bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of oxygen evolution reaction performance for Ni and Co using isostructural trans‐cinnamate complexes
Authors: Shin Hyewon , Geum Sunwoo , Lee Jimin , Shin Minkyun , Ok Kang Min , Kwon Seong Jung , Do Junghwan
Published: November 2024

Efforts are underway to develop highly active catalysts to reduce the high overpotential of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Metal–organic frameworks or coordination polymers are promising candidates because of their tunable structures and high surface areas. In this study, Nickel and Cobalt trans‐cinnamate (t‐ca) were synthesized via a hydrothermal method. Their structures were analyzed and found to be isostructural. Both complexes exhibited superior electrocatalytic properties in the OER compared to those of IrO2, with overpotentials of 373 and 390 mV and Tafel slopes of 58 and 66 mV/dec. These excellent characteristics were attributed to the electron delocalization of the metal centers via interactions with π‐π delocalized organic ligands. Ni t‐ca, with stronger ligand interactions, displayed an enhanced OER catalytic performance, emphasizing the importance of metal–ligand interactions and suggesting that further exploration of diverse π–π delocalized organic ligands and metal centers may lead to further advancements in electrocatalytic activity.
Unraveling Water‐Soluble Constituents of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in Relation to Their Toxicity and Anti‐Typhoidal Activity in Mouse Models
Authors: Yadav Kamlesh , Srivastava Shubham , Pant Yatish , Lal Raj K , Mishra Anand , Bawitlung Laldingngheti , Srivastava Deepika , Pal Anirban , Chanotiya C. S.
Published: November 2024

Plants are the major source of natural flavour ingredients reported for their wide applications in food and pharmaceuticals, oral care and wellness products, etc. We have investigated the water‐soluble fractions (WSF) of basil tetraploid (O. basilicum L.) for their toxicity and biological potential against Salmonella Typhimurium, a pathogen causing around one million cases of illnesses in the United States every year. The WSF obtained using a Clevenger‐type apparatus was further divided into two equal parts, one each for in‐vivo toxicity evaluation and quality assessments, respectively. The proportions of major phenylpropanoid identified as meta‐eugenol in the WSF were found in the range of 42.8–57.9 %, which was substantially in higher proportion as compared to essential oil (20.9–23.0 %). Based on sub‐acute oral toxicity data, WSF has not shown any adverse effect with levels as high as 500 μL/25 g body weight in Swiss albino mice. Besides, the WSF also exhibited a maximum reduction in bacterial load in mice infected with Salmonella Typhimurium in a dose‐dependent manner. We have shown the biological potential of basil water‐soluble fraction as an effective bacterial load‐suppressing agent for the prevention of Salmonella infections in animal model.
Identification of New Compounds from the Roots of Rubia tibetica Hook. f.
Authors: Li Qing , Gu Min‐Min , Zhang Yu , Wang Jin , Su Yun‐Yun , Yu Hao‐Lin , Xu Chen‐Sen , Liao Zhi‐Xin
Published: November 2024

Rubia tibetica Hook. f is a traditional Tibetan medicinal plant, with its roots serving as the primary medicinal part. Two new compounds, Rubiaxylm C and E (1 and 3), and one new natural compound, Rubiaxylm D (2) were isolated from R. tibetica, along with five known compounds (4–8). The structures of the previously undescribed compounds were elucidated by HR‐ESIMS, 1D/2D NMR spectroscopic data and electronic circular dichroism calculations. Compound 1 is a rare anthrone substituted with a carbonyl group at position 1. Furthermore, all isolated compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity against HepG2 cell lines.
Case report: Successful implantation of atrial lead in Marshall vein in a patient with sinus node dysfunction
Authors: Zhang Xin , Liu Xingbin
Published: November 2024

Key Clinical Message

This case demonstrates that utilizing the vein of Marshall as an alternative option for atrial lead implantation is both safe and effective when encountering challenges during atrial lead implantation.
Dry Reforming of Methane on Low‐Loading Rh Catalysts
Authors: Tsuchida Ryuhei , Kurokawa Hideki , Yamamoto Tomokazu , Ogihara Hitoshi
Published: November 2024

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is a promising catalytic process for converting greenhouse gases (CH4 and CO2) into syngas (CO and H2). This study investigates DRM under moderate conditions (550 °C) using supported low‐loading (0.05 wt%) metal (M) catalysts (M = Rh, Ru, Pt, Pd, Ir, Au, and Ni). The reaction was carried out for 6 h with a flow rate of 30 mL/min for both CH4 and CO2, using 0.10 g of catalyst. Among these catalysts, 0.05 wt% Rh/Al2O3 exhibited the highest DRM activity. The effect of catalyst supports revealed that Al2O3 is the most effective support for 0.05 wt% Rh. The DRM activity of Rh species supported on Al2O3 and SiO2 was compared, and the Rh species on Al2O3 outperformed those on SiO2, indicating Al2O3 enhances the DRM activity of Rh. When comparing the DRM activity of Rh nanoparticles and Rh single atoms, it was suggested that Rh nanoparticles might exhibit superior performance for DRM. Coke deposited on 0.05 wt% Rh/Al2O3 is removed by CO2, maintaining stable catalytic activity. These findings provide valuable insights into the design of catalysts that minimize the use of noble metals in DRM reactions.
Photoinduced EDA Complex‐Initiated Synthesis of Fluoroalkylated Isoquinolinonediones
Authors: Huang Lei , Wang Chaodong , Chen Zhi , Jin Qianxi , Song Shengjie , Zhou Jiadi , Li Jianjun
Published: November 2024

A visible‐light‐induced radical tandem difluoroalkylation/cyclization to construct CF2‐containing isoquinolinonedione skeletons with methacryloyl benzamides is developed. Broad substrate scopes are compatible with metal‐, oxidant‐ and photocatalyst‐free conditions under room temperature in good‐to‐excellent yields. Mechanistic analysis revealed that the transformation is initiated by photoinduced electron donor‐acceptor (EDA) complexes formation.
Sonodynamic Cancer Therapy by Mn(I)‐tricarbonyl Complexes via Ultrasound‐triggered CO Release and ROS Generation
Authors: Kumar Yadav Ashish , Singh Virendra , Acharjee Sagar , Saha Sukanta , Kushwaha Rajesh , Dutta Arnab , Koch Biplob , Banerjee Samya
Published: November 2024

A novel ferrocene conjugated Mn(I)‐tricarbonyl complex viz [Mn(Fc‐tpy)(CO)3Br] (Mn2) where, Fc‐tpy=4′‐ferrocenyl‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine was synthesized and fully characterized along with its non‐ferrocene analog [Mn(Ph‐tpy)(CO)3Br] Ph‐tpy=4′‐phenyl‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine (Mn1) for ultrasound (US) activated anticancer applications. The X‐ray structure of Mn2 confirmed its distorted octahedral geometry. Mn1 and Mn2, for the first time, showed US‐triggered release of CO and ROS generation (1O2 and ⋅OH) in an aqueous solution from any Mn(I)‐tricarbonyl complexes, indicating its potential for synergetic CO gas therapy and sonodynamic therapy. The above‐mentioned in‐solution chemistry was successfully translated into in vitro cellular models. These complexes showed unprecedented US‐triggered toxicity against T‐cell lymphoma and human breast cancer cells (IC50 for Mn2<1 μM) while were minimally toxic without US or against normal spleen and human embryonic kidney cells. Mn2 was ca. 12 fold more anticancer active than Mn1, indicating that the ferrocene conjugation augmented the US sensitivity. The apoptotic sonotoxicity of Mn2 was due to US‐promoted mitochondrial depolarization via ROS generation and CO release. The apoptosis was triggered by caspase 3 activation. This is the first report of Mn(I)‐tricarbonyl‐based sonosensitizers for cancer SDT. Overall, this study, for the first time, establishes the effectiveness of 3d metal carbonyls in SDT.
Molecular Engineering for High‐Performance X‐ray Scintillators
Authors: Wang Min , Qin Xu Guo , Liu Xiaogang
Published: November 2024

X‐ray scintillators, materials that convert high‐energy radiation into detectable light in the ultraviolet to visible spectrum, are widely used in industrial and medical applications. Organic and organic‐inorganic hybrid systems have emerged as promising alternatives for X‐ray detection and imaging due to their mechanical flexibility, lightweight, tunable excited states, and solution processability for large‐scale fabrication. However, these systems often suffer from weak X‐ray absorption and insufficient exciton utilization, which seriously affects their scintillation performance, limiting their potential for broader application and commercialization. This review highlights recent advances in molecular engineering for developing high‐performance X‐ray scintillators. It focuses on molecular design principles, such as the heavy atom effect, donor‐acceptor/host‐guest strategies, hydrogen/halogen bonding, molecular sensitization, and crystal packing, for enhancing scintillation performance. By leveraging these approaches, researchers have made significant strides in improving X‐ray scintillation efficiency and advancing the potential of these materials for commercial applications.
Preparation of adaptive bifunctional reconfigurable polymers and their sand carrying and drag reduction behaviour
Authors: Zhou Chengyu , Wu Yani , Chen Yating , Sun Yuan , Yang Chunming , Yu Mengjie , Bao Dan , Xiao Ying , He Jie
Published: November 2024

In order to solve the problem of drag reduction at the front end of shale fractures and sand carrying at the tail end with increased viscosity, the molecular dynamics simulation (MD) method was used to design polymer molecules and simulate the steric resistance, interaction potential energy, mean square displacement, and radial distribution function of the polymer. The polymer AM‐AMPS‐LMA‐DiC12AM (ASLC12) with better solubility, diffusion, and resistance reduction potential was obtained and synthesized. By scanning electron microscope (SEM) and viscoelastic analysis, ASLC12 has a stable mesh structure, good viscoelasticity, and shear resistance, and the mesh structure formed by it is in a dynamic equilibrium state of fracture‐reorganization under shear. We then analyzed the drag reduction, sand carrying, and salt resistance of ASLC12. When the concentration of ASLC12 is 0.09%, the sand‐carrying requirement is satisfied. When the concentration is 0.05%, the drag reduction rate can reach 74.1%, and the resistance reduction rate of ASLC12 in salt ion solution can still reach more than 62%. This shows that the polymer ASLC12 has better sand carrying, drag reduction, and salt resistance.
PROTOCOL: Effectiveness of social accountability interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries: An evidence and gap map
Authors: Hassan Mirza , White Howard , Zahan Iffat , Saran Ashrita , Ahmed Shamael , Rahman Semab , Zubaid Shabnaz
Published: November 2024

This is the protocol for an evidence and gap map, which aims to map the existing evidence on the effectiveness of social accountability interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries. This map will help users identify the size and quality of the evidence base, guide strategic program development, and highlight gaps for future research. The map will cover studies published after 2000, including systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, non‐experimental designs, and before‐after designs.
Complete Visibility Algorithms of Luminous Robots With Two‐Color Lights on Grid
Authors: Kim Yonghwan , Katayama Yoshiaki , Wada Koichi
Published: November 2024

An autonomous mobile robot system is a distributed system consisting of multiple mobile computational entities, called robots, which autonomously and repeatedly perform three fundamental operations: look, compute, and move. Various challenges in such systems, including gathering, pattern formation, and flocking, have been extensively studied to explore the relationship between the robots' capabilities and the feasibility of solving these problems (i.e., solvability). In this study, we focus on the complete visibility problem, which aims to relocate all robots on an infinite grid plane so that every robot is visible to every other robot (i.e., complete visibility). We assume that each robot is a luminous robot (i.e., has a light with a constant number of colors) and opaque (non‐transparent). This paper primarily examines the number of light colors required for each robot to solve the complete visibility problem. Specifically, we investigate the question: “how many colors can we reduce while still achieving complete visibility?” (even under certain stronger assumptions). As an answer to the above question, we show the existence of a deterministic algorithm to achieve complete visibility (i.e., every robot can observe all the other robots) using only two colors of light, if the robots agree on the directions and orientations of both axes. The proposed algorithm correctly works even if robots operate asynchronously and have no knowledge of the total number of robots. Moreover, its spatial complexity (i.e., the area of the smallest enclosed rectangle that includes all robots in the final configuration) ensures the optimal one, , where is the number of robots.
Meta‐Connected Oligo‐Azobenzenes Outperform Their Para Counterparts
Authors: Oberhof Nils , Darian Leon Kambiz Paschai , Dreuw Andreas
Published: November 2024

Systems with multiple photoswitchable units in one molecule have attracted considerable attention in the past years as they are useful for a broad variety of possible applications. Especially, linked azobenzenes sharing one benzene ring are of high interest since their direct linkage introduces an additional photoswitchable unit at only small increase in molecular weight. In this spirit, linear oligo‐azobenzenes had been synthesized, though their photochemical properties have only been investigated for short chain lengths. In this study, we use (time‐dependent) density functional methodology for the evaluation of the excitations of meta‐ and para‐connected oligo‐azobenzenes to predict their switching ability. It becomes apparent, that the meta connection pattern enables each azobenzene subunit to act as an individual switchable unit, whereas they are strongly coupled and loose their individuality in para connection. Therefore, meta‐oligo‐azobenzenes are ideal candidates for future studies of azobenzene‐based functional polymers, while para‐oligo‐azobenzenes are not.
Purification of Li2CO3 Obtained through Pyrometallurgical Treatment of NMC Black Mass from Electric Vehicle Batteries
Authors: Rosso Laura , Alcaraz Lorena , Rodríguez‐Largo Olga , López Félix A.
Published: November 2024

The recycling of lithium batteries is essential for a sustainable energy transition. However, impurities in the products obtained from the black mass can lower their market value. In this work, lithium carbonate, which has the highest market share among lithium‐based products, is purified using distilled water at controlled temperature, time and stirring speed. The purification process involves dissolving lithium carbonate in distilled water at low temperatures (between 0 and 10 °C), followed by crystallization through water evaporation. Optimal conditions yielded lithium carbonate with a purity of 99.66 % after two stages of purification. The dependence of the variables on the final purity was deeply analyzed and the thermodynamics of the reaction was studied, confirming the exothermic nature of the dissolution reaction.
Multitrophic Diversity of the Biotic Community Drives Ecosystem Multifunctionality in Alpine Grasslands
Authors: Su Hongye , Wang Zhen , Ma Li , Qin Ruimin , Chang Tao , Zhang Zhonghua , Yao Junfei , Li Xudong , Li Shan , Hu Xue , Wei Jingjing , Yuan Fang , Adi Haze , Shi Zhengchen , Li Honglin , Zhou Huakun
Published: November 2024

Biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality are currently hot topics in ecological research. However, little is known about the role of multitrophic diversity in regulating various ecosystem functions, which limits our ability to predict the impact of biodiversity loss on human well‐being and ecosystem multifunctionality. In this study, multitrophic diversity was divided into three categories: plant, animal, and microbial communities (i.e., plant diversity, rodent diversity, and bacterial and fungal diversity). Also, 15 ecosystem functions were divided into four categories—water conservation, soil fertility, nutrient cycling and transformation, and community production—to evaluate the significance of biotic and abiotic variables in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality. Results indicated that species diversity at multiple trophic levels had a greater positive impact on ecosystem multifunctionality than species diversity at a single trophic level. Notably, the specific nature of this relationship depended on the niche breadths of plants, indicating that plants played a key role in linking above and belowground trophic levels. Abiotic factors such as altitude and pH directly acted on ecosystem multifunctionality and could explain changes in ecosystem functions. Overall, our study offers valuable insights into the critical role of multitrophic species diversity in preserving ecosystem multifunctionality within alpine grassland communities, as well as strong support for the importance of biodiversity protection.
Chronic pain among primary fentanyl users: The concept of self‐medication
Authors: Kim Jane J. , Hayati Dianah , Zamany Milad , Choi Fiona , Jang Kerry , Ignaszewski Martha , Azar Pouya , Krausz Michael
Published: November 2024

Background

Chronic pain is among the leading causes of disability worldwide, of which only a small percentage of patients receive adequate treatment for. Non‐prescribed opioid analgesics are commonly sought out in effort to alleviate unrelieved pain. This study assesses the prevalence and correlates of chronic pain among primary fentanyl users.

Methods

A cross‐sectional and structured survey was conducted with 200 adults who reported fentanyl as their drug of choice from a Vancouver acute care hospital. Presence and levels of chronic pain were determined through self‐report.

Results

The majority of participants (n = 130, 72.6%) reported having chronic pain in the past 6 months, with the mean level of pain on a typical day to be 7.6 out of a scale of 10 (SD = 1.9). Majority (n = 85, 65.4%) reported using street opioids to self‐medicate, while only 9 (6.9%) reported that their chronic pain was unrelated. Regression analysis indicated that increasing age and co‐use of cannabis and opioids were independent associated factors of chronic pain. Higher levels of reported pain on a typical day were further associated with age and self‐medication.

Conclusions

The findings of this study demonstrate a significant association between self‐medication and chronic pain among primary fentanyl users in British Columbia. For these individuals, inadequate pain relief may drive continued opioid use, which in turn may increase risks of treatment discontinuation and overdose. Appropriate pain management strategies are crucial to avoid opioid misuse and decrease the large societal burden caused by chronic pain.

Significance

Our work points to the high prevalence of self‐reported chronic pain among individuals who primarily use fentanyl. Among those with self‐reported fentanyl use and chronic pain, self‐medication with street opioids was found to be common and associated with higher reported pain levels on a typical day. This highlights the need for pain management strategies to be integrated into opioid dependence treatment and more research in the overlap of pain and fentanyl use.
VOC Detection with Zinc Oxide Gas Sensors: A Review of Fabrication, Performance, and Emerging Applications
Authors: Waqas Alam Mir , Sharma Anil , Sharma Anjana , Kumar Sushil , Mohammad Junaid Pir , Awad Mohammed
Published: November 2024

Energy‐efficient, high‐specificity gas sensors provide practical suitability for stability and response factors. The recognition of ignitable gases (methane (CH4), propane (C3H8), and hydrogen (H2) and harmful gases (carbon oxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S)) in an enclosed and out‐of‐door space are essential to safeguard the human lives and infrastructural spaces. One of the crucial conductive‐type metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors yielding wide applications is zinc oxide (ZnO). This study highlights the various types of ZnO gas sensors, their fabrication techniques, and specific vital characterizations. The devices based on MOS are utilized to sense various target gases through redox reactions. The variation in oxide surface with target gas interactions is transduced to a change of sensor conductance. This review also provides insight into integrating ZnO gas sensors with technologies such as materials engineering, the Internet of things and big data. Moreover, this review addresses ZnO gas sensors’ challenges and future directions.
Experimental investigation of enhanced thermal performance of solar air collectors through optimized selection of manufacturing materials: Energy, exergy, economic, and environmental analysis
Authors: Handawy M. Koraiem M. , Driss Zied , Khelifa Abdelkrim , Attia Mohammed El Hadi , Abdelgaied Mohamed , Harby K.
Published: November 2024

The current study aims to experimentally investigate the thermal performance of three identical solar air collectors manufactured from three different metals: aluminum, zinc, and steel. The study conducted environmental and economic analyses of the three proposed solar air collectors over a month. The aluminum solar air collector demonstrated superior performance, achieving a maximum thermal efficiency of 24.46%, while the steel and zinc solar air collectors recorded thermal efficiencies of 21.57% and 18.16%, respectively. The exergy efficiency ranges for aluminum from 0.95% to 13.54%, zinc absorber plate exhibits from 0.63% to 11.89%, and steel from 0.6% to 9.98%. The aluminum solar air collector revealed high monthly cost savings of about $1429.6/month, followed by zinc ($1203.8) and steel ($963.4) solar air collectors. Environmental analysis to showed savings entering the atmosphere per month showed that the aluminum reduced about 19,795 kg CO2/month, Zinc solar air heat 16,668 kg CO2/month, and the steel solar air collector recorded 13,339 kg CO2/month. In this study, the absorber plate made of aluminum was the most efficient material, followed by zinc and steel. That confirms its suitability for designing efficient solar air heating systems in areas with high solar radiation intensity, such as Tunisia, and provides a clear direction for future research and development in manufacturing solar air collectors.
Acute depletion of complement C3 with cobra venom factor attenuates memory deficits induced by status epilepticus
Authors: Schartz Nicole D. , Li Yibo , Sommer Alexandra L. , Brewster Amy L.
Published: November 2024

Objective

Status epilepticus (SE) significantly increases the risk for the development of unprovoked seizures, memory loss, and temporal lobe epilepsy. Our prior studies showed that SE increases complement C3 signaling in the hippocampus, which parallels memory deficits. Additionally, C3 knockout (KO) mice were protected against SE‐induced memory impairments, suggesting a mechanistic role for C3 in this pathophysiology. In this study, we utilized cobra venom factor (CVF), a structural analog of C3 that results in its depletion, to investigate the protective effects of post‐SE C3 ablation on memory deficits that develop during epileptogenesis.

Methods

SE was induced in male rats using the chemoconvulsant pilocarpine. Two weeks later, control (C) and SE rats were treated with either vehicle (V) or CVF. Recognition memory was assessed using the novel object recognition (NOR) test in four groups (C + V, C + CVF, SE + V, and SE + CVF). Immunoblotting was used to measure hippocampal protein levels of C3 along with synaptic, astrocyte, and blood–brain barrier (BBB) stability markers, Psd95, GFAP, and albumin, respectively.

Results

In the NOR test, rats in the C + V and C + CVF groups spent more time exploring the novel object. SE + V rats explored both objects equally, while SE + CVF rats spent significantly more on the novel object, suggesting a rescue of cognitive performance by CVF. While CVF‐mediated C3 depletion did not restore normal protein levels of Psd95 or GFAP in hippocampi of SE + CVF rats, CVF treatment attenuated SE‐induced extravasation of albumin, suggesting potential rescue of BBB stability.

Significance

Our findings indicate that acute C3 depletion with CVF can attenuate memory deficits that develop during SE‐induced epileptogenesis. This finding further suggests that targeting C3 could hold promise in addressing cognitive comorbidities associated with SE and acquired epilepsy.

Plain Language Summary

A long‐lasting seizure, known as status epilepticus (SE), can raise the chance of having more seizures in the future and can lead to memory problems. While the exact reasons for these issues are not completely known, it is believed that brain inflammation might be involved. In this study, we show that the activation of the body's immune response, especially a part called the C3 component, plays a role in the memory problems that occur after an episode of SE.
A Deep Reinforcement Learning‐Based Physical Layer Security Enhancement Design for RIS‐Aided mmWave Communications With Practical Constraints
Authors: Tu Qingqing , Dong Zheng , Xie Chenfei , Zou Xianbing , Wei Ning , Li Ya , Xu Fei
Published: November 2024

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) offer new opportunities for enhancing security in millimeter‐wave (mmWave) communications. However, some significant practical challenges still need to be addressed before their extensive implementation in future wireless networks. This article considers the practical constraints in a secure mmWave system aided by distributed RISs, including imperfect channel state information (CSI) in dynamic channel conditions and high complexity of non‐convex optimization in complex environments. To address these challenges, we propose a robust and efficient physical layer security (PLS) enhancement algorithm based on the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework to effectively tackle the issues of limited dynamic adaptation and high computational complexity encountered with conventional optimization methods. This algorithm, utilizing an actor‐critic architecture, can dynamically track channel variations and optimize strategies for improved system secrecy rate. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed DRL‐based PLS enhancement algorithm outperforms non‐convex optimization benchmarks in robustness and efficiency for secure mmWave communication systems aided by distributed RISs and affected by imperfect CSI.
DSDOS Cloud: A Decentralized Secure Data Outsourcing System With Hybrid Encryption, Blockchain Smart Contract‐Based Access Control, and Hash Authentication Codes for Cloud Security
Authors: Neela K. L.
Published: November 2024

With the increasing trend of outsourcing data to cloud services, ensuring data security and privacy has become crucial. Typically, data are stored on cloud servers in encrypted form to mitigate risks. However, accessing the encrypted data requires an access key distributed by a third party. If this third party is untrustworthy, it poses a significant security threat to the system. To address this challenge, we propose a Decentralized Secure Data Outsourcing System (DSDOS) that uses blockchain technology to ensure data security and privacy. The DSDOS system comprises three modules: data security and privacy, access control and authorization, and data integrity and availability. The data security and privacy module uses a hybrid encryption scheme that combines Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), partially homomorphic encryption (PHE), and Diffie–Hellman (DH) to ensure secure data storage and access. The access control and authorization module uses a blockchain‐based smart contract system to manage access to the encrypted data. The data integrity and availability module uses hash‐based message authentication code (HMAC) to ensure that the data are not tampered with and is always available. We conducted a security and performance analysis of the DSDOS system and found that it outperforms previous schemes in terms of security and performance. The DSDOS system is a secure and privacy‐preserving data outsourcing system that can be used to mitigate the security risks associated with traditional cloud storage systems.
Essentials and Pertinence of Cold Plasma in Essential Oils, Metal–Organic Frameworks and Agriculture
Authors: Khan Mujahid Ameen , Akram Sumia , Naeem Rabia , Kamal Muhammad Umair , Muhammad Gulzar , Mushtaq Muhammad , Anwar Farooq , Hosseini‐Bandegharaei Ahmad
Published: November 2024

Cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) comprises an ensemble of ionized gas, neutral particles, and/or reactive species. Electricity is frequently used to produce CAPP via a variety of techniques, including plasma jets, corona discharges, dielectric barrier discharges, and glow discharges. The type and flow rates of the carrier gas(es), temperature, pressure, and vacuum can all be altered to control the desired properties of the CAPP. Since a few decades ago, CAPP has become a widely used technology with applications in every walk of life. The plasma activated liquid mediums like water, ethanol, and methanol have been merged as novel sterilizers. With recent advancements in material science, particularly work on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), essential oils, and agricultural technologies, CAPP has become a vital component of these advancements. Likewise, CAPP has been found as a green and benign technology to induce early seed germination and plant development. This review covers the critical components of CAPP, the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and mechanisms by which CAPP‐based technologies are applied to agricultural products, MOFs, and essential oils.
Methane Emissions from Oil and Natural Gas Operations—30 Percent Reduction by 2030 Possible if Domestic and International Actions “Stay the Course”
Authors: South David W.
Published: November 2024

When sworn into office in January 2021, the Biden–Harris Administration—through the National Climate Task Force—launched an ambitious, whole‐of‐government initiative to significantly double efforts and reduce methane emissions from the oil and natural gas sector, landfills, agriculture, and other lesser sources. These initiatives were documented in the U.S. Methane Emissions Reduction Action Plan, which proposed to use regulations, catalytic financial incentives, transparency and disclosure of actionable data, together with public and private partnerships, to identify and reduce methane emissions. President Biden's Build Back Better agenda was designed to accelerate, through investments, many of these domestic methane emissions reduction efforts.
Behind the Renewed Interest in Nuclear Power
Authors: DeCotis Paul A.
Published: November 2024

Electricity demand is outstripping the ability of markets and electric grids to respond quickly to meeting the generation and transmission and distribution system needs for supporting a 21st‐century economy. Electricity demand is increasing faster than it has in decades as manufacturing rebounds, and data centers and cryptocurrency mining operations proliferate across the United States. At the same time, there is mounting pressure on governments globally to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the electricity sector by transitioning buildings and transportation systems away from fossil fuels to electricity.
Supramammillary Theta Oscillations in Water Maze Learning
Authors: Young Calvin K. , Ruan Ming , McNaughton Neil
Published: November 2024

The supramammillary nucleus (SuM) in the hypothalamus, in conjunction with the hippocampus (HPC), has been implicated through theta oscillations in various brain functions ranging from locomotion to learning and memory. While the indispensable role of the SuM in HPC theta generation in anesthetized animals is well‐characterized, the SuM is not always necessary for HPC theta in awake animals. This raises questions on the precise behavioral relevance of SuM theta activity and its interaction with HPC theta activity. We used simultaneously recorded SuM and HPC local field potentials (LFPs) in a one‐day water maze (WM) learning paradigm in rats (n = 8), to show that theta activities recorded from the SuM itself were not positively correlated with locomotor (swimming) speed nor acceleration, but the individual relationship between acceleration and SuM theta frequency is correlated with WM learning rates. In contrast, we found that SuM‐HPC theta phase coherence is strongly correlated with swimming speed and acceleration, but these do not relate to WM learning. SuM‐HPC‐directed coherence analysis demonstrated no swimming kinetics nor learning rate associations, but revealed that periods of high SuM‐HPC theta phase coherence are driven by the SuM at relatively low (~6.2 Hz) frequencies. Additionally, we demonstrate that the SuM and the HPC also engage in non‐random, non‐coherent phase coupling modes where either structure preferentially displays a ± 2 Hz difference with the other. Our data indicate SuM theta LFPs do not appear to be related to either speed coding or spatial learning in swimming rats and display non‐random out‐of‐phase theta frequency coupling with the HPC.
Effects of implementing mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation devices on out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest patients in Taiwan
Authors: Mi Le Jie‐Ren , Hsieh Chien‐Chieh , Jaw Fu‐Shan
Published: November 2024

Background

Out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation (M‐CPR) devices were successively introduced in Taiwan to enhance the quality and efficiency of OHCA resuscitation. This study investigated the impact of the introduced M‐CPR devices on OHCA resuscitation outcomes and assessed potential disparities between six special municipalities and other counties and cities.

Methods

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Far Eastern Memorial Hospital (number: 113116‐F). Data from the National Fire Agency of the Ministry of the Interior between 2009 and 2021 were analyzed for return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) rate, discharge rate, and ROSC to hospital discharge. Linear regression evaluated changes before and after 2017 while pooled t‐tests compared the two datasets. Chi‐squared analysis and repeated measure Analysis of Variance assessed potential disparities between the six special municipalities and other counties/cities from 2018 to 2021.

Results

Post‐2017 data displayed significantly improved ROSC and discharge rates with positive trends in linear regression analysis. Pooled t‐tests revealed statistically significant differences in 2017 and 2021 ROSC and discharge rates (p < 0.05) while not between ROSC and hospital discharge (p = 0.117). Additionally, six special municipalities exhibited higher ROSC and discharge rates. While M‐CPR devices enhance resuscitation quality, overall recovery depends on multiple factors that need to be addressed comprehensively to optimize patient outcomes.

Conclusion

This study showed that the introduction of mechanical CPRs has been successful in improving the ROSC and discharge rates of OHCA patients in Taiwan, while confounding factors are essential for optimizing patient outcomes and improving ROSC rates following cardiac arrest.
Adverse maternal and fetal outcomes among tribal pregnant women suffering from sickle cell disease: A retrospective cohort study in a community‐based hospital situated in a tribal block of Gujarat, India
Authors: Dave Kapilkumar , Desai Shrey , Desai Tushar , Desai Gayatri
Published: November 2024

Objective

The study presents the risk of the maternal‐fetal morbidity and mortality among one of the largest cohort of sickle cell disease (SCD) pregnancies in India and reports the epidemiology of the maternal morbidity.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at Kasturba Maternity Hospital, SEWA Rural, in the tribal area of Gujarat, India. All pregnant women admitted to the Hospital between 2016 and 2021 were screened for SCD, and their maternal‐fetal morbidities were recorded throughout the pregnancy. We quantified risk of maternal‐fetal morbidity and mortality among SCD, trait and normal pregnancies after adjusting for potential confounders using Poisson and logistic regression.

Results

A total of 24 256 delivered during the study period, with 354 (1.5%) and 4216 (17.4%) suffering from SCD and trait, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, the women with SCD pregnancy had higher risk of maternal death (adjusted‐odds‐ratio [AOR] 13.7, 95% CI: 4.5–42.7), anemia (AOR 6.8, 95% CI: 4.5–10.2), severe anemia (AOR 4.3, 95% CI: 3.3–5.6), preterm delivery (AOR 4.5, 95% CI: 3.6–5.7), cesarean section (AOR 5.5, 95% CI: 4.7–7.0), stillbirth (AOR 3.4, 95% CI: 2.3–5.3), and low birth weight (AOR 3.1, 95% CI: 2.4–39) compared to normal pregnancies. Maternal morbidities occurred throughout the pregnancy; however, the risk was highest during the last month of pregnancy. Pregnant women who had severe manifestation of SCD before the pregnancy were at higher risk of developing maternal morbidities.

Conclusion

We concluded that SCD might be an independent risk‐factor for developing maternal‐fetal morbidities. The SCD pregnancies with prior severe manifestations must be carefully managed during the last month of pregnancy when the risk is highest.
Surface functionalizing for high‐temperature ceramic fuel cells using electrochemical deposition technique
Authors: Nam Seongwoo , Kim Jinwook , Kim Hyunseung , Jung WooChul
Published: November 2024

Electrochemical deposition technique, a method widely recognized for its precision and versatility in the electronics industry, is gaining attraction in the energy field, particularly in developing solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Its ability to deposit metal compounds with nanostructures under simple ambient conditions makes it invaluable for modifying conventional electrodes with refined morphologies and compositions. In this mini‐review, we explore the principles of electrochemical deposition and highlight its recent applications in SOFC technology. Our focus lies on its pivotal role in fabricating coating layers or catalysts on electrodes with improved functionalities to build more efficient and durable fuel cells. Furthermore, we discuss emerging strategies for electrode surface modification and the potential of electrochemical deposition in advancing SOFC design and functionality. Our review also outlines future research directions aimed at harnessing and expanding the capabilities of electrochemical deposition in energy conversion applications.
Effectiveness, efficacy, acceptability, and feasibility of trauma‐informed depression, anxiety, and substance use prevention programs for young people aged 12–25 years: A mixed‐methods systematic review
Authors: Bailey Sasha , Newton Nicola , Perry Yael , Grummitt Lucinda , Tiko Raaya , Baams Laura , Barrett Emma
Published: November 2024

Background

Mental ill‐health and substance use bear significant public health burden on young people. Prevention is key. Trauma‐informed approaches to prevention of mental ill‐health and substance use demonstrate significant promise, yet it is unclear how well existing approaches work for young people targeting mental ill‐health and substance use. This review aimed to assess the effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of trauma‐informed mental ill‐health and/or substance use prevention programs for young people.

Methods

We searched the PsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library reference databases for peer‐reviewed studies of trauma‐informed mental ill‐health and/or substance use prevention programs for young people published between 2013 and 2022. Studies in any language were included and reference lists of included articles were scanned for additional studies of relevance.

Results

In total, 30 studies were included in this review, comprising five randomized controlled trials (RCTs), seven non‐RCTs, 10 quasi‐experimental designs, and eight qualitative studies. Among the 30 studies, 27 unique trauma‐informed prevention interventions were detailed. Eighteen studies reported statistically significant decreases in mental ill‐health, and two studies reported significant decreases in substance use outcomes among participants, up to 6 months following the interventions. Most preventative interventions with statistically significant effects were selective (rather than universal or indicated) in their approach (n = 10, 55%). Broad acceptability and feasibility of trauma‐informed prevention programs was observed among studies reporting this information though most quantitative studies were at high risk of bias and/or did not include a control group, whilst qualitative studies tended to report research conducted without a priori research aims.

Discussion

This review synthesizes for the first‐time evidence on the effectiveness (or efficacy), feasibility, and acceptability of trauma‐informed mental ill‐health and/or substance use programs for young people, especially for those exposed to traumatic or adverse experiences. While there are promising efficacy outcomes, further research conducting rigorous, well‐powered RCTs is required for large‐scale evaluation and scaling of the potential preventative benefits of such programs.
Prevalence and Prognostic Value of Cachexia Diagnosed by New Definition for Asian People in Older Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Noda Takumi , Maekawa Emi , Maeda Daichi , Uchida Shota , Yamashita Masashi , Hamazaki Nobuaki , Nozaki Kohei , Saito Hiroshi , Saito Kazuya , Ogasahara Yuki , Konishi Masaaki , Kitai Takeshi , Iwata Kentaro , Jujo Kentaro , Wada Hiroshi , Kasai Takatoshi , Nagamatsu Hirofumi , Ozawa Tetsuya , Izawa Katsuya , Yamamoto Shuhei , Aizawa Naoki , Yonezawa Ryusuke , Oka Kazuhiro , Ako Junya , Momomura Shin‐ichi , Kagiyama Nobuyuki , Matsue Yuya , Kamiya Kentaro
Published: November 2024

Background

The Asian Working Group for Cachexia (AWGC) proposed a new definition of cachexia; however, its impact on cachexia prevalence and overlaps with other conditions, such as sarcopenia and malnutrition, are unclear. We investigated these aspects and the prognostic value of cachexia based on the AWGC on mortality in older patients with heart failure (HF).

Methods

This study was a secondary analysis of a prospective multicentre cohort, namely, the FRAGILE‐HF cohort study. Older (≥ 65 years) patients who had been hospitalized due to decompensated HF were enrolled. We assessed the presence/absence of cachexia based on the AWGC and Evans' criteria. Sarcopenia and malnutrition based on the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2014 and the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria were also assessed to compare their prevalence and the overlaps between them. Patients were stratified in relation to the presence/absence of cachexia based on the AWGC criteria, and their mortality rates were compared.

Results

Of the 861 enrolled patients (median [interquartile range] age, 80 years [73–85 years]; male, 58.9%), cachexia, as evaluated based on the AWGC and Evans' criteria, sarcopenia and malnutrition, was present in 74.1%, 36.2%, 20.6% and 55.2% of patients, respectively. AWGC‐defined cachexia was most common in the four conditions. All‐cause death events occurred in 153 (18.1%) patients in 2 years. AWGC‐defined cachexia (adjusted hazard ratio [aHRs], 1.442; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.931–2.233; p = 0.101) was not associated with all‐cause mortality in older patients with HF after adjusting for other HF prognosis factors, such as the B‐type natriuretic peptide and the Meta‐Analysis Global Group in Chronic risk score, whereas cachexia evaluated based on Evans's criteria (aHRs, 1.547; 95% CI, 1.118–2.141; p = 0.009), sarcopenia (aHRs, 1.737; 95% CI, 1.214–2.485; p = 0.003), and malnutrition (aHRs, 1.581; 95% CI, 1.094–2.284; p = 0.015) was associated with all‐cause mortality.

Conclusions

Three‐quarters of older patients with HF had cachexia as evaluated by the AWGC criteria, and this was not associated with a worse prognosis. As the new AWGC cachexia criteria will result in a significantly larger proportion of patients being diagnosed with cachexia, the implementation of the criteria in clinical practice requires further consideration.

Trial Registration: UMIN‐CTR unique identifier: UMIN000023929
Predoctoral US dental school applicants and first‐time, first‐year enrollees, 2023 Entering Class
Authors: Singh Pradeep , Istrate Emilia C. , Booker Carolyn , West Karen P.
Published: November 2024

Purpose/objectives

This article aims to provide an overview of the characteristics of applicants and first‐time, first‐year enrolled predoctoral oral health students in the 2023 Entering Class, while highlighting trends over the past decade.

Methods

The study employs a descriptive analysis of predoctoral US dental school application data sourced from the ADEA Associated American Dental Schools Application Service (ADEA AADSAS®) and Texas Medical and Dental Schools Application Services (TMDSAS) portals.

Results

Between 2013 and 2023, the number of first‐time, first‐year enrollees increased by 14%. Applicant numbers rebounded post‐COVID pandemic and were 0.5% higher in 2023 compared to 2019. The proportion of female predoctoral applicants and first‐time, first‐year enrollees each increased by 11 percentage points over the last decade. Racial and ethnic diversity among first‐time, first‐year enrollees improved, particularly among Hispanic or Latino and Black or African American students, with both groups increasing by 51% between 2013 and 2023.

Conclusions

There has been a steady increase in first‐time, first‐year enrollees, reflecting growth in the number of US‐trained predoctoral oral health professionals. Applicant numbers have rebounded from the impact of COVID‐19 pandemic. The increase in the share of female dental school applicants and first‐time, first‐year enrollees has brought the gender distribution in predoctoral oral health programs more closely in line with that of postsecondary education. While progress has been made in terms of increased representation of historically underrepresented racial and ethnic (HURE) groups, much work remains to achieve greater representation.