bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal Distribution of Satellite-Retrieved Ground-Level PM2.5 and Near Real-Time Daily Retrieval Algorithm Development in Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Gao Chao , Zhang Xuelei , Wang Wenyong , Xiu Aijun , Tong Daniel Q. , Chen Weiwei
Published: January 2018

Satellite-based monitoring can retrieve ground-level PM2.5 concentrations with higher-resolution and continuous spatial coverage to assist in making management strategies and estimating health exposures. The Sichuan Basin has a complex terrain and several city clusters that differ from other regions in China: it has an enclosed air basin with a unique planetary boundary layer dynamic which accumulates air pollution. The spatiotemporal distribution of 1-km resolution Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) in the Sichuan Basin was retrieved using the improved dark pixel method and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data in this study. The retrieved seasonal AOD reached its highest values in spring and had the lowest values in autumn. The higher correlation (r = 0.84, N = 171) between the ground-based Lidar AOD and 1-km resolution MODIS AOD indicated that the high-resolution MODIS AOD could be used to retrieve the ground-level PM2.5 concentration. The Lidar-measured annual average extinction coefficient increased linearly with the Planetary Boundary Layer Height (PBLH) in the range of 100 ~ 670 m, but exponentially decreased between the heights of 670 ~ 1800 m. Both the correlation and the variation tendency of simulated PBLH from WRF_SHIN/CALMET were closer to the Lidar observation than that of three other Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) schemes (the Grenier-Bretherton-McCaa (GBM) scheme, the he Total Energy-Mass Flux (TEMF) scheme and the University of Washington (UW) scheme), which suggested that the simulated PBLH could be used in the vertical correction of retrieval PM2.5. Four seasonal fitting functions were also obtained for further humidity correction. The correlation coefficient between the aerosol extinction coefficient and the fitted surface-level PM2.5 concentration at the benchmark station of Southwest Jiao-tong University was enhanced significantly from 0.62 to 0.76 after vertical and humidity corrections during a whole year. During the evaluation of the retrieved ground-level PM2.5 with observed values from three cities, Yibin (YB), Dazhou (DZ), and Deyang (DY), our algorithm performed well, resulting in higher correlation coefficients of 0.78 (N = 177), 0.77 (N = 178), and 0.81 (N = 181), respectively. 
Cover Crop and Nitrogen Fertilization Influence Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Under Bioenergy Sweet Sorghum
Authors: Sainju Upendra M. , Singh Hari P. , Singh Bharat P. , Whitehead Wayne F. , Chiluwal Anuj , Paudel Rajesh
Published: January 2018

Core Ideas

Removal of aboveground biomass may affect soil C and N under sweet sorghum.

The effect of cover crop and N fertilization on soil C and N under sweet sorghum was examined.

SOC and STN were greater with vetch and vetch/rye mixture than other cover crops

NH4‐N was greater with rye and NO3‐N greater with vetch/rye than other cover crops.

Vetch and vetch/rye can enhance soil C and N storage and optimize N availability.

Sustainable production of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) grown for bioenergy production depends on practices that maintain soil C and N levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of winter cover crops (hairy vetch [Vicia villosa Roth], rye [Secaele cereale L.], hairy vetch/rye mixture, and the control [no cover crop]) and N fertilization rates (0 and 90 kg N ha−) on soil organic C (SOC), total N (STN), NH4–N, and NO3–N contents at the 0‐ to 30‐cm depth from 2010 to 2014 in the southeastern USA. Cover crop biomass yield and C content were greater with vetch/rye than vetch and the control and N content greater with vetch and vetch/rye than the control in 2013 and 2014. The SOC and STN at 0 to 5 cm were greater with vetch/rye than the control and at 15 to 30 cm were greater with vetch than vetch/rye. At 0 to 5 cm, SOC increased at 0.55 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 and STN at 0.06 Mg N ha−1 yr−1, regardless of treatments. At most depths, NH4–N content was greater with rye than the control and greater with 0 than 90 kg N ha−1, but NO3–N content was greater with vetch/rye than rye. Because of greater cover crop C and N inputs, soil C and N stocks can be enhanced and N availability can be optimized by growing vetch and vetch/rye mixture cover crops to replace the stocks reduced by the removal of aboveground sweet sorghum biomass.
Urea Hydrolysis and Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Gypsum‐Amended Broiler Litter
Authors: Burt Christopher D. , Cabrera Miguel L. , Rothrock Michael J. , Kissel D. E.
Published: January 2018

Broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) litter is subject to ammonia (NH3) volatilization losses. Previous work has shown that the addition of gypsum to broiler litter can increase nitrogen mineralization and decrease NH3losses due to a decrease in pH, but the mechanisms responsible for these effects are not well understood. Therefore, three laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of gypsum addition to broiler litter on (i) urease activity at three water contents, (ii) calcium carbonate precipitation, and (iii) pH. The addition of gypsum to broiler litter increased ammonium concentrations (p< 0.0033) and decreased litter pH by 0.43 to 0.49 pH units after 5 d (p< 0.0001); however, the rate of urea hydrolysis in treated litter only increased on Day 0 for broiler litter with low (0.29 g H2O g−1) and high (0.69 g H2O g−1) water contents, and on Day 3 for litter with medium (0.40 g H2O g−1) water content (p< 0.05). Amending broiler litter with gypsum also caused an immediate decrease in litter pH (0.22 pH units) due to the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) from gypsum‐derived calcium and litter bicarbonate. Furthermore, as urea was hydrolyzed, more urea‐derived carbon precipitated as CaCO3in gypsum‐treated litter than in untreated litter (p< 0.001). These results indicate that amending broiler litter with gypsum favors the precipitation of CaCO3, which buffers against increases in litter pH that are known to facilitate NH3volatilization.

Core Ideas

The rate of urea hydrolysis briefly increases when gypsum is added to broiler litter.

Treating broiler litter with gypsum causes an immediate decrease in litter pH.

Calcium carbonate precipitation in gypsum‐amended litter decreases litter pH.
Sorption of Nitro Explosives to Polymer/Biomass‐Derived Biochar
Authors: Oh Seok‐Young , Seo Yong‐Deuk , Jeong Tae‐Yong , Kim Sang‐Don
Published: January 2018

Factors affecting the sorptive removal of nitro explosives (2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene [TNT] and hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine [RDX]) to polymer/biomass‐derived biochar were investigated through batch experiments. Compared with that of rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw (RS)‐derived biochar, the sorption of TNT and RDX to polymer/RS‐derived biochar was greatly enhanced by >2.5 and 4 times, respectively. The type and amount of polymer did not significantly affect the sorption of nitro explosives to polymer/RS‐derived biochar. Pyrolysis temperature did not affect the sorption capacity. Surface treatment with acid or an oxidant did not significantly change the sorption capacity, suggesting that polymer residues may be strongly responsible for the enhancement. Possible polymer residues were identified via gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and Microtox bioassay analyses indicated that polymer/RS‐derived biochar did not show possible harmful effects. Our results suggest that polymer/RS‐derived biochar can be effectively used as a sorbent to remove nitro explosives both in the natural environment and engineered systems.

Core Ideas

Polymer/rice straw‐derived biochar enhances the sorption of TNT and RDX.

The effect of the pyrolysis temperature at elevated temperatures is not marked.

The sorption capacity is not enhanced by surface treatment with acid or an oxidant.

Possible polymer residues in the biochar are identified via GC‐MS analysis.

TCLP and Microtox bioassay analyses show no harmful effects of the biochar.
Changes in Dynamic Leaf Traits in Maize Associated with Year of Hybrid Release
Authors: Luetchens Jon , Lorenz Aaron J.
Published: January 2018

Genetic improvements in maize (Zea mays L.) have contributed significantly to increases in grain yield over time. Previous studies have investigated changes in gross morphological traits associated with increased plant productivity; however, less is known about how dynamic traits uniquely change throughout a growing season in new compared with old hybrids. In light of this, the objective of this study was to monitor seasonal patterns of leaf chlorophyll concentration and relative water content in a set of era hybrids. Nondestructive, hyperspectral reflectance data were gathered on 34 era hybrids throughout the growing season. The 760/730 reflectance index correlated best to leaf chlorophyll concentration, and the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) was most strongly correlated to relative water content. These vegetative indices were therefore used as proxies for these traits. Genetic gain for grain yield was estimated to be 65 kg ha−1 yr−1, which is very similar to previously reported estimates. Chlorophyll concentration measured during the late vegetative and midreproductive stages increased at a rate of 0.06 μg mL−1 yr−1. Using the 760/730 index, newer hybrids maintained elevated chlorophyll concentrations at every developmental stage sampled except R5 and R6 and displayed the greatest changes through time at the R1 stage. Newer hybrids displayed greater PRI values at the V16 and R5 stages, but differences were not observed between hybrid eras for all other sampling dates. Results from this study illuminate the developmental stages most influenced by selection for grain yield and could inform future studies aimed at dissecting the physiology of grain yield.
Understory Vegetation and Drought Effects on Soil Aggregate Stability and Aggregate‐Associated Carbon on the Loess Plateau in China
Authors: Zhang Qingyin , Shao Ming'an , Jia Xiaoxu , Zhang Chencheng
Published: January 2018

Core Ideas

Precipitation–throughfall exclusion and the removal of understory had no influence on total SOC.

Throughfall exclusion and removal of the understory significantly affected soil aggregate stability.

Throughfall exclusion and lack of understory also affected aggregate‐associated organic C pools.

Restoration of understory vegetation had some potential to increase total SOC sequestration.

Artificial afforestation is a common strategy for ecological recovery on the Loess Plateau, China, which causes the development of understory vegetation and drought stress. However, the influence of the understory vegetation and drought conditions on soil aggregate stability and aggregate‐associated soil organic carbon (SOC) are still not well understood. We evaluated the impacts of understory development and drought stress on soil aggregate stability and associated SOC during 2015 and 2016 in an artificial afforestation area in Shaanxi Province, China. The study had four treatments: control (CK), precipitation and throughfall excluded + understory present (TE), precipitation and throughfall allowed + understory removed (NU), and precipitation and throughfall excluded + understory removed (TE‐NU). Soil moisture was significantly reduced by the exclusion of precipitation and throughfall. Aboveground biomass in the CK was significantly higher than that of TE. Precipitation–throughfall exclusion and the removal of understory vegetation significantly decreased soil aggregate stability and aggregate‐associated organic C pools, while they had no influence on the total SOC pools. This indicated that soil aggregate stability and aggregate‐associated organic C may be more sensitive to changes in the external environment. These suggest that understory vegetation restoration had some potential to increase total SOC sequestration in the artificial afforestation on the Loess Plateau of China.
Water Flow Modeling with Dry Bulk Density Optimization to Determine Hydraulic Properties in Mountain Soils
Authors: Fullhart A. T. , Kelleners T. J. , Chandler D. G. , McNamara J. P. , Seyfried M. S.
Published: January 2018

Core Ideas

The GEOtop model was used to calculate water flow in mountain soils.

Dry soil bulk density was optimized to determine soil hydraulic properties.

Soil water contents for two watersheds were used to test the optimization procedure.

A new method for determining profile‐average and depth‐wise hydraulic properties in heterogeneous mountain soils is presented using the GEOtop watershed model in 1‐D vertical mode. Dry soil bulk density–converted volumetric soil water retention data are used to determine van Genuchten soil water retention parameters, and the Kozeny–Carman equation is used to determine saturated soil hydraulic conductivity. Optimum dry soil bulk densities are identified by minimizing the sum of squared error between measured and calculated soil water content time series. The new method was tested using soil moisture data from soil profiles at the Dry Creek Experimental Watershed, Boise, ID, and the Libby Creek Experimental Watershed, Laramie, WY. Results of different scenarios showed that the optimization of a single profile‐average dry soil bulk density is a good option for describing soil water flow in the heterogeneous mountain soils. Soil water content modeling efficiency (ME) values of 0.084 ≤ ME ≤ 0.745 and –2.443 ≤ ME ≤ 0.373 were found for the Dry Creek and Libby Creek sites, respectively. Relatively low ME values for the deepest sensor depths for some scenarios were attributed to the overestimation of soil water freezing and uncertainty in the soil water retention function near saturation. The resulting calibration procedure is computationally efficient because only one parameter (dry soil bulk density) is optimized.
Infiltration Model Based on Traveling Characteristics of Wetting Front
Authors: Cui Guotao , Zhu Jianting
Published: January 2018

Core Ideas

A new infiltration model based on characteristics of wetting front was developed.

The model describes evolution of water content by ordinary differential equation.

Infiltration rate is used as input, and wetting front profile and time are back‐solved.

The model captures the evolution of wetting front and infiltration amount.

This study presents a one‐dimensional infiltration model based on the traveling characteristics of wetting front (TCWF) model. The TCWF model predicts the infiltration process by solving an ordinary differential equation linking infiltration rate and wetting front profile, which avoids numerically solving the highly nonlinear Richards equation and eliminates associated numerical difficulties. This is achieved by an assumption of normalized equality between flux and soil moisture within wetting front before the time when infiltration rate reaches steady value and traveling wave property of wetting front in the equilibrium state. With the two traveling characteristics, the TCWF model uses infiltration rate as input and back solves wetting front profile, time, and cumulative infiltration. We examine the accuracy and capability of TCWF model by comparing 48 infiltration cases with different setups of soil profile and infiltration conditions to the numerical solutions of the Richards equation for vertical infiltration and exact solutions for horizontal infiltration. Results demonstrate that the TCWF model can effectively capture the evolution of wetting front and predict infiltration. The TCWF model can be applied to any soil type, soil hydraulic model, and infiltration on any slope angle. Good agreements with maximum percent bias for cumulative infiltration of 3.525% are found in the vertical infiltration cases with initially dry and initially wet conditions and in the horizontal case with initially dry conditions. In the absence of gravity, the TCWF model slightly overestimates horizontal infiltration, especially under initially wet conditions. The developed TCWF model provides a simple and accurate approach to simulate infiltration.
As disputas sino-vietnamitas no Mar do Sul: desafios para além da questão regional
Authors: Pautasso Diego , Leite Alexandre Cesar Cunha , Doria Gaio
Published: January 2018

O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar a situação atual das relações entre a China e o Vietnã na questão relativa às disputas territoriais no Mar do Sul da China. Por um lado, China e Vietnã convergem em seus regimes políticos e modelos econômicos, além de participar de processos de integração regional conjuntos. Por outro, possuem interesses políticos e territoriais divergentes sobre espaços no Mar do Sul da China, região estratégica nos âmbitos comercial e geopolítico. Trata-se de um dos litígios territoriais mais importantes envolvendo os países da região e seus potenciais aliados, com destaque para a forte penetração dos Estados Unidos (EUA). É, pois, um tema complexo que engloba questões militares, econômicas e diplomáticas, com desdobramentos para o sistema internacional. O argumento proposto é que esse litígio tende a determinar não apenas a evolução das relações bilaterais  sino-vietnamitas, mas a dinâmica de integração regional e, sobretudo, a projeção de poder dos Estados Unidos em uma porção chave do mundo oriental.
Temas de Relações Internacionais nos discursos de posse de presidentes e de chanceleres brasileiros (1995-2017)
Authors: Rocha Felipe Ferreira de Oliveira
Published: January 2018

O artigo investiga as ênfases temáticas de presidentes e de chanceleres brasileiros durante os seus pronunciamentos de posse. O objetivo principal é saber se tais atores políticos tenderam a manter um padrão de continuidade no que tange à priorização de temas e categorias ou se os mesmos tendem a minimizar e maximizar citações de forma específica e particular. Para verificar isso, técnicas de análise de conteúdo e de mineração textual foram empregadas. Através delas, constatou-se a existência de uma continuidade, no sentido de que há categorias que são constantes na sua insignificância, independente do ator. Há também categorias que, via de regra, são mencionadas repetidamente em todos os pronunciamentos. Ademais, ao considerar medidas associativas e de distâncias de palavras, foi possível agrupar os atores em níveis de proximidade. Nesse aspecto, é visível um agrupamento muito coeso entre os chanceleres, ao passo que os presidentes tendem a se localizar de forma mais esparsa.
ALLOGENEIC BONE GRAFTING MATERIALS – UPDATE OF THE CURRENT SCIENTIFIC STATUS
Authors: Schnettler R. , Franke J. , Rimashevskiy D. , Zagorodniy N. , Batpenov N. , Unger R. E. , Wenisch S. , Barbeck M.
Published: January 2018

Worldwide population aging and associated with it epidemics of osteoporosis, widespread of bone and joint reconstructive surgery and first of all joint replacement lead to explosive growth of interest in bone grafting.Although autografts are still the golden standard in bone regeneration, allogeneic bone substitutes have reached a state that allows for their application with satisfying clinical results. However, it has repeatedly been supposed that the different allogeneic materials underwent different purification processes, which modifies bone regeneration properties of these materials and also for different safety conditions. In the present publication, the treatment of the precursor tissue, the safety conditions, and the regenerative possibilities of C+TBA bone blocks based in preclinical and clinical data are described. Thus, it is described how the risks of infections and also immunological reactions becomes completely eliminated, while the special purification process allows for preservation of the native structure of the bone block. Both the in vitro studies and the clinical trials including histological follow-ups showed the optimal regeneration properties of these bone blocks. It has been shown that the allogeneic bone grafts have been integrated without causing inflammatory anomalies at the implantation site. Altogether, the allogeneic bone substitute material serves as an excellent basis for the formation of new bone. Finally, the combination of the allogeneic C+TBA bone blocks with different antibiotics is described. Interestingly, it is possible to combine the allogeneic bone substitute ether with antibiotics in the sense of prophylaxis and/or with bone marrow aspirate in order to accelerate bone remodeling.
Market Performance of Sponsor-Backed Initial Public Offerings: An Empirical Analysis of the German Market
Authors: Maximilian Jung , Gupta Jyoti
Published: January 2018

This paper investigates the overall market performance of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) in Germany, by analyzing the short and long run performance of IPOs, utilizing the data from 2000-2013. Furthermore the study aims to distinguish and compare the performance of sponsor backed IPOs to non-sponsor backed IPOs, by placing a special focus on the value creating abilities of financial sponsors. The examined data set consists of 286 IPOs out of which 46 can be considered as IPOs which were backed by financial sponsor. The study suggests that, on average, IPOs significantly underperform their benchmarks. Furthermore, the evidence implies significant differences across the IPO groups with regard to performance and operational indicators. The multivariate regression shows that in the long run, private equity firms outperform their counterparts, signified by greater buy-and hold abnormal returns respectively recorded within the three-year period after the IPO.
Reducing Sodium in Processed Meats Using Traditionally Brewed Soy Sauce and Fermented Flavor Enhancer
Authors: Shazer William H. , Jiminez-Maroto Luis A. , Sato Takuya , Rankin Scott A. , Sindelar Jeffrey J.
Published: January 2018

As interest continues in sodium reduction technologies, there is a need to understand the changes in physiochemical and sensory characteristics of reduced sodium food products. Previous research has shown that traditionally brewed soy sauce (SS) and fermented flavor enhancer (NFE) offer efficacy as viable sodium reduction ingredients. However, their ability to provide similar results in other meat products with different requirements (e.g., flavor, functionality, etc.) for salt is not well understood. In this study, bacon, beef jerky, summer sausage, and boneless ham treatments were generated with sodium reductions of 30 and 50% by including either SS or NFE alone and in combination with potassium chloride (KCl). Sensory and quality measurements, including salty taste, and product qualities such as color, purge, and texture profiles were evaluated. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed for overall liking of bacon at 30 (SS and NFE) and 50% (SS) reductions containing KCl, and for overall liking of beef jerky (NFE) and boneless ham (SS) at 30% reductions utilizing either SS or NFE as a salt reduction tool. Further, saltiness liking scores showed no change (P > 0.05) at 30% reductions in bacon, beef jerky and boneless ham, while a decreased liking (P < 0.05) were observed in summer sausage products containing SS and NFE. These results suggest the use of SS and NFE can increase perceived salty taste without increasing the sodium content of multiple products investigated. These results indicated that SS and NFE are suitable ingredients to utilize in processed meat products to reduce sodium content, while each product has unique and variable responses in sensory attributes that must be considered.
Light Source Influences Color Stability and Lipid Oxidation in Steaks from Low Color Stability Beef Triceps brachii Muscle
Authors: Cooper Jade V. , Suman Surendranath P. , Wiegand Bryon R. , Schumacher Leon , Lorenzen Carol L.
Published: January 2018

AbstractColor of retail fresh meat is one of the most important quality attributes affecting purchasing decisions for consumers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different light sources on surface color and lipid oxidation during retail display of fresh steaks from beef Triceps brachii (TB), a muscle with low color and lipid oxidative stabilities. Steaks (n = 12) from 20 TB muscles were overwrapped with oxygen-permeable polyvinyl chloride, and assigned to one of three lighting treatments, i.e., high UV fluorescent (HFLO), low UV fluorescent (FLO), and light emitting diode (LED), in temperature-controlled deli cases. Steaks were removed on retail display d 1, 3, 5, and 7 for evaluating instrumental color (L*, a*, and b* values), surface myoglobin redox forms, metmyoglobin reducing ability, and lipid oxidation. Surface redness (a* values) of TB steaks decreased (P < 0.05) during retail display. Light source influenced a* values, with HFLO-displayed steaks having higher (P < 0.05) a* values than steaks exposed to both FLO and LED light sources. Oxymyoglobin levels were higher (P < 0.05) for TB steaks displayed under HFLO lights than those displayed under FLO (on d 3 and 7) or LED (on d 5 and 7) lights. Steaks displayed under HFLO lights had lower (P < 0.05) metmyoglobin levels than those exposed to both FLO and LED lights on d 5 and 7. Lipid oxidation increased over retail display time, and on d 7 of retail display, steaks exposed to HFLO had less (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation than those displayed in FLO or LED. The results of the present study indicated that color stability and lipid oxidation in TB steaks during retail display are impacted by light source. The HFLO lighting may help to minimize surface discoloration and lipid oxidation in low color stability beef muscles.
Perker med no-life i Velfærds-danmark
Authors: Andersen Kathrine Vitus
Published: January 2018

Migrant youth with no-life in Danish welfare society

This article analyses how children and youngsters with ethnic minority background are constructed as ”strange troublemakers” and assume identities as “migrant with no-life” in a social educational leisure institution, ”Baglandet”. Baglandet admits children considered to be ”associationless” and ”at risk of criminality”, and attempts to ease the children back into ”normal” institutions. However, the institution is a part of the Danish social welfare system characterized by contradictory and paradoxical institutional logics as well as professional practices. Dynamics of both inclusion and exclusion are at stake in this system, and therefore Baglandet works simultaneously both with and against its own purpose. One problematic consequence of this is the production and institutionalising of deviant identities for ethnic minority children in Denmark.
Prostitution indendørs. Massageklinikken som socialt rum
Authors: Alzaga Cristina
Published: January 2018

Cristina Alzaga:
Indoor Prostitution: The Parlour as a Social Space

This article presents a sociological hermeneutic analysis of the lived everyday working world of Danish indoor prostitutes. It draws upon observations and interviews, as well as documentary and experiential data, produced during a six-month period of ethnographic fieldwork at a Copenhagen massage parlour, where the author served as “telephone lady“. The article uncovers the social order (nomos) of this life world, its social relations and shared interpretations as well as organizational traits and practical-corporeal terms. It also discusses the variety and multidimensionality of the relations between prostitutes and clients. The article seeks to uncover the meanings of the distinct experiential dynamics and work experiences that take form within this particular working universe, and examines their contradictory relations to the dominant views and accounts of prostitution in the outside world, including the views pre¬sented by mainstream research on prostitution.
Sex og orientalisme - med Gustave Flaubert i hamam
Authors: Necef Mehmet
Published: January 2018

Mehmet Ümit Necef:
Sex and Orientalism – with Gustave Flaubert in Hamam

In his influential study “Orientalism“ Edward Said almost demonises the intimate and sexual relations between Orientals and Western intellectuals and authors, who in the 1800’s and early 1900’s visited the Orient. His main target among these travellers is Gustave Flaubert. This article discusses the question as to why Said silences Flaubert’s homoerotical interests. I posit the thesis that this is because Flaubert’s multifaceted sexuality does not fit nicely into Said’s theoretical ideas about the hierarchies and dichotomies of Western “Orientalist“ thought. I also argue that Said’s theoretical frame of reference makes it impossible for him to fully acknowledge sexual cultural differences between Northwest Europe and the Turkish/Arabic countries. Finally, I argue that Said’s theories obstruct a full appreciation of Flaubert’s pleasure of meeting the other and his openness to self-development through such meetings.
Homoseksuelle foreldre – (u)vanlige familier? Ungdom, unge og voksnes oppveksterfaringer fra familier med homoseksuelle foreldre
Authors: Krane Hanssen Jorid
Published: January 2018

Familier er konstruerte på svært mange ulike måter. Denne ulikheten og dette mangfoldet kan utrykkes som a bewildering variety of alternative lifestyles (Cheal 1999), hvilket indikerer behovet for å stille spørsmål om “familien“ virkelig eksisterer. Denne artikkelen er en del av et større studie som innebefatter intervjuer med 25 personer i alderen 15 til 45 år. Felles for disse er at de alle har vokst opp med homoseksuelle foreldre. Fokuset i denne artikkelen er hvilken betydning begrepet “familie“ har for dem; hvordan de definerer familierela-sjoner og familiemedlemmer, hvordan de vurderer sine familier i forhold til hva samfunnet aksepterer/ikke-aksepterer, og hvilken betydning foreldreskapet har for dem. I artikkelens første del diskuteres familiebegrepet ut fra et perspektiv knyttet til forståelsen av mangfold og ulikhet, mens andre delen av artikkelen diskuterer informantenes refleksjoner hovedsakelig i lys av begrepene doing family og family relations. Hensikten med artikkelen er å gi et innblikk i hvilke erfaringer og refleksjoner ungdom, unge og voksne med homoseksuelle foreldre har gjort seg ved å vokse opp i disse tilsynelatende “uvanlige“ familiene.

ENGELSK ABSTRACT:
Jorid Krane Hanssen: Homosexual Parents – (Un)normal Families? Some Experiences from Growing up in Families with Homosexual Parents

Families are constructed in many different ways. The diversity can be expressed as a bewildering variety of alternative lifestyles (Cheal 1999), and indicates the need for a discussion whether “the family“ really exists. The analysis re-ported on in this article is part of a larger study, based on in-depth interviews with 25 persons – aged 15 to 45 – who have grown up with homosexual parents. The focus in this particular article is on how “family“ is experienced and conceptualized among the interviewees. The article discusses how the interviewees construct their images of family, family-life and parenthood, and also how they reflect upon whether their families are accepted as “real“ families in the society. The first part of the article discusses the concept of family from a perspective of diversity, while the second part concentrates on the interviewees’ reflections in relation to two main themes in the analysis; “doing family“ and “family relations“. The aim of the article is to provide some insight into the life of families with same-sex parents, from the perspective of those who actually have grown up in these families.

Key words: Family, relations, homosexual parents, parenthood, diversity.
Livsformer i Danmark: Udbredelse og udviklingstendenser 1981-2005
Authors: Holm Anders , Meier Jæger Mads
Published: January 2018

I denne artikel undersøger vi en række forhold omkring Thomas Højrups livsformsanalyse. For det første undersøger vi, om livsformerne kan spores empirisk i den danske befolkning. For det andet undersøger vi forandringer i livsformernes kvantitative udbredelse i Danmark i perioden 1981-2005. For det tredje efterprøver vi Højrups hypotese om livsformscentrisme, som tilsiger, at individer er bærere af én og ikke flere livsformer. Vores empiriske analyse viser følgende: (1) vi kan identificere en lønarbejder- og karriereorientering i den danske befolkning, (2) lønarbejderorienteringen er blevet mindre udbredt i perioden 1981-2005 og karriereorienteringen er blevet mere udbredt, (3) der er kun sket små forandringer i livsformsorienteringer inden for forskellige beskæftigelsesgrupper på arbejdsmarkedet og (4) individer kan godt på samme tid være bærere af både lønarbejder- og karriere-livsformen.

ENGELSK ABSTRACT:
Anders Holm & Mads Meier Jæger:
Life Modes in Denmark: Extent and Development Tendencies 1981-2005

This paper analyzes several hypotheses in Thomas Højrup’s life mode analysis. First, we examine if the different life modes can be traced empirically in the Danish population. Second, we analyze trends in the quantitative size of the different life modes in the period 1981-2005. Third, we test Højrup’s claim that individuals can belong to only one life mode. We find the following empirical results: (1) we identify a wage-earner and career-oriented life mode; (2) the wage-earner life mode has become less prevalent in the period 1981-2005, while the career-oriented life mode has become more prevalent; (3) there have been only minor changes in life mode orientations within different occupational groupings over time; and (4) individuals can belong to both life mode orientations at the same time.

Key words: Life mode analysis, work values, latent class analysis.
Etikken i den maskerede by. Om Baumans etiske afvisning af den postmoderne bys æstetisering
Authors: Suonperä Liebst Lasse
Published: January 2018

Artiklen problematiserer Zygmunt Baumans argument om, at æstetiseringen i den postmoderne by er uforenelig med en virksom etisk ansvarlighed for den fremmede i byen. Denne forståelse er kraftigt inspireret af Emmanuel Lévinas’ fænomenologiske nærhedsetik, der forstår æstetik og etik som antagonistiske fænomener. Med afsæt i denne forståelse anser Bauman æstetiseringen af den Anden, som en maskering af det nøgne ansigt, der ifølge Lévinas er den etiske fordrings kilde. Hermed mødes den Anden ikke som et unikt menneske, men snarere som et overfladisk objekt, der nydes uden etisk ansvar. Artiklen peger på, at Knud E. Løgstrups fænomenologiske nærhedsetik – som Bauman fejlagtigt jævnfører med Levinas’ – tilbyder en interessant alternativ forståelse af forholdet imellem æstetik og etik: Ifølge Løgstrup har æstetikken nemlig forrang for etikken. Artiklens afgørende argument bliver i lyset heraf, at den etiske fordring som den Anden stiller, forudsætter at jeg er i kontakt med dennes liv, hvilket netop sker i den æstetiske sansning. Den æstetiske maskering af den Anden kan således ikke per se afskrives som en uetisk objektificering, men rummer snarere potentialet til, at jeg på sanselig-æstetisk vis kommer i stemt nærvær med det liv, der fordrer mig etisk.

ENGELSK ABSTRACT:
Lasse Suonperä Liebst: Ethics in the Masked City

The article questions Zygmunt Bauman’s argument that the aesthetization of the postmodern city is incompatible with the existence of an ethical responsibility towards the stranger in the city. This argument stems from Emmanuel Lévinas’ phenomenological ethics of proximity according to which aesthetical and ethical phenomena are antagonistic. Bauman’s lévinasian argument is based on the assumption that the aesthetization of The Other in the city veils the naked face which, according to Lévinas, is ethically demanding. This way, The Other is not faced as a unique human being, but rather as a masked and fungible object, which can be enjoyed without any responsibility. In this article it is argued that Knud E. Løgstrup’s phenomenological ethics of proximity, which Bauman sees as nearly equivalent to Lévinas’ ethics, offers an alternative theoretical concep-tualization. According to Løgstrup, the aesthetics has primacy over the ethical: The ethical demand of The Other presupposes that I am in contact with the life of The Other which takes place in a sensuous-aesthetic way. The aesthetical masking of The Other, thus, is not per se an unethical objectification, but rather a sensuous way to become ethical demanded by the Other.

Key words: Zygmunt Bauman, Knud E. Løgstrup, Emmanuel Lévinas, urban sociology, aesthetization, ethics of proximity.
Sekulariseringens mange ansigter
Authors: Gundelach Peter
Published: January 2018

Hvad er opfattelsen af forholdet mellem religion og samfund blandt etniske danskere og de etniske minoriteter? Dette spørgsmål analyseres ud fra en spørgeskemaundersøgelse blandt etniske danskere og tyrkiske og pakistanske indvandrere og efterkommere i Danmark. Der formuleres tre hypoteser: For det første en sekulariseringshypotese: muslimer er mindre sekulariserede end danskere. For det andet en etnicitetshypotese: etnisk tilhørsforhold spiller en større rolle for værdier end trosretning. Den tredje hypotese vedrører socialisation og hævder at efterkommere placerer sig mellem etniske danskere og indvandrere mht. sekularisering. Sekularisering defineres som manglende sammenhæng mellem religion og andre værdier og måles i forhold til politik og familieværdier. Analysen viser at ingen af hypoteserne kan verificeres generelt, men at sammenhængene afhænger af såvel trosretning som etnisk gruppe. Graden af personlig religiøsitet spiller en rolle for graden af sekularisering, også for etniske danskerne. Resultaterne viser at man ikke kan skære alle muslimer over en kam og giver behov for mere nuancerede tolkninger af værdier blandt etniske grupper i Danmark.

ENGELSK ABSTRACT:
Peter Gundelach: The Many Faces of Secularism

This article analyses the relationship between religion and politics in nine ethnic groups in Denmark (including Danes). The data were collected through a survey among these groups. Secularization is defined as the lack of a correlation between religion and other values, and is measured in relation to political and family values. The study has three hypotheses. 1) A secularization hypothesis states that Muslims are less secularized than Christians in Denmark; 2) An ethnicity hypothesis argues that ethnicity is more important than denomination as regards values; 3) A socialization hypothesis asserts that the longer time a person has lived in Denmark, the more s/he has secularized values. Since descendants of immigrants are socialized in Danish institutions as well as in immigrant families, the argument is that they are between the Danes and the immigrants in relation to secularization. The analysis shows that none of the hypotheses can be generally confirmed. Secularization must be explained by combinations of ethnicity and denomination. This means that it is impossible to generalize about the relationship between religious values and other values in all ethnic groups.

Key words: Secularization, ethnicity, survey, Islam, political values.
"Er det noget med bander?" – Om modstand, andenhed og positioner i et sociologisk feltarbejde
Authors: Qvotrup Jensen Sune
Published: January 2018

Med udgangspunkt i nyere diskussioner om kvalitativ metode, intersektionalitet og metodeproblemer som datakilde analyserer artiklen de problemer i form af modstand og undvigen, forfatteren har mødt under udarbejdelsen af sin ph.d. afhandling blandt marginaliserede unge mænd med indvandrerbaggrund. Det vises, at de unge mænd gør modstand mod den objektivering, der kan ligge i det sociologiske blik, og at feltrelationerne får en etnisk/racial gennemfarvning, således at det som undviges især er en etnisk/racial forskellighedslogik. De unge antager, at forskningsinteressen drejer sig om kriminalitet og gør følgelig modstand mod det kriminaliserende blik. De påberåber sig normalitet, ligesom de ironiserer over stereotype forestillinger om kriminelle unge indvandrermænd. Modstanden viser noget om de unge mænds forhold til voksne hvide autoriteter og noget om de komplekse identiteter, som produceres blandt de unge. Således problematiserer analysen den teoretiske udlægning, at de unge mænd internaliserer stereotype forestillinger om dem selv.

ENGELSK ABSTRACT:
Sune Qvotrup Jensen: ’’Is There Something Special about Bands?’’ On Resistance, Otherness and Positions in a Socio-logical Fieldwork

The author addresses the problems of resistance and avoidance encountered in the empirical part of his PhD. project among marginalized young men with immigrant background. This is done through a discussion of qualitative methods, intersectionality and methodological problems as a source of data. The young men resist being seen as objects in the sociological gaze, and the field relations become cast as ethnic and racial, so that what is resisted is in particular a logic of ethnic and racial difference. The young men assume that the researcher is interested in criminal matters, and resist the criminalizing gaze. They claim normality, just as they use irony when playing with the stereotype imaginary of young criminal immigrant men. The resistance casts light on the relation between the young men and adult white authorities. It also illustrates the complex identities constructed by the young people. The article questions the theoretical idea that these young men internalize stereotypical understandings of themselves.

Key words: Qualitative method, intersectionality, field relations, field work, resistance, methodical problems.
Sociale indkomstforskelle på eliteuddannelser
Authors: Beldo Klausen Trond
Published: January 2018

I denne artikel undersøges sammenhængen mellem social oprindelse og indkomst blandt kandidater fra fire attraktive universitetsuddannelser: Jura, erhvervsøkonomi, ingeniørvidenskab og medicin. Resultaterne viser, at sammenhængen mellem social oprindelse og indkomst er stærkest blandt jurister. Mandlige jurister med oprindelse i de øvre økonomiske eller kulturelle klasser tjener 12-17 procent mere om året end mandlige jurister fra arbejderfamilier. Blandt økonomer og ingeniører er forskellen for mænd omtrent det halve, og blandt mandlige læger og kvindelige kandidater fra alle de fire uddannelser er der ingen nævneværdig effekt af social oprindelse. Indkomstforskellene har været forholdsvis stabile i løbet af 1990’erne – dog med en tendens til, at mandlige jurister med oprindelse i akademikerfamilier gør det bedre med tiden.

ENGELSK ABSTRACT:
Trond Beldo Klausen: The Impact of Social Class Origin on Income among University Graduates

This article compares the impact of social class origin in Denmark on income among university graduates in law, business economics, engineering (all masters level) and medicine. While there is no impact of social class origin among male medical graduates, and some among male engineering and business graduates, there is substantial difference among male law graduates. Male law graduates from the upper social and cultural classes earned between 12 and 17% more annually than male graduates of working class origin. The impact of social origin on income among female graduates is generally weaker than among male graduates. There has been a slight change in the direction of greater economic rewards from having an upper cultural class origin, especially among male law students, between the cohorts born in the late 1950s and the late 1960s.

Key words: Social class origin, income, elite education.
Forestillinger om Edward Said og Orientalism’s (ikke helt så) store indflydelse på studiet af Mellemøsten
Authors: Valbjørn Morten
Published: January 2018

Mens Saids Orientalism selv er en kritisk meta-studie af ”vestlige forestillinger om Orienten”, har denne artikel til formål at problematisere og nuancere en fremherskende forestilling vedrørende dette værks indflydelse på studiet af Mellemøsten, nemlig at det skulle være svært at overdrive indflydelsen fra Orientalism på Mellemøststudierne (MØS), som nærmest skulle være blevet transformeret af den said’ianske Orientalism-kritik. Artiklens overordnede argument om Edward W. Said og Orientalism’s ikke helt så store indflydelse på studiet af Mellemøsten udvikles i tre skridt, hvor det første har til formål at vise, hvordan det snarere er uden for studiet af Mellemøsten, at Saids indflydelse har været størst. Et af de akademiske felter, hvor Said nærmest har været ignoreret, er derimod orientalistikken, som ellers tildeles størstedelen af bogens opmærksomhed. Hvad MØS angår, er det ganske vist muligt at spore en påvirkning fra Orientalism. Den er imidlertid ikke blot mindre end ofte hævdet, men varierer også betragteligt i både karakter og omfang. Det andet skridt har derfor til formål at identificere karakteren af den said’ianske indflydelse, der viser sig at være ganske kompleks og tvetydig. Det kan således være relevant at sondre mellem indflydelsen fra den said’ianske kritik af MØS og fra kritikken af de said-ianske MØS. Endvidere varierer omfanget af denne indflydelse inden for forskellige dele af MØS. Det tredje skridt består derfor af en sammenligning af den said’ianske påvirkning blandt mellemøstforskere med forskellig disciplinær baggrund og inden for forskellige kultur-institutionelle kontekster.

ENGELSK ABSTRACT:
Morten Valbjørn: Conceptions about Edward Said and Orientalism’s (Less) Profound Impact on the Study of the Middle East

While Edward Said’s Orientalism is a study of ”Western conceptions of the Orient”, the purpose of this article is to question one of the prevalent conceptions concerning Said’s influence on the study of the Middle East. This article examines the claim that it is hard to exaggerate the impact from Said on the field of Middle East Studies (MES), which is supposed to have been almost transformed by his Orientalism critique. The article concludes that this claim is much of an exaggeration itself. The impact of Orientalism appears more profound in academic fields which are not particularly concerned with the Middle East, and its influence within the study of the Middle East appears rather ambiguous. Thus, it is necessary not only to make a distinction between the impact of the Said’ian critique of MES and of the critique of the Said’ian MES, but also to distinguish between the uneven influence of Said among Middle East scholars with different disciplinary training and from different cultural-institutional contexts.

Key words: Edward Said, Orientalism, Middle East, Middle East Studies, sociology of knowledge, European vs. American academia.