bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Double‐balloon enteroscopy in the diagnosis of suspected isolated Crohn's disease of the small bowel
Authors: Schulz Christian , Mönkemüller Klaus , Salheiser Maxi , Bellutti Michael , Schütte Kerstin , Malfertheiner Peter
Published: July 2013

Background and Aim

Diagnosis of Crohn's disease (CD) with isolated involvement of the small bowel remains a major challenge. Diagnostic procedures allowing direct insight into the midgut have become available with the introduction of double‐balloon enteroscopy (DBE) and video‐capsule endoscopy (VCE). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of DBE in the diagnosis of isolated CD of the small bowel.

Methods

Sixteen patients (seven males) with suspected CD of the small bowel after exclusion of abnormal changes in the upper gastrointestinal tract and colon by esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy including histology underwent DBE and high‐resolution transabdominal ultrasound.

Results

In seven of 16 (44%) patients, abnormal macroscopic findings were detected by DBE (e.g. ileitis terminalis, inflammatory stenosis, aphthous lesions or jejunal ulcers). In one of thecases, histology confirmed pathognomonic findings consistent with CD. However, the diagnosis of CD was confirmed in 11/16 (69%) patients taking into account the clinical presentation and course of the disease as well as the endoscopic and imaging results.

Conclusions

In cases of CD with clinical expression limited to the small bowel, DBE is a helpful tool. Nevertheless, in these patients, the combination of clinical findings and additional imaging modalities is required for confirmation of the diagnosis. A suggestive medical history, high‐resolution ultrasound, EGD and colonoscopy lead the algorithm before the assessment with DBE.
Classification of intellectual disability using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: Full Scale IQ or General Abilities Index?
Authors: Koriakin Taylor A , Mccurdy Mark D , Papazoglou Aimilia , Pritchard Alison E , Zabel T Andrew , Mahone E Mark , Jacobson Lisa A
Published: July 2013

Aim

We examined the implications of using the Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) versus the General Abilities Index (GAI) for determination of intellectual disability using the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children, fourth edition (WISC‐IV).

Method

Children referred for neuropsychological assessment (543 males, 290 females; mean age 10y 5mo, SD 2y 9mo, range 6–16y) were administered the WISC‐IV and the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, second edition (ABAS‐II).

Results

GAI and FSIQ were highly correlated; however, fewer children were identified as having intellectual disability using GAI (n=159) than when using FSIQ (n=196). Although the 44 children classified as having intellectual disability based upon FSIQ (but not GAI) had significantly higher adaptive functioning scores than those meeting intellectual disability criteria based upon both FSIQ and GAI, mean adaptive scores still fell within the impaired range. FSIQ and GAI were comparable in predicting impairments in adaptive functioning.

Interpretation

Using GAI rather than FSIQ in intellectual disability diagnostic decision‐making resulted in fewer individuals being diagnosed with intellectual disability; however, the mean GAI of the disqualified individuals was at the upper end of criteria for intellectual impairment (standard score 75), and these individuals remained adaptively impaired. As GAI and FSIQ were similarly predictive of overall adaptive functioning, the use of GAI for intellectual disability diagnostic decision‐making may be of limited value.
Evaluation of knowledge and attitudes among primary care physicians in Cavan–Monaghan as ‘gatekeepers‐in‐waiting’ for the introduction of Carepath for Overcoming Psychosis Early (COPE)
Authors: Nkire Nnamdi , Sardinha Savio , Nwosu Bosah , McDonough Catherine M. , De Coteau Pamela A. , Duffy Illona , Waddington John L. , Russell Vincent
Published: July 2013

Aim

To investigate general practitioners' current knowledge of and attitudes towards psychosis and its management by Cavan–Monaghan Mental Health Service, Ireland, prior to their involvement in the introduction of an early intervention service.

Methods

As part of a continuing medical education programme for psychosis, delivered to all 32 general practitioners practising in this region, participants were asked to complete a 29‐item questionnaire designed to assess their baseline knowledge and attitudes.

Results

All 32 general practitioners participated in the study. Although 17% had received no previous psychiatric training, 93% described their knowledge of psychiatric disorders as average or above average. However, only 53% could correctly identify all of a set of psychiatric symptoms related to psychosis. Only 50% felt comfortable initiating treatment for psychotic symptoms. Whereas only 40% had heard of the early intervention model, 89% believed it to be advantageous. Easy accessibility to services and rapid assessment of patients referred were most commonly reported as helpful. However, concerns were expressed about the potential for associated increases in workload.

Conclusions

As ‘gatekeepers‐in‐waiting’, these general practitioners will have a vital role in effective implementation of the early intervention service for psychosis. However, their knowledge needs improvement, through regular educational sessions, and this service must be responsive to their needs. In addition, general practitioners' concerns regarding the potential for increased workload must be adequately addressed in order to maintain enthusiasm and collaboration at the interface between primary care and mental health services, particularly in the context of early intervention.
DNA barcoding as an identification tool for selected EU‐regulated plant pests: an international collaborative test performance study among 14 laboratories
Authors: van de Vossenberg B. T. L. H. , Westenberg M. , Bonants P. J. M.
Published: July 2013

DNA barcoding protocols for selected EU‐regulated arthropods, bacteria, fungi, nematodes and phytoplasmas were developed within the Quarantine organisms Barcoding of Life (QBOL) project financed by 7th framework program of the European Union. DNA barcodes generated with the developed protocols were stored in the Q‐bank database. An test performance study (TPS) was set up involving 14 participating laboratories to validate the use of the developed protocols as a diagnostic tool and to identify possible difficulties in the use of the protocols and Q‐bank. This paper describes the steps that were used to set up the TPS, to validate the protocols and to identify difficulties. TPS data shows that the developed tests are very robust and produce highly reproducible results. Participants managed to define good consensus sequences which allowed them to correctly identify their samples using Q‐bank in 78% of all cases. Q‐bank outperformed NCBI and BOLD in terms of diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity for all organism groups. Using general qualifiers, performance criteria and feedback from TPS participants, difficulties in the set‐up of the TPS, the use of the protocols and databases, and the proficiency of participants were identified/evaluated and recommendations for future work were made. The developed DNA barcoding protocols and Q‐bank have proven to be useful tools in support of the identification of selected EU‐regulated plant pests and pathogens on the desired taxonomical level.
A simple and effective inoculation method for Phytophthora and fungal species on woody plants
Authors: Talgø V. , Stensvand A.
Published: July 2013

In inoculations carried out on buds, young shoots, and stems of woody plants in Norway, map pins contaminated with the pathogens to be tested proved to be convenient tools. The pins were inserted into the plant tissue and were left standing in the inoculation site throughout the experimental period. In the present investigation, the method was used successfully for one Phytophthora and four fungal species on different host plants. Inoculated plant parts developed clear symptoms, while no symptoms occurred where non‐contaminated pins were used. The advantages of this method are multiple: minimal physical damage to the tissue, inoculation points easily traced due to the relatively large top grip on the needles, and time saving as there is no need to cover with polyethylene or Parafilm after inoculation.
Distribution and biology of the yellow‐spotted longicorn beetle Psacothea hilaris hilaris (Pascoe) in Italy
Authors: Lupi D. , Jucker C. , Colombo M.
Published: July 2013

The Asiatic yellow‐spotted longicorn beetle, Psacothea hilaris hilaris, was found for the first time in Northern Italy in 2005. As this xylophagous insect is considered one of the most important pests of Morus spp. and of Ficus carica in its countries of origin, a multi‐year study was carried out to determine the spread of the pest in Northern Italy, to evaluate its establishment potential and to improve knowledge on its biology in the new habitat. The survey confirmed that P. hilaris hilaris has established in Italy and has colonized an area of about 60 km2. The species overwinters as eggs or larvae. Adults are present from June to October. Damage has been recorded mostly on Ficus carica plants, and very rarely on Morus alba. Both young and older plants, healthy and weakened hosts can be attacked by the pest. Severely attacked plants become weakened and eventually die.
Plant‐parasitic nematodes of potential phytosanitary importance, their main hosts and reported yield losses
Authors: Singh S. K. , Hodda M. , Ash G. J.
Published: July 2013

The potential phytosanitary importance of all named plant‐parasitic nematode species was determined by evaluating available information on species characteristics, association with economically‐important crop hosts, and ability to act as vectors of viruses or form disease complexes with other pathogens. Most named species of plant‐parasitic nematodes (PPN) are poorly known, recorded from a single location only, not associated with economically‐important crops, and not known to be associated with other plant disease organisms. However, 250 species from 43 genera fulfilled one or more of the criteria to be considered to present a phytosanitary risk. The genera and number of species (in parentheses) considered as posing phytosanitary risk included: Achlysiella (1), Anguina (8), Aphasmatylenchus (1), Aphelenchoides (12), Aphelenchus (1), Belonolaimus (2), Bitylenchus (3), Bursaphelenchus (4), Cactodera (3), Ditylenchus (8), Dolichodorus (1), Globodera (3), Helicotylenchus (7), Hemicriconemoides (3), Hemicycliophora (3), Heterodera (25), Hirschmanniella (5), Hoplolaimus (5), Ibipora (3), Longidorus (10), Macroposthonia (2), Meloidogyne (38), Merlinius (3), Nacobbus (1), Neodolichodorus (2), Paralongidorus (2), Paratrichodorus (11), Paratylenchus (3), Pratylenchus (24), Punctodera (3), Quinisulcius (3), Radopholus (5), Rotylenchulus (3), Rotylenchus (1), Scutellonema (5), Sphaeronema (1), Subanguina (3), Trichodorus (5), Tylenchorhynchus (8), Tylenchulus (2), Vittatidera (1), Xiphinema (15) and Zygotylenchus (1). For each of the 250 species main hosts and yield loss estimates are provided with an extensive bibliography. Of the 250 species, only 126 species from 33 genera are currently listed as regulated pests in one or more countries worldwide. Almost all of these 250 species were also associated with economically important crops and some also acted as vectors for viruses.
Plasma and synovial fluid concentration of doxycycline following low‐dose, low‐frequency administration, and resultant inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase‐13 from interleukin‐stimulated equine synoviocytes
Authors: Maher M. C. , Schnabel L. V. , Cross J. A. , Papich M. G. , Divers T. J. , Fortier L. A.
Published: July 2013

Reasons for study

To determine whether low‐dose, low‐frequency doxycycline administration is capable of achieving chondroprotective concentrations within synovial fluid (SF) while remaining below minimum inhibitory concentration 90 (MIC90) of most equine pathogens and would be an option in the management of osteoarthritis.

Objectives

To determine whether low‐dose, low‐frequency oral administration of doxycycline can attain in vivo SF concentrations capable of chondroprotective effects through reduction of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐13 activity, while remaining below MIC90 of most equine pathogens.

Study design

Descriptive pharmacokinetic study with crossover design.

Methods

Two groups of 6 horses received oral doxycycline. Plasma and SF doxycycline concentrations were measured using high performance liquid chromatography. Group 1 received 5 mg/kg bwt q. 24 h with 21 blood and 8 SF samples collected over 120 h; Group 2 received 5 mg/kg bwt q. 48 h with 27 blood and 11 SF samples collected over 192 h. Cultured synoviocytes were treated with interleukin‐1α (1 ng/ml) for 24 h to stimulate MMP synthesis, and then SF was added to the culture medium for 96 h. MMP‐13 protein and mRNA were measured in synoviocyte culture medium and synoviocytes, respectively.

Results

Mean doxycycline concentration ≥0.043 μg/ml (previously demonstrated to inhibit MMP‐13) was achieved in plasma by t = 0.25 h and SF by t = 48 h in Group 1, and in plasma by t = 0.17 h and SF by t = 1 h in Group 2. Synoviocyte culture medium containing doxycycline from Groups 1 and 2 had significantly decreased active MMP‐13 protein concentration, and synoviocytes cultured in this medium had significantly decreased MMP‐13 gene expression compared to controls. Plasma doxycycline concentration in both groups and SF doxycycline concentration in Group 2 demonstrated a cumulative effect.

Conclusions

Low‐dose orally administered doxycycline achieves SF concentrations in vivo capable of diminishing MMP‐13 expression. This study supports the use of doxycycline as a disease modifying osteoarthritic drug.
Amino acid composition of epilithic biofilm and benthic animals in a large Siberian river
Authors: Kolmakova Anzhelika A. , Gladyshev Michail I. , Kalachova Galina S. , Kravchuk Elena S. , Ivanova Elena A. , Sushchik Nadezhda N.
Published: July 2013

We studied amino acid (AA) composition of epilithic biofilms and zoobenthos near the shore at a middle section of the Yenisei River (Siberia, Russia). We hypothesised that there was an imbalance between the composition and content of amino acids in the biofilm and its consumers, the zoobenthos, as well as between those in the zoobenthos and fish.

Based on monthly sampling from 2007 to 2010, there was seasonal variation in AA profiles in the epilithic biofilms, probably caused by the succession of microalgal and cyanobacterial species.

Overall, there was an imbalance in the percentage of the essential amino acids (lysine and histidine) between benthic animals and their food (the epilithic biofilm), which suggests that benthic animals may be limited by food quality. Moreover, the zoobenthos had a significantly higher content of AA, relative to carbon, than the biofilm.

Based on sampling in 2012, there was an imbalance between the AA profiles of zoobenthos and that of their main consumer, the Siberian grayling (Thymallus arcticus), particularly in the percentages of two essential amino acids, lysine and leucine.

In terms of overall content of essential amino acids, the nutritional value to fish of gammarids, which have recently invaded the river, was significantly lower than that of indigenous taxa, trichopteran and chironomid larvae.
Negative effects of climate warming on maize yield are reversed by the changing of sowing date and cultivar selection in Northeast China
Authors: Liu Zhijuan , Hubbard Kenneth G. , Lin Xiaomao , Yang Xiaoguang
Published: July 2013

Northeast China (NEC) accounts for about 30% of the nation's maize production in China. In the past three decades, maize yields in NEC have increased under changes in climate, cultivar selection and crop management. It is important to investigate the contribution of these changing factors to the historical yield increases to improve our understanding of how we can ensure increased yields in the future. In this study, we use phenology observations at six sites from 1981 to 2007 to detect trends in sowing dates and length of maize growing period, and then combine these observations with in situ temperature data to determine the trends of thermal time in the maize growing period, as a measure of changes in maize cultivars. The area in the vicinity of these six sites accounts for 30% of NEC's total maize production. The agricultural production systems simulator, APSIM‐Maize model, was used to separate the impacts of changes in climate, sowing dates and thermal time requirements on maize phenology and yields. In NEC, sowing dates trended earlier in four of six sites and maturity dates trended later by 4–21 days. Therefore, the period from sowing to maturity ranged from 2 to 38 days longer in 2007 than it was in 1981. Our results indicate that climate trends alone would have led to a negative impact on maize. However, results from the adaptation assessments indicate that earlier sowing dates increased yields by up to 4%, and adoption of longer season cultivars caused a substantial increase in yield ranging from 13% to 38% over the past 27 years. Therefore, earlier sowing dates and introduction of cultivars with higher thermal time requirements in NEC have overcome the negative effects of climate change and turned what would have otherwise been a loss into a significant increase in maize yield.
Towards personalizing haemophilia care: using the Haemophilia Severity Score to assess 178 patients in a single institution
Authors: Vyas S. , Enockson C. , Hernandez L. , Valentino L. A.
Published: July 2013

The phenotypic variability in haemophilia is well documented; however, the biological basis beyond factor VIII and IX activities to explain the differing clinical pictures of the disease remains unclear. It has therefore been of interest to explore other modulators of the disease's variability. Furthermore, a scoring system that reflects the multiple facets of haemophilia symptoms would be useful to compare patients via a comprehensive assessment tool. To this end, Schulman et al., created a measure known as the Haemophilia Severity Score (HSS) as one way to compare phenotypic severity. The aim of this study was to document the differing symptomatology of haemophilia patients using the HSS. Clinical data for 178 haemophilia patients without inhibitors were reviewed and annual incidence of haemarthrosis, orthopaedic joint scores and annual factor usage calculated. Each parameter was then entered into the formula to create the HSS for haemophilia A and B patients with mild, moderate and severe factor deficiencies. Variability in the HSS for patients with the same baseline level of factor was observed for all three deficiency levels and both haemophilia types. In addition, we found that moderate and severe haemophilic B patients tended to have more morbidity based on the above calculations than the haemophilic A counterparts. The HSS is a comprehensive tool that allows for easy numerical comparison of haemophilic patients and elucidates the variable clinical presentation of the disease. The HSS could be used to stratify patients via other possible modulators of haemophilia and discover other aetiologies of the disease.
Tonsil surface epithelium is ideal for monitoring Ki‐67 immunohistochemical staining
Authors: Hsu Chih‐Yi , Yang Ching‐Fen , Liao Li‐Rung , Ho Hsiang‐Ling , Ho Donald Ming‐Tak
Published: July 2013

Aims

To identify an easily obtainable non‐neoplastic tissue that can be used as control material for monitoring optimal Ki‐67 immunohistochemical staining.

Methods and results

Various tissues, including tonsil (60), uterine cervix (31), breast skin (26), oesophagus (15), stomach (15), small intestine (15) and colon (16), were studied in the search for ideal control tissue. Tonsil surface epithelium is superior to other tissues because it displayed an easily recognized Ki‐67 staining pattern including high positive (parabasal layer), low positive (intermediate layer) and negative (basal and superficial layers) zones. Moderate to weak staining of the majority of the intermediate cells could serve as a threshold for positive staining. Of the variables potentially affecting staining results that were tested, the pretreatment solution for antigen retrieval had the greatest impact, of which pH 9 EDTA was far better than pH 6 citrate solution.

Conclusions

Tonsil surface epithelium is a useful control for monitoring Ki‐67 staining. Achieving optimal staining results could minimize variations in Ki‐67 index due to differences in the staining methods used by different laboratories.
The roles of vitamin D in seborrhoeic keratosis: possible genetic and cellular signalling mechanisms
Authors: Lương K. v. q. , Nguyễn L. T. H.
Published: July 2013

Synopsis

Objective

We review the relationship between vitamin D and seborrhoeic keratosis (SK).

Methods

Review literature from MEDLINE.

Results

Vitamin D3 supplementation can improve SK lesions. Genetics‐based studies have identified the proteins that link vitamin D to SK pathology. Vitamin D also exerts its effect on SK through cell signalling mechanisms.

Conclusion

Vitamin D plays a role in SK. Calcitriol is the best form of vitamin D for use in patients with SK because it is the active form of the vitamin D3 metabolite and its receptors are present in the skin. Further investigation of the effects of calcitriol in patients with SK is warranted.
Temperate tree expansion into adjacent boreal forest patches facilitated by warmer temperatures
Authors: Fisichelli Nicholas A. , Frelich Lee E. , Reich Peter B.
Published: July 2013

Temperate and boreal forests are forecast to change in composition and shift spatially in response to climate change. Local‐scale expansions and contractions are most likely observable near species range limits, and as trees are long‐lived, initial shifts are likely to be detected in the understory regeneration layers. We examined understory relative abundance patterns of naturally regenerated temperate and boreal tree species in two size classes, seedlings and saplings, and across two spatial scales, local stand‐scale ecotones (tens of meters) and the regional temperate–boreal transition zone (˜250 km) in central North America, to explore indications of climate‐mediated shifts in regeneration performance. We also tested for the presence of strong environmental gradients across local ecotones that might inhibit species expansion. Results showed that tree regeneration patterns across ecotones varied by species and size class, and varied across the regional summer temperature gradient. Temperate tree species regeneration has established across local ecotones into boreal forest patches and this process was facilitated by warmer temperatures. Conversely, boreal conifer regeneration exhibited negative responses to the regional temperature gradient and only displayed high abundance at the boreal end of local ecotones at cool northern sites. The filtering effects of temperature also increased with individual size for both boreal and temperate understory stems. Observed regeneration patterns and the minor environmental gradients measured across local ecotones failed to support the idea that there were strong barriers to potential temperate tree expansion into boreal forest patches. Detectable responses, consistently in the directions predicted for both temperate and boreal species, indicate that summer temperature is likely an important driver of natural tree regeneration in forests across the temperate–boreal transition zone. Regeneration patterns point toward temperate expansion and reduced but continued boreal presence in the near‐future, resulting in local and regional expansions of mixed temperate‐boreal forests.
Blood Pressure Reclassification in Adolescents Based on Repeat Clinic Blood Pressure Measurements
Authors: Becton Lauren J. , Egan Brent M. , Hailpern Susan M. , Shatat Ibrahim F.
Published: July 2013

The common assumption is that blood pressure (BP) will decrease on subsequent readings. The objective of this study is to examine the prevalence and direction of BP classification change with repeat measurements and compare common clinical characteristics of groups of patients who do and do not have a change in BP classification. A nationally representative subsample of 1725 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years from the National Health and Nutrition Survey were analyzed. Three BP measurements were obtained. Patients were classified based on the first and the average of 3 BP measurements as having normal BP, hypertension, and/or prehypertension. Of the 1725 adolescents, 1569 (90.9%) maintained BP classification, 107 (6.2%) had a reduction in their classification, and 49 (2.9%) had an increase in their classification. Comparing the two groups that changed BP classification to the group without change, C‐reactive protein and body mass index (BMI) z score were significantly higher in the groups that had a change in BP classification (P=.02 and <.001, respectively). After adjusting for other variables, higher BMI value was significantly associated with change in BP classification. With repeat measurements, the majority (~91%) did not have a change in classification. Obesity was a significant predictor of the 9% that had a change in classification. Repeat BP measurements in obese adolescents may lead to more accurate classification of BP status.
A novel human anti‐VCAM‐1 monoclonal antibody ameliorates airway inflammation and remodelling
Authors: Lee Jae‐Hyun , Sohn Jung‐Ho , Ryu Su Yeon , Hong Chein‐Soo , Moon Kyung D. , Park Jung‐Won
Published: July 2013

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease induced by Type 2 helper T cells and eosinophils. Vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) has been implicated in recruiting eosinophils and lymphocytes to pathological sites in asthma as a regulatory receptor. Accordingly, monoclonal antibody (mAb) against VCAM‐1 may attenuate allergic inflammation and pathophysiological features of asthma. We attempted to evaluate whether a recently developed human anti‐VCAM‐1 mAb can inhibit the pathophysiological features of asthma in a murine asthma model induced by ovalbumin (OVA). Leucocyte adhesion inhibition assay was performed to evaluate the in vitro blocking activity of human anti‐VCAM‐1 mAb. OVA‐sensitized BALB/c mice were treated with human anti‐VCAM‐1 mAb or isotype control Ab before intranasal OVA challenge. We evaluated airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis, measured inflammatory cytokines and examined histopathological features. The human anti‐VCAM‐1 mAb bound to human and mouse VCAM‐1 molecules and inhibited adhesion of human leucocytes in vitro. AHR and inflammatory cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were reduced in mice treated with human anti‐VCAM‐1 mAb as compared with a control Ab. The levels of interleukin (IL)‐5 and IL‐13, as well as transforming growth factor‐β, in lung tissue were decreased in treated mice. Human anti‐VCAM‐1 mAb reduced goblet cell hyperplasia and peribronchial fibrosis. In vivo VCAM‐1 expression decreased in the treated group. In conclusion, human anti‐VCAM‐1 mAb attenuated allergic inflammation and the pathophysiological features of asthma in OVA‐induced murine asthma model. The results suggested that human anti‐VCAM‐1 mAb could potentially be used as an additional anti‐asthma therapeutic medicine.
Survival of Arcobacter butzleri in Apple and Pear Purees
Authors: Lee Min Hwa , Choi Changsun
Published: July 2013

This study examined the survival of Arcobacter butzleri in apple and pear purees. The apple and pear purees were prepared by following a previous study and these were spiked with 6.90–7.44 log10 cfu/g of A. butzleri ATCC49616, A. butzleri CAU076046 and A. butzleri CAU080180, respectively. The number of bacteria, pH value, sugar contents and water activity of apple and pear purees stored at 4 and 20C for 48 h were measured. The population of all strains significantly decreased in apple and pear purees at 8, 12, 24 and 48 h (P < 0.01). Each A. butzleri strain was reduced by 7 log10 cfu/g after 24–48 h in apple or pear purees at 4C. A. butzleri strain CAU080180 was not detected within 12 h and the others were not detected at 20C within 24–48 h. A. butzleri CAU076046 was more resistant in the purees than the other two strains. No significant difference in the pH values, sugar content or water activity was observed between 0 and 48 h. We demonstrated that the number of A. butzleri significantly decreased in apple and pear purees.

Practical Applications

Arcobacter butzleri causes gastroenteritis in children, elderly and immunocompromised patients. The contamination of A. butzleri occurred not only in meats but also in vegetable or fruits. This study demonstrated that A. butzleri was reduced in the apple or pear purees during storage. The combination of pH, organic acids and flavonoids synergistically inhibit the survival of A. butzleri in purees.
Interaction of hepatic stellate cells with diverse types of immune cells: Foe or friend?
Authors: Yi Hyon‐Seung , Jeong Won‐Il
Published: July 2013

graphic

Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have been considered as a major type of cells in liver fibrosis by producing a huge amount of extracellular matrix, especially collagen fibers, and profibrotic mediators such as transforming growth factor‐beta, interleukin‐6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1. Recently, accumulated evidence suggests that the liver is an immunologic organ because of enrichment of diverse types of immune cells and that their interactions with HSCs are closely related with the progression of liver fibrosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of interaction between HSCs and immune cells remain largely unknown. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that natural killer cells, M2 macrophages, regulatory T cells, and bone marrow derived CD11b+Gr1+ immature cells ameliorate liver fibrosis, whereas neutrophils, M1 macrophages, CD8 T cells, natural killer T cells and interleukin‐17‐producing cells accelerate liver fibrosis. However, there are still controversial issues about their functions during liver fibrogenesis. In this review, we summarize the diversity roles of immune cells (e.g. profibrotic/antifibrotic or both) in regulating the activation of HSCs during hepatic fibrogenesis, in which several producible mediators by HSCs play important roles in the interaction with them. Moreover, the current cell‐based therapies using immune cells against liver fibrosis are discussed.
Sterile inflammation in the liver and pancreas
Authors: Hoque Rafaz , Farooq Ahmad , Mehal Wajahat Z
Published: July 2013

graphic

The ability of tissue injury to result in inflammation is a well‐recognized phenomenon and is central to a number of common liver and pancreatic diseases including alcoholic steatohepatitis and pancreatitis, as well as drug‐induced liver injury, non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis, and pancreatitis from other causes. The requirements of extracellular damage‐associated molecules and a cytosolic machinery labeled the inflammasome have been established in in vitro culture systems and in vivo disease models. This has provided a generic insight into the pathways involved, and the challenge now is to understand the specifics of these mechanisms in relation to the particular insults and organs involved. One reason for the excitement in this field is that a number of therapeutic candidates such a toll‐like receptor antagonists and interleukin‐1R antagonists are either approved or in clinical trials for other indications.
A pilot study of umbilical cord‐derived mesenchymal stem cell transfusion in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Wang Lifeng , Li Jin , Liu Honghong , Li Yuanyuan , Fu Junliang , Sun Ying , Xu Ruonan , Lin Hu , Wang Siyu , Lv Sa , Chen Liming , Zou Zhengsheng , Li Baosen , Shi Ming , Zhang Zheng , Wang Fu‐Sheng
Published: July 2013

Background and Aim

graphic

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment is an effective medical therapy for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC); however, 40% of PBC patients show an incomplete response to the UDCA therapy. This study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of umbilical cord‐derived mesenchymal stem cell (UC‐MSC) transfusion in PBC patients with an incomplete response to UDCA.

Methods

We conducted a single‐arm trial that included seven PBC patients with a suboptimal response to UDCA treatment. UC‐MSCs were first cultured, and then 0.5 × 106 cells/kg body weights were infused through a peripheral vein. UC‐MSCs were given three times at 4‐week intervals, and patients were followed up for 48 weeks. Primary outcomes were to evaluate the safety and feasibility of UC‐MSC treatment, and secondary outcomes were to evaluate liver functions and patient's quality of life.

Results

No obvious side‐effects were found in the patients treated with UC‐MSCs. Symptoms such as fatigue and pruritus were obviously alleviated in most patients after UC‐MSC treatment. There was a significant decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase and γ‐glutamyltransferase levels at the end of the follow‐up period as compared with baseline. No significant changes were observed in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time activity, international normalized ratio, or immunoglobulin M levels. The Mayo risk score, a prognostic index, was also stable during the treatment and follow‐up period.

Conclusions

UC‐MSC transfusion is feasible and well tolerated in patients with PBC who respond only partially to UDCA treatment, thus representing a novel therapeutic approach for patients in this subgroup. A larger, randomized controlled cohort study is warranted to confirm the clinical efficacy of UC‐MSC transfusion.
Alcoholic liver disease and pancreatitis: Global health problems being addressed by the US National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Authors: Warren Kenneth R , Murray Margaret M
Published: July 2013

The review article summarizes the mission of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) with focus on the NIAAA's current and future research version for alcoholic liver disease and alcoholic pancreatitis.
Occurrence of red complex microorganisms and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in patients with diabetes
Authors: Castrillon Cesar A. , Hincapie Juan P. , Yepes Fanny L. , Roldan Natalia , Moreno Sandra M. , Contreras Adolfo , Botero Javier E.
Published: July 2013

Aim

The aim of the present study was to analyze the occurrence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Tannerella forsythia (T. forsythia), Treponema denticola (T. denticola), and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) in patients with diabetes.

Methods

Periodontal and diabetic parameters and subgingival biofilm samples were obtained from 60 patients with diabetes and 62 patients without diabetes. By using polymerase chain reaction, the prevalence of red complex microorganisms (P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and T. denticola) and A. actinomycetemcomitans were determined. Descriptive and non‐parametric statistical analyses between groups were performed (Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney U‐test, and Fisher's exact test).

Results

Patients with diabetes presented significantly higher periodontal attachment loss levels compared to patients without diabetes. Red complex microorganisms were detected in lower frequencies in patients with diabetes. The detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans was higher in patients with diabetes and periodontitis compared to systemically‐healthy patients without periodontitis (P < 0.05). P. gingivalis was associated with periodontitis in non‐diabetic patients (P < 0.05), whereas A. actinomycetemcomitans was associated with periodontitis in diabetic patients (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The findings of the present study indicate that there might be differences in the subgingival microbiota between diabetic and non‐diabetic patients. In addition, P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans were associated with periodontitis in patients without diabetes and patients with diabetes, respectively.
Effectiveness of Artocarpus lakoocha extract, poloxamer 407, on Enterococcus faecalis in vitro
Authors: Teanpaisan Rawee , Ruangkiatkul Phattharanan , Thammasitboon Kewalin , Puripattanavong Jindaporn , Faroongsarng Damrongsak
Published: July 2013

Aim

The antiviral activities of Artocarpus lakoocha (A. lakoocha) extract have been reported in a number of studies; however, data regarding its antibacterial capability are limited. The aim of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of A. lakoocha extract, poloxamer 407, on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis).

Methods

The effect of the antimicrobial activity of A. lakoocha extract and A. lakoocha extract, poloxamer 407, against E. faecalis was investigated. The antibacterial efficacy of A. lakoocha extract, poloxamer 407, against E. faecalis was compared to calcium hydroxide in a tooth model.

Results

The minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of A. lakoocha extract against E. faecalis were 0.39 ± 0 mg/mL and 3.12 ± 0 mg/mL, respectively; the MBC of calcium hydroxide against E. faecalis was 31.25 ± 0 mg/mL. In the tooth model, the E. faecalis count in all groups significantly decreased as the depth into the dentin increased compared to the control. There were no significant differences between 4% A. lakoocha extract poloxamer and UltraCal XS at any time period (P > 0.05) with one exception: at a depth of 0.6 mm on day 5, UltraCal XS had a significantly greater colonization than 4% A. lakoocha extract poloxamer.

Conclusion

A. lakoocha extract, poloxamer 407, might be a useful alternative for antimicrobial medication in endodontic treatment. However, controlled clinical studies to evaluate its efficacy are needed.
Relationship between self‐esteem and living conditions among stroke survivors at home
Authors: Shida Junko , Sugawara Kyoko , Goto Junko , Sekito Yoshiko
Published: July 2013

Aim

To clarify the relationship between self‐esteem of stroke survivors at home and their living conditions.

Methods

Study participants were stroke survivors who lived at home and commuted to one of two medical facilities in the Tohoku region of Japan. Stroke survivors were recruited for the present study when they came to the hospital for a routine visit. The researcher or research assistant explained the study objective and methods to the stroke survivor, and the questionnaire survey was conducted. Survey contents included the Japanese version of the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale (RSE) and questions designed to assess living conditions. A total of 65 participants with complete RSE data were included in the analysis.

Results

The mean (standard deviation) age of participants was 70.9 years (± 11.1), with a mean RSE score of 32.12 (± 8.32). Only a minor decrease in participant self‐esteem was observed, even after having experienced a stroke. Factors associated with self‐esteem, including “independent bathing” (standardized partial regression coefficient, β = 0.405, P < 0.001), “being needed by family members” (β = 0.389, P < 0.001), “independent grooming” (β = 0.292, P = 0.009), and “sleep satisfaction” (β = 0.237, P = 0.017), were analyzed by stepwise multiple regression analysis. The multiple correlation coefficient adjusted for the degrees of freedom was 0.738 (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Our analysis revealed that the maintenance of activities of daily living, and the presence of a suitable environment that enhances physical function recovery and promotes activity and participation, are necessary to improve self‐esteem in stroke survivors living at home.
Women's Decision Making and Experience of Subsequent Pregnancy Following Stillbirth
Authors: Lee Louise , McKenzie‐McHarg Kirstie , Horsch Antje
Published: July 2013

Introduction

This study sought to increase understanding of women's thoughts and feelings about decision making and the experience of subsequent pregnancy following stillbirth (intrauterine death after 24 weeks’ gestation).

Methods

Eleven women were interviewed, 8 of whom were pregnant at the time of the interview. Modified grounded theory was used to guide the research methodology and to analyze the data.

Results

A model was developed to illustrate women's experiences of decision making in relation to subsequent pregnancy and of subsequent pregnancy itself.

Discussion

The results of the current study have significant implications for women who have experienced stillbirth and the health professionals who work with them. Based on the model, women may find it helpful to discuss their beliefs in relation to healing and health professionals to provide support with this in mind. Women and their partners may also benefit from explanations and support about the potentially conflicting emotions they may experience during this time.
Depolarization‐induced suppression of a glycinergic synapse in the superior olivary complex by endocannabinoids
Authors: Trattner Barbara , Berner Sarah , Grothe Benedikt , Kunz Lars
Published: July 2013

The neuronal endocannabinoid system is known to depress synaptic inputs retrogradely in an activity‐dependent manner. This mechanism has been generally described for excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic synapses. Here, we report that neurones in the auditory brainstem of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) retrogradely regulate the strength of their inputs via the endocannabinoid system. By means of whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings, we found that retrograde endocannabinoid signalling attenuates both glycinergic and glutamatergic post‐synaptic currents in the same types of neurones. Accordingly, we detected the cannabinoid receptor 1 in excitatory and inhibitory pre‐synapses as well as the endocannabinoid‐synthesising enzymes (diacylglycerol lipase α/β, DAGLα/β) post‐synaptically through immunohistochemical stainings. Our study was performed with animals aged 10–15 days, that is, in the time window around the onset of hearing. Therefore, we suggest that retrograde endocannabinoid signalling has a role in adapting inputs during the functionally important switch from spontaneously generated to sound‐related signals.

image

We report retrograde endocannabinoid modulation of synaptic strength in auditory brainstem nuclei of the Mongolian gerbil. Utilising electrophysiological recordings and immunohistochemistry, we found endocannabinoid‐dependent suppression of excitatory and inhibitory glycinergic currents in the same neurone types. We propose that retrograde endocannabinoid signalling contributes to adapting inputs to sound environment in the time period around the onset of functional hearing.
The Triple Challenge of Recruiting Older Adults With Dementia and High Medical Acuity in Skilled Nursing Facilities
Authors: Kolanowski Ann , Mulhall Paula , Yevchak Andrea , Hill Nikki , Fick Donna
Published: July 2013

Purpose

To describe strategies, culled from experience, for responding to several recruitment challenges in an ongoing randomized clinical trial of delirium in persons with dementia.

Organizing Construct

Delirium in people with dementia is common across all cultures. Little research supports the use of specific interventions for delirium. Recruitment of an adequate sample is critical to the validity of findings from intervention studies that form the foundation for evidence‐based practice.

Methods

The trial referenced in this article tests the efficacy of cognitive stimulation for resolving delirium in people with dementia. Participants are recruited at the time of admission to one of eight community‐based skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). Eligible participants are 65 years of age or older and community dwelling, and have a diagnosis of dementia and delirium. Recruitment challenges and strategies were identified during weekly team meetings over a 2‐year period.

Findings

Recruitment challenges include factors in the external and internal environment and the participants and their families. Strategies that address these challenges include early site evaluation and strong communication approaches with staff, participants, and families.

Conclusions

The recruitment of an adequate sample of acutely ill older adults with dementia in SNFs can pose a challenge to investigators and threaten the validity of findings. Recruitment strategies that help improve the validity of future studies are described.

Clinical Relevance

Worldwide, over 100 million people will have dementia by 2050, placing them at increased risk for delirium. Recruitment strategies that improve the quality of nursing research and, by extension, the care and prevention of delirium in older adults with dementia during rehabilitation in SNFs are greatly needed.
Ovarian transposition before pelvic irradiation: Indications and functional outcome
Authors: Barahmeh Samer , Al masri Mahmoud , Badran Osama , Masarweh Ma'in , El‐Ghanem Mohammad , Jaradat Imad , Lataifeh Isam
Published: July 2013

Aim

To investigate the indications and effectiveness of ovarian transposition before pelvic irradiation.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of patients with malignancies who underwent ovarian transposition before pelvic irradiation. The collected data included age of patient, type and stage of cancer, details of irradiation treatment, and clinical and biochemical parameters of ovarian function during the period of follow‐up.

Results

Fourteen adult and four pediatric patients with different types of cancers underwent ovarian transposition during the study period. The common tumor types for the adult patients were cervical cancer (n = 4), rectal cancer (n = 4) and medulloblastoma (n = 3), and for pediatric patients was medulloblastoma (n = 2). The mean age for adult patients was 31 years (range, 21–40) and for pediatric patients was 7 years (range, 4–10). Of the adult patients, 10 had adjuvant chemotherapy and four had neoadjuvant chemotherapy added to their radiotherapy program. All pediatric patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. Thirteen of 14 (92.85%) adult patients had normal serum level of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH; ≤12 IU/L) and E2 (>50 pg/mL). Only one patient had premature menopause. All pediatric patients demonstrated a normal serum level of FSH (<12) and E2 for their age at 3 and 6 months after completion of their treatment. The mean follow‐up was 42 months (range, 34–50).

Conclusion

Ovarian transposition is an effective procedure for the preservation of ovarian function. Young patients with non‐hormone‐dependent pelvic tumors should be offered a laparoscopic ovarian transposition before the start of pelvic radiotherapy.