bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategies for Secondary Prevention
Authors: Stone Peter H , Sacks Frank M
Published: November 2023

The last two decades have witnessed dramatic changes in the care of patients with coronary heart disease (CHO). Coronary care units, which developed in the late 1960s, proved to be effective in identifying and treating arrhythmias that complicate acute myocardial infarction (Ml), but mortality due to pump failure remained high (Goldman 1982). In the 1980s and early 1990s, early reperfusion strategies using thrombolytic therapy or primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) to limit infarct size and preserve left ventricular function, further improved survival after MI (Anderson 1993). A simultaneous advance in cardiology has been the appreciation that various post-MI treatment strategies could be implemented routinely to reduce the incidence of recurrent MI, congestive heart failure, and cardiac death following an index MI (i.e., “secondary” prevention).

The time course of mortality and cardiac complications following acute MI is characterized by a very high risk period in the first month or so after the index event, followed by a high-risk period for the next 6 months, and then a subsequent period of low and constant risk (Figure 18.1). Prompt initiation of therapies to prevent cardiac complications after MI is therefore essential to provide meaningful protection; most studies of secondary prevention begin within 1 to 3 weeks of MI and maintain therapy for at least one year. This chapter focuses on randomized, placebo-controlled, and blinded studies that use this strategy of secondary prevention. In some studies the investigational therapy begins in the first few hours following MI and continues for the next few weeks or months. The observed effect thus may be due to a reduction in the initial infarct size and not to the effects of more sustained chronic therapy. This therapeutic strategy addresses both reduction of acute infarct size and secondary prevention, so such studies will not be reviewed in this chapter.
Certaine Qvaeres To the bayter of Women.
Authors: Speght Rachel
Published: November 2023

Although (curteous Reader) I am young in yeares, and more defective in knowledge, that little smattering in Learning which I have obtained, being only the fruit of such vacant houres, as I could spare from affaires befitting my Sex, yet am I not altogether ignorant of that Analogie which ought to be used in a literate Responsarie: But the Bearebayting of Women, unto which I have framed my Apologeticall answere, beeing altogether without methode, irregular, without Grammaticall Concordance, and a promiscuous mingle mangle, it would admit no such order to be observed in the answering thereof, as a regular Responsarie requireth.

Wherfore (gentle Reader) favorably consider, that as that Painter is not to be held unskilfull, which having a deformed Object, makes the like portraiture; no more am I justly to be blamed for my immethodicall Apologie, sith any judicious Reader may plainely see, that the Bayter of Women his pestiferous obtrectation is like a Taylers Cushion, that is botcht together of shreddes, so that, were it not to prevent future infection with that venome, which he hath, and daily doth sweate out, I would have beene loath to have spent time so idlely, as to answere it at all: but a crooked pot-lid well enough fits a wrie-neckt pot, an unfashioned shooe a misshapen foote, and an illiterate answere an unlearned irreligious provocation. His absurdities therein contayned, are so many, that to answere them severally, were as frivolous a worke, as to make a Trappe for a Flea, and as tedious as the pursuite of an Arrow to an impotent man. Yet to prevent his having occasion to say, that I speake of many, but can instance none, I have thought it meete to present a few of them to his view, as followeth, that if Follie have taken roote in him, he may seeke to extirpate it, and to blush at the sight of that fruit, which he hath already brought foorth; a fruite I call it (not unfitly I hope) because a Crabbe may so be termed, as well as a good Apple.
Mortalities Memorandvm, With A Dreame Prefixed, Imaginarie in Manner; Real! In Matter.
Authors: Speght Rachel
Published: November 2023

Amongst diversity of motives to induce the divulging of that to publique view, which was devoted to private Contemplation, none is worthy to precede desire of common benefit. Crone kept close in a garner feeds not the hungry; A candle put under a bushel doth not illuminate an house; None but unprofitable servants knit up Gods talent in a Napkin. These premises have caused the Printing presses to expresses the subsequent Memorandum of Mortalities, by which if oblivious persons shall bee incited to premeditation of, and preparation against their last houre, when inevitable Death seazing on them, shall cease their beeing upon earth, I shall with Jacob say, I have enough: I levell at no other mark, nor aye at other end, but to have all sorts to mark and provide for their latter end. I know these populous times afford plenty of forward Writers, and critical Readers; Myself hath made the number of the one too many by one; and having bin touch with the censures of the other, by occasion of my mooseling Melastomus, I am now, as by a strong motive induced (for my rights sake) to produce and divulge this off-spring of my indevour, to prove them further futurity who have formerly deprived me of my due, imposing my abortive upon the father of me, but not of it. Their varietie of verdicts have verified the adagie quot hominess, tot sententiot, and made my experience confirm that apothegm which doth affirmed Censure to be inevitable to a publique act.
BOOK II
Authors: Sharp Jane
Published: November 2023

I have in the former part made a short explanation of the parts of both sexes, that are needful for this use, but yet some think that there is no need of describing the parts of them both, because some have written that the Generative parts in men, differ not from those in women, but in respect of place and situation in the body;1 and that a woman may become a man, and that one Tyresias  2 was a man for many years, and after that was strangely metamorphos’ d into a woman, and again from a woman to a man, and that in regard he had been of both sexes, he was chosen as the most fit Judge to determine that great question, which of the two Male or Female find most pleasure in time of Copulation.
Swords to Words: Realism and the Civil War
Authors: Limon John
Published: November 2023

In 1880, at the beginning of the decade of the “realism war,” William Tecumseh Sherman almost said, “War is Hell.” What he in fact told a reunion of veterans in Columbus is that “there is many a boy here today who looks on war as all glory, but, boys, it is all hell.’’1 The remark seems not to be prescriptive. Sherman does not say or mean: “Make war Hell.” He is not arguing that war should be palliated either. (“War is Hell, but we do what we can.”) “War is Hell” means that combat-as such-is unbounded destructiveness. Sherman is restating Clausewitz’s theorem that armed conflict, freed of political, that is, external restrictions, tends toward maximized intensity.
Goddesses on the Battlefield: The Combatant Novels of Tourgee, Cable, and De Forest1
Authors: Limon John
Published: November 2023

Must realism always follow romance? Not necessarily-not in Shakespeare. I allow myself a considerable definitional latitude here; but so does Howells, when in a paean to Shakespeare he finds in Macbeth and Hamlet adumbrations of his own realistic art (despite ghosts, since Shakespeare believed in them), but singles out The Winter’s Tale (along with Pericles) as a play he would have been willing to sacrifice. The American sequence is, if anything, slightly counter-intuitive, as if Thoreau’s directive to build our castles in the air first, and the ground up to meet them second, were standard operating procedure, with the proviso that realists, having raised the ground to a sufficient elevation, would raze the castles.
Temporal Form and Wartime: Modernism After World War I
Authors: Limon John
Published: November 2023

As I Lay Dying, published in 1930 at the end of the two-year outpouring of World War I literature, begins far from the Western Front with Dari’s observation, more or less, of his brother Jewel.1 Jewel is fifteen feet behind him, walking up the path, so Darl must violate-or cause Faulkner to violate-a dictum of realistic writing (describe only when the visual opportunity presents itself) in order to tell us (or transmit, somehow, the thought to us) that Jewel wears a broken straw hat. Actually, he imagines someone in the cottonhouse observing Jewel’s hat above his own head; he is visualizing what he cannot see behind him by imagining someone ahead of him visualizing it, himself an opacity that allows only Jewel’s hat to be seen, yet curiously transparent in that it is Jewel who gets limned. This is not even one of Dari’s best tricks; he is characteristically at all viewpoints at once, in his sister’s mind, in Faulkner’s mind, his own mind vulnerable to theirs. “It’s like he had got into the inside of you, someway,” says Tull. “Like somehow you was looking at yourself and your doings outen his eyes” (ALD, 119). His world has no interiors, no privacies, no depths; it consists of shards of vision, scattered on the surface of a mind.
Motivational Foundations of Conflict
Authors: Greenspan P S
Published: November 2023

With dilemmas now formulated negatively in terms of practical “ought”-in terms, that is, of prohibitions that are meant to guide action in some appropriately strong sense-I want to take a closer look at their implications for the question of moral realism. Williams’s treatment of dilemmas as analogous to conflicting desires rather than beliefs was supposed to indicate, in effect, that ought-statements cannot describe moral facts: facts about the world, independent of our moral judgments and accounting for their truth as on standard definitions of realism. But Williams does not take account of evaluative facts: facts about the goodness or badness of some object. To exclude these from the realm of facts is to beg the question against realism before the issue of conflict even comes up. Evaluative beliefs can certainly attribute the sorts of properties that Williams cites as nonagglomerative-properties described by variants of “good” like “desirable” and “prudent”-to contingently incompatible objects without more than pragmatic conflict about which object to choose. It would be another story, of course, to apply the corresponding overall assessments to incompatible objects-to pronounce each of them best or most desirable, say, or the only prudent object of choice under the circumstances.2 But unless we assume non-cognitivism, evaluative beliefs still seem to provide at least a small foothold for conflicting ought-judgments within the category of belief.
Vargas Llosa: Apocalyptic History and the Liberal Perspective
Authors: Moses Michael Valdez
Published: November 2023

The war of Canudos marked an ebb, a backward flow, in our history. What we had to face here was the unlooked-for resurrection, under arms, of an old society, a dead society, galvanized into life by a madman ... Canudos was our Vendee. During his unsuccessful 1990 campaign for the presidency of Peru, Mario Vargas Llosa managed to spare enough time from pressing political commitments to read the works of Karl Popper, whose The Open Society and Its Enemies had come to his attention in 1980.1 In “Updating Karl Popper,” Vargas Llosa rejects the teleological historicism of thinkers such as Hegel, Marx, and Comte because he feels that it has helped to legitimate authoritarian rule. Following Popper’s lead, Vargas Llosa argues that an open democratic society must encourage a fluid and corrigible definition of truth. For Vargas Llosa, liberal progressive reform depends upon the continual and provisional invention of truths that prevail only so long as they are not refuted. The advance of human civilization thus depends upon rejecting the fixed and universally valid conception of historical truth that Hegel, Marx, and Comte claim to have discovered.
Research On Human Subjects
Authors: Brody Baruch A
Published: November 2023

Basic scientific research often requires research on human subjects and/or on materials drawn from human beings. In addition, basic research often leads to clinical applications, and this involves, as an intermediary step, research on the safety and efficacy of possible clinical applications. A certain amount of that research can be done with animal models, and that is one of the reasons why the animal research discussed in Chapter One is so important. But there comes a time when research on human subjects is required. Basic and clinical research on human subjects must therefore be encouraged if we are to achieve scientific advances and reap their benefits. At the same time, such research often gives rise to ethical dilemmas. In this chapter, we will identify those dilemmas and see how the various official policies have attempted to deal with them in a way that allows needed research to continue while avoiding ethical abuses.
Freud’s Anthropomorphism
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Freud was a materialist, and at an early stage of his psychological inquiries attempted to construct an explicitly physiological psychology based on the interaction of neurons. This attempt, by now well known under the title “Project for a Scientific Psychology,” was abandoned shortly after Freud sent the draft to Fliess in October 1895. And when he learned in 1937 that Marie Bonaparte had unearthed the manuscript, he sought to have it destroyed.
Wittgenstein: The Egocentric Predicament
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

In the 1950s, when I was an undergraduate at Cornell, it was the only American university where Wittgenstein’s later work was the object of intensive study. He had died in 1951, and Philosophical Investigations was published in 1953. I remember in those pre-Xerox days sharing with some fellow students the typing of The Blue Book and The Brown Book in multiple carbons, from a set available in Ithaca—pre-Investigations texts dating from the mid-1950s that circulated in samizdat until they were finally published in 1960 as part of the still continuing stream of volumes from the Nachlass.
Fodor: The Boundaries of Inner Space
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Many things happen in our bodies and our minds to which we do not have introspective access. With suitable training, the range of our nonobservational. introspective awareness can be extended, but we are very complicated organisms, too complicated to oversee every detail of our own operation. Fortunately an enormous amount of what we and our bodies do does not require attention and is the result of minimal learning or none at all. This is true not only of completely involuntary processes like healing, blood clotting, spermatogenesis, and ovulation, but also of those alterations in individual nerve and muscle cells that form the substructure of ordinary intentional action, from tying our shoes to playing spiccato passages on the cello.
Dennett: Content and Consciousness
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Although it does not solve the mind-body problem, this is a valuable and interesting book. Dennett begins with the accurate observation that no one would find the identity theory plausible if it were not for the unpalatability of the alternatives. As he puts it, the motive for identification is to avoid antic bulge. If there really are mental phenomena, they must be either identical or nonidentical with physical phenomena. If dualism is to be avoided, and if behaviorism is not a viable way of avoiding it, one seems to be thrown into the arms of a neural identity theory.
Aristotle on Eudaimonia
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

The Nicomachean Ethics exhibits indecision between two accounts of eudaimonia—a comprehensive and an intellectualist account. According to the intellectualist account, stated in Book 10, Chapter 7, eudaimonia is realized in the activity of the most divine part of man, functioning in accordance with its proper excellence. This is the activity of theoretical contemplation. According to the comprehensive account (described as “secondary” at 1178 a 9), eudaimonia essentially involves not just the activity of the theoretical intellect, but the full range of human life and action, in accordance with the broader excellences of moral virtue and practical wisdom. This view connects eudaimonia with the conception of human nature as composite, that is, as involving the interaction of reason, emotion, perception, and action in an ensouled body.
Rawls on Justice
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

A Theory of Justice is a rich, complicated, and fundamental work. It offers an elaborate set of arguments and provides many issues for discussion. This review will focus on its contribution to the more abstract portions of ethical theory.

The book contains three elements. One is a vision of men and society as they should be. Another is a conception of moral theory. The third is a construction that attempts to derive principles expressive of the vision, in accordance with methods that reflect the conception of moral theory. In that construction Rawls has pursued the contractarian tradition in moral and political philosophy. His version of the social contract, a hypothetical choice situation called the original position, was first presented in 1958 and is here developed in great and explicit detail. The aim is to provide a way of treating the basic problems of social choice, for which no generally recognized methods of precise solution exist, through the proxy of a specially constructed parallel problem of individual choice, which can be solved by the more reliable intuitions and decision procedures of rational prudence.
Hare: Moral Thinking
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

According to Professor Hare, most contemporary moral philosophers are benighted. They cannot get through their thick skulls the clear principles of moral reasoning that he has set out and developed in two previous book-length studies of ethical theory, The Language of Morals and Freedom and Reason, and that he spells out again and develops further in this one. Like a teacher of dim-witted children, he can’t always conceal his impatience at having to repeat himself, but the importance of the issues keeps him at it.
Hare: The Foundations of Impartiality
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Can an ethical theory be too successful? If it proposes a foundation for moral argument that lies beyond the reach of moral disagreement, it may leave the existence and intractability of actual moral disagreements unexplained. If it tries to appeal only to facts outside morality that all parties must admit, then the most fundamental disagreements are likely to resurface, either in the interpretation of what has been proved or in dispute over moral assumptions hidden in the premises.
Schelling: Personal Identity and Self-Command
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

The enormous importance accorded to personal identity in law and in ethics can seem puzzling and perhaps unjustified when we observe how complex and fragmented human beings and their lives can be. Professor Schelling presents some very interesting grounds for doubt, by stating the case for a view that intrapersonal motivational conflict is like a contest between different selves, which may give scope for considerations of distributive justice between or among them and may also make it appropriate for other parties, including the state, to take sides in their disputes or help them to enforce their claims against one another. But I think it will be even more difficult than he suggests to reduce significantly the importance of the personal identity of the single individual who comprises these separate “selves.” Even if some legal or even moral fiction is at work in the idea of the sovereignty of the whole person, there are strong reasons for it.
Dworkin: Interpretation and the Law
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

This important theoretical work appears in a definite political context. In the United States, theories of jurisprudence are politically controversial. The public is vividly aware that the way in which the law is interpreted, especially by federal courts of appeal and the Supreme Court, has had and will continue to have large consequences for their lives and liberties. Controversy arises not just over specific issues like prayer in the schools, censorship, abortion, reverse discrimination, and the rights of accused criminals, but over the sorts of grounds on which cases involving these issues are to be decided. Much of the name-calling that breaks out anew with every major Court decision or right-wing nomination to the federal bench has a distinctly philosophical character: liberals accuse conservatives of refusing to recognize individual rights; conservatives accuse liberals of inventing law rather than discovering it.
Kolakowski: Modernity and the Devil
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

This book collects twenty-four essays written between 1973 and 1986, expressing Leszek Kolakowski’s thoughts on God, man, reason, history, moral truth, and original sin, prompted by observation of the dramatic struggle among Christianity, the Enlightenment, and modern totalitarianism. It is a wonderful collection of topics; unfortunately, most of the pieces in Modernity on Endless Trial give the impression of having been tossed off without much expense of time or reflection.
Dizzy for President
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

As ever, there were peaks at which his playing regained its former inspiration, but the occasions on which he hit the top of his form tended to become surprise exceptions rather than the general rule. Stylistically, he remained very much himself, a masterly instrumentalist firmly rooted in bebop, but he was clearly searching for the right kind of setting for his playing during the late 1960s. This was at a time when Miles Davis confidently moved first into free jazz and then into jazz rock.
Giant of Jazz
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

It did not always work, and some Pablo lineups are either too much of a good thing, in which none of the distinguished cast gets a distinctive word in edgeways, or a repeat of the worst excesses of Jazz at the Philharmonic, where dueling leads to cliche rather than creativity. However, a couple of years before the new label got off the ground, Dizzy was part of a very different all-star lineup, which, at least to start with, suffered from neither problem and was the brainchild of an entrepreneur who had emerged during the 1950s as a serious rival to Granz: George Wein.
Old Man Time
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

‘Enough is enough,’ he said, as he finally disappeared from sight. ‘I’m tired of being ignored. I’m as hip as the next trumpeter and far hipper than any new upstart.’ So out he went and nicked the upstart’s brother, signed up half his rival’s band and grabbed a megastar from the big bad world of pop, and recorded the most embarrassing record of almost all time.”
Neglected Skills
Authors: Gordon Stewart
Published: November 2023

ENOUGH has been written about the matter of sight reading for piano students to fill several volumes. We are all aware of the travesty of keyboard players who play difficult literature – carefully prepared – extremely well but who falter embarrassingly when asked to read a simple accompaniment. We are all committed to imposing a regime on such students to be sure they bring their reading skills up to snuff. At the risk, however, of frustrating efforts to correct an admittedly deplorable state of affairs, perhaps a few words should be voiced indefense of those for whom reading is a problem. As with other skills, reading is dependent on a basic aptitude for the process. We tend to regard those who read poorly as simply the product of laziness or willful disregard of the process.
Feux Follets
Authors: Gordon Stewart
Published: November 2023

THERE are three elements that contribute to sustaining a career as a public performer. Each is important in its own way and each overlaps the others; yet we see each in varying proportions in the careers of the men and women who form our galaxy of performing artists. The three elements are charisma, musical know-how (including both the concepts of basic talent and development), and, finally, the ability to use musical an art to express philot1ophical or spiritual values. When an artist steps before an audience, there is an instantaneous sense of life he or she projects, which is rapidly perceived at some nonverbal level by every person present. There is an interchange of something as elusive as an electrical charge, but just as powerful.
Plant Movements
Authors: Movements Plant
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with terms used in the study of plant movements. A few terms are defined within other definitions; these are also printed in boldfaced type. Words in italics are themselves defined elsewhere in this chapter.
Grounds of Moral Rights
Authors: Wellman Carl
Published: November 2023

A moral right is a system of moral positions that, if respected, confer dominion on one party in face of a second party in a potential confrontation over a specific domain, and that are implied by the moral norm or norms that constitute that system. Since any moral position is a position under morals-the totality of moral reasonsthe proximate grounds of any moral right must include one or more moral reasons. Whether they must also include any factual reasons or presupposed moral principles remains to be seen.
Dilemmas: Dithering, Plumping, and Grief
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

At the risk of lowering the tone of this volume, I am not going to start in concentration camps, the French resistance, or the hard world of Greek tragedy. I am going to start in the supermarket, and by introducing a distinction. Let us call a quandary any situation in which there are a number of alternatives, of which you must adopt one and only one, but where you do not know which one to adopt. You do not know what to do. It is undeniable that there are quandaries. One spends a lot of time in supermarkets in quandaries. Buridan’s ass was in a quandary. Now we can distinguish between an objective and a subjective or agent’s quandary. An objective quandary is one where one does not know what to do, and there is no fact that would provide a reason that settles what to do: even a God’s-eye view would not reveal that one alternative beats the others. For instance, one is undecided about which can of beans of the same price to buy, but, in fact, although packaged differently, they are of the same manufacture.
Which Vitry? The Witness of the Trinity Motet from the Roman de Fauvel
Authors: Robertson Anne Walters
Published: November 2023

If Philippe de Vitry stands in the shadow of his contemporary Guillaume de Machaut, it is only due to the haphazard survival of documents, for the acclaim he received during and after his lifetime bespeaks a career of nearly unparalleled proportions. Hailed by such personages as Jehan des Murs and Petrarch, he was celebrated equally as purveyor of musical innovations that we call the Ars nova and for his poetic, philosophical, historical, and mathematical writings. A politician and cleric of considerable skill, Vitry served kings and nobles and rose high in ecclesiastical circles. But whereas the poetic and musical works of Machaut are well known to us due to his penchant for gathering them into deluxe manuscripts, scarcely a note of music and only four poems can be attributed to Vitry with any confidence. Likewise, his biography is thinner than the one we can construct for Machaut. Faced with this deficit, musicologists have recently looked for clues to Vitry’s extraordinary career in some less familiar, but promising, places.
Spectroscopic Methods
Authors: Fuller Gerald G
Published: November 2023

This chapter concerns interactions of light with matter that can be used to identify specific structures at the level of the chemical bonds making up the sample. This is in contrast to the scattering phenomena described in Chapter 4 where information is obtained on length scales comparable to the wavelength of the light itself. The ability to discriminate between different chemical constituents is accomplished by taking advantage of couplings between incident light and various modes of energy contained within the sample. For this reason, the interactions presented here do not conserve energy, as is the case with Rayleigh light scattering.
Microstructural Theories of Optical Properties
Authors: Fuller Gerald G
Published: November 2023

The optical measurements presented in the previous chapters can be used to either characterize local, microstructural properties or as probes of bulk responses to orientation processes. In either case, it is normally desirable to make the connection between experimental observables and their molecular or microstructural origins. The particular molecular properties that are probed will naturally depend on the physical interaction between the light and the material. This chapter explores molecular models and theories that describe these interactions and identifies the properties of complex materials that can be extracted from measurements of optical anisotropies. The presentation begins with a discussion of molecular models that are applied to polymeric materials. Using these models, optical phenomena such as birefringence, dichroism, and Rayleigh and Raman scattering are predicted. Models appropriate for particulate systems are also developed.
The Consequences of Single Motherhood
Authors: McLanahan Sara
Published: November 2023

In 1992, when Dan Quayle condemned the television character Murphy Brown for giving birth out of wedlock, he reopened an old debate that quickly became highly polarized. Some people claimed that growing up in a fatherless home was the major cause of child poverty, delinquency, and school failure, while others denied that single motherhood had any harmful effects. And some objected even to discussing the topic for fear of stigmatizing single mothers and their children.
Preference and Family: Commentary on Parts III and IV
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C
Published: November 2023

One of the most controversial areas in which law and public policy are confronted with ideas of “nature” and “social construction” is the area of same-sex sexual orientation and conduct. Same-sex relations are an especially obvious case of the ways in which laws and institutions shape the intimate personal lives of many Americans. The sexual conduct of gays and lesbians is limited by the sodomy laws that still exist in twenty-three states. Although only five states restrict the prohibition of oral and anal sex acts to same-sex actors, the constitutionality of sodomy laws has been upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court only insofar as they prohibit same-sex conduct, and “sodomy” is frequently understood to be definitive of same-sex conduct.1 Lesbians and gays cannot serve in the military unless they conceal their sexual practices-although many nations, including Israel, Canada, Germany, Australia, France, and the Netherlands, and the police forces of several major U.S. cities, including New York, San Francisco, and Chicago, have all removed barriers to their full participation with no serious problems. Lesbians and gays cannot marry and cannot therefore enjoy the social privileges and benefits of marriage, including favorable tax, inheritance, and insurance status; immigration and custody rights; the right to the privileges of next kin in hospital visitations, decisions about burial, and so forth. Gays and lesbians frequently lose custody of children they have had in previous relationships and cannot adopt children should they wish to. Finally, gays and lesbians suffer discrimination of many types in the workplace, in housing, in social life generally.
The Parenting Couple
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag
Published: November 2023

For animals who reproduce sexually to have offspring, two individuals must collaborate. In chapter 3, we discussed the conflict of interests between the genders during courtship, when each has to choose a partner to mate with and must convince that partner to mate with it. But it is not just the selection of a mate that creates conflict between the genders.1 The pair must then cooperate mate-in order to bring forth offspring. Some of their roles are innately different: only females can supply eggs, and among mammals they are the only ones who can bear and suckle the young; only males can fertilize. But either or both can take care of the offspring, and that very possibility creates more potential conflicts.
Information Centers
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag
Published: November 2023

The white wagtail is a common winter migrant in Israel. Its social behavior varies. Some individuals wander around in flocks and look for such sporadic sources of food as a tractor plowing or reaping or a herd of sheep grazing and stirring up insects. Others find a more permanent source of food, such as a barnyard, a collection of trash containers, the corner of a landfill, or a vegetable garden and establish a territory that they defend against other wagtails. Each territory is defended by one male-but not necessarily the first to stake a claim, since stronger males often expel weaker ones and take over their territories.
Communication and Labor in Late 19th Century
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: November 2023

In the 19th-century United States, criticism of communication institutions and practices was rife and often sharp. The widest and most significant antipathetic current, during the century’ s final decades, streamed through labor organizations and oppositional political movements. Lodging repeated protests against the accelerating integration of major media-both the press and the wireline systems of telegraphy and telephony-into the expanding circuits of corporate capital, a broad span of reform groups proposed various collectivist and mutualistic alternatives for the ownership and operation of communications.
Toward a Unified Conceptual Framework
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: November 2023

Our subject has repeatedly recreated itself in the half-light of its enigmatic object. Rippling across the field of vision of communication study from generation to generation, the epic question of “intellectual” labor has been episodically remodulated and reshaped.
Self-Determination, Secession, and the Rule of Law
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: November 2023

Future historians may call our era “the age of secession:’ It may become “the age of wars of secession:’ Even for those who view the modern nation-state as a necessary evil at best, the prospect that the state system may be shattered provokes deep anxieties.
Problems of Vision
Authors: Vision Gerald
Published: November 2023

In this book Gerald Vision argues for a new causal theory, one that engages provocatively with direct realism and makes no use of a now discredited subjectivism.
From the Time That the Resolution of the Council Was Confirmed in Modified Form to My Arrival in Paris
Authors: Lane Helen
Published: November 2023

It is certain that I no longer had any intention of bowing to the iniquity of the Council or to the whims of Leon, whose one thought was also to win time. Promising to do me justice after having forced me to serve out the archbishop s sentence was a mockery. But I had no money to live on. The Council, as a result of the royal decree, issued an order to the representative of my Province to provide for my needs in Salamanca and make arrangements for my journey, giving me the money necessary to meet my expenses. In order to collect this aid, I hatched a plan with a calash driver, who went with me to the representative s; early the following morning I made as if I were leaving, left my cell in the Indies block of San Francisco monastery, received an ounce of gold from the representative and went into hiding.
How the Free Will Debate Depends on Metaphilosophy (II)
Authors: Double Richard
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I continue to illustrate the way that recent discussions of the free will problem depend on disagreements over metaphilosophy and intermediate-level philosophical principles. In section 1, I display an analogy between normative ethics and metaethics on the one side and lower-level free will theorizing and the metaphysics of free will on the other. Metaphilosophical moves available to the normative theorist who lacks a meta-ethical solution are mirrored by those available to free will theorists who lack a solution to the problem of the metaphysics of free will. In section 2, I argue that the importance of Peter van Inwagen’s celebrated consequence argument depends squarely on metaphilosophical premises. In section 3, I make the same case in a different way regarding Harry Frankfurt’s equally famous principle of alternative possibilities. In section 4, I examine the question of whether philosophers should endorse a sliding scale of demands for various philosophical subject matters or whether they should demand equal proof for all philosophical claims. In that section I consider some arguments from Thomas Nagel and J. R. Lucas. In section S, I argue that Peter French’s non-standard view of the relation between moral responsibility and ascriptions of moral responsibility is plausible just in case we adopt a non-standard metaphilosophy.
Margaret Garner and Seven Others
Authors: May Samuel J
Published: November 2023

About ten o’clock on Sunday, 27th January, 1856, a party of eight slaves-two men, two women, and four children-belonging to Archibald K. Gaines and John Marshall, of Richwood Station, Boone, County, Kentucky, about sixteen miles from Covington, escaped from their owners. Three of the party are father, mother, and son, whose names are Simon, Mary, and Simon, Jr.; the others are Margaret, wife of Simon, Jr., and her four children. The three first are the property of Marshall, and the others of Gaines.
‘Of Good and Ill Repute’: The Limits of Community Tolerance
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

Not all crimes, trespasses, slanders, and irritations are prosecuted or end in some sort of settlement; this is a given in studying the latitude of social behavior in enforcing laws, getting satisfaction, or even registering disapproval. To be labeled “of ill repute” or “of no account” in medieval society or in any society implies that the person has committed a violation of accepted standards of social interaction and has stepped beyond the bounds of permissible behavior. Labeling is complex, because members of the medieval nobility committing “fur-collar crime” might have had considerable leeway to oppress their neighbors and countryside with violence and legal violations before they offended so flagrantly that the king had to reprimand and control them. On the other hand, a woman who was caught without appropriate attire and without the proper escort outside the milieu of her daily life hazarded the label “a woman of ill repute.” To have the reputation of being of “good repute,” on the other hand, was a sufficient reason for jurors to acquit suspects. Gender, class, social status, wealth, connections, bribes, friends, and community all played a role in how quickly or how permanently a person’s reputation could be damaged, but so too did unwritten and sometimes written codes of behavior that determined who was of good repute and who was not. Medieval sermons, advice books, manuals of penance, ballads, laws, legal treatises, court records, and city and guild ordinances drew lines between good and bad behavior, but in practice dichotomies of behavior were less common than a range of actions that damaged a person’s good name. Social regulation and stigmatization were so complex that no simple measure explains how people arrived at their decisions about condemnation and exoneration or what behavior moved a person beyond community tolerance. This chapter looks at a variety of measurements expressing the limits of medieval community tolerance.
Introduction
Authors: Leafstedt Carl S
Published: November 2023

The two decades prior to World War I embraced a period of tremendous vitality in the creative arts in Hungary. As in the rest of Europe, a brilliant array of minds blossomed during this period, challenging accepted modes of expression in literature, music, drama, and the visual arts, and creating a multitude of strongly defined, individual styles. Figures like the poet Endre Ady, the painters Robert Bereny and Karoly Kernstock, musicians Bela Bart6k, Erno Dohnanyi, and Zoltan Kodaly, author Ferenc Molnar, and writer/ philosopher Georg Lukacs all experienced their formative years in the first decade of the twentieth century, lending their voices to the early modernist strivings of that era. The members of this “generation of 1900;’ as they have sometimes been called, reacted in various complex ways to the society that surrounded them, often revealing dissatisfaction with the cultural values held by the bourgeois, industrial society of which they were a part. In many respects, the issues that engaged them paralleled the issues that engaged creative artists all over Europe: the relationship between the sexes, the role of the artist in society, and the creation of a unique personal style.
BArt6K,Balazs,And The Creation Of Bluebeard’s Castle
Authors: Leafstedt Carl S
Published: November 2023

Despite its importance to Bart6k’s career, and to the history of twentieth-century opera, B!ueheard’.J Ca.Jtle remains a piece ofclosed doors to many musicians interested in its deeper background. The basic facts of its composition are well known and, while still open to minor refinements in chronology, faithfully transmitted in most studies of the composer’s life and works. Bart6k himself, in response to a request from the Budapest journal Magyar Szinpad, traced the outlines of the opera’s creation in a statement made at the time of its premiere in 1918:
16
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

Juan Yupanqui and Marcela, who had left Lucia’s house after the events we witnessed earlier, had gone home with Margarita and Rosalia, those two stars that shed cheer on their hut and whose destinies were already sealed with the mark that God puts on those He chooses to play a part in the transformation of society. There was no room now in Juan Yupanqui’s brain for his criminal thoughts of the day before. No more would he stand at the gloomy threshold of a suicide that steeps the hearts of those who remain in mourning and kills the hopes of those who believe. God had sent Lucia to restore Juan’s faith in Providence, torn from his heart by Father Pascual, the governor, and the collection agent or headman, that frightful trinity that embodied a single injustice. Juan once more believed in goodness, he felt renewed, and he would undertake life’s labors with fresh zeal to show his eternal gratitude to his benefactors. No longer would Marcela be the widow of a suicide, of a deserter from life, whose corpse, buried on the bank of some river or by the side of some lonely path, would draw from his dear ones no sighs, no prayers, no peace.
17
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

A Black shadow walked back and forth uneasily and impatiently from one side of the totally dark room to the other, afraid to light the linseed-oil lamp common in Killac or the tallow candle manufac tured by the local candlemaker, who adds small amounts of myrtle and boiled rosemary to the grease to make it whiter and firmer. Crime is always most comfortable with the blackness of the night. Almost opposite a small window with wooden bars and shutters painted with yellow ochre stood an ancient bedstead of noble zumbaillo wood with a correspondingly ancient canopy of silk damask curtains over the comfortable wide bed. A handsome quilt composed of countless pieces of cashmere of different colors, ingeniously combined by the skill of some good housewife or by the hand of some pious city lady, had been partially pulled aside and lay somewhat rumpled. On an adjacent wooden bench, and leaning slightly toward the pillows, sat a woman who had entered the house secretly, and whose arrival the pongo had already announced early in the evening while the priest was holding his meeting.
25
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

The man who, admitting that he is on the path of evil, stops to re trace his steps and ask for the help of the virtuous arouses a powerful sympathy in his fellow-creatures. No matter how heartless and egotistical our century may be, it is not true that repentance awakens no interest and merits no respect. Father Pascual’s words might have so moved the noble sentiments of Don Fernando Marin as to incline him unreservedly toward helping, or rather defending, the priest in any complications arising from the judicial process then under way; but Senor Marin was a man of the world who knew the human heart, and he saw more in Father Pascual’s de mean or than would an ordinary person and said to himself, “This is an explosion of fear, the nervous shock produced by fear.
26
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

The lofty peaks of the mountains that surround Killac were bathed in that pale light that the lord of day sometimes pours forth as he sinks into the west, and that locally is called “the pagan sun.” It was a peaceful afternoon, and the first chirping of the crickets announced the approach of night. Luda and Manuel, accompanied by Don Sebastian, were busy making final arrangements for Marcela’s burial, when Don Fernando came into the room and was asked by his wife, “What do you say to all this, Fernando? Is our poor priest still repentant?” “My dear, Father Pascual is dying of fever, and in his delirium he says things that make you tremble,” Don Fernando replied, smoothing his brow with his hand.
8
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

To understand how events in our story are linked to each other, we must now go back to the characters we have left behind. Father Pascual’s lofty sentiments of Christian repentance, his confession by Marcela’s death-bed, and the serious condition in which he was taken back to his empty house all produced their natural effect in Lucia’s generous heart, arousing an intense concern for the fate of that forlorn creature. The nurse of Killac, skilled in the battle against typhus, which was endemic in that town, cared for the priest and saved him; and once on the road to recovery, Father Pascual decided to head for the city, leaving a substitute in his place. The demands of moral purity can rarely be met for long by an organ ism corrupted by vice. The man who has sullied his youth in the mire of excesses far removed from the moderate pleasures of chaste love, who has spent his nervous energy in those physical passions that weaken the mechanism of his body until it has neither the strength nor the coordination to fulfill the functions that an all-wise nature has assigned to it, who has not husbanded his physical vigor by subjecting it to the moral law that governs human nature and has, instead, perversely followed only his animal instinct and squandered his life in debauchery, that man is seriously ill, and cannot simply recover his health whenever it suits him. Nonetheless, the rehabilitation of a man banished from the ranks of the virtuous is within the realm of the possible as long as those delicate fibers of his heart that vibrate in sweet response to the mention of God, fatherland, and family are not paralyzed.