bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beam Hazards and Ionising Radiation
Authors: Otto Thomas
Published: December 2020

This chapter treats hazards originating from particle beams. The interaction of charged particle beams with matter is described. Beam loss can cause material damage in structural and electronic components. Ionising radiation is introduced by a description of the different types of radiation. Then, the sources of ionising radiation at accelerators are defined: beam loss is the origin of prompt ionising radiation. Material activated by the passage of particle cascades is a long-lived source of ionising radiation. The chapter is closed with a description of radiation dosimetry and radiation protection at accelerators.
Safety Organisation at Particle Accelerators
Authors: Otto Thomas
Published: December 2020

Particle accelerator centres and research institutions, as other branches of industry and business, bear hazards and risks for accidents and occupational illness for workers. On a larger scale, professional activities may harm the environment and the public living in the vicinity of the plant. After this book has highlighted some of the scientific and technical challenges of occupational safety at accelerators, this closing chapter describes how the safety process works, and how and by which means safety is organised in complex structures. The chapter closes with beam safety and functional safety, two areas where technical hazards are controlled by organisational processes.
Diskussion der Ergebnisse
Authors: Reber geb. Wiesenauer Simone
Published: December 2020

In Kapitel 5 werden die Ergebnisse der Experteninterviews zusammengefasst. Es wird ein Schnell-Check zur Selbsteinschätzung des eigenen Internationalisierungsmusters für Manager vorgestellt (Kapitel 5.1) und im Anschluss auf die Implementierung der Methodik des ISA-Modells eingegangen (Kapitel 5.2). Hierbei wird die in Kapitel 2 vorgestellte Literatur mit den in Kapitel 3 und 4 vorgestellten Ergebnissen aus den Experteninterviews verknüpft und gemäß Forschungsunterfrage 3 Rückschlüsse für die Implementierung des ISA-Modells gezogen.
Fallstudien
Authors: Reber geb. Wiesenauer Simone
Published: December 2020

Kapitel 6 zeigt konkrete Vorgehensweisen für die Zielmarktanalyse für eine Industrie (Kapitel 6.1) und unterschiedliche Internationalisierungsmuster von Unternehmen (Kapitel 6.2). In Kapitel 6.1 wird eine eigenständig entwickelte Methode für eine Zielmarktanalyse in einer Querschnittsindustrie wie der Umwelttechnikindustrie vorgestellt. Dabei wird auf die ersten drei Bausteine des ISA-Modells eingegangen. Kapitel 6.2 stellt die Internationalisierungsmuster von zehn Unternehmen vor, dabei wird auf alle Bausteine des ISA-Modells eingegangen. Die Fallstudien in Kapitel 6.2 sind so ausgewählt, dass möglichst unterschiedliche Markteintrittsstrategien und deren Implementierung beschrieben werden können (siehe auch Abb. 6–9).
Schlussbetrachtung
Authors: Reber geb. Wiesenauer Simone
Published: December 2020

In Kapitel 7 werden die Ergebnisse der Dissertation kurz und prägnant zusammengefasst und mit der anfangs aufgestellten Zielsetzung verglichen (Kapitel 7.1). Anschließend werden Empfehlungen für die Weiterentwicklung des ISA-Modells gegeben und Hypothesen für zukünftige Follow-up Studien zum ISA-Modell dargestellt (Kapitel 7.2). Zu guter Letzt wird auf Limitierungen der Dissertation eingegangen und einen Ausblick auf zukünftige Forschungsvorhaben unabhängig vom ISA-Modell gegeben (Kapitel 7.3).
Prospects of non-resonant di-Higgs searches and Higgs boson self-coupling measurement at the HE-LHC using machine learning techniques
Authors: Adhikary Amit , Barman Rahool Kumar , Bhattacherjee Biplob
Published: December 2020

Abstract

The prospects of observing the non-resonant di-Higgs production in the Standard Model at the proposed high energy upgrade of the LHC, viz. the HE-LHC ($$ \sqrt{s} $$

s

= 27 TeV and ℒ = 15 ab−1) is studied. Various di-Higgs final states are considered based on their cleanliness and production rates. The search for the non-resonant double Higgs production at the HE-LHC is performed in the $$ b\overline{b}\gamma \gamma $$
b

b
¯

γγ
, $$ b\overline{b}{\tau}^{+}{\tau}^{-} $$
b

b
¯

τ
+

τ
−

, $$ b\overline{b}{WW}^{\ast } $$
b

b
¯

WW
∗

, WW∗γγ, $$ b\overline{b}{ZZ}^{\ast } $$
b

b
¯

ZZ
∗

and $$ b\overline{b}{\mu}^{+}{\mu}^{-} $$
b

b
¯

μ
+

μ
−

channels. The signal-background discrimination is performed through multivariate analyses using the Boosted Decision Tree Decorrelated (BDTD) algorithm in the TMVA framework, the XGBoost toolkit and Deep Neural Network (DNN). The variation in the kinematics of Higgs pair production as a function of the self-coupling of the Higgs boson, λh, is also studied. The ramifications of varying λh on the $$ b\overline{b}\gamma \gamma $$
b

b
¯

γγ
, $$ b\overline{b}{\tau}^{+}{\tau}^{-} $$
b

b
¯

τ
+

τ
−

and $$ b\overline{b}{WW}^{\ast } $$
b

b
¯

WW
∗

search analyses optimized for the SM hypothesis is also explored.
Antenatal and Perioperative Mechanisms of Global Neurological Injury in Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Barkhuizen Melinda , Abella Raul , Vles J. S. Hans , Zimmermann Luc J. I. , Gazzolo Diego , Gavilanes Antonio W. D.
Published: December 2020

Congenital heart defects (CHD) is one of the most common types of birth defects. Thanks to advances in surgical techniques and intensive care, the majority of children with severe forms of CHD survive into adulthood. However, this increase in survival comes with a cost. CHD survivors have neurological functioning at the bottom of the normal range. A large spectrum of central nervous system dysmaturation leads to the deficits seen in critical CHD. The heart develops early during gestation, and CHD has a profound effect on fetal brain development for the remainder of gestation. Term infants with critical CHD are born with an immature brain, which is highly susceptible to hypoxic-ischemic injuries. Perioperative blood flow disturbances due to the CHD and the use of cardiopulmonary bypass or circulatory arrest during surgery cause additional neurological injuries. Innate patient factors, such as genetic syndromes and preterm birth, and postoperative complications play a larger role in neurological injury than perioperative factors. Strategies to reduce the disability burden in critical CHD survivors are urgently needed.
Nonlinear Theory for Coalescing Characteristics in Multiphase Whitham Modulation Theory
Authors: Bridges Thomas J. , Ratliff Daniel J.
Published: December 2020

The multiphase Whitham modulation equations with N phases have 2N characteristics which may be of hyperbolic or elliptic type. In this paper, a nonlinear theory is developed for coalescence, where two characteristics change from hyperbolic to elliptic via collision. Firstly, a linear theory develops the structure of colliding characteristics involving the topological sign of characteristics and multiple Jordan chains, and secondly, a nonlinear modulation theory is developed for transitions. The nonlinear theory shows that coalescing characteristics morph the Whitham equations into an asymptotically valid geometric form of the two-way Boussinesq equation, that is, coalescing characteristics generate dispersion, nonlinearity and complex wave fields. For illustration, the theory is applied to coalescing characteristics associated with the modulation of two-phase travelling wave solutions of coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations, highlighting how collisions can be identified and the relevant dispersive dynamics constructed.
Neurological update: use of cardiac troponin in patients with stroke
Authors: Scheitz Jan F. , Stengl Helena , Nolte Christian H. , Landmesser Ulf , Endres Matthias
Published: December 2020

Cardiac troponin is a specific and sensitive biomarker to identify and quantify myocardial injury. Myocardial injury is frequently detected after acute ischemic stroke and strongly associated with unfavorable outcomes. Concomitant acute coronary syndrome is only one of several possible differential diagnoses that may cause elevation of cardiac troponin after stroke. As a result, there are uncertainties regarding the correct interpretation and optimal management of stroke patients with myocardial injury in clinical practice. Elevation of cardiac troponin may occur as part of a ‘Stroke-Heart Syndrome’. The term ‘Stroke-Heart Syndrome’ subsumes a clinical spectrum of cardiac complications after stroke including cardiac injury, dysfunction, and arrhythmia which may relate to disturbances of autonomic function and the brain–heart axis. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview about prognostic implications, mechanisms, and management of elevated cardiac troponin levels in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
The Reeb Graph Edit Distance is Universal
Authors: Bauer Ulrich , Landi Claudia , Mémoli Facundo
Published: December 2020

We consider the setting of Reeb graphs of piecewise linear functions and study distances between them that are stable, meaning that functions which are similar in the supremum norm ought to have similar Reeb graphs. We define an edit distance for Reeb graphs and prove that it is stable and universal, meaning that it provides an upper bound to any other stable distance. In contrast, via a specific construction, we show that the interleaving distance and the functional distortion distance on Reeb graphs are not universal.
Pädiatrische Epilepsiechirurgie bei posterioren Epilepsien
Authors: Rosch Richard E. , Rüegger Andrea , Ramantani Georgia
Published: December 2020

Hintergrund

Die Epilepsiechirurgie hat sich als wirksame Behandlungsmethode für pharmakoresistente, strukturelle Epilepsien erwiesen. Läsionen im posterioren Kortex stellen dabei – gerade bei Kindern – eine besondere Herausforderung dar.

Fragestellung

Wirksamkeit der epilepsiechirurgischen Eingriffe bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit posterioren strukturellen Läsionen.

Material und Methoden

Literaturüberblick und Zusammenfassung der hauptsächlichen Befunde publizierter Studien zu pädiatrischen Kohorten nach epilepsiechirurgischer Behandlung posteriorer Epilepsien.

Ergebnisse

Epilepsien aufgrund posteriorer Läsionen sind bei Kindern häufiger als bei Erwachsenen und sind oft weniger klar lokalisiert und weniger deutlich von eloquentem Kortex abgrenzbar. Dennoch haben sich die postoperativen Verläufe in den letzten Jahrzehnten auf Grund von Fortschritten in der Abklärung deutlich verbessert.

Schlussfolgerung

Auch bei posterioren epileptogenen Läsionen ist die Epilepsiechirurgie oft eine wirksame Behandlungsmethode. Dabei bestehen die besten Aussichten auf Anfallsfreiheit nach frühzeitigen, ausreichend ausgedehnten Eingriffen. Das heißt, diese Kinder und Jugendlichen müssen für ein optimales Outcome umfangreich und v. a. frühzeitig abgeklärt werden.
Compensation and Socio-Economic Status of Borrowers in Foreclosure: Evidence from Swedish Micro-data
Authors: Lundholm M.
Published: December 2020

Proper compensation during foreclosure is essential to any effort to protect borrowers as consumers. However, the effectiveness of consumer protection and other safety nets during foreclosure has been debated within academia. This study contributes to this debate by exploring socio-economic group differences related to the compensatory potential of foreclosure proceedings. It employs micro-level data on foreclosure auctions in Sweden from 2000 to 2014. The results indicate that there is a correlation between high socio-economic status and a greater potential for compensation and that this is likely not explained by appraiser bias. This article discusses these empirical findings in terms of the need for strict consumer protection regulation and other safety nets, such as alternative mortgage products or debt relief, to ensure that there is a potential for compensation for all borrowers in foreclosure, regardless of socio-economic status.
Acquisition and Use of ‘Priors’ in Autism: Typical in Deciding Where to Look, Atypical in Deciding What Is There
Authors: Allenmark Fredrik , Shi Zhuanghua , Pistorius Rasmus L. , Theisinger Laura A. , Koutsouleris Nikolaos , Falkai Peter , Müller Hermann J. , Falter-Wagner Christine M.
Published: December 2020

Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are thought to under-rely on prior knowledge in perceptual decision-making. This study examined whether this applies to decisions of attention allocation, of relevance for ‘predictive-coding’ accounts of ASD. In a visual search task, a salient but task-irrelevant distractor appeared with higher probability in one display half. Individuals with ASD learned to avoid ‘attentional capture’ by distractors in the probable region as effectively as control participants—indicating typical priors for deploying attention. However, capture by a ‘surprising’ distractor at an unlikely location led to greatly slowed identification of a subsequent target at that location—indicating that individuals with ASD attempt to control surprise (unexpected attentional capture) by over-regulating parameters in post-selective decision-making.
Nonlinear vibrations and time delay control of an extensible slowly rotating beam
Authors: Warminski Jerzy , Kloda Lukasz , Latalski Jaroslaw , Mitura Andrzej , Kowalczuk Marcin
Published: December 2020

Nonlinear dynamics of a rotating flexible slender beam with embedded active elements is studied in the paper. Mathematical model of the structure considers possible moderate oscillations thus the motion is governed by the extended Euler–Bernoulli model that incorporates a nonlinear curvature and coupled transversal–longitudinal deformations. The Hamilton’s principle of least action is applied to derive a system of nonlinear coupled partial differential equations (PDEs) of motion. The embedded active elements are used to control or reduce beam oscillations for various dynamical conditions and rotational speed range. The control inputs generated by active elements are represented in boundary conditions as non-homogenous terms. Classical linear proportional (P) control and nonlinear cubic (C) control as well as mixed ($$P-C$$

P
-
C

) control strategies with time delay are analyzed for vibration reduction. Dynamics of the complete system with time delay is determined analytically solving directly the PDEs by the multiple timescale method. Natural and forced vibrations around the first and the second mode resonances demonstrating hardening and softening phenomena are studied. An impact of time delay linear and nonlinear control methods on vibration reduction for different angular speeds is presented.
Computational Intelligence in Remote Sensing Image Registration: A survey
Authors: Wu Yue , Liu Jun-Wei , Zhu Chen-Zhuo , Bai Zhuang-Fei , Miao Qi-Guang , Ma Wen-Ping , Gong Mao-Guo
Published: December 2020

In recent years, computational intelligence has been widely used in many fields and achieved remarkable performance. Evolutionary computing and deep learning are important branches of computational intelligence. Many methods based on evolutionary computation and deep learning have achieved good performance in remote sensing image registration. This paper introduces the application of computational intelligence in remote sensing image registration from the two directions of evolutionary computing and deep learning. In the part of remote sensing image registration based on evolutionary calculation, the principles of evolutionary algorithms and swarm intelligence algorithms are elaborated and their application in remote sensing image registration is discussed. The application of deep learning in remote sensing image registration is also discussed. At the same time, the development status and future of remote sensing image registration are summarized and their prospects are examined.
A Gentle Sedimentation Process for Size-Selecting Porous Silicon Microparticles to Be Used for Drug Delivery Via Fine Gauge Needle Administration
Authors: Nekovic Elida , Storey Catherine J. , Kaplan Andre , Theis Wolfgang , Canham Leigh T.
Published: December 2020

Biodegradable porous silicon (pSi) particles are under development for drug delivery applications. The optimum particle size very much depends on medical use, and microparticles can outperform nanoparticles in specific instances. Here we demonstrate the ability of sedimentation to size-select ultrasmall (1–10 μm) nanoporous microparticles in common solvents. Size tunability is quantified for 1–24 h of sedimentation. Experimental values of settling times in ethanol and water are compared to those calculated using Stokes’ Law. Differences can arise due to particle agglomeration, internal gas generation and incomplete wetting. Air-dried and supercritically-dried pSi powders are shown to have, for example, their median diameter d (0.5) particle sizes reduced from 13 to 1 μm and from 20 to 3 μm, using sedimentation times of 6 and 2 h respectively. Such filtered microparticles also have much narrower size distributions and are hence suitable for administration in 27 gauge microneedles, commonly used in intravitreal drug delivery.
From Blackboard to Green Screen
Authors: Grust Torsten
Published: December 2020

We report on the conversion of two advanced database courses from their classical in-lecture-hall setup into an all-digital remote format that was delivered via YouTube. While the course contents were not turned on their heads, throughout the semester we adopted a video style that has been popularized by the live coding community. This new focus on the live interaction with the underlying database systems, led us (1) to adopt the idea of SQL probe queries that are specifically crafted to reveal database internals and (2) a study of database-supported computation that treats SQL like a true programming language. We are happy to share videos, slides, and code with anyone who is interested.
Antenatal Diagnosis of Filar Cysts: An Ultrasound Study of 2 Cases
Authors: Khanapure Balaji , Tinmaswala Ashfaque
Published: December 2020

Antenatal diagnosis of filar cysts is an uncommon occurrence and these lesions have been reported very rarely. With the increasing resolution of ultrasound machines, it is expected that these will be seen more frequently. In the majority of cases these cysts are reported in the third trimester and to our knowledge there is no case of antenatal detection of filar cyst which has been reported before 20 weeks of gestation. We report 2 cases of cysts of filum terminale (filar cysts) diagnosed antenatally in the second trimester (19 weeks and 22 weeks of gestation respectively).
Multiphase free discontinuity problems: Monotonicity formula and regularity results
Authors: Giacomini Alessandro , Bucur Dorin , Fragalà Ilaria
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this paper is to analyze regularity properties of local solutions to free discontinuity problems characterized by the presence of multiple phases. The key feature of the problem is related to the way in which two neighboring phases interact: the contact is penalized at jump points, while no cost is assigned to no-jump interfaces which may occur at the zero level of the corresponding state functions. Our main results state that the phases are open and the jump set (globally considered for all the phases) is essentially closed and Ahlfors regular. The proof relies on a multiphase monotonicity formula and on a sharp collective Sobolev extension result for functions with disjoint supports on a sphere, which may be of independent interest.
KSS continues to strengthen its business by acquiring a dairy processing technology company and forming further partnerships
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: December 2020

In August, Koch Separation Solutions (KSS) started working with trading and construction company SAF International to promote its Eco-Tec products and technology in Pakistan (Membrane Technology, October 2020, page 14). The past two months have seen further moves by the US-based separation technology firm to strengthen its business by acquiring a company that specialises in process technologies for the dairy and food sector, in addition to forming new partnerships and building on an existing one. In the brief article that follows, we provide a round-up of this recent activity.
DuPont further expands its portfolio of products that helps to purify, conserve and reuse water
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: December 2020

DuPont Water Solutions, a business unit of DuPont Safety & Construction, continues to expand its product portfolio to support the purification and reuse of water. In one way of achieving this, it is adding membrane-based modules, which remove dissolved gases from water, through a partnership that it has formed with Sun Chemical Corp, as this article briefly explains. As an aside, we also report on DuPont's OxyMem Ltd which recently won a ‘Breakthrough Technology Company of the Year’ award for its membrane aerated biofilm reactor system.
Digital twin of an urban-integrated hydroponic farm
Authors: Jans-Singh Melanie , Leeming Kathryn , Choudhary Ruchi , Girolami Mark
Published: December 2020

This paper presents the development process of a digital twin of a unique hydroponic underground farm in London, Growing Underground (GU). Growing 12x more per unit area than traditional greenhouse farming in the UK, the farm also consumes 4x more energy per unit area. Key to the ongoing operational success of this farm and similar enterprises is finding ways to minimize the energy use while maximizing crop growth by maintaining optimal growing conditions. As such, it belongs to the class of Controlled Environment Agriculture, where indoor environments are carefully controlled to maximize crop growth by using artificial lighting and smart heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. We tracked changing environmental conditions and crop growth across 89 different variables, through a wireless sensor network and unstructured manual records, and combined all the data into a database. We show how the digital twin can provide enhanced outputs for a bespoke site like GU, by creating inferred data fields, and show the limitations of data collection in a commercial environment. For example, we find that lighting is the dominant environmental factor for temperature and thus crop growth in this farm, and that the effects of external temperature and ventilation are confounded. We combine information learned from historical data interpretation to create a bespoke temperature forecasting model (root mean squared error < 1.3°C), using a dynamic linear model with a data-centric lighting component. Finally, we present how the forecasting model can be integrated into the digital twin to provide feedback to the farmers for decision-making assistance.
Influence of glacier runoff and near-terminus subglacial hydrology on frontal ablation at a large Greenlandic tidewater glacier
Authors: Bunce Charlie , Nienow Peter , Sole Andrew , Cowton Tom , Davison Benjamin
Published: December 2020

Frontal ablation from tidewater glaciers is a major component of the total mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet. It remains unclear, however, how changes in atmospheric and oceanic temperatures translate into changes in frontal ablation, in part due to sparse observations at sufficiently high spatial and temporal resolution. We present high-frequency time-lapse imagery (photos every 30 min) of iceberg calving and meltwater plumes at Kangiata Nunaata Sermia (KNS), southwest Greenland, during June–October 2017, alongside satellite-derived ice velocities and modelled subglacial discharge. Early in the melt season, we infer a subglacial hydrological network with multiple outlets that would theoretically distribute discharge and enhance undercutting by submarine melt, an inference supported by our observations of terminus-wide calving during this period. During the melt season, we infer hydraulic evolution to a relatively more channelised subglacial drainage configuration, based on meltwater plume visibility indicating focused emergence of subglacial water; these observations coincide with a reduction in terminus-wide calving and transition to an incised planform terminus geometry. We suggest that temporal variations in subglacial discharge and near-terminus subglacial hydraulic efficiency exert considerable influence on calving and frontal ablation at KNS.
“The Criminal Actors Have a Social Base in Their Communities”: Gangs and Service Provision in Medellín, Colombia
Authors: Doyle Caroline
Published: December 2020

In the last ten years, Medellín, Colombia has undergone significant socioeconomic improvements and a reduction in homicides. By drawing from qualitative data collected in Medellín, this article shows how, despite these improvements, residents in the marginalized neighborhoods maintain a perception that the state is unable or unwilling to provide them with services, such as employment and order or social control. Criminal gangs in these neighborhoods appear to rely on, and even exploit, the weakness of the state, as they are able to get citizens to perceive them as more reliable and legitimate than the state. This article argues that it is important for Latin American policymakers to promote citizen engagement in the design and implementation of policies to reduce current levels of violence.
Re/cognizing the Time-Spaces of the Black Atlantic: A Response
Authors: Siemerling Winfried
Published: December 2020

In this response to the incisive and stimulating discussions by Karina Vernon, Robert S. Levine, Barrington Walker, and Katja Sarkowsky of The Black Atlantic Reconsidered, I focus on the dynamic dimensions of Black Canadian and Black Atlantic time-spaces and temporalities, as well as issues of public, institutional, and pedagogical inclusion, incorporation, recognition, and transformation. In addition, questions of history and its uses, social aesthetics, and contrapuntal national/transnational frameworks are brought to the fore, often with reference to specific texts, to reflect on Black Canadian cultural achievement and its transnational and diasporic contexts both past and present.
Where the Racial State Meets the Black Atlantic: Reflections on Winfried Siemerling’s The Black Atlantic Reconsidered
Authors: Walker Barrington
Published: December 2020

Winfried Siemerling’s The Black Atlantic Reconsidered: Black Canadian Writing, Cultural History, and the Presence of the Historical Past, to put it mildly, is an impressive piece of scholarship that will stand as one of the definitive works on the histories of Black writing in Canada for the foreseeable future. In his preface, Siemerling states that he embarked upon this undertaking when he learned, to his surprise (one is reminded here, incidentally, of Katherine McKittrick’s injunction that Black Canadian Studies is always constituted as a “surprise”), that there had been little written about Black contemporary writing aside from a few of the comprehensive and encyclopedic works that George Elliot Clarke published in the early to mid-1990s. It is this pioneering work upon which Siemerling builds. He starts with a discussion of “Modernity and Canadian Time-Spaces of the Black Atlantic” in his first chapter and introduction, where he lays out the analytical and conceptual approach of the work. Part 1, “Early Testimony and the Black Canadian Nineteenth Century,” includes chapters titled “Slavery and Early Black Canadian Writing” and “The Black Canadian Nineteenth Century.” Part 2, “The Presence of the Past,” highlights chapters that expand on the themes of “Slavery, the Black Canadian Nineteenth Century, and Caribbean Contexts in Contemporary Black Canadian Writing” and move into a discussion of what he calls “Other Black Canadas” and “Coda: Other Canadas, Other Americas, the Black Atlantic Reconsidered.”
Racism and Antiracism in the Liberal International Order
Authors: Búzás Zoltán I.
Published: December 2020

Formal racial equality is a key aspect of the current Liberal International Order (LIO). It is subject to two main challenges: resurgent racial nationalism and substantive racial inequality. Combining work in International Relations with interdisciplinary studies on race, I submit that these challenges are the latest iteration of struggles between two transnational coalitions over the LIO's central racial provisions, which I call racial diversity regimes (RDRs). The traditional coalition has historically favored RDRs based on racial inequality and racial nationalism. The transformative coalition has favored RDRs based on racial equality and nonracial nationalism. I illustrate the argument by tracing the development of the liberal order's RDR as a function of intercoalitional struggles from one based on racial nationalism and inequality in 1919 to the current regime based on nonracial nationalism and limited equality. Today, racial nationalists belong to the traditional coalition and critics of racial inequality are part of the transformative coalition. The stakes of their struggles are high because they will determine whether we will live in a more racist or a more antiracist world. This article articulates a comprehensive framework that places race at the heart of the liberal order, offers the novel concept of “embedded racism” to capture how sovereignty shields domestic racism from foreign interference, and proposes an agenda for mainstream International Relations that takes race seriously.
Screendance Portraiture: Truth, Transaction, and Seriality in 52 Portraits
Authors: Murphy Siobhan
Published: December 2020

The article examines the hybrid genre of screendance portraiture through the example of 52 Portraits by Jonathan Burrows and collaborators (2016). It unpacks three concepts that are foundational to visual art portraiture and suggests how each might apply to screendance portraits: the truth seeking impulse of portraiture; the portrait transaction, and the relationship between likeness, type and seriality. The article shows how 52 Portraits both relies on and departs from the productive counterpoints found within the portraiture tradition. In so doing, the article builds toward an emergent framework for understanding how screendance portraits function.
OP272 Two-Year Within-Trial And Estimated Lifetime Cost Effectiveness Of The Weight Management Program In The Diabetes REmission Clinical Trial (DiRECT)
Authors: Xin Yiqiao , Davies Andrew , Briggs Andrew , McCombie Louise , Martina Messow C. , Grieve Eleanor , Leslie Wilma S. , Taylor Roy , Lean Michael E. J.
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Type 2 diabetes results mainly from weight gain in adult life and affects one in twelve people worldwide. In the Diabetes REmission Clinical Trial (DiRECT), the primary care-led Counterweight-Plus weight management program achieved remission of type 2 diabetes (for up to six years) for forty-six percent of patients after one year and thirty-six percent after two years. The objective of this study was to estimate the implementation costs of the program, as well as its two-year within-trial cost effectiveness and lifetime cost effectiveness.

Methods

Within-trial cost effectiveness included the Counterweight-Plus costs (including training, practitioner appointments, and low-energy diet), medications, and all routine healthcare contacts, combined with achieved remission rates. Lifetime cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) was estimated according to projected durations of remissions, assuming continued relapse rates as seen in year two of DiRECT and the consequent life expectancy, quality of life and healthcare costs.

Results

The two-year intervention cost was EUR 1,580 per participant, with over eighty percent of the costs incurred in year one. Compared with the control group, medication savings were EUR 259 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 166–352) for anti-diabetes drugs and EUR 29 (95% CI: 12–47) for anti-hypertensive medications. The intervention was modeled with a lifetime horizon to achieve a mean 0.06 (95% CI: 0.04–0.09) gain in QALYs for the DiRECT population and a mean total lifetime cost saving per participant of EUR 1,497 (95% CI: 755–2,331), with the intervention becoming cost-saving within six years.

Conclusions

The intensive weight loss and maintenance program reduced the cost of anti-diabetes drugs through improved metabolic control, achieved diabetes remission in over one-third of participants, and reduced total healthcare contacts and costs over two years. A substantial lifetime healthcare cost saving is anticipated from periods of diabetes remission and delaying complications. Healthcare resources could be shifted cost effectively to establish diabetes remission services, using the existing DiRECT intervention, even if remissions are only maintained for limited durations. However, more research investment is needed to further improve weight-loss maintenance and extend remissions.
Combined tests with Xpert MTB/RIF assay with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid increasing the diagnostic performance of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in Eastern China
Authors: Liu Qiao , Ji Ye , Martinez Leonardo , Lu Wei , Shi Xudong , Wang Jianming , Zeng Yi
Published: December 2020

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global public health threat. Misdiagnosis and delayed therapy of sputum smear-negative TB can affect the treatment outcomes and promote pathogen transmission. The application of Xpert MTB/RIF assay in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) has been recommended but needs clinical evidence. We carried out a prospective study in the Nanjing Public Health Medical Center from September 2018 to August 2019. Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients were enrolled in the study if they had negative results of sputum smear. We compared the performance of Xpert MTB/RIF assay in sputum and BALF using sputum culture as the reference. In addition to this, we applied parallel tests using sputum culture, sputum-based Xpert MTB/RIF assay and BALF-based Xpert MTB/RIF assay to jointly detect smear-negative PTB using clinical diagnosis as the reference. With mycobacterial culture as the reference standard, Xpert MTB/RIF of BALF showed a higher sensitivity (14/16, 87.5%), but a relatively lower specificity (57/92, 62.0%). Xpert MTB/RIF of sputum showed relatively lower sensitivity (6/10, 60.0%) and higher specificity (63/88, 71.6%). Compared with sputum culture, Xpert MTB /RIF assay reduced the median detection time of MTB from 30 to 0 days, which significantly shortened the diagnosis time of the smear-negative TB patients. Among the combined detections, the positive detection proportion was improved with significant differences comparing with sputum culture only, from 11.1% (10/90) to 46.7% (42/90) (P < 0.05). Our study showed Xpert MTB/RIF in BALF had a better performance in detecting MTB of smear-negative patients.
High‐Density Seismic Refraction Imaging of Plate‐Boundary Structures in the Slow Earthquake Gap Zone off Western Kii Peninsula, Nankai Trough
Authors: Qin Yanfang , Fujie Gou , Kodaira Shuichi , Nakamura Yasuyuki , Kaiho Yuka , No Tetsuo , Obana Koichiro , Miura Seiichi
Published: December 2020

Despite recent observations of slow earthquakes along the Nankai subduction zone, none have been reported in the central Nankai Trough between the Kii Channel and Cape Shionomisaki. In November 2018, a very dense array of 96 ocean‐bottom seismometers were deployed by JAMSTEC to acquire active‐source seismic refraction dataset (supplemented by a multichannel seismic reflection profile) from the seaward side of the subduction trough to the accretionary prism off Cape Shionomisaki. We applied traveltime tomography to the refraction data to constrain the P wave velocity down to the upper mantle, coordinating with a migrated seismic reflection profile to confirm the depth of the Moho and interpret shallower structural features. From a comparison with a transect across the Kumano basin, we conclude that structural and physical differences between these two locations, especially the geometry of the subducting plate surface, lead to different slow earthquake activities.
Caspian Sea and Black Sea Response to Greenhouse Warming in a High‐Resolution Global Climate Model
Authors: Huang Lei , Lee Sun‐Seon , Timmermann Axel
Published: December 2020

The Caspian Sea and the Black Sea are the Earth's largest inland seas. How their temperature, circulation, and freshwater balance will respond to greenhouse warming remains unresolved. Previous studies have relied on coarse‐resolution coupled or regional uncoupled climate models with limited abilities to resolve regional features. Here, we present results from century‐long greenhouse warming simulations conducted with the Community Earth System Model using a global horizontal resolution of 1/10° in the ocean and inland seas and 1/4° in the atmosphere. In response to CO2 doubling surface temperatures in the inland seas increase by about 2.5°C. An overall reduction of wind stress curl causes a spin‐down of the main gyre circulations, reaching about −20%/CO2 doubling for the Black Sea Rim Current. Increased future evaporation translates to negative equivalent sea level trends of about −0.1 m/year/CO2 doubling. The robust climate shifts presented here are likely to impact ecosystems, fisheries, and threaten existing coastal infrastructures.
Recent Shift in the Warming of the Southern Oceans Modulated by Decadal Climate Variability
Authors: Wang Lina , Lyu Kewei , Zhuang Wei , Zhang Weiwei , Makarim Salvienty , Yan Xiao‐Hai
Published: December 2020

It has been reported that the Southern Hemisphere oceans experienced rapid warming during the decade‐long global surface warming slowdown (2003–2012) and the earlier period of the Argo record (2006–2013). In this study, we analyze updated observations to show that this rapid warming has slowed down, leading to less contribution of the Southern Hemisphere oceans to the global ocean heat storage (∼65% over the available Argo period 2006–2019). Two warming hotspot regions, the southeast Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, have experienced cooling over 2013–2019. This decadal shift is related to variations in the Southern Annular Mode and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. The isopycnal deepening (shoaling) forced by changing winds dominated the regional ocean temperature changes over the earlier warming (later cooling) period. Our finding demonstrates how decadal variability modulates long‐term climate change and provides important observational information for the ongoing calibration of decadal prediction systems.
Diurnal Ocean Surface Warming Drives Convective Turbulence and Clouds in the Atmosphere
Authors: de Szoeke Simon P. , Marke Tobias , Brewer W. Alan
Published: December 2020

Sunlight warms sea surface temperature (SST) under calm winds, increasing atmospheric surface buoyancy flux, turbulence, and mixed layer (ML) depth in the afternoon. The diurnal range of SST exceeded 1°C for 24% of days in the central tropical Indian Ocean during the Dynamics of the Madden Julian Oscillation experiment in October‐December 2011. Doppler lidar shows enhancement of the strength and height of convective turbulence in the atmospheric ML over warm SST in the afternoon. The turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate of the marine atmospheric ML scales with surface buoyancy flux like previous measurements of convective MLs. The time of enhanced ML TKE dissipation rate is out of phase with the buoyancy flux generated by nocturnal net radiative cooling of the atmosphere. Diurnal atmospheric convective turbulence over the ocean mixes moisture from the ocean to the lifting condensation level and forms afternoon clouds.
Characteristic Scales of Drainage Reorganization in Cascadia
Authors: Struble William T. , Roering Joshua J. , Dorsey Rebecca J. , Bendick Rebecca
Published: December 2020

Variations in uplift, erosion, climate, and bedrock are commonly invoked as key controls on drainage basin morphology, yet the scale of landforms that define changes in regional drainage networks has not been addressed, limiting our ability to predict their planform evolution. Here we use two‐dimensional (2D) continuous wavelet transforms of topography in Cascadia to highlight dominant topographic features at different scales. Surprisingly, our wavelet analysis shows that for wavelengths >30 km, the Cascadia Forearc Lowland (CFL) spans the entire margin. Separately, we compare observed catchment boundaries with synthetic boundaries generated on topography filtered with 2D Gaussian functions. We observe reorganization of synthetic drainage networks from an arc‐to‐coast drainage system into arc‐spanning, margin‐parallel river systems, akin to the modern Willamette River and coincident with the CFL. In concert with field observations of stream capture and Willamette Valley expansion, we propose that the Cascadia forearc is actively transitioning to a predominately margin‐parallel river system.
Survival of the enveloped bacteriophage Phi6 (a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2) in evaporated saliva microdroplets deposited on glass surfaces
Authors: Fedorenko Aliza , Grinberg Maor , Orevi Tomer , Kashtan Nadav
Published: December 2020

Survival of respiratory viral pathogens in expelled saliva microdroplets is central to their transmission, yet the factors that determine survival in such microdroplets are not well understood. Here we combine microscopy imaging with virus viability assays to study survival of three bacteriophages suggested as good models for respiratory pathogens: the enveloped Phi6 (a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2), and the non-enveloped PhiX174 and MS2. We measured virus viability in human saliva microdroplets, SM buffer, and water following deposition on glass surfaces at various relative humidities (RH). Saliva and water microdroplets dried out rapidly, within minutes, at all tested RH levels (23%, 43%, 57%, and 78%), while SM microdroplets remained hydrated at RH ≥ 57%. Generally, the survival of all three viruses in dry saliva microdroplets was significantly greater than those in SM buffer and water under all RH (except PhiX174 in water under 57% RH survived the best among 3 media). Thus, atmosphere RH and microdroplet hydration state are not sufficient to explain virus survival, indicating that the virus-suspended medium, and association with saliva components in particular, likely play a role in virus survival. Uncovering the exact properties and components that make saliva a favorable environment for the survival of viruses, in particular enveloped ones like Phi6, is thus of great importance for reducing transmission of viral respiratory pathogens including SARS-CoV-2.
Demographic analyses of a new sample of haploid genomes from a Swedish population of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Kapopoulou Adamandia , Kapun Martin , Pieper Bjorn , Pavlidis Pavlos , Wilches Ricardo , Duchen Pablo , Stephan Wolfgang , Laurent Stefan
Published: December 2020

European and African natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster have been the focus of several studies aiming at inferring demographic and adaptive processes based on genetic variation data. However, in these analyses little attention has been given to gene flow between African and European samples. Here we present a dataset consisting of 14 fully sequenced haploid genomes sampled from a natural population from the northern species range (Umeå, Sweden). We co-analyzed this new data with an African population to compare the likelihood of several competing demographic scenarios for European and African populations and show that gene flow improves the fit of demographic models to data.
Uncovering the chemistry behind inducible morphological defences in the crustacean Daphnia magna via micro-Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Ritschar Sven , Bangalore Narayana Vinay Kumar , Rabus Max , Laforsch Christian
Published: December 2020

The widespread distribution of Crustacea across every aquatic ecological niche on Earth is enabled due to their exoskeleton's versatile properties. Especially mineralization of the exoskeleton provides protection against diverse environmental threats. Thereby, the exoskeleton of some entomostracans is extremely phenotypically plastic, especially in response to predators. For instance, the freshwater zooplankton Daphnia forms conspicuous inducible morphological defenses, such as helmets, and can increase the stability of its exoskeleton, which renders them less vulnerable to predation. In this study, we reveal for the first time the chemical composition of the exoskeleton of Daphniamagna, using Raman spectroscopy, to be composed of α-chitin and proteins with embedded amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC). Furthermore, we reveal the exoskeleton's chemical changes associated with inducible defense mechanisms in the form of more substantial mineralization, which is probably correlated with enhanced carapace stability. We, therefore, highlight the importance of calcium-biominerals for inducible morphological defenses in Daphnia.
Clinical features of BK-polyomavirus and cytomegalovirus co-infection after kidney transplantation
Authors: Jehn Ulrich , Schütte-Nütgen Katharina , Bautz Joachim , Pavenstädt Hermann , Suwelack Barbara , Thölking Gerold , Reuter Stefan
Published: December 2020

BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are the main viral pathogens affecting the graft and recipient outcome after allogenic kidney transplantation. It has recently been found that infection with both viruses has a greater impact on kidney graft function than a single infection. We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 723 recipients who received kidney transplantation between 2007 and 2015 after living and postmortal donation for differences in risk and outcome parameters regarding BKPyV (DNAemia) and CMV (CMV DNAemia) co-infection compared to sole viremias and to patients without viremia. Of all kidney allograft recipients in our cohort, 8.2% developed co-infection with BKPyV DNAemia and CMV DNAemia, 15.1% showed BKPyV viremia alone and 25.2% sole CMV DNAemia. Acute rejection was closely linked with co-infection (multivariable analysis, p = 0.001). Despite the fact that the estimated glomerular filtration rate of patients with co-infection was noticeably reduced compared to patients with BKV or CMV infection alone, transplant survival and patient survival were not significantly reduced. Co-infection with BKPyV and CMV in kidney transplanted patients is significantly associated with inferior allograft function. Since co-infection is strongly associated with acute rejection, co-infected individuals should be considered a risk collective.
Physical distancing and risk of COVID-19 in small-scale fisheries: a remote sensing assessment in coastal Ghana
Authors: Okyere Isaac , Chuku Ernest O. , Ekumah Bernard , Angnuureng Donatus B. , Boakye-Appiah Justice K. , Mills David J. , Babanawo Raymond , Asare Noble K. , Aheto Denis W. , Crawford Brian
Published: December 2020

The novel coronavirus is predicted to have dire implications on global food systems including fisheries value chains due to restrictions imposed on human movements in many countries. In Ghana, food production, both agriculture and fisheries, is exempted from restrictions as an essential service. The enforcement of COVID-19 prevention protocols, particularly social distancing, has been widely reported in Ghana’s agricultural markets whereas casual observations and media reports on fish landing sites suggest no such enforcements are in place. This study aimed to provide sound scientific evidence as a basis for informed policy direction and intervention for the artisanal fishing sector in these challenging times. We employed an unmanned aerial vehicle in assessing the risk of artisanal fishers to the pandemic using physical distancing as a proxy. From analysis of cumulative distribution function (G-function) of the nearest-neighbour distances, this study underscored crowding at all surveyed fish landing beaches, and identified potential “hotspots” for disease transmission. Aerial measurements taken at times of peak landing beach activity indicated that the highest proportion of people, representing 56%, 48%, 39% and 78% in Elmina, Winneba, Apam and Mumford respectively, were located at distances of less than one metre from their nearest neighbour. Risk of crowding was independent of the population at the landing beaches, suggesting that all categories of fish landing sites along the coast would require equal urgency and measured attention towards preventing and mitigating the spread of the disease.