bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dunaje i szczedriłki. O polskich i ukraińskich tradycjach kolędniczych. Z Jerzym Bartmińskim rozmawia Maria Baliszewska
Authors: Baliszewska Maria , Bartmiński Jerzy
Published: September 2022

JERZY BARTMIŃSKI (1939–2022) – wybitny polski polski językoznawca, etnolingwista, folklorysta i slawista. Twórca lubelskiej szkoły etnolingwistyki i wieloletni wykładowca Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie. Autor i redaktor wielu książek, m.in O języku folkloru (1973), Folklor – język – poetyka (1990), Polskie kolędy ludowe (2002), Jazykovoj obraz mira: Očerki po etnolingvistike (Moskwa 2005), Językowe podstawy obrazu świata (2006), Stereotypy mieszkają w języku (2007), Aspects of Cognitive Ethnolinguistics (Londyn 2009), Tekstologia (2009), Jezyk – slika – svet (Belgrad 2011). Autor koncepcji i redaktor Słownika stereotypów i symboli ludowych oraz tomu Lubelskie w serii „Polska Pieśń i Muzyka Ludowa. Źródła i Materiały“ (t. 4, 2011). Założyciel i wieloletni redaktor naczelny czasopisma „Etnolingwistyka“.
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH SPEED PHOTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE FOR UNDEX APPLICATIONS
Authors: CHURCH PHIL , KIRKPATRICK DOUG , OTTLEY PHIL , DEAR MARCUS , KING ROB
Published: September 2022

This paper describes recent experimental development of high speed photography (HSP) applied to UNDer water Explosive (UNDEX) trials. The imaging technique adopted used overhead mirrors and a Perspex® plate on the surface of the water in a tank holding 11,000 litres of water. The HSP has identified the shock wave velocity, shape and timescales and the bubble dynamics as well as the interaction with the target (i.e. Glass reinforced panel (GFRP) composite panel). Charge sizes ranged from 40-140g of PE4 explosive and good images were obtained of the target response. Improvements to the technique will be higher fidelity to enable Digital Image Correlation (DIC) measurements for the panel as well as improved target fixings to prevent lateral motion so that damage could be induced in the panel. The technique can also be used on bigger scale UNDEX trials.
TNT EQUIVALENCE, BERTHELOT THEORY AND THE TRAUZL LEAD BLOCK TEST
Authors: LOCKING PAUL M.
Published: September 2022

An experimental measure of explosive performance is the Trauzl Lead Block Test. This paper assesses Trauzl, examining results against detonation parameters, including TNT Equivalence (TNTe) and Berthelot theory, attempting to find correlations. Power Index is shown to fit Trauzl, with a linear correlation, zero intercept and a near unity gradient, with an error of 4%. Trauzl is shown to be a good measure of the effectiveness of Explosive Power (EP). The Heat of Detonation (Q) and TNTe Q have a weak correlation with the Trauzl. Berthelot theory is simplified, becoming a product of Heat of Detonation and Volume of gases, nearly identical to Power Index. Berthelot is shown as related to Explosive Power (EP). Without correction, Berthelot is not recommended, since the gradient with Trauzl is 10% high and theoretical comparison with TNT is 12% high. Berthelot and Power Index have linear correlations with Trauzl, with an identical Goodness of Fit.
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF BLUNT PROJECTILE IMPACT ON EXPLOSIVE CHARGE
Authors: JENSEN MORTEN RIKARD , PELLETIER PIERRE , KHANNA KSHITIZ
Published: September 2022

Four of the standard insensitive munition tests involve the impact of various projectiles on the tested munition. Experimental tests are often conducted to obtain data on the critical impact velocity of different geometries of projectiles made of different material against explosive charges, either bare or covered with various inert material plates. The current study involved computer simulation with the IMPETUS Afea Solver® finite element analysis (FEA) of the impact of a brass blunt brass projectile on a bare Composition B explosive charge as well as charges covered with 1 mm thick steel, 3 mm thick aluminum or 5 mm HPDE (High Density PolyEthylene). The results were compared with those from experimental tests and simulations from other scientists. Simulations results were within 5% of the experimental results.
EXUDATION AND CRYSTAL GROWTH OF TNT IN MUNITIONS
Authors: BAKER ERNEST L. , JAANSALU KEVIN M. , HOLLANDS CHRISTOPHER
Published: September 2022

For trinitrotoluene (TNT), exudation has been a recurring problem since the early 1920s. TNT exudate typically has an oily appearance and dries to a somewhat black color. Exudate, by itself, appears to be no more sensitive than TNT. However, if mixed with sand or grit, it can be very sensitive to impact or friction. Munitions which exhibit TNT exudate except where the design allows, should not be considered as safe and suitable for service. TNT exudate is formed due to the presence of impurities and the high temperatures that can be experienced in the service environment. Older TNT manufacturing methods leave significant impurities within the TNT, whereas more modern methods have improved the quality of the processed TNT, removing most but not all impurities. Another potential issue with exudation is crystal growth. There is some discussion within the munitions safety community that TNT crystals can grow within cavities of aged munitions. However, we believe that internal fill exudate and TNT crystal growth does not constitute a major concern for munition safety if standard munition handling practices are observed.
MEASUREMENT OF DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF SS316 UNDER HIGH STRAIN RATE LOADING
Authors: KUMARI RAJESH , SHARMA PARMESHWARI PA , SAJAN PANKAJ , SINGH J. P.
Published: September 2022

The paper discusses the experimental methods and techniques to measure the dynamic response of austenitic stainless steel SS316 subjected to the intense shock load of high explosive. The strains experienced by the material are transient in nature and last for a fraction of second with peak strain value of 15%. For experimentation, the cylindrical structures of austenitic stainless steel SS316 in various diameter 200mm-400mm, height 200mm-800mm & thickness 1-1.2mm were arranged by IGCAR . These cylinders were filled with water and rigidly held from both ends in a counter weight foundation. The experiments were conducted by detonating the explosive charge at the center of these water filled cylinders. The quantity of explosive used in trials varies from 4grams to 50grams. The response of the cylindrical structure under intense load of high explosive charge was measured by using post yield strain gages having strain limit of 15 %. The TML make post yield strain gauges model No.YFLA-10 were pasted on the cylinder in axial and shear directions to measure the dynamic axial and hoop strains. The strain gauges used were made of constantan material having 120Ω resistance, 10mm length and gauge factor of 2.1. These gauges were pasted on the cylindrical structure with the help of cynoacrylite (CN). As the strain generated in the material under explosive load is dynamic in nature, so TML make modular high bandwidth amplifier each having bandwidth of 200khz were used to condition the outputs of strain gauges. The conditioned outputs from strain gauges were recorded using data acquisition system having bandwidth greater than 200 kHz. High speed photography has also been used to capture the transient deformation of the cylimderical structure during the detonation.. The acquired strain data in instrumented trials has been used in determining the strain limit of austenitic stainless steel SS316 under high strain rate in explosive environment.
BURNING RATE OF SMALL CALIBER PROPELLANT AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
Authors: RITTER JOHN J. , PETRE CATALIN-FLORIN , BELAND PASCAL , NICOLE CHARLES
Published: September 2022

Small caliber propellant performance is influenced by many factors. In this study, researchers investigated the influence of particle size and temperature on the performance of small caliber, ball powder propellant. Particle size is important as it provides the initial surface area available for a propellant to begin the deflagration process. The geometry of the grain will dictate the manner in which the deflagration progresses: progressively, regressively, or neutral. The initial temperature of the propellant also has a direct influence on propellant performance. Evaluations were conducted in a constant volume, closed vessel to obtain pressure-time data for the various experiments. The data were used to calculate the burning rate coefficient ( ) and pressure exponent ( ) of the propellant samples. Dynamic vivacity, relative force, and relative quickness values are also reported.
IDENTIFICATION OF EXPERIMENTAL FORM FUNCTION USING LUMPED PARAMETERS INTERIOR BALLISTICS MODELS
Authors: TREBINSKI RADOSLAW , LECIEJEWSKI ZBIGNIEW , SURMA ZBIGNIEW , FIKUS BARTOSZ , SZUPIENKO DAMIAN
Published: September 2022

A method for identifying experimental form functions based on the results of interior ballistics modelling using lumped parameters models is presented. The function is defined as the relation between the ratio of the actual burning surface of a whole propellant charge, to the initial global surface of all propellant grains in the charge and the relative burnt mass of the charge. It is approximated by a function depending on several parameters. Values of the parameters are identified by fitting the results of the interior ballistics modelling to the measured maximum pressure value and the projectile muzzle velocity value. The identified experimental form functions are compared to the functions determined in closed vessel tests. The examples analyzed suggest that the use of the experimental form function enables us to take into account the process of ignition in lumped parameters models.
SIMULATION RESEARCH ON FLOW FIELD DISTRIBUTION IN ARTILLERY TURRET UNDER THE SIMULTANEOUS ACTION OF EXHAUST FAN AND BLOWER
Authors: ZHAO NA , DI JIA-WEI , ZHUO JIAN-PING
Published: September 2022

Aimed at the problem of after multiple firings of vehicle-mounted artillery, the gas in the turret remains, and the concentration is high, which endangers the safety of personnel in the tower. When the blower and the exhaust fan are working at the same time, a numerical simulation study based on computational fluid dynamics is carried out, and the flow field distribution results under different fan power working conditions are obtained. The simulation results have important reference significance for understanding the changing law of the medium in the turret under the action of the fan and the selection of the fan.
DYNAMIC MEASUREMENT OF THE PROJECTILE MOTION RESISTANCE AND THE INFLUENCE OF PROJECTILE MOTION RESISTANCE ON INTERIOR BALLISTICS PERFORMANCE
Authors: XIN TONG , YANG GUOLAI , WANG LIQUN , SUN QUANZHAO
Published: September 2022

The motion resistance of projectile in gun barrel has an important influence on the interior ballistic performance. But it is difficult to measure the motion resistance of projectile because there exists high temperature and high pressure gas in the gun barrel. Firstly, this paper designs and manufactures the measurement devices which contains the projectileborne recorder, the shell and the test-projectile. Then the gun launch test is carried out with these devices, and the projectile motion resistance is calculated according to the test data. Secondly, the two-phase flow interior ballistic model is established and solved. Finally, the influence of the projectile motion resistance on the interior ballistics performance, such as pressure wave and projectile muzzle velocity, are simulated and discussed.
EFFECT OF WEAPON SOUND SUPPRESSORS ON DISPERSION: AN EXPLANATION
Authors: CORRIVEAU D. , RABBATH C. A. , HAMEL N.
Published: September 2022

A widely perceived idea that circulates among the marksmen and sniper community is that rifles equipped with sound suppressors will yield nonnegligible reduction in dispersion when compared to that obtained from the same rifle under the same firing conditions. In order to verify and quantify this assertion, an experimental investigation was carried out to verify the effect of suppressors on the observed dispersion. Firing were performed indoor at 200 m using a bench mounted Mann barrel fitted with a Remington bolt action 700. The ammunition used for the trial was the Remington .223. A commercially available mono-core sounds suppressor was used for the trial. The results show a clear reduction in dispersion when firing the weapon using the sound suppressor. Orthogonal high-speed cameras located at 1 m from the muzzle were used to document the first maximum yaw for each projectile fired. On average, the first maximum yaws were found to be smaller when using the sound suppressor. This indicates that the gas flow around the projectile within the suppressor acts as a projectile stabilizer following its exit from the barrel.
REVERSE LETHALITY AND TRAJECTORY MODELING FOR A FORENSIC APPLICATION
Authors: COGHE FREDERIK , TRUYEN ELIE , VANCAEYZEELE TOM , GALLANT JOHAN
Published: September 2022

This article concerns part of the forensic analysis performed in the aftermath of the MH17 incident, when a civilian airliner was downed over the Ukraine in July, 2014. This analysis was performed in the framework of the international Joint Investigation Team (JIT) created to investigate this incident. The article describes the followed approaches to determine the likely launch area of a BUK 9M38(M1) missile assumed to be responsible for downing the MH17 aircraft, based on a reverse lethality and trajectory modeling in three distinct phases. Firstly, the likely point of detonation in reference to the aircraft fuselage of flight MH17 was determined. In a second phase, the likely orientation of the missile was determined by matching the damage pattern as seen on the reconstructed MH17 fuselage to the dynamic fragmentation pattern of the warhead of the considered missile system. Finally, using a flyout model for the missile system, the likely launch area of the missile was determined as requested by the Joint Investigations Team. Although the different steps are not new in the field of ballistics, their reverse application and the case to which these were applied makes this work unique and might serve as a basis for any future similar cases that might arise.
The Bright Side of Inequity Aversion
Authors: Li Xi , Li Xinlong
Published: September 2022

Modern consumers are concerned about not only their material payoff, but also the fairness of the transaction when making purchasing decisions. In this paper, we investigate how consumers’ inequity aversion affects a manufacturer who sources inputs from upstream suppliers. We find that, when the manufacturer sources from a single supplier or when consumers observe the manufacturer’s cost, inequity aversion hurts both the supplier’s and manufacturer’s profits. However, when the manufacturer sources from multiple suppliers and consumers do not observe the manufacturer’s cost, inequity aversion reduces both the suppliers’ and manufacturer’s margins, which significantly alleviates the double marginalization problem, increases consumer demand, and improves channel efficiency. As a result, inequity aversion benefits the suppliers, manufacturer, and consumers alike, leading to a “win–win–win” outcome. By comparing cases in which consumers observe and do not observe the manufacturer’s cost, we also find that, when faced with inequity-averse consumers, a manufacturer may find it optimal to withhold its cost information to help secure lower procurement costs from upstream suppliers.

This paper was accepted by Dmitri Kuksov, marketing.

Funding: This work was supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council [Grant 21500920].
Solving Optimal Stopping Problems via Randomization and Empirical Dual Optimization
Authors: Belomestny Denis , Bender Christian , Schoenmakers John
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we consider optimal stopping problems in their dual form. In this way, the optimal stopping problem can be reformulated as a problem of stochastic average approximation (SAA) that can be solved via linear programming. By randomizing the initial value of the underlying process, we enforce solutions with zero variance while preserving the linear programming structure of the problem. A careful analysis of the randomized SAA algorithm shows that it enjoys favorable properties such as faster convergence rates and reduced complexity compared with the nonrandomized procedure. We illustrate the performance of our algorithm on several benchmark examples.

Funding: This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft via the MATH+ Cluster of Excellence [Project AA4-2].
Forest Land Encroachment in Kehmil Forest Division of Kupwara District: Dimensions, Causes and Consequences.
Authors: Khan Sajjad Ahmad , Mir Rayees Afzal , Andrabi Syed Aasif Hussain , Gulfishan Mohd
Published: September 2022

This research aims to identify the areas under encroachment and its causes and consequences in the Kehmil forest division of the district of Kupwara in Jammu and Kashmir. The survey was conducted for two consecutive years during September 2020 to November 2020 and September 2021 to November 2021. The study area is dominated by (Himalayan dry-temperate to subalpine forest types). Cedrus deodar, Pinus excelsa, and Abies pindrow are the species in the Kupwara region with the highest importance value (IV). For data collection, direct observations of the encroached site, interviews and opinion of the locals, literature studies and analysis were done. The study area of 546.89 hectare land was encroached by 2178 encroachers. It was determined that the encroached area's agricultural system is a dry land one with horticultural crops as its primary plant types. The main reason for forest encroachment by the population is relatively huge such as rise in population and unemployment, restrictions on agricultural land and forest guard forces. Due to forest encroachment, the abolition of forest plant species in study area has altered the expected ranking of tree species identified in the undisturbed forest. Based on the present study, it is concluded that there is a need of extensive land-use regulations at the national and municipal levels to stop future deforestation by well-built protections for the remaining forest land in the Kehmil forest division.
French Type Constructed Wetlands for Sewage Treatment: Experiences from the Swings Prototype in India
Authors: Khan Umer Mujtaba , Kumar Arvind , Zalaznik Alenka , Khalil Nadeem
Published: September 2022

This study aimed to investigate the performance of the French Type Constructed Wetlands (FTCW) at a pilot scale level in real field conditions for sewage treatment in India. The pilot plant consisted of hybrid wetlands in two stages, vertical and horizontal sub-surface flow types. The first stage comprised three compartments, vegetated with three different native plants (phragmites australis, canna indica, and sagittaria), operated in parallel, and sequentially loaded. Each VSSF bed of 12.25m2 was fed with raw sewage directly for 3.5 days followed by twice the time resting period. The second stage consisted of one bed of an area of 45m2, planted with canna indica. The filter media used in stage 1 was a dual type (gravel and coarse sand) in three layers. The first stage was designed for the loadings of 33.75gBOD/m2d and 14.1 gNH4-N/m2d with the flexibility to operate at a variable hydraulic loading rate (HLR). Two years of monitoring data after the steady-state condition show variable performances at different hydraulic loading rates. Removal efficiencies of COD, BOD5, TSS, TN, and TP of the hybrid system at HLR of 0.4m/day were 87.1%, 87.3%, 84.6%, 67.93%, and 69.32% respectively. Doubling the HLR, the efficiency of the system decreased marginally for the same parameters. Out of the three vegetation, the bed planted with phragmites has shown the highest removal efficiency. The study has demonstrated that FTCW can be a suitable proposition as one of the potential methods for sewage treatment in India and similar regions.
A Review on Comparison of Different Water Leak Detection Techniques Suitable for Indian Scenario
Authors: Dalal Dipesh H. , P. Vasani Rupesh
Published: September 2022

Effective management of water distribution is necessary for any country worldwide by reducing water losses during different utility operations. Also in India, water loss is the biggest challenge for the municipalities and local bodies of various states. Different researchers had tried to give attention to this issue and its effective solution through different techniques. In this research paper a summarization of different methods used to identify and locate the leakage with its merits and demerits was given. A review of different leak detection techniques from randomly selected research papers in the form of a comparison table considering suitability, methodology, outcomes, and limitations by different researchers suitable for the Indian scenario was also presented. In the end, an effort was made to emphasize the selection of the appropriate method for leak detection and localization of leakage suitable for Indian conditions.
Impact of Climate Change on Fruit Crops- A Review
Authors: Bhattacharjee Panchaal , Warang Omkar , Das Susmita , Das Shubranil
Published: September 2022

Climate change is becoming an observed reality. Several researchers around the world have been working for decades to model predicted climatic changes that will occur in the 21st century and forecast the potential impact on the global eco-system. Climate plays a major role in deciding perennial fruit crop’s distribution, phenology, fruit quality, and disease and pest incidents. Physiological and yield attributes of fruits are sensitive to changing global climate as the climatic factors such as temperature rainfall etc. has direct co-relation with the regulatory physiological events of fruit trees. Despite increasing atmospheric CO2, which is needed for plant photosynthetic activity, the future of food production remains uncertain due to global warming and abnormal precipitation. Furthermore, there is a scarcity of information on the practical effects of pests and diseases in a climate change, which may have an effect on food availability in future. Studies suggested not only productivity but also quality of fruits will be impaired under the variable growing climates year to year. Plant diversity loss and area suitability issues would lead to more problems. In the face of such challenges to world fruit production, a plan-based strategic scientific evaluation of such effects, as well as adaptation and mitigation strategies, should be quantified. This review article briefly discusses effect of climate change on various fruit crops as well as approaches to mitigate with these future challenges.
Adölesan Bir Kızda Abdominal Dev Kitle: Uterus Leiomyomu
Authors: ÇAYHAN Vildan Selin , ÖZTORUN Can İhsan , OĞUZ ERDOĞAN Ayşe Selcen , GÜNEY Doğuş , AZILI Müjdem Nur , ŞENEL Emrah
Published: September 2022

Uterus leiomyomu kadınlarda çok sık görülür, ancak ergenlik döneminde oldukça nadir görülür. Bu olgu sunumunda, 14 yaşında bir kız çocuğundaki uterus leiomyom olgusunu sunuyoruz. Karında şişkinlik ve ele gelen kitle şikayeti ile hastaneye başvurdu. Transabdominal ultrason ve manyetik rezonans görüntülemede 16 cm çapında kitle saptandı. Laparatomi ve myomektomi yapıldı. Postoperatif dönem sorun olmadı. Patoloji raporu uterus leiomyomuydu. Takipte patolojik bulguya rastlanmadı. Adolesan kızlarda karın ağrısı ve pelvik kitle ayırıcı tanısında uterus leiomyomu düşünülmelidir.
Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Minyak Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) dari Limbah Kulit Biji Mete Desa Blaru, Badas, Kediri dengan Metode Press Panas
Authors: Nurdiansah Haniffudin , Susanti Diah , Rahmat Anni , Abdul Fakhreza , Rasyida Amaliya , Purwaningsih Hariyati , Pramata Azzah Dyah , Asih Retno
Published: September 2022

Desa Blaru, Kecamatan Badas, Kabupaten Kediri, terkenal sebagai sentra produksi kacang mete. Kacang mete yang diproduksi memiliki kualitas yang bagus, renyah, gurih, serta tahan lama. Pangsa pasarnya bahkan sampai keluar Jawa Timur, termasuk Kalimantan.Selama ini, masyarakat hanya mengolah bijinya saja sebagai makanan ringan, sementara kulit bijinya dibuang sebagai limbah atau sebagai kayu bakar. Padahal, di dalam kulit biji jambu mete terdapat minyak yang apabila di ekstrak bisa dijual dengan harga yang mahal. Minyak hasil ektraksi dari kulit biji jambu mete biasanya disebut sebagai Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), yang sering digunakan sebagai campuran bensin, cat genteng, hingga untuk industri minyak rem. Proses pembuatan minyak CNSL dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode pengepresan panas. Sebanyak 2 kg limbah biji mete dimasukkan ke dalam alat pengepresan, ditutup, kemudian kulit mete dipress dengan menggunakan poros ulir. Kemudian selanjutnya adalah pemanasan. Kulit mete dipanaskan dalam kondisi di press sampai temperatur 900C, dan di holding selama 30 menit. Minyak yang keluar (± 200 ml), yang berwarna hitam pekat, kemudian ditampung dan di karakterisasi dengan menggunakan pengujian FTIR, Densitas, Kinematic Viscosity, Bilangan Asam, Bilangan Iodine, dan Bilangan Penyabunan. Dari hasil pengujian FTIR didapatkan bahwa senyawa yang terkandung didalam CNSL adalah asam anakardat. Densitas yang diperoleh dari pengujian adalah adalah 0.9734 gr/cm3. Nilai kinematic viscosity pada 300C adalah 355,64 centipoises. Pengujian bilangan asam menghasilkan nilai sebesar 103.92 mg KOH/gr, Bilangan Iodine sebesar 236.84 gr Iodine/100 gr, dan Bilangan Penyabunan sebesar 42,79 mg KOH/gr. Hasil ini sesuai dengan Indian Standar institute untuk syarat CNSL komersial.
“Smart Room” Media Peraga Sains yang Edukatif dan Interaktif Guna Menunjang Pembelajaran Tematik di SDN Garahan 1 Jember
Authors: Fadhilah Nur , Risanti Doty , Wahyuono Ruri Agung , Sawitri Dyah , Mawarani Lizda , Abdullah Zulkifli , Muharja Maktum
Published: September 2022

Pada pembelajaran tematik lebih menekankan pada keterlibatan peserta didik dalam proses pembelajaran secara aktif sehingga memperoleh pengalaman langsung untuk dapat menemukan pengetahuan yang dipelajarinya secara mandiri. Namun, di SDN Garahan 1 Jember proses pembelajaran tematik masih menggunakan metode konvensional yang bersumber dari buku dan hanya mentranfer pengetahuan atau pikiran guru kedalam pikiran siswa. Akibatnya siswa di kelas secara umum terlihat pasif, aktivitas siswa lebih banyak mencatat dan mendengarkan guru. Oleh karena itu, pada program pengabdian masyarakat ini dibuat alat bantu pembelajaran berupa “Smart Room” media peraga sains guna menunjang pembelajaran tematik di SDN Garahan 1 Jember. Alat peraga dirancang mengikuti standar kompetensi dan materi pokok pada silabus pelajaran Tematik kurikulum 2013. Pada setiap alat peraga terdapat modul yang berisi tentang petunjuk penggunaan, penjelasan ilmiah mengenai fenomena yang terjadi, beberapa pertanyaan dan sebuah artikel. Alat peraga dapat digunakan guru saat proses belajar mengajar dan dapat diakses dengan mudah oleh para siswa. Dengan adanya media peraga tersebut guru dapat lebih muda dalam penyampaian materi dan mempercepat dalam pencapaian tujuan pembelajaran. Sehingga dapat meningkatkan rasa keingintahuan dan minat belajar  siswa, serta merangsang daya fikir dan nalar siswa.
Tunable two-element diffractive lenses with optimal bandwidth utilization
Authors: Bernet Stefan
Published: September 2022

Previous work has shown that a set of two diffractive optical elements arranged in series can form a diffractive lens with variable optical power that can be tuned by relative rotation of its two sub-elements about their common central axis. However, previous designs of these diffractive optical elements did not take advantage of the full spatial resolution required for the fabrication process because the corresponding sub-elements consisted of both, regions with very high phase gradients (requiring full resolution) and other extended regions with nearly vanishing phase gradients, where the available resolution is "wasted". Here, an advanced design is proposed that exploits the full spatial bandwidth of the production system. This is done by increasing the polar (angular) phase gradient of each sub-element such that it approaches the usually much larger radial phase gradient. A pair of these new sub-elements then composes a diffractive lens that has the same tuning range of its optical power than a standard tunable diffractive lens, but advantageously achieved within a much smaller relative rotation range. This has advantages in systems where high speed tuning of optical power is required, and in systems where the rotation angle is limited.
Study on luminescence quenching of ultra-small silicon nanocrystals due to boron doping
Authors: Chen Jiaming , Li Dongke , Sun Teng , Han Junnan , Wang Lixiang , Zhang Yangyi , Xu Jun , Chen Kunji
Published: September 2022

The doping effect and mechanism on optical property of Si nanocrystals is particularly an interesting issue in order to further broaden their applications in the next generation of electronic and optoelectronic devices. A quenching of photoluminescence in B-doped Si nanocrystals was reported before and there is no consensus on the mechanism. Herein, we fabricate boron-doped Si nanocrystals/SiO2 multilayers with the ultra-small dot sizes near 3.0 nm. It’s found B dopants exhibit a low doping efficiency in ultra-small Si nanocrystals, and are mainly located at the surfaces regions. Electron spin resonance results manifest B dopants lead to defects in Si nanocrystals/SiO2 multilayers, which transform from Pb centers to EX centers. The EX centers, rather than Auger recombination, cause the reduction on the intensities and lifetimes of 840 nm near-infrared emission. Our results give an insight into luminescence quenching of ultra-small Si nanocrystals due to boron doping.
A prosthesis utilizing natural vestibular encoding strategies improves sensorimotor performance in monkeys
Authors: Wiboonsaksakul Kantapon Pum , Roberts Dale C. , Della Santina Charles C. , Cullen Kathleen E.
Published: September 2022

Sensory pathways provide complex and multifaceted information to the brain. Recent advances have created new opportunities for applying our understanding of the brain to sensory prothesis development. Yet complex sensor physiology, limited numbers of electrodes, and nonspecific stimulation have proven to be a challenge for many sensory systems. In contrast, the vestibular system is uniquely suited for prosthesis development. Its peripheral anatomy allows site-specific stimulation of 3 separate sensory organs that encode distinct directions of head motion. Accordingly, here, we investigated whether implementing natural encoding strategies improves vestibular prosthesis performance. The eye movements produced by the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), which plays an essential role in maintaining visual stability, were measured to quantify performance. Overall, implementing the natural tuning dynamics of vestibular afferents produced more temporally accurate VOR eye movements. Exploration of the parameter space further revealed that more dynamic tunings were not beneficial due to saturation and unnatural phase advances. Trends were comparable for stimulation encoding virtual versus physical head rotations, with gains enhanced in the latter case. Finally, using computational methods, we found that the same simple model explained the eye movements evoked by sinusoidal and transient stimulation and that a stimulation efficacy substantially less than 100% could account for our results. Taken together, our results establish that prosthesis encodings that incorporate naturalistic afferent dynamics and account for activation efficacy are well suited for restoration of gaze stability. More generally, these results emphasize the benefits of leveraging the brain’s endogenous coding strategies in prosthesis development to improve functional outcomes.
Increased women’s empowerment and regional inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa between 1995 and 2015
Authors: Rettig Erica M. , Hijmans Robert J.
Published: September 2022

Women’s empowerment is a fundamental human right but attempts to measure progress in this area have been limited. We used 142 nationally representative surveys to quantify empowerment in six domains (Intimate Partner Violence, Family Planning, Reproductive Healthcare, Employment, Education, and Decision-Making) for first-level subdivisions of all countries in Sub-Saharan Africa for three years (1995, 2005, and 2015). The possible value for each domain ranged between zero (worst) and one (best). The median value for employment decreased by 0.02, but it increased between 0.09 and 0.16 for the other domains. The average empowerment score increased from 0.44 to 0.53, but it remained low for Education (0.34). While progress was clear and consistent, it was uneven within and between countries, and Sahelian West Africa fell further behind. The expanded understanding of geographic variation and trends in women’s empowerment that we provide should be instrumental in efforts to improve women’s lives.
Using a learning health system framework to examine COVID-19 pandemic planning and response at a Canadian Health Centre
Authors: Cassidy Christine , Sim Meaghan , Somerville Mari , Crowther Daniel , Sinclair Douglas , Elliott Rose Annette , Burgess Stacy , Best Shauna , Curran Janet A.
Published: September 2022

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a unique opportunity to explore how health systems adapt under rapid and constant change and develop a better understanding of health system transformation. Learning health systems (LHS) have been proposed as an ideal structure to inform a data-driven response to a public health emergency like COVID-19. The aim of this study was to use a LHS framework to identify assets and gaps in health system pandemic planning and response during the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic at a single Canadian Health Centre.

Methods

This paper reports the data triangulation stage of a concurrent triangulation mixed methods study which aims to map study findings onto the LHS framework. We used a triangulation matrix to map quantitative (textual and administrative sources) and qualitative (semi-structured interviews) data onto the seven characteristics of a LHS and identify assets and gaps related to health-system receptors and research-system supports.

Results

We identified several health system assets within the LHS characteristics, including appropriate decision supports and aligned governance. Gaps were identified in the LHS characteristics of engaged patients and timely production and use of research evidence.

Conclusion

The LHS provided a useful framework to examine COVID-19 pandemic response measures. We highlighted opportunities to strengthen the LHS infrastructure for rapid integration of evidence and patient experience data into future practice and policy changes.
Lucid dreaming increased during the COVID-19 pandemic: An online survey
Authors: P. Kelly , T. Macêdo , T. Felipe , M. Maia , A. Suely , G. Herminia , M. Jatahy , L. Gomes , L. Barroso , T. Z. Lima , B. Holzinger , S. Ribeiro , S. Mota-Rolim
Published: September 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic changed people’s lives all over the world. While anxiety and stress decreased sleep quality for most people, an increase in total sleep time was also observed in certain cohorts. Dream recall frequency also increased, especially for nightmares. However, to date, there are no consistent reports focusing on pandemic-related changes in lucid dreaming, a state during which dreamers become conscious of being in a dream as it unfolds. Here we investigated lucid dreaming recall frequency and other sleep variables in 1,857 Brazilian subjects, using an online questionnaire. Firstly, we found that most participants (64.78%) maintained their lucid dream recall frequency during the pandemic, but a considerable fraction (22.62%) informed that lucid dreams became more frequent, whereas a smaller subset (12.60%) reported a decrease in these events during the pandemic. Secondly, the number of participants reporting lucid dreams at least once per week increased during the pandemic. Using a mixed logistic regression model, we confirmed that the pandemic significantly enhanced the recall frequency of lucid dreams (p = 0.002). Such increase in lucid dreaming during the pandemic was significantly associated with an enhancement in both dream and nightmare recall frequencies, as well as with sleep quality and symptoms of REM sleep behavior disorder. Pandemic-related increases in stress, anxiety, sleep fragmentation, and sleep extension, which enhance REM sleep awakening, may be associated with the increase in the occurrence of lucid dreams, dreams in general, and nightmares.
Perish and publish: Dynamics of biomedical publications by deceased authors
Authors: Jung Chol-Hee , Boutros Paul C. , Park Daniel J. , Corcoran Niall M. , Pope Bernard J. , Hovens Christopher M.
Published: September 2022

The question of whether it is appropriate to attribute authorship to deceased individuals of original studies in the biomedical literature is contentious. Authorship guidelines utilized by journals do not provide a clear consensus framework that is binding on those in the field. To guide and inform the implementation of authorship frameworks it would be useful to understand the extent of the practice in the scientific literature, but studies that have systematically quantified the prevalence of this phenomenon in the biomedical literature have not been performed to date. To address this issue, we quantified the prevalence of publications by deceased authors in the biomedical literature from the period 1990–2020. We screened 2,601,457 peer-reviewed papers from the full text Europe PubMed Central database. We applied natural language processing, stringent filtering and manual curation to identify a final set of 1,439 deceased authors. We then determined these authors published a total of 38,907 papers over their careers with 5,477 published after death. The number of deceased publications has been growing rapidly, a 146-fold increase since the year 2000. This rate of increase was still significant when accounting for the growing total number of publications and pool of authors. We found that more than 50% of deceased author papers were first submitted after the death of the author and that over 60% of these papers failed to acknowledge the deceased authors status. Most deceased authors published less than 10 papers after death but a small pool of 30 authors published significantly more. A pool of 266 authors published more than 90% of their total publications after death. Our analysis indicates that the attribution of deceased authorship in the literature is not an occasional occurrence but a burgeoning trend. A consensus framework to address authorship by deceased scientists is warranted.
Sensitivity analysis on the declining population in Japan: Effects of prefecture-specific fertility and interregional migration
Authors: Oizumi Ryo , Inaba Hisashi , Takada Takenori , Enatsu Youichi , Kinjo Kensaku
Published: September 2022

Japan has been facing a population decline since 2010 due to low birth rates, interregional migration, and regional traits. In this study, we modeled the demographic dynamics of Japan using a transition matrix model. Then, from the mathematical structure of the model, we quantitatively evaluated the domestic factors of population decline. To achieve this, we constructed a multi-regional Leslie matrix model and developed a method for representing the reproductive value and stable age distribution using matrix entries. Our method enabled us to interpret the mathematical indices using the genealogies of the migration history of individuals and their ancestors. Furthermore, by combining our method with sensitivity analysis, we analyzed the effect of region-specific fertility rates and interregional migration rates on the population decline in Japan. We found that the sensitivity of the population growth rate to the migration rate from urban areas with large populations to prefectures with high fertility rates was greatest for people aged under 30. In addition, compared to other areas, the fertility rates of urban areas exhibited higher sensitivity for people aged over 30. Because this feature is robust in comparison with those in 2010 and 2015, it can be said to be a unique structure in Japan in recent years. We also established a method to represent the reproductive value and stable age distribution in an irreducible non-negative matrix population model by using the matrix entries. Furthermore, we show the effects of fertility and migration rates numerically in urban and non-urban areas on the population growth rates for each age group in a society with a declining population.
Utility of the lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan tuberculosis assay in patients with advanced HIV disease at antiretroviral therapy centres in Mumbai, India
Authors: Acharya Shrikala , Deshpande Prashant , Asirvatham Edwin Sam , Palkar Amol , Sarman Charishma Jones , Laxmeshwar Chinmay , Setia Maninder Singh , Rathod Dhirubhai , Koli Sagar , Dale Jayesh , Yeldandi Vijay , Allam Ramesh , Agarwal Reshu , Verma Sanjeev , Upadhyaya Sunita , Nyendak Melissa
Published: September 2022

Background

People with Advanced HIV Disease (AHD) are at higher risk of TB coinfection and mortality. However, there are challenges in TB diagnosis with the currently recommended diagnostic tools. WHO recommends lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan (LF-LAM) assay to assist TB diagnosis among AHD patients. We assessed the utility and acceptability of using urine LF-LAM assay for TB diagnosis among patients at public Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Centres in Mumbai.

Methods

The cross-sectional study was conducted among adult AHD patients accessing care from 17 ART centres during November,2020-June, 2021. Urine LF-LAM was offered as routine care for eligible patients in combination with standard diagnostic tests. We calculated the proportion of positive LF-LAM results by CD4 categories and TB symptoms and performed multivariable logistic regression to determine the factors associated with LF-LAM positivity.

Results

Among 2,390 patients, the majority (74.5%) had CD4 between 101–200 cells/mm3. The mean age was 43.7 years (SD:10.6), 68.6% were male, 8.4% had TB symptoms and 88.0% were on ART. The overall proportion of patients with urine LF-LAM positive results was 6.4%. Among PLHIV with CD4≤100 cells/mm3, the positivity was 43.0% and 7.7% in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, respectively. Among PLHIV with a CD4>100 cells/mm3, the positivity was 26.7% and 2.7% in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients respectively. Urine LF-LAM positivity was higher among inpatients, ART naïve, patients on treatment for <6 months, symptomatic and in WHO clinical stage III/IV of HIV disease as compared to the reference categories. We detected an additional 131 TB cases with urine LF-LAM in combination with the standard diagnostic tests.

Conclusion

The study demonstrated the utility of urine LF-LAM for TB diagnosis among AHD patients and the simple, user-friendly test was acceptable as part of routine care. Inclusion of urine LF-LAM test in the current diagnostic algorithm may facilitate early TB diagnosis among AHD patients.
Objective stress values during radiation emergency medicine for future human resources: Findings from a survey of nurses
Authors: Iyama Keita , Sato Yoshinobu , Ohba Takashi , Hasegawa Arifumi
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Shortages of human resources in radiation emergency medicine (REM) caused by the anxiety and stress of due to working in REM, are a major concern. The present study aimed to quantify stress and identify which tasks involved in REM response are most stressful to help educate (human resource development) and effectively reduce stress in workers. Furthermore, the final goal was to reduce the anxiety and stress of medical personnel in the future, which will lead to sufficient human resources in the field of REM.

Methods

In total, 74 nurses who attended an REM seminar were asked to answer a questionnaire (subjective) survey and wear a shirt-type electrocardiogram (objective survey). Then, informed consent was obtained from 39 patients included in the analysis. In the objective survey, average stress values of participants for each activity during the seminar were calculated based on heart rate variability (HRV). The average stress value was output as stress on a relative scale of 0–100, based on the model which is the percentile of the low-frequency/high-frequency ratio derived from HRV at any point in time obtained over time.

Results

A total of 35 (89.7%) participants answered that they had little or no knowledge of nuclear disaster and 33 (84.6%) had more than moderate anxiety. Stress values observed during the decontamination process were significantly higher than those observed when wearing and removing protective gear and during the general medical treatment process (P = 0.001, 0.004, and 0.023, respectively). Stress values did not increase during general medical treatment performed in protective clothing, but increased during the decontamination process, which is the task characteristic of REM.

Discussion

Stress felt by medical personnel throughout the entire REM response may be effectively reduced by providing careful education/training to reduce stress during the decontamination process. Reducing stress during REM response effectively could contribute to resolving the shortage of human resources in this field.
Use of the Airstretcher with dragging may reduce rescuers’ physical burden when transporting patients down stairs
Authors: Takei Yutaka , Sakaguchi Eiji , Sasaki Koichi , Tomoyasu Yoko , Yamamoto Kouji , Yasuda Yasuharu
Published: September 2022

Transporting patients down stairs by carrying is associated with a particularly high fall risk for patients and the occurrence of back pain among emergency medical technicians. The present study aimed to verify the effectiveness of the Airstretcher device, which was developed to reduce rescuers’ physical burden when transporting patients by dragging along the floor and down stairs. Forty-one paramedical students used three devices to transport a 65-kg manikin down stairs from the 3rd to the 1st floor. To verify the physical burden while carrying the stretchers, ratings of perceived exertion were measured using the Borg CR10 scale immediately after the task. Mean Borg CR10 scores (standard deviation) were 3.6 (1.7), 4.1 (1.8), 5.6 (2.4), and 4.2 (1.8) for the Airstretcher with dragging, Airstretcher with lifting, backboard with lifting, and tarpaulin with lifting conditions, respectively (p< 0.01). Multiple comparisons revealed that the Airstretcher with dragging condition was associated with significantly lower Borg CR10 scores compared with the backboard with lifting condition (p< 0.01). When the analysis was divided by handling position, estimated Borg CR10 values (standard error) for head position were 4.4 (1.3), 2.9 (0.9), 3.2 (0.8), and 4.0 (1.1) for the Airstretcher with dragging, Airstretcher with lifting, backboard with lifting, and tarpaulin with lifting conditions, respectively, after adjusting for participant and duration time (F = 1.4,p< 0.25). The estimated Borg CR10 value (standard error) for toe position in the Airstretcher with dragging condition was 2.0 (0.8), and the scores for the side position were 4.9 (0.4), 6.1 (0.3), and 4.7 (0.4) for the Airstretcher with lifting, backboard with lifting, and tarpaulin with lifting conditions, respectively, after adjusting for participant and duration time (F = 3.6,p= 0.02). Transferring a patient down stairs inside a house by dragging using the Airstretcher may reduce the physical burden for rescuers.