bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dental Education: Restorative dentistry in Malaysia
Authors: Ming Tan Yue , Muttlib Nor Aidaniza Abdul , Husein Adam , Alawi Rabihah , Alam Mohammad Khursheed
Published: January 2013

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the requirements in restorative dentistry that undergraduate dental students have to fulfill in order to sit for final examinations in dental schools in Malaysia and to compare those requirement with the competencies stipulated by the Malaysian Qualification Agency (MQA). Materials and Methods: Questionnaire from a study done previously was modified and used in this study. All questionnaires were sent by post with a reply envelope. Eight dental schools had responded (72%) to the survey and the results showed that although dental schools may differ in the number of numerical requirements, their assessments were quite similar. One school does not practice numerical requirements at all. Results: In term of requirement for full crown, majority of the schools (88%) agreed that porcelain bonded to metal crown should be included in the numerical requirement. In contrast, majority of the schools (88%) did not include inlay/onlay in their numerical requirements. For plastic restorations like composite resin, amalgam and glass ionomer, majority of the schools (88%) used numerical requirements. Majority of the schools also agreed on numerical requirements for conventional bridge (88%) and incisor to molar endodontics (88%), but not for resin bonded bridge (75%). Conclusion: This study shows that there is a disparity among institutions in Malaysia in terms of finals requirement in restorative dentistry. Ideally, all requirements should be similar among institutions and should closely follow the guidelines provided by the MQA. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i1.13352 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 12 No. 01 January13 pp.55-62
An Esthetic Endeavour For Compromised Anterior Teeth - A Case Report
Authors: Dhaded Neha , Dhaded Sunil
Published: January 2013

This paper highlights the fact that many anterior teeth requiring restoration are severely weakened, having wide flared canal spaces and thin dentinal walls, and are at a high risk of getting fractured. An 20 year old female patient reported with the complaint of unesthetic smile due to fracture and discolored tooth. She gave a history of trauma around 4-5 years back. This case was managed by the customization of fiber reinforced posts which has made a great impact on esthetics and redistribution of stresses along the radicular space and dentin tissue conservation. Thus modern techniques reflect a change from what was once considered prosthodontic procedure to one which marries endodontic principles with sound understanding of mechanical objectives. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i1.13359 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 12 No. 01 January13 pp.100-103
Glial heterotopia presenting as nasal polyp - Report of two cases
Authors: Datta Soma , Bhutoria Bhawna , Banerjee Uma , Nigam Manish
Published: January 2013

This report described two cases of nasal glial heterotopia which primarily presented as nasal polyp. Glial heterotopia one form of congenital midline nasal mass is a rare anomaly usually detected at birth. There are congenital malformation of displaced normal, mature glial tissue, which is no longer in continuity with an intracranial component. The case reports correlates clinical findings with immunohistochemical investigations. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i1.13360 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 12 No. 01 January13 pp.104-107
Thermodynamic Stability of Psychrophilic and Mesophilic Pheromones of the Protozoan Ciliate Euplotes
Authors: Geralt Michael , Alimenti Claudio , Vallesi Adriana , Luporini Pierangelo , Wüthrich Kurt
Published: January 2013

Three psychrophilic protein pheromones (En-1, En-2 and En-6) from the polar ciliate, Euplotes nobilii, and six mesophilic pheromones (Er-1, Er-2, Er-10, Er-11, Er-22 and Er-23) from the temperate-water sister species, Euplotes raikovi, were studied in aqueous solution for their thermal unfolding and refolding based on the temperature dependence of their circular dichroism (CD) spectra. The three psychrophilic proteins showed thermal unfolding with mid points in the temperature range 55–70 °C. In contrast, no unfolding was observed for any of the six mesophilic proteins and their regular secondary structures were maintained up to 95 °C. Possible causes of these differences are discussed based on comparisons of the NMR structures of the nine proteins.
Quinone-Based Polymers for Label-Free and Reagentless Electrochemical Immunosensors: Application to Proteins, Antibodies and Pesticides Detection
Authors: Piro Benoit , Reisberg Steeve , Anquetin Guillaume , Duc Huynh-Thien , Pham Minh-Chau
Published: January 2013

Polyquinone derivatives are widely recognized in the literature for their remarkable properties, their biocompatibility, simple synthesis, and easy bio-functionalization. We have shown that polyquinones present very stable electroactivity in neutral aqueous medium within the cathodic potential domain avoiding side oxidation of interfering species. Besides, they can act as immobilized redox transducers for probing biomolecular interactions in sensors. Our group has been working on devices based on such modified electrodes with a view to applications for proteins, antibodies and organic pollutants using a reagentless label-free electrochemical immunosensor format. Herein, these developments are briefly reviewed and put into perspective.
Application of Solid Phase Extraction on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes of Some Heavy Metal Ions to Analysis of Skin Whitening Cosmetics Using ICP-AES
Authors: ALqadami Ayoub , Abdalla Mohammad , ALOthman Zeid , Omer Kamal
Published: January 2013

A novel and highly sensitive method for the determination of some heavy metals in skin whitening cosmetics creams using multiwalled carbon nanotubes MWCNTs as solid phase extraction sorbent for the preconcentration of these heavy metals prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry is described. Different practical parameters have been thoroughly investigated and the optimum experimental conditions were employed. The developed method was then applied for the determination of arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, mercury, lead and titanium in samples of skin whitening cosmetics. The detection limits under these conditions for As, Bi, Cd, Pb, Hg and Ti were 2.4, 4.08, 0.3, 2.1, 1.8, and 1.8 ng·mL−1, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were found to be less than 2.0%. For validation, a certified reference material of NIST SRM 1570a spinach leaves was analyzed and the determined values were in good agreement with the certified values. The recoveries for spiked samples were found to be in the range of 89.6–104.4%.
Inaugural Letter for the International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS)
Authors: Apergis Nicholas
Published: January 2013

The honor of becoming the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Financial Studies becomes immediately muted by the intensity of the task ahead. I am pleased and flattered to follow in the footsteps of previous editors and to continue to define international financial research. My ambition as well as the IJFS’s ambition is the journal to become a more recognized top tier journal, acclaimed for defining new direction in financial research. Achieving this goal will require persistence of purpose, time and patience. History will judge whether within the next few years IJFS will emerge as an important financial journal publishing research, which will redirect and redefine research in financial issues. [...]
Anthocyanins Downregulate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in BV2 Microglial Cells by Suppressing the NF-κB and Akt/MAPKs Signaling Pathways
Authors: Jeong Jin-Woo , Lee Won , Shin Sung , Kim Gi-Young , Choi Byung , Choi Yung
Published: January 2013

Anthocyanins are naturally occurring polyphenols that impart bright color to fruits, vegetables and plants and have a variety of protective properties, which have generally been attributed to their antioxidant capacity. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanins related to neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we determined whether anthocyanins isolated from black soybean seed coats would inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine BV2 microglial cells. Our results showed that anthocyanins significantly inhibited LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, without significant cytotoxicity. Anthocyanins also downregulated excessive expression of inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Moreover, anthocyanins inhibited nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) by reducing inhibitor of NF-κB alpha degradation as well as phosphorylating extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Akt. These findings suggest that anthocyanins may offer substantial therapeutic potential for treating inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases accompanied by microglial activation.
Biofunctional Constituents from Liriodendron tulipifera with Antioxidants and Anti-Melanogenic Properties
Authors: Li Wei-Jen , Lin Yi-Chieh , Wu Pei-Fang , Wen Zhi-Hong , Liu Po-Len , Chen Chung-Yi , Wang Hui-Min
Published: January 2013

From the stems of Liriodendron tulipifera, seventeen known compounds have been extracted, isolated and purified. By using spectroscopic analysis, the structures of these pure constituents were determined as three lignans, four steroids and ten benzenoids. Identified compounds were screened for antioxidant abilities using: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazul (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging free radical activity assays; metal chelating power test; and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) examination. The result revealed that seventeen compounds had potential anti-oxidative capabilities. In addition, the anti-tyrosinase effect was determined by calculating the hydroxylation of L-tyrosine to L-dopa and the oxidization of L-dopa to dopaquinone, according to in vitro mushroom tyrosinase evaluation platform. Furthermore, based on assays on B16F10 cell line, our data suggest that five compounds isolated from L. tulipifera would be able to inhibit tyrosinase activity and reduce the melanin content in animal cells. Therefore, some of the examined compounds could be potentially used in the cosmetic skin whitening business, therapeutic applications or the food industry.
CXCR4/CXCL12 in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Metastasis to the Brain
Authors: Cavallaro Sebastiano
Published: January 2013

Lung cancer represents the leading cause of cancer-related mortality throughout the world. Patients die of local progression, disseminated disease, or both. At least one third of the people with lung cancer develop brain metastases at some point during their disease, even often before the diagnosis of lung cancer is made. The high rate of brain metastasis makes lung cancer the most common type of tumor to spread to the brain. It is critical to understand the biologic basis of brain metastases to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This review will focus on the emerging data supporting the involvement of the chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 in the brain metastatic evolution of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the pharmacological tools that may be used to interfere with this signaling axis.
Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Puccinellia tenuiflora Leaves under Na2CO3 Stress
Authors: Yu Juanjuan , Chen Sixue , Wang Tai , Sun Guorong , Dai Shaojun
Published: January 2013

Soil salt-alkalinization is a widespread environmental stress that limits crop growth and agricultural productivity. The influence of soil alkalization caused by Na2CO3 on plants is more severe than that of soil salinization. Plants have evolved some unique mechanisms to cope with alkali stress; however, the plant alkaline-responsive signaling and molecular pathways are still unknown. In the present study, Na2CO3 responsive characteristics in leaves from 50-day-old seedlings of halophyte Puccinellia tenuiflora were investigated using physiological and proteomic approaches. Comparative proteomics revealed 43 differentially expressed proteins in P. tenuiflora leaves in response to Na2CO3 treatment for seven days. These proteins were mainly involved in photosynthesis, stress and defense, carbohydrate/energy metabolism, protein metabolism, signaling, membrane and transport. By integrating the changes of photosynthesis, ion contents, and stress-related enzyme activities, some unique Na2CO3 responsive mechanisms have been discovered in P. tenuiflora. This study provides new molecular information toward improving the alkali tolerance of cereals.
Persistence of the Gypsy Moth Pheromone, Disparlure, in the Environment in Various Climates
Authors: Onufrieva Ksenia , Thorpe Kevin , Hickman Andrea , Leonard Donna , Roberts E. , Tobin Patrick
Published: January 2013

Mating disruption techniques are used in pest control for many species of insects, yet little is known regarding the environmental persistence of these pheromones following their application and if persistence is affected by climatic conditions. We first studied the persistent effect of ground applications of Luretape® GM in Lymantria dispar (L) mating disruption in VA, USA in 2006. The removal of Luretape® GM indicated that the strong persistent effect of disparlure in the environment reported by previous studies is produced by residual pheromone in the dispensers as opposed to environmental contamination. In 2010 and 2011, we evaluated the efficacy of two formulations, Disrupt® II and SPLAT GMTM, in VA and WI, USA, which presented different climatic conditions. In plots treated in WI and VA, male moth catches in pheromone-baited traps were reduced in the year of treatment and one year after the pheromone applications relative to untreated controls. However, similar first- and second-year effects of pheromone treatments in VA and WI suggest that the release rate over one and two years was the same across markedly different climates. Future applications that use liquid or biodegradable formulations of synthetic pheromones could reduce the amount of persistence in the environment.
Detour Path Angular Information Based Range-Free Localization in Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Paul Anup , Sato Takuro
Published: January 2013

Range-free localization algorithm continues to be an important and challenging research topic in anisotropic Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Designing range-free localization algorithms without considering obstacles or holes inside the network area does not reflect the real world conditions. In this paper, we have proposed Detour Path Angular Information (DPAI) based sensor localization algorithm to accurately estimate the distance between an anchor node and a sensor node. We utilized the Euclidean distance and transmission path distance among anchor nodes to calculate the angle of the transmission path between them one by one. Then the estimated hop distance is adjusted by the angle between the anchor pairs. Based on the angle of the detoured path (which is the key factor for accuracy), our algorithm determines whether the path is straight or detoured by anisotropic factors. Our proposed algorithm does not require any global knowledge of network topology to tolerate the network anisotropy nor require high sensor node density for satisfactory localization accuracy. Extensive simulations are performed and the results are observed to be in good agreement with the theoretical analysis. DPAI achieved average sensor localization accuracy better than 0.3r in isotropic network and 0.35r in anisotropic network when the sensor density is above 8.
A Review on the Synthesis and Applications of Mesostructured Transition Metal Phosphates
Authors: Lin Ronghe , Ding Yunjie
Published: January 2013

Considerable efforts have been devoted to extending the range of the elemental composition of mesoporous materials since the pioneering work of the M41S family of ordered mesoporous silica by Mobil researchers. The synthesis of transition metal-containing mesostructured materials with large surface area and high porosity has drawn great attention for its potential applications in acid and redox catalysis, photocatalysis, proton conducting devices, environmental restoration and so on. Thus, various transition metals-containing mesoporous materials, including transition metal-substituted mesoporous silicates, mesostructured transition metal oxides and transition metal phosphates (TMP), have been documented in the literature. Among these, mesostructured TMP materials are less studied, but possess some unique features, partly because of the easy and facile functionalization of PO4 and/or P–OH groups, rendering them interesting functional materials. This review first introduced the general synthesis strategies for manufacturing mesostructured TMP materials, as well as advantages and disadvantages of the respective method; then, we surveyed the ongoing developments of fabrication and application of the TMP materials in three groups on the basis of their components and application fields. Future perspectives on existing problems related to the present synthesis routes and further modifying of the functional groups for the purpose of tailoring special physical-chemical properties to meet wide application requirements were also provided in the last part.
Absolute Configuration of the New 3-epi-cladocroic Acid from the Mediterranean Sponge Haliclona fulva
Authors: Genta-Jouve Grégory , Thomas Olivier
Published: January 2013

The marine sponge Haliclona fulva (previously described as Reniera fulva) is widespread in the Mediterranean Sea. The chemical study of the sponge led to the isolation and identification of a new compound: 3-epi-cladocroic acid (1) alongside the previously reported cladocroic acid (2) and some other known compounds previously isolated. The structure was fully determined on the basis of extensive analysis by 1D and 2D NMR, as well as GC-MS/MS. The absolute configuration was determined by comparison of the experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra with theoretically calculated spectra; these results may be extended to other asymetric cyclopropane carboxylic acids.
Antiprotozoal Activity of Quinonemethide Triterpenes from Maytenus ilicifolia (Celastraceae)
Authors: Dos Santos Vania , Leite Karoline , Da Costa Siqueira Mariana , Regasini Luis , Martinez Isabel , Nogueira Camila , Galuppo Mariana , Stolf Beatriz , Pereira Ana , Cicarelli Regina , Furlan Maysa , Graminha Marcia
Published: January 2013

The present study describes the leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities of two quinonemethide triterpenes, maytenin (1) and pristimerin (2), isolated from Maytenus ilicifolia root barks (Celastraceae). The compounds were effective against the Trypanosomatidae Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi, etiologic agents of leishmaniasis and Chagas’ disease, respectively. The quinonemethide triterpenes 1 and 2 exhibited a marked in vitro leishmanicidal activity against promastigotes and amastigotes with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of less than 0.88 nM. Both compounds showed IC50 lower than 0.3 nM against Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. The selectivity indexes (SI) based on BALB/c macrophages for L. amazonensis and L. chagasi were 243.65 and 46.61 for (1) and 193.63 and 23.85 for (2) indicating that both compounds presented high selectivity for Leishmania sp. The data here presented suggests that these compounds should be considered in the development of new and more potent drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis and Chagas’ disease.
Frontiers and Approaches to Chemical Synthesis of Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
Authors: Abramova Tatyana
Published: January 2013

The advantages and disadvantages of existing approaches to the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODN) are discussed focusing on large-scale methods. The liquid phase and solid supported synthesis and the synthesis on soluble polymers are discussed. Different problems concerning the methods and implementation of the ODN synthesis are outlined depending on goals of using target oligomers.
Clevidipine for Perioperative Blood Pressure Control in Infants and Children
Authors: Tobias Joseph , Tulman David , Bergese Sergio
Published: January 2013

Various pharmacologic agents have been used for perioperative BP control in pediatric patients, including sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, β-adrenergic antagonists, fenoldopam, and calcium channel antagonists. Of the calcium antagonists, the majority of the clinical experience remains with the dihydropyridine nicardipine. Clevidipine is a short-acting, intravenous calcium channel antagonist of the dihydropyridine class. It undergoes rapid metabolism by non-specific blood and tissue esterases with a half-life of less than 1 minute. As a dihydropyridine, its cellular and end-organ effects parallel those of nicardipine. The clevidipine trials in the adult population have demonstrated efficacy in rapidly controlling BP in various clinical scenarios with a favorable adverse effect profile similar to nicardipine. Data from large clinical trials regarding the safety and efficacy of clevidipine in children is lacking. This manuscript aims to review the commonly used pharmacologic agents for perioperative BP control in children, discuss the role of calcium channel antagonists such as nicardipine, and outline the preliminary data regarding clevidipine in the pediatric population.
Retrieving the Bioenergy Potential from Maize Crops Using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing
Authors: Udelhoven Thomas , Delfosse Philippe , Bossung Christian , Ronellenfitsch Franz , Mayer Frédéric , Schlerf Martin , Machwitz Miriam , Hoffmann Lucien
Published: January 2013

Biogas production from energy crops by anaerobic digestion is becoming increasingly important. The amount of biogas that can be produced per unit of biomass is referred to as the biomethane potential (BMP). For energy crops, the BMP varies among varieties and with crop state during the vegetation period. Traditional ways of analytical BMP determination are based on fermentation trials and require a minimum of 30 days. Here, we present a faster method for BMP retrievals using near infrared spectroscopy and partial least square regression (PLSR). PLSR prediction models were developed based on two different sets of spectral reflectance data: (i) laboratory spectra of silage samples and (ii) airborne imaging spectra (HyMap) of maize canopies under field (in situ) conditions. Biomass was sampled from 35 plots covering different maize varieties and the BMP was determined as BMP per mass (BMPFM, Nm3 biogas/t fresh matter (Nm3/t FM)) and BMP per area (BMParea, Nm3 biogas/ha (Nm3/ha)). We found that BMPFM significantly differs among maize varieties; it could be well retrieved from silage samples in the laboratory approach (Rcv2 = 0.82, n = 35), especially at levels >190 Nm3/t. In the in situ approach PLSR prediction quality declined (Rcv2 = 0.50, n = 20). BMParea, on the other hand, was found to be strongly correlated with total biomass, but could not be satisfactorily predicted using airborne HyMap imaging data and PLSR.
Quasi-Real Time Estimation of Angular Kinematics Using Single-Axis Accelerometers
Authors: Caroselli Alessio , Bagalà Fabio , Cappello Angelo
Published: January 2013

In human movement modeling, the problem of multi-link kinematics estimation by means of inertial measurement units has been investigated by several authors through efficient sensor fusion algorithms. In this perspective a single inertial measurement unit per link is required. This set-up is not cost-effective compared with a solution in which a single-axis accelerometer per link is used. In this paper, a novel fast technique is presented for the estimation of the sway angle in a multi-link chain by using a single-axis accelerometer per segment and by setting the boundary conditions through an ad hoc algorithm. The technique, based on the windowing of the accelerometer output, was firstly tested on a mechanical arm equipped with a single-axis accelerometer and a reference encoder. The technique is then tested on a subject performing a squat task for the knee flexion-extension angle evaluation by using two single-axis accelerometers placed on the thigh and shank segments, respectively. A stereo-photogrammetric system was used for validation. RMSEs (mean ± std) are 0.40 ± 0.02° (mean peak-to-peak range of 147.2 ± 4.9°) for the mechanical inverted pendulum and 1.01 ± 0.11° (mean peak-to-peak range of 59.29 ± 2.02°) for the knee flexion-extension angle. Results obtained in terms of RMSE were successfully compared with an Extended Kalman Filter applied to an inertial measurement unit. These results suggest the usability of the proposed algorithm in several fields, from automatic control to biomechanics, and open new opportunities to increase the accuracy of the existing tools for orientation evaluation.
A Novel Scheme for DVL-Aided SINS In-Motion Alignment Using UKF Techniques
Authors: Li Wanli , Wang Jinling , Lu Liangqing , Wu Wenqi
Published: January 2013

In-motion alignment of Strapdown Inertial Navigation Systems (SINS) without any geodetic-frame observations is one of the toughest challenges for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV). This paper presents a novel scheme for Doppler Velocity Log (DVL) aided SINS alignment using Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) which allows large initial misalignments. With the proposed mechanism, a nonlinear SINS error model is presented and the measurement model is derived under the assumption that large misalignments may exist. Since a priori knowledge of the measurement noise covariance is of great importance to robustness of the UKF, the covariance-matching methods widely used in the Adaptive KF (AKF) are extended for use in Adaptive UKF (AUKF). Experimental results show that the proposed DVL-aided alignment model is effective with any initial heading errors. The performances of the adaptive filtering methods are evaluated with regards to their parameter estimation stability. Furthermore, it is clearly shown that the measurement noise covariance can be estimated reliably by the adaptive UKF methods and hence improve the performance of the alignment.
Cumulative Pressures on Sustainable Livelihoods: Coastal Adaptation in the Mekong Delta
Authors: Smith Timothy , Thomsen Dana , Gould Steve , Schmitt Klaus , Schlegel Bianca
Published: January 2013

Many coastal areas throughout the world are at risk from sea level rise and the increased intensity of extreme events such as storm surge and flooding. Simultaneously, many areas are also experiencing significant socio-economic challenges associated with rural-urban transitions, population growth, and increased consumption resulting from improving gross regional product. Within this context we explore the viability of proposed adaptation pathways in Soc Trang province, Vietnam — an area of the Mekong Delta experiencing cumulative pressures on coastal livelihoods. A participatory workshop and interviews, using a combination of systems thinking and futures techniques, revealed a shared goal of sustainable livelihoods, which provides an integrated and systemic focus for coastal adaptation strategies. Emphasizing sustainable livelihoods is less likely to lead to maladaptation because stakeholders consciously seek to avoid optimizing particular system elements at the expense of others — and thus engage in broader decision-making frameworks supportive of social-ecological resilience. However, the broad ambit required for sustainable livelihoods is not supported by governance frameworks that have focused on protective strategies (e.g., dyke building, strengthening and raising, to continue and expand agriculture and aquaculture production) at the expense of developing a diverse suite of adaptation strategies, which may lead to path dependencies and an ultimate reduction in adaptive capacity for system transformation.
Stormwater Governance and Future Cities
Authors: Porse Erik
Published: January 2013

Urban stormwater infrastructure traditionally promoted conveyance. Cities are increasingly designing stormwater infrastructure that integrates both conveyance and infiltration in hybrid systems to achieve public health, safety, environmental, and social goals. In addition, cities face decisions about distribution of responsibilities for stormwater management and maintenance between institutions and landowners. Hybrid governance structures combine centralized and distributed management to facilitate planning, operations, funding, and maintenance. Effective governance in any management approach will require changes in the expertise of stormwater agencies. Recognizing the distinction between hybrid infrastructure and hybrid governance is important in long-term planning decisions for construction and management of stormwater systems. A framework is presented that relates the level and type of existing stormwater infrastructure with available capital, institutional development, and predominant citizen contributions. Cities with extensive existing infrastructure are increasingly integrating distributed, “green” approaches that promote infiltration, and must improve institutional expertise for governance decisions. For cities with little existing infrastructure, landowner management often dominates, especially when municipalities cannot keep pace with rapid growth. In between, rapidly industrializing cities are positioned to use growing capital resources to fund both conveyance and infiltration measures based on current design principles. For all cities, local management innovations, including decisions regarding public engagement, will be critical in shaping future urban stormwater systems.
An improved synthesis of a fluorophosphonate–polyethylene glycol–biotin probe and its use against competitive substrates
Authors: Xu Hao , Sabit Hairat , Amidon Gordon L , Showalter H D Hollis
Published: January 2013

The fluorophosphonate (FP) moiety attached to a biotin tag is a prototype chemical probe used to quantitatively analyze and enrich active serine hydrolases in complex proteomes in an approach called activity-based protein profiling (ABPP). In this study we have designed a novel synthetic route to a known FP probe linked by polyethylene glycol to a biotin tag (FP–PEG–biotin). Our route markedly increases the efficiency of the probe synthesis and overcomes several problems of a prior synthesis. As a proof of principle, FP–PEG–biotin was evaluated against isolated protein mixtures and different rat-tissue homogenates, showing its ability to specifically target serine hydrolases. We also assessed the ability of FP–PEG–biotin to compete with substrates that have high enzyme turnover rates. The reduced protein-band intensities resulting in these competition studies demonstrate a new application of FP-based probes seldom explored before.
Cartographie et participation pour la coopération environnementale : le terrain et la restitution des savoirs traditionnels en Afrique subsaharienne
Authors: Burini Federica
Published: January 2013

L’objectif de cet article est d’illustrer le rôle de la cartographie participative dans la recherche de terrain au sein de projets de coopération environnementale et de construire en perspective la problématique du terrain. Le texte s’appuie tout particulièrement sur l’expérience de l’auteure en Afrique subsaharienne et analyse le cas de la participatory action research à l’intérieur d’un programme pour la protection environnementale d’une réserve de biosphère de l’UNESCO. Les deux premières parties ont pour objectif de présenter la cartographie participative, ses méthodologies et ses enjeux : la première, articulée par une généalogie des différentes méthodologies, précise les objectifs, les instruments, les procédures qui permettent leur réalisation ; la deuxième est centrée sur la question de la communication des géographies locales dans la cartographie. Après cette introduction, nous illustrons la méthodologie suivie pour la réalisation de systèmes cartographiques participatifs dans le cadre d’un projet de coopération environnementale dans certains villages d’Afrique de l’Ouest situés autour d’une vaste aire protégée. Le cas d’étude présenté montre la potentialité qu’ont ces systèmes de restituer certains aspects des savoirs traditionnels des populations locales. La dernière partie du texte mettra en évidence la question du terrain dans la cartographie participative et interrogera la dimension subjective de la pratique.
Géographie de la sexualité ou sexualité du géographe ? Quelques leçons autour d'une injonction
Authors: Blidon Marianne
Published: January 2013

S’il est aujourd’hui admis en épistémologie des sciences sociales que le recours à la réflexivité permet de rendre plus transparents les choix méthodologiques et les opérations de production des connaissances, pour autant certaines pratiques de terrain demeurent extérieures à ces tentatives d’objectivation. L’engagement sexuel et affectif du géographe sur son terrain en est l’exemple le plus emblématique. Considéré comme extérieur au terrain car relevant de l’intimité et de la sphère privée, il demeure largement impensé. Seul le géographe des sexualités fait exception à cette règle et doit faire face à une injonction de vérité ou de transparence du fait même de son objet d’étude. C’est donc à partir de ce champ de la géographie que cet article montre les enjeux de ces questions. La première partie rappelle en quoi consiste la géographie des sexualités tant du point de vue de l’objet que des méthodes. La seconde analyse deux figures archétypiques de l’enquête de terrain : l’observation à couvert et la participation afin d’en montrer les enjeux et les limites. La dernière partie revient sur trois apports de cette géographie.
“Le terrain, c'est moi ?” Reflections on the emergence of the field in translocal research
Authors: Verne Julia
Published: January 2013

« Le terrain, c’est moi ? » Réflexions sur l’émergence du terrain en recherche des connexions « trans-locales » Le terrain est longtemps resté un champ non questionné et non critiqué de la recherche en géographie. Cependant, au cours des dernières décennies, témoignant d’un intérêt croissant pour les méthodologies qualitatives, les géographes ont commencé à examiner de manière critique la signification de leur terrain, leur travail de recherche, et leur position et leur rôle sur le terrain. De manière générale, le terrain est entendu comme l’endroit spécifique où la recherche empirique est menée, et inclut, ce faisant, l’étude des personnes et des objets qui s’y trouvent. Alors que dans la plupart des cas, le terrain correspond à une région, une ville ou un quartier, l’intérêt récent pour les connections et réseaux « trans-locaux » a non seulement accru l’intérêt pour les recherches multi-sites, mais a également permis d’introduire des méthodologies mobiles ce qui contribue à accroître la difficulté de le définir précisément. Plus qu’un point sur une carte, le terrain correspond à un ensemble complexe de relations, et le définir revient aussi à le créer. Suivant alors les développements de Latour ou Deleuze qui nous incitent à suivre les lignes et les différentes connections établies, mais où faut-il fixer les limites ? En d’autres termes, où situer correctement le centre du réseau ou du rhizome d’une recherche ? Et où doit-on s’arrêter de suivre les réseaux ? Au final, il appartient au chercheur de déterminer la manière de circonscrire son terrain. A l’aide d’exemples tirés de mes propres recherches ethnographiques sur la mobilité, la “translocalité” et les relations commerciales des jeunes Zanzibari, je vais tenter de mettre au jour les différents processus qui sont à l’origine de la création du terrain. Tenant compte des idées de Latour et Deleuze, j’ai comme objectif d’analyser de manière critique les rapports entre la méthodologie, le positionnement du chercheur et la construction du terrain, en essayant d’ouvrir le débat sur le caractère arbitraire du terrain, et sa pertinence pour la production du savoir en géographie.
Dix années de transformation de l'école et de la culture en Italie (2001-2010)
Authors: Mariano Longo Teresa
Published: January 2013

À partir de l’analyse des discours officiels, des textes de loi et des circulaires ministérielles, cet article veut comprendre les caractéristiques prises par l’idéologie néolibérale en Italie. Il s’intéresse aux idées sur la culture scolaire qui inspirent les politiques éducatives des deux derniers gouvernements dirigés par Silvio Berlusconi. La modernisation de la culture scolaire et la mise en valeur de la famille catholique sont les deux axes sur lesquels les politiques de l’éducation seront bâties. La famille, institution très importante dans le pays, doit selon les ministres de l’éducation, reprendre sa priorité dans l’éducation par rapport à l’État et l’Église catholique doit avoir toute sa place et son pouvoir dans les programmes scolaires. Ainsi que dans le reste du monde néolibéral, pendant les gouvernements de Berlusconi, la modernisation va de pair avec la transformation de la culture en un bien de marché. L’article montre comment, en Italie, cette idéologie s’en prend autant à la culture de l’école qu’au patrimoine artistique. L’idée de culture de la « Nation » qui a dominé dans le pays depuis son unification, se transforme ainsi en celle d’un ensemble de biens qui peuvent enrichir les particuliers. Le pays européen de l’art risque ainsi de voir des œuvres mises en danger et surtout de voir défigurer un goût commun pour la beauté qui a caractérisé jusqu’à présent la manière de vivre ensemble des Italiens et la culture scolaire.
Éducation et recherche au brésil : du projet nationaliste à la globalisation
Authors: Ribeiro Valle Ione , Bianchetti Lucídio
Published: January 2013

Les contraintes de la globalisation économique, qui touche les sociétés contemporaines, se font de plus en plus sentir au Brésil. En supposant que les récentes politiques pour l’éducation et la recherche soient orientées vers ce nouvel ordre mondial, nous analysons d’abord le phénomène de la globalisation en reprenant des points de vue différents. Ensuite, nous examinons, à partir de dispositifs (légaux et institutionnels) et de la littérature déjà produite sur ce thème, l’accès à l’enseignement supérieur et la recherche développée par les programmes de 2 e et 3 e cycles universitaires. Nous considérons que la conjoncture de la seconde moitié du XX e siècle est devenue assez favorable aux nouvelles demandes économiques : d’un projet nationaliste fort important qui prédominait dans les années 1930, le pays s’ouvre aux politiques d’internationalisation de l’économie tout au long de la décennie 1970, et se laisse emporter par les enjeux de la globalisation qui deviennent plus évidents après les années 1980.
La globalisation vue par les manuels d'histoire sud-africains : entre « main invisible » et griffes du diable
Authors: Carpentier Claude
Published: January 2013

La globalisation est généralement appréhendée comme un destin inexorable avec lequel il faut composer, pour le meilleur ou pour le pire. Calamité ou salut de l’humanité, détracteurs et partisans partagent donc l’idée selon laquelle il s’agit d’un processus bouleversant radicalement le cours de l’histoire du monde. En examinant tour à tour les aspects positifs et négatifs de la globalisation, les manuels d’histoire sud-africains offrent aux élèves la possibilité d’en appréhender les différentes facettes. Peut-on considérer que les deux faces de Janus se neutralisent ? À maintes reprises, les réserves se font insistantes et l’appel lancé à la mobilisation et à l’implication des acteurs dans les luttes portent à penser que les aspects virtuellement néfastes de la globalisation l’emportent sur les aspects positifs en appelant à la vigilance de tous les instants et au refus de la fatalité.
Processus de Bologne dans l'enseignement supérieur hongrois : représentations et pratiques enseignantes
Authors: Legendre Florence
Published: January 2013

Cet article se propose d’explorer les modalités d’implantation de la réforme de Bologne dans l’enseignement supérieur hongrois et notamment l’accueil fait par les universitaires à la démarche des « learning outcomes ». Cette approche, basée sur les concepts de compétences et d’employablité, semble s’opposer au modèle humboldtien de l’université, qui a perduré en Hongrie malgré des décennies de régime socialiste. Les recherches hongroises actuelles s’accordent pour souligner la faible implantation réelle de la démarche des acquis d’apprentissages dans les pratiques pédagogiques universitaires, et cela tant dans la conception des nouveaux programmes, dans les contenus de cours que dans les évaluations. Les données de recherches récentes permettent de distinguer entre conservatisme (« résistance ») et coopération (« innovation ») les attitudes des enseignants vis-à-vis de la réforme. Il semblerait bien que ces attitudes soient différenciées selon les représentations du métier et les positions académiques des acteurs.
La gestion pédagogique des différences entre les élèves : variations françaises
Authors: Houssaye Jean
Published: January 2013

Comment gérer les différences entre les élèves ? Les réponses à cette question se situent à différents niveaux : institutionnel, organisationnel, pédagogique. Dans cet article, nous ne considérerons que le niveau pédagogique et nous retracerons l’histoire de la prise en compte pédagogique des différences entre les élèves dans les classes. Nous distinguerons six moments caractéristiques que nous symboliserons à chaque fois par une date : 1830, 1902, 1921, 1980, 1985, 2000. À chaque date correspond une modification caractéristique du fonctionnement scolaire : l’installation du mode simultané en 1830 ; la réforme des lycées en 1902 ; l’individualisation de l’éducation nouvelle en 1921 ; les objectifs pédagogiques en 1980 ; la pédagogie différenciée en 1985 ; la pédagogie de soutien en 2000. À travers ces deux siècles d’innovations pédagogiques centrées sur la gestion des différences entre les élèves, c’est une histoire des réussites et des échecs des réponses pédagogiques qui se donne en fait à voir.
Maïeutique thérapeutique
Authors: Pieters Corinne , Moro Marie Rose
Published: January 2013

Résumé Cet article illustre les liens théoriques et pratiques entre médecine et philosophie à travers l’exemple concret de la mise en place, au sein d’une Institution de pédopsychiatrie, parisienne, d’ateliers de philosophie pour adolescents. Il soulignera ainsi l’importance d’une véritable culture du soin dans le cadre de la prise en charge de jeunes patients en souffrance somato-psychique. Permettre à la philosophie d’habiter le soin des adolescents, travailler envers et contre tout l’articulation entre philosophie et soins, est une des heureuses merveilles de ce lieu de soins pour adolescents qu’est cette Maison des adolescents. Nous cherchons à construire ici, avec chaque adolescent qui nous est confié, un projet individualisé mais global qui lui permette de se ré-accomoder avec son être, de réinventer une autre vie possible, d’autres liens au monde. Et quel ne fût pas notre enchantement de pouvoir ainsi réconcilier nos passions adolescentes, la philosophie et la médecine. Les réconcilier et les faire prospérer...
Le tango argentin : un nouveau mode de lien au monde
Authors: Hatchuel Françoise
Published: January 2013

Résumé Le présent article tente de montrer comment le tango argentin, danse d’hommes exilés, dans sa dimension à la fois corporelle et rituelle, peut constituer un mode de lien au monde pertinent pour nous aider à penser « l’hypermodernité » et la façon dont elle touche le sujet et son psychisme.
Violences sexuelles en République Démocratique du Congo : résistances et appropriations institutionnelles par les ONG
Authors: Duroch Françoise
Published: January 2013

Résumé Ce travail se propose d’analyser les processus d’apprentissage de l’organisation humanitaire Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) autour de la notion de victimes de violences sexuelles. Une première partie est consacrée à un essai conceptuel et critique des concepts de victimes de viols, notamment dans le champ des sciences sociales, ainsi qu’à une introduction à l’histoire de la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC). La deuxième partie porte sur l’étude qualitative d’une des plus importantes interventions de l’organisation MSF à l’Est de la RDC en faveur des victimes de violences sexuelles. 2695 anamnèses médicales de patients reçus par l’organisation ont été étudiées afin de comprendre le phénomène des viols de masse dans cette région, des entretiens semi-directifs ont également été menés avec les volontaires et cadres de l’organisation participant à la mise en œuvre de ce type d’opération. Un dernier volet décrit les éléments qui ont conduit MSF à considérer le phénomène des violences sexuelles sur ses terrains d’interventions ainsi que les processus d’appropriation et de résistance de l’organisation vis-à-vis de ces problématiques.
Les responsabilités légales des employeurs à l'égard du suicide en milieu professionnel : le cas de la France
Authors: Chaudat Pierre
Published: January 2013

Résumé Dans tous les pays occidentaux, la très grande médiatisation du suicide en milieu professionnel observée depuis quelques années a donné un souffle nouveau aux nombreuses problématiques juridiques dans la sphère de l’organisation. Ainsi se posent de plus en plus les questions suivantes : quelles règles juridiques obligent l’employeur à déployer des efforts visant à éviter les cas de suicide associés au travail ? Quels critères juridiques permettent de déterminer que le suicide est lié à l’activité professionnelle ? Qu’appelle-t-on la faute inexcusable ? À quelles sanctions financières s’expose un employeur qui connaît un tel drame dans son entreprise ? Après avoir rappelé les droits et les obligations de l’employeur dans le milieu de travail en France, cet article clarifie les éléments permettant de reconnaître qu’un suicide est lié au travail. Ensuite, il évoque les sanctions auxquelles peut être soumis l’employeur à l’égard de la victime ou des ayants droit. Finalement, des recommandations clés sont proposées aux employeurs de tous les pays afin de prévenir le suicide et d’intervenir adéquatement en cette matière.
Que peuvent faire les villes pour favoriser la conciliation travail-famille et le bien-être des citoyens ?
Authors: Rochman Juliette , Tremblay Diane-Gabrielle
Published: January 2013

Résumé De nombreux changements environnementaux, comme les pressions démographiques et concurrentielles jumelées avec l’étalement urbain, exercent une influence sur la conciliation travail-famille et sur le bien-être des personnes, en particulier dans les grandes villes des pays industrialisés. Au cours des dernières années, certaines municipalités et collectivités à travers le monde ont lancé des initiatives visant à adopter des pratiques facilitant l’articulation entre vie professionnelle et vie personnelle. Se basant sur des entrevues menées auprès de dirigeants de collectivités françaises et sur une synthèse des écrits sur le sujet, cet article présente une typologie des pratiques que les collectivités peuvent mettre en œuvre à travers l’expérience de structures particulières. Par la suite, nous dégageons des conditions à respecter pour améliorer les retombées de ces pratiques urbaines visant à favoriser le bien-être des citoyens.