bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Italian Collective Project In Literature, Architecture and the Visual Arts, 1968–77
Authors: Ovan Sabrina
Published: September 2023

During the tumultuous period in Italy between 1968 and 1977, known as the ‘long 68’, myriad alternative publications focusing on the narratives and the experiences of avant-garde groups, marginal communities, labour organizers and political activist circles gained widespread popularity. Among these, two significant literary and political reviews, I Quindici and Contropiano, played a pivotal role in these movements. My paper aims to analyse the aesthetic and textual makeup of these publications by examining the significance of these journals in the context of the explosive political climate that led to the cycle of protests in streets, schools and factories.
Project Respect: experiences of seriously ill LGBTQ+ patients and partners with their health care providers
Authors: Stein Gary L , Berkman Cathy , Acquaviva Kimberly , Woody Imani , Godfrey David , Javier Noelle Marie , O’Mahony Sean , gonzález-rivera christian , Maingi Shail , Candrian Carey , Rosa William E
Published: September 2023

Discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) persons in health care creates barriers to serious illness care, including patients avoiding or delaying necessary care, providers disrespecting wishes of surrogates, and adverse outcomes for patients and families. A cross-sectional mixed-methods study using an online survey was used to determine the extent to which LGBTQ+ patients and spouses, partners, and widows experienced disrespectful or inadequate care due to sexual orientation or gender identity. A total of 290 LGBTQ+ patients and partners reported high levels of disrespectful and inadequate care, including 35.2% stating their provider was insensitive to them because of their identity; 30% reporting their provider was unaware of LGBTQ+ health needs; 23.1% feeling judged; 20.7% experiencing rudeness; 20.3% stating providers did not use their correct pronouns; and 19.7% reporting their treatment decisions were disregarded. Black and Hispanic patients were 2–4 times more likely than non-Hispanic White patients to report discrimination. This study demonstrated high levels of disrespectful and inadequate care towards patients and partners due to being LGBTQ+, which was especially problematic for Black and Hispanic patients and those living in politically conservative regions. Recommendations include federal and state civil rights laws to prohibit LGBTQ+ discrimination and institutional practices to address discrimination, including cultural sensitivity training for staff.
Plant-based Diets for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: What Is the Evidence?
Authors: Liu Gordon X H , Day Andrew S
Published: September 2023

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic incurable condition that carries a high morbidity burden for patients. Plant-based diets have emerged as a potentially safe and effective treatment strategy for this condition. However, no attempt has been made to summarize the literature in this field. In this review, we aim to define variants of plant-based diets that have been studied, evaluate their findings, and identify knowledge gaps that warrant further investigation.

Methods

A literature search was conducted on MEDLINE and Embase.

Results

Twenty-three studies with 2304 participants were included in this review. Eleven studies (48%) were case reports and 8 (35%) were single-arm trials. Semivegetarian diets were the most commonly studied plant-based diet (n = 14, 61%). Most studies reported that plant-based diets were safe and effective in managing inflammatory bowel disease. However, significant limitations restrict the quality and interpretability of these findings, including a paucity of controlled data, small sample sizes, and inconsistent reporting of dietary adherence.

Conclusions

Although initial findings appear promising, it remains unclear whether plant-based diets are an effective adjunct or sole therapy for managing inflammatory bowel disease. Future investigators should aim to conduct methodologically rigorous interventional trials with appropriate control data and consistent and meaningful outcome reporting.
Utility of routine chest radiographs after chest drain removal in paediatric cardiac surgical patients—a retrospective analysis of 1076 patients
Authors: Shetty Gautham , Zouki Jason , Lee Geraldine , Patukale Aditya , Betts Kim S , Justo Robert N , Marathe Supreet P , Venugopal Prem ,   QPCR Group, Suna Jessica , Karl Tom , Alphonso Nelson
Published: September 2023

OBJECTIVES

Chest drains are routinely placed in children following cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of a clinically relevant pneumothorax and/or pleural effusion after drain removal and to ascertain if a chest radiograph can be safely avoided following chest drain removal.

METHODS

This single-centre retrospective cohort study included all patients under 18 years of age who underwent cardiac surgery between January 2015 and December 2019 with the insertion of mediastinal and/or pleural drains. Exclusion criteria were chest drain/s in situ ≥14 days and mortality prior to removal of chest drain/s. A drain removal episode was defined as the removal of ≥1 drains during the same episode of analgesia ± sedation. All chest drains were removed using a standard protocol. Chest radiographs following chest drain removal were reviewed by 2 investigators.

RESULTS

In all, 1076 patients were identified (median age: 292 days, median weight: 7.8 kg). There were 1587 drain removal episodes involving 2365 drains [mediastinal (n = 1347), right pleural (n = 598), left pleural (n = 420)]. Chest radiographs were performed after 1301 drain removal episodes [mediastinal (n = 1062); right pleural (n = 597); left pleural (n = 420)]. Chest radiographs were abnormal after 152 (12%) drain removal episodes [pneumothorax (n = 43), pleural effusion (n = 98), hydropneumothorax (n = 11)]. Symptoms/signs were present in 30 (2.3%) patients. Eleven (<1%) required medical management. One required reintubation and 2 required chest drain reinsertion.

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of clinically significant pneumothorax/pleural effusion following chest drain removal after paediatric cardiac surgery is low (<1%). Most patients did not require reinsertion of a chest drain. It is reasonable not to perform routine chest radiographs following chest drain removal in most paediatric cardiac surgical patients.
Evolutionary Patterns of Modularity in the Linkage Systems of the Skull in Wrasses and Parrotfishes
Authors: Gartner S M , Larouche O , Evans K M , Westneat M W
Published: September 2023

Synopsis

The concept of modularity is fundamental to understanding the evolvability of morphological structures and is considered a central framework for the exploration of functionally and developmentally related subsets of anatomical traits. In this study, we explored evolutionary patterns of modularity and integration in the 4-bar linkage biomechanical system of the skull in the fish family Labridae (wrasses and parrotfishes). We measured evolutionary modularity and rates of shape diversification of the skull partitions of three biomechanical 4-bar linkage systems using 205 species of wrasses (family: Labridae) and a three-dimensional geometric morphometrics data set of 200 coordinates. We found support for a two-module hypothesis on the family level that identifies the bones associated with the three linkages as being a module independent from a module formed by the remainder of the skull (neurocranium, nasals, premaxilla, and pharyngeal jaws). We tested the patterns of skull modularity for four tribes in wrasses: hypsigenyines, julidines, cheilines, and scarines. The hypsigenyine and julidine groups showed the same two-module hypothesis for Labridae, whereas cheilines supported a four-module hypothesis with the three linkages as independent modules relative to the remainder of the skull. Scarines showed increased modularization of skull elements, where each bone is its own module. Diversification rates of modules show that linkage modules have evolved at a faster net rate of shape change than the remainder of the skull, with cheilines and scarines exhibiting the highest rate of evolutionary shape change. We developed a metric of linkage planarity and found the oral jaw linkage system to exhibit high planarity, while the rest position of the hyoid linkage system exhibited increased three dimensionality. This study shows a strong link between phenotypic evolution and biomechanical systems, with modularity influencing rates of shape change in the evolution of the wrasse skull.
Early experiences of integrating an artificial intelligence-based diagnostic decision support system into radiology settings: a qualitative study
Authors: Farič Nuša , Hinder Sue , Williams Robin , Ramaesh Rishi , Bernabeu Miguel O , van Beek Edwin , Cresswell Kathrin
Published: September 2023

Objectives

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based clinical decision support systems to aid diagnosis are increasingly being developed and implemented but with limited understanding of how such systems integrate with existing clinical work and organizational practices. We explored the early experiences of stakeholders using an AI-based imaging software tool Veye Lung Nodules (VLN) aiding the detection, classification, and measurement of pulmonary nodules in computed tomography scans of the chest.

Materials and methods

We performed semistructured interviews and observations across early adopter deployment sites with clinicians, strategic decision-makers, suppliers, patients with long-term chest conditions, and academics with expertise in the use of diagnostic AI in radiology settings. We coded the data using the Technology, People, Organizations, and Macroenvironmental factors framework.

Results

We conducted 39 interviews. Clinicians reported VLN to be easy to use with little disruption to the workflow. There were differences in patterns of use between experts and novice users with experts critically evaluating system recommendations and actively compensating for system limitations to achieve more reliable performance. Patients also viewed the tool positively. There were contextual variations in tool performance and use between different hospital sites and different use cases. Implementation challenges included integration with existing information systems, data protection, and perceived issues surrounding wider and sustained adoption, including procurement costs.

Discussion

Tool performance was variable, affected by integration into workflows and divisions of labor and knowledge, as well as technical configuration and infrastructure.

Conclusion

The socio-organizational factors affecting performance of diagnostic AI are under-researched and require attention and further research.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelid
Authors: Sato Yasuyoshi , Takahashi Shunji , Toshiyasu Takashi , Tsuji Hideki , Hanai Nobuhiro , Homma Akihiro
Published: September 2023

Eyelid squamous cell carcinoma is a major type of rare eyelid cancer, together with basal cell carcinoma and sebaceous gland carcinoma. It is a painless disease that progresses slowly and is often detected by the appearance of nodules or plaques. Risk factors include exposure to ultraviolet light, fair skin, radiation and human papillomavirus infection. The standard treatment is surgical removal, and in cases of orbital invasion, orbital content removal is required. If sentinel node biopsy reveals a high risk of lymph node metastasis, adjuvant radiotherapy may be considered. Local chemotherapy, such as imiquimod and 5-fluorouracil, may be used for eyelid squamous cell carcinoma in situ. When surgery or radiotherapy is not recommended for distant metastases or locally advanced disease, drug therapy is often according to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in Japan. The treatment often requires a multidisciplinary team to ensure the preservation of function and cosmetic appearance.
Cascade testing for hereditary cancer: comprehensive multigene panels identify unexpected actionable findings in relatives
Authors: Heald Brandie , Pirzadeh-Miller Sara , Ellsworth Rachel E , Nielsen Sarah M , Russell Emily M , Beitsch Peter , Esplin Edward D , Nussbaum Robert L , Pineda-Alvarez Daniel E , Kurian Allison W , Hampel Heather
Published: September 2023

Current guidelines recommend single variant testing in relatives of patients with known pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline variants in cancer predisposition genes. This approach may preclude the use of risk-reducing strategies in family members who have pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline variants in other cancer predisposition genes. Cascade testing using multigene panels was performed in 3696 relatives of 7433 probands. Unexpected pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline variants were identified in 230 (6.2%) relatives, including 144 who were negative for the familial pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant but positive for a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in a different gene than the proband and 74 who tested positive for the familial pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant and had an additional pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in a different gene than the proband. Of the relatives with unexpected pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline variants, 36.3% would have qualified for different or additional cancer screening recommendations. Limiting cascade testing to only the familial pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant would have resulted in missed, actionable findings for a subset of relatives.
Chronicles of Disappearance: Palestinian Encampment in the Bekaa Valley (1948–1951)
Authors: Kreichati Cynthia
Published: September 2023

Some formal UN camps in Lebanon are becoming ‘over-researched’ while ‘gatherings’ remain unexplored despite their distinctive features. This article is a historical ethnography of encampment defined as the iterative undertaking of settling in while in exile. It contends that any history of Palestinian encampment must attend to entwined histories of presence, dispersal, and absence. Based on interviews conducted in the gathering of Bar Elias in the Bekaa Valley and on archival research concerned with the quiet disappearance, during the 1950s, of the three camps of Qaraoun, Aanjar and Gouraud, also in the Bekaa, this article explores, through the conceptual frame of presence, the forces shaping Palestinian experience in Lebanon both inside camps and outside of them. Shaped by absence, presence appears as the expression, in each historical situation, of the reality of lived experience and is a lens through which to read the archive of international organizations which rarely encompasses refugee voice.
Multiphase gas nature in the sub-pc region of the active galactic nuclei – II. Possible origins of the changing-state AGNs
Authors: Wada Keiichi , Kudoh Yuki , Nagao Tohru
Published: September 2023

Multiwavelength observations of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) often reveal various time-scales of variability. Among these phenomena, ‘changing-look AGNs’ are extreme cases where broad emission lines become faint/bright or even disappear/emerge between multi-epoch observations, providing crucial information about AGN internal structures. We here focus on ‘changing-state’ AGNs, specifically investigating the transition of optical spectra over years to tens of years. Based on the axisymmetric radiation-hydrodynamic simulations (Paper I) for the gas dynamics within the dust sublimation radius, we investigate the spectral properties of ionized gas exposed to the radiation from an AGN with a 107 M⊙ supermassive black hole. We find significant time-dependent variations in the Balmer emission lines by utilizing post-process pseudo-three-dimensional calculations and the spectral synthesis code cloudy. The equivalent width of H α and H β changes by a factor of 3, or the emission lines even disappear during 30 yr for the same viewing angle. The time-dependent behaviour arises primarily from gas dynamics, particularly the formation of non-steady, radiation-driven outflows within the innermost region of the disc (r ≲ 10−3 pc). The intricate interplay between non-spherical radiation sources at the core of AGNs and the dynamic behaviour of gas within the dust sublimation radius gives rise to radiation-driven outflows. This non-steady outflow potentially contributes to the observed variability in Balmer line emissions over multiyear time-scales in certain AGNs.
The effect of the perturber population on subhalo measurements in strong gravitational lenses
Authors: Coogan Adam , Anau Montel Noemi , Karchev Konstantin , Grootes Meiert W , Nattino Francesco , Weniger Christoph
Published: September 2023

Analyses of extended arcs in strong gravitational lensing images to date have constrained the properties of dark matter by measuring the parameters of one or two individual subhaloes. However, since such analyses are reliant on likelihood-based methods like Markov-chain Monte Carlo or nested sampling, they require various compromises to the realism of lensing models for the sake of computational tractability, such as ignoring the numerous other subhaloes and line-of-sight haloes in the system, assuming a particular form for the source model and requiring the noise to have a known likelihood function. Here, we show that a simulation-based inference method called truncated marginal neural ratio estimation (TMNRE) makes it possible to relax these requirements by training neural networks to directly compute marginal posteriors for subhalo parameters from lensing images. By performing a set of inference tasks on mock data, we verify the accuracy of TMNRE and show it can compute posteriors for subhalo parameters marginalized over populations of hundreds of substructures, as well as lens and source uncertainties. We also find that the multilayer perceptron (MLP) mixer network works far better for such tasks than the convolutional architectures explored in other lensing analyses. Furthermore, we show that since TMNRE learns a posterior function it enables direct statistical checks that would be extremely expensive with likelihood-based methods. Our results show that TMNRE is well-suited for analysing complex lensing data, and that the full subhalo and line-of-sight halo population must be included when measuring the properties of individual dark matter substructures with this technique.
Mapping the recognition pathway of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer in DNA by Rad4/XPC
Authors: Jakhar Nikhil , Prabhakant Akshay , Krishnan Marimuthu
Published: September 2023

UV radiation-induced DNA damages have adverse effects on genome integrity and cellular function. The most prevalent UV-induced DNA lesion is the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), which can cause skin disorders and cancers in humans. Rad4/XPC is a damage sensing protein that recognizes and repairs CPD lesions with high fidelity. However, the molecular mechanism of how Rad4/XPC interrogates CPD lesions remains elusive. Emerging viewpoints indicate that the association of Rad4/XPC with DNA, the insertion of a lesion-sensing β-hairpin of Rad4/XPC into the lesion site and the flipping of CPD’s partner bases (5′-dA and 3′-dA) are essential for damage recognition. Characterizing these slow events is challenging due to their infrequent occurrence on molecular time scales. Herein, we have used enhanced sampling and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the mechanism and energetics of lesion recognition by Rad4/XPC, considering multiple plausible pathways between the crystal structure of the Rad4–DNA complex and nine intermediate states. Our results shed light on the most likely sequence of events, their potential coupling and energetics. Upon association, Rad4 and DNA form an encounter complex in which CPD and its partner bases remain in the duplex and the BHD3 β-hairpin is yet to be inserted into the lesion site. Subsequently, sequential base flipping occurs, with the flipping of the 5′-dA base preceding that of the 3′-dA base, followed by the insertion of the BHD3 β-hairpin into the lesion site. The results presented here have significant implications for understanding the molecular basis of UV-related skin disorders and cancers and for paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies.
Activation of Csm6 ribonuclease by cyclic nucleotide binding: in an emergency, twist to open
Authors: McQuarrie Stuart , Athukoralage Januka S , McMahon Stephen A , Graham Shirley , Ackermann Katrin , Bode Bela E , White Malcolm F , Gloster Tracey M
Published: September 2023

Type III CRISPR systems synthesize cyclic oligoadenylate (cOA) second messengers as part of a multi-faceted immune response against invading mobile genetic elements (MGEs). cOA activates non-specific CRISPR ancillary defence nucleases to create a hostile environment for MGE replication. Csm6 ribonucleases bind cOA using a CARF (CRISPR-associated Rossmann Fold) domain, resulting in activation of a fused HEPN (Higher Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Nucleotide binding) ribonuclease domain. Csm6 enzymes are widely used in a new generation of diagnostic assays for the detection of specific nucleic acid species. However, the activation mechanism is not fully understood. Here we characterised the cyclic hexa-adenylate (cA6) activated Csm6’ ribonuclease from the industrially important bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus. Crystal structures of Csm6’ in the inactive and cA6 bound active states illuminate the conformational changes which trigger mRNA destruction. Upon binding of cA6, there is a close to 60° rotation between the CARF and HEPN domains, which causes the ‘jaws’ of the HEPN domain to open and reposition active site residues. Key to this transition is the 6H domain, a right-handed solenoid domain connecting the CARF and HEPN domains, which transmits the conformational changes for activation.
Policing
Authors: Rios Jodi
Published: September 2023

African American experience and policing practices in the United States are mutually determined and historically dependent—it is not possible to think of one without the other. For this reason, it is not surprising that at the time of this writing, thirty-five articles found within the Oxford Bibliographies subject area of African American Studies cite works that focus on issues of policing, and many more cover overlapping topics with those in this bibliography. While much of what is written about policing is concerned with formal practices—the people in blue, the informal policing of blackness operates at all levels of everyday life. This policing, writ large, relies on the coupling of blackness with risk and the decoupling of blackness from centuries-honed categories of “the human,” in order to produce and maintain structures of power. The interdependency between policing and antiblack violence therefore exists far beyond varying definitions of police brutality or excessive uses of force waged against nonwhite subjects. To frame solutions to “policing problems” as a matter of purging “racist cops” or instituting better training is, in and of itself, an act of violence. This frame obscures the fact that the formal and informal policing of blackness persists in doing exactly what it was always designed to do—to produce, protect, and privilege the prevailing order of society. This policing is further mediated by class and identity, such as gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and citizenship. This bibliography is intentionally weighted toward interdisciplinary scholarship and methodologies that consider policing beyond the study of best practices in law enforcement, although it includes some work on formal policing considered canonical in the fields of criminology and sociology. A politics of citation is also practiced here, which begins to address overlooked authors of color, particularly Black women, in policing literatures. Although many journal articles advance themes included in this article, this list is made up almost entirely of book-length works in order to manage what would otherwise be an unmanageable project. These books, which number around one hundred, illustrate a consistent thread running through historical and contemporary policing in the United States—antiblack violence.
Buddhism in Africa
Authors: Mason GJ
Published: September 2023

Buddhism in Africa is a very small research field. By its nature, most research is predominantly sociological, combining also social science and historical perspectives, analyzing the development of Buddhism in various African societies. While social-based studies are important in terms documenting the growth of Buddhism in Africa, research into Buddhism in Africa has, perhaps, a more significant role in establishing the field within the wider field of Buddhist studies. In this regard, research into Buddhism in Africa also contributes, in a small way, to the development of the broader decolonial field which foregrounds Asian and African developed epistemologies, not solely determined by Northern Hemisphere academia. Studies in Buddhism in Africa began in the late 20th century by South African academics. Since then, however, the field has developed. Recent research in Buddhism in Africa has attracted international scholars and Buddhism scholars from other African countries.
Constantinople and Byzantine Cities
Authors: Berger Albrecht
Published: September 2023

The Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire gradually emerged in the fifth century, when the Roman Empire in the West collapsed as a result of the Germanic migration. From then until the end of the empire in the fifteenth century, Constantinople was its undisputed capital and its cultural center. Shortly after the temporary reconquest of Italy and North Africa in the sixth century, most of the Balkan Peninsula was lost to the Slavs, then in the seventh century the entire Middle East and Egypt to the Islamic Arabs. The cities in the remaining areas lost most of their inhabitants, and their urban self-government disappeared and they fell into ruins. Many of them were now reduced in size, equipped with new fortifications or moved to other, better protected locations. With the reconquest of Greece in the late eighth century and the successful defense of Asia Minor against the attacks of the Arabs, the situation slowly improved. The cities slowly began to grow again, but they never regained the size and economic strength of late antiquity. Urban representative buildings were now practically limited to churches, monasteries, and occasionally small noble palaces. Only a few cities attained greater importance than in antiquity for economic or military reasons, and new cities were only built in exceptional cases. The territory of the empire shrank again when Asia Minor was lost to the Turks after 1071 and only partially reconquered. In the twelfth century, contacts with Western Europe grew strongly as a result of the Crusades. Foreigners, especially Italian merchants, were now permanently present in Constantinople. The continuing dominance of the imperial court and government in the capital, however, prevented the emergence of a self-confident urban bourgeoisie, as in Italy at the same time, and the economic development associated with it. When Constantinople and parts of the empire were conquered by the knights of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, new residential cities on the periphery emerged, such as Nikaia and Trebizond in Asia Minor, Arta in western Greece, and later also Mystras in the Peloponnese. In the late Byzantine period, after the reconquest of Constantinople in 1261, Thessalonica played an important role as the second city in the empire, while Athens never returned to Byzantine possession. The history of the Byzantine cities ends with the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans in 1453, and of the last remaining territories in the following years. Due to the large amount of material, only selected cities in the areas that still belonged to the Byzantine Empire after the seventh century will be considered in this article.
Puri
Authors: Mohapatra Animesh , Nayak Jatindra Kumar
Published: September 2023

Puri is a famous centre of pilgrimage situated in the state of Odisha, which lies on the coast of the Bay of Bengal. “Puri” refers both to the temple town, which is the district headquarters and the district. At different points of time, the town was known variously as Purushottama Kshetra, Shrikshetra, Jagannath Puri, and as only Puri, which means a city. The abode of Lord Jagannath, Puri is one of the four dhams sacred to Hindus. The coastal town is a railway terminus and is the summer residence of the governor of the state. The municipality of Puri, comprising an area of 16.84 square kilometers, was formed on 1 January 1881. According to the 2011 census report the population of the Puri town is 200,564. One finds a description of Purushottama Kshetra in the “Vaishnava Khanda” of the Skanda Purana. Here it is mentioned that Purushottama Kshetra is located in the land of Utkal (a part of modern Odisha), which is famous for its many shrines and places of pilgrimage. Although the monumental edifice dedicated to Lord Jagannath is the most famous temple of the place, the town and its neighborhoods are dotted with numerous temples, big and small. These include the five major Shiva temples—Lokanath Temple, Markandeshwara Temple, Jambeshwara Temple, Banambara Temple, and Kapalamochana Temple. In Puri, people offer worship to a number of goddesses, who include Batamangala, Baseli, and Basantei. Several colorful festivals are celebrated in the town year-round, drawing a large number of people from other parts of the state and the country. The most famous among these is Ratha Yatra or the Car Festival. Several sects have established mathas (monasteries) in the temple town, including Gobarddhan Matha, Ramanuja Kota, Emar Matha, Satalahadi Matha, Kabir Choura Matha, Mangu Matha, and Nandini Matha. Notable among the temples in the neighborhood of Puri are Alarnath Temple, Baliharchandi Temple, Sakshigopal Temple, and Ramchandi Temple. Tanks sacred to the pilgrims in Puri include Indradyumna Tank and Narendra Tank. The temple town is surrounded by sixteen shasana villages, brahman settlements founded by the kings of Odisha, and brahmans from these villages are entitled to take part in the proceedings of the Muktimandap, an assembly of pandits located in the premises of the Jagannath Temple. The unique ethos of Puri has inspired creative writers and travelers alike. Therefore, several poems, plays, novels, stories, and travel narratives are set in the temple town portraying its fascinatingly multilayered culture. As a separate entry is devoted to Jagannath Temple, we have chosen to throw light on different aspects of life in the town surrounding it.
The Spanish Caribbean
Authors: Vidal Ortega Antonio
Published: September 2023

The Spanish Empire’s technological supremacy at sea meant that for most of the sixteenth century the Caribbean Sea was its own domain. The first port settlement was Santo Domingo, from which domination and conquest began. The main administrative institutions that made the process possible were transplanted there. At the same time, the main economic activity of the new Spanish American colonies of the empire for three centuries emerged: the mining of precious metals. Gold and silver then fueled the Atlantic trade and with it a cloud of ships from other nations appeared to dispute it through piracy until the Spanish lost their supremacy at sea and rival colonies of other powers were established. With the conquest of the great original empires during the first half of the sixteenth century, silver became the predominant export metal. Trade flows shifted the center to the Cartagena de Indias-Portobelo port axis, a place of rich trade fairs that became the central hub of Spanish trade in the Caribbean between 1580 and 1650 due to the circulation of silver from the Peruvian viceroyalty. The increase in silver production in the viceroyalty of New Spain drived this commercial center toward the Veracruz-Havana port axis until the first decades of the eighteenth century. The Spanish defense of the Caribbean focused on these port cities from the second half of the seventeenth century, as the abandoned Lesser Antilles were occupied by the rival empires of the Netherlands, England, and France, which asserted their presence with the development of an illegal trade toward Spanish possessions and the creation of an agrarian model of plantation sustained by a slave production model that brought millions of slaves to the region during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Traditionally, the Caribbean has been read from its relationship with the empires separately and its commercial relationship with them. However, developments in recent decades show an interconnected region with more vigorous regional trade than even with the metropolises during the Early Modern period and nineteenth century.
Cultural Capital and Health
Authors: Abel Thomas , Veenstra Gerry
Published: September 2023

Cultural capital has received an increasing amount of attention from public health researchers and practitioners in recent years. Adoption of cultural capital, a concept developed by the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, represents a way of bringing social theory to bear on associations between indicators of socioeconomic status and health-related factors. Cultural capital is a personal resource that is cultural in nature and linked to indicators of socioeconomic status or position. In this article a range of essential readings on cultural capital and its application in public health research are given. Key texts are presented that discuss the notion of cultural capital itself and how cultural capital can be an important factor for health. Examples are then provided from the empirical research literature that shed light on the promise of cultural capital for explicating health-related inequalities in contemporary societies. These examples are drawn from three domains of public health research: (1) food-related practices, (2) health status, and (3) engagement with health-care systems. The sources presented in this bibliography point to some of the major contributions of applications of cultural capital to public health research by drawing attention to interplays between material and non-material resources, incorporating both distal and proximal determinants of health, and illuminating how social structures affect health-related agency and the distribution of health-related risks.
UNESCO
Authors: Calabrese Andrew , Barnes Christopher
Published: September 2023

UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, is a UN agency, founded in 1946, and headquartered in Paris, France. The agency operates under the leadership of an elected director-general. As with the spirit in which the United Nations was founded, UNESCO aims to promote world peace among its 195 member states. To that end, UNESCO’s unique contribution is to promote intellectual exchange, with the aim of building transnational understanding, respect, and appreciation. UNESCO pursues many goals aimed at enhancing education, cultural preservation, and scientific exchange. Benefits of the agency’s work are felt particularly in parts of the world where poverty and generally limited resources would otherwise result in the neglect, decay, or disappearance of rich cultural resources and traditions. In many ways, UNESCO invests resources to protect and celebrate global cultural and intellectual diversity, as it is manifested in both tangible and intangible forms. As with other UN agencies, UNESCO functions at the will of member states. It does not act autonomously to exercise the will of the agency’s leaders, nor does it have enforcement power. Rather, within the domains of its remit, the agency’s authority is of a moral rather than political nature. The covenants and declarations made under the auspices of UNESCO do not have the force of law, but UNESCO does wield significant moral authority, which is derived from the agreements it facilitates. In this sense, UNESCO can rightly be understood as an important locus of international cultural and philosophical discourse, and as a stable institutional means through which transnational literacy and moral consciousness is derived. Given this unique role, UNESCO is occasionally at the center of moral and political disputes among member states, which sometimes reflect competing national and regional interests. But in principle, UNESCO’s aims and activities are meant to be nonpartisan and consistent with universalist aspirations, as articulated in such founding UN documents as the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Indigenous Boarding School Experiences
Authors: Lomawaima K. Tsianina , Whitt Sarah
Published: September 2023

What word can represent the thousands of Indigenous children, adolescents, and adults enrolled over time in boarding/residential schools in the United States, Canada, and other nations? “Student” and “alumnus” seem disingenuous, given minimal academic instruction and forced enrollment. Considering the institutions’ carceral nature, we might use “inmates,” but a fair number enrolled voluntarily (although choices were constrained). Many enrolled adults make “youth(s)” seem inappropriate. Attendees? Enrollees? Most heart-wrenching, how do we respectfully distinguish survivors from those who perished? We use a mix of terms, hoping the reader keeps their limitations in mind. The system of colonial schooling of Indigenous peoples is global; with a few exceptions, we focus here on the United States and Canada. Mainstream media characterizations of the “shocking” unknown history of boarding/residential schools reflect what has been suppressed; Native people know. Indigenous experiences take center stage here—see Memoirs and General Overviews—but experiences occur within national agendas of deculturation, dispossession, and training for subservience. Point and counterpoint between settler-colonial and Indigenous perspectives permeate this bibliography. Histories of Policy and Institutions includes histories of political ideologies, pedagogical approaches, and institutions, with little or no attention to Indigenous perspectives. We also include other carceral institutions that shared objectives and methods with boarding/residential schools. Critical theorization of national agendas, of institutions, and of Indigenous narratives are key. Varied family backgrounds, age when enrolled, and administrators within different regions, circumstances, and times—these all contribute to a substantial range of experiences. In early decades, health care was spotty while tuberculosis and trachoma were endemic; students suffered from homesickness and malnutrition and fell victim to accidents. Tragically, not everyone survived. Survivors’ stories vary widely, from traumatic separation from family and the starkest encounters with physical and sexual abuse to positive experiences and memories. We consider current debates around Trauma, Healing, and Resilience as well as contemporary Native nations pursuing healing. Boarding/residential schools were designed as totalitarian institutions dedicated to erase-and-replace Indigenous lifeways and identities and to create a docile labor force. In the most tragic circumstances, they erased lives. In other circumstances, Indigenous youth became lifelong friends, resisted and rebelled, and carved out moments of happiness. Their survival should not be taken as endorsements of the institutions they survived. Boarding schools still exist—some, different in form and function, run by Native organizations or nations. Boarding school stories are complicated and are not relics of the past.
Nation and Childhood
Authors: Millei Zsuzsanna
Published: September 2023

The nation-state is the prime organizing political and social force since the industrial age, creating institutions, such as modern childhood, the school, or welfare, and seeking to deliver materially better lives for citizens. During the formation of nation-states, the newly established science of sociology created a conceptualization of the nation as a living organism, with developing children being one of its most crucial components. The nation-state needed a citizenry that can bear political responsibilities and rights. The founding of the secular government school system, welfare institutions, and the family (mothers) had been given major roles in the formation of a citizenry from children. One of the most important roles of schools even today is to create a citizenry that is loyal to the nation and feels belonging to the nation as a community upheld by some commonalities in identity, ideals and values, and practices. Childhood and nation are both constructs—they are an idea, a social boundary, and a social institution. Both constructs are in continual change and require continuous tending. There are at least four ways nation and childhood intertwine. First, a major intersection of nation and childhood is that children are socialized into a national identity; therefore, one cannot not be a citizen of a contemporary nation-state and still have some form of legitimate identity. Second, nation and childhood intertwine along the notion of development. The notion of development transforms the development of children into as a resource, and parallel with the progress of nations, development makes them less or more advanced or less or more primitive. In this way, the future of the nation, both real and imagined, is intertwined with the future of children and childhood. In debates about the future, childhood stands in the crosscurrent of various competing cultural and political projects that are formed at the intersections of gender, race, class, citizenship, culture, religion, and nation. Third, notions of childhood help in reproducing certain views about nations, and certain views about the nation shape childhood and define children’s experiences. The fourth intersection is how children relate to the idea of the nation, how they define their subjectivities in relation to its terms and reproduce or recreate the nation and nationalist projects of which they have been the objects in their own terms. Childhood socialization, experiences, and memories function as resources for nationalist sensibilities.
Greek and Roman Navies
Authors: Taylor Michael J.
Published: September 2023

The Mediterranean Sea connected the fragmented geography of its coasts and islands. The sea allowed ancient states to deploy soldiers and administrators and facilitated the shipment of critical resources, from bullion to raw materials like timber and marble to agrarian staples to luxury goods. Given the essential place of the sea in economic exchange, naval power was an essential aspect of ancient Mediterranean warfare. Already by the late fifth century BCE, the Greeks viewed naval warfare through a succession of thalassocracies (lit. “sea powers”) going back to the mythical King Minos of Crete. While many polities attempted to project power by sea, a few achieved general dominance over regional seas: Athens in the north Aegean in the fifth century BCE, the Ptolemaic empire in the south Aegean in the early third century BCE, Carthage in the western Mediterranean prior to the First Punic War (264–241 BCE). Between 264–167 BCE Rome achieved naval superiority across the Mediterranean, a stark achievement critical to the city’s explosive conquests. Given the strategic importance of the Mediterranean, it is perhaps unsurprising that the battle that unified the region under the rule of one man, the emperor Augustus, was fought at sea, off the coast of Actium in 31 BCE.
Exiting Orthodox Judaism
Authors: Feldman Sara , Newfield Schneur Zalman
Published: September 2023

The question of the nature of the boundaries between the Jewish community and the outside world is present throughout Jewish history. So too is the related question of the status of those who leave the Jewish community. However, the motivation for exiting, the nature of the exiting process, and the options available to the person once they exit are shaped by the particular historical period in which they live. For example, some young Jewish women in Western Galicia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who felt trapped in their community and were desperate to escape unwanted marriage arrangements took refuge in a Kraków convent and sometimes converted to Christianity. Similarly, those leaving Orthodoxy in Europe in the early twentieth century often did not find a welcoming secular world ready to embrace them. This is one of the reasons many Jews joined secular Jewish political movements like the Bund in Poland. The situation today for those who exit—a process often referred to by members of the Orthodox community as going “off the derech,” off the correct path, or simply going “OTD”—is drastically different. Given the secular and multicultural nature of most countries where contemporary Jews reside, once an Orthodox Jew decides to leave his or her community and upbringing, the “outside” world does not place formal barriers in the way of the exit. Rather, outsiders are often intrigued by exiters and tend to try to help those exiting. These days, the major barriers are the structural ones created by the Orthodox communities themselves to try to prevent exit, such as the threat to intervene in custody battles should one parent exit and the other remain in the community. There are also internal psychological barriers each exiter faces consisting of the negative depictions of the outside world, the taboo against leaving one’s community, and the dire predictions of the life trajectory of those who do leave. Exiters must also confront the practical challenges of becoming accustomed to new styles of clothing, food, and popular culture previously strictly forbidden to them. Once exiters leave their community, they must also negotiate their relationship with their Orthodox family, who often feel betrayed and ashamed of them. A note on language: although some contemporary Orthodox exiters consciously embrace the term “OTD” to destigmatize it, given that it can be perceived as condescending it will generally be avoided throughout this entry. Also, following the limitations of contemporary scholarship, this bibliography primarily cites works on exiters from Ashkenazi Judaism.
The Silk Roads
Authors: Whitfield Susan
Published: September 2023

The Silk Road/Roads is a term that is now widely used in scholarship and beyond, yet it is a relatively recent adoption and there is uncertainty and disagreement about its scope and focus. If there is consensus, it is that it refers to premodern routes of trade and interaction across Afro-Eurasia, primarily focusing from about 200 bce through the first millennium when cultivated silk and its technology spread out of China. It often includes the period of the Mongol Empire, up to the fourteenth century. The east-west routes from the states and empires of China to those of the Mediterranean remain the focus for many studies. But there has been a significant body of scholarship broadening this, arguing for the importance of Central Asia and of routes in all directions through it, including those from South Asia and across the steppe, as well as to northwestern Europe. Routes by sea, which were at first often treated as a separate field, “the Maritime Silk Road,” are increasingly accepted as part of one system, the Silk Roads (the plural form is now also commonly used), bringing Southeast Asia, North and East Africa, and Korea and Japan into its scope. The term has also been extended to trans-Eurasian interactions in the second and first millennium bce and for continuing interaction up to the present. Most recently, the influence of economics and politics, especially the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and the Cultural Heritage Programme of UNESCO, has also impacted the scholarly narrative. Some scholars argue that this ever-expanding scope and corresponding lack of focus renders the term meaningless.