bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterozygote advantage at HLA class I and II loci and reduced risk of colorectal cancer
Authors: Tsai Ya-Yu , Qu Chenxu , Bonner Joseph D. , Sanz-Pamplona Rebeca , Lindsey Sidney S. , Melas Marilena , McDonnell Kevin J. , Idos Gregory E. , Walker Christopher P. , Tsang Kevin K. , Da Silva Diane M. , Moratalla-Navarro Ferran , Maoz Asaf , Rennert Hedy S. , Kast W. Martin , Greenson Joel K. , Moreno Victor , Rennert Gad , Gruber Stephen B. , Schmit Stephanie L.
Published: October 2023

Objective

Reduced diversity at Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) loci may adversely affect the host’s ability to recognize tumor neoantigens and subsequently increase disease burden. We hypothesized that increased heterozygosity at HLA loci is associated with a reduced risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC).

Methods

We imputed HLA class I and II four-digit alleles using genotype data from a population-based study of 5,406 cases and 4,635 controls from the Molecular Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Study (MECC). Heterozygosity at each HLA locus and the number of heterozygous genotypes at HLA class -I (A, B, and C) and HLA class -II loci (DQB1, DRB1, and DPB1) were quantified. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the risk of CRC associated with HLA heterozygosity. Individuals with homozygous genotypes for all loci served as the reference category, and the analyses were adjusted for sex, age, genotyping platform, and ancestry. Further, we investigated associations between HLA diversity and tumor-associated T cell repertoire features, as measured by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs; N=2,839) and immunosequencing (N=2,357).

Results

Individuals with all heterozygous genotypes at all three class I genes had a reduced odds of CRC (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.56-0.97, p= 0.031). A similar association was observed for class II loci, with an OR of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.60-0.95, p= 0.016). For class-I and class-II combined, individuals with all heterozygous genotypes had significantly lower odds of developing CRC (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.49-0.87, p= 0.004) than those with 0 or one heterozygous genotype. HLA class I and/or II diversity was associated with higher T cell receptor (TCR) abundance and lower TCR clonality, but results were not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Our findings support a heterozygote advantage for the HLA class-I and -II loci, indicating an important role for HLA genetic variability in the etiology of CRC.
Development of anti-PD-L1 antibody based on structure prediction of AlphaFold2
Authors: Du Kun , Huang He
Published: October 2023

Accurate structural information plays a crucial role in comprehending biological processes and designing drugs. Indeed, the remarkable precision of the AlphaFold2 has facilitated significant advancements in predicting molecular structures, encompassing antibodies and antigens. This breakthrough has paved the way for rational drug design, ushering in new possibilities in the field of pharmaceutical development. Within this study, performing analysis and humanization guided by the structures predicted by AlphaFold2. Notably, the resulting humanized antibody, h3D5-hIgG1, demonstrated exceptional binding affinity to the PD-L1 protein. The KD value of parental antibody 3D5-hIgG1 was increased by nearly 7 times after humanization. Both h3D5-hIgG1 and 3D5-hIgG1 bound to cells expressing human PD-L1 with EC50 values of 5.13 and 9.92nM, respectively. Humanization resulted in a twofold increase in the binding capacity of the antibody, with h3D5-hIgG1 exhibiting superior performance compared to the parental antibody 3D5-hIgG1. Furthermore, h3D5-hIgG1 promoted cytokine secretion of T cells, and significantly suppressed MC38-hPD-L1 tumor growth. This study highlights the potential for artificial intelligence-assisted drug development, which is poised to become a prominent trend in the future.
Technology advancement and international law in marine policy, challenges, solutions and future prospective
Authors: Bilawal Khaskheli Muhammad , Wang Shumin , Zhang Xin , Shamsi Imran Haider , Shen Chenghuan , Rasheed Sanober , Ibrahim Zakir , Baloch Dost Muhammad
Published: October 2023

The use of technology and international law in marine policy is becoming increasingly vital as we seek to address the challenges facing our oceans. Technology has revolutionized our ability to monitor, understand, and manage marine ecosystems, providing valuable tools for data collection, analysis, and decision-making. International law, ocean governance ensuring marine environment represented by the frameworks such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), plays a crucial role in governing the use of technology and establishing guidelines for the sustainable management of marine resources. This paper explores the intersection of technology and international law in marine policy, highlighting the transformative impact of technology on our understanding of the oceans and the legal frameworks that shape our approach to marine conservation. It examines the benefits of technology in enabling evidence-based decision-making and fostering international collaboration, while also addressing the legal and regulatory complexities that arise. The paper emphasizes the need for ongoing dialogue and the development of international legal frameworks to adapt to emerging technologies and discourse ethical considerations, and by harnessing the power of technology and international law, we can work towards effective marine policies that ensure the conservation and sustainable use of our oceans for future generations.
Thick artery–artery anastomoses delay the onset of selective fetal growth restriction in monochorionic diamniotic twins: a 7-year single-center cohort study
Authors: Wang Xueju , Li Luyao , Yuan Pengbo , Zhao Yangyu , Wei Yuan
Published: October 2023

Objective

This study aimed to investigate differences in placental characteristics between early- and late-onset selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR) in monochorionic diamniotic twins.

Methods

A total of 253 patients with sFGR between April 2013 and April 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Placental characteristics of early- and late-onset sFGR were compared.

Results

The gestational age at diagnosis and delivery in the early-onset group was significantly less than that in the late-onset group [22.0 (16.9–23.9) and 28.4 (24.0, 36.3) weeks, P < 0.001; 33.1 ± 2.2 and 33.7 ± 2.5 weeks, P = 0.025]. The birth weight of normal growth and growth-restricted fetuses in the early-onset group was less than the late-onset group [1,990 ± 422 and 2,162 ± 525 g, P = 0.044; 1,320 ± 409 and 1,595 ± 519 g, P = 0.001]. The birthweight discordance ratio in the early-onset group was greater than the late-onset group (0.34 ± 0.12 and 0.29 ± 0.13, P = 0.001). The early-onset group had a significantly lower prevalence of sFGR type I than the late-onset group (37.5 and 62.0%, P = 0.018). The early-onset group had a significantly higher prevalence of sFGR type III than the late-onset group (30.4 and 12.7%, P = 0.048). The early-onset group had a lower prevalence of thick artery–artery anastomoses than the late-onset group (37.5 and 62.0%, P = 0.006). The placental territory discordance ratio in the early-onset group was higher than in the late-onset group [0.60 (0.01, 0.80) and 0.50 (0.01, 0.88), P = 0.018].

Conclusion

Unequal placental territory is the cause for most of the late-onset sFGR. Thick artery–artery anastomoses may delay the onset time of these cases of sFGR.
Napthyridine-derived compounds as promising inhibitors for Staphylococcus aureus CrtM: a primer for the discovery of potential anti-Staphylococcus aureus agents
Authors: Bourhia Mohammed , Shahab Muhammad , Zheng Guojun , Bin Jardan Yousef A. , Sitotaw Baye , Ouahmane Lahcen , Khallouki Farid
Published: October 2023

The disease-free existence of humans is constantly under attack by a variety of infections caused by a variety of organisms including bacteria. Notable among the bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus which is an etiological organism for infections including impetigo, folliculitis, and furuncles. The response of the human immune system against this disease is often neutralized by the production of a pigment called Staphyloxanthin (STX) via a series of reactions mediated by several enzymes. Among these enzymes, dehydrosqualene synthase, also known as CrtM, has emerged as a viable drug target due to its role in mediating the first step of the pathway. Consequently, this study employs molecular modeling approaches including molecular docking, quantum mechanical calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations among others to investigate the potential of napthyridine derivatives to serve as inhibitors of the CrtM. The results of the study revealed the high binding affinities of the compounds for the target as demonstrated by their docking scores, while further subjection to screening pipeline aimed at determining their fitness for development into drugs revealed just one compound namely 6-[[1-[(2-fluorophenyl) methyl]triazol-4-yl]methoxy]-4-oxo-1H-1,5-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid as the compound with good drug-like, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity properties profiles. A 100 ns-long MD simulation of the complexes formed after molecular docking revealed the stable interaction of the compound with the target. Ultimately, this study can be a promising outlet to discover a weapon to fight against clinically resistant bacteria, however, further experimental studies are suggested to carry out in the wet lab, pre-clinical, and clinical levels.
Parental metabolic syndrome and elevated liver transaminases are risk factors for offspring, even in children and adolescents with a normal body mass index
Authors: Song Kyungchul , Yang Juyeon , Lee Hye Sun , Oh Jun Suk , Kim Sujin , Lee Myeongseob , Suh Junghwan , Kwon Ahreum , Kim Ho-Seong , Chae Hyun Wook
Published: October 2023

Introduction

The parent–child correlation in metabolic syndrome (MetS) and elevated transaminases is sparsely researched. We assessed the correlation of parental MetS and elevated transaminase status with these conditions in their children.

Methods

Data of 4,167 youths aged 10–18 years were analyzed in a population-based survey, and the parental characteristics were stratified by the presence or absence of MetS or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation in their children. The prevalence of these conditions in children was analyzed according to their parents’ status. Logistic regression analyses were performed with MetS and ALT elevation in youth as the dependent variables.

Results

The proportions of MetS and ALT elevation were higher in parents of children with MetS and ALT elevation than in those without, even among youths without obesity. In logistic regression analyses, age, body mass index–standard deviation score (BMI–SDS), and ALT elevation were positively associated with MetS, whereas age, male sex, BMI–SDS, protein intake, and MetS were positively associated with ALT elevation. Higher protein intake was related to ALT elevation, whereas metabolic components and nutritional factors were closely related in parents and their children. Odds ratios (OR) of ALT elevation for MetS was 8.96 even after adjusting nutritional factors in the children. The OR was higher for ALT elevation in the children of parents with MetS and ALT elevation compared to those without. ORs for MetS and ALT elevation in the children of parents with MetS were higher than those of children of parents without MetS, even after adjusting for nutritional intake. ORs for ALT elevation were higher in the children of parents with ALT elevation than those without, even after adjusting for nutritional intake and BMI of parents as well as the nutritional intake, age, sex, and BMI–SDS of the children.

Conclusion

MetS and elevated liver transaminase statuses in children were associated with those of their parents even after adjusting for nutritional factors, and the relationships were more prominent in the youth without obesity.
The telomerase inhibitor imetelstat differentially targets JAK2V617F versus CALR mutant myeloproliferative neoplasm cells and inhibits JAK-STAT signaling
Authors: Olschok Kathrin , Altenburg Bianca , de Toledo Marcelo A. S. , Maurer Angela , Abels Anne , Beier Fabian , Gezer Deniz , Isfort Susanne , Paeschke Katrin , Brümmendorf Tim H. , Zenke Martin , Chatain Nicolas , Koschmieder Steffen
Published: October 2023

Imetelstat shows activity in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms, including primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and essential thrombocythemia. Here, we describe a case of prolonged disease stabilization by imetelstat treatment of a high-risk PMF patient enrolled into the clinical study MYF2001. We confirmed continuous shortening of telomere length (TL) by imetelstat treatment but observed emergence and expansion of a KRAST58I mutated clone during the patient’s clinical course. In order to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the imetelstat treatment response, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from this patient. TL of iPSC-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, which was increased after reprogramming, was reduced upon imetelstat treatment for 14 days. However, while imetelstat reduced clonogenic growth of the patient’s primary CD34+ cells, clonogenic growth of iPSC-derived CD34+ cells was not affected, suggesting that TL was not critically short in these cells. Also, the propensity of iPSC differentiation toward megakaryocytes and granulocytes was not altered. Using human TF-1MPL and murine 32DMPL cell lines stably expressing JAK2V617F or CALRdel52, imetelstat-induced reduction of viability was significantly more pronounced in CALRdel52 than in JAK2V617F cells. This was associated with an immediate downregulation of JAK2 phosphorylation and downstream signaling as well as a reduction of hTERT and STAT3 mRNA expression. Hence, our data demonstrate that imetelstat reduces TL and targets JAK/STAT signaling, particularly in CALR-mutated cells. Although the exact patient subpopulation who will benefit most from imetelstat needs to be defined, our data propose that CALR-mutated clones are highly vulnerable.
Ion channels in lung cancer: biological and clinical relevance
Authors: Capitani Chiara , Chioccioli Altadonna Ginevra , Santillo Michele , Lastraioli Elena
Published: October 2023

Despite improvements in treatment, lung cancer is still a major health problem worldwide. Among lung cancer subtypes, the most frequent is represented by adenocarcinoma (belonging to the Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer class) although the most challenging and harder to treat is represented by Small Cell Lung Cancer, that occurs at lower frequency but has the worst prognosis. For these reasons, the standard of care for these patients is represented by a combination of surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. In this view, searching for novel biomarkers that might help both in diagnosis and therapy is mandatory. In the last 30 years it was demonstrated that different families of ion channels are overexpressed in both lung cancer cell lines and primary tumours. The altered ion channel profile may be advantageous for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes since most of them are localised on the plasma membrane thus their detection is quite easy, as well as their block with specific drugs and antibodies. This review focuses on ion channels (Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Chloride, Anion and Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors) in lung cancer (both Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Small Cell Lung Cancer) and recapitulate the up-to-date knowledge about their role and clinical relevance for a potential use in the clinical setting, for lung cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Building our research administrator workforce as our clinical and translational research programs become increasingly complex
Authors: Kayla Calvo , Jennifer Phillips , Sandra Burks , Johnston Karen C.
Published: October 2023

Introduction: Research administrators (RA’s) are critical members of the research workforce. For purposes of this article, research administrators are personnel who support the development, compliance, management, and financial oversight of sponsored research. There are currently very few institutional career development and mentoring programs available to research administrators. Recruitment and retention of quality research administrators has been especially challenging across the country in recent years.

Methods: In an effort to address this gap in training and to increase recruitment and retention, the integrated Translational Health Research Institute of Virginia (iTHRIV), a collaborative NIH-NCATS funded Clinical Translational Science Award (CTSA) hub, has developed an innovative program of workforce development and mentoring for research administrators. This article provides an overview of one institutional training and development initiative, the Research Administration Program for Training and Resources (RAPTR). RAPTR provides training, resources and mentoring to develop a Community of Practice.

Results: The program provides a forum where research administrators can share ideas, practices, and challenges.

Discussion: This manuscript describes the benefits and lessons learned from our early experience in this program. We highlight selected components that may be generalizable to other institutions and describe individualized components, which require local policies and processes.
Drought response of water-conserving and non-conserving spring barley cultivars
Authors: Appiah Mercy , Abdulai Issaka , Schulman Alan H. , Moshelion Menachem , Dewi Elvira S. , Daszkowska-Golec Agata , Bracho-Mujica Gennady , Rötter Reimund P.
Published: October 2023

Introduction

Breeding barley cultivars adapted to drought requires in-depth knowledge on physiological drought responses.

Methods

We used a high-throughput functional phenotyping platform to examine the response of four high-yielding European spring barley cultivars to a standardized drought treatment imposed around flowering.

Results

Cv. Chanell showed a non-conserving water-use behavior with high transpiration and maximum productivity under well-watered conditions but rapid transpiration decrease under drought. The poor recovery upon re-irrigation translated to large yield losses. Cv. Baronesse showed the most water-conserving behavior, with the lowest pre-drought transpiration and the most gradual transpiration reduction under drought. Its good recovery (resilience) prevented large yield losses. Cv. Formula was less conserving than cv. Baronesse and produced low yet stable yields. Cv. RGT’s dynamic water use with high transpiration under ample water supply and moderate transpiration decrease under drought combined with high resilience secured the highest and most stable yields.

Discussion

Such a dynamic water-use behavior combined with higher drought resilience and favorable root traits could potentially create an ideotype for intermediate drought. Prospective studies will examine these results in field experiments and will use the newly gained understanding on water use in barley to improve process descriptions in crop simulation models to support crop model–aided ideotype design.
The Southern Ocean Ecosystem Affects The Entire World
Authors: Murphy Eugene J. , Johnston Nadine M. , Hofmann Eileen E. , Phillips Richard A. , Jackson Jennifer A. , Constable Andrew J.
Published: October 2023

The Southern Ocean, which flows around the Antarctic continent, is home to vast numbers of unique and remarkable animals, including penguins, albatrosses, petrels, seals, and whales. The ocean bursts into life every spring, fueling a summer feeding and breeding frenzy. During the dark winter months, there is little food and life is very harsh. Human activities such as fishing and pollution are affecting this ecosystem, as is climate change. These ecosystem changes matter beyond the Southern Ocean! Ocean currents carry nutrients and organisms into and out of the Southern Ocean. Many marine mammals and seabirds swim or fly in and out of the Southern Ocean, in search of food and breeding grounds, or to escape the harsh Antarctic winter. These movements and migrations connect the Southern Ocean ecosystem with other marine ecosystems around the world. This means that changes in the Southern Ocean ecosystem can affect ecosystems around the world.
The association between Thoroughbred racehorse training practices and musculoskeletal injuries in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Wong Adelene S. M. , Morrice-West Ashleigh V. , Hitchens Peta L. , Whitton R. Chris
Published: October 2023

Catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries (CMI) in horses are associated with both too little and too much high-speed exercise. In order to advise trainers on training and management strategies that minimize the risk of musculoskeletal injury (MSI), a better understanding of how training practices affect MSI in racehorses is needed. Data from prospective studies relating training data and MSI are complicated by the gradual development of pathology and the effect of this on the ability of horses to train consistently prior to the identification of an injury. To circumvent this, 66 Australian Thoroughbred trainers were surveyed on their intended training practices, including rest, pre-training, and race-fit practices. Associations between intended training practices and catastrophic and non-catastrophic race day MSI outcomes in two-year-old and mature (≥three-year-old) horses were assessed using multivariable negative binomial regression models. The incidence of two-year-old race day MSI was lower for trainers who preferred shorter times (weeks) to trial, less time in fast work pre-trial (p = 0.003), shorter, more frequent rest periods (p < 0.01) and higher amounts of fast work at 15.5–16.7 m/s once race-fit (p = 0.001). The incidence of mature horse race day MSI was lower for trainers who preferred longer rest periods (p = 0.026) and a high-volume pre-trial training strategy comprising a high volume of slower speed gallop training and longer times to trial compared to fast and light training programs (p = 0.004) for their mature horses, in addition to higher amounts of fast work at 15.5–16.7 m/s for their race-fit two-year-olds (p = 0.012). Race day CMI incidence was lower for trainers who preferred lower volumes of fast gallop work for their race-fit mature horses (p < 0.05). These results suggest that two-year-old training practices could affect MSI risk later in a horse’s career, and that age and stage in training (pre-trial, race-fit) are important considerations when developing training practices to minimize the risk of MSI.
New Advances in Nano-Enabled Weed Management Using Poly(Epsilon-Caprolactone)-Based Nanoherbicides: A Review
Authors: Zargar Meisam , Bayat Maryam , Saquee Francess Sia , Diakite Simbo , Ramzanovich Nakhaev M. , Akhmadovich Khasukhadzhiev A. S.
Published: October 2023

The number of effective herbicides available to farmers is steadily decreasing due to increasing herbicide resistance. It seems very important to address and effectively deal with the main weed management challenges (low crop yield and environmental pollution) by investigating the potential of newly introduced materials, such as biocompatible polymer-based nanoparticles. The current review aims to encourage agricultural or environmental researchers to conduct new research on the synthesis and application of modified herbicides, such as nanoherbicides, for application in weed management and to provide a comprehensive foundation on the topic. Such nanosystems could help with the promotion of the controlled release of active ingredients and extend their action time, resulting in a reduction in dose and application number; improve the physical and chemical characteristics of the herbicide to increase foliar adhesion; prevent degradation that results from environmental factors (such as sunlight, temperature, microorganisms, or pH); and decrease herbicide leaching and contamination of the environment. Furthermore, it has been indicated that some polymeric nanocarriers can penetrate biological barriers, including membranes and plant cell walls, and translocate across vascular tissues, resulting in a more efficient delivery of active ingredients. Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) is a biocompatible material that is easily decomposable by enzymes and fungi. PCL nanoparticles could be applied as nanocarriers of herbicides in agriculture due to their low toxicity, their potential for large-scale synthesis from inexpensive materials, their ability to dissolve herbicides, their high loading capacity, and their ability to help minimize the chemical decomposition of herbicides.
The Herbicidal Activity of Nano- and MicroEncapsulated Plant Extracts on the Development of the Indicator Plants Sorghum bicolor and Phaseolus vulgaris and Their Potential for Weed Control
Authors: Tucuch-Pérez Marco Antonio , Mendo-González Evelyn Isabel , Ledezma-Pérez Antonio , Iliná Anna , Hernández-Castillo Francisco Daniel , Barrera-Martinez Cynthia Lizeth , Anguiano-Cabello Julia Cecilia , Laredo-Alcalá Elan Iñaky , Arredondo-Valdés Roberto
Published: October 2023

Weeds decrease yield in crops through competition for water, nutrients, and light. Due to the circumstances mentioned above and the challenge of the emergence of herbicide-resistant weeds, developing sustainable alternatives becomes imperative. Plant extracts formulated into nano- and micro-encapsulates (NPs) emerge as a viable option for weed management. The objectives of this study were to identify phytochemical compounds within the ethanolic extracts of Carya illinoinensis, Ruta graveolens, and Solanum rostratum; determine their pre-emergence herbicidal activity on the indicator plants Sorghum bicolor and Phaseolus vulgaris; produce and characterize NPs with plant extracts; and assess their phytotoxicity under greenhouse conditions. The extracts were provided by Greencorp Biorganiks de México. Phytochemicals were identified through colorimetric assays and HPLC-MS, while pre-emergence tests were conducted in vitro, assessing concentrations of 12.5, 25, and 50% for each extract. NPs were synthesized using the ionotropic pre-gelation method, with size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency (EE) being characterized. Finally, post-emergence tests were carried out in a greenhouse with seedlings. Compounds belonging to the hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol, methoxyflavonol, hydroxybenzoic acid, methoxyflavone, tyrosol, stilbene, and lignan families were identified in all extracts. The pre-emergence herbicidal activity was observed for all extracts, with germination percentages ranging from 0 to 41% in both indicator plants. NPs exhibited sizes between 290 and 345 nm, zeta potentials ranging from −30 to −35 mV, and EE up to 94%. Finally, enhanced herbicidal activity was observed with plant extract NPs, with the species S. bicolor being more susceptible. NPs containing plant extracts are a viable option for bioherbicide production; however, continued research is necessary to refine formulations and enhance efficacy.
Forage Properties of Fresh and Composted Cotton Gin Byproducts as Feed Supplements
Authors: Alege Femi Peter , Donohoe Sean Paul , Tumuluru Jaya Shankar , Delhom Christopher D. , Blake Cody D. , Thomas Joe W.
Published: October 2023

Cotton ginning generates millions of tons of byproducts every year. If not properly managed, these materials become waste, which may constitute significant environmental, economic, and logistical issues. The objectives of this study were to characterize fresh and composted cotton gin byproducts (CGBs) for utilization as animal feed supplements and investigate the effects of composting on the forage properties. The study analyzed and compared the nutrients and energy contents of fresh and composted CGB from four commercial cotton gins in Arkansas, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee states, USA. The results suggest that composting CGB may result in more than a 47% increase in fiber and crude protein and at least a 25% decrease in total digestible nutrients and net energy estimations. The differences in macro- and micro-nutrient contents and feed properties suggest that composting CGB may improve the potential for utilization as an animal feed supplement. Establishing the forage properties of CGB is crucial for determining animal feed formulations using CGB as supplements.
Effect of Low Temperature on Photosynthetic Characteristics, Senescence Characteristics, and Endogenous Hormones of Winter Wheat “Ji Mai 22” during the Jointing Stage
Authors: Zhang Fengyin , Jiang Nan , Zhang Hanqi , Huo Zhiguo , Yang Zaiqiang
Published: October 2023

To investigate the effects of low-temperature (LT) stress on photosynthetic properties and senescence characteristics of winter wheat leaves during the jointing stage, an environmental temperature control experiment was designed at Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology in 2023, using Triticum aestivum L. cv. “Ji Mai 22” as the test material. Four different temperature levels were set: 18 °C/8 °C (daily maximum/daily minimum temperature; CK), 13 °C/3 °C, 10 °C/0 °C, and 7 °C/3 °C. The duration of each treatment was 2, 4, and 6 days, respectively. The experimental findings reveal that the changes in physiological parameters of winter wheat leaves under low-temperature stress treatments are nonlinear. Under the 3 °C LT treatment, the photosynthetic parameters and endogenous hormone levels of wheat leaves significantly decrease after 6 days of stress. Under the 0 °C LT treatment, the photosynthetic parameters, leaf pigment content, and endogenous hormones of wheat decrease significantly, while under the −3 °C LT treatment, all the parameters of winter wheat leaves show a significant decline. Generally, the “Ji Mai22” wheat cultivar has a lower growth temperature limit of −3 °C during the jointing stage.
Modification of Domestic Animal Lameness Scales for Use in Asiatic Black Bears (Ursus thibetanus)
Authors: Hunter-Ishikawa Mandala , Nakatani Jamie Y. , Miller David S.
Published: October 2023

Lameness in animals is a welfare concern as it can be an indicator of pain. A standardized bear lameness scale would significantly improve the ability of facilities that house bears to monitor, manage, and treat lameness in their animals. The Animals Asia bear rescue center in Vietnam holds over 180 rescued bears with varying health and mobility conditions as a result of the illegal bear bile trade, and a reliable lameness assessment system was needed. Bear locomotion includes a lumbering gait, which differs from domestic animal locomotion, necessitating the modification of domestic animal lameness scales, and a five-point lameness scale was developed. Professionals from various veterinary-related backgrounds scored bear lameness videos to assess interobserver reliability and the intraclass correlation coefficient indicated good to excellent reliability. A 15-min training video with examples of lameness and grades was provided before assessment. The lameness scale developed herein addresses the lack of a published lameness scale for bears, and, due to the similar locomotion of the genus, can be used on any bear species. This scale is a consistent and reliable tool for evaluating and documenting lameness in addition to monitoring response to treatment. It will benefit bear welfare by indirectly characterizing the level of pain a bear is experiencing due to lameness as well as serving to document trends in pain status.
Antimicrobial Stewardship in the Hospital Setting: A Narrative Review
Authors: Giamarellou Helen , Galani Lamprini , Karavasilis Theodoros , Ioannidis Konstantinos , Karaiskos Ilias
Published: October 2023

The increasing global threat of antibiotic resistance, which has resulted in countless fatalities due to untreatable infections, underscores the urgent need for a strategic action plan. The acknowledgment that humanity is perilously approaching the “End of the Miracle Drugs” due to the unjustifiable overuse and misuse of antibiotics has prompted a critical reassessment of their usage. In response, numerous relevant medical societies have initiated a concerted effort to combat resistance by implementing antibiotic stewardship programs within healthcare institutions, grounded in evidence-based guidelines and designed to guide antibiotic utilization. Crucial to this initiative is the establishment of multidisciplinary teams within each hospital, led by a dedicated Infectious Diseases physician. This team includes clinical pharmacists, clinical microbiologists, hospital epidemiologists, infection control experts, and specialized nurses who receive intensive training in the field. These teams have evidence-supported strategies aiming to mitigate resistance, such as conducting prospective audits and providing feedback, including the innovative ‘Handshake Stewardship’ approach, implementing formulary restrictions and preauthorization protocols, disseminating educational materials, promoting antibiotic de-escalation practices, employing rapid diagnostic techniques, and enhancing infection prevention and control measures. While initial outcomes have demonstrated success in reducing resistance rates, ongoing research is imperative to explore novel stewardship interventions.
Effect of Brewing Methods on Acrylamide Content and Antioxidant Activity: Studying Eight Different Filter Coffee Preparations
Authors: Santanatoglia Agnese , Angeloni Simone , Bartolucci Davide , Fioretti Lauro , Sagratini Gianni , Vittori Sauro , Caprioli Giovanni
Published: October 2023

The aim of this study was to investigate the parameters affecting the extraction of positive molecules such as chlorogenic acids and antioxidants, as well as potentially carcinogenic substances such as acrylamide, in different coffee brewing methods. Three coffee varieties, each assigned a different roasting degree, were used to prepare coffee brews following eight different preparation methods. Acrylamide was quantified using the HPLC-MS/MS instrument, while chlorogenic acids and caffeine were quantified using the HPLC-DAD system. Three spectrophotometric analyses were also performed (DPPH, TFC and TPC) to evaluate antioxidant activity. The results showed that the main brewing parameters, which have the greatest influence on the final content of these compounds, were the volume of water used, more specifically the brewing ratio (coffee to water ratio), the extraction time and the particle size of the coffee powder. In addition, the variables that have the greatest impact on the discrimination of the preparation methods studied are total chlorogenic acid content, TFC, TPC, caffeine and the DPPH assay. For this reason, the recipe and infusion parameters used for each of the extraction systems are the key factors that determine the extraction of coffee components and, consequently, the quality of the cup.
Epithelial Dual Oxidase 2 Shapes the Mucosal Microbiome and Contributes to Inflammatory Susceptibility
Authors: Castrillón-Betancur Juan Camilo , López-Agudelo Víctor Alonso , Sommer Nina , Cleeves Sven , Bernardes Joana Pimenta , Weber-Stiehl Saskia , Rosenstiel Philip , Sommer Felix
Published: October 2023

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules formed from diatomic oxygen. They act as cellular signals, exert antibiotic activity towards invading microorganisms, but can also damage host cells. Dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) is the main ROS-producing enzyme in the intestine, regulated by cues of the commensal microbiota and functions in pathogen defense. DUOX2 plays multiple roles in different organs and cell types, complicating the functional analysis using systemic deletion models. Here, we interrogate the precise role of epithelial DUOX2 for intestinal homeostasis and host-microbiome interactions. Conditional Duox2∆IEC mice lacking DUOX2, specifically in intestinal epithelial cells, were generated, and their intestinal mucosal immune phenotype and microbiome were analyzed. Inflammatory susceptibility was evaluated by challenging Duox2∆IEC mice in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis model. DUOX2-microbiome interactions in humans were investigated by paired analyses of mucosal DUOX2 expression and fecal microbiome data in patients with intestinal inflammation. Under unchallenged conditions, we did not observe any obvious phenotype of Duox2∆IEC mice, although intestinal epithelial ROS production was drastically decreased, and the mucosal microbiome composition was altered. When challenged with DSS, Duox2∆IEC mice were protected from colitis, possibly by inhibiting ROS-mediated damage and fostering epithelial regenerative responses. Finally, in patients with intestinal inflammation, DUOX2 expression was increased in inflamed tissue, and high DUOX2 levels were linked to a dysbiotic microbiome. Our findings demonstrate that bidirectional DUOX2-microbiome interactions contribute to mucosal homeostasis, and their dysregulation may drive disease development, thus highlighting this axis as a therapeutic target to treat intestinal inflammation.
The Potential of Mangifera indica L. Peel Extract to Be Revalued in Cosmetic Applications
Authors: García-Villegas Abigail , Fernández-Ochoa Álvaro , Rojas-García Alejandro , Alañón María Elena , Arráez-Román David , Cádiz-Gurrea María de la Luz , Segura-Carretero Antonio
Published: October 2023

The constant growth of the cosmetic industry, together with the scientific evidence of the beneficial properties of phytochemicals, has generated great interest in the incorporation of bioactive extracts in cosmetic formulations. This study aims to evaluate the bioactive potential of a mango peel extract for its incorporation into cosmetic formulations. For this purpose, several assays were conducted: phytochemical characterization; total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant potential; free-radical scavenging capacity; and skin aging-related enzyme inhibition. In addition, the extract was incorporated into a gel formulation, and a preliminary stability study was conducted where the accelerated (temperature ramp, centrifugation, and heating/cooling cycles) and long-term (storage in light and dark for three months) stability of the mango peel formulations were evaluated. The characterization results showed the annotation of 71 compounds, gallotannins being the most representative group. In addition, the mango peel extract was shown to be effective against the •NO radical with an IC50 of 7.5 mg/L and against the hyaluronidase and xanthine oxidase enzymes with IC50 of 27 mg/L and 2 mg/L, respectively. The formulations incorporating the extract were stable during the stability study. The results demonstrate that mango peel extract can be a by-product to be revalorized as a promising cosmetic ingredient.
Spatiotemporal Variation of Fractional Vegetation Cover and Its Response to Climate Change and Topography Characteristics in Shaanxi Province, China
Authors: Li Yuanyuan , Sun Jingyan , Wang Mingzhu , Guo Jinwei , Wei Xin , Shukla Manoj K. , Qi Yanbing
Published: October 2023

Since the beginning of the 21st century in Shaanxi Province, China, ecological restoration has increased fractional vegetation cover (FVC) and decreased soil and water erosion. The climate and topography will be critical factors for maintaining vegetation coverage in the future. Based on the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data, we monitored FVC variations in Shaanxi Province, China, as well as in three subregions of the Loess Plateau (LOP), Qinling–Bashan Mountain (QBM), and Guanzhong Plain (GZP). Using Sen+Mann–Kendall, correlation analysis, and geodetector methods, we detected trends and responses to climate change and topographical characteristics in Shaanxi Province from 2000 to 2018. The results indicated that 73.86% of the area in Shaanxi Province exhibited an increasing FVC with a growth rate of 0.0026 year−1 from 2000 to 2018. The FVC in the three subregions varied, as QBM (87.24–91.47%) > GZP (47.45–66.93%) > LOP (36.33–49.74%), which displayed a significant increase, slight increase, and slight decrease, respectively. The variation of FVC was significantly positively correlated with climate factors (precipitation, temperature, sunshine duration) at monthly and seasonal scales. The time-lag duration between FVC and climate factors was 1–3 months except for the conjunctional areas of GZP with the LOP and QBM, which exhibited a time-lag of 5–6 months. Topographically, the landform of hills had the highest FVC increase at an altitude of 500–1500 m and a slope of 2°–6°. The dominant driving factors affecting FVC variation in Shaanxi Province and LOP area were climatic factors. In the QBM area, the dominant factors were related to topography (relief, elevation, slope), whereas in the GZP area, they were relief and sunshine duration. We can conclude that local topography characteristics are important in implementing revegetation projects because they strongly influence water, temperature, and sunshine redistribution.
Architectural Patterns for Blockchain Systems and Application Design
Authors: Alzhrani Fouzia , Saeedi Kawther , Zhao Liping
Published: October 2023

Blockchain technology has gained popularity in various applications, including finance transactions and beyond. However, developing blockchain application systems is challenging due to stringent quality requirements, such as performance, scalability, and security. Software architecture plays a critical role in realizing key quality requirements. Nonetheless, little work has been performed on software architectures for blockchain applications since blockchain application development is still a new field. This paper proposes twelve architectural patterns for blockchain application software architectures based on 400 cross-industry real-world applications available on the Internet. We determine the key components of each application guided by a blockchain application taxonomy we developed. We then identify typical architectural patterns from the interactions of these components guided by well-known software patterns, such as peer-to-peer, layered, pipe-filter, and access control. Based on the roles of these patterns, we organize them into four architectural views comprising four structural, two interactional, four transactional, and two security patterns. We describe each pattern in detail using a standard form and demonstrate the patterns through a real-world blockchain application. The use of patterns can be valuable in addressing blockchain’s unique challenges, but creativity remains essential in crafting innovative solutions. Mixing architectural patterns according to varying requirements can help developers communicate effectively.
Excavation and Construction Technology of Diversion Tunnel under Complex Geological Conditions
Authors: He Na , Zhang Xianggang
Published: October 2023

During the construction of a diversion tunnel, geological problems often include faults, fragile strata, hard rock formations, karst landforms, etc., which may have adverse effects on the excavation and construction of the diversion tunnel. Based on the analysis of the engineering overview, this study designed a new construction technology for the excavation of water diversion tunnels in hard rock layers and high-karst areas. Based on tunnel seismic prediction (TSP) technology to achieve advanced geological prediction, combined with actual geological conditions, construction difficulties are analyzed. Then, detection technology is used to collect two-way travel time, amplitude, and waveform data. By processing and analyzing the detection image, the spatial orientation and length of the main tunnel during the construction of the diversion tunnel are calculated. After completing the construction ventilation and wind, water, and electricity layout, the excavation construction procedure is designed. In the specific excavation design, the tunnel curtain excavation technology, tunnel body excavation and support technology, excavation grouting technology, important unfavorable geological tunnel section excavation technology, upper/lower flat section excavation technology, upper/lower curved section excavation technology, and vertical shaft section excavation technology were elaborated. Finally, a plan was made for the reuse process of slag material and a construction quality control system was established. During the testing process, it was found that the antidamage coefficient of the side wall was above 0.9 after using the technology described in this article. Therefore, it indicates that the excavation construction technology designed in this article can ensure the support capacity of the side wall of the diversion tunnel, which is suitable for the excavation of the main tunnel during the construction of the diversion tunnel.
A Seven-Parameter Spectral/hp Finite Element Model for the Linear Vibration Analysis of Functionally Graded Shells with Nonuniform Thickness
Authors: Valencia Murillo Carlos Enrique , Gutierrez Rivera Miguel Ernesto , Flores Samano Nicolas , Celaya Garcia Luis David
Published: October 2023

This contribution presents a finite element shell model capable of performing linear vibration analyses of shell-type structures made of functionally graded material (FGM). The model is based on the seven-parameter spectral/hp finite element formulation, which allows the analysis ofFG shells of either uniform or nonuniform thickness. Equations of motion are derived using the Hamilton’s principle and the material properties of the constituents are considered to follow a power-law volume distribution through the thickness direction. The verification of the present model is carried out by comparing with numerical results available in the literature, and with numerical simulations performed in a commercial software. To demonstrate the capabilities of the present formulation, the free vibration response of different shell structures, with nonuniform thickness, to the variation of the geometrical parameters (e.g., radius-to-thickness ratio) and the mechanical properties is reported.
Braking Intention Identification Strategy of Electric Loader Based on Fuzzy Control
Authors: Ye Yueying , Wu Xia , Lin Tianliang
Published: October 2023

As a widely-used construction machinery, the electric loader has the potential to recover braking energy due to its large mass and frequent starts and stops. Identifying braking intention accurately is the foundation of braking energy recovery. The typical braking condition of an electric loader is analyzed; the braking intention is divided into sliding brake, mild braking, moderate braking, and emergency braking. A large number of braking data were collected under different braking intentions, which are used as the basis for fuzzy control variable partitioning, fuzzy controller parameter setting and fuzzy control rule formulation. The control strategies of deceleration intention identification based on accelerator pedal, braking intention identification based on brake pedal and sliding brake intention identification are proposed in this paper, respectively. This paper takes the hydraulic brake pressure as a feedback parameter, even if there is hysteresis or failure based on the intention of pedal identification, the system can still provide sufficient braking strength to ensure the braking safety. The AMESim(R12)-Matlab/Simulink co-simulation model and prototype are built to verify the feasibility of the control strategy under different braking intention identification. The results show that the braking strength under stronger braking intention can satisfy the braking demand whether at a speed of 2 m/s or 12 m/s, which ensures the safety of emergency braking, and the electric loader can provide stable braking strength under different braking intention and different speed. This has good braking stability.