bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Virtual Non-Contrast versus True Non-Contrast Computed Tomography: Initial Experiences with a Photon Counting Scanner Approved for Clinical Use
Authors: Niehoff Julius Henning , Woeltjen Matthias Michael , Laukamp Kai Roman , Borggrefe Jan , Kroeger Jan Robert
Published: December 2021

The present study evaluates the diagnostic reliability of virtual non-contrast (VNC) images acquired with the first photon counting CT scanner that is approved for clinical use by comparing quantitative image properties of VNC and true non-contrast (TNC) images. Seventy-two patients were retrospectively enrolled in this study. VNC images reconstructed from the arterial (VNCa) and the portalvenous (VNCv) phase were compared to TNC images. In addition, consistency between VNCa and VNCv images was evaluated. Regions of interest (ROI) were drawn in the following areas: liver, spleen, kidney, aorta, muscle, fat and bone. Comparison of VNCa and VNCv images revealed a mean offset of less than 4 HU in all tissues. The greatest difference between TNC and VNC images was found in spongious bone (VNCv 86.13 HU ± 28.44, p < 0.001). Excluding measurements in spongious bone, differences between TNC and VNCv of 10 HU or less were found in 40% (VNCa 36%) and differences of 15 HU or less were found in 72% (VNCa 68%) of all measurements. The underlying algorithm for the subtraction of iodine works in principle but requires adjustments. Until then, special caution should be exercised when using VNC images in routine clinical practice.
Study Benefits of Smartphones: Perceptions of Female Emirati Pre-Service Teacher Undergraduates
Authors: Gromik Nicolas , Litz David
Published: December 2021

Smartphones are becoming ubiquitous and can be very useful study tools. We explored female Emirati undergraduates’ perceptions of smartphone use in the classroom. Furthermore, we investigated the age at which participants received their first smartphones, the number of smartphones to which they had access at the time of the study, and the influence of these aspects on the use of smartphones as a learning tool. An online survey of 189 participants revealed that the age of receiving their first smartphone, combined with the number of smartphones they owned or had access to at the time of the study, did not correlate with their perceptions of the usefulness of smartphones as a learning tool in a statistically significant manner. However, participants in their first year of study had fewer positive perceptions about the use of smartphones in the classroom than participants in subsequent study years. We surmise that this might be attributable, in part, to the further experiences older students have had or classes they have taken or to student teaching experiences in which they might have firsthand observed the benefits of phone use in the classroom as a learning tool.
Big Data COVID-19 Systematic Literature Review: Pandemic Crisis
Authors: Haafza Laraib Aslam , Awan Mazhar Javed , Abid Adnan , Yasin Awais , Nobanee Haitham , Farooq Muhammad Shoaib
Published: December 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has frightened people worldwide, and coronavirus has become the most commonly used phrase in recent years. Therefore, there is a need for a systematic literature review (SLR) related to Big Data applications in the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. The objective is to highlight recent technological advancements. Many studies emphasize the area of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Our study categorizes the many applications used to manage and control the pandemic. There is a very limited SLR prospective of COVID-19 with Big Data. Our SLR study picked five databases: Science direct, IEEE Xplore, Springer, ACM, and MDPI. Before the screening, following the recommendation, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) were reported for 893 studies from 2019, 2020 and until September 2021. After screening, 60 studies met the inclusion criteria through COVID-19 data statistics, and Big Data analysis was used as the search string. Our research’s findings successfully dealt with COVID-19 healthcare with risk diagnosis, estimation or prevention, decision making, and drug Big Data applications problems. We believe that this review study will motivate the research community to perform expandable and transparent research against the pandemic crisis of COVID-19.
Between Ambitious Strategies and Reality: The African Union Strategy on COVID-19 Vaccine
Authors: ElAteek Amr , Heikal Shimaa A. , Rozanova Ludmila , Flahault Antoine
Published: December 2021

A key learning lesson from country responses to COVID-19 pandemic was the impact of the strategies that are followed on combating the pandemic. Since the development of different vaccines and their supply globally, most countries have developed their own strategies to effectively provide sufficient doses for their population and start the vaccination process with the best outcomes. In this perspective, we review the African Union vaccination strategy by exploring the implementation of the strategy and its outcomes. We report on the strategy initiatives, vaccines distribution, administration, and the impact on new COVID-19 cases in African countries.
The Influence of Yeast Strain on Whisky New Make Spirit Aroma
Authors: Waymark Christopher , Hill Annie E.
Published: December 2021

Flavour in Scotch malt whisky is a key differentiating factor for consumers and producers alike. Yeast (commonly Saccharomyces cerevisiae) metabolites produce a significant amount of this flavour as part of distillery fermentations, as well as ethanol and carbon dioxide. Whilst yeast strains contribute flavour, there is limited information on the relationship between yeast strain and observed flavour profile. In this work, the impact of yeast strain on the aroma profile of new make spirit (freshly distilled, unmatured spirit) was investigated using 24 commercially available active dried yeast strains. The contribution of alcoholic, fruity, sulfury and sweet notes to new make spirit by yeast was confirmed. Generally, distilling strains could be distinguished from brewing and wine strains based on aroma and ester concentrations. However, no statistically significant differences between individual yeast strains could be perceived in the intensity of seven aroma categories typically associated with whisky. Overall, from the yeast strains assessed, it was found that new make spirit produced using yeast strains marketed as ‘brewing’ strains was preferred in terms of acceptability rating.
Recycling and Conversion of Yeasts into Organic Nitrogen Sources for Wine Fermentation: Effects on Molecular and Sensory Attributes
Authors: Rojas Paula , Lopez Daniel , Ibañez Francisco , Urbina Camila , Franco Wendy , Urtubia Alejandra , Valencia Pedro
Published: December 2021

Organic nitrogen plays a significant role in the fermentation performance and production of esters and higher alcohols. This study assessed the use of yeast protein hydrolysate (YPH) as a nitrogen source for grape must fermentation. In this study, we prepared an enzymatic protein hydrolysate using yeasts recovered from a previous fermentation of wine. Three treatments were performed. DAP supplementation was used as a control, while two YPH treatments were used. Low (LDH) and high degrees of hydrolysis (HDH), 3.5% and 10%, respectively, were chosen. Gas chromatography and principal component analysis indicated a significant positive influence of YPH-supplementations on the production of esters and higher alcohols. Significantly high concentrations of 3-methyl-1-penthanol, isoamyl alcohol, isobutanol, and 2-phenylethanol were observed. Significant odorant activity was obtained for 3-methyl-1-pentanol and ethyl-2-hexenoate. The use of YPH as nitrogen supplementation is justified as a recycling yeasts technique by the increase in volatile compounds.
The Footprint of Wildfires on Mediterranean Forest Ecosystem Services in Vesuvius National Park
Authors: Silvestro Roberto , Saulino Luigi , Cavallo Carla , Allevato Emilia , Pindozzi Stefania , Cervelli Elena , Conti Paola , Mazzoleni Stefano , Saracino Antonio
Published: December 2021

Wildfires are one of the most important natural disturbances in vegetation biomes. In recent decades, both the number and severity of fires have significantly increased in Mediterranean forests, frequently resulting in catastrophic events. In this scenario, we aimed to explore the flow of ecosystem services and their related economic value that was disrupted by human-induced megafires in the Mediterranean forest of Vesuvius National Park in the summer of 2017. We adopted an innovative approach by merging two methodologies: an ecological approach to evaluate the status of the forest ecosystem after the wildfires and an economics methodology to estimate the monetary value of the interruption to ecosystem services. Losses related to the following six services were estimated: woody biomass, soil erosion control, habitat maintenance, pollination, carbon stock, and ecotourism. In 2017, 3350 ha of forest (88% of the total forested area of Vesuvius National Park) burnt over a period of 49 days. The total estimated monetary loss amounted to €14.363 M, 56.9% of which comprised of provisioning ecosystem services, while 34.7% encompassed maintenance and regulation services, and 8.5% were so-called cultural services. Suppression costs accounted for 16% of the total estimated economic loss of ecosystem services. Our results provide useful insights for decision-makers when allocating financial resources, suggesting that they should invest in fire prevention rather than fire suppression and post-fire restoration. This explicit valuation of the footprint of the wildfires, although not exhaustive, can also lead to greater awareness among the public regarding the benefits conferred by Mediterranean forest ecosystems. This is the first study to economically evaluate the interruption of ecosystem services after megafires in the Mediterranean basin.
Fish Upstream Passage through Gauging Stations: Experiences with Iberian Barbel in Flat-V Weirs
Authors: Sanz-Ronda Francisco Javier , Bravo-Córdoba Francisco Javier , García-Vega Ana , Valbuena-Castro Jorge , Martínez-de-Azagra Andrés , Fuentes-Pérez Juan Francisco
Published: December 2021

The monitoring of river discharge is vital for the correct management of water resources. Flat-V gauging weirs are facilities used worldwide for measuring discharge. These structures consist of a small weir with a triangular cross-section and a flat “V”-shaped notch. Their extensive use is a consequence of their utility in the measurement of both low and high flow conditions. However, depending on their size, local morphology and river discharge can act as full or partial hydraulic barriers to fish migration. To address this concern, the present work studies fish passage performance over flat-V weirs considering their hydraulic performance. For this, radio-tracking and video-monitoring observations were combined with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models in two flat-V weirs, using Iberian barbel (Luciobarbus bocagei) as the target species. Results showed that fish passage is conditioned by both hydraulic and behavioral processes, providing evidence for scenarios in which flat-V weirs may act as full or partial barriers to upstream movements. For the studied flat-V weirs, a discharge range of 0.27–8 m3/s, with a water drop difference between upstream and downstream water levels lower than 0.7 m and a depth downstream of the weir of higher than 0.3 m can be considered an effective passage situation for barbels. These findings are of interest for quantifying flat-V weir impacts, for engineering applications and for establishing managing or retrofitting actions when required.
Food Neophobia, Odor and Taste Sensitivity, and Overall Flavor Perception in Food
Authors: Puleo Sharon , Braghieri Ada , Pacelli Corrado , Bendini Alessandra , Toschi Tullia Gallina , Torri Luisa , Piochi Maria , Di Monaco Rossella
Published: December 2021

Smell, which allows us to gather information about the hedonic value of an odor, is affected by many factors. This study aimed to assess the relationship among individual factors, odor sensitivity, and enjoyment, and to evaluate how overall flavor perception and liking in actual food samples are affected by odor sensitivity. A total of 749 subjects, from four different Italian regions, participated in the study. The olfactory capabilities test on four odors (anise, banana, mint, and pine), as well as PROP (6-n-prpyl-2-thiouracil) status and food neophobia were assessed. The subjects were clustered into three groups of odor sensitivity, based on the perceived intensity of anise. The liking and intensity of the overall flavor were evaluated for four chocolate puddings with increasing sweetness (C1, C2, C3, and C4). The individual variables significantly affected the perceived intensity and liking of the odors. Even if all of the odor sensitivity groups perceived the more intensely flavored samples as the C1 and C4 chocolate puddings, the high-sensitivity group scored the global flavor of all of the samples as more intense than the low-sensitivity group. The low-sensitive subjects evaluated the liking of the sweeter samples with higher scores than the moderate-sensitive subjects, whereas the high-sensitive subjects gave intermediate scores. In conclusion, odor sensitivity plays a pivotal role in the perception and liking of real food products; this has to be taken into account in the formulation of new products, suitable for particular categories with reduced olfactory abilities.
Combined Effect of Temperature and Oil and Salt Contents on the Variation of Dielectric Properties of a Tomato-Based Homogenate
Authors: Abea Andres , Gou Pere , Guardia Maria Dolors , Bañon Sancho , Muñoz Israel
Published: December 2021

Tomato-based processed foods are a key component of modern diets, usually combined with salt and olive oil in different ratios. For the design of radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) heating processes of tomato-based products, it is of importance to know how the content of both ingredients will affect their dielectric properties. Three concentrations of olive oil and salt were studied in a tomato homogenate in triplicate. The dielectric properties were measured from 10 to 3000 MHz and from 10 to 90 °C. Interaction effects were studied using a general linear model. At RF frequencies, the dielectric constant decreased with increasing temperature in samples without added salt, but this tendency was reversed in samples with added salt. The addition of salt and oil increased the frequency at which this reversion occurred. At MW frequencies, the dielectric constant decreased with increasing temperature, salt, and oil content. The loss factor increased with increasing salt content and temperature, except in samples without added salt at 2450 MHz. Penetration depth decreased with increasing frequency and loss factor. Salt and oil contents have a significant effect on the dielectric properties of tomato homogenates and must be considered for the design of dielectric heating processes.
Aerogels for Biomedical, Energy and Sensing Applications
Authors: Noman Muhammad Tayyab , Amor Nesrine , Ali Azam , Petrik Stanislav , Coufal Radek , Adach Kinga , Fijalkowski Mateusz
Published: December 2021

The term aerogel is used for unique solid-state structures composed of three-dimensional (3D) interconnected networks filled with a huge amount of air. These air-filled pores enhance the physicochemical properties and the structural characteristics in macroscale as well as integrate typical characteristics of aerogels, e.g., low density, high porosity and some specific properties of their constituents. These characteristics equip aerogels for highly sensitive and highly selective sensing and energy materials, e.g., biosensors, gas sensors, pressure and strain sensors, supercapacitors, catalysts and ion batteries, etc. In recent years, considerable research efforts are devoted towards the applications of aerogels and promising results have been achieved and reported. In this thematic issue, ground-breaking and recent advances in the field of biomedical, energy and sensing are presented and discussed in detail. In addition, some other perspectives and recent challenges for the synthesis of high performance and low-cost aerogels and their applications are also summarized.
Morphotectonic Structures along the Southwestern Margin of Lesvos Island, and Their Interrelation with the Southern Strand of the North Anatolian Fault, Aegean Sea, Greece
Authors: Nomikou Paraskevi , Evangelidis Dimitris , Papanikolaou Dimitrios , Lampridou Danai , Litsas Dimitris , Tsaparas Yannis , Koliopanos Ilias , Petroulia Maria
Published: December 2021

A hydrographic survey of the southwestern coastal margin of Lesvos Island (Greece) was conducted by the Naftilos vessel of the Hellenic Hydrographic Service. The results have been included in a bathymetric map and morphological slope map of the area. Based on the neotectonic and seismotectonic data of the broader area, a morphotectonic map of Lesvos Island has been compiled. The main feature is the basin sub-parallel to the coast elongated Lesvos Basin, 45 km long, 10–35 km wide, and 700 m deep. The northern margin of the basin is abrupt, with morphological slopes towards the south between 35° and 45° corresponding to a WNW-ESE normal fault, in contrast with the southern margin that shows a gradual slope increase from 1° to 5° towards the north. Thus, the main Lesvos Basin represents a half-graben structure. The geometry of the main basin is interrupted at its eastern segment by an oblique NW-SE narrow channel of 650 m depth and 8 km length. East of the channel, the main basin continues as a shallow Eastern Basin. At the western part of the Lesvos margin, the shallow Western Basin forms an asymmetric tectonic graben. Thus, the Lesvos southern margin is segmented in three basins with different morphotectonic characteristics. At the northwestern margin of Lesvos, three shallow basins of 300–400 m depth are observed with WNW-ESE trending high slope margins, probably controlled by normal faults. Shallow water marine terraces representing the last low stands of the glacial periods are observed at 140 m and 200 m depth at the two edges of the Lesvos margin. A secondary E-W fault disrupts the two terraces at the eastern part of the southern Lesvos margin. The NE-SW strike-slip fault zone of Kalloni-Aghia Paraskevi, activated in 1867, borders the west of the Lesvos Basin from the shallow Western Basin. The Lesvos bathymetric data were combined with those of the eastern Skyros Basin, representing the southern strand of the North Anatolian Fault in the North Aegean Sea, and the resulted tectonic map indicates that the three Lesvos western basins are pull-aparts of the strike-slip fault zone between the Skyros Fault and the Adramytion (Edremit) Fault. The seismic activity since 2017 has shown the co-existence of normal faulting and strike-slip faulting throughout the 90 km long Lesvos southern margin.
Geomorphological Analysis of Xilokastro Fault, Central Gulf of Corinth, Greece
Authors: Verroios Sotirios , Zygouri Vasiliki
Published: December 2021

The Gulf of Corinth is a rapidly opening area with high seismicity associated with extensive building collapses, destruction of cities, and even the deaths of inhabitants. Rapid residential development, especially in the southern part of the Gulf of Corinth, and the construction of crucial technical infrastructures necessitate understanding the activity across crustal-scale faults that host devastating earthquakes. The evolution of landforms affected by fault action is a dominant issue in geological science. In the present study, was selected the 20 km long Xilokastro pure normal fault. In this fault, we apply eight geomorphological indices in footwall catchments that drain perpendicular to its trace. In total, more than 5000 measurements were made in 102 catchments. The determination of geomorphological indices requires the construction of morphological profiles either perpendicular to the faults or perpendicular to the main tributaries of the drainage basins under consideration through the use of the geographical information systems (ArcGIS platform). Τhe application of these indices along catchments draining the Xilokastro fault scarp show high active tectonics. Its high activity is evidenced by the high values of the length-slope index near the fault trace, the low values of the width to height ratio index, the strong asymmetry of the drainage basins, especially in the overlapping zones between its segments, and the elongated shape of the drainage basins. This study supports the idea that the application of a single morphometric index is unable to reflect the distribution of active tectonics across faults, which makes inevitable the systematic comparison of a series of tectonic morphometric indices from which a new combined index emerges (Iat). The Iat classifies the Xilokastro fault in the high degree of activity at a rate of 75% of its length.
The Effect of Self-Efficacy in Self-Management on Diabetes Distress in Young People with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Lin Pao-Yu , Lee Tzu-Ying , Liu Chieh-Yu , Lee Yann-Jinn
Published: December 2021

To understand the relationship among glycemic control, self-efficacy in diabetes management, and diabetes distress in young people with type 2 diabetes, a cross-sectional descriptive study with convenience sampling was designed. A total of 60 young people who had type 2 diabetes (T2D), with 24 (40%) males and 36 (60%) females were included. The mean age was 17.2 and ranged from 10.5 to 24.5 years, and they completed a Perceived Diabetes Self-Management Scale, the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale and their pharmacologic management and life adjustment. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was routinely drawn before the outpatient visit. HbA1c and diabetic distress were positively correlated. Self-efficacy was negatively correlated with HbA1c and diabetic distress. In the hierarchical multiple regression analysis, only the duration of illness and self-efficacy remained significant in the final model. The variance for the overall model was 64%, with self-efficacy alone explaining 30% of the variance. In addition, 31.6% of participants had extremely high levels of psychological distress. Conclusions: T2D is an early onset chronic disease, and the young people may have had other health problems, which made the diabetes management a complex process. Nursing staff should regularly assess both the confidence and ability to manage treatment regimen of young people with type 2 diabetes and their psychological distress.
Patients’ Perceptions and Satisfaction with the Outpatient Telemedicine Clinics during COVID-19 Era in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Thirunavukkarasu Ashokkumar , Alotaibi Nasser Hanas , Al-Hazmi Ahmad Homoud , Alenzi Mohammed Jayed , Alshaalan Ziad Mansour , Alruwaili Mohammed Ghazi , Alruwaili Thamer Alshami Marghel , Alanazi Hassan , Alosaimi Turki Hanas
Published: December 2021

Successful implementation of virtual healthcare depends immensely on patients’ perceptions and satisfaction. This cross-sectional study assessed patients’ perceptions of, and factors associated with, poor and average satisfaction with the outpatient telemedicine clinics in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This questionnaire-based survey was conducted among 720 patients who attended outpatient telemedicine clinics from different regions of the KSA. Of the sample studied, 54.7% of the participants had high satisfaction and the most common disadvantage perceived by patients was technical issues (53.1%), followed by fewer personal interactions (30.4%). Around 75% of the participants desired to use telemedicine services even after the COVID-19 pandemic. Logistic regression analysis revealed that age group more than 40 years (OR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.04–2.44, p = 0.031), education less than university level (OR = 1.68; 95% CI = 1.07–2.15, p = 0.025), and first-time participants (OR = 3.28; 95% CI = 2.32–4.65, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with poor and average satisfaction ratings. The concerned authorities must make targeted action plans to circumvent the disadvantages perceived by patients accessing telemedicine. Furthermore, a multicenter, exploratory study that compares the virtual clinic with other telemedicine services in the KSA is warranted.
Proposal for a Standard Architecture for the Integration of Clinical Information Systems in a Complex Hospital Environment
Authors: Maldonado Belmonte Enrique , Otón Tortosa Salvador , Ruggia Frick Raúl Julián
Published: December 2021

The evolution of technology in clinical environments increases the level of precision in patient care, as well as optimizes the management of healthcare centers. However, the need to have information systems that are more sophisticated and require interoperability between them means that a great deal of effort has to be made to assume the maintenance and scalability of the systems. Therefore, a proposal for a standard information model for the integration of clinical systems in a healthcare environment is presented. In order to elaborate the model, an analysis of the functional needs of the different clinical areas of a clinical environment is made based on the information systems that make up the system and application map. An evaluation of the technical requirements and the technological solutions that can satisfy these requirements is also carried out, delving into the different technical alternatives that allow the exchange of information. From the analysis carried out, an integration model capable of covering the needs that arise in clinical environments with a high level of complexity is obtained, also allowing the continuous evolution of the systems that make up the model, along with the incorporation of new systems. Although the model presented may fully cover the expectations raised, the rapid evolution in terms of both functional needs and technical aspects makes it necessary to continuously monitor and evaluate the model, in order to adapt it to the needs that arise.
IoT Security-Quality-Metrics Method and Its Conformity with Emerging Guidelines
Authors: Ito Kosuke , Morisaki Shuji , Goto Atsuhiro
Published: December 2021

This study proposes a security-quality-metrics method tailored for the Internet of things (IoT) and evaluates conformity of the proposed approach with pertinent cybersecurity regulations and guidelines for IoT. Cybersecurity incidents involving IoT devices have recently come to light; consequently, IoT security correspondence has become a necessity. The ISO 25000 series is used for software; however, the concept of security as a quality factor has not been applied to IoT devices. Because software vulnerabilities were not the device vendors’ responsibility as product liability, most vendors did not consider the security capability of IoT devices as part of their quality control. Furthermore, an appropriate IoT security-quality metric for vendors does not exist; instead, vendors have to set their security standards, which lack consistency and are difficult to justify by themselves. To address this problem, the authors propose a universal method for specifying IoT security-quality metrics on a globally accepted scale, inspired by the goal/question/metric (GQM) method. The method enables vendors to verify their products to conform to the requirements of existing baselines and certification programs and to help vendors to tailor their quality requirements to meet the given security requirements. The IoT users would also be able to use these metrics to verify the security quality of IoT devices.
Computational Electromagnetics: A Miscellany
Authors: Tsukerman Igor
Published: December 2021

The paper presents a miscellany of unorthodox and, in some cases, paradoxical or controversial items related to computational and applied electromagnetics. The topics include a definition of the magnetic source field via a line integral, losses in electric power transmission vs. losses in photonics, homogenization of periodic electromagnetic structures, spurious modes, models of plasmonic media, and more. It is hoped that this assortment of subjects will be of interest to a broad audience of scientists and engineers.
Initial Study on COMT and DRD2 Gene Polymorphisms as Well as the Influence of Temperament and Character Trait on the Severity of Alcohol Craving in Alcohol-Dependent Patients
Authors: Czarnecki Damian , Ziółkowski Marcin , Chodkiewicz Jan , Długosz Anna , Feldheim Joanna , Waszkiewicz Napoleon , Kułak-Bejda Agnieszka , Gorzkiewicz Marta , Budzyński Jacek , Junkiert-Czarnecka Anna , Siomek-Górecka Agnieszka , Nicpoń Krzysztof , Kawala-Sterniuk Aleksandra , Ferri Raffaele , Pelc Mariusz , Walecki Piotr , Laskowska Ewa , Gorzelańczyk Edward Jacek
Published: December 2021

The main aim of this work was to determine the impact of COMT and DRD2 gene polymorphisms together with temperament and character traits on alcohol craving severity alcohol-dependent persons. The sample comprised of 89 men and 16 women (aged 38±7). For the sake of psychological assessment various analytic methods have been applied like the Short Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire (SADD), Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) or Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) test. The SNP polymorphism of the analyzed genes was determined by Real Time PCR test. The results showed, that the COMT polymorphismmay have an indirected relationship with the intensity and changes in alcohol craving during abstinence. The DRD2 receptor gene polymorphisms are related with the intensity of alcohol craving. It seems that the character traits like “self-targeting”, including “self-acceptance”, are more closely related to the severity of alcohol craving and polymorphic changes in the DRD2 receptor than temperamental traits. Although this is a pilot study the obtained results appeared to be promising and clearly indicate the link betweengene polymorphisms alcohol craving and its severity.
Burden of Diabetic Retinopathy amongst People with Diabetes Attending Primary Care in Kerala: Nayanamritham Project
Authors: Sivaprasad Sobha , Sahasranamam Vasudeva Iyer , George Simon , Sadanandan Rajeev , Gopal Bipin , Premnazir Lakshmi , Conroy Dolores , Srinath Jyotsna , Ramakrishnan Radha , Vijayanand Sundaramuthil Murukaiah , Wittenberg Raphael , Netuveli Gopalakrishnan
Published: December 2021

Background: The burden of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in people attending the public health sector in India is unclear. Thirty percent of the population in India is reliant on public healthcare. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of DR and its risk factors in people with diabetes in the non-communicable disease registers who were attending the family health centres (FHCs) in the Thiruvananthapuram district in Kerala. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted over 12 months in 2019 within the framework of a pilot district-wide teleophthalmology DR screening programme. The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of any DR and sight-threatening DR (STDR) in the whole sample, considering socio-demography, lifestyle and known clinical risk groups, are reported. Results: A total of 4527 out of 5307 (85.3%) screened in the FHCs had gradable retinal images in at least one eye. The age and gender standardised prevalence for any DR was 17.4% (95% CI 15.1, 19.7), and STDR was 3.3% (95% CI 2.1, 4.5). Ages 41–70 years, males, longer diabetes duration, hyperglycaemia and hypertension, insulin users and lower socio-economic status were associated with both DR outcomes. Conclusions: The burden of DR and its risk factors in this study highlights the need to implement DR screening programs within primary care to reduce health inequality.
Recent Advances on the Role and Therapeutic Potential of Regulatory T Cells in Atherosclerosis
Authors: Tanaka Toru , Sasaki Naoto , Rikitake Yoshiyuki
Published: December 2021

Atherosclerotic diseases, including ischemic heart disease and stroke, are a main cause of mortality worldwide. Chronic vascular inflammation via immune dysregulation is critically involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that regulatory T cells (Tregs), responsible for maintaining immunological tolerance and suppressing excessive immune responses, play an important role in preventing the development and progression of atherosclerosis through the regulation of pathogenic immunoinflammatory responses. Several strategies to prevent and treat atherosclerosis through the promotion of regulatory immune responses have been developed, and could be clinically applied for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the protective role of Tregs in atherosclerosis and discuss attractive approaches to treat atherosclerotic disease by augmenting regulatory immune responses.
Evaluation of Anorectal Function in Perianal Crohn’s Disease: A Pilot Study
Authors: Albuquerque Andreia , Casey John , Fairlamb Grace , Houghton Lesley A. , Selinger Christian
Published: December 2021

Background: Perianal Crohn’s disease is a disabling condition, with little known about anorectal function in healed/inactive perianal Crohn’s disease; Aim: To evaluate anorectal function in a cohort of patients with treated/healed perianal Crohn’s disease; Methods: Prospective cohort study, including high-resolution anorectal manometry, balloon expulsion test, and 3D-endoanal ultrasound in all patients; Results: Of the 16 patients studied (mean age ± SD, 42 ± 13 years), 12 (75%) were men. A laceration of the internal anal sphincter and/or anal scarring was seen in nine (56%) patients; there was no laceration of the external anal sphincter. Five (56%) of these nine patients had never experienced faecal incontinence. All had normal anal resting and squeeze pressures. Manometry suggested dyssynergia in 11 (69%) patients, with only one (6%) fulfilling the criteria for obstructed defecation. Hyposensitivity for at least one sensory parameter was seen in 11 (69%) patients and hypersensitivity in five (31%) patients; Conclusions: This study detected sphincter abnormalities in more than half of patients, many of whom were asymptomatic. Alterations in rectal sensation were frequently seen, more commonly with rectal hyposensitivity. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03819257).
Incidence of Cancer in Patients with Irritable Bowl Syndrome
Authors: Loosen Sven H. , Jördens Markus S. , Luedde Mark , Modest Dominik P. , Labuhn Simon , Luedde Tom , Kostev Karel , Roderburg Christoph
Published: December 2021

(1) Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) represents one of the most common disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBI). As recent data has suggested an increased cancer incidence for IBS patients, there is an ongoing debate whether IBS might be associated with a risk of cancer development. In the present study, we evaluated and compared incidence rates of different malignancies including gastrointestinal cancer in a large cohort of outpatients, with or without IBS, treated in general practices in Germany. (2) Methods: We matched a cohort of 21,731 IBS patients from the IQVIA Disease Analyzer database documented between 2000 and 2019 in 1284 general practices to a cohort of equal size without IBS. Incidence of cancer diagnoses were evaluated using Cox regression models during a 10-year follow-up period. (3) Results: In 11.9% of patients with IBS compared to 8.0% without IBS, cancer of any type was diagnosed within 10 years following the index date (p < 0.001). In a regression analysis, this association was confirmed in female (HR: 1.68, p < 0.001) and male (HR = 1.57, p < 0.001) patients as well as in patients of all age groups. In terms of cancer entity, 1.9% of patients with and 1.3% of patients without IBS were newly diagnosed with cancer of digestive organs (p < 0.001). Among non-digestive cancer entities, the strongest association was observed for skin cancer (HR = 1.87, p < 0.001), followed by prostate cancer in men (HR = 1.81, p < 0.001) and breast cancer in female patients (HR = 1.80, p < 0.001). (4) Conclusion: Our data suggest that IBS might be associated with cancer of the digestive organs as well as with non-digestive cancer entities. However, our findings do not prove causality and further research is warranted as the association could be attributed to life style factors that were not documented in the database.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors for the Prevention of Post-Stroke Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Richter Daniel , Charles James Jeyanthan , Ebert Andreas , Katsanos Aristeidis H. , Mazul-Wach Lisa , Ruland Quirin , Gold Ralf , Juckel Georg , Krogias Christos
Published: December 2021

There are controversial data on the efficacy and safety profile of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to prevent post-stroke depression (PSD). We performed a systematic search in MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases to identify randomized-controlled trials questioning the use of early SSRI therapy in the post-stroke population and its effect on PSD incidence. We included 6 studies with 6560 participants. We extracted the data on PSD occurrence in association with the treatment arm (SSRI versus placebo), as reported by each study. For safety analysis, we extracted the information on adverse events. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled relative risk estimates. Early SSRI therapy was associated with a significant reduction of PSD occurrence compared to placebo (10.4% versus 13.8%; relative risk: 0.75 [95% CI, 0.66–0.86]; absolute risk reduction: 3.4%). SSRI therapy increases the risk of bone fracture (RR 2.28 [95% CI, 1.58–3.30]) and nausea (RR 2.05 [95% CI, 1.10–3.82]) in the post-stroke population. Considering the risk-benefit ratio of early SSRI therapy in the post-stroke population, future research should identify high-risk patients for PSD to improve the risk-benefit consideration of this therapy for use in clinical practice.
The Bonebridge BCI 602 Active Transcutaneous Bone Conduction Implant in Children: Objective and Subjective Benefits
Authors: Cywka Katarzyna B. , Skarżyński Henryk , Król Bartłomiej , Skarżyński Piotr H.
Published: December 2021

Background: the Bonebridge hearing implant is an active transcutaneous bone conduction implant suitable for various types of hearing loss. It was first launched in 2012 as the BCI 601, with a newer internal part (BCI 602) released in 2019. With the new size and shape, the BCI 602 can be used in patients previously excluded due to insufficient anatomical conditions, especially in patients with congenital defects of the outer and middle ear. Objectives: the purpose of this study is to evaluate the objective and subjective benefits of the new Bonebridge BCI 602 in children who have hearing impairment due to conductive or mixed hearing loss. Safety and effectiveness of the device was assessed. Methods: the study group included 22 children aged 8–18 years (mean age 14.7 years) who had either conductive or mixed hearing loss. All patients were implanted unilaterally with the new Bonebridge BCI 602 implant. Pure tone audiometry, speech recognition tests (in quiet and noise), and free-field audiometry were performed before and after implantation. Word recognition scores were evaluated using the Demenko and Pruszewicz Polish Monosyllabic Word Test, and speech reception thresholds in noise were assessed using the Polish Sentence Matrix Test. The subjective assessment of benefits was carried outusing the APHAB (Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit) questionnaire. Results: after implantation of the Bonebridge BCI 602 all patients showed a statistically significant improvement in hearing and speech understanding. The mean word recognition score (WRS) changed from 12.1% before implantation to 87.3% after 6 months. Mean speech reception threshold (SRT) before implantation was +4.79 dB SNR and improved to −1.29 dB SNR after 6 months. All patients showed stable postoperative results. The APHAB questionnaire showed that difficulties in hearing decreased after implantation, with a statistically significant improvement in global score. Pre-operative scores (M = 35.7) were significantly worse than post-operative scores at 6 months (M = 25.7). Conclusions: the present study confirms that the Bonebridge BCI 602 is an innovative and effective solution, especially for patients with conductive and mixed hearing loss due to anatomical ear defects. The Bonebridge BCI 602 system provides valuable and stable audiological and surgical benefits. Subjective assessment also confirms the effectiveness of the BCI 602. The BCI 602 offers the same amplification as the BCI601, but with a smaller size. The smaller dimensions make it an effective treatment option for a wider group of patients, especially children with congenital defects of the outer and middle ear.
Relationship between Egg Consumption and Body Composition as Well as Serum Cholesterol Level: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011
Authors: Shim Jung-Eun , Seo Young-Gyun
Published: December 2021

We analyzed the relationship between egg consumption, body composition, and serum cholesterol levels. We obtained data on egg consumption by using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) (13,132 adults) and the 24-h dietary recall (24HR) (13,366 adults) from the fourth and fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2008–2011). In men, consuming 2–3 eggs/week was associated with higher fat mass (FM), percentage body fat (PBF), and fat-to-muscle ratio (FtoM), compared to consuming <1 egg/week. In women, consuming 1–6 eggs/week was associated with higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, consuming 2–6 eggs/week was associated with higher total cholesterol, and consuming 4–6 eggs/week was associated with higher FM and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, compared to consuming <1 egg/week. There was no relationship between egg consumption and the prevalence of dyslipidemia, and there was no relationship between egg consumption, body composition, and serum cholesterol levels according to the 24HR. However, there was some association with other cardiovascular diseases and consumption of certain amounts of eggs. Egg consumption investigated by FFQ was associated with body composition and serum cholesterol levels. However, the egg consumption investigated by the 24HR resulted in no health benefit or harm with respect to body composition and cholesterol.
Ads and Fraud: A Comprehensive Survey of Fraud in Online Advertising
Authors: Sadeghpour Shadi , Vlajic Natalija
Published: December 2021

Over the last two decades, we have witnessed a fundamental transformation of the advertising industry, which has been steadily moving away from the traditional advertising mediums, such as television or direct marketing, towards digital-centric and internet-based platforms. Unfortunately, due to its large-scale adoption and significant revenue potential, digital advertising has become a very attractive and frequent target for numerous cybercriminal groups. The goal of this study is to provide a consolidated view of different categories of threats in the online advertising ecosystems. We begin by introducing the main elements of an online ad platform and its different architecture and revenue models. We then review different categories of ad fraud and present a taxonomy of known attacks on an online advertising system. Finally, we provide a comprehensive overview of methods and techniques for the detection and prevention of fraudulent practices within those system—both from the scientific as well as the industry perspective. The main novelty of our work lies in the development of an innovative taxonomy of different types of digital advertising fraud based on their actual executors and victims. We have placed different advertising fraud scenarios into real-world context and provided illustrative examples thereby offering an important practical perspective that is very much missing in the current literature.
The Development of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: The Gene Makes the Disease
Authors: Perez-Gomez Raquel
Published: December 2021

A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged towards the end of 2019 that caused a severe respiratory disease in humans called COVID-19. It led to a pandemic with a high rate of morbidity and mortality that is ongoing and threatening humankind. Most of the mutations occurring in SARS-CoV-2 are synonymous or deleterious, but a few of them produce improved viral functions. The first known mutation associated with higher transmissibility, D614G, was detected in early 2020. Since then, the virus has evolved; new mutations have occurred, and many variants have been described. Depending on the genes affected and the location of the mutations, they could provide altered infectivity, transmissibility, or immune escape. To date, mutations that cause variations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have been among the most studied because of the protein’s role in the initial virus–cell contact and because it is the most variable region in the virus genome. Some concerning mutations associated with an impact on viral fitness have been described in the Spike protein, such as D614G, N501Y, E484K, K417N/T, L452R, and P681R, among others. To understand the impact of the infectivity and antigenicity of the virus, the mutation landscape of SARS-CoV-2 has been under constant global scrutiny. The virus variants are defined according to their origin, their genetic profile (some characteristic mutations prevalent in the lineage), and the severity of the disease they produce, which determines the level of concern. If they increase fitness, new variants can outcompete others in the population. The Alpha variant was more transmissible than previous versions and quickly spread globally. The Beta and Gamma variants accumulated mutations that partially escape the immune defenses and affect the effectiveness of vaccines. Nowadays, the Delta variant, identified around March 2021, has spread and displaced the other variants, becoming the most concerning of all lineages that have emerged. The Delta variant has a particular genetic profile, bearing unique mutations, such as T478K in the spike protein and M203R in the nucleocapsid. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the different mutations that have appeared in SARS-CoV-2, mainly on the spike protein. It analyzes their impact on the protein function and, subsequently, on the level of concern of different variants and their importance in the ongoing pandemic.
Laser Welding of AISI 316L Stainless Steel Produced by Additive Manufacturing or by Conventional Processes
Authors: Mokhtari Morgane , Pommier Pierrick , Balcaen Yannick , Alexis Joel
Published: December 2021

Among all the additive manufacturing techniques, Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LBPF), also called Selective Laser Melting (SLM), is the most common technique due to its high capability of building complex parts with generally improved mechanical properties. One of the main drawbacks of this technique is the sample size limitation, which depends on elaborating chamber dimensions. In this study, we investigate the viability of obtaining large parts with the laser welding of additive manufactured plates. A comparison of the microstructure and the tensile mechanical properties of SLM-welded plates and cold-rolled welded plates was performed. This paper shows the possibility of obtaining defect-free parts. Even if welding has a low impact on the microstructure of the SLM samples, fractures are located on the fusion zone, and a decrease in ductility of around 30% compared to the base metal is observed.