bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three Levels of Learning in Simulations: Participating, Debriefing, and Journal Writing
Authors: Petranek Charles F. , Corey Susan , Black Rebecca
Published: March 2007

Simulations and games provide three levels of learning: through participating, debriefing and writing. While taking part in the simulation; the participant experiences different types off acts, emotions, relationships, strategies, and feelings. The participant learns to handle various social situations and experience the excitement of discovery. During the debriefing discussions, the student harnesses the vast information and makes sense out of these experiences by sharing his ideas and listening to other's impressions. The debriefer facilitates the discussion by using the four Es of debriefing: events, emotions, empathy, and explanations. The assumption of oral debriefing is that all participants learn the same things at the same time and in the same manner. Journal writing significantly extends the analytical learning process by requiring each participant to organize the material and debrief on an individual basis. The richness of the journal develops frm the writer weaving his own personal thread through his experiences, through other's encounters, and through theoretical concepts. The writing provides a record of each student's learning experience.
Some Musings on Gaming and Simulation
Authors: Shubik M.
Published: March 2007

This is an informal overview of the author's work in gaming and simulation, together with some observations on what the author believes may or (at least) should lie ahead.
Computer-Based Simulation Games: A Viable Educational Technique for Entrepreneurship Classes?
Authors: Feldman Howard D.
Published: March 2007

Starting an actual business is difficult to do in most entrepreneurship classes. Thus educators must find ways to model the entrepreneurial process. Total enterprise simulations can play a role in the entrepreneurship classroom by adding value to conventional methods of instruction. For example, students can practice more complex skills and higher levels of abstract analysis and decision making under uncertainty. Simulations can introduce and reinforce the kinds of general management competencies needed by entrepreneurs as their ventures evolve from start-up to growth and consolidation. The most significant advantage of simulations vis-à-vis entrepreneurship is their ability to subject students to the same types of attitudes and behaviors evidenced by entrepreneurs in their day-to-day business careers.
Designing an International Joint Venture Negotiation Game
Authors: Kenkel Phil , Wingender John R. , Tilley Daniel S.
Published: March 2007

The success of developing a Joint Venture Simulation Game to model the common management problems encountered in the negotiation and management of an international joint venture is evaluated. The business simulation game was designed to communicate abstract concepts such as partner rapport, transfer price conflicts, and marketing disagreements to executives of state-owned agribusinesses in Indonesia. The study examines the actions of the Indonesian agribusiness executives during the game relative to the learning objectives.
The Effectiveness of Business Games in Strategic Management Course Work
Authors: Wolfe Joseph
Published: March 2007

The variety and user-friendliness of computer-based games available to the strategic management instructor has increased, although the number of commercially available games has fallen due to a number of factors. Based on the criterion of objectively measured learning outcomes, the various games studied over the years produce genuine results and results that are superior to those obtained via the case approach, which is the major alternative teaching strategy. Far less research has been conducted on game-facilitating factors that lead to effective learning outcomes in a business game environment.
Cooperation in an Infinite-Choice Continuous-Time Prisoner's Dilemma
Authors: Feeley Thomas H. , Tutzauer Frank , Rosenfeld Heather L. , Young Melissa J.
Published: March 2007

This study expands the parameters of the classic Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) by testing an infinite-choice, continuous-time paradigm. A total of48 subjects were presented with a scenario that maintained the structural aspects of the PD but allowed them to choose from an infinite number of cooperation levels and required them to make their choices continuously rather than at discrete points in time. Cooperation levels for each subject and the strategies the subjects employed were analyzed along with total points received and the dynamic properties of their choice behavior Results indicated that the predominant over-time behavior was one of oscillatory cooperation levels, that players tended to match their opponents' behavior, and that initial cooperation level bore no relationship to final outcome.
Achieving Intercultural Communication through Computerized Business Simulation/Games
Authors: Cox Benita M.
Published: March 2007

This article considers the opportunities and challenges for designers of business simulation/games afforded by the multicultural environment of the Internet. It is suggested that business games designed for Internet use demand more detailed consideration to be given to their role as tools of communication and to the profile and culture of the end users.
Simulation as Play: A Semiotic Analysis
Authors: Myers David
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the distinction between algorithmic and experiential simulations from a semiotic perspective. Parallels are drawn between theories and definitions of play, and theories and definitions of simulations. Conclusions concern the degree to which defining simulations as a form of representational play might more clearly explicate the value and function of educational simulations.
Evaluating Parent Education Groups: Effects on Sense of Competence and Social Isolation
Authors: Barber James G.
Published: March 2007

One-hundred twenty-four mothers from eight community service regions in the Australian state of Tasmania participated in a study of parent education services provided in a small group format. Using a no-treatment control group design, it was predicted that participation in parent education groups would enhance the mother's sense of competence as a parent, reduce parental social isolation, and improve child comportment. These hypotheses were partially supported. Participation in parent education groups did enhance the mother's sense of competence immediately posttreatment, but reductions in social isolation and child difficulty were not found until the 3-month follow-up. Although a variety of parent education group formats were employed, there were no appreciable differences among them in terms of effectiveness. Further applications for social work practice are discussed.
A Decade of Social Group Work Research: Trends in Methodology, Theory, and Program Development
Authors: Tolman Richard M. , Molidor Christian E.
Published: March 2007

This study examines a decade of social work group outcome research. Fifty-four group research studies were identified in nine key social work journals and from Social Work Research and Abstracts. Methodological aspects of the studies were reviewed including theoretical orientation, group format, leadership, design, target problem or area, and measurement. Results of the review indicate that investigations of cognitive-behavioral groups dominate the research literature. Although a wide array of target problems have been studied, children's social skills and behavior problems are the most frequently examined. Among the markers of increasing methodological sophistication of the group research literature were balancing of group leadership across comparison group conditions and the use of multiple measures for determining outcome. Although experimental studies were the most frequent design used, they were outnumbered by the combination of quasi-experimental group compansons and nonexperimen tal designs.
Promoting Adoptions by Foster Parents Through an Inner-City Organization
Authors: Briggs Harold E.
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated changes in the number of foster parent adoptions during a multilevel behavioral intervention. Staff and management of an inner-city community organization providing foster care services to African American children and families were taught how to (a) make permanency planning decisions, (b) train foster parents, (c) prepare biological and adoptive foster families for foster parent adoptions, and (d) implement foster care services. Foster parent adoptions increased as the number of consultation and training hours increased incrementally each year during the life of the study. The consultant's recommendations were followed by qualitative changes in the organization. There was a reduction in administrative staff turnover, an increase in administrative support, an increase in the number of new foster homes, and an increase in foster parent attendance at training meetings. Future research is needed to explore the effectiveness of this approach on direct care staff retention and performance variables.
Guidelines for Building Research Centers in Schools of Social Work
Authors: Wodarski John S.
Published: March 2007

The last decade has witnessed growing efforts among schools of social work to improve their stature through research productivity. Research centers play a significant role in this quest through the provision of the following: a personalized approach to securing funding, grants seminars, grant and management critiques, a personalized system of networking, and provision of other types of support. Guidelines for the initiation and management of social work research centers are provided and discussed in relation to the author's experiences in directing research efforts in a variety of administrative roles and contexts.
Behavioral Social Work: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Gambrill Eileen
Published: March 2007

In the past 3 decades, the development and application of behavioral methods within social work has greatly expanded. This article provides an overview of behavioral social work.
The Chinese Version of the Self-Report Family Inventory: Does Culture Make a Difference?
Authors: Shek Daniel T. L.
Published: March 2007

The reliability and factor structures of the Chinese Self-Report Family Inventory (C-SFI) are ex amined in this paper. The C-SFI was administered to 858 Chinese parents and their adolescent children (n= 429). Results showed that the C-SFI is internally consistent. Contrary to the previ ous findings that there are five to six dimensions of the original Self-Report Family Inventory (SFI), factor analyses revealed that two stable factors (Family Health and Family Pathology) were abstracted from the C-SFI. The present data suggest that social work and clinical practitio ners should be cautious in using the subscales in the SFI (particularly for Chinese people) and that they should be conscious of cultural variations in the application of family assessment tools. Further effort should be made to clarify the dimensionality of the SFI.
Psychopharmacological Treatment of Dementia
Authors: Callaway Janice T.
Published: March 2007

Dementia is a challenging constellation of pathology, symptoms, and treatment modalities. Multiple etiologies for dementia have been proposed, resulting in numerous research attempts at determining the underlying causes and potential therapeutic approaches. Currently, psycho pharmacological management of dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease, focuses on the manifested cognitive and noncognitive symptoms. This article provides an overview and descrip tion of dementia, explores current and investigational agents used in the treatment of accompa nying cognitive and noncognitive symptoms, and suggests considerations for assessing certain aspects of pharmacological management.
Advance Directives: A Social Work Initiative to Increase Participation
Authors: Gockel Jane , Morrow-Howell Nancy , Thompson Edith , Pousson Mark , Johnson Marva
Published: March 2007

This article compared data on 200 patients at a large urban hospital on a number of demographic variables to distinguish clients who initiated an advance directive from those who declined. To better understand why some respondents refused, a telephone survey was conducted. As a result of the survey, an educational intervention was initiated in the walk-in clinic area. A social work student provided informatton and assisted with the completion of the forms. An ambulatory care setting was chosen assuming that, when patients are less ill, they may be better able to absorb the information on advance directives. As a result of the educational intervention, 66% of the respondents approached initiated an advance directive. Those that declined were called 2 weeks later, and 80% gave responses indicating they were making an informed decision. The findings clearly demonstrate that an educational intervention increases the percentage of individuals who initiate an advance directive.
Evaluating the Georgia Legislative Waiver's Effectiveness in Deterring Juvenile Crime
Authors: Risler Edwin A. , Sweatman Tim , Nackerud Larry
Published: March 2007

In an effort to curb the reported increases in violent juvenile crime, the growing trend of state legislatures is the removal of crimes specified as serious from the jurisdiction of the juvenile court. Having been legislatively waived, these offenses are placed within the jurisdiction of the superior court, and the offender, regardless of age, is tried as an adult. This investigation reports on the deterrent effect of the Georgia legislative waiver passed in 1994. A quasi-experimental cohort design is used in a comparison of the mean arrest rates for juveniles arrested for the specified crimes before and after the law's enactment. The analysis of the data suggests that there were no significant reductions in the mean arrest rates for the offenses specified by the law. Findings are consistent with studies that evaluated the legislative waiver in other states and suggest that the law does not reduce serious juvenile crime.
The Role of Some Nonbiomedical Parameters in Clinical Decision Making: An Ethnographic Approach
Authors: Stein Howard F.
Published: March 2007

A descriptive, as contrasted with a prescriptive, model of biomedical decision making is presented. The ethnographic method, widely used in anthropology, is advocated as a means of eliciting this level of data. Several vignettes are presented to illustrate the complex texture of medical thought and action. The utility of ethnographic approaches in health practitioner education and clinical work is proposed.
Patient Hope: Exploring the Interactions between Physicians and HIV Seropositive Individuals
Authors: Wong-Wylie Gina , Jevne Ronna F.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated interactions between physicians and HIV seropositive persons that enhance or diminish patient hope. Twenty-two critical incident accounts and interview transcripts were obtained from 6 HIV seropositive and 2 AIDS-diagnosed individuals. The data were analyzed for components within patient/doctor interactions that influence patient hope, whereby either hope-enhancing (hope-full) or hope-diminishing (hopeless) interactions were identified. A central theme emerged in which the valence of the patients' perceived relationship with the doctor was salient to the hope-potential of each interaction. Five critical requirements contributing to a hope-full versus a hope-less interaction were identified. Categories consisted of paired factors at opposing valences: (a) being known as human/being known as a case, (b) connecting/disconnecting, (c) descriptive/prescriptive, (d) welcoming/dismissing, and (e) informing/poorly informing. This study gives rise to the need for further investigation into the patient/doctor relationship as it pertains to patient hope.
Interviewing Persons with a Learning Disability: How Setting Lower Standards May Inflate Well-Being Scores
Authors: Antaki Charles
Published: March 2007

To be psychometrically valid, standard questions are meant to be delivered as they appear on the interview schedule—or by nonleading paraphrase—and the respondents’ answers exactly recorded. Yet, inspection of a set of transcripts of quality-of-life assessments of people with a learning disability (in North American terminology, mental retardation) shows massive deviation from this ideal. What is unsurprising is that interviewers frequently edit questions to address their interviewees’ limited cognitive competence. What is more pragmatically and interactionally interesting is that interviewers also redesign questions “sensitively” in ways that lower the social and personal criteria for a high score. Unofficially lowering the bar in this way might seem generous, but it constructs the respondent as impaired. It also means that respondents may end up getting high quality-of-life scores on unambitious questions one would not ask of people without a learning disability and that do not appear on the official questionnaire.
Power and the Changing Environment
Authors: Barbuto John E.
Published: March 2007

The exercise presented integrates the basic power model and environmental change drivers. The exercise incorporates an innovative teaching approach to demonstrate how power is gained and lost as the organization’s environment changes. In addition to developing students’ interpersonal group skills and reinforcing the theories of power and change, the exercise bridges the organizational behavior and organizational theory concepts of power and the changing environment. This article provides a brief summary of the power model, a brief review of the four environmental change drivers, instructions for facilitating and processing the exercise, and a classroom handout.
Lessons in Leadership from the Arts and Literature: A Liberal Arts Approach to Management Education through Fifth Discipline Learning
Authors: Harrison J. Kline , Akinc Helen
Published: March 2007

A variety of constituents in management education have advocated the need for integrating liberal arts into the business curriculum. In response, this article presents an overview of a freshman seminar for prospective managers. The purpose of the seminar is to explore the arts and literature to discover what lessons can be learned about leadership. Through application of the five learning disciplines, students are challenged to analyze and interpret artistic and literary works with respect to leadership concepts.
The Promise and Peril of Video Cases: Reflections on their Creation and Use
Authors: Liedtka Jeanne
Published: March 2007

This article recounts its author’s experiences with and insights on the creation and use of video cases, finding both significant promise and potential perils. Their creation, the author asserts, is not for the faint of heart or for the short of time and capital. They are not the universal solution for classroom ennui, nor can they be taught in the same way as traditional cases. On the other hand, they can be powerful and memorable in a way that no traditional case can and can enliven discussions with the richness and complexity of real people. They are also well suited for encouraging the development of critical skills that we have often ignored in our case method classrooms.
Using Advocacy and Inquiry to Improve the Thinking Process of Future Managers
Authors: Tompkins Teri C.
Published: March 2007

In today’s dynamic and intricate environment, how do educators make a difference in teaching future managers to explore complex, interdependent problems in a way that helps them think together to arrive at new insights? Organizational learning using the tools of advocacy and inquiry can help. When balancing advocacy and inquiry, one lays out one’s reasoning and thinking and then encourages others to challenge them. Case method and lecture/discussion are used to explore these concepts. A coding scheme was developed to evaluate low and high advocacy and inquiry.
A Very Extreme Case of the Dollar Auction
Authors: Murnighan J. Keith
Published: March 2007

This article presents the true story of an exercise conducted in an executive MBA class. The Dollar Auction has been used to great benefit in many classes on negotiations and organizational behavior. The case described here represents the most extreme outcome that the author or his colleagues have ever observed. It leads to a number of observations about emotions, rationality, and strategy in the heat of battle and provides an opportunity to discuss the potent effects of time pressure and competition in individual and organizational decision making.
Team Building in an MBA “Gateway” Course: Lessons Learned
Authors: Tonn Joan C. , Milledge Vicki
Published: March 2007

The authors describe the evolution of their approach to helpingstudents learn team-buildingskills in a new “gateway” course for an MBA program servinglargely part-time working professionals. The authors describe the obstacles they had to overcome to achieve these goals and identify three key components of their approach to team-building: managing student expectations, addressing challenges and opportunities posed by diversity, and supporting and rewarding team development.
The Use of Living Cases in Teaching Business Policy
Authors: Learned Kevin E
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the use of "living cases" as a means of increasing the excitement and relevance of business policy courses. With living cases, students are teamed with business owner/managers for an entire course. The business owner/managers attend and participate in all classes with the students. Students report that the business owner/managers provide a reality base that increases their understanding of course concepts, and owner/managers report that they benefit from seeing their firms from a fresh perspective. Implementation issues are also discussed.
Teaching Communications: Take a Walk on the "Far Side"
Authors: Gilson C. H.J.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a classroom activity using cartoons from Gary Larson's The Far Side as a means of helping students understand the impact of personal prejudices on basic communication processes. Step-by-step instructions and support materials are included.
Making the Most of Job Assignments: An Exercise in Planning for Learning
Authors: Dechant Kathleen
Published: March 2007

This article contains an exercise in planning to learn from job assignments derived from a recent study and the literature on self-directed learning. It proposes a frame-work and a process intended to help students who are managers and professionals view, plan, and analyze their job assignments using the lens of learning. As such, it enables them to become architects of their own development in a conscious, proac-tive way.
Management Education: Shifting Our Assumptions
Authors: Ford Jeffrey D.
Published: March 2007

Management educators are under increasing scrutiny and criticism for the quality of work they produce. This article proposes that to address these criticisms warrants a shift in our assumptions regarding education. In particular, a shift from the assumptions that the world is inherently ordered, that knowledge leads to action, and that action leads to results to the assumptions that the world is inherently chaotic, that results call for action, and that action generates knowledge is articulated. An example of its application to a classroom setting is provided.
Student Aptitude and Management Knowledge—The Management Skill Inventory Bridge
Authors: Staff-Glass David
Published: March 2007

Introductory management courses often are presented as knowledge-based studies. Although students may have limited work experience, they possess considerable life experiences and aptitude that can be used as a starting point for management knowledge. Prior to formal exposure to such issues as planning and leadership, the author asks students to complete self-assessment tests, allowing students to name and quantify their latent abilities and to use the classroom setting to build on this self-discovered knowledge. This article explores the use of this self-assessment technique in the classroom and its implications for learning.
From Tour Guide to Teacher: Deepening Cross-Cultural Competence through International Experience-Based Education
Authors: Allen Douglas , Young Murray
Published: March 2007

Research suggests that cross-cultural competence can best be developed through face-to-face contact with other cultures. In light of this, many universities seek ways to provide strong, cross-cultural exposure to students. The authors describe an innovative 8-day sojourn to Mexico, in which students and faculty experience cross-cultural immersion through activity-based learning. Design issues and key earnings for educators who seek to develop or enhance cross-cultural management education programs are discussed. Feedback from student and faculty participants is included.
Team Frames: The Multiple Realities of the Team
Authors: Bowen Donald D.
Published: March 2007

"Team Frames" is an experiential exercise designed to introduce students to the problem-solving skill of reframing by applying the concept to class teams. The activity also contributes to the development of more effective teams as students come to recognize the multiple realities and possibilities that they usually overlook in their task groups.
The Use of Magic in Teaching Organizational Behavior
Authors: Krell Terence C. , Dobson Joseph J.
Published: March 2007

The parallel between magic and Organizational Behavior (OB) is that actions, behaviors, and events often happen with a lack of easily understandable explanation. An Anger-Wonder-Envy (AWE) response occurs. Magic tricks recreate this AWE response experientially in the classroom. This article explores the nature of the AWE response, provides instructions for the performance and presentation of two magic tricks, and outlines several OB themes relating to the demonstrations of magic.
Women's Views of the Preterm Labor Experience
Authors: Mackey Marlene C. , Coster-Schulz Marcia A.
Published: March 2007

This study used a naturalistic approach to describe the childbearing woman's views of her preterm labor and delivery experience. Specifically, the aim was to identify how women describe, interpret, and manage preterm labor and subsequent preterm or term delivery. The views of 20 women who were hospitalized for preterm labor (before 37 weeks) were documented with semistructured, tape-recorded, in-depth interviews during their hospilization for preterm labor and after delivery. Qualitative data analysis focused on the process of becoming a preterm labor patient and on living with a diagnosis of preterm labor. Women either waited for a period of time before seeking care or sought care immediately for the symptoms they were experiencing. Women interpreted the experience by identifying causes of preterm labor and by worrying about the outcome for the baby. Managing preterm labor required extensive, moderate, or limited changes in their lives. Women who delivered at term appeared to have more tangible help than those who delivered preterm. A better understanding of women's preterm labor experiences will provide clues to nurses on how to improve the care they provide.
Symptoms Reported by Older and Middle-Aged Adults after Coronary Bypass Surgery
Authors: Redeker Nancy S.
Published: March 2007

Knowledge of the most prevalent symptoms after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS) can be used to assist patients to anticipate recovery. The purposes of this study were to describe the prevalence of symptoms during the first 6 weeks after CABS, to assess changes in the number and types of symptoms, and to compare symptoms in older and middle-aged adults. The most prevalent symptoms during hospitalization (rime 1) were pain, edema, wound drainage, fever, and fatigue. In the third through fifth postoperative weeks (Time 2), the most prevalent symptoms were pain, edema. sleep problems, fatigue, and wound drainage. At 6 weeks (Time 3), sleep problems, edema. pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath were the most common. Number of symptoms decreased significantly between Times 1 and 3. AU symptoms were more prevalent at Time 2 than at Time 1 and less prevalent at Time 3, with the exception of sleep problems, which were reported more frequently at Time 3 than at Time 1. The most persistent symptoms were edema, fatigue, sleep problems, pain, and shortness of breath. Significantly more middle-aged adults than older adults reported anxiety at Time 2. No other age-related differences were found. Implications for nursing practice and research are discussed.
The Role of Comfort in Nursing Care: 1900-1980
Authors: McIlveen Kathleen Hunter , Morse Janice M.
Published: March 2007

A total of 621 Journal articles and 17 textbooks written by nurses between 1900 and 1980 were coded for the key words comfort, comfortable, comforting, uncomfortable, discomfort, and pain. A content analysis revealed 12 categories explicating differing roles of comfort in nursing and comfort strategies for the provision of nursing care. The emphasis on comfort and the role of comfort changed throughout the eight decades. From 1900 to 1929, comfort was the central focus and moral imperative of nursing; firm 1930 to 1959, comfort was considered a strategy for achieving fundamental aspects of nursing care; and from 1960 to 1980, comfort became a minor nursing goal Although in this last period the physical aspects of care dominated emotional comfort became increasingly important Comfort was only significant throughout the entire period for patients for whom there was no medical treatment. The changing role of comfort over time could account for advances in nursing education, medicine, medical technology, and the adoption of theoretical frameworks into nursing.
Life in a Nursing Home for the Frail Elderly
Authors: Liukkonen Arja
Published: March 2007

This study forms part of a research project intended to shape the care of elderly residents in two nursing homes so that it better corresponds to their needs. The goal of this effort was to look at the life and treatment experiences of frail elderly residents. The data were collected by interviewing 31 residents and analyzed using continuous comparison methods. The results showed that the nursing staff was clearly preoccupied with daily activities, whereas the lives of elderly residents received less attention There was a widespread feeling among residents that staff members were always pressed for time and did not want to talk with them. Nursing staff should encourage elderly patients to talk about their hopes, desires, and everyday thoughts. A closer familiarity with their patients' life stories will also help the nursing staff to understand and appreciate the hopes of their clients.
Identifying Denial in Stroke Patients
Authors: Christensen John M. , Cook Elizabeth A. , Martin Barbara C.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to test the reliability of an experimental assessment tool for identifying and differentiating between psychodynamic and neurogenic denial in stroke patients. A one-page criterion referenced denial assessment tool was used by interdisciplinary rater teams to evaluate patients with either right or left hemisphere insults. High interrater reliability was obtained Assessment data indicated that right-CVA patients had higher psychodynamic and neurogenic denial scores than left-CVA patients. Higher psychodynamic denial scores were also observed in the second month post-stroke. The experimental denial assessment tool proved to be a practical way for identifying and differentiating psychodynamic and neurogenic forms of denial. This tool can provide a means for ongoing assessment to support precise nursing diagnoses and promote effective patient-focused care planning throughout the rehabilitation process.
Strategies for Survival in the Microcomputer Industry 1985-1989
Authors: Bauerschmidt Alan , Chrisman James J.
Published: March 2007

Investigation of the population of microcomputer firms that competed in the turbulent period of 1985 to 1989 raises questions about population ecologists' assumption of strategic inertia and calls into question the assumption of strategic interdependence advocated by strategic-management theorists and industrial-organization economists. Classification of the firms in the microcomputer industry indicates consolidation from six to four strategic groups, with a consequent reduction in strategic diversity. Many survivors changed strategies; however, firms with broader-scope strategies were more likely to be successful.
The Resurgence of an Entrepreneurial Class in Russia
Authors: McCarthy Danel J. , Puffer Sheila M. , Shekshnia Stanislav V.
Published: March 2007

Forty Russian managers were surveyed about their newly founded entrepreneurial ventures. The respondents averaged 32 years of age and, although possessing mainly technical backgrounds, were involved in a variety of businesses not necessarily technical in nature. Most had adopted a highly opportunistic strategy for their new enterprises. Success was seen as requiring products and services of good quality, a capable workforce, financial stability, and a respected company image. Competent employees were rated as the major strength of their organizations. Profitability was the most important business objective. The government was viewed as the major source of problems encountered.
Comment: Academic Research in Management Organizations
Authors: Hitt Michael A.
Published: March 2007

There has been significant criticism of academic research in management/organizations. Although some is valid, other criticism is unfair and sometimes inaccurate. Academic research in management is better than at any time in the past. Furthermore, teaching and research in management are not atomistic; rather, they can be highly complementary. Still, management research can be improved, perhaps, partially through research advisory boards (RABs) recommended by Ramon J. Aldag and Sally Riggs Fuller. However, RABs only provide part of the answer to the criticisms advanced. Current research in management/organizations has significant implications for practicing managers, but much of it is not easily accessible to them. Thus researchers must find ways to make their research more accessible to important constituencies. The author concludes that management research is alive, not dead. However, researchers must continue to improve it and respond to the criticisms from important constituencies.
The Management of Strategic Time Horizons within Biotechnology Firms
Authors: Judge William Q. , Speitzfaden Mark
Published: March 2007

Strategic time horizons are an important but neglected area of research in the strategic management literature. Using inductive methods, the authors attempted to explore and develop the concept of strategic time horizons as well as build a theory of their antecedents and effects. In four of the eight biotechnology firms studied, they found that executives managed their strategic investments as a diverse portfolio of time horizons. Overall, the time horizon diversity (operationalized as the average length and standard deviation of the time horizons in the portfolio of strategic investments) required relatively complex cognitive structures on the part of the dominant coalition. The CEO's technical awareness, the dominant coalition's locus of control, and strategic issue array size were found to be antecedents of the firm's time horizon diversity. Finally, time horizon diversity was found to be associated with superior financial performance.
"It Seems to Fill My Head with Ideas"
Authors: De Cock Christian
Published: March 2007

The main objective of this article is to explode the popular myth that the Total Quality Management (TQM) and Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) constructs have not been properly understood or implemented. Elements of postmodern discourse are used to juggle with the meaning of TQM, BPR, and, at a later stage, with that of postmodernism itself. Problems traditionally identified as hampering TQM/BPR implementation can be thus dissolved. Both the arguments of TQM/BPR advocates and opponents will be shown to be necessarily incomplete. By taking the TQM/BPR constructs less seriously and offering an alternative to the totalizing discourse surrounding them, we may be able to unlock more of their potential.
The Decision to Call the Police: A Comparative Study of the United States and Venezuela
Authors: Birkbeck Christopher , Gabaldón Luis Gerardo , LaFree Gary
Published: March 2007

Cross-national studies of the police have indicated that cultural and attitudinal variables are important determinants of citizens' decision to call the police. In contrast, crime victimization surveys conducted within countries have indicated that crime seriousness is the only important variable. In the present study, data from household surveys conducted in the United States and Venezuela are used to test the relative importance of attitudes toward the police and seriousness of crime as determinants of calling the police. Results indicate that seriousness is a better predictor than attitudes toward the police, although it by no means accounts for all cross-national differences in reporting patterns. Further study of attitudes toward the police would be fruitful.
Maintaining Law and Order in India: An Exercise in Police Discretion
Authors: Verma Arvind
Published: March 2007

The police in developed countries face relatively few incidents of organized public defiance, and therefore the exercise of police discretion in handling major law and order problems has not been a focus of study. In contrast, the multicultural and multiethnic society in India, struggling to form a modern nation through a competitive democratic framework, presents situations virtually every day in which the police have to use discretionary judgments in maintaining order within a legal framework. This paper examines the scope of discretion provided by Indian law and its utilization by the police in dealing with several kinds of such problems. In particular, it examines the application of discretion in handling communal clashes between different religious groups, in dealing with political agitations and demonstrations, and in controlling crowds during visits by political leaders. Several tactics utilized by police administrators in dealing with large masses of people in these situations are described as well as the problems that arise from their discretionary judgments. New information is provided about police practices in order maintenance functions, and other areas of research are suggested,
Understanding Group Efficacy
Authors: Gibson Cristina B. , Randel Amy E. , Earley P. Christopher
Published: March 2007

Methods of assessing group efficacy were examined using a multiparty role play negotiation. Group efficacy is defined as a group’s perceived capability to perform. Three methods of measuring group efficacy were compared: (a) group potency, (b) an aggregation of group members’ estimates, and (c) group discussion. These methods were used to assess group efficacy regarding several group performance characteristics. Analyses were conducted to assess various validity and measurement issues. All methods and types demonstrated construct validity; however, predictive validity was modest and varied across the measures. The group discussion method predicted group outcomes better than the potency scale or aggregate method. As expected, generalized efficacy measures predicted general performance indicators, and task-specific measures predicted task-specific performance.
Does Mentor-Protégé Agreement on Mentor Leadership Behavior Influence the Quality of a Mentoring Relationship?
Authors: Godshalk Veronica M. , Sosik John J.
Published: March 2007

This study examined whether mentor-protégé agreement regarding mentor transformational leadership behavior would influence the quality of mentoring relationships. Mentors in 199 mentor-protégé dyads were classified as overestimators, underestimators, or in agreement based on the difference between mentor’s self-rating and protégé’s rating of mentor’s transformational leadership behaviors. Results of multivariate analysis of variance indicated that underestimator dyads experience the highest quality of mentoring relationships in terms of psychosocial support received, career development, and perceived mentoring effectiveness. The practical implications of these findings are discussed.
A Structural Approach to Organization Development in a University Professional School
Authors: Peters Lynn H. , Mckenna John F.
Published: March 2007

Accounts of organization development interventions typically deal with business or industrial organizations, stress the significance of an external consultant, and use group-centered educational or attitudinal change methods. This study departs from tradition in all three instances. The client system in this study was a professional school within a major western university. The primary change agent was an interim director of the school; thus, he held line authority over the business of the school as well as the nature of the change process. The intervention technique was almost entirely the manipulation of the school's structural properties. The conceptual framework for the change process stressed two primary elements: (1) the appropriateness of the Lewinian model of social-system change, and (2) the necessity to recognize the "systemness" of the inter vention process. The study reviews literature in the field that is important in understanding the nature of this intervention, presents the background of the client system, discusses the specifics of the intervention methodol ogy as well as the results of the project, and, finally, summarizes the implications of this project for the field of organization development.
Applying Crisis Theory to Organizations: A Case Study
Authors: Mandell Lawrence , Zacker Joseph
Published: March 2007

For both the administrator and the consultant, it is important to distin guish among crisis, stress, and conflict in an organization. Crisis theory, previously concerned mainly with the state of the individual, suggests that the major sign of organizational crisis is progressively rising tension, which results in emergency efforts to mobilize tension-reducing re sources. A case study of an organizational crisis is presented to illustrate the applicability of crisis theory to an organization. Factors that appear to precipitate organizational crisis and those that lead to its satisfactory resolution can be compiled from careful case studies. An awareness of such factors and of the nature of a crisis has important implications for organizational consultants and administrators. Suggestions for interven tions are offered.
The Effect of Self-Esteem on Leadership and Achievement: A Paradigm and a Review
Authors: Hill Norman C. , Ritchie J.B.
Published: March 2007

Studies on leadership, by both laymen and academicians, abound. It is an oft- studied concept that has experienced a distinct evolutionary cycle typical of much of social science research. This paradigm is utilized to describe a variety of investi gations that suggest that self-esteem is a significant variable in individual produc tive functioning and leadership effectiveness. This literature is reviewed, focusing not on characteristics of a leader, but on superior-subordinate interactions. A con ceptual framework is presented that describes the importance of self-esteem, how it is affected in organization contexts, and what implications are apparent, given this evidence, for researchers, managers, and consultants.
Marathon Versus Weekly Encounter-Group Treatment on Self-Actualization: Two Years Later
Authors: Kilmann Peter R. , Sotile Wayne M. , Fritz Kenneth R.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the comparative ability of a marathon and a weekly encounter group to produce gains in self-actualization. The sub jects were twenty-three undergraduates who volunteered for each of the experiences. The marathon group was conducted for sixteen relatively continuous hours. The weekly group met for two hours, twice weekly, for four weeks-a total of sixteen hours. Both treatment groups, conducted by the same leader, received the same sequence of group exercises. A signifi cant group effect indicated that both groups increased their self- actualization scores from the pretest. No significant differences were found between the two experimental groups on self-actualization or per ceived adjustment to life events over the two-year follow-up. No signifi cant group differences were found on participants' retrospective ratings of short-term and long-term group effects. Among other issues, the possi bility that certain treatment goals may be selectively influenced by one time format over the other is discussed.
Developing Collective Decision-Making and Problem-Solving Structures in Schools
Authors: Cooke Robert A. , Coughlan Robert J.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes an organization development program for edu cational systems and reviews an experiment conducted to assess its im pact on elementary schools and their teaching staffs. The OD program was designed to establish collective decision-making structures in schools and to initiate survey feedback and group problem-solving proc esses at the faculty level. The program was implemented in seven randomly selected schools and evaluated within the framework of a four-group experimental design. Evaluation results indicated that the program was generally successful in establishing collective structures and increasing the perceived adequacy of collective decision processes in the experimental schools. Additionally, the program led to a variety of faculty-initiated changes and improved teachers' attitudes toward im portant aspects of their work environment.
Validation of the Interpersonal Relationship Rating Scale
Authors: Brown Nina W. , Sullivan James
Published: March 2007

Hipple's Interpersonal Rating Scale (1972) was administered to graduate students in a counselor education program. The results were factor analyzed and six scales were extracted. The IRRS was then administered to two classes of students in group counseling who had been meeting together for fourteen weeks, both in class and in group experiences. The second group of students rated themselves and other group members on the IRRS. Discrepancy scores were set at ±1. Both groups had significantly more discrepancy scores than would be expected by chance alone.
Sexism in Personal Growth Groups: A Partial Remedy
Authors: Wheelan Susan A. , Bastas Effie
Published: March 2007

The thesis of this paper is that female participants in educational personal growth groups often have needs and goals that are different from those of male participants. Theoretical and research evidence substantiating the necessity for differential approaches to change in men and women are presented. A model to facilitate the goal attainment of women is suggested. The model contains a clear task orientation and a focus on behavioral change.
A Quick and Accurate Scoring Algorithm for Rank-Order Tasks: Adjusting for Bias with Dispersion Scoring Methods
Authors: Roskin Rick , Redlack Austin
Published: March 2007

Many rank order tasks, developed as experiential exercises in learning situations, use a dispersion scoring method based upon the absolute difference between a respondent's answer and a solution key. This article shows that when the respondent is a team it is not appropriate to compare it directly to the sum of the scores of the average of individuals, in other words, a simple statistical aggrega tion of averages. A bias is present which is an effect of the size of the team. A quick and accurate scoring algorithm is presented to adjust for this bias.