bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of planting spaces and fertilization package on the productivity and prolific level of maize var. Sinhas 1
Authors: Farid Muh. , Padjung Rusnadi , Nasaruddin  , Ridwan I
Published: July 2021

A study aimed to determine planting system and fertilization packages that give the best result on productivity and prolific level of Maize was conducted. Maize variety Sinhas 1 was planted with three planting systems to design different planting spaces between and within the rows. A Legowo planting system was used with two models, ie. Legowo (50+100) × 20 cm and Legowo (50+100) × 18 cm, resulted in a total of 66,667 and 74,074 population per hectare, respectively. A normal planting spacing of 75 × 20 cm was used as control with a total population of 66,667 plants per hectare. Four fertilization packages were used consisted of N:P:K= 225:100:75; N:P:K= 200:100:60 + KNO3 10 kg; N:P:K= 225:100:75 + Ecofarming 5cc/L; and N:P:K= 200:100:50 + KNO3 10 kg + Ecofarming 5 cc/L. A split plot experimental design was employed. Results show that Legowo planting system and fertilization packages significantly increased the productivity and the prolific level of the maize. Planting density of Legowo (50+100) × 20 cm applied with N:P:K = 200:100:50 + KNO3 10 kg + Ecofarming 5cc/L resulted in the highest productivity of 10.43 t ha−1 with percentage of prolific of 73.36%.
Effect of ashing temperature on potassium nutrient content of various organic matter
Authors: Anwar A R , Ala A , Kuswinanti T , Syam’un E
Published: July 2021

Mineral ash fertilizer resulting from a burning process of plant wastes has the potential to replace or reduce the use of anorganic potassium fertilizers. Hence it can increase the availability of potassium for plants. This study aimed to determine the effect of ashing temperature on potassium nutrient content from kapok peels, banana stems, and coconut husks. The combustion temperature treatments were 300° C and 600°C for 3 hours into the muffle furnace and without ashing. Analysis of potassium content was conducted using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) method. The results showed that the temperature of 600°C gave the highest content of potassium from kapok peel (9.59%), the temperature of 300°C for banana stem (9.82%), while without ashing, the highest content of potassium was from the banana stem (8.20%). The organic matter that produces the highest potassium content was banana stem at an ashing temperature of 300°C, and the lowest was coconut husk at an ashing temperature of 600 °C.
Cluster heatmap for screening the drought tolerant rice through hydroponic culture
Authors: Sakinah A I , Musa Y , Farid M , Anshori M F , Arifuddin M , Laraswati A A
Published: July 2021

The development of drought rice screening is one of the keys to increase selection effectiveness. This development can be done by developing the analytical method. In general, identification of tolerant rice can be conducted with the cluster analysis. However, the common cluster analysis just was focused on genotype clusters so that the reason for the clustering does not can explain. Therefore, the other analysis approach needs to be done, such as cluster heatmap analysis. The objective of this study is to identify the effectiveness of cluster heatmap used in rice tolerance screening under drought stress. This study was designed with a nested randomized complete group design, where replications were nested in PEG 6000 concentration as a screening environment. The concentration of PEG used in this study was 0% PEG and 20% PEG. The genotype used consisted of 8 genotypes repeated three times. Hydroponic culture used ABmix in culture solution. As for, the number of characters observed was seven morphology characters and three physiological characters. The results of this study showed that cluster heatmap analysis could distinguish between the rice tolerant group drought-tolerant variety control (Salumpikit, Pokkali, and Inpari 29), and sensitive variety control (IR 20). Besides that, the good selection characters in hydroponic drought screening were shoot length, the number of tillers, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, and total biomass fresh weight. Based on this study, the cluster heatmap can be recommended as one of the analytical methods in hydroponic drought screening.
Strategy for adaptation of rice plant management on the climate changes impacts in Soppeng Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia
Authors: Winarno  , Mustari K , Yassi A
Published: July 2021

The global climate change resulting in shifting patterns distribution of rain was influenced to growth and development of rice plant. The aims of this study were to guide the implementation of rice cultivation technology based on climate change, to change the mind set of farmers from the hereditary habits to better system according to the climate change model, and to formulate the adaptation strategy to climate change impact in the management of rice plant in Soppeng Regency. The study began in January to April 2017 at 8 (eight) sub-districts in Soppeng Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The study employed descriptive quantitative study with survey model. Eighty farmers were selected purposively as respondents who are assumed to be able to answer the aspects studied such as production variables, diffusion of innovation, climatic elements, and government policy. Data analysis was descriptive quantitative analyzing rainfall according to Schmidt-Ferguson, SWOT analysis, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with expert choice program 11. The results of analysis with AHP method indicate that cultivation technology adaptation that can be applied to the rice planting management in Soppeng Regency was based on the sequence of priority scales. The component of the planting schedule has the highest weight of 18.8%, followed by the improvement of planting patterns 15.8%, the use of improved varieties 15.6%, water management 14.6%, 14.0% system improvement, 7.9% fertilization, pest control 7.7%, and harvesting component of 5.6%. Some alternative activities or programs on climate change adaptation strategy in rice cultivation are: (1) field school activities; (2) cultivation technical training; (3) participatory pest surveillance; (4) site-specific climate information procurement; (5) climate change socialization activities; (6) creation of experimental farm; (7) matching cultivation variety with climate condition; (8) diversification and crop rotation; (9) seed procurement; and (10) budgets of farmers’ groups.
Effect of climatic factors on the level of Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei Ferr) attack on smallholder coffee plantation in Tana Toraja Regency
Authors: Kaimuddin  , Mustari K , Ridwan I , Natasya F , Yassi A , Bahrun A H
Published: July 2021

This study aims to analyze the relationship between climate parameters and the level of Coffee berry borer (CBB) (Hypothenemus hampei Ferr) pest attack and predict the impact of climate change on the CBB pest population. The research was conducted in Tana Toraja Regency, Gandang Batu Sillanan District, Benteng Ambeso Village and Gandang Batu Village from June 2019 to July 2019. The research was in the form of survey (literature study, observation, and interviews), with purposive sampling carried out by selecting 30 respondents as the sample. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS multiple linear regression software with five variables. The area of CPB attack was the independent variable, while the maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature, humidity and rainfall were the dependent variables. The multiple linear regression equation is Y = 544.292 - 7.321X1 - 15.960X2 + 24.739X3 - 356X4 + 0.005X5. The coefficient of determination obtained was an R square value of 0.609, meaning that 60.90% of the area of the CBB pest attack for coffee plants can be explained by climatic factors, while the remaining 30.10% is explained by other variables outside the variables used. Climatic factors that affect the area of CBB pest attack were minimum temperature (probability value 0.041<0.05) and the average temperature (probability value 0.027<0.05). These variables were considered to have a significant effect while the maximum temperature factor (probability value 0.121> 0.05), humidity (probability value 0.221>0.05) and rainfall (probability value 0.581>0.05) was declared to have no significant effect.
Effect of the application of chicken manure compost tea on the growth of certified cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings
Authors: Kasim N , Mustari K , Iswari I , Nasaruddin  , Padjung R , Widiayani N
Published: July 2021

This study aims to determine the best concentration of compost tea on various cocoa seedlings. The research was conducted in Sudiang Village, Makassar City, South Sulawesi, from August to December 2019. The experiment was set using a 2-factor factorial design in a randomized block design (RBD) as the environmental design. The first factor was the type of cocoa varieties which consists of three levels, namely Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, and MCC 02. The second factor was the compost tea which consists of four levels, namely control (0 mL/L water), 50 mL/L water, 100 mL/L water, and 150 mL/L water. The results show that MCC 02 cocoa seedlings applied with compost tea fertilization of 100 mL/L of water showed the best response on the parameters of the number of leaves, stem diameter, fresh root weight, root dry weight and leaf chlorophyll index, chlorophyll A, chlorophyll. B and total chlorophyll.
Invigoration of Katokkon chili (Capsicum chínense Jacq.) seeds using halopriming and duration of immersion
Authors: Mantja K , Dermawan R , Nurfaida  , Iswoyo H , Syaiful S A , Dytheana A
Published: July 2021

A study was carried out to study the response of katokkon seeds to invigoration treatment using atonic substances, phosphoric acid, and KCl. This research was conducted in the form of an experiment using a randomized block design (RBD) 21. Invigoration treatments were given consisting of a combination of atonic substances, phosphoric acid and KCl with different immersion times. The results showed that the invigoration treatment package on the seeds that gave the best effect on the germination and vigor of the chili seeds was the best percentage value of sprouts, namely the package with atonic solution with a soaking time of 6 hours (75%), the percentage value of the vigor index, namely the package with long atonic solution immersion for 6 hours (95.00). Plumula length with a package consisting of a 6 hour immersion phosphoric acid solution with a plumule length (0.24 cm), a radicle length with a package consisting of 3 hours immersion atonic solution with a radicle length (0.51 cm), plant height with a package consisting of acidic solution Phosphate immersion 3 hours with high (9.49 cm), and long roots with a package consisting of a 12 hour long immersion atonic solution (14.02 cm).
Growth and production of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) in various planting systems and types of liquid organic fertilizers
Authors: Rafiuddin  , Mollah A , Risal M , Musa Y , Yassi A , Dachlan A
Published: July 2021

This study aims to determine the growth and production of rice in various planting systems and types of liquid organic fertilizer. The research was conducted in Rijang Panua Village, Kulo District, Sidenreng Rappang Regency from May to August 2016. The research was conducted based on a split plot design with main plot set was planting system consisted of three levels, namely: the tile planting system (20 cm × 20 cm), the legowo planting system 4:1 (40 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm), and 2:1 legowo planting system (40 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm). Subplot was type of liquid organic fertilizer made from three types of raw material, namely Gliricidia tree leaves, banana weevils, and Gliricidia leaves + banana weevil. The results show that there was a significant interaction effect between the two treatments on parameters of plant height, number of grains per panicle, production per plot and production per hectare. The combination of 2:1 legowo planting system and the liquid organic fertilizer made from Gliricidia leaves + banana weevil gave the highest yields on production per hectare (5.55 ton.ha−1). Highest number of productive tillers and an earlier flowering age were observed in the 2:1 legowo planting system (32.26 tillers and 60 days after sowing).
Test on Cayenne chili (Capsicum frutescens L.) varieties on different growing media bioponically
Authors: Haring F , Amin A R , Rabbi K , Kaimuddin  , Farid bdr M , Widiayani N , Dungga Novaty E , Ulfa F , Sahur A
Published: July 2021

The research aims to determine the varieties and composition of the planting media that provide the best growth and production, to determine which varieties provide the best growth and production of chili plants, one of the compositions of the planting medium that provides the best growth and production of chili plants, and to determine the parameters that high heritability value. The research took place from January to April 2019. The study used a separate plot design. The main plot is the composition of the planting medium which consists of 3 types of composition, namely: Burnt Husk, Cocopeat, and Baked Husk: Cocopeat 1: 1. Sub-plot, namely cayenne pepper, 5 varieties of chili, namely: Bara, Pelita 8 F1, Merapi, Sonar, and Centil. The results showed that the treatment that gave the highest growth and production was the treatment of cocopeat growing media with Sonar varieties with a value of 10.22 g/plant. The planting medium that gave the highest growth and production was the treatment of roasted husk growing media: cocopeat 1: 1 with a value of 8.68 g/plant. The variety that had the highest growth and production was the Sonar variety treatment with a value of 9.43 g/plant. Parameters that give high heritability are plant height, number of productive branches, flowering age, harvest age, fresh root weight, root volume, number of fruit harvested, production, and fruit length.
Growth response of pepper (Piper nigrum L.) seedlings to application of Arbuscula Mychorrizae Fungi (AMF) and NPK fertilizer
Authors: Iswoyo H , Ala A , Sulhidayat M , Dungga N E , Sjahril R , Yassi A
Published: July 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of mycorrhizal fungi and NPK fertilizers on the growth of pepper (Piper nigrum L.) seedlings. The study was conducted from December 2017 to February 2018 in the form of a two-factor factorial randomized block design (RBD) trial. The first factor was the inoculation of mycorrhizae fungi which consisted of four levels, namely control or without mycorrhizae, 10 g plant−1, 15 g plant−1, and 20 g plant−1 of the mycorrhizae. The second factor is the application of NPK fertilizer with three levels, namely without NPK fertilizer, NPK fertilizer 1 g plant−1, NPK fertilizer 1.5 g plant−1, NPK fertilizer 2 g plant−1. The results of this study indicate that the application of 20 g of mycorrhizae per plant resulted in better growth of pepper seedlings indicated by the parameters of root volume (1.83 mL). The application of NPK fertilizer 1.5 g per plant resulted in highest plant height (3.32 cm). There was no interaction between mycorrhizal fungi treatment and NPK fertilizer in affecting the growth of pepper seedlings.
Implementation of Good Agriculture Practice (GAP) in chili urban faming program: Evaluation on planting management in Manggala district City of Makassar
Authors: Dungga Novaty E. , Ridwan Ifayanti , Andina Ayu , Ulfa Fachirah , Sahur Asmiaty
Published: July 2021

This study aims to obtain information about the application of the Standard Operational Procedure (SOP) for chili cultivation as part of the alley business entity program in Manggala District, Makassar City. The research location was determined based on the consideration that in that location there were several farmer groups that had been verified by the Food Security Service Office in several previous programs. This research used descriptive method by observing and interviewing eight sub-districts in Manggala District. The results show the level of application of the SOP for chili cultivation in Manggala District, Makassar City of 64.06% with the highest percentage in Tamangapa sub-district covering the level of application of chili cultivation, namely seeding (75%), planting (75%), maintenance (75%), and harvest (75%). Meanwhile, the lowest level of application was shown in Biring Romang, namely seeding (45%), planting (45%), maintenance (30%) and harvesting (30%). The highest chili production was achieved by the Tamangapa district (200 g/tree) categorized as successful, while the lowest chili production was in the Biring Romang sub-district (100 g/tree) with the less successful category. The most common problems faced by respondents were pests and diseases where the most common pests were mealy bugs and the most common disease, namely fusarium wilt.
Effectivity of Biofertilizer and shoot pruning on yield of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L)
Authors: Gandhi Ardin , Ala Ambo , Nasaruddin
Published: July 2021

This study aims to understand the effectiveness of biofertilizers and shoot pruning in improving cocoa growth and yield. The research was conducted in the “Kebun Dinas Bone-Bone”, North Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi Province from February to August 2020. This research was conducted in the form of an experiment arranged in randomized block design (RBD) with 3 replications. The treatment consist of 10 levels, namely: without biofertilizer and not shoots pruned, biofertilizer 9 ml L−1 per tree and not shoots pruned, biofertilizer 18 ml L−1 per tree and not shoots pruned, biofertilizer 27 ml L−1 per tree and not shoots pruned, biofertilizer 36 ml L−1 per tree and not shoots pruned, biofertilizer 0 ml L−1 per tree and shoots pruned, biofertilizer 9 ml L−1 per tree and shoots pruned, biofertilizer 18 ml L−1 per tree and shoots pruned, biofertilizer 27 ml L−1 per tree and shoots pruned, biofertilizer 36 ml L−1 per tree and shoots pruned. Research results show that the concentration of biofertilizer of 32 mL L−1 gave the highest value for number of pods (10 pods), 42.8 seeds of fruits, and yield 0.71 kg per tree or equivalent to 591.67 kg/ha of dry seeds. Pruning the shoots gave the highest number of seeds per fruit of 36.82 and pod index of 20.
The Potential estimation of soil fertility based mineral types in Papalang areas, Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi
Authors: Suryani I , Lopulisa C , Ahmad A
Published: July 2021

Commonly mineral is the soil inorganic material composed of various chemical elements. They become an important source of plant nutrients. The research objective is to determine the soil’s physical properties and microscopically identified, including color, form, mineral shape, size, and quantity. A soil sample was taken at the top layer (0-20 cm) and bottom layer (20-50cm). We determine the types of minerals and identify nutrient-carrying minerals to assess soil fertility level in the Papalang areas, Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi. This research’s methods are the survey by observing and describing soil profiles in the field, laboratory analysis, identifying soil-forming mineral through thin section method used a polarizing microscope. Based on mineral analysis results, the types of minerals identified as quartz, biotite, and k-feldspar are the primaries silicate minerals. The weathered mineral dominant was biotite, with a percentage ranged from 5-15%. The amount of k-feldspar mineral ranged from 5-15%, measuring 0.04-0.3 mm. The opaque is an oxide mineral, found in all profiles in the top and bottom layer, about 5-15%, with a size of 0.01-0.8 mm. Clay is the secondary minerals from alteration of primary minerals at 35-60%. The research results showed the potential of soil fertility in the Papalang areas classified as low criteria.
Study of technology packages to support increasing production of chili pepper commodities in South Sulawesi
Authors: Maintang  , Ilyas A , Nurlaila  , Nappu M B
Published: July 2021

The purpose of the study is to obtain packages of chili pepper cultivation technology to support the increasing productivity of chili pepper in South Sulawesi. The study was held in Lengkese village, Mangarabombang District, Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, from April to August 2019. The experimental design used Randomized Block Design, with three replications and five treatments: A = Maruti variety, closed nursery, black silver plastic mulch (BSPM), plant distancing 75 cm × 60 cm, a dosage of solid organic fertilizer 20 tons/ha, and 180 N, P, K kg/ha of inorganic fertilizers; B = Maruti variety, closed nursery, BSPM, plant distancing 75 cm × 60 cm, a dosage of solid organic fertilizer 10 tons/ha and 135 N, P, K kg/ha of inorganic fertilizers; C = Maruti variety, closed nursery, BSPM, plant distancing 75 cm × 40 cm, a dosage of solid organic fertilizer 10 tons/ha and 180 N, P, K kg/ha of inorganic fertilizers; D = Maruti variety, closed nursery, BSPM, plant distancing 75 cm × 40 cm, a dosage of solid organic fertilizer 20 tons/ha and 135 N, P, K kg/ha of inorganic fertilizers; and E= Maruti variety, open nursery, plant distancing 75 cm × 30 cm and dosage of inorganic fertilizers 127 N, 60 P, 60 K kg/ha. The results were showed that C treatment used the technology packages: Maruti variety, closed nursery, BSPM, plant distancing 75 cm × 40 cm, a dosage of solid organic fertilizer 10 tons/ha, and 180 N, P, K kg/ha of inorganic fertilizers produced more chili pepper weights per plant. The height of A and D treatment was significantly different from E treatment and resulted in the highest production of chili pepper, 14.97 tons/ha. Organisms such as Myzus persicae, fruit flies, Fusarium wilt disease, and anthracnose were found in low infestation rates. The technology packages can use to support the increasing production of chili pepper in South Sulawesi.
Land suitability evaluation for cocoa using a parametric approach in West Sulawesi
Authors: Padjung R , Harli  , Asrul L , Baja S , Neswati R
Published: July 2021

Cocoa is the main plantation crop in Indonesia after rubber and oil palm. Indonesia’s cocoa production is the sixth-largest after Ghana and Ivory Coast. Cocoa cultivation spreads to almost all islands in Indonesia. However, the largest is on the island of Sulawesi. West Sulawesi is one of the largest cocoa producers in Indonesia. The decline in cocoa production has continued since 2012. One of the causes of the decline in cocoa production is a decrease in acreage and low productivity of the cocoa plant. The current average cocoa productivity is only 797 kg/ha/year. This productivity is very low compared to the optimum productivity, reaching 2,000-3,000 kg/ha/year. One of the causes of low productivity is uneven land suitability. Cocoa is grown on land with a poor land index. This study aims to study the land index in West Sulawesi to develop land suitability for cocoa plants. His research took place in January-August 2020. The collection of representative points consisted of 30 points spread over four districts in West Sulawesi, namely Polewali Mandar, Majene, Mamuju and Mamasa Regencies. The results showed that there was a strong correlation between land index values and cocoa productivity. Each increase in the land index will increase the productivity of specific cocoa plants for the West Sulawesi Region. The highest Land Suitability Index value (53.56) was obtained on land with cocoa productivity of 2,000 kg/ha/year. The lowest Land Suitability Indexvalue is obtained on land with a 700 kg/ha/year productivity.
Urea effectivity as herbicide adjuvant to control weed in minimum tillage system
Authors: Samai Suarna , Muhidin
Published: July 2021

Efforts to reduce weed control costs, especially in minimum tillage land, can be done by reducing the dose of herbicide per hectare, and the addition of urea fertilizer replaces this reduction. The research was designed using a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were application of glyphosate 1.44 kg ha−1, 1.80 kg ha−1, and 2.16 kg ha−1 in combination with without urea; urea 5 kg ha−1, 10 kg ha−1 and 15 kg ha−1, and application on minimum tillage, full tillage and control. The results showed that the addition of adjuvants from urea and glyphosate could control weeds, especially in reed weeds in the mixing of herbicide glyphosate 1.44 kg ha−1 + urea 10 kg ha−1, while herbicides 1.44 kg ha−1 + Urea 5 kg ha−1 and glyphosate 1.80 kg ha−1 + Urea 5 kg ha−1 have the same control power effectiveness as glyphosate dose of 2.16 kg−1, urea dose of 5 kg ha−1 the effectiveness is equal to 1.80 kg ha−1 + Urea 15 kg ha−1. The herbicide glyphosate disrupts metabolism in plants, causing abnormal growth or even killing weeds. Mixing does not cause poisoning of the corn crop. The use of herbicide glyphosate 1.44 kg ha−1 + Urea 10 kg ha−1 is better based on plant poisoning and corn production. The optimum dose that can minimize the weed population is 8.650 grams, and the combination of herbicide Glyphosate and Urea is effective in controlling weeds with minimum conditions at 1.158 grams of glyphosate and 1.146 grams of Urea.
Effects of manure types on the growth and yield of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) in dryland
Authors: Samanhudi  , Harsono P , Handayanta E , Hartanto R , Yunus A , Prabawati K
Published: July 2021

Sweet sorghum is one of the superior commodities to increase the production of food and energy. Sweet sorghum seeds produce carbohydrates that can be processed into food ingredients, while the sap from the stems and starch in the seeds can be converted into bioethanol through fermentation processes. Sweet sorghum crops tolerant to drought and stagnant water can produce on marginal land and relatively resistant to pests and diseases. This research aims to determine the interaction between sweet sorghum varieties and kinds of organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of sweet sorghum in dryland. The research method is a factorial experiment using Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD), which consists of two factors, which is sweet sorghum varieties and manure types. The varieties which were used are Kawali and Numbu. The second treatment used is without manure, chicken manure, goat manure, cow manure, and vermicompost. The total treatment combination is ten units, and each combination is repeated three times. The research variables are plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, fresh stover weight, dry stover weight, sap content, panicle length, number of seeds per panicle, and production per hectare. Data were analyzed using the F test with a 95% confidence level if there is significantly a difference and then followed by the DMRT method at the 5% level. This research shows that the highest production per hectare is sorghum treatments by chicken manure equal 2.64 ton/ha, and this yield is higher than all other treatments.
The calcium application to control yellow latex in mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana)
Authors: Yuniarti S , Lestari S , Hadiatry M C , Purba R
Published: July 2021

The main problem of mangosteen production is yellow latex in the rind and aril of the mangosteen fruit. The yellow latex occurs from the yellow latex channel’s rupture and contaminates the arils or mangosteen rind. The rupture is thought due to the lack of calcium in the epithelial cell walls of the yellow latex ducts. The present study aimed to determine the effect of calcium in reducing yellow latex in the mangosteen fruit. The study was conducted in Luhur Jaya Village, Lebak Regency of Banten Province. The study used a randomized block design, consisting of 6 treatments and 5 replications with treatment P0=control, P1=dose of calcium/dolomite lime 2 kg/tree, P2=dose of calcium/dolomite lime 3 kg/tree, P3=dose of calcium/dolomite lime 4 kg/tree, P4=dose of calcium/dolomite lime 5 kg/tree, P5=dose of calcium/dolomite lime 6 kg/tree. The calcium was given when the mangosteen plant started to flower. From the results, the application of calcium using dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) reduced yellow latex contamination in mangosteen rind at doses of 5 kg/tree. All doses of calcium applied (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 kg/tree) reduced yellow latex contamination in arils. The application of calcium with dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) did not affect fruit weight and dotted on mangosteen.
The competitiveness analysis of Nutmeg farming as spices in Ternate, North Moluccas
Authors: Assagaf Muhammad , Musyavak Ahmad , Wahab Abdul , Cahyaningrum Hermawati , Amiruddin Achmad
Published: July 2021

Today’s agricultural business is faced with various obstacles, and cannot be measured to what extent its competitiveness, while the conception of agricultural development that has competitiveness has not been described more operationally and implementable, so that there is a gap between the ideal conception and the actual field. This study activity aims to analyze the competitiveness of Nutmeg spice farming in terms of domestic resource use in Ternate City. Nutmeg farming in Ternate City has a competitive and comparative advantage, this is indicated by PCR and DRCR values that are smaller than 1 (one). The results of PAM analysis on nutmeg farming have no input transfers because they do not use foreign inputs. The NPCI value for all is below one (<1). The value of NPCI is smaller than one, meaning that domestic prices are lower than world prices, so there can be said to be a subsidy policy from the government. Whereas for nutmeg farming. The transfer value of factors for nutmeg is positive, this indicates that there is an implicit tax or transfer from the nutmeg farmer to domestic factor, so farmers have to pay more than the price of the shadow (social).
Growth performance of several promising local upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes of Southeast Sulawesi
Authors: Wijayanto T , Ramdayani  , Arditya  , Asniah  , Suliartini N W S , Rahni N M , Afa L O
Published: July 2021

Southeast Sulawesi, which is located in the southeastern part of Sulawesi island, is one of the upland rice producers in Indonesia, although the cultivation in the area is still not optimal because the upland rice productivity is still considered low. Southeast Sulawesi has an extensive dry land area and local upland rice genotypes have good growth and yield potential. This study aimed to determine the differences in the growth of several local upland rice genotypes of Southeast Sulawesi which were cultivated in Kendari City. This paper is still focused on the vegetative growth of the genotypes tested. This research was carried out in Experiment Field 2, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, which is located in Kambu District, Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi. The research was conducted using a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 10 genotypes, namely Wagamba (V1), Wangkariri (V2), Momea (V3), Waburi-buri (V4), Konkep (V5), Bakala (V6), Wakawondu (V7), Tinangge (V8), Loiyo putih (V9) and Bombana (V10). Each treatment was repeated 3 times in order to obtain 30 experimental units. The results showed that potential genotypes that can be developed in Kendari City were Wakawondu genotype based on parameters of the number of tillers, plant height, and number of leaves, Wagamba genotype based on leaf width parameter, and Wangkariri genotype based on the flowering age and number of tiller parameter. Based on the overall performances, especially on the number of tillers (one of the most important parameters), in general Wakawondu is the most recommended genotype for further development.
Forecast of the State and Management of Bioresources of the Volga Basin
Authors: Rozenberg G S , Vasiliev A V , Zibarev A G , Kudinova G E , Khasaev G R
Published: July 2021

In the article, the authors give a brief description of EIS REGION, designed to build predictive models of changes in the parameters of biological resources of territories from environmental factors and anthropogenic impacts. On the example of a large region (the Volga basin), a forecast of changes in primary biological productivity under conditions of global climate warming was carried out using EIS REGION. Some variants of influence on bioproductivity of anthropogenic pollution and the level of economic development of the subjects of the region are considered. The authors that in conditions of climate change with an increasing thermal trend, an increase in the primary biological productivity is predicted for all-natural zones of the Volga basin. In this regard, we specifically forecast that an increase in temperature and a decrease in climate humidity will relatively favourably affect the ecosystems of the taiga zone- a zone of lack of heat and excess moisture. The predicted climate change will be less favourable for the forest-steppe and steppe zones, since an even greater climate aridization is expected here.
Snake Conservation State in the Reserves of the Volga Basin
Authors: Bakiev A G , Gorelov R A , Klenina A A
Published: July 2021

There are 23 nature reserves in the Volga basin, all of them in the Russian Federation. According to our data and open access literature sources, ten out of the eleven species of snakes that are reliably known to be found in the Volga basin, inhabit and, therefore, are protected in 22 reserves. No snakes have been recorded in the Vishersky Reserve. One species inhabits the nature reserves “Basegi” and “Tsentralno-Lesnoy”, two species – in the reserves “Bolshaya Kokshaga”, “Darvinsky”, “Kaluzhskie zaseki”, “Kologrivsky forest”, “Nurgush”, “Prioksko-terrasny”, in the reserves “Bashkirsky”, “Visimsky”, “Volzhsko-Kamsky”, “Kerzhensky”, “Mordovsky”, “Oksky”, “Prisursky”, “Shulgan-Tash” and “Yuzhno-Uralsky” there are 3 species each, the reserves “Zhigulevsky” and “Volga forest-steppe” – 4 species each, in the reserves “Astrakhansky” and “Bogdinsko-Baskunchaksky” – 5 species each, in the reserve “Chornye Zemli” – 7 species. Eryx jaculus was not found in the reserves of the Volga basin. Species Eryx miliaris inhabits two reserves, Natrix natrix – 20, Natrix tessellata – 2, Coronella austriaca – 11, Elaphe dione – 4, Elaphe sauromates – 2, Hierophis caspius – 3, Malpolon monspessulanus – 1, Vipera berus – 19, Vipera renardi – 2. The latter species is represented in both reserves (Volga forest-steppe and Astrakhansky) only by the nominative subspecies Vipera r. renardi, and in the Volga Basin, by the endemic subspecies V. r. bashkirovi, which has no conservation status in regional reserves. Three species of snakes are the least prosperous in terms conservation in the Volga basin: Eryx jaculus, Eryx miliaris, and Vipera renardi.
Structural features of the main forest producers at the initial stages of ontogenesis
Authors: Egorova N N
Published: July 2021

Based on the analysis and generalization of the research results, the authors draw conclusions about the adaptive reactions of dark coniferous species of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) and Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ledeb.) during the forest formation process in the province of dark coniferous forests of the Southern Urals. Structural features are manifested in the modification of the xylorhizome, the duration of growth, the nature of rooting, and are a display of the mechanisms of morphological adaptation to ecological-coenotic conditions and to the influence of soil-ecological components of the substrate. The authors researched anatomical and morphological changes in xylotomic formations from juvenile to the beginning of the immature period of the adaptation process, leading to the viability of woody plants in contrasting natural conditions. Since the structural and functional organization of vegetative shoots, renewal is modified in the process of adaptation. It is shown that up to the moment of development of the trunk, differences in the lignified rhizome are more significant, based on anatomical sections, as well as the level of formation of plant tissues and the nature of age-related changes. The rates of formation of certain anatomical elements of wood as a whole are not the same for each species and depend on age-related changes, ecological plasticity, environmental conditions and many other internal and external factors
Limnological Conditions and Photosynthetic Pigments in Clearwater Lakes of the Volga-Vyatka Karst Province
Authors: Yu Gorbunov M
Published: July 2021

The features of summer stratification and vertical distribution of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls) in five karst lakes in the Middle Volga region (Republics of Tatarstan and Mari-El) are studied. The water of the investigated lakes has low color and sulfate concentration and low-to-medium total dissolved salts content. Anoxic conditions develop in the hypolimnion in all lakes after the establishment of summer thermal stratification. Reduced iron and sulfur compounds are found in the anaerobic zones of most lakes. In these lakes, deep maxima of chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophylls are formed, indicating the presence of biomass maxima of microbial plankton, consisting of both oxygenic and anoxygenic phototrophs. The presented data demonstrate also a wide variety of features of both chemical stratification and vertical distribution of phototrophic organisms in the studied lakes, which are probably associated with differences in the limnological characteristics of lakes, their water composition, and the history of their existence.
Filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in water bodies of Middle and Lower Volga basin (European Russia): an overview
Authors: Yu Gorbunov M , Umanskaya M V
Published: July 2021

“Filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs” or “green non-sulfur bacteria” form a distinct lineage, order Chloroflexales (Chloroflexia: Chloroflexi) in broad polyphyletic group of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria have apparently important, though not fully understood functions in contemporary ecosystems and perhaps were much more significant in the Archaean. However, since their discovery in hot spring mats in the late 1960s, the extremophilic species of thermal, hypersaline and/or hyperalcaline habitats remain the most studied representatives of the lineage. In this overview, we show our representation of the history of finding and research of filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs, and current situation with their taxonomy, phylogeny and diversity. Some problems and uncertainties in these fields are also discussed. The special section is dedicated to the discovery and research of this group in the Volga River basin. Due to the small number of studies, the exact distribution of filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in the region is unknown. For example, in small stratified lakes with high humic and/or ferruginous water in the basins of the Oka and the Upper Volga the development of planktonic filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs is very likely. Besides, the development of Chloroflexales, including new species, is quite expected in the microbial mats of saline rivers and hypersaline lakes of the Lower Volga region. Further progress in the field will be possible only with the use of molecular methods along or preferably in combination with traditional methods (polyphasic approach). Since their role in communities is far from elucidated, further studies of FAP may also provide new opportunities in the field of microbial biotechnology.
Area Size of Flora Identification for Species Diversity Assessment
Authors: Ivanova A V , Kostina N V
Published: July 2021

The problem of the area of flora identification in a particular territory is one of the most difficult and little discussed. Flora as a list of species of higher vascular plants is inextricably linked with two most important parameters: the size of the territory (in sq. km) and the number of species. The number of species must be sufficient to represent the main features of the flora for the climatic zone and local characteristics. For this, it is necessary to survey areas of different nature conservation status and anthropogenic transformation. We studied ten floras of the Samara-Ulyanovsk Trans-Volga region. The species discovery curve shows that with an increase in area from 100 km2, the number of species continues to grow and the end of a significant increase corresponds to an area of 400 km2, which is optimal. This area can be considered as minimum range of species composition of flora. The species composition of vascular plants of the considered territories reflects the main characteristic features of the flora: the number of species of vascular plants (610-812 species); the leading families are Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Brassicaceae and genera: Carex, Galium, Salix, Artemisia, Potentilla. We have come to a conclusion that on the territory of the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga it’s necessary to use test plots of at least 400 km2 when studying the geographical distribution of floras or carrying out their comparative analysis.
Morphological variability of Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Nematoda: Molineidae) in amphibians from European Russia
Authors: Yu Kirillova N , Kirillov A A , Chikhlyaev I V
Published: July 2021

The morphological and morphometric variability of the nematode Oswaldocruzia filiformis from ten amphibian species (Pelophylax ridibundus, Pelophylax lessonae, Pelophylax esculentus, Rana arvalis, Rana temporaria, Bufo bufo, Bufotes viridis, Pelobates vespertinus, Bombina bombina and Lissotriton vulgaris) was studied. The sampling was performed during the period of 2018–2020 in fifteen localities of European Russia. We examined the following morphological features: the number of crests in mid-body level, the shape of lateral alae, the shape of cephalic vesicle, shape and structure of spicules in males, the shape and structure of male caudal bursa, the shape and structure of the dorsal ray of bursa; and the measurements of nine morphometric characteristics in nematode females and seven characters in males, subjected to variability. Significant differences in the variability of morphometric characteristics of O. filiformis of both sexes in different amphibian species and amphibians from various regions were revealed. Likewise, significant differences were revealed for most of morphometric features of O. filiformis from amphibians of the same species from different regions of Russia. The type of male caudal bursa and the structure and shape of spicules were identical in all O. filiformis males studied. Likewise, we have not found variability in the structure of the reproductive system in O. filiformis females. Variability was noted in the shape and size of the cephalic vesicle and lateral alae, in the number at the mid-body level, in the shape and structure of the dorsal rib of male caudal bursa. Differences in morphometric characteristics of O. filiformis from amphibians of the same species from different regions of Russia can be explained by the phenotypic plasticity of the species. While variations in the nematode morphology from different amphibian species are caused by the host-induced morphological variability of the parasite. Differences in the size of nematodes and their morphology in different regions of Russia studied may be caused by changes in ecological conditions in amphibian habitats. The broad morphological variability of the nematode O. filiformis increases the adaptive capabilities of the helminth and allows it to parasitize a wide range of hosts.
Role of Forests of the Volga River Basin in the Mitigation of Climate Fluctuations and of Forthcoming global Warming (Predictive Empirical-Statistical Modeling)
Authors: Kolomyts E G
Published: July 2021

In this article, the authors propose a predictive landscape-ecological analysis of the forest cover of the Volga basin, which highlights the problem of adsorption of greenhouse gases, which is included in the list of tasks set the Paris Climate Change Agreement (2015). As a result of the study, the authors established the adsorption potential of indigenous and derived boreal and nemoral forests, assessed their ability to mitigate climate change, including reducing anthropogenic warming. A quantitative assessment was also made of the loss of these ecological resources by the forests of the Volga basin since the beginning of intensive forest and land use in it. We have identified contrasting changes in the ecological resources of boreal and nemoral forests during their structural transformation in the course of global warming. We show that the process of thermal-arid transformation of forest ecosystems leads to a general decrease in the positive carbon balance in most groups of forest formations. The verification of the predicted calculations of the carbon balance, carried out by remote and ground measurements in the boreal forests of Central Canada in the first decade of modern warming, gave positive results.
Ecological potential of artificial stands of Scots pine in the Southern Urals
Authors: Koltunova A I , Simonenkova V A , Bastaeva G T , Simonenkov V S
Published: July 2021

The created artificial stands of Scots pine perform an extensive complex of ecological functions, in particular, carbon deposition. The accumulation of phytomass in artificial forest coenoses has certain features in comparison with other stands of trees. A comparison of the data obtained with the indicators of natural stands under similar conditions shows a more active accumulation of biomass by artificial coenoses. At the age of 11, with the number of trunks of 5,5 thousand copies/ha, the wood stock is 65 m3 / ha and phytomass (needles)-23 t / ha. It is possible to estimate the phytomass of pine forest crops on the territory of the Orenburg region at 2,8 million tons, respectively, the reserve of deposited carbon is 1,4 million tons. With increasing age of trees, the value of phytomass and plantings of the studied breed increases. Forest crops growing in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone, in one year, give an increase of 9,2 t / ha, or 13,1 m3/ha. The volume of total phytomass of forest crops of scots pine in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone at the age of 5-15 years is 2449,689 tons, and the reserve is 3250,511 m3. In the forest fund of the Orenburg region (according to the forest fund accounting data as of 01.01.2021), scots pine occupies 37,6 thousand hectares (without Buzuluksky Bor National Park), which is 9,3% of the total forest area. These are mainly forest crops, 99% of which are young and medium-aged plantings. The biopotential of scots pine crops in this region is quite high, but the sanitary condition of these stands is extremely poor. In order to improve the sanitary condition of common pine crops in the conditions of both forest-steppe and dry-steppe zones, to increase the biological productivity and stability of pine plantations, there is a need for timely forest pathology examinations with subsequent appointment of sanitary and health measures.
Assessment of the spread of pollution in the riverbed of the Neva River as a result of an emergency at a toxic waste landfill
Authors: Kondratyev S A , Shmakova M V
Published: July 2021

The catchment area of the Neva River, which includes the largest European lakes Ladoga, Onega, Ilmen and Saimaa, located in Finland, has an area of 183,300 km2. The quality of water in the Neva River is determined by the characteristics of the water masses of Lake Ladoga, as well as by point and non-point sources of pollution on the tributaries of the Neva. One of the potential sources of pollution is the Krasny Bor landfill for storing highly toxic waste of hazard classes I – V. In the event of an emergency at the landfill, toxic wastewater can enter the Izhora River, and then into the Neva River, 7 km above the water intakes of St. Petersburg. Using the methods of mathematical modeling, the calculation of the spread of toxic substances in the hydrographic network of the catchment area, and then in the channel of the Neva River was carried out under various scenarios of the development of an emergency at the landfill. A full-scale experiment was carried out to confirm the adequacy of the model of impurity spreading in the channel of the Neva. An assessment of the features of the transport of suspended particles and dissolved impurities in the direction of the water intakes of St. Petersburg is given.