bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aplastic anemia in a Holstein bull calf with lymphosarcoma
Authors: McLaughlin Robert
Published: March 2023

A nine month old Holstein bull calf was examined on May 20, 1988 for the primary complaint of severe depression and recumbency. The calf was located on a large dairy farm in northern Virginia where he had been born on September 2, 1987. The bull had been kept in a dry lot with mature dairy cattle for several months. Recently the diet of the cattle had been supplemented with wheat silage which had a spoiled odor. The affected bull had no history of illness, but was small for his age ( approximately 500 lbs.)
Cooling dairy cattle in a hot climate
Authors: Armstrong Dennis V. , Wiersma Frank
Published: March 2023

Methods for cooling lactating cows (and thus maintaining or increasing milk yield) are reviewed, including water cooling and shading systems.
Dairy design for a semi-arid climate
Authors: Armstrong Dennis V. , Wiersma Frank
Published: March 2023

A semi-arid climate has certain definite advantages for dairy husbandry. In the southwestern United States the climate is very favorable for about eight months of the year. Temperature for portions of the remaining four months are above the thermal comfort zone for high-producing dairy animals. However, with good management practices, production can be kept at acceptable levels. Indeed, production records indicate that this region is consistently among the leading areas in the United States for production per cow per year.
Residue detection
Authors: Sundlof S. F.
Published: March 2023

Dr. Sunlof forwarded the following information for publication as a follow up to his presentation at the AABP Annual Convention, Kansas City, Nov. 15, 1989
Johne's disease in cattle
Authors: Sweeney Raymond W. , Whitlock Robert H.
Published: March 2023

Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) occurs worldwide and is widespread in the United States. A slaughter survey in cows from northeastern states estimated the prevalence of paratuberculosis in cull dairy cows at 7.3% and a similar survey in Wisconsin revealed a 10.8% prevalence.

Economic losses due to paratuberculosis may include decreased milk production, premature culling, and increased susceptibility to other diseases. In Pennsylvania alone, over 500 herds positive for Johne's disease have been identified with economic losses estimated at $5.8 million annually. Of the 10.8 million dairy cows in the U.S., nearly 1 million are thought to be affected, and the total losses due to paratuberculosis are expected to exceed $1.5 billion annually for the dairy industry in the United States.
Therapy for Johne's disease
Authors: Hoffsis Glen F. , Streeter Robert N. , Rings D. Michael , St. Jean Guy
Published: March 2023

Several previous reports have described successful treatment of Johne's Disease but few, if any, have described successful embryo transfer during treatment. These cases illustrate that viable embryos could be transferred from cows while receiving isoniazid for the treatment of clinical Johne's Disease. Embryos were collected multiple times and resulted in normal calves being delivered. It is not known if any of the calves are infected but the probability of infection is low and all remained healthy.

Treatment of these cows did not eliminate infection or lesions as evidenced by consistently positive fecal cultures and biopsies during treatment and the periodic relapses.

Whether treatment was cost effective or not depends on the value of the progeny resulting from embryo transfers. Both owners have indicated they feel the effort was worthwhile.
Improving performance of cattle consuming medium or low quality forages
Authors: Wagner Donald G.
Published: March 2023

Supplements often improve performance and/or profitability of grazing cattle. The goal should be to improve profit, not just performance. When forage quailty is high, supplementation needs are minimal; simply providing a source of minerals, vitamins, antibiotics and/or ionophores may often be adequate. The optimal items will depend upon the situation. This paper will not address the above items, but will address selected topics on protein supplementation.

What about feeding protein or perhaps energy supplements to cattle on pasture or when feeding harvested roughages? Protein and/or energy supplementation may be justified or may improve performance and profitability in a variety of cases. Usually, protein supplementation is more likely to be profitable or cost effective under a wider variety of grazing conditions than is energy supplementation (i.e. merely feeding supplemental grain). Therefore, this article will be devoted primarily to a discussion of some aspects of protein supplementation which offer excellent potential for increasing profits.
Analysis by radio-immunoprecipitation assays of the antibody response to bovine respiratory syncytial virus-proteins in experimentally and naturally infected cattle
Authors: Westenbrink F. , Kimman T. G.
Published: March 2023

In this presentation, we report on the analysis by radio-immunoprecipitation assays of the antibody response in bovine RSV infected cattle. Sera from experimentally infected calves and from naturally infected calves, with or without maternal antibodies in their serum at the onset of disease, and from calves that died during outbreaks of bovine RSV associated respiratory disease, were analyzed.
Description of abomasal displacements in dairy calves
Authors: Medina-Cruz Mario , Perezgrovas-Roblesgil Alejandro , Garcia-Escamilla Maria R. , Sanchez-Rubio Miguel
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the incidence of abomasal displacements in a large number of female dairy calves as weII as to determine their characteristics with regard to abdominal position, the efficacy of the diagnostic methods employed, the concurrent diseases present and the electrolyte and acid-base alterations occurring in these animals.
Abomasal diseases
Authors: Kuiper R.
Published: March 2023

Functional disorders of the abomasum can be divided into those resulting in any kind of displacement of the abomasum and those only associated with a decreased motility or emptying. The latter are often associated with the term “Hoflund syndrome” or “vagal indigestion”. In fact the Hoflund syndrome is not one single syndrome, but it consists of several different syndromes. However, the term “Hoflund Syndrome” is generally used to indicate abomasal functional disorders with decreased motility or emptying and without displacement.
Comparison of probiotic and antibiotic intramammary therapy of cattle with clinical mastitis
Authors: Greene W. A. , Gano A. M. , Smith K. L. , Hogan J. S. , Todhunter D. A.
Published: March 2023

The effects of treating clinical mastitis with intramammary infusions of either a Lactobacillus or an antibiotic preparation on intramammary infection cure rate and on milk somatic cell count (SCC) were compared during a 10-month study. A total of 75 clinical quarters were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments. Quarter foremilk samples were obtained from all quarters at days 0, 7 and 14 following infusion to determine the microbiological status and SCC. Monthly composite milk SCC were obtained from the DHIA. The majority of pathogens isolated were Gram-negative bacilli and environmental streptococci. Treatment of quarters with Lactobacillus cured 35.3% of infected quarters, while 57.7% of infections treated with antibiotic were eliminated. Correspondingly, av. SCC remained unchanged for Lactobacillus-treated quarters for 14 days after infusion while av. SCC of antibiotic-treated quarters decreased during the same time-period. Although there was no treatment difference in monthly DHIA composite SCC prior to and following treatment, there was an increase in composite SCC for Lactobacillus-treated quarters. The results indicate that this Lactobacillus product was not effective as an intramammary treatment for mastitis.
Residues in milk and some of their implications
Authors: Tengowski Mark W.
Published: March 2023

Problems associated with milk contamination by antibiotic and pesticide residues are examined.
Coenuriasis in cattle
Authors: Thomas Islwyn
Published: March 2023

Although coenuriasis in cattle is referred to in textbooks, it is less common than in sheep, and is possibly not considered in the differential diagnosis of nervous disorders of cattle in most areas of the United Kingdom. (Greig and Holmes, 1977).

Coenuriasis (local names: Gid, Bendro, Sturdy, Tuatheal) is the disease caused by invasion of the brain and occasionally the spinal cord by the cystic larval stage of Taenia multiceps, a tapeworm of the dog and fox (Williams, 1976; Edwards et al., 1979). The localized space-occupying lesion of the CNS usually results in death of the host unless treated surgically.
Form to develop goals for dairy production medicine programs
Authors: Nordlund Ken
Published: March 2023

Clearly defined goals facilitate the delivery of production medicine programs. Carefully defined monitors that reflect specific tasks and respond in timely fashion can help motivate people to accomplish goals. Time spent with a carefully constructed form to overview major health and production areas can serve as an effective motivator and as a written agreement to address production problems.
Reduced feed intake in cows after peroral calcium
Authors: Aaes O.
Published: March 2023

The influence on daily feed intake of treatment with 3 different commercial CaCl2-containing products and pure water was measured. The treatments were 4 perorally administered doses of (1) 1 litre pure water, (2) Ca-oil containing 200 g CaCl2 emulgated in soyabean oil, (3) Ca-capsule containing 126 g CaCl2 and 45 g CaS04, (4) Ca-gel containing 200 g CaCl2 in an ethylcellulose-gel. The treatments gave a reduction in DM intake of 4.7, 12.2, 11.5 and 16.7% respectively on the day of treatment. The energy intake was reduced about the same except for the Ca-oil treatment where the energy intake was not reduced due to the oil. It was concluded that the mechanisms causing the reduction might be handling of the cows, increase of the osmotic pressure, fat depression in the rumen, and etching effect of the rumen wall.
Use of cowside milk progesterone assay as an effective management tool
Authors: Casetta James J.
Published: March 2023

Progesterone is a hormone that is produced by the corpus luteum during its functional period in the estrus cycle of the cow. Progesterone is produced by the functional corpus luetum during pregnancy. It can also be produced by a luteal cyst. Progesterone circulates in the blood and can be found in the milk in measurable quantities. The level of progesterone in a milk sample indicates the presence or absence of progesterone producing structures on the ovaries. Determination of ovarian structures at a specific time provides valuable information about the stage of estrus, pregnancy status, and ovarian health, as this article will discuss in detail. A cowside milk progesterone assay can be used to rapidly and economically determine the approximate level of progesterone in a sample of milk, which yields valuable information about the reproductive status of the cow.
Mechanisms of Insecticide Resistance
Authors: Byford Ronnie L.
Published: March 2023

This paper discusses the insect resistance to insecticides.
Somatic Cell Counts
Authors: Kirk John H.
Published: March 2023

Somatic cell counts are only one of several diagnostic aids which may be used to detect nonclinical mastitis. Whenever possible, they should be used with other diagnostic tests such as milk cultures or ELISA type tests to increase the confidence of the decisions. All dairymen should routinely employ some method of somatic cell counting within their herd.
Review of Methods Used in the Prevention of Milk Fever in Dairy Cows
Authors: Coe Michael
Published: March 2023

The goal of this paper is to briefly review calcium homeostasis, to present four methods of prevention of milk fever and to discuss advantages, disadvantages and mode of action of each method.
Instrument for Collection and Transfer of Ruminal Fluid and for Administration of Water Soluble Drugs in Adult Cattle
Authors: Geishauser Thomas
Published: March 2023

An instrument for collection and transfer of ruminal fluid that is also suitable for administration of water soluble drugs for use in adult is described. The device consists of an oro-ruminal probe, a suction pump, and a funnel. According to the results obtained by testing the device in 30 cows with rumen fistulas and 106 healthy cows, it is concluded that the instrument is suitable for collection of representative samples of ruminal fluid for diagnostic purposes and also for collection of larger volumes of ruminal fluid for transfer. It is also concluded that the best times for obtaining larger volumes of ruminal fluid are before morning feeding and 3-4 h after food intake.
Evaluation of an Air-Powered Vaccine Delivery System
Authors: Edwards Alvin J. , Stokka G. L.
Published: March 2023

The BallistiVet delivery system (BallistiVet Inc., Minneapolis, USA) has been patented as a system for the non-lethal ballistic implantation of biologicals and pharmaceuticals in animals. Tanimalshe 25-calibre hydroxypropylcellulose bullets have a hollow space where the product, such as freeze-dried vaccine, is placed for delivery. The equipment was evaluated by firing a total of 32 bullets at different angles (45 and 90°) and distances (15, 20 and 25 feet) into the neck and legs of 3 sedated 400-lb beef calves. The animals were then killed and PM examinations carried out. Some of the bullets fired at 45° appeared to bounce off the skin without penetrating, other bullets caused severe tissue destruction and haemorrhage. Only 10 bullets were recovered from muscle tissue. It was concluded that the bullets were too destructive to be considered as suitable for the delivery of biological or pharmaceutical products.
Thoughts on cuurent anthelmintic needs and usage
Authors: Schultz Richard H.
Published: March 2023

It is generally agreed that infection with nematodes is common in the United States. The degree of severity and economic impact is not commonly agreed on by experts. When we think of parasitism we are generally thinking in terms of a production disease rather than one affecting life and death situations. Certainly, clinically obvious parasitism does occur and signs are recognizable, especially in cattle originating from areas in which climatic conditions favor the survival and development of these parasites.
Comparison of tilmicosin and ceftiofur for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease
Authors: Smith Robert A. , Gill Donald R. , VanKoevering Michael T.
Published: March 2023

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD), or "Shipping Fever", continues to be the most costly disease of stocker and feeder cattle. Recent weaning, movement through auction markets, commingling and shipment are significant stressors. Recently received, stressed calves are particularly vulnerable to infection with respiratory viruses and bacteria, especially Pasteurella hemolytica. Morbidity rates in stocker calves of southeastern origin often exceed 50%, and mortality rates are commonly 2-4%. The objective of this study was to compare efficacy of tilmicosin and ceftiofur, the two drugs most recently approved by the FDA for treatment of BRD.
Descriptive epidemiology of salmonella infection in Minnesota herds
Authors: Robinson Robert A. , Bender Jeffrey B.
Published: March 2023

Based on the limited random sampling of calves on farm, at market and at slaughter, the prevalence of excreting animals and infected herds appears to be relatively low. However, based on Diagnostic Laboratory results, there has been a very significant increase in the number of calf-hood epidemics of salmonellosis in Minnesota during the last decade. Most of this increase can be ascribed to S. dublin and closely related Group D variants. As these Salmonellas are bovine-adapted, it is presumed that herd introduction occur when calves, or adult cattle are purchased or otherwise commingled. Current testing procedures are still limited in their ability to determine both herd and individual animal status.
Survey of DRPC'S
Authors: Upham G. L.
Published: March 2023

The goal of the committee was to help establish guidelines for uniform calculations of basic reproductive indices that might aid the dairy industry move toward one standard method of reporting reproductive performance.
Comparison of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease complex
Authors: Osburn B. , Arabaib I. , Schore C.
Published: March 2023

The article reviews the characteristics of the 2 viruses, their epidemiology, vectors, host range, pathogenesis, disease symptoms and diagnosis. The disease transmission risk through international trade of livestock and their germplasm is discussed.
MIC's for selected antimicrobials against Escherichia coli. Recovered from various animal species in Zimbabwe compared with isolates from Australia and the United States
Authors: Burrows George E. , Mauromoustakos Andy , Burrows S. Leon , Stair Eric , Tasler Jiri
Published: March 2023

The MIC medians of ampicillin, cefalotin, gentamicin,kanamycin, oxytetracycline, penicillin G, spectinomycin, sulphachlorpyridazine, sulphadimethoxine and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole combination were compared between locations using 2 non parametric tests, the Median and Kruskal-Wallis test. Typically, isolates from Zimbabwe were more sensitive to several of the antimicrobials than were isolates from Australia and the USA. There were few distinct or consistent differences between isolates from Australia and the USA.
Intensive rotational grazing in the dairy industry
Authors: Muller L. D. , Holden L. A.
Published: March 2023

Subjects covered in this article are: interest in and use of pasture; grazing economics; pasture quality and nutrition (energy, protein, minerals and supplemental forage); and animal health concerns.
Clinical, serological and virological findings in cattle with acute, sub-acute and chronic mucosal disease
Authors: Buckner R. , Grunder H. D.
Published: March 2023

In a retrospective study, clinical findings of 158 cattle with bovine diarrhoea virus (BDV) infection were evaluated over a period of 6 years from 1986 to 1991. 65% of the animals had acute, 12% subacute and 23% chronic BDV infection. BDV could be isolated from 90% of the animals, whereas only 6% had virus-neutralizing antibodies. Most animals fell sick between 4 and 12 months of age. No seasonal peaks could be determined.
Anaesthesia in cattle (II)
Authors: Jones R. S.
Published: March 2023

Whilst a number of techniques of regional or local analgesia have been described in cattle many years ago, there are a number of others which have only been described recently or have been "rediscovered" and/or modified. The well tried techniques include cornual nerve block, paravertebral nerve block, epidural analgesia and the Raker technique for analgesia of the distal limbs.

It is considered essential to ensure that cattle are adequately sedated and restrained for the application of local analgesic techniques and for the period when surgery is being carried out. This is to prevent damage or injury to the surgeon, assistant and/or animal and to ensure that whilst perhaps not totally aseptic, the surgery is carried out in as clean a manner as possible. The actual techniques of sedation have been described in the earlier paper.
Determination of some enzymes in the urine of bovine animals with renal damage
Authors: Belloi A. , Proverbio D. , Greppi G. , Grieco V.
Published: March 2023

The authors evaluate the correlation between the altersation of urinary enzymatic activity in cows affected by kidney damage found in post-mortem and histological examination.
Relationship between mineral nutrition of the beef cow and reproductive performance
Authors: Clark C. K. , Ansotegui R. P. , Paterson J. A.
Published: March 2023

Maintaining fertility in beef cattle requires adequate dietary intake and absorption of essential minerals. The minerals are necessary for normal function of various enzyme systems. Feeding a diet deficient in a single mineral can negatively affect reproduction in beef cows and bulls. The influence of an iodine, copper, zinc or manganese deficiency on fertility is summarized in Table 5. When evaluating cattle diets for the different stages of production, levels and interactions of minerals should be considered. If a deficiency is evident, then supplementing to meet the animal's requirement could have a positive impact on reproduction and profitability for the beef cattle producer.
Observations on teat lesions
Authors: Farnsworth Ralph J.
Published: March 2023

The paper reviews the aetiology, control and significance of teat lesions in dairy cows with special emphasis on herpes mammillitis.
International perspective on bovine medicine
Authors: Amstutz H. E.
Published: March 2023

If American bovine practitioners wish to be at the forefront of our profession during the twenty-first century, I believe we must be aware of what is occurring in bovine practices in the United States and the world.
Economics of reproductive management programs in large and medium sized dairy herds
Authors: Williamson Norman B.
Published: March 2023

This paper considers some reproductive management programs that have been used by veterinarians to improve reproductive performance in medium to large sized dairy herds. Economic techniques used in the evaluation of various reproductive management programs include simple budgeting techniques and range up to complex computer simulation modelling. The economic advantage of several reproductive management programs is investigated from the reported literature. Programs evaluated in this way include oestrus detection programs, oestrus control programs, conception enhancement programs, pregnancy diagnosis, calving induction and comprehensive whole herd reproductive management programs. In general these programs have proven to be profitable under the circumstances where they have been applied even when evaluated against controls in experimental trials. Calving induction programs appear to be the most economically equivocal of the programs reviewed.
Bovine virus diarrhoea virus vaccines and vaccination
Authors: Brownlie J.
Published: March 2023

There are different ways to control BVDV infection in cattle. These have been outlined under the headings of (i) maintenance of herd immunity through the continual exposure to BVDV infection (ii) the establishment of a BVDV-free herd (iii) the role of BVDV vaccination in the control of infection. There are real ethical concerns about the maintenance of PI animals within any herd (i) and the preferred control measures are either total eradication (ii) or vaccination and careful management (iii). Total eradication gives the optimum benefits but stringent control measures are required to protect the seronegative and hence highly vulnerable population. A new vaccine has been developed (Bovidec) which has given 100% protection in experimental challenge studies of heifers in early pregnancy.
Combination vaccines for cattle
Authors: Martinod S.
Published: March 2023

Multivalent vaccines are used commonly for the prevention of human and animal diseases. However, they should not be used in replacement of good hygiene or good management practices but only after careful considerations based on epidemiology, convenience, cost, difficulty of differential diagnosis, best interest of the animals and their owners. Combination vaccines on the market today have been tested for their safety and efficacy during their development, leading to a government license for sale. Any combination vaccine that passed the rigorous procedures of the EC directive 92/18 could be used with the same benefits as a monovalent product. Several biologicals are available in Europe to control bovine respiratory disease and neonatal diarrhea. The veterinarian should use her or his judgement in selecting the right product for a specific customer.
Enteric viral vaccines for calves
Authors: Snodgrass D. R.
Published: March 2023

Rotavirus and coronavirus are significant causes of diarrhoea in young calves. The means by which efficacious vaccines can be developed are discussed. Most of the viral calf diarrhoea vaccines currently available in the European Union are unsupported by published evidence of their efficacy in field trials or even of their ability to produce seroconversion.
Reduction of dislocated hips
Authors: Reynolds I. B.
Published: March 2023

Most veterinarians in dairy practice will have been presented with a cow with a coxofemoral luxation (commonly known as dislocated hip) usually either over the calving period, related to calving paralysis, milk fever etc., or more commonly, during the mating period when cows riding each other on the cow yard slip, spread their legs abnormally and dislocate their hip joints.

During my time in dairy practice, I have developed methods of diagnosis, prognosis and reduction of the dislocated hip. I have had as many reduction failures as I have had successes, but all cases help my understanding and knowledge of hip dislocation and the successes make me keep trying.
Investigations on etiology and pathogenesis of abomasal displacement in adult cattle
Authors: Geishauser Thomas
Published: March 2023

Heritability of abomasal displacement was estimated in 30 Friesian herds in Germany using similarity between mothers and daughters. Four-point correlation coefficients were calculated from quadrant squares. The h2 of abomasal displacement was estimated to be 0.24. Milk composition analysis was used to indicate an energy deficit in the diet (fat:protein ratio >1.4) and indicated that cows in 27 herds in which abomasal displacement occurred (case herds) had not received energy-rich carbohydrates in the diets unlike 27 herds in which abomasal displacement was not diagnosed (control herds). In herds where abomasal displacement occurred the high fat:protein ratio in the milk was found in the year before abomasal displacement was diagnosed, and was significantly higher than in the control herds. The fat:protein ratio also tended to be high in the month before abomasal displacement occurred. This indicates that herds in which abomasal displacement occurred received less energy-rich carbohydrates than herds in which displacement was not diagnosed. In vitro studies on muscle strips from the abomasal antrum of healthy cows and cows with abomasal displacement indicated that muscle activity was inhibited during abomasal displacement due to lack of cholinergic excitation and/or predominance of nitroxergic inhibition.
Tetanus in feeder calves
Authors: Spiece Karen
Published: March 2023

Forty-three calves out of 283 purchased and processed showed clinical signs of tetanus. Seven of those 43 died and the remaining 36 calves recovered.
Animal Welfare Issues - Understand the Facts!
Authors: Shields Dan
Published: March 2023

Challenges and concerns which the veal industry faces today include improving record keeping, established withdrawal times, the handling of long-haul calves (those trucked more than 12 hours), and approval of new animal health care products for veal calf application.
COWBOSS
Authors: Ahmadi A. , Oltjen J. W. , Berry S. L. , Van Riet W. J. , Farley J. L.
Published: March 2023

COWBOSS is a cow/calf record keeping system designed to aid the manager in rational decision making by providing rapid and flexible analytical capability.
Understanding cow behavior
Authors: Roberts John
Published: March 2023

Understanding cow behavior, and behavioral responses to stress of any origin, is important when attempting to interpret the effects of stray voltage on a dairy farm. Some behaviors can become detrimental to health and production even if the cause of the behavior change does not directly result in damage. The essential message to understand is that the behaviors commonly considered as indications of stray voltage are general behavior responses. These changes should not be considered specific to stray voltage. This is particularly relevant in cases where stray voltage is resolved, but abnormal behaviors do not decrease.

Abnormal or undesired animal behaviors usually have their origins in the very basic psychological makeup of an animal. The performance of the animal behaviors commonly associated with the occurrence of stray voltageare generalized behavioral expressions that are likely to come from a variety of electrical and non-electrical stresses. Behaviors such as lapping at the water cup, weight shifting, tail switching, nose pressing, kicking,self destructive heifer syndrome, and a general unthriftiness or apathy in the herd may be perceived asbeing caused by stray voltage. Certainly some of these behaviors are increased by stray voltage, but their origin can also be from non-electrical stresses.
Practical approach to the diagnosis of a dairy herd problem
Authors: Bradish Susan K.
Published: March 2023

A 390 cow dairy presented in August of 1994 with a complaint of chronic respiratory disease in their milking herd. The history involved numerous management changes over the previous 2 years, including 3 changes in nutritionists, purchase of 37 new heifers from 2 outside sources and construction of a new milking parlor. An investigation of the herd established that the rolling herd average had declined nearly 6000 lb in the previous year and a half. The dairy had a cumulative incidence of cystic ovaries in a 3 month cohort of cows of 46% and body condition scores were well below desirable goals for the whole herd. The major problems of decreased milk production and loss of body condition were the focus of the investigation. Although the total mixed ration formulation calculated and recommended by the current nutritionist was deemed to be adequately balanced for each milking string, analysis of the cow rations revealed an energy deficit of 6.03 Mcal/cow/day for the top milking string and comparable deficits for the lower strings. It was discovered that the auger used to meter out grain for the total mixed ration was miscalibrated. The auger was delivering 22% less grain into the ration than was believed. The producer had the auger calibrated to correct the problem. A follow up investigation was done nearly 2 years later, in May of 1996, to evaluate the changes in milk production, services per conception, body condition scores and other parameters over a 6 year period. Both rolling herd average and body conditions had improved markedly from the time of the original investigation. This case was used as a general example of how to approach the diagnosis of a herd problem.
One-year survival of cows with left displacement of the abomasum corrected with the role-and-toggle procedure
Authors: Grymer Jorgen , Bartlett Paul C. , Houe Hans , Sterner Keith E.
Published: March 2023

In most situations, LDA can be treated successfully using the right-flank, left-flank, ventral-paramedian, or roll-and-toggle methods. Following LDA correction with the roll-and-toggle procedure, 74 cows experienced no greater cull rate than did unaffected herdmates. This and other studies demonstrate that the roll-and-toggle procedure can produce roughly comparable survival results when compared with the more time consuming and expensive surgical interventions.
Cohort study of milk production and days to first insemination following roll-and-toggle LDA correction
Authors: Bartlett Paul C. , Grymer Jorgen , Houe Hans , Sterner Keith E.
Published: March 2023

Cows with corrected left displaced abomasum (LDA) had a longer interval to first service compared with matched controls and had lower milk yield for the first few months after calving. Subsequent to the third month after calving, LDA cows produced more milk than did their matched controls. These findings support the results of other studies in indicating that use of the roll-and-toggle procedure quickly returns cows to full milk production similar to that seen following LDA correction with more expensive surgical interventions.
Comparative efficacy and duration of immunity of commercial Pasteurella haemolytica vaccines
Authors: Loan Raymond W. , Tung Hsi-tang , Payne Jerry B.
Published: March 2023

Nursing crossbred calves on range were assigned to 6 groups. Five of these groups were vaccinated with different commercially available Pasteurella haemolytica A1 (PHA1) vaccines. Calves in group 6 were not vaccinated and served as controls. At 83 and 97 days postvaccination the protection of 5 calves from each group was challenged by transthoracic inoculation of live, highly pathogenic PHA1. Based on survival of challenged calves and lung lesion size there were significant differences in protection compared to controls in one or more comparisons of LeukoTox M,LeukoTox 1and Presponse HM. Overall, vaccination with two of the bacterin-toxoids, LeukoTox Mand LeukoTox 1 (American Animal Health),resulted in 70 percentage point reductions in mortality. Reduction in mortality from Presponse HM (American Home) was 40 percentage points; from OneShot (Pfizer), 30 percentage points. Once PMH (Bayer) did not protect. Lung lesions were significantly smaller in calves vaccinated with LeukoTox M, LeukoTox 1 and Presponse HM compared to controls. In general, lung lesion size paralleled mortality in protection tests. Antibody titers measured by cell-associated agglutination tests and cytotoxin neutralization assays were not strongly indicative of protection suggesting that other immune mechanisms also are involved in duration of immunity.
NOAH® - AVMA Network of Animal Health
Authors: Brewer James
Published: March 2023

NOAH is an acronym for Network of Animal Health. NOAH is a computer-based online service developed by the American Veterinary Medical Association for its members, and other professional involved in veterinary medicine and animal health.
Clinical and serological observations of bovine Neospora abortion in three Dutch dairy herds
Authors: Moen A. R. , Wouda W. , De Gee A. L. W.
Published: March 2023

Three major outbreaks of Neospora abortion in 3 dairy herds in The Netherlands during 1992-1993 are reported. All outbreaks lasted 3 weeks, during the summer or early autumn, and were followed by the birth of mummified fetuses during the next 3 months. Unexpected heat in herdmates, previously diagnosed as pregnant, was also seen. There were 85 abortions in total. The length of gestation for 50 Neospora fetuses was 180ñ36 days. Within 1 year after the outbreak, 50% of the animals were culled. 49 cows were rebred. Fertility immediately after abortion was not impaired. 75 pregnancies were followed, including 21 during the second and 8 during the third year after the outbreak. 70 apparently healthy calves, including 5 sets of twins, were born. Three calves were stillborn. Three cows aborted a Neospora-infected fetus for the second time. Serial blood samples from 43 cows tested by an ELISA indicated a decrease in antibodies to Neospora to low or undetectable levels within 2 months after abortion. A rise of antibodies during the second half of gestation (following the initial outbreak) was recorded in 58% of the animals. Precolostral serum antibodies to Neospora, indicating intrauterine infection, were present in 68% of the calves tested. Seronegative cows produced seronegative calves. In all herds, seroprevalence increased after the outbreak.
Risk factors of displaced abomasum in Wisconsin dairy herds
Authors: Hultgran Jan , Pehrson Bo
Published: March 2023

Analysis was performed on data collected in an earlier study, regarding peripartal feeding and management practices, and incidences of displaced abomasum in 71 dairy herds in Wisconsin. In primiparous cows, the average herd incidence was 0.08, and in multiparous cows 0.03. The data were analysed using nominal logistic regression. In primiparous cows, a low rumen fiber effect at calving, a rapid change of concentrates after calving, a tough social adaptation in herd at calving and straw or corn stalk bedding, as compared to other beddings, were found to increase disease incidence significantly. For multiparous cows, only low rumen fiber effect at calving was shown to be a risk factor. The results demonstrate that a high rumen fiber effect at calving is extremely essential to prevent displaced abomasum both in young and older cows. In primiparous cows, the feeding schedule for concentrates after calving and the way the cows are introduced into the herd at calving seem to be important.
Tools for the veterinarian to increase herd performance and profitability
Authors: Hutjens Michael F.
Published: March 2023

Some important aspects of production medicine in dairy cattle health are discussed; the measurement of effective fibre and its use in improving herd health, commodity feeding: positioning and pricing, milk urea nitrogen-its use and interpretation, and processing of maize for optimum rumen function.
AABP Association and Conference News
Authors: American Association of Bovine Practitioners
Published: March 2023

Highlights of the Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners (30th : 1997), officers, district news, events, awards, and other news.
Impact of free-stall housing on somatic cell counts in bulk tank milk
Authors: Lehenbauer Terry , Jones Ted , Collar Larry
Published: March 2023

Dairy housing is generally regarded as a major risk factor for environmental mastitis. Weekly somatic cell counts (SCC) spanning more than a 3 year period were analysed from herds located in the central San Joaquin Valley of California to determine the impact of free-stall housing on somatic cell counts in bulk-tank milk compared with conventional dry-lot housing. Herds with evidence of contagious mastitis pathogens were excluded from analysis. Weather data for daily rainfall and temperatures were also collected. All herd groups had mean SCC less than 300,000 cells/ml. During winter months when most rainfall occurred, herds with open dry-lot housing had a significant increase in SCC that averaged 34?000 cells/ml more than herds with free-stall housing. Although some differences were observed in the summer, SCC were not significantly different between herds with respect to housing type. Economic impacts upon milk production related to SCC changes were estimated to provide a seasonal benefit of $10.25 per cow per winter. The present value of this benefit alone over a 20-year planning horizon would potentially account for 36% of the additional investment cost for free-stall housing.
Growth and economic performance of grazing steers as influenced by growth implant and anthelmintic strategy
Authors: Rogers Glenn M. , Poore Matthew H. , Allison Beecher
Published: March 2023

460 yearling steer calves were grazed on 6 improved mountain pastures in western North Carolina for 128 days. The pastures were matched into 3 pairs based on acreage, topography and botanical composition. Within each pair of pastures, calves in 1 pasture received a sustained release bolus containing ivermectin (Ivomec SR Bolus), and calves in the other pasture were drenched with fenbendazole at 5 mg/kg (Safe-Guard Suspension 10%). In the fenbendazole treatment groups, a loose mineral and fenbendazole mix (Safe-Guard Free-Choice Mineral) was provided to the calves for 5 days beginning at day 28 and day 56 to provide 5 mg/kg/animal over the 5 day period. Within each pasture, calves received 1 of 4 commercial implant treatments: Ralgro (36 mg zeranol), Synovex-S (20 mg estradiol benzoate and 200 mg progesterone), Revalor-G (8 mg estradiol-17 beta and 40 mg trenbolone acetate) or no implant. Calves receiving the Ivomec SR Bolus had a significantly higher average daily gain than the Safe-Guard treated calves (0.96 vs. 0.88 kg/day) resulting in a 11.93 kg advantage. At the end of the trial, 8 of 29 randomly sampled calves on the Safe-Guard treatment were shedding parasite eggs. No calf receiving the ivermectin bolus was shedding clinically significant levels of parasite eggs. When value of gain, cost of product, labour and equipment costs were considered, it was determined that the cattle treated with the Ivomec SR Bolus returned $6.70/head more than the cattle treated with Safeguard. Implanted calves gained more than the non-implanted calves with average daily gains of 0.83, 0.95, 0.95 and 0.94 kg/day for the control, Ralgro, Synovex-S and Revalor-G cattle, respectively. An economic analysis, which included the value of gain, the product cost and the labour to administer the implants, showed an average of $15.31 greater return for the implanted calves compared with control calves. It is suggested that the Ivomec SR Bolus should be considered for calves grazing large mountain pastures for extended periods.
Differential diagnosis between abomasum torsion, mesenteric torsion and caecum dilatation/volvulus in calves
Authors: Navetat H. , Schelcher F. , Rizet Cl. , Cabanie P. , Espinasse J.
Published: March 2023

In calves aged 3-6 months, colics and abdominal distension are due to an abomasum torsion, a mesenteric torsion or to a caecum dilatation (with or without volvulus). A tabulated format of clinical signs may facilitate the differential diagnosis. Surgical and medical therapies are detailed.
Clinical signs, diagnosis, and prevention of bovine leptospirosis
Authors: Bolin C. A. , Alt D. P.
Published: March 2023

Bovine leptospirosis is an important cause of reproductive failure and zoonotic disease throughout the world. The disease is difficult to diagnose because of a lack of pathognomonic clinical signs and because of the inefficiency of diagnostic tests for this organism. Vaccination is the most common method chosen to prevent bovine leptospirosis. In this paper the clinical signs, diagnosis, and prevention of bovine leptospirosis are reviewed. Recent developments in the area of diagnostic test and new data regarding the efficacy of vaccination are discussed.
Efficacy of Serpens spp bacterin combined with topical administration of lincomycin hydrochloride for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis (footwarts) in cows on a dairy in California
Authors: Berry Steven L. , Graham Thomas W. , Mongini Andrea , Arana Marit
Published: March 2023

The objective of this prospective, randomized field trial was to determine if a Serpens spp bacterin had a therapeutic effect on cows with active lesions of papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) before or in combination with treatment with topical lincomycin HCl on a California dairy. Fifty-nine lactating cows with active, painful PDD were randomly assigned to control (not vaccinated) and vaccinated groups. Lesions of the rear feet were evaluated for pain response, color, size, and lesion scores at each of the examinations. Cows in the vaccinated group were vaccinated 3 times with a Serpens spp bacterin (days 1, 14, 43). All cows were restrained on a hydraulic tilt table at approximately day 30 and, after examination, all lesions were treated with a slurry containing 3.2 g of lincomycin mixed with 3 ml of deionized water. The slurry was applied to cotton gauze and held in place with an elastic bandage. Bandages were allowed to wear off. Lesions were re-examined while cows were locked in stanchions at approximately days 50 and 70 and while restrained on the hydraulic tilt table on approximately day 110. Lesions improved on all cows during the course of the trial. Lesion and size scores were improved for control and vaccinated cows on days 50, 70, and 110. Pain response and color scores improved on days 50 and 70 but showed evidence of recurrence or recrudescence by day 110. There were no significant differences in evaluated scores between control and vaccinated cows at any of the examination times. When affected cows were re-examined at day 110, recurrence or recrudescence of lesions was evident in 41% of the control cows and 45% of the vaccinated cows. Vaccination of PDD affected cows with Serpens spp bacterin had no apparent effect on clinical outcome.
AABP Association and Conference News
Authors: American Association of Bovine Practitioners
Published: March 2023

Highlights of the Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners (32nd : 1999), officers, district news, events, awards, and other news.
Estimated production and economic losses from Neospora caninum infection in Texas beef herds
Authors: Kasari Thomas R. , Barling Kerry , McGrann James M.
Published: March 2023

A computerized spreadsheet was used to model economic losses attributed to changes in production parameters for a typical 42 head Texas beef herd following a simulated N. caninum infection. Texas beef herds that completed Standardized Performance Analysis (SPA) records between 1991-1997 supplied the representative production information for economic analysis. SPA production parameters that were used included pregnancy percentage, calving percentage (live calves born), calf death loss between birth and weaning (%), weaned calf crop (%), pounds of calf weaned per female exposed to bulls at start of breeding season, and replacement percentage. The prevalence of N. caninum across and within herds, the risk of increased abortions and stillbirths in infected cows, and the percentage of aborting cows that were culled were collectively superimposed onto the production information in the model either as static estimates (deterministic model) or changing estimates (stochastic model) to cause change in production parameters. Using a deterministic approach and compared to a non-infected herd, a herd with a 20% prevalence of infection experienced an estimated 2.4% lower calving percentage and an overall estimated 2.3% lower weaned calf crop. Estimated weaned calf weight per exposed female was 12.3 lb (5.6 kg) less in an infected herd. Predicted economic loss was $13.75 per head ($577.50 herd loss). Using software that facilitated stochastic modelling, average predicted loss was between $23.29 per head ($978.18 herd loss) and $35.21 per head ($1478.82 herd loss). The total predicted economic loss to the Texas beef industry from this disease was estimated to be $7.6 million using the deterministic economic model. When prevalence figures were allowed to vary, the most likely financial losses to the Texas beef industry were predicted to be between $15 million and $24 million.
Bovine malignant melanosis
Authors: Dzuba Lynne M.
Published: March 2023

A 2-year-old primiparous Holstein cow was presented with a history of anorexia and difficulty rising. Physical examination revealed a left displaced abomasum, which was corrected surgically using a right flank omentopexy. Appetite and milk production initially improved following surgery, but the cow became progressively ataxic. At slaughter, she was condemned due to melanosis throughout the carcass, which included a spinal lesion at L2-3. Histologically, clusters of melanin were found within the dura and pia mater of the spinal cord, the adrenal gland and adipose tissue. Gross and histological lesions were compatible with a diagnosis of malignant melanosis.
Generalized peritonitis in cattle
Authors: Ebeid Mohammed , Rings D. Michael
Published: March 2023

In a retrospective study, 31 cases of generalized, severe peritonitis in cattle were reviewed for the period between 1993-1997. Historical, clinical, laboratory and PM were analysed. Physical examination findings were non-specific. The more consistent findings were depression, anorexia, decreased faecal output, and varying degrees of dehydration. Most cases of generalized peritonitis in cattle occurred peripartum. Clinical examination alone was not always adequate to establish the diagnosis. Haematological findings were non-specific, with both neutrophilia and neutropenia found in affected cattle. The clinicopathological findings did not correlate significantly with the duration of the condition. Serum chemistry profiles revealed hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia, and hypokalaemia. Twenty-three cases showed hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia was noticed in 15 cases. Serum urea nitrogen and creatinine were increased in 11 cases. Increased plasma fibrinogen was recorded in four of the five cases in which it was estimated. Abdominocentesis, performed in 11 animals, was helpful in reaching a clinical diagnosis. Perforating abomasal ulcers (type V) caused peritonitis in 7 of the 20 cases where a cause of peritonitis could be determined.