bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disturbance Waves in Annular Two-Phase Flow
Authors: Hewitt G. F.
Published: June 2010

Many of the important features of annular two-phase flow are governed principally by the existence and behaviour of waves on the interface between the phases. In particular, the annular flow system is characterized by rapid wave growth leading to extremely large waves known as ‘disturbance waves’. By studying these waves, much can be learnt about annular flow. This paper summarizes previously published Harwell work in which a number of parameters of the waves have been established using a variety of experimental techniques, including (1) high-speed ciné studies using both normal and axial viewing; (2) tracking of the waves using flush-mounted conductance probes; (3) continuous film thickness measurements using a fluorescent technique; and (4) velocity measurement using an optical-mechanical stroboscopic device.

Extensive data have been obtained on wave frequency, amplitude, velocity, and break-up. If a long enough channel is used, the wave frequency and velocity become constant. It is likely that wave growth continues but that break-up of the waves occurs giving rise to liquid droplet entrainment which is balanced by droplet redeposition, thus giving a quasi-stable situation. Although the frequency becomes constant, the waves are by no means periodic. The fluorescence measurements show that the waves have an amplitude about five times greater than the mean film thickness and that the wave has an axial size of about the same order as the tube diameter. The large amplitude of the waves is confirmed by the axial view photography which also demonstrates large and transient amplitude variations around the inner periphery of the wave.
Suspension Design for High-Performance Two-Axle Freight Vehicles
Authors: Wickens A. H. , Gilchrist A. O. , Hobbs A. E. W.
Published: June 2010

The paper outlines the principal suspension performance criteria which need to be satisfied when two-axle vehicles are operated at high speed. The derivation of a set of suspension parameters to meet these criteria is discussed. Suspension designs which realize these parameters are described. A test vehicle fitted with this design of suspension has been built and the results of track tests are given.
The Private Builder's Contribution to the Development of Freight Stock
Authors: Finch W. F. , Botham G. J. M.
Published: June 2010

Over the last few years, private builders have designed and built large fleets of wagons for private owners to operate on British Railways in transporting their products rapidly in bulk. This paper describes a number of these vehicles, discusses aspects of design and standardization, and reviews many of the problems that have arisen, particularly in regard to suspension systems. The modernization of fleets commenced with four-wheeled wagons and progressed to 100-ton bogie vehicles. Some future trends are forecast in relation to the contribution the private builder can make in the manufacture and design of modern freight stock.
The Use of Electrical Models in Cooling Studies of Electrical Machines
Authors: Simonson J. R.
Published: June 2010

The electrical analogy of heat transfer is a well-established experimental approach to complex heat transfer problems. In this paper the theory of the analogy is summarized and the results of applying the analogy to cooling studies of traction motor armatures are discussed. Electrical models, simulating two- and three-dimensional heat flow in 375-kW traction motor armatures were constructed, and temperatures in the armature conductors, core, and teeth were predicted for varying speed conditions. An axially varying surface heat transfer coefficient was found to give considerable axial temperature variation, due to the low thermal conductivity of the armature core in that direction. Values of surface heat transfer coefficient were obtained which gave predicted temperatures in agreement with measurement. The effects of increasing the axial cooling duct area were investigated.
A Survey of Rolling-Bearing Failures
Authors: Morgan A. W. , Wyllie D.
Published: June 2010

The condition of approximately 600 suspect rolling bearings from electrical machinery was examined. This number did not represent a high failure rate in relation to the number in use at the time, but afforded a basis for the assessment of the frequency of the various types of failure. The grease in use was the R.N. multipurpose grease XG-274 which consists of mineral oil and a gelling agent (currently a metallic soap) and oxidation and corrosion inhibitors, but some bearings still contained earlier greases. The most frequent causes of failure were corrosion, various machine and fitting defects, and dirt. The defects detected are discussed.
Paper 11: Progressive Shock Waves in Pipes with Sudden Area Discontinuity
Authors: Srivastava J. P.
Published: June 2010

An investigation into the propagation, reflection, and transmission of progressive shock waves through sudden changes in pipe cross-sectional area is described. The boundary conditions for relating the shock wave equations upstream and downstream of the area discontinuity are obtained by considering the flow at the junction as quasi-steady. Computer programmes are developed to analyse various alternative solutions to the problem, and the experimental results obtained on a 2-in diameter shock tube are reported. Incident shock waves of pressure ratio up to 4·83 (producing sonic flow) and pipe-diameter ratios up to 4:1 are considered and the results are presented in graphical form for future use.
Paper 22: Transient Flows in Short Curved Diffusers
Authors: Deckker B. E. L. , Ramakrishnan T. K. , Male D. H.
Published: June 2010

The work reported is the first stage of an investigation into the effect of pressure waves of varying amplitude on the flow through the blade passages of turbomachines. Attention is confined to the interaction between the pressure wave and the geometry of four curved diffusers with the same area distribution about a circular- arc centre-line. The geometry of these diffusers is based on a straight diffuser with a total divergence angle equal to 12° and a length of 5 in. The nominal turning angles are 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°. The transient flow through the five diffusers has been compared on the basis of sequences of Schlieren photographs taken at 50 μs intervals. The attenuation of the wave at the curved walls has also been measured. Systematic measurements have been made of the net and transmitted pressures, and also the pressures on the curved walls, during the quasi-steady régime. An attempt has been made to predict the net and transmitted pressures by means of two simple analyses, one of which is moderately successful. Diffuser effectiveness has been compared under conditions of steady and quasi-steady flow.
Paper 25: Vortex Flow in a Cylinder
Authors: Betts P. L. , Yue Y-K.
Published: June 2010

The swirling flow inside certain types of internal combustion engine depends in a complex way on a large number of variables. The steady flow of air through a cylinder, which reproduces the main features of an induction swirl engine cylinder, has been investigated. The pressure drop across the inlet ports, the port inclination, and the port opening were varied independently while other variables were held constant. For each condition, tangential velocities were measured and axial velocity directions observed over cross-sections of the cylinder. The results have been compared with a simplified hypothesis of R. S. Benson and with theories of the Ranque–Hilsch vortex tube.
Paper 29: Unsteady Flow Effects Downstream of an Annular Cascade of Self-Excited Blades
Authors: Nabar V. G.
Published: June 2010

This paper presents a two-dimensional theory for calculating streamwise perturbations in the flow downstream of a cascade of self-excited blades and gives details of hot-wire measurements of unsteadiness downstream of an annular cascade. The theoretical values show little variation from blade to blade, whereas the experiments exhibit a large concentration of perturbations near the hub and a comparatively smaller one near the tip. It is thought that periodic circulation is shed largely from the blade tip and root within the annulus wall boundary layers, in a manner similar to the shedding of steady circulation from the aeroplane wings.
Letter Diversion: A Review of Current Practice
Authors: Bates R. V. , Parker D. J.
Published: June 2010

A sorting office is a collecting, processing, and redistribution point in our mail-handling system, and, as such, can be regarded in a broad sense as a multi-outlet diverter, directing the various items towards their destinanations. The importance of the routing components in a mechanized system cannot be over-stressed. Their design can take a wide variety of forms, each exhibiting special features which recommend it for certain applications. This paper reviews the subject and discusses the designs that have been advanced in the course of postal mechanization development, together with the means employed to activate them.
Letter Presentation
Authors: Whittington K. W. H.
Published: June 2010

The paper commences with a definition of letter presentation, and mention is made of the types of machine in which it is required. After descriptions of various developments carried out by British postal engineers in their search for the ideal presentation unit, the paper continues with an explanation of suspended presentation and concludes that it fulfils all the requirements of the British Post Office.
Experimental Equipment for Training Letter Coding Desk Operators
Authors: Henly H. R.
Published: June 2010

The future success of the automated letter coding/sorting system relies, to a large extent, upon the proficiency of the coding desk operators. However, the future demand for trained operators cannot be met by existing training methods. A computer-based system is described which will be operational by late 1970. It is designed to meet the present training requirements and is sufficiently flexible to provide for changes of philosophy which experience may show to be necessary. The integration of the system with other computerized sorting office activities is also discussed.
Code Marking of Letter Mail
Authors: Hewett J. W. , Muckett R. G.
Published: June 2010

The essential requirement demanded of a code mark printer is that it should produce economically an easily readable code pattern on letter mail of different surface colours and textures, accurately and without smudging or defacement of written matter. The merits of various methods of marking are compared and reasons for the choice of phosphor for letter mail explained. The advantages and disadvantages of possible coding techniques are discussed. Properties of the phosphor carriers are closely related to the printing method adopted. Printer mechanisms designed for hot transfer from coded tape are described, including three production models in service. The method of marking to permit identification of the source of coding, which is necessary for investigations into mis-routing, is described. The paper concludes with a history of experience to date and comments on possible future developments.
Development of a Letter Coding Desk
Authors: Knowles S. C.
Published: June 2010

The development of the letter code desk is described, particular reference being made to the necessity for the characteristics to be suited to the operating personnel. An explanation is given of the design features introduced as a result of this unit being required in relatively large numbers for this class of work. The development of the special printing unit for code application is described, with particular emphasis on the very high reliability required. An indication is given of probable future trends.
Threaded-Core Translators
Authors: Goodison H.
Published: June 2010

This paper explains the reasons for reviewing translator techniques after the success of the coding/sorting trial at Luton. The merits of core matrix, magnetic drum, inductive store, and threaded-core memories are discussed. The reasons for choosing the threaded-core technique for translators are explained. Descriptions are given of the coding desk translator, the sorting machine translator, and the methods of achieving flexibility. Current assessment of the production equipments is given, and future developments, including the use of computers, are suggested.
Tilted Belt Parcel-Sorting Machine
Authors: Castellano E. J.
Published: June 2010

Opening with a simple description of the principles of the machine the paper then recounts its history and traces the changes made in design since its introduction by the Australian Post Office. Some situations which are critical for machine operation are then analysed, e.g. mechanism of parcel discharge, loss of station of parcel, and maximum length of twist section (where such is essential). Because the throughput of the machine is much greater than that of a sorter or even a two-man facer-sorter team, means of feeding it from two or three positions have been designed. Salient features of these designs are described together with results of computer simulations of traffic. An account of the different methods of information storage that have been used is given and the paper concludes with a review of outstanding problems in the design of this machine.
Session 9: Bulk Mail Conveying: Twin-Band Rising Conveyor
Authors: Wilkinson A. J.
Published: June 2010

It is often necessary to convey and elevate objects of widely varying characteristics in a confined space with random load conditions. The twin-band rising conveyor is essentially a steeply inclined belt conveyor which carries and controls articles on inclines of up to 60°. In order to control satisfactorily articles handled on such a conveyor, a continuous and weighted cover band, which is driven in synchronism with the conveyor belt, is employed. A horizontal toe band, which may be manually or automatically loaded, is used to aid efficient introduction to the articles between the carrying and weighted belts.
Coding for Selective Discharge from Overhead Chain Conveyors
Authors: Brackstone R. L.
Published: June 2010

The paper will give particulars of methods of coding used in conjunction with overhead chain conveyors for selective discharge. An installation is then described for the sorting of mail bags from a storage area into numerous positions where discharge is effected into British Railway Universal Trolleys for transport by rail. After the final loading position, the destination code, which is indicated by a label attached to the mail bag, is keyed into an electronic memory, which in turn activates the selected discharge station at the appropriate time, thereby automatically releasing the bag directly into the appropriate trolley.
Chain Conveyors for the Transport of Mail in Bags
Authors: Smith W. J.
Published: June 2010

The paper describes the adaptation of industrial chain conveyors for the task of moving mail bags, consequent upon the development of a cheap and simple self-gripping carrier for use with such bags. Elements of system design which particularly affect the mail-handling application are surveyed, together with environmental, safety, and economic considerations. Comparison is made of the relative merits of chain and belt conveyors, the latter being the only other broadly applicable alternative. An indication is given of possible lines of future development in the field of chain conveyors. The paper includes an appendix which outlines an empirical method for estimating tractive resistance and driving power requirements.
Paper 1. Friction Clutches and Clutch Control Mechanisms
Authors: Davies D. A.
Published: June 2010

Part 1 of this paper states the basic requirements of clutches and then discusses the various factors which must be considered in the initial stages of clutch design and specification for particular applications. The differing types of clutches used over a wide range of operating conditions are described and changes likely to be seen in future designs are mentioned. A small section is devoted to facing friction materials which are one of the most important components of the clutch. Finally the steps taken to ensure satisfactory performance in a specific vehicle model are explained.

Part 2 first considers the basic requirement and characteristics and then the ergonomic factors involved. There are three common methods of control, two being mechanical, namely lever and rod system and cable system, and the third hydraulic, all of which are discussed in some detail. With each of these methods some form of power assistance may be necessary to ensure a satisfactory pedal load and the various methods by which this can be achieved are considered.
Paper 6. Semi-Automatic Transmissions Incorporating Hydrokinetic Torque Converters
Authors: Filderman R.
Published: June 2010

This paper describes the well-known Ferodo semi-automatic transmission system in which the clutch operation is controlled automatically by the operation of the gear-change lever.
Paper 14. Automatic Gearboxes (Hydrokinetic) for Trucks and Buses
Authors: Burnett S. F.
Published: June 2010

This paper shows that the hydrokinetic transmission is no newcomer to the field of trucks and buses and that in public service vehicles, in semi-automatic form, it is virtually standard equipment. Economic pressures, increasing traffic densities, etc., will lead to greater use of fully automatic transmissions in buses, and several notable fully automatic hydrokinetic public service vehicle transmissions are reviewed. In the trucking field, economic considerations are also creating a trend to larger and more powerful vehicles which will demand ease and certainty of control, and thus a place for fully automatic transmissions. An examination of the format of commercially successful fully automatic hydrokinetic truck and bus transmissions reveals that transmission designers have made extensive use of epicyclic gearing, and the paper includes an appreciation of the characteristics and advantages of this type of gearing.
Paper 19. Proportions of Automobile Change Speed Gear Teeth
Authors: Willn J. E. , Love R. J.
Published: June 2010

Information on the proportions and operating conditions for gear teeth in a range of passenger and commercial vehicle gearboxes is reviewed, and it is explained that such information provides important design data. The operating conditions are considered in terms of sliding velocity, surface contact stress, and root bending stress for the transmission of maximum engine torque. For convenience, methods given by Professor Tuplin have been used for the calculation of tooth stresses, and these have later been combined with a design procedure which may be helpful when considering applications where background experience is limited. The influence of material, production processes, heat treatment, etc., on endurance in terms of root bending fatigue, surface pitting fatigue, and scuffing is discussed, and for this purpose reference is made to past M.I.R.A. research work.
A Spray-Droplet Model for Diesel Combustion
Authors: Shipinski J. , Myers P. S. , Uyehara O. A.
Published: June 2010

A spray-burning model (based on single-droplet theory) for heat release in a diesel engine is presented. Comparison of computations using this model and experimental data from an operating diesel engine indicate that heat release rates are not adequately represented by single-droplet burning rates. A new concept is proposed, i.e. a burning coefficient for a fuel spray. Comparisons between computations and experimental data indicate that the numerical value of this coefficient is nearly independent of engine speed and combustion-chamber pressure. However, the instantaneous value of the spray burning coefficient is approximately proportional to the instantaneous mass-averaged cylinder gas temperature to the one-third power.
Formation and Combustion of Carbon in a Diesel Engine
Authors: Khan I. M.
Published: June 2010

The effects of the shape of the injection diagram, injection period, and injection nozzle on diesel engine smoke have been studied for a wide range of injection timings and engine speeds on a 1-litre direct-injection type engine cylinder. Cycle temperatures were also varied by raising inlet air temperature and by introducing water mixed with diesel fuel. An analysis of these results shows that the exhaust smoke level is mainly determined by the concentration of soot at the end of heat release (net soot release), i.e. any subsequent combustion of the net soot release before exhaust valve opening is unimportant. The net soot release in a diesel engine cylinder, for a given fuel, is controlled by the amount and rate of diffusion burning and the flame temperatures.
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Burning Drops of Hydrocarbon Mixtures
Authors: Chen C. S. , El-Wakil M. M.
Published: June 2010

This paper presents an experimental and theoretical study of the self-ignition and burning behaviour of drops of hydrocarbon mixtures.

In the experimental work, the mass histories, as well as temperature, shape, and flame histories, of drops of heavy hydrocarbon mixtures, suspended on fine thermocouple beads and subjected to heated air streams, were obtained. Due to thermal decomposition and irregular burning, the masses could not be determined from temperature and size and were measured by a liquid-nitrogen quenching technique. Temperature, flame, and shape histories were obtained in the usual manner by thermocouple and photographic means. Drops of grade 6 fuel oil and grade 6 fuel oil minus its asphaltene constituent, of 1·2 and 1·7 mg initial mass, subjected to 1450 and 1600°F air-stream temperatures, were studied.

The drop histories can be divided into four phases: (1) pre-ignition, (2) self-ignition and combustion, (3) thermal decomposition, and (4) carbon residue, or cenosphere, burning. The asphaltenes contributed a great deal to burning irregularities but not to burning rates or temperatures. The latter were higher the higher the air temperature, but were affected less by changes in air velocity.

In the theoretical work, a generalized treatment predicting the histories of drops undergoing unsteady vaporization, burning, thermal decomposition, or combinations of these was formulated. Based on a spherically symmetric model, governing equations of state, continuity, chemical species conservation, and energy conservation were solved with the aid of simplifying assumptions. A computer program was developed covering a wide range of operating conditions. The theoretical model showed reasonable agreement with the experimental results.

A universal plot estimating drop histories of heavy residual fuels was prepared. The distribution of the total heat input into sensible heat, latent heat of vaporization, and endothermic heat of decomposition was also plotted versus dimensionless time.
The Spontaneous Ignition of Hydrocarbon Fuels in a Flowing System
Authors: Stringer F. W. , Clarke A. E. , Clarke J. S.
Published: June 2010

An apparatus is described in which the ignition delays of fuel sprays have been measured over a range of pressures (30–60 atm.), temperatures (770–980°K), and velocities up to 70 ft/s (21 m/s), in a continuously flowing air stream. Experiments have been made over this range of conditions with 21 hydrocarbon fuels and the appropriate values of ignition delay for any given engine or fuel can be interpolated. For the engine designer, equations are recommended relating ignition delay, air pressure, and temperature for a range of commercial fuels from diesel fuel to a premium grade gasoline. Curves are presented indicating the variation of ignition delay with cetane number and octane number, and a relationship between these two parameters has been derived.
Paper 2: Glandless Pump–Motor Units for Feed Heating Plant in Central Power Stations
Authors: Leith T. O. , Clapham H. E. C. , McColl J. R.
Published: June 2010

This paper outlines the need for glandless pump–motor units in modern feed heating plant. It describes the design, construction, and testing of a prototype glandless centrifugal pump with integral squirrel cage motor. The composite unit is for deaerator lift duty in the feed heating system of a 500-MW generating set. The principal hydraulic features, mechanical construction, motor cooling and bearing lubrication system, and stator and rotor construction are outlined. An account is given of the glands used to bring the electrical connections through the pressure casing wall and of the special terminal arrangement. Works and site testing are described and the results discussed. Preparations for transport and precautions required during storage and installation at site to minimize corrosion are considered. Machines developed from the prototype are described, with particular reference to the use of coaxial stator conductors, combined pressure casing/stator frame construction, improved water lubrication system, resiliently mounted thrust bearing, suction stage axial inducer, and axial entry diffuser.
Paper 5: Glandless Boiler Circulating Pumps
Authors: Weldon R. , Kellett R.
Published: June 2010

This paper gives an outline of the design and development of the 750-b.h.p. prototype glandless boiler circulating pump to be commissioned at Kingsnorth Power Station. Suction conditions of 2650 lb/in2 (gauge) and 650°F demanded special techniques for the maintenance of safe motor winding temperature levels under all types of operation. Constructional details of the high-pressure casings and the rotor system, employing water-lubricated bearings, are discussed, together with those of the auxiliary cooling system. Comprehensive prototype tests were carried out to prove the principal design features. Particulars of the test rigs used and the results obtained from them are given.
Paper 7: The Use of Glandless Recirculation Pumps on Once-Through Benson-Type Steam Generators in Germany
Authors: Adrian F.
Published: June 2010

When the use of austenitic materials called for a revision of the start-up devices for once-through Benson boilers, a system using water return flow to one stage of the feed pumps was recalled. The development of glandless recirculation pumps, which made it possible to adopt this system for the highest pressures, is discussed. The paper describes how the system can be adapted to meet more exacting requirements by suction line dimensioning and by cooling the return flow water.
Paper 8: Boiler Circulating Canned Motor Pumps
Authors: Morin H. M. , Gilmer A. C. , Bredin J. P.
Published: June 2010

This paper presents all the technical aspects of the pump constructed by Société Rateau for the first French 600-MW controlled circulation boiler. First, the general organization of the pump with an underslung motor will be presented, then each of the most important sub-sections of the machine will be described: the two-discharge branch volute, the thermal barrier, the fixing system of the inductor internal sleeve, the multi-pad hydrodynamic bearings and thrust, the tight terminals, etc. For each of these parts the authors will give the reasons that led to their selection and will present alternative solutions used on other machines. The paper will also describe the pump isolating elements such as valve and double wedge gates. Finally, the test loop on which the prototype pump has been tested at full power and temperature will be discussed, and the main results will be presented.
Paper 9: Canned Motor Pump Design
Authors: Hagen O.
Published: June 2010

The canned motor pump principle, its design and analysis techniques, as well as some manufacturing problems and problem analyses, are outlined in this paper. Types of operations that might have severe adverse effects on the life of the unit are also discussed. Particular attention is given to the detailed analytical evaluations of the design as to methods and criteria used in the thermal and stress analyses. Special emphasis is given to can fatigue evaluation in general, with descriptions of a successful design solution.
Paper 2: Hydrodynamic Stability of the Flow between Eccentric Rotating Cylinders with Axial Flow: Visual Observations
Authors: Coney J. E. R. , Mobbs F. R.
Published: June 2010

The influence of side leakage on the onset of Taylor vortices in high-speed journal bearings is studied by observing the effects of varying the eccentricity of, and the axial flow through, an annulus. The apparatus permits of both sharp and smooth entries to the annulus. Flow visualization is achieved by means of aluminium paint pigment suspended in the test fluid. It is shown that both the eccentricity and the axial flow have a marked effect on the critical Taylor number. Evidence is presented for the co-existence of two systems of vortices within the annulus.
Paper 5: Relaxation Oscillations on a Machine Tool Slideway
Authors: Stewart D. G. , Hunt J. B.
Published: June 2010

An investigation into the variation of the coefficient of friction during stick-slip sliding of a machine tool carriage is reported. The errors of position induced by the oscillation at feed speeds approaching zero, and at the critical speed when the oscillation amplitude is at a maximum, were measured and the results are given in a non-dimensional empirical relation which includes the effect of system natural frequency and feed speed. The amplitudes of the errors during sliding are shown to remain substantially constant at feed speeds below a critical value for any given machine configuration. At speeds above the critical the oscillations are rapidly damped out. The value of the critical velocity is shown to be a function of bearing pressure. The magnitude of the errors is seen to depend on the system natural frequency, there being a rapid rise in errors with system natural frequencies below about 60 rad/s.
Paper 14: Measurement of Film Thickness in a Taper Roller Bearing
Authors: Jones D. A. , Crease A. B.
Published: June 2010

This paper describes an attempt to measure the elastohydrodynamic film thickness generated within the rolling contacts of a conventional taper roller thrust bearing. The technique used is simple and unambiguous and should be capable of application irrespective of the surface finish or geometry of the rolling elements.
Paper 16: Tilting Pad Thrust Bearings: Rapid Design Aids
Authors: Martin F. A.
Published: June 2010

Two slide chart design aids are developed for tilting pad thrust bearings in order ( a) to give guidance on load-carrying capacity, considering such limits as allowable oil film thickness and maximum pad temperature, and ( b) to enable the designer to estimate directly the total power loss in double thrust bearing assemblies. These slide charts (each consisting of two sheets) enable variables such as pad size, number of pads, oil specification, specific load, and collar speed to be considered individually. Thus the designer has a tool from which he can obtain a ‘feel’ for bearing performance and see at a glance the interplay between all the variables.
Report Paper 2: Approximate Short Bearing Analysis and Experimental Results Obtained Using Plastic Bearing Liners
Authors: O'Donoghue J. P. , Koch P. R. , Hooke C. J.
Published: June 2010

This paper outlines a new approximate theory for liquid lubricated plain journal bearings with elastic liners. This is a modified form of Ocvirk's theory and includes the effect of circumferential flow. The results of a series of tests on short plastic bearings are presented to compare with the theoretical predictions of the new theory. The authors conclude that for short bearings the theory gives reasonably good predictions of performance, but the elasticity assumptions cause major errors for length/diameter ratios greater than 0·5 due to the decrease in oil film thickness that occurs near the ends of the bearing. The approximate solution adopted for the hydrodynamic problem may be of use for considering dynamic conditions taking the Reynolds conditions for cavitation.
Report Paper 5: A Microscopic Method of Examination of the Process of Oil Filtration
Authors: Osborne J. E. , Rosenfeld L.
Published: June 2010

A technique has been developed for studying the mechanism of filtration by viewing under the microscope the passage of contaminated oil through a thin section of filter paper. The process of filtration of several standard oil contaminants and of several crankcase oils from I.C. engines is described and illustrated.
Paper 2: The Effects on Body Structures of Present and Possible Future Safety Legislation, and the Mathematical Simulation of Barrier Impact
Authors: Curtis J.
Published: June 2010

The wise body designer looks ahead to the type of statutory safety requirements that might be in existence by the time his current design has been on the road for some years. But the necessary testing of prototypes is expensive. The author describer a computer simulation of impact tests, based on empirical data from static crush tests and the equations of motion.
Paper 4: Towards the All-Plastics Motor Car
Authors: Gurney G. O.
Published: June 2010

This paper outlines the wide spectrum of plastics now available and attempts to give a basic understanding of the techniques for this manufacture. Automobile engineers often say that the plastics industry does not appreciate the real problems of the motor industry. The author questions this and suggests that the motor industry does not understand the real advantages of sophisticated plastics.
Paper 7: Structural Analysis of Car Body Shells Using Computer Techniques
Authors: Moore G. G.
Published: June 2010

To predict as many characteristics as possible of projected body designs, a computer programme has been developed on the basis of idealized beam and panel lay-outs. Results correlate well with actual tests but complete optimization is impossible because of the complexity of the structure and the number of different section properties. The methods of analysis are described.
Paper 11: Chassis Frames
Authors: Sherman D. W.
Published: June 2010

Over the years the role of the frame in American passenger cars has changed greatly. More recently, the virtue of the frame with respect to collision damage and passenger safety is receiving increasing attention. After a short discussion of frame function, the author explores the evolution of the frame as influenced by major changes in other vehicle components. Special laboratory equipment for durability testing and analysis of structures is complemented by a machine for crushing vehicles and components to simulate the effects of collisions. This permits a step-by-step analysis and provides data for design improvement.
Paper 12: Human Factors Influencing Control Positions
Authors: Simmonds G. R. W.
Published: June 2010

The ergonomic aspects of interior fittings is discussed with special reference to safety. International standardization of control positions and markings is an urgent need and more information is needed to help designers and stylists.
Paper 16: Modern Methods of Translating a Styling Model to a Body Draft and Tooling
Authors: Davy D. W.
Published: June 2010

This paper is concerned only with skin panels. A system centred on a digital computer is suggested though it has not yet made of having implemented the total system. Parts of the system have been completely implemented. The computer has proved of use in other areas to relieve the designer of routine and time-consuming tasks, such as plotting wheel movement envelopes and as an aid to the design of small press tools for internal panels, but this subject is not covered here.
Paper 1: A Feed Pump Design Concept for 660-Mw Generating Sets
Authors: Richardson J. , Taylor J. M.
Published: June 2010

Prior to the merging of G. & J. Weir Ltd and The Harland Engineering Co. Ltd to form Weir Pumps Ltd, a new design of pump unit was produced to meet the requirements of the Central Electricity Generating Board for 660-MW units. Emphasis was given to the utmost reliability; but in the event of failure, the entire pump can be removed and replaced with a spare pump within 8 h. A new support system, with integral pump- and pipe-handling equipment, was developed. The principal considerations leading to this design are described and details are given of the prototype pump built to prove the concept, the supporting research and development, and early operational experience.
Paper 10: Radial Forces in Centrifugal Pumps with Guide Vanes
Authors: Hergt P. , Krieger P.
Published: June 2010

At partial and overload conditions, radial decentralizing forces act upon the rotor of a centrifugal pump with guide vanes if the impeller is out of centre. The magnitude of these forces depends on load conditions, and the forces increase with growing eccentricity. At very small flow, these forces become non-stationary. They rotate at a considerably lower frequency than the velocity frequency and may lead to rotor vibrations. The paper discusses the effects of stationary and non-stationary radial forces, and resulting shaft deflections and vibrations, from measurements on two experimental test rigs. The paper also presents the results of research on the pressure distribution of guide vanes, carried out in air, and gives observations of flow patterns in a shallow water test rig.
Paper 1: Aspects of Shaping, Hobbing, and Shaving Machines for Medium-Sized Gears
Authors: Welbourn D. B. , Smith J. D.
Published: June 2010

The design and use of shaping, hobbing, and shaving machines employed in the car industry and general engineering workshops is discussed in the light of fundamental information on cutting forces and machine dynamics now available. New information on the shaving process is presented and trends in production methods and machine design are considered.
Paper 7: Modern Assessment of Extreme-Pressure Action
Authors: Edwards E. D.
Published: June 2010

The paper attempts to summarize the salient points in our present-day understanding of the mechanism of extreme-pressure action. To illustrate advances in the knowledge in this field, certain facts will be highlighted.
Paper 10: Effect of Geometrical Errors on the Transmission of Motion between Gears
Authors: Munro R. G.
Published: June 2010

Geometrical imperfections in gears can alter significantly the ways in which load and motion are transmitted. This paper describes these effects in a manner which is applicable to all types of gears, leading to a greater understanding of the problems of accurate indexing, vibration and noise, and composite inspection techniques. Theoretical and experimental comparisons are made between single and dual flank composite testing methods, the results of which suggest that these methods need to be reviewed and extended.
Paper 11: Experience with Compact Orbital Gears in Service
Authors: Hicks R. J.
Published: June 2010

This paper describes in detail the flexible pin mechanism of load-sharing not only between adjacent planet wheels but also across the full tooth face of both sun and annulus mesh points. The history of a number of examples of gears in service is also described, and the paper concludes by showing the range of applications for this type of gearing, including the ultimate refinement of providing a drive with an infinitely variable ratio.
Paper 13: Choice of Tooth Type for High-Speed Gearing
Authors: Hicks R. J.
Published: June 2010

The paper considers the pros and cons of spur, single, and double helical gearing. A detailed geometric analysis of the basic load capacities of helical and spur gears, respectively, leads to non-dimensional optimum tooth numbers for each type, having a constant ratio to one another irrespective of size and material. Helical gears are shown to require the same volume as spurs but relatively coarser teeth. Consideration of the possible dynamic effects of characteristic errors leads to the conclusion that spur gears are potentially superior for very high speed applications.
Paper 15: Experience with E.P. Turbine Oil
Authors: Fowle T. I. , Hughes A.
Published: June 2010

This paper briefly describes early unsuccessful attempts to produce an e.p. turbine oil based on an active sulphur e.p. additive, and describes experience with a successful oil based on chlorinated paraffin wax. Anti-scuffing capacity is discussed, particularly in relation to conditions of shock loading and running time. The effect of the oil on increasing plastic flow in soft gears, and thereby on pitting, is also examined. After discussing the demulsibility of oils in service, chemical effects are described in detail; namely, staining caused by the formation of β-FeO. OH deposit formation due to overheating of bulk oil and due to the overheating in thin films exposed to air. The latter relates to severe shaft damage owing to the formation of carbonaceous matter in bearing pedestal baffles, and recommendations are made towards design. The paper concludes with experiences of the wire-wool type failure of turbine thrust bearings, and present details of the oil/steel interactions found in the course of extensive full-scale rig work on the problem.
Paper 17: Marine-Turbine Propulsion Gearing: Foundations of a Current Design Philosophy
Authors: Charles C. J. , Dawson P. H.
Published: June 2010

Some details are given of the development work which has led to the design of a range of marine-propulsion gearboxes. Materials for surface-hardened pinions mating with through-hardened wheels have been assessed in disc machines, pulsator test rigs, and back-to-back gear rigs. Models have been used to obtain information on fabricated wheel designs, and production wheels have been subjected to strain gauge, deflection, and vibration testing. A one-piece gearcase based upon the use of the minimum number of structural elements is described and flexible couplings are discussed.
Paper 19: Precision in Marine-Gear Manufacture: The Modern Approach
Authors: Hadcroft A.
Published: June 2010

In previous years, a high standard of accuracy in hobbing machine correction and gear production was achieved by laborious and painstaking work. Today, accurate gears are the rule rather than the exception, and manufacturing plant is usually fully utilized. Serious interruption to manufacturing schedules can no longer be tolerated for maintenance of the established product quality. The paper seeks to examine some of the more modern procedures and equipment, and to mention those areas in particular which require constant vigilance and attention to ensure that a gear manufacturing plant is maintained at high standards of quality and efficiency.
Paper 1: Critical Factors in the Application of Dual-Fuel Engines
Authors: Eke P. W. A. , Walker J. H. , Williams M. A.
Published: June 2010

A dual-fuel engine may be defined as a compression-ignition engine using mainly gaseous fuel but with a small quantity of fuel oil injected as an ignition source; the engine can be changed over instantaneously and under load to operate on liquid fuel alone. The recent availability of natural gas in this country once again attracts the attention of engineers towards gas as a fuel for internal-combustion engines.

This paper traces the development of dual-fuel engines, originally using sewage gas and more recently using natural gas, and considers their advantages, both technical and economic, compared with spark-ignited and diesel engines. The dual-fuel engines within the authors' experience are described. The critical factors in handling natural gas in its liquid form are considered, and the extended scope of dual-fuel engines and alternative fuel engines in mobile applications is briefly reviewed. Finally, the paper examines the future for dual-fuel engines and suggests directions in which further development is required.
Paper 4: Critical Factors in the Application of Diesel Engines to Rail Traction
Authors: Petrook W. , Stewart W. A.
Published: June 2010

The authors consider that the operation of diesel engines for rail traction is arduous because of the ‘on-off’ operation of the engine duty cycle in service, and hence thermal cycling is more severe than that in other applications. The joint paper discusses the limitations of the cooling systems, the turbo-blower and its lubrication, and the arrangements made to ensure that fuel input is related to turbo-blower speed during acceleration of the engine. The silencing of diesel engines is of additional importance from the exhaust noise aspect and from the mechanical noise of the engine itself. The rating of diesel engines is discussed briefly, as are overhaul life, ease of maintenance, and reliability.
Paper 7: The Turbo-Charged Diesel as a Road Transport Power Unit
Authors: Holmér E. , Häggh B.
Published: June 2010

The lowest possible cost of transport determines the choice of vehicle engine. Installation space, weight, and fuel consumption favour turbo-charged diesels which also have good smoke and noise characteristics. Much development work has been done at Volvo to increase reliability as regards the turbo-charger unit, cylinder head gaskets, valve wear, and bore scuffing. In this connection a decreased compression ratio is an important factor. However, cold starting and white smoke under part load must be solved in a way that does not decrease reliability.
Paper 8: The Diesel Engine as a Source of Commercial Vehicle Noise
Authors: Waters P. E. , Lalor N. , Priede T.
Published: June 2010

The drive-past noise of diesel-engined commercial vehicles is controlled by engine speed rather than road speed. The principal noise source related to the power unit is the noise radiated by the engine structure, which has a level of 85–91 dBA during the ISO test. The combined intensity of all the other such sources is, at the most, equal to the noise radiated by the structure. It has been found that the parameters controlling engine noise are the bore, speed, and combustion systems. This has led to an empirical formula which predicts engine noise to within ±2 dBA.
Paper 9: Fuel-Injection System Requirements for Different Engine Applications
Authors: Howes P.
Published: June 2010

Modern diesel engines are used in a wider variety of applications, installations, and environments than probably any other power unit. It is quite common for one engine type to be used for tractors, automotive, industrial, and marine purposes, with very little change to the basic engine. Considerable changes are necessary in the fuel-injection system, however, to meet the varying torque curve, speed range, and governing requirements. Operation over a wider range of temperatures and viscosities is often needed, and noise and smoke legislation have added further requirements. The paper outlines these problems and the compromises that must sometimes be made. Direct-injection and indirect-injection engine cases have been considered.

The paper concludes with some comments on pre-setting fuel pumps for high-volume production.
Paper 11: Diesel Generation for Ascension Island
Authors: Mackenzie A. K.
Published: June 2010

The requirement was to supply 4 MW of electricity and sufficient fresh water by desalination to meet the needs of 500 people on this remote island. The principal factors influencing the selection of the prime movers included proven reliability, ease of maintenance, and compactness. The engines were also required to supply a continually fluctuating electrical load whilst maintaining strict frequency conditions. Maximum utilization of waste heat was required for fresh water production, and two systems working independently from the jacket water and exhaust heat were evolved. The testing of the station as a whole to determine performance and overall efficiencies for the diesel engines is described.
Paper 12: Improvements to Conventional Diesel Engines to Reduce Noise
Authors: Russell M. F.
Published: June 2010

The research reported in this paper has been directed towards making conventional diesel engines quieter by modifying the engine structure. The work has been concentrated on reducing the vibration levels of the external surfaces of the engine, particularly the thinly panelled areas such as the crankcase panels, water jacket panels, timing cover, sump, rocker cover, and tappet covers. Various treatments have been devised for these areas, and they have been applied to a six-cylinder in-line automotive engine and a three-cylinder tractor engine to give overall noise reductions of 5 dBA or more at full rated speed and load.