bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Passive Hemagglutination
Authors: Wolberg Gerald , Liu Chi Tan , Adler Frank L.
Published: December 2022

The agglutination of tanned sheep red cells sensitized with bovine serum albumin by specific rabbit antisera has been investigated. It has been found that 7S antibody obtained early in immunization, like 19S antibody, differs from “late” 7S antibody in its requirement of higher antigen concentrations on the tanned cells. Mildly denatured albumin has been shown to be a more effective sensitizing antigen than native albumin, and evidence has been presented to show that this change is independent of aggregation and the choice of denaturing agent. It has been demonstrated that the denatured material is adsorbed more efficiently than native albumin (enhanced coating efficiency) and that, in addition, it possesses increased specific sensitizing activity. Also shown are differences in the effect of gelatin as a substitute for normal rabbit serum in the agglutination activities of sera obtained early or late during immunization.
Two Anticomplementary Factors in Cobra Venom: Hemolysis of Guinea Pig Erythrocytes by One of Them
Authors: Ballow Mark , Cochrane Charles G.
Published: December 2022

A second anticomplementary material in cobra venom is described and characterized by its large molecular size (0.8 to 1.0 × 106 molecular weight), its action on the early components of complement, but not C3 or C5, and its inability to lyse guinea pig erythrocytes.

The low molecular weight cobra factor (140,000) has both anticomplementary activity and guinea pig erythrocyte hemolytic activity in vitro.

Its ability to lyse erythrocytes depends on the formation of a complex between L-CoF and a cofactor in serum and upon an intact sequence of complement components from C3 on. Purified L-CoF was found to bind to the surface of guinea pig erythrocytes in very small amounts so that lysis of the cells occurred after washing and exposure to a source of C3–C9. Mechanisms for the hemolysis of guinea pig erythrocytes by cobra factor are discussed.
Adoptive Transfer of Immunologic Tolerance into Normal Mice
Authors: Crowle Alfred J. , Hu C. C.
Published: December 2022

Preimmunization tolerance induced by injecting mice with moderate quantities of purified protein antigens in saline and preventing later attempted induction of delayed hypersensitivity by injection of these antigens in Freund's adjuvant could be broken by adoptive transfer of spleen cells from sensitized donors but not by cells from normal donors, could be transferred passively with serum immunoglobulin concentrate, and could be transferred adoptively with spleen cells from tolerant donors. Thus, it appears to be due to the manufacture and presence in tolerant mice of a hypersensitization-inhibiting antibody rather than to loss or blockade of a clone of potentially responsive immunocytes.
The Production in Chickens of Antibody by Spontaneous Escape Following Immunologic Tolerance
Authors: Tempelis C. H. , Rodrick Mary Lofy
Published: December 2022

Intraperitoneal injections of 1.0, 5.0 and 20.0 mg of turkey γ globulin (TGG) and goose γ globulin (GGG), which are sufficient to produce immunologic tolerance in newly hatched chicks, resulted in the production of antibody by spontaneous escape following release from tolerance. Two of the three groups that received TGG began to produce detectable antibody at 12 weeks of age, while the third group (1.0 mg) started during the 15th week of age. Antibody was detected in the 7th week in all groups that received GGG.

When bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used, no detectable antibody was found by the bis-diazotized benzidine passive hemagglutination test or by immunodiffusion autoradiography following 28 weekly bleedings.

Our data indicate that the almost simultaneous production of antibody by spontaneous escape in the two groups that received TGG (12th week) and the three groups that received GGG (7th week) is primarily the result of the release and/or the production of enough immunocompetent cells to respond to the residual antigen retained, regardless of the initial dosage.

Several factors appear to play significant roles in determining spontaneous antibody production. They include the structural nature of the antigen, its phylogenetic relatedness and the host animal.
Locally Produced Antibody in Human Gastrointestinal Secretions
Authors: Kriebel George W. , Kraft Sumner C. , Rothberg Richard M.
Published: December 2022

The distribution of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD was assessed in concentrates of parotid saliva, gastric juice and duodenal contents from 49 human subjects. Immunoglobulin A predominated in parotid saliva, and immunoglobulins were found inconstantly in unneutralized gastric juice. Thirty of 40 duodenal specimens contained IgA, IgM and IgD, and 25 contained all four immunoglobulins.

To evaluate the source of the immunoglobulins found in these secretions, antibody against a dietary protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), was employed as a specific marker. Evidence for local antibody production by lymphoid tissue of the gastrointestinal tract was provided by the following data. a) Anti-BSA was demonstrated in the gastrointestinal secretions of nine subjects without detectable serum anti-BSA. In these secretions anti-BSA was associated with IgA, IgM and IgD, but not IgG. b) This absence of anti-BSA associated with IgG is in contrast to its frequent association with the IgG of serum and external secretions from subjects with high amounts of circulating anti-BSA. c) Anti-BSA associated with IgM was demonstrated in gastrointestinal secretions but never in the serum. d) Among individuals with little or no serum anti-BSA, this antibody was detected in secretions from viscera exposed to BSA, but not in saliva from the parotid gland, which is not exposed to the antigen.

The anti-BSA activity in gastrointestinal fluids was associated at least in part with secretory 11S IgA, but the finding of locally-produced antibody associated with IgM and IgD indicates that these immunoglobulins also may play an important role in external secretions.
Alterations in Host Responses to Experimental Candida Albicans Infections by Bacterial Endotoxin
Authors: Wright Larry J. , Kimball Harry R. , Wolff Sheldon M.
Published: December 2022

Some of the mechanisms responsible for endotoxin-induced resistance to experimental Candida albicans infection in mice have been investigated. Maximal protection has been demonstrated at 1 and 6 days after endotoxin and serum factors have been shown to be important in both. The enhanced resistance to candidiasis observed 1 day following endotoxin is primarily due to transferable serum factor(s). At this time, organisms are cleared from the blood stream at an increased rate. However, this effect does not appear to be due to either the presence of serum opsonins or enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. In animals given endotoxin 6 days previously, there is significantly less proliferation of C. albicans in the kidney, the prime target organ of this infection. Serum factors present in the blood of these animals inhibit the growth of C. albicans in vitro. Therefore, at least two, probably different, serum factors seem to be involved in endotoxin-induced resistance. These serum factors may also require as yet undefined cellular mechanisms to produce the effects that were noted.
Immunoglobulins, Antibodies and the Bursa of Fabricius: Induction of Agammaglobulinemia and the Loss of All Antibody-Forming Capacity by Hormonal Bursectomy
Authors: Warner Noel L. , Uhr Jonathan W. , Thorbecke G. Jeanette , Ovary Zoltan
Published: December 2022

Hormonally bursectomized (HBx) chickens were repeatedly immunized with Brucella antigen. The proportion of antibody-responding HBx chickens increased from 16% at 6-day primary, to 48% at 6-day secondary, and to 60% at 15- and 21 day-tertiary. Despite this continued immunization, however, 40% of the HBx chickens still remained completely unable to produce any detectable antibody response even with the use of an extremely sensitive agglutinin assay. Following a secondary immunization with HGG 64% of HBx chickens failed to produce any detectable antibody. Natural hemagglutinins to rabbit red blood cells were also absent from the sera of HBx chickens.

Serum immunoglobulins were determined by immunodiffusion and immuno-electrophoresis using specific anti IgM and IgG sera. Serum IgG levels were quantitated with the use of an extremely sensitive assay employing the inhibition of precipitation of 125I-labeled IgG by specific antiserum. Approximately 50% of HBx chickens had less than 1% of the control IgG level. Some birds were completely agammaglobulinemic, having less than 1/10,000 the control amount of IgG. Several of the HBx chickens with about 1% of IgG had normal or elevated levels of IgM. Serum α2-macroglobulin levels were normal in HBx chickens.

Several HBx chickens that survived until 8 months of life were rechallenged with various antigens. A total lack of antibody production to most antigens was still found, even though some of these birds had considerable amounts of IgG and/or IgM. In vitro cultures of spleen and appendix confirmed the serum results on immunoglobulins, in showing that lack of circulating IgG and IgM was associated with a failure of its synthesis.

The results presented in this paper strongly deny claims that bursectomy cannot totally prevent the development of all antibody-forming capacity or immunoglobulin synthesis. They reinforce the concept of an absolute dissociation of immunologic responsiveness in chickens, in that the bursa is the sole site of control of the development of the antibody-forming system.
Thymus-Derived Cells in the Early Phase of Delayed Tuberculin Reactions
Authors: Williams R. Michael , Waksman Byron H.
Published: December 2022

The thymus is essential to the development of cell-mediated hypersensitivity as well as certain types of antibody formation (1–3). An interaction of thymus-derived and bone marrow-derived cells apparently is required for many of these responses (4–8). In cases studied thus far which involve hemolysin production against sheep erythrocyte antigens, thymus-derived cells show an initial mitotic response to the antigenic stimulus, but the actual antibody-forming cells have proved to be marrow-derived (5–8). In tuberculin hypersensitivity, which may be taken as a well-established example of cellular hypersensitivity, while the thymus is required for active sensitization the overwhelming majority of cells which leave the circulation and infiltrate specific delayed skin reaction sites are nonspecific marrow-derived monocytes (9–11). The data presented here establish the presence of significant proportions of thymus-derived cells in the early stages of the tuberculin reaction in the rat.

The animals, materials and techniques used in this study have been described in detail elsewhere (10, 12).
Studies on Rabbit Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Sell Stewart , Lowe Jennifer A. , Gell P. G. H.
Published: December 2022

The magnitude of the in vitro lymphocyte blast transformation response induced by anti-allotypic sera may be greatly increased by adding a second anti-allotypic serum that reacts with the first antiserum. This “piggy-back” augmentation effect is produced by a second anti-allotypic serum that does not react directly with the lymphocytes in culture, but rather with an allotypic serum that does react with the lymphocyte. For example, if a2a2b6b6 lymphocytes are first treated with an anti-Aa2 serum raised in an a1a1b6b6 rabbit, a certain blast transformation response will occur. When an anti-Aal serum raised in an a3a3b6b6 rabbit is also added, a significant increase in the blast transformation response occurs (augmentation). This augmentation effect suggests that the induction of lymphocyte blast transformation may require the close approximation of two antibody molecules reacting with a given lymphocyte.
Mode of Action of Adjuvants: Retinol and other Lysosome-Labilizing Agents As Adjuvants
Authors: Spitznagel John K. , Allison A. C.
Published: December 2022

Several agents known to labilize lysosomal membranes were found to have adjuvant effects, increasing the antibody response in mice immunized with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Two agents were particularly effective: retinol (vitamin A alcohol) and E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Although the highest antibody levels were observed in mice given retinol in incomplete Freund's adjuvant, smaller amounts of LPS were needed to obtain an adjuvant effect. When free BSA was administered alone, antibody levels were low but rose with increasing doses of antigen. Increasing the concentration of adjuvant raised antibody levels to a plateau level. In mice treated with adjuvants, increasing doses of antigen depressed antibody responses. There seems to be a relationship between the capacity of different agents to labilize lysosomal membranes and their potency as adjuvants. The response to BSA can be considered as the end result of two processes, immunization and tolerance-induction. The latter is favored by free antigen, whereas immunization is favored by presenting BSA in particulate form or together with adjuvants.
Cellular Kinetics of the Antibody Response by the Fetal Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Silverstein Arthur M. , Prendergast Robert A. , Parshall Charles J.
Published: December 2022

The manner in which developing animals achieve immunologic competence and the way that they initiate an active response to the very first antigenic challenges are currently of great theoretical interest in immunology. While the young of some mammalian species mature immunologically only after birth, in other species the developing fetus is able to mount active immunologic responses in utero, often at surprisingly early gestational ages (1). Moreover, the young animal does not attain full immunologic competence all at once. Rather, it appears to possess a finely controlled immunologic clock whereby competence to each antigen appears at a discrete and reproducible time during development, some capacities arising before and some after birth according to the species (2, 3). In this study we are concerned with whether, following the young animal's transition from immunologic nonreactivity to an ability to respond to the given antigen, there is any immaturity or restriction in this initial response.
An in Vitro Assay for Cellular Hypersensitivity in Man
Authors: Rocklin Ross E. , Meyers Orlando L. , David John R.
Published: December 2022

A reproducible in vitro assay for delayed hypersensitivity in man is described. Human blood lymphocytes from subjects exhibiting delayed hypersensitivity can be stimulated by specific antigen in vitro to produce a soluble factor which inhibits the migration of normal guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells from capillary tubes. The production by lymphocytes of this migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is immunologically specific. Nonsensitive lymphocytes are not sensitized by plasma factors to produce MIF. Some clinical applications of this in vitro assay are discussed.
A Prospective Study of Chronic Herpes Simplex Virus Infection and Recurrent Herpes Labialis in Humans
Authors: Douglas R. Gordon , Couch Robert B.
Published: December 2022

Oral and parotid secretion specimens were collected three times each week and serum was collected at monthly intervals from 10 healthy adult volunteers for 5 months. Herpes simplex virus was isolated in rabbit kidney tissue cultures 22 times from oral secretions (3.6%), but all parotid saliva specimens were negative for virus. Eight individuals shed herpesvirus, and virus was isolated from one individual seven times. Seven of the eight volunteers who shed herpesvirus experienced 14 episodes of herpes labialis. Seven of 29 (24.1%) specimens of oral secretion obtained while a lesion was present were positive for herpesvirus, whereas only 11 of 494 (2.2%) obtained more than 7 days after a lesion occurred were positive.

Serum-neutralizing antibody titers ranged from 1:8 to 1:1024 and remained constant irrespective of whether herpesvirus was isolated or herpetic lesions occurred. Neither the frequency of virus isolations nor the number of herpetic lesions were related to the level of serum-neutralizing antibody. Antibody activity was not detected in pooled, concentrated specimens of parotid saliva, and only 6 of 60 concentrated specimens of oral secretion contained low titers of neutralizing activity despite good levels of IgA. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation studies showed that this antibody activity was associated with 7S IgG rather than with 11S IgA.

These findings suggest that herpesvirus chronically infects a site with access to the mouth, but that the parotid glands are not such a site; that the magnitude of serum antibody does not influence shedding of herpesvirus or the occurrence of herptic lesions; and that local IgA antibody does not appear to play a role in recurrent herpes labialis.
Immunochemical Studies of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Authors: Cowan K. M.
Published: December 2022

Immunodiffusion and inhibition studies indicated that 19S class guinea pig antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus were specific for distinctive antigenic determinants on the virus particles, whereas 7S antibodies had a single specificity for the virus particles and were unable to discriminate between the different individual antigenic determinants. This was interpreted as meaning that the antigenic determinant site encompassed by 7S antibodies consists of several smaller regions (subdeterminants) each of which may serve as an antigenic determinant site for 19S antibodies. It was also proposed that the combinding sites of 19S antibodies are smaller than those of 7S antibodies.
Measurement of Antibody Against Human IgG by the Neutralization of IgG-Sensitized Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Daniels Charles A. , Mergenhagen Stephan E. , Notkins Abner Louis
Published: December 2022

Antibody to human IgG was measured by its ability to neutralize herpes simplex virus (HSV) that had been sensitized with human anti-HSV IgG. Incubation of IgG-sensitized virus with anti-IgG showed that a linear relationship existed between the amount of virus neutralized and the concentration of anti-IgG. The reciprocal of the highest dilution of the anti-IgG serum that neutralized at least 50% of the IgG-sensitized virus was taken as the titer of the serum. The titer of the anti-IgG was affected by the concentration of anti-HSV IgG used to sensitize the virus, the concentration of sensitized virus and the amount of non-viral-bound human IgG in the fluid phase of the reaction mixture. The measurement of anti-IgG by the neutralization of sensitized virus was shown to be as sensitive and possibly more sensitive than the measurement of anti-IgG by the hemagglutination technique.
Immunoglobulin Classes of Antibody-Forming Cells in Mice
Authors: Sell Stewart , Park Arthur B. , Nordin Albert A.
Published: December 2022

Facilitation of localized hemolysis-in-agar plaque-forming cells (PFC) using antisera specific for each of the five immunoglobulin classes of mice (IgM, IgA, γ1, γ2a and γ2b) reveals that the peak production of IgM (direct) PFC in the spleens of mice occurs 4 days after receiving an optimal dose of sheep erythrocytes and is followed in 24 hr by the appearance of PFC representing each of the 7S immunoglobulin classes (IgA, γ1, γ2a and γ2b). while the number of direct (IgM) PFC falls after reaching a peak on day 4, 7S immunoglobulin antibody producing cells (indirect plaques) appear, decline and reappear in phases. 7S immunoglobulin antibody-producing cells appear more rapidly and in greater numbers in the secondary response, while direct (IgM) PFC are found in fewer numbers in the secondary response than in the primary response. However, indirect IgM PFC, apparently due to the production of IgM hemolysin of “low efficiency,” are a prominent feature of the secondary response.
The Dissociation of Human Serum 7S and Bovine Colostrum Immune Globulins into Subunits by Reduction-Alkylation-Succinylation
Authors: Bezkorovainy Anatoly , Zschocke Rainer , Grohlich Dietmar
Published: December 2022

Human 7S and bovine colostral immunoglobulins were succinylated and reduced-alkylated, and their subunits were separated by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 columns. Human 7S immunoglobulin yielded heavy chains with a molecular weight of 55,700 and light chains with a molecular weight of 22,300. Bovine colostral immunoglobulins gave heavy and light chains with molecular weights of 49,500 and 25,200, respectively. Since the molecular weight of the colostral immunoglobulin of 166,000 is not accounted for by two heavy and two light chains, the possibility is raised that another subunit possibly exists in colostral immunoglobulin. The succinylated proteins lost their ability to form precipitin lines with antisera to native bovine and human immunoglobulins, but they formed precipitin lines in the double diffusion system with an antiserum to the succinyl hapten residues.
Why Antibody Inhibits Vascular Clearance of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
Authors: Normann Sigurd J.
Published: December 2022

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B is a purified protein exotoxin, the vascular clearance of which is inhibited by specific burro antitoxin. As the amount of passively administered antitoxin is increased, the clearance of the toxin decreases. An explanation for this paradoxical effect of antibody on clearance was sought by examining the clearance of the toxin-antitoxin complex simultaneously yet independently of the clearance of the unbound toxin. By means of gel filtration, the binding of enterotoxin was measured and correlated with the in vivo effect of antibody on clearance. With increasing antibody concentration, there was a progressive change from rapidly removed unbound toxin to a more slowly removed toxin-antitoxin complex. Vascular clearance of the toxin in the normal animal was chiefly by means of glomerular filtration, and this mechanism appeared to be blocked when the toxin existed as an antigen-antibody complex.
Antigenic Relationships Between the First Component (C1) of Human and Guinea Pig Complement
Authors: Colten Harvey R. , Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J.
Published: December 2022

Using rabbit antisera to C1 we have found antigenic similarities between human and guinea pig C1̄. With one rabbit anti-guinea pig C1 antiserum an antigenic difference between cell bound and fluid phase human C1̄ has been demonstrated. This antigenic difference may reflect a conformational change in the human C1̄ molecule as a result of binding to antigen-antibody complexes at the cell surface.
Immunoglobulins of Rat Colostrum
Authors: Stechschulte Daniel J. , Austen K. Frank
Published: December 2022

The preliminary reports of others that a protein, designated IgA, distinct from other rat immunoglobulins is present in colostrum and serum have been confirmed. IgGa, IgGb, γ1 and trace amounts of IgM can be recognized in colostrum, but IgA is distinguishable in terms of unique antigenic characteristics and a concentration in colostrum relative-to-serum which vastly exceeds that of the other recognized rat immunoglobulins. Although it was not possible to demonstrate specific anti-hapten antibody within this class by the technique of radioimmunoelectrophoresis, the interaction of this protein with antiserum to rat Fab piece in agar double diffusion supports its designation as an immunoglobulin. For operational purposes the rat protein previously designated as IgA is now termed γ1, although it is not functionally homologous with the immunoglobulins so designated in other species.
Impaired Recovery of Plaque-Forming Cells in New Zealand Mice Given Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Staples P. J. , Talal N.
Published: December 2022

An inverse relationship between age and the ability to recover from cyclophosphamide-induced depression of PFC response to sheep erythrocytes was discovered in NZB/NZW mice 3 to 10 weeks of age. Older animals recovered responsiveness more slowly than did Balb/c controls, while younger mice recovered more quickly. Bone marrow but not thymus cells were capable of restoring reactivity in older animals. These findings suggest a deficiency of immunocyte precursors in New Zealand mice at a time prior to the onset of their autoimmune diseases.
Application of the Paired Radioiodine-Labeled Antibody Technique (Prilat) to the Detection of Adenovirus 12 Tumor (T) Antigen
Authors: Evans M. J. , Yohn D. S.
Published: December 2022

The paired radioiodine-labeled antibody technique (PRILAT) was used to detect adenovirus-12 (Ad-12) T antigen in Ad-12-infected HEp 2 cells and in Ad-12 hamster tumor cells. With appropriate absorption of the paired radiolabeled globulins the PRILAT proved to be highly specific. In comparative studies the PRILAT was 100 to 200 times more sensitive than complement-fixation and 10 times more sensitive than IF. The PRILAT permitted direct calculation of the micrograms of labeled globulins, immune and nonimmune, fixed by each control and test specimen. The method was employed to follow the synthesis of Ad-12 T antigen in synchronously infected HEp 2 cells. De novo synthesis was detected 8 hr post-infection (p.i.) in uninhibited and in cytosine arabinoside-inhibited cultures. Significant specific evanescent reactions that occurred 4 hr p.i. were believed to be due to P antigen released from infecting virions. Maximum T-antigen concentration was obtained 36 hours p.i. Shut-off appeared to occur sooner in the presence of viral DNA synthesis.
Macrophages and Age-Dependent Resistance to Herpes Simplex Virus in Mice
Authors: Hirsch M. S. , Zisman B. , Allison A. C.
Published: December 2022

Peritoneal macrophages transferred from adult CBA mice protected suckling syngeneic mice from intraperitoneal infection with herpes simplex virus. Macrophages from adult mice stimulated with proteose-peptone solution were more effective in providing protection than were unstimulated macrophages. The enhanced resistance provided by stimulated macrophages was associated with more efficient phagocytosis and intracellular destruction of virus, and with greater production of interferon.

In contrast to the effects of stimulation on the adult mouse, the suckling mouse did not respond to proteose-peptone inoculation with the production of a population of macrophages that ingested more virus, produced more interferon, or more effectively destroyed virus.
An Analogue of Guinea Pig C8: In Vitro Generation and Inhibitory Activity
Authors: Stolfi Robert L.
Published: December 2022

A specific inhibitor for the reaction of the eighth component of guinea pig C was generated in vitro in preparations of partially purified C8 coincidentally with the loss of hemolytic C8 activity during storage at 2°C under conditions of low ionic strength (0.04) at pH 7.5, or after treatment with extremely low concentrations of trypsin. The C8 inhibitor demonstrated physicochemical properties similar to those of hemolytically active C8 in that it was protein in nature, had a sedimentation constant of 7.7 and exhibited extreme lability at 56°C; apparently it was generated from the hemolytically active species of the C8 molecule.

This inhibitor has been called the C8-analogue because it appears to function by competitive binding to and blocking of C7 sites. The reactivities of both hemolytically active C8 and the C8-analogue with the C7 site were influenced in a similar manner by temperature and ionic strength, and the reactions of both were inhibited by Antrypol (Imperial Industries, Ltd., Great Britain). Moreover, EAC7 that had been reacted with the C8-analogue were capable of depleting C9 from the fluid phase of reaction.
The Abolition of Tolerance of Skin Homografts in Rats with Isoantiserum
Authors: Lubaroff David M. , Silvers Willys K.
Published: December 2022

The ability of passively-transferred isoantibody to destroy hitherto long-tolerated skin homografts in inbred rats was investigated. A total of about 6.0 ml of isoantiserum, which was directed against the alien histocompatibility antigens of Ag-B locus compatible or incompatible grafts, was injected intraperitoneally over a 7-day period. Control animals received either normal rat serum or serum from rats immunized with sheep red blood cells. Within 12 hr after transfer of specific immune serum to rats bearing Ag-B incompatible grafts, the grafts became inflamed and some developed minor lesions, but excepting those instances in which acute rejections were observed, all grafts subsequently recovered and appeared normal. However, in 10 of 22 (45%) of these animals the grafts underwent total destruction within 49 days after the serum was transferred. Rats whose grafts still survived 50 days after serum transfer were retreated with specific antibody. This increased the number of rejected grafts to 17 of 22 (77%). In contrast with these results, rats tolerant of Ag-B compatible homografts were completely refractory to attempts to terminate the tolerant state, nor did such grafts display any transient inflammatory reaction.

Animals in which tolerance was abolished as a result of immune serum transfer were rechallenged 50 to 100 days later with skin from the original donor strain. These grafts were promptly and consistently rejected, suggesting that although the antibody probably exerted some direct inimical effect on the graft, the abolition of tolerance observed was complete, and was procured by abolition of the chimeric state of the host.
Studies of Antibody Formation in Xenopus Laevis
Authors: Auerbach R. , Ruben L. N.
Published: December 2022

Studies were made on the ability of Xenopus laevis, the South African clawed toad, to produce an immunologic response to heterologous erythrocytes. Using tissue culture procedures, it was shown that spleen explants obtained from adult Xenopus can produce specific agglutinins and hemolysins when exposed to sheep or mouse red blood cells in vitro. Using a plaque-forming cell assay, it was demonstrated that the response in vitro is essentially similar to that obtained upon immunization in vivo, and that the response in both instances appears to be characteristically a primary one.
Common Antigenic Determinants in Fd Fragments of Guinea Pig γ1, γ2 and γM Immunoglobulins
Authors: Oriol R. , Binaghi R.
Published: December 2022

Various immunoglobulin classes have been found in the guinea pig. There are two 7S classes, denoted γ1 and γ2 (1), and a macroglobulin γM; two other classes have recently been described and are probably similar to human IgA (R. Asofsky, personal communication) and IgE (2).

Studies with γ2 and γ1 have shown the existence of two types of light chains, designated κ and γ by analogy with their human counterparts (3). No information is available on the light chains of the other classes. Peptide analysis of γ2 and γ1, their isolated chains and proteolytic fragments has indicated rather different composition of their Fc fragments but very similar Fd fragments (4).

The present report offers evidence that there are common antigenic determinants in the Fd fragments of γ2 and γ1, also shared by γM.

Materials and Methods. Normal γ2 was obtained from normal serum by precipitation with 18% Na2SO4 and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose in phosphate buffer 0.005 M, pH 8.
The G4 Subclass in IgG Fractions Prepared by Ion-Exchange Chromatography
Authors: Skvaril Frantisek , Morell Andreas
Published: December 2022

Human immunoglobulin IgG consists of four distinct groups of molecules, known as the subclasses of IgG and referred to as G1, G2, G3 and G4 (1–3). Antigenic and structural differences between the four subclasses are located on the heavy chains of the molecules (4, 5). Molecules of both light chain types, κ and λ, are represented in all IgG subclasses. All four subclasses can be demonstrated in normal human serum by immunodiffusion tests with subclass-specific antisera. So far, techniques for the isolation of IgG subclasses from normal human serum have not been developed. This communication reports qualitative differences in the subclass composition of IgG purified by some of the most common chromatographic methods.

Antisera were prepared in Rhesus monkeys1 by immunization with isolated IgG myeloma proteins of the different subclasses and made monospecific by appropriate absorption. When tested in Ouchterlony analysis and immunoelectrophoresis, the specific antisera reacted with isolated myeloma proteins of both light chain types of the respective subclass.
Enhancement of the Antibody Response to Type III Pneumococcal Polysaccharide in Mice Treated with Antilymphocyte Serum
Authors: Baker Phillip J. , Barth Rolf F. , Stashak Philip W. , Amsbaugh Diana F.
Published: December 2022

Mice treated with antilymphocyte serum (ALS) and immunized with type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III) showed a tenfold increase in the number of direct splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC); no indirect PFC were detected in such mice. These findings suggest that ALS may have selectively eliminated a population of cells which exerts a regulatory effect on the antibody response to SSS-III.
Antigenic Release of Histamine from Rabbit Leukocytes
Authors: Siraganian Reuben P. , Osler Abraham G.
Published: December 2022

Suspensions of washed leukocytes from immunized rabbits release histamine on contact with the immunizing antigen. This allergic response is calcium- and temperature-dependent and occurs in the absence of added plasma or serum. The leukocytes become reactive within 5 days after a single injection of antigen. The responsiveness of the cells reaches a peak in 2 weeks and persists for at least 8 weeks. Cells from hyperimmunized rabbits do not release histamine in the presence of antigen. Histamine release from rabbit leukocytes is not accompanied by enhanced efflux of 86Rubidium or the uptake of trypan blue. Studies with DNP conjugates suggest that a multiplicity of determinants, all possessing the DNP group, participate in histamine release from rabbit leukocytes. These cells lose their ability to release histamine after incubation with antigen in the absence of calcium. Although leukocytic histamine release may be observed when rabbit PCA tests are negative, there is good correlation between the two reactions.
Effects of Irradiation on Initial and Anamnestic Hemolysin Responses in Rabbits: Antigen Injection Before X-Rays
Authors: Taliaferro William H. , Taliaferro Lucy Graves
Published: December 2022

Alterations in the rise and fall of the initial and anamnestic hemolysin responses were studied by immunizing groups of rabbits intravenously with 108.3 fresh sheep red blood cells/kg before total body irradiation. Control groups for the two responses consisted of immunized unirradiated rabbits. Irradiation with a small (25 to 100 R) or large (500 to 700 R) dose was carried out at five stages in both responses, i.e., during induction, during the latent period, before and just after peak titer and during the so-called steady state. Over-all effects of irradiation were evidenced by stimulation (high peak titers, attained within normal times and rates) and delayed enhancement (high peak titers and/or prolonged production, attained after a retarded time and at decreased rates). Stimulation occurred maximally when a small dose of x-rays was given during induction or during the latent period of the initial response, to a much less extent during similar stages of the anamnestic response and to a minor extent during the hemolysin rise and decline of either response. Delayed enhancement occurred maximally when a large dose of x-rays was given during induction, the latent period or the acute rise of the initial response and to a less extent during similar stages of the anamnestic response. Delayed enhancement was only faintly evident in both responses when a large dose of x-rays was given after peak titer in that more rapid declines of hemolysin were only occasionally interrupted by slight rises in hemolysin.

These results on immunization before irradiation, in agreement with our recent study on immunization after irradiation, suggest that the immunologically competent initial cells, as compared to the memory cells, may be more easily stimulated and, although more or less equally injured, may recover more rapidly and may overcompensate for the injury for a longer time.
Studies on Tetanus Antitoxin
Authors: Cohen H. , Nagel J. , van der Veer M. , Peetoom F.
Published: December 2022

It was found earlier that fresh tetanus toxin and tetanus toxoid carry two antigenic determinants each of which elicits tetanus antitoxin in rabbits and man. In this paper the purification of a degraded tetanus toxin carrying only one antigenic determinant is described. It was shown in quantitative precipitation studies that the antitoxin corresponding to this determinant could be absorbed from antitoxic rabbit sera and human immunoglobulin confirming earlier findings. Both antibodies could be isolated from antigen-antibody precipitates. Their reactivity in double diffusion tests with fresh tetanus toxin and degraded toxin was analyzed. The degraded toxin was shown to be antigenic in rabbits and to elicit specific antitoxins.
Transfer of Skin Homograft Immunity with a Plasma Factor
Authors: Dupuy J. M. , Perey D. Y. E. , Good R. A.
Published: December 2022

Passive transfer of skin homograft immunity was achieved in mice by injection of a small volume of plasma from grafted, x-irradiated, syngeneic donors. After injection of plasma, the mice received a skin graft from the same strain as those placed on the plasma donors. Recipients of plasma from irradiated, sensitized donors showed a marked acceleration of rejection as compared to controls. Neither plasma from grafted, non-irradiated mice, nor plasma from irradiated, non-grafted donors could transfer sensitivity to normal recipients. The plasma factor has been shown to be specific. Passive transfer of sensitivity could also be achieved with normal isologous spleen cells which had been incubated in vitro with plasma from grafted, x-irradiated donors. The nature of the factor responsible for transfer of this immunity remains to be determined.
γG Erythrocyte Autoantibodies: Comparison of in Vivo Complement Coating and in Vitro “Rh” Specificity
Authors: Eyster M. Elaine , Jenkins David E.
Published: December 2022

Panreacting γG antibodies were eluted from the red cells of 35 patients with positive direct Coombs' tests. Twelve patients had γG coated cells and 23 had γG + C coated cells. Six of 12 γG and 6 of 23 γG + C eluates showed “Rh” specificity by their failure to react with the Rhnull blood. After absorption with Rhnull cells, an additional γG eluate and seven γG + C eluates showed “Rh” specificity. In these eluates specificity was obscured by the presence of additional antibodies of other specificities and was not apparent until antibodies lacking “Rh” specificity were removed by absorption with Rhnull cells. These findings suggest that the γG antibodies from γG and γG + C coated cells are similar and provide additional support for the concept that surface configuration of red cells as well as the characteristics of antibodies involved may be important in determining whether γG autoantibodies coat erythrocytes with C.
L-Asparaginase in Experimental Auto-Immune Disease: Inhibition of Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Khan Amanullah , Hill Joseph M. , Adachi Mitsuo
Published: December 2022

EAE was induced in Lewis rats by intracutaneous injections of guinea pig spinal cord in Freund's adjuvant. Clinical or histologic evidence of EAE developed in all the control rats. The experimental animals were treated with L-asparaginase in varying doses. The enzyme was given intraperitoneally starting on the day of inoculation and was continued for 28 days. Doses of 2500 IU/kg/day or higher inhibited EAE in all the animals. EAE did not develop in a group of treated animals during 6 weeks after the cessation of therapy. L-Asparaginase didnot produce myelo-suppression or an anti-inflammatory effect. It is suggested that L-asparaginase may prove to be useful in the management of auto-immune disease in man.
The Antigenic Specificity of Blood Groups Which Differentiate Populations of Fresh Water Catfish
Authors: Kuhns William J. , Chuba Joseph V. , Nigrelli Ross F.
Published: December 2022

Erythrocytes derived from fresh water catfish, Ictalurus nebulosus (Le Sueur) and Ictalurus catus (Linneaus), referred to as groups I and II, were capable of eliciting specific immune responses as demonstrated by cross-immunization, stimulation of goats and rabbits, and absorption studies of immune antisera. Two forms of immune response were elicited in goats and rabbits, one against an antigen common to erythrocytes from individuals of groups I and II, and the other against a Forssman-like antigenic substance present on group I, but not group II, erythrocytes. The presence of two classes of immunoglobulins formed during immune responses was suggested on the basis of differences in sensitivity of agglutinins to mercaptoethanol before and after antigenic stimulation. Members of group I possessed a soluble blood group substance in serum and mucus, as demonstrated by agglutination-inhibition tests in the presence of human anti-A antiserum, lima bean lectin, and hemagglutinins in serum from group II individuals.
Genetic Control of the Specificity of Anti-DNP Antibodies
Authors: Yoshida Takeshi , Paul William E. , Benacerraf Baruj
Published: December 2022

The fine specificity of anti-hapten antibodies was quantitatively characterized in terms of the capacity of a series of nitrophenyl ligands to inhibit the binding of 3H-2,4-dinitrophenyl-∈-aminocaproic acid (3H-DNP-EACA) by anti-DNP antibody. Applying this assay to antisera produced by mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits in response to immunization with DNP keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH), species-specific binding characteristics were noted. These differences involve the relative affinity and relative slopes of inhibition for dinitrophenol, trinitrophenyl ∈-aminocaproic acid and dinitroaniline. Anti-DNP antibodies produced by rabbits and guinea pigs in response to immunization with DNP-bovine ∈ globulin resemble those produced by these species in response to DNP-KLH immunization. Thus, different mammalian species produce antibody populations with different patterns of cross-reactivity in response to the same antigenic stimulus.
Secretory IgA in Human Serum
Authors: Waldman R. H. , Mach J. P. , Stella M. M. , Rowe D. S.
Published: December 2022

Secretory component (SC) was detected by the radioactive single radial diffusion technique in nearly all sera examined. The SC was shown to be associated with polymeric serum IgA. The mean level of secretory IgA (SIgA) in normal sera from India, Africa and Europe was about 0.03 to 0.04 mg/ml. The mean level was elevated in patients with a variety of disorders involving secretory surfaces (e.g., acute bacterial enterocolitis or respiratory tract carcinoma), but also in disorders with no known involvement of secretory surfaces. The highest levels were seen in lactating women, with a mean level five times higher than that in the general population. SIgA was also found at lower levels in cord serum, serum from breast-fed newborns and serum from children 3 to 10 years old.
The Subunit Structure of Mouse IgA
Authors: Grey Howard M. , Sher Alan , Shalitin Nurit
Published: December 2022

Mouse IgA myeloma proteins have been studied for the structure of their polypeptide chains and papain fragments. Heavy and light chains, Fab and Fc fragments were shown to have molecular weights closely corresponding to their IgG equivalents and the mass ratio of Fab and Fc fragments indicate the presence of two Fab and one Fc fragments per IgA monomer. The results, taken together with the available hapten-binding data, suggest that a single light-heavy chain pair constitute a hapten-binding site in IgA. In addition, structural studies performed on normal mouse IgA indicate the presence in their structure of dimerized light chain as had been previously reported for IgA myeloma proteins.
Complement and Conglutinin in the Serum of Germ-Free and Conventional Piglets
Authors: Barta O. , Barta Vera , Miniats O. P. , Ingram D. G.
Published: December 2022

The sera of piglets raised as germ-free and colostrum-deprived or as conventional colostrum-fed animals were examined for their levels of complement and conglutinin. The level of hemolytic complement was higher in germ-free animals in the first 3 days of life and again from days 20 to 56. The data indicate that natural contact with bacteria after birth or monoinfection of 56-day-old germ-free piglets caused an increased complement activity in the serum. Feeding of colostrum may stimulate increased serum complement levels but direct absorption of complement components from the colostrum is considered to be unlikely.

Conglutinin levels were higher in the serum of germ-free pigs from 10 to 42 days of age. A decrease in conglutinin activity of the serum and significant variations in conglutinin titers followed exposure of the newborn to a conventional environment or monoinfection of 56-day-old germ-free animals with a strain of Escherichia coli.
Immunochemical Studies of Phospholipids
Authors: Kataoka Tateshi , Nojima Shoshichi
Published: December 2022

Antiserum against the phosphatidylinositol hapten was obtained in rabbits by injecting a complex of the hapten and methylated bovine serum albumin. The specificity of the antiserum was concerned with the inositol moiety of phosphatidylinositol and was influenced by the ratio of phosphatidylinositol to lecithin. The role of lecithin as an auxiliary lipid in the phosphatidylinositol hapten as well as the cardiolipin hapten was partly explained from observations of the nature of the phospholipase C-treated phospholipid haptens. The lecithin molecule as a whole is indispensable in forming micellar structure of the hapten. However, once the micelle is prepared, the phosphorylcholine moiety of lecithin is no longer necessary, at least in the case of the phosphatidylinositol hapten, and the diglyceride portion of lecithin is important in preserving the micelle already formed. Chemical analysis, reactivity with antisera and binding ability with methylated bovine serum albumin of the enzymetreated phospholipid hapten in comparison with the original hapten supported the above conclusions.
Cellular Reactivity to Tuberculin in Immune and Serologically-Unresponsive Guinea Pigs
Authors: Janicki Bernard W. , Schechter Geraldine P. , Schultz Karen E.
Published: December 2022

We have reported that the serologic reactivity of young guinea pigs to mycobacterial antigens decreased proportionately as the sensitizing dose of heat-killed tubercle bacilli was increased (1). Using animals from 0 to 4 weeks old, we found that approximately 67% of those that received doses of 0.5 mg (dry weight) or less exhibited precipitating and complement-fixing antibodies against an unheated mycobacterial culture filtrate when tested 4 weeks after injection, whereas only 34% of the animals that received doses greater than 0.5 mg reacted serologically when similarly tested. Serologic unresponsiveness was induced quite effectively by injecting newborn animals with a 5-mg dose; only 1 of 14 animals sensitized in this manner exhibited anti-mycobacterial precipitins when tested 4 to 5 weeks later. Hypersensitivity to tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) in the serologically-unresponsive animals, however, appeared to be unaffected. Animals injected with the 5-mg dose at birth exhibited unequivocal skin reactivity to PPD 5 weeks later, but the reactions were smaller than those of adults that received the same sensitizing dose (1).