bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Considerations for the Uptake Characteristic of Inorganic Nanoparticles into Mammalian Cells—Insights Gained by TEM Investigations
Authors: Reifarth Martin , Schubert Ulrich S. , Hoeppener Stephanie
Published: June 2018

The internalization of nanoparticles into mammalian cells relies on a complex interplay of several parameters, which enable and dictate uptake and fate of nanoparticles in the cellular system. Due to the complexity of the involved processes, a careful experimental design has to be developed to elucidate peculiarities of the uptake processes of new nanoparticle systems into cells. Individual parameters can be hardly considered alone but have to be carefully evaluated, as striking alterations of the particle internalization and fate might be induced. In this review, essential parameters are summarized and illustrative examples are presented demonstrating the consequences of the different parameters. Special focus is placed in this context on studies, which utilize transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to elucidate the particles’ impact on the cells and to verify the nanoparticle uptake, localization as well as their effect on the cellular environment. Even though TEM is only one representative of a large number of very valuable investigation tools, the exceptional value, in particular, in view of the high resolution capabilities of TEM investigations is demonstrated by the chosen examples.
Intracellular Self‐Assembly of Nanoprobes for Molecular Imaging
Authors: Hai Zijuan , Liang Gaolin
Published: June 2018

Molecular imaging can be roughly defined as the characterization and measurement of biological processes at the molecular and cellular level. Nanoprobes (NPs) are advantageous over small molecular probes for molecular imaging in the amount of signaling molecule as well as signal intensity. Compared with ex situ self‐assembling strategies for NP fabrication, those intracellular intelligent self‐assembling strategies that use small molecules to prepare NPs in situ with amplified signals and longer retention time are more efficient and attractive. This review summarizes recent advances of intracellular self‐assembly of NPs for molecular imaging in five modalities (magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, radionuclide imaging, optical imaging, and photoacoustic imaging). Moreover, using intracellular self‐assembly strategies to fabricate NPs in situ for multimodality imaging in the future is outlooked in this review.
Low Amplified Spontaneous Emission Threshold from Organic Dyes Based on Bis‐stilbene
Authors: Mamada Masashi , Fukunaga Toshiya , Bencheikh Fatima , Sandanayaka Atula S. D. , Adachi Chihaya
Published: June 2018

Advanced organic laser dyes exhibiting high solubility and bipolar behavior are developed based on a structure combining bis‐stilbene with carbazole (BSBCz). The materials show high photoluminescence quantum yields and large radiative rate constants in solutions, crystals, and blend and neat films. The introduction of alkyl groups significantly improves the solubility of BSBCz, and solution‐processed films of the alkyl‐substituted derivatives exhibit amplified spontaneous emission thresholds as low as 0.59 µJ cm−2, which is comparable to those of vacuum‐deposited BSBCz films. On the other hand, cyano‐substitution on BSBCz (BSBCz‐CN) increases electron‐accepting properties, resulting in a bathochromic shift of the emission wavelength and improved bipolar behavior. In a BSBCz‐CN‐doped film, a low ASE threshold of 0.63 µJ cm−2 is achieved, which is one of the lowest values for organic laser dyes with green emission. In addition, organic light‐emitting diodes based on BSBCz‐CN neat films exhibit external quantum efficiencies of 1.8% and could withstand injection of high current densities of up to 500 A cm−2 under pulse operation. These properties along with low excited‐state absorption cross sections make these materials an outstanding addition to the existing library of organic laser dyes, especially for consideration in electrically pumped lasers.
Efficient Near‐Infrared Emission by Adjusting the Guest–Host Interactions in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Hu Yun , Yuan Yi , Shi Ying‐Li , Li Dan , Jiang Zuo‐Quan , Liao Liang‐Sheng
Published: June 2018

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials can effectively achieve high efficiency by harvesting singlet and triplet excitons in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, the choice of host material has a huge impact on the efficiency of the device, especially for the near‐infrared (NIR) luminescent material. In this contribution, a series of host materials are used to match the thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter, 3,4‐bis(4‐(diphenylamino)phenyl)acenaphtho[1,2‐b]pyrazine‐8,9‐dicarbonitrile (APDC‐DTPA), for fabricating NIR OLEDs. All the host materials have the higher triplet energy than that of APDC‐DTPA. As the organometallic compound of Zn(BTZ)2 has relatively stronger dipole moment, the electroluminescence spectral peak of doped device shows strong bathochromic shift exceeding 700 nm and changes with doping concentration. Finally, the extremely high external quantum efficiency of 7.8% (with 10 wt% of doping concentration) and 5.1% (with 20 wt% of doping concentration) are achieved with the emission peaks of 710 and 728 nm, respectively, which are superior to that of the device based on the other host materials. The approach is feasible to achieve bathochromic shift and highly efficient fluorescent OLEDs.
Bioinspired Hierarchical Porous Structures for Engineering Advanced Functional Inorganic Materials
Authors: Diab Mahmud , Mokari Taleb
Published: June 2018

Tremendous efforts have been directed at designing functional and well‐defined 3D structures in recent decades. Many approaches have been devised and are currently used to create 3D structures, including lithography, 3D printing, assembly, and template‐mediated (natural or synthetic) methods. Natural scaffolds offer some unique traits, as compared to their artificial counterparts, presenting highly ordered, porous, identical, abundant, and diverse structures. Various organisms, such as viruses, bacteria, diatoms, foraminifera, and others, are used as templates to form 3D structures. Herein, advancements made in using the shell of marine microorganisms, diatoms, and foraminifera, as scaffolds for designing functional 3D structures are reported. Furthermore, a succinct overview of various synthetic methods used to coat these scaffolds with inorganic materials (i.e., metals, metal oxides, and metal sulfides) is provided. Finally, the use of such fabricated functional 3D structures in a wide range of applications, such as catalysis, sensing, drug delivery, photo‐electrochemical uses, batteries, and others, is considered.
Creating Multiple Parallel Internal Phase Junctions on ZnS Nanoparticles as Highly Active Catalytic Sites
Authors: Liu Wei , Ha Enna , Wang Luyang , Hu Liangsheng , Lee Lawrence Yoon Suk , Wong Kwok‐Yin
Published: June 2018

Semiconductors based on earth‐abundant elements such as ZnS are economic materials for energy conversion but are often limited by their light absorption property and fast charge recombination. Herein, a solvothermal preparation of ZnS nanocrystals with multiple internal phase junctions (MIPs) of alternating wurtzite and sphalerite phases, which exhibit dramatically enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) rate (6.9 mmol g−1 h−1) under simulated sunlight is reported. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates zinc atoms of different electronic environments on the surface of ZnS. The MIP‐rich ZnS has substantially lower overpotential for electrocatalytic HER, probably due to the synergistic effect of easier H+ adsorption and enhanced H2 desorption on the active sites. This work paves a new route of reforming nanomaterials to acquire intrinsically enhanced catalytic properties for energy conversion applications.
Coercivity Modulation in Fe–Cu Pseudo‐Ordered Porous Thin Films Controlled by an Applied Voltage: A Sustainable, Energy‐Efficient Approach to Magnetoelectrically Driven Materials
Authors: Dislaki Evangelia , Robbennolt Shauna , Campoy‐Quiles Mariano , Nogués Josep , Pellicer Eva , Sort Jordi
Published: June 2018

Fe–Cu films with pseudo‐ordered, hierarchical porosity are prepared by a simple, two‐step procedure that combines colloidal templating (using sub‐micrometer‐sized polystyrene spheres) with electrodeposition. The porosity degree of these films, estimated by ellipsometry measurements, is as high as 65%. The resulting magnetic properties can be controlled at room temperature using an applied electric field generated through an electric double layer in an anhydrous electrolyte. This material shows a remarkable 25% voltage‐driven coercivity reduction upon application of negative voltages, with excellent reversibility when a positive voltage is applied, and a short recovery time. The pronounced reduction of coercivity is mainly ascribed to electrostatic charge accumulation at the surface of the porous alloy, which occurs over a large fraction of the electrodeposited material due to its high surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio. The emergence of a hierarchical porosity is found to be crucial because it promotes the infiltration of the electrolyte into the structure of the film. The observed effects make this material a promising candidate to boost energy efficiency in magnetoelectrically actuated devices.
Methodologies toward Efficient and Stable Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite‐Based Solar Cells
Authors: Nam Jae Keun , Chun Do Hyung , Rhee Ryan Joon Kyu , Lee Jung Hwan , Park Jong Hyeok
Published: June 2018

In an attempt to replace thermally vulnerable organic perovskites, considerable research effort has recently been focused on the development of all‐inorganic perovskites in the field of photovoltaics. The preceding studies demonstrated that cesium lead halide perovskites are promising candidates for thermally stable and efficient solar cell materials. Here, the recent progress in cesium lead halide perovskite‐based solar cells is summarized. Whether organic cations are essential for the superiority of halide perovskites is controversial. However, more than 13% efficient solar cells have been successfully fabricated by employing cesium lead halide perovskites in a short amount of time. The state‐of‐the‐art materials engineering techniques will help to achieve a remarkable photovoltaic performance comparable to that of organic perovskites. In addition, improved understanding of the intrinsic photophysical behaviors will provide new insights that will facilitate further improvements in solar cell applications.
Bridging the gap between rodents and humans: The role of non‐human primates in oxytocin research
Authors: Putnam Philip T. , Young Larry J. , Gothard Katalin M.
Published: June 2018

Oxytocin (OT), a neuropeptide that acts in the brain as a neuromodulator, has been long known to shape maternal physiology and behavior in mammals, however its role in regulating social cognition and behavior in primates has come to the forefront only in the recent decade. Many of the current perspectives on the role of OT in modulating social behavior emerged first from studies in rodents, where invasive techniques with a high degree of precision have permitted the mechanistic dissection of OT‐related behaviors, as well as their underlying neural circuits in exquisite detail. In parallel, behavioral and imaging studies in humans have suggested that brain OT may similarly influence human social behavior and neural activity. These studies in rodents and humans have spurred interest in the therapeutic potential of targeting the OT system to remedy deficits in social cognition and behavior that are present across numerous psychiatric disorders. Yet there remains a tremendous gap in our mechanistic understanding of the influence of brain OT on social neural circuitry between rodents and man. In fact, very little is known regarding the neural mechanisms by which exogenous or endogenous OT influences human social cognition, limiting its therapeutic potential. Here we discuss how non‐human primates (NHPs) are uniquely positioned to now bridge the gaps in knowledge provided by the precise circuit‐level approaches widely used in rodent models and the behavioral, imaging, and clinical studies in humans. This review provides a perspective on what has been achieved, and what can be expected from exploring the role of OT in shaping social behaviors in NHPs in the coming years.
Ground‐State Structure of the Proton‐Bound Formate Dimer by Cold‐Ion Infrared Action Spectroscopy
Authors: Thomas Daniel A. , Marianski Mateusz , Mucha Eike , Meijer Gerard , Johnson Mark A. , von Helden Gert
Published: June 2018

The proton‐bound dicarboxylate motif, RCOO−⋅H+⋅−OOCR, is a prevalent chemical configuration found in many condensed‐phase systems. The proton‐bound formate dimer HCOO−⋅H+⋅−OOCH was studied utilizing cold‐ion IR action spectroscopy in the range 400–1800 cm−1. The spectrum obtained at ca. 0.4 K of ions captured in He nanodroplets was compared to that measured at ca. 10 K by photodissociation of Ar‐ion complexes. Similar band patterns are obtained by the two techniques that are consistent with calculations for a C2 symmetry structure with a proton shared equally between the two formate moieties. Isotopic substitution experiments point to the nominal parallel stretch of the bridging proton appearing as a sharp, dominant feature near 600 cm−1. Multidimensional anharmonic calculations reveal that the bridging proton motion is strongly coupled to the flanking −COO− framework, an effect that is in line with the expected change in −C=O bond rehybridization upon protonation.
Outstanding Methane Oxidation Performance of Palladium‐Embedded Ceria Catalysts Prepared by a One‐Step Dry Ball‐Milling Method
Authors: Danielis Maila , Colussi Sara , de Leitenburg Carla , Soler Lluís , Llorca Jordi , Trovarelli Alessandro
Published: June 2018

By carefully mixing Pd metal nanoparticles with CeO2 polycrystalline powder under dry conditions, an unpredicted arrangement of the Pd‐O‐Ce interface is obtained in which an amorphous shell containing palladium species dissolved in ceria is covering a core of CeO2 particles. The robust contact that is generated at the nanoscale, along with mechanical forces generated during mixing, promotes the redox exchange between Pd and CeO2 and creates highly reactive and stable sites constituted by PdOx embedded into CeO2 surface layers. This specific arrangement outperforms conventional Pd/CeO2 reference catalysts in methane oxidation by lowering light‐off temperature by more than 50°C and boosting the reaction rate. The origin of the outstanding activity is traced to the structural properties of the interface, modified at the nanoscale by mechanochemical interaction.
An In Situ Depot for Continuous Evolution of Gaseous H2 Mediated by a Magnesium Passivation/Activation Cycle for Treating Osteoarthritis
Authors: Wan Wei‐Lin , Lin Yu‐Jung , Shih Po‐Chien , Bow Yu‐Ru , Cui Qinghua , Chang Yen , Chia Wei‐Tso , Sung Hsing‐Wen
Published: June 2018

Inflammation is involved in many human pathologies, including osteoarthritis (OA). Hydrogen (H2) is known to have anti‐inflammatory effects; however, the bioavailability of directly administered H2 gas is typically poor. Herein, a local delivery system that can provide a high therapeutic concentration of gaseous H2 at inflamed tissues is proposed. The delivery system comprises poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) microparticles that contain magnesium powder (Mg@PLGA MPs). Mg@PLGA MPs that are intra‐muscularly injected close to the OA knee in a mouse model can act as an in situ depot that can evolve gaseous H2 continuously, mediated by the cycle of passivation/activation of Mg in body fluids, at a concentration that exceeds its therapeutic threshold. The analytical data that are obtained in the biochemical and histological studies indicate that the proposed Mg@PLGA MPs can effectively mitigate tissue inflammation and prevent cartilage from destruction, arresting the progression of OA changes.
Recognition – The First Step to More Human Relationships
Authors: Alderdice Lord John
Published: June 2018

In this paper I draw on my working experience in Northern Ireland and elsewhere, and reflect on how relationships between communities of people who are different, whether by color or from culture, often demonstrate deep difficulties as a result of longstanding, painful traumas. Humiliation, disrespect and unfair treatment of a community can be key factors in causing conflict and violence. I believe the way forward is to recognize each other as communities of real human beings who have their own thoughts, feelings, culture, background and hopes for the future. Then, there needs to be a progression toward respecting each other as individual human beings and as communities. Respect can then be entrenched in rights, and so violence and trauma can be reduced. The fundamental aim however is to create new and better relationships, not merely to put new legal commitments and regulations in place.
Facilitating Recognition: Listening to You, Dreaming Together
Authors: Keogh Timothy
Published: June 2018

The paper proposes the value of a number of psychoanalytic concepts in the understanding of the intra‐psychic, interpersonal and transpersonal processes that are involved in recognition. It is argued that there is an urgent need for such understandings, given the current “disadvantage gap indices.” The importance of dreaming (as a manifestation of what Bion calls “alpha functioning”), in the form of collaborative partnerships which can facilitate recognition, is highlighted. The value of an adaptation of Fairbairn's Endopsychic Model as a means of understanding tensions that may develop in such partnerships is also considered, as is Bion's concept of the “container‐contained”. This latter concept is also proposed as a useful psychoanalytic lens through which to understand how a colonial invasion destroyed a vital container‐contained relationship for Aboriginal people and the traumatizing effect this had on individuals and communities. The paper concludes by suggesting how partnering initiatives, especially those which involve psychoanalytic understanding, might make a modest contribution to the aims of recognition and their over‐arching goal of uniting our nation and bringing all Australians together on an equal footing.
Großversuche zur Querkrafttragfähigkeit bestehender Spannbetonbrücken an der Saalebrücke Hammelburg
Authors: Gehrlein Sebastian , Landler Josef , Oberndorfer Thomas , Fischer Oliver
Published: June 2018

Aufgrund des zunehmenden Alters des Brückenbestands, steigender Verkehrslasten und veränderter normativer Grundlagen und Bemessungsvorschriften ist die Querkrafttragfähigkeit bestehender Spannbetonbrücken mit geringer Querkraftbewehrung seit Längerem Gegenstand verschiedener Forschungen. Der Lehrstuhl für Massivbau der Technischen Universität München (TUM) konnte im Rahmen eines vom Bundesministerium für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur (BMVI) geförderten Forschungsvorhabens im Jahr 2017 einzigartige In‐situ‐Querkraftversuche an der 1955 erbauten Saalebrücke Hammelburg durchführen. Speziell bei den vor 1966 erbauten Betonbrücken treten bei systematischen Nachrechnungen hinsichtlich der Querkrafttragfähigkeit in Längsrichtung meist massive rechnerische Defizite auf, die oftmals am realen Bauwerk nicht bestätigt werden können. Ziel dieser zerstörenden Untersuchungen an der zum Rückbau vorgesehenen Brücke war es deshalb, das Verhalten von realen Spannbetonbrücken unter Querkraftbeanspruchungen zu untersuchen, um einen Beitrag zu einer wirklichkeitsnäheren Bemessung von älteren Bestandsbrücken zu liefern. In diesem Beitrag werden die Konzeption und Durchführung der Versuche sowie das Bestandsbauwerk und die verwendete Messtechnik beschrieben, in dem folgenden Teil 2 zu diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse der Versuche diskutiert und bewertet.
Network simulation tools and spectral graph theory in teaching computer network
Authors: Jovanović Nenad , Zakić Aleksandar
Published: June 2018

In this work, we described software surrounding's for protocol analysis and learning about computer networks by using spectral graph theory. Software surrounding's consists of the computer network simulators and software surrounding‘s for spectral graph analysis which allows students get to know Internetworking technologies. System made in Java programming language, allows editing of the arbitrary topology computer network with switches, hubs, routers, and work stations. Configuration of elements of the network is done by using standard Windows or line interface. The visual tracking of IP packages, and also the content of the IP packages and frames is allowed. Basic component of this system is software package for generating corresponding graph and calculating the basic parameters from spectral graph theory and analysis of computer network of the given topology and type of protocol.
Sieve analysis and standard penetration test correlations using Microsoft Excel VBA and an iPhone app
Authors: Isik Haluk , Cabalar Ali F.
Published: June 2018

This article presents computer programs targeted for geotechnical engineering students, which are developed to work with sieve analysis and Standard Penetration Test (SPT) that calculate certain soil parameters. Sieve analysis is a fundamental step in almost all geotechnical engineering experiments including the SPT. The process after sieve analysis requires one to process large amounts of data. The computer programs presented in this paper, which are designed to be practical geotechnical engineering tools, helps to minimize errors in this process, and aids in understanding the application of correlation formulas of SPT. The iPhone App is an efficient and time saving tool for students as well as engineers where users can quickly see the soil parameters for different correlation formulas.
Know how to comply with training requirements for stalking prevention, awareness
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: June 2018

The Violence Against Women Act amendments to the Clery Act require colleges and universities to provide annual prevention and awareness training about stalking and other forms of sexual violence. To promote compliance with these training requirements, Kaitlin Zies, assistant director of student conduct; and Nicholas Campau, associate dean of student life and director of student conduct, both at Ferris State University, addressed the topic at the annual conference for the Association for Student Conduct Administration.
Germline genetic variants were interactively associated with somatic alterations in gastric cancer
Authors: Zhang Xu , Wang Yuzhuo , Tian Tian , Zhou Gangqiao , Jin Guangfu
Published: June 2018

Genome‐wide association studies have identified several germline variants in gastric cancer. Meanwhile, sequencing studies have characterized extensive somatic alterations that arise during gastric carcinogenesis. However, the relationship between the germline variants and somatic alterations is still unclear in gastric cancer. A total of 11 susceptibility loci and 276 driver genes of gastric cancer were determined based on previous studies and publicly available database. An enrichment analysis was made to detect whether driver genes were enriched in susceptibility regions. Besides, we performed a pathway enrichment analysis to find common‐enrich pathways of cancer driver genes and susceptibility genes. Finally, on the basis of the gastric cancer samples and data from TCGA STAD project, we evaluated the associations between susceptibility loci and somatic alterations. Enrichment analysis showed that gastric cancer susceptibility genes were more likely to be enriched in driver genes than in all the genes (P = .05). The susceptibility genes and driver genes were commonly enriched in 8 biological pathways. Gastric cancer susceptibility locus of rs2285947 was associated with truncation mutation within Signaling by PDGF pathway (OR = 0.26, 95%CI: 0.12‐0.55, P = 3.93 × 10−4). The rs1679709 was connected with COSMIC Signature15 (P = .026). Moreover, rs1679709 was also associated with copy number values of RFC4 which is related to Signature15. These results provide evidence for the relationship between germline variants and somatic alterations, which facilitate understanding the interactive mechanism of germline variations with somatic alterations in gastric cancer development.
Picking One out of Three: Selective Single C−F Activation in Trifluoromethyl Groups
Authors: Jaroschik Florian
Published: June 2018

The introduction of a trifluoromethyl (CF3) group into an organic molecule can modify its chemical behavior and lead to changes in its physicochemical and pharmacological properties. The CF3 group is often chosen for its chemical inertness and stability, which are related to the strong C−F bonds. In recent years, the potential of gaining straightforward access to difluorinated compounds through selective single C−F activation in CF3 groups has been unveiled. This review describes the latest methodologies for the synthesis of difluoromethylated arenes, difluoroalkenes and difluorinated aldol products of potential synthetic and/or biological interest, employing low‐valent metals, transition metal catalysis, FLP and Lewis acid mediated transformations as well as photoredox catalysis.
Reversible Switching between Phosphorescence and Fluorescence in a Unimolecular System Controlled by External Stimuli
Authors: Xu Jing , Feng Hui , Teng Hao , Chen Guilin , Pan Saifei , Chen Jianrong , Qian Zhaosheng
Published: June 2018

Manipulation of the emission properties of pure organic molecules through external stimuli is attractive but challenging. Herein, a dual‐emissive hexathiobenzene‐based molecule is reported with significant aggregation‐induced phosphorescence characteristics, and demonstrates reversible switching among blue, green, and yellow phosphorescence by controlling molecular aggregation state or protonation state. Variation of solvent or pH value manipulates the interconversion between fluorescence and phosphorescence, while the change in protonation state in organic solvent switches two short‐lived emissions in a controllable manner. Such a controlled manipulation is achieved by the rational design of combining a twisted structure and the proper arrangement of energy gaps among different excited states. This work provides a new design principle for organic molecules with efficient room‐temperature phosphorescence and tunable singlet–triplet emissive properties, and contributes to the design and development of smart materials and intelligent optoelectronic devices.
Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Bicyclic Limonene‐Based Chiral Aminodiols and Spirooxazolidines
Authors: Le Tam Minh , Csámpai Antal , Fülöp Ferenc , Szakonyi Zsolt
Published: June 2018

A library of monoterpene‐based aminodiols was synthesized and applied as chiral catalysts in the addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The reduction of a bicyclic α‐methylene ketone, derived from natural (−)‐limonene followed by epoxidation, gave the key epoxy alcohol intermediate. Ring opening of the oxirane ring with primary amines induced by lithium perchlorate afforded the required aminodiols. Substituent‐dependent ring closure of the secondary aminodiols with formaldehyde resulted in both spirooxazolidines and a fused 1,3‐oxazine. Cyclization reactions of the studied aminodiols, resulting in spirocyclic oxazolidines and an isomeric perhydro‐1,3‐oxazine‐fused compound along with the possible iminium intermediates, were analyzed by a systematic series of comparative DFT models performed at the B3LYP/6‐31+G(d,p) level of theory.
Using Acutely Dissociated and Purified Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for High‐Throughput Drug Screening to Identify Compounds that Promote Oligodendrocyte Differentiation
Authors: Lariosa‐Willingham Karen , Leonoudakis Dmitri
Published: June 2018

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that involves an immune‐mediated inflammatory response in the central nervous system and optic nerve resulting in demyelination and neural degeneration, the cause of which is unknown. The adult central nervous system has the capacity to remyelinate axons by generating new oligodendrocytes (OLs). To identify clinical candidate compounds that may promote remyelination, we have developed a high‐throughput screening (HTS) assay to identify compounds that promote the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) into OLs. Using acutely dissociated and purified rat OPCs coupled with immunofluorescent image quantification, we have developed an OL differentiation assay. Building on OPC culturing techniques developed over the past 30 years, we have scaled up the isolation and purification process to generate sufficient quantities for HTS. We then describe the use of these acutely derived OPCs in an assay designed to identify compounds that promote differentiation into OLs. We have validated this assay with a known promoter of differentiation, thyroid hormone, and subsequently used the assay to screen the NIH clinical collection library (Lariosa‐Willingham, et al., 2016). © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Unveiling the Dual Emission Photo‐Deactivation Mechanism of a Neutral Heteroleptic Iridium (III) Complex
Authors: Luo Yafei , Hu Wuhong , Shen Wei
Published: June 2018

In this article, the photo‐deactivation mechanism of dual emission of a neutral iridium (III) complex is explored by using density function theory (DFT) and time‐dependent density function theory (TD‐DFT) calculations. To explore the phosphorescence quantum yield of the iridium (III) complex, the radiative decay constant of each emission excited state was computed by TD‐DFT calculations, including spin‐orbit coupling (SOC). In these calculations, factors such as the transition dipole moments, energy gaps, and SOC elements between the emission states and singlet excited states are taken into account in the evaluation of the radiative decay constants. Additionally, the non‐radiative decay is revealed by considering the temperature‐independent and the temperature‐dependent non‐radiative processes. The computational results indicate that the order of the two emission excited states can exert a significant effect on the phosphorescence quantum yield, which is beneficial for understanding the properties of photo‐deactivation of phosphorescent emitters.
In Situ Complex with by‐product HCl and Release Chloride Ions to Dissolve Aramid
Authors: Dai Yu , Cheng Zheng , Yuan Yihao , Meng Chenbo , Qin Jiaqiang , Liu Xiangyang
Published: June 2018

Because of the strong hydrogen‐bond interaction among macromolecular chains, the addition of chloride salts is generally needed to offer Cl− ions for the dissolution of aromatic polyamides. In this paper, poly‐(benzimidazole‐terephthalamide) which complexed with by‐product HCl during polymerization (PABI‐HCl) was prepared and imidazole compound as cosolvent was added into dimethylacetamide (DMAc) to dissolve PABI‐HCl. Due to stronger affinity to protons, imidazole compound could in‐situ complex with HCl of PABI‐HCl and form imidazolium hydrochloride. Then imidazolium hydrochloride would ionize and produce much free Cl− ions which acted as stronger hydrogen‐bond acceptor to disrupt interaction among macromolecular chains. As a result, solubility of PABI‐HCl in DMAc was improved significantly in existence of small amount of imidazole compound. Moreover, DMAc‐imidazole mixture was utlized for synthesis of different kinds of aramids and no precipitation was observed with progress of the reaction. So the mixture was suitable to be utlized as solvent for polymerization of aramid.
Lotus japonicus Genetic, Mutant, and Germplasm Resources
Authors: Hashiguchi Masatsugu , Tanaka Hidenori , Muguerza Melody , Akashi Ryo , Sandal Niels Nørgaard , Andersen Stig Uggerhøj , Sato Shusei
Published: June 2018

A quarter of a century has passed since Lotus japonicus was proposed as a model legume because of its suitability for molecular genetic studies. Since then, a comprehensive set of genetic resources and tools has been developed, including recombinant inbred lines, a collection of wild accessions, published mutant lines, a large collection of mutant lines tagged with LORE1 insertions, cDNA clones with expressed sequence tag (EST) information, genomic clones with end‐sequence information, and a reference genome sequence. Resource centers in Japan and Denmark ensure easy access to data and materials, and the resources have greatly facilitated L. japonicus research, thereby contributing to the molecular understanding of characteristic legume features such as endosymbiosis. Here, we provide detailed instructions for L. japonicus cultivation and describe how to order materials and access data using the resource center websites. The comprehensive overview presented here will make L. japonicus more easily accessible as a model system, especially for research groups new to L. japonicus research. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of forest management on temperate ant communities
Authors: Grevé Michael E. , Hager Jörg , Weisser Wolfgang W. , Schall Peter , Gossner Martin M. , Feldhaar Heike
Published: June 2018

Human management of ecosystems can have direct or indirect effects on species communities. How species communities are affected by management is a key question in ecology and nature conservation. As keystone taxon, changes in ant communities can have sustained consequences for entire ecosystems. In forests, management has been shown to have an overall negative effect on ant communities in tropical and a positive effect in boreal forests. However, in temperate forests, it is unclear what components of forest management affect ant communities and how. This study explores the direct and indirect effects of forest management on the taxonomic and functional diversity of ant communities in 150 temperate forest stands in three regions in Germany. Using a multi‐model inference approach and structural equation models, we analyzed the effects of 18 variables, including variables of forest management, forest structure, arthropod diversity, and biomass, as well as abiotic factors, on ant species richness, abundance, and functional trait diversity (Rao's Q) based on morphological (FDM) and life‐history traits (FDLH). In total, we found 28 ant species occurring on 120 plots. Main direct effects of forest management on ant abundance and species richness were caused by tree species selection, measured as dominant tree species. The main positive indirect effect was mediated by a reduced canopy cover with an increasing proportion of oak and pine, resulting in a higher temperature amplitude. Due to the low number of species in two regions, we analyzed functional diversity for the most ant species diverse region only. FDLH was affected positively by tree harvesting and negatively by structural complexity. FDM showed no response to forest management, potentially due to the low morphological diversity of temperate forest ants. Our results show that forest management practices in temperate forests strongly impact ant community structure. This can be beneficial for ants if management reduces the canopy cover, either by tree harvesting or by changing the tree species composition toward shade‐intolerant tree species. To promote ant diversity as key taxon for maintaining ecosystem processes in forest ecosystems, we suggest to integrate forest stands with more open and warmer conditions in future management strategies.
Trophic compression of lake food webs under hydrologic disturbance
Authors: Hansen Adam G. , Gardner Jennifer R. , Connelly Kristin A. , Polacek Matt , Beauchamp David A.
Published: June 2018

The need to protect biostructure is increasingly recognized, yet empirical studies of how human exploits affect ecological networks are rare. Studying the effects of variation in human disturbance intensity from decades past can help us understand and anticipate ecosystem change under alleviated or amplified disturbance over decades to come. Here, we use stable isotopes and an innovative analytical approach to compare the food webs of two akin lake ecosystems subject to disparate water use regimes, a pervasive, yet unappreciated stressor. We show that intensive water use (persistent, early season, rapid lake‐level drawdown) can compress trophic diversity by 46%, necessitating reorganization of biostructural elements configuring lake food webs. Compression occurred over the δ13C axis indicating erosion of basal trophic diversity, but food chain length remained intact over the period and intensity of disturbance examined. This study demonstrates the potential for water use, like other disturbances (warming, eutrophication, and invasive species), to mute opportunity for benthic‐pelagic coupling and benefits to lake food webs and the inherent capacity of lake ecosystems to adapt to stress. Trophically compressed lakes may be less able to adapt to intensified water use.
The effect of group purchasing on prices hospitals pay for medicines
Authors: Toulemon Lea
Published: June 2018

I estimate the impact of group purchasing on medicine prices in French hospitals, taking advantage of the entry of hospitals into regional purchasing groups between 2009 and 2014. Based on a new database providing the average annual prices paid for all innovative and high‐priced medicines in public hospitals, I use a two‐way fixed effects model that controls for hospitals' medicine‐specific bargaining power and medicine‐specific price trends. I find that group purchasing slightly reduces the overall prices of medicines but has no impact on the prices of medicines that have no alternative on the market. On the contrary, prices of medicines in oligopoly markets are extensively impacted.
Evaluating European Food Safety Authority Protection Goals for Honeybees (Apis mellifera): What Do They Mean for Pollination?
Authors: Croft Simon , Brown Mike , Wilkins Selwyn , Hart Andy , Smith Graham C
Published: June 2018

In recent years there has been growing concern regarding the sudden and unexplained failure of honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Several factors have been suggested, including pesticides. In an effort to regulate their impact, guidance published by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has recommended that the magnitude of effects on exposed colonies should not exceed 7% reduction in colony size after 2 brood cycles. However, fears have been raised regarding the practicality of measuring such a loss in the field. It is also unclear how this protection goal relates to maintaining the ecosystem services provided by bees, which we argue should be a primary objective for regulators. Here, we evaluate what these protection goals mean in relation to ecosystems performance using a computational colony model that incorporates mechanisms to simulate both lethal and sublethal pesticide effects. To these simulations, we apply a testing regime similar to that commonly used in field trials to produce standard assessment metrics. By relating these measures to losses in forager activity, we aim to identify which could be used as effective indicators of reduced ecoservice and to quantify acceptable limits below which performance can be maintained. Our findings show that loss of colony size is the best indicator of reduced ecoservice. Metrics that focus on specific colony functions such as increased brood or forager mortality are ineffective indicators for all types of simulated pesticide effects. At the levels of colony loss recommended by EFSA, using our default parameterization, we predict a loss of ecosystems performance of 3% to 4%. However, based on an extensive sensitivity analysis, it is clear that this estimate is subject to substantial uncertainty with losses under alternative parameterizations of up to 14%. Nevertheless, our model provides a valuable framework for assessing protection goals, allowing regulators to test relevant impacts and quantify their magnitude. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:750–758. © 2018 Crown Copyright and SETAC

Key Points

A colony model was developed for simulating regulatory field trials of pesticide exposure on honeybees. The model was used to evaluate EFSA protection goals in terms of impact on ecosystem service. Of standard field metrics, colony loss is the only indicator of impaired ecosystem service. For a 7% colony loss, the model predicts maximum foraging losses of between 0% and 14%.
Metastasis directed therapy for liver and lung metastases from colorectal cancer—A population‐based study
Authors: Boysen Anders Kindberg , Spindler Karen‐Lise , Høyer Morten , Mortensen Frank Viborg , Christensen Thomas Decker , Farkas Dóra Kormendine , Ording Anne Gulbech
Published: June 2018

About 10–20% of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) are candidates for metastasis directed therapies such as surgical resection, ablation and stereotactic radiotherapy. We examined the temporal changes in use of metastasis directed therapies and established prognostic factors for survival in a nationwide cohort study. The Danish nationwide medical registries were used to retrieve data on treatment for liver and/or lung metastasis in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer in the period 2000–2013. Overall survival through 2014 was calculated from the time of treatment of metastases by Kaplan–Meier method and mortality between groups was assessed using Cox regression. We report 2,912 patients undergoing a total of 3,602 procedures with an increased use of all modalities during 14 calendar years. Median survival was 3.7 years (interquartile range (IQR) 2.0–9.7 years). In the multivariate analysis, the nodal stage of the primary tumor had the most pronounced association with survival with a hazard ratio for mortality of 1.56 (95% CI: 1.33–1.83) for N2 stage with reference to N0. Furthermore, female gender, age, comorbidity, surgical treatment, administration of chemotherapy, and left‐sided primary tumors were associated with improved prognosis in the multivariate analysis.
Nonsurgical therapies for resected and unresected pancreatic cancer in Europe and USA in 2003–2014: a large international population‐based study
Authors: Huang Lei , Jansen Lina , Balavarca Yesilda , van der Geest Lydia , Lemmens Valery , Van Eycken Liesbet , De Schutter Harlinde , Johannesen Tom B. , Primic‐Žakelj Maja , Zadnik Vesna , Mägi Margit , Pulte Dianne , Schrotz‐King Petra , Brenner Hermann
Published: June 2018

The role of chemotherapy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer (PaC) has been well‐established, while radiation plays ambiguous roles. This international large‐scale population‐based study aimed to investigate the real‐world application of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for resected and unresected PaC in Europe and USA. Population‐based data from multiple European national cancer registries and the US Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)‐18 database during 2003–2014 were analyzed. Temporal trends and geographical variations in the application rates of chemotherapy and radiotherapy were quantified using age standardization. Associations of treatment with demographic and clinical characteristics were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. A total of 141,533 PaC patients were analyzed. From 2003–2005 to 2012–2014, chemotherapy administration rates increased in most countries and more strongly among resected patients, while radiation rates were generally low with a slight decline or no obvious trend. In 2012–2014, 12.5% (Estonia) to 61.7% (Belgium) of resected and 17.1% (Slovenia) to 56.9% (Belgium) of unresected patients received chemotherapy. Radiation was administered in 2.6% (Netherlands) to 32.6% (USA) of resected and 1.0% (USA) to 6.0% (Belgium) of unresected patients. Strong temporal and geographical variations were observed. Patterns and strengths of associations of treatment administration with various demographic and clinical factors differed substantially between resected and unresected cancers and varied greatly across countries. Conclusively, administration of chemotherapy but not radiotherapy for PaC increased during the last decade in Europe and USA. Treatment rates were low and the uptake strongly varied across countries, highlighting the need for standardization in PaC treatment to improve patient care.
Comparative ultrastructure of the fertilized egg envelope in Corydoras adolfoi and Corydoras sterbai, Callichthyidae, Teleostei
Authors: Choi Eun‐Kyung , Sohn Joon Hyung , Han Sung Sik , Kim Dong Heui
Published: June 2018

In teleost, the structural characteristics of fertilized egg and egg envelope are very important for classification of genus or species. The structures of fertilized egg and egg envelope from Corydoras adolfoi and Corydoras sterbai, Callichthyidae, Siluriformes in teleost were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopes to confirm whether these morphological structures have specificities of species and family or not. The fertilized eggs of C. adolfoi and C. sterbai were non‐transparent, spherical, demersal, and strong adhesive. There were no structural differences between two species through the light microscope. The size of the fertilized eggs of C. adolfoi was 1.95 ± 0.03 mm (n = 20), and that of C. sterbai was 1.92 ± 0.03 mm (n = 20). The perivitelline space was almost not developed in both species. In both species, the adhesive protuberances structures were on the outer surface of egg envelope. And fibrous structures were specially located at attachment part of spawning bed. And the egg envelope consisted of two layers, an inner lamellae layer and an outer strong adhesive layer with high electron dense protuberances structures in cross section. Consequentially, the fertilized eggs, outer surface on the egg envelope and cross section of egg envelope have identical structure. So, these structural characteristics of fertilized eggs and egg envelope show genus Corydoras specificity.
A review of vedolizumab and ustekinumab for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Shim Hang Hock , Chan Pak Wo , Chuah Sai Wei , Schwender Brian J , Kong San Choon , Ling Khoon Lin
Published: June 2018

Recent advancement in the understanding of the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease has seen an expansion in therapeutic options. Vedolizumab, a selective α4β7 inhibitor, and ustekinumab, an IL 12/23 p40 inhibitor, have provided the much‐awaited out‐of‐class alternatives for patients who have failed or who are intolerant to anti‐Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) therapy. However, questions remain as to how we may best use these novel therapeutic agents. We evaluate the evidence available from randomized controlled trials and postmarketing cohort studies and discuss their safety, efficacy, and limitations, in relation to anti‐TNF therapy, in optimizing the treatment outcomes.
The Chemo‐selective Reaction of 2‐Amino‐N′‐arylbenzohydrazide and Ketonic Acid Catalyzed by Iodine for the Synthesis of Quinazoline Derivatives
Authors: Liu Jian‐Quan , Zhang Wen‐Ting , Wang Xiang‐Shan
Published: June 2018

The chemo‐selective reaction of 2‐amino‐N′‐arylbenzohydrazide and ketonic acid catalyzed by iodine was used to synthesize various 2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones efficiently. The use of levulinic acid furnished a series of 2,3,3a,4‐tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinazoline‐1,5‐diones in high yields, while acetobutyric acid only afforded the quinazoline skeletons without forming the second pyridine ring. Using alcohol as the solvent instead of ionic liquids, a subsequent esterification was performed with the carboxylic group of acetobutyric acid substrate in one‐pot manner.