bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Damage of Fracture Face Skin in Massive Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation
Authors: Shuai Li , Bo Cai , Yunhong Ding , Yongjun Lu , Chunming He
Published: August 2016

Multi-stage fractured horizontal wells can create fracture networks and increase the contact area between fracture and matrix to enhance well productivity and EOR. It has become a tendency to pump large volumes of fluids and proppants with higher and higher slurry rate during hydraulic stimulation. While field production has presented that not all productivities have positively relation with the increase of stimulation scales. Some small-scale fractured wells even perform better than the massive treatment ones.

To investigate this phenomenon, a new evaluation experiment studied by CT scanning and rock mechanics testified the existence of the fracture surface damage, and some key factors were revealed. Moreover, we established a new mathematical model of fracture surface skin with segment characteristics using fluid coupling method based on the classical model of PKN and KGD. Comparison of the Cinco-Ley model and new model revealed that influence of the fracture surface damage skin on productivity was only 5% using Cinco-Ley model, while the influence was 50% using our new model.

The results indicated that for a specific low permeability reservoir, if high net pressure can't create complex fracture, it would bring formation damage in the near well. We put forward a method for low damage treatment as following: 1)utilize the newly developed fracturing fluids such as slick water, low concentration densifier, linear gel (not cross linked), low molecular weight fluid, etc.; 2)Optimize minimum viscosity of fracturing fluid, then optimizing the corresponding pumping rate; 3)Optimize combination of fluid and proppant type and size according new mathematical model; 4) Try acid-fracturing during pad stages so as to minimize formation damage and fracture damage to obtain an optimized propped profile.

The technology has been put in to filed application in 45 wells, the performance of post-fracturing is very remarkable with the daily oil rate being 14m3/d increased more than 32.2% that of the past well stimulation, and it has a great significance in the near future.
Floating Mud-Cap Drilling Application in Exploration Well Accelerate Reaching Target Depth While Drilling Surface Hole
Authors: Muis Arvi R. , Hidayat Andri M. , Irawan Fikri
Published: August 2016

The objective carbonate interval in Parigi formation often experiences total loss circulation and migration of gas to surface after losses circulation experienced which hardly to be controlled with conventional technique. In depth preparation is highly required before penetrating this carbonate formation which is known for its loss-kick cycles while drilling. Because of the secondary porosity, drilling through the highly vugular Parigi formation results in total loss circulation of the drilling fluid. Wellbore hydrostatic column instantly decreased while drilling into the loss formation.

Utilization of Rotating Control Device (RCD) eliminates the Non-Productive Time (NPT) associated with time consuming mitigation of loss – kick cycles. RCD enables close loop drilling system when the bearing assembly is installed, capping the annulus and creates pressurize-able wellbore annulus system. Completed with 18-3/4″ bottom flange, the RCD was connected on top of 21-1/4″ Annular BOP intermediated with a flange adapter. Parigi limestone was to be drilled with 17-1/2″ bottom hole assembly to be able setting casing13-3/8″ successfully.

The Mud-Cap drilling system passively seals the annulus at any time by employing the RCD bearing assembly, complementing the existing secondary well control system to prevent the direct gas release to the rig floor. During the operation, unexpected gas release were occurred while wiper trip, however the RCD was successfully kept the pressure away from the rig floor and allowed the driller to strip down the drill string back to the bottom. Details of RCD deployment and setup procedures will be elaborated in this paper.
Continuous Operation Model in Multi-Well Pad W202H2: First Shale Gas Factory in Block Weiyuan, SW China
Authors: Ming Liu
Published: August 2016

In recent years, the development of shale gas has been paid more attention in China. Since the first shale gas well drilled in 2009, the number of shale gas wells is increasing rapidly. In 2015, the yearly gas production reached 210 BCF. As a matter of fact, China is experiencing an era of shale gas boom regardless of the low oil price in the international market.

From 2010, to speed up the development process, four national shale gas demonstration plots were built, including CW plot, JSB plot, ZT plot, and YA plot. After the JSB plot obtained the first breakthrough in 2013, CW plot took its important step in the development of shale gas resources in 2015. Due to the topographic inequality of Sichuan basin, the multi-well pad was used to solve the problem of well deployment difficulty. In 2013, continuous operation including batch drilling, factory fracturing and gas testing for 13 wells has been successfully conducted in tight-gas reservoir, which provides valuable experience for the shale gas operation model.

This paper aims to describe the continuous operation model and its effectiveness in the pad W202H2 of block Weiyuan (CW plot), located in the southwest China. To improve the cost effective production while maintaining a responsibility for health, safety, and the environment is the most important advantage of the model. To improve the operation effectiveness, two rounds of 3-well zipper fracturing are conducted. The cooperation among water supply, fluid mixing, sand supply, and pumping ensures the continuous fracturing. A total fluid and proppant injection of 189023m3 and 6677m3 for 102 stages/299 clusters are completed in 44 days, which makes the best efficiency record in China. Compared with the single well fracturing, the economic benefit is highly improved and about 6 million dollars are saved. Moreover, the continuous operation model shows a large effective stimulated reservoir volume (ESRV), which is in accordance with the micro-seismic monitoring result.the maximum daily production and wellhead pressure reaches to 32×104m3 and 44MPa, respectively.
Post Well Pore Pressure Analysis Facilitated by Managed Pressure Drilling
Authors: Brands Allan W. , Rajabi Mehdi Mir
Published: August 2016

Real-time managed pressure drilling (MPD) data is analysed post drilling for the purpose of identifying ‘formation pressure events’ which are quantified to define the actual wellbore formation pore pressure (PP) profile.

MPD software allows the operator to maintain a desired bottomhole pressure (BHP) by application of surface backpressure (SBP) at the choke manifold. The system closely monitors; flow in, flow out and BHP within the closed system to identify minor influxes to the wellbore which are controlled before they can propagate in size by automatic application of SBP. Utilisation of MPD technology in combination with downhole pressure monitoring, allows for a series of micro-influxes to be analysed to map a formation PP profile.

MPD facilitates the analysis of the PP by performing dynamic PP testing. The PP can be accurately determined by reduction of BHP until a miniscule influx is detected in a controlled manner by MPD.

MPD allows BHP to be maintained close to the perceived PP. Maintaining this BHP will result in a diminishing overbalance when drilling into overpressured zones. The diminished overbalance will result in a micro-influx which will be identified by MPD and controlled by application of SBP, while knowledge of the PP is obtained.

Acquisition of data from micro-influx events induced or otherwise, documents the PP regime as it is drilled allowing post well interpretation to build a detailed picture of the PP. A case study is presented which illustrates how a number of PP events can be analysed post well to map the PP of a hydrocarbon bearing reservoir.

This paper illustrates how application of MPD not only provides enhanced safety benefits from a well control perspective by early kick detection, but allows the operator to gather critical formation pressure data, as the formation pressure profile is mapped while drilling.
Real-Time and Wireless Monitoring of Wellhead and Conductor Fatigue
Authors: Gauthier Steven
Published: August 2016

Subsea wellhead and conductor systems can be subject to high fatigue damage during drilling operations, sometimes requiring to be monitored in real-time. Existing online monitoring systems use cables strapped the exterior of the riser, to display the data topside, leading to a number of potential issues.

In order to address these issues, Pulse Structural Monitoring has developed a wellhead and conductor fatigue monitoring system using acoustic data transmission. The monitoring system consists of motion sensors installed on the BOP/LMRP. Each sensor has the ability to continuously measure response without intervention for up to a 9 months. The data from each data logger is transferred in real-time to a topside processing unit via an acoustic transmitter on the LMRP.

The paper describes the requirements from Oil & Gas operators taken into account in the design followed by the different phases of testing using the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) method that the new acoustic data logger underwent including sea trial. As this type of system already exists, using cables to communicate the data topside, this new technology had to bring the advantage of not having a cable while being able to transmit and display data fast enough to be considered real-time, while maintaining a long enough battery life to last one to several campaigns. The acoustic system is proven to be able to overcome the high noise levels created during drilling operations and communicate continuously and reliably without being affected by surrounding noise or other wireless communication systems up to today's and tomorrow's deep water depth.

The paper presents a new and now proven way of monitoring wellhead fatigue in real-time and wirelessly enabling Oil & Gas operators to take informed decisions, minimising disconnect periods and collecting well integrity data, while avoiding issues related to subsea cables.
The World's First Gate Valve Milling on E-Line Returns Well to Production Faster and Safer
Authors: Al-Mulhim Abdallah , Al-Shawly Alaa , El-Zefzafy Ibrahim , Al-Atwi Mohammed , Al-Beheiri Faisal , Azmey Adel , Chehabi Wissam
Published: August 2016

Stuck wellhead gate valve at surface offers and demand an extreme well integrity operation. Subsequently; well intervention operation needs more attention and might become more complex using conventional milling techniques. Conventional milling techniques have also fail to meet required well control or found to be lengthy and costly operation.

The world's first novel gate valve milling operation using e-line has been performed safely and successfully in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Aramco; land based oil producer well; located in Southern Area of the Ghawar field; was shut-in due to malfunction of Tubing Master Valve (TMV) on closed position for Signal Stack-Up X-Tree. 3,000 BOPD and well accessibility were locked with expected 1,600 psig as shut-in wellhead pressure underneath the stuck valve gate is the case.

The objective of this paper is to provide a safer and faster operation solution for milling gate valve that would adhere to the operator's well integrity safely and well control polices. This paper will describe detailed job design, operational steps of this novel milling operation, and other technical considerations that resulted in the successful execution of challenging operation.
A Local Mechanical Model of Down-Hole Tubular Strings and its Amendment on the Integral Model
Authors: Huang Wenjun , Gao Deli
Published: August 2016

A new concept "local down-hole tubular model", which provides a more sophisticated description of tubular string deflection from local perspective, is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of the conventional integral model. The coupling effects of three factors including wellbore configuration, buckling mode and connector are studied in the local model. Firstly, an equivalent beam-column model is proposed to reduce arbitrary wellbores except vertical wellbores into horizontal wellbores. Thus, the tubular behaviors in arbitrary wellbores can be simplified into that in vertical and horizontal wellbores. Secondly, the two-dimensional (2D) lateral deflection, three-dimensional (3D) inter-helical buckling and intra-helical buckling of tubular strings with and without connectors under four contact cases, namely no contact, point contact, wrap contact and full contact, constrained in horizontal and vertical wellbores are studied. Meanwhile, the fitting formulae which depict the effects of connectors on critical buckling loads, contact forces and bending moments are calculated. At last, the integral model is further amended based on the results from the local model. The results show that the effect of wellbore configuration can be equivalent to additional tubular string weight. Connector parameters are closely related to buckling modes, critical buckling loads, post-buckling deflection curves, bending moments, contact forces, etc. The combination of integral and local models, namely the amended integral model, establishes a more sophisticated description of axial force, torque, bending moment, contact force and buckling mode distributions along the entire tubular string.
Governance and Guidelines for Remote Health in Asia
Authors: Teo D.
Published: August 2016

Objectives/Scope

With the rapid growth of the energy, mining and maritime industry in Asia, there is an increasing awareness of the health conditions for workers and engineers in remote areas. This has led healthcare practitioners to focus on developing the standardisation of medical services for all staff that live and work in remote sites. The objective is to educate the engineers and other professionals in the industry on the recommended approach to build a guideline which can be used for managing remote site medical clinics and services in Asia.

Methods, Procedures, Process

Through the contribution and discussion with subject matter experts from various fields of remote health in Asia, a set of guidelines has been built. It serves as a guide for healthcare practitioners to implement medical services in remote sites, including but not limited to offshore, mining and other remote installations. The guidelines are based on the healthcare system of several Asian countries, namely: Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, China and India. The risk assessment for remote site installations and the standardisation of healthcare practitioner's competency which is based on their knowledge, skills and experiences are also addressed.

Results, Observations, Conclusions

Measurement on the remoteness of a site is regarded as the key factor and standard to identify the medical support needs. However, simplistic reliance on one key factor could lead to potential costly mitigations such as special medication, diagnostics, resuscitative methods and enforcement of timely medevac. In some scenarios, timely medevac is simply not possible due to geographical distance, or lack of air medevac resources.

Therefore, using the measurement on the remoteness of the site to the nearest shore-based hospital may not be the best method to set the standard, as it limits the understanding of the risk levels of each specific site. It is also not applicable to some remote installations, particularly Asia.

It is proposed that a risk assessment methodology which evaluates the risk level on a case by case basis should be adopted in Asia. Through this, a healthcare practitioner can study the past data for each site, based on the impact of the hazard and the likelihood of an incident occurring at the particular remote site.

Consequently, the healthcare practitioner could identify the needs and recommend the appropriate medical service.

This results in the avoidance of litigation, reduction of lost-time injury, and unnecessary medical costs. Novel/Additive Information: The novelty of this paper is in the ability to help oil and gas companies mitigate the Health risks at remote locations specifically in Asia. Previous guidelines have been developed from the perspective of the North Sea market and applied universally, however there is now a clear need for specific guidelines for this region.
Advanced Dynamic Drillstring Modeling Delivers Efficient Underreaming and Rathole Elimination Solutions
Authors: Sonny S. , Soh A. , Najmi N. F. , Ivan L. , Jagathrakshakan K. , Morris L.
Published: August 2016

While planning a wildcat exploration well, an operator faced formation depth uncertainty as a result of poor seismic imaging as well as limited offset pore pressure and fracture pressure data. A steep pressure ramp was anticipated at some depth below surface casing, and casing design included a 16-in liner to secure this interval. To properly evaluate and understand the lithology and pressure while drilling would require high-quality LWD data, but it was also essential that the liner and casing could be fully run to the bottom of the hole. Underreaming near the bit while drilling would compromise the LWD data, but underreaming above the LWD tools would not enable the casing to be fully run to bottom. Two hole-enlargement-while-drilling (HEWD) BHAs with the option for rathole elimination (RHE) were proposed and enabled these objectives to be efficiently achieved without compromise. A combined HEWD and RHE BHA is not new in the industry, but it is challenging in large hole sizes. With multiple cutting structures in the BHA, drillstring dynamics become complex. The resultant vibration and shock can lead to diminished drilling performance, or even failure of BHA components.

A prejob finite-element analysis (FEA) modeling simulation was used to investigate the dynamic drilling behavior of the initially-planned BHAs. The simulation results from initial BHA design predicted high vibrations. A BHA optimization analysis was then conducted to determine the most favorable BHA configuration for effective LWD tool placement and minimized vibration issues, taking into account the BHA geometry and stabilization points, cutting structures, and formation type. The simulation results from the final BHA exhibited a significant reduction in shock and vibration levels. Suitable drilling parameters were identified, and hydraulics simulations were performed to ensure that both the HEWD and RHE underreamers could be reliably actuated.

The operator implemented the recommended BHAs, cutting structures, and parameter roadmaps on both the 17-in × 20-in and 14¾-in × 17½-in sections, and the solution successfully drilled 501-m and 605-m intervals, respectively. Each interval was drilled and enlarged in a single trip. Both HEWD BHAs exhibited low levels of vibration during the original underreaming, enabling quality LWD data to be obtained. After maximizing section depth, the HEWD underreamer was deactivated and the RHE underreamer activated, enabling the rathole to be underreamed and subsequently the liner and casing strings run fully to the bottom of the hole.

Advanced dynamic drillstring modeling can simulate downhole drilling conditions, enabling improved prejob planning and thus more efficient drilling operations. Proper design of HEWD and RHE BHAs can help the operator efficiently maximize the quality of LWD data while drilling.
HPHT Field Development Experience Transfer
Authors: Gibson Michael
Published: August 2016

This paper looks, rather uniquely, at an HPHT field in the UK Sector of the North Sea which was designed and developed during the mid 1990's and which, relatively recently, gave problems due to a gas leak from a well which was being worked on. The amount of gas emitted from the well caused full evacuation and the fact that the problem was solved with no injury gives full testimony to the high standard of the Operators Policies and Procedures. The well was "killed" from the top and a relief well was also drilled, designed to kill the well "from the bottom". Unfortunately, the cost of a) loss of production and b) remedial works ran into £billions and the Operator was fined £1,125 million by the Law Courts for contravening the Health & Safety at work act. Sometimes, during the early design phases of a project company departments make decisions which turn out to be less than optimal simply because certain information wasn't known. This can be unfortunate and very costly.

The field, Elgin, was named after a relatively nearby Scottish town. The field forms a part of the Central Graben and there were essentially two reservoir columns (the Jurassic overlying the Pentland). The paper tries to portray the excellence of planning, management and operations exhibited by the current world class / first rate Operator.
Optimizating Drilling Operating Parameters with Real-Time Surveillance and Mitigation System of Downhole Vibration in Deep Wells
Authors: Zhao Fei , Wang Haige , Cui Meng
Published: August 2016

With the exploration and development of hydrocarbon reservoirs moving toward more complex formation, downhole vibrations have been identified as one of the most significant limiters to improve the rate of penetration (ROP) and bit footage. Thus, great efforts have been put on the development of cost-effective technologies and special vibration mitigation tools in order to achieve high rock breaking efficiency. The paper introduces the development and application of optimizer of drilling operating parameters named as Smart Driller Indicator (SDI) by real-time stick/slip severity monitoing based on an innovative ROP and Mechanical Specific Energy (MSE) optimization algorithm. In addition, the drillstring mechanics model establishment anlalyzing torsional vibration and field application results of the system are elaborately description.

The optimization algorithm is a drlling performance improvement algotithm on basis of MSE theory. From the perspectives of rock mechanics and conservation of energy, the ideal performance in the optional proportion among drilling parameters, ROP and MSE have been derived from comprehensive analysis of optimized drilling mechanism. Based on Newton's equation of motion, an advanced damped forced torsional vibrarion estimate (TSE) model in frenquency-domain was developed. The vibration model achieves higher accuracy diagnosis and computational efficiency due to more boundary condition effects combined with a fit-for-purpose rigid model, damping coefficient algorithm and BHA-matching transfer matrices. The model supports real-time downhole vibration surveillance as well as pre-drill BHA evaluation and post-drill root cause analysis. Additionally, the vibration mitigation principle is demonstrated in detail, conducting a variety of tests to mitigate downhole torsional vibration. SDI can diagnose the inducing factors of downhole vibration, providing useful insights into the judgment of reasonability of drilling parameters.

A three-week pilot test has been conducted in deep wells in Yumen Oilfield in China, with 30% increase of the average ROP and 40% enhancement of the average bit footage compared with offset wells. Application of SDI to enhance ROP efficiency is not affected by well type, formation and bottom- hole temperature; thus, it could be widely applied in any drilling conditions.
Samarang Downhole Integrity Diagnostic Techniques
Authors: Setiawan Toto , Ghazali Rohaizat B , Granados Leidy Pitre , Chandrakalatharan Jayasharadha , Zubbir Ahmad Uzair , Mukrim Mohamed Hanafi Muhammad , Sepulveda Willem
Published: August 2016

Since 2010, Samarang Alliance, a partnership between Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd and Schlumberger SPM, has been redeveloping the Samarang field (offshore). The objective of the Alliance is to maximize asset value through implementation of technology, processes and practices that enable infill drilling, reservoir management, EOR, Integrated Operations (IO) and production enhancement activities (PE).

Since the beginning of this partnership, the number and complexity of production enhancement initiatives via well intervention has increased greatly. As expected in an aging asset, the well integrity condition is a fundamental piece of information to achieve operational success and consequently incremental oil. The well intervention activities scope range from routing surveys to complex pumping operations.

As part of execution preparation and planning, all production enhancement initiatives (in active and/or idle wells) must have tubing and well integrity checks as early as possible. The loss of downhole tubing/well integrity is one of the biggest and most common challenges faced during the preparation and execution of the PE jobs. In those cases where there are severe tubing integrity problems, well activities can either be cancelled or classified to be performed using costly workover operation, and in the worst case overlooking those issues lead to failures in planning and execution, followed by sunk cost or losing a well.

The Samarang detection techniques portfolio currently consists of surveillance techniques such as pressure monitoring using surface and downhole pressure gauges and manual sampling with subsequent lab tests, Slickline interventions such as running Flowing Gradient Survey (FGS), Multifinger Imaging tool, Leak/Flow point tool (a combination of Pressure, Temperature and Acoustic gauges), Ponytail tool, and setting mechanical barriers (plug) with subsequent inflow tests, E-line or digital slick line conveyed Optical Cable, Wireline leak detector (WLD) and Water Flow Log, Surface testing tools such as pumping equipment to facilitate Tubing/Casing Integrity Tests.
Phonological System of Tengger Dialect : In Ngoko Speech Level
Authors: Nurhayati Dwi Astuti Wahyu
Published: July 2016

This research reports on Phonological System of Tengger Dialect (in Ngoko Speech Level) and focuses on how the consonant, vowel system, the syllabic, cluster construction are; what factors influence Phonological System Tengger Dialect in Ngoko Speech Level. Techniques of collecting data include field observations, recordings and direct interviews. The analysis includes reducing data, presenting the data, conclusion. Notes and phonetic transcription are classified into lingual unit, and they are written into version of ordinary words and form of symbols. Patterns  of Tengger syllabic construction are: cvcvcv-kawula, cvc-nak, cvcvc-paran, cccvcvvc-nggate’en, cvccv cekne, cv cvcvcvc -ta baliken, cvvcc-reang, different phonemic happens in suffix~na ® ~ en,” Ta balikna~ta baliken, nggatekna-nggate’en (from  syllabic na~en),jare ® njare (embedded sound~ n before  j). Different lexicon also happens in sesuk-kesuk-tomorrow, ora ana-nana –nothing.The factors  contributing to the survival of the dialect are that the speakers live in remote and isolated area such as forest.
Problems in Speaking Faced By EFL Students of Mulawarman University
Authors: Sayuri Sayuri
Published: July 2016

Learning English ideally consists of four skills. They are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. All of them are interrelated from one another. Someone who masters four skills of English will be able to communicate in oral or written easily. In fact, speaking English is not easy. Speaking is an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing, receiving, and processing information. In this study, the researcher was interested in describing the problems in speaking faced by fourth semester students of English Department at Mulawarman University. Descriptive qualitative research was used as design of this study. The sample of this research consists of 24 students in the fourth semester. The data were obtained through the speaking test and questionnaire. Based on the speaking test and questionnaire, the students faced some problems related to pronunciation, fluency, grammar, and vocabulary. The questionnaire also showed additional findings where students faced other problems, namely not having self-confidence, shyness to speak, being afraid of making mistakes, feeling nervous, and having nothing to say. Next, there are some factors resulting problems of speaking to the students, firstly less of reading habit, uneven participation and English practice both inside and outside the classroom, and confusion on applying grammar rules.
Shaping Students’ Writing Skills: The Study of Fundamental Aspects in Mastering Academic Writing
Authors: Ariyanti Ariyanti
Published: July 2016

Writing has become one of important skills in English language acquistion since a long time ago. Without leaving aside the importance of using active English to communicate, the passive one also plays important role to convey the message. Writing, as a way to explore our passive English is not merely intended to describe any topic without purposes. In this case, writing is a progressive activity. Oshima and Hogue (1997:2) explain the meaning of progressive in writing is when we want to start the first step to write about a certain topic, actually we have already known what we are going to write and how we explore it. After that, we read over our writing than we will do some corrections and also changes. In short, in order to have a better writing we should never stop only in one step. The more particular and specific urgency in writing is how to make our writing academic. This is what the most college students face in their writing tasks such as essays and final projects which become the requirement for them to finish their study in a university. In fact, academic writing is not as easy as the students think that they will just ask to write a passage freely. In this case, academic writing gives full description and complete guidance on how to make their writing sounds academic. So that is what the researcher tried to explained to the readers especially for students who need to shape their ability to in doing such academic writing.
The Effectiveness of Teaching Vocabulary by Using Cartoon Film toward Vocabulary Mastery of EFL Students
Authors: Munir Fathul
Published: July 2016

This article investigates the suitable media to develop students’ vocabulary in elementary level is audio visual media especially cartoon film media, the problems of the study are: (1) How is the students’ score before using cartoon film media? (2) How is the students’ score after using cartoon film media? (3) How is the effectiveness of using cartoon film media on the students’ vocabulary mastery? This research conducts experimental design; the research design used by the researcher is pre-experimental design in the form of one–group pre–test and post– test. The instruments were used are pre–test, treatment, and the post–test. The analysis technique of data analysis used t–test statistical analysis. The use of cartoon film media will be significant if t count > t table. Data analysis shows that t count > t table (5,20 > 1,71), so H0 is rejected or Ha is accepted. Based on the research finding, the researchers conclude that (1) the students’ mastery on vocabulary before taught by using cartoon film media can be seen from the result of pre – test, there are 15 students get excellent result, there are 2 students get good result , there are 4 students get enough result , there are 3 students get less result and 1 student get low result . It means that there are 32% students who get low score. (2) The students’ mastery on vocabulary after taught by using cartoon film media can be seen from the result of post – test, there are 19 students get excellent result , there are 5 students get good result and there is 1 student get enough result . (3) The significant different, between students’ mastery on vocabulary before and after taught by using cartoon film media can be seen from the result of pre – test, it showed that 15 students who get score 80 – 100 where as the result of post – test showed that 19 students who get score 80 – 100. It means that the result of this research showed that t count > t table (5,20 > 1,71). It indicates that cartoon film is suitable to teach vocabulary. So from the result the researchers suggest to the English teacher that cartoon film is effective to teach vocabulary for young learners
A decision classifier to classify rivers for river management based on their structure in China: an example from the Yongding river
Authors: Zhao Yinjun , Ding Aizhong
Published: July 2016

River classification is a very useful tool for river management yet still a difficult task. This paper proposed a new decision classifier (DCF) to classify rivers for Chinese river management based on existing classification systems. Aimed at river function management, the DCF with the five-layers frame was developed on reach level in a spatially nested pattern that from top to bottom are natural province, basin, valley, reach, habitat and microhabitat. Five indexes (artificial degree, closeness, sinuosity, bed material texture, geomorphic units (GUs)) were selected and organized into the DCF according to the importance of the influence on river structure from macro to micro, large to small and top to bottom, because they represent main aspects of river structures and are easy to obtain. In addition, the closeness index is another good connector between valley level and reach level, and the GUs index links reach level to habitat level. The overall procedure to use DCF includes primary indoor classification and field validation. Remote sensing, geographical information system and global positioning system technologies were adopted in the process to dramatically reduce workload, especially fieldwork. Finally, the approach was applied to the Yongding river as a good example, and 17 river styles were identified.
The ecological filter system for treatment of decentralized wastewater
Authors: Zhong Kun , Luo Yi-yong , Wu Zheng-song , He Qiang , Hu Xue-bin , Jie Qi-wu , Li Yan-ting , Wang Shao-jie
Published: July 2016

A vertical flow constructed wetland was combined with a biological aerated filter to develop an ecological filter, and to obtain the optimal operating parameters: The hydraulic loading was 1.55 m3/(m2·d), carbon–nitrogen ratio was 10, and gas–water ratio was 6. The experimental results demonstrated considerable removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in wastewater by the ecological filter, with average removal rates of 83.79%, 93.10%, 52.90%, and 79.07%, respectively. Concentration of NH4+-N after treatment met the level-A discharge standard of GB18918-2002. Compared with non-plant filter, the ecological filter improved average removal efficiency of COD, NH4+-N, TN, and TP by 13.03%, 25.30%, 14.80%, and 2.32%, respectively: thus, plants significantly contribute to the removal of organic pollutants and nitrogen. Through microporous aeration and O2 secretion of plants, the ecological filter formed an aerobic–anaerobic–aerobic alternating environment; thus aerobic and anaerobic microbes were active and effectively removed organic pollutants. Meanwhile, nitrogen and phosphorus were directly assimilated by plants and as nutrients of microorganisms. Meanwhile, pollutants were removed through nitrification, denitrification, filtration, adsorption, and interception by the filler. High removal rates of pollutants on the ecological filter proved that it is an effective wastewater-treatment technology for decentralized wastewater of mountainous towns.
Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning Based Self-balancing Algorithm for Two-wheeled Robots
Authors: Yan Juan , Yang Huibin
Published: August 2016

Self-balancing control is the basis for applications of two-wheeled robots. In order to improve the self-balancing of two-wheeled robots, we propose a hierarchical reinforcement learning algorithm for controlling the balance of two-wheeled robots. After describing the subgoals of hierarchical reinforcement learning, we extract features for subgoals, define a feature value vector and its corresponding weight vector, and propose a reward function with additional subgoal reward function. Finally, we give a hierarchical reinforcement learning algorithm for finding the optimal strategy. Simulation experiments show that, the proposed algorithm is more effectiveness than traditional reinforcement learning algorithm in convergent speed. So in our system, the robots can get self-balanced very quickly.
Current and Emerging Therapeutic Regimens for Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection
Authors: Solaimani Pejman , Hogan Christopher , Chin Matthew , Miranda Juan L , Nguyen Douglas L
Published: August 2016

With 5.2 million people living with Hepatitis C, it is the most common blood-borne infection in the United States. Untreated chronic HCV infection may result in adverse consequences such as cirrhosis, portal hypertension, hepatic failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Previously approved treatments include Pegylated-interferon alpha-2a/2b plus ribavirin, Boceprevir and Telaprevir. Recently approved medications include Sofosbuvir (SOF), Simeprevir (SMV), Ledispavir-Sofosbuvir (Harvoni®) and Ombitasvir-paritaprevir-ritonavir with dasabuvir tablets (Viekira Pak). Here we review the literature describing the current and emerging therapies for chronic hepatitis C.
Associations and Trends in Cause-Specific Rates of Death Among Persons Reported with HIV Infection, 23 U.S. Jurisdictions, Through 2011
Authors: Adih William K. , Selik Richard M. , Hall H. Irene , Babu Aruna Surendera , Song Ruiguang
Published: August 2016

Background:

Published death rates for persons with HIV have not distinguished deaths due to HIV from deaths due to other causes. Cause-specific death rates would allow better assessment of care needs.

Methods:

Using data reported to the US national HIV surveillance system, we examined a) associations between selected decedent characteristics and causes of death during 2007-2011, b) trends in rates of death due to underlying causes among persons with AIDS during 1990-2011, and among all persons with diagnosed HIV infection (with or without AIDS) during 2000-2011.

Results:

During 2007-2011, non-HIV-attributable causes of death with the highest rates per 1,000 person-years were heart disease (2.0), non-AIDS cancers other than lung cancer (1.4), and accidents (0.8). During 1990-2011, among persons with AIDS, the annual rate of death due to HIV-attributable causes decreased by 89% (from 122.0 to 13.2), and the rate due to non-HIV-attributable-causes decreased by 57% (from 20.0 to 8.6), while the percentage of deaths caused by non-HIV-attributable causes increased from 11% to 43%. During 2000-2011, among persons with HIV infection, the rate of death due to HIV-attributable causes decreased by 69% (from 26.4 to 8.3), and the rate due to non-HIV-attributable causes decreased by 28% (from 10.5 to 7.6), while the percentage of deaths caused by non-HIV-attributable causes increased from 25% to 48%.

Conclusion:

Among HIV-infected persons, as rates of death due to HIV-attributable causes decreased, rates due to non-HIV-attributable causes also decreased, but the percentages of deaths due to non-HIV-attributable causes, such as heart disease and non-AIDS cancers increased.
Pengembangan media audio visual dalam pembelajaran keterampilan motorik kasar pada anak tunagrahita ringan
Authors: Louk Michael Johanes. H , Sukoco Pamuji
Published: July 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan media audio visual dalam pembelajaran keterampilan motorik kasar pada anak tunagrahita ringan yang layak digunakan. Penelitian pengembangan ini dilakukan dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut: ((1) pengumpulan informasi, (2) analisis hasil informasi, (3) mengembangkan produk awal, (4) validasi ahli dan revisi, (5) uji coba skala kecil, (6) revisi, (7) uji coba skala besar, (8) revisi akhir, (9) pembuatan produk final, dan (10) diseminasi dan implementasi produk final. Uji coba kelompok kecil dilakukan terhadap enam peserta didik anak tunagrahita ringan di SLB Tunas Kasih 2 Turi. Uji coba kelompok besar dilakukan terhadap sepuluh peserta didik anak tunagrahita ringan di SLB Negeri I Bantul. Instrumen pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu: (1) angket para pakar, dan (2) lembar kuesioner praktisi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis deskriptif kuantitatif dan deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini menghasilkan media untuk pembelajaran keterampilan motorik kasar pada anak tunagrahita ringan yaitu media pembelajaran keterampilan motorik kasar dengan (1) melompati bentuk, (2) bola panas bola dingin, (3) bola guling kain, (4) bola ringan, (5) menginjak ekor harimau, (6) bola kangguru, dan (7) senam gerak dan  lagu.Kata kunci: pengembangan, media audio visual keterampilan motorik kasar, anak tunagrahita ringan kelas bawah Developing audio visual media to impart the learning of basic physical motor skill for mentally defectiveAbstractThis research aims to produce an audio visual media for teaching basic physical motor skill to mentally defective which is appropriate. This developmental research was done following developmental research steps as follows: (1) collecting information, (2) analysing information, (3) developing initial product, (4) experts validation and revision, (5) preliminary field testing, (6) revision, (7) main field testing, (8) final revision, (9) making the final product, and (10) dissemination and implementation the final product. The small group field testing was conducted to six mentally defective children in SLB Tunas Kasih 2 Turi. The bigger group field testing was conducted to 10 mentally defective children in SLB Negeri I Bantul. The data were analyzed using the quantitative descriptive analysis and qualitative descriptive analysis. The teaching media on physical motor skill consists of seven teaching media on physical motor skill by: (1) Leapfrogging objects, (2) Using hot ball and cold ball, (3) Using fabric bolster ball, (4) Using lightweight ball, (5) Stomping a tiger’s tail, (6) Using kangaroo’s ball, (7) Calisthenics and song.Keywords: developing audio video media impart learning physical motor skill mentally defective underaged children
Pengaruh metode uchikomi dan flexibility terhadap hasil bantingan pada pejudo Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta
Authors: Suwarli Suwarli
Published: July 2016

Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui: (1) perbedaan pengaruh antara metode uchikomi dengan menggunakan karet ban sepeda dan uchikomi jalan terhadap hasil bantingan judo, (2) perbedaan hasil bantingan antara pejudo yang memiliki flexibility tinggi dan flexibility rendah, dan (3) interaksi antara metode uchikomi dan flexibility terhadap hasil bantingan judo. Metode penelitian adalah eksperimen dengan rancangan faktorial 2 x 2. Populasi penelitian adalah pejudo D.I. Yogyakarta yang berjumlah 44 pejudo. Sampel penelitian ini 24 pejudo yang diambil dengan teknik Purposive Rondom Sampling. Data penelitian ini diperoleh melalui tes dan pengukuran. Instrumen penelitian adalah sit and reach dan Randori (dipertandingkan) selama tiga menit. Teknik analisis data menggunakan ANAVA. Hasil penelitian bahwa: (1) ada perbedaan pengaruh yang signifikan antara latihan uchikomi dengan menggunakan karet ban sepeda dan uchikomi jalan terhadap hasil bantingan judo, (2) ada perbedaan yang signifikan hasil bantingan judo antara pejudo yang memiliki flexibility tinggi dan flexibility rendah, dan (3) ada interaksi antara metode uchikomi dan flexibility terhadap hasil bantingan judo.Kata Kunci: Metode latihan uchikomi, flexibility, judo, hasil bantingan judo. The effect of uchikomi method and flexibility against dings results among judoka D.I YogyakartaAbstractThis study aimed to determine: (1) the difference between the effect of uchikomi method using rubber tires and on the road uchikomi dings judo results, (2) the difference between the results dings among judoka which have high flexibility and low flexibility, and (3) the interaction between uchikomi method and flexibility of the dings results. This research is experimental with 2 x 2 factorial design. The population was judoka D.I. Yogyakarta, amounting to 44 judokas. The 24 samples were taken with random purposive sampling. All were data obtained through this study to test and measure the flexibility using the sit and reach test and the results of the Randori judo dings (contested) for three minutes. The data analysis technique used is the variant analysis ANOVA. The results of this study indicate that: (1) there is a significant difference between uchikomi exercises using a bicycle tire rubber and on the road uchikomi dings judo results, (2) there is a significant difference between the results of dings judo judoka which have high flexibility and low flexibility, and (3) there is an interaction between uchikomi method and flexibility against dings judo results.Keywords: Uchikomi method exercise, flexibility, judo, judo slam result
The Confusion of Design and Facilities in Good Manufacturing Practice Requirements among Industries in Malaysia
Authors: Jali Mohd Bakri , Abdul Ghani Maaruf , Md Nor Norazmir
Published: August 2016

Food manufacturing operations need to fulfil regulatory requirements related to hygiene and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) to successfully market their products as safe and high quality products. GMP is a component of the food safety system to ensure the control of public hygiene and environmental conditions of the food production process. This study aims to investigate the confusion over design and facilities elements among food industries through qualitative technique. Design and facilities elements lay a firm foundation for GMP to ensure food hygiene and should be used in conjunction with each specific code of hygiene practice and guidelines.
Visitors' Perception towards Putrajaya Wetland, Malaysia
Authors: Ahmad Che Bon , Nasir Rabiatul Adawiyah , Ahmad Annur Soleha , Abdullah Jamalunlaili
Published: August 2016

Putrajaya Wetland (PW) is representing the dream of urban living, within its harmonies and refreshing environment; a place for urban people to unwind. However, starting in 2014, the number of visitors started decreasing. Thus, this research is to find out whether or not the attraction attributes, services and facilities provided contribute to the problem. Interviews with the PW management and questionnaire survey to visitors were carried out. The findings show that the attraction attributes, services and facilities at PW are up to date. Hence, it is suggested that there may be other factors causes the decreasing number of visitors to PW.
Obrigado! Memória e Memorial de um Sociólogo do Direito
Authors: Oliveira Luciano
Published: August 2016

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Direito global e responsividade: uma abordagem crítico-sistêmica do direito em face dos novos desafios da sociedade mundial
Authors: Elmauer Douglas
Published: August 2016

O presente artigo se propõe a dar mais um passo no sentido do desenvolvimento de uma teoria crítica dos sistemas aplicada ao Direito. Visa-se ampliar a teoria sistêmica no sentido de potencializar sua capacidade de diagnosticar os dilemas jurídicos contemporâneos e ao mesmo tempo apontar para o modo de enfrentamento dos desafios existentes numa sociedade mundial paradoxalmente marcada, por um lado, pela ameaça da hipertrofia sistêmica das ordens sociais reificadas e, por outro, pelos processos de constitucionalização que buscam limitar essas ordens. Desse modo, este texto se dividirá em duas partes centrais: a primeira parte trata da explanação da ideia de uma (i) responsividade jurídica obtida por meio da justiça autossubversiva e da crítica imanente do direito como formas de aberturas do sistema jurídico às demandas do ambiente; a segunda parte, debruça-se sobre diagnósticos, tendências e desafios que o (ii) direito global enfrenta na sociedade mundial. O escopo final do artigo se concentra no esforço de construir um direito mais sensível e aberto ao seu próprio ambiente.