bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extracting a Cycle from Ethiopian Agricultural Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Authors: Gudeta Zerihun , Oosthuizen L. K. (Lukas Klopper) , Van Schalkwyk Herman
Published: February 2007

This study has two objectives. First, to extract a cycle from agricultural
GDP. Second, to compute the periodicity of the cycle. To achieve these
objectives, a univariate time series procedure is applied. It is found that
agricultural GDP is cyclic and that the cycle occurs every 8.25 years.
Science, Animal Sympathy and Anna Barbauld's "The Mouse's Petition"
Authors: Bellanca Mary Ellen
Published: February 2007

Barbauld's poem "The Mouse's Petition" provides an entree to mid-century debate about scientific experiments on animals and animal "feeling" as well as to the dynamics of science and gender in Barbauld's work. A response to Joseph Priestley's use of live mice in his laboratory, the poem embodies tensions in both writers' work between the desire for knowledge and misgivings about its ethical costs. Barbauld's writings promote science knowledge "for both sexes" while reinforcing cultural strictures against advanced learning for women and critiquing male scientists' excessive ambition. Amid controversy over vivisection and new arguments that animals experience sensation and pain, Barbauld, like other women writers, urged sympathy for non-human creatures, and Priestley's own writings betray uneasiness about injuring them. The "Petition" is part of an ongoing dialogue in which Barbauld reminded her friend of his own commitment to "benevolence." Reportedly delivered in a mouse's trap "after breakfast," the poem infiltrates the workspace of science through the domestic spaces of Priestley's home; mock-serious in tone, it engages serious issues in the treatment of animals as it deploys the rhetoric of sensibility to imagine a subject creature as an effective speaking subject.
Searching for the Elusive Madame de Pompadour
Authors: Gordon Alden R
Published: February 2007

The year 2002 became an unofficial Année Pompadour featuring a major international exhibition at the Château de Versailles and traveling on to Munich and ultimately to London in a reduced and entirely recast form. Over the past five years the literature on Madame de Pompadour has grown dramatically with several new biographies and scholarly studies. Ultimately, however, the exhibitions have contributed enormously to specialist knowledge but have been a missed opportunity to present a coherent and insightful characterization of the personality and historical place of Madame de Pompadour. On the opposite hand, biographers have done little or no new primary research toward dispelling the myths which surround her. Some innovative approaches by scholars show promise but a fundamentally new approach is needed to base studies of her on documented biographical fact and to publish a comprehensive and authoritative collection of her correspondence.
Marianne Moore's Emily Dickinson
Authors: Leavell Linda
Published: February 2007

It has troubled some readers that Marianne Moore never included Emily Dickinson among her influences. But Moore had little exposure to Dickinson before the publication of The Single Hound in 1914, just months before her own poems began to appear in print. By 1924 Moore had come to appreciate Dickinson enough to be flattered by comparisons with her. By 1932, when she wrote a review of Dickinson's letters, Moore was less in need of literary models than of personal ones. Dickinson became for her a model of personal and artistic integrity, one she willingly proferred to the next generation of poets.
Racism and Homophobia in The Merchant of Venice
Authors: O'Rourke James L
Published: February 2007

A close reading of The Merchant of Venice within the micropolitics of its immediate historical moment shows that the play originates as an antiracist response to the hanging of Rodrigo Lopez in 1594. By shadowing the representation of Shylock's Jewishness with the depiction of Antonio's paradoxical ethnic, sexual and religious identity as a "Machiavellian merchant," Shakespeare offers a critique of the essentializing operation that produces stereotypes. The symmetry between Antonio and Shylock reflects a repetitive historical process: The production of the irredeemably perverse "homosexual" was anticipated by the imposition of the concept of blood purity on early modern Jewish converts to Christianity.
"And Make Two Pasties of Your Shameful Heads": Medicinal Cannibalism and Healing the Body Politic in Titus Andronicus
Authors: Noble Louise Christine
Published: February 2007

Early modern European corpse pharmacology, the medical ingestion of human body parts and excretions, involves a gruesome process of bodily violations made possible by a brutal judicial system. This essay argues that the figurative language of medicine in Titus Andronicus, where human bodies are savagely deployed and eaten as powerful pollutants in an escalating therapeutics of revenge justice, interrogates the cultural paradox evident when cannibalism is considered as both barbaric and taboo, and civilized and beneficial, depending on the circumstances.
Caliban's Masque
Authors: Pask Kevin
Published: February 2007

The relationship of Prospero and Caliban in William Shakespeare's The Tempest is a key instance for postcolonial readings of Renaissance texts. This essay uses theatrical and literary history to nuance such readings, emphasizing Shakespeare's revision of the hierarchical character of Ben Jonson's early court masques. In this reading, Caliban can sometimes appear as a suppressed version of Shakespeare's own theatricality. Subsequently--and partly as a result of this theatrical engagement--seventeenth-century criticism and adaptations of the play, especially William Davenant and John Dryden's The Tempest, or the Enchanted Island (1667) were more concerned with the play's configurations of a "natural"sexuality, in effect making Caliban an important figure for the history of sexuality.
The French Press and the Franco-Spanish Convention of 1904 on Morocco
Authors: Thorpe Frederick J
Published: February 2007

Une �tude du r�le envisag� pour l'Espagne au Maroc
sous un protectorat fran�ais permet � �clairer le
rapport �troit, sous la Troisi�me R�publique, entre
l'opinion publique (telle que d�montr�e par la presse) et
l'�laboration de la politique coloniale. En 1904 Delcass�,
ministre des Affaires �trang�res, insiste qu'il faut
absolument tenir compte des int�r�ts de l'Espagne au
Maroc, sans admettre n�anmoins qu'ils �galent �
ceux de la France. Puisque le protocole diplomatique l'emp�che
de s'exprimer d'une telle mani�re en public, le ministre
se fie, pour d�battre le sujet, � des journalistes
influents dont plusieurs sont �galement des hommes politiques
renomm�s. Ses partisans lancent des ballons d'essai, les
ind�pendants le soutiennent sous condition, et ses adversaires
critiquent s�v�rement ses politiques. Ce d�bat
imprim� remarquable fournira mati�re � discussion
� la Chambre des D�put�s, lors de son prochain
d�bat sur la politique ext�rieure.
Henry James's Cosmopolitan Spaces: Rome as Global City
Authors: Foeller-Pituch Elzbieta
Published: February 2007

Henry James's Rome is a global locus where past and present, Europe and America come together. Representative of classical antiquity, Italian history, the Catholic Church, and Old World aristocracy, it is the site of a variety of cosmopolitan exchanges and provides a quintessential international experience for James's American travellers and expatriates. Key scenes involving classical statues and Roman sites in "The Last of the Valerii" (1874), Roderick Hudson (1878) and The Portrait of a Lady (1881) offer a lens through which to view James's engagement with the Eternal City as the crossroads of transcontinental alliances, cultural politics, literary, and artistic influences.
Systematic Divergences in Malebranche and Cudworth
Authors: Cunning David
Published: February 2007

For Cudworth, God would be a drudge if He did each and every thing, and so the universe contains plastic natures. Malebranche argues that finite power is unintelligible and thus that God does do each and every thing. The supremacy of God is reflected in the range of His activity and also in the manner of His activity: He acts by general non-composite volitions. Malebranche (like Cudworth) is careful to adjust other aspects of his system to square with his position on causality, but his view that we are free and accountable for what we do will not be revised.
Faith Without Religion, Religion Without Faith: Kant and Hegel on Religion
Authors: Di Giovanni George
Published: February 2007

The World, understood as a system of meaningful relations, is for Hegel the exclusive product of the human mind. In this, Hegel stands together with Kant in direct opposition to the Christian metaphysical tradition, according to which reality reflects God's ideas. For both Kant and Hegel, faith and religion therefore acquire new meaning. Yet, that meaning is just as different for each with respect to the other as it is for both with respect to the Christian tradition. This paper explores these differences, taking Kant's and Hegel's differing attitudes towards evil as the litmus test for differentiating their respective idealism.
Is Respect for Human Rights Rewarded? An Analysis of Total Bilateral and Multilateral Aid Flows
Authors: Neumayer Eric
Published: February 2007

Donors frequently claim that a country's record on human rights
plays a role in the decision whether it receives aid and if so, how
much. This study of total bilateral and multilateral aid flows finds
that human rights play at best a rather limited role in the allocation
of aid. Aspects of human rights are often statistically insignificant
and even when they are significant, they are not very important as a
determinant of aid allocation. Furthermore, the situation has not much
improved after the end of the Cold War. Only for multilateral aid is there
some indication that respect for human rights has played a greater role.
Economic Sanctions and the Problem of Evil
Authors: Addis Adeno
Published: February 2007

As economic sanctions have proliferated, their use has come under
intense challenge. Critics differ on why they are uneasy about economic
sanctions, but they are united on one crucial point: they assume that the
sole justification for sanctions is behavior modification of the target
regime. This article disputes that assumption and argues that sanctions
are also processes through which the sanctioning community (agent) defines
its identity through the act of dissociating itself from the target
regime, the "troublesome or evil other." Critics as well as supporters
of sanctions have often not understood this fact and consequently their
analyses have been highly incomplete and very misleading.
Differential School Functioning in a Block Schedule: A Comparison of Academic Profiles
Authors: Marchant Gregory J , Paulson Sharon E
Published: February 2007

This study examined the impact of different student academic
profiles on students' perceptions of school functioning within a
modified alternating day, block-8 (A/B) schedule. Five academic
profiles of students were identified using reports of their grades,
satisfaction with their achievement, attributions of success to effort
or ability, attributions of achievement to scheduling, and attitudes
toward school. Average and high achievers, who were satisfied with their
achievement and believed school is important, had the highest levels of
school functioning and the highest support for block scheduling. Lower
achievers had the least support for block scheduling, the worst
teacher relations, and the worst perceptions of student behavior. Low
achievers who believed that school is important and were displeased
with their grades had the most difficulty managing school within a block
schedule. Results suggest the need for further faculty development and
additional student support.
The Marriage of Rigorous Academics and Technical Instruction with State-of-the-Art Technology: A Success Story of the William T. McFatter Technical High School
Authors: Blasik Katherine , Williams Richard G , Johnson Jeanette , Boegli D. Robert
Published: February 2007

The search for high school reform leads to William T. McFatter Technical High School in Broward County Public Schools, Florida. The purpose of this article is to highlight key information about the school and to demonstrate the success of its rigorous academic and technical instruction with state-of-the-art technology. By sharing this information, districts across the nation can replicate a program that ensures high school completion while readying students for college education, postsecondary technical study and mid- and high-level employment.
Exposing the Reality Gap: Public Expectations and Boston Public
Authors: Hurley J. Casey , Proffit Alvin C , Vihnanek Elizabeth M , Moller Gayle
Published: February 2007

Although criticized by many, the Boston Public (BP) television show raises important issues about the realities of high school life. At a time when educational policy makers see a need to improve student test scores, this show suggests that other issues are more important in the lives of modern high school students, teachers, and administrators. BP does a service to all who care about the education of our youth by exposing this reality gap - the gap between focusing on accountability for student test scores when those who inhabit today's high schools are increasingly embroiled in youth issues that have been ignored by families and communities. The authors discuss how three of the show's themes coincide with the realities of modern high school life: (1) a power shift has occurred in high schools, (2) today's youth share different sexual norms from those of a generation ago, and (3) modern youth alienation is intensified by modern society. The significance of these realities are contrasted with the current emphasis on improving student test scores.
Is No Child Left Behind 'Wise Schooling' for African American Male Students?
Authors: McMillian M. Monique
Published: February 2007

To improve achievement among African American students, education professions must pay special attention to African American male achievement and reframe the academic achievement gap as a treatment gap. Engagement studies suggest that African American students, and African American boys in particular, are susceptible to academic disengagement. Specifically, research (Steele and Aronson 1995; Osborne 1995) suggests that education professionals' "stereotypes about ability" are partly responsible for the disengagement and lagging achievement of African American male students. This author recommends that education professionals use 'wise schooling' to minimize the effects of these stereotypes on achievement.
"They will come from the other side of the sea": Prophecy, Ethnogenesis, and Agency in Yaqui Narrative
Authors: Erickson Kirstin C
Published: February 2007

For Mexico's Yaqui Indians, ethnic identity is both
represented and renegotiated in narrative moments. In this article,
I examine the process of narrative self-fashioning through the lens
of the "Talking Tree," a story that portrays Yaqui ethnogenesis as a
reaction to a prophecy of Spanish conquest. I contend that this narrative
accords the Yaquis a level of agency that ordinary histories do not,
refiguring them as informed actors in the determination of their own
destiny.
Best-Laid Plans: Guy Simonds and Operation Totalize, 7-10 August 1944
Authors: Perrun Jody
Published: February 2007

First Canadian Army's fighting fitness in the Battle of Normandy has
long been a point of debate among military historians. Because Operation
Totalize did not result in the early conclusion of the campaign, some
suggest that the Canadians could have fought more effectively. Heavy
air support was a crucial component in the plan for Totalize, but it has
received insufficient attention from historians. A focus on the role of
air power suggests that previous explanations for the operation's failure,
and criticism of Guy Simonds's generalship, are in need of revision.
"One Throw of the Gambleris Dice": A Comment on Holger Herwigis View of the Schlieffen Plan
Authors: Holmes T. M. (Terence Michael)
Published: February 2007

This comment challenges the view that the Schlieffen plan was flawed by
its subjection to an unrealistic timetable. Schlieffen's great memorandum
of 1905 does not in fact stipulate any deadline for completing the
projected war against France. The six-week limit invoked by Herwig and
others relates to plans that were made for the conduct of a two-front
war. It has been falsely superimposed on the Schlieffen plan, which was
actually devised for the event of a one-front war. The Schlieffen plan
has come to be seen as a reckless gamble largely on the basis of this
inveterate misunderstanding as to its proper context.
Reading Between Enemy Lines: Armed Services Editions and World War II
Authors: Loss Christopher P
Published: February 2007

This article examines the real and symbolic importance of reading
books—especially Armed Services Edition paperback books—during
World War II. Lingering memories of World War I propagandizing at home,
coupled with knowledge of Nazism's hostility to books abroad, compelled
the American publishing community to fight for the free production and
dissemination of all reading matter during World War II. In addition
to exploring what books soldiers read and why, this article shows how
the emergence of the Armed Services Edition paperback became a critical
source of liberal democratic rejuvenation during the war as well as a
harbinger of the pluralist conception of liberalism after it.
The Return of "People Power" in the Philippines
Authors: Landé Carl H. (Carl Herman)
Published: February 2007

The mass demonstrations that ousted President Joseph Estrada recalled those that had brought down dictator Ferdinand Marcos 15 years earlier. Yet the return of "People Power" raises some concerns about the health of Filipino democracy.
Failures of Law
Authors: Lewis R. Doug
Published: February 2007

The controversy over the vote count in the U.S. presidential election
gripped the attention of the world. Six leading election experts from
the United States and abroad discuss the causes of the debacle and offer
some remedies.
Argentina: Crisis and Democratic Consolidation
Authors: Schamis Hector E
Published: February 2007

Argentina made headlines around the world last December as its presidency changed hands no fewer than four times in less than two weeks.Lost amid the chaos,however,were hopeful signs that the country has now turned the corner of democratic consolidation.
The Czech Republicis First Decade
Authors: Kraus Michael
Published: February 2007

The article provides an overview of the first decade of Czech politics,
focusing especially on the election results, the successive governing
coalitions headed first by the Civic Democratic Party and then by the
Social Democrats, and on the role of Vaclav Havel as president. It
also analyzes the rivalry between Havel and his successor, Vaclav
Klaus. After examining the underlying issues that have produced weak
governments in recent years and that account for the continuing influence
of unreconstructed Communist Party, the essay assesses Czech prospects
as a member of NATO and EU.
Argentina Weathers the Storm
Authors: Levitsky Steven , Murillo Maria Victoria
Published: February 2007

In 2001 and 2002, economic depression and widespread hostility
toward the political elite raised fears that Argentina would follow
a Peru or Venezuela-like path toward party system—and possibly
regime—collapse. Yet Argentine democracy weathered the crisis
without a rupture of constitutional rule. The 2003 presidential election
was free of violence or fraud, and notwithstanding calls to "throw
everybody out," established political elites fared surprisingly well. A
major reason for this outcome was the persistent strength of Peronism,
which—despite severe internal conflict—dominated the election
and retained control of the presidency. Although democracy survived,
Argentina's capacity to avert similar crises in the future hinges on
breaking a long-term pattern institutional instability.
"Our 'House Beautiful'": The Woman's Temple and the WCTU Effort to Establish Place and Identity in Downtown Chicago, 1887-1898
Authors: Bohlmann Rachel E
Published: February 2007

In 1890, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
began building a state-of-the-art skyscraper in downtown Chicago that
would be known as the Woman's Temple. Matilda Bradley Carse, founder and
president of the powerful local Chicago Central WCTU (CCWCTU), wanted
to provide office space for the National WCTU (NWCTU) and its
related businesses, to give the WCTU a steady income from the building's
rentals, and to establish an icon of female reform power in the heart
of Chicago's financial district. Carse and NWCTU president Frances
Willard interpreted the building's architectural design--a Romanesque
and French Gothic ch�teau--as the embodiment of the WCTU mission of
"home protection," and the extension of women's domestic influence
into social reform. Unfortunately, the depression of 1893-1897
exacerbated tensions within the union about what the building meant
for the organization, and it raised questions about whether a woman
(Carse) was capable of managing such an ambitious financial
project. Opponents of the temple believed the construction of the building
had hindered their temperance work by diverting energy and money to
it. The controversy over the temple reveals deep divisions within the
WCTU about what constituted women's proper involvement in social reform
in the United States during the late nineteenth century.
"Hearts Uplifted and Minds Refreshed": The Woman's Christian Temperance Union and the Production of Pure Culture in the United States, 1880-1930
Authors: Parker Alison M. (Alison Marie)
Published: February 2007

The Woman's Christian Temperance Union's (WCTU)
Department for the Promotion of Purity in Literature and Art,
established in 1883, worked for legal censorship, but also created a
"pure" literary, artistic, and popular culture. This WCTU program blurs
the distinctions some historians have made between producers of culture
and their audience(s) or, alternatively, between repressive censors and
creative artists. This article documents the WCTU's publication of its
own children's magazine, distribution of cheap reproductions of famous
paintings, and promotion and production of educational pro-temperance
movies. Moral transformation of youth, activists argued, could only
occur through the positive influence of a pure culture. As WCTU
women pursued a strategy of supporting and producing culture, they
made crucial contributions to shaping the public arena in the United
States. Asserting their right to be the arbiters of culture themselves,
women reformers insisted upon a tie between art and morals.
"Abortions under Community Control": Feminism, Nationalism, and the Politics of Reproduction among New York City's Young Lords
Authors: Nelson Jennifer
Published: February 2007

This study of New York City's Young Lords reveals that a multiracial
group of Puerto Ricans developed a unique radical politics during the
early 1970s that encompassed both feminism and nationalism. Furthermore,
the Young Lords' singular brand of politics produced an inclusive
reproductive rights agenda that influenced (socialist) feminist
politics later in the decade. The Young Lords' list of reproductive
freedoms included demands for legal abortion and contraception, an end
to sterilization abuse, prenatal and postnatal care for poor women,
affordable day care, and an end to the poverty that prevented poor
women and women of color from bearing all the healthy children they
wanted. Although heated conflict between male and female Lords
accompanied the organization's development of a feminist ideology,
the Young Lords Party (YLP) successfully integrated feminism into their
nationalist perspective.
Jane Grey Swisshelm, Elizabeth Keckley, and the Significance of Race Consciousness in American Women's History
Authors: Hoffert Sylvia D
Published: February 2007

In the recent past, feminist attempts to document women's participation
in all aspects of American life have been complicated by a disagreement
over the meaning of "woman" as a category of inquiry and the relationship
of that category to other categories of analysis, such as race, class,
ethnicity, or sexual preference. Using the autobiographies of Jane Grey
Swisshelm, a white newspaper editor, and Elizabeth Keckley, a former
slave, as a case study, this article argues that focusing on diversity
and difference has tended to obscure the ways in which the lives of all
kinds of women are linked to each other and how women have exploited
the differences among themselves to contexualize their experiences,
to anticipate the ways those experiences might be understood by others,
and to create their own public personas to suit their own purposes.
Respecting "the wise allotment of our sphere": White Women and Politics in Mississippi, 1840-1860
Authors: Olsen Christopher J
Published: February 2007

Examining women's involvement in Mississippi politics during the 1840s
and 1850s, this article suggests that many literate, mostly upper-class
white women took an interest in electoral politics, read the party press,
and occasionally spoke in public. The majority of white women from
all classes attended one or two functions every campaign season. Their
widespread presence underscores the social significance of party politics
as a community event. Similar to studies of northern states, this
investigation offers evidence that white women participated in the public
world of formal politics, denying the fiction of "separate spheres." Yet,
unlike many women in the North, these women never expanded this challenge
to patriarchy. In the 1850s, white Mississippi women closed ranks to
defend a regional ethic based upon white male inviolability. Everything
these women said in public and virtually all their actions conformed
to traditional gender relations and reinforced the prevailing class
and gender hierarchy. Thus, while historians should consider white
women's presence at rallies and parades as another indication that
totally separate spheres were fictional, we should also note that their
involvement more often restrained rather than liberated them.
Women and International Relations: Pearl S. Buck's Critique of the Cold War
Authors: Shaffer Robert
Published: February 2007

This article examines the relationship among gender, imperialism, and
the Cold War through the lens of the life and work of Pearl S. Buck,
prominent author and activist. Based on her background in China, Buck
criticized American actions in the Cold War as an outgrowth of Western
racism and imperialism, resulting in the alienation of Asians from
the United States. Buck's gendered critique emphasized the harm done to
women both in the United States and Asia by American reliance on military
solutions; the inferior position of women in U.S. society, she argued,
did not justify the American claim to world leadership. However, Buck
also recognized the complicity of many American women in the Cold War
drive, so her analysis was more nuanced than that of some women's peace
activists. This article demonstrates connections between Buck's ideas
and recent scholarship on women, gender, and foreign relations.
The Rise of Prehistory
Authors: Kelley Donald R.
Published: February 2007

"Prehistory" itself had a prehistory, and it includes the early inquiries through the disciplines (or protodisciplines) of mythology, philology, ethnography, anthropology, archaeology, and especially, following Enlightenment "conjectural history," through investigations of the peoples of the New World. But it was in the nineteenth century that prehistory (Vorgeschichte, pr�histoire, preistoria) emerged in its own right. This essay reviews the major nineteenth-century efforts by an international community of Scandinavian,French,German,English,and American scholars--especially archaeologists, anthropologists, paleontologists, and "anthropogeographers"--to establish "the antiquity of man" and, reinforced further by evolutionary theory, to give a new shape, periodization, and global reach to the study of world history. Thus prehistory was joined to the Western historiographical tradition in the search for a global perspective and a new "grand narrative" to encompass the divisive interpretations of national histories and the invidious one of the old Eurocentric and Euromorphic history.
After Slavery: Asian Labor, the American South, and the Age of Emancipation
Authors: Guterl Matthew Pratt
Published: February 2007

In comparing the adjustments to a free labor economy in the post-emancipation
United States South and in slaveholding Cuba, this essay reveals certain parallels and divergences. Most particularly, it emphasizes the relative position of both places in the global, national, and colonial economies, and it explores the political economy of race and work. Following Confederate expatriates and Victorian travelers from the United States to the Caribbean, it also draws attention to various intellectual and cultural connections between Cuba and the American South. Here, too, it is especially concerned
with shared notions of race and racial supremacy.
An Orientalist in the Orient: Richard Garbe's Indian Journey, 1885-86
Authors: Bagchi Kaushik
Published: February 2007

Richard Garbe, a German professor of Indology, lived and studied in India for one year in the 1880s. Using Garbe's travel journal, a novel he wrote on India, and other writings, this article seeks to locate German Orientalism and Orientalists vis-�-vis Edward Said's critique of Orientalism and the debates arising from his critique. Although Germany was not a major colonial power, this study finds that German Orientalism reflected and benefited from European power, even if it did not contribute overtly to its growth.
The Feudal Mutation: Military and Economic Transformations of the Ethnosphere in the Tenth to Thirteenth Centuries
Authors: Barendse R. J
Published: February 2007

This article argues that much of the comparative literature on feudalism suffers from two problems: first, a mistaken identification of what constitutes European feudalism, in particular an emphasis on feudalism as a merger of Roman and Germanic elements as well as a mistaken stress on manorial production; second, a focus on ontological concepts, that is, concepts existing outside of history and not subject to change of significance in the course of history, thus the state and the law. This article makes a case that if we shed those ontological concepts and the mistaken identification of what European feudalism is, we can discern many similar (and, it is contended, similar because they are linked rather than being merely comparable) changes in the ethnosphere in the tenth to thirteenth centuries, the ethnosphere being a linked Asian, European, and African complex of class societies based on agrarian production and nomadic production for the market, primarily in the context of nuclear families.
Why the United States Should Adopt a Single-Payer System of Health Care Finance
Authors: DeGrazia David
Published: February 2007

Although nothing could be less fashionable today than talk of
comprehensive health care reform, the major problems of American
health care have not gone away. Only a radical change in the way
the U.S. finances health care--specifically, a single-payer
system--will permit the achievement of universal coverage while
keeping costs reasonably under control. Evidence from other
countries, especially Canada, suggests the promise of this
approach. In defending the single-payer approach, the author
identifies several political and cultural factors that make it difficult
for Americans to obtain a clear view of this option. Finally, the
author argues that much discussion of rationing is vitiated by
bracketing more systemic questions to which the issue of rationing
is inextricably linked.
Inside the Beltway Again: A Sheep of a Different Feather
Authors: Capron Alexander Morgan
Published: February 2007

The appearance of a sheep named Dolly, the first clone of an adult
mammal, dramatically affected the agenda, pace of work, and
visibility of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission. The
Commission's approach to its task and some of the issues it
considered in responding to President Clinton's request for review
and recommendations within 90 days are described.
Managed Care and Informed Consent
Authors: Faden Ruth R
Published: February 2007

Arguments for efficiency in health care delivery have been used to
support some level of withholding of information about available
treatment options from patients in managed care systems. To the
extent that such arguments prevail, they may necessitate changes
in the established understanding of and commitment to informed
consent and the disclosure of information to patients.
The Politics, Economics, and Ethics of "Appropriateness"
Authors: Sharpe Virginia A. (Virginia Ashby)
Published: February 2007

The terms "appropriate" and "necessary" are crucial determinants
in decisions regarding the use and reimbursement of medical
treatments. This paper encourages greater awareness of the
political, economic, and normative assumptions that give meaning
to these concepts.
Assessing Clinical Pragmatism
Authors: Jansen Lynn A.
Published: February 2007

"Clinical pragmatism" is an important new method of moral problem
solving in clinical practice. This method draws on the pragmatic
philosophy of John Dewey and recommends an experimental
approach to solving moral problems in clinical practice. Although
the method may shed some light on how clinicians and their
patients ought to interact when moral problems are at hand, it
nonetheless is deficient in a number of respects. Clinical
pragmatism fails to explain adequately how moral problems can be
solved experimentally, it underestimates the relevance and
importance of judgment in clinical ethics, and it presents a
questionable account of the role that moral principles should play in
moral problem solving.
Value Neutrality and Nondirectiveness: Comments on "Future Directions in Genetic Counseling"
Authors: Suter Sonia M
Published: February 2007

Common wisdom in genetic counseling, which is supported by
Biesecker, holds that counselors should strive not to influence their
clients' decision making. Such a presumption of nondirectiveness is
challenged in this commentary.
The Challenge of Measuring Community Values in Ways Appropriate for Setting Health Care Priorities
Authors: Ubel Peter A
Published: February 2007

The move from a notion that community values ought to play a role
in health care decision making to the creation of health care
policies that in some way reflect such values is a challenging one.
No single method will adequately measure community values in a
way appropriate for setting health care priorities. Consequently,
multiple methods to measure community values should be
employed, thereby allowing the strengths and weaknesses of the
various methods to complement each other. A preliminary research
agenda to bring together empirical research on community values
with more traditional research on health care ethics is outlined, with
the goal of identifying and measuring acceptable community values
that are relatively consistent across measurement methods and,
ultimately, developing ways to incorporate these values into health
care priority decision making.
Setting Biomedical Research Priorities: Justice, Science, and Public Participation
Authors: Resnik David B
Published: February 2007

This paper addresses the appropriate role for public input into priority setting for federal funding of biomedical research and development. The public should be involved in priority setting because researchers should be publicly accountable, because the public has a right to oversee government activities, and because public input is needed to assess normative questions related to the burden of disease and health care needs. On the other hand, political factors arising from public input can also hamper the governmentÕs ability to allocate funds according to the burden of disease or to promote the progress of biomedical science. When it comes to public input into R & D priority setting, more is not necessarily better. What is needed is the right balance of public and expert decision making with respect to the setting of biomedical R & D priorities.
Is There a Unique Moral Status of Human DNA That Prevents Patenting?
Authors: Hoedemaekers Rogeer , Dekkers Wim
Published: February 2007

The gene patenting debate, which proved to be a focal point for
divergent moral concerns about recent developments in genome research
and biotechnology, has revealed that the moral status of DNA is not
clear. One of the arguments used to stop undesirable developments
was that DNA possesses a unique status, which renders it unfit
for patenting. This paper investigates the allegedly unique (moral)
status of genetic material and the information it holds from different
perspectives. Several properties of DNA prove to be unique. We examine
the relevance of these for patentability of genes and conclude that only
the unique symbolic meaning of DNA is a relevant factor, which should
be taken into account but weighed against other interests involved.
Paying for Kidneys: The Case against Prohibition
Authors: Gill Michael B , Sade Robert M.
Published: February 2007

We argue that healthy people should be allowed to sell one of
their kidneys while they are alive—that the current prohibition
on payment for kidneys ought to be overturned. Our argument has three
parts. First, we argue that the moral basis for the current policy on
live kidney donations and on the sale of other kinds of tissue implies
that we ought to legalize the sale of kidneys. Second, we address the
objection that the sale of kidneys is intrinsically wrong because it
violates the Kantian duty of respect for humanity. Third, we address a
range of consequentialist objections based on the idea that kidney sales
will be exploitative. Throughout the paper, we argue only that it ought
to be legal for an individual to receive payment for a kidney. We do not argue that it ought to be legal for an individual to buy a kidney.
Polling and Public Policy
Authors: Hausman Daniel M.
Published: February 2007

This commentary distinguishes five reasons why one might want to conduct a survey concerning people's beliefs about death and the permissibility of harvesting organs: (1) simply to learn what people know and want; (2) to determine if current law and practice conform to the wishes of the population; (3) to determine the level of popular support for or opposition to policy changes; (4) to ascertain the causes and effects of popular beliefs and attitudes; and (5) to provide guidance in determining which laws and practices are ethical. The commentary expresses qualms about how well surveys in general can perform with respect to the fifth objective, and it provides specific reasons to doubt whether this survey is informative from the perspective of a moral philosopher concerned with the nature of death and the contours of a permissible system of organ procurement.
Death and Organ Procurement: Public Beliefs and Attitudes
Authors: Siminoff Laura A , Burant Christopher , Youngner Stuart J
Published: February 2007

Although "brain death" and the dead donor rule—i.e., patients must not be killed by organ retrieval—have been clinically and legally accepted in the U.S. as prerequisites to organ removal, there is little data about public attitudes and beliefs concerning these matters. To examine the public attitudes and beliefs about the determination of death and its relationship to organ transplantation, 1351 Ohio residents >=18 years were randomly selected and surveyed using random digit dialing (RDD) sample frames. The RDD telephone survey was conducted using computer-assisted telephone interviews. The survey instrument was developed from information provided by 12 focus groups and a pilot study of the questionnaire. Three scenarios based on hypothetical patients were presented: "brain dead," in a coma, or in a persistent vegetative state (PVS). Respondents provided personal assessments of whether the patient in each scenario was dead and their willingness to donate that patient's organs in these circumstances. More than 98 percent of respondents had heard of the term "brain death," but only one-third (33.7%) believed that someone who was "brain dead" was legally dead. The majority of respondents (86.2%) identified the "brain-dead" patient in the first scenario as dead, 57.2 percent identified the patient in a coma as dead (Scenario 2), and 34.1 percent identified the patient in a PVS as dead (Scenario 3). Nearly one-third (33.5%) were willing to donate the organs of patients they classified as alive for at least one scenario, in seeming violation of the dead donor rule. Most respondents were not willing to violate the dead donor rule, although a substantial minority was. However, the majority of respondents were unaware, misinformed, or held beliefs that were not congruent with current definitions of "brain death." This study highlights the need for more public dialogue and education about "brain death" and organ donation.
Korean History Studies in Japan: The 1999 Shigaku Zasshi Review of Historiography
Authors: Furuhata Toru , Morihira Masahiko , Song Yonok , Robinson Kenneth R , Lewis James Bryant
Published: February 2007

Shigaku zasshi, the leading history journal in Japan, devotes its fifth issue every year to reviews of historical scholarship published in Japan during the previous year. The reviews for Korean history are written by specialists and introduce and direct readers to publications in many fields, including archaeology, economic history, and social history. Information inside parentheses was parenthetical in the original Japanese. Information inside square brackets has been supplied by the translators.
The Parliament of Histories: New Religions, Collective Historiography, and the Nation
Authors: Walraven Boudewijin
Published: February 2007

Historiography is a social process, and professional historians are not the only ones to
create images of the past. Therefore an understanding of what history means within a
particular society requires an examination of the views of nonprofessional contributors
to the historical debate. In this article, the problem of collective historical representation
and identity construction at different levels of social organization is mainly illustrated
with the recent historiography of religious groups that base themselves on the teachings
of Chyngsan Kang Il-sun (1871-1909). In the conclusions, it is argued that a focus on
national history, shared by such groups, is not necessarily repressive but offers them an
opportunity to carve out a collective identity.
Grammar is Grammar and Usage is Usage
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J
Published: February 2007

A number of disparate approaches to language, ranging from cognitive linguistics to stochastic
implementations of optimality theory, have challenged the classical distinction between knowledge
of language and use of language. Supporters of such approaches point to the functional motivation
of grammatical structure, language users' sensitivity to the frequency of occurrence of grammatical
elements, and the great disparity between sentences that grammars generate and speakers' actual
utterances. In this article I defend the classical position, and provide evidence from a number of
sources that speakers mentally represent full grammatical structure, however fragmentary their
utterances might be. The article also questions the relevance of most corpus-based frequency and
probability studies to models of individual grammatical competence. I propose a scenario for the
origins and evolution of language that helps to explain why grammar and usage are as distinct
as they are.
The Curse of the "Little Phrase": Swann and the Sorrows of the Sapphic Sublime
Authors: Brown Stephen Gilbert
Published: February 2007

A body of Proustian scholarship attests to the ubiquity and efficacy of Freudian interpretations of A la recherché du temps perdu. By contrast, no critics to my knowledge have developed a Rankian psycho-critical reading of Proust. Yet, many of the passages that have sparked contemporary critical debate on Recherche can be usefully interpreted from a Rankian perspective. Though many "privileged moments" in the narrative are illustrative of Rankian theory, as articulated in Art and Artist: Creative Urge and Personality Development (1933), the two I wish to focus upon in this discussion are the Montjouvain meta-drama and the "little phrase" vignette, for both comprise case studies in the neurotic origins of the creative impulse. While critics have interpreted these passages independently, they have not sufficiently explicated their thematic correlation: one that informs the structure of the entire work, even as it establishes the centrality of the dual themes of damnation and redemption. Finally, these two episodes not only dramatize the neurotic origins of the creative impulse, but deeply inform the careers of Vinteuil, Swann, and Marcel: careers that are dramatically conjoined by a musical curse.
Decolonizing the Commonwealth: A Postcolonial Reading of Gloria Vando's Promesas: Geography of the Impossible
Authors: Khader Jamil
Published: February 2007

In her Promesas: Geography of the Impossible (1993), the Nuyorican poet Gloria Vando contests the dominant ideologies and national mythographies in Puerto Rico and the United States. Interlacing the lyrical and the confessional with the political, Vando positions herself on the outside of the pedagogical narratives of nationalism in both insular and metropolitan spaces. Rather than simply embrace a sense of belonging to both places, cultures, and nations at once, Vando chooses to belong ni de aqu�, ni de all� (neither here, nor there). Out of her sense of marginalization as colonial, feminist, and (second-class) citizen, Gloria Vando reconfigures the limits of both national and diasporic discourses and redefines their traditional referents and articulates alter/native narratives of identification, dislocated yet unwilling to assimilate.
Frankenstein in the Age of Prozac
Authors: Goodson A. C. (Alfred Clement)
Published: February 2007

Goodson seeks to reform "our habit of considering the environment as something external to ourselves." By tracing the
mood trajectory of literature written since the Romantic period, the author posits that "depressive pain is the native
environment of romantic poetry." Through a close reading of actor/director Kenneth Branagh's film version of Mary
Shelley's Frankenstein, Goodson suggest that Branagh's film version of the text is true to the depressive mood of the
1990s. He notes that Frankenstein is a medical student, a suicide, and a poète maudit. According to this reading the
monster is both a symptom and a product of depression.
Editor's Introduction-- Environment: The White Noise of Health
Authors: Morris David B
Published: February 2007

Morris argues that the major threat to human health is no longer a cataclysmic event but the ubiquitous smaller threats
from a deteriorating postmodern landscape. He uses Don DeLillo's novel White Noise as a literary depiction of the
dangers of the inherently unstable relations among humans, technology, and the natural world. He offers Richard Selzer's
Down From Troy as a valid critique of the inhumanity of modern hospitals. Morris calls for a rethinking of our priorities
in which policy analysis and cost effectiveness currently drown out the pain experienced around the world.
"A Whole Other Story": The Electronic Narrative of Illness
Authors: McLellan Faith
Published: February 2007

Faith McLellan studies a cyberspace narrative of illness that grew out of a father's anguish after his son was diagnosed
with acute lymphocytic leukemia. The essay discloses ways in which illness narratives on the Internet challenge our
conceptions of authorship, readership, and closure. In these narratives, argues McLellan, communication is often
spontaneous, yet the text still achieves cohesion despite, or perhaps because of, its multiple and sometimes chaotic
voices.