bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial of Healthy Ketogenic Diet Versus Energy-Restricted Diet on Weight Loss in Adults with Obesity
Authors: Lim Su Lin , Tay Melissa , Ang Siew Min , Wai Shu Ning , Ong Kai Wen , Neo Wen Joo , Yap Qai Ven , Chan Yiong Huak , Khoo Chin Meng
Published: December 2024

Introduction: The ketogenic diet (KD) is widely used for weight management by reducing appetite, enhancing fat oxidation, and facilitating weight loss. However, the high content of total and saturated fats in a conventional KD may elevate low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels, a known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, highlighting the need for healthier alternatives. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a newly developed Healthy Ketogenic Diet (HKD) versus an Energy-Restricted Diet (ERD) on weight loss and metabolic outcomes among adults with obesity. Methods: Multi-ethnic Asian adults (n = 80) with body mass index ≥ 27.5 kg/m2 were randomized either to HKD (n = 41) or ERD (n = 39) for 6 months. Both groups followed an energy-restricted healthy diet, emphasizing on reducing saturated and trans fats. The HKD group additionally limited net carbohydrate intake to no more than 50 g per day. Dietary adherence was supported via the Nutritionist Buddy app with dietitian coaching. The primary outcome was weight change from baseline at 6 months. Secondary outcomes included weight change at 3 months and 1 year, along with changes in metabolic profiles. Data were analyzed using linear regression with an intention-to-treat approach. Results: The HKD group achieved significantly greater mean weight loss at 6 months than the ERD group (−7.8 ± 5.2 kg vs. −4.2 ± 5.6 kg, p = 0.01). The mean weight loss percentage at 6 months was 9.3 ± 5.9% and 4.9 ± 5.8% for the HKD and ERD groups, respectively (p = 0.004). Improvements in metabolic profiles were also significantly better in the HKD group [glycated hemoglobin (−0.3 ± 0.3% vs. −0.1 ± 0.2%, p = 0.008), systolic blood pressure (−7.7 ± 8.9 mmHg vs. −2.6 ± 12.2 mmHg, p = 0.005), and aspartate transaminase (−7.6 ± 15.5 IU/L vs. 0.6 ± 11.5 IU/L, p = 0.01)], with no increase in LDL-cholesterol (−0.12 ± 0.60 mmol/L vs. −0.04 ± 0.56 mmol/L, p = 0.97) observed in either group. Conclusions: The HKD was more effective than the ERD in promoting weight loss and improving cardiometabolic outcomes without elevation in LDL-cholesterol. It can be recommended for therapeutic intervention in patients with obesity.
Disease Burden Estimation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Attributable to Dietary Aflatoxin Exposure in Sichuan Province, China
Authors: Qin Mei , Lin Li , Wang Liang , Zhang Yu , Zhang Lishi , Song Yang , Chen Jinyao
Published: December 2024

Background: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 are Group 1 human carcinogens, with AFB1 notably increasing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk. Sichuan Province, China, with its subtropical monsoon climate, is susceptible to AF contamination in various food items. However, the HCC disease burden attributable to lifetime chronic dietary AF intake in Sichuan has not been investigated. Methods: The contamination data of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and AFM1 across 20 food categories were analyzed from 2012 to 2023 in Sichuan. Along with the consumption data gathered from the 2011 China National Nutrition and Health Survey, the FDA-iRISK simulated the lifetime chronic dietary exposure patterns of ∑5AF and estimated the associated HCC burden using disability-adjusted life year (DALY) as the metric. Results: As for the mean AF contamination level in food from Sichuan, the estimated lifetime average daily dose (LADD) of ∑5AF intake was 9.77 ng/kg bw/day at minimum and 26.0 ng/kg bw/day at maximum, resulting in the lifetime HCC risks per person of 0.106% and 0.283%. The corresponding HCC burdens were 16.87 DALY/100,000 people/year and 44.95 DALY/100,000 people/year, respectively. In the same scenario, the LADD and the risk of HCC in males were higher than in females, but the PAF was higher in females. However, the high (P95) AF contamination level in food caused 2–3 times higher LADD and HCC burden than the mean level of AF occurrence. Among the studied food categories, grains and their products were the primary dietary sources of dietary AF exposure. Conclusions: Sichuan population’s lifetime exposure to ∑5AF results in an HCC burden higher than the global level. It is recommended to continuously monitor and control AF contamination in Sichuan, particularly those highly vulnerable food categories, and the HCC disease burden should remain a concern in future research efforts.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation of Amoxicillin Against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in Dogs
Authors: Jeong Ji-Soo , Kim Jeong-Won , Kim Jin-Hwa , Kim Chang-Yeop , Chung Eun-Hye , Boo So-Young , Lee Su-Ha , Ko Je-Won , Kim Tae-Won
Published: December 2024

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria from companion animals poses significant public health risks. Prudent antibiotic use, particularly through pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics modeling, is crucial for minimizing resistance. We investigated the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of amoxicillin (AMX) against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. A pharmacokinetic study was conducted on healthy dogs subcutaneously injected with a dose of 15 mg/kg AMX. The antibacterial efficacy of AMX was evaluated against a standard strain from animals (KCTC 3344) and clinical isolates from dogs (B-2, B-7, and B-8), with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.25, 0.5, 64, and 16 μg/mL, respectively. The half-life of AMX was 7 h, allowing for extended drug efficacy. The time above MIC (%T > MIC) values indicated that the AMX concentrations were maintained above MICs of the two susceptible strains (KCTC 3344 and B-2) for more than 80% of the time when dosed at a one-day interval, suggesting an effective treatment. The area under the curve over 24 h/MIC ratios confirmed the bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and bacterial eradication effects of AMX against S. pseudintermedius strains, except for B-7 (the most resistant strain). These results support improved clinical dosing strategies for AMX against S. pseudintermedius infections in dogs.
Novel Anthraquinone Derivatives and Their Complexes with Metal Ions with Anticancer Activity: Structure/Redox and Chelation Activity Correlations
Authors: Selyutina Olga Yu. , Ul’yanova Maya A. , Chinak Olga A. , Timoshnikov Viktor A. , Fedenok Lidiya G. , Stepanov Alexander A. , Yanshole Vadim V. , Kulik Leonid V. , Vasilevsky Sergey F. , Polyakov Nikolay E. , Kontoghiorghes George J.
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Some specific anthraquinone derivatives (AQs) are known to be used widely as effective chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of cancer. However, their fundamental shortcoming is the high rate of cardiotoxicity observed in treated patients, which is thought to be caused by the increase in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) catalyzed by iron and copper. The development of improved AQs and other anticancer drugs with enhanced efficacy but reduced toxicity remains a high priority. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and ROS production effects of chelate iron and copper complexes of two novel AQs, namely 4-hydroxynaphto[2,3-h]cinnoline-7,12-dione (Q2) and 3-(hydroxymethyl)naphto[2,3-h]cinnoline-4,7,12(1H)-trione (Q3). Methods: The chelation ability of Q2 and Q3 was studied using NMR and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity studies were carried out using the MTT assay. The influence of chelation on ROS production was studied using NMR spectroscopy in linoleic acid micelles. Results: It was found that only Q3 forms complexes with Fe(III) and Cu(II) ions, whereas Q2 does not demonstrate chelating properties. A cytotoxicity study revealed that Fe[Q3]3 significantly decreased the viability of lung cancer A549 cells, while Q3 and Cu[Q3]2 did not demonstrate cytotoxic properties in this cell line. Furthermore, the presence of Q3 lowered the rate of iron-induced lipid peroxidation in linoleic acid micelles. By contrast, Q2 did not influence the rate of lipid peroxidation, probably due to the absence of effective metal chelating ability. Conclusions: The high cytotoxic effects observed with the iron complex of Q3 against cancer cells in combination with a reduced rate of iron induced lipid peroxidation in the presence of Q3, make Q3 and its iron complex promising for further evaluation and use as chemotherapeutic agents in cancer.
Advances in Pharmaceutical Science in Electrochemotherapy: A Tribute to Prof. Jolanta Saczko
Authors: Rembiałkowska Nina , Kulbacka Julita
Published: December 2024

This Special Issue is dedicated to the memory of Professor Jolanta Saczko (1964–2023), a remarkable leader whose guidance and dedication were instrumental in advancing electroporation-based research in Poland [...]
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Y0-C10-HSL on Biofilm Formation and Motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Tang Deping , Liu Yali , Yao Huihui , Lin Yanyan , Xi Yanpeng , Li Mengjiao , Mao Aihong
Published: December 2024

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a type of pathogen that takes advantage of opportunities to infect and form biofilm during infection. Inhibiting biofilm formation is a promising approach for the treatment of biofilm-related infections. Methods: Here, Y0-C10-HSL (N-cyclopentyl-n-decanamide) was designed, synthesized, and tested for its effect on biofilm formation, motility, and the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) survival assay. In addition, the molecular mechanism of Y0-C10-HSL on P. aeruginosa biofilm formation was explored using transcriptome analysis. Results: At a concentration of 200 μmol/L Y0-C10-HSL, biofilm and exopolysaccharides were decreased by 38.5% and 29.3%, respectively; Y0-C10-HSL effectively dispersed the pre-formed biofilm and inhibited the motility ability of P. aeruginosa; and the C. elegans survival assay showed that Y0-C10-HSL was safe and provided protection to C. elegans against P. aeruginosa infection (the survival rates of C. elegans were higher than 74% and increased by 39%, 35.1%, and 47.5%, respectively, when treated with 200 μmol/L Y0-C10-HSL at 24, 48, and 80 h). Transcriptome analysis showed that 585 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found after treatment with 200 μmol/L Y0-C10-HSL, including 254 up-regulated DEGs and 331 down-regulated DEGs. The genes involved in the quorum sensing system and biofilm formation were down-regulated. Conclusions: Y0-C10-HSL inhibited the biofilm formation and dispersed the pre-formed biofilm of P. aeruginosa through down-regulated genes related to quorum sensing pathways and biofilm formation. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the treatment and prevention of antibiotic resistance in clinical and environmental microorganisms such as P. aeruginosa.
Theranostics in Renal Cell Carcinoma—A Step Towards New Opportunities or a Dead End—A Systematic Review
Authors: Jóźwik-Plebanek Katarzyna , Saracyn Marek , Kołodziej Maciej , Kamińska Olga , Durma Adam Daniel , Mądra Weronika , Gniadek-Olejniczak Katarzyna Agnieszka , Dedecjus Marek , Kucharz Jakub , Stec Rafał , Kamiński Grzegorz
Published: December 2024

Background: Renal cell carcinoma is one of the most aggressive urogenital malignancies, with an increasing number of cases worldwide. The majority of cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, as this form of growth is typically silent. An accurate evaluation of the extent of the disease is crucial for selecting the most appropriate treatment approach. Nuclear medicine imaging is increasingly being applied in oncological diagnostics, prompting ongoing research into renal cell carcinoma markers that could serve as a foundation for theranostic approaches in this disease. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) ligands has already demonstrated successful utility in diagnosis of other cancers, including prostate cancer and gliomas. Emerging evidence of high sensitivity and specificity in detecting renal cell carcinoma lesions provides a suitable foundation for its application in both the diagnosis and subsequent management of this malignancy. Methods: This systematic review synthesizes the current scientific evidence on the molecular imaging of renal cell carcinoma using PSMA ligands, emphasizing the potential future applications of this imaging marker in theranostic approaches. Results and Conclusions: Based on a systematic review of the literature, it appears that PET/CT with PSMA ligands has the potential to surpass traditional imaging techniques in diagnostic accuracy while also providing valuable prognostic information.
Temporal Reflection from Ultrashort Solitons in Nonlinear Dispersive Medium: Impact of Raman Scattering
Authors: Agrawal Govind P.
Published: December 2024

This review focuses on phenomena such as temporal reflection, total internal reflection, and waveguiding from ultrashort solitons forming inside a nonlinear dispersive medium such as an optical fiber. The case of wider solitons, moving at a constant speed inside the fiber, is discussed first to introduce the basic concepts. In the case of short solitons, the phenomenon of intrapulse Raman scattering shifts their spectrum toward longer wavelengths and decelerates them as they propagate through an optical fiber. These features lead to several novel effects such as temporal focusing and waveguiding by a single variable-speed Raman soliton. Recent experimental results are also discussed in this context.
CdSiP2 Optical Parametric Oscillator Pumped by a Nanosecond Ho:LLF Laser at 2.06 µm with Non-Collinear Phase-Matching
Authors: Piotrowski Marcin , Spindler Gerhard , Bogas-Droy Achille , Hildenbrand-Dhollande Anne
Published: December 2024

We report on a nanosecond-pulsed CdSiP2 (CSP) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) pumped by a Q-switched 2.06 µm Ho:LiLuF4 (Ho:LLF) laser in a compact linear cavity with a 10 mm long crystal. Utilizing a non-collinear type-I phase-matching configuration, the OPO achieved an average output power exceeding 3 W in the mid-IR region with good beam quality. The idler and signal waves can be tuned in a wide range of 3.5–4.7 µm by pump tilt and crystal rotation.
Study on the Transient Extraction Transform Algorithm for Defect Detection in Welded Plates Based on Laser Vibrometer
Authors: Du Yu , Xu Xinke , Zhao Longbiao , Yuan Dijian , Wang Jinwen
Published: December 2024

This paper addresses the issue of detecting welding defects in steel plates during the welding process by proposing a method that combines the laser vibrometer with transient feature extraction technology. The method employs a high-resolution laser vibrometer to collect vibration signals from excited weld plates, followed by feature extraction and analysis for defect detection and identification. The focus of the research is on the optimization and application of the transient extraction transform algorithm, which plays a crucial role in signal feature extraction for defect recognition. By optimizing the short-time Fourier transform, we further propose the use of the transient extraction transform algorithm to effectively characterize and extract transient components from defect signals. To validate the proposed algorithm, we compare the defect recognition performance of several algorithms using quantitative metrics such as Rényi entropy and kurtosis. The results indicate that the proposed method yields a more centralized time–frequency representation and significantly increases the kurtosis of transient components, providing a new approach for detecting welding defects in steel plates.
Morphological and Photosynthetic Pigment Screening of Four Microgreens Species Exposed to Heavy Ions
Authors: Amitrano Chiara , De Francesco Sara , Durante Marco , Tinganelli Walter , Arena Carmen , De Micco Veronica
Published: December 2024

Numerous challenges are posed by the extra-terrestrial environment for space farming and various technological growth systems are being developed to allow for microgreens’ cultivation in space. Microgreens, with their unique nutrient profiles, may well integrate the diet of crew members, being a natural substitute for chemical food supplements. However, the space radiation environment may alter plant properties, and there is still a knowledge gap concerning the effects of various types of radiation on plants and specifically on the application of efficient and rapid methods for selecting new species for space farming, based on their radio-resistance. Thus, the hypotheses behind this study were to explore the following: (i) the pattern (if any) of radio-sensitivity/resistance; and (ii) if the morphological parameters in relation with pigment content may be a feasible way to perform a screening of radiation responses among species. To perform this, we irradiated dry seeds of basil, rocket, radish, and cress with iron (56Fe; 1550 MeV/(g/cm²)) and carbon (12C; 290 MeV/u, 13 keV/µm) heavy ions at the doses of 0.3, 1, 10, 20, and 25 Gy to investigate the growth responses of microgreens to acute radiation exposure in terms of morphological traits and photosynthetic pigment content. Results indicate that the microgreens’ reaction to ionizing radiation is highly species-specific and that radiation is often sensed by microgreens as a mild stress, stimulating the same morphological and biochemical acclimation pathways usually activated by other mild environmental stresses, alongside the occurrence of eustress phenomena. Over extended periods, this stimulus could foster adaptive changes, enabling plants to thrive in space.
Phenological Growth Stages of Buddleja saligna Willd. According to the BBCH Scale
Authors: Mabusela Maboka M. , Matsiliza-Mlathi Babalwa , Kleynhans Riana
Published: December 2024

Buddleja saligna Willd. is an evergreen tree native to South Africa. Historically, the tree has been used for the treatment of various diseases and has been scientifically found to have promising pharmacological effects. In the current study, the phenological growth stages of B. saligna are characterised according to the Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale standardised coding. A total of eight out of ten principal growth stages have been described for the development of buds, leaves and shoots, inflorescence emergence, flowering, the development and ripening of fruits, and senescence. A total of thirty-three secondary growth stages were identified and described in detail. Illustrative images with codification have been provided to better define and describe the growth stages. The temperature fluctuations during the study period could have influenced the flowering time, as phenological shifts were observed during the study period. These data are a useful reference for efficient management, cultivation, and scientific research.
Traditional Knowledge, Use, and Management of Moringa oleifera Among the Mijikenda Community in Kilifi, Kenya
Authors: Mwami Boniface , Maňourová Anna , Hendre Prasad S. , Muchugi Alice , Verner Vladimir , Kariuki Patrick , Sulaiman Naji , Polesny Zbynek
Published: December 2024

Although Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) is a multipurpose tree with remarkable nutritional and therapeutic benefits, it is undervalued and neglected in Kenya, as the local people associate it with famine and poverty. The present study aims to assess and document the traditional knowledge on use and management as well as production constraints of the species among the Mijikenda community in Kilifi County, Kenya. We found that the plant is locally used as food and medicine for various ailments, including diabetes, high blood pressure, ulcers, stomach aches, and body pains. In addition, the plant is used for fencing and as a source of fuel. Watering and pruning were found to be the main management practices of the plant. Slightly more than half (51.3%) of the respondents reported pests as a constraint in growing the plant, while the bitter taste (60.5%) and small leaves (36.8%) were deterrents to its consumption and harvesting, respectively. More than half (55.3%) of the respondents had between one and five trees in their compounds, indicating a low preference for the plant compared to major crops. The plant species is undervalued compared to locally grown major crops, highlighting the need for concerted efforts to raise awareness of its potential benefits and address the production challenges.
Revitalizing Soybean Plants in Saline, Cd-Polluted Soil Using Si-NPs, Biochar, and PGPR
Authors: Alharbi Khadiga , Hafez Emad M. , Elhawat Nevien , Omara Alaa El-Dein , Rashwan Emadelden , Mohamed Hossam H. , Alshaal Tarek , Gadow Samir I.
Published: December 2024

Excessive irrigation of saline-alkaline soils with Cd-contaminated wastewater has resulted in deterioration of both soil and plant quality. To an investigate this, a study was conducted to explore the effects of biochar (applied at 10 t ha−1), PGPRs (Bradyrhizobium japonicum (USDA 110) + Trichoderma harzianum at 1:1 ratio), and Si-NPs (25 mg L−1) on soybean plants grown in saline-alkali soil irrigated with wastewater. The results showed that the trio-combination of biochar with PGPRs, (as soil amendments) and Si-NPs (as foliar spraying), was more effective than individual or coupled applications in reducing Cd bioavailability in the soil, minimizing its absorption, translocation and bioconcentration in soybean tissues. The trio-combination reduced Cd bioavailability in the soil by 39.1% and Cd accumulation in plant roots, shoots, and seeds by 61.0%, 69.3%, and 61.1%, respectively. Physiological improvements in soybean plants were also observed, including 197.8% increase in root growth, 209.3% increase in chlorophyll content, and 297.4% increase in carotenoid levels. The trio-combination significantly improved soil physicochemical characteristics, enhanced soil microbial indicators and boosted soil enzymes activity, which in turn facilitated nutrient uptake and increased antioxidant enzymes activity. These positive outcomes enhanced photosynthesis, improved productivity and increased seed nutritional value. Overall, the trio-combination of biochar with PGPRs and Si-NPs are considered a reliable approach not only for revitalizing soybean growth but also for immobilizing Cd and improving soil health under wastewater irrigation.
Effect of Promising Sustainable Nano-Reinforcements on Polysulfone/Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Based Membranes: Enhancing Mechanical Properties and Water Filtration Performance
Authors: Acarer Arat Seren , Pir İnci , Tüfekci Mertol , Öz Nurtaç , Tüfekci Neşe
Published: December 2024

In this study, polysulfone/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PSf/PVP, 20 wt%/5 wt%)-based ultrafiltration (UF) membranes reinforced with different ratios (0.5 and 1 wt%) of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibres (CNFs) were prepared by the phase inversion method. The effect of CNC, CNF, and CNC-CNF reinforcement on the morphology, roughness, crystallinity, porosity, average pore size, mechanical properties, and filtration performance of PSf/PVP-based membrane was investigated. Distilled water and surface water (lake water) fluxes of the membranes were determined at 3 bar using a dead-end filtration system. The distilled water flux of the fouled–hydraulic cleaned membranes was determined, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the fouled–cleaned membranes were examined. The flux recovery ratio (FRR) and fouling parameters were calculated to examine the fouling behaviour of the membranes. The mechanical properties of the membranes were modelled by the Mori–Tanaka, finite element, Voigt–Reuss, self-consistent scheme, and Halpin–Tsai methods using Digimat and/or analytically. In addition, the von Mises equivalent stress distributions of the nanocomposites were presented. Among the investigated membranes, PSf/PVP/CNC-0.5 had the highest distilled water flux (475.5 ± 17.77 L/m2.h), PSf/PVP/CNF-1 exhibited the stiffest behaviour with an elasticity modulus of 70.63 ± 3.15 MPa, and PSf/PVP/CNC-1 had the best organic matter removal efficiency. The finite element was the most successful modelling method for estimating the mechanical properties of nanocellulose-reinforced flat sheet membranes.
Lignin Particle Size Affects the Properties of PLA Composites Prepared by In Situ Ring-Opening Polymerization
Authors: Makri Sofia P. , Xanthopoulou Eleftheria , Klonos Panagiotis A. , Grigoropoulos Alexios , Kyritsis Apostolos , Deligkiozi Ioanna , Zoikis-Karathanasis Alexandros , Nikolaidis Nikolaos , Bikiaris Dimitrios , Terzopoulou Zoi
Published: December 2024

The present work focuses on the synthesis and characterization of biobased lignin-poly(lactic) acid (PLA) composites. Organosolv lignin, extracted from beechwood, was used as a filler at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 wt% loadings, with ultrasonication reducing the lignin particle size to ~700 nm. The PLA–lignin composites were prepared via in situ ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of L-lactide in the presence of lignin. This method ensured uniform lignin dispersion in the PLA matrix due to grafting of PLA chains onto lignin particles, preventing aggregation. Strong polymer–filler interactions were confirmed through spectroscopic analysis (FTIR and XPS) and their effects on static and dynamic glass transitions (DSC). These interactions enhanced mechanical properties, including a two-fold increase in tensile strength and elongation at 1 wt% lignin. Crystallization was suppressed due to shorter PLA chains, and a 15% drop in dynamical fragility was observed via Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS). Antioxidant activity improved significantly, with PLA–2.5% ultrasonicated organosolv lignin reducing DPPH• content to 7% after 8 h, while UV-blocking capability increased with lignin content.
Valorization of Cocoa Bean Shell Agro-Industrial Residues for Producing Functional Hot Water Infusions
Authors: Hernández-Domínguez Elizabeta , Espinosa-Solís Vicente , Hernández-Nava Rocio Guadalupe , García-Barrientos Raquel , Suárez-Rodríguez Carmen del Pilar , Gallardo-Bernal Pável , Figueroa-Wences Víctor Manuel , Sánchez-Mundo María de la Luz
Published: December 2024

Cocoa bean shell (CBS) is one of the main by-products of the cocoa processing industry and represents about 20% of the bean. This product has been suggested as a food ingredient due to its aroma, high dietary fiber, and polyphenol contents. This work shows the effect of grinding degree (GD) and grinding method on the physicochemical characteristics, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity of an aqueous infusion of CBS. Three particle sizes of CBS powder and two milling methods (mechanical and electrical) were used to prepare a hot water infusion. The infusions presented a pH in the range of 5.37–5.80. In both husks and independently of the GD and the grinding method, the TPC was higher than 141 mg of gallic acid equivalent per g (GAE/g), an antioxidant activity greater than 304 µg of Trolox equivalent per g (µgTE/g). The results indicate that CBS can be an excellent alternative for the design of biofunctional beverages, giving added value to this agro-industrial residue of southeastern México.
Visualizations of Mountain–Body Fusions in Medieval Chinese Philosophy, Art, and Religion
Authors: Hennessey Anna M.
Published: December 2024

This paper examines how Chinese people affiliated with different religions and ideologies of the Song period (960–1279 CE) used artistic, literary and visual representations to merge mountains and the natural world with the human body. This fusion of natural and human worlds in representation appears in a variety of contexts, including paintings of famous Song landscape artists, writings of literati thinkers, architectural developments of Neo-Confucian scholars, body charts recorded in the Daoist Canon, and artwork connected to Chinese Buddhism. The paper asserts that Song Chinese people used art and other material objects not only for the purpose of representing the world in which they lived but also as a means of expressing, developing and empowering their religions and ideologies. So powerful were these material representations, in fact, that in certain cases, they may have acted as a primary conduit through which the religion or ideology was experienced. As the paper shows, the interaction between the non-material activity of visualization (how people create images in their minds) and representation (how people create material objects to reify the images in their minds) is often pivotal, as opposed to accessory, to some of the later ideological developments of the Chinese people.
A Method for the Appraisal of Natural Values Serving the Preparation of a Landscape Audit: A Case Study from Poland
Authors: Mazur Anna , Kurowska Krystyna
Published: December 2024

The article focuses on the development of a universal method for the appraisal of values of a natural landscape in administrative division units. The Dobre Miasto municipality serves as a case study. The municipality lies in the heart of Warmia, a region with centuries-long historical tradition. This paper also mentions solutions adopted in Poland in the consequence of the ratification of the European Landscape Convention. Following many years of research, changes in the natural landscape and directions in the measures taken to protect it were traced. In the face of current transformations in space, efforts to protect and conserve natural wealth are difficult. Compromises are unavoidable for the sake of saving the region’s valuable natural assets while allowing its development. The aim of this study was to identify the natural values in the chosen research area, and to develop a method for their appraisal. The identification of the natural elements deserving protection substantiated rational location decisions in space. This is particularly important in the case of a natural landscape, which is difficult to evaluate and whose estimated value is often a result of a subjective assessment. The valorisation of the natural landscape in the chosen municipality allowed us to identify new areas, which at present are outside the boundaries of legally protected areas but which deserve protection owing to their highly valuable natural properties. The proposed method for the appraisal of natural values can be used in shaping a spatial policy, in spatial planning and development, and, above all, in the preparation of landscape audits. The proposed method fills the gap in the legal regulations adopted in Poland in the field of strengthening the protection of natural and cultural values since no comprehensive guidelines for the evaluation of landscape attributes for the purposes of landscape protection and development have been elaborated thus far.
Electricity Production Landscape of Run-of-River Power Plants in Germany
Authors: Lehneis Reinhold , Harnisch Falk , Thrän Daniela
Published: December 2024

Spatially and temporally resolved data on electricity production from run-of-river plants are very useful to study various aspects of this renewable energy at both the local and regional scale. In the absence of disaggregated feed-in data from such power plants in Germany, it is necessary to apply numerical simulations to determine their electricity production for a desired region and time period. We show how a simulation model can be created using publicly accessible power plant data and information from transmission system operators as model input. The developed physical model is applied to an ensemble of 7974 run-of-river plants in Germany, including those with and without water storage facilities, to simulate their electricity production for the year 2021. The resulting and spatially aggregated simulation results correlate well with the official total electricity feed-in from run-of-river plants in Germany, as well as on smaller spatial scales such as the city of Hamburg. Such disaggregated time series can be used to assess the renewable hydropower generation at different spatial and temporal levels, as each power plant is simulated with its geographical and technical data. Moreover, this study presents the electricity production landscape of run-of-river power plants in Germany as a highly resolved map and at the federal state level with related energy indicators, which enables a better monitoring of this renewable energy. The obtained results also support the expectation that the existing run-of-river plants will play an important role in the future transformation and decarbonization of the German power sector.
riskAIchain: AI-Driven IT Infrastructure—Blockchain-Backed Approach for Enhanced Risk Management
Authors: Rahman Mir Mehedi , Pokharel Bishwo Prakash , Sayeed Sayed Abu , Bhowmik Sujan Kumar , Kshetri Naresh , Eashrak Nafiz
Published: December 2024

In the evolving landscape of cybersecurity, traditional information technology (IT) infrastructures often struggle to meet the demands of modern risk management frameworks, which require enhanced security, scalability, and analytical capabilities. This paper proposes a novel artificial intelligence (AI)–driven IT infrastructure backed by blockchain technology, specifically designed to optimize risk management processes in diverse organizational environments. By leveraging artificial intelligence for predictive analytics, anomaly detection, and data-driven decision-making, combined with blockchain’s secure and immutable ledger for data integrity and transparency, the proposed infrastructure offers a robust solution to existing challenges in risk management. The infrastructure is adaptable and scalable to support a variety of risk management methodologies, providing a more secure, efficient, and intelligent system. The findings highlight significant improvements in the accuracy, speed, and reliability of risk management, underscoring the infrastructure’s capability to proactively address emerging cyber threats. To ensure the proposed model effectively addresses the most critical issues, the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique will be used to analyze and evaluate the interrelationships among the existing critical factors. This approach evaluates the interrelationships and impacts of these factors, verifying the model’s comprehensiveness in managing organizational risk. This study lays the foundation for future research aimed at refining AI-driven infrastructures and exploring their broader applications in enhancing organizational cybersecurity.
A Methodological Approach for Assessing the Post-Fire Resilience of Pinus halepensis Mill. Plant Communities Using UAV-LiDAR Data Across a Chronosequence
Authors: Larraz-Juan Sergio , Pérez-Cabello Fernando , Hoffrén Mansoa Raúl , Iranzo Cubel Cristian , Montorio Raquel
Published: December 2024

The assessment of fire effects in Aleppo pine forests is crucial for guiding the recovery of burnt areas. This study presents a methodology using UAV-LiDAR data to quantify malleability and elasticity in four burnt areas (1970, 1995, 2008 and 2015) through the statistical analysis of different metrics related to height structure and diversity (Height mean, 99th percentile and Coefficient of Variation), coverage, relative shape and distribution strata (Canopy Cover, Canopy Relief Ratio and Strata Percent Coverage), and canopy complexity (Profile Area and Profile Area Change). In general terms, malleability decreases over time in forest ecosystems that have been affected by wildfires, whereas elasticity is higher than what has been determined in previous studies. However, a particular specificity has been detected from the 1995 fire, so we can assume that there are other situational factors that may be affecting ecosystem resilience. LiDAR metrics and uni-temporal sampling between burnt sectors and control aids are used to understand community resilience and to identify the different recovery stages in P. halepensis forests.
A Study of Landslide Susceptibility Assessment and Trend Prediction Using a Rule-Based Discrete Grid Model
Authors: Duan Yanjun , Zhang Xiaotong , Zhao Wenbo , Han Xinpei , Lv Lingfeng , Yao Yunjun , Jia Kun , Wang Qiao
Published: December 2024

Landslides are common natural disasters in mountainous regions, exerting considerable influence on socioeconomic development and city construction. Landslides occur and develop rapidly, often posing a significant threat to the safety of individuals and their property. Consequently, the mapping of areas susceptible to landslides and the simulation of the development of such events are crucial for the early warning and forecasting of regional landslide occurrences, as well as for the management of associated risks. In this study, a landslide susceptibility (LS) model was developed using an ensemble machine learning (ML) approach which integrates geological and geomorphological data, hydrological data, and remote sensing data. A total of nine factors (e.g., surface deformation rates (SDF), slope, and aspect) were used to assess the susceptibility of the study area to landslides and a grading of the LS in the study area was obtained. The proposed model demonstrates high accuracy and good applicability for LS. Additionally, a simulation of the landslide process and velocity was constructed based on the principles of landslide movement and the rule-based discrete grid model. Compared with actual unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery, this simulation model has a Sørensen coefficient (SC) of 0.878, a kappa coefficient of 0.891, and a total accuracy of 94.12%. The evaluation results indicate that the model aligns well with the spatial and temporal development characteristics of landslides, thereby providing a valuable reference basis for monitoring and early warning of landslide events.
Research on Sea Clutter Simulation Method Based on Deep Cognition of Characteristic Parameters
Authors: Zeng Peng , Zhang Yushi , Xia Xiaoyun , Zhang Jinpeng , Du Pengbo , Hua Zhiheng , Li Shuhan
Published: December 2024

The development of radar systems requires extensive testing. However, field experiments are costly and time-consuming. Sea clutter simulation is of great significance for evaluating radar system detection performance. Traditional clutter simulation methods are unable to achieve clutter simulation based on the description of environmental parameters, which leads to a certain gap from practical applications. Therefore, this paper proposes a sea clutter simulation method based on the deep cognition of characteristic parameters. Firstly, the proposed method innovatively constructs a shared multi-task neural network, which compensates for the lack of integrated prediction of multi-dimensional characteristic parameters of sea clutter. Furthermore, based on the predicted clutter characteristic parameters combined with the spatial–temporal correlated K-distribution clutter simulation method, and considering the modulation of radar antenna patterns, the whole process of end-to-end simulation from measurement condition parameters to clutter data is accomplished for the first time. Finally, four metrics are cited for a comprehensive evaluation of the simulated clutter data. Based on the experimental results using measured data, the data simulated by this method have a correlation of over 93% in statistical characteristics with the measured data. The results demonstrate that this method can achieve the accurate simulation of sea clutter data based on measured condition parameters.
Mapping River Flow from Thermal Images in Approximately Real Time: Proof of Concept on the Sacramento River, California, USA
Authors: Legleiter Carl J. , Kinzel Paul J. , Dille Michael , Vespignani Massimo , Wong Uland , Anderson Isaac , Hyde Elizabeth , Gazoorian Chris , Cramer Jennifer M.
Published: December 2024

Image velocimetry has become an effective method of mapping flow conditions in rivers, but this analysis is typically performed in a post-processing mode after data collection is complete. In this study, we evaluated the potential to infer flow velocities in approximately real time as thermal images are being acquired from an uncrewed aircraft system (UAS). The sensitivity of thermal image velocimetry to environmental conditions was quantified by conducting 20 flights over four days and assessing the accuracy of image-derived velocity estimates via comparison to direct field measurements made with an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). This analysis indicated that velocity mapping was most reliable when the air was cooler than the water. We also introduced a workflow for River Velocity Measurement in Approximately Real Time (RiVMART) that involved transferring brief image sequences from the UAS to a ground station as distinct data packets. The resulting velocity fields were as accurate as those generated via post-processing. A new particle image velocimetry (PIV) algorithm based on staggered image sequences increased the number of image pairs available for a given image sequence duration and slightly improved accuracy relative to a standard PIV implementation. Direct, automated geo-referencing of image-derived velocity vectors based on information on the position and orientation of the UAS acquired during flight led to poor alignment with vectors that were geo-referenced manually by selecting ground control points from an orthophoto. This initial proof-of-concept investigation suggests that our workflow could enable highly efficient characterization of flow fields in rivers and might help support applications that require rapid response to changing conditions.
A Comprehensive Study of Recent Path-Planning Techniques in Dynamic Environments for Autonomous Robots
Authors: AbuJabal Nour , Baziyad Mohammed , Fareh Raouf , Brahmi Brahim , Rabie Tamer , Bettayeb Maamar
Published: December 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive review of path planning in dynamic environments. This review covers the entire process, starting from obstacle detection techniques, through path-planning strategies, and also extending to formation control and communication styles. The review discusses the key trends, challenges, and gaps in current methods to emphasize the need for more efficient and robust algorithms that can handle complex and unpredictable dynamic environments. Moreover, it discusses the importance of collaborative decision making and communication between robots to optimize path planning in dynamic scenarios. This work serves as a valuable resource for advancing research and practical applications in dynamic obstacle navigation.
Corrosion Monitoring in Automotive Lap Joints Based on Imaging Methods of Lamb Waves
Authors: Ran Yunmeng , Qian Cheng , Wang Xiangfen , Zhang Weifang , Wang Rongqiao
Published: December 2024

Corrosion damage presents significant challenges to the safety and reliability of connected vehicles. However, traditional non-destructive methods often fall short when applied to complex automotive structures, such as bolted lap joints. To address this limitation, this study introduces a novel corrosion monitoring approach using Lamb wave-based weighted fusion imaging methods. First, the Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) is utilized to process Lamb wave signals collected under bolt-loosening and bolt-tightening conditions to image the bolt locations. Second, based on the identified bolt positions, the weighted Reconstruction Algorithm for Probabilistic Inspection of Damage (RAPID) is applied to the Lamb wave signals acquired before and after corrosion, enabling precise imaging of the actual positions of the corroded bolts. Experiments are conducted on three-bolt lap joints in cases of single-corrosion and two-corrosion using A0 mode Lamb waves and piezoelectric sensor networks. The results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively images multiple types of damage and achieves maximum location deviations of 7.43 mm. This approach enables precise and visual multi-damage assessment, particularly in hard-to-access regions. When integrated with V2X-enabled (Vehicle-to-Everything) systems, the method offers potential for incorporation into automotive structural health monitoring systems for remote diagnosis in complex structures, thereby enhancing monitoring efficiency and accuracy.
Advances in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based Sensing and Imaging
Authors: Antonakakis Marios , Zervakis Michail
Published: December 2024

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based sensing and imaging represent a cutting-edge approach to addressing the critical need for the real-time, accurate, and automated data collection and analysis of physical events on Earth’s surface [...]
Enhance the Concrete Crack Classification Based on a Novel Multi-Stage YOLOV10-ViT Framework
Authors: Mayya Ali Mahmoud , Alkayem Nizar Faisal
Published: December 2024

Early identification of concrete cracks and multi-class detection can help to avoid future deformation or collapse in concrete structures. Available traditional detection and methodologies require enormous effort and time. To overcome such difficulties, current vision-based deep learning models can effectively detect and classify various concrete cracks. This study introduces a novel multi-stage deep learning framework for crack detection and type classification. First, the recently developed YOLOV10 model is trained to detect possible defective regions in concrete images. After that, a modified vision transformer (ViT) model is trained to classify concrete images into three main types: normal, simple cracks, and multi-branched cracks. The evaluation process includes feeding concrete test images into the trained YOLOV10 model, identifying the possible defect regions, and finally delivering the detected regions into the trained ViT model, which decides the appropriate crack type of those detected regions. Experiments are conducted using the individual ViT model and the proposed multi-stage framework. To improve the generation ability, multi-source datasets of concrete structures are used. For the classification part, a concrete crack dataset consisting of 12,000 images of three classes is utilized, while for the detection part, a dataset composed of various materials from historical buildings containing 1116 concrete images with their corresponding bounding boxes, is utilized. Results prove that the proposed multi-stage model accurately classifies crack types with 90.67% precision, 90.03% recall, and 90.34% F1-score. The results also show that the proposed model outperforms the individual classification model by 10.9%, 19.99%, and 19.2% for precision, recall, and F1-score, respectively. The proposed multi-stage YOLOV10-ViT model can be integrated into the construction systems which are based on crack materials to obtain early warning of possible future deformation in concrete structures.
Machine Learning and Statistical Analyses of Sensor Data Reveal Variability Between Repeated Trials in Parkinson’s Disease Mobility Assessments
Authors: Khalil Rana M. , Shulman Lisa M. , Gruber-Baldini Ann L. , Shakya Sunita , Hausdorff Jeffrey M. , von Coelln Rainer , Cummings Michael P.
Published: December 2024

Mobility tasks like the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), cognitive TUG (cogTUG), and walking with turns provide insights into the impact of Parkinson’s disease (PD) on motor control, balance, and cognitive function. We assess the test–retest reliability of these tasks in 262 PD participants and 50 controls by evaluating machine learning models based on wearable-sensor-derived measures and statistical metrics. This evaluation examines total duration, subtask duration, and other quantitative measures across two trials. We show that the diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing PD from controls decreases by a mean of 1.8% between the first and the second trial, suggesting that task repetition may not be necessary for accurate diagnosis. Although the total duration remains relatively consistent between trials (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.62 to 0.95), greater variability is seen in subtask duration and sensor-derived measures, reflected in machine learning performance and statistical differences. Our findings also show that this variability differs not only between controls and PD participants but also among groups with varying levels of PD severity, indicating the need to consider population characteristics. Relying solely on total task duration and conventional statistical metrics to gauge the reliability of mobility tasks may fail to reveal nuanced variations in movement.