bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LITTORAL MARINE DIATOMS1
Authors: Castenholz Richard W.
Published: March 2010

Extensive covers of epilithic diatoms seldom develop on intertidal substrates in southern Oregon in the presence of grazing animals and macroscopic algae. If an area is cleared, however, a brown coating of diatoms often appears in 2 to 3 weeks, but the density depends on the season and the local conditions during tidal emergence. I have attempted to evaluate the effects of exposure on the vertical distribution of diatoms in the absence of grazers and macrophytes. The differences in exposure to insolation were emphasized. Vertical transects in the same block, facing north, east, west, and south (all with the same wave exposure) were denuded and later sampled by analyzing the species composition and estimating the density of the cover—sometimes quantitatively as chlorophyll content. Daily tidal curves were calculated and records of the daylight hours of clear and overcast skies were made. The upper limit of the diatom cover, the vertical species pattern, and the species present depended principally on the time exposed to direct sunlight during emergence and, therefore, on the sky conditions and position of the sun during low water. The diatom cover on the shaded north transect invariably extended higher than on the other transects. This maximum was usually between mean lower high water and higher high water.

Some species tolerated almost no insolation‐exposure, others up to about 2.5 hr in a single exposure, and a few up to 4.0 hr or longer. The tolerance was sometimes increased by a moisture‐retaining carpet of barnacles or Ulva. The upper limit of the diatom cover was lowest on the east transect in spring and summer, since lower low water occurred in the morning, often during clear daylight hours. In the fall and winter, the limit was lowest on the west transect, since lower low water occurred after noon, often during clear daylight hours. The consequences of prolonged exposure to insolation, such as desiccation, high temperature, high light intensity, and ultraviolet radiation are discussed but were not isolated. The seasonal periodicity and tolerances of common diatom species are summarized.
STUDIES ON SPECIATION IN MALDANID POLYCHAETES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ATLANTIC COAST. II. DISTRIBUTION AND COMPETITIVE INTERACTION OF FIVE SYMPATRIC SPECIES1
Authors: Mangum Charlotte Preston
Published: March 2010

The geographic and ecological distributions of five species of maldanid polychaetes have been characterized. Maximum density of each species occurs in areas where the species does not live sympatrically with other maldanids, even though these areas may not occupy the central portion of its geographic range. A more intensive investigation in Beaufort Harbor, North Carolina, indicates that the sympatry of all five species is accompanied by the reduction of total maldanid density.

In the sympatric situation, three species are differentiated ecologically with respect to depth, sediment composition, and substratum utilization. The remaining two species, Clymenella torquata and C. zonalis, are completely sympatric yet undiversified in their utilization of the substratum for tube‐building and feeding. The possible importance of an algal pigment, accumulated by C. torquata but not by C. zonalis, is discussed.
ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN THE DEEP WATER OF THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC1
Authors: McGill David A. , Corwin Nathaniel , Ketchum Bostwick H.
Published: March 2010

Differences in the concentrations of inorganic phosphate and of total phosphorus in sea‐water are interpreted as representing the presence of organically bound phosphorus. This fraction is negligible in most of the deep water of the North Atlantic but was present in substantial amounts in the western end of a section at 40° N lat sampled during the International Geophysical Year program in October 1957. Repeated observations in a section between Woods Hole and Bermuda and at a station south of Bermuda during the period 1958–61 have demonstrated variations in organic phosphorus in deep water which follow approximately a seasonal cycle and which appear to be related to variations in salinity. During 1959, when the salinity of the water was most nearly constant, the organic phosphorus disappeared from the deep water at a rate of approximately 0.1 µg‐at./(liter × year), which is considered an uncorrected estimate of decomposition in situ. Possible sources of the organic phosphorus in the deep water are discussed. The most probable source appears to be in the low‐salinity subarctic intermediate water.
LAKE WATER AND SEDIMENT. VII. CHEMICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER IN RELATION TO THE BACTERIAL COUNTS IN THE SEDIMENTS OF TWENTY‐FIVE NORTH AMERICAN LAKES1
Authors: Anthony E. H. , Hayes F. R.
Published: March 2010

The variation in standing crop of bacteria in lake sediments is significantly explained by the equation:

urn:x-wiley:00243590:media:lno1964910035:lno1964910035-math-0001

where bacteria are in colonies per g dry sediment, from agar or membrane filter counts; alkalinity is methyl orange titration as ppm CaCO3; and color is in units of mg Pt/liter uncorrected for turbidity. The relations between alkalinity, Ca++, Mg++, conductivity, and residue on evaporation are so close that their measures serve as alternatives. Similarly, color is significantly related to measurements of optical density and turbidity and, in bog lakes, to oxygen consumption by the water.
OCCURRENCE AND POPULATION DENSITIES OF YEAST SPECIES IN AN ESTUARINE‐MARINE AREA1
Authors: Taysi I. , van Uden N.
Published: March 2010

A survey of two temperate estuaries (Rivers Tagus and Sado, Portugal) and the adjacent Atlantic Ocean revealed that the numbers of yeasts and yeast species decreased with increasing distance from the estuaries. The species common in both the estuaries and the adjacent ocean belonged to genera (Debaryomyces and Rhodotorula) that are widespread in the seas. The species exclusively or predominantly estuarine were Candida intermedia, C. lambica, C. silvicola, and Torulopsis candida. The maximum temperatures for growth of these species is about 10C lower than those of intestinal species (Candida albicans, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, and Torulopsis glabrata) previously found to occur in subtropical and tropical waters. The apparent role of water temperature as a selective factor for yeast growth is discussed.
A CHLORELLA‐DAPHNIA FOOD‐CHAIN STUDY: THE DESIGN OF A COMPATIBLE CHEMICALLY DEFINED CULTURE MEDIUM 1, 2
Authors: Taub Frieda B. , Dollar Alexander M.
Published: March 2010

A series of media compatible to the survival of Daphnia as well as to the growth requirements of Chlorella has been formulated, and some of the relationships of ion balance and salt tolerance of Daphnia have been explored.

Potassium salt solutions were toxic unless combined with sodium salts of equal or higher concentration. Nitrate ion was variably toxic. The compatible media were developed by 1) reducing K+ and increasing Na+ so that Na+ became the predominant cation; 2) reducing NO3‒ to a minimum consistent with Chlorella requirements and increasing Cl‒ so that it became the predominant anion; and 3) eliminating extraneous toxic factors from distilled water and noninert polyethylene containers.
ON THE CHANGE IN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE OF SEAWATER WITH TEMPERATURE 1
Authors: Weyl Peter K.
Published: March 2010

A comparison of the measurements of the specific conductance of seawater by Thomas, Thompson, and Utterback and of sodium chloride solutions by Bremner, Thompson, and Utterback shows that the temperature dependence of the two are essentially the same. The data are consistent with those of Gheorghiu and Calinicenco, but their conclusion that the temperature coefficient of conductance of seawater is measurably greater than that of sodium chloride solutions is in error.
SOME INTERACTIONS OF TEMPERATURE, LIGHT INTENSITY, AND NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION DURING THE CONTINUOUS CULTURE OF NITZSCHIA CLOSTERIUM AND TETRASELMIS SP 1
Authors: Maddux William S. , Jones Raymond F.
Published: March 2010

A continuous culture apparatus was used to measure growth rates of Nitzschia closterium and Tetraselmis sp. at different temperatures and light intensities and at two different levels of nitrate and phosphate enrichment of artificial seawater. A set of symmetrical relationships was found between light, temperature, and nutrient concentration in which the interaction of any two of the factors was modified by varying the third. The optimum temperatures yielding maximum growth rates in a daily light‐and‐dark cycle were lower when a medium with nitrate and phosphate concentrations similar to those found in natural waters was used than when a medium having higher concentrations of these substances was used. The results of batch culture experiments with high nutrient concentrations may not be applicable, therefore, to natural situations.
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THE GROWTH OF AN OBLIGATE PSYCHROPHILIC MARINE BACTERIUM 12
Authors: Morita Richard Y. , . Haight Roger D
Published: March 2010

A marine vibrio, designated as MP‐1, was isolated from the North Pacific Ocean and was found to be an obligate psychrophile. Growth was obtained from ‒1C (lowest tested) to 20C with optimal growth at 15–16C. The growth rate at 15C was found to be rapid under maximal aeration. Viability of the bacterium was destroyed by heating at 28.8C for 6.25 hr, and reversible damage occurred at 28.8C in 1.25 hr.
FORAMINIFERA, LOS ANGELES COUNTY OUTFALL AREA, CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Bandy Orville L. , Ingle James C. , Resig Johanna M.
Published: March 2010

Foraminifera are sparse beneath the sewage field of the Los Angeles County outfall; segments of an abundance aureole are peripheral to the field and contain from 50 to 500 times as many tests as beneath the field. A zone without live specimens occurs beneath part of the sewage field; excepting for the dead zone, hyaline species are more than 8 times as abundant as arenaceous and porcelaneous species in living populations of the entire outfall area. Planktonic/benthic ratios are singularly high in the outfall area; planktonic foraminifera increase in numbers abruptly from very low values on the shelf to about 100/g in the upper bathyal zone; somewhat higher values occur near the outfall. Species thriving within the outfall area include Bulimina marginata denudata, Buliminella elegantissima, and Discorbis columbiensis.
THE MEASUREMENT OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC AND PARTICULATE CARBON IN SEAWATER1
Authors: Menzel David W. , Vaccaro Ralph F.
Published: March 2010

A method is described for the rapid determination of dissolved organic carbon in seawater in concentrations between 0.1 and 20 mg/liter. The oxidation is carried out in sealed glass ampoules using K2S2O8 as an oxidizing agent after the sample has been freed of inorganic carbon. The resulting CO2 is passed through a nondispersive infrared analyzer using nitrogen as a carrier and the signal output of the analyzer recorded. Using appropriate calibration curves, the carbon content is determined from the height of the peak. Approximately 100 samples can be analyzed in a single day with a precision of ± 0.1 mg/liter using a sample volume of 5 ml.

A companion method is described for the determination of particulate carbon by high‐temperature combustion after concentration of the sample on a glass‐fiber filter. The precision of this method is ± 10 µg C in a range of 0–500 µg C. Approximately six samples can be analyzed in an hour.
DYNAMICS OF A PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY IN AN ICE‐COVERED LAKE1
Authors: Wright Richard T.
Published: March 2010

Changes in the species populations and plant pigment content of a community of phytoplankton in an ice‐covered lake in eastern Massachusetts were followed closely for three months. During a snow‐free period in January and February, a number of species of flagellated algae showed exponential increase to a maximum standing crop estimated at 31 mg C/100 cm2. The various species occupied characteristic levels in the water column, indicating a species‐specific preference of light quantity, quality, or both. The layers of the water column receiving 0.5–20% of incident radiation accounted for over 95% of the phytoplankton. A snowfall caused a mass movement of most species to the uppermost 50 cm, a region previously avoided because of excess light. C14 measurements indicated adaptation to low light intensities and demonstrated graphically the effect of a snow cover. The community declined rapidly following a series of snowfalls which left 29 cm of snow on the ice and allowed only 0.2% of incident light to penetrate to the water column. Laboratory experiments revealed that two species of cryptomonads isolated from the lake are capable of growing at low temperatures in the dark on acetate but not on glucose and were also able to supplement heterotrophic growth with autotrophic growth in light of as low as 65 lux intensity.
THE COMPOSITION OF PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATTER IN THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC1
Authors: Menzel David W. , Ryther John H.
Published: March 2010

The composition of particulate matter in the western North Atlantic is examined to determined relationships between carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and chlorophyll. The regressions of phosphorus or chlorophyll on nitrogen or carbon, when extrapolated toward the origin, indicate appreciable but variable amounts of nitrogen and carbon in the absence of phosphorus and chlorophyll. The regression of phosphorus on chlorophyll, on the other hand, has its intercept at the origin. These observations indicate that chlorophyll and phosphorus are decomposed or mineralized at essentially the same rate, while carbon and nitrogen are more refractory. The relationship between these parameters and the distribution of detritus is discussed.
THE RADIOECOLOGY OF A BEACH
Authors: Mauchline John , Taylor Angela M. , Ritson Eric B.
Published: March 2010

The accumulation of fission products, especially the insoluble radionuclides Ru106, Cc144, Zr95, and Nb95, by the fauna and flora on Windscale Beach is affected by the following factors: 1) the particle size and chemical composition of the substratum; 2) wind action on contaminated silt lifting it from near low‐water mark and depositing it near high‐water mark; 3) the vertical position of organisms on the beach, and, therefore, their coverage time by contaminated seawater; 4) movement of organisms on the beach which alters their coverage time; and 5) freshwater seepage and rainfall, assuming that their radionuclide contents are less than that of the seawater, causing decontamination of the organisms by washing.

The position of an organism in the food chain is not considered to be a primary factor determining the levels of radionuclides accumulated by it.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL LIMNOLOGY OF LAKE BONNEY, ANTARCTICA
Authors: Angino Ernest E. , Armitage Kenneth B. , Tash Jerry C.
Published: March 2010

Lake Bonney is a permanently ice‐covered lake of 3.2 km2 in upper Taylor Valley, Victoria Land, Antarctica. The mean depth, without ice cover, is 18.7 m. The lake probably occupies a glacially overdeepened valley. The lake is meromictic. The maximal temperature of 7C coincides with the chemocline at about 15 m; the temperature decreases to a range of +2 to ‒4C in the bottom waters and to less than 1C beneath the ice. Calculations of superficial water inflow and of water loss by sublimation of ice indicate that the lake is slowly shrinking. Old shorelines above the present lake level attest to shrinkage. Part of the difference between water gain and water loss is made up by inflow of warm‐spring water at depth. Such springs are probably the major source of heat for the lake. Total solids in the monimolimnion range up to 407.3 g/liter. Sodium and magnesium chloride account for 96% of the dissolved salts. An analysis of ionic ratios suggests that the lake waters may consist of trapped seawater highly modified by subsequent concentration by evaporative processes, by addition of ions from surrounding soils, and by addition of warm‐spring water. The ionic concentrations are altered in part by the precipitation of CaSO4, CaCO3, and Na2SO4.
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN RAIN—FED MARSH WATERS DURING THE DRY SEASON
Authors: Yaalon Dan H.
Published: March 2010

Analyses are presented showing the gradual increase in concentration of dissolved constituents in a small rain‐fed marsh on the coastal plain of Israel. Bicarbonate and calcium ions are the major components in the waters.

The composition of the freshwater reflects closely that of the rain falling on the catchment area. It is supplemented by some bicarbonate and calcium from the marsh environment. The sulfate concentration decreased with time, and about 50% of the soluble sulfur was lost within 5 months by bacterial reduction. Bromine was enriched in relation to chlorine during drying.

There is a small rate of percolation in the marsh, sufficient to prevent its salinization.
UPTAKE AND RELEASE OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS BY REPRESENTATIVES OF A COASTAL MARINE ECOSYSTEM1,2
Authors: Johannes R. E.
Published: March 2010

A benthic diatom, a benthic amphipod, and mixed species of marine bacteria were used in studies of the uptake and release of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) using the radionuclide P32. Over one‐third of the soluble phosphorus released by the amphipod was in organic form (0.79 µg‐at. DOP/g of animal per hr). Marine bacteria utilized 80% of this DOP. Thirty per cent was hydrolyzed in sterile media, possibly by alkaline phosphatase released by the amphipods. Bacteria‐free diatoms released little DOP during growth, but released 20% of their total phosphorus as DOP after growth had ceased. Growing diatoms could reabsorb 40% of this DOP. Marine bacteria were able to absorb 92% of it. No regeneration of dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) from DOP in the presence of bacteria was observed. Marine bacteria, living or dead, released very little DOP.
UPTAKE AND RELEASE OF PHOSPHORUS BY A BENTHIC MARINE AMPHIPOD2
Authors: Johannes R. E.
Published: March 2010

Lembos intermedius releases phosphorus fractions into the water at the following rates: dissolved inorganic phosphate, 1.4 µg‐at./g of animal (wet wt) per hr; dissolved organic phosphorus, 0.79 µg‐at./g per hr; particulate phosphorus, 7.9 µg‐at./g per hr. Both metabolic waste phosphorus and phosphorus that has not been assimilated but has simply passed through the gut are present in all three fractions. The total phosphorus release rate drops by more than 50% in 2 hr when the animals are deprived of food.

The physiological turnover time, the time it takes an amount of phosphorus equal to that in the tissues of the animal to pass through these tissues, is 41 hr. The ecological turnover time, the time it takes an amount of phosphorus equal to that in the tissues to pass through the animal whether or not it is assimilated, is 6.6 hr.

The dissolved inorganic P32 taken up by bacteria‐free L. intermedius is distributed mainly in the nuclei of the muscle and hypodermis cells. A higher uptake by nonsterile animals is attributed mainly to their intestinal flora. This source of phosphorus is insignificant compared with the amphipods’ food.
ZINC 65 IN EUPHAUSIIDS AS RELATED TO COLUMBIA RIVER WATER OFF TIIE OREGON COAST
Authors: Osterberg Charles , Pattullo June , Pearcy William
Published: March 2010

Most of the zinc 65 in the northeast Pacific Ocean originates in the Columbia River as a result of the Hanford, Washington, nuclear reactor operations. The Columbia River is also the principal source of freshwater in the region, so that at certain seasons the plume of the river is detectable far at sea because of its low salinity. In an effort to determine the fate of the river water at sea, euphausiids from the ocean off Oregon were used as biological monitors. Zn65 content of euphausiids was measured by gamma‐ray spectrometry, and relationships between Zn65 content and salinity distributions over the area were examined. Some correlations were apparent, but deviations occurred. For example, Zn65 levels remained fairly high off Oregon even when Columbia River water was not evident as a low‐salinity plume. This indicates that water from the Columbia River, which accumulates as a plume off Oregon in the summer, influences the ZN65 content in animals in the area throughout the year. The long half‐life of Zn65 in the mixed layer, diurnal migrations of euphausiids, and seasonal reversal of currents all may contribute to the maintenance of this reservoir of Zn65 in the ocean off the Oregon coast.
THE SEASONAL AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OFF THE WASIIINGTON AND OREGON COASTS
Authors: Anderson George C.
Published: March 2010

The distribution of chlorophyll a and phytoplankton productivity off the Washington and Oregon coasts has been observed during 14 cruises of the RV Brown Bear from January 1961 to June 1962.

Surface waters in the area covered by the Columbia River effluent generally contained more phytoplankton and had a higher rate of photosynthesis than ambient waters. The densest and most variable populations were found during summer in coastal upwelling areas and directly off the river mouth. Although there was little seasonal change in standing stock, production was quite variable, with minima in winter and summer, a large spring bloom, and a smaller autumn pulse.

The major influence of Columbia River water on phytoplankton production appeared to be in the timing of events in the seasonal cycle. Phytoplankton development was noticeably affected by differences in the depth of the mixed layer and the sharp pycnocline during summer. However, total annual production both inside and outside the plume was similar (60 g C m−2a yr−1) . The nutrients introduced by river water appeared to be spent in high‐production areas immediately off the mouth of the river.

The seasonal variation of C14 uptake‐chlorophyll a ratios was marked. Low values occurred during winter, and a maximum occurred during the spring bloom. “Dead” or inactive chlorophyll appeared to be negligible at all times, judging from regressions of these relationships.
WATER POLLUTION BY INSECTICIDES IN AN AGRICULTURAL RIVER BASIN. II. THE ZOOPLANKTON, BOTTOM FAUNA, AND FISH
Authors: Grzenda Alfred R. , Lauer Gerald J. , Nicholson H. Page
Published: March 2010

In 1959 and 1960, zooplankton, bottom fauna, and fish populations were studied in a drainage system polluted with insecticides in northern Alabama. Toxaphene and BHC (benzene hexachloride) were present in all water samples collected in 1959 and 1960 in concentrations considered to be sublethal to aquatic animals in a single dose.

There was no convincing evidence that continuous toxaphene and BHC contamination resulted in gross damage to zooplankton, bottom fauna, and fish populations. Zooplankton was sparse at all times. However, this scarcity was attributed to other unfavorable environmental conditions such as changes in discharge and high turbidity. A considerable variety of bottom fauna taxa was noted in all collections. There were fluctuations in the abundance of bottom fauna during the period of study. However, the data did not suggest that these were caused by insecticide contamination. Fish collections from two stations in June and September of 1959 and 1960 contained a variety of fishes represented by many size classes. There was additional evidence that the drainage system supported a sizable fish population of diverse taxonomic structure.
RECENT MARINE SEDIMENTS IN SAANICH INLET, A STAGNANT MARINE BASIN1
Authors: Gucluer Sevket M. , Gross M. Grant
Published: March 2010

Saanich Inlet, a fjord on the eastern side of Vancouver Island, has H2S in the bottom waters during most of the year. Recent marine sediments in the inlet include three distinctly different types. Black, fine‐grained, varved claycy silts containing H2S and large amounts of diatom frustules and carbonaceous organic materials occur in the central part of the inlet. Olive‐gray silts with moderate concentrations of organic materials and reducing capacities occur on the sill at the entrance to the inlet. The nearshore sands and gravels have low organic contents and low reducing capacity. Carbonate‐rich sediments occur near a limestone quarry and cement factory. A carbon‐nitrogen ratio of 7 is typical of the sediments in the inlet.

Five sources of sediment can be distinguished: (1) carbonaceous and siliceous organic matter from marine organisms, principally planktonic diatoms, (2) suspended sediment in low‐salinity water brought from the Fraser and Cowichan rivers, (3) material eroded from adjacent shorelines, (4) streams discharging into the inlet, and (5) the cement plant and limestone quarry at Bamberton. The varved sediments in the central basin consist of olive‐gray laminac, apparently formed during the peak diatom production in spring or summer and olive‐black laminac, containing larger mounts of terrigenous sediment, probably formed during the autumn and winter. Zones of nonlaminated sediment may be formed by terrigenous material or by the disruption of the laminated sediment by other physical processes. No evidence of burrowing organisms has been detected.

Four to 6 mm of wet sediment are deposited each year in the southern portion of the inlet. If this rate is typical of the basin as a whole, approximately 105 metric tons of sediment are deposited each year. At least 25–35% of this sediment is derived from marine organisms.
SOME SOURCES OF CARBONATE IN MOLLUSCAN SHELL FORMATION1
Authors: Johnson Robert F. , Carroll J. J. , Greenfield L. J.
Published: March 2010

Amino acids with specific carbon atoms labeled with C14 and an inorganic source of carbon were tested and found to be sources of carbonate for shell formation in the conch Strombus gigas. All the substances were dissolved in seawater and were utilized in carbonate formation. In addition, some metabolically labeled by‐products were identified. The rate of shell formation was found to be related to the physical activity of S. gigas.
INVESTIGATIONS OF INNER CONTINENTAL SHELF WATERS OFF LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY. PART V, SEASONALITY OF THE DIATOM GENUS CHAETOCEROS1
Authors: Mulford Richard A.
Published: March 2010

Twenty‐five species of Chaetoceros were taken from monthly samples during one year in the Atlantic Ocean off the Virginia capes. Results indicate the fall‐winter period to be the most productive in numbers and species diversity. The Chaetoceros population was primarily a mixture of cold‐ and warm‐water forms, with two species, C. decipiens and C. didymus, being most abundant and widespread. A cyclic seasonal pattern based on past records is suggested for the genus along the east coast of the United States. Seasonality, temperature, and salinity ranges for each species are presented.
THE HEAT BALANCE OF TWO ANTARCTIC LAKES1
Authors: Ragotzkie Robert A. , Likens Gene E.
Published: March 2010

The thermal structures of Lakes Vanda and Bonney in Victoria Land, Antarctica, are examined and the heat balance of Lake Vanda evaluated. Both lakes are permanently ice‐covered and have high salt concentrations that increase with depth. The deep water of Lake Vanda is very warm (25C), while that of Lake Bonney is cold (−2.8C). Lake Vanda gains heat from solar radiation and by conduction from the bottom. All the heat gained is accounted for by melting of the undersurface of the ice and evaporation from the upper surface. Changes in sensible heat storage in the water in both lakes are extremely small. Lake Vanda has four layers of constant density water that are maintained by convective circulation driven by heating from below. The existence of a strong circulation in the thickest of these layers is demonstrated by a radioactive tracer experiment that revealed a horizontal current of 1 cm/sec at 20 m and some vertical mixing. No evidence of convective activity was found in Lake Bonney. Hypotheses put forth by other workers to explain the warm water of Lake Vanda by solar heating alone and by subsurface advection from thermal springs are considered and rejected.
INITIAL CURRENT STUDIES IN LAKE MICHIGAN
Authors: . Verber James L
Published: March 2010

Initial current studies in Lake Michigan indicate that the circulation of the southern basin varies according to the general wind field over the lake. Studies from May to July 1962 show a counterclockwise circulation, whereas studies from December 1962 to April 1963 show a clockwise circulation.

Previous studies have implied that the general circulation of southern Lake Michigan was counterclockwise. Winter studies, including periods under an ice cover, indicate that northwest winds during the fall and winter period are responsible for a clockwise circulation during this period of the year.

A new mooring system for current meters is also proposed.
THE PERSISTENCE OF “WINTER” WATER ON THE CONTINENTAL SHELF SOUTH OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 1
Authors: Ketchum  , Corwin Nathaniel
Published: March 2010

The deep water on the continental shelf south of Montauk Point, Long Island, remains cold throughout the summer. Since this cold‐water pool is surrounded by warmer water, it appears to be formed in the winter and to persist, with only gradual modification, for several months.

The temperature and salinity of the water in this area have been observed on 20 cruises made during a 3‐year period. The cycle of temperature is described. The salinity changes in the deep water as it gradually warms are used to evaluate qualitatively whether the temperature change in each year was associated with admixture of higher‐salinity warmer offshore waters or lower‐salinity, warmer surface waters.

The average salinity of the water on the continental shelf was closely correlated with the 6‐month average river flow of the Connecticut River, and it is shown that the salinity can be predicted to within error of estimate of approximately 0.3‰ from this river flow.
USE OF A CLEAR PLASTIC DOME TO MEASURE GASEOUS DIFFUSION RATES IN NATURAL WATERS
Authors: Copeland B.J. , Duffer W.R.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted in both standing and moving water communities to evaluate the use of a plastic dome for correcting diurnal oxygen curves for diffusion of oxygen between the air‐water interface. Diurnal oxygen curves in systems where diffusion of oxygen through the air‐water boundary occurs were corrected by means of data from the plastic dome experiments to obtain curves in agreement with those from closed systems with no diffusion. The upstream‐downstream diurnal oxygen curve method for running water ecosystems was modified to yield diurnal rate‐of‐change curves like those in still water.
CHLOROPHYLL a AND SUSPENDED ORGANIC MATTER IN OIL REFINERY EFFLUENT HOLDING PONDS
Authors: Copeland B. J. , Minter K. W. , Dorris Troy C.
Published: March 2010

Chlorophyll a and suspended organic matter were measured in an oil refinery effluent holding pond series in northern Oklahoma from July 1961 to July 1962. Correlation was made between these variables and the photosynthetic production of oxygen. Chlorophyll concentrations ranged between 0.005 and 1.35 mg/liter, with the maximum occurring near the middle of the pond system. Suspended organic matter ranged between 1.0 and 101.0 mg/liter and was correlated with the chlorophyll concentration, indicating that phytoplankton was the major contributor of organic matter. Assimilation numbers ranged between 1 and 13, decreasing as chlorophyll concentrations increased.
HIGH NITROGEN FIXATION RATES IN THE SARGASSO SEA AND THE ARABIAN SEA1
Authors: Dugdale Richard C. , Goering John J. , Ryther John H.
Published: March 2010

Nitrogen fixation rates have been measured in the Sargasso Sea and the Arabian Sea using the N15 method. Heavy enrichments in N15 were found in a number of experiments in which the blue‐green alga, Trichodesmium, was used for the experimental material.
THE PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS AND THE TURNOVER TIME OF INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAKES,1
Authors: Rigler F. H.
Published: March 2010

Concentration of three forms of phosphorus was measured in nine lakes throughout one year. The fraction occurring as soluble organic was similar in eight lakes. Results of previous workers were produced by using their methods of separating scston from the water. Use of a filter with 0.1‐µ‐diameter pores reduced the soluble organic fraction to 18% of the total. Turnover time of inorganic P was less than 10 min in all lakes during the summer but increased during the winter.
MORPHOMETRIC CONTROL OF ANNUAL HEAT BUDGETS IN TEMPERATE LAKES1
Authors: Gorham Eville
Published: March 2010

Annual heat budgets of 71 lakes in the temperate zone are strongly correlated with mean depth and area. Depth and area influences taken together are responsible for an even higher degree of correlation between heat budgets and lake volumes. For lakes of a given volume, the deeper ones of lesser area appear to take up slightly more heat than the shallower ones of greater area. Dimictic lakes exhibit slightly higher heat budgets than warm monomictic lakes of similar size. Heat uptake appears to rise continuously with increasing lake dimensions, though at a decreasing rate, up to the largest dimensions observed.
VARIATIONS IN ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER1
Authors: Silker W. B.
Published: March 2010

The seasonal changes in concentration of several elements in the Columbia River at Hanford, Washington, were measured during 1962. An annual spring increase in the concentration of arsenic, manganese, copper, and lanthanum was related to the introduction of water from the Spokane River to the Columbia River system, while other elemental concentration changes were ascribed to the relative contribution of the Pend Oreille and Spokane rivers to the Columbia River. Data are presented on the concentration of several elements at various points on the Columbia River upstream from the Hanford project.
ORGANIC AGGREGATES IN TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL SURFACE WATERS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN1
Authors: Riley Gordon A. , Wangersky Peter J. , Van Hemert Denise
Published: March 2010

Twenty surface samples taken en route from Bermuda to the west coast of Africa were filtered for subsequent microscopic examination of phytoplankton and organic aggregates (nonliving particulate matter). Fourteen of the samples were accompanied by measurements of particulate organic carbon. All three quantities were significantly correlated. All reached their highest values in a region of upwelling in the Guinea Current, with lower values in the Sargasso Sea, the North Equatorial Current, and nonupwelling equatorial waters. The largest quantity of aggregates observed in these oceanic waters intergraded with the lower range of values previously reported in rich inshore waters of Long Island Sound. Observations and supporting experimental data lead to conclusions that 1) dissolved organic matter secreted by phytoplankton is readily converted to particulate matter by adsorption on near‐surface bubbles, thus producing the direct relation noted above; 2) even in areas where phytoplankton is scarce, there is a sufficient residuum of older dissolved organic matter to permit the formation of significant quantities of aggregates; and 3) the aggregates have a carbon content greatly exceeding that of living phytoplankton.
LIMNOLOGICAL STUDIES AND FISH YIELD IN THREE UPLAND LAKES OF MADRAS STATE, INDIA
Authors: Sreenivasan A.
Published: March 2010

The general conditions, primary production, and fish yield were studied in three upland lakes in tropical Madras State. Kodaikanal Lake had a poor but predominantly desmid plankton, high transparency, low dissolved solids, low alkalinity, low hardness, low pH, and no phosphorus or calcium. Primary production in this lake was the lowest among the three lakes, averaging 0.46 g carbon fixed m−2 day−1. Yercaud Lake, at a lower altitude, had a predominantly cyanophycean plankton throughout the year, and the salt content and primary production, averaging 2.9 g C m−2 day−1, were higher than that in Kodaikanal Lake. Near‐bottom oxygen deficits and carbon dioxide accumulations were typical of Yercaud Lake. Ooty Lake, polluted by sewage, had the highest rate of primary production, averaging 3.8 g C m−2 day−1, a high plankton volume, and higher electrical conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, calcium, and pH. The plankton was dominated either by blue‐green algae or by the flagellate, Ceratium hirundinella. This lake is eutrophic, but the pH rarely rose above 7.5, and marked changes in it were not observed. Carbon dioxide accumulation near the bottom was not common, although oxygen depletion was. There were regular diurnal and vertical variations in pH in Yercaud Lake, indicating a high degree of photosynthetic and metabolic activities. Fish production was lowest in Kodaikanal Lake, 5.3 kg/hectare, intermediate in Yercaucd Lake, 31.6 kg/ha, and highest in Ooty Lake, 75 kg/ha. Less than 0.2% of the primary production is utilized in these three lakes.
SOME OBSERVATIONS OF SHORT—TERM HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH THE SURFACE LAYERS OF TIIE OCEAN1
Authors: Shonting David H.
Published: March 2010

Short‐term diurnal heating and cooling data from the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas, are presented and discussed. The method of acquiring the time series data and the method of presentation arc reviewed. A 7‐day diurnal heating study is discussed in relation to the vertical diffusion of heat and its relation to meteorological parameters.

Results of a 24‐hr diurnal heating experiment are presented, and thermal eddy diffusion coefficients are derived and compared with those obtained by other methods. An approximate heat budget calculation is performed whereby essentially all of the energy input and output are accounted for, utilizing the diurnal time series temperature data.
GEOLOGY AND BIOLOGY OF THE SEA FLOOR AS DEDUCED FROM SIMULTANEOUS PHOTOGRAPHS AND SAMPLES1
Authors: Emery K. O. , Merrill Arthur S. , Trumbull James V. A.
Published: March 2010

During 1963, 260 paired photographs and large bottom samples were taken on the continental shelf and slope off northeastern United States. The photographs revealed surface characteristics of the sediments and natural attitudes of benthic animals; the samples retrieved specimens for geological and biological examination and identification.

Samples are the best source materials for making textural studies of sediments consisting mostly of sand, silt, or clay, but photographs are better than samples for bottoms too bouldery for proper sampling. Ripple marks and other surface irregularities revealed by the photographs supplement textural studies of the samples in deducing effects of wave movements and currents upon bottom materials.

For biological studies, the photographs yield much information on relationships of the benthic fauna to bottom materials, but they fail to provide useful data on biomasses. Biomasses and accurate taxonomic identifications are far better made upon samples. Thus, a combination of photographs and accompanying samples provides maximum information for biological as well as geological purposes.
THE UPTAKE OF ORGANIC SOLUTES IN LAKE WATER1
Authors: Wright Richard T. , Hobbie John E.
Published: March 2010

Basic changes are made in an existing method using radioactive organic compounds for measuring the uptake of organic solutes by planktonic microorganisms. The changes give greater experimental flexibility and enable the maximum uptake velocity, V, to be found. Measurements over a range of substrate concentrations appear to show uptake by at least two mechanisms, by a transport system that becomes saturated at very low substrate concentrations and by simple diffusion, which shows a fairly constant increase in velocity of uptake with increasing substrate concentration. Because of this, the technique of measuring uptake at a single substrate concentration to give “relative heterotrophic potential” is questioned. The best estimate of heterotrophic potential may be V, the maximum uptake velocity attainable by planktonic populations with a transport system functioning according to the Michaelis laws. It is suggested that bacterial populations are responsible for uptake by means of transport systems and that algal populations show uptake by diffusion.
TIDE AND STORM SURGE OBSERVATIONS IN TIIE CHUKCHI SEA1
Authors: Hunkins Kenneth L.
Published: March 2010

Sea level heights were recorded with a tide gauge at Fletcher’s Ice Island (T‐3) while it was aground in the Chukchi Sea at 71°55′ N lat, 160°20′ W long. Harmonic analyses of the data were made for five tidal components. The tidal hour (M2) was 9.11 at this location, in good agreement with the cotidal chart of Sverdrup (1926). Mean spring tide range was 12.5 cm.

Storm surges at this location on the continental shelf had a range of about 40 cm. During relatively stationary atmospheric conditions, the storm surge heights tended to follow the inverted barometer. However, under moving pressure systems, the storm surge heights developed an asymmetry that deviated from the inverted barometer. A one‐dimensional flow model with characteristics similar to a profile through the storm provides some understanding of these asymmetric storm surge heights.
UPTAKE AND RETENTION OF CESIUM 137 AND ZINC 65 BY SEAWEEDS1
Authors: Gutknecht John
Published: March 2010

Uptake and retention of Cs137 and Zn by seaweeds were observed under various environmental conditions. Concentration factors and biological half‐lives varied widely among species, Zn65 showing generally higher levels of uptake and retention. No significant relationship between growth rate and either concentration factor or biological half‐life was found among the species tested.

Both uptake and loss of Cs137 were stimulated by light, but some Cs137 movements occurred in the dark. Both exogenous substrate (glutamate) and previous exposure to light stimulated Cs137 uptake in the dark. Exposure to nitrogen in the dark inhibited both influx and efflux of Cs137. Neither darkness nor anoxia caused appreciable net loss of absorbed Cs137. Cs137 was not extensively adsorbed by cell walls or killed tissue. Influx and efflux of Cs were proportional, respectively, to the external and internal Cs concentrations. Intracellular Cs appears to be largely ionic, with Cs movements being closely related to metabolism.

Zn65 was highly concentrated by living and killed algae and by cell walls. Light had a variable effect on Zn65 movements. Zinc uptake at different external Zn concentrations agreed with the Freundlich adsorption equation. Adsorption exchange appears to be an important mechanism of Zn movements in seaweeds.
TEMPERATURE CHANGE AND GAS EXCHANGE IN NOVA SCOTIA AND GEORGIA SALT‐MARSH MUDS1
Authors: Duff Sheila , Teal John M.
Published: March 2010

Variations in oxygen uptake with variations in temperature were measured on undisturbed salt‐marsh muds taken from Georgia, the Bay of Fundy, and the eastern shore of Nova Scotia. Mud temperatures were measured in the marsh. Natural temperature variations were about twice as great in Georgia as in Nova Scotia. Q10 values for respiration determined in any one season varied from 1 to 4, tending to be lower in southern marshes and marshes located nearer low water level. In all marshes, seasonal changes of mud respiration were correlated with changes in energy supply and with temperature. Considering periods of days or weeks rather than months, the southern mud organisms show more stability under conditions of changing temperature than the northern ones. This may be due to better stirring by large animals and the absence of freezing in the south.
PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY AND ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS IN ARTIFICIAL STREAMS1
Authors: Kevern N. R. , Ball R. C.
Published: March 2010

The productivity of algal communities was investigated in two recirculating artificial streams. Emphasis was placed on a study of the effects of various factors on energy flow and on the characterization of artificial streams as a research tool. Productivity was measured by pH and carbon dioxide changes, upstream‐downstream oxygen changes, and the biomass of algae collected on artificial substrata.

A temperature increase caused a small, but insignificant, increase in net productivity, while increased light intensity caused an increase in net productivity. A higher current velocity caused an increase in net productivity, significant as shown by riffle vs. pool communities, but not significant between a fast and a slow stream. A shorter, but more frequent photoperiod did not change the rate of production significantly. High chelate concentration caused a reduction in net productivity.

Estimates of net productivity by the carbon dioxide and oxygen methods were in agreement for two out of five studies, while estimates by the biomass of algae on substrata were consistently lower than estimates by the gas methods. Net production varied from 2,815 to 5,565 cal m−2 day−1, resulting in efficiencies from 3.8 to 9.8%. Efficiencies of gross productivity varied from 6.4 to 16.1%.
SOME EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON EGG PRODUCTION IN BROWN TROUT (SALMO TRUTTA)1
Authors: McFadden James T. , Cooper Edwin L. , Andersen John K.
Published: March 2010

Brown trout collected from fertile and infertile streams in Pennsylvania were compared to determine differences in fecundity and in the ago at first sexual maturity. Trout from infertile streams were older at first sexual maturity and produced fewer eggs because of smaller average size than trout from fertile streams. Fish of the same size produced a smaller total weight of eggs in infertile waters than in fertile waters. Sexual maturation depended on both size and age. It was concluded that in waters of low basic productivity few eggs are produced per adult trout in the stock and that this depressed rate of reproduction is important in keeping brown trout populations in equilibrium with the low basic productivity of the environment.
FEEDING RATE OF DAPHNIA MAGNA STRAUS IN DIFFERENT FOODS LABELED WITH RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS1
Authors: McMahon J. W. , Rigler F. H.
Published: March 2010

The feeding rate of Daphnia magna was studied by measuring the radioactivity of animals fed on pure cultures of Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Chlorella vulgaris, and Tetrahymena pyriformis labeled with radioactive phosphorus. Below a certain concentration of each food, the feeding rate is proportional to concentration of food. Above that concentration, feeding rate is independent of concentration. Starved animals, when placed in a nonlimiting concentration of food, behave temporarily as if it were limiting and for a few minutes filter at the maximum rate. Although the maximum volume of the various foods eaten in unit time is not the same, it is probably determined more by digestibility than by size of the food cells.

Filtering efficiency of Daphnia magna is independent of the size of food cells between 0.9µ3 and 1.8×104µ3.

Log‐phase Chlorella vulgaris was not observed to inhibit feeding, but senescent cells caused Daphnia magna to decrease the filtering rate and its maximum feeding rate.
HERBIVOROUS INSECT POPULATIONS IN OIL REFINERY EFFLUENT HOLDING POND SERIES1
Authors: Tubb Richard A. , Dorris Troy C.
Published: March 2010

Oil refinery effluent holding pond populations of bottom‐dwelling midge fly larvae, family Tendipedidae, were sampled monthly from November 1960 until November 1961. Population fluctuations were related to effluent toxicity. Life histories were studied for three species of tendipedids that occurred in the pond system. Estimates were made of average life‐spans, survival fractions, and emergence of adults. Effects of filter‐feeding larvae upon effluent turbidity were evaluated. Caloric contents of standing crops were determined, and the amount of energy lost by adult emergence was calculated.

Larval midge fly populations generally increased in successive holding ponds during summer. Winter populations were small and concentrated in ponds near the center of the pond system. Larval populations of Tendipes plumosus predominated during spring. IIarnischia tenuicaudata was the most abundant species in summer, and large numbers of Tanypus stellatus were present in fall and winter. Emergence of adult tendipedids removed about 62,500 kcal/year from the system. Filter‐feeding midge larvae decreased effluent turbidity significantly.