bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
¿Puede la independencia judicial explicar la justicia postransicional?
Authors: Skaar Elin
Published: January 2021

La justicia postransicional se inició en el Cono Sur de América Latina a mediados de la década de 1990 y gradualmente se ha expandido a otros países que buscan afrontar violaciones de derechos humanos cometidas durante los regímenes autoritarios que dominaron el continente desde la década de 1970 hasta inicios de la década de 1990. Para diferenciar los juicios de la transición de los juicios que se llevaron a cabo años después durante la fase de consolidación democrática, este artículo desarrolla un marco teórico que explica las variaciones en la tendencia a juzgar a los militares por graves violaciones de derechos humanos (por ejemplo, el número de juicios) a lo largo del tiempo y entre países. El argumento principal que aquí se presenta es que las reformas constitucionales han hecho que los jueces latinoamericanos sean más propensos a perseguir a los militares por violaciones de derechos humanos porque los jueces ahora poseen más independencia del Poder Ejecutivo y, además, porque la jerarquía del sistema judicial se ha suavizado, haciendo que los jueces de primeras instancias sean menos dependientes de sus superiores. Como resultado, los jueces –especialmente aquellos afines a la agenda de los derechos humanos– pueden promover procesos judiciales con más energía que antes.
Contradiciendo pronósticos: ¡no hay descentralización ni inclusión que valga! la selección de candidatos en los partidos políticos de Argentina
Authors: Prats Mariana
Published: January 2021

Estudiar a los partidos en su carácter de organización, «iluminar hacia su interior», es un desafío aún pendiente en América Latina. Se pretende entonces contribuir analizando los procedimientos de selección de candidatos en Argentina, caso que demuestra que ni la descentralización a nivel organizativo ni una mayor inclusividad en los selectorados genera procesos de selección de candidatos más competitivos. Se presentan dos hipótesis: pensar la democratización de los procesos de selección de candidatos en términos de inclusión es insuficiente, es imperioso atender también a la dimensión de competitividad; y la descentralización sólo implica partidos más competitivos en su organización interna si esta no responde meramente a un criterio formal de distribución territorial del poder y si los mismos están institucionalizados conforme a principios democráticos. Ambas se pondrán a prueba a partir del armado de listas para las elecciones 2011, analizando diferencias en acción y estrategia de los partidos en diferentes distritos dependiendo de los cargos en juego y del nivel de gobierno, y se compararán con aquel de la elección precedente.
Maleimide-g-pyridine Octadecene Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization,
Thermal Stability, Fluorescence and Biological Studies
Authors: Periyan Durairaju , Chinnasamy Umarani
Published: January 2021

The fluorescent poly(maleic anhydride-alt-octadecene-arylmethoxypyridine) (PMAOA) and
poly(maleic anhydride-alt-octadecene-arylchloropyridine) (PMAOB) polymers were synthesized and
characterized by FTIR, 1H & 13C NMR spectroscopy. The thermal stability of polymers was measured
by TGA-DTA in the range 100-700 ºC. The fluorescence properties of the synthesized PMAOA and
PMAOB polymers were studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectra and showed notable
report due to influence of pyridine grafted to the malelic anhydride ring derivatives. The fluorescent
polymers, PMAOA and PMAOB shows high efficacy of antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans,
Aspergillusniger, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli pathogens.
Calcium Alginate Beads Doped with Nano-ZrO2 and Activated Carbon of Annona reticulate
Plant as an Effective Adsorbent for Water Remediation of Chromium(VI)
Authors: BIFTU WONDWOSEN KEBEDE , RAVINDHRANATH KUNTA
Published: January 2021

An activated carbon produced from stems of Annona reticulate plant (SACAR) by conc. H2SO4 digestion, is observed to have strong
affinity for toxic Cr(VI) ions. Its adsorptivity for Cr(VI) ions was enhanced by admixing it with ‘nano-ZrO2’ (Zr-SACAR)-synthesized
adopting green methods. For ensuring easy filtration, the ‘active carbon + nanoparticle composite’ was immobilized in calcium alginate
beads (Zr-SACAR-Ca). Optimum extraction conditions for these three adsorbents for the removal of Cr(VI) ions from water were investigated.
The adsorption capacities were found to be 92.2 mg/g for SACAR; 109.83 mg/g for Zr-SACAR and 119.34 mg/g for Zr-SACAR-Ca.
The sorption nature was characterized by XRD, FTIR, FESEM and EDX studies. The sorption mechanism was investigated using various
isotherm models. Thermodynamic studies revealed the endothermic and spontaneous nature of sorption. The kinetics of adsorption was
well defined by the pseudo-second-order model. The spent adsorbent are regenerated and reused until six cycles with marginal decrease
in Cr-adsorptivity. The adsorbents developed are effectively applied in the treatment of polluted water samples collected from Ethiopia
Antibacterial Action and Efficacy of Silver and Copper Exchanged Na-Y
Zeolite from Fly Ash on 304 Stainless Steel Coupons by Agar Diffusion Method
Authors: Padhy Rashmi Rani , Tiwari Sangeeta
Published: January 2021

Na-Y Zeolite synthesized from fly ash was exchanged with Ag+ and Cu2+ ions by ion exchange process.
The antibacterial action and efficacy of silver and copper exchanged Na-Y zeolite on Escherichia coli
and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was
suspended in broth media and exposed to silver and copper exchanged zeolite Y (ranging from 25-1000
μg) for a period of 24 h. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of silver and copper loaded
zeolite-Y powder was 50 and 250 μg for Escherichia coli. Staphylococcus aureus was destroyed at a
powder concentration of 100 μg for both Ag-Y and Cu-Y zeolite. Further, the present work also
focuses to incorporate 5% silver and copper exchanged zeolite pigment in coating and study the
antibacterial effect on the coated 304 stainless coupons. Paint containing copper exchanged zeolite
shows antibacterial activity compared to paint with silver containing zeolite.
Condensation of Lactones with Primary Diamines
Authors: El Alami Abouelhaoul , El Kihel Abdellatif , Ahbala Mustapha , Sdassi Hamid , Biersack Bernhard , Roisnel Thierry , Bauchat Patrick , El Ammari Lahcen , Saadi Mohamed
Published: January 2021

The condensation of dehydroacetic acid and 4-hydroxy-6-methylpyran-2-one with primary diamine
derivatives such as hydrazine, 1,2-diaminoethane and 1,6-diaminohexane yielded bispyrone and
bispyridone derivatives has been reported. The condensation of 4-hydroxy-6-methylpyran-2-one with
hydrazine in acetonitrile generated another bispyrazole product but in n-butanol, this reaction afforded
the bispyridones. The structures of the synthesized bispyrazoles were examined by spectroscopy and
X-ray diffraction analysis, while those of bispyridones were established by spectroscopy data (NMR,
mass). Some new complexes were also synthesized in order to show the behaviour of ligands with
suitable crystals for X-ray analysis.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE KEY FACTORS INFLUENCE ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR OF THE POPULATION TO BIO PRODUCTS IN REGIONAL MARKETS
Authors: Blagoev V. I. , Shustova E. P. , Mischenko I. V.
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the study of population consumer behavior to “bio” products on the example of two CIS countries: Kazakhstan and Russia, compared to foreign experience in the development of organic agriculture, on the example of Bulgaria.

It is expected that demand for organic products will grow steadily, both in domestic and international markets, which will further stimulate the development of organic agriculture in the world. Factors affecting consumer demand become important both for local markets and at the international level.

The study is based on a survey of residents of three representative agro-industrial regions: East Kazakhstan region (Kazakhstan), Altay territory (Russia), Varna region (Bulgaria). The aim of the study is to identify factors that influence the promotion of “bio” products in these regions.

It is assumed that the development of organic agriculture can stimulate the development of regional economies, especially in Russia and Kazakhstan.

The analysis made it possible to identify the peculiarities of the formation of consumer demand for bio products in these countries, to determine the factors that cause it and to form a number of proposals for producers for the further development of organic agriculture.
ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT USING THE ANALOG MODEL OF L. R. KLEIN
Authors: Kuzmin P. I. , Zinoviev A. G.
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the use of analysis and assessment methods for the development of the regional economy, based on a system of interrelated indicators characterizing the state and development of the region’s economy. One of these key statistics is gross regional product. Based on the gross regional product, an assessment is made of the results of production, the level of socio-economic development, the volume of material wealth of the population, the rate of economic growth, etc. The specifics of the conditions of the regional economic system, with the leading role of territorial factors in the development of socio-economic processes in the region, requires the need to formulate new approaches to assessing and analyzing the development of the regional economy that meet the requirements of a market economy. The basis of such approaches is the mechanism of using econometric methods in the process of economic and mathematical modeling of gross regional product in order to show the relationship and interdependence between the main economic indicators of the region. Using an analogue of the model L. R. Klein, the authors of this article built a system of simultaneous equations that establish the relationship between the gross regional product (GRP) and the aggregate of the main regional indicators of the Altai Territory based on statistical information from the Federal State Statistics Service in the Altai Territory. The construction of such an econometric GRP model will allow for continuous monitoring and diagnostics of the main generalizing economic indicators of the region, relying on the identified causal relationships between them, as well as identifying regional factors in the structure of the GRP, contributing to the acceleration of the socioeconomic development of the region, both in terms of the conditions for their formation and increase the efficiency of their use, and in ensuring sustainability and determining forecast estimates of the region’s economy. Based on the constructed model, the article analyzes the interconnections and interdependencies of the gross regional product on the cost of fixed assets, investments, the actual volume of household consumption and other economic indicators in comparable prices in 2016.
YOUTH AND ELDERLY CITIZENS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY DURING THE RECESSION OF THE ALTAI REGION ECONOMY
Authors: Trotskovsky A. Ya. , Sitnikova O. V. , Suponina I. V.
Published: January 2021

The article reveals the features of the adaptive behavior of young people and elderly citizens during the recession of the economy of the Altai Territory. As the information base of the study, the data of state statistics were used, including sample survey results. The specificity of the article lies in an attempt to make a comparative analysis of the economic behavior of citizens included in the “risk group” in the labor market, under the conditions of a slowdown in the economy of a typical agro-industrial region. The characteristic features of the development of the Altai Territory at the recession stage (2013-2016) are revealed. The essence of the changes lies in the formation of a qualitatively different economic situation, due to a noticeable inhibition of the growth of a number of basic indicators of the socio-economic development of the region. The key features of the development of the Altai Territory during the years of recession are noted, consisting in a relatively stable socio-economic situation in general, and the preservation of the basic characteristics of the labor market, in particular. It was found that the economic slowdown affected mainly the indicators of the level of employment and the growth of unemployment; the level of participation in the labor force has not changed. The gender features of the level of participation in the workforce of young people and elderly citizens are revealed. The specifics of employment of young people and elderly citizens during the recession of the economy in the region are disclosed. It is noted that in comparison with Russia, the problem of unemployment in the considered groups of the population is expressed differently: less acute for young people and more acute for elderly citizens.
To the Issue About the Dating of the Bolshemysskaya Culture
Authors:   Altai State University, N. Stepanova ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2021

The article deals with the problems of the chronology of the Bolshemysskaya culture, which is usually attributed to the Eneolithic era. The sites of this culture have a wide distribution area: the Barnaul-Biysk the Ob region, the Altai Mountains (Middle Katun), the upper reaches of the Alei and Northern Kulunda rivers. However, its chronological boundaries are not clearly defined, which is due to the small number of radiocarbon dates and the lack of reliable data for dating based on relative analogies. Calibration of dates from the burials of the Bolshoi Mys burial ground and Nizhnetytkesken cave-1 showed a significant range between them. An analysis of the ceramic assemblages of the Novoilinka-III settlement from Northern Kulunda revealed signs of interaction between the Cyprinsko-Penkovsky and Bolshemyssky population groups. Contacts can be traced in the ornamentation of ceramics with an object that leaves imprints similar to the ones of bird feathers, and in the addition of bird fluff to the pottery paste. Calibration of radiocarbon dates from Novoilinka-III showed that they all include 34–29 centuries BC. Based on the data obtained, the lower boundary of the Bolshemyskaya culture can be tentatively dated to the second half of the 4th millennium BC.
Mi a baj a modern szervezetekkel? – Kritikai menedzsmentelméletek (What is the problem in modern organisations? – Critical Management Studies)
Authors: Hidegh Anna Laura , Gelei András , Primecz Henriett
Published: January 2021

A nemzetközi, elsősorban európai szervezettudományban mára meghatározóvá vált a kritikai megközelítés, a hazai szakirodalomban mégis elvétve találni rá utalásokat. A szerzők írásukban tárgyalják, hogy a kritikai menedzsmentelméletek (KME) szemszögéből miként bírálható a mindenkori szervezeti gyakorlat, és miért bírálandók a főáramú menedzsmentelméletek. A tanulmány fő részében elméleti megkülönböztetéseket tesznek: egyrészt elhatárolják a kritikai megközelítést a főáramú szervezetelméletektől, másrészt több szempontból is különbséget tesznek a különféle – de egyaránt a KME alá tartozó – kritikai megközelítések között. De a kritikai szemlélethez hűen nem csak a puszta elméletismertetés volt a céljuk: e bevezetés és problémafelvető tanulmány – s a későbbiekben tervezett cikksorozat – szándékuk szerint vitaindítóként is szolgál. Abban bíznak, hogy a felvetett kérdésekről valódi, lényegi párbeszédet generálhatnak a hazai menedzsmenttudományban (kutatók, oktatók és elméletalkalmazók körében), mely kihathat a szervezeti gyakorlatra is. _____ Critical Management Studies (CMS) as a field of organization studies (OS) has become central internationally, and especially in Europe. Yet, its appearance is still very rare in the Hungarian OS literature. In this study first the authors discuss how the nowadays dominant organizational practices along with the mainstream management and organization theories are to be criticized from a Critical Management perspective. In the main section, so as to define CMS, they make important theoretical distinctions, first between CMS and mainstream organization theories (in general), and then among the different critical approaches that nevertheless all fall under the broad CMS umbrella. But, in line with a truly critical attitude, they not only go into theoretical discussions but, at least to their intention, the purpose of this introductory paper is also to addresses important problems both in the theory and the practice of organization and management. Therefore, it could serve as an opening of an important debate or dialogue in the Hungarian academic community (researchers, educators and other professionals), a theoretical discussion that could have real influence on organizational practice too.
Drága-e a megújuló? – A hazai megújuló villamosenergia-termelés hatása a villamos energia árára (Is the renewable energy expensive? – Impact of the Hungarian renewable based power generation on electricity price)
Authors: Mezősi András
Published: January 2021

A tanulmány arra keresi a választ, hogy a megújuló alapú áramtermelők támogatása csökkentőleg hathat- e a villamos energia nagykereskedelmi és kiskereskedelmi árára. Ez utóbbi tartalmazza a megújulók támogatásának összegét is. Számos elméleti cikk rámutatott arra, hogy nemcsak a nagykereskedelmi árak, hanem a kiskereskedelmi villamosenergia-árak is csökkenhetnek a drágább, megújuló alapú áramtermelők támogatása révén. A tanulmány során egy villamosenergia-piacokat szimuláló modell segítségével modellezi a szerző, hogy a különböző mennyiségű szélerőművi és fotovoltaikus kapacitás támogatása hogyan hat a magyarországi nagykereskedelmi és kiskereskedelmi árakra. _____ Impact of the Hungarian renewable based power generation on electricity price The aim of this paper is to answer the question whether the support of renewable power generation could decrease the wholesale and retail electricity prices. The latter one includes the support of renewables. Several studies point out that not only the wholesale, but the retail electricity prices could decrease when supporting the more expensive, renewable power generation. A model, which simulates the electricity markets, is used in order to analyse the impact of different level of wind and photo voltaic power generator support fee on Hungarian wholesale and retail electricity prices.
DOCÊNCIA NEGRA: REPRESENTATIVIDADE E PERSPECTIVAS
Authors: De Melo Silva Nayara Kelly , Santos Saulo Cabral dos
Published: January 2021

Este estudo fez um levantamento sobre a autodeclaração dos discentes, a presença de docentes negros, além da intenção e dificuldade em continuidade na pós-graduação. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de formulário com discentes dos cursos de Enfermagem, Medicina e Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, campus Recife - Pernambuco. Os resultados demonstram um considerável percentual de estudantes brancos e um alto percentual de percepção de docentes negros por parte dos discentes. Porém, não é possível atestar que houve um aumento na quantidade de professores negros na graduação ao longo dos anos. Em relação à continuidade na pós-graduação, isso se constitui o desejo da maior parte dos estudantes. Entretanto, a pouca oferta de bolsas é um fator limitante para 58,8% dos discentes pretos. Tais resultados foram discutidos considerando os dados presentes na literatura científica, compreendendo o racismo estrutural e institucional presente na educação superior no Brasil.
A NEW FASTENER TO ENSURE THE RELIABILITY OF A PASSENGER CAR BODY ON A TRAIN FERRY
Authors: Lovska Alyona , Fomin Oleksij
Published: January 2021

To ensure the strength of the passenger car bodies during transportation on train ferries, it is proposed to mount fastening elements of chain binders on the body bolster beams. The principle of such an element is based on the hydraulic damper operation. The mathematic modelling was conducted in order to determine the dynamic loading on a passenger car body during sea transportation. The study established that the improvements mentioned made it possible to reduce the dynamic loading on the body during sea transportation by 30% in a comparison with that of a typical fastening scheme. The strength of an improved passenger car body was calculated. The maximum equivalent stresses in the body structure accounted for about 120MPa, i.e., they did not exceed the admissible values. The conducted research may contribute to ensuring the required strength of passenger car bodies during train ferry transportation, thus leading to a higher operational efficiency of train ferry transportation within the international transportation.
TESTING OF GLUED JOINTS ON PLASTIC PARTS MANUFACTURED USING FFF TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Suder Jiří , Vocetka Michal , Kot Tomáš , Fojtík František , Fusek Martin
Published: January 2021

The article focuses on the testing of glued joints of plastic parts manufactured by 3D rapid prototyping, using the Fused Filament Fabrication technology. The first part of the article describes the suitability of using a glued joint. Then follows a brief description of the plastic materials used for the manufacturing of the testing samples. The materials include not only the common types, such as Polylactide, Polyethylene Terephthalate, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, but also Thermoplastic Polyurethane, which has a high elasticity and is usually described as a flexible material. The main section of the article deals with the testing of glued joints on a tensometric machine, which produces stress-strain curves. The shear strength of the joints is evaluated. For each material, multiple samples are prepared with different orientation of individual layers created by the 3D printing process. The impact of the orientation of the layers on the resulting strength of the glued joint is also evaluated. The final section of the article presents comparison and evaluation of the results –analyses of cracks, the impact of the orientation of the layers and the impact of individual materials. The experiment proved the independence of the orientation of the layers on the strength of the glued joint. It was also found out during the experiment that the use of a common adhesive on a flexible material was unsuitable.
History and Current Status of Optometric Education in Africa
Authors: Abu Sampson Listowell
Published: January 2021

Over the last decade, 16 new optometry programs have been established across Africa and there are efforts to set up additional training institutions in the future. Also, existing optometry programs are undergoing modifications to offer an international standard of optometric education and training. This paper focuses on the history and further assesses the current status of optometric education on the continent of Africa. Additionally, optometric education in Africa is compared to North American training programs. Challenges facing optometric programs in Africa are highlighted with recommendations to address them.
Pragmatic Presupposition in Interpersonal Communication—a Case Study of Lovers' Dialogue
Authors: Chen Jialiang
Published: January 2021

Abstract: Pragmatic presupposition is a common linguistic phenomenon in natural language. In real life, an increasing number of people begin to use pragmatic presupposition to carry out interpersonal communication, so as to make the expression richer and more accurate. However, while the appropriate use of pragmatic presupposition is related to the effectiveness of communication, many people cannot attach great importance to the significance of pragmatic presupposition and fail to understand its role in interpersonal communication. This paper takes pragmatic presupposition theory as the theoretical basis and lovers' dialogues as an example to analyze the application of pragmatic presupposition in a specific context with the aim of helping people fully understand pragmatic presupposition theory and promote the effect of interpersonal communication in specific contexts.

Key Words: pragmatic presupposition, dialogue, boyfriend and girlfriend, interpersonal communication
Independence referenda in Catalonia and their political significance
Authors: Lesiewicz Elżbieta
Published: January 2021

The article discusses two independence referenda of 2014 and 2017, which have been declared illegal by the Spanish government and the Constitutional Court. The referenda have shown that the majority of Catalans to establish their own state. The article presents historical conditions of the Catalan independence movement, analysis of referenda outcomes, and the impact of the 2020 pandemic on the independence movement. Methods used include institutional and legal analysis, system analysis and historical genetic method. The methods have proven that to a large extent historical factors and the 2008 economic crisis contributed to independence tendencies in Catalonia. All these facts contributed to the growing support for the independence among Catalans. This has been proven by outcomes of two independence referenda. The first one of them was held on 9 November 2014 and the turnout was 2 million out of 5.4 million eligible citizens. As much as 80% of voters opted for independence. The turnout of the 2017 referendum was 42.3% out of 5.34 million, and 90% of 2.26 million citizens participating in the referendum opted for independence, whereas 8% were against. The referenda showed that independence trends in European regions were still valid, since separatists might even use the crisis caused by the 2020 pandemic to support they independence struggle.
The effects of phosphate on physiological responses and carbohydrate production in Ulva fasciata (Chlorophyta) from upwelling and non-upwelling sites
Authors: Figueira Tiphane Andrade , Martins Nuno Tavares , Ayres-Ostrock Lígia , Plastino Estela M. , Enrich-Prast Alex , Oliveira Vinícius Peruzzi de
Published: January 2021

Phosphorus is a key macronutrient in macroalgal physiology, including carbohydrate anabolism. To determine the effects of phosphorus on different physiological parameters, we cultivated Ulva fasciata specimens from distinct localities (upwelling and non-upwelling sites) in the presence of different phosphate concentrations (0, 2, and 4 µM

PO
4

3
−

${\text{PO}}_{4}^{3-}$

). After 15 days, growth rates were similar (approx. 12% day−1) and carbohydrate contents had increased in individuals from both sites. In individuals from the upwelling site, carbohydrate contents were high in all treatments (71% dry mass), whereas non-upwelling site individuals cultivated under the highest phosphate concentration showed the lowest carbohydrate content (46% DM). Nevertheless, we observed higher rates of phosphorus uptake in individuals from the non-upwelling site cultivated under the highest phosphate concentration, indicating a stress response to elevated nutrient concentrations. Individuals from both sites cultivated with phosphate maintained healthy photosystems over the experimental period (F
v/F
m = 0.788), whereas those cultivated in the absence of phosphate showed evidence of photosystem impairment, as indicated by a progressive decline in maximum quantum yield. Altogether, our results indicate that site origin and phosphate concentration influence the carbohydrate content in U. fasciata and that individuals from sites with broad environmental variation, such as upwelling events, can show higher productivity.
Pre-emptive interaction in language change and ontogeny: the case of [there is no NP]
Authors: Tantucci Vittorio , Di Cristofaro Matteo
Published: January 2021

This study is centred on the pre-emptive dimension of interactional exchanges. Dialogues are not merely characterised by information transmission, they are also constantly informed by pre-emptive attempts to address potential reactions to what is being said. We argue that pre-emptive interaction intersects with intersubjectivity (i.a. Traugott, Elizabeth C. 2003. From subjectification to intersubjectification. In R. Hickey (ed.), Motives for language change, 124–139. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Schwenter, Scott A. & Richard Waltereit. 2010. Presupposition accommodation and language change. In K. Davidse & L. Vandelanotte (eds.), Subjectification, intersubjectification and grammaticalization, 75–102. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton; Tantucci, Vittorio. 2017a. From immediate to extended intersubjectification: A gradient approach to intersubjective awareness and semasiological change. Language and Cognition 9(1). 88–120; Tantucci, Vittorio. 2020. From co-actionality to extended intersubjectivity: Drawing on language change and ontogenetic development. Applied Linguistics 41(2). 185–214) and constitutes an important trigger of semantic-pragmatic reanalysis and constructional change. We provide a corpus-based study centred on the change of the [there is no NP] construction in Early Modern English dialogic interaction. During 16th century, the chunk is originally used in assertions, however it then progressively acquires a new function of pre-emptive refusal. Something similar is at stake throughout the child’s ontogeny. We provide corpus-based data from the CHILDES database of first language acquisition to show that children’s ability to use [there is no NP] to address potential reactions to what is being said occurs only around the fourth year of age, that is when a Theory of Mind (ToM) starts to become fully developed (i.a. Apperly, Ian. 2010. Mindreaders: The cognitive basis of theory of mind. New York: Psychology Press; Wellman, Henry M. 2014. Making minds: How theory of mind develops. Oxford: Oxford University Press). Pre-emptive interaction correlates diachronically and ontogentically with ToM and underpins a projected turn taking of a specific or generic interlocutor as a result of what is being currently said.
Why don’t grammaticalization pathways always recur?
Authors: Rosemeyer Malte , Grossman Eitan
Published: January 2021

Many grammaticalization pathways recur across languages. A prominent explanation for this is that the properties of lexical items determine their developmental pathways. However, it is unclear why these pathways do not always occur. In this article, we ask why English did not undergo a cross-linguistically common grammaticalization pathway, finish > anterior. We operationalize this question by testing a theory proposed on results regarding a language that did undergo this change, Spanish, on corpus and experimental data. While English finish constructions are associated with some of the distributional properties of Early Spanish finish, speakers do not show evidence of conventionally associating finish constructions with a particular type of inference crucial for the grammaticalization of the Spanish anterior. We propose that the non-conventionality of this inference blocks the grammaticalization of finish constructions in English, demonstrating that some of the black box of language change currently attributed to chance can be explored empirically.
Composition and antioxidant properties of extracts from Douglas fir bark
Authors: Miranda Isabel , Ferreira Joana , Cardoso Sofia , Pereira Helena
Published: January 2021

This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant ability and the chemical composition of apolar and polar extractives from Douglas-fir bark, cork and phloem, establishing a possible correlation with the structural variation along the tree stem and geographic location. Douglas-fir bark extractives’ composition were analyzed at three stem heights in trees from two locations. Cork and phloem extracts’ composition were analyzed in samples collected at stem base. Extractives content in Douglas-fir bark varied between 14 and 31% and polar extractives (11–29%) were dominant over non-polar. Lipophilic extracts were mainly composed of terpenoids, representing 27–77% of all compounds, highlighted by callitrisic acid (11–34%). Sterols were also abundant (6–45%), with β-sitosterol representing 7–33% of all compounds. Alkanoic acids were present in smaller amounts. Ethanol–water extracts showed high phenolic (562–762 mg GAE/g extract), flavonoid and condensed tannins contents (399–683 mg CE/g extract and 120–262 mg CE/g of extract), high scavenging (IC50 2.8 µg extract/mL) and reducing (12 mM Fe2+/g extract) abilities. Cork had high phenolic (819 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoid contents (524 mg CE/g extract) and high antioxidant capacity (1080 mg TEAC/g extract). Detailed knowledge of Douglas-fir extracts demonstrates their potential as a source of fine chemicals towards different applications.
Moisture-dependency of the fracture energy of wood: a comparison of unmodified and acetylated Scots pine and birch
Authors: Forsman Karin , Fredriksson Maria , Serrano Erik , Danielsson Henrik
Published: January 2021

The moisture-dependency of the fracture energy for unmodified and acetylated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and birch (Betula pendula Roth) has been investigated. Specimens were conditioned at relative humidity levels of 20, 75, and 97%, as well as dry and water-saturated. At moisture contents below 15%, the fracture energy increased with increasing moisture content for both unmodified and acetylated wood, while it decreased for untreated wood at higher moisture contents. A significant difference in moisture-dependency was found, indicating higher fracture energy for unmodified wood compared to acetylated wood at similar moisture contents. Additionally, to assess the impact of the increased brittleness for structural applications, the fracture energy was compared at equal relative humidity levels. The largest difference was seen at 75% relative humidity with approximately 50% lower fracture energy for acetylated wood. No significant differences were found for water-saturated samples. The moisture-dependency of the fracture energy, combined with the reduced hygroscopicity of acetylated wood, is suggested to be one, but not the only, contributing factor to the lower fracture energy of acetylated wood compared to unmodified wood at equal humidity levels. These observations have importance for structural design since design codes often assess material parameters based on ambient humidity.
Synthesis of graphene: Potential carbon precursors and approaches
Authors: Yan Yuxin , Nashath Fathima Zahra , Chen Sharon , Manickam Sivakumar , Lim Siew Shee , Zhao Haitao , Lester Edward , Wu Tao , Pang Cheng Heng
Published: January 2021

Graphene is an advanced carbon functional material with inherent unique properties that make it suitable for a wide range of applications. It can be synthesized through either the top–down approach involving delamination of graphitic materials or the bottom–up approach involving graphene assembly from smaller building units. Common top–down approaches are exfoliation and reduction while bottom–up approaches include chemical vapour deposition, epitaxial growth, and pyrolysis. A range of materials have been successfully used as precursors in various synthesis methods to derive graphene. This review analyses and discusses the suitability of conventional, plant- and animal-derived, chemical, and fossil precursors for graphene synthesis. Together with its associated technical feasibility and economic and environmental impacts, the quality of resultant graphene is critically assessed and discussed. After evaluating the parameters mentioned above, the most appropriate synthesis method for each precursor is identified. While graphite is currently the most common precursor for graphene synthesis, several other precursors have the potential to synthesize graphene of comparable, if not better, quality and yield. Thus, this review provides an overview and insights into identifying the potential of various carbon precursors for large-scale and commercial production of fit-for-purpose graphene for specific applications.
Stress effect on 3D culturing of MC3T3-E1 cells on microporous bovine bone slices
Authors: Wang Junling , Zhang Yongbo , Yang Xiao , Ma Xiaobing
Published: January 2021

The choosing of micromechanical environment is very important for the growth of bone-related cells. In this paper, bovine cancellous bone slices with 3D porous structures were used for 3D culturing of MC3T3-E1 cells (Mouse embryo osteoblast precursor cells) through a four-point-bending device due to their good biocompatibility and strength. Effects of micromechanical environment on the growth of MC3TC-E1 cells were investigated by immunofluorescent staining and alkaline phosphatase analysis, and the most positive microporous structures were found. In addition, a model of cell density vs stress was established through a specific normalization method and finite element simulation. The results showed that the micromechanical environment of the bone slices promoted cell proliferation, and the detail influence of stress on cell proliferation could be described by the mathematical model, which could provide a theoretical basis for the design of micromechanical environment in the bone tissue engineering scaffolds to stimulate cell proliferation.
Heat and mass transport investigation in radiative and chemically reacting fluid over a differentially heated surface and internal heating
Authors: Chu Yu-Ming , Adnan  , Khan Umar , Ahmed Naveed , Mohyud-Din Syed Tauseef , Khan Ilyas
Published: January 2021

The aim of this study is to investigate the heat and mass transport over a stretchable surface. The analysis is prolonged to the concept of thermal radiations and chemical reaction over a differentially heated surface with internal heating. This is significant from an engineering and industrial point of view. The nonlinear model is successfully attained by adopting the similarity transforms and then further computation is done via a hybrid Runge–Kutta algorithm coupled with shooting technique. The behavior of fluid velocity and heat and mass transport are then furnished graphically for feasible ranges of parameters. A comprehensive discussion of the results is provided against multiple parameters. Foremost, the local thermal performance and mass transport rate are explained via numerical computation. The major outcomes of the study are described in the end.
Random pore structure and REV scale flow analysis of engine particulate filter based on LBM
Authors: Wu Chunrui , Zhang Tiechen , Fu Jiale , Liu Xiaori , Shen Boxiong
Published: January 2021

In this article, lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is used to simulate the multi-scale flow characteristics of the engine particulate filter at the pore scale and the representative elementary volume (REV) scale, respectively. Four kinds of random wall-pore structures are considered, which are circular random structure, square random structure, isotropic quartet structure generation set (QSGS), and anisotropic QSGS, with difference analysis done. In terms of the REV scale, the influence of different inlet flow velocities and wall permeabilities on the flow in single channel is analyzed. The result indicates that the internal seepage laws of random structures constructed in this article and single channel are in accordance with Darcy’s law. Circular random structure has better permeability than square random structure. Isotropic QSGS has better fluidity than anisotropic one. The flow in single channel is similar to Poiseuille flow. The flow lines in the channel are complicated and a large number of vortices appear at the ends of channel with high inlet flow rate. With the increase of inlet velocity, the static pressure in channel gradually increases along the axial direction as well as the seepage velocity. The temperature field in the channel becomes more uniform as the flow velocity increases, and the higher temperature distribution appears on the wall of the porous media.
Experimental analysis and ANN prediction on performances of finned oval-tube heat exchanger under different air inlet angles with limited experimental data
Authors: Du Xueping , Chen Zhijie , Meng Qi , Song Yang
Published: January 2021

A high accuracy of experimental correlations on the heat transfer and flow friction is always expected to calculate the unknown cases according to the limited experimental data from a heat exchanger experiment. However, certain errors will occur during the data processing by the traditional methods to obtain the experimental correlations for the heat transfer and friction. A dimensionless experimental correlation equation including angles is proposed to make the correlation have a wide range of applicability. Then, the artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used to predict the heat transfer and flow friction performances of a finned oval-tube heat exchanger under four different air inlet angles with limited experimental data. The comparison results of ANN prediction with experimental correlations show that the errors from the ANN prediction are smaller than those from the classical correlations. The data of the four air inlet angles fitted separately have higher precisions than those fitted together. It is demonstrated that the ANN approach is more useful than experimental correlations to predict the heat transfer and flow resistance characteristics for unknown cases of heat exchangers. The results can provide theoretical support for the application of the ANN used in the finned oval-tube heat exchanger performance prediction.
Advances in neurochemical measurements: A review of biomarkers and devices for the development of closed-loop deep brain stimulation systems
Authors: Rojas Cabrera Juan M. , Blair Price J. , Rusheen Aaron E. , Goyal Abhinav , Jondal Danielle , Barath Abhijeet S. , Shin Hojin , Chang Su-Youne , Bennet Kevin E. , Blaha Charles D. , Lee Kendall H. , Oh Yoonbae
Published: January 2021

Neurochemical recording techniques have expanded our understanding of the pathophysiology of neurological disorders, as well as the mechanisms of action of treatment modalities like deep brain stimulation (DBS). DBS is used to treat diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, Tourette syndrome, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, among others. Although DBS is effective at alleviating symptoms related to these diseases and improving the quality of life of these patients, the mechanism of action of DBS is currently not fully understood. A leading hypothesis is that DBS modulates the electrical field potential by modifying neuronal firing frequencies to non-pathological rates thus providing therapeutic relief. To address this gap in knowledge, recent advances in electrochemical sensing techniques have given insight into the importance of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and adenosine, in disease pathophysiology. These studies have also highlighted their potential use in tandem with electrophysiology to serve as biomarkers in disease diagnosis and progression monitoring, as well as characterize response to treatment. Here, we provide an overview of disease-relevant neurotransmitters and their roles and implications as biomarkers, as well as innovations to the biosensors used to record these biomarkers. Furthermore, we discuss currently available neurochemical and electrophysiological recording devices, and discuss their viability to be implemented into the development of a closed-loop DBS system.
Is Imitation Bad for the Production of Creative Works?
Authors: Bae Sang Hoo , Yoo Kyeongwon
Published: January 2021

This paper develops a theoretical framework to discuss the positive role of imitative works where creators often have private information about their creative abilities and may need outside investment. Within this framework, we consider the impact of three types of copyright protection during the different stages: the production, distribution, and consumption of creative works. Different types of enforcement can discourage imitation (production-side enforcement), limit distribution (supply-side enforcement), and restrict consumption (demand-side enforcement) of unauthorized copies of creative works. The last two types of infringement are called end-user piracy since these involve end-users, who actively search and illegally access creative works. The main results show that substitutability exists between copyright protection against end-user piracy since both types of enforcement increase the creator’s incentive with a higher return. However, it cannot solve the inefficient investment problem due to information asymmetry. There exists complementarity between copyright protection against end-user piracy and imitation. When weak protection against end-user piracy yields the overproduction of creative works, a high level of protection against imitation can minimize the related inefficiencies. However, when end-user piracy enforcement increases and brings underproduction, imitative works can benefit society.
The Cellular Electrophysiological Properties Underlying Multiplexed Coding in Purkinje Cells
Authors: Zang Yunliang , De Schutter Erik
Published: January 2021

Neuronal firing patterns are crucial to underpin circuit level behaviors. In cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), both spike rates and pauses are used for behavioral coding, but the cellular mechanisms causing code transitions remain unknown. We use a well-validated PC model to explore the coding strategy that individual PCs use to process parallel fiber (PF) inputs. We find increasing input intensity shifts PCs from linear rate-coders to burst-pause timing-coders by triggering localized dendritic spikes. We validate dendritic spike properties with experimental data, elucidate spiking mechanisms, and predict spiking thresholds with and without inhibition. Both linear and burst-pause computations use individual branches as computational units, which challenges the traditional view of PCs as linear point neurons. Dendritic spike thresholds can be regulated by voltage state, compartmentalized channel modulation, between-branch interaction and synaptic inhibition to expand the dynamic range of linear computation or burst-pause computation. In addition, co-activated PF inputs between branches can modify somatic maximum spike rates and pause durations to make them carry analog signals. Our results provide new insights into the strategies used by individual neurons to expand their capacity of information processing.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTUnderstanding how neurons process information is a fundamental question in neuroscience. Purkinje cells (PCs) were traditionally regarded as linear point neurons. We used computational modeling to unveil their electrophysiological properties underlying the multiplexed coding strategy that is observed during behaviors. We demonstrate that increasing input intensity triggers localized dendritic spikes, shifting PCs from linear rate-coders to burst-pause timing-coders. Both coding strategies work at the level of individual dendritic branches. Our work suggests that PCs have the ability to implement branch-specific multiplexed coding at the cellular level, thereby increasing the capacity of cerebellar coding and learning.