bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public sector audit: new public management influences and eco-system driven reforms
Authors: Cordery Carolyn J. , Hay David
Published: March 2024

Purpose

New public management (NPM) has transformed the public sector auditing context, although in quite different ways. Further, investigations into NPM’s impact on public sector auditors and audit institutions have been largely unconnected, with the exception of the critical examination of performance audits. We investigate the question of how public sector auditors’ roles and activities have changed as a result of NPM and later reforms.

Design/methodology/approach

We examine and synthesise public sector audit research examining reforms since the year 2000. The research presented considers changes to external and internal public sector audits as well as the development of public sector audit institutions – known as supreme audit institutions (SAIs).

Findings

Considerable changes have occurred. Many were influenced by NPM, but others have evolved from the eco-system of accounting, auditing and public sector management. External auditors have responded to an increase in demand for accountability. Additional management and governance techniques have been introduced from the private sector, such as internal auditing and audit committees. NPM has also led to conflicting trends, particularly when governments introduced competition to public sector auditing by contracting out but then chose to centralise to improve accountability. There is also greater international influence now through bodies like the International Organisation of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI) and similar regional bodies.

Originality/value

NPM reforms and the eco-system have impacted public sector auditing. Sustainability reporting is emerging as an area requiring more auditing attention; auditors also need to continue to develop better ways to communicate with citizens. Further, research into auditing in non-Western nations and emerging technologies is also required, especially where it provides learnings around more valuable audit practices. Empirical evidence is required of the strengths and weaknesses of SAIs’ structural variety.
Using of food service: changes in a Brazilian sample during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Liboredo Juliana Costa , Amaral Cláudia Antônia Alcântara , Carvalho Natália Caldeira
Published: March 2024

Purpose

This study aims to assess Brazilian adult consumers’ behavior, aged 18–70, when purchasing ready-to-eat food during the first months of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Design/methodology/approach

Participants answered an online questionnaire about behaviors related to the purchase of ready-to-eat food from food services: changes in usage frequency during the pandemic, reasons for altering purchase habits, types of food and beverages bought before and during the pandemic and the frequency of on-site (consumption in food services) and off-site (delivery, take-away and drive-through) service utilization at lunch and dinner.

Findings

Out of 970 individuals who participated in the study, during the pandemic, 38% of participants reduced their food service usage, whereas 18% stopped using it. The main reasons given by participants who reduced and stopped food service usage were cooking at home (52% and 59%, respectively) and feeling afraid of contracting COVID-19 (26% and 22%, respectively). The reduction was more frequent among divorced/widowed/single individuals (p = 0.001) and in total social distancing, that is, all day long (p = 0.03). A significant reduction in on-site consumption frequency occurred for lunch and dinner (p < 0.001), whereas an increase in the off-site consumption frequency service for lunch (p = 0.016) and a reduction for dinner (p = 0.01) occurred compared to pre-COVID-19. However, 48% of participants used these services at least once a week in both periods. Most consumed foods and drinks before and during the pandemic were pasta/pizza (74% and 64%, respectively), snack/burgers (66% and 59%, respectively), soft drinks (41% and 37%, respectively) and alcoholic beverages (37% and 25%, respectively).

Originality/value

Knowledge about food choices away from home during the pandemic is scarce. High consumption of food away from home has been associated with a greater risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases, such as obesity, diabetes and others. Eating behavior is influenced by the cultural, social, economic and personal characteristics of each individual. Understanding the main changes related to the consumption of ready-to-eat food and what the affected consumers profile in a time of unprecedented crisis, it is important to provide scientific knowledge that allows one to anticipate the implications for the future of individuals’ health and food systems and, consequently, to develop public policy or awareness and promotion actions of public health that encourage adopting healthier and balanced eating habits.
The role of smart cities in managing the COVID-19 outbreak in India
Authors: Renukappa Suresh , Suresh Subashini , Shetty Nisha , Gandhi Lingaraja , Abdalla Wala , Yabbati Nagaraju , Hiremath Rahul
Published: March 2024

Purpose

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected around 216 countries and territories worldwide and more than 2000 cities in India, alone. The smart cities mission (SCM) in India started in 2015 and 100 smart cities were selected to be initiated with a total project cost of INR 2031.72 billion. Smart city strategies play an important role in implementing the measures adopted by the government such as the issuance of social distancing regulations and other COVID-19 mitigation strategies. However, there is no research reported on the role of smart cities strategies in managing the COVID-19 outbreak in developing countries.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper aims to address the research gap in smart cities, technology and healthcare management through a review of the literature and primary data collected using semi-structured interviews.

Findings

Each city is unique and has different challenges, the study revealed six key findings on how smart cities in India managed the COVID-19 outbreak. They used: Integrated Command and Control Centres, Artificial Intelligence and Innovative Application-based Solutions, Smart Waste Management Solutions, Smart Healthcare Management, Smart Data Management and Smart Surveillance.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to informing policymakers of key lessons learnt from the management of COVID-19 in developing countries like India from a smart cities’ perspective. This paper draws on the six Cs for the implications directed to leaders and decision-makers to rethink and act on COVID-19. The six Cs are: Crisis management leadership, Credible communication, Collaboration, Creative governance, Capturing knowledge and Capacity building.
Real‐world effectiveness and safety of abrocitinib in 12 Japanese patients with atopic dermatitis and transcriptome analysis with peripheral blood
Authors: Uchiyama Akihiko , Kosaka Keiji , Ishikawa Mai , Inoue Yuta , Motegi Sei‐ichiro
Published: March 2024

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by recurrent, pruritic, and localized eczema. Various types of new drugs have been recently investigated for treating AD. The efficacy and safety of abrocitinib in treating AD has been reported in clinical trials, but the real‐world data from Japan has not been reported. Herein, we analyzed 12 Japanese patients with AD treated with 100 mg of abrocitinib using our real‐world data. We also performed transcriptome analysis with peripheral blood to investigate the effects of abrocitinib on cytokine expressions and inflammatory pathways in AD from three patients. This study included patients with moderate to severe AD treated with abrocitinib at Gunma University Hospital, Japan. All patients were systemic treatment‐naïve. All patients received a 100‐mg dose of abrocitinib daily, and used strong or very strong topical steroids and moisturizers. The Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) response analysis revealed that after 4 weeks, 25% (three of 12) of the cases reached a 75% reduction in the EASI score (EASI‐75) and a 90% reduction in the EASI score (EASI‐90). After 12 weeks, 83.3.% (10 of 12), 41.6% (five of 12), and 16.7% (two of 12) of the patients reached EASI‐50, a 75% reduction in the EASI score (EASI‐75), and EASI‐90. Peak Pruritus Numerical Rating Scale was achieved in nine patients (75%) at week 12. The most frequent adverse reaction was acne (six cases [50%]). Gene Ontology pathway analysis using Differentially expressed genes from RNA sequencing analysis revealed attenuation of defense responses to biotic stimulus, virus, and cytokines. Th2 cytokine expression was not suppressed, but several chemokines, especially CXCL1, were suppressed by abrocitinib treatment. Our results indicate abrocitinib as a fast‐acting and highly antipruritic agent that is effective for moderate skin eruptions.
Establishment of COS‐BK cells persistently infected with archetype BK polyomavirus
Authors: Nukuzuma Souichi , Onogi Hiroshi , Suzuki Tetsuro
Published: March 2024

BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) was the first human polyomavirus to be isolated from an immunosuppressed kidney transplant recipient in 1971. BKPyV reactivation causes BKPyV‐associated nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis. However, the mechanisms underlying BKPyV replication remain unclear. In the present study, we performed the long‐term cultivation of COS‐7 cells transfected with archetype KOM‐5 DNA, which were designated as COS‐BK cells. BKPyV derived from COS‐BK cells was characterized by analyzing the amount of the virus based on hemagglutination, viral replication, and the production of viral protein 1 (VP1). Immunostaining showed that VP1‐positive cells accounted for a small percentage of COS‐BK cells. The nucleotide sequences encompassing the origin of the DNA replication of BKPyV derived from COS‐BK cells were generated from KOM‐5 by the deletion of an 8‐bp sequence, which did not involve T antigen binding sites. BKPyV replicated most efficiently in COS‐BK cells in DMEM containing 2% fetal bovine serum. These results indicate that COS‐BK cells are a suitable culture system for studying the persistent infection of archetype BKPyV.
Effects of different shading levels on the growth of Bornmuellera emarginata, a nickel hyperaccumulator for use in agromining
Authors: Kyrkas Dimitrios , Mantzos Nikolaos , Beza Paraskevi , Papantzikos Vasileios , Andreaki Chrysanthe , Konstantourou Erini‐Evaggelia , Echevarria Guillaume , Konstantinou Maria , Dimitrakopoulos Panayiotis G.
Published: March 2024

The Greek endemic Bornmuellera emarginata, known for its Ni hyperaccumulation capacity, is a promising candidate species for use in agromining. At the same time, the installation of photovoltaic systems on agricultural land has recently been increasing. Field observations that populations of this species usually occupy shaded places under shrubs or trees led us to study the effect of different shading levels on the growth of B. emarginata, with a view to combine the cultivation of the species with photovoltaic panels in the same area. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions and lasted 210 days after sowing (DAS). Seeds were sown directly into 2‐L pots filled with ultramafic soil collected from the field. Three plant samplings (81, 140, and 210 DAS) were conducted during the experiment to determine a set of morphological and physiological parameters of the species (fresh and dry plant biomass, plant height, number of lateral shoots, total number of leaves, proline and chlorophyll concentrations) alongside with its nickel yield at different levels of shading (0%, 20%, 35%, 60%, and 90%). Growth of B. emarginata was only significantly affected at the highest shading level. Nickel yield of the species increased over time and was maximized at the end of the experiment. The highest nickel yield per plant was observed at the intermediate shading level (35%). Bornmuellera emarginata can be considered as a candidate nickel hyperaccumulator for cultivation in ultramafic or nickel‐polluted areas under photovoltaic panels with corresponding shading, providing important environmental benefits.
Changes in volatile compounds and lipid oxidation in various tissues of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) during ice storage
Authors: Karbsri Wilaiwan , Hamzeh Ali , Yongsawatdigul Jirawat
Published: March 2024

Changes in the lipid oxidation and volatile compounds of a variety of tilapia tissues (Oreochromis niloticus) including the muscle, gills, and skin during ice storage were investigated by evaluating peroxide values (PVs), lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, fatty acid (FA) composition, and volatile substances. LOX activity and PV were determined in the gills, skin, and muscles throughout 9 days of storage in ascending order to the extended storage time. The highest level of LOX activity was found in the gills, whereas the highest PV was determined in the skin. FA content of all tissues decreased during the storage period. Oleic acid was the predominant monounsaturated fatty acid, whereas linoleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were the main polyunsaturated fatty acids and omega‐3 in all tissues. The fish gills were shown to have the highest level of volatile compounds followed by the skin and muscle, based on headspace solid‐phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis indicated gradual changes in the volatile compound composition with increasing storage time. 2‐Butanone and nonanal in the muscle, 6‐methyl‐2‐heptanone and 2‐nonenal in the gills, and 1‐heptanol, and 1‐nonanol in the skin were found to be the potential freshness indicators. In addition, hexanal could be a general potential marker for measuring the degree of lipid oxidation in all tissues.

Practical Application

Understanding the volatile compound formation related to lipid oxidation within storage time at various tissues of tilapia could be critical to the side‐stream processing to yield the desired quality.
Sutton–Kadir Syndrome can be treated safely with endovascular embolisation alone
Authors: Chidambaram Rama , Soares Julian , Hicks Rhiannon , Samuelson Shaun , Tibballs Jonathan , Ferguson John , Jansen Shirley
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Sutton–Kadir Syndrome (SKS) describes true inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (IPDA) aneurysms in the setting of coeliac artery (CA) stenosis or occlusion. Although rare, SKS aneurysms can rupture and cause morbidity. Due to its rarity and lack of controlled treatment data, correct treatment for the CA lesion is currently unknown. Our aim was to assess if endovascular embolisation alone was safe and effective in treatment of SKS aneurysms, in emergent and elective settings. Secondary objectives were to describe presentation and imaging findings.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of patients treated at Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital between January 2014 and December 2021 was done. Data on presentation, diagnostics, aneurysm characteristics, CA lesion aetiology, treatment and outcomes were extracted from chart review.

Results

Twenty‐four aneurysms in 14 patients were identified. Rupture was seen in 7/15 patients. Most aneurysms (22/24) were in the IPDA or one of its anterior or posterior branches. Median arcuate ligament (MAL) compression was identified in all. There was no difference in median (IQR) maximal transverse diameter between ruptured and non‐ruptured aneurysms (6 mm (9), 12 mm (6), P = 0.18). Of ruptures, 6/7 had successful endovascular embolisation and 1/7 open surgical ligation. Of non‐ruptures, 6/7 had successful endovascular embolisation, 1/7 open MAL division then endovascular CA stenting and aneurysm embolisation. No recurrences or new aneurysms were detected with computed tomography or magnetic resonance angiography over a median (IQR) follow‐up period of 30 (10) months in 12 patients.

Conclusion

Endovascular embolisation of SKS aneurysms without treatment of MAL compression is safe and effective in both the emergent and elective settings.
Data analytics strategy and internal information quality
Authors: Lem Katie W.
Published: March 2024

I examine whether a strategic focus on data analytics is associated with improvements in firms' internal information quality. Using textual analysis of firm disclosures to identify a data analytics strategy, I first document that firm, leadership, and operating environment characteristics are all important determinants of the decision to adopt a data analytics strategy. I next use operating and financial reporting outcomes to infer whether a data analytics strategy improves internal information quality. I find that a data analytics strategy is associated with enhanced operating efficiency, as adopting firms invest and utilize existing resources more efficiently. I also find that a data analytics strategy is associated with more accurate management forecasts. These results, collectively, are consistent with a data analytics strategy improving firms' internal information quality. Lastly, I corroborate and extend my findings with job postings data, and the results suggest that firm leadership signals their support for data analytics initiatives through disclosure.
How do price (risk) changes influence farmers’ preferences to reduce fertilizer application?
Authors: Schaub Sergei , Benni Nadja El
Published: March 2024

The decision of farmers to reduce fertilizer applications and, thus, the achievement of agri‐environmental policy goals interacts with market price developments. In this study, we analyze how changes in price levels and volatility over time (i.e., 1991–2006 vs. 2007–2022) affected farmers’ preferences to reduce fertilizer application using statistical inferences of stochastic dominances. The analysis considers two cropping systems and fertilizer reduction measures: (i) grassland‐based milk production and the use of legumes and (ii) wheat production and the use of variable rate application. We show that the economic value of reducing fertilizer increased over time in both grassland‐based milk and wheat production. However, only in the case of wheat production was the reduction in fertilizer application observed as more risk‐reducing over time. In contrast, in grassland‐based milk production, the co‐movement of fertilizer and milk prices canceled out the increase in risk reduction. We conclude that changes in market price, along with agri‐environmental subsidies, can increasingly incentivize the reduction of fertilizer use.
Metastasis‐associated protein 1 participates in regulating luminal acidification of the epididymis via repressing estrogen receptor alpha transcription
Authors: Cheng Pang , Wei Jinhua , Liu Bo , Zhao Ya , Ma Binfang , Feng Xiao , Xiong Mingxiang , Zhao Jie , Shi Changhong , Li Zhen
Published: March 2024

Background

As a component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylating (NuRD) complex, metastasis‐associated protein 1 (MTA1) has been reported to be abundant in male reproductive system and might participate in spermatogenesis and sperm maturation, whereas the precise functional role of MTA1 in these processes is still undetermined.

Objective

To investigate the effect and potential function of MTA1 in male fertility.

Materials and methods

Mta1 knockout mice (Mta1−/−) were employed to detect their reproductive phenotype. The pH value of Mta1−/− epididymal luminal fluid was measured, and the potential mechanism of MTA1 involved in regulating luminal acidification was detected in vivo and in vitro. A vasectomy model with abnormal pH of epididymal lumen was established to further detect the effect of MTA1 on epididymal luminal microenvironment.

Results

Mta1−/− mice were fertile without any detectable defects in spermatogenesis or sperm motility while the deficiency of MTA1 could acidify the initial segment of epididymis to a certain extent. MTA1 could interact with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and inhibit the transcription of ERα target gene, hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3), and ultimately affect the epididymal luminal milieu. After vasectomy, the Mta1−/− mice presented a more acidic epididymal lumen which was closer to the normal state compared to the wild‐type model.

Discussion and conclusion

MTA1 is dispensable for male fertility in mice, but plays a potentially important function in regulating luminal acidification of the epididymis.
Self‐determination theory and its implications for team motivation
Authors: Grenier Simon , Gagné Marylène , O'Neill Thomas
Published: March 2024

Despite decades of research on teams, there are still gaps in our understanding of motivational dynamics within teams and the emergence of team‐level motivation. We advance a new team motivation model that invokes self‐determination theory (SDT), multilevel theory, emergence processes, and identity construction. Using the conceptualization of motivation offered by SDT, we define team motivation as a collective source of energy driving the direction, intensity, and persistence of team activities. By using SDT to develop the process‐based team motivation emergence model, we describe the role of human psychological needs that are involved in the emergence of this collective construct. An interpersonal feedback loop intertwined with a team process feedback loop predict how team members' individual motivations converge and then transform into team‐level motivation through a process of identity construction. Propositions for testing the model are advanced, as well as suggestions for methodological and analytical considerations.
Efficacy and safety of established and off‐label ADHD drug therapies for cognitive impairment or attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in bipolar disorder: A systematic review by the ISBD Targeting Cognition Task Force
Authors: Miskowiak Kamilla W. , Obel Zacharias K. , Guglielmo Riccardo , Bonnin Caterina del Mar , Bowie Christopher R. , Balanzá‐Martínez Vicent , Burdick Katherine E. , Carvalho Andre F. , Dols Annemieke , Douglas Katie , Gallagher Peter , Kessing Lars V. , Lafer Beny , Lewandowski Kathryn E. , López‐Jaramillo Carlos , Martinez‐Aran Anabel , McIntyre Roger S. , Porter Richard J. , Purdon Scot E. , Schaffer Ayal , Stokes Paul R. A. , Sumiyoshi Tomiki , Torres Ivan J. , Van Rheenen Tamsyn E. , Yatham Lakshmi N. , Young Allan H. , Vieta Eduard , Hasler Gregor
Published: March 2024

Background

Abnormalities in dopamine and norepinephrine signaling are implicated in cognitive impairments in bipolar disorder (BD) and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This systematic review by the ISBD Targeting Cognition Task Force therefore aimed to investigate the possible benefits on cognition and/or ADHD symptoms and safety of established and off‐label ADHD therapies in BD.

Methods

We included studies of ADHD medications in BD patients, which involved cognitive and/or safety measures. We followed the procedures of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 statement. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO from inception until June 2023. Two authors reviewed the studies independently using the Revised Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool for Randomized trials.

Results

Seventeen studies were identified (N = 2136), investigating armodafinil (k = 4, N = 1581), methylphenidate (k = 4, N = 84), bupropion (k = 4, n = 249), clonidine (k = 1, n = 70), lisdexamphetamine (k = 1, n = 25), mixed amphetamine salts (k = 1, n = 30), or modafinil (k = 2, n = 97). Three studies investigated cognition, four ADHD symptoms, and 10 the safety. Three studies found treatment‐related ADHD symptom reduction: two involved methylphenidate and one amphetamine salts. One study found a trend towards pro‐cognitive effects of modafinil on some cognitive domains. No increased risk of (hypo)mania was observed. Five studies had low risk of bias, eleven a moderate risk, and one a serious risk of bias.

Conclusions

Methylphenidate or mixed amphetamine salts may improve ADHD symptoms in BD. However, there is limited evidence regarding the effectiveness on cognition. The medications produced no increased mania risk when used alongside mood stabilizers. Further robust studies are needed to assess cognition in BD patients receiving psychostimulant treatment alongside mood stabilizers.
DNA methylation variation after a parenting program for child conduct problems: Findings from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Creasey Nicole , Leijten Patty , Tollenaar Marieke S. , Boks Marco P. , Overbeek Geertjan
Published: March 2024

This study investigated associations of the Incredible Years (IY) parenting program with children's DNA methylation. Participants were 289 Dutch children aged 3–9 years (75% European ancestry, 48% female) with above‐average conduct problems. Saliva was collected 2.5 years after families were randomized to IY or care as usual (CAU). Using an intention‐to‐treat approach, confirmatory multiple‐regression analyses revealed no significant differences between the IY and CAU groups in children's methylation levels at the NR3C1 and FKBP5 genes. However, exploratory epigenome‐wide analyses revealed nine differentially methylated regions between groups, coinciding with SLAMF1, MITF, FAM200B, PSD3, SNX31, and CELSR1. The study provides preliminary evidence for associations of IY with children's salivary methylation levels and highlights the need for further research into biological outcomes of parenting programs.
Examining Child Labour in Stone Quarrying in the GA West Municipality, Ghana
Authors: Sedegah Daniella Delali
Published: March 2024

Child labour is a complex social problem worldwide, affecting the physical, moral and educational development of children. A cross sectional quantitative survey research design was used to assess child labour in quarrying activities of the Ga West Municipality, Ghana. The municipality was selected due to evidence in literature of children engaging in quarrying activities. The study examined child labour occurrence and intensity, the working condition of child labourers in the stone quarries; factors influencing child labour in quarrying activities; and the impact of quarrying activities on children. Data which were analysed using probit model and descriptive statistics indicated a negative effect of stone quarry activity on the development, growth and education of the child. Significant influencers were poverty, attitude and poor perception of parents, broken homes, traditional belief systems and migration. The study recommends offering educational support, grants and essential resources to vulnerable households in order to ensure that children remain in school.
Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids‐based delivery of MicroRNA‐22 inhibits pathological neovascularization and vaso‐obliteration by regulating the Wnt pathway
Authors: Liu Xinyu , Xu Xiaoxiao , Lai Yanting , Zhou Xiaodi , Chen Limei , Wang Qiong , Jin Yili , Luo Delun , Ding Xiaoyan
Published: March 2024

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects and molecular mechanisms of tetrahedral framework nucleic acids‐microRNA22 (tFNAs‐miR22) on inhibiting pathological retinal neovascularization (RNV) and restoring physiological retinal vessels. A novel DNA nanocomplex (tFNAs‐miR22) was synthesised by modifying microRNA‐22 (miR22) through attachment onto tetrahedral frame nucleic acids (tFNAs), which possess diverse biological functions. Cell proliferation, wound healing, and tube formation were employed for in vitro assays to investigate the angiogenic function of cells. Oxygen‐induced retinopathy (OIR) model was utilised to examine the effects of reducing pathological neovascularization (RNV) and inhibiting vascular occlusion in vivo. In vitro, tFNAs‐miR22 demonstrated the ability to penetrate endothelial cells and effectively suppress cell proliferation, tube formation, and migration in a hypoxic environment. In vivo, tFNAs‐miR22 exhibited promising results in reducing RNV and promoting the restoration of normal retinal blood vessels in OIR model through modulation of the Wnt pathway. This study provided a theoretical basis for the further understanding of RNV, and highlighted the innovative and potential of tFNAs‐miR22 as a therapeutic option for ischemic retinal diseases.
Pulmonary scedosporiosis in an intractable immunocompetent host: A case report and literature review
Authors: Liang Hong Yu , Han Chun Hua , Xu Wen Juan , Sun Jian , Wang Qiang
Published: March 2024

Pulmonary scedosporiosis is a rare pulmonary infection that often presents with nonspecific symptoms and radiological findings. In this report, we present a case of localized pulmonary scedosporiosis in an immunocompetent patient and analyze a total of 25 immunocompetent patients with pulmonary scedosporiosis. Through this case and the literature, we highlight the importance of considering pulmonary scedosporiosis in patients with nonspecific clinical symptoms and radiological findings resembling aspergilloma. This case and the literature further emphasize the significance of surgical intervention. Regardless of the use of antifungal drugs, surgery should be conducted as soon as possible.
Adulteration and substitution of drugs purchased in Australia from cryptomarkets: An analysis of Test4Pay
Authors: Barratt Monica J. , Ball Matthew , Wong Gabriel T. W. , Quinton Angus
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Prohibited drugs in unregulated markets may be adulterated, resulting in increased risks for people who use drugs. This study investigated levels of drug adulteration and substitution of drugs purchased in Australia from cryptomarkets.

Methods

Data were collected from a darknet forum called Test4Pay from 1 September 2022 to 23 August 2023. Posts were included if they reported the results of drug samples submitted by post to the Vancouver‐based Get Your Drugs Tested service, which uses Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy with immunoassay strip tests (fentanyl and benzodiazepines).

Results

Of 103 samples, 65% contained only the advertised substance, 14% contained the advertised substance in combination with other psychoactive and/or potentially harmful substances and for 21%, the advertised substance was absent. Substances sold as MDMA, methamphetamine or heroin were consistently found to contain only the advertised substance, while substances sold as 2C‐B, alprazolam or ketamine were the most likely to be completely substituted. Only 4 samples sold as cocaine contained solely the advertised substance, with 13 containing cocaine with adulterants like lidocaine, creatine, levamisole and boric acid (n = 19). No fentanyl contamination was detected. Novel dissociatives and novel benzodiazepines were detected, as well as a nitazene compound.

Discussion and Conclusions

Drug markets under prohibition continue to contain numerous unexpected substances, some of which can elevate risk of harm. Cryptomarkets are not immune to this problem, despite review systems, which should, in theory, make vendors more accountable for the quality of their stock. These findings demonstrate a need for expansion of local drug checking services in Australia.
Testosterone therapy reduces insulin resistance in men with adult‐onset testosterone deficiency and metabolic syndrome. Results from the Moscow Study, a randomized controlled trial with an open‐label phase
Authors: Tishova Yuliya , Kalinchenko Svetlana , Mskhalaya George , Hackett Geoffrey , Livingston Mark , König Carola , Strange Richard , Zitzmann Michael , Mann Amar , Maarouf Amro , Ramachandran Sudarshan
Published: March 2024

Aims

To describe changes in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA‐IR) following testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome (MetS).

Materials and Methods

A randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) comprising 184 men with MetS and hypogonadism (testosterone undecanoate [TU]: 113 men, placebo: 71 men) was conducted. This was followed by an open‐label phase in which all men were given TU. We focused on men who were not receiving antiglycaemic agents (TU: 81 men; placebo: 54 men) as these could affect HOMA‐IR. Inter‐group comparison of HOMA‐IR was restricted to the RCT (30 weeks), whilst intra‐group comparison was carried out on men provided TU during the RCT and open‐label phases (study cohort) and men given placebo during the RCT and then switched to TU during the open‐label phase (confirmatory cohort). Regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with change in HOMA‐IR (∆HOMA‐IR).

Results

The median HOMA‐IR was significantly reduced at almost every time point (after 18 weeks) compared to baseline in men receiving TU in both the study and confirmatory cohorts. There was a significant decrease in median values of fasting glucose (30 weeks: −2.1%; 138 weeks: −4.9%) and insulin (30 weeks: −10.5%; 138 weeks: −35.5%) after TU treatment. Placebo was not associated with significant ∆HOMA‐IR. The only consistent predictor of HOMA‐IR decrease following TU treatment was baseline HOMA‐IR (r2 ≥ 0.64).

Conclusions

Baseline HOMA‐IR predicted ΔHOMA‐IR, with a greater percentage change in insulin than in fasting glucose. In men with MetS/type 2 diabetes (T2DM) not on antiglycaemic therapy, improvements in HOMA‐IR may be greater than suggested by change in fasting glucose. Our results suggest that hypogonadism screening be included in the management of men with MetS/T2DM.
Accelerated onset of diabetes in non‐obese diabetic mice fed a refined high‐fat diet
Authors: Batdorf Heidi M. , Lawes Luz de Luna , Cassagne Gabrielle A. , Fontenot Molly S. , Harvey Innocence C. , Richardson Jeremy T. , Burk David H. , Dupuy Samuel D. , Karlstad Michael D. , Salbaum J. Michael , Staszkiewicz Jaroslaw , Beyl Robbie , Ghosh Sujoy , Burke Susan J. , Collier J. Jason
Published: March 2024

Aim

Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune events influenced by environmental variables, including changes in diet. This study investigated how feeding refined versus unrefined (aka ‘chow’) diets affects the onset and progression of hyperglycaemia in non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice.

Methods

Female NOD mice were fed either unrefined diets or matched refined low‐ and high‐fat diets. The onset of hyperglycaemia, glucose tolerance, food intake, energy expenditure, circulating insulin, liver gene expression and microbiome changes were measured for each dietary group.

Results

NOD mice consuming unrefined (chow) diets developed hyperglycaemia at similar frequencies. By contrast, mice consuming the defined high‐fat diet had an accelerated onset of hyperglycaemia compared to the matched low‐fat diet. There was no change in food intake, energy expenditure, or physical activity within each respective dietary group. Microbiome changes were driven by diet type, with chow diets clustering similarly, while refined low‐ and high‐fat bacterial diversity also grouped closely. In the defined dietary cohort, liver gene expression changes in high‐fat‐fed mice were consistent with a greater frequency of hyperglycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance.

Conclusion

Glucose intolerance is associated with an enhanced frequency of hyperglycaemia in female NOD mice fed a defined high‐fat diet. Using an appropriate matched control diet is an essential experimental variable when studying changes in microbiome composition and diet as a modifier of disease risk.
Evidence for interictal blood–brain barrier dysfunction in people with epilepsy
Authors: Reiter Johannes T. , Schulte Freya , Bauer Tobias , David Bastian , Endler Christoph , Isaak Alexander , Schuch Fabiane , Bitzer Felix , Witt Juri‐Alexander , Hattingen Elke , Deichmann Ralf , Attenberger Ulrike , Becker Albert J. , Helmstaedter Christoph , Radbruch Alexander , Surges Rainer , Friedman Alon , Rüber Theodor
Published: March 2024

Objective

Interictal blood–brain barrier dysfunction in chronic epilepsy has been demonstrated in animal models and pathological specimens. Ictal blood–brain barrier dysfunction has been shown in humans in vivo using an experimental quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol. Here, we hypothesized that interictal blood–brain barrier dysfunction is also present in people with drug‐resistant epilepsy.

Methods

Thirty‐nine people (21 females, mean age at MRI ± SD = 30 ± 8 years) with drug‐resistant epilepsy were prospectively recruited and underwent interictal T1‐relaxometry before and after administration of a paramagnetic contrast agent. Likewise, quantitative T1 was acquired in 29 people without epilepsy (12 females, age at MRI = 48 ± 18 years). Quantitative T1 difference maps were calculated and served as a surrogate imaging marker for blood–brain barrier dysfunction. Values of quantitative T1 difference maps inside hemispheres ipsilateral to the presumed seizure onset zone were then compared, on a voxelwise level and within presumed seizure onset zones, to the contralateral side of people with epilepsy and to people without epilepsy.

Results

Compared to the contralateral side, ipsilateral T1 difference values were significantly higher in white matter (corrected p < .05), gray matter (uncorrected p < .05), and presumed seizure onset zones (p = .04) in people with epilepsy. Compared to people without epilepsy, significantly higher T1 difference values were found in the anatomical vicinity of presumed seizure onset zones (p = .004). A subgroup of people with hippocampal sclerosis demonstrated significantly higher T1 difference values in the ipsilateral hippocampus and in regions strongly interconnected with the hippocampus compared to people without epilepsy (corrected p < .01). Finally, z‐scores reflecting the deviation of T1 difference values within the presumed seizure onset zone were associated with verbal memory performance (p = .02) in people with temporal lobe epilepsy.

Significance

Our results indicate a blood–brain barrier dysfunction in drug‐resistant epilepsy that is detectable interictally in vivo, anatomically related to the presumed seizure onset zone, and associated with cognitive deficits.
Revolutionizing family courts: Catalysts for reform and the transformative role of technology
Authors: Altobelli Tom , McKenna Erin , Suh Isabel
Published: March 2024

This article examines the multiple inter‐connected and interacting catalysts for past, current and future family court reform. We then, with deep humility and quiet ambition, contemplate the next 50 years and hypothesize about future court reform which we predict will focus on technology. We observe how what was once a fanciful idea for family courts (such as electronic filing and online court events) is realistic today. We contend that, in a similar vein, the technological reforms postulated in this article (such as judgment writing assisted by artificial intelligence) may become the reality of the future.
Becoming a mother in neoliberal academia: Subjectivation and self‐identity among early career researchers
Authors: Russo Concetta
Published: March 2024

This paper investigates how becoming a mother—and navigating such a complicated life transition—while pursuing an academic career impacts the way female researchers perceive themselves as acting subjects. By analyzing in‐depth virtual interviews with Italian female early career researchers, this work explores the relationship between fertility decisions, motherhood hardships, self‐identity, and career‐related experiences in the interviewees' biographical trajectories. Despite their consideration of childbearing as a mental and practical obstacle to scientific production, many of the interviewees ascribe positive career outcomes to the arrival of their first child. The reflexivity set in motion by the interview process allows us to observe the collected interviews as double‐layered narratives. The postponement of fertility choices and the presence of work‐family conflict tend to be described as ordinary facets of a common career pattern, intrinsic to the female academic working experience. Meanwhile, the positive impacts of motherhood on self‐identity and work‐related skills are recounted on a more individual level, framed as a sort of paradox, a personal journey of self‐discovery or—to some extent ‐ a heroic performance.
Patient and public involvement in the development of health services: Engagement of underserved populations in a quality improvement programme for inflammatory bowel disease using a community‐based participatory approach
Authors: Sheldon Elena , Ezaydi Naseeb , Ditmore Melanie , Fuseini Olga , Ainley Rachel , Robinson Kerry , Hind Daniel , Lobo Alan J.
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Involving people with lived experience is fundamental to healthcare development and delivery. This is especially true for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) services, where holistic and personalised models of care are becoming increasingly important. There is, however, a significant lack of representation of underserved and diverse groups in IBD research, and there are significant barriers to healthcare access and utilisation among minority groups in IBD. IBD centres need to be aware of these experiences to address barriers via service changes, improve interactions with local communities and promote meaningful engagement for improved health outcomes.

Methods

A pragmatic community‐based approach was taken to engage with leaders and members of underserved groups across 11 workshops representing Roma, Afro‐Caribbean, people of African descent and the wider black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) communities, Muslim women, refugee community members, deprived areas of South Yorkshire, LGBTQ+ and deaf populations. Thematic analysis of field notes identified patterns of attention across the community groups and where improvements to services were most frequently suggested.

Results

Findings demonstrated several barriers experienced to healthcare access and utilisation, including language accessibility, staff attitudes and awareness, mental health and stigma, continuity of support, and practical factors such as ease of service use and safe spaces. These barriers acted as a lever to co‐producing service changes that are responsive to the health and social care needs of these groups.

Conclusions

Engaging with people from a range of communities is imperative for ensuring that service improvements in IBD are accessible and representative of individual needs and values.

Patient or Public Contribution

Local community leaders and members of community groups actively participated in the co‐design and development of improvements to the IBD service for a local hospital. Their contributions further informed a pilot process for quality improvement programmes in IBD centres.
Training pathologists to assess stromal tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer synergises efforts in clinical care and scientific research
Authors: Ly Amy , Garcia Victor , Blenman Kim R M , Ehinger Anna , Elfer Katherine , Hanna Matthew G , Li Xiaoxian , Peeters Dieter J E , Birmingham Ryan , Dudgeon Sarah , Gardecki Emma , Gupta Rajarsi , Lennerz Jochen , Pan Tony , Saltz Joel , Wharton Keith A , Ehinger Daniel , Acs Balazs , Dequeker Elisabeth M C , Salgado Roberto , Gallas Brandon D
Published: March 2024

A growing body of research supports stromal tumour‐infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) density in breast cancer to be a robust prognostic and predicive biomarker. The gold standard for stromal TIL density quantitation in breast cancer is pathologist visual assessment using haematoxylin and eosin‐stained slides. Artificial intelligence/machine‐learning algorithms are in development to automate the stromal TIL scoring process, and must be validated against a reference standard such as pathologist visual assessment. Visual TIL assessment may suffer from significant interobserver variability. To improve interobserver agreement, regulatory science experts at the US Food and Drug Administration partnered with academic pathologists internationally to create a freely available online continuing medical education (CME) course to train pathologists in assessing breast cancer stromal TILs using an interactive format with expert commentary. Here we describe and provide a user guide to this CME course, whose content was designed to improve pathologist accuracy in scoring breast cancer TILs. We also suggest subsequent steps to translate knowledge into clinical practice with proficiency testing.
Ginsenoside Rb1 alleviates lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation in human dental pulp cells via the PI3K/Akt, NF‐κB, and MAPK signalling pathways
Authors: Nam Ok Hyung , Kim Jae‐Hwan , Kang Si Won , Chae Yong Kwon , Jih Myeong‐Kwan , You Hyekyoung Hannah , Koh Jeong‐Tae , Kim Young
Published: March 2024

Aim

Among numerous constituents of Panax ginseng, a constituent named Ginsenoside Rb1 (G‐Rb1) has been studied to diminish inflammation associated with diseases. This study investigated the anti‐inflammatory properties of G‐Rb1 on human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and aimed to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Methodology

The KEGG pathway analysis was performed after RNA sequencing in G‐Rb1‐ and LPS‐treated hDPCs. Reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) and western blot analysis were used for the assessment of cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines. Statistical analysis was performed with one‐way ANOVA and the Student–Newman–Keuls test.

Results

G‐Rb1 did not exhibit any cytotoxicity within the range of concentrations tested. However, it affected the levels of TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐8, as these showed reduced levels with exposure to LPS. Additionally, less mRNA and protein expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) were shown. With the presence of G‐Rb1, decreased levels of PI3K/Akt, phosphorylated IκBα and p65 were also observed. Furthermore, phosphorylated ERK and JNK by LPS were diminished within 15, 30 and 60 min of G‐Rb1 exposure; however, the expression of non‐phosphorylated ERK and JNK remained unchanged.

Conclusions

G‐Rb1 suppressed the LPS‐induced increase of cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines, while also inhibiting PI3K/Akt, phosphorylation of NF–κB transcription factors, ERK and JNK of MAPK signalling in hDPCs.
Faking good and bad on self‐reports versus informant‐reports of Dark Triad personality
Authors: Walker Sarah A. , MacCann Carolyn
Published: March 2024

Research consistently demonstrates that people can distort their responses on self‐report personality tests. Informant‐reports (where a knowledgeable informant rates a target's personality) can be used as an alternative to self‐ratings. However, there has been little research on the extent to which informants can distort their responses on personality tests (or their motives for response distortion). The current study examines the effects of experimentally induced response distortion on self‐ and informant‐reports of the Dark Triad. The participants (N = 834 undergraduates) completed Dark Triad measures in a 2 × 3 between‐person design crossing format (self‐ vs. informant‐report [imagined friend]) with instruction condition (answer honestly, look good, or look bad). “Look good” effects were significant for both self‐reports (d = −1.22 to 1.42) and informant‐reports (d = −1.35 to 0.62). “Look bad” effects were also significant for both self‐reports (d = −0.56 to 3.58) and informant‐reports (d = −0.55 to 3.70). The Five Factor Machiavellianism Inventory results were opposite to hypotheses, but Dirty Dozen Machiavellianism results were as expected. We conclude that people can distort Dark Triad scores for themselves (self‐report) and on behalf of someone else (informant‐report). We discuss the relevance of our findings for self‐ and informant‐report assessment in applied contexts.