bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1046 EFFECT OF POSTHARVEST CALCIUM TREATMENT OF APPLES ON POLYGALACTURONASE PRODUCED BY BOTRYTIS CINEREA.
Authors: Conway William S. , Tobias Rowel B. , Roy Stephane , Watada Alley E. , Roy Stephane , Wergin William P. , Sams Carl E.
Published: February 2019

Decay caused by Botrytis cinerea is significantly reduced by increasing the calcium concentration of apple fruit tissue. Electron microscope studies have revealed that cracks in the epicuticular wax may be an important pathway by which calcium penetrates into the fruit and increases the calcium concentration. In fruit inoculated with B. cinerea, the decay induced compositional changes in the cell walls of high-calcium fruit were smaller than those observed in the low calcium treatment. The effect of calcium in reducing decay is associated with maintaining cell wall structure by delaying chemical changes in cell wall composition. B. cinerea produced five polygalacturonase isozymes in vitro but only one in vivo. Among the cations studied-m was the most potent inhibitor of polygalacturonase activity in in vitro studies. Its mode of inhibition appears to involve the alteration of substrate availability for hydrolysis, rather than any direct effect on the active sites of the enzyme.
1051 THE FUTURE INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY: HOW WIDE, HOW FAST, HOW ACCESSIBLE?
Authors: Ng Timothy J
Published: February 2019

The National Information Infrastructure (NII) initiative, more commonly known as the “information superhighway,” is intended to provide high-speed electronic access to a variety of voice, data, video, and other information services by the year 2000. Initial access to the superhighway will be prioritized for classrooms, libraries, hospitals and clinics. Eventually NII will provide for widespread and open availability of telecommunication and information services to everyone.

Access to NII will be provided via electronic networks, telephone companies and cable operators. Many of the features proposed by NII are currently available in a developmental stage to horticulturists. The accessibility and future evolution of these services--which include those available via Internet (e.g., electronic messaging, data and information services, document delivery) and via telephone and cable companies (e.g. video/audio “on demand,” real-time polydirectional compressed video) --will be discussed.
1053 GENETIC STABILITY OF MICROPROPAGATED PLANTS
Authors: McCulloch Steve
Published: February 2019

Briggs Nurseries, Inc. has used micropropagation as method of vegetative propagation for over 20 years. Genetic stability and uniformity of plants that are produced and sold is of the utmost concern to the commercial plant propagator. Genetic stability may be accomplished by ensuring that all shoots formed in vitro are of axillary origin and by reducing shoot proliferation rates through the use of lower cytokinin concentrations in the culture medium. Excision and removal of callus during transfer is also necessary to ensure that shoots develop from axillary buds. Various factors that may influence genetic variability and its frequency of in vitro derived plants will be discussed with an emphasis on how to reduce them. Three sources of variation with tissue culture derived plants will also be reviewed (Swartz, 1991): a) source plant variability, b) genetic changes in vitro, and c) epigenetic or physiological adaptation.
1055 PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF SPICES, TEA HERBS AND MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Authors: Johnson Lon
Published: February 2019

Concurrent with the development of the U.S. market for certified organically-grown produce, there has been a growth in the production and marketing of organically-grown botanicals. This activity has been centered in the Pacific Northwest for the past 20 years. The current global market for biologically-grown botanicals has been stimulated by public interest in alternative and traditional plant-based medicines. Trout Lake Farm has organized efforts to stimulate the production and marketing of medicinal plants and spices. The efforts include R&D, growing methodologies, quality assurance, drying, and processing. Research of many ornamentals has revealed potential uses for them other than strictly ornamental. Cultivation is necessary to avoid extirpation of fragile and threatened wild medicinals. The use of organic growing practices is necessary, particularly for specialty crops which have no EPA level inclusions for pesticides. Increasing domestic production of temperate and subtropical herbs and spices helps reduce U.S. imports.
1057 THE PRODUCTION OF CULINARY HERBS IN THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS: CONSTRAINTS AND SOLUTIONS
Authors: Petersen Louis E.
Published: February 2019

In the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI), herbs and spices are in great demand, mainly for culinary purposes. These crops include thyme, basil, oregano, parsley, chives, fennel, rosemary and marjoram. Based on estimated total marketable yield of 25 growers in 1993, 10,264 kg of fresh culinary herbs were produced in USVI. During the same period, 21,207 kg of various herbs were imported to the USVI. These data clearly show that local demand for herbs exceeds domestic production. Constraints which limit increased production in USVI include small farm size, limited water resources, absence of mechanization and limited information on crop management practices. Many herb growers use traditional farming practices and for the most part avoid modern approaches to cultivation. Appropriate cultural and management practices (e.g. drip irrigation, mulching, fertilizer, etc.) could potentially boost production and increase overall efficiency despite the reality of small farm acreages. This paper will describe the current status of herb production in the USVI, constraints to production and proposed solutions to improve its economic prospect.
1063 CONSIDERATIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SALINE AND SODIC SOILS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS
Authors: Sanchez C. A.
Published: February 2019

Approximately 33% of all irrigated lands worldwide are affected by varying degrees of salinity and sodicity. Soils with an electrical conductivity (EC) of, the saturated extract greater than 4 dS/m are considered saline, but some horticultural crops are negatively impacted if salt concentrations in the rooting zone exceed 2 dS/m. Salinity effects on plant growth are generally considered osmotic in nature, but specific ion toxicities and nutritional imbalances are also known to occur. In addition to direct toxic affects from Na salts, Na can negatively impact soil structure. Soils with exchangeable sodium percentages (ESPs) or saturated extract sodium absorption ratios (SARs) exceeding 15 are considered sodic. Sodic soils tend to deflocculate, become impermeable to water and air, and have a strong tendency to puddle. Some soils are both saline and sodic. This workshop presentation will summarize various considerations in the management of saline and sodic soils for the production of horticultural crops.
Flowering and Fruiting of `Burlat' Sweet Cherry on Size-controlling Rootstock
Authors: Kappel Frank , Lichou Jean
Published: February 2019

The effect of rootstock on the flowering and fruiting response of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) was investigated using 4-year-old branch units. The cherry rootstock Edabriz (Prunus cerasus L.) affected the flowering and fruiting response of `Burlat' sweet cherry compared to Maxma 14 and F12/1. Branches of trees on Edabriz had more flowers, more flowers per spur, more spurs, more fruit, higher yields, smaller fruit, and a reduced fruit set compared to the standard rootstock, F12/1. One-year-old branch sections had more flowers and fruit, higher fruit weight, and heavier fruit size compared to older branch portions.
Mobilization of Boron in Olive Trees during Flowering and Fruit Development
Authors: Delgado A. , Benlloch M. , Fernández-Escobar R.
Published: February 2019

Change in B content of olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves during anthesis reveals the appearance of a potent B sink. This phenomenon was more marked in young leaves of bearing trees with a high degree of flowering than in nonbearing trees with a low degree of flowering. Applying B to the leaves at the time of anthesis increased the B concentrations in leaf blades, petioles, bark of the bearing shoot, and flowers and fruit 3 days after treatment. The results suggest that B is mobilized from young leaves during anthesis to supply the requirements of flowers and young fruit.
Growth and Yield Characteristics of Field-grown Limonium sinuatum (L.)
Authors: Whipker Brian E. , Hammer P. Allen
Published: February 2019

Field studies were conducted on the potential of annual statice as an outdoor cut-flower crop for the Midwestern United States. Data was collected on seven cultivars in 1989 and 42 in 1990. In 1989, total fresh stem weight, stem count, and average stem weight differed significantly among cultivars. Yellow cultivars had more stems harvested than the rose, apricot, and blue cultivars, but stems of the yellow cultivars weighed less. The number of stems harvested over time tended to be concentrated in the first 8 weeks after flowering begins. In 1990, the average stem fresh weight was significantly different among the apricot, blue, and rose cultivars, but the number of stems harvested was significantly different only between the blue and rose cultivars.
Priming Improves Germination and Emergence of Combine-harvested Amaranths cruentus L. Seeds
Authors: Pill Wallace G. , Evans Thomas A. , Krishnan Palaniappa
Published: February 2019

Hand-harvested and threshed grain amaranth seeds stored for 6.5 years and combine-harvested and threshed seeds (cylinder speed 26.4 m·s-1) stored for 9.5 years were subjected to several osmotic priming treatment. The selected priming treatment (–1.25 MPa polyethylene glycol at 15C for 10 days) increased percent radicle emergence of hand-harvested seeds and mechanically damaged, combine-harvested seeds and resulted in germination rates that were at least as high as those achieved with other priming treatments. In an incubator test, priming increased percent radicle emergence of hand-harvested seeds only at 15C; however, it increased percent radicle emergence of combine-harvested seeds at 15 and 35C. Priming also increased radicle emergence rate, but this response was more pronounced and exerted over a wider temperature range for the older, lower-vigor, combine-harvested seeds than for the younger, higher-vigor, hand-harvested seeds. In a greenhouse test, hand-harvested seeds had a higher percentage of normal seedlings and a lower percentage of abnormal seedlings than combine-harvested seeds. Priming had no effect on these variables. As a result of priming, normal seedling emergence rate and shoot fresh weight were higher from combine-harvested seeds than from hand-harvested seeds, such that values of these variables for primed, combine-harvested seeds were at least equal to those for nonprimed, hand-harvested seeds. Thus, the invigorating effect of priming was more pronounced for the lower-vigor, mechanically damaged, combine-harvested seeds than for the higher-vigor, hand-harvested seeds.
THE EFFECT OF PLANT SPACING ON SWEET POTATO VARIETIES AND PROMISING SEEDLINGS
Authors: Mulkey W.A. , McLemore W.B. , Talbot T.P.
Published: February 2019

In-row spacing studies have been conducted with `Beauregard!, `Hernandez' and some promising seedlings in the LSU Agricultural Center sweet potato breeding program. May, June and early July plantings are evaluated on 1 m rows with in-row spacings of 23, 30, 38, and 46 cm. With the variety `Beauregard' early May plantings (1-15th) yields of U.S. No.1 grade roots are higher at the 30 cm spacing. From mid-May to June 20th higher yields of No. 1's are produced at a 23 cm spacing. Higher yields are obtained in the late June-early July plantings at the 30 cm spacing. Highest yields overall are produced in late May-early June plantings with `Beauregard'. With the `Hernandez' variety the highest yield of U.S. No.1 grade roots have been produced at a 38 cm in-row spacing during all three planting seasons, with the highest yields overall being produced in the May plantings. Days to maturity are reduced in early `Hernandez' plantings. Results of limited in-row plant spacing with the seedling `LU7-59' are identical to the `Beauregard' variety.
BREEDING FOR INSECT RESISTANCE IN SWEETPOTATO
Authors: Bohac J.R. , Schalk J. M. , Dukes P.D.
Published: February 2019

A two year study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of insect resistance in sweetpotato cultivars from our breeding program in combination with an insecticide (fonofos) and/or a parasitic nematode (Steinernema carpocapsae). In the laboratory, use of the parasitic nematode resulted in 99% mortality of Diabrotica larvae. In both years, much higher control of damage by all insect classes was achieved by the use of resistant cultivars in combination with a nematode and/or fonofos treatment. Analysis of the first year's field data showed the parasitic nematode treatment gave good damage protection against the WDS (Wireworm, Diabrotica, Systena), sweetpotato flea beetle, but not grubs. In this same year, fonofos only gave good protection against WDS. In the second test year, fonofos gave good protection against WDS, but the nematode did not. High moisture conditions may have affected the efficacy of the parasitic nematode. Host plant resistance by sweetpotato cultivars appears to be less affected by variable field conditions and accounted for 64% of the total crop protection (compared to the check susceptible line).
YIELD DIFFERENCES AND DNA POLYMORPHISMS WITHIN SWEETPOTATO cv. `JEWEL' CLONES
Authors: Villordon Arthur Q. , LaBonte Don R.
Published: February 2019

Clonal propagation assures the maintenance of genetic purity of a sweetpotato variety. The existence of foundation seed programs further contributes to the conservation of favorable genetic constitution in a commercial cultivar. However, the improvement of current maintenance procedures is necessary as shown by the occurrence of mutations and the decline of certain commercial varieties. Information on the nature and extent of changes in sweetpotato would therefore be useful in this regard.

`Jewel' clones obtained from eight state foundation seed programs were subjected to yield tests and a RAPD-based assay. Differences in nearly all yield grades were detected during the 1991, 1992, and 1993 seasons. The yield of U.S. No. 1 grade roots varied from 27% to 46%. The quality factors measured also varied: % alcohol insoluble solids varied by 13%, while sucrose ranged from 9.6% to 19%. Total DNA was extracted from each clone and assayed against 40 primers. All primers produced amplified fragments. A total of 110 reproducible bands was generated by 38 primers. Putative polymorphic markers were scored in 21 (18.58%) of these bands based on the presence or absence of amplified products. The results suggest an underlying cause for the variability observed in phenotypic traits within sweetpotato clones.
DNA SEQUENCE POLYMORPHISM BASED GENETIC DIVERSITY STUDIES IN SWEETPOTATO GERMPLASM
Authors: Prakash Channapatna S. , He Guohao , Jarret Robert L.
Published: February 2019

Highly polymorphic DNA markers were identified in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) using PCR amplification and arbitrary primers. More than 100 accessions representing US cultivars and their progenitors, and germplasm lines from around the world were analyzed. Sweetpotato germplasm exhibited high genetic variability and individual-specific profiles were obtained for all accessions. US cultivars formed a tight cluster in the principal coordinate analysis suggesting a narrow genetic base. The genetic relationship data of US cultivars and their progenitors based on DNA polymorphisms was in agreement with their known pedigree. The putative paternal parents of certain cultivars selected through open pollination were identified based on shared polymorphisms. The PCR-based markers are valuable in the characterization of sweetpotato germplasm and in ensuring a broad genetic base for future cultivars.
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY FOR BREEDING SOUTHERNPEA CULTIVARS WITH PERSISTENT GREEN SEED COLOR
Authors: Fery R. L. , Dukes P. D.
Published: February 2019

The results of recently completed genetic studies indicate that the green cotyledon trait exhibited by the southernpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cultivar Bettergreen is conditioned by a single recessive gene. This gene, designated green cotyledon and symbolized gc, is neither allelic to nor linked with the gt gene that conditions the green testa trait exhibited by the cultivar Freezegreen. The color of seeds harvested from plants homozygous for both the gc and gt genes is superior and more uniform than the color of seeds harvested from either Better-green or Freezegreen plants. This observation suggests that efforts should be initiated to study the feasibility of using both the gc and gt genes to develop cultivars that produce seed with an enhanced, persistent green color. The selection methodology for both seed traits is rapid and reliable. The green cotyledon trait can be selected in the seed stage.
RAPD BANDING PATTERNS IN SWEETPOTATO INFECTED WITH FUSARIUM LATERITIUM
Authors: Buffone Frank A. , La Bonte Don R.
Published: February 2019

Chlorotic Leaf Distortion (CLD) is a common disease of sweetpotato caused by Fusarium lateritium. This fungus is unique among Fusarium species in that it grows on the epidermis of leaves and shoot tips of sweetpotato. Fusarium lateritium appears as a white epiphytic material and under bright sunlight causes leaf chlorosis. When cloudy weather persists for several days, all symptoms disappear.

Researchers who use RAPD to examine banding patterns of sweetpotato DNA assume that foreign DNA present in the cTAB extract is quantitatively low and will not appreciably amplify and appear as bands. In this study we found the modified cTAB procedure used to amplify sweetpotato DNA also amplifies DNA of Fusarium lateritium cultures. DNA banding patterns of infected leaves was compared with those free of the disease. No differences in banding patterns were observed in this preliminary study.
REMOTE SENSING AS A TOOL IN NATIVE PLANT CONSERVATION
Authors: Singhurst Jason , Creech D. L. , Williams J.
Published: February 2019

In Texas, 5,500 native species are distributed over an area comprised of ten regional habitat types. In the Piney Woods region of east Texas, 2,300 plant species occupy 15 million acres. In east Texas, the USFWS has identified 4 species that are federally endangered and 15 that are candidates for that listing. Interest in protecting rare plant habitats and reintroducing those species into similar and appropriate ecosystem types has led to new tools in research and development. Remote sensing is one; this technology is used to derive information about the earth's land and water areas from images acquired at a distance Multispectral and spatial techniques are applied to process and interpret remote sensing imagery for the purpose of producing conventional maps, thematic maps, reource surveys, etc., in the fields of agriculture, botany, archeology, forestry, geography, geology. and others. Remote sensing is used to classify vegetation, interpret forest photogrammetry, estimate timber production, and identify crops, individual plants and leaf structure. This specific project was initiated to determine the potential of remote sensing as a tool to locate known and new rare plant communities in east Texas. To develop benchmark data, a Daedalus scanner image of a previously surveyed and AutoCAD® mapped area, the Vista forest on the SFASU campus, was utilized to develop correlations between imagery, vegetation types and species. By inserting various scan images under the Vista forest AutoCAD® map, known tree species were analyzed through their specific spectral emission characteristics across nine bands. This pilot project has indicated that it is simple to separate pines from hardwoods and illustrate major land use features. However, separation at the species level or groups of species has not been achieved. This paper will trace the history of this project, describe problems and obstacles encountered, and make recommendations for future strategies.
GROWTH ANALYSIS OF A SWEETPOTATO CULTIVAR GROWN IN AN NFT SYSTEM
Authors: David Pauline P. , Trotman Audrey A. , Mortley Desmond G.
Published: February 2019

One of the major objective of growth analysis data is to provide a basic understanding of some of the mechanisms that affect plant growth. This study was initiated to evaluate the effects on several growth parameters when plants are grown in an NFT system. Vine cuttings (15 cm length) of the sweetpotato cultivar ``Georgia Jet” was grown in a closed NFT system for a period of 120 days. Nutrient was supplied in a modified half-strength Hoagland's solution with a N:K ratio of 1:2.4. Destructive harvesting of plants occurred at 14 day intervals at which time plants were separated into their various component parts and analyzed for dry weight accumulation, leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate. Results showed dry weight distribution within the plant had a linear response for all component part evaluated. Greatest contributors to total plant dry weight was stem followed by leaves, fibrous roots, buds and flowers. However, once storage root production occurred it contributed the largest percentage to total plant dry weight. LAI was optimum at 80 days after planting (DAP) while CGR and RGR fluctuated throughout the growing season. Initially NAR was higher in foliage than storage roots but declined once storage root enlargement began, suggesting a translocation of assimilates to storage root.
RESPONSE OF THREE SWEET-POTATO CULTIVARS GROWN IN NFT TO DIFFERENT IRRADIANCE LEVELS
Authors: Burrell S. , Mortley D. , Loretan P. , Trotman A.A , David P. P , Carver G. W.
Published: February 2019

The effects of light intensity on three sweetpotato cultivars [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] were evaluated in growth chambers, as part of NASA's Closed Ecological Life Support Systems (CELSS) program for long duration space missions. Vine cuttings of `TI-155', `GA Jet', and TUJ1 were grown using nutrient film technique (NFT) in a modified half Hoagland's solution with a 1:2.4 N:K ratio in channels (0.15×0.15×1.2 m). Plants were exposed to irradiance levels of 360 or 720 umols m-2s-1 with an 18/6 photoperiod in a randomized complete block design with two replications. Temperature was set at 28:22 lightdark and RH was 70%. Differences in plant response to were more related to cultivars than the effect of light intensity. Storage root number (8) fresh, (786 g/plant) and dry weights (139 g/plant) were highest for `TI-155' while foliage fresh and dry weights were highest for `TUJ1' when averaged across light levels. TI-155' (921 g/plant) and `GA Jet' (538 g/plant) produced greater yields at higher irradiance. `TUJ1' produced a higher yield (438 g/plant at the lower intensity compared to 219 (g/plant) at the higher intensity, suggesting this cultivar could produce storage roots in similar conditions in a CELSS.
VEGETABLE YIELD AND SOIL NUTRIENT CONTENT ARE AFFECTED BY POULTRY LITTER AND ROTATION WITH WHEAT
Authors: McGraw B.D. , Bostian B.
Published: February 2019

In March 1992 treatments were established in a split plot design to compare vegetable yield and nutrient buildup effects of 94 kg of 34-0-0, 1345 and 2692 kg/ha spent poultry litter under fallow or wheat rotation cover. The 2692 kg litter treatment caused a nonsignificant decrease in `Crimson Sweet' watermelon yield. Wheat was planted on half the plot area in September 1992 and harvested in March 1993. Fertilizer and litter treatments were reapplied in April and `Merit' sweet corn was planted. Corn plant growth was more vigorous and yield was significantly higher in fallow plots irrespective of litter treatment. Sweet corn yield was highest in plots treated with 2692 kg liter/ha. NO3, K, SO4, and Mg content of the top 30 cm of soil was decreased by wheat. Soil nitrate level remained below the pretreatment level after the first year except for the 2692 kg litter/fallow treatment. Soil P at the 0-30 cm depth remained the same as or higher than the initial level in all treatments. Soil K content exceeded initial test levels in all fallow treatments and one wheat treatment.
STAND DEFICIENCIES AND REPLANTING EFFECTS ON BELL PEPPER YIELDS
Authors: Bracy Regina P.
Published: February 2019

Bell pepper plant losses at transplanting may reduce yields. Growers often use subjective visual observations to determine reductions in plant stand but do not have a basis for determining if missing plants should be replaced or how soon. This study was initiated to determine effects of stand deficiencies and replanting on yield and fruit size of pepper during the spring 1992 and 1993.

`Jupiter' bell pepper plants were transplanted to the field in late March and spaced 30 cm apart on 1.2-m beds mulched with black plastic. Treatments included a control [0% stand deficient (SD)] and 10, 20, or 30% SD plots that were established at transplanting. Each SD treatment was replanted to a 100% stand two or three weeks after initial transplanting or was not replanted.

Yield of extra-large and marketable fruit was not affected by stand deficiencies or replanting in either year. Stand deficiencies up to 30% did not result in reductions in total/early yield or fruit size.
VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF VEGETABLE AMARANTH AS AFFECTED BY NITROGEN FERTILIZATION
Authors: Whitehead Wayne F. , Singh Bharat P.
Published: February 2019

Influences of nitrogen (N) rate were evaluated on vegetable amaranth. Amaranthus tricolor, grown at uniform populations over two year. The main objective was to determine an optimum level of N fertilization for successful production in middle Georgia. In 1992 and 1993 accession `RRC 241' was planted in randomized complete block design on June 19 and 23, respectively. Four N rates, equally split were evaluated: 0, 45, 90, and 135 kg ha-1. First of the applications were 18 and 13 days post planting for 1992 and 1993, and again when plants were 5 weeks old. Plants were harvested 48 days after planting with green yield, leaf fresh weight. and stem fresh weight collected in both years and leaf area for 1993. In years 1992 and 1993 green yields were 5.3 and 6.5, 10.7 and 9.0. 13.2 and 12.1, and 13.5 and 14.0 Mg ha-1. respectively for the 0, 45, 90, and 135 rates. In both years vegetative components showed significant regression for all treatments. Vegetative response (R2) for green yield in 1992 and 1993 was quadratic (85%) and linear (73%), leaf fresh weight in both years was cubic (63% and 48%), while stem fresh weight response was linear (29%) and cubic (72%). During 1993 leaf area was linear (58%). Non-significance predominantly occurred between the two higher rates for each year and when combined. indicating that 90 kg N ha-1 should provide optimal production of amaranth for the middle Georgia region.
THE EFFECT OF BIOZYME™ ON EMERGENCE OF BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) AND SWEET CORN (Zea mays L.) SEEDLINGS UNDER SUBOPTIMAL FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: Cruz Armando Campos , Scheuring Douglas C. , Miller J. Creighton
Published: February 2019

The effect of Biozyme™, a commercial germination stimulant, on emergence of bean and sweet corn seeds, treated with four levels of Carbofuran and Chlorothalonil, and grown under suboptimal field temperatures, was evaluated. Half the seeds from each treatment were treated with Biozyme™ Two planting dates were selected to provide suboptimal temperatures during emergence. Pesticide overdoses caused significant detrimental effects to all emerging seedlings. These effects were magnified under the low temperatures of the first planting. Biozyme™ treatment significantly improved emergence rate, percent emergence, final stand and number of ears of sweet corn in the first planting, and the percent emergence final stand, plant dry weight, and number of ears in the second planting. In beans, however, Biozyme™ treatment significantly reduced emergence rate, percent emergence. and final stand in the first planting, while significantly increasing percent emergence, plant dry weight, and seed dry weight in the second planting. The beneficial effects of Biozyme™ appeared to be independent of the negative effects of pesticide overdoses.
RESPONSE OF UV-C LIGHT ON THE CONTROL OF BROWN ROT ON SEVERAL PEACH VARIETIES
Authors: Stevens C. , Pusey L. P. , Khan V.A. , Lu J.Y. , Wilson C.L. , Wilson M.A. , Kabwe M.K. , Liu J. , Chaultz E. , Droby S.
Published: February 2019

Flavorcrest, Camden. C. L. Wilson, Loring, Elberta, Summergold and Harken peach varieties were inoculated and naturally infected with Monilinia fructicolo after ultraviolet light irradiation (W-C 254nm) showed increased resistance to brown rot disease. Although dosages ranged from 0 to 20 KJ/m2. 7.5 KJ/m2 was considered the most effective for the peach varieties tested. Pretreatment of peaches by field spraying or dipping into a benomyl fungicide showed no significant differences between non-treated and UV-C treated peaches. However. a combination of a low dose of benomyl (.15g/L) 3 days following UV-C treatment showed a synergistic effect on brown rot reduction when compared to Peaches treated with UV-C alone and a greater reduction of brow rot than benomyl control.
FOLIAR ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SOUTHERN HIGHBUSH, RABBITEYE AND HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRIES IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Clark J.R. , Creech D. , Austin M.E. , Ferree M.E. , Lyrene P. , Mainland M. , Makus D. , Neuendorff L. , Patten K. , Spiers J.
Published: February 2019

Highbush (Vaccinium corvmbosum L.) rabbiteye (V. ashei Reade) and southern highbush (Vaccinium spp.) blueberries grown at seven locations in six southern states were sampled in 1988 and 1989 to determine foliar elemental levels among blueberry cultivars and types. Across locations, elemental levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Al were similar for highbush and southern highbush types. Rabbiteye elemental levels were different from highbush and southern highbush for N, P, K, Ca, S, Mn, Cu and Al. The findings indicate that similar standard foliar levels can be used for highbush and southern highbush blueberries in determining nutritional status of plantings by foliar analysis. Rabbiteye blueberries appear to have different foliar levels, and may require species-specific standards for nutritional monitoring of plantings.
FALL FERTILIZATION OF STRAWBERRIES WITH BORON
Authors: Whitworth Julia , Roberts Warren
Published: February 2019

In fall of 1992, `Allstar' strawberries were planted in a greenhouse in round pots 25 cm wide and 22 cm tall Plants were grown in Peter's Professional Potting Soil that was amended to contain 0. 34, 67, or 135 kg nitrogen/ha, and 0 or 1.7 kg boron/ha. based on the surface area of the pots at media level The strawberries remained in the greenhouse throughout the fall, and were transferred outside for overwintering under row cover. In the spring of 1993, the plants were moved to a sheltered growing area. and the row cover was removed to allow for pollination Fruit were harvested 3 times per week and weight and number of fruit were recorded After harvest was complete. the plants were removed from the media. weighed, and analyzed for nutrient content Plants receiving boron but no nitrogen fertilizer had significantly higher boron concentration than plants receiving other combinations. Magnesium concentrations were significantly less in plants receiving the highest rates of nitrogen as compared to the other nitrogen rates Plant weight was not affected by the fertilization treatments. but fruit yield was significantly increased if N was added.
ALLOZYME DIVERSITY IN CHESTNUT (CASTANEA SPP.).
Authors: Huang Hongwen , Dane Fenny , Norton Joseph
Published: February 2019

Allozyme genetic variability in three chestnut (Castanea) species was investigated using 19 loci from ten enzyme systems. G-tests of heterogeneity of isozymic allele distribution showed significant differences in both intraspecific and interspecific populations. C. mollissima was found to possess a significantly higher value of mean gene heterozygosity (H=0.3050±0.0419), percentage of polymorphic loci (P=84.21%) and average number of alleles per locus (A=2.05) than any other species in the Castanea section Eucustanon. When the genetic variability of populations of C. mollissimo from four regions in China was investigated, population from the Changjiang river region showed a markedly higher mean gene heterozygosity (H=0.3480±0.0436) than populations from the other regions. An approximately identical genetic distance between the population from the Changjiang river region and populations from three other regions was observed, while populations from the latter regions showed almost the same genetic distance from each other.
PHOTOSELECTIVE SHADING COMPOUNDS REGULATE GROWTH OF HYPOESTES PHYLLOSTACHYA Bak.
Authors: Svenson Sven E. , Johnston Diane L.
Published: February 2019

`Pink Splash' Hyoestes were grown in chambers fitted with single-walled polycarbonate. Chambers were shaded with various photoselective shading compounds, using a white shading compound as a non-selective control. When grown under orange shading, plants had more shoot dry weight, greater leaf area, larger stem diameters, and were taller compared to plants shaded with white. When grown under green shading, plants had less shoot dry weight, less leaf area, smaller stem diameters, and were taller compared to plants shaded with white. Intermediate responses were recorded when plants were grown under red, blue or yellow shading. Differences in the ratio of red to far-red light among shading compounds did not provide a consistent explanation of growth responses.
MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR APOMIXIS IN Pennisetum
Authors: Ozias-Akins Peggy , Lubbers Edward L. , Hannna Wayne W.
Published: February 2019

Apomixis is asexual reproduction through seed. Apomixis in the genus Pennisetum is of the gametophytic (aposporous) type. Genes for apomixis have been transferred from a wild apomictic species (P. squamulatum) to pearl millet (P. glaucum) by conventional breeding to produce an obligately apomictic backcross 3 (BC3) plant (Dujardin and Hanna, 1989, J. Genet. Breed. 43:145). Molecular markers based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms and random amplified polymorphic DNAs were identified in BC3 that were shared only with the apomictic parent. Segregation of these informative markers in a BC4 population indicated that three linkage groups from P. squamulatum were present in BC3 and that minimal recombination between these alien chromosomes and those of the recurrent parent occurred. Transmission of only one of the linkage groups was required for transfer of apomixis. Recombination is essential for genetic mapping, thus we are beginning to map the informative molecular markers in an F, interspecific cross between pearl millet and P. squamulatum, a population that segregates for apomictic and sexual reproduction.
EXTRACTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MANNITOL FROM ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS L. LEAVES
Authors: Campos Ricardo , Peralta Ma. Estela , Bearden Daniel W. , Miller William B.
Published: February 2019

Soluble carbohydrate extracts from Antirrhinum majus L. leaves were fractionated by ion exchange chromatography. Putative mannitol was tentatively identified by retention behavior on two high performance liquid chromatography columns. Mannitol was confirmed using 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and by gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectroscopy (MS). The melting point of authentic and putative mannitol, and a 1:1 mix was from 164 to 166°C. Using the EDTA-phloem exudate technique, mannitol was detected in phloem tissue associated with mature flowers, flower buds, and mature leaves, suggesting that mannitol is translocated in Antirrhinum.
BETTERSNAP: A NEW, EDIBLE PODDED SOUTHERNPEA
Authors: Fery R. L. , Dukes P. D.
Published: February 2019

Bettersnap southernpea (Vigna unguiculata) was developed as a replacement for the popular cultivar Snapea. The new cultivar is well adapted for production throughout the southern United States where it can be expected to produce excellent yields of edible pods or snaps. Bettersnap is resistant to root knot, a severe root disease incited by several species of the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.), and blackeye cowpea mosaic virus, the major pathogen of southernpea in the United States. Observations of natural epiphytotics indicate that the cultivar is also resistant to scab (Cladosporium vignae) and cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora cruenta). The new cultivar has the same maturity and high yield potential as Snapea. Bettersnap is recommended for use as a home garden cultivar for spring, mid-season, and fall plantings. It is particularly recommended for trial as a commercial processing cultivar for the production of the immature green pods used for the ``snap” component of the popular mixed packs of fresh peas and green snaps.
WINTER COVER CROPS AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER EFFECTS ON TOMATO AND BEAN PRODUCTION: A THREE YEAR SUMMARY
Authors: Brock Kathy H. , Hatt Heather A. , Decoteu Dennis R.
Published: February 2019

Winter cover crops (wheat or rye and crimson clover) in combination with three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 60, 120 kg/ha) were evaluated as to their influence on bean and tomato production (fruit yield, disease and insect injury on fruit) over a three year period (1991-1993). A split plot design was used with the cover crop as the main treatment and nitrogen rate as the split treatment. Results indicate that total marketable and cull yields for bean increased significantly in 1992 but decreased again in 1993. Tomato yields were significantly greater in 1991 than in 1992 and 1993 for both early and total marketable yields while early cull yield increased each year and total cull yield was highest in 1993. Cover crop had an effect on non-marketable tomato fruit. There was a higher incidence of cracked and insect damaged tomato fruit in association with clover or fallow treatment. Marketable yields responded in a quadratic manner while the number of cull fruit increased linearly for both bean and tomato as nitrogen rate increased. The incidence of diseased bean pods increased linearly as nitrogen rate increased. Catfaced tomato fruit responded in a quadratic manner and cracked tomato fruit increased linearly as nitrogen increased. Results from the three year evaluation do not indicate an influence of cover crop on marketable yields of bean and tomato.
MINERAL UPTAKE IN MUSCADINE CULTIVARS
Authors: Spiers James M.
Published: February 2019

Five muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) cultivars (`Carlos', `Doreen', `Magnolia', `Pineapple' and `Summit') were grown in sand-peat-pine bark (1:1:1) medium and fertilized with a complete marco- and micronutrient solution plus added Na. Plant growth plus mineral uptake in 4 plant parts (leaves, terminal stems, basal stems and roots) were measured. Top growth (leaves plus stems) was highest in `Pineapple' and lowest in `Doreen'. Root growth was higher in `Carlos' and `Doreen' and lowest in `Magnolia'. Plant part X cultivar interactions were significant for elemental Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn. Iron tended to be concentrated in the roots and leaves. Leaves and upper stems contained more K than the lower stems and roots and K concentrations were higher in `Carlos' and `Magnolia' than the other cultivars. Sodium content tended to be higher in the leaves than in the other plant parts. Little differences were present in Na uptake by the 5 cultivars.
INTERCROPPING STRAWBERRIES WITH MARIGOLDS, PARSLEY, AND DILL
Authors: Whitworth Julia
Published: February 2019

In February 1992. `Allstar' strawberry plants were planted in 16 plots Each plot was three rows wide and 5 m long The rows were spaced 1 m apart, and wheat straw mulch was spread between them. In June, marigold, parsley. or dill plants were set through the straw on either side of the center row of each plot The control plots had no plants set between the strawberry rows The marigolds and parsley grew into full size plants. but the dill bolted and did not produce much plant mass Plots with marigolds and parsley in them appeared to have less weeds and strawberry daughter plants growing between the rows. although weeds were still a problem in the strawberry rows. No significant arthropod infestations occurred in any of the plots The marigolds made their plots especially attractive during the growing season, and the parsley remained green during the winter when the strawberry plants turned red and went dormant The next spring. the strawberry fruit were harvested The marigolds and dill were trampled by the pickers There were no significant differences in strawberry yield or fruit quality among the four treatments.
EFFECTS AND INTERACTION OF SOME MANAGEMENT FACTORS ON THE GLYCOALKALOID CONTENT OF POTATO TUBERS
Authors: Love Stephen L. , Herrman Timothy J. , Thompson-Johns Asunta
Published: February 2019

Glycoalkaloids are a naturally occurring steroidal alkaloid of potatoes exhibiting human toxicity at levels > 30 mg/100 of tuber fresh weight. It has been documented that genotype and environment have a large impact on tuber levels within a potato crop. The impact on glycoalkaloid content was determined for four management variables including variety grown, N fertilizer rate, storage temperature, and length of storage period. In 1989 and 1990, three varieties (Russet Burbank, Norchip, and Gemchip) were planted in plots with three rates of applied N fertilizer (0, 168, and 336 kgh·m-1). Harvested tubers were stored at 4.4 or 10.0C. Tuber samples were obtained 1 month before harvest, at harvest, and then 3 and 9 months after harvest and analyzed for glycoalkaloid content. All four management variables had a significant (P = 0.05) effect on tuber glycoalkaloid content, but only length of storage period had a greater influence than the natural environmental effect as measured by the difference between years. There were significant year the trial was conducted × N fertilizer rate, year × variety, length of storage × variety, and N rate × variety interactions. The interactions were analyzed and explored.
PROPAGATING SEDGES AND RUSHES FROM SEED
Authors: Shaw Nancy L. , Hurd Emerenciana G.
Published: February 2019

Recent emphasis on restoration of degraded wetland and riparian areas in the Intermountain area has created a demand for planting stock of native sedges (Carex spp.) and rushes (Juncus spp.). There are ≈ 100 native sedges and 20 rushes in this region, few of which have been propagated in the past. Many grow in moist to wet areas and are adaptable to water gardens. Some are upland species, capable of growing in drier areas and landscape plantings. Members of both genera are easily propagated vegetatively, but there is increasing interest in seed propagation of these species, with nurseries installing seed production blocks of common sledges. Longevity of sedge and rush seed in sealed, dry storage is unknown, but we have noted little or no viability loss in 15 species after 3 years of storage. Viability testing is used to estimate seed quality because rules for testing seeds of each species are not yet available. Researchers are beginning to examine germination requirements of individual species. Germinability and dormancy vary widely among species and seedlots, but germination is frequently improved by exposure to light and alternating incubation temperatures. Developing seedlings grow rapidly, producing dense, fibrous root systems.
INFLUENCE OF HYDROGENCY ANAMIDE ON BUDBREAK OF TABLE GRAPE CULTIVARS IN SOUTHWEST ARIZONA
Authors: Butler Marvin D. , Rush Robert E.
Published: February 2019

Early maturity is of major importance to table grape producers in Arizona and the California desert. However, table grapes in this region often experience a delayed and erratic budbreak thought to be due to a lack of chilling. The influence of three rates of hydrogen cyanamide on budbreak timing and uniformity was evaluated at a commercial vineyard near Dateland, Ariz., during the 1984-85 season. Treatments were made to three table grape cultivars over three application dates. Additional research to evaluate possible interaction between time of pruning and application of hydrogen cyanamide was conducted during 1985-86. Of the three application rates evaluated, the 5% solution provided optimal results, inducing a greater total number of buds to break for perlette and flame seedless cultivars than nontreated plots. Early application resulted in a significantly earlier but extended budbreak; later applications were more dramatic and uniform. Budbreak was accelerated by 1 to 2 weeks for perlette, and up to 2 to 3 weeks for flame seedless and Thompson seedless cultivars. Hydrogen cyanamide applications also had a positive influence on earliness of blossom and percent soluble solutes at harvest. Pruning up to 11 days before or 14 days after application of hydrogen cyanamide generally did not have a significant effect on budbreak or maturity at harvest.
FACTORS INFLUENCING PREEMERGENCE DAMPING-OFF AND SEEDLING BLIGHT OF SH-2 SWEET CORN CAUSED BY PENICILLIUM OXALICUM
Authors: Callan Nancy W. , Mathre Don E. , Miller James B.
Published: February 2019

Penicillium oxalicum is a seed- and soilborne fungal pathogen that causes preemergence damping-off and postemergence seedling blight of sweet corn, While seed infection and infestation by P. oxalicum is common, the amount of injury observed in the field is variable. Our objective was to determine factors influencing the occurrence and severity of disease due to P. oxalicum. Inoculation of sh-2 sweet corn seeds with conidia of P. oxalicum reduced seedling emergence and resulted in seedling mortality. Disease severity in the greenhouse and the field was greater as inoculum density increased from ≈ 102 to 106 conidia per seed. Increasing soil temperatures after planting inoculated seed resulted in more preemergence damping-off. Penicillium oxalicum is capable of growth and sporulation in soil that is too dry for seed germination. Nontreated (naturally infected) sh-2 sweet corn seeds or seeds inoculated with P. oxalicum were incubated in pasteurized soil that had been adjusted to various moisture levels-all too low for seed germination. Increasing soil moisture was associated with visible growth of Penicillium spp. on seed after incubation, and greater levels of damping-off and seedling blight when the seed was planted.
PROCESSING POTATOES FOR THE SPECIALTY MARKET IN WASHINGTON
Authors: Sorensen Erik J. , Mikitzel Loretta J.
Published: February 2019

Specialty potatoes have been evaluated in a number of on-farm trials conducted by Washington State Univ. Cooperative Extension. This work has led to the commercial success of a number of yellow- and purple-fleshed potato cultivars in Washington. These cultivars are currently marketed as fresh potatoes for baking and boiling. In 1992, the processing quality of selected specialty potato cultivars was evaluated. Twenty-five cultivars were prepared as chips and french fries and evaluated for taste, color, and market acceptance. Evaluators noticed differences in flavor and texture, as well as in color, and the scores of individual cultivars varied widely. Strong opinions were expressed on the market acceptance of the various yellow-, orange-, pink-, and purple-fleshed cultivars. A majority of evaluators said that they would buy chips and french fries made from specialty potatoes.