bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Superinsulating BNNS/PVA Composite Aerogels with High Solar Reflectance for Energy-Efficient Buildings
Authors: Yang Jie , Chan Kit-Ying , Venkatesan Harun , Kim Eunyoung , Adegun Miracle Hope , Lee Jeng-Hun , Shen Xi , Kim Jang‐Kyo
Published: February 2022

With the mandate of worldwide carbon neutralization, pursuing comfortable living environment while consuming less energy is an enticing and unavoidable choice. Novel composite aerogels with super thermal insulation and high sunlight reflection are developed for energy-efficient buildings. A solvent-assisted freeze-casting strategy is used to produce boron nitride nanosheet/polyvinyl alcohol (BNNS/PVA) composite aerogels with a tailored alignment channel structure. The effects of acetone and BNNS fillers on microstructures and multifunctional properties of aerogels are investigated. The acetone in the PVA suspension enlarges the cell walls to suppress the shrinkage, giving rise to a lower density and a higher porosity, accompanied with much diminished heat conduction throughout the whole product. The addition of BNNS fillers creates whiskers in place of disconnected transverse ligaments between adjacent cell walls, further ameliorating the thermal insulation transverse to the cell wall direction. The resultant BNNS/PVA aerogel delivers an ultralow thermal conductivity of 23.5 mW m−1 K−1 in the transverse direction. The superinsulating aerogel presents both an infrared stealthy capability and a high solar reflectance of 93.8% over the whole sunlight wavelength, far outperforming commercial expanded polystyrene foams with reflective coatings. The anisotropic BNNS/PVA composite aerogel presents great potential for application in energy-saving buildings.
Narrative Cartography with Knowledge Graphs
Authors: Mai Gengchen , Huang Weiming , Cai Ling , Zhu Rui , Lao Ni
Published: February 2022

Narrative cartography is a discipline which studies the interwoven nature of stories and maps. However, conventional geovisualization techniques of narratives often encounter several prominent challenges, including the data acquisition & integration challenge and the semantic challenge. To tackle these challenges, in this paper, we propose the idea of narrative cartography with knowledge graphs (KGs). Firstly, to tackle the data acquisition & integration challenge, we develop a set of KG-based GeoEnrichment toolboxes to allow users to search and retrieve relevant data from integrated cross-domain knowledge graphs for narrative mapping from within a GISystem. With the help of this tool, the retrieved data from KGs are directly materialized in a GIS format which is ready for spatial analysis and mapping. Two use cases — Magellan’s expedition and World War II — are presented to show the effectiveness of this approach. In the meantime, several limitations are identified from this approach, such as data incompleteness, semantic incompatibility, and the semantic challenge in geovisualization. For the later two limitations, we propose a modular ontology for narrative cartography, which formalizes both the map content (Map Content Module) and the geovisualization process (Cartography Module). We demonstrate that, by representing both the map content and the geovisualization process in KGs (an ontology), we can realize both data reusability and map reproducibility for narrative cartography.
Can Federalism Save India’s Constitutional Democracy?
Authors: Choudhry Sujit
Published: February 2022

Madhav Khosla’s brilliant book,India’s Founding Moment, is self-consciously a work on the history of ideas. Nonetheless, the subtitle ofIndia’s Founding Moment—The Constitution of a Most Surprising Democracy—implies that Khosla draws a connection between the ideas that shaped the creation of constitutional democracy in India and its endurance. In this review, I pose the question of whether thedesignof the Constitution can be a source of constitutional resilience against the rising threat of authoritarianism and Hindu majoritarianism.
Temperature and power characteristics of quarter-wavelength superconducting coplanar waveguide resonator
Authors: Yu Huilong , Jing Lingxiao , Hua Tao , Xu Weiwei
Published: February 2022

A quarter wavelength superconducting aluminum film coplanar waveguide resonator with a high-quality factor was designed and fabricated. Furthermore, its resonant frequency and quality as a function of temperatures and exciting powers were investigated. The experimental results showed that the resonance frequency decreases about 1% with the increase of temperature from 50 mk to 1 K, and the load quality factor of the resonator also decreases. The resonant frequency decreases with power from − 120 to − 70 dBm. The quality factor increases with increased excitation power due to the loss decreases and nonlinearity. The results are consistent with the theoretical analysis of the surface impedance model.
Impact of Long-Term Dienogest Therapy on Quality of Life in Asian Women with Endometriosis: the Prospective Non-Interventional Study ENVISIOeN
Authors: Techatraisak Kitirat , Hestiantoro Andon , Soon Ruey , Banal-Silao Maria Jesusa , Kim Mee-Ran , Seong Seok Ju , Hidayat Syarief Thaufik , Cai Ling , Shin SoYoung , Lee Byung Seok
Published: February 2022

Several clinical trials in women with endometriosis demonstrated that dienogest reduces endometrial lesions and improves health-related quality of life (HRQoL). To assess HRQoL in dienogest-treated patients in real-world setting, we conducted a prospective, non-interventional study in 6 Asian countries. Women aged ≥18 years with clinical or surgical diagnosis of endometriosis, presence of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain (EAPP) and initiating dienogest therapy were enrolled. The primary objective was to evaluate HRQoL using the Endometriosis Health Profile-30 (EHP-30) questionnaire. The secondary objectives included analysis of EAPP, satisfaction with dienogest, endometriosis symptoms and bleeding patterns. 887 patients started dienogest therapy. Scores for all EHP-30 scales improved with the largest mean changes at month 6 and 24 in scale pain (−28.9 ± 27.5 and − 34 ± 28.4) and control and powerlessness (−23.7 ± 28.2 and − 28.5 ± 26.2). Mean EAPP score change was −4.6 ± 3.0 for both month 6 and 24 assessments. EAPP decrease was similar in surgically and only clinically diagnosed patients. From baseline to month 24, rates of normal bleeding decreased (from 85.8% to 17.5%) while rates of amenorrhea increased (from 3.5% to 70.8%). Majority of patients and physicians were satisfied with dienogest. Over 80% of patients reported symptoms improvement. 39.9% of patients had drug-related treatment-emergent adverse events, including vaginal hemorrhage (10.4%), metrorrhagia (7.3%) and amenorrhea (6.4%). In conclusion, dienogest improves HRQoL and EAPP in the real-world setting in women with either clinical or surgical diagnosis of endometriosis. Dienogest might be a promising first-line treatment option for the long-term management of debilitating endometriosis-associated symptoms.

NCT02425462, 24 April 2015.
The Association Between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Fu Leyi , Xie Ningning , Qu Fan , Zhou Jue , Wang Fangfang
Published: February 2022

The association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) is not widely recognized or properly assessed in adolescents. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide reliable results concerning MetS development in adolescents with PCOS. We searched studies published in PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science from January 2010 to December 2020. The quality of studies was assessed by the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS), and the data analysis was performed with Stata 14.0. Twelve articles were finally included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The results suggested that adolescents with PCOS have more than three times the odds of having MetS than controls (OR 3.32, 95% CI [2.14, 5.14]). Obese adolescents with PCOS also had a higher risk of MetS than those with obesity but without PCOS (OR 3.97, 95% CI [1.49, 10.53]). Compared to those without PCOS, systolic blood pressure was higher in adolescents with PCOS (weighted mean difference (WMD) 3.85, 95% CI [1.73, 5.97]), while diastolic blood pressure was higher only in girls with PCOS who had a normal weight (WMD 3.52, 95% CI [1.57, 5.48]). The levels of triglycerides were higher in obese adolescents with PCOS than in those with obesity but without PCOS (WMD 27.84, 95% CI [10.16, 45.51]). PCOS could increase the frequency of MetS by influencing blood pressure and lipid metabolism independent of obesity as early as the adolescent period. Thus, clinicians should perform early interventions in adolescents with PCOS and follow up the relevant indicators of MetS to decrease the risk of poor long-term prognosis.
Carbon dioxide photoreduction in prebiotic environments
Authors: Vadivel Dhanalakshmi , Ferraro Francesco , Merli Daniele , Dondi Daniele
Published: February 2022

The reduction of carbon dioxide is one of the hottest topics due to the concern of global warming. Carbon dioxide reduction is also an essential step for life's origins as photoautotrophs arose soon after Earth formation. Both the topics are of high general interest, and possibly, there could be a fruitful cross-fertilization of the two fields. Herein, we selected and collected papers related to photoreduction of carbon dioxide using compounds easily available on the Earth and considered of prebiotic relevance. This work might be useful also to scientists interested in carbon dioxide photoreduction and/or to have an overview of the techniques available.
A model for choice infrastructure: looking beyond choice architecture in Behavioral Public Policy
Authors: Schmidt Ruth
Published: February 2022

Interventions that tackle ‘last mile’ behaviors in the form of improved choice architecture are fundamental to Behavioral Public Policy (BPP), yet far less attention is typically paid to the nature and design of underlying system conditions and infrastructures that support these interventions. However, inattention to broader conditions that impact participant engagement and intervention functionality, such as barriers to access that deter participation or perverse structural disincentives that reward undesirable behaviors, may not only limit the effectiveness of behavioral solutions but also miss opportunities to deliberately design underlying ‘plumbing’ – the choice infrastructure – in a way that improves overall system efficacy and equity. Using the illustrative case of civic policy in food licensure, this article describes how using a ‘SPACE’ model to address Standards, Process mechanics and policies, Accountability, Culture within systems, and Evaluative and iterative feedback can support the development of improved choice infrastructure, contributing to BPP problem-solving efforts by helping practitioners create system conditions that are more conducive to the success of behavioral solutions.
Poor outcomes in both infection and colonization with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales
Authors: Howard-Anderson Jessica R. , Earley Michelle , Komarow Lauren , Abbo Lilian , Anderson Deverick J. , Gallagher Jason C. , Grant Matthew , Kim Angela , Bonomo Robert A. , van Duin David , Muñoz-Price L. Silvia , Jacob Jesse T.
Published: February 2022

Objectives:

To describe the epidemiology of patients with nonintestinal carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) colonization and to compare clinical outcomes of these patients to those with CRE infection.

Design:

A secondary analysis of Consortium on Resistance Against Carbapenems in Klebsiella and other Enterobacteriaceae 2 (CRACKLE-2), a prospective observational cohort.

Setting:

A total of 49 US short-term acute-care hospitals.

Patients:

Patients hospitalized with CRE isolated from clinical cultures, April, 30, 2016, through August 31, 2017.

Methods:

We described characteristics of patients in CRACKLE-2 with nonintestinal CRE colonization and assessed the impact of site of colonization on clinical outcomes. We then compared outcomes of patients defined as having nonintestinal CRE colonization to all those defined as having infection. The primary outcome was a desirability of outcome ranking (DOOR) at 30 days. Secondary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 90-day readmission.

Results:

Of 547 patients with nonintestinal CRE colonization, 275 (50%) were from the urinary tract, 201 (37%) were from the respiratory tract, and 71 (13%) were from a wound. Patients with urinary tract colonization were more likely to have a more desirable clinical outcome at 30 days than those with respiratory tract colonization, with a DOOR probability of better outcome of 61% (95% confidence interval [CI], 53%–71%). When compared to 255 patients with CRE infection, patients with CRE colonization had a similar overall clinical outcome, as well as 30-day mortality and 90-day readmission rates when analyzed in aggregate or by culture site. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated similar results using different definitions of infection.

Conclusions:

Patients with nonintestinal CRE colonization had outcomes similar to those with CRE infection. Clinical outcomes may be influenced more by culture site than classification as “colonized” or “infected.”
Law, Religion, and the COVID-19 Crisis
Authors: Movsesian Mark L.
Published: February 2022

This essay explores judicial responses to legal restrictions on worship during the COVID-19 pandemic and draws two lessons, one comparative and one relating specifically to U.S. law. As a comparative matter, courts across the globe have approached the problem in essentially the same way, through intuition and balancing. This has been the case regardless of what formal test applies, the proportionality test outside the United States, which expressly calls for judges to weigh the relative costs and benefits of a restriction, or the Employment Division v. Smith test inside the United States, which rejects judicial line-drawing and balancing in favor of predictable results. Judges have reached different conclusions about the legality of restrictions, of course, but doctrinal nuances have made little apparent difference. With respect to the United States specifically, the pandemic has revealed deep divisions about religion and religious freedom, among other things—divisions that have inevitably influenced judicial attitudes toward restrictions on worship. The COVID-19 crisis has revealed a cultural and political rift that makes consensual resolution of conflicts over religious freedom problematic, and perhaps impossible, even during a once-in-a-century pandemic.
Reproducibility and validity of a food frequency questionnaire to assess cardiovascular health-related food intake among Mexican adolescents
Authors: Terminel-Zaragoza Ricardo , Vega-López Sonia , Ulloa-Mercado Gabriela , Serna-Gutiérrez Araceli , Gortares-Moroyoqui Pablo , Díaz-Tenorio Lourdes , Rentería-Mexía Ana
Published: February 2022

There is a lack of region-adapted tools to evaluate diet as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adolescents. The study aim was to evaluate the reproducibility and validity of a paper-based and region-adapted food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) designed to assess CVD-related food and nutrient intakes of adolescents from Northwest México. The study design was cross-sectional. The FFQ was developed in a two-step process: prototype designing and a pilot test, with re-tested in a 3-month period, along with two administrations of 24 h-recall (24 hR). Pearson's and intra-class correlation coefficients (PCC and ICC) were assessed. Bland–Altman plots, limits of agreement and quintile classifications were carried out. Participants (n221) were 53·8 % male, 18·5 ± 0·4 years old. Reproducibility had a median PCC = 0·66 for processed meats, ranging from 0·40 (saturated fat) to 0·74 (fish & shellfish),P =0·001. ICC ranged from 0·53 (saturated fat) to 0·80 (sodium; and nuts, seeds and legumes),P =0·001. Validity comparing FFQ1v.24 hR mean, PCCs ranged from 0·12 (P= 0·06) to 0·95 (P= 0·001), and ICC from 0·20 (P= 0·048) to 0·88 (P= 0·001); comparing FFQ2v.24 hR mean, PCCs ranged from 0·07 (P= 0·25) to 0·46 (P= 0·001), and ICC from 0·15 (P= 0·106) to 0·58 (P= 0·001). The FFQ overestimated the intake of all food groups and nutrients (P< 0·05), while Cohen'sκshowed coefficients lower than 0·20. The proposed FFQ represents a moderately validated tool to estimate CVD-related food and nutrient intakes as a risk factor, which can be used in combination with multiple administrations of 24 hRs, as a critical mean in future interventions intended to reduce cardiometabolic risk in adolescents.
Ní Saoirse go Saoirse na mBan: Gender and the Irish language in the linguistic landscape of Ireland's 2018 abortion referendum
Authors: Strange Louis
Published: February 2022

In a 2018 referendum, the Irish public voted to lift the Irish state's near-total constitutional ban on abortion, bucking a recent global trend towards restrictions on reproductive rights. While abortion rights have long been a major concern of Irish feminists, appeals to national identity have often been viewed with suspicion by the women's rights movement in Ireland due to the historic role of national identity construction in perpetuating gender-based inequalities. This article explores the way(s) in which discourses of Irish identity and gender were mediated by the use of Irish in the linguistic landscape (LL) at the time of the vote. Proposing a modified version of Du Bois’ (2007) stance triangle, I argue that signs use Irish as both a means of stancetaking and as an object of stance in itself, thus effectively taking a stance on both the referendum and on Irish national identity, indexed by the language. (Stancetaking, Irish (language), national identity, gender, abortion, Eighth Amendment)
A new puzzle in the social evaluation of risk
Authors: Fleurbaey Marc , Zuber Stéphane
Published: February 2022

We highlight a new paradox for the social evaluation of risk that bears on the evaluation of individual well-being rather than social welfare, but has serious implications for social evaluation. The paradox consists in a tension between rationality, respect for individual preferences, and a principle of informational parsimony that excludes individual risk attitudes from the assessment of riskless situations. No evaluation criterion can satisfy these three principles. This impossibility result has implications for the evaluation of social welfare under risk, especially when the preferences of some individuals are not known. It generalizes existing impossibility results, while relying on very weak principles of social rationality and respect for individual preferences. We explore the possibilities opened by weakening each of our three principles and discuss the advantages and drawbacks of these different routes.
Empathic creativity: can trait empathy predict creative concept generation and selection?
Authors: Alsager Alzayed Mohammad , Miller Scarlett R. , McComb Christopher
Published: February 2022

Over the past decade, engineering design research has seen a significant surge of the discussion of empathy. As such, design researchers have been devoted in devising and assessing empathic design activities. While prior research has examined the utility of empathic design experiences on driving creative concept generation, little is known about the role of a designer's empathic tendencies in driving creative concept generation and selection in an engineering design project. Without this knowledge, we cannot be sure if, when, or how empathy influences the design process. Thus, the main goal of this paper was to identify the role of trait empathy in creative concept generation and selection in an engineering design student project. In order to achieve this objective, a study was conducted with 103 first-year engineering students during two design stages of an 8-week design project (concept generation and concept selection). The main findings from this paper highlighted that empathic concern tendencies positively impacted the generation of more ideas while personal distress tendencies negatively impacted the generation of more ideas. During concept selection, perspective-taking tendencies positively impacted participants’ propensity for selecting elegant ideas. This research took the first step in encouraging empirical investigations aimed at understanding the role of trait empathy across different stages of the design process.
Emotional maltreatment and neglect impact neural activation upon exclusion in early and mid-adolescence: An event-related fMRI study
Authors: Schulz Charlotte C. , von Klitzing Kai , Deserno Lorenz , Sheridan Margaret A. , Crowley Michael J. , Schoett Margerete J. S. , Hoffmann Ferdinand , Villringer Arno , Vrtička Pascal , White Lars O.
Published: February 2022

Child maltreatment gives rise to atypical patterns of social functioning with peers which might be particularly pronounced in early adolescence when peer influence typically peaks. Yet, few neuroimaging studies in adolescents use peer interaction paradigms to parse neural correlates of distinct maltreatment exposures. This fMRI study examines effects of abuse, neglect, and emotional maltreatment (EM) among 98 youth (n = 58 maltreated; n = 40 matched controls) using an event-related Cyberball paradigm affording assessment of both social exclusion and inclusion across early and mid-adolescence (≤13.5 years, n = 50; >13.5 years, n = 48). Younger adolescents showed increased activation to social exclusion versus inclusion in regions implicated in mentalizing (e.g., superior temporal gyrus). Individual exposure-specific analyses suggested that neglect and EM coincided with less reduction of activation to social exclusion relative to inclusion in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/pre-supplementary motor area (dACC/pre-SMA) among younger versus older adolescents. Integrative follow-up analyses showed that EM accounted for this dACC/pre-SMA activation pattern over and above other exposures. Moreover, age-independent results within respective exposure groups revealed that greater magnitude of neglect predicted blunted exclusion-related activity in the parahippocampal gyrus, while EM predicted increased activation to social exclusion in the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex.
Effect of intraoperative theophylline use on acute kidney injury in paediatric cardiac surgery
Authors: Yavuz Yasemin , Isildak Fatma Ukil
Published: February 2022

Background:

This study aimed to examine the effects of theophylline use in preventing renal dysfunction in patients undergoing CHD surgery.

Methods:

A total of 94 patients aged 1–60 months were included in the study. Patients in the theophylline group were enrolled according to a pre-defined protocol for treatment administration, while controls were selected retrospectively from patients without theophylline treatment during the same period – who were matched according to critical baseline characteristics.

Results:

The incidence of acute kidney injury was similar between the two groups (p = 1.000). Higher urinary output and lower fluid balance were found intraoperatively and also postoperatively in the theophylline group (all, p < 0.050). Postoperative decrease in urinary output and estimated glomerular filtration rate were higher in the theophylline group (p < 0.050). Lower postoperative urea and creatinine levels were shown in theophylline recipients (p < 0.050). Urea levels increased significantly in the non-theophylline group during surgery (p < 0.001), and no significant change was observed in theophylline group (p = 0.136). Postoperative increase in creatinine and lactate levels was demonstrated in theophylline group (p < 0.050), and lactate levels were higher in the non-theophylline group during and after cardiopulmonary bypass (p = 0.010). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed less reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate with higher age and in the presence of theophylline use (p < 0.050).

Conclusion:

Although we demonstrated a similar incidence of acute kidney injury in the both groups, we revealed an important decrease in serum creatinine, urea and lactate levels, accompanied by improved estimated glomerular filtration rate, increased urine output and decreased fluid overload, with theophylline treatment, suggesting that renal functions significantly improved with the use of theophylline.
Administrative and Educational Characteristics of Paramedic Programs in the United States
Authors: Ball Matthew T. , Powell Jonathan R. , Collard Lisa , York Doug K. , Panchal Ashish R.
Published: February 2022

Introduction:

Paramedics are a vital component of the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) workforce and the United States health care system. The continued provision of high-quality care demands constantly improving education at accredited institutions. To date, only limited characteristics of paramedic education in the United States have been documented and studied in the literature. The objective of this study was to describe the educational infrastructure of accredited paramedic programs in the United States in 2018.

Methods:

This is a retrospective, cross-sectional evaluation of the 2018 paramedic program annual report from The Committee on Accreditation of Educational Programs for the EMS Professions (CoAEMSP; Rowlett, Texas USA). The dataset includes detailed program metrics. Additionally, questions concerning program characteristics, demographics, and resources were asked as part of the evaluation. Resource availability was assessed via the Resource Assessment Matrix (RAM) with a benchmark of 80%. Included in the analysis are all paramedic programs with students enrolled. Descriptive statistics were calculated (median, [interquartile range/IQR]).

Results:

A total of 677 programs submitted data (100% response rate). Of these, 626 met inclusion criteria, totaling 17,422 students. Program annual enrollment varied greatly from one to 362 with most programs having small sizes (18 students [IQR 12-30]). Program duration was 12 months [IQR 12-16] with total hours of instruction being approximately 1,174 [IQR 1069-1304], 19% of which were dedicated to clinical experience. Full-time faculty sizes were small (two faculty members [IQR 1-3]) with most programs (80%) having annual operating budgets below USD$500,000. For programs with an annual budget below USD$100,000 (34% of programs), annual enrollment was approximately 14 students [IQR 9-21]. Degrees conferred by programs included certificates (90%), associate degrees (55%), and bachelor’s degree (2%). Simulation access was assessed with nearly all (100%) programs reporting simple task trainers and 84% of programs investing in advanced simulation manikins. Seventy-eight percent of programs met the RAM benchmark.

Conclusion:

Most paramedic educational programs in the United States have small annual enrollments with low numbers of dedicated faculty and confer certificates and associate degrees. Nearly one-quarter of paramedic educational programs are not adequately resourced. This study is limited by self-reported data to the national accreditation agency. Future work is needed to identify program characteristics that are associated with high performance.
Implementation and preliminary outcomes of cognitive enhancement therapy for serious mental illness in an outpatient mental health program
Authors: Faith Laura A. , Grove Amber , Jarvis Stephen P. , Rempfer Melisa V.
Published: February 2022

Background:

Although numerous evidence-based treatments for serious mental illnesses (SMI) exist, the majority are not widely utilized in clinical settings. Cognitive enhancement therapy (CET) has been tested in randomized trials; however, knowledge regarding implementation and outcomes in naturalistic environments is scarce.

Aims:

The current study is an uncontrolled, observational study describing implementation and pre- to post-outcomes of CETCleveland®, a community-based version of CET in an outpatient mental health program in the United States.

Method:

We included n = 34 diverse individuals with SMI. Data include qualitative implementation information and participant outcomes, including measures of cognition, symptoms, satisfaction and adherence.

Results:

Overall, participant satisfaction was positive, and adherence was comparable with previous studies. Implementation information includes training, clinician and setting characteristics, and barriers and solutions. Preliminary outcomes showed that participants significantly improved in areas of neurocognition and symptoms.

Conclusions:

Overall, our results demonstrated successful early implementation of CET in a diverse, outpatient mental health program and provided preliminary support for the clinical utilization of CET. We hope these results will promote further access to CET and other evidence-based psychiatric rehabilitation programs in community clinics.
The Effects of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms on the Association between Head Impacts and Post-Season Neurocognitive and Behavioral Outcomes
Authors: Lynch James D. , Narad Megan E. , Diekfuss Jed A. , Avedesian Jason , Zuleger Taylor M. , Peugh James , Myer Gregory D. , Epstein Jeffery N.
Published: February 2022

Objective:

Having attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a risk factor for concussion that impacts concussion diagnosis and recovery. The relationship between ADHD and repetitive subconcussive head impacts on neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes is less well known. This study evaluated the role of ADHD as a moderator of the association between repetitive head impacts on neurocognitive test performance and behavioral concussion symptoms over the course of an athletic season.

Method:

Study participants included 284 male athletes aged 13–18 years who participated in high school football. Parents completed the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior (SWAN) ratings about their teen athlete before the season began. Head impacts were measured using an accelerometer worn during all practices and games. Athletes and parents completed behavioral ratings of concussion symptoms and the Attention Network Task (ANT), Digital Trail Making Task (dTMT), and Cued Task Switching Task at pre- and post-season.

Results:

Mixed model analyses indicated that neither head impacts nor ADHD symptoms were associated with post-season athlete- or parent-reported concussion symptom ratings or neurocognitive task performance. Moreover, no relationships between head impact exposure and neurocognitive or behavioral outcomes emerged when severity of pre-season ADHD symptoms was included as a moderator.

Conclusion:

Athletes’ pre-season ADHD symptoms do not appear to influence behavioral or neurocognitive outcomes following a single season of competitive football competition. Results are interpreted in light of several study limitations (e.g., single season, assessment of constructs) that may have impacted this study’s pattern of largely null results.
What is the Current and Future Status of Digital Mental Health Interventions?
Authors: Baños Rosa Mª , Herrero Rocío , Vara Mª Dolores
Published: February 2022

The prevalence of mental disorders continues to increase, especially with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although we have evidence-based psychological treatments to address these conditions, most people encounter some barriers to receiving this help (e.g., stigma, geographical or time limitations). Digital mental health interventions (e.g., Internet-based interventions, smartphone apps, mixed realities -virtual and augmented reality) provide an opportunity to improve accessibility to these treatments. This article summarizes the main contributions of the different types of digital mental health solutions. It analyzes their limitations (e.g., drop-out rates, lack of engagement, lack of personalization, lack of cultural adaptations) and showcases the latest sophisticated and innovative technological advances under the umbrella of precision medicine (e.g., digital phenotyping, chatbots, or conversational agents). Finally, future challenges related to the need for real world implementation of these interventions, the use of predictive methodology, and hybrid models of care in clinical practice, among others, are discussed.
Adolescent Involvement in Cybergossip: Influence on Social Adjustment, Bullying and Cyberbullying
Authors: García-Fernández Cristina María , Moreno-Moya Miriam , Ortega-Ruiz Rosario , Romera Eva M.
Published: February 2022

Gossip is a type of social behavior present in all types of social networks, and cybergossip is an emerging kind of online social behavior which can both promote and hinder relationships between peers. The aim of this study was to explore the relation between involvement in cybergossip and the development of behavior of social adjustment, bullying and cyberbullying (aggression and victimization), based on gender and age. A total of 510 secondary school students (49.4% girls) aged 12 to 17 years old (M = 14.01; SD = 1.38) were surveyed by self-report. Questionnaires validated with adolescents were used to measure bullying, social adjustment and cyberbullying. The results showed that a high prevalence of involvement in cybergossip was associated with bullying and cyberbullying behavior (aggression and victimization), with girls showing the greatest involvement in cybergossip. The discussion of the results focuses on the gender difference, as well as the importance of the need for training in the proper use of digital devices for social education and socialization.
Measuring Gratification From and Consequences of	Likes
Authors: Shabahang Reza , Ghaemi Zahra , Aruguete Mara S. , Saeedi Maryam , Shim Hyejin , Farnaz Sedighian Seyedeh
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Paralinguistic digital affordances (PDAs; e.g., likes) are sought out by social media users and serve an important function of enhancing social reputation in online contexts. Nonetheless, there has been no standardized measure for evaluating gratification from receiving PDAs. This study provides a brief, validated self-report questionnaire on PDA gratification. The results of factor analysis verified the three-factor structure (i.e., emotional, status, and social gratifications) of the questionnaire. Internal consistency was established using inter-item correlation, corrected item-total correlation, and Cronbach’s alpha. Gratification from receiving PDAs was positively associated with risky behaviors used to enhance fame, tendency to use social media’s black market, and problematic Internet use. The findings provide preliminary evidence that gratification from receiving PDAs may increase the likelihood of maladaptive fame-seeking behaviors in social media users. The Gratification From Receiving PDAs Questionnaire appears to be a promising measure that may offer new insights into the motivations involved in social media use.
The Impact of Giving Feedback in Online Discussions
Authors: Naab Teresa K.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. In online discussions, users often evaluate comments from other users. On the basis of face theory, the present study analyzed the effects of evaluative replies on the evaluated comment authors. The investigation complements existing research, which has mainly focused on effects of comments on uninvolved readers. In the experimental study presented here, disapproving evaluations provoked negative and less positive emotions, and the evaluated authors were less willing to participate in the online discussion further. The authors’ perception of face threat mediated these effects. The results contribute to face theory in computer-mediated interactions and to our understanding of online discussions with dissonant standpoints.
Ionospheric Corrections for Satellite Altimetry ‐ Impact on Global Mean Sea Level Trends
Authors: Dettmering Denise , Schwatke Christian
Published: February 2022

Atmospheric delay corrections for satellite altimetry measurements are essential for deriving highly accurate sea surface heights and reliable global mean sea level (GMSL) trend estimates. A commonly used method to correct for ionospheric path delays are the usage of GNSS‐based Global Ionospheric Maps (GIM). The different orbit heights of GNSS and altimeter satellites require an adaption of GIM corrections to account for free electrons in the Earth plasmasphere. This study shows that the widely used scaling approach based on the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) is not able to accurately scale the GIM models. The impact of neglecting the plasmaspheric part of the atmosphere strongly correlates with the solar activity of about 11 years. This manifests itself as trend errors in global GMSL. For the Jason period (2002–2021) a trend error of 0.17 mm/year can be shown, which is even larger for smaller periods (e.g., 1.0 mm/year for Jason‐1 lifetime). The application of an additional constant scaling factor of 0.886 can reduce the trend differences to below 0.05 mm/year.
Radial Interplanetary Magnetic Field‐Induced North‐South Asymmetry in the Solar Wind‐Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling: A Case Study
Authors: Park Jong‐Sun , Shi Quan Qi , Shi Xueling , Shue Jih‐Hong , Degeling Alexander W. , Nowada Motoharu , Tian An Min , Kim Khan‐Hyuk , Pitkänen Timo , Zhang Yongliang
Published: February 2022

In this paper, we present a case study of the radial interplanetary magnetic field (IMF Bx)‐induced asymmetric solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere (SW‐M‐I) coupling between the northern and southern polar caps using ground‐based and satellite‐based data. Under prolonged conditions of strong earthward IMF on 5 March 2015, we find significant discrepancies between polar cap north (PCN) and polar cap south (PCS) magnetic indices with a negative bay‐like change in the PCN and a positive bay‐like change in the PCS. The difference between these indices (PCN‐PCS) reaches a minimum of −1.63 mV/m, which is approximately three times higher in absolute value than the values for most of the time on this day (within ±0.5 mV/m). The high‐latitude plasma convection also shows an asymmetric feature such that there exists an additional convection cell near the noon sector in the northern polar cap, but not in the southern polar cap. Meanwhile, negative bays in the north‐south component of ground magnetic field perturbations (less than 50 nT) observed in the nightside auroral region of the Northern Hemisphere are accompanied with the brightening and widening of the nightside auroral oval in the Southern Hemisphere, implying a weak, but clear energy transfer to the nightside ionosphere of both hemispheres. After the hemispheric asymmetries in the polar caps disappear, a substorm onset takes place. All these observations indicate that IMF Bx‐induced single lobe reconnection that occurred in the Northern Hemisphere plays an important role in hemispheric asymmetry in the energy transfer from the solar wind to the polar cap through the magnetosphere.
The Role of Slow Slip Events in the Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquake Cycle
Authors: Saux Juliette P. , Molitors Bergman Elias G. , Evans Eileen L. , Loveless John P.
Published: February 2022

Slow slip events (SSEs) detected on the Cascadia Subduction Zone interface at 30–50 km depth imply a release of accumulated strain. However, studies of interseismic deformation in Cascadia typically find coupling on the upper 30 km of the interface, which is generally accepted as defining the seismogenic zone. Estimates of coupling using net interseismic velocities (including SSE effects) and restricting coupling to the shallow interface may underestimate slip deficit accumulation at depths >30 km. Here, we detect reversals in GPS motion as indications of SSEs, then use SSE displacements to estimate cumulative slow slip from 2007 to 2021. We calculate pure interseismic velocities, correcting for SSE displacements, and use them to constrain an elastic block model, estimating slip deficit on the subduction interface down to 50 km. By evaluating slip deficit and slow slip independently, we examine SSEs’ effect on interseismic strain accumulation, and the effect of inter‐SSE slip deficit and slow slip on vertical deformation of the forearc. We find that moderate to high coupling extends to 40 km depth, and while shallow coupling is consistent with previous estimates of the seismogenic zone, a deeper region of slip deficit beneath the Olympic Peninsula may be partially (61%) relieved aseismically by SSEs. Patterns of surface uplift suggest that complete relief of deep coupling over multiple decades may be accomplished by time‐varying rates of aseismic slip.
Seismic Wave Propagation in Partially Saturated Rocks With a Fractal Distribution of Fluid‐Patch Size
Authors: Zhang Lin , Ba Jing , Carcione José M. , Wu Chunfang
Published: February 2022

Laboratory experiments on partially saturated rocks show that seismic attenuation can be significant. The main mechanism, wave‐induced local fluid flow (WILFF), is affected by the spatial fluid distribution, especially in conditions of patchy saturation at different spatial scales. We propose a theory to obtain the seismic properties of partially saturated rocks based on fractal (self‐similar) patches, leading to an effective frequency‐dependent fluid modulus. The model combines the differential effective medium and Biot‐Rayleigh theories, where the patches are inclusions incrementally added, such that the effective fluid calculated in the current addition serves as host fluid in the next one. The analysis shows that adding identical inclusions in one or several steps produces nearly the same results, but the seismic properties depend on the scale range (radius) of the inclusions, fractal dimension Df of the self‐similar distribution, parameter of the exponential distribution, mean radius r0 and variance of the Gaussian distribution. Forced‐oscillation experiments were performed on a limestone sample under partial water‐saturation conditions at seismic frequencies (2–500 Hz), to obtain the velocity dispersion and extensional attenuation. The proposed theory provided a reasonable description of these experimental data as well as other published measurements on tight carbonate and Berea sandstone.
Connecting the Oxidative Potential of Fractionated Particulate Matter With Chromophoric Substances
Authors: Wu Na , Lu Bingqing , Chen Qingcai , Chen Jianmin , Li Xiang
Published: February 2022

Particulate matter (PM) air pollution is recognized as a major cause of adverse health outcomes, yet much remains unknown about which fractions and compositions are the most harmful. Efforts in this direction can be improved by employing a cell‐free approach, dithiothreitol (DTT) assay, the so‐called oxidative potential (OP). Here, we provide a detailed examination of OP from fractionated PM by a combination extraction method of solvent and solid‐phase extractions (SPE). We estimate that the average OP of water‐soluble matter (WSM; 4.27 nmol/min/m3) is up to 1.2 times higher than methanol‐soluble matter (3.66 nmol/min/m3) in most seasons apart from summer. Of these WSM, OP is distributed almost equally between hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions. OP of PM is mainly related to transition metals (Cu: 12.1%, Mn: 2.5%); apart from these, more than 80% of the total OP remains unidentified. Identification of this unexplained OP by a novel approach, integrating the chromophore characteristics with parallel factor analysis, has shown that chromophore1 (C1) accounted for 98% of OP, although this factor only made a small contribution to the total fluorescence. Our paper highlights the importance of a holistic approach by evaluating the chemical structure‐activity relationship between optical characteristics and OP. Information presented here draws a connection between light‐absorbing organic aerosols and a possible toxicological mechanism on the basis of their optical properties.
Secondary Minerals Drive Extreme Lithium Isotope Fractionation During Tropical Weathering
Authors: Chapela Lara María , Buss Heather L. , Henehan Michael J. , Schuessler Jan A. , McDowell William H.
Published: February 2022

Lithium isotopes are used to trace weathering intensity, but little is known about the processes that fractionate them in highly weathered settings, where secondary minerals play a dominant role in weathering reactions. To help fill this gap in our knowledge of Li isotope systematics, we investigated Li isotope fractionation at an andesitic catchment in Puerto Rico, where the highest rates of silicate weathering on Earth have been documented. We found the lowest δ7Li values published to date for porewater (−27‰) and bulk regolith (−38‰), representing apparent fractionations relative to parent rock of −31‰ and −42‰, respectively. We also found δ7Li values that are lower in the exchangeable fraction than in the bulk regolith or porewater, the opposite than expected from secondary mineral precipitation. We interpret these large isotopic offsets and the unusual relationships between Li pools as resulting from two distinct weathering processes at different depths in the regolith. At the bedrock‐regolith transition (9.3–8.5 m depth), secondary mineral precipitation preferentially retains the lighter6Li isotope. These minerals then dissolve further up the profile, leaching6Li from the bulk solid, with a total variation of about +50‰withinthe profile, attributable primarily to clay dissolution. Importantly, streamwater δ7Li (about +35‰) is divorced entirely from these regolith weathering processes, instead reflecting deeper weathering reactions (>9.3 m). Our work thus shows that the δ7Li of waters draining highly weathered catchments may reflect bedrock mineralogy and hydrology, rather than weathering intensity in the regolith covering the catchment.
Coarsening Dynamics of 2D Subaqueous Dunes
Authors: Jarvis P. A. , Bacik K. A. , Narteau C. , Vriend N. M.
Published: February 2022

Fluid flow over an initially flat granular bed leads to the formation of a surface‐wave instability. The sediment bed profile coarsens and increases in amplitude and wavelength as disturbances develop from ripples into dunes. We perform experiments and numerical simulations to quantify both the temporal evolution of bed properties and the relationship between the initial growth rate and the friction velocity u∗. Experimentally, we study underwater bedforms originating from a thin horizontal particle layer in a narrow and counter‐rotating annular flume. We investigate the role of flow speed, flow depth and initial bed thickness on dune evolution. Bedforms evolve from small, irregular disturbances on the bed surface to rapidly growing connected terraces (2D equivalent of transverse dunes) before splitting into discrete dunes. Throughout much of this process, growth is controlled by dune collisions which are observed to result in either coalescence or ejection (mass exchange). We quantify the coarsening process by tracking the temporal evolution of the bed amplitude and wavelength. Additionally, we perform Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of the fluid flow inside the flume to relate the experimental conditions to u∗. By combining the experimental observations with the LES results, we find that the initial dune growth rate scales approximately as . These results can motivate models of finite‐amplitude dune growth from thin sediment layers that are important in both natural and industrial settings.