bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A DNA-Compatible [3+2] Nitrone–Olefin Cycloaddition Suitable for DEL Syntheses
Authors: Gerry Christopher , Yang Zhenhua , Stasi Michele , Schreiber Stuart
Published: December 2018

The limited scope of DNA-compatible chemistry restricts the types of chemical features that can be incorporated into DNA-encoded libraries (DELs). Here, a method to synthesize DNA-conjugated polycyclic isoxazolidines via a [3+2] nitrone–olefin cycloaddition is described. The reaction is compatible with many olefin-containing substrates and diverse N-alkylhydroxylamines. The ability to perform subsequent DNA ligation and PCR amplification was also confirmed. This methodology facilitates the synthesis of DELs containing topographically complex compounds with under-explored chemical features.
THE ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMICS OF ETHEREUM IN THE SHORT-TERM PERIOD
Authors: Кудрявцев Олег , Kudryavtsev Oleg , Мозолев Кирилл , Mozolev Kirill , Чивчян Артур , Chivchyan Arthur , Мамедзаде Хейрулла , Mamedzade Kheyrulla
Published: December 2018

The article presents an econometric analysis of the effect of stock indicators, such as Comex Gold futures, Dow Jones Industrial Average index and NASDAQ Composite, on the Ethereum cryptocurrency dynamics in the 100-day period. As part of the study, an econometric model of the dynamics of e-currency was built. The survey results show that when the Comex gold futures price changes by 1% on average, the Ethereum price changes by 5.01% in the same direction, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average index changes by 1%, the Ethereum price is 10.897%, and when the NASDAQ Composite index changes, the Ethereum price will change in the opposite direction to 3.59%
Stress Impact in Central Italy During the Iron Age: The Evidence of Linear Enamel Hypoplasia
Authors: Cucina A. , Coppa A. , Mancinelli D.
Published: December 2018

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Book Review: Aspects of Dental Biology: Palaeontology, Anthropology, and Evolution
Authors: Lukacs John R.
Published: December 2018

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Book Review: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Dental Morphology
Authors: Scott G. Richard
Published: December 2018

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Trends in Dental Anthropological Research
Authors: Walker Phillip L.
Published: December 2018

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Enamel Hypoplasia Related to Historical Famine Stress in the Contemporary Chinese Population
Authors: Zhou Liming , Corruccini Robert S.
Published: December 2018

Linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), a defect in enamel formation, has been frequently attributed to malnutrition and other physiological stress during periods of enamel development (Sarnat and Schour, 1941; Kreshover, 1960). LEH has been widely used as an indicator of developmental stress in skeletal studies among historic and prehistoric populations (Goodman et al., 1980; Corruccini et al., 1985; Goodman and Rose, 1990). A study of 3,014 subjects in 26 birth-year cohorts, samples from urban and rural communities of China, indicated that significant differences in LEH frequencies occurred between persons whose teeth developed during the famine years (1959-1961) and those whoe teeth calcified during non-famine years. This result points to a causal link between enamel hypoplasia and childhood nutritional stress at the population level, and casts some light on the magnitude and effects of the little-documented Chinese famine.
LEHs in Medieval Scandinavia: Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Hanson Christine L. , Miller Hasmin S.
Published: December 2018

The development of enamel defects is a topic of considerable interest among skeletal biologists. Linear enamel hypoplasias (LEHs) are commonly studied, as they are generally thought to present stress-induced growth disruptions. The present research uses the frequency of LEH in spatially dispersed but chronologically compact samples to document regional differences in growth stress. Analysis of 1,068 teeth representing the permanent dentition of 921 individuals from six medieval sites in Denmark, Norway, and Greenland showed that the highest frequency of LEH occurred in the mandibular canine (29.13%) followed by the maxillary central incisor (27.51%). Comparison of these results with developmental charts, showing that maxillary incisor and mandibular canine crowns are completely formed between 4 and 7 years of age, indicated that early childhood was likely a stressful time for medieval Scandinavians. Overall, LEHs were more common in maxillary teeth than in mandibular teeth. Although statistically significant differences in LEH frequencies were not found between males and females, locations did differ significantly.
A Strategy for Comparing Odontometrics among Groups
Authors: Harris Edward F.
Published: December 2018

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Corono-Radicular Grooves in a Large Sample of Human Maxillary Incisors
Authors: Ranjitkar Sarbin , Fuss Janet , Lekkas Dimitra , Townsend Grant
Published: December 2018

Corono-radicular grooves (CRGs) are developmental anomalies on maxillary incisor teeth that have both anthropological and clinical significance. Their reported prevalence varies from around 2% in modern Caucasoid populations to 18% in Chinese, although methods of classification have differed between studies. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of occureence and configuration of these grooves in a large sample of Caucasoid extracted permanent maxillary incisors collected in South Australia during the early 1900s (The Ramsey Smith Collection). A total of 1481 permanent maxillary incisors was examined using a dissecting microscope and classified according to tooth type and side. CRGs were scored according to their location, length, and depth. They were observed in 78 teeth (5.3%), with three teeth displaying two grooves. No significant difference in frequency occurred between central (4.7%) and lateral (5.7%) incisors, nor between right and left sides. Most of the CRGs (51.8%) were located in the mid-palatal region of tooth crowns, originating from the cingukum and terminating on the root surface less than 5.0 mm from the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ). All CRGs were less than 1.0 mm in depth. A higher proportion of CRGs was observed on the distal surface of lateral incisors (28.6%) than central incisors (9.4%). The frequency of occurrence of CRGs recorded in this study was higher than that of some previous reports, although the possibility of sampling bias in collections of exracted teeth needs to be taken into account. The relatively high frequency of CRGs on the distal surface of maxillary lateral incisors has important clinical implications, as plaque accumulation and loss of gingival attachment in this region may lead to severe localized periodontal involvement.
Dental Anthropology of the Neolithic Russian Far East: I Eurasian Russia
Authors: Haeussler A. M.
Published: December 2018

Dental morphological trait frequencies of Neolithic Russian Far East burials are more similar to those of Neolithic Central and Western Siberia than to percentages found in contemporaneous European Russians and Ukranians. Yet, archaeological evidence fails to indicate a close relationship between the Neolithic Russian Far East and Central and Western Siberia cultures. The Neolithic Far East sample is also dentally and culturally more like coastal prehistoric burials and present-day Eskimo and Chukchi samples from Chukotka than like non-coastal people of the Russian Far East.
Anthropological and Forensic Aspects of Odontological Variation in Two Contemporary Australian Populations
Authors: Chiu Alison S. , Donlon Denise
Published: December 2018

The utilization of odontometric variation as a discriminator between modern human groups continues to decline, despite its value in both anthropological and forensic contexts. Traditional odontometric methods, coupled with advanced statistical methods, are applied to illustrate the continuing usefulness of these techniques. The ability to discriminate between the major population groups (Caucasoid and Mongoloid) in the Sydney region of Australia, absed on dental dimensions, is extremely valuable in the forensic identification of individuals. Furthermore, metric variation in the dentition of these contemporary populations is poorly understood in this region of the world. The utility of variation in tooth dimensions in discriminating between these two groups is explored. Dental stone casts of the permanent maxillary and mandibular dentition of 198 individuals were made, and mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters were recorded for each tooth. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were used to investigate differences in linear and areal dimensions, as well as the predictive value of these measures in a forensic contect, using discriminant function analysis (DFA). DFA produced separation of Caucasoids and Mongoloids with a success rate of 93.9% on the basis of these measurements. Separation of the groups was most apparent in the mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of the maxillary first premolar (P1), the mesiodistal diameter of the maxillary second premolar (P2), and the mesiodistal dimension of the mandibular first premolar (P1). The results from this study further highlight the usefulness of dental metrics in forensic applications and contribute to our knowledge of the variation of these features in contemporary human populations.
Tubercle of Carabelli: A Review
Authors: Correia André , Pina Carla
Published: December 2018

The tubercle of Carabelli is an important morphological characteristic in the studies of dentalmorphology and forensic medicine. This trait has been used as an anthropological measure. The purpose of thiswork is to make a review of the information available about this dental characteristic. Its morphology, geneticcharacteristics and frequency are discussed in this article.
Examination of the Rare Labial Talon Cusp on Human Anterior Teeth
Authors: Lee C. , Burnett S. E. , Turner II C. G.
Published: December 2018

The labial talon cusp, a triangular ridge of enamel near the midline of anterior teeth, has been observed in archaeological remains and modern dental patients. The purpose of our report is to describe new cases in order to provide better estimates of its frequency, symmetry, teeth involved, and geographic occurrence. This research was initiated after a labial talon cusp was found in a Caddo cranium curated in the Texas Archaeological Research Lab at the University of Texas at Austin. Subsequently, we identified additional examples resulting in the total of eight new cases presented here. Five cases were identified in the Native American Pima dental casts from the A. A. Dahlberg collection at Arizona State University. Two of the Pima cases were found in a systematic analysis of 1,835 dental casts for a population frequency of 0.11%. Additional cases were identified in Ainu and Anasazi skeletal material. Including these new finds, 15 cases of labial talon cusp are now known including Native Americans, African Americans, Japanese, Australians, and Europeans. Six cases are maxillary and nine are mandibular. Known maxillary cases are unilateral, while 55.6% of the mandibular cases are bilateral. All anterior teeth appear to be affected, but there is no recorded instance of an affected mandibular canine.
Localized Asymmetry in Human Dental Crown Form—an Interesting Case
Authors: Wetherell John , Winning Tracey , Townsend Grant
Published: December 2018

A case of a 20-year-old female is described in which the premolars and molars on the right side of the arch display altered crown proportions and altered occlusal morphology. There is no evidence of an orofacial congenital disorder or history of trauma. It is argued that the asymmetrical expression of crown form does not fall within the normal range of variation but has resulted from a localized disruption in cellular function within the developing tooth germs, probably upsetting the folding of the internal enamel epithelia. This has produced crowns that have rounded cuspal outlines and reduced intercuspal distances. Superimposed space constraints in the mandible may have also led to compression of the lower molar crowns mesiodistally and affected their root formation.
Dental Reduction and Diet in the Prehistoric Ohio River Valley
Authors: Hill Molly K.
Published: December 2018

Post-Pleistocene dental reduction has been documented around the globe. Dietary change is a common factor in many of the selectionist models explaining this reduction. The current study examines tooth size in the prehistoric Ohio River Valley of Indiana and Kentucky to determine if a dental reduction occurred from the Late Archaic to the Mississippian periods and, if so, to see if dietary shifts are associated with dental reduction. Data from 282 individuals are compiled from 21 sites that span from 5000 BC to AD 1400. These sites represent Late Archaic foragers, Early/Middle Woodland early horticulturalists, Late Woodland mixed-economy horticulturalists, and Mississippian agriculturalists. Previous studies have indicated that the diet became less abrasive through time in this region but became harder from the Late Archaic to the Early/Middle Woodland just to became softer again thereafter. Buccolingual diameters were taken for all suitable permanent teeth. Standard descriptive statistics, ANOVA, percent differences, and rate of change were calculated for each dental measurement to determine the degree of change between the various temporal groups. It was found that a dental reduction occurred in the Ohio River Valley that was more pronounced in females and in the maxillary molars. The general reduction in tooth size mirrors the reduction in dietary abrasiveness. By contrast, it does not seem to follow the course of dietary hardness.
Food and the State: Bioarchaeological Investigations of Diet in the Moche Valley of Perú
Authors: Gagnon Celeste Marie
Published: December 2018

The Moche of north coastal Perú were among the earliest New World societies to develop state socio-political organization. The Moche State (AD 200-800) was a centralized hierarchical society that controlled the Moche Valley as well as valleys to the north and south. Prior to the establishment of the state, a series of less hierarchical organizations were present in the valley. Irrigation agriculture has often been cited as central to development of the Moche State. To test this assertion I examined 750 individuals recovered from the largest cemetery at the site of Cerro Oreja. Although the most important occupation of Cerro Oreja was during the Gallinazo phase (AD 1-200), many individuals were interred here during the earlier Salinar period (400 -1 BC). Consequently, the Cerro Oreja collection holds a key to understanding the development of one of the earliest and most extensive states in the Americas. The teeth and/or alveoli of each individual were examined for the presence of dental caries, periodontal disease, abscesses, and antemortem tooth loss. My analysis suggests women and children did increasingly focus their diet on agricultural products. These findings seem to support the hypothesis that increased irrigation and reliance on agricultural production was fundamental to the development of the Moche state. However, men’s diets remained consistent through time. Status seems to have been of little import in determining diet before and during early periods of state development, in dramatic contrast to what we know of its importance during the zenith of the state’s power. I suggest that increasing differentiation of gender roles was important to the development of the state, and that gender differences may have been the most salient force in the transition to political hierarchy and social stratification in the Moche valley.
Experimental Combat-Stress Model in Rats: Histological Examination of Effects on Amelogenesis— A Possible Measure of Diminished Vagal Tone Episodes
Authors: Bracha H. Stefan , Blanchard D. Caroline , Lloyd-Jones Jeffrey L. , Williams Andrew , Blanchard Robert J.
Published: December 2018

Developmental defects of enamel-stress histomarker rings (accentuated striae) may be a potential measure of diminished vagal tone in research on extreme stress such as exposure to combat. To develop an animal model of this measure, we examined the enamel of rat incisors which erupt continuously. We examined incisors from 15 stressed-colony rats and 7 control-group rats for these histomarkers using the Visible Burrow System (VBS). VBS was developed to study combat stress in rats. No stress rings were found in any of the rat incisors examined. In contrast to humans, rats have likely evolved to prioritize incisor strength during combat stress. Studies of amelogenesis during combat stress in other rodents with continuouly growing incisors are warranted. Laboratory animals such as rabbits or marmosets may be especially suitable, since they less frequently use their incisors for self-defense.
Occlusal Morphology of the Mandibular First and Second Premolars in Iranian Adolescents
Authors: Mosharraf Ramin , Hajian Fatemeh
Published: December 2018

In dental textbooks, the mandibular premolar occlusal morphology has been described as having a predominantly “U-shaped” central groove on the first premolar and a “Y-shaped” central groove on the second premolar. In this study, we examined students (n = 400) of Isfahan high schools (Iran) and first and second premolars were examined bilaterally. Morphological features of the crown, number, height and position of cusps, central grooves shape and sex of the teethwere recorded. For the mandibular first premolars, 21.5% of students exhibited H-shape grooves bilaterally; 70.0% had bilateral U-shape grooves; and 8.5% were mixed. For the mandibular second premolars, 73.0% exhibited 2-cusp forms bilaterally; 15.8% had 3-cusp forms bilaterally; and 11.3% were mixed. In the 2-cusp forms, the predominant occlusal pattern was U-shaped (44.0%). In this Iranian sample, the predominant occlusal pattern was U-shaped in both the first premolar and second premolar, which contrasts with conventional textbook descriptions.
Biomechanical Analysis of the Canine Tuberculum Dentale
Authors: Ichim Ionut , Swain Michael , Kieser Jules
Published: December 2018

We evaluate the structural significance of the development of a canine tuberculum dentale by means of three-dimensional finite element analysis. Using a scanned human permanent canine, we construct a computer generated canine, together with alveolar bone and periodontal ligament onto which we morph two cingulum shapes, namely a flat palatal surface and a stylised tuberculum dentale. We then subject the three shapes (flat, normal cingulum, and pronounced tuberculum dentale) to a normal occlusal force and we record principal and von Mises stresses in the crowns. Our results show that stresses are concentrated at the cingulum and in the approximal areas, and that these do not differ between the three forms. We conclude that the development of a tuberculum dentale does not confer biomechanical advantage to the human canine.
Regional Differences of Dental Microwear on the Occlusal Surface of an M2 from Neolithic Japan: A Case Study
Authors: Hojo Teruyuki
Published: December 2018

Regional differences of dental microwear among four small areas on the heavily worn occlusal surface of a mandibular M2 of an adult male from Neolithic Japan were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The M2 specimen was cast using a high-resolution epoxy resin under low pressure for SEM, and the cast specimen was sputter-coated with gold. Among the four regions of the M2, two (facets 3 and 9) showed higher proportions of pits (78.6% and 75.0%, respectively), and the two others (lingual marginal facet 7n, and the inner side of facet 7n) showed lower proportions of pits (5.6% and 33.3%, respectively). The two pitted regions seem to reflect the processing of hard foods, and the two other regions with higher frequencies of striations might reflect exposures to less gritty, softer foods. The variation of these pits and striations suggests that the Jomon subsisted on stone-processed hard foods, with coarse grain sizes of sand in foods that included tuberous roots, animal meats with bones, and clams. The analyses of regional differences of dental microwear will develop important ways to study tooth use and past diets.
Kazuro Hanihara 1927–2004
Authors: Brace C. Loring , Seguchi Noriko
Published: December 2018

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Dental Pathology, Wear, and Diet in a Hunting and Gathering Forest-Dwelling Group: The Batak People of Palawan Island, The Philippines
Authors: Turner II Christy G. , Eder James F.
Published: December 2018

Described are observations on Batak foods,tooth use, oral hygiene, and resulting wear and oralpathology in dental casts of 29 Batak ranging from 15 to 49years of age. Commonly consumed foods are roughly 80percent plant, and 20 percent animal products. Cookingis common. Eating includes one or two main daily mealswith occasional snacking. Cariogenic commerciallymanufacturedflour and sugar are rarely available.Oral hygiene involves “finger-brushing” of anteriorteeth with fine sand. The practice is more common infemales than in males. Caries are rare in both sexes as isantemortem tooth loss. Tooth chipping is more commonin males. Periodontal disease is generally slight andnearly equal in the sexes. Tooth wear is relatively slightbut strongly age-related as in many other populations.
Inheritance of Bilateral Fusion of the Lower Central and Lateral Incisors: A Pedigree of a Maya Family from Yucatan, Mexico.
Authors: Gurri Francisco D. , Balam Gilberto
Published: December 2018

A pedigree with five individualsexhibiting bilateral fusion of lower central and lateralincisors is described. It is the first pedigree everpublished presenting this condition, and the individualsaffected are the 6th through 10th cases in the literature.Bilateral fusion of the lower central incisors may be theconsequence of an autosomal dominant gene in thisfamily. Crown height and mesiodistal measurementson the permanent dentition of the affected individualswere compared to the same measurements taken onunaffected persons in their population. Buccolingual andmesiodistal measurements on the deciduous dentitionwere compared to published means for populationsaround the world. Fusion was associated with agenetic tendency towards tooth reduction, affectingtooth number in the jaw, and overall size. It also wasconcluded, as suggested by previous investigators,that fusion and gemination are under separate geneticcontrol.
Bilateral Asymmetry of Upper Permanent Dentition in Six Archeological Pre-Conquest Samples from Colombia, South America
Authors: Rodríguez-Flórez Carlos David , Colantonio Sonia E.
Published: December 2018

Bilateral asymmetry is an important fieldof study in physical anthropology. The present studyevaluated the frequencies of bilateral asymmetry of fourtraits (one for each tooth type in the maxillary arcade)in six pre-Conquest human archeological samples fromColombia, South America. Results show the importanceof a preliminary analysis of bilateral asymmetry inarcheological fragmented samples and its relevance inmolding subsequent interpretations.
Book Review: Teeth, 2nd edition
Authors: Henderson Emily H.
Published: December 2018

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Short Communication: Dental Trait Variation and Age Determination Based on Dental Wear: A Preliminary Study of Javanese
Authors: Artaria Myrtati D.
Published: December 2018

This preliminary study describes the dentalcrown morphology of 14 Javanese of known sex andage. The purpose was to suggest what dental traits tolook for when studying a bigger sample from Java. Of21 traits looked for, traits occurring in the sample wereshovel shape, winging, tuberculum dentale, interruptiongroove, canine distal accessory ridge, premolar accessoryridges, premolar accessory marginal tubercles, premolarmultiple lingual cusps, cusp 5, cusp 6, Y5 pattern, cusp 7,protostylid, deflecting wrinkle, anterior fovea, hypocone,and Carrabelli’s cusp. Dental wear overestimated actualages because the observed rate of wear was less than inthe reference sample.
For Whom the Coin Tolls: Green Stained Teeth and Jaws In Medieval and Post-Medieval Spanish Burials
Authors: Hopkinson Kimberly A. , Yeats Sarah M. , Scott G. Richard
Published: December 2018

While observing dental characteristicsin Spanish and Basque skeletons from the Cathedralof Santa Maria in Vitoria, Spain, an unusual patternof staining was evident in 18 of 206 individuals. Thestain, which permeated bone, dentine, calculus, and/orenamel, varied in color from bright green to turquoise.Males and females, all age categories, and medieval andpost-medieval skeletons were equally affected. The greenstain was the result of an ancient practice going back toGreek times that involved placing a silver or gold coin(obol) in the mouth of the deceased prior to burial forthe purpose of paying the boatman (Charon) for passageacross the river of woe (Acheron). In Spain, bronze coinssubstituted for silver and gold. The copper componentof the bronze reacted with the acidic environment causedby decomposition creating basic copper carbonate. Thecopper carbonate then seeped into the porous spacesof the bones and teeth or replaced the mineral portionof the bone. The duration of this practice providesevidence that a seemingly ‘pagan’ ritual was preservedlong after Christianity spread throughout Spain.
Daris R. Swindler (1925-2007)
Authors: Dean Christopher , Koppe Thomas
Published: December 2018

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Morphology of Root and C-Shape Canal in Prehispanic and Modern Maya Groups from Northern Yucatan
Authors: Cucina Andrea , Lizama Elma Vega , Ramírez Marco , Cárdenas G. Alvarado , Tiesler Vera
Published: December 2018

One-rooted mandibular second molars arelabelled “C-molar” because of the root’s morphology.The frequency of C-molars is strongly associatedwith ethnic origin, being most common in North-EastAsians. The present study analyzed the frequency ofone-rooted molars and associated pulpal chamber in 48Prehispanic Mayans and in 142 modern subjects studiedat the School of Endodontics, UADY. The frequency ofone-rooted molars in the Prehispanic sample is 35%,with 32% of these having C-canals. Similarly, 42 of 142 (30%) modern teeth exhibit a C-canal. The similaritybetween ancient and modern samples suggests thatgenetic admixture since the European conquest has notaffected trait expression, and it implies that the Mayaexpress the Sinodontic pattern of dental morphology.Endodontically, the significant correlation betweenC-molar and C-canal is an advantage for recognizingthe canal’s anatomy if treatment is indicated.
Congenital Absence of Permanent Canines: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Smith Ann S. , Harris Edward F.
Published: December 2018

Congenital absence of permanent caninesis a rare event, especially when syndromic cases areexcluded. Our data suggest a population frequency ofroughly 1 per 1,000 people. This report describes twocontemporary cases with radiographically-confirmedbilateral absence of the maxillary canines. One is a caseof simple hypodontia, where only the upper caninesfailed to develop (though the lateral incisors are undersize).The other case exhibits the additional absence ofmaxillary lateral incisors and second premolars. Thesecases add weight to prior findings that (A) the canine isthe tooth type least likely not to form, (B) upper caninesare more likely to be missing than mandibular canines,and (C) the frequency is higher in females than males.
Shelley Rae Saunders (1950–2008)
Authors: FitzGerald Charles
Published: December 2018

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Frequency and variation of three-rooted lower first permanent molars in precontact Easter Islanders and in Pre-Conquest Peruvians
Authors: Drusini Andrea G. , Swindler Daris R.
Published: December 2018

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of mandibular first molars featuring a distolingual root in two archeological collections. A total of 172 teeth from Pre-Contact Easter Islanders and 281 teeth from three Pre-Conquest Peruvian sites were examined looking for the presence of three-rooted lower first permanent molars (3RLM1). The Easter Island teeth were recovered during the Ahu Tongariki excavation Project 1993-2001: we identified 70 M1s, 62 M2s and 40 M3s. The sample contained 20 lower molars with an extra root, meaning that there is 29% with 3RLM1. The Peruvian teeth are from three archeological sites: Nasca (Proyecto Nasca, n = 100), Arequipa (Proyecto Condesuyos, n = 28), and Tablada de Lurín (Proyecto Loma de Lesix, n = 153). We found 8% of 3RLM1 at Nasca, 1.2% at Tablada de Lurín, and 9% at Condesuyos (total frequency = 6%). The percentage of 3RLM1 in Easter Island, very high compared to the whole Polynesia and the Peruvian sample, shows the effect of a genetic bottleneck (accidental reduction of a population), which the settlers went through as they reached the island they named Rapa Nui. We conclude that founder effect and genetic drift have played an important role in regulating the past and present mosaic distribution of 3RLM1 in insular populations.
A Promising Mandibular Molar Trait in Ancient Populations of Ireland
Authors: Weets Jaimin D.
Published: December 2018

A novel morphologic feature on the human dental enamel of the permanent mandibular molars is described. The character, named MMPT (mandibular molar pit-tubercle), is situated mesial and occlusal to the position often occupied by the protostylid on the buccal aspect of cusp 1. Three grades of variation, a pit, a groove, and a tubercle were observed, described and categorized for study. The study groups consisted mainly of archaeological specimens from Ireland, representing approximately 5,000 years of prehistoric and early historic populations on the island, dating from the Neolithic (ca. 4,000-1,800 B.C.) through the Early Christian era (ca. A.D. 400-1170). All lower molars (representing 432 individuals) were studied, ranging from 129 to 179 scorable molars depending on tooth type.*Correspondence to: Jaimin D. Weets, Department of Anthropology, 129A MacVicar Hall, 44 Pierrepont Avenue, SUNY Potsdam, Potsdam, NY 13676E-mail: weetsjd@potsdam.eduGrant sponsorship: This research was made possible by Grant AY2001/10 from The Heritage Council of Ireland, grants from Research and Graduate Studies Office of The Pennsylvania State University, Research and Sponsored Programs SUNY Potsdam, United University Professions SUNY Potsdam and two Hill Grants from The Pennsylvania State University.The third molar more commonly expressed all forms of MMPT than the first or second molars, with approximately 30% of all third molars exhibiting a form of MMPT (28% of lower left third molars and 33% of lower right third molars). The most commonly expressed form of MMPT was Grade 1, the pit form, most commonly on third molars. Individual Viking specimens from Ireland also exhibited MMPT, and the trait appears to be present in East Asian modern humans at a markedly lower rate of expression, and in Homo pekinensis. Further research will clarify any relationships between MMPT, paramolar tubercles, paramolar structures and the protostylid, as well as the utility of MMPT in dental anthropological biodistancing studies.
Stigmata of Congenital Syphilis on a High Status Juvenile at Yuguë, Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Mayes Arion T , Melmed Anamay , Barber Sarah
Published: December 2018

Presented here is a case study from Mesoamerica whose dentition resembles the dental stigmata of others who have been described as having congenital syphilis. Found with a green stone bracelet, this child was likely a high-status member of a pre-Colombian population from the Pacific Coast of Oaxaca, Mexico (late Terminal Formative Period, 150 BCE – CE 250). While taphonomic changes precluded in-depth observations of the skeleton, dental traits such as plane-like hypoplastic defect and Fournier’s molars are described and compared to previous studies. Additionally, a two-tier system is introduced for describing dental malformations that may suggest either environmental variation in the bacterial assault or in host response.
Triple Fusion in the Primary Dentition from Law’s Site, Alabama (1MS100): A Case Report
Authors: Padgett Brian D.
Published: December 2018

Dental fusion of the primary dentition is a rare congenital anomaly. Evidence in the literature of bioarchaeology is scarce. Burial MS100-14 was recovered from Law’s Site on Pine Island, in Marshall County, Alabama. Analysis of the remains found that MS100-14 presented a clear case of triple fusion of primary dentition in the maxilla. This appears to be the first case of triple fusion reported from among prehistoric Native American remains in the Southeastern United States.
A Rare Form of Protostylid: Review of Literature and Case Reports
Authors: Shigli Anand L. , Wanjari Sangeeta P. , Ahuja Ruchi
Published: December 2018

Human teeth possess an active cingular zone that serves as the point of origin for specific accessory cusps. The term protostylid or protoconid is used for any additional cusps on the buccal surface of maxillary and mandibular premolars and molars. Their occurrence in maxillary and mandibular deciduous and permanent dentition is discussed in the literature. This article presents a review of literature in relation to formation of the protostylid, and two cases of prominent protostylids are described, one each in the deciduous and permanent dentitions.
The Dental Traits of Indonesian Javanese
Authors: Artaria Myrtati Dyah
Published: December 2018

This study describes the dental crown morphology of 91 Javanese of known sex and age, in Surabaya, East Java. The purpose was to explore the dental morphology in the area of East Java, especially in Surabaya. I scored a battery of three dozen dental traits on the permanent dentition (sexes pooled). Comparisons of the trait frequencies show that this Javanese sample does not exhibit a classic combination either of the Sinodont or Sundadont dental patterns. Instead, it represents some features of each, and this probably is due to the millennia of human migrations through this region.
Impacted Lower First Molar and Labial Ectopic Upper Canine Eruption in an Individual from the Prehistoric American Southwest
Authors: Nelson Greg C.
Published: December 2018

Tooth impactions and other positional anomalies are commonly encountered in clinical situations but are much less frequently seen in, or reported from, prehistoric archaeologically derived contexts. This report examines the occurrence of two positional anomalies, lower first molar impaction and upper canine labial ectopic eruption, in a single individual from the Ancestral Pueblo Gallina Phase (1100-1275 AD) of northern New Mexico. Although outwardly dissimilar, appearing as they do in different tooth classes and both the mandible and maxilla, their underlying similarity implies a common etiology. The co-occurrence of these anomalies presents an opportunity to explore the etiological basis of positional anomalies and possibly provide some insight into the very early stages of dental morphogenesis.
Prevalence of Short Dental Roots in Four Ethnic Groups in an Orthodontic Population
Authors: Edgcomb Kathryn , BeGole Ellen , Evans Carla , Johnson Bradford , Luan Xianghong
Published: December 2018

The purpose of the current study was to investigate if a significant relationship exists between ethnicity, sex, and short dental roots. The hypotheses are: 1. Hispanics have a higher prevalence of short dental roots than Caucasians, African Americans, and Asians; and 2. Females have a higher prevalence of short dental roots than males. The experimental groups consisted of 30 Caucasians, 30 Hispanics, 30 African Americans, and 26 Asian subjects who presented to University of Illinois Department of Orthodontics for treatment. Actual root length (mm) and relative root length were measured on periapical radiographs, for the maxillary and mandibular central and lateral incisors, and second premolars. The results showed that Asians had the shortest dental root lengths for all teeth measured, except the maxillary second premolar. Significant differences in relative root length values between the ethnic groups were found for the maxillary central incisor and second premolar. Females had shorter roots than their male counterparts within each ethnic group.
The Phenetic Distances of Jordanian Arabs from Other Human Populations Suggest a Major Genetic Drift from the Caucasoid Race
Authors: Alsoleihat Firas , Khraisat Ameen
Published: December 2018

The objectives were to determine the expression frequency and sexual dimorphism of 16 non-metric crown traits on the permanent dentitions of the living Jordanians, and to assess the biological affinity of this sample to 21 high-order groups based on these traits. 360 Jordanian school children (176 males, 184 females; mean ages 15.5, sd = 0.4 years) were studied in 2009. The traits were classified using the Arizona State University dental anthropology system, counted with the individual count method, and dichotomized according to Scott and Turner criteria for the purpose of group comparisons. Z-value test was used to assess sexual dimorphism in these traits. Smith’s Mean Measure of Divergence was used to measure all pairwise distance values among the groups. Sexual dimorphism was found in only three traits (i.e., Carabelli’s tubercle/cusp, metaconule and hypoconulid absence). This study revealed that the dental pattern of living Jordanians is sufficiently distinct from the Caucasoid pattern and all other known dental patterns to warrant a unique dental pattern for this population. Moreover, the relatively large distance values between the living Jordanians and all other world groups considered including the Western Eurasian groups suggest a major genetic drift for this population from the Caucasoid race.
A Horizontal Mesiodens in a Child Buried at Hank’s Site (41RB109), a Prehistoric Plains Village Site in the Texas Panhandle
Authors: Broehm Cory J. , Hunter Lisa B. , Boyd Douglas K.
Published: December 2018

The mesiodens is the most common kindof supernumerary tooth; it is found in the midline ofthe maxilla. Horizontal orientation is the least common,accounting for about 6% of cases. During osteologicalanalysis of the skeleton of a 3 to 5 year old child recoveredfrom Hank’s site (41RB109) in the northern Texaspanhandle, an impacted horizontal, conical mesiodenswas identified. The skeleton dates to the Plains Villageperiod, ca. A.D. 1,200 to 1,500, when village-basedpeoples practiced a mixed hunter-gatherer/horticulturesubsistence. This mesiodens is located in the right maxilla,just lateral to the midline of the hard palate and parallel tothe intermaxillary suture. The root projects ventrally andprotrudes through the external alveolar bone between thecentral incisors. The crown is conical. Although sometimesfound in association with certain congenital disorders, themesiodens appears to be idiopathic in this case. Whilepossibly painful due to its proximity to the nasopalatinenerve, no sequela from the tooth growth and impactionare evident.
Dental Age: Effects of Estimating Different Events During Mineralization
Authors: Harris Edward F.
Published: December 2018

The extent of tooth mineralization affords apractical method for assessing an individual’s biologicalage. Dental age is useful for evaluating a child’sgrowth status, and for assessing the ages of subjects inanthropological, forensic, and medicolegal settings.Historically, some data have been collected from serialstudies (e.g., Stuart’s Harvard Study, and the BurlingtonStudy) while most studies are cross-sectional, where eachchild is examined just once. Serial and cross-sectionalstudies traditionally have been used to estimate differentsorts of information, namely the onset at a stage and theaverage age in a stage, respectively. This paper discussesthe differences of the analyses, and then presents anempirical comparison of two large sets of data on thelower third molar in American whites, showing how theconventional uses of serial data—that estimate the onsetof an event—precede the age of occurrence derived fromcross-sectional data (age at stage). Inter-group differencesfor tooth stages can exceed one year, so it is important torecognize the nature of the ‘standards’ available in theliterature.
In Memoriam: Christy G. Turner II (November 28, 1933 – July 27, 2013) Personal reflections on his legacy in dental anthropology and beyond
Authors: Scott G. Richard
Published: December 2018

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Geographic patterns of Early Holocene New World dental morphological variation
Authors: Stojanowski Christopher M. , Johnson Kent M. , Duncan William N.
Published: December 2018

Dental anthropology played a seminal role in early studies of the peopling of the New World, and was a foundation of the early three wave model proposed by Greenberg, Turner and Zegura. In recent years, however, developments in anthropological genetics, craniometry, and archaeological discoveries have largely omitted dental anthropology from debates regarding Native American origins. Here we consider this situation and reassert dental anthropology’s relevance to the topic by presenting an inter-individual analysis of Paleoindian and Paleoamer-ican dentitions. A small set of dental morphological variables was used to estimate Gower similarity coefficients between individual specimens. The resulting similarity matrix was ordinated using multidimensional scaling; all analyses were per-formed in Clustan v. 7.05. While results should be considered preliminary, patterns of variation suggest morphological similarity along both coasts of North and South America with a somewhat distinct grouping of North American Paleoindians deriving from more inland portions of the continent. This pattern is consistent with recent genetic scenarios, notably the bicoastal model presented by O’Rourke and Raff (2010), which indicates that Paleoindians may have taken multiple migration routes from Beringia, moving along both coasts as well as through the ice free corridor. Future studies may build on this work to reintegrate dental data and analysis into research concerning the peopling of the New World.
The Biological Implications of the Transition to Agriculture in Ukraine: A Study of Enamel Hypoplasias
Authors: Karsten Jordan K. , Heins Sarah E. , Madden Gwyn D. , Sokhatskyi Mykhailo P.
Published: December 2018

The Tripolye were the first archaeo-logical culture in Ukraine to cultivate domesticat-ed cereals, practice animal husbandry, and establish large settlements with high population densities. This cultural adaptation was much different than that of mobile hunter-fisher-gatherers of the Ukrainian Mesolithic/Neolithic, and likely resulted in different outcomes for human health. This study compares the rates of enamel hypoplasias in a Tripolye skeletal population with that of Mesolithic/Neolithic hunter-fisher-gatherers. A recently excavated sample of dentitions representing a minimum of 35 individuals from Verteba Cave was examined macroscopically for hypoplasias and was compared statistically to published rates for hunter-fisher-gatherers. The Tripolye from Verteba Cave were found to have at least one enamel hypoplasia on 18.18% of teeth, while the hunter-fisher-gatherers have hypoplastic lesions on 1.88% of teeth. When examined at the individual level, 48.57% of the Tripolye were found to have at least one hypoplasia, as compared to 12.77% of the hunter-fisher-gatherer individuals. The results indicate that the agropastoral Tripolye experienced significantly more systemic stress than the hunter-fisher-gatherers. The higher stress likely relates to dietary and behavioral variables associated with the Tripolye’s agropastoral economy, including heavy reliance on cereals as weaning foods and sanitary problems linked to sedentism.
Correlations Among New Dental and Cranial Measurements
Authors: Scioletti Massimo , Scioletti Dino , Ferrara Andrea , Dettori Salvatore , Stefani Dario , Carboni Roberto , Floris Rosalba , D’Anastasio Ruggero , Viciano Joan
Published: December 2018

Cranial and dental anthropometry is commonly used in many areas of research, e.g., in forensicanthropology and paleoanthropology. We propose new craniometric and dental landmarks and distancesthat may have important applications in physical anthropology. Furthermore, a classical anthropometricalapproach was applied to quantify the correlation between dental and cranial measurements,which were taken on 30 Middle Ages adult crania from Sardinia (Italy).Principal components analysis was performed to explore the correlations among inter-landmark distances.The first component showed correlations between the cranial base and maxillary inter-landmarkdistances (the ‘cranial base’ system). The second component exclusively demonstrated correlationsamong maxillary and dental inter-landmark distances (the ‘oral cavity’ system). The third componentshowed positive correlations between the zygomatic and midline maxillary inter-landmark distances,and high negative loadings that include the bilateral styloid process and midline maxillary landmarks(the ‘upper cranium’ system).The inter-landmark dental distances correlate with inter-landmark cranial distances that have notbeen described previously. These data can be applied in other research and clinical areas.
Book Review: Odontologlya v Sovremenno Antropologli [Odontology in Contemporary Anthropology]
Authors: Haeussler A. M. , Dahlberg A. A.
Published: December 2018

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The Dental Anthropology of the Caucasus
Authors: Kashibadze Vera F. , Haeussler A. M.
Published: December 2018

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The Epicristid or Middle Trigonid Crest Defined
Authors: Zubov Alexander A.
Published: December 2018

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Counting Perikymata Using a Low-Power Stereomicroscope
Authors: Hillson Simon
Published: December 2018

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Edward Eyre Hunt 1922-1991
Authors: Garn Stanley M.
Published: December 2018

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Book Review: Human Adult Odontometrics
Authors: Haeussler A. M.
Published: December 2018

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Odontological Data for the Chernyakov Culture Population
Authors: Segeda Sergei P. , Haeussler A. M.
Published: December 2018

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Nutritional Supplements and Recovery from Tooth Extractions
Authors: Halbertstein R. A.
Published: December 2018

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A Prehistoric Peruvian Oral Pathology Suggesting Coca Chewing
Authors: Turner II Christy G.
Published: December 2018

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Dental Morphology from Two Mayan Ethnic Groups in Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Del Angel Andrés E. , Serrano Carlos S. , Castro Alfonso S.
Published: December 2018

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Directions in Dental Anthropological Research in Hungary, with Historical Retrospect
Authors: Kósa Ferenc
Published: December 2018

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Digital Radiography for the Quantification of Alveolar Bone Loss in Studies of Periodontal Disease Variation
Authors: Hildebolt Charles F. , Bartlett Thad Q. , Shrout Michael K.
Published: December 2018

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Albert A. Dahlberg (1908-1993)
Authors: Dahlberg Jim
Published: December 2018

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Richard M. S. Taylor (1903-1992)
Authors: Carman John B.
Published: December 2018

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Report: A Presence of a Connate Tooth in a Neonatal Chimpanzee
Authors: Winkler Linda A. , Swindler Daris R.
Published: December 2018

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Albert A. Dahlberg, 1908-1993
Authors: Brace C. Loring
Published: December 2018

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Book Review: Culture, Ecology and Dental Anthropology
Authors: Hawkey Diane E.
Published: December 2018

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Book Review: Dental Anthropology
Authors: Turner Korri Dee
Published: December 2018

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