bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Vestibulocochlear Nerve: Vestibular Nerve
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

It is well known that the vestibulocochlear or Vlllth cranial nerve is sensory in nature, and that its peripheral endings are found within the inner ear. Although usually thought of as a single nerve, it actually consists of two axon bundles that are intimately related throughout their intracranial course, as well as their course through the petrous part of the temporal bone. However, they separate on entering the medulla, and terminate in different regions of the gray matter. The ventral bundle is known as the vestibular nerve; it enters the medulla ventral to the restiform body, and then courses between the latter and the spinal root of the trigeminal nerve (which is quite large and prominent in small mammals) before ending in certain nuclei lying beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle. The dorsal bundle is known as the cochlear nerve, and it occupies a more lateral position; its intramedullary course comes to an end in a region of gray matter flanking the lateral aspect of the restiform body.
Promoting Healthful Diet and Physical Activity
Authors: Sallis James F
Published: November 2023

The year 2000 health objectives developed by the Public Health Service (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1991) recognize the importance of dietary and physical activity behaviors in the maintenance of good health in adolescents (see Table 10-1). In this chapter, dietary and physical activity behaviors are discussed together, a pairing supported by both physiological and behavioral reasons. Physiologically, diet and physical activity in large part determine energy balance in the body and thus influence growth and body composition. Diet and physical activity have been found to be empirically associated in several studies (Blair, Jacobs, & Powell, 1985) and share many behavioral characteristics: they vary widely from one person to the next, they change daily within each individual, they are influenced by multiple variables, they can be performed either alone or in a social milieu and in many different settings, and they are resistant to change.
Promoting Healthy Alternatives to Substance Abuse
Authors: Leventhal Howard , Keeshan Patricia
Published: November 2023

This chapter attempts to satisfy four objectives: (1) briefly review major approaches to the prevention of substance abuse among adolescents, highlighting key themes and examining outcomes; (2) provide an overview of both the successes and deficiencies of these intervention efforts as a foundation for a transactional analysis of the prevention problem; (3) outline a transactional framework to advance more comprehensive and influential prevention and health promotion efforts; and (4) speculate on potentially effective strategies and policy goals that emerge from the transactional perspective.
The Psychologies of Perceiving: Phenomenology and Ethology
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith
Published: November 2023

When We think about the character of other animals or other people, it is behavior that we classify and speak of, not perceptions. Thus, whether we think of Dash, the Hanses, or the wolf-girls, it is their behavior that we categorize and remark on, but it is their perceptions, their motives, their ideas, that attract and mystify us. Those perceptions we infer from the behavior of the subject of our observations. Perception guides us in another way, for it is the perceptions and motives of the experimenter that determine the range of the outcomes of the experiment while, somewhat ironically, altering the minds and behavior of all the agents involved in the experiment.
Chemical Speciation In Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Sposito Garrison
Published: November 2023

If the central group and ligands in a complex are in direct contact, the complex is called inner-sphere. If one or more water molecules is interposed between the central group and a ligand, the complex is outer-sphere. Innersphere complexes usually are much more stable than outer-sphere complexes because the latter cannot easily involve the sharing of electrons between the central group and the ligand, whereas the former can.
Field Tests, Country Style
Authors: Young Louise B
Published: November 2023

It was an unusually warm day in June 1970. The temperature registered a sweltering 92 degrees in the nearest cities of Jackson and Gallipolis, but on this high green hilltop on the outskirts of Sparksville, Ohio, a fresh breeze was blowing. It stirred the white embroidered curtains at the Strasbows’ · windows and brought in the fragrance of the wild roses in full bloom along the old fence row.
Eartlispace Is Precious
Authors: Young Louise B
Published: November 2023

Ever since the memorable day in 1967 when two American men looked back from their spacecraft and saw our planet in perspective for the first time in human history, a new awareness has been taking shape in the American consciousness. There is a dawning appreciation of the exceptional endowments of this planet, which make it a congenial environment for the tender web of living things. There is a new understanding of the finely adjusted balance of all the processes taking place in the swirl of ocean and cloud that wraps the earth like a luminous blue veil.
What Are the Alternatives?
Authors: Young Louise B
Published: November 2023

The hazards and environmental damage associated with extra-high-voltage lines might be justified if they were necessary, but they are not. Sufficient energy for all our needs can be carried in less destructive ways. However the technological improvements necessary to do the job right can only be achieved by a greatly stepped-up research and development program.
Family Church and Academy
Authors: Zboray Ronald J
Published: November 2023

Antebellum industrialization dramatically increased the number of books and periodicals American publishers could produce, and the transportation revolution ensured them that they could send these imprints anywhere in the United States. But would there be readers there to purchase them?
The Making of Southern Suffragists
Authors: Wheeler Marjorie Spruill
Published: November 2023

Looking back on the woman suffrage movement from the vantage point of 1923, Carrie Chapman Catt observed, “no stronger characters did the long struggle [for woman suffrage] produce than those great-souled southern suffragists. They had need to be great of soul.” Shemeant, of course, that advocacy of woman suffrage in such an inhospitable climate was character-building; but the leaders of the woman suffrage movement in the Southern states had to have unusual selfconfidence and determination in order to take up this cause in the first place.
Pigskin
Authors: Peterson Robert W
Published: November 2023

If the National Football League is now a mammoth billion-dollar enterprise, it was certainly born into more humble circumstances. Indeed, it began in 1920 in an automobile showroom in Canton, Ohio, when a car dealer called together some owners of teams, mostly in the Midwest, to form a league. Unlike the lavish boardrooms in which NFL owners meet today, on this occasion the owners sat on the running boards of cars in the showroom and drank beer from buckets. A membership fee of &100 was set, but no one came up with any money. (As one of those present, George Halas, the legendary owner of the Chicago Bears, said, “I doubt that there was a hundred bucks in the room.”) From such modest beginnings, pro football became far and away the most popular spectator sport in America. In Pigskin, Robert W. Peterson presents a lively and informative overview of the early years of pro football—from the late 1880s to the beginning of the television era. Peterson describes the colorful beginnings of the pro game and its outstanding teams (the Green Bay Packers, the New York Giants, the Chicago Bears, the Baltimore Colts), and the great games they played. Profiles of the most famous players of the era—including Pudge Heffelfinger (the first certifiable professional), Jim Thorpe, Red Grange, Bronko Nagurski, and Fritz Pollard (the NFL’s first black star)—bring the history of the game to life. Peterson also takes us back to the roots of the pro game, showing how professionalism began when some stars for Yale, Harvard, and Princeton took money—under the table, of course—for their services to alma mater. By 1895, the money makers—still unacknowledged—had moved to amateur athletic associations in western Pennsylvania and subsequently into Ohio. After the NFL formed in 1920, pro football’s popularity grew gradually but steadily. It burst into national prominence with the Bears-Redskins championship game of 1940. As one sportswriter put it: “The weather was perfect. So were the Bears.” The final score was 73-0. Peterson shows how, after World War II, the newly-created All America Football Conference challenged the NFL. Though dominated by a gritty Cleveland team, the AAFC was never viewed by NFL teams as much of a threat. That is, not until 1950 when the two leagues merged, bringing about the Cleveland Browns-Philadelphia Eagles game in which the Browns buried the Eagles 35-10. An elegy to a time when, for many players, the game was at least as important as the money it brought them (which wasn’t much), Pigskin takes readers up to the 1958 championship game when the Baltimore Colts beat the New York Giants in overtime. By that time, the great popularity of the game had moved from newspapers and radio to television, and pro football had finally arrived as a major sport.
Towards a Microstructural Account of Human Reasoning
Authors: Rumelhart David E
Published: November 2023

For the past several years my colleagues and I have been analyzing what we call parallel distributed processing (PDP) systems and looking at what we call the microstructure of cognition (cf. McClelland, Rumelhart, and the PDP Research Group 1986; Rumelhart, McClelland, and the PDP Research Group 1986). In this work we developed computational models of cognitive processes based on principles of ‘brain-style’ processing. The major focus of this work has been in perception, memory retrieval, and learning. The question remains as to how this work extends to the domains of ‘higher mental processes.’ We have made one attempt to show how our PDP models can be used to account for schemalike effects (Rumelhart, Smolensky, McClelland, and Hinton 1986). This chapter is designed to push those ideas further and to sketch an account of reasoning from a PDP perspective. I will proceed by first describing the basic theoretical structure of the PDP approach. I will then give a brief account of the reasoning process and finally show how it can be seen as resulting from a parallel distributed processing system.
Connectionism and the Philosophy of Mental Representation
Authors: Ramsey William
Published: November 2023

Undoubtedly one of the biggest challenges facing any physicalist account of the mind is to provide a fully naturalistic explanation of mental representation. Discussions concerning naturalized accounts of mental representation have typically focused on two central questions: (1) In virtue of what, exactly, are we justified in calling some entity or state a representation of something else, and (2) what form or structure does such a representation take in a cognitive system? In short, how do we account for the content of a representation, and how do we account for its form? Traditionally, it has been considered the business of philosophy to come up with answers to the first sort of question and the job of empirical science to answer questions of the second sort. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the two issues are much more closely intertwined than was formerly assumed. The sorts of philosophical stories we tell about what it is for something to be a representation can place strong constraints on the sorts of accounts we give of their form and, more importantly for this essay, vice-versa.
Population Genetics—Inversions
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R
Published: November 2023

Naturally occurring chromosomal inversions are widespread in Drosophila and were indirectly detected very early in the history of genetics. Sturtevant (1917) found strains of D. melanogaster that exhibited reduced recombination in certain chromosomes and chromosome regions. He designated these strains crossover suppressors and deduced they might be due to an inversion in the order of genes on a chromosome, a proposal he subsequently verified (Sturtevant, 1926) with genetic mapping data. The physical reality of chromosomal inversions was confirmed with the discovery of giant polytene chromosomes (Painter, 1933) from which one could read the gene order by the morphology of the banding patterns (Patau, 1935; Tan, 1935; Koller, 1936).
Population Genetics—Laboratory Studies
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R
Published: November 2023

Experimental populations in a laboratory have several advantages for the empirical population geneticist. One really knows exactly what the population is and can manipulate it more or less at will. L’Heritier and Teissier (1933) were the first to develop a population cage for continuous breeding of Drosophila populations. Their cages were boxes 50 cm x 30 cm x 15 cm with 21 holes for food cups that would be replaced periodically, usually one per day. Such cages maintain adult populations of three to six thousand flies with overlapping generations. The larval breeding cups are extremely crowded, with only one or two percent of eggs ever reaching adulthood, making selection quite intense. Many variations on this original design have evolved over the years, but most are similar enough in the essentials that we don’t generally need to worry about the details.
Imaginary Companions and the Children Who Create Them
Authors: Taylor Marjorie
Published: November 2023

Many parents delight in their child's imaginary companion as evidence of a lively imagination and creative mind. At the same time, parents sometimes wonder if the imaginary companion might be a sign that something is wrong. Does having a pretend friend mean that the child is in emotional distress? That he or she has difficulty communicating with other children? In this fascinating book, Marjorie Taylor provides an informed look at current thinking about pretend friends, dispelling many myths about them. In the past a child with an imaginary companion might have been considered peculiar, shy, or even troubled, but according to Taylor the reality is much more positive--and interesting. Not only are imaginary companions surprisingly common, the children who have them tend to be less shy than other children. They also are better able to focus their attention and to see things from another person's perspective. In addition to describing imaginary companions and the reasons children create them, Taylor discusses other aspects of children's fantasy lives, such as their belief in Santa, their dreams, and their uncertainty about the reality of TV characters. Adults who remember their own childhood pretend friends will be interested in the chapter on the relationship between imaginary companions in childhood and adult forms of fantasy. Taylor also addresses practical concerns, providing many useful suggestions for parents. For example, she describes how children often express their own feelings by attributing them to their imaginary companion. If you have a child who creates imaginary creatures, or if you work with pre-schoolers, you will find this book very helpful in understanding the roles that imaginary companions play in children's emotional lives.
Writing and Rewriting Poetry: William Wordsworth
Authors: Jeffrey Linda R
Published: November 2023

Repetitive activity is as essential in creative work as it is in everyday life. Repetition sometimes reflects simply the practical need to do the same thing yet again (like eating). Sometimes it is undertaken deliberately as part of an exploration of a complex enterprise. Each time we review something we re-vise it, seeing new aspects of the same thing. In writing poetry the reviewing and revising are compounded since a form of repetition-reiteration-is a major poetic device for bringing home a point or strengthening an emotional effect.
Nitrogen Management in Irrigated Agriculture
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G
Published: November 2023

Nitrogen constitutes about 79 percent of the earth’s atmosphere, yet, in an agricultural plant production system, it is still common for soils to be deficient of the nitrogen needed for maximum plant growth. But nitrogen fertilizers that are essential for the economically driven production of food and fiber are recognized as polluters of natural waters, and it has become increasingly apparent that manufactured and naturally occurring nitrogen resources must be better managed. This book addresses the problem by describing how the various factors such as types of soils and crops, irrigation methods, climate, and the nitrogen cycle itself affect levels of nitrogen in plant production systems. The book also provides a practical guide to the many advantages and disadvantages of using different fertilizers across such factors as environment, type of plant, and method of farming. This book will be part of the solution to nitrogen management and agricultural problems and will be of interest to workers in local, state, and federal agricultural extension services, consulting firms, environmental regulators, and students and researchers in soil chemistry.
Nitrogen
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G
Published: November 2023

It is ironic that nitrogen is quite frequently a limiting factor for plant growth while it is one of the most abundant elements in the biosphere. Most nitrogen exists in a form that is not available for plant use. In natural environments and agricultural systems nitrogen is generally deficient for plant growth. However, under some natural conditions nitrogen can accumulate over time to the point where it is adequate for plant growth; but when nitrogen removal increases, such as in agricultural production, then the nitrogen reserve is quickly depleted. In an agricultural system much of the nitrogen is removed in the harvested portion of the crop. Consequently, nitrogen must be added to sustain production.
Placement
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G
Published: November 2023

The placement of nitrogen fertilizers is important in governing the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer use. By utilizing a variety of placement techniques, it is possible to control such factors as volatilization losses, leaching of nitrogen below the root zone, uptake of nitrogen by the plant, and nitrogen transformation such as denitrification, mineralization, nitrification, and immobilization. The influence of placement on nitrogen utilization is regulated by the source of nitrogen and the time of application, indicating the interrelationships of various management techniques. In addition, each of the system variables also influences the optimum placement of nitrogen fertilizers.
Rate of Nitrogen Application
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G
Published: November 2023

Many of the soil physical, chemical, and biological characteristics influence the amount of nitrogen that may be required for plant growth. These interact with the other system and management variables to determine the rate of fertilizer required in order to achieve maximum yield. Even though these soil characteristics contribute to a high degree of variability in soil nitrate levels, soil tests for nitrate have been surprisingly effective guides for estimating the rate of fertilization. For example, in Figs. 9-1 and 9-2 are shown correlations between the soil nitrate-nitrogen concentration and the yield of corn and sorghum, respectively, based on samples obtained from the O to 120-cm soil depth. In Table 9-1 are also shown data indicating the relationship between the initial soil nitrogen level and crop yield. These data demonstrate the utility of soil test information for predicting fertilizer application rates. Nevertheless, it must be recognized that other characteristics of the agricultural production system have an impact on the efficient utilization of soil and fertilizer nitrogen and also must be considered in predicting the fertilizer requirements by using these tests.
Energy (Organic Matter)
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G
Published: November 2023

The soil matrix is teeming with a large population of microorganisms, estimated to be on the order of one billion organisms per cubic centimeter of soil volume. Soil organic matter and fresh organic residues incorporated into the soil provide the energy source to sustain this population of microorganisms. While the population of microorganisms may differ in a qualitative sense (there may be different species present in soils with widely different physical and chemical characteristics), in the quantitative sense they carry out the decomposition of organic materials in the soil in fundamentally the same way with, perhaps, small differences in rates from one soil to another. Many of the organisms that are essential for the transformation of nitrogen are ubiquitous and soil microbiologists have yet to find soils on earth that do not contain these microorganisms. However, there may be wide differences in the population of specific organisms, which influences the soils ability to support these transformations at a rapid rate. Where environmental factors and soil characteristics restrict the rate of transformation, changes in the soil factors and/or changes in the climate to more optimum conditions may allow microbes to function at an optimum rate. Factors that influence the aeration and energy supply will determine the rate and the type of transformations that may take place. Soil structure and texture influence water content and aeration, which along with the presence of organic matter are the predominant factors affecting the rates of nitrogen transformations.
Believing in Magic
Authors: Vyse Stuart A
Published: November 2023

We all live in a world of uncertainty — in some cases, the most critical events in our lives are completely unpredictable and utterly unexpected. Many people respond to this uncertainty with superstitious beliefs or actions— from carrying good luck charms to knocking on wood or crossing fingers. But even though our understanding or the natural world tells us that these signs and gestures cannot possibly affect the events at which they are directed, superstition is still extremely common, if not universal, among people of all occupations and every educational and income level. Why is superstitious behaviour so prevalent? How is this behaviour established and maintained? Is there a superstitious personality? These are just some of the questions addressed by Stuart Vyse in Believing in Magic. To answer these questions, Vyse examines current behavioural research and show us that every day superstitions are the natural result of several well-understood psychological processes. Written in a style that is both entertaining and informative, this book demonstrates how complex—even paradoxical—human behaviour can be understood through scientific investigation. It addresses the personality features associated with superstition and the roles of operant conditioning, reasoning errors, and social influence in the development of superstitious beliefs and actions. In addition, children;s superstitions and the relationship of superstition to psychopathology are discussed. Although superstition is a normal part of human behaviour, Vyse agrues that we must provide alternative methods of coping with life;s uncertainties by teaching decision analysis, promoting science education, and challenging students to critically evaluate the sources of their beliefs.
Patriarchy and Modernity
Authors: Sharabi Hisham
Published: November 2023

What is patriarchal society? How does it come into being? How is it transformed? What are its distinctive features-its values, forms of knowledge, social practices, political organization? To answer these and other related questions we must first clarify our basic assumptions, which will enable us to see in what sense we take traditional Arab society to be patriarchal. To begin with, patriarchy is a term that essentially defines a specific kind of social-political structure, with a specific value system and forms of discourse and practice, based on a distinctive mode of economic organization. Patriarchy is the central social relational feature of the precapitalist social formation which has historically existed in varying forms in Europe and Asia. Our contention is that patriarchy took a specific and distinctive form in the society we characterize as traditional Arab society. So while some of the characteristics we will analyze here may fit other, non-Arab societies, their specificity is de rived from the conditions, development, and experiences be longing to the Arab world.
The Social Formation of Neopatriarchy
Authors: Sharabi Hisham
Published: November 2023

As a social formation, patriarchy is a distinctive structure, the product of specific cultural and historical conditions. From the diachronic (historical) viewpoint, patriarchal social formation is a determinate succession of stages; from the synchronic (structural) standpoint, it is a series of interrelated types. Insofar as each type belongs to a corresponding stage, all types of patriarchal society are necessarily transitional-except perhaps for the contemporary type, neopatriarchy, which (like capitalism) is terminal, inasmuch as it marks the end of patriarchal society as such and the emergence of a qualitatively different type (modern society).
Neopatriarchy in the Age of Imperialism
Authors: Sharabi Hisham
Published: November 2023

In what way did imperialism (understood as both colonialism and imperialism) contribute to shaping the sociocultural formation of neopatriarchy as we encounter it in the Arab world today? This question was partly dealt with in Chapter 5. We have seen how the first responses in the Ottoman Empire were basically defensive, reorganizing military and administrative institutions. These were the first, and in some respects the last, autonomous modernizing gestures against the European threat. Strictly speaking, all subsequent modernization unfolded within relations of subordination and dependency; under direct European domination, modernization became a function of the system of colonial rule and imperial domination. Thus to gain an adequate appreciation of the transformation patriarchal society underwent during the imperialist epoch, we need to understand the objective structures that emerged from the superimposition of European imperialism and colonialism upon patriarchal society.
Introduction
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Mukherjee Subrata
Published: November 2023

The word manufacturing comes from the Latin manu factus, which means made by hand. In the modern sense, manufacturing involves making products from raw materials through various processes. These manufacturing processes transform the raw material into the desired product. In a mechanical sense, these transformations may be classified into three broad categories: (1) deformation processes, (2) material removal processes, and (3) phase-change processes.
Solidification Processes
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Mukherjee Subrata
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with the analysis and design of solidification of pure metals. In the first part of the chapter, a direct analysis is presented for the motion of the solid-liquid freezing interface and the time-dependent temperature field. An iterative implicit algorithm has been developed for this purpose using the boundary element method (BEM) with time-dependent Green’s functions and convolution integrals. Emphasis is given to twodimensional examples. The second part of the chapter provides a methodol­ogy for the solution of an inverse design Stefan problem. A method for controlling the fluxes at the freezing front and its velocity is demonstrated. The BEM, in conjunction with a sequential least squares technique, is used to solve this ill-posed problem, which has important technological applications. The accuracy of the method is illustrated through one-dimensional numerical examples.
Children Talk About The Mind
Authors: Bartsch Karen , Wellman Henry M
Published: November 2023

What, exactly, do children understand about the mind? And when does that understanding first emerge? In this groundbreaking book, Karen Bartsch and Henry Wellman answer these questions and much more by taking a probing look at what children themselves have to tell us about their evolving conceptions of people and their mental lives. By examining more than 200,000 everyday conversations (sampled from ten children between the ages of two and five years), the authors advance a comprehensive “naive theory of mind” that incorporates both early desire and belief-desire theories to trace childhood development through its several stages. Throughout, the book offers a splendidly written account of extensive original findings and critical new insights that will be eagerly read by students and researchers in developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, philosophy, and psycholinguistics.
Watershed Cases:Roe v. Wade 1973
Authors: Schwartz Bernard
Published: November 2023

Roe v. W a dewas in many ways the paradigmatic Burger Court case. It was clearly the most controversial decision rendered by that Court, and no Court decision has been more bitterly attacked. “It is hard to think of any decision in the two hundred years of our history,” declared Cardinal Krol, the President of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, “which has had more disastrous implications for our stability as a civilized society.” Condemnatory letters were sent to the Justices in unprecedented volume, particularly to Justice Blackmun, the author of the opinion. Antiabortion pickets still show up at his speeches.
Rehnquist Court, 1986
Authors: Schwartz Bernard
Published: November 2023

The history of an institution such as the Supreme Court, like a tapestry, is made up of many strands that, interwoven, make a pattern; to separate a single one and look at it alone not only defaces the whole but gives the strand itself a false value. All too many studies of the Supreme Court, or of its individual members, concentrate upon single strands of the Court’s work, emphasizing, more often than not, those aspects that diverge most sharply from the overall pattern.
The Patient’s Experience and the Nature of Higher Cerebral Functions
Authors: Prigatano George P
Published: November 2023

The process of neuropsychological rehabilitation begins with under standing what the patient experiences regarding his or her higher cerebral functions (or dysfunction). What the patient experiences guides the neuropsychological interview and later examination. It is also crucial for planning rehabilitation strategies. If the patient does not experience, at some level, the usefulness of the examination or the rehabilitation pro gram, he or she will resist treatment or only passively engage in it. Thus, the first principle of neuropsychological rehabilitation is that the clinician must enter the patient’s phenomenological field in order to sense what he or she experiences. Frequently clinicians will encounter that the patient is frustrated and confused over what is happening. Therapy aimed at reducing this frustration and confusion will be eagerly met by thepatient, irrespective of whether such rehabilitation activities actually improve higher cerebral functions. The reality of helping patients not be alone with their disturbances and helping them deal with their disordered experience is of maximum value. Let us begin, then, with the patients’ experience of brain damage.
Personality Disturbances and Brain Damage: Practical Considerations
Authors: Prigatano George P
Published: November 2023

Understanding patients’ personalities helps in their management during neuropsychological rehabilitation. In this case, the old adage “fore warned is forearmed” is apt because personality disturbances in brain dysfunctional patients seem to be almost as overwhelming to the rehabilitation team (Prigatano et al., 1986) as to family members (Brooks and McKinlay, 1983).
Combining Constraints
Authors: Rubin David C
Published: November 2023

The stream of thought flows on; but most of its segments fall into the bottomless abyss of oblivion. Of some, no memory survives the instant of their passage. Of others, it is confined to a few moments, hours, or days. Others, again leave vestiges which are indestructible, and by means of which they may be recalled as long as life endures. Can we explain these differences? ... The “secret of a good memory'' is thus the secret of forming diverse and multiple associations with every fact we care to retain.
A Theory of Rememberingfor Oral Traditions
Authors: Rubin David C
Published: November 2023

Reminders provide a good example of the relative tradeoffs between the roles of internal versus external knowledge. Knowledge in the world is accessible. It is self reminding. . . . Knowledge in the mind is ephemeral: here now, gone later. We can't count on something being present in mind at any particular time, unless it is triggered by some external event. Out of sight, out of mind.
North Carolina Ballads
Authors: Rubin David C
Published: November 2023

Balladry belongs to the none too literate . . . people who know it by heart where it can weather and season properly. Ballads lead their life in the mouths and ears of men by hear-say like bluebirds and flickers in the nest of hollow trees. Frost, 1953, p. xii And here the very Prince of Poets, old Homer, if we may trust ancient Records, was nothing more than a blind Ballad-singer, who writ Songs of the Siege of Troy, and the Adventures of Ulysses; and playing Tunes upon his Harp, sung from Door to Door, till at his Death somebody thought it fit to collect all his Ballads, and by a little connecting 'em, gave us the Iliad and Odysses, which since that Time have been so much admired.
Epilogue:A Note on the Future
Authors: Rubin David C
Published: November 2023

The gradual diffusion of writing into human affairs can serve as a historical analogue for the seepage of artificial intelligence into human exchanges. Writing did not simply replace the linguistic activities that people carried out before there was writing; its major impact was to make new kinds of activity possible and to give a new shape to old kinds.
Breaking Free from the Cult of Thinness
Authors: Hesse-Biber Sharlene
Published: November 2023

Does change come from “inside out” or do we have to change society to change individuals? Can one escape the Cult of Thinness by means of self-help books and programs, and various therapies? Or is what has happened to women’s bodies a political issue, inseparable from our personal concern? Nancy, a college sophomore, commented: “I think weight is important, but I think a person’s correct weight really depends on the person herself.
To Move from Placeto Place*
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

I appear as a travelled person and give the impression of having been most everywhere. Few people on first acquaintance take me to be a “home” type of man, liking a settled habitat. On the contrary, they quickly form the opinion that I am cosmopolitan, a citizen of many countries, one who has seen all or most of Europe. Should I say I have been in many oriental countries also, this statement would be accepted far more readily than an assertion that I had never seen beyond the borders of America. They assume, not only that I like to travel and that I have travelled, but that moving about is for me a natural form of life. I can, they think, meet all kinds and classes of people and speak a number of (to them) foreign languages, with facility. In truth, I have moved about quite a bit; but most of my excursions have taken place in and over America. Not till last summer did I visit Canada. France is the only European country I have been in, to date. Yet, in a sense, people are quite right in feeling that I am not a settled, home, or stationary type. I am locomotive, nomadic-and this for many reasons. As a child I was conditioned to move from place to place. My family often changed residences. In the first year of my life I was moved from the house of my birth, to another house and then to the house of my grandfather; and, while still living in Washington, we went to different places each summer.
Cane
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

Your letter came this morning. It stimulates. It contains just what I want: criticism that rubs me against myself; opinions, appreciations, interests, whose inherent fuel sets me going; thoughts that I value to the extent that I must test myself against them; and a general tone which makes me desire that my creations be intelligible to other people. (My position here has been such that I unconsciously discount or ignore the reader.) Theatre [sic] sprang to life a few weeks back when I was helping to manage the Howard. For a week or so my job kept me from writing it. The minute I was released, I brought it out. The piece was written in a single day. When the last word was down, something within me said FINIS, so I knew that any rewriting or elaboration would have to come at a later day. I was conscious, however, of a questionable brevity, a possibility of misunderstanding, and of Waldo Frank. But I wanted to touch you, so I sent it on.
Editor’s Note
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

In 1926, while standing on an elevated train platform in New York City, Toomer suddenly went into a mystical trance that demonstrated to him the possibility of a “higher consciousness” able to transform him into a “radically different being.” The intense mystical feelings that began on the train platform lasted for about two weeks, and although Toomer could not sustain this heightened consciousness indefinitely, the experience demonstrated to him the possibility of a world of harmony in contrast to the world of chaos with which he was all too familiar. It was a moment of crystallization, and Toomer felt reborn. In fact, he had been preparing himself for this experience from at least the time when he had articulated his unhappiness with his life by going to Gurdjieffs institute in 1924. Although in writing about his experience he expressed amazement that what he had been trying to do consciously suddenly came to him unconsciously, without effort at all, it was probably the years of conscious effort that had laid the ground work for his mystical episode. This is not to say that Toomer’s experience was not spontaneous. On the contrary, Toomer’s narrative discribes some classic characteristics of traditional mystical states, like the above-the-body phenomenon, for instance, that William James documents in Varieties of Religious Experience.
The Blue Man
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

Your letter of Aug 29th on hand. First, I want to make a general statement from which detailed statements will follow. My racial composition and my position in the world are realities which I alone may deter mine. Just what these are, I sketched in for you the day I had lunch with you. As a unit in the social milieu, I expect and demand acceptance of myself on their basis. I do not expect to be told what I should consider myself to be. Nor do I expect you as my publisher, and I hope, as my friend, to either directly or indirectly state that this basis contains any element of dodging. In fact, if my relationship with you is to be what I’d like it to be, I must insist that you never use such word, such a thought, again. As a B[oni] and Liveright author, I make the distinction between my fundamental position and the position which your publicity department may wish to establish for me in order that Cane reach as large a public as possible. In this connection I have told you, I have told Messrs Tobey and Schneider to make use of whatever racial factors you wish. Feature Negro if you wish, but do not expect me to feature it in advertisements for you. For myself, I have sufficiently featured Negro in Cane. Whatever statements I give will inevitably come from a synthetic human and art point of view; not from a racial one. As regards my sketch-life-it was not my intention or promise to give a completed statement of my life.
Editor’s Note
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

The typescript of “Monrovia” is undated. The story’s lyricism and setting are reminiscent of the White Island section of “Winter on Earth,” which appeared in The Second American Caravan in 1928. However, the setting also suggests the Pacific coast around Carmel, California, where Toomer lived with his new wife, the writer Margery Latimer, in 1932. That same year Margery died in childbirth, and it is tempting to read “Monrovia” with its narrative of overcoming sorrow caused by the death of a loved one as Toomer’s working out his own loss through his writing. At any rate, speculation aside, “Monrovia” does contain a theme of recurring importance to Toomer: the development of an independent, whole, and creative personality that is a meaningful part of the community at large. Monrovia’s story illustrates this. While Toomer certainly did not generally write children’s literature, he was interested in the importance of traditional legends and fables for psychic growth, and he felt that children who had not been exposed to such literature would grow up to be less than fully developed adults. With its fairy-tale quality, “Monrovia” may also reflect the influence on Toomer of his Uncle Bismarck, his mother’s brother; when Toomer was a child, one of his favorite pastimes was to listen to Bismarck read him folk tales, fables, and myths.
Editor’s Note
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

The striking descriptions of rural Georgia in Cane demonstrate Toomer’s acute and sensitive awareness of the American land early in his career; his appreciation of the land brought forth some of his most lyrical writing. And Toomer, always searching below and beyond the surface for spiritual and intellectual meaning, was rarely content to describe merely what he saw with his eyes. Rather, he probed for the significance of what he was seeing. Wherever he stayed or visited, Toomer became deeply involved in the landscape around him. “Highways Should Be Rightways” is a good example of such involvement. This typescript, by “N. J. Toomer,” was probably written in 1939. At this time there was citizen outcry against a proposed rerouting of Highway 202 in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, where Toomer lived on a farm with his second wife, Marjorie Content. (His first wife, Margery Latimer, died giving birth to their daughter, Margery, in 1932.)
Incubation, hatching, and cropmilk
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

Behavior simulating incubation may be seen in feral pigeons at the time of nest construction. The birds 1.5 hours. Some individuals pseudoincubate for 10 days prior to laying the first egg, and others for only two or three days (Dorzhiev 1991). Both sexes incubate definitively from the time of laying the complete clutch. The first egg is also incubated, but the routine is regularly interrupted. Some females sit on the first egg through the first night after laying. The incubation patch is situated in the ventral apterium and is about 10 x 2 cm in size; visual inspection suggests low vascularity (Johnston 1992c).
Feather maintenance and the molt
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

The popular imagination considers feral pigeons to be “dirty” and infested with bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic organisms. This is overly imaginative and inaccurate, for a dirty bird is probably a sick or otherwise impaired bird that may well succumb to illness. Plumage parasites are nevertheless reasonably common, and they regularly occur at low densities on clean and healthy individuals. Mites, ticks, flies, bugs, lice, and fleas can be found on pigeons (Clayton, 1991), although usually not coincidently.
Social behavior
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

Most behavior of animals in groups can be called social behavior. Feral pigeons congregate in a number of circumstances into aggregations, colonies, and flocks, and their behavior as individuals in these groups then differs from that of single individuals or pairs. But, the distinction between group and individual behavior of feral pigeons is not sharp, as the following may suggest.
People and pigeons
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

As integral parts of natural ecosystems, humans necessarily interact with other organisms. Relationships with birds are more conspicuous than most, partly because more than 9000 species of birds exist, but partly also because humans like birds and seek them out. Opinions differ concerning different kinds of birds, however, and humans have a love-hate relationship with feral pigeons (Murton and Wright 1968). There nevertheless is a special quality to the interaction between pigeons and people, which is a result of the historical events to which we have persistently alluded, and which are responsible for the several-thousand year saga of domestic and feral pigeons.
Insight, Self-Deception, and Psychosis in Mood Disorders
Authors: Kiersky Judith E
Published: November 2023

The most widely used clinical assessment of insight takes place during the Mental Status Exam (MSE; Talbott, Hales, & Yudofsky, 1988). When psychiatric patients are interviewed, insight is typically assessed by determining “if the patient realizes that he is ill and the problem is in his own mind” (MacKinnon & Yudofsky, 1986). Much of the empirical work in this area, found primarily in the literature on schizophrenia, has approached the subject of insight from this perspective-that is, narrowly defined as the patient’s perception of illness. However, a broader perspective on insight can also be found. Traditionally, a defining feature of mental health has been the capacity for accurate perceptions of the self, the environment, and the future -that is, insight as defined by a global capacity for realistic thinking. Although it has received little empirical validation, this view is strongly held among mental health professionals, particularly those working with the major psychiatric disorders characterized by psychosis. The conventional wisdom with regard to the disorders of mood is consistent with this view. Commonly, mood disorders have been conceptualized as either due to, or characterized by, inaccurate, distorted, and self-punitive thinking (Beck, 1967, 1986; Seligman, et al., 1988).
The Relationship Between Insight in Psychosis and Compliance with Medications
Authors: Mcevoy Joseph P
Published: November 2023

Schizophrenia is a terrible illness. It most commonly strikes people at a young age. It severely limits their potential to work and support themselves, to marry, and to have satisfying relationships. If untreated, it pushes its victims to the sidelines of existence, where they waste their lives attending to hallucinatory perceptions or preoccupied with mistaken beliefs. Acute exacerbations of schizophrenia bring immediate dangers to afflicted patients themselves, pain and hardship to their families, and steep financial costs to society. It is a chronic disease and, especially if untreated, may follow a deteriorating, dilapidated course (Wyatt, 1991).