bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contracting with the administration through the consortium
Authors:   University of Diyala - College of Law and Political Science - Iraq, Hamdan Lecturer Dr. Alaaldeen Mohammad
Published: May 2023

This research deals with a new and modern approach for the projects implementation and for huge investments. This is known internationally for the purpose of execution of the great government contracts. Its implementation requires technical possibilities for too high financial resources that a person, a company or an economic entity cannot afford. Thus, several parties shall resort to a kind of association method, or temporary consensual Union. Those multilateral may constitute a consensual coalition. Its members may be natural or juridical persons. Such investments are often for the implementation of government projects for the interest of the developing countries. The implementation is often done through consensual association composed of a coalition of giant investment companies, their nationality often belongs to the economically advanced countries or world first countries.
USA Employment for the Concept of Terrorism After 2001
Authors:   Center for Strategic and International Studies- Baghdad University, Ali Al-Shujayri Lecturer Dr. Rana
Published: May 2023

USA war raised, against what Washington calls as terrorism, many important questions where contradicting answers have been debated. In light of the intensive USA propaganda trying to add a apostolic character on this war, this war has succeeded to some extent in mixing a tangle of conflicts. So, it is necessary to re- emphasize the process of the facts in order to fasten them tightly to face the storm that propaganda launched specifically after the events of September of 2001 which is the actual start of the current century and its consequences.
The Political Role of Iraqi Woman for 2003
Authors:   Center for Strategic and International Studies- Baghdad University, Saleh Abdullah Lecturer. Badrea
Published: May 2023

Human Development scale, in any society, is measured by the extent of women's participation in political life. Iraqi women suffered from, such as many of the women of countries of the third world, real crisis concerning their participation in the country political life since the era of the national government in 1921. Several factors have played a role in minimize the volume of women's participation in political life because of militarizing the society throughout the eight-year war and its consequences leading to marginalize her function. However, women granted the electoral Quotient in the new Iraqi constitution after 2003. The research's hypothesis is that there are number of fundamental changes undergone by the Iraqi society that led to maximize the women's participation, especially after the year 2003. Despite this contribution demonstrated the constitutional arrangements, but women are governed by sectarian and political equipoise and leading axes for the parties and blocs, which is rare to find a Women's voice.
The evolution of the constitutional protection of fundamental rights and freedoms in Algeria
Authors:   Faculty of Law and Political Science - University of Ouargla, tayeb bin Nasser Lecturer * b* Bou
Published: May 2023

The constitutional protection for fundamental rights and freedoms witnessed several developments in the Algerian constitutions often associated with constitutional amendments In Algeria, in the era of Socialist Party, more attention paid to individual rights of social and economic character. While in the era of pluralistic society, the developments witnessed the rebounding in which collective freedoms, over the expense of individual freedoms of social and economic character, were boomed.
E-governance as a mechanism to improve the performance of local groups in Algeria
Authors:   College of Law and Political Sciences- University Kasdi Merbah, Algerian, Qawi Prof. Dr. Bo Hunia , Ramadan Abdel-Meguid ,   College of Law and Political Sciences- University Kasdi Merbah, Algerian
Published: May 2023

Improving the performance of local authorities in Algeria, requires practical mechanisms by developing human resources and linking them with the knowledge and technology through the universal use of e-administration. Which is an important way to improve staff efficiency and develop their performance. Digital solutions have become, too, the fundamental pillars of the development of public administration, which is the central mechanism that serves citizens and catalyze the development at local level. Algeria's efforts tend to pay attention to information technology and communication to be integrated with both public institutions and local administration. Thus, to develop the administrative functions, eliminate bureaucracy and improve services to citizens. The citizen feels a certain degree of improvement in the performance of local government using the e-administration applications. However, to achieve the highest satisfaction levels, there is an urgent need for new acts of infrastructure development (connect all municipalities branches by the network of optical fibers), promoting facilities, and improving the methods of administrative transactions of officials.
The Political Reform in the Reign of His Majesty King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein, Jordan Opportunities and Challenges
Authors:   Maan University College - Balqa Applied University- Jordan, Salem Alnawafleh Lecturer. Mohammad
Published: May 2023

This study focused on the political reform during the reign of King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein. It concentrated on the definition, principles, and fundamentals, constraints of political reform besides its stages and aspects . The study concluded that it is difficult to completely comprehend the impacts and results of a political reform, since the reform process has been continuing. The political reform in this period was characterized by the flexibility towards the people requirements and enhancement of citizenship concept and sovereignty of Law in order to achieve the multifaceted democracy that believes in debate and protects the national unity. Despite all these efforts, political parties in Jordan didn't play its real role in the political reform process. The study recommends making more efforts to spread the awareness for the civil and political rights of people as well as protection of human rights and freedom, besides the necessity to show the initiatives and achievements of Jordan under the reign of King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein.
The effectiveness of the UN Security Council in the face of non-international armed conflicts
Authors:   University of Diyala - College of Law and Political Science - Iraq, Abd Al-Shamari Assistant Lecturer. Adnan Daowd
Published: May 2023

The armed non-international conflicts and their consequences become one of the main challenges for the United Nations work in the light of the increasing interdependence between the issues that arise in the context of a particular country and preservation of international peace and security and the emergence of more restrictions on the legal principle of the inadmissibility of interference in internal affairs against the growing attention for such international conflicts that have spread within countries in all over the world. As these conflicts pose a threat on international peace and security, this means that dealing with these conflicts and settling them is within the scope of competence of the Security Council, the executive organ of the United Nations organization that the Charter authorized to do the mission of holding primary responsibility in the field of keeping international peace and security and restoring them in the event of breaching them. Either because of an international or internal conflict, but there are some obstacles that stand in front of it which may be the cause of non-settlement of these disputes, though justifications do exist. The Security Council's dependence, in describing the states of threatening international peace and security , on political estimates and not on legal standards indicating that it adopts the policy of double standards. Thus it may intervene in areas rather than other areas. Moreover, the process of Council implementation is subjected to the international policy giving the decision-making authority to the permanent members of Security Council and making their interests prevail over humanitarian reasons for the implementation process. In general it can be said that the effectiveness of the Security Council facing non-international armed conflicts mainly depends on relations between the permanent members and the compatibility between them.
Legal Protection Of Air Pollution In IRAQ
Authors:   College of Law, Government and International Studies, University Utara Malaysia, Jabbar Ashour Assistant Lecturer. Ameel , Abdul Wahab Dr. Harlida ,   College of Law, Government and International Studies, University Utara Malaysia
Published: May 2023

One of the major challenges to protect the environment in Iraq is air pollution. As it has become a great problem in Iraq and is of great concern due to its negative effects on the quality of life. Air pollution reduces renewable and non-renewable natural sources and is a major threat to the life of the coming generations. Environmental experts agree that the current environmental problems in Iraq are the result of three great wars; all kinds of internationally prohibited weapons were used by, Saddam Hussein, the previous Iraqi regime. Needless to say, the effect of the Second Gulf War on the environment in Iraq and other neighboring countries in 1991 is equal to the great environmental pollution resulting from the explosion of the Nuclear Chernobyl Reactor in the Soviet Union in 1986. That war damaged the coastal areas in some countries, led to the increase of earth’s temperature and the pollution of water and air due to a massive oil leak and widespread fires in the oil wells. The estimated leak from the shipping stations and sinking ships was about 8.4 million barrels. It is worth noting that the environment was not just affected by one kind of pollutant, but also involved radiological, chemical and other electromagnetic pollutants. This accident negatively affected the lives of people, especially those residing in the affected area. Furthermore, the United States' occupation to Iraq in 2003 had a crucial role in increasing the problem of environmental air pollution; they used internationally prohibited weapons, e.g., radioactive uranium and chemical weapons. The use of such weapons led to fatal health problems for the Iraqi people, evidenced mainly by the occurrence of cancerous diseases, distorted new born babies and infertility. Hence, this paper proposes the adoption of the Iraqi criminal law represented by the Iraqi Punishments Law No. 111 of 1969, is a law governing all crimes without exception, whether they are environmental or ordinary crimes. Additionally, the special law of the environment represented by the law of protecting and improving the environment No. 13 in 1997 was amended by Law No. 27 in 2009.
US strategy toward Iraq after 2003
Authors:   Researcher, Al-Saadoun Prof. Dr. Hamid Hamad , H. Awad Assistant Prof. Dr. Amer H. Awad ,   Center for Strategic and International Studies- Baghdad University
Published: May 2023

The US strategy toward Iraq after the 2003 is as a compatible aspect with its overall strategy for the Middle East in general. As it considers the region, particularly Iraq, as a fundamental and influential pivot in the conditions of the Middle East and its surrounding aspects of geo-strategy. United States is considering the Middle East according to three principal facts as follows: - Ensuring the oil , - maintaining the continuity of moderate regimes keeping American interests and - ensuring the security of Israel, these facts can explain most of United States behaviors towards the Middle East. However, this does not negate the possibility of change in US strategy because of the mobility of the international environment required adaptation and dealing with the developments on the regional and global levels. For example, what happened in the region called the Arab Spring revolutions toppling systems were classified as moderate, such as Egypt and Tunisia. Iraq occupation as one of the strategic objectives for the United States was a transitory target in a greater scheme drawn by the conservative right-wing forces aiming at redrafting the Greater Middle East to make Israel as an active and master actor.
Parliamentary Censorship and the Future of the Political System in Iraq
Authors:   University of Diyala - College of Law and Political Science - Iraq, Turki Omair Assistant Prof. Dr. Hasan
Published: May 2023

The interest in the study of parliamentary censorship in the contemporary world lies in the fact that: Censorship is one of the core functions for parliaments councils beside the principal function which is legislation. As the parliamentary censorship differs from one political system to another, Iraq is just like other countries, the parliamentary controls are exercised as stipulated in the Article (61), paragraph (II) 2005 of the Iraqi Constitution. Sources indicate that over two consecutive sessions of the Iraqi Council of Representatives there was no political opposition, but everyone is involved in the executive authority in accordance with the policy of reconcile, which in return weakened the censorship and stand the executive authority's questioning back. Where meantime, the legislature has been unable to inquiring or questioning only in very limited scale.
"The Role of Social Shifts on the Marital Treachery" As a Field, a Social and a Legal Study in Baghdad City
Authors:   University of Diyala - College of Law and Political Science - Iraq, Abdullah Muhammed Lecturer Dr. Zainab
Published: May 2023

Marital treachery is an immoral behavior and unaccepted social behavior. An attitude has to be held accountable for legitimately and legally. Treachery is an old phenomenon as well as a new one, but it has been increasingly accelerated nowadays due to the complicated modern life. It is one of the most difficult phenomena researchers faced in terms of study, because of its being compromising the women's identity and that their causes cannot be revealed or disclosed. Thus, our community rejects this behavior particularly if it is committed by a woman. The objectives of our study are centered in the following: - What are the reasons that drive some women to betray their husbands? - What is the role of social, economic and cultural transformations in terms of such betrayal out of the opinions for those who are working in personal status courts (lawyers , social workers)? - What is the attitude of the Personal Status Law and the Iraqi Penal Law against women's treachery? In order to achieve the objectives of this research, a questionnaire is being prepared and applied to the lawyers and social workers. The study found out the following results: Lacking of religious values ​​in the increasing phenomenon of treachery. 2. The role of cultural shifts in the treachery prevalence. 3. Poverty and want are of the reasons why some women betray their husbands.
he inevitable establishment of a special electronic crimes seizure
Authors:   Department of Law - University of Laghouat - Algeria, Abdul Halim Dr. Bu Qurayn
Published: May 2023

In many states, the specialization in investigation and in rule on the electronic crimes relates to the seizure device in charge of research and investigation. Besides, the ordinary jurisdiction in its criminal aspect. Making such kinds of crimes too difficult to be explored or to be proved. This is due to the lack of know-how scientific and technical experience for the judiciary men in this area. Though the law often permits the expertise support to determine the circumstances of the case and then to approach the truth. However, the investigator's experience as well as his briefed at the crime's given data are what we have to rely upon to achieve justice. The difficulty of discovering such kind of crimes, primarily, and the inability of doing an investigation without resorting to experience, secondly, make us in front of un equitable equation. Its first party is the investigation devices lacking experience in the field of computers, the internet and e-transactions. Its second party is the hackers that are highly skilled and well coped with the recent information and communication in the world of technology. Therefore, there is a necessity to calling for the establishment of a seizure, a device or a special body to investigate and search this type of crimes. It does not have to be relied on physical strength or training but to be dependent on technical skills in the field of information and communication technology as a first stage to create a specialist jurisdiction ruling in these crimes.
Party Nomination & its Impact on Civil Peace (Algeria as an example)
Authors:   Faculty of Law and Political Science - University of Skikda - Algeria, Deffa Ali Lecturer Dr. Bou
Published: May 2023

The majority of the political parties in Algeria including the ruling ones, have lost their credibility among the masses, and despite what these parties are enjoying (power and money), they failed miserably in providing qualified candidates that enjoy the respect of millions of Algerian voters at the level of the parliament and municipal councils. These paper focuses of the reality of political action in the Algerian political parties and the role these parties play in the political development process. It is vital to address de various social needs and the economic development of society to deal with the various conflicts and urgent demands of the society. Equality through political participation and the transition from a culture of submission and clapping, to a culture of participation and monitoring through public election, or by increasing the areas of political mobilization, in addition for the core issue of competence based public office candidates a important issues to deal with. The weakness of political parties in Algeria, and the lack of effectiveness have contributed to underdevelopment poverty and ignorance. Studies and statistics indicate that political parties failed to build a strong, active system. Progress will only take place through the nomination of qualified members whatever their convictions and affiliations. Development of laws and regulation that can lead society towards modernity and urbanization as well as the restructuring of public and political are necessary. The next step is to discuss loyalty, affiliation and participation on all levels to inspire individuals and groups. The responsibility of the political parties in finding an outlet for the country is represented in enabling qualified people to lead the community. This is not less important than providing medicine, food and housing for the community. At present, members of the political parties have absolute power and freedom (in the absence of law binding regulation), but do not have the best interest of the people in mind. The recent elections in Algeria, has been the last nail in the coffin of democracy and positive political practice. This research paper will focus on: first, reading the structure and orientation of the active political parties in Algeria nowadays; secondly, efficiency and fairness between partisan rhetoric and personal loyalties; thirdly, the impact of policies and practices in the short and long terms; and finally, the reco.
The Use of the Diyala River Between Iran and Iraqi: An International Law Approach
Authors:   College of Law, Government and International Studies, University Utara Malaysia, Ahmed Hussein Lecturer. Omar , Ahmad Masum Senior Lecturer. ,   College of Law, Government and International Studies, University Utara Malaysia, Binti Mohamed Senior Lecturer. Khadijah ,   College of Law, Government and International Studies, University Utara Malaysia
Published: May 2023

Over the years, Iran started to construct a number of projects on the international rivers shared with Iraq, including Diyala River, a tributary of the Tigris River without any considerations to the rights and interests of Iraq as a downstream country. Iran has used the waters of Diyala River by constructing many projects which in turn has greatly affected the amount of water entering into Iraq. Also, the quality of water entering Iraq has deteriorated due to the construction of these projects. As a result of water shortage caused by the construction of these projects, the agricultural and industrial sectors have suffered the most in Diyala Province. This paper aims to examine the utilization of water resource, especially Diyala River between Iran and Iraq from an international law perspective. The methodology adopted in this paper is a legal library based research focusing mainly on primary and secondary legal sources. The paper concludes that Iran has violated the principles of international law, such as the equitable and reasonable utilization and participation, international cooperation, etc. Finally, the paper recommends that Iraq has to work on a permanent basis with Iran in order to organize the management of Diyala River, which is the tributary of the Tigris River in line with the principles of international law such as the Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses 1997. .
Role of the U.S. Interests in Iraq –Kuwait Relations after 2003
Authors:   College of Law, Government and International Studies, University Utara Malaysia, Abdulhasan Moeh Lecturer. Hussein , Abdullah Prof. Kamarulnizam ,   College of Law, Government and International Studies, University Utara Malaysia, Bin Yatiban Dr. Amin urraasyid ,   College of Law, Government and International Studies, University Utara Malaysia
Published: May 2023

Iraqi – Kuwaiti relations is one of the most contentious relations in the Arab Gulf region, whereby these relationships encountered significant tension and instability during U.S. occupation of Iraq 2003-2011, as a result of the development of a set of political and economic problems. e.g., the border demarcation between the two countries, debt and compensation, establishment of the Mubarak Kuwait port, and continuation of the sanctions imposed on Iraq by United Nation (UN) after Second Gulf war. The U.S. interests are reflected directly on the conflict and cooperation relations between Iraq and Kuwait. This study therefore, examines the nature Iraqi – Kuwaiti relations in light of the divergent interests of U.S. after Saddam’s regime.
Deviation of prevailed legal idea and its application in Iraq's constitution for 2005
Authors:   Al-Nukhba University College, dawood salman Assistant Prof. Dr. samir
Published: May 2023

This research aims to shed light on the prevailed legal idea, and then review the deviation committed by violating this idea, including both by the legislature or the executive authorities , and state the penalty resulting from this violation. As we found that the constitutional foundation for some of the concepts and procedures of the three powers and their specializations will be clear and unambiguous. However, determining the concept and limits of the prevailed legal idea is a thorny matter being unapparent and must be searched for in the constitutional provisions explicitly and implicitly. Thus, we are raising such topic to be addressed under the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq in 2005.
Mr. Mohammed Hussein Fadhlalallah and his Political Role
Authors:   University of Diyala - College of Law and Political Science - Iraq, Abd Own Nazal Assistant Lecturer. Ayman
Published: May 2023

The environment in which Mr. Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah grew up has a huge role in highlighting his religious, political and intellectual personality. As the social upbringing also has a major role in his character development. He was one of offspring from liberated school worked as a renewal project religiously and politically. Fadlallah particularized by his responsive views and ideas to the pulse of reality which was so evident during the Lebanese civil war. Through his relentless quest for finding appropriate and real solutions to end this war. Furthermore, Fadlallah deeply belived that the Palestinian issue is the (mother issue) in the region and the world; emphasizing that the conflict of Arab - Israeli was not a geographical conflict on the level of Palestine only, but It is an Arab, Muslim conflict as well; and that Israel has mutual interests relations with the West serving the two parties on account of the Palestine, Arabs and Muslims; and that the nature of US policy toward the region is to preserve the security of Israel and its protection, and to try to encircle the resistance movement; as well as the terrorism that arrogant powers made to flood the region with a host of religious, political and intellectual complexity.
Russian-Western Relations And Their Developments After The Events of Ukraine in 2014
Authors:   Center for Strategic and International Studies- Baghdad University, Al-Nbari Assistant Prof. Dr. Ahmed Abdul-Ameer
Published: May 2023

In 2014 Ukraine witnessed a number of important events, which were finished with removing the Ukrainian President, and the appointment of a new pro-West president, which was considered by Russia as a violation of its interests. Therefore, it supported the separation of Crimea from Ukraine and joining Russia, on one hand. On the other hand, the European Union and the United States of America considered Russia's support to Crimea and joining Russia unacceptable which requires supporting the new Ukrainian president. This led the United States and the European Union to impose sanctions against Russia in order to impact the Russian attitude forcing Russia to give up its attitude. However, Russia, in return, imposed sanctions against the United States and the European Union, to emphasize its attitude showing that it is not affected by the sanctions imposed on it.
The Future of American Strategy Towards Iran & Its Regional Impacts
Authors:   Center for Strategic and International Studies- Baghdad University, Hashim Awad Assistant Prof. Dr. Amer
Published: May 2023

Since the declaration of the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, Iran consider the United States as a Great Satan. Therefore, the general status of the relations between both parties was overwhelmed by hostility and mutual mistrust. A status had been lasted entirely till 1991, and partly till 2003. As the US occupation of Iraq was as a sign of unprecedented cooperation between the United States and Iran. However, American strategy towards Iran remained cautious, especially with the outbreak of the Iranian nuclear program crisis that emerged after finding out that Iran's building for two nuclear facilities which have not been authorized by the International Atomic Energy Agency. As the crisis lasted until reaching to the famous agreement of 2015 between both parties. The research will discuss the development in US strategy toward Iran, and its relationship with the regional area, the prospects for the future, would the Iranian - American rapprochement have negative or positive consequences? How would it be reflected on the American projects in the region? Would Iran be included or not?
Legal Protection Of cultural heritage Algerian
Authors:   Faculty of Law and Political Science - University of Adrar - Algeria, Bakhuya Driss Lecturer "A" d.
Published: May 2023

The cultural heritage reflects the identity of individuals and communities, not only for being the past stretch in the present, but also because it represents the economic an active economic, social, and political output in the present societies. Leading to paying attention of various comparative legislation to the necessity of its protection just like the Algerian legislature. Especially with the spread of globalization trends calling for the adoption of the model of modernity and what is beyond. Thus, we are, in this paper, examining the legal mechanisms dedicated by the Algerian legislature for the protection of tangible and intangible cultural heritage threatened by extinction.
Cyber Space War Concept – Tools and Applications
Authors:   Yarmouk University College - Iraq, Mosa Jawad Lecturer Dr. Anmar
Published: May 2023

In the twenty first century, due to the increasing reliance of developed countries on the Internet networks, and infrastructure's link with these networks. Cyberspace has emerged to form a new dimension and another challenge for the countries. Countries are no longer afraid of attacks that might occur on land, air or sea territory only, but they become alarmed by a new kind of war, a cyberspace war that take the Internet networks and computer as a scene of war. These wars have new effective theaters and arenas that ceased the actual defensive value-border point of view. Furthermore, it legally terminate the relationship between war and peace creating a state of instability and increased state of security disclosure. Which require a reformulation of the concept of security in line with new developments in the concept of cyberspace. These wars has a range of features motivating parties initiating attack using certain types of tools and weapons with special properties that do not need to store and cannot be controlled, reduced or removed just like traditional weapons. These wars are not just scenes of fiction, but they have been applied in reality among nations. World has witnessed cyber space wars that accompanied to with states of an armed conflict, and cyber space war by itself.
The Second Amendment for the Law of the Non-regionally Organized Provinces No.19 of 2013 - Analytic & Critic Study
Authors:   Faculty of Imam Kadhim (AS) Islamic University of Science, Hadi Al-Zuhairi Lecturer. Dr. Ahmed Yahya
Published: May 2023

The law No. (21) of 2008 was stated to determine the legal status for the non- regionally organized provinces and their legal powers whether it's on the executive or legislative level. However, most of the political powers did not like such law at the national and local level. So, many claims aroused to amend this law. After a long argument over that amendment which was lasted for about four years, the second amendment , No. (19) of 2013, of the non- regionally organized provinces. Yet, this amendment came up with wide powers violating the traditions of administrative decentralized systems which stipulate that the central government has to be authorized with some powers for administrative units to be run by the control of central government provided that those powers should be on the administrative level but not on the political one. Thus, the research is divided into two topics. The first is related to differentiate between the administrative decentralization and the political and federal decentralization and the elements of each of these concepts. While the second is the essence of the research dealt with the legal provisions of the second amendment of the law of non- regionally organized provinces including several items, most notably are:
Islamic-based Terrorism and its Global Dimension
Authors:   University of Diyala - College of Law and Political Science - Iraq, Saleh Calawy Lecturer Dr. Sami Ahmed
Published: May 2023

Since the early 1990s up till the present day, the Islamic-based terrorism has been threatening the entire world. Al-Qaeda, ISIS and many other groups which carry out terrorist attacks in the name of Islam proved that they had the ability to hit in any part of this world. The factors behind the global dimension of the Islamic-based terrorism is the subject of this research. Relying on a number of theories within the field of political science, the research suggests two assumptions about the global dimension of Islamic extremism; 1) the doctrine of jihad, and 2) the great power’s rivalry on the Muslim World. with regard to the first assumption, many Islamic scholars support the offensive jihad as a means by which Islam should be spread all over the world. In regard to the second assumption, many Islamic extreme groups, such as al-Qaeda and ISIS, have been employed by great powers, especially the United States, to achieve specific goals. Accordingly, the Islamic terrorist groups have been provided with both ideological and material support required to spread terror all over the world.
The impact of the constitutional oath In the protection of human rights and public freedoms - A comparative study
Authors:   University of Diyala - College of Law and Political Science - Iraq, Abbas Lecturer. AbdulBasit AbdulRaheem
Published: May 2023

Constitutional Oath often stated out in the core of the constitutions. As the Constitution determines what is a binding within the texts that included. Generally, transferring the texts from the abstract level into the level of reality and being embodied actually is a course stained by a lot of difficulties and obstacles. Although, countries have constitutions and laws that acknowledge and ensure the protection of human rights and freedoms, but there is a lot of ignorance and disregard or violation for many of these rights and freedoms in many countries of the world. Especially, if we know that the human rights' statue in a country is usually associated with the political system. As duality of power and freedom is rooted deeply since the emergence of power. Accordingly, the research's problem, (The impact of the constitutional oath In the protection of human rights and public freedoms), is not targeting a deep research on the being of constitutional oath but it is trying to find kind of a correlation between such oath and the protection of human rights and public freedoms. Through analyzing constitutional oath content including the maintenance and the protection of rights and freedoms from one side and their conformity with what is fixed in the morals of human rights in another side. By identifying the obligations imposed on the oath performer and explaining the legal consequences in the event of violating one's oath in terms of this part of the oath voice. In order to upgrade the constitutional oath and to overcome the difficulties of its application. By means of highlighting strengths and using them appropriately, revealing weaknesses and diagnosis them and finding appropriate solutions to put them on the right course qualified to be an effective way to maintain and protect human rights and public freedoms.
Procedural Challenges related to Informatics Crimes
Authors:   University of Diyala - College of Law and Political Science - Iraq, Hassan Nisaif Assistant Lecturer. Safa'a
Published: May 2023

Major developments in the field of Internet and information networks have been accompanied with unique and novel criminal patterns that communities were not familiar with before . They raised massive controversy focused directly on the extent of the flexibility and breadth of traditional punitive legislations to accommodate such patterns. Especially in the procedural aspect that this study shed the lights on concerning the procedural challenges raised by the IT, Cyber, crimes to the extent of admissibility for digital evidence . Especially the data that cannot be reached only by the use of certain techniques and applications under the supervision of experts in this area. Its authenticity depends on the nature of the current judicial system and the discretionary power granted to the judge, and the extent to which system of scientific proof is reliable in Criminal evidence; The problem also raised in the inspection field of virtual digital environment due to the special character of such environment. In addition, the breadth of informatics crime scene to the extent that territorial boundaries are canceled which enforce finding legal solutions to impose an inspection outside the borders of the State's territory; and other challenges are raised out of the fact that cyber crime does not recognize the territorial boundaries for the competence conflict in the event of having the crime happened in any place plugged into the Internet and their impact is realized in other multiple places or by a person or people with different nationalities raising a legal problem in determining the crime scene. Then, the applicable law calling for neglecting the traditional stereotypes and adopting new and innovative legal basis to suit the nature of these crimes.
Festín del deseo: Hacia una teología alimentaria
Authors: Méndez Ángel
Published: May 2023

Los alimentos, como todos sabemos, son de gran importancia. Muestran una compleja interrelación entre uno mismo y el otro; entre sujeto y objeto; entre apetito y digestión; entre estética, ética y política; entre naturaleza y cultura; entre la creación y la divinidad. Esta lectura de los alimentos, en particular, puede arrojar luz sobre lo que significa la práctica teológica, sobre el pores tan relevante que la teología enfoque su atención tanto sobre cuestiones referentes a los alimentos como a la carencia de los mismos. Este libro, escrito desde una perspectiva católica, ve a Dios como superabundancia y como una instancia del compartir intratrinitario de amor, verdad, bondad y belleza que nutren. Dios, además, comparte sus dones con la creación y con la humanidad. La creación es un banquete cósmico, una red interdependiente de signos comestibles que participan del compartir nutricio de Dios. La encarnación es una continuación del compartir kenótico de Dios, que —en el banquete eucarístico— realiza una forma más radical de darse a través de transformarse en alimento con el fin de incorporar a la humanidad en el cuerpo de Cristo, el cual ya de por sí participa en la vida del cosmos y de la comunidad trinitaria. Debido a que los alimentos sí importan, la vocación de la teología es, por ende, ser “alimentaria”, con lo cual se reorienta la interdependencia de las comunidades humanas entre sí y la interdependencia entre la humanidad y la ecología, entre la creación en su conjunto y Dios. A través de una mirada tanto a algunas prácticas culturales y materiales como a narrativas centradas en los alimentos, este libro crea un diálogo que construye un discurso eucarístico multifacético, argumentando que los alimentos no son “solo comida”. Sin embargo, considerando que esta investigación ve a Dios como la fuente suprema que nutre la práctica teológica en su conjunto, y que este mismo Dios existe como superabundancia de significados, al final, este trabajo termina rodeado de misterio. Es por este motivo que es tan solo los prolegómenos de un discurso eucarístico: eternamente abierto a una mayor elaboración, que responde al contacto, sabor y nutrición del superabundante dar de sí mismo de Dios.
Introducción. Discurso alimentario: superposición de temas.
Authors: Méndez Ángel
Published: May 2023

“Comer: nada más vital, nada más íntimo”, nos dice Claude Fischler en L’ Homnivore. Comer es vital, ya que si nos llegaran a faltar nuestros alimentos, moriríamos. De una forma u otra, todos los organismos vivos necesitan comer o ingerir una sustancia determinada para poder crecer y sobrevivir. Comer—en sus múltiples formas y modalidades, incluyendo beber, absorber una sustancia, y actos semejantes— es una forma de ser ya de por sí incorporada en los ciclos orgánicos de la vida, tanto a nivel micro como a nivel macro. Comer es acto y seña primordial de la vida que evoca el cosmos como un gran banquete cósmico. A la vez que es un acto tan vital, el comer —como lo plantea Fischler— también es una experiencia de extrema cercanía, incluso de gran intimidad. Cuando comemos, de hecho literalmente ‘intimamos’ con los alimentos al acercarlos físicamente al cuerpo, a los labios, a la boca. Las sustancias ingeridas rompen la frontera convencional entre lo interno y lo externo, entre el uno mismo y la alteridad, e impregnan el cuerpo con una miríada de aromas, texturas, sabores y sustancias, hasta que los alimentos ingeridos se incorporan al cuerpo a través de un complejo proceso de metabolización que transforma —transfigura— su consistencia inicial en calorías, vitaminas, proteínas, y demás. Deane W. Curtin atinadamente comenta que: “nuestro cuerpo literalmente es alimento transformado en músculos, tendones, sangre y huesos”.
Capítulo 1. La elaboración del ‘molli’ y el proceso de creación de una teología alimentaria
Authors: Méndez Ángel
Published: May 2023

La receta de doña Soledad para preparar mole poblano —un platillo mexicano tradicional— contiene un total de 33 ingredientes. Después de preparar los ingredientes, estos se muelen finamente hasta quedar como café molido; el mole en polvo se puede conservar en el congelador por mucho tiempo. De hecho, como en un buen vino tinto, el sabor es mejor cuanto más añejo sea el mole. Fue doña Soledad misma, una abuela de 60 años de edad que vive en la Ciudad de México, quien me enseñó a preparar este complejo platillo. Fue su madre quien le enseñó a doña Soledad a hacer mole, y esta —a su vez— había aprendido de su madre, remontándose esta cadena muchas generaciones hasta la época de los mexicas, antes de la invasión europea. El hijo de doña Soledad, Israel, que es chef profesional, también fue mi mentor en el aprendizaje de cómo preparar esta receta. Además de tener la intención de aprender cómo hacer mole, yo también deseaba compartir el mole con mis amistades en un gran festejo o banquete. Inicialmente, planeábamos hacer mole para unas 20 personas. Sin embargo, terminamos preparando mole en polvo para 100 personas, por lo que decidimos dividir el mole en polvo en partes iguales para guardarlo y usarlo para futuras fiestas.
Capítulo 2 Saber/sabor: el sentido del gusto y el eros cognitivo.
Authors: Méndez Ángel
Published: May 2023

Tita, la heroína de la novela de Laura Esquivel, Como agua para chocolate, tiene un don único: conocimientos y sabiduría en cuestiones que tienen que ver con los alimentos. Los conocimientos de Tita son encarnados y de una profunda sensualidad; se transforman en un poderoso medio lingüístico de comunicación, particularmente con Pedro, el amor de su vida. En esta narrativa, los amantes crecen en el conocimiento del amor que se tienen a través de ver, oler, tocar y saborear los placeres culinarios que prepara Tita. Los alimentos son el medio a través del cual se da la cognición erótica del amado. Este conocimiento está íntimamente relacionado con la cocina.
Capítulo 3. Ser alimentado: la importancia de la cuestión alimentaria.
Authors: Méndez Ángel
Published: May 2023

En su Teoría de la religión , Georges Bataille comenta que “el mundo de las cosas es un mundo caído”. Sin embargo, Bataille argumenta que, en el mundo prelapsariano, todas las criaturas se encuentran en una relación de diferencia, pero sin trascendencia, y —por ende— se encuentran en el reino de la inmanencia pura. En la visión prelapsariana de Bataille, tanto el que come como lo que es comido, aunque diferentes, son parte de la misma realidad inmanente. No obstante, en el mundo que sigue a la caída, hay subyugación, por lo que comer algo es postular la “coseidad” de aquello que se come. Según Bataille, este proceso de objetificación se intensifica con el uso de herramientas por parte del hombre, ya que son instrumentos para la subyugación de la naturaleza. La historia humana de guerra y violencia es resultado de esta larga genealogía de subyugación. Para Bataille, la economía y la religión van de la mano; ya que ambas implican la búsqueda de la humanidad de la intimidad perdida, en la cual la violencia y el sacrificio sirven como prácticas para la recuperación de la misma. Bataille, así, sugiere que la economía y las religiones promueven la violencia y la destrucción más que la paz y la comunión.
Capítulo 4. Compartir el cuerpo de Cristo y la teopolítica de la superabundancia.
Authors: Méndez Ángel
Published: May 2023

En el capítulo anterior hice una lectura de la narrativa de la ingesta del fruto prohibido en el libro del Génesis. En esta narrativa, veo cómo la ingesta del fruto prohibido simbólicamente inaugura el pecado, produciendo una ruptura en la participación armónica de la humanidad en Dios. El pecado construye un espacio ilusorio separado de Dios, y, subsecuentemente, un espacio en donde se desmiembra la comunión humana: la esfera de la individualidad y de la enemistad como tal. En el capítulo 3, también mencioné que el pecado es aquello que enceguece a la humanidad ante la verdad de un estado original de armonía erótico/agapéica colectiva. Asimismo, argumenté que hay una alternativa católica a someterse a los efectos del pecado; no se trata de negar el pecado, sino más bien de reorientar la visión. Esta alternativa contempla al ser como sofiánico, todo lo que “es” participa del superabundante nutrimento del amor y la sabiduría de Dios. Sofía, la personificación de la sabiduría de Dios, está con Dios aún antes de los inicios de la creación, donde Dios es “el jardinero preeminente, que trabaja para producir alimentos-sabiduría vitales y comestibles, creando y sustentando a los humanos que respondan a Dios y respondan los unos a los otros con gestos de cáritas”. Este compartir sofiánico de Dios se expresa de manera aún más radical en la Eucaristía, en donde Dios se transforma en alimento (pan) y bebida (vino), y al hacerlo abre un espacio para una escenificación colectiva o una práctica comunitaria en la que la humanidad se reincorpora al cuerpo de Cristo, y esto se da en el contexto de una mesa que se comparte. Desde esta perspectiva sofiánica y eucarística, el alimento no es signo de separación, ni tampoco produce destrucción ni muerte definitiva. Más bien, lo que Sofía y la Eucaristía transmiten es alimento como un signo —tanto material como divino— de relacionalidad, de interdependencia, y de compartir vida eterna. El banquete eucarístico nos cuenta la historia de la escenificación del cuerpo de Cristo que le da forma a la vida comunitaria, a la cual además nutre.
КЛИНИКО-НЕВРОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОЯВЛЕНИЯ ПАТОЛОГИИ НЕРВНОЙ СИ-СТЕМЫ ПРИ ХРОНИЧЕСКОЙ БОЛЕЗНИ ПОЧЕК У ДЕТЕЙ
Authors: Каримова Умида , Рахманова Лола , Юсупова Гулноза , Исраилова Нигора
Published: May 2023

Цель исследования: анализ основные клинико-неврологические проявления патологии нервной системы при хронической болезни почек  (ХПБ) у детей

Материалы и методы: Обследовано 30 условно здоровых и 120 детей в возрасте 7-15 лет с разными формами ХБП. Стадии ХБП определяли в соответствии с классификацией K/DOQI, утвержденной конгрессом детских нефрологов России. Пациенты по стадиям ХБП были разделены на 4 группы: 1-я – ХБП С1 (12); 2-я – ХБП С2 (50); 3-я - ХБП С3а (34); 4-я – ХБП С3б и наличием признаков ПЭ (24). Оценку неврологического статуса проводили совместно с неврологами. Анализировали 3 основные синдромы: астено-вегетативный; энцефалопатический и интеллектуально-мнестический. Цифровой материал обработан методом вариационной статистики.

Результаты: Астеновегетативный синдром у пациентов с ХПБ чаще выявлялся у детей с С3б стадии ХБП и в большей степени при наличии ПЭ, проявляясь в основном головными болями и эмоциональной лабильностью, носящей транзиторный характер. Наряду с этим отмечены клинические проявления энцефалопатического синдрома: анизорефлексия, парезы VII – XII пары ЧМН, координаторные нарушения и горизонтальный нистагм. Частота выявления анизорефлекции и горизонтального нистагма зависела от степени поражения азотовыделительной функции почек и резко возрастали в группе детей с ПЭ. У детей с С1 и С2 стадиями ХБП имелись нарушения в когнитивной сфере, проявляясь эмоционально-поведенческими расстройствами, снижением памяти и внимания, обусловленные эмоциональным состоянием ребенка. В группе детей с С3а и С3б стадиями ХБП, особенно с наличием ПЭ, низкая продуктивность внимания и ее устойчивость четко взаимосвязаны с расстройствами в эмоциональной сфере и нарушениями различных видов памяти.