bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GENETIC CONTROL OF 2-PROPENYL AND 3-BUTENYL GLUCOSINOLATE SYNTHESIS IN MUSTARD
Authors: LOVE H. K. , RAKOW G. , RANEY J. P. , DOWNEY R. K.
Published: March 2010

The genetic control of glucosinolate composition in Brassica juncea Coss. was studied in crosses between two 2-propenyl type mustards (cv. Domo and line ZEM 84-2293) and the Indian 3-butenyl type mustard line, 60143. Field-grown single plants from parents F1, backcross and F2 generations were analyzed for glucosinolate composition. Selfed and crossed seed borne on the same parent was identical in glucosinolate composition indicating maternal control of this characteristic. F2 seed from F1 plants of both reciprocal crosses contained both 2-propenyl and 3-butenyl glucosinolates, indicating that glucosinolate composition was controlled by nuclear genes. F1 plants carrying line 60143 cytoplasm had significantly higher 2-propenyl and 3-butenyl glucosinolate contents than F1 plants with either Domo or ZEM 84-2293 cytoplasm. Individual plants in the back-cross generations contained either one or the other or both the parent glucosinolates. F2 plants contained either one of the two parent glucosinolates or both glucosinolates in varying concentrations. The results indicated that 2-propenyl and 3-butenyl glucosinolate syntheses were controlled by multiple additive alleles at the same loci.Key words: Mustard, Brassica juncea, glucosinolates, genetic control
INFLUENCE OF GENOTYPE, WATER AND N ON LEAF WATER RELATIONS IN NO-TILL WINTER WHEAT
Authors: ENTZ M. H. , FOWLER D. B.
Published: March 2010

Field studies were established at four locations in 1985 and 1986 to study the physiological responses of two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under different water and nitrogen regimes. Measurements of leaf water potential (ψ1), osmotic potential (π) and leaf conductance (g1) were made on individual leaves at regular intervals throughout the growing season. Values of ψ1 ranged from −1.0 to −4.5 MPa, indicating that winter wheat in Saskatchewan experiences moderate to extreme levels of water stress. Leaf ψ1 levels generally decreased as evaporative demand for water increased. Osmotic potential values ranged from −1.0 to −4.0 MPa while ψp (calculated as ψp = ψ1 − π) ranged from −0.4 to 0.9 MPa. Despite strong osmotic adjustment in response to stress, positive ψp was not always maintained. Additional water through limited irrigation increased both ψ1 and π but did not significantly affect ψp. Fertilizer N additions consistently decreased both ψ1, and π, and in some cases ψp levels. The tall cultivar Norstar displayed greater turgor maintenance than the semidwarf cultivar Norwin under both stress and nonstress conditions. Leaf conductance ranged from approximately 0.04 – 1.10 cm s−1 and was higher in irrigated plots. Fertilizer N additions often decreased g1 per unit area of leaf. On a leaf area basis, g1 for Norwin at high N levels was often greater than for Norstar. However, similar g1 vs. ψ1 responses for Norwin and Norstar indicated a similar stomatal response to increased water stress for these cultivars.Key words: Drought stress, nitrogen, leaf conductance, turgor potential
EFFECT OF TILT ON SEVERITY OF SPOT-TYPE NET BLOTCH, GRAIN YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN BARLEY
Authors: BERG C. G. J. VAN DEN , ROSSNAGEL B. G.
Published: March 2010

Spot-type net blotch, incited by Pyrenophora teres f. maculata has become widespread in Saskatchewan. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the fungicide Tilt (propiconazole) on the severity of spot-type net blotch, grain yield and yield components in spring barley. The susceptible cultivar Elrose was subjected to five schedules of foliar application of Tilt at Medstead, Shellbrook and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan in 1985 and 1986. The moderately susceptible cultivar Argyle was included in the experiments conducted in 1986. Results show that Tilt controlled spot-type net blotch in Elrose. However, the effective period was limited. A single application did not control spot-type net blotch in cases with rapid disease development. Application of Tilt at Zadoks growth stages 31 and 49 would be required to provide reliable control in a susceptible cultivar. Control of spot-type net blotch increased grain yield. A single application of Tilt increased grain yield up to 23% over the untreated control. In most cases, a double application of Tilt did not increase grain yield over a timely single application. Increased grain yield was associated with increased kernel weight. The correlation coefficient between grain yield and kernel weight ranged from 0.82 to 0.88. Tilt had no effect on a healthy crop of Elrose and the moderately susceptible cultivar Argyle.Key words: Pyrenophora teres f. maculata, Hordeum vulgare L., propiconazole, barley
MANIPULATING SEASONAL GROWTH DISTRIBUTION AND NUTRITIVE QUALITY OF TIMOTHY AND ORCHARDGRASS USING THE GROWTH REGULATOR IMAZETHAPYR
Authors: FALES S. L. , HOOVER R. J.
Published: March 2010

Other than timely defoliation, management options for cool-season grass forages are limited. The growth regulator, imazethapyr (5-ethyl-2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)nicotinic acid), was evaluated as an agent for modifying seasonal production and nutritive quality of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). In 1986, 1987, and 1988 field plots of Toro timothy and Pennlate orchardgrass were treated with imazethapyr (IM) at rates of 50 and 100 g a.i. ha−1, respectively. Three cutting treatments were imposed, involving a progressive delay of first harvest based on the growth stage of the controls. The 0 Delay, Delay 1, and Delay 2 harvests were made when controls were at early head, anthesis (13-d delay), and post-anthesis (26-d delay), respectively. At 0 Delay, imazethapyr treatment increased timothy in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) by as much as 80 g kg−1, crude protein (CP) by 27 g kg−1, and reduced neutral detergent fiber (NDF) by as much as 150 g kg−1 (3-yr average). Corresponding changes for orchard-grass were 50, 23, and 100 g kg−1, for IVDMD and CP augmentation and NDF reduction, respectively. Nutritive quality of treated Delay 1 forage was similar to that of 0 Delay controls, while that of Delay 2 forage declined substantially. Although first harvest yield was reduced approximately 50% by imazethapyr treatment, second harvests showed a treatment-related yield enhancement, resulting in similar seasonal production for both treated and control forage. Imazethapyr has potential as a management tool to defer timothy and orchardgrass hay harvest for up to 2 wk without incurring significant losses in yield or quality.Key words: Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense, forage production, forage quality, growth regultors
NEWMAN OAT
Authors: BURROWS VERNON D.
Published: March 2010

Newman oat (Avena sativa L.) is a daylength insensitive, spring-type cultivar suitable for the feed, food (milling) and mixed grain (oat and barley) industry in Ontario. Newman is very similar to its recurrent parent Donald and in addition, it possesses genes conferring resistance to prevalent races of crown rust and some prevalent races of stem rust.Key words: Avena sativa L., daylength insensitive, rust and smut resistance, cultivar description, oat
HPLC DETERMINATION OF LINURON RESIDUES IN ASPARAGUS FOLLOWING PRE- AND EARLY POSTEMERGENCE APPLICATIONS
Authors: CESSNA ALLAN J.
Published: March 2010

In a 2-yr study, residues of the herbicide linuron were determined by HPLC in asparagus which had been treated at two sites in British Columbia with both post- and preemergence applications at 1.1 and 2.2 kg ha−1. Maximum linuron residues detected in preemergence samples were in the order of 10 μg kg−1, whereas maximum residues in the postemergence samples were greater than 400 μg kg−1. Recoveries of linuron from fortified asparagus tissue were 92.2 ± 11.2% at the 10 μg kg−1 fortification level.Key words: Linuron, asparagus, preemergence application, residues, residue analysis
A COMPARISON OF METHODS TO RAISE ZINC CONCENTRATION OF APPLE LEAVES
Authors: NEILSEN G. H. , HOYT P. B.
Published: March 2010

Little residual increase in leaf Zn concentration was measured after spray application of ZnSO4 at silver tip or postharvest or after sprays of Zn50 or chelated Zn at tight cluster in a series of multi-year field experiments in three Delicious apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards. In contrast, Zn applied to the soil surface or within peat plugs inserted in the soil increased leaf Zn although sometimes to toxic concentrations in a different orchard comparing foliar- and soil-applied Zn.Key words: Apple, Zn deficiency, leaf Zn
PREDICTION OF SOIL TEMPERATURE FROM AIR TEMPERATURE FOR ESTIMATING CORN EMERGENCE
Authors: DWYER L. M. , HAYHOE H. N. , CULLEY J. L. B.
Published: March 2010

The soil thermal environment is critical to corn (Zea mays L.) emergence in short-season production areas. A field study was therefore carried out during the emergence period to test a method to predict 0.05-m soil temperatures from air temperatures and to develop a method to quantify emergence rates as a function of actual and predicted soil thermal units. Thermal units (base 10 °C) were calculated from hourly air and measured and predicted 0.05-m soil temperatures; these thermal units were fit to test emergence data collected on six cultivars. The nonlinear response of percentage emergence to thermal units was approximated by an exponential function. Comparisons of cultivar emergence rates, expressed as the number of thermal units to 0 and 75% emergence, statistically differentiated (P ≤ 0.05) the test cultivars into three main groupings. When predicted soil temperatures were used to calculate the number of thermal units, the thermal units to specific emergence levels were within the equivalent of 1 or 2 d of those generated using measured soil temperatures.Key words: Growing degree days, regression, thermal regimes, seed zone temperature, corn emergence
EFFECT OF SOIL WATER CONTENT ON THE WINTER SURVIVAL OF WINTER WHEAT, RYE AND TRITICALE
Authors: CLOUTIER YVES , COMEAU ANDRÉ , BERNIER-CARDOU MICHÈLE , ANGERS DENIS A.
Published: March 2010

A field study was conducted to determine the effect of soil moisture on the survival of three winter cereal species. Treatments were applied by watering and weighing the soil to the desired water content. Plants were overwintered in a plastic greenhouse in 1988 and in 1989, in which the air was not heated, but the soil was slightly heated on cold days to avoid very low temperatures. Soil temperature did not fall below −16 °C. Soil temperature rate of change was dependent on moisture content. Puma winter rye and Otrastajuskaja 38 winter wheat were the hardiest, followed by Wintri winter triticale and Norstar winter wheat. Harus winter wheat was less hardy, and Champlein winter wheat was totally winter killed. The highest survival rate was obtained at moderate to high soil moisture content. The soil contained 44% water at field capacity and 19% at the wilting point. The drier the soil in the range 13–23%, the greater the mortality indicating a negative effect of long-term drought on plant survival. By contrast, the wettest treatments: 58% and partial ice encasement, did not reduce survival. However, total ice encasement killed 50–75% of the plants depending on the cultivar. There was an interaction between cultivar and moisture treatment. The data suggest that a moisture level intermediate between the wilting point and field capacity should be sought in studies of cold hardiness.Key words: Moisture, winterkill, ice encasement, wheat, rye, triticale
AN EVALUATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING SUCCESS OF CONTROLLED CROSSES OF WILD RICE (Zizania palustris L.) IN THE GREENHOUSE
Authors: PAGE N. J. , STUCKER R. E.
Published: March 2010

The effects of pollen age, stigma age, and time of pollination were evaluated in wild rice (Zizania palustris L.) to develop a pollination procedure that would result in increased seed set in the greenhouse. Pollen age groups, ten stigma ages, and ten pollination times were investigated independently. Pollinations were done in the greenhouse during the months of November through April in 1986–1987 and 1987–1988. Percent seed set was used to assess the treatments. Pollen remained viable for only a short period of time. Maximum percent seed set was attained when pollen from anthers that had been extruded for less than 2 h was used in pollinations. Stigma receptivity remained consistent for 5 d then decreased rapidly. Time of pollination did not have an effect on percent seed set.Key words: Wild rice, pollination biology, pollen viability, stigma receptivity, seed set
SALINITY AND GERMINATION IN Agropyron desertorum ACCESSIONS
Authors: JOHNSON RICHARD C.
Published: March 2010

Salinity is an important factor limiting germination and emergence of crested wheat-grass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult.] on desert range sites. The objectives of this research were to examine germination characteristics of A. desertorum on saline media and to identify accessions with high salinity resistance at germination. Reductions in percent germination by NaCl solutions was relatively small between 0 and −0.6 MPa (92 to 85%), but more pronounced between −0.6 and −1.5 MPa (85 to 26%). Germination rate index (GRI) and maximum germination rate d−1 declined linearly from 0 to −1.5 MPa. Seventy-one accessions were evaluated for salt resistance in NaCl at −0.9 MPa. Accessions were identified with high relative germination (percent germination at −0.9 MPa divided by the distilled water controls) and high percent germination and GRI at −0.9 MPa. In most cases, accessions with high salt resistance, determined as high relative germination or percent germination at −0.9 MPa, were the same accessions with high relative GRI or GRI at −0.9 MPa. Maximum germination rate d−1 did not consistently identify salinity resistant accessions. Separation of high and low salt resistant accessions observed at 22 °C and −0.9 MPa for relative germination and GRI was also observed at −1.5 MPa, but not at −0.3 MPa. Separation of accessions with high and low salinity resistance was maintained at alternating daily temperatures of 15 °C (16 h)/25 °C (8 h), and at 12 °C constant temperature. In some cases, CaCl2 solutions at −0.9 MPa inhibited germination more than NaCl at −0.9 MPa. However, accessions showing differences in salt resistance on NaCl solutions showed the same qualitative separation on CaCl2 and in 1:1, NaCl:CaCl2 solutions. Accessions potentially useful for improving germination under saline conditions were identified and are available for field testing and further selection.Key words: Crested wheatgrass, plant stress resistance, salinity, salinity resistance
A COMPARISON OF STABILITY METHODS TO ASSESS ALFALFA POPULATIONS FOR PERFORMANCE FOLLOWING FREEZING STRESS
Authors: BOWLEY S. R. , McKERSIE B. D.
Published: March 2010

To develop cultivars with greater tolerance to environmental stresses, an accurate assessment and ranking of experimental strains for stress environments is essential. This study was conducted to compare the regression, genotype mean — CV grouping, and superiority measure approaches for rating 16 alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) populations for performance following freezing stress. Field-grown plants were excavated in November, subjected to a range of freezing stresses (−8 to −16 °C), and regrowth yield measured. Two plant ages (seeding year and first production) over 2-yr were assessed. The three stability analyses investigated did not give the same ranking of regrowth performance among the 16 alfalfa populations. The superiority index and mean–CV grouping techniques were better in detecting populations that performed well over the range of freezing stress compared with the regression method. The superiority index provided a continuous ranking index of entries which would be useful for selection applications; however, it has a potential bias towards more responsive entries in low stress environments. For selection purposes, the superiority index should be combined with a regression analysis.Key words: Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., freezing stress, genotype × environment interaction, stability assessment.
EFFETS À LONG TERME D’APPORTS DE FUMIER SOLIDE DE BOVINS SUR L’ÉVOLUTION DES CARACTERISTIQUES CHIMIQUES DU SOL ET DE LA PRODUCTION DE MAIS-ENSILAGE
Authors: N’DAYEGAMIYE ADRIEN
Published: March 2010

A long-term field experiment was initiated on a Neubois silty loam in 1978 in the county of Levis, Québec to study the changes in soil characteristics and silage corn yields following manure application. Solid beef cattle manure was incorporated without fertilizer every 2 yr in fall, at rates of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 t ha−1. Even when significant differences were observed between treatments low corn yields were obtained from 1978 to 1984. These low yields were related to the low N, P and K recoveries from applied manure. For the 20 t ha−1 application rate, N. P and K recoveries from manure in the first year were 28, 7 and 1396, respectively. N, P and K recovery decreased with manure application rates. Corn yields increased progressively, but they achieved their maximum value (10–12 t ha−1 DM) only in 1985 and after three manure applications. This was due to the important residual effect of manure. Highly significant increases in N (7–64%), P (80–300%) and K (37–158%) as well as other nutrients were associated with manure applications. Manure application also significantly increased soil pH, CEC and organic matter. Average yearly increases of organic matter content were 0.06% and 0.16% for 20 to 40 t ha−1, respectively, and varied from 0.20 to 0.30% for the highest application rates (60–100 t ha−1). These improvements of soil properties constitute the "indirect effect" of manure. This study showed that percent recovery of N, P and K from solid cattle manure was generally low. Thus, manure should be mainly considered as an organic amendment.Key words: Solid cattle manure, corn silage, percent recovery, pH, mineral nutrients, cation exchange capacity, organic matter
MINIATURE GROWTH CHAMBERS FOR THE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN VITRO
Authors: LAFORGE FRÉDÉRICK , DESJARDINS YVES , GRAHAM MICHAEL E. D. , GOSSELIN ANDRÉ
Published: March 2010

Miniature (65-L) growth chambers, designed and tested to study environmental conditions affecting in vitro culture, provide an accurate and inexpensive method to perform multifactorial experiments under these conditions. Temperature control was achieved by an electronic device combined with a heating cable and a heat exchanger (water to air). Two-dimensional temperature variations in the chamber were within 1 °C of the set point temperature. Nine chambers were placed under photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 80, 125 and 250 μmol m−2 s−1 and CO2 concentrations of 330, 1650 and 3000 μL L−1. Gas concentrations in both the chambers and the test tubes with in vitro cultures were monitored and fresh weight accumulation of raspberry (Rubus idaeus), strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) cultures were recorded during a growth experiment. Carbon dioxide accumulation in the culture tubes during the night and subsequent depletion during the day indicated CO2 fixation enhancement with CO2 enrichment, which was more pronounced after 4 wk of growth. Fresh weight accumulated significantly under high CO2 enrichment. Temperatures during the day were slightly higher in the test tubes (1 ± 0.3 °C) than in the chamber.Key words: Light intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide, tissue culture
EFFECTS OF HARVEST TIME AND ALAR-85 ON SEED YIELD OF RED CLOVER
Authors: CHRISTIE B. R. , CHOO T. M.
Published: March 2010

Effects of harvest time and the growth regulator Alar-85 on seed yield and seed-yield components of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were studied. Data were collected from the primary growth (first crop) and from the aftermath (second crop). The second crop outyielded the first crop in one year and yielded the same in another year. Alar-85 shortened corolla tubes in all four cultivars and reduced plant height in three cultivars. It increased seed yields of the second crop of Dollard and Hungaropoli by more than 100%, through increases in seed setting and the number of heads per m2.Key words: Red clover, Trifolium pratense L., seed yield, Alar-85, harvest time
DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF SELECTED SPECIES OF BRASSICACEAE TO DPX-A7881
Authors: BUCHANAN F. S. , SWANTON C. J. , GILLESPIE T. J.
Published: March 2010

Growth room studies were conducted to determine the level of susceptibility of selected crop and weed species of Brassicaceae to varying doses of DPX-A7881 [methyl 2 [(4-ethoxy-6-methylamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) = carbomylsulphanoyl] benzoate]. Selected cultivars of Brassica campestris L., B. juncea (L.) Cosson., B. napus (L.) and B. oleracea (L.) were found to be highly tolerant to DPX-A7881, regardless of herbicide dose or plant-growth stage. All other species tested were susceptible and were effectively controlled by 0.01 kg a.i. ha−1 of DPX-A7881.Key words: Brassicaceae, growth stage, susceptibility, DPX-A7881
FREEZING SURVIVAL AND SUPERCOOLING IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY BUDS OF Rubus spp.
Authors: WARMUND M. R. , GEORGE M. F.
Published: March 2010

Primary and secondary buds from 11 blackberry (Rubus subgen. Rubus) and 10 red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) cultivars were subjected to viability testing to determine their relative hardiness from November 1987 through March 1988. Of the blackberries tested, Darrow floral buds were found to be the most hardy throughout dormancy. Forty-five percent of primordia in Darrow primary buds survived −33 °C in January. Most blackberries had reproductive secondary buds that generally survived lower temperatures than the primary buds. Of the red raspberries tested, Canby and Chilliwack had good primary bud hardiness in January and March. Primary buds of red raspberries were usually injured at warmer temperatures than secondary buds. Differential thermal analysis experiments were conducted on primary and secondary buds of Dirksen and Shawnee blackberry and Nordic and Reveille red raspberry at each test date to determine their freezing characteristics. The low temperature exotherms detected in primary buds of each cultivar were correlated with freezing injury, but their number seldom corresponded to the number of differentiated floral primordia. Low temperature exotherms were also detected in some of secondary buds of Dirksen and Reveille which contained differentiated floral primordia.Key words: Blackberries, raspberries, cold hardiness, differential thermal
EFFICACY OF EARLY SELECTION FOR FIRE BLIGHT RESISTANCE AND THE ANALYSIS OF COMBINING ABILITY FOR FIRE BLIGHT RESISTANCE IN SEVERAL PEAR PROGENIES
Authors: QUAMME H. A. , KAPPEL F. , HALL J. W.
Published: March 2010

A set of progenies was tested for fire blight resistance by needle inoculation at 3 mo of age in the greenhouse and then 5 yr later in the orchard to determine if the measurements of fire blight resistance made in the greenhouse was correlated with those made in the field. The correlation of fire blight resistance at the two stages of growth was weak or absent on a single plant basis. This indicated a lack of precision in the greenhouse test but genetic gain based on the field measurements appeared to be possible if plants were selected in the greenhouse with less than 19% of blighted shoot length. In another set of progenies, the greenhouse test was observed to delay fruiting, but the delay was not greater than 1 yr. It is proposed that selection for fire blight be carried out at both stages of growth, in the greenhouse as single measurements on young plants and again in the field when repeated measurements can be made. Maximum likelihood estimates of the variance components determined on data that were transformed by arc sine of the square root and corrected for censoring more than 100% blighted shoot indicated a high general combining ability and a low specific combining ability for fire blight resistance. Genetic variance was, therefore, predominantly additive. Combining ability estimate indicated Kieffer was the superior female parent and HW 601 and Old Home were the superior male parents. If this sample of parents is representative, genetic advance for fire blight resistance should be obtained by selecting parents on the basis of phenotypic values.Key words: Pyrus, Erwinia amylovora, general combining ability, specific combining ability
HEIGHT CONTROL OF POT CHRYSANTHEMUMS WITH PRE- AND POST-PLANT TREATMENTS OF DAMINOZIDE AND UNICONAZOLE
Authors: HICKLENTON PETER R.
Published: March 2010

This study investigated the effects of growth retardants uniconazole [(E) - (p-chlorohenyl) -4, 4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol] and daminozide (butanedioic acid mono 2,2-dimethylhydrazide) on three chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.) cultivars. Uniconazole applied as a soil drench (0.02 mg a.i. pot−1) or foliar spray (0.014 mg a.i. pot−1) 10 d after removal of the shoot tip reduced plant height at harvest in cultivars Deep Luv, Tip and Tara. Higher doses of uniconazole resulted in further plant height reduction in Tip and Tara but not in Deep Luv. Daminozide spray (14 mg a.i. pot) and uniconazole spray (0.028 or 0.056 mg a.i. pot−1) produced plants of similar height. Pre-plant dips of both growth retardants were less effective than sprays or drenches in controlling height. Flower area and flower dry weight were reduced with uniconazole drench and spray, and daminozide spray in each cultivar. Shoot dry weight was similarly affected in Tip and Tara but not in Deep Luv. Flowering was delayed in each cultivar by post-plant treatments of uniconazole drench and spray and by daminozide spray (0.08, 0.014 and 14 mg a.i. pot−1, respectively), and by daminozide and uniconazole pre-plant dips (5.0 mg L−1 and 4000 mg L−1, respectively).Key words: Sumagic, XE-1019, B-Nine, Alar, Chrysanthemum × morifolium, Dendanthema grandiflora
TRANSFER OF A GENE FOR STEM RUST RESISTANCE FROM Aegilops caudata TO COMMON WHEAT
Authors: DYCK P. L. , KERBER E. R. , MARTENS J. W.
Published: March 2010

A gene for stem rust resistance from Aegilops caudata was successfully incorporated into the genome of common wheat using the chromosome 5B method to promote homoeologous pairing. Following the initial cross of Ae. caudata with a monosomic 5B hexaploid plant, F1 plants that were resistant in the seedling stage were subsequently backcrossed eight times to hexaploid wheat. The gene was highly effective at the seedling but not at the adult-plant stage. Stem-rust-resistant selections derived from similar crosses with Ae. triuncialis were shown to be either chromosome substitution or addition lines.Key words: Aegilops caudata, Triticum aestivum, stem rust resistance, interspecific transfer
NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE, TRANSLOCATION, AND UTILIZATION EFFICIENCY OF WHEAT IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT AND CULTIVAR YIELD AND PROTEIN LEVELS
Authors: CLARKE J. M. , CAMPBELL C. A. , CUTFORTH H. W. , DePAUW R. M. , WINKLEMAN G. E.
Published: March 2010

A field study was carried out in four environments to determine the effects of available water and cultivar on N and P uptake, translocation, and utilization efficiency of wheat (Triticum spp.) cultivars with varying grain yield potential and protein concentration. Two common wheat (T. aestivum L.) cultivars, Neepawa and HY320, and two durum (T. turgidum L. var. durum) cultivars, DT367 and Wakooma, were studied. HY320 and DT367 had higher grain yield potentials and lower protein concentrations than Neepawa and Wakooma. Total plant N and P uptake was proportional to available water, and was strongly associated with dry matter accumulation. From 67 to 102% of plant N and 64–100% of P present at harvest had been accumulated by anthesis. Postanthesis uptake of N and P was greater under moist than under dry environments. There were few cultivar differences in uptake of N or P, and any differences observed were related to variations in plant dry matter. Nitrogen harvest index ranged from 71 to 85% and P harvest index ranged from 81 to 93%. Both indices responded to environment in the same way as grain harvest index; there were no cultivar differences for either N or P harvest index. From 59 to 79% of N and 75 to 87% of P present in vegetative tissues at anthesis was translocated to the grain; translocation did not vary among cultivars. The efficiency of utilization of N and P in production of harvest biomass and grain was directly proportional to water availability and was greater in the high yield cultivars HY320 and DT367 than in Neepawa and Wakooma. There was no evidence that selection for N uptake, translocation, or utilization efficiency would be useful in wheat breeding.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., T. turgidum L. var. durum, nitrogen harvest index, phosphorus harvest index
EFFECTS OF Rhizobium INOCULUM CONCENTRATION STRAIN AND COMBINED NITROGEN ON GROWTH AND NODULATION OF A SUPERNODULATING COMMON BEAN AND ITS PARENT LINE
Authors: BUTTERY B. R. , PARK S. J. , BERNARD S. , STREIT W. , WERNER D.
Published: March 2010

Numbers of nodules formed on both the supernodulating common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) line R32-BS (BS) and its parent cultivar (OAC Rico) increased with Rhizobium inoculum concentration up to about 105 cells mL−1. As numbers of nodules increased, their average size decreased. Red nodules as a fraction of total nodules decreased with increasing numbers of nodules: a large proportion of nodules at the higher concentrations appeared to be non-functional. Acetylene reduction (AR) rates per plant did not differ between supernodulator and parent line. AR per gram total nodule fresh weight was greater in the parent line than in the supernodulator, but AR per gram red nodule weight was the same in the two lines. Combined nitrogen had its main effect in increasing plant weight, but had little effect on nodule characteristics. However, nodule weights/numbers per unit plant weight were decreased by combined nitrogen. OAC Rico and BS responded similarly to N. Rhizobium strain TAL182 produced fewer but more efficient nodules than Kim5s.Key words: Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli, Phaseolus vulgaris, supernodulation, nodule number, nodule senescence, inoculum concentration
EFFECT OF RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID ON COLD HARDINESS AND WINTERKILL OF OVERWINTERING WINTER WHEAT
Authors: THOMAS J. B. , BUTTS R. A.
Published: March 2010

Russian wheat aphid (RWA) (Diruaphis noxia (Mordvilko)) is a new and cold-hardy pest of temperate cereals in western Canada. In view of the risk of fall infestation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.), this study was made to establish whether feeding by RWA can interfere with cold hardening and plant survival of overwintering winter wheat. Feeding by RWA significantly increased the LT50 of field-hardened Norstar winter wheat by + 2 to + 4 °C. Application of 400 g (a.i.) ha−1 of the insecticide chlorpyrifos in mid-October to control severe RWA infestations in two different fields of Norstar winter wheat significantly improved winter survival of the crop. The pattern of winterkill within the two fields suggested that this protective effect of chlorpyrifos was greatest in areas where microtopography resulted in the least accumulations of snow and cold stress was most intense. It was concluded that heavy RWA infestation in the fall significantly reduced freezing tolerance of winter wheat and increased the likelihood of winterkilling of the crop by severe cold.Key words: Winter survival, cold hardening, Diuraphis noxia, insecticide, chlorpyrifos, Triticum aestivum, crop damage
INFLUENCE DES CULTIVARS ET DES STADES DE PRÉLÈVEMENT DE LA PREMIÈRE POUSSE SUR LA PRODUCTION DE SEMENCE DE TRÈFLE ROUGE
Authors: BELZILE LUCIUS
Published: March 2010

For five years, the effect of cultivars and vegetative stage of cutting were measured on red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seed production. The first group of cultivars included Hungaropoli, Ottawa and Lakeland harvested in 1981 and 1982. The second group included Arlington, Florex and Prosper I harvested in 1984, 1985 and 1987. The total annual seed yield differed within cultivars and the highest seed yield was obtained with Hungaropoly and Florex. In the first cultivar group, the tetraploid Hungaropoly obtained a kernel weight higher than the diploids Lakeland and Ottawa. In the second group of cultivars, all diploids, Arlington yielded the highest kernel weight. The percentage of seed germination of Hungaropoly was higher than Lakeland and Ottawa while for Florex it was slightly higher than Arlington and Prosper I. A prior vegetative cutting is essential for good seed yield. In the absence of vegetative cutting seed weight seemed improved. The stage of development at which vegetative cutting is done has little influence on percentage seed germination. These results have shown that despite the strong effect of climatic conditions on seed production, the choice of the optimum stage for vegetative cutting and a well adapted cultivar are important aspects in successful seed production.Key words: Red clover, seed production, cultivar, stage of cutting
LOW-TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE OF SWITCHGRASS (Panicum virgatum L.)
Authors: HOPE H. J. , McELROY A.
Published: March 2010

Dry matter production from temperate pasture species is typically very low during midsummer. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is being investigated as an alternative pasture species to overcome this problem. We studied two populations over 3 yr to determine if they had sufficient cold tolerance to be used in these areas. Populations selected from cv. Pathfinder were grown in plots at Ottawa and sampled from September to late November in 1985–1987. Each fall, samples were dug at intervals of 2 or 4 wk, the tops and roots trimmed back, then placed in plastic bags in a programmed freezer to determine the temperature at which 50% of the plants were killed (LT50). Percent crown moisture was also measured in the falls of 1985 and 1986. Prior to the onset of cold hardening in September, the two switchgrass populations had LT50 values of −4 °C. Slow cold-hardening occurred to the end of September, followed by a very rapid increase in cold tolerance to −18 °C at the end of October. During November, the rate of hardening decreased and cold tolerance came to a plateau of −19 to −22 °C by the end of the month. The same range has been reported for winter hardy cultivars of timothy and alfalfa. Crown moisture decreased to a plateau several weeks before LT50 values indicating that moisture is of questionable use as an indicator of cold tolerance in switchgrass. Good cold tolerance in switchgrass combined with superior survival during the severe winter of 1982/1983 and vigorous regrowth from overwintering rhizomes lead us to believe that winter hardy cultivars for central and eastern Ontario could be selected from this material.Key words: Switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L., low temperature tolerance, winter survival, forage plant
EFFECT OF SWATHING AND MOISTURE CONTENT ON SEED PROPERTIES OF LAIRD LENTIL
Authors: TANG JUMING , SOKHANSANJ SHAHAB , SOSULSKI F W. , SLINKARD A. E.
Published: March 2010

The influence of harvest date and time in the swath on seed moisture content, physical characteristics and cooking quality of lentil was detemined over a 22-d harvest period in August 1988. Swathing effectively reduced seed moisture content from nearly 60 to 14% in 10 d except under conditions of prolonged rainfall. Reductions in moisture content resulted in increased bulk density along with proportional decreases in seed mass. Susceptibility to seed breakage also increased with decrease in moisture content, especially at seed moisture levels below 15% or when the experiment was conducted at −25 °C. Harvest date and seed moisture content had no apparent effect on cooking quality or kernel density.Key words: Lentil, harvesting, swathing, cooking quality, breakage susceptibility, bulk density, kernel density
JAMES AND ARTHUR, TWO CULTIVARS OF DAHURIAN WILD RYEGRASS
Authors: LAWRENCE T. , JEFFERSON P. G. , RATZLAFF C. D.
Published: March 2010

James and Arthur are the first two cultivars of Dahurian wild ryegrass registered for sale in Canada. The main attributes of James and Arthur are excellent establishment vigor, high establishment-year dry matter yield and high seed yield in subsequent years. Organic matter digestibility of both cultivars is similar to that of other wild ryegrass species but the crude protein content of first-harvest forage declines more rapidly than for Altai wild ryegrass. Stands persist two to three years in southwestern Saskatchewan. This short-lived perennial with high seedling vigor is well adapted for seeding in mixtures with long-lived, low seedling vigor grass species for improving the early productivity of pastures.Key words: Elymus dahuricus, cultivar description, dry matter yield, seed yield, forage quality, seedling vigor
DEFOLIATION EFFECTS ON BIOMASS YIELD COMPONENTS OF WINTER WHEAT
Authors: SHARROW S. H.
Published: March 2010

Short duration, high intensity grazing is often used to maximize production of grazed forage crops. Relatively little information is currently available for this practice on dual purpose cereal crops such as wheat. Components of soft white winter wheat biomass yield were studied during the 1979 and 1980 crop years near Corvallis, Oregon. Treatments were a factorial arrangement of two defoliation times (mid-April and mid-May) and three defoliation intensities (undefoliated and clipped to either an 8-cm or 4-cm stubble). All defoliation regimes reduced grain yields compared to undefoliated controls. However, biomass yields of 8-cm vs. 4-cm treatments were similar within defoliation dates. Grain yields primarily reflected the most recent defoliation event, suggesting that plant phenological stage and/or the length of the regrowth period following defoliation was more important than the intensity of the defoliation event in determining plant yield.Key words: Short duration grazing, grazing wheat
THE EFFECT OF YEAR, PLANTING DATE, MULCHES AND TUNNELS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF FIELD CUCUMBERS IN SOUTHERN QUEBEC
Authors: ARGALL J. F. , STEWART K. A.
Published: March 2010

In 1986 and 1987, five mulch/tunnel treatments (bare soil (BS), black mulch (BM), transparent mulch (TM), black mulch/perforated transparent tunnel (BMT), and transparent mulch/perforated transparent tunnel (TMT)) were factorially combined with three planting dates representing very early (10 May), early (21 May) and normal (3 June) dates for Southern Québec. Following a late frost after the first two planting dates of 1986, all treatment combinations resulted in significant improvements in survival rates over BS plants. Only the TMT treatment proved justifiable for the earliest planting date across both years, though there were no significant differences between TMT and BMT treatments under milder growing conditions. Tunnel treatments proved superior to their mulch-only counterparts for earlier plantings and/or the cooler season (1986). TM resulted in superior yields over BM for all planting dates in 1986, and for no planting dates in the warmer season. TM generally resulted in yields superior to that of BS. BM treatments rarely improved early yields over BS, though total yields were improved in 1986.Key words: Cucumber, planting date, mulch, tunnels
MANGANESE NUTRITION OF CEREALS AND FORAGES GROWN IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Authors: GUPTA UMESH C.
Published: March 2010

Field experiments were conducted in Prince Edward Island to determine the effects of MnSO4 H2O applied as a foliar spray and to the soil and the effects of chelated Mn applied as a foliar spray and limestone applications on Mn concentration and yields of alfalfa (Medicago sativa, L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.). The Mn concentration in forages and cereal grain was not affected by method of application. Soil-applied Mn at 5 and 10 kg ha−1 was generally ineffective in increasing tissue Mn concentration. The second cut of alfalfa and timothy contained more Mn than the first cut. Yields of forages and cereals were not affected by Mn applications. Manganese concentrations as low as 29–31 μg g−1 in forages and 22 μg g−1 in cereals were not related to Mn deficiency. In spite of some foliage burning at the 2 kg Mn ha−1 foliar application, no yield reductions were found on any of the crops investigated. Applications of limestone to raise soil pH to 6.6–6.9 decreased tissue Mn in forages and cereal grain. The sharpest decreases occurred in timothy and alfalfa but did not result in low enough tissue Mn to cause Mn deficiency. Key words: Tissue Mn, soil-applied Mn, foliar-applied Mn, soil pH
RELEASE OF AVAILABLE SULFUR FROM FERTILIZERS
Authors: JANZEN H. H. , BETTANY J. R.
Published: March 2010

The rate of release of plant-available sulfur (S) from two soluble sources (thiosulfate, and sulfate) and four elemental S forms (S powder, S-coated urea, S suspension, and S-impregnated urea) was determined in a growth chamber study, using five successive harvests of rapeseed as the test crop. The soluble S sources were plant-available shortly after application. Thiosulfate was rapidly oxidized, and was comparable to sulfate in its short-term release pattern. The elemental S forms, however, showed widely different rates of release, apparently related to the initial particle size of the product and the dispersion of the particles within the soil. Finely-divided S suspension was rapidly oxidized, and the product was completely converted to sulfate by the third harvest. Relatively coarse S powder was oxidized more slowly and in some cases was not completely converted to sulfate even after 124 days. S-impregnated urea, which yields a pocket of finely divided S particles upon urea dissolution, showed negligible initial oxidation but rapid oxidation after the soil was mixed. S-coated urea produced minimal amounts of sulfate over the five harvests and could not be considered a viable fertilizer S source. Key words: Sodium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, S-coated urea, S-impregnated urea, S oxidation, elemental S
EFFECTIVENESS OF ZINC FERTILIZER SOURCES ON NUTRITION OF BEANS
Authors: SINGH J. P. , STEWART J. W. B. , KARAMANOS R. E. , LEWIS N. G.
Published: March 2010

The relative effectiveness of Zn-sulphate (ZnS), Zn-EDTA (ZnE), low-yield ammonium-based lignosulphonate (ZnLY) and high-yield sodium-based lignosulphonate (ZnHY) for bean production was tested in growth chamber and incubation experiments. ZnS and ZnLY were more effective than ZnE and ZnHY in correcting Zn deficiency of bean plants. While biomass production was best with ZnS, ZnLY was more effective in increasing Zn-content in the foliage and in the formation of strong chelates in the soil. Key words: Zn-sulfate, Zn-EDTA, lignosulphonate, spent sulphite liquor, sulphite pulping
UPTAKE OF 15N-LABELLED UREA AND 32P-LABELLED PHOSPHATE FROM ACID-BASED UREA PHOSPHATE AND GRANULAR FERTILIZERS
Authors: BOLE J. B.
Published: March 2010

The availability of nitrogen and phosphorus in fertilizer products labelled with both 32P and 15N was measured in a growth chamber experiment. The uptake of N and P by soft white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from a solution of acid urea phosphate fertilizer did not differ significantly from that of a mixture of granular urea and monammonium phosphate fertilizer. The fertilizer-P uptake efficiency of both sources was higher in a neutral soil than in acid or calcareous soils. Banding either fertilizer increased the uptake of fertilizer P compared with sources mixed with the soil, but did not significantly affect fertilizer-N uptake. The increase in fertilizer-P efficiency due to banding was significantly greater for the urea-monammonium phosphate than for the acid urea phosphate solution. Banding fertilizer did not increase the uptake of fertilizer P in the calcareous soil, and decreased the uptake of fertilizer N in that soil compared with mixed treatments. It is suggested that soluble Ca formed from the reaction of acid with naturally occurring lime may have reduced the availability of fertilizer P in the band. Key words: Acid fertilizers, monoammonium phosphate, nitrogen, phosphorus, urea phosphate
COMPARISON OF SINGLE LARGE BROADCAST AND SMALL ANNUAL SEED-PLACED PHOSPHORUS TREATMENTS ON YIELD AND PHOSPHORUS AND ZINC CONTENTS OF WHEAT ON CHERNOZEMIC SOILS
Authors: WAGAR B. I. , STEWART J. W. B. , HENRY J. L.
Published: March 2010

Yield and P and Zn contents of wheat from plots on a Dark Brown Chernozemic clay soil which received single broadcast P applications and annual seed-placed P applications were compared in a 6-yr study. Broadcast P applications of 20, 40, 80 and 160 kg P ha−1 increased the average yield by 9, 24, 33 and 35%, respectively. Yearly seed-placed P treatments of 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 kg P ha−1 applied over the first 5 yr of the study increased the average yield by 10, 15, 24 and 29%, respectively. The broadcast application of 40 kg P ha−1 increased yields over 5 yr and had an average yield and P uptake similar to that of the annual seed-placed applications of 10 and 20 kg P ha−1. Broadcasting 80 and 160 kg P ha−1 increased yields over 6 yr. Soil levels of extractable NaHCO3-Pi indicated future increases may occur. Yields from plots receiving consecutive seed-placed P treatments significantly benefited from the P residues of previous seed-placed applications. Plant zinc concentration was significantly reduced by the broadcast application of 160 kg P ha−1 and the seed-placed application of 20 kg P ha−1. Key words: Broadcast P, seed-placed P, residual P, P-Zn interaction
MANIPULATION OF BACTERIA, FUNGI AND PROTOZOA BY BIOCIDES IN LODGEPOLE PINE FOREST SOIL MICROCOSMS: EFFECTS ON ORGANISM INTERACTIONS AND NITROGEN MINERALIZATION
Authors: INGHAM E. R. , CAMBARDELLA C. , COLEMAN D. C.
Published: March 2010

Biocides were applied singly and in combination to determine their effect on target and nontarget microorganisms in mineral soil from a lodgepole pine forest and to determine microbial interaction effects on N mineralization. Soil was sterilized and reinoculated with field populations of bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Streptomycin (a bactericide), fungizone (a saprophytic fungicide), chloroform (reduces protozoa and a portion of the bacteria and fungi), a combination of cygon (an acaricide), carbofuran (an insecticide-nematicide) and chloroform and a combination of streptomycin and fungizone were used. Reduction of bacteria produced the same decreases in N immobilization and increases in soil inorganic N in forest soil as observed previously in grassland soil. Further, reduction of fungi decreased N mineralization. Chloroform reduced protozoa to below detection limits, reduced bacterial populations 2- to 10-fold, but only reduced fungal populations by twofold. Despite reductions in both bacteria and fungi, NH+4-N increased similarly to streptomycin treatments where only bacteria were reduced. When fungal populations increased after a reduction in bacterial populations, inorganic N concentrations increased. However, when fungal populations were reduced, bacterial populations did not increase, suggesting that bacteria do not compete with fungi for substrates. Key words: Microbial ecology, N mineralization, streptomycin, amphotericin B, chloroform, pesticide effects, lodgepole pine soil