bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The North West Passage
Authors: Amundsen Roald , Hansen Godfred
Published: December 2014

From an early age Roald Amundsen (1872–1928) was determined to be an explorer. Having gained valuable experience on the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (1897–9), he resolved to conquer the North-West Passage. After three years, using a small fishing vessel, the Gjøa, and only six crew, Amundsen succeeded in reaching Nome, Alaska. First published in Norwegian in 1907, and reissued here in its 1908 English translation, this two-volume account is copiously illustrated with photographs. Volume 2 begins with details of Inuit practices, including the building of snow houses, fishing, and the making of clothes. The navigation to Herschel Island, where the men spent a third winter among whaling vessels, is then recounted. One of the crew died from illness before the Gjøa reached Nome in August 1906. This volume contains a lengthy supplement by Godfred Hansen, describing the sledge journeys to map the coast of Victoria Island, and a detailed index to both volumes.
Voyages of Discovery in the Arctic and Antarctic Seas, and round the World
Authors: McCormick Robert
Published: December 2014

Published in 1884 and illustrated with over 100 of his own drawings and maps, this two-volume work by the doctor and naturalist Robert McCormick (1800–90) provides an account of his voyages in the Arctic with William Parry and in the Antarctic with James Clark Ross, noting also his part in the search for Sir John Franklin. Incorporating a very detailed autobiography, McCormick's work also provides many details relating to natural history and geology. Volume 1 is mainly devoted to his Antarctic voyage (1839–43), during which he also visited St Helena, the Kerguelen Islands, Australia, New Zealand, the Falkland Islands and Tierra del Fuego. During three attempts to reach the South Pole the expedition explored the Ross Sea, described the ice barrier, and raised the British flag to claim possession. The volume ends with the abortive attempt in 1827 to reach the North Pole via Spitsbergen.
The South Pole
Authors: Amundsen Roald
Published: December 2014

On 14 December 1911, Roald Amundsen (1872–1928) and his Norwegian team became the first humans to reach the South Pole, a month before their ill-fated British rivals under the leadership of Robert Falcon Scott. Reissued here is the 1912 English translation of Amundsen's two-volume account of how this extraordinary and perilous feat was achieved. Illustrated throughout with illuminating maps and photographs, the text contains important details relating to matters of climate, equipment, diet, sledging and survival in forbiddingly cold conditions over uncertain terrain. Underpinning Amundsen's success, the use of dogs, skis and fur clothing made possible the dash to the pole and back without the loss of human life. While careful to present the expedition in the best light, Amundsen's work remains essential reading in the history of Antarctic exploration. Volume 1 covers the early stages of the expedition prior to the start for the pole in October 1911.
Reflections on the Mysterious Fate of Sir John Franklin
Authors: Parsons James
Published: December 2014

The disappearance of Sir John Franklin's Arctic expedition of 1845 led to many rescue attempts, some by the British government and some by private individuals, as well as a large number of works recounting these expeditions and reflecting on the mystery. Little is known about the author of this 1857 work, James Parsons. He begins this dramatic account by noting that the disappearance of a large and well-equipped party is almost unprecedented in the Arctic: nothing certain was known about Franklin's fate twelve years after the last recorded sighting. Parsons' speculations derive from a knowledge of naval practice, and familiarity with the seas and climate of the Arctic region and the records of earlier expeditions. He offers practical suggestions about a new attempt using steam-boats, but knows that this will be to find out what actually happened, because there could now be no possibility of finding survivors.
A Century of Dishonour
Authors: Jackson Helen Hunt
Published: December 2014

Author and activist Helen Hunt Jackson (1830–85) is remembered for her work in support of Native American rights. She was also a friend and correspondent of the poet Emily Dickinson, and her own verse was praised by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Her highly popular novel Ramona (1884) addressed discrimination against Native Americans, raising public consciousness as Harriet Beecher Stowe had done for slavery in Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852). Jackson's novel emerged out of her passionate seeking of justice for her country's indigenous peoples. She describes decades of government-sanctioned mistreatment of Native Americans in this 1881 publication. The work introduces seven major tribes, their claims to ancestral lands, and the history of broken treaties and massacres they had endured. Alongside this, Jackson also presents details of Native American culture, resilience and creativity. This remains a vital and substantial account of minority persecution in North American history.
Twenty Years on Ben Nevis
Authors: Kilgour William T.
Published: December 2014

Not much is known about the life of William T. Kilgour, apart from the fact that in the late nineteenth century he spent two decades as an irregular member of staff at the meteorological observatory on Ben Nevis. In 1905, a year after the observatory closed due to lack of funds, Kilgour published this account of his experiences, including some of 'the more outstanding incidents inseparable from an existence spent at such an altitude', both as a chronicle of life on the mountain and to encourage the public to support the reopening of the observatory. The text is illustrated with several photographs of the striking natural surroundings as well as images of the meteorologists working and relaxing at the inhospitably located station. The result is an accessible and charming record of scientific life on Britain's highest peak around the turn of the century.
White Knights Library
Authors: Evans Robert Harding
Published: December 2014

The dispersal of the library amassed by George Spencer-Churchill (1766–1840), Marquess of Blandford and later fifth Duke of Marlborough, is most commonly cited today as a preservative against folly. The collection contained some of the most sought-after incunabula of a period defined by the high prices paid for early printed books. It included a fine selection of Caxtons, spectacular botanical and emblem books, and the iconic Valdarfer Boccaccio - the first edition of the Decameron, purchased by Blandford in 1812 for the unprecedented sum of £2,260. The Boccaccio was symptomatic of the profligate expenditure of its buyer. By 1819 his spendthrift ways had ruined him, leading to the sale of his opulent estate at Whiteknights, near Reading, and the dispersal of one of the key libraries in the era of bibliomania. Reissued here together are the two parts of the auction catalogue, both annotated by an auction attendee who recorded details of the purchasers and the prices paid. Ed Potten, Head of Rare Books at Cambridge University Library, has provided a new introduction that places the catalogue in its wider context.
Due Process of Lawmaking
Authors: Rose-Ackerman Susan , Egidy Stefanie , Fowkes James
Published: December 2014

With nuanced perspective and detailed case studies, Due Process of Lawmaking explores the law of lawmaking in the United States, South Africa, Germany, and the European Union. This comparative work deals broadly with public policymaking in the legislative and executive branches. It frames the inquiry through three principles of legitimacy: democracy, rights, and competence. Drawing on the insights of positive political economy, the authors explicate the ways in which courts uphold these principles in the different systems. Judicial review in the American presidential system suggests lessons for the parliamentary systems in Germany and South Africa, while the experience of parliamentary government yields potential insights into the reform of the American law of lawmaking. Taken together, the national experiences shed light on the special case of the EU. In dialogue with each other, the case studies demonstrate the interplay between constitutional principles and political imperatives under a range of different conditions.
A Narrative of Arctic Discovery, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time
Authors: Shillinglaw John J.
Published: December 2014

This 1850 account of the history of Arctic exploration was dedicated to Lady Franklin, whose energy in spurring on expeditions in search of her husband and his two ships, by then missing for five years, was widely admired. John Shillinglaw (d.1862), a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, was able both to give a historical perspective and to describe the most recent efforts being made to discover Franklin's fate. The narrative begins with the Viking exploration and settlement of Iceland and Greenland, and possible landings in North America. While focusing on British voyages in more recent history, Shillinglaw also includes Russian and Danish activities, as well as the founding of trading firms like the Hudson's Bay Company. But the greater part of the book describes, in considerable detail, voyages from the late eighteenth century up to 1850, and offers a useful synthesis of the first-hand accounts published in this period.
The Polar World
Authors: Hartwig Georg
Published: December 2014

The German scientific writer Georg Hartwig (1813–80) produced many popular works on geographical and natural history topics, among them this book, published in English in 1869. (An American version, with additional chapters, came out in the same year.) Unusually for the period, it surveyed exploration in the Antarctic as well as the Arctic, though the coverage of the latter makes up the bulk of the book. Hartwig's intention is 'to convey solid instruction under an entertaining form', combining the history of exploration with descriptions of the polar regions explored by the mid-century, including Siberia as well as the islands and ice packs of the Arctic Ocean. In this very readable work, Hartwig describes geography, geology and climate, as well as the survival strategies of plant, animal and human life in an extreme environment, using a very wide range of earlier published material to create an integrated narrative.
The Life and Typography of William Caxton, England's First Printer
Authors: Blades William
Published: December 2014

This two-volume work on the life and activities of the printer William Caxton, a vital source for bibliographers, was written by another printer, William Blades, and published in 1861–3. Blades (1824–90), apprenticed into the family firm, developed a great interest in the history of his trade, collecting an extensive library of antiquarian books, and becoming an expert on early typefaces. He brings to his study of Caxton (which follows in the wake of works on incunabula by Ames, Herbert and Dibdin) his own practical experience of the craft of printing, largely unchanged, except for the addition of machine power, since Caxton's day. He examined more than 450 Caxton printings, in Britain, France and the Low Countries, while preparing the work. Volume 2 offers an essay on Caxton's working practices and a bibliographical account of every book printed by him then known to have survived.
A Tour in Scotland MDCCLXIX
Authors: Pennant Thomas
Published: December 2014

Thomas Pennant (1726–98) is remembered for his work in bringing natural history to popular attention and for his engaging travel writing. With a number of fine engravings, this work, first published in 1771 and reissued here in its second edition of 1772, is typical of Pennant's output. More than a mere travelogue, it recounts his tour - via Tayside, Inverness, Wick and Fort William - of the Scottish Highlands, then largely unknown to outsiders but of notable interest to students of natural history. The volume is of particular significance for its meticulous descriptions of significant locations, buildings and wildlife, revealing Pennant's thorough mind and tireless capacity for observation, and also for its methodology: Pennant drew on local knowledge gathered by circulating queries in advance (these are included as an appendix). Several of Pennant's other works, including his Tour in Wales, are also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection.
Life of Benjamin Robert Haydon, Historical Painter
Authors: Haydon Benjamin Robert
Published: December 2014

Before the painter Benjamin Robert Haydon (1786–1846) committed suicide, he had left instructions that an account of his life should be published, using his autobiography up to 1820 and his letters and journals for the rest. The writer and dramatist Tom Taylor (1817–80) took on the editing, and the three-volume work was published in 1853. (The slightly enlarged second edition, also of 1853, is reissued here.) Haydon was a history painter at a time when that genre was perceived as the greatest form of the art, and his friends included Wordsworth, Keats, Shelley, Charles Lamb, Hazlitt and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. However, he was constantly in financial difficulties, and in later life a sense of failure seems to have turned into outright paranoia. Volume 2 uses Haydon's journals to continue the account to 1834. His two-volume Conversations and Table-Talk, edited by his son, is also reissued is this series.
Wagner as Man and Artist
Authors: Newman Ernest
Published: December 2014

Ernest Newman (1868–1959) was undoubtedly the greatest Wagnerian critic of his age. (His magisterial four-volume Life of Richard Wagner is also reissued in this series.) In this 1914 work, he attempts 'a complete and impartial psychological estimate' of a complex and frequently misinterpreted genius. He notes that such an attempt would have been impossible before the publication in 1911 of Wagner's autobiographical Mein Leben, but in his opening chapter he also warns against a naïve reading of that work, and of others by people 'who combine the maximum of good intentions with the minimum of critical insight'. He is clear-sighted about the strengths of Wagner the artist, not least his need to be 'the central sun of his universe', which of course led to Wagner the man behaving pettily, selfishly and frequently as a tyrant. This lucid account richly deserves its place in the history of Wagner studies.
Diary of John Rous
Authors: Rous John
Published: December 2014

The diary of John Rous (1584–1644) was edited for the Camden Society in 1856 by Mary Anne Everett Green (1818–95). Rous kept this diary between 1625 and 1643, when he was vicar of Santon Downham in Suffolk, recording both local events and reports of momentous happenings in Britain and abroad from Charles I's accession to the outbreak of the Civil War. M. A. E. Green was educated by her father, a Methodist minister, and began research on historical topics in the British Museum Reading Room and other London archives. She was recommended to Sir John Romilly as an external editor for the Calendar of State Papers project, and was the first to be appointed: her work became the standard which later editors followed. Rous's diary is preceded by an introduction placing its author in his family and historical context, and Green's notes explicate references to the people and events described.
Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Nichols John
Published: December 2014

In this nine-volume work, published between 1812 and 1815, the author and publisher John Nichols (1745–1826) provides biographical notes on publishers, writers and artists of the eighteenth century, and also gives 'an incidental view of the progress and advancement of literature in this kingdom during the last century'. (A shorter version had been published in 1782.) His subjects range from the publisher William Bowyer to Henry Fielding and Horace Walpole, and also include histories of individual publishing houses and of genres such as lexicography. The work remains a useful source of biographical material on authors and publishers at a period when many of the literary genres we take for granted, such as the novel, the autobiography and the analytical history, were first being developed. Volume 8 contains anecdotes of the ex-slave Ignatius Sancho, the botanist William Curtis and the antiquarian Samuel Pegge, among many others.
A Bibliography of Printing
Authors: Bigmore E. C. , Wyman C. W. H.
Published: December 2014

This three-volume bibliography of printing was published between 1880 and 1886 by E. C. Bigmore (1838–99) and C. W. H. Wyman (1832–1909), who had, unknown to each other, been working on similar projects and were brought together by the antiquarian bookseller and publisher Bernard Quaritch. The scope of the work, which quickly became a classic, includes 'typographic, lithographic, copperplate printing, etc., with the cognate arts of type-founding, stereotyping, electrotyping, and wood-engraving', but excludes the topics of paper and bookbinding. The three volumes are arranged in alphabetical order of surname of author; anonymous works are ordered by the wording of the title. Compiled with the assistance of such historians of printing as William Blades and John Southward (several of whose works are available in this series), this authoritative work is of continuing value to bibliographers. Volume 3, published in 1886, covers the letters T to Z.
The Suburban Gardener, and Villa Companion
Authors: Loudon John Claudius
Published: December 2014

The Scottish landscape gardener and prolific horticultural writer John Claudius Loudon (1783–1843) published this guide to suburban living in 1838. The book is intended to provide instruction on choosing a house or 'villa' (or the site on which to build one); on the furnishing of the house; and on the laying out, planting and general management of the garden and grounds. Loudon had also planned a section on horticulture, but was forced to postpone this to a separate volume, which was never written. Like most of Loudon's books (several of which have been reissued in this series), the work is detailed and didactic: for example, the precise construction of chimneys is discussed, with reference to the various existing styles and the pros and cons, aesthetic and functional, of each. Offering insights into the practical and social aspirations of the emerging middle classes, the book also contains numerous engravings.
A History of Modern Culture
Authors: Smith Preserved
Published: December 2014

Preserved Smith (1880–1941), a professor in the history department of Cornell University, owed his unusual first name to Puritan ancestors who could be traced back to the seventeenth century. His great interest was in the Protestant reformation, and its wide-ranging political and cultural effects in Europe and America. An obituary remarks that his writings 'reveal a remarkable breadth of knowledge and interest and a consistent devotion to high standards of scholarly integrity'. This two-volume work of 1930–4, discussing 'modern culture' from 1543 to 1776, displays these qualities in abundance. Volume 1, after an introductory chapter, considers the state of the sciences in the sixteenth century, then the humanities and the social and political context of law, morality and art. The emphasis on the importance of science as a driver of change makes this a remarkable and readable overview of the emergence of modern society.
Voyage of the Challenger: The Atlantic
Authors: Thomson Charles Wyville
Published: December 2014

In 1871 the British government agreed to support an expedition to collect physical and chemical data and biological specimens from the world's oceans. Led by Charles Wyville Thomson (1830–82), the expedition used HMS Challenger, refitted with laboratories. They sailed nearly 70,000 nautical miles around the world, took soundings and water samples at hundreds of stops along the way, and discovered more than 4,000 new marine species. Noted for the discovery of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Pacific's deepest trench, the expedition laid the foundations for modern oceanography. This acclaimed two-volume account, first published in 1877, summarises the major discoveries for the Atlantic legs of this pioneering voyage. Illustrated with plates and woodcuts, Volume 2 describes the voyage from the Caribbean via Madeira to the coast of Brazil, then to South Africa. The voyage home in 1876 from the Strait of Magellan is also covered. A final chapter summarises the principal conclusions.
The Voyage of the Discovery
Authors: Scott Robert F. , Wilson E. A.
Published: December 2014

At the outset of the twentieth century, Antarctica was scarcely explored or understood. Penetrating the pack ice in the purpose-built Discovery, the British National Antarctic Expedition (1901–4) established a base in McMurdo Sound, enabling scientists and sledging parties to significantly push back the boundaries of the unknown. Published in 1905, this acclaimed two-volume work by the naval officer and expedition leader Robert Falcon Scott (1868–1912) recounts the trials, errors and achievements of an undertaking which laid the foundations for future research and Scott's later journey to the South Pole. The work is greatly enhanced by many photographs as well as illustrations by the doctor, zoologist and artist Edward A. Wilson (1872–1912). Volume 2 opens with the sledging journey made by Scott, Wilson and Ernest Shackleton which reached an unprecedented southern latitude. A second polar winter and further sledging exploits are also described. The appendices contain geological and zoological findings.
The Genuine Works of William Hogarth
Authors: Nichols John , Steevens George
Published: December 2014

This illustrated three-volume catalogue of the works of painter and engraver William Hogarth (1697–1764) was the result of 'Hogarthomania', the enthusiasm for all his productions which arose soon after his death. The publisher and author John Nichols (1745–1826), assisted by the collector and literary critic George Steevens, published a life of Hogarth and a list of his works in 1781, and as disputes increasingly arose over the genuineness of some of the prints attributed to him, enlarged versions appeared in 1782 and 1785. This work, published between 1808 and 1817, is the last in the sequence of Nichols' works on Hogarth, and remains a useful source for art historians and anyone interested in the cultural life of the eighteenth century. Volume 1 contains a biography of Hogarth and a short account of the continuing issues of his prints after his death.
Campus Martius
Authors: Jacobs, II Paul W. , Conlin Diane Atnally
Published: December 2014

A mosquito-infested and swampy plain lying north of the city walls, Rome's Campus Martius, or Field of Mars, was used for much of the period of the Republic as a military training ground and as a site for celebratory rituals and occasional political assemblies. Initially punctuated with temples vowed by victorious generals, during the imperial era it became filled with extraordinary baths, theaters, porticoes, aqueducts, and other structures - many of which were architectural firsts for the capitol. This book explores the myriad factors that contributed to the transformation of the Campus Martius from an occasionally visited space to a crowded center of daily activity. It presents a case study of the repurposing of urban landscape in the Roman world and explores how existing topographical features that fit well with the Republic's needs ultimately attracted architecture that forever transformed those features but still resonated with the area's original military and ceremonial traditions.
Japan's Economic Planning and Mobilization in Wartime, 1930s–1940s
Authors: Miwa Yoshiro
Published: December 2014

Although most economists maintain a mistrust of a government's goals when it intervenes in an economy, many continue to trust its actual ability. They retain, in other words, a faith in state competence. For this faith, they adduce no evidence. Sharing little skepticism about the government's ability, they continue to expect the best of governmental intervention. To study government competence in World War II Japan offers an intriguing laboratory. In this book, Yoshiro Miwa shows that the Japanese government did not conduct requisite planning for the war by any means. It made its choices on an ad hoc basis and the war itself quickly became a dead end. That the government planned for the war incompetently casts doubts on the accounts of Japanese government leadership more generally.
Historical Memoirs of my Own Time
Authors: Wraxall Nathaniel William
Published: December 2014

Sir Nathanial William Wraxall (1751–1831), traveller and writer, served as an MP from 1780 to 1794 and was made a baronet in 1813. Upon publication in 1815, his memoirs were an immediate, though controversial, success: 1,000 copies sold out within five weeks. Accused of libelling a Russian diplomat, and found guilty, Wraxall brought out this second edition later that same year, with the offending passages removed. Volume 1 covers 1772–81, a period of extensive travel, which took him across several European countries, including Portugal, France, Germany and Italy, returning to London in 1780. The volume also contains the start of the work's controversial second part, which deals with the beginning of Wraxall's parliamentary career under Lord North's administration. The memoirs make for an entertaining read, and few from the distinguished circles in which the author moved are spared from his merciless facility for description.
Historical Memoirs of my Own Time
Authors: Wraxall Nathaniel William
Published: December 2014

Sir Nathanial William Wraxall (1751–1831), traveller and writer, served as an MP from 1780 to 1794 and was made a baronet in 1813. Upon publication in 1815, his memoirs were an immediate, though controversial, success: 1,000 copies sold out within five weeks. Accused of libelling a Russian diplomat, and found guilty, Wraxall brought out this second edition later that same year, with the offending passages removed. Volume 2 comprises the majority of the second, and more controversial, part of the work, which covers 1781–4. Wraxall's early parliamentary years were a difficult period in England, the American War of Independence dominating Lord North's administration until his unexpected resignation on 20 March 1782. The 'great despondency' continued; nevertheless, Wraxall's colourful delineations of Fox and Burke, the Earl of Shelburne, Sheridan and Pitt, as well as 'the less efficient members of the cabinet', make for an entertaining read.
Clinical Psychology for Trainees
Authors: Page Andrew C. , Stritzke Werner G. K.
Published: December 2014

Thoroughly revised, and fully updated for DSM-5, the new edition of this practice-focused book guides clinical psychology trainees through a field which is rapidly evolving. Through real-world exploration of the scientist-practitioner model, the book helps readers to develop the core competencies required in an increasingly interdisciplinary healthcare environment. New chapters cover brief interventions, routine monitoring of treatment progress, and managing alliance ruptures. Practical skills such as interviewing, diagnosis, assessment, treatment and case management are discussed with emphasis on the question 'how would a scientist-practitioner think and act?' By demonstrating how an evidence-base can influence every decision that a clinical psychologist makes, the book equips trainees to deliver the accountable, efficient, effective client-centred service which is demanded of professionals in the modern integrated care setting. Essential reading for all those enrolled in, or contemplating, postgraduate studies in clinical psychology.
Covenant Renewal and the Consecration of the Gentiles in Romans
Authors: Whittle Sarah
Published: December 2014

In his letter to the Romans, Paul describes the community in Rome as 'holy ones'. This study considers Paul's language in relation to the Old Testament, particularly accounts of the events at Mount Sinai that established the nation of Israel and consecrated its people as God's holy people. Sarah Whittle illustrates how Paul reworks citations from Deuteronomy, Hosea, and Isaiah to incorporate the Gentiles into Israel's covenant-renewal texts. Analysing key passages, she further ties the covenant-making narrative to themes of sacrificed bodies and moral transformation, fulfilment of the Torah, the promises of the fathers, and Paul's priestly ministry. This volume argues that the latter has a climactic function in Paul's letter, overseeing the offering of the Gentiles, who are 'made holy by the holy spirit'. This study will be of interest to scholars of New Testament studies, Pauline theology, and early Christianity.
Regional Cultures and Mortality in America
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J.
Published: December 2014

Across the contiguous 48 states, populations in states with more activist civic cultures have lower mortality than states that do not follow this model. Several different factors can be pointed to as causes for this discrepancy - net income, class inequality, and the history of settlement in each of the different states and regions. These observations are true of Non-Hispanic Whites and African Americans but not of American Indians, and Hispanics, neither of which is fully integrated into the state political culture and economy in which it resides. In Regional Cultures and Mortality in America, the struggles these various populations face in regard to their health are explored in terms of where they reside.
Science and Technology in Contemporary China
Authors: Dolla Varaprasad S.
Published: December 2014

The Science and Technology policy changes in post-Mao China cannot be complete without a historical narrative and analysis of Science and Technology in its pre-policy (prior to 1850) and policy (since 1850 when the Qing rulers began to promote Science and Technology ) periods. This book is an imperative to revisit and interrogate the nature and scope of Chinese Science and Technology policy and progress. The text is divided into three parts. The first part considers both the macro and micro issues pertaining to Science and Technology policy in general and also of the policiy in particular. The second part highlights the historical narrative of Chinese Science and Technology policy as it has a key role in the evolution of contemporary Science and Technology architecture. The third part discusses three focal components of the Chinese Science and Technology system each representing state, society and international systems - the organizational structure representing the state; the research system representing society; and technology acquisition representing the international system with serious implications for China.
Air-assisted atomization of liquid jets in varying levels of turbulence
Authors: Kourmatzis A. , Masri A. R.
Published: December 2014

Air-assisted primary atomization is investigated in a configuration where liquid is injected in a turbulent gaseous jet flow both within as well as outside of the potential core. Cases are studied where the injection point is moved within the flow to maintain a range of constant gaseous mean velocities but changing local fluctuating velocity root-mean-square (r.m.s.) levels. Over a range of mean conditions, this allows for a systematic understanding of both the effects of gas-phase turbulence and mean shear on primary break-up independently. Extensive data is obtained and analysed from laser Doppler anemometry/phase Doppler anemometry, high-speed microscopic backlit imaging and advanced image processing. It is found that the ratio of the turbulent Weber number $\mathit{We}^{\prime }$ to the mean Weber number $\mathit{We}$ is a relevant parameter as is the turbulence intensity. The primary break-up length is found to be heavily influenced not only by the mean velocity, but also by the turbulence level and the mass fuel to air ratio. Above a particular threshold intensity level the break-up time changes in proportion to the change in the integral time scale of the flow. In addition, it is found that regardless of diameter and turbulent flow conditions at the liquid jet, the final size of ligaments converges to a value which is of the order of the measured primary instability wavelength (${\it\lambda}_{1}$). In contrast, cases of different turbulence intensity show the mean of droplet sizes diverging as the spray is advected downstream and this is because droplets are generated from ligaments, the latter of which are subjected both to Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities and turbulent fluctuations. This contribution, for the first time, examines the theoretical applicability of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability in flows where the turbulence is substantial with respect to the mean flow. It is shown that for high turbulence intensities a full theoretical reconstruction of the measured final droplet size distribution is possible from a probability density function of model Rayleigh–Taylor wavelengths (${\it\lambda}_{RT}$). In agreement with the literature (Varga et al. J. Fluid Mech., vol. 497, 2003, pp. 405–434), mean droplet sizes are found to be equal to a mean theoretical Rayleigh–Taylor wavelength normalized by a particular constant value. This, however, is only true for local turbulence intensities less than ${\sim}25\,\%$, or for ratios of the turbulent Weber number to mean Weber number ($\mathit{We}^{\prime }/\mathit{We}$) of less than ${\sim}6\,\%$. Above this, the normalization value is no longer constant, but increases with $\mathit{We}^{\prime }/\mathit{We}$. Finally, the instability wavelengths can be used as part of an approximation that estimates the total number of objects formed after break-up, where the object number is found to be dictated by a balance of both mean flow conditions and local turbulence.
The linear stability of a Stokes layer subjected to high-frequency perturbations
Authors: Thomas Christian , Blennerhassett P. J. , Bassom Andrew P. , Davies Christopher
Published: December 2014

Quantitative results for the linear stability of planar Stokes layers subject to small, high-frequency perturbations are obtained for both a narrow channel and a flow approximating the classical semi-infinite Stokes layer. Previous theoretical and experimental predictions of the critical Reynolds number for the classical flat Stokes layer have differed widely with the former exceeding the latter by a factor of two or three. Here it is demonstrated that only a 1 % perturbation, at an appropriate frequency, to the nominal sinusoidal wall motion is enough to result in a reduction of the theoretical critical Reynolds number of as much as 60 %, bringing the theoretical conditions much more in line with the experimentally reported values. Furthermore, within the various experimental observations there is a wide variation in reported critical conditions and the results presented here may provide a new explanation for this behaviour.
Effect of crotamine, a cell-penetrating peptide, on blastocyst production and gene expression of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos
Authors: Campelo Iana S. , Pereira Alexsandra F. , Alcântara-Neto Agostinho S. , Canel Natalia G. , Souza-Fabjan Joanna M.G. , Teixeira Dárcio I.A. , Camargo Luiz S.A. , Melo Luciana M. , Rádis-Baptista Gandhi , Salamone Daniel F. , Freitas Vicente J.F.
Published: December 2014

The present study investigated the effects of crotamine, a cell-penetrating peptide from rattlesnake venom, at different exposure times and concentrations, on both developmental competence and gene expression (ATP1A1, AQP3, GLUT1 and GLUT3) of in vitro fertilized (IVF) bovine embryos. In Experiment 1, presumptive zygotes were exposed to 0.1 μM crotamine for 6, 12 or 24 h and control groups (vehicle and IVF) were included. In Experiment 2, presumptive zygotes were exposed to 0 (vehicle), 0.1, 1 and 10 μM crotamine for 24 h. Additionally, to visualize crotamine uptake, embryos were exposed to rhodamine B-labelled crotamine and subjected to confocal microscopy. In Experiment 1, no difference (P > 0.05) was observed among different exposure times and control groups for cleavage and blastocyst rates and total cells number per blastocyst. Within each exposure time, mRNA levels were similar (P > 0.05) in embryos cultured with or without crotamine. In Experiment 2, concentrations as high as 10 μM crotamine did not affect (P > 0.05) the blastocyst rate. Crotamine at 0.1 and 10 μM did not alter mRNA levels when compared with the control (P > 0.05). Remarkably, only 1 μM crotamine decreased both ATP1A1 and AQP3 expression levels relative to the control group (P < 0.05). Also, it was possible to visualize the intracellular localization of crotamine. These results indicate that crotamine can translocate intact IVF bovine embryos and its application in the culture medium is possible at concentrations from 0.1–10 μM for 6–24 h.
An infant with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest secondary to enteroviral myocarditis surviving up to cardiac transplantation
Authors: McGovern Eimear , Ryan Ethel , McMahon Colin J.
Published: December 2014

We report the case of a 13-day-old infant with enteroviral myocarditis surviving an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. She underwent orthotopic cardiac transplantation three months later. A year after the transplantation, she is alive and well. Enteroviral infection is common in neonates with high mortality in cases of enteroviral myocarditis. Cardiac transplantation is a treatment option for infants who fail to recover and remain dependent on inotropic support. This is the first report of an infant with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest secondary to enteroviral myocarditis surviving up to cardiac transplantation.
Accessing pension resources: the right to equality inside and out of the labour market
Authors: Strauss Kendra
Published: December 2014

Pensions constitute an important link, in many welfare regimes, between processes of social categorisation and labour market segmentation over the life-course. Pensions also reveal how socio-economic rights are defined in relation to normative and ideological categories (such as gender, class and race), how (and for whom) the state prioritises their distribution, and what these processes reveal about notions of equality and their political and legal institutionalisation. In this paper, I argue that pensions, especially but not only occupational pensions, therefore fall within the ambit of a broad conception of labour law; they should be of interest to feminist legal scholars not solely because of their linkages to paid employment, however, but because of their relationship with the organisation of both production and social reproduction – and the evolution of norms of equality across these domains.
Assessing the Stability of Psychopathic Traits: Adolescent Outcomes in a Six-Year Follow-Up
Authors: López-Romero Laura , Romero Estrella , Villar Paula
Published: December 2014

Previous research has shown the relevance of psychopathic traits as predictors of severe and persistent antisocial behavior. Given that personality traits refer to developmental constructs, the main purposes of this study were to analyze the stability of psychopathic traits from childhood to adolescence, and to examine differential outcomes derived from distinctive pathways of stability and change. Data was collected in a Spanish sample of 138 children aged 6–11 at the onset of the study (T1), and 12–17 in the subsequent follow-up conducted 6 years later (T2). The stability of psychopathic traits was assessed in terms of differential continuity (rank-order), absolute stability (mean-level) and individual-level change (Reliable Change Index). Results confirmed that psychopathic traits remained moderately to highly stable from childhood to adolescence (p < .001). There were, however, some differences depending on the informant (parents vs. teachers) and the particular assessment method used (rank order vs. mean-level and RCI). A stable high and an increasing developmental pattern of psychopathic traits were related with severe adolescent behavioral and psychosocial problems (ŋ² = .10–.36). These results support the usefulness of youth psychopathic personality as a developmental construct, and highlight its relevance as a predictor of long-lasting maladjustment, with relevant implications in terms of prevention and treatment.
Der „Kleine Notfall“ im großen Spital
Authors: Streuli Rolf A.
Published: December 2014

Unsere Spitäler leiden unter einem zunehmenden Andrang von „Kleinen Notfällen“. Es handelt sich dabei um Bagatellfälle, welche in einer Hausarztpraxis kompetent und kostengünstig versorgt werden könnten. Wegen des immer gravierender werdenden Mangels an Hausärzten suchen Patientinnen und Patienten direkt die Notfallabteilung des nächstgelegenen Spitals auf, wo sie von jungen, unerfahrenen Kollegen betreut werden, welche in der Regel auch für harmlose Befindensstörungen eine kostspielige Batterie von Abklärungen veranlassen. Die Überlastung der Notfallstation (Emergency Room Crowding) wirkt sich erwiesenermaßen auch negativ auf die Qualität der Patienten-Betreuung aus. Eine gewisse Entlastung bringt die Einrichtung einer Hausarztpraxis in der Notfallabteilung des Spitals.
Kleiner Notfall: Psychiatrie
Authors: von Hintzenstern Krischan , Ihde Thomas
Published: December 2014

In diesem Beitrag werden Hilfestellungen geleistet, wie man im psychiatrischen Notfall eine Anamnese erhebt, einen Befund beschreibt und eine diagnostische Einordnung vornehmen kann. Tiefer eingegangen wird dabei auf mehrere syndromale Komplexe, die sich als die wichtigsten Notfälle darstellen: Suizidalität, Erregungszustände, Fremdgefährdung und erhöhte Gewaltbereitschaft, Verwirrtheit, Delir, Intoxikation und Entzugssyndrome sowie stuporöse Zustände. Jede dieser Situationen wird definiert, ihr Vorkommen beschrieben und mit einer Empfehlung bezüglich des Procederes versehen.
Das subunguale Hämatom – Edelweiss oder Mauerblümchen? Ein notfallmedizinisches Essay
Authors: Horn Benedikt
Published: December 2014

Die Trepanation des Nagels mit einem glühenden Nagel oder einer glühenden Büroklammer ist sowohl in Praxis wie unter „outdoor“-Verhältnissen ohne Lokalanästhesie auch durch Laien möglich. Interessant ist die von Kaya et al empfohlene Punktion kleiner Nägel (Kinder, Zehen 2 bis 5) mit einer Insulinspritze/Nadel.
Der Hundebiss – ein Offizialdelikt!
Authors: Horn Benedikt
Published: December 2014

Bissverletzungen sind zeitintensiv, Emotionen erschweren eine sachliche Beurteilung. Seit der Hundebiss ein „Offizialdelikt“ (Meldepflicht) ist, kommen zu den medizinischen und psychologischen noch administrative Probleme. Ruhe und überlegtes Handeln sind wichtig.
Der nichtkardiale Thoraxschmerz
Authors: Horn Benedikt
Published: December 2014

Ziel der Arbeit ist eine kurzgefasste Übersicht der klinischen Symptome, Befunde und Differentialdiagnose von nichtkardialen Thoraxschmerzen. Gezielte Anamnese und klinische Untersuchung erlauben meist mit hoher Treffsicherheit eine Wahrscheinlichkeitsdiagnose, die in der Folge gezielt mit EKG, Laboruntersuchungen und allenfalls einem bildgebenden Verfahren bestätigt werden kann. Der Text über nichtkardiale Thoraxschmerzen wäre unvollständig ohne kurze Rekapitulation kardialer Thoraxschmerzen.
New simulation model for bone formation markers in osteoporosis patients treated with once-weekly teriparatide
Authors: Tanaka Sakae , Adachi Taiji , Kuroda Tatsuhiko , Nakamura Toshitaka , Shiraki Masataka , Sugimoto Toshitsugu , Takeuchi Yasuhiro , Saito Mitsuru , Bilezikian John P
Published: December 2014

Daily 20-μg and once-weekly 56.5-μg teriparatide (parathyroid hormone 1–34) treatment regimens increase bone mineral density (BMD) and prevent fractures, but changes in bone turnover markers differ between the two regimens. The aim of the present study was to explain changes in bone turnover markers using once-weekly teriparatide with a simulation model. Temporary increases in bone formation markers and subsequent decreases were observed during once-weekly teriparatide treatment for 72 weeks. These observations support the hypothesis that repeated weekly teriparatide administration stimulates bone remodeling, replacing old bone with new bone and leading to a reduction in the active remodeling surface. A simulation model was developed based on the iterative remodeling cycle that occurs on residual old bone. An increase in bone formation and a subsequent decrease were observed in the preliminary simulation. For each fitted time point, the predicted value was compared to the absolute values of the bone formation and resorption markers and lumbar BMD. The simulation model strongly matched actual changes in bone turnover markers and BMD. This simulation model indicates increased bone formation marker levels in the early stage and a subsequent decrease. It is therefore concluded that remodeling-based bone formation persisted during the entire treatment period with once-weekly teriparatide.
Epigenetic roots of immunologic disease and new methods for examining chromatin regulatory pathways
Authors: MacDonald Ian A , Hathaway Nathaniel A
Published: December 2014

The ability to accurately quantitate and experimentally examine epigenetic modifications across the human genome has exploded in the past decade. This has given rise to a wealth of new information concerning the contributions of epigenetic regulatory networks to the pathogenesis of human disease. In particular, immunological disorders have strong developmental roots in chromatin regulatory pathways. In this review, we focus on the epigenetic signatures and new discoveries revealing the epigenetic compositions of specific immunological cancers and autoimmune diseases. We also comment on the conserved epigenetic roots among diverse immunological disorders and suggest inhibition strategies that may be relevant for future treatment. Finally, we highlight emerging experimental tools with the capability to examine the mechanisms of chromatin regulatory enzymes with a high level of temporal control. The knowledge of genetic and epigenetic defects in immunological disease combined with new experimental approaches will elucidate the contribution of individual enzymes in complex epigenetic regulatory networks. This could lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for some very diverse and difficult to treat human diseases.
Comparative metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses of microbial communities in acid mine drainage
Authors: Chen Lin-xing , Hu Min , Huang Li-nan , Hua Zheng-shuang , Kuang Jia-liang , Li Sheng-jin , Shu Wen-sheng
Published: December 2014

The microbial communities in acid mine drainage have been extensively studied to reveal their roles in acid generation and adaption to this environment. Lacking, however, are integrated community- and organism-wide comparative gene transcriptional analyses that could reveal the response and adaptation mechanisms of these extraordinary microorganisms to different environmental conditions. In this study, comparative metagenomics and metatranscriptomics were performed on microbial assemblages collected from four geochemically distinct acid mine drainage (AMD) sites. Taxonomic analysis uncovered unexpectedly high microbial biodiversity of these extremely acidophilic communities, and the abundant taxa of Acidithiobacillus, Leptospirillum and Acidiphilium exhibited high transcriptional activities. Community-wide comparative analyses clearly showed that the AMD microorganisms adapted to the different environmental conditions via regulating the expression of genes involved in multiple in situ functional activities, including low-pH adaptation, carbon, nitrogen and phosphate assimilation, energy generation, environmental stress resistance, and other functions. Organism-wide comparative analyses of the active taxa revealed environment-dependent gene transcriptional profiles, especially the distinct strategies used by Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans and Leptospirillum ferrodiazotrophum in nutrients assimilation and energy generation for survival under different conditions. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the gene transcriptional profiles of AMD microorganisms are closely related to the site physiochemical characteristics, providing clues into the microbial response and adaptation mechanisms in the oligotrophic, extremely acidic environments.