. These findings suggest that scent stimulation with SGFO and SLVO may affect the plasma glucose level via changes in the autonomic nervous system in rats. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatic lipid droplet biology: Getting to the root of fatty liver
Authors: Mashek Douglas G. , Khan Salmaan A. , Sathyanarayan Aishwarya , Ploeger Jonathan M. , Franklin Mallory P.
Published: April 2015

Hepatic steatosis is defined by the accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs). Once thought to be only inert energy storage depots, LDs are increasingly recognized as organelles that have important functions in hepatocytes beyond lipid storage. The lipid and protein composition of LDs is highly dynamic and influences their intrinsic metabolism and signaling properties, which ultimately links them to the changes in hepatic function. This concise review highlights recent discoveries in LD biology and unique aspects of hepatic LDs and their role in liver disease. (Hepatology 2015;62:964–967)
The biliary epithelium presents antigens to and activates natural killer T cells
Authors: Schrumpf Elisabeth , Tan Corey , Karlsen Tom H. , Sponheim Jon , Björkström Niklas K. , Sundnes Olav , Alfsnes Kristian , Kaser Arthur , Jefferson Douglas M. , Ueno Yoshiyuki , Eide Tor J. , Haraldsen Guttorm , Zeissig Sebastian , Exley Mark A. , Blumberg Richard S. , Melum Espen
Published: April 2015

Cholangiocytes express antigen‐presenting molecules, but it has been unclear whether they can present antigens. Natural killer T (NKT) cells respond to lipid antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex class I‐like molecule CD1d and are abundant in the liver. We investigated whether cholangiocytes express CD1d and present lipid antigens to NKT cells and how CD1d expression varies in healthy and diseased bile ducts. Murine and human cholangiocyte cell lines as well as human primary cholangiocytes expressed CD1d as determined by flow cytometry and western blotting. Murine cholangiocyte cell lines were able to present both exogenous and endogenous lipid antigens to invariant and noninvariant NKT cell hybridomas and primary NKT cells in a CD1d‐dependent manner. A human cholangiocyte cell line, cholangiocarcinoma cell lines, and human primary cholangiocytes also presented exogenous CD1d‐restricted antigens to invariant NKT cell clones. CD1d expression was down‐regulated in the biliary epithelium of patients with late primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and alcoholic cirrhosis compared to healthy controls. Conclusions: Cholangiocytes express CD1d and present antigens to NKT cells and CD1d expression is down‐regulated in diseased biliary epithelium, findings which show that the biliary epithelium can activate an important lymphocyte subset of the liver. This is a potentially important immune pathway in the biliary system, which may be capable of regulating inflammation in the context of biliary disease. (Hepatology 2015;62:1249‐1259)
Damage‐associated molecular pattern–activated neutrophil extracellular trap exacerbates sterile inflammatory liver injury
Authors: Huang Hai , Tohme Samer , Al‐Khafaji Ahmed B. , Tai Sheng , Loughran Patricia , Chen Li , Wang Shu , Kim Jiyun , Billiar Timothy , Wang Yanming , Tsung Allan
Published: April 2015

Innate immunity plays a crucial role in the response to sterile inflammation such as liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The initiation of liver I/R injury results in the release of damage‐associated molecular patterns, which trigger an innate immune and inflammatory cascade through pattern recognition receptors. Neutrophils are recruited to the liver after I/R and contribute to organ damage and innate immune and inflammatory responses. Formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has been recently found in response to various stimuli. However, the role of NETs during liver I/R injury remains unknown. We show that NETs form in the sinusoids of ischemic liver lobes in vivo. This was associated with increased NET markers, serum level of myeloperoxidase–DNA complexes, and tissue level of citrullinated‐histone H3 compared to control mice. Treatment with peptidyl‐arginine‐deiminase 4 inhibitor or DNase I significantly protected hepatocytes and reduced inflammation after liver I/R as evidenced by inhibition of NET formation, indicating the pathophysiological role of NETs in liver I/R injury. In vitro, NETs increase hepatocyte death and induce Kupffer cells to release proinflammatory cytokines. Damage‐associated molecular patterns, such as High Mobility Group Box 1 and histones, released by injured hepatocytes stimulate NET formation through Toll‐like receptor (TLR4)‐ and TLR9‐MyD88 signaling pathways. After neutrophil depletion in mice, the adoptive transfer of TLR4 knockout or TLR9 knockout neutrophils confers significant protection from liver I/R injury with a significant decrease in NET formation. In addition, we found inhibition of NET formation by the peptidyl‐arginine‐deiminase 4 inhibitor and that DNase I reduces High Mobility Group Box 1 and histone‐mediated liver I/R injury. Conclusion: Damage‐associated molecular patterns released during liver I/R promote NET formation through the TLR signaling pathway. Development of NETs subsequently exacerbates organ damage and initiates inflammatory responses during liver I/R. (Hepatology 2015;62:600–614
Fluoxetine induces input‐specific hippocampal dendritic spine remodeling along the septotemporal axis in adulthood and middle age
Authors: McAvoy Kathleen , Russo Craig , Kim Shannen , Rankin Genelle , Sahay Amar
Published: April 2015

Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin‐reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is known to induce structural rearrangements and changes in synaptic transmission in hippocampal circuitry. In the adult hippocampus, structural changes include neurogenesis, dendritic, and axonal plasticity of pyramidal and dentate granule neurons, and dedifferentiation of dentate granule neurons. However, much less is known about how chronic fluoxetine affects these processes along the septotemporal axis and during the aging process. Importantly, studies documenting the effects of fluoxetine on density and distribution of spines along different dendritic segments of dentate granule neurons and CA1 pyramidal neurons along the septotemporal axis of hippocampus in adulthood and during aging are conspicuously absent. Here, we use a transgenic mouse line in which mature dentate granule neurons and CA1 pyramidal neurons are genetically labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) to investigate the effects of chronic fluoxetine treatment (18 mg/kg/day) on input‐specific spine remodeling and mossy fiber structural plasticity in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus in adulthood and middle age. In addition, we examine levels of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, maturation state of dentate granule neurons, neuronal activity, and glutamic acid decarboxylase‐67 expression in response to chronic fluoxetine in adulthood and middle age. Our studies reveal that while chronic fluoxetine fails to augment adult hippocampal neurogenesis in middle age, the middle‐aged hippocampus retains high sensitivity to changes in the dentate gyrus (DG) such as dematuration, hypoactivation, and increased glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) expression. Interestingly, the middle‐aged hippocampus shows greater sensitivity to fluoxetine‐induced input‐specific synaptic remodeling than the hippocampus in adulthood with the stratum‐oriens of CA1 exhibiting heightened structural plasticity. The input‐specific changes and circuit‐level modifications in middle‐age were associated with modest enhancement in contextual fear memory precision, anxiety‐like behavior and antidepressant‐like behavioral responses. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flexibility decline contributes to similarity of past and future thinking in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: El Haj Mohamad , Antoine Pascal , Kapogiannis Dimitrios
Published: April 2015

A striking similarity has been suggested between past and future thinking in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a similarity attributable to abnormalities in common modular cognitive functions and neuroanatomical substrates. This study extends this literature by identifying specific executive function deficits underlying past and future thinking in AD. Twenty‐four participants with a clinical diagnosis of probable (mild) AD and 26 older controls generated past and future events and underwent tests of binding and the executive functions of flexibility, inhibition, and updating. AD patients showed similar autobiographical performances in past and future event generation, and so did control participants. In each group, the similarity of past and future thinking was predicted by flexibility. Furthermore, AD patients with low flexibility showed higher similarity of past and future thinking than those with high flexibility. These findings are interpreted in terms of involvement of the hippocampus and frontal lobes in future thinking. Deficits in these brain regions in AD are likely to compromise the ability to recombine episodic information into novel and flexible configurations as scenarios for the future. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aquaporin‐4 knockdown ameliorates hypoxic‐ischemic cerebral edema in newborn piglets
Authors: Yang Chao , Liu Zhengjuan , Li Hongjie , Zhai Fangbing , Liu Jing , Bian Jie
Published: April 2015

Emerging evidence indicates that the water channel protein aquaporin 4 (AQP4) plays an essential role in water homeostasis and is implicated in the pathogenesis of brain edema. This study aimed to understand the physiological role of AQP4 in hypoxia–ischemia‐mediated cytotoxic brain edema. We specifically knocked down AQP4 expression by intracerebral injection of a plasmid containing AQP4 siRNA into a neonatal piglet model. The success of the hypoxia–ischemia‐induced piglet model was confirmed by conventional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion‐weighted imaging. AQP4 knockdown led to reduced brain edema accompanied by a higher apparent diffusion coefficient value, compared to the control group injected with a plasmid containing scrambled siRNA. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that AQP4 siRNA significantly reduced AQP4 mRNA and protein expression. Finally, neurological function analysis revealed that AQP4 knockdown significantly improved neurobehavioral manifestation of the piglets after exposure to hypoxia‐ischemia. Taken together, these results indicate that AQP4 plays an important role in mediating brain edema in hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy. Therefore, AQP4 could be a therapeutic target to ameliorate early‐stage brain edema. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 67(3):182–190, 2015
Econometric Methods for Modelling Systems With a Mixture ofi(1) andi(0) Variables
Authors: Fisher Lance A. , Huh Hyeon‐Seung , Pagan Adrian R.
Published: April 2015

This paper considers structural models with bothI(1) andI(0) variables. The structural shocks associated with either set of variables could be permanent or transitory. We classify the shocks as (P1,P0) and (T1,T0), where P/T distinguishes permanent/transitory, while 1/0 means they are attached to structural equations with eitherI(1) orI(0) variables as their ‘dependent’ variable. We show that P0 shocks can affect cointegration analysis and provide a formula to compute the permanent component if they are present. Finally, we reformulate a well‐known empirical structural vector autoregression showing the impact of P0 shocks when there are just long‐run parametric and sign restrictions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.