bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The MCM v3.3.1 degradation scheme for isoprene
Authors: Jenkin M. E. , Young J. C. , Rickard A. R.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The chemistry of isoprene degradation in the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) has been systematically refined and updated to reflect recent advances in understanding, with these updates appearing in the latest version, MCM v3.3.1. The complete isoprene degradation mechanism in MCM v3.3.1 consists of 1926 reactions of 602 closed shell and free radical species, which treat the chemistry initiated by reaction with OH radicals, NO3 radicals and ozone (O3). A detailed overview of the updates is provided, within the context of reported kinetic and mechanistic information. The revisions mainly relate to the OH-initiated chemistry, which tends to dominate under atmospheric conditions, although these include updates to the chemistry of some products that are also generated from the O3- and NO3-initiated oxidation. The revisions have impacts in a number of key areas, including HOx recycling, NOx recycling and the formation of species reported to play a role in SOA (secondary organic aerosol)-formation mechanisms. The performance of the MCM v3.3.1 isoprene mechanism has been compared with those of earlier versions (MCM v3.1 and MCM v3.2) over a range of relevant conditions, using a box model of the tropical forested boundary layer. The results of these calculations are presented and discussed and are used to illustrate the impacts of the mechanistic updates in MCM v3.3.1.
Coupled modeling approach to assess climate change impacts on groundwater recharge and adaptation in arid areas
Authors: Hashemi H. , Uvo C. B. , Berndtsson R.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The effect of future climate scenarios on surface and groundwater resources was simulated using a modeling approach for an artificial recharge area in arid southern Iran. Future climate data for the periods of 2010–2030 and 2030–2050 were acquired from the Canadian Global Coupled Model (CGCM 3.1) for scenarios A1B, A2, and B1. These scenarios were adapted to the studied region using the delta-change method. A conceptual rainfall–runoff model (Qbox) was used to simulate runoff in a flash flood prone catchment. The model was calibrated and validated for the period 2002–2011 using daily discharge data. The projected climate variables were used to simulate future runoff. The rainfall–runoff model was then coupled to a calibrated groundwater flow and recharge model (MODFLOW) to simulate future recharge and groundwater hydraulic heads. As a result of the rainfall–runoff modeling, under the B1 scenario the number of floods is projected to slightly increase in the area. This in turn calls for proper management, as this is the only source of fresh water supply in the studied region. The results of the groundwater recharge modeling showed no significant difference between present and future recharge for all scenarios. Owing to that, four abstraction and recharge scenarios were assumed to simulate the groundwater level and recharge amount in the studied aquifer. The results showed that the abstraction scenarios have the most substantial effect on the groundwater level and the continuation of current pumping rate would lead to a groundwater decline by 18 m up to 2050.
Modelos de impacto en la agricultura teniendo en cuenta los escenarios de la agricultura del cambio climático
Authors: Vázquez Montenegro Ranses José , Zarabozo Odil Durán , Baca Marcio
Published: October 2015

La presente reseña o recopilación de estudios realizados en Cuba y Nicaragua, tiene como propósito examinar, los impactos potenciales del cambio climático sobre el sector agropecuario mediante el uso de la modelación, con el fin de brindar elementos que puedan tomarse en cuenta para la formulación de políticas agropecuarias y ambientales, ya que conocer los posibles impactos del cambio climático, es un primer paso hacia la acción eficaz. Se analizan los posibles impactos de las variaciones de las variables climáticas sobre el sector agropecuario, sobre algunos de los cultivos más importantes. Asimismo se contabilizan los impactos económicos a través escenarios climáticos futuros.  El estudio en el sector de agricultura arrojó una amplia gama de resultados que abarcan tanto consecuencias perjudiciales como beneficiosas, en función de que los niveles del efecto de fertilización por CO2 (estimados en los laboratorios) se alcancen en la práctica para las plantas de ciclo fotosintético C3.
Análisis de estrategia de información y divulgación agra meteorológica para llegar a los productores
Authors: Vázquez Montenegro Ranses José , Zarabozo Odil Durán , Baca Marcio , Marinero Edgar Antonio , Guerrero Francisco José
Published: October 2015

Las demandas de una información agro meteorológica oportuna y eficaz para las aplicaciones agrícolas han ido en aumento durante los últimos años. Los boletines constituyen la fuente principal para brindar el servicio operacional de información meteorológica y agro meteorológica a la agricultura. Ellos están concebidos para brindar al usuario un sistema especializado que considerada para la toma de decisiones, tanto a nivel nacional del país como a nivel de localidades, con conocimiento de causa. Se presenta la línea de pensamiento y accionar que los agro meteorólogos cubanos llevan a cabo, a fin de lograr un enlace eficaz entre los encargados de producir información científica y los productores agrícolas.
Servicios ambientales y gestión de los recursos hídricos utilizando el modelo WEAP: casos de estudio en Iberoamérica
Authors: Roffe Tatiana Geler , Toruño Pedro José , Marinero Orantes Edgar Antonio , Gutiérrez Espinoza Eva Isabel
Published: October 2015

En el presente trabajo, se identifican las experiencias de los países Iberoamericanos que han aplicado la Bioeconomía en el sendero de los Servicios Ambientales (SA) de regulación hídrica y calidad del agua, como parte de la gestión de los recursos hídricos ante los impactos del cambio climático. Se realizó la revisión de documentos y casos de aplicación de esquemas de Pago por Servicios Ambientales (PSA) en América Latina y Caribe (ALC). Se incorpora, además, la aplicación del modelo hidrológico WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning System) como modelo para la gestión de los recursos hídricos. Se hace una revisión de los casos de aplicación de este modelo hidrológico en ALC, que permite la estimación de los SA del recurso agua y su relación con el uso del suelo y los cambios climáticos.
Uso de las Funciones Agua-Rendimiento y la productividad agronómica del agua en la planificación del agua en cultivos de importancia agrícola en Cuba
Authors: González Robaina Felicita , Herrera Puebla Julián , López Seijas Teresa , Lazo Greco Cid , Dios-Palomares Rafaela , Hernández Rueda Mauricio , Salazar Antón Wilber , Romero Soza Andrea
Published: October 2015

El estudio de las funciones agua-rendimiento y su uso dentro de la planificación del agua para riego es una vía importante para trazar estrategias de manejo que contribuyan al incremento en la producción agrícola. Utilizando los datos de agua aplicada por riego y los rendimientos obtenidos en más de 100 experimentos de campo realizados fundamentalmente en suelo Ferralítico Rojo de la zona sur de La Habana y con ayuda de herramientas de análisis de regresión en este trabajo se estiman las funciones agua aplicada-rendimientos para algunos cultivos agrícolas y se analizan las posibles estrategias de optimización del riego a seguir en función de la disponibilidad de agua. Seleccionar una estrategia de máxima eficiencia del riego puede conducir a reducciones de agua a aplicar entre un 21,6 y 46,8%, incrementos de la productividad del agua entre 17 y 32% y de la relación beneficios/costo estimada de hasta un 3,4%. Lo anterior indica la importancia desde el punto de vista económico que puede llegar a alcanzar el uso de esta estrategia en condiciones de déficit hídrico. El conocimiento de las funciones agua aplicada por riego-rendimiento y el uso de la productividad del agua, resultan parámetros factibles de introducir como indicadores de eficiencia en el planeamiento del uso del agua en la agricultura, con lo cual es posible reducir los volúmenes de agua a aplicar y elevar la relación beneficio-costo actual.
Indicadores de fragilidade e nível de atividade física de idosos
Authors: Virtuoso Janeisa Franck , Streit Inês Amanda , Claudino Renato , Mazo Giovana Zarpellon
Published: October 2015

Objetivo: Verificar indicadores de fragilidade em idosos, segundo o nível de atividade física. Método: Realizou-se estudo descritivo com 229 idosos praticantes de atividade física. Consideraram-se indicadores de fragilidade: idade, número de doenças, ocorrência de quedas, índice de massa corporal, força de preensão manual, força dos membros superiores e inferiores e resistência aeróbia. Efetuaram-se medidas antropométricas e coletaram-se dados por meio de questionários e testes físicos. O nível de atividade física foi mensurado pelo Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física – domínio lazer. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva e inferencial (p=0,05). Resultados: Os indicadores de fragilidade força de membros inferiores (X2=8,280; p=0,007) e ocorrência de quedas (X2=4,221; p=0,040) apresentaram associação significativa com o nível de atividade física dos idosos. Observou-se tendência de os idosos pouco ativos serem classificados como “ruins” na força de membros inferiores (81,8%) e de terem ocorrência de queda (66,7%). Conclusão: Os idosos pouco ativos fisicamente apresentaram indicadores de fragilidade relacionados à fraca força dos membros inferiores e à ocorrência de quedas.
Análise das tendências competitivas em jovens atletas praticantes de voleibol
Authors: Zambrin Lidyane Ferreira , Paludo Ana Carolina , Santos Oriane De Souza Pinto Martins dos , Simões Antonio Carlos , Serassuelo Junior Helio
Published: October 2015

Introdução: As tendências em competir, vencer e estabelecer metas pessoais não envolvem apenas treinamento físico, técnico e tático, mas também fatores relacionados à preparação psicossociológica. Objetivo: Analisar o comportamento de jovens atletas de voleibol em relação às tendências competitivas (TQ) individuais em competir, vencer e estabelecer metas e verificar possíveis diferenças entre os sexos. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 241 atletas de voleibol, com idade média de 15,19±1,59 anos e tempo de prática médio de 3,52±2,22 anos. As TQs foram avaliadas pelo Sistema de Avaliação ACS – 2. Para a análise dos dados, foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney, com significância de 5%. Resultados: Os atletas apresentaram os mesmos valores para a tendência em competir (19,00), porém os meninos relataram maior importância para vencer (9,00 vs 10,00±5,00) e estabelecer metas (8,00±3,00 vs 9,00±4,00). Conclusões: Conforme dados analisados inversamente, os atletas apresentaram comportamento expressivo voltado ao estabelecimento de metas.
Consumo de frutas antes e após intervenção educativa com professores
Authors: Sousa Arilson Fernandes Mendonça de , Nogueira Júlia Aparecida Devidé , Costa Teresa Helena Macedo da
Published: October 2015

Objetivo: Avaliar efeitos de duas intervenções educativas no consumo de frutas em professores. Métodos: Quarenta e dois professores de escolas públicas responderam a questionários para identificar a frequência de consumo de frutas antes e após uma intervenção longa (curso de 40 horas) ou uma curta (palestra de 30 minutos); em ambas distribuíram-se material educativo impresso. Medidas de massa e estatura corporal permitiram o cálculo do índice de massa corporal. Doenças crônicas foram autorrelatadas. Resultados: A prevalência de excesso de peso foi 60,5%, e 23% relataram ter alguma doença crônica. As intervenções produziram aumento significativo na prevalência do consumo adequado de frutas (de 58,1% para 79,1%) sem diferença significante por tipo de intervenção. Conclusões: Ações educativas simples produziram aumento no consumo de frutas. Entretanto, grande parte da amostra ainda falha em obter um consumo adequado. É necessário investir na melhoria da saúde e do comportamento alimentar de professores.
Agressividade infantil: comparativo entre crianças praticantes e não praticantes da natação
Authors: Silva Lívia Oliveira e , Costa Brunna Librelon , Freitas Ronilson Ferreira , Santos Gustavo Souza , Reis Vivianne Margareth Chaves Pereira , Passos Betânia Maria Araújo , Rocha Josiane Santos Brant
Published: October 2015

Introdução: A agressividade na infância é um traço comportamental que deve ser investigado, sendo preocupante não apenas pelos danos à vítima da agressão, mas também pelas consequências negativas provenientes do ato de ser um agressor nessa fase de vida. Objetivo: Comparar a agressividade de crianças inseridas e não inseridas em um projeto de natação. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa, descritiva e de corte transversal, cujo instrumento de avaliação foi a Escala de Agressividade de Sisto e Bazi. A amostra foi selecionada por conveniência, sendo composta por 200 alunos de escolas públicas de Montes Claros (MG) de ambos os sexos, com média de idade de 9,78. Resultados: Verificou-se que as crianças não praticantes da natação manifestaram agressividade com maior severidade nos ambientes escolar e familiar do que as praticantes. Conclusão: A prática da natação está associada a menores níveis de agressividade em crianças de baixa renda.
Influência da ordem dos exercícios no desempenho do número de repetições com baixa intensidade de carga em homens destreinados
Authors: Silva Andrea Jansen da , Miranda Humberto , Salles Belmiro Freitas de , Maia Marianna De Freitas , Figueiredo Tiago , Novaes Jefferson Da Silva , Simão Roberto
Published: October 2015

Introdução: A ordem dos exercícios pode afetar significativamente o desempenho de força muscular. Objetivo: Comparar o desempenho de repetições máximas e percepção subjetiva de esforço adotando diferentes ordens de exercícios. Métodos: Trinta e seis homens destreinados (27,86 ± 2,89 anos) realizaram duas sessões, a saber: SEQA – com a seguinte sequência: supino reto (SR), puxada alta (PA), desenvolvimento (DS), rosca bíceps (RB), rosca tríceps (RT), leg press (LP), cadeira extensora (CE) e mesa flexora (MF); e SEQB – com ordem inversa adotada para RT, RB, DS, PA, SR, MF, CE, LP. Resultados: Os exercícios SR, PA, RB e RT mostraram valores significativamente maiores no número total de repetições na SEQA. Quanto a MF, CE, LP, não houve diferença significativa. A percepção subjetiva de esforço apresentou diferença para os seguintes exercícios: MF, RB e RT entre as sequências. Conclusão: Dessa forma, os grupos musculares priorizados devem ser exercitados no início das sequências.
Impacto da atuação da fisioterapia respiratória no setor de emergência pediátrica
Authors: Cano Danila V. B. , Tozzo Ivoneide P. O. , Zapella Daniella , Lima Silvany B. , Mardegam Valéria , Gomes Evelim L. F. D.
Published: October 2015

Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da fisioterapia respiratória (FR) em crianças internadas na unidade de Pronto Socorro Infantil (PSI). Métodos: Realizou-se estudo prospectivo observacional com 153 crianças, de 0 a 12 anos de idade, todas com doenças respiratórias e sem antecedentes crônicos, internadas no PSI. Para tanto, elas foram separadas em dois grupos. No grupo A, foram incluídas as submetidas à FR (n=93), e no grupo B, aquelas que não tiveram atendimento de FR (n=60). Resultados: Não houve diferenças quanto às características dos grupos. No GA, houve utilização de CPAP em 28,8% das crianças. A média de idade foi 18,96±30,13 no GA; e 26,03±32,93 meses, no GB. O tempo de internação foi 2,85±1,81 no GA; e de 4,29 ±1,79 dias, no GB (p= 0,0001). O GA teve 15,56% de alta nas primeiras 24 horas, e o GB de 0%, e ocorreram no GA 21,2% de transferência para a enfermaria versus 81,54% no GB. Conclusão: A fisioterapia parece ter contribuído com um maior percentual de altas nas primeiras 24 horas de hospitalização em uma amostra de crianças sem antecedentes crônicos que apresentavam problemas respiratórios e também pode ter reduzido os dias de internação dessa população infantil analisada.
Análise da cocontração muscular em indivíduos com tálus anterior assintomático após manipulação articular
Authors: Pazzinatto Marcella Ferraz , Albuquerque Carlos Eduardo , Silva Danilo De Oliveira
Published: October 2015

Introdução: A instabilidade crônica do tornozelo pode deslocar o tálus em relação ao calcâneo, e a manipulação articular é um tratamento comum para essa disfunção. Objetivo: Avaliar a cocontração dos músculos sóleo e tibial anterior após manipulação de tálus em jovens. Métodos: Dividiram-se 48 voluntários em três grupos: manipulado, placebo e controle. Foram coletados dados eletromiográficos dos participantes com os olhos abertos e fechados, antes e após as intervenções. Resultados: Os índices de cocontração muscular foram diferentes na condição olhos fechados nos grupos amostrais (p=0,002) e entre as avaliações (p=0,021). Conclusão: Sujeitos com deslocamento do tálus desenvolvem estratégias para aumentar a estabilidade articular do tornozelo, observadas por meio dos índices de cocontração aumentados em relação ao grupo controle. Após a manipulação do tálus, houve diminuição da cocontração muscular.
Respostas fisiológicas ao exercício físico em atletas cadeirantes com lesão medular
Authors: Menezes-Reis Rafael , Ribeiro Victor Barbosa , Tourinho Filho Hugo
Published: October 2015

Introdução: Atletas com lesão medular apresentam redução da sua capacidade aeróbia global, em comparação com indivíduos não portadores de deficiência. Porém, seu treinamento tem sido realizado igual ao de um atleta sadio, desconsiderando suas particularidades. Objetivo: Identificar o que tem sido relatado pela literatura nos últimos anos envolvendo a capacidade aeróbia de atletas cadeirantes com lesão medular. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática por meio de busca de artigos originais em inglês publicados e indexados na base de dados PubMed. Resultados: Foram encontrados 44 artigos originais, e destes, apenas 17 se enquadraram nos critérios de inclusão desta pesquisa. Conclusão: O nível da lesão e o grau de mobilidade afetaram diretamente a capacidade aeróbia dos esportistas. Atletas cadeirantes apresentaram VO2pico e potência aeróbia semelhantes a dos atletas saudáveis, e FCmáx maior. Atletas cadeirantes de modalidades esportivas de esforço contínuo exibiram melhor capacidade aeróbia que atletas de esforços intermitentes.
Alterações termográficas na lombalgia crônica sob tratamento fisioterapêutico: ensaio clínico controlado e randomizado
Authors: Brito Jader Duarte , Schmit Emanuelle Francine Detogni , Nóbrega Sanmy Rocha , Araújo-Neto Severino Aires de , Ferreira José Jamacy de Almeida , De Andrade Palloma Rodrigues , Santos Heleodório Honorato dos
Published: October 2015

Objetivo: Analisar as alterações termográficas em pacientes com lombalgia crônica sob diferentes intervenções fisioterapêuticas. Método: Selecionaram-se 33 indivíduos com lombalgia crônica que foram aleatorizados em quatro grupos: terapia manual (gTM; n=10); estabilização segmentar lombar (gESL; n=7); terapia combinada – TM + ESL (gTC; n=7); e orientações posturais/controle (gOP; n=9). Todos realizaram dez sessões fisioterapêuticas e avaliados, pré- e pós-tratamento, quanto à temperatura cutânea (termografia infravermelha) e dor (Escala Visual Analógica – EVA) na região lombar. Utilizou-se Anova (4x3x2) para comparar quatro grupos, três áreas (ALE, AC e ALD) e duas avaliações (pré- e pós-tratamento), para temperatura cutânea; e Anova (4x2) entre os quatro grupos, pré- e pós-tratamento, para a EVA, considerando α≤5%. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa na temperatura da região lombar, comparando-se pré- e pós-tratamento; contudo, a EVA mostrou redução significativa para os grupos (P≤0,01). Conclusão: Apesar dos tratamentos não terem minimizado a temperatura na região lombar, diminuíram, drasticamente, o nível de dor nos grupos.
Análise da realidade virtual versus treino funcional na aptidão física de idosas
Authors: Santos Fagner França dos , Magalhães Lívio Hudson Vilarinho Nunes , Sousa Felipe Aurélio Nunes de , Marques Charlanne De Oliveira , Torres Michelle Vicente , Leal Seânia Santos
Published: October 2015

Introdução: O envelhecimento é sinônimo de degradação das habilidades físicas, que compromete a aptidão física e as atividades de vida diária dos idosos. A atividade física é empregada para amenizar os efeitos deletérios desse processo. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos da realidade virtual versus treinamento funcional-circuito em parâmetros da aptidão física de idosas. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de intervenção, comparativo, quantitativo, em que 15 voluntárias realizaram terapia com Xbox 360 (Kinect) (G1), e 15 treino funcional-circuito (G2). A coleta de dados foi feita por entrevista e aplicação dos testes de Timed Up and Go, de Marcha Estacionária de 2 min e Escala de Equilíbrio de Berg, no início e após um mês de intervenção. Resultados: O G1 apresentou aumento de 8,7 elevações do membro inferior (p
Contagens leucocitárias e sintomas de infecções respiratórias após curto período de treinamento concorrente
Authors: Baganha Ronaldo Júlio , Dias Rodrigo , Oliveira Ana Carolina De Souza , Crisp Alex Harley , Pezolato Vitor Alexandre , Oliveira Luís Henrique Sales , Silva Alexandre De Souza e , Silva Carlos Alberto da , Verlengia Rozangela
Published: October 2015

Introdução: Pessoas comumente iniciam a prática de exercícios por períodos não compatíveis com o nível de treinabilidade, podendo induzir diminuição da competência imunológica. Objetivos: Analisar as possíveis modulações nas contagens dos leucócitos circulantes e incidência de sintomas de infecções do trato respiratório superior, ao final de uma semana de treinamento concorrente. Métodos: Participaram dez voluntários do gênero masculino e sedentários, submetidos a uma semana de treino concorrente com cinco sessões em dias sequenciais, apresentando intensidades moderadas e duração de cem minutos. Resultados: Não foram observadas alterações nas contagens dos leucócitos. Quanto aos sintomas de infecções do trato respiratório superior, 10% dos voluntários apresentaram coriza, 20% congestão nasal e 40% dor de cabeça ao final da intervenção. Conclusões: A referida intervenção não apresenta potencial para modular negativamente as contagens dos leucócitos. Contudo, a incidência de sintomas de infecções do trato respiratório superior pode estar associada à diminuição da funcionalidade celular, possivelmente decorrente do volume delineado nas sessões.
Recursos lúdicos aplicados na clínica pediátrica do Hospital Municipal de Foz do Iguaçu-PR
Authors: Costa Estevan Ferreira , Mansour Noura Reda , Valentini Elton Antônio , Silva Cristina Cristovão Ribeiro da
Published: October 2015

Introdução: Recursos lúdicos podem ser associados às técnicas em fisioterapia respiratória em crianças hospitalizadas. Objetivo: Demonstrar os benefícios dos recursos lúdicos na fisioterapia respiratória pediátrica. Método: Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado. Selecionaram-se 11 crianças com diagnóstico de pneumonia e bronquite aguda, com idade variando de 3 meses a 5 anos, acompanhadas de seus responsáveis legais. Os pacientes foram randomizados e divididos em dois grupos homogêneos: Grupo A (intervenção) e Grupo B (controle), submetidos à pré- e pós-avaliação dos atendimentos. A avaliação consistiu na mensuração dos sinais vitais e na aplicação de questionário. Resultado: O Grupo A (n=5) foi mais colaborativo, mostrando melhora na capacidade respiratória e no estado emocional, já o B (n=4) não colaborou, pois a forma de abordagem sem o lúdico não foi atrativa, sendo pouco relaxante. Conclusão: Os recursos lúdicos associados à fisioterapia respiratória foram importantes na interação fisioterapeuta-criança, mantiveram os pacientes motivados e diminuíram as complicações respiratórias destes.
Meta-Cognition in Mindfulness: A Conceptual Analysis
Authors: Hussain Dilwar
Published: October 2015

Over the last few decades there has been a substantial increase in the research and applications of meta-cognition and mindfulness. The concept of meta-cognition and mindfulness seems different and their research literature evolved independent of each other. However, meta-cognition and mindfulness share many commonalities and are conceptually related in many ways. Evidently, there has been relatively little research addressing this relationship. The research tradition of meta-cognition and mindfulness may strengthen and benefit each other. Specific aspects, such as development of ‘meta-awareness’ can be integrated with each other in a complementary as well as supplementary manner in applied settings such as psychotherapy. This paper describes the nature of meta-cognition and mindfulness and reviews their conceptual relationships. Finally, theoretical and applied implications of this relationship are discussed.
Dry Creek Revisited: New Excavations, Radiocarbon Dates, and Site Formation Inform on the Peopling of Eastern Beringia
Authors: Graf Kelly E. , DiPietro Lyndsay M. , Krasinski Kathryn E. , Gore Angela K. , Smith Heather L. , Culleton Brendan J. , Kennett Douglas J. , Rhode David
Published: October 2015

The multicomponent Dry Creek site, located in the Nenana Valley, central Alaska, is arguably one of the most important archaeological sites in Beringia. Original work in the 1970s identified two separate cultural layers, called Components 1 and 2, thought to date to the terminal Pleistocene and suggesting that the site was visited by Upper Paleolithic huntergatherers between about 13,000 and 12,000 calendar years before present (cal B.P.). The oldest of these became the typeassemblage for the Nenana complex. Recently, some have questioned the geoarchaeological integrity of the site's early deposits, suggesting that the separated cultural layers resulted from natural postdepositional disturbances. In 2011, we revisited Dry Creek to independently assess the site's age and formation. Here we present our findings and reaffirm original interpretations of clear separation of two terminal Pleistocene cultural occupations. For the first time, we report direct radiocarbon dates on cultural features associated with both occupation zones, one dating to 13,485-13,305 and the other to 11,060-10,590 cal B.P.
Placing Refuge and the Archaeology of Indigenous Hinterlands in Colonial California
Authors: Schneider Tsim D.
Published: October 2015

Indigenous negotiations of European colonialism in North America are more complex than models of domination and resistance reveal. Indigenous people—acting according to their own historically and culturally specific ways of knowing and being in the world—developed strategies for remaking their identities, material choices, and social configurations to survive one or multiple phases of colonization. Archaeologists are making strides in documenting the contingencies and consequences of these strategies, yet their focus is often skewed toward sites of contact and colonialism (e.g., missions and forts). This article examines places of refuge for native people navigating colonial programs in the San Francisco Bay area of California. I use a resistance-memory-refuge framework to reevaluate resistance to Spanish missions, including the possible reoccupation of landscapes by fugitive orfurloughed Indians. Commemorative trips to shellmounds and other refuges support the concept of an indigenous hinterland, or landscapes that, in time, provided contexts for continuity and adjustment among Indian communities making social, material, and economic choices in the wake ofmissionization. By viewing colonialism from the outside in, this reoriented approach can potentially enhance connections between archaeological and Native American communities.
Differing Patterns of Material Culture Intergroup Variation on the High Plains: Quantitative Analyses of Parfleche Characteristics VS. Moccasin Decoration
Authors: Lycett Stephen J.
Published: October 2015

Native American communities occupying the western Great Plains during the postcontact period exemplify the highly contingent relationships between artifactual data and cultural processes. Here, cultural evolutionary theory and quantitative analyses are used to approach this challenge. Two sets of artif actual products were examined: parfleche attributes and moccasin decorative features, both products of female craftswomen.A model of “isolation by distance “ drawn from population genetics is used as a baseline expectation. This model predicts that, all else being equal, between-group geographic relationships will correlate with intergroup patterns of artif actual variation. Linguistic affinity and known patterns of intertribe alliance and hostility were also examined. The analyses reveal the operation of differing degrees of social transmission and differing patterns of selective bias in each artif actual case. In the case of parfleches, their potential to act as visible signals led to a patterned distribution reflecting intertribe alliance and hostility. The analyses reiterate the necessity of a cultural evolutionary approach to material culture, not only because this method facilitates the requisite flexibility toward particular historical trajectories of artifactual lineages, but also because evolutionary principles provide a range of theoretical models and practical tools of analysis, which facilitate an empirical and quantitatively analytical approach to this problem.
Location and Position in Archaeology: Revisiting the Original Association of a Folsom Point with Bison Ribs
Authors: Lee Lyman R.
Published: October 2015

The proveniences (locations) of artifacts have long been critically important to archaeological interpretation. Although of major importance to site formation studies, positional attributes of artifacts (e.g., orientation, dip, which side is up) are seldom mentioned. When discovered in 1927, the in situ association of a Folsom projectile point with two ribs of a Pleistocene form of bison was interpreted as indicative of the contemporaneity of the three items, and thus was taken as evidence for the Pleistocene age of humans in North America. The locational and positional attributes of the two ribs and the point relative to one another suggest it is improbable that the point was deposited simultaneously with the two ribs as a result of it being embedded in the animal's flank, which is not to say the three items are not depositionally and temporally associated. Previously unmentioned positional attributes of the items making up the original Folsom association exemplify the importance of such attributes. New understanding of the original association underscores that actualistic research is required to identify the kinds of positional attributes important to questions regarding site formation and site structure.
Faunal Quantification and the Ascendance of Hunting Debate: Reevaluation of the Data from Southeastern California
Authors: Fisher Jacob L.
Published: October 2015

The debate regarding the underlying motivations for large game hunting in western North America has ensued in American Antiquity for over a decade. Empirical support for the original argument for costly signaling hunting by Hildebrandt and McGuire partly derived from a regional synthesis of faunal data from southeastern California that demonstrated a spike in artiodactyl hunting during the Middle Archaic. This spike is primarily driven by the faunal assemblage from a single, highelevation site located in the White Mountains of southeastern California. It was suspected that this anomaly was a reflection of analytical differences in taxonomic identifications among faunal analysts. Contrary to expectations, it was discovered that taxonomic identifications were conservative. Instead, the previously reported number of identified specimens for artiodactyls was calculated in a manner inconsistent with other analyses in the region. When corrected, the regional data show a pattern of faunal exploitation that is consistent with expectations derived from optimal foraging theory.
Distinct roles of NMDA receptors at different stages of granule cell development in the adult brain
Authors: Mu Yangling , Zhao Chunmei , Toni Nicolas , Yao Jun , Gage Fred H
Published: October 2015

NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent forms of synaptic plasticity are thought to underlie the assembly of developing neuronal circuits and to play a crucial role in learning and memory. It remains unclear how NMDAR might contribute to the wiring of adult-born granule cells (GCs). Here we demonstrate that nascent GCs lacking NMDARs but rescued from apoptosis by overexpressing the pro-survival protein Bcl2 were deficient in spine formation. Insufficient spinogenesis might be a general cause of cell death restricted within the NMDAR-dependent critical time window for GC survival. NMDAR loss also led to enhanced mushroom spine formation and synaptic AMPAR activity throughout the development of newborn GCs. Moreover, similar elevated synapse maturation in the absence of NMDARs was observed in neonate-generated GCs and CA1 pyramidal neurons. Together, these data suggest that NMDAR operates as a molecular monitor for controlling the activity-dependent establishment and maturation rate of synaptic connections between newborn neurons and others.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type I diagnosed in a 5-year-old boy after vincristine neurotoxicity, resulting in maternal diagnosis
Authors: Olek Michael J , Bordeaux Bryan , Leshner Robert T
Published: October 2015

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1, also known as hereditary motor sensory neuropathy type 1, is an uncommon autosomal dominant disease that causes destruction of peripheral nerves with a varied clinical course, but often leads to muscle weakness. If the peroneal muscle is involved, the patient may develop a characteristic slapping gait. The dose-limiting side effect of the chemotherapeutic agentvincristine is usually its neurotoxicity. We report the case of a 5-year-old patient with leukemia who developed an acute polyneuropathy after treatment with vincristine. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 was diagnosed in the patient and, subsequently, in his mother only after vincristine toxicity was observed.
Health hazards reported by international travelers
Authors: Licciardone John C.
Published: October 2015

International travel projections suggest that physicians will be increasingly involved in cotmseling their traveling patients on the prevention of health hazards. A mail survey of 121 returning international travelers indicated that their leading problems involved drinking water (odds ratio [OR], 19.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.6 to 39.1), sanitation (OR, 13.8; 95% CI, 6.9 to 27.5), jet lag (OR, 12.4; 95% CI, 6.2 to 24.6), and food (OR, 9.5; 95% CI, 4.8 to 18.8). Medication for treatment of travelers' diarrhea and countermeasures for jet lag were not significantly associated with better outcomes. Compliance with malaria chemoprophylaxis was greater than previously reported.
Psychogenic stridor: A cause of acute upper airway obstruction
Authors: Carbone Jared , Litman Ronald S
Published: October 2015

A 17-year-old boy was seen in the emergency department with signs and symptoms of acute upper airway obstruction, closely resembling epiglottitis. Inunediate management consisted of induction of general anesthesia with spontaneous ventilation. Because no organic pathologic process was found, and in combination with subsequently known psychosocial stressors, a diagnosis of psychogenic stridor, a conversion disorder, was made. Conversion disorders may be seen by the busy family practitioner or pediatrician and are frequently underdiagnosed.
Visualization technology in medical education
Authors: Faao Sherman Gorbis, , Hallgren Richard C
Published: October 2015

Visualization technology offers the possibility of profoundly changing the way in which osteopathic medical students assimilate basic osteopathic principles by giving them the ability to interactively explore biomechanical components of the musculoskeletal system, and to investigate the effects that changes in physical properties can have on functionality. The authors are developing a multiple-volume series of computer-assisted learning modules that use three-dimensional, visualization technology to enhance the acquisition of knowledge and skills necessary for clinical evaluation and treatment of the lumbar and cervical spines. These materials, designed to serve as an adjunct to teaching strategies that faculty are currendy using, are available to students on campus through the Kobiljak Resource Center at Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine (MSUCOM) and via the Internet (http://hal.binl.msu.edulEdTech) to individuals and groups who are physically removed from the Michigan State University campus. In addition to addressing needs in undergraduate and graduate medical education, these osteopathic materials, delivered to users via CD-ROM, have been approved for obtaining Category 1-B CME credits (http://hal.bim.msu.edulcme).Itis anticipated that the use of these materials will facilitate understanding of static and dynamic relationships among physical components of the musculoskeletal system, thus contributing to ongoing efforts to develop and maintain physician, faculty, and student expertise in areas that are uniquely osteopathic. Although initial efforts were restricted to the cervical and lumbar spines, future modules will include other regions of the body. The ultimate goal is to enable students to visualize the effects of pathologic processes as they interactively control an articulation in three-dimensional space.
The role of physical activity in the management of obesity
Authors: Harris Jeffrey E
Published: October 2015

Sedentary lifestyle is associated with obesity and obesity-related chronic diseases. Increased physical activity can produce clinically significant changes in body composition and a reduction in risk of obesity-related chronic diseases in obese people. Because a great proportion of a primary care physician's patient population will be obese, it is essential that physicians know the scientific facts about the role of physical activity in the treatment of obesity and how to effectively prescribe it. This article summarizes significant research .conclusions about the relationship between physical activity, obesity, and health. It also provides practical strategies for helping obese patients integrate physical activity into their lives.
Advances in the understanding and treatment of obesity
Authors: Still, Christopher D
Published: October 2015

The epidemic of obesity in the United States has major consequences for society. Healthcare proViders need to have an appreciation for obesity's complexity and related multiple comorbid medical problems. This article reviews the epidemiology, definitions, and assessment of obesity with emphasis on its clinical consequences. In addition, current techniques in evaluating and treating the obese patient are also described.
Scripted role play: A technique for teaching sexual history taking
Authors: Schweickert Eileen A , Heeren Allison B
Published: October 2015

Many inexperienced physicians are uncertain as to how to go about gathering a sexual history. They have had courses in basic history taking, but they do not know how to go about obtaining the information in a nonthreatening way. Their opportunities for interaction with real patients have typically been limited. Scripted role play is a very effective method for providing residents with an opportunity to enhance their sexual-history-taking skills. This article describes scripted role play as a teaching method; explains why it is effective for teaching sexual history taking; presents general guidelines for script writing for this purpose; details how to organize a teaching session; and provides some tips for thesession facilitator.
Rheumatoid arthritis and primary care: The case for early diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Calabrese Leonard H.
Published: October 2015

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that can cause severe pain and disability. Disease management historically was based on a "therapeutic pyramid" in which treatment escalated as symptoms worsened. However, the demonstration of early joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis has emphasized the importance of early identification and treatment. Key features in establishing a diagnosis include joint examinations, assessments of extra-articular manifestations, laboratory tests, and radiologic examinations. Care must be taken to rule outother disorders with symptoms that overlap those of rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis typically involves disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and low-dose corticosteroids-often used in combination. A new class of therapeutic agents designed to neutralize inflammatory cytokines has added a new dimension to the therapeutic armamentarium against rheumatoid arthritis. Etanercept, a bioengineered soluble receptor fusion protein that blocks tumor necrosis factor activity, is the first compound in this class to be approved for treatment of patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Therapeutic trials indicate that etanercept can reduce disease activity with relatively few drug-related adverse effects, thus helping persons with rheumatoid arthritis return to more normal, healthy lives.
Revisiting diagenesis on the Ontong Java Plateau: Evidence for authigenic crust precipitation in Globorotalia tumida
Authors: Branson Oscar , Read Elizabeth , Redfern Simon A. T. , Rau Christoph , Elderfield Henry
Published: October 2015

The calcite tests of foraminifera lie in marine sediments for thousands to millions of years, before being analyzed to generate trace element and isotope paleoproxy records. These sediments constitute a distinct physio‐chemical environment from the conditions in which the tests formed. Storage in sediments can modify the trace element and isotopic content of foraminiferal calcite through diagenetic alteration, which has the potential to confound their paleoceanographic interpretation. A previous study of Globorotalia tumida from the Ontong Java Plateau, western equatorial Pacific, found that preferential dissolution of higher‐Mg chamber calcite and the preservation of a low‐Mg crust on the tests significantly reduced whole‐test Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca. Here we revisit specimens with a combination of synchrotron X‐ray computed tomography (sXCT) and electron probe microanalyses to reevaluate the nature of their diagenetic alteration. The dissolution of higher‐Mg calcite with depth was directly observed in the sXCT data, confirming the inference of the previous study. The sXCT data further reveal a thickening of the chemically and structurally distinct calcite crust with depth. We propose that these crusts have a diagenetic origin, driven by the simultaneous dissolution of high‐Mg chamber calcite and precipitation of low‐Mg crust from the resulting modified pore water solution. While the breadth of the study is limited by the nature of the techniques, the observation of both dissolution and reprecipitation of foraminiferal calcite serves to demonstrate the action of two simultaneous diagenetic alteration processes, with significant impacts on the resulting paleoproxy signals.
Response of the Mars ionosphere to solar flares: Analysis of MGS radio occultation data
Authors: Fallows K. , Withers P. , Gonzalez G.
Published: October 2015

Increased soft X‐ray irradiance during solar flares produces increased electron densities in the lower ionosphere of Mars, and the relative changes in electron density during a flare are greater for lower altitudes and larger flares. However, this relationship has not been quantified. This has impeded the validation of simulations of the ionospheric response to flares, which are necessary for developing accurate descriptions of the physical processes governing ionospheric behavior under extreme conditions. Here we develop a response function, a mathematical expression for the change in electron density during a solar flare as a function of the change in solar flux and an optical depth proxy. This function is based on analysis of 20 Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) radio occultation electron density profiles measured during solar flares. We find that characterizing the response as a function of optical depth, rather than altitude, provides the best description of ionospheric variability during a flare. A separate response function, determined from analysis of a numerical simulation of the response to a solar flare, was found to be grossly similar to the observationally based response function, though with a weaker dependence on optical depth. We identify 15 MGS profiles with an apparent solar flare response, but no coincident detected solar flare. We suggest that the observed response function can be used to detect flares not visible from Earth and to give an approximation of their strength. Additionally, it can estimate ionospheric electron densities during a flare; however, precision is limited by a small number of observations.
The role of ionospheric O+ outflow in the generation of earthward propagating plasmoids
Authors: Zhang B. , Brambles O. J. , Lotko W. , Ouellette J. E. , Lyon J. G.
Published: October 2015

Earthward propagating plasmoids in the Earth's magnetotail have been observed by satellites. Using a multifluid global magnetosphere simulation, earthward propagating plasmoids are reproduced when ionospheric O+ outflow is included in the global simulation. Controlled simulations show that without ionospheric outflow, the plasmoids generated in the magnetotail during a substorm‐steady magnetospheric convection cycle only propagate tailward. With ionospheric outflow, earthward plasmoids can be induced through the modification of magnetotail reconnection at multiple X lines. When multiple X lines form in the magnetotail, plasmoids may be trapped between multiple reconnection sites. When magnetic reconnection rate is reduced at the near‐Earth X line by the presence of ionospheric O+, the earthward exhaust flow of reconnection occurring at the midtail X line forces the plasmoid to propagate earthward. The propagation speed and spatial size of the simulated earthward plasmoid are consistent with observations from the Cluster satellites.
Sea‐surface temperature and salinity product comparison against external in situ data in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Stroh J. N. , Panteleev Gleb , Kirillov Sergey , Makhotin Mikhail , Shakhova Natalia
Published: October 2015

Sea‐surface temperature and salinity (SST/S) in the Arctic Ocean (AO) are largely governed by sea‐ice and continental runoff rather than evaporation and precipitation as in lower latitude oceans, and global satellite analyses and models which incorporate remotely observed SST/S may be inaccurate in the AO due to lack of direct measurements for calibrating satellite data. For this reason, we are motivated to validate several satellite sea‐surface temperature (SST) data products and SST/S models by comparing gridded data in the AO with oceanographic records from 2006 to 2013. Statistical analysis of product‐minus‐observation differences reveals that the satellite SST products considered have a temperature bias magnitude of less than 0.5
C compared to ship‐based CTD measurements, and most of these biases are negative in sign. SST/S models also show an overall negative temperature bias, but no common sign or magnitude of salinity bias against CTD data. Ice tethered profiler (ITP) near‐surface data span the seasons of several years, and these measurements reflect a sea‐ice dominated region where the ocean surface cannot be remotely observed. Against this data, many of the considered models and products show large errors with detectable seasonal differences in SST bias. Possible sources of these errors are discussed, and two adjustments of product SST on the basis of sea‐ice concentration are suggested for reducing bias to within less than 0.01
C of ITP near‐surface temperatures.