bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defining Sarcopenia in Terms of Risk of Physical Limitations: A 5‐Year Follow‐Up Study of 3,153 Chinese Men and Women
Authors: Woo Jean , Leung Jason , Sham Aprille , Kwok Timothy
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVES: To examine the definition of sarcopenia in Chinese subjects by relating the value of appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) divided by height squared to physical functional outcomes after 4 years.

DESIGN: Four‐year prospective study.

SETTING: A Chinese community in Hong Kong SAR China.

PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand one hundred fifty‐three community‐living men and women aged 65 and older.

METHODS: Information collected by questionnaire included demographics, health limitation on activities of daily living (ADLs), self‐care, physical activity level, dietary intake, and psychosocial functioning. Measurements included height, weight, grip strength, step length in a 6‐minute walk, and body composition. Four‐year outcomes for those with ASM in kg per height in meters squared (ASM/ht2) less than 2 standard deviations (SDs) and 2 SDs or more below the young adult mean value were compared using analysis of variance and logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounding factors such as age, fat mass, presence or absence of malnutrition, dietary protein and vitamin D intake, comorbidity, and cognitive impairment.

RESULTS: Participants with ASM/ht2 2 SDs or more below the young adult mean had lower grip strength and greater limitation in climbing stairs and general ADLs after adjusting for confounding factors. A U‐shaped relationship was observed between physical limitation and ASM/ht2, with increasing physical limitation below or above a range of 7.25 to 6.75 kg/m2 in men and 6.00 to 6.25 kg/m2 in women. Values of 5.25 to 6.74 kg/m2 in women were associated with approximately 30% less risk of functional limitation after 5 years. No clear cutoff was found in men.

CONCLUSION: Sarcopenia may be defined in terms of a range of values for ASM/ht2 associated with the lowest risk of future physical limitations. The importance of establishing a quantitative value for the definition of sarcopenia may facilitate future interventional studies using pharmacological or nonpharmacological strategies.
A Prospective Study Evaluating the Role of Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnea for Outcomes After Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: CHILUKURI KARUNA , DALAL DARSHAN , GADREY SHRIRANG , MARINE JOSEPH E. , MACPHERSON EDWIN , HENRIKSON CHARLES A. , CHENG ALAN , NAZARIAN SAMAN , SINHA SUNIL , SPRAGG DAVID , BERGER RONALD , CALKINS HUGH
Published: November 2009

Effect of Obesity and OSA on Outcomes Post AF Ablation. Background: Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have a strong association with atrial fibrillation (AF). The purpose of this study was to prospectively determine the effects of obesity, assessed by the body mass index (BMI) and OSA on the efficacy of catheter ablation of AF.

Methods:
The patient population consisted of 109 patients (mean age: 60 ± 10 years, 79% male, 67% paroxysmal, mean BMI 28 ± 5 kg/m2) who underwent catheter ablation of AF. Based on BMI, patients were classified as normal (<25 kg/m2), overweight (≥25 and <30 kg/m2), or obese (≥30 kg/m2). OSA was assessed by the Berlin questionnaire. Clinical success was defined as at least 90% reduction in AF burden after 3‐month blanking period. Mean duration of follow‐up was 11 ± 4 months.

Results:
Of the 75 patients with clinical success, 25 (33%) had normal BMI, 29 (39%) were overweight, and 21 (28%) were obese. Among the 34 patients with failed outcome, 5 (15%) had normal BMI, 14 (41%) were overweight, and 15 (44%) were obese (P = 0.04). Twenty‐eight of the 48 patients with OSA (58%) had clinical success as opposed to 47 of the 61 patients (77%) without OSA (P = 0.036). On multivariate analysis, only BMI emerged as an independent predictor of procedural failure ((OR 1.11, CI: 1.00–1.21, P = 0.03).

Conclusions:
The results of this prospective study show that obesity, a modifiable risk factor, is an independent predictor of procedural failure after catheter ablation of AF. Whether treating obesity may improve the results of catheter ablation of AF warrants further investigation. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 521‐525, May 2010)
Why is This a Battle Every Night?: Negotiating Food and Eating in American Dinnertime Interaction
Authors: Paugh Amy , Izquierdo Carolina
Published: November 2009

This article analyzes interactions about food and eating among dual‐earner middle‐class families in Los Angeles, California. It synthesizes approaches from linguistic and medical anthropology to investigate how health is defined and negotiated both in interviews and in everyday communication. In particular, it explores dinnertime episodes from five families to illustrate how interactional bargaining contributes to struggles between parents and children over health‐related practices, values, and morality. It compares naturally occurring videotaped interactions to parents' evaluations of their families' health elicited in interviews. The analysis of food interactions reveals much about the discursive construction of health and family life, including frequent conflicts between parents and children over eating practices. [health, food and eating, dinnertime interaction, children, working families, United States]
The Masque of Undergrounder and Spy: Ubiquitous Addressivity, Dependent Social Roles, and Panopticism among Nineteenth Century Mormon Polygamists
Authors: Smith Daymon Mickel
Published: November 2009

As newspapers and rumors reported the presence—apparent, actual, or potential—of federal agents charged with surveillance of polygynous Mormons, the undergrounder emerged in the 1880s as a figure sharing the spy's metapragmatic register: namely, concealment of role‐indexical signs. Seeming ubiquitous address by unseen but always possible agents of the law riveted the spy to the body of undergrounder. Bound to a spiraling play of reveal‐and‐conceal, the undergrounder's presence also summoned an “abduced” imaginary called “the underground.” Here suspicion was general; forms were questioned, disarticulated, assigned provisional indexicalities. Every sign could suggest an observer, a secret code, a warning to hide. The paranoid undergrounder thus was discursively incarcerated and panoptically triangulated as a modern subject. The underground ironically splintered the Mormon resistance, and realized the Supreme Court's decree that, in short, the citizen's body be severed from the colonized subject's imagination. [panopticon, mass media, secrecy, paranoia, modernity]
De la protection sociale à la vulnérabilité: réformes néolibérales en Argentine
Authors: NOVICK Marta , LENGYEL Miguel , SARABIA Marianela
Published: November 2009

Les auteurs analysent l'ensemble des réformes néolibérales adoptées en Argentine pendant les années quatre‐vingt‐dix, en s'intéressant tout particulièrement aux politiques sociales et à leurs conséquences sur la dynamique du marché du travail et le bien‐être des ménages. Pour avoir une vue complète de cette période, ils font un bref historique des stratégies menées à bien tant à l'époque de la substitution aux importations qu'après la crise politique, économique et sociale de 2001–02. Crise qui a débouché sur de nouvelles politiques caractérisées par une ferme volonté de les articuler entre elles et un souci d'inclusion sociale par l'emploi.
Chili: amorce d'un changement de modèle social
Authors: RIESCO Manuel
Published: November 2009

L'Etat chilien a modernisé le modèle social suivant deux stratégies: le développementalisme (1924–1973) et ce que l'on a appelé le «consensus de Washington» (1973–2008). Pendant la première période, l'Etat a promu les politiques sociales universelles et la réforme agraire, tout en consolidant l'infrastructure économique et institutionnelle. Après le coup d'Etat de 1973, certains services publics sont démantelés et privatisés, et le mouvement ouvrier réprimé. Après 1990, et la fin de la dictature, la politique devient plus modérée, mais l'opposition à la réglementation publique et le déséquilibre en défaveur des travailleurs perdurent. Aujourd'hui, le modèle change sous les effets de la démocratisation et de la crise mondiale.
Une pratique hybride des réformes: politiques sociales et politiques du travail en Uruguay de 1985 à 2008
Authors: ALEGRE Pablo , FILGUEIRA Fernando
Published: November 2009

Depuis son retour à la démocratie en 1985, l'Uruguay a connu des transformations radicales. Des adaptations par défaut au nouveau contexte international ont été combinées à des réformes en faveur du libre marché, avec une forte hétérogénéité quant au rythme et au contenu des changements. A la différence des autres pays de la région, l'Uruguay n'apas suivi une voie de réforme strictement néolibérale, mais une voie hybride. A la fin de lapériode, le résultat en est un régime du travail libéralisé et un système de politiques sociales à trois niveaux où coexistent le marché, l'ancien Etat social corporatiste et le nouvel Etat social fondé sur le ciblage des bénéficiaires.
Decrease in intrahepatic CD56+ lymphocytes in gastric and colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases
Authors: GULUBOVA MAYA , MANOLOVA IRENA , KYURKCHIEV DOBROSLAV , JULIANOV ALEXANDER , ALTUNKOVA ISKRA
Published: November 2009

Gulubova M, Manolova I, Kyurkchiev D, Julianov A, Altunkova I. Decrease in intrahepatic CD56+ lymphocytes in gastric and colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases. APMIS 2009; 117: 870–9.

The aim of the study was to examine the main intrahepatic lymphocyte subpopulations, namely CD3+ lymphocytes, natural killer (NK)‐like T lymphocytes (NKT) expressing the CD3+ CD56+ phenotype, CD56+ NK cells, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells in livers of patients with gastric and colorectal cancer with and without hepatic metastases. The proportion of each lymphocyte subset was determined in 34 patients with gastric or colorectal cancer (18 with and 16 without liver metastasis) by two‐color flow cytometry after extraction of hepatic mononuclear cell fraction. The distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations in selected areas of liver metastases and adjacent liver tissue was evaluated using immunohistochemistry for CD4, CD8, and CD56. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a significant decrease in the proportion of CD3+ CD56+ cells in metastatic livers, but not in nonmetastatic livers (11.9 ± 10.3 vs 24.2 ± 13.6%, p = 0.02). The percentage of intrahepatic CD3−CD56+ cells was also decreased in patients with metastases compared to those without (10.1 ± 11.6 vs 16.6 ± 8.9%, p = 0.039). Immunohistochemically, three types of lymphocytes (CD4+, CD8+, and CD56+) were present in the metastatic tissue, although the number of CD56+ cells was almost twice lower. We found a low prevalence of tumor‐infiltrating CD4+, CD8+, and CD56+ cells in livers with multiple metastases, whereas in cases with solitary metastasis a higher degree of lymphocyte infiltration was observed. The number of CD3−CD56+ and CD3+ CD56+ cells was decreased in metastatic livers compared to those unaffected by metastases. Therefore the prevalence of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes seems to be related to the progression of metastatic liver disease. Depletion of hepatic innate lymphocytes may reveal susceptibility to metastatic liver disease and could be a reason for the escape of metastatic cells from the mechanisms of liver immune control.
A novel diagnostic monoclonal antibody specific for Helicobacter pylori CagA of East Asian type
Authors: YASUDA AIKO , UCHIDA TOMOHISA , NGUYEN LAM TUNG , KAWAZATO HIROAKI , TANIGAWA MASATO , MURAKAMI KAZUNARI , KISHIDA TETSUKO , FUJIOKA TOSHIO , MORIYAMA MASATSUGU
Published: November 2009

Yasuda A, Uchida T, Nguyen LT, Kawazato H, Tanigawa M, Murakami K, Kishida T, Fujioka T, Moriyama M. A novel diagnostic monoclonal antibody specific for Helicobacter pylori CagA of East Asian type. APMIS 2009; 117: 893–9.

Molecular biological and epidemiological studies have suggested that Helicobacter pylori producing East Asian CagA protein variant is more virulent than that producing Western CagA. In the present study, we developed and validated an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a monoclonal antibody specifically recognizing East Asian CagA‐positive H. pylori. A total of 32 H. pylori strains were tested and the data were subjected to receiver‐operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The accuracy of the test, determined by calculating the area under the curve, was 0.96, which indicated a high level of accuracy. At the ROC optimized cutoff, the sensitivity and specificity of our ELISA method were 88.0% and 100%, respectively. The validated ELISA showed good performance in terms of sensitivity and specificity. These results suggest that this test is suitable for the diagnostic detection of East Asian CagA carrying strains. We also analyzed the localization of the CagA protein in H. pylori‐infected gastric mucosa with fluorescence immunohistochemistry, and found that CagA protein expression was up‐regulated by adhesion to epithelial cells.
Mutational analysis of hypoxia‐related genes HIF1α and CUL2 in common human cancers
Authors: PARK SANG WOOK , CHUNG NAK GYUN , HUR SOO YOUNG , KIM HO SHIK , YOO NAM JIN , LEE SUG HYUNG
Published: November 2009

Park SW, Chung NG, Hur SY, Kim HS, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Mutational analysis of hypoxia‐related genes HIF1α and CUL2 in common human cancers. APMIS 2009; 117: 880–5.

Hypoxia is a general feature of solid cancer tissues. Hypoxia upregulates hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) that transactivates downstream genes and contributes to cancer pathogenesis. HIF1α is upregulated not only by hypoxia but also by genetic alterations in HIF1α‐related genes, including VHL. Cullin 2 (CUL2) interacts with the trimeric VHL‐elongin B‐elongin C complex and plays an essential role in the ubiquitinated degradation of HIF1α. The aim of this study was to explore whether HIF1α and CUL2 genes are somatically mutated, and contribute to HIF1α activation in common human cancers. For this, we have analyzed the coding region of oxygen‐dependent degradation domain of HIF1α in 47 colon, 47 gastric, 47 breast, 47 lung, and 47 hepatocellular carcinomas, and 47 acute leukemias by a single‐strand conformation polymorphism assay. In addition, we analyzed mononucleotide repeat sequences (A8) in CUL2 in 55 colorectal and 45 gastric carcinomas with microsatellite instability (MSI). We found one HIF1α mutation (p.Ala593Pro) in the hepatocellular carcinomas (1/47; 2.1%), but none in other cancers. We found two CUL2 frameshift mutations in colon cancers (p.Asn292MetfsX20), which were exclusively detected in high MSI cancers (4.9%; 2/41). Our data indicate that somatic mutation of HIF1α is rare in common cancers, and somatic mutation of CUL2 occurs in a fraction of colorectal cancers (colorectal cancers with high MSI). The data suggest that neither HIF1α nor CUL2 mutation may play a central role in HIF1α activation in gastric, colorectal, breast, lung and hepatocellular carcinomas, and acute leukemias.
Prevalence, phenotypic and genetic characteristics of prolyliminopeptidase‐negative Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Sweden during 2000–2007
Authors: JOHANSSON EMMA , FREDLUND HANS , UNEMO MAGNUS
Published: November 2009

Johansson E, Fredlund H, Unemo M. Prevalence, phenotypic and genetic characteristics of prolyliminopeptidase‐negative Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Sweden during 2000–2007. APMIS 2009; 117: 900–4.

In Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture diagnostics, species confirmation is commonly performed using commercial biochemical tests relying on prolyliminopeptidase (PIP) activity. It was previously shown that one PIP‐negative strain was mainly globally transmitted during 2000–2004. The aims were to investigate the prevalence and phenotypic and genetic characteristics of PIP‐negative N. gonorrhoeae isolates in Sweden during 2000–2007. Gonococcal isolates (n = 1230) cultured in Sweden during 2000–2007 were characterized using PIP screening, antibiogram, serovar determination, pip and porB gene sequencing, and N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG‐MAST). Fifteen (1.2%) of the isolates were PIP‐negative. Of those, 13 (87%) were indistinguishable to the previously described globally transmitted strain, i.e. displayed serovar IB‐4 (Bpyvut), similar antibiograms, ST210 (n = 10)/ST292 (n = 3) and contained an identical single nucleotide pip gene deletion. Wherever high reliance is placed on PIP activity for N. gonorrhoeae species confirmation, changes in the diagnostic strategies may need to be considered and/or monitoring of the PIP activity is crucial.
Fibrillar IgA deposition in dermatitis herpetiformis – an underreported pattern with potential clinical significance
Authors: Ko Christine J. , Colegio Oscar R. , Moss Jeremy E. , McNiff Jennifer M.
Published: November 2009

Dermatitis herpetiformis has characteristic clinical and histopathologic findings. A fibrillar pattern of IgA deposition on direct immunofluorescence in dermatitis herpetiformis is underreported. Here, we describe three patients with the fibrillar pattern of IgA deposition on direct immunofluorescence examination that initially misled diagnosis in one of the three. Interestingly, two of the three patients lacked anti‐transglutaminase and anti‐endomysial antibodies but had a clinical course typical of dermatitis herpetiformis. Dermatitis herpetiformis may have a fibrillar rather than granular pattern of IgA deposition on direct immunofluorescent microscopy, and patients with this pattern of immunoglobulin deposition may lack circulating autoantibodies.

Ko CJ, Colegio OR, Moss JE, McNiff JM. Fibrillar IgA deposition in dermatitis herpetiformis—an underreported pattern with potential clinical significance.
Bortezomib restores stroma‐mediated APO2L/TRAIL apoptosis resistance in multiple myeloma
Authors: Perez Lia E. , Parquet Nancy , Meads Mark , Anasetti Claudio , Dalton William
Published: November 2009

Objectives:  Hematopoietic stroma promotes resistance to immune control by APO2L/TRAIL in multiple myeloma (MM) cells in part by increasing synthesis of the anti‐apoptotic protein c‐FLIP. Here, we tested whether bortezomib can reverse the APO2L/TRAIL environmental mediated‐immune resistance (EM‐IR).

Material and methods:  MM cell lines (RPMI 8226 and U266) and CD138+ patient’s MM cells were directly adhered to HS5 stroma exposed to HS5 or bone marrow stroma of patients with MM released soluble factors in a transwell system. Cells were treated with either APO2L/TRAIL (10 ng/mL), bortezomib (10 nm) or both.

Results:  Pretreatment with bortezomib effectively overcomes APO2L/TRAIL apoptosis resistance in myeloma cell lines and in CD138+ cells while directly adhered or in transwell assay. Bortezomib was not cytotoxic to HS5 stroma cells and only altered monocyte chemotactic protein‐2‐3 and IL‐10 levels in the stroma‐myeloma milieu. Factors released by HS5 stroma increased expression of c‐FLIP, induced STAT‐3 and ERK phosphorylation and reduced DR4 receptor expression in MM cells. HS5 stroma‐released factor(s) induced NF‐κB activation after 20 h exposure in association with an enhanced c‐FLIP transcription. Bortezomib effectively reduced c‐FLIP protein expression without affecting other proteins. Bortezomib also increased DR4 and DR5 expression in the presence of stroma.

Conclusions:  These findings provide the rationale to combine bortezomib and APO2L/TRAIL to disrupt the influence of the stroma microenvironment on MM cells.
Analysis of sex‐specific injury patterns and risk factors in young high‐level athletes
Authors: Frisch A. , Seil R. , Urhausen A. , Croisier J. L. , Lair M. L. , Theisen D.
Published: November 2009

This study analyzed sex‐specific injury patterns and risk factors in young athletes (n=256) from 12 sport disciplines practicing at the national or the international level in the Grand‐Duchy of Luxembourg. Injury occurrence as a result of sport practice was analyzed retrospectively over the year 2006 using a standardized self‐administered questionnaire. Overall incidence was not different between girls and boys (1.20 and 1.21 injuries/1000 athlete‐hours, respectively), but in the context of team sport competition girls tended to be at a greater risk (rate ratio 2.05, P=0.053). Girls had a higher proportion of injuries in the ankle/foot region compared with boys (34.8% vs 16.8%). No sex‐related differences were found regarding injury severity. Multivariate logistic regression (controlling for age and practice volume) revealed that girls' team sports were associated with a greater injury risk compared with individual sports [odds ratio (OR) of 4.76], while in boys this was observed for racket sports (OR=3.31). Furthermore, physical or emotional stress tended to be a specific risk factor in girls. There was a tendency for injury outside sports to be coupled to a higher injury risk in girls and boys. Consideration of sex‐specific injury patterns and risk factors could be of importance for effective injury prevention.
The impact of exercise duration and intensity on the release of cardiac biomarkers
Authors: Serrano‐Ostáriz E. , Terreros‐Blanco J. L. , Legaz‐Arrese A. , George K. , Shave R. , Bocos‐Terraz P. , Izquierdo‐Álvarez S. , Bancalero J. L. , Echavarri J. M. , Quilez J. , Aragonés M. T. , Carranza‐García L. E.
Published: November 2009

Numerous studies have observed cardiac biomarker release with prolonged exercise. Despite this, we are unsure as to the constituent aspects of any given exercise bout that may be important in promoting cardiac biomarker release. This study examined the influence of exercise duration and intensity on the appearance of cardiac biomarkers. Twenty‐one subjects ran for 45, 90 and 180 min at 85% and 95% of their individual anaerobic threshold on six different days randomized. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and N‐terminal pro‐brain natiuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) were assayed from blood samples collected before, 30 min and 3 h post‐exercise. NT‐proBNP was elevated after all exercise trials (range before: 21–32; range post: 38–67 ng/L). Peak post‐exercise concentrations of NT‐proBNP were associated with exercise duration (P=0.049), but not exercise intensity (P=0.451). cTnI was elevated after all exercise trials (range before: 0.007–0.011; range post: 0.008–0.021 μg/L). Peak post‐exercise concentrations of cTnI were associated with exercise duration (P=0.003) and intensity (P=0.037). Data suggest that while both cTnI and NT‐proBNP increased after all exercise trials, the mediating effect of duration influenced both NT‐proBNP and cTnI while intensity influenced only cTnI.
The effects of short‐term calcium hydroxide application on the strength of dentine
Authors: Sahebi Safoora , Moazami Fariborz , Abbott Paul
Published: November 2009

Abstract –  Background: Studies have suggested that the long‐term exposure of dentin from immature teeth to calcium hydroxide may weaken the dentin but the effects of short‐term exposure of dentin from mature teeth have not been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a short term application of calcium hydroxide on the strength of dentine from mature human permanent teeth. Materials and methods: 50 human extracted single rooted disease‐free permanent mandibular premolars were chosen. The root canals were prepared with rotary instruments and randomly assigned to two groups. In one group, the root canals were filled with a calcium hydroxide paste. Canals of teeth in the control group were left empty. All teeth were stored in normal saline for 30 days and then coronal third root dentin cylinders were created by removing the crown and apical portions of the teeth. An Instron machine was used to measure the compressive forces needed to break the dentin cylinders and data were analysed using the Student’s t‐test. Results: The mean compressive force in the calcium hydroxide‐filled teeth was significantly lower than that in the control teeth (210.6 ± 32.3 kg cm−1 vs 246.2 ± 29.0 kg cm−1 respectively, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Teeth subjected to 30 days application of calcium hydroxide required less compressive force to break root dentin cylinders. Further studies are necessary to determine whether similar effects would result if impact tests were performed.
Factors related to treatment and outcomes of avulsed teeth
Authors: Petrovic Bojan , Marković Dejan , Peric Tamara , Blagojevic Duska
Published: November 2009

Abstract –  Background: The aim of this study was to examine factors associated with avulsion injury and to specify the association between these factors and the treatment, as well as the outcomes of avulsed permanent incisors in children. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 51 children with 62 avulsed permanent incisors, whose injuries had been managed in the period 1998–2006. The study was prospective, recording the history of the accident, concomitant injuries, age, gender, apical maturity of the root, replantation rate, storage media, extra‐alveolar duration, endodontic treatment, compliance and recall appointments response. Factors were analysed in relation to postoperative outcomes, classified as functional healing (FH), infection‐related (inflammatory) resorption (IRR) and replacement resorption (RR). Results: The average age of patients was 10.7 years (range 7–19). In 16/51 patients, tooth avulsion was caused by a road traffic accident. Avulsion was accompanied by concomitant injuries in all cases. Thirty of 62 avulsed teeth were not replanted and 32 incisors were replanted after dry storage. Time until replantation ranged between 15 min and 9 h (median 60 min). The observation period ranged from 1 to 6 years (median 2 years). FH was observed in 5/32, IRR in 20/32 and RR in 7/32 incisors. Ten teeth were extracted during 5‐years of observation. Immature incisors exhibited significantly more complications compared with mature teeth (P = 0.04). Storage media and extra‐alveolar duration did not significantly affect the survival of replanted teeth (P = 0.253, P = 0.350). Teeth in which endodontic treatment was in temporary phase exhibited significantly more complications in comparison with teeth with completed endodontic treatment (P = 0.0l6). Conclusion: The combination of delayed replantation and unphysiological storage is followed by low survival. Incisors with open apices exhibited lower survival compared with incisors with closed apices. Replanted incisors that required prolonged treatment with calcium hydroxide exhibited more complications compared with incisors with completed root canal treatment.
Genetic transformation of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) by visually screening cells expressing green fluorescent protein
Authors: Himuro Yasuyo , Gondo Takahiro , Yamakawa Kazutomi , Akashi Ryo
Published: November 2009

Luminescent proteins, such as the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, have proven to be powerful tools in plant genetic transformation and gene expression studies due to their excellent sensitivity and rapid response. GFP has also the significant advantage that it does not require a substrate, and its expression can be detected in real time in living cells by light excitation. Therefore, GFP has been used as a reliable reporter for plant transformation. In this study, the plasmid modified pBI221 (pBI0809) containing the gfp reporter gene under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter was introduced into mature seed‐derived embryogenic calli by particle bombardment. Sectors containing embryogenic calli with strong GFP fluorescence were identified using a fluorescence viewing system. Cell‐ and tissue‐specific expression of the gfp gene were also investigated in transgenic plants, and stable GFP expression was observed in transgenic calli. As a result of GFP selection, the total time required to produce transgenic calli was reduced by approximately 14 days compared to the time needed when selective agents such as the bar gene are used (50–60 days). Three months after bombardment, regenerated transformants were potted in soil, acclimatized and transferred to the greenhouse. A 480‐bp fragment was amplified and identified as the gfp gene by polymerase chain reaction. The presence of the gfp gene in genomic DNA of three out of nine transgenic bahiagrass lines was confirmed by DNA gel blot hybridization analysis. Transformants showed hybridization patterns suggesting that the gfp gene was present in three copies per regenerant. The GFP expression could be visually detected in all tissues such as leaves, leaf sheaths, anthers and pollen. Overall, the gfp gene can be utilized not only as a reporter gene, but also as a visual selectable marker for bahiagrass transformation.
Sintering of an Ultrapure α‐Alumina Powder: II. Mechanical, Thermo‐Mechanical, Optical Properties, and Missile Dome Design
Authors: Bernard‐Granger Guillaume , Guizard Christian , Monchalin Nathalie
Published: November 2009

The mechanical, thermo‐mechanical, and optical properties of a fully dense submicrometer polycrystalline α‐alumina material have been investigated. They have been compared with the ones measured/reported for polycrystalline magnesium fluoride and monocrystalline sapphire. By optimizing the geometry (included semi‐angle, spherical radius, and base diameter), it is possible to design polycrystalline α‐alumina hemispherical missile domes, having a thickness in the range 1–3 mm, that will survive mechanical and thermo‐mechanical stresses during launch and flight toward the target. This kind of domes will exhibit excellent optical properties (in‐line transmittance) for impacting electromagnetic radiations belonging to the mid‐infrared and visible ranges.
Splintering School Districts: Understanding the Link between Segregation and Fragmentation
Authors: Frankenberg Erica
Published: November 2009

This article examines the process of fragmentation to understand how the process of establishing new school districts results in high metropolitan‐area segregation. Using educational and census data, the article examines how the political process of creating new school districts in Jefferson County, Alabama, changed the nature of segregation. School segregation remained high from 1960 to 2005, but while in the late 1960s segregation of students was predominantly within districts, by 2005 segregation was primarily between districts. Over time, school district boundary lines gained meaning in terms of the characteristics of the district residents. In creating separate districts, local control has the same effect as earlier de jure laws of maintaining racial segregation in the Birmingham area, with few prospects for overcoming boundaries that divide students and opportunities along racial lines. Local control within the current judicial context will define separate populations and maintain or increase metropolitan segregation.
Reason for Hope? The Spotted Owl Injunctions and Policy Change
Authors: Swedlow Brendon
Published: November 2009

Under what conditions can US courts contribute to policy change? This article shows how a case study can be used to test and develop a theory of judicial policy making answering this question. In The Hollow Hope (1991, 2008), Gerald Rosenberg theorizes that judicial policy making is constrained by the limited nature of constitutional rights, the lack of judicial independence, and the judiciary's inability to implement its rulings. Ninth Circuit injunctions protecting the Northern Spotted Owl and orders to manage ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest invalidate and help reformulate Rosenberg's theory. These rulings show how judicial interpretations of statutes, regulations, precedent, and facts allow judicial policy making if these interpretations are accepted by the legal and political culture when Congress and the presidency are too divided to override them. The owl rulings also show how statutes facilitate the implementation of judicial rulings, a point not developed by Rosenberg, while additionally providing further evidence for Rosenberg's specification of conditions allowing implementation.
Criminal Punishment, Labor Market Outcomes, and Economic Inequality: Devah Pager's
Authors: Burkhardt Brett C.
Published: November 2009

A growing empirical literature examines the role of incarceration in labor market outcomes and economic inequality more broadly. Devah Pager's book, Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration (2007), offers compelling evidence that employment opportunities for former prisoners—especially black former prisoners—are bleak. I review Pager's methods and findings, place them in the context of previous work, and discuss the relation of race to a criminal record. I then explore several lines of related research that investigate the increasing reach of criminal punishment into various social realms. One goal of this essay is to draw research on economic inequality into the law and society literature.
Melapia japonica (Ogata) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), new to Korea
Authors: CHOI Sei‐Woong
Published: November 2009

A noctuid species, Melapia japonica (Ogata) is reported for the first time from Korea. Five males of Melapia japonica were collected from three islands on the southern sea in Dadohae National Park. Diagnosis of the species is provided with brief descriptions of adults including male genitalia.
Temperature and Ca2+ ion as modulators in cellular immunity of the Sunn pest Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae)
Authors: ZIBAEE Arash , BANDANI Ali Reza , TALAEI‐HASSANLOUEI Reza , MALAGOLI Davide
Published: November 2009

Environmental conditions in addition to divalent cations may affect the interactions between pathogens and insects. Elucidation of factors which modulate insect immune responses could be a significant part of investigations in this area. In this study, adults of Eurygaster integriceps, as the destructive pest of wheat, were kept at different temperatures in addition to injection with different concentrations of Ca2+ to find the effect on cellular immune reactions against Beauveria bassiana. Results showed that total and differentiate hemocyte numbers, nodule formation and phenoloxidase activity increased with elevation of temperature so that the higher values were obtained at 30 and 40°C at various intervals. Higher concentrations of Ca2+ ion (5 mM) caused an increase in plasmatocyte length and width especially after 60 min. Similar results were observed for nodule formation and phenoloxidase activity of E. integriceps adults after injection by B. bassiana spores and phenoloxidase activity. It is clear from the current study that thermoregulation and Ca2+ ion can positively affect the hemocyte numbers especially plasmatocytes and granulocytes, nodule formation and phenoloxidase activity in E. integriceps. The understanding of modulators of the insect immune response may directly influence novel approaches to obtain safe and effective biological control agents.
Does “Hidden Undercuffing” Occur Among Obese Patients? Effect of Arm Sizes and Other Predictors of the Difference Between Wrist and Upper Arm Blood Pressures
Authors: Doshi Hardik , Weder Alan B. , Bard Robert L. , Brook Robert D.
Published: November 2009

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:82–88. ©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Arm size can affect the accuracy of blood pressure (BP) measurement, and “undercuffing” of large upper arms is likely to be a growing problem. Therefore, the authors investigated the relationship between upper arm and wrist readings. Upper arm and wrist circumferences and BP were measured in 261 consecutive patients. Upper arm auscultation and wrist BP was measured in triplicate, rotating measurements every 30 seconds between sites. Upper arm BP was 131.9±20.6/71.6±12.6 mm Hg in an obese population (body mass index, 30.6±6.6 kg/m2) with mean upper arm size of 30.7±5.1 cm. Wrist BP was higher (2.6±9.2 mm Hg and 4.9±6.6 mm Hg, respectively, P<.001); however, there was moderate concordance for the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) strata (κ value=0.27–0.71), and the difference was ≥5 mm Hg in 72% of the patients. The authors conclude that there was poor concordance between arm and wrist BP measurement and found no evidence that “hidden undercuffing” was associated with obesity; therefore, they do not support routine use of wrist BP measurements.
Maintaining a Chinese Nationalism: Patriotic Education, Second‐hand Rose and the Politics of ‘National Conditions’
Authors: Doughty Jonathan
Published: November 2009

This article considers the development of China's system of ‘patriotic education’ (aiguozhuyi jiaoyu). It examines Chinese Communist Party (CCP) documents on patriotic education's establishment, along with high‐school (gaozhong) texts used as ‘national conditions’ (guoqing) curricula, in order to demonstrate how subsequent considerations of the development of Chinese nationalist identity must consider various modes of the party‐state's educational apparatus in the ‘teaching’ of nationalism. We may then view from a better vantage how the Chinese party‐state maintains discursive hegemony over the Chinese cultural past – inherited, imagined or otherwise – in its ideological seizure of nationalism, and how this ‘official’ nationalism interacts with and engages other nationalisms of the Chinese nation, such as that found within the vibrant Chinese subculture of yaogun yue (rock and roll).
Global Justice and Territorial Rights
Authors: Meisels Tamar
Published: November 2009

This essay considers, and rejects, the proposal that territorial disputes among nations should be settled on the basis of principles of equal distribution. Primarily, it argues that egalitarian principles are applicable only within multilateral relationships and, as far as territory is concerned, only with regard to decisions that involve the relationship between all nations of the world and the entire Earth's surface. In contrast, territorial disputes are bilateral by nature, and concern only a small portion of the globe. As for ‘territorial justice’ on a global scale, the second half of this article questions egalitarian proposals for global justice that deal directly with the distribution of land. Specifically, it rejects the egalitarian contention, advanced most explicitly by Hillel Steiner, that nations' territorial holdings can be appraised objectively in terms of real‐estate value to the exclusion of any national considerations, and divided equally among the world's inhabitants.
National Bodies: The ‘Comfort Women’ Discourse and its Controversies in South Korea
Authors: Varga Aniko
Published: November 2009

This article examines how the nationalist discourse crystallising around the ‘comfort women’ issue (women abducted to function as sexual slaves for the Japanese Imperial Army during the Pacific War) in South Korea has eventually rendered individual victims' needs and preferences irrelevant to a larger narrative of an unforgivable offence to national sovereignty. The narrative, constructed socially with the active participation of the Korean government(s), has also linked together past grievances felt towards both Japan and the USA (their people as well as their governments) – albeit the latter appears only covertly, and on a more symbolic level its presence is indicative of the general public mood. What have been lost in the discourse are the very victims of military sexual slavery, whose fate and wellbeing has no longer been the subject of any social interest.
Evaluation of a new in‐clinic test system to detect feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus infection
Authors: Sand Christina , Englert Theresa , Egberink Herman , Lutz Hans , Hartmann Katrin
Published: November 2009

Background:Many in‐house tests for the diagnosis of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection are licensed for use in veterinary practice. A new test with unknown performance has recently appeared on the market.

Objectives:The aims of this study were to define the efficacy of a new in‐clinic test system, the Anigen Rapid FIV Ab/FeLV Ag Test, and to compare it with the current leading in‐clinic test, the SNAP Kombi Plus FeLV Antigen/FIB Antibody Test.

Methods:Three‐hundred serum samples from randomly selected healthy and diseased cats presented to the Clinic of Small Animal Medicine at Ludwig Maximilian University were tested using both the Anigen Rapid Test and the SNAP Kombi Plus Test. Diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated for both tests using Western blot as the gold standard for verification of FIV infection and PCR as the gold standard for FeLV infection.

Results:The presence of antibodies against FIV was confirmed by Western blot in 9/300 samples (prevalence 3%). FeLV DNA was detected by PCR in 15/300 samples (prevalence 5%). For FIV infection the Anigen Rapid Test had a sensitivity of 88.9%, specificity of 99.7%, positive predictive value of 88.9%, and negative predictive value of 99.7%. For FeLV infection, the Anigen Rapid Test had a sensitivity of 40.0%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, and negative predictive value of 96.9%. Diagnostic accuracy was similar to that of the SNAP Kombi Plus Test.

Conclusion:The new Anigen Rapid FIV Ab/FeLV Ag Test performed very well and can be recommended for use in veterinary practice.
Hypogammaglobulinemia in Racing Alaskan Sled Dogs
Authors: McKenzie E. , Lupfer C. , Banse H. , Hinchcliff K. , Love S. , Nelson, Jr S. , Davis M. , Payton M. , Pastey M.
Published: November 2009

Background:Serum immunoglobulin dynamics have not been studied in racing sled dogs, despite hypoglobulinemia having been reported during racing events.

Hypothesis/Objectives:Hypoglobulinemia in racing sled dogs is associated with decreases in serum IgA, IgE, IgG, and IgM concentrations during prolonged exercise.

Animals:One hundred and fifty‐seven Alaskan sled dogs that successfully completed a 1,000 mile race.

Methods:Serum was obtained from 118 sled dogs within 1 month before the race and within 12 hours after completing the race. Serum also was obtained after 4 months of rest from 51 dogs that successfully completed the race, including 12 previously sampled dogs. Serum total protein ([TP]), albumin, and globulin ([Gl]) were measured, and serum IgA, IgE, IgG, and IgM were quantified by ELISA.

Results:The proportion of dogs with [Gl] ≤ 2.2 g/dL was significantly greater immediately after racing (38 of 118 dogs, 32.2%) than before racing (21 of 118 dogs, 17.8%,P= .005). Four months after racing, [Gl] was ≤ 2.2 g/dL in 23.5% (12 of 51) of dogs. [IgG] was significantly lower before (8.21 ± 4.95 mg/mL) and immediately after (7.97 ± 5.62) racing compared with 4 months after racing (18.88 ± 5.76). Serum [IgM] and [IgE] were higher and [IgA] was lower before racing compared with immediately after racing.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Sled dogs participating in long‐distance racing have substantial decreases in [IgG] in addition to decreases in [IgM] and [IgE]. The pronounced hypogammaglobulinemia observed in a large proportion of racing sled dogs might predispose them to infectious disease.
Still the Age of the State? Organized Social Participation and Civil Society Development in Urban China
Authors: He Lichao
Published: November 2009

Today, China is seeing a vibrant dynamism of grassroots voluntary activities, which increases expectations for the rise of a civil society. However, despite the increase of non‐governmental organizations, the government still occupies a key role in the sphere of the citizens' organized social participation. In urban China, mass organizations and residents' committees help the state to reach out to the mass and to permeate society. The transformation of state–society relations is deeply impacted by the totalitarian legacy of mass control and mobilization.
Early NMDA receptor‐driven waves of activity in the developing neocortex: physiological or pathological network oscillations?
Authors: Allene Camille , Cossart Rosa
Published: November 2009

Several patterns of coherent activity have been described in developing cortical structures, thus providing a general framework for network maturation. A detailed timely description of network patterns at circuit and cell levels is essential for the understanding of pathogenic processes occurring during brain development. Disturbances in the expression timetable of this pattern sequence are very likely to affect network maturation. This review focuses on the maturation of coherent activity patterns in developing neocortical structures. It emphasizes the intrinsic and synaptic cellular properties that are unique to the immature neocortex and, in particular, the critical role played by extracellular glutamate in controlling network excitability and triggering synchronous network waves of activity.
The ipsilateral motor cortex contributes to cross‐limb transfer of performance gains after ballistic motor practice
Authors: Lee Michael , Hinder Mark R. , Gandevia Simon C. , Carroll Timothy J.
Published: November 2009

Although it has long been known that practicing a motor task with one limb can improve performance with the limb opposite, the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that improved performance with the untrained limb on a fastest possible (i.e. ballistic) movement task depends partly on cortical circuits located ipsilateral to the trained limb. The idea that crossed effects, which are important for the learning process, might occur in the ‘untrained’ hemisphere following ballistic training is based on the observation that tasks requiring strong descending drive generate extensive bilateral cortical activity. Twenty‐one volunteers practiced a ballistic index finger abduction task with their right hand, and corticospinal excitability was assessed in two hand muscles (first dorsal interosseus, FDI; adductor digiti minimi, ADM). Eight control subjects did not train. After training, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS; 15 min at 1 Hz) was applied to the left (trained) or right (untrained) motor cortex to induce a ‘virtual lesion’. A third training group received sham rTMS, and control subjects received rTMS to the right motor cortex. Performance and corticospinal excitability (for FDI) increased in both hands for training but not control subjects. rTMS of the left, trained motor cortex specifically reduced training‐induced gains in motor performance for the right, trained hand, and rTMS of the right, untrained motor cortex specifically reduced performance gains for the left, untrained hand. Thus, cortical processes within the untrained hemisphere, ipsilateral to the trained hand, contribute to early retention of ballistic performance gains for the untrained limb.
Basic Speed Ratio of an Angular Contact Bearing
Authors: Kingsbury E. P.
Published: November 2009

A characteristic number, the basic speed ratio for an angular contact ball bearing, is defined and shown to be 1) accurately measurable; and 2) dependent on ball-race coupling. Some measurements of basic speed ratio are discussed in terms of kinematic equivalence, and compared with predictions obtained from a computer simulation. It is suggested that race control of the ball may exist, but it is control for slip rather than for pivoting.