bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of potassium in atherosclerosis
Authors: Sahranavard Toktam , Carbone Federico , Montecucco Fabrizio , Xu Suowen , Al‐Rasadi Khalid , Jamialahmadi Tannaz , Sahebkar Amirhossein
Published: November 2020

Background

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic progressive inflammatory condition with a leading prevalence worldwide. Endothelial dysfunction leads to low‐density lipoprotein trafficking into subendothelial space and the subsequent form of oxidized LDL (ox‐LDL) within intimal layer, perpetuating the vicious cycle of endothelial dysfunction. K+ exerts beneficial effects in vascular wall by reducing LDL oxidization, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation, and free radical generation. K+ also modulates vascular tone through a regulatory effect on cell membrane potential.

Materials and Methods

The most relevant papers on the association between ‘potassium channels’ and ‘atherosclerosis’ were selected among those deposited on PubMed from 1990 to 2020.

Results

Here, we provide a short narrative review that elaborates on the role of K+ in atherosclerosis. This review also update the current knowledge about potential pharmacological agents targeting K+ channels with a special focus on pleiotropic activities of agents such as statins, sulfonylureas and dihydropyridines.

Conclusion

In this review, the mechanism of different K+ channels on vascular endothelium will be summarized, mainly focusing on their pathophysiological role in atherosclerosis and potential therapeutic application
A cross‐sectional evaluation of knowledge among Chinese dentists regarding the treatment of traumatic injuries in primary teeth
Authors: Wu Tian‐tian , Li Jin‐yi , Yang Ke‐yu , Wang Pan‐xi , Yuan Jia‐xue , Guo Qing‐yu , Liu Fei
Published: November 2020

Background/Aim

Injuries to the primary dentition affect children's esthetics, function, and mental health. They may also affect the development of the permanent teeth. The knowledge of dentists about deciduous tooth trauma is rarely evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of dentists in China regarding traumatic dental injuries to primary teeth.

Material and Methods

A self‐administered online questionnaire containing questions on demographic data and knowledge based on a clinical scenario was given to a purposive sample of dentists, recruited by a non‐probability convenience sampling method. The chi‐square test was used for statistical analysis, with the significance level set at P <.05.

Results

A total of 394 out of 409 dentists provided valid data. There was no significant difference in demographic data. Questions about the treatment of hard dental tissue injuries in primary teeth presented a correct‐response rate of 66.4%, with the highest correct‐response rate for enamel fracture (n = 368, 93.4%) and lowest for complicated crown‐root fracture with pulp exposure (n = 104, 26.4%). Questions about treatment of luxation injuries in primary teeth presented a correct‐response rate of 66.6%, with subluxation presenting the highest correct‐response rate (n = 391, 99.2%). Factors associated with higher correct‐response rates were specialist disciplines, educational qualifications, workplaces, experience of injured teeth treated, and educational experience about primary tooth trauma. No significant differences were found in the correct‐response rates of dentists with different years of work experience. Lack of cooperation from children was considered a major obstacle for treatment. Special lectures and Internet courses were the most preferred methods of obtaining knowledge.

Conclusion

The results suggest that it is necessary to enhance dental trauma education for dentists in China. More attention needs to be paid to trauma in primary dentition to ensure adequate treatment for traumatized primary teeth.
Mouthguard use and attitudes regarding dental trauma among elite cross‐country mountain biking and field hockey athletes
Authors: Tinoco Justine Monteiro Monnerat , Sassone Luciana Moura , Stevens Roy Harris , Martins Daniel Deluiz , Grangeiro Neto Joao Alves , Tinoco Eduardo Muniz Barretto
Published: November 2020

Background/Aims

Cross‐country mountain biking and field hockey are two Olympic sports that pose a potential risk for dentofacial trauma. However, mouthguard use is not mandatory in either of these sports and knowledge about tooth rescue among athletes is often neglected. The aim of this cross‐sectional epidemiological survey was to evaluate the prevalence of sports‐related dentofacial injuries, mouthguard use, and attitudes regarding tooth rescue among cross‐country mountain biking and field hockey athletes participating at pre‐Olympic competitions held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Materials and Methods

A convenience sample of 217 athletes from 33 countries participating in cross‐country mountain biking (n = 82; mean age = 30.96 ± 8.52 years) and field hockey (n = 135; mean age = 19.72 ± 2.46 years) pre‐Olympic competitions were examined clinically, and they answered a questionnaire regarding previous history of sports‐related dentofacial injuries, attitudes toward mouthguard use, and tooth rescue.

Results

There were 120 (55.30%) males and 97 (44.70%) females who participated in the study. The prevalence of facial trauma was higher in mountain biking (54.88%) than in field hockey (26.66%, P < .001). Fracture was the most prevalent facial injury in mountain biking (80%), while laceration was the most prevalent in field hockey (30.55%). Extensive dental injuries occurred more often in mountain biking (47.37%) than in hockey (12.50%). The teeth most often affected were the maxillary central incisors in both mountain biking (57.89%) and field hockey (93.75%). Mouthguard use was more frequent among field hockey athletes (41.48%) than in mountain biking (1.22%, P < .001). The overall knowledge about tooth rescue was low, and most of the athletes in both sports did not know what to do in case of an avulsed tooth.

Conclusions

Prevalence of dentofacial injuries among XCO‐MTB and field hockey athletes participating at this pre‐Olympic event was high. The majority of the athletes in this study did not use mouthguards and were unaware of recommendations in the case of an avulsed tooth.
Hands‐on training based on quantifying radiant exposure improves how dental students cure composites: Skill retention at 2‐year follow‐up
Authors: Balhaddad Abdulrahman A. , Marghalani Abdullah A. , Raderman Michael A. , Miginsky Elaine , Massey Ward , Strassler Howard , Anne Melo Mary
Published: November 2020

Introduction

The durability and longevity of composite restoration are much dependent on the accurate delivery of the energy required to polymerise the material. This study aimed to investigate the extent to which undergraduate dental students acquire and retain light‐curing skills following hands‐on training.

Materials and Methods

Hands‐on training comprises faculty tutoring for critical aspects of the light‐curing procedure, such as distance and angulation of the light‐curing tip. Assessments of the students' ability to deliver a specified radiant exposure to class III and I simulated RBCs using a dental simulator (MARC‐PS®) at three different time points after the training. Data were analysed using repeated measure ANOVA.

Results

Immediately after the training, students' performance on curing was improved (p < .05). Overall, the radiant exposure increased after training, but the students lost some of the benefits with time. For curing in the anterior section (anterior sensor‐class III), the mean radiant exposure values increased by approximately 20% after the training. After 2 years, the values were 15% greater than baseline values. For curing in the posterior section (posterior sensor‐class I), the mean radiant exposure values increased by approximately 150% after the training. A significant decrease (p < .05) was observed; however, the radiant exposure values were still 82% greater than the baseline after 2 years.

Conclusion

A hands‐on training dedicated to light‐curing procedures facilitated acquisition and retention up to a 2‐year follow‐up of skill on how light cure composite inside the mouth. The training was more relevant for curing in posterior areas, where orientation can significantly impact light‐curing. A hands‐on training where the radiant exposure can be measure gave objective measurement metrics to guide the curing performance. This approach is an effective means of teaching practical skills to dental students.
Graph theory analysis reveals premature ejaculation is a brain disorder with altered structural connectivity and depressive symptom: A DTI‐based connectome study
Authors: Chen Jianhuai , Yang Jie , Xiang Ziliang , Huang Xinfei , Lu Chao , Liu Shaowei , Chen Yun , Hu Jun
Published: November 2020

Recent research has shown that premature ejaculation (PE) is associated with negative psychological effects (e.g., depression) and the decline of control over ejaculation is accompanied by structural and functional abnormalities in specific brain areas and connections. However, little is known about the alterations of topological organization in the brain network of patients with PE and its relationship with depressive symptom. We acquired diffusion tensor images, sexual function and depression assessment in 16 lifelong PE patients with depressive symptom, 16 lifelong PE patients without depression and 32 age‐ and education‐matched healthy controls (HC). The differences in nodal centrality and different hub regions among the three groups were compared. Correlation analyses were conducted between the nodal centrality of brain regions displaying significant group differences and the clinical parameters of PE patients. PE patients with depression had increased nodal degree in the right middle frontal gyrus (orbital part) (ORBmid.R) (survived FDR‐correction) compared with HC and PE without depression. PE patients with depression also had increased nodal degree in the left and right posterior cingulate gyrus (PCG.L; PCG.R) compared with HC. In addition, PE with depression had increased nodal betweenness in ORBmid.R compared with HC and PE without depression. Moreover PE with depression had decreased nodal participation in the right rolandic operculum (ROL.R), postcentral gyrus (PoCG.R) and supramarginal gyrus (SMG.R) compared with HC, and had decreased nodal participation in ROL.R and the right inferior parietal gyrus (IPL.R) compared with PE without depression, while PE without depression had increased nodal participation in the left precuneus (PCUN.L) compared with HC. The degree and betweenness of ORBmid.R were positively correlated with the total scores of Beck depression inventory (BDI) while the participation of IPL.R had a negative association with the total scores of BDI. Different hubs were found among PE patients with and without depression and HC based on nodal degree, betweenness and participation; however, no significant group differences were found in the frequency distribution of high‐degree hubs, high‐betweenness hubs, provincial hubs and connector hubs. These findings demonstrated that PE was a brain disorder with altered structural connectivity pattern of brain network and depressive symptom, which suggested that altered structural connectivities of the fronto‐cingulate‐parietal control network were core neurobiological features associated with PE and depression. Together, these alterations could prove helpful for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of PE in depression.
Pathophysiological associations of transcallosal dysfunction in ALS
Authors: van den Bos Mehdi A. J. , Higashihara Mana , Geevasinga Nimeshan , Menon Parvathi , Kiernan Matthew C. , Vucic Steve
Published: November 2020

Aim

Involvement of the corpus callosum has been identified as a feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), particularly through neuropathological studies. The aim of the present study was to determine whether alteration in transcallosal function contributed to the development of ALS, disease progression and thereby functional disability.

Methods

Transcallosal function and motor cortex excitability were assessed in 17 ALS patients with results compared to healthy controls. Transcallosal inhibition (interstimulus intervals (ISI) of 8–40 ms), short interval intracortical facilitation (SICF) and inhibition (SICI) were assessed in both cerebral hemispheres. Patients were staged utilising clinical and neurophysiological staging assessments.

Results

In ALS, there was prominent reduction of transcallosal inhibition (TI) when recorded from the primary and secondary motor cortices compared to controls (F = 23.255, p < 0.001). This reduction of TI was accompanied by features indicative of cortical hyperexcitability, including reduction of SICI and increase in SICF. There was a significant correlation between the reduction in TI and the rate of disease progression (R = −0.825, p < 0.001) and reduction in muscle strength (R = 0.54, p = 0.031).

Conclusion

The present study has established that dysfunction of transcallosal circuits was an important pathophysiological mechanism in ALS, correlating with greater disability and a faster rate of disease progression. Therapies aimed at restoring the function of transcallosal circuits may be considered for therapeutic approaches in ALS.
The Milan Approach, History, and Evolution
Authors: Barbetta Pietro , Telfener Umberta
Published: November 2020

The two authors intend to underline the continuities and discontinuities that organize the Milan Approach, after the splitting from Selvini Palazzoli and Prata; they intend to tell the teachings of Luigi Boscolo and Gianfranco Cecchin from the beginning of training in 1978 till nowadays. After having spoken of some important stages in the work till the death of the two masters, the article underlines two major new aspects. 1. We speak about the corporeal turn: embodied experience as preconceptual know‐how from which concepts are structured. We speak about the connections between bodies and social issues that enact forms of knowledge and understanding. 2. In this period of war, violence, and tyranny, we speak about epistemology and ontology as complementary stances: the need to let others disclose themselves, by allowing them to speak their own terms of engagement. The therapeutic effort is one of deactivating the dangers of one’s own presuppositions and prejudices that limit one’s capacity to describe and make hypothesis. There are social ontologies, communities with strong moral intensity, historical and social realities that need therapists to take position, since they need to take side and be aware of the categories they utilize. Historical and social ontology deals with the continuous change of symptoms in connection to the continuous change of the social panorama in the context we live in. We live by the bodies we are.
Zoned quartz phenocrysts in supercooled melt inclusions in granulites from continental collision orogens
Authors: Hiroi Yoshikuni , Hokada Tomokazu , Kayama Masahiro , Miyake Akira , Adachi Tatsuro , Prame Bernard , Perera Keerthi , Satish‐Kumar Madhusoodhan , Osanai Yasuhito , Motoyoshi Yoichi , Ellis David J. , Shiraishi Kazuyuki
Published: November 2020

Felsite inclusions (FIs) in granulite garnets from continental collision orogens are supercooled felsic melt inclusions. Not only do these represent non‐equilibrium textures, such as dendritic and spherulitic crystals of quartz and other minerals, but the porphyritic texture is that of hypabyssal and volcanic rocks. This paper presents representative zoned quartz phenocryst‐bearing FIs in various granulites from the Highland Complex in central Sri Lanka, the Lützow‐Holm Complex in East Antarctica, the Grenville Province in southeastern Canada, and the Kerala Khondalite Belt in southern India. Quartz phenocrysts show simple and definite cathodoluminescence (CL) zoning with euhedral bright cores and dark rims and overgrowths. Euhedral quartz never develops in subsolidus metamorphic rocks except for vein quartz, and is characteristic of growth in a melt phase. Groundmass quartz surrounding quartz phenocrysts within the FIs is always dark in CL, whereas matrix quartz outside garnet and single‐grain inclusion quartz in garnet are usually brighter than the cores of quartz phenocrysts. The close relationship between violet CL emission intensity and Ti content of quartz indicates different growth temperatures in harmony with the inferred crystallization sequence. The preservation of CL growth zoning in quartz phenocrysts and fine non‐equilibrium textures imply that the cooling rates of some granulites are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude faster than so far presumed.
Are diabetes and dental care providers in the Republic of Mauritius advising patients about the importance of oral health in diabetes management?
Authors: Paurobally Nesha , Kruger Estie , Tennant Marc
Published: November 2020

Diabetes and dental care providers may greatly contribute in the early detection of oral diseases and diabetes, respectively, and in the prevention of complications of diabetes. However, there is limited collaboration and referrals between these two groups of health professionals.

Objective

To investigate whether diabetic providers are addressing the importance of oral care in the management of diabetes and whether dental care providers are advising their patients with diabetes about the importance of glycaemic control.

Method

Descriptive statistics was used to report data collected from 720 patients with diabetes using a closed‐end questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis revealed the factors significantly impacting whether participants received advice from healthcare providers.

Results

The majority of participants did not receive advice from either diabetes (84%) or dental (75%) care providers regarding the reciprocal nature of diabetes and periodontitis. The factors significantly affecting receiving advice from diabetes care providers were place of residence (p = 0.003), self‐reported type of diabetes (p = 0.000) receiving advice from dental care providers (p = 0.000); from dental care providers – education (p = 0.020), place of residence (p = 0.004), the number of years since diagnosis of diabetes (p = 0.002), frequency of dental visits (p = 0.000) and receiving advice from diabetes care providers (p = 0.000).

Conclusion

Diabetes and dental care providers in Mauritius are not addressing oral health care as an essential component of diabetes care. Patients with diabetes are neither being advised about the importance of regular dental visits by their treating doctor, nor about the importance of glycaemic control in the prevention of oral complications by their dentist.
Holiday advertising versus gift cards: Influence of religiosity on retailer evaluations
Authors: Taylor Valerie A. , Minton Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2020

This research examines how consumers’ religiosity influences response to marketing communication mediums that are viewed either actively (e.g., holiday gift cards that are actively sought out) versus passively (e.g., holiday ads that a consumer is passively exposed to). Using an experimental method, this research first shows that consumer religiosity positively influences retailer evaluations. Next, this research examines how an actively viewed marketing communication (using the context of holiday gift cards) versus a passively viewed marketing communication (using the context of holiday ads) influences consumers’ evaluations of retailers and the explanatory mechanisms underlying those evaluations. Results show that consumers with higher extrinsic religiosity have higher pride in response to gift cards as opposed to ads, which leads to higher retailer evaluations. In contrast, consumers with higher intrinsic religiosity have lower guilt in response to gift cards as opposed to ads, which also leads to higher retailer evaluations. These findings are discussed in relation to the literature on pride and guilt and build off belief congruence theory. Additionally, implications for marketers and retailers are identified.
Performance evaluation of platelet counting of Abbott Alinity hq and Sysmex XN‐9000 automated hematology analyzer compared with international reference method
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Young , Bang Sung‐Hwan , Cho Duck , Kim Hee‐Jin , Kim Sun‐Hee
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Accurate platelet counting is essential for risk assessment of bleeding and thrombosis. Abbott Alinity hq hematology analyzer was recently introduced, and its performance in platelet counting has yet to be evaluated comprehensively. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the optical platelet counting of Abbott Alinity hq (Alinity‐PLT) and the impedance and fluorescent platelet counting of Sysmex XN‐9000 (XN‐PLT‐I and XN‐PLT‐F) compared with the international reference method.

Methods

Blood samples were analyzed via Alinity hq and XN‐9000 with PLT‐F channel. Immuno‐platelet (ImmnoPLT) reference method was performed with CD41/CD61 antibodies using FACSLyricTM flow cytometer (BD). Precision was determined using 10 replicates in a single run, and the platelet counts of Alinity‐PLT, XN‐PLT‐I, XN‐PLT‐F, and ImmnoPLT were compared.

Results

At a platelet count of 13 × 109/L, the CVs of Alinity‐PLT, XN‐PLT‐I, and XN‐PLT‐F were 4.2%, 6.7%, and 4.3%, respectively, and at a platelet count of 44 × 109/L, all showed a CV of less than 3%. For the total 210 samples, all three methods showed a very strong correlation with ImmunoPLT (r > 0.99). For platelet levels below 20 × 109/L, XN‐PLT‐F showed the strongest correlation with ImmunoPLT (r = 0.975), and for platelet levels of 20‐100 × 109/L, Alinity‐PLT and XN‐PLT‐I were comparable to ImmunoPLT. For platelet levels of 100‐450 × 109/L, XN‐PLT‐I was the most comparable to ImmunoPLT, and for platelet levels above 450 × 109/L, Alinity‐PLT was comparable to ImmunoPLT.

Conclusions

All three methods were highly correlated with ImmunoPLT, and each method had different performance advantages according to the platelet levels.
CircSAMD4A aggravates H/R‐induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammatory response by sponging miR‐138‐5p
Authors: Hu Xiaorong , Ma Ruisong , Cao Jianlei , Du Xianjin , Cai Xinyong , Fan Yongzhen
Published: November 2020

Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)‐induced myocardial cell injury is the main cause of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Many proofs show that circular RNA plays an important role in the development of AMI. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of circSAMD4A in H/R‐induced myocardial injury. The levels of circular SAMD4A (circSAMD4A) were detected in the heart tissues of AMI mice and H/R‐induced H9C2 cells, and the circSAMD4A was suppressed in AMI mice and H/R‐induced H9C2 cells to investigate its’ function in AMI. The levels of circSAMD4A and miR‐138‐5p were detected by real‐time quantitative PCR, and MTT assay was used to detect cell viability. TUNEL analysis and Annexin V‐FITC were used to determine apoptosis. The expression of Bcl‐2 and Bax proteins was detected by Western blot. IL‐1β, TNF‐α and IL‐6 were detected by ELISA kits. The study found that the levels of circSAMD4A were up‐regulated after H/R induction and inhibition of circSAMD4A expression would reduce the H/R‐induced apoptosis and inflammation. MiR‐138‐5p was down‐regulated in H/R‐induced H9C2 cells. circSAMD4A was a targeted regulator of miR‐138‐5p. CircSAMD4A inhibited the expression of miR‐138‐5p to promote H/R‐induced myocardial cell injury in vitro and vivo. In conclusion, CircSAMD4A can sponge miR‐138‐5p to promote H/R‐induced apoptosis and inflammatory response.
Combination therapy with anti‐T‐cell immunoglobulin and mucin‐domain containing molecule 3 and radiation improves antitumor efficacy in murine hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kim Kyoung‐Jin , Lee Hye Won , Seong Jinsil
Published: November 2020

Background and Aim

T‐cell immunoglobulin and mucin‐domain containing molecule 3 (TIM3) has emerged as a promising immune checkpoint inhibitor target; however, immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy does not benefit a substantial percentage of patients. Therefore, this study investigated the antitumor effect of anti‐TIM3 therapy combined with radiation in a murine hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model.

Methods

The effect of radiation on TIM3 expression was determined in murine and human HCC cells using western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. Tumor growth and survival rate were measured to evaluate the antitumor effect of this combination therapy. Tumor immunological parameters were assessed using flow cytometry and histology.

Results

TIM3 was upregulated in tumor‐infiltrating CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in radiation‐treated HCa‐1‐implanted mice. Combination treatment significantly delayed tumor growth compared with monotherapy (P < 0.01). Overall survival was improved in the combination group compared with that in the anti‐TIM3 or radiation monotherapy groups (median survival time: 52 days vs 26 or 38 days, respectively, P < 0.001). The antitumor effect of the combination treatment was associated with increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation of tumor cells and reinvigorated CD8+ T‐cell activation. CD8+ T‐cell depletion reversed the antitumor efficacy of the combination treatment. These findings suggest that CD8+ T cells play key roles in the therapeutic effect of the combination treatment.

Conclusion

Anti‐TIM3 and radiation combination therapy significantly improved the antitumor effect in a murine HCC model, as evidenced by inhibited tumor growth and increased overall survival. This approach could be a novel combined immune‐radiotherapy strategy for HCC.
Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir in a real‐world chronic hepatitis C genotype 3 cohort
Authors: Wong Yu Jun , Thurairajah Prem Harichander , Kumar Rahul , Tan Jessica , Fock Kwong Ming , Law Ngai Moh , Li Weiquan , Kwek Andrew , Tan Yu Bin , Koh Jingyun , Lee Zheng Cong , Kumar Loshini Senthil , Teo Eng Kiong , Ang Tiing‐Leong
Published: November 2020

Background and Aim

Real‐world data on sofosbuvir/velpatasvir with and without ribavirin (SOF/VEL ± RBV), particularly among patients with genotype 3 (GT3) decompensated cirrhosis, prior treatment, coinfection, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), are scarce. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of SOF/VEL ± RBV in a real‐world setting that included both community and incarcerated GT3 hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients.

Methods

We included all GT3 HCV patients treated with SOF/VEL ± RBV in our institution. The primary outcome measure was the overall sustained virological response 12 weeks after treatment (SVR12), reported in both intention‐to‐treat (ITT) and per‐protocol analyses. The secondary outcome measures were SVR12 stratified by the presence of decompensated cirrhosis, prior treatment, HCC, and HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfection and the occurrence rate of serious adverse events requiring treatment cessation or hospitalization.

Results

A total of 779 HCV patients were treated with 12 weeks of SOF/VEL ± RBV, of which 85% were treated during incarceration. Among the 530 GT3 HCV patients, 31% had liver cirrhosis, and 6% were treatment‐experienced. The overall SVR12 for GT3 was 98.7% (95% confidence interval: 97.3%, 99.5%) and 99.2% (95% confidence interval: 98.1%, 99.8%) in ITT and per‐protocol analyses, respectively. High SVR12 was also seen in ITT analysis among GT3 HCV patients with decompensated cirrhosis (88%), prior treatment (100%), HCC (100%), and HIV/hepatitis B virus coinfection (100%). Apart from one patient who developed myositis, no other serious adverse events were observed.

Conclusion

The SOF/VEL ± RBV is a safe and efficacious treatment option for GT3 HCV patients in a real‐world setting. SOF/VEL with RBV may be considered for decompensated GT3 HCV patients.
A review of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in non‐obese and lean individuals
Authors: Ahadi Mitra , Molooghi Kasra , Masoudifar Negin , Namdar Ali Beheshti , Vossoughinia Hassan , Farzanehfar Mohammadreza
Published: November 2020

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of hepatic disorders. It represents a wide range of chronic liver diseases in patients with no history of significant alcohol consumption, starting with simple steatosis and progressing towards non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is usually associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and obesity. This disease has mostly been studied in obese individuals; however, it has been widely reported and studied among the lean/non‐obese population in recent years. The pathogenesis of NAFLD in non‐obese patients is associated with various genetic predispositions, particularly a patatin‐like phospholipase domain‐containing protein 3 G allele polymorphism, which results in the accumulation of triglyceride in the liver and resistance to insulin. Additionally, dietary factors such as high fructose consumption seem to play a substantial role in the pathology of non‐obese NAFLD. Although there is not enough evidence on the treatment of NAFLD in non‐obese patients, the standard approach is to advise altering one's lifestyle in order to diminish visceral adiposity. Dietary modification, weight loss, and increased physical activity are highly recommended. We aimed to review and summarize the existing information on the prevalence, pathogenesis, genetic predispositions, diagnosis, and treatment of NAFLD in non‐obese patients according to the latest literature.
Opioid Prescribing in the 2016 Medicare Fee‐for‐Service Population
Authors: Maciejewski Matthew L. , Zepel Lindsay , Hale Sarah L. , Wang Virginia , Diamantidis Clarissa J. , Blaz Jacquelyn W. , Olin Serene , Wilson‐Frederick Shondelle M. , James Cara V. , Smith Valerie A.
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Opioid use and misuse are prevalent and remain a national crisis. This study identified beneficiary characteristics associated with filling opioid prescriptions, variation in opioid dosing, and opioid use with average daily doses (ADDs) equal to 120 morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) or more in the 100% Medicare fee‐for‐service (FFS) population.

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND MEASUREMENTS

In a cohort of FFS beneficiaries with 12 months of Medicare Part D coverage in 2016, we examined patient factors associated with filling an opioid prescription (n = 20,880,490) and variation in ADDs (n = 7,325,031) in a two‐part model. Among those filling opioids, we also examined the probability of ADD equal to 120 MMEs or more via logistic regression.

RESULTS

About 35% of FFS beneficiaries had one or more opioid prescription fills in 2016 and 1.5% had ADDs equal to 120 MMEs or more. Disability‐eligible beneficiaries and beneficiaries with multiple chronic conditions were more likely to fill opioids, to have higher ADDs or were more likely to have ADD equal to 120 MMEs or more. Beneficiaries with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were more likely to fill opioids (odds ratio (OR) = 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.46–1.47), have higher ADDs (rate ratio = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.06–1.06) when filled and were more likely to have ADD equal to 120 MMEs or more (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.21–1.24). Finally, black and Hispanic beneficiaries were less likely to fill opioids, had lower overall doses and were less likely to have ADDs equal to 120 MMEs or more compared to white beneficiaries.

CONCLUSION

Several beneficiary subgroups have underappreciated risk of adverse events associated with ADD equal to 120 MMEs or more that may benefit from opioid optimization interventions that balance pain management and adverse event risk, especially beneficiaries with COPD who are at risk for respiratory depression.
Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials in Australian Nursing Homes from 2000 to 2018
Authors: Pham Tony , Bugeja Lyndal , Holmes Alice , Ibrahim Joseph E.
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

High‐quality research provides an evidence base for optimal practice care in clinical settings, yet, little is known about the nature and extent of randomized control trials (RCTs) conducted in Australian nursing homes (NHs). Research from other settings and other countries is not necessarily transferable to the Australian NH sector. We sought to identify and describe RCTs conducted in Australia which investigated interventions targeted at improving care for NH residents.

DESIGN

The design of this study comprised a systematic literature search with a narrative review. Studies were included if they were RCTs published after 2000, conducted in an Australian NH, and evaluated a health intervention which may have directly or indirectly benefitted the NH resident.

SETTING

Australian NHs.

PARTICIPANTS

Nursing home residents.

MEASUREMENTS

Jurisdiction (state or territory where the study was conducted), number of NHs recruited in each trial, number of residents included in each trial, intervention characteristics, comparator characteristics, and characteristics of outcome.

RESULTS

Only 43 articles reporting on 39 RCTs were identified. In contrast, 30 Australian musculoskeletal RCTs were published in just 2 years (2011–2012). Most of the RCTs identified were conducted in New South Wales (n = 14), Queensland (n = 10), and Victoria (n = 9). The mean number of NHs included in each trial was 22.4 (standard deviation (SD) = 27.0), with a median of 14.5 (interquartile range (IQR) = 27.8), while the mean number of residents included was 412.4 (SD = 921) with a median of 187 (IQR = 341.0). The most common interventions targeted: managing dementia (n = 20), prevention of falls (n = 7), and addressing mental health issues (n = 6).

CONCLUSION

This review provides evidence of the paucity of high‐quality research in the form of RCTs, in the Australian NH setting and demonstrates the need for Australia to improve its research capability in the NH sector.
Kidney Function and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: Examining the Role of Neurodegeneration
Authors: Guerville Florent , De Souto Barreto Philipe , Coley Nicola , Andrieu Sandrine , Mangin Jean‐François , Chupin Marie , Payoux Pierre , Ousset Pierre‐Jean , Rolland Yves , Vellas Bruno ,   the MAPT/DSA group
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Cognitive decline associated with impaired kidney function might involve neurodegeneration. Our objectives were to evaluate the longitudinal association between kidney function and cognitive decline in older adults and to assess the involvement of cortical beta‐amyloid and hippocampal atrophy (features of Alzheimer's disease (AD)) in this association.

DESIGN

Secondary analysis of the randomized controlled Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT).

SETTINGS

Thirteen memory centers (France and Monaco, 2008–2016).

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 1,334 community‐dwellers >70 years old without dementia at baseline.

MEASUREMENTS

We estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from serum creatinine using CKD‐Epi equation. Cognition was assessed at baseline, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months using a composite Z‐score designed for MAPT. The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score was used to assess cognition and functional independence. We examined the association between eGFR and (1) evolution of the composite cognitive Z‐score using mixed‐effect models and (2) progression on CDR using Cox models and mixed‐effect models. Adjustments were made for age, sex, education, ApoE genotype, cardiovascular risk factors and disease, hippocampal volume (measured with magnetic resonance), and cortical beta‐amyloid (measured with positron emission tomography).

RESULTS

Median (IQR) eGFR was 73(60–84) mL/min/1.73 m2. Two hundred sixty‐nine participants experienced progression on CDR score during follow‐up. eGFR<60 was significantly associated with progression on CDR score (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.35, 95% CI 1.01–1.80) and with both the cognitive and functional independence components of CDR, but not with the evolution of the composite cognitive Z‐score (adjusted β‐coefficient −0.004, 95% CI −0.014; 0.006). Associations were not modified after further adjustment for beta‐amyloid (subsample: n = 252) and hippocampal volume (subsample: n = 270).

CONCLUSIONS

We did not find a mild to moderate renal insufficiency to be associated with brain imaging features of AD, and our results do not support the involvement of AD mechanisms in the incidence of cognitive impairment and functional decline associated with chronic kidney disease.
Enhanced patient retention after combination vs single modality treatment using hyaluronic acid filler and neuromodulator: A multicenter, retrospective review by The Flame Group
Authors: Humphrey Shannon , de Almeida Ada Trindade , Safa Marva , Heydenrych Izolda , Roberts Stefania , Chantrey Jonquille , Ogilvie Patricia
Published: November 2020

Background

It is believed that combination treatment with both neuromodulators (NM) and hyaluronic acid soft‐tissue fillers (HA) results in superior aesthetic results and increased patient satisfaction compared to either treatment alone.

Aims

To determine whether combined treatment with NM and HA leads to greater patient retention than treatment with NM or HA alone.

Patients/Methods

This is a large, multi‐center, retrospective review of patient retention rates from 7 aesthetic practices across 5 continents, incorporating over 2600 patients. Patient retention is interpreted as a surrogate marker for overall patient satisfaction. Retention rates were compared at 1, 3, and 5 years for patients who received NM only, HA only, or combination treatment with both NM and HA.

Results

Combination therapy significantly increased the probability of retention for each time point (1, 3, and 5 years) compared with NM alone (P < .0001) and HA alone (P < .0001).

Conclusion

This large multicenter, global retrospective review demonstrates that patients who received combined HA and NM were more likely to be retained in the same practice over many years than those who received either treatment alone.
Corporate Entrepreneurship and Family Business: Learning Across Domains
Authors: Minola Tommaso , Kammerlander Nadine , Kellermanns Franz W. , Hoy Frank
Published: November 2020

Research at the interface of corporate entrepreneurship (CE) and family firms’ domains has grown steadily based on the premise that family firms’ specific elements uniquely affect CE antecedents, strategies, and outcomes. However, much remains to be uncovered. In this article, we offer a theoretical advancement of a corporate entrepreneurship process model for the case of family firms organized around the categories of ontology (i.e., domain redefinition), epiphany (i.e., new components and mechanisms), and heterogeneity (i.e., family firm variety and contingencies). This development paves the way for an agenda for future research and for possible generalizations to non‐family firms.
An invasive grass species has both local and broad‐scale impacts on diversity: Potential mechanisms and implications
Authors: Lebbink Gabrielle , Dwyer John M. , Fensham Roderick J.
Published: November 2020

Questions

The impact of invasive plant species on native diversity varies with spatial scale, with some invaders leading to broad‐scale diversity declines and others to only local declines. These discrepancies may reflect the invaders” capacity to reduce niche opportunities across spatial scales which can be associated with their functional traits. We investigated impact‐scale relationships and trait‐based mechanisms, in areas invaded by the exotic perennial grass species, Bothriochloa pertusa. We examine root traits specifically, as below‐ground competition was considered particularly important to the success of this species.

Location

Grassy “ironbark” woodlands of eastern Queensland, Australia.

Methods

We examined plots with varying degrees of invasion by B. pertusa, at multiple spatial scales (up to 1,000 m2) and analysed changes to the species–area relationships (SARs) with increasing invader cover. Changes to SARs were assessed in relation to the invaders” effect on rare (low patch occupancy) and common species in the community. In a separate analysis within the same habitat, we collected root cores across a gradient of invader cover and analysed changes to community root traits that were considered important correlates of competition for space and nutrients.

Results

Invasion‐induced reductions in diversity were pervasive at all scales investigated, and this was associated with a proportionally greater effect on rare species in the community. In the separate root analysis, changes in community root traits with increasing invader cover were potentially indicative of more intense competition for resources rather than space.

Conclusions

The observed regional‐scale dominance of B. pertusa and associated declines in diversity warrant serious concern for the conservation of native plant communities and species in a region already at risk from other anthropogenic threats. Intense competition for below‐ground resources is likely a contributing mechanism to the success of B. pertusa in this study system. Experimental examination of this and other mechanisms would help to validate these findings.
The changing scenario of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy: an update
Authors: Garuti Francesca , Neri Andrea , Avanzato Francesca , Gramenzi Annagiulia , Rampoldi Davide , Rucci Paola , Farinati Fabio , Giannini Edoardo G. , Piscaglia Fabio , Rapaccini Gian Ludovico , Di Marco Maria , Caturelli Eugenio , Zoli Marco , Sacco Rodolfo , Cabibbo Giuseppe , Marra Fabio , Mega Andrea , Morisco Filomena , Gasbarrini Antonio , Svegliati‐Baroni Gianluca , Foschi Francesco G. , Missale Gabriele , Masotto Alberto , Nardone Gerardo , Raimondo Giovanni , Azzaroli Francesco , Vidili Gianpaolo , Brunetto Maurizia R. , Trevisani Franco ,   the ITA.LI.CA study group
Published: November 2020

Background and aims

Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is changing in most areas of the world. This study aimed at updating the changing scenario of aetiology, clinical presentation, management and prognosis of HCC in Italy during the last 15 years.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of the Italian Liver Cancer (ITA.LI.CA) database included 6034 HCC patients managed in 23 centres from 2004 to 2018. Patients were divided into three groups according to the date of cancer diagnosis (2004‐2008, 2009‐2013 and 2014‐2018).

Results

The main results were: (i) a progressive patient ageing; (ii) a progressive increase of non‐viral cases and, particularly, of ‘metabolic’ and ‘metabolic + alcohol’ HCCs; (iii) a slightly decline of cases diagnosed under surveillance, but with an incremental use of the semiannual schedule; (iv) a favourable cancer stage migration; (v) an increased use of radiofrequency ablation to the detriment of percutaneous ethanol injection; (vi) improved outcomes of ablative and transarterial treatments; (vii) an improved overall survival (adjusted for the lead time in surveyed patients) in the last calendar period, particularly in viral patients; (viii) a large gap between the number of potential candidates (according to oncologic criteria and age) to liver transplant and that of transplanted patients.

Conclusions

During the last 15 years several aspects of HCC scenario have changed, as well as its management. The improvement in patient survival observed in the last period was likely because of a larger use of thermal ablation with respect to the less effective alcohol injection and to an improved management of intermediate stage patients.
Correlations between severity of anterior vaginal wall prolapse and parameters of urethral pressure profile
Authors: Chang Heng‐Wei , Ng Soo‐Cheen , Chen Gin‐Den
Published: November 2020

Objective

Previous studies have shown that anterior vaginal wall prolapse (AVWP) results in reduction of pressure in the proximal urethra. However, the effect of severity of AVWP on urethral pressure is controversial. This study aimed to evaluate parameters of the urethral pressure profile in different stages of AVWP.

Materials and methods

From 2016 to 2017, 286 consecutive patients with urogynecologic complaints who were referred to our urodynamic unit were enrolled in this study to analyze their urethral pressure profiles. Stages of AVWP were regrouped into three groups ranging from mild to severe stages (groups 1‐3). Maximal urethral pressure, urethral closure pressure, functional urethral length, length of continence zone, as well as area of continence zone were compared among these three groups.

Results

Distribution of age, parity, and menopausal women were significantly different among these three groups. Maximal urethral pressure (pressures for groups 1, 2, and 3 were 74.6∼75.9cmH2O, 69.7∼73.4cmH2O, and 58.3∼60.5cmH2O, respectively; all P<.05) and stress urethral closure pressure (pressures for groups 1, 2, and 3 were 69.3cmH2O, 62.3cmH2O, and 52.2cmH2O, respectively; all P<.05) gradually and significantly decreased, consistent with the severity of AVWP. However, the attenuated maximal urethral pressure and stress urethral closure pressure in accordance with severity did not show any significant difference after controlling for age, body mass index, parity, menopause, and stress urinary incontinence symptoms.

Conclusion

Our results showed that AVWP significantly attenuated urethral pressure. However, patient age, menopausal status, and number of parities seem to be more influential in compromising urethral function than just AVWP alone.
Phylogenetic and geographical analysis of a retrovirus during the early stages of endogenous adaptation and exogenous spread in a new host
Authors: Quigley Bonnie L. , Wedrowicz Faye , Hogan Fiona , Timms Peter
Published: November 2020

Most retroviral endogenization and host adaptation happened in the distant past, with the opportunity to study these processes as they occurred lost to time. An exception exists with the discovery that koala retrovirus (KoRV) has recently begun its endogenization into the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) genome. What makes this opportunity remarkable is the fact that Northern Australian koalas appear to be undergoing endogenization with one KoRV subtype (KoRV‐A), while all subtypes (KoRV‐A‐I) coexist exogenously, and Southern Australian koalas appear to carry all KoRV subtypes as an exogenous virus. To understand the distribution and relationship of all KoRV variants in koalas, the proviral KoRV envelope gene receptor binding domain was assessed across the koala's natural range. Examination of KoRV subtype‐specific proviral copy numbers per cell found that KoRV‐A proviral integration levels were consistent with endogenous incorporation in Northern Australia (southeast Queensland and northeast New South Wales) while revealing lower levels of KoRV‐A proviral integration (suggestive of exogenous incorporation) in southern regions (southeast New South Wales and Victoria). Phylogeographical analysis indicated that several major KoRV‐A variants were distributed uniformly across the country, while non‐KoRV‐A variants appeared to have undergone lineage diversification in geographically distinct regions. Further analysis of the major KoRV‐A variants revealed a distinct shift in variant proportions in southeast New South Wales, suggesting this as the geographical region where KoRV‐A transitions from being predominantly endogenous to exogenous in Australian koalas. Collectively, these findings advance both our understanding of KoRV in koalas and of retroviral endogenization and diversification in general.