bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Structure and Gasification Reactivity of Rapid Pyrolysis Chars of Coal Water Slurries and Parent Coals
Authors: Zhou Zhijie , Ding Lu , Wu Lei , Lin Shanjun , Cui Tongmin , Yu Guangsuo , Wang Fuchen
Published: March 2014

Rapid pyrolysis of coal–water slurries (CWSs) and parent coals were performed in a rapid pyrolysis reactor for three typical Chinese coals (lignite, anthracite, and a petroleum coke as reference). The pyrolysis temperatures ranged from 600 to 1200 °C with an interval of 100 °C. Samples were fed into the reactor within 1.5 min, and the pyrolysis time was controlled to 2 min. The effects of temperature on the yields of char were investigated. As CWS gasification processes usually utilize bituminous coal as feedstock, the structure of chars obtained from Shenfu bituminous coals were characterized by using XRD and BET N2 gas adsorption, and the CO2 gasification reactivity of the chars was examined by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results show that, as the pyrolysis temperature increases, the char pyrolysis yields differ between CWS and parent coals, in which there is a competition between steam–coal/char reaction and water evaporation in the process. For the Shenfu bituminous coal, the degree of graphitization and the regularity of the microcrystalline structure of CWS chars were slightly higher than those of the parent coal chars, and the specific surface areas of the CWS chars were much higher than those of the parent coal chars. The gasification reactivity of the CWS chars was also higher than that of parent coal chars.
Defining a new parameter for regression models with aggregated data in aquatic science
Authors: Dimberg Peter H.
Published: March 2014

In aquatic ecosystem analysis, it is common to create regression models of aggregated data. There are several published papers on regression models that produce high values for the coefficient of determination (r2) and low p‐values but that have nevertheless failed to predict responses in individual lakes. There appears, therefore, to be a need for a descriptive parameter that can be used to determine the certainty in aggregated regression models. To explore the applicability of a new parameter, the aim of this study was to develop a new parameter to detect the reliability of aggregated data in regression analysis. This parameter was tested using three different examples of empirical data from Himmerfjärden bay (Sweden) and one example of 111 Swedish lakes. The results showed that even for a high r2 and a low p‐value, it is possible that the aggregated data are too highly variable to make correct conclusions about causality. To investigate this, the new parameter should be used to indicate if r2 can demonstrate a causality relationship. However, if the parameter rejects r2 as valid, it does not mean that there is no causality; it indicates that the uncertainty in the aggregated data is too high to draw conclusions regarding causality. In such cases, more effort needs to be made to decrease uncertainty in the variables. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex IGH rearrangements in multiple myeloma: Frequent detection discrepancies among three different probe sets
Authors: Kim Gina Y. , Gabrea Ana , Demchenko Yulia N. , Bergsagel Leif , Roschke Anna V. , Kuehl W. Michael
Published: March 2014

Primary IGH translocations involving seven recurrent partner loci and oncogenes are present in about 40% of multiple myeloma tumors. Secondary IGH rearrangements, which occur in a smaller fraction of tumors, usually are complex structures, including insertions or translocations that can involve three chromosomes, and often with involvement of MYC. The main approach to detect IGH rearrangements is interphase—but sometimes metaphase—FISH strategies that use a telomeric variable region probe and a centromeric constant region/ Eα enhancer or 3′ flanking probe to detect a separation of these two probes, or a fusion of these probes with probes located at nonrandom partner sites in the genome. We analyzed 18 myeloma cell lines for detection discrepancies among Vysis, Cytocell, and in‐house IGH probe sets that hybridize with differing sequences in the IGH locus. There were no detection discrepancies for the three telomeric IGH probes, or for unrearranged IGH loci or primary IGH translocations using the centromeric IGH probes. However, the majority of complex IGH rearrangements had detection discrepancies among the three centromeric IGH probes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kombination von Ultraschall‐ und Druckwellenverfahren zur innovativen Regenerierung von Brunnen
Authors: Abramova Anna , Schneider Wilfried , Maximov German
Published: March 2014

Die Effektivität von Brunnenregenerierungen kann dadurch gesteigert werden, dass Ultraschall‐ und Druckwellenverfahren kombiniert angewandt werden. Durch theoretische Analysen wird gezeigt, dass die Wirktiefen der beiden Verfahren unterschiedlich sind. Während das Ultraschallverfahren stark im Bereich des Brunnenfilters wirkt, reicht die Wirkung des Druckwellenverfahrens in den Kiesfilter bis zur Bohrlochwand sowie in den angrenzenden Grundwasserleiter hinein. Die Verbreitung der Signale in der Brunnenumgebung wurde numerisch modelliert. Durch diese theoretischen Analysen, verknüpft mit Experimenten im Labor und Gelände, konnte bewiesen werden, dass durch die Verfahrenskombination höhere Wirkungsgrade bei der Brunnenregenerierung erreicht werden können, als bei der alleinigen Anwendung von Ultraschall.

Combination of ultrasound and shockwaves for innovative regeneration of wells. The effectiveness of regeneration of wells can be enhanced if ultrasound and shockwaves are used during the same treatment. It is theoretically shown that the two methods have different depths of impact. Whereas the ultrasonic method has a strong impact on the area of the well screen, the impact of the shock waves is focused on the gavel pack, the wall of the well and the adjacent aquifer. The propagation of the signals in the formation near the well was modeled numerical. By a theoretical analysis combined with experiments in lab and field it was proven that the regeneration of wells using a combination of ultrasound and shockwaves is much more effective than the regeneration by means of ultrasound only.
Versagensform und Nachweisformat beim hydraulischen Grundbruch – Plädoyer für den Terzaghi‐Körper
Authors: Aulbach Benjamin , Ziegler Martin
Published: March 2014

In jüngster Vergangenheit wurden auf diversen Tagungen Diskussionen bezüglich des tatsächlichen Ablaufs bzw. der Versagensform des hydraulischen Grundbruchs und dem daraus abzuleitenden Nachweisformat geführt. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über verschiedene Versuche und Untersuchungen seit Karl Terzaghi bis heute. Sowohl diverse Versuche als auch eigene numerische Berechnungen bestätigen, dass der sogenannte Terzaghi‐Körper ein Gedanken‐ und Rechenmodell ist, das die Vorgänge des hydraulischen Grundbruchs in nichtbindigem Baugrund hinreichend genau erfasst und in der Regel für den Sicherheitsnachweis verwendet werden sollte. Lediglich bei bindigen Böden oder speziellen Randbedingungen wie Auflastfiltern und Entspannungsbohrungen sollten erweiterte Modelle und Methoden verwendet werden.

Phenomena and design procedure of hydraulic heave – Plea for the Terzaghi‐body. These days the phenomena of hydraulic heave and the way of verification of resistance to failure by hydraulic heave have been discussed on several conferences. This paper gives an overview of model tests beginning with Karl Terzaghi up to today. Different model tests as well as own numerical investigations show that the so called Terzaghi‐body is a well‐fitting model. It sufficiently describes the phenomena of hydraulic heave in non‐cohesive soil and thus normally should be used for the verification of resistance to failure by hydraulic heave. Only for cohesive soils or special conditions like surcharge filters and bleeder wells more detailed models and methods should be applied.
Developmental changes in brain activation involved in the production of novel speech sounds in children
Authors: Hashizume Hiroshi , Taki Yasuyuki , Sassa Yuko , Thyreau Benjamin , Asano Michiko , Asano Kohei , Takeuchi Hikaru , Nouchi Rui , Kotozaki Yuka , Jeong Hyeonjeong , Sugiura Motoaki , Kawashima Ryuta
Published: March 2014

Older children are more successful at producing unfamiliar, non‐native speech sounds than younger children during the initial stages of learning. To reveal the neuronal underpinning of the age‐related increase in the accuracy of non‐native speech production, we examined the developmental changes in activation involved in the production of novel speech sounds using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Healthy right‐handed children (aged 6–18 years) were scanned while performing an overt repetition task and a perceptual task involving aurally presented non‐native and native syllables. Productions of non‐native speech sounds were recorded and evaluated by native speakers. The mouth regions in the bilateral primary sensorimotor areas were activated more significantly during the repetition task relative to the perceptual task. The hemodynamic response in the left inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis (IFG pOp) specific to non‐native speech sound production (defined by prior hypothesis) increased with age. Additionally, the accuracy of non‐native speech sound production increased with age. These results provide the first evidence of developmental changes in the neural processes underlying the production of novel speech sounds. Our data further suggest that the recruitment of the left IFG pOp during the production of novel speech sounds was possibly enhanced due to the maturation of the neuronal circuits needed for speech motor planning. This, in turn, would lead to improvement in the ability to immediately imitate non‐native speech. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4079–4089, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Management of recurrent alveolar soft‐part sarcoma of the tongue after external beam radiotherapy with iodine‐125 seed brachytherapy
Authors: Meng Na , Zhang Xiaomeng , Liao Anyan , Tian Suqing , Ran Weiqiang , Gao Yang , Wang Jun Jie
Published: March 2014

Background

Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare type of soft tissue sarcoma. The infrequency of ASPS is such that it accounts for <1% of all soft tissue sarcomas and <0.1% of sarcomas concerning the head and neck, primarily those involving the orbit (48%) and tongue (25%). Traditional chemotherapy or radiotherapy of ASPS is often associated with poor outcome, even after comprehensive interventions.

Methods and Results

We performed iodine‐125 (125I) seed brachytherapy under ultrasound guidance through a submandibular puncture in a 4‐year‐old boy with recurrent ASPS of the tongue. The prescription dose was 120 Gy; therefore, 35 125I seeds were implanted with 0.77 mCi per seed, the total amount of activity being 26.95 mCi. CT scans confirmed a complete response after the treatment.

Conclusion

Our patient now has a recurrent‐free survival of >30 months, an amount of time longer than the median rate described in the literature. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: E125–E128, 2014
The Role of pH in the Mechanism of.OH Radical Induced Oxidation of Nicotine
Authors: Kosno Katarzyna , Janik Ireneusz , Celuch Monika , Mirkowski Jacek , Kisała Joanna , Pogocki Dariusz
Published: March 2014

The.OH radical induced oxidation of nicotine was studied using pulse radiolysis techniques from pH 1 to 13.6. Theoretical calculations were used to help interpret the experimental results. The bond dissociation enthalpies of all of the CH bonds of nicotine were determined using DFT calculations, coupled with the isodesmic reaction. From time‐dependent density functional response theory, estimates were obtained of the location of the dominant transient absorption bands (λmax), their intensities (electronic oscillator strength,f), and the electronic composition of these transitions. OH radicals as well as other potent oxidants reacted with free nicotine through separated, concerted electronproton transfer, leading mostly to the formation of an alpha‐aminoalkyl radical located on the C2′carbon of the aliphatic ring (A2′). Protonated nicotine underwent hydrogen atom abstraction at the C2′and N1′positions, resulting in the formation of the conjugate acid ofA2′(A2′H+) and the alkylamine radical cation (N+), respectively. Doubly protonated nicotine underwent the same reaction pathways, leading to two corresponding conjugate acid species, protonated at the aromatic nitrogen position:PyrH+A2′H+andPyrH+N+.All these radicals interconverted between each other through hydrolytic reactions. The radicalA2′and its conjugate acidPyrH+A2′absorbed 10 times stronger than theN+species, based on calculations off. From the growth of the transient absorption ofA2′(λmax=330 nm,ε=8080 M−1 cm−1), second‐order rate constants were determined:k(OH+Nic)=6.7×109 M−1 s −1,k(OH+NicH)=1.0×109 M−1 s−1. The alpha‐aminoalkyl radicals decayed by disproportionation to form iminium cations1–5, which contributed to an increase in the specific conductivity of the basic solutions of nicotine following electron pulse irradiation.
NMR screening of new carbocyanine dyes as ligands for affinity chromatography
Authors: Cruz Carla , Boto Renato E. F. , Drzazga Anna K. , Almeida Paulo , Queiroz João A.
Published: March 2014

Four new carbocyanines containing symmetric and asymmetric heterocyclic moieties and N‐carboxyalkyl groups have been synthesized and characterized. The binding mechanism established between these cyanines and several proteins was evaluated using saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR. The results obtained for the different dyes revealed a specific interaction to the standard proteins lysozyme, α‐chymotrypsin, ribonuclease (RNase), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and gamma globulin. For instance, the two un‐substituted symmetrical dyes (cyanines 1 and 3) interacted preferentially through its benzopyrrole and dibenzopyrrole units with lysozyme, α‐chymotrypsin, and RNase, whereas the symmetric disulfocyanine dye (cyanine 2) bound BSA and gamma globulin through its carboxyalkyl chains. On the other hand, the asymmetric dye (cyanine 4) interacts with lysozyme and α‐chymotrypsin through benzothiazole moiety and with RNase through dibenzopyrrole unit. Thus, STD‐NMR technique was successfully used to screen cyanine–protein interactions and determine potential binding sites of the cyanines for posterior use as ligands in affinity chromatography. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immobilized chicks as a model system for early‐onset developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Nowlan Niamh C. , Chandaria Vikesh , Sharpe James
Published: March 2014

We have almost no understanding of how our joints take on their range of distinctive shapes, despite the clinical relevance of joint morphogenesis to postnatal skeletal malformations such as developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). In this study, we investigate the role of spontaneous prenatal movements in joint morphogenesis using pharmacological immobilization of developing chicks, and assess the system as a suitable model for early‐onset hip dysplasia. We show that, prior to joint cavitation, the lack of dynamic muscle contractions has little impact on the shape of the hip joint. However, after the timepoint at which cavitation occurs, a dramatic effect on hip joint morphogenesis was observed. Effects in the immobilized chicks included flattening of the proximal femur, abnormal orientation of the pelvis relative to the femur and abnormal placement and coverage of the acetabulum. Although many clinical case studies have identified reduced or restricted movement as a risk factor for DDH, this study provides the first experimental evidence of the role of prenatal movements in early hip joint development. We propose that the immobilized chick embryo serves as a suitable model system for the type of early‐onset DDH which arises due to neuromuscular conditions such as spinal muscular atrophy. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:777–785, 2014.
SERS imaging of silver coated nanostructured Al and Al2O3 substrates. The effect of nanostructure
Authors: Malek Kamilla , Brzózka Agnieszka , Rygula Anna , Sulka Grzegorz D.
Published: March 2014

The last few years have witnessed rapid development of highly ordered and reproducible surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanostructured substrates for their potential medical and analytical application such as biosensing and bioimaging. In this work, 5‐nm silver films deposited on nanostructured Al and Al2O3 templates are investigated as substrates for SERS. The chosen templates show different honeycomb nanostructures with two sets of dimension, i.e. pore diameter of ca. 25 and 50 nm and interpore distance of ca. 56 and 100 nm. The SERS imaging results reveal that the signal of the probe molecule (4‐thiazolidinone‐2‐thione) is distributed inhomogeneously on the substrate surface, and this fact is correlated with the morphology of nanostructures determined by atomic force microscopy. The variation of SERS intensity among the substrates is strongly correlated with the shape and size of potential SERS‐active sites, e.g. nanocups and nanopores. The strongest SERS response is found for the Ag/Al2O3 template anodized in sulfuric acid, which represents the nanopore array with the smallest dimensions (e.g. pore diameter, interpore distance etc.). Furthermore, depending on size and nanostructure shape, changes in the adsorption mechanism of the probe molecule are observed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deformation history reconstruction using single quartz grain Raman microspectroscopy data
Authors: Skultéti Ágnes , Tóth Tivadar M. , Fintor Krisztián , Schubert Félix
Published: March 2014

One of the most common minerals in the Earth's crust, quartz, is stable across a wide range of temperature and pressure conditions. As its microstructure is sensitive to diverse deformation mechanisms, quartz may provide valuable information regarding the structural evolution of many different rock types. Using Raman microspectroscopy, single quartz grains and monomineralic domains characterized by different deformation conditions can be identified and separated. In this study, three microstructurally extreme quartz grain types were discriminated from a subsurface shear zone: grains with undulose extinction (T0), grains with subgrains (T1), and grains with recrystallized grains (T2). Moreover, several microstructurally transitional grains were measured, which represent combinations of the aforementioned extremes. Statistical analysis revealed that the microscopically identified extreme grains possess significantly different spectral attributes and as such can be divided on the basis of certain variables of their respective Raman spectra. The three extreme quartz grain types were formed by different deformation mechanisms and thus represent distinct deformation conditions. The T0‐T1‐T2 spectral space can therefore also be considered a virtual deformational space. Although each complex quartz grain measured also appears elsewhere in the deformation process defined by T0‐T1‐T2 extreme conditions, they together represent a successive deformation path. This combined pathway is assumed to be characteristic for the whole rock volume under study. Finally, the computed Raman spectroscopy‐based virtual deformational space enabled the determination of the structural evolution of the analyzed shear zone. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeting metabotropic glutamate receptors as a new strategy against levodopa‐induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease?
Authors: Picconi Barbara , Calabresi Paolo
Published: March 2014

Levodopa‐induced dyskinesias (LIDs) represent one major motor disability of Parkinson's disease (PD) therapy. Thus, research effort is still devoted to finding agents that may improve parkinsonism and concomitantly reduce or avoid dyskinesia. Rodent and nonhuman primate models provide useful tools to study the molecular and neuronal bases of LIDs. Among the various strategies investigated recently, the use of drugs targeting metabotropic glutamate receptors has received large attention. In particular, use of antagonists of the subtype 5 of metabotropic glutamate receptors revealed promising preclinical and clinical results. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
The Unique Pharmacological Characteristics of Mifepristone (RU486): From Terminating Pregnancy to Preventing Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Chen Jianzhong , Wang Jichuang , Shao Jingwei , Gao Yu , Xu Jianguo , Yu Suhong , Liu Zhenhua , Jia Lee
Published: March 2014

Mifepristone (RU486) is a born‐for‐woman molecule discovered three decades ago. Unlike those antihypertensive and antipsychotic pharmaceutical blockbusters, this abortifacient offers relatively low profit potential. Current understanding of mechanism of action of mifepristone and its on‐going clinical trials are changing our views on the drug beyond its abortifacient scope. Here we briefly review its metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties including its unique enterohepatic circulation, its mechanisms of actions involving antiprogesterone and antiglucocorticoid, growth inhibition of various cancer cell lines, suppression of invasive and metastatic cancer potential, downregulation of Cdk2, Bcl‐2, and NF‐kappa B, interference of heterotypic cell adhesion to basement membrane, and cell migration. We comprehensively analyze recent results from preclinical and clinical studies using mifepristone as an anticancer drug for breast, meningioma, and gliomas tumors in the central nervous system, prostate cancer, ovarian and endometrial cancer, and gastric adenocarcinoma. Although mifepristone has more benefits for global public health than we originally thought, its effect as a postmetastatic chemotherapeutic agent is limited. Nonetheless, owing to its unique safe, metabolism and other pharmacological properties, metapristone (the primary metabolite of mifepristone) may have potential for cancer metastatic chemoprevention.
Korn inequality for a thin rod with rounded ends
Authors: Nazarov Sergey A. , Slutskij Andrey S. , Taskinen Jari
Published: March 2014

We consider an elastic rod with rounded ends and diameter proportional to a small parameter h > 0. The roundness of the ends is described by an exponent m ∈ (0,1). We derive for the rod an asymptotically sharp Korn inequality with a special weighted anisotropic norm. Weight factors with m‐dependent powers of h appear both in the anisotropic norm and the Korn inequality itself, and we discover three critical values m = 1 ∕ 4, m = 1 ∕ 2 and m = 3 ∕ 4 at which these exponents are crucially changed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The gap between the first two eigenvalues for Schrödinger operators with Dirichlet–Neumann boundary condition
Authors: Yu Xiu‐Juan
Published: March 2014

In this paper, the Schrödinger operator

urn:x-wiley:1704214:media:mma3027:mma3027-math-0001
where the potential q(x) is single‐well with transition point
is considered. Suppose {λn}n ≥ 1 is the set of eigenvalues for the previous Schrödinger operator and the potential q(x) possesses an additional condition, we show that the first two eigenvalues λ2 and λ1 satisfy

urn:x-wiley:1704214:media:mma3027:mma3027-math-0003

Equality holds if and only if q(x) is a constant. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Derivation of Korteweg–de Vries flow equations from the short‐wave model equation
Authors: Koparan Murat
Published: March 2014

We perform a multiple‐time scales analysis and compatibility condition to the short‐wave model equation. We derive Korteweg–de Vries flow equation in the bi‐Hamiltonian form as an amplitude equation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On an incompressible model in radiation hydrodynamics
Authors: Ducomet Bernard , Nečasová Šárka
Published: March 2014

We consider a simplified model arising in radiation hydrodynamics based on the incompressible Navier–Stokes–Fourier system describing a macroscopic fluid motion coupled to a transport equation modeling the propagation of radiative intensity. We establish global‐in‐time existence for the associated initial‐boundary value problem in the framework of weak solutions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycyrrhizic acid attenuated glycative stress in kidney of diabetic mice through enhancing glyoxalase pathway
Authors: Wang Zhi‐hong , Hsieh Cheng‐Hong , Liu Wen‐hu , Yin Mei‐chin
Published: March 2014

Scope

Antiglycative effects of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) in kidney of diabetic mice were examined.

Methods and results

GA at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% was supplied to diabetic mice for 9 wk. Results showed that GA intake increased its deposit in kidney, raised plasma insulin level, decreased plasma glucose and blood urine nitrogen levels, and improved creatinine clearance rate (p < 0.05). GA intake dose‐dependently reduced renal carboxymethyllysine level, and at 0.1 and 0.2% decreased plasma HbA1c, urinary glycated albumin, and renal pentosidine levels (p < 0.05). Dietary GA intake declined renal aldose reductase activity and protein expression, as well as lowered renal fructose and sorbitol levels (p < 0.05). GA intake dose‐dependently increased glyoxalase‐1 activity and expression, and decreased renal methylglyoxal level (p < 0.05). This compound at 0.1 and 0.2% raised glyoxalase‐2 activity and protein expression, and increased d‐lactate formation (p < 0.05). GA intake dose‐dependently suppressed renal expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) p65 and p‐p38, decreased reactive oxygen species production, and retained glutathione content (p < 0.05). This compound at 0.1 and 0.2% downregulated renal expression of NF‐κB p50 and p‐ERK1/2 (p < 0.05), and lowered renal level of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that glycyrrhizic acid is an antiglycative and renal‐protective agent.
SHARP edges: Recovering cortical phase contrast through harmonic extension
Authors: Topfer Ryan , Schweser Ferdinand , Deistung Andreas , Reichenbach Jürgen R. , Wilman Alan H.
Published: March 2014

Purpose

To recover local phase contrast at the edges of the brain (e.g., cortex), where it is otherwise unavailable with the conventional form of the technique sophisticated harmonic artifact reduction for phase data (SHARP).

Methods

A harmonic potential field, such as the magnetic “background” field, is an analytic field and can thus be represented by a convergent power series. Using SHARP to obtain an initial estimate of the harmonic background field over a reduced inner portion of the brain, a three‐dimensional Taylor expansion was performed to extend field coverage to the brain edges. The method, called Extended‐SHARP, was quantitatively assessed through a numerical field‐forward simulation and qualitatively demonstrated in vivo.

Results

Using a typical spherical kernel (6 mm radius), Extended‐SHARP recovered on average 26% more in vivo brain volume than SHARP. When applied to the numerical model, local field contrast around an otherwise lost edge source was recovered, with the resulting error comparable to that of conventional SHARP.

Conclusion

The lost field values near the edges of the brain can be recovered through an easily implemented adaptation to conventional SHARP. Magn Reson Med 73:851–856, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of crack density on geomechanical behavior of granular composites with porous grains and fluid‐saturated pores
Authors: Berryman James G.
Published: March 2014

The analysis of geomechanical behavior for granular systems including fluid‐filled pores depends strongly on the crack density present within the system being studied. Effective overall bulk and shear moduli are both significantly influenced by these crack system parameters. Present effort concentrates on the geomechanical analyses needed to treat anisotropic (specifically orthotropic) poroelastic grains jumbled together to form an overall isotropic polycrystalline poroelastic material. As predicted, poroelastic effects induced by fluids in the cracks are observed to be significant for the effective bulk modulus, but simple pore fluids do not affect the magnitude of effective overall shear modulus. These results are also shown to depend in a quantitatively predictable way on crack density values. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety analysis of Epzicom® (lamivudine/abacavir sulfate) in post‐marketing surveillance in Japan
Authors: Kurita Tomoko , Kitaichi Tomomi , Nagao Takako , Miura Toshiyuki , Kitazono Yoshifumi
Published: March 2014

Purpose

To obtain safety and effectiveness data on a combined anti‐HIV drug, Epzicom (abacavir 600 mg/lamivudine 300 mg), a post‐marketing surveillance on Epzicom that was required by the Japanese regulatory authority was conducted between January 2005 and December 2010.

Methods

A joint survey (HIV‐related drug [HRD] survey) has been conducted involving manufacturers of drugs for treatment of HIV infection in Japan. Safety and effectiveness data from total 624 cases (1107.3 person‐years) registered to the HRD surveys and received Epzicom were obtained. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were defined as adverse events (AE) of which association with Epzicom could not be ‘ruled out’.

Results

It was found that the incidence of ADR was 32.4% (202/624 cases) on the case basis. In addition, the frequently reported ADR included hyperlipidaemia (59 cases), hypertriglyceridaemia (21 cases), blood bilirubin increased (19 cases), gamma‐glutamyltransferase increase (14 cases), blood triglyceride increase (14 cases) and rash (14 cases). Serious AEs were seen in 19 patients (30 events), including one death (no evident association with Epzicom). There were four cases (0.6%) of survey‐defined ‘hypersensitivity’, and the incidence was 0.9% (4/445) among abacavir naïve patients; none of which was reported as serious. No case of myocardial infarction was reported. One pregnant case who delivered a normal baby by caesarean section was reported to have experienced aggravation of anaemia and nausea.

Conclusions

The post‐marketing surveillance indicated that the incidence of both ischaemic heart disease and hypersensitivity associated with Epzicom was considerably low, suggesting that this drug can be safely used in the Japanese population. © 2014 The Authors. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Federal Commitment to Homelessness Prevention: A Silver Lining of the Economic Crisis
Authors: Colburn Gregg
Published: March 2014

In the midst of the 2007–2009 economic crisis, the federal government altered its response to homelessness in significant ways. After years of providing services and support to individuals and families who were homeless, in 2009 the government bolstered its response and for the first time provided significant resources to prevent homelessness. The purpose of this article is to provide an explanation of the significant shift in federal homelessness policy in 2009. The author uses the multiple streams and social construction policy frameworks to analyze the 2009 homelessness policy change. Social, political, and economic changes during the recession provided a unique opportunity to implement policy solutions that were previously unattractive or politically unfeasible. While the economic crisis was a source of broad‐based hardship in the United States, the crisis created unique conditions that contributed to a significant change in federal homelessness policy. The findings of this article are significant for scholars, policymakers, and advocates who seek to promote public policies that benefit vulnerable, oppressed, or marginalized populations.
Savings From Ages 16 to 35: A Test to Inform Child Development Account Policy
Authors: Friedline Terri , Nam Ilsung
Published: March 2014

This study examines savings from childhood to young adulthood with a sample of 14,223 individuals from the 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). We employed a cohort sequential accelerated latent growth model that combined a series of cohorts to represent a common developmental trajectory spanning 19 years—ages 16–35—and accounted for relevant covariates. Descriptively, the proportions of savings account ownership increased steadily between ages 16 and 30 and then leveled off. In other words, a critical time for intervention may occur between ages 16 and 30 when the proportion of account ownership is increasing. Proportions of savings accumulation also rose steadily, with a mean low of $636 between ages 16 and 20 to a mean high of $1,160 between ages 31 and 35. Gender, race, employment status, and household income and net worth were associated with initial variability in savings at ages 16–20 and rate of change in savings over time through age 35. Results can inform policies and programs that open savings accounts for children as a way of helping them remain financially secure across their life course.
Patterns of structural dynamics in RACK1 protein retained throughout evolution: A hydrogen‐deuterium exchange study of three orthologs
Authors: Tarnowski Krzysztof , Fituch Kinga , Szczepanowski Roman H. , Dadlez Michal , Kaus‐Drobek Magdalena
Published: March 2014

RACK1 is a member of the WD repeat family of proteins and is involved in multiple fundamental cellular processes. An intriguing feature of RACK1 is its ability to interact with at least 80 different protein partners. Thus, the structural features enabling such interactomic flexibility are of great interest. Several previous studies of the crystal structures of RACK1 orthologs described its detailed architecture and confirmed predictions that RACK1 adopts a seven‐bladed β‐propeller fold. However, this did not explain its ability to bind to multiple partners. We performed hydrogen‐deuterium (H‐D) exchange mass spectrometry on three orthologs of RACK1 (human, yeast, and plant) to obtain insights into the dynamic properties of RACK1 in solution. All three variants retained similar patterns of deuterium uptake, with some pronounced differences that can be attributed to RACK1's divergent biological functions. In all cases, the most rigid structural elements were confined to B‐C turns and, to some extent, strands B and C, while the remaining regions retained much flexibility. We also compared the average rate constants for H‐D exchange in different regions of RACK1 and found that amide protons in some regions exchanged at least 1000‐fold faster than in others. We conclude that its evolutionarily retained structural architecture might have allowed RACK1 to accommodate multiple molecular partners. This was exemplified by our additional analysis of yeast RACK1 dimer, which showed stabilization, as well as destabilization, of several interface regions upon dimer formation.
The utility of serum biomarkers to detect myocardial alterations induced by Imatinib in rats
Authors: Herman Eugene , Knapton Alan , Zhang Jun , Estis Joel , Todd John , Lipshultz Steven
Published: March 2014

Background

Imatinib (Imb) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with cardiotoxic activity (decreases in left ventricular function and congestive heart failure) in patients. Currently, clinical diagnosis of Imb cardiotoxicity relies primarily on evaluation of left ventricular function, Imb also induces cardiac lesions in rats.

Aims

This study, in rats, sought to determine whether monitoring biochemical markers would be a sensitive means to detect Imb‐induced changes in cardiomyocyte morphology.

Materials and methods

Groups of male Sprague–Dawley rats were dosed orally with 50, 100, 200 mg kg−1 Imb or water daily for 28 days. Tissues and blood samples were collected 24 h after the last dosing. Cardiac biomarkers such as cardiac troponin I (cTnI), cardiac troponin T (cTnT), and fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) were monitored by the Erenna, Elecsys, and Meso Scale immunoassay systems.

Results

Imb caused microscopic myocardial lesions (myofibrillar loss, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and necrosis) at all doses as determined by unbiased histopathology analysis. The severity of the alterations was dose‐related with mean lesion scores (based on a scale of 0–3) of 1.2 (50 mg kg−1), 2.1 (100 mg kg−1) and 2.9 (200 mg kg−1). However, the increases in cTnI, cTnT, and FABP3 levels were noted primarily in high‐dose Imb treated animals.

Discussion and conclusion

The occurrence of myocardial alterations in animals without consistent changes in cardiac troponin and FABP3 concentrations raises questions regarding the utility of these biomarkers as early indicators of Imb‐induced cardiotoxicity. Due to limited numbers of animals the reasons for this discrepancy could not be determined.
When is human capital a valuable resource? The performance effects of Ivy league selection among celebrated CEOs
Authors: Miller Danny , Xu Xiaowei , Mehrotra Vikas
Published: March 2014

We investigate whether and when highly trained human capital constitutes a rent‐sustaining resource. Our study of 444 CEOs celebrated on the covers of major U.S. business magazines found an advantage accruing to graduates of selective universities. Such CEOs led firms with higher and more sustained market valuations. The advantage was strongest for undergraduate programs as these related to the kinds of talent demanded of a CEO. The advantage also was greatest in smaller firms where CEO discretion might be highest and for younger CEOs who may benefit most from college and are less able to appropriate rents. Finally, the advantage accrued to graduates of more recent years, when selective schools had become less socially elitist and increasingly meritocratic, thus favoring human versus social capital. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The design of linear and circular polarization for dual band microstrip slot antenna
Authors: Pomsathit Auttapon , Rakluea Paitoon , Anantrasirichai Noppin , Benjangkaprasert Chawalit , Wakabayashi Toshio
Published: March 2014

This paper presents a lightweight antenna for wireless communication systems. The proposed antenna has been designed to be a dual‐band and dual‐polarized antenna by using a right‐angled slot structure fed a by microstrip line. The designed antenna is composed of three right‐angled slot radiators on the ground plane. The first two radiators are right‐angled slots of similar scale which are added to generate circular polarization at 4.95 GHz, while the last one has been designed for linear polarization at 2.45 GHz. Furthermore, in order to achieve dual‐band operation and dual polarization with good matching, a special arrangement is proposed. The results of simulation and measurements such as return loss, axial ratio, and radiation patterns are shown at the resonant frequencies of 2.45 and 4.95 GHz. Details of the experimental results are presented and discussed. In addition, the presented antenna can operate and cover the applications of a wireless local area network (WLAN IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/j/n). © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Study on power system small‐disturbance uncertainty stability considering wind power
Authors: Ma Zhaoxing , Gu Wei , Wan Qiulan
Published: March 2014

In order to study in depth the influence of the uncertainty factors on power system stability and to obtain the probability of instability under different levels, an evaluation method of power system stability based on monomial cubature rules (MCRs) is proposed. In this paper, the wind speed and the matrix spectral radius are considered as the uncertainty parameter and the output response, respectively. The relationship between the wind speed and the matrix spectral radius is found with MCRs to assess power system dynamic stability, and linear regression is used to solve chaotic polynomial coefficients. The comparison of the calculation results of the MCRs and Monte Carlo simulations on the IEEE 30‐bus system indicates that the MCRs require a smaller number of computations and give high accuracy. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A novel simulation of AC magnetic contactor based on electromagnetic transients program
Authors: Kanokbannakorn Weerawoot , Saengsuwan Trin , Sirisukprasert Siriroj
Published: March 2014

This paper proposes a new simulation approach for the AC magnetic contactor using the electromagnetic transients program (EMTP). The duality transformation technique is applied to convert a magnetic model into an electrical model. The great advantages of the proposed model are its capability of being directly simulated with other electrical components using EMTP and, therefore, its minimum level of complexity. To enhance the precision of the proposed model, the saturation of magnetic core and the fringing flux effects are taken into account. The performance and accuracy of the proposed model are verified by comparing them with those from finite element method (FEM) simulations and experiments. The results confirm that the proposed model has very good performance and the technique can be further applied to other magnetic components. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Steady‐state solutions of a voltage source converter with dq‐frame controllers by means of the time‐domain method
Authors: Lian Kuo L. , Syai'in Mat
Published: March 2014

A voltage source converter (VSC) is one of the most widely used power converters in a power system. In this paper, a time‐domain‐based accelerated steady‐state method is proposed to solve for a closed‐loop pulse‐width modulated (PWM) VSC with dq‐frame controllers, which is able to account for the harmonic interactions between the converter and the rest of the power network, between the AC and DC sides of a VSC, and between the converter and its controllers. The proposed time‐domain method is based on the modified time‐domain shooting method, where the Jacobian matrix is updated by the quasi‐Newtons method. This will drastically increase the computation efficiency as it avoids re‐evaluating and inverting the Jacobian matrix, whose size is usually very large for a PWM‐VSC due to high number of times of switching. All the results are shown to be consistent with those obtained by a PSCAD/EMTDC model, which has been validated with the experiment in a previous publication. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A genetic algorithm with local search using activity list characteristics for solving resource‐constrained project scheduling problem with multiple modes
Authors: Okada Ikutaro , Takahashi Koji , Zhang Wenqiang , Zhang Xiaofu , Yang Hongyu , Fujimura Shigeru
Published: March 2014

In this paper, we aim to solve the problem of resource‐constrained project scheduling with multiple modes (rc‐PSP/mM), in which multiple execution modes are available for each of the project's activity and with minimization of makespan as objective. We present a new genetic algorithm approach in order to solve this problem. In this procedure, we propose a new mutation operator that exploits a critical path and two new local search procedures, i.e. critical path improvement local search (cpiLS) and iterative forward/backward local search (ifbLS), using activity list characteristics. The cpiLS reduces the critical path and the ifbLS improves resource allocation of the schedule of rc‐PSP/mM. Also, to evaluate the proposed approach, we compare the results of the computational experiment on certain standard project instances with the several competing heuristic procedures presented in the literature, and it has been revealed that our procedure is one of the most competitive among the algorithms. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Children's Literature on the Digital Move
Authors: Wolf Shelby A.
Published: March 2014

Children's literature is on the digital move, and many of the new technologies are eye popping in terms of their aesthetic qualities. Books that are already beloved are moving into new spaces well beyond the combination of words and illustration, as movement, sound, and interactivity enter the scene. The purpose of this article is to explore three children's books and their technological shifts. The key question is: “Does the advent of new technology destroy or enhance the world of story?” Arguing that technological transformations must be designed to meet the needs of all learners, the author explores who has access, in what forms, and with what sense of privilege children enter or fail to enter into 2.0 digital literacies. The author concludes that research must question the social, economic, and political ramifications as children move into these spaces.
Navigating Critical Conversations Requires Feedback
Authors: Bauer Courtney Marie
Published: March 2014

View From the Chalkboard essays share readers' reflections on teaching experiences, advice for new teachers, and perspectives on current issues.
First‐trimester fetal cardiac examination using spatiotemporal image correlation, tomographic ultrasound and color Doppler imaging for the diagnosis of complex congenital heart disease in high‐risk patients
Authors: Turan S. , Turan O. M. , Desai A. , Harman C. R. , Baschat A. A.
Published: March 2014

Objective

A four‐dimensional (4D) fetal echocardiographic technique utilizing spatiotemporal image correlation, tomographic ultrasound imaging display (STIC‐TUI echo) and color Doppler has previously been shown to be effective in displaying the examination planes constituting the extended cardiac examination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of this first‐trimester STIC‐TUI echo technique in identifying complex congenital heart disease (CHD) in high‐risk pregnancies.

Methods

This was a prospective study of patients presenting at first‐trimester screening who were at high risk for CHD owing to pregestational diabetes, in‐vitro fertilization (IVF), increased nuchal translucency (NT) thickness, first‐trimester tricuspid regurgitation or reversed ductus venosus (DV) a‐wave, a previous child with CHD or who were on anticonvulsant medication. First‐trimester STIC‐TUI echo was performed, and the findings were correlated with second‐trimester echocardiography and post‐delivery echo findings in survivors.

Results

One hundred and sixty‐four fetuses from 152 patients were enrolled (77 diabetics, 38 IVF, 14 with increased NT, 23 cases of tricuspid regurgitation or reversed a‐wave in the DV, 22 with prior CHD and two on anticonvulsants). STIC‐TUI echo was abnormal in 20 (12%), showing atrioventricular canal defect (n = 9), hypoplastic left heart (n = 2), pulmonary stenosis (n = 2), right aortic arch (n = 1), interrupted aortic arch (n = 1), tricuspid atresia (n = 1), heterotaxy (n = 1), persistent truncus arteriosus (n = 1), double outlet right ventricle and ventricular septal defect (n = 1) and double inlet ventricle with transposition of the great arteries (n = 1). 85% of these anomalies were evident in the four‐chamber view plane of the TUI display, and the remainder were diagnosed in the outflow tract planes with color Doppler imaging. In 13, CHD was isolated while seven had extracardiac anomalies. Thirteen fetuses had aneuploidy and all 13 underwent first‐trimester termination of pregnancy. In the remaining seven, second‐trimester echocardiography and neonatal echo/postmortem examination confirmed anomalies (two stillborn neonates, one neonatal death, four live births). Two cases of CHD missed by first‐trimester STIC‐TUI echo were diagnosed on second‐trimester echo. Accordingly, first‐trimester STIC‐TUI echo had 91% sensitivity and 100% specificity for the detection of CHD.

Conclusions

First‐trimester 4D echocardiography using a standardized application of STIC, TUI and color Doppler imaging is effective in displaying the imaging planes that are necessary for achieving the diagnosis of complex cardiac anomalies in high‐risk patients. Optimal imaging of the four‐chamber view with two‐dimensional ultrasound is the major determinant of successful volume acquisition. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.