bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-inversion conservation tillage as an underestimated driver of tillage erosion
Authors: Öttl L. K. , Wilken F. , Hupfer A. , Sommer M. , Fiener P.
Published: December 2022

Tillage erosion is a widely underestimated process initiating soil degradation especially in case of large agricultural fields located in rolling topography. It is often assumed that, conservation, non-inversion tillage causes less tillage erosion than conventional inversion tillage. In this study, tillage erosion was determined on three paired plots comparing non-inversion chisel versus inversion mouldboard tillage. The experiments were performed at three sites in Northeast Germany with gentle, moderate, and steep slope, while tillage depth (0.25 m) and speed (≈ 6 km h−1) were kept constant during all experiments. The results indicate that non-inversion tillage produces significantly more soil movement compared to inversion tillage. The soil translocation distance was by a factor of 1.3–2.1 larger in case of chisel tillage. The largest difference in translocation distance and tillage transport coefficient (ktil) was found on the gentle slope exhibiting the lowest soil cohesion. Our results together with an evaluation of ktil values derived from literature and standardised for 0.25 m tillage depth contradict the general assumption that non-inversion tillage reduces tillage erosion. In tillage erosion dominated areas, non-inversion tillage applied with high tillage speed and depth potentially increases tillage erosion and fails its purpose to serve as soil conservation measure.
Computer-aided diagnosis through medical image retrieval in radiology
Authors: Silva Wilson , Gonçalves Tiago , Härmä Kirsi , Schröder Erich , Obmann Verena Carola , Barroso María Cecilia , Poellinger Alexander , Reyes Mauricio , Cardoso Jaime S.
Published: December 2022

Currently, radiologists face an excessive workload, which leads to high levels of fatigue, and consequently, to undesired diagnosis mistakes. Decision support systems can be used to prioritize and help radiologists making quicker decisions. In this sense, medical content-based image retrieval systems can be of extreme utility by providing well-curated similar examples. Nonetheless, most medical content-based image retrieval systems work by finding the most similar image, which is not equivalent to finding the most similar image in terms of disease and its severity. Here, we propose an interpretability-driven and an attention-driven medical image retrieval system. We conducted experiments in a large and publicly available dataset of chest radiographs with structured labels derived from free-text radiology reports (MIMIC-CXR-JPG). We evaluated the methods on two common conditions: pleural effusion and (potential) pneumonia. As ground-truth to perform the evaluation, query/test and catalogue images were classified and ordered by an experienced board-certified radiologist. For a profound and complete evaluation, additional radiologists also provided their rankings, which allowed us to infer inter-rater variability, and yield qualitative performance levels. Based on our ground-truth ranking, we also quantitatively evaluated the proposed approaches by computing the normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (nDCG). We found that the Interpretability-guided approach outperforms the other state-of-the-art approaches and shows the best agreement with the most experienced radiologist. Furthermore, its performance lies within the observed inter-rater variability.
Non‑small cell lung cancer carrying PBRM1 mutation suggests an immunologically cold phenotype leading to immunotherapy failure even with high TMB
Authors: Miao Xia-ye , Wu Hao , Ye Bi-cheng , Yi Qian-wen , Lin Fang-nan , Wang Yi-lin , Ren Chuan-li , Jiang Yan-fang , Li Ang
Published: December 2022

High tumor mutation load (TMB-H, or TMB ≥ 10) has been approved by the U.S. FDA as a biomarker for pembrolizumab treatment of solid tumors, including non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients with cancer who have immunotherapy-resistant gene mutations cannot achieve clinical benefits even in TMB-H. In this study, we aimed to identify gene mutations associated with immunotherapy resistance and further informed mechanisms in NSCLC. A combined cohort of 350 immune checkpoint blockade-treated patients from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) was used to identify genes whose mutations could negatively influence immunotherapy efficacy. An external NSCLC cohort for which profession-free survival (PFS) data were available was used for independent validation. CIBERSORT algorithms were used to characterize tumor immune infiltrating patterns. Immunogenomic features were analysed in the TCGA NSCLC cohort. We observed that PBRM1 mutations independently and negatively influence immunotherapy efficacy. Survival analysis showed that the overall survival (OS) and PFS of patients with PBRM1 mutations (MT) were significantly shorter than the wild type (WT). Moreover, compared with PBRM1-WT/TMB-H group, OS was worse in the PBRM1-MT/TMB-H group. Notably, in patients with TMB-H/PBRM1-MT, it was equal to that in the low-TMB group. The CIBERSORT algorithm further confirmed that the immune infiltration abundance of CD8+ T cells and activated CD4+ memory T was significantly lower in the MT group. Immunogenomic differences were observed in terms of immune signatures, T-cell receptor repertoire, and immune-related genes between WT and MT groups. Nevertheless, we noticed an inverse relationship, given that MT tumors had a higher TMB than the WT group in MSKCC and TCGA cohort. In conclusion, our study revealed that NSCLC with PBRM1 mutation might be an immunologically cold phenotype and exhibited immunotherapy resistance. NSCLC with PBRM1 mutation might be misclassified as immunoresponsive based on TMB.
Relationship among surface electric double layer of cardiomyocyte membrane and toxicology of digoxin and opening of ion channels
Authors: Zhou Ying , Hao Yanfei , Sun Pei , Chen Ming , Zhang Ting , Wu Hong
Published: December 2022

We applied a new idea that the potential effect can change the ion adsorption structure on the cell surface to explore the mechanism of digoxin poisoning and the regulation of ion channels. The effects of digoxin on the electrophoretic mobility and behaviors (non-contraction or contraction or autorhythmicity) of cardiomyocytes were observed by single-cell electrophoresis technique (imitate the opening method of in vivo channel) and the method of decomposing surface potential components on the cells. As well as affect the association with electrical activity. The results suggested that the increase of cardiomyocytes transmembrane potential and the Na+–K+ exchange on the cell surface of the action potential phase 4 caused by the poisoning dose of digoxin, leading to the oscillation of adsorbed ions on the cell surface and the incomplete channel structure, which were the mechanism of cardiac ectopic beats. The results revealed that the opening of ion channels is regulated by the surface electric double layer of the cell membrane.
Study on fracture development and progressive failure characteristics of downstream dam-type expansion tailings reservoir
Authors: Zhang Hongyue , Jin Jiaxu , Xu Yihong
Published: December 2022

With the economic development and industrialization, the increasingly accumulated tailings ponds in China have become a great risk. Due to the difficulty of selecting proper site for a new reservoir in Yunnan, a sub-dam was built at the downstream original reservoir. This study explored the fracture development and progressive failure characteristics of the tailings reservoir area after capacity expansion based on a similarity experiment and the numerical simulation. The results showed that the primary cracks in the reservoir area were more than those at the top of the sub-dam. With the increase of the upper load, the primary cracks further developed and penetrated the whole sub-dam top, and the sub-cracks were then produced under the concentrate stress of the primary cracks. After the further development of the sub-cracks, the secondary cracks parallel to the primary cracks were formed on the outer slope of the sub-dam. The progressive failure of a tailings dam can be summarized as: the maximum shear stress was firstly generated at the toe of the slope or the top of the dam which then extended to the top of the sub-dam in the form of a curve and finally formed the failure surface by connecting with the primary fracture of the tensile plastic zone at the top of the dam. The study also found that in the process of tailings accumulation in the new reservoir area, tailings would form "back pressure slope protection" at the initial dam of the original reservoir, which not only effectively delayed the occurrence of shear failure, but also inhibited the generation and penetration of tensile plastic zone.
Effects of dietary restriction on genome stability are sex and feeding regimen dependent
Authors: Guo Xihan , Su Fuping , Gao Yue , Tang Liyan , Yu Xixi , Zi Jiangli , Zhou Yingshui , Wang Han , Xue Jinglun , Wang Xu
Published: December 2022

Effects of different regimens of dietary restriction on genome stability are not universal and females from each diet regimen sustain a more stable genome than males.
Dynamic evolution of high-temperature molten salt electrolysis of titanium under different operational conditions
Authors: Jiao Handong , Liu Mengjun , Gao Yang , Song Jianxun , Jiao Shuqiang
Published: December 2022

X-ray computer microtomography and numerical simulation were employed to reveal the mechanism of electrorefining titanium.
Selective removal and recovery of Ni(ii) using a sulfonic acid-based magnetic rattle-type ion-imprinted polymer: adsorption performance and mechanisms
Authors: Zhang Weiye , Deng Xiujun , Ye Siqing , Xia Yan , Li Lingling , Li Weili , He Hongxing
Published: December 2022

A magnetic rattle-tape imprinted adsorbent exhibited fast adsorption, good removal efficiency and good reusability for Ni(ii) adsorption.
Selective oxidation of silanes into silanols with water using [MnBr(CO)5] as a precatalyst
Authors: Antico Emanuele , Leutzsch Markus , Wessel Niklas , Weyhermüller Thomas , Werlé Christophe , Leitner Walter
Published: December 2022

This study presents the use of MnBr(CO)5for the selective conversion of silanes to silanols with water as an oxidant generating valuable hydrogen as the only by-product.
Cavity dynamics after the injection of a microfluidic jet onto capillary bridges
Authors: Quetzeri-Santiago Miguel A. , Fernandez Rivas David
Published: December 2022

The ballistics of a microfluidic jet impacting on a capillary bridge. High speed imaging and image analysis was used to track the cavity profiles in detail, unravelling the impact phenomena for each material.
Auditory Pitch Perception in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chen Yu , Tang Enze , Ding Hongwei , Zhang Yang
Published: December 2022

Purpose:

Pitch plays an important role in auditory perception of music and language. This study provides a systematic review with meta-analysis to investigate whether individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have enhanced pitch processing ability and to identify the potential factors associated with processing differences between ASD and neurotypicals.

Method:

We conducted a systematic search through six major electronic databases focusing on the studies that used nonspeech stimuli to provide a qualitative and quantitative assessment across existing studies on pitch perception in autism. We identified potential participant- and methodology-related moderators and conducted metaregression analyses using mixed-effects models.

Results:

On the basis of 22 studies with a total of 464 participants with ASD, we obtained a small-to-medium positive effect size (
g
= 0.26) in support of enhanced pitch perception in ASD. Moreover, the mean age and nonverbal IQ of participants were found to significantly moderate the between-studies heterogeneity.

Conclusions:

Our study provides the first meta-analysis on auditory pitch perception in ASD and demonstrates the existence of different developmental trajectories between autistic individuals and neurotypicals. In addition to age, nonverbal ability is found to be a significant contributor to the lower level/local processing bias in ASD. We highlight the need for further investigation of pitch perception in ASD under challenging listening conditions. Future neurophysiological and brain imaging studies with a longitudinal design are also needed to better understand the underlying neural mechanisms of atypical pitch processing in ASD and to help guide auditory-based interventions for improving language and social functioning.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21614271
The Low Emission Oil and Gas Open reference platform—An off‐grid energy system for renewable integration studies
Authors: Svendsen Harald G. , Vrana Til Kristian , Holdyk Andrzej , Schümann Heiner
Published: December 2022

This article introduces and describes the integrated energy system of the Low Emission Oil and Gas Open reference platform. It is a hypothetical case meant to represent a typical oil and gas installation in the North Sea. The aim of this detailed specification is to serve as an open reference case where all the information about it can be publicly shared, facilitating benchmarking and collaboration. The relevance of this reference case of an off‐grid energy system is not limited to the oil and gas industry, since it can also be seen as a special kind of electrical micro grid. The remote offshore location makes it especially relevant for studying offshore wind power and ocean energy sources like wave power. The specification has an emphasis on the energy system and electrical configuration, but also includes a basic description of the oil field and processing system. The intention is that it will serve as a basis for energy system studies and relating power system stability analyses regarding the integration of renewable energy sources. This allows for comparisons of a base case with different design modifications, new operational planning methods, power management strategies and control concepts. Examples of possible modifications are the replacement of gas turbines by wind turbines, addition of energy storage systems, a more variable operation of loads etc. The last part of the article demonstrates the behaviour of the reference platform implemented in two software tools: one for operational planning and one for dynamic power system analyses.
Phase portrait‐based stability region estimation for grid‐connected VSC with PLL
Authors: Tang Yingyi , Li Yujun , Lu Yiyuan , Li Jiapeng
Published: December 2022

Here, the stability region of grid‐connected VSC with phase locked loop (PLL) is estimated. First, the conservative stability region is derived via the classical Lyapunov method. Then an energy function is constructed as the general stable condition for the VSC system. Based on the constructed energy function, two estimation methods of the system stability region by approximation of phase trajectory are proposed. The stability regions by the proposed methods are less conservative than that by the classical Lyapunov method. A stability evaluation function for the initial states of the VSC system is further proposed based on the estimated stability region. Time‐domain simulations verify the correctness of the proposed methods and the effectiveness of the stability evaluation function.
Coordinated control of active disturbance rejection and grid voltage feedforward for grid‐connected inverters
Authors: Zhong Guang‐Xin , Wang Zhiteng , Zhou Jiahua , Li Jian , Su Qingyu
Published: December 2022

This paper introduces the research on the inductance‐capacitor‐capacitor‐inductance grid‐connected inverter using active disturbance rejection and grid voltage feedforward coordinated control technology. The pade approximation is performed on the inductance‐capacitor‐capacitor‐inductance filter to derive the first‐order discretization mathematical model of the system. Use the tracking differentiator to suppress the noise pollution of the input signal and smooth the sudden change of the signal. The interference and uncertainty in the system are expanded into state variables, and the linear expansion state observer is used to observe the state in real time, and the control rate of the system is reasonably selected. Grid voltage feedforward is used to suppress the harmonic influence of the grid voltage on the grid current. Finally, a digital simulation and hardware‐in‐the‐loop experimental simulation platform was built. The evaluation results show that the strategy has good control performance and can achieve high‐performance control of the grid‐connected system, so that the grid‐connected current of the system meets the grid‐connected standard total harmonic distortion (THD) less than 5%.
Reduced‐order active disturbance rejection control method for PEMFC air intake system based on the estimation of oxygen excess ratio
Authors: Ma Libo , Zhao Hongshan , Qu Yuehan , Zhao Shice , Yu Yang , Wei Wuqing
Published: December 2022

To solve the oxygen supply problem of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), this paper presents a reduced‐order active disturbance rejection control method for PEMFC air intake system based on the estimation of oxygen excess ratio(EOER‐RADRC). First, a control‐oriented third‐order nonlinear model was established based on PEMFC air intake system. Then, based on the control‐oriented model, the disturbance extended state observer was designed to solve the problem of unmeasured cathode pressure parameters in the calculation of oxygen excess ratio (OER), and realize the real‐time estimation of OER. Next, aiming at the large phase lag of active disturbance rejection control (ADRC), a reduced‐order ADRC method based on reduced‐order extended state observer was proposed by a variable substitution technique. So, the proposed method reduces the observation phase lag and improves the dynamic response performance under good anti‐disturbance ability. Finally, the simulation and hardware‐in‐the‐loop experience results showed that the proposed method has an excellent control effect compared with other methods.
PRODIGE – envelope to disk with NOEMA
Authors: Hsieh T.-H. , Segura-Cox D. M. , Pineda J. E. , Caselli P. , Bouscasse L. , Neri R. , Lopez-Sepulcre A. , Valdivia-Mena M. T. , Maureira M. J. , Henning Th. , Smirnov-Pinchukov G. V. , Semenov D. , Möller Th. , Cunningham N. , Fuente A. , Marino S. , Dutrey A. , Tafalla M. , Chapillon E. , Ceccarelli C. , Zhao B.
Published: December 2022

Aims. We present high-sensitivity and high spectral-resolution NOEMA observations of the Class 0/I binary system SVS13A, composed of the low-mass protostars VLA4A and VLA4B, with a separation of ~90 au. VLA4A is undergoing an accretion burst that is enriching the chemistry of the surrounding gas, which provides an excellent opportunity to probe the chemical and physical conditions as well as the accretion process.

Methods. We observe the (12K–11K) lines of CH3CN and CH313CN, the DCN (3–2) line, and the C18O (2–1) line toward SVS13A using NOEMA.

Results. We find complex line profiles at disk scales that cannot be explained by a single component or pure Keplerian motion. By adopting two velocity components to model the complex line profiles, we find that the temperatures and densities are significantly different among these two components. This suggests that the physical conditions of the emitting gas traced via CH3CN can change dramatically within the circumbinary disk. In addition, combining our observations of DCN (3–2) with previous ALMA observations at high angular resolution, we find that the binary system (or VLA4A) might be fed by an infalling streamer from envelope scales (~700 au). If this is the case, this streamer contributes to the accretion of material onto the system at a rate of at least 1.4 × 10−6 M⊙ yr−1.

Conclusions. We conclude that the CH3CN emission in SVS13A traces hot gas from a complex structure. This complexity might be affected by a streamer that is possibly infalling and funneling material into the central region.
Le marché foncier comme dispositif de réallocation de l’eau dans le périmètre irrigué de Guelma, Algérie
Authors: Assassi Sami , Daoudi Ali , Amokrane Athmane
Published: December 2022

Les terres irriguées, rares, sont au cœur des enjeux de sécurité alimentaire dans de nombreux pays en développement car elles sont les plus productives. Leur extension représente un choix stratégique pour beaucoup de ces pays. En Algérie, comme dans tout le Maghreb, ce choix s’est longtemps traduit par la création de grands périmètres irrigués. Dans ces périmètres, les disponibilités en eau ne permettent généralement pas de couvrir l’ensemble des demandes et l’eau est gérée par un dispositif de rationnement par le tour d’eau, qui réduit les quantités affectées à chaque exploitation à des seuils qui limitent leurs choix productifs. Dans le périmètre irrigué de Guelma, un tiers de la superficie est pourtant annuellement réservée à des cultures irriguées à forte valeur ajoutée, notamment la tomate industrielle. Pour comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels l’eau, rare, en théorie accessible à tous, et vendue à un prix administré faible, est affectée à des cultures intensives en capital et en eau, nous avons réalisé 30 entretiens semi-directifs avec des personnes ressources, une enquête directive auprès de 30 locataires et de 52 propriétaires de parcelles dans le périmètre irrigué, et une analyse spatiale d’images satellites. Nos résultats montrent que le développement de cette culture intensive est en grande partie à mettre en rapport avec l’existence d’un marché foncier locatif dynamique liant terre et eau. Via ce marché double, l’eau disponible est réaffectée entre individus et laissée chaque année aux plus offrants, à savoir les locataires spécialisés dans la tomate industrielle, qui génèrent une valeur ajoutée élevée. Comme les locataires redistribuent une partie de la valeur qu’ils génèrent, via la rente locative et la rente de fertilité résiduelle, à tous les producteurs de blé, qu’ils soient propriétaires ou locataires, ces derniers ne réclament pas les droits d’eau en théorie associés à ces parcelles.
A simulation tool for building and lighting design considering ipRGC-influenced light responses
Authors: Gkaintatzi-Masouti Myrta , Pierson Clotilde , van Duijnhoven Juliëtte , Andersen Marilyne , Aarts Mariëlle
Published: December 2022

The ipRGCs in the human eye mediate several effects on people, such as alertness and circadian rhythms. The spectral, temporal and spatial characteristics of light influence the magnitude of these effects. To facilitate the anticipation of the ipRGC-influenced light (IIL) responses in building design, new simulation tools are needed. This paper presents an extension to the open-access simulation tool Lark, available as a plugin to Grasshopper for Rhino. The proposed extension includes a set of additional options, components, and templates that incorporate currently available knowledge on the IIL responses. The applicability of the extension is demonstrated in a simulation workflow.
A Critical Comparison of Annual Glare Simulation Methods
Authors: Wasilewski Stephen , Wienold Jan , Andersen Marilyne
Published: December 2022

Recently, there have been multiple proposals for faster methods to calculate glare metrics, daylight glare probability (DGP) in particular. This is driven simultaneously by the lengthy times required to simulate DGP with a conventional image-based approach and accumulating evidence from subjective glare evaluation experiments showing that accounting for both the saturation and contrast in a view improves the accuracy of a glare prediction. While some of these methods have been presented with their own validations, comparisons of accuracy across methods are limited by the differences in tested scenarios and resulting distributions of daylight conditions. This study compares six point-based methods and two zonal estimations for quickly calculating hourly DGP values from three viewpoints with different relationships to the window across a range of scenarios. These include scenarios with direct and semi-specular transmission and others with specular and semi-specular reflection. We find that while some of these fast methods closely align with results from a reference simulation, others introduce large and consequential errors.
Application of Cold Radiant Surfaces in the Buildings Development in Summer Conditions
Authors: Conceição Eusébio , Gomes João , Lúcio Manuela , Awbi Hazim
Published: December 2022

This paper presents a numerical study of sustainable energy application in the buildings construction using cold radiant surfaces in summer conditions. The study is made in a University building and the proposed technology is used to improve the internal thermal comfort conditions in summer conditions. This numerical study uses a software that simulates the whole Building Dynamic Response with complex topology in transient conditions. The numerical model is founded on the balance of energy and mass integral equations. The energy balance integral equations are taken for the indoor air of the compartments, the transparent (windows) bodies of the building, the interior and surroundings bodies of the building and the opaque (walls and doors) bodies of the building. The mass balance integral equations, taken into consideration for the water vapor and the air contaminants, are developed for the spaces of the buildings and the solid matrix (opaque and interior bodies). The software is used to assess the human thermal comfort and indoor air quality levels, the cold radiant system, indoor thermal variables, and other parameters. The building analyzed in this work has 107 compartments, of which 33 are for classes. The radiant system is based on the use of subterraneous cold water. Three situations were analyzed: without cold radiant surfaces, with horizontal cold radiant surfaces and with all compartment cold radiant surfaces. The thermal comfort level, using the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) index, and the indoor air quality, using the carbon dioxide concentration, are evaluated. The results demonstrate that the implemented Heated Ventilation and Air Conditioned system, working in Ventilation and Radiant methodology, with the use of all surfaces equipped with a cold radiant system, allows to guarantee, in the morning, acceptable, and, in the afternoon, near acceptable levels of thermal comfort by PMV index values according to category C of the standard ISO 7730. During occupancy, the indoor air quality levels obtained in the compartments are near the acceptable limit provided by the ASHRAE 62.1 standard.
Energy Performances of Tensile Material in Building Renovation in the Nordic Region
Authors: Ciampi Giovanni , Spanodimitriou Yorgos , Nocente Alessandro , Scorpio Michelangelo , Sibilio Sergio
Published: December 2022

Tensile materials are increasingly used in the building envelope as second-skin systems, despite a lack of investigation on their effects. In this work, a second-skin system integrating a tensile material as an outer layer has been adopted in the retrofit analysis of two of the most common building typologies in the Norwegian context. The simulations were carried out by implementing a custom control logic for the system, considering the outdoor air temperature and the global vertical irradiation on the façades. The proposed retrofit solution allowed for a primary energy saving of about 35%.
Comparative study of using periodic daily and long-term weather data for cooling system sizing and impact of thermal mass
Authors: Salehi Seyed Shahabaldin Seyed , Kurnitski Jarek , Thalfeldt Martin
Published: December 2022

The energy efficiency of buildings is increasing due to energy performance requirements, and the basis for reaching high energy performance is a well-designed and insulated building envelope. Therefore, office buildings’ cooling needs depend primarily on solar and internal heat gains, whereas outdoor temperature has a significantly smaller effect. Furthermore, the highest cooling capacities may occur in spring or autumn when the solar angles are smaller. For that reason, the cooling systems of office buildings are required to be sized based on dynamic building performance simulations. Most of such designs in Northern Europe are performed using IDA ICE simulation software, which uses the ASHRAE Fundamentals heat balance method by default. The design calculations are carried out using a periodic steady-state method which consists of repetitive simulations of selected hot days until the building is not heated up from day to day using the final designed cooling capacity. The process of heating the space by thermal loads in buildings with high thermal mass and well-controlled solar heat gains takes a longer time than in traditional buildings. Thus, the effect of building thermal mass on reducing the design cooling loads might be underestimated.

In this paper, we analyze to what extent the ASHRAE Fundamentals method underestimates the effect of the building thermal mass. For this purpose, the cooling system sizing with a focus on a zonal level according to the ASHRAE handbook is compared to the system sizing results of a 30-year simulation using IDA ICE simulation software. A hypothetical office building with four offices toward North, West, South, and East is developed and used for the simulations. The building body comprises four alternatives A to D, which can also be called: very light, light, heavy, and very heavy. The study showed that the current method of cooling design did not significantly underestimate the thermal mass effect in buildings with heavy construction. The thermal mass impact was at its maximum in the southern office, resulting in 5 W/m2 or approximately 20% difference between structures A and D’s cooling capacities using both simulation methods. The difference between results from simulation methods is negligible. However, the simulations for more accurate cooling system sizing with criteria related to the operative temperature need to be done using specific weather files developed for simulations in longer periods.
Transmittance thresholds of electrochromic glazing to achieve annual low-glare work environments
Authors: Wienold Jan , Jain Sneha , Andersen Marilyne
Published: December 2022

A recent study on the glare protection performance of electrochromic (EC) glazing showed that visible transmittance levels lower than 0.6% are necessary to achieve comfortable situations for sun positions, that were close to the central field of view. However, the question that arises is how often such situations occur throughout the year and how the glare protection performance of EC systems is for typical office situations for different climates and orientations. This study aims to quantify the annual performance for such configurations by applying improved simulation methods to conduct annual glare simulations and comparing them to the EN17037 classifications. The enhancement of the simulation method compared to existing methods was necessary to correctly consider the blurring effect in the lens of the eye – neglecting this would lead to an overestimation of glare.

We found that for mid and north European climates the extreme situations do not occur such often, so that the ECglazing systems being able to switch to transmittance levels of 1% can mitigate glare throughout the year reasonably well for typical office situations and reaches typically the highest glare protection category according to EN17037 for a viewing direction, that is parallel to the facade. For more sunny climates such as Rome, slightly lower transmittance levels (around 0.5%) would be necessary to achieve a similar glare protection level.

The study also revealed that tables E.7 and E.8 of EN17037 with pre-calculated 95-percentile Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) values should be re-calculated.
Heat recovery ventilation system heating energy weather normalization – calculation method and case study
Authors: Kuivjõgi Helena , Laaneste Janar , Thalfeldt Martin , Kurnitski Jarek
Published: December 2022

Today, we have measured energy consumption or used data from utility bills and standard weather normalization methods (heating degree days (HDD)) to easily calculate the energy performance certificate (EPC) for existing building. However, normalization methods must be upgraded to be more accurate for weather. This study uses analytical model for weather normalization of air handling unit heating consumption. The models derived from measurements of the ventilation system in a real building were conducted and the normalization aspects were analysed. A new analytical weather normalization calculation method for ventilation heating is compared with heating degree day normalization.
Optimization of Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption in Bangladesh Ready-Made Garment Factories: An Approach towards the Path to Net Zero Energy Buildings
Authors: Joarder Md Ashikur Rahman , Hossain Monir , Bach Aaron J.E. , Palutikof Jean P. , Tonmoy Fahim
Published: December 2022

RMG workers in Bangladesh are facing scorching heat due to regional climatic conditions and increasing temperatures due to climate change. This research investigates the indoor thermal condition of a ready-made garment (RMG) factory and develops strategies to improve the comfort of workers. Energy optimization is carried out and design features are identified (e.g. window, shading and skylight configurations) that achieve the best energy performance. Eight simulation steps are also carried out to accomplish the process towards the path to net zero energy building (NZEB). Simulation analysis is carried out to measure energy use intensity (EUI) over the year for the base case building. By changing various features, a further seven steps of simulation are carried out to reduce the EUI value and turn it into zero energy building. The EUI value is gradually decreased at each step. The research shows that nearly 750,000 kWh energy can be saved per year in the case RMG factory. The incorporation of photovoltaic (PV) panels can harvest approximately 40,000 kWh over the year.
From white-box to grey-box modelling of the heat dynamics of buildings
Authors: Tohidi Seyed Shahabaldin , Cali Davide , Tamm Meril , Ortiz Joana , Salom Jaume , Madsen Henrik
Published: December 2022

Identifying the parameters of grey-box models requires enough data collected from sensors installed inside and outside of the building for long enough period of time. Consequently, this process is time consuming, costly especially in large buildings that require more sensors, and can only be conducted after the building is constructed. This paper introduces a procedure for identifying greybox models from white-box models. Following this procedure, grey-box models can be identified using data generated by a white-box model, without any requirement for mounting sensors in a building. This reduces the cost and time of modelling, control design and prediction. The introduced procedure is utilized to find a grey-box model of the heat dynamics of a four-floor building in Spain. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this procedure.
Building Energy Performance Evaluation of a Norwegian single-family house applying ISO-52016
Authors: Skeie Kristian , Gustavsen Arild
Published: December 2022

In the following work, we have implemented a version of the hourly method in the ISO 52016-1:2017 standard, informed by the central input table in the SN/TS 3031:2021 specification, including a building energy supply system modelled according to the specification. A case study shows that the model compares well to measurements in unoccupied periods and that openly available gridded weather data can substitute data collected by the weather station on site. A more refined representation of boundary conditions and additional user inputs may be needed for other housing typologies than what can be recreated from the table, but we find that some of this information can be stipulated using open spatial datasets and tools. The results are presented in a web-service dashboard, maintaining continuity with operation phase data collection.
Influence of selective laser melting process parameters on the characteristics of SiC/Ti6Al4V(ELI) single tracks
Authors: Thamae Masenate , Maringa Maina , Du Preez Willie
Published: December 2022

Process parameters of selective laser melting, such as track height, track width and depth of penetration, affect the characteristics of laser fused single tracks. The properties of additively manufactured 3D parts depend strongly on the quality of laser melted single tracks and resultant single layers. Layers formed with a good depth of laser penetration provide strong bonding between consecutive layers and the substrate. Poor depth of laser penetration leads to delamination of layers. In this study the effect of the critical process parameters of laser power, laser scanning speed, and laser linear energy density on the characteristics of SiC/Ti6Al4V(ELI) single tracks at different SiC volume fractions (5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, 25 % and 30%) was investigated. Phenomena, such as the keyhole effect, pre-balling, and balling of single tracks, were also investigated. The obtained results showed that increase of power at a constant speed increase both the track width and depth of penetration but the track height above the substrate is decreased.
Effect of alloying on the phase stability and elastic properties of L12 Cu3Pt crystal structure
Authors: Mathibeng Tiny , Möller Hein , Phasha Maje , Mwamba Alain
Published: December 2022

The alloying effect of three elements, namely Al, Cr and Zn, on the Pt site of L12 Cu3Pt phase was investigated using DFT (density functional theory) based first-principle calculations in attempt to stabilize it in the form of L12 Cu3Pt1-xYx ternary alloy. On the basis of phase stability and elastic properties, the substitution behaviour of all three alloying elements were compared with properties of thermodynamically sluggish Cu3Pt phase. The calculated heats of formation reveal that the thermodynamic phase stability is gradually enhanced with increasing content of aluminium alloying and diminished with increasing content of zinc and chromium. In this current work, the stress-strain approach was used according to Hooke’s law to calculate elastic properties such as elastic constants, Young’s modulus E, shear modulus G, bulk modulus B and Poisson’s ratio v, as they play an important role to investigate the resulting mechanical properties. The calculated results show that alloying with all three elements maintains the mechanical stability criteria of cubic crystals. Considered L12 Cu3Pt1-xYx ternary alloys exhibit the most ductile character with Al addition, followed by Cr, whereas introduction of Zn yielded lowest ductility at higher compositions.
The influence of final coiling temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high Ti-V HSLA steels
Authors: Rezaei Seyed Reza Jafarpour , Siyasiya Charles W. , Tang Zheng-hua , Moema Joseph
Published: December 2022

In general, the strength-to-weight ratio is a marked property of high- strength low-alloy steel. The coiling temperature is an important process parameter in the control and improvement of final microstructure and mechanical properties. In this work, the effect of deformation and coiling temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of high Ti- V microalloyed HSLA steels were investigated using the Gleeble 1500TM thermomechanical processing simulator. The samples were austenitised at 1150 ˚C for 300 s, then deformed in 4 passes at 1050, 1000, 950 and 900 ˚C. After final pass, the samples were cooled and isothermally held for 1800 s to simulate the coiling process at 550 and 650 ˚C. The results showed that at low coiling temperature (LCT) of 550 ˚C, the microstructures consisted of ferrite and bainite and also had higher hardness (304 HV).
Properties of furfuryl alcohol resins for conventional sand moulding and binder jetting applications
Authors: Tshabalala Neo V. , Nyembwe Kasongo D.
Published: December 2022

This paper compares two commercial acid-cured furfuryl alcohol resins. The first material is used for conventional sand moulding (CSM), while the second material was manufactured for the binder jetting process (BJP) using a Voxeljet VX 1000 printer. To that end, chromite sand test specimens were prepared following the American Foundry Society (AFS) procedures to assess various foundry properties, including flowability and flexural strength. The study provides valuable insight into furan resins' properties and differences. In addition, the investigation provides an understanding of the requirements for a suitable local furfuryl alcohol resin for the binder jetting process to produce quality three dimensional printed sand parts.
The effect of cold rolling on mechanical properties and microstructure of aluminium 6082 T6 joint by friction stir welding process
Authors: Gaonnwe Tshepo , Mashinini Madindwa , Pita Mothibeli
Published: December 2022

Cold rolling increases the strain hardening coefficient and improves the material's mechanical strength and formability while maintaining uniform sheet thickness. This paper investigates the effects of cold rolling on the mechanical properties of Aluminum 6082 T6 during the friction stir welding (FSW) process. Aluminum 6082 T6 material was cold rolled to reduce the thickness by 50 percent. Rolled and as-received material were welded by friction stir welding process using the same welding parameters. Welded samples were characterized by optical microscopy. Tensile and hardness tests were conducted on the welded sample. The findings shows a slight difference in tensile strength between rolled and as-received welded sample as it is reported to be 1.7%. Rolled sample was 3.5% more harder on the weld zone than as-received sample.
Filler materials used to weld ductile cast iron – A review
Authors: Mphela Caroline , Phasha Maje , Moema Joseph , van der Merwe Josias
Published: December 2022

Austempered ductile iron (ADI) is a new engineering material type which continue receiving increased attention in research and industry. Extensive research conducted so far has demonstrated that ADI has excellent property combination such as high strength-weight ratio, ductility and toughness, good fatigue strength, damping properties and wear resistance. As a result of to their exceptional mechanical property mix, fabrication simplicity, low cost and lowest weight per unit strength ratio compared to common steels, this family of ferrous cast alloys have begun replacing cast and forged steels in some engineering applications. However, a major limiting factor to widespread use of ADI in manufacturing industry remains its weldability, more especially during fabrication process. Current work presents a review of various filler materials (electrodes) used to weld ductile cast iron using two common industrial welding processes, namely, shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The successes as well as short-comings of these electrodes on weldability of ductile iron have been recorded and a clear need for an improved filler material is identified.
Cross-dataset performance evaluation of deep learning distracted driver detection algorithms
Authors: Zandamela Frank , Ratshidaho Terence , Nicolls Fred , Stoltz Gene
Published: December 2022

Deep learning has gained traction due its supremacy in terms of accuracy and ability to automatically learn features from input data. However, deep learning algorithms can sometimes be flawed due to many factors such as training dataset, parameters, and choice of algorithms. Few studies have evaluated the robustness of deep learning distracted driver detection algorithms. The studies evaluate the algorithms on a single dataset and do not consider cross-dataset performance. A problem arises because cross-dataset performance often implies model generalisation ability. Deploying a model in the real world without knowing its cross-dataset performance could lead to catastrophic events. The paper investigates the cross-dataset performance of deep learning distracted driver detection algorithms. Experimental results found reveal that deep learning distracted driver detection algorithms do not generalise well on unknown datasets for CNN models that use the whole image for prediction. The cross-dataset performance evaluations shed light on future research in developing robust deep learning distracted driver detection algorithms.
A Cloud-Based Road Infrastructure Analysis System using Machine Learning
Authors: Naidoo Thegaran , Verster Jaco , Marais Stephen
Published: December 2022

A cloud-based road infrastructure analysis system was developed to assist as an information management system for detecting and managing information about road defects and road assets. The system uses computer vision and machine learning algorithms and is accessed through a web interface. The detection results are viewed through an online, account-based web interface.
Surface roughness of Ti6Al4V samples produced by laser powder bed fusion for bone implants
Authors: Mhlanga M. , Masheane L.R. , Yadroitsava I. , Yadroitsev I.
Published: December 2022

This study describes the surface roughness of heat-treated Ti6Al4V ELI samples without surface finishing (as-built condition) depending on the position of the build plate. Surface roughness was studied at the top and side surfaces of horizontal and vertical samples using a profilometer and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Morphology of tested samples is shown. It was shown that the top and side surfaces of vertical and horizontal samples had different morphologies, but they had fairly close roughness values, since the formation of roughness was mainly associated with sticking of the powder material both on the upper surface of the samples and on the side surfaces. It was found that samples that were far away from the argon inlet and recoater start line had higher surface roughness.
Effect of stress-relief anneal time on residual stress of Co-Cr-Mo parts manufactured with selective laser melting
Authors: Rousseau Genevieve , Fourie Jaundrie , Kloppers CP , Marais Deon
Published: December 2022

Thermal inconsistencies inherent in the selective laser melting manufacturing process generate residual stress that may exceed the yield strength of the material resulting in deformation and cracking of components. This may however be mitigated through a stress-relief annealing process. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of stress-relief anneal time on the residual stress in selective laser melted Co-Cr-Mo components by means of simulation and neutron diffraction techniques. Thin-walled samples were manufactured and subjected to heat treatment at 1065°C for different holding times (0.25, 1, 2 and 3 hours) as well as a sample heat treated at 750°C for 1 hour. Evaluation of the residual stress reveals that the heat-treated samples have significantly lower residual stress as compared to an as-built (non-heat treated) control sample. Results indicate that the range of annealing times investigated produce near-identical residual stress values. Higher annealing temperatures however result in lower residual stresses. Comparison of simulated and neutron diffraction results indicate anisotropic behaviour of the material which can be attributed to the layer-wise addition of material.
Aktualisierung der S2k-Leitlinie Zöliakie
Authors: Duba Ellen
Published: December 2022

Mit dem Ziel, eine bessere Versorgung für die von Zöliakie
Betroffenen zu gewährleisten, erschien bereits 2014 die erste nationale
Leitlinie zur Zöliakie für Kinder und Erwachsene. Im Jahr 2021
hat federführend die Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten e.V. (DGVS) die
S2k-Leitlinie Zöliakie überarbeitet und aktualisiert.