bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Rotary and Reciprocating File System on Postoperative Pain in Single Visit Endodontic treatment: A Randomised Clinical Trial
Authors: Bansod Anand Vilas , Wahane Kapil , Mattigatti Sudha , Samuel Roshan , Zinge Priyanka
Published: October 2024

Introduction: In modern times, endodontic intervention is preferred and tooth extraction is becoming increasingly rare. Root Canal Therapy (RCT) is well-established, with success rates exceeding 90%. A key contributor to post-endodontic pain is the extrusion of debris into the periapical region, which causes inflammation and nerve compression. The amount of debris extruded varies with instrumentation techniques and no current technology completely prevents it. Rotary and reciprocating Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) instruments, each with distinct designs and kinematics, play a critical role in managing this complication. Aim: To evaluate postoperative pain using rotary and reciprocating file systems in single visit endodontics. Materials and Methods: This prospective, parallel-group, singlecentre, double-blinded, equivalence, randomised clinical study was conducted at the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed To be University), Karad, Maharashtra, India, from October 2023 to March 2024, with the aim of comparing postoperative pain following endodontic therapy using two reciprocating systems, WaveOne Gold (WOG) and E-Flex Rec, versus two rotary systems, Mtwo and XP Endo Shaper (XPES). A total of 80 patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis were enrolled and randomly assigned to four groups, each treated with one of the four endodontic file systems. Patients were randomised into four groups: 1A-Mtwo (Dentsply-Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland); 1B-XP Endo Shaper (XPS; FKG Dentaire SA, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland); 2A-Eighteeth E-Flex Rec File; and 2B-WOG (Dentsply Sirona, York, PA). Postoperative pain scores were measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at 24, 48 and 72 hours and seven days post-treatment. Statistical analysis was conducted using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post-hoc test and Chi-square tests for categorical data using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 21.0, with p-values<0.05 considered significant. Results: According to the study’s findings, postoperative pain was significantly higher in the rotary file systems compared to the reciprocating file systems at all time intervals (p-value<0.001). The mean ages were 39.00±12.70 years for Group 1A, 34.70±9.48 years for Group 1B, 42.15±12.59 years for Group 2A, and 39.10±13.65 years for Group 2B. Additionally, the consumption of analgesics was significantly higher in the rotary file systems compared to the reciprocating file systems at 24 hours (p-value=0.001) and 48 hours (p-value=0.003), highlighting the importance of file design and kinematics in managing postoperative pain. Conclusion: Compared to the rotary systems (XPES and Mtwo), the use of the reciprocating instrumentation systems (WOG and E-Flex) demonstrated noticeably less postoperative pain, both in terms of intensity and duration.
Applications of Plant Architecture: Haute Cuisine for Plant Developmental Biologists
Authors: Battey Nick
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Hors‐d'oeuvre: Tender Asparagus in Melted Lemon and Parmesan Butter

The Wine List

Starter: Rosemary and Taleggio Stuffed Tomatoes on a Bed of Herbs

Main Course: Pea and Pecorino Risotto with Saffron

Dessert: Individual Apple Tarts with Strawberry Coulis

Coffee Served with Deglet Noor

Acknowledgements
A Developmental Genetic Model for the Origin of the Flower
Authors: Baum David A. , Hileman Lena C.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

What is a Flower?

Phylogenetic and Paleontological Context

Evolutionary Novelties of the Flower

Ordering the Key Steps in Floral Evolution

Developmental Genetic Background

Models for the Origin of Bisexuality

Apical Megasporophyll Production on a Microsporangiate Axis?

The Compression of the Floral Axis

The Evolution of the Perianth

The Origin of a Dimorphic Perianth

Conclusion

Acknowledgements
Close, Yet Separate: Patterns of Male and Female Floral Development in Monoecious Species
Authors: Perl‐Treves Rafael , Rajagopalan Prem Anand
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects of Monoecious Plant Development

How do Unisexual Flowers Develop?

Concluding Remarks

Abbreviations
Floral Scent: Biosynthesis, Regulation and Genetic Modifications
Authors: Schnepp Jennifer , Dudareva Natalia
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Biological Functions of Floral Scents

Biosynthesis of Floral Volatiles

Genes Responsible for Scent Production

Regulation of Floral Scent Accumulation and Emission

Genetic Engineering of Floral Scent

Conclusions

Acknowledgements
Flower Senescence: Fundamental and Applied Aspects
Authors: Stead Anthony D. , van Doorn Wouter G. , Jones M. L. , Wagstaff C.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Why Senesce?

Defining Senescence

Applied Means of Controlling Senescence in Cut Flowers

The Molecular Basis of Senescence

Molecular Events Characterising Floral Senescence

Autophagy

Progress on Manipulating Flower Senescence UsingGM

The Future

Conclusions
The Plant Circadian Clock: Review of a ClockworkArabidopsis
Authors: Harmon Frank G. , Imaizumi Takato , Kay Steve A.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

How Plant Circadian Biology got to Where it is Today

How the Components Were Placed in the Plant Clock

Current Framework for Understanding theArabidopsisClock

What may Pave the Way to Greater Understanding of the Clock

Conclusion
Circadian Regulation of Global Gene Expression and Metabolism
Authors: Harmer Stacey L. , Covington Michael F. , Bläsing Oliver , Stitt Mark
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Circadian Rhythms in Transcription

Post‐Transcriptional Circadian Regulation

Circadian Regulation of Transcription – What Kinds of Genes, and Why?

Regulation of Plant Metabolism

Circadian Regulation of Plant Growth and Development

How is Clock‐Regulation of Gene Expression Achieved?

Cross‐Species Comparisons

Comparing Gene Expression in Constant and Diurnal Conditions

Why Have a Clock Rather Than Relying on Driven Rhythms?

Future Prospects

Acknowledgements
Circadian Regulation ofCa2+Signalling
Authors: Gardner Michael J. , Dodd Antony N. , Hotta Carlos T. , Sanders Dale , Webb Alex A. R.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Ca2+Signalling is Ubiquitous and Versatile

The Cellular Basis of Circadian Oscillations of Plant [Ca2+]cyt

The Cellular Basis of Circadian Oscillations of [Ca2+]cytin Mammals

A Comparison of the Circadian Regulation ofCa2+Homeostasis in BothSCNand Plant Cells

Molecular Regulation of CircadianCa2+Signalling in Plants

Physiological Targets for Circadian Oscillations of [Ca2+]cyt

Conclusions and Future Prospects

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations
High‐Entropy Alloy (HEA)‐Coated Nanolattice Structures and Their Mechanical Properties
Authors: Gao Libo , Song Jian , Jiao Zengbao , Liao Weibing , Luan Junhua , Surjadi James Utama , Li Junyang , Zhang Hongti , Sun Dong , Liu Chain Tsuan , Lu Yang
Published: September 2017

Nanolattice structure fabricated by two‐photon lithography (TPL) is a coupling of size‐dependent mechanical properties at micro/nano‐scale with structural geometry responses in wide applications of scalable micro/nano‐manufacturing. In this work, three‐dimensional (3D) polymeric nanolattices are initially fabricated using TPL, then conformably coated with an 80 nm thick high‐entropy alloy (HEA) thin film (CoCrFeNiAl0.3) via physical vapor deposition (PVD). 3D atomic‐probe tomography (APT) reveals the homogeneous element distribution in the synthesized HEA film deposited on the substrate. Mechanical properties of the obtained composite architectures are investigated via in situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) compression test, as well as finite element method (FEM) at the relevant length scales. The presented HEA‐coated nanolattice encouragingly not only exhibits superior compressive specific strength of ≈0.032 MPa kg−1 m3 with density well below 1000 kg m−3, but also shows good compression ductility due to its composite nature. This concept of combining HEA with polymer lattice structures demonstrates the potential of fabricating novel architected metamaterials with tunable mechanical properties.
Accelerated Wound Healing on Skin by Electrical Stimulation with a Bioelectric Plaster
Authors: Kai Hiroyuki , Yamauchi Takeshi , Ogawa Yudai , Tsubota Ayaka , Magome Takahiro , Miyake Takeo , Yamasaki Kenshi , Nishizawa Matsuhiko
Published: September 2017

Wound healing on skin involves cell migration and proliferation in response to endogenous electric current. External electrical stimulation by electrical equipment is used to promote these biological processes for the treatment of chronic wounds and ulcers. Miniaturization of the electrical stimulation device for wound healing on skin will make this technology more widely available. Using flexible enzymatic electrodes and stretchable hydrogel, a stretchable bioelectric plaster is fabricated with a built‐in enzymatic biofuel cell (EBFC) that fits to skin and generates ionic current along the surface of the skin by enzymatic electrochemical reactions for more than 12 h. To investigate the efficacy of the fabricated bioelectric plaster, an artificial wound is made on the back skin of a live mouse and the wound healing is observed for 7 d in the presence and absence of the ionic current of the bioelectric plaster. The time course of the wound size as well as the hematoxylin and eosin staining of the skin section reveals that the ionic current of the plaster leads to faster and smoother wound healing. The present work demonstrates a proof of concept for the electrical manipulation of biological functions by EBFCs.
Therapeutic Vesicular Nanoreactors with Tumor‐Specific Activation and Self‐Destruction for Synergistic Tumor Ablation
Authors: Li Junjie , Dirisala Anjaneyulu , Ge Zhishen , Wang Yuheng , Yin Wei , Ke Wendong , Toh Kazuko , Xie Jinbing , Matsumoto Yu , Anraku Yasutaka , Osada Kensuke , Kataoka Kazunori
Published: September 2017

Polymeric nanoreactors (NRs) have distinct advantages to improve chemical reaction efficiency, but the in vivo applications are limited by lack of tissue‐specificity. Herein, novel glucose oxidase (GOD)‐loaded therapeutic vesicular NRs (theraNR) are constructed based on a diblock copolymer containing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and copolymerized phenylboronic ester or piperidine‐functionalized methacrylate (P(PBEM‐co‐PEM)). Upon systemic injection, theraNR are inactive in normal tissues. At a tumor site, theraNR are specifically activated by the tumor acidity via improved permeability of the membranes. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by the catalysis of GOD in theraNR increases tumor oxidative stress significantly. Meanwhile, high levels of H2O2 induce self‐destruction of theraNR releasing quinone methide (QM) to deplete glutathione and suppress the antioxidant ability of cancer cells. Finally, theraNR efficiently kill cancer cells and ablate tumors via the synergistic effect.
Trapping White Phosphorus within a Purely Organic Molecular Container Produced by Imine Condensation
Authors: Jiao Tianyu , Chen Liang , Yang Dong , Li Xin , Wu Guangcheng , Zeng Pingmei , Zhou Ankun , Yin Qi , Pan Yuanjiang , Wu Biao , Hong Xin , Kong Xueqian , Lynch Vincent M. , Sessler Jonathan L. , Li Hao
Published: September 2017

Three tetrahedral organic cages have been obtained by condensing a triamino linker with a set of three ostensibly analogous triformyl precursors. Despite the large number of imine bonds formed, the corresponding cages were obtained in exceptionally high yields. Both theory and experimental results demonstrate that intramolecular CH⋅⋅⋅π interactions within all of the cage frameworks play an important role in abetting the condensations and contributing to the near‐quantitative synthetic yields. The three cages of this study exhibit high thermodynamic and kinetic stability. A variety of small neutral guest molecules with complementary sizes and geometries may be used as templates in the cage forming reactions. Among the guests that may be used in this way is white phosphorus (P4), whose inherent reactivity towards oxygen is almost fully attenuated when bound within one of the cages.
Total Synthesis of (+)‐Gracilamine Based on an Oxidative Phenolic Coupling Reaction and Determination of Its Absolute Configuration
Authors: Odagi Minami , Yamamoto Yoshiharu , Nagasawa Kazuo
Published: September 2017

The enantioselective total synthesis of (+)‐gracilamine (1) is described. The strategy features a diastereoselective phenolic coupling reaction followed by a regioselective intramolecular aza‐Michael reaction to construct the ABCE ring system. The configuration at C3a in 1 was controlled by the stereocenter at C9a, which was selectively generated (91 % ee) by an organocatalytic enantioselective aza‐Friedel–Crafts reaction developed by our research group. This synthesis revealed that the absolute configuration of (+)‐gracilamine is 3aR, 4S, 5S, 6R, 7aS, 8R, 9aS.
Review: Quantitative structure–activity/property relationships as related to organotin chemistry
Authors: Eng George
Published: September 2017

The aim of this review is to examine the current status of quantitative structure–activity/property relationships (QSAR/QSPR) as related to organotin chemistry. QSAR/QSPR are mathematical models that relate some measurable biological activity or physical property in a series of similar compounds to a descriptor or descriptors associated with the molecules. Descriptors used in QSAR/QSPR studies are endless, from traditional parameters to newly developed ones. They range from quantum chemical descriptors to physicochemical parameters while QSAR/QSPR studies range from predicting bio‐toxicity of various species to estimating chromatographic parameters. The intent of the review is to provide investigators with the current state of knowledge and trends in this area.
Green bio‐based synthesis of Fe2O3@SiO2‐IL/Ag hollow spheres and their catalytic utility for ultrasonic‐assisted synthesis of propargylamines and benzo[b]furans
Authors: Sadjadi Samahe , Heravi Majid M. , Malmir Masoumeh
Published: September 2017

A novel magnetic hybrid system containing nano‐magnetic Fe2O3 hollow spheres, silica shell, [pmim]Cl ionic liquid and silver nanoparticles was synthesized and characterized. The silver nanoparticles were prepared via biosynthesis using Achillea millefolium flower as reducing and stabilizing agent. The hybrid system was successfully used as an efficient and reusable catalyst for promoting green ultrasonic‐assisted A3 and KA2 coupling reactions as well as benzo[b]furan synthesis. It was found that decoration of the magnetic core with non‐magnetic moieties decreased the maximum saturation magnetization. However, the catalyst was still superparamagnetic and could be simply separated from the reaction mixture using an external magnet. The heterogeneous nature of the catalyst was also confirmed by studying its reusability and stability and the leaching of silver. Use of aqueous media, high yields, short reaction times, broad substrate tolerance and low required amount of catalyst are the merits of this protocol.
Application of 2‐(benzyliminomethyl)‐6‐methoxy‐4‐(4‐methoxyphenyl‐azo)phenol in construction of ion‐selective PVC membrane electrode for determination of copper (II) in mineral water sample
Authors: Pouya Fatemeh , Arabi Maryam , Absalan Ghodratollah
Published: September 2017

The potentiometric characteristics of a new Cu2+‐selective electrode based on 2‐(benzyliminomethyl)‐6‐methoxy‐4‐(4‐methoxyphenyl‐azo) phenol as an efficient ionophore has been evaluated. The effects of influential parameters on the potentiometric responses such as the amount of plasticizer, the amount of ionophore, pH of the sample solution, and the effect of coexisting ions on the electrode signal were subsequently investigated. The selectivity of the electrode was assessed by calculating the selectivity coefficients using the matched potential method. The optimum ratio of the amount of materials required for the preparation of the electrode was found to be 1.7: 32.1: 64.2: 2.0 corresponding to carboxylated PVC, dimethyl sebacate as solvent mediators, potassium tetrakis (p‐chlorophenyl) borate as the anion localizing agent, and ionophore, respectively. The electrode had a fast response (7s) as well as a satisfactory Nernstian slope (29.26±0.91 mV/decade) to Cu2+ over a wide concentration range of 2.0×10−6‐ 5.0×10−2 M with a low detection limit of 5.9×10−7 M. The developed sensor was successfully used for the potentiometric titration of Cu2+ ion with EDTA and subsequently, efficient determination of this metal ion in a mineral water sample was performed.
Ca(II), Sr(II) and Ba(II) ion interaction with the rheumatoid arthritis drug tenoxicam: Structural, thermal, and biological characterization
Authors: Adam Abdel Majid A.
Published: September 2017

Recently, one of the most common conditions that manifests as joint and muscle inflammation is rheumatoid arthritis. One of the treatments for this arthritis includes non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) of the oxicam family, and the widest used drug in this family is tenoxicam (Tenox). In this study, the complexation properties of the drug Tenox with Ca(II), Sr(II) and Ba(II) ions in a (dichloromethane + water) binary solvent system are reported. The formed metal complexes were characterized structurally, thermally, and biologically. Tenox was found to act as a chelate monoanionic ligand towards all metal ions with complexation stoichiometry of 1:2 (Metal: Tenox) for Ca(II) and Sr(II) ions, and 1:1 for Ba(II) ions. The Tenox ligand behaves as a bidentate ligand when coordinated with Sr(II) or Ba(II) ions and as a tridentate ligand when coordinated with Ca(II) ions. The Sr(II) and Ba(II) complex of the Tenox ligand exhibited marked inhibitory effect on the cell growth of the C. albicans species.
Performance evaluation on ground loading systems of cryogenic propellants
Authors: Xie Fushou , Li Yanzhong , Wang Ying
Published: September 2017

To study and compare the merits and demerits of different ground loading systems for cryogenic propellants, three kinds of schemes have been classified according to their loading status: boiling point loading scheme, subcooled direct loading scheme and subcooled cycled loading scheme. Aiming at the three kinds of schemes mentioned previously, related mathematical models of ground storage tanks, filling pipelines and launch vehicle tanks are established by means of a thermal resistance analysis method, lumped parameter method and one‐dimensional finite difference method. Based on the thermodynamic analysis, a K‐T decision‐making method is adopted to determine the preferred scheme. Meanwhile, application situations of multiple ground loading systems in different countries have been analyzed in detail. The researches show that the boiling point loading scheme is the best choice in the aspect of comprehensive performance. However, the subcooled cycled loading scheme is preferable to the case of payload as design objective for the long‐term development. The classified schemes proposed in this paper reveal the feasibility and practicality in actual application of ground loading systems of cryogenic propellants. The study also provides theoretical basis and technological support to design or improve the ground loading systems of cryogenic propellants in the future. © 2017 Curtin University and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of chemical chaperones based on the monitoring of Bip promoter activity and visualization of extracellular vesicles by real‐time bioluminescence imaging
Authors: Horibe Tomohisa , Okushima Nanako , Torisawa Aya , Akiyoshi Ryutaro , Hatta‐Ohashi Yoko , Suzuki Hirobumi , Kawakami Koji
Published: September 2017

It is known that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cells and extracellular vesicles (EVs) plays a significant role in cancer cells, therefore the evaluation of compounds that can regulate ER stress and EV secretion would be a suitable system for further screening and development of new drugs. In this study, we evaluated chemical chaperones derived from natural products based on monitoring Bip/GRP78 promoter activity during cancer cell growth, at the level of the single cell, by a bioluminescence microscopy system that had several advantages compared with fluorescence imaging. It was found that several chemical chaperones, such as ferulic acid (FA), silybin, and rutin, affected the activity. We visualized EVs from cancer cells using bioluminescence imaging and showed that several EVs could be observed when using CD63 fused with NanoLuc luciferase, which has a much smaller molecular weight and higher intensity than conventional firefly luciferase. We then examined the effects of the chemical chaperones on EVs from cancer cells by bioluminescence imaging and quantified the expression of CD63 in these EVs. It was found that the chemical chaperones examined in this study affected CD63 levels in EVs. These results showed that imaging at the level of the single cell using bioluminescence is a powerful tool and could be used to evaluate chemical chaperones and EVs from cancer cells. This approach may produce new information in this field when taken together with conventional and classical methods.
Understand the needs and experiences of incoming transgender students
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: September 2017

SAN FRANCISCO — What is the experience of incoming freshman transgender students, both in and outside the classroom at your institution? What challenges have they already faced, and what do they fear about the reality of life at your institution? At the annual meeting of the Association of American Colleges and Universities, Ellen Stolzenberg, assistant director of the Cooperative Institutional Research Program at the University of California, Los Angeles, shared statistics comparing the emotional well‐being, financial concerns, and connectedness of incoming transgender and incoming cisgender (those whose gender identity matches the sex they were identified as having at birth) freshman students.
Moderating effects of food type and consumers' attitude on the evaluation of food items labeled “additive‐free”
Authors: Song Mee Ryoung , Im Meeja
Published: September 2017

In this article, we first examine whether “additive‐free” claims on packages affect how consumers evaluate a product and whether these claims cause a consumer to develop illusions about the nutrients or quality of the product that are irrelevant to the claim. We then expand our study to categorize products that consumers consider to be healthy and unhealthy and investigate how such product types influence the effect of additive‐free claims. In addition, we verify that consumers' general attitude towards no‐additives products affect the moderation effect of product types. The findings of this study add a new academic meaning for research related to health claims and suggest practical implications for marketers and policymakers.
Gb3 Glycosphingolipids with Fluorescent Oligoene Fatty Acids: Synthesis and Phase Behavior in Model Membranes
Authors: Patalag Lukas J. , Sibold Jeremias , Schütte Ole M. , Steinem Claudia , Werz Daniel B.
Published: September 2017

Glycosphingolipids are involved in a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes, and they serve as receptors for a variety of bacterial toxins and viruses. To investigate their function in lipid membranes, fluorescently labeled glycosphingolipids are highly desirable. Herein, a synthetic route to access Gb3 glycosphingolipids with fluorescently labeled fatty acids, consisting of pentaene and hexaene moieties either at the terminus or in the middle of the acyl chain, has been developed. The fluorescent properties of the Gb3 derivatives were investigated in small unilamellar vesicles composed of a raft‐like mixture. Phase‐separated giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) allowed the quantification of the apparent partitioning coefficients of the Gb3 compounds by means of confocal fluorescence laser scanning microscopy. The determined partition coefficients demonstrate that the Gb3 derivatives are preferentially localized in the liquid‐disordered (ld) phase. To analyze whether the compounds behave like their physiological counterparts, Cy3‐labeled (Cy: cyanine) Shiga toxin B subunits (STxB) were specifically bound to Gb3‐doped GUVs. However, the protein was favorably localized in the ld phase, in contrast to results reported for STxB bound to naturally occurring Gb3, which is discussed in terms of the packing density of the lipids in the liquid‐ordered (lo) phase.
Synthesis of Electron‐Rich, Planarized Silicon(IV) Species and a Theoretical Analysis of Dimerizing Aminosilanes
Authors: Kramer Nina , Jöst Christoph , Mackenroth Alexandra , Greb Lutz
Published: September 2017

Equipping silicon(IV) with electron‐rich, geometrically constrained NNN‐ and ONO‐tridentate substituents leads to aminosilanes with increased Lewis acidity—expressed through the formation of Si2N2 rings by head‐to‐tail dimerization. Depending on the substituents, the dimerization can be controlled for the first time, yielding monomeric, structurally reversible and dimeric states. The monomeric species display substantial distortions from tetrahedral towards planar geometry at silicon. The dimerization and the Lewis acidity of aminosilanes are rationalized by (conceptual) DFT, NBO, ETS‐NOCV and QTAIM methods. The preorganization at silicon, London dispersion between the substituents and resonance phenomena inside the formed Si2N2 tetracycles are identified as driving forces for the dimerization. Comparison with selected aminosilanes permits general conclusions to be reached on the Lewis acidity of silicon species and on the aggregation of amphiphilic compounds.
Mixed Phthalocyanine–Porphyrin Fused Conjugated Pentameric Nanoarrays
Authors: Zhang Yuehong , Xue Zheng , Qi Dongdong , Wang Kang , Liu Huibiao , Jiang Jianzhuang
Published: September 2017

The largest phthalocyanine‐porphyrin‐fused pentameric molecular arrays have been synthesized and spectroscopically characterized. The saddled molecular conformation revealed for the pentamer by DFT‐D3 calculation in combination with the bulky peripheral substituents precludes effective face‐to‐face π–π intermolecular interaction. As a consequence, intermolecular C−H⋅⋅⋅π interactions together with the ubiquitous dispersion force arrays help to self‐assemble the representative metal‐free pentameric molecules into the three‐dimensional supramolecular structures with nanorod morphology in CHCl3 and n‐butanol. Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) disclose the gradually increased long range of molecular ordering in the nanorods along with the increase in the substrate temperature from 30, 40, 50, to 60 °C. This in turn results in an increase in the semiconductivity of the single nanorod in the same order from 9.4×10−9 to 3.8×10−8, 7.6×10−7, and 6.3×10−5 S m−1.
Protracted dendritic growth in the typically developing human amygdala and increased spine density in young ASD brains
Authors: Weir R.K. , Bauman M.D. , Jacobs B. , Schumann C.M.
Published: September 2017

The amygdala is a medial temporal lobe structure implicated in social and emotional regulation. In typical development (TD), the amygdala continues to increase volumetrically throughout childhood and into adulthood, while other brain structures are stable or decreasing in volume. In autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the amygdala undergoes rapid early growth, making it volumetrically larger in children with ASD compared to TD children. Here we explore: (a) if dendritic arborization in the amygdala follows the pattern of protracted growth in TD and early overgrowth in ASD and (b), if spine density in the amygdala in ASD cases differs from TD from youth to adulthood. The amygdala from 32 postmortem human brains (7–46 years of age) were stained using a Golgi‐Kopsch impregnation. Ten principal neurons per case were selected in the lateral nucleus and traced using Neurolucida software in their entirety. We found that both ASD and TD individuals show a similar pattern of increasing dendritic length with age well into adulthood. However, spine density is (a) greater in young ASD cases compared to age‐matched TD controls (<18 years old) and (b) decreases in the amygdala as people with ASD age into adulthood, a phenomenon not found in TD. Therefore, by adulthood, there is no observable difference in spine density in the amygdala between ASD and TD age‐matched adults (≥18 years old). Our findings highlight the unique growth trajectory of the amygdala and suggest that spine density may contribute to aberrant development and function of the amygdala in children with ASD.
Pericytes and their potential in regenerative medicine across species
Authors: Esteves C. L. , Donadeu F. X.
Published: September 2017

The discovery that pericytes are in vivo counterparts of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) has placed these perivascular cells in the research spotlight, bringing up hope for a well‐characterized cell source for clinical applications, alternative to poorly defined, heterogeneous MSCs preparations currently in use. Native pericytes express typical MSC markers and, after isolation by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting, display an MSC phenotype in culture. These features have been demonstrated in different species, including humans and horses, the main targets of regenerative treatments. Significant clinical potential of pericytes has been shown by transplantation of human cells into rodent models of tissue injury, and it is hoped that future studies will demonstrate clinical potential in veterinary species. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on pericytes across different species including humans, companion and large animal models, in relation to their identification in different body tissues, methodology for prospective isolation, characterization, and potential for tissue regeneration. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Directed ortho‐Metalation of O‐Aryl N,N‐Dialkylcarbamates: Methodology, Anionic ortho‐Fries Rearrangement, and Lateral Metalation
Authors: Miah M. A. Jalil , Sibi Mukund P. , Chattopadhyay S. , Familoni Oluwole B. , Snieckus Victor
Published: September 2017

The directed ortho‐lithiation reactions of O‐aryl N,N‐dialkylcarbamates as well as O‐1‐naphthyl and O‐2‐naphthyl N,N‐dialkylcarbamates with sec‐butyllithium/tetramethylethylenediamine (sBuLi/TMEDA) followed by quenching with various electrophiles afford a range of polysubstituted aromatic compounds. If the solutions of the ortho‐lithiated carbamates are warmed to room temperature without the addition of external electrophiles, salicylamide and 1‐ and 2‐hydroxynaphthamide derivatives are formed through anionic ortho‐Fries rearrangements. The relative stabilities and reactivities of different O‐aryl N,N‐dialkylcarbamates were investigated. The lateral metalation of 2‐tolyl carbamates with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) provides a route to benzo[b]furan‐2(3H)‐ones. Previously reported results are used in a comparison of seven O‐based directed metalation groups in reactions with several electrophiles. The described methodology is useful for the preparation of 1,2,3‐substituted aromatic compounds.
Tannic Acid Modified Electrochemical Biosensor for Glucose Sensing Based on Direct Electrochemistry
Authors: Çakıroğlu Bekir , Özacar Mahmut
Published: September 2017

A novel glucose biosensor was constructed through the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) on gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) deposited, and chemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite. In the synthesis, tannic acid (TA) was used for the reduction of both graphene oxide, and Au3+ to rGO, and Au NPs, respectively. Also, by harnessing the π‐π interaction between graphene oxide and TA, and protein‐TA interaction, a novel nanocomposite for the fabrication of a third generation biosensor was successfully constructed. Upon the oxidation of TA to quinone, which is easily reducible at the negative potential range, enhanced electron transfer was obtained. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) results demonstrated a pair of well‐defined and quasi‐reversible redox peaks of active site molecule of GOx. The biosensor exhibited a linear response to glucose concentrations varying from 2 to 10 mM with a sensitivity of 18.73 mA mM−1 cm−2. The fabricated biosensor was used for the determination of glucose in beverages.
Let's take another look at MOOCs
Authors: Dennis Marguerite J.
Published: September 2017

Since 2008, a great deal has been written about the impact of massive open online courses and their potential to disrupt higher education. Sebastian Thrun, co‐founder of Udacity, predicted MOOCs would eventually reduce the number of institutions to 10. Even the most ardent MOOC champions would acknowledge that there is little evidence today to suggest that prediction will become reality.
Tailor communications to different population needs
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: September 2017

MINNEAPOLIS — If you're not tailoring your communication styles and messages to current and prospective students from different generations, you're missing out on a huge opportunity to speak directly to your students' interests and needs. In a session at the recent American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers annual conference, Christopher Cotton, admissions officer at the Baptist College of Health Sciences, shared strategies for creating individual communications plans to speak to both adult and traditional‐aged students and prospects.
CRISPR Becomes Clearer
Authors: Torrance Andrew W.
Published: September 2017

In this pivotal year for gene editing, the breakthrough molecular system CRISPR–Cas9 has advanced on three fronts. In under seven months, an influential scientific body—the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine—cracked open the door to human germline gene editing, ownership of patents covering CRISPR–Cas9 came into much sharper focus as a result of a dispute between two parties, and experiments showing proof of concept of the most controversial of uses—altering germlines of humans—were revealed as having been successfully performed by a mainstream laboratory. Given the vast spoils that await the patent owners, final results of all patent disputes over CRISPR–Cas9 patents may stretch on for years. Meanwhile, bioethical considerations of CRISPR–Cas9 have also been contentious as the United States and other countries grapple with how best to regulate gene editing.
The Case for Resource Sensitivity: Why It Is Ethical to Provide Cheaper, Less Effective Treatments in Global Health
Authors: Persad Govind C. , Emanuel Ezekiel J.
Published: September 2017

When Dr. Hortense screens her patients in Chicago for cervical dysplasia and cancer, she conducts a pelvic exam, takes a sample of cervical cells, and sends them for Pap cytology and human papilloma virus DNA co‐testing. But when she conducts cervical cancer screening in Botswana, she employs a much simpler diagnostic strategy. She applies acetic acid to highlight precancerous lesions and visually inspects the cervix—a technique known as the VIA (visual inspection with acetic acid) method. She treats suspicious lesions with cryotherapy.

There are multiple reasons that Dr. Hortense uses VIA in developing countries. It requires no specialized laboratory facilities or highly trained personnel. With immediate results, there is no delay in diagnosis and treatment, ensuring that patients are not lost to follow‐up. Most importantly, VIA is considerably cheaper than Pap and HPV co‐testing. This difference in care between Chicago and Botswana presents an ethical dilemma in global health: is it ethically acceptable to provide some patients cheaper treatments that are less effective or more toxic than the treatments other patients receive? We argue that it is ethical to consider local resource constraints when deciding what interventions to provide. The provision of cheaper, less effective health care is frequently the most effective way of promoting health and realizing the ethical values of utility, equality, and priority to the worst off.
The Pluralism of Coherent Approaches to Global Health
Authors: London Alex John
Published: September 2017

Stakeholders in global health, including governments, international and nongovernmental organizations, and corporations, face complex decisions about how to help improve the lives of those most burdened by sickness and disease while upholding their rights and facilitating the transition to a more just social and political order. In “The Case for Resource‐Sensitivity: Why It Is Ethical to Provide Cheaper, Less Effective Treatments in Global Health,” Govind Persad and Ezekiel Emanuel argue that “[t]he provision of health care in developing countries should reflect what best balances utility, equality, and priority to the least advantaged in those countries.” This positive proposal faces several difficulties. For one thing, it is not clear that these are the only relevant values, and moreover, even if we assume that they are, we do not know what global health policies these values rule out because conflict between the values is pervasive.
Post‐marketing research and its outcome for novel anticancer agents approved by both the FDA and EMA between 2005 and 2010: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Zeitoun Jean‐David , Baron Gabriel , Vivot Alexandre , Atal Ignacio , Downing Nicholas S , Ross Joseph S , Ravaud Philippe
Published: September 2017

Post‐marketing research in oncology has rarely been described. We aimed to characterize post‐marketing trials for a consistent set of anticancer agents over a long period. We performed a cross‐sectional analysis of post‐marketing trials registered at ClinicalTrials.gov through September 2014 for novel anticancer agents approved by both the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency between 2005 and 2010. All relevant post‐marketing trials were classified according to indication, primary outcome, starting date, sponsors, and planned enrollment. Supplemental indications were retrieved from regulatory documents and publication rate was assessed by two different methods. Ten novel anticancer agents were eligible: five were indicated for hematologic malignancies and the remaining five for solid cancers (three for kidney cancer). We identified 2,345 post‐marketing trials; 1,362 (58.1%) targeted an indication other than the originally approved one. We observed extreme variations among drugs in both number of post‐marketing trials (range 8–530) and overall population to be enrolled per trial (1–8,381). Post‐marketing trials assessed almost all types of cancers, the three most frequently studied cancers being leukemia, kidney cancer and myeloma. In all, 6.6% of post‐marketing trials had a clinical endpoint as a primary outcome, and 35.9% and 54.1% had a safety or surrogate endpoint, respectively, as a primary outcome. Nine drugs obtained approval for supplemental indications. The publication rate at 10 years was 12.3 to 26.1% depending on the analysis method. In conclusion, we found that post‐marketing research in oncology is highly heterogeneous and the publication rate of launched trials is low.
Migraine and invasive epithelial ovarian cancer risk in the Nurses’ Health Study II and the Women's Health Study
Authors: Rice Megan S. , Rist Pamela M. , Winter Anke C. , Kurth Tobias , Tworoger Shelley S.
Published: September 2017

Migraine is a common primary headache disorder, which predominantly impacts women. Recently, migraine has been hypothesized to be associated with hormonally related cancers; however, the potential association between migraine and ovarian cancer has not been studied. Therefore, we evaluated the association between migraine and invasive epithelial ovarian cancer risk in two prospective cohorts, the Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII) and the Women's Health Study (WHS). Our prospective analysis included 113,124 NHSII participants aged 25–42 at study baseline as well as 33,490 participants in the WHS who were 45 years or older at study entry. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between migraine and ovarian cancer risk in each cohort. In secondary analyses, we stratified by age and menopausal status. After adjusting for potential covariates, there was no statistically significant association between migraine and ovarian cancer risk in either the NHSII (HR = 1.29, 95%CI: 0.96, 1.74) or the WHS (HR = 0.60, 95%CI: 0.34, 1.06). In stratified analysis in the NHSII, there was a statistically significant positive association between migraine and ovarian cancer risk among women <45 years of age (HR = 1.76, 95%CI: 1.01, 3.07). We did not observe a clear association between migraine and ovarian cancer risk in two large prospective cohort studies.
Dermatotoxicology of sulfur mustard: Historical perspectives from World War I
Authors: Jiang Austin , Maibach Howard
Published: September 2017

Sulfur mustard has been used as a chemical warfare agent for the past century. After its introduction by the Germans in World War I, investigators quickly began studying its impact on the human body including its deleterious effects on skin. This review focuses on two groups in particular who conducted experiments from 1917 to 1918: the United States Army at the American University Experiment Station Laboratories and Torald Sollmann at Western Reserve University. Through this work, these researchers proved far ahead of their time by anticipating dermatologic phenomena not described in the literature until later in the twentieth century. These include regional variation of percutaneous penetration, effect of vehicle on penetration and predicting immunologic contact urticaria. The work conducted by these researchers set the groundwork for much of twentieth century dermatotoxicology.
Immobilization of vitronectin‐binding heparan sulfates onto surfaces to support human pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Yap Lynn , Murali Sadasivam , Bhakta Gajadhar , Titmarsh Drew M. , Chen Allen Kuan‐Liang , Chiin Sim Lyn , Bardor Muriel , Lim Yu Ming , Goh James C.H. , Oh Steve K.W. , Choo Andre B.H. , van Wijnen Andre J. , Robinson David E. , Whittle Jason D. , Birch William R. , Short Robert D. , Nurcombe Victor , Cool Simon M.
Published: September 2017

Functionalizing medical devices with polypeptides to enhance their performance has become important for improved clinical success. The extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion protein vitronectin (VN) is an effective coating, although the chemistry used to attach VN often reduces its bioactivity. In vivo, VN binds the ECM in a sequence‐dependent manner with heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans. We reasoned therefore that sequence‐based affinity chromatography could be used to isolate a VN‐binding HS fraction (HS9) for use as a coating material to capture VN onto implant surfaces. Binding avidity and specificity of HS9 were confirmed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR)‐based assays. Plasma polymerization of allylamine (AA) to tissue culture‐treated polystyrene (TCPS) was then used to capture and present HS9 as determined by radiolabeling and ELISA. HS9‐coated TCPS avidly bound VN, and this layered surface supported the robust attachment, expansion, and maintenance of human pluripotent stem cells. Compositional analysis demonstrated that 6‐O‐ and N‐sulfation, as well as lengths greater than three disaccharide units (dp6) are critical for VN binding to HS‐coated surfaces. Importantly, HS9 coating reduced the threshold concentration of VN required to create an optimally bioactive surface for pluripotent stem cells. We conclude that affinity‐purified heparan sugars are able to coat materials to efficiently bind adhesive factors for biomedical applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1887–1896, 2018.
Delay discounting as impaired valuation: Delayed rewards in an animal obesity model
Authors: Jarmolowicz David P. , Hudnall Jennifer L. , Hale Luanne , Fowler Stephen C. , Bortolato Marco , Lemley Shea M. , Sofis Michael J.
Published: September 2017

Obesity is a major public health problem, which, like many forms of addiction, is associated with an elevated tendency to choose smaller immediate rather than larger delayed rewards, a response pattern often referred to as excessive delay discounting. Although some accounts of delay discounting conceptualize this process as impulsivity (placing the emphasis on overvaluing the smaller immediate reward), others have conceptualized delay discounting as an executive function (placing the emphasis on delayed rewards failing to retain their value). The present experiments used a popular animal model of obesity that has been shown to discount delayed rewards at elevated rates (i.e., obese Zucker rats) to test two predictions that conceptualize delay discounting as executive function. In the first experiment, acquisition of lever pressing with delayed rewards was compared in obese versus lean Zucker rats. Contrary to predictions based on delay discounting as executive function, obese Zucker rats learned to press the lever more quickly than controls. In the second experiment, progressive ratio breakpoints (a measure of reward efficacy) with delayed rewards were compared in obese versus lean Zucker rats. Contrary to the notion that obese rats fail to value delayed rewards, the obese Zucker rats' breakpoints were (at least) as high as those of the lean Zucker rats.
The effects of fixed‐interval schedules on variability of pigeons' pecking location
Authors: Kono Masanori
Published: September 2017

Many studies that have investigated performance under reinforcement schedules have measured response rate or interresponse time, which reflect the temporal dimension of responding; however, relatively few studies have examined other dimensions. The present study investigated the effects of fixed‐interval schedules on the location of pigeons' pecking response. A circular response area 22.4 cm in diameter was used so that the pecking responses were effective over a wide range. Pigeons were exposed to a fixed‐interval schedule whose requirement was systematically varied between conditions. Response location moved closer to the location of the last reinforced response as time elapsed in each trial. Additionally, as the fixed‐interval duration requirement increased, response locations shifted to the border of the response area and the variability of response locations increased. These results suggest that fixed‐interval schedules systematically control response location.