bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inelastic low-energy collisions of electrons with HeH+: Rovibrational excitation and dissociative recombination
Authors: Čurík Roman , Greene Chris H.
Published: August 2017

Inelastic low-energy (0–1 eV) collisions of electrons with HeH+ cations are treated theoretically, with a focus on the rovibrational excitation and dissociative recombination (DR) channels. In an application of ab initio multichannel quantum defect theory, the description of both processes is based on the Born-Oppenheimer quantum defects. The quantum defects were determined using the R-matrix approach in two different frames of reference: the center-of-charge and the center-of-mass frames. The results obtained in the two reference systems, after implementing the Fano-Jungen style rovibrational frame-transformation technique, show differences in the rate of convergence for these two different frames of reference. We find good agreement with the available theoretically predicted rotationally inelastic thermal rate coefficients. Our computed DR rate also agrees well with the available experimental results. Moreover, several computational experiments shed light on the role of rotational and vibrational excitations in the indirect DR mechanism that governs the low energy HeH+ dissociation process. While the rotational excitation is several orders of magnitude more probable process at the studied collision energies, the closed-channel resonances described by the high-n, rotationally excited neutral molecules of HeH contribute very little to the dissociation probability. But the situation is very different for resonances defined by the high-n, vibrationally excited HeH molecules, which are found to dissociate with approximately 90% probability.
Extending the binary collision algorithm to non-Spitzer systems and application to laser heating and damage
Authors: Russell Alex , Schumacher Douglass
Published: August 2017

We have generalized the binary collision algorithm to accommodate arbitrary collision rates, enabling the accurate kinetic modeling of short range particle interactions in non-Spitzer systems. With this extension, we explore the effect of different collision models on simulating how ultra-intense lasers first begin to heat a target. The effect of collisions on plasma evolution is crucial for treating particle slowing, energy transport, and thermalization. The widely used binary collision algorithm provides a fast and computationally efficient method to include the effects of collisions between charged particles in kinetic simulations without requiring the particles to be in local thermal equilibrium already. However, it is “hardwired” to use Spitzer collision rates that are appropriate for hot, relatively dilute plasmas. This restriction prevents the Nanbu collision algorithm from accurately describing the initial heating of a cold target, a key problem for the study of laser damage or the generation of the warm dense matter state. We describe our approach for modifying the Nanbu collision algorithm and demonstrate the improved accuracy for copper targets.
Optical determination of the electronic coupling and intercalation geometry of thiazole orange homodimer in DNA
Authors: Cunningham Paul D. , Bricker William P. , Díaz Sebastián A. , Medintz Igor L. , Bathe Mark , Melinger Joseph S.
Published: August 2017

Sequence-selective bis-intercalating dyes exhibit large increases in fluorescence in the presence of specific DNA sequences. This property makes this class of fluorophore of particular importance to biosensing and super-resolution imaging. Here we report ultrafast transient anisotropy measurements of resonance energy transfer (RET) between thiazole orange (TO) molecules in a complex formed between the homodimer TOTO and double-stranded (ds) DNA. Biexponential homo-RET dynamics suggest two subpopulations within the ensemble: 80% intercalated and 20% non-intercalated. Based on the application of the transition density cube method to describe the electronic coupling and Monte Carlo simulations of the TOTO/dsDNA geometry, the dihedral angle between intercalated TO molecules is estimated to be 81° ± 5°, corresponding to a coupling strength of 45 ± 22 cm−1. Dye intercalation with this geometry is found to occur independently of the underlying DNA sequence, despite the known preference of TOTO for the nucleobase sequence CTAG. The non-intercalated subpopulation is inferred to have a mean inter-dye separation distance of 19 Å, corresponding to coupling strengths between 0 and 25 cm−1. This information is important to enable the rational design of energy transfer systems that utilize TOTO as a relay dye. The approach used here is generally applicable to determining the electronic coupling strength and intercalation configuration of other dimeric bis-intercalators.
Driving quantum systems with superoscillations
Authors: Kempf Achim , Prain Angus
Published: August 2017

Superoscillations, i.e., the phenomenon that a bandlimited function can temporary oscillate faster than its highest Fourier component, are being much discussed for their potential for “superresolution” beyond the diffraction limit. Here, we consider systems that are driven with a time dependence that is off-resonance for the system, in the Fourier sense. We show that superoscillating sources can temporarily induce resonance during the period when the source is behaving superoscillatory. This observation poses the question as to how the system “undoes” the “false resonance” after the full source has acted and its band limitation is apparent. We discuss several examples of systems that might be capable of distilling the temporary excitation through some non-harmonic effects, such as dissipation or dispersion at high frequencies, opening up the possibility of low frequency detection of “fast” microphysics through superoscillations. We conclude that either superoscillations really can beat the bandlimit and achieve superresolution (“kinematic superresolution”) or the superoscillating high frequency is absorbed and we gain dynamical access to the physics of high frequency processes with low frequency signals (“dynamical superresolution”).
Wavelength-selective and diffuse infrared thermal emission mediated by magnetic polaritons from silicon carbide metasurfaces
Authors: Yang Yue , Taylor Sydney , Alshehri Hassan , Wang Liping
Published: August 2017

In the present study, we experimentally demonstrate the spectrally coherent and diffuse thermal emission by exciting magnetic polaritons in SiC metasurfaces fabricated by the focused ion beam technique. Spectral emittance characterized by using an infrared microscope coupled to a Fourier transform spectrometer clearly shows a wavelength-selective emission peak as high as 0.8. Numerical simulations including emittance spectra and contour plot of electromagnetic field distribution were carried out to verify and understand the underlying mechanism of magnetic polaritons. The metasurfaces were further shown to be direction and polarization independent. The results would facilitate metasurfaces for applications like radiative thermal management and infrared sensing.
Excitation of whistler waves below the lower hybrid frequency by a loop antenna located in an enhanced density duct
Authors: Kudrin Alexander V. , Ostafiychuk Oleg M. , Zaboronkova Tatyana M.
Published: August 2017

Whistler wave radiation from a loop antenna located in a cylindrical duct with enhanced plasma density is considered in the case where the wave frequency is less than the lower hybrid frequency. Using the full-wave formulation, the total radiation resistance and the partial radiation resistances corresponding to guided eigenmodes of such a duct and unguided waves radiating to the background magnetoplasma are calculated and analyzed as functions of the plasma and source parameters. The emphasis is placed on the radiation characteristics of the considered source in the presence of an artificial near-antenna duct that can be created during active experiments in the ionosphere. Conditions are revealed under which the total radiation resistance is predominantly determined by the excitation of the eigenmodes of the duct. It is shown that the presence of an enhanced density duct can lead to a notable increase in the radiation resistance of a loop antenna in the discussed frequency range even if the duct is rather narrow and capable of guiding only a single low-order eigenmode. The results obtained can be helpful in understanding the basic features of excitation of the ducted whistlers and planning the related ionospheric and laboratory experiments.
Long-period clocks from short-period oscillators
Authors: Labavić Darka , Meyer-Ortmanns Hildegard
Published: August 2017

We analyze repulsively coupled Kuramoto oscillators, which are exposed to a distribution of natural frequencies. This source of disorder leads to closed orbits of repetitive temporary patterns of phase-locked motion, providing clocks on macroscopic time scales. The periods can be orders of magnitude longer than the periods of individual oscillators. By construction, the attractor space is quite rich. This may cause long transients until the deterministic trajectories find their stationary orbits. The smaller the width of the distribution about the common natural frequency, the longer are the emerging time scales on average. Among the long-period orbits, we find self-similar sequences of temporary phase-locked motion on different time scales. The ratio of time scales is determined by the ratio of widths of the distributions. The results illustrate a mechanism for how simple systems can provide rather flexible dynamics, with a variety of periods even without external entrainment.
Structural and electrical analysis of epitaxial 2D/3D vertical heterojunctions of monolayer MoS2 on GaN
Authors: O'Regan Terrance P. , Ruzmetov Dmitry , Neupane Mahesh R. , Burke Robert A. , Herzing Andrew A. , Zhang Kehao , Birdwell A. Glen , Taylor DeCarlos E. , Byrd Edward F. C. , Walck Scott D. , Davydov Albert V. , Robinson Joshua A. , Ivanov Tony G.
Published: August 2017

Integration of two-dimensional (2D) and conventional (3D) semiconductors can lead to the formation of vertical heterojunctions with valuable electronic and optoelectronic properties. Regardless of the growth stacking mechanism implemented so far, the quality of the formed heterojunctions is susceptible to defects and contaminations mainly due to the complication involved in the transfer process. We utilize an approach that aims to eliminate the transfer process and achieve epitaxial vertical heterojunctions with low defect interfaces necessary for efficient vertical transport. Monolayers of MoS2 of approximately 2 μm domains are grown epitaxially by powder vaporization on GaN substrates forming a vertical 2D/3D heterojunction. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) is employed to analyze the in-plane lattice constants and van der Waals (vdW) gap between the 2D and 3D semiconductor crystals. The extracted in-plane lattice mismatch between monolayer MoS2 and GaN is only 1.2% which corresponds well to the expected mismatch between bulk MoS2 and GaN. The vdW gap between MoS2 and GaN, extracted from the XTEM measurements, is consistent with the vdW gap of 3.1 Å predicted by our first principles calculations. The effect of monolayer (1L) MoS2 on the electrical characteristics of 2D/3D semiconductor heterojunctions was studied using conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM). The electrical current across the CAFM-tip/1L-MoS2/GaN vertical junctions is dominated by the tip/GaN interface of both n- and p-doped GaN. This electronic transparency of 1L-MoS2 tells us that a 2D crystal component has to be above a certain thickness before it can serve as an independent semiconductor element in 2D/3D heterojunctions.
Optical and electrical performance of thermochromic V2O3 thin film fabricated by magnetron sputtering
Authors: Sun Guangyao , Cao Xun , Long Shiwei , Li Rong , Jin Ping
Published: August 2017

V2O3 was recognized as one of the clearest examples of Mott-Hubbard physics but was rarely treated as transmittance modulating coatings based on the metal-insulator transition. Here, we deposited high quality epitaxial V2O3 thin films on sapphire (001) substrates as well as polycrystalline V2O3 films on glass or Si substrates, measured the optical properties during cooling and heating, and discussed the modulating ability using fully reversible optical hysteresis loops. Meanwhile, we also optimized the electrical performance of V2O3/SiNx/Si samples by W-Ti co-doping. The obtained co-doped V2O3 film shows a relatively high temperature coefficient resistance of −8.1%/K at 80 K without hysteresis loops, which exhibits great potential in high sensitivity thermal resistor devices. Our work provides a comprehensive scenario of the V2O3 thin film physics.
Investigation on the similarity law of low-pressure glow discharges based on the light intensity distributions in geometrically similar gaps
Authors: Fu Yangyang , Wang Xinxin , Zou Xiaobing , Yang Shuo , Verboncoeur John P. , Christlieb Andrew J.
Published: August 2017

Experimental investigation of the light intensity distributions of a low-pressure glow discharge is carried out in several pairs of geometrically similar plane-parallel gaps, of which the aspect ratios and the products of the linear dimension and the gas pressure are the same. The discharge images are captured using a Charge Coupled Device camera, from which the corresponding axial light intensity distributions are presented. Based on the obtained light intensity distributions, the thicknesses of cathode fall layers were identified by measuring the distance between the peak glow position and the cathode boundary. The influence of the discharge current on the light intensity distributions on the geometrically similar gaps is also investigated. It was found that, for discharges in each pair of geometrically similar gaps, the reduced cathode fall thicknesses are observed to be identical when the discharge currents are the same. The similarity relation of the cathode fall thickness is validated for low-pressure glow discharges in gaps for different aspect ratios.
Effect of doping on the characteristics of infrared photodetectors based on van der Waals heterostructures with multiple graphene layers
Authors: Ryzhii V. , Ryzhii M. , Leiman V. , Mitin V. , Shur M. S. , Otsuji T.
Published: August 2017

We study the operation of infrared photodetectors based on van der Waals heterostructures with multiple graphene layers (GLs) and n-type emitter and collector contacts. The operation of such GL infrared photodetectors (GLIPs) is associated with the photoassisted escape of electrons from the GLs into the continuum states in the conduction band of the barrier layers due to the interband photon absorption, the propagation of these electrons, and the electrons injected from the emitter across the heterostructure and their collection by the collector contact. The space charge of the holes trapped in the GLs provides a relatively strong injection and large photoelectric gain. We calculate the GLIP responsivity and dark current detectivity as functions of the energy of incident infrared photons and the structural parameters. It is shown that both the periodic selective doping of the inter-GL barrier layers and the GL doping lead to a pronounced variation of the GLIP spectral characteristics, particularly near the interband absorption threshold, while the doping of GLs solely results in a substantial increase in the GLIP detectivity. The doping “engineering” opens wide opportunities for the optimization of GLIPs for operation in different parts of the radiation spectrum from near infrared to terahertz.
Gate-tunable Hall sensors on large area CVD graphene protected by h-BN with 1D edge contacts
Authors: Karpiak Bogdan , Dankert André , Dash Saroj P.
Published: August 2017

Graphene is an excellent material for Hall sensors due to its atomically thin structure, high carrier mobility, and low carrier density. However, graphene devices need to be protected from the environment for reliable and durable performance in different environmental conditions. Here we present magnetic Hall sensors fabricated on large area commercially available chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene protected by exfoliated hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). To connect the graphene active regions of Hall samples to the outputs, 1D edge contacts were utilized which show reliable and stable electrical properties. The operation of the Hall sensors shows the current-related sensitivity up to 345 V/(AT). By changing the carrier concentration and type in graphene by the application of gate voltage, we are able to tune the Hall sensitivity.
Importance of frequency dependent magnetoresistance measurements in analysing the intrinsicality of magnetodielectric effect: A case study
Authors: Rai Hari Mohan , Saxena Shailendra K. , Mishra Vikash , Kumar Rajesh , Sagdeo P. R.
Published: August 2017

Magnetodielectric (MD) materials have attracted considerable attention due to their intriguing physics and potential future applications. However, the intrinsicality of the MD effect is always a major concern in such materials as the MD effect may arise also due to the MR (magnetoresistance) effect. In the present case study, we report an experimental approach to analyse and separate the intrinsic and MR dominated contributions of the MD phenomenon. For this purpose, polycrystalline samples of LaGa1-xAxO3 (A = Mn/Fe) have been prepared by solid state reaction method. The purity of their structural phase (orthorhombic) has been validated by refining the X-ray diffraction data. The RTMD (room temperature MD) response has been recorded over a frequency range of 20 Hz to 10 MHz. In order to analyse the intrinsicality of the MD effect, FDMR (frequency dependent MR) by means of IS (impedance spectroscopy) and dc MR measurements in four probe geometry have been carried out at RT. A significant RTMD effect has been observed in selected Mn/Fe doped LaGaO3 (LGO) compositions. The mechanism of MR free/intrinsic MD effect, observed in Mn/Fe doped LGO, has been understood speculatively in terms of modified cell volume associated with the reorientation/retransformation of spin-coupled Mn/Fe orbitals due to the application of magnetic field. The present analysis suggests that in order to justify the intrinsic/resistive origin of the MD phenomenon, FDMR measurements are more useful than measuring only dc MR or analysing the trends of magnetic field dependent change in the dielectric constant and tanδ. On the basis of the present case study, we propose that IS (FDMR) alone can be used as an effective experimental tool to detect and analyse the resistive and intrinsic parts contributing to the MD phenomenon.
Negative spin Hall magnetoresistance of Pt on the bulk easy-plane antiferromagnet NiO
Authors: Hoogeboom Geert R. , Aqeel Aisha , Kuschel Timo , Palstra Thomas T. M. , van Wees Bart J.
Published: August 2017

We report on spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) measurements of Pt Hall bars on antiferromagnetic NiO(111) single crystals. An SMR with a sign opposite to conventional SMR is observed over a wide range of temperatures as well as magnetic fields stronger than 0.25 T. The negative sign of the SMR can be explained by the alignment of magnetic moments being almost perpendicular to the external magnetic field within the easy plane (111) of the antiferromagnet. This correlation of magnetic moment alignment and the external magnetic field direction is realized just by the easy-plane nature of the material without the need of any exchange coupling to an additional ferromagnet. The SMR signal strength decreases with increasing temperature, primarily due to the decrease in Néel order by including fluctuations. An increasing magnetic field increases the SMR signal strength as there are fewer domains, and the magnetic moments are more strongly manipulated at high magnetic fields. The SMR is saturated at an applied magnetic field of 6 T, resulting in a spin-mixing conductance of ∼1018 Ω−1 m−2, which is comparable to that of Pt on insulating ferrimagnets such as yttrium iron garnet. An argon plasma treatment doubles the spin-mixing conductance.
Organization and somatotopy of corticothalamic projections from L5B in mouse barrel cortex
Authors: Sumser Anton , Mease Rebecca A. , Sakmann Bert , Groh Alexander
Published: August 2017

Significance

In the somatosensory system, signals are transduced from peripheral sensors up to the cerebral cortex in a topographic manner, meaning that the relative spatial organization of the sensory receptors is represented by a map in the cortex. Because the somatosensory cortex is not the terminus of sensory signals, we investigated whether topographic maps are maintained beyond the cortex via cortical output pathways from thick-tufted layer 5B (L5B) neurons. We found that L5B neurons in the somatosensory cortex topographically target six separate subcortical nuclei with area-specific projection strength, map orientation, and topographic precision. Thus topographic organization persists beyond the primary cortex via the L5B pathway with target-specific precision.
Ballistic thermophoresis of adsorbates on free-standing graphene
Authors: Panizon Emanuele , Guerra Roberto , Tosatti Erio
Published: August 2017

Significance

In thermophoresis, temperature gradients in a fluid cause a proportional force on a body. Reasonably, a small physisorbed cluster on a membrane-like system such as a graphene sheet suspended between temperatures

Δ
T

apart should do just that—except it doesn’t. Simulations show for submicrometer sheet length a phoretic force proportional to

Δ
T

but independent of length and thus of gradient, disclosing a regime of ballistic thermophoresis. The soft flexural phonons, ballistic in this regime, are responsible. The anharmonic mechanism by which they carry real momentum, some of which is given to the adsorbate, involves longitudinal phonons that permit a mass accumulation moving with the flexural group velocity. The distance independence of ballistic thermophoretic force could be important in nanomanipulations.
On scope interaction between subject QPs and negation in child grammar
Authors: Miyamoto Yoichi , Yatsushiro Kazuko
Published: August 2017

In adult grammar, languages such as English exhibit scope flexibility between the universal quantifier in the subject position and negation (Horn 1989; Jackendoff 1972), whereas languages such as Japanese and German do not (Lechner 1996; Miyagawa 2010, among others). This paper elucidates children’s ability to detect scope ambiguity between universal and existential quantifiers in subject position and negation in Japanese and German. Importantly, these two languages seem to share a property regarding the surface position of subjects in adult grammar: Ueda (2002), Saito (2011), among others argue that a subject is located in the CP domain in Japanese, and a preverbal subject in German is also widely assumed to be located in the CP domain, due to its V2 nature (den Besten 1983; Schwartz & Vikner 1996, among others). However, a detailed examination of the properties of subjects in these two languages reveals that their wide scope interpretation may be due to different mechanisms. It will be shown that although different restrictions are posed on Japanese and German reconstruction in adult grammar, these restrictions may be lifted in child grammar, which enables us to compare reconstruction effects that we may observe in Japanese and German child grammar. We conduct experiments, adopting the truth value judgment task (Crain & McKee 1985), in order to examine how Japanese and German children interpret sentences with a subject universal or existential quantifier and negation. We anticipate that Japanese and German children both allow scope ambiguity between universal and existential quantifiers in subject position and negation. The present study leads us to identify the position of the subject in Japanese child grammar.
The goal-over-source principle in European languages
Authors: Verkerk Annemarie
Published: August 2017

This paper investigates the linguistic encoding of source, trajectory, and goal in seventeen European languages.
The data comes from translations of Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone in the ParaSol parallel corpus. The original
English text and all translations display more frequent marking of goal than of source or trajectory and thus conform to the
goal-over-source principle identified by Ikegami (1987). This goal bias is explained by a
translation strategy where goal information is expanded upon to the demise of trajectory information, as goal information is most
important for following the narrative. An attempt is made to explain cross-linguistic differences in path encoding using phylogenetic
comparative methods, but unfortunately the dataset is too small to allow for generalizations.
Overlaps in spatial encodings
Authors: Thomason Olga A. , Eckhoff Hanne M.
Published: August 2017

This paper is a contrastive study of spatial encodings in the Greek manuscript of the New Testament and their parallels in Latin, Gothic, Classical Armenian and Old Church Slavic. Our data comes from the PROIEL corpus (University of Oslo). We take a strictly data-driven approach in this study and examine not only language-internal overlaps, but also cases where the five languages choose different strategies, e.g. where one or more languages select an ablative or perlative marker in a context where the rest of the languages use a locative marker. We find evidence for several types of overlaps among these counterparts: ablative-locative, locative-perlative and ablative-perlative (rare). The results show that these overlaps exist due to differences in perspectives from which a situation can be viewed. Prepositional phrases that deal with proximity or specify allative meanings, e.g. notions ‘behind/beyond’ and ‘in front of/before’ appear to be salient in these cases of overlap. Our contrastive approach to prepositional interactions reveals transitional zones between spatial notions which cannot be detected by a language-internal analysis. We see these zones as potential bridging contexts that may ease the semantic extension of spatial markers diachronically.
Differential Goal marking vs. differential Source marking in Ancient Greek
Authors: Luraghi Silvia
Published: August 2017

Differential marking of Goal and Source is a relatively underresearched topic. Available cross-linguistic evidence points toward two possible triggers of differential marking of spatial relations, that is, nouns that denote spatial regions and animate nouns. In this paper, differential Goal and differential Source marking are studied based on the evidence of a diachronic corpus, consisting of the Homeric poems and Herodotus’ Histories. In Homeric Greek, differential marking with nouns that denote spatial regions is available to a marginal extent for Goal, and unavailable for Source, while no differential marking occurs in Herodotus. Animacy conditioned differential marking is well attested both for Goal and for Source in Herodotus, but Homer offers evidence only for differential marking of Source. Apparently, Goal adpositions used for inanimate landmarks are also compatible with animates, while Source adpositions developed at an early stage animacy conditioned meanings that make them unsuitable for indicating simple concrete motion away from a human being.
Imperatives and responsiveness in Finnish conversation
Authors: Sorjonen Marja-Leena
Published: August 2017

This paper focuses on two types of imperative turn design for implementing a responsive action in Finnish interaction, one without modal particles (bare imperatives) and another one containing the particle vaa(n) (coming in this usage close to, e.g., English just, German mal or Danish bare; modulated imperatives). It is shown that these two imperatively formatted turn designs are used differently for responding and that the prior actions to which they respond are different. More specifically, these two turn design types can implement different kinds of responsive action (e.g., giving support, encouraging, giving permission), depending on their sequential position and the relation of the participants to a possible larger project in which the action being discussed forms a part. In most of the cases the imperatively formatted turn is given as a response to the prior speaker’s mentioning of a possible intention to do a certain action, expressed with a first-person declarative or interrogative clause in the present tense. The turns formatted as bare imperatives respond to a prior turn that presents the nominated action as a future fact, whereas the turn design [IMP + vaa(n)] is used to respond to a turn in which the prior speaker has displayed uncertainty about whether to do the action nominated. The turn design with the modal particle vaa(n) indexes more precisely the kind of responsive action that the turn is implementing, related to the use of the particle as a focus particle. This character of the [IMP + vaa(n)] design makes it usable for removing uncertainty by the co-participant that has remained unspoken in the interaction but that the recipient has detected. It is argued that the responsive character of the imperatively formatted turn and the type of prior turn it responds to have an impact on the extent to which they express directive force.
Assigning roles and responsibilities
Authors: Rauniomaa Mirka
Published: August 2017

The study examines turns-at-talk with which a participant directs another in a mobile instructional setting, i.e., directive actions produced by an instructor to a student during a driving session. The data comprise video recordings from voluntary training for car drivers who have a valid license but little practical experience. The study focuses on the instructor’s directive actions that are formatted as second-person imperatives. In contrast with other turn formats that promote an activity as a joint one, second-person imperatives define what the recipient is individually responsible for. Such directive actions either reinstate and make explicit roles and responsibilities that have not yet been followed through to an adequate degree, or set up certain roles and responsibilities for the participants based on their positions in space and their access to instrumentation relevant for the activity. In this way, imperatively formatted directives address the participants’ expectations about how the activity should appropriately unfold – expectations that are constantly being constructed through and reflected in the formatting of single actions.
Rootstocks and improvement.
Authors: Hrotkó K. , Rozpara E.
Published: August 2017

This chapter focuses on the importance of rootstocks in improving sweet and sour cherry production. Information on the advances in the breeding of various sweet and sour cherry rootstocks and their important characteristics are also discussed.
Processing for industrial uses.
Authors: Jensen M.
Published: August 2017

This chapter presents a review of some key sweet and sour cherry processing steps and highlights selected recent research and developments in sweet and sour cherry processing targeting selected products. Some commonly used processing methods are presented and their influence on the product quality are pointed out.
The Experience of Adolescents Living With Headache
Authors: Walter Suzy Mascaro
Published: August 2017

There is little qualitative literature that addresses the adolescent experience of living with headache. The purpose of this study was to determine the dimensions of the health challenge of adolescent headache; the high points, low points, and turning points of living with headache; and the approaches used to resolve the challenge of living with headache. Story theory was used as the qualitative framework to guide data collection, and story inquiry provided the structure for analyzing the data. The Pediatric Migraine Disability Scale (PedMIDAS) quantitatively measured the impact of headaches on daily functioning. Of the 8 participants, 6 reported moderate to severe disability. From the stories, a theme for the complicating health challenge of living with adolescent headache was “an enduring distress manifested by pain, uncertainty, distancing self from family and friends, challenges with school, and not knowing how to resolve.” Themes descriptive of the high points, low points, and turning points included “Contentment with school achievement, supportive relationships, and comforting engagement”; “Interruption in pursuing sports/exercise, time with others, and family relationships”; and “A developing realization, through hope and insight, of the possibilities for moving toward resolution.” Stories revealed approaches used to resolve the challenge of living with headache, which included self-management through medication, sleep, and transcendence. The findings offer insight into the challenges faced by adolescents with headache and provide evidence of the importance for developing holistic plans of care that address the individual needs of the patient rather than relying on medication management alone.
Beliefs About Use of Complementary Health Approaches for Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Shin Ju Young , Pohlig Ryan T. , Habermann Barbara
Published: August 2017

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the United States, which requires ongoing medication therapy. Despite the high prevalence of complementary health approaches (CHA) being used among people with PD in several countries, little is known about the perceived effectiveness, safety, and risk related to use of CHA. The purpose of this study was to describe CHA users' beliefs about the effectiveness, safety, and risk of CHA. A subsample (n = 70) of participants who reported using CHA and who completed all 12 items of the section of participants' beliefs were taken from a larger study (n = 143) that described the proportion of individuals who used CHA to manage PD symptoms. Participants reported that CHAs are somewhat effective to control or manage PD symptoms and necessary for PD management. However, they disagreed on possible adverse effects of CHAs and their potential interactions with prescription medications. Participants were willing to share their CHA use with their doctors and/or nurses and had a neutral response to the costs of CHA. More scientific evidence on effectiveness and safety/risk of CHA is needed to assist individuals' informed decision about using CHA and allocation of their health care spending. Nurses and other health care professionals need to be aware of CHA users' beliefs about CHA used for PD and of the need for provision of adequate information and resources, including locating qualified CHA practitioners or databases of CHA.
A primer to clinical genome sequencing
Authors: Priest James R.
Published: August 2017

Purpose of review

Genome sequencing is now available as a clinical diagnostic test. There is a significant knowledge and translation gap for nongenetic specialists of the processes necessary to generate and interpret clinical genome sequencing. The purpose of this review is to provide a primer on contemporary clinical genome sequencing for nongenetic specialists describing the human genome project, current techniques and applications in genome sequencing, limitations of current technology, and techniques on the horizon.

Recent findings

As currently implemented, genome sequencing compares short pieces of an individual's genome with a reference sequence developed by the human genome project. Genome sequencing may be used for obtaining timely diagnostic information, cancer pharmacogenomics, or in clinical cases when previous genetic testing has not revealed a clear diagnosis. At present, the implementation of clinical genome sequencing is limited by the availability of clinicians qualified for interpretation, and current techniques in used clinical testing do not detect all types of genetic variation present in a single genome.

Clinicians considering a genetic diagnosis have wide array of testing choices which now includes genome sequencing. Although not a comprehensive test in its current form, genome sequencing offers more information than gene-panel or exome sequencing and has the potential to replace targeted single-gene or gene-panel testing in many clinical scenarios.
Barriers to Exercise Among Women With Urgency Urinary Incontinence: Patient and Provider Perspectives
Authors: Khanijow Kavita D. , Pahwa Avita K. , Newman Diane K. , Arya Lily A. , Andy Uduak U.
Published: August 2017

Objective

The aim of this study was to describe important barriers to exercise in older women with urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) from the patient and provider perspectives.

Methods

Six focus groups (2 in active women, 2 in sedentary women, and 2 in providers) were conducted with 36 women with UUI and 18 providers. Focus group discussions were transcribed verbatim. All transcripts were coded and analyzed by 2 independent reviewers. Investigators identified emergent themes and concepts using a modified biopsychosocial conceptual model.

Results

A wide range of physical, psychological, social, and environmental factors were perceived to influence exercise. Although women with UUI identified pain as a strong barrier to exercise, providers did not. Both women with UUI and providers identified shame associated with incontinence as a significant barrier, and, conversely, satisfaction with UUI treatment was noted as an enabler for exercising. Women and providers had incongruent views on the need for supervision during exercise; women viewed supervision as a barrier to exercise, whereas providers viewed lack of supervision as a barrier to exercise. Opportunity for socialization was noted as a major enabler of exercise by all groups and suggests that exercise programs that promote interactions with peers may increase exercise participation. The importance of financial incentive and reimbursement was congruent between women and their providers.

Conclusions

Women with UUI have unique perspectives on barriers to exercise. Understanding women's perspective can aid clinicians and researchers in improving exercise counseling and in creating exercise programs for women with UUI.
Adaptive History Biases Result from Confidence-weighted Accumulation of Past Choices
Authors: Braun Anke , Urai Anne E. , Donner Tobias H.
Published: August 2017

Perceptual decision-making is biased by previous events, including the history of preceding choices: Observers tend to repeat (or alternate) their judgments of the sensory environment more often than expected by chance. Computational models postulate that these so-called choice history biases result from the accumulation of internal decision signals across trials. Here, we provide psychophysical evidence for such a mechanism and its adaptive utility. Male and female human observers performed different variants of a challenging visual motion discrimination task near psychophysical threshold. In a first experiment, we decoupled categorical perceptual choices and motor responses on a trial-by-trial basis. Choice history bias was explained by previous perceptual choices, not motor responses, highlighting the importance of internal decision signals in action-independent formats. In a second experiment, observers performed the task in stimulus environments containing different levels of autocorrelation and providing no external feedback about choice correctness. Despite performing under overall high levels of uncertainty, observers adjusted both the strength and the sign of their choice history biases to these environments. When stimulus sequences were dominated by either repetitions or alternations, the individual degree of this adjustment of history bias was about as good a predictor of individual performance as individual perceptual sensitivity. The history bias adjustment scaled with two proxies for observers’ confidence about their previous choices (accuracy and reaction time). Taken together, our results are consistent with the idea that action-independent, confidence-modulated decision variables are accumulated across choices in a flexible manner that depends on decision-makers’ model of their environment.

Significance statement

Decisions based on sensory input are often influenced by the history of one’s preceding choices, manifesting as a bias to systematically repeat (or alternate) choices. We here provide support for the idea that such choice history biases arise from the context-dependent accumulation of a quantity referred to as the decision variable: the variable’s sign dictates the choice and its magnitude the confidence about choice correctness. We show that choices are accumulated in an actionindependent format and a context-dependent manner, weighted by the confidence about their correctness. This confidence-weighted accumulation of choices enables decision-makers to flexibly adjust their behavior to different sensory environments. The bias adjustment can be as important for optimizing performance as one’s sensitivity to the momentary sensory input.
Biophysical determinants of mutational robustness in a viral molecular fitness landscape
Authors: Pethe Manasi A. , Rubenstein Aliza B. , Zorine Dmitri , Khare Sagar D.
Published: August 2017

Biophysical interactions between proteins and peptides are key determinants of genotype-fitness landscapes, but an understanding of how molecular structure and residue-level energetics at protein-peptide interfaces shape functional landscapes remains elusive. Combining information from yeast-based library screening, next-generation sequencing and structure-based modeling, we report comprehensive sequence-energetics-function mapping of the specificity landscape of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease, whose function — site-specific cleavages of the viral polyprotein — is a key determinant of viral fitness. We elucidate the cleavability of 3.2 million substrate variants by the HCV protease and find extensive clustering of cleavable and uncleavable motifs in sequence space indicating mutational robustness, and thereby providing a plausible molecular mechanism to buffer the effects of low replicative fidelity of this RNA virus. Specificity landscapes of known drug-resistant variants are similarly clustered. Our results highlight the key and constraining role of molecular-level energetics in shaping plateau-like fitness landscapes from quasispecies theory.
Wilms Tumor 1bdefines a wound-specific sheath cell subpopulation associated with notochord repair
Authors: Lopez-Baez Juan Carlos , Zeng Zhiqiang , Rybski Witold , Huitema Leonie F.A. , Brombin Alessandro , Dale Rodney M. , Kawakami Koichi , Englert Christoph , Schulte-Merker Stefan , Hastie Nicholas D. , Patton E. Elizabeth
Published: August 2017

Regenerative therapy for degenerative spine disorders requires the identification of cells that can slow down and possibly reverse degenerative processes. Here, we identify a novel and unanticipated wound-specific notochord sheath cell subpopulation that expresses Wilms Tumor (WT) 1b following injury. Using live imaging in zebrafish, we show that localized damage leads to Wt1b expression in the sheath, and thatwt1b+ cells migrate into the wound to form a stopper-like structure, likely to maintain structural integrity. At the woundwt1b+andentpd5+ cells constitute distinct subpopulations, and mark the site of an extra vertebra that forms in an untypical manner via a cartilage intermediate. Surprisingly,wt1b+ cells become closely associated with the chordacentra and sustainwt1bexpression for over 35 days during vertebra formation. Given that remnants of notochord cells remain in the adult intervertebral disc, the identification of novel subpopulations may have important implications for regenerative treatments for spine disorders.

Highlights

Notochord injury triggers wound-specific expression ofwt1bin novel sheath subpopulation

WT1b notochord sheath cells fill injury site and form stopper-like structure

WT1b subpopulation marks site of a new vertebra that forms via a cartilage intermediate

WT1b wound-specific subpopulation perdures throughout and after vertebra repair
Crystal structure determination as part of an ongoing undergraduate organic laboratory project: 5-[(E)-styryl]-1,3,4-oxathiazol-2-one
Authors: Nason Trevor R. , Schriver Melbourne J. , Hendsbee Arthur D. , Masuda Jason D.
Published: August 2017

The title compound, C10H7NO2S, provides the first structure of an α-alkenyl oxathiazolone ring. The phenyl ring and the oxathiazolone groups make dihedral angles of 0.3 (3) and −2.8 (3)°, respectively, with the plane of the central alkene group; the dihedral angle between the rings is 2.68 (8)°. A careful consideration of bond lengths provides insight into the electronic structure and reactivity of the title compound. In the crystal, extended π-stacking is observed parallel to thea-axis direction, consisting of cofacial head-to-tail dimeric units [centroid–centroid distance of 3.6191 (11) Å]. These dimeric units are separated by a slightly longer centroid–centroid distance of 3.8383 (12) Å, generating infinite stacks of molecules.
“Mathematics maybe, but not money”
Authors: Sullivan Sian , Hannis Mike
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to consider and compare different ways of using numbers to value aspects of nature-beyond-the-human through case analysis of ecological and natural capital accounting practices in the UK that create standardised numerical-economic values for beyond-human natures. In addition, to contrast underlying ontological and ethical assumptions of these arithmetical approaches in ecological accounting with those associated with Pythagorean nature-numbering practices and fractal geometry. In doing so, to draw out distinctions between arithmetical and geometrical ontologies of nature and their relevance for “valuing nature”.

Design/methodology/approach

Close reading and review of policy texts and associated calculations in: UK natural capital accounts for “opening stock” inventories in 2007 and 2014; and in the experimental implementation of biodiversity offsetting (BDO) in land-use planning in England. Tracking the iterative calculations of biodiversity offset requirements in a specific planning case. Conceptual review, drawing on and contrasting different numbering practices being applied so as to generate numerical-economic values for natures-beyond-the-human.

Findings

In the cases of ecological accounting practices analysed here, the natures thus numbered are valued and “accounted for” using arithmetical methodologies that create commensurability and facilitate appropriation of the values so created. Notions of non-monetary value, and associated practices, are marginalised. Instead of creating standardisation and clarity, however, the accounting practices considered here for natural capital accounts and BDO create nature-signalling numbers that are struggled over and contested.

Originality/value

This is the first critical engagement with the specific policy texts and case applications considered here, and, the authors believe, the first attempt to contrast arithmetical and geometrical numbering practices in their application to the understanding and valuing of natures-beyond-the-human.