bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LCST‐type liquid–liquid and liquid–solid phase transition behaviors of hyperbranched polyglycerol bearing imidazolium salt
Authors: Tamaki Masaki , Taguchi Tsukasa , Kitajyo Yoshikazu , Takahashi Kenji , Sakai Ryosuke , Kakuchi Toyoji , Satoh Toshifumi
Published: November 2009

A hyperbranched polyglycerol bearing imidazolium tosylate units (ITHB) was synthesized through the imidazolium salt‐modification of hyperbranched polyglycerol (HB). ITHB was found to possess novel reversible lower critical solution temperature (LCST)‐type liquid–liquid and liquid–solid phase transition behaviors in a methanol/chloroform mixed solution. The phase transition temperatures of the liquid–liquid phase transition (PTT1to2) and liquid–solid phase transition (PTT2toSus) increased with increasing the ratio of methanol in the mixed solution and decreasing the concentration of ITHB. Additionally, increasing the molecular weight of ITHB decreased the PTT values. The liquid–liquid phase transition was caused by the aggregation of ITHB, which was proved by dynamic light scattering measurement. In contrast, the liquid–solid phase transition was caused by the solvation cleavage between the imidazolium rings and solvents, which was proved by 1H NMR measurement. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2009
Synthesis of twin‐tail tadpole‐shaped hydrophilic copolymers and their thermo‐responsive behavior
Authors: Li Li‐Ying , He Wei‐Dong , Li Jian , Han Shou‐Chen , Sun Xiao‐Li , Zhang Bo‐Yu
Published: November 2009

Twin‐tail tadpole‐shaped hydrophillic copolymers composed of cyclic poly(ethylene gycol) (PEG) and two linear poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) chains have been successfully synthesized by the combination of single‐electron‐transfer living radical polymerization and click chemistry under high concentration. Click cycloaddition reaction occurred between linear PNIPAM‐b‐PEG‐b‐PNIPAM with two azide groups at block junctions and dipropargyl oxalylate with high yield and efficiency. The resulting intermediates and the targeted polymers were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. The thermal phase transition behaviors of twin‐tail tadpole‐shaped polymers and their linear precursors were investigated by temperature‐dependent turbidity measurements, micro differential scanning calorimetry, and laser light scattering. The twin‐tail tadpole‐shaped polymers possess higher critical solution temperature (LCST) and smaller average aggregate size compared with their linear precursors with the same molecular weight. The above differences in the thermal phase transition behaviors should be due to the repulsive forces caused by the ring topology, which prohibited the intermolecular association. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2009
Crystallographic and mass spectrometric analyses of a tandem GNAT protein from the clavulanic acid biosynthesis pathway
Authors: Iqbal Aman , Arunlanantham Haren , Brown Tom , Chowdhury Rasheduzzaman , Clifton Ian J. , Kershaw Nadia J. , Hewitson Kirsty S. , McDonough Michael A. , Schofield Christopher J.
Published: November 2009

(3R,5R)‐Clavulanic acid (CA) is a clinically important inhibitor of Class A β‐lactamases. Sequence comparisons suggest that orf14 of the clavulanic acid biosynthesis gene cluster encodes for an acetyl transferase (CBG). Crystallographic studies reveal CBG to be a member of the emerging structural subfamily of tandem Gcn5‐related acetyl transferase (GNAT) proteins. Two crystal forms (C2 and P21 space groups) of CBG were obtained; in both forms one molecule of acetyl‐CoA (AcCoA) was bound to the N‐terminal GNAT domain, with the C‐terminal domain being unoccupied by a ligand. Mass spectrometric analyzes on CBG demonstrate that, in addition to one strongly bound AcCoA molecule, a second acyl‐CoA molecule can bind to CBG. Succinyl‐CoA and myristoyl‐CoA displayed the strongest binding to the “second” CoA binding site, which is likely in the C‐terminal GNAT domain. Analysis of the CBG structures, together with those of other tandem GNAT proteins, suggest that the AcCoA in the N‐terminal GNAT domain plays a structural role whereas the C‐terminal domain is more likely to be directly involved in acetyl transfer. The available crystallographic and mass spectrometric evidence suggests that binding of the second acyl‐CoA occurs preferentially to monomeric rather than dimeric CBG. The N‐terminal AcCoA binding site and the proposed C‐terminal acyl‐CoA binding site of CBG are compared with acyl‐CoA binding sites of other tandem and single domain GNAT proteins. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultraviolet photodissociation at 266 nm of phosphorylated peptide cations
Authors: Park Soojin , Ahn Wha‐Keun , Lee Sunyoung , Han Sang Yun , Rhee Bum Ku , Oh Han Bin
Published: November 2009

Ultraviolet (UV) photodissociation (PD) experiments using 266 nm light were performed for a series of phosphopeptide cations in a Fourier transform mass spectrometer. The objective of the experiments was to determine whether 266 nm UV irradiation on the phosphopeptide cations would induce unique peptide backbone dissociation. In addition, the general behavior of the phosphate loss (−80 or −98 Da) was monitored, particularly for those phosphopeptides with a phosphotyrosine residue that itself is a UV chromophore. For phosphopeptides with a UV chromophore, their photodissociation behavior was very similar to that of low‐energy sustained off‐resonance irradiation collisionally activated dissociation (SORI‐CAD), with a few exceptions. For example, b‐ and y‐type peptide backbone fragments were prevalent, and their dephosphorylation behavior was consistent with that of the SORI‐CAD results. For phosphoserine peptides, the loss of a phosphate group was always observed. On the other hand, for phosphotyrosine peptides, the phosphate loss was found to be dependent on the presence of a basic amino group in the sequence and the charge state of the precursor ions, in agreement with the CAD results in the literature. However, hydrogen atom loss or aromatic side chain loss, which is known to be the excited state specific fragmentation pathway, was rarely observed in our 266 nm UV PD experiments, in contrast to the previous UV PD literature (particularly at 220 nm). The mechanism for these observations is described in terms of dominant internal conversion followed by intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences in the stable isotope signatures of seabird egg membrane and albumen – implications for non‐invasive studies
Authors: Quillfeldt Petra , McGill Rona A. R. , Masello Juan F. , Poisbleau Maud , van Noordwijk Hendrika , Demongin Laurent , Furness Robert W.
Published: November 2009

In many bird species, egg membranes can be obtained non‐invasively after the chicks have hatched, and stable isotope analysis of egg membranes can be used to study the diet and foraging distribution of these birds during egg formation. It has been suggested that the enrichment factors of albumen and egg membranes differ for 13C, but are similar for 15N. In this study, we compared carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of the membranes and albumen of individual eggs of three wild seabird species, the Southern Rockhopper penguin Eudyptes chrysocome, the Imperial shag Phalacrocorax atriceps albiventer, and the Thin‐billed prion Pachyptila belcheri. We also included chicken eggs for comparison. Egg membranes were generally enriched in 13C, compared with albumen. The difference varied between species, with 2.1‰ in Rockhopper penguins, 1.6‰ in Imperial shags, but only 0.5‰ in Thin‐billed prions and 0.4‰ in chicken eggs. Egg membranes were slightly enriched in 15N in Imperial shags (0.9‰) and chickens (0.5‰), compared with albumen, while there was no difference for Thin‐billed prions and Rockhopper penguins. The isotopic values of carbon and nitrogen were correlated between albumen and egg membranes of individual eggs, suggesting that egg membranes can be used reliably to investigate trophic differences between individuals, seasons or colonies. Species‐specific mathematical corrections could be used to compare results across studies that use different egg components. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous quantitation of testosterone, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, and 11‐ketotestosterone in fathead minnow fish plasma by liquid chromatography/positive atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Fagen , Bartels Michael J. , Geter David R. , Carr Melissa S. , McClymount Lynn E. , Marino Troy A. , Klecka Gary M.
Published: November 2009

In the present work, for the first time, a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography/positive atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/APPI‐MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitation of testosterone, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, and 11‐ketotestosterone in fathead minnow fish plasma using no more than 10 µL of plasma. Compounds present in plasma were directly derivatized with dansyl chloride and 25 µL of the derivatized mixture was injected into the LC/APPI‐MS/MS system. The gradient chromatographic elution was achieved on an Agilent Zorbax SB‐C18 analytical column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.8 µm particle size) with mobile phases consisting of acetonitrile, water and acetic acid. The flow rate was 0.5 to 0.7 mL/min and the total run time was 11.5 min. The lower limits of quantitation for testosterone, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, and 11‐ketotestosterone and were 1, 1, 1, and 2.5 ng/mL, respectively. Intra‐batch precision was less than 19.4% and inter‐batch precision was less than 11.7% for all four analytes. Accuracy was within 83.5–115.4% of nominal concentrations. This method is used for quantitation of sex steroid levels in fathead minnow tested in endocrine disruptor screening experiments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid structural determination of alkaloids in a crude extract of Stemona saxorum by high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization coupled with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Peng Shu‐Ying , Shi Ting , Wang Ya‐Zhou , Lin Li‐Gen , Yang Yi‐Ming , Jiang Hua‐Liang , Ye Yang
Published: November 2009

The electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometric behavior of five Stemona alkaloids, stemokerrin, oxystemokerrin, oxystemokerrilactone, oxystemokerrin N‐oxide and stemokerrin N‐oxide, was studied using an ESI tandem mass technique (MSn). These compounds, isolated from Stemona saxorum endemic in Vietnam, represent a class of alkaloids containing a pyrido[1,2‐a]azepine A,B‐ring core with a 1‐hydroxypropyl side chain attached to C‐4. Their fragmentation pathways were elucidated by ESI‐MSn results and the elemental composition of the major product ions was confirmed by accurate mass measurement. In order to rationalize some fragmentation pathways, the relative Gibbs free energies of some product ions were estimated using the B3LYP/6‐31+G(d) method. Based on the ESI‐MSn results of five reference compounds, a reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (RP‐HPLC/MSn) method was developed for the characterization of Stemona alkaloids with a pyrido[1,2‐a]azepine A,B‐ring core from the extract of S. saxorum. A total of 41 components were rapidly identified or tentatively characterized, of which 12 compounds were identified as Stemona alkaloids with a pyrido[1,2‐a]azepine A,B‐ring core, including four new compounds. This method is convenient and sensitive, especially for minor components in complex natural product extracts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reusable Localized Surface Plasmon Sensors Based on Ultrastable Nanostructures
Authors: Vogel Nicolas , Jung Mathieu , Bocchio Noelia L. , Retsch Markus , Kreiter Maximilian , Köper Ingo
Published: November 2009

Nanoparticle arrays created by nanosphere lithography are widely used in sensing applications since their localized surface plasmon resonances are extremely sensitive to changes in the local dielectric environment. A major drawback for any biologically oriented sensing application of conventionally produced particle arrays is the lack of stability of the nanoparticles in aqueous media and buffer solutions. Here, a robust and reusable nanoscale sensing platform based on localized surface plasmon resonances of gold nanoparticles embedded in a silicon dioxide matrix is presented. The architecture exhibits extremely high stability in aqueous environments and can be regenerated several times by simple mechanical cleaning of the surface. The platforms surface is ultraflat by design, thus making it an ideal substrate for any bio‐oriented sensing application.
Estimation and account for matrix effects in studying glass materials of cultural heritage by X‐ray spectral analysis
Authors: Revenko A. G.
Published: November 2009

Discussed are special features of the X‐ray spectral analysis in solving different problems related to the study of glass materials or objects, which are of archaeological, historical or artistic value. The following objects were considered: various dishes and colored glass. The study of the chemical composition of particular materials, for example, obsidian or raw materials for the production of glass is very often necessary to determine their sites. The increasing number of publications on these topics is noted. The versions of sample preparation and the problem of the heterogeneity of materials under study are considered. Essential attention was given to techniques for the conversion of experimental intensities into concentrations of elements determined. The estimates of the matrix effects are given when analyzing certain kinds of glass with X‐ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abdominal Wound Dehiscence in Adults: Development and Validation of a Risk Model
Authors: van Ramshorst Gabriëlle H. , Nieuwenhuizen Jeroen , Hop Wim C. J. , Arends Pauline , Boom Johan , Jeekel Johannes , Lange Johan F.
Published: November 2009

Background

Several studies have been performed to identify risk factors for abdominal wound dehiscence. No risk model had yet been developed for the general surgical population. The objective of the present study was to identify independent risk factors for abdominal wound dehiscence and to develop a risk model to recognize high‐risk patients. Identification of high‐risk patients offers opportunities for intervention strategies.

Methods

Medical registers from January 1985 to December 2005 were searched. Patients who had primarily undergone appendectomies or nonsurgical (e.g., urological) operations were excluded. Each patient with abdominal wound dehiscence was matched with three controls by systematic random sampling. Putative relevant patient‐related, operation‐related, and postoperative variables were evaluated in univariate analysis and subsequently entered in multivariate stepwise logistic regression models to delineate major independent predictors of abdominal wound dehiscence. A risk model was developed, which was validated in a population of patients who had undergone operation between January and December 2006.

Results

A total of 363 cases and 1,089 controls were analyzed. Major independent risk factors were age, gender, chronic pulmonary disease, ascites, jaundice, anemia, emergency surgery, type of surgery, postoperative coughing, and wound infection. In the validation population, risk scores were significantly higher (P < 0.001) for patients with abdominal wound dehiscence (n = 19) compared to those without (n = 677). Resulting scores ranged from 0 to 8.5, and the risk for abdominal wound dehiscence over this range increased exponentially from 0.02% to 70.1%.

Conclusions

The validated risk model shows high predictive value for abdominal wound dehiscence and may help to identify patients at increased risk.
Surgical technique: new advancements for expanding indications and safety
Authors: Torzilli Guido
Published: November 2009

The technical issues discussed herein represent part of the panorama of innovative approaches proposed for the surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); in particular, the attention is focused on the recent advances in the field of planning the surgical strategy and performing liver dissection via ultrasound guidance. It is described how recent technical advances have allowed the range of scenarios for which surgery is indicated in liver cirrhosis patients with HCC to be widened. Indeed, the ability to spare the liver parenchyma with respect to liver inflow and outflow and its biliary drainage as well as to perform the anatomic removal of subsegmental portions of the liver has enabled surgeons to provide new therapeutic horizons, and will probably result in modifications to the therapeutic flow charts of HCC patients once the new horizons are fully accepted by nonsurgical specialists devoted to the treatment of these complex patients.
Miglustat therapy in juvenile Sandhoff disease
Authors: Tallaksen C. M. E. , Berg J. E.
Published: November 2009

GM2‐gangliosidosis is a rare and heterogeneous inherited metabolic disorder caused by autosomal recessive mutations in genes encoding the lysosomal enzyme β‐hexosaminidase, resulting in the accumulation of ganglioside GM2 in various tissues, particularly the central nervous system. It is characterized by progressive neurological deterioration that mainly affects motor and spinocerebellar function. Several forms of GM2‐gangliosidosis exist, including the Sandhoff variant. Currently there is no treatment for these conditions, except for palliative care. Miglustat (Zavesca) is a reversible inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase, which catalyses the first committed step in the synthesis of glucose‐based glycolipids. Miglustat has pharmacokinetic properties that allow it to cross the blood‐brain barrier, and preclinical data suggest that it may benefit neuronopathic lysosomal storage diseases. Here we present a case report of a Norwegian patient with Sandhoff disease treated with miglustat at our centre in Norway. The patient initially presented with ataxia and dysarthria at 2–3 years of age, which progressed slowly during childhood. At age 14, he experienced episodes of depression and apathy, leading to weight loss. He was diagnosed with Sandhoff disease at age 16. Following 2.5 years of treatment with miglustat, his body weight was stabilized and disease progression appeared to have slowed, as evidenced by the lack of progressive brain atrophy. His depressive symptoms were managed using electroconvulsive treatment (ECT), which improved general functioning. These findings suggest that miglustat may provide beneficial effects in patients with juvenile Sandhoff disease, and that ECT may alleviate depressive symptoms.
Oenocarpus bataua Mart. (Arecaceae): Rediscovering a Source of High Oleic Vegetable Oil from Amazonia
Authors: Montúfar Rommel , Laffargue Andréina , Pintaud Jean‐Christophe , Hamon Serge , Avallone Sylvie , Dussert Stéphane
Published: November 2009

The fatty acid (FA) composition of Oenocarpus bataua oil from 38 samples collected over a large geographical range (i.e. French Guiana and Peru) was analyzed. Fifteen fatty acids were obtained from the mesocarp of this palm species. Oleic (72.7%) and palmitic (18.1%) acids were the predominant FAs. Minor FAs were cis‐vaccenic acid (2.3%), linoleic acid (1.9%), stearic acid (1.7%), palmitoleic (0.9%) and alpha‐linolenic acid (0.8%). The mean lipid content of the dry mesocarp was 51.6%. The O. bataua oil samples analyzed were remarkably rich in α‐tocopherol. By contrast, the other fractions of the unsaponifiable matter (sterols, carotenoids) did not show any noteworthy specificity in comparison with common vegetable oils. However, the particularly high percentage in Δ5‐avenasterol of O. bataua oil could serve as a marker for its authentication. Results are discussed in terms of the potential nutritional value of O. bataua oil.
Managing Variability in Perioperative Services
Authors: Dempsey Christina J.
Published: November 2009

Variability within perioperative services has come to be something physicians, perioperative nurses, and managers expect. Peaks and valleys in schedules; differences in physician preferences for surgical implants, instruments, and supplies; staffing competencies; and inpatient bed availability are just a few examples of day‐to‐day variability that affects perioperative services personnel.

Rather than simply responding to variability, however, the goal should be to eliminate variability in patient flow as much as possible and effectively manage what cannot be eliminated.

Combining the hard science of queuing theory and simulation modeling with the soft science of change management and operations improvement expertise is the key to success, and a collaborative team makes it possible. AORN J 90 (November 2009) 677–697. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Safe Handling of Cytotoxic Agents: A Team Approach
Authors: Willemson‐McBride Tara L. , Gehan Karen
Published: November 2009

The use of cytotoxic medications has become increasingly prevalent in the OR for the treatment of bladder tumors. Perioperative nursing staff members in the day surgery unit, OR, and postanesthesia care unit at St Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, expressed concern about their lack of knowledge in the safe handling of cytotoxic medications and contaminated wastes.

Facility educators recognized this as an area of risk for the hospital and a learning need for staff members. As a result, they formed a committee with members representing nursing, pharmacy, infection control, occupational health, and environmental safety to develop a policy and protocol for the safe use of cytotoxic medications. AORN J 90 (November 2009) 731–740. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
A 108.83-m Ice-Core Record of Atmospheric Dust Deposition at Mt. Qomolangma (Everest), Central Himalaya
Authors: Xu Jianzhong , Hou Shugui , Qin Dahe , Kaspari Susan , Mayewski Paul Andrew , Petit Jean Robert , Delmonte Barbara , Kang Shichang , Ren Jiawen , Chappellaz Jerome , Hong Sungmin
Published: November 2009

The central Himalaya can be regarded as an ideal site for developing a long-term ice core dust record to reflect the environmental signals from regional to semi-hemispheric scales. Here we present a dust record from segments of a 108.83-m ice core recovered from the East Rongbuk (ER) Glacier (27°59â€²N, 86°55â€²E; 6518Â m a.s.l.) on the northeast slope of Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) in the central Himalaya, covering the period AD 600–1960. Due to rapidly layer thinning and coarse sampling, we primarily discuss the changes in the dust record since AD 1500 in this paper. Results show a significant positive relationship between the dust concentration and reconstructed air temperatures during this period, suggesting a likely cold–humid and warm–dry climatic pattern in the dust source regions, namely Central Asia. This is associated with the variability in the strength of the westerlies and its corresponding precipitation.
WELFARE PROVISION IN OXFORD DURING THE LATTER STAGES OF THE OLD POOR LAW, 1800–1834
Authors: DYSON RICHARD
Published: November 2009

While recent research in the English context on the so-called ‘economy of makeshifts’ has demonstrated the importance of alternative welfare options outside of the poor law, less work has been conducted on the situation in larger towns and cities. This article seeks to remedy this imbalance by examining the different welfare systems available in one city, Oxford, during the early nineteenth century. Poor law provision in the city, while extensive, was significantly less per capita than in rural parts of Oxfordshire. There was a high degree of charitable provision, not only from the continued survival of endowed charity, but also from the creation of newer subscription charities. The contribution made by charity to medical provision for the poor was especially significant, as was the role of emergency subscriptions in alleviating short-term economic and other crises. With such a varied range of assistance, traditional assumptions concerning the importance of the poor law in urban areas may require revision, with implications not only for the scale and measurement of poverty, but also for the ways in which both poor and wealthy alike managed and negotiated the supply of welfare.
DEBATING WAR AND PEACE IN LATE ELIZABETHAN ENGLAND
Authors: GAJDA ALEXANDRA
Published: November 2009

Peace with Spain was debated by Elizabeth I's government from 1598, when France and Spain made peace by signing the Treaty of Vervins. Robert Devereux, second earl of Essex was zealously hostile to accommodation with Spain, while other privy councillors argued in favour of peace. Arguments for and against peace were, however, also articulated in wider contexts, in particular in a series of manuscript treatises, and also in printed tracts from the Netherlands, which appeared in English translation in the late 1590s. This article explores ways that ideas of war and peace were disseminated in manuscript and printed media outside the privy council and court. It is argued that disagreement about the direction of the war reveals differing contemporary responses to the legitimacy of the Dutch abjuration of Spanish sovereignty and the polity of the United Provinces, which have implications for our understanding of political mentalities in late Elizabethan England.
Clinical and anatomical heterogeneity in autistic spectrum disorder: a structural MRI study
Authors: Toal F. , Daly E. M. , Page L. , Deeley Q. , Hallahan B. , Bloemen O. , Cutter W. J. , Brammer M. J. , Curran S. , Robertson D. , Murphy C. , Murphy K. C. , Murphy D. G. M.
Published: November 2009

Background

Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by stereotyped/obsessional behaviours and social and communicative deficits. However, there is significant variability in the clinical phenotype; for example, people with autism exhibit language delay whereas those with Asperger syndrome do not. It remains unclear whether localized differences in brain anatomy are associated with variation in the clinical phenotype.

Method

We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to investigate brain anatomy in adults with ASD. We included 65 adults diagnosed with ASD (39 with Asperger syndrome and 26 with autism) and 33 controls who did not differ significantly in age or gender.

Results

VBM revealed that subjects with ASD had a significant reduction in grey-matter volume of medial temporal, fusiform and cerebellar regions, and in white matter of the brainstem and cerebellar regions. Furthermore, within the subjects with ASD, brain anatomy varied with clinical phenotype. Those with autism demonstrated an increase in grey matter in frontal and temporal lobe regions that was not present in those with Asperger syndrome.

Conclusions

Adults with ASD have significant differences from controls in the anatomy of brain regions implicated in behaviours characterizing the disorder, and this differs according to clinical subtype.
Domestic violence and severe psychiatric disorders: prevalence and interventions
Authors: Howard L. M. , Trevillion K. , Khalifeh H. , Woodall A. , Agnew-Davies R. , Feder G.
Published: November 2009

Background

The lifetime prevalence of domestic violence in women is 20–25%. There is increasing recognition of the increased vulnerability of psychiatric populations to domestic violence. We therefore aimed to review studies on the prevalence of, and the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions in, psychiatric patients experiencing domestic violence.

Method

Literature search using Medline, PsycINFO and EMBASE applying the following inclusion criteria: English-language papers, data provided on the prevalence of or interventions for domestic violence, adults in contact with mental health services.

Results

Reported lifetime prevalence of severe domestic violence among psychiatric in-patients ranged from 30% to 60%. Lower rates are reported for men when prevalence is reported by gender. No controlled studies were identified. Low rates of detection of domestic violence occur in routine clinical practice and there is some evidence that, when routine enquiry is introduced into services, detection rates improve, but identification of domestic violence is rarely used in treatment planning. There is a lack of evidence on the effectiveness of routine enquiry in terms of morbidity and mortality, and there have been no studies investigating specific domestic violence interventions for psychiatric patients.

Conclusions

There is a high prevalence of domestic violence in psychiatric populations but the extent of the increased risk in psychiatric patients compared with other populations is not clear because of the limitations of the methodology used in the studies identified. There is also very limited evidence on how to address domestic violence with respect to the identification and provision of evidence-based interventions in mental health services.
Opposite relationships between cannabis use and neurocognitive functioning in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Authors: Ringen P. A. , Vaskinn A. , Sundet K. , Engh J. A. , Jónsdóttir H. , Simonsen C. , Friis S. , Opjordsmoen S. , Melle I. , Andreassen O. A.
Published: November 2009

Background

Cannabis use is associated with altered neurocognitive functioning in severe mental disorders, but data are still inconclusive and there are no studies of bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between cannabis use and neurocognition in bipolar disorder compared with schizophrenia in a naturalistic setting.

Method

A total of 133 patients with bipolar disorder and 140 patients with schizophrenia underwent neuropsychological assessments and clinical characterization including measures of substance use. Relationships between cannabis users and neurocognitive function were explored in the two diagnostic groups. Possible interactions between diagnosis and cannabis use were investigated, and findings were controlled for possible confounders.

Results

In bipolar disorder subjects, cannabis use was associated with better neurocognitive function, but the opposite was the case for the schizophrenia subjects. There was a statistically significant interaction effect of diagnosis and cannabis use on focused attention (p=0.019), executive functioning (verbal fluency – set shifting) (p=0.009), logical memory-learning (p=0.007) and on logical memory-recall (p=0.004). These differences in neurocognitive function could not be explained by putative confounders.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that cannabis use may be related to improved neurocognition in bipolar disorder and compromised neurocognition in schizophrenia. The results need to be replicated in independent samples, and may suggest different underlying disease mechanisms in the two disorders.
Dawsonia Nicholson: linguliform brachiopods, crustacean tail-pieces and a problematicum rather than graptolite ovarian vesicles
Authors: Page Alex , Wilby Philip R. , Mellish Claire J. T. , Williams Mark , Zalasiewicz Jan A.
Published: November 2009

Though little is known of the graptoloid reproductive mechanism, graptolites with putatively sac-like appendages, supposedly ovarian vesicles, have been known from the Moffat Shales Group, Southern Uplands, Scotland, for over 150 years. Locally, these co-occur with isolated, two-dimensional, discoidal or ovato-triangular fossils. In the 1870s, Nicholson interpreted these isolated fossils as being graptoloid ‘egg-sacs’ detached from their parent and existing as free-swimming bodies. He assigned them to his genus Dawsonia, though the name was pre-occupied by a trilobite, and named four species: D. campanulata, D. acuminata, D. rotunda and D. tenuistriata. A reassessment of Nicholson’s type material from the Silurian of Moffatdale, Scotland, and from the Ordovician Lévis Formation of Quebec, Canada, shows that Dawsonia Nicholson comprises the inarticulate brachiopods Acrosaccus? rotundus, Paterula? tenuistriata and Discotreta cf. levisensis, the tail-piece of the crustacean Caryocaris acuminata and the problematic fossil D. campanulata. Though D. campanulata resembles sac-like graptolite appendages, morphometric analysis reveals the similarity to be superficial and the systematic position of this taxon remains uncertain. There is no definite evidence of either D. campanulata or sac-like graptoloid appendages having had a reproductive function.
Appendages of early Cambrian Eoredlichia (Trilobita) from the Chengjiang biota, Yunnan, China
Authors: Hou Xianguang , Clarkson Euan N. K. , Yang Jie , Zhang Xiguang , Wu Guangqing , Yuan Zibo
Published: November 2009

The early Cambrian Chengjiang biota in Yunnan, southern China has yielded many articulated exoskeletons of the spiny redlichiid trilobite Eoredlichia intermedia, of which some have their appendages exceptionally well preserved. Both of the paired uniramous antennae of a medium-sized holaspis consist of 46–50 short segments (articles), each of which bears a fine spine near its inner edge. Behind the antennae there are twenty-one pairs of biramous limbs: three pairs are situated underneath the cephalon, one pair underneath each of the fifteen thoracic segments, and probably three pairs underneath the small pygidium. The endopod consists of a broad basis and seven podomeres, of which the last is divided into three terminal spines. The exopod is blade-like, and according to one interpretation, is dorsally hinged to the basis of the endopod; an alternative suggestion being that both the endopod and exopod are split from the basis, the latter being independent and not forming part of the endopod. The exopod has a prominent anterior rim, and possesses about forty long filaments along the posterior margin, and short setae along the rounded distal lobe. The basic appendage features of the redlichiid trilobites, and likewise the gut, are comparable to those of other known Cambrian polymerid trilobites that belong to more distantly related clades.
Multinomial Processing Tree Models
Authors: Erdfelder Edgar , Auer Tina-Sarah , Hilbig Benjamin E. , Aßfalg André , Moshagen Morten , Nadarevic Lena
Published: November 2009

Multinomial processing tree (MPT) models have become popular in cognitive psychology in the past two decades. In contrast to general-purpose data analysis techniques, such as log-linear models or other generalized linear models, MPT models are substantively motivated stochastic models for categorical data. They are best described as tools (a) for measuring the cognitive processes that underlie human behavior in various tasks and (b) for testing the psychological assumptions on which these models are based. The present article provides a review of MPT models and their applications in psychology, focusing on recent trends and developments in the past 10 years. Our review is nontechnical in nature and primarily aims at informing readers about the scope and utility of MPT models in different branches of cognitive psychology.
Modeling Guessing
Authors: Bellezza Francis S.
Published: November 2009

Multinomial processing-tree modeling has had a major impact on process-dissociation theory. Buchner, Erdfelder, and Vaterrodt-Plünnecke (1995) added guessing parameters to the original model of Jacoby (1991) and created a class of process-dissociation models. Furthermore, Erfelder and Buchner (1998) formulated criterion values of the dual-process signal-detection model ( Yonelinas, 1994 ) as multinomial parameters. Buchner, Erdfelder, Steffens, and Martensen (1997) suggested a new approach by proposing a multinomial source-monitoring model for process-dissociation data. Two experiments described here demonstrated that dual-process signal-detection theory must assume different levels of familiarity in inclusion and exclusion tests. Similarly, in some cases the source-monitoring model must assume different levels of recognition guessing in the two tests. Reasons are given for preferring the source-monitoring model.
Dual and Single Route Models for Beginning Readers
Authors: Maris Eric , de Graaff Stoffers Rinske
Published: November 2009

There has been a lot of attention for the idea that the reading of a single word (visual word recognition) involves a single mechanism only. This mechanism first maps the orthographic input onto a sublexical phonological code via which, in a second step, the lexicon is accessed. This mechanism is called a single route phonological model, and it should be contrasted with a dual route model, which also assumes an orthographic route. This orthographic route maps the orthographic input onto a lexical orthographic code without phonological recoding. In this paper, both the single route phonological and the dual route models were formulated as multinomial processing tree (MPT) models. These two MPT models were applied to the data of two experiments in which the participants (children in Grades 1 and 2) had to give a combined naming and lexical decision response to four types of stimuli (words and three types of nonwords). The dual route model gave a much better explanation of these data than the single route phonological model.
Assessing the Circular Structure of the Portrait Values Questionnaire
Authors: Vecchione Michele , Casconi Tiziana , Barbaranelli Claudio
Published: November 2009

The current research is an assessment of both the psychometric properties and circumplex structure of the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ; Schwartz, Melech, Lehmann, Burgess, & Harris, 2001 ). First, the hypothesized 10-factor structure was examined within the framework of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Next, we assessed the circular structure postulated by the human values theory through constrained CFA. Data were obtained from 9,847 participants. Findings corroborated the distinctiveness of the 10 basic value types and their quasicircular arrangement: Factors derived from the PVQ scale were arranged in a circle similar to the theorized structure of values, although some differences emerged between empirical and theoretical models.
Evaluation of Alcohol and Other Drug Use and the Influence of Social Desirability
Authors: Zaldívar F. , Molina A.M. , López Ríos F. , García Montes J.M.
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the evaluation of alcohol and other drug use by what has been called direct measures, that is, scales that include obvious or explicit items on consumption, indirect measures, composed of camouflaged or nonobvious items on consumption, and the social desirability construct. The following use and/or addiction scales were given to a sample of 506 university students of both sexes: the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Addiction Acknowledgment Scale (AAS), CAGE Alcohol Questionnaire, Addiction Potential Scale (APS), MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale-Revised (MAC-R), and a self-report on alcohol and other drug use designed for this study. The relationships between these scales and the social desirability construct, measured with the Edwards Social Desirability Scale (DS) and the Paulhus Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) were also explored. Although the results do not allow us to arrive at a conclusion as to which scales are the most valid for evaluating the use of alcohol and other drugs, the data do show adequate convergent validity. The correlations found among the use and social desirability scales employed were negative and statistically significant.
Predictive Validity of Symptoms-Based Approaches to the Adjustment of High-Risk Children at School and in the Community
Authors: Granero Roser , Ezpeleta Lourdes , de la Osa Nuria , Doménech José María
Published: November 2009

Objective: To compare the predictive validity of different diagnostic classifications for disruptive behavioral disorder (DBD) in youths aged 9 to 15 years of age: the DSM-IV categorical diagnosis, the number of DSM-IV DBD symptoms and Achenbach’s taxonomy (Child Behaviors Checklist scores for social problems, rule-breaking behaviors, aggressive behaviors, and attention problems). The incremental validity, after including clinical structured interviews with parents and children into models that contained CBCL scores, is reported. Method: Longitudinal study in a Spanish high-risk population, comparing each classification in 1 and 2-year follow-ups. Both predictors and criteria pertain to measures of the same class of behaviors: clinical information regarding impairment at school and community. Results: Predictive accuracy was dependent on the specific outcomes and the children’s age. The CBCL scores obtained the best predictive results. Dimensional approaches (the number of DSM-IV DBD symptoms and CBCL) obtained higher R2 values than categorical DSM-IV diagnosis. Assessment based on clinical interviews with family significantly increased the predictive validity of Achenbach’s taxonomy. Conclusions: These results provide guidance for detecting early disruptive behaviors and planning measures for the prevention of subsequent antisocial conduct. This work may provide direction to future validation studies of classifications and diagnostic systems for behavioral adjustment in youths.
Transport capacity of pyroclastic density currents: Experiments and models of substrate‐flow interaction
Authors: Dufek Josef , Wexler Jason , Manga Michael
Published: November 2009

One of the more distinctive features of many ignimbrites is the presence of large lithics (some greater than meter scale) and pumices that have been transported great distances (>10 km) from the eruptive vent, sometimes over steep terrain and expanses of water. In many cases, these particles have been transported much further than can be explained by aerodynamic forces and ballistic trajectories. We examine the forces responsible for transport of large clasts and examine in detail the momentum transfer occurring when particles interact with their boundaries. We performed a suite of experiments and numerical simulations to quantify the mass and momentum transfer that occurs when particles interact with a pumice bed substrate and with water substrate, two geologically motivated flow end‐members. We find that clasts transported in dilute currents are particularly sensitive to the nature of the boundary, and while large particles can skip several times on a water substrate, they travel less far than particles that impact pumice bed substrates. All else being equal, large particles in dense pyroclastic density currents are themselves relatively insensitive to the details of their boundaries; however, one of the most important ways boundary conditions influence large particles is not through direct interaction but by changing the local concentration of fine particles. Momentum transfer from fine particles to large particles appears to be required to transport large clasts great distances. If initially dense flows become dilute during transport, then the transport capacity of large particles in the flow is substantially decreased.
Mercury's geochronology revised by applying Model Production Function to Mariner 10 data: Geological implications
Authors: Massironi Matteo , Cremonese Gabriele , Marchi Simone , Martellato Elena , Mottola Stefano , Wagner Roland J.
Published: November 2009

Model Production Function (MPF) chronology uses dynamic models of the Main Belt Asteroids (MBAs) and Near Earth Objects (NEOs) to derive the impactor flux to a target body. This is converted into the crater size‐frequency‐distribution for a specific planetary surface, and calibrated using the radiometric ages of different regions of the Moon's surface. This new approach has been applied to the crater counts on Mariner 10 images of the highlands and of several large impact basins on Mercury. MPF estimates for the plains show younger ages than those of previous chronologies. Assuming a variable uppermost layering of the Hermean crust, the age of the Caloris interior plains may be as young as 3.59 Ga, in agreement with MESSENGER results that imply that long‐term volcanism overcame contractional tectonics. The MPF chronology also suggests a variable projectile flux through time, coherent with the MBAs for ancient periods and then gradually comparable also to the NEOs.
Caldera unrest prior to intense volcanism in Campi Flegrei (Italy) at 4.0 ka B.P.: Implications for caldera dynamics and future eruptive scenarios
Authors: Isaia Roberto , Marianelli Paola , Sbrana Alessandro
Published: November 2009

The Campi Flegrei caldera is one of the highest risk volcanic areas on the Earth. Our research documents a 150 year‐long period of intense volcanism following less than 200 years of repose after the Agnano‐Monte Spina Plinian eruption (4.1 ka). The new data show that the renewal of volcanism was preceded by an uplift of a few tens of meters, triggered by mafic refilling of reservoirs at depths of 3 km or less. Our studies also indicate for the first time the occurrence of contemporaneous eruptions from at locations in different sectors of the caldera. These results suggest that a future eruptive crisis will likely be preceded by several meters of caldera‐wide uplift in response to magma movements at depth. The trend of uplift of the caldera since 1969 may thus represent the unrest expected before a renewal of volcanism within an interval of decades to centuries.
Electron loss rates from the outer radiation belt caused by the filling of the outer plasmasphere: The calm before the storm
Authors: Borovsky Joseph E. , Denton Michael H.
Published: November 2009

Measurements from seven spacecraft in geosynchronous orbit are analyzed to determine the decay rate of the number density of the outer electron radiation belt prior to the onset of high‐speed‐stream‐driven geomagnetic storms. Superposed‐data analysis is used with a collection of 124 storms. When there is a calm before the storm, the electron number density decays exponentially before the storm with a 3.4‐day e‐folding time: beginning about 4 days before storm onset, the density decreases from ∼4 × 10−4 cm−3 to ∼1 × 10−4 cm−3. When there is not a calm before the storm, the number density decay is very small. The decay in the number density of radiation belt electrons is believed to be caused by pitch angle scattering of electrons into the atmospheric loss cone as the outer plasmasphere fills during the calms. This is confirmed by separately measuring the density decay rate for times when the outer plasmasphere is present or absent. While the radiation belt electron density decreases, the temperature of the electron radiation belt holds approximately constant, indicating that the electron precipitation occurs equally at all energies. Along with the number density decay, the pressure of the outer electron radiation belt decays, and the specific entropy increases. From the measured decay rates, the electron flux to the atmosphere is calculated, and that flux is 3 orders of magnitude less than thermal fluxes in the magnetosphere, indicating that the radiation belt pitch angle scattering is 3 orders weaker than strong diffusion. Energy fluxes into the atmosphere are calculated and found to be insufficient to produce visible airglow.