bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robert Southey, Lord Macaulay and the Standard of Living Controversy
Authors: Speck W. A.
Published: March 2003

The early nineteenth century witnessed gladiatorial contests in print between the contributors to the conservative Quarterly Review and the radical Edinburgh Review. Among the chief protagonists of the two papers were Robert Southey, leading contributor to the Quarterly from its launch in 1809 until 1839, and Thomas Babington Macaulay, whose first contribution to the Edinburgh, on ‘Milton’, appeared in August 1825, after which he became a mainstay of the periodical. Their ‘reviews’ were long essays of 10,000 or more words, in which the works purportedly being reviewed were mere pegs on which to hang their own observations. They were generally scathing about publications which took an ideological stance opposite to their own, and sympathetic to those which adopted a similar position to that which they held. Though they frequently made barbed references to each other in their reviews, Southey never reviewed a work by Macaulay, who only once criticized one by his rival. Nevertheless, that particular occasion, in January 1830, was a classic clash of Titans. It demonstrated their fundamental disagreement over the prospects facing society from the initial impact of the industrial revolution.
Knowledge and Language: History, the Humanities, the Sciences
Authors: Marwick Arthur
Published: March 2003

Knowledge is not, as Marxisant post‐modernists insist, mere ideology or expression of bourgeois power. The high standards enjoyed in the developed countries are fundamentally due to the expansion in human knowledge over the centuries. Decent living conditions, freedom and empowerment for the deprived millions everywhere depend upon the continuing expansion, and, above all, diffusion of knowledge. History is but one domain of knowledge among many, with its own autonomous methods and principles; though very different in detail, these are in spirit similar to those governing the natural sciences. There is a fundamental distinction between the domains of knowledge and the creative arts. ‘Language’ has a number of significations. In the most fundamental one, it is a human faculty which enables us to communicate, but which raises many problems for historians; none the less language does not control us: we can control language. Usages in foreign languages can often be revealing, while scientists have to master a special language, mathematics. Historians should be aware of other disciplines, and ready to borrow from them. There are many fascinating interdisciplinary problems to which historians can contribute, but these do not call for abstruse cultural theory; what they do call for is an extra‐cool application of historical methodology. A case in point is that of the possible relationship between total war and the arts. Does total war affect artistic language or just content and philosophy?
Allegiance and Illusion: Queen Victoria’s Irish Visit of 1849
Authors: Loughlin James
Published: March 2003

This article examines Queen Victoria’s first visit to Ireland in 1849. Taking place in the wake of the Great Famine, the occasion was, nevertheless, a great popular success and raised enduring expectations about inculcating loyalty to the Union among Irish Catholics. Through empirical analysis informed by insights drawn from studies of the social function of public ritual, this article will attempt to assess the visit’s significance, especially the extent to which it evidenced authentic loyalty, and whether it deserved to be regarded as the potential harbinger of a loyal and Unionist Ireland.
The Rise of Labour and the Political Culture of Conservatism, 1890–1945
Authors: Pugh Martin
Published: March 2003

Growing dissatisfaction among scholars over a class–based approach to electoral change has exacerbated the problem of finding explanations for the rise of the Labour Party in Britain. This article is intended to open the way to a more satisfying overall treatment by altering the perspective on the subject. It argues for the necessity of taking full account, not simply of the Liberal and socialist traditions in the Labour movement, but of Labour’s capacity to adapt to the Conservative tradition at the level of ideas and electoral strategy.
Nothing But History?
Authors: Fay Brian
Published: March 2003

Roberts, David, Nothing but History: Reconstruction and Extremity after Metaphysics
History Speaking
Authors: Ermarth Elizabeth Deeds
Published: March 2003

Newman, Robert (ed.), Centuries' Ends, Narrative Means
Reflections on War and Peace
Authors: Von Laue Theodore H.
Published: March 2003

Suganami, Hidemi, On the Causes of War

Kagan, Donald, On the Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace
The Marriage of Marx and Darwin?
Authors: Dawson Doyne
Published: March 2003

Recent attempts to develop scientific research strategies for cultural evolution have mostly drawn upon evolutionary biology, but within anthropology there is also an influential tradition of non‐biological evolutionary thought whose basic principle is adaptation to the environment. This article is mainly concerned with the “cultural materialist” school of Marvin Harris, but also treats the recent attempt of Jared Diamond to create a more radical model of evolutionary ecology. I argue that the ecological tradition does not represent a real alternative to neo‐Darwinism and is in fact a pseudo‐Darwinist theory. I also suggest that the bias in favor of materialistic explanation in cultural evolution may not be justified.
From Historicism to Postmodernism: Historiography in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Evans Richard J.
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Georg G. Iggers, Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge
A History of the Future
Authors: Staley David J.
Published: March 2003

Does history have to be only about the past? “History” refers to both a subject matter and a thought process. That thought process involves raising questions, marshalling evidence, discerning patterns in the evidence, writing narratives, and critiquing the narratives written by others. Whatever subject matter they study, all historians employ the thought process of historical thinking.

What if historians were to extend the process of historical thinking into the subject matter domain of the future? Historians would breach one of our profession’s most rigid disciplinary barriers. Very few historians venture predictions about the future, and those who do are viewed with skepticism by the profession at large. On methodological grounds, most historians reject as either impractical, quixotic, hubristic, or dangerous any effort to examine the past as a way to make predictions about the future.

However, where at one time thinking about the future did mean making a scientifically–based prediction, futurists today are just as likely to think in terms of scenarios. Where a prediction is a definitive statement about what will be, scenarios are heuristic narratives that explore alternative plausibilities of what might be. Scenario writers, like historians, understand that surprise, contingency, and deviations from the trend line are the rule, not the exception; among scenario writers, context matters. The thought process of the scenario method shares many features with historical thinking. With only minimal intellectual adjustment, then, most professionally trained historians possess the necessary skills to write methodologically rigorous “histories of the future.”
Television Licence Evasion and the Criminalisation of Female Poverty
Authors: Pantazis Christina , Gordon David
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to identify and address important gaps in criminology regarding the extent and nature of female criminality. A neglected area of academic interest is investigated, namely, offences relating to television licence evasion. The focus is on the growth, over the 1980s and 1990s, in the disproportionate number of women entering the criminal justice system for possessing a television without a licence. Thus, by 1994, 57% of all female criminal convictions related to television licence evasion. A number of factors are reviewed, however, the combination of the growth in poverty over the 1980s and 1990s, women’s domestic routines, and the long‐term increase in female‐headed households seem to be the most plausible. Various solutions aimed at easing the licence fee burden on poor households are discussed.
Criminal Justice and Violent Young Offenders
Authors: Boswell Gwyneth R.
Published: March 2003

Young people between the ages of ten and 17 inclusive who commit grave crimes are invariably sentenced to be detained under Section 53 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933. Subsection (1) provides that such children convicted of murder be detained during Her Majesty's Pleasure for an indeterminate period. The two ten‐year‐old boys convicted of killing James Bulger in 1993 come into this category. Subsection (2) of the 1933 Act provides that such children convicted of other serious crimes, usually involving actual or intended violence, which would attract a sentence of imprisonment of 14 years or more in the case of an adult, be detained for indeterminate periods in excess of the normal custodial limit for that age group. Common examples of this are those sentenced for rape, arson and robbery and those, such as Mary Bell in 1968 who, having been convicted of manslaughter, may be detained for a discretionary life period. This paper draws upon the findings of two research studies (Boswell 1991, 1995) to examine some of the characteristics of this small but singular group of young offenders, notably the population breakdown and the prevalence of background abuse and loss. Reference will be made to the exercise of professional discretion in the sentencing and custodial progressions to which this group is subject. Finally, some pointers for more just, humane and effective practice in this field will be identified.
Selective Incapacitation After the Criminal Justice Act 1991: A Proportional Response to Protecting the Public?
Authors: Dingwall Gavin
Published: March 2003

This article considers how the Court of Appeal has interpreted the provisions in the Criminal Justice Act 1991 which allow for the selective incapacitation of violent or sexual offenders in order to protect the public. It is argued that the Court of Appeal has been reluctant to use these provisions and, when they have been employed, the Court has introduced notions of proportionality in calculating the length of the sentence which would appear to undermine the government's policy in this area. The Court of Appeal's stance, however, recognises both the empirical and moral problems inherent in a policy of selective incapacitation and the failings of the ‘extended sentence’ which was abolished by the 1991 Act.
De‐institutionalisation, Psychiatric Treatment and Mentally Disordered Offenders in Italy: Some Critical Considerations
Authors: Solivetti Luigi Maria
Published: March 2003

The control of mental illness has undergone a drastic change over the last decades, as a consequence of new theoretical approaches. The result has been a process of de‐institutionalisation of psychiatric services in all the Western countries. This change has been often extolled, but its dynamics present aspects that still remain obscure; and some studies have suggested that de‐institutionalisation may produce unforeseen negative side effects, particularly as regards mentally disordered offenders. The case of Italy is of particular importance, since it underwent the most radical change in this field in the Western world. This article analyses what happened at the social and legislative level, as well as the qualitative and quantitative consequences. It is also shown that the intervention on mentally disordered offenders underwent much less remarkable changes than those regarding psychiatric subjects in general; and that – while the number of patients treated by the psychiatric institutions fell – the criminal courts and the prison system treated an increasing number of psychiatric subjects. Lastly, some critical considerations about the theoretical concepts underlying the de‐institutionalisation policy are presented.
‘Knowledge Without Acknowledgement’ Violent Women, the Prison and the Cottage
Authors: Shaw Margaret
Published: March 2003

The ‘re‐discovery’of violent women in Canada has resulted in changes to the new and innovative policies for women' federal prisons. The cottage‐prison is no longer seen as appropriate for all ‘difficult’ and violent women. This article examines the events which led to those changes, and the failure of the prison system to acknowledge its own accountability in those events. The focus on violent women has obscured the role of the prison in the generation of conflict, and in the second part of the article some of that evidence is considered as well as the continuing need to consider the specific factors which differentiate women's experiences and prisons from those of men.
Parenting in the Youth Justice Context
Authors: Henricson Clem , Coleman John , Roker Debi
Published: March 2003

The introduction of a parenting order is one of a range of new initiatives contained in the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. Recognising the need for a review of research and practice in this field, the Youth Justice Board commissioned a study in early 1999 to identify key criteria for success in parenting education and support in the youth justice context. The present article summarises the conclusions of that report, outlining major research findings and pointing up areas where further work is needed. The parenting order is the subject of debate in parenting and criminal justice circles, with some practitioners considering its hybrid nature, combining compulsion with a supportive approach, as inappropriate. Others emphasise its positive effect in enhancing interest in parent support services. Whilst it is still too early to be clear about the impact of the parenting order, there is no doubt that its introduction has already led to the development of many new projects aimed at supporting parents of adolescent offenders. This article highlights the challenges posed by this exciting and controversial new area of work in the youth justice field.
Decolonising Restoration and Justice: Restoration in Transitional Cultures
Authors: Findlay Mark
Published: March 2003

This article is a strategy for the comparative analysis of justice in various contesting forms. To identify useful levels of the comparative project, the colonising potential of restorative justice is examined. In this context the influence of formalised justice mechanisms over the less formal is explored, with examples in transitional cultures in the South Pacific discussed. Local and global potentials (and dilemmas) are identified for analysis. The integration of justice forms, both in terms of structure and ideology, is argued for. Notions of collaborative rather than restorative justice are advanced, in order that the intersection between state‐sponsored and customary justice forms is best appreciated.
Sanctions and Severity: To the Demise of Von Hirsch and Wasik's Sanction Hierarchy
Authors: Lovegrove Austin
Published: March 2003

The sanction hierarchy as a device for promoting proportionality is an idea entrenched in English sentencing. It is founded on the work of Von Hirsch and Wasik. This article challenges their view. There are three aspects of severity: punitive, correctional and functional severity. The first concerns proportionality between offence seriousness and sanction severity and raises the problem of scaling the quantum of punishment. The sanction hierarchy is not suited to this and, indeed, may have facilitated disproportionate sentencing. Rather, what is required is the concept of the exchange rate. Scaling in regard to the second and third aspects aims to ensure that the proportionate punishment is by way of the most humane and correctionally efficacious sanction and meets, where relevant, subsidiary functions of sentencing such as denunciation. Scaling here is about the type of sanction. For this the sanction hierarchy is suited, but these two aspects of severity are ignored by Von Hirsch and Wasik. The second task of this article is to propose a structure for scaling sanction severity and providing for individualisation of sentence with respect to the offence and offender within a desert framework. This builds on the previous ideas of Morris and Tonry.
Amending Youth Justice Policy in Canada: Discourse, Mediation and Ambiguity
Authors: Campbell Kathryn , Dufresne Martin , Maclure Richard
Published: March 2003

In postmodern democratic societies, mediation of diverse discourses on critical social issues has become an essential means by which states legitimate social policy formulation. Yet because discourse can serve as an instrument of both power and resistance, mediation is a process that often entails language that is ambivalent and simplified. In Canada, since the mid‐1980s successive federal governments have attempted to mediate debate concerning amendments to the Young Offenders Act through a series of parliamentary hearings. Analysis of the transcripts of hearings that were held immediately prior to Bill C‐37, the last set of legislative amendments to the Act which were enacted in 1995, has revealed the prominence of the language of rationalisation, polarisation and over‐simplification. As such, the hearings and subsequent passage of the amendments did little to reduce the ambiguity and contradictions of Canada?s youth justice policy.
Aids Behind Bars: Prisoners' Rights Guillotined
Authors: Valette Delphine
Published: March 2003

A man is condemned to jail for a crime. End of the Story. Who cares about what is going on behind bars? That is the reality of the society in which we live. In the mind of the public, an individual sent to prison seems to lose identity and life. Too often one forgets that there is a life behind bars, a new life in another community with different rules, with spatial limits, and that according to individual human rights standards, a prisoner does not cease to be an individual entitled to be treated humanely and with dignity as each human being is. In the UK, the coming into force of the Human Rights Act 1998 is expected to make some considerable difference to the treatment of prisoners. It is questioned whether it will go sufficiently far, especially by reference to some of the limitations of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The object of this article is to examine, in the light of international experiences, how the ECHR may be used to secure prisoners' rights in the context of AIDS.
The Victimisation of Probationers
Authors: Farrall Stephen , Maltby Sarah
Published: March 2003

Starting with a review of the current theoretical approaches to victimisation, this article seeks to explore in greater detail an important absence in current victimological theorising – namely the intersection between offending and victimisation. Using data from a national (UK) sample and data from a recently completed study of the offending and victimisation of probationers, the article illuminates the extent to which probationers are victimised and illustrates some of the processes by which people become both victims and offenders. In the closing sections of the article, the authors return to a discussion of the victimological literature and urge researchers working in this field to pay more attention to the victim–offender overlap.
Product Market Volatility and the Adjustment of Earnings to Risk
Authors: Magnani Elisabetta
Published: March 2003

This investigation of compensating wage differentials uses an instrument for the risk of unemployment, namely, the industry‐specific shipment volatility, to address some empirical anomalies found in the literature. I find that risk premiums for the risk of unemployment range from 8.5 to 19 percent when the covariance between shipment volatility and total manufacturing employment is taken into account. Covariance risk requires positive premiums that range from 1.4 to 14 percent depending on the specification.
On the Efficiency of Decentralized Exchange with Resale Possibilities
Authors: Groes Ebbe , Tranæs Torben
Published: March 2003

This paper studies decentralized exchange by bilateral matching and bargaining when resale is possible. Decentralized exchange involves the risk that goods and services may be allocated inefficiently; if low‐valuation buyers consume while high‐valuation buyers do not, then social welfare is reduced. If resale is possible and transaction costs are negligible, we would nevertheless expect an efficient allocation to result from decentralized exchange. This paper suggests that this depends on the nature of the commodity; while the allocation of a durable good will be efficient, the allocation of a “consumable” good need not.
Strategic Trade Policy Under Incomplete Information
Authors: Maggi Giovanni
Published: March 2003

This paper examines equilibrium trade policies when firms have better information than governments about the profitability of the industry. Contrary to the intuition that the policymakers' lack of information should reduce their incentives to engage in strategic trade intervention, the analysis suggests that information asymmetries may increase trade policy distortions in equilibrium and ultimately worsen the “prisoner's dilemma” between governments.
The R&D Incentives of Industry Leaders
Authors: Segerstrom Paul S. , Zolnierek James M.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a model to explain why industry leader firms often devote substantial resources to R&D activities and explores the welfare implications of this investment. The key new assumption is that industry leaders can improve their own products more easily than can other firms. When industry leaders have R&D cost advantages, it is optimal for the government to subsidize the R&D expenditures of all firms, subsidize the production expenditures of industry leaders, and tax the profits of new industry leaders. Without government intervention, market forces generate too much creative destruction.
Bilateral Search and Vertical Heterogeneity
Authors: Eeckhout Jan
Published: March 2003

Just like perfect (frictionless) matching models, a search model is proposed that is characterized by bilateral search and vertical heterogeneity. It allows for a generally specified utility function. The equilibrium allocation is unique and exists in iterated strict dominance. The model is robust with the perfect matching model as frictions disappear. Nonetheless, the equilibrium allocations are surprisingly odd. For multiplicatively separable preferences, the distributions are partitioned endogenously. And for a wide range of preferences, matching sets are naturally disconnected.
Estimating a Dynamic Model of Household Choices in the Presence of Income Taxation
Authors: Sieg Holger
Published: March 2003

The purpose of the article is to study the incentive and distributional consequences of income taxation. The article analyzes tax changes in a dynamic setting. The framework is estimated under a set of different identifying assumptions using parametric, nonparametric, and semiparametric techniques. The empirical results focus on tax reforms in Germany in the 1980s. The article shows that these reforms did not significantly lower effective tax rates. The findings also suggest that estimated elasticities for male labor supply are small, ranging between 0.02 and 0.2.
Natural Oligopolies: A Vertical Differentiation Model
Authors: Lahmandi‐Ayed Rim
Published: March 2003

This article contains a more complete characterization of conditions under which vertically differentiated markets are or are not natural oligopolies than has been found previously in the literature. Specifically, previous results on markets in which firms have cost functions with constant returns are incomplete; these results are expanded. Moreover, results are provided for markets with firms having increasing or decreasing marginal cost functions.
Efficient Estimation of Additive Partially Linear Models
Authors: Li Qi
Published: March 2003

I consider the problem of estimating an additive partially linear model using general series estimation methods with polynomial and splines as two leading cases. I show that the finite‐dimensional parameter is identified under weak conditions. I establish the root‐n‐normality result for the finite‐dimensional parameter in the linear part of the model and show that it is asymptotically more efficient than a semiparametric estimator that ignores the additive structure. When the error is conditional homoskedastic, my finite‐dimensional parameter estimator reaches the semiparametric efficiency bound. Efficient estimation when the error is conditional heteroskedastic is also discussed.
Spectral Welfare Cost Functions
Authors: Otrok Christopher
Published: March 2003

If preferences are not time‐separable, economic agents care not only about the magnitude of fluctuations in consumption but also about the persistence and other temporal characteristics of those fluctuations. This paper extends and develops the theory of spectral utility functions, which measure utility frequency by frequency, to illustrate the interaction between consumption volatility and time‐non‐separable preferences. To highlight the economic implications of the interaction, spectral welfare cost functions are developed to provide a quantitative measure of the importance to economic agents of the temporal delivery of consumption volatility.
Capital Controls: Theory, Evidence and Policy Advice
Authors: Evenett Simon J.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Edwards, Sebastian, ed., (2000), Capital Flows and The Emerging Economies

Haggard, Stephan (2000), The Political Economy of the Asian Financial Crisis

Schulze, Günter G. (2000), The Political Economy of Capital Controls
Central Bank Accountability and Transparency: Theory and Some Evidence
Authors: Eijffinger Sylvester C. W. , Hoeberichts Marco
Published: March 2003

The first part of this paper outlines the concept of democratic accountability of central banks, and compares the legal accountability of the European Central Bank (ECB) with some other central banks (Bank of Canada, Bank of Japan, Bank of England and the Federal Reserve System). The second part presents a theory of central bank accountability. Two aspects of accountability are considered: transparency of actual monetary policy and the question of who bears final responsibility for monetary policy. The paper shows that accountability through transparency leads to a lower expected rate of inflation and less stabilization of supply shocks. Accountability through shifting final responsibility in the direction of the government leads to higher inflationary expectations and more stabilization of supply shocks.
Monetary Policy in the New Neoclassical Synthesis: A Primer
Authors: Goodfriend Marvin
Published: March 2003

This primer provides an understanding of the mechanics and objectives of monetary policy using a benchmark new neoclassical synthesis (NNS) macromodel. The NNS model incorporates classical features such as a real business cycle (RBC) core and Keynesian features such as monopolistically competitive firms and costly price adjustment. Price stability maximizes welfare in the benchmark NNS model because it keeps output at its potential, defined as the outcome of an imperfectly competitive RBC model with a constant mark–up of price over marginal cost.
An International Comparison of Personality Differences between Hospitality and Other Service Sector Managers
Authors: Stone Graham J. , Ineson Elizabeth M.
Published: March 2003

This paper seeks to examine the hypothesis that reliable and valid personality instruments could have international applicability. Utilising data from 327 practising managers drawn from service industries in the United Kingdom, Hungary and the Czech Republic, the research offers a basis for discriminating between the profiles of hospitality and other service sector managers employing stepwise discriminant function analysis, F‐tests and classification ratios. The findings, based on a subsequent ANOVA, suggest that these personality profiles extend across the three countries under study. Also, the research provides a methodological approach for consideration in future meta‐analytical studies of the processes of management development.
Using 360 Degree Feedback Instruments up, down and around the world: Implications for global implementation and use of Multi‐Rater Feedback
Authors: Rowson Anne‐Marie
Published: March 2003

This report highlights some of the challenges faced when using multi‐rater feedback around the world. It is based on the observations of coaches who have worked with a variety of managers from different cultures using a 360 degree feedback instrument — the PROFILOR®. Reference is made to some of the research on cultural differences in order to clarify, or otherwise, some of the issues raised.
The Sensitivity of the CPI Good Impression Scale for Detecting ‘Faking Good’ among Norwegian Students and Job Applicants
Authors: Sandal Gro M. , Endresen Inger M.
Published: March 2003

This study assessed the sensitivity of the California Psychological Inventory's Good Impression scale in the detection of ‘faking good’ in Norway. The original development of the scale was replicated using Norwegian students (N = 248). Paired sample T‐tests revealed significant differences for 31 of the 40 items when scores from normal test conditions were contrasted with scores obtained under `fake good' instructions. Further, job applicants (N = 494) scored significantly higher on the Good Impression scale than students. Comparisons of mean scale scores between Norwegian and US student samples suggested that the Norwegian students displayed a more modest self‐presentation. The Commonality Scale of the CPI was employed to investigate differences in scale usage between these two cultures. The analyses suggested that the differences in the Good Impression scale observed between these two cultures could not be explained by differences in acquiescence tendencies. Results suggest that the Good Impression scale is able to capture response distortion in Norwegian personnel selection situations, but modification of some items is needed.
Christian democracy, social democracy and the paradoxes of earnings‐related social security
Authors: De Deken Johan Jeroen
Published: March 2003

This article compares the retirement policies of Belgium and Sweden in order to reveal the different incentive structures built into the pensions systems prevailing in countries that are taken to represent different approaches to welfare capitalism. It addresses the question of why in a Christian Democratic welfare state that is said to grant pensions rights on the basis of merit and past work performance one can find extremely low labour‐force participation rates among elderly workers, while in a Social Democratic welfare state that is supposed to grant pension rights relatively independent of past labour‐market performance, one can find quite high participation rates amongst that section of the labour force. This apparent paradox is explained in terms of the different purposes of the early‐retirement schemes in the two countries: in Belgium they were primarily part of a strategy to combat (youth) unemployment, in Sweden they had more to do with reforms that sought to accomplish a ‘humanisation of work’ by softening the abrupt transition from work into retirement.
Drug wars down under: the ill‐fated struggle for safe injecting facilities in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Mendes Philip
Published: March 2003

This article analyses the recent debate over the proposed introduction of safe injecting facilities (SIFs) for heroin users in the State of Victoria. It is argued that this debate strongly reflected the increasing globalisation of national social policy debates. Both supporters and opponents of SIFs drew constant attention to the alleged success or failure of existing SIFs in Europe. In addition, the debate saw the direct intervention of international and global agencies including the International Narcotics Control Board, the American Office of National Drug Policy and the Vatican. Some conclusions are also drawn about the reasons for the failure of the SIF campaign, including the conservatism of the opposition Liberal Party, the influence of the tabloid media and the use of ambiguous terminology.
Developing a typology of the ‘duty to work’, as experienced by lay persons with musculoskeletal disorders
Authors: Östlund Gunnel , Cedersund Elisabeth , Hensing Gunnel
Published: March 2003

Musculoskeletal diagnoses account for the majority of cases of reduced work capacity. This article investigates lay persons’ strategies in relation to work and musculoskeletal disorders. Twenty interviews were conducted and analysed using grounded theory. A typology of self‐presentations was developed. The interviewees’ self‐presentations revealed a strong sense of a ‘duty to work’. This sense of duty took four different forms, leading us to categorise persons expressing particular forms as workaholics, work manics, workhorses or relaxed workers. Relaxed workers seem to have the best prognosis for recovery as they had a confident self‐agency and worked to fulfil their own needs rather than those of others. This was in contrast to work manics, with an uncertain self‐agency and driven to work by others’ needs. In conclusion, awareness of such linguistic forms as self‐attributions and idiomatic phrases provides an opportunity to identify and talk about individual’s self‐agency and driving forces in the recovery process.
Pictures and silences: memories of sexual abuse of disabled people
Authors: Zaviršek Darja
Published: March 2003

The article de–individualises the debate about sexual abuse of disabled people, especially women, by showing that both the sexual and asexual identity of impaired persons are invariably fashioned within the institutional arrangement of domination and subjugation. It shows that if disabled persons are seen as asexual or if they are sexualised, they cannot escape sexual violence, which is not an aberration, but is intrinsic to the social construction of disability. The article includes personal testimonies of women with different disabilities from Slovenia, who were abused either at home or in public care and shows some responses of the professionals and caregivers who minimise the importance of abuse. It claims that ignoring the memories of sexual abuse is part of a subtle and unintentional discrimination, which reflects a continuity of prejudices and hatred toward disabled children and adults in the private realm as well as in public care. People from ethnic minorities, such as Roma, are still today more often diagnosed as mentally disabled, which shows that the disability diagnosis has to be seen as part of cultural responses towards an economically and socially marginalised group. The author uses different perspectives: historical, social work theories, cultural studies and feminist analysis.
Knowledge and attitudes towards AIDS: a comparison between Arab and Jewish professionals living in Israel
Authors: Azaiza Faisal , Tirosh Ben–Ari Adital
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates similarities and differences between Arab and Jewish professionals living in Israel regarding their knowledge and attitudes about AIDS. Although AIDS in Israel is not considered to be a pressing crisis, the aim of the research is to document and analyse what professionals in the helping professions – Arabs and Jews alike – know and how they feel about AIDS. The study also explores thoughts and feelings concerning AIDS–related education and training. This is the first scholarly attempt to compare Israeli and Arab professionals’ attitudes and knowledge about such a stigmatised topic as the AIDS epidemic. The study sample consists of 350 professionals, including 218 Jews and 132 Arabs, working in various social and health–care agencies providing services to the Arab population. Professionals include social workers, nurses, occupational therapists, psychologists, and special education teachers and counsellors. Results indicate that Jewish professionals scored significantly higher on both knowledge and attitude scales than did their Arab counterparts. Two regression models predicting both knowledge and attitudes are presented, and their implications are discussed using several frameworks: the status of the disease, including perception of the threat; perception of adequacy of training; educational environment; and the socialisation process of Arab professionals in Israel
Trade Unions as Agents for Skill Formation: The Case of Singapore
Authors: Goh Esther , Green Francis
Published: March 2003

Trade unions can influence the quality and quantity of training provided to workers. This article delineates the role played by unions in Singapore’s skill formation system, during the 1980s and 1990s. This role is framed by the context of the developmental state and of a collaborationist union movement. Singapore unions act to support the state’s drive to upgrade the skills of the workforce. They put pressure on employers to sign up to collective agreements including statements about training, and they act as both agents and providers of training and education for basic and core skills. They also devote considerable resources to persuading their members to take up training opportunities. What evidence there is suggests that these various strategies have had some success. The unions’ role in Singapore is contrasted with their role in some other countries.
The UK National (and Scottish) Vocational Qualification System: State of the Art or in a State?
Authors: Hevey Denise
Published: March 2003

The creation of a new competence‐based framework of National (and Scottish) Vocational Qualifications (N/SVQs) in the UK has been fraught with difficulties and the ensuing debate has sharply divided those involved in education and training. Some argue that the N/SVQs are doomed to failure because the underlying philosophy is fundamentally flawed or see their introduction as part of a political conspiracy of the right to wrest power away from liberal educationalists; others see national standards and N/SVQs as a way of ensuring that education and training better meet the needs of employment; a few hold on to the original idealistic vision of opening up access to qualifications and giving credit where credit is due, especially for those workers who have been disadvantaged in the education system. Early implementation has been puncuated by scandals and, with a few notable exceptions such as the Care Sector, take‐up rates have fallen well below what is necessary for achievement of National Education and Training Targets for the year 2000. In 1996, the publication of three major reviews of 16–19 qualifications, of assessment in General National/Vocational Qualifications and of the top 100 most commonly used N/SQVs, marked a crisis in confidence in the emerging UK system. Yet variations on the outcomes‐based approach established by NCVQ/SCOTVEC are increasingly finding favour in the European Union and in New Zealand, Australia and the new South Africa, not least because they hold out the promise of greater transparency for all stakeholders. Extensive changes are now anticipated but they may be too little too late to get this radical innovation back on course.
The Australian Way: competency‐based training in the corporate sector
Authors: Kellie Deborah
Published: March 2003

A notable trend over the last decade has been the attention that has been paid to the skills and education base of the labour forces in many OECD nations seeking improved productivity outcomes. Governments have looked to the provision of competency‐based vocational education and training and endeavoured to introduce changes, often to support general micro‐economic reform. This article examines Australian endeavours within this trend both at the macro‐level of the state and at the micro‐level of the organisation. It is argued

that the corporate sector has generally responded well, albeit slowly, to the introduction of competency‐based training and development. As industry bears more of the cost, and the task, of meeting its training needs it is more than ever keen to see a direct return on the training investment through concomitant increases in productivity.
The value of Care National Vocational Qualifications: what impact do NVQs have on Care organisations in Hertfordshire?
Authors: Rosenfeld Virginia
Published: March 2003

NVQs have been available in Britain since 1986, yet take‐up by employers falls short of that aimed for in the Government’s National Training and Education Targets. This study explored the value of the Care NVQ to employers. Employers associated with The University of Hertfordshire Care NVQ assessment centre were approached to determine their perceptions of the impact of the Care NVQ on quality of care, recruitment and retention in their organisations. These employers reported a number of improvements to workers’ knowledge, awareness, performance and in the quality of care delivered which counter the view that NVQs just accredit existing competence.
Beliefs about organising learning: a conceptual and empirical analysis of managers’ and workers’ learning action theories
Authors: Van der Krogt Ferd J. , Vermulst Ad A.
Published: March 2003

This article describes research on the action theories that managers and workers hold toward organising learning. It begins with a conceptual analysis of learning action theories, then the empirical research is reported. The aim was to deter‐mine the dimensions in people’s perceptions of the learning system and whether these form more or less stable profiles. These perception profiles are interpreted as representing the respondents’ learning action theories.
Consumption and the City, Modern and Postmodern
Authors: Clarke David B.
Published: March 2003

Whilst consumption has frequently been associated with the postmodern city, insufficient regard has been paid to the systemic logic of consumption. It is argued here that consumption takes on an increasingly significant role in this respect. Specifically, we have been witness to a profound social transformation whereby the active repression once centred on the city as a locus of production has given way to a new mode of social integration, which accords to the logic of seduction. By tracing the development of the modern city in terms of the imposition of the law and its transgression — figured in terms of cognitive space and the ‘spectral presence’ of the stranger — the significance of the postmodern is theorized in terms of the systemic appropriation of an aesthetic space initially traced out by the flâneur. The ludic existence of the flâneur has thus been translated into the general condition of a society oriented around consumption. This condition implies a new form of cybernetic control, governed by the aleatory play of the code, rather than the direct surveillance characteristic of the modern city. As a consequence, urban space has itself undergone a transition, which we might begin to address in terms of a ‘posturban’ hyperspace.
Urban redevelopment and grassroots action in Chicago and Sheffield: themes, variations and uncertain legacies
Authors: Bennett Larry
Published: March 2003

In the Uptown area of Chicago and Sheffield, England’s Sharrow neighborhood, redevelopment initiatives in the late 1960s and early 1970s produced a significant degree of community conflict. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s a variety of grassroots movements appeared in each community. The legacy of redevelopment‐derived conflict and community‐based organizing in the two communities suggests that there is more variation in neighborhood grassroots politics — even in communities with comparable public policy and organizing histories — than prevailing explanations of neighborhood mobilization tend to acknowledge. However, with the 1990s a convergence in the Uptown and Sharrow experiences has appeared: the narrowing of their grassroots organizations’ political agendas, which can be attributed to national shifts in political discourse and public policy.

Dans le quartier de Uptown à Chicago et le quartier de Sharrow à Sheffield en Angleterre, les initiatives de redéveloppement à la fin des années soixante et le début des années soixante‐dix ont causé un degré significatif de conflit dans la communauté. Durant les années soixante‐dix et quatre‐vingt divers mouvements populaires sont apparus dans ces communautés. Dans les deux communautés, le résultat des conflits dûs au redéveloppement et de l'organisation basée dans la communauté suggère qu'il y a plus de variation dans les politiques populaires des quartiers — même dans les communautés qui ont des politiques publiques et un passé d'organisation similaires — que les explications dominantes de la mobilisation de quartier tendent à reconna^tre. Cependant, dans les années quatre‐vingt‐dix, une convergence entre les expériences de Uptown et Sharrow est apparue: le rétrécissement des programmes politiques de leurs organisations populaires qui peut être attribué aux changements nationaux du discours politique et de la politique publique.
Cultural production, place and politics on the South Bank of the Thames
Authors: Newman Peter , Smith Ian
Published: March 2003

The past decade has seen an increasing interest in the cultural economies of cities by public bodies keen to address issues of urban decline. This article documents recent developments on the South Bank of the Thames in central London where cultural investments appear to be clustered and where attempts have been made to give spatial and policy coherence to a range of new development projects. The local authority promotes the South Bank as London’s new cultural quarter. However, this strategy is an opportunist and image‐based response to dominant property speculation interests. The management of cultural production in this part of London reveals limits to local coalition building and the limited influence of local strategies on the development process. The article questions whether the cultural quarter is an appropriate scale for managing the development of cultural industries as a motor for economic development in particular.

Depuis une dizaine d’années, les autorités publiques qui s’occupent du déclin urbain s’intéressent de plus en plus à la dimension économique de la culture dans les villes. Cet article présente ce qui s’est passé sur la rive sud de la Tamise au centre de Londres où une tentative a été faite pour donner une cohérence spatiale à une série de nouveaux projets. L’autorité locale vend la South Bank comme un nouveau centre culturel. Cependant, cette stratégie constitue une réponse opportuniste en termes d’image aux intérêts immobiliers spéculatifs dominants. La gestion de la production culturelle dans ce quartier de Londres révèle les limites de la construction de la coalition locale et l’influence limitée des stratégies locales dans les processus de développement. Les auteurs de l’article se demandent si le quartier culturel est une échelle appropriée pour la gestion du développement des industries culturelles comme centre moteur du développement économique en particulier.