bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-similarity, momentum scaling and Reynolds stress in
non-premixed turbulent spray flames
Authors: KARPETIS A. N. , GOMEZ A.
Published: July 2002

An experimental study was conducted in a turbulent spray flame in which droplets
were produced ultrasonically at low velocity relative to the host gas. In this fashion,
injector-specific effects on the two-phase flow were minimized and a scenario generally
characteristic of the far field of practical spray systems could be simulated. Close to
the burner exit, the spray flame appeared as a dense column of drops burning with
an envelope flame. Further downstream, it opened up slowly in the radial direction
and developed a turbulent ‘brush’ appearance. Measurements of the size, velocity
and concentration of the droplets, and of gas-phase velocity and temperature were
made by combining a Phase-Doppler interferometric technique with Stokes/anti-Stokes Raman thermometry. The experimental data were used to derive scaling and
self-similarity for the Reynolds-averaged continuity and momentum equations using
suitable transformations.

Results showed three distinct regions, on the basis of the behaviour of the gas
axial velocity in the spray flame. In the lower part of the flame, the gas momentum
increased because of vaporization. In the intermediate region of the spray flame,
the axial velocity decayed along the centreline as an inverse power of the distance
from the virtual origin, with exponents smaller than unity. In the upper part of
the spray flame, the flow field recovered the axial velocity decay that is typical of
incompressible jets, namely as an inverse of the axial distance. Self-similar behaviour
held for the axial velocity throughout the intermediate region. The vapour source
term in the gas continuity equation scaled approximately as an inverse power of
axial distance, and exhibited self-similarity throughout the spray flame. As a result,
a simple model of the Reynolds stress term could be formulated, in which two
competing contributions appear: one, that is due to turbulent transport, tends to
increase the value of the velocity correlation; another, that is due to the vaporization
term, tends to reduce the value of the velocity correlation and can be construed as a
vaporization-induced tendency towards relaminarization. The first term is modelled
by a classic gradient-transport approach yielding an empirical mixing length relating
the velocity correlation to the average velocity gradient. Model and experiments are
found to be in good agreement, especially sufficiently far from the injector, where
one-way coupling between the two phases holds.
The flickering candle: transition to a global oscillation in a thermal plume - Corrigendum
Authors: Maxworthy T.
Published: July 2002

The flickering candle: transition to a global oscillation
in a thermal plume

Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 390 (1999), pp. 297–323

On page 302, the fourth and third lines from the bottom of the page, for the word
‘important’ read ‘unimportant’.
Marangoni convection. Part 2. A cavity subject to point heating
Authors: HAMED M. , FLORYAN J. M.
Published: July 2002

Marangoni convection in a cavity subject to point (concentrated) heating has been
investigated. The analysis includes the complete effects of the interface deformation.
The results determined for large Biot and zero Marangoni (zero Prandtl) numbers
show that steady convection may exist only for a limited range of Reynolds numbers
Re (bounded from above and from below), and for capillary numbers Ca and cavity
lengths L smaller than certain critical values. The main factor limiting the existence
of steady convection involves the interface approaching the bottom of the cavity.
Unsteady analysis shows that when the conditions guaranteeing the existence of
steady convection are not met, an interface rupture process sets in leading, eventually,
to the formation of a dryout at the bottom of the cavity. The initial stages of the
rupture process are characterized by a rapidly accelerating growth of the interface
deformation. The critical values of Re, Ca and L, which guarantee the existence of
steady convection, are mutually dependent and change with the heating rate; they
reach a minimum for instantaneous heating. Too rapid heating produces an oscillatory
transient which always decays in the range of parameters studied.
Marangoni convection. Part 1. A cavity
with differentially heated sidewalls
Authors: HAMED M. , FLORYAN J. M.
Published: July 2002

Marangoni convection in a cavity with differentially heated sidewalls has been investigated.
The analysis includes the complete effects of interface deformation. The results
determined for large Biot and zero Marangoni (zero Prandtl) numbers show that
steady convection may exist for Reynolds numbers Re larger than, and for capillary
numbers Ca and cavity lengths L smaller than, certain critical values. The main factor
limiting the existence of steady convection involves the interface becoming tangential
to the hot wall at the contact point (tangency condition). Unsteady analysis shows
that the tangency condition defines the limit point for the system; its violation is most
likely to lead to the formation of a dry spot at the hot wall. The critical values of Re,
Ca, and L are mutually dependent and change with the heating rate (they reach a
minimum for instantaneous heating). For a certain range of parameters, multiple (i.e.
steady and oscillatory) states are possible. The oscillatory state has a form consisting
of the steady mode with a simple harmonic sloshing motion superposed on it. A
reduction in the heating rate permits heating of the liquid without triggering the
oscillatory state. Transition between the steady and the oscillatory states involves a
nonlinear instability process.
Forms of address and terms of reference
Authors: DICKEY ELEANOR
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the relationship between the use of names and

other words in

address and in reference: how does the way that speaker A addresses B differ
from

the way that A refers to B, and what are the factors affecting this difference?
The

study, based on observation and interviews, attempts both to solve a problem
in

pragmatics and to help historical linguists and others who need to know
the extent

to which it may be justified to extrapolate from referential to address

usage and vice versa.
Macro-economics, markets and the humid forests of Cameroon, 1967–1997
Authors: Ndoye Ousseynou , Kaimowitz David
Published: July 2002

This paper analyses how macro-economic and agricultural policies, market
fluctuations and demographic changes affected forests in the Humid Forest
Zone of Cameroon in four periods between 1967 and 1997. For each period
it examines how these variables influenced cocoa, coffee, food, and agroindustrial
crop production and area, and logging. It concludes that government
policies, market fluctuations and demographic changes all had a
strong impact on forests. Pressure on forests increased after structural adjustment
policies were initiated in the mid-1980s. Malthusian reasoning alone
cannot explain the level of deforestation and forest degradation in Cameroon.
Reduced MHD in nearly potential magnetic fields
Authors: STRAUSS H. R.
Published: July 2002

Reduced, approximate MHD equations are derived for the case where
the
magnetic field is close to a potential field. The potential field can have
an
arbitrary three-dimensional structure, as long as it is non-vanishing.
Finite
current and pressure effects are included.
Response of a relativistic anisotropic thermal

plasma. Part 1. Unmagnetized particles
Authors: MELROSE D. B.
Published: July 2002

Expressions for the linear response tensor are derived using a

covariant forward-scattering method for unmagnetized relativistic thermal

distributions restricted

to one-dimensional (strictly parallel) and two-dimensional (strictly perpendicular)

motions. The freedom to make Lorentz transformations is used to generalize
the

strictly perpendicular distribution to a counterpart of the nonrelativistic

Dory–Guest–Harris (DGH) distribution.
The spectrum of MHD flows about X points
Authors: NIJBOER R. J. , GOEDBLOED J. P. , LIFSCHITZ A. E.
Published: July 2002

A recently proposed method to calculate the spectrum of linear,
incompressible,
unbounded plasma flows is applied to magnetohydrodynamic flows about X
points.
The method transforms the two-dimensional spectral problem in physical
space
into a one-dimensional problem in Fourier space. The latter problem is
far easier
to solve. Application of this method to X-point plasma flows results in
two kinds
of essential spectra. One kind corresponds to stable perturbations and
the other
one to perturbations that become overstable whenever the square of the
poloidal
Alfvén Mach number becomes larger than 1. Apart from these two spectra,
no other
spectral values were found.
Dielectric tensor and electromagnetic modes in magnetized non-ideal plasmas
Authors: RYLYUK V. M. , TKACHENKO I. M. , ORTNER J.
Published: July 2002

The effect of Coulomb correlations on the spectrum of electromagnetic
waves propagating in a non-ideal magnetized fully ionized hydrogen plasma is
studied. We employ the dielectric tensor constructed by means of the classical
theory of moments without using perturbation theory.
Relative Underdevelopment as a Barrier to Technological Efficiency: A Comparative Study of Ministeel Plants in India and the UK
Authors: Athreye Suma S.
Published: July 2002

How could relative underdevelopment pose a constraint to the harnessing of technological change and increased output productivity due to technological developments? In this paper one possible chain of causation in the understanding of this question is suggested. It is argued that fragmentation of markets and the absence of industrial deepening, both factors characteristic of developing country markets, could constitute important barriers to the adoption of firm strategies that promote technological efficiency in producer goods sectors. The fragmentation of markets (due to poor infrastructure) prevents specialization and thus impedes technological learning through this route. The lack of industrial deepening implies that a large proportion of demand for intermediate producer goods emerges from households in the economy rather than firms.
CROSSING THE BOUNDARY: LIMINALITY AND TRANFORMATIVE WISDOM IN Q
Authors: KIRK ALAN
Published: July 2002

Leo Perdue has applied Victor Turner's anthropological model of separation, liminality, and reaggregation to elucidate the social function of ancient wisdom texts. Ancient wisdom texts project the rhetorical situation of liminality upon their recipients in the course of imparting instruction, the effect of which is to integrate recipients at a new level into social structure. Using Turner's model, correlated with Berger's and Luckmann's model of resocialization, this paper argues that John's threshold speech functions to throw Q's recipients into a state of liminality. It thus creates the conditions necessary for reception of Jesus’ wisdom which follows. These results are used to critique stratigraphies of Q which are based upon the notion that the juxtaposition of John's and Jesus’ speeches is anomalous.
TWO PHILONIC PRAYERS AND THEIR CONTEXTS: AN ANALYSIS OF WHO IS THE HEIR OF DIVINE THINGS (HER.) 24–29 AND AGAINST FLACCUS (FLAC.) 170–75
Authors: BORGEN PEDER
Published: July 2002

Although Abraham's prayer in Her. 24–29 has several distinctive features, the similarities with the Hodayot suggest that it is an Alexandrian example of the same kind of prayer. Flaccus's prayer in Flac. 170–75, and the whole treatise Against Flaccus, belong to the writings which present the view that those who attack God or God and His people suffer punishments. Such writings are the book of Esther and parts of the books of Daniel and 2 Maccabees. A parallel is also found in Rev 18. Flaccus's prayer in itself has the form of a prayer at departure before death. Abraham's prayer illustrates how a cited text in Philo's Allegorical Commentary is interpreted by means of expository paraphrases and elaborations in which various biblical texts are woven together. At the same time critical circumstances in Philo's time are reflected. In the treatise Against Flaccus (as also in the Embassy to Gaius) the interpretation of the Laws of Moses in the practice and crisis of communal life is the issue. Thus there were in Alexandria conflicting views of, and actions relative to, the Laws of Moses. Flaccus's exile and death were an indubitable proof that, in spite of the pogrom suffered by the Jews, God's help was not withdrawn from their nation. Flaccus was a person who was justly punished. In Abraham's prayer, his and the people's exile and banishment are understood paradoxically. What Abraham was lacking as an outcast, he nevertheless possessed in his Lord. Abraham, and then implicitly the Jewish people, lived a life ‘in spite of’.
A model for the origins and spread of drug-resistant malaria
Authors: HASTINGS I. M.
Published: July 2002

A general method of investigating parasite population genetics
is
presented and used to investigate the evolution of drug
resistance in Plasmodium. The most important biological factor
is
the nature of the control, presumably through host
immunity, of the malarial infection. Two models are examined: a ‘generalized
immunity’ (GI) model in which immunity
regulates the overall level of infection, and a ‘specific immunity’
(SI) model in which each clone within the infection is
regulated independently. These models are used to investigate 3 critical
factors
in the evolution of resistance: (i) the
frequency of resistant alleles in the population prior to drug use, (ii)
the
dynamics of resistance following drug application
and (iii) the magnitude of threshold frequencies below which resistance
will
not evolve. These analyses also identify the
implicit assumptions made in several previous models, reconcile their differing
conclusions and allow a more informed
debate about the practical application of drugs.
Actions of the anthelmintic ivermectin on the pharyngeal
muscle of the parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum
Authors: BROWNLEE D. J. A. , HOLDEN-DYE L. , WALKER R. J.
Published: July 2002

The anthelmintic ivermectin has a number of effects on nematodes
which result in changes in behaviour, particularly
locomotion, including paralysis and an inhibition of feeding. This paper
describes the application of an in vitro pharmacological
approach to further delineate the action of ivermectin on feeding behaviour.
Contraction of Ascaris suum pharyngeal
muscle was monitored using a modified pressure transducer system
which detects changes in intrapharyngeal pressure and
therefore contraction of the radial muscle of the pharynx. The pharynx
did
not contract spontaneously. However, serotonin
(5-HT, 100 μm) stimulated rhythmic contractions and relaxations
(pumping) at a frequency of 0·5 Hz. γ-Aminobutyric
acid (GABA) and glutamic acid inhibited the pumping elicited by 5-HT. The
duration of inhibition was concentration
dependent (1–1000 μm) with a threshold of 1 μm
and 10 μm respectively (n=8). Ivermectin
also inhibited pharyngeal
pumping (1–1000 nM). At lower concentrations, ivermectin
(1–10 pM) potentiated the GABA and glutamate inhibition,
so that inhibition occurred at concentrations which were below threshold
in the
absence of ivermectin. These data provide
evidence that the pharynx is a site for the action of ivermectin. Thus
interruption of pharyngeal processes such as, feeding,
regulation of hydrostatic pressure and secretion may provide a new site
of
anthelmintic action.
Development of Sarcocystis falcatula in cell cultures
demonstrates that it is different from Sarcocystis neurona
Authors: LINDSAY D. S. , DUBEY J. P. , HORTON K. M. , BOWMAN D. D.
Published: July 2002

The development of Sarcocystis falcatula merozoites in
bovine turbinate (BT) cell cultures is described and compared with
development of Sarcocystis neurona merozoites. Merozoites of S.
falcatula entered BT cell cultures and increased in size
until 3 days post-inoculation when the nucleus of some merozoites developed
lobes. Developing schizonts present at 4
days contained a lobed nucleus or appeared multinucleate. A single mature
schizont was observed 4 days p.i. Schizonts
were numerous 5 and 6 days p.i. Merozoites were produced from blastophores
on the schizont. S. neurona merozoites
developed to mature schizonts by 3 days p.i. in BT cells and a residual
body was often present. Transmission electron
microscopy revealed that S. falcatula merozoites possessed more
micronemes than did S. neurona merozoites. Our study
demonstrates that S. falcatula and S. neurona are not
the same parasite.
A survey of genes expressed in adults of the human
hookworm, Necator americanus
Authors: DAUB J. , LOUKAS A. , PRITCHARD D. I. , BLAXTER M.
Published: July 2002

Hookworms are gut-dwelling, blood-feeding nematodes that infect hundreds of millions of people, particularly in the
tropics. As part of a program aiming to define novel drug targets and vaccine candidates for human parasitic nematodes,
genes expressed in adults of the human hookworm Necator americanus were surveyed by the expressed sequence tag
approach. In total 161 new hookworm genes were identified. For the majority of these, a function could be assigned by
homology. The dataset includes proteases, protease inhibitors, a lipid binding protein, C-type lectins, an anti-bacterial
factor, globins and other genes of interest from a drug or vaccine development viewpoint. Three different classes of small,
secreted proteins were identified that may be involved in the host–parasite interaction, including potential potassium
channel blocking peptides. One third of the genes were novel. These included highly expressed, secreted (glyco)proteins
which may be part of the excretory–secretory products of these important pathogens. Of particular interest are a family
of 9 genes with similarity to the immunomodulatory protein, neutrophil inhibitory factor, that may play a role in
establishing an immunocompromised niche for this successful parasite.
Life-history strategies and population dynamics
of abomasal nematodes in Svalbard reindeer
(Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus)
Authors: IRVINE R. J. , STIEN A. , HALVORSEN O. , LANGVATN R. , ALBON S. D.
Published: July 2002

The observation that the total abundance of adult nematodes in the abomasum of Svalbard reindeer increases between
October and April suggests adaptation to cope with the Arctic winter. Here we investigate the extent to which selection
has led to similar life-history strategies in the 3 most numerous trichostrongyle species. The life-histories are found to
differ markedly. We use flexible statistical models for the abundance and dispersion of parasites in the host population.
One of the taxa, Marshallagia marshalli, was most abundant and had its highest egg output in the winter. In contrast,
the abundance of the most common taxa, Ostertagia gruehneri, m. gruehneri was stable or declined from autumn to
late winter, and the closely related taxa, O. gruehneri, m. arcticus, showed a similar over winter drop. The faecal egg
output of these 2 taxa was highest in summer, as found in temperate trichostrongyle species. Despite the apparent
contamination of summer pastures with O. gruehneri, calves showed negligible burdens until their second summer and the
abundance of infection reached an asymptote within their third year. In contrast, the abundance of M. marshalli in calves
showed a rapid increase over the first summer and by late winter was similar to peak levels found in adults (8000 worms).
This increase could not be accounted for by the developing abomasum larvae population and is therefore evidence for
transmission over the winter for this taxa. While M. marshalli showed little between-year variation, O. gruehneri showed
2-fold fluctuation in the abundance of infection. O. gruehneri may therefore play a role in the fluctuating population
dynamics of the host. Since there was no apparent decline in abundance with host age in any of the 3 taxa there was
no evidence of reindeer mounting an immune response.
Linkage disequilibrium between two chromosomally
distinct loci associated with increased resistance to
chloroquine in Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: DURAISINGH M. T. , VON SEIDLEIN L. , JEPSON A. , JONES P. , SAMBOU I. , PINDER M. , WARHURST D. C.
Published: July 2002

Chloroquine-resistance in Plasmodium falciparum is associated with polymorphisms in a locus on or near the cg2 gene on
chromosome 7, and in the pfmdr1 gene on chromosome 5. In this study we typed P. falciparum DNA from uncomplicated
malaria cases in The Gambia in 1990, 1995 and 1996 for size polymorphism in the omega repeat of cg2, for sequence
polymorphisms in pfmdr1 at codons 86 and 184, in dhfr at codon 108 and in the msp2 gene. Chloroquine sensitivity tests
were conducted in vitro. A significant but incomplete association was found between the presence of the cg2 Dd2-like
omega repeat size polymorphism and in vitro resistance, and between the tyr-86 allele of pfmdr1 and in vitro resistance.
Furthermore there was strong linkage disequilibrium between the pfmdr1 asn-86 allele and the cg2 not Dd2-like omega
repeat allele located on different chromosomes. In contrast, no linkage disequilibrium was found between these alleles and
either the dhfr ser-108 allele or the msp2 IC sequence polymorphism. No significant linkage was measured between pfmdr1
asn-86 and phe-184 although these loci are separated only by 296 base pairs. Our results suggest that genetic elements
linked to the cg2 and the pfmdr1 genes are important determinants of chloroquine resistance. It can be concluded that the
observed linkage disequilibrium is maintained epistatically through selection by chloroquine.
The 12-month prevalence and characteristics of major depressive episode in a representative nationwide sample of adolescents and young adults
Authors: HAARASILTA L. , MARTTUNEN M. , KAPRIO J. , ARO H.
Published: July 2002

Background. This study set out to estimate the 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R major depressive episode (MDE) and to analyse factors associating with psychosocial impairment, episode duration, phenomenology and symptom severity in a representative general population sample of adolescents (15–19-year-olds) and young adults (20–24-year-olds).

Method. The Finnish Health Care Survey '96 (FINHCS '96) was a cross-sectional nationwide epidemiological study. A random sample of 509 adolescents and 433 young adults was interviewed in 1996. MDE was assessed by University of Michigan Composite Diagnostic Interview Short-Form.

Results. The 12-month prevalence of MDE was 5·3% for adolescents (females 6·0%, males 4·4%) and 9·4% for young adults (females 10·7%, males 8·1%). When moderate psychosocial impairment was included in case definition, the prevalences were lowered by 20–25%. Increased impairment was associated with drunkenness at least twice a month, a higher mean number of depressive symptoms and impaired concentration. The median episode duration was 1 month. No factors associating with duration were found. With the exception of symptoms related to appetite being more common among females than males, the phenomenology of MDE was mainly independent of age and gender.

Conclusions. Episodes of major depression among adolescents and young adults in the general population are short but often associated with psychosocial impairment, especially if frequent drunkenness coexists.
Morphometry in schizophrenia revisited: height and
its relationship to pre-morbid function
Authors: NOPOULOS P. , FLAUM M. , ARNDT S. , ANDREASEN N.
Published: July 2002

Background. Morphometry, the measurement of forms, is
an
ancient practice. In particular,
schizophrenic somatology was popular early in this century, but has
been essentially absent from
the literature for over 30 years. More recently, evidence has grown to
support the notion that
aberrant neurodevelopment may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Is the body,
like the brain, affected by abnormal development in these patients?

Methods. To evaluate global deficit in development and
its relationship to pre-morbid function,
height was compared in a large group (N=226) of male
schizophrenics and a group of healthy male
controls (N=142) equivalent in parental socio-economic status.
Patients
in the lower quartile of
height were compared to those in the upper quartile of height.

Results. The patient group had a mean height of 177·1
cm,
which was significantly shorter than the
mean height of the control group of 179·4 (P<0·003).

Those in the lower quartile had significantly
poorer pre-morbid function as measured by: (1) psychosocial adjustment
using the pre-morbid
adjustment scales for childhood and adolescence/young adulthood, and

(2) cognitive function using
measures of school performance such as grades and need for special
education. In addition, these
measures of pre-morbid function correlated significantly with height
when analysed using the entire sample.

Conclusions. These findings provide further support to the

idea that abnormal development may
play a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Furthermore, this
is manifested as a
global deficit in growth and function resulting in smaller stature,
poorer social skills, and deficits in cognitive abilities.
Abnormal response to negative feedback in
depression
Authors: SHAH P. J. , O'CARROLL R. E. , ROGERS A. , MOFFOOT A. P. R. , EBMEIER K. P.
Published: July 2002

Background. Recent studies have suggested that subjects
with depression suffer a diagnosis-specific
motivational deficit, characterized by an abnormal response to negative
feedback that endures
beyond clinical recovery. Furthermore, it has been suggested that negative
feedback may motivate
non-depressed controls, but not depressed patients, to improve their performance
in neuropsychological tests.

Methods. We describe two studies. The first compared performance
on the simultaneous and
delayed match to sample (SDMS) task from the CANTAB neuropsychological
test battery, in 20
patients with severe depression with 20 with acute schizophrenia, 40 with
chronic schizophrenia and
40 healthy controls. The second examined the performance of depressed patients
with diurnal
variation in symptoms and cognitive function.

Results. All patients groups showed impairments on the simultaneous
and delayed match to sample
task compared to controls. Depressed patients did not show an abnormal
response to negative
feedback. Controls did not show a motivational effect of negative feedback.
Depressed patients with
diurnal variation showed no variation in their response to perceived failure.
There was no evidence
of abnormal response to negative feedback in any patient group using the
‘runs test’ or of a
motivational effect in controls. Conditional probability analysis was not
independent of the total
number of errors made in the SDMS task.

Conclusions. Further studies are suggested to examine whether
an abnormal response to negative
feedback characterizes particular subgroups of patients suffering from
depression.
Why are patients prescribed psychotropic drugs by general practitioners? Results of an international study
Authors: KISELY S. , LINDEN M. , BELLANTUONO C. , SIMON G. , JONES J.
Published: July 2002

Background. There has been growing interest in factors that might influence the prescription of psychotropic drugs in general practice.

Method. This was a multi-centre study using a two-phase stratified sampling strategy in primary care facilities from 14 different countries to determine factors associated with the prescription of psychotropic drugs.

Results. A total of 1763 consecutive GP attenders aged between 16 and 65 years of age were recruited. Although antidepressants were used more for depressive disorders and anxiolytics for patients with anxiety, the differential diagnosis was otherwise not an important factor in prescribing behaviour. Antidepressants and anxiolytics were prescribed twice as frequently in client centred
clinics following a ‘personal physician model’ as opposed to non-client centred settings, where care was less personalized. The reverse was true of hypnotics (adjusted odds ratio of 0·5). General practitioners with a positive view of their undergraduate psychiatric training and who had had further postgraduate experience in the speciality were significantly less likely to prescribe medication, and if they did they were more likely to use antidepressants. Older patients were significantly more likely to be prescribed psychotropic medication. Several other patient factors emerged when individual classes of medication were considered; these included the loss of a spouse and the absence of physical ill health in the case of antidepressants, and female sex, fewer years of schooling and unemployment in the case of anxiolytics.

Conclusions. Social, health care and GP factors are at least as important as clinical features in the prescription and choice of psychotropic medication.
God Speak
Authors: LEVINE MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

Nicholas Wolterstorff has recently defended the

acceptability of the

belief that God speaks and examined various implications of

such a belief. This paper

examines several of his major hermeneutical and epistemological

thesis. Among the

issues discussed are the following (i) I examine

Wolterstorff's claim to ‘honour’ the

results of biblical criticism, and argue that excavative

biblical scholarship challenges

the plausibility of various crucial assumptions necessary

for believing authorial-discourse interpretation of the Bible to be possible. (ii)

I dispute his peculiar view that

God's speech should not be included under the rubric of

divine revelation. (iii)

Contrary to Wolterstorff I claim that miracles would have

to play an essential role

in divine discourse. (iv) I critically examine and reject his

claim that – in the case

he describes – ‘we are entitled’ to

believe God is speaking.
Negative existentials, omniscience, and cosmic luck
Authors: Hughes Christopher
Published: July 2002

Suppose there are possible worlds in which God exists but Anselm
does
not. Then (I argue) there are possible worlds in which Anselm does not
exist, but
God cannot even entertain the thought that he does not. In such worlds
Anselm does
not exist, but God does not know that. This, I argue, is incompatible with
(a
straightforward construal of) the doctrine of God's essential omniscience.
Considerations
involving negative existentials also call into question a certain picture
of
creation, on which God chooses which particular (possible) individuals
to create.
They suggest that there is an element of brute contingency about which
individuals
exist.

Mediaeval philosophical theologians held – so far as I know without
exception –
that God was essentially omniscient. In what follows, I shall argue
that the existence of individuals whose non-existence is compossible with

God's existence raises serious difficulties for the doctrine of God's
essential
omniscience. If there are individuals that might not have existed even
though
God did, then – I shall try to show – questions arise about
whether God
would have been omniscient, if He had existed, but they hadn't.
Movement‐related potentials accompanying unilateral finger movements with special reference to rate of force development
Authors: Slobounov S.M. , Ray W.J. , Simon R.F.
Published: July 2002

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between force and rate of force development with electroencephalogram correlates. The primary question was whether the different components of movement related potentials (MRPs) were related to specific properties of force output while subjects performed index finger force production tasks. The peak force and rate of force development (e.g., a product of peak force over time‐to‐peak force) were manipulated, and the effects of these manipulations on components of MRPs preceding and accompanying force production tasks were examined. The hypothesis was that the rate of force development, rather than level of force itself, would directly influence the later component of MRPs. Consistent with this hypothesis was the finding that the amplitudes of MRP components preceding (MP) and accompanying (MMP, MTP) finger force production movements were significantly correlated with force development rate.
Meanings of “function” in neuroscience, cognition, and behaviour analysis
Authors: Leslie Julian C.
Published: July 2002

Different sciences approach the brain-behaviour system at various levels, but often apparently share terminology. “Function” is used both ontogenetically and phylogenetically. Within the ontogeny it has various meanings; the one adopted by Arbib et al. is that of mainstream cognitive psychology. This usage is relatively imprecise, and the psychologists who are sceptical about the ability of cognitive psychology to predict behavioural outcomes may have the same reservations about Arbib et al.'s cognitive neuroscience.
State-dependent suppression of LTP induction after learning: Relation to phasic hippocampal network events
Authors: Bramham Clive R.
Published: July 2002

This commentary argues that (1) arousal is not sufficient to
induce LTP in the hippocampus, (2) learning can profoundly modulate
synaptic plasticity in a state-dependent manner without affecting
baseline synaptic efficacy, and (3) unilateral, synapse-specific LTP
induction triggers an interhippocampal communication manifested
as bilateral increases in gene expression at multiple sites in the
hippocampal network.
Two attentional components for two purposes
Authors: Fischer B. , Weber H.
Published: July 2002

Inappropriate saccades are prevented by fixation and by
voluntary attention. The fixation system inhibits the saccade system.
Like monkeys without a fixation system, humans with a weak fixation
system produce many express saccades and cannot suppress prosaccades
in an antisaccade task. With permanent attention to a peripheral
location only a few express saccades to a stimulus at this location
can be elicited: the sustained component of attention acts like
fixation. When attention is captured by a precue, more express
saccades are obtained: the stimulus-driven component of attention
facilitates saccade generation. If the cue correctly indicates the
direction for an antisaccade error rate and latencies are
increased.
Learning, development, and synaptic plasticity: The avian connection
Authors: Bolhuis Johan J.
Published: July 2002

Quartz & Sejnowski's target article concentrates on
the development of a number of neural parameters, especially neuronal
processes, in the mammalian brain. Data on learning-related changes in
spines and synapses in the developing avian brain are consistent with
a constructivist interpretation. The issue of an integration of
selectionist and constructivist views is discussed.
Sex differences may indeed exist for 3-D navigational abilities: But was sexual selection responsible?
Authors: Frost Peter
Published: July 2002

Polygyny does not necessarily entail sexual selection of men.
All factors that affect the operational sex ratio must be considered.
Data from contemporary hunter-gatherers indicate higher mortality
rates in men than in women, and lost female reproductive time. If
sexual selection did occur in ancestral hunter-gatherers, it was
probably men selecting women and not women selecting men.
Appearance is more than shape, illumination, and pose
Authors: Eklundh Jan-Olof , Carlsson Stefan
Published: July 2002

Although we find the idea of representation by similarities
attractive as such, we have two main objections to the specific
proposal of Edelman. First, he does not consider complexity issues in
terms of storage and speed of recall for recognition. Related to this,
the appearance of objects depends on far more factors than just
shape, illumination, and pose. This requires an intermediate shape
abstraction process that extracts category-specific shape properties
from the mixed appearance of images.
Cognitive universals, hierarchy, and the history and practice of biological systematics
Authors: Stevens P. F.
Published: July 2002

The hierarchical reach of Atran's cognitive universals
is unclear, and some of the key concepts used to discuss them are
notorious for their imprecision. Although ideas of class hierarchy
pervade Atran's discussion, other ways of thinking are also
allowed. The history and practice of systematic biology suggests that
a nonclass hierarchical and continuity-based way of thinking has been
common there until recently.
Distinguishing between the computational and dynamical hypotheses: What difference makes the difference?
Authors: Quartz Steven R.
Published: July 2002

Van Gelder seeks to distinguish between the computational
and the dynamical hypotheses primarily on the basis of ontic criteria
– the kind of systems cognitive agents really are. I suggest
that this meets with mixed success. By shifting to epistemic criteria
– what kind of explanations we require to understand cognitive
agents – I suggest there is an easier and more intuitive way to
distinguish between these two competing views of cognitive
agents.
In defense of neuro-perceptual isomorphism
Authors: Todorović Dejan
Published: July 2002

It is argued that the notion of bridge locus is compatible
with distributed representation and brain interconnectivity.
Isomorphism is not a dogmatic condition on explanatory adequacy
but a refutable hypothesis, superior to Dennett's proposed
alternatives. The assumption of type-type neuro-perceptual
correspondences is more parsimonious than multiple
realizability.
Color, consciousness, and the isomorphism constraint
Authors: Palmer Stephen E.
Published: July 2002

The relations among consciousness, brain, behavior, and scientific explanation are explored in the domain of color perception. Current scientific knowledge about color similarity, color composition, dimensional structure, unique colors, and color categories is used to assess Locke's “inverted spectrum argument” about the undetectability of color transformations. A symmetry analysis of color space shows that the literal interpretation of this argument – reversing the experience of a rainbow – would not work. Three other color-to-color transformations might work, however, depending on the relevance of certain color categories. The approach is then generalized to examine behavioral detection of arbitrary differences in color experiences, leading to the formulation of a principled distinction, called the “isomorphism constraint,” between what can and cannot be determined about the nature of color experience by objective behavioral means. Finally, the prospects for achieving a biologically based explanation of color experience below the level of isomorphism are considered in light of the limitations of behavioral methods. Within-subject designs using biological interventions hold the greatest promise for scientific progress on consciousness, but objective knowledge of another person's experience appears impossible. The implications of these arguments for functionalism are discussed.
Linking covert and overt attention
Authors: Clark James J.
Published: July 2002

Findlay & Walker's target article questions whether covert attention plays any role in normal visual scanning (overt attention). My commentary suggests that there is indeed a very close link between the processes that govern covert and overt attention.
The limbic basal-ganglia-thalamocortical circuit and goal-directed behavior
Authors: Joel Daphna
Published: July 2002

Depue & Collins's model of incentive-motivational
modulation of goal-directed behavior subserved by a medial orbital
prefrontal cortical (MOC) network is appealing, but it leaves several
questions unanswered: How are the stimuli that elicit an incentive
motivational state selected? How does the incentive motivational state
created by the MOC network modulate behavior? What is the function
of the dopaminergic input to the striatum? This commentary suggests
possible answers, based on the open-interconnected model of
basal-ganglia-thalamocortical circuits, in which the limbic circuit
selects goals and, via its connections with the motor and the
associative circuits, directs behavior according to those goals,
elaborating on the role of dopamine.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: PETERSEN KARL
Published: July 2002

These two books look like they might form a two-volume set, but this is not so. The first is an introduction to ergodic theory suitable as a text for a first course in the subject, with some of the standard results viewed in an unusual light (that of descriptive set theory) and with detailed discussion of several topics of special interest to the author. The second is a survey at an advanced level of parts of the interaction of measure-preserving and nonsingular ergodic theory with spectral theory and harmonic analysis. It assumes considerable background in all three of these subjects and is written as a guide for researchers, organizing many topics of recent and current interest and highlighting some major open questions on which further progress might be possible at this time. Selected topics could be worked through individually or as part of a seminar or advanced course. Interestingly, the second does not even refer to the first for needed results from basic ergodic theory.
Convergence of the transfer operator for rational maps
Authors: HAYDN NICOLAI
Published: July 2002

We prove that the transfer operator for a general class of rational maps converges exponentially fast in the supremum norm and in Hölder norms, for small enough Hölder exponents, to its principal eigendirection.
Is there such a thing as the ‘blue note’?
Authors: WEISETHAUNET HANS
Published: July 2002

Among the most frequently repeated formulae in the description of the traditions most often called Afro-American
music, in particular the styles of jazz, blues, soul and rock, is the concept of the `blue note’. It may also seem that
this is a most widely accepted idea. The ‘blue note’ is usually thought of as a kind of basic element in those styles,
as constituting the `ethnic’ or ‘African’ aspect of those musics as opposed to the ‘Western’ contributions of harmony.

My main attempt here is to step into the somewhat muddy waters of musicological and sociological/anthropoligical/
cultural studies discourses of ‘the blue’ and ask what the ‘blue idea’ really is about. In rethinking the concept of the
‘blue note’, I find it necessary to differentiate between two concerns that often seem to be somewhat unconsciously
or muddily mixed together:

(1) the idea of the ‘blue note’ as referring to pitch, thinking of the note as an ‘item’, commonly thought of as the
slight altering of the minor third and the flattened seventh; and

(2) the general concept of `blue feeling’ linked to the idea of playing ‘blue notes’: in short, the performance of music
with a ‘blue feel’.
Beatles 2000: International Cross-disciplinary Conference, 15-18 June 2000, Jyvaskyla, Finland
Authors: S K
Published: July 2002

There’s no doubt about it. A Conference with a single theme is amazingly comforting. If the theme is centred on a
group as well known as the Beatles, then it is doubly so. ‘Journalistic texts on popular music are often disposed towards
music which they themselves like and would listen to by choice (often thinly veiling race and gender prejudice). This
is characterised by their attraction to a certain type of more subversive-seeming, more lyrically and structurally complex
music.’ ‘You want a piece of music to encapsulate the period it was written in, and Sgt. Pepper does seem to do that.’
`It was a decisive moment in the history of Western Civilisation.’ Although these somewhat eulogistic reflections were
written in the early 1970s, the attraction to the Beatles has continued unabated. Richard Lloyd Perry, writing in The
Independent on Sunday, 21 February 1999, observed: ‘Ironically, given their reputation at the time as slurring Scousers,
the Beatles are honoured as custodians of linguistic clarity - an observation echoed in many of the papers presented
at the Conference.
Obstacle avoidance inverse kinematics solution of redundant robots by neural networks
Authors: Mao Ziqiang , Hsia T. C.
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates the neural network approach to solve the inverse kinematics problem of redundant robot manipulators in an environment with obstacles. The solution technique proposed requires only the knowledge of the robot forward kinematics functions and the neural network is trained in the inverse modeling manner. Training algorithms for both the obstacle free case and the obstacle avoidance case are developed. For the obstacle free case, sample points can be selected in the work space as training patterns for the neural network. For the obstacle avoidance case, the training algorithm is augmented with a distance penalty function. A ball-covering object modeling technique is employed to calculate the distances between the robot links and the objects in the work space. It is shown that this technique is very computationally efficient. Extensive simulation results are presented to illustrate the success of the proposed solution schemes. Experimental results performed on a PUMA 560 robot manipulator is also presented.
Kinematic analysis and design of a six D.O.F. 3-PRPS in-parallel
manipulator
Authors: Shim J.H. , Kwon D.S. , Cho H.S.
Published: July 2002

This paper
presents a kinematic analysis and design characteristics of an in-parallel
manipulator developed for the probing task application that requires high
precision, active compliance, and high control bandwidth. The developed manipulator
is a class of six-degree-of-freedom in-parallel platforms with 3 PRPS
(prismatic-revolute-prismatic-spherical joints) chain geometry. The main advantages of this manipulator,
compared with the typical Stewart platform type, are the capability
of pure rotation generation and the easy prediction of the
moving platform motion. The purpose of this paper is to
develop an efficient kinematic model which can be used for
real-time control and to propose systematic methods to design the
manipulator considering workspace, manipulability, resistivity, singularity, and the existence conditions
of the forward kinematic solution. Particularly, we propose a new
method for checking the singularity of the parallel manipulator using
the translational and rotational resistivity measures. A series of simulation
are carried out to show kinematic characteristics and performance of
the manipulator mechanism. A prototype manipulator was built based on
the kinematic analysis results.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL MILLENNIUM ISSUE ON GRASPING AND MANIPULATING
Authors: Arimoto Sugaru
Published: July 2002

At the end of the 20th century robot technology became well established as a reliable and economic source in industrial automation. On the other hand, it is claimed that even a general six or seven degree of freedom robot arm or a multifingered robot hand designed carefully and manufactured with very high precision lacks versatility in its use in a variety of tasks that must be done instead of a human. The lack of versatility or the clumsiness of present industrial robots is not due to the fine mechanism of such robots. Rather, the clumsiness shows a lack of our knowledge of everyday physics, in particular, a lack of knowledge of physics involving grasping and handling of various kinds of things and manipulating them with certain dexterity, in which tactile and vision sensings must be well coordinated.
MIXED NORMALITY AND ANCILLARITY IN I(2) SYSTEMS
Authors: Boswijk H. Peter
Published: July 2002

This paper studies asymptotic likelihood inference
on cointegration parameters in systems integrated of order
two. We start with so-called triangular systems and then
extend the analysis to vector autoregressions. We show
that even when all unit root restrictions have been imposed,
the asymptotic observed information is not (locally) ancillary,
which implies that the log-likelihood ratio is not locally
asymptotically mixed normal. The results are applied to
inference on polynomial cointegration. Some similarities
and differences with I(1) systems
are also discussed.