bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Debiased Galaxy Cluster Pressure Profiles from X-Ray Observations and Simulations
Authors: He Yizhou , Mansfield Philip , Rau Markus Michael , Trac Hy , Battaglia Nicholas
Published: February 2021

We present an updated model for the average cluster pressure profile, adjusted for hydrostatic mass bias by combining results from X-ray observations with cosmological simulations. Our model estimates this bias by fitting a power law to the relation between the “true” halo mass and X-ray cluster mass in hydrodynamic simulations (IllustrisTNG, BAHAMAS, and MACSIS). As an example application, we consider the REXCESS X-ray cluster sample and the universal pressure profile derived from scaled and stacked pressure profiles. We find adjusted masses, M
500c, that are ≲15% higher and scaled pressures P/P
500c that have ≲35% lower normalization than previously inferred. Our debiased pressure profile (DPP) is well-fit by a generalized Navarro–Frenk–White function, with parameters [P
0, c
500, α, β, γ] = [5.048, 1.217, 1.192, 5.490, 0.433] and does not require a mass-dependent correction term. When the DPP is used to model the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect, we find that the integrated Compton Y–M relation has only minor deviations from self-similar scaling. The thermal SZ angular power spectrum is lower in amplitude by approximately 30%, assuming nominal cosmological parameters (e.g., Ωm = 0.3, σ
8 = 0.8), and is broadly consistent with recent Planck results without requiring additional bias corrections.
SuperBoRG: Search for the Brightest of Reionizing Galaxies and Quasars in HST Parallel Imaging Data*
Authors: Morishita T.
Published: February 2021

The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has been providing tremendous survey efficiency via its pure-parallel mode by observing another field in parallel with the primary instrument in operation for the primary observation. In this study, we present a new archival project, SuperBoRG, which aims at compiling data taken in extragalactic parallel programs of HST with the Wide Field Camera 3 in the past decade, including pure-parallel (BoRG, HIPPIES, and COS-GTO) and coordinated-parallel (CLASH and RELICS) programs. The total effective area reaches ∼0.41 deg2 from 4.1 Ms, or 47 days, of observing time, which is the largest collection of optical-to-near-infrared imaging data of HST for extragalactic science. We reduce all data in a consistent manner with an updated version of our data reduction pipeline, including a new sky background subtraction step. When available, imaging data from the Spitzer Space Telescope are also included in photometric analyses. The data set consists of 316 independent sight lines and is highly effective for identification of high-z luminous sources (M
UV ≲ −20 mag) at z ∼ 7–12, helping to minimize the effects of cosmic variance. As a demonstration, we present three new z ≳ 7 source candidates, including one luminous galaxy candidate at z
phot ∼ 10.4 with M
UV ∼ −21.9 mag; the best-fit spectral energy distribution implies a large amount of stellar mass (

∼ 10) and moderate dust attenuation (A

V
∼ 1.4 mag), though the possibility of it being a low-z interloper cannot be completely rejected (∼23%) with the current data set. The data set presented in this study is also suited for intermediate- and low-z science cases.
Extended HNCO, SiO, and HC3N Emission in 43 Southern Star-forming Regions
Authors: He Yu-Xin , Henkel Christian , Zhou Jian-Jun , Esimbek Jarken , Stutz Amelia M. , Liu Hong-Li , Ji Wei-Guang , Li Da-Lei , Wu Gang , Tang Xin-Di , Komesh Toktarkhan , Sailanbek Serikbek
Published: February 2021

We have selected 43 southern massive star-forming regions to study the spatial distribution of HNCO 404–303, SiO 2–1, and HC3N 10–9 line emission and to investigate their spatial association with the dust emission. The morphology of HNCO 404–303 and HC3N 10–9 agrees well with the dust emission. HC3N 10–9 tends to originate from more compact regions than HNCO 404–303 and SiO 2–1. We divided our sources into three groups: those in the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ), those associated with bubbles (Bubble), and the remaining sources, which are termed “normal star-forming regions” (NMSFR). These three groups, subdivided into three different categories with respect to line widths, integrated intensities, and column densities, hint at the presence of different physical and chemical processes. We find that the dust temperature T
d, and the abundance ratios N
HNCO/N
SiO and N
HNCO/N
HC3N show a decreasing trend toward the central dense regions of CMZ sources, while N
HC3N/N
SiO moves in the opposite direction. Moreover, a better agreement is found between T
d and N
HC3N/N
SiO in Bubble and NMSFR category sources. Both outflow and inflow activities have been found in eight of the 16 bubble and NMSFR sources. The low outflow detection rate indicates either that in these sources the SiO 2–1 line wing emission is below our sensitivity limit or that the bulk of the SiO emission may be produced by the expansion of an H ii region or supernova remnant, which has pushed molecular gas away, forming a shock and yielding SiO.
A Graphical Interpretation of Circumgalactic Precipitation
Authors: Voit G. Mark
Published: February 2021

Both observations and recent numerical simulations of the circumgalactic medium (CGM) support the hypothesis that a self-regulating feedback loop suspends the gas density of the ambient CGM close to the galaxy in a state with a ratio of cooling time to freefall time ≳10. This limiting ratio is thought to arise because circumgalactic gas becomes increasingly susceptible to multiphase condensation as the ratio declines. If the timescale ratio gets too small, then cold clouds precipitate out of the CGM, rain into the galaxy, and fuel energetic feedback that raises the ambient cooling time. The astrophysical origin of this so-called precipitation limit is not simple but is critical to understanding the CGM and its role in galaxy evolution. This paper therefore attempts to interpret its origin as simply as possible, relying mainly on conceptual reasoning and schematic diagrams. It illustrates how the precipitation limit can depend on both the global configuration of a galactic atmosphere and the degree to which dynamical disturbances drive CGM perturbations. It also frames some tests of the precipitation hypothesis that can be applied to both CGM observations and numerical simulations of galaxy evolution.
EcoBank: A flexible database platform for sharing ecological data
Authors: Kim Hyun Woo , Yoon Sungsoo , Kim Mokyoung , Shin Manseok , Yoon Heenam , Kim Kidong
Published: February 2021

Environmental crisis challenges the human race harder than ever before. Ecologists have produced a massive amount of data to cope with the crisis. Accordingly, many national scale ecological database systems have been developed worldwide to manage and analyse these datasets. However, in Korea, ecological datasets produced by different research institutes for different purposes have not been integrated or serviced due to poorly designed information infrastructure. To address this obstacle, we present EcoBank (www.nie-ecobank.kr), an open, web-based ecological database platform designed to play an important role in ecosystem analysis, not only in Korea, but also worldwide.

The architecture of EcoBank comprises core technologies of WebGIS, Application Programming Interface (API), responsive web and open-source software (OSS). Comprehensive ecological datasets from three different sources, including the National Institute of Ecology (NIE) in Korea, related national and international platforms and repositories, enter the three conceptual modules in EcoBank: data management, analysis and service. Diverse potential stakeholders of EcoBank can be classified into three groups: researchers, policy-makers and public users. EcoBank aims to expand its horizons through mutual communication amongst these stakeholders. We opened and launched the EcoBank service in December 2019 and have now begun to broaden its network by linking it to other data platforms and repositories over the globe to find possible solutions to ecological issues in Korea.
A high mountain lizard from Peru: The world’s highest-altitude reptile
Authors: Cerdeña José , Farfán Jackie , Quiroz Aarón J.
Published: February 2021

Life at high altitudes is particularly challenging for ectothermic animals like reptiles and involves the evolution of specialised adaptations to deal with low temperatures, hypoxia and intense UV radiation. As a result, only very few reptile taxa are able to survive above 5,000 m elevation and herpetological observations from these altitudes are exceedingly rare. We report here an exceptional observation of a lizard population (Liolaemus aff. tacnae; Reptilia, Squamata) from the high Andes of Peru. During an ascent of Chachani mountain (6,054 m, 16°11'S, 71°32'W), we observed and documented photographically this species living between 5,000 and 5,400 m above sea level. Following a review of literature, we show that this is the highest known record of a reptile species.
DNA barcoding and genomics reveal Perizoma barrassoi Zahm, Cieslak & Hausmann, 2006 as new for the fauna of Central Europe (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae)
Authors: Hausmann Axel , Huemer Peter , Lee Kyung Min , Mutanen Marko
Published: February 2021

Perizoma barrassoiZahm, Cieslak & Hausmann, 2006, previously considered a central Italian endemic, shows a much wider distribution with additional records from the Alps and the Pyrenees, in partial sympatry with its sister species,Perizoma incultaria(Herrich-Schäffer, 1848) which is widespread in the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians and Dinaric mountains. The disruptive genetic patterns of both species involve the COI barcode gene as well as nuclear genomic data and are confirmed by correlated differential features in male and female genitalia. To fix nomenclatural stability a neotype is designated forP. incultaria.
Living in isolation for almost 40 years: molecular divergence of the 28S rDNA and COI sequences between French and Polish populations of the cave beetle Speonomus normandi hydrophilus (Jeannel, 1907)
Authors: Kocot-Zalewska Joanna , Domagała Paweł J. , Lis Barbara
Published: February 2021

The paper gives the results of the first studies on the molecular divergence between native and non-native populations of Speonomus normandi hydrophilus (Jeannel, 1907). This species is endemic to Massif Arize in the Central Pyrenees (France), and represents highly specialised organisms that live underground. In 1982, one hundred specimens of S. normandi hydrophilus had been experimentally introduced into the Dzwonnica Cave (Poland). Since then, a numerous population has developed in the Towarna-Dzwonnica cave system, and the neighbouring Cabanowa Cave. After almost 40 years of isolation between native and non-native populations, the genetic variations were examined using the COI and 28S rDNA genes. Analyses of the haplotypes of 28S showed one common haplogroup, which confirms the origin of the Polish group. The differentiation of haplotypes for the COI marker was high for both the French and Polish populations. Altogether 18 haplotypes of this marker have been detected, 12 in the French population and 9 in the Polish. However, only a portion of the haplotypes is shared between the native and introduced population.
A new species of the freshwater crab genus Potamonemus Cumberlidge & Clark, 1992 (Crustacea, Potamonautidae) endemic to the forested highlands of southwestern Cameroon, Central Africa
Authors: Ndongo Pierre A. Mvogo , von Rintelen Thomas , Cumberlidge Neil
Published: February 2021

A new species of freshwater crab of the genus Potamonemus Cumberlidge & Clark, 1992 is described from Mount Manengouba Reserve and Bakossi National Park in the tropical rainforests of southwestern Cameroon, Central Africa. Potamonemus mansp. nov. is recognized by characters of the carapace and chelipeds. In addition, a phylogenetic analysis based on partial sequences of three mitochondrial DNA genes (COI, 12S rRNA, and 16S rRNA) that included representatives of all other freshwater crab genera found in Cameroon recovered each of the new species as a distinct lineage. A diagnosis and illustrations of the new species are provided, and it is compared to the other species of Potamonemus. Brief notes are provided on the ecology of the new species and the two other species of Potamonemus. An identification key to the species of Potamonemus is provided. The conservation status of the genus is discussed.
Les usages militants de Facebook au Brésil
Authors: Figeac Julien , Paton Nathalie , Salord Tristan , Cabanac Guillaume , Cuelho Bezerra Arthur , Prévost Héloïse , Ratinaud Pierre
Published: February 2021

Cette recherche explore les modes d’appropriation de Facebook par des groupes de militant•es brésilien•nes pour coordonner des luttes sociales, en se basant sur une analyse lexicale des contenus de 529 pages, publiés entre 2013 et 2017. Deux répertoires d’action principaux se distinguent. Facebook est mobilisé comme arène de contestation de l’action gouvernementale et comme outil de coordination de leurs mobilisations. Cette recherche montre plus précisément que les contenus artistiques et l’agenda des événements culturels ont occupé une place centrale dans ces répertoires d’action en ligne. Ils ponctuent l’ordinaire des échanges d’informations entre les militant•es, notamment en dehors des périodes et des événements de cristallisation des luttes. Ils ont favorisé la structuration des réseaux militants sur le moyen terme et la coordination des mouvements sociaux en créant les conditions de rassemblements ponctuels, transversaux aux différents types de militantisme et aux diverses luttes sociales.
Les logiques plurielles d’une très faible participation : retour sur les scrutins auprès des salariés des très petites entreprises
Authors: Haute Tristan
Published: February 2021

En France, deux scrutins ont été organisés en 2012 et en 2017 auprès des salariés des très petites entreprises (TPE, moins de 11 salariés) pour compléter la mesure de la représentativité syndicale dans le secteur privé. Or, ces votes sur sigles, sans élu, par Internet ou par correspondance n’ont absolument pas mobilisé les salariés (10,4 % de participation en 2012 et 7,3 % en 2017). Alors que plusieurs travaux se sont intéressés à la mise en place difficile de ces scrutins et aux pratiques syndicales déployées pour mobiliser les salariés des TPE, cet article propose différentes pistes explicatives complémentaires de la très faible participation électorale enregistrée. Celle-ci s’explique moins par les opinions des salariés que par des facteurs structurels, à savoir les spécificités de ce scrutin sans enjeu, les caractéristiques sociales et économiques des salariés des TPE et la faiblesse des implantations et des contacts syndicaux dans les TPE. Certaines branches d’activité où les enjeux du vote sont un peu plus saillants et où des syndicats corporatifs développent des activités de service, comme la branche des assistantes maternelles, sont d’ailleurs marquées par une mobilisation électorale significativement plus importante.
L’accompagnement des « personnes éloignées de l’emploi » : contours et enjeux d’une relation sociale non stabilisée
Authors: Couronné Julie , Lima Léa , Rey Frédéric , Rist Barbara , Roux Nicolas
Published: February 2021

L’article s’intéresse aux représentations et pratiques de l’accompagnement des personnes dites très éloignées de l’emploi. Les acteurs de ces dispositifs mettent en avant les vertus de la relation d’accompagnement ainsi que l’« autonomie » et la participation des accompagné·es, au-delà du « contrat » qui ordonnerait la relation ainsi que les droits et devoirs des deux parties prenantes de l’accompagnement. Celui-ci apparaît en effet dans toute sa complexité, au travers de différents types de relations : des relations interpersonnelles, des relations de prestation et des relations de travail. Les dynamiques ainsi que les régulations professionnelles de l’accompagnement visent à s’adapter à la diversité, à l’évolution et aux singularités des situations. Mais les professionnel·les ne disposent pas toujours des moyens en interne et dans leur environnement local pour répondre aux attentes des accompagné·es, qu’elles aient trait au retour à l’emploi ou à la vision égalitaire de l’accompagnement qui leur est proposée.
THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF AN EXTENSIVE GREEN ROOF UNDER SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS IN CENTRAL ARGENTINA
Authors: Imhof Lelia , Suárez Edgardo , Cáceres Natalia , Robbiati Federico , Cáceres Cecilia , Broilo Alejandra , Pellizari Lucila , Suárez Mario , Hick Emmanuel , Matoff Evangelina , Galetto Leonardo
Published: February 2021

Extensive green roofs improve the provision of ecosystem services in urban environments, particularly in semiarid regions. The aim of this paper is to compare their thermal performance during six months between two rooms, one with a green roof and the other with a conventional roof, in Córdoba (Argentina). The room with a green (planting) roof showed a lower inside surface temperature since the beginning of the study than the control room (between 5–6°C of difference). During the selected period, the indicators such as temperature amplitude (the difference between the maximum and the average temperature) and the anti-interference characteristics of the layers to the outdoor air temperature are produced a better performance for the green roof compared to the conventional roof. The pattern of a better performance was consistent across the study for the green roof, characterized by a higher cooling and warming of the roof surface during the day and night, respectively. The green roof was more effective at blocking an upward heat flux during the day and suppressing heat loss during the night. Evaporation, conductive flux and climatic conditions seem to dominate the thermal performance of green roofs in areas with semiarid climate conditions.
EFFECT OF ALKOXYSILANE-BASED TREATMENT ON THE DURABILITY OF NORTH CYPRUS STONES FOR CONSTRUCTION
Authors: Ziyaettin Nejdet , Barış Kübra Ekiz , Tanaçan Leyla
Published: February 2021

Limestones are generally vulnerable to various weathering effects, hence, protection and consolidation of them is necessary. Locally available limestones of Northern Cyprus have been used in both historical buildings dated back to the 16th century for conservation applications and new buildings mostly as a cladding material. However, certain decay patterns exist on these stones. In the current study, the service life of Cyprus stones was inspected. Alkoxysilane-based consolidation and protection treatments were applied on new quarried stones to enhance the stone properties and aged stones to conserve and protect the architectural heritage. Service life assessment was performed by applying accelerated aging tests on both new and aged stones before and after treatments. The treatments improved the physical, mechanical and durability properties of the stones in terms of unchanging the water vapor diffusion resistance factor, decreasing the porosity and the water absorption ratio, increasing the ultrasound pulse velocity, the compressive and the flexural strengths, and improving the resistance of the stones against wetting-drying, freeze-thaw, salt crystallization and SO2 vapour effects. The combination of consolidation and protection treatment (K2) was more efficient on the properties of the stones compared to only protection treatment (K1) due to the better penetration capacity, higher decreasing ratio of the porosity, and higher improvement of the physical, mechanical and durability properties. The treatments also improved the properties of the aged stones; thus, it may be inferred that treatment would benefit the conservation of historical buildings.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF STEAM-CURED CONCRETE CONTAINING FLUE-GAS DESULFURIZATION GYPSUM
Authors: Jang Hongseok , So Seungyoung
Published: February 2021

Flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum has occasionally been used as an additive to cement. Consequently, appropriate facilities are required to ensure the environmentally safe processing of FGD gypsum and the resulting cement material properties. Such facilities are yet to be developed because the amount of FGD gypsum used is still small when compared with the vast amounts of FGD gypsum generated. In this study, we analyze the effect of FGD gypsum addition on the physical properties, stabilization, and radon count of steam-cured mortar and compare its performance with air-cured mortar. Our results show that the steam-cured pozzolanic hydration products of ettringite and C-S-H promote the densification of the mortar structure, thereby resulting in nanopore size reduction and increased strength of FGD gypsum mortar subsequent to the steam-cured hydration process. Further, our environmental test results indicate that steam-cured pozzolanic materials composed of FGD gypsum are environmentally safer than air-cured cementitious materials.
Un Saint-Sépulcre à Beaulieu-lès-Loches
Authors: Bartal Renana
Published: February 2021

Selon l’histoire de sa fondation, l’église abbatiale de Beaulieu-lès-Loches fut dédiée au Dominicum Sepulchrum quand Foulques Nerra, comte d’Anjou et fondateur du monastère, revint de son second pèlerinage à Jérusalem avec un fragment du Saint-Sépulcre. En raison de l’absence d’un plan de terrain centralisé, l’église de Beaulieu est rarement considérée comme une copie architecturale de l’édifice de Jérusalem. Bien que ce ne soit pas une copie explicite du Saint-Sépulcre, je soutiens que l’église abbatiale partageait plus que sa dédicace avec les monuments contemporains du Saint-Sépulcre. Cet article se concentre sur les aspects de l’église qui évoquent le Saint-Sépulcre : la disposition spatiale de son transept, sa liturgie, sa consécration suite au pèlerinage, sa fonction de lieu de sépulture et ses liens suggérés avec d’autres monuments locaux faisant référence à Jérusalem.
L'usage des lettres dans les premières chroniques françaises (xiie-xiiie siècle)
Authors: Courroux Pierre
Published: February 2021

Les premiers historiens s’exprimant en langue française, aux xiie-xiiie siècles, ont un usage particulier des lettres. Celui-ci est lié à plusieurs contraintes. Tout d’abord, la traduction de textes originels latin en français pousse presque toujours à adapter le contenu. Ensuite, la contrainte peut être formelle, la lettre en prose devant se plier aux contraintes du vers dans les chroniques du xiie siècle. Enfin, si l’histoire monastique latine est bien volontiers érudite et cite ses documents comme des preuves pour son lecteur, l’historiographie française, née dans les cours, possède un usage bien plus restreint des documents insérés dans le fil du texte. Ils forment une invitation à un développement narratif, une illustration semblable à un discours. C’est cet usage particulier des lettres que nous voudrions examiner de plus près, en étudiant notamment le cas des fausses lettres et de leur utilisation narrative.
Pourquoi parler de civilisation juive médiévale ?
Authors: Denjean Claude
Published: February 2021

L’article envisage les usages du terme et de la notion de civilisation au profit d’une histoire décloisonnée des juifs, distincte des études juives et insérée dans l’histoire de l’Occident médiéval. Après la lecture de la Méditerranée de Fernand Braudel, un panorama historiographique décrit les choix et les difficultés des historiens du judaïsme et des sociologues de la judéité, soucieux de comparatisme et observateurs des relations intercommunautaires. Les travaux récents examinés au prisme de la civilisation permettent de mieux se préserver des topoï et de saisir au sein d’une identité de longue durée la spécificité du Moyen Âge. Une civilisation médiévale juive s’épanouit à travers des procédés de distinction.
La R&D de défense en France : quels changements depuis la guerre froide ?
Authors: Moura Sylvain
Published: February 2021

À travers une approche institutionnaliste de l’industrie d’armement, cet article mobilise les analyses issues des politiques publiques et de Jullien et Smith (2009 ; 2012) pour étudier l’évolution du système de recherche et développement [R&D] de défense en France. Il conclut que, si des adaptations au nouveau contexte géopolitique et économique ont eu lieu à la suite de la fin de la guerre froide, la politique de défense a choisi de maintenir le pays dans la course à l’excellence technologique militaire. Ce faisant, la relation entre l’État et les entreprises d’armement demeure structurante pour la viabilité de la R&D de défense.
Comprendre la production et la régulation des conflits environnementaux pour caractériser une trajectoire de sécurisation du risque
Authors: Renou Yvan , Brochet Antoine , Creutin Jean-Dominique
Published: February 2021

Cet article retrace l’évolution historique des institutions de protection contre les inondations dans la plaine de Grenoble, de 1219 à 1778. En nous appuyant sur la notion de contrat hydro-social (Novalia et al., 2009 ; Dill & Pelling, 2010), nous proposons de modéliser le rapport évolutif qu’entretiennent les habitants à la puissance publique relativement à la question des inondations. Déployant une démarche fondée sur l’institutionnalisme historique critique (Cleaver & Koenig, 2015), nos résultats dégagent trois configurations institutionnelles ou « agencements régulatoires » distincts, reflétant trois manières d’assurer la protection contre les inondations. En termes d’acteurs mobilisés, nous mettons ainsi en évidence un transfert progressif des missions de protection contre les inondations des communautés habitantes en direction de la ville de Grenoble puis de l’État. Le deuxième fait stylisé, relatif à la nature des assemblages institutionnels spécifiés historiquement, témoigne d’une évolution progressive de leur structuration : nous formulons l’hypothèse que cette dernière s’appuie successivement, à une période donnée et de manière prioritaire, sur l’un des « piliers » institutionnels (cognitif, normatif et réglementaire) introduits par Scott (1995). Nous montrons enfin que la nature des agencements spécifiés révèle leur niveau de cohérence et de robustesse, et que leur évolution peut se comprendre, parmi d’autres facteurs explicatifs, à l’aune de l’exacerbation ou du reflux des conflits et des inégalités qu’ils génèrent.
Lending Crowdfunding and Regional Development
Authors: Bernardino Susana , Freitas Santos J.
Published: February 2021

By analysing the operations of a lending crowdfunding platform in Portugal, the investigation aims to study the potential contribution of CF for entrepreneurship and regional development. The results reveal that small organisations are especially prone to use CF as a financing strategy, regardless of their seniority, as well as ventures that have a moderated risk profile. However, coastal regions have been more dynamic on CF use than interior located ventures, since most of the operations were realized on the littoral of the country. The results suggest that interior organisations that use CF could have more financing difficulties that led them to look for new fundraising solutions, since they typically have higher size than coastal located organisations, although the risk rating is quite similar. The CF loans period is also shorter. The average interest rate charged is quite similar between both type of locations, although a higher variability exists in the funding conditions of interior organisations. The average offer per investor is also higher in the interior case.
Is an Offline Sharing Economy Innovation Transmissible Online?
Authors: Assadi Djamchid , Ashta Arvind , Duran Nathalie
Published: February 2021

Group lending is a social innovation because the substitution of the guarantee on assets by the collective guarantee of the group of belonging leads to the financial inclusion of the excluded. In a lending group, members who know each other mutually control each other to guarantee repayment of the loan and its circulation among the members. Is the social collateral that supported the development of the offline microcredit to the world level transposable to social lending on the internet? To answer this question, this chapter aims at determining the factors of mutual supervision and control of the members within the affiliation group and examine the potential of their transposition on the internet. Understanding the conditions for transposing social security is not only a solution to the problem of the unbanked; it is also a source of inspiration for peer-to-peer activities which develop considerably on the internet.
Is Crowdfunding One Way to Pay Education?
Authors: Maia Isabel Pimentel
Published: February 2021

Crowdfunding is an innovative, creative tool of distance collaborative funding, which can galvanise an optimal number of people to various potentials, including education. The aim is to understand crowdfunding and its implementation in Portugal, focusing on successful projects and exploring its potential use in literacy and educational projects, as an alternative to resources perceived as ‘classical'. Successful Portuguese projects in education are still underused and under-reported, despite being great allies to innovative, creative educational entrepreneurs requiring swift responses in a post-pandemic future. Is crowdfunding a way to change education?
Content-Generating Learners' Access to Accurate and Up-to-Date Information
Authors: Kilinc Hakan , Yuzer T. Volkan
Published: February 2021

This study aims to reveal the characters and responsibilities of content generating learners, as new generation learners, in the learning processes for producing the contents which contain accurate and up to date information. In this study, which was designed as a case study for this purpose, the opinions of the field experts who voluntarily participated in the study were obtained about what features the content generating learners should have at the point of accessing accurate and up-to-date information. The answers given by the field experts to the research questions directed to them were analyzed through the NVIVO 11 package program, and the themes reached were presented within the scope of the study. It is thought that this study will contribute to the related literature in order to ensure that the content generating learners can produce more accurate and more up-to-date content.
Design of Communication Environments in Career-Focused Learning Communities
Authors: Kip Kayabaş Buket
Published: February 2021

Rapid renewal of information with the rapid development of technology prevents individuals from using their knowledge and skills throughout their lives. Today, instead of participating in long education programs such as undergraduate or associate degree programs, short-term education programs that are specialized according to their fields of study are increasingly in demand. Investigating which communication environments individuals prefer in career focused learning communities in which individuals participate in lifelong learning is important in terms of shedding light on the design process of these environments. The purpose of this manuscript is firstly to reveal the opportunities offered by lifelong learning to individuals, then to determine the preferences of the communication medium based on the experiences of individuals participating in career focused learning communities offered within the scope of lifelong learning, and finally, to provide suggestions for the design of communication environments to people who create and manage career focused learning communities.
Hybrid Intelligence Framework for Augmented Analytics
Authors: Ryjov Alexander P.
Published: February 2021

Analytics is a key success factor for any business in the competitive and fast-changing world we live in. Using analytics, people, business, social, and government organizations become capable of understanding the past, including lessons from faults and achievements; realize current strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats; and predict the future. Intelligent analytics allow doing these more effectively and efficiently. Modern analytics uses many advanced techniques like big data, artificial intelligence, and many others. This chapter aims to introduce the hybrid intelligence approach by focusing on its unique analytical capabilities. The state-of-the-art in hybrid intelligence—symbiosis and cooperative interaction between human intelligence and artificial intelligence in solving a wide range of practical tasks—and one of the hybrid intelligence frameworks—a human-centered evaluation approach and monitoring of complex processes—have been considered in this chapter. The chapter could be interesting for analysts and researchers who desire to do analytics with more intelligence.
Face Recognition and Face Detection Using Open Computer Vision Classifiers and Python
Authors: Jain Priyank , Chawla Meenu , Sahu Sanskar
Published: February 2021

Identification of a person by looking at the image is really a topic of interest in this modern world. There are many different ways by which this can be achieved. This research work describes various technologies available in the open-computer-vision (OpenCV) library and methodology to implement them using Python. To detect the face Haar Cascade are used, and for the recognition of face eigenfaces, fisherfaces, and local binary pattern, histograms has been used. Also, the results shown are followed by a discussion of encountered challenges and also the solution of the challenges.
Sink or Swim?
Authors: Koshy Shubha
Published: February 2021

English as an academic language has always been an ocean of uncertainty for multilingual students across the Asia Pacific who are thrown into it often without their consent. This can result in a state of confusion and at worst, chaos in the many languages and multicultural identities they inhabit. This chapter seeks to unravel some of these historical factors over the past 25 years. It reviews the available wisdom around systemic functional linguistics and the theoretical foundations provided by experts of language and learning such as Cummins and Halliday. IB support programmes offer solutions to multilingual students for whom even the most well-intentioned IB schools in the Asia Pacific create dilemmas. There is a case for IB support programmes to bring together student well-being, as an affirmation and exploration of their cross-cultural identities. Finally, it suggests an update and further applications of the excellent support document called Language and Learning in IB Programmes to suit the realities of a new decade in the Asia-Pacific region.
Factors Implementing the Adoption of IB in South Korea
Authors: Kim Jenny Hong , Lee Soo Kyoung
Published: February 2021

Adoption of the International Baccalaureate (IB) programs in the Asia Pacific region has accelerated at great speed in recent years, with one or more of its programs being employed in 158 countries in 5,284 schools worldwide. The growing interest of IB programs in the Asia Pacific region is largely due to its educational philosophy and progressive pedagogy that is appealing to many educators and parents who seek a high-quality education. However, various contextual and cultural factors need to be considered when it is being implemented within the national school system.
Navigating International Mindedness
Authors: Palmer Nicholas
Published: February 2021

According to the International Baccalaureate (IB), the more interwoven global society becomes, the more internationally minded we are all likely to be. International mindedness (IM), however, can pose a distinct challenge for educators in terms of both practicality and meaning. This chapter presents research into the articulation and implementation of IM in an IB school. Through a constructivist grounded theory methodology, the researcher presents analysis resulting in five categories: scepticism, connection, authentication, long-term thinking, and empathy (SCALE). As well as scaffolding a pathway toward a concrete IM, SCALE offers an innovative approach to interrelation and interculturalism in schools. The findings presented in this chapter will interest those seeking an active IM that has a tangible benefit for teachers and students alike.
Education as the Practice of Freedom
Authors: McClean Marva , Waters Marcus Woolombi
Published: February 2021

As a result of the complex, multilayered, and problematic environment in which they work, two scholars (Black Jamaican and Aboriginal), collaborating across the continents of North America and Australia, complicate the data from standardized testing in their communities to argue for the integration of the historical empowerment of Black, Aboriginal, and Indigenous peoples as a necessity to achieve social justice and equity in global classrooms. The chapter presents the engagement of students in this collaborative inquiry in acknowledgment of the critical role students must play in the transformation of global education. The study reveals just how critical it is to global research to have the benefit of scholars collaborating across borders. The study provides findings and offer recommendations in direct response to the question: How can educators engage students as collaborators within a third space that elevates their voices as successful students?
Reciprocal Peer Mentoring
Authors: Çapan Seyit Ahmet
Published: February 2021

Practicum in pre-service teacher education offers ample opportunities for developing a practical conception of teaching and learning. Yet it may also promote further worry for pre-service teachers if not sufficiently resourced and carefully structured. This chapter intended to delve into practical implications of reciprocal peer mentoring in practicum. Placing onus on restructuring the traditional mentoring model currently used in most pre-service teacher education programs, this chapter postulated that integration of reciprocal peer mentoring with systematic opportunities for peer conference and peer observation might be a viable suggestion to resolve the perceived shortcomings in practicum. Moreover, this chapter proposed that apart from gradual transition to full-fledged teaching, an earlier onset of teaching practices shaped by periodic rotations in teaching practices might help to maximize contributions of engagement in practicum experiences.
Breaking the Stereotypes
Authors: Fan Xuying , Li Li
Published: February 2021

Creativity, critical thinking, problem-solving, communication, and collaboration are 21st-century skills that prepare individuals to succeed in the changing world. Therefore, there is a strong pedagogical need to promote these skills in EFL classrooms, given that meaningful language learning enables learners to use English as a tool for effective communication. However, the Chinese learning culture has long been criticised for being reluctant to develop thinking skills. Hence, this study aims to break the stereotypes and to find out how teachers promote thinking skills in Chinese primary EFL classrooms. The key finding reveals the use of silence as an opportunity to promote thinking, whereas challenges, such as insufficient pedagogical knowledge, are also identified from classroom interaction. Pedagogical suggestions are put forward for teacher educators and teachers in the field of language education.
YAITS
Authors: Liman Kaban Aysegul
Published: February 2021

An educational, personalized electronic book called You Are in the Story (YAITS) is evaluated to assess its effectiveness on reading comprehension and motivation on sixth grade EFL students in a state secondary school in Turkey. The study was conducted with 48 students (aged 11-12) that included reading comprehension scores and reading motivation scores. Results indicated that reading comprehension scores showed no significant difference between groups. YAITS considerably led to superior reading motivation scores compared to the printed guided reading control group. Personalized e-book reading had a positive influence on the internal reading motivation of the learners. Participant students claimed that they preferred to read in their free time the printed version of the books because of the sense of ownership that the printed text storybooks offered.
The PETaL Approach to Bilingual and Intercultural Education in Early Childhood Education
Authors: Gómez-Parra María-Elena
Published: February 2021

García and Flores state that new pedagogies must respond to the complex bilingualism of students and to the heterogeneous classes of the 21st century. The main goal of this chapter is to describe the theoretical foundations of a new approach to bilingualism and interculturality in Early Childhood Education (ECE) called “the PETaL approach”, whose acronym stands for “Play, Education, Toys, and Languages”. PETaL is an approach and not a methodology in that it is a flexible model of bilingual implementation that adapts its key methodological principles to the particular context in which it is developed. Moreover, it is an approach that entails intercultural education as a constitutive axis of accommodation and plasticity, which are sine qua non conditions of it. The PETaL approach is framed in the European space, which offers a suitable international and socio-educational context where it has begun to be experimented and which has already attached itself to incipient research.
“Formation” in Formation Revisited
Authors: Jordan Kelly C.
Published: February 2021

Identity and conscience formation and character development in adolescent boys depends upon acquiring human capital via inductive observation, imitation, and experience. Sociality and social interaction are the common denominators of male adolescent identity formation, conscience formation, and character development. Military schools create and sustain developmentally advantageous environments for adolescent boys, and military systems are remarkably effective at facilitating the ideal pairings of “best” educational principles with “best” educational practices and messages for adolescent boys. Military schools are thus exceptionally effective in the formation of the identity and conscience and development of character in adolescent boys because they provide young men with precisely the right types of atmospheres and experiences that are ideally suited to their learning styles. Military schools also enjoy significant educational advantages that allow for developmental agency, facilitate the development of “soft” skills, and help adolescent boys flourish.
Effects of Military Environment on Students' Emotional Intelligence Development
Authors: Garcia Raul
Published: February 2021

There are 65 military schools in the United States with many sharing the same goals and objectives, which are to develop and prepare students for leadership roles and for post-secondary academic success. Other than anecdotal claims by their alumni, these schools lack the evidence of how this is achieved. This study aims at providing such evidence by assessing the effects of a school's military environment on the students' development of emotional intelligence (IE) as measured by the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short-Form. EI has been associated with academic success and higher leadership effectiveness. This exploratory analysis finds a positive correlation between leadership education level and students' EI scores (r= .28, <; .05), and a regression analysis (F(1, 51)= 4.20, p< .05) predicts and EI score increase of 17% for each year of exposure to the school's military environment. This study suggests that the school's military environment inherently fosters social emotional learning, which in turn positively influences the development of the students' EI.
Change and the American Military School's Future
Authors: Graff Jonathan , Murray Douglas J.
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores the relationship between change and the American military school. Its objective is to demonstrate that the military school is not only readily adaptable to change, but in the process is an important agent for change. However, reaching that conclusion requires the reader to first understand what is often misunderstood, the nature of a military school. Upon that knowledge of the purpose, organization, process, learning model, and most significantly, the vision and mission of the American military school come the realization that this learning institution can be an effective catalyst for change. It therefore is an important segment of the American educational system and can have a vital role in sustaining America's leadership in the world. Support for that proposition is offered by analyzing how one American military school, the New Mexico Military Institute, has changed in response to a series of challenges to its future such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This chapter deals with leadership, learning, change, and the American military school.
Grit as a Predictor of Academic Success at Norwich University
Authors: Fleming Kevin
Published: February 2021

The focus of the chapter is on grit as a predictor of academic success at Norwich University. Grit scores were obtained for 4,171 incoming freshmen between 2013 and 2019, and these scores were collected again in the sophomore and senior years for all students who persisted. Cumulative GPAs were also obtained along with demographic data for all participants. Grit was found to be a small to moderate predictor of cumulative GPA with r correlations of .110 in the freshman year, .247 in the sophomore year, and .213 in the senior year. In contrast, high school GPA was a strong predictor of cumulative GPA with correlations of .459 in the freshman year, .518 in the sophomore year, and .500 in the senior year. Although grit was not as strong as high school GPA as a predictor of academic success at Norwich University, it was a significant factor, and it became more predictive of cumulative GPA as more credits were earned.
Reflections on Adaptive Learning Analytics
Authors: Sarıyalçınkaya Ahmet Dogukan , Karal Hasan , Altinay Fahriye , Altinay Zehra
Published: February 2021

Learning analytics is developed from the big data approach and plays an important role in the adaptive learning model. Learning analytics is individualized to provide more effective learning experiences and opportunities. Learning analytics can support learning and teaching a structured intervention model developed for those learning to improve their performance. This research chapter explains the two concepts from general to specific also the imperatives and distinctions between the two concepts. This chapter reveals that adaptive learning analytics can be defined as a subset of learning analytics that provides content to provide learners with more effective and adaptive learning opportunities. Learning analytics which is associated with adaptive learning calls upon adaptive learning analytics to create accurate individualized learning.
The Practice of Gaining Universal Values Based on Learning Analytics Framework
Authors: Ayda Nedime Karasel , Altinay Zehra , Altinay Fahriye , Dagli Gokmen , Ossiannilsson Ebba
Published: February 2021

This chapter encapsulates the framework of learning analytics. It is aimed to evaluate leisure activities and practices of students in learning outcomes based on the role of learning analytics framework. Qualitative research method was employed, and action research was conducted through activities to the 33 students. Data was analyzed based on content analysis. Metaphoric understanding and analysis of perceptions on activities were evaluated within the framework of learning analytics. It is seen that students felt the value of practice-based activities, and they become satisfied in their leisure times with different activities. In-service training is essential for teachers to develop the practice of leisure education.