bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Layered Double Hydroxide and Its Localization on the Structure and Properties of PBAT/PPC Composites
Authors: Jiang Guo , Wang Shengying , Ren Yihong
Published: May 2024

The blends of poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT), poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC), chain extender (ADR) and layered double hydroxides (LDH) are prepared by different extrusion methods. Effects of LDH and its distribution on rheology, phase morphology, mechanical properties, water vapor barrier properties and food preservation properties are investigated. Results show that when PBAT, PPC, and LDH are mixed directly, LDH is preferentially distributed in the PBAT phase. When LDH are mixed with PPC firstly and then further with PBAT, LDH mostly migrates to the interface of PBAT and PPC. The epoxy groups of ADR react with the terminal groups of the polymers to improve the interfacial compatibility. Adding LDH, the mechanical properties and barrier properties of the materials are improved and by premixing of PPC and LDH, properties of composites are further improved. Compared with PBAT/PPC blends, the tensile strength and elongation at break of PBAT/PPC(LDH‐0.5)/ADR increased by 25.2% and 15.3%, respectively. The banana packaged in PBAT/PPC/LDH films maintains good freshness. It illustrates that PBAT/PPC(LDH)/ADR composites have a good application prospect in the field of barrier and food packaging based on their excellent mechanical, barrier, and preservation properties.
Performance of artificial intelligence versus clinicians on the detection of contact between mandibular third molar and inferior alveolar nerve
Authors: Yari Amir , Fasih Paniz , Nouralishahi Atieh , Mohammadikhah Meysam , Nikeghbal Dorsa
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This study aimed to assess the performance of the ResNet‐50 deep learning algorithm in classifying panoramic images to determine contact between mandibular third molars and inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), comparing its performance with newly graduated dentists and oral and maxillofacial surgery specialists.

Methods

Panoramic radiographs of mandibular third molars were retrieved from the Radiology Department, School of Dentistry, Kashan University of Medical Sciences. The images were independently classified as “contact” or “none‐contact” by the ResNet‐50 model, three newly graduated dentists, and three oral and maxillofacial surgery specialists. A maxillofacial radiologist sets the gold standard using cone beam‐CT. The accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, and dice coefficient were calculated for each group, with inter‐rater reliability assessed using Cohen's kappa value.

Results

Of the 548 images retrieved, 15% were allocated as the testing dataset, amounting to 82 images. The deep learning model showed the highest performance metrics, with an accuracy of 87.80%, precision of 78.57%, recall of 84.61%, specificity of 89.28%, and dice coefficient of 81.48%. Conversely, novice dentists had the lowest performance metrics (accuracy: 74.39% ± 2.99%, precision: 57.75% ± 4.33%, recall: 74.36% ± 1.81%, specificity: 74.4% ± 4.46%, and dice coefficient: 64.87% ± 2.69%). Specialists demonstrated accuracy of 84.96% ± 1.52%, precision of 72.65% ± 2.78%, recall of 84.61% ± 3.14%, specificity of 85.12% ± 2.23%, and dice coefficient of 78.11% ± 1.99%.

Conclusion

Deep learning algorithms can achieve comparable outcomes with oral and maxillofacial specialists and may outperform novice clinicians in diagnosing contact between third molars and IAN.
Treatment of relapsed/refractory severe aplastic anemia in children: Evidence‐based recommendations
Authors: Shimano Kristin A. , Sasa Ghadir , Broglie Larisa , Gloude Nicholas J. , Myers Kasiani , Nakano Taizo A. , Sharathkumar Anjali , Rothman Jennifer A. , Pereda Maria A. , Overholt Kathleen , Narla Anupama , McGuinn Catherine , Lau Bonnie W. , Geddis Amy E. , Dror Yigal , de Jong Jill L. O. , Castillo Paul , Allen Steven W. , Boklan Jessica
Published: May 2024

Severe aplastic anemia (SAA) is a rare potentially fatal hematologic disorder. Although overall outcomes with treatment are excellent, there are variations in management approach, including differences in treatment between adult and pediatric patients. Certain aspects of treatment are under active investigation in clinical trials. Because of the rarity of the disease, some pediatric hematologists may have relatively limited experience with the complex management of SAA. The following recommendations reflect an up‐to‐date evidence‐based approach to the treatment of children with relapsed or refractory SAA.
Biosynthesis, characterization, and anticoagulant properties of copper nanoparticles from red seaweed of Acanthophora sp.
Authors: Krishnaswamy Jayaharini , Christupaul Roseline Pauline , Kannan Kamala , Dhanraj Ganapathy , Sivaperumal Pitchiah
Published: May 2024

Introduction

In the last few decades, nanoparticles have found extensive use in a variety of biological applications. Traditional medicine widely uses Acanthophora sp., a marine macroalgae, to cure and prevent diabetes, skin disorders, and blood clotting.

Objective

The present study aims to investigate whether green‐synthesized copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) might work as an anticoagulant.

Methodology

The CuNPs were made using an environmentally friendly method that uses Acanthophora extract. We used UV‐vis spectroscopy to assess the surface plasmon resonance of the material, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze its form, and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy to identify the material's constituent elements. Furthermore, Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) determined the functional groups of the CuNPs.

Results

The biosynthesis of CuNPs was confirmed by UV‐vis spectroscopy, which showed a surface plasmon resonance peak at 570 nm. The FT‐IR analysis showed that certain functional groups are involved in the formation of CuNPs. These groups include OH stretching, C=O stretching, C‐H bonding, C‐N bonding, and Cu vibration. SEM analysis demonstrated the morphology of CuNPs synthesized, with a size of 0.5 μm, while EDS analysis confirmed their purity. The anticoagulant activity of prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assays showed that the clotting time got longer depending on the concentration. The CuNPs synthesized from Acanthophora had strong anticoagulant effects at 100 μg/mL, further suggesting that they might be useful as a natural blood thinner.

Conclusion

The interesting thing we observed is that the green‐synthesized CuNPs made from Acanthophora extract could be used in anticoagulation therapy.
Truncating variants in PAPSS2 gene: A cause of early prenatal onset brachyolmia?
Authors: Biancotto Giulia , Rosti Giulia , Madia Francesca , Capra Valeria , Scala Marcello , Aleo Elena , Paladini Dario
Published: May 2024

Brachyolmia is a rare form of skeletal dysplasia characterized by a wide genetic and clinical heterogeneity. This condition is usually diagnosed postnatally, and very few cases of prenatal diagnosis have been described so far. Here, we report a case of a pregnant woman at 20 weeks' gestation referred to our center because of fetal short long bones. On targeted ultrasound, mild bowing of the femurs and fibulae and mild micrognathia were also observed. Exome sequencing analysis showed the presence in compound heterozygosity of two pathogenic variants—both truncating variants—in the 3‐prime‐phosphoadenosine 5‐prime‐phosphosulfate synthase 2 (PAPSS2) gene, known to cause brachyolmia type 4 (OMIM #612847). Of note, all of the few cases reported prenatally have indeed truncating variants. Hence, we speculate this kind of variant is likely responsible for a complete loss of function of the protein leading to an earlier and more severe phenotype.
Homeless but not hopeless: overcoming the challenges of managing diabetes in people with lived experience of homelessness
Authors: Colley Jack , Mahdi Mustafa , Poole Ruth
Published: May 2024

Using a case vignette by way of illustration, Dr Jack Colley, Dr Mustafa Mahdi and Dr Ruth Poole here provide key practical advice on how to manage diabetes in individuals with lived experience of homelessness.
Effect of aquatic exercise versus aerobic exercise on primary dysmenorrhea and quality of life in adolescent females: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Abdelrahman Asmaa Y. , El‐Kosery Soheir M. , Abbassy Amr H. , Botla Afaf M.
Published: May 2024

Background

Primary dysmenorrhea leads to significant gynecological consultations, school absenteeism, disrupted daily activities, and adversely affects overall quality of life (QOL).

Purpose

This study compared the effects of aquatic exercise versus aerobic exercise on primary dysmenorrhea and QOL in adolescent females.

Subjects and Methods

Sixty adolescent females suffering from primary dysmenorrhea with moderate to severe intensity were distributed randomly and equally into two groups was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06129708) the Registration Date, November 13, 2023; group A was treated by aquatic exercise for 12 weeks, while group B was treated by aerobic exercise for 12 weeks. Assessment of both groups before and after treatment involved evaluating dysmenorrhea severity using the WaLIDD Score, measuring pain intensity with the numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), determining pressure pain threshold (PPT) with an algometry, and evaluating the QOL using EuroQol—5 Dimension—3 Level (EQ‐5D‐3L) and EuroQol‐visual analog scale (EQ‐VAS).

Results

Both groups, A and B, experienced significant reductions in the WaLIDD score, NPRS, and all domains of EQ‐5D‐3L (p < 0.05), coupled with significant increases in PPT and EQ‐VAS (p < 0.05). Posttreatment comparisons between the groups showed insignificant differences in WaLIDD score, NPRS, and PPT (p > 0.05). However, there was a significant decrease in EQ‐5D‐3L and a significant increase in EQ‐VAS, favoring group A (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Both aquatic and aerobic exercises are effective methods in primary dysmenorrhea management and QOL improvement in adolescent females, with a better effect of aquatic exercise in enhancing QOL.
Ultraefficient Ammonia Gas Sensors Based on Pt‐Loaded WO3 Nanobars
Authors: Wiboon Montawat , Leangtanom Pimpan , Jaruwongrungsee Kata , Chanlek Narong , Wisitsoraat Anurat , Yordsri Visittapong , Kongpark Patcharee , Pookmanee Pusit , Kruefu Viruntachar
Published: May 2024

Herein, unloaded WO3 (WO3) and Pt‐loaded WO3 (Pt‐WO3) nanobars are successfully synthesized through simple hydrothermal and impregnation methods. X‐ray diffractometer analysis confirms the formation of a monoclinic WO3 structure. Surface analysis reveals that the Pt impregnation results in a significant increase in the specific surface area of WO3 nanobars. The gas‐sensing performance of sensors based on nanobars is measured toward ammonia (NH3) with varying NH3 concentrations at different operating temperatures. Compared with the pristine WO3 sensor, the Pt‐WO3‐based sensor with an optimal Pt content of 1 wt% exhibits a relatively low optimum operating temperature of 250 °C and a superior response of 960–50 ppm NH3. Furthermore, the Pt‐WO3‐based sensor also displays fast response, excellent NH3 selectivity to ammonia, moderate humidity dependence, and good stability. Therefore, the developed hydrothermal and impregnation methods could be a suitable alternative procedure for the synthesis of Pt‐WO3 nanobars useful for advanced NH3‐sensing applications.
A mechanistic insight into the anticancer potentials of resveratrol: Current perspectives
Authors: Bhuia Md. Shimul , Chowdhury Raihan , Akter Mst. Asma , Ali Md. Arman , Afroz Meher , Akbor Md. Showkot , Sonia Fatema Akter , Mubarak Mohammad S. , Islam Muhammad Torequl
Published: May 2024

Resveratrol is a widely recognized polyphenolic phytochemical found in various plants and their fruits, such as peanuts, grapes, and berry fruits. It is renowned for its several health advantages. The phytochemical is well known for its anticancer properties, and a substantial amount of clinical evidence has also established its promise as a chemotherapeutic agent. This study focuses on assessing the anticancer properties of resveratrol and gaining insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms. It also evaluates the biopharmaceutical, toxicological characteristics, and clinical utilization of resveratrol to determine its suitability for further development as a reliable anticancer agent. Therefore, the information about preclinical and clinical studies was collected from different electronic databases up‐to‐date (2018–2023). Findings from this study revealed that resveratrol has potent therapeutic benefits against various cancers involving different molecular mechanisms, such as induction of oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, inhibition of cell migration and invasion, autophagy, arresting of the S phase of the cell cycle, apoptotic, anti‐angiogenic, and antiproliferative effects by regulating different molecular pathways including PI3K/AKT, p38/MAPK/ERK, NGFR‐AMPK‐mTOR, and so on. However, the compound has poor oral bioavailability due to reduced absorption; this limitation is overcome by applying nanotechnology (nanoformulation of resveratrol). Clinical application also showed therapeutic benefits in several types of cancer with no serious adverse effects. We suggest additional extensive studies to further check the efficacy, safety, and long‐term hazards. This could involve a larger number of clinical samples to establish the compound as a reliable drug in the treatment of cancer.
Evidence‐based fault tree analysis of the hydraulic system in CNC machine tools
Authors: Chen Hong‐Xia , Xie Sui‐Xin , Zhang Jun‐Feng , Chen Wang‐Hao , Niu Bo , Zhang Jiao‐Teng
Published: May 2024

The hydraulic system is an integral part of CNC machine tools. In analyzing the reliability of machine tool hydraulic systems, their failures are influenced by both aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. This paper utilizes the fault tree analysis method to address failure modes subject to epistemic uncertainty, using the interval rough number scoring method to evaluate the probability of such failures occurring. The resulting reliability calculation is termed as “subjective reliability”. For failure modes influenced by aleatory uncertainty, objective data combined with the Dempster–Shafer evidence theory is used to determine their failure probability, with the corresponding reliability calculation referred to as “objective reliability”. Finally, a comprehensive calculation of both subjective and objective reliability is conducted to determine the overall reliability of the hydraulic system, along with the ranking of the importance of basic events of fault tree. This methodology covers scenarios with small samples, sufficient data, and their combinations, offering extensive application prospects.
Transient and elusive intermediate states in self‐assembly processes: An overview
Authors: Zhang Ziyi , Hu Ze , Xing Junfei , Li Quan
Published: May 2024

The transient and elusive intermediate states are the keys in self‐assembly processes, which are common phenomena shaping the structure, properties, and functionalities of assembled materials across many scientific domains. However, the understanding about the intermediate states of self‐assembly process is always challenging and limited. In this review, we focus on these states by combining theoretical and experimental approaches. By examining a wide variety of self‐assembly systems that span from biological to metal–organic nanostructures, this review uncovers the wealth of intermediate states of self‐assembled materials. In addition to combining the current knowledge, it will identify challenges and provide a new insight into the opportunities for future research.
Assigning practical tasks to candidates can better predict success
Authors: Tolman Steven
Published: May 2024

At colleges and universities throughout the country, student affairs departments are facing high attrition rates and ongoing staff shortages. These staffing challenges place even greater importance on good interviewing and hiring practices.
Learn how to practice self‐care and self‐awareness — 2 keys to leading well
Authors: Freebairn‐Smith Laura
Published: May 2024

Self‐care and self‐awareness are two of the most ­important habits of good leaders.
High‐Performance Hard X‐Ray Imaging Detector Using Facet‐Dependent Bismuth Vanadate
Authors: Fan Zhenghui , Lei Lin , Tie Shujie , Dong Siyin , Yuan Ruihan , Zhou Bin , Zheng Xiaojia
Published: May 2024

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) exhibits large absorption efficiency for hard X‐rays, which endows it with a robust capacity to attenuate X‐ray radiation across a broad energy range. The anisotropic properties of BiVO4 allow for the manipulation of their physical and chemical characteristics through crystallographic orientation and exposed facets. In this study, the issue of heavy recombination caused by sluggish electron transport in BiVO4 is successfully addressed by enhancing the abundance of the (040) crystal face ratio using a Co2+ crystal face exposure agent. The facet‐dependent modifications exhibit excellent and balanced intrinsic charge transport properties, and finely optimize both the sensitivity and detection limit of BiVO4 X‐ray detectors. As a result, ultra‐stable BiVO4 metal oxide X‐ray detectors demonstrate a high sensitivity of 3164 µC Gyair−1 cm−2 and a low detection limit of 20.76 nGyair s−1 under 110 kVp hard X‐rays, establishing a new benchmark for X‐ray detectors based on polycrystalline Bi‐halides and metal oxides. These findings highlight the significance of crystal orientation in optimizing materials for X‐ray detection, setting a new sensitivity record for X‐ray detectors based on polycrystalline Bi‐halides and metal oxides, which paves the way for the development of advanced, low‐dose, and highly stable imaging systems specifically for hard X‐rays.
Cu‐N Synergism Regulation to Enhance Anionic Redox Reversibility and Activity of Li‐ and Mn‐Rich Layered Oxides Cathode
Authors: Wu Zhijun , Yan Chenhui , Gao Panyu , She Liaona , Zhang Xin , Lin Yue , Yu Xuebin , Liu Yongfeng , Sun Wenping , Jiang Yinzhu , Yang Yaxiong , Gao Mingxia , Pan Hongge
Published: May 2024

Anionic redox chemistry enables extraordinary capacity for Li‐ and Mn‐rich layered oxides (LMROs) cathodes. Unfortunately, irreversible surface oxygen evolution evokes the pernicious phase transition, structural deterioration, and severe electrode‐electrolyte interface side reaction with element dissolution, resulting in fast capacity and voltage fading of LMROs during cycling and hindering its commercialization. Herein, a redox couple strategy is proposed by utilizing copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) to address the irreversibility of anionic redox. The Cu‐N synergistic effect of CuPc could not only inhibit surface oxygen evolution by reducing the peroxide ion O22− back to lattice oxygen O2−, but also enhance the reaction activity and reversibility of anionic redox in bulk to achieve a higher capacity and cycling stability. Moreover, the CuPc strategy suppresses the interface side reaction and induces the forming of a uniform and robust LiF‐rich cathode electrolyte, interphase (CEI) to significantly eliminate transition metal dissolution. As a result, the CuPc‐enhanced LMRO cathode shows superb cycling performance with a capacity retention of 95.0% after 500 long‐term cycles. This study sheds light on the great effect of N‐based redox couple to regulate anionic redox behavior and promote the development of high energy density and high stability LMROs cathode.
Rapid and In‐Field Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide in Plant by Hydrogel Microneedle Patch
Authors: Wu Xinyue , Pan Yuxiang , Li Xunjia , Shao Yuzhou , Peng Bo , Zhang Chao , Zhang Chi , Yao Shiyun , Ping Jianfeng , Ying Yibin
Published: May 2024

The rapidly changing climate is exacerbating the environmental stress that negatively impacts crop health and yield. Timely sensing of plant response to stress is beneficial to timely adjust planting conditions, promoting the healthy growth of plants, and improving plant productivity. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important molecule of signal transduction in plants. However, the common methods for detecting H2O2  in plants are associated with certain drawbacks, such as long extraction time, cumbersome steps, dependence on large instruments, and difficulty in realizing in‐field sensing. Therefore, it is urgent to establish more efficient detection methods to realize the rapid detection of H2O2 content in plants. In this research, poly (methyl vinyl ether‐alt‐maleic acid) (PMVE/MA) hydrogel microneedle (MN) patch for rapid extraction of leaf sap are prepared, and the extraction mechanism of PEG‐crosslinked PMVE/MA hydrogel MN patch is studied. A method of rapid detection of H2O2 content in plants based on MN patch with optical detection technology is constructed. The hydrogel MN patch can be used for timely H2O2 analysis. This application enables new opportunities in plant engineering, and can be extended to the safety and health monitoring of other plants and animals.
Unlocking the Potential of CO2 Capture: A Synergistic Hybridization Strategy for Polymeric Hydrogels with Tunable Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Gu Yucong , Wang Gaopeng , Chen Xuanzhou , Xu Xiaohan , Liu Yanghe , Yang Jintao , Zhang Dong
Published: May 2024

Unlocking CO2 capture potential remains a complex and challenging endeavor. Here, a blueprint is crafted for optimizing materials through CO2 capture and developing a synergistic hybridization strategy that involves synthesizing CO2‐responsive hydrogels by integrating polymeric networks interpenetrated with polyethyleneimine (PEI) chains and inorganic CaCl2. Diverging from conventional CO2 absorbents, which typically serve a singular function in CO2 capture, these hybrid PEAC hydrogels additionally harness its presence to tune their optical and mechanical properties once interacting with CO2. Such synergistic functions entail two significant steps: (i) rapid CO2‐fixing through PEI chains to generate abundant carbamic acid and carbamate species and (ii) mineralization via CaCl2 to induce the formation of CaCO3 micro‐crystals within the hydrogel matrix. Due to the reversible bonding, the PEAC hydrogels enable the decoupling of CO2 through an acid fumigation treatment or a heating process, achieving dynamic CO2 capture‐release cycles up to 8 times. Furthermore, the polyethyleneimine‐acrylamide‐calcium chloride (PEAC) hydrogel exhibits varying antibacterial attributes and high interfacial adhesive strength, which can be modulated by fine‐tuning the compositions of PEI and CaCl2. This versatility underscores the promising potential of PEAC hydrogels, which not only unlocks CO2 capture capabilities but also offers opportunities in diverse biological and biomedical applications.
Dual‐Interface Solar Evaporator with Highly‐Efficient Thermal Regulation via Suspended Multilayer Design
Authors: He Nan , Sun Xisheng , Wang Haonan , Wang Bingsen , Tang Dawei , Li Lin
Published: May 2024

Facing the increasing global shortage of freshwater resources, this study presents a suspended multilayer evaporator (SMLE), designed to tackle the principal issues plaguing current solar‐driven interfacial evaporation technologies, specifically, substantial thermal losses and limited water production. This approach, through the implementation of a multilayer structural design, enables superior thermal regulation throughout the evaporation process. This evaporator consists of a radiation damping layer, a photothermal conversion layer, and a bottom layer that leverages radiation, wherein the bottom layer exhibits a notable infrared emissivity. The distinctive feature of the design effectively reduces radiative heat loss and facilitates dual‐interface evaporation by heating the water surface through mid‐infrared radiation. The refined design leads to a notable evaporation rate of 2.83 kg m−2 h−1. Numerical simulations and practical performance evaluations validate the effectiveness of the multilayer evaporator in actual use scenarios. This energy‐recycling and dual‐interface evaporation multilayered approach propels the design of high‐efficiency solar‐driven interfacial evaporators forward, presenting new insights into developing effective water‐energy transformation systems.
Bone and Joint‐on‐Chip Platforms: Construction Strategies and Applications
Authors: Du Chengcheng , Liu Jiacheng , Liu Senrui , Xiao Pengcheng , Chen Zhuolin , Chen Hong , Huang Wei , Lei Yiting
Published: May 2024

Organ‐on‐a‐chip, also known as “tissue chip,” is an advanced platform based on microfluidic systems for constructing miniature organ models in vitro. They can replicate the complex physiological and pathological responses of human organs. In recent years, the development of bone and joint‐on‐chip platforms aims to simulate the complex physiological and pathological processes occurring in human bones and joints, including cell–cell interactions, the interplay of various biochemical factors, the effects of mechanical stimuli, and the intricate connections between multiple organs. In the future, bone and joint‐on‐chip platforms will integrate the advantages of multiple disciplines, bringing more possibilities for exploring disease mechanisms, drug screening, and personalized medicine. This review explores the construction and application of Organ‐on‐a‐chip technology in bone and joint disease research, proposes a modular construction concept, and discusses the new opportunities and future challenges in the construction and application of bone and joint‐on‐chip platforms.
Toward global net zero: The voluntary carbon market on its quest to find its place in the post‐Paris climate regime
Authors: Kreibich Nicolas
Published: May 2024

This focus article traces the evolution of the voluntary carbon market (VCM), putting emphasis on the more recent developments following the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015. It focuses on the interplay between the privately governed VCM and the global climate regime under the United Nations (UN). For years, the VCM and the UN carbon market operated in parallel and mutually influenced each other. The adoption of the Paris Agreement, however, marked a turning point for the VCM. It triggered the proliferation of net zero targets, sparking the interest in the VCM as a supplier of carbon credits to offset companies' remaining emissions. At the same time, the global scope and ambitious targets set by the agreement have put the future of the VCM in limbo, raising concerns about double claiming and more generally, questioning the adequacy of offsetting. Considering these challenges, numerous stakeholders have started a process to redefine the rules of the market to ensure its credibility and legitimacy. While some areas of convergence were identified, the VCM's private governance has long been unable to address the question of how to deal with double claiming and the claims companies should be allowed to make. In this situation, signals from international policy and regulation under national policy point the way forward for the VCM. By moving from offsetting toward a contribution claim model, the VCM may overcome its “identity crisis” and find a new place within the broader climate change regime.

This article is categorized under:

The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior

Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance

Policy and Governance > Private Governance of Climate Change
Symmetry TFT for subsystem symmetry
Authors: Cao Weiguang , Jia Qiang
Published: May 2024

Abstract

We generalize the idea of symmetry topological field theory (SymTFT) for subsystem symmetry. We propose the 2-foliated BF theory with level N in (3 + 1)d as subsystem SymTFT for subsystem ℤN symmetry in (2 + 1)d. Focusing on N = 2, we investigate various topological boundaries. The subsystem Kramers-Wannier and Jordan-Wigner dualities can be viewed as boundary transformations of the subsystem SymTFT and are included in a larger duality web from the subsystem SL(2, ℤ2) symmetry of the bulk foliated BF theory. Finally, we construct the condensation defects and twist defects of S-transformation in the subsystem SL(2, ℤ2), from which the fusion rule of subsystem non-invertible operators can be recovered.
Alienation of the quadratic, exponential and d’Alembert functional equations
Authors: Adam Marcin
Published: May 2024

Let $$(S,+,0)$$

(
S
,
+
,
0
)

be a commutative monoid, $$\sigma :S\rightarrow S$$

σ
:
S
→
S

be an endomorphism with $$\sigma ^2=id$$

σ
2

=
i
d

and let K be a field of characteristic different from 2. We study the solutions $$f,g,h:S\rightarrow K$$

f
,
g
,
h
:
S
→
K

of the Pexider type functional equation $$\begin{aligned} f(x+y)+f(x+\sigma y)+g(x+y)=2f(x)+2f(y)+g(x)g(y) \end{aligned}$$

f
(
x
+
y
)
+
f
(
x
+
σ
y
)
+
g
(
x
+
y
)
=
2
f
(
x
)
+
2
f
(
y
)
+
g
(
x
)
g
(
y
)

resulting from summing up the well known quadratic and exponential functional equations side by side. We show that under some additional assumptions the above equation forces f and g to split back into the system of two equations $$\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll}f(x+y)+f(x+\sigma y)=2f(x)+2f(y)\\ g(x+y)=g(x)g(y)\end{array}\right. \end{aligned}$$

f
(
x
+
y
)
+
f
(
x
+
σ
y
)
=
2
f
(
x
)
+
2
f
(
y
)

g
(
x
+
y
)
=
g
(
x
)
g
(
y
)

for all $$x,y\in S$$

x
,
y
∈
S

(alienation phenomenon). We also consider an analogous problem for the quadratic and d’Alembert functional equations as well as for the quadratic, exponential and d’Alembert functional equations.
Optimization and impact of sensitivity mode on abbreviated scan protocols with population-based input function for parametric imaging of [18F]-FDG for a long axial FOV PET scanner
Authors: Lan W. , Sari H. , Rominger A. , Fougère C. la , Schmidt F. P.
Published: May 2024

Background

The long axial field of view, combined with the high sensitivity of the Biograph Vision Quadra PET/CT scanner enables the precise deviation of an image derived input function (IDIF) required for parametric imaging. Traditionally, this requires an hour-long dynamic PET scan for [18F]-FDG, which can be significantly reduced by using a population-based input function (PBIF). In this study, we expand these examinations and include the scanner’s ultra-high sensitivity (UHS) mode in comparison to the high sensitivity (HS) mode and evaluate the potential for further shortening of the scan time.

Methods

Patlak Ki and DV estimates were determined by the indirect and direct Patlak methods using dynamic [18F]-FDG data of 6 oncological patients with 26 lesions (0–65 min p.i.). Both sensitivity modes for different number/duration of PET data frames were compared, together with the potential of using abbreviated scan durations of 20, 15 and 10 min by using a PBIF. The differences in parametric images and tumour-to-background ratio (TBR) due to the shorter scans using the PBIF method and between the sensitivity modes were assessed.

Results

A difference of 3.4 ± 7.0% (Ki) and 1.2 ± 2.6% (DV) was found between both sensitivity modes using indirect Patlak and the full IDIF (0–65 min). For the abbreviated protocols and indirect Patlak, the UHS mode resulted in a lower bias and higher precision, e.g., 45–65 min p.i. 3.8 ± 4.4% (UHS) and 6.4 ± 8.9% (HS), allowing shorter scan protocols, e.g. 50–65 min p.i. 4.4 ± 11.2% (UHS) instead of 7.3 ± 20.0% (HS). The variation of Ki and DV estimates for both Patlak methods was comparable, e.g., UHS mode 3.8 ± 4.4% and 2.7 ± 3.4% (Ki) and 14.4 ± 2.7% and 18.1 ± 7.5% (DV) for indirect and direct Patlak, respectively. Only a minor impact of the number of Patlak frames was observed for both sensitivity modes and Patlak methods. The TBR obtained with direct Patlak and PBIF was not affected by the sensitivity mode, was higher than that derived from the SUV image (6.2 ± 3.1) and degraded from 20.2 ± 12.0 (20 min) to 10.6 ± 5.4 (15 min). Ki and DV estimate images showed good agreement (UHS mode, RC: 6.9 ± 2.3% (Ki), 0.1 ± 3.1% (DV), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR): 64.5 ± 3.3 dB (Ki), 61.2 ± 10.6 dB (DV)) even for abbreviated scan protocols of 50–65 min p.i.

Conclusions

Both sensitivity modes provide comparable results for the full 65 min dynamic scans and abbreviated scans using the direct Patlak reconstruction method, with good Ki and DV estimates for 15 min short scans. For the indirect Patlak approach the UHS mode improved the Ki estimates for the abbreviated scans.
Simultaneous optimization of the vulcanization characteristics and mechanical properties of chloroprene and natural rubber blend by response surface methodology
Authors: Aktar Demirtas Ezgi , Goksuzoglu Mert , Karadeniz Yesim
Published: May 2024

Chloroprene rubber (CR) is an expensive and frequently used material in many industries. Thus, a blend of natural rubber (NR) and CR can be used to balance cost and product performance. In this research, the primary objective is to achieve the ideal blend of CR/NR rubber for automotive industry by simultaneously optimizing various response variables, including hardness, tensile strength (TS), vulcanization index (CRI), torque difference and Tan δ. This optimization process is carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) and desirability functions. The study delves into examining the influence of accelerators, retarders, curatives, and the ratio of NR in the final batch on both curing characteristics and mechanical properties. The investigation is conducted through the application of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and linear/nonlinear regression models with the assistance of Design Expert 11. When the quantities of the fillers, TMTM80, DP80, S80, and CTPI80, are at their optimum levels of 1.08, 1.78, 3.5, and 0.96 PHR, respectively, and the NR ratio in the final masterbatch is around 27%, the estimated values for Tan δ, hardness, and TS are approximately 0.144, 55.183 Shore A, and 21.085 MPa, respectively. The observations from the validation experiments align with the predicted outcomes, as all response variables fall within the 95% prediction interval. It is noteworthy to mention that prior research has not attempted simultaneous optimization for CR/NR blend, incorporating these fillers.
Pulmonary manifestations, treatments and outcomes of IgG4-related disease–a systematic literature review
Authors: Dragos Cristina , Joseph Clerin , Elwell Helen , Dey Mrinalini , Kouranloo Koushan
Published: May 2024

Immunoglobulin G4–related disease (IgG4-RD) is a multisystem fibroinflammatory condition. A consistent feature of many cases is pulmonary infiltrates, or respiratory failure. This systematic literature review aims to summarise the pulmonary manifestations of IgG4-RD, including clinical outcomes and treatment. This review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023416410). Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched for articles discussing IgG4-RD syndrome. Information was extracted on demographics, type and prevalence of pulmonary manifestations, treatment and clinical outcomes. Initially, after deduplication, 3123 articles were retrieved with 18 ultimately included. A pooled total of 724 patients with IgG4-RD were included, 68.6% male, mean age 59.4 years (SD 5.8) at disease onset. The most frequently described pulmonary manifestation was mediastinal lymphadenopathy (n = 186, 48.8%), followed by pulmonary nodules (n = 151, 39.6%) and broncho-vascular thickening (n = 85, 22.3%). Where treatment was reported, the majority of patients received glucocorticoids (n = 211, 93.4%). Other immunosuppressive therapy included cyclophosphamide (n = 31), azathioprine (n = 18), with mycophenolate mofetil (n = 6), rituximab (n = 6), methotrexate (n = 5) and other unspecified immunomodulators (50). Clinical outcomes were reported in 263 patients, where 196 patients had remission of their disease, 20 had relapse, 35 had stable disease, four had progression and eight patients died from complications of IgG4-RD. This systematic review summarises pulmonary manifestations, treatments and outcomes in patients with IgG4-RD. Pulmonary involvement in IgG4-RD is relatively common, leading to high levels of morbidity and mortality. Glucocorticoids remain the mainstay of treatment, but further work is required to explore the management of patients with pulmonary manifestations in association with IgG4-RD.
Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and the risk of delivering a small for gestational age baby: Kuopio Birth Cohort
Authors: Kukkonen Anni , Hantunen Sari , Voutilainen Ari , Ruusunen Anu , Backman Katri , Kirjavainen Pirkka V. , Ylilauri Maija , Voutilainen Raimo , Pasanen Markku , Keski-Nisula Leea
Published: May 2024

Purpose

High caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with restricted fetal growth. We aimed to evaluate the association between maternal caffeine intake during early and late pregnancy and the risk of delivering a small for gestational age (SGA) baby.

Methods

Kuopio Birth Cohort (KuBiCo) is a prospective cohort study including women whose pregnancies and deliveries were treated at the prenatal clinics in outpatient healthcare centers and in Kuopio University Hospital, Finland. Maternal diet and caffeine intake during the first (n = 2007) and third (n = 4362) trimester of pregnancy were assessed using a 160-item food frequency questionnaire (2013–2022). SGA was defined as birth weight corrected for gestational age below  − 2 standard deviations from the mean, according to the sex-specific Finnish fetal growth curves.

Results

Altogether in 32 and 38% (1st and 3rd trimester) of all women and in 44 and 52% of coffee drinkers, caffeine intake exceeded the recommendation for caffeine intake ($$\le $$
≤
200 mg/day) during pregnancy. The women with moderate (51–200 mg/day) (aOR 1.87; 95% CI: 1.16–3.02) and high (> 200 mg/day) (aOR 1.51; 95% CI: 1.08–2.10) caffeine intake during the first trimester were in the highest risk of having an SGA newborn. Caffeine intake in the third trimester of pregnancy was not associated with SGA.

Conclusions

Moderate and high caffeine intake during early pregnancy is associated with SGA. As the results suggest that even moderate caffeine intake during the first trimester may increase the risk of SGA, the intake within recommendation limits does not necessarily appear to be safe for pregnant women and their newborns.
Surgical quality assessment of critical view of safety in 283 laparoscopic cholecystectomy videos by surgical residents and surgeons
Authors: Grüter Alexander A. J. , Daams Freek , Bonjer Hendrik J. , van Duijvendijk Peter , Tuynman Jurriaan B. ,   Video-Based Surgical Quality Assessment Collaborators, Jilesen Anneke , Blomberg Björn , Berndsen Bob , de Betue Carlijn , Henneman Daan , Sloothaak Didi , Wassenaar Eelco , Bruns Emma , Westerduin Emma , van Nieuwenhoven Ernst-Jan , Frans Franceline , Hoexum Frank , Prakken Fred , Musters Gijs , Jalalzadeh Hamid , Ebben Harm , Palamba Harm Willem , Atema Jasper , Posthuma Jelle , Dikken Johan , Govaert Johannes , van Hilst Jony , ten Brinke Joost , Volders Jose , de Leur Kevin , Govaert Klaas , van der Werf Leonie , Busweiler Linde , Goessens Marco , Bolster-van Eenennaam Marieke , van Dorp Martijn , Ayez Ninos , Karthaus Noor , Moerbeek Patrick , Johannesma Paul , Coelen Robert-Jan , Blok Robin , Bakx Roel , Mekke Sander , Gans Sarah , van Dijk Stefan , van der Ploeg Stijn , Poels Thomas , Coblijn Usha , Alberts Victor , Weeda Viole , Alberda Wijnand , Lastdrager Willem , Issa Yama
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Surgical quality assessment has improved the efficacy and efficiency of surgical training and has the potential to optimize the surgical learning curve. In laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), the critical view of safety (CVS) can be assessed with a 6-point competency assessment tool (CAT), a task commonly performed by experienced surgeons. The aim of this study is to determine the capability of surgical residents to perform this assessment.

Methods

Both surgeons and surgical residents assessed unedited LC videos using a 6-point CVS, a CAT, using an online video assessment platform. The CAT consists of the following three criteria: 1. clearance of hepatocystic triangle, 2. cystic plate, and 3. two structures connect to the gallbladder, with a maximum of 2 points available for each criterion. A higher score indicates superior surgical performance. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was employed to assess the inter-rater reliability between surgeons and surgical residents.

Results

In total, 283 LC videos were assessed by 19 surgeons and 31 surgical residents. The overall ICC for all criteria was 0.628. Specifically, the ICC scores were 0.504 for criterion 1, 0.639 for criterion 2, and 0.719 for the criterion involving the two structures connected to the gallbladder. Consequently, only the criterion regarding clearance of the hepatocystic triangle exhibited fair agreement, whereas the other two criteria, as well as the overall scores, demonstrated good agreement. In 71% of cases, both surgeons and surgical residents scored a total score either ranging from 0 to 4 or from 5 to 6.

Conclusion

Compared to the gold standard, i.e., the surgeons’ assessments, surgical residents are equally skilled at assessing critical view of safety (CVS) in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) videos. By incorporating video-based assessments of surgical procedures into their training, residents could potentially enhance their learning pace, which may result in better clinical outcomes.
Practical applications of spent mushroom compost in cultivation and disease control of selected vegetables species
Authors: Mwangi Ruth W. , Mustafa Mohammed , Kappel Noémi , Csambalik László , Szabó Anna
Published: May 2024

Mushroom cultivation is an important branch of the agricultural industry, and global mushrooms production has increased more than sixfold in the last decade. This industry uses large amounts of agricultural, forestry, livestock, and industrial wastes and their by-products. However, it also generates millions of tons of spent mushroom compost (SMC) (approximately 100 million tons per year) which has emerged as a significant issue that hinders the growth of the mushroom business and impacts the environment. Many crop diseases, which cause significant economic losses, are introduced by soil-borne plant pathogens. Spreading spent mushroom compost (SMC) to agricultural soils is a natural way to control plant diseases. Using organic waste material instead of chemicals, which is the most widely used method in agriculture today, is also a more environmentally responsible option. The generated SMC can potentially be used as a soil conditioner, an organic fertilizer, and suitable medium for growing various vegetable crops. The application of SMC has been found to be beneficial in the control of crop diseases by inducing microbiostasis, direct toxicity, or by inducing systemic resistance of the host plant. In the current review, the practical application of SMC in the cultivation of tomato, pepper, lettuce, cucumber, and eggplant was addressed. The application of SMC as a soil amendment showed a significant improvement in soil properties, including soil NPK, organic matter content, and soil beneficial microorganisms. Our review indicated that SMC could be used as a low-cost, alternative growing medium in vegetable production or as a soil amendment to add nutrients and restore soil fertility in agricultural lands. The SMC may be able to replace peat, a non-renewable natural resource, and thereby mitigating the adverse effects of excessive peat extraction in wetlands, bogs, marshes, and peatlands. This review uses unique data on the effective use of SMC in agricultural disease management, reducing the need for chemical pesticides that have adverse effects on both the environment and human health. It also provides a safe method for reusing, recycling, and integrating SMC into a circular economy that reduces its negative environmental effects and carbon footprint impacts. This work also offers a novel application of SMC as a low-cost substitute for peat or other growing media that pose environmental risks.

Graphical abstract
Random forest-based multipath parameter estimation
Authors: Qi Xin , Xu Bing , Wang Zhipeng , Hsu Li-Ta
Published: May 2024

Multipath is recognized as one of the major error sources for GNSS urban navigation. This study proposes a random forest (RF)-based multipath parameter estimator that uses random forest regression for parameter estimation, thereby mitigating multipath effect by removing the estimated reflected signal components. The proposed estimator is evaluated and compared with the multipath estimation delay-lock loop (MEDLL) for one-multipath and three-multipath cases, respectively. Simulation results demonstrate that the RF-based estimator is less affected by the front-end bandwidth of received signals, compared with MEDLL. The proposed RF-based estimator shows better performance than MEDLL for signals with front-end bandwidths of lower than 6 MHz. In 20 sets of tests on signals with a front-end bandwidth of 10 MHz in the three-multipath case, the RF-based estimator obtains smaller standard deviations than MEDLL. In experiments using real data with a front-end bandwidth of 2 MHz, the RF-based estimator reduces the 2D and 3D positioning errors by 8.5% and 8.7% over 180 epochs, respectively, against the conventional delayed-locked loop (DLL).
Foundational Issues in Group Field Theory
Authors: Mozota Frauca Álvaro
Published: May 2024

In this paper I offer an introduction to group field theory (GFT) and to some of the issues affecting the foundations of this approach to quantum gravity. I first introduce covariant GFT as the theory that one obtains by interpreting the amplitudes of certain spin foam models as Feynman amplitudes in a perturbative expansion. However, I argue that it is unclear that this definition of GFTs amounts to something beyond a computational rule for finding these transition amplitudes and that GFT doesn’t seem able to offer any new insight into the foundations of quantum gravity. Then, I move to another formulation of GFT which I call canonical GFT and which uses the standard structures of quantum mechanics. This formulation is of extended use in cosmological applications of GFT, but I argue that it is only heuristically connected with the covariant version and spin foam models. Moreover, I argue that this approach is affected by a version of the problem of time which raises worries about its viability. Therefore, I conclude that there are serious concerns about the justification and interpretation of GFT in either version of it.
Multi-objective optimisation of a 2D backward-sfacing step channel with porous baffles
Authors: Costa Sérgio Cavaleiro , Janeiro Fernando M. , Malico Isabel
Published: May 2024

Porous baffles can be used to enhance heat transfer in various engineering applications, including electronic cooling, gas turbine blades, and chemical reactors. Also, the backward-facing step is a widely used configuration in fluid dynamics studies due to its simplicity and relevance to real-world geometries. This study examines heat transfer and flow characteristics in a backward-facing step channel featuring a heated bottom wall and two porous baffles. A computational fluid dynamics model, validated against prior research, is used to investigate flow and temperature fields. The innovation of this work lies in the application of multi-objective optimisation to search for a set of solutions that establish a trade-off between the average Nusselt number and the pressure drop. The optimisation specifically considers various parameters of the porous baffles, including height, width, distance from the step, and Darcy number, to identify optimal design configurations. Results show that porous baffles significantly improve heat transfer compared to a backward-facing step channel without them, despite an increase in pressure drop due to their presence. This work offers valuable insights into the trade-off between heat transfer performance and pressure drop, crucial for designing efficient heat transfer systems. By exploring the Pareto-Frontier, which represents various optimal design solutions, the study provides practical guidance when seeking to optimise heat transfer in backward-facing step channels with porous baffles. The findings contribute to advancing the understanding of heat transfer enhancement, highlighting the potential of porous baffles as a viable solution for improving thermal management in engineering systems.