bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE INFORMATION AGE: IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. AGRICULTURE
Authors: Goe W. Richard , Kenney Martin
Published: June 2005

The U.S. agricultural system is on the verge of a technological revolution that will involve biotechnology and computer‐based information technology. As the U.S. economy is being transformed through the growing computerelectronics industry, agricultural applications of computer technology, which include the microcomputer and videotex information retrieval networks, are becoming established agricultural inputs. The emergence of agriculture into the Information Age promises to have significant impacts on the economic and social welfare of the farmer as well as rural banking and postal systems, and agrimarketing and agriinput firms. A development which will shape the impact of information technology is the growing trend toward privatizing information which could result in agricultural information being transformed into a purchased agricultural input. This promises to undermine many public agricultural service activities. The penetration of information technology in agriculture along with the privatization of agricultural information has the potential of accelerating the forces which are consolidating farms and changing the face of agriculture.
INTEGRATING THE POLICY MODELS OF TERRORISM AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
Authors: Waugh William L.
Published: June 2005

International and domestic terrorism present some of the same kinds of policy imperatives as do natural and other man‐made disasters. In terms of the unpredictability and potential destructiveness of the events, the problems of preparing for, mitigating or lessening the effects of, responding to, and recovering from the disasters are essentially the same. This article suggests that the current emergency management models can be adapted to fit the circumstances created by terrorist violence. A model of antiterrorism policy interventions can be f i t into the preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery model now guiding the efforts of the Federal Emergency Management Agency and other disaster preparedness and response agencies in the United States.
ANTICIPATORY POLICY AND MARINE RESOURCES
Authors: King Lauriston R.
Published: June 2005

Anticipatory policy is premised on the need to respond to warnings about future threats and opportunities by positive political action. This paper discusses the notion of anticipatory policy by using three cases from ocean policy, deepwater ports, ocean thermal energy conversion, and deep seabed mining. Such policies tend to be extremely vulnerable to changes in the economic and political environments within which they operate. In order to understand how such policies succeed or fail requires that studies of policy implementation decades, not just several years. Although there has been a move in this direction in assessing social welfare policies, this approach has been far less evident in the natural resources area.
THE UNITED STATES OCEAN RESOURCES SERVICE: A PROPOSAL
Authors: Gale Richard P. , Miller Marc L.
Published: June 2005

Responding to recent calls for a multiple use, multiple resource approach to marine resource management, this paper sketches the organizational and legislative features of a hypothetical U. S. Ocean Resources Service modeled on the land‐based U.S. Forest Service. The organization of the Washington, DC headquarters of the USDRS and the staff groups within what is called the National Ocean System of the USORS are outlined. USORS field units which correspond to USFS Regions, Forests, and Ranger Districts are described. Potential USORS legislative interventions are reviewed, using the chain of legislative interventions into Forest Service operations over the past quarter century as a model. Five potential legislative acts are discussed as are arguments favoring and opposing USORS formation.
THE POLITICS OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE USSR
Authors: Luke Timothy W.
Published: June 2005

Book reviewed in this article:

Nathan Leites, The Soviet Style in Management (New York: Crane Russak, 1985).

Bruce Parrott, Politics and Technology in the Soviet Union (Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1985).

Bruce Parrott, Trade, Technology and Soviet‐American Relations (Bloom‐ington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1985).
AIR WARS: REGULATION AND DEREGULATION IN THE INTERNATIONAL AIR PASSENGER MARKET
Authors: Conybeare John A.C.
Published: June 2005

International civil aviation is governed by a cartel that dissipates its monopoly profits in surplus capacity. Based on the 1946 Bermuda agreement and the International Air Transport Association, the cartel imposes heavy costs on U.S. consumers and air travellers in general. The Carter administration attempted to make international aviation more competitive, but this progress was substantially reversed under Reagan. A new policy should be based on treating air travel the same as any other commodity and therefore subject to U.S. antidumping and antitrust laws. The goal of the policy should be to shift the cost of maintaining inefficient national flag carriers from the international community back on to the taxpayers of those countries.
EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING POLICY AND AMERICAN IDEAS: OLD PROBLEMS AND EMERGING PROGRAMS
Authors: Rosenbaum Allan
Published: June 2005

The federal government has, relative to other areas of social welfare program activity, been especially slow in the development of employment and training policy. The reasons for this can be found in terms of an understanding of the most basic American political and economic ideas. The history of federal initiatives in employment and training policy is traced briefly and the impact of certain American political ideas on this pattern of development is analyzed. Particular attention is given to the issues of coordinating of employment and training programs and the increased role of the state and private sector in designing and managing such programs. It is suggested that in light of certain historic American political patterns, there might be costs to moving in commonly sought after ways that are not readily evident.
HELPING PEOPLE WITH LABOR MARKET PROBLEMS: AN OVERVIEW OF KEY POLICIES
Authors: Levitan Sar A.
Published: June 2005

Those in need of employment and training programs face a variety of difficulties. Accordingly, the federal response to labor market problems has encompassed a wide range of initiatives. These include preparing people for work (through skills training, the Job Corps, work experience programs); improving the functioning of the labor market (through matching workers with jobs, establishing a minimum wage, and the Targeted Jobs Tax Credit program); and preventing discrimination. Unresolved issues in these areas are examined. They include who should be targeted for federal assistance, which levels of government can best operate programs, how public versus private efforts should be balanced, how limited resources should be distributed, and how the welfare versus work question should be resolved.
EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING POLICY IN A NEW ERA: THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL FORCES
Authors: Marshall Ray
Published: June 2005

Basic forces are influencing the American economy and significantly effecting employment and training policy. States need to take responsibility in solving the problems created by these trends. The implications of these trends‐the technological revolution, internationalization of the American economy, and labor market and demographic changes‐are examined. The first implication is that the United States cannot have effective economic policies unless monetary‐fiscal policies are supplemented by selective labor market policies which can deal with specific labor market problems. Second, policies must be measured in terms of their effects on the competitiveness of American industry in the areas of wages, management systems, and technology. Finally, there is a need to recognize the importance of education in responding to the economy's problems and to combine employment and training with other human resource development activities.
IMPLEMENTING AN EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING PROGRAM FOR FOOD STAMP RECIPIENTS: DILEMMAS AND CHOICES
Authors: Munns Joyce Matthews
Published: June 2005

The food stamp legislation of December 1985 provided another opportunity to experiment with welfare to work reform, this time through employment and training programs for food stamp recipients. This new program can be seen both as an opportunity to move people toward self‐sufficiency and as a bundle of programmatic contradictions which threaten that opportunity. Federal requirements for the program are described as are the dilemmas to which they give rise. These dilemmas concern program coverage of food stamp recipients, utility of the program components, the use of sparse funds, and the incorporation of such values as the harmonization of programs, administrative simplicity, and fairness to food stamp recipients.
PROGRAM COORDINATION IN THE EMPLOYMENT SERVICE: A STATE AND LOCAL POLICY PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Seninger Stephen F. , Zirkin Barbara G.
Published: June 2005

This paper analyzes the role of coordination criteria in employment and training service delivery within the Job Training Partnership Act system. The evolution of coordination criteria is related to current initiatives in the Employment Service at the state and local levels. An operational set of program outcome measures for monitoring coordination efforts is discussed. This set of outcome measures is formulated in the broad context of stabilizing employment and averting the “structuralization” of unemployment impacts wrought by fundamental economic change in the labor market. The assessment and monitoring of such coordination efforts is discussed.
NEW DIRECTIONS IN EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING POLICY: A FEDERAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Jones Roberts T.
Published: June 2005

The U.S. Department of Labor's “Work Force 2000” project has identified long‐term trends that will affect future employment and training policy. These include demographic trends such as a decline in the pool of young labor market entrants and an increase in women, minority, and immigrant workers; the continued shift from goods‐producing industries to the service sector; and continued technological innovation in response to increased international competition. These projected changes in the labor market and workplace present a national challenge and an opportunity to tackle the longstanding problems of disadvantaged workers. Cooperative public and private programs to eliminate illiteracy and increase job skills and competencies, ease labor mobility and provide retraining, and attack underlying social problems that support the cycle of welfare dependency and unemployment are needed to provide the workforce America needs for the future.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INCENTIVES AND DIRECTIVES: THE CASE OF DUTCH WATER QUALITY POLICY
Authors: Bressers Hans Th. A.
Published: June 2005

The use of effluent charges as an instrument o f regulatory policy has been the object of much dispute. The controversy between advocates and opponents of replacing directives by incentive strategies in various fields of public intervention has always been rather heated, though carried on more in terms of theory than of empirical evidence drawn from experience with policy instruments in actual operation. Much like permit trading in the United States, regulatory effluent charges in The Netherlands more or less “sneaked in through the back door.” The Dutch system o f water quality charges had originally been designed to fulfill solely a revenue‐raising function.

The unique features of The Netherlands system make it an interesting example of the use of charges. The Dutch system of effluent charges has been in operation since 1970 and, in terms of the level of the charges, is more than twice as large as the more recent German program. Furthermore its use as a regulatory instrument has been “accidental.” It did not replace the official intervention strategy of direct regulation. Given this situation, the Dutch case provides a unique opportunity to examine the effects of these two approaches as they were applied to the same case.

Three statistical analyses of the impacts of the policy instrument used, supplemented by two expert assessments of these impacts, show the Dutch effluent charges have had a very remarkable effect on industrial polluters. In Holland, t h e water quality policy i s regarded as one of t h e few examples o f successful governmental intervention. The final section presents some general thoughts on relevance of the Dutch experience with effluent charges for other countries.
STATE‐LOCAL RELATIONS AND THE AMERICAN JAIL CRISIS: AN ASSESSMENT OF STATE JAIL MANDATES
Authors: Thompson Joel A. , Mays G. Larry
Published: June 2005

Years of neglect, combined with the recent development of a “hands on” judicial policy have resulted in a jail crisis in America. States, recognizing their contribution to this situation, have begun to develop policies designed to assist local jail officials in operating safe, humane, and constitutional facilities. These state efforts are a form o f mandating, and primarily concern minimum operating standards and inspections programs. In this research we investigate three questions related to state mandating of local jail operations: (1) what is the extent of state involvement, (2) what factors are associated with state involvement, and (3) what is the impact of state involvement? Our findings indicate (1) states have been active in developing and administering jail mandates, (2) state involvement is associated with state‐level corrections policy, and (3) jail standards and inspections programs have a substantial impact on local jail performance. We conclude with a discussion of how state and local governments may proceed in the process of developing standards, inspections, and enforcement procedures.
THE WORK ORIENTATIONS OF JAIL PERSONNEL: A COMPARISON OF DEPUTY SHERIFFS AND CAREER LINE OFFICERS
Authors: Pogrebin Mark R. , Poole Eric D.
Published: June 2005

Based upon interview data from 60 officers in four county jails, this paper examines the differences in the institutional work orientations and experiences of deputy sheriffs and career line correctional officers. We found that both deputy sheriffs and corrections officers felt they received little support from administrators and were treated as second‐class employees. Corrections officers were more likely to emphasize the professionalism of corrections work, to reduce social distance with inmates, and to stress the importance of human relations skills in effective work performance. In contrast, deputies were more likely to emphasize the futility of corrections work, to view inmates with suspicion and distrust, and stress coercive control and order maintenance duties.
RETHINKING AMERICAN JAIL DEATH RATES: A COMPARISON OF NATIONAL MORTALITY AND JAIL MORTALITY, 1978, 1983
Authors: Winfree L. Thomas
Published: June 2005

This article provides insights in to the problem of jail deaths in America by drawing upon relevant data from the 1978 and 1983 National Jail Censuses and other official sources. The goal o f the research is to compare national death trends with jail death trends in order to determine (1) if the problem is as grave as the available literature suggests, and (2) if any major changes have occurred as a result of federal court activism. Indeed, we found that when an adjusted general population death rate is employed certain cause‐specific rates are actually lower in jail. This generalization, while true for natural causes and homicides, was not the case for suicides. Depending upon which general population rates are compared with which jail rates, inmates committed suicide at a rate that was between five and fifteen times higher than the rate for free‐world citizens. Between censuses, the general trend in jail death rates was generally downward, although once again suicide rates tended to exhibit less of a decrease than the rates for homicides and death by natural causes. Possible explanations for this anomaly and policy implications are addressed in the article.
LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION AND POVERTY STATUS AMONG RURAL AND URBAN WOMEN WHO HEAD FAMILIES
Authors: Cautley Eleanor , Slesinger Doris P.
Published: June 2005

This paper examines differentials in the propensity to be living in poverty among women who head families with minor children. Characteristics of mothers are examined for four subgroups: residents of central cities, suburbs, small towns, and rural areas. Using Public Use Microdata Sample data from the 1980 Census, results are presented using Multiple Classification Analysis. After controlling for the effects of mother's race, marital status, education, work status, and ages of her children, single mothers in central cities and smaIl towns have the highest rates of poverty (48% and 45% respectively), closely followed by those in rural areas (41%). Suburban single mothers are least likely to live in poverty (33%).

Results show that employment status is the strongest predictor of poverty, followed by education and marital status. A subanalysis of women who work full‐time reveals major differences in earned income, with suburban women earning the highest incomes, followed by women living in central cities, then rural areas and, finally, small towns. A decomposition of this difference reveals that about two‐thirds of the difference is due to pay scales, and only one‐third due to the structure of occupational opportunity.
THE IMPACT OF STATE STANDARDS AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES ON LOCAL JAIL PERFORMANCE
Authors: Thompson Joel A. , Mays G. Larry
Published: June 2005

One of the recent trends in the field of criminal justice has been the development of state jail standards. The nature of local politics has meant that jails have been among the most poorly funded and operated governmental institutions. The result of decades of neglect is a fertile ground for inmate litigation. The interest shown by the courts, in a variety of operational and procedural areas, has been a key factor in leading many states to assume a greater role in local jail oversight. This article examines some of the problems facing jails and describes state efforts to address these problems through state‐level jail standards and enforcement procedures.
Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA) : Origins, Evolution, and Future Directions
Authors: Caldwell Lynton K.
Published: June 2005

The technique of environmental impact analysis (EIA) was developed initially in the United States in response to a requirement of the National 15nvironmental Policy Act of 1969. Now adopted with variations in at least 3 0 countries antf by the European Community, EIA has proved to be a va1ua't)le component of a group of related techniques for discovering and projectirig the probable consequences of proposed action. In pursuit of iriprovenicnt in analytic technique, however, the policy rationale for EIA has too oftcii been obscured. EIA depends for full effectiveness upon in‐ tcgration into the policy‐making process. Separated from commitment to environmental policy objectives, El.4 IS at risk of becoming redundant paperwork.
CONTAINING REFORM: THE UK STANCE ON THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ElA DIRECTIVE
Authors: Wathern Peter
Published: June 2005

After a decade's deliberation, the European Community EIA Directive bccomes operative on July 3, 1988. Member states spent 7 years refining the proposals and were given 3 years to devise implementation procedures. In this paper the attempt by the UK government to contain the impact of the Directive on domestic policy is reviewed. While the UK government was successful in eroding many provisions during formulation, it has been prevented from exempting many projects from mandatory EIA in its im‐ plementation procedures. The most significant reform is that many projects are subject to formal EIA for the first time.
RIPPLES AND TRICKLES: IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND POLICY ANALYSIS IN ASIA
Authors: Koppel Bruce
Published: June 2005

Advocacy of impact assessment has exceeded documentation of the un‐ even influence of impact assessment information on policy analysis. Start‐ ing with a simple distinction between pluralist and hierarchical policy systems, an analysis is presented of relations between impact assessment and policy processes in Asia, with special emphasis on the Philippines. Conclusions are drawn about the political significance of impact assessment information in different policy contexts.
UNANTICIPATED CONSEQUENCES OF A.I.D. PROJECTS: LESSONS FROM IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR PROJECT PLANNING
Authors: Finsterbusch Kurt , Van Wicklin Warren A.
Published: June 2005

We examine lJ.S. Agency for International Development project designs as described in pre‐project design documents arid compare them using document review protocols to project outcomes as described in project impact evaluation reports for 40 projects. From this we draw three major conclusions concerning project designs: (1)most are unrealistic – estimated outputs greatly exceed actual outputs at the same time that considerable cost overruns occur, (2) they do not adequately assess the feasibility of the implementation, maintenance, and use of the project and its outputs, and (3) they do not adequately assess potential negative impacts. In light of these shortcomings we offer several recommendations for consideration and testing.
SCIENCE IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY
Authors: Dunn William N. , Hegedus Andrea M. , Holzner Burkart
Published: June 2005

In recent years a number of important science policy issues have rentered on questions about the social utility of science. The field of knowledge systems accounting has evolved as a special form of social impact assessment to observe and measure the impact of science on society. A system of social impacts of science (SIS) indicators has been developed as an attempt to represent these complex patterns and relationships. In the final analysis, the causal relevance of science to social performance depends on our capacity to link the complex knowledge system of modern science to the achievement of social goals.
PLANNED INCAPACITY TO SUCCEED? POLICY‐MAKING STRUCTURE AND POLICY FAILURE
Authors: Robertson David Brian
Published: June 2005

Policies may fail in two analytically distinct ways: they may fail to achieve their goals, or they may fail to retain political support and be terminated. By failing to distinguish between ineffectiveness and political failure, the three most common interpretations of the War on Poverty and the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (failure owing to central government incompetence, failure owing to pluralism, and “hidden” success) cannot adequately account for the gap between their ambiguous performance and their clear political failure. To understand these differences, one must understand the effect of America's fragmented political structure on the design and implementation of poverty and unemployment remedies. Under resource constraints and given a large degree of policy discretion, American states in the aggregate have retained their historic resistance to social policies that would increase short‐term expenditures and reduce the attractiveness of their business climate. These jurisdictions and their Congressional representatives opposed new fully nationalized initiatives, insisting on policy designs that promised fiscal relief while protecting state and local policy control. National policymakers found that grant‐in‐aid programs offered the path of least resistance in these circumstances. Although social policy grant programs could win initial approval in Congress, these designs proved to be increasingly unwieldy, expensive, and difficult to control in practice. The programs yielded ambiguous overall results but provided unambiguous examples of waste, fraud and abuse, fueling the perception of failure and contributing to the backlash against these programs and their political failure.
SUBGOVERNMENTS AND THE IMPACT OF POLICY FRAGMENTATION AND ACCOMMODATION
Authors: McCool Daniel
Published: June 2005

For many years political scientists have utilized the subgovernment model of policy‐making to explain certain types of policy output. Recently a number of scholars have argued that the traditional conceptualization of subgovernments was simplistic and incomplete. They view subgovernments as a complex and integral part of the larger policy‐making environment. This paper examines this “new” subgovernment by analyzing its role in contemporary public policy‐making. If subgovernments have lost their autonomy and been exposed to the complex demands of the larger political system, what impact does this have on policy outputs? Relying upon the literature on subgovernments and their principal components, the paper offers an interpretation of how subgovernments have potentially expanded their influence on public policy as a result of two contemporary developments: policy‐making fragmentation, and the accommodation of policy outputs.
SYNTHESIZING POLITICS, RATIONALITY AND ADVOCACY: ENERGY POLICY ANALYSIS FOR MINORITY GROUPS
Authors: Throgmorton J.A.
Published: June 2005

This paper explores the interaction between three primary activities (political influence, scientific analysis, and advocacy) in the practice of policy analysis. After arguing that successful practice depends on the ability of policy analysts to synthesize those three activities, the paper describes and critiques one analytical team's recent efforts to define the impacts of federal energy policy and programs on minority groups. It reports that the analytical team failed to maintain critical distance from its client and to communicate effectively with its lay constituency; acting as a “client advocate,” the team unintentionally but systematically distorted knowledge concerning minorities and energy. The paper concludes by urging analysts to recognize that they have three distinct audiences (clients, technical peers, and lay constituencies) and that successful analysis depends on communicating honestly and openly with each of them.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ADMINISTRATIVE POWER THEORY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STATE DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES*
Authors: Grady Dennis O.
Published: June 2005

The ability of state leaders to influence economic growth and diversity within their states is a disputed issue within the literature on state economic development policy‐making. This research contributes to this debate by developing comparative measures of state development agency power drawn from the emerging theory on organizational power. If state policy leaders have independent control over the economic performance of their states and if that influence is exercised through the administrative unit responsible for that activity, states which have supplied their agencies more resources and freedom in using those resources should outperform those states which have not.
THE POLITICS OF DEFENSE POLICY COMMUNICATION: THE “THREAT” OF SOVIET STRATEGIC DEFENSE
Authors: Payne Rodger A.
Published: June 2005

This paper suggests a technique for evaluating threat assessments when reliable data is unavailable. Previously, scholars have found that political leaders manipulated threat assessments to achieve desired defense policy outcomes. Yet contemporary communication about threats are not easily studied, leading some writers to call for new studies of Clausewitz's so‐called “social” dimension of strategy – the efforts by governments to assure domestic support for defense policies. To apply the suggested technique, this paper examines the Reagan Administration's claim that the threats from Soviet strategic defenses justify the U.S. Strategic Defense Initiative. The Administration's arguments are found to be unclear and internally inconsistent. Despite some fear appeals about Soviet threats, Reagan officials typically noted that American offensive forces will continue to render Soviet defenses impotent and obsolete for the forseeable future. Indeed, vague and inconsistent statements about Soviet forces may have undermined Administration efforts to fulfill SDI funding goals, to codify early deployment plans, and even to establish Manhattan or Apollo‐type policy preeminince.
ALTERNATIVE IMAGES FOR PUBLIC POLICY: FAMILY STRUCTURE VERSUS FAMILIES STRUGGLING.
Authors: Scanzoni John
Published: June 2005

A constrast is drawn between public policy and programmatic implementations of policy. The argument is made that conservatives possess a coherent and thoughtful family policy, whereas progressives are devoid of such a policy. Lacking any “high moral ground” progressives find themselves on the defensive when proposing specific programs. Consequently guidelines for a progressive policy for families is proposed, along with examples of programs that might derive from it.
FAMILY POLICY IN THE STATE LEGISLATURE: THE CONNECTICUT AGENDA
Authors: Wisensale Steven K.
Published: June 2005

In 1987 the Connecticut General Assembly made the first attempt in the nation's history to pass a comprehensive family policy. A total of 16 of 26 proposed bills were approved at a total cost of nearly $35 million. Included in the package was aparental and medical leave bill for state employees, a pilot program for displaced homemakers, and a bill to improve access to child day care. This study emphasizes the importance of strong party leadership, the need for comprehensive proposals that appeal to a variety of constituencies, and the importance of the right political and economic timing in enacting family‐oriented legislation.
MYTHS ABOUT PUBLIC WELFARE: POVERTY, FAMILY INSTABILITY, AND TEEN ILLEGITIMACY
Authors: Zimmerman Shirley L.
Published: June 2005

To rationalize federal cutbacks in spending for public welfare, President Reagan charged that public welfare programs are responsible for leading to a “national tragedy involving family breakdown, teen‐age illegitimacy and worsening poverty.” Yet analysis of 1980 and 1982 census data for the 50 states suggests that if this is so, it is because of low, not high, spending for public welfare. While low state spending for public welfare is predictive of high teen illegitimacy rates and directly linked to high state poverty and divorce rates, higher state spending for public welfare is predictive of lower teen birth rates, and linked to lower rates of family breakup and poverty. Despite limitations inherent in the analysis, the findings challenge the contention that spending for public welfare contributes to family breakup, teen illegitimacy and poverty.
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE NATIONAL DEFENSE STOCKPILE
Authors: Twight Charlotte
Published: June 2005

It is really a cynical playing of politics with this issue of the strategic stockpile. I don't like being on watch while this kind of nonsense is going on. (Humphrey, 1983, p. 67)

Few government programs display both the political salability and the vulnerability to political manipulation that characterize the National Defense Stockpile. This article analyzes the ways in which changing institutional constraints have shaped the nature and extent of parochial manipulation of the National Defense Stockpile over more than half a century of U.S. stockpiling experience. Focusing on the roles of Congress and the executive branch in establishing the relevant institutional rules and accommodating constituent pressures within the framework of those rules, this article examines the use and perpetuation of the strategic materials stockpile for personal political gain.
AN EVALUATION OF FURTHER REFORMS IN THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY'S PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATION PROCESS
Authors: Meyers Edward M.
Published: June 2005

By 1992, the party of the majority, the Democratic Party, will have been out of power for twenty years of a twenty‐four year span. Since 1968, numerous reforms in the presidential nominating process have been considered and adopted by the Democrats. These reforms have had the effect of opening the nominating process to rank‐and‐file Democrats through state primaries and participatory caucuses. While the reforms achieve this purpose, the end result is a mixed system that has been described as a disjointed hodgepodge of rules.

This article presents ten criteria of a sound nomination system. Then a panel of researchers and practitioners weighs seven options for further reform against the ten criteria. Several policy options are considered by the panel as improvements over the current presidential nomination system.
POLITICAL EDUCATION FOR PUBLIC SERVANTS
Authors: Edmondson Hank
Published: June 2005

Incorporating democratic values into public administration education is not an easy task. To ignore democratic values completely, however, would be to tacitly condone the violation of these principles by an administrator thus making democracy training all the more essential. In this article, the ideas of the American Founders and the ideas of John Dewey regarding democracy in education are compared. It is the opinion of the author that the Founders and Dewey had such divergent views of teaching democracy precisely because they had very different definitions of democracy.
REFLECTIONS ON PUTTING THEORY IN PRACTICE INTO ACTION IN THE CLASSROOM
Authors: Rizzo Ann‐Marie
Published: June 2005

Effective learning necessitates a change of behavior on the part of the student. The author asserts that the introduction of abstract theories to students does little to advance the students' competence or efficiency. Rather, a case is made for allowing students to create their own theories of action based upon their individual circumstances and experiences. The concept of an “action theory” is forwarded as an effective tool for teaching public administration students. The action theory recognizes the student's need to have relevant frameworks and practical guidelines. Furthermore, the author predicts that the action theory will give public administrators greater control over their work environments inasmuch as it establishes more honest assessments of organizational conditions.

“If you want to get ahead, get a theory. B. Inholder and A. Karmiloff‐Smith
TEACHING ETHICS, TEACHING ETHICALLY
Authors: Catron Bayard L.
Published: June 2005

A fair amount of attention has been given recently to teaching ethics and what manners of conduct are proper, especially in the public sector. This article examines not only the substance of teaching ethics, but also the process. The author contends that professors of ethics are in a difficult field because its scope is so broad. While different professions have different ethical codes and standards, it remains true that all fields have ethical considerations. The challenge for the ethics professor is to instill in students a basic understanding of proper conduct, realizing that some actions and decisions are better than others, while not attempting to appear morally omniscient.
A HANDS‐ON APPROACH TO TEACHING PROGRAM EVALUATION
Authors: Newcomer Kathryn E.
Published: June 2005

This article examines the changing nature of program evaluation and the way in which program evaluation is taught to MPA students. Drawing on her experience at George Washington University, the authors explains an approach to teaching program evaluation that has received a great deal of positive feedback. The approach has its foundation, real‐world, hands‐on evaluation by the students, which gives them invaluable experience. Furthermore, because there is extensive instructor involvement, the author asserts that the experience proves also to be of value to the professor.
COMMUNICATION IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: THE NEED FOR SKILL‐BASED EDUCATION
Authors: Manns Edith Kelley , Waugh William L.
Published: June 2005

This article notes the tremendous significance of communication skills for public administrators with the authors examining the attention that has been given to teaching these skills in MPA programs. The authors hold that basic communication skills are the essential building blocks on which more advanced skills (i.e., qualitative skills and computer skills) are constructed. This article considers the various skills of communication that are most essential to public administrators and the manner in which courses addressing these skills are handled in MPA curriculum. In concluding the article, the authors offer several options for teaching communication skills to students of the discipline.
THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY: IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING
Authors: Ventriss Curtis
Published: June 2005

Increasingly, the nations of the world are becoming more interdependent among themselves. This is true not only in an economic sense, but in a political sense as well. The field of public administration has become internationalized, presenting a new challenge to both teachers and students of the discipline. The article argues that special attention should be given to teaching students how to manage policy interdependency. Furthermore, the interdisciplinary approach is advocated as a method of broadening students' perspectives in public administration. In concluding the article, the author offers several recommendations for improving public administration programs.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN THE THIRD WORLD: PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Authors: Kerrigan John E. , Luke Jeffrey S.
Published: June 2005

Nations of the Third World are not developing as quickly as their potential suggests they should. This article posits that one of the major reasons for this lack of development is a scarcity of trained public managers. Teaching citizens of developing countries public administration presents a special challenge. The authors point out that the emphasis in training these individuals should be placed on practical learning. In addition, curriculum should not be based solely on the American model, but should recognize the cultural and economic dissimilarities that exist. The authors close the article by suggesting some possible training approaches for developing nations.
THE MPA CAPSTONE EXPERIENCE: FHE ESSENCE OF ANALYSIS IS SURPRISE
Authors: Bowman James S.
Published: June 2005

A final course, or project is a standard requirement in Master of Public Administration (MPA) programs. This requirement is intended to permit the student to demonstrate advanced ability in the discipline. This article examines one such course at Florida State University. The course included readings, exercises, oral presentations, and a written report. This author assesses the merits and drawbacks of the course as well as notes the unintended consequences that resulted. In concluding the article, the author makes several recommendations for future courses based on the experiences gained in the Florida state model.
ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF THE SURFACE MINING CONTROL AND RECLAMATION ACT
Authors: Desai Uday
Published: June 2005

Even a dozen years since the passage of the Surface Mining. Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) there is little agreement on how well i t has worked. The paper attempts to assess the impacts of SMCRA in six major surface coal producing states. Although i t is not possible to make an unqualified overall national assessment, the evidence presented in the paper indicates that in many (but by no means all) cases, surface coal mining is now carried out in environmentally less destructive ways then before the Act. However, the accomplishments have fallen far short of expectations. The situation in some states has gotten worse than before the Act. Overall, the impact of the Act on the ground has been mixed and has depended on the rigor with which the Act has been implemented in individual coal states.
STATE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SURFACE MINING CONTROL AND RECLAMATION ACT OF 1977
Authors: Davis Charles E. , Davis Sandra K. , Peacock Denise
Published: June 2005

The implementation of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) of 1977 in coal producing states is guided by a partial preemption policy approach t h a t establishes a balance between federal and state decision‐making authority. The usefulness of this approach is assessed by analyzing state enforcement actions in relation the institutional capacity of states to shoulder regulatory responsibilities and the propensity of the federal Office of Surface Mining (OSM) t o oversee state enforcement actions and, if necessary, to undertake corrective action. Our results indicated that state administration of SMCRA was canstrained by the lack of effective federal oversight but was largely unaffected by interstate differences in political, economic, or administrative characteristics.
THE NEED FOR FEDERAL OVERSIGHT OF ALTERNATIVE BOND SYSTEMS UNDER SMCRA
Authors: Beier Ann E. , McElfish James M.
Published: June 2005

The 1977 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) requires mine operators to post reclamation bonds before mining begins. The Federal Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE) has approved alternative bond systems in seven states. These systems, rather than requiring bond amounts at the full cost of reclamation, require operators t o submit only a flat rate, acreage specific bond. Additional reclamation costs should be covered by a supplemental fund composed generally of permit fees, taxes, or penalties.

In many cases, alternative bond systems fail to ensure that funds will be available to reclaim coal mined land in the event of operator default, as required by SMCRA. OSMRE needs to take a more active role in oversight of existing state alternative bond systems to ensure that reclamation occurs.
THE SURFACE MINING CONTROL AND RECLAMATION ACT OF 1977 IN OKLAHOMA: STATE AND FEDERAL COHABITATION
Authors: Vestal Theodore M.
Published: June 2005

The enforcement of the SMCRA in Oklahoma has led to improvements and transformations in the coal industry, state and federal regulatory agencies and the public. The catalyst for these changes was the federal takeover of inspection and enforcement of the SMCRA in Oklahoma with the state carrying on all other mining regulatory activities from 1984 through 1987. This pattern of cohabitation differed from that in Tennessee where OSM took over all enforcement of the SMCRA or that in states that enter into cooperative agreements to provide state regulation of coal mining on federal lands within the state. Cohabitation in Oklahoma produced a new, more positive attitude toward cooperative federalism by both federal and state regulatory bodies that might serve as a model for other states with OSM maintaining state agency support for policy objectives while allowing the state reasonable decisional discretion.
SURFACE MINING CONTROL AND RECLAMATION ACT: A UTAH PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Nielson Dianne
Published: June 2005

The authority to regulate the coal industry a t the state level, under state statute and rules, the importance of the coal industry to the state, the importance of an environmentally sound regulatory program, and the benefit of a state‐managed abandoned mine reclamation program, in short the ability of the state to manage its own natural resources, make state primacy a necessity, not an option.

Implementation of SMCRA cannot be measured in the myriad of oversight statistics. Effectiveness means cost‐effective, timely reclamation of abandoned sites; consistent, workable rules and regulatory practices; responsive program management; and compliance which is internalized in the mine's operations.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION MANDATES: A STUDY OF TWO LAND USE REGULATORY POLICIES
Authors: Menzel Donald C.
Published: June 2005

This paper examines the implementation mandates and experiences associated with two intergovernmental regulatory policies, one at the federal‐state level and the other a t the state‐control level. The policies are the Federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 and the Florida Growth Management Act of 1985. These experiences suggest that implementation mandates, a t least with respect to intergovernmental regulatory policies, are not as effective as logic and rational argument might dictate.
HEALTH CARE RATIONING AND COST CONTAINMENT ARE NOT SYNONYMOUS
Authors: Reagan Michael D.
Published: June 2005

Much public discussion about health care assumes, explicitly or implicitly, that only by denial of potentially beneficial care (called “rationing”) can cost containment be achieved. This piece critically examines the various current usages of “rationing,” and argues that it is being misapplied. Fur‐ ther, the call for rationing may be deflecting us from fruitful exploration of non‐rationing alternatives to cost control. Two of these are briefly sketched as examples: physician fee controls and practice guidelines.
NORMATIVE POLITICAL SCIENCE
Authors: Miller Trudi C.
Published: June 2005

The bad news is that critics of the quantitative movement in policy and political science are right (so far). Widely accepted quantitative models of politics promote cynicism and counter‐productive uses of government power. Mainstream social science provides a perverse basis for policy analysis. The good news is that there is no sound scientific reason for the schism between so called “empirical” and “normative” theories of politics. Traditional theories of politics, which show how government power can be used to serve the public interest, can be quantified and tested as empirical theory. The resulting scientific normative theory provides a constructive foundation for policy analysis.
AGENDA SETTING, PUBLIC POLICY, AND MINORITY GROUP INFLUENCE: AN INTRODUCTION1
Authors: McClain Paula D.
Published: June 2005

The question of where policy issues originate and gain attention is an important one, particularly when issues of concern of minority communities are at stake. Yet the literature on the impact of minority groups in the agenda setting process is virtually nonexistent. This introductory article sets the context for the symposium on “Agenda Setting, Public Policy, and Minority Group Influence” by raising several theoretical and contextual questions about the utility of the extant agenda setting literature as a paradigm for understanding minority group influence on the agenda setting process.
NONWHITE MINORITY ACCESS TO THE POLITICAL AGENDA IN BRITAIN
Authors: Studlar Donley T. , Layton‐Henry Zig
Published: June 2005

The theoretical literature on agenda‐setting, largely developed in the United States, is applied to the problem of minority group access to the political agenda on race relations and immigration issues in the United Kingdom. Empirical emphasis is placed on the institutional opportunities and constraints for minority group access on major issues of concern in recent years. Nonwhite access to the political agenda in Britain remains minimal and problematic. The conclusion places these findings into the general literature on agenda setting.
ORGANIZING THE MEXICAN‐AMERICAN COMMUNITY IN TEXAS: THE LEGACY OF SAUL ALINSKY
Authors: Marquez Benjamin
Published: June 2005

This paper examines the political activities of the Industrial Area's Foundation (IAF) network in Texas. Two major research questions are addressed. The first is whether or not the political program of the IAF can empower the Mexican‐American community and influence the policy‐making process. The second is whether or not their efforts can have a lasting impact on the social and economic problems that plague the Mexican‐American population. The evidence put forth reveals that the IAF network has been successful in mobilizing the Mexican‐American com‐ munity and has established a significant record of political vitories. Despite these gains, however, there is reason to doubt the network's ability to counter larger structural problems facing minority communities such as poverty and unemployment. Questions concerning the future of the IAF's style of neighborhood politics are raised in the context of their political ideology, goals, alliances and the difficulties encountered when organizing the poor.