bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining the Moderating Role of Behavioral Willingness on Indirect Relations Between Alcohol Expectancies and Negative Consequences
Authors: King Scott E , Waddell Jack T , Corbin William R
Published: September 2022

Aims

Alcohol expectancies are directly linked to alcohol misuse and indirectly linked to negative consequences via use. Likewise, willingness to experience negative consequences imparts direct risk for negative consequences and may represent an important individual difference when predicting risky alcohol use. To date, no studies have examined how willingness to experience consequences may moderate relations between expectancies and alcohol use in the prediction of negative consequences. It is possible that those who expect appetitive effects and are high in willingness may discount the severity of negative consequences and drink more to realize positive expectations. Alternatively, those who expect aversive alcohol-related effects and are high in willingness may drink more to overcome negative experiences.

Methods

The current study tested these hypotheses in a sample of undergraduate students (N = 657) from a larger study focused on alcohol and cannabis co-use.

Results

Findings suggested that high-arousal positive expectancies (e.g. sociable, lively, talkative) function as a risk factor for negative consequences indirectly through heavier drinking, whereas low-arousal positive (e.g. mellow, relaxed) expectancies served as an indirect protective factor against negative consequences through lighter drinking. Willingness to experience negative consequences had direct and indirect effects on negative consequences through drinking but did not interact with alcohol expectancies.

Conclusions

The present study demonstrates the utility of assessing the full range of alcohol expectancies and behavioral willingness in continued research into the dynamic nature of antecedents to alcohol misuse and negative consequences.
A Conceptual Framework to Integrate Biodiversity, Ecosystem Function, and Ecosystem Service Models
Authors: Weiskopf Sarah R , Myers Bonnie J E , Arce-Plata Maria Isabel , Blanchard Julia L , Ferrier Simon , Fulton Elizabeth A , Harfoot Mike , Isbell Forest , Johnson Justin A , Mori Akira S , Weng Ensheng , HarmáCˇková Zuzana V , Londoño-Murcia María Cecilia , Miller Brian W , Pereira Laura M , Rosa Isabel M D
Published: September 2022

Global biodiversity and ecosystem service models typically operate independently. Ecosystem service projections may therefore be overly optimistic because they do not always account for the role of biodiversity in maintaining ecological functions. We review models used in recent global model intercomparison projects and develop a novel model integration framework to more fully account for the role of biodiversity in ecosystem function, a key gap for linking biodiversity changes to ecosystem services. We propose two integration pathways. The first uses empirical data on biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships to bridge biodiversity and ecosystem function models and could currently be implemented globally for systems and taxa with sufficient data. We also propose a trait-based approach involving greater incorporation of biodiversity into ecosystem function models. Pursuing both approaches will provide greater insight into biodiversity and ecosystem services projections. Integrating biodiversity, ecosystem function, and ecosystem service modeling will enhance policy development to meet global sustainability goals.
Tau aggravates stress-induced anxiety by inhibiting adult ventral hippocampal neurogenesis in mice
Authors: Liu Hao , Yang Zhi , Yu Chunyan , Dong Hao , Wang Shiyan , Wang Gang , Wang Denian
Published: September 2022

Ventral adult hippocampal neurogenesis may be a key factor in determining individual levels of vulnerability to stress and related psychiatric disorders. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that the expression of Tau and Tau isoforms is markedly increased in the ventral dentate gyrus (vDG) after social defeat stress in young adult mice. Furthermore, glycogen synthase kinase-3β and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-α activity and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-β upregulation substantially promote Tau phosphorylation, which disrupts the dendritic structural plasticity of granule cells in the vDG of the hippocampus, and this action is necessary and sufficient for the stress response. In addition, Tau substantially inhibits the proliferation of newborn neurons in the vDG by regulating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in a mouse model of social defeat stress. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which Tau exacerbates stress responses and anxiety-related behavior by inhibiting the proliferation and maturation of hippocampal vDG neurons, providing a potential molecular target for the treatment of anxiety-like behavior induced by stress.
Should Linezolid Replace Clindamycin as the Adjunctive Antimicrobial of Choice in Group A Streptococcal Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection and Toxic Shock Syndrome? A Focused Debate
Authors: Cortés-Penfield Nicolás , Ryder Jonathan H
Published: September 2022

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) necrotizing soft tissue infections and toxic shock syndrome remain high-mortality conditions. In vitro and animal model data, as well as multiple observational studies, suggest adjunctive clindamycin (ie, given with a beta-lactam) reduces invasive GAS infection mortality by inhibiting exotoxin production. Unfortunately, clindamycin resistance in GAS has been rapidly increasing in the United States since the mid-2010s, although the clinical significance of this remains unclear. Linezolid is a promising alternative adjunctive agent to which US GAS isolates remain near-universally susceptible, with a similar mechanism of action and similar in vitro evidence of GAS virulence factor attenuation. However, the clinical data supporting linezolid's value in severe GAS infections are far more limited. Here the authors review the data and reasoning behind a general preference for clindamycin or linezolid in a focused, pro-con debate format.
Estimating Waning of Vaccine Effectiveness: A Simulation Study
Authors: Nikas Ariel , Ahmed Hasan , Zarnitsyna Veronika I
Published: September 2022

Background

Developing accurate and reliable methods to estimate vaccine protection is a key goal in immunology and public health. While several statistical methods have been proposed, their potential inaccuracy in capturing fast intraseasonal waning of vaccine-induced protection needs to be rigorously investigated.

Methods

To compare statistical methods for estimating vaccine effectiveness (VE), we generated simulated data using a multiscale, agent-based model of an epidemic with an acute viral infection and differing extents of VE waning. We apply a previously proposed framework for VE measures based on the observational data richness to assess changes of vaccine-induced protection over time.

Results

While VE measures based on hard-to-collect information (eg, the exact timing of exposures) were accurate, usually VE studies rely on time-to-infection data and the Cox proportional hazards model. We found that its extension using scaled Schoenfeld residuals, previously proposed for capturing VE waning, was unreliable in capturing both the degree of waning and its functional form and identified the mathematical factors contributing to this unreliability. We showed that partitioning time and including a time-vaccine interaction term in the Cox model significantly improved estimation of VE waning, even in the case of dramatic, rapid waning. We also proposed how to optimize the partitioning scheme.

Conclusions

While appropriate for rejecting the null hypothesis of no waning, scaled Schoenfeld residuals are unreliable for estimating the degree of waning. We propose a Cox-model–based method with a time-vaccine interaction term and further optimization of partitioning time. These findings may guide future analysis of VE waning data.
Food and Drug Administration Approval of Artesunate for Severe Malaria: Enough to Achieve Best Practice?
Authors: Thomas Christine M , Stauffer William M , Alpern Jonathan D
Published: September 2022

Intravenous artesunate has been the global standard of care for severe malaria for over 2 decades. Yet, until recently, artesunate has only been available to patients through an expanded-access protocol from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In May 2020, the Food and Drug Administration approved artesunate, allowing US hospitals to stock the drug and ensuring prompt treatment for this life-threatening infection. However, because of artesunate's high cost and the infrequency of severe malaria in the United States, hospitals may be reluctant to stock the drug. As US health systems weigh the decision to stock artesunate, we propose a hospital tier framework to inform this decision and support clinicians caring for patients who present with severe malaria.
Strategic illiteracies: the long game of technology refusal and disconnection
Authors: Plaut Ethan
Published: September 2022

Disconnection and avoidance have been theorized various ways, e.g., by analyzing communicative and non-communicative affordances of devices and platforms; categorizing tactics and patterns of non-use; and through analogy with historical ways of seeking solitude and resisting technologies. This article, however, treats history not only as a source of analogies for momentary disconnections, but also as a timescale on which to understand slower undercurrents of resistance. I define “strategic illiteracies” as: purposeful, committed refusals to learn expected communication and technology skills, not only as individual people in specific moments, but also in communities over time. This concept connects technology refusal to historical lineages of resistance to linguistic and orthographic imperialism, analyzing examples including the Greek alphabet in antiquity, Chinese characters in Asia, and the Latin alphabet through European colonization. This new framework and genealogy of avoidance and technology refusal elucidates ways forward, slowly, for successive generations to reclaim their communicative futures.
Immunomodulatory effect of different statin regimens on regulatory T-cells in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Authors: Greca Elona , Kacimi Ous , Poudel Sujan , Wireko Andrew Awuah , Abdul-Rahman Toufik , Michel George , Marzban Sima , Michel Jack
Published: September 2022

Aims

We conducted a network meta-analysis (NMA) to determine the effects of low-dose (20 mg/day or less) conventional statin therapy (CST) and high-dose (40 mg/day or more) intensive statin therapy (IST) on the frequency of Tregs and their associated cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-10, TGF-β) compared with control.

Methods and results

PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases were searched for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) to identify relevant articles published until June 2021. We pooled data extracted from the included studies using the standardized mean difference (SMD). A random-effects model was used to conduct this NMA. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran's Q test and the I2 test. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) was used to assess the quality of the study. Data analysis was conducted using R software.

A total of 505 patients were enrolled in the five RCTs. NMA indicated a significant increase in Treg frequency in the CST group compared with the control group (SMD 1.77; 95% CI: 0.77–2.76; P = 0.0005) and a larger increase in the Treg frequency associated with the IST group compared with the control group (SMD 2.12; 95% CI: 1.15–3.10; P-value < 0.0001). However, there was significant heterogeneity and inconsistency among the included studies [τ2 = 0.6096; τ = 0.7808; I2 = 91.2% (80.5%; 96.0%)]. When compared with control, both CST and IST increased the levels of secreted IL-10 (SMD 2.69; 95% CI: 2.07–3.31; P-value < 0.0001 and SMD 2.14; 95% CI: 1.76–2.52; P-value < 0.0001). Compared with the control group, CST was associated with increased levels of TGF-β (SMD 3.83; 95% CI: 0.63–7.0; P-value = 0.0189); this association was not seen in the IST group. IFN-γ levels decreased significantly in both the IST and CST groups (SMD −1.52; 95% CI: −1.94–1.10; P-value < 0.0001 and SMD −2.34; 95% CI: −2.73–1.95; P-value < 0.0001, respectively).

Conclusion

The findings of our study indicated that both high- and low-dose statin groups increased Treg frequency compared with the control group. IST demonstrated greater benefits than CST. Furthermore, statin therapy increased IL-10 and TGF-β levels and decreased IFN-γ levels. Overall, these results have significant implications for patients with ACS who would benefit from Treg-induced immunomodulatory balance.
Effect of the LDL receptor mutation type on incident major adverse cardiovascular events in familial hypercholesterolaemia
Authors: Paquette Martine , Carrié Alain , Bernard Sophie , Cariou Bertrand , Hegele Robert A , Genest Jacques , Trinder Mark , Brunham Liam R , Béliard Sophie , Baass Alexis
Published: September 2022

Aims

Patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to extremely high circulating LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations. Our objective was to study the effect of the type of LDL receptor (LDLR) mutation on the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs).

Methods and results

This was a multinational prospective cohort study, which included patients with heterozygous FH aged 18–65 years, without a prior history of CVD, and carrying a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in the LDLR gene. A total of 2131 patients (20 535person-years of follow-up) were included in the study, including 1234 subjects carrying a defective mutation in the LDLR and 897 subjects carrying a null mutation. During the follow-up, a first MACE occurred in 79 cases (6%) in the defective group and in 111 cases (12%) in the null group. The mean baseline LDL-C concentration was 17% higher in the null group than in the defective group (7.90 vs. 6.73 mmoL/L, P < 0.0001). In a Cox regression model corrected for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, the presence of a null mutation was associated with a hazard ratio of 2.09 (1.44–3.05), P = 0.0001.

Conclusion

Carriers of a null mutation have an independent ∼2-fold increased risk of incident MACE compared with patients carrying a defective mutation. This study highlights the importance of genetic screening in FH in order to improve patient care.
Enterococcus faecalis V583 cell membrane protein expression to alkaline stress
Authors: Cathro Peter , McCarthy Peter , Hoffmann Peter , Kidd Stephen , Zilm Peter
Published: September 2022

Enterococcus faecalis is able to adapt to alkaline conditions and is commonly recovered from teeth in which endodontic treatment has failed. The role that E. faecalis membrane proteins play in survival strategies to extreme alkaline conditions is unclear. We grew E. faecalis V583 in a chemostat at pH 8 and 11 at one-tenth the organism’s relative maximum growth rate. Following membrane shaving, isotope-coding protein labels were added at the peptide level to samples and then combined. The relative proportion of membrane proteins were identified using LC-ESI mass spectrometry and MaxQuant analysis. Ratios of membrane proteins were log2 transformed, with proteins deviating by more than 1 SD of the mean considered to be up- or down-regulated. A total of six proteins were up-regulated in pH 11 including: EF0669 (polysaccharide biosynthesis family); EF1927 (glycerol uptake facilitator), and EF0114 (glycosyl hydrolase). A total of five proteins were down-regulated including: EF0108 (C4-dicarboxylate transporter); EF1838 (PTS system IIC component); EF0456 (PTS system IID component); and EF0022 (PTS mannose-specific IID component). In extreme alkaline conditions, the membrane proteins of E. faecalis seem to be involved in a shift of carbohydrate metabolism from the PTS system to glycerol, which supports the formation of a protective capsule protecting the cell.
Construction and characterization of the full-length cDNA of an infectious clone of emerging porcine teschovirus-2
Authors: Li Yuying , Chen Shengnan , Shi Yaokai , Huang Haixin , Wang Wei , Zheng Min , Zhao Chenchen , Zhang Xinyu , Lei Xiaoxiao , Sun Wenchao , Liu Hao , Lan Tian
Published: September 2022

Porcine teschovirus (PTV) is a causative agent of polioencephalomyelitis, encephalomyelitis, reproductive disorders and gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in swine. In the present study, the PTV2 GX/2020 strain was isolated from pig intestinal tissue through the use of ST cells. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1 nucleotide sequences indicated that the GX/2020 isolate is closely related to PTV2. Furthermore, the full-length cDNA of an infectious GX/2020 clone was constructed using seamless ligation technology. The genome sequence of the rescued virus is largely consistent with the sequence of the parental virus, and it exhibits viral growth properties. The PTV2 virus was successfully isolated in the present study, and the reverse-genetic platform provides a foundation for studies of the pathogenic mechanisms of porcine teschovirus.
Socioeconomic Status, Race/Ethnicity, and Unexpected Variation in Dementia Classification in Longitudinal Survey Data
Authors: Luth Elizabeth A , Prigerson Holly G
Published: September 2022

Objectives

As dementia affects a growing number of older adults, it is important to understand its detection and progression. We identified patterns in dementia classification over time using a longitudinal, nationally representative sample of older adults. We examined the relationship between socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity, and patterns in dementia classification.

Methods

Data for 7,218 Medicare beneficiaries from the 2011–2017 National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) were classified into five categories: consistently no dementia, consistently cognitive impairment, “typical” dementia progression, “expected” variation, and “unexpected” variation. Multivariable multinomial logistic regression assessed relative risk of dementia classification by sociodemographic and health factors.

Results

Among NHATS respondents, 59.5% consistently were recorded as having no dementia, 7% consistently cognitively impaired, 13% as having typical progression, 15% as having expected variation, and 5.5% as having unexpected variation. In multivariable models, compared with consistent dementia classification, less education, Medicare–Medicaid-dual enrollment, and identifying as non-Hispanic Black were associated with increased likelihood of unexpected variation (e.g., non-Hispanic Black adjusted risk ratio: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.61–2.78, p < .0001).

Discussion

A significant minority of individuals have unexpected patterns of dementia classification over time, particularly individuals with low socioeconomic status and identifying as non-Hispanic Black. Dementia classification uncertainty may make it challenging to activate resources (e.g., health care, caregiving) for effective disease management, underscoring the need to support persons from at-risk groups and to carefully evaluate cognitive assessment tools to ensure they are equally reliable across groups to avoid magnifying disparities.
Essential Cases: Criminal Law
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2022

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. Essential Cases provides you with succinct summaries of some of the landmark and most influential cases in criminal law. Each summary begins with a review of the main case facts and decision. The summary is then concluded with expert commentary on the case from the author, Jonathan Herring, including his assessment of the wider questions raised by the decision.
Medical Law
Authors: Jackson Emily
Published: September 2022

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. Medical Law: Text, Cases, and Materials offers exactly what the title says—all of the explanation, commentary, and extracts from cases and key materials that students need to gain a thorough understanding of this complex topic. Key case extracts provide the legal context, facts, and background; extracts from materials, including from the most groundbreaking writers of today, provide differing ethical perspectives and outline current debates; and the author’s insightful commentary ensures that readers understand the facts of the cases and can navigate the ethical landscape to form their own understanding of medical law. Chapters cover all of the topics commonly found on medical law courses, including a separate chapter on mental health law. This new edition, thoroughly updated, includes: coverage of important new cases in all chapters; the COVID-19 pandemic and its implications; the government’s White Paper on reform of the Mental Health Act; changes to the regulation of clinical trials and medicines in the UK as a result of Brexit; the change in the law on organ donation, which brought in an opt-out system in 2020; expanded coverage of data sharing and mobile technologies; changes to the law on abortion in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland; proposals set out in the Law Commissions’ consultation on reform of the law on surrogacy; and the most recent Assisted Dying Bill in England.
Complete EU Law
Authors: Berry Elspeth , Bogusz Barbara , Homewood Matthew , Strecker Sophie
Published: September 2022

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. Complete EU Law combines extracts from leading cases and articles to take a fresh and modern look at the constitutional and substantive law of the EU. It starts by looking at the origins and development of EU integration. It then examines the role of EU institutions within the legislative process, and the sources of EU law. Next, it explores the relationship between the EU and the Member States; the supremacy of EU law and its impact upon the principle of UK parliamentary sovereignty; the direct and indirect effect of EU law in the national courts; and the ability of those national courts to request preliminary rulings from the Court of Justice. The book also examines the obligations that EU law imposes on Member States, including the operation of infringement actions and Member State liability in damages for breaches of EU law, and the obligations that it imposes on both the EU institutions and the Member States to protect human rights in the EU. It then discusses economic integration within the internal market and how EU law regulates the rights of individuals and businesses under the ‘four freedoms’, focusing on the free movement of persons and goods. It also considers competition law and its enforcement within Member States. Finally, the book includes a chapter on Brexit and its implications for the future relationship between the EU and the UK.
Learning Legal Rules
Authors: Holland James , Webb Julian
Published: September 2022

Learning Legal Rules brings together the theory, structure, and practice of legal reasoning in order to help the reader to develop both their knowledge and reasoning skills. It provides techniques of legal research, analysis, and argument, and explains the operation of precedent as well as effective statutory interpretation. When studying law, it is easy to become focused on the substantive aspects of the subject—the concepts, rules, and principles that go to make up contract, tort, crime, etc. In order to study and practise law effectively, it is essential not only to understand what the legal rules are, but also why they are as they are, and what consequences they might have. This requires that you develop the abilities that are the core focus of this book: to find and make sense of the primary and secondary sources of law; to interpret and apply authorities; to construct arguments both about the facts of a case, and as to how and why a particular authority should or should not be applied in a given situation, and to write clearly, and in an appropriate legal style, making reference to authority as necessary, in the proper academic form.
10. Resulting trusts
Authors: Penner J E
Published: September 2022

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter considers resulting trusts. It first considers the history of resulting trusts. Then it discusses the two basic kinds of resulting trusts: presumed resulting trusts (PRTs) and ‘automatic’ resulting trusts (ARTs). The content of the presumption of resulting trusts and the presumption of advancement are discussed. Lastly, the nature of resulting trusteeship is considered.
Tort Law Directions
Authors: Brennan Carol
Published: September 2022

Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. This book covers all the core areas of tort law, combining an engaging approach with plenty of learning features. It provides a detailed introduction to the key principles of tort law, and illustrates the points of law through discussions of important court cases. Key cases are discussed to illustrate the main principles of tort law; they help to bring the subject to life, allowing students to see how the law operates in practice. This new edition of the text includes increased focus on the influence of human rights on tort law. It is fully updated with recent case law highlighting how quickly tort law is developing particularly.
Criminal Law
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2022

This edition of Criminal Law: Text, Cases, and Materials offers an exceptional depth of analysis and a wealth of cases and materials all set within the theoretical context of criminal law. The two-part structure of each chapter in the book—the first part explaining the law as it is, the second examining the theoretical aspects—ensures that readers not only gain a secure understanding of the law itself but also acquire a fundamental appreciation of the surrounding philosophical and ethical debates. The book looks at actus reus and mens rea and at strict liability. The book also examines homicide; non-fatal non-sexual offences; sexual offences; theft, handling, and robbery; and fraud. It further analyses issues relating to burglary and blackmail, criminal damage, defences, and, finally, considers the criminal liability of corporations, inchoate offences, and complicity.
Constitutional and Administrative Law
Authors: Parpworth Neil
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this book is to introduce the reader to the fundamental principles and concepts of constitutional and administrative law. It is highly popular with undergraduates for its clear writing style and the ease with which it guides the reader through key principles of public law. This twelfth edition incorporates the significant developments in this ever-changing area of the law. The book also includes a range of useful features to help students get to grips with the subject matter. These include further reading suggestions to support deeper research, a large number of self-test questions to help reinforce knowledge, and chapter summaries and numbered paragraphs to aid navigation and revision. This new edition has been fully updated to cover all the latest reforms in constitutional and administrative law, including those relating to devolution and Brexit.
Land Law Directions
Authors: Clarke Sandra , Greer Sarah
Published: September 2022

Land Law Directions provides engaging and straightforward explanations of difficult concepts. Case summaries, photographs, and examples are used throughout to provide real-life context and to clarify abstract ideas, while diagrams and definitions ensure the text is easy to follow and that key points are understood. The book provides a full range of resources designed to help build upon and further existing understanding, including thinking points, end-of-chapter questions, and tips on linking topics together. A final chapter pulls together key details from each chapter, showing how topics link together and apply to a fictional piece of land. An additional separate chapter focuses on preparing for exams, offering advice on approaching assessment questions and revision technique. This edition includes an extended chapter on proprietary estoppel, and consolidation of the law on land registration into one chapter (4). New cases covered include the Supreme Court decision in Regency Villas Title Ltd v. Diamond Resorts (Europe) Ltd [2018] UKSC 57, which has cast new light on what can constitute an easement.
Public Law
Authors: Stanton John , Prescott Craig
Published: September 2022

With its fresh, modern approach and unique combination of practical application and theoretically critical discussion, Public Law guides students to a clear understanding of not only the fundamental principles of constitutional and administrative law, but how they are relevant in everyday life. Topics include: the UK Constitution; the institutions of government and the separation of powers; the rule of law; parliamentary sovereignty; the European Union; and Brexit. It also looks at the Crown and the royal prerogative; central government; Parliament; and devolution and local government. Next it presents a number of judicial reviews in the following: illegality, irrationality and proportionality, and procedural impropriety. Finally, it considers administrative justice, the European Convention on Human Rights and the Human Rights Act, and human rights in the UK.
11. Judicial review: access to review and remedies
Authors: Stanton John , Prescott Craig
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides an introduction to judicial review and its various features and requirements. It starts by exploring the meaning and purpose of judicial review, explaining the particular functions of the courts and the jurisdiction that justifies their scrutiny of administrative matters. It then sets out the legal basis for judicial review and the process through which applications proceed, which while rooted in statute, has developed incrementally through both case law and the 1998 Woolf Reforms. The chapter considers issues relating to access to review, exploring the legal requirements that must be fulfilled before an application for judicial review can be entertained by the Administrative Court. This includes a discussion of standing, which determines who can bring a claim, and consideration of the issues relating to the public law/private law divide, which concerns against whom a claim can be brought and the matter upon which that claim can be founded.
English Legal System
Authors: Rutherford Helen , Kotecha Birju , Macfarlane Angela
Published: September 2022

English Legal System provides understanding of the operation of the legal system which is essential to the laying of a solid foundation on which to build further legal study. After offering practical advice on how to study the English Legal System, there is an overview of the nature of law, the sources of law, how the English legal system operates, the courts of England and Wales, and some of the important institutions and personnel of the law. How legislation is made and how it is interpreted is discussed. How judges make law and how this process is governed by the doctrine of judicial precedent are explored. The legal precedent set by a case the ratio decidendi, and other statements of law, obiter dicta, are explained. The book considers the impact of membership of the European Union (EU), being a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), and Brexit. The institutions and personnel of the law: juries, judges, and lawyers are covered. The criminal process, from arrest to trial, to sentencing, is explained and analysed. Resolution of disputes through the civil courts and tribunals is explained, as is the civil process. Alternative methods of dispute resolution are considered.
Equity and Trusts Concentrate
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2022

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Equity & Trusts Concentrate covers all aspects of equity and trusts. Chapters look at the history and development of equity. The second chapter looks at the concept of a trust. The book also examines charitable, non-charitable purpose, secret, and implied trusts. Finally, issues relating to breach of trust and liabilities are covered. This edition has been updated with recent developments in the law and new case coverage including: Grondona v Stoffel & Co [2021] AC 540; Khan v Mahmood [2021] EWHC 597 Ch; Cohabitation Rights Bill 2021 HL; and Knipe v British Racing Drivers’ Motor Sport Charity & Others [2020] EWHC 3295.
5. Witnesses’ previous consistent statements and the remnants of the rule against narrative
Authors: Munday Roderick
Published: September 2022

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter discusses the following: the rule against narrative that excludes evidence of previous consistent statements; the five exceptions to the rule against narrative, comprising victims’ complaints, rebuttal of suggestions of concoction or afterthought, res gestae, statements identifying or describing a person, object, or place, and statements supplementing deficiencies in witnesses’ memory; evidence of distress; the eventual introduction of evidence-in-chief delivered by video recording (Criminal Justice Act 2003, s 137); statements made by the accused when first taxed with incriminating facts; and statements made by the accused when incriminating articles are recovered.
6. Character and credibility
Authors: Munday Roderick
Published: September 2022

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter discusses the following: issue and credit; the concept of ‘credibility’; and bringing out the character of the parties and their witnesses. Evidence introduced to illuminate someone’s character is a fairly common feature in both civil and criminal trials. Considerable restrictions apply in criminal cases since the Criminal Justice Act 2003. According to the context, however, it may fulfil different purposes. Notably, it may serve as a potential indicator of whether or not someone is likely to be a truthful witness.
7. Evidence of the defendant’s good character in criminal cases
Authors: Munday Roderick
Published: September 2022

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter discusses the following: when the defence may adduce evidence of the defendant’s good character, what constitutes evidence of good character, the form that a judge’s good character direction must take, what consequences may flow from adducing such evidence, and how the Court of Appeal will react to a judge’s failure to deliver a suitable direction to the jury. The chapter concludes with brief consideration of when, if ever, evidence of prosecution witnesses’ good character is admissible.
10. The rule against hearsay
Authors: Munday Roderick
Published: September 2022

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. The rule against hearsay is one of the great exclusionary rules of the law of evidence. In a system that places a premium on orality, with witnesses delivering their testimony in person, it is an understandable corollary that witness A should often be forbidden from giving testimony on behalf of witness B. This chapter discusses the following: the rationale underlying a rule against hearsay; the hearsay rule in criminal cases, and its many exceptions, both at common law and under statute; and the remnants of the hearsay rule in civil proceedings.
12. Drawing adverse inferences from a defendant’s omissions, lies, or false alibis
Authors: Munday Roderick
Published: September 2022

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. A suspect’s silence in response to questioning is liable to arouse suspicion. This chapter discusses: the so-called right to silence; permissible inferences drawn from the defendant’s silence at common law; the failures provisions of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994: permissible inferences drawn from the defendant’s failure to mention facts, failure to testify, failure or refusal to account for objects etc, or failure to account for presence; permissible inferences drawn from lies told by the defendant: Lucas directions; permissible inferences drawn from false alibis put forward by the defendant.
13. Identification evidence
Authors: Munday Roderick
Published: September 2022

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. Since publication of the Devlin Report both common law and statute have striven to reduce the risk of miscarriages of justice through mistaken identifications. This chapter discusses the following: the inherent unreliability of evidence of identification; the courts’ strong disapproval of dock identifications; the Court of Appeal’s landmark decision in Turnbull; identification procedures and PACE Code D; and assorted methods of identification, including the increasingly important topic of identifications made using social media.
Concentrate Questions and Answers Human Rights and Civil Liberties
Authors: Foster Dr Steve
Published: September 2022

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, caution advice, suggested answers, illustrative diagrams and flowcharts, and advice on gaining extra marks. Concentrate Q&A Human Rights & Civil Liberties offers expert advice on what to expect from your human rights and civil liberties exam, how best to prepare, and guidance on what examiners are really looking for. Written by experienced examiners, it provides: clear commentary with each question and answer; bullet point and diagram answer plans; tips to make your answer really stand out from the crowd; and further reading suggestions at the end of every chapter. The book should help you to: identify typical law exam questions; structure a first-class answer; avoid common mistakes; show the examiner what you know; all making your answer stand out from the crowd. After an introduction, it covers: the nature and enforcement of human rights and civil liberties; the European Convention on Human Rights; the Human Rights Act 1998; the right to life; freedom from torture and inhuman and degrading treatment; due process, liberty and security of the person, and the right to a fair trial; prisoners’ rights; the right to private life; freedom of expression; and freedom of religion, association, and peaceful assembly.
A Practical Approach to Alternative Dispute Resolution
Authors: Blake Susan , Browne Julie , Sime Stuart
Published: September 2022

A Practical Approach to Alternative Dispute Resolution provides a commentary on all of the major areas of out-of-court dispute resolution. The text is made up of six parts. Part I looks at the history and range of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods. The second part moves on to the interplay between ADR, civil procedural rules (CPR), and litigation. The third part focuses on negotiation and mediation. It looks at styles, strategies, and tactics; preparation for mediation; and the mediation process as a whole. It also touches on international mediation. Part IV is about evaluation, conciliation, and Ombudsmen. The fifth part examines recording settlement. The sixth and final part is about adjudicative ADR. It contains chapters on expert or neutral determination, construction industry adjudication, arbitration, arbitration tribunals, commercial arbitration, international arbitration, awards and orders, High Court jurisdiction in arbitration claims, and, finally, enforcement of settlement and awards.
Sealy & Worthington's Text, Cases, and Materials in Company Law
Authors: Worthington Sarah , Agnew Sinéad
Published: September 2022

Sealy & Worthington’s Cases and Materials in Company Law clearly explains the fundamental structure of company law and provides a concise introduction to each different aspect of the subject. The materials are carefully selected and well supported by commentary so that the logic of the doctrinal or policy argument is unambiguously laid out. Notes and questions appear periodically throughout the text to provoke persistent analysis and debate, and to enable students to test their understanding of the issues as the topics unfold. This text covers a wide range of sources, and provides intelligent and thought-provoking commentary in a succinct format. It is invaluable to all those who need vital materials and expert observations on company law in one volume. This twelfth edition brings: improved chapter order and location of materials; the incorporation of changes necessitated by Brexit; complete updating of statutory, regulatory and case law materials, including by the Corporate Governance and Insolvency Act 2020 and the many changes and additions to corporate governance codes requiring ‘apply and explain’ and ‘comply or explain’ adherence; major rewriting of Chapter 3 (Corporate Activity and Legal Liability) in the light of significant Supreme Court cases; expansion of Chapter 6 (Corporate Governance) and Chapter 9 (Company Auditors), along with additional coverage of shareholder remedies (Chapter 8), including coverage of Sevilleja v Marex Financial Ltd (2020, SC) and new cases on statutory derivative actions; and additional coverage of insolvency issues.
Contract Law
Authors: Arvind TT
Published: September 2022

Contract Law provides a uniquely practical approach to the topic; enriched with scenarios to support deep understanding of legal principles, analysis, and critique. The text is divided into four parts. Part I covers forming contracts. It looks at bargaining and agreeing, and the requirements of mutuality, legal relations, and non-contractual promises. Part II considers issues related to keeping contracts. It examines the assembling of the contract, interpreting the terms of a contract, flexible terms, and changes in contracts. The next part is about regulating contracts. It looks at untrue statements, the limits of hard bargaining, controlling contractual terms, and protecting the public interest. The final part is about enforcing contracts. The text here examines issues relating to breach of contract, compensatory remedies, non-compensatory remedies, and third party matters.
Mapping the capacity of health promotion interventions for non-communicable diseases in Oman
Authors: Al-Riyami Hiyam , Pursell Lisa , Gabhainn Saoirse Nic
Published: September 2022

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are chronic medical conditions that are, by definition, non-infectious, and non-transmissible among people and caused by a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioral factors. Affecting all age groups, regions and countries, NCDs cause 72% of deaths in Oman. Health promotion (HP) capacity development is considered fundamental to strengthening and sustaining action against NCDs. This study aimed to map the existing HP capacity for NCDs in Oman by assessing existing knowledge, skills, commitment, structure, systems and leadership and identifying gaps where further capacity is required. The current study used an adapted version of the World Health Organization capacity mapping tool for HP to assess the stage of development across eight HP capacity domains. Quantitative data were collected from 306 geographically dispersed participants across Oman via an online cross-sectional survey. Analyses revealed low scores in policies and plans, collaboration, partnership and professional development domains and even lower scores in the domains of program delivery, information systems and financing. We recommend Oman build and develop more capacity in all domains. The implications of findings are discussed in the context of the current HP policy and practice in Oman.
Critical health literacy: reflection and action for health
Authors: Abel Thomas , Benkert Richard
Published: September 2022

Health literacy research is growing rapidly and broadly; however, conceptual advances in critical health literacy (CHL) seem hampered by a lack of a clear definition. In this paper, we refer to key features of the concept as identified in earlier works, offer a new definition of CHL and briefly discuss its theoretical roots. Reflection and action are suggested as the two constituent components of CHL. Consequences for future research are also discussed.
Application of the Community Readiness Model for childhood obesity prevention: a scoping review
Authors: Schröder Maike , Schnabel Monika , Hassel Holger , Babitsch Birgit
Published: September 2022

The Community Readiness Model (CRM) provides an approach to determine community readiness (CR), which is the degree of a community’s preparedness to address a health issue. This scoping review aims to characterize internationally existing applications of the CRM for childhood obesity prevention. Therefore, a systematic literature research was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, LIVIVO and Google Scholar. Of 285 identified records, 17 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the scoping review. The CRM has already been applied to childhood obesity prevention in the USA (n = 10), Australia (n = 4), UK (n = 1), Iran (n = 1) and South Africa (n = 1). Mainly geographically defined communities (n = 12) like counties and cities were analysed but also schools (n = 4) and churches (n = 1). The scoping review revealed various methodological changes to the standard protocol of which some are particularly relevant for the application to childhood obesity prevention. The identified studies reported readiness scores in the low to mid-range of the nine-point readiness scale. To increase CR, strategies were proposed that addressed raising awareness and knowledge of childhood obesity, but also supporting connectivity in and between settings. This scoping review provides researchers and health promoters with an overview of international CR measurements and setting-specific strategies to increase CR. It highlights the potential of targeted interventions to increase readiness and shows tentative support for the assumption of a possible link between CR level and changes in obesity prevalence.