bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGGUNAAN ABU BATU BARA SEBAGAI FILLER PADA CAMPURAN ASPAL BETON AC-BC
Authors: Abdullah Zulfhazli Zulfhazli , Wesli Wesli , Akbar Said Jalalul
Published: February 2018

Abu batu bara terdiri dari partikel-partikel halus, gradasi dan kehalusan abu batu bara dapat memenuhi persyaratan gradasi untuk mineral filler. Penggunaa filler pada campuran aspal beton adalah untuk mengisi rongga dalam campuran, untuk mengikatkan daya ikat aspal beton, dapat meningkatkan stabilitas dari campuran aspal beton. Tujuannya dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perubahan nilai Parameter Marshall akibat pengaruh penggunaan abu batu bara sebagai pengganti filler dengan beberapa variasi campuran. Metode penelitian menggunakan Metode Marshall dengan rujukan Spesifikasi Bina Marga tahun 2010 Revisi 2. Hasil penelitian didapat nilai Flow pada campuran aspal mengalami peningkatan pada kadar 25% abu batu bara nilai sebesar 3,30 mm dan kemudian meningkat sebesar 0,91% menjadi 3,33 mm pada kadar 50% abu batu bara,  kemudian terus meningkat seiring bertambahnya kadar abu batu bara seiring bertambahnya kadar abu batu bara dalam camputran,hal ini disebabkan nilai VIM dapat menerima kadar abu batu bara bertambah dan rongga dalam campuran bertambah licin.Sedangkan nilai stabilitas pada campuran aspal mengalami penurunan dimulai pada kadar 25% abu batu bara nilai stabilitas sebesar 1431 kg kemudian menurun sebesar 70,79% pada kadar 50% abu batu bara sebesar 1418 kg nilai stabilitas mengalami penurunan seiring bertambahnya kadar abu batu bara dalam campuran. Hal ini disebabkan oleh menurunnya penggunaan butiran abu batu yang mengakibatkan film aspal menjadi tebal, sehingga fungsi aspal sebagai pengikat berubah menjadi pelicin dan akan menurunya nilai stabilitas. 

 
PENGARUH RASIO AGREGAT BINDER TERHADAP PRILAKU MEKANIK BETON GEOPOLIMER DENGAN CAMPURAN ABU SEKAM PADI DAN ABU AMPAS TEBU
Authors: Adi Mul Muliadi , Burhanuddin Burhanuddin , Darwis Darwis
Published: February 2018

Beton merupakan material yang sangat penting dan banyak digunakan untuk membangun infrastruktur. Kebutuhan akan beton meningkat sejalan dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan sarana dan prasarana dasar manusia. Oleh karena itu produksi semen sebagai bahan pengikat beton meningkat pula. Dalam proses produksi semen terjadi pelepasan karbon dioksida (CO2) yang sangat banyak ke atmosfer yang dapat merusak lingkungan. Untuk mengatasi efek buruk tersebut maka perlu dicari material lain sebagai bahan pengganti semen. Beton geopolymer merupakan salah satu alternatif untuk mengganti beton yang menggunakan semen yang kurang ramah lingkungan. Beton geopolymer dibuat tanpa menggunakan semen sebagai bahan pengikat, dan sebagai gantinya digunakan binder. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui dan mendapatkan nilai optimum kuat tekan dari beton geopolimer dengan berbagai variasi agregat binder menggunakan bahan dasar abu sekam padi dan abu ampas tebu.Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengujian kuat tekan beton terhadap sejumlah benda uji berbentuk kubus 15x15x15 cm3 dengan variasi agregat: 90%, 80%, 70%, 60% terhadap binder: 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh kuat tekan pada variasi 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, dengan kuat tekan masing-masing yaitu 1,265 Mpa, 8,104 Mpa, 13,208 Mpa, 20,024 Mpa. Trend menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar komposisi binder maka semakin besar kuat tekan yang dihasilkan. Terlihat juga bahwa kuat tekan optimum dihasilkan pada variasi 60% agregat dan 40% binder yaitu 20,024 Mpa, dan sesuai dengan kuat tekan rencana 20 Mpa.
Meningkatkan Kemampuan Kognitif Mengurutkan Bilangan 1-10 Melalui Media Pohon Hitung Anak Kelompok B Di TK Baptis Setia Bakti Kota Kediri
Authors: Erlina Erlina
Published: February 2018

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi hasil pengamatan dan pengalaman peneliti bahwa kemampuan kognitif khususnya kemampuan berhitung dalam membilang lambang bilangan dan mengurutkan bilangan 1-10 kurang diminati anak karena faktor media yang kurang mendukung, selain itu guru belum menerapkan pembelajaran yang menyenangkan sehingga anak mudah bosan. Media merupakan sarana untuk membangkitkan motivasi belajar sehingga sangat diperlukan untuk pengembangan kemampuan berhitung secara optimal. Berdasarkan latar belakang masalah tersebut dirumuskan permasalahan yang diteliti yaitu: Apakah penggunaan media pohon hitung dapat meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif anak terutama dalam membilang dan mengurutkan lambang bilangan 1-10. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) kolaboratif dengan sampel anak didik kelompok B TK Baptis Setia Bakti Kota Kediri sejumlah 20 anak. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua siklus, menggunakan penilaian, lembar observasi siswa dan lembar observasi guru. Kesimpulan hasil penelitian ini adalah: Melalui pembelajaran menggunakan media pohon hitung terbukti berhasil dan dapat meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif membilang dan mengurutkan lambang bilangan 1-10 anak kelompok B. Implikasi praktis hasil penelitian ini adalah tujuan pendidikan pada satuan pendidikan PAUD lebih diutamakan pada peningkatan kemampuan dasar. Untuk membentuk kemampuan dasar yang kuat diperlukan beberapa hal diantaranya adalah penggunaan Alat Peraga Edukatif yang menarik minat anak. Media pohon hitung terbukti dapat memenuhi tujuan tersebut, untuk itu dinarapkan guru PAUD dapat menggunakannya dalam pembelajaran untuk meningkatkan penguasaan kemampuan dasar.
Media LASERIN dalam Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Sejarah Penjajahan Belanda Di Indonesia
Authors: Khoirulina Lilis
Published: February 2018

Pembelajaran IPS di sekolah dasar memiliki beberapa permasalahan, di antaranya penggunaan media dan metode yang masih bersifat konvensional serta cenderung monoton, menyampaikan materi dengan menggunakan metode ceramah, kemudian memberikan tugas. Siswa tidak terlibat langsung dalam proses pembelajaran dan cenderung hanya duduk, diam, mendengarkan, kurang aktif, kurang memiliki perhatian terhadap materi yang disampaikan guru, enggan untuk bertanya kepada guru meskipun belum memahami materi yang diajarkan dan suasana pembelajaran kurang menyenangkan, sehingga juga berdampak pada hasil belajar yang diperoleh siswa rendah karena materi pelajaran tidak dikuasai sepenuhnya oleh siswa.Penggunaan media LASERIN pada materi Sejarah Penjajahan  Belanda di Indonesia pada Siswa Kelas V SDN Dermo I Kota Kediri Tahun Pelajaran 2014/ 2015 menerapkan pembelajaran aktif, kreatif, efektif dan menyenangkan (PAKEM) yang merangsang siswa aktif dan terlibat langsung dalam kegiatan pembelajaran dan termotivasi dengan sendirinya untuk belajar karena mereka merasa senang dan menemukan materi dengan cara memahami syair LASERIN dan dapat memahami keruntutan materi pembelajaran sejarah.Hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan media LASERIN meningkat. Penilaian hasil belajar pada pertemuan kedua sebesar 63,83% dan pertemuan keempat meningkat kembali menjadi 89,37 %. Hasil di atas menunjukkan perlunya media/ alat yang membantu peserta didik untuk menangkap pesan atau tujuan dari proses pembelajaran.
Penerapan Permainan Kreatif Mencari Harta Karun Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Memecahkan Masalah Pada Anak Kelompok B Di Taman Kanak-Kanak
Authors: Setyowati Mm Novita Dwi
Published: February 2018

Aspek perkembangan kognitif dalam memecahkan masalah adalah aspek utama yang harus dikembangkan dalam masa usia dini, mengingat anak usia dalam mencari pengalaman baru selalu berhubungan dengan kemampuan berpikirnya. Anak belajar melalui kegiatan bermain, melalui penerapan permainan kreatif mencari harta karun dalam pembelajaran dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir dalam memecahkan masalah pada anak, karena permainan ini merupakan permainan penggabungan dari mencari jejak (maze) dan puzzle.Tujuan penelitian Mendeskripsikan penerapan Permainan Kreatif Mencari Harta Karun untuk meningkatkan kemampuan memecahkan masalah pada anak kelompok B di TK Negeri Pembina Kota Kediri. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan: (1) Rancangan penelitian Tindakan kelas, melalui (a) Tahap perencanaan, (b) Tahap pelaksanaan, (c) Observasi kegiatan, (d) Refleksi; (2) Latar dan subjek penelitian anak kelompok B di TK Negeri Pembina Kota Kediri dengan jumlah murid 20 anak; (3) Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah dari proses observasi, dokumentasi, tes; (4) Instrumen penelitian menggunakan rancangan kegiatan harian, skenario, media, dan lembar penilaian; (5) Analisis data pada penelitian ini menggunakan rumus hitung rerata (mean) yang mengacu pada keaktifan anak dan keberhasilan anak pada penerapan permainan kreatif mencari harta karun.Hasil dari penelitian penerapan permainan kreatif mencari harta karun untuk meningkatkan kemampuan memecahkan masalah pada anak di TK. Negeri Pembina Kota kediri dilakukan dengan dua siklus dimana setiap siklusnya terdiri dari 2 kali pertemuan. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan permainan kreatif mencari harta karun dapat meningkatkan kemampuan memecahkan masalah pada anak kelompok B TK Negeri Pembina Kota Kediri.
ISOMERISASI POLIMER MELALUI REAKSI SAIN SAYEF UNTUK MENGUBAH KONFIGURASI HTPB (HYDROXYL TERMINATED POLYBUTADIENE) POLYMER ISOMERIZATION BY SAIN SAYEF REACTION TO MODIFY CONFIGURATION OF HTPB (HYDROXYL TERMINATED POLYBUTADIENE)
Authors: Wibowo Heru Budi
Published: February 2018

One of the problems in the synthesis of Hydroxyl Terminated Polybutadiene for propellant binders is the level of vinyl is high (up to 30%), while the desired product is 20%. Vinyl bond can be reduced if the chain can be broken with the addition of a hydroxyl group. The research objective is to reduce the amount of vinyl structure in HTPB with the addition of double bonds in the vinyl by applying Sayef Sain reaction. HTPB is reacted with concentrated hydrogen peroxide with the Sain Sayef catalyst in the 1 liter autoclave reactor with ethanol for 1-3 hours at 100° C. After being purified by extraction in hot water and drying, it is analyzed by an infrared spectrometer. The result shows that there is a change in the concentrations of vinyl within the polymers produced by observing the absorption of vinyl groups at a wavelength of 690cm-1. Optimal results obtained with vinyl content of 20% with a temperature of 100° C for 90 minutes. In general, the quality of HTPB can be increased by reducing the levels of vinyl which allowing the HTPB composition to have a vinyl content reduced to 19%. Abstrak:Salah satu permasalahan dalam sintesis Hydroxyl Terminated Polybutadiene untuk binder propelan adalah masih tingginya kadar vinil (sampai dengan 30%), sedangkan produk yang diinginkan adalah 20%. Ikatan vinil dapat direduksi jika dapat dipecah rantainya dengan adisi gugus hidroksil. Tujuan penelitian adalah mereduksi jumlah struktur vinil dalam HTPB dengan adisi ikatan rangkap dalam vinil dengan menerapkan reaksi Sain Sayef. HTPB direaksikan dengan hydrogen peroksida pekat dengan katalis Sain Sayef dalam reaktor autoklaf 1 liter dengan pelarut etanol selama 1-3 jam pada suhu 100 °C. Setelah dimurnikan dengan ekstraksi dalam air panas dan pengeringan dari air, dianalisis dengan spectrometer infra merah. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi perubahan konsentrasi kandungan vinil dalam polimer yang dihasilkan dengan pengamatan serapan gugus vinil pada panjang gelombang 690 cm-1. Hasil optimal diperoleh dengan kadar vinil 20% dengan suhu 100 °C selama 90 menit. Secara umum, kualitas HTPB dapat meningkat dengan mengurangi kadar vinil sehingga komposisi HTPB memiliki kadar vinil turun menjadi 19%.
PENGATURAN SUDUT AZIMUTH ROKET RUM UNTUK OPERASI PELUNCURAN PADA KECEPATAN ANGIN DI ATAS 10 KNOT
Authors: Wibowo Heri Budi , Riyadl Ahmad , Nugroho Yudha Agung
Published: February 2018

RUM rocket is a rocket used in the payload competition among university students. The rocket is designed to bring a maximum payload of 1 kg to altitude of 600-1000 m and  falls safely on a 500 m radius of the left and right rear of the center point of the launching pad of the conditions of wind speeds below 10 knots. In extreme circumstances where the wind speed is above 10 knots, the effect of speed and direction of wind to the stability of the rocket flight direction large enough  to cause it to fall beyond the defined safety radius. The research aims to adjust azimuth setting of the rocket so that the fall of  the rocket motor remains secure within the radius of the launch area. The study was conducted by testing a rocket RUM in extreme conditions (wind speed of 10-20 knots) with variations in shear-pin and azimuth angle. The test variables are the position of the fallen rocket motor. The results show that the wind direction and speed significantly affecting direction of rockets flight. The results show that rocket azimuth angle of 60 degrees with the direction of 90 degrees from the wind direction can make thea rocket falls on a secure area (within 500 m). Abstrak Roket RUM adalah roket untuk lomba muatan antar mahasiswa. Roket didisain membawa beban maksimum 1 kg dengan ketinggian 600-1000 m dan jatuh pada radius 500 m dari titik pusat peluncuran dengan kondisi kecepatan angin di bawah 10 knot. Dalam keadaan ekstrim dimana kecepatan angin di atas 10 knot, pengaruh kecepatan angin terhadap arah terbang roket menjadi besar sehingga dapat menyebabkan jatuhnya roket meleset di luar radius aman yang telah diitetapkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengatur sudut azimuth roket untuk mengatur jatuhnya motor roket sehingga tetap aman dalam radius area peluncuran. Penelitian dilakukan dengan melakukan pengujian roket RUM pada kondisi ekstrim (kecepatan angin 10-20 knot) dengan variasi penahan beban dan sudut azimuth. Hasil optimasi menunjukkan bahwa dengan menggunakan penahan beban dan pengaturan sudut azimuth roket 60 derajat dengan arah 90 derajat dari arah angin dapat membuat roket jatuh pada daerah aman peluncuran (500 m).
ANALISIS KARAKTERISTIK TEMPERATUR AREA TERBAKAR (BURNED AREA) MENGGUNAKAN DATA LANDSAT-8 TIRS DI KALIMANTAN
Authors: Suwarsono . , Zubaidah Any , Parwati . , Khomarudin M. Rokhis
Published: February 2018

Biomass burning in an area will leave traces of fire such as charcoal, ash, and outcrop of land in the area known as the burned area. The burnt area is thought to have a relatively higher temperature than the surrounding area were not burned. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the temperature of the burned area using remote sensing data of Landsat-8 TIRS (Thermal Infra Red Sensor). The selected research locations are parts of Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan incoming Landsat scene-8 path / row 118/062. The research method is a data processing Landsat-8 TIRS (channels 10 and 11) to produce an image of the brightness temperature as well as data analysis includes a statistical analysis of central tendency of the values of the brightness temperature of the sample (calculation of mean and standard deviation) as well as distance calculation (D-value). The results showed that the brightness temperature data either channel 10 or channel 11 Landsat-8 TIRS has good ability in separating the burned area and bare soil, but has a low ability to separate the burned areas and settlements. Thus, the brightness temperature parameter cannot be used as a single variable for the extraction of burned areas in a scene image of a single acquisition. Abstrak Peristiwa kebakaran biomassa pada suatu daerah akan menyisakan bekas-bekas kebakaran seperti arang, abu, serta singkapan tanah pada daerah tersebut yang dikenal dengan burned area. Daerah bekas kebakaran tersebut diduga memiliki temperatur yang relatif lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan daerah sekitarnya yang tidak terbakar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik temperatur burned area menggunakan data penginderaan jauh Landsat-8 Thermal Infra Red Sensor (TIRS). Lokasi penelitian yang dipilih adalah sebagian wilayah Kalimantan Tengah dan Kalimantan Selatan yang masuk scene Landsat-8 path/row 118/062. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah pengolahan data Landsat-8 TIRS (kanal 10 dan 11) untuk menghasilkan citra suhu kecerahan serta analisis data yang meliputi analisis statistik tendensi sentral dari nilai-nilai suhu kecerahan dari sampel (perhitungan rerata dan standar deviasi) serta perhitungan jarak (D-value). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa data suhu kecerahan baik kanal 10 maupun kanal 11 Landsat-8 TIRS memiliki kemampuan yang baik dalam memisahkan burned area dan lahan terbuka, namun memiliki kemampuan yang rendah untuk memisahkan burned area dan permukiman. Dengan demikian, parameter suhu kecerahan belum bisa dipergunakan sebagai variabel tunggal untuk ekstraksi burned area pada suatu scene citra perekaman tunggal.
Analisis Respon Dinamik Gedung Bertingkat Tujuh
Authors: Afriandini Besty
Published: February 2018

Getaran yang sangat berbahaya untuk stuktur adalah getaran akibat gempa bumi karena tidak memberikan peringatan dini sebelumnya. Struktur akan mengalami resonansi pada saat getaran bumi sama dengan/mendekati frekuensi alami struktur. Menurut Nakamura, dkk (2000), indeks kerentanan dapat diidentifikasi dari frekuensi alami struktur dan amplitudo percepatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada Gedung struktur portal terbuka yang terdiri dari 7 lantai. Pengujian dilakukan untuk arah X (US), Y (BT), dan Z pada kolom terdekat dengan titik berat di setiap lantai dengan menggunakan 2 alat sensor, 1 alat diletakan pada kolom lantai 1 dan 1 alat mengukur getaran pada kolom di setiap lantai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa frekuensi alami yang dimilliki struktur tersebut pada arah X dan Y berturut-turut adalah 1,4679 Hz dan 1,5657 Hz. Pola goyangan yang terjadi dominan pola goyangan pertama, dengan faktor amplifikasi semakin ke atas semakin besar. Indeks kerentanan tertinggi hasil analisis dan pemodelan numeris yang mengindikasikan kerusakan paling awal terjadi pada tingkat ke 2 dan 3 arah X. SNI 1726-2012 pasal 6.7.3 menyebutkan bahwa percepatan tanah puncak untuk daerah tersebut adalah 0,502 g, sementara percepatan maksimum hasil pengujian dan sebesar 0,11 g (110,9114 cm/det2), sehingga gedung ini tidak memenuhi persyaratan tersebut.
A Case Study of Code-switching in a City of East China
Authors: Jie Xiaoping
Published: February 2018

This study attempts to observe how natives of different age groups in a city of south-east China switch between Putonghua (Mandarin Chinese), the H language variety, and the local dialect, the L variety, the linguistic features of different CS patterns, and the function of the H variety in conversation. Topics of the participants’ conversations ranged from family to friends, neighborhood, games, movies, computers and business. Data analysis shows that the participants mainly use the local dialect and Putonghua in their daily conversation, while English and other dialects in China like Cantonese and Dongbeihua (Dialect in north-east China) are also used.
Designing Big Story Book Project (BSBP) in Teaching Reading Comprehension
Authors: Abbas Aswin
Published: February 2018

This research aimed find out the effectiveness of using big story book project (BSBP) in teaching reading comprehension and to know the advantages and the disadvantages of using BSBP in teaching reading comprehension. The researcher applied pre-experimental research design and consists of pre-test, treatment and post-test in order to find whether the big story book project (BSBP) effective in teaching reading comprehension. The instruments used in this research were reading test and questionnaire. The result from this research shows that using big story book project (BSBP) in teaching reading comprehension is effective. It is proved by the result that there is significant difference between the result of the students’ mean score in the pre-test and the post-test. In the pre-test, the students’ mean score is (43.79) and in the post-test is (80.37). Furthermore, it is proved by the probability value is smaller than α (0.00 < 0.05). On the other word, BSBP has advantages to the students if applied in teaching and learning process, especially in reading subject.
Modulation in Translation Process
Authors: Rahmatillah Kartini
Published: February 2018

Many aspects have to be observed by translators in order to make a good and equivalent translation. One of these is meaning, because it is the main goal translators must reach in their translation activity. The object of this preliminary research was on the modulation or the shifting of meaning in the process of translation. This preliminary research was qualitative naturalistic research. It used the samples of translation, both from Indonesian to English and from English to Indonesian. The words that needed modulation were classified, the patterns of the words were analyzed and finally conclusion was drawn. The source text were about social and religious affairs, i.e. the training module for companionship for victims of violence against women (VAW) and Section III Chapter 14 and Glossary of Teaching and Researching Translation (Hatim, 2001).The aims of this preliminary research were to find out (1) what kinds of pattern that are said to be modulated, and (2) whether each pattern, either from TSu or TSa carries the same or different meaning. The result from this preliminary research showed that each pattern, even though different between TSu and TSa carries the same meaning and the patterns that are modulated were the changing of passive in TSu to active in TSa and both passive in TSu and TSa.
Using Noddy Cartoon to Improve the Writing Skill of the First Year Students of SMK Terpadu Mega Rezky Makassar
Authors: Tanasy Novalia
Published: February 2018

This research is conducted to find out: (1) whether or not the use of Noddy cartoon is effective in improving the writing skill of the first year students of SMK Terpadu Mega Rezky Makassar and (2) the attitude of the first year students of SMK Terpadu Mega Rezky Makassar toward the use of Noddy cartoon in improving their writing skill. The research employs quasi-experimental method with two groups namely control and experimental groups. Each group consists of 30 students. The sample is chosen by applying cluster random sampling technique. The writer uses a test of writing and questionnaire in experimental group. The data obtained through the test is analyzed by using inferential statistic through SPSS version 22.0 program. The Likert-scale is used to analyze data of the student’s response to the questionnaire. In conducting the research, the writer applies Noddy cartoon episodes as the medium in improving the students’ writing skill. The result of this research shows that the use of Noddy cartoon is effective in improving the writing skill achievements of the first year students of SMK Terpadu Mega Rezky Makassar. It is indicated by the significant difference between the result of post-test in the experimental and control groups. The mean score of post-test in the experimental group is 76.77, which is higher than the mean score of post-test in the control group which is only 65.97. Furthermore, the data that are collected from the questionnaire show that the students have positive attitude towards the use of Noddy cartoon in learning writing, which is in scale of 83.20 or categorized as positive.
Developing Listening Materials for the Tenth Graders
Authors: Syafi’i Muhammad Lukman
Published: February 2018

The needs survey shows that English listening skill of the students in the tenth graders of Indonesian Islamic High School or Madrasah Aliyah is not well developed. Consequently, the listening instructional materials based on standard of content 2006 used in the classes need to be advanced. The researcher used only one try out of the product, second revision in this study was the seventh step of Borg and Gall model operational product revision. This was done based on the result of the try out, and the final product (the production of the new materials). The development used in this study consists of needs survey, developing the materials, experts and teacher's validation, revision, try out, second revision and the final product. The product is found acceptable for the tenth grade students.
Teachers’ and Students’ Attitude Toward Code Alternation in Pakistani English Classrooms
Authors: Tahir Aqsa , Fatima Iqra , Abuzar Namrah
Published: February 2018

This research is an attempt to explore students' and teachers‟ attitude towards code alternation within English classrooms in Pakistan. In a country like Pakistan where official language is English, the national language is Urdu, and every province has its own language, most of the people are bilinguals or multilingual. Therefore, the aim of this study was to find out when and why teachers code switch in L2 English classrooms. It has also explored student's preferences of language during learning second language. It has also looked into teachers' code-switching patterns and the students‟ priorities. Ten teachers responded to an open ended questioner and 100 students responded to a close ended questioner. Results of teacher's responses indicated that they mostly code switch when student's response in relation to the comprehensibility is negative and they do not grasp the concepts easily in L2. They never encourage students to speak Urdu. Student's results showed that they mostly prefer code-switching into their L1 for better understanding and participation in class. Analysis revealed that students only favored English while getting instructions of test, receiving results, and learning grammatical concepts. In most of the cases, students showed flexibility in language usage. Majority of students (68%) agreed upon that they learn better when their teachers code switch in to L1.
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEXITY, ACCURACY, AND FLUENCY IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ WRITTEN FOREIGN LANGUAGE PRODUCTION
Authors: Benzehaf Bouchaib
Published: February 2018

The present study aims to longitudinally depict the dynamic and interactive development of Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency (CAF) in multilingual learners’ L2 and L3 writing. The data sources include free writing tasks written in L2 French and L3 English by 45 high school participants over a period of four semesters. CAF dimensions are measured using a variation of Hunt’s T-units (1964). Analysis ofthe quantitative data obtained suggests that CAF measures develop differently for learners’ L2 French and L3 English. They increase more persistently in L3 English, and they display the characteristics of a dynamic, non-linear system characterized by ups and downs particularly in L2 French. In light of the results, we suggest more and denser longitudinal data to explore the nature of interactions between these dimensions in foreign language development, particularly at the individual level.Keywords: CAF, proficiency, interaction.
Critical Analysis on the Contribution Made by Qualitative Research to English Language Teaching
Authors: Elmiana Dewi Satria
Published: February 2018

The primary objective of this paper is to assert the contribution of qualitative research in ELT. This paper has presented qualitative theories and features advantages and limitations, the criteria of good qualitative research, and analysis of two articles based on Tracy‟s model. The analysis result showed that both articles have some limitations such as the uncovering of potential resources and perspectives on how effective extensive reading programs should be implemented in tertiary education in Indonesia. However, most of the criteria that Tracy established were found in these articles, such as relevance of the area of study, timeliness and significance; sufficient, abundant, appropriate and complex use of theoretical constructs, as well as data collection and analysis processes.
Tacrolimus versus Cyclosporine- Comparative Evaluation as First line drug in Vernal keratoconjuctivitis
Authors: Kumari Rashmi , Saha Bhawesh Chandra , Sinha Bibhuti Prasanna , Mohan Nilesh
Published: February 2018

Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy, side effects and recurrence rate of vernal kerato conjunctivitis (VKC) with 0.03% tacrolimus and 0.05% cyclosporin.Material and method: A prospective randomised double blinded comparative study was conducted at a tertiary eye center. 46 Patients of VKC between March 2015- August 2015 were randomly divided into two groups and treated for 6weeks with either Tacrolimus(0.03%) eye ointment BD or Cyclosporine (0.05%) eyedrops QID.The main outcome measures were scoring and comparison of Total subjective symptom scores (TSSS) and Total objective ocular sign scores (TOSS) within and between the Groups at each follow up.Thirty two patients, sixteen from each group, with comparable baseline characters were analysed.Results: With treatment both TSSS and TOSS decreased consistently in both groups without any adverse effects but an increase in scores was noticed within two weeks after drug withdrawal.Conclusion: Both drugs are equally effective and safe in VKC but with short lasting effect.
Co morbidities among cataract- operated patients in Rural Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Eliya , Adhikari Hari Bikram , Maharjan Indra Man , Gurung Babita
Published: February 2018

Introduction: Himalaya Eye Hospital (HEH), established in 1993, is providing eye care services in Gandaki, Dhaulagiri and Karnali zones. It has been providing surgical and nonsurgical eye camps in rural areas of Gandaki, Dhaulagiri and Karnali zones. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ocular and systemic co morbidities among the persons treated in rural Asian setting.Method: This is the prospective non-interventional study. Patients who came to take services in surgical eye camp in rural area of Nepal were included. Data were collected by interviewing the patients. They were interviewed by local volunteers with he questionnaires prepared in English language. The volunteers were explained about the medical terminology and they interviewed the patients in native language.Result: Out of 675 patients 401(59%) had systemic co morbidities. Back pain and arthritis being the most common with 321(48%) and 260(38%) respectively.Conclusion: This study shows the systemic co morbidities among the patients who came to seek ocular treatment in eye camp in rural area of Nepal. We should do this kind of studies in different area of Nepal. These kinds of study give us total burden of systemic morbidity and help to treat accordingly.
Evaluating the Behaviour Factor of Medium Ductile SMRF Structures
Authors: Yahmi Djamal , Branci Taïeb , Bouchaïr Abdelhamid , Fournely Eric
Published: February 2018

In seismic codes, the capacity of structures is calculated using capacity design procedure based on the concept of base shear. The critical parameter in this procedure is the behaviour factor (q-factor), which allows designing the structures at the ultimate limit state accounting for their ductility and reserve strength. In this paper, the q-factor is evaluated for medium ductile steel moment-resisting frames (SMRF) using pushover analysis. The influence of specific parameters, such as the stories number, the “Column/Beam” capacity and the local response of structural members, is studied. The results show that the most important parameter that affects the q-factor is the local response of first-storey columns, while the “Column/Beam” capacity has a less effect on this factor. Furthermore, it is observed that the q-factor value assigned to the studied frames in Eurocode-8 is systematically underestimated for low-rise frame, while the use of this value for high-rise frame is potentially unsafe.
Durability of Alkali-Resistant Glass Fibers Reinforced Cement Composite: Microstructural Observations of Degradation
Authors: Arabi Nourredine , Molez Laurent , Rangeard Damien
Published: February 2018

Usually, glass fibers in concrete permit the increase of the flexural strength. But the fibers in contact with cement are quickly degraded by alkali reactions due to the presence of portlandite. This article presents the results of investigations carried out to study the influence of curing conditions on the durability of alkali-resistant glass fibers in a cement matrix. Test results showed that alkali resistant fibers treated with zirconium oxide, present the same degradation phenomenon. The used cement nature has a large influence on the protection of the fibers. In addition, the degradation is weakened when silica fumes are added, owing to the pozzolanic effect that decreases the portlandite quantity. In spite of those different ameliorations, the use of such materials in humid environment is proving to be risky. The used techniques to study those phenomena are SEM equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDX) to observe the attack microstructures of the fibers and X-ray diffraction to quantify the portlandite and other phase development.
Analytical Expressions of Hydro-Seismic Forces on Dams
Authors: Tadjadit Abdelmadjid , Tiliouine Boualem
Published: February 2018

Analytical expressions for the determination of hydro-seismic forces acting on a rigid dam with irregular upstream face geometry in presence of a compressible viscous fluid are derived through a linear combination of the natural modes of water in the reservoir based on a boundary method making use of complete sets of complex T-functions.Analytical expressions for the determination of hydro-seismic forces acting on a rigid dam with irregular upstream face geometry in presence of a compressible viscous fluid are derived through a linear combination of the natural modes of water in the reservoir based on a boundary method making use of complete sets of complex T-functions. The formulas obtained for distributions of both shear forces and overturning moments are simple, computationally effective and useful for the preliminary design of dams. They show clearly the separate and combined effects of compressibility and viscosity of water. They also have the advantage of being able to cover a wide range of excitation frequencies even beyond the cut-off frequencies of the natural modes of the reservoir. Key results obtained using the proposed analytical expressions of the hydrodynamic forces are validated using numerical and experimental solutions published for some particular cases available in the specialized literature.
Response of Refractory Cement Based Composite to Gradual Temperature Loading
Authors: Holčapek Ondřej , Koťátková Jaroslava , Konvalinka Petr , Reiterman Pavel
Published: February 2018

This paper deals with the experimental study of the response of refractory concrete mixture to gradual thermal loading, up to 1000 °C. A binding system based on calcium aluminate cement (CAC) modified by the partial replacement of metakaolin was used. Short ceramic fibers were applied in a dose of 4% by volume in the studied mixture. Material transformations due to thermal loading were monitored in terms of residual mechanical, fracture and basic physical properties-compressive strength, flexural strength, fracture energy, dynamic modulus of elasticity, and bulk density in the study. The results obtained corresponded well with the mineral transformations monitored using the thermogravimetric analysis performed on the binder paste. Residual values of compressive and flexural strength were approximately 40% of the initial values after exposure to a temperature of 1000°C; however, the dominant part of the total loss was monitored up to 400°C, due to decomposition of the hydrates. Fiber employment contributed considerably to the resistance against thermal loading up to 400°C, which was demonstrated by the fracture energy results (a loss of 25% was monitored). An additional increase of the temperature load led to micro crack propagation, which was obvious in the results of dynamic modulus of elasticity determination, in which the short fiber incorporation was noticeably limited.
An Application of Fuzzy Sets to the Blastability Index (BI) Used in Rock Engineering
Authors: Alipour Aref , Mokharian Mojtaba , Chehreghani Sajjad
Published: February 2018

Rock masses have inherently different resistance to fragmentation by blasting. This property is hereafter referred to as the blastability of a rock mass. Empirical models for the estimation of blastability have been developed. In this study, the Mamdani fuzzy algorithm was used to express the blastability index by fuzzy sets. We use Lilly and Ghose blastability models which are important models of blastability. Parameters of these models were represented by fuzzy sets as the input variables of the fuzzy model. The output of the fuzzy model is a final blastability index rating. Experimental data is obtained from seven mine and one dam sites in Iran. BI values are obtained from both BI fuzzy inference system and conventional BI; Fuzzy sets have more adjustment than conventional model.
Numerical Investigation of Stress Distributions in Stope Backfills
Authors: Yu Qingyang , Chen Xiangli , Dai Zhenxue , Nie Lei , Soltanian Mohamad Reza
Published: February 2018

Stope backfill is important in avoiding mine collapse during and after extraction phases, ground subsidence in abandoned mines, and environmental damages. The stress distribution is one of the key factors in designing stope backfills. In this paper, we perform a numerical modeling study to investigate the stress distribution within and around the stope backfill. Importantly, our simulation results are in agreement with Marston’s (1930) plain-strain arching theory. The results show that the stress arch is critical in stope backfills. The potential effects of internal friction angle, aspect ratio, and Poisson’s ratio on stress distributions are also analyzed. The stress decreases when the aspect ratio, internal friction angle, and Poisson’s ratio increase. Our results suggest that decreasing the aspect ratio and choosing materials with a high internal friction angle and Poisson’s ratio are important for designing the stope backfill. The cohesive force index and elastic modulus also have significant effects on the stress distribution. Our findings have practical implications in designing stope backfills.
Assessment of Financial Health of Selected Transport Companies Conducting Business in the Public Line Transport
Authors: Telecky Martin , Cejka Jiri
Published: February 2018

As a part of their business, the transport companies provide the traffic services in the given region. For the needs of efficient managerial or financial management, it is necessary to know the detail financial analysis upon which the financial health of the company can be determined. The financial analysis utilizes the diagnostic methods which evaluates the company´s management from the viewpoint of the past, the presence and the expected future. Based on the financial health values, we can avoid future problems. The managers are warned against the possible bankruptcy in time. By selecting the appropriate classification models applied to the Czech environment, the financial situations of the carriers can be found out. Then, the intercompany comparison method is applied to assess the economic situation of selected carriers. The results achieved after applying the classification models and the intercompany comparison method serve as the key outcome of verification of credibility of selected classification models.
Determinants of resilience for people ageing in remote places: a case study in northern Australia
Authors: Gibb Heather
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate how people managed to stay resilient as they aged in remote places. In Western developed countries, “successful ageing” is associated with older people’s right to age in their chosen place. To remain resilient, older people require support to supplement diminishing self-reliance associated with increasing frailty. Such support services do not extend to remote communities, making it difficult to age in place. This article reports on a case study of ageing in remote places, from the perspective of seniors within a small community in remote northern Australia. The study found how older people attempt through volunteer efforts, to supplement the gaps in aged support services. This collective effort to achieve ageing in place demonstrated greater integration with place and social resilience within the community. However, seniors’ social resilience was seen as tenuous, given collective self-reliance is based on volunteer efforts of older people.
Distress Responses in a Routine Vaccination Context: Relationships to Early Childhood Mental Health
Authors: Racine Nicole M. , Gennis Hannah G. , Pillai Riddell Rebecca , Greenberg Saul , Garfield Hartley
Published: February 2018

Social and emotional competencies, such as distress regulation, are established in early childhood and are critical for the development of children’s mental health and wellbeing. Routine vaccinations in primary care provide a unique opportunity to relate responses to a universal, relatively standardized, distress regulation paradigm (i.e., pain-related distress) to key developmental outcomes. The current study sought to examine distress regulation during routine vaccination in infancy and preschool as predictors of outcomes related to socioemotional competence in preschool. It was hypothesized that children with poorer distress regulation abilities post-vaccination would have lower socioemotional development. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that insensitive parenting would exacerbate this relationship for children with poor distress regulation abilities. As part of an ongoing longitudinal cohort, 172 parent–child dyads were videotaped during vaccinations in infancy and preschool, and subsequently participated in a full-day psychological assessment in a university lab. Videotapes were coded for child pre-needle distress (baseline distress), immediate post-needle pain-related distress reactivity (immediate distress reactivity), and pain-related distress regulation (distress regulation). Parent sensitivity during the preschool vaccination was also coded. Baseline distress prior to vaccination predicted greater externalizing problems and behavioral symptoms. Parent sensitivity did not moderate the association between any child distress behaviors and socioemotional development indicators. Child distress behaviors prior to injection, regardless of parent behavior, during the vaccination context may provide valuable information to health care professionals about child socioemotional functioning in the behavioral and emotional domains.
Height Adjustment of Vehicles Based on a Static Equilibrium Position State Observation Algorithm
Authors: Gao Zepeng , Chen Sizhong , Zhao Yuzhuang , Nan Jinrui
Published: February 2018

In this paper, a static state observer algorithm based on the static equilibrium position is proposed, which can realize accurate control of electric vehicle height adjustment with existing road excitation. The existence of road excitation can lead to deflection variation of the electronically controlled air suspension (ECAS). The use of only dynamic deflection as the reference for the electric vehicle height adjustment will produce great errors. Therefore, this paper provides an observation algorithm, which can realize the accurate control of vehicle height. Firstly, the static equilibrium position equation of suspension is derived according to the theory of hydrodynamics and characteristics of pneumatic chamber. Secondly, a vehicle dynamics model with seven degrees of freedom (7-DOF) is established and the kinetic equations are discretized. Then, the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) algorithm is used to obtain the static equilibrium position of vehicle. According to the vehicle static equilibrium position obtained by UKF, the height of the vehicle is adjusted by using a fuzzy controller. The simulation and experimental results show that this proposed algorithm can realize the control of vehicle height with an accuracy of over 96%, which ensures the excellent driving performance of vehicles under different road conditions.
Expression of Lectins in Heterologous Systems
Authors: Martínez-Alarcón Dania , Blanco-Labra Alejandro , García-Gasca Teresa
Published: February 2018

Lectins are proteins that have the ability to recognize and bind in a reversible and specific way to free carbohydrates or glycoconjugates of cell membranes. For these reasons, they have been extensively used in a wide range of industrial and pharmacological applications. Currently, there is great interest in their production on a large scale. Unfortunately, conventional techniques do not provide the appropriate platform for this purpose and therefore, the heterologous production of lectins in different organisms has become the preferred method in many cases. Such systems have the advantage of providing better yields as well as more homogeneous and better-defined properties for the resultant products. However, an inappropriate choice of the expression system can cause important structural alterations that have repercussions on their biological activity since the specificity may lay in their post-translational processing, which depends largely on the producing organism. The present review aims to examine the most representative studies in the area, exposing the four most frequently used systems (bacteria, yeasts, plants and animal cells), with the intention of providing the necessary information to determine the strategy to follow in each case as well as their respective advantages and disadvantages.
Comparison of Inhibitory Capacities of 6-, 8- and 10-Gingerols/Shogaols on the Canonical NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated IL-1β Secretion
Authors: Ho Su-Chen , Chang Yi-Huang
Published: February 2018

Endogenous noninfectious substances that mediate the nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and interleukin (IL)-1β secretion causes inappropriate sterile inflammation and is implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, gout, atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. Consequently, dietary phytochemicals exhibiting capacities to suppress canonical NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β secretion can be a reliable supplement to prevent such diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the inhibitory effects of ginger phytochemicals, including 6-, 8- and 10-gingerols/shogaols on the canonical NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β secretion in THP-1 macrophages with ordered stimulations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP). At 20 μM, the 10-gingerol and all the shogaols significantly inhibited canonical IL-1β secretion. The shogaols had a more potent inhibitory capacity than that of corresponding gingerols. Increase of alkyl chain length impacted negatively the inhibitory activity of shogaols. Additionally, these effective ginger phytochemicals not only inhibited the LPS-primed expression of pro-IL-1β and NLRP3, but also decreased ATP-activated caspase-1. The results demonstrated that ginger phytochemicals, especially the most potent, 6-shogaol, might be promising for developing as an inhibitor of the canonical NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β secretion and further applied in prevention of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated diseases.