bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Styling the other to define the self: A study in New Zealand identity making
Authors: Bell Allan
Published: March 2003

In the Audience Design framework, the initiative dimension of language style encompasses the performance of a language or variety other than one's own. The concept of Referee Design complements the responsive, audience‐designed dimension of style. I argue that the responsive/initiative distinction is an instance of the structure/agency duality recognized in social theory. I examine a series of New Zealand television advertisements which make an overtly nationalistic appeal to the majority Pakeha (Anglo) group, associating their product through referee design with core cultural stereotypes. One such advertisement presents four different renditions of a Māori song—performed by a Māori opera singer with native‐like pronunciation, by a group in an Irish pub, by an African American using recognizably AAVE features, and by a young Pakeha man using anglicized pronunciation. The phonology of the performances is examined through a three‐level approach combining qualitative, quantitative and co‐occurrence analysis. The pronunciation of the three non‐native performances works together with the visual and musical tracks to constitute the singers' identities and their relation to New Zealand. The findings illustrate the blend of responsive and initiative style in performance, and the ambivalence of a Pakeha identity that uses the forms of a disadvantaged national minority to constitute itself.
Styling locally, styling globally: What does it mean?
Authors: Hill Jane H.
Published: March 2003

In discussion of the papers in this special issue, we note that styling and crossing are not new phenomena, but are found world wide and are very old. This suggests that analyses of styling and crossing in comparative and historical perspective would be highly desirable. Such analysis will require rigorous macroanalytic characterizations of speakers and interlocutors in order to make comparison possible. The complex pragmatic effects of styling challenge both theory and method in pragmatics, but we will not fully understand what these challenges are until we attempt relatively formal analysis of these effects, which must include very large‐scale phenomena such as domination and appropriation versus transgression and liberation.
Think really different: Continuity and specialization in the English dual form adverbs
Authors: Tagliamonte Sali , Ito Rika
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses variation between ‐ly and ‐ø in English dual form adverbs by examining conversational data from York, U.K. Using multivariate analysis and the comparative method we assess the constraint ranking, significance and relative importance of external factors (age, sex, education level) and internal factors (lexical identity, function and meaning). The results show that ‐ly is dominant and has increased dramatically in apparent time. However, cross‐tabulations with individual lexical items reveal that this correlation with speaker age is restricted to a single item–really. In conjunction with evidence from the history of English, we suggest that this does not reflect ongoing developments in English adverb formation, but is the result of continuous renewal in the encoding of ‘intensity’. In contrast, separate analysis of the other adverbs shows that variation between ‐ly and zero is retained in part as a socio‐symbolic resource, in particular for marking less educated male speech. Underlying this social meaning however, is a linguistic constraint which operates across all speakers. The zero adverb encodes concrete, objective meaning–a tendency which can be traced back 650 years or more. This provides yet another example of the interface between social and historical developments in language variation and change.
‘Public toilets for a diverse neighborhood’: Spatial purification practices in community development discourse
Authors: Modan Gabriella
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the dialectic of place and community identity in Mount Pleasant, a multi–ethnic and multi–class U.S. neighborhood where definitions of place are hotly contested among its residents. In a grant proposal for public toilets, Mount Pleasant writers use linguistic strategies such as presupposition, deixis, and contrast, coupled with discursive themes of filth and geography, to construct a core of the Mount Pleasant community. The writers place themselves and people who share their values in that core, and immigrants at the margins. These strategies serve as a discursive type of spatial purification practice (cf. Sibley 1988) through which the grantwriters set up a moral and spatial order where they and other core community members are deemed to use space ‘appropriately’, and thus inhabit positive moral positions, while immigrant community members’ imputed ‘inappropriate’ use of space is used to construct negative moral positions for them.
A majority sound change in a minority community: /u/‐fronting in Chicano English
Authors: Fought Carmen
Published: March 2003

Many sociolinguistic studies have found that minority groups are not participating in the sound changes characteristic of the majority community. This study, however, presents evidence that /u/‐fronting, a sound change observable in California Anglo speakers, is found in the minority Mexican‐American community as well, among speakers of Chicano English. Furthermore, while a high percentage of variation research has focused on correlating sociolinguistic variables with traditional social factors (age, gender, and social class being the most common), the results of this research underscore the need to analyze variation within the context of those social categories that are of particular significance to the specific community being studied, as well as the importance of incorporating interactions among social factors into a sociolinguistic analysis.
The Scottish Society of Economists: The Scottish Economic Society – 1897–1997
Authors: Campbell R. H.
Published: March 2003

This paper compares the two societies which have encouraged the study of economics in Scotland in the last century. It stresses differences in their objectives and considers particularly the changing content of the Scottish Journal of Political Economy. This analysis is used as the basis of an assessment of how far the new society differs from the old and of how far it has lived up to the expectations which accompanied its revival in the 1950s.
Employer‐Provided Training and Tenure‐Earnings
Authors: Theodossiou I. , Williams H.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the tenure‐earnings profiles and suggests that the more training is provided to the individual by the employer, the steeper is the tenure profile of earnings. The provision of training by the employer is modelled as endogenous and subject to choice decisions using an ordered probit model corresponding to three levels of training. The earnings equations of three groups of employees are then adjusted for potential effects of bias due to selectivity by using Lee's procedure, and heterogeneity bias using the Altonji and Shakotko instrumental variable procedure.
Prices and Information Under Imperfect Competition
Authors: Andersen Torben M. , Hviid Morten
Published: March 2003

Imperfectly competitive product markets cannot be informationally efficient as private information has strategic implications interfering with price adjustment. This is illustrated in a duopoly model with sequential price setting where private information either leads to prices not being adjusted to all available information or to adjusted but biased prices.
Squandering European Labour: Social Safety Nets in Times of Economic Turbulence
Authors: Ljungqvist Lars
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews the argument that high long‐term unemployment in Europe is caused by generous social safety nets in times of economic turbulence. We report on the empirical evidence of a more turbulent economic environment and present the theoretical arguments that establish a link between turbulence and high unemployment. We conclude that a cure to the European unemployment problem must entail a reform of the unemployment insurance system so that benefits decline over the unemployment spell. If the social consensus in Europe makes it difficult to implement declining benefits, we suggest that a complementary way of providing incentives for the unemployed would be to reduce their leisure by imposing work requirements.
The Future Welfare Burden; Scottish Economic Society/Royal Bank of Scotland Annual Lecture, 1998
Authors: Dilnot Andrew
Published: March 2003

For the last quarter of the twentieth century, in the UK and much of the rest of the developed world, the scale of the future welfare burden has been at the heart of political and economic debate. After a century of largely tax funded growth, through periods of enormous demographic, social and economic change, concerns about the possibility or consequences of further growth began to be voiced more and more frequently and across a wider political range. Perhaps because the welfare state is so emotive a subject, much of the debate has been rather vague, and on occasion confused and ill‐informed. Our aim in this paper is to set out the context for a coherent debate about what happens next.
Manufacturing Industries in the UK: Was there Convergence during the 1968–1992 Period?
Authors: Harris Richard , Trainor Mary
Published: March 2003

This paper uses detailed industry level time‐series data for the UK regions which suggests that convergence (at least in terms of output‐per‐employee) was not occurring during the period 1968–92. Based on testing for unit roots, it is found that in a majority of industries and regions growth was divergent, and consequently there is little empirical support for the neoclassical ‘long‐run catch up’ model.
Hysteresis in an Open Economy Model
Authors: O’Shaughnessy Terry
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the properties of an open economy model in which real exchange rate overshooting has a permanent impact on the rate of unemployment via a hysteresis mechanism. The magnitude of this effect depends on the slope of the short‐run Phillips curve, the speed with which expectations adjust in the labour market, and on the speed with which capacity adjusts to changes in capacity utilisation. However, it does not depend on how open the economy is, although the dynamics of the adjustment process (including the extent of the initial jump in the exchange rate following a change in monetary policy) do depend on this factor.
Adverse Selection when Jobs are Hard to Do
Authors: Sampson Anthony A. , Simmons Robert
Published: March 2003

Privately observed ability increases output and reduces effort required to complete tasks, in a model where harder tasks produce more output. The relation between average quality of the workforce and the wage rate is ambiguous. The model also produces a rat‐race, in the sense that some individuals work harder than is socially optimal. This distortion can be corrected by a non‐linear tax.
Racial Discrimination in English football
Authors: Preston Ian , Szymanski Stefan
Published: March 2003

This paper examines data on the racial composition and financial and sporting performance of professional English soccer teams between 1974 and 1993. In an earlier paper, Szymanski showed that teams with an above average proportion of black players would tend to perform better on average that would have been expected given the aggregate wage bills of these clubs. Since players are more or less freely traded in soccer this presents strong market‐based evidence of discrimination. In the present paper we explore the source of such discrimination. In particular we are concerned to test the hypothesis that discrimination is attributable to the fans rather than the owners. If fans were racially prejudiced then the owners of a team might expect to generate a smaller marginal revenue product from a black player compared to an equally skilled white player. We assess the presence of fan discrimination by examining relationships between attendance, revenues, performance and the proportion of black players in the team. We also incorporate evidence regarding statements of racial prejudice (from the British Social Attitudes Survey) in particular regions. We find little evidence that the discrimination against black players has its source in fan discrimination.
Who Benefits from Foreign Direct Investment in the UK?
Authors: Girma Sourafel , Greenaway David , Wakelin Katharine
Published: March 2003

The presumed higher productivity of foreign firms and resulting spillovers to domestic firms has led governments to offer financial incentives to foreign firms. We investigate if there is any productivity or wage gap between foreign and domestic firms in the UK and if the presence of foreign firms in a sector raises the productivity of domestic firms. Our results indicate that foreign firms do have higher productivity than domestic firms and they pay higher wages. We find no aggregate evidence of intra‐industry spillovers. However, firms with low productivity relative to the sector average, in low‐skill low foreign competition sectors gain less from foreign firms.
Globalisation, the Economic Crisis, and Small Enterprises in Makassar, Indonesia: Focusing on the Local Dimensions
Authors: Turner Sarah
Published: March 2003

It has been suggested that the economic crisis in Southeast Asia had a severe effect on small scale enterprises in the region. In this paper, I interpret the different consequences of this economic crisis (krismon) for small enterprises in the city of Makassar, Sulawesi, in the light of current globalisation debates. It is argued that for the majority of small enterprises, there have not been significant changes because of the relative isolation of Sulawesi within the Indonesian and global economies. However, for other small enterprises, there have been two significant changes indirectly linked to wider globalisation influences, because of the importance of conspicuous consumption amongst local cultural groups. In turn, this leads to an evaluation of both the strength of globalisation tendencies in the city, and the important influence of local cultural traits on the ways in which members of the local economy have responded to change.
Competition and Knowledge in Javanese Rural Business
Authors: Kristiansen Stein
Published: March 2003

The paper focuses on information flows and the need for change in cottage industries in rural Indonesia. The context for small‐scale business entrepreneurs has changed dramatically during the last decade of economic liberalisation and crisis. Emerging market opportunities, as well as national and international competition, now challenge indigenous businesses in their different geographical settings, and new information is indispensable for survival and growth. The principal question in the paper is whether small‐scale agribusiness entrepreneurs are able to identify and utilise existing knowledge for the purpose of improving their competitive strength. By using case studies taking an actor’s perspective, the empirical data give insight into the small entrepreneurs’ perceptions of their business environments and the hindrances to innovation. Theories on dual economies, path dependence and information asymmetry form the basis for analysing two cases of Javanese agribusiness. The paper concludes that a gap prevails between “traditional” and “modern” sectors of this society, and that cottage industries have much to gain from linking up with external agencies. Regional universities may play a crucial role in enhancing information flows and disseminating competence.
Exploring and Assessing Nonsocial Play in the Preschool: The Development and Validation of the Preschool Play Behavior Scale
Authors: Coplan Robert J. , Rubin Kenneth H.
Published: March 2003

Recently, researchers have investigated the different structural forms of young children’s nonsocial play behaviors. The primary goal of this research was to develop and validate the Preschool Play Behavior Scale (PPBS), a teacher rating scale designed to assess the multiple forms of young children’s solitary behaviors. In this regard, two studies were conducted. In Study 1, 39 preschool children were observed, and their social and nonsocial behaviors recorded over a three month period. Teachers then completed the PPBS. Results supported the construct validity of the PPBS; teacher‐rated and observed nonsocial and social behaviors were significantly associated in predicted ways. In Study 2, parental (e.g., demographic, child temperament) and teacher (e.g., PPBS, child behavior problems) ratings were collected for 337 preschoolers. Results established the psychometric properties of the PPBS (e.g., inter‐rater reliability, factor structure, internal consistency, and convergent validity).
The Cognitive Basis of Future‐oriented Prosocial Behavior
Authors: Moore Chris , Barresi John , Thompson Carol
Published: March 2003

Two experiments examined the development of future‐oriented prosocial behavior in relation to developing theory of mind and executive functioning. Children from 3;0 to 4;6 were given a series of trials in which they had to make a choice between immediate and delayed sticker rewards, where these rewards accrued either to self, to a play partner, or were shared. They also were presented with standard theory of mind tasks (in Experiment 1) assessing the understanding of belief and desire and an executive function task (in Experiment 2) in which the children had to inhibit pointing to a baited box in order to win the cookie within. Results showed that for 4‐year‐olds, the tendency to opt for delayed rewards in order to share with the partner was correlated with theory of mind. For younger 3‐year‐olds, the children's ability to inhibit pointing to the baited box was significantly correlated with the tendency to choose delayed over immediate sticker rewards. These results indicate that children's ability to show future‐oriented prosocial or sharing behavior is linked developmentally both to the ability to imagine conflicting noncurrent mental states and the ability to inhibit responding to perceptually salient events.
Sticks and Stones: Evaluations of Responses to Childhood Teasing
Authors: Scambler Douglas J. , Harris Monica J. , Milich Richard
Published: March 2003

The present study addresses children's assessments of responses to teasing. Participants viewed videotaped interactions in which one child was being teased by two other children and responds in one of three ways (i.e., with humor, by ignoring, or with hostility). Participants rated the humorous response to teasing as the most effective way to respond to teasing, followed by ignoring. The hostile response was rated the least effective. The target's response to teasing significantly affected perceptions of the friendliness and popularity of the teasers and target. In addition, participants' previous experiences with teasing, as both victim and teaser, significantly affected their perceptionsof the teasing interaction. Results are discussed as they relate to understanding childhood teasing and effective ways of responding to teasing.
The Nature of Children’s Stereotypes of Popularity
Authors: LaFontana Kathryn M. , Cillessen Antonius H.N.
Published: March 2003

The present study investigated what types of attributions and expectations children have about peers who they believe are popular or unpopular with other children. Fourth and fifth grade children (N = 135) were presented with pictures of several unacquainted peers who were described as popular or unpopular (or neither). Children were then told about several hypothetical encounters between themselves and each of the peers and were asked to explain or rate what each peer’s response would be to that situation. As hypothesized, children had negative stereotypes about children who they believed were unpopular, while stereotypes about children believed to be popular were a mixture of positive and negative elements. Results confirmed past research in suggesting that a distinction must be made between sociometric and perceived popularity. Gender differences were also discussed, because the stereotypes held by boys and girls differed in several respects.
The Association of Behavioural Adjustment to Temperament, Parenting and Family Characteristics among 5‐Year‐Old Children
Authors: Paterson Gill , Sanson Ann
Published: March 2003

The objective of this study was to identify specific temperament, parenting, and family variables, and their interactions, which predict problem behaviours and social skills in children. The subjects were 74 5–6 year old children (34 boys, 40 girls). Results showed different combinations of variables predicted each behavioural outcome, and the child's ‘goodness of fit’ in the home was a strong predictor of externalising behaviour and social skills. An interaction between temperamental inflexibility and punitive parenting in the development of parent‐rated externalising behaviour problems was found. This study highlights the value of using specific indices of temperament, parenting and family functioning and of pursuing interaction effects in the prediction of children's behavioural development.
Sex Differences in Associations Between Parental Behaviors and Characteristics and Adolescent Social Integration
Authors: Fletcher Anne C. , Shaw Robin A.
Published: March 2003

One hundred and eight eighth grade students completed self‐report questionnaires about their perceptions of parental warmth, structure, and psychological autonomy granting (used to compute a measure of perceived parental authoritativeness) and three measures of social integration: their own connectedness to their communities and involvement in school‐ versus community‐based extracurricular activities. Parents of these students participated in telephone interviews during which they reported on their own relationships with their children’s friends and friends’ parents, and their own involvement in community activities. Parental community involvement was associated with stronger feelings of community connectedness and higher levels of community involvement among boys and more involvement in school‐ and community‐based extracurricular activities among girls. Perceived parental authoritativeness was associated with stronger feelings of community connectedness and higher levels of involvement in community activities among girls. Parents’ relationships with children’s peers and peers’ parents were associated with greater involvement in school‐based extracurricular activities among girls.
When Does Parents’ Differential Treatment Have Negative Implications for Siblings?
Authors: McHale Susan M. , Updegraff Kimberly A. , Jackson‐Newsom Julia , Tucker Corinna J. , Crouter Ann C.
Published: March 2003

We compared the extent of parents’ differential treatment (PDT) and girls’ and boys’ perceptions of parents’ fairness in middle childhood and adolescence as a function of the gender constellation of the sibling dyad. Further, we examined links between PDT in three domains, parental warmth, parents’ temporal involvement, and the allocation of household tasks, and both siblings’ self esteem and positivity in the sibling relationship. Participants were mothers, fathers and both first‐ and secondborn siblings from 385 families. To collect information on siblings’ family experiences and well‐being, family members were interviewed individually in their homes. During the subsequent 2–3 weeks, 7 evening telephone interviews also were conducted; these focused on siblings’ daily activities. Analyses revealed different patterns of PDT for siblings as a function of age and gender constellation, stronger links with self esteem and sibling positivity for perceptions of fairness than for PDT, and different patterns of association with self esteem and sibling relations across domains of PDT. We emphasize the importance of studying the processes through which PDT experiences have implications for siblings.
Children’s Creative Collaborations: The Importance of Friendship when Working Together on a Musical Composition
Authors: Miell Dorothy , MacDonald Raymond
Published: March 2003

This study examined the social processes involved in children’s collaborative musical compositions. The communication (verbal and musical) between same‐gender pairs of 11–12 year olds was analysed using measures of the relative distribution of transactive and non‐transactive elements. Results suggested that mutual friendship pairs were characterised by different communication patterns in both their music and talk compared to those of non‐friend pairs, with significantly more transactive communication in both channels. Previous experience of instrumental lessons also had an effect, with experienced children playing and talking in a more transactive way than those without such experience. On teacher’s ratings of the final composition, those produced by pairs of friends received significantly higher scores than those of non‐friends. Multiple regression analyses suggested that this final score could be predicted from the amount of transactive communication observed between the children. The results indicate some of the ways in which friendship influences the collaborative process in a creative, open‐ended task by facilitating a high level of mutual engagement during the interaction and with the outcome of higher quality compositions.
Mothers’ Reports of Events Causing Anger Differ Across Family Relationships
Authors: Carpenter Sandra , Halberstadt Amy G.
Published: March 2003

Mother’s reports of anger causes within the family were analyzed in terms of the family relationships of the persons experiencing and eliciting anger and three independent components of the anger‐eliciting event—Type of Cause, Focus of Anger, and Temporal Specificity. Mothers’ reports suggest substantial differences (a) in anger causes across relationships, (b) depending on whether parents or children were experiencing or eliciting anger events, and (c) for the three independent components of the anger events. For example, for type of cause, mothers’ reports indicated more expectancy violations for parents’ than children’s anger, but more goal blockages for children’s than parents’ anger. Also, elicitormattered; mothers’ reports indicated more goal blockages elicited by parents than by children, but more expectancy violations elicited by children than by parents. These patterns are interpreted in terms of differential power and status within the family.
Affective Social Competence
Authors: Halberstadt Amy G. , Denham Susanne A. , Dunsmore Julie C.
Published: March 2003

A theoretical model for affective social competence is described. Affective social competence (ASC) is comprised of three integrated and dynamic components: sending affective messages, receiving affective messages, and experiencing affect. Central and interconnected abilities within each component include awareness and identification of affect, working within a complex and constantly changing social context, and management and regulation. The dynamic integration of the components is emphasized and potential mediating factors are outlined. The model is placed within the context of previous research and theory related to affective social competence; how the model advances future research is also explicated for each component. Research with special populations of children is described to highlight the importance of affective social competence in social relationships and the promise of the ASC model for future research and practice.
Inclusion as Social Practice: Views of Children with Autism
Authors: Ochs Elinor , Kremer‐Sadlik Tamar , Solomon Olga , Sirota Karen Gainer
Published: March 2003

This study illuminates the social realities of inclusion of 16 high functioning children with autism (HFA) in public schools in the United States. The study suggests that the practice of inclusion rests primarily on unaffected schoolmates rather than teachers, who typically are occupied monitoring academic progress and disciplinary transgressions across a range of children. Utilizing ethnographic observations and video recordings of quotidian classroom and playground activities, the analysis elucidates how classmates employ a range of positive and negative inclusion practices that either integrate or distance autistic children. Ethnographic observations of the study population indicate that the children whose diagnosis was fully disclosed enjoyed more consistent social support in the classroom and on the school playground. The study further suggests that high functioning children with autism exhibit a range of reactions to negative inclusion practices such as rejection and scorn. Such reactions include oblivion, immediate behavioral response, and emotionally charged accounts of disturbing school incidents shared after‐the‐fact with family members. Significantly, these observations indicate that HFA children can be cognizant of and distressed by others’ derisive stances and acts, despite symptomatic difficulties in interpreting others’ intentions and feelings.
Siblings as Confidants: Emotional Understanding, Relationship Warmth, and Sibling Self‐Disclosure
Authors: Howe Nina , Aquan‐Assee Jasmin , Bukowski William M. , Lehoux Pascale M. , Rinaldi Christina M.
Published: March 2003

Associations among (a) self‐disclosures between early adolescent siblings, (b) emotional understanding, and (c) relationship warmth were investigated. Grade 5–6 children (M age = 11.5 years) were interviewed concerning the incidence of disclosures to closest‐in‐age siblings (20 = older, 20 = younger), feelings regarding disclosing (or not), and sibling relationship quality. Warmth was measured with the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (Furman & Buhrmester, 1985) and emotional understanding was assessed with the Hypothetical Relationships Picture Task (adapted from Schneider, 1989, & Aquan‐Assee, 1992). Hierarchical multiple regressions indicated self‐disclosure was positively associated with feeling good about sharing and negatively associated with reports of not trusting or not receiving emotional support from their sibling. Sibling relationship warmth was a key characteristic associated with both emotional understanding and self‐disclosure; female target children demonstrated greater emotional understanding. Warmth, but not emotional understanding, was associated with self‐disclosure. Findings are discussed in light of the importance of links between affective relationships and children’s social‐emotional understanding.
The Road to Gang Membership: Characteristics of Male Gang and Nongang Members from Ages 10 to 14
Authors: Craig Wendy M. , Vitaro Frank , Gagnon Laude , Tremblay Richard E.
Published: March 2003

This study examined the stability of belonging to a gang in early adolescence, the behaviour profiles, family characteristics, and friendships of nongang and gang members. The subjects in the present study were originally part of a larger sample of boys. One hundred and forty‐two boys who had a complete data set at ages 11, 12, 13, and 14 were selected for the present study. Loglinear analyses indicated that gang membership was stable from ages 13 to 14, but not at earlier ages. Boys were divided into three groups: stable gang members (children who belonged to a gang at ages 13 and 14); unstable gang members (children who belonged to a gang at either age 13 or 14) and nongang members. Repeated analyses of variance indicated that stable gang members had significantly higher scores than nongang members on teacher ratings of fighting behaviour, hyperactivity, inattention and oppositional behaviour, and self‐reported delinquent activities (drug and alcohol use, stealing and vandalism). Peers rated gang members as more aggressive than nongang members. The results are discussed from a developmental perspective.
Aggressive Behaviors in Social Interaction and Developmental Adaptation: A Narrative Analysis of Interpersonal Conflicts During Early Adolescence
Authors: Xie Hongling , Swift Dylan J. , Cairns Beverley D. , Cairns Robert B.
Published: March 2003

Using conflict narratives reported by adolescents in grade 7 (mean age =
13.4 years), this study investigated the interactional properties and developmental
functions of four types of aggressive behaviors: social aggression, direct relational
aggression, physical aggression, and verbal aggression. A total of 475 participants
from the Carolina Longitudinal Study (Cairns & Cairns, 1994)
were included. Results showed that the majority of conflict interactions involved
more than a dyad. The use of social aggression (e.g., concealed social attack) was
associated with more individuals involved in the conflict. Social aggression was
primarily reported as an initiating behavior for interpersonal conflicts, while direct
relational aggression was a responding behavior. Medium to high levels of reciprocity
were found for physical, verbal, and direct relational aggression, whereas a low
level of reciprocity was reported for social aggression. School authorities were
most likely to intervene in physical aggression. The use of social aggression was
associated with higher network centrality among adolescents. Developmental maladjustment
in late adolescence and early adulthood was primarily predicted by physical aggression.
Dimensions of Social Status in Preadolescent Peer Groups: Likability, Perceived Popularity, and Social Dominance
Authors: Lease A. Michele , Musgrove Karen T. , Axelrod Jennifer L.
Published: March 2003

A multidimensional, interdisciplinary model of social status was developed and examined in a sample of 487 fourth, fifth, and sixth grade elementary school students. Participants were clustered into seven subtypes (i.e., High Status, Perceived Popular/Dominant, Well‐Liked/Dominant, Average, Low Dominant/Unpopular, Disliked, andLow Status) based on the dimensions of likability, perceived popularity, and social dominance emphasized, respectively, by psychologists working within the sociometric tradition, sociologists of education, and ethologists. The meaningfulness of the cluster solution was supported by cluster differences on peer‐reported social prerogatives of status (e.g., admiration, social control, leadership) and self‐reported social characteristics. Furthermore, each cluster had a distinct behavioral profile. It was argued that a broader, multidisciplinary conceptualization of social status should lead to a better understanding of the complex dynamics present in children's peer groups in middle childhood as well as the tools preadolescents need to successfully navigate the peer system.
Demographics, Parenting, and Theory of Mind in Preschool Children
Authors: Pears Katherine C. , Moses Louis J.
Published: March 2003

This research examined associations among demographic variables, parenting strategies, and a theory of mind battery including measures of perception, desire, belief, and emotion understanding in 142 preschool‐aged children. In correlational analyses, maternal education and, to a lesser extent, income were associated with a number of aspects of theory of mind. Additionally, mothers’ use of instruction in response to child misbehavior was positively associated with perception and desire understanding whereas mothers’ use of consequences and power assertion were negatively associated with aspects of theory of mind. In regression analyses controlling for children's cognitive ability and age, maternal education continued to be positively associated with perception understanding. Power assertion was negatively associated with belief understanding, but positively associated with emotion understanding. Finally, mothers’ use of consequences in response to child misbehaviors was negatively related to emotion understanding.
The Retrenchment of the Welfare State in Latin America: The Case of Argentina
Authors: Lo Vuolo Rubén M.
Published: March 2003

According to the conventional approving account of the transformations which have been taking place in public policy and in markets in Latin America, Argentina constitutes one of the most successful examples of wide‐ranging and rapid change. Certainly the experience of Argentina offers an excellent case‐study of what in the literature is termed “ the retrenchment of the welfare states”; that is those institutional transformations associated with the “neoconservative revolutions” of recent years. In this paper I analyse the characteristics of Argentinian welfare state retrenchment, distinguishing between two fields of analysis: (1) “systemic retrenchment” which is linked to changes in the “referential environment” of social policy institutions, especially changes in the economic, fiscal, labour market and politico‐institutional contexts: (2) “programmatic retrenchment” which refers to changes in the institutional ordering of specific social policies. Finally I draw conclusions in respect of the strategies adopted for the retrenchment of the welfare state in Argentina and discuss probable prospects for the future.
Globalization, Regionalism and Social Policy
Authors: Wilding Paul
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the implications of globalization for social policy, and teases out those elements of globalization which have impinged most on it. Then it explores the most important ways in which globalization has had an effect on social policy. Seven issues are explored—the way in which globalization has highlighted and/or created new problems, its contribution to hollowing out the state, the way in which it has altered the balance of power between capital and labour, its contribution to stimulating an ideology of competitiveness, its re‐establishing of the importance of trade in discussions about social policy and, finally, the way in which it has helped to make the maintenance of social order a new priority. The paper then explores the possibilities for supranational or regional social policy. It examines the case for moving towards such a policy and the problems of so doing.
Complaining Our Way to Quality: Complaints, Contracts and the Voluntary Sector
Authors: Bradshaw Yvonne , Kendall Ian , Blackmore Martin , Johnson Norman , Jenkinson Sandra
Published: March 2003

The research on which this paper is based is part of a wider study of quality assurance and the voluntary sector. The focus of this paper is on complaints procedures, as part of quality assurance mechanisms, where voluntary agencies are the contracted service providers. The authors argue that, with the introduction of contracting and particularly with its further development, the way in which complaints mechanisms currently operate will need to be revised if they are to be an effective part of the quality assurance process.
Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Policy: New Life in an Old Connection
Authors: Crouch Colin
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to account for the revival of both academic and substantive interest in what had long been seen as an unimportant byway of social policy: the role of social partners, especially trade unions, in the management of national social insurance systems. The answer is found in the budgetary crises facing these systems along with the frequent embedded role of the social partner organizations in their governance. Meanwhile, this welfare state role of trade unions then has implications back on to the conduct of industrial relations. The diversity of national experiences is considered, including the reasons for British exceptionalism on this question. Particular use is made of a comparison between Italy and the Netherlands on the one hand (cases of some success in the role of social partners in managing change in social insurance arrangements), and France and Germany on the other (at the time of writing, cases of stalemate).
Homelessness, Mental Illness and Citizenship
Authors: Rowe Michael , Kloos Bret , Chinman Matt , Davidson Larry , Cross Anne Boyle
Published: March 2003

Assertive mental health outreach to homeless persons, which operates under the premise that mental illness must be understood and treated within the individual’s social and economic environment, points towards the goals of community membership and ‘citizenship’—a connection to the rights, responsibilities, roles, and resources that society offers through public and social institutions and informal ‘associational life’—for homeless persons. We argue that the concept of citizenship is a useful framework for approaching these goals. We review the principles of assertive mental health outreach and relevant aspects of contemporary citizenship theory; present a case example of outreach leading to a ‘citizenship project’; and discuss the potential benefits and pitfalls of a citizenship framework, including strategies and recommendations for program administrators, researchers and policy makers.
Mind the Gap: Exploring the Implementation Deficit in the Administration of the Stricter Benefits Regime
Authors: Blackmore Martin
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews the evidence which suggests that the coercive aspects of UK unemployment and social security policies have not been implemented as rigorously as policy statements and commentators have implied. The analysis explores the tension between policing benefits and the duty to provide genuine assistance to job seekers. It suggests that policy ambiguity leads to the exercise of informal discretion, which in turn facilitates the non‐implementation of the least favoured policy objectives. The introduction of managerialist practices does not appear to have had a beneficial effect on the administration of active labour market policies, in terms of either achieving policy objectives or providing a better service for unemployed people. Rather, it would appear that the additional stresses imposed on staff by resource constraints, work intensification and the pressure to meet performance targets have led to a lowering of morale which cannot help but be reflected in the standard of service available to the unemployed.
The Spatial Strategy of Equality and the Spatial Division of Welfare
Authors: Powell Martin , Boyne George
Published: March 2003

In this paper we argue that little is known about either the geographical objectives or the spatial outputs of the welfare state. Conclusions of geographical inequality are problematic for three main reasons. First, the geographical aims of the welfare state, “the spatial strategy of equality”, are unclear. Second, the geographical distributional paradigm is rarely placed in the wider context of local and national welfare states, and the tension between spatial equity and local autonomy is ignored. Third, the geography of welfare, “the spatial division of welfare” is often based on simplistic and confused evidence. Much of the existing work implicitly takes a centralist perspective, assuming that all geographical inequalities are defects. Issues of local government, local politics and local welfare states are ignored. All detected inequality may not be “bad”, and greater spatial equity may not necessarily be “good”. The spatial division of welfare should not be examined in an analytical vacuum, isolated from the wider contextual issues of national and local services and the trade‐off between local autonomy and territorial justice. If the “default value” is that all detected geographical variations are assumed to be defects, then the arguments for localism are doomed to failure.
Risk, Contingency and the Third Way: Evidence from the BHPS and Qualitative Studies
Authors: Taylor‐Gooby Peter
Published: March 2003

New Labour’s “Third Way” in welfare derives its intellectual underpinning from “risk society” theory as developed in the UK by Anthony Giddens. The theory suggests that the crucial changes affecting citizens of modern societies are globalization, the post‐traditional social order and social reflexivity. These changes lead people to question authority and to wish to take greater responsibility for meeting their needs. Applied to welfare, the analysis suggests a diminution in the role of government, greater proactivity by citizens and subsidiarity favouring community groups and also the private sector. It buttresses Third Way calls for “no rights without responsibility” and “equality of opportunity, not equality of outcome”. This paper reports qualitative and quantitative research which indicates that the risks of modern social life are experienced differently by different social groups. Risk society theories assume value consensus. They understand social change to have a common impact across society, leading to a common response, and direct attention away from the particular needs and aspirations of more vulnerable groups. The risk society thesis is class ideology masquerading as social theory: it serves the interests of those already privileged in a more flexible society by obscuring the needs and aspirations of the more vulnerable, who already bear most of the burdens of social change.
Emerging Patterns of Care Management: Arrangements for Older People in England
Authors: Challis David , Weiner Kate , Darton Robin , Hughes Jane , Stewart Karen
Published: March 2003

One of the key objectives of the community care legislation, implemented in the UK in 1993, was the development of care management systems. Subsequent studies based on limited samples of local authorities have indicated that there is much variation in the forms and types of arrangements being developed. This paper explores whether typologies of care management arrangements for older people can be discerned through the analysis of a series of key indicators. Data were drawn from a survey of all English local authorities, undertaken as part of the PSSRU study: Mapping and Evaluation of Care Management Arrangements for Older People and Those with Mental Health Problems. Care management arrangements were categorized using a limited number of key indicators chosen on an empirical and an a priori basis. This resulted in the formulation of six categories of care management arrangements for older people, within which approximately 80 per cent of local authorities could be included.
“A Salary is not Important Here”: The Professionalization of Social Work in Contemporary Russia
Authors: Iarskaia‐Smirnova Elena , Romanov Pavel
Published: March 2003

Helping professions address the growing number of social problems which have emerged, along with contextual changes in Russian society, culture and state social policy. Social work only emerged in Russia in 1991 and it still lacks recognition by public opinion and by other caring professions. This paper addresses the current development of the social work profession in Russia, considers its context and reviews the main issues affecting processes within social work practice and education. Many social work agencies are in search of new forms of organization and are trying to develop new philosophies of service, in order to build positive relations with communities. However, given the 70 years of the Soviet era when social protection was highly centralized and bureaucratized, the organizational cultures of the new social services sometimes reproduce old patterns of bureaucracy, especially where employees lack professional education. The reflective practitioner type of professionalism is here argued to be more appropriate for social workers in today’s Russia. The paper includes an analysis of interviews with social workers and administrators in a large Russian city and considers the results of an ethnographic study of social services in the same city.
Partnership Working in Public Policy Provision: A Framework for Evaluation
Authors: Asthana Sheena , Richardson Sue , Halliday Joyce
Published: March 2003

Partnership working has emerged as a key feature of New Labour’s approach to social policy. However, although the theoretical benefits of partnership have been well rehearsed, agencies charged with fostering partnerships lack “evidence” about how best to proceed in bringing about organizational change. This paper describes the development and implementation of a practical approach to capturing the strategies that can be used to establish, strengthen and sustain local partnerships. To this end, it presents a conceptual framework for the evaluation of partnership working and demonstrates the application of the framework to an investigation of partnership working in Cornwall and Isles of Scilly, and Plymouth Health action zones.