bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’antéposition des compléments dans le français contemporain
Authors: Sabio Frédéric
Published: September 2007

In modern French, Noun Groups which fulfill a function of non prepositional complements (ie. direct objects) are traditionnally said to have a strictly fixed position after the verb, in contrast with other types of complements which have a freer distribution. Using data mostly drawn from spoken language corpora, we show that, contrary to commun assumptions, non prepositional complements are likely to be placed before the verb. In order to give a precise account, it appears necessary to make a distinction between two different types of pre-verbal complements. Such a distinction is made through the theoretical frame of macro-syntax.
Vers une typologie des adjectifs temporels
Authors: Balogh Péter
Published: September 2007

This paper relates to temporal adjectives mainly in French and Hungarian. After a short presentation of the difference between adjectives and nouns, we show that adjectives can express two different types of manifestations of linguistic time : one defines the notion of outside time vs. inside time and interior temporal structure (or aspect which refers to the course of the action) vs. external temporal structure (as defined by the circumstantial complements and verbal tenses). We define then the concept of the temporal adjective and we present a semantic description : these adjectives can refer to a temporal field (past, present, future), to indicate a duration (1) which we can delimit in time or (2) which we cannot delimit in time (cf. french millénaire vs. long). Others refer to a point in time (french pascal). The temporal value of the last two groups is already used in extreme cases of primary temporality : french neuf and valide.

The conclusion of a theoretical nature with a few examples is followed by a table which shows the main groups of temporal adjectives.
Contrast and Concession in French and English
Authors: Salkie Raphael , Oates Sarah Louise
Published: September 2007

The discourse markers but and although are similar but not identical in meaning. We investigate the relationship between them using data from the INTERSECT translation corpus. A collection of cases are examined where although corresponds to French mais. In order to explain the correspondences we draw on Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST). By organising RST relations in a hierarchy, and adding a new relation to the inventory of RST relations, we can give a systematic explanation of the relationship between contrast and concession.
What Sort of Theme is there?
Authors: Mauranen Anna
Published: September 2007

Non-referential there has been widely discussed as part of existential sentences, and as an organiser of information in the sentence. Much less attention has been paid to its roles in discourse. As an item without a direct equivalent in many languages, it offers an interesting issue for contrastive analysis: how are its various roles handled in translation? This paper explores uses of thematic there on the basis of a parallel corpus with two-way translations between English and Finnish, focusing on two questions: how translators deal with the information structure of there constructions, and what discourse functions thematic non-referential there is used for. Overall, translators tended to maintain the original information structure, particularly its main focus, without translating word by word, and showing sensitivity to the text level. Pre-topical orienting themes played an adaptive role in focus maintenance. In discourse, there constructions play an important role in organising information: they prospect and introduce new items, new points, topics, and conclusions. In contrast, Finnish appears to use more orienting themes, new topical themes and verb-initial clauses signalling a change of tack in discourse. The findings throw into sharp relief sentences without topic or theme, and question the universality of both phenomena.
Will 'translationese' ruin a contrastive study?
Authors: Mauranen Anna
Published: September 2007

Translated texts have been known as source material for contrastive analyses for a long time. Their value as suitable data has tended to be controversial throughout, and a new controversy is springing up now that corpus linguistics offers new perspectives for contrastive studies as well. Now that we can access large databases in any language, is there much point in drawing on the traditional kind of data that translations offer? This paper argues that corpora of translated texts constitute a valuable source of evidence for contrastive research, since they fulfil many of the criteria that have generally been seen as strengths in corpus study — for example language that has been used in its normal communicative contexts by a large number of users. Translations should be recognised as the normal part of a natural language that they are. The paper goes on to investigate a lexical item — English think — and its translation equivalents in Finnish, showing how sense categories of even frequent items can be drawn up with the help of another language. Unsuspected semantic prosodies may also come up in this process, and connections of particular senses with specific meanings. It demonstrates that a parallel corpus can capture relations of sense as well as form, which would be very hard to capture without such data.
The Integrated Contrastive Model
Authors: Gilquin Gaëtanelle
Published: September 2007

This article shows how the approach of Contrastive Analysis can be combined with that of Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis in what has been called the Integrated Contrastive Model (Granger 1996a). Through the illustration of English and French causative constructions, it is demonstrated that corpus contrastive data can help explain some of the characteristics of learners’ interlanguage and thus throw new light on the key notion of transfer, which emerges as a more complex phenomenon than was traditionally assumed.
Tense in Swedish and English
Authors: Herriman Jennifer
Published: September 2007

This paper presents a pilot contrastive investigation of tense in English and Swedish. Tense is regarded as a morphological category, and present and past tense inflections, as well as a number of auxiliary and main verb combinations, have been compared in a small sample of texts from the English-Swedish Parallel Corpus (ESPC). A generally high degree of correspondence with some variation in the different text types was found. The most striking difference is that present tense inflections in Swedish are frequently translated into past tense inflections in English, especially in narrative texts. It was also found that Swedish tense inflections, especially present tense inflections, are frequently translated into auxiliary and main verb combinations with overtly realised modal features in English, and that English past tense inflections frequently correspond to present tense combinations with overtly realised aspectual features in the Swedish original.
The generic person in English and Swedish
Authors: Altenberg Bengt
Published: September 2007

To find out how the ‘generic person’ is expressed in English and Swedish, the use and correspondence of the generic pronouns one in English and man in Swedish are examined in a bidirectional English-Swedish translation corpus. The material demonstrates clearly the greater frequency and versatility of Swedish man and the restricted use of English one. The difference is partly register-related: while man is stylistically neutral one is relatively formal and often replaced by you or various other pronouns. However, the most striking difference is syntactic. The English correspondences of man cut across grammatical systems and can be seen to reflect two diverging tendencies: the English fiction texts often have a subject corresponding to Swedish man, but the non-fiction texts rely to a large extent on syntactic shifts and clause reductions without a corresponding subject. In other words, the difference between the languages is not just a matter of pronoun choice but of syntactic preferences and subject selection.
The lexical typological profile of Swedish mental verbs
Authors: Viberg Åke
Published: September 2007

The lexical typological profile of a language is a crosslinguistically valid characterization of its lexical structure with particular focus on basic features which are language-specific. The paper deals with basic mental verbs in Swedish from this perspective based on data from translation corpora against the background of available information about typological patterns. A brief sketch is given of language-specific characteristics of the nuclear verb se ‘see’ which is the primary equivalent of English see but is also frequently used as an equivalent of look used as an activity verb (look at) and as a phenomenon-based verb (e.g. look happy). The extensive pattern of polysemy of the verb känna ‘feel’ is dealt with in detail and turns out to have several language-specific characteristics even in comparison with closely related languages such as German and English. Swedish veta is shown to have a more restricted extension beyond its basic meaning than its primary English equivalent know. English in this case appears to represent a more common pattern than Swedish judging from available typological data. A major section is also devoted to the semantic differentiation between the three basic verbs of thinking tänka-tro-tycka which represents one of the major language-specific characteristics of Swedish mental verbs.
The French future tense and English will as markers of epistemic modality
Authors: Celle Agnès
Published: September 2007

The future tense in French and the modal auxiliary will in English can both express conjecture. This use is generally considered marginal compared to that of referring to future time. A unified analysis of the French future tense and of English will needs, however, to be able to account for the former. In this paper I attempt to show how this particular modal value is intrinsically related respectively to the tense system of French and to the modal system of English and consequently why no real correspondence may be posited between the two languages, the future of conjecture being seldom translated by will and vice versa.
Possessor raising in Chinese and Korean
Authors: Xu Jie
Published: September 2007

A possessor NP may move out from the Spec position of a containing NP in some Asian languages such as Chinese and Korean, yielding the so-called ‘Possessor Raising Construction’. From the perspective of a syntactic theory based on principles and parameters of Universal Grammar, rather than on differing sets of rules for different particular languages, we in this article argue that the diverse Possessor Raising phenomena can well be subsumed along with ‘Passivization’ and ‘Subject Raising’ under the general syntactic process of ‘NP Movement’. The movement of Possessor Raising is driven by a functional motivation, which is to separate the possessor NP from the possession NP in order to emphasize the former. It has been demonstrated that the operation of Possessor Raising is well under the constraint of UG principles in interaction with independently explainable language-particular properties, in particular, it is mainly determined by the following three factors: (1) Whether the raised possessor NP can be properly Case-marked in its new site; (2) Whether the nominal residue left behind by the NP movement can be Case-marked; and (3) Whether other applicable conditions on movement such as the Subjacency can be satisfied. Most of our arguments are constructed on the basis of the analysis of a whole set of comparable language phenomena from Chinese, Korean and English, and those phenomena, most of which are well observed in the literature, are recast and explained in a very much principled way.
Towards a target-oriented model for quantitative contrastive analysis in translation studies
Authors: Williams Ian A.
Published: September 2007

This paper describes the design of a 192-text Spanish-English specialized corpus of biomedical research articles (RAs) divided into three 64-text subcorpora (English texts, their corresponding Spanish translations, and Spanish comparable texts) for use in quantitative contrastive analysis. The paper also presents an exploratory study analysing theme–rheme structure in these subcorpora. Two definitions of theme were used: Halliday’s ideational theme and preverbal theme (i.e., all clause constituents before the finite verb of the main clause). The study adopted a target-oriented approach and assessed the acceptability of the translated texts with regard to the statistical norm of the comparable native-speaker Spanish subcorpus. Statistically significant differences were found for marked theme and its different syntactic manifestations (prepositional phrase adjunct and subordinate clauses) and there was evidence of a different thematic distribution within the semantic category person (researcher, patient, first person). The most striking results were found for different measures of theme length, suggesting a consistent information overload in the thematic zone in the whole RA and in the individual rhetorical sections except for the Introduction. The translated texts occupy a kind of no-man’s land half-way between the source articles and the independently created Spanish RAs. A refined three-stage model of the study design is proposed for future target-oriented quantitative and qualitative research into translation.
By any other name
Authors: Smith Karen
Published: September 2007

The brand name is one of the most important devices for marketing a product. Western companies spend vast sums of money devising brand names that convey the positive characteristics of products marketed on the strength of their image. Many of the brand names patented are complex linguistic units, using aspects of phonology, orthography, morphology, syntax and semantics to make names memorable. These names use language to impact on readers and therefore have transferable meanings. This article analyses the linguistic devices in a corpus of English language adverts and investigates which translation strategies are employed when the adverts are transferred into Russian. It argues that the transfer process is more complex than previous literature has suggested and that although the original meaning is often not maintained after transfer, brand names in the target adverts carry new connotations which are appealing due to the target audience’s expectations.
Contrasting the rhetoric of abstracts in medical discourse
Authors: López Arroyo Belén , Fernández Antolín Martín J. , de Felipe Boto Rosario
Published: September 2007

The present study aims at offering a contrastive analysis framework for the specific textual patterns of the expert-to-expert communicative setting from a semantic and a functional approach. Our methodology tries to identify patterns of behaviour in one of the genres that might be said to be exclusive of expert-to-expert discourse in medicine: abstracts. By means of describing regularities, differences in the way information is distributed will be pinpointed. Since textual realizations have been agreed to bridge the distance between the semantic and the functional component, cohesion will be analyzed both as a semantic marker and as an indicator of information distribution — pragmatic marker — according to functional constraints. ‘Ad hoc’ comparable and translation corpora have been built, extracted from medical journals with a significant impact. Intra and interlingual analysis of those corpora has been carried out to attain a comprehensive description of textual patterns from the above mentioned semantic, formal and functional parametrical levels.
The medium-of-instruction debate in Malaysia
Authors: Tan Peter K.W.
Published: September 2007

This paper investigates the medium-of-instruction debate in the press and news agency reports in 2002 in Malaysia in the wake of a policy change which would see the introduction of an English-Malay bilingual or mixed medium education in schools from 2003. The author uses this debate as a springboard for examining the position of English in Malaysia. This is done within the framework of the development of non-Anglo Englishes (Schneider 2003a). Whilst there is much evidence pointing to the indigenisation of the English language and an acceptance of it to represent a Malaysian identity, especially in situations of mixed ethnicity, it is interesting to note that much of the debate appears to stay clear of these issues and instead emphasises the international, as opposed to the Malaysian, status of English. The paper proposes some reasons for this silence and suggests that this might problematise a characterisation of English in Malaysia in the manner of Schneider.
Globalisation and national communities of communication
Authors: Lo Bianco Joseph
Published: September 2007

Using the work of Dante to provide a historical perspective, this paper discusses the connection between nations, states and languages. Dante practiced both policy and cultivation approaches and, as a language strategist, he had a profound impact on the language directions of fourteenth-century Italy. By introducing the questione della lingua Dante set the terms of language debate in Italian public life and established himself as a language planner, and as a theorist of nationality and linguistic nationalism. Today, urbanisation, progressive aggregation of populations into larger identity groupings and the globalisation of economies appear to have led to a contraction in the vitality of many languages and pluralisation within and across communication systems. Alongside this reduction in language vitality is the challenge to nationalism itself. What relevance can Dante’s thought offer to those engaged with the possible dissolution of both nations and national languages — key ideas in the poet’s language planning work?
Language policy in the European Union
Authors: Christiansen Pia Vanting
Published: September 2007

This article analyses some of the potential language policy scenarios in a democratic, integrated European Union. It examines how a functional multilingual, democratic, ecological language policy in the European Parliament may ensure equal participation in, and benefit from, democratic processes for both majority and minority language communities. How multilingualism is managed and language policy is formed will be crucial in creating the identity of a future European Union, which the author discusses through a reinterpretation of what the EU might stand for; summarised in the notions of an English Union, an Elite Union, an Equal Union or an Esperanto Union. Language policy issues are especially important with regard to education, as multilingual education could be viewed as a democratic tool safeguarding active citizen participation in an intergovernmental forum such as the EU. Based on a three-language model it is possible to sustain a secure ethnic identity or identities via teaching through the mother tongue(s), as well as by acquiring at least one lingua franca and additional languages through carefully planned and well-organised multilingual education. The article concludes, in the long term, that the optimal language policy alternative would be one employing a planned language (such as Esperanto) as lingua franca, as a relay language and as an internal working language for the EU institutions.
Ideology and alphabets in the former USSR
Authors: Sebba Mark
Published: September 2007

In 2002 the Russian parliament passed a law requiring all official languages within the Russian Federation to use the Cyrillic alphabet. The legislation caused great controversy and anger in some quarters, especially in Tatarstan, the Russian republic whose attempt to romanise the script for the Tatar language provoked the new law. This paper examines the background to these recent events in the former Soviet Union, showing how they provide a contemporary illustration of the ways that linguistic (in this case, orthographic) issues can interact with ideologies and discourses at the political and social levels. The paper takes an approach which treats orthography and script selection as social practices which are amenable to sociolinguistic analysis, even though they are more commonly modelled as autonomous systems (or “neutral technologies”) which can be detached from their social context (cf. Street’s “ideological” and “autonomous” models of literacy). The article begins with a very brief overview of the early twentieth-century changes of script from Arabic to Roman and then to Cyrillic, which affected most of the Turkic languages, including Tatar, and an account of the trend to return to the Roman alphabet in the immediate post-Soviet period. It goes on to describe the circumstances of the decision by Tatarstan to introduce the script change, and the resulting backlash from the government of the Russian Federation, in the form of a new language law. It then goes on to analyse the discourses which underlie this story of rebellion and reaction. In particular, the following discourses are identified and discussed: unity and membership (the discourse of belonging), technology and globalisation, cultural heritage (change and permanence), Cyrillic as “defective”/Cyrillic as a conduit for Russian lexis, romanisation as a threat to the integrity of Russia and its language. It is noted that many of the discourses present in the Tatarstan case are also found in other debates over orthographies elsewhere.
Políticas lingüísticas de séculos passados nos dias de hoje
Authors: Carvalho Ana Maria
Published: September 2007

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de discutir as políticas lingüísticas promovidas pelo sistema educacional uruguaio que visam a combater a presença do português nas comunidades bilíngües no norte do país nos últimos dois séculos. Ilustra-se como essas políticas, comuns no século XIX quando respondiam ao ideal de uma nação = um idioma, persistiram no século XX e se estendem até os dias atuais. Propõe-se que esses ideais são baseados em três princípios equivocados, a saber, que a língua materna de todo o território é o espanhol, que a presença do português no Uruguai é devida à influência do Brasil e que todos os uruguaios devem falar espanhol, ou não serão verdadeiros uruguaios. Finalmente, examinam-se as orientações das planificações lingüísticas propostas por Ruiz (1984) e conclui-se que o português uruguaio não deve ser visto como um problema ou um direito, mas como um recurso nacional do qual toda a nação pode se beneficiar. Para tanto, é necessário que se esclareça o status do português uruguaio como um dialeto do português tão legítimo como qualquer outro. Desta maneira, acredita-se que as planificações lingüísticas baseadas em ideais ultrapassados e discriminatórios possam atualizar-se e responder a necessidades atuais de integração regional e apelo multicultural.
Blue-sky thinking?
Authors: Hornsby David , Jones Mari C.
Published: September 2007

This paper tests the predictions of Bollack’s 1903 article against the now known reality of twenty-first-century French. While many of his claims are undoubtedly naïve, Bollack often proves an astute observer of spoken French, who merely underestimates resistance to change in the written language. Moreover, he identifies themes which were to dominate the mainstream linguistic agenda, and sets out principles of change which would influence commentators throughout the twentieth century. However, Bollack’s article must also be seen in the context of his ambitions for Bolak, his own invented language, the underlying principles of which are seen — often wrongly — to drive change in natural languages.
Language policy and political philosophy
Authors: De Schutter Helder
Published: September 2007

This paper provides an overview of the emerging debates over language policy and linguistic diversity within political philosophy. It outlines the larger context of this debate and identifies its protagonists and the main issues at stake in it. In addition, it presents an interpretive scheme for the analysis of the variety of approaches that have so far been developed within this field. This scheme relates these approaches back to two clashes of different language ideologies. The first clash is between instrumentalism and constitutivism. The second clash is between transparency and hybridity. Finally, the paper explains why the sociolinguistic literature on language policy should interest political philosophers, and vice versa: why sociolinguists should engage with political philosophy.
Entitlement and empathy in personal narrative
Authors: Shuman Amy
Published: September 2007

My review of the past thirty years of narrative scholarship returns to the work of Harvey Sacks and Erving Goffman, situated in Dell Hymes’ ethnography of communication, to examine where their interactive model for understanding narrative has taken us. Although in some disciplines, narrative research is used as empirical evidence of how people interpret their experiences, Sacks’ work points more to the ways that personal narrative destabilizes the relationship between narrative and experience. Current work focuses on narrative at its limits, including the study of fragmented, rather than coherent, selves; multiply voiced, rather than monologic, points of view; and compromised, rather than easily empathetic, relations of understanding. This work builds on, rather than departs from, research on narrative thirty years ago. In this essay, I suggest a connection between early research on entitlement and contemporary research on the ethics of narrative, and I focus in particular on the problem of empathy.
The performance turn in narrative studies
Authors: Peterson Eric E. , Langellier Kristin M.
Published: September 2007

The turn to performance re-situates narrative as an object of study: narrative is both a making and a doing. The performance turn emphasizes narrative embodied in communication practices, constrained by situational and material conditions, embedded in fields of discourse, and strategically distributed to reproduce and critique existing relations of power and knowledge.
General-purpose statistical translation engine and domain specific texts
Authors: Langlais Philippe , Carl Michael
Published: September 2007

The past decade has witnessed exciting work in the field of Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). However, accurate evaluation of its potential in real-life contexts is still an open question. In this study, we investigate the behavior of an SMT engine faced with a corpus far different from the one it has been trained on. We show that terminological databases are obvious resources that should be used to boost the performance of a statistical engine. We propose and evaluate one way of integrating terminology into a SMT engine which yields a significant reduction in word error rate.
Les unités de signification spécialisées élargissant l’objet du travail en terminologie
Authors: Estopà Bagot Rosa
Published: September 2007

This work reflects on what must be the basic object of terminological research in accordance with the needs of users. Firstly, we argue that this object cannot be limited to nominal referential units, that is to say, to terminological units. It has to include all units with specialised meaning in specialised texts. Secondly, we make a distinction between relevant and non-relevant units of specialised meaning for a specific professional purpose. This difference allows us to formulate user profiles for concrete terminological applications. We base our statements on the theoretical foundations of “The Communicative Theory of Terminology” (Cabré 1999, 2000), and test it with two experiments which were carried out in the field of term detection.
¿Un caso de polisemia en el discurso jurídico?
Authors: Ferrari Laura
Published: September 2007

The work discussed in this paper is situated in the framework proposed by Cabré (1998a, 1998b, 1999, among others), i.e., the Communicative Theory of Terminology (CTT) which intends to explain terms “as singular units and, at the same time, similar to other communication units, within a global scheme of representation of reality.” The general purpose of this paper is to give empirical evidence of the thesis proposed by Cabré (1998, 1999, etc.), Temmerman (1997), Condamines and Rebeyrolle (1997) who discuss the univocality and monosemy of terminological units. In addition, the purpose is to show that even in texts aiming a high degree of precision, with an established and conventional form, such as legal texts (van Dijk, 1978), terminological units may show a conceptual variation. In this paper, I will specifically analyze the behavior of two terms: distinction and discrimination in a set of legal texts.
Theories of terminology
Authors: Cabré Castellví M. Teresa
Published: September 2007

During the past decade, the theory of terminology has been a subject of debate in various circles. This article examines some of the reasons why this topic has been receiving so much interest lately. I will first discuss the theory developed by Wüster and analyse the motivations behind his model. Then, I will explain why the Wüsterian theory was not questioned or challenged for a long time. This will lead us to the reasons why so many critical voices have been raised recently, both from inside traditional viewpoints and outside. I will also look at the reception these new ideas have had in terminology circles. Finally, I will present my own definition of a theory of terminology, by examining important issues such a theory should take into account and see what I can offer to this debate.
Automatic term recognition based on statistics of compound nouns and their components
Authors: Nakagawa Hiroshi , Mori Tatsunori
Published: September 2007

In this paper, we propose a new approach to enhance automatic recognition systems for domain-specific terms. The approach is based on the statistics about the relation between a compound noun and its constituents that are simple nouns. More precisely, we focus on how many nouns adjoin the noun in question to form compound nouns. We propose several scoring methods based on this approach and experimentally evaluate them on the NTCIR1 TMREC test collection. The results are very promising, especially in low and high recall.
A corpus comparison approach for terminology extraction
Authors: Chung Teresa Mihwa
Published: September 2007

This article examines one of the possible approaches to identifying technical terms: a corpus comparison approach using the range and frequency of word forms. In order to identify terms using the corpus comparison approach, a ratio is used as a tool based on the comparative range and frequency of word forms between a technical corpus and a comparison corpus. A rating scale approach is used as the basis for evaluating the corpus comparison approach.

The analysis shows that the corpus comparison approach works reasonably well with around 86% overlap with the results from the rating scale approach. It also shows that the corpus comparison approach using word types is a reasonably simple and practical way of identifying terms.
Bipolar Disorder not Otherwise Specified: Comparison with Bipolar Disorder I/II and Major Depression
Authors: Joyce Peter R. , Light Katrina J. , Rowe Sarah L. , Kennedy Martin A.
Published: September 2007

Objective: To compare the personality, clinical and comorbidity characteristics of subjects meeting diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (BDNOS) to those with major depression and bipolar I or II disorder.

Methods: A family-based study was undertaken on the molecular genetics of depression and personality, in which the proband had been treated for depression, regardless of history, of hypomania or mania.

Results: The 25 subjects with BDNOS were different to the 297 subjects with major depression and similar to 75 subjects with bipolar I or II disorder on social phobia, obsessive–compulsive disorder and substance dependence comorbidity. The BDNOS subjects also had personality traits more akin to the bipolar I or II disorder subjects, especially borderline personality traits and self transcendence.

Conclusions: Subjects with BDNOS, based on a history of 1–3 day recurrent hypomanias, should be included within a broader bipolar spectrum.
Sociodemographic, Functional and Clinical Correlates in Outpatients with Schizophrenia: Comparison with Affective Disorders
Authors: Wheeler Amanda
Published: September 2007

Objectives: To describe the demographic, social and functional characteristics and service utilization of people with schizophrenia attending four public psychiatric services in New Zealand and to compare this with (i) people with severe affective disorders attending the same four services and (ii) the New Zealand general population; and to examine conformity with evidence-based pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia.

Methods: Clinical files for all adult outpatients attending the four specialist services were reviewed in October 2004 (n =6164). Patient characteristics, social and functional indicators, diagnosis, duration of illness, and admission information were recorded and analysed for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression (n =5032). Antipsychotic treatment was recorded for those with schizophrenia.

Results: Outpatients with schizophrenia made up 47% of the outpatient population; 66% were male, the mean age 39 years and the mean illness duration was 14 years. Sixty-seven percent of schizophrenia outpatients had never been married, 69% had no regular occupational activity, 49% had no formal qualifications, 24% were living in group homes and 26% were treated compulsorily. These characteristics were consistently different compared to outpatients with severe affective disorders and the general population; schizophrenia patients were the most impaired, depression the least and the bipolar group in between. The majority of schizophrenia patients received evidence-based antipsychotic treatment; 84% received monotherapy; 81% prescribed an atypical; 33% prescribed clozapine.

Conclusions: The study shows significant impairment for schizophrenia patients in areas of intimate relationships, occupational activity, living situation, qualifications and specialist mental health service use despite evidence-based pharmacological treatment. To improve outcome optimal care must incorporate existing evidence-based, cost-effective interventions that focus on both symptoms and function. More effective treatments also need to be developed.
Forcing Family Involvement in Patient Care: Legislative and Clinical Issues
Authors: Spencer Gregory , Skipworth Jeremy
Published: September 2007

Objective: Families have an important role in the recognition and treatment of mental illness in their family members. However, the extent to which families are consulted during compulsory assessment processes has received little attention. In 2000, mandatory family/whanau consultation was introduced in New Zealand. This paper reviews the extent of family consultation during compulsory assessment and surveys clinicians’ views and experience.

Method: All applications for compulsory assessment in a representative sample of districts were audited over a 2-month period. An email survey of clinicians investigated changes in their practice since the introduction of mandatory family consultation, their views and training experiences.

Results: A total of 283 compulsory assessments were audited; 187 (66.1%) family/whanau consultations occurred and were completed by the assessing doctor 82.1% of the time. Of the remaining assessments, 12 did not appear consistent with the legally permitted exceptions to mandatory consultation. Some 88.6% of clinicians were aware of the legislative requirements about consultation. A significant percentage (54.7%) believed their practices had altered following legislative change.

Conclusion: Family/whanau consultation occurred in the majority of compulsory assessments. The introduction of mandatory consultation with family/whanau may have improved clinical practice in this regard, although training and guidelines issued at a similar time are also likely to have contributed to the change in practice.
Lessons from History: The First 25 Years of Psychiatric Hospitals in South Australia
Authors: Goldney Robert
Published: September 2007

Objective: The aim of this paper is to examine an 1862 report of the Adelaide Lunatic Asylum and commentary on its establishment.

Conclusions: Many of the administrative issues surrounding psychiatric practice then remain pertinent today.
Coercion is Coercion? Reflections on Trends in the use of Compulsion in Treating Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Carney Terry , Tait David , Touyz Stephen
Published: September 2007

Objective: This paper explores similarities and differences between formal coercion and other forms of ‘strong persuasion’ in clinical decision-making about medical management of patients with severe anorexia nervosa.

Method: The paper builds on findings from analysis of data from 117 successive admissions to an eating disorder facility, where an eating disorder was the primary diagnosis.

Results: The study implications of particular interest in this paper are the findings that legal coercion into treatment was associated with three main indicators: the patient's past history (number of previous admissions), the complexity of their condition (the number of other psychiatric comorbidities), and current health risk (measured either by body mass index or the risk of re-feeding syndrome).

Conclusions: We conclude that clinicians use legal coercion very sparingly in treating severe anorexia nervosa, distinguishing legal coercion from other forms of close clinical management of patients. While we agree with Monahan et al. and others that there are similarities between legal coercion and other forms of strong clinical management (or power), our results suggest that clinicians recognize the importance of maintaining, rather than blurring that distinction.
EDUCATIONAL MOBILITY ACROSS THREE GENERATIONS: THE CHANGING IMPACT OF PARENTAL SOCIAL CLASS, ECONOMIC, CULTURAL AND SOCIAL CAPITAL
Authors: Jæger Mads Meier
Published: September 2007

This article addresses why the literature on Inequality of Educational Opportunity (IEO) reaches diverging results concerning the decline or persistency of IEO over time. The main argument in this article is that the diverging results may be caused by the fact that the social class variables used to capture trends in IEO act as proxies for unobserved family-background influences that are substantively different from social class. The article analyses extremely rich longitudinal data from Denmark spanning three generations within the same family lineage. It demonstrates, first, that the effect of social class on secondary schooling is overstated when other family influences, conceptualised as economic, cultural and social capital, and unobserved family influences are not taken into consideration, and second, as in the other Scandinavian countries, that IEO has declined significantly in the postwar period.
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE DIFFERENTIATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION PARTICIPATION AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF OCCUPATIONAL STATUS
Authors: Lindberg Matti E.
Published: September 2007

This article addresses how the type of higher education participation an individual has chosen is related to his/her success on the labour market after graduation. In the first part of the analysis, the ideal types of ‘from school-via higher education-to work’ transitions are formed with the help of cluster analysis. In the second part of the study, the relationship between the type of transition and the socio-economic prestige of the occupation obtained after graduation is analysed through regression analysis. Data used in the analysis comprise educational and labour market histories of graduates with master's degree in seven European countries. Results indicate that there are significant variations among European countries in terms of the most common types of transitions. In addition, the study shows that the socio-economic level reached soon after graduation does in fact depend on the type of the transition, independently of other individual characteristics.
David Graham Lloyd. 20 June 1937 — 30 May 2007
Authors: Barrett Spencer C. H. , Charlesworth Deborah
Published: September 2007

David Graham Lloyd was born on 20 June 1937 at Manaia, Taranaki, New Zealand, slightly ahead of his identical twin brother, Peter. The births caused surprise to the family because twins were not expected. His father was a dairy farmer, and David's early years were immersed in country life and helping on the farm. David's mother died of cancer when he was eight years old and his father brought up the twins, as well as his elder siblings, Judith and Trevor, with the help of their grandparents, who farmed next door. Although the death of their mother was a sad loss, David seems to have had a happy childhood and to have excelled at primary school before moving to boarding school with Peter in 1950. At New Plymouth Boys High School, David was most interested in the sciences and also in sports, for which the school was well known. Although relatively small in stature, he played in the first team at rugby, was a tenacious tackler, and also excelled at sprinting and long jump.
Bernard Katz. 26 March 1911 — 20 April 2003
Authors: Sakmann Bert
Published: September 2007

Sir Bernard Katz established the cellular basis of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction, the contact point between nerve and muscle. With his death, we lost one of the most distinguished biophysicists of our time. He laid the foundations for our understanding of almost every aspect of synaptic transmission. Bernard Katz revealed the existence of key molecules and formally described their interaction. With the benefit of his almost magical intuition, he formulated hypotheses that are now recognized as facts.
Lyman Spitzer. 26 June 1914 — 31 March 1997
Authors: Ostriker Jeremiah P.
Published: September 2007

One of the leading theoretical astrophysicists of the twentieth century, Lyman Spitzer showed a renaissance or even a classical figure in both his character and personal style. I once speculated that a biographer would some day remark on the importance of Spitzer's early exposure to ancient literature, and his family assured me that he had in fact been strongly influenced throughout his life by classical, especially Latin, models. If ever I have known an individual who fitted the renaissance ideal of the gentleman scholar (based, of course, on earlier Latin archetypes), it was Lyman. The upright bearing, courteous speech, clarity, and total independence of mind were the dress of a person seemingly dropped into our midst from another age. Born in 1914 into a prosperous Toledo, Ohio, commercial family, he later married into the local, still wealthier clan of the Canadays. After attending Scott High School in Toledo and then Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, he received his BA at Yale in 1935 and then went to Cambridge University for a year (1935–36), where he was influenced by Sir Arthur Eddington FRS and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (FRS 1944), who was an almost exact contemporary. Returning to the USA, he received his PhD in 1938 at Princeton, under the legendary Henry Norris Russell ForMemRS. Spitzer then went briefly to Harvard as a postdoctoral fellow, followed by a move to Yale, where he was appointed as instructor in 1939. It was shortly after moving to Yale that he married Doreen D. Canaday, herself a Bryn Mawr graduate, a totally charming and strong-willed woman with whom he raised a family of four children born between 1942 and 1954: Nicholas C., Dionis C., Sarah L. and Lydia S.
Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture
Authors: Smith Pete , Martino Daniel , Cai Zucong , Gwary Daniel , Janzen Henry , Kumar Pushpam , McCarl Bruce , Ogle Stephen , O'Mara Frank , Rice Charles , Scholes Bob , Sirotenko Oleg , Howden Mark , McAllister Tim , Pan Genxing , Romanenkov Vladimir , Schneider Uwe , Towprayoon Sirintornthep , Wattenbach Martin , Smith Jo
Published: September 2007

Agricultural lands occupy 37% of the earth's land surface. Agriculture accounts for 52 and 84% of global anthropogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Agricultural soils may also act as a sink or source for CO2, but the net flux is small. Many agricultural practices can potentially mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the most prominent of which are improved cropland and grazing land management and restoration of degraded lands and cultivated organic soils. Lower, but still significant mitigation potential is provided by water and rice management, set-aside, land use change and agroforestry, livestock management and manure management. The global technical mitigation potential from agriculture (excluding fossil fuel offsets from biomass) by 2030, considering all gases, is estimated to be approximately 5500–6000 Mt CO2-eq. yr−1, with economic potentials of approximately 1500–1600, 2500–2700 and 4000–4300 Mt CO2-eq. yr−1at carbon prices of up to 20, up to 50 and up to 100 US$ t CO2-eq.−1, respectively. In addition, GHG emissions could be reduced by substitution of fossil fuels for energy production by agricultural feedstocks (e.g. crop residues, dung and dedicated energy crops). The economic mitigation potential of biomass energy from agriculture is estimated to be 640, 2240 and 16 000 Mt CO2-eq. yr−1at 0–20, 0–50 and 0–100 US$ t CO2-eq.−1, respectively.
Genetic background differences and nonassociative effects in mouse trace fear conditioning
Authors: Smith Dani R. , Gallagher Michela , Stanton Mark E.
Published: September 2007

Fear conditioning, including variants such as delay and trace conditioning that depend on different neural systems, is widely used to behaviorally characterize genetically altered mice. We present data from three strains of mice, C57/BL6 (C57), 129/SvlmJ (129), and a hybrid strain of the two (F1 hybrids), trained on various versions of a trace fear-conditioning protocol. The initial version was taken from the literature but included unpaired control groups to assess nonassociative effects on test performance. We observed high levels of nonassociative freezing in both contextual and cued test conditions. In particular, nonassociative freezing in unpaired control groups was equivalent to freezing shown by paired groups in the tests for trace conditioning. A number of pilot studies resulted in a new protocol that yielded strong context conditioning and low levels of nonassociative freezing in all mouse strains. During the trace–CS test in this protocol, freezing in unpaired controls remained low in all strains, and both the C57s and F1 hybrids showed reliable associative trace fear conditioning. Trace conditioning, however, was not obtained in the 129 mice. Our findings indicate that caution is warranted in interpreting mouse fear-conditioning studies that lack control conditions to address nonassociative effects. They also reveal a final set of parameters that are important for minimizing such nonassociative effects and demonstrate strain differences across performance in mouse contextual and trace fear conditioning.