bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response of Vicia faba plants to the interactive effect of sodium chloride salinity and salicylic acid treatment
Authors: Tammam A. A.
Published: August 2004

The leaf area, fresh and dry matter, and water content in the roots and shoots of broad bean were significantly reduced with a rise in salinity. The protein components in the roots and shoots decreased in response to salinity, whereas the proline content significantly increased. The sodium content in both roots and shoots increased with increasing salinity, whereas potassium and calcium decreased. Salinity induced an increase in total amino acids and ammonia. Spraying with salicylic acid (SA) increased the three growth parameters, stimulated the synthesis of protein at all salinities, retarded the accumulation of proline, retarded the accumulation of Na+and increased the content of K+and Ca2+. The total content of amino acids was about 1.6-fold the untreated control and there was a drastic increase in the content of threonine and serine. The electrophoretic pattern of SA-treated seedlings showed 21 polypeptides compared to 12 in the salt-treated ones. Salinity plus SA resulted in the disappearance of 4 polypeptides. In addition, two peptides with molecular masses of 99 and 102 kDa appeared in the gel in both NaCl-treated seedlings and NaCl+SA-treated seedlings.
Effect of NPK mineral fertilization on the alveographic parameters of winter wheat
Authors: Győri Z. , Szilágyi S. , Sipos P.
Published: August 2004

Investigations on the baking quality of winter wheat, which is the most important bread cereal in Hungary, have been in the focus of attention for a long time. it is useful to study the theoretical and practical aspects of European quality testing systems, because different European methods are generally mutually accepted in the EU. Many recognised testing methods have been developed in Hungary over the last hundred years. In the present experiments studies were made on the effect of the year, variety and mineral fertilization and their interactions on alveographic parameters. in the years examined, the main factor which determined the alveographic values was found to be the variety. fertilization had a significant effect on the examined parameters, but in most cases no regular trends were observed. The year only modified wheat quality in interactions.
Yield and yield components of wheat subjected to water stress under rainfed conditions in Pakistan
Authors: Kazmi R. H. , Khan M. Q. , Abbasi M. K.
Published: August 2004

The investigation was concerned with the effects of water stress on the yield and yield components of wheat grown under rainfed conditions in Rawalakot, Pakistan. A pot experiment was conducted with four wheat genotypes, Inqlab-91, Chakwal-97, Rawal-87 and Kohsar-95, tested against five irrigation levels with drought imposed at different growth stages including control, terminal drought, post-anthesis drought, three irrigations and pre-anthesis drought. The parameters studied were flag leaf area, ear stalk length, number of grains per spike and grain yield per pot. Flag leaf area and ear stalk length exhibited a significant reduction of 14 and 36%, respectively, when wheat was subjected to water stress. The proportional reduction in yield was 40% with three irrigations and 98% in the case of pre-anthesis drought depending upon the extent and degree of stress. Results showed that wheat could withstand and tolerate drought only up to anthesis, after which water stress resulted in the complete failure of the crop. It could be deduced that the critical stage for moisture in wheat started 60 days after germination, and became more severe at 90 days, i.e. at the anthesis stage. Among the genotypes, Inqlab-91 was found to be more tolerant of drought and could thus be a good option for further testing and recommendation for rainfed areas.
Nitrate reductase activity and yield of Lens culinaris sprayed with 28-homobrassinolide
Authors: Hayat S. , Ahmad A.
Published: August 2004

Thirty-day-old plants ofLens culinaris(L.) Medic. cv. Pusa-6 were sprayed with 10-10, 10-8or 10-6M aqueous solutions of 28-homobrassinolide (HBR). Root length and nodule number per plant decreased, whereas the leaf nitrate reductase activity (E.C. 1.6.6.1) at 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing and the seed yield at harvest increased significantly in plants sprayed with either concentration of HBR. The values increased at first with an increase in the concentration of HBR but decreased with a further increase above 10-8M, which proved best for improving seed production.
Winter hardiness of durum wheat in Hungary
Authors: Szűcs P. , Veisz O. , Vida G. , Bedő Z.
Published: August 2004

One basic precondition for the reliable cultivation of winter durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) in Hungary is for the varieties to have good winter hardiness and frost resistance. Field overwintering experiments carried out in Martonvásár between 1995 and 2003 demonstrated that there was a significant difference every year between the overwintering of varieties with poor and good frost resistance, though only in two years was there a significant difference between that of varieties with medium and better frost resistance. Only a medium correlation was observed between the mean annual values of the air temperature in the winter months and the winter hardiness of the varieties, confirming that winter hardiness is influenced jointly by a number of environmental factors (e.g. cold, snow cover). In the experiments carried out on the winter hardiness dynamics of durum wheat, it was found that in milder winters even T. durum varieties which are sensitive to frost overwintered with little damage, while in the two coldest winters during the experimental period the hardiness of these varieties did not provide sufficient protection even in December, and all the plants were destroyed by January. The early spring frosts experienced in 1996 proved in these experiments that spring frosts may cause considerable damage even to durum wheat varieties with relatively good winter hardiness. Averaged over eight years, the results prove that T. durum genotypes are now available whose average state of hardening and winter hardiness are equal or better than those of winter T. aestivum varieties with moderate frost resistance.
Estimation of pollen viability in einkorn (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) accessions of different geographical origin
Authors: Kovács G.
Published: August 2004

In the present experiment the pollen viability of einkorn accessions of different origin was tested using four vital dyes (TTC, Baker's procedure, MTT and FDA) to determine the potential of the dyes to differentiate fresh living pollen from pollen heated for 12 hours at 80ºC (killed pollen). It was found that two of the four dyes previously employed to determine pollen viability also stained killed pollen in the case of several einkorn accessions, while FDA and MTT did not. It is thus suggested that the two latter should be used to test einkorn pollen viability, since they do not normally stain either killed or aborted pollen grains.
Gradient chamber studies on the dry matter accumulation of winter emmer [Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.] landraces in the seedling stage
Authors: Kőszegi B. , Kovács G.
Published: August 2004

The multiplication and characterisation of genetic stocks originating under very different ecological conditions is a problem constantly encountered in gene bank research. However, the major components of the original environment, such as temperature, light and humidity, can be reproduced under artificial conditions in the phytotron. The gradient, or inhomogeneous, chamber available in the phytotron of the Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, makes it possible to elaborate plant growth programmes optimised for the various developmental phases of each population in a single step. In this chamber gradients of two extremely important environmental factors, temperature and illumination, can be simultaneously programmed, thus allowing the optimum light × heat combinations to be identified. However, the use of complete inhomogeneity (light × heat) makes it extremely difficult to evaluate the experimental results, since biometric methods based on traditional statistics are unable to handle this situation. It is thus essential to find a method suitable for the comparative analysis of continual variables (Okada et al., 2000). The present paper reports on the first phase in the development of a plant growth programme for emmer, based on investigations made on two gene bank accessions of winter Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell. (MvGB 301 and MvGB 304). In the gradient chamber study the accumulation of dry biomass in three-week-old plants was investigated as a function of temperature and light intensity. The results suggest that a temperature of 10-12°C combined with low or moderate light intensity is optimum for the germination and initial development (0-4 weeks) of emmer. These conditions also induced good tillering, which is extremely important, especially for gene bank accessions where the possibility of seed multiplication and field cultivation is limited.
Identification of QTLs involved in physiological and agronomic indicators of drought tolerance in rye using a multiple selection index
Authors: Farshadfar E. , Mohammadi R. , Aghaee M. , Sutka J.
Published: August 2004

Water deficiency is a major constraint in wheat production and the most important contributor to yield reduction in the semiarid regions of the world. species related to wheat are valuable genetic sources for different traits including resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. To locate the genes controlling the physiological and agronomic criteria of drought tolerance, disomic addition lines of secale cereale cv. Imperial (donor) into the genetic background of Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring (recipient) were tested under field, greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Disomic addition lines exhibited significant differences for relative water content (RWC), relative water loss (RWL), water use efficiency (WUE) and stomatal resistance (SR), indicating the presence of genetic variation and the possibility of selection for improving drought tolerance. Three physiological variables, RWL, WUE and SR, with high correlation with the stress tolerance index (STI) and germination stress index (GSI), contributed 69.7% to the variability of yield under stress (Ys) in the regression equation. Based on the physiological multiple selection index (MSI) most of the QTLs controlling physiological indices of drought tolerance were located on chromosomes 3R, 5R and 7R. The contribution of addition line 7R to the MSI was 47%. The evaluation of disomic addition lines for STI and GSI revealed that most of the QTLs involved in these quantitative criteria of drought tolerance are located on 3R and 7R. Cluster analysis and three dimensional plots of Ys, yield potential (Yp) and MSI indicated that 3R and 7R are the most important chromosomes carrying useful genes for improving drought tolerance.
Broadleaf weed control in chickpeas (Cicer arietinum), faba beans (Vicia faba) and lentils (Lens culinaris)
Authors: Ghosheh H. Z. , El-Shatnawi M. K.
Published: August 2004

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of herbicides applied alone or in combination for broadleaf weed control in chickpeas, faba beans and lentils. Herbicide applications of metribuzin pre-emergence; pendimethalin pre-emergence; bentazon post-emergence; metribuzin pre-emergence followed by bentazon post-emergence; and pendimethalin pre-emergence followed by bentazon post-emergence were examined and compared to weedy and hand-weeded plots. In chickpeas, metribuzin provided substantial control of broadleaf weeds; however, some injury was observed. Pre-emergence applications in faba beans provided substantial control of broadleaf weeds, and the bean yield was comparable to hand-weeded plots. No additional advantage was observed from combining bentazon with pre-emergence applications. Lentil plants were sensitive to herbicide applications, which caused crop injury and reduced the seed yield significantly.
Low temperature effects on the growth of evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) rosettes
Authors: Fieldsend A. F.
Published: August 2004

In field crops of evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) the post-winter growth of rosettes is slow to re-start. The effect of temperature on the growth of rosettes was assessed in a controlled environment experiment. Relative growth rate was positively correlated with temperature, but in apparent contrast to the results from field trials, the rosettes grew at constant temperatures as low as 6.5ºC. However, following transfer to warmer temperatures an increase in relative growth rate did not occur until 7-10 days later, whilst a change to a cooler environment caused an immediate reduction in relative growth rate. Thus, it seems likely that growth is inhibited by intermittent exposure to temperatures of 0°C or below. Partitioning of biomass between root and shoot was independent of temperature, but at 6.5ºC the relative rate of leaf area increase was very low. Consequently, the specific leaf area was lower in rosettes growing at lower temperatures.
Influence of water stress on spring barley yields under Polish climatic conditions
Authors: Gut M. , Bichoński A. , Mikulski W.
Published: August 2004

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of atmospheric precipitation on the yield of spring malting barley. The plant height and heading of the studied forms were observed as additional indicators of their reaction to variable water conditions. The plant material for this study consisted of spring barley breeding lines in generations F6-F7 evaluated at 7 locations in 1996-2001. The highest yield was observed with precipitation within the range 258-321 or 356-382 mm per growing season in years with colder or warm weather, respectively. These results were obtained using abundant plant material highly differentiated genetically, so it may be inferred that the above values are the rainfall levels optimal for spring barley cultivation under Polish climatic conditions. The experimental locations could be divided into four classes according to observations on mean yields and on total rainfall before heading and between heading and full maturity. the optimal class included locations where the highest yield was observed; in the second there was a high precipitation level but a lower yield was obtained; in the third class there was a shortage of rainfall before heading, and in the fourth class there was a shortage of rainfall between heading and maturity. The observation of yields lower than those obtained in optimal locations led to the assumption that stress factors at these locations did not allow the yield potential of the studied genotypes to be fully expressed. The studied genotypes showed good adaptation to the variable conditions of the Polish climate, which is characterized by periods with a shortage or excess of rainfall.
Effect of irrigation regimes, mid-season drainage and time of application of nitrogen on growth and yield of hybrid rice
Authors: Jayakumar M. , Khrisnasamy S. , Thavaprakash N.
Published: August 2004

Field experiments were conducted at the Central Farm of the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, India during the rabi (October-January) seasons of 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 in a split plot design with three replications. The soil of the experiments was sandy clay loam with a neutral reaction. The main plot consisted of six irrigation schedules with mid-season drainage, while four N splits were taken as sub- plots. The experimental results revealed that irrigation to a depth of 5 cm one day after the disappearance of ponded water and mid-season drainage, along with N applied in four splits, with 16.7% at 10 days after transplanting, 33.3% at active tillering, 33.3% at panicle initiation and 16.7% at the heading stage, produced significantly higher growth, yield attributes, grain and straw yields in hybrid rice. A combination of the above treatments led to maximum grain yields of 7533 and 8078 kg ha-1 (45.53 and 45.86% in excess of the control) in 1999-2000 and 2000-2001, respectively.
Parametrized Beginnings of Sentences in English and German
Authors: Doherty Monika
Published: August 2004

Translational evidence from popular-scientific texts shows that about every second sentence of the German translations does not begin in the same way as the English originals although the sentences are subject to the same discourse conditions and although in many cases analogous beginnings are not excluded for linguistic reasons. The differences concern word order and perspective, i.e., active, passive and passive-like structures, but also structural explicitness, i.e., the use of clauses, word groups, words or proforms at the beginning of sentences. To explain the findings, it will be assumed that complex information structures are subject to a strategy of balanced information distribution, which replaces the given-new strategy of simpler information structures, and that both strategies spell out differently if grammatical parameters are set differently. In particular, the different beginnings of German and English sentences suggest that there are stronger constraints in English on reordering due to processing disadvantages which follow from the tighter subject-verb-object link in English.
Explicitating and Implicitating Source Text Ideology
Authors: Puurtinen Tiina
Published: August 2004

The article applies to translation some ideas from critical discourse analysis and discusses the potential effects of translational solutions on the ideological content of texts in the light of a small-scale study on student translations. Ideology refers here to the ways in which linguistic choices made by the writer or translator of a text, first, create a particular perspective on the events portrayed, second, may reflect the writer's opinions and attitudes, and third, may be used to influence readers' opinions. Particular linguistic structures, such as vocabulary, finite and nonfinite constructions, active and passive forms, and grammatical metaphors, can be seen as conscious or unconscious strategies which realise ideological meanings. In translation, ideologically motivated linguistic structures of a source text may be manipulated either unintentionally because of insufficient language and/or translation skills or lacking knowledge of the relationship between language and ideology, or intentionally owing to translation norms, requirements of the translation commission or the translator's own attitudes towards the source text subject. The analysis of Finnish translations of English magazine articles made by translation students focused on explicitating and implicitating translation strategies. Implicitation was found to be much more frequent than explicitation. Explicitation included, for instance, replacing a source-text nominalisation with a Finnish verb phrase and making clausal relations more explicit by adding connectives to the texts. Implicitation involved turning verb phrases into nominalisations and complete relative clauses into complex premodified noun phrases. These strategies changed the viewpoints and occasionally even modified the opinions expressed by the source-text writers. The students' non-systematic application of opposite strategies suggests that source text manipulation was mainly caused by insufficient skills and knowledge rather than ideological motivations.
Book Reviews
Authors: Nord Christiane , Kiraly Don , Pym Anthony
Published: August 2004

Maeve Olohan (ed.): Intercultural Faultlines. Research Models in Translation Studies I. Textual and Cognitive Aspects. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 2000; Paul Kussmaul: Kreatives Übersetzen Tübingen: Stauffenburg, 2000; Jenny Williams and Andrew Chesterman: The Map. A Beginner's Guide to Doing Research in Translation Studies. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 2002.
Translating Stage Directions: The Tempest Act IV into Spanish
Authors: Purificación Sánchez Hernández , Aguado Pilar
Published: August 2004

The stage directions of The Tempest Act IV have, as many other fragments of Shakespeare's works, been subjected to editorial intervention since the editors of the 18th century first altered the Folio stage directions. There are six directions in Act IV that show differences with respect to the original. All of them were initially modified by the 18th century editors both in the form of the direction and in the place of occurrence. Later editors maintained these new arrangements remaining in that form and place in all subsequent editions till the 20th century, when scholars such as Dover Wilson and Kermode went back to the Folio edition. This editorial behaviour has also been paralleled by the Spanish translators. In this paper we present all Spanish translations of The Tempest published in Spain and analyse the influence of English editors on the Spanish translations of this particular Act.
“Persons Shall Not Be Discriminated on Account of Language”
Authors: Nord Christiane
Published: August 2004

De iure, all democratic countries recognize the rights of citizens or immigrants who have a limited or no command of the national language. Nevertheless, de facto, these rights are often neglected, especially in administrative authorities, healthcare services, and even in law courts, where - often literally - matters of life and death are at stake. The paper describes the structure and underlying philosophy of an International Bachelor's degree programme in Court and Community Interpreting that was established at the Department of Technical Communication of the University of Applied Sciences of Magdeburg, Germany (Hochschule Magdeburg-Stendal) in 1999. Modularisation, internationalisation, interdisciplinarity, language-independent training, and the ethics of intercultural mediation are the basic principles of the programme. This means that the programme's purpose is to make the most of scarce resources by means of a modular structure and close cooperation between Faculties and Institutions at home and abroad, training professional intermediaries for a modern multicultural society.
Case Studies in Translation: The Study of Translation Cases
Authors: Neubert Albrecht
Published: August 2004

Although the professional reality of translation always involves a concrete assignment a translator has to perform, there is, surprisingly, little evidence that this fact gets reflected in translation studies, which are primarily aimed at abstracting from individual cases and obtaining a generalised picture of the translation process. This paper, by contrast, seeks to give a programmatic survey of what case studies in translation could possibly offer to translatology. It is an attempt to point out the many advantages case studies have over abstract theorising. Indeed, their findings could provide traditional translation studies with a much more solid empirical basis than what current research has at its disposal. Moreover, a study of translation cases would yield more specific results, even if at the cost of greater generality.
Colloquialisms in Translated Text. Double Illusion?
Authors: Nevalainen Sampo
Published: August 2004

In contemporary Finnish literature informal and colloquial varieties of language are widely used for stylistic purposes. This study investigates the use of colloquialisms in translated Finnish fiction as compared to non-translated texts of the respective genres. Due to the corpus-based approach on a fairly large material, the primary emphasis is on quantitative aspects, but some attention is paid to qualitative differences as well. The study is descriptive in nature and is restricted to lexical manifestations of colloquialisms, i.e., non-standard spelling and vocabulary. Based on the presumption that translations are conservative in comparison to original texts, it is hypothesised that both the extent and the frequency of colloquialisms are greater in original fiction than in translated fiction. Colloquialisms are examined using 14 groups of words established with the help of corpus-based key word lists. The analysis reveals that the colloquial features represented by these groups of words generally appear more extensively (number of works) and more often (frequency) in the original Finnish than in the translated Finnish. There are also strategic differences between writers and translators in the utilization of different means of expression. Generally speaking, the authors of the original texts tend to make better use of the different levels of language in their colloquialisation strategy than the translators do.
The economic and institutional determinants of the ‘New Economy’ in transition economies
Authors: Piatkowski M.
Published: August 2004

The contribution of the so-called ‘New Economy’ to economic growth in developing countries has so far been minimal. Nonetheless, in the longer run the ‘New Economy’ offers great potential for faster economic growth in post-socialist economies. Realising this potential is, however, not automatic. It could be left unharnessed if there is no suitable institutional and economic infrastructure that would allow for adoption, diffusion, and productive use of information and communication technologies (ICT). The paper here will construct a New Economy Indicator (NEI) that measures the levels of preparedness of transition economies for harnessing the potential of ICT to accelerate long-term economic growth and a catching-up with the developed countries. In the NEI ranking Slovenia scored highest; it is followed by the Czech Republic and Hungary. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia–Montenegro (former Yugoslavia) occupy the bottom of the table.
The Role and Determinants of Electronic Commerce and On-line Advertising within Corporate Activity
Authors: Berács J. , Keszey T. , Sajtos L.
Published: August 2004

The research focuses on the application of the Internet in three major areas: sales, purchasing and advertising, which, from a marketing point of view, are the most relevant activities in a company. It is argued that by the end of the 1990s in Hungary Internet-related business activities had become new and increasingly important areas of competition - and this observation holds even though the penetration of the Internet amongst the Hungarian population remains low, so that consumer fears are major obstacles to the more widespread use of this type of media. In this research, the “supply side” of business activities is investigated - that is, companies. In this article (which relies on a large-scale representative national survey carried out in 2000), there will first of all be provided an overview of the intensity of Internet usage among Hungarian companies in relation to marketing activity. Second, based on cutting-edge international literature, the possible factors in the model which determine Internet usage in companies' purchasing, sales and advertising activities will be outlined. Finally, there is an empirical testing of the given model on a representative sample of Hungarian companies.
John von Neumann's Contribution to Modern Game Theory
Authors: Forgó Ferenc
Published: August 2004

The paper gives a brief account of von Neumann's contribution to the foundation of game theory: definition of abstract games, the minimax theorem for two-person zero-sum games and the stable set solution for cooperative games with side payments. The presentation is self-contained, uses very little mathematical formalism and caters to the nonspecialist. Basic concepts and their implications are in focus. It is also indicated how von Neumann's groundbreaking work initiated further research, and a few unsolved problems are also mentioned.
On Orlicz-Pettis property
Authors: Aizpuru A. , Gutiérrez-Dávila A.
Published: August 2004

In this paper we study the Orlicz-Pettis property for a Boolean algebra. We characterize the countable Boolean algebras with this property and extend that study to some families of P(N). As a consequence, we obtain characterizations of weakly summing families in terms of the space c0 and in terms of some separation properties.
Subspaces of A-statistically convergent sequences
Authors: Demirci K. , Khan M. K. , Orhan C.
Published: August 2004

Let A be a nonnegative regular summability method. In this paper we deal with various subspaces of A-statistically convergent sequences by using the rate of convergence concept. We show, under certain conditions, that these subspaces cannot be endowed with a locally convex FK-topology. We also describe multipliers for bounded A-statistically convergent and bounded A-statistically null sequences with the appropriate rate and provide a Steinhaus type result.
Convergence of multivalued mils and pramarts in spaces without the RNP
Authors: Krupa G.
Published: August 2004

New convergence results for multivalued martingales in the limit and super- and subpramarts whose values are weakly or strongly compact convex subsets of a separable Banach space are presented. In contrast to the previous results the underlying Banach space does not have the Radon-Nikodym property. A connection between multivalued and single-valued subpramarts is established. New onvergence results for single-valued mils and super- and subpramarts follow from the multivalued results presented here.
On cardinality questions concerning automaton mappings
Authors: Ádám A. , Laczkovich M.
Published: August 2004

Let F+(X) be the set of words of positive length over a finite setX. By an automaton mapping (over (X,Y)) we understand a mapping of F+(X) into a finite setYwhere |Y|?1). The family of all mappings over (X,Y) may be considered as an infinite automatonUhaving 2?states.Uhas at most 2^{2?} subautomata and at most 2?countable subautomata. We show that these bounds are actually attained.
The generalized Cesáro operator on Dirichlet spaces
Authors:   Stević
Published: August 2004

In this note we investigate the boundedness of the generalized Cesáro operator on the weighted Dirichlet spaces Dp,a.
On the relative lengths of sides of convex polygons
Authors: Lángi Zs.
Published: August 2004

Let C be a convex body. By the relative distance of points p and q we mean the ratio of the Euclidean distance of p and q to the half of the Euclidean length of a longest chord of C parallel to pq. The aim of the paper is to find upper bounds for the minimum of the relative lengths of the sides of convex hexagons and heptagons.
Initial problems for neutral functional differential equations with unbounded delay
Authors: Kamont Z.
Published: August 2004

General theorems on the existence, uniqueness and convergence of successive approximations for classical solutions of the Cauchy problem are given. Results are based on a comparison method and on the axiomatic approach to equations with unbounded delay. The nonlinear comparison operator is investigated. Examples of nonlinear comparison problems and phase spaces are given.
On the domain characterization of fractional powers of certain operator matrices generating analytic semigroups
Authors: Bátkai András
Published: August 2004

We characterize the domains of fractional powers of some operator matrices generating analytic semigroups. The results are applied to wave equations with delay and semilinear wave equations.
Translative covering a convex body by its homothetic copies
Authors: Januszewski Janusz
Published: August 2004

Any sequence of positive homothetic copies of a planar convex body C with total area not smaller than 6.5 times the area of C permits a translative covering of C.
Sturm--Liouville theory for the p-Laplacian
Authors: Binding Paul , Drábek Pável
Published: August 2004

A version of Sturm--Liouville theory is given for the one-dimensional p-Laplacian including the radial case. The treatment is modern but follows the strategy of Elbert's early work. Topics include a Prüfer-type transformation, eigenvalue existence, asymptotics and variational principles, and eigenfunction oscillation.
One variation of R. Miron's spray theory in OsckM
Authors: Čomić Irena
Published: August 2004

Lately a big attention has been payed on the higher order geometry. Some relevant papers are mentioned in the references. R. Miron and Gh. Atanasiu in [16], [17] studied the geometry of OsckM. R. Miron in [19] gave the comprehend theory of higher order geometry and its application. The whole theory of sprays in OsckM M is established. Here, using R. Miron's method, a variation of this theory is given. The transformation group is slightly different from that used in [19] and it will change the geometry. The adapted basis, the Liouville vector fields, the equation of sprays, will have different form. We give the relations between coefficients of S and the Liouville vector fields.
Weak solutions of quasilinear functional differential systems in the second canonical form with unbounded delay
Authors: Człapiński Tomasz
Published: August 2004

Weak solutions of quasilinear hyperbolic systems in the second canonical form with unbounded delay are investigated. The phase space is defined as an abstract functional space satisfying some suitable axioms. A theorem on the existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence upon initial data is given. The method of bicharacteristics and the Banach fixed-point principle are used.
Saturated chain partitions in ranked partially ordered sets, and non-monotone symmetric 11-Venn diagrams
Authors: Hamburger Peter , Petruska György , Sali Attila
Published: August 2004

In this paper we show that there are at least 2110  non-isomorphic 11-doilies, that is, there are many non-isomorphic symmetric, non-simple, non-monotone 11-Venn diagrams, with "many" vertices. We do not achieve the maximum vertex set size, 2046, but we approach it closely, improving from the previous 462 in [10] to 1837. The doilies constructed here cannot be constructed by either of the methods of [10] or [6]. The main purpose of this paper is not to publish these attractive diagrams but to inspire new studies by raising ideas, methods, questions, and conjectures, hoping for results analogous to those generated in [10]. These ideas connect two seemingly distant areas of mathematics: a special area of combinatorial geometry, namely, certain families of simple closed Jordan curves in the plane, and the study of ranked partially ordered sets or posets.
Planar point sets with a small number of empty convex polygons
Authors: Bárány Imre , Valtr Pável
Published: August 2004

A subsetAof a finite setPof points in the plane is called anempty polygon, if each point ofAis a vertex of the convex hull ofAand the convex hull ofAcontains no other points ofP. We construct a set ofnpoints in general position in the plane with only ˜1.62n2empty triangles, ˜1.94n2empty quadrilaterals, ˜1.02n2empty pentagons, and ˜0.2n2empty hexagons.
Implant Plastic Surgery: A Review and Rationale
Authors: Kazor Christopher E. , Al-Shammari Khalaf , Sarment David P. , Misch Carl E. , Wang Hom-Lay
Published: August 2004

Implant dentistry has been established as a predictable treatment modality with high clinical success rates. Esthetic considerations of implant restorations have been gaining increased interest over the years. The role of periodontal plastic surgical procedures in the creation and maintenance of peri-implant soft tissue heights to facilitate better esthetics has become more popular. The available plastic surgery procedures and their clinical applications are reviewed in this article. Emphasis is placed on factors to consider for proper case selection and ideal treatment planning.
Finite Element Analysis of an Osseointegrated Stepped Screw Dental Implant
Authors: Geng J. P. , Xu W. , Tan K. B. C. , Liu G. R.
Published: August 2004

An osseointegrated stepped screw dental implant was evaluated using 2-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA). The implant was modeled in a cross section of the posterior human mandible digitized from a computed tomography (CT) generated patient data set. A 15-mm regular platform (RP) Branemark implant with equivalent length and neck diameter was used as a control. The study was performed under a number of clinically relevant parameters: loading at the top of the transmucosal abutment in vertical, horizontal, and 45° oblique 3 orientations. Elastic moduli of the mandible varied from a normal cortical bone level (13.4 GPa) to a trabecular bone level (1.37 GPa). The study indicated that an oblique load and elastic moduli of the cortical bone are important parameters to the implant design optimization. Compared with the cylindrical screw implant, the maximum von Mises stress of the stepped screw implant model was 17.9% lower in the trabecular bone-implant area. The study also showed that the stepped screw implant is suitable for the cortical bone modulus from 10 to 13.4 GPa, which is not necessarily as strict as the Branemark implant, for which a minimum 13.4 GPa cortical bone modulus is recommended.
An Instrument for the Optimal Guiding of Osseointegrated Dental Implants
Authors: Juodzbalys Gintaras , Raustia Aune M.
Published: August 2004

The purpose of this study was to design an instrument for the optimal guiding of osseointegrated implants intraoperatively to achieve parallelism or desired angulations. Seven patients (4 males and 3 females) were enrolled in the investigation. They ranged in age from 44 to 61 years. Using an instrument designed by the senior author that permitted optimal guiding of the osteotomy instruments (33 Osteofix Oy, Oulu, Finland) we placed in these patients, root form, single stage implants. The difference in angulations between the first and the remaining implants was measured using the abutment replicas on the working models. It was found that the mean deviation angle between the first and the adjacent implant replicas was 2.2° (SD = 0.4°). The largest deviation angles were 2.3° (SD = 0.5°) and 3.1° (SD = 0.8°). The study indicated that the instrument had been designed in a functional manner and that all implants in such relationships can be inserted into their desired positions, either parallel to one another or with the desired angle for the planned prostheses.
Simultaneous prediction of crystal shape and size for solution crystallization
Authors: Zhang Yongchun , Doherty Michael F.
Published: August 2004

Crystals experience changes in both size and shape during growth. A method is developed for the simultaneous prediction of crystal shape evolution and size distribution for solution crystallization processes by combining shape evolution modeling and population balance modeling techniques. When surface integration is the rate‐controlling step and each face grows by the same mechanism (for example, the screw dislocation mechanism), the relative growth rates of crystal faces are constant, and the crystal volume can be represented by a piecewise smooth function of the crystal size. The process can then be described by a simple 1‐dimensional (1‐D) population balance model linked with the shape evolution model. The current method is applicable to tablet‐shaped crystals with a dominant face of arbitrary initial size and shape. Such crystals can be treated as two‐dimensional (2‐D). A case study of succinic acid crystals grown from water illustrates the applicability and simplicity of the proposed method. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2101–2112, 2004
Genetics of signal transduction and the effect of maternal smoking on sex ratio of offspring
Authors: Bottini Nunzio , Magrini Andrea , Cosmi Erich , Gloria‐Bottini Fulvia , Saccucci Patrizia , Di Iorio Romolo , Bergamaschi Antonio , Bottini Egidio
Published: August 2004

We investigated the possible effects of ACP1 on the relationship between maternal smoking and sex ratio of offspring. ACP1 is a highly polymorphic enzyme involved in signal transduction of growth factors, glucose metabolism, flavoenzyme activity, and T‐cell activation. A sample of 357 consecutive newborns from the population of Rome and a sample of 362 consecutive newborns from the population of Penne were studied. In both populations, among female newborns from smoking mothers there was a higher proportion of the A phenotype (associated with the lowest enzymatic activity) and a lower proportion of carriers of the *C allele (associated with the highest enzymatic activity) compared to female infants from nonsmoking mothers. In newborns from smoking mothers there was a positive correlation between sex ratio and ACP1 activity. The data suggest intrauterine selection induced by smoke that is dependent on sex and the ACP1 genotype of the zygote. It has been shown that low ACP1 activity is associated with high activity of the flavoenzyme glutathione reductase, an enzyme that has an important role in the protection of cellular structures from oxidative damage. Thus, the A phenotype may have a protective effect against oxidative damage by cigarette smoking through an enhancement of glutathione reductase activity. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:588–592, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunostimulation and growth faltering in UK infants
Authors: Panter‐Brick C. , Lunn P.G. , Goto R. , Wright C.M.
Published: August 2004

The purpose of the study was to determine whether chronic immunostimulation could explain growth faltering in disadvantaged children in the UK, as it does in developing countries such as The Gambia. In all, 216 infants, age 10–21 months, were recruited when blood samples were taken for the routine or clinical purposes of a longitudinal study tracking a larger cohort of children. Aliquots of blood were collected on Guthrie cards to determine blood concentrations of albumin (Alb), α1‐antichymotrypsin (ACT), and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Haemoglobin concentrations were determined by routine hospital laboratory analysis. Heights and weights were measured and converted to z‐scores; birth weights were used with recruitment weight to calculate a ‘thrive index’ for each child. Age‐corrected plasma IgG concentration was negatively associated with both height‐ and weight‐for‐age z‐scores (P = 0.042 and 0.038, respectively) but not with the thrive index or body mass index z‐scores. Blood haemoglobin levels were positively related to height‐ and weight‐for age z‐scores, as well as to the thrive index (P = 0.026, 0.014, and 0.007, respectively). Although significant, these relationships could only account for a small part the observed growth variation. Although the relationships were weak, the results suggest that some of the observed variation in growth of these UK infants may be explained on the basis of persistent immunostimulation or poor iron status. In terms of markers of immunostimulation (Alb, ACT, ACT:Alb ratio, IgG), both absolute levels and relationships with height‐for‐age are substantially different than those previously observed in cohort studies of infants in The Gambia. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:581–587, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Energetic and nutritional regulation of the adaptive immune response and trade‐offs in ecological immunology
Authors: Long Kurt Z. , Nanthakumar Nanda
Published: August 2004

Ecological Immunology views immunocompetence as a costly process involving trade‐off decisions among competing nutrient demands by different life‐history traits. This review examines immunocompetence fitness costs in light of recent work on the role the energetic and nutritional status of the host plays in the regulation of the adaptive T‐helper lymphocyte response. Three phenotypically distinct T‐lymphocyte populations have been identified: the Th1 response, important in protecting against intracellular infections; the Th2 response, important in protecting against noninvasive infections such as helminthes; and the Th3 or Treg population, which downregulates polarized Th1 or Th2 responses. A strong Th1 response is protective against intracellular infections, while a Th2 response is protective against noninvasive infections. Adequate zinc and energy intake leads to a dominant Th1 response and a downregulated Th2 response, while deficiencies of either of these results in activation of the Th2 response and downregulation of the Th1 response. In contrast, adequate vitamin A intake leads to an activated Th2 response and downregulation of the Th1 response, while vitamin A deficiency reverses these patterns. These differential immune regulatory effects of energy and nutrient intake will have distinct effects on specific stages of the natural history of different pathogen infections where the protective roles of the Th1‐Th2 responses are distinct. Accordingly, fitness costs of immunocompetence are more complex than currently proposed since trade‐offs in energetic and nutritional resources produce cross‐regulatory effects on immune system subcomponents. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:499–507, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coexistence of melorheostosis and DISH in a female skeleton from Magna Graecia (Sixth Century BC)
Authors: Canci Alessandro , Marchi Damiano , Caramella Davide , Fornaciari Gino , Borgognini Tarli Silvana M.
Published: August 2004

This paper reports on a case of massive hyperostotic alterations observed in the skeleton of an adult woman from the necropolis of Montescaglioso Belvedere (Basilicata, Southern Italy) attributed to the Enotrian culture and dated to the 6th century BC. Hyperostotic changes involve joints, the vertebral column, and the lower limbs. In particular, the large flowing ossification in both the thoracic (T6–T10) and lumbar (L2–L5) tracts, the sacralization of L5, accompanied by sacroiliac fusion on the left side, and the proliferative bone production on both the metaphyseal portion of the left tibia and the left third metatarsal are described. The vertebral antero‐lateral ossification and the sacroiliac fusion support a diagnosis of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), while the flowing bone formation on the lower limbs supports a diagnosis of melorheostosis. The pathological conditions described here were already described in the literature, but this is the first reported case of the coexistence of DISH and the very rare melorheostosis. Furthermore, the skeleton from Montescaglioso Belvedere represents the first case of this disease described for ancient Europe, therefore adding a valuable contribution to the reconstruction of the antiquity and distribution of skeletal dysplasias. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Web‐crawling reliability
Authors: Cothey Viv
Published: August 2004

In this article, I investigate the reliability, in the social science sense, of collecting informetric data about the World Wide Web by Web crawling. The investigation includes a critical examination of the practice of Web crawling and contrasts the results of content crawling with the results of link crawling. It is shown that Web crawling by search engines is intentionally biased and selective. I also report the results of a large‐scale experimental simulation of Web crawling that illustrates the effects of different crawling policies on data collection. It is concluded that the reliability of Web crawling as a data collection technique is improved by fuller reporting of relevant crawling policies.
Dynamic Web log session identification with statistical language models
Authors: Huang Xiangji , Peng Fuchun , An Aijun , Schuurmans Dale
Published: August 2004

We present a novel session identification method based on statistical language modeling. Unlike standard timeout methods, which use fixed time thresholds for session identification, we use an information theoretic approach that yields more robust results for identifying session boundaries. We evaluate our new approach by learning interesting association rules from the segmented session files. We then compare the performance of our approach to three standard session identification methods—the standard timeout method, the reference length method, and the maximal forward reference method—and find that our statistical language modeling approach generally yields superior results. However, as with every method, the performance of our technique varies with changing parameter settings. Therefore, we also analyze the influence of the two key factors in our language‐modeling–based approach: the choice of smoothing technique and the language model order. We find that all standard smoothing techniques, save one, perform well, and that performance is robust to language model order.