bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De las competencias de programación a una pedagogía educativa en La Paz Bolivia
Authors: Teran-Pomier Jorge Humberto
Published: December 2016

La metodología para el aprendizaje de la programación de computadoras denominada programación competitiva por su origen en las competencias de programación, proporciona diversas ventajas en las clases de los primeros cursos de programación en la educación universitaria suministrando retroalimentación instantánea a los estudiantes. Se presenta la forma en la que se deben elaborar los cursos que programación bajo esta metodología y los beneficios que aporta a los estudiantes y empresas.El articulo se origina en una encuesta realizada a 20 docentes de programación de 7 universidades privadas y una pública. Muestra la situación en el enseñanza de la programación en la ciudad de La Paz, Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia mostrando la factibilidad de implementar esta metodología.. Los resultados evidencian que la retroalimentación de los resultados de las practicas están directamente relacionados a la tasa de aprobación. Situación que hace muy deseable aplicar la programación competitiva como una herramienta pedagógica en la enseñanza de la programación.
Essai d'un appareil de traitement des vins par le froid en continu (système Crystal-Flow, Alfa-Laval)
Authors: Blouin Jacques , Desenne Alain
Published: December 2016

Trials concerning stabilization of the wine against tartaric precipitations using a continuons cooling equipment (Alfa-Laval - Crystal-Flow) are described. Operating conditions about mechanical and thermic aspects are correct and consequences are a large decrease of solubilized potassium bitartrate elements. Treated wines are stable when cooled and have no undesirable further evolution.
Influence de l'aération et du sulfitage sur l'évolution de la matière colorante des vins rouges au cours de la phase d'élevage
Authors: Pontallier Paul , Ribéreau-Gayon Pascal
Published: December 2016

Modifications of red wines colouring material during aging, in barrels or in vats, needs the presence of oxygen to induce a production of traces of acetaldehyde from joined oxidation between alcohol and phenolic compounds. Acetaldehyde makes possible a polymerization of anthocyanins ; other phenolics take place in this reaction. As consequence, colour is increased and stabilized in spite of a decrease of anthocyanin level. An excess of sulphur dioxide rnakes these essential reactions lower.
Les causes, la prévention et le traitement des arrêts de la fermentation alcoolique
Authors: Geneix Catherine , Lafon-Lafourcade Suzanne , Ribéreau-Gayon Pascal
Published: December 2016

In complete nutritive medium rich in sugar, such as grape must, the inhibition of alcoholic fermentation is caused by substances produced by the yeast which, acting synergistically with ethanol, are toxic to the yeasts themselves. Among these are decanoic and octanoic acids and their corresponding ethyl esters ; their adsorption by yeast ghosts permits the prevention and treatment of fermentation stoppages (Patent n° 8309215).
L'aoutement des entre-coeurs et sa relation avec les phénomènes rythmiques
Authors: Ordovâs J. , Sânchez-Capuchino J. A. , Casanova R.
Published: December 2016

Lignification and Iteral persistence were studied on Monastrell, Garnacha, Rosetti, Boba an Merseguera cultivars. From percentages and lengthes of lignified laterals values, differences between these cultivars were shown. Other diffe rences were also found concerning tne relation between rythmic phenomenons of development and lateral lignification. This relation remains constant fot the same cultivar in different conditions.
Maturation du raisin et production de la vigne a Chypre en 1979 et en 1980 (1)
Authors: Roumbas N.
Published: December 2016

The grape ripening and vine yield (grapes and wood) were studied during 1979 and 1980 for different varieties grown on there experimental parcels of the Cyprus vineyard. The results were expounded triing to display the role of the natural factors (climate, nature of the soils, water supply of the vine).

According to these results, some proposals have been made to improve the Cyprus wine industry particularly with the aim of quality.

(1) Cette publication est la suite de celles qui ont paru dans les numéros précédents de « Connaissance de la Vigne et du Vin » ; elle est un résumé de la troisième partie d'une thèse de Docteur-Ingénieur, soutenue à l'Université de Bordeaux II, le 21 décembre 1982, par N. ROUMBAS.
Caractéristiques de pectines de marcs de raisins provenant d'essais comparatifs de vinification en rouge
Authors: Mourgues J. , Courtoisier J. , Conte T.
Published: December 2016

The pectins extracted in a hot acid medium (pH 1,4 at 70 °C for 4 hours) from Carignan pomace washed in hot water (75 °C, 30 mn) desceded and pipped stemmed are different according to the vinification methods. in traditional vinifica tion with crushed grapes, there are changes during the fermentation on skins (reduction in the arnount extracted and in the quality of the pectins). The pectin extract from marc of heat-treated vintage (5,4 % dry weight) contains 77 % galacturonic acid esterified to 52 %, with a jellying power of 63 ° JAKOVLIV or 31 0 SAG. Due to its poor jellying power, it is not possible to forsee and industrial recuperation from the pomace of this variety.
DESCOLONIZAR A CRISTOLOGIA
Authors: Vasconcelos Aparecida Maria de , Hurtado Manuel
Published: December 2016

RESUMO: Este artigo fornece uma visão de como abordar uma cristologia em perspectiva descolonial. Tal tarefa supõe um “descentramento epistêmico” na doutrina e na pregação. O tema da “descolonização epistemológica da teologia” tem chamado a atenção devido ao apelo de se fazer uma outra teologia. Contudo, apesar de diversas reflexões, no domínio cristológico percebe-se a carência de um estudo mais organizado de como se dá aí o processo de descolonização. Nosso objetivo é, pois, investigar e compreender como se constrói o caminho rumo a tal tarefa. A análise da proposta compreende três abordagens: a “repatriação” da fé cristã ao seu berço neotestamentário originário, pelo viés de uma enculturação da fé cristã no centro da cultura helênica e na doutrina calcedoniana. A seguir, o modo de como entrar descolonialmente na cristologia. Por fim, como se dá esse processo a nível das religiões. Conclui-se que o irreformável, visitado criticamente e confrontado com os apelos do momento, continua balizando as cristologias contemporâneas num exercício criativo, descentrado de discursos totalitários, mas sempre apoiado no coração da fé cristã.ABSTRACT: This article furnishes a vision of how to approach Christology in a decolonized perspective. Such an exercise supposes an epistemic decentralization in doctrine and in preaching. The topic of an epistemological decolonization of theology has grown in importance given the drive to realize another kind of theology. However, in spite of varied refections, in the Christological field one perceives a lack of a more organized study regarding exactly how the process of decolonization happens. Our objective is then to investigate and understand how to construct a path towards such a task. The analysis of such a proposal involves three approaches: the “repatriation” of Christian faith to its native New Testament place through the inculturation of the Christian faith at the center of Hellenic culture and in the Chalcedon doctrine. Next, a way of entering in Christology in a decolonized way. Finally, how this process happens at the level of religions. We conclude then with the irreformable, visited critically, and confronted with the appeals of the present moment, which continues to mark contemporary Christologies, in a creative exercise, decentered from totalitarian discourses, but always supported by the heart of Christian faith.
LA THÉOLOGIE EUROPÉENNE À L’HEURE DE LA PENSÉE DÉCOLONIALE
Authors: Fédou Michel
Published: December 2016

RÉSUMÉ: La théologie européenne est aujourd’hui interpellée par la pensée décoloniale; elle est notamment soupçonnée d’avoir souvent voulu (consciemment ou non) exercer une certaine hégémonie sur la théologie des autres continents. Dans cette situation même, elle est invitée à une lecture renouvelée de sa propre histoire. L’interpellation de la pensée décoloniale doit aussi conduire à une réflexion de fond sur les relations entre la théologie européenne et les théologies élaborées dans d’autres continents. Elle devrait en outre encourager la théologie européenne à opérer à son tour une tâche d’inculturation sur le sol même de son propre continent. L’article montre enfin que cette théologie européenne doit également reconnaître les ressources dont elle dispose elle-même, et qu’elle a la responsabilité de les faire valoir dans le monde d’aujourd’hui, sans prétention hégémonique, mais en vue de contribuer ainsi aux tâches théologiques de notre temps.ABSTRACT: European theology is today challenged by decolonial thinking; it is particularly suspected for having often wanted (consciously or not) to maintain some hegemony upon the theology of the other continents. It this very situation it is invited to read in a new way its own history. The challenge of decolonial thinking must also lead to a fundamental reflection about the relations between the european theology and the theologies which have been elaborated in other continents. Moreover, it should encourage the european theology to undertake itself a task of inculturation on the soil of its own continent. Finally the article shows that this european theology has also to recognize the resources which it has inherited itself, and is responsible for developing them in today’s world, without any hegemonic pretension, but in order to contribute in this way to the theological tasks of our time.
EXPERIÊNCIA RELIGIOSA, ATEÍSMO E MODERNIDADE
Authors: Barreto Marco Heleno
Published: December 2016

RESUMO: Neste artigo é examinada a questão da experiência religiosa no contexto da modernidade, considerada estruturalmente ateia em consequência da virada antropocêntrica que constitui a forma moderna de consciência. O objetivo fundamental do autor é mostrar uma possibilidade de se pensar a experiência religiosa autêntica para tal consciência moderna a partir de uma consideração compreensiva da espiritualidade ateia e de suas relações com a espiritualidade religiosa tradicional. Para isto ele considera a experiência religiosa na forma da experiência mística, apresentando-a em seus traços fundamentais, ressaltando as duas principais formas de mística imanentista. Em seguida explicita a dimensão mística presente no interior da tradição ateísta, indicando brevemente seus pressupostos ontológicos. A partir deste diálogo com a mística ateia o autor sustenta ser possível um horizonte ampliado para se pensar hoje a experiência autenticamente religiosa de forma compreensiva.ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the issue of religious experience in the context of modernity, which is envisaged as structurally atheistic due to the anthropocentric turn that defines the modern form of consciousness. The main goal of the author is to show a possibility of thinking the authentic religious experience for this modern consciousness through a comprehensive understanding of the atheistic spirituality and of its relations with traditional religious spirituality. He examines the religious experience in the particular form of mysticism, showing its essential features, and highlighting the two main forms of immanentistic mysticism. Afterwards he discloses the mystic dimension in the atheistic tradition, pointing briefly to its ontological presuppositions. This dialogue with the atheistic form of mysticism allows the author to claim that there is a possible horizon within which to think nowadays the truly religious experience in a comprehensive way.
O PARADOXO DA ENCARNAÇÃO: CRÍTICA DE KIERKEGAARD À TEOLOGIA ESPECULATIVA DO SEU TEMPO
Authors: Sousa Domingos Salgado de
Published: December 2016

RESUMO: Kierkegaard é frequentemente apresentado como o solitário opositor das correntes dominantes do pensamento filosófico e teológico do século XIX. É, porém, no âmbito da cristologia, onde se torna mais evidente tal oposição. Kierkegaard elaborou a sua doutrina do paradoxo em resposta ao uso do princípio hegeliano da mediação na teologia especulativa do seu tempo. Contrariamente à teologia especulativa, Kierkegaard defende que a realidade divina e humana não estão subjacentemente unidas, mas formam polos completamente opostos, separados por uma diferença qualitativa infinita. Ao conciliar realidades opostas em si, o paradoxo da manifestação de Deus no tempo opõe-se a qualquer forma de mediação. O conceito de paradoxo é interpretado por alguns críticos como uma contradição lógica. É assinalado que Kierkegaard ao apresentar a fé como única forma de acesso ao paradoxo está a exigir do crente que coloque de parte a lógica e aceite o que é ininteligível à razão humana. A encarnação como objeto de fé, porém, não é paradoxal no sentido de violar os princípios lógicos, mas no sentido de que transcende absolutamente a compreensão humana.ABSTRACT: Kierkegaard is often portrayed as the lone protester against the dominant currents of nineteenth century philosophical and theological thought. It is, however, within the Jeld of Christology where such objections are most clearly evident. Kierkegaard developed his doctrine of the paradox in response to the use made of the Hegelian principle of mediation by the speculative theology of his time. Contrary to speculative theology, Kierkegaard argues that divine and human natures are not immanently united, but that they constitute opposing poles, separated by a qualitative infinite difference. By combining the opposing realities within it, the paradox of God’s revelation in time is contrary to any form of mediation. Some critics have interpreted the concept of the paradox as alogical contradiction. It is pointed out that by viewing faith as the only away of gaining access to the paradox, Kierkegaard is demanding that the believer put logic aside and embrace what is unintelligible to human reason. The incarnation as an object of faith, however, is not paradoxical in the sense that it violates the principles of logic, but in the sense that it absolutely transcends human understanding.
ALTERNATIVE TREE CROPS FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE POST-TSUNAMI IN THE COASTAL AREAS OF ACEH BARAT DISTRICT
Authors: Wahyunto Wahyunto , Ritung Sofyan , Wahdini Wahyu , Agus Fahmuddin
Published: December 2016

Tree farming such as coconut, cocoa, coffee, rubber, and rambutan was dominant in the west coast of Aceh prior to tsunami. The farming is not only important for sustainable livelihood, but also for superior environmental protection. During the tsunami, considerable portion of this ‘green infrastructure’ was devastated. Therefore, a scientifically based land suitability evaluation is needed for supporting the redesign and  reconstruction of the tree-based farming. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the current physical condition of the area and develop recommendation of land suitability for tree crops farming in the area. Field survey for inventory and evaluation of land characteristics was conducted in 2006, 15 months after the tsunami. Land suitability evaluation was conducted by matching field survey data and soil sample analyses in every mapping unit with crop growth requirements. The land suitability map was further matched with the district development plan, existing land uses and land status. The resulted land use recommendation map showed that the marine ecosystem along the coastal line was most suitable for coconut, cacao, coffee, and casuarinas. The recommended tree crops for the ancient sandy beach were areca nut, coconut, rambutan, mango, rubber and oil palm; and for the alluvial ecosystem were coconut, cacao, areca nut, mango, and bread fruit. Peatland of less than 3 m thick was marginally suitable for oil palm and rubber, while those thicker than 3 m were recommended for conservation due to its fragile ecosystem. In the undulating tectonic plain, the suitable tree crops were rubber, oil palm, coconut, and rambutan.
KINETIC EVALUATION OF ETHANOL-TOLERANT THERMOPHILE Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius M10EXG FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION
Authors: Riyanti Eny Ida , Rogers Peter L.
Published: December 2016

Thermophiles are challenging to be studied for ethanol production using agricultural waste containing lignocellulosic materials rich in hexose and pentose. These bacteria have many advantages such as utilizing a wide range of substrates, including pentose (C5) and hexose (C6). In ethanol production, it is important to use ethanol tolerant strain capable in converting lignocellulosic hydrolysate. This study was aimed to investigate the growth profile of ethanol-tolerant thermophile Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius M10EXG using a defined growth medium consisted of single carbon glucose (TGTV), xylose (TXTV), and a mixture of glucose and xylose (TGXTV), together with the effect of yeast extract addition
to the media. The experiments were conducted at the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences of The University of New South Wales, Australia on a shake flask fermentation at 60°C in duplicate experiment. Cultures were sampled every two hours and analised for their kinetic parameters including the maximum specific growth rate (µmax), biomass yield (Yx/s), ethanol and by-product yields (acetate and L-lactate) (Yp/s), and the doubling time (Td). Results showed that this strain was capable of growing on minimal medium containing glucose or xylose as a single carbon source. This strain utilized glucose and xylose simultaneously (co-fermentation), although there was glucose repression of xylose at relatively low glucose concentration (0.5% w/v), particularly when yeast extract (0.2% w/v) was added to the medium. The highest biomass yield was obtained at 0.5 g l-1 on glucose medium; the yield increased when yeast extract was added (at 0.59 g l-1). The highest specific growth rate of 0.25 was obtained in the phase I growth when the strain was grown on a mixture of glucose and xylose (0.5% : 0.5% w/v) medium. Diauxic growth was shown on the mixture of glucose, xylose, and yeast extract. The strain produced low level of ethanol (0.1 g l-1), as well as low level (0.2 g l-1) of by-products (L-lactate and acetate) after 15 hours. The results suggests its potential application for fermenting lignocellulosic agricultural wastes for ethanol production.
EVALUATION OF NATURAL ENEMIES IN CONTROLLING OF THE BANANA WEEVIL BORER Cosmopolites sordidus Germar IN WEST SUMATRA
Authors: Hasyim Ahsol , Azwana Azwana , Syafril Syafril
Published: December 2016

The banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus Germar, is an important pest of highland banana and plantain in Africa, but it exists in low densities in presumed area of origin in Southeast Asia such as in Indonesia. This suggests a possible existence of effective co-evolved natural enemies in the origin area of Indonesia, especially West Sumatra. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate banana weevil pest status at selected sites in West Sumatra, (2) to survey parasitoids and predators, and (3) to determine the control potential of the most important natural enemies. Surveys were undertaken in March 2002-August 2003 in five locations in West Sumatra, i.e., Bukittinggi, Sitiung, Pariaman, Pasaman, and Batusangkar. Five farms per site were selected randomly among all farms that contained banana stands of > 0.5 ha. Sampling for banana weevil adults and damage, and for predators was done throughout small banana stands and within a 20 m x 40 m (0.08 ha) subplot on larger farms. Field-collected larvae were taken to the laboratory and reared on corm pieces (3 cm x 3 cm x 3 cm) until pupation. Larvae were collected from pseudostem as well as corm residues. To estimate the abundance of non-social predators, i.e., those other than ants, 10 residues each on each farm were examined from plants that had been harvested 1-4 weeks, 5-8 weeks or 9 or more weeks before our visit to the site. Samples of the different morphospecies were saved in alcohol for later identification. The result showed that the banana weevil incidence was found to be low,  0.6-1.7 adults per trap. Plant damage indices were below 2.2%. We collected and reared 24,360 eggs and 3118 larvae, but no parasitism was detected. Phorids (Megaselia sp.) and drosophilids were recovered from larval rearings, but most likely were scavengers. A complex of predators was detected, the most important of which was the histerid beetles,  Plaesius javanus Erichson. In laboratory tests, adults and larvae of P.  javanus attacked 75-88% and 38-53% of banana weevil larvae and pupae, respectively. Predatory ants, including species of Myrmicinae, Ponerinae, Formicinae, and Dolichoderinae, were found to be associated with banana plants and residues. Adults of Myopopone castanea Smith (Ponerinae) were directly observed attacking banana weevil larvae in crop residues. The adult banana weevil mortalities caused by the entomopathogen fungi of Beauveria bassiana from Baso, Sungaitarab, Sei Sariek, and Sikabau at highest density (3.2 x 108 spores ml-1) after two weeks were 96.67%, 90.00%, 60.00% and 83.33%, respectively. The high diversity of habitat conditions in which crop-pest-natural enemies systems exist, support the idea that banana weevil population and damage intensity in the study area is low due to active role of natural enemies.
NUTRITIONAL AND ROTI QUALITY OF SORGHUM GENOTYPES
Authors: Chavan U.D. , Patil J.V. , Shinde M.S.
Published: December 2016

Sorghum grains are mostly used for the roti preparation. The M 35-1 (Maldhandi) a sorghum cultivar is known for its good quality of roti due to having pearly white grain color, its flour having higher water holding capacity, and good organoleptic taste. However, this cultivar is low yielder. To evolve sorghum high yielding genotype coupled with this good roti qualities, systematic breeding program was planned and executed to overcome this problem. Twenty local land races, 92 genotypes, and seven improved cultivars of sorghum along with check M 35-1 were studied for various nutritional quality parameters, with special reference to the roti quality. Considering nutritional quality and organoleptic evaluation parameters studied for roti quality, the local land races viz., RSLG 428-1, RSLG 1238, RSLG 1275 and the genotypes viz., RSV 290, RSV 292, RSV 858, RSV 859, RSV 861, RSV 868, RSV 894, RSV 985, RSV 992, RSV 995, RSV 999 were found to be promising for protein, sugar, water absorption, and soluble protein content. Therefore, they can be used for further improvement in nutritional quality through breeding program. Among the improved cultivars, Phule Vasudha (RSV 423), CSV 22, and Phule Chitra (SPV 1546) were
found to be most promising for roti quality. The maximum score for overall acceptability was found for Phule Vasudha followed by Phule Anuradha (RSV 458), Phule Yeshoda (RSLG 262), and Phule Maulee (CSV 216).
CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF AGRONOMIC CHARACTERS AND GRAIN YIELD OF RICE FOR TIDAL SWAMP AREAS
Authors: Hairmansis Aris , Kustianto Bambang , Suwarno Suwarno
Published: December 2016

Development of rice varieties for tidal swamp areas is emphasized on the improvement of rice yield potential in specific environment. However, grain yield is a complex trait and highly dependent on the other agronomic characters; while information related to the relationship between agronomic characters and grain yield in the breeding program particularly for tidal swamp areas is very limited. The objective of this study was to investigate relationship between agronomic characters and grain yield of rice as a basis for selection of high yielding rice varieties for tidal swamp areas. Agronomic characters and grain yield of nine advanced rice breeding lines and two rice varieties were evaluated in a series of experiments in tidal swamp areas, Karang Agung Ulu Village, Banyuasin, South Sumatra, for four cropping seasons in dry season (DS) 2005, wet season (WS) 2005/2006, DS 2006, and DS 2007. Result from path analysis revealed that the following characters had positive direct effect on grain yield, i.e. number of productive tillers per hill (p = 0.356), number of filled grains per panicle (p = 0.544), and spikelet fertility (p = 0.215). Plant height had negative direct effect (p = -0.332) on grain yield, while maturity, number of spikelets per panicle, and 1000-grain weight showed negligible effect on rice grain yield. Present study suggests that indirect selection of high yielding tidal swamp rice can be done by selecting breeding lines which have many product tive tillers, dense filled grains, and high spikelet fertility.
IDENTIFICATION OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) VARIETIES SUITABLE FOR DRY SEASON AND WET SEASON PLANTING
Authors: Sumarno Sumarno , Sutisna Entis
Published: December 2016

Rice planting on dry and wet seasons faces a specific climatological characteristic, which affects directly on rice growth and yield. Fifteen rice genotypes were evaluated for their seasonal planting adaptation at Sukamandi Experimental Station, Subang, West Java, during the dry and wet seasons of 2009-2010. Randomized complete block design with three replications was applied on the experiment. Plot size was 4 m x 6 m and plant spacing was 20 cm x 20 cm. Standard agronomic practices were applied on both planting season experiments. Data were collected for major morphological traits, days to grain maturity and grain yield, measured on wet and dry basis (11% moisture content). Data were analysed for analyses of variance for each season and for combined seasons, and mean values separation of the variable used the 5% Duncan Multiple Range Test. Correlation between grain yields and morphological variable data were computed for each season and for combined seasons. The correlation coefficients of variables and grain yield were partitioned into direct and indirect causes using path analyses. Combined analyses of variances indicated significant effects of genotypes, seasons and genotypes x seasons interaction for almost all variables, including grain yields, suggesting there were seasonal adaptation specificity among genotypes. Five genotypes were identified as suitable for dry season planting, and nine genotypes as suitable for wet season planting. Among those genotypes, three genotypes, namely Mekongga, Inpari-10 and OM 5240 were suitable for both dry and wet season planting. Ciherang and Cigeulis varieties were more suitable for dry season, while Cibogo, Inpari-1, Inpari-3, Inpari-5, and Inpari-8 were more suitable for wet season planting. Adopting the most productive rice varieties for planting on dry or wet season as was suggested on this research should increase rice production substantially. To facilitate the availability of varieties adapted for a specific planting season, rice breeding should purposedly apply a directional selection of lines suitable for specific planting season, starting on the early generation of selection.
CONTROL OF COCOA POD BORER AND PHYTOPHTHORA POD ROT USING DEGRADABLE PLASTIC POD SLEEVES AND A NEMATODE, Steinernema carpocapsae
Authors: Rosmana Ade , Shepard Merle , Hebbar Prakash , Mustari Anita
Published: December 2016

Cocoa pod borer (CPB; Conopomorpha cramerella) and Phytophthora pod rot (PPR; Phytophthora palmivora) are serious pest and disease on cocoa plantations in Indonesia. Both pest and disease have been controlled with limited success using cultural practices such as pruning, frequent harvesting, sanitation, plastic sleeving, and chemical pesticides. An experiment was conducted on cocoa plantings in Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi during the wet season of 2008/09 to test the effect of pod sleeving (with transparent degradable and non-degradable plastic bags) and nematode application on CPB and PPR infestation. The nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (10,000 active juveniles per pod) was sprayed three times at intervals of 10 and 20 days. Pod damage by CPB was observed at harvest time, while PPR disease incidence was evaluated every week until harvest time. Results showed that all pods in the field were infested by CPB as indicated in control samples. Pod sleeving using both non-degradable and degradable plastics significantly reduced pod damage by CPB, from 62.3% in the control treatment compared to 8.4% in the CPB treatment. A combination of pod sleeving and nematode application had a synergistic reduction of pod damage by CPB resulting in totally healthy pods. Pod sleeving with degradable and non-degradable plastics also reduced pod damage by PPR significantly. Pod sleeving with non-degradable plastic suppressed the disease incidence almost zero until 6 weeks after sleeving and the rate of disease incidence was 3.6% per week. However, with degradable plastic, the disease suppression was even longer (7 weeks after sleeving), indicating that the degradable plastic is more effective. Combination of sleeving and nematode application slightly increased PPR infection. Sleeved pods in general had lower rates of PPR infection compared to pods treated with nematode or untreated pods (control). In these two applications, the rate of disease incidence was 7.8% and 8.3% per week respectively. The study implies that biological control using entomopathogenic S. carpocapsae and degradable plastic sleeves are effective and environmentally-friendly to control C. cramerella and P. palmivora
COMBINING EFFECTS OF CULTURAL PRACTICES AND RESISTANT CULTIVARS ON REDUCING THE INCIDENCE OF Meloidogyne spp. AND Thrips palmy Karny ON POTATO
Authors: Setiawati Wiwin , Karjadi Asih Kartasih , Soetiarso Thomas Agoes
Published: December 2016

Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) and melon thrips (Thrips palmy Karny) are two serious pests on potato. These pests are conventionally controlled with synthetic pesticides. Cultural practices based on integrated pest management (IPM) are alternative methods to control these pests. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of combined applications of cultural practices and potato cultivars in reducing the incidences of nematode and thrips. Treatments evaluated were methods of nematode and thrips control by implementing IPM and conventional practices. A split-plot randomized complete block design with four replications was  sed. The main plots were IPM or cultural practices (subsoiling, soil solarization and use of trap crop of marigold Tagetes erecta) and conventional practices using synthetic pesticides. The subplots were five potato cultivars, i.e. No. 095 (Herta x FLS–17), 720050/Kikondo, 676068/ I.1085, Granola, and Atlantic. The results showed that applications of cultural practices in combination with potato cultivars reduced Meloidogyne spp. population and potato tuber damage by 53.70% and 61.36%, respectively, as well as a significantly decreased thrips population. In the cultural control plots, thrips populations were below the action threshold (10.0 nymphs per leaf), therefore no single application of pesticide was used. This was in contrast to the conventional control treatments where insecticide was spayed 10 times until harvest. The subsoiling and solarization cut off the life cycle of the thrips and any survive thrips were trapped by marigold plant. Population of T. palmi on the five potato cultivars differed significantly; the lowest population was found on the cultivars No. 095 (Herta x FLS-17) and 676068/I.1085. The cultural control practices combined with potato cultivar No. 095 (Herta x FLS–17) were the best treatment for controlling Meloidogyne spp. and T. palmi on potato and also produced the highest yield (31.01 t ha-1). The study suggests that cultural control practices in combination with resistant cultivars are recommended as a suitable IPM t
SEDIMENT TRAPPING BY TERRACED PADDY FIELD ON SLOPPING AGRICULTURAL LAND
Authors: Sukristiyonubowo Sukristiyonubowo , Gabriels D. , Verlooc M.
Published: December 2016

Terraced paddy field is not only important for rural food security, but also for trapping sediment in the slopping land. The aims of this research were to quantify the amount of incoming and outgoing sediments and to study sediment movement behavior during harrowing and fertilizing under traditional irrigation of terraced paddy field system. This study was carried out at Keji Village, Semarang District, Central Java during two cropping seasons, a wet season 2003/04 and a dry season 2004. A paddy field with eight terraces was selected. The terraces were flat, different in size and descending to the river. Sediment samples were taken at harrowing and fertilizing activities. The results indicated that at harrowing, outgoing sediment was higher than incoming both during the wet and the dry seasons. About 0.53 and 0.27 t ha-1 day-1 of soil were eroded during harrowing in the wet and the dry seasons, respectively. However, a week before and after fertilizing, both in the wet and the dry seasons, the amounts of incoming sediment were higher than the outgoing one. In the wet season, the amounts of incoming sediments were three to four times higher than the outgoing one, both a week before and after fertilizing. During the wet season, about 0.31 and 0.34 t ha-1 day-1 of sediment was yielded a week before and after fertilizing, respectively. During the dry season, the incoming sediments were ten times higher than the outgoing one. On an average the sediment yields were about 0.07 and 0.08 t ha-1 day-1 a week before and after fertilizing, respectively. Terraces having greater areas deposited more sediment than those with smaller sizes. During a week before and after first fertilizing, the total amounts of incoming sediments were 6.44 and 1.19 t ha-1 for the wet and dry seasons, while that of outgoing sediments were 1.89 and 0.14 t ha-1 for the wet and dry seasons, respectively. This indicates that terraced paddy fields are not only producing rice, but also providing environmental service in term of sediment trapping. This external service minimizes sedimentation in the downstream.
 
CHARACTERIZING THE SOIL FOR IMPROVED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN SELECTED MAIZE GROWING AREAS OF INDONESIA
Authors: Fauzi Achmad I. , Agus Fahmuddin , Sukarman Sukarman , Nugroho Kusumo
Published: December 2016

The demand for maize, the second most important food crop in Indonesia, is steadily increasing. Knowledge of soil properties is a key element in developing nutrient management system. The aims of this study were to characterize and classify the soils at the family level of Soil Taxonomy and linking the taxa with nutrient management systems. The study was conducted at the Site Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) for maize in Indonesia from June to October 2005. Eight soil profiles were taken from Karo (North Sumatra), Sidomulyo (Lampung), Wonogiri and Grobogan (Central Java), Wonokerto, Mojoayu, and Tuban (East Java), and Jeneponto (South Sulawesi). The soil samples were analyzed for their physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics. Soil profile description followed the Standard Guidelines of the Food and Agriculture Organiza-tion. Results showed that the sites for the SSNM represented a wide range of soils and climate characteristics from Entisols with 1,050 mm annual rainfall in Jeneponto to Oxisols with 2,200 mm annual rainfall in Lampung. Most soils had a fine texture class (clay and clay loam), but in places like Lampung and Wonogiri, the clay had a low activity leading to a low cation exchange capacity (CEC) and low exchangeable cations, especially K. The relatively high-K status soils were found in Karo, Grobogan, and Tuban sites. Organic matter and, in consequence, total N were relatively low for all SSNM sites. Available P status ranged from low to high. The low available P in Grobogan, Wonokerto, and Mojoayu soils seemed to be related to high pH, while in Lampung it was due to low pH. Exchangeable Ca and Mg were high in Grobogan, Mojoayu, Karo, and Tuban due to the presence of weatherable minerals such as hypersthene, augite, and hornblende. In general, this study suggests that organic matter, N, and P will be needed across the sites. K addition will be necessary for Karo, Lampung and Wonogiri, while in other SSNM areas, maintenance rates for K will be needed unless plant residues are recycled.
LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM Cymbopogon nardus AS OVIPOSITION DETERRENT AND OVICIDAL ACTIVITIES AGAINST Helicoverpa armigera Hubner ON CHILI PEPPER
Authors: Setiawati Wiwin , Murtiningsih Rini , Hasyim Ahsol
Published: December 2016

The fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) is one of the key pests of chili pepper in Indonesia. Yield loss due to this insect pest may reach up to 60%. Chemical treatment for con-trolling this insect pest is ineffective and eventually leads to environmental pollution. More environmentally safe insecticides are developed based on natural plant ingredients as their active compound such as essential oils. This study aimed to assess the potential of citronella oil for managing H. armigera on chili pepper. The experiments were conducted at the Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute from April 2009 to March 2010 and in Cirebon, West Java from November 2009 to March 2010. A field experiment was designed in a randomized complete block design with five treatments and replicated five times. Citronella oil was extracted by steam distillation from Cymbo-pogon  nardus. The oil was then chemically characterized by using GC-MS and its efficacy (ovicidal and feeding deterrent) against H. armigera was tested both in laboratory and field conditions. The GC-MS result showed that major chemical compounds of the citronella oil used were citronella (35.97%), nerol (17.28%), citronellol (10.03%), geranyle acetate (4.44%), elemol (4.38%), limonene (3.98%), and citronnellyle acetate (3.51%). The laboratory experiment revealed that the highest concentration (4,000 ppm) of citronella oil reduced egg laying by 53-66%. Ovicidal activity was concentration dependent, and egg hatchability decreased by 15-95% compared to control. The field experiment showed that treatment of citronella oil at 2.0 mL L-1 significantly reduced fruit damage by H. armigera similar to the plots treated with spinosad at the recommended dose (60 g ai ha-1). Application of citronella oil significantly reduced fruit damage by 72% and increased quality of the chili pepper. Because oviposition and feeding deterrent properties are key factors in controlling the pest, therefore this study revealed that citronella oil has potential to be incorporated into the controlling program of H. armigera on chili pepper.
MORPHOLOGICAL, PATHOGENIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri ISOLATES FROM MAHARASHTRA, INDIA
Authors: Mandhare V.K. , Deshmukh G.P. , Patil J.V. , Kale A.A.
Published: December 2016

Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri (FOC) is considered as one of the major factors of low productivity in chickpea. The present study was conducted to determine the morphological, pathogenic and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variability of twenty isolates of FOC collected from the Maharashtra State of India, along with four reference isolates corresponding to four known FOC races. Pathogenicity of each isolate was confirmed using the wilt susceptible chick-pea genotype JG-62. The mycelia of all the isolates were septate, hyaline and profusely branched. All the FOC isolates produced micro- and macro-conidia in pure culture within seven days after inoculation. Based on the abilities of the isolates to cause dis-ease on an international set of chickpea differentials and genetic variability estimated by the RAPD technique, these 24 isolates were grouped into two pathotypes, i.e. pathotype I and pathotype II.
EX VITRO ROOTING OF OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) PLANTLETS DERIVED FROM TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Sumaryono Sumaryono , Riyadi Imron
Published: December 2016

Plantlets of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) derived from so-matic embryos sometimes do not form well developed-roots. Root formation of unrooted-plantlets can be induced with aux-in during ex vitro acclimatization period to simplify the proce-dure and to reduce seedling production cost. Experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design to determine the effect of different types of auxin, i.e. indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and 1-naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA) at different concentrations, i.e. 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mM on root development of oil palm plantlets. The plantlets used were derived from somatic embryos of MK 649 oil palm clone. The basal end of the shoots was dipped in auxin solution for 10 minutes before the shoot was cultured in a small plastic pot containing a mixed growing medium. The cultures were then placed inside a closed transparent plastic tunnel (240 cm x 100 cm x 95 cm) for 12 weeks. The results showed that without auxin treatment only 15% of the shoots formed roots. Dipping in auxin solution increased significantly root frequen-cy to more than 50%. The best root formation was found on the shoots treated with 2 mM NAA by which rooting frequency was 80%. Auxin treatments also increased root quality as indi-cated by more number of primary and secondary roots. IAA, IBA, and NAA treatments at all concentrations tested increased significantly shoot height on average by 42% and shoot diame-ter by 30% compared to control treatment, but did not influ-ence root length. The best treatment for inducing roots of oil palm plantlets ex vitro was by dipping the basal end of the plant-lets in 2 mM NAA solution. The result showed that rooting of oil palm plantlets could be successfully conducted ex vitro that would eliminate sterile rooting stage thus simplify the protocol and reduce seedling production time and cost.
RURAL FARMERS’ PERCEPTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL ZONE OF DELTA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Ofuoku A.U.
Published: December 2016

Farmer perception of their environment is a factor of climate change. Adaptation to climate change requires farmers to realize that the climate has changed and they must identify useful adaptations and implement them. This study analyzed the per-ception of climate change among rural farmers in central agri-cultural zone of Delta State, Nigeria. Climate change studies often assume certain adaptations and minimal examination of how, when, why, and conditions under which adaptations usually take place in any economic and social systems. The study was conducted by survey method on 131 respondents using struc-tured interview schedule and questionnaire. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and linear regression model to test that education, gender, and farming experience influenced farmers’ perception of climate change. The results showed that the farmers were aware of climate change. The identified causes of climate change were ranging from intensified agriculture, population explosion, increased use of fossil fuel, loss of in-digenous know practice to gas flaring. The effects of climate change on crops and livestocks were also identified by the rural farmers. Many of the farmers adapted to climate change by planting trees, carrying out soil conservation practice, changing planting dates, using different crop varieties, installing fans in livestock pens, and applying irrigation. Almost half of them did not adapt to climate change. The linear regression analysis revealed that education, gender, and farming experience influ-enced farmers’ perception of climate change. The major barriers to adaptation to climate change included lack of information, lack of money, and inadequate land.
METHANE EMISSION FROM DIRECT SEEDED RICE UNDER THE INFLUENCES OF RICE STRAW AND NITRIFICATION INHIBITOR
Authors: Wihardjaka A. , Tandjung S. Djalal , Sunarminto B. Hendro , Sugiharto Eko
Published: December 2016

Incorporation of rice straw into soil is a common practice to improve soil productivity and increase inorganic fertilizer availability. However, this practice could contribute to methane (CH4) emission; one of the greenhouse gases that causes global warming. Nitrification inhibitors such as neem cake and carbofuran may reduce methane emission following application of rice straw. The study aimed to evaluate the application of rice straw and nitrification inhibitor to methane emission in rainfed lowland rice system. A factorial randomized block design was used with three replications. The first factor was rice straw incorporation (5 t ha-1 fresh straw, 5 t ha-1 composted straw), and the second factor was nitrification inhibitor application (20 kg ha-1 neem cake, 20 kg ha-1 carbofuran). The experiment was conducted at rainfed lowland in Pati, Central Java, during 2009/2010 wet season. Ciherang variety was planted as direct seeded rice with spacing of 20 cm x 20 cm in each plot of 4 m x 5 m. The rice straw was treated together with soil tillage, whereas nitrification inhibitor was applied together with urea application. Parameters observed were methane flux, plant height, plant biomass, grain yield, organic C content, and bacterial population in soil. The methane flux and soil organic C were measured at 25, 45, 60, 75, and 95 days after emergence. The results showed that composted rice straw incorporation significantly emitted methane lower (73.2 ± 6.6 kg CH4 ha-1 season-1) compared to the fresh rice straw (93.5 ± 4.0 CH4 ha-1 season-1). Application of nitrification inhibitors neem cake and carbofuran reduced methane emission as much as 20.7 and 15.4 kg CH4 ha-1 season-1, respectively. Under direct seeded rice system, methane flux level correlated with plant biomass as shown by linear regression of Y = 0.0015 X + 0.0575 (R2 = 0.2305, n = 27). This means that higher plant biomass produced more methane flux. The study indicates that application of nitrification inhibitors such as neem cake is prospective in decreasing methane emission from direct seeded rice cropping.

 
POTENCY OF PREDATOR (Menochilus sexmaculatus) AUGMENTATION FOR WHITE FLY (Bemisia tabaci) MANAGEMENT AND ITS EFFECT ON GEMINI VIRUS INFESTATION ON TOMATO
Authors: Setiawati W. , Gunaeni N. , Uhan T. S. , Hasyim A.
Published: December 2016

Bemisia tabaci (Gen.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most serious pests on tomato. It is mainly controlled by chemi-cal means, requiring some 25 sprays during the average growing season. The extensive and repeated use of insecticides has dis-rupted the natural balance between this pest and its natural enemies. In this study, Menochilus sexmaculatus F. was evalu-ated as a possible biological control agent of B. tabaci and its effect on Gemini virus infestation. The study was conducted at the experimental station of the Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute (IVeGRI) in Lembang, West Java (1,250 m above sea level) from August to December 2008. The experimental plots consisted of 0.35 ha of tomato (± 100 m2 per plot) and spatially separated with four rows of maize (a minimum of 1 m) inter-plot distance to prevent cross-contamination among plots. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized block design with eight treatments and four replications. M. sexmaculatus were released at 24 days after planting. The treatments were designed according dosages and schedules at three released populations (i.e. 10 predators per plot, 20 predators per plot, and 10 predators per plot at vegetative stage followed by 20 predators per plot at generative stage); two places of release (center and edge of the plot); and two schedules of release (weekly and biweekly). Efficacy of the predator was measured in terms of the density of B. tabaci, both before and after release of the predator and its effect on Gemini virus infestation. The result indicated the potential use of M. sexmaculatus to control B. tabaci and its effect on Gemini virus infestation on tomato. Reductions in B. tabaci populations and subsequent tomato yields were significant. B. tabaci population in plots receiving 10 predators showed 73.62% and 75.75% reductions by the end of experiment. The incidence and intensity of Gemini virus were consistently and significantly lowest and tomato yield gain was observed when 10 predators were released at weekly intervals. It is suggested that release of M. sexmaculatus against B. tabaci on tomato may be offered as an alternative solution to increase implementation of biologically-based B. tabaci management.