bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of perceived control and desire to be empowered: an analysis of perception and reality
Authors: Honegger Karen , Appelbaum Steven H.
Published: July 2002

Examines the relationship between empowerment, desire to be empowered and perceived control among professional nursing staff in a small healthcare institution where recent attempts at empowerment have had limited success. A sample of 31 nurses and nursing assistants was used to test hypotheses that there is a positive relationship between perceived control and empowerment and that this relationship is moderated in a positive direction by desire to be empowered. Questionnaires measuring the four dimensions (meaning, competence, self‐determination, impact) of empowerment and desire to be empowered as well as work locus of control were administered to subjects. Results support the hypothesized relationship between perceived control and empowerment. However, that between desire to be empowered and empowerment was not supported. Implications of these findings are discussed including several possible ways of increasing perceived control in specific situations. These include changing some organizational, supervisory style, reward system and job design factors.
Southwest Airlines ‐ living total quality in a service organization
Authors: Laszlo George P.
Published: July 2002

The foundation blocks for quality in a customer service organization are management commitment, customer focus, and employee involvement; operational and administrative aspects are built on these basic issues. This article presents a detailed analysis of how a major customer service organization was built to succeed and continues to improve by applying quality management principles. The example presented is Southwest Airlines, whose employees see themselves not as an airline with great customer service but as a great customer service organization that happens to be an airline. This case study is examined within the framework of the model used by the Canada Awards for Excellence, the internationally recognized quality award program in Canada for more than ten years.
Evaluation of service quality at events: the 1998 Coca‐Cola Masters Surfing event at Margaret River, Western Australia
Authors: O’Neill Martin , Getz Donald , Carlsen Jack
Published: July 2002

In stressing the importance of service quality to the events industry this paper seeks to investigate the conceptualisation and measurement of service quality and the relationships between service quality, customer satisfaction and repeat visitation at events. It reports the findings from a recently conducted study into service quality at an international event in Western Australia. A visitor survey and unobtrusive observation method were both applied to a surfing event in order to ascertain visitor perceptions of service quality at the event and assist management in a more comprehensive evaluation. In so doing it highlights those features deemed essential.
SPC in managed health care – how much variation is tolerable?
Authors: Lighter Donald E.
Published: July 2002

Disease management (DM) programs are being implemented throughout the health care delivery system as one way to contain costs, and they have demonstrated mixed efficacy. In most cases, DM programs have shown the best results when they promote access to preventive care services, and often have the poorest performance when they attempt to reduce variation. This paper examines the DM process as a seminal Continuous Quality Improvement intervention in health care. Medical experts have identified disease management as the premier method of influencing the cost and quality of health care as we move into the twentry‐first century. Results of interventions can be tracked and the quality of care is gradually being improved using these methodologies. The proposed presentation will detail the process and some examples of this approach
Patient and stakeholder consultation in healthcare
Authors: Curry Adrienne , Stark Sandra , Summerhill Lesley
Published: July 2002

The healthcare context is a highly complex one for a variety of reasons. One priority that is, however, firmly established on the agenda for the future is that of patient consultation and involvement in the design and delivery of healthcare services. What is an important next step is to consider ways in which such consultation can be achieved in practice. In order to provide high quality services that represent good value for all concerned, consideration also has to be given to the multiple stakeholder groups that exist in healthcare. The Servqual instrument and the nominal group technique can both provide some useful insights into patient and stakeholder priorities from both the service user and the service provider perspective which can then be incorporated into the service design and the service planning processes.
Service quality: guidelines for marketers
Authors: Groth John C. , Dye Richard T.
Published: July 2002

In this second paper in the series, the authors focus on special factors related to the perceived value of service and service quality. The article examines issues in the application of the concepts introduced in the first paper. A bank services scenario illustrates the concepts and guidelines for application useful to the marketing professional seeking to enhance quality of service. The conceptual relationships and fresh ideas touch on an array of topics including factors such as: critical factors, utility and psychic influences and perceived value; needs‐match uncertainty and needs‐match variance; perceptions‐reality divergence and perceptions‐reality variance; and service quality variance, service risk and quality risk. The paper provides a scenario to illustrate the application of a number of the concepts. It is rich with ideas and relationships which provide stimuli and seeds for future research. An appendix provides an excellent review of concepts and terms.
Small service firms – creating value through innovation
Authors: Hine Damian , Ryan Neal
Published: July 2002

The debate over the innovative role of small firms has largely been resolved. However, researchers have yet to establish the basis for some small firms being more innovative than others and the impact of their innovations on their industry. There is also an imperative to augment current literature on small service firms. This paper presents a study of small service exporters and differentiates between three groups based upon their innovativeness. Using analysis of variance as the analytical technique, significant differences are found between groups, indicating that the more innovative firms are of greater potential value to their industry. The findings displayed in this paper support the push for innovation strategy as a means of developing new and emerging markets by pioneering small firms.
An innovative framework for health care performance measurement
Authors: Cheng Lim Puay , Tang Nelson K.H. , Jackson Peter M.
Published: July 2002

Today, hospitals not only have to contend with the dynamics of regulation and market forces but most importantly “service quality”. Service quality is a measure of how well the total service package meets customers’ expectations. The abilities to identify and prioritize customers’ expectations and to perform existing process assessment are important elements of a successful quality improvement strategy. The inherent characteristics of services complicate the efforts for quality improvement. Quality function deployment (QFD) is a systematic technique for designing services or products that are based on customers’ expectations. Given the proven success of QFD in manufacturing, this paper explores the applicability of QFD in health care. It describes the QFD technique and how it leads to a better understanding of customers’ expectations. It presents recommendations and a generic framework that is supported by empirical findings as a reference model for hospitals.
Fluid flow and heat transfer in gas jet quenching of a cylinder
Authors: Heck U. , Fritsching U. , Bauckhage K.
Published: July 2002

Heat treatment by quenching of individual metallic parts with multiple impinging gas jets is an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional surface hardening and quenching in liquids. In the present investigation the gas flow field and simultaneous heat transfer process in gas quenching is studied by numerical simulation for surface treatment of a cylindrical sample geometry. Aim of the investigation is the evaluation of optimized flow conditions and nozzle arrangements to achieve: a maximum overall heat release (high integral heat transfer rates) to maximize the quenching efficiency; a local smooth distribution of the cooling process (spatially homogeneous heat transfer) for avoidance of spatial hardness variations. These aims are achieved by derivation of an optimized nozzle arrangement and appropriate operation conditions of the gas jet array with respect to the three dimensional sample geometry of a cylinder to be quenched.
Heat transfer in a micropolar fluid over a stretching sheet with viscous dissipation and internal heat generation
Authors: Mohammadein A.A. , Subba Reddy Gorla Rama
Published: July 2002

A boundary layer analysis is presented to study the heat transfer characteristics of a laminar micropolar fluid boundary layer over a linearly stretching, continuous surface. The study considers the effects of viscous dissipation and internal heat generation. Two cases are studied; namely the surface with prescribed uniform surface temperature (PST‐case) and the surface with prescribed uniform wall heat flux (PHF‐case). The solution for the governing momentum, angular momentum and energy equations are obtained for various values of the material parameters of the micropolar fluid.
Fire and smoke distribution in a two‐room compartment structure
Authors: Yeoh G.H. , Yuen R.K.K. , Lee E.W.M. , Chueng S.C.P.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a comparison of numerical predictions employing a Computational Fluid Dynamics fire model against a series of turbulent buoyant fire experiments recently carried out in a two‐room compartment structure by Nielsen and Fleischmann at the University of Canterbuty, New Zealand. The model incorporates turbulence, combustion, soot generation and radiation due to a fire. An evaluation of the various approaches—volumetric heat source approach or a more sophisticated handling the fire through a combustion model—is carried out. The effect of radiation due to combustion products and soot is also investigated. The model considering combustion with radiation contribution by both the combustion products and soot provides the best agreement between the predicted results and measured data. The presence of soot is seen to significantly augment the global radiation process within the two‐compartment enclosure.
Critical success in management development
Authors: Newton Robert , Wilkinson Michael
Published: July 2002

Details the results of an attempt to identify the impact of a
comprehensive management development programme on organizational
effectiveness within the health service public sector. Concludes that
management development programmes must have a prespecified set of
strategically‐linked outcomes, identifying the benefits to the
organization, and a set of critical success factor measures to determine
their achievement or otherwise. Programmes which do not result in
managers feeling empowered will be criticized in not impacting
positively on the organization.
Devolving training and development to line managers
Authors: Mindell Nicola
Published: July 2002

Reports that most organizations see training and development as the
province of the human resource department. Proposes that responsibility
for this should be placed in the hands of the line manager. Investigates
how the responsibility for training and development can be successfully
transferred to the line manager. Concludes with a series of key learning
points which help in the implementation of this strategy.
In via recta celeriter (in the right way quickly)
Authors: Raynor Martyn J.
Published: July 2002

Provides a short history of the biggest collaborative research
project on rapid prototyping in Europe – Computer‐Aided Rapid
Prototyping (CARP) – which is concerned with the concept of design
and manufacture “right first time”. Introduces the
organizations involved with the project, and discusses some of the
results, including the manufacture of functional components from rapid
prototype models. Discusses some of the issues relating to data transfer
and the limitations of CAD. Finishes with a view of how the technology
is evolving and how and where it might be applied in the near future.
Gender mix and organisational fit: how gender imbalance at different levels of the organisation impacts on women managers
Authors: Simpson Ruth
Published: July 2002

This paper explores the impact of the numerical distribution of women at different levels of the organisation on the experiences of women managers. It aims to build on work in this area which argues that gender imbalance creates an organisational culture that is hostile or resistant to women. Findings of a research project on women managers, on the significance of gender mix for barriers experienced and on women’s sense of “organisational fit” are discussed. Gender mix was found to be an important factor determining career progress. The hierarchical level at which gender imbalances occur is also considered. When gender imbalance at the top (with men in the majority) is combined with greater sex integration further down the hierarchy, women experience greater “fit” within the organisation than when that gender imbalance permeates all management levels. At the same time, an integrated top management team in terms of gender mix is possibly the single most important factor in creating a culture in which women feel comfortable and valued
Stereotypes and symbolic annihilation: press constructions of women at the top
Authors: McGregor Judy
Published: July 2002

Press constructions of the appointment of a female to New Zealand’s top corporate position are examined against the theory that women are “symbolically annihilated” by the news media. A study of press clippings shows that news was framed primarily around gender and age and that questions about marital status and child‐rearing devalued and trivialised the elevation of a woman to the top. Contrary to other research there is evidence that female reporters framed the news differently from male journalists. The strategies of challenging poor reporting practices and cultivating better performing journalists are outlined for use by women in management.
Same ticket, different trip: supporting dual‐career couples on global assignments
Authors: Moore Meredith J.
Published: July 2002

This article describes findings from a Catalyst study that explored why there are so few women with global assignments. The study reveals several prevailing assumptions in corporate and professional America about women’s willingness and ability to relocate. One of the most pervasive is that dual‐career issues hinder women’s ability to relocate internationally. This assumption is applied universally to women regardless of personal situation and discounts how men are also in dual‐career relationships. Furthermore, the study provides recommendations for employers to support dual‐career couples relocating globally, thereby increasing the likelihood that assignment offers will be accepted and the assignment completed successfully.
Women in Management as a Strategic HR Initiative
Authors: Julian Cattaneo R. , Reavley Martha , Templer Andrew
Published: July 2002

Proposes the concept of women‐friendliness, as a measure of
organizations′ receptivity to women, and explores the roles of the human
resources function in achieving it. Different human resources management
strategies are linked to the role, prestige and attitudes of the HR
function, to the attitude of the organization′s CEO towards women′s
issues, and to the institutionalization of the HRM strategy. Proposes an
agenda for research.
The Export Orientation of Canadian Female Entrepreneurs in New Brunswick
Authors: Grondin Deirdre , Grondin Condé
Published: July 2002

Compares exporting and non‐exporting female entrepreneurs regarding
their information about export markets, their perceptions of the
usefulness of export market information and the helpfulness of
government export stimulation programmes. Identifies the formats which
women entrepreneurs believe to be most helpful in obtaining information
about exporting their products and services. Results suggest that, in
New Brunswick, the majority of female entrepreneurs do not export their
products and services. Furthermore, they do not plan to enter the export
market in the future. Their businesses, are for the most part, small,
non‐technology‐based, labour intensive, or cottage‐craft industries.
They are relatively new, with few employees, and have low annual sales
revenues. However, they also have low overhead expenses and the owners
have the freedom to co‐ordinate their business activities around their
family life and responsibilities. These findings suggest that, rather
than export stimulation programmes, the majority of female entrepreneurs
in New Brunswick are more interested in and would benefit more, at this
time, from product or service quality improvement programmes. They want
to learn more about the characteristics of their local domestic market
in order to penetrate those markets further. Likewise, most female‐owned
(non‐exporting) businesses in New Brunswick need to be brought to a
level of “export readiness”. Finally, those few female entrepreneurs who
are exporting need access to market intelligence, information on how to
improve their exporting strategies and tactics, and on how to maintain
the competitive edge in world markets.
Valuation – a career for women?
Authors: McCarthy Iona
Published: July 2002

Reports on the findings of research into the role of women in the
valuation profession in New Zealand. Quantitative and attitudinal
information from women involved in the valuation profession was obtained
by postal survey. Results reveal 6 per cent female representation in the
profession currently. Describes the population in quantitative terms and
summarizes attitudinal data. Outlines recommendations formulated as a
result of the research, which revealed that gender‐based discrimination
is evident. However, the property industry does offer an interesting and
varied career which should be promoted to young women. Women involved
with the profession have noted gender advantages that should be
recognized by the profession at large.
New business formation: does gender make a difference?
Authors: Ljunggren Elisabet , Kolvereid Lars
Published: July 2002

Despite an increasing trend in the number of females who start businesses in Western countries, the proportion of female compared to male entrepreneurs is still relatively low. Moreover, past research has found that females tend to start businesses with less potential for profitability and growth than men. Investigates gender differences among Norwegian entrepreneurs in the process of starting a new business. Tests the following three hypotheses: H1 ‐ during the business gestation process female entrepreneurs stress personal expectancies while male entrepreneurs stress economic expectancies; H2 ‐ during the business gestation process women perceive stronger social support than men do, and women put more emphasis on such support than men do; H3 ‐ female entrepreneurs perceive having less control and lower entrepreneurial abilities than their male counterparts. In support of H1 and H2, females were found to emphasize independence as a reason for start‐up, and to perceive a high degree of social support during the business gestation process. However, contrary to H3, females were found to perceive themselves as possessing higher entrepreneurial abilities than men.
Developing a new mindset: the “career ambitious” individual
Authors: O’Leary Jane
Published: July 2002

Explores the concept “career ambitious” in the contexts of traditional corpocratic “male” and more recent “female” career development models. Traditional corpocratic career development models are premissed on the notion of linear hierarchical progression and, accordingly, encourage competition, this being the vehicle through which the individual reaches the much‐prized top rung of the career ladder. In this context, the career ambitious individual is fiercely competitive, viewing her or his career as a series of tournaments, and measuring her or his career success by objective measures such as salary, rank or promotion. In contrast, when adopting a more holistic women’s career development framework, in which the interplay between work, significant others, organizational factors and various life stages is acknowledged, the career ambitious individual is one who measures her or his success in both professional and personal arenas through subjective measures such as perceived degree of challenge, satisfaction or sense of growth or development.
The construction of women’s management skills and the marginalization of women in senior management
Authors: Hall‐Taylor Brenda
Published: July 2002

Observes that over the past two decades a body of literature on perceived differences in the management skills of men and women has emerged. Demonstrates, in a detailed examination of sex/gender differences literature, that attempts to establish differences in management style and behaviour are inconclusive. Locating the article within feminist post‐structuralism, argues that it is important to focus not on the results of the sex/gender differences literature, but on its function and effects. Feels that the sex/gender differences literature functions to construct women’s management skills and its effects are to both regulate and marginalize women in senior management.
The MBA as a bridge over the troubled waters of discrimination
Authors: Leeming Anne , Baruch Yehuda
Published: July 2002

It is still widely accepted that women managers are not catching up on their male peers with regard to seniority of position and pay. To learn more about the problem, a study was conducted into the career development of MBA graduates from one of the leading UK business schools. Of the 344 alumni who took part in the study, 96 were women. The respondents came from the UK and from many nations around the world. The career development of the graduates, their competences and their career aspirations were compared across those variables. Differences in performance based on discrimination due to gender were studied. Variables of career development of the graduates, their competences and career aspirations were compared for women and men. The findings indicate that studying for an MBA has a place as a vehicle to reduce discrimination and increase self‐confidence of the individual. Results also indicate the potential value of having an MBA in dealing with discrimination due to gender in organisations.
Use of career strategies by Filipino managerial women
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Divinagracia Louie A. , Mamo Ermias
Published: July 2002

This study examined the use of a variety of career strategies by 200 Filipino managerial women. Data were collected using anonymously completed questionnaires. These women made considerable use of career strategies making greater use of those internal to those external to the organization. Managerial women using more career strategies worked more extra hours per week and participated in a greater number of training and development activities. In addition, these women were more satisfied with their careers and reported more optimistic career prospects.
Incorporating feminist theories into sociological theories of entrepreneurship
Authors: Hurley Amy E.
Published: July 2002

Feminist critiques can provide new insights into organizational theories by examining the historical context in which these theories emerged, the research methods in which the theories are grounded, and the assumptions underlying the theories themselves. This paper applies a feminist critique to sociological theories of entrepreneurship. First, the sociological theories are described, focusing on the effects of political factors, state policies, culture, spatial location, and professionalization on entrepreneurship. This is followed by an analysis of these sociological theories investigating the values embedded in these theories and demonstrating how they can take gender relations into consideration. Finally, several directions for future research are discussed along with the potential feminist theories which have to produce change at the societal level.
Designing organizational solutions to integrate work and life
Authors: Rayman Paula , Bailyn Lotte , Dickert Jillian , Carré Françoise , Harvey Maureen , Krim Robert , Read Robert
Published: July 2002

In September 1996, Fleet Financial Group and the Radcliffe Public Policy Institute undertook a one‐year pilot project addressing a “dual agenda” – reexamining work processes to achieve positive business outcomes while also helping employees better integrate work responsibilities with life outside of work. The chosen sites for the experiments were a retail/small business banking unit and a portfolio management unit. Radcliffe‐Fleet Project researchers employed two key methods: dual context and action research. Using this methodology, interventions and measures of success of the interventions were developed collaboratively with management and employees. Even in these competitive, deadline‐driven work environments, quantitative measures and qualitative assessments at each site showed a positive relationship between business outcomes and quality of life outcomes. The researchers develop guidelines for companies interested in replication of this project. Several principles are also identified for sustaining the success of effective work‐life integration interventions and institutionalizing the “dual agenda” in the workplace.
Sex equality in the financial services sector in Turkey and the UK
Authors: Woodward Diana , Ozbilgin Mustafa F.
Published: July 2002

In the UK and other western countries the financial services sector is seen as offering women better career prospects than most other sectors. Unprecedented numbers of well‐qualified young women are now achieving promotion to first‐line and middle management positions. Companies are represented as progressive employers, committed to promoting equal opportunities. However, a cross‐cultural study of three Turkish and six UK banks and high street financial organisations explores how organisational ideologies and cultures operate to perpetuate inequality, based on managers’ gendered conceptions of “the ideal worker”. Favoured staff were identified, sponsored, promoted and rewarded, often based on their personal affinity with senior managers rather than objective criteria. This distinction between favour and exclusion operates not only along the traditional lines of gender, class, age, sexual orientation, religion and physical ability, but also along the new dimensions of marriage, networking, safety, mobility and space. Despite local and cross‐cultural differences in the significance of these factors, the cumulative disadvantage suffered by women managers and supervisors in both countries was remarkably similar.
Flexibility initiatives: current approaches and effective strategies
Authors: Brumit Kropf Marcia
Published: July 2002

This article describes findings from a series of recent Catalyst studies. Several of these studies investigated the use of flexible work arrangements in business, exploring employee and employer attitudes towards, opinions about, and experiences with, these alternative arrangements. Together, findings from these studies help to delineate current approaches to flexibility initiatives in business, the increasing interest in these arrangements, the key benefits to business from the use of these alternatives, and the continuing barriers to the use of flexible arrangements. They also help to clarify effective strategies and practices for successful flexibility initiatives, along with critical skills needed by supervisors and employees using these arrangements. Detailed examples from two Catalyst Award‐winning organizations – The Bank of Montreal and Deloitte & Touche LLP – are included.
Hazard mitigation and sustainable community development
Authors: Schneider Robert O.
Published: July 2002

Emergency management has come to be regarded by many analysts as a critical part of the development of sustainable communities. The emergency management function has been linked to issues such as environmental stewardship and community planning. Especially important is the linkage between hazard mitigation efforts and community planning in the context of building sustainable communities. But this conceptual linkage has been difficult to implement in practice. The resolution of this difficulty and a clarification of the essential linkage of hazard mitigation to community planning will require a broader definition and a reformulation of the emergency management function. It will also require an assessment and the removal of impediments that currently stand in the way of the implementation of this linkage. Practical steps can be taken to begin this important chore.
Training for the Management of Major Emergencies
Authors: Baldwin Richard
Published: July 2002

Looks at major disasters and the steps taken to limit the problems which
have and may occur, by an adequate training resource. Looks in
particular at oil‐rig disasters such as Piper Alpha, Ekofisk, Aleksander
Kjelland and Ocean Ranger all of which had contributory shortcomings
enhanced by management on‐and off‐shore. Reinforces the concepts that an
emergency response or contingency plan must provide the basis for
emergency training, and that training for the 1990s will be in
simulators.
An International Company’s Approach to Managing Major Incidents
Authors: Cameron Keith H.
Published: July 2002

Assesses the capability of dealing with all the issues resulting from a
major incident. Looks at some ways to develop and improve management
capability and success in introducing and working with an Incident
Command System. This also helps company staff to heighten their
awareness of the importance of safety and environmental protection.
An attempt to link risk assessment with land use planning: a recent experience in Italy
Authors: Menoni Scira , Pergalani Floriana
Published: July 2002

Shows a framework to assess urban and regional vulnerability. Starting from the first attempts to measure the vulnerability component of risk (the latter given as the combination of hazard and vulnerability) which have been carried out in Italy but which considered only single buildings, the method used until now is broadened to take into account also the vulnerability of the subsystems which are part of regional systems as well as social and economic vulnerabilities. Some important parameters have been identified to evaluate these vulnerabilities, and put in a framework which aids the assessment of overall regional and urban vulnerability. According to the authors’ opinion such a framework can be very useful in addressing planners’ and public administrators’ decisions both on preventive strategies and during the preparation of reconstruction plans. This framework has been applied to a small seismic settlement in Lombardy, Toscolano Maderno.
Risk and organizational behaviour: a research model
Authors: Smallman Clive
Published: July 2002

We live in times of increasing dynamism in the natural, social and business environments; with such dynamism comes fear, uncertainty and doubt. As a result the discipline of risk management is in the ascendancy. In a recent influential report the UK’s Royal Society called for research into the role that organization design plays in risk management. Defines a theoretical framework that is being used to investigate a part of that relationship: the link between risk management strategy and organizational behaviour. Organizations are identified with either a proactive or a reactive approach to risk management. The research issue is whether the “choice” of approach is dependent on organization structure or is it independent? Does structure determine the approach or does the approach determine the structure? What other factors play a role? The critical factor of risk perception in managers and its impact on implementation strategy is considered. The types of risk strategy an organization follows and its structure are defined using various measures of distinct factors. By establishing the nature and cause of relationships between the measures and factors, the relationship between organizational approaches to risk and organization structure may be identified. Describes a method for evaluating this relationship.
Trends and fatality of natural disasters in the Arab world
Authors: Al‐Madhari A.F. , Elberier M.O.
Published: July 2002

Examines attitudes to disasters in Arab countries and argues that they are frequently not reported and therefore not analysed in sufficient detail. Using data from the US Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance describes the types and frequency of natural disasters throughout the Arab world. Concentrates on drought as this is by far the largest cause of fatalities in the region. Outlines current policies regarding disaster prevention and management and concludes by suggesting ways in which the present situation could be improved.
Decision making in emergencies
Authors: Cosgrave John
Published: July 2002

Proposes that decision making is part of all management tasks and that it is particularly important for emergency managers as they often need to take decisions quickly on very inadequate information. Briefly reviews some of the particular problems of emergency decision. Looks at the usefulness of Vroom and Yetton’s decision process model for emergencies, before proposing a simplified problem classification based on three problem characteristics. Concludes by reviewing a collection of “emergency” decisions and analysing some of the common factors to suggest a number of simple action rules to be used in conjunction with the simplified decision process model proposed, the “emergency manager’s decision cube”.
Read all about it ‐ risk trends in the media: a research note
Authors: Smallman Clive
Published: July 2002

Describes a study of trends in the use of keywords (risk, hazard and crisis) in the media having accessed a large commercial on‐line database for this purpose. Allowing for several assumptions, finds mainly rising trends in the usage of each of the keywords, and in the proportion of articles classified under related categories (insolvency, terrorism, environment/ecology, and air transport crash).
Reflecting on the weaknesses of the international community during the IDNDR: some implications for research and its application
Authors: McEntire David A.
Published: July 2002

As the end of the United Nations International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction approaches it is necessary to review what is known about global responses to catastrophes. Discusses four major weaknesses of the relief and mitigation community that are frequently identified in the disaster studies literature: the violation of human rights, a low degree of relief co‐ordination, difficulties and drawbacks of providing aid, and dilemmas of development. Offers possible solutions for these challenges and also highlights the implications of the findings for research and application. Gives direction to both academics and practitioners who are interested in disaster relief and prevention around the world.
Health knowledge and health education in the democratic health‐promoting school
Authors: Bruun Jensen Bjarne
Published: July 2002

This paper suggests that there are two different paradigms within health education and the health‐promoting school, the traditional/moralistic paradigm and the democratic paradigm. The Danish network of Health Promoting Schools favours the democratic paradigm, within which the overall aim is to develop students’ abilities to influence their own life and the society – their so‐called “action competence”. The nature of an “action” is defined here as being “purposefully directed at solving a problem or facilitating change and consciously decided upon by those carrying out the action”. The key factors which influence action are discussed: they are insight and knowledge; vision; commitment; experience; and social skills. The paper then looks more deeply at insight and knowledge, suggesting that it has four different dimensions: knowledge of effects; causes; the processes of change; and vision of future possibilities. It suggests that teachers themselves need both the educational competence to facilitate the education of others, and high levels of action‐oriented knowledge and insight.
Worlds apart or of like minds? Mental health promotion in Macedonian and Australian schools
Authors: Simovska Venka , Sheehan Margaret
Published: July 2002

Addresses the issues of mental health promotion in schools within a health promoting schools approach as a framework. Mental health is interpreted holistically and as closely related to the psychosocial environment and organisational structures of schools. Identifies the social environment, and in particular student participation, as a key consideration. Mental health projects in Australia and Macedonia are presented. Despite the very diverse political and educational contexts of these two countries, it has proved possible to identify common themes, and these are explored: they include the importance of opportunities for genuine student participation, teacher‐student relationships, curricula for mental health and ways of connecting students to school.
Improving health in the European Network of Health Promoting Schools in Finland
Authors: Turunen Hannele , Tossavainen Kerttu , Jakonen Sirkka , Salomäki Ulla , Vertio Harri
Published: July 2002

Reports on a study that examined the issues related to health promotion in the 30 Finnish comprehensive schools participating in the European Network of Health Promoting Schools (ENHPS). The data were collected from school representatives in January 1998, at a national ENHPS event, using a questionnaire developed for the study. The response rate was 100 per cent. The results show that the school representatives considered that a general infrastructure for health promotion existed in schools, and that the clarification of the mission of health promotion in schools was well developed. Networking within the communities that surrounded the schools was reported as being uncommon.
Women’s perceptions of familial aspects of breast cancer
Authors: Williams Tracy , Clarke Valerie A. , Savage Sally
Published: July 2002

Women’s understanding of familial aspects of breast cancer was examined using both focus groups and interviews. The studies covered issues related to perceptions of breast cancer risk factors, perceived breast cancer risk, understanding of risk information, and family history of breast cancer as a risk factor. Study 1 consisted of four focus group discussions with women from the general community. Study 2 comprised ten face‐to‐face interviews with women who had a family history of breast cancer. The results in combination indicate a fairly high level of awareness of family history as a risk factor for breast cancer. However, the definition of a familial history of breast cancer differed between the groups, with those without a family history being more inclusive than those with such a history. The paper concludes with suggestions for use by those developing resources materials for those with a familial history of breast cancer.
Physical education and health promotion: a qualitative study of teachers’ perceptions
Authors: Green Ken , Thurston Miranda
Published: July 2002

Presents the findings from semi‐structured interviews with 35 physical education (PE) teachers in secondary schools in the Northwest of England. A principal aim of the study was to examine the extent to which health promotion had become a central feature of PE teachers’ ‘’philosophies” and practices. The findings indicated that the views of many teachers were heavily tinted with health‐related ideological justifications for PE. Teachers not only viewed sport as a central aspect of the subject but also as the main vehicle for health promotion. The paper concludes that an ideology of sport has penetrated deeply into the core assumptions of both PE teachers and government in relation to the promotion of health through PE. Gaps between “policy” and “practice” in relation to health promotion in PE remain and these appear likely to become hardened rather than diminished by recent government policy.
The Best of Health Tackles Trainee Teachers
Authors: Cooper William , Mindham Carole
Published: July 2002

Describes an event organized by the Health Education Authority′s Best of
Health project team, which took place at Crewe+Alsager Faculty of the
Manchester Metropolitan University in spring 1994. The Best of Health
project aims to raise awareness, in primary school teachers and those
training to be teachers, of the opportunities for providing health
education in schools. Summarizes the events of the day, explains how
staff at the college prepared students to get the most out of the day,
and how education staff planned follow‐up work on cross‐curricular ways
of teaching health education.
Sex Education
Authors: Anthony John , Williams Sue
Published: July 2002

Describes the development and organization of a sex education programme
in a Cambridgeshire comprehensive school, from the perspectives of a
teacher and a school nurse. Provides a breakdown of which topics pupils
cover in different years and describes how tuition is organized.
Summarizes the concerns that teachers may have about teaching sex
education, and suggests ways in which these worries may be overcome.
Taking the PSHE out of the National Curriculum
Authors: Brown Terry
Published: July 2002

Summarizes the impact on personal, social and health education of the
proposed changes to the National Curriculum in the wake of the Dearing
Report. Finds that, although there are a few positive developments, the
opportunities for health education as part of the statutory programmes
of study will be considerably reduced if the draft proposals remain
unchanged. Overall, links between health education and the compulsory
National Curriculum have been reduced by 55 per cent. Concludes that
unless links with health education are reinstated, the ability of the
National Curriculum to make a significant contribution to the targets
contained in the Government White Paper, The Health of the Nation, will
be greatly reduced.
A Realistic Approach to Drugs Education in Schools
Authors: Goodman Mike
Published: July 2002

Summarizes recent research showing the widespread experimentation with
drugs by children of school age. Examines what the goals of drugs
education in schools should be, and cites straightforward drugs
prevention work as one of these. States that it is nevertheless
impossible to ignore the level of drug use among school‐age young people
and urges that drugs education should include information on safer drug
use. Concludes that young people are also young citizens who have a
right to information which affects their lives.
Express yourself!
Authors: Hantler Anna‐Michele
Published: July 2002

Argues that too little attention is paid in schools to helping
children to process their everyday feelings. Describes how the author
decided to run afterschool groups which would put children in touch with
their feelings by the use of the arts, including play with paints, clay
or sand, drama, puppetry, dance, music, storytelling and children′s
literature. Suggests that, if the arts become the preserve of the
élite and/or the talented, such exclusivity undermines
individuals′ creative abilities. Summarizes how many children who attend
are those experiencing family changes such as divorce, and how the
groups give them the permission and space to express their feelings of
sadness and anger at what is happening.
Training on child health
Authors: Spence Fanice , Robinson David
Published: July 2002

Describes the development of the Child Healthcare Project, a
training resource for teachers, other school staff and general audiences
on common childhood health issues. Outlines the role of school nurses in
promoting and using the six training packs in schools. The packs are on
asthma, epilepsy, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, basic resuscitation and infection
control. Explains how the need for training of school staff on such
issues is increasing in response to public pressure and initiatives such
as the White Paper, The Health of the Nation. Concludes that the
health service, working with education, may assist in the dissemination
of information on these conditions to the local community.
A model for peer‐led work
Authors: Miller William , MacGilchrist Lorna
Published: July 2002

Describes a pilot peer education project based at Fife Health Promotion Department, which began in April 1993. The project had funding for three years and was supported by Fife Health Care, Fife Health Board and the Health Education Board for Scotland. Describes how the project team devised a model to clarify the aims and objectives of the project, given that there is no affiliated body to provide guidelines, and that there is a lack of documentation concerning thorough evaluation and the plethora of meanings associated with peer‐led work. The model will make it easier to document the processes involved for the purposes of evaluation. Outlines the rationale behind the model and describes how the model provides a core framework for other peer work.
It makes you bald: children’s knowledge and beliefs about health and cancer prevention
Authors: Bendelow Gillian , Williams Simon J. , Oakley Ann
Published: July 2002

Reports results from a study concerning children’s knowledge of and attitudes towards cancer, and their understanding of health and health‐related behaviours, with the specific aim of informing future health promotion work. Using “draw and write” techniques, the findings indicate that these children possessed considerable health‐related knowledge. Exercise and healthy eating were seen as the most important factors in keeping healthy, whereas smoking and bad diet were cited most often as representing unhealthy behaviour. However, both categories also included more general items, embracing both environmental and “individualistic” factors. Similarly, children appeared to possess considerable knowledge about cancer, particularly about lung cancer, but there was also some understanding of other cancers such as breast and skin cancer and leukaemia. Concerning sources of information, most of the children’s knowledge about cancer appeared to derive from television and other media; in particular, soap operas appeared to exert a considerable influence on these young children. Considers the implications of these findings for traditional approaches to health education and the methodological issues involved in researching children’s health.
Knowledge and beliefs about health and cancer prevention: the views of young people
Authors: Bendelow Gillian , Williams Simon J. , Oakley Ann
Published: July 2002

Reports the findings from a study of young people’s knowledge of and attitudes towards cancer, and their understanding of health and health‐related behaviours, the aim of which is to inform future health promotion work in this area. Finds, from the study of three inner city, suburban and rural schools involving 226 young people aged 15‐16, that young people know most about lung cancer, but there is also some understanding of other cancers, particularly breast and skin cancer and leukaemia. Reveals that smoking, pollution and other environmental factors are seen as the dominant causes of cancer, and the latter are more often mentioned by the inner city samples. Shows that young people appear to be more worried about unemployment than ill health, and that happiness comes before health as a priority in their lives. Finds television and the media to be the most important sources of information. Considers the implications of these findings for traditional approaches to health education and health promotion.