bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apple, Apollo Eup Evaluation, 1985
Authors: Hull L. A.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted in 2 adjacent blocks (13 acres each) of a commercial apple orchard in the Buchanan Valley, near Arendtsville, PA. One block was further divided into two 6.5-acre blocks which were treated with both rates of Apollo. Six ‘York Imperial’ apple trees were randomly selected in each block for monitoring. Treatments were applied using the alternate-row middle technique with a Myers airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa at 2 mph. Spray dates for Apollo treatments were: 20 and 22 Apr; 6 and 18 Jul (only 59 ml/acre rate). Rates of acaricides and application dates for the standard block were Carzol 228 g/acre (3 May both sides), Plictran 363 g/acre (20 and 28 May, 2 half-sprays), Kelthane 1.324 liters/acre (14 Jun, 1 half-spray), Carzol 340 g/acre (25 Jun, 1 half-spray). Amounts are listed as complete sprays. All blocks received the same insecticide and fungicide schedule. The effect of sprays on ERM was evaluated by counting mites on samples of 15 leaves/tree (6 trees/treatment). The mite predator S. punctum was monitored by making 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees.
Apple, Dilute Test of Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Hull L. A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 replicates of York Imperial. Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. Sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees. Approximately 8.0 gal of spray were applied per replicate. Dates of application were: M0070616 treatments only—18 Apr, 8 and 22 May, 5 and 26 Jun, 17 Jul, 7 and 21 Aug; all other treatments—8 and 22 May, 5 and 19 Jun, 10 and 24 Jul, 7 and 21 Aug. Guthion 50WP (114 g/100 gal) was substituted for Brigade on 22 May, 19 Jun, 10 Jul, and 21 Aug. Brigade was increased to 91 g/100 gal on 5 Jun, 24 Jul, and 7 Aug. Pounce 3.2EC (30 ml/100 gal) was substituted for CME-13406 on 8 May. Guthion 50WP (114 g/100 gal) was substituted for CME-13406 on 19 Jun, 10 and 24 Jul; and for UC-SF-27 on 8 and 22 May. Kelthane 4F (473 ml/100 gal) was added to all M0070616 treatments except for the high rate of SDO 14114 on 26 Jun. Plictran 50WP (227 g/acre/half spray) was applied to all plots on 10 and 28 May. During the season general sprays involving Cyprex, Polyram, Benlate, Topsin M, Captan, Zineb, and calcium chloride were applied with an airblast sprayer at 50 gpa to the whole experimental block. Effectiveness on apple aphid was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals, and aphids/most infested leaf. The effect of sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 leaves/tree. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM, TSSM and predatory mites was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 20 leaves/tree, 80 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the predators S. punctum and H. vitripennis was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae and adults and nymphs, respectively, around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and two picked samples on 14 Aug and 11 Sep. Apple samples averaged 123 fruits/replicate and 492/treatment. Pest pressure was heavy throughout the season. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 120 treatment. Fruits are rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were: 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe).
APple
Authors: Pfeiffer D. , Ponton L. , Varn M. , Boucher T. , Smothers V.
Published: March 2022

Apollo Bate Trial, 1985: Each plot at Roseland, VA consisted of 0.24 ha (0.6A). Sprays were applied at pink stage of bud development (12 Apr) with a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer. Applications were made at 551.4 liters/ha (59 gal/A) (3 × concentration, equivalent to 1645 liters/ha (176 gal/A)). Mites were evaluated from 4 trees per treatment, using a leaf-brushing machine and 20 leaves per replicate. On 21 Jun (after leaves were collected), plots 1, 2 and 5 were sprayed with Kelthane 4F because of excessive bronzing in this commercial orchard. Plots 3 and 4 were sprayed with Carzol 92SP when mite densities exceeded a threshold (5 mites/leaf until 1 Jul, 10 mites/leaf thereafter).
Apple, San Jose Scale Trial, 1985
Authors: Pfeiffer D. , Ponton L.
Published: March 2022

Pesticides were applied to mature ‘Delicious’ trees in Fairfield, Va. Two applications were directed against each of 2 generations of SJS. Spray dates were 30 May, 14 Jun, 5 Aug and 16 Aug. Each treatment included 4 single-tree replicates in a completely randomized design. An unsprayed buffer tree was left between each sprayed tree. Applications were made with a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer with a handgun attachment. Scale populations were assessed by counting SJS-infested fruit after each generation of crawlers had settled (on 8 Jul and 17 Sep, respectively). Fifty fruit per tree were examined.
Apple, Acaricide Trial, 1985
Authors: Pfeiffer D. , Ponton L. , Varn M. , Boucher J. , Smothers V.
Published: March 2022

Several acaricides were evaluated against mites in an apple block at Steeles Tavern. Four, single-tree replicates were used in a completely randomized design. Spray dates were 3 Jun and 13 Aug. Applications were made using a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer with a handgun attachment. Trees were sprayed to drip (ca. 1869 liters/ha (200 gal/A)). Unsprayed buffer trees were left between each replicate. Mites were evaluated using a leaf-brushing machine and 20 leaves per replicate. Because of low ERM densities in all plots, a spray of fenvalerate (1.17 liters/ha (1 pt/A)) was applied on 16 Jul.
Apple, Post-Bloom Control of Apple Pandemis, 1985
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Fenoxycarb was compared with Lorsban for control of pandemis leafroller larvae in post-bloom sprays. Both materials were applied in a dilute spray to the point of drip (approximately 400 gal/A) using a hand gun sprayer at 400-500 psi to a block of 7-year-old apple trees containing 33 trees each. Treatments were applied about 2 wk after petal fall on 20 May when leafroller larvae were predominantly in the 4th and 5th instar. Treatments were evaluated on 30 Jul when larvae from summer generation were present. Insecticide treatments were compared with an untreated block of trees adjacent to treated areas. Ten trees were randomly selected from each block and examined for live larvae. Mites were sampled bi-weekly from mid-June through mid-Sep. Fifty leaves (5 per tree) were selected at random from each block, returned to the laboratory, brushed and mites counted. Mite densities are presented as mean mites per leaf for the growing season.
Pear, Full Season Psylla Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments consisted of single trees replicated 4 times in a completely randomized design. Materials were applied dilute by handgun on 7 May (petal fall), 4 Jun and 2 Jul. On each sample date 50 leaves were randomly sampled from each of the 4 trees. A subsample of 25 leaves were examined for psylla nymphs using a stereo microscope. All 50 leaves were then brushed in a mite brushing machine and the number of rust mites recorded for 8 sections.
Pear, Pear Psylla Control, 1985
Authors: Shearer Peter W.
Published: March 2022

Single 14-year-old d’Anjou trees were treated on 28 Mar at late-delayed dormant stage for control of pear psylla nymphs. CGA 29170 treatment was reapplied on 9 Apr. Single tree units replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design were sprayed by handgun to run-off using a 7 gpm John Bean sprayer operating at 350 psi at about 400 gpa. Effectiveness of materials was assessed by counting under a dissection scope pear psylla nymphs on 3 spurs per replicate (12 spurs per treatment). Average monthly temperatures were: Mar42.0°F, Apr 51.4°F, May 56.7°F. Precipitation in inches was: Mar 2.72, Apr 1.03, May 0.48.
Sweet Cherry, Spotted Tentiform Leafminer Control, 1985
Authors: Shearer Peter W.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were evaluated for control of STLM and possible deleterious effects on STLM parasitoids. The treatments were applied to nonreplicated 1.6-acre plots in The Dalles, OR, on a mixed planting of approximately 50-year old Bing, Black Republican, and Napoleon sweet cherry trees. The materials were applied on 14 Jul using an Orchardmaster sprayer with a 200 gpa output. Diazinon was applied on 23 Aug to 0.5 of the Vendex + Dimilin plot and the check plot to observe possible parasitoid disruption. STLM damage was assessed by counting both the sap-feeding and tissue-feeding mines in leaves removed from current season Napoleon shoots. Mine counts were taken from a proximal, distal and middle leaf from each of 45 shoots/plot. The same sampling procedure was used on 9 Sep but only tissue-feeding mines were counted. Apanteles sp. were trapped on Pherocon AM yellow stickey traps hung 6 ft high on the north side of trees for approximately 1 wk. A ratio of the average no. ol Apanteles sp. trapped, divided by tissue-feeding mines/leaf was calculated to determine parasitoid disruption from the sprays. Average monthly temperatures were: Jul 79.8°F, Aug 70.9°F, Sep 58.0°F. Monthly rainfall in inches was: Jul 0.02, Aug 0.29, Sep 0.43.
Green Peach Aphid and Peach Twig Borer Control, Pre-Bloom Applications, 1984
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated for control of the green peach aphid and peach twig borer at 4 locations near Wenatchee. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 400 psi to the point of drip simulating a dilute application of approximately 400 gal per acre. Peach varieties in test 2 were Elberta and Early Red Haven, in test 1 mixed, in test 4 Elberta and JH Hale. Nectarine varieties used in test 3 were Nectared and Ruby Grand. In tests 1-3, four single-tree replicates were used per treatment in a randomized complete block design. In test 4, unreplicated blocks of 16 trees were used per treatment. Pretreatment samples consisted of 5 twigs per tree in tests 1-3 and 5 twigs per tree from 8 trees in test 4. All aphids on each twig were counted. Posttreatment samples consisted of counting the number of aphids on each of 5 twigs per tree, the number of active green peach aphid colonies per tree and the number of growing shoots flagged by peach twig borer larvae. In tests 1 and 2, the first 3 treatments (Thiodan, Orthene and methomyl) were applied on 15 Mar before rain began. Subsequent applications were discontinued on that day. On 19 Mar all treatments in test 1, 2 and 4 were applied, including retreatment of the first 3 treatments listed in tests 1 and 2. Flower buds were swollen with some pink showing at this application. A heavy rain fell on the evening of 19 Mar extending through 21 Mar (0.95 inches). All applications had dried on trees prior to the beginning of the 19 Mar rain. On 23 Mar, treatments were applied in test 3. Fruit buds had advanced to the full pink stage with a few flowers open on some trees. Low to moderate populations of aphids were present in all test orchards. Mites were sampled on 2 Jul and 30 Aug from tests 2, 3 and 4. Fifty-leaf samples (5 leaves from 10 trees) were collected at each date from each treatment in test 4. A 25-leaf sample was collected from each tree in tests 2 and 3 on each sample date. Leaf samples were brushed and mites counted in the laboratory. Data are presented as the average number of mites per leaf for the 2 samples.
Peach, Green Peach Aphid Control, 1985
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Kaakeh Walid
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to 5 single-tree replications of 6-year-old trees in a randomized block design. Sprays were applied to runoff on 18 Apr (approximately petal fall stage) with a Myers V7710-5E02G hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at a pressure of 200 psi. Treatment effectiveness was determined on 21 May by counting the number of GPA colonies found on each tree.
Nectarine, Lesser Peachtree Borer Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments consisted of unreplicated blocks. Materials were applied by airblast sprayer in 103 gal/acre on 13 Jun, 27 Jun, 9 Jul, 21 Jul, 6 Aug, 20 Aug, 4 Sep and 18 Sep. One nozzle was offset and extended so as to apply ca 20% of the spray volume to the trunks and scaffold limbs. Evaluations involved examining 8 trees in each block for borers.
Plum, Full Season Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments consisted of single trees replicated 4 times. Materials were applied by airblast sprayer in 116 gal/acre on 23 Apr, 3 May, 18 May, 29 May, 11 Jun, 24 Jun, 9 Jul, 23 Jul and 6 Aug. Evaluations involved examining 50 fruit from each replicate for plum curculio damage.
Cranberry Fruitworm Control, 1985
Authors: Brodel Charles F.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a uniformly vined, 13-year-old section of State Bog in East Wareham, MA. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 treatment plots replicated 4 times. Plots of 5 × 5 ft were separated within blocks by 1-ft pathways and between blocks by either 3- or 5-ft pathways. Three post-bloom applications were made on 19 Jul (8 days after 50% petal fall), 30 Jul, and 9 Aug with a 2-gal compressed air sprayer. All treatments were diluted to the rate of 400 gal of water per acre to approximate conditions achieved commercially with overhead sprinkler systems. Captafol was applied on 20 Jun, 17 Jul, and 2 Aug to prevent infection by fruit rot organisms. Berries from 3 randomly selected, square-ft areas within each plot were harvested by hand and frozen during the second week of Oct. These were later inspected for injury by A. vaccinii. Injury data underwent arcsine transformation prior to statistical analysis.
Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Thiodicarb to Control Adult Cranberry Weevils, 1985
Authors: Brodel Charles F.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a 45-year-old section of State Bog in East Wareham, MA. Scattered bloom was anticipated to occur in about a week. Three treatments were replicated 4 times in randomized blocks composed of 5 × 5-ft plots. Applications were made on 8 Jun using a 2-gal, polyethylene compressed air sprayer. A rate of 400 gal of water per acre was used to simulate conditions achieved commercially with overhead sprinkler systems. After the foliage dried, randomly selected vine uprights in each plot were pruned, placed in plastic bags in a cooler, and brought to the laboratory. Twenty undamaged uprights per plot were inserted into moistened sand within 2, ventilated, 8-oz styrofoam cups. There were 30-40 blossom pods per cup. Seven h post-treatment, 14 field-collected weevils were introduced into each pair of cups. Cups were held at 21°C, 80-90% RH, and 15 h light. After 54 h of exposure, cups were inspected for dead weevils and punctured or detached blossom pods. Percentage data were subjected to arcsine transformation prior to analysis of variance.
Grape, Ambrosia Beetle Control Trial, 1985
Authors: Pfeiffer D. , Mierzejewski P.
Published: March 2022

Thiodan 50W (120g form/100 liters (=1 lb/100 gal)) was applied in a vineyard with a history of attack by AB. The spray was applied on 19 Apr using a vineyard airblast sprayer. Four vine rows were sprayed, ca. 0.2ha (0.5A). Damage was evaluated on 8 May by visually examining vines for entry holes of AB. Twenty vines were examined per treatment.
Evaluation of Insecticides and Insecticide Combinations for Aphid Control on Cotton in the Mississippi Delta, 1987
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Eight treatments were tested for relative efficacy against cotton aphid in irrigated cotton planted 5 May at the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, Miss. Plots were 8 rows (40-inch centers) × 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to the center 4 rows by high-clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 3.3 gal/acre at 4 mph using 2 TX-3 nozzles/row. Applications of insecticide were made on 16 Jul. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Aphids were counted on each of 10 leaves picked at random from about the 4th node from the terminal in each plot. All data were collected from the center 2 rows. Yield was obtained by use of a mechanical picker.
Evaluation of Pyrethroids and Organophosphorus Compounds for Heliothis Spp. Control in Mississippi, 1987
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen treatments were tested for relative efficacy against tobacco budworm in irrigated cotton planted 14 May at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. Plots were 8 rows wide × 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Treatments were applied to the center 4 rows by high-clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/acre at 4 mph using 3 TX-3 nozzles/row. Applications were made on 22 Jul and 6 and 15 Aug. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Data were obtained by examination of 10 terminals and 50 squares/plot or by whole-plant search of 10 plants. All data were collected from the center 2 rows. Bolls were counted in lieu of harvest because of early frost and other conditions.
Lygus Bugs and Western Flower Thrips Control on White Lupin, 1986
Authors: Tanigoshi Lynell K. , Babcock Jon
Published: March 2022

White lupin was seeded at 180 lb/acre in 11-inch rows near Waitsburg, Walla Walla County, Wash. Seven treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete-block design of 0.01-acre plots. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a 4-ft spray boom calibrated to deliver 80 gal/acre at 30 psi. Four 8003 flat-fan nozzles at 19-inch spacings were used on the spray boom. First treatment was on 13 Jun at 50% primary bloom followed by the second treatment on 27 Jun. Populations were estimated from 5 (180-degree) sweeps on 13, 20, and 27 Jun and 6 and 14 Jul with a 15-inch-diam sweep net. No samples were taken for western flower thrips (WFT) on 14 Jul due to their almost complete absence from all plots.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control in Peanuts in North Florida, 1987
Authors: Gilreath M. E. , Funderburk J. E. , Gorbet D. W. , Herzog D. C.
Published: March 2022

Peanuts were planted 18 May. Plot size was 4 rows × 12.3 m with a 92-cm row spacing. The soil type was Orangeburg sandy loam. Telone applications were made with a tractor-mounted gravity flow soil fumigant rig set for in-furrow treatment with a single chisel/row at 25-cm soil depth. The soil was moist when the Telone applications were made on 12 May. All granular insecticides were applied in a 25- to 30-cm band over the row. Granular insecticide treatments applied at planting were lightly incorporated with a drag bar. Granular insecticide treatments made later in the growing season were applied with a hand-pushed or tractor-mounted gandy at a time during the day when peanut foliage was dry. Lesser cornstalk borer (LCB) populations were monitored with 1-row × 76-cm adult emergence traps placed over the peanut foliage in the 2 outer rows of each plot. Traps were moved every 4 wk. The 2 center rows of each plot were harvested 2 Oct. Traps were moved at this time and emerging adults monitored until 5 Nov to allow larvae present before harvest to complete development to adult. Moisture was adequate to normal throughout the majority of the growing season. No extended dry periods occurred until late September to October, which was very dry.
Chinch Bug Control in Sorghum with Granular Insecticides, 1987
Authors: Negron Jose F. , Riley Thomas J.
Published: March 2022

Funk's G522DR' grain sorghum was planted 19 Aug on loessial silt loam (Gigger-Gilbert complex) at the Macon Ridge branch of the LSU Northeast Research Station, following the harvest of a heavily infested corn field. Because the chinch bug population was very high it was expected that they would move into the seedling sorghum. The plant residue was shredded and disked into the soil. Granular insecticides were applied at planting using a 2-row John Deere Model 71 Flexi-Planter, modified to carry 1-pt jars of insecticide. Jars were inverted above funnels connected by flexible delivery tubes to either a 7-inch band or an in-furrow applicator. The diameter of a single central hole in the lid of each jar, in combination with tractor speed, determined the rate of insecticide flow. Banded insecticides were applied in front of the press wheel and further incorporated by a drag chain attached to the rear of the planter. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used, and each treatment consisted of two 40-ft rows spaced 36 inches apart. Treatments were evaluated 15 Sep by counting the number of chinch bugs/ft of row (based on 5 counts/replication). In addition, a visual rating using a 1-3 scale of the overall health of the plants in the different treatments was taken.
Velvetbean Caterpillar and Grasshopper Control with Foliar Insecticides on Soybean, 1987
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Taylor J. D.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling velvetbean caterpillars and grasshoppers on soybean. Insecticides were foliar applied on 14 Sep on soybeans planted on a 36-inch row spacing. Soybeans were planted on 20 May in conventionally prepared seedbeds at the University of Georgia Extension Research Center at Attapulgus. Individual plots were 6 rows wide × 50 ft with 6-ft alleys between replicates. A complete randomized block experimental design with 4 replications was used. Each spray concentrate was applied with a COa-powered compressed-air sprayer, with TX-12 nozzles, at S2 psi (at the boom) that delivered 22.9 gal/acre of formulation. Individual treatments were evaluated 2 and 7 days after application by comparing the number >f insect pests/25 sweeps in the treated plots to those in the untreated checks. A 15-inch-diam net passed through the foliage of a single row on each sampling :late constituted a sweep.
Banded Sunflower Moth Control by Aerial Application; Comparison by Field and Stage of Bloom at Treatment, 1986
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele
Published: March 2022

Five commercial sunflower fields all within 2 miles of one another were divided into 3 treatments/field and randomized as to the location of insecticide treatments. Treatments were placed on field margins where banded sunflower moth (BSM) larval seed infestations have been demonstrated to be highest within a given field. We assumed this would create a bias against the effectiveness of the insecticides. Aerial application took place beginning at 8:30 P.M. on the 28 Jul for fields 175-S, 205, N-S, and 134-S. Field 062-N was treated at 9 P.M. on 29 Jul. Five gal total material was applied/acre. Yield samples were collected on 25 ft of row with normal plant stands (20,000 plants/acre) at 6 randomly selected locations the length of the field and at least 20 rows, or further, into each field. Yield was adjusted to a standard moisture and compared by field and by insecticide treatment.
Effects of Pyrethroid Insecticides and a Herbicide Applied Sequentially Or as Tank-Mixed Combinations on Cutworms, Weeds, and Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1986
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Hanlon J. J.
Published: March 2022

Three pyrethroids and a herbicide, Enide, were applied sequentially or in tank-mixed combinations on tobacco seedlings after transplanting to determine their effects on cutworms, weeds, and flue-cured tobacco. Tobacco seedlings were transplanted on May 26. Plots were 76 × 14 ft, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design, and consisted of 4 rows of tobacco with 38 plants/row. Furthermore, 2 subplots (12 × 12 inches each) containing 3 tobacco seedlings were established in each plot. Ten 6th- and 7th-instar larvae were introduced in each subplot 2 h before treatment and then 5 days after treatment. The larvae were retained in the subplots by aluminum barrier strips 8 inches high with 3 inches embedded in the ground to prevent the larvae from escaping. Applications were made on 3 Jun using a power sprayer that delivered 25 gal/ acre at 32 psi and 3.5 mph for broadcast application and 11 gal/acre at 15 psi for 10-inch band treatment. In plots receiving sequential applications, Enide was applied first in a 10-inch band over the row after transplanting, followed by broadcast insecticides over the plots 2 days later. In plots receiving tankmixed treatments, each of the insecticides was mixed in the same tank with Enide just before application and applied in a 10-inch band over the row. Cutworm-damaged plants and cutworm populations in the soil around plants from the 2 central rows in each plot were counted weekly after treatment for 4 wk, and the number of weeds was counted 2 wk after treatment. Mortality counts of the larvae in the subplots were made daily for 5 days. Abbott’s formula was used to correct for the mortality occurring in the check. The harvest and curing of each plot were carried out in the conventional manner. Cured tobacco leaves were analyzed for reducing sugars and total alkaloids as measures of the quality of the tobacco. Agronomic parameters measured were yield (lb/acre) and grade index (0/lb). The percentage of larval mortality in the subplots was transformed into angular units, and square-root transformation × + 0.5 was used for number of living cutworms and damaged plants found in each plot before analysis of variance. Duncan’s multiple range test was used to separate treatment means. Means were converted to original units for presentation in the tables.
Control of Tomato Hornworms on Tobacco with Microbial Insecticides and An Insect Growth Regulator, 1986
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Hanlon J. J.
Published: March 2022

Two microbial insecticides and an insect growth regular were evaluated in the laboratory and field for control of tomato hornworms on tobacco at the Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Delhi, On. Tobacco seedlings were transplanted on 26 May. Plots, 20.0 × 3.5 ft, were arranged in a randomized block design with 2 replications. Each plot was a single row of 10 plants. Materials were applied to the upper and lower surfaces of tobacco leaves using a Knapsack sprayer with an adjustable nozzle at a rate of 40 gal/acre on 14 Aug. Test insects were 3rd- and 4th-instar larvae of the tomato hornworm collected from tobacco plants in an unsprayed field. In the laboratory tests, the larvae, 10 for each replicate, were placed individually in 24-oz wide-mouth jars. Two hours after application of the insecticides, random samples of tobacco leaves were collected from each plant, taken to the laboratory, and placed in the jars with the larvae. In field tests, the larvae were placed on the treated tobacco plants in the test plots at the rate of 1 larva/plant about 3 h after treatment. In evaluating the effectiveness of the treatments, larval mortalities were assessed daily for 12 days for the laboratory tests and 4 days for the field tests. Larvae that remained on the leaves and showed any reaction when gently touched were considered alive. Abbotts formula was used to correct for the mortality occurring in the check. Before analysis of variance, data were transformed into angular units, and Duncan’s multiple range test was used to separate treatment means. Means were converted to original units for tabulation.
Tobacco Budworm Control with Various Formulations of Bacillus Thuringiensis, 1987
Authors: Lampert Emmett P. , Stephenson Alan S.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco was transplanted at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, N.C., on 6 May in a Norfolk loamy sand. Plots of 4 rows (45-inch row centers) × 60 ft (35 plants) were arranged in a randomized complete-block design for a test containing 10 treatments and 4 replicates. On 16 Jun, 15 uniformly sized and undamaged plants from each of the 2 left-most rows in each plot were tagged and infested with a single 2-day-old laboratory-reared tobacco budworm larva. Larvae were transferred to the plant bud with a camel’s hair brush. Two rows provided an untreated buffer. Treatments were applied with a C02-pressurized sprayer on 18 Jun through a single D2-33 full-cone nozzle per row at the rate of 25 gal/acre and 60 psi. Five and 11 days after treatment, the number of surviving larvae on the tagged plants as counted. After 13 days, budworm feeding damage was rated (0-4), and leaf consumption (0.1 leaves consumed) was estimated on all tagged plants/plot. On 10 Jul, all plants in the buffer rows were cut off at 3-4 leaves above the ground. Suckers grew from the axils of the remaining leaves, and on 29 Jul all but one healthy sucker were removed. Due to the presence of a naturally occurring budworm population, 20 plants containing a single small larva (<3rd instar) were selected and tagged on 12 Aug. Treatments were applied on 13 Aug as described above. Four- and 11-day counts of surviving budworms were made on tagged plants. A 14-day damage rating (0-4) was made on 27 Aug. Prior to ANOVA, count data were transformed to . Treatment means were separated using the Waller-Duncan K-ratio i-test (K = 100, α = 0.05). Means of untransformed data are presented.
Karate for the Control of Insects on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1987
Authors: Semtner Paul J.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted on 12 May. Experimental 3-row plots, 40 ft long on 4-ft centers, were set up in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Foliar insecticides were applied with a C02-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 24 gal/acre through 3 TX10 tips/row at 60 psi on 29 Jun to Test 1 and on 18 Aug to Test 2. On 23 Jul, at the completion of the Test 1, the test tobacco was cut back and a single sucker was turned out and allowed to grow for Test 2. Additional nitrogen fertilizer was applied to promote plant growth. Precipitation was 1.95 and 0.65 inches to Test 1 and Test 2, respectively. Insect pests were counted on the day before treatments were applied. Counts were made as follows: hornworms and budworms, 24 plants/plot; flea beetles, 10 plants/plot, and green peach aphids, between the 4th and 6th veins on the underside of 4 upper leaves of 10 plants/plot. One day before Test 1, 3-day-old budworms reared on an artificial diet were used to infest the center row of each plot with 1 budworm/plot. Insect counts were made at 3, 9, and 16 days after treatment in the Test 1 and at 2, 7, and 15 days after treatment in Test 2. The day after treatment 0.6 inch of precipitation fell. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, and treatment means were separated by Waller- Duncan K ratio t-test (K = 100, P = 0.05).
Spring Control of Northern Masked Chafer Grurs on a Golf Course Rough in Dillsrurg, Pa., 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The rough consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (60%), Kentucky bluegrass (30%), and perennial ryegrass (10%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi and delivering 5 gal/1000 sq ft. Three Diazinon treatments were applied in a split application; 2 lb (AI)/acre of each formulation was applied on the 28 April and again 7 days later (5 May). At treatment time (28 April), the following soil and environmental conditions existed; air temperature, 48°F; soil temperature, 58°F; RH 68%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.75 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil size separation, 16.2% sand, 63.6% silt, 20.2% clay; % soil moisture, 18.0; soil pH 5.3; % organic matter, 2.9; water pH, slightly acidic; 1.5 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. The following conditions existed on 5 May for the second split application of Diazinon treatments: air temperature, 63°F; soil temperature 54°F; RH, 64%. The experimental area was irrigated immediately after treatment with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 24 days later (22 May). Three sq ft sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of northern masked chafer grubs/sq ft was recorded. An average of 8.0 northern masked chafer grubs/sq ft was recorded on 28 April.
Laboratory Screening of Potential Ovicides Against Beet Armyworm, 1987
Authors: Warkentin D. , Harris M. , Begley J.
Published: March 2022

Eggs of known ages (24 and 72 h old) were collected onto strips of Parafilm M from colony-reared moths in mating and oviposition cages. Small sections of Parafilm containing eggs were dipped in test dilutions and allowed to air dry. There were 4 replicate sections/treatment level; 10-31 eggs/section. The treated eggs were held in Petri dishes under 12:12 (L:D) photoperiod and 75-85°F laboratory conditions. Percent hatch was determined when untreated eggs reached 100% eclosion or showed no further increase. The data were transformed by arcsin p prior to a 1-way analysis of variance.
Laboratory Bioassay of Tempo 2Ec Against Beet Armyworm, 1987
Authors: Warkentin D. , Harris M. , Begley J.
Published: March 2022

Second-instar larvae were reared on artificial diet in a laboratory colony, 9 generations removed from field-collected moths. The test larvae were treated either by Hamilton syringe (topical application of 1 u,l to the dorsa' thorax) or by spray atomizer (contact mist) and then incubated for 48 h under 12:12 (L:D) photoperiod and 75-85°F within individual 1-oz creamer cup>; containing fresh artificial diet. For each application method there were 3 replicate sets/treatment level; 10 larvae/set. Mortality data were transformed h, arcsin p prior to 1-way analysis of variance.
Control of Thrips in Open Rlooms of Chrysanthemum, 1987
Authors: Warkentin D. , Harris M. , Begley J.
Published: March 2022

Finished chrysanthemum pots (white blooms) were maintained in a greenhouse and inoculated with thrips collected locally from rose flowers. The thrips population was allowed to establish for 14 days, then 4 replicate pots were assigned to each treatment level. Three sprays were applied with a hand-pressurized pump applicator at 7-day intervals beginning 25 Jun. Application volume was 200 gal/acre. Evaluations were performed 4-7 days after each spray by randomly selecting 3 blooms from each replicate pot and extracting live, immature stages of thrips with Berlese funnels. Extraction time was 2 h/sample.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Somerset, Pa., 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The lawn consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with four 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 sq ft. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 82°F; soil temperature, 79°F; RH, 65%; amount of thatch, 0.25 inches; soil type, silty clay loam; soil size separation, 16.2% sand, 51.6% silt, 32.2% clay; soil moisture, 10.2%; soil pH 6.3; organic matter, 3.4%; water pH, slightly acidic; 1.8 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 4 Aug, 9 days after the initial treatment. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a & inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 10-min period. Three floatation samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a sq-ft count.
Control of Cuban Laurel Thrips on Ficus Nitida, Gardena, Calif., 1987
Authors: Robb Karen L. , Paine Timothy D. , Malinoski Mary K. , Virzi Judy K. , Parrella Michael P.
Published: March 2022

Cuban laurel thrips feeding on young Ficus nitida leaves cause the leaves to discolor and roll into a leaf gall. All galls were stripped from container-grown trees prior to treatment. Treatments were applied when new galls appeared, 29 May. Galled leaves were counted at 2-wk intervals following treatment. All galled leaves were removed after 8 wk, returned to the laboratory, and checked for eggs, immatures, and adults.
Potentilla, Twospotted Spider Mite Control on Container-Grown Plants, 1985
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Potentilla (30 cm high) growing in containers were obtained from a nursery in Lake County, Ohio, and brought to Wooster for evaluation of pesticides against twospotted spider mite. Infested plants were selected randomly and placed in groups of 4 single-plant replicates/treatment. Applications were made with a COa compression sprayer at 40 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle delivering 250 ml of finished spray (to run-off) to each plant. Sprays were applied 27 Aug under sunny skies at 24°C; wind 15 km/h. Treatments were evaluated 3 Sep by removing 5 10- to 15-cm-long terminal shoots from each plant. Samples were processed by passing them through a mite brush 6 times to dislodge mites to a rotating glass plate covered with Tween-20. Dislodged mites were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.
Evaluating Foliar Sprays for Controlling Birch Leafminers on Birch, Wayne County, Ohio, 1985
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against birch leafminer on 4- to 5-m-tall birch trees growing in an experimental plot under standard nursery management conditions at the Ohio State University Agricultural Research and Development Center near Wooster. Sprays were applied to 4 single-tree replicates/treatment using a KWH backpack mistblower operating at 0.5 throttle and aperture setting 4 delivering 950 ml of finished spray to each tree. Trees were sprayed 23 Apr under sunny skies at 18°C with no wind. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated on 8 and 22 May by counting the number of mined leaves for the first 10 leaves from the apex of 4 lateral twigs on each replicate tree.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Eastern Tent Caterpillar on Common Choke Cherry, Wayne County, Ohio, 1986
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Choke cherry, growing along roadsides, having at least 1 active nest of eastern tent caterpillar were used to evaluate insect growth regulators (IGRs). A KWH backpack mistblower operating at 0.5 throttle at aperture setting 3 was used to deliver 600 ml of finished spray to the dominant tent and surrounding foliage in each of 3 single-tree replicates/treatment. The sky was cloudy, temperature was 24°C, and there were gusty winds of 24-32 km/h during application on 7 May when larvae were 15-30 mm long. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 2, 5, 7, and 14 days posttreatment by visually examining each nest for condition of larvae.
Control of Nantucket Pine Tip Moth on Loblolly Pine, 1987
Authors: Gladin Jodie , Price Richard , Pinkston Ken
Published: March 2022

A test was conducted on loblolly pines at the OSU Horticulture Research Nursery in Stillwater. Field-grown pines, 7 to 8 ft tall, were treated on 15 Jun. Treatments were made with a FMC DM 010 sprayer, and the trees were sprayed at 350 psi until runoff. Temperature and wind velocity were 93°F and 0-5 mph, respectively. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design with 3 trees/replicate. Larval infestations were evaluated by sampling 20 damaged terminals/tree at 14 and 21 DAT.
Efficacy of Wasp and Hornet Aerosol Formulations for Nest Treatment of Polistes Wasps, 1986 and 1987
Authors: Wagner R. E.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of 3 proprietary and 5 experimental wasp and hornet aerosol products was evaluated for control of a typical paper wasp species. Tests were performed on 3 dates: at Redlands, Calif., on 8 Aug '86; at Capay, Calif, on 15 Jul '87; and Redlands on 4 Sep '87. Nests beneath the eaves of residential buildings or on other structures or in shrubs or trees were treated. The nests ranged in size from 25 mm diam with only 3 wasps present to 80 mm diam with up to 60 wasps present. Each treatment series contained 5 nests with small, medium, and large nests assigned nearly equally to each treatment. Since active wasps are more difficult to knock down than torpid ones, treatments were applied during daylight hours, when temperatures averaged 34°C, rather than at night as normally is recommended. Each nest was sprayed until all wasps present had been contacted and the comb was wetted, then knockdown efficacy was recorded. Delivery rate for each formulation was determined by weighing each can after 2-s sprays, which were repeated until the product was expended. Average delivery rate was calculated for each product.
Horn and Face Fly Control on Pastured Reef Cattle with Insecticidal Eartag Preparations, 1987
Authors: Cilek J. , Webb J. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Various cattle eartags designed for horn and face fly control were evaluated under field conditions for their efficacy. All herds tested were cow/calf operations located in central and western Kentucky where resistance is becoming more prominent in cattle operations. Prior to treatment the resistant ratio (RS) to permethrin was determined with the KY horn fly resistant test procedures. A permethrin susceptible horn fly strain was used for comparison. All herds were tagged between 15—30 Jun and the herds monitored for horn and face flies at 2 wk intervals. Face flies were counted on the head and face of 10 animals while horn Ilies were counted on one side of the same animals. Commercially available Maxcon (tm), Atroban (tm), and Terminator (tm) flytags were tested along with preparations containing 10% and 15% cyhalothrin (Cy) with piperonyl butoxide and S,S,S-Tributylphosphorotrithioate (Def). Tags containing 22% cyhalothrin with and without calcium carbonate (CaC03) were tested as were tags containing 22 and 35% pirimophos methyl (PM). Tags were applied to all animals in the herds except for spring calves (1987).
Evaluation of Methoprene for Control of Horse Bot Fly Eggs on Horses, 1987
Authors: Silapanuntakul S. , Burg J. G. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

All horse bot eggs were removed from the front legs of 3 mares on the University of Kentucky Research Farm on 14 Sep. The front legs of 2 horses were treated with 0.26% methoprene at the rate of 0.057 u,g (AI)/cm2 using a calibrated plastic hand sprayer; the remaining horse served as a control. All horses were inspected daily and newly deposited eggs were randomly collected. All remaining eggs were then removed. Horses were retreated 6 and 13 days after the initial treatment. The ambient temperature throughout this study ranged from —2.2 to 31.1°C. Eggs from each treated horse were placed on filter paper in 5.5 × 1.5 cm petri dishes. Eggs from the control horse were separated into 2 equal groups. One group was placed on 5.5 cm diam filter paper treated with methoprene at the same ate as described above and the other group was placed on untreated filter paper. All eggs were stored in 5.5 × 1.5 cm petri dishes at 27°C and 80% RH for 7 days. Eggs were then transferred to filter paper in 9 × 1.5 cm petri dishes and 14 ml of 40°C water was added to stimulate egg hatch. After 1 min, he number of hatched eggs was recorded.
Acaricide Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Crim Larry , Turner Cathy
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 5 single-tree plots of 6-yr-old trees in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of ‘Red Delicious’ and 2 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious.’ Applications were made with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.4 mph and delivered a spray volume of 300 gal/acre at the delayed dormant stage and at 100 gal/acre for the remainder of the season. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Asana, Benlate, Dithane M-45, Dodine, Guthion, Manzate 200, Penncap-M, Pounce, and Topsin-M. ERM control was evaluated by sampling 20 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting active stages with a binocular microscope.
Control of Cabbage Pests, 1988:
Authors: Tuttle A. F. , Slocombe A. C. , Ferro D. N.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted on 29 Jul. ‘Schultz’ starter fertilizer was used at planting and 10N-10P-10K fertilizer was applied on 15 Aug at a rate of 300 lb/acre. The soil was a fine sandy loam, pH 6.1. Each plot consisted of 2 12-ft rows, and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide applications were based on 3-ft row spacing. All applications were made with a CO2-pressurized sprayer delivering 70 gal/acre at 40 psi. Ambush 2 EC was applied (3.2 oz formulated material/acre) on 17 Aug to all plots to prevent total defoliation by ICW, to allow for the plants to reach the early head growth stage, and to allow for colonization by ‘DBM’. All treatments were applied on 22 Sep. Larval counts were made on 27 Sep.
Leafhopper Control, 1986:
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Schweissing Frank
Published: March 2022

‘PMR 45’ cantaloupes, planted 12 May at the Arkansas Valley Research Center, Rocky Ford, Colo., were used in the study. Plots were 2 beds (60-inch spacing), 24 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 13 Aug using a CO2 compressed-air sprayer delivering 96 gal/acre. Plots were evaluated 19 Aug by randomly collecting 20 leaves/plot and counting all leafliopper nymphs.
Control of First-Brood ECB, 1988:
Authors: Bowman James S. , Barry Donald W.
Published: March 2022

This study was performed on the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm, Madbury, N.H., and used ‘Honeymoon’ sweet corn planted 16 May. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn. Each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each treatment was applied 2 times at a 5-d interval, starting at each of the following 3 plant growth stages: whorl (15-20 inches tall with no tassels visible from above); pretassel (most of the plants with green tassels visibly emerging from the whorls); green-tassel (tassels fully exposed but not shedding pollen). The spray treatments were applied using an R & D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single-nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 14.4 gal/acre. Evaluation for the percentage of injured tassels was made on 8 Aug. The percentage of injured stalks and ears was determined at harvest time (12 Aug) by examining all the plants in each treatment.
Control in Sweet Corn, 1988:
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Flessel John K. , Koch Timothy A.
Published: March 2022

‘Sundance’ sweet corn was planted on 11 Jul at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster. Plots were 3 rows wide on 30-inch centers, 30 ft long, with a single border row between them and a 4-ft alley at each end. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used. Treatments were applied on a 4-day schedule from 2 Sep (first tassels) until 23 Sep, using a hand-held CO2 single-nozzle sprayer delivering 30 psi and 20 gal/acre. Evaluations were made on 27 Sep; 50 ears/plot were examined for corn earworm larvae in the silks or on the ear.
Granular Whorl Treatments, 1988:
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘NK-199’ sweet corn was planted in single-row 25-ft-long plots on 7 Jul. Each treatment row was buffered on either side by an untreated guard row. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Granules were applied with a one pound shaker can at early whorl. Plots were rated 31 Aug. The soil type was a Galestown sandy loam.