bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Income Elasticity of Culture Expenses in Polish Provinces
Authors: Suchecki Adam Mateusz
Published: May 2016

Decentralisation of public finance in Poland was an important element of changes in the political system of the country. As a result, some tasks of the state were transferred to the local government level. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the budget expenses on cultural tasks incurred by local government units in Poland in the years 2003–2012 and outlines the legal frameworks of the local government financial management in Poland. Using a model based on the double logarithmic function, the author tests a hypothesis, according to which the broadly understood culture might be regarded as a necessity or luxury good, depending on the value of the coefficient of elasticity of the expenses on culture incurred by local government units in relation to the gross regional product.
On regularization of vector distributions on manifolds
Authors: Nigsch Eduard A.
Published: May 2016

One can represent Schwartz distributions with values in a vector bundle E by smooth sections of E with distributional coefficients. Moreover, any linear continuous operator which maps E-valued distributions to smooth sections of another vector bundle F can be represented by sections of the external tensor product

E
*

⊠
F

${E^{*}\boxtimes F}$

with coefficients in the space

ℒ
⁢

(

𝒟
′

,

C
∞

)

${\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{D}^{\prime},C^{\infty})}$

of operators from scalar distributions to scalar smooth functions. We establish these isomorphisms topologically, i.e., in the category of locally convex modules, using category theoretic formalism in conjunction with L. Schwartz’ notion of ε-product.
Memorialgesetze und historisches Unrecht. Wie Gedächtnispolitik die historische Wissenschaft bedroht
Authors: Flaig Egon
Published: May 2016

Im Jahre 2005 kam es in Frankreich zu einem ‚Historikerstreit‘. Dieser Artikel kontextualisiert jene Ereignisse in diskursgeschichtlicher Hinsicht und unterzieht die zentralen Elemente einer geschichtstheoretischen Prüfung: 1. Es geht um den Gegensatz von wissenschaftlicher ‚histoire‘ und gedächtnispolitischer ‚mémoire‘ und um das Überhandnehmen von Diskursen, die von ‚groupes mémoriels‘ vorangetrieben werden. 2. Skizziert werden die wichtigsten Merkmale jenes gedächtnispolitischen Diskurses, der trotz seiner Diversität gemeinsame semantische Knotenpunkte aufweist, und auf ‚Wiedergutmachung‘ und ‚historische Gerechtigkeit‘ zielt. Dessen Semantik besteht ausnahmslos aus Kampfbegriffen, welche analytisch nicht tragfähig sind, also logisch keine Kategorien sein können. 3. Erörtert werden – anhand der Untersuchung von Michael Schefzcyk – die spezifischen rechtsphilosophischen und geschichtstheoretischen Probleme, die sich bei der Konstruktion des Themas ‚historische Gerechtigkeit‘ stellen. Danach wird dargestellt, welche Diskurskonstellation es 2005 in Frankreich ermöglichte, ein Memorialgesetz auszunutzen, um in gedächtnispolitischer Absicht geschichtswissenschaftliche Ergebnisse unter gerichtliche Anklage zu stellen. Abschließend behandelt der Artikel drei Problemkreise: 1) Wie werden Leugnungen als solche offenherzig legitimiert mit dem Verweis auf Zwänge der ‚historischen Gerechtigkeit‘? 2) Warum ist es logisch und sachlogisch unmöglich, die Vorstellung einer ‚historischen Gerechtigkeit‘ zu einem fachwissenschaftlichen Konzept zu machen? 3) Wieso ergeben sich aus dieser Vorstellung geschichtsphilosophische Implikationen, die – gedächtnispolitisch induziert und rechtlich forciert – eine Historie als Wissenschaft nicht mehr zulassen?

Die Wissenschaft muss sich dem Thema dieses spezifischen Leugnens stellen, andernfalls wird sie allmählich gedächtnispolitische Konzepte übernehmen, ohne sich der theoretischen Reichweite dieser Übernahmen bewusst zu sein. Die Antworten auf diese Herausforderung muss die Historie formulieren aus der Tiefe ihres wissenschaftlichen Selbstverständnisses. Zu dieser fälligen Selbstreflexion will der Artikel einen Anstoß geben.
Mechanism and Regulation of Protein Synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Dever Thomas E , Kinzy Terri Goss , Pavitt Graham D
Published: May 2016

In this review, we provide an overview of protein synthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mechanism of protein synthesis is well conserved between yeast and other eukaryotes, and molecular genetic studies in budding yeast have provided critical insights into the fundamental process of translation as well as its regulation. The review focuses on the initiation and elongation phases of protein synthesis with descriptions of the roles of translation initiation and elongation factors that assist the ribosome in binding the messenger RNA (mRNA), selecting the start codon, and synthesizing the polypeptide. We also examine mechanisms of translational control highlighting the mRNA cap-binding proteins and the regulation of GCN4 and CPA1 mRNAs.
Genetic Time Travel
Authors: Krause Johannes , Pääbo Svante
Published: May 2016

At its core, genetics is a historical discipline. Mutations are passed on from generation to generation and accumulate as a result of chance as well as of selection within and between populations and species. However, until recently, geneticists were confined to the study of present-day genetic variation and could only indirectly make inferences about the historical processes that resulted in the variation in present-day gene pools. This “time trap” has now been overcome thanks to the ability to analyze DNA extracted from ancient remains, and this is about to revolutionize several aspects of genetics.
Application of Lean Six Sigma in Reduction of Medication Errors
Authors:   assistant Operations Manager, Eye Q Vision Pvt. ltd., India, Miglani Pratima
Published: May 2016

This study focuses on reduction of medication errors by application of lean Six Sigma approach in Medication administration by nurses in a corporate chain hospital of India. It helped the hospital to understand the impact of dedicated Medication Nurse on the Medication administration error rate. the purpose of the research is to redesign the policy on medication administration i.e. introducing the concept of Medication nurse for the management of medication administration errors and depletion of interruptions faced in medication delivery in order to improve the efficiency, effectiveness and safety of care delivered to patients. as per the study done on medication administration, the medication error rate found was very high in a ward (mostly contributing were 31% of missed dose, 21% of wrong dose and 17% at wrong time) due to many interruptions and challenges faced by nurses during drug administration which in turn affecting the safety of care delivered to the patients and total medication delivery time taken by a general nurse was 9 minutes. By using the lean Six sigma methodology, it was observed rate of medication errors was decreased, the complexity of the work flow became simple and systematic, the work load on all nurses was decreased, and the average time for drug administering was decreased by 55% i.e. to 4 minutes in three months. thus, it helped in reducing mess up and complexity in the ward with better utilization of other nurses to perform other activities which are needed to be done at the same time and delivering best quality of patient care with high efficiency.
Neoestructuralismo y corrientes heterodoxas en América Latina y el Caribe a inicios del siglo XXI (2015). A. Bárcena y A. Prado (Eds.). Santiago de Chile: CEPAL
Authors: Moreno Rivas Álvaro Martín , Matallana Laverde Hernando
Published: May 2016

La publicación del libro de la CEPAL Neoestructuralismo y corrientes heterodoxas en América Latina y el Caribe a inicios del siglo xxi representa una sacudida intelectual de un grupo agonista de investigadores y economistas profesionales que durante los últimos veinticinco años han completado pacientemente un ejercicio de recuperación y recombinación conceptual de la riqueza de las ideas de la tradición estructuralista latinoamericana. Este nuevo preguntar sobre los fundamentos y las llamadas "cuestiones de método", les ha llevado a encontrar afinidades electivas con las mejores corrientes heterodoxas: marxistas, poskeynesianas, institucionalistas, evolucionistas y regulacionistas.Sin duda hubo un primer momento estructuralista. Este se asocia comúnmente al periodo correspondiente a una industrialización dirigida por el Estado. Durante ese tiempo las ideas de centro-periferia, deterioro de los términos de intercambio, heterogeneidad estructural e intervención estatal fueron el pivote sobre el cual giró el debate teórico y la discusión de las políticas públicas en muchos países del continente. Para los estructuralistas de entonces y los neoestructuralistas de hoy: "La condición de subdesarrollo que persiste en los países latinoamericanos no se debe tanto a distorsiones inducidas por la política económica, sino que es de índole endógena y estructural" (Ramos y Sunkel, 1991, p. 17). Después de la crisis de 2008 y 2009, resulta pertinente preguntarse si es posible que en la región exista un espacio intelectual y político para el segundo momento neoestructuralista. Esa es la apuesta de todos los colaboradores del libro que reseñamos.
El financiamiento de las pymes del sector de software y servicios informáticos en Argentina
Authors: Guercio M. Belen , Vigier Hernan P. , Briozzo Anahi , Martinez Lisana B.
Published: May 2016

Este artículo estudia la estructura de financiamiento de pymes del subsector de software y servicios informáticos (SSI) de la Argentina y compara estas últimas con pymes del sector industrial, para los años 2006 y 2010. Los resultados muestran la preponderancia del autofinanciamiento para todas las empresas analizadas, en la que se observa una mayor dependencia de esta fuente de financiamiento para las del subsector SSI. Con respecto a las fuentes externas de financiamiento, en particular para los activos fijos, existe una diferencia entre ambos sectores analizados: las firmas SSI emplean pasivos corrientes como primera fuente de financiamiento, mientras que las firmas industriales recurren a las instituciones financieras. Estos resultados se alinean con las predicciones de la hipótesis de jerarquía financiera y con el ciclo financiero de crecimiento.
La economía petrolera en un mundo politizado y global. México y Colombia
Authors: Ávila Forero Raúl Andrés
Published: May 2016

La economía petrolera en un mercado politizado y global. México y Colombia, de la profesora Alicia Puyana Mutis, del Instituto Flacso de México, es un libro sumamente relevante hoy en día por la coyuntura hidrocarburífera que impacta al mundo. Todos los académicos y personas interesadas en una exposición clara y actualizada sobre el desarrollo petrolero mundial y sus matices para estos dos países encontrarán aquí una fuente de conocimientos precisos y formalizados para lograr entender la historia sectorial, la economía política del petróleo, el impacto de sus precios en el desarrollo socioeconómico mundial y cómo Colombia1 y México se han involucrado en la petrolización de sus economías.El documento pone de manifiesto por qué el petróleo y los hidrocarburos se han convertido en la savia del sistema económico y sociopolítico orbital y su control como eje de la política mundial. Mediante los ejemplos de los dos países, con claridad y agudeza, la profesora Puyana analiza cómo las bonanzas de producción y precios se transformaron en un agotamiento sistemático de las reservas, la petrolización de las cuentas fiscales2, el retroceso de la agricultura y del sector fabril y la precariedad del empleo y los ingresos. Una obra que da luces sobre los probables efectos de la reciente reforma energética mexicana y el impacto fiscal que tiene el sector para Colombia3, es sin duda una gran contribución al entendimiento nacional e internacional de la problemática petrolera, tan de moda hoy en día.
Sistemas agroforestales como estrategia para el manejo de ecosistemas de Bosque seco Tropical en el suroccidente colombiano utilizando los SIG
Authors: Mazo Nathaly De los Ángeles , Rubiano Jorge Eliécer , Castro Aracely
Published: May 2016

Los sistemas agroforestales son una alternativa para el manejo de zonas de bosque seco tropical de laderas intervenidas o en degradación. Sus beneficios se basan en el uso eficiente de los recursos, la productividad y la seguridad alimentaria de las comunidades rurales. Localizar lugares más aptos para dichos sistemas es un requisito en el proceso de extensión agrícola. Con este propósito, la utilización de modelos probabilísticos integrados con Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) permite identificar aquellas áreas potenciales para la implementación de nuevas tecnologías, de modo similar a la identificación de nichos de especies en estudios de biodiversidad. Siguiendo este enfoque, se utilizó el peso de la evidencia y la regresión logística para generar superficies indicativas de áreas adecuadas para implementar la agroforestería en el suroccidente colombiano.
Trayectorias de la producción familiar en las últimas décadas: una exploración de las transformaciones sociales agrarias en los márgenes de la región pampeana argentina
Authors: López Castro Natalia
Published: May 2016

El artículo aborda las transformaciones sociales relacionadas con la profundización del capitalismo en el sector agropecuario pampeano argentino. Para esto, hace hincapié en los procesos de diferenciación social que se han presentado durante las últimas tres décadas en unidades productivas familiares de una zona relativamente marginal desde el punto de vista agropecuario —el sudoeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina)—. Con una metodología exploratoria y cualitativa, se analizaron las estrategias y trayectorias de 30 familias productoras desde finales de la década de 1980 hasta la actualidad, con el objeto de explicar por qué, habiendo tenido un punto de partida común (en la década de 1980 todas eran unidades familiares), algunas continuaron trabajando bajo formas de organización familiar, otras adoptaron características empresariales y el resto debió abandonar la actividad.
Dinámica territorial del poder político en la Venezuela contemporánea (1961-2013)
Authors: Salas-Bourgoin María Andreina
Published: May 2016

En Venezuela, desde 1980 y en el marco de la Constitución de 1961, se inició un proceso de distribución del poder político que permitió fortalecer, administrativa y financieramente, a los estados federales y municipios. En la actualidad, con el respaldo de una nueva Constitución de 1999, se re-centraliza el poder y, bajo la premisa de una democracia directa, se instaura un poder inconstitucional —Poder Popular—, cuyas actuaciones, dependientes de la Presidencia de la República, se solapan con los subniveles de gobierno establecidos en la Carta Magna. Ello se ha logrado a través de modificaciones del ordenamiento jurídico nacional fuera del marco constitucional, cuyo impacto en la dinámica territorial del poder se intenta evidenciar en este estudio.
The principles of calculating planning fees, following the decision by the Constitutional Tribunal of 2010
Authors: Piotrowska Lidia , Wilkowski Wojciech
Published: May 2016

The paper presents issues pertaining to the amount of planning fees (fees charged for a planning application) in the context of the decision by the Polish Constitutional Tribunal dated
9 February 2010, file symbol P 58/08. Authors discuss the principles of setting such fees before
the aforementioned decision was issued, and the new fee calculation principles following the
implementation of the Tribunal’s judgement. The Tribunal decision in question produced the
change in the regulations of law concerning the calculation of planning fees, which up to that
date caused many problems and difficulties, not only for the agencies responsible for setting
and collecting the fees, but also for real estate evaluators and appraisers, who performed land
valuations for the purpose of calculating planning fees.
Association between Hand Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Nonsyndromic Orofacial Clefts
Authors: Patrícia Helena Costa Mendes , Camila Reis Barbosa , Myriam Thatyana Miranda Esteves Da Silva , Lívia Máris Ribeiro Paranaíba , Daniela Reis Barbosa Martelli , Letízia Monteiro De Barros , Mário Sérgio Oliveira Swerts , Marise Fagundes Silveira , Hercílio Martelli Júnior
Published: May 2016

Objectives

Digit ratio (2D:4D) has been considered to be a marker in studies evaluating an individual's susceptibility to diseases, especially those diseases that show sex differences in their occurrence. We aimed to assess whether 2D:4D ratios are associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate (NSCL/P) and verify the existence of a specific pattern of 2D:4D ratio in individuals affected by orofacial clefts.

Design

This was a case-control study.

Methods

Digital measurements of index and ring finger lengths of both hands of patients with NSCL/P (n =54) and age- and gender-matched controls (n = 54) were obtained using a digital vernier caliper. Mean ratios between the second and fourth digits were compared. Data were analyzed by Student's t test and Mann-Whitney test with a significance level of 5%.

Results

No significant difference was found between the mean digit ratios of the right and left hands between the groups for any analysis ( P > .05), neither for the whole sample nor for the distributions by type of cleft and by gender.

Conclusions

Although the development of the fingers and the occurrence of NSCL/P can be regulated by the actions of similar genes, our results are not consistent with an association between 2D:4D ratio and this craniofacial deformity. This suggests that intrauterine exposure to fetal androgens, assessed using this marker, is similar between patients with NSCL/P and healthy individuals. We highlight the need for further studies in populations with different ancestries.
Impact of Irrigation Volume on PRE Herbicide Activity
Authors: Smith Hunter C. , Ferrell Jason A. , Webster Theodore M. , Fernandez Jose V. , Dittmar Peter J. , Munoz Patricio R. , MacDonald Greg E.
Published: May 2016

The importance of PRE herbicide applications in cotton has increased since the evolution of glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth. Cotton producers are relying on residual herbicides for control of Palmer amaranth, as POST options are limited or ineffective.S-Metolachlor, acetochlor, fomesafen, and dicamba all provide PRE control of Palmer amaranth; however, little is known about the effect of irrigation rate on incorporation and herbicidal efficacy. In 2015, an experiment was conducted on fine sand and loamy sand soils to evaluate the influence of irrigation volume (0.0 to 12.7 mm ha−1) on Palmer amaranth control with PRE herbicides. Irrigation volume after herbicide application was significant for bothS-metolachlor and acetochlor. Efficacy ofS-metolachlor was greatest in plots receiving 6.4 and 12.7 mm of irrigation where Palmer amaranth biomass was reduced to 4 and 2% of a nontreated control (NTC), respectively, compared with 61% in plots with the 0-mm irrigation treatment. Palmer amaranth control by acetochlor incorporated at 3.2- to 12.7-mm irrigation did not differ but did reduce Palmer amaranth biomass compared with the 1.6-mm irrigation rate. Irrigation volume was not significant for the soil incorporation of fomesafen or dicamba. Across all herbicides, fomesafen-treated plots provided the most consistent control of Palmer amaranth, reducing its biomass to < 3% of NTC at all irrigation rates. Dicamba provided the least and most inconsistent control of Palmer amaranth, producing 17 to 51% of NTC biomass.
Legal Implication of the Effect of the TRIPS Agreement on the Trade Marks Law in Nigeria
Authors: Oloko Temitope O.
Published: May 2016

The implication and the effects of the TRIPS Agreement in developing nations are constantly unfolding. Modern businesses use trade marks as an important public relations tool for marketing purposes. Considering the importance of the TRIPS Agreement in the trade mark regime, assessing the legal effect that the Agreement has on the law in Nigeria helps in determining the compliance of the Trade Mark Law to a large extent. The aim of this article is to identify the areas of compliance and to discuss the diversity and effectiveness of the TRIPS agreement. The article sheds light on the level of compliance of the Trade Marks Law and the expected impact. This could help in identifying the level of fulfilment of Nigeria’s international trade obligation. The study contributes to knowledge by providing insights in determining the extent to which the Trade Mark Law still need reformation. The areas covered by this article are limited to service marks, well-known marks, the requirement for use, and parallel importation.
Strategic Alternatives for Transforming Public Egyptian Universities to World-Class Universities
Authors: Ahmed Hanaa Ouda Khadri
Published: May 2016

In the past decade, the term “world-class university (WCU)” - also called “globally competitive universities”, “world-class”, “elite”, or “flagship” universities- has become a catch phrase. This is simply not only for improving the quality of learning and research in higher education, but is also more significant for developing the competency to compete in the global higher education marketplace through the acquisition and formation of advanced knowledge. The main objective of this paper is to propose strategic alternatives for transforming public Egyptian universities to world-class universities. In achieving this objective, the paper starts by attempting to construct an operational definition of a world-class university. Then, it outlines the features of world-class university, the requirements for transformation into world-class universities, the challenges involved in achieving world-class universities, and the key problems and challenges of the Egyptian higher education system. Finally, the selected statistical population of the research include higher education experts [N=57]. Thus, a mix method of using a questionnaire and conducting interviews were used. The research questions are: 1- What does it mean for a university to be a world-class university? 2-What are the essential features and characteristics of a world-class university? 3-How does the ecosystem influence the performance of universities? 4-What are the present performance, problems, and challenges of the Egyptian higher education system? 5-What are the higher education reform initiatives in Egypt? 6-What are the requirements that could upgrade public Egyptian universities to world-class universities? 7- What are the existing challenges of developing world-class universities? 8-What strategic alternatives have been developed for transforming public Egyptian universities to world-class universities? Therefore, one-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test was used to analyze the data. In addition, the result obtained in the study shows the use of collaborative strategic alternative rather than to upgrade the present Public universities, or create or merge them together.
Gestión Sustentable De Riesgos Y Crisis En El Turismo Mexicano Y Latinoamericano Como Problema Estratégico Para La Seguridad De Los Destinos. Implicaciones Para Ciudad Juárez, México
Authors: Herrera Manuel Ramón González , Rodríguez Mercedes de los Ángeles Rodríguez
Published: May 2016

The integrated management of risk and crisis in tourism has recently been incorporated to scientific debate and therefore to the practical management; which is why concepts and procedures are required to gain efficiency and practical operational development. The aim of this study is to justify the sustainable management process of risk and crisis in Mexican and Latin American tourism as a strategy for the security of destinations, and identify the experiences that promote a better preparedness and planning of risk and crisis caused by insecurity in Ciudad Juarez. The results of this study demonstrate that the integrated management of risk and crisis on tourism is justified as a strategic problem for security in tourist destinations, as well as the necessity to have policy and institutional framework to manage tourism safety. Then as a learning experience, an analysis of crisis and management strategies related to unsafe destinations in Latin America and Mexico are presented. Finally, the strategic projection for the preparation and planning of tourism, facing risks and crisis caused by insecurity in Ciudad Juarez is proposed. This includes the characterization of the city as an insecure cross-border tourist destination, the formulation of the strategic problem, the development of the principles to form a Sustainable and Secure Tourism System, and the planning of action areas for short-term and longterm implementation.
The Importance of Establishing a New Counterterrorism Unit at Local Level: Combining Different Perspectives in Policing
Authors: Eker Ahmet , Ozkan Ersan
Published: May 2016

The number of terrorism related attacks and deaths of innocent people as a result of those terrorist assaults have been increasing. This was despite the huge amount of budget devoted towards fighting against terrorism by the governments. One of the reasons for being insufficient to reduce the number of terrorist attacks is the limited involvement of the local police agencies in the fight against terrorism. Most of them do not have separate terrorism units and are not full-time police officers. Those agencies which have separate units assign only four or less officers. As a result, their ability to get information on terrorism related activities and the level of information sharing with the federal and national agencies is very limited. It is suggested in this paper that each local police agency should establish a separate terrorism unit and assign sufficient number of full-time police officers. These officers and managers should be trained by national experts. Officers in these units should develop mutual trust with different groups that have diverse political and religious backgrounds. A strong relationship and cooperation should also be developed with other local and national agencies. In addition, each local police agency should prepare contingency plans prior to any attack.
Changing Over From Criticism To Protectionism In Media Literacy Classes. Source Texts In Turkey
Authors: Sezgin A. Asli
Published: May 2016

Approachments, basically, are related to the subject of media literacy. The different practices sourced from these approachments have been remarked since the inception of media literacy subject discussions until today. The diversifying of media tools is dependent on its technological development. Thus, it is reaching broader areas which are necessary for evaluating the media literacy in a different and wider view. When the attempts of the government structures about the subject in Turkey and the courses were examined, wordings which have become different, over the years, in source texts have been given so much attention. Media literacy class source texts have been prepared in a critical language in Turkey. However, it is been passed into a protective and interferant wording in terms of time more than criticism. In this study, firstly, the differences between protective and interferant approachments will be explained with a critical approach directed towards media literacy. Right after that, the content of two (2) different sourced texts which has been prepared for study in the media literacy classes in Turkey will be examined based on the period they were published.
La problématique de la persistance des comportements sexuels à risque face au VIH/Sida chez les étudiants de l’Université Félix Houphouët- Boigny
Authors: Alerte Kangah Orphée Michelle
Published: May 2016

This research starts from the observation that despite the implementation of numerous prevention interventions at the point of the student population of the Felix Houphouet-Boigny University, sexual risk behaviors persist. Thus, we asked ourselves about the causes of this persistence in a population supposed to be more receptive to awareness messages given their level of education. According to the research hypothesis, the persistence of risky sexual behavior among university students of the Félix Houphouet-Boigny University depends on the combination of certain socio-cultural and economic factors. So, a crosssectional study was conducted and data was collected through a questionnaire, a semi-directive interview guide and an observation grid. Identified key factors are the magical-religious beliefs, aggressive propaganda images, sensual and pornographic scenes and difficult socioeconomic conditions of live.
Réflexions Sur Les Variations Pluviométriques De La Région De Tiaret (Algérie Occidentale) Durant La Période 1984 – 2015
Authors: Mohammed Achir , Benchaben Hellal
Published: May 2016

The analysis of rainfall is offered over a period of thirty-two years of measurement. This study based on the calculation of a number of indices has to account for the extreme variability of rainfall in the region of Tiaret (western Algeria). It also shows the severe and lasting climate of drought observed in this region from 1984 to 2002. It also highlights the return to a wet phase recorded from 2003 to 2014. The year 2015 has been quite deficient in rainfall. Is it the beginning of a new period of drought?
Evaluation De L’impact De La Pollution Agricole Sur La Qualite Des Eaux Souterraines De La Nappe Du Gharb
Authors: Nouzha Bouderka , Kacem Souid Ahmed , Ferdaouss Lakhili , Abrerrahim Lahrach , Mohammed Benabdelhadi
Published: May 2016

The Gharb plain is located in the North West of Morocco and corresponds to a vast plain of the Sebou watershed. It includes an irrigable perimeter of a 250,000 ha, of which more than 120,000 ha are designed as big hydraulics to meet the drinking water and irrigation needs of the region. The intensification of agriculture in this region leads to a significant use of phytosanitary products, which can impact the physico-chemical quality of the Gharb groundwater. To assess this quality we proceeded to the analysis of the physico-chemical parameters (pH, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen, chlorides, sodium, potassium, nitrates, ammonium, and orthophosphates) and the study of the metallic contamination of waters of 17 wells located in the region of Sidi Kacem-Sidi Slimane. The results of performed analysis, revealed a pollution of an agricultural origin. This is confirmed by the maximum levels of chlorides, which exceed 2,734 mg/l, thereby explaining the high conductivity levels (5000 μ/cm). Nevertheless, a lithological influence cannot be excluded. The nitrate levels (160 mg/l) indicate a nitric pollution of underground waters. The heavy metals measured showed a metallic contamination exceeding the norms of lead and aluminium concentration, elements which may have their origin in fertilizers undergoing an excessive use in the area. These results confirm the impact of the agricultural intensification in the degradation of the quality of the underground water of the Gharb region.
The Philosophical Connotations of Popular Aerobics: Illustrated by the Case of Lesmills
Authors: Wang Yanling , Wu Maoguo
Published: May 2016

This paper applies the introspection method to explore the philosophical connotations of popular aerobics by analyzing the case of Lesmills. It argues that people could maintain self-integrity and experience the sense of existence during popular aerobics exercises. Popular aerobics exercises help people increase their strength and courage substantially in addition to sharpening and deepening their human sensibility. In conclusion, this paper advocates and urges the popularization of aerobics exercises for their profound philosophical values.
The Use of Energy Resources as Foreign Policy Tools: The Russian Case
Authors: Sonmez A.Sait , Cobanoglu Sedat
Published: May 2016

The energy industry has an important place in the policies of Vladimir Putin, who became the president of Russia in 2000. During this period, Russia’s economic and political power has increased through the rise of oil prices. Accordingly, Russia began to follow pro-active foreign policy on a global scale. “Energy Resources” used as a tool in foreign policy, are one of the dimensions of this proactive policy. In this study, how the energy resources are used in foreign policies of states is analyzed by the sample of Russia. Furthermore, the place of energy industry in the Russian economy and some of the outstanding companies operating in this industry are examined. On the other hand transportation policies (the energy corridors of Russia), performed inside and outside the country, are accompanied with some examples. Then, the role of energy is analyzed in the outputs of foreign policy followed by Russia.
Continuing Education On Qualitative Risk Assessment: Improving The Understanding Of Risk
Authors: Ribeiro Marcela G. , Bussacos Marco A. , Filho Walter dos R. Pedreira
Published: May 2016

Despite a common agreement that environmental and occupational health & safety professionals must learn about risk early in formal education, such matters still remain underrepresented in most education programs. This paper describes the development and use of an instructional material aimed at exploring and improving health & safety professionals’ understanding on what risk really means, and on what is needed to its technical assessment. After reading a text depicting the technical and contextual aspects of unintended technological accidents, participants were asked to rank such events regarding its risk. Next, they had to explain what criteria they adopted, and also to compare their results with reference values, discussing the differences. Participants’ statements were collected and compiled. The ensuing discussion involved the resignification of the ideas raised by them, introducing the scientific meaning into a technical context. The proposed practice presented consistent results becoming an alternative resource to teach risk in a way participants share opinions based on their previous knowledge and begin to deal with the idea of evaluating risks in a scientifically reasoned basis.
Online Pharmaceutical Management System
Authors: Ernest E Onuiri , Inalegwu G Oyebanji , Solomon A Fayehun , Sam-David Chukwujioke
Published: May 2016

Pharmaceutical practices have evolved over time to become fully encompassed in all aspects of pharmacy itself. Such practices include: dispensing of drugs, consultation, drug regulation, and the sale of these drugs. The community pharmacies and hospital pharmacies have key roles to play in the pharmaceutical practices. For the community pharmacies in Sub- Saharan Africa, a strict approach to the sale and dispensation of drugs is not normally the case, due to the fact that laws governing pharmaceutical practices have not been fully enforced. On the part of the hospital pharmacies, there is a more controlled approach to the dispensing of drugs, as the prescriptions are readily available from the in-house doctors. There is a need for these practices to be fully enforced, and a management system introduced to the fray. With software such as the Online Pharmaceutical Management System, which provides a platform has been provided to help with drug regulation, as well as providing ease to all parties involved. The methodology used in the implementation of the software is the Incremental Model of System Development Life Cycle, which allows room for scalability as time goes on. Creating an Online Pharmaceutical Management System would help in pharmaceutical practices for all parties involved. It is eminent that the system provides a safe, secure and verified platform for all parties which help to bridge the communication gap and provide legitimate drugs. Therefore, if all recommendations are strictly adhered to, there will be strict monitoring and regulation of how drugs are circulated and a decrease in the spread of fake drugs.
Synthesis, Characterization And Electrolytic Behavior Of Cadmium(II) Complexes Of 5,7,7,12,14,14- Hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-Tetraazacyclotetradeca-4,11- Diene And Isomers Of Its Saturated Analogue
Authors: Biswas Foni B. , Roy Tapashi G. , Rabi Saswata , Islam Mohammad K.
Published: May 2016

Condensation of ethylendiamine with acetone in the presence of quantitative amount of perchloric acid, yielded the ligand 5,7,7,12,14,14- hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-4,11-diene dihydroperchlorate (denoted by L.2HClO4). The ligand L.2HClO4 on reduction with NaBH4, yielded an isomeric mixture of saturated macrocycles, the Me6[14]anes, which were resolved into two distinct C-chiral isomers (denoted by ‘tet-a’ and ‘tet-b’). Interaction of ligands L.2HClO4, ‘tet-a’ and ‘tet-b’ with salts CdI2, Cd(NO3)2.4H2O, CdCl2.2H2O and Cd(ClO4)2.6H2O produced different five coordinated square pyramidal and six coordinated octahedral cdmium(II) complexes. Among them the complexes, cis-[Cd(teta)( NO3)](NO3) and cis-[Cd(tet-b)(NO3)](NO3) underwent axial ligand substitution reaction with KCNS; whereas complex [Cd(tet-a)I2] underwent axial ligand substitution reaction and complex [CdLI](ClO4) underwent simultaneous ligand substitution and addition reaction with NaNO2. Characterization of all the complexes were carried out on the basis of elemental analysis; FT-IR, UV-Vis. and 1H-NMR spectroscopy; melting point determination as well as by magnetic moment and conductivity measurements. Molar conductivity measurment of the complexes reavealed that they show different electrolytic behavior in different solvents.
Reproduction Control Of Male Oreochromis Niloticus (Nile Tilapia) Using Gossypium Herbaceum (Cotton) Root Bark Meals As Fertility Inhibitor
Authors: Akin-Obasola B.J. , Jegede T.
Published: May 2016

The study was carried out to control Tilapia population using Gossypium herbaceum root bark meal (GHRBM) as reproduction inhibitor. Gossypium herbaceum (Cotton) root bark meal was fed to male O. niloticus (31.38±0.67g). The root bark was added to a basal diet (35% crude protein) at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg diet. A total of 75 fishes were randomly distributed in triplicate into 15 plastic tanks (1x1x1m and 1.45 inches thick) at a stocking density of 5 fishes per 1m3. Groundwater of 400 litres volume was maintained throughout the period of experiment. The pH value was between 6.90 and 7.67, temperature ranged between 25.4 and 26.60C and dissolved oxygen concentration between 2.8 and 3.9 ml/l. The fish was fed at 4% body weight/day in two instalments at 09:00-09:30 hour and 17:00-17:30 hour. In fish fed 0g of GHRBM/kg diet, histological examination showed spermatocytes released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules while in fish fed 5 g, 10 g, 15 g and 20 g GHRBM/kg diets, the sections showed eroded connective tissue, hydropic degeneration, disintegration in seminiferous lobule, damaged connective tissue and increased in interstitial cells. Except in the control treatment, it was observed that O. niloticus spermatozoa maintained normal morphology but low sperm count and low volume. Milt volume and milt count (P<0.05) decreased with increase in concentration of treatments used (from 0.5 to 0.1ml and 3.59 x109 to 0.33 x109 (Sperm/ml) respectively. Weight gained was highest in fish fed 10g GHRB/kg diet. It was observed that the feeding of Gossypium herbaceum root bark meals had no effect on water quality. Histological observations and milt analysis revealed that Gossypium herbaceum root bark may be effective as reproduction inhibitor in O. niloticus.
Spatiotemporal Trend Analysis of the Mean Annual Rainfall in Senegal
Authors: Diop Lamine , Bodian Ansoumana , Diallo Dior
Published: May 2016

The spatiotemporal trends of annual rainfall in Senegal during 1940 - 2013 were investigated using the Mann–Kendall test and Theil–Sen’s slope estimator. Theil and Sen's slope estimator test was used for finding the magnitude of change over a time period. Inverse Weight Distance (IDW) technique in Arc GIS 10.2 was used to investigate spatial patterns of the trends over the entire country. For the period 1940-2013, the results of the analysis showed negative trends in annual rainfall at the whole country except for the Bakel station which exhibits a positive trend but not significant. While for the period 1984 - 2013, all the stations show a positive trend with 07 out of 22 stations exhibiting a significant trend at the 95% confidence interval. The spatial distribution of trend during the period 1940- 2013 showed a significant negative trend in the whole study of area except small areas located at the extreme South Est and West as well as North East and West. The trend magnitude varies between -4.41mm/year to 1.34 mm for the period 1940-2013 with a maximum negative magnitude at the Tambacounda station. For 1984-2013, the trend magnitude is positive for the whole country with values varying between 2.67 mm/year at Goudiry and 12.2 mm/year at Ziguinchor. Magnitudes are greater than 5 mm/year, for stations with significant positive trend.
Les Amputations Majeures Des Membres A L’hopital General De Reference Nationale De N’djamena, Tchad
Authors: Ouchemi Choua , Abdoul Touré , Dionadji Mbainguinam , Chaib Mahamat Albichari Ahmat , Okim Ahmat Malgnan , Maide Moussa Kalli
Published: May 2016

The aim of this study was to describ major limb amputations in a tertiary teaching hospital in N’Djaména, Chad. Patients and Method We realized a both retrospective and prospective study from 01/08/2013 to 31/07/2015 in the General Surgery ward and Orthopedics and Traumatology ward of the National Reference General Hospital of N'Djamena, Chad. Data were collected from patient records, operating theater records and equipment center. Studied parameters: age, sex, indication and level of amputation, length of hospital stay, prosthetic devices and mortality. Results The study population included 155 patients divided into 118 men (70.1%) and 37 women (29.9%), a sex ratio of 2.3. The average age was 43.1 years. Severe limb injuries by road traffic crushes were the first major amputation indication in 74 cases (47.6%), followed by complications of diabetic ulcers in 33 cases (21.4%) and arterial occlusive disease in 21 cases (13.6%). The pelvic and thoracic limbs were affected respectively in 130 cases (84.9%) and 25 cases (16.1%). The levels of amputations were: the leg in 78 cases (50.3%), the thigh in 50 cases (32.3%) and the forearm in 9 cases (5.8%). The average hospital stay was 16 days. We noted wound suppuration in 28.4% of cases and psychiatric events in 4.6%. Mortality was 15.6%. Only 35 patients (22.6%) received a prosthetic device after amputation. Conclusion: road traffic trauma with irreversible vascular damage is the leading indication of major limb amputations in our setting. Complications of diabetic foot are increasing indication. Mostly, traditional bonesetters practiced on the patients before reaching to hospital care. The amputees face great prosthetic difficulties. Major limb amputations are preventable by education, early presentation and management of common indications.
Knowledge, Awareness And Perceptions Of Females On Clandestine Abortion In Kintampo North Municipality, Ghana
Authors: Alhassan Alhassan Yakubu , Abdul-Rahim Abdulai , Akaabre Paul Boniface
Published: May 2016

Clandestine Abortion will continue to be an integral part of human society as long as people continue to accept and engage in sexual activities without being prepared to give birth. Despite the risks (death and other health complication) involved in clandestine abortion, people continue to engage in the act. The central inquiry is; why do people continue to do clandestine abortions despite its associated risk? Do people have knowledge on abortion concerning its legalities and associated risks? This paper thus seeks to clarify the above questions by examining the knowledge, awareness and perceptions of females on abortion, with focus on clandestine abortion in the Kintampo North Municipality of Ghana. The paper reveals that, though most females have little knowledge on the 1985 abortion law, they are aware of the risks associated with criminal abortion. Despite being aware of the risks, circumstances such as unwanted pregnancies, poverty, desire to pursue education and career goals, and job related issues compel most to abort pregnancies through dangerous means. The paper therefore calls for public education on abortion laws in Ghana to be intensified and possibly, consider shifting the existing paradigms of the abortion law in order to curb clandestine abortions and its associated fatalities.
Lei de Acesso à Informação nos municípios do extremo oeste de Santa Catarina
Authors: Carli Deneide Teresinha de , Fachin Gleisy Regina Bóries
Published: May 2016

A Lei de Acesso à Informação (LAI), nº 12.527, de 18/11/2011, regula o acesso a informações públicas em todos os âmbitos do Poder Público. Objetivou investigar de que forma a LAI é disponibilizada nas prefeituras catarinenses integrantes da Associação dos Municípios do Extremo Oeste de Santa Catarina (AMEOSC). Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, documental e quantitativa. Utilizou checklist e questionário aplicado às 13 prefeituras da AMEOSC, que formaram o universo desta pesquisa. Fundamentou-se a revisão de literatura abordando sobre a LAI, a gestão documental arquivística e os ciclos de vida dos documentos. Dos 13 questionários aplicados, responderam seis prefeituras, (três possuem população acima de dez mil, obrigadas a disponibilizar o acesso à LAI e três abaixo de dez mil). Conclui-se que é cedo para fazer uma ampla avaliação da disponibilização da LAI nos municípios pesquisados, visto que a mesma foi aprovada em 2011. As prefeituras estão se estruturando para atender as demandas. Considerou-se como obstáculos a insuficiência de recursos humanos, inadequada divulgação e conscientização dos servidores e da população em geral.
Estafilococo Meticilino resistente, un problema actual en la emergencia de resistencia entre los Gram positivos.
Authors: ECHEVARRIA ZARATE Juan , IGLESIAS QUILCA David
Published: May 2016

Las enfermedades infecciosas constituyen la primera causa de morbimortalidad a nivel mundial, en especial en países subdesarrollados como el nuestro, por ello el tratamiento adecuado y oportuno de las mismas, tendrá un impacto importante en los índices de salud. Lamentablemente uno de los grandes problemas que se enfrenta en la actualidad es la creciente emergencia de resistencia de los gérmenes a los antibióticos convencionales.
Colonización vaginal y anorectal por Streptococcus agalactiae en gestantes de los Hospitales Nacionales Cayetano Heredia y Arzobispo Loayza.
Authors: TAMARIZ ORTIZ Jesús Humberto , OBREGON CALERO Maruja , JARA AGUIRRE José Carlos , DIAZ HERRERA Jorge , JEFFERSON CORTEZ Luz , GUERRA ALLISON Humberto
Published: May 2016

Objetivo: Considerando la importancia del Streptococcus agalactiae en infecciones en neonatos y puérperas y la ausencia de información sobre su prevalencia en nuestro medio, se realizó el presente estudio con el objetivo de determinar los niveles de colonización en secreciones vaginales y anorrectales de mujeres embarazadas en dos importantes centros hospitalarios de la ciudad de Lima. Material y métodos: Entre los meses de abril a octubre del 2002, se estudiaron 238 gestantes con 26 semanas o más de gestación que acudieron al consultorio externo del servicio de Obstetricia de los Hospitales Nacionales Arzobispo Loayza y Cayetano Heredia; mediante hisopado se obtuvieron muestras de secreción vaginal y anorrectal empleando como medio de enriquecimiento selectivo caldo Todd Hewitt suplementado con gentamicina (0.8 mg/mL) y ácido nalidíxico (15 mg/ml). El cultivo se realizó en agar sangre de carnero al 5%, identificándose el germen mediante el tipo de hemólisis, la prueba de CAMP, bacitracina y Sulfametoxazol / Trimetoprim. Resultados: Se logró aislar Streptococcus agalactiae en 26 pacientes (10.9%). No se encontró asociación con tiempo de gestación, edad materna ni número de partos. De las 26 gestantes colonizadas por Streptococcus agalactiae, 09 (36.4%) manifestaron haber presentado abortos previos. Las pacientes con cultivos positivos recibieron tratamiento quimioprofiláctico. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio, muestran la necesidad de realizar trabajos de investigación que identifiquen la magnitud del problema en Lima y el interior del país a fin de orientar la implementación de las medidas preventivas necesarias.