bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of Effectiveness of Soft X-chrome Lenses in Patients with Congenital Color Vision Deficiency
Authors: Lailung Saron , Chaurasiya Suraj Kumar , Sutar Samir , Ray Ritu
Published: December 2024

The dark red X-chrome lens, which can be worn on the nondominant eye of a person with color vision deficiency (CVD), is said to enhance color perception. We hereby report two cases of hereditary CVD in patient who had difficulty differentiating colors and had a problem with their daily tasks. The first case presented with 20/20 visual acuity (VA) with N6 in both eyes (BE) and could read 7 and 6 plates in the right eye (RE) and left eye (LE). In the second case, with a VA of 20/40 and N6 in BE, he appreciated 4 and 5 plates in RE and LE on Ishihara plates. Both cases improved to 20/25 plates after the insertion of the X-chrome lens. In conclusion, this case report highlights the efficacy of soft X-chrome lenses in ameliorating congenital CVD, particularly red-green impairments. Customized interventions, including thorough comprehension of mechanisms, patient expectation management, and lens care education, are essential. Prioritizing personalized care and ethical patient management underscores the potential of these lenses in enhancing the quality of life for individuals with CVD.
Oculo-Visceral Reflexes Revisited: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Khurana Ashok Kumar , Khurana Aruj Kumar , Khurana Bhawna P. , Khurana Indu Bala
Published: December 2024

Oculovisceral reflexes, in addition to oculocardiac reflex (OCR), include oculorespiratory reflex (ORR), oculodepressor reflex (ODR), oculogastric reflex (OGR), and the other needing unveiling. The OCR is a well-recognized phenomenon with potentially significant clinical implications. It is essential for health-care providers, particularly those involved in eye surgeries, i.e., eye surgeons and anesthetists to be knowledgeable about the OCR and take appropriate measures to prevent and manage its effects to ensure patient safety. While our understanding of the ORR has advanced in recent years, many questions remain unanswered. We urge the ophthalmology community to revisit this intriguing connection and encourage further research in this area. The ODR and OGR are the least studied. Ocular surgery involving manipulation of extraocular muscles such as squint, enucleation, and retinal detachment is very frequently performed. Further, ophthalmologists need to be aware of OCR in cases of entrapment of muscles in orbital floor fracture. Therefore, prevention of OCR, ORR, and ODR becomes imperative in all such cases. Since the retrobulbar injection of 2% xylocaine blocks the afferent pathway of all the three reflexes, its use has been recommended even when the surgery is performed under general anesthesia. In addition, intravenous atropine or glycopyrronium should also be used to block the efferent pathway of OCR and other visceral reflexes. Further, controlled ventilation must be preferred over spontaneous breathing, at least immediately before, after, and during muscle traction.
Examination and Presentation of a Glaucoma Case
Authors: Singh Arshi , Singh Kirti , Jain Divya
Published: December 2024

Glaucoma patient is a common case scenario in postgraduate examinations; glaucoma examination involves a sequence with certain “must-do” procedures. This article details the relevant history, including negative history, and examination with emphasis on what all needs to be documented. Diagrams are both descriptive and scoring in examinations, and their representative samples have been depicted in this article.
Insightful Innovation: Manual Smartphone Fundoscopy and Its Potential in Revolutionizing Day-to-day Clinical Practice in India
Authors: Chaurasia Shivang , Singh Kalyan
Published: December 2024

Objective:

Fundus examination is a vital part of routine ophthalmological examination. Over the years, we have had various techniques and advancements to make the procedure handy, cheap, and more efficient. The latest in the armory is the smartphone fundoscopy. Although most of the work using this technique has been done in Western countries, of late it has gained popularity in India, especially among the residents. Here, we describe a relatively simple technique for fundus photography in patients with dilated pupils using a smartphone and an indirect ophthalmoscopy lens.

Materials and Methods:

Various applications and devices have been developed to acquire images of the retina using the smartphone, but that only adds to the overall cost of the procedure. By applying the basic principle of indirect ophthalmoscopy and using a smartphone and a condensing lens, we can record high-definition videos of the fundus and subsequently extract high-quality images.

Results:

Using the described technique of manual smartphone fundus photography, excellent, high-quality fundus images have been captured.

Conclusion:

Fundus photography using a smartphone is an inexpensive, portable, safe, fast, and convenient method to obtain retinal images during busy outpatient departments or even inward for bedridden patients. These images can be used as medical records for follow-up of different pathologies and academic purposes.
Outcomes of Intravitreal Bevacizumab in Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) in a Tertiary Eye Care Centre in Eastern India: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Mahapatra Santosh Kumar , Mohanty Anuja
Published: December 2024

Purpose:

To study the outcomes of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in a tertiary eye care centre in eastern India.

Methods:

We retrospectively analysed 48 consecutive eyes with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) who underwent IVB (0.625mg in 0.025ml). These eyes were either not amenable to or not responding to laser. Weekly follow up was done till 44 weeks post conceptional age (PCA) or complete vascularisation of retina, whichever was later.

Results:

Seventeen eyes (35.42%) had aggressive posterior ROP (APROP); five eyes (10.42%) with zone I stage3 plus ROP; 8 eyes (16.67%) with zone I stage 3 ROP; 8 eyes (16.67%) with zone II stage 3 ROP; 9 eyes (18.75%) with zone II stage 3 plus ROP; and one eye (2.08%) had zone II stage 4a ROP. Forty two eyes (87.5%) received IVB only as the primary treatment. Of these 4 eyes (9.52%) underwent laser photocoagulation as the secondary treatment; one eye had to receive a second dose of IVB along with laser. All eyes showed regression of ROP and complete retinal vascularisation by 46 weeks PCA. There was no recurrence of ROP in our study.

Conclusion:

ROP regressed in all cases of APROP and zone I/zone II stage 3 ROP with IVB and did not recur or had complete vascularisation till last follow up at 44 weeks PCA.
Dexmedetomidine Associated with Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome in Ophthalmic Surgery
Authors: Chawla Bhawna , Mudgil Tanvi , Garg Kritika , Gupta Kanav , Gupta Brij Kishore
Published: December 2024

Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome is characterized by flaccid iris stroma, iris prolapse, and progressive pupil constriction. Dexmedetomidine results in abrupt constriction of the well-dilated pupils. Three cataract patients were studied. Pupils were found well dilated with mydriatics in the preoperative area. The procedures were performed under local anesthesia and an infusion of 0.2 µg/kg with dexmedetomidine was given for sedation. Within 5–10 min, the pupil became constricted, and the iris suddenly became floppy.
A Comparative Study on Tear Film Analysis in Patients Undergoing Photorefractive Keratomileusis, Sub Bowman’s Keratomileusis, and Femtosecond-assisted Laser in situ Keratomileusis
Authors: Reddy Harika , Shashidhar B. , Haritha V.
Published: December 2024

Aim:

To evaluate tear film stability, tear secretion, lipid layer thickness in patients undergoing Photo refractive keratectomy (PRK), Sub bowman’s keratomileusis (SBK), and femtosecond-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (femto LASIK).

Materials and Methods:

The study design is a prospective and interventional study of subjects seeking refractive surgery over 20 years of age. The decision to use PRK or LASIK (SBK and femtosecond LASIK) was based on each patient’s corneal topography and refractive error. LipiView interferometer was used to assess (Tear science, Morrisville, NC) lipid layer thickness and blink rate (complete and incomplete), Schirmer test 1 to assess tear secretion, tear film break up time (TBUT) to assess tear film stability pre and postoperatively.

Results:

In our study, there was a statistically significant decrease in tear secretion (Schirmer’s 1) at 1 month postoperative period in all the three groups. No difference was noted at 1-week postoperative period in all the patients who had undergone corneal refractive surgery. A statistically significant decrease in TBUT was noted at 1 month postoperatively in LASIK group (SBK and femtosecond LASIK). There was a statistically significant decrease in lipid layer thickness (LLT) in Both eye (BE), partial and complete blink rate in Right eye (RE), and complete blink rate in Left eye (LE) at 1 month postoperative period in all the three groups. In our study, PRK group showed less statistically significant decrease in tear film parameters (Schirmer’s 1 in BE, partial BR in RE and complete Blink rate (BR) in LE) compared to SBK group (Schirmer’s 1 in BE, TBUT in BE, partial BR in BE, and LLT in BE) and FEMTO LASIK group (Schirmer’s 1 in BE, TBUT in BE, partial BR in LE) at the 1-month postoperative period.

Conclusion:

Among 63 patients (23 in each group), no significant difference in tear film parameters was noted at 1 week postrefractive surgery in all the three groups (PRK, SBK, and femtosecond LASIK). At 1-month postoperative period, there was a statistically significant difference in most of the tear film parameters in all the three groups compared to preoperative values stating that there was an alteration in tear film stability postcorneal refractive surgery, which was clinically insignificant as the patients are on topical lubricants and low dose steroid drops. Among the three groups, PRK group had less tear film disturbance compared to femtosecond LASIK and SBK group.
Low Vision…with a Difference
Authors: Kumar Narendra
Published: December 2024

Ptosis results in low vision…with a difference. And in cases where oculo plastic surgery is contraindicated, Ptosis Spectacles are a viable choice for its correction.
Capsular Bag Distension Syndrome
Authors: Sunil Divya , Shalini S
Published: December 2024

Capsular bag distension syndrome (CBDS) is an uncommon complex condition occurring postcataract surgery, characterized by the progressive enlargement of the capsular bag, leading to various visual disturbances and potential complications. The underlying mechanisms involve a combination of factors, including retained lens material and abnormal capsular dynamics. Diagnosis of CBDS requires a comprehensive ophthalmic examination, often revealing signs such as forward displacement of the intraocular lens, shallowing of the anterior chamber, and refractive changes. Management strategies encompass both surgical and nonsurgical approaches, ranging from conservative measures like topical medications to surgical interventions such as capsulotomy and pars plana vitrectomy. Despite advancements in understanding and treatment, CBDS poses significant challenges, necessitating further research to optimize patient outcomes and quality of life postcataract surgery.
An overview on Paediatric Low Vision and Rehabilitation
Authors: Manna Souvik , Grover Sumit , Senjam Suraj Singh , Vashist Praveen
Published: December 2024

Eye-care services must be comprehensive, encompassing eye-health promotion, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. Integration of eye healthcare services into general healthcare systems is vital for the Global Action Plan to meet its Universal Eye Health coverage. Blindness in childhood has far reaching implications for the affected child, family and, society and throughout life profoundly impacts educational, employment, personal and social prospects. Rehabilitation is one of the neglected components of the continuum of healthcare, and is gaining increasing prominence with the rising disability burden in the world. Low vision services are especially lacking in the countries of South east Asia owing to numerous factors that deeply entwined with poverty and lack of resources. There is need for data from regional or national population-based studies on the prevalence and causes of vision impairment in children to assess the needs for eye-care and rehabilitation services. This paper describes both clinical and vision rehabilitation components of management for children with visual disabilities. Such an approach is likely to have the potential to improve the quality of life of these children, and can provide practical guides to eye care managers across India.
The Need of School Screening and Refractive Error Prevalence in School Children in Suburban Areas of Gurgaon District
Authors: Sethi Aditya , Sethi Arun , Sethi Reena
Published: December 2024

Background:

The largest population of youth in the world is with INDIA, and this makes them the most important contributors to our economy and future of the country. Sight is the main driving sense for knowledge and skill development, thereby it makes perfect sense to ensure that proper and timely eyecare is provided to the youth of INDIA to ensure a safe and stable future of the country. Thus came the idea of an effective school screening program to provide basic eye screening and treatment when required to children in school going age and also gather information of the refractive error prevalence in this age group for this population.

Methods:

The SCHOOL SCREENING program aimed at the NGO and government schools in the area of operations, where the children and their families were unable to afford eye care services was started. All children screened underwent a comprehensive eye examination at the school itself, including the slit lamp examination via a handheld slit lamp, fundus examination via a non mydriatic camera, refraction via an auto refractometer, photoscreener and/or a retinoscopy and subjective refraction.

Results:

A total of 18,939 students were screened over a time period of 18 months covering a total of 39 schools in the Gurgaon belt, in its first phase of program. 11.8% of all school students had some form of refractive error. For a large majority of the students, this was the first time they had their eyes screened and received a pair of glasses. Girl students were found to have a higher refractive error rate 13.3% compared to boy students 10.1% across the schools screened. Myopia was the commonest type of refractive error, around 1139 students were diagnosed with myopia. 410 children out of these were referred to base hospital for further treatment these included children with strabismus 2.1%, Xerophthalmia 1.1%, Congenital cataract 0.8% and other 0.3%.

Conclusion:

School going children require perfect vision else they can be discouraged and there may be a major burden to the Economy of any developing nation, thus a program with screening and intervention aiming at populations that can’t afford such basic needs like spectacles is a must in all zones of the country.
Isoniazid-induced Choroidal Effusion: A Rare Presentation
Authors: Nene Amit S. , Mengar Manas , Pirdankar Onkar H. , Virkar Rajlaxmi , Badole Pushpanjali , Shah Smitesh
Published: December 2024

The purpose is to report a rare case of isoniazid-induced choroidal effusion. A 62-year-old female who was under antitubercular treatment with isoniazid came with chief complains of diminution of vision in both eyes. Clinical evaluation, fundus photos, and B scan revealed choroidal detachment in both eyes. Discontinuation of antitubercular drug and posterior subtenon’s triamcinolone injection resulted in resolved choroidals. Health education about possible ocular side effects of isoniazid and periodic ophthalmic screening should be considered.
A Rare Case of Skull Base Tuberculosis Osteomyelitis Presenting With Lateral Rectus Palsy
Authors: Trehan Shivangi , Kaur Gagandeep , Aggarwal Sarita , Ranjan Somesh
Published: December 2024

Skull base osteomyelitis (SBO) is a dangerous clinical condition caused due to infections in the structures around the skull base. It is usually seen in patients having a compromised immune system. We report one such rare case of SBO in a young, female of 22 years of age, who presented in the outpatient department with symptoms of lateral rectus palsy diagnosed to have Skull base osteomyelitis (SBO) on imaging. This case is unique because the causative organism, which was identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an unusual cause of SBO.
Oculocardiac Reflex during Pupilloplasty under Peribulbar Block
Authors: Bhatiwal Akshay , Aggarwal Sagarika , Virani Shalini , Kumar Sanjeev , Rewri Parveen
Published: December 2024

A 25-year-old healthy man developed sinus bradycardia during pupilloplasty under peribulbar anesthesia. During slippage of 3rd suture, the patient complained of uneasiness, lightheadedness, and nausea. His heart rate had fallen to 39/min in sinus rhythm. Intravenous atropine was injected, which improved patients’ symptoms and heart rate to baseline. Oculocardiac reflex (OCR) has not been reported with pupilloplasty so far. This case highlights that the risk of OCR is inconspicuous in ocular procedures under peribulbar anesthesia, and monitoring of heart rate and swift response is needed to avert adverse outcomes.
To Study the Incidence and Risk Factors of Retinopathy of Prematurity in Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Sharma Richa , Tuli Rajeev , Sharma Gaurav , Dhiman Indu , Gautam Piyush
Published: December 2024

Background:

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disease of developing immature blood vessels in the retina of premature neonates. With the recent advances in neonatal care, there has been improvement in rates of survival in premature infants. The factors playing a role in ROP include low gestational age, low birth weight, and increased oxygen supplementation after birth.

Aims:

To study the incidence and risk factors of ROP in Himachal Pradesh.

Materials and Methods:

A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care center in Himachal Pradesh for duration of 1 year. One hundred and seventy-one new-born babies were screened with birth weight ≤2000 g and gestational age ≤34 weeks. New-born babies with risk factors referred to us for ROP screening were also included. History was taken from parents/guardians and dilated fundus examination was done. The grading of stages and zones was done.

Results:

Out of the 171 new-born babies screened, 72 babies (42.11%) had ROP. Out of 72 babies having ROP, the highest percentage of newborns was found to have aggressive ROP (27.8%) followed by Stage 1 (26.4%), Stage 3 (23.6%), Stage 2 (20.8%), and Stage 4a (1.4%), respectively. None of the patient had Stage 4b and Stage 5 ROP. Oxygen exposure, low gestational age, low birth weight, mechanical ventilation, anemia, and respiratory distress syndrome were the factors associated with ROP.

Conclusions:

ROP is a preventable cause of blindness in childhood. To decrease the burden of this disease, prevention of risk factors, early screening, prompt diagnosis, and early referral for adequate intervention are the only key.
Artificial Intelligence: A Review of Objective Grading and Quantification of Posterior Capsular Opacification
Authors: Kushwaha Saurabh , Chaudhary Rajat , Devi Uma
Published: December 2024

In ophthalmology, artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted system is being widely used for screening and diagnosis of posterior segment diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, and glaucoma. However, anterior segment disease’s diagnosis is largely dependent on clinical examination and hence is more observers biased and prone to human errors. Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide and cataract surgery is the most common ophthalmic surgical procedure performed in the world. With improvised surgical techniques the incidence of PCO has reduced, but it remains the most common complication after cataract surgery. Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd: YAG) laser capsulotomy is accepted as the standard, safe, effective, and noninvasive treatment for PCO. Nd: YAG capsulotomy rate varies as per patients desire, surgeon assessment, geographical variability, equipment availability, and financial factors. Various imaging modalities like Slit lamp Schiempflug imaging, optical coherence tonometery, or pentacam in conjunction with several AI-assisted automated systems have been used in the past and provide semiquantitative evaluation of PCO. A more reliable, reproducible, and valid method is required for objective and quantitative grading of PCO and hence, standardization of treatment. Here, we systematically reviewed several PCO imaging modalities, various existing AI algorithms, steps in building AI models and matrix evaluation in AI diagnosis of PCO. This review would provide both ophthalmologists and computer scientists with a detailed and exhaustive summary on the application of AI systems in objective grading and quantification of PCO, challenges, and future prospects.
Ocular Adverse Effects of Antiglaucoma Medications
Authors: Tejaswini S. Usha , Gangadhar Padmini , Kavitha Srinivasan
Published: December 2024

Antiglaucoma medications form the cornerstones of glaucoma management, often preferred as the first line. However, the adverse reactions associated with topical antiglaucoma medications are quite common and could be a cause for poor compliance. The adverse reactions of the topical antiglaucoma medications can either be localized to the eye and periorbital area or can be systemic. Ocular side effects can result either from the preservatives such as benzalkonium chloride or could be a side effect of the drug molecule itself. They could cause significant discomfort to the patient and hence knowing the spectrum of presentation is crucial for appropriate management. These adverse effects can be managed by employing one of the following strategies depending upon the scenario: shifting to fixed combinations to minimize a load of preservatives, using preservative-free eye drops, low-concentration eye drops, decreasing the frequency of instillation, changing the class/group of antiglaucoma medications.
Management of Retinal Vein Occlusions: Review of Evidence-based Treatment
Authors: Chawla Khushboo , Bhattacharya Shruti , Nath Adithya R
Published: December 2024

Macular edema seen in vascular pathology such as retinal vein occlusions (RVOs) is the most common cause of decreased vision. Vision loss may also be seen in RVO due to macular ischemia and/or neovascular complications. Macular edema occurs in about 15% of cases following branch RVO (BRVO) at 1 year and almost all cases of central RVO (CRVO). Treatment diagram has drastically evolved with the newer formulations available which provide therapeutic benefits in patients with CRVO, BRVO, and hemispheric RVO. This article provides insight into the summary of the landmark clinical trials that have been conducted to test the various interventions to minimize the vision loss associated with macular edema and RVO.
Custom-Made Ocular Prosthesis
Authors: Nivean Pratheeba Devi , Omprakash Sree Vaishnavi , Madhivanan Nivean
Published: December 2024

Ocular prosthesis mimics the color and shape of the human anatomical eye’s conjunctiva, cornea, iris, and pupil. It preserves the symmetry of the patient’s face and creates the appearance of a healthy eye. An ocular prosthesis can be created using a variety of ways, depending on the physician’s preference. This review has provided instructions for building a personalized ocular tray using a variety of techniques.
Morning Glory Anomaly: A Rare Case
Authors: Balraj A. , Joshi Saloni Mahesh
Published: December 2024

Morning glory anomaly is a rare malformation of the optic nerve, presenting with or without systemic associations. The low prevalence of this entity makes it tricky to diagnose. Proper counseling regarding the prognosis and treatment is needed for these patients along with screening of family members. Efforts for a holistic approach toward diagnosis and treatment would deliver better care toward patient.
A Rare Case of Central Venous Catheter Malposition – Handled by Sternotomy
Authors: Bukka Vijay Chander , Dixit Prashant Kumar , Poddar Nayan , Sunkara Saahiti , Vardhan R. Vishnu , Swarnalatha G.
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT

Hemodialysis (HD) is the mainstay of treatment for patients with end-stage kidney disease which requires placement of vascular access. Complications related to the placement of HD catheters are fairly common despite advancements in technological assistance. Here, we report a case of a young woman who had such catheter-related complication in the form of malposition in pericardium when the left internal jugular vein (IJV) was cannulated. The complication was immediately recognized, and with prompt surgical intervention, her life was salvaged. The importance of the case lies in the early recognition of the rare occurrence of malposition in the pericardium despite ultrasound guidance and early intervention after which her life was salvaged.
Trifold technique for pupil reconstruction in large non-appositional iris defects
Authors: Kumar Dhivya Ashok , Agarwal Amar , Jacob Soosan , Agarwal Ashvin
Published: December 2024

Large iris defects are challenging to close due to shortage of tissue and opposite vector force. By using two pupilloplasty methods, we can close large iris defects with less tractional force or tethering. The trifold technique is a combination of trocar-assisted iris repair and single-pass four-throw (SFT) pupilloplasty for non-appositional large iris defects. The initial two trocar-assisted iris repair sutures oppose the unopposed iris ends and the subsequent SFT seals the defect. The combination procedure is less manipulative with no complications for the iris and pupil diaphragm.
Effects of corneal epithelial remodeling on corneal asphericity after FS-LASIK and Trans-PRK: A prospective study
Authors: Xu Mingyu , Yang Fan , Pazo Emmanuel Eric , Li Qiwei , Yang Zheng , Huang Yue , Zhao Shaozhen
Published: December 2024

Purpose:

To observe the changes in corneal epithelial thickness after FS-LASIK and Trans-PRK surgery and to investigate the impact of corneal epithelial remodeling on Q-value and HOA.

Methods:

In this prospective cohort study, 50 patients (100 eyes) underwent FS-LASIK and 45 patients (90 eyes) underwent Trans-PRK. Anterior segment OCT was used to measure the corneal epithelial thickness in different corneal zones (central zone: 0–2 mm; paracentral zone: 2–5 mm; and mid-peripheral zone: 5–6 mm) preoperatively and postoperatively at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. The correlation between △CET in the superior, nasal, inferior, and temporal region at 6 months postoperatively and △Q and △HOA was analyzed.

Results:

At 6 months postoperatively, the epithelial thickness increased in the central, paracentral, and mid-peripheral zones in FS-LASIK and Trans-PRK. Central epithelial thickness and different regions of the paracentral zone and mid-peripheral exhibited significant thickening (P < 0.001). In the para-central zone and mid-peripheral zone, the △CET in different regions after LASIK and Trans-PRK was positively correlated with △Q (P < 0.05) and △HOA (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

After FS-LASIK and Trans-PRK, significant epithelial thickening was observed. Epithelial changes in different regions lead to different Q-values in different regions and have different effects on HOA. This has a certain guiding significance for the design of refractive surgery, and minimizing the increase of Q-value may improve the postoperative visual quality.
Intraoperative aberrometry-assisted refractive optimization of SFIOL
Authors: Verma Saurabh , Venkatesh Pradeep , Azad Shorya Vardhan , Kumawat Devesh , Khokhar Sudarshan
Published: December 2024

Scleral-fixated intraocular lens (SFIOL) is a widely used technique for IOL implantation in patients where capsular support is insufficient. Most surgeons have shifted away from sutured to sutureless SFIOL techniques where haptics of a multifocal IOL are inserted in scleral tunnels/flaps. Large-scale publications have shown wide variation in the refractive status of eyes post-SFIOL even in the best of the hands. This is because even slight variations in the site of scleral flap/tunnel formation and tension on haptics due to the variable length of haptics placed in scleral flaps/tunnels can alter the effective lens position and induce significant residual refractive error, especially cylindrical astigmatism due to IOL tilt. Our technique aims to reduce residual refractive error after SFIOL implantation. This is achieved by using intraoperative aberrometry and adjusting haptics accordingly to achieve minimal refractive error intraoperatively.
Lens injury in setting of Zone I and II open globe injuries
Authors: Chou Brian W , Feng Shu , Ding Leona , Mudumbai Raghu C
Published: December 2024

Purpose:

To characterize visual outcomes in Zone I and II open globe injuries with lens involvement.

Setting:

Level 1 Trauma Center Hospital, Seattle WA.

Design:

Retrospective case series.

Methods:

Zone I and II open globe injuries between May 2009 and May 2018 were reviewed for lens involvement, demographic data, injury characteristics, associated ocular comorbidities, surgical details, and visual outcomes. Eyes with nontraumatic or surgical injuries, prior penetrating keratoplasty, or a history of cataract extraction were excluded. Visual outcomes were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis and Fisher’s exact tests.

Results:

A total of 145 Zone I and II globe injuries (63 without lens injury and 82 with lens injury) with at least 6 months of follow-up were included. Endophthalmitis was not identified in any patients without lens involvement, while 9 patients with lens injury (11%) developed endophthalmitis. Patients with lens injury demonstrated a more severe ocular trauma score (P = 0.003). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was significantly better (P = 0.03) in patients without lens injury compared to those with lens injury. The median (interquartile range) BCVA in the no-lens injury group was 20/40 (20/25 – 20/400), while in the lens injury group it was 20/80 (20/40-20/300). The location of intraocular lens (IOL) placement did not influence final visual acuity outcomes (P = 0.76). However, eyes left aphakic had worse BCVA compared to those that received a secondary IOL (P = 0.005).

Conclusions:

Open globe injuries with lens involvement are associated with worse visual prognosis. An increased rate of endophthalmitis may contribute to this difference. In eyes requiring secondary IOL placement, the location of the IOL did not affect final BCVA.
Global and Indian Scenarios of Fatal and Non-fatal Occupational Injuries: A Secondary Data Analysis
Authors: Sau Arkaprabha , Phadikar Santanu , Bhakta Ishita , Chatterjee Arindam
Published: December 2024

Introduction:

Fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries are one of the most important public health problems all over the world. Its number greatly varies from country to country over the years. Worldwide approximately 4% of global gross domestic product (GDP) is lost due to occupational injuries. It has also been estimated that daily, approximately 1 million workers get injured, and more than 5000 workers die due to their occupation. In this research work, using modern data analytics techniques, we have tried to explore the current situation and time trend of fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries globally and in India.

Materials and Methods:

Using the open-source data available at the International Labour Organization (ILO) database and the Government of India open database, analysis was performed systematically using R and Python programming languages. Data have been accessed by December 31, 2022. To make a representative sample population for this article, four countries from Europe and Central Asia region (Russia, France, Germany, and United Kingdom), four countries from the Asia-Pacific region (India, Australia, Japan, and Republic of Korea), and two countries from Americas (United States and Argentina) are selected for a meaningful comparison purpose.

Results:

Since 2000, the time trend of fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries has been increasing trend globally. The yearly average (± standard deviation) of fatal and non-fatal injuries per country per million population was 256 (±68) and 83380 (±41280). The number of fatal injuries in India has increased over the years, but the number of non-fatal injuries in India is decreasing trend.

Discussion:

According to the ILO database, it has been revealed in this article that, on average yearly, 83380 per million population total occupational injuries are reported worldwide. Among them, yearly, 256 per million population (0.3%) workers per country succumbed to injuries. According to Government of India database, there was an average of 271 deaths per year between 2000 and 2021. For evidence-based decision and policy making and subsequent program implementation, the availability of timely, good-quality data from every industrial sector of society is most important. It can only be achieved by implementing integrated occupational injury surveillance programs at national and global levels.
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare the Effectiveness of Smart Dynamic Fabric Actuator with Exercises in Chronic Musculoskeletal Leg Pain Associated with Prolonged Standing in a Hospital Setting
Authors: Kashyap Vineet , Venkataraman Srikumar , Kumar Bipin , Handa Gita , Pandey Ravindra M.
Published: December 2024

Background:

There are adverse effects on the health outcomes of workers whose occupation involves prolonged standing, such as lower back pain, leg pain, cardiovascular diseases, fatigue, discomfort, and pregnancy-related health outcomes. The effectiveness of massage therapy as an intervention for managing leg pain associated with prolonged standing needs to be addressed.

Aims:

This study aimed to evaluate the smart dynamic fabric actuator’s effectiveness in treating chronic musculoskeletal leg pain in persons with occupations involving prolonged standing.

Setting:

Tertiary care hospital.

Design:

Randomized controlled trial.

Methods:

Thirty participants with chronic leg pain satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria participated in the study. The intervention group used the device for 15 minutes for each leg once a day and stretching exercises twice a day for six weeks. The control group performed stretching exercises twice a day for six weeks. The outcome was assessed at baseline, three weeks, and six weeks with a Numeric Rating Scale for pain and fatigue, short form-McGill Pain Questionnaire for pain, and SF-36 for quality of life.

Statistical Analysis:

The groups were compared using the two-sample t-test with equal variances, the two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and the Chi2 exact test as appropriate.

Results:

Thirty medical (nursing officers and doctors) and nonmedical professionals (security guards and sales assistants) with a mean age of 32.9 ± 5.6 years (intervention group) and 36.2 ± 5.1 years (control group) participated in the study. At six weeks, a significant improvement in pain (4.80 ± 1.14 to 1.66 ± 1.04 vs 4.66 ± 0.89 to 2.6 ± 0.91, P = 0.014), quality of life (58.77 ± 9.06 to 71.76 ± 8.43 vs 51.39 ± 8.26 to 63.87 ± 7.61, P = 0.012), and reduced fatigue (5 to 2 vs 5 to 3, P = 0.003) was observed in the intervention group when compared with the control group. No adverse events were observed.

Conclusion:

A smart dynamic fabric actuator can be used as an adjunct to exercises for reducing leg pain and fatigue associated with prolonged standing.
Cardiovascular Complications Following Acute Methadone Poisoning in Patients with and Without a History of Long-term Methadone Use
Authors: Dorooshi Gholamali , Shirmohammadi Mahbod , Gheshlaghi Farzad , Otroshi Arman , Zoofaghari Shafeajafar , Eizadi-Mood Nastaran
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT

Objective:

Given the prevalence of methadone poisoning, this study was conducted to compare the cardiovascular complications following acute methadone poisoning in patients with and without a history of long-term methadone use.

Methods:

In this retrospective study, information related to patients with acute methadone poisoning hospitalized at Al-Zahra and Khorshid hospitals in Isfahan-Iran was collected from hospital archives and analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups with and without a history of long-term methadone use.

Findings:

The mean of corrected QT interval (QTc), QRS, and heart rate showed no significant differences between the two groups at three-time points: baseline (upon admission), 12 h, and 24 h after admission (P > 0.05). The mean QT dispersion upon admission and 12 h after admission did not differ significantly between the groups (P > 0.05). However, the observation at 24 h postadmission indicated a significant increase in QT dispersion in the group with a history of long-term methadone use, showing a mean of 47.53 ± 10.62 ms compared to the without a history of long-term use group, with a mean of 26.78 ± 6.75 ms (P = 0.041).

Conclusion:

The results indicate that among the cardiovascular findings when analyzing the electrocardiograms of patients with acute methadone poisoning, only QT dispersion differed between patients with and without a history of long-term methadone use. Cardiovascular events resulting from methadone poisoning are the significant factors contributing to patient mortality, highlighting the need for the careful management of methadone use in these patients.
The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Desktop Workers: Exploring the Link between Sleep Quality, Physical Activity, and Sedentary Lifestyles—A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Raj Manjarika , Roy Feba
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background:

Digital devices and work from home have blurred boundaries between work and personal life. Reduced physical activity has disrupted sleep patterns, impacting overall well-being. Sleep deprivation is characterized by inadequate or poor-quality sleep, and is linked to various health issues. This study evaluates the prevalence of sleep deprivation among desktop workers and explores its relationship with physical activity and sedentary behavior.

Materials and Methods:

A sample of 110 desktop workers participated. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) assessed physical activity, whereas the (SATED) questionnaire evaluated sleep quality. Participants completed surveys on the week’s first and last working days to track sedentary behaviors.

Results:

There was a significant change in IPAQ scores between the first and last working days (P > 0.05). However, SATED scores remained constant throughout the week. Additionally, no correlation (P > 0.05) was found between IPAQ and SATED scores. It was observed that 50% of participants engaged in regular activity; 79.1% exercised for 1–3 h daily. About 74.5% slept 6–8 h, whereas 23.6% reported 4–6 h of sleep. While 52.7% experienced nighttime awakenings, suggesting sleep disturbances.

Conclusions:

Although there was no significant correlation between screen time and sleep deprivation, some of the participants reported disturbed sleep. Regular physical activity may mitigate screen time effects, but other factors could also influence sleep quality.
Anti-onchocercal properties of three medicinal plants against Onchocerca ochengi
Authors: Samje Moses , Ngoufo Paulin , Mfonku Napoleon , Tchoufack Brice , Mbah Glory , Tiku Eduard , Cho-Ngwa Fidelis
Published: December 2024

Objective:

To evaluate the filaricidal properties of three indigenous medicinal plants—Cassia alata, Zornia scabra, and Momordica (M.) foetida, in order to explore their potential as novel sources of filaricides for the sustainable management of filariasis.

Methods:

Nine crude extracts from these three plants were prepared and screened in vitro against the microfilariae and adult worms of Onchocerca (O.) ochengi. Viability of O. ochengi adult male worm and mf was ascertained by microscopy while that of adult female worm of O. ochengi was by MTT/formazan assay. Cytotoxicity and acute toxicity were assessed in LLC-MK2 cells and in balb/c mice, respectively.

Results:

At the single highest concentration of 500 µg/mL, all the extracts were active on O. ochengi adult males while seven showed activity on adult females and microfilariae. The methylene chloride extract of M. foetida was the most active on O. ochengi with IC50s of 30.3 µg/mL, 40.3 µg/mL, and 44.2 µg/mL on males, females, and microfilariae, respectively. Selectivity indexes for the most active extract were 3.5 µg/mL (microfilariae), 3.9 µg/mL (females), and 5.1 µg/mL (males). There was no physical sign of acute toxicity and no hepatocellular injury to balb/c mice.

Conclusions:

Extracts of Cassia alata, Zheneria scabra and M. foetida contain nematocidal properties with the methylene chloride extract of M. foetida being the most active on the adult worms and juvenile stages of O. ochengi. These findings provide a base for the isolation of anti-filarial lead molecules from the extract.
Visual outcomes of cataract surgery and associated factors on outreach sites in Ethiopia: A multi-center study, 2022
Authors: Bizuneh Zewdu Yenegeta , Mengistu Mulugeta Ayana
Published: December 2024

INTRODUCTION:

The outcomes of cataract surgery for an individual or for a defined population are as important as measuring the number of surgical operations performed. The most important measure is the visual outcome. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the visual outcomes after cataract surgery and to analyze the factors that are related to visual outcomes of cataract-operated eyes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

A hospital-based cross-sectional design study was conducted on 1623 patients from June 2020 to August 2022 in Ethiopia at five general hospitals. Data were entered into Epi Info version 7 and were analyzed by SPSS version 23. The binary logistic regression model and adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence level were used to identify the significant factors associated with the visual outcome. Variables with P–value ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS:

Around 1412 participants had participated, giving a response rate of 87.0%. Two-thirds of study participants, 929 (66%), before cataract surgery had poor visual acuity, and after completion of the surgery, 56.1% of operated eyes had achieved good visual acuity, 24.9% of eyes had borderline visual acuity, and the remaining 19.0% of cataract-operated eyes had poor visual acuity. With multivariate logistic regression, long follow-up time (AOR = 2.7, 95% CI [1.12–5.24], P = 0.001), absence of ocular comorbidities (AOR = 3.22, 95% CI [1.25–4.5], P = 0.02), and absence of postoperative complications (AOR = 3.6, 95% CI [1.9_6.1], P = 0.0001) were positively and significantly associated with good visual outcomes of cataract-operated eyes.

CONCLUSION:

Although there is significant improvement in the visual acuity, in this study, the visual outcomes of cataract surgery were significantly low as compared to the standard set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Longer follow-up time, ocular co-morbidities, and post-operative complications were positively and significantly associated with visual outcomes following cataract-operated eyes.
Subepithelial melanocytic lesions in pterygium: A rare association
Authors: Stephen Mary , Periyandavan Jayasri
Published: December 2024

Pterygium is a wing-shaped fold of fleshy growth extending from the conjunctiva into the cornea. Most patients will have only minimal complaints, but can cause disturbances in vision due to astigmatism and by crossing the visual axis. Pterygium is caused by multiple factors, and ultraviolet light exposure plays a critical role. Most cases can be managed without complications. Pterygium often occurs with ocular surface abnormalities manifesting as dry eye, and limbal stem cell deficiency has been observed, but pterygium is very rarely associated with any pigmented lesions. We report a rare association of benign conjunctival melanocytic naevus within pterygium and its management. To our best knowledge, this association is not common and should be evaluated thoroughly to rule out malignant conditions.
Analyse linguistique des commentaires Facebook à propos des mesures de confinement en France et en Slovénie
Authors: Godec Metka
Published: December 2024

Le présent article analyse à plusieurs niveaux des commentaires par lesquels les utilisateurs slovènes et français du réseau social Facebook ont réagi aux mesures (temporaires) de prévention et de contrôle des infections par le virus SARS-CoV-2 pendant la pandémie de Covid-19. Les deux objectifs principaux de cette analyse sont : (1) l’identification des structures linguistiques par lesquelles les utilisateurs mentionnés ont réagi aux mesures de lutte contre le coronavirus et (2) la comparaison les réactions à ces mesures sur le plan linguistique afin de déterminer comment elles ont évolué entre le premier et le deuxième confinement. La partie théorique traite du discours électronique médié (DEM), de l'analyse du discours, de l'analyse des sentiments (opinion mining) et des caractéristiques linguistiques du français et du slovène, afin de développer le cadre théorique nécessaire à la bonne compréhension de l'analyse linguistique. Cette analyse a révélé que les réactions des Français et des Slovènes diffèrent à certains égards, mais sont similaires à d’autres. L'analyse des opinions a notamment révélé que les utilisateurs de Facebook dans les deux pays ont majoritairement réagi négativement aux mesures de confinement. En ce qui concerne l'utilisation des signes paralinguistiques (les binettes, les GIFs), l'analyse linguistique a montré une augmentation de leur utilisation pendant le deuxième confinement. Les résultats de l'analyse syntaxique ont montré que la phrase déclarative était le type de phrase le plus utilisé dans les deux groupes linguistiques. Des différences sont également apparues au niveau syntaxique : les utilisateurs slovènes exprimaient principalement leur soutien et leur neutralité à l'aide de phrases complexes, tandis que les utilisateurs français le faisaient surtout par des phrases simples. Pour les commentaires de désaccord, la situation était inversée. Enfin, l'analyse pragmatique a montré qu'au début de la pandémie, les commentaires de soutien dans les deux pays saluaient l'introduction de mesures strictes, mais qu'ils sont devenus plus rares et plus critiques pendant le deuxième confinement. Les commentaires neutres cherchaient des informations supplémentaires pendant le premier confinement, mais exprimaient des doutes et exigeaient plus de transparence de la part des autorités pendant le deuxième confinement. Les commentaires de désaccord ont révélé les plus grandes différences. En fait, en France, les critiques sont passées de la contestation des mesures au sarcasme et à la moquerie, tandis qu'en Slovénie, elles se sont transformées en menaces directes et en insultes violentes, exprimant une colère et une hostilité croissantes. Les résultats de ce mémoire de maîtrise enrichissent la compréhension de la dynamique des interactions en ligne en période de crise et soulignent les différences et similarités culturelles dans les réactions aux mesures de confinement sur les réseaux sociaux.