bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Kornilovshchina" as a "Civil War": the Application of the Concept in the Context of a Political Crisis
Authors:   European University at St. Petersburg, Kolonitskii B. I. ,   St.  Petersburg  Institute  of  History,  Russian  Academy  of  Sciences, Godunov K. V. ,   European University at St. Petersburg
Published: December 2021

The article examines the application of the concept of “civil war” during the Revolution of 1917. Attention is paid to the so-called “the Kornilov affair”. We use different political dictionaries, periodicals, public appeals of main political actors, and diaries as our main sources. All political forces used the collocation “civil war”, and they utilized the fear of civil war for their own purposes. The exceptions were some radical Socialists, primarily Vladimir Lenin, who, in some of his texts, described the revolution as a civil war that had already begun. On the eve of the Kornilov affair, some contemporaries assumed that the inevitable political crisis could take a form of a civil war. It is not surprising that the conflict between the Supreme Commander and the Provisional Government, which took the form of a confrontation between army formations, was characterized by people of different views as a civil war. This influenced the description of political opponents who at this stage were perceived as enemies. The Bolsheviks were not the only ones who considered it impossible to achieve any compromise with the “Kornilovites” and the “bourgeoisie”. All this made it extremely difficult to create a new coalition government and limited the base of political support for Alexander Kerensky and other supporters of an agreement with the “bourgeoisie”. The “Kornilov case” was an important stage of the “articulation” of the civil war. Subsequently, this created favorable conditions for the preparation of an armed uprising by the Bolsheviks, who used the new discursive situation of legitimizing violence that arose because of this crisis.
THE GENERAL COMPLEXITY OF THE PROBLEM TO RECOGNIZE HAMILTONIAN PATHS
Authors:   Sobolev Institute of Mathematics (Omsk, Russia), Rybalov A. N.
Published: December 2021

Generic-case approach to algorithmic problems has been offered by A. Miasnikov, V. Kapovich, P. Schupp, and V. Shpilrain in 2003. This approach studies an algorithm behavior on typical (almost all) inputs and ignores the rest of inputs. In this paper, we study the generic complexity of the problem of recognition of Hamiltonian paths in finite graphs. A path in graph is called Hamiltonian if it passes through all vertices exactly once. We prove that under the conditions P 6= NP and P = BPP for this problem there is no polynomial strongly generic algorithm. A strongly generic algorithm solves a problem not on the whole set of inputs, but on a subset, the sequence of frequencies of which exponentially quickly converges to 1 with increasing size. To prove the theorem, we use the method of generic amplification, which allows to construct generically hard problems from the problems hard in the classical sense. The main component of this method is the cloning technique, which combines the inputs of a problem together into sufficiently large sets of equivalent inputs. Equivalence is understood in the sense that the problem is solved similarly for them.
LOCAL SPIRITS OF THE MANSI PEOPLE: LOCI, SPACE, TIES
Authors:   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation), Lukina Nadeshda V.
Published: December 2021

The article is prepared on the base of works by K.F. Karjalainen, A. Kannisto, V.N. Chernetsov, E.I. Rombandeeva, R.K. Bardina, I.N. Gemuev, A.I. Sagalaev, A.V. Baulo. Based on the classification of Karjalainen, the author refers the ancestral (family), village and territorial spirits to the local spirits. By their origin, they are famous ancestors, founders of villages, former personal spirits, and sons of the supreme god Numi-Tōrum. The list of local spirits fixed on the rivers Severnaya Sosva with Ob region, Lyapin / Sygva, Lozva, Pelym, Tavda, Vagilsk, and Konda is given. They are linked to specific loci: villages, forest areas, or water basins. This localization is of two kinds: both the location of the spirit itself and the territory of its worship. These signs do not always coincide. Different variants of the spatial boundaries of worship of a concrete spirit are revealed among the Mansi people. In some cases, only one spirit is worshipped in a village, in other words, it has here "sole" space. In other cases, when different local spirits are worshipped in the same village, their space is common. An even wider area “belongs” to the spirits worshipped in several villages (loci). The most extensive areas of worship were formed by the territorial ancestor spirits. Most of the local spirits were related to each other. This is most clearly demonstrated by the significant territorial spirits whish are considered the children of Numi-Tōrum – Polum-Tōrum, Nyaras-Nāy-Ekva, Tāgt-Kotil-Ōjka, Āj-Ās-Ōjka, and Nyor-Ōjka. In turn, the children of these original patron spirits dispersed to different parts of the Mansi land, becoming the guardians of both the area and the people living in it. These are the nāj-otyrs that helped people to settle where they now live. They are the masters of loci (villages, towns) and are subordinate to one of the most senior original patron spirits. Thus, the sons of Tāgt-Kotil-Ōjka are the patron spirits in several villages on the Severnaya Sosva River, as well as on the Manya River. Seven bogatyr brothers from the Lozva River made military campaigns over the Sosva River. The ties between the nāj-otyrs were often of a warlike nature. They conquered other people's territories and became patron spirits there. The materials presented in the article draw a general picture of the representations about local spirits (ancestral spirits) among different groups of the Mansi people. The basis of these representations is the general Mansi worldview concept about the origin of these characters, about their structure and relationships. The extensive list of ancestral spirits demonstrates, on the one hand, their localization and, on the other hand, the wide spatial area of worship of the most significant of them.
EVOLUTION AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF GREEN PUBLIC SPACES IN KRASNOYARSK
Authors:   Siberian Federal University (Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation), Bliankinshyein Olga N. , Popkova Natalya A. ,   Siberian Federal University (Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation)
Published: December 2021

One of the criteria for a comfortable ecologically clean urban environment is access to green spaces, their number and quality in any given city. Public green spaces play an important socio-cultural role in the context of active and passive recreation of citizens, various types of recreational activities. The relevance of this study is due to increased attention to the formation of open public spaces in the city of Krasnoyarsk. The purpose of this work is to trace the evolution and identify the social and cultural significance of the green public spaces in Krasnoyarsk. The objectives of the research are to study the green spaces of Krasnoyarsk in a historical retrospective, analyze the green spaces of Krasnoyarsk from the point of view of their ecological significance, recreational use. Research methods included literature review on the topic, analysis of historical data, field survey of the territory, long-term observation, photographic recording, comparative retrospective analysis, and graphic-analytical method. The study captures the most common types of public green spaces and their role in creating a comfortable urban environment. It traces in the most detail the evolution and cultural significance of the most important historical green spaces in Krasnoyarsk: the City Garden (now the Central Park), Yudinsky Garden, Krutovsky Garden. These examples show that gardens and parks can be formed both on the basis of the natural environment of urban forests, and artificially created by the efforts of citizens, that over time they can undergo various quantitative and qualitative, planning and functional transformations. Despite the transformations that have taken place, all the studied historical objects still exist and are used for their intended purpose. In addition to these historical green areas, we examine the newly organized public green spaces with a cultural and recreational component over the past decades: Tatyshev Park, All-season Fun-Park Bobrovy Log, Flora and Fauna Park Roev Ruchey, Dream Gardens and others. The article notes the importance of municipal, public and private initiatives in the organization of local green areas. The analysis allows us to assert that there is a certain system of public green spaces in Krasnoyarsk. It has disadvantages, such as an uneven distribution of green areas throughout the city, lack of interconnections between individual elements, aging of certain areas of greenery, and the complete destruction of some. Nevertheless, the city authorities, architects, designers and the general public make great effort to create a green framework for Krasnoyarsk destined to have an important recreational and cultural role.
SOCIAL WELFARE OF MIGRANT WORKERS IN THE EU: COMPARATIVE MODELS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE LEGAL INTEGRATION SYSTEM OF THE EAEU STATES
Authors:   Crimean Branch of the Russian State University of Justice (Simferopol, Russian Federation), Agashev Dmitry V. , Trifonov Sergey G. ,   Crimean Branch of the Russian State University of Justice (Simferopol, Russian Federation), Trifonova Kristine V. ,   Crimean Branch of the Russian State University of Justice (Simferopol, Russian Federation)
Published: December 2021

The article assesses the EU legal system as a unique institutional unit and highlights its features. It deals with the comparative legal aspects of the regulation of the social welfare of migrant workers in the EU and the EAEU. Attention is paid to the study of legislation on social welfare for migrant workers in the EU, as well as the possibility of realizing the experi-ence accumulated within the EAEU. It is emphasized that the use of comparative models con-cerning the social welfare of migrant workers in the EU and the EAEU can be productive, taking into account the analysis of the state and dynamics of the EU's legal policy in its historical development. The authors have analyzed the historical stages reflecting the difference within the EU approaches to the regulation of social welfare relations for migrant workers. The emphasis is on the role of EU administrative institutions, which provide a balancing approach to the key principles and social policy settings, due to the desire to eliminate distortions and possible conflicts between the norms of states. At the same time, EU members have the competence within the existing common standards of financial security obligations to expand the estab-lished standards and this makes the EU's social policy geographically differentiated. It is noted that the allied states, formed on trade and economic grounds, such as the EU and the EAEU, are characterized by an objective desire for a single legal space, with the uni-fication of approaches on the social welfare of migrant workers throughout the Union. Never-theless, in complex interstate unions, it is impossible to abandon the principle of multi-level regulation of social and security relations, and in this sense, the situation in the EU and the EAEU is quite similar. The current state of EU law in terms of regulating the relations under consideration largely preserves national legal regimes, and each of them, through its special legal means, determines a different amount of social rights of migrant workers. In the context of the EAEU, a similar approach should not be considered productive, since it does not contribute to the goals of this interstate association, defined by Article 4 of the Treaty on its creation. Therefore, within the framework of the EAEU, it is advisable to fix as early as possible the uniform standards in the area of social welfare of migrant workers, estab-lishing a relatively narrow range of powers of the member states of the Union.
SIGNS OF AN ACTION FOR THE RECOGNITION OF A PROPERTY RIGHT
Authors:   South Ural State University (Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation), Podshivalov Tikhon P.
Published: December 2021

The article examines the definition of a closed list of features of a claim for the recogni-tion of a property right. The establishment of the features of a claim for the recognition of property right allows to correlate, distinguish the claim for the recognition of property right with other property claims and methods of protection of property rights, which ensures the prevention of competition lawsuits. Peculiarities of the action for recognition of property right are conditioned by its proprietary nature, i.e. by attributing it to proprietary lawsuits. The features of the action for recognition of the right in rem shall characterise the subject matter of proof and the conditions of satisfying such an action. The peculiarities of an action for recognition of property right may be divided into special and general characteristics - special characteristics are of qualifying nature allowing to distin-guish it from other property lawsuits; general characteristics result from the characteristic of this method of protection as a type of property action, since these characteristics are inherent to all property lawsuits. An action for recognition of property right is characterized by the following specific features: presence of the plaintiff's lawful possession of the subject of dispute; proprietary right acquired by the plaintiff on sufficient legal basis and preserved, exists for him at the time of the dispute; there is legal uncertainty in belonging of a person to a proprietary right; presence of the defendant's contesting the presence of proprietary right of the plaintiff; exclusive nature of application; independent legal significance of the claim for recognition of property right; non-contractual nature of claim; legal nego General, universal features of an action for recognition of property rights are as follows: non-contractual nature: there must be no binding relations between the plaintiff and the defendant regarding the subject matter of the dispute; legal uncertainty concerns individually identified thing, in most cases immovable thing, which physically exists at the moment of court decision; restoration character - vindication and negative actions restore situation existing before violation - restoration of possession and restoration of c An action for recognition of a property right cannot have the following properties: abso-lute nature of the claim; existence of a subject of ownership; absence of grounds indicating termination of ownership right; universality in application.
REVIEW OF CASES ON NEWLY OPENED AND NEW CIRCUMSTANCES: UNFA-VOURABLE DISTINCTIONS OF THE CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
Authors:   Bashkir State University (Ufa, Russian Federation), Sharipova Alia R.
Published: December 2021

The article deals with the comparative analysis of the procedure and grounds for reviewing court cases under new and newly discovered circumstances in criminal and arbitration, civil and administrative proceedings. The author proceeds from the idea of common fundamental beginnings of justice in general, and therefore, all types of judicial activities - including an extraordinary review of judicial decisions, which have entered into legal force. The branch specifics of specific procedural institutions should have a special explanation based on the specifics of the branch itself. The author thinks that there is no key basis for reviewing the case on the newly discovered circumstances in the criminal trial and attempts to replace it with one of the new circumstances. In this part, the current criminal procedure law differs unfavourably from the Soviet Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) of the RSFSR of 1960 - among the newly discovered circumstances, there are no those that could indicate a miscarriage of justice made out of direct connection with someone's criminal actions. In the current CPC of the Russian Federation, the list of newly discovered circumstances is closed, and the list of new circumstances that entail the review of the court decisions is, on the contrary, open. Examples of academic papers and administrative enactments justifying such a replacement are given. The author gives his arguments against it and proposes to change the list of grounds for revision, referring to the regulation in other procedural branches, historical and foreign experience. A significant procedural difference of the considered type of extraordinary review of cases in criminal proceedings from other types of proceedings is found. It is the need for applicants to request a review from the prosecutor, not from the court. The greatest objection is the non-alternative procedure: the prosecutor is a participant in the criminal proceedings on the part of the prosecution, he is responsible for the undoubted proof of the charge, which is the basis of the sentence, the abolition of which is requested by another interested person. The negative impact of the prosecutor's mediation between the complainant and the court on access to justice and its quality is argued. It is pointed out that there is no need for prosecutorial checks to resolve the issue of judicial review of the case. The analysis of judicial statistics in different branches of justice shows that criminal proceedings differ sharply by the negligible number of judicial review cases due to newly discovered and new circumstances. The article calls into question the ability to explain this fact by a higher quality of sentences in criminal cases in comparison with other court decisions in other court cases.
Военные госпитали в городской среде
Authors: Федорова Мария Сергеевна
Published: December 2021

Отношения, возникающие между городом и населяющими его объектами, можно анализировать с разных точек зрения. В рамках простых классификаций мы можем разделять все объекты на частные (жилые пространства) и общественные (офисы, торговые центры, городские парки), или желательные, размещаемые в наиболее привилегированных, центральных местах (магазины, площади, аллеи, офисы), и нежелательные, удаленные от городов на значительные расстояния (кладбища, опасные производства). Придерживаясь первой классификации, военный госпиталь окажется ничем не примечательным общественным зданием, а во второй, скорее всего, попадет в нежелательные, размещаемые вдали от городской суеты и любопытных глаз. Но может ли нам сказать о чем-то большем размещение объекта в городской среде и степень его включенности в городскую среду? На примере военного госпиталя проводится анализ его специфических характеристик, объясняющих природу этого типа зданий и историю его перемещений в рамках городских территорий.
İNANÇ VE İBADETLERE ETKİSİ BAĞLAMINDA YAHUDİ SÜRGÜNÜ
Authors: EŞMELİ İsmet
Published: December 2021

Yahudilik, tarihsel olarak İslam ve Hıristiyanlıktan daha uzun bir geçmişe sahip bir dindir. Tarihi süreç içerisinde bu dine inananlar, sosyal, siyasi, dini ve ekonomik olmak üzere farklı süreçler tecrübe etmişlerdir. Bu süreçteki yaşanmışlıklar, Yahudiliğin inanç ve ibadetinde de yansıma bulmuştur. Bu açıdan Yahudi inanç ve ibadetleri, Yahudiliğin tarihi ile yakından bağlantılıdır. Mısır esaretinden kurtuluş, yerleşik düzene geçiş, daha sonrasında krallık dönemleri ve Asur, Babil ve Roma sürgünleri gibi süreçler Yahudiliğin diğer alanlarda olduğu gibi dini açıdan da şekillenmesinde etkili olmuştur. Asur sürgünü Yahudilikte ilk mezhepleşmenin oluşmasına zemin hazırlamış olması, Babil sürgünü ise bazı ibadetlerin geçici olarak askıya alınması ve sonrasında Yahudi kimliğinin oluşması açısından dikkate değerdir. Roma sürgünü ise, Yahudilerin uzun yıllar vatansız ve dolayısıyla mabedsiz kalmasına sebep olmuştur. Yahudilerin yaşadığı bu süreçler Tanrı, kurtarıcı/Mesih ve Ahiret gibi inançlarında yansıma bulmasının yanında kurban, hac ve dua gibi ibadetlerinde de yansıma bulmuştur.
A Comparison of Neuropathy Quality of Life Tools: Norfolk QOL-DN, PN-QOL-97, and NeuroQOL-28
Authors: Brown Jennifer , Colberg Sheri , Pribesh Shane , Baskette Kimberly , Vinik Aaron
Published: December 2021

Aims To explore the effectiveness of the Norfolk QOL-DN (QOL-DN), PN-QOL-97, and NeuroQOL-28 as tools for early detection of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in overweight, obese, and inactive (OOI), prediabetes (PD), and type 2 diabetes (T2D) individuals. Methods Thirty-four adults were divided by A1C [(10 OOI, 13 PD, and 11 T2D] and the sural nerves were tested bilaterally via NC-Stat DPN Check, conducting a sural nerve conduction study (NCS). Participants were individually timed, filling out questionnaires (QOL-DN, NeuroQOL-28, and PN-QOL-97) at a self-selected pace. Data were analyzed and compared to NCS findings to determine the best instrument for early neuropathy detection, usability in screening settings, and application for individuals with OOI, PD, and T2D. Results Abnormal NCS results were obtained from 27 individuals, of which 25 were bilateral and symmetrical. Confirmed DSPN criteria were met for 24, and 1 case met criteria for subclinical neuropathy. Normal NCS findings, reported symptoms, and reduced bilateral sensation were found in 7 cases. The QOL-DN and NeuroQOL-28 significantly predict neuropathy criteria in OOI, PD, and T2D subjects. Analyses revealed the QOL-DN as the quickest for completion (M=5.17; SD=1.83), followed by the NeuroQOL-28 (M=5.58; SD=3.56), and the PN-QOL-97 (M=13.23; SD=3.606). Conclusions The QOL-DN and NeuroQOL-28 are valid early screening measures for DPN detection. Time completion studies revealed that the QOL-DN and NeuroQOL-28 may be used as excellent short screening measures, completed in approximately 6 minutes or less, with reasonable scoring for both. The NeuroQOL-28 is a better fit for immediate feedback, time constraints, or limited staff. Future investigations should evaluate these tools for detection in DPN-prone individuals and in subclinical populations screenings.
Trends in pancreatic cancer clinical trials in the United States
Authors: Matrisian Lynn , Martinez Maren , Rosenzweig Allison , Moravek Cassadie , Duliege Anne-Marie
Published: December 2021

Trends in clinical trials for pancreatic cancer between 2011-2020 were tracked in the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network database originally designed to assist in identifying open trials for eligible patients. More than 125 trials specific for pancreatic cancer or including no more than one additional cancer type have been open each year, the majority for patients with a diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC). The trends indicate an active and progressive pancreatic cancer research community and include an increasing number of trials for previously treated patients, the emergence of trials for post-adjuvant or maintenance therapy, an increasing number of research-intensive phase 0 trials, increasing seamless phase I/II and II/III trials to improve efficiency, and an increasing number of phase III trials despite historical failures. Trials were analyzed by treatment type and included trials to optimize standard chemotherapy or radiation therapy, trials targeting tumor pathways, the stroma, or the immune system, biomarker-specified trials, and a miscellaneous category of trials testing tumor metabolism, complementary medicine approaches, or alternate energy sources. There was a dramatic increase in immunotherapy trials over this time. Several biomarker-specified trials were initiated, and FDA approval was obtained for biomarker-specified targeted agents, many in a tissue-agnostic setting, indicating an increase in a precision medicine approach to pancreatic cancer treatment. An increasing number of trials tested non-standard approaches, many which progressed to phase III. The trends suggest an encouraging trajectory of pancreatic cancer clinical research.
Thrombosis Complicating Non-Factor Therapy for Hemophilia
Authors: Ragni Margaret
Published: December 2021

This is an exciting time in hemophilia treatment with the unprecedented development of novel non-factor therapies. These agents have re-balanced hemostasis in patients with hemophilia A and B, with and without inhibitors, tipping the balance toward hemostasis and improved thrombin generation. While there have been numerous publications about the beneficial hemostatic effects and significant bleed reduction possible with these novel non-factor agents, little has been written about the less well-recognized thrombotic complications. Yet, the latter underscores the fine balance between hemostasis and thrombosis and the fact these agents prevent but do not treat bleeds, requiring clotting factor requirement to treat acute bleeds. The purpose of this Commentary is to review thrombotic complications that have occurred with non-factor therapies, risk factors for thrombosis, potential mechanisms, and potential mitigation approaches.
Effect of Inflammatory Signals on Progesterone Production at the Maternal-Fetal Interface
Authors: Moore R , Kumar D , Mansour J , Mercer B , Mesiano S , Moore J
Published: December 2021

Introduction: In explant cultures of human fetal membranes (FM) granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating-factor (GM-CSF) mediates the inflammation-induced FM weakening seen in preterm premature rupture of the membranes (pPROM) and exogenous progesterone (P4) inhibits GM-CSF and inflammation-induced FM weakening. Here we report that GM-CSF induces P4 production within the FM which then acts in a paracrine manner to counteract GM-CSF-induced weakening. Methods: FM explants mounted in Transwell inserts were cultured with control media and increasing GM-CSF, RU486 (blocks P4 action), or trilostane (blocks P4 production). P4 production, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and FM rupture strength were determined. Effects of GM-CSF on P4 production and abundance of the 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3ßHSD) enzyme in the BeWo human trophoblast cell line were also determined. Results: GM-CSF induced P4 production in both FM explants and BeWo cells in a concentration-dependent manner. GM-CSF also increased 3βHSD protein in BeWo cells. Incubation of FMs with RU486, or trilostane, each caused increased FM weakening. Trilostane also increased MMP-2. Exogenous P4 with trilostane repressed MMP-2 and restored FM strength. Conclusion: GM-CSF induced P4 production by FM and trophoblastic cells suggesting that locally produced P4 is increased by factors that weaken FM. Inhibition of local P4 production or action resulted in FM weakening with concomitant MMP-2 induction suggesting local P4 maintains FM structural integrity. This weakening is reversed by exogenous P4. These data are consistent with a negative-feedback system whereby P4 induced by GM-CSF, the mediator of inflammation-induced FM weakening, counteracts GM-CSF, inhibiting both its production and downstream action with resultant preservation of FM structural integrity.
Insights on the mechanisms of the protective immunity in the brain from the studies on infection with an intracellular microorganism, Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Suzuki Yasuhiro
Published: December 2021

The immune system operates the protection against infections by selecting efficient pathways depending on the pathogen. Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, has two lifecycle stages, tachyzoite and cyst, in intermediate hosts including humans. Tachyzoite is the acute stage form that quickly proliferates within host cells. Cyst is the chronic stage form that can slowly grow into more than 100 mm in diameter by containing hundreds to thousands of bradyzoites. Our studies on the IFN-g-mediated protective immunity against cerebral tachyzoite growth revealed that IFN-g production by brain-resident cells is not only required for upregulation of the innate protective immunity to limit cerebral tachyzoite proliferation during the early stage of the tachyzoite growth but also crucial for recruiting immune T cells from the periphery and activation of the recruited T cells to ultimately prevent the tachyzoite growth. Since IFN-g is crucial for the protective immunity against various intracellular microorganisms in the brain, it is possible that IFN-gproduced by brain-resident cells plays a key first line defense role by orchestrating both the innate and T cell-mediated protective immunity to control not only T. gondii but also the other intracellular pathogens. Our studies on the protective immunity against T. gondii cysts uncovered the capability of cytotoxic T cells to penetrate into the target in a perforin-dependent manner for its elimination. After penetrating into the target, the cytotoxic T cells secrete granzyme B, which associates with an accumulation of phagocytes to eliminate the parasite. Since the presence of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in solid cancers is an indicator of positive prognosis of cancer patients, the perforin-mediated penetration of CD8+ T cells and an accumulation of phagocytes could function as a powerful protective mechanism against not only T. gondiicysts but also targets of large mass in general such as solid cancers.
Esta guía ofrece un resumen de las políticas de integridad y transparencia que actualmente se están implementando en América Latina y el Caribe. El Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) ha financiado muchos de estos esfuerzos como parte de su misión de promover el estado de derecho, el fortalecimiento institucional y la confianza. En particular, el BID apoya a los sectores público y privado en la adopción reformas alineadas con estándares internacionales de transparencia e integridad en áreas como el lavado de activos, la integridad del sector público, la transparencia fiscal, las compras públicas y la eliminación del secreto bancario. El BID impulsa leyes y regulaciones técnicamente sanas que aseguren la simplificación administrativa y la transparencia en las decisiones públicas al mismo tiempo que busca apalancar el uso de tecnologías digitales.
Authors: De Michele Roberto
Published: December 2021

Esta guía ofrece un resumen de las políticas de integridad y transparencia que actualmente se están implementando en América Latina y el Caribe. El Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) ha financiado muchos de estos esfuerzos como parte de su misión de promover el estado de derecho, el fortalecimiento institucional y la confianza. En particular, el BID apoya a los sectores público y privado en la adopción reformas alineadas con estándares internacionales de transparencia e integridad en áreas como el lavado de activos, la integridad del sector público, la transparencia fiscal, las compras públicas y la eliminación del secreto bancario. El BID impulsa leyes y regulaciones técnicamente sanas que aseguren la simplificación administrativa y la transparencia en las decisiones públicas al mismo tiempo que busca apalancar el uso de tecnologías digitales.
Black Ghosts of the Diasporic Memory in Jesmyn Ward’s Sing, Unburied, Sing
Authors: Cucarella-Ramon Vicent
Published: December 2021

This article reads Jesmyn Ward’s Sing, Unburied, Sing (2017) as a novel that follows an African American family facing the ghosts of their past and present to resurrect buried stories that are unrelentingly interlocked with the legacy of slavery and the draconian racist practices of Jim Crow. I posit that the novel participates in the re-examination of the trope of the ghost as a healing asset that needs to be accommodated within the retrieval of memory work. Thus, the enactment of this African diasporic memory facilitates the encounter with their ghosts so that the family can start their healing processes and be provided with the tools and examples of how to keep on coming to terms together with and against the legacy of slavery and the present racist practices.
Introduction to NJWLS 2021-4
Authors: Buch Anders
Published: December 2021

This issue of Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies makes six new research articles available. The first article of the issue is written by Marit Lensjø: Grounded Theory Analysis of Work-based TVET and Intersectional Challenges Between Constriction Workers. It explores the Norwegian technical vocational education and training (TVET) model that combines school-based education with work-based apprenticeship in authorized enterprises (...)
Keeping the middle path: mainstreaming religious moderation through Islamic higher education institutions in Indonesia
Authors: Nasir Muhammad , Rijal Muhammad Khairul
Published: December 2021

The Ministry of Religious Affairs of Indonesia continues to voice religious moderation to mainstream a peaceful Islamic discourse. This article aimed at looking at religious moderation values from several Islamic higher education institutions in Indonesia. The focus of article aims to find a pattern of the implementation of moderation in Islam in Islamic universities. This article discusses to what extent Islamic higher education institutions internalize religious moderation values to students. By conducting qualitative research, this article explores 3 Islamic higher education institutions in Indonesia: Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Universitas Darussalam Gontor Ponorogo, and Ma’had Aly As'adiyah. The result shows that higher education institutions play a critical role in inculcating religious moderation values through pesantren institutions. The Pesantren universities have a role in transmitting moderate Islamic values through their curriculum and various religious activities. This research reveals that religious moderation is implicated in these 3 Islamic universities. The curriculum is eclectic and reflects moderation values, such as national commitment, tolerance, non-violence, and local culture accommodation. This study concludes that the three pesantrenuniversities in Indonesia have a distinctive pattern of emphasizing moderation in the three areas: theoretical, practical, and ideological aspect.
Contribution of education, employment, and ethnicity level to the integration of Islam and Christian religions in Central Lampung regency
Authors: Sudarman Sudarman
Published: December 2021

This study explores data on the contribution of level of education, employment, and ethnicity to the integration of Muslims and Christians in Central Lampung, by looking at the sociological dynamics of integration between adherents of Islam and those of Christianity. The group integration is divided into two—majorityminority and balanced group—based on religious adherence. Data were collected using observation, interviews, and questionnaires consisting of favorable and unfavorable. The data collected were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative analysis was carried out using one-way analysis of variance, while qualitative analysis was adopted logical thinking, including induction, deduction, analogy, and comparison. The results of the study show that there are differences in integration between groups of people with a composition of minority-majority and balanced religious adherents that the majority-minority community group has a higher quality of integration than the balanced group. The education variable shows that the level of education has a positive correlation with the level of integration; the higher the education, the higher the quality of integration. The job variable does not have a significant effect, but the overall average value is above the hypothetical average value. Ethnic variables show variations in the quality of integration; Batak and Javanese ethnicities have high integration quality; Palembang ethnicity is moderate and Lampung ethnic has low integration quality. The integration of Muslims and Christians in Central Lampung is formed by group awareness, complementary subsystems and the presence of institutions, which become catalysts so that mechanical solidarity is formed. Differences between them are recognized but not given important meaning in the relationship between them.
Islam and Iran’s post-revolution war on drugs: a Durkheimian analysis
Authors: Farhadi Alashti Zahra , Javan Jafari Bojnordi Abdolreza
Published: December 2021

Despite widespread criticism of the failure to achieve the predetermined penal and criminological goals of Iran’s post-revolution war on drugs, the harsh penal practices remain in practice until today. By applying Durkheim’s attitude in his last major work, the elementary forms of religious life, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the rationale for the Iranian war on drugs from the perspective of religion and not penal code or criminology. This article draws on qualitative analysis, and data were collected through analysis of legal documents, literature discussing the war on drugs, news reports, and past journals. The findings of this article reveal that the war on drugs originates from an understanding that attributes evilness to such criminals to prevent the disintegration of Islamic society. This approach blurs the line between “preserving Islam” and the “Islamic society,” and the repressive policies are consecrated to avoid social disintegration. Our study confirms Durkheim’s attitude in which sacredness is highly contagious. Following the sanctity of preserving Islamic society from the profanity of drug crimes, the application of specialized mechanisms for fighting drugs, such as anticipating specialized criminal courts for violation of sacred values, setting special legislative authorities for the crime, and meting out harsh punishments, have all become plausible. Accordingly, all these practices would be treated as sacred because they are associated with fighting the “profane” phenomenon of drugs.
The Relationship between the Economic Consequences of Accidents and Safety Measures: A Case Study
Authors: Soltanzadeh Ahmad , Ghaderi Fatemeh , Ghiyasi Samira , Moohammadi Milad
Published: December 2021

Background: Accidents impose harmful economic consequences for workers, employers, and society. The present study aimed to evaluate the economic consequences of occupational accidents.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in the Iranian Gas Engineering and Development Company in 2020. Data collection tools were a checklist and a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of this questionnaire was calculated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS statistical software and the significance level was considered 0.05.
Results: The reliability of this questionnaire was estimated at α = 0.87. The average lost work day caused by occupational accidents was 36.67 days and the average cost imposed for each accident was 23.97 million Tomans. The total safety index in the studied environment was calculated at 3.59± 1.01. The results of linear multivariate regression analysis indicated that the cost imposed for each accident has a significant relationship with accident type and accident consequence, level of education, number of workers, training hours, work experience, salary, and total safety index (p <0.05).
Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the economic performance of a company can be affected by individual, occupational, and most importantly safety factors of the company. In addition, such factors are considered as strong predictors for economic safety performance.
The Effects of Nurses' Personal and Professional Characteristics on Needle Stick Injuries
Authors: Askari Majdabadi Masoud , Mousavi Seyed Mahdi , Yazdanirad Saeid , Pirhadi Sogand , Hosseini Seyyedeh Shadi , Beiruti Mohammad , Rezaei Hossein , Khoshpasand Fateme , Najarian Faranak
Published: December 2021

Background: Nurses face many professional dangers such as needle stick injuries. This study investigated the effects of nurses' personal and professional characteristics on needle stick injuries.
Methods: The present cross-sectional study was performed on 200 nursing staff in a hospital. The sampling method was the classified method. Participants were asked to complete a researcher-made questionnaire on personal characteristics (age, work experience, gender, marital status, and educational level) and job (work department, number of shifts per month, and type of work shift). Also, the number of their needle stick events was extracted from their medical records.
Results: The prevalence of needle sticks was 45.5%. Based on individual characteristics, the mean age and work experience of people with a history of needle stick are significantly lower than people without a history of needle stick (P <0.03). There was a significant relationship between needle stick history and educational level (P <0.00). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups without and with a history of needle stick in terms of marital status (P = 0.11) and gender (P = 0.13). Based on job characteristics, there were significant relationships between the history of needle stick with the variables of type of work shift (P = 0.00) and the number of shifts per month (P <0.00).
Conclusion: Some personal and professional characteristics effective in needle sticking were identified. These findings can be used as a guide to prioritize individuals to take precautionary measures against needle sticking.
Face Masks Use to Avoid Airborne Contamination during COVID-19 Pandemic and Related Conditions: A Systematic Review
Authors: De Sá-Caputo Danúbia da Cunha , Coelho-Oliveira Ana Carolina , Sonza Anelise , Paineiras-Domingos Laisa Liane , Taiar Redha , Das Satya , Ribeiro Bello Alexandre , Bernardo-Filho Mario
Published: December 2021

Background: The facemasks use has been discussed to prevent respiratory disease due airborne contamination. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review about the face masks use to avoid airborne contamination during COVID-19 pandemic and related conditions, registered (PROSPERO-CRD42020198347) and performed according PRISMA.
Methods: PubMed, Embase and Scopus databases were used to collect data. Observational studies, published in 2020, and English language, were included. Two reviewers independently identified records through database search and reference screening and disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer. Six studies were included.
Results: The works investigated about the use of masks (different types) to prevent droplets dissemination with virus or bacterial suspension and decrease COVID-19 transmission routes, comfort, or temperature. The studies have moderate to critical risk of bias and the level of evidence is III-2.
Conclusion: It is recommended facemask use to prevent droplets from escaping airborne and infecting other people, although there are different percentages of protection and can be possible a discomfort related the use. Further clinical trials to the effectiveness of face mask to avoid airborne contamination during the COVID-19 pandemic and the factors interfering with their effectiveness should be conducted.
The Impact of Population Ageing: A Review
Authors: Ismail Zainab , Wan Ahmad Wan Ibrahim , Hamjah Salasiah Hanin , Astina I Komang
Published: December 2021

Background: Population aging refers to the increase in number and percentage of older population aged 60 yr and above, and at the same time, decreasing in number and percentage of the young population aged 15 yr old and below. Starting in developed countries, population aging has now become a distinctive demographic phenomenon in developing countries. Nowadays developing countries have become the home to the largest proportion of older people in the world. This paper aimed to analyze the impact of population aging in Malaysia.
Methods: We employed a secondary data analysis related to the impact of population aging in Malaysia. In analyzing the data, the paper detailed, segmented, coded and, formulated the text into themes through a thematic approach. The themes that emerged from the data were family changes, migration of youth, support and care, health problems, financial security as well as housing problems. These emerged themes mapped the shared patterns of the impacts of the population aging.
Results: With the increasing of the older population in Malaysia, there are various impacts of population aging emerged, particularly in terms of family changes, youth migration to cities, support and care, health, financial security and housing. The discussion in this article is revolved around these impacts.
Conclusion: The growth of older people and the impact emerging from it has certain policy implications for the government of the country. Thus, the government needs to prepare for adequate policies and resources for future older people.
Promoter Methylation of Tumor Suppressors in Thyroid Carci-noma: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sheikholeslami Sara , Zarif -Yeganeh Marjan , Farashi Samaneh , Azizi Fereidoun , Kheradmand Kia Sima , Teimoori-Toolabi Ladan , Hedayati Mehdi
Published: December 2021

Background: The tumor suppressor genes play a critical role in cellular and molecular mechanisms such as cell cycle processes, cell differentiation and apoptosis. Aberrant DNA methylation of tumor suppressor genes and subsequent gene expression changes have shown to be involved in the initiation and progression of various malignancies including thyroid malignancies. In this review, we investigated what is known about the impact of promoter hypermethylation on the key tumor suppressor genes known to be involved in cell growth and/or apoptosis of thyroid cancer.
Methods: The most important databases were searched for research articles until June 2020 to identify reported tumor suppressor genes that are modulated by methylation modulation changes in thyroid carcinoma. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 26 studies were reviewed using the full text to meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Results: The tumor suppressor genes reviewed here are suggestive biomarkers and potential targetable drugs. Inactivation of RASSF1A, DAPK1, SLCFA8, and TSHR through aberrant epigenetic methylation could activate BRAF/MEK/ERK kinase pathways with potential clinical implications in thyroid cancer patients. RARβ2 and RUNX3 could suppress cell cycle and induce apoptosis in malignant cells. TIMP3 and PTEN could prevent angiogenesis and invasion through PIP3 pathway and arrest VEFG activity.
Conclusion: The methylation status of key genes in various types of thyroid malignancies could be used in early diagnosis as well as differentiation of malignant and benign thyroid. This is valuable in drug repurposing and discovering alternative treatments or preventions in thyroid cancer.
Nutrient Intake of Crohn’s Patients: Is There Consistency be-tween Crohn’s Disease Activity Index, Subjective Global As-sessment and Body Mass Index?
Authors: İnanç Neriman , Fırat Yağmur Yaşar , Başmısırlı Eda , Çapar Aslı Gizem
Published: December 2021

Background: We aimed to determine the nutrient intake of Crohn’s patients and to expose its relationship with Crohn’s Activity Index (CDAI), Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and Body Mass Index (BMI).
Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on patients enrolled in the Gastroenterology Polyclinic of a University Medical Faculty Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey in 2017. Two groups were included in this study: Crohn’s Group (n = 100) and Control (n = 89). Crohn’s Disease Activity Index was used to detect disease activity. Malnutrition risk was determined by the SGA and daily energy and nutrient intakes were calculated.
Results: There was a significant relationship between SGA and both CDAI and BMI (P<0.001, P=0.008, respectively). Daily energy, carbohydrate, monosaccharide, starch, sucrose, fructose, poly-unsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, vitamin E and C, thiamine, niacin, pyridoxine, Mg, P, Fe, Cu, Zn intakes were significantly lower in Crohn’s Group than in Control Group. While more than 50% of the patients did not consume enough, B6, C, thiamine, niacin, folic acid, Mg, Ca and fiber, intakes of vitamin E, riboflavin, Fe, P, and Zn were adequate. Energy and nutrient  (vitamin E, thiamine, vitamin B6, mono and poly unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, Mg, Ca, P, Zn, n-3 fatty acids and starch) intakes were negatively correlated with CDAI, but there was no relationship between these intakes and SGA.
Conclusion: There was a relationship between CDAI, SGD and BMI used to determine nutritional status in patients with Crohn’s.