bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equity Aspects of Canadian Immunization Programs: Differences within and between countries
Authors: Veras Mirella , Zakus David
Published: November 2011

There is a global recognition that immunization is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions which should be available to everyone.  The equity approach to immunization provides a holistic and integrated framework for addressing inequalities and disproportions in the realization of human rights. The aim of this study is to review the performance of the immunization programs in Canada through an equity lens using two analytical frameworks for immunization programs. It focuses on four elements of the programs: a) the burden of disease; b) immunization strategy; c) ability to evaluate; and d) research questions.  To achieve universal access to vaccination, Canada should have a strong connection with human rights, where realities and outreach need to be prioritized. Preventable diseases such as influenza, H1N1, and varicella have been reported specifically in Aboriginal Canadians, immigrants and refugees. Our study seeks to demonstrate that access to vaccines should be considered one of the most vital human rights and as a matter of fundamental intervention to achieve health equity.
Global Health and the Demands of the Day
Authors: Stalcup Meg , Verguet Stéphane
Published: November 2011

We have two goals in this paper: first, to provide a diagnosis of global health and underline some of its blockages; second, to offer an alternative interpretation of what the demands for those in global health may be. The assumption that health is a "good" that requires no further explanation, and that per se it can serve as an actual modus operandi, lays the foundations of the problem. Related blockages ensue and are described using HIV prevention with a focus on vaginal microbicides as a case study. Taking health as a self-evident, and self-explanatory "good" limits other possible goods; and prevents further inquiry into the actual practices of creating good practices and good measures. We propose that to create conditions under which global health could be reconstructed, "problematization" be taken up as a practice, around a series of questions asked in conjunction with those ever-urgent ones of how to ameliorate the condition of living beings.
Space, Identity and Health Risks: a study of domestic waste in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Ajala Aderemi Suleiman
Published: November 2011

Poor waste management has characterized Ibadan’s modern and historical identity.  As a consequence, residents of Ibadan (indigenes) hold diverse views about the city's image, while non-indigenes label it "filthy" and "dirty".  These perceptions, spatial and cultural, are deep rooted, intertwining with the political and cultural plane of Nigerian society. A distinction between “self” and “others” is seen to mark a discourse and counter discourse in the perception of health risks associated with domestic waste in the Ibadan.  Through survey and descriptive ethnography, our paper examines the nature and extent of domestic waste in Ibadan, as a physical, community and psychological reality, where we seek to explain how generation and poor waste management  impacts on these spaces and the very mechanics of identity. Different perceptions of health risks are observed as well the vulnerability to diseases associated with domestic waste and poor hygiene, bringing into play the socioeconomic variables and residential patterns which constitute the daily reality of this city.  Our study establishes that the increase in urban population, the low economic status, the indiscriminate setting up of artisans’ shops or outlets and the overall inability of government agencies to monitor the menace of domestic waste and its attendant health risks, are central factors to the problem generically deemed one of “waste”.
Physiologie du risque face à l’Histoire, or, Health, Culture and Society: The possibilities of anthropology and policy
Authors: Jouanjean Bernard
Published: November 2011

This review of published research (Health, Culture and Society – Rawat Publications, India, 2000) seeks to introduce the reader to the driving themes of a work establishing the link between human physiological functions and social represetations. In doing so the author articulates the topic of prevention within a broad and complex social, historical and anthropological framework.
Promoting Entrepreneurial Culture in the University
Authors: de Pablo Isidro , Alfaro Fernando , Rodriguez Miriam , Valdés Esperanza
Published: November 2011

This paper presents a case of collaboration between different types of public services and the private sector for the promotion of an entrepreneurial culture. This collaboration is achieved by means of a centre established and developed by the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, the Centro de Iniciativas Emprendedoras (the Centre for Entrepreneurial Initiatives, CIADE). Since its creation CIADE has, because of a lack of university-allocated financial resources, been collaborating with a wide range of organizations in accordance with the Triple Helix model, including three levels of public administration (national, regional and local), several private businesses and different corporate civic bodies (mostly corporate foundations). CIADE's principal, distinctive attributes, with regard to the Triple Helix, are collaboration, self-financing, project management and a horizontal hierarchical structure which allows rapid accommodation of and adaptation to the changing circumstances of its environment.
Is Industry–University Interaction Promoting Innovation in the Brazilian Pharmaceutical Industry?
Authors: Paranhos Julia , Hasenclever Lia
Published: November 2011

This paper analyses industry–university interaction and its characteristics in the Brazilian pharmaceutical system of innovation, taking account of the relevance of company strategies, the approach of the universities and the actions of government. By analysing primary and secondary data the authors show that, for as long as corporate investment in R&D remains rare, and government efforts to stimulate these investments are inadequate, it will be difficult to increase levels of innovative activity in industry; and especially so in the pharmaceutical sector. The paper highlights the relevance of internal R&D structures for the generation of innovation and for interaction with the academic sector; the need to improve the physical infrastructure and modernize the internal organization of research institutions; the importance of appropriate and planned government action and the establishment of an environment conducive to innovation; and the key role played by government funding and support for players in the pharmaceutical system of innovation.
Aniline
Authors: Kahl Thomas , Schröder Kai‐Wilfrid , Lawrence F. R. , Marshall W. J. , Höke Hartmut , Jäckh Rudolf
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical and Chemical Properties3.Production3.1.Raw Materials3.2.Processes3.2.1.Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene3.2.1.1.Catalytic Vapor‐Phase Hydrogenation3.2.1.2.Catalytic Liquid‐Phase Hydrogenation3.2.2.Reduction of Nitrobenzene with Iron and Iron Salts3.2.3.Amination of Phenol4.Quality Specifications5.Handling, Storage and Transportation6.Uses6.1.Methylene Diphenylene Isocyanate (MDI)6.2.Rubber Processing Chemicals6.3.Dyes and Pigments6.4.Agricultural Chemicals6.5.Pharmaceuticals6.6.Cyclohexylamine/Dicyclohexylamine6.7.Miscellaneous7.Economic Aspects8.Derivatives9.Toxicology9.1.Toxicokinetic Properties and Metabolism9.2.Toxicological Properties10.Occupational Health
Azo Dyes, 1. General
Authors: Hunger Klaus , Mischke Peter , Rieper Wolfgang
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Production2.1.Diazotization and Coupling2.1.1.Diazotization2.1.2.Coupling2.2.Other Azo Group Syntheses2.2.1.Condensation of Nitro Compounds with Amines2.2.2.Reduction of Nitro Compounds2.2.3.Oxidation of Amino Compounds2.3.Synthesis from Azo Compounds2.3.1.Exposure of Concealed or Protected Amino Groups2.3.2.Acylation of Amino Azo Compounds2.3.3.Alkylation and Acylation of Phenolic Hydroxyl Groups2.3.4.Metal‐Complex Formation2.4.Processes without Industrial Importance2.4.1.Reduction of Diazonium Compounds2.4.2.Oxidative Coupling2.4.3.Dehydrogenation of Diarylhydrazines2.4.4.Reaction of Arylhydrazines with Quinones2.4.5.Condensation of Nitroso Compounds with Amines2.4.6.Azo Compounds from Azido Compounds2.5.Equipment for Industrial Production of Azo Dyes
Ceramics, Advanced Structural Products
Authors: Roger Cannon W. , Gugel Ernst , Leimer Gerhard , Woetting Gerhard , Heimann Robert B.
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Advanced Structural Ceramics in Engineering – An Overview3.General Mechanical Properties3.1.Failure of Brittle Materials — Flaws3.2.The Small Strain to Failure3.3.Effects of Microstructure on Strength3.4.Effects of Temperature on Strength3.5.Wear Resistance and Hardness4.Individual Ceramic Materials4.1.Alumina4.2.Zirconia4.3.Silicon Carbide4.4.Silicon Nitride4.5.Boron Carbide4.6.Ceramic–Ceramic Composites4.7.Other Ceramic Materials5.Manufacturing and Testing Methods6.Uses
Ceramics, Electronic
Authors: Blum John B. , Heimann Robert B.
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Theoretical Background2.1.Dielectric Effects and Classification of Dielectrics2.2.Characteristic Dielectric Parameters3.Linear Dielectrics3.1.Al2O33.2.New Substrate Materials3.3.Polymer–Ceramic Composites4.Nonlinear Dielectrics4.1.Physics of Ferro‐ and Piezoelectricity4.2.BaTiO3(BT)4.3.PbTiO3, PbZrO3, PbTiO3–PbZrO34.3.1.Crystal Structures, Processing, and Properties4.3.2.Applications4.4.PLZT4.5.Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3/Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3(PMN/PZN)4.6.PbNb2O64.7.LiNbO3, LiTaO34.8.Lead‐Free Perovskites4.9.Calcium Gallium Germanate (CGG) Compounds4.10.Other Materials5.Semiconducting Ceramics5.1.SiC5.1.1.Structure and Properties5.1.2.Single‐Crystal Growth5.1.3.Doping and Device Fabrication5.1.4.Applications5.2.TiO26.Superconducting Ceramics7.Sensor Materials7.1.Oxide‐Based Sensors7.2.Ferroic, Smart, and Intelligent Sensors
Citric Acid
Authors: Verhoff Frank H.
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Chemical Properties

4.

Production

4.1.

Laboratory Synthesis

4.2.

Early Production

4.3.

Fermentation

4.3.1.

Surface Fermentation

4.3.2.

Submerged Fermentation

4.3.3.

Other Fermentation Methods

4.4.

Recovery

5.

Quality Specifications and Uses

6.

Economic Aspects
Construction Ceramics
Authors: Tretau Anne , Rimpel Eckhard
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Classification

1.1.1.

Bricks

1.1.2.

Roof Tiles

1.1.3.

Paving Bricks

1.2.

Raw Materials

1.2.1.

Clay

1.2.2.

Water

1.2.3.

Additives

1.2.4.

Raw Materials Testing

1.3.

Manufacturing Process

1.3.1.

Clay Winning

1.3.2.

Preparation

1.3.2.1.

Wet Processing

1.3.2.2.

Semidry Processing

1.3.3.

Molding

1.3.3.1.

Processing

1.3.3.2.

Machinery

1.3.4.

Drying

1.3.4.1.

Dryers

1.3.5.

Firing

1.3.5.1.

Firing Conditions

1.3.5.2.

Types of Kiln

1.4.

Properties of the Fired Body

1.5.

Coloration and Surface Effects

1.5.1.

Glazing and Engobing

1.5.2.

Solid Coloring
Contraception
Authors: Hahn Do Won , McGuire John L. , Kuhnke Joachim
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Natural Methods2.1.Periodic Methods2.2.Breast Feeding3.Barrier Methods3.1.Chemical Vaginal Contraceptives3.2.Physical Barriers4.Hormonal Methods4.1.The Menstrual Cycle4.1.1.The Regulatory System4.1.2.Hormonal Effects on the Endometrium4.1.3.Hormonal Effects on the Cervix4.1.4.How Hormonal Contraceptives Work4.2.Historical Survey on Hormonal Contraception and Combined Oral Contraceptives4.2.1.The Estrogenic Component4.2.2.The Progestogenic Component4.2.3.New Regimen for Oral Contraceptives4.3.Progestogen‐Only Oral Contraceptives4.4.Long‐Acting Contraceptives – Drug Delivery Systems4.5.Emergency Contraception4.6.Benefits and Risks of Hormonal Contra‐ception4.6.1.Cardiovascular Risks4.6.2.Cancer5.Intrauterine Contraception5.1.Intrauterine Device (IUD)5.2.Intrauterine System (IUS)6.Sterilization6.1.Male Sterilization (Vasectomy)6.2.Female Sterilization7.New Approaches7.1.Hormonal Research7.2.Nonhormonal Research7.3.Contraceptive Vaccines7.4.Male Fertility Control7.4.1.Nonhormonal Research7.4.2.Hormonal Research
Cyano Compounds, Inorganic
Authors: Gail Ernst , Gos Stephen , Kulzer Rupprecht , Lorösch Jürgen , Rubo Andreas , Sauer Manfred , Kellens Raf , Reddy Jay , Steier Norbert , Hasenpusch Wolfgang
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Hydrogen Cyanide1.1.Properties1.2.Production1.2.1.Andrussow Process1.2.2.Methane ‐ Ammonia (BMA) Process1.2.3.Shawinigan Process1.3.Storage and Transportation1.4.Economic Aspects and Uses2.Metal Cyanides2.1.Alkali Metal Cyanides2.1.1.Properties2.1.2.Production2.1.2.1.Classical Production Processes2.1.2.2.Current Production Processes2.1.2.3.Energy Consumption2.1.3.Packaging and Transport2.1.4.Responsible Care, Product Stewardship, Sustainable Development, Certification2.1.5.Emissions and Consumptions2.1.6.Quality Specifications, Impurities2.1.7.Uses2.1.7.1.Gold Mining2.1.7.2.Chemical Synthesis2.1.7.3.Electroplating of Metals2.1.7.4.Hardening of Metals2.1.8.2.2.Alkaline Earth Metal Cyanides2.3.Heavy‐Metal Cyanides2.3.1.Iron Cyanides2.3.1.1.Properties2.3.1.2.Production2.3.1.3.Commercial Forms, Specifications, and Packaging2.3.2.Cyanides of Copper, Zinc, and Cadmium2.3.3.Cyanides of Mercury, Lead, Cobalt, and Nickel2.3.4.Cyanides of Precious Metals2.4.Cyanide Analysis3.Detoxification of Cyanide‐Containing Wastes3.1.Wastewater Treatment3.2.Solid Wastes4.Cyanogen Halides4.1.Properties4.2.Production4.3.Storage and Transportation4.4.Uses5.Cyanogen5.1.Properties5.2.Production5.3.Storage, Transportation, and Uses6.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Cyclododecatriene, Cyclooctadiene, and 4‐Vinylcyclohexene
Authors: Oenbrink Georg , Schiffer Thomas
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Cyclododecatriene1.1.Properties1.2.Production; Storage and Transportation; Analysis1.3.Storage and Transportation1.4.Analysis1.5.Uses2.Cyclooctadiene and 4‐Vinylcyclohexene2.1.Properties2.2.Production; Storage and Transportation; Analysis2.3.Storage and Transportation2.4.Analysis2.3.Uses3.Toxicology
Electrochemistry, 1. Fundamentals
Authors: Wendt Hartmut , Kolb Dieter M. , Engelmann Gerald E. , Ziegler Jörg C.
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Basic Laws and Equations

2.1.

Electrode Kinetics

2.2.

Technical Electrocatalysis

2.2.1.

Principles of Electrocatalysis

2.2.2.

Technical Electrodes

2.2.2.1.

Electrocatalytically Activated Dimensionally Stable Chlorine Evolving Electrodes

2.2.2.2.

Oxygen Evolving Anodes

2.2.2.3.

Electrocatalysis of Cathodic Hydrogen Evolution

2.2.2.4.

Electrocatalysis of Cathodic Oxygen Reduction and Anodic Hydrogen Oxidation in Fuel Cells

2.3.

Gas‐Evolving Electrodes

2.4.

Ionic Conduction in Electrolytes

2.5.

Fluid Dynamics and Mass Transfer

3.

Electrochemical Cells

3.1.

Optimized Current Density

3.2.

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Current Distributions

3.3.

Electrochemical Nanostructuring with a Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Related Chelating Agents
Authors: Hart J. Roger
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Chemical Properties

4.

Production

5.

Chemical Analysis

6.

Storage and Transportation

7.

Uses

8.

Trade Names

9.

Economic Aspects

10.

Toxicology and Occupational Health
Fibers, 2. Structure
Authors: Hearle John W. S. , Schawaller Dirk
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Fibers as Industrial Chemical Structures1.2.Structural Types1.3.Development of Knowledge of Fiber Structure2.General Features of Major Textile Fibers2.1.Chemical Forms2.2.Polymer Characterization2.3.Other Chemical Constituents2.4.Fine Structure2.4.1.Characterization2.4.2.Models2.4.3.Unified Parametric Approach2.4.4.Relation to Fiber Properties2.4.5.Relation to Fiber Formation2.4.6.Structural Transitions2.5.Intermediate Structures2.6.Gross Inhomogeneities2.7.Fiber Shape2.7.1.Cross‐Sectional Shape2.7.2.Axial Shape3.Particular Textile Fibers3.1.Cellulosic Fibers3.1.1.Chemistry3.1.2.Cotton3.1.3.Other Plant Fibers3.1.4.Rayon3.1.5.Acetate Fibers3.2.Protein Fibers3.2.1.Wool and Hair3.2.2.Silk3.2.3.Regenerated Protein Fibers3.3.Major Melt‐Spun Fibers3.3.1.Chemistry3.3.2.Fine Structure3.3.3.PLA Fibers3.4.Acrylic Fibers3.5.Other Polymers4.High‐Modulus, High‐Tenacity Fibers4.1.Glass4.2.Highly Oriented Linear Polymers4.2.1.Aramid4.2.2.Polyethylene4.2.3.Other Polymers4.3.Carbon Fibers4.4.Ceramic and Other Inorganic Fibers4.5.Structure and Properties5.Other Fibers5.1.High‐Toughness Fibers5.2.Elastomeric Fibers5.3.Thermally and Chemically Resistant Fibers5.4.Special‐Purpose Fibers5.5.Nanofibers and Carbon Nanotubes5.6.Smart Fibers
Fluorosulfuric Acid
Authors: Tabel Erhardt , Zirngiebl Eberhard , Maas Joachim
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Preparation3.Analysis4.Safety Measures and Regulations5.Transport and Storage
Formamides
Authors: Bipp Hansjörg , Kieczka Heinz
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Formamide2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.4.Environmental Protection2.5.Quality Specifications and Analysis2.6.Storage and Transportation2.7.Uses2.8.Economic Aspects3.N,N‐Dimethylformamide3.1.Physical Properties3.2.Chemical Properties3.3.Production3.4.Environmental Protection3.5.Quality Specifications and Analysis3.6.Storage and Transportation3.7.Uses3.8.Economic Aspects4.Other Formamides5.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Fungicides, Agricultural, 1. Fundamentals
Authors: Müller Franz , Ackermann Peter , Margot Paul
Published: November 2011

In the current version of this article the introduction has been expanded by providing a brief historical overview on fungicides and the modern requirements for fungicides to be admitted to the market. The taxonomy of fungi, in the light of recent scientific progress, is discussed briefly, and the main properties of fungi are described in some detail. Special attention is paid to the classification of phytopathogenic fungi and their major representatives relevant to agriculture. The physical and chemical properties of the individual fungicides are complemented with additional data (density, vapor pressure, stability in the environment, etc.). In the toxicology chapter ecological properties of the compounds have been added so that conclusions about the profiles of the fungicides can be made.1.Introduction2Phytopathogenic Fungi2.1Biology of Fungi2.2Classification of Fungi2.3Mode of Action2.4Crop Losses3Types of Fungicide and Mechanism of Action4.Methods of Fungicide Application4.1.Seed Treatment4.2.Foliage and Fruit Sprays4.3.Soil Treatment4.4.Trunk Injections4.5.Post‐harvest Treatment5.Fungicide Resistance6.Economic Aspects
Glass, 1. Fundamentals
Authors: De Jong Bernard H. W. S. , Beerkens Ruud G. C. , van Nijnatten Peter A. , Le Bourhis Eric
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Definition and Historical Summary2.Structure of Glass2.1.Structure of Special Melts and Glasses2.2.Composition of Glass2.2.1.Single‐Component Glass2.2.2.Silicate Glasses with Two Components2.2.3.Borate, Phosphate, and Germanate Glasses2.2.4.Borosilicate and Aluminosilicate Glasses2.2.5.Lead Silicate Glasses2.2.6.Chalcogenide Glasses2.2.7.Halide Glasses2.2.8.Glasses with Complex Composition3.Glass Formation, Crystallization, and Liquid Immiscibility4.Chemical, Mechanical, and Physical Properties of Industrially Important Melts and Glasses4.1.Rheological Properties of Glass Melts4.1.1.Temperature Dependence of Viscosity4.1.2.Time Dependence of Viscosity4.1.3.Composition Dependence of Viscosity4.2.Surface Tension4.3.Density4.4.Thermal Expansion4.5.Elastic Properties4.6.Mechanical Strength4.7.Hardness4.8.Viscoelastic Properties4.9.Thermal Properties4.10.Electrical Properties4.11.Gas Permeability4.12.Chemical Stability and Surface Properties4.13.Optical Properties4.13.1.Transmission, Absorption, and Reflection4.13.2.Refractive Index, Dispersion, and Optical State4.13.3.Temperature Dependence of Refractive Index4.13.4.Stress Optical Coefficients4.13.5.Radiation Effects4.14.Color of Glasses
Hormones, 1. Hormone Systems
Authors: Sandow Juergen
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Definitions and Classification1.2.Hormone‐Producing Systems1.3.Structural Analysis and Synthesis1.4.Receptors and Mechanisms of Action1.5.Therapeutic Use of Hormones2.Peptide and Protein Hormones2.1.Hypothalamic Hormones2.2.Proopiomelanocortin Hormones2.3.Glycoprotein Hormones2.4.Growth Hormone, Prolactin, and Placental Lactogen2.5.Calcium‐Regulating Hormones2.6.Glucose‐Regulating Hormones2.7.Gastrointestinal Hormones2.8.Growth Factors and Related Peptides2.9.Cardiovascular Hormones3.Amino Acid Derivatives3.1.Catecholamines and Indolamines3.2.Thyroid Hormones3.3.Thyromimetics4.Steroid Hormones4.1.Estrogens, Gestagens4.2.Androgens4.3.Adrenal Steroids5.Prostaglandins6.Hormone Analogs and Antagonists
Hydrogen, 1. Properties and Occurence
Authors: Häussinger Peter , Lohmüller Reiner , Watson Allan M.
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.History2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.1.1.General Physical Data2.1.2.Solubilities, Diffusion Properties and Evaporation Equilibria2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Ignition and Detonation Performance2.4.Isotopes3.Occurence
Lubricants, 1. Fundamentals of Lubricants and Lubrication
Authors: Mang Theo , Noll Siegfried , Bartels Thorsten
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Lubricants in the Tribological System

2.1.

Friction

2.1.1.

Types of Friction

2.1.2.

Friction and Lubrication Conditions

2.2.

Wear

3.

Rheology of Lubricants

3.1.

Viscosity

3.2.

Special Rheological Effects

3.3.

Viscosity Grades

4.

Testing and Analysis

4.1.

Base Oil Categories and Evaluation of Various Petroleum Base Oils

4.2.

Laboratory Methods for Testing Lubricants

4.2.1.

Density

4.2.2.

Viscosity

4.2.3.

Refractive Index

4.2.4.

Structural Analyses

4.2.5.

Flash Point

4.2.6.

Surface Phenomena

4.2.7.

Cloud Point, Pour Point

4.2.8.

Aniline Point

4.2.9.

Water Content

4.2.10.

Ash Content

4.2.11.

Acidity, Alkalinity

4.2.12.

Aging Tests

4.2.13.

Hydrolytic Stability

4.2.14.

Corrosion Tests

4.2.15.

Oil Compatibility of Seals and Insulating Materials

4.2.16.

Evaporation Loss

4.2.17.

Analysis of Grease

4.3.

Mechanical ‐ Dynamic Testing Methods for Lubricants

4.3.1.

Tribological System Categories within Lubricant Tests

4.3.2.

Standardized and Nonstandardized Test Methods for Lubricants

4.3.3.

Common Mechanical ‐ Dynamic Testers

5.

Economic Aspects
Membrane Separation Processes, 1. Principles
Authors: Strathmann Heinrich
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Historical Development of Membranes and Membrane Processes1.2.Advantages and Limitations of Membrane Processes1.3.The Membrane‐Based Industry1.4.The Future of Membrane Science and Technology2.Fundamentals2.1.Definition of Terms2.1.1.Definition of a Membrane and its Function2.1.2.Definition of the Various Membrane Processes2.1.3.The Membrane Transport Mechanism2.2.Materials and Structures of Synthetic Membranes2.2.1.Symmetric and Asymmetric Membranes2.2.2.Porous Membranes2.2.3.Homogeneous Membranes2.2.4.Ion‐Exchange Membranes2.2.5.Liquid Membranes2.2.6.Fixed‐Carrier Membranes2.3.Fluxes and Driving Forces in Membrane Separation Processes2.4.Mathematical Description of Mass Transport in Membrane Processes2.5.Membrane Separation Capability2.6.Chemical and Electrochemical Equilibrium in Membrane Processes2.6.1.Osmotic Equilibrium, Osmotic Pressure, Osmosis, and Reverse Osmosis2.6.2.Donnan Equilibrium and Donnan Potential3.Principles3.1.Principle of Microfiltration3.2.Principle of Ultrafiltration3.3.Principle of Reverse Osmosis3.3.1.Mass Transport in Reverse Osmosis Described by Phenomenological Equations3.3.2.Description of Mass Transport in Reverse Osmosis by the Solution‐Diffusion Model3.4.Principle of Gas Separation3.4.1.Gas Separation by Knudsen Diffusion3.4.2.Gas Transport by the Solution‐Diffusion Mechanism in a Polymer Matrix3.5.Principle of Pervaporation3.6.Principle of Dialysis3.6.1.Dialytic Mass Transport of Neutral Components3.6.2.Dialytic Mass Transport of Electrolytes in a Membrane without Fixed Ions3.6.3.Dialysis of Electrolytes in Ion‐Exchange Membranes3.7.Principle of Electrodialysis3.7.1.Electrical Current and Ion Fluxes3.7.2.Transport Number and Membrane Permselectivity3.7.3.Membrane Counterion Permselectivity3.7.4.Water Transport in Electrodialysis3.8.Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membranes3.9.Energy Requirements of Membrane Processes
Plastics Processing, 1. Processing of Thermoplastics
Authors: Burkhardt Gert , Hüsgen Ulrich , Kalwa Matthias , Pötsch Gerhard , Schwenzer Claus
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Compounding Processes

2.1.

Mixing

2.2.

Rolling and Kneading

2.3.

Pelletizing

2.4.

Shredding and Grinding

2.5.

Storage and Transportation

3.

Pressureless Processing Techniques

3.1.

Casting

3.2.

Dipping

3.3.

Coating

3.4.

Foaming

4.

Processing under Pressure

4.1.

Compression Molding

4.2.

Rolling and Calendering

4.3.

Extrusion

4.4.

Blow Molding

4.5.

Injection Molding

5.

Forming Processes

5.1.

Drawing

5.2.

Thermoforming
Polyethylene
Authors: Whiteley Kenneth S.
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties of Polyethylenes2.1.Molecular Structure and Morphology2.2.General Properties2.3.High Molecular Mass (Bimodal) Polyethylene (HMWPE)2.4.Ultra High Molecular Mass Polyethylene (UHMWPE)2.5.Properties of Ethylene Copolymers3.Polymerization Chemistry3.1.Free‐Radical Catalysis3.1.1.Introduction3.1.2.Copolymerization3.2.Coordination Catalysis3.2.1.Phillips Catalysts3.2.2.Ziegler Catalysts3.2.3.Single‐Site Catalysts (Metallocenes)3.2.4.Copolymerization4.Raw Materials4.1.Ethylene4.2.Comonomers4.3.Other Materials5.Production Processes5.1.High‐Pressure Process5.1.1.Autoclave Reactor5.1.2.Tubular Reactor5.1.3.High‐Pressure Copolymers5.1.4.Linear Low‐Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)5.2.Suspension (Slurry) Process5.2.1.Autoclave Process5.2.2.Loop Reactor Process5.3.Gas‐Phase Process5.4.Solution Process6.Uses6.1.Film6.2.Extrusion Coating6.3.Blow Molding6.4.Injection Molding6.5.Pipe6.6.Wire and Cable Insulation6.7.Ethylene Copolymers6.8.Ultra High Modulus Polyethylene Fibers6.9.Joining Polyethylene7.Chemically Modified Polyethylenes7.1.Cross‐Linked Polyethylene7.2.Chlorinated Polyethylene7.3.Fluorinated Polyethylene8.Environmental Aspects8.1.Manufacture8.2.Polymer Disposal and Recycling
Propene
Authors: Eisele Peter , Killpack Richard
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Production as Byproduct of Ethylene Production4.1.1.Variants of Propene ‐ Propane Separation4.1.2.Apparatus and Construction Materials4.2.Production as Byproduct of Refinery Processes4.3.Propane Dehydrogenation4.3.1.Oleflex Process4.3.2.Catofin Process4.3.3.Phillips STAR Process4.3.4.Linde Process5.Storage, Transportation, Quality Requirements6.Uses6.1.Thermal Uses6.2.Motor Gasoline Uses6.2.1.Polygasoline Production ‐ Dimerization6.2.2.Alkylation6.3.Chemical Uses7.Economic Aspects
2‐Pyrrolidone
Authors: Harreus Albrecht Ludwig , Backes R. , Eichler J.‐O. , Feuerhake R. , Jäkel C. , Mahn U. , Pinkos R. , Vogelsang R.
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.2‐Pyrrolidone3.N‐Methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone4.N‐Vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone5.Other Pyrrolidone Derivatives6.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Resins, Synthetic
Authors: Collin Gerd , Mildenberg Rolf , Zander Mechthild , Höke Hartmut , McKillip William , Freitag Werner , Imöhl Wolfgang
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Definition2.Hydrocarbon Resins2.1.Classification2.2.Raw Materials2.2.1.Indene–Coumarone Feedstocks2.2.2.Petroleum Resin Feedstocks2.3.Production2.4.General Properties2.5.Characterization and Analysis2.6.Resin Types2.6.1.Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Resins2.6.2.Aromatic Hydrocarbon Resins2.6.3.Terpene Resins2.6.4.Resins from Pure Monomers2.6.5.Modified Resins2.7.Uses2.8.Economic Aspects3.Resins by Condensation3.1.Furan Resins3.1.1.Monomers3.1.2.Production — Characteristics3.1.3.Uses3.2.Ketone and Aldehyde Resins3.2.1.Resins from Aliphatic–Aromatic Ketones3.2.1.1.Acetophenone–Formaldehyde Resins3.2.1.2.Modified Acetophenone Resins3.2.2.Resins from Aliphatic Ketones3.2.2.1.Methyl Ethyl Ketone–Formaldehyde Resins3.2.2.2.Acetone–Formaldehyde Resins3.2.2.3.Cyclohexanone Resins3.2.2.4.Cyclohexanone–Formaldehyde Resins3.2.3.Aldehyde Resins3.3.Polyamide Resins3.3.1.Physical and Chemical Properties3.3.2.Raw Materials3.3.3.Production3.3.4.Quality and Analysis3.3.5.Storage3.3.6.Uses3.3.7.Producers, Trade Names4.Natural and Synthetic Resins — Toxicology and Legislation4.1.Toxicology4.1.1.Rosins and Their Derivatives4.1.2.Hydrocarbon Resins4.1.3.Polyamide Resins4.2.Legal Aspects
Sorbic Acid
Authors: Lück Erich , Jager Martin , Raczek Nico
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties and Derivatives4.Production5.Environmental Protection6.Quality Specifications7.Analysis8.Storage and Transportation9.Legal Aspects10.Mode of Action and Uses11.Economic Aspects12.Toxicology
Steel, 1. Introduction and History
Authors: Schauwinhold Dieter , Toncourt Manfred
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

History

2.1.

From Prehistoric Times to the Middle Ages

2.1.1.

Native Iron

2.1.2.

Iron from Ores

2.1.3.

Technology of Iron Production

2.2.

From the Middle Ages to the 1800s

2.2.1.

Bloomery Furnaces

2.2.2.

Blast Furnaces

2.2.3.

Metal Shaping

2.3.

The Industrial Age

2.3.1.

Pig Iron Production

2.3.2.

Steel Production

2.3.2.1.

Crucible Steel

2.3.2.2.

Puddled Steel

2.3.2.3.

Ingot Steel

2.3.3.

Rolled Steel Production

2.3.3.1.

Puddled Steel and Steam Power

2.3.3.2.

Ingot Steel and Mass Production
Tellurium and Tellurium Compounds
Authors: Knockaert Guy
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties3.Resources and Raw Materials4.Production5.Quality Specifications6.Analysis7.Tellurium Compounds7.1.Inorganic Compounds7.2.Organic Compounds8.Uses9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Müller Herbert
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Acetylene/Formaldehyde4.2.Butadiene Acetoxylation4.3.Propylene Oxide Process4.4.Maleic Anhydride Hydrogenation4.5.n‐Butane–Maleic Anhydride Process4.6.Pentosan/Furfural Processes5.Specifications and Analysis6.Environmental Protection and Recovery7.Storage and Transport8.Uses9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology and Industrial Hygiene
Thiourea and Thiourea Derivatives
Authors: Mertschenk Bernd , Beck Ferdinand , Bauer Wolfgang
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Thiourea2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.4.Environmental Protection2.5.Quality Requirements2.6.Chemical Analysis2.7.Storage and Transportation2.8.Uses2.9.Legal Aspects2.10.Economic Aspects2.11.Toxicology3.Thiourea Derivatives3.1.Physical Properties3.2.Chemical Properties3.3.Production3.4.Uses3.5.Toxicology
Vitamins, 1. Introduction
Authors: Eggersdorfer Manfred , Adam Geo
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Definition

2.

Substances with Vitamin‐Like Character

3.

History

4.

Determination of Requirement

5.

Application and Tolerance

6.

Studies with Vitamins

7.

Use of Vitamins in Food‐ and Feedstuffs

8.

Antivitamins

9.

Analysis of Vitamins

10.

Production
Filtration, 1. Fundamentals
Authors: Ripperger Siegfried , Gösele Walter , Alt Christian
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Terminology

2.

Filtration Models

2.1.

Calculation of the Pressure Drop over the Filter Medium and/or the Filter Cake

2.1.1.

Definition of Filter Resistance and Cake Permeability: The Darcy Equation

2.1.2.

The Equation of Kozeny and Carman

2.2.

Cake Filtration

2.2.1.

The “Cake Filter Equation”

2.2.2.

Evaluation of Experiments with Linear Diagrams

2.2.2.1.

Linear Diagram in the Differential Form

2.2.2.2.

Linear Diagram in Integrated Form

2.2.2.3.

Example

2.2.2.4.

Deviations from Linearity

2.2.3.

Compressible Cake Filtration

2.3.

Blocking Filtration and other Modes of Filtration

2.3.1.

Complete Blocking Filtration

2.3.2.

Intermediate and Standard Blocking Filtration

2.3.3.

Simplified Evaluation of Experimental Data

2.4.

Depth Filtration

2.4.1.

Depth Filtration Mechanisms

2.4.2.

Cleaning and Sizing of Deep Bed Filters

2.5.

Cross‐Flow Filtration

3.

Washing of Filter Cakes

3.1.

Basic Effects, Mass Balances

3.2.

Example of Experimental Results

3.3.

Test Procedures and Pitfalls

3.4.

“Intermediate” Deliquoring before Cake Washing

4.

Deliquoring of Filter Cakes

4.1.

Deliquoring by Gas Pressure

4.1.1.

Equilibrium Saturation of Filter Cakes

4.1.2.

Kinetics of Deliquoring by Gas Pressure

4.1.3.

Approximate Solution for Coarse, Incompressible Cakes

4.1.4.

Practical Scale‐Up of Deliquoring by Gas Pressure

4.1.5.

Shrinking and Cracks in Filter Cakes

4.2.

Deliquoring by Expression

5.

Optimal Filtration Cycle Time

6.

Interparticle Forces and Forces Between Particles and Filtermedia, DLVO Theory

7.

Mathematical Simulation of Filtration and Cake Formation

8.

Handling of “Unfilterable” Suspension

8.1.

Optimization of Upstream Steps (Crystallization, Precipitation)

8.2.

Application of Flocculants (Polyelectrolytes)

8.3.

Adaptation of pH

8.4.

Checking of Alternatives to Cake Filtration

8.5.

Use of a Filter Aid
Atomic Spectroscopy, 1. General
Authors: Broekaert José A. C. , Hywel Evans E.
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Basic Principles2.1.Atomic Structure2.2.Plasmas2.3.Emission and Absorption of Radiation2.4.Ionization2.5.Dissociation2.6.Sources and Atom Cells2.7.Analytical Atomic Spectrometry3.Spectrometric Instrumentation3.1.Figures of Merit of an Analytical Method3.2.Optical Spectrometers3.2.1.Optical Systems3.2.2.Detectors3.2.3.Nondispersive Spectrometers3.3.Mass Spectrometers3.3.1.Types of Mass Spectrometer3.3.2.Ion Detection3.3.3.Ion Extraction3.4.Data Acquisition and Processing4.Sample Introduction Devices4.1.Pneumatic Nebulization4.2.Ultrasonic Nebulization4.3.Hydride Generation4.4.Electrothermal Evaporation4.4.1.The Volatilization Process4.4.2.Types of Electrothermal Device4.4.3.Temperature Programming4.4.4.Analytical Performance4.5.Direct Solid Sampling4.5.1.Thermal Methods4.5.2.Slurry Atomization4.5.3.Arc and Spark Ablation4.5.4.Laser Ablation4.6.Cathodic Sputtering5.Comparison With Other Methods5.1.Power of Detection5.2.Analytical Accuracy5.3.Cost
Fibers, 7. Polyolefin Fibers
Authors: Pellegrini Antonio , Olivieri Paolo , Schoene Werner , Schweizer Michael
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Polypropylene Fiber

1.1.

Chemical and Physical Properties

1.2.

Production

1.2.1.

Raw Materials

1.2.2.

Staple Fiber Production Process

1.2.3.

Continuous Filament Yarn Production Process

1.2.4.

Stabilization

1.2.5.

Pigmentation

1.3.

Uses

1.4.

Economic Aspects

2.

Polyolefin Film Yarns and Split Yarns

2.1.

Raw Materials

2.2.

Production of Tapes and Split Yarns

2.3.

Uses

3.

Monofilaments

3.1.

Production

3.2.

Uses

4.

High‐Modulus Polyolefin Yarns

4.1.

Production

4.2.

Properties and Uses
Lubricants, 5. Gear Lubrication Oils
Authors: Bartels Thorsten
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Requirements of Gear Lubrication Oils

3.

Tribology of Gears

3.1.

Friction Conditions of Gear Types

3.2.

Specific Gear and Transmission Failure

4.

Gear Lubrication Oils for Motor Vehicles

4.1.

Lubricants for Gear Drives in Commercial Vehicles

4.2.

Lubricants for Gear Drives in Passenger Cars

4.3.

Lubricants for Automatic Transmissions and CVTs

5.

Multipurpose Lubricants in Vehicle Gears

6.

Gear Lubricants for Industrial Gears
Lubricants, 9. Solid Lubricants
Authors: Busch Christian
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Classification

2.1.

Class 1: Structural Lubricants

2.2.

Class 2: Mechanical Lubricants

2.3.

Class 3: Soaps

2.4.

Class 4: Chemically Active Lubricants

3.

Characteristics

3.1.

Crystal Structures of Lamellar Solid Lubricants

3.2.

Heat Stability

3.3.

Thermal Conductivity

3.4.

Adsorbed Films

3.5.

Chemical Stability

3.6.

Particle Size

4.

Products Containing Solid Lubricants

4.1.

Powders

4.2.

Dispersions and Suspensions

4.3.

Greases and Grease Pastes

4.4.

Pastes

4.5.

Dry‐Film Lubricants

5.

Industrial Uses of Products Containing Solid Lubricants

5.1.

Screw Lubrication

5.2.

Roller‐Bearing Lubrication

5.3.

Slide Bearing, Slide Guideway, and Slide Surface Lubrication

5.4.

Chain Lubrication

5.5.

Plastic and Elastomer Lubrication
Plastics, Processing, 2. Processing of Thermosets
Authors: Burkhardt Gert , Hüsgen Ulrich , Kalwa Matthias , Pötsch Gerhard , Schwenzer Claus
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Vinyl Ester Resins, and Phenol – Formaldehyde Resins

1.1.

Raw Materials

1.2.

Mold Materials

1.3.

Preparation of Resins

1.4.

Pressureless Processing without Fiber Reinforcement

1.5.

Pressureless Processing with Glass‐Fiber Reinforcement

1.6.

Low‐Pressure Processes

1.7.

Press Molding

1.8.

Semicontinuous Processing Techniques

1.9.

Continuous Processes

2.

Curable Molding Compounds and Laminates

2.1.

Processing Techniques

2.1.1.

Processing Curable Molding Compounds

2.1.2.

Manufacture of Laminated Plates

2.2.

Processing Properties

2.3.

Processing Conditions

2.4.

Influence of Processing on Molding Properties

2.5.

Molds

2.6.

Machines
Steel, 7. Environmental Protection
Authors: Winkelgrund Reinhard
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Environmental Aspects of Steel Production and Processing

1.1.

Production of Steel and Steel Products

1.2.

Steel Processing and Steel in Use

2.

Steel Recycling

2.1.

The Tradition of Steel Recycling

2.2.

Types of Scrap

2.3.

Scrap Processing

2.3.1.

Separation

2.3.2.

Shearing Machines

2.3.3.

Presses

2.3.4.

Shredders

2.4.

Factors Influencing Recycling

2.4.1.

Alloy Steels

2.4.2.

Surface Coatings

2.4.3.

Pretreatment of Used Steel Products

2.5.

Economic and Logistic Aspects

2.5.1.

Scrap Consumption

2.5.2.

World Market for Scrap

2.5.3.

Infrastructure and Logistics
Steel, 8. Economic Aspects
Authors: Bünnagel Heinz‐Lothar , Brückmann Volker
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

World Steel Production, Consumption, and Trade

2.

Steel Intensity and Weight Saving in Steel

3.

Capital Investment and Subsidies

4.

Future Prospects
Efficient Light Emitters in the Solid State: Synthesis, Aggregation‐Induced Emission, Electroluminescence, and Sensory Properties of Luminogens with Benzene Cores and Multiple Triarylvinyl Peripherals
Authors: Chan Carrie Y. K. , Zhao Zujin , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Liu Jianzhao , Chen Shuming , Lu Ping , Mahtab Faisal , Chen Xiaojun , Sung Herman H. Y. , Kwok Hoi Sing , Ma Yuguang , Williams Ian D. , Wong Kam Sing , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: November 2011

Benzene‐cored luminogens with multiple triarylvinyl units are designed and synthesized. These propeller‐shaped molecules are nonemissive when dissolved in good solvents, but become highly emissive when aggregated in poor solvents or in the solid state, showing the novel phenomenon of aggregation‐induced emission. Restriction of intramolecular motion is identified as the main cause for this effect. Thanks to their high solid‐state fluorescence quantum yields (up to unity) and high thermal and morphological stabilities, light‐emitting diodes with the luminogens as emitters give sky‐blue to greenish‐blue light in high luminance and efficiencies of 10800 cd m−2, 5.8 cd A−1, and 2.7%, respectively. The emissions of the nanoaggregates of the luminogens can be quenched exponentially by picric acid, or selectively by Ru3+, with quenching constants up to 105 and ∼2.0 × 105 L mol−1, respectively, making them highly sensitive (and selective) chemosensors for explosives and metal ions.
Developing a provisional definition of flare in patients with established gout
Authors: Gaffo Angelo L. , Schumacher H. Ralph , Saag Kenneth G. , Taylor William J. , Dinnella Janet , Outman Ryan , Chen Lang , Dalbeth Nicola , Sivera Francisca , Vázquez‐Mellado Janitzia , Chou Chung‐Tei , Zeng Xuejun , Perez‐Ruiz Fernando , Kowalski Sergio C. , Goldenstein‐Schainberg Claudia , Chen Lan , Bardin Thomas , Singh Jasvinder A.
Published: November 2011

Objective

Various nonvalidated criteria for disease flare have been used in studies of gout. Our objective was to develop empirical definitions for a gout flare from patient‐reported features.

Methods

Possible elements for flare criteria were previously reported. Data were collected from 210 gout patients at 8 international sites to evaluate potential gout flare criteria against the gold standard of an expert rheumatologist definition. Flare definitions based on the presence of the number of criteria independently associated with the flare and classification and regression tree approaches were developed.

Results

The mean ± SD age of the study participants was 56.2 ± 15 years, 207 of them (98%) were men, and 54 of them (26%) had flares of gout. The presence of any patient‐reported warm joint, any patient‐reported swollen joint, patient‐reported pain at rest score of >3 (0–10 scale), and patient‐reported flare were independently associated with the study gold standard. The greatest discriminating power was noted for the presence of 3 or more of the above 4 criteria (sensitivity 91% and specificity 82%). Requiring all 4 criteria provided the highest specificity (96%) and positive predictive value (85%). A classification tree identified pain at rest with a score of >3, followed by patient self‐reported flare, as the rule associated with the gold standard (sensitivity 83% and specificity 90%).

Conclusion

We propose definitions for a disease flare based on self‐reported items in patients previously diagnosed as having gout. Patient‐reported flare, joint pain at rest, warm joints, and swollen joints were most strongly associated with presence of a gout flare. These provisional definitions will next be validated in clinical trials.
Loss of matrilin 1 does not exacerbate the skeletal phenotype in a mouse model of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia caused by a Matn3 V194D mutation
Authors: Bell Peter A. , Piróg Katarzyna A. , Fresquet Maryline , Thornton David J. , Boot‐Handford Raymond P. , Briggs Michael D.
Published: November 2011

Objective

Mutations in matrilin 3 can result in multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED), a disease characterized by delayed and irregular bone growth and early‐onset osteoarthritis. Although intracellular retention of the majority of mutant matrilin 3 was previously observed in a murine model of MED caused by a Matn3 V194D mutation, some mutant protein was secreted into the extracellular matrix. Thus, it was proposed that secretion of mutant matrilin 3 may be dependent on the formation of hetero‐oligomers with matrilin 1. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that deletion of matrilin 1 would abolish the formation of matrilin 1/matrilin 3 hetero‐oligomers, eliminate the secretion of mutant matrilin 3, and influence disease severity.

Methods

Mice with a Matn3 V194D mutation were crossed with Matn1‐null mice, generating mice that were homozygous for V194D and null for matrilin 1. This novel mouse was used for in‐depth phenotyping, while cartilage and chondrocytes were studied both histochemically and biochemically.

Results

Endochondral ossification was not disrupted any further in mice with a double V194D mutation compared with mice with a single mutation. A similar proportion of mutant matrilin 3 was present in the extracellular matrix, and the amount of retained mutant matrilin 3 was not noticeably increased. Retained mutant matrilin 3 formed disulfide‐bonded aggregates and caused the co‐retention of matrilin 1.

Conclusion

We showed that secretion of matrilin 3 V194D mutant protein is not dependent on hetero‐oligomerization with matrilin 1, and that the total ablation of matrilin 1 expression has no impact on disease severity in mice with MED. Mutant matrilin 3 oligomers form non‐native disulfide‐bonded aggregates through the misfolded A domain.
Industrial microalgae: do not shoot ahead!
Authors: Vaca‐Garcia Carlos
Published: November 2011

Convincing the public that the ‘microalgae miracle’ is right here can ultimately be detrimental to this extraordinarily promising industry. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

This communication is co‐signed by Jean JENCK, Olivier LEPINE, Claude GUDIN (AlgoSource Technologies), Jean‐Jacques CABOCHE (F&M, Italie), Jack LEGRAND, Jérémy PRUVOST (GEPEA St‐Nazaire), Gilles PELTIER, Laurent COURNAC (CEA), Jean‐François CORNET, Gilles DUSSAP (LGCB Clermont‐Ferrand).
Phenolic Compounds from the Rhizomes of Dioscorea bulbifera
Authors: Liu Hai , Tsim Karl W. K. , Chou Gui‐Xin , Wang Jun‐Ming , Ji Li‐Li , Wang Zheng‐Tao
Published: November 2011

One new bibenzyl, 7, and one new diarylheptanone, diobulbinone A (18), together with sixteen known compounds, 1–6 and 8–17, have been isolated form the rhizomes of Dioscorea bulbifera. Their structures were elucidated by NMR and MS analyses. Compound 7 showed high antioxidant capacity in FRAP assay and DPPH radical‐scavenging activity.
Four New Doramectin Congeners with Acaricidal and Insecticidal Activity from Streptomyces avermitilis NEAU1069
Authors: Wang Xiang‐Jing , Zhang Ji , Wang Ji‐Dong , Huang Sheng‐Xiong , Chen Yi‐Hua , Liu Chong‐Xi , Xiang Wen‐Sheng
Published: November 2011

Four new doramectin congeners, 1–4, were isolated from Streptomyces avermitilis NEAU1069. The structures of 1–4 were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR as well as HR‐ESI‐MS, ESI‐MS, UV, and IR, and comparison with literature data. All compounds exhibited noticeable acaricidal and insecticidal activities. Especially compound 2 was found to be the most potent pesticide of the compounds evaluated with the IC50 values of 10.2, 65.1 and 124.4 μg/ml against adult two‐spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch), two‐spotted spider mite eggs, and Mythimna separata, respectively, which are comparable to those of commercial pesticide milbemycin A3/A4 as positive reference.
New Flavanones from the Leaves of Cryptocarya chinensis and Their Antituberculosis Activity
Authors: Chou Tsung‐Hsien , Chen Jih‐Jung , Peng Chien‐Fang , Cheng Ming‐Jen , Chen Ih‐Sheng
Published: November 2011

Four new flavanones, cryptoflavanones A–D (1–4, resp.), together with eight known compounds, were isolated from the leaves of Cryptocarya chinensis. The structures of these new compounds were determined by spectral analyses. Among the isolated compounds, pinocembrin (5) and cryptocaryone (6) exhibited antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain in vitro with MIC values of 3.5 and 25.0 μg/ml, respectively.