bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fulbright Awards in Earth sciences
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Several of the 500 Fulbright awards for 1981–1982 are available for work in earth sciences: Argentina—edaphology and volacanic soils; Australia—Metamorphic rocks, the Australian salt lake system, and soil taxonomy; Austria—physical geography, Fiji—environmental studies; Ivory Coast—tectonic petrology and paleontology; Nepal—meteorology; Norway—paleontology; Pakistan—geology; Tanzania—Physical oceanography or geophysics; United Kingdom—oceanography; U.S.S.R.—several specialities; and unspecified fields in Honduras, Korea, and Liberia.
Mount St. Helens erupts
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Ash and steam eruption on April 1. Column rises to approximately 4000 m, then is blown downwind. Heavy ash fallout close to the crater is typical of the phreatic eruption style observed over the period March 30 to April 12, 1980. (The sharp black/white breaks on the slopes of the volcano are areas of ash and snow, respectively.) Correlation spectrometric analysis of this and other plumes revealed little magmatic contribution to the eruptions during the first 16 days of activity.
Geoscientists to crystallize waste isotopes
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The problem of assessing the competing priorities of the need for alternative energy sources versus what to do with their resulting waste products is, in the case of nuclear products, being addressed by some geoscientists, who propose to bind radio isotopes in mineral structures. For 10 years or more it had been assumed that high‐level radioactive wastes could be incorporated into low melting temperature borosilicate glasses for storage. However, in 1978, geochemist Rustum Roy and colleagues at Pennsylvania State University found that radioisotopes were rapidly (within weeks) released from borosilicate glasses held at 300°C in pressurized salt water. As a result, there has been a great effort to find stable crystalline structures (to bind the isotopes) that are known to have survived in nature as minerals over geologic time. Roy and geophysicist A. E. Ringwood, from Australian National University, are independently testing synthetic ‘rocks’ that contain actinide‐bearing mineral analogs.
Luminosity and solar corona related to rate of rotation
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Recently, observations and theory have been combined to relate sunspot activity, luminosity, and even X ray corona structure with the sun's rate of rotation. According to W. Waller of the Harvard‐Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, who reported recently on a workshop on magnetic activity in lab‐type stars, a new theory is emerging which tries to link rotation to stellar activity. It is based on the model of a magnetic dynamo, whereby swirling motions within the stellar core induce a large‐scale magnetic field. Because some parts of the star rotate faster than others, the magnetic field becomes frayed and twisted at its extremities.
Meteorites and geoextinction
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

A year ago Nobel Laureate Luis W. Alvarez suggested that supernovae may have been responsible for the great geoextinctions, particularly the most recent one, which marked the demise of both orders of dinosaurs, marine and flying reptiles, and many large mammals. In fact, all members of the animal kingdom heavier than 50 lb are suddenly absent in the geologic record at the base of the Tertiary period, and marine invertebrates are affected also. This sort of suggestion (Emanuel Velikovsky aside) generally does not gain much acclaim from earth scientists. But more recently, in a presentation to the American Chemical Society in Houston (Chemical & Engineering News, 58, 15, 25–26, 1980), Alvarez, a physicist, and his son Walter, a geologist, made a geochemical analysis, based on modern planetology, of clays sampled from the Cretaceous‐Tertiary boundary in Italy, Denmark, and Spain. The clay layer corresponds to the most recent geoextinction. Trace element analyses of the clays indicate that metals of the platinum group, such as iridium, are enriched relative to the over‐ and underlying limestones by approximately a factor of 20,at the parts per billion level.
World magnetic chart model for 1980
Authors: Barker F. S. , Barraclough D. R.
Published: October 2011

The 1980 World Magnetic Chart model is the product of a joint effort by the United States and the United Kingdom. It will be used to construct the 1980 World Magnetic Declination Charts published by the Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center in the U.S. and the British Hydrographic Department in the U.K.

As is customary the model consists of Schmidt quasinormalized coefficients of the spherical harmonic expansion of the internal geomagnetic field. The main field coefficients are of degree and order 12, and the secular field coefficients are of degree and order 8.
Election report
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Tellers Committee, consisting of Roy E. Hanson, chairman, and Gilbert D. Mead, will report to the May meeting of the Council that in the recently‐held election the following candidates were elected for the 1980–1982 biennium.
Geologist‐legislator addresses mining officials
Authors: Agnew Allen F.
Published: October 2011

Genevieve Atwood, in her second term as a member of the Utah House of Representatives, addressed the American Mining Congress last September on ‘Effective Communications with State Legislators.’ She discussed four topics: (1) why communicate, (2) with whom to communicate, (3) the legislator's environment, and (4) how to communicate.

Atwood, who also is employed as a geologist by Ford, Bacon & Davis, Utah Incorporated, in Salt Lake City, spoke of the increasing inroads of government into our lives and the growing amount of legislation. Government is big business. Time spent on communication with state legislators can be viewed as a long‐term investment because a large number of legislators stay in the political system, even though they may not remain at their present post for more than one or two terms.
Solar currents linked to sunspots
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

Mt. Wilson Observatory astronomers Robert Howard and Barry J. LaBonte have correlated currents of east‐west motion on the sun's surface with the rhythm of the 11‐year sunspot cycle and the regions of heaviest sunspot activity.

The researchers analyzed 12 years of digital full‐disk data on the 5250‐Å line of Fe I. These were recorded daily with the magnetograph of the 45.72‐m tower telescope at Mt. Wilson. Velocities were determined from wavelength shifts, and after compensating for the varying rates of rotation at different latitudes, the astronomers found what they describe as alternating zones of slow and fast rotation. The bands of rapid motion averaged 3 m/s faster than the average speed of rotation at any given latitude; slow bands averaged a similar amount less than the average velocity. (At the poles, the sun rotates once every 33 days; at the equator, once every 25 days.
NOAA organic act planned
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

Comprehensive enabling legislation for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is in the works and should reach consideration by Congress during the current session, according to information from NOAA's University Affairs Office.

An organic act similar to those that undergird the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is needed, say NOAA officials, because much of NOAA's structure and duties are derived from old statutes, delegations of authority, and transfers of programs from other agencies. In the past 10 years, nearly 100 statutes that govern NOAA activities have been added, according to a member of NOAA's congressional affairs staff, and some NOAA missions have no authorizing legislation.
NASA considers restructuring Landsat‐D program
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) is studying options to restructure its Landsat‐D project because of increasing engineering and managerial problems encountered in the manufacture of the spacecraft's instrument and ground systems. Landsat‐D is the fourth, and most technologically advanced, spacecraft in a series of experimental earth‐resources‐ monitoring satellites to be developed by NASA. Although designed with a 1‐year lifespan, each of the first two Landsats (launched in 1972 and 1975, respectively) stayed in orbit and sent back data for 5 years. Landsat 3, launched in March of 1978 with a designed lifespan of 1 year, is still operating but has experienced problems with its sensing devices, particularly the multispectral scanner, which collects data to be converted to images of earth's natural resources.
Report from IUGG Assembly: IAGA session on dynamics of the thermosphere and ionosphere and effects on composition
Authors: Rishbeth H.
Published: October 2011

The symposium demonstrated the most satisfactory progress that has been made in recent years, largely through the application of ground‐based radar and optical techniques and the exploitation of satellite data bases. Progress in theoretical interpretation has stemmed largely from the development of sophisticated computer modeling, and hopes were expressed that adequate computing time will be forthcoming to complement suitably the huge investment represented by the data. The symposium comprised over 30 papers, about one third of which were 30‐minute invited reviews; some of the shorter contributed papers were supplemented with poster displays, and this practice should be encouraged in the future. In this brief overview, only a few individual papers can be mentioned.
NOAA consolidates ocean engineering functions
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has moved to strengthen its ocean engineering operations. Agency officials have decided to stop seeking to work on engineering projects outside the government and have begun reorganizing and consolidating engineering functions within the agency.

In a recent memorandum, NOAA head Richard A. Frank listed three reasons why the agency will ‘no longer attempt to play an engineering development role unrelated to government programs,’ and instead will ‘focus our ocean engineering and technology energies first on meeting our own needs and then on satisfying other selected federal program needs.’
Report from IUGG Assembly: IAGA session on quantitative description of magnetospheric processes
Authors: Olson W. P.
Published: October 2011

The purpose of the symposium was to provide an assessment of our current quantitative understanding of magnetospheric processes. The ‘quantitative’ test is met when a model (usually computer code) output is in good numerical agreement with the observational data collected for a particular magnetospheric feature. The ‘understanding’ test is satisfied when the physics of the particular feature is understood and used to construct the model. Currently the quantitative models used are mostly representative (as opposed to explanatory). Thus, although there may be quantitative agreement between the model output and observational data, it can still not be said that the particular process or feature in the magnetosphere is quantitatively well understood. Very few quantitative explanatory models are in existence (even the models of the magnetospheric magnetic field are not derived from the plasma properties which produce the magnetic current systems).
The lunar highlands crust
Authors: Simonds Charles H. , Herzberg Claude T. , Papike James J.
Published: October 2011

The heavily cratered lunar highlands (see cover) preserve remnants of the moon's origin at 4.5–4.6 billion years ago and subsequent evolution to 3.8–3.9 billion years ago. Rocks produced during the same time appear to be totally missing from the record on Earth. Thus the lunar highlands afford us the opportunity to study processes that were operative during planetary formation and early evolution; such studies can be expected to yield new insights on the history of the earth and other terrestrial planets during the first few hundred million years of their existence.

Studies of the lunar highlands have made great strides since the collection of highland rocks by the Apollo 14,15,16, and 1 7 missions. Many types of information have been interpreted and synthesized, including petrologic and geochemical data collected on highlands samples and photographic and geochemical data, covering large portions of the moon's surface, collected by orbiting spacecraft. Research on igneous processes, such as fractional crystallization and magma mixing, has increased our understanding of lunar petrogenetic processes. Research on impact cratering processes (involving improved mathematical modeling, the study of small craters that are produced experimentally, and investigations of large terrestrial impact craters) has added greatly to our ability to interpret lunar history. In addition, the formulation of models of planetary accretion, heating, and internal mass transfer has increased our knowledge of the earliest processes of planetary formation.
Measuring and reporting amplitudes and periods
Authors: Anderle Richard
Published: October 2011

The following instructions were adopted by the Commission on Practice of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's interior (IASPEI) at Canberra, in December. They should be used whenever possible in reporting amplitudes and periods.

The determination of earthquake magnitude is based on observations of amplitude A and period T of seismic waves. It is essential for subsequent earthquake studies to report the time that an observation of A and T is made.
IUE investigators present findings
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Astronomers, through the use of data from the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), are continuing to study the ‘halo’ surrounding our Milky Way galaxy that was discovered during early observations by this satellite. The satellite is a joint project of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Space Agency.

This halo material is hot (about 100,000°C), extends to 50,000 light years from the galaxy, and contains oxygen, sulfur, iron, cilicon, and carbon. These and other findings were outlined this month by Robert Wilson of the University College, London, at a scientific colloquium at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. At the 3‐day international meeting, 92 papers on the satellite were presented.
Considerations of the proposed A‐21 Accounting Principles
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The new regulations on timekeeping for academic recipients of grants and contracts appear to contain proposals for a 100% accounting of time—thus a researcher's time on a given project, on other projects, and in his academic pursuits as well must be reported in detail to each government agency that provides support. These issues are described in the 1979 Office of Management and Budget Circular A‐21, Appendix A, which deals with new rules for ‘Time and Effort Reporting.’

Some of the difficulties and considerations of these new regulations were described recently in a memorandum circulated at the National Academy of Sciences by Saunders MacLane of the Department of Mathematics, University of Chicago. MacLane says that the traditional independence of academic scientists will be eroded as a result of their having to fill out numerous reports that reflect many types of activity, the cumulative total of which must be 100%.
NASA renews Lunar Institute contract
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Despite the budget pinch, the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) has again awarded a cost‐plus‐management fee contract to Universities Space Research Associates of Columbia, Maryland, for the continued management and operation of the Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas.

Total cost and management fee for a 2‐year period through March 31, 1982, is $4,292,700. The work will be performed at the Institute, adjacent to the Johnson Space Center in Houston.
Saturn day longer than previous estimates
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

It has been determined recently that the rotation period of Saturn is some 24 minutes longer than had previously been estimated. Using bursts of radio noise, recorded from Saturn by the two Voyager spacecraft, the length of 1 day was measured to be 10 hours, 39.9 minutes long.

Previously, astronomers, using Earth‐based observations of the ringed planet, had calculated the length of a day to be about 10 hours, 15 minutes, but they admitted that their measurements lacked great accuracy.
Mount St. Helens committee formed
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The rapidly increasing number of requests from scientific and educational groups to inspect Mount St. Helens has prompted the U.S. Geological Survey staff at Vancouver to ask two Portland geologists to form a coordinating committee to screen all applicants.

The committee is headed jointly by John E. Allen, professor emeritus of geology, Portland State University, and Ralph S. Mason, former state geologist with the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Advisory members include representatives from Portland State University, University of Oregon, Oregon State University, University of Washington, the Washington Division of Geology and Earth Sciences, and the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries.
NASA taps teachers' group for shuttle student project
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

NASA has selected the National Science Teachers Association in Washington, D.C, for negotiation for a contract to manage the Shuttle Student Involvement Project.

The project is a nationwide competition to be conducted annually among secondary students for scientific and engineering experiments to be performed on a ‘space available’ basis aboard the shuttle. The space shuttle is expected to be operational in 1982.
Boeing to study space disposal of nuclear waste
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The Boeing Aerospace Corporation of Seattle, Washington, has been awarded a $296,000 contract by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, to study and analyze systems concepts for the possible disposal of nuclear wastes in space.

This supports the Department of Energy's program to develop technology for managing radioactive wastes in a ‘safe and environmentally acceptable’ fashion. The space disposal option could supplement Earth disposal by removing from Earth the long‐lived radionuclides that remain radioactive over tens of thousands of years.
New GRL editor
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Robert E. Riecker, 44, of Los Alamos, New Mexico, became the editor of Geophysical Research Letters this past November. He is program manager for basic energy geosciences, Geosciences Division, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. His current work involves theoretical, experimental, and field work so as to determine physical and mechanical properties and modes of deformation of rocks, minerals, and solids under geophysically realistic conditions of high pressure and temperature, with the goal of gaining insight into tectonophysical manifestations within the earth.

He currently works within the Program Management Group of the Geosciences Division. Present activities of the group include program management, technology transfer, technical writing, technical liaison with industry, interaction with educational institutions, and support of Department of Energy headquarters. At present, he gives special emphasis to program development. New programs, programs too small to warrant a group, and programs of small duration are handled in the group. Members of the group act as consultants and advisors to the division office, groups within the Geosciences Division and other divisions of Los Alamos laboratories, and outside agencies.
Brussels to compile relative sunspot numbers
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

The Royal Observatory at Brussels will take over responsibility for compiling relative sunspot numbers by the end of this year, according to J. O. Stenflo, director of the Swiss Federal Astronomical Observatory in Zurich. Until this year the numbers, one of the oldest continuous series of astronomical data, have been produced at Zurich. Stenflo has directed the Zurich observatory to discontinue the service by the end of this year.

The indexes from both observatories will be produced in parallel, beginning in July. The new numbers will be designated R index I (R stands for ‘relative sunspot number;’ I stands for ‘International.’) The old series was labeled R index Z.
Distaff dissent
Authors: Hadley Kate
Published: October 2011

As an active AGU member (female) I find C. T . Russell's letter (EOS, June 3) discomforting at best, if not downright offensive. Nothing in my experience suggests to me that my male colleagues are any more or less competent to speak for me or other female AGU members because of their sex. Russell might attribute this circumstance to either extreme naivete or extreme good fortune; I think such a scriptions would be in error. I fail to see what Russell's unenumerated ‘statistics past’ have to do with ‘the best candidates at this point in time.’ But more importantly, I believe strongly enough that the scientific objectivity of my colleag ues has nothing to do with sexuality that I must defend them against insinuations to the contrary. I know they would do the same for me.
Climate center proposals sought
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

Proposals for establishment of the first federally funded experimental climate forecast center are now being sought by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Mars surface active
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

The surface of Mars has shown itself to be a moderately active place, according to information compiled by Stephen D. Wall, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Kenneth L. Jones, Planetary Research, Inc., Pasadena, and presented by Wall at the AGU Spring Meeting.

Researchers think the planet undergoes great dust storms each Martian year. (A Martian year consists of 667 25‐hour‐long Martian days.) Investigators knew dust interacted with the atmosphere, but didn't know what effect that had on surface conditions.
The William Bowie medal: Citation and acceptance
Authors: Chovitz Bernard H.
Published: October 2011

The award of the Bowie Medal to Charles Whitten is long overdue. Knowing the high, even reverential, regard in which he is held by the geophysical community, I am confident that disagreement with this assertion would come only from Whitten himself. Especially to geodesists was it inevitable that a medal named after William Bowie should go to Charles Whitten—a traditional inheritance, so to speak. He is the natural, and worthy, successor to Bowie and Walter Lambert, the 1949 Bowie Medalist. The reputation of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (since 1971, the National Ocean Survey) as the leader in geodetic research and operations in the United States has been based to a large extent on the work and influence, in turn, of these three men.
Satellite records solar flare
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Scientific instruments aboard NASA's Solar Maximum Mission spacecraft have recorded a 40‐minute burst on the sun's surface, which may have resulted in the ‘most significant observations ever made of a solar flare.’ The flare, covering more than 5.2 billion km2 of the sun's surface, was measured by six instruments aboard the spacecraft on May 21.

The intense electromagnetic radiation generated from the flare so disturbed the earth's ionosphere that radio communications over a broad band of frequencies were lost for more than a half hour, according to scientists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The flare also created a 9‐hour geomagnetic storm, but it had little other effect on the earth, they reported.
$2 Million Contract to Princeton University
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has awarded a $2 million contract to Princeton University to add nearly 19,000 square feet to the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory on its Forrestal campus. Scheduled for completion August 15, 1980, the proposed annex will house a new computer, which will enable scientists with the laboratory to undertake an expanded program in modeling planetary and oceanic circulations. The facility also will augment research on convection and turbulence in the atmosphere, hurricane and climate dynamics, experimental prediction, observational studies, and middle‐atmospheric dynamics and chemistry.

Since 1968, Princeton University and NOAA have had a formal agreement to improve the effectiveness of research at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory by promoting close collaboration between the scientists and engineers associated with the two institutions and with visiting scientists.
AGI Minority Scholorship
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The American Geological Institute will again offer scholarships for geoscience majors (including all disciplines spanned by AGU) who are U.S. citizens and belong to one of the following minority groups: American‐born blacks, American Indians, and Hispanics. (AGU makes one of the largest single contributions to the program, $8000 annually.)

About 50 awards, ranging from $500 to $1250, were granted in 1980–1981. About the same number and the same size grants will be awarded for 1981–1982.
NASA to build chemical release module
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, has contracted for design, development, and manufacture of a self‐contained, free‐flying chemical release module for the first controlled, large‐scale investigations of the dynamic phenomena that occur in the regions outside the earth's atmosphere. The contract calls for delivery of the chemical release module to Marshall Center for a mid‐1983 launch of the space shuttle. The approximate value of the proposed contract is $9.5 million.

For many years it has been theorized that solar winds, solar flares, and other phenomena that originate on the sun, directly affect our atmosphere through a series of dynamic processes in the earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, and upper atmosphere. The difficulty in gathering information on these processes lies in the vastness of the region and the fact that all of this dynamic activity is invisible.
Oceanography section meets
Authors: Mooers Christopher N. K.
Published: October 2011

The ‘first ever’ oceanography section luncheon was held at Captain Johns Harbour Boat Restaurant, Toronto on May 24, 1980. Approximately 100 members were in attendance. Outgoing president Worth Nowlin reviewed some of the activities of the past year, including an increased emphasis on thematic sessions at annual meetings and an increase in AGU fellows elected from the oceanography section. More active involvement of the Section in the affairs of the Union through more (voluntary) service on AGU committees is needed to help the AGU better serve the needs of oceanographers. Those interested in serving should contact incoming president James J. O'Brien, president‐elect Chris Mooers, or secretary Charles Hollister. William Patzert will be oceanography chairman for the 1980 Fall Meeting in San Francisco; recommendations for special sessions should be sent to Bill soon.
High‐risk research at NSF
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

A National Science Foundation (NSF) task group is soliciting comment and opinions about the agency's sponsorship of research proposals that have a high risk of failure.

‘There seems to be a perception in some parts of the scientific community that highly imaginative proposals… which are off the beaten track sometimes have difficulty in obtaining funding because scientific reviewers and agency officials are unduly conservative and tend to play it safe,’ Halsey Royden of Stanford, chairman of the group, said.
Mount St. Helens glow not lava
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

On one of the rare occasions when the summit of Mount St. Helens was not hidden by clouds, U.S. Forest Service observers recently got a look at the cause of a red glow in the volcano's crater. The source was originally thought to be lava—a good sign, since that would have indicated that the heated, pressurized gases had escaped and the volcano was releasing pressure gradually, instead of explosively.

But the glow came instead from a 23‐m crack in the 183‐m dome of crusted lava in the crater, and it appeared to be simply deeper rock that had been exposed by the ‘breadcrust’ effect of the cooling, deforming dome surface. Such cracks are ‘nothing unusual’ and are not necessarily associated with harmonic tremors or earthquakes, U.S. Geological Survey geologist Tim Hait said.
NASA seeking users of data from heat‐mapping satellite
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

A great deal of data, useful in a diverse assortment of geophysical applications, has been gathered by the National Aeronautic and Space Administration's (NASA) Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM), according to Mark Settle, program scientist for nonrenewable resources at NASA.

Studies made with data from the satellite include: discrimination of different types of rocks and soils; monitoring of stress in different species of vegetation; monitoring areal and temporal variations in soil moisture; predicting water runoff from snow fields in response to seasonal changes in weather; monitoring thermal effluents, currents, and eddies in large bodies of water; and measuring the size and radiant thermal energy associated with urban heat islands (see cover photo).
Hale Observatories divide
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

California Institute of Technology and the Carnegie Institution of Washington have announced top level changes in the administration of their observatories. In the past, one director supervised the combined operations of Caltech's Palomar and Big Bear solar observatories and Carnegie's Mount Wilson and Las Campanas (in Chile) observatories. The two institutions have separated administrative functions, and in the future each will have a director for its own facilities. However, the institutions will continue to share research facilities and cooperate in research projects and the day‐to‐day activities of the observatories.
James B. Macelwane Award: Citation and Acceptance of Thomas W. Hill
Authors: Dessler A. J.
Published: October 2011

It is a pleasure to present to Thomas W. Hill, a Macelwane Award for 1980. The pleasure for me is undeniably heightened by the fact that Tom was one of my students. Professors are generally aware that one of the rewards of academic research is being associated with an outstanding student. It allows one to boast without being immodest.
Tundras trigger ice ages?
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

For half a century since Milankovich proposed the idea, climatologists have been intrigued by the possibility that cyclical convergences of variations in the earth's orbit and rotation have brought on ice ages. These variations include the planet's precession, the precession of the equinoxes, and the configuration of earth's orbit about the sun.

But the most sophisticated mathematical models incorporating these changes have not yielded the conditions for ice ages, according to National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) investigator Tzvi Gal‐Chen. This, even though the models include a feedback mechanism that would reproduce cumulative effects. Milankovich suggested that cooler summers in the northern hemisphere would produce less melting of snow and ice in the summer. Because snow and ice reflect sunshine well, their accumulation would lead to more cooling, creating a snowball effect and setting off an ice age.
NASA may participate in foreign missions
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautic and Space Administration's (NASA) sagging planetary exploration effort may get some relief through participation in other nation's space missions. The only planetary mission approved by Congress and underway at this time is the Galileo Jupiter orbiter and probe, and that has been affected by delays in the space shuttle.

NASA planners have discussed, with European and Japanese investigators, three missions of importance to planetary researchers. The European Space Agency's (ESA) ‘Giotto’ mission would pick up the probe portion of NASA's ill‐fated Halley/Tempel II rendezvous and flyby. ESA was originally scheduled to prepare an instrumented probe that would be aimed at the nucleus of Halley's comet from a main spacecraft that would have flown past Halley's, then rendezvoused with Tempel II and flown along with it.
Report from the AGU Spring Meeting: U.S.–Canadian observations on the 1979 solar eclipse
Authors: Berning Warren W.
Published: October 2011

A strong, pulsating particle event was in progress at the time of the solar eclipse. As a consequence, eclipse effects in the middle atmosphere were suppressed or masked by particle effects. The particle flux comprised hard and soft spectral components which exhibited marked temporal and spatial variations. As a consequence, data intercomparisons have been difficult. Ionization by solar X rays and extreme ultraviolet (EUV), which are strongly modulated by a solar eclipse, was much less than the ionization produced by particles at altitudes below 95 km. Above 95 km, ionization by solar EUV became increasingly important, although even at the higher altitudes, precipitating particles were sometimes dominant.
Opinions on nuclear waste sought
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

A National Research Council study committee is seeking the views of individuals, groups, and organizations on the social and economic problems arising from the selection of sites for nuclear dumps.

The Committee on Radioactive Waste Management of the Commission on Natural Resources, in response to a request from the Department of Energy, is conducting a study of issues related to nuclear waste and, in particular, of means by which consideration of such issues can be made part of the process of selecting a site for disposal.
NASA delegation returns from China
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

An aeronautics delegation, headed by Alan Lovelace, NASA deputy administrator has returned to the U.S. after 2 week in China, where it visited Chinese aeronautical research and development facilities. Invited to make the trip by the Chinese aeronautical establishment, the group met with Chinese colleagues and lectured on NASA aeronautical research and development activities.

NASA has invited the Chinese establishment to send a delegation to the United States for a similar visit in September 1980. The Chinese delegation is to visit NASA headquarters, NASA research center's specializing in aeronautics, and other aeronautical research and development facilities in the United States.
Statement on deep seabed mining act
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Richard A. Frank, administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, has issued this statement in conjunction with President Carter's signing of the Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act:

We welcome the new responsibilities assigned to NOAA by the Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act, which was signed into law by President Carter. NOAA intends vigorously to pursue the tasks given us, so that a comprehensive national program can become effective while we await successful conclusion of the Law of the Sea Treaty.
Western Pacific oceanographic projects
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Draft reports from two workshops on ocean science in the western Pacific are now available, and researchers are being sought to participate in recommended projects.

The workshops were sponsored by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of Unesco. One session dealt with marine geology and geophysics of the northwest Pacific, the other with coastal transport of marine pollutants. Both were convened by the IOC Working Group for the Western Pacific (Westpac), March 27–31, in Tokyo.
The Jupiter‐Io session at the 1980 AGU Spring Meeting
Authors: Armstrong Thomas P.
Published: October 2011

This session provided new results from the Voyager investigations of Jupiter and lo as well as several further, more mature studies of the Pioneer 11 magnetic field models. J. K. Alexander reported studies of the Jovian decameter wavelength radio emission from Voyager. The decameter sources at Jupiter seem to be distinct and multiple—both lo‐related and non‐lo‐related. The lo‐related source seems to be active regularly whenever lo passes over a specific Jovian longitude. A diurnal effect was noted for the more sporadic non‐lo‐related emission, which suggested some control of this by the ionosphere.
NASA unveils first shuttle science payload
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The first scientific and applications payload for NASA's new Space Transportation System was unveiled Tuesday, July 22, at Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland.

Details of the seven principal experiments were provided and briefings were held in GudUaid's Clean Ruum. where instruments were installed in the payload that is currently set to fly on Orbital Test Flight 4, scheduled for April 1982.
Changes in solar energy output detected
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Using a new type of measuring device flown in space for the first time, a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) satellite has detected small changes—over periods of days to months—in the brightness of the sun.

Detection of even the slightest change in the amount of light and heat energy emitted by the sun is important because if a trend were to continue for several years, it could produce major alterations in the earth's climate. Measurement of such trends might enable scientists to predict future climate changes.
Exploration objectives for comets, asteroids, and meteorites
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The use of spacecraft to take the first close look at comets and to begin to explore their characteristics is a high‐priority goal for space science and should be attempted in this decade, according to a report by a blue ribbon National Research Council committee. Similar investigation of asteroids should be made during the next decade and a half, said the committee.

The report also suggests that collection of interplanetary dust and intensive study of meteoroids are vital parts of solar system research.
Bell improves phone line video technology
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Bell Laboratories has announced an improved ‘bandwidth compression’ technique that may make it possible for digital‐carrier telephone lines to carry video signals. Because the technique cannot capture motion well, the quality of the picture would not be adequate for commercial television; it should be acceptable, however, for transmitting pictures of conferences, says Bell.

Only coaxial cable or microwave systems carry conventional television signals today because the analog form of transmission requires a bandwidth of about 6 MHz, a width beyond the capacity of telephone lines. However, when the signal is digitized, the 64 million bits per second (monochrome) or 100 million bits per second (color) of information overload the digital transmission system.
NOAA, university announce joint research
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the University of Wisconsin‐Madison (UW) have created the first research institute ever designed to utilize satellite data in probing the weather.

The institute will be called the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS). It is the sixth cooperative institute established by NOAA. The others cover environmental science, atmospheric studies, and oceanography.
Air pollution study in northeast
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Two federal agencies, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), are studying the effects of Northeastern‐produced ozone, or photochemical smog, upon regional air quality.

‘Ozone’ is defined as a by‐product of the chemical reaction that occurs when sunlight strikes the hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides emitted by automobiles, industrial smokestacks, and other sources.
The Marineland experiment: An overview
Authors: Shemdin O. H.
Published: October 2011

The Marineland Experiment was conducted in the Atlantic shelf region offshore of Marineland, Florida, during the month of December 1975. The dual objectives were: (1) to investigate the mechanisms of wave imaging by the synthetic aperture radar and (2) to investigate wave transformations at the western boundary of the Gulf Stream and across the continental shelf to the edge of the surf zone. Three aircraft, two equipped with synthetic aperture radars and one with a real aperture system, participated in the experiment. Three instrumented sites in 10‐m, 20‐m, and 60‐m water depths were incorporated as surface truth. These corresponded to 1 km, 27 km, and 100 km offshore, respectively. This overview captures the mesoscale aspects of the Marineland Experiment and provides a summary of the salient results. For detailed presentations and analyses of the data collected, the reader should refer to the individual papers.
Lageos data to aid Earth scientists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Scientists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center hope that the Laser Geodynamics Satellite (Lageos) will aid tectonophysicists and seismologists in the determination of crustal movements. The first 4 years of analysis of laserranging data from Lageos indicate that the distance between points on the earth's surface can be measured to a precision of about 5 cm. Motions of the major tectonic plates can thereby be recorded. First results of 26 Lageos investigations are expected as early as July 1982.

Lageos resembles a large golf ball, explained David E. Smith, Lageos project scientist at Goddard. The satellite is an aluminum sphere that is 60 cm in diameter and weighs 411 kg. Its brass cylindrical core weighs 175 kg and is 28 cm long and 32 cm in diameter. Laser retroreflectors pock the aluminum sphere's surface. As the satellite orbits the earth, a laser beam, shot from one of a dozen worldwide tracking stations, hits the satellite and is reflected directly back to the originating tracking station. Scientists measure the time the laser beam takes to travel to the satellite and return to the tracking station. With the results from other tracking stations, the relative distance between the stations is calculated. Repeated measurements over time of the relative locations of the stations can be expected to show any tectonic motion, Smith explained. ‘The long‐term accuracy of the better tracking stations is about 2 cm,’ he said.
Hyacinths treat wastewater
Authors: Shore Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

A subsidiary of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation treats 180,000 gallons of wastewater effluent a day with water hyacinths at almost 50 times less the cost of conventional chemical and mechanical methods. Project Hyacinth may have significance for a closed ecosystem aboard a space station.

Coral Ridge Properties, founder and prime developer of the city of Coral Springs, Florida, based their wastewater treatment on research by B. C. Wofverton at NASA's National Space Technology Center in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. The facility has treated all of its raw sewage and toxic chemical waste with hyacinths for over 6 years, Wolverton says. Current experiments investigate conversion of harvested hyacinth plants to natural gas.
Fluid loss during weightlessness
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Eight men between 35 and 50 will participate in a study of weightlessness this month to help NASA find out why space flight causes humans to dehydrate.

The study is being conducted by Joan Vernikes‐Danellis, a pharmacologist with the Biomedical Research Division at NASA's Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California.
NASA to design supercomputer
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

NASA has selected two corporations to do system design studies for its Numerical Aerodynamic Simulator, a specialized supercomputer that will assist in developing and testing new aircraft designs and other flight vehicles and do general research in such fluid flow areas as meteorology, gas dynamics, and computational chemistry. The studies are expected to result in a new data processor which may be 40 times faster than existing supercomputers, with a high‐speed memory 60 times the current generation of supercomputers.

The new computer uses fluid flow equations to continuously calculate three‐dimensional air flows at thousands of points simultaneously. The computer can therefore simulate wind tunnel testing conditions more cheaply than conventional model tests can. Computer simulation will complement wind tunnel tests by reducing the testing required for a new aircraft or flight vehicle design and by producing better designs.
AEG statement on nuclear waste
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Isolation and disposal of high‐level radioactive nuclear wastes can be safely accomplished with deep underground burial in secure geological environments, according to a position statement issued by the Association of Engineering Geologists (AEG). The statement was issued in recognition of the seriousness with which nuclear waste disposal is viewed by the public, says Norman R. Tilford, chairman of AEG's Nuclear Energy Committee.

AEG recommends deep burial in specially excavated spaces in structurally adequate bedrock where groundwater is absent or will not return to the biosphere. The association says that safe burial demands selection of a site where erosion will not expose the waste during its radioactive lifetime and where future societies ‘will most probably never expose the waste inadvertently.’
NSF fellowships
Authors: Shore Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

The National Science Foundation i s now accepting applications for postdoctoral graduate fellowships in the mathematical, physical, biological, engineering, and social sciences, and in the history and philosophy of science. Some of these fellowships are specifically earmarked for minority students.

More than 50 postdoctoral fellowships for full‐time or parttime studies will be awarded in late February 1981. Applicants must be United States citizens who earned their doctoral degree after November 3, 1975, or have research training and experience equivalent to a doctoral degree. The basic stipend for full‐time fellowships is $1150 per month; $575 per month for half‐time. Applications are due November 3, 1980.
New OCS data
Authors: Shore Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Four onshore processing and refining facilities, which are now being planned or a re under construction, will be required to handle new production from outer continental shelf (OCS) oil and natural gas drilling off southern California. The need for new facilities is cited in recent U.S. Geological Survey summary reports on OCS supply and production estimates off the eastern and western coasts.

Two of the four California facilities that will handle new production await permit approval. If approved, a gas treatment plant at Las Flores Canyon in Santa Barbara County will have a 30 million cubic foot per day capacity. Completion is scheduled for early 1982. An oil and gas separation and treatment plant proposed for Mandalay Beach in Ventura County is scheduled to be completed in early 1981. It would process 36,000 barrels of oil and 2 million cubic feet of gas per day.