bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Convenient Synthesis of 4-amino-2-fluoro-N-methyl-benzamide
Authors: Xu Defeng , Xu Xing , Zhu Zhiling
Published: October 2013

A convenient and concise synthesis of 2-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzoic acid was obtained by oxidation of 2-fluoro-4-nitrotoluene with potassium permanganate in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst in 74% yield. N-methyl-2-fluoro-4-nitrobenzamide was then produced via chlorination and amination in 95% yield. Hydrogenation in the presence of Pd/C can afforded 4-amino-2-fluoro-N-methyl-benzamide in 98% yield
Highly efficient Amination in Neat Water of Benzyl Chlorides with Dialkylformamides Catalysed by N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Palladium(II)-1-Methylimidazole Complex
Authors: Chen Wen-Xin , Zhang Cai-Yun , Lu Jian-Mei
Published: October 2013

Dialkylformamides are excellent N-sources in the amination of benzyl chlorides when catalysed by a NHC-Pd(II)-Im complex. In the presence of NaOH and the catalyst, variously substituted benzyl chlorides and five different dialkylformamides reacted smoothly to afford the corresponding N,N-dialkyl-benzylamines in good to almost quantitative yields in eco-friendly solvent water at 50 °C within 3 h.
Ionic Liquid Tributyl (Carboxymethyl) Phosphonium Bromide as an efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of bis(indolyl)Methanes under Solvent-Free Conditions
Authors: Khazaei Ardeshir , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Faal-Rastegar Toktam
Published: October 2013

A simple green synthesis of bis (indolyl)methanes involved the reaction of indole with aldehydes in the presence of a phosphonium salt ionic liquid as the catalyst. The simple experimental procedures, short reaction times, high yields of product, non-toxic catalyst and the absence of solvent are the advantages of this method.
K4[Fe(CN)6] as Non-Toxic Source of Cyanide for the Cyanation of Aryl Halides using Pd-Beta Zeolite as a Heterogeneous Catalyst
Authors: Sajadi S. Mohammad , Maham Mehdi , Mahmoud Sarbast Ahmad
Published: October 2013

A new method for the synthesis of aryl nitriles has been developed by the reaction of aryl halides with K4Fe(CN)6 in the presence of Pd-Beta zeolite as efficient and recyclable catalyst.
Nano Cerium Oxide as a Recyclable Catalyst for the Synthesis of N-Monosubstituted Ureas with the Aid of Acetaldoxime as an effective Water Surrogate
Authors: Sajadi S. Mohammad , Maham Mehdi
Published: October 2013

A new method for the synthesis of N-monosubstituted ureas has been developed by the reaction of cyanamides with acetaldoxime in the presence of nano cerium oxide as an efficient and recyclable catalyst.
Zinc Triflate Catalysed Synthesis of β-Enamino Ketones(Esters) under Solvent-Free Conditions
Authors: Feng Chengliang , Zhang Shuguang , Cai Jin , Chen Junqing , Hu Huayou , Ji Min
Published: October 2013

An efficient and mild procedure is described for the synthesis of a series of β-enamino ketones(esters) from 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and aliphatic and aromatic amines using zinc triflate as the catalyst.
The nBu4NI Catalysed Oxidative Benzoic Acid Amide Formation from Aryl Acetaldehydes and Amines in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Song Ge , Sun Gangchun , Tang Yamin , Mai Wenpeng
Published: October 2013

A metal-free amide synthesis from aryl acetaldehydes and secondary aromatic amines via a carbon degradation process using nBu4NI/TBHP system in aqueous solution is described. This protocol has not been reported previously. Both substrates are cheap and readily available.
A One-Pot Method Synthesis of α-Chloroketone Dimethyl Acetals
Authors: Zhong-shi Zhou , Li Li , Xue-han He
Published: October 2013

A new one-pot method has been developed for the direct preparation of α-chloroketone dimethyl acetals from ketones using ammonium chloride as the source of chlorine and potassium monoperoxysulfate as the oxidant in the presence of trimethyl orthoformate in methanol at room temperature. Ketones which have electron-withdrawing groups on the aryl rings gave the corresponding α-chloroketone dimethyl acetals in moderate to good yields.
An Efficient Three-Component Synthesis of Amino-Substituted Pyrano[3,2-b] Pyranones
Authors: Meng Xiang-Xue , Du Bai-Xiang , Zhao Bo , Li Yu-Ling , Chen Cai-Fa
Published: October 2013

A green, efficient and mild one-pot synthesis of pyrano[3,2- b]pyran derivatives via a three component reaction in the ionic liquid [bmim]BF4 is reported. This method has the advantages of environmental friendliness, operational simplicity, high yields and reuse of the ionic liquid.
Novel, Versatile and Eco-Compatible Preparation of new 6-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-oxo-4-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonitriles in water
Authors: Fatma Shahin , Singh Divya , Mishra Priya , Singh Pravin K. , Ankit Preyas , Singh J.
Published: October 2013

A three-component, one-pot, simple and direct, highly efficient cyclocondensation method has been developed for the synthesis of 11 6-(1 H-indol-3-yl)-2-oxo-4-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonitriles by combining an araldehyde with 3-(cyanoacetyl)-indole and urea in the presence of the cationic surfactant, CTAB and a catalytic amount of thiamine hydrochloride in water. A short reaction time, simple reaction conditions, ease of product isolation, and use of a cheap and readily available reusable catalyst make this method very attractive from an environmental and economic perspective.
Reductive Coupling of Disulfides and Diselenides with Alkyl Halides Catalysed by a Silica-Supported Phosphine Rhodium Complex using Hydrogen as a Reducing Agent
Authors: Zhang Hean , Hu Mangen , Cai Mingzhong
Published: October 2013

The reductive coupling of disulfides and diselenides with alkyl halides was achieved in THF at 65 °C in the presence of 3 mol% of a silica-supported phosphine rhodium complex and triethylamine using hydrogen as a reducing agent, affording a variety of unsymmetrical sulfides and selenides in high yields. The heterogeneous rhodium catalyst can be recovered by a simple filtration and reused several times without significant loss of activity. Reaction with an acyl halide was also observed.
Isoindolone Synthesis via Palladium-Catalysed Intramolecular Amination of Benzylic C–H bonds
Authors: Zhang Ming
Published: October 2013

A new method for the construction of isoindolones is presented in this paper. Four 7-methyl-2-(8-quinolinyl)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-isoindol-1-ones were synthesised from 2,6-dimethyl - N-(8-quinolinyl)benzamides via intramolecular direct amination of benzylic C–H bonds. This approach provides a convenient method affording structurally new isoindolones for medicinal chemistry research.
Chemometric Evaluation of Urinary Steroid Hormone Levels as Potential Biomarkers of Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Plenis Alina , Miękus Natalia , Olędzka Ilona , Bączek Tomasz , Lewczuk Anna , Woźniak Zofia , Koszałka Patrycja , Seroczyńska Barbara , Skokowski Jarosław
Published: October 2013

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are uncommon tumors which can secrete specific hormone products such as peptides, biogenic amines and hormones. So far, the diagnosis of NETs has been difficult because most NET markers are not specific for a given tumor and none of the NET markers can be used to fulfil the criteria of high specificity and high sensitivity for the screening procedure. However, by combining the measurements of different NET markers, they become highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tests. The aim of the work was to identify whether urinary steroid hormones can be identified as potential new biomarkers of NETs, which could be used as prognostic and clinical course monitoring factors. Thus, a rapid and sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method (RP-HPLC) with UV detection has been developed for the determination of cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, testosterone, epitestosterone and progesterone in human urine. The method has been validated for accuracy, precision, selectivity, linearity, recovery and stability. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.5 and 1 ng mL−1 for each steroid hormone, respectively. Linearity was confirmed within a range of 1–300 ng mL−1 with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.9995 for all analytes. The described method was successfully applied for the quantification of six endogenous steroid levels in human urine. Studies were performed on 20 healthy volunteers and 19 patients with NETs. Next, for better understanding of tumor biology in NETs and for checking whether steroid hormones can be used as potential biomarkers of NETs, a chemometric analysis of urinary steroid hormone levels in both data sets was performed.
Loss of Response to Long-Term Infliximab Therapy in Children with Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Gouldthorpe Oliver , Catto-Smith Anthony , Alex George , Simpson Di
Published: October 2013

Secondary loss of response (LoR) often precludes further use of infliximab in children with Crohn’s disease. Immunomodulators may reduce the incidence of LoR but their combination with infliximab presents safety concerns. We aimed to determine the long-term durability of infliximab response in paediatric Crohn’s, effect of immunomodulators on LoR, and secondarily the effect of infliximab on growth. We retrospectively audited patients on maintenance infliximab at a single centre. Data included height and weight, Paediatric Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (PCDAI), and immunomodulator use. 71 children (32% female, mean age 14.4 years) had been commenced on maintenance infliximab before July 2011. 89% had been on immunomodulators concurrently with infliximab. LoR occurred in 20 (28%), with a median time to LoR of 4.31 years. LoR was significantly increased in children who did not enter remission (PCDAI ≤ 10) after induction (p < 0.05). LoR occurred more frequently in the 72% who ceased immunomodulators, but this failed to reach statistical significance (p = 0.300). Height and weight SDS improved significantly on infliximab. Infliximab is a durable long-term therapy for paediatric Crohn’s refractory to conventional therapy. A large-magnitude increase in the rate of loss of response after immunomodulator cessation was not observed.
Real-Time Label-Free Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensing with Gold Nanohole Arrays Fabricated by Nanoimprint Lithography
Authors: Martinez-Perdiguero Josu , Retolaza Aritz , Otaduy Deitze , Juarros Aritz , Merino Santos
Published: October 2013

In this work we present a surface plasmon resonance sensor based on enhanced optical transmission through sub-wavelength nanohole arrays. This technique is extremely sensitive to changes in the refractive index of the surrounding medium which result in a modulation of the transmitted light. The periodic gold nanohole array sensors were fabricated by high-throughput thermal nanoimprint lithography. Square periodic arrays with sub-wavelength hole diameters were obtained and characterized. Using solutions with known refractive index, the array sensitivities were obtained. Finally, protein absorption was monitored in real-time demonstrating the label-free biosensing capabilities of the fabricated devices.
SOLVING THE NONLINEAR DISCRETE TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM BY MINLP OPTIMIZATION
Authors: Klanšek Uroš
Published: October 2013

The Nonlinear Discrete Transportation Problem (NDTP) belongs to the class of the optimization problems that are generally difficult to solve. The selection of a suitable optimization method by which a specific NDTP can be appropriately solved is frequently a critical issue in obtaining valuable results. The aim of this paper is to present the suitability of five different Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) methods, specifically for the exact optimum solution of the NDTP. The evaluated MINLP methods include the extended cutting plane method, the branch and reduce method, the augmented penalty/outer-approximation/equality-relaxation method, the branch and cut method, and the simple branch and bound method. The MINLP methods were tested on a set of NDTPs from the literature. The gained solutions were compared and a correlative evaluation of the considered MINLP methods is shown to demonstrate their suitability for solving the NDTPs.
THE USE OF BAYESIAN NETWORK IN ANALYSIS OF URBAN INTERSECTION CRASHES IN CHINA
Authors: Zhao Jinbao , Deng Wei
Published: October 2013

Traffic fatalities and injuries on urban roads especially at urban intersections constitute a growing problem in China. This study aims at researching urban intersection crashes in China and drawing conclusions by using hierarchical structured data with reference to Bayesian network (BN). On the basis of 3584 recorded crashes collected from the urban intersections of Changshu, China, a BN topological structure is developed to reflect the hierarchical characteristic of crash variables. The parameter learning process is completed with Dirichlet prior distribution. Junction tree engine is used to make inference on crash types at urban intersections with two respective given evidences, i.e. human factor and vehicle type. Parameter learning results suggest the efficacy of BN approach in the prediction accuracy. The average learned probability of illegal driving is 40.83%, which is much higher than other learned probabilities of human factors. The inferred probabilities of frontal collision at urban intersection crashes involving bicycles and electric bikes are 43.16% and 40.44% respectively, which is higher than the probabilities involving small cars and heavy vehicles. However, heavy vehicles have a higher inferred probability in side collision than light vehicles, whose inferred side collision probability is 41.02%. This study has a good potential in traffic safety discipline to reveal the correlation exists in traffic risk factors. By means of BN, researchers can make an intensive study on the hierarchical traffic crash data, determine the key risk factors and then propose corresponding and appropriate improvement measures.
CALIBRATING THE PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENT ON ITALIAN TWO LINE HIGHWAYS: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Luca Mario De , Dell’Acqua Gianluca
Published: October 2013

The Level Of Service (LOS) of a road infrastructure, a concept introduced for the first time in the Highway Capacity Manual (second edition), is defined as the ‘qualitative measure of traffic conditions and their perception by users’. The Highway Capacity Manual, developed in the U.S., is still the most highly internationally credited reference text in the study of vehicular traffic. The method proposed by the Highway Capacity Manual is based mainly on studies and research compiled in the U.S., so in order to apply this method to other realities (e.g. Italy), research needs to be carried out at a local level. In this study, a series of studies were carried out to verify the transferability of these procedures to two roads classified as ‘two-lane highways’. Two fixed RTMS (Remote Traffic Microwave Sensor) were used to record traffic data for two sections located at 3100 km on the SP30 and at 8900 km on the SP175 from 1 January to 31 December 2010. From the data, it was possible to determine not only the relationships between the basic parameters of the traffic flow, but also the (Passenger Car Equivalent) (PCE) values. The results showed that the PCEs analyzed vary significantly with vehicular flow, while they are scarcely affected by changes in speed. In particular, with respect to the vehicular flow, although they have the same range recorded in the Highway Capacity Manual (2010) (between 1 and 2), they tend to be higher than those given in the manual, and the difference tends to diminish beyond a flow rate of 400÷450 pcphpl; the PCE coefficients also tend towards 1 (i.e., the condition where a heavy vehicle is comparable to a car) with range values approaching 1000 pcphpl. In addition, for these values, the traffic-flow diagrams obtained, showed speeds (defined as the critical speed) close to 50÷55 km/h (with the exception of the study conducted on the SP175 in direction d2, which is considerably higher).
La méditation cartésienne de Foucault
Authors: Monod Jean-Claude
Published: October 2013

Foucault a souligné l’importance, pour la philosophie française du xx e  siècle, des Méditations cartésiennes de Husserl, prononcées à la Sorbonne en 1929. Contrairement à Husserl, Foucault n’a pas réactivé le geste cartésien de l’auto-méditation et de la refondation du savoir philosophique sur des bases sûres. Mais il n’a cessé de revenir sur les Méditations métaphysiques de Descartes comme moment décisif pour l’apparition du sujet moderne – d’abord dans la fameuse lecture du « Mais quoi ! ce sont des fous » dans l’ Histoire de la folie. Mais Foucault ne s’en est pas tenu à cette interprétation, discutée par Derrida, qui reliait la construction du sujet rationnel à l’exclusion des fous. On trouve dans L’Herméneutique du sujet une nouvelle approche des Méditations métaphysiques, cette fois démarquée de Heidegger, qui les restitue dans l’histoire des « techniques de soi » et situe la rupture décisive au plan même de la dissociation entre technique spirituelle, accès à la connaissance et transformation éthique de soi. Cet article suit ainsi « la méditation cartésienne de Foucault » en mettant en lumière le constant débat sous-jacent avec les lectures de Descartes produites par la phénoménologie et la déconstruction de la métaphysique.
« Bizarre, bizarre, vous avez dit bizarre... »
Authors: Dechaud-Ferbus Monique
Published: October 2013

À l’aide d’exemples cliniques, l’auteur émet l’hypothèse que des vécus émotionnels, qui bouleversent le patient, diffusent sur l’analyste, alors amené à utiliser le clivage fonctionnel. C’est ainsi que ce qu’elle appelle un accident psychique permet une meilleure compréhension du fonctionnement psychique du patient. La dépersonnalisation agit comme un traumatisme qui renvoie la psyché aux origines de sa formation et, de ce fait, le travail analytique peut bénéficier parfois d’un aménagement par une médiation perceptivo-sensorimotrice, comme le propose la Psychothérapie psychanalytique corporelle ( ppc ). Les expressions des vécus primitifs pourront retrouver une forme à partir d’un lieu psychique de recouvrement des espaces (topique psychique archaïque).
Devenir ami ou rester étranger avec ce qui vient incidemment à notre rencontre ?
Authors: Villa François
Published: October 2013

L’auteur prend appui sur la rencontre dans le corpus freudien en diverses occurrences de trois notions : die Entfremdung, befreunden et das Entgegenkommen qui ont attiré son attention et qu’il lui semble heuristique de faire jouer ensemble. L’assemblage de ces trois notions lui permet de travailler la notion de dépersonnalisation en éclairant les fins de la psychanalyse. Dans un premier temps, il explicite la signification de ces mots et rappelle quelle est la tradition française pour leur traduction. Ensuite, il fait jouer ces notions entre elles.
Personnification, personnalisation et figurations premières
Authors: Konicheckis Alberto
Published: October 2013

La création d’images de soi s’avère à la fois indispensable et génératrice de différentes formes de dépersonnalisation. L’étude de la pièce Six personnages en quête d’auteur de Pirandello permet de montrer comment vérité et fiction s’entremêlent dans la présentation et la tentative de transformation des drames énigmatiques du monde interne. À travers le processus de personnification, cette pièce permet d’aborder également la question de l’auteur du fantasme qui risque de se diluer dans le pluriel, le virtuel et l’impersonnel, figures que peut emprunter la dépersonnalisation. Un jeu créé par Jérémie, enfant de cinq ans en cure, amène à envisager des figurations sensori-motrices premières, nécessaires au processus de personnification, qui s’intègrent à la personnification, et qui rendent possible l’établissement des liens psyché-soma.
Claude Royet-Journoud et la lisibilité seconde
Authors: Cohen-Halimi Michèle
Published: October 2013

La lisibilité seconde définit ce que la poétique de Claude Royet-Journoud nous apprend de la physiologie de la lecture, ou plutôt, de la puissance de filtrage du vers : une invention d'espace et de mémoire pour les mots dans le livre (s). Cette invention permet une analogie avec ce que Hans Blumenberg, dans La Lisibilité du monde (1981) découvrit à travers l'attention très singulière que Kant portait à l'acte de lire : l'expérience la plus littérale de la pensée.
L'institution comme préalable à une éthique de la technique
Authors: Carron Guillaume
Published: October 2013

Cet article tente tout d'abord de comprendre la difficulté à laquelle est soumise l'élaboration d'une éthique du développement technique. Pour cela, on analyse le concept de technique afin de montrer qu'il incarne aujourd'hui un certain style de rapport au monde reposant sur la confusion de la conscience et de l'expérience. Or cette confusion constitue un obstacle majeur à toute réflexion éthique véritable. On montre alors comment le concept d'« institution », élaboré par Merleau-Ponty dans les années 1950, permet de déjouer les illusions inhérentes au style technique et de poser les fondements d'une pensée éthique à ce sujet.
Automating the TANDEM Design Method in End-User Programming Environments
Authors: Goschnick Steve
Published: October 2013

Mashups are newly envisaged applications, made up from local information sources and processes, Web services and other distributed resources, bound together technically in some way. Interactive Development Environments (IDE) used to build mashups are becoming more accessible to end-user programmers. Design methods that end-users may apply to a given problem addressed by a mashup, are much less prevalent. This paper describes an end-user-friendly design method called TANDEM and demonstrates the use of it in detail, by way of an example: the design of a mashup of services that solves the so-called movie-cinema problem. An implementation of the newly designed movie-cinema app is then built within the DigitalFriend, an end-user programmer IDE. Furthermore, a significant part of the TANDEM design method, is then automated within the development tool itself. This automation removes the most skilled task required by TANDEM of the end-user: the automation of the process of Data Normalization. The automation applies data normalization to the initial model of components and data sources that feed into the mashup. The presentation here relies on some understanding of Data Normalization, so a simple example is presented. After this demonstrated example of the method and the implementation, the paper discusses the applicability of a model achievable by end-users using TANDEM coupled with the automated normalization process built into the IDE, versus, using a top-down model by an experienced information analyst. In conclusion, the TANDEM method combined with the automation as demonstrated, does empower an end-user to a significant degree in achieving a workable mashup or distributed application. And furthermore, the TANDEM method does have broader applicability to designing a broad class of logic programs, complementing the use of collected patterns in logic programs.
Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, Something Blue
Authors: Sun Christine Yunn-Yu
Published: October 2013

This paper explores the construction of identity in online communities and websites for social purposes, and its consequences in terms of how one’s online identity may be utilized to such an extent that one’s real-world identity is either enforced or eroded. It does so by investigating the very nature of Identify, coming predominantly from a cultural studies research and philosophical view, although it also cites some parallel findings in Information Systems (IS) research. In the Section Something Old, the author investigates the concept of identity in the real world, then investigates it in the online world in the Section Something New. Section Something Borrowed examines how an individual positions oneself including who one associates with and why one flags it so to others. And finally this paper looks at some consequences unfolding in our time (in Section: Something Blue), citing several pointed examples for illustration purposes, where values that have been migrated from the real world are amplified via the Internet, causing all sorts of actions and consequences both online and offline. These issues and actions revolve around control and disclosure of ones identity that has consequences upon reputation and trust, and how responsibility needs to be brought forward into how one: positions oneself, manages ones own identity, and acts appropriately in and beyond the Internet. Above all of these, the author concludes, is the responsibility of understanding the nature of identity itself.
Web-Based Service for Collaborative Authoring Learning Using Grid Portal
Authors: Hamid Dayang Hjh. Tiawa Awang Hj. , Alias Norma , Omar Abdul Hafidz Hj. , Islam Md. Rajibul , Saipol Hafizah Farhah Saipan , Palil Siti Qatrunada Muhd , Ghani Asnida Che Abdul , Ramli Nurelya
Published: October 2013

The OER is a comparatively innovative phenomenon which perhaps seen as a part of a bigger movement towards openness in advanced education including more familiar and recognized trends, for example Open Access (OA) and Open Source Software (OSS). This study introduces a web based service for collaborative authoring learning to create, share and explore dynamic contents since many problems occurred while using the current e-learning software such as Moodle and LAMS. This paper proposed the alternative e-learning software technology based on grid portal, grid computing platform and it was implemented in two courses. The conventional web based education may not suitable for collaborative tools and online collaborative authoring environment because of slow operation in searching, uploading, visualizing output, and file sharing. The new web based service offers an efficient authoring infrastructure dealing with online collaborative tools and collaborative authoring environment based on grid portal technology to solve the unequal distribution of task and compensation problem as well as investigates how to improve access and usefulness for the users of such OER. UCLA Grid Portal open source software with parallel computing system has been implemented in order to design the efficient authoring infrastructure and to implement an online graphics, animation, audio and video technology courses. The idea is to show how the environment can offer web assisted education that goes beyond providing digital learning materials. The OER, especially in the collaborative authoring activity environment in parallel computing are designed to provide students with new environment where they can share skills, knowledge, and understanding within the group members as well as to enhance students’ teamwork skills in parallel and distributed processing for high performance computing. Based on the strong foundations, hopefully the users are ready to apply their knowledge, creativity and leadership to fulfill the need of their future career development. As a conclusion, the collaborative authoring learning becomes more effective in terms of performance evaluations analysis.
Development of a drug safety ePlatform for physicians, pharmacists, and consumers based on post-marketing adverse events
Authors: Hoffman Keith B. , Overstreet Brian M. , Doraiswamy P. Murali
Published: October 2013

Rigorous clinical trials under the watchful eye of regulators remain the cornerstone of drug safety. However, the emergence of serious and life-threatening Adverse Events (AEs) across best-selling drug classes [sometimes many years after winning Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval] underscores the limitations of current clinical trial processes and reinforces the need for careful post-approval pharmacovigilance. The FDA’s sizeable repository of patient case reports linking AEs to approved drugs is the Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). We believe that open and user-friendly access to the millions of case reports in FAERS would help advance the field of post-marketing pharmacovigilance. However, FAERS data are virtually inaccessible to most physicians, pharmacists, and consumers. Accordingly, we have recently launched a big data platform (www.AdverseEvents.com) that, unlike previous efforts, provides on-demand, user-friendly, and high-impact access to FAERS data. Bringing the power of big data to regular users, such as clinicians, pharmacists, and patients, is the logical next step in the transformation of health care to a model of shared decision making between consumers and the system.
The Dunnage Melange, Newfoundland, revisited
Authors: Williams H
Published: October 2013

Most of the northeast portion of the Dunnage Melange was remapped in 1993 and relationships examined elsewhere. In the northeast, the Dunnage Melange occupies an overturned anticline, thrust modified along its northwest overturned limb and truncated to the
southeast by the Reach Fault. The variety of blocks within the mélange and proportions of lithologies are different than the kinds of rocks and their proportions in nearby groups. A variety of structures from disrupted greywacke beds to psammites and disaggregated schists all formed in the
mélange. Bedded sections within the mélange contain recycled disaggregated greywacke blocks. The mélange was also the locus of Ordovician intrusions, some with intricate and ambiguous intrusive relations. The regional chaos is largely olistostromal, overprinted by a variety of
tectonic and intrusive effects. These effects are illustrated in superb exposures and their understanding is key to the structural evolution and plate tectonic setting of the Dunnage Melange.
Diverse metavolcanic sequences and late polymictic conglomerate-associated metasedimentary rocks in the Winter Lake supracrustal belt, Slave Province, Northwest Territories
Authors: Hrabi R B , Nelson M D , Helmstaedt H
Published: October 2013

Mafic volcanic sequences in the Winter Lake belt have a wider range in chemical composition than previously recognized, ranging from calc-alkalic to tholeiitic basalts. Trace element geochemistry indicates that some of the volcanic rocks, including pillowed
komatiitic basalts, have been contaminated by crustal material while others do not show such contamination. The differences in the chemical composition, the sequence of volcanic units, and their contact relationships on opposite sides of the belt indicate that the volcanic rocks do not form a simple
stratigraphic sequence.
Polymictic conglomerates and associated sandstones near Sherpa lake post-date the mafic volcanic rocks, are deformed about upright folds, and are preserved in a steeply south-plunging structural basin that is overturned at the south closure. Map-scale þinterfingeringþ of the conglomerate and mafic
volcanic rocks is a fold repetition of these units.
U-Pb geochronology of stranger stones in Neoproterozoic diamictites, Canadian Cordillera: implications for provenance and ages of deposition
Authors: Ross G M , Villeneuve M E
Published: October 2013

Results of U-Pb zircon dating are presented for crystalline clasts (stranger stones) in diamictites from the Rapitan and Misinchinka groups, which represent two glacial intervals during Neoproterozoic Windermere Supergroup sedimentation in the northern and
central Canadian Cordillera. A leucogranite dropstone in the lowermost Sayunei Formation gives an age of 755 ± 18 Ma and provides a maximum depositional age for the Rapitan Group. Gabbro and syenogranite clasts yield nearly concordant ages of 1857 ± 3 Ma and 1860 ± 1Ma, respectively.
The association of ca. 1860 Ma and 755 Ma plutonic rocks suggest an intra-Cordilleran source. Six felsic plutonic and volcanic boulders from the Vreeland Formation (lower Misinchinka Group) yields one discordant age of 1842+16/-14 Ma and the remaining ages in the narrow range of 1865-1862 Ma. The
composition and restricted suite of ages for the Vreeland Formation suggest possible derivation from the Fort Simpson High or (less likely) Great Bear Magmatic Zone.
Leadership style and organisational commitment in the mining industry in Mpumalanga
Authors: McLaggan Ereen , Bezuidenhout Adele , Botha Chris T.
Published: October 2013

Orientation: The mining industry is a notoriously difficult environment in which to achieve positive work outcomes, such as organisational commitment. Therefore it was decided to investigate the association between transformational leadership and organisational commitment at a coal mine in Phola in the Mpumalanga province, a geographical area largely neglected by scientific researchers. Research purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the transformational and transactional leadership styles (as measured by the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire 5X) and organisational commitment (as measured by the Organisational Commitment Questionnaire) in the coal mining industry at a specific site in Phola. Motivation for the study: A need was identified for research to be conducted in the coal mining industry in Mpumalanga on a leadership style that enhances organisational commitment. Committed employees represent valuable human capital that should be retained for as long as possible. Research design, approach and method: A quantitative, cross-sectional survey design with random sampling (n = 88) was used to collect the necessary data. Both instruments showed acceptable internal consistencies. Main findings: Statistically significant relationships were found between two variables: organisational commitment (for the purposes of this article, this refers to affective commitment) and leadership styles (transactional and transformational). Practical/managerial implications: Managers and human resource practitioners will benefit from the knowledge gained by the study. Line managers should practise transformational leadership to improve commitment, engagement and satisfaction among their subordinates. Contribution/value add: The findings of this research add to the body of existing knowledge on transformational leadership and commitment. Valuable insights have been gained on the appropriate leadership style needed to improve commitment in a demanding and under-researched context, namely the coal mining industry in Phola, Mpumalanga.
Elevated Norepinephrine may be a Unifying Etiological Factor in the Abuse of a Broad Range of Substances: Alcohol, Nicotine, Marijuana, Heroin, Cocaine, and Caffeine
Authors: Fitzgerald Paul J.
Published: October 2013

A wide range of commonly abused drugs have effects on the noradrenergic neurotransmitter system, including alterations during acute intoxication and chronic use of these drugs. It is not established, however, that individual differences in noradrenergic signaling, which may be present prior to use of drugs, predispose certain persons to substance abuse. This paper puts forth the novel hypothesis that elevated noradrenergic signaling, which may be raised largely due to genetics but also due to environmental factors, is an etiological factor in the abuse of a wide range of substances, including alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, heroin, cocaine, and caffeine. Data are reviewed for each of these drugs comprising their interaction with norepinephrine during acute intoxication, long-term use, subsequent withdrawal, and stress-induced relapse. In general, the data suggest that these drugs acutely boost noradrenergic signaling, whereas long-term use also affects this neurotransmitter system, possibly suppressing it. During acute withdrawal after chronic drug use, noradrenergic signaling tends to be elevated, consistent with the observation that norepinephrine lowering drugs such as clonidine reduce withdrawal symptoms. Since psychological stress can promote relapse of drug seeking in susceptible individuals and stress produces elevated norepinephrine release, this suggests that these drugs may be suppressing noradrenergic signaling during chronic use or instead elevating it only in reward circuits of the brain. If elevated noradrenergic signaling is an etiological factor in the abuse of a broad range of substances, then chronic use of pharmacological agents that reduce noradrenergic signaling, such as clonidine, guanfacine, lofexidine, propranolol, or prazosin, may help prevent or treat drug abuse in general.
Assessment of Fetal Central Nervous System
Authors: Pooh KyongHon , Pooh Ritsuko K
Published: October 2013

Transvaginal high-resolution ultrasound and threedimensional (3D) ultrasound has been establishing sonoembryology in the first trimester as well as neurosonography. Fetal brain is rapidly developing and changing its appearance week by week during pregnancy. The most important organ but it is quite hard to observe detailed structure of this organ by conventional transabdominal sonography. It is possible to observe the whole brain structure by magnetic resonance imaging in the post half of pregnancy, but it is difficult in the first half of gestation and transvaginal high-resolution 3D ultrasound is the most powerful modality. As for brain vascularization, main arteries and veins have been demonstrated and evaluated in various CNS conditions.

How to cite this article

Pooh RK, Pooh K. Assessment of Fetal Central Nervous System. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;7(4):369-384.
Functional Test for Fetal Brain: The Role of KANET Test
Authors: Izetbegovic Sebija
Published: October 2013

Defining normal and abnormal fetal neurological function in utero in order to better predict antenatally which fetuses are at risk for adverse neurological outcome has remained a great challenge in perinatal medicine. Fetal behavioral patterns have been considered as indicators of fetal brain development. It has been suggested that the assessment of fetal behavior in different periods of gestation may make possible the distinction between normal and abnormal brain development. Advances in ultrasound technology and particularly the introduction of real time four-dimensional (4D) ultrasonography, allowed direct observation of in utero life and offered a new insight for the assessment of fetal behavior. Fetal behavioral movements, the full range of facial expressions and mobility of fetal upper and lower extremities and fingers can be clearly visualized with 4D ultrasound. A new scoring system for the assessment of fetal neurobehavior based on prenatal assessment of the fetus with 4D sonography has been developed based on the same technique that neonatologists assess newborns during the first days of their postnatal life. This overview focuses on the study of fetal behavior and neurological assessment with 4D ultrasound.

How to cite this article

Antsaklis P, Kurjak A, Izetbegovic S. Functional Test for Fetal Brain: The Role of KANET Test. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;7(4):385-399.
The Value of Color and Power Doppler in the Diagnosis of Ectopic Pregnancy
Authors: Honemeyer Ulrich , Kupesic-Plavsic Sanja , Pour-Mirza Afshin
Published: October 2013

Implantation of the zygote outside the uterine cavity occurs in 2% of all pregnancies. The rate of ectopic pregnancies has increased from 0.5% in 1970 to 2% today. The prevalence of ectopic pregnancy in all women presenting to an emergency department with first-trimester bleeding, lower abdominal pain or a combination of the two is between 6 and 16%. When diagnosis is made early, the product of conception can be removed safely by laparoscopic surgery and be submitted for histological examination. Tubal rupture is a complication of late diagnosed tubal pregnancy which is more difficult to treat conservatively and often indicates tubectomy or segmental resection. In 5 to 15% of treated ectopic pregnancy cases, remnant conception product parts are diagnosed and may require a final methotrexate (MTX) injection. Rare sites of ectopic pregnancy include interstitial, cervical, abdominal and cesarean scar pregnancies. Our manuscript reviews and illustrates the use of novel sonographic methods such as three-dimensional ultrasound, multiplanar view, in combination with color and power Doppler ultrasound, for early detection of ectopic tubal pregnancy and of other, rare locations of ectopic pregnancy.

How to cite this article

Honemeyer U, Alkatout I, Plavsic SK, Pour-Mirza A, Kurjak A. The Value of Color and Power Doppler in the Diagnosis of Ectopic Pregnancy. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;7(4):429-439.
The Genetic Sonogram—Structural Anomalies in the Assessment of Trisomy 21: Case Reports and a Literature Review
Authors: Zalel Yaron
Published: October 2013

The detection of sonographic markers can modify the risk of fetal Down syndrome (DS) and is the basis of the so-called genetic sonogram.

We present herein our experience with five cases found during early anomaly scan. They all share a common pathology- DS, but each has a different sonographic appearance with unique structural abnormalities. The detailed cases are desrcibed along with literature review of the sonographic findings. Using the ‘soft’ markers alone as a basis of deciding to offer amniocentesis will result in more fetal losses than DS detected. Therefore, the use of the genetic sonogram, especially in early pregnancy, based mainly on structural anomalies, will lessen the false-positive DS detection.

How to cite this article

Zalel Y. The Genetic Sonogram— Structural Anomalies in the Assessment of Trisomy 21: Case Reports and a Literature Review. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;7(4):475-480.
Quality Control of Obstetric and Gynecologic Ultrasound in Hungary: Education and Expectations
Authors: Papp Zoltan
Published: October 2013

The result of ultrasound examinations depends heavily on the preparation of the personnel carrying out the examination and the technical capabilities of the equipment they use. Only wellorganized regional or national programs are able to provide high level, cost-effective care based on certification of quality. Such certification must include the training of professionals, the definition of competence levels, accreditation of laboratories and the establishment of professional protocols. The ultrasound examinations in Hungary are performed by obstetricians under the recommendation of the Hungarian Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology and there are well defined levels and protocols of attendance. The different levels of attendance require proficiency at different levels and this requires regular training which is assured by the Society and gives a concern for all doctors and sonographers who perform ultrasound examinations and for all patients who receive them. The well organized quality assurance in obstetric and gynecologic ultrasound examinations is an essential dimension of high quality obstetric and gynecologic medical attendance.

How to cite this article

Belics Z, Papp Z. Quality Control of Obstetric and Gynecologic Ultrasound in Hungary: Education and Expectations. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;7(4):492-495.
Ultrasound vs Magnetic Resonance in the Assessment of CNS Anomalies
Authors: Crnogorac Snezana , Jurišić Aleksandar , Grdinić Aleksandar
Published: October 2013

Central nervous system (CNS) malformations are some of the most comon congenital abnormalities. Long-term follow-up studies suggest that the incidence may be as high as 1 in 100 births. Imaging technologies have been remarkably improved and contributed to prenatal evaluation of fetal CNS development and assessment of CNS abnormalities. The routine examination of the fetal brain can be achieved with axial planes by conventional transabdominal ultrasonography. In order to provide a complete view of the different brain structures a detailed fetal neurosonogram requires additional coronal and sagittal views. Three-dimensional (3D) sonography should be performed transvaginally using the multiplanar approach. Transvaginal high-resolution 3D ultrasound can demonstrate cerebral fine vascular anatomy such as medullary vessels, intracranial calcification, vascular abnormalities. Parallel slicing provides a tomographic visualization of internal morphology similar to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fetal MRI appears to be a useful adjunct to ultrasound to confirm or exclude certain abnormalities. MRI is a valuable complementary tool to detailed neurosonography which allows an evaluation of the normal brain maturation from the second trimester. It also offers a higher diagnostic performance for some congenital abnormalities such as cortical development or posterior fossa assessment.

How to cite this article

Crnogorac S, JuriÓiƒ A, Grdiniƒ A. Ultrasound vs Magnetic Resonance in the Assessment of CNS Anomalies. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;7(4):496-499.
Chemical mass balance of refractory particles (T=300 °C) at the tropospheric research site Melpitz, Germany
Authors: Poulain L. , Birmili W. , Canonaco F. , Crippa M. , Wu Z. J. , Nordmann S. , Spindler G. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Wiedensohler A. , Herrmann H.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. In the fine particle mode (aerodynamic diameter <1 μm) refractory material has been associated with black carbon (BC) and low-volatile organics and, to a lesser extent, with sea salt and mineral dust. This work analyses refractory particles at the tropospheric research station Melpitz (Germany), combining experimental methods such as a mobility particle size spectrometer (3–800 nm), a thermodenuder operating at 300 °C, a multi-angle absorption photometer (MAAP), and an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). The data were collected during two atmospheric field experiments in May/June 2008 as well as February/March 2009. As a basic result, we detected average refractory particle volume fractions of 11±3% (2008) and 17±8% (2009). In both periods, BC was in close linear correlation with the refractory fraction, but not sufficient to quantitatively explain the refractory particle mass concentration. Based on the assumption that BC is not altered by the heating process, the refractory particle mass fraction could be explained by the sum of black carbon BC (47% in summer, 59% in winter) and a refractory organic contribution estimated as part of the Low-Volatility Oxygenated Organic Aerosol (LV-OOA) (53% in summer, 41% in winter); the latter was identified from AMS data by factor analysis. Our results suggest that organics were more volatile in summer (May–June 2008) than in winter (February/March 2009). Although carbonaceous compounds dominated the sub-μm refractory particle mass fraction most of the time, a cross-sensitivity to partially volatile aerosol particles of maritime origin could be seen. These marine particles could be distinguished, however, from the carbonaceous particles by a characteristic particle volume size distribution. The paper discusses the uncertainty of the volatility measurements and outlines the possible merits of volatility analysis as part of continuous atmospheric aerosol measurements.
Pringle v. Ireland (E.C.J.)
Authors: Power Susan
Published: October 2013

On November 27, 2012, the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) issued a landmark decision on the question of the compatibility of the European Stability Mechanism Treaty with European Union law. The Court ruled on the following issues related to the permanent bailout fund: the validity of Decision 2011/199/EU adopted by the European Council to amend Article 136 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TEFU) in accordance with the simplified revision procedures; whether the European Council exceeded its competence by using the simplified revision procedure under Article 48(6) of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) to establish the stability mechanism in violation of the treaties; the compatibility of the Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) with the treaties founding the European Union; and whether Decision 2011/199/EU encroached on the competence of the Union to coordinate economic and monetary policies of the Member States.
Chafin v. Chafin (U.S. Sup. Ct.)
Authors: Loken Keith
Published: October 2013

Only three years after Abbott v. Abbott, the first case in which the U.S. Supreme Court had taken up interpretation of the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (Convention), the Court again considered the Convention in Chafin v. Chafin.