bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POSTAR3: an updated platform for exploring post-transcriptional regulation coordinated by RNA-binding proteins
Authors: Zhao Weihao , Zhang Shang , Zhu Yumin , Xi Xiaochen , Bao Pengfei , Ma Ziyuan , Kapral Thomas H , Chen Shuyuan , Zagrovic Bojan , Yang Yucheng T , Lu Zhi John
Published: August 2021

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play key roles in post-transcriptional regulation. Accurate identification of RBP binding sites in multiple cell lines and tissue types from diverse species is a fundamental endeavor towards understanding the regulatory mechanisms of RBPs under both physiological and pathological conditions. Our POSTAR annotation processes make use of publicly available large-scale CLIP-seq datasets and external functional genomic annotations to generate a comprehensive map of RBP binding sites and their association with other regulatory events as well as functional variants. Here, we present POSTAR3, an updated database with improvements in data collection, annotation infrastructure, and analysis that support the annotation of post-transcriptional regulation in multiple species including: we made a comprehensive update on the CLIP-seq and Ribo-seq datasets which cover more biological conditions, technologies, and species; we added RNA secondary structure profiling for RBP binding sites; we provided miRNA-mediated degradation events validated by degradome-seq; we included RBP binding sites at circRNA junction regions; we expanded the annotation of RBP binding sites, particularly using updated genomic variants and mutations associated with diseases. POSTAR3 is freely available at http://postar.ncrnalab.org.
3′aQTL-atlas: an atlas of 3′UTR alternative polyadenylation quantitative trait loci across human normal tissues
Authors: Cui Ya , Peng Fanglue , Wang Dan , Li Yumei , Li Jason Sheng , Li Lei , Li Wei
Published: August 2021

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified thousands of non-coding single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with human traits and diseases. However, functional interpretation of these SNPs remains a significant challenge. Our recent study established the concept of 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) alternative polyadenylation (APA) quantitative trait loci (3′aQTLs), which can be used to interpret ∼16.1% of GWAS SNPs and are distinct from gene expression QTLs and splicing QTLs. Despite the growing interest in 3′aQTLs, there is no comprehensive database for users to search and visualize them across human normal tissues. In the 3′aQTL-atlas (https://wlcb.oit.uci.edu/3aQTLatlas), we provide a comprehensive list of 3′aQTLs containing ∼1.49 million SNPs associated with APA of target genes, based on 15,201 RNA-seq samples across 49 human Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx v8) tissues isolated from 838 individuals. The 3′aQTL-atlas provides a ∼2-fold increase in sample size compared with our published study. It also includes 3′aQTL searches by Gene/SNP across tissues, a 3′aQTL genome browser, 3′aQTL boxplots, and GWAS-3′aQTL colocalization event visualization. The 3′aQTL-atlas aims to establish APA as an emerging molecular phenotype to explain a large fraction of GWAS risk SNPs, leading to significant novel insights into the genetic basis of APA and APA-linked susceptibility genes in human traits and diseases.
Factors associated with sickness absence in a large NHS Trust
Authors: Grime P , McElvenny D M , Madan I
Published: August 2021

Background

Sickness absence rates vary widely across a large acute NHS Trust, with the highest rates in some of the largest directorates.

Aims

This study was aimed to identify factors associated with sickness absence in teams and to inform interventions to improve staff health and well-being.

Methods

Using 2018 data from the electronic staff record and NHS Staff Survey, we examined variables associated with cost centre sickness absence rates, perceived abuse and staff engagement scores using multivariable linear regression.

Results

Data were available for 9362/15 423 (61%) of staff. Cost centre sickness absence was significantly positively associated with predominance of nursing and midwifery staff (β = 0.28 [0.012–0.55]) and significantly inversely associated with predominance of medical and dental staff (β = −0.94 [−1.2 to −0.65]) and proportion white (β = −1.11 [−1.9 to −0.37]). Cost centre sickness absence was not significantly associated with staff engagement, reported abuse, age or higher headcount. Cost centre staff engagement was significantly positively associated with proportion white (β = 0.98 [0.42–1.6]). Reported abuse by managers (β = −13 [−22 to −4.2]) and by colleagues (β = −24 [−35 to −12]) was significantly inversely associated with proportion white. Reported abuse by colleagues was significantly associated with predominance of medical and dental (β = 7.6 [2.3–13]) and nursing and midwifery staff (β = 9.1 [4.4–14]).

Conclusions

These observed associations of sickness absence, staff engagement and perceived abuse with job mix and ethnicity should be further explored. Individual or team-level data, rather than cost centre-level data, might more meaningfully elucidate why sickness absence rates vary between groups of staff.
Rhythm (Exercises 41–60)
Authors: Variego Jorge
Published: August 2021

Rhythm in this chapter is conceived as the pace at which music unfolds in time. Note values, rests, and other sources of rhythmic notation are a way to control the temporal evolution of a new composition. Exercise 41 proposes a series of simple mathematical transformations to given rhythmic structures; 42 and 43 use segments of equal and unequal length. Numbers 44 and 45 incorporate the concept of non-retrogradable rhythmic structures, the goal of 46 is to extract the rhythm of a given text using its syllables and accents, 47 uses groupings to generate meter, and 48 uses a Morse code translator to extract the durations from a given text. Exercise 49 brings back the concept of rhythmic ostinato; 50 and 51 employ hemiolas. Number 52 is based on the use of several time signatures simultaneously (polymeter), 53 incorporates metric modulations, and 54 uses rhythmic motifs as building blocks. Number 55 continues with the use of motifs, shifting them in time. The concepts of talea and color from isorhythmic motets are included in exercise 56. Looping and composing using repeat signs are included in number 57; 58 is about indeterminate pauses and fermatas. Rhythmic transformations using eliminations are at the core of 59; exercise 60 proposes an experimentation with the perception of pulse.
Texture (Exercises 61–80)
Authors: Variego Jorge
Published: August 2021

The exercises contained in this chapter provide guidelines to explore different types of textures through analysis and experiments in stylistic imitation. Exercise 61 proposes the use of analysis and stylistic imitation; 62 is based on voices that move at the same rhythm. Numbers 63 and 64 are intended to work on melodic motifs and polyphony. Phasing is incorporated in 65; 66 talks about plaining à la Debussy. The goal of 67 is to dissect a complex texture to generate individual lines; 68 uses the concept of a rhythmic ostinato as a unifying factor. Numbers 69 and 70 incorporate aleatory concepts. Micropolyphony is the base of 71. A free approach to Fux and species counterpoint is the core of 72 and 73; 74 and 75 deal with timbral modulations and changes of orchestrational color; 76 is also about orchestration, but it specifically tackles orchestrational volume. Framework 77 uses text painting and the translation of the written word into sound. In 78 students will experiment with heterophonic textures and in 79 with layered (or stratified) textures. The final exercise 80 deals with sound masses.
Form (Exercises 81–90)
Authors: Variego Jorge
Published: August 2021

The form of a composition is generally associated with its structure and evolution in time. The duality between similarity and contrast is vital when analyzing or composing form. Exercise 81 is based on the idea of contrast between sections; the goal of number 82 is to work with music blocks or modules; 83 is focused on the concept of developing variations as a formal approach (the variation of the variation). Exercise 84 brings back the traditional concept of variations on a theme; similarly, number 85 uses the traditional rondo form as a model. In 86 the core is the use of repetition as in minimalist music; 87 proposes an exercise about palindromic formal structures. Based on Earle Brown’s Available Forms, number 88 proposes a framework to challenge the idea of musical form as a fixed entity; 89 is about composing monolithic structures. The last exercise of the chapter, number 90, offers the opportunity to compose and explores ruled-based game compositions.
Pre-compositional Strategies (Exercises 91–100)
Authors: Variego Jorge
Published: August 2021

Starting a new piece can become an extremely gratifying process if the options are constrained. The exercises and strategies contained in this chapter are based on the idea of constraints, limiting your framework in order to free your art, and more importantly, to be able to begin a new composition. Exercise 91 proposes the elaboration of a “compositional recipe”; number 92 incorporates the use of a matrix; numbers 93 and 94 deal with the duality of deconstruction-reconstruction. The goal of exercise 95 is to create a compositional plan and number 96 suggests an environment to imagine creative connections between diverse “worlds.” Exercise 97 uses quotations as triggers and 98 provides guidelines for a written paper. The Oblique Strategies of Brian Eno and Peter Schmidt are the source of exercise 99; number 100 provides suggestions on how to incorporate the computer as assistant in the creative process.
The Soul of the American University Revisited
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: August 2021

The Soul of the American University Revisited traces the role of Protestantism in shaping American higher education from the founding of Harvard in the 1630s to the present. It offers a critical analysis of the changing ways in which Protestantism intersected with collegiate life, intellectual inquiry, and broader cultural developments. In accounts that have been edited and somewhat abridged for this second edition, it looks at pace-setting colleges and universities as they coped with modern society, post-Darwinian science, new secular philosophies, and increasing diversity in American life. Until the mid-twentieth century most leading American schools remained nominally Protestant, but their Protestantism was typically of a liberal variety that emphasized the broad ethical ideals of the Western and Judeo-Christian heritage. After the attacks in the 1960s on the “WASP” privilege, the vestiges of that establishment in higher education were soon largely dismantled. By the late twentieth century exclusive secular viewpoints were often considered the normative standard in higher education. Originally published in 1994 as The Soul of the American University, this new edition carries the story into the twenty-first-century culture. In the disarray and diversity of the intellectual life of this arguably “postsecular” age there is increasing room in the academy for varieties of intellectually responsible religious viewpoints. Indeed, as a concluding chapter recounts, more traditionalist Christian scholars and institutions, Protestant as well as Catholic, have developed substantially in recent decades.
The New Queen of the Sciences and the New Republic
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: August 2021

In the eighteenth century Christian higher education faced several new challenges. Most notable is the Enlightenment. American schools generally incorporated moderate Enlightenment ideas into their teaching, especially the new moral philosophy growing out of the tradition of John Locke and Scottish Common Sense Philosophy. The religious dimensions of higher education were intensified by the Great Awakening and the associated New Light Movement. Yale College, founded in 1701, became by mid-century a leading New Light school. So was the College of New Jersey (Princeton), founded in 1746. A number of other new colleges had New Light connections. Thomas Clap at Yale, Jonathan Edwards, and Ezra Stiles each illustrate efforts to relate the new thought of the era to Christian teachings. The era of the American Revolution brought a new synthesis of Christian concerns and concerns for the right ordering of society, as best illustrated by the work of President John Witherspoon at Princeton.
Liberal Protestantism at Michigan
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: August 2021

In the later nineteenth century the University of Michigan under President James Angell was often seen as a model of a modern university friendly to Christianity. Early in his tenure the university was accused of discrimination in preferring Protestant Christianity to Roman Catholicism, Judaism, or atheism. Angell responded to the satisfaction of a state investigating committee that while the school was Christian, it was not sectarian in the sense of teaching any one theology in preference to another. The emphasis was on building moral character rather than relating theology directly to other learning. Throughout the rest of the century this was the prevailing resolution of the tension between the Christian heritage and modern scientific research ideals. Characteristic was a volume, Religious Thought at the University of Michigan (1893), published by the Student Christian Association at Michigan. It represented a broad Christian ethical emphasis and included a presentation by John Dewey.
Outsiders
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: August 2021

Groups were underrepresented in the mainstream either because they chose a separate identity or were discriminated against, or both. Roman Catholics were the largest outsider religious group, mainly by choice. A major Catholic Foundation at the University of Illinois drew rebuke from authorities for undercutting Catholic schools. Among Protestants, many supported smaller denominational colleges. Fundamentalists mostly chose their own institutions. Women remained in ambiguous positions; they were included in state universities, but not in the Ivy League, and often had their own colleges. African Americans were strongly discriminated against. Howard was the only true African American university. Christianity played a considerable role at most African American colleges and universities. Jews founded Yeshiva College and Brandeis University, but most were eager to assimilate into mainstream American schools, where they faced quotas; anti-Semitism also played a role in faculty hiring, especially in the humanities.
Epilogue
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: August 2021

In the mid-twentieth century leading scholars such as Reinhold Niebuhr or David Riesman wrote off conservative evangelical education as fading. William McLoughlin also saw the new revival movements as ephemeral. Billy Graham and Carl Henry had ambitions to start a major university around 1960 but did not have the resources. Wheaton College in Illinois, the leading ex-fundamentalist college, began to rise academically despite the anti-intellectualism of its tradition. Calvin College had been an ideologically isolated Reformed school but by the 1960s had produced leading Christian philosophers. Intervarsity Christian Fellowship helped raise consciousness regarding strong scholarship, and by 2000 the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities had grown to over one hundred schools with well-trained faculties. Like-minded Christian scholars founded their own academic societies. Baylor University became an intentionally Christian research university. Evangelical Protestant and Catholic scholars often cooperated. Despite many challenges, distinctly Christian scholars could hold their own in twenty-first-century academia.
The Concentrated and Hybrid Models of Judicial Review
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines the two models of judicial review that exist in the civil law countries: the Concentrated Model and the Hybrid Model. The Concentrated Model of judicial review is built around the idea that what judges do when they enforce constitutions and Bills of Rights is inherently political and nonjudicial. For this reason, a separate Constitutional Court is created outside the ordinary judicial system, and is the only entity with the power of judicial review. The power of judicial review of Constitutional Courts is conceived as being a power to make the law and not simply to interpret it. Hence, a Constitutional Court in a civil law country is, essentially, a fourth branch of the government. Meanwhile, many countries, especially in Latin America, have developed distinct Hybrid Models of judicial review. The country of Brazil can be considered as the archetypal Hybrid Model. Brazil’s Hybrid Model of judicial review consists of a very complex system full of institutional mechanisms that are meant to enforce the Constitution. The Brazilian system combines features from both the Concentrated and the Diffuse Models hence the term Hybrid Model.
Mexico
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores the origins and growth of Mexican judicial review. Mexico borrowed the idea of a Supreme Court with the power of a Constitutional Court from Brazil in 1994. In addition, the rise of independent judicial review, after 2000, coincided with the rise of different parties controlling the presidency, the two houses of Congress, and the state governorships and legislatures. This created a need in Mexico for a constitutional umpire, which was filled by the emergence of independent judicial review. It also created a political environment in which governmental power was checked and balanced enough to leave political space for an active Supreme Court. There is, in addition, a rights from wrongs element to the emergence of Mexican judicial review after the end of the often-brutal PRI dictatorship.
Indonesia
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow
Published: August 2021

This chapter highlights the origins and growth of Indonesian judicial review. Indonesia today is a constitutional democracy that has attained surprising success in eliminating hyper-presidentialism by implementing important checks and balances on presidential power; by separating executive, legislative, and judicial power; and by attaining rapidly an astonishing amount of decentralization since 1998. That degree of checks and balances and of decentralization has undoubtedly made Indonesians much freer than they were under President Suharto’s dictatorship. The Indonesian Constitutional Court seems to function well and enjoys the confidence of the people. Looked at from an American perspective, however, Indonesia is a constitutional democracy, which does not yet fully protect freedom of expression, freedom of religion, or economic freedoms to the extent that those freedoms are protected by the U.S. Supreme Court. Indonesia’s Bill of Rights and its system of judicial review originated for rights from wrongs reasons, because of borrowing, and because power is sufficiently divided in Indonesia, as a result of the separation of powers and federalism, so that there is political space in which the Supreme Court can operate.
The European Union and the Council of Europe
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow
Published: August 2021

This chapter discusses two final supranational mixed civil law and common law jurisdictions, which are comparable in size, population, and GDP to the United States of America, to India, to the former British Empire, and to Brazil. These jurisdictions had two common law members prior to Brexit becoming a reality in 2020: the United Kingdom and Ireland. These two supranational jurisdictions are, of course, the European Union (EU) and the Council of Europe. The origins and growth of the power of judicial review in the EU is a very complicated tale of federalism umpiring giving rise to judicial power. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) successfully asserted its power between 1963 and 1989 to hear individual rights claims, as it enlisted the member courts of the EU over that period of time in the project of enforcing EU law as being supreme over the later-in-time law of the EU nation-states. The ECJ persuaded the national courts of the EU’s member states that (1) EU law had a direct effect in the member nations, and (2) that EU law was supreme over the post-1958 laws enacted by the EU member nations. The chapter then explains the origins and growth in power of the Council of Europe’s European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). This enterprise began for rights from wrongs reasons and has grown in power for supranational umpiring reasons.
Business Ethics for Better Behavior
Authors: Brennan Jason , English William , Hasnas John , Jaworski Peter
Published: August 2021

Business Ethics for Better Behavior concisely answers the three most pressing ethical questions business professionals face: 1. What makes business practices right or wrong? 2. Why do normal, decent businesspeople of goodwill sometimes do the wrong thing? 3. How can we use the answer to these questions to get ourselves, our coworkers, our bosses, and our employees to behave better? Bad behavior in business rarely results from bad will. Most people mean well much of the time. But most of us are vulnerable. We all fall into moral traps, usually without even noticing. Business Ethics for Better Behavior teaches business professionals, students, and other readers how to become aware of those traps, how to avoid them, and how to dig their way out if they fall in. It integrates the best work in psychology, economics, management theory, and normative philosophy into a simple action plan for ensuring the best ethical performance at all levels of business practice. This is a book anyone in business, from an entry-level employee to CEO, can use.
The Effect of Incentives
Authors: Brennan Jason , English William , Hasnas John , Jaworski Peter
Published: August 2021

Even if cooperating will make everyone better off, cooperation won’t happen if people lack certain kinds of knowledge and motivation. In group settings, individuals will often have incentives to promote their own interest at the expense of the group, either by exploiting others or by failing to contribute to public goods. There are two ways to overcome these “collective action” problems: (1) the incentives that individuals face can be changed so that individual and group interest no longer conflict, and/or (2) group members can embrace norms that enable them to exercise self-restraint and forego opportunities to get ahead at the expense of others. The rule of law, property rights, and proper firm structure can help overcome collective action problems. However, these same structures can also create new opportunities for rent seeking.
Introduction
Authors: Rickard David
Published: August 2021

Framboids are microscopic subspherical clusters of equant and equidimensional microcrystals. They overwhelmingly consist of the mineral pyrite, cubic FeS2. There are about 1030 framboids on Earth and they are forming at a rate of about 1014 per second. They may be the most abundant mineral texture on Earth. Framboids are especially concentrated in sediments, although they are also to be found in the water column and in high temperature systems. The oldest framboids are possibly 2.9 Ga and they are found in all geologic periods from that time. The first framboids were described in 1885 from a peat bog, and the term framboid was coined in 1935. They have fascinated researchers ever since, not least because a substantial fraction of them display astonishing regular microarchitectures where their constituent microcrystals are geometrically ordered. Understanding of the nature of framboids has paralleled technological advances in microscopy, structural and chemical analyses, and computing. The sulfur in sedimentary framboids is almost exclusively sourced from sulfate-reducing bacteria, and the idea that framboids were fossil microorganisms was first propounded in 1923. Subsequently, the limited distribution of organic matter in framboids, its absence in hydrothermal framboids, and inorganic framboid syntheses showed that organisms were not necessary for framboid formation.
Framboid Mineralogy
Authors: Rickard David
Published: August 2021

Framboids are dominantly made of pyrite. The limiting factors for other minerals forming framboids include the requirements of crystal habit, solubility, and natural abundances of the constituent elements for framboid formation. Detailed examination of reports of non-pyritic framboids reveal microcrystalline material within and associated with framboids (e.g., greigite) and sub-spherical crystalline aggregates (e.g., marcasite, chalcocite-digenite, magnetite). Framboids are sometimes observed replaced by other minerals. Pyrite framboids are often formed during the earliest stages of sedimentation or mineralization and therefore are subject to further reactions with later fluids. Minerals such as copper, cobalt, zinc, and lead sulfides often display framboidal forms that have replaced original pyrite framboids. Likewise, oxidation of pyrite under some conditions can produce iron (oxyhydr)oxide and iron sulfate framboids.
Framboid Self-Assembly and Self-Organization
Authors: Rickard David
Published: August 2021

The formation of framboids involves two distinct processes. First, pyrite microcrystals aggregate into spherical groups through surface free energy minimization. The self-assembly of framboid microcrystals to form framboids is consistent with estimations based on the classical Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DVLO) theory, which balances the attraction between particles due to the van der Waals forces against the interparticle electrostatic repulsive force. Second, the microcrystals rearrange themselves into ordered domains through entropy maximization. Icosahedral symmetry tends to minimize short-range attractive interactions and maximize entropy. The physical processes which facilitate this rearrangement are Brownian motion and surface interactions. Curved framboid interface enforce deviation from the cubic close packed structure. In the absence of a curved surface, weakly interacting colloidal particles preferentially self-assemble into a cubic close packed structure, and this is observed in irregular, non-framboidal aggregates of pyrite micro- and nanocrystals.
Sacrifice in Service to Truth
Authors: Bellon Richard
Published: August 2021

Victorian men of science struggled to address a central question of nineteenth-century British thought: how do fallible human beings recognize truth? Their solution, embodied within the principles establishing the British Association for the Advancement of Science, focused on a stable set of selfless epistemic virtues—patience, humility, diligence, disinterest, self-control—that provided moral stability amid the relentless advance of new and revised theories of physical reality. But if well-founded ideas flow from virtuous practices, did it not follow that dangerously unsound ideas stem from vice? For this reason, a widely shared commitment to virtuous conduct meant that intellectual disagreements often degenerated into accusations of immoral behavior. This essay explores the complicated role of epistemic virtue in Victorian science by examining three towering products of the University of Cambridge: John Herschel, Adam Sedgwick, and William Whewell.
Seeing Science as a Communal Practice
Authors: Stapleford Thomas A. , Hicks Daniel J.
Published: August 2021

Repeatedly over the last century, scientists have described a tension between two different views of their profession, one in which scientific research is a valuable end in itself and a second in which research is merely a means to other goals (such as power, status, or money). This chapter shows how a framework of “communal practices,” drawn from the virtue ethics of Alasdair MacIntyre, can help scholars understand this tension while also creating a more nuanced and accurate view of its source and characteristics. Doing so allows us to take scientists’ accounts of their professional goals seriously without accepting oversimplified binaries, and it suggests ways to navigate the tensions they describe by cultivating virtues.
Studying Scientific Virtues
Authors: Pennock Robert T. , Miller Jon D.
Published: August 2021

Despite their historical connections, interdisciplinary research between philosophy and social science is relatively infrequent because of the divergent subject matter and disparate aims of these fields of inquiry. Although both may study “norms,” philosophy considers norms in a prescriptive sense, while social science investigates them in a descriptive sense. For such reasons, maintaining a neighborly wall between these disciplines serves both well. There are, however, several points of substantive contact where each may affect the other. After drawing some lessons about the possibilities and pitfalls of such work from previous exemplars, the chapter discusses Pennock and Miller’s interdisciplinary investigation of the scientific virtues. Quantitative and qualitative data from interviews with more than a thousand scientists about the character traits that are important for scientific research provided a rich source of information for the applicability of Pennock’s vocational virtue theory as it applies to science, showing the value of such collaboration.
Twenty-First-Century Virtue
Authors: Vallor Shannon
Published: August 2021

This chapter identifies the growing difficulty of making ethical decisions—choices that aim at the “good life”—in our present human condition, one in which the unpredictable, complex, and destabilizing effects of emerging technologies on a global scale make the shape of the human future increasingly opaque and hard to fathom. The chapter suggests that this twenty-first-century challenge for ethics, which we can identify as a state of acute technosocial opacity, is best addressed from a particular philosophical tradition: virtue ethics. It argues that the classical traditions of Aristotelian, Confucian, and Buddhist virtue ethics offer us more resources for managing this contemporary problem than do other, more modern moral theories. The chapter concludes that only the cultivation of distinctly technomoral virtues will preserve humanity’s chances to live well with emerging technologies, and flourish in an increasingly opaque future.
Is “Failing Well” a Sign of Scientific Virtue?*
Authors: Schickore Jutta
Published: August 2021

Science educators, popularizers of science, undergraduate advisors, psychologists, and others have claimed that failure is an integral part of science and that the good scientist embraces failure. The chapter examines this view from both conceptual and empirical perspectives. What exactly does it mean that failures are common in scientific work? What is so valuable about failing? How do scientists understand “failure,” and do they agree that failure is a common and valuable part of science? The first part of the chapter distinguishes different kinds of failures. Drawing on interviews with scientists, the second part of the chapter shows that practitioners themselves have few positive things to say about failure and associate it with personal defeat. The chapter argues that it would be better if practitioners had a higher tolerance for the fickleness of everyday scientific practice, but that trying to recast failures as successes creates more confusion than it removes.
Integrating Virtue Ethics into Responsible-Conduct-of-Research Programs: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Chen Jiin-Yu
Published: August 2021

In response to federal regulations, institutions created a multitude of responsible-conduct-of-research (RCR) education programs to teach novice researchers about ethical issues that may arise in the course of their research and how to avoid or address them. Many RCR education programs strive to help familiarize trainees with some of the areas in which issues in research ethics and integrity develop and help shape trainees into researchers who conduct their work with integrity. However, the compliance aspect of RCR education programs presents fundamental challenges to the programs’ aspirational goals. Adopting a virtue ethics framework can contribute to RCR education programs’ pursuit of those goals by drawing attention to the ways in which researchers’ characters contribute to conducting research with integrity. Further, virtue ethics can contribute to the development of a virtuous researcher through incorporation into both the formal RCR curriculum and through more informal means, such as mentoring.
Learning Agility
Authors: De Meuse Kenneth P. , Schmidt Harvey Veronica
Published: August 2021

Learning Agility: The DNA for Leaders and Organizations in the Twenty-First Century highlights the importance of learning agility for identifying and developing the next generation of leaders. Similar to how DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) carries the genetic instructions used in the functioning, growth, and reproduction of all living organisms, it can be argued that the selection and development of tomorrow’s leaders is the DNA responsible for the financial performance and organizational health of a company’s future. In the chapter, the need for “agility” at both the individual level and the company level is explored. Initially, the changing corporate landscape is examined and how the relationship between employees and employers (i.e., the psychological contract) has evolved is investigated. The emergence and expansion of the learning agility construct also are reviewed. Ultimately, the goal is to set the stage for a book devoted to assisting scholars and practitioners in their quest to understand and apply learning agility effectively.
The Role of Learning Agility in Identifying and Developing Future Leaders
Authors: Church Allan H.
Published: August 2021

“The Role of Learning Agility in Identifying and Developing Future Leaders” focuses on the role that learning agility plays in helping organizations identify, assess, and develop high-potential leadership talent. After a brief summary of the empirical and applied literature on learning agility as it relates specifically to understanding leadership potential (based on the Leadership Potential BluePrint), the chapter shifts to a discussion of the practical applications of using the concept for assessment and development throughout the employee life cycle. Topics covered include the use of learning agility in selection systems, development programs, formal assessment processes, and internal senior management talent reviews (e.g., succession planning). The chapter concludes with a summary and suggestions for future practice and research.
Introduction for Instructors
Authors: Olkin Rhoda
Published: August 2021

Chapter 1 seeks to empower instructors who may not have taught about disability previously. This book is for instructors of various types of undergraduate and graduate classes. The chapter addresses the rationale and goals for this book. It gives an outline of the book, describes the overall goals of the activities, and the audience for the book. This chapter covers basic concepts like language, intersectionality, and hidden and visible disabilities and gives the rationale for doing the activities in this book. It can be tempting to simply state directions, give handouts, and let students do the activities. However, as with most homework, clear guidance increases the value.
Exploring the Basics
Authors: Olkin Rhoda
Published: August 2021

The six activities in this chapter are designed to help students make discoveries for themselves. Activities include computer searches and class discussion, as well as working in small groups, watching documentaries, and debriefing. The first activity is about language used to describe persons with disabilities, as this will help students feel less tongue-tied during discussions and raise awareness of language issues as they go through other activities. Next is an exploration of the bidirectional connection among economics and disability, employment, and nondiscrimination laws. One activity introduces intersectionality by having students researching their own identities in conjunction with disability (there is more on intersectionality in Chapter 9).
Hearing from Insiders
Authors: Olkin Rhoda
Published: August 2021

The focus of the three activities in this chapter is hearing directly about the lived experiences of people with disabilities. There are two activities that involve watching Academy Award–winning documentaries (King Gimp and Best Boy) and holding discussions in class. Specific questions about each documentary can help guide discussion. One activity has students interview a person with a disability using a disability interview protocol. A format for students to explore their own thoughts and emotions is included. For students eventually to be able to interact with clients with disabilities, they need to process their own emotional reactions to disability in a safe environment. Although not all three activities have to be completed, it might be best to have students respond to films prior to interviewing an individual with a disability to help destigmatize disability first.
Laws and How They Affect the Everyday Lives of People with Disabilities
Authors: Olkin Rhoda
Published: August 2021

For persons who are minorities, the impact of laws can be very directly experienced in day-to-day life. The myriad laws related to disability are scattered across many laws and throughout many agencies and can be hard to locate. Some of the laws, rules and regulations help, but some also hinder, the daily lives of the disabled. How the labyrinth of laws places a burden on people with disabilities is highlighted. There are four activities in this chapter. The first has students focus on laws that affect their everyday lives. In the second activity the concept of ‘separate but not equal’ is the focus. A third activity entails a comparison of social justice versus distributive justice as it applies to disability. In the fourth activity a game of ‘Eye Spy’ concentrates on the application of disability laws.
Disability in the Context of Family, Friends, and Community
Authors: Olkin Rhoda
Published: August 2021

This chapter has five more advanced activities and focuses on disability in the context of the social milieu and the community. The first three activities are about living well and being fully integrated into social and community living. One of these activities is about making changes to one’s living quarters to increase accessibility and the costs and legalities involved and teaches how to assess for accessibility. Another activity involves assessing accessibility in the community and the burden on disabled people to not take access for granted. The third activity has students find the Section 504 (of the Rehabilitation Act, 1975) coordinator for their community and locate a town map of accessibility and handicapped parking. The next two activities pick up the concept of intersectionality, first introduced in Chapter 3, but exploring disability within religion, and disability in the context of multiple marginalized identities.
Immersion and Activism
Authors: Olkin Rhoda
Published: August 2021

The seven activities in this chapter are a deeper dive into the disability experience. The effects of disability-related fatigue are explored in an activity that takes place over 1 week and in a second activity that requires making difficult choices about ways to reduce fatigue. The third activity has students immerse themselves in a disability venue. The fourth activity, done in small groups, focuses on microaggressions, collecting data from 10 disabled people about microaggressions experienced. The fifth activity has students experience television using captioning to explore what is missed in information given to Deaf people. The sixth activity has students pick one problem for people with disabilities and to write the appropriate official requesting a specific change, using data, an example story, and a proposed solution. The last activity assumes some level of clinical skills and involves making clinical responses to eight vignettes involving individuals, couples, or families with disabilities.
Introduction
Authors: Provost René
Published: August 2021

The administration of justice by non-state armed groups in zones of conflict is a reality that is underexamined despite the fact that it produces significant factual and legal effects. These are analysed under public international law, with a focus on international humanitarian law and international human rights law. The rebel administration of justice can be situated within the broader field of rebel governance, corresponding to an emerging field of enquiry which will provide some framing concepts for the analysis offered in this book. In another direction, the rebel administration of justice raises pointed and challenging questions with respect to the concept of law. Legal pluralism offers a vision of legal normativity that encompasses a wide range of actors and practices, and as such stands as an especially promising perspective from which to consider insurgent justice. Any attempt to meaningfully consider the legality of a practice should be grounded in an understanding of the practice in question that is as precise as possible. For the rebel administration of justice, this implies an appraisal of the details of the structure and operation of insurgent courts. In that spirit, this book offers a legal analysis of rebel justice that relies on a series of case studies prepared for that purpose. Unsurprisingly, the preparation of case studies of the practice of armed groups in situations of armed conflict poses several methodological challenges. These elements provide the foundation for the presentation of the nature and objectives of the overall project of this book.
Rebel Rule of Law and FARC Justice
Authors: Provost René
Published: August 2021

Chapter 1 considers the compatibility of the rebel administration of justice with the concept of the rule of law, using the FARC in Colombia as a case study. The Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia—Ejército del Pueblo (FARC) was the largest non-state armed group during five decades of civil war in that country. At its peak, it wielded dominant territorial authority in more than half of Colombian municipalities. While it generally did not establish standing institutions to administer justice, it imposed legal norms, co-opted existing community justice mechanisms, and established informal and hybrid practices to settle legal disputes in the civil and criminal law fields. FARC justice practices are used to explore the concept of the rule of law, an essentially contested legal concept that cannot be exclusively attached to the modern state. The rule of law is shown to be a concept with a flexible content, modulated by circumstances such as the onset of armed conflict. Elements of a rebel rule of law adapted to the nature of non-state armed groups and context of armed conflict are articulated based on applicable international humanitarian and human rights law. Finally, the principle of state sovereignty is analysed to show that it does not impart exclusive jurisdiction to the state over the administration of justice, but instead can accommodate justice practices by a diversity of actors, including non-state armed groups in conflict zones.
The Legal Rayonnement of Rebel Justice: Recognition, Complementarity, and Kurdish Courts
Authors: Provost René
Published: August 2021

Chapter 4 analyses the possible legal recognition of insurgent justice by other actors, using the judicial practice of three independent Kurdish non-state armed groups in the Middle East as a case study. The Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan (PKK, Kurdistan Workers’ Party) has been engaged in a bitter armed struggle with Turkey since 1984, with rear bases in northern Iraq and Syria. The Partiya Yekîtiya Demokrat (PYD, Democratic Union Party) is a Kurdish insurgent group that joined the anti-Assad uprising of 2011 and now controls parts of the north-east part of Syria, in a precarious coexistence with the Syrian government. Finally, the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) has operated independently since 1991 and remain in a military standoff with the central Iraqi government. All three Kurdish groups operate courts at trial and appeal levels, for civil and criminal matters. The chapter considers the possible application of the principle of complementarity under the Rome Statute in relation to a prosecution before the courts of a non-state armed groups. Likewise, the right or duty of third states under international law to give recognition to the operation of insurgent courts is examined. More radically perhaps, there is a possibility that even the territorial state might in some cases give legal effect to rebel court decisions. Finally, the Kurdish courts offer examples in which one non-state armed group is confronted with the need to determine the validity of the decisions of courts of other armed insurgents.
Stipulative Agency
Authors: Lam Derek
Published: August 2021

An agent’s knowledge of her own intentional actions (agential knowledge) is non-observational. Yet, intentional actions typically consist of happenings external to the agents. A theory is needed to explain how agents are warranted to form such beliefs independent of observation. This chapter first argues for three desirable features of an ideal theory about agential knowledge. After showing that no existing theories possess all three, a novel theory that does is presented. According to this theory, agential knowledge is the same kind of knowledge as the Kripkean contingent a priori: they are knowledge justified a priori by stipulation.
Dignity
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: August 2021

Human dignity is not necessarily treated as a human right per se, but it may describe in particular several of the most fundamental rights that concern physical and psychological integrity: the right to life, the prohibition of torture and ill treatment, the prohibition of slavery and servitude, the right to liberty and security, and the recognition as a person before the law. Within these rubrics, some quite specific issues are addressed including the resort to capital punishment and other extreme penalties, the criminalisation of genocide, and the imposition of medical treatment. The references to dignity in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights appear to make up for the absence of any recognition of a supreme being,
Political rights
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: August 2021

Political rights are often grouped with civil rights as if both adjectives apply to certain categories, and some fundamental rights, such as freedom of expression, can be described as belonging to both categories. But the concept of political rights has an autonomous meaning. It applies specifically to the democratic vision of human rights, encompassing the right to participate in government, the right to vote and the right to participate in government. Elections must be both genuinie and periodic, based upon universal and equal suffrage and by secret vote or an equivalent free voting procedure. Equal access to the public service is also comprised within political rights.
Justice
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: August 2021

The right to justice is central to modern human rights law. This is often summarised as a right to a fair trial but the right to justice has other important dimensions. In terms of fair trial rights, they encompass the right to equality before and under the law and to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal. When the trial is criminal in nature, the presumption of innocence must be respected as well as many detailed guarantees for the defence. Special procedural protections are required when children are prosecuted. Furthermore, the principle of legality, which comprises a prohibition of retroactive criminality and requirements of legal certainty, must be ensured. The right to justice also comprises a broader right of access to justice.