bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Power-law behavior of transcription factor dynamics at the single-molecule level implies a continuum affinity model
Authors: Garcia David A , Fettweis Gregory , Presman Diego M , Paakinaho Ville , Jarzynski Christopher , Upadhyaya Arpita , Hager Gordon L
Published: February 2021

Single-molecule tracking (SMT) allows the study of transcription factor (TF) dynamics in the nucleus, giving important information regarding the diffusion and binding behavior of these proteins in the nuclear environment. Dwell time distributions obtained by SMT for most TFs appear to follow bi-exponential behavior. This has been ascribed to two discrete populations of TFs—one non-specifically bound to chromatin and another specifically bound to target sites, as implied by decades of biochemical studies. However, emerging studies suggest alternate models for dwell-time distributions, indicating the existence of more than two populations of TFs (multi-exponential distribution), or even the absence of discrete states altogether (power-law distribution). Here, we present an analytical pipeline to evaluate which model best explains SMT data. We find that a broad spectrum of TFs (including glucocorticoid receptor, oestrogen receptor, FOXA1, CTCF) follow a power-law distribution of dwell-times, blurring the temporal line between non-specific and specific binding, suggesting that productive binding may involve longer binding events than previously believed. From these observations, we propose a continuum of affinities model to explain TF dynamics, that is consistent with complex interactions of TFs with multiple nuclear domains as well as binding and searching on the chromatin template.
TbSAP is a novel chromatin protein repressing metacyclic variant surface glycoprotein expression sites in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Davies Carys , Ooi Cher-Pheng , Sioutas Georgios , Hall Belinda S , Sidhu Haneesh , Butter Falk , Alsford Sam , Wickstead Bill , Rudenko Gloria
Published: February 2021

The African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei is a unicellular eukaryote, which relies on a protective variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat for survival in the mammalian host. A single trypanosome has >2000 VSG genes and pseudogenes of which only one is expressed from one of ∼15 telomeric bloodstream form expression sites (BESs). Infectious metacyclic trypanosomes present within the tsetse fly vector also express VSG from a separate set of telomeric metacyclic ESs (MESs). All MESs are silenced in bloodstream form T. brucei. As very little is known about how this is mediated, we performed a whole genome RNAi library screen to identify MES repressors. This allowed us to identify a novel SAP domain containing DNA binding protein which we called TbSAP. TbSAP is enriched at the nuclear periphery and binds both MESs and BESs. Knockdown of TbSAP in bloodstream form trypanosomes did not result in cells becoming more ‘metacyclic-like'. Instead, there was extensive global upregulation of transcripts including MES VSGs, VSGs within the silent VSG arrays as well as genes immediately downstream of BES promoters. TbSAP therefore appears to be a novel chromatin protein playing an important role in silencing the extensive VSG repertoire of bloodstream form T. brucei.
Disruption of exon-bridging interactions between the minor and major spliceosomes results in alternative splicing around minor introns
Authors: Olthof Anouk M , White Alisa K , Mieruszynski Stephen , Doggett Karen , Lee Madisen F , Chakroun Almahdi , Abdel Aleem Alice K , Rousseau Justine , Magnani Cinzia , Roifman Chaim M , Campeau Philippe M , Heath Joan K , Kanadia Rahul N
Published: February 2021

Vertebrate genomes contain major (>99.5%) and minor (<0.5%) introns that are spliced by the major and minor spliceosomes, respectively. Major intron splicing follows the exon-definition model, whereby major spliceosome components first assemble across exons. However, since most genes with minor introns predominately consist of major introns, formation of exon-definition complexes in these genes would require interaction between the major and minor spliceosomes. Here, we report that minor spliceosome protein U11-59K binds to the major spliceosome U2AF complex, thereby supporting a model in which the minor spliceosome interacts with the major spliceosome across an exon to regulate the splicing of minor introns. Inhibition of minor spliceosome snRNAs and U11-59K disrupted exon-bridging interactions, leading to exon skipping by the major spliceosome. The resulting aberrant isoforms contained a premature stop codon, yet were not subjected to nonsense-mediated decay, but rather bound to polysomes. Importantly, we detected elevated levels of these alternatively spliced transcripts in individuals with minor spliceosome-related diseases such as Roifman syndrome, Lowry–Wood syndrome and early-onset cerebellar ataxia. In all, we report that the minor spliceosome informs splicing by the major spliceosome through exon-definition interactions and show that minor spliceosome inhibition results in aberrant alternative splicing in disease.
Cervical 1-2 Posterior Instrumented Fusion Utilizing Computer-Assisted Navigation With Harvest of Rib Strut Autograft: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Yee Timothy J , Strong Michael J , Willsey Matthew S , Oppenlander Mark E
Published: February 2021

Nonunion of a type II odontoid fracture after the placement of an anterior odontoid screw can occur despite careful patient selection. Countervailing factors to successful fusion include the vascular watershed zone between the odontoid process and body of C2 as well as the relatively low surface area available for fusion. Patient-specific factors include osteoporosis, advanced age, and poor fracture fragment apposition. Cervical 1-2 posterior instrumented fusion is indicated for symptomatic nonunion. The technique leverages the larger posterolateral surface area for fusion and does not rely on bony growth in a watershed zone. Although loss of up to half of cervical rotation is expected after C1-2 arthrodesis, this may be better tolerated in the elderly, who may have lower physical demands than younger patients. In this video, we discuss the case of a 75-yr-old woman presenting with intractable mechanical cervicalgia 7 mo after sustaining a type II odontoid fracture and undergoing anterior odontoid screw placement at an outside institution. Cervical radiography and computed tomography exhibited haloing around the screw and nonunion across the fracture. We demonstrate C1-2 posterior instrumented fusion with Goel-Harms technique (C1 lateral mass and C2 pedicle screws), utilizing computer-assisted navigation, and modified Sonntag technique with rib strut autograft.

Posterior C1-2-instrumented fusion with rib strut autograft is an essential technique in the spine surgeon's armamentarium for the management of C1-2 instability, which can be a sequela of type II dens fracture. Detailed video demonstration has not been published to date.

Appropriate patient consent was obtained.
Only Project
Authors: Oatley Keith
Published: February 2021

The kind of truth that is usually approached in psychology is of correspondence: whether a hypothesis corresponds with an aspect of behavior or physiology. But two further kinds of truth are important: a truth of coherence of several co-occurring processes, as instantiated in simulations, and a truth that is personal, as can occur when people come to know something important about others or themselves. The aim of literature that is artistic is to explore truths of all three kinds in an integrated way, so that deeper recognition may sometimes be achieved. A novel that enables us to understand the psychological principle of projection, in this way, is Apple Tree Yard, by Louise Doughty. As readers run the simulation of this novel in their minds, not only is it entertaining, as the better kinds of detective stories and courtroom dramas can be, but also it enables readers to understand—and resonate personally with—what can happen when a person becomes caught up in a projection motivated by a phantasy.
Entertainment Is a Journey, Not Just a Destination
Authors: Fahr Andreas , Früh Hannah
Published: February 2021

This chapter takes a process view of the entertainment experience by discussing how one can define an experience as a process and how media experience processes contribute to entertainment. Against the background of general theories about time, process, and measurement, an entertainment process is conceptualized as a set of characteristic sequences of intelligibly connected events based on specific rules and parameters of time. These characteristic events could be seen as entertainment experiences themselves, but they also contribute to a final evaluation after media exposure. Although most communication scholars concur that entertainment has processual aspects and therefore measure responses or experiences during exposure, a perspective on the process as a whole (i.e., its time dependency and consequences) is rarely investigated. Therefore, the process perspective is analyzed using a number of entertainment theories. This research posits that entertainment theories as well as the measurement of entertainment processes could benefit from a more detailed exposition about the theoretical assumptions on the shape of a process.
Cooling Down or Charging Up?
Authors: Vandebosch Heidi , Poels Karolien
Published: February 2021

This chapter argues that the selection of, and engagement with, aggressive entertainment contents can be an emotion regulation strategy, or a way of influencing the nature, expression and intensity of an experienced emotion. It explains this in the context of two, often experienced, negative emotions that have been linked to aggression in the general emotion literature: anger and boredom. By first defining these two emotions and describing their typical action tendencies, it aims to show how the engagement with aggressive media content can be a way of regulating these emotions, sometimes in functional but also in dysfunctional ways. It thereby extends the scope from passively watching aggressive entertainment contents to actively participating and enjoying aggressive acts in the online environment (e.g., online bashing, trolling and cyberbullying).
Cinematic Entertainment
Authors: Soto-Sanfiel Maite
Published: February 2021

Despite claims that “cinema is dead” or that it only interests nostalgic old-timers, statistics indicate a global increase in theater attendance. Not only is moviegoing still one of the favorite forms of entertainment, but it especially appeals to young people. Moreover, communication research seems to have neglected cinema, but the relationship between modern-day teenagers and the silver screen needs to be observed. This chapter reports the results of a cross-cultural study based on the uses and gratifications paradigm with youngsters from eight European countries. It presents their cinematographic uses and consumption, their motivations for going to the movies, and their preferences and conceptions regarding different movie traditions. The study also performs cross-cultural contrasts to reveal more about the impact of regional, national, and global forces on the psychological relationship between today’s teenagers and cinema.
How Do People Evaluate Movies?
Authors: Schneider Frank M. , Vogel Ines C. , Gleich Uli , Bartsch Anne
Published: February 2021

Most people have one or more favorite pieces of media entertainment (e.g., movies, TV shows, novels, video games), and some personal candidates for the worst of them ever. But how exactly are such evaluative judgments formed? What are the underlying psychological processes of media entertainment evaluations? And why do we sometimes feel that the heart and mind are in conflict about those evaluations? To cover the whole complexity of individual media entertainment ratings, this chapter applies the associative–propositional evaluation (APE) model to the case of movie evaluation processes before, during, and after exposure. After defining evaluation and introducing the APE model, it discusses its theoretical and methodological implications for movies and entertainment research. Moreover, it highlights similarities and differences concerning common related concepts (e.g., enjoyment).
TV Series Fandom as Eudaimonic Consumption
Authors: Muñiz-Velázquez José Antonio , Lozano Delmar Javier
Published: February 2021

Serial narratives consumption is today more complex and richer than it was a few years ago. As a consequence, active audiences or fans interact with the content, explore additional information, discuss episodes and even create related material. In this sense, TV shows as Game of Thrones, Westworld, or SKAM, among many others, are cultivating a way of consumer experience that goes beyond mere viewing and pleasure. Fans follow stories that are rich and complex, looking for a certain cognitive, intellectual and personal growth. In short, consuming serial narratives as a fan can be effectively considered a paradigmatic example of “eudaimonic spending,” a growing phenomenon that is not limited to media entertainment. After reviewing the literature on the topic, this chapter offers a comprehensive view of why investing money and time in being an active TV series fan can be considered a great way of finding eudaimonic happiness.
Players’ Moral Decisions in Virtual Worlds
Authors: Melzer André , Holl Elisabeth
Published: February 2021

Video games and their expressive and interactive potential may fulfill simple needs for hedonic pleasure, but they are also suited for generating meaningful interaction and eudaimonic experiences. As moral actors, players can make their own decisions in a safe “as-if” space without direct real-life consequences. Not surprisingly, implementing meaningful eudaimonic elements based on moral decision-making has become increasingly popular. This chapter describes the role of morality in video games, together with an overview of current theories on psychological processing of moral decision-making in video games. It suggests a novel integrating approach that comprises game-related factors, personal characteristics, and moral decision-making processes and their effects on the player. The integrative model unites leading theoretical assumptions of morality in video games, but also allows for predictions when players make moral decisions or suppress their moral concerns, and how this may affect their entertainment outcome.
Media Entertainment as a Self-Regulatory Resource
Authors: Reinecke Leonard , Rieger Diana
Published: February 2021

In recent years, the perspective on media use and its contribution to positive outcomes for its users has been expanded toward the media’s potential to facilitate recovery from stress and strain and to support the replenishment of physical and psychological resources. The accumulation of empirical findings in this area calls for a systematization and theoretical integration. The present chapter therefore reviews latest developments in recovery theory and systematically summarizes previous research on the effects of recreational media use. It then presents a new model, the recovery and resilience in entertaining media use model (R²EM-model), linking entertainment use to the short-term experience of recovery and to the contribution to long-term development of resilience-enhancing factors. The chapter concludes with a discussion of open questions and future challenges in this field of research.
Life-Span Developmental Changes in Media Entertainment Experiences
Authors: Mares Marie-Louise , Bonus James Alex
Published: February 2021

What are the implications of life-span cognitive, affective, and social development for media entertainment attractions and responses? There are only piecemeal answers, because researchers tend to focus on different topics with different age-groups, and because theories of media entertainment tend not to consider developmental contexts. We describe the types of questions that tend to be asked about entertainment media by scholars studying different life stages and we highlight theoretical frameworks that have been used with particular ages that could usefully be applied more broadly. We note the emphasis on learning and negative affect (rather than fun, playful media experiences) in early childhood, the focus on risky outcomes and hedonic attractions (rather than meaning-making) in adolescence, the lack of research on middle-age, and the emphasis on affective and meaning-making preferences in old age (with relatively minimal consideration of social and cognitive changes).
Entertainment Media and Social Consciousness
Authors: Sanders Meghan S. , Yang Chun , Ciaramella Anthony , Italiano Rachel , Whitenack Stephanie L. , Hickerson Hope M.
Published: February 2021

Over the past decade and a half, scholarship in media psychology has significantly expanded to investigate the role entertainment media and experiences play in encouraging audiences to think more deeply, feel inspired, encourage prosocialness, and otherwise serve in the interest of social good. Many scholars suggest that media, including entertainment, are a significant cultural force in that they can articulate identities and values of a culture, but also serve as sites where these same values and identities are discussed and challenged. Much content presents narratives that discuss some of the toughest challenges faced by organizations, governments, and societies. This chapter introduces the term “socially conscious entertainment” (SCE), discussing its similarities with meaningful and hedonic entertainment experiences, entertainment-education, and various theoretical frameworks from which to examine its usefulness in prompting audiences to challenge existing social attitudes.
Finding Elusive Resonances Across Cultures and Time
Authors: Cupchik Gerald C. , Stamatopoulou Despina , Duan Siying
Published: February 2021

This chapter is about meaningful connection in media entertainment in relation to the concept of resonance during an era of social and technological acceleration. A hierarchical model is proposed with a desire for pleasure at the concrete foundation and an aesthetic appreciation of meaning at the more abstract and universal level. This range of experience is examined in the context of Greek and Chinese thinking about resonance. For Ancient Greeks, resonance describes interpretative and expressive events where concrete bodily and immersive practices shape experiences that may have ethical and sociopolitical effects. In Plato, it branched into (1) passive reception that mirrors a copy and offers no direct access to truth but might merely condition a person or (2) a communion that reveals the ideal. Aristotle stressed the dynamics of resonance in theater to build a relatively autonomous agent who appreciates and reflects on ways that causes affect human action in the social world. In the Chinese part of this chapter, we examine scholarship related to the concept of resonance during the Six Dynasties period (220–589 CE) as well as its intellectual roots from Confucianism and Daoism. Major issues explored include: the function of resonance in artistic creation and appreciation as well as its social function from a Confucian perspective; the method that helps people experience resonance with nature or cosmos from a Daoist perspective; and finally, the concept of vital energy across the cosmos which facilitates the more profound experience of resonance.
Amos
Authors: Couey J. Blake
Published: February 2021

This essay engages various interpretations of Amos. Amos has conventionally been regarded as a paradigmatic prophet in scholarly and popular imagination, but recent scholarship has raised new questions and proposed alternative approaches to the book. Literary analysis highlights its sophistication as a work of prophetic poetry and its destabilizing effects on readers. Historical-critical inquiries are marked by increasing skepticism about reconstructions of Amos’s biography and background, and redactional studies now emphasize the book’s development as a literary composition for Judahite audiences. Ideological critiques challenge the straightforward acceptance of the book’s claims about justice and its cultic polemics, even as that rhetoric continues to appeal to readers in diverse global contexts. Ecological approaches illuminate new ways that the book resonates with contemporary concerns about environmental exploitation and the value of the nonhuman world.
Malachi
Authors: Schart Aaron
Published: February 2021

This essay gives an overview of important aspects of the interpretation of the book of Malachi. First, the transmission of the Hebrew text is evaluated, with a special focus on the Qumran manuscript 4QXIIa. Second, the translation into Greek is characterized. Third, the form of the book, which basically is a compilation of different disputation speeches, is analyzed. Fourth, the redactional process that generated the final version is discussed. As examples, the themes “return to YHWH” and “the Day of YHWH” are mentioned. Fifth, the historical and economic situation is explored. Sixth, the New Testament use of Malachi is illustrated, for example, the relation of John the Baptist and Jesus. Finally, some theological aspects are mentioned.
Nahum
Authors: Lim Bo H.
Published: February 2021

This essay introduces readers to the key interpretive issues in the critical study of the book of Nahum. Interpreting Nahum today requires understanding the following four topics: Nahum’s superscription; the purported acrostic in Nah 1; Nahum within the Book of the Twelve; and divine sexual violence in Nahum. Readers have been troubled by Nahum’s depiction of God’s vengeance toward Assyria, yet they have also been attracted to the book’s aesthetic qualities. The history of interpretation of Nahum reveals that the changing demographics of readers has dramatically shifted the foci of interpretation and attitudes toward the text. Because of its juxtapositions, Nahum continues to be a challenging text that oftentimes divides readers rather than unites them.
Reading the Minor Prophets for Gender and Sexuality
Authors: Scholz Susanne
Published: February 2021

This essay explores the possibilities of reading the Minor Prophets with gender and sexuality in mind. It grounds the analysis within the conceptual framework of inscription and erasure that poststructuralist theorists advance and that feminist biblical scholar Esther Fuchs models in her work on female biblical prophets. The essay shows that inscription and erasure are crucial concepts for the reading of the Minor Prophets because this conceptual framework advances the feminist-poststructuralist insight that the inscription of gender and sexuality depends on its erasure both in the text and in biblical scholarship. The essay thus challenges readings that essentialize, naturalize, and universalize approaches to gender and sexuality in biblical texts, often limiting interpretations to the inscription of female imagery and women characters.
Cult and Temple in the Minor Prophets
Authors: Eidevall Göran
Published: February 2021

This essay explores topics in the Twelve related to the cult from several different angles. In the first part, the books within this anthology are treated separately. The analysis aims at assessing each writing’s perspective on temples and priests, as well as on various forms of cultic practice, with a particular emphasis on sacrificial worship. It is shown that some books attest to a temple-centered worldview, whereas others evince little or no interest in cultic matters. The concluding part discusses patterns and tendencies within the Twelve as a whole, based on the preceding analysis of individual books. New approaches to the study of cult-related passages in the prophetic literature are outlined. It is argued that the traditional (pro-) cultic//anti-cultic dichotomy needs to be replaced by other types of categorizations.
The Twelve Minor Prophets in Art and Music
Authors: Sawyer John F. A.
Published: February 2021

This brief study of reception history begins with how images and texts have been handled in works of visual art, giving some idea not only of how the Twelve Minor Prophets dress and what they look like in many different contexts but also, particularly in Christian tradition, how they have been used to illustrate details in the Gospel story. It begins with some independent statues and paintings and then turns to look briefly at how each of the Minor Prophets, starting with Jonah, has been portrayed in the light of details in the biblical text. It then looks at how the Twelve have been interpreted in oratorios, cantatas, and anthems, as well as in African American spirituals and popular songs, both Jewish and Christian.
Advertising Millie-Christine, or the Making of the Two-Headed Nightingale
Authors: Chiu Remi , Gorzelany-Mostak Dana
Published: February 2021

Millie and Christine McKoy (1851–1912), African American conjoined twins billed as the “Two-Headed Nightingale,” were among the most successful “freak show” performers in the last quarter of the 19th-century. This chapter relies on “freak show” ephemera—such as press articles, (pseudo) biographical and autobiographical pamphlets, and posters and photos—to reconstruct Millie-Christine’s musical act and to examine the troubling process by which the sisters were made into and promoted as a “freak.” With a focus on the sonic elements described by these texts, examined alongside visual and textual narratives, the chapter builds an account of an advertising strategy that traded on the consumers’ prejudiced musical expectations with regard to gender and race, while cultivating new sonic fantasies about the conjoined body.
“Search and Destroy”
Authors: Beck Jay
Published: February 2021

Punk rock, as a movement within popular music, sought to differentiate itself from prior forms of commercial rock in both sound and attitude. Anti-corporate and anti-consumerist in orientation, punk’s guiding maxim of “do it yourself” was about taking control of the means of production and shifting the musical form outside of the nexus of capitalism. This chapter examines the resultant effects and contradictions surrounding the use of punk music in television advertisements from the 1990s to the 2010s. The advertising industry initially kept their distance from punk until after the self-appointed architect of punk style, Malcolm McLaren, began writing original music for ads in 1990. From Iggy Pop seducing Royal Caribbean customers to The Clash hawking Jaguars, punk has proven to be a lucrative way for advertisers to connect to a demographic group who define themselves as anti-consumerist.
Taking the Gift Out and Putting It Back In
Authors: Taylor Timothy D.
Published: February 2021

This chapter considers how musicians and others create or increase the economic value of cultural commodities. There are two means discussed here: the first is supply chain capitalism as theorized by Anna Tsing, in which value is created at various nodes of a supply chain through processes of translation and purification that appear to strip away the noncapitalist social relations and noneconomic forms of value that went into the production of a particular cultural good. Processes of consecration and/or promotion (broadly understood as advertising, marketing, and branding) form the other main way that economic value of cultural commodities can be created, reanimating them with values that masquerade as noneconomic forms of value. In essence, this chapter argues that, through supply chain capitalism and processes of translation, capitalism appears to take the gift out of the commodity by alienating labor and masking social relations, but through advertising, marketing, and branding inserts representations of unalienated labor and social relations to make the commodity seem like a gift again.
From the Subliminal to the Ridiculing
Authors: Christiansen Paul
Published: February 2021

In studies conducted by scholars of political science, rhetoric, and media studies, the vast majority of research on political ads focuses either on images or on verbal appeals made by candidates or on their behalf. Yet the highest voter recall is for ads that make an emotional connection with the viewer. Often music is the lynchpin of an emotional appeal, and philosophers such as Jenefer Robinson and Derek Matravers write of the centrality of emotion to the musical experience. Recent scholarship on the relationship between emotion and politics includes the work of Ted Brader on emotional appeals in campaign ads and Drew Westen on the role of emotion in political thinking. Focusing on four basic emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, and fear) and two compound emotions (patriotism and contempt), this chapter explores how music evokes these emotions in several case studies.
Hearing, Remembering, and Branding
Authors: Krishnan Vijaykumar , Kellaris James J.
Published: February 2021

Sound plays an important role in creating brands. It can identify a brand, distinguish it from competing brands, support a brand image, and convey brand attributes nonverbally. However, unlike other nonverbal elements of branding (e.g., visual logos), despite its frequent use in practice, sound is relatively underrepresented in the research literature on the topic of branding. This chapter seeks to address this gap by explicating the concept of “sonic branding,” proposing a conceptual framework, and suggesting an agenda for future research on sonic branding with emphasis on sonic logos (which the chapter will refer to as “sogos”).
Sound in the Context of (Multi)Sensory Marketing
Authors: Knoeferle Klemens , Spence Charles
Published: February 2021

There has been a recent surge of interest in the multisensory aspects of advertising from both scholars and practitioners. In part, this development is attributable to the growing realization that the senses do not operate independently, but constantly interact with, and influence, one another. This surge, however, is also partially attributable to technological innovations that are enabling advertisers to design increasingly sophisticated multisensory advertisements and experiences. This chapter reviews the growing body of research illustrating how music and, more broadly, auditory stimuli interact with the other senses in the context of advertising. Taking a multisensory perspective, the discussion will focus not on unisensory auditory studies (which have been discussed at length elsewhere) but instead on those studies that have examined interactions or links between multiple senses (i.e. audition and taste, audition and vision, audition and touch, audition and smell).
Music With the Message in Mind
Authors: Fraser Cynthia
Published: February 2021

This chapter traces advances in the knowledge and understanding of how background music influences consumers’ learning and memory of brand and message elements in ads. Early empirical research in marketing focused on comparison of ad brand and message recall from ads with and without music, documenting the consistent distraction posed by background music. Research comparing multiple music backgrounds followed, linking greater distraction with lack of background fit with brand and message. Based on psychologists’ working memory models, studies revealed that background music distracts but also potentially serves as a cue to later recall of brand and message elements. Work in neuropsychology revealed automatic, preattentive brain responses to surprising changes in background music, which led researchers in marketing to quantify the increased distraction by backgrounds with more surprises from structural changes in the music. Building upon the contributions of Meyers’s (1956) seminal work, recent research unveiled differences in distraction and capacity to cue later brand and message recall between backgrounds evoking connotative or private images. The chapter concludes with directions for future research to further expand the knowledge and understanding of how music impacts advertising effectiveness.
As Heard on…
Authors: Patch Justin
Published: February 2021

The musical elements of political advertising change with the times. From songsters, contrafactum songs with lyrics that extoll one candidate or party and denigrate the other, to television and radio jingles and online ads, the aesthetics of the campaign mirror the media diet of the public. Early television ads imitated jingles of the day: They were simple, catchy, and repetitive. Both Eisenhower’s “Ike for President” and Kennedy’s “Kennedy” follow this mold. Johnson’s 1964 campaign breaks this mold with “Daisy,” an anti-Goldwater ad known for deploying the eerie sounds of nuclear war. Successive campaigns sought to use a similar recipe, employing cues from film scores and trailers to dictate the emotional content of the ad. Recently, online advertising has bloomed, including tribute videos and promotional spots made by citizens and submitted to the campaign, adding grassroots allure and authenticity.
Advertising the English Glee to Women, 1750–1800
Authors: Blake Bethany
Published: February 2021

This chapter situates publications of English glees marketed to women within broader changes in publishing activities in both England and mainland Europe during the long eighteenth century. The glee was originally composed and performed by all-male vocal clubs, but after mixed-gender ensembles began singing glees in public, it came to be heavily marketed to female amateur musicians. Sheet music publications often referred to professional female singers such as Faustina Bordoni, Marianne Müller, Sophie Arnould, and Elizabeth Billington to increase sales. Music was often marketed to women in the form of monthly periodicals, including The Piano-Forte Magazine, and The Lady’s Musical Magazine; or, Monthly Polite Repository of New Vocal Musick by the Principal Composers in Europe. These periodicals were intended to generate steady income while simultaneously representing the newest, most fashionable music. As a novelty, music was occasionally printed on folding fans and playing cards, objects associated with female pastimes. These shifts speak to the gendering of musical media and performance practices in early English capitalism.
Blank Music
Authors: Buhler James
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines the marketing of virtual instruments, especially those designed to emulate traditional orchestral instruments using samples. The chapter considers marketing strategies for these instruments and analytically reconstructs how companies specializing in virtual instruments design and organize their advertising appeal through their websites. The chapter looks primarily at the advertising copy, the product images, and the musical demos to show that the so-called epic style in particular serves not just as a measure of how these instruments can produce properly “cinematic” music, but also how epic style itself reflects the basic aspirational fantasy of the media composer. The latter makes epic style an especially good advertising lure.
Music Supervision and Branding in an Era of “Convergent Advertising”
Authors: Anderson Tim J.
Published: February 2021

At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, the popular music ecosystem moved from a system devoted to the sale of objects to one centered on data. As such, musicians began to seek new sources of income to replace the sale of recordings and moved toward licensing and brand management. At the same time, as platforms of video distribution began to proliferate and the demand for content generated an abundance of media franchises, the need to stand out required new aesthetic investments to establish immediate brand recognition. These two new media developments generated a convergence of opportunities for strategic music supervision and placement in television and film projects. This chapter draws primarily from trade literature to illustrate how actors in music, film, and television began to recognize and develop coordinating mutually beneficial practices where every party potentially benefits through the elevation of their brand profiles.
Loathsome Deutschtum?
Authors: Hubbert Julie
Published: February 2021

Much has been said about the Nazi appropriation of Wagner’s music in the 1930s and 1940s. As early as 1933, Hitler transformed the Bayreuth Festival into a celebration of National Socialist ideology and propagated miniature Wagner festivals to celebrate his own birthday. Wagner’s music also resounded throughout the culture and media at large. What has been less understood and examined, however, is how this same music was also used in nonnarrative films, newsreels, government documentaries, and industrial and advertising films of the period. Here the appropriation of Wagner is more complex and problematic. Master Hands (1936), the critically acclaimed, feature-length industrial film sponsored by the American car company Chevrolet, is an excellent example. As several film scholars have observed, the film is an artistic advertisement for the American automobile industry that borrows heavily from Riefenstahl’s Triumph of the Will. But the film’s score, a compilation full of Wagner excerpts, arranged by composer Samuel Benavie and performed by the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, about which almost nothing has been said, is equally propagandistic. By examining the music for this industrial advertisement for Chevrolet, this chapter not only re-examines the reception of Wagner in the United States between the World War I and World War II but also examines the integral role his music played in the creation of American films of persuasion. It explores the use U.S. industrial filmmakers made of Wagner’s music as an audible signifier not for German fascism but to advertise for American democracy, industry, and capitalism.
The Ad Creation Process
Authors: Harte Lawrence
Published: February 2021

The business of music and advertising involves finding, licensing, and producing music that enhances the influence of advertising messages. This chapter is a primer on the entire process of producing music for advertising. The process starts with the determination of the advertising text and the consideration of the options and best practices for defining the desired music characteristics. Then it is critical to search for good candidates from sources that range from composing new music to obtaining the rights to pre-existing popular songs. Next comes assembling the production team. This step includes discussion of tools that can measure and provide objective data to assist in the decision. Key music production and licensing terms are explained along with best practices and some case study information. Finally, the process ends with the use of social monitoring tools such as Nielsen social ratings that measure the influence, sentiment, and effectiveness of the advertising message.
Jazz Works
Authors: Laver Mark
Published: February 2021

In the 21st century, it is widely understood that, to make a living in jazz, Canadian musicians must either take a day job or seek out commercial opportunities in the United States. But it wasn’t always so. Until 1980, Toronto was home to a thriving music industry, driven in large part by a vibrant advertising and film music business. Indeed, far from leaving Canada for greener pastures to the south, musicians (including some Americans) were moving to Toronto. As U.S.-born musician Tom Szczesniak noted, “The streets were paved with gold.” This story complicates broadly accepted jazz discourses in a number of ways. Since it is based in Toronto rather than canonical U.S. jazz centers, it asks readers to re-examine common assumptions about North American jazz geography. As it reveals the relationship between jingles and jazz to be essentially symbiotic (at least for a time), it forces readers to rethink the presumed antagonism between jazz and commerce. Finally, as the story moves into the 1980s, it offers a vivid glimpse into the profoundly deleterious impact of neoliberal business practices and government regulations on social networks among musicians (including the union), and the musical work that sustains them.
Cervantine Poetry
Authors: Martín Adrienne L.
Published: February 2021

Even during his own lifetime, Cervantes was labelled a bad poet, but renewed scholarly interest in his verse over the years has revealed a sophisticated poet writing in a competitive milieu. Throughout his prose works he refers consistently to the function, the value, and the qualities that this ‘sweet art’ should possess, returning somewhat obsessively to the topic, and produced his great mock epic, Viaje del Parnaso, towards the end of his life. This chapter addresses the lack of critical attention to his poetry and studies the context in which Cervantes composed them.
Confessing on the Move
Authors: Fernández Rodríguez Esther
Published: February 2021

Even though Viaje del Parnaso (1614) has been relegated to the status of a minor work within Cervantine literature, in its day it must have had a strong personal significance, and it was well received. The fact that he devoted time and energy towards the end of his life to complete Viaje meant that Cervantes wanted to leave us with a personal testimony of his experience as a writer and a record of his artistic and aesthetic values. However, it undeservedly finds itself at the margins of Cervantine studies, possibly due to the widespread belief held by many that he was a bad poet. This chapter explores the literary value of Viaje and the ‘Adjunta’ in prose and why it has been studied so little.
Cervantes and Lope de Vega
Authors: Thacker Jonathan
Published: February 2021

Cervantes and Lope de Vega were the two most influential literary figures of early modern Spain. On the face of it, one might conclude that they complemented each other well and between them carved up the literary territories over which they were best suited to reign. However, as this chapter demonstrates, such a conclusion would be misleading and would mask an intriguing, deep, productive, and at times unsavoury relationship between the two men and their work. Throughout their respective writing careers, numerous references, both critical and praiseworthy, were reciprocated, and an equally complex personal relationship produced one of the great literary rivalries of European literature.
Cervantes on Screen
Authors: Wheeler Duncan
Published: February 2021

April 2016 marked the four-hundredth anniversary of the deaths of both Miguel de Cervantes and William Shakespeare, with a noticeable lack of attention paid to the former in relation to the latter, even in Spain. A relative lack of film adaptations of Cervantes’s works has been construed as a symptom and cause of the Spaniard’s lack of visibility at home and abroad. This chapter probes this assertion and explores the dialectic between commemorative culture and Spanish screen fictions based on the life and works of Cervantes. Included are discussions of Francoist appropriations of the symbolism of Cervantes in Spanish national heritage, and the attempts to reappropriate those same images in the democratic era through film.
Anthropology, Affections, and Free Will
Authors: Tan Seng-Kong
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores Edwards’s theological anthropology from the perspective of his psychological understanding of the person, where the human intellect and volition reflect and participate in the Word–Spirit unity, distinction, and ordering in God. Special attention is paid to his idealist and dynamic human ontology, which rejects substance as its underlying reality. Yet, it is argued that Edwards’s particular versions of determinism and occasionalism, where the will is bound by causes though humans are not efficient causes, do not undermine his compatibilist account of free will. Under consideration are the critical roles the intellect and body play in the natural affections and the way in which true freedom coincides with the theocentric and integral nature of the religious affections. The chapter concludes with a description of Edwards’s embodied, dynamic, and relational dimensions of eschatological humanity.
Sources of Edwards’s Thought
Authors: Thuesen Peter J.
Published: February 2021

Older scholarship on the ‘mind’ of Edwards tended to treat him as an isolated genius who either triumphed over or failed to transcend his provincial location. More recent analysis of his manuscripts, especially his ‘Catalogue’ (a book wish-list of sorts) and his ‘Account Book’ (a record of books lent to friends and parishioners), has revealed as never before the myriad and often competing influences on his thought. The first part of the chapter traces the chronology of Edwards’s engagement with print culture, from his boyhood to his Princeton presidency. The second part elucidates four major sources of his thought: (1) the Bible, commentaries, and histories; (2) Reformed scholasticism and doctrinal disputes; (3) Enlightenment ‘new learning’ and rationalist apologetics; and (4) other subjects and genres.
Missions
Authors: Grigg John A.
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines the multiple roles which Jonathan Edwards had with respect to missions. During his time at Northampton, Edwards included his understanding of the ‘heathen’ in his theological writings, especially with respect to the end times and the establishment of the kingdom of God. While serving as a missionary-pastor at Stockbridge, Edwards adapted his sermon style to more effectively minister to his Indian audience. It is possible that this adaptation was, in part, catalysed by the Native Americans themselves. Posthumously, Edwards’s voluminous writings, in particular the Humble Attempt and The Life of David Brainerd, played important roles in creating the modern Protestant missionary movement and in motivating and training many of the missionaries who went abroad from Britain and the United States.
Latin America
Authors: de Campos Heber Carlos
Published: February 2021

This chapter gives an overview of the reception of Jonathan Edwards in Latin America, particularly Brazil. In Brazil, Evangelicals and Pentecostals have especially appropriated Edwards. At first, Edwards was received as a revivalist. Protestant Christians in Brazil in the mid-twentieth century were enamoured with church growth, pietistic spirituality, and revivalism. Biographies of Edwards and his writings on these subjects (especially as they related to the First Great Awakening) were translated into Portuguese and Spanish, serving to introduce Christians to Edwards’s life and thought. More recently, Protestant Christians have begun to appreciate Edwards’s Reformed theology. A growing interest in theological education, evangelical history, and the Reformed faith has led many to Edwards. While these two movements do not account for all of the reception history of Jonathan Edwards in Latin America, they do reveal broad trends about both Latin American Protestantism and the appropriation of Edwards in Latin American contexts.
Edwards Studies Today
Authors: Sweeney Douglas A.
Published: February 2021

The most important year ever in the history of Edwards studies was surely 2003, which marked the tercentennial anniversary of Edwards’s birth. Over the course of that year, scores of gatherings took place to commemorate Edwards and his international legacies, several of which yielded major scholarly publications, and dozens of other scholars wrote on Edwards as well in several different languages. Amid the tercentennial commemorations of Edwards’s birth, it was common to hear that thousands of books and articles had been written on ‘America’s theologian,’ fixing him once and for all amid the pantheon of America’s founding fathers and spiritual heroes. But such statements were misleading. A great deal has been accomplished since 2003 to reassess Edwards’s life and variegated legacies, highlighting gaps in the study of this figure. Edwards’s statue is not set, nor his place within the temple. This chapter offers a survey of recent efforts at revision.