bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low-paid Work: Drip-feeding the Poor
Authors: Mcknight Abigail
Published: October 2023

This chapter turns the focus of attention on to the low-wage labour market, specifically looking at how low-wage employment is linked with social exclusion and poverty over different time horizons. It shows how the overlap between low pay and poverty at one point in time understates the extent to which they are related over longer time horizons. Poverty and low pay are entwined over the life course and across generations. The interrelationship between low pay and poverty is demonstrated by examining the extent to which childhood poverty is associated with adult low pay, persistence in low pay can lead to poverty, and how low pay during the working life can lead to poverty in old age. The chapter concludes with a discussion on a selection of policies targeted at reducing the overlap between low pay and poverty by tackling either the causes or the consequence.
Community, Neighbourhood, and Social Infrastructure
Authors: Richardson Liz , Mumford Katharine
Published: October 2023

In this chapter we look at a definition of ‘community’, describe processes of community breakdown, and examine the role of community participation in regenerating low-income neighbourhoods. This chapter is based on two pieces of work undertaken by LSE Housing (now part of CASE) between 1996 and 1999. The first is a study for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation of four neighbourhoods in Manchester and Newcastle that faced problems of incipient abandonment. The second piece of research is an action research project, called the Trafford Hall/LSE Gatsby Project. The Gatsby Project is a UK-wide community training and small grants programme, with linked research and evaluation.
Introduction
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: October 2023

‘Praying is not usual for a Courtier’, Margaret Cavendish says in her Sociable Letters of 1664, ‘Yet those Ladies that are Beautiful are made Saints there, and the men are their Devouts, which offer them Vows, Prayers, Praises and sometimes Thanksgiving … Thus you may see many of our Sex are ma e Saints, though they be Sinners, but they are Sainted for their Beauty, not for their Piety, for their outward Form, not for their inward Grace: Indeed they are worldly Saints, and the Court is their Heaven and Nature their Goddess.’2 All our assumptions about the Restoration court seem to be confirmed here. We have reached the last degenerate stage of courtly love, in which beauty is worshipped no longer as a sign of grace or virtue, but simply as a preliminary to transgressive sex, in a kind of knowing travesty of conventional piety. Yet the episode I am about to describe strongly suggests that this was not the whole story.
The antipodes Of the mind
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

This is a pioneering cognitive psychological study of Ayahuasca, a plant-based Amazonian psychotropic brew. Benny Shanon presents a comprehensive charting of the various facets of the special state of mind induced by Ayahuasca, and analyzes them from a cognitive psychological perspective. He also presents some philosophical reflections. Empirically, the research presented in this book is based on the systematic recording of the author’s extensive experiences with the brew and on the interviewing of a large number of informants: indigenous people, shamans, members of different religious sects using Ayahuasca, and travellers. In addition to its being the most thorough study of the Ayahuasca experience to date, the book lays the theoretical foundations for the psychological study of non-ordinary states of consciousness in general.
Introduction
Authors: Power Daniel
Published: October 2023

The 370 years discussed in this book represent a period of momentous change in Europe. Between the mid-tenth and early fourteenth centuries, the population of the continent increased vastly, and European society became more urbanized, more literate, and more complex in both economic and cultural terms. In particular, ‘Latin Christian’ (Roman Catholic) culture grew to be more assertive and outwardly homogeneous and came to cover a much greater area, but simultaneously it acquired deep and enduring political divisions. Its aggressive character was expressed most forcefully in the Christian holy wars known to history as the Crusades.
Introduction
Authors: Boehmer Elleke
Published: October 2023

This is a book about the writing of empire, and about writing in opposition to empire. It looks at a historical series of imaginative acts involved with colonization and its aftermath. The subject is peculiarly large. And the project of critical overview is itself, ironically, almost imperialistic in scope. It appears to demand from the critic a ‘grand narrative’ of literature in English from the 1700s to the present.
Colonialist Concerns
Authors: Boehmer Elleke
Published: October 2023

Having looked at broad trends and patterns in colonial writing in Chapter 1, I now turn to colonialist literature specifically: that is, the literature––narrative is the preferred form––more directly concerned with colonial experience. Such writing revolves constantly, even obsessively, around certain key themes: the introversion of the colonial mission, or colonial drama; the masculine aspect of that drama; the representation of other peoples; and the resistant incomprehensibility Or unreadability of the colonized beyond.
Earnings Inequality in Portugal and Spain:
Authors: CantÓj Olga , Cardoso Ana R , Jimeno Juan F
Published: October 2023

Earning inequality was on the rise in most OECD countries during the 1980s (OECD, 1993). In the first half of the 1990s, earnings inequality continued rising in the US and the UK, but not in Continental Europe, where the tendency towards increased inequality appears to have slackened somewhat (OECD, 1996; Gottschalk and Smeeding, 1997). Several explanations have been proposed for increasing inequality. Some studies refer to widespread changes in labour market institutions which have led to higher decentralization of wage determination (in those countries where this process is mainly through collective bargaining) and the decline in unionization (in those countries where collective bargaining covers only a small fraction of the workforce, as the US, for instance).
Does Competition at School Matter? A View Based upon the Italian and Japanese Experiences
Authors: Brunello Giorgio , Ishikawa Tsuneo
Published: October 2023

Education and human capital accumulation are often viewed as key to economic performance and growth. This chapter looks at a closely related but often overlooked question: do selectivity and competition at school affect economic performance and welfare? By inducing individuals to invest in the competition for access to the best schools, a selective schooling system increases the stock of common basic academic skills. Examples of these skills include the basics of reading, mathematics and science and problem-solving skills. If the accumulation of these skills and training are complements, selective education reduces training costs and increases the relative advantage of adopting complex and highly productive technologies.
Income Redistribution Within the Life Cycle Versus Between Individuals:
Authors: Rklund Anders Bjö , Palme Mårten
Published: October 2023

Most empirical analyses on income inequality have focused on the distribution of income measured over a single year. Not least the Luxembourg Income Study has spurred an impressive amount of comparative research on income distribution using annual data for a large number of countries. One result that has emerged as almost a stylized fact from this literature is that the distribution of post-tax and benefit family income is more equal than the distribution of pre-tax and benefit income, i.e., taxes and benefits make the income distribution less unequal. Sweden is no exception in this respect; rather the equalizing impact of the Swedish ‘welfare state’ seems to be quite high by international standards.
The Relationship Between Internet Marketplaces And National States
Authors: Ramberg Christina
Published: October 2023

An electronic marketplace can be managed from anywhere and simultaneously from many places. ‘ This makes it possible for the marketplace operator to choose its own jurisdiction. In theory, it may even choose to have no jurisdiction at all tobe who Jly independent and located only in cyberspace. In practice, however, it is not likely that such autonomous ‘ bubbles’ in cyberspace will develop in relation to electronic commerce. Anyhow, there is an enormous potential for the operators of marketplaces to design the rules and norms independently of the national state. This might be perceived as a valuable freedom. However autonomy also has its costs. An autonomous Internet marketplace can no longer rely on the help of the national state and, consequently, must solve problems that were formerly solved by the state.
Efficient Norm Design In The Internet Marketplace
Authors: Ramberg Christina
Published: October 2023

The increased ability to steer and monitor transactions made in an Internet marketplace is a major difference from what was feasible in traditional ‘physical’ marketplaces. This chapter will describe how the opportunities for or feasibility of surveillance are different in the Internet setting as compared with physical marketplaces. The chapter will also explain how this increased ability to steer and monitor makes it possible, and perhaps even necessary, to examine all contract law rules in a new light. This chapter is intended as a basis for the following detailed chapters and to provide an understanding of the large variety of options avai1able to solve problems in relation to electronic auctions and exchanges. With a deeper knowledge of the relationship between the structure of norms and surveillance for conformity with those norms, there should also come a greater ability to provide potential solutions.
Definition Of The Term ‘Exchange’ In Law
Authors: Ramberg Christina
Published: October 2023

Like the term ‘auction’, the term ‘exchange’ is difficult to define. It is uncertain to what extent the transactions must be centralized to the marketplace and how the bids are to be qualified as two-sided. Furthermore, it is unclear if an exchange requires that the transactions are carried out continuously and whether there is inherent in the term a special form of price discovery. In this chapter I will analyse the semantic and functional methods in relation to the term in order to come up with some sort of definition and thereby gain knowledge about what applicable national Jaws mean when they use the term.
Membership Terms And Conditions Of Sale
Authors: Ramberg Christina
Published: October 2023

Most jurisdictions allow marketplaces extensive freedom to set their own rules and conditions. A few jurisdictions have restricted the auction participants’ ability to agree freely on the terms. An example is French Jaw, which stipulates a procedure for some types of auctions that cannot be departed from by the parties’ agreement.
Withdrawal And Cancellation Of Invitations And Bids
Authors: Ramberg Christina
Published: October 2023

A basic problem in contract Jaw is the question of how a contract is formed. There are two main different theories on formation of contract. One is found in the Anglo-American jurisdictions, mainly characterized by the parties being simultaneously bound at a crucial moment-in ‘normal’ cases when the acceptance is put in the postbox. Before this crucial moment the offer can be withdrawn or revoked without any consequences, since none of the parties are bound. According to Gem1an legal tradition the contract is concluded in two steps.
Confirmation by Third Parties
Authors: Ramberg Christina
Published: October 2023

Sometimes the law stipulates that a deal concluded by auction must be confirmed by a third party. Such provisions may cause huge practical problems as to what happens when a deal cannot be completed because there has been no confirmation or there has been a delay in the confirmation. The problem is exacerbated in an international setting as confirmation requirements usually vary across jurisdictions and thus may apply differently to different bidders-and this is of course against the fundamental feature of an efficient auction where all bidders should be treated equally. As said in paragraph 6.0 I above, there is a general problem of a private international law nature as to which law is the applicable law when the transactions arc made in one (or no) state, the participants come from many different states, and the o ject put up for auction is located in yet another state (or located only in cyberspace).
Settlement
Authors: Ramberg Christina
Published: October 2023

It is fairly straightforward to design a marketplace where bids are matched. It is quite another matter to create a system whereby performances of obligations of the buyer and seller are settled. A minimalist marketplace may only offer an opportunity for the buyer and seller to meet and conclude the deal. After this, it is up to the parties themselves to settle the transaction. Other marketplaces may offer more extensive services inc1uding the transfer of payment and transfer of title. To a great extent the range of services provided by the marketplace depends on the types of objects put up for auction, ie, it is easier for the Internet market- place to administer the transfer of title when the transactions deal with stocks that are electronically registered than to transfer the title of antique furniture in the sel1er’s physical possession.
Effects of breach and potential breach: exclusion, ratings, And fees
Authors: Ramberg Christina
Published: October 2023

As has been said many times before in this book, an Internet marketplace is dependent on trust in order to attract liquidity. It is crucial to implement disincentives against individual participants behaving in a way that threatens the trust¬ worthiness of the marketplace. Participants may be denied further access to the marketplace for violating the conditions of sale or membership terms. Before such a draconian sanction is usedt there could be other consequences, such as warning other participants against making a deal with the misbehaving participant (rating or blacklisting) or fees to be paid by the misbehaving participant to the marketplace. Furthermore, the marketplace could require that participants be scrutinized before being accepted in the marketplace.
Promesse De Vente
Authors: Dyson Henry
Published: October 2023

La promesse unilatérale de vente is ‘a contract by which one party undertakes to sell to another but the latter does not bind himself to buy’ (J. Picard, Technique de la vente de l’immeuble (Litec, 1984)). To the English practitioner it is a straightforward option to buy but, as has been said previously, sales of property in some 50 per cent of France are effected through the medium of this kind of contract. It is only on the rarest occasions that it is intended to or does fulfil its true intention as the grant of an option to buy.
Completion
Authors: Dyson Henry
Published: October 2023

Whatever the nature of the contract to purchase or sell a property may be, the sale will be completed by the signature of an acte de vente which is required primarily for fiscal reasons to be authentique. Its form will vary according to the nature of the premises purchased but in many respects, it follows a recognized pattern. It will be rer,;u by the notaire in whose office completion takes place and there may be present also a second notaire said to be en concurrence if each party has instructed his own notaire.
Intestate Succession
Authors: Dyson Henry
Published: October 2023

The Law of 3 December 2001 which came into force on 1 July 2002 applies to all deaths after that date. Whilst the major reform to the laws of intestate succession instituted by that Law is in respect of the rights of the surviving spouse, it took the opportunity to make certain other significant changes to the law, not all of which are applicable only to intestacies. The rules as to the order of intestate succession prior to the coming into force of that Law were complex and the order of inheritance was (i) issue, (ii) father, mother, brothers and sisters, (iii) grand parents, (iv) uncles and aunts, and cousins, (v) the surviving spouse.
The Surviving Spouse
Authors: Dyson Henry
Published: October 2023

It cannot be without significance that the rules which apply to the inheritance rights of a surviving spouse in an intestacy are to be found in articles in that part of the Code civil dealing with inheritance whilst his or her rights arising by the expressed intention of the deceased spouse by will are to be found in other articles widely separated from the former under the title ‘Dispositions between spouses by marriage contract or during marriage’.
Informal Women’s Groups in Rural Bangladesh: Operation and Outcomes
Authors: Mahmud Simeen
Published: October 2023

Bangladesh is well known for the success of its small-scale, village level groups of rural poor, and of women. The fact that these are so widespread, and so long-standing, is in strong contrast to many other groups discussed in this volume. Their particular combinations of methods and activities also make them unusual. What has made it possible to get these groups together, on a continuing basis, to strengthen the position of the poor, and in particular poor women? This chapter looks at some of the aspects of group operation that help to explain this success. It also looks at links between group operation and outcomes.
Non-market Relationships in Health Care
Authors: Mackintosh Maureen , Gilson Lucy
Published: October 2023

Do collaborative or co-operative (COOP) non-market relationships within groups generate more equitable outcomes than hierarchical or quasi-market (M) modes of organization? That was one of the questions that motivated the WIDER workshop for which an earlier draft of this paper was prepared. This paper seeks to answer that question, in a reworked form, for the case of health care systems in low and middle income countries. The answer, we argue, is no. COOP is not in itself a force for equity. COOP and hierarchical (P/C) modes of non-market behaviour within and between groups can each be associated with redistributive or regressive health care systems.
The Case of Indigenous NGOs in Uganda’s Health Sector
Authors: Lorgen Christy Cannon
Published: October 2023

This chapter argues that Ugandan NGOs operating in the health sector are experiencing contradictions between two modes of operation, M and COOP modes, which are shaped both by the external and internal environment for NGOs. The internal environment refers to the NGO’s own ways of working, relationships within the NGO, and the techniques and language used by the staff The external environment for NGOs indicates the influence of other actors, particularly the donors which fund NGOs and the governments which regulate them. Changes in these environments have tended to highlight the contradictions between M and COOP modes; these contradictions create tensions within the NGOs.
The Pricing of Options on Assets with Stochastic Volatilities
Authors: Hull John , White Alan
Published: October 2023

One option-pricing problem that has hitherto been unsolved is the pricing of a European call on an asset that has a stochastic volatility. This paper examines this problem. The option price is determined in series form for the case in which the stochastic volatility is independent of the stock price. Numerical solutions are also produced for the case in which the volatility is correlated with the stock price. It is found that the Black-Scholes price frequently overprices options and that the degree of overpricing increases with the time to maturity. One option-pricing problem that has hitherto remained unsolved is the pricing of a European call on a stock that has a stochastic volatility. From the work of Merton (1973), Garman (1976), and Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross (1985), the differential equation that the option must satisfy is known. The solution of this differential equation is independent of risk preferences if (a) the volatility is a traded asset or (b) the volatility is uncorrelated with aggregate consumption. If either of these conditions holds, the risk-neutral valuation arguments of Cox and Ross (1976) can be used in a straightforward way.
Stochastic Autoregressive Volatility:A Framework for Volatility Modeling
Authors: Andersen Torben G
Published: October 2023

This paper introduces a general class of stochastic volatility models that can serve as a basis for modeling and estimating simultaneous equation systems involving multivariate volatility processes. The class consists of processes obtained as monotone polynomial transformations of so-called stochastic autoregressive volatility (SARV) models. The class permits a flexible modeling of volatility and avoids strong distributional assumptions. Most of the standard stochastic volatility models are incorporated in the framework, including the lognormal autoregressive model and stochastic volatility generalizations of GARCH and EGARCH. General conditions for strict statinarity, ergodicity, and the existence of finite lower-order unconditional moments for SARV are established. Closed-form expressions for the lowerorder moments constitute the basis for the proposed generalized method of moments estimation procedure. As an illustration we consider an informationdriven model of the return volatility–trading volume system for financial assets. Parameters with structural interpretation are estimated and an extended Kalmanfilter procedure allows for the construction of volatility forecasts based on the bivariate return-volume series. Empirical results are based on daily NYSE data for IBM over 1973–1991.
Bayesian Analysis of Stochastic Volatility Models
Authors: Jacquier Eric , Polson Nicholas G , Rossi Peter E
Published: October 2023

New techniques for the analysis of stochastic volatility models in which the logarithm of conditional variance follows an autoregressive model are developed. A cyclic Metropolis algorithm is used to construct a Markov-chain simulation tool. Simulations from this Markov chain converge in distribution to draws from the posterior distribution enabling exact finite-sample inference. The exact solution to the filtering/smoothing problem of inferring about the unobserved variance states is a by-product of our Markov-chain method. In addition, multistep-ahead predictive densities can be constructed that reflect both inherent model variability and parameter uncertainty. We illustrate our method by analyzing both daily and weekly data on stock returns and exchange rates. Sampling experiments are conducted to compare the performance of Bayes estimators to method of moments and quasi-maximum likelihood estimators proposed in the literature. In both parameter estimation and filtering, the Bayes estimators outperform these other approaches.
Econometric Analysis of Realized Volatility and its use in Estimating Stochastic Volatility Models
Authors: Barndorff-Nielsen Ole E , Shephard Neil
Published: October 2023

Summary. The availability of intraday data on the prices of speculative assets means that we can use quadratic variation-like measures of activity in financial markets, called realized volatility, to study the stochastic properties of returns. Here, under the assumption of a rather general stochastic volatility model, we derive the moments and the asymptotic distribution of the realized volatility error—the difference between realized volatility and the discretized integrated volatility (which we call actual volatility). These properties can be used to allow us to estimate the parameters of stochastic volatility models without recourse to the use of simulation-intensive methods.
Time Series Regression with Long-range Dependence
Authors: Robinson P M , Hidalgo F J
Published: October 2023

We are very grateful for the comments of two referees and an Associate Editor on the first version of this chapter. One referee, in particular, showed how to considerably abbreviate our original proofs. Though the final version of the chapter substantially relaxes the conditions in the original version, we have made use of this referee’s techniques in doing so. We also thank Yoshihiko Nishiyama for carrying out the Monte Carlo simulations.
Oral Tradition
Authors: Woolf Daniel
Published: October 2023

It is Often overlooked that early modern antiquaries relied to a great extent not only on manuscript and archaeological material, but also on a variety of oral sources ranging from popular traditions to the personal recollections of the aged. The purposes of this final chapter are to examine more closely the uses to which oral traditions were put between 1500 and 1700; to explore the changing attitudes of the recorders to the content and sources of such traditions; and to offer an interpretation of their declining status as historical sources in the seventeenth century and their eventual exile to the wilderness of folklore and vulgar error. I shall argue that this decline can be attributed to a number of contemporaneous developments. These include changing attitudes to historical evidence as historical evidence (what historians of history are usually interested in); broader reconceptualizations of the nature of truth; the related, widening division between learned and popular cultures; and the evolving agenda of antiquarian research.
Edmund Plowden
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

A scholar at the Middle Temple and a steadfast Catholic, Edmund Plowden (1518–85) revolutionized the practice of law by providing thorough, detailed accounts of various legal arguments in his Commentaries (1571). Plowden enjoyed relative immunity from persecution as a Catholic because of his membership in the close-knit Inns of Court and his outstanding abilities. Plowden wrote his Treatise on Mary, Queen of Scots (1566) in response to John Hales’s manuscript tract (early 1560s) denying the claims of Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, to the English throne. Plowden dismisses the common-law argument that prohibits inheritance by aliens.
Education and Public Policy
Authors: Dutta Jayasri , Sefton James , Weale Martin
Published: October 2023

Economists usually concentrate on the productive aspect of education; it is the most important way by which societies can, and do, invest in human capital. The fact that education increases the skill levels of individuals and contributes to the rise and spread of technological progress is beyond dispute. One may ask, nevertheless, how large these effects are, who pays the costs and who obtains the benefits. It is a type of investment where public financing is substantial, even in countries where the level of state participation in economic activity is otherwise low.
Introduction
Authors: Pestieau Pierre
Published: October 2023

Unquestionably, the welfare state is a fundamental and distinguishing feature of the European social model. A major achievement of post-war Europe, it has enabled societies to cope with tremendous economic and social upheavals and adaptations. Social cohesion, which is the basis and the outcome of the welfare state, is an objective of European Union member states as much now as it was in 1945, when the welfare state began. Yet, in recent years the welfare state has come under increasing attack. Although in Europe there continues to be a large degree of consensus that it is the responsibility of government to insure that nobody who is poor, sick, disabled, unemployed and old is left deprived, there are mounting calls to roll back spending on the welfare state. Two main charges are raised: that it fails to achieve some of its main objectives, and that it is responsible for a decline in economic performance.
Types of social protection
Authors: Pestieau Pierre
Published: October 2023

There does not exist a single model of welfare state in the European Union. Each country has its own model that is the result of its political and social culture and of its economic evolution. There exists a number of taxonomies of welfare states which focus on specific features of their functioning. We focus on a taxonomy based on two characteristics: the generosity and the redistributiveness of programs. The main interest of distinguishing among types of social protection programs is the different implications they have in terms of efficiency, equity and political sustainability. Most social protection systems include a mixture of transfers that differ by being either in cash or in kind, and by a type of benefit formula. One distinguishes three basic formulas: means-tested benefits, flat-rate benefits, and earnings-related benefits, to which one could add public subsidies for the purchase of private goods or services.
Social insurance and globalization
Authors: Pestieau Pierre
Published: October 2023

Europeans are divided on two opposite approaches regarding globalization. The first one, which is dominant and named pensée unique (one track view-point) in France, consists in viewing economic integration with mixed feelings of hope and resignation. That is, hope that globalization will ensure steady growth and full employment for years ahead, and resignation regarding the diminishing role of national governments in economic and social policy. The second approach, epitomized by the Lisbon Group’s Report (Petrella 1995), sees both globalization and competition as responsible for persistent unemployment, and implies the abdication of politics in favor of economics. This quite radical view presents the choice offered to European voters between the (German) social democratic model and the (American) capitalist model as equivalent to a choice between the plague and cholera.
Social versus private insurance
Authors: Pestieau Pierre
Published: October 2023

Up to now we have been mainly concerned with social insurance, neglecting the role of private insurance as an alternative means of protection. In this chapter, we look at the role of the public versus the private sector in the provision of insurance in light of recent economic and social developments. We believe that the comparison between those two types of insurance cannot be addressed in the same way as 50 years ago, when the welfare state started. Social insurance is now experiencing a number of difficulties. Some of these are linked to recent developments such as fiscal competition, the declining credibility of the state, evolving labor markets, public opinion resisting redistributive policy, and an increasing demand for protection. First, let us clarify some conceptual issues, and give some figures for the evolution and the relative strength of social versus private insurance.
Family allowances
Authors: Pestieau Pierre
Published: October 2023

In this chapter, we study the effect of family allowances on poverty within the European Union. While there appears to be a remarkably redistributive effect, family allowances are only one component of child policies. Their objective is not just poverty alleviation, they also aim at fostering female employment and fertility. Sharp differences exist in the level and pattern of child policies across European countries, the Nordic countries leading the pack in terms of generosity. Family allowances are available in all European countries, although their generosity and their benefit rule vary across countries. The share of expenditure on family allowances is far from being as important as that of the big two components of social spending, health and retirement. Yet, as this chapter shows, its incidence on income inequality and poverty is quite impressive. In that respect family allowances are likely to be one of the most efficient social programs in terms of Euros spent.
An Assessment of the Effects of the Intervention
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Dai Lu
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 3, we reviewed the process of the Hong Kong government’s intervention in the stock market. We not only examined the price behaviour of every intervened stock, but also estimated the quantity that the government had purchased based on our assumptions about the government’s likely actions.
Family, Quality of Jobs, and Female Labour Force Patterns in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: Cerrutti Marcela
Published: October 2023

Female labour force participation rates have been recently increasing in Argentina.2 The growing participation of women in the labour market has coincided with the adoption of structural adjustment and economic reform policies (Sautu 2000; Wainerman 2000). These policies-including a reduction in social expenditures, privatization of public services, deregulation of labour markets, and trade liberalization-had negative repercussions on labour conditions and employment generation (Cerrutti 2000a;Marshall 1998). Thus, the rising presence of women in the labour market has taken place at the same time labour instability increased and employment opportunities, particularly in the formal sector, decreased.
Fire, Vegetation Change, and Pastures, 1860–1880
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

Debates about environmental degradation were well established in colonial circles at the Cape by the early 1860s. They stemmed from the practical dilemmas of a pre-industrial society: the experience of transhumance, drought, or firewood shortage. They arose specifically from problems in competition for and use of natural resources, especially the grazing lands of the colony. Colonists, drawing on indigenous knowledge, had developed complex naming systems and modes of recognition for these resources. Many had opinions on the value of bushes and grass and on the impact of drought and fire. More explicitly, scientific classification drew on, and fed back into, such realms of environmental knowledge. By the mid-nineteenth century scientific endeavour was increasingly finding a local base. Environmental debates had become associated with attempts to intensify settlement and agriculture, as part of the broader priority of colonial development.
Prickly Pear in the Cape: Useful Plants and Invaders in the Livestock Economy, 1890–1950
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

The South African Department of Agriculture was an important site of applied scientific research in the first half of the twentieth century, not least in respect of the pastoral economy. At the same time, scientific understanding shaped approaches to agrarian problems and the conservation of natural resources. The spread of prickly pear presented a particular challenge, and required sophisticated and adaptable policy responses. It was very difficult for the state to organize a consensus on the question, even amongst white landowners. And the scientific resources of the Department, especially its Entomology Division, were tested to the limit. The outcome of intervention had ambiguous and complex implications for conservationist strategies.
The EC Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings
Authors: Fletcher Ian F
Published: October 2023

This chapter mainly deals with the EC Council Regulation 1346/2000 on Insolvency Proceedings, adopted on 29 May 2000. The chapter commences, however, with a brief account of the protracted saga culminating in the adoption of the Regulation, which came about only after a series of abortive efforts by the evolving membership of the European Union to conclude a convention regulating the conduct of insolvency proceedings as between themselves. Although the need for such arrangements was foreseen at the time of drafting the Foundation Treaty of the European Economic Community, and was indeed covered by the terms of a specific provision of that Treaty, successive initiatives between 1960 and 1996 failed to realize this goal, although at various times agreement seemed tantalizingly close.
Introduction
Authors: Boffey Julia
Published: October 2023

The late medieval taste for poems in the form of dreams responds to an extensive and significant tradition of writing of which examples can be cited from the Bible, from the Greek and Latin classics, and from the late antique and early medieval periods.1 Interest in the prophetic or symbolic potential of dreams is especially marked in ancient and classical writings (as in, for example, the biblical dreams interpreted by Joseph in Genesis, chapter 41; John’s dream as recounted in The Book of Revelation; the dream of the underworld in Book VI of Virgil’s Aeneid), and the body of Latin scholarship in which such dreams were discussed and categorized continued to be influential in the Middle Ages. Macrobius, whose commentary on the dream of Scipio dates from the fifth century, was still widely read and cited ten centuries after his death.2
Satirical Prints of Women and the London Art Market
Authors: Mccreery Cindy
Published: October 2023

Miss Bailey, whose picture, painted by Hoppner, was so much the admiration of the town, at the last exhibition, has been just married to a young gentleman of considerable fortune in the country. That lady, though of a genteel family, was quite unknown in the polite world, till her charms were exhibited upon canvas. The print of Love in a Coffinblished today—the family hath taken much pains to suppress everything on this subject—Lord Sackville took home his Culprit truant daughter I know no satire, no chastisement so severe against vice in people of fashion, as prints—for which I designed the above on Mrs. [?]Herbart.
Trans-Atlantic: Harlow Revisited
Authors: Shapiro Martin
Published: October 2023

In a series of articles Carol Harlow has examined the general condition of administrative law in the USA, UK, and EU. Ever conscious of crucial differences between them, nonetheless she develops a set of basic themes common to them all.
Cymru yn Ewrop: Wales in Europe
Authors: Rawlings” Richard
Published: October 2023

‘A pluralist Europe is not inconsistent with a commitment to internationalism. Cultural diversity is valuable in its own right and is a basic strength of the European enterprise . . . Systems and processes which work in one Member State may be largely ineffectual in others and effectiveness in the real, grass roots, sense provides the strongest of arguments for pluralism.’
Of Institutions and Individuals: The Enforcement of EC Law
Authors: Tomkins* Adam
Published: October 2023

One of Carol Harlow’s principal contributions to English administrative law was the famous metaphor she and Richard Rawlings adopted to explain to generations of students the two essential schools of thought which dominated English administrative law scholarship throughout the twentieth century.
George III and the Artists1
Authors: Hoock Holger
Published: October 2023

Throughout the imperial and domestic crises of the 1760s, George III was easy prey for satirists and caricaturists. Though many had warmly greeted the accession of the young king, soon his lack of experience, his haughty and stubborn manner, and his often politically unwise conduct were translated into bitterly satirical prints. These depicted George variously as a blind man or a tractable child led astray by the pernicious influence of his mother and her putative lover the Scottish Earl of Bute, or, less frequently at first, as a scheming despot.
Envisioning (Black) Male Feminism: A Cross-Cultural Perspective
Authors: Adu-Poku Samuel
Published: October 2023

The question of men’s presence in feminism has always been a controversial one. Some feminists have portrayed men’s intrusion in feminism as an attempt to appropriate women’s experiences and discursive spaces to sustain patriarchal representations of women as ‘other’ (Klein, 1983; Smith, 1987). The presence of black men in feminism is a complex and conflicting issue, particularly in a Euro-Canadian/ American context. A black man’s place in (black) feminist criticism has been a questionable one, emanating from a traditional patriarchal perspective on gender and culture. ‘Why then would men want to be in feminism if it’s about struggle [against patriarchy]? What do men want to be in—in pain? (Jardine, 1987, p. 58).
The Spectator Turned Reader: Printed Text at the Galleries
Authors: Calè Luisa
Published: October 2023

The translation of the images of poetry from the ear to the eye, is an undertaking at all times regarded with general favour. Those delightful and instructive ideas, which long and laborious diligence alone can otherwise unfold to the solitary and the studious, are thus rendered the easy objects of intuitive attainment, amidst the chambers of gaiety and in the cheerful hours of converse and recreation.
The Reader Turned Spectator: Visual Narratives
Authors: Calè Luisa
Published: October 2023

Chapter 2 used Iser’s reader response to analyse the role and trans- formation of texts at exhibitions. That analysis is here pushed further as we move from the catalogue to the pictures. Much as gallery catalogues exemplify the ways in which texts construct their implied readers, so do literary galleries construct their implied spectators. This chapter sets the visual narrative explored by theorists alongside dictionary entries, developments in museum layouts as well as the visual spectacles of the day: magic lanterns, panoramas, and the Eidophusikon. In The Shows of London (1978), R. D. Altick offered a ground-breaking inventory of London’s spectacles. Eighteenth-century spectacles and viewing practices went across the barriers preserving high art and literature from what now falls in the precincts of popular culture. In order to reconstruct how language and painting turned readers into spectators in late eighteenth-century London, we need to explore the ways in which aesthetic experience was shaped by visual technologies as a series of integrated cultural practices. This chapter focuses on how reading shaped the experience of exhibitions and ends with an analysis of literary gallery narratives, culminating in a montage reading of Fuseli’s Milton Gallery.
Protesting and Preaching
Authors: Fissell Mary E
Published: October 2023

In the 1640s England was torn apart by civil war. For the first time since the Wars of the Roses two centuries earlier, Englishmen faced their brothers, cousins, and neighbours on the field of war. Traumatic as those battles were, they pale in comparison with the larger social upheavals of the decade. ‘The world turned upside down’ is the way a contemporary commentator tried to describe how all kinds of social truths were questioned, inverted, or discarded. In 1649 the very pinnacle of the social hierarchy tumbled: King Charles I was executed after a trial for treason. England became a republic, governed by Parliament and a Lord Protector, Oliver Cromwell. By 1660 the political experiment had failed, and the King’s son was crowned as Charles II.
Evidence on the Venture Capitalist Investment Process: Contracting, Screening, and Monitoring
Authors: Kaplan Steven N , StrÖmberg Per
Published: October 2023

There is a large academic literature on the principal–agent problem in financial contracting. This literature focuses on the conflicts of interest between an agent—an entrepreneur with a venture that needs financing—and a principal—an investor with the funds to finance the venture.
The European Economic and Social Committee1
Authors: Smismans Stijn
Published: October 2023

The first form of functional participation that will be analysed in detail is the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC). The analysis follows the structure set out at the start of this book, namely I will first look at the context in which the EESC has been created (I). Subsequently, I will analyse the legal provisions concerning this institution and will give an initial description of its functioning (11). Based on this initial analysis, I will identify the normative foundations on which such an institutionalized form of functional participation seems to be built, i.e. the foundational legitimacy of the EESC (III). In the following section I will analyse to what extent the daily working of the EESC corresponds to the expectations of the normative model.
Information Agencies: the European Agency for Safety and Health Protection at Work
Authors: Smismans Stijn
Published: October 2023

The preceding two chapters have dealt with two forms of functional participation that have mainly a role in regulatory policy-making. The EESC is a functional assembly that gives advice on a broad range of socio-economic regulatory aspects of European integration. Tripartite advisory committees provide ‘tripartite expert deliberation ‘ in particular (technical) areas of risk regulation. In the field of OH&S, both the EESC and the AC have mainly a role of giving advice on regulatory proposals of the European Commission. Yet, European social policy includes also ‘persuasive policy-making ‘, relying on soft law, exchanges of information, and new modes of governance. Other forms of functional participation have been established in such persuasive policy-making.
A Premiere: New York, December 1867
Authors: Andrews Malcolm
Published: October 2023

On Saturday 7 December 1867, Charles Dickens and George Dolby boarded the Shore Line train at Boston for the nine-hour journey to New York. They reached the city at 6 that evening. Dickens was very tired. His persistent cold showed signs of worsening to influenza. He was 55. His face was deeply lined, the skin grainy but highly coloured, weather-beaten. He carried himself like a naval officer, upright and alert. ‘A little, trim-looking gentleman’, he seemed: his eyes were ‘filled with an energy which seemed to be unconfined’.
A Community of Readers
Authors: Andrews Malcolm
Published: October 2023

Now, the question I want your opinion on, is this:— Assuming these hopes [of becoming a professional Reader] to be well- grounded, would such an use of the personal (I may almost say affectionate) relations which subsist between me and the public, and make my standing with them very peculiar, at all affect my position with them as a writer? Would it be likely to have any influence on my next book? If it had any influence at all, would it be likely to be of a weakening or a strengthening kind?
Celebrity on Tour
Authors: Andrews Malcolm
Published: October 2023

People in their thousands came to look at Dickens as he travelled all around Britain; they came ‘to hear him roar or shake his literary mane as one of the largest lions of the day’. Once Dickens had reconciled himself and his readership to his new profession he had two principal tasks to address: the practicalities of staging the Readings, and the rewards and difficulties of being a hugely popular celebrity. In the 1860s, and particularly in America in 1867– 8, he consolidated his status as one of the first great international celebrities in history.
An Introduction To Modern Marine Cover
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

In the modern London market, insurance is customarily written on the basis of a simple basic form to which is attached an appropriate standard set of more detailed clauses. It was not always thus. The agreements concluded in Lloyd’s coffee house in the eighteenth century for the assumption of risk in return for payment of a premium developed into a standard form contract, the SG policy. This policy developed on an entirely adhoc basis, risks being amended and exceptions developed in response to evolving law and practice. Moreover, a complex way of presenting the cover evolved.
The Inchmaree Clause
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

In The Inchmaree, the House of Lords ruled that the breakage of a piece of machinery on a ship was recoverable neither as a peril of the sea nor under the eiusdem generis clause because the accident lacked the necessary maritime connection. This prompted the introduction of the Inchmaree clause, designed to provide such cover. Today, however, the clause referred to by that name is of somewhat broader scope.