bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender differences in the sleep habits of 11-13 year olds
Authors: Natal César L. , Lourenço Tânia J. , Silva Luana A. , Boscolo Rita A. , Silva Andressa , Tufik Sergio , Mello Marco Túlio de
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE: Sleep plays an important role in the physical and emotional development of adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine gender differences in sleep habits in a sample of 11-13 year olds. METHOD: The study was carried out in the city of Patos de Minas, Brazil. The study cohort was composed of 200 students (96 boys and 104 girls) attending (in the morning or in the afternoon) the 5th, 6th or 7th grades, with ages ranging from 11 to 13 years. A Sleep Questionnaire developed at the Federal University of São Paulo was used in order to evaluate student sleep habits and schedules, as well as the overall quality of sleep. RESULTS: For the period between Friday night and Sunday morning, girls displayed longer sleep duration than did boys. During the week, students attending only afternoon classes woke up later than did students attending only morning classes. In addition, morning-class students showed more adverse effects on sleep, including irregular sleep/wakefulness circadian rhythms, when compared with afternoon-class students. CONCLUSION: Sleep habits are affected by gender and school schedule.
Ambiente, pessoas e labor: APLs além do desenvolvimento econômico na mineração de opalas em Pedro II, no Piauí
Authors: Milanez Bruno , Puppim José Antonio
Published: January 2010

Este artigo propõe que políticas públicas voltadas para arranjos produtivos lo0cais (APLs) têm um importante potencial para melhorar o desempenho dos pequenos garimpos e minas de gemas no Brasil, desde que integrem questões ambientais e sociais às ações voltadas ao desenvolvimento econômico. Esse argumento é baseado no estudo empírico dos problemas socioambientais enfrentados pelo APL de opalas em Pedro II, no Piauí. O estudo foi desenvolvido através da metodologia de estudos de caso, envolvendo extensa revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa em documentos do APL e entrevistas com vários integrantes do arranjo. Entre os resultados da pesquisa, foram identificadas algumas questões que vêm inibindo o pleno desenvolvimento do APL, como as condições de trabalho e a mitigação dos impactos ambientais, cujas melhorias dependem de recursos humanos e financeiros, bem como de vontade política. Entretanto, um segundo grupo de questões suscita um debate mais amplo, que envolve outros APLs de base mineral, como o equilíbrio de forças entre os diferentes elos da cadeia produtiva, a criação de alternativas econômicas no caso da exaustão das jazidas existentes, a tributação das atividades minerais e o redesenho dos procedimentos de licenciamento de atividades minerais, para que estas se dêem de maneira mais sustentável.
Da produção em massa à customização em massa: sustentando a liderança na fabricação de motores elétricos
Authors: Machado André Gustavo Carvalho , Moraes Walter Fernando Araújo de
Published: January 2010

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar como uma empresa líder de mercado lida tanto com a fabricação de motores padronizados quanto customizados, procurando identificar os elementos que corroboram a implementação dessa última abordagem. Nesse sentido, a estratégia de pesquisa foi a de estudo de caso. A análise dos dados foi realizada em cinco fases. Os resultados permitiram constatar que o processo de customização de motores pode se dar em diferentes estágios da cadeia de valor, sobressaindo-se os estágios de fabricação e montagem. Para isso, são desenvolvidas práticas associadas a seis habilitadores: manufatura baseada no tempo, cadeia de suprimentos, flexibilidade do sistema produtivo, projeto do produto, aspectos organizacionais e tecnologia de informação. Conclui-se que, apesar da aparente incompatibilidade entre a produção em massa e a customização em massa, a adoção de ambas as abordagens tem trazido benefícios associados ao intercâmbio de informações, ao conhecimento e à experiência entre as linhas de produtos. Ademais, a análise da demanda por produtos customizados tem subsidiado a decisão para a inclusão dos mesmos às linhas de produtos padronizados.
Sistema Nacional de Cultura: a tradução do dinâmico e do formal nos municípios da região Sul
Authors: Carvalho Cristina Amélia , Silva Rosimeri Carvalho da , Guimarães Rodrigo Gameiro
Published: January 2010

A trajetória das políticas públicas da cultura no país, desde a era Vargas até o atual momento de institucionalização do Sistema Nacional de Cultura (SNC), evidencia a disputa entre os agentes sociais que lutam pela preservação da hegemonia de um modelo excludente e aqueles que defendem a cultura como um direito social. A construção e a instauração do Sistema pela sua própria lógica, só podem ser concretizadas a partir da mobilização nacional dos dirigentes estaduais e municipais da cultura e da sociedade civil organizada. O SNC envolve sistemas organizativos e institucionalizados nos três níveis federativos, numa articulação institucional regulada por normativas, instrumentos, aparatos e negociações. Nossa reflexão sobre a construção do SNC considera as informações sobre a dinâmica, o aparato cultural e a institucionalidade da cultura nos municípios brasileiros, recolhidas pelo IBGE. Interpretamos e discutimos os dados da região Sul, a fim de identificar as potencialidades dos municípios e as necessidades que se apresentam para a efetivação de um sistema complexo de gestão e política públicas. Essa discussão nos permite algumas projeções acerca da envergadura da tarefa que deverá mobilizar a imensa maioria dos municípios do país na desconstrução de tradições arraigadas no exercício do governo. Nesse sentido, é a partir da pedagogia do oprimido e da educação como prática da liberdade de Paulo Freire que o planejamento situacional de Matus poderá intervir, tanto como abordagem crítica à realidade social, quanto apropriação do planejamento como ferramenta política de luta no campo social da política da cultura. Consideramos que esta seja uma oportunidade para experimentar um diálogo criativo, que coproduza conhecimento a partir de uma posição contra-hegemônica e para escapar da naturalização dos conceitos tradicionais da área da gestão, inadequados a uma realidade dinâmica, que não precisa repetir os modelos dominantes de empresa e de management.
The influence of the 1992-1993 el niño on the reproductive biology of Scomber japonicus peruanus (Jordán & Hubb, 1925)
Authors: Caramantin-Soriano Hilda , Vega-Pérez Luz Amelia , Ñiquen Miguel
Published: January 2010

The influence of the 1992-1993 El Niño events on the reproductive behavior of the Scomber japonicus peruanus (Chub mackerel) was studied from samples collected monthly, along the Peruvian coast (3º23'S-14º00'S), from January 1990 to December 1993. The monthly variation of the gonadosomatic index and the frequency of the periods of gonad maturation evidenced that the spawning of the species occurred all year long, being more intense in summer. The values of the gonadosomatic index were higher during the occurrence of the 1992-1993 El Niño, while the body weight and gonad weight decreased. Regarding the condition factor, its values decreased in females over 35 cm in fork length.
Combined effect of body weight, temperature and salinity on shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei oxygen consumption rate
Authors: Bett Crislei , Vinatea Luis
Published: January 2010

Aiming to optimize the calculations of mechanical aeration requirements in Litopenaeus vannamei marine shrimp cultures, oxygen consumption was quantified in combined conditions of temperature (20, 25 and 30ºC) and salinity (1, 13, 25 and 37 ‰) at three body weights (2, 6 and 12 g) for juvenile L. vannamei. To measure oxygen consumption, shrimps were placed in a semi-open respirometry system. Results demonstrate that temperature, salinity, shrimp size and the interaction of these parameters significantly influence the specific oxygen consumption (mg O2 g-1 h-1). The 2-g shrimp perhaps suffered osmotic stress and consumed more oxygen at salinity 37 ‰, whereas 6 and 12-g shrimp suffered such stress at salinity 1 ‰. At 25 and 30ºC oxygen consumption was more stable at salinities 13 and 25 ‰ for all groups. At 20ºC and salinity below 25 ‰ oxygen consumption was higher, possibly due to the reduced hyperosmoregulatory ability in lower temperatures. The resulting regression equations allowed the calculation of L. vannamei shrimp oxygen consumption at the temperatures, salinities and sizes tested in this study. The equations can be used for the estimation of the environmental capacity and also the mechanical aeration requirements to secure ideal levels of oxygen in L. vannamei culture systems.
Anthropogenic influences in a lagoonal environment: a multiproxy approach at the valo grande mouth, Cananéia-Iguape system (SE Brazil)
Authors: Mahiques Michel Michaelovitch de , Burone Leticia , Figueira Rubens Cesar Lopes , Lavenére-Wanderley Ana Amélia de Oliveira , Capellari Benjamim , Rogacheski Carlos Eduardo , Barroso Cassia Pianca , Samaritano dos Santos Leonardo Augusto , Cordero Luisa Mariutti , Cussioli Mariana Coppede
Published: January 2010

The Cananéia-Iguape system, SE Brazil, consists of a complex of lagoonal channels, located in a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Biosphere Reserve. Nevertheless, important environmental changes have occurred in approximately the last 150 yrs due to the opening of an artificial channel, the Valo Grande, connecting the Ribeira de Iguape River to the lagoonal system. Our objective is to assess the historical record of the uppermost layers of the sedimentary column of the lagoonal system in order to determine the history of environmental changes caused by the opening of the artificial channel. In this sense, an integrated geochemical-faunal approach is used. The environmental changes led significant modifications in salinity, in changes of the depositional patterns of sediments and foraminiferal assemblages (including periods of defaunation), and, more drastically, in the input of heavy metals to the coastal environment. The concentrations Pb in the core analyzed here were up to two times higher than the values measured in contaminated sediments from the Santos estuary, the most industrialized coastal zone in Brazil.
Cooperação internacional e deslocamento interno na Colômbia: Desafios à maior crise humanitária da América do Sul
Authors: Viana Manuela Trindade
Published: January 2010

O objetivo deste artigo é compreender a interação entre o Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas para os Refugiados (ACNUR) e o governo colombiano nos esforços de mitigação do deslocamento interno forçado, bem como os principais desafios enfrentados na abordagem do problema. Este artigo privilegia a leitura adotada pelos atores mencionados acima, a qual vincula o deslocamento ao conflito armado vivenciado pelo país há mais de quarenta anos. Embora se trate de um problema observado há décadas, as formulações políticas nacionais com vistas à sua mitigação surgiram tardiamente, mais precisamente, em meados da década de 1990. Da mesma forma, a atenção do ACNUR ao problema somente foi intensificada em finais dessa mesma década. O artigo conclui que existe uma grande assimetria entre o desenvolvimento normativo de atenção aos deslocados observado na Colômbia e a execução de tais normas. Por exemplo, falta coordenação entre entidades nacionais e sub-nacionais, assim como entre as nacionais e as internacionais. No que diz respeito à prevenção do deslocamento interno e avaliação do impacto das políticas, o desafio é ainda maior, na medida em que são embrionários os esforços neste sentido. Sustenta-se que o ACNUR tem empregado os mesmos critérios que o governo na execução de suas tarefas, quando estes poderiam ser repensados e redefinidos à luz da experiência do Alto Comissariado.
Accessing Thin Reservoirs Through a Collaborative Process of Reservoir Navigation
Authors: Bacon Robert , Panda Debasis
Published: January 2010

Operators and service companies have to constantly re-evaluate their understanding of the sub-surface, the technology and methodology of accessing the reservoirs, and the ways and means of extending the production plateau for as long as possible. As has been stated by others, the only constant in the continued search for hydrocarbons is change. This requires an open mind as to the technology employed during reservoir characterization and wellbore construction, but should also entail a critical review of the collaboration efforts between operators and service companies. Leading teams successfully requires an understanding of what teams are, when they are appropriate, and how to establish an environment in which they can thrive (Glenn et al). The products of a team are mostly collective or joint efforts, and, when operating well, teams engage in open, honest dialogue and learn from mistakes in an atmosphere of trust,

The paper illustrates the benefits of an integrated team approach to Reservoir Navigation, based on the critical review of a multi-lateral well drilled recently to successfully access the thin reservoir layers offshore UAE. Combining the extensive field knowledge of operator experts with the specific Logging While Drilling (LWD) tool response knowledge of service company experts allowed multi-lateral wells of over 4,000’ length to be positioned accurately in challenging reservoirs of less than 6’ thickness.

This paper illustrates the introduction of several techniques for navigating and characterizing challenging hydrocarbon reservoirs utilizing real-time borehole images, coupled with the more traditional deep reading resistivity measurements. Incorporating structural geological information derived from the imaging tools into real-time reservoir modeling provided crucial information that allowed the use of traditional resistivity data for wellbore placement in spite of the low resistivity contrast between the reservoir and the surrounding formations. Wellbore tortuosity was minimized using the latest generation rotary closed loop steerable system (RCLS), ensuring completion operations proceeded without any problems. By combining the expertise of the operator with specialists from the service company and contractors a team based approach was successfully employed to solving the myriad of problems the well entailed.

Integrating the expertise of both operator and service company experts by providing a central data review and collaboration center enabled the true value of the data to be realized. Real time data review and interpretation provided the basis for informed real-time decisions, positively impacting well placement and reservoir contact as well as reducing Non Productive Time.

The paper summarizes best practices and learning points regarding the cost-effective application of LWD and RCLS to gain access to challenging reservoirs.
Teaching in the 21st Century
Authors: Pence Harry E.
Published: January 2010

It has been over a decade since the computer moved from being primarily a computational and record keeping device to its present state as a communications hub. Some, including this author, have called the application of computing technology to classroom instruction revolutionary. Is this claim justified? More importantly, how will social networking affect the college classroom in the coming decade? Will the 21st Century classroom really be significantly different from that of the past? This article is an attempt to answer these questions.
Instructional and Design Elements That Support Effective Use of Virtual Worlds: What Graduate Student Work Reveals about Second Life
Authors: O'Connor Eileen A.
Published: January 2010

To determine if and how using immersive virtual platforms might further educational purposes, the report examines three graduate, teacher-education, online courses that were conducted in part in Second Life (SL). By studying students' SL-related debriefings and assignments, by considering the type, format, and scheduling of SL events, and by integrating the instructor's knowledge of the courses' progression, a perspective on the most effective instructional and design elements emerges from these three different courses. In all courses, students quickly become acclimated, overcoming the resistance of some to working in a virtual environment. Students made rich, expansive (beyond the direct course readings and experiences) comments and suggestions about the real world in which they did or would soon work; these comments sprang from the collegial interactions and virtual experiences within SL. However, students needed help becoming comfortable with the technology and scheduling concerns arose. This report considers the social and collaborative gains possible when online courses use virtual platforms and offers suggestions to minimize the potential problems that could be encountered when adjusting to a powerful and different instructional environment.
Student Support Services for Millennial Undergraduates
Authors: Pullan Marie C.
Published: January 2010

Education has changed as a result of technological advances. Distance learning, particularly online learning, has rapidly increased its presence in higher education. At the same time, a new generation of students characterized as being the first generation to grow up with the Internet, are entering college. This generation, commonly called millennials, expects access to the Internet to manage their daily lives. However, as they enter college, many discover that support services that are readily available on-campus are not available online. A problem exists because services typically provided to support on-campus students may not be available in kind for online learners, leaving them to fend for themselves. Additionally, it is likely that other services, yet to be identified, might be required by millennial students. As increasing numbers of undergraduates take online courses, a full set of student services should be readily available through the Internet. Students require online support services that will allow them to succeed in their educational endeavors. Ideally, support services should be pervasive and available without time and place restrictions.
Two-Dimensional Simulations of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in Mini channels of PEM Fuel Cell Flow Field
Authors: Du Wei , Zhang Lifeng , Bi Xiaotao T , Wilkinson David , Stumper Jürgen , Wang Haijiang
Published: January 2010

Effective water management is one of the key strategies for improving the performance and durability of PEM fuel cells. Phenomena such as membrane dehydration, catalyst layer flooding and two-phase flow in flow-channels are all determined by the distribution and movement of water during cell operation. In this study, gas-liquid flow in mini-channels relevant to fuel cells was numerically studied using a CFD two-phase flow model in combination with a volume of fluid (VOF) method. The results show that the surface wettability of the channel wall can greatly affect the flow pattern, especially when the channel walls and the gas diffusion layer (GDL) surface possess different contact angles. When the channel walls are more hydrophobic, more water is accumulated on the GDL. An increase in the surface tension results in a slight increase of slug frequency and a slight decrease in slug length. The onset of slugging along the channel is determined by the gas-liquid mixture velocity, gas-to-liquid flow ratio and the way water is introduced into the gas flow channel. Furthermore, the calculated pressure drop fluctuations show a strong dependence on the channel liquid content and the slug length.
Choosing a Career in Nursing: Development of a Career Search Instrument
Authors: Roberts Cristine A , Ward-Smith Peggy
Published: January 2010

University students in this millennium will be older, culturally diverse and likely to change their career major several times during the course of their education. Methods to identify and guide appropriate students toward nursing are lacking. The purpose of this study was to develop and initially test a 48-item Likert-scaled instrument, the Career Search Questionnaire (CSQ), which assesses interest in and self-efficacy for nursing. Data were obtained from 300 volunteer students, with implied consent, enrolled in beginning-level courses at a Midwestern university. Response differences were apparent between individuals who reported nursing as a college major compared to those who sought a different major. Participants who reported nursing as their major obtained higher scores in both interest (p = 0.00) and self-efficacy (p = 0.00). The CSQ is psychometrically sound, with a reliability score of 0.87 and capable of identifying the student for whom nursing may be the suitable career.
Endogenous Investment and Pricing under Uncertainty
Authors: Young David
Published: January 2010

I analyze investment and pricing incentives in a differentiated products framework with uncertain demand. Firms choose production capacities before observing demand and choose prices after demand is realized. Unlike previous models, when firms are identical, symmetric pure-strategy equilibria exist, even in the presence of very low capacity costs. The equilibrium outcomes are significantly different from the equivalent Cournot model. Firms choose to underutilize their capacity at times of low demand, and hold more capacity than predicted by Cournot. I show with a simple policy example that even the sign of the comparative statics may differ between the two models.
What Will You Do When You Grow Up?: The Social Construction of Children's Occupational Preferences
Authors: Hutchings Merryn
Published: January 2010

Children's occupational preferences can provide insights into the ways in which they learn about adult work in the society in which they live. While in traditional societies occupational knowledge and occupational identity can be seen as developing hand in hand, and children can be seen as legitimate peripheral participants (Lave & Wenger, 1991) in adult work, in industrialised societies children's opportunities to observe and participate in adult work are limited. This article examines the resources which children in such societies use in constructing ideas about their future occupations, and considers whether these ideas can be seen as occupational identities. Finally, implications for the curriculum are examined.
Social and Economic Education in the Japanese Elementary School National Curriculum
Authors: Yamane Eiji
Published: January 2010

If we define ‘economic education’ as being identical to ‘teaching economies’, then economic education cannot be said to be included in the elementary school curriculum in Japan. However, pupils do learn about economic activities, industries, and economic institutions in social studies. In this article, the meaning of economic education is interpreted in the broad sense, in which pupils think about and understand economic reasoning and consider how people behave in an economic manner. In this sense, economic education is very much practised in Japan's elementary school social studies. The nature of this economic education can be understood from an examination of the national Course of Study. The present Course of Study was announced in 1989 and was put into effect in 1992 for elementary schools. This paper describes both the objectives and the content for each grade in the Course of Study, and illustrates these with examples of economic concepts in the present social studies textbooks and teaching material. It also outlines the new perspectives for economic education that arises through the study of economic globalisation and the conservation of the global environment, and suggests that these will require new forms of economic and social understanding.
Children's Ideas about Selected Art and Economic Concepts before and after an Integrated Unit of Instruction
Authors: Laney James D. , Moseley Patricia A. , Pak Luke K.
Published: January 2010

The problem of this study was to explore fifth-graders' (i.e. eleven-year-olds') ideas about selected art and economic concepts before and after an integrated art-economics unit. Seventy children within three classrooms participated in the study. The unit, taught by regular classroom teachers but designed by university-based economic educators in cooperation with university-based art educators, was built upon principles of discipline-based art education (DBAE) and shared curricular integration. Using both written and oral measures, students were pre-tested and post-tested on their understanding and application of art and economic concepts. Pre- and post-unit data were analysed by (a) identifying categories of responses post facto using constant comparison methods, and (b) tallying the number of responses in each category. Results indicated that students increased their understanding of both art and economic concepts. Some misconceptions identified at pre-test were still present at post-test, but these misunderstandings were not directly addressed during instruction. The economic concepts were learned somewhat better than the art concepts, and higher-achieving students learned somewhat more than lower-achieving students. When shown familiar and unfamiliar works of art and asked to state what ideas were expressed, students gave more inferential-interpretive and integrative-applied responses at post-test than at pre-test. The findings support the claim that the coupling of disciplines can facilitate the deep learning of concepts for transfer.
Children's Talk in Interviews about Gender Discrimination in Adult Occupation
Authors: Francis Becky
Published: January 2010

This article focuses on primary school children's constructions of adult occupation in relation to gender, investigating whether or not they construct gender as a source of discrimination in the adult workplace. In order to do so, children were questioned about hypothetical scenarios concerning gender and adult work. By analysing their responses this paper investigates which gendered constructions appeared to prevail, and the ways in which children explained their ideas. Thus, having described the methodology used and research approach taken, the first section of the article begins by providing a figurative over-view of children's responses to the different questions. This demonstrates the large number of children, particularly girls, that constructed gender as a potential source of discrimination in some aspects of adult work. The second section examines the various discourses children drew upon in their explanations, and the ways in which they explained their responses. It is argued that children could apply their knowledge of gender issues to that of adult work, and that many drew on discourses of equal opportunity to present discrimination in adult work as unfair.
Local, National and International Constructions of Social and Economic Worlds
Authors: Vass Jeff , Davis Carol
Published: January 2010

In this article we draw together several recent debates which have a bearing on the development of children's socio-economic understanding. Firstly, socialisation: we indicate the problem of defining the development of children's understanding as the progressive disembedment of one area of child's thought from another (e.g. social from economic understanding). We provide examples of how and why socio-economic knowledge has to remain undifferentiated in order for people to carry on with daily life. Secondly, we want to suggest that Western, ideal views of what is meant by ‘the social’ and ‘the economic’ have become enshrined at international and national levels of policy-making. This has had a profound effect on local social life and particularly on how people understand their transactions with one another. We begin by outlining problems concerning socialisation and introduce the model of discourse translation to examine connections between social worlds. American and Indonesian ethnographic material is reviewed examining the ‘embeddedness' of socio-economic thought; the latter additionally draws attention to the effects of international and national discourses on local social and economic understanding.
Another Framework for the Scope and Sequence of Economic Education in Elementary Schools
Authors: Yamane E.
Published: January 2010

This paper, firstly, introduces and investigates various important frameworks for the scope and sequence of economic education in the USA and Japan. The author concludes that economic educators in the USA have never made a systematic economic education curriculum at the elementary schools. To the contrary, there were some unofficial economic education curricula at the elementary schools in Japan particularly in the 1960s. However, these unofficial curricula have some ideological biases and are exclusively based on Marxist economics. Secondly, this paper introduces the author's planning framework for the scope and sequence of economic education from the 1st grade to the 6th grade, based on the USA's scope and sequence of the basic economic concepts and the Japanese economic education curriculum theories.
Neo-Conservative Perspectives on Culture and Nationhood and Their Impact upon the School Curriculum in England and Wales
Authors: Crawford Keith
Published: January 2010

This paper explores the ideological perspectives of Neo-Conservatism discourse in England and Wales and the manner in which it has shaped notions of culture and nationhood. The paper presents a critical analysis of recent writing by a coalition of politicians, educators and social commentators who have taken as their themes cultural relativism, the abandonment of a dominant historical narrative and a claimed decline in the spirit of nationhood. The paper attempts to place this debate within a wider context by linking it to similar debates in mainland Europe and the USA.
School/Industry Links at the Primary Level: Engaging the Small Business
Authors: Iredale Norma
Published: January 2010

Over the years greater stress has been placed in the UK upon industry links and the work-related curriculum in schools with the emphasis moving away from aspects that are purely vocational. More importantly, this area of work is seen as providing a focus for the encouragement of knowledge and understanding of business and industry, as well as how they operate. More recently there has been a move to encourage partnerships between education and industry. This feature has become common not only in the UK but in a number of other countries in the West which are experiencing the effects of post-industrialism. The links that are encouraged are considered to be of benefit to all those involved, and indications are that participation in activities of this type has increased. This paper considers how industry links with education have evolved over the years and to determine the way in which primary schools have become involved in these activities.1 The impact these activities have made and how they stand today in the light of recent curriculum changes is discussed. Information gained from the survey is disclosed and particular attention is drawn to the responses from primary schools. While the return rate overall was relatively low, placing some doubt on the results, the indications are that the data reflects the prevalent situation.
Allocation of Allowances and Associated Family Practices
Authors: Kerr M. Kaye , Cheadle Tannis
Published: January 2010

This study presents information on general family practices of providing family allowances or pocket money to children, parental reasons for the provision of allowances, the parental requirements of children for receipt of allowances, and the frequency of conflicts generated around them. Eighty-one parents of elementary school children in a midwest Canadian city completed questionnaires. The respondents used a Likert scale to indicate the importance of parents' reasons for allowances, requirements for allowance allocation and the frequency of conflict over allowance. The factor analyses of these parental reasons for providing allowances were compared to the factors generated by Feather's Australian investigation (1991). In both countries the factor analyses generated three major factors that included similar items. Parental statements of conflict formed two factors based on parental disagreements and children's comparisons with their friends and other families.
Attempts at Intercultural and Multicultural Education in Estonia
Authors: Krull Edgar
Published: January 2010

This study deals with the problems of multiculturalism created by Russian immigration to Estonia during the period of Soviet annexation. The attempt to preserve the idea of a nation, and the need for the integration of immigrants into Estonian society have set a very difficult and ambiguous task for Estonian schools. Before the problems specific to multiculturalism in Estonia are examined, analyses of the historical background and of the concepts of intercultural and multicultural education are provided. An examination of the goals and needs for intercultural and multicultural education shows that the uncertainty of both Estonians and of Russians concerning their future is a key factor interfering with the development of a normal relationship between them. It is concluded that the European ideology of intercultural education is the most suitable way to integrate the Russian population into Estonian society. Furthermore, the difficulties related to the reluctance of Russian immigrants to learning Estonian are more easily surmounted if language acquisition is more tightly related to, and supported by, the development of their national identity.
Teaching the Economics of the Environment
Authors: Schug Mark C.
Published: January 2010

This article addresses what is currently taught about the environment in the school curriculum and explains how an economics approach can change it. A recent study in the United States provides evidence supporting the suspicions of many economists that the environmental education in schools is often flawed. The Independent Commission on Environmental Education (1997) concluded that most curriculum materials it examined lacked an emphasis on basic economic concepts. Curriculum materials would be improved by recognising the importance of economic forces. For example, markets provide incentives that influence people's environmental actions and market approaches — as opposed to government command and rule systems — foster cooperation between groups and individuals. The primary contribution of economics to environmental education is recognition of the tragedy of the commons. The tragedy of the commons states that people take better care of things they own and tend to overuse things they do not own. This simple but powerful lesson holds important meaning for environmental education. In contrast non-market solutions leave us only with solutions involving force, expense, and guilt. The author concludes by describing a middle-level curriculum published by the National Council on Economic Education, which strives to use market forces to analyse environmental problems.
Education for Democracy: Some Notes on the Swedish Case in a Piagetian Epistemology Tradition
Authors: Eklundh Peter
Published: January 2010

Almost all Swedish politicians since 1960 honestly believe in the necessity to give pupils real influence over their schools. The first aim with this paper is to give them some sound theoretical support for their conviction that experience of democratic processes is one important precondition for the survival of democracy. The theoretical support is drawn from researchers inspired by Piaget's epistemology. The second aim is to summarise, in spite of the politicians strong support, the lack of progress and interest in giving more influence to the pupils from the different professional groups inside the school system. Finally the consequences for the concept democracy is discussed with emphasis on the cognitive dissonance between the politicians explicit goal and the implicit experiences made by pupils. Ought this to be an invitation to political scientists to politicians — that even if there is strong theoretical support for their standpoint — that it is a mission impossible? Or is it an invitation to political scientists to explore approaches for convincing headmasters and teachers that democracy has to be introduced, since we otherwise will cheat our youth?
Self-Efficacy in the Classroom: Developing the Skills of Citizenship
Authors: Sewell Alison. M. , St George Alison. M.
Published: January 2010

This article reflects on a social studies intervention where Creative Problem Solving (CPS) was taught in a class of seven- and eight-year-old children in New Zealand. CPS was used as a framework to develop the skills required for effective citizenship, a key goal in social studies education. This intervention also looked at the important role of self-efficacy in learning to solve and act on social problems. It will be shown that the use of CPS can have positive effects on self-efficacy for problem solving in social studies, and that it can be a valuable framework to involve children in social action. Implications for learning and teaching in the classroom are considered.
Citizenship: A Challenge to Teacher Education
Authors: Friel Valerie , Fagan Cathy
Published: January 2010

This paper considers issues of democracy and citizenship firstly as they can be historically situated as part of ‘Scottish consciousness’. Whilst recognising Scotland's membership of the unitary state which currently characterises the United Kingdom, it goes on to point up more recent divergences in relation to the political, social and economic contexts of education in Scotland. The course process within which the research was pursued is outlined, and the salient features described. It is argued that in terms of reported behaviour in relation to a range of indices, for example voting behaviour and factual knowledge of policy processes and the machinery of government, the cohort described might legitimately be considered as less than active citizens, and to that extent dubious educators of young citizens. However, a more process oriented approach revealed more hopeful findings at the level of principle and values. Differences in the citizenship debate as between Scotland and England are noted, and implications of the research for teacher education and citizenship education in Scotland are suggested.
Citizenship Education without a Textbook
Authors: Barr Hugh
Published: January 2010

It has always been acknowledged that a free society is dependent on the knowledge, skills, and virtues of its citizens and those they elect to office. For this reason, civic education has always been regarded as an essential component of any education system. A new enthusiasm for citizenship education has recently seen the revision, or re-introduction of civics programmes into the schools of Western Europe, North America and Australasia. This paper suggests that while facts are undoubtedly an essential ingredient of any civic education programme, formal instruction in civics and government may not be the best way to teach effective citizenship. In a world that demands confident, informed and responsible citizens, citizenship education may be taught best through programmes which develop appropriate skills and encourage appropriate attitudes and values.
Teaching Controversial Issues: The Attitudes of Student Primary Teachers
Authors: Robertson John
Published: January 2010

Guidelines for Scottish schools have little to say on the value or otherwise of controversy as a criterion for the selection of topics for teaching. By contrast, the authors of the recently published advisory report on citizenship education for schools in England and Wales and many writers in academic and pedagogical journals are enthusiastic about the importance of such topics as a means to developing democratic citizenship. This study sought to establish the views of beginning teachers in South-west Scotland. Eighty-seven final-year student teachers for the 5–12 age range took part in the study over a period of two years. The data gathered reveal considerable variety in responses but a clear rejection of issues involving personal, face-to-face violence by contrast with zealous enthusiasm for teaching using issues of perhaps equally tragic consequences but of a more impersonal nature such as famine or pollution-associated disease. The potentially explanatory variables - chronological and spatial or geographic distance - were helpful in understanding some choices but the presence of other variables made interpretation extremely complex and uncertain.
New Labour, New Policies: Constructing a Discourse of Citizenship
Authors: Crawford Keith
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this paper is examine the development of citizenship education as a curriculum priority within the UK. Employing Habermas' theory of legitimation crisis, the paper places the contemporary enthusiasm for citizenship education within a socioeconomic, cultural and political context. The paper argues that current preoccupations with citizenship education contained in Education for Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in Schools (Dfee, 1999), stem from the impact of Neo-Liberal concerns with individualism, economic and technological globalisation and the potential fragmentation of contemporary society. The paper explores the principles of education for citizenship and the teaching of democracy in schools and suggests that, as part of New Labour's developing conception of British society, citizenship education asks some fundamental questions of that society.
Mental Accounting in Childhood
Authors: Webley Paul , Plaisier Zarrea
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of mental accounts. Of particular concern was how mental accounts function in the everyday life of children and how children deal with money matters. Sixty children from three age groups (5–6, 8–9 and 11–12) were individually interviewed about their financial situation (e.g. sources of money, storage of money, expenditure patterns) and were presented with various financial scenarios. Some of these were children's versions of scenarios devised for adults by Thaler and by Kahnemann and Tversky; others (on windfalls, on money Tumping’, on buying for self versus buying for others) were devised especially for this study. No compelling evidence was found for mental accounting in childhood though there was some indication that the 11–12-year-olds responded in a similar fashion to adults whilst the younger children did not.
Entrepreneurship Education in the Fifth Grade's Social Studies Unit in Japan
Authors: Yamane Eiji
Published: January 2010

As a part of the national curriculum in Japanese elementary schools, there is a social studies unit entitled ‘manufacturing industries in Japan’ in the fifth grade. This unit is mandatory as are other units in this subject. There is a nationwide non-government educational group, which is pursuing problem-solving social studies education. Some teachers from a prominent elementary school who belong to the group have developed and practised lessons teaching ‘manufacturing industries in Japan’. They commonly stressed the entrepreneurship of a manager of a medium size manufacturing company in the school district. They also stressed that the manager adopted innovative management strategies and industrial technologies. In the lessons students learned entrepreneurship and gained economic awareness. The author shows the processes and the economic educational meanings of the lessons.
Education for Citizenship: The Contribution of Social, Moral and Cultural Education
Authors: Holden C.
Published: January 2010

Education for citizenship will be a new subject for children in England and Wales from September 2000. It will be mandatory for all pupils in secondary schools from 2002 and recommended for pupils in primary schools. This curriculum will focus on social and moral education, which is well established in schools, and the newer aspects of community involvement and political literacy (QCA, 1998, 1999). The success of this innovation will depend on the extent to which schools are able to build on work currently undertaken in schools in social and moral education, whilst introducing the two new elements. We know little of what teachers think about these three aspects of education for citizenship, what parents want or indeed how children will respond. We also know little about the work that is currently done in schools in the name of social and moral education, the foundation of education for citizenship. This article sets out to review the various interpretations of education for citizenship, including that recommended by the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority, and to report on a small scale research project into teachers' current beliefs and practices in social and moral education. Discussion follows as to whether such practice is an adequate foundation for education for citizenship, and the implications for research and continuing professional development.
Designing and Developing a Constructivist National Social Studies Curriculum: An Example from New Zealand
Authors: Barr Hugh
Published: January 2010

This paper describes the design and development of an integrated national social studies curriculum for all New Zealand primary and secondary school students. The development process began in 1995 and the final version of the curriculum was issued to schools at the end of 1997. Design problems were both ideological and pedagogical. Those who favoured a traditional liberal education lobbied for a return to history and geography; post modernists advocated a reconstructionist curriculum which emphasised process rather than product. The design teams needed to satisfy both groups and design a curriculum which emphasised ideas rather than facts, and incorporated thinking, valuing and decision-making in a way which made it easy for teachers to implement these skills in their classrooms.
Bridging the Gap between the Act of Invention and Creating a Business Venture: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Esfandiari Mahtash , Kourilsky Marilyn L.
Published: January 2010

This study investigated the effects of Entrepreneur Invention Society - an experienced-based instructional intervention - on children's knowledge of entrepreneurship and on their perceptions of business locus of control. 193 sixth-grade students, randomly assigned to eight classes, participated in the study; there were 95 males and 98 females. 101 of the participants were in the experimental group and 92 were in the control. The experimental group experienced the curriculum for a total of 30 hours over three months. The goal of the intervention was to integrate the process of invention with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of entrepreneurship. The control group spent an equivalent amount of time participating in science education units on inventors and the invention process. The experimental and control groups were post-tested on knowledge of entrepreneurship and business locus of control, both of which were impacted positively by Entrepreneur Invention Society. No significant gender differences were found. The discussion highlights the importance of instructional interventions that appear to be effective in enhancing entrepreneurship concept acquisition as well as internal locus of control.
The Role of Parental Involvement on Adolescents' Money Management
Authors: Flouri Eirini
Published: January 2010

Based on data from 2,722 adolescents aged 14–18 years in Britain, this study explored whether parental involvement can be associated with adolescents' money management. Multiple regression analysis showed that low parental involvement contributed significantly and independently to poor money management. Furthermore, the association between parental involvement and money management was the same for sons and daughters. Boys and adolescents from lower socio-economic backgrounds tended to report better money management. The association between parental involvement and money management was weaker when offspring experienced family disruption than when offspring grew up in continuously intact two-parent families.