bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sibling Jealousy in a Triadic Context with Mothers and Fathers
Authors: Miller Alison L. , Volling Brenda L. , McElwain Nancy L.
Published: March 2003

The current study focused on jealousy between toddler and preschool siblings. Sixty‐two families participated in triadic interaction sessions, in which mothers and then fathers were instructed to focus on one child (older sibling or toddler) while encouraging the other child to play with other toys in the room. Results indicated that child jealousy reactions differed between mothers and fathers, and parents behaved differently with older and younger siblings. Although older and younger siblings showed jealousy, older children were better than their toddler‐age siblings at regulating jealousy responses and engaging in focused play. Further, younger siblings showed differences in jealous behavior when interacting with each parent, whereas older siblings showed somewhat greater behavioral consistency across parents, indicating internalization of emotion regulation style. Mothers expressed more happiness than fathers, and parents responded differently to older versus younger siblings’ behaviors. Findings underscore the importance of examining emotion regulation processes within salient family relationships and of considering sibling interaction as a socialization context in which young children learn to negotiate emotional challenges.
The Welfare Modelling Business
Authors: Abrahamson Peter
Published: March 2003

The paper starts out by identifying a substantial increase in the use of welfare state typologies within comparative studies. This has developed to a degree where many authors take it for granted that the world consists of a limited number of well‐defined welfare regimes. This discussion took off in 1990 and it is expected to continue as an important dimension of welfare and social policy research long into the next millennium. It is shown that the idea of ordering welfare states according to ideal‐typical models dates back to the late 1950s and was elaborated substantially during the early 1970s, though rather unnoticed. The publication of Esping‐Andersen's The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism in 1990 is identified as the starting point for what has now become a whole academic industry, here entitled the Welfare Modelling Business. Different typologies with different degrees of differentiation are discussed: should we consider welfare capitalism to come in two, three, four or more models? Though the differentiation into regimes is widely recognized, there have, of course, been many discussions about problems and shortcomings. Two major issues are elaborated: the one‐sided focus on social insurance provisions and the simultaneous neglect of personal social services; and the parallel one‐sided focus on state and market and the neglect of civil societal institutions such as family and networks. The paper concludes that welfare typologizing must take into account the kinds of programmes analysed: context matters.
Of Knights, Knaves and Merchants: The Case of Residential Care for Older People in England in the Late 1990s
Authors: Kendall Jeremy
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the motivations of a sample of fifty providers of residential care for older people in England in 1997. The theoretical point of departure is the “knights and knaves” categorization suggested by Julian Le Grand. A cluster analysis of the expressed motivations of the providers of residential care suggests three types: empathizers, professionals and income prioritizers. These combine knightly and knavish motives in varying degrees. Le Grand’s recommendation that strategic policy towards actors in welfare services should be robust about motives is endorsed. However, a third, “mercantile”, aspect of motivation is revealed reﬂecting providers’ needs to exercise control over, and experience ownership of, their enterprises. This should also be taken into account in the design of policy. Policy decisions that are insensitive to this aspect of motivation are likely to be misguided and ﬂawed.
Democracy, Social Relations and Ecowelfare
Authors: Hoggett Paul
Published: March 2003

Like Marxists before, greens are trenchant critics of the commodification of human life by consumer capitalism. They have been persistent advocates of less materialistic ways of living but, as such, have been easily dismissed as champions of frugal, small‐scale community living. This essay argues that a society which fostered non‐materialistic ways of living could offer more rather than less to its citizens if it put at the centre of its vision the quality of human and social relations. A relational perspective insists that human capacities—aesthetic, spiritual, practical/intellectual, ethical and convivial—are developed through our relations to others and to nature, including the nature and otherness in ourselves. The primary aim of an ecowelfare society should be to create the conditions for such human capacities to flourish in a balanced way. The essay frst describes four areas of our everyday social relations where qualitative change is necessary if a democratic culture is to flourish. Capitalism privileges the development of the practical/intellectual and, in consequence, our over‐extended technical powers now put the world at risk. Green democracy must be approached in this light. Participation in political discussion and decision making at all levels of society enhances individual and collective ethical and convivial capacities and therefore fosters citizens who have the capacity to respond to social and ecological insecurity. To be convincing, green democracy needs to recognize the actual complexity of society, a complexity that direct, face‐to‐face models of democracy cannot deal with. In opposition to the markets and managerialism of existing governments greens should develop a vision of the extended democratization of all levels and institutions of society, from housing estates and health centres to universities and non‐departmental public bodies like the Arts Council. In doing so it must recognize the differences, tensions and conflicts in all communities irrespective of whether these are generated around place, identity or lifestyle. It must therefore promote the maximum diversity of democratic forms.
When Things Go Wrong: Being an Independent Person under the Children Act 1989 Complaints Procedure
Authors: Bridge Gillian , Street Catherine
Published: March 2003

The introduction of market principles into public services in the 1990s meant that British local authorities were required to develop complaints procedures. In the case of services for children and families, the Children Act 1989 required the appointment of an “independent person”. This article describes the findings from a research study conducted in 1999. A total of nineteen independent people from a range of London boroughs participated. It was found that young people themselves rarely use this system designed to protect their rights. As “sole traders” in adversarial situations between social services personnel and complainants, the independent people were constantly negotiating their position. Depending upon the issue, they are required to move skilfully between conciliation and formal investigation. The findings will be useful to local authorities using independent people, and to the independent people themselves who are largely unsupported in their roles.
Positive Action in Minority Ethnic Employment: The Role of Scottish Housing Organizations
Authors: Bowes Alison , Sim Duncan
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses on Scottish housing organizations, where the relative absence of black and minority ethnic employees is beginning to be addressed by programmes of positive action. The paper defines positive action, discusses experiences elsewhere in Europe and the USA, and identifies issues that have arisen from such programmes. Schemes targeted at the housing profession, such as PATH in both England and Scotland, are described in some detail. The attitudes and experiences of Scottish housing organizations were examined as part of an evaluation of the Scottish PATH programme carried out in 1998, and these are discussed. The paper concludes that a reservoir of goodwill exists towards positive action programmes and that there is a need for such programmes to be extended, possibly with the support of the Scottish Parliament.
Culture, Intellectual Property and Territorial Rural Development
Authors: Ray Christopher
Published: March 2003

This paper explores some of the uses of local cultural identity in European rural development, particularly in the latter’s shift towards local territorial activity. It proposes the term ‘cultural economy’ and a four‐way typology. In order to contribute to a theorization of such development activity – whether policy driven or emerging from the ‘bottom‐up’– local cultures are characterized as forms of intellectual property that may allow local rural economies to impose some level of control over social and economic development.
Exodus Revisited: The Politics and Experience of Rural Loss in Central Brazil
Authors: Chase Jacquelyn
Published: March 2003

The internal differences among people who have been referred to as peasants, and the long history of labour market participation by rural people in Latin America, suggest that rural exodus and urbanization must be treated as complex processes that have varied widely across time and space. Rural exodus continues to be a compelling metaphor for the contradictions of modernization today in Latin America. This article looks at the process and meaning of expulsion from the land in a prosperous agricultural region of central Brazil where almost all people today live in cities and towns. Intensive interviews with former rural dwellers, and rural union documentation of a number of cases of tenant expulsion by landowners, help situate the experience of rural exodus within two major commodity systems: free range cattle ranching and cotton production. In the first, a more traditional local system, tenant farmers known as agregados were eased off the land over a generation. Their loss occurred in a context of paternalism and negotiation which shielded many of them from the potentially devestating impact of landlessness. Workers in cotton production were first dislodged from other poorer regions in Brazil before being taken by labour brokers to the region of study. As day labourers with few local social ties, these people had a harder time in their move to town. It is important to recognize the political and economic relationships of working people to the land to understand why, in a region such as this, neither group of workers has insisted on returning to it. Resident cattle workers and cotton workers held no claims to land ownership. In addition, their long‐established dependence on town life have made them reluctant to seek returning to the land.
What is Social Capital? A Study of Interaction in a Rural Community
Authors: Falk Ian , Kilpatrick Sue
Published: March 2003

What is social capital? In answering this question, the paper reports on new research which differentiates between social interaction processes and social capital as the product of those processes. Following a review of literature, structured as a social theory against which social capital might be understood, the paper then describes a study of a rural community, and reports on two analyses of data which contribute to answering the question, ‘What is the nature of the interactive productivity between the local networks in a community?’ The paper concludes that social capital, for which a new definition is forwarded, can only 'exist' if it is somehow able to be produced. This is the chief assumption of the paper. Social capital is defined as an accumulation of the knowledge and identity resources drawn on by communities‐of‐common‐purpose. If social capital originates in micro interactions which are in turn embedded in a meso and macro social order, then these processes and connections should be observable. This paper makes an initial contribution to the establishment of such micro, mesa and macro links.
Editorial. The eu leader Programme: Rural Development Laboratory
Authors: Ray Christopher
Published: March 2003

This paper introduces the theme of the seven papers of this 'special issue'on the eu leader rural development initiative. Having described the genesis and general characteristics of leader ,the paper proposes a set of four analytical frameworks which might serve to guide the study of leader‐type interventions:(I)leader as a quasi‐marketization of rural development;(II)leader as the politicization/democratization of rural development;(III)leader and endogenous development as discourse;and (IV)leader and the potential for a humanistic/personalist form of development.
Fight the Future! How the Contemporary Campaigns of the UK Organic Movement Have Arisen from their Composting of the Past
Authors: Reed Matthew
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the discourse of the British organic movement and the elements of continuity that stem from the early part of the twentieth century. Using political discourse analysis the paper tracks the emergence of the discourse of organic farming from a shared concern about the soil in the 1930s. These elements are combined in a formal structure in the late 1940s, with the Soil Association being formed. The new Soil Association resolved its internal tensions by agreeing on a programme of scientific research that was ultimately unsuccessful. This stagnation was ended in the early 1970s with the mutation of the discourse, which emphasized the moral superiority of organic farming. The paper contends that many of the current positions and projects of Soil Association can be traced to recurrences within the discourse.
Crime and Policing in the British Countryside: Some Agendas for Contemporary Geographical Research
Authors: Yarwood Richard
Published: March 2003

The study of crime has emerged as a rich and diverse area of human geography. However, the majority of research has been conducted in an urban environment and rural places have been neglected by comparison. Emphasizing the British countryside, this paper draws upon current thinking in rural geography to suggest a research agenda to fill this gap. Initial attention is given to advances in environmental criminology and how these may be applied to rural areas. Following a critique of this approach, emphasis is given to the fear of crime in rural areas and how this is influenced by constructions of rurality and criminality. Questions are raised about the nature of criminal threat in the countryside, the extend to which it is culturally constructed and whether it is leading to the exclusion of particular groups from rural space. In the final sections of the paper, the changing geographies of rural policing are reviewed in light of these issues. Attention is given to recent policing initiatives in the countryside and the implications these have for the governance of rural areas.
Can a Territorial Policy be Based on Science Alone? The System for Creating the Natura 2000 Network in France
Authors: Alphandéry Pierre , Fortier Agnès
Published: March 2003

Decreed in May 1992 by the eec with a view to conserving biodiversity, the Habitats directive envisages, between now and the year 2004, constructing a European ecological network named Natura 2000. The implementation of the network, based firstly on compiling a list of habitats and species that could be recognized as being of Community importance, generated considerable conflict in France, to the extent that the directive was suspended in July 1996. The analysis of the Habitats directive system has taken a two‐fold approach. The procedures first of all correspond to the tools for reaching the goals set out in the Brussels text, in the time allowed and based on scientific criteria. The second dimension refers to an interpretation of the debates and conflicts generated by the application of the directive's conservation measures on the territory. This second dimension in fact would have been difficult to implement were it not for the support of the area administrators, since their involvement was crucial. In this context, we have interpreted the changes in the procedures of the Habitats directive and the role given to negotiations as well as the issues raised by the nature conservation policies that could no longer be restricted to scientific criteria.
7. The Neighborhood History Calendar: A Data Collection Method Designed for Dynamic Multilevel Modeling
Authors: Axinn William G. , Barber Jennifer S. , Ghimire Dirgha J.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a new data collection method, called the Neighborhood History Calendar, designed to collect event histories of community-level changes over time. We discuss the need for and the uses of this method. We describe issues related to the design of instruments, collection of data, and data entry. We provide detailed examples from an application of this method to the study of marriage, contraception, and fertility in rural Nepal. The paper addresses applications of this same technique to other settings and research problems. We also extend the technique to collection of other forms of contextual-history data, including school histories and health service histories. Finally, we discuss how Geographic Information System (GIS) technology can be used to link together multiple sources of contextual-history data.
Real Sex/Fake Gender: A Reply to Robert Willmott
Authors: Hood-Williams John
Published: March 2003

A series of claims relating to the sociological problematic of sex/gender are made by Robert Willmott in a critique of my article Goodbye to Sex and Gender (Hood-Williams, 1996). In his account he claims that: sociology is ‘impossible’ and feminism ‘impotent’ without the sex/gender distinction; that sex belongs to an order of real world objects that is ontologically distinctly from, and irreducible to, gender and that to oppose this view is to favour conflation; that men are ontologically distinct from women. In reply I argue that it is absurd to say that sociology, which pre-dates the sex/gender distinction by two hundred years, or feminism (also historically prior), cannot function without it; that the distinction between the real and the ideational rests on an ontology that is itself discursive and that the critique of the general distinction made between sex and gender does not necessitate conflating the objects of biological and sociological discourses; that men and women are no more ontologically distinct than people with black skins are from those with white.

The ‘real world’ – an idea no longer of any use, not even a duty any longer – an idea grown useless, superfluous, consequently a refuted idea: let us abolish it! (Nietzsche)
Re-Casting the Occupational Culture in Steel: Some Implications of Changing from Crews to Teams in the UK Steel Industry
Authors: Blyton Paul , Bacon Nick
Published: March 2003

Teamworking developments in the iron and steel industry potentially have far-reaching implications for steelworkers' occupational culture. The traditional seniority-based crew system is examined and is shown to have exerted a considerable influence in shaping the occupational culture in steel. Recent changes in work organisation are discussed, including the nature of teamworking developments at two steel plants. The authors conclude that the changes could further undermine the extant occupational culture in steel. At the same time, while management are looking to teamworking partly as a means to increase worker commitment, ironically the removal of crew hierarchies may entail the loss of a past source of moderation and cooperation among the steelworkers. Teamworking could even create a new basis of worker solidarity, absent when steelworkers were differently positioned within separate work crews.
The Narrative Self in Autobiographical Accounts of Illness
Authors: Kelly Michael P. , Dickinson Hilary
Published: March 2003

The paper analyzes autobiographical accounts of the experience of chronic illness and its treatment to develop a sociological theory of the self. It is suggested that ‘self’ is not a biologistic or psychologistic thing. Rather self is autobiographical narrative – hence the narrative self. It is argued that four elements constitute such narrative selves in autobiographical discourse: evaluative relationships between events in time; cosmology; power relationships; and conceptualisation of self as object.
Parental Responsibilities, Social Policy and the Maintenance of Boundaries
Authors: Wyness Michael G.
Published: March 2003

This article explores the theoretical, empirical and policy driven links between the idea of parental responsibility and the practice of boundary setting within the home. Two forms of boundary setting are initially described: first, parents' attempts to draw boundaries between themselves and ‘external’ sources of child support such as the school and the social services; second, parents' attempts to assert a clear hierarchical difference between themselves and their children. The article starts by assessing the extent to which boundaries are strengthened by recent education reform; and goes on to argue that a series of political and cultural demands on parents limit the success of any consistent boundary maintenance strategies adopted by parents. It finishes by reviewing the gendered nature of boundary setting within the home.
Money in Remarriage: Keeping Things Simple — And Separate
Authors: Burgoyne Carole B. , Morison Victoria
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates money matters in remarried couples. The number of such couples is on the increase, and their financial affairs are likely to be more complex and conflictual than for first-married couples, but there has been little research attention paid to this group in Britain. The present study explores patterns of control and management of money by means of data from semi-structured interviews with 20 couples in which one partner or both had been married before. The men and women were interviewed separately, but in the majority of cases, simultaneously, in separate rooms. This yielded data from 38 interviews since two men declined to take part in the study. Ages of respondents ranged from 28 to 83, with the majority in the 30–55 range. At the time of the study, only half still had dependent children, and not all of the latter were co-resident.

A key finding of the study is a degree of separateness in financial arrangements that is in sharp contrast to earlier findings. As many as half of the couples were using an Independent Management system, compared with less than 2 per cent of couples in general. For those with children from previous relationships, this separateness was especially marked in the way they wished their assets to be treated after their death. However, in line with earlier studies, the balance of economic power in second and subsequent marriages still appeared to favour the men, who generally had larger incomes and owned more assets in their own names.
The Self-Refuting Paradox and the Conditions of Sociological Thought
Authors: Jordan Tim
Published: March 2003

Modernity and postmodernity have formed an important framework for debate in sociological theory. The often confrontational nature of the debate has obscured key conclusions but these can be outlined by considering an argument often used by modernists against postmodernists, called the self-refuting paradox. This argument takes the form ‘the claim that there is no such thing as the Rational is itself a rational claim and so refutes itself’. First, the notions of self-refutation and self-reference are separated. It is then noted that the result of the self-refuting paradox is neither the loss of modernity's key categories, as claimed by postmodernists, or the failure of the postmodern project, as claimed by modernists. Instead, both sides are shown to succeed and fail; forms of legitimation that previously underlay modernity's thought fail and the strong forms of postmodern claims, such as there are no universals, also fail. The result of this analysis is that attention should be paid to the nature of universals, truths and norms, rather than disputing their existence. These arguments are pursued first at a general level and then in relation to the three key concepts of difference, truth and universality.
Changing Households in Britain: Do Families Still Matter?
Authors: Scott Jacqueline
Published: March 2003

The decline in traditional nuclear family households, and the marked increase in the proportion of people living alone, or alone with dependent children have led some to claim that individualism has replaced the importance of family life. In this paper we use data from a large household panel study of Britain to suggest that this is not true. Regardless of people's own household circumstances, family issues and events are clearly top of the agenda of what people consider matter most in their lives. Moreover, in talking about events that mattered, people are almost as likely to talk about something that happened to other family members, as they are to talk about themselves. Surprisingly, people living alone or alone with children are as likely to mention other family members as those who live in family households. Yet the importance of family does vary considerably by gender and age. Women give more importance to family events and events in the lives of other family members than do men. Young people are far more self-centred than older people but whether this is a generational or life-stage difference is open to question.
Habitus and Cultural Capital in the Field of Personal Finance
Authors: Aldridge Alan
Published: March 2003

Key concepts drawn from the work of Pierre Bourdieu – in particular, habitus and cultural capital – which have been widely used to analyse the fields of education and the arts, are applied here to the sociologically neglected field of personal finance. The cultural project to promote marketization has not created an informed public of sovereign consumers rich in cultural capital. On the contrary, the development of commodified mass-market financial products and services implies a lowering of the threshold not just of economic but also of cultural capital needed for their acquisition. Financial scandals, such as the widespread misselling of personal pensions in the UK from the mid-1980s, typically involve in Bourdieu's terms an ‘objective complicity’ between a wide variety of stakeholders – including the government, employers, financial service providers, industry regulators, and financial advisers – and private investors whose habitus and lack of cultural capital prepare them for cooperation in their own exploitation.
Ethical Conduct in the Present Age: The Case of Søren Kierkegaard
Authors: Tester Keith
Published: March 2003

Søren Kierkegaard is widely read in the disciplinary spheres of philosophy and theology. However, the sociological resonance of some of his work has been overlooked. This paper seeks to introduce aspects of Kierkegaard's account of ‘the present age’ to a sociological audience. Kierkegaard's concerns are explored in the context of themes and issues raised by Max Weber. The paper has two themes. First, the paper uses the example of Kierkegaard to explore the relationship of the Protestant Ethic (which is identified as a mode of the production of the personality of the individual) with the Spirit of Capitalism (which is identified as a life order). Second, the paper outlines aspects of Kierkegaard's diagnosis of ‘the present age’ which might be of interest to a sociological audience.
Masculinity and Child Care: The Reconstruction of Fathering
Authors: Brandth Berit , Kvande Elin
Published: March 2003

In this article we focus on a group of fathers who use parental leave and how they include care-giving in their construction of masculinity. The fathers shape their own masculine form of care-work differently from the mothers' interaction with the child. Both mothers and fathers, however, take part in the process of reproducing masculinity as the norm by giving masculine care higher status. Care-giving activities are adopted by the hegemonic form of masculinity with its strong connection to paid work.
Class and Continuity in Social Reproduction: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Prandy Kenneth
Published: March 2003

The class tradition in the study of social mobility suffers from a number of theoretical and practical weaknesses. In this article we concentrate on the issue of how well the Goldthorpe/CASMIN class schema explains the extent of the social reproduction of advantage when compared with the Cambridge Scale, a continuous measure of occupational and social hierarchy. If classes are to be given any useful meaning, then the groupings involved should be internally relatively homogeneous with respect to a significant criterion of interest to the researcher and there should be relatively clear boundaries between them. In the case of social mobility, the criterion of interest is the ability of the members of one generation to pass on any relative advantage to their successors. Using data from the Nuffield Social Mobility Study, the article examines the relationship between the occupational position of fathers and sons, demonstrating that there is substantial variation within social classes with respect to the reproduction of advantage and that there is no evidence for the existence of boundaries between classes. One consequence is an under-estimation of the extent of reproduction. The findings indicate that the stratification order has to be seen as a continuous hierarchy rather than as a set of distinct classes.
Towards an Immature Sociology
Authors: Lee Nick
Published: March 2003

Sociological theory displays a tendency to depict the social world in terms of completed ‘beings’. The social, thus depicted, is a world of powers to ‘finish’ (such as the power granted to convention to provide for social order), and finished products (such as agents and ethical points-of-view). As sociologists of childhood have attempted to bring children into sociological focus in their own right, the disciplinary concern with the ‘complete’ has required that children be attributed the properties assumed more normally to belong to adults. The sociology of childhood has thus preserved the privilege of the complete and the mature over the incomplete and the immature. In this paper the key sociological issues of convention, agency and ethics are given a theoretical interpretation that makes them fit for understanding childhood. The ability of convention to complete social order is questioned. Agency is portrayed as the emergent property of networks of dependency rather than the possession of individuals. An alternative to the ethics of ‘positions’ is offered in the form of an ethics of ‘motion’. Where extant sociologies of childhood have brought children into the ‘finished’ world of sociological theory, this paper uses childhood's ontological ambiguity to open the door onto an unfinished social world.
Sexuality and Gender Identity: From a Discursive to a Relational Analysis
Authors: Burkitt Ian
Published: March 2003

This paper concentrates on the recent controversy over the division between sex and gender and the troubling of the binary distinctions between gender identities and sexualities, such as man and woman, heterosexual and homosexual. While supporting the troubling of such categories, I argue against the approach of Judith Butler which claims that these dualities are primarily discursive constructions that can be regarded as fictions. Instead, I trace the emergence of such categories to changing forms of power relations in a more sociological reading of Foucault's conceptualization of power, and argue that the social formation of identity has to be understood as emergent within socio-historical relations. I then consider what implications this has for a politics based in notions of identity centred on questions of sexuality and gender.
Rethinking Social Divisions: Some Notes towards a Theoretical Framework
Authors: Anthias Floya
Published: March 2003

This paper attempts to provide a framework for theorising the social divisions of gender, ethnicity and class in terms of parameters of differentiation and inequality which lie at the heart of ‘the social’. The paper argues that there are common parameters to the social divisions of gender, ethnicity, ‘race’ (and class) in terms of categories of difference and positionality. The paper explores the distinctive ontological spaces or domains of gender and ethnos and argues that their study must be undertaken in local and specific contexts paying attention to their articulation. The articulation of the different social processes at the experiential, inter-subjective, organisational and representational levels produces specific social outcomes. Finally, a schematic outline of some of these articulations is presented.
Exploring the Politics of Social Movements through ‘Sociological Intervention’: A Case Study of Local Exchange Trading Schemes
Authors: North Peter
Published: March 2003

Touraine's method of Sociological Intervention (SI) for the analysis of social movements is examined in the light of a case study of Local Exchange Trading Schemes (LETS). Tempered by Melucci's critique of Touraine's attempt to find one ‘higher’ meaning of a social movement, LETS was examined using a staged series of focus groups to uncover and illuminate the extent that LETS can be regarded as a social movement. The appropriateness of SI as a method within the resource constraints of a small study is discussed, and SI is recommended as an effective method of examining emerging social movements if triangulated with other methodological approaches.
Money in the Household: Some Underlying Issues of Power
Authors: Vogler Carolyn
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses criticisms of a number of papers (Vogler and Pahl, 1993, 1994; Vogler, 1994) in which we attempted to explore the relationships between money, power and inequality within marriage. Subsequent criticisms have mainly centred around the concept of power that we used in those papers. It has been suggested that we either lacked a theory of power (Rottman, 1996) or that our conceptualisation of power as control over decision making was too limited (Shove, 1993). I would argue however, that while it was not made explicit in our original papers our findings point towards a more general theory of power in the household, namely to a modified version of Lukes' three dimensional model of power. While we initially conceptualised power as control over decision making (Lukes' first dimension of power) our findings also show the importance of ideological and cultural factors (Lukes' third dimension of power) as both a cause and a consequence of the allocative systems couples use to organise money within the household. More theoretically, I also suggest that discourses about money within the household may be part of, and operate in a similar way to discourses of decision making at the broader political level. It may therefore be possible to conceptualise the different ways of managing money within the household as mini political systems akin to different sorts of democracy at the broader political level, and with similar consequences for gender relations.
Rappin' on the Tyne: White Hip Hop Culture in Northeast England – An Ethnographic Study
Authors: Bennett Andy
Published: March 2003

This article offers an ethnographic account of the significance of rap music and hip hop culture for white youth in the city of Newcastle upon Tyne in north-east England. Although white appropriations of black music in Britain have been well documented in sociological work, there is currently very little research on white responses to rap and hip hop. During the course of this article I identify two distinct responses on the part of white Newcastle youth to rap and hip hop. I then go on to argue that, despite their differing nature, each of these responses can be seen as bound up with issues of locality and local experience.
The Unaccommodated Woman: Home, Homelessness and Identity
Authors: Wardhaugh Julia
Published: March 2003

‘Home’ and ‘homelessness’ serve to define each other at a phenomenological level. For the settled population, homelessness is a source of fascination and repulsion, an embodiment of their fears (of poverty and alienation) and their dreams (of freedom and simplicity). The ‘unaccommodated woman’ in particular is an aberration and a contradiction in terms: the gender renegade who has rejected, or been rejected by, traditional family and domestic structures.

The home has been constructed as a source of identity and as an essential foundation of social order. Such order, however, is based on the experiences of many women of the home as a prison. These ‘homeless-at-home’ women experience abuse, violence and the suppression of self within the supposed safe haven of the domestic home. The article draws on the author's own ethnographic research with homeless women and men within the Three Cities Project on youth homelessness and crime, and concludes by examining two ways of being homeless: identity work and the management of bodily space.
Race, Identities and Lives
Authors: Knowles Caroline
Published: March 2003

This paper uses an individual biography to make an analysis of racial-ized identity. It explores the connections between subjectivity and the broader social scenes in which it operates, and argues that identity is the outcome of a negotiation between existential conceptions of the self in racial terms, and the administrative mechanisms through which individuals are dealt with as members of social categories. By thinking about identity in terms of specific forms of alterity, mobility and conceptions of home, this paper argues that lives acquire race through their social practices and spatial arrangements.
Deserving Victims?: Sexual Status and the Social Construction of Violence
Authors: Richardson Diane , May Hazel
Published: March 2003

Theoretical understanding of the meaning of the term violence is underdeveloped. This paper examines the question of how violence to the person is socially defined, and in particular how understandings of violence are both gendered and sexualised. It highlights how victim characteristics, as well as the social and interactional contexts in which violence occurs, influence interpretative frameworks, with specific reference to the binary distinction between the public and private and to notions of culpability and victimisation. This entails a consideration of the social meanings which constitute notions of a ‘person’ with a ‘right to life’ and occupation of ‘public space.’ The importance of the victim/perpetrator dichotomy in theorising violence is also considered. These themes and issues are examined in relation to a relatively new area of study; the case example of public violence towards lesbians and gay men.
Bourdieu, Smith and Disinterested Judgement
Authors: Sayer Andrew
Published: March 2003

The paper presents a sympathetic critique of Bourdieu's work in terms of the tension between its critical intentions and its leanings towards sociological reductionism. Although Bourdieu argues against such reductionism in his methodological pronouncements, his empirical studies tend to reduce actors' putative disinterested judgements to functions of their habitus in relation to the social field and to unconscious strategies of distinction. Further, his concept of (non-monetary) forms of capital occludes the difference between use-value and exchange-value and the corresponding distinction between the pursuit of goods and the pursuit of distinction, which are vital for both explanation and critique. Moreover his suspicion of normative judgement on the part of social science and his concealment of his own normative standpoint subvert his critiques. Thus in relation to Bourdieu's analysis of the role of mis-recognition in social life I argue that this requires a delineation of the extent of justified recognition. In developing the argument I draw upon Adam Smith's analysis of moral sentiments and his critique of undeserved recognition and the pursuit of distinction. Where Bourdieu is dismissive about moral issues, Smith treats moral sentiments as irreducible to interest or instrumental action and as a significant element in the reproduction of social order. The paper concludes with some implications for the nature of critique in social theory.
What Colour ‘Success’? Distorting Value in Studies of Ethnic Entrepreneurship
Authors: Werbner Pnina
Published: March 2003

The study of ethnic entrepreneurship has tended to take as unproblematic what we mean by ‘success’ and ‘failure’. Hence, some groups are defined as success stories. Recently, for example, in Britain, South Asian immigrants were said to be a ‘success’: they had a ‘Jewish future’. The perennial debate both in Europe and in the United States is why Black people have been a ‘failure’ as entrepreneurs. This is even debated by Black people themselves. The present paper sets out to deconstruct notions of success and failure by probing the narrow economistic models of value on which they are based. It argues that only by understanding the organisation of mass cultural production, on the one hand, and relativity of cultural value, on the other, can we arrive at a more subtle understanding of what motivates ethnic entrepreneurs. In the light of this, I argue, even posing the question of success and failure is false. It leads research and writing on ethnic entrepreneurs into blind alleys while creating damaging – and unfounded – invidious stereotypes of different ethnic groups.
Relational Resources, Gender Consciousness and Possibilities of Change in Marital Relationships
Authors: Benjamin Orly , Sullivan Oriel
Published: March 2003

Investigating the possibilities of change in marital relationships, we argue, involves examining the interplay of gender consciousness, relational resources and material circumstances in their concrete, interactional manifestations. The attempt to address this interface is grounded in the idea that understanding gender relations necessarily involves both institutional and interactional dimensions. While much research has been devoted to the influence of material or structural resources on indicators such as the domestic division of labour, relatively little direct attention has been given to the issue of differing ‘relational’ or interpersonal resources. We use a multi-method approach based on interviews with women in different occupations to analyse possibilities of change in marital communication and the domestic division of labour in relation both to women's material and to their relational resources. We conclude that a combination of increased gender consciousness and the development of particular inter-personal skills facilitates negotiation and change in the boundaries regulating both communication and the domestic division of labour within the marital relationship.
‘When You're Trying Something on You Picture Yourself in a Place Where They are Playing This Kind of Music’ — Musically Sponsored Agency in the British Clothing Retail Sector
Authors: DeNora Tia , Belcher Sophie
Published: March 2003

Despite the philosophical tradition from Plato onward, sociologists have not yet explored in full music's role as an active ingredient in social formation. This project has been left to environmental psychologists and market researchers who are more interested in ‘what’ music can cause than in exploring its mechanisms of operation and the implications of these mechanisms for the constitution of social agency. This paper draws upon ethnographic research in and around High Street retail outlets to examine music's role in shaping consumer agency – in-store conduct, purchase behaviour subjectivity, identity. Exploring music in this way illuminates the interface of material culture, social action and subjectivity. Music is used by retailers to signal target clientele and brand image and to structure the temporal dimensions of the retail to environment over the day, week and year. It is also used to structure in-store conduct. It is more important in relation to younger shoppers and to ‘browsers’. Some stores rely upon unacknowledged skill of sales assistants, who often act as ambassador users of store products, to make and implement local music policies. Music provides contextualization cues that may structure in-store subjectivity and clients' orientations to themselves as consumers and to goods on display. The heightened degree of aesthetic reflexivity exhibited by younger shoppers may be part of a transformation of the processes in and through which agency is produced and reproduced, one that is linked to an ascendancy of commercial control over agency's constitution.
Does Civil Society Speak for the People? Evidence from a Survey of Scottish Teachers
Authors: Paterson Lindsay
Published: March 2003

It has been claimed by many writers recently that civil society can lead a process of political renewal in the liberal democracies. However, the extent to which civil society is in touch with popular feeling has been challenged from both the right and the left. The paper examines one currently fluid case: civil society in Scotland, which in 1999 acquired its first parliament for three centuries following an emphatic referendum vote in 1997 in favour of setting up such an institution. The paper discusses the general issues and themes concerning civil society, explains the significance of the Scottish case, and then uses survey data to compare the views of one segment of Scottish civil society (school teachers) with those of the Scottish population generally. Teachers are studied because of the several key roles which they play in civil society and in social reproduction. The paper concludes that this segment of civil society is indeed close to the views of the general population (probably closer than Scottish members of the UK parliament), and that the new Scottish parliament will have to respect the legitimacy of the established civic institutions if it is to engage with popular concerns.
The Sociology of Organizations and the Organization of Sociology: Some Reflections on the Making of a Division of Labour
Authors: Parker Martin
Published: March 2003

This paper speculates on the emerging divide between ‘organization studies’ – a discipline largely practised in management departments – and the ‘sociology of organizations’. Using organizational culture as a case study, I argue that ‘forgetting’ is a key move in the construction of a discipline. Much organization studies' writing on corporate culture and symbolism is predicated on an amnesia about a wide body of older sociological work on ‘atmosphere’, ‘climate’, ‘personality’ and ‘informal structure’. This disciplinary constitution is productive of knowing, yet it also involves drawing boundaries that enable forgetting. Critically reflecting on the current division of labour in this area, as well as on the costs of amnesia, might encourage more historically informed forms of knowing.