bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using ChatGPT for Fast and Impressive Data Visualisations in R
Authors: Gruber Peter
Published: December 2023

Visualization is the most efficient and convincing way to communicate scientific results. This workshop provides a systematic introduction to the theory and best-practices of data visualization with ggplot2 – the best graphics package for R. To make this easy even for beginners, the seminar will leverage AI tools including ChatGPT and Github Copilot to speed up the writing and debugging of code, as well as support the design of beautiful visualizations. An official Instats certificate of completion is provided at the conclusion of the seminar along with 2 ECTS Equivalent points.
Estimating Dose-Response Functions in Stata
Authors: Cerulli Giovanni
Published: December 2023

This seminar equips researchers with the knowledge and skills to identify and estimate dose-response functions using Stata, offering an in-depth exploration of two prominent approaches for estimating dose-response functions: the Generalized Propensity Score (GPS) method and the Regression-adjustment-based Dose-Response Models (CTREAT). These methods are widely used in the field of causal inference with continuous treatment (or exposure) and have applications in various domains such as medicine, social sciences, and economics. The seminar includes practical exercises, a Q&A session, and post-seminar support, offering participants a deep understanding of dose-response functions and their application in various research fields. An official Instats certificate of completion is provided along with 1 ECTS equivalent points.
Using ChatGPT for Systematic Literature Reviews
Authors: Fariborzi Hadi , Steel Piers
Published: December 2023

This workshop is designed to equip PhD students, professors, and professional researchers with the skills to leverage AI for systematic literature reviews. Participants will gain a comprehensive understanding of AI and its applications in academic research, learn how to use ChatGPT, OpenAI, Python, and HubMeta for systematic reviews, and develop strategies for integrating AI into their current research methodology. An official Instats certificate of completion and 2 ECTS Equivalent points are provided at the conclusion of the seminar.
Interactive Data Visualization and Dashboards with R
Authors: Armstrong Dave
Published: December 2023

This seminar introduces interactive graphs that can be made easily in R and shows how to incorporate those interactive elements into a dashboard that you can use to powerfully communicate your research results. Topics include an overview of ggplots, turning ggplots into interactive visualizations, making interactive network graphs and maps, and combining interactive elements into dashboards. Finally, we discuss how to host these dashboards so others can interact with them. An official Instats certificate of completion is provided at the conclusion of the seminar. The seminar offers 2 ECTS Equivalent points for European PhD students.
Using ChatGPT for Dissertations and Theses
Authors: Steel Piers , Fariborzi Hadi
Published: December 2023

This comprehensive seminar is designed to equip PhD students and research-oriented masters students with the skills to leverage advanced AI tools like ChatGPT in their academic research. The seminar covers a range of topics including the role of AI in literature reviews, data collection and analysis, data interpretation, and practical applications of these tools for drafting dissertations and theses, alongside ethical considerations of using AI in research. An official Instats certificate of completion and 2 ECTS Equivalent points are provided at the conclusion of the seminar.
Creating Digital Workflows for Qualitative Research
Authors: Paulus Trena , Lester Jessica
Published: December 2023

This four-hour seminar provides the theoretical and methodological grounding needed to develop digital workflows for designing and carrying out qualitative research. The seminar illustrates how researchers can leverage digital tools – social media conversations, online interviews, AI for data transcription and analysis – in meaningful and reflexive ways. By the conclusion, participants will have generated their own digital qualitative research workflow to address their own research questions and study designs. Participants will be guided through a process of answering key questions to consider the consequences of adopting digital tools and spaces as part of their research workflow. An official Instats certificate of completion is provided, and the seminar offers 2 ECTS Equivalent points for European PhD students.
Structural Equation Modeling 2: Path Analysis & CFA
Authors: Grimm Kevin
Published: December 2023

The 'Structural Equation Modeling 2: Path Analysis & CFA' seminar, led by Kevin Grimm, offers a comprehensive understanding of SEM, a crucial tool in academic research for testing complex relationships between variables. Participants will gain proficiency in using Mplus, lavaan, and LISREL, and will leave with the ability to specify and estimated SEMs with their own data, interpret and report SEM results, and handle complex statistical analyses. An official Instats certificate of completion and 2 ECTS Equivalent points are provided at the conclusion of the seminar
Regression Analysis for Social and Health Science
Authors: Landis Ronald
Published: December 2023

This comprehensive 2-day workshop will equip PhD students, professors, and professional researchers with the knowledge and skills needed to effectively use multiple regression analysis in their research. Participants will gain a deep understanding of multiple regression, learn how to use R, Excel, and Jamovi for analysis, interpret and report results, handle missing data, and enhance their research capabilities. An official Instats certificate of completion and 2 ECTS Equivalent points are provided at the conclusion of the seminar.
Causal Modeling with Regression Discontinuity Designs (RDD)
Authors: Turgeon Mathieu
Published: December 2023

This seminar introduces the use of the regression discontinuity design (RDD) to estimate treatment effects from observational data. Sessions 1-3 topics include directed acyclic graphs (DAG), potential outcomes framework and associated assumptions, the sharp regression discontinuity design, and tools for visualizing discontinuities. Sessions 4-6 topics focus on the estimation of values of interest from a regression discontinuity design, adopting a continuity-based approach to RD analysis. Day 2 will also cover issues related to the validation and falsification of the regression discontinuity design. An official Instats certificate of completion is provided at the conclusion of the seminar. For European PhD students, each seminar offers 2 ECTS Equivalent points.
Structural Equation Modeling 3: Advanced Topics
Authors: Grimm Kevin
Published: December 2023

The 'Structural Equation Modeling 3: Advanced Applications' seminar, led by Professor Kevin Grimm, offers a comprehensive understanding of SEM, a crucial tool in academic research for examining complex relationships among variables. Participants will gain hands-on experience with SEM software, learn to interpret and report SEM results, and develop robust models for predicting outcomes, with an official Instats certificate of completion provided at the end. An official Instats certificate of completion and 2 ECTS Equivalent points are provided at the conclusion of the seminar
Harnessing MAXQDA for Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Data Analysis
Authors: Silver Christina
Published: December 2023

This seminar introduces you to harnessing MAXQDA to accomplish qualitative and mixed-methods analysis. Led by Christina Silver, an expert in the field, the seminar illustrates the use of software tools as described in the CAQDAS pedagogy, the Five-Level QDA method, providing a theoretical understanding of the role of MAXQDA in the analysis process, and practical experience of using it to accomplish a variety of analytic tasks. You will be guided through the typical phases of an analysis and how they can be facilitated through the creative and systematic use of MAXQDA. At the conclusion of the seminar an official Instats certificate of completion is provided along with 1 ECTS Equivalent point.
Regression Analysis: Everything You Need to Know
Authors: Marchese Malvina
Published: December 2023

Regression is one of the most important modelling tools used in a variety of different research fields. In many cases, the plausibility of an empirical finding depends on the robustness of the regression results. This two-day seminar offers an in-depth introduction to linear regression models for cross sectional and time series data, covering all aspects of regression modelling, from model and variables selection, to dummy variables and multicollinearity and endogeneity to prediction (in sample and out of sample). An official Instats certificate of completion is provided at the conclusion of the seminar, and European PhD students receive 2 ECTS Equivalent points.
Introduction to R with RStudio (Free 1-Hour Seminar)
Authors: Zyphur Michael
Published: December 2023

Discover the fundamentals of R with RStudio in this concise one-hour workshop hosted by Instats and designed for beginners, including researchers, students, and professionals seeking an introduction to this widely-used statistical software. Participants will learn to navigate the RStudio interface, install packages, manage data, conduct basic statistical analyses, and create basic plots. An official Instats certificate of completion is provided at the conclusion of the seminar.
Introduction to Mplus (Free 1-Hour Seminar)
Authors: Zyphur Michael
Published: December 2023

Discover the fundamentals of Mplus in this concise one-hour workshop hosted by Instats and designed for beginners, including researchers, students, and professionals seeking an introduction to this widely-used statistical software. Participants will learn to navigate the Mplus interface, manage variables, conduct basic and advanced statistical analyses, and create model diagrams to effectively communicate research findings. An official Instats certificate of completion is provided at the conclusion of the seminar.
Identifying Unpublished Clinical Trial Data for Evidence Syntheses
Authors: Glanville Julie , Lefebvre Carol
Published: December 2023

This workshop provides an overview of identifying clinical trials and trial results for systematic reviews and other evidence syntheses. It covers sources such as trials / trials results registers, regulatory agency sources, and other novel resources. Participants will learn how to search the above sources, how to manage search results and report their searches. An official Instats certificate of completion and 1 ECTS Equivalent point is provided at the conclusion of the seminar.
From CFA to SEM with Latent Variable Interactions in Mplus
Authors: Liu Yihao
Published: December 2023

本研讨班将介绍Mplus潜变量建模框架，并探讨验证性因子分析（CFA）中的双因子和多层因子模型、量表信度CFA模型，以及潜变量交互作用(调节)、间接效应(中介)、潜变量条件间接效应(调节中介)结构方程（SEM），和在潜在工具变量(IV-SEM)框架中的潜在工具变量方法。研讨班结束时将提供正式的结业证书.
Representation of Street Food in the Russian Media Discourse: Cognitive and Pragmatic Aspects
Authors: Shevchenko V.D.
Published: December 2023

The present paper is devoted to the problem of representing street food in the Russian
media discourse. The author investigates social and linguistic factors of street food
representation in the media discourse, in particular, the social factors that influence
the journalist as well as peculiarities of the linguistic forms of street food
representation. The social factors include the place, participants and their
characteristics, street food and its peculiar features, such actions as cooking, selling
and consuming street food etc. The author also analyzes language units (words, word
combinations, utterances) used in the media text to construct a specific picture of the
social factor sreferring to street food. Additionally, the paper studies the realization
of cognitive models within the media discourse. The connection between cognitive
models’ realization and the journalist’s pragmatic goal aimed at positively
representing street food in the Russian media discourse is also studied. The research
was conducted on the basis of an internet version of the national IZVESTIYA
newspaper.
Murtad Sebelum Baliqh dan Kaitannya Dengan Kewarisan Dalam Pendangan Ulama Fiqh
Authors: Hasbi Alimuddin
Published: December 2023

Tulisan ini menjelaskan tentang pandangan ulama fiqh mengenai murtad sebelum baliqh dan kaitannya dengan kewarisan harta kekayaan yang ditinggalkan oleh ahli warisnya. Dalam hal ini terdapat perbedaan pemahaman antara Mazhab Hanafi dan Syafi’i dalam menentukan hukum murtad sebelum baliqh untuk menerima warisan. Permasalahan dalam tulisan ini tentang pandangan Mazhab Hanafi dan Syafi’i mengenai murtad sebelum baliqh dan kaitannya dengan warisan, kebolehan menerima warisan bagi murtad sebelum baliqh, serta dalil kedua mazhab tersebut. Tulisan ini untuk menjelaskan pandangan Mazhab Hanafi dan Syafi’i mengenai murtad sebelum baliqh dan kaitannya dengan warisan. Kajian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi literature perpustakaan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan pandangan yang signifikan antara Mazhab Hanafi dan Mazhab Syafi’i. Menurut pandangan Mazhab Hanafi menunjukkan bahwa murtad sebelum baliqh dinyatakan sah murtadnya dan tidak boleh menerima warisan. Dalil yang digunakan oleh Mazhab Hanafi adalah kasus Ali ra. sebagaimana yang tercantum dalam kitab Fath Al-Qadir, sedangkan menurut pandangan Mazhab Syafi’i menunjukkan bahwa murtad sebelum baliqh dinyatakan tidak dikatakan murtad dan boleh menerima warisan. Dalil yang digunakan oleh Mazhab Syafi’i adalah kasus Aisyah ra. sebagaimana yang tercantum dalam hadits al-Bukhari.
Kepemimpinan Dalam Islam
Authors: Chaliddin Chaliddin  , Munawar Khalil
Published: December 2023

Tulisan ini dibuat untuk mengetahui kepemimpinan dalam islam. Penulisan ini menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan dengan mengumpulkan berbagai sumber-sumber tulisan dan referensi lainnya untuk mendapatkan kesimpulan secara khusus. Kepemimpinan adalah cara untuk memimpin sebuah kelompok. Kepemimpinan islam adalah kepemimpinan yang dilandasi oleh al-Quran dan asSunnah. Penulisan ini menjelaskan bahwa kepemimpinan islam memiliki tugas dan kewajiban bagi pemimpin Islam yang perlu diperhatikan, dijelaskan juga bagaimana ciri-ciri pemimpin islami, serta apa saja prinsip-prinsip kepemimpinan islam. Kepemimpinan islam memliki peranan penting untuk mengetahui aspek-aspek yang perlu diperhatikan oleh pemimpin terutama bagi pemimpin islam serta  memimpin sesuai dengan apa yang Allah SWT dan Rasulullah SAW perintahkan, karena apa yang dilihat oleh para manusia khususnya umat islam mempengaruhi kesesuaian atas apa yang dipimpin oleh seorang pemimpin.
Ta`'zir bi Ihlakil Mal Dalam Perspektif Wahbah Zuhayli
Authors: Jufri Yahya  , Nazaruddin Nazaruddin  , Abdurrazak Abdurrazak
Published: December 2023

Penelitian ini berjudul Ta’zir bi ihlakil mal menurut Wahbah Zuhayli dalam kitabnya Fiqh al-Islamiah wa Adillatuh pada bab ta’zir. Penelitian ini didasari agar terwujudnya kehidupan manusia yang tentram, damai, ta’at dan konsisten dalam menjalankan perintah dan larangan agama serta terhindar dari, perselisihan, pertikaian dan pertumpahan darah, maka Allah SWT menetapkan hukum-hukum-Nya dalam batas-batas tertentu serta menjanjikan pahala yang berlipat ganda atas ketaatan mereka dan ancaman siksaan yang setimpal atas kedurhakaan mereka Peneliti bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan secara jelas terkait masalah 1). Bagaimanakah hukum ta’zir bi ihlakil mal  menurut kitab Fiqh al-Islamiah wa Adillatuh pada bab ta’zir. Dan 2) Apakah relevan ta’zir bi ihlakil mal diimplementasikan dalam masyarakat modern saat ini menurut kitab Fiqh al-Islamiah wa Adillatuh pada bab ta’zir. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif. Adapun pendekatan penelitiannya adalah tergolong dalam kategori penelitian yuridis normatif (penelitian hukum normatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa Menurut jumhur fuqaha’ dari Malikiyyah, Hanabilah dan Fuqaha’ dari madzhab yang lain menyatakan bahwa hukum Ta’zir bi ihlakil mal ialah boleh menurut ketentuan syariat dan harta itu dimusnahkan jika menjadi media timbulnya kemungkaran. Disamping itu Hukuman ta’zir masih relevan pada zaman modern ini, karena hukuman ta’zir juga merupakan bahagian dari Maqashid Syar’iyyah sebagaimana hukum-hukum Islam yang lain.
KADIN YOKSULLUĞU ÜZERİNE NİTEL BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: GENÇ Beyza Nur , ALUÇ Selin Sude , ERGÜL Şevval , NALBANTOĞLU İsmail
Published: December 2023

Sosyal bir sorun olarak yoksulluk, sadece maddi imkanların yetersizliği değil aynı zamanda toplumdaki kaynaklara erişimdeki adaletsizliği tanımlayan ve farklı boyutları olan geniş ölçekli bir olgudur. Toplumumuzdaki özel gereksinimli gruplar arasında yer alan kadınlar, yoksulluk olgusuyla sıklıkla karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, kadın yoksulluğunun çok boyutlu yapısını nitel perspektiften faydalanarak anlamaya çalışmaktır. Bu araştırmada, sosyal yardım talebinde bulunan 17 kadın katılımcı ile yarı yapılandırılmış form aracılığıyla derinlemesine görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular düşük ücretlerin, toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin, sağlık sorunlarının ve eğitim eksikliğinin kadınların istihdama katılımını engelleyen nedenler arasında yer aldığını göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte maddi imkanların yetersizliği, cinsiyet ayrımcılığı, erken yaşta evlendirilme ve terör olayları kız çocuklarının erken yaşta eğitimden kopmasına neden olmaktadır. Yoksul kadınların sağlık hizmetlerine erişimde sorunlar yaşadığı, beslenme ve barınma koşullarının yetersiz olduğu ve sosyal yaşantılarının yoksulluk nedeniyle daraldığı tespit edilmiştir. Kadınlar, çocuklarının geleceği için yaşam mücadelesine devam ederken ekonominin iyileşmesini beklemekte ve sosyal yardımların hak temelli yapılmasını talep etmektedir.
UNDERSTANDING THE TEACHER’S PERCEPTION OF THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATING SCIENCE TO SCHOOL COMMUNITY
Authors: Shahid Mehmood  , Dr. Mushtaq Ahmad
Published: December 2023

The current study was conducted to explore teacher’s perception of the role of communicating science to the school community at the secondary level in both private and government schools. For the current study, a qualitative research design was used to gather data. This study was a qualitative examination of qualitative opinions on the role of disseminating science in schools that was conducted without using experiments. Because of the nature of this research, the use of the qualitative technique was important in order to ensure that some additional observations were generated for certain fundamental goals.25 science teachers participated voluntarily in this research. In a present study among participants, 64% were females and the remaining 36% were male from both sectors of employment. Psychologists believe about 90% of all contacts are non-verbal and several reports showed that at least 75% of all communication in schools is not verbal. Therefore, it makes sense for instructors to take advantage of non-verbal contact in the classroom. To this end, the techniques and tactics utilized by a community of science teachers to incorporate and teach skills in an SC curriculum were investigated. Our results suggest that the justification of the educational paradigm has been grasped. Any of them custodial and developed their procedures according to their desires. Customizing teaching materials involves a profound knowledge of the essence of initial creativity and the social influences that shaped their design. Every instructor has a complex profile at the beginning of the research in interviews with professors. The secondary level teacher had faced various difficulties in science communication. To teach and communicate science is not so easy. At the school level, lack of facilities and technology, lack of experience of teachers, lack of interest of students, only oral communication, and lack of practical activities are the difficulties in communicating science. By developing the interest in science education in students and by making a proper environment for science communication, we can overcome these difficulties. They also agreed that science communication played important role in the life of the student. Furthermore, Science is more effective and useful for students in their practical life.
ROLE OF DIGITAL LITERACY IN ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS AT SECONDARY LEVEL
Authors: Sundus  , Aatika Aziz
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted to find out the role of digital literacy in academic performance of students at secondary level. Major objectives of the study were: i) To assess the level of digital literacy among secondary school students, ii) To investigate the role of digital literacy in academic performance of students at secondary school level, iii) To analyze the relationship between students’ digital literacy and academic performance, iv) To ascertain the difference between students’ opinion on the base of demographics i.e. gender, locality, and age. This study used descriptive survey design. All the male and female students of secondary public school of 10th class 4725 (2507 males and 2218 females) of District Okara. As the population of the students of 10h class at secondary level was large. Therefore, the researcher used stratified random sampling technique to select the sample. Finally, students 1375 (716 male and 659 female) were selected. A 35-item questionnaire, self-structured was used to investigate the role of digital literacy in academic performance of students at secondary level. Results revealed that digital literacy has significant role in academic performance of students at secondary level. The result revealed after analyzing data and by seeing the views of students that digital literacy enhanced their intellectual abilities, learning skills and knowledge. Digital literacy has positive role in the academic performance of students at secondary level.
GROWING AGE AND STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS: A DISCIPLINE -BASED CROSS SECTIONAL COMPARISON AT POST GRADUATE LEVEL
Authors: Dr. Muhammad Nadeem Iqbal  , Muhammad Ramzan
Published: December 2023

Teaching learning process has always been affected by different components including the physical as well as the chronological the present study was an effort to identify the effects of growing age on the achievement of students in the different subject areas. To conduct this study post graduate level of education was selected as at this level there are students with the different age groups for pursuing the MPhil and PhD degrees. The population of this study comprised of all the empire level students studying at University of Okara in different subject areas during academic sessions 2019-2021 and 2020-2022. Randomly selected 283 students of the two academic sessions who were the sample of this study. These students fall into different age groups ranging from 21 years to 60 years.

                As far as the data of the research study is a concern there were two type of data used in the research including the students average cumulative grade point (CGP) and ages in years.  The students’ academic performance results were obtained from the controller of examination University of Okara whereas the ages of these students were checked from the registrar office of University of Okara. The analysis of the data is reported in the foregoing chapter i.e. Chapter 4 of this study. The findings of thereof are reported in the upcoming section.
CYBERBULLYING AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS; HOW DO PEERS SUPPORT IN RECOVERING FROM MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
Authors: Shamim Shabbir  , Kiran Farzand
Published: December 2023

This study aimed to find out how much friends, parents, and teachers affected the cyberbullying behaviors of teenagers research was planned to Analysis the “Effect of Cyber bullying among University Students, how do peers support in recovering from mental health problems”. To explore research questions, data were collected from a random sample of approximately 200 students. A self made questionnaire was used by the researcher. That questionnaire was divided in 4 sub-scales. Total statements in questionnaire were 32. Despite of these 32 statements, 8 demographics was also asked in questionnaire,( Gender, age, department, programme, mental and physical health and use of social networking sites,). Demographic factors were used to compare results. Data was collected randomly. After collection of all data, each questionnaire was given a code. After coding, data was entered into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Then frequency and percentage towards each item was calculated to find out awareness about cyber bullying in university students. At the end findings, discussion, conclusions and recommendations were drawn.
EXPLORING THE FACTORS OF STUDENTS DECISION ON CHANGING A DEGREE PROGRAM AFTER ADMISSION IN A UNIVERSITY
Authors: Dr. Rana Abdul Shakoor  , Anila Yasin
Published: December 2023

Schools, and universities are worthless without students. The most valuable resource for every educational institution is its students without any doubt. The academic achievement of students is intimately related to the social and economic prosperity of the nation. The academic performance of the students is crucial in developing the highest caliber graduates who will serve as outstanding leaders and human resources for the nation, contributing to the economic and social growth of that nation.  The objectives of the study were to look at the reasons why students decide to switch their chosen degree programs after being accepted into a university. The current study concluded that there are some important factors that can affect students’ decision to change their program after getting admission to a University. In the study, it was concluded that most of the students change their decision and get admission to another program due to factors like academic fees, parents’ desire, lack of interest etc.
PARENTAL ENGAGEMENT IN ADDRESSING THE PROBLEMS FACED BY BULLIED STUDENTS IN SCHOOLS
Authors: Dr. M. Nadeem Shehzad  , Hira Attique
Published: December 2023

Parental experiences with bullying in Pakistan are a topic that has received very little attention. There is a knowledge gap on how parents perceive bullying that affects both academic research and the creation of programmes that effectively reduce bullying. In this study, data from responses to a series of open-ended questions on parents' perceptions of and experiences with bullying in the punjab city of Okara are presented. Parents self-reported their degree of worry about bullying, their opinions on the causes of bullying, the scope of bullying at their children's schools, and their approaches to talking to their kids about bullying. Findings show that the majority of parents: 1) see bullying as a problem and are somewhat afraid of bullying harming their kid.2) are sure their child is not informing them about every instance of bullying they encounter, and 3) are more than eager to speak with school administration when their children are being bullied. According to the findings, parents' concerns about bullying and its negative effects persist, and attempts to get kids to tell an adult about it don't always work. Greater parental participation with (and reinforcement of) bullying prevention techniques that kids learn in school will thus boost bullying prevention training. There is also discussion on the implications for research and policy.
Sonographic Characteristics of Enlarged Axillary Lymph Node in Breast Cancer
Authors: Ali Babar , Asif Amber , Shabbir Saba , Rehman Abdul , Hassan Taqveem ul , Tauseef Ujala , Ahmad Mabroor , Mehmood Warda , Murtaza Aqsa , Raza Hasnain
Published: December 2023

Background: Breast cancer, the most prevalent cancer in women globally, presents unique challenges in Pakistan, particularly due to the younger average age of diagnosis compared to Western countries. Accurate assessment of axillary lymph nodes using ultrasound (US) is essential for effective breast cancer staging and prognosis.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the sonographic characteristics of axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer patients in Pakistan and to assess the diagnostic efficacy of ultrasound in differentiating between benign and malignant lymph nodes.
Methods: Conducted at Shalamar Hospital, Lahore, this cross-sectional study spanned four months and included 150 breast cancer patients aged 45-70 years, selected through convenient sampling. Ultrasound examinations were performed using a GE Ultrasound Machine Evolsion E7 with a linear probe (7.5-12Hz). Key sonographic parameters, including the shape, size (length and width), and echogenicity of lymph nodes, were meticulously recorded and analyzed by using SPSS 24.0.
Results: The average length and width of lymph nodes were 5.86 mm (SD = 1.35) and 3.90 mm (SD = 0.77), respectively. A significant proportion of lymph nodes (74.2%) presented with a round shape in patients experiencing pain, and a predominance of hyperechoic nodes was noted, diverging from established literature that often associates hypoechoic nodes with malignancy. Additionally, an irregular shape was identified as a potential predictive marker for axillary lymph node metastasis.
Conclusion: This study highlights the efficacy of axillary sonography in diagnosing axillary metastasis in breast cancer, showing moderate sensitivity and substantial specificity. It also identifies a notable association between older age and the likelihood of axillary lymph node metastasis, especially in women in their forties.
Estimation of Cholinesterase and Cholesterol in different species of cestodes of domestic pigeon (Columba livia)
Authors: Nisar Shazia , Yasir Isma , Tabassum Sadaf , Khan Rakhshinda Khurram
Published: December 2023

Background: Investigating the metabolic interactions between parasites and their hosts is essential for advancing our understanding of parasitology, with significant implications for both animal and human health. This study focuses on cestode parasites in domestic pigeons as a model for such interactions.
Objective: The objective was to analyze the cholinesterase and cholesterol levels in various cestode species found in domestic pigeons, shedding light on their metabolic functions and implications for broader health concerns.
Methods: The study involved collecting specimens of Raillietina galeritae, Cotugnia Streptopell, and Raillietina flaccida from infected domestic pigeons. These specimens were processed through grinding, homogenization, and centrifugation. Cholesterol levels were measured using an enzymatic colorimetric method, and cholinesterase levels were determined through a spectrophotometric assay, involving specific reagents and incubation protocols to ensure accurate biochemical analysis.
Results: The cholinesterase levels exhibited minor variations among the species, with Raillietina flaccida recording the highest mean value at 0.817 µ moles/ml, followed by Raillietina galeritae at 0.795 µ moles/ml, and Cotugnia Streptopell at 0.783 µ moles/ml. The cholesterol measurements revealed more pronounced differences, with Cotugnia Streptopell showing the highest level at 432.220 mg/dl, Raillietina galeritae at 231.746 mg/dl, and Raillietina flaccida the lowest at 133.333 mg/dl.
Conclusion: This research highlights the metabolic diversity within cestode parasites and emphasizes the need to understand the unique characteristics of individual species. The variations in cholinesterase and cholesterol levels suggest complex metabolic adaptations. These findings offer valuable insights for developing targeted treatments for parasitic infections and underscore the importance of species-specific approaches in both veterinary and human parasitology.
Parenting Stress Among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Shahbaz Taleha , Khalid Sahrish , Amir Alishba , Yaqoob Saba
Published: December 2023

Background: Parenting children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is associated with increased stress, affecting both family dynamics and the well-being of the parents. Understanding this stress is crucial for developing effective support mechanisms.
Objective: The primary goal of this study was to quantitatively assess the stress levels among parents of children with ASD, focusing on the disparities between mothers and fathers.
Methods: This research employed a cross-sectional design, with a sample size of 144 parents from various public and private hospitals. Participants were selected based on specific inclusion criteria, including having a child aged 3-6 years with a diagnosis of ASD. Data collection was performed using the Parental Stress Scale (PSS). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 22, incorporating chi-square tests, t-tests, and regression analysis to explore correlations between stress levels and demographic variables.
Results: Of the participants, 76.4% were female and 23.6% male. The age distribution was 27.8% (20-30 years), 46.5% (30-40 years), and 25.7% (40-50 years). Educational backgrounds varied: 2.1% under Matric, 9.0% Matric, 19.4% Intermediate, 29.2% Bachelors, 36.8% Masters, and 3.5% PhD. The data revealed mothers experienced higher stress levels, with an average PSS score of 35.4 compared to 28.7 in fathers. Additionally, stress levels were found to be significantly correlated with the child's severity of autism (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The study concludes that parents of children with ASD, particularly mothers, experience high levels of stress. These findings highlight the necessity for specialized support systems tailored to the needs of these families, informing future research and policy-making in this area.
Efficacy of Tramadol V/S Paroxetine for the Management of Premature Ejaculation Patients
Authors: Valecha Naresh Kumar , Ali Shahzad , Khan Saeed Ahmed , Ali Khizer , Mujeeb Abdul , Shah Afaque Hyder
Published: December 2023

Background: Premature ejaculation (PE) is a common sexual dysfunction in men, impacting relationships and quality of life. Current treatments include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and opioid receptor agonists, but their comparative efficacy is not well-established.
Objective: To compare the efficacy of tramadol (an opioid receptor agonist) with paroxetine (an SSRI) in the treatment of PE.
Methods: This randomized control trial was conducted at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi, from October 2020 to April 2021. Male patients aged 18-55 years, diagnosed with PE, were included. Exclusion criteria were erectile dysfunction, substance abuse, psychiatric illnesses, and ongoing PE treatment. Participants were divided into two groups: one receiving tramadol and the other paroxetine, taken 2-4 hours before intercourse. Efficacy was measured using Intravaginal Ejaculation Latency Time (IELT) over a six-week period. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21, with a p-value of <0.05 considered significant.
Results: 200 participants were included, with 100 in each treatment group. Tramadol showed a higher efficacy (89% efficacy) compared to paroxetine (73% efficacy), with a significant p-value of 0.004. Stratified analyses by age, BMI, and duration of relationship also indicated higher efficacy for tramadol across different subgroups.
Conclusion: Tramadol demonstrated superior efficacy in delaying ejaculation compared to paroxetine in the treatment of PE. These findings suggest that tramadol may be a more effective alternative for PE management, although further research is needed to confirm these results and explore long-term outcomes.
Empowering Tomorrow's Healers: Assessing Knowledge and Attitude Regarding CPR Training among Final-Year Doctor of Physical Therapy Students in Karachi-Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Saleem Maheen , Sheikh Muhammad Asif , Khan Muhammad Atif , Islam Hira , Syed Ramsha , Khan Malika
Published: December 2023

Background: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a critical skill for healthcare professionals, including physical therapy students. Despite its importance, there is a gap in research regarding the CPR knowledge of these future professionals. This study aims to assess the level of CPR knowledge and attitudes among final-year Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students.
Objective: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the CPR knowledge, confidence in performing CPR, and attitudes towards CPR training among final-year DPT students in Karachi.
Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. Data were collected from 101 final-year DPT students using a validated questionnaire adapted from previous studies. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23, focusing on descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage.
Results: While all participants were aware of CPR, only 49.5% believed their knowledge was adequate. About half of the students had previously taken a CPR training course, yet only 27.7% had done so within the past year. In situations requiring CPR, 50% of those who had faced such scenarios did not perform it, primarily due to nervousness. Approximately 69.3% knew the correct sequence of CPR, and 85% were willing to perform CPR on anyone if necessary.
Conclusion: The study reveals a significant gap in confidence and practical knowledge of CPR among final-year DPT students. Despite a high level of initial awareness, there is a need for regular, updated training to build proficiency and confidence in CPR. Integrating CPR training into the DPT curriculum and promoting regular retraining could be key strategies for improving CPR skills among future physical therapists.
Assessing Intense Physical Activity Among Smokers Via Using Smart Watch an Analytical Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Jamila Sabar , Mina Sabar , Azan Ayaz Shehzada , Momina  , Ullah Ubaid , Ullah Inayat
Published: December 2023

Background: Smoking is a well-known risk factor for various health conditions, particularly affecting cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. Despite extensive research, the impact of smoking on physical performance during intense activity remains inadequately explored. This study aims to bridge this knowledge gap by examining the effects of smoking on physical activity and cardiovascular responses.
Objective: The primary goal of this study was to assess the impact of smoking on intense physical activity, specifically focusing on differences in heart rate (HR) responses and physical endurance between smokers and non-smokers.
Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study, 30 participants (15 smokers and 15 non-smokers) were recruited. The study employed the Six-Minute Walk Distance (6MWD) test, the Balke treadmill protocol, and the Ekblom-Bak test to evaluate physical performance. Heart rates were monitored using Garmin Vivismar4 smartwatches. Statistical analyses, including T-tests, were performed to compare the results between the two groups.
Results: Smokers demonstrated a significantly lower distance covered in the 6MWD (0.22 ± 0.05 km) compared to non-smokers (0.26 ± 0.06 km). In the Balke treadmill and Ekblom-Bak tests, smokers showed a lower HR (94.8 ± 22.3 bpm and 94.6 ± 28.1 bpm, respectively) compared to non-smokers (143.2 ± 27.0 bpm and 139.9 ± 25.1 bpm). The findings suggest a compromised cardiovascular response and physical endurance in smokers.
Conclusion: The study concludes that smoking adversely affects physical endurance and cardiovascular response during intense physical activity. These findings underscore the importance of considering smoking status in the assessment of physical fitness and highlight the need for further research on the long-term health implications of smoking.
Long-term Outcomes of Laparoscopic Rectopexy for Rectal Prolapse: A Comprehensive Analysis
Authors: Mustajab Mukarram , Hussain Saddam , Shuja Muhammad Ibrahim , Sahar Sumayya , Shaukat Waleed , Ali Muhammad , Khan Ajmal , Ahmad Sadeeq
Published: December 2023

Background: Rectal prolapse, a debilitating condition, often requires surgical intervention. Laparoscopic techniques, such as posterior mesh rectopexy and suture rectopexy, have been increasingly employed due to their minimally invasive nature. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of these procedures in treating rectal prolapse, focusing on long-term recurrence rates, postoperative recovery, and operative factors.
Objective: To assess the effects of laparoscopic posterior mesh rectopexy and laparoscopic suture rectopexy on patients with rectal prolapse, particularly regarding long-term recurrence rates, postoperative recovery, and operational aspects.
Methods: The study involved 14 patients with rectal prolapse, of whom 12 underwent laparoscopic posterior mesh rectopexy and 2 underwent laparoscopic suture rectopexy. Key factors such as the duration of hospital stay, necessity of blood transfusions during the procedure, and changes in constipation status were recorded. A mean follow-up duration of 94 months (7.83 years) was used to evaluate recurrence rates.
Results: The average operating time for the laparoscopic procedures was 120 minutes, with no intraoperative blood transfusions required. Postoperatively, 28.57% of patients reported improvement in constipation, 21.42% experienced no change, and 35.71% saw a worsening of symptoms. Notably, no recurrences of rectal prolapse were observed during the follow-up period. The average hospital stay was four days.
Conclusion: Laparoscopic posterior mesh rectopexy and laparoscopic suture rectopexy are effective and safe in the treatment of rectal prolapse. They demonstrate promising results in terms of operative characteristics, recovery time, and long-term recurrence rates. The findings support the use of these laparoscopic techniques as viable surgical options for rectal prolapse, with positive implications for long-term patient outcomes and constipation management.
Comparison of Outcomes of Optical Internal Urethrotomy with and without Clean Intermittent Self-Catheterization in Urethral Stricture
Authors: Ayub Muhammad Zaheer Ud Din , Ahmed Irfan , Saeed Khalid , Ahmed Naeem , Bajwa Kamran Munir , Saleem Amjad
Published: December 2023

Background: Urethral stricture, a significant urological condition, poses challenges due to its recurrence and impact on quality of life. The management of urethral strictures has evolved, with clean intermittent self-catheterization (CISC) emerging as a potential adjunct to reduce recurrence rates. This study addresses the effectiveness of optical internal urethrotomy with and without CISC in urethral stricture management.
Objective: To compare the effectiveness of optical internal urethrotomy with and without the use of CISC in patients with urethral stricture.
Methods: This comparative study, conducted at the Department of Urology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, enrolled 134 male patients with urethral strictures. Using non-probability purposive sampling, patients were divided into two groups: those undergoing optical internal urethrotomy with CISC (Group A) and without CISC (Group B). The study spanned six months, from May to October 2023, and utilized SPSS (Version 24) for data analysis.
Results: Group A (n=67) demonstrated a higher efficacy in managing urethral strictures with an 88.1% success rate, compared to 68.7% in Group B (n=67). The statistical significance was marked by a P-value of 0.006, indicating the effectiveness of CISC in reducing stricture recurrence.
Conclusion: The study concludes that optical internal urethrotomy, when complemented with CISC, significantly enhances treatment outcomes in urethral stricture management. These findings suggest a potential shift in postoperative care, advocating for the inclusion of CISC to improve patient outcomes. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and explore long-term effects.
Comparative Study Between User and Non-user Behavior Towards Unified Payment Interface (UPI) & QR Payments in an Unorganized Retail Sector in India
Authors: Chette Srinivas Yadav , Sidharla Mallesh
Published: December 2023

This study is conducted with the objective to check the adaptation behavior toward Unified Payment Interface (UPI) & QR payments in the unorganized retail sector in India. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and schedules with help of 330 retailers of which 165 retailers were using Unified Payment Interface (UPI) & QR payments and 165 Non-Users. Data analysis was done through ANOVA, with help of 330 samples in the sector. The study has undertaken cross-tabulation to compare the relationship between users and non-users. The findings and implications are discussed.
An Analytical Study on Consumer Behavior Pertaining to e-Markets
Authors: Thakur Madhuri
Published: December 2023

As the world is moving towards digitalization, the e-commerce sector has experienced a big jump in a short tenure. This has increased the number of e-commerce companies competing with each other to capture the market share. The rapid increase in the number of online buyers, hike in mobile penetration including in tier 2 & tier 3, secure payment gateways, low entry & exit barriers, tremendous increase in demand and enhanced logistics are the some of the major contributors proliferating the online market. In the coming years, it is expected that the e-commerce sector will flourish to the next level. Purpose: To study the consumer behavior of men and women towards the digital markets. Design: The primary data is collected from 131 customers from Telangana State using Google Forms. The questionnaire is divided into two parts. The first part contains data collection on demographic profiles. The second part collects specific information about the Fintech services availed by the customers. For general information nominal and ordinal measurements are used. A few variables are measured through dichotomous questions and the remaining variables are measured through a 5-point Likert scale. The collected data is processed and frequencies cross-tabulation and Chi-square tests are used to know if there is any significant difference in the behavior of male and female consumers over digital markets. Findings: Four hypotheses were constructed to test if there is any significant difference in the behavior of men and women over digital markets. The data was collected from the respondents from 4 attributes i.e., E-Enjoyment, E-Distrust, E-Offers and E-Price .Each attribute was subdivided into five questions. All the four hypotheses have been rejected implying that there is significant difference in the opinions and behavior of males and females on digital markets.
Orthodox Schools of Indian Philosophy
Authors: Shaw Anish
Published: December 2023

The Indian Philosophy is regarded as the most mature philosophy in the world. Its approach towards the quest regarding creation, the Almighty and Salvation, makes it unique among others. All the six darśanas namely, Nyāya, Vaiśeṣika, Sāṃkhya, Yoga, Mīmāṃsā and Vedānta, provide a different and exclusive angle to the answers of the philosophical quest. The deep insights into these concepts by various sages and scholars, gave birth to various sub-schools, showcasing the divine intellectual prowess of Sanātana Dharma. The present paper communicates in a bird eye of all the 6 darśanas for an aspirant to choose the most suitable one for his salvation. Through this paper, we can come to a conclusion that the last darśana, that is Vedānta provides an amicable solution to current day aspirants. It gives a practical and more easy path of salvation through devotion.