bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The dibenzoterrylene-C60 composite structure as a possible new single-photon source - growth and optical analysis
Authors: Hirt F. , Christinck J. , Hofer H. , Wolter S. , Stummvoll M. , Reutter A. , Schlickum U. , Kück S.
Published: October 2024

A sample fabrication approach based on organic molecular beam deposition creating a new molecule-based emitter structure and its optical analysis is presented. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon dibenzoterrylene (DBT, C38H20) was deposited between layers of C60-fullerenes, which serve as a protective matrix. It was found that this structure maintains the DBT’s optical properties [1, 2], but a potentially quenching impact cannot be excluded. Raman spectra of the composite were collected proving the molecules’ preserved integrity after being evaporated at high temperatures. Finally, the results of confocal laser scanning microscopy show fluorescent molecular clusters.
A germanium-vacancy center in diamond as single-photon source for radiometric application
Authors: Christinck J. , Hirt F. , Hofer H. , Georgieva H. , Liu Z. , Etzkorn M. , Dunatov T. , Jakšić M. , Forneris J. , Kück S.
Published: October 2024

We present the metrological characterization of a single-photon source based on a germanium-vacancy center in diamond under a solid immersion lens in a confocal microscope setup at room temperature. It was characterized in terms of the emission’s spectral distribution, single-photon purity, temporal stability and the emitter’s excited state lifetime and saturation behavior. An Allan deviation analysis was performed on the emission of the single-photon source to determine the optimal averaging time of the photon flux. The single-photon source was used for the relative calibration of the detection efficiency of two single-photon avalanche diode detectors. The results were compared with measurements using attenuated laser light for the calibration of the detectors.
CFD-PBM simulation of nanobubble distribution characteristics in horizontal pipeline
Authors: Lei Ming , Zhang Liting , Li Qifen , Yang Yongwen , Deng Junkai
Published: October 2024

The distribution characteristics of flow and transmission of nanobubbles in pipelines are of great significance for their applications in energy storage, agriculture, medicine, and other fields. The existing numerical simulation studies for nanobubbles in pipeline gas-liquid two-phase mixing still suffer from the deficiency of capturing the accuracy of the complex behavior of nanobubbles in the actual environment and cannot fully consider the influence of the dynamic behavior of nanobubbles, which limits the efficiency and accuracy of the simulation. In order to reveal the development law of nanobubbles in pipeline flow, this paper simulates the flow of nanobubbles in the pipeline based on the population balance model (PBM) and combines it with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate the effects of gas phase volume fraction on the flow of nanobubbles in the horizontal pipeline, and to study their distribution characteristics. The calculation results show that the increase in the volume fraction of the imported gas phase leads to a more dispersed particle size distribution, an increase in size, and a decrease in the distribution density of the nanobubbles.
Effect of surface treatment on oxidation film of 55SiCr spring steel wire
Authors: Zhang Honglong , Zhang Tao , Yang Yong , Zhang Fengshan , Jiang Ling
Published: October 2024

In this work, the surface pretreatments of 55SiCr spring steel wire rods were conducted using shot blasting and phosphating. After drawing, the steel wire was heated at 950°C × 15 s, followed by oxidation treatment with high-temperature steam or air for 3 seconds, and tempering treatment at 520°C. The effects of different surface treatment methods on the surface oxide film of spring steel wire were studied using stereomicroscopy, SEM, EDS, and XRD. The results showed that the steel wire surface oxide film with phosphating pretreatment was thicker and easy to fall off. The thickness of the oxide film formed by phosphating pretreatment samples increased by 2.1 um (high-temperature steam) and 0.3 um (air) compared to the shot-blasting samples under different oxidation atmospheres. High-temperature steam oxidation treatment significantly increased the thickness of the oxide film by 0.65 um (shot blasting) and 2.45 um (phosphating) under different surface pretreatment conditions. The outer surface of the oxide film turned black with high-temperature steam oxidation treatment and turned yellowish brown with air oxidation treatment. By both above oxidation treatments, the oxide film showed a multilayer structure, with enrichment of Cr and Si on the inner side.
Optimal strategies for virtual power plants to participate in medium- and long-term power trading in the context of contracts for difference (CFDs)
Authors: Nie Jianghong , Gan Ling , Wang Jing , Xiao Kun , Zhou Congpei
Published: October 2024

In the context of virtual power plants gradually joining the medium-and long-term power market transactions, the decision-making problem of this new subject in the transaction process has attracted wide attention. Since virtual power plants possess distributed power sources on the supply side, as well as variable loads, energy storage, and other resources on the customer side, they are able to participate in both the sale and purchase of electricity in the medium-and long-term electricity market at the same time, which leads to the need for the relevant analysis to be divided into the two cases of sale and purchase of electricity. At the same time, due to the wide application of the CFD mechanism, power transactions should also take into account the compensation adjustment brought by this mechanism in addition to the market price. To sum up, this paper constructs a static game model for the virtual power plant’s power sales and purchasing strategies in the medium-and long-term power market under the premise of the CFD mechanism. The analysis shows that the optimal trading volume is related to the CFD volume, the total volume of power supplied by the bidding, the market price, etc. The relevant conclusions will help market managers to grasp the market price. The conclusions of the analysis help market managers grasp the key transaction information and assist virtual power plants to participate in medium-and long-term power transactions in an orderly manner.
Research on distributed optimal scheduling method based on consensus
Authors: Duan Liwei , Yang Chao
Published: October 2024

With access to large-scale distributed power sources, the physical structure of the power grid system tends to be distributed. The application of traditional centralized optimal scheduling methods will lead to a surge in communication overhead and computational complexity, which will affect the performance and efficiency of the solution. In this paper, the minimum operating cost of the system is taken as the goal, and the distributed direct current optimal power flow (DC-OPF) optimization calculation of the photovoltaic-storage power generation system is considered to approximately solve the economic dispatch problem. The DC optimal power flow model with energy storage charging penalty is constructed. Then, the distributed optimization method based on the consensus alternating direction multiplier method (ADMM) is adopted. By decoupling the objective function and constraints of the whole system problem, the fully distributed DC-OPF calculation is realized by introducing the global consensus variable to deal with the boundary buses. Finally, the improved IEEE 30-bus example is used to test the method, and the simulation results verify the convergence and accuracy of the method.
Assembly and operation optimization of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer for performance enhancement
Authors: Ke Shengjin , Jiang Xuhui , Zhang Xi , Wang Song
Published: October 2024

Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) for hydrogen production possesses wide-ranging and rapid dynamic response capabilities, offering promising applications in the consumption of new energy sources and the dynamic balancing of power grids with a high proportion of renewable energy. The assembly and operating conditions of PEMWE significantly affect its performance. Therefore, thoroughly studying and understanding the influence of PEMWE’s assembly and operating conditions on water electrolysis performance are crucial for enhancing PEMWE’s performance and promoting its applications. In this research, the influence of installation preload torque, feedwater flow rate, and operating temperature on the performance of the electrolyzer, including the electrochemical active specific surface area (ECSA), high-frequency resistance (HFR) and various types of polarizations (including activation polarization, ohmic polarization, and mass transfer polarization) during the operation of the electrolyzer, were detailedly investigated. The results showed that the optimal preload torque and operating temperature for the electrolyzer were 3 Nm and 80°C. Under these conditions, an optimized PEMWE performance would be achieved by ensuring that the feedwater flow rate exceeded the water consumption during electrolysis.
Modelling of planetary accretion and core-mantle structure formation
Authors: Roubíček Tomáš , Stefanelli Ulisse
Published: October 2024

We advance a thermodynamically consistent model of self-gravitational accretion and differentiation in planets. The system is modeled in actual variables as a compressible thermoviscoelastic fluid in a fixed, sufficiently large domain. The supply of material to the accreting and differentiating system is described as a bulk source of mass, volume, impulse, and energy localized in some border region of the domain. Mass, momentum, and energy conservation, along with constitutive relations, result in an extended compressible Navier–Stokes-Fourier-Poisson system. The centrifugal and Coriolis forces are also considered. After studying some single-component setting, we consider a two-component situation, where metals and silicates mix and differentiate under gravity, eventually forming a core-mantle structure. The energetics of the models are elucidated. Moreover, we prove that the models are stable, in that self-gravitational collapse is excluded. Eventually, we comment on the prospects of devising a rigorous mathematical approximation and existence theory.
Contribution to the knowledge of the Amphipoda (stygobionts) collected from the Meknes aquifer, Morocco
Authors: Moustaine Radouane El , Abdelmonaim Maliki , Abderrazzaq Boudellah , Mhamed Khaffou , Abdelkader Chahlaoui
Published: October 2024

Groundwater in the Saïss Basin is an important resource economic and social for the region. They are also the reservoir of an original biological diversity. The subterranean aquatic fauna is to date largely unknown in the Meknes region. It, therefore, represents both a significant part of the national natural heritage and an essential part of the regional natural heritage to be taken into account when conservation measures are considered. Eight wells and two springs were investigated between February 2013 and February 2014. The study was conducted in three localities in the surroundings of Meknes (Meknes, El Hajeb, and Agouray). In fact, Amphipod distribution data is based on unpublished data from my thesis work. Most hypogean taxa are crustaceans, principally the Amphipoda. This research work is a contribution to the knowledge of Amphipoda (stygobionts) collected from the Meknes aquifer. Among the subterranean Amphipoda, species belonging to the generaMetacrangonyxandPseudoniphargus, which have never been described previously, are limited to a single locality (Agouray), typically found in Wells W4 and W5. In addition, the first record of (Metacrangonyxsp, andPseudoniphargussp1 and sp2.) for the stygofauna of the Meknes aquifer was also recorded. These results represent an important contribution to regional biodiversity and finally to complete the inventory of the stygofauna of Morocco.
Recent variations of water area in the Tabular Middle Atlas lakes, Morocco
Authors: El-Bouhali A , Amyay M , El Ouazani Ech-Chahdi Kh
Published: October 2024

The shrinkage of the lake’s water area is considered an indicator of change in climatic parameters and anthropogenic impact on landscapes through changes in land use practices. The present study focuses on utilizing remote sensing data to track the evolution of the water area in three lakes (Aoua, Afourgagh, and Ifrah) located in the Tabular Middle Atlas. The processing of Landsat satellite images between August 1984 and August 2022 reveals a significant shrinkage of the lakes, with drying periods in recent years. The concerning situation of the lakes is attributed to the increased rainfall deficit since the 1980s and the extension of irrigated areas in intramountain depressions. In three decades, the area of irrigated lands has extended by more than 540 %. The results obtained in this study indicate significant variations in the Tabular Middle Atlas lakes and reflect the dramatic situation of water resources.
3D bioprinted in vitro epilepsy models for pharmacological evaluation in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Chen Wei , Gai Ke , Luo Xiao , Wu Bing , Wang Xiu , Shi Wei , Zhang Kai , Lin Feng , Sun Wei , Song Yu
Published: October 2024

This study introduces a novel in vitro model for intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) utilizing 3D bioprinting technology, aiming to replicate the complex neurobiological characteristics of TLE more accurately. Primary neural cell constructs were fabricated and subjected to epileptiform-inducing conditions, fostering synaptic proliferation and neuronal loss. Systematically electrophysiological and immunofluorescent analyses indicated that significant synaptic connectivity and sustained epileptiform activities within the constructs akin to those observed in human epilepsy models. Notably, the model responded to treatments with phenytoin and tetrodotoxin, illustrating its potential utility in drug response kinetics studies. Furthermore, we performed drug permeability simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics to analyze the diffusion characteristics of these drugs within the constructs. These results confirm that our 3D bioprinted neural model provides a physiologically relevant and ethically sustainable platform, which is beneficial for studying TLE mechanisms and developing therapeutic strategies with high accuracy and clinical relevance.
Radar signal modulation identification using global context vision transformer
Authors: Ghayour Bhatti Sidra , Ullah Mohsin
Published: October 2024

The accurate identification of phase-coded radar waveforms is critical in electronic warfare (EW) systems, particularly with the increasing use of low probability of intercept (LPI) radars. However, current methods struggle to reliably recognize these waveforms at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). To address this challenge, we propose an AI-based Global Context Vision Transformer (GC-ViT) model that leverages short-time Fourier transform (STFT) phase spectrum for feature extraction. The GC-ViT model enhances recognition accuracy by incorporating both local and global self-attention mechanisms, enabling more effective identification of phase-coded signals in noisy environments. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves approximately 80% recognition accuracy at an SNR of −12 dB, which significantly outperforms existing techniques. This advancement in radar waveform recognition enhances the situational awareness and decision-making capability of EW systems in complex electromagnetic environments.
China, the European Union, and the United States
Authors: Prontera Andrea
Published: October 2024

This chapter presents a structured, focused comparison of the three green superpowers. First, it highlights the historical trajectories, the transformations—from minor adjustments to major changes—and the current statuses of their green foreign energy policies and green power strategies. Then, it elucidates the main differences and similarities among China, the EU, and the US. These variations—in terms of issue areas, geographical reach, modes of engagement, tools mixes, and overall green external approach—are explained by looking at the patterns of state–market relations in each case, at their preferences and capabilities, and at their internal and external environments. Finally, this chapter discusses the effectiveness of the green power strategies of China, the EU, and the US in terms of limitations and potentials, considering both their capabilities and weaknesses and the constraints and opportunities offered by an evolving international landscape.
Conclusions
Authors: Prontera Andrea
Published: October 2024

This chapter briefly reassesses the main contributions of the book and discusses the wider implications of the Chinese, EU, and US policies and strategies for the emerging green world order. First, the chapter returns to two of the key themes of the book: evolving state–market relations in the area of renewables and low-carbon technologies and the internal–external nexus in green foreign energy policies and green power strategies. Although the strategies of China, the European Union, and the United States exhibit commonalities, they diverge in several aspects. The chapter further discusses these differences and their implications in a context in which, simultaneously, the pressure for the global energy transition has become more intense because of the mounting climate crisis and competition for renewables and low-carbon technologies has increased. Finally, the chapter offers insights into possible future scenarios.
Digital, Social Micro-Interventions to Promote Physical Activity Among Midlife Adults With Elevated Cardiovascular Risk: An Ambulatory Feasibility Study With Momentary Randomization
Authors: Arigo Danielle , Schumacher Leah M , Baga Kiri , Mogle Jacqueline A
Published: October 2024

Background

Although regular physical activity (PA) mitigates the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) during midlife, existing PA interventions are minimally effective. Harnessing social influences in daily life shows promise: digital micro-interventions could effectively engage these influences on PA and require testing.

Purpose

This feasibility study employed ecological momentary assessment with embedded micro-randomization to activate two types of social influences (i.e., comparison, support; NCT04711512).

Methods

Midlife adults (N = 30, MAge = 51, MBMI = 31.5 kg/m2, 43% racial/ethnic minority) with ≥1 CVD risk conditions completed four mobile surveys per day for 7 days while wearing PA monitors. After 3 days of observation, participants were randomized at each survey to receive 1 of 3 comparison micro-interventions (days 4–5) or 1 of 3 support micro-interventions (days 6–7). Outcomes were indicators of feasibility (e.g., completion rate), acceptability (e.g., narrative feedback), and potential micro-intervention effects (on motivation and steps within-person).

Results

Feasibility and acceptability targets were met (e.g., 93% completion); ratings of micro-intervention helpfulness varied by intervention type and predicted PA motivation and behavior within-person (srs=0.16, 0.27). Participants liked the approach and were open to ongoing micro-intervention exposure. Within-person, PA motivation and behavior increased from baseline in response to specific micro-interventions (srs=0.23, 0.13), though responses were variable.

Conclusions

Experimental manipulation of social influences in daily life is feasible and acceptable to midlife adults and shows potential effects on PA motivation and behavior. Findings support larger-scale testing of this approach to inform a digital, socially focused PA intervention for midlife adults.
Evaluation and redesign of an internal medicine pharmacy practice model at a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Brant Alexandra , Boyd Ramone , Lewis Dan , Milnes Bob
Published: October 2024

Purpose

Clinical pharmacists are embedded into the care for patients admitted to internal medicine floors at Cleveland Clinic. The existing practice model utilized by the internal medicine pharmacy team had an uneven distribution of clinical activities among the various pharmacist roles. A study was completed to evaluate a potential adjustment to the pharmacy practice model. The objective of this study was to assess the type and quantity of clinical activities performed by each pharmacist role. These data were then utilized to evaluate the need for redistribution of care activities among the pharmacist roles and to determine the need for additional pharmacist full-time equivalents.

Methods

From January to February 2023, data pertaining to the amount and type of clinical activities completed by the 9 internal medicine pharmacist roles was either manually collected or extracted from the electronic medical record. The data were then utilized to calculate a responsibility score for each role. Descriptive statistics were also calculated to assess the results.

Results

Each pharmacist role cared for an average of 34.4 patients (minimum, 24.4; maximum, 57.7) during the study period. The average responsibility score for each pharmacist role was 309.8 (minimum, 237.5; maximum, 447.8).

Conclusion

On the basis of the data collected during the 4-week study period, a new pharmacy practice model was developed that incorporated 2 additional full-time equivalents. This model balanced patient care responsibilities among the pharmacist roles and moved the practice model from a location-based to a team-based coverage model.
Pharmacotherapy of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction and the pharmacist’s role, part 2: Complications, postrevascularization care, and quality improvement
Authors: Hyland Sara J , Max Marion E , Eaton Rachael E , Wong Stephanie A , Egbert Susan B , Blais Danielle M
Published: October 2024

Purpose

Key pharmacotherapeutic modalities and considerations for the patient with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) across the later phases of inpatient care are reviewed.

Published descriptions and validation of clinical pharmacist roles specific to the acute management of STEMI are limited. This high-risk period from presentation through revascularization, stabilization, and hospital discharge involves complex pharmacotherapeutic decision points, many operational medication needs, and multiple layers of quality oversight. A companion article reviewed STEMI pharmacotherapy from emergency department presentation through revascularization. Herein we complete the pharmacotherapy review for the STEMI patient across the inpatient phases of care, including the management of peri-infarction complications with vasoactive and antiarrhythmic agents, considerations for post-revascularization antithrombotics, and assessments of supportive therapies and secondary prevention. Key guideline recommendations and literature developments are summarized from the clinical pharmacist’s perspective alongside suggested pharmacist roles and responsibilities. Considerations for successful hospital discharge after STEMI and pharmacist involvement in associated institutional quality improvement efforts are also provided. We aim to support inpatient pharmacy departments in advancing clinical services for this critical patient population and call for further research delineating pharmacists’ impact on patient and institutional STEMI outcomes.
Desorption efficiency and holding capacity of acid-treated filters for nicotine sampling in vape shops
Authors: Oni Toluwanimi M , Gamagedara Sanjeewa , Floyd Evan L
Published: October 2024

Efficient sampling materials are essential for assessing nicotine levels in vape shops and other settings where nicotine exposures may exist. Two different treatments of Whatman glass fiber type A (GF/A) filters (sodium bisulfate treated and citric acid treated) were evaluated for nicotine capture, desorption efficiency, and holding capacity using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The Filters were treated with 0.8 mL of 0.1 M sodium bisulfate or citric acid solution and oven-dried (80 °C) for 30 min. Nicotine was desorbed off the filters using a modified analytical method. The average nicotine desorption efficiency for sodium bisulfate-treated GF/A filters (98.4%) was significantly higher than that of citric acid-treated GF/A filters (60.9%) over a range of 1–100 µg nicotine. Sodium bisulfate-treated and citric acid-treated GF/A filters experienced a 10% nicotine breakthrough after being dosed with about 550 and 2,750 µg of nicotine, respectively compared to 75 µg for untreated GF/A filters. Citric acid-treated GF/A filters had a much greater nicotine-holding capacity, but nicotine desorption from citric acid-treated GF/A filters was below the recommended criteria. Therefore, we recommend that sodium bisulfate-treated GF/A filters are employed for sample of nicotine with the GC–MS method.
A robust statistical approach for finding informative spatially associated pathways
Authors: Tian Leqi , Xiao Jiashun , Yu Tianwei
Published: October 2024

Spatial transcriptomics offers deep insights into cellular functional localization and communication by mapping gene expression to spatial locations. Traditional approaches that focus on selecting spatially variable genes often overlook the complexity of biological pathways and the interactions among genes. Here, we introduce a novel framework that shifts the focus towards directly identifying functional pathways associated with spatial variability by adapting the Brownian distance covariance test in an innovative manner to explore the heterogeneity of biological functions over space. Unlike most other methods, this statistical testing approach is free of gene selection and parameter selection and allows nonlinear and complex dependencies. It allows for a deeper understanding of how cells coordinate their activities across different spatial domains through biological pathways. By analyzing real human and mouse datasets, the method found significant pathways that were associated with spatial variation, as well as different pathway patterns among inner- and edge-cancer regions. This innovative framework offers a new perspective on analyzing spatial transcriptomic data, contributing to our understanding of tissue architecture and disease pathology. The implementation is publicly available at https://github.com/tianlq-prog/STpathway.
Optimized patient-specific immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies for cancer treatment based on tumor immune microenvironment modeling
Authors: Yao Yao , Chen Youhua Frank , Zhang Qingpeng
Published: October 2024

Enhancing patient response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is crucial in cancer immunotherapy. We aim to create a data-driven mathematical model of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and utilize deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to optimize patient-specific ICI therapy combined with chemotherapy (ICC). Using patients’ genomic and transcriptomic data, we develop an ordinary differential equations (ODEs)–based TIME dynamic evolutionary model to characterize interactions among chemotherapy, ICIs, immune cells, and tumor cells. A DRL agent is trained to determine the personalized optimal ICC therapy. Numerical experiments with real-world data demonstrate that the proposed TIME model can predict ICI therapy response. The DRL-derived personalized ICC therapy outperforms predefined fixed schedules. For tumors with extremely low CD8 + T cell infiltration (‘extremely cold tumors’), the DRL agent recommends high-dosage chemotherapy alone. For tumors with higher CD8 + T cell infiltration (‘cold’ and ‘hot tumors’), an appropriate chemotherapy dosage induces CD8 + T cell proliferation, enhancing ICI therapy outcomes. Specifically, for ‘hot tumors’, chemotherapy and ICI are administered simultaneously, while for ‘cold tumors’, a mid-dosage of chemotherapy makes the TIME ‘hotter’ before ICI administration. However, in several ‘cold tumors’ with rapid resistant tumor cell growth, ICC eventually fails. This study highlights the potential of utilizing real-world clinical data and DRL algorithm to develop personalized optimal ICC by understanding the complex biological dynamics of a patient’s TIME. Our ODE–based TIME dynamic evolutionary model offers a theoretical framework for determining the best use of ICI, and the proposed DRL agent may guide personalized ICC schedules.
Proposing GLMN, encoding glomulin, as a novel gene for Dowling-Degos disease
Authors: Kumar Sheetal , Betz Regina C , Frank Jorge
Published: October 2024

Dowling-Degos disease (DDD) is a rare hyperpigmentation disorder with autosomal-dominant inheritance. To date, work by our group and others has identified a total of four DDD sub-phenotypes, which arise secondary to variants in KRT5, POFUT1, POGLUT1, and PSENEN. We postulate that GLMN is a novel fifth gene for DDD that contributes to a hitherto unrecognized DDD sub-phenotype.
Clinical adoption of deep learning target auto-segmentation for radiation therapy: challenges, clinical risks, and mitigation strategies
Authors: De Biase Alessia , Sijtsema Nanna Maria , Janssen Tomas , Hurkmans Coen , Brouwer Charlotte , van Ooijen Peter
Published: October 2024

Radiation therapy is a localized cancer treatment that relies on precise delineation of the target to be treated and healthy tissues to guarantee optimal treatment effect. This step, known as contouring or segmentation, involves identifying both target volumes and organs at risk on imaging modalities like CT, PET, and MRI to guide radiation delivery. Manual segmentation, however, is time-consuming and highly subjective, despite the presence of contouring guidelines. In recent years, automated segmentation methods, particularly deep learning models, have shown promise in addressing this task. However, challenges persist in their clinical use, including the need for robust quality assurance (QA) processes and addressing clinical risks associated with the use of the models. This review examines the challenges and considerations of the clinical adoption of deep learning target auto-segmentation in radiotherapy, focused on the target volume. We discuss potential clinical risks (eg, over- and under-segmentation, automation bias, and appropriate trust), mitigation strategies (eg, human oversight, uncertainty quantification, and education of clinical professionals), and we highlight the importance of expanding QA to include geometric, dose-volume, and outcome-based performance monitoring. While deep learning target auto-segmentation offers significant potential benefits, careful attention to clinical risks and rigorous QA measures are essential for its successful integration in clinical practice.
Influence of pancreatic fistula on survival after upfront pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: multicentre retrospective study
Authors: Castanet Fanny , Dembinski Jeanne , Cabarrou Bastien , Garnier Jonathan , Laurent Christophe , Regenet Nicolas , Sa Cunha Antonio , Maulat Charlotte , Chiche Laurence , Pittau Gabriella , Carrère Nicolas , Regimbeau Jean-Marc , Turrini Olivier , Sauvanet Alain , Muscari Fabrice
Published: October 2024

Background

The effects of postoperative pancreatic fistula on survival rates remain controversial. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of postoperative pancreatic fistula on overall survival and recurrence-free survival after upfront pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Methods

Patients operated on between January 2007 and December 2017 at seven tertiary pancreatic centres for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were included in the study. Postoperative pancreatic fistula was defined using the 2016 International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery grading system. The impact of postoperative pancreatic fistula on overall survival, recurrence-free survival (excluding 90-day postoperative deaths) and corresponding risk factors were investigated by univariable and multivariable analyses. Comparisons between groups were made using the chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and the Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables. Odds ratios were estimated with their 95% confidence intervals. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method with their 95% confidence intervals.

Results

A total of 819 patients were included between 2007 and 2017. Postoperative pancreatic fistula occurred in 14.4% (n = 118) of patients; of those, 7.8% (n = 64) and 6.6% (n = 54) accounted for grade B and grade C postoperative pancreatic fistula respectively. The 5-year overall survival was 37.0% in the non-postoperative pancreatic fistula group and 45.3% in the postoperative pancreatic fistula cohort (P = 0.127). Grade C postoperative pancreatic fistula (excluding 90-day postoperative deaths) was not a prognostic factor for overall survival. The 5-year recurrence-free survival was 26.0% for patients without postoperative pancreatic fistula and 43.7% for patients with postoperative pancreatic fistula (P = 0.003). Eight independent prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival were identified: age over 70 years, diabetes, moderate or poor tumour differentiation, T3/T4 tumour stage, lymph node positive status, resection margins R1, vascular emboli and perineural invasion.

Conclusion

This high-volume cohort showed that grade C postoperative pancreatic fistula, based on the 2016 International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery grading system, does not impact overall or recurrence-free survival (excluding 90-day postoperative deaths).
CCL2 blockade combined with PD-1/P-selectin immunomodulators impedes breast cancer brain metastasis
Authors: Israeli Dangoor Sahar , Khoury Rami , Salomon Koren , Pozzi Sabina , Shahar Shir , Miari Adan , Leichtmann-Bardoogo Yael , Bar-Hai Neta , Frommer Neta , Yeini Eilam , Winkler Tom , Balint Lahat Nora , Kamer Iris , Hadad Ori , Laue Kathrin , Brem Henry , Hyde Thomas M , Bar Jair , Barshack Iris , Ben-David Uri , Ishay-Ronen Dana , Maoz Ben M , Satchi-Fainaro Ronit
Published: October 2024

Over the last two decades, the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer patients have improved considerably. However, brain metastases remain a major clinical challenge and a leading cause of mortality. Thus, a better understanding of the pathways involved in the metastatic cascade is essential.

To this end, we have investigated the reciprocal effects of astrocytes and breast cancer cells, employing traditional 2D cell culture and our unique 3D multicellular tumouroid models.

Our findings revealed that astrocytes enhance the proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, suggesting a supportive role for astrocytes in breast cancer outgrowth to the brain. Elucidating the key players in astrocyte-breast cancer cells crosstalk, we found that CCL2 is highly expressed in breast cancer brain metastases tissue sections from both patients and mice. Our in vitro and in vivo models further confirmed that CCL2 has a functional role in brain metastasis. Given their aggressive nature, we sought additional immune checkpoints for rationale combination therapy. Among the promising candidates were the adhesion molecule P-selectin, which we have recently shown to play a key role in the crosstalk with microglia cells and the co-inhibitory receptor PD-1, the main target of currently approved immunotherapies. Finally, combining CCL2 inhibition with immunomodulators targeting either PD-1/PD-L1 or P-selectin/P-Selectin Ligand-1 axes in our human 3D tumouroid models and in vivo presented more favourable outcomes than each monotherapy.

Taken together, we propose that CCL2-CCR2/CCR4 is a key pathway promoting breast cancer brain metastases and a promising target for an immunotherapeutic combination approach.
Cerebellar activity in hemi-parkinsonian rats during volitional gait and freezing
Authors: DeAngelo Valerie , Gehan Arianna , Paliwal Siya , Ho Katherine , Hilliard Justin D , Chiang Chia-Han , Viventi Jonathan , McConnell George C
Published: October 2024

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by gait dysfunction in the advanced stages of the disease. The unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine toxin-induced model is the most studied animal model of Parkinson’s disease, which reproduces gait dysfunction after >68% dopamine loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The extent to which the neural activity in hemi-parkinsonian rats correlates to gait dysfunction and dopaminergic cell loss is not clear. In this article, we report the effects of unilateral dopamine depletion on cerebellar vermis activity using micro-electrocorticography during walking and freezing on a runway. Gait and neural activity were measured in 6-hydroxydopamine- and sham-lesioned rats aged between 4 and 5 months at 14, 21 and 28 days after infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine or control vehicle into the medial forebrain bundle (n = 20). Gait deficits in 6-hydroxydopamine rats were different from sham rats at 14 days (P < 0.05). Gait deficits in 6-hydroxydopamine rats improved at 21 and 28 days except for run speed, which decreased at 28 days (P = 0.018). No differences in gait deficits were observed in sham-lesioned rats at any time points. Hemi-parkinsonian rats showed hyperactivity in the cerebellar vermis at 21 days (P < 0.05), but not at 14 and 28 days, and the activity was reduced during freezing epochs in Lobules VIa, VIb and VIc (P < 0.05). These results suggest that dopaminergic cell loss causes pathological cerebellar activity at 21 days post-lesion and suggest that compensatory mechanisms from the intact hemisphere contribute to normalized cerebellar activity at 28 days. The decrease in cerebellar oscillatory activity during freezing may be indicative of neurological changes during freezing of gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease making this region a potential location for biomarker detection. Although the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine model presents gait deficits that parallel clinical presentations of Parkinson’s disease, further studies in animal models of bilateral dopamine loss are needed to understand the role of the cerebellar vermis in Parkinson’s disease.
Cerebellar activity in PINK1 knockout rats during volitional gait
Authors: DeAngelo Valerie , Hilliard Justin D , Chiang Chia-Han , Viventi Jonathan , McConnell George C
Published: October 2024

Preclinical models of Parkinson's disease are imperative to gain insight into the neural circuits that contribute to gait dysfunction in advanced stages of the disease. A PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 knockout early-onset model of Parkinson's disease may be a useful rodent model to study the effects of neurotransmitter degeneration caused by a loss of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 function on brain activity during volitional gait. The goal of this study was to measure changes in neural activity at the cerebellar vermis at 8 months of age. It was found that gait deficits, except run speed, were not significantly different from age-matched wild-type controls, as previously reported. PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 knockout (n = 4) and wild-type (n = 4) rats were implanted with a micro-electrocorticographic array placed over cerebellar vermis Lobules VI (a–c) and VII. Local field potential recordings were obtained during volitional gait across a runway. Power spectral analysis and coherence analysis were used to quantify network oscillatory activity in frequency bands of interest. Cerebellar vermis power was hypoactive in the beta (VIb, VIc and VII) and alpha (VII) bands at cerebellar vermis Lobules VIb, VIc and VII in PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 knockout rats compared with wild-type controls during gait (P < 0.05). These results suggest that gait improvement in PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 knockout rats at 8 months may be a compensatory mechanism attributed to movement corrections caused by a decreased inhibition of the alpha band of cerebellar vermis Lobule VII and beta band of Lobules VIb, VIc and VII. The PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 knockout model may be a valuable tool for understanding the circuit mechanisms underlying gait dysfunction in patients with early-onset Parkinson's disease with a functional loss of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1. Future studies investigating the cerebellar vermis as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for the treatment of gait dysfunction in Parkinson's disease are warranted.
Cerebral hyperactivation across the Alzheimer’s disease pathological cascade
Authors: Corriveau-Lecavalier Nick , Adams Jenna N , Fischer Larissa , Molloy Eóin N , Maass Anne
Published: October 2024

Neuronal dysfunction in specific brain regions or across distributed brain networks is a known feature of Alzheimer’s disease. An often reported finding in the early stage of the disease is the presence of increased functional MRI (fMRI) blood oxygenation level-dependent signal under task conditions relative to cognitively normal controls, a phenomenon known as ‘hyperactivation’. However, research in the past decades yielded complex, sometimes conflicting results. The magnitude and topology of fMRI hyperactivation patterns have been found to vary across the preclinical and clinical spectrum of Alzheimer’s disease, including concomitant ‘hypoactivation’ in some cases. These incongruences are likely due to a range of factors, including the disease stage at which the cohort is examined, the brain areas or networks studied and the fMRI paradigm utilized to evoke these functional abnormalities. Additionally, a perennial question pertains to the nature of hyperactivation in the context of Alzheimer’s disease. Some propose it reflects compensatory mechanisms to sustain cognitive performance, while others suggest it is linked to the pathological disruption of a highly regulated homeostatic cycle that contributes to, or even drives, disease progression. Providing a coherent narrative for these empirical and conceptual discrepancies is paramount to develop disease models, understand the synergy between hyperactivation and the Alzheimer’s disease pathological cascade and tailor effective interventions. We first provide a comprehensive overview of functional brain changes spanning the course from normal ageing to the clinical spectrum of Alzheimer’s disease. We then highlight evidence supporting a close relationship between fMRI hyperactivation and in vivo markers of Alzheimer’s pathology. We primarily focus on task-based fMRI studies in humans, but also consider studies using different functional imaging techniques and animal models. We then discuss the potential mechanisms underlying hyperactivation in the context of Alzheimer’s disease and provide a testable framework bridging hyperactivation, ageing, cognition and the Alzheimer’s disease pathological cascade. We conclude with a discussion of future challenges and opportunities to advance our understanding of the fundamental disease mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease, and the promising development of therapeutic interventions incorporating or aimed at hyperactivation and large-scale functional systems.
Estimating state of charge of battery in renewable energy systems: a data-driven approach with artificial neural networks
Authors: Kharseh Mohamad , Balah Mohamed , Alamara Kadhim
Published: October 2024

Accurately determining the state of charge is crucial for efficient battery management and reliable operation in renewable energy systems. This study presents a novel approach utilizing an artificial neural network to estimate the state of charge of a battery based on key variables such as battery voltage, charging current, load current, and temperature. A photovoltaic solar energy system was installed at the American University of Ras Al Khaimah, where a comprehensive experiment was conducted over 146 hours, resulting in the collection of 3930 high-resolution data points at 2-minute intervals. The artificial neural network model was trained on 70% of the data, while the remaining 30% was used for validation and testing. The trained model achieved a mean square error of 0.000896 and an error rate of less than 2% in the state of charge estimation. The model demonstrated excellent predictive accuracy, with a determination coefficient (R²) of 99.9%, indicating a strong correlation between the predicted and actual state of charge values. These results validate the robustness of the developed artificial neural network model and its potential for real-time state of charge estimation in renewable energy systems, providing a reliable and computationally efficient alternative to traditional state of charge estimation methods.
Diagnostic validity and solute-corrected prevalence for hyponatremia and hypernatremia among 1 813 356 admissions
Authors: Okada Akira , Yamana Hayato , Watanabe Hideaki , Manaka Katsunori , Ono Sachiko , Kurakawa Kayo Ikeda , Nishikawa Masako , Kurano Makoto , Inoue Reiko , Yasunaga Hideo , Yamauchi Toshimasa , Kadowaki Takashi , Yamaguchi Satoko , Nangaku Masaomi
Published: October 2024

Background and hypothesis

We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic validity of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) codes for hyponatremia and hypernatremia, using a database containing laboratory data. We also aimed to clarify whether corrections for blood glucose, triglyceride, and total protein may affect the prevalence and the diagnostic validity.

Methods

We retrospectively identified admissions with laboratory values using a Japanese hospital-based database. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, and positive/negative predictive values of recorded ICD-10-based diagnoses of hyponatremia (E87.1) and hypernatremia (E87.2), using serum sodium measurements during hospitalization (<135 and >145 mmol/l, respectively) as the reference standard. We also performed analyses with corrections of sodium concentrations for blood glucose, triglyceride, and total protein.

Results

We identified 1 813 356 hospitalizations, including 419 470 hyponatremic and 132 563 hypernatremic cases based on laboratory measurements, and 18 378 hyponatremic and 2950 hypernatremic cases based on ICD-10 codes. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the ICD-10 codes were 4.1%, 99.9%, 92.5%, and 77.6%, respectively, for hyponatremia and 2.2%, >99.9%, 96.5%, and 92.8%, respectively, for hypernatremia. Corrections for blood glucose, triglyceride, and total protein did not largely alter diagnostic values, although prevalence changed especially after corrections for blood glucose and total protein.

Conclusions

The ICD-10 diagnostic codes showed low sensitivity, high specificity, and high positive predictive value for identifying hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Corrections for glucose or total protein did not affect diagnostic values but would be necessary for accurate prevalence calculation.
Post-transplant glomerular diseases: update on pathophysiology, risk factors and management strategies
Authors: Regalia Anna , Abinti Matteo , Alfieri Carlo Maria , Campise Mariarosaria , Verdesca Simona , Zanoni Francesca , Castellano Giuseppe
Published: October 2024

In recent years, advancements in immunosuppressive medications and post-transplant management have led to a significant decrease in acute rejection rates in renal allografts and consequent improvement in short-term graft survival. In contrast, recent data have shown an increased incidence of post-transplant glomerular diseases, which currently represent a leading cause of allograft loss. Although pathogenesis is not fully understood, growing evidence supports the role of inherited and immunological factors and has identified potential pre- and post-transplant predictors. In this review, we illustrate recent advancements in the pathogenesis of post-transplant glomerular disease and the role of risk factors and immunological triggers. In addition, we discuss potential prevention and management strategies.