bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Head and neck cancer
Authors: Eakin Ruth
Published: November 2023

The impact of these cancers on psychological, physical, and social functioning cannot be understated. The disfigurement from the disease or treatment can be enormous, although continuing improvements in surgical techniques and prostheses are resulting in better cosmetic results. It is hoped that improvements in radiotherapy, such as altered fractionation and 3-D conformal therapy, will also help to reduce treatment related morbidity.
Gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: McAleer James J A
Published: November 2023

Gastrointestinal tumours are relatively common and account for almost 25% of all tumours. Since these tumours arise in a distensible hollow tube, they tend to have a relatively late presentation. Clinical vigilance and willingness to investigate patients with minimal gastrointestinal symptoms are required to detect early- stage disease and improve outcome. The tumour types occurring along the gastro- intestinal tract are quite different in terms of aetiological factors, anatomy, therapeutic options, and outcome, and accordingly they will be considered under separate headings.
Genitourinary malignancy
Authors: Keane Patrick F , McAleer John D Kelly,James J A
Published: November 2023

The incidence of all types of genitourinary malignancy is increasing. This is part- ly due to the increased numbers of elderly people in the population and improvements in diagnostic techniques, but there has been a significant real increase in the incidence of renal, prostate, and testicular cancer. Environmental exposure to carcinogens is thought to account for the increase in testicular cancer. Prostate cancer is the second biggest killer in males and will overtake lung cancer as male smoking habits change. Haematuria is the presenting sign of renal and urothelial malignancy and yet many patients delay in coming to their doctor for medical advice. Similarly, patients with testicular lumps and lesions on the penis often delay coming forward. Clearly there is a need for improved awareness in the population at large regarding the significance of these symptoms.
Statistical Questions in Evidence-Based Medicine
Authors: Bland Martin , Peacock Janet
Published: November 2023

Statistical Questions in Evidence-based Medicine is a book of questions and answers about the statistical principles and methods used in medical research. Based entirely on material published in the medical literature and popular media, it will prove invaluable to medical students, doctors, nurses, medical researchers and others concerned with medical data. This book is a companion volume to the new 3rd edition of An Introduction to Medical Statistics but can also be used in conjunction with the 2nd edition or with other good texts. Short excerpts of material from published papers or summaries of their results are presented with questions. These test and develop the reader's understanding and interpretation of statistics and extend the reader's research and critical appraisal skills, thus encouraging an evidence-based approach. Questions are presented on the left-hand page with detailed answers on the right-hand page. Answers include references to core material in An Introduction to Medical Statistics. The book is intended as a series of examples for self-teaching but could also be read as a series of case studies with detailed commentaries. The questions are clearly graded, using icons, in terms of difficulty and undergraduate or postgraduate level. The book is easy to use and a model of clarity for the reader.
Presenting data
Authors: Bland Martin , Peacock Janet
Published: November 2023

Tables and graphs must convey information clearly and quickly. They should not mislead the reader. They should be clearly titled and labelled. Bar charts and line graphs should show the zero value on the axis if possible. Although graphs can convey a lot of information quickly, they can also be very misleading. Sometimes graphs use a logarithmic scale. The effect is to compress the scale for high values and stretch the scale for low values. This may make positively skew distributions symmetrical. It makes multiplicative relationships additive and may straighten curved relationships. The values 1 and 10 and 10 and 100 are equal distances apart on a logarithmic scale, because they share the same ratio.
Estimation
Authors: Bland Martin , Peacock Janet
Published: November 2023

We often denote the mean of a population by p and the standard deviation by o. We use a sample to estimate quantities such as these in the whole population. We can use a single number, such as the mean, calculated from the sample as an estimate. This is called a point estimate. It will not be exactly the same as the population value (e.g. mean). It is useful in addition to find an interval estimate, a range of values which we hope will include the population value. This is usually a 95% confidence interval. A 95% confidence interval is a range of values chosen so that the population value would lie within the confidence intervals calculated from 95% of possible samples. It therefore reflects the amount by which population estimates vary from sample to sample. Other probabilities can be used, e.g. 90% or 99%' A bigger probability leads to a wider interval, a smaller probability to a narrower interval with more risk of being wrong. Standard errors are often used to calculate confidence intervals.
Regression and correlation
Authors: Bland Martin , Peacock Janet
Published: November 2023

If data do not meet the assumptions because the distribution is positively skew or the variances are not uniform we can often use a transformation such as the logarithm and carry out regression or correlation on the transformed data. When using these techniques, observations should be independent. We should not have several pairs of observations from each subject, for example.
The analysis of cross-tabulations
Authors: Bland Martin , Peacock Janet
Published: November 2023

To investigate the relationship between two qualitative variables, we tabulate one variable by the other to get a table of frequencies. This is a contingency table. We can use a chi-squared test to test the null hypothesis that in the population there is no relationship between the two variables. This compares the observed frequencies with those expected if the null hypothesis were true. This is a test for large samples; a guide to the validity for small samples is that at least 80% of the expected frequencies should exceed 5.0, all expected frequencies should exceed 1.0.
Recurrence
Authors: Ebrahim Shah , Harwood Rowan
Published: November 2023

‘Will it happen again, doctor?’ The stroke patient is asking one of the most difficult questions to answer clearly, and is expecting a straight ‘yes’ or ‘no’. The clinician may toss a mental coin, and say ‘no’, realizing that this answer will be wrong some of the time but right most of the time. The response may be justified by the paternalistic notion that the patient really does not need negative ideas to ponder during the difficult period of recovery. An alternative is to give a probability of a further stroke.
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Leuschner Iva
Published: November 2023

Rhabdomyosarcoma is a heterogeneous group of tumors. The tumors are composed of cells that histologically resemble fetal muscle cells at 10-12 weeks of gestation (8). By the early 1950s it was realized that the rhabdomyosarcoma had at least two distinct morphological subtypes which were named embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Molecular genetic studies of the last decade have shown that these different histological patterns are caused by different genetic changes. Today, the two basic subtypes of rhabdomyosarcoma are regarded as probably distinct sarcoma entities sharing myogenic differentiation. A different biological behavior of the two subtypes of rhabdomyosarcoma has been shown in large clinical oncology studies (9-11), that demonstrated that the alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is associated with a less favorable prognosis compared to the embryonal type. This resulted in development of treatment protocols with regard to the variable aggressiveness of the different subtypes of RMS.
Malignant soft tissue tumors of childhood
Authors: Thomas J Robert , Parham David M
Published: November 2023

Other than rhabdomyosarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), malignant neoplasms arising within extraskeletal soft tissue comprise a small percentage of childhood tumors (1). Their relatively infrequent occurrence can contribute to difficulty in clinical recognition and correct classification. Another factor that hinders our understanding, especially in light of their rarity, is their wide diversity in tumor types, as partially listed in Table 11.1, which also gives data related to relative incidence in a large prospective multiinstitutional study (2, 3). Recent developments in the basic biological understanding of some of these entities will hopefully aid in alleviating some problems in their diagnosis and classification.
Pediatric renal neoplasms
Authors: Argani Pedram , Perlman Elizabeth J
Published: November 2023

Primary renal tumors account for 6% of cancers in children, surpassed in frequency by leukemias, brain tumors, lymphomas, sarcomas, and neuroblastomas (1). Approximately 500 new pediatric renal neoplasms are diagnosed each year in the United States, over 80% of which are enrolled on a National Wilms Tumor Study (NWTS) clinical protocol (2). The NWTS was started in 1969 with the goal of optimizing therapy for children with renal neoplasms, and has met with great success. Much of this success can be attributed to the accurate subclassification of tumors on the basis of clinical and pathologic features into high- and low-risk types, allowing the intensity of therapy to be modified

appropriately.
Bone tumors (excluding Ewing’s sarcoma)
Authors: Bell Walter C , Siegal Gene P
Published: November 2023

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone (excluding hematopoietic malignancies such as myeloma) and is the most common malignant tumor of childhood. Approximately 1000 new cases are diagnosed per year in the United States with a slight male predominance. The peak incidence of osteosarcoma is in the second decade of life with a second smaller peak in individuals over the age of 50 (1). This second peak in older individuals may be largely attributed to secondary forms of osteosarcoma arising, for example, in Paget’s disease or post irradiation, or to unusual subtypes such as osteosarcoma of the jaw, which occurs in older individuals (1, 2). The most common sites for the development of osteosarcoma are the metaphyseal regions of the long bones with the distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal humerus, in that order, representing the three most common sites affected (3-5).
Carcinoma
Authors: Cullinane Catherine J
Published: November 2023

In childhood carcinomas are rare, with an annual incidence for most sites nearly always under 1/1 million (1). In a US study the annual age adjusted rate for all carcinomas in adults was about 434 per 100,000 but only 1.4 per 100,000 in children (2). In their review of paediatric cancer during a 10-year period in the United Kingdom, McWhirter and colleagues found that carcinoma represented about 2% of all childhood malignancies (3). Another UK study estimated the age standardized rate as 2.4 per million per year. However, over the 30-year study period the incidence increased from 1.5 to 3.3 per million (4). The incidence and type of carcinoma in children differs from that in adults, where skin, lung, colon, and breast are the most common. In children the types of carcinoma most frequently seen include thyroid, colon, nasopharyngeal, adrenocortical, melanoma, salivary, liver, and renal, although the incidence varies throughout the world (1-3).
Tendon and Ligament Biochemistry and Pathology
Authors: Riley Graham
Published: November 2023

Tendon and ligament pathologies are often seen by general practitioners, rheumatologists, and specialists in musculoskeletal medicine. Increased participation in recreational exercise and sport, although beneficial for general health and well-being, has led to a substantial rise in their incidence. However, only belatedly are these conditions receiving the attention they deserve from the research community.
Personality disorders
Authors: McGuffin Peter , Moffitt Terrie , Thapar Anita
Published: November 2023

Personality can be defined as the individual’s entire repertoire of relatively stable and enduring behaviours (genetic aspects of normal personality are considered in Chapter 4). By the same token, personality disorders are usually seen as reflecting enduring traits, and not as transient or alterable states that may change greatly over time. Hence they are considered to be different from those forms of mental illness that have a definable onset and may later show remissions and relapses. The difference between personality disorders and other types of psychiatric disorder is recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 4th edition (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association 1993) whereby axis I diagnoses consist of clinical disorders and ‘other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention’ and disorders of personality are included separately under axis II. Although the other main psychiatric classification scheme contained in the International Classification of Diseases 10th edition (ICD-10) does not include axial separation, the difference between personality disorder and other types of clinical condition is implicitly recognized. In most other respects the DSM-IV and ICD-10 definition and classification of personality disorders is very similar.
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Chabriat H , Bousser M G
Published: November 2023

CADASIL (cerebral .autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy) (Tournier-Lasserve et al.1993) is a systemic smaIl artery disease which was identified during the past decade, using clinical, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), pathological, and genetic tools (Tournier-Lasserve et al.1993). The disease is due to mutations of the Notch3 gene on chromosome 19 (Joutel et al.1996). The identification of the CADASIL gene was crucial to determine precisely the different aspects of the clinical phenotype and to understand better the natural history of this new cause of dementia of both subcortical type and pure vascular origin. This was also an essential step to obtain a genetic test which is now used routinely to confirm the diagnosis of the disease.
MRI and other neuroimaging modalities for subcortical stroke
Authors: Davis S M , Parsons M W
Published: November 2023

The widespread introduction of computed tomographic (CT) imaging in the 1970s allowed non-invasive diagnosis of lacunar infarcts, previously identified as clinical syndromes and confirmed only via autopsy studies (Fisher 1965a, Caplan 1980, Nelson et al. 1980). However, it was evident that CT scanning was frequently insensitive, particularly with acute infarcts. By the late 1980s, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) had become widely available and this modality allowed more sensitive detection of lacunar infarcts, particularly those in the brainstem (Arboix et al. 1990a, Hommel et al. 1980). However, as with CT scanning, the diagnostic sensitivity with MRI was greater when it was performed a few days after stroke onset, rather than at the hyperacute stage (Table 10.1).
Electroencephalography in patients with small, deep infarcts
Authors: Kappelle L J , Huffelen A C van
Published: November 2023

When Fisher (1965a) revitalized the concept of the small deep (‘lacunar’) infarction in the 1960s, there were no brain imaging techniques to confirm this diagnosis during life. Since lesions were limited to subcortical structures and spared the cortex, specific clinical features in conjunction with a normal electroencephalogram (EEG) were obligatory for the diagnosis (Fisher and Curry 1965,Caplan and Young 1972, Caplan 1976, Haferkamp 1977).
Writing up the research
Authors: Armstrong David , Grace John
Published: November 2023

The chapters so far have described in detail the various stages of the research process, beginning with defining a question for research and developing a research design, through to analysing the data collected in the study using a range of statistical techniques. This chapter now focuses on describing the various questions and issues that need to be tackled in writing up the research. Dr Greatman has had a long-standing interest in the salaries of health service managers. Eventually he gets around to a survey of the salaries of different grades of manager compared with the pay of health care professionals. He is ‘shocked’ to discover that some health services managers are paid more. This is news the world has been waiting for. Now to get the key findings into print.
Adverse reactions to drugs
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K
Published: November 2023

An adverse effect is an unwanted effect of a drug. Adverse effects can be due to either toxic effects or side effects. A toxic effect is an adverse effect that arises through an exaggeration of the same pharmacological effect that is responsible for the therapeutic effect of the drug, for example hypokalaemia due to diuretic therapy, and is therefore dose related. A side effect is an adverse effect that arises through some pharmacological action other than that which produces the therapeutic effect; such effects may be dose related (for example anticholinergic effects of tricyclic antidepressants) or not dose related (for example a rash associated with an antibiotic). Because dose-related side effects can also be regarded as toxic effects, it is better to avoid the terms ‘toxic effects’ and ‘side effects’ and to use instead the term ‘adverse effects’, which covers all types of unwanted effects.
Drug interactions
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K
Published: November 2023

A drug interaction occurs when the effects of one drug are altered by the effects of another drug. We call the drug that precipitates an interaction the precipitant drug and the drug whose action is affected the object drug. A drug interaction can result in either an increased or a decreased effect of the object drug: for instance, amiodarone inhibits a cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2C9, leading to reduced metabolism of S(–) warfarin and increased anticoagulant effect, whereas carbamazepine reduces the anticoagulant effect of warfarin by increasing its hepatic metabolism by cytochrome P450.
How to write a prescription
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K
Published: November 2023

are many practical issues for prescribing doctors to master, such as rules about computer-assisted prescribing, repeat prescribing, and the clinical responsibilities in shared-care arrangements. Most of these issues are dealt with during postgraduate training programmes. The British National Formulary contains many regulations and guidance notes concerning the writing of prescriptions; these are extremely helpful and straightforward, and we shall not deal with them here. Here we shall concentrate on the general principles.
The drug therapy of gastrointestinal, hepatic, and biliary disorders
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K
Published: November 2023

Alginates are often added to antacid formulations as foaming agents. They act by forming a layer of foam on top of gastric contents and are thereby supposed to reduce oesophageal reflux. In contrast, the antifoaming agent dimethicone decreases the surface tension of gastric fluid, thereby reducing bubble formation; it too is supposed to reduce oesophageal reflux.
Gene therapy for diabetes
Authors: Karanam Muralidhar , Song Z , Rahul M Jindal
Published: November 2023

During the mid-1980s, gene therapy was investigated as a possible therapeutic regimen for diseases caused by single gene defects, for example haemophilia, Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, and sickle cell anaemia. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the concept of gene therapy expanded into a number of acquired diseases. Gene therapy can be targeted to somatic (body) or germ (egg and sperm) cells. In somatic gene therapy the recipient genome is changed, but the change is not passed along to the next generation. This form of gene therapy is contrasted with germline gene therapy where the goal is to pass change on to the offspring [1].
Clinical effectiveness of islet transplantation
Authors: Davalli Alberto M , Bertuzzi Federico , Secchi Antonio
Published: November 2023

Within the past 10 years, 329 new cases of adult islet allotransplantation and 145 cases of islet autotransplantation have been recorded by the International Islet Transplantation Registry [1]. Collectively, the results indicate that intrahepatic implantation of human islets can effectively replace the function of the endocrine pancreas and restore a near normal glucose homeostasis. However, clinical trials also show that the outcome of islet transplantation differs considerably depending on whether the graft is aimed at preventing or curing diabetes. Islet autotransplantation, performed to prevent diabetes in patients undergoing total pancreatectomy for painful chronic pancreatitis, restores normoglycaemia and independence from exogenous insulin administration in the majority of recipients [2].
Introduction
Authors: Stanish William D , Curwin Sandra , Mandel Scott
Published: November 2023

Tendon, like other soft tissues, is susceptible to injury from a variety of sources: direct blows, excessive tensile force, even breaks or tears. The body’s response to any injury is the ‘inflammatory response’, followed by repair. Tendinitis is the word used to describe inflammation of the tendon.
Friends and Influences
Authors: Tanford Charles
Published: November 2023

James Boswell is the great chronicler of London life. His journals are vivid in content, sparkling in language. They record every event, every conversation, every promenade along the Strand, and every one of his numerous (often disastrous) sexual escapades. Shamefully embarrassing to his strict Presbyterian Scottish family, the journals were suppressed and hidden away in a castle in Ireland. They were not discovered and revealed to the world until the 1920s. Boswell was history ‘s most literary hedonist, Samuel Johnson ‘s biographer and traveling companion, and, above all, a passionate cultivator of every celebrity of the day, a source of accurate descriptions and biting comments about dress and speech and attitudes.
Christian Civilization (1050-1400)
Authors: Morris Colin
Published: November 2023

BY about 1050, almost all of Western Europe was formally Christian. Many of the ancient provinces of the church had been lost to Islam, which controlled the whole of North Africa, Spain, Sicily, and much of western Asia, including the mother church of Jerusalem itself, but the main bulk of the continent was secure in its acceptance of Christianity. The older kingdoms had long been so, and more recently the rulers of Norway, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, and Russia had accepted baptism and established an ecclesiastical hierarchy.
North America
Authors: Marty Martin
Published: November 2023

We are a religious people. Thus wrote a rather secular-minded Justice William O. Douglas in a Supreme Court decision in 1952. He was thus characterizing the citizens of the United States, a people often thought of as worldly, materialistic, and secular-minded.
The Christian Conscience
Authors: Mitchell Basil
Published: November 2023

The challenges to the Christian conscience in the modem period have generally been felt to be of a different order from any previously encountered. Three aspects have to be considered: first of all, the developments in the world at large that pose the problems, almost all of them associated with the growth of science and technology; next, the spiritual and intellectual resources from which the Christian conscience might hope to address them; and finally, the situation, or rather the contrasting situations, in which the churches find themselves in relation to the world which sets the problems.
Multiple sclerosis and demyelinating diseases
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger
Published: November 2023

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the commonest nervous diseases. It is characterized by the widespread occurrence of patches of demyelination followed by gliosis in the white matter of the nervous system (Fig. 26.1). A striking feature is the tendency to remissions and relapses, so that the course of the disease may be prolonged for many years. The early symptoms are those of focal lesions of the nervous system, while the later clinical picture is one of progressive dissemination. The cause of the disorder is not known.
On living a bit longer
Authors: Medawar Peter
Published: November 2023

I am one of those who believes that a good life-one that is worth living-might well last a bit longer than it normally does. I attach a table compiled mainly from Swedish data showing the mean expectation of life of men and women at various ages over a 200-year period. Some of the variables that affect life expectancy are approaching limiting values-among them mortality at or around birth. Clearly there is room for improvement about expectancy towards life’s end. However, most discussion of the matter has been obfuscated by the condemnation of such an ambition as impious and socially destructive, as if that could settle the matter once and for all.
Why Human Cloning Should not be Attempted
Authors: Colman Alan
Published: November 2023

On 27 February 1997 my colleagues at PPL Therapeutics, Angelika Schneike and Alex Kind, along with Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell, and Jim McWhir of the Roslin Institute, announced in the journal Nature the arrival of Dolly, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. The reaction of the scientific community was on the whole friendly, if somewhat incredulous. In contrast, the reaction of the public at large was overwhelmingly negative, primed to some extent by a media weaned on a diet of previous cloning scare stories and pulp fiction. The issue of course was not that this new technology created an abomination, a freak animal-Dolly was, and remains, a rather handsome sheep-it was the fear that the techniques could, and some said would, be applied to humans.
The Foundations
Authors: Gillies Jamaes , Cailliau Robert
Published: November 2023

The World Wide Web is like an encyclopaedia, a telephone directory, a record collection, a video shop, and Speakers’ Corner all rolled into one and accessible through any computer. It has become so successful that to many it is synonymous with the Internet; but in reality the two are quite different. The Internet is like a network of electronic roads criss-crossing the planet—the much-hyped information superhighway. The Web is just one of many services using that network, just as many different kinds of vehicle use the roads. On the Internet, the Web just hap pens to be by far the most popular. The arrival of the Web in 1990 was to the Internet like the arrival of the internal combustion engine to the country lane. Internet transport would never be the same again.
The Grammar of Eurhythmics
Authors: Bachmann Marie-Laure
Published: November 2023

Anyone who likes working to cut and dried formulae should bear in mind that a slight alteration to the French word grammaire, ‘grammar’, produces the word grimoire—‘a book of magicians’ spells’, as well as ‘an illegible scrawl’ or ‘piece of mumbo-jumbo’. Definitions of ‘grammar’ offered by the Petit Robert dictionary certainly do not appear to class it as one of life’s pleasures: ‘a set of rules to be followed in order to speak or write a language correctly’, and, by analogy, ‘set of rules associated with an art form’.
Eurhythmics and Children
Authors: Bachmann Marie-Laure
Published: November 2023

What is the role of Eurhythmics in state schools? But first—what part does Eurhythmics play in schooling generally? A look at the programme of schools in Switzerland incorporating rhythmic in their curricula brings out two facts in particular:
Blue Devil Blues
Authors: Driggs Frank , Haddix Chuck
Published: November 2023

More By Coincidence THAN DESIGN, Andy Kirk tended to be in the right place at the right time. His good fortune and the band’s stellar musicianship quickly vaulted the Twelve Clouds of Joy into the national limelight. The move to Kansas City marked the first of several giant leaps that carried the band from Oklahoma City to the grand Roseland Ballroom in New York. In early July 1929, the Twelve Clouds of Joy opened at Kansas City’s Pla-Mor Ballroom. Bennett Stydham’s gracious introduction made nervous band members feel right at home. “Stydham came up on the stand and introduced us to the dancers: ‘Ladies and gentlemen, this is Andy Kirk and his Twelve Clouds of Joy,’ “ Kirk recalled. “‘We brought them in from Oklahoma where everybody loves them. We know you’ll love them too. Let’s welcome Andy Kirk and the band!’ They did. And every Cloud’s face that I could see from behind my sousaphone had a big grin. “
Moten’s Swing
Authors: Driggs Frank , Haddix Chuck
Published: November 2023

After Reluctantly Accepting Ed Lewis’s and Thamon Hayes’s resignations, Bennie Moten patched the band back together with top-notch players. Elmer Crumbley, a yeoman trombonist, replaced Hayes. Joe Keyes and Joe Smith joined Lips Page, rounding out the trumpet section. Keyes, a skilled section player and strong soloist when sober, joined the band following a brief stint with Blanche Calloway. Smith, noted for his stage antics and outstanding muted trumpet style, came aboard from McKinney’s Cotton Pickers. Moten scored a real coup when Walter Page joined the band.1 Over the years, Basie, Durham, Rushing, and Moten had tried their best to recruit Page, to no avail.
“Daddy’s Gone to War”
Authors: Tuttle William M
Published: November 2023

Looking out a second-story window of her family’s quarters at the Pearl Harbor naval base on December 7, 1941, eleven-year-old Jackie Smith could see not only the Rising Sun insignias on the wings of attacking Japanese bombers, but the faces of the pilots inside. Most American children on the home front during the Second World War saw the enemy only in newsreels and the pages of Life Magazine, but from Pearl Harbor on, “the war”—with its blackouts, air raids, and government rationing—became a dramatic presence in all of their lives. Thirty million Americans relocated, 3,700,000 homemakers entered the labor force, sparking a national debate over working mothers and latchkey children, and millions of enlisted fathers and older brothers suddenly disappeared overseas or to far-off army bases. By the end of the war, 180,000 American children had lost their fathers. In “Daddy’s Gone to War”, William M. Tuttle, Jr., offers a fascinating and often poignant exploration of wartime America, and one of generation’s odyssey from childhood to middle age. The voices of the home front children are vividly present in excerpts from the 2,500 letters Tuttle solicited from men and women across the country who are now in their fifties and sixties. From scrap-collection drives and Saturday matinees to the atomic bomb and V-J Day, here is the Second World War through the eyes of America’s children. Women relive the frustration of always having to play nurses in neighborhood war games, and men remember being both afraid and eager to grow up and go to war themselves. (Not all were willing to wait. Tuttle tells of one twelve year old boy who strode into an Arizona recruiting office and declared, “I don’t need my mother’s consent...I’m a midget.”) Former home front children recall as though it were yesterday the pain of saying good-bye, perhaps forever, to an enlisting father posted overseas and the sometimes equally unsettling experience of a long-absent father’s return. A pioneering effort to reinvent the way we look at history and childhood, “Daddy’s Gone to War” views the experiences of ordinary children through the lens of developmental psychology. Tuttle argues that the Second World War left an indelible imprint on the dreams and nightmares of an American generation, not only in childhood, but in adulthood as well. Drawing on his wide-ranging research, he makes the case that America’s wartime belief in democracy and its rightful leadership of the Free World, as well as its assumptions about marriage and the family and the need to get ahead, remained largely unchallenged until the tumultuous years of the Kennedy assassination, Vietnam and Watergate. As the hopes and expectations of the home front children changed, so did their country’s. In telling the story of a generation, Tuttle provides a vital missing piece of American cultural history.
Eugenics in the History of Science
Authors: Adams Mark B
Published: November 2023

The word eugenics was coined by the Englishman Francis Galton in 1883 (from the Greek eugenes, “wellborn”) to denote the “science” of the biological improvement of the human kind. Galton was convinced that a wide range of human physical, mental, and moral traits were inherited. If this were so, he reasoned, human progress depended on improving the human stock, and social measures were likely to be truly progressive only by virtue of their effects on the selective transmission of the population’s hereditary endowments to future generations.
The Eugenics Movement in France, 1890-1940
Authors: Schneider William H
Published: November 2023

Eugenics movements in non-English-speaking countries have yet to be studied enough to produce a significant secondary literature, and one result of this lack of information has been the suspicion, if not presumption, that eugenics was a peculiarly Anglo-Saxon affair. This, in turn, has permitted the development of a very narrow definition of eugenics based on some peculiarly English and American circumstances, such as an early acceptance of Mendelian heredity, or strong race and class prejudice. Historians of biology have further narrowed the perspective by viewing eugenics as an infertile offshoot of an emerging genetics with which it shared common origins.
Christian Hospitality Shelters and Infirmaries
Authors: Risse Guenter B
Published: November 2023

Late in the year 499, the “Blessed City” of Edessa in southeastern Anatolia, with an estimated population of about 10,000, experienced a great crisis. Frequent wars in the surrounding countryside four years earlier had already destroyed entire villages and ruined the fields. This situation was blamed for an epidemic of boils and swellings during which many inhabitants apparently went blind. By the fall of the year 499, agricultural failures in the surrounding rural areas multiplied due to swarms of locusts devouring the remaining crops. As a result, a multitude of country refugees began streaming into the city.
Enlightenment Medicalization of the Hospital
Authors: Risse Guenter B
Published: November 2023

On Sunday morning, December 13, 1772, a young woman, Janet Williamson, came to the gates of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh “desirous of accommodation in the house,” perhaps accompanied by a relative or neighbor.2 Tired, restless, and aching all over, she had been battling severe headaches and a fever for about a week. “Fevers” were notorious, especially during Edinburgh’s wet winters. Now Janet also felt an “oppression” in her chest, in spite of the fact that someone had bled her three days earlier to ease the symptoms.
Emmett Hardy
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

Jazz, in common with so many other forms of art, reserves special affection for the ill-starred, the too-soon dead. Bix Beiderbecke, Clifford Brown, Frank Teschemacher, Charlie Christian—each seems all the more beloved for having been cut down in youth, ere his moment of full blossoming.
Benny Goodman
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

With the obvious exception of Artie Shaw, few major jazzmen of the early years were verbally articulate, and fewer still took time and trouble to record their views and experiences with posterity in mind. As several have put it, “We just didn’t think that way; we were too busy playing and making a living to bother what anybody would think.” This is regrettable: seen in retrospect, their personal views were often of surpassing importance.
Artie Shaw (I): Matchless Music
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

In one of Artie Shaw’s favorite illustrations of the difference between him and Benny Goodman, the two are lunching together at a restaurant. Perhaps inevitably, conversation drifts into familiar territory. “He kept insisting on asking me about other clarinet players” is Shaw’s memory of it. “What did I think about this guy? How did I evaluate that guy? On and on and on. Finally I said something like, ‘Come on, Benny, quit it. You’re too hung up on the goddamn clarinet.’
Pee Wee Russell and Jack Teagarden
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

It was in Houston, Pee Wee Russell always said, that he first ran into Jack Teagarden. He’d come south to audition for a summer band job at the nearby resort of Sylvan Beach, on Galveston Bay. The leader, pianist John “Peck” Kelley, met his train, and together they took a cab downtown to Thomas Goggan’s Music Store. Even at eighteen Russell was already a bit of an old pro in the dance band business. Born March 27, 1906, in the St. Louis suburb of Maplewood, he’d played clarinet and alto sax around town, worked the Mississippi riverboats, even done some touring, ranging as far as Juarez, Mexico.
Epilogue
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

Beyond dispute, white musicians have been an integral force in jazz from its earliest days. But what other conclusions can be drawn from this vast and sprawling chronicle? Surely that much “received” history, for various reasons, has promulgated a distorted version of the facts. That the first, formative jazz criticism of the Depression years was shaped—and skewed—by ideas that were ideological before they were musical. Above all, that the idea of jazz as an exclusively black cultural preserve does not stand up to close scrutiny.
The Autonomy View
Authors: Wolf Susan
Published: November 2023

Chapter 2 explored an attempt to develop a nonautonomous conception of responsibility in the hope that it would lead us away from the dilemma of autonomy. The attempt focused on the differences between the internal structure of an agent who possesses and is at liberty to exercise the powers of a fully developed person and the structure of agents who lack some of these powers or the liberty to exercise them. In particular, it noted that unlike other agents who are merely able to have and to act in accordance with desires, unconstrained persons are able to have and to act in accordance with values. Had this difference provided a sufficient basis for making sense of and justifying attributions of responsibility, the Real Self View would have enabled us to leave the problematic idea of autonomy behind.
Multiphoton Ionization Spectroscopy of Biologically Related Molecules in a Supersonic Molecular Beam
Authors: Rizzo Thomas R , Levy Donald H
Published: November 2023

Understanding how biological molecules interact with light is of central importance in many biochemical systems. Detailed investigations of the excited electronic states of biological molecules are essential to developing fundamental descriptions of photobiological processes and providing new analytical tools to probe molecular structure or assist in molecular identification. Although spectroscopic studies of small molecules in the gas phase can provide information on their electronic structure, vibrational frequencies, directions of their electronic transition moments, and, in many cases, their precise geometry, broadening of the features in the electronic spectra of large molecules in the condensed phase severely limits the amount of spectral information available.
New Developments in Molecular Detection by Supersonic Molecular Beam, Laser Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Syage Jack A
Published: November 2023

Sensitive methods of detection serve a wide variety of applications.’ Chemical analysis, for instance, often involves determining the composition of a given sample (i.e., assays) or the extent of contamination. Particular requirements might include the separation of isomers or isotopic substituents in molecules. These applications usually require high levels of sensitivity and selectivity, but not necessarily rapid analysis times (at least on a real-time basis). Another important area requiring trace detection methods is atmospheric monitoring. Applications are great in situations that have high environmental impact, such as toxic waste sites, space launch facilities, and nuclear power plants. Here, rapid analysis is more important. This statement is particularly true in situations involving toxic and hazardous compounds that might endanger life (i.e., chemical warfare agents).
Selection in Natural Populations
Authors: Mitton Jeffry B
Published: November 2023

In 1974, Richard Lewontin published The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change, focusing enormous research attention on protein variation as both a model of underlying genetic variation and as a level of selection itself. Two decades later, scientific research has been shifted by the tremendous power of molecular biological techniques to explore the nature of variation directly at the level of DNA and the gene. The “protein chapter” is now drawing to a close. In this book, Mitton explains the questions that geneticists hoped to answer by studying protein variation, reveiws the extensive literature on protein variation, describes the successes and failures of the research program, and evaluates the results of a rich and controversial body of research. Yet Mitton’s book is not merely a history of this research. It is a useful analysis for all scientists interested in the genetic structure and evolution of populations.
Sentimental Figures: Reading Codey’ s Lady’s Book in Antebellum America
Authors: Lehuu Isabelle
Published: November 2023

Even though the sentimental stories of Godey’s Lady’s Book have long been forgotten since their heyday in the nineteenth century, the watercolored steel engravings of Godey’s ladies have survived the wear of time and are carefully cherished by today’s collectors. Interestingly, the late twentieth-century taste values the same hand-colored prints which were often torn from women’s magazines to decorate homes of antebellum America. Such a legacy suggests the importance of the visual texts both with and without the original verbal texts. Steel-engraved ladies were an intrinsic component and a major commercial feature of nineteenth-century periodicals. Yet scholars have repeatedly neglected them and considered them almost as an anomaly in the narrative of historical progress. As one historian concluded, the fashion engraving represented “a particular wrinkle of early American civilization. “ It is therefore the central project of this chapter to finally recognize the historical validity of Godey’s visual representations of gender and to assess their cultural significance in antebellum America.
The Female Woman: Fanny Fern and the Form of Sentiment
Authors: Berlant Lauren
Published: November 2023

The Life and Beauties of Fanny Fern is an anonymous collection published in 1855, whose purpose was simultaneously to capitalize on and to undercut the vast popularity of Fern’s Ruth Hall. The editor of The Life and Beauties takes Fern’s newspaper columns and reprints them with sarcastic commentary, and since Fern’s columns themselves were often organized as ironic exegeses of opinions published elsewhere, The Life and Beauties sets up a kind of mise-en abfme of gendered irony, a redoubled doubleness that formally embodies the contested conditions of public enunciation under which Fern and many of her sister writers labored and profited. One such entry, on married life, addresses the views of “Sambo.” Fern’s column is a response to a citation whose origin is the popular lexicon of white, patriarchal America.
On 155e4-157b5
Authors: Meinwald Constance C
Published: November 2023

We now come to 155e4-l57b5· Eti dē to triton legŌmen. . (“Well, let us take up the argument yet a third time .”). The characterization of this passage determines whether the exercise consists in eight or in nine basic sections. (In earlier chapters, I have simply stated there are eight sections, postponing justification for that claim until now.) While seemingly pedantic, the query whether the dialectical dis play has really eight or nine sections is connected with larger issues. Interpretations of the Parmenides have the task of explaining how the sections of argument are generated, and why Plato considered the exercise so generated to be desirable. These larger stories involve com mitments on the number of sections. Thus, if we can determine the correct number without appeal to any interpretative scheme, we will have evidence that can be used as a check on those larger schemes.
Psychological Scaling Models: Paired Comparisons
Authors: Cooke Roger M
Published: November 2023

We now tum to the psychological scaling models. For background and general discussion, refer to Chapter 11. This chapter provides the tools for applying three psychological scaling models, the Thurstone model, the Bradley-Terry model and the NEL (negative exponential lifetime) model. The latter two models are computationally identical, but differ in interpretation. The NEL model is specifi¬cally designed for estimating constant failure rates. Derivations and proofs for these models are readily available in the literature and will not be given here.
Practical Laboratory Andrology
Authors: Mortimer David
Published: November 2023

This practical manual on sperm analysis presents the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that are used in andrology laboratories to analyse and assess male infertility. Diagnostic areas include: semen analysis and the biochemical, immunological and microbiological examination of human semen and spermatozoa; computer-aided sperm motility analysis; sperm ultrastructure; and assessment of sperm transport through the female tract and sperm fertilizing ability. The clinical relevance of various diagnostic procedures is also discussed. Therapeutic topics include sperm washing techniques, semen cryopreservation, and insemination procedures. The volume also covers safety in the andrology laboratory, technician training, and quality control. The text is extensively illustrated and will be an invaluable resource to all scientists and technicians who diagnose male infertility. It will also be of interest to researchers working in human gamete biology and reproductive physiology. The detailed methods described in the book are relevant to all hospital, commercial, and university laboratories involved in infertility diagnosis and treatment.
Time and Space
Authors: Kaye Sanford
Published: November 2023

At this point, I have much more than enough raw material for my paper, more than I would have imagined when I began to analyze my relationship to the intended reader, and my own feelings about taking a stand on the competency exam question. QWP delivers you headlong into the writing process, neutralizing the familiar resistances to starting. Besides, in this case study, I don’t have time to put it off: the paper is due in the dean’s office tomorrow morning. My limit is three pages, and I’m about to sift through and analyze the list of freely generated because-clauses linked to my thesis, to put them into the order of a balanced argument-outline.
Preparing and Planning Research Writing
Authors: Kaye Sanford
Published: November 2023

Imagine that you are writing a political science paper on back-channel diplomacy. The topic is “Nixon’s Opening toward China.” Your professor admires that act of diplomacy, and she has presented material in the course to indicate that it depended a good deal on back-channel negotiations. There’s not much time so you decide you won’t need to plan extensively; once you get going, there will be plenty to say. How far back should you start? What about Nixon’s long history as an anticommunist, and then his sudden tum toward China? You realize immediately you’ll have to push these questions aside until you’ve compiled a basic narrative of the steps that led to the change in policy.