bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Split nitrogen application in potato: effects on
accumulation of nitrogen and dry matter in the crop
and on the soil nitrogen budget
Authors: VOS J.
Published: July 2002

In four field experiments, the effects of single nitrogen (N) applications at planting on yield and
nitrogen uptake of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was compared with two or three split applications.
The total amount of N applied was an experimental factor in three of the experiments. In two
experiments, sequential observations were made during the growing season. Generally, splitting
applications (up to 58 days after emergence) did not affect dry matter (DM) yield at maturity and
tended to result in slightly lower DM concentration of tubers, whereas it slightly improved the
utilization of nitrogen. Maximum haulm dry weight and N content were lower when less nitrogen was
applied during the first 50 days after emergence (DAE). The crops absorbed little extra nitrogen after
60 DAE (except when three applications were given). Soil mineral N (0–60 cm) during the first month
reflected the pattern of N application with values up to 27 g/m2 N. After 60 DAE, soil mineral N
was always around 2–5 g/m2. The efficiency of N utilization, i.e. the ratio of the N content of the crop
to total N available (initial soil mineral N+deposition+net mineralization) was 0·45 for unfertilized
controls. The utilization of fertilizer N (i.e. the apparent N recovery) was generally somewhat
improved by split applications, but declined with the total amount of N applied (range 0·48–0·72). N
utilization and its complement, possible N loss, were similar for both experiments with sequential
observations. Separate analysis of the movement of Br− indicated that some nitrate can be washed
below 60 cm soil depth due to dispersion during rainfall. The current study showed that the time when
N application can be adjusted to meet estimated requirements extends to (at least) 60 days after
emergence. That period of time can be exploited to match the N application to the actual crop
requirement as it changes during that period.
WHAT HUSBANDS IN NORTHERN INDIA KNOW ABOUT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: CORRELATES OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PREGNANCY AND MATERNAL AND SEXUAL HEALTH
Authors: BLOOM SHELAH S. , TSUI AMY ONG , PLOTKIN MARYA , BASSETT SARAH
Published: July 2002

Women in India suffer from a high incidence of reproductive disease, disability and death. Very little work has been done on men, but a much higher incidence of sexual experience outside marriage and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among males than previously expected for this population is now being documented. In north India, women are dependent on their husbands and other family members for health-related decisions. Therefore, the behaviour, knowledge and attitudes of men are integral to the reproductive health status of couples there. This study explores knowledge about three distinct areas of reproductive health among 6549 married men in five districts of the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Factors contributing to men's knowledge in the areas of fertility, maternal health and STDs were investigated. Results showed that very few men had basic knowledge in any of these areas. The likelihood of reporting knowledge was associated with a set of determinants that differed in their magnitude and effect across the areas of reproductive health explored. In particular, men's belief about the ability of an individual to prevent pregnancy demonstrated an independent association with men's knowledge. After controlling for factors such as age, parity and educational and economic status, men who believed it not possible to prevent a pregnancy were less likely to know when during the menstrual cycle women would become pregnant and certain facts about STDs, but they were more likely to be able to name two or more symptoms of serious maternal health conditions. Possible explanations for this trend are discussed.
On the structure and formation of spiral Taylor–Görtler vortices in spherical Couette flow
Authors: SHA WEIMING , NAKABAYASHI KOICHI
Published: July 2002

A direct numerical simulation of the spherical Couette flow between two spheres
with the inner sphere rotating was performed to investigate the detailed structure,
formation process and mechanism of the spiral Taylor–Görtler (TG) vortices. For
comparison with our previous experiments, a moderate gap case with clearance ratio
β = 0.14 is chosen in the present numerical study. With adequate initial and boundary
conditions, we have sucessfully simulated the supercritical spiral TG vortex flow in
this system. Analysis of the numerical results reveals the structure and features of the
spiral TG vortices. The flow consists of one toroidal TG vortex, one toroidal vortex
cell, three spiral TG vortices and a secondary flow circulation in each hemisphere, and
this supercritical flow solution features rotational and equatorial asymmetries. It is
found that the spiral TG vortices are composed of a pair of counter-rotating, unequal
spiral vortices with essentially different structural forms. One begins in the secondary
flow circulation at higher latitude and ends with a connection to the toroidal vortex
cell at lower latitude while the other one starts on the inner rotating spherical surface
at lower latitude and ends on the outer stationary spherical surface at higher latitude.
Through sucessive visualizations which display the transient features of the spiral
TG vortices, we observe that vortex tearing, splitting, tilting, reconnecting, stretching
and compressing occur in the formation of the spiral TG vortices. Pairing of two
alternating helical vortices is the key process in their evolution. To understand the
formation mechanism, we consider the vorticity production in the azimuthal vorticity
component equation. The important vorticity tilting and stretching terms play different
roles in the formation process of these two counter-rotating spiral vortices.
The vorticity tilting term is responsible for generating both of the spiral vortices. The
vorticity stretching term acts to stretch one of the spiral vortices from the inner sphere
to the outer sphere while suppressing the stretching of the other in the azimuthal
direction. The different formation mechanisms for these two counter-rotating spiral
vortices lead to the structure of the spiral TG vortices.
Hydrodynamical similarities between bubble column and bubbly pipe flow
Authors: MUDDE ROBERT F. , SAITO TAKAYUKI
Published: July 2002

The hydrodynamical similarities between the bubbly flow in a bubble column and in a
pipe with vertical upward liquid flow are investigated. The system concerns air/water
bubbly flow in a vertical cylinder of 14.9 cm inner diameter. Measurements of the
radial distribution of the liquid velocity, gas fraction and the bubble velocity and size
are performed using laser Doppler anemometry for the liquid velocity and a four-point
optical fibre probe for the gas fraction, bubble velocity and size. The averaged
gas fraction was 5.2% for the bubble column (with a superficial liquid velocity of
zero) and 5.5% for the bubbly pipe flow at a superficial liquid velocity of 0.175 m s−1.
From a hydrodynamical point of view, the two modes of operation are very similar.
It is found that in many respects the bubbly pipe flow is the superposition of the
flow in the bubble column mode and single-phase flow at the same superficial liquid
velocity.

The radial gas fraction profiles are the same and the velocity profiles differ only
by a constant offset: the superficial liquid velocity. This means that the well-known
large-scale liquid circulation (in a time-averaged sense) of the bubble column is also
present in the bubbly pipe flow. For the turbulence intensities it is found that the
bubbly pipe flow is like the superposition of the bubble column and the single-phase
flow at the superficial liquid velocity of the pipe flow, the former being at least an
order of magnitude higher than the latter. The large vortical structures that have been
found in the bubble columns are also present in the bubbly pipe flow case, partly
explaining the much higher ‘turbulence’ levels observed.
The Boussinesq–Rayleigh approximation for rotational solitary waves on shallow water with uniform vorticity
Authors: MIROSHNIKOV VICTOR A.
Published: July 2002

The theoretical work reported herein studies the free-surface profile, the flow structure,
and the pressure distribution of a finite-amplitude solitary wave on shallow water
with uniform vorticity. The kinematic problem for the stream function is formulated
employing the vertical coordinate and the free surface as the independent variables of
the Poisson equation with variable coefficients that are functions of the Hamiltonian
of the rotational solitary wave. The exact solution of the boundary-value kinematic
problem for the stream function is derived in the form of a power series complemented
by a recurrence relation. The dynamic problems for the Hamiltonian and the free
surface are solved globally in the Boussinesq–Rayleigh approximation. To find angles
enclosed by the branches of the solution at critical points and points of bifurcation the
surface streamline is also treated locally by an exact topological solution. The complete
analysis of the four-dimensional Hamiltonian maps presented in §4 specifies critical
values of the Froude number and the vorticity for five flow regimes: the emergence
of the solitary wave, the flow separation near the bottom, the flow separation near
the crest, the critical regime for an instability, and the formation of a limiting
configuration. The streamlines of the recirculating flow are obtained as a single-eddy
bifurcation that preserves continuity of all derivatives on the boundary streamline.
The eddy separated near the crest forms the limiting configuration by blocking
the upstream current. The results are compared with weakly nonlinear theory, with
numerical simulations and with field observations with satisfactory agreement.
An experimental investigation of MHD quasi-two-dimensional turbulent shear flows
Authors: MESSADEK KARIM , MOREAU RENE
Published: July 2002

An extensive experimental study is carried out to examine the properties of a
quasi-two-dimensional MHD turbulent shear flow. Axisymmetric shear of a mercury layer
is enforced by the action of a steady vertical magnetic field and a radial horizontal
electric current flowing between a ring set of electrodes and a cylindrical wall. This
shear layer is unstable, and the properties of the turbulent flow are studied for a wide
range of Hartmann (up to 1800) and Reynolds numbers (up to 106). The mean velocity
profiles exhibit a turbulent free shear layer, of thickness larger than that predicted
by the laminar theory by two orders of magnitude. The profiles yield the expected
linear dependence between the total angular momentum and the electric current
when the magnetic field is large enough, but demonstrate a systematic deviation when
it is moderate (Ha [lsim ] 250). The quasi-two-dimensional turbulence is characterized
by an energy transfer towards the large scales, which leads to a relatively small
number of large coherent structures. The properties of these structures result from
the competition between the energy transfer and the Joule dissipation within the
Hartmann layers. In the intermediate range of wavenumbers
(k[lscr ] < k < ki, where
k[lscr ] is the integral-length-scale wavenumber and ki
the injection wavenumber), the energy spectra exhibit a power law close to
k−5/3 when the Joule dissipation is weak and
close to k−3 when it is significant. The properties of the turbulent flow in this latter
regime depend on only one non-dimensional parameter, the ratio
(Ha/Re)(l⊥/h)2 (Ha
is the Hartmann number, Re the Reynolds number based on the cell radius, l⊥ a
typical transverse scale, and h the layer width).
Impinging free jets of ideal fluid
Authors: HUREAU J. , WEBER R.
Published: July 2002

This paper studies the impinging of two ideal fluid jets. The usual
two-dimensional
model of jet flow uses an ideal, incompressible, weightless fluid to describe
these
impinging jets, so that the problem becomes one of complex analysis which
seems to
have an infinite number of analytical solutions, except for direct jet
impacts. The new
approach presented here is based on the construction of a dividing line
between the
two jets. It gives an efficient procedure for solving this problem numerically
when the
jets flow in arbitrary directions and the solution obtained seems to be
unique.
A numerical and experimental investigation of
stability of natural convective flows within a
horizontal annulus
Authors: DYKO MARK P. , VAFAI KAMBIZ , MOJTABI A. KADER
Published: July 2002

A numerical and experimental study of buoyancy-driven flow in the
annulus between
two horizontal coaxial cylinders at Rayleigh numbers approaching and exceeding
the
critical values is presented. The stability of the flow is investigated
using linear theory
and the energy method. Theoretical predictions of the critical Rayleigh
number for
onset of secondary flows are obtained for a wide range of radius ratio
R and are verified
by comparison with results of previous experimental studies. A subcritical
Rayleigh
number which provides a necessary condition for global flow stability is
also
determined. The three-dimensional transient equations of fluid flow and
heat transfer
are solved to study the manifestation of instabilities within annuli having
impermeable
endwalls, which are encountered in various applications. For the first
time, a thorough
examination of the development of spiral vortex secondary flow within a
moderate gap
annulus and its interaction with the primary flow is performed for air.
Simulations are
conducted to investigate factors influencing the size and number of post-transitional

vortex cells. The evolution of stable three-dimensional flow and temperature
fields with
increasing Rayleigh number in a large gap annulus is also studied. The
distinct flow
structures which coexist in the large gap annulus at high Rayleigh numbers
preceding
transition to oscillatory flow, including transverse vortices at the end
walls which have
not been previously identified, are established numerically and experimentally.
The
solutions for the large-gap annulus are compared to those for the moderate-gap
case
to clarify fundamental differences in behaviour. Heat transfer results
in the form of
local Nusselt number distributions are presented for both the moderate-
and large-gap
cases. Results from a series of experiments performed with air to obtain
data for
validation of the numerical scheme and further information on the flow
stability are
presented. Additionally, the change from a crescent-shaped flow pattern
to a
unicellular pattern with centre of rotation at the top of the annulus is
investigated
numerically and experimentally for a Prandtl number of 100. Excellent agreement

between the numerical and experimental results is shown for both Prandtl
numbers
studied. The present work provides, for the first time, quantitative three-dimensional

descriptions of spiral convection within a moderate-gap annulus containing
air, flow
structures preceding oscillation in a large-gap annulus for air, and unicellular
flow
development in a large-gap annulus for large Prandtl number fluids.
Direct numerical simulation of a puff and a slug
in transitional cylindrical pipe flow
Authors: SHAN H. , MA B. , ZHANG Z. , NIEUWSTADT F. T. M.
Published: July 2002

A direct numerical simulation of transitional pipe flow is carried out with the help of
a spectral element method and used to investigate the localized regions
of ‘turbulent’
flow that are observed in experiments. Two types of such regions can be distinguished:
the puff and the slug. The puff, which is generally found at low values of the Reynolds
numbers, is simulated for Re = 2200 where the Reynolds number
Re is based on the mean velocity UB
and pipe diameter D. The slug occurs at a higher Reynolds number
and it is simulated for Re = 5000. The computations start with a laminar pipe flow
to which is added a prescribed velocity disturbance at a given axial position and for
a finite time. The disturbance then evolves further into a puff or slug structure.

The simulations confirm the experimentally observed fact that for a puff the
velocity near the leading edge changes more gradually than for a slug where an
almost discontinuous change is observed. The positions of the leading and trailing
edges of the puff and slug are computed from the simulations as a function of time.
The propagation velocity of the leading edge is found to be constant and equal
to 1.56UB and 1.69UB for the
puff and slug, respectively. For the trailing edge the
velocity is found to be 0.73UB and
0.52UB, respectively. By rescaling the simulation
results obtained at various times to a fixed length, we define an ensemble average.
This method is used to compute the average characteristics of the puff and slug such
as the spatial distribution of the mean velocity, the turbulent velocity fluctuations and
also the wall shear stress. By computing particle trajectories we have investigated the
entrainment and detrainment of fluid by a puff and slug. We find that the puff detrains
through its trailing edge and entrains through its leading edge. The slug entrains fluid
through its leading and through most of its trailing edge. As a consequence the fluid
inside the puff is constantly exchanged with fluid outside whereas the fluid inside a
slug remains there. These entrainment/detrainment properties which are in agreement
with the measurements of Wygnanski & Champagne (1973) imply that the puff has
the characteristics of a wave phenomenon while the slug can be characterized more
as a material property which travels with the flow.

Finally, we have investigated in more detail the velocity field within the puff. In a
coordinate system that travels with the mean velocity we find recirculation regions
both near the trailing and leading edges which agrees at least qualitatively with
experimental data. We also find streamwise vortices, predominantly in the trailing-edge region which have been also observed in experiments and which are believed to
play an important role in the dynamics of the transition process.
The onset of chaos in a class of Navier–Stokes solutions
Authors: HALL PHILIP , PAPAGEORGIOU DEMETRIOS T.
Published: July 2002

The flow between parallel walls driven by the time-periodic oscillation of one of
the walls is investigated. The flow is characterized by a non-dimensional amplitude
Δ and a Reynolds number R. At small
values of the Reynolds number the flow is
synchronous with the wall motion and is stable. If the amplitude of oscillation is held
fixed and the Reynolds number is increased there is a symmetry-breaking bifurcation
at a finite value of R. When R is further
increased, additional bifurcations take place,
but the structure which develops, essentially chaotic flow resulting from a Feigenbaum
cascade or a quasi-periodic flow, depends on the amplitude of oscillation. The flow in
the different regimes is investigated by a combination of asymptotic and numerical
methods. In the small-amplitude high-Reynolds-number limit we show that the flow
structure develops on two time scales with chaos occurring on the longer time scale.
The chaos in that case is shown to be associated with the unsteady breakdown of a
steady streaming flow. The chaotic flows which we describe are of particular interest
because they correspond to Navier–Stokes solutions of stagnation-point form. These
flows are relevant to a wide variety of flows of practical importance.
On hydrostatic flows in isentropic coordinates
Authors: BOKHOVE ONNO
Published: July 2002

The hydrostatic primitive equations of motion which have been used in large-scale
weather prediction and climate modelling over the last few decades are analysed
with variational methods in an isentropic Eulerian framework. The use of material
isentropic coordinates for the Eulerian hydrostatic equations is known to have distinct
conceptual advantages since fluid motion is, under inviscid and statically stable
circumstances, confined to take place on quasi-horizontal isentropic surfaces. First, an
Eulerian isentropic Hamilton's principle, expressed in terms of fluid parcel variables,
is therefore derived by transformation of a Lagrangian Hamilton's principle to an
Eulerian one. This Eulerian principle explicitly describes the boundary dynamics of
the time-dependent domain in terms of advection of boundary
isentropes sB; these
are the values the isentropes have at their intersection with the (lower) boundary. A
partial Legendre transform for only the interior variables yields an Eulerian ‘action’
principle. Secondly, Noether's theorem is used to derive energy and potential vorticity
conservation from the Eulerian Hamilton's principle. Thirdly, these conservation
laws are used to derive a wave-activity invariant which is second-order in terms
of small-amplitude disturbances relative to a resting or moving basic state. Linear
stability criteria are derived but only for resting basic states. In mid-latitudes a time-
scale separation between gravity and vortical modes occurs. Finally, this time-scale
separation suggests that conservative geostrophic and ageostrophic approximations
can be made to the Eulerian action principle for hydrostatic flows. Approximations
to Eulerian variational principles may be more advantageous than approximations
to Lagrangian ones because non-dimensionalization and scaling tend to be based
on Eulerian estimates of the characteristic scales involved. These approximations to
the stratified hydrostatic formulation extend previous approximations to the shallow-
water equations. An explicit variational derivation is given of an isentropic version
of Hoskins & Bretherton's model for atmospheric fronts.
Trapped modes in a waveguide with a long obstacle
Authors: KHALLAF N. S. A. , PARNOVSKI L. , VASSILIEV D.
Published: July 2002

Consider an infinite two-dimensional acoustic waveguide containing a long rectangular
obstacle placed symmetrically with respect to the centreline. We search for
trapped modes, i.e. modes of oscillation at particular frequencies which decay down
the waveguide. We provide analytic estimates for trapped mode frequencies and prove
that the number of trapped modes is asymptotically proportional to the length of the
obstacle.
Banks and Entrepreneurs in Porfirian
Mexico: Inside Exploitation or Sound
Business Strategy?
Authors: MAURER NOEL
Published: July 2002

Banks in Porfirian Mexico widely engaged in the practice of making
long-term loans to their own directors, a practice known as ‘auto-prestamo’. This
was neither pernicious nor fraudulent. Rather, Porfirian banks behaved as the
financial arms of extended kinship and personal business groups. These groups
used banks to raise impersonal capital for their diversified enterprises and give
their partnerships a more permanent institutional base. Investors in these banks
knew full well that they were investing in the businesses of a particular group and
developed sophisticated techniques to monitor bank directors. However, because
entry into banking was severely restricted under Porfirian law, the system
concentrated economic power in a few hands and contributed to Mexico's
oligopolistic industrial structure.
On the level surfaces of the magnetic field in a resistive plasma
Authors: NÚÑEZ MANUEL
Published: July 2002

An analysis of the induction equation shows that the level surfaces of the
magnetic field in a resistive plasma satisfy a certain bound upon the time means of
their areas. When this bound is applied to some configurations typical of chaotic
plasmas, it is shown that the number of bidimensional sheets where the field reaches
a extremum is bounded, whereas the number of extremal ropes or points need not
be. This also applies to current sheets.
Some patterns of unscripted speech in Hindi
Authors: Ohala Manjari
Published: July 2002

This paper presents data from a small corpus of unscripted speech gathered from one male and one female adult native speaker of Hindi. An acoustic analysis of the data demonstrated changes such as lenition and assimilation. The cases of assimilation included stop plus stop sequences yielding geminates. The results of a perceptual test showed that such ‘pseudogeminates’ are generally perceived as true geminates. Parallels between these phenomena and historical sound changes in Indo-Aryan are also discussed.
Cloning of peroxiredoxin, a novel antioxidant enzyme,

from the helminth parasite Fasciola hepatica
Authors: McGONIGLE S. , CURLEY G. P. , DALTON J. P.
Published: July 2002

A cDNA was isolated from a cDNA expression library using serum

prepared against a high molecular mass fraction of

Fasciola hepatica excretory–secretory products. The full-length

cDNA encodes a member of the recently described

peroxiredoxin antioxidant family. Peroxiredoxin could be the major

hydrogen peroxide removing antioxidant in F.

hepatica since this parasite does not express a catalase and

expresses little glutathione peroxidase activity. This novel

antioxidant may be involved in functions such as protection against

reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by metabolic

processes and/or protection of the parasite against ROS released

by immune effector cells.
The cement apparatus of larval and adult Pomphorhynchus
laevis (Acanthocephala: Palaeacanthocephala)
Authors: DEZFULI B. S. , ONESTINI S. , CARCUPINO M. , MISCHIATI C.
Published: July 2002

Light and electron microscopy were used to study the ultrastructure
of the
cement apparatus, namely cement glands and
cement ducts of mature specimens of the acanthocephalan parasite
Pomphorhynchus laevis Müller, 1776, recovered from
the digestive tracts of fish Leuciscus cephalus Risso, 1826.
In addition, the cement glands of immature P. laevis found
within the body cavity of the fish Alburnus alburnus alborella

De Filippi, 1844 were examined. In a mature male of P. laevis

the 6 cement glands are rounded to oval in shape and each of them has an

outer cytoplasmic layer containing nuclei and
surrounding a space for storage of the cement material within the gland.

The nuclei have an irregular outline and the
cytoplasm of the cells contains round, membrane-bound secretory granules

approximately 1 μm in diameter. Nuclei
surrounded by secretory granules were present inside the gland lumen. Within

the gland ducts of mature males, granules
were present within the wall thickness and, inside the luminal area,
mitochondria were encountered. In contrast, within
the cement glands of immature P. laevis there were no secretory

granules and the chromatin of the nuclei appeared
condensed. The nature of the secretory product of the cement glands was

investigated with histological and electrophoretic
methods. A protein with molecular weight of 23 kDa was recorded as a major
component of cement.
Scanning for nucleotide variations in mitochondrial DNA
fragments of Schistosoma japonicum by single-strand
conformation polymorphism
Authors: BØGH H. O. , ZHU X. Q. , QIAN B.-Z. , GASSER R. B.
Published: July 2002

In this study, we employed a mutation scanning approach for the
direct visual display of genetic variability in mitochondrial
DNA (mtDNA) fragments within and among populations of Schistosoma japonicum
from the People's Republic of
China. Fragments of the NADH dehydrogenase 1 gene (ND1) and the cytochrome
c oxidase subunit I (COI) were
individually amplified from parasite DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
denatured and subjected to single-strand
conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Using ND1 and COI fragments,
individuals representing different genotypes
could be readily identified based on characteristic and reproducible SSCP
profiles. The results demonstrated the
usefulness of SSCP for the direct visual display of low-level sequence
variation in mtDNA of S. japonicum prior to DNA
sequence analysis. This approach has important implications for studying
the genetic structure and biology of S. japonicum
populations, and for analysing the inheritance of mitochondrial DNA.
Mechanisms underlying the transfer of phosphorylcholine
to filarial nematode glycoproteins – a possible role for
choline kinase
Authors: HOUSTON K. M. , HARNETT W.
Published: July 2002

Phosphorylcholine (PC) is a common constituent of proteins secreted
by filarial nematodes. As this substance has been
shown to interfere with immune responses, we are interested in designing
strategies for blocking its attachment. Towards
this end, we are investigating the mechanism of incorporation of PC into
filarial molecules and in the present manuscript
we describe experiments relating to elucidating the source of PC for attachment.
Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine in
eukaryotic organisms can occur by a mechanism involving the transfer of
PC from CDP-choline to diacylglycerol (the
Kennedy pathway). By (i) measuring transfer of radio-isotope labelled PC
from CDP-choline to parasite molecules and
(ii) employing inhibitors of CDP-choline synthesis, we have investigated
whether CDP-choline can act as a source of PC
for transfer to ES–62, a major secreted glycoprotein of the rodent
filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae. Although we
can find no evidence of this, we show that attachment of PC is blocked
by hemicholinium-3, an inhibitor of choline kinase,
the first enzyme in the Kennedy pathway. Thus, at least the first step
in this pathway – phosphorylation of choline, would
appear to be necessary for attachment of PC to ES-62.
Identification of a new C-type lectin, TES-70, secreted by infective larvae of Toxocara canis, which binds to host ligands
Authors: LOUKAS A. , DOEDENS A. , HINTZ M. , MAIZELS R. M.
Published: July 2002

Infective larvae of the dog roundworm Toxocara canis survive in the tissues of their hosts for extended periods in a state
of developmental arrest, successfully evading immune destruction. This survival strategy is thought to be mediated by T.
canis excretory/secretory (TES) products which downregulate or divert the immune response. We purified one of the
major TES products, TES-70 and gained amino acid sequence from 4 tryptic peptides. These peptides were matched to
a predicted protein from a cDNA that was isolated by expression screening a T. canis cDNA library with mouse anti-TES
serum. The predicted protein (Tc-CTL-4) is similar to, but larger than, Tc-CTL-1, a 32-kDa C-type lectin secreted by
T. canis larvae. Tc-CTL-4 has a signal peptide, 2 Cys-rich domains and a C-terminal calcium-dependent C-type lectin
domain that shares sequence similarity with host immune cell receptors such as macrophage mannose receptor and CD23.
The lectin domain was expressed in bacteria and antiserum to the purified recombinant protein was used to confirm that
Tc-ctl-4 did encode the native TES-70 glycoprotein. TES-70 selectively bound to ligands on the surface of Madin–Darby
Canine Kidney cells in vitro in a calcium-dependent manner, inhibitable by mammalian serum, indicating that a host
glycan is the native ligand for this new parasite lectin.
Motivations
Authors: Goldstick D.
Published: July 2002

An exploratory discussion. Call a desire “finitisic” if some conceivable eventuality would fulfil it completely (so that no conceivable eventuality would fulfil it more). That flexibility of behaviour distinguishing the animate from the mindless is accounted for fundamentally by supposing ultimate motivation all infinitistic and outweighable. Decision-making by the counterpoise of such motivation contrasts with algorithmic thinking; and this suggests a non-computational view of mentation, a compatibilist understanding of creative imagination, and (with some additional conceptions) a possible definitional avenue for breaking the circle of intentionality.
Interpretations of God's eternity
Authors: EVERITT NICHOLAS
Published: July 2002

…even from everlasting to everlasting, thou art

God (Psalms 90.2)

A number of authors, including contributors to this journal,

have argued that the only consistent interpretation of

God's eternal existence attributes

to God an atemporal existence. Their argument seeks to show

that it would be self-contradictory to adopt the opposing

interpretation that God exists in time, and has

indeed existed for an infinite past time. This paper argues

that their objections to

infinite past existence all turn on a misunderstanding of

what that concept involves.

The theist is therefore not compelled to adopt the atemporal

interpretation, but can

instead adopt the more intuitively intelligible thesis that

God is in time.
Ian Hutchby & Robin Wooffitt, Conversation
analysis: Principles, practices and applications.
Cambridge (UK): Polity Press; Oxford (UK) & Malden
(MA): Blackwell, 1998. Pp. vii, 273. Pb $29.95.
Authors: Roth Andrew L.
Published: July 2002

In 1964 the late Harvey Sacks began to present his
now-famous lectures on conversation at UCLA (Sacks 1992,
vol. 1). By the decade's end, as he continued his
lectures at UC Irvine (Sacks 1992, vol. 2), the first
published instance of the work that had come to be known
as Conversation Analysis (Schegloff 1968) introduced this
developing perspective to a broader public. In the early
1970s Sacks and Schegloff, along with their colleague Gail
Jefferson, pursued their research on the organization of
talk-in-interaction and published a number of articles
that remain foundational (e.g. Schegloff & Sacks 1973,
Sacks et al. 1974).
Mara B. Adelman & Lawrence R. Frey, The
fragile community: Living together with AIDS. (Everyday
communication: Case studies of behavior in context.) Mahwah,
NJ: Erlbaum, 1997. Pp. xii, 128. Hb $36.00, pb $16.50.
Authors: Peräkylä Anssi
Published: July 2002

In his book The sacred canopy, Peter Berger
wrote, that in the last analysis, “society”
is people banded together in the face of death (1967:51).
Adelman and Frey have written a small but fascinating study
about this very topic. Theirs is an ethnographic study
on a residential facility called Bonaventure House (BH),
run by a Catholic order, the Alexian Brothers of America.
The residents suffer from AIDS; and during the time of
the study, BH was for most of them their last home before
death. Using participant observation, interviews and questionnaires,
Adelman & Frey set out to study how community is built
and sustained in these circumstances: People afflicted
by a dreaded illness share their everyday lives; death
occurs regularly; and the departed are replaced by new
people, who become part of the community.
Taking the laboratory to the skies: Ambulatory assessment of self‐report, autonomic, and respiratory responses in flying phobia
Authors: Wilhelm Frank H. , Roth Walton T.
Published: July 2002

We evaluated the feasibility of recording multiple physiological anxiety measures during a flight and how well they could distinguish flight phobics from controls. Benefits of baseline adjustment and transformation for all variables and adjustment of heart rate by ventilation to give additional heart rate were calculated. Effect size, one measure of the power to discriminate groups, was between 1.1 and 1.7 for heart rate measures. Although respiratory rate and minute ventilation, indicators of hyperventilation, did not differ between groups, phobics paused more during inspiration than did controls. Phobics also showed more skin conductance fluctuations and less respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Self‐reported anxiety was a more powerful discriminator than physiological measures, a result that may be partially explained by how phobics were selected. These results indicate that monitoring of multiple physiological systems outside the laboratory is practical and informative. Physiological measures of psychological importance can be quantified accurately in a noisy, changing, unsupervised ambulatory setting.
On separating processes of event categorization, task preparation, and mental rotation proper in a handedness recognition task
Authors: Bajrič Jasmin , Rösler Frank , Heil Martin , Hennighausen Erwin
Published: July 2002

We investigated the nature of event‐related potential (ERP) effects in a handedness recognition task requiring mental rotation. Thirty subjects were tested with rotated and sometimes reflected alphanumeric characters while ERPs were recorded from 18 electrodes. On each trial, a cue provided valid information about the angular displacement of the following probe. This design allowed a distinction between three processing episodes: evaluation of the difficulty of the forthcoming task, preparation for the task, and the mental rotation task itself. The three episodes were accompanied by distinct ERP effects having distinct polarities, a different rank order of amplitudes for different probe orientations, and a different topography. These data confirm previous findings showing that mental rotation is accompanied by a parietal negativity. However, they also suggest that the rotation‐related negativity found after tilted stimuli in standard mental rotation tasks is most likely overlapping with another, simultaneously triggered ERP effect functionally related to an evaluation of task difficulty.
What sort of model could account for an early autonomy and a late interaction revealed by ERPs?
Authors: Isel Frédéric
Published: July 2002

Norris, McQueen & Cutler demonstrated that feedback is never necessary during lexical access and proposed a new autonomous model, that is, the Merge model, taking into account the known behavioral data on word recognition. For sentence processing, recent event-related brain potentials (ERPs) data suggest that interactions can occur but only after an initial autonomous stage of processing. Thus at this level too, there is no evidence in favor of feedback.
Large-scale neocortical dynamic function and EEG: Use of theory and methods in clinical research on children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Murias Michael , Swanson James M.
Published: July 2002

We used Nunez's physiologically based dynamic theory of EEG to make predictions about a clinical population of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) known to have neuronanatomical abnormalities. Analysis of high-density EEG data (long-range coherence) showed expected age-related differences and surprising regional specificity that is consistent with some of the literature in this clinical area.
An extended local connectionist manifesto: Embracing relational and procedural knowledge
Authors: Shastri Lokendra
Published: July 2002

Page has performed an important service by dispelling several myths and misconceptions concerning the localist approach. The localist position and computational model presented in the target article, however, are overly restrictive and do not address the representation of complex conceptual items such as events, situations, actions, and plans. Working toward the representation of such items leads to a more sophisticated and articulated view of the localist approach.
Direct experience is ecologically valid
Authors: Goodie Adam S.
Published: July 2002

Koehler's (1996t) target article raised, and various
commentators discussed, two issues that seem far separated but
actually have a great deal in common. These are the value of
“ecologically valid” research and the effect of direct
experience on base-rate usage. Koehler discussed the former as a
methodological issue and the latter as a normative one, and no
commentator chose to incorporate them, but directly experienced
base rates are a good example of ecologically valid research. The
state of the literature with regard to directly experienced base rates
is reviewed, and the emerging perception, that direct experience has a
profound Bayesian effect on base-rate usage, is rejected.
The “mesh” approach to human memory: How much of cognitive psychology has to be thrown away?
Authors: Velichkovsky Boris M.
Published: July 2002

While sharing the author's interest in the development
of an action-based framework for memory research, I think the
present version is neither new nor particularly productive. More
differentiation is needed to describe memory functioning in a variety
of domains and on the many levels of activity regulation. Above all,
Glenberg's proposals seem to contradict empirical data.
Faculty before folk
Authors: Leiber Justin
Published: July 2002

Pace Atran, (1) folk physics, (2) folk biology, and (3) folk
psychology rest on informationally encapsulated modules that
emerge before language: a gifted austic person who can see
objects and animals perfectly well can nonetheless be
incommunicatively mind blind.
Four reasons why the science of psychology is still in trouble
Authors: Vicente Kim J.
Published: July 2002

Chow's monograph exhibits four prototypical symptoms
of psychology's enduring scientific crisis: (a) it equates
empirical science with statistical analysis; (b) it settles for
qualitative rather than quantitative theories; (c) it ignores the role
of ecological validity in the generalizability of theories; and (d) it
puts rigid adherence to arbitrary but documentable rules over critical
thinking about the meaning of results.
Temporal delays, not underactivation of detection processes may be responsible for neglect
Authors: Chou I-han , Schiller Peter H.
Published: July 2002

We have shown that FEF lesion-induced extinction could be compensated for by changing the relative temporal onsets of two targets presented on either side of the midline. Monkeys were trained to make saccades to either of two identical visual stimuli presented with various stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA). In intact animals the targets were chosen with equal probability when they appeared simultaneously. After unilateral FEF lesions an SOA of 67–116 msec had to be introduced, with the contralesional target appearing first, to obtain equal probability choice. With a smaller target separation, averaging saccades occurred with highest frequency at similar SOAs. Our findings suggest that neglect may be attributable to more time being required in the damaged hemisphere for converting sensory information into motor responses.
Why collapse morphological concepts?
Authors: Dressler Wolfgang U.
Published: July 2002

Clahsen's conception of inflectional rules – as being not only regular, but simultaneously only concatenative (combinatorial), general and productive, representing the default, not occurring in interfixation within German compounds, and identical to the first rules to be acquired in first-language acquisition – involves an unwarranted collapsing of morphological concepts.
Saturday night social constructivism
Authors: Kenrick Douglas T.
Published: July 2002

In contrast to evidence for evolved sex differences, support
for the argument that female aggression was suppressed by
patriarchial ideologies is thin. One empirical test of the
differential stigmatization hypothesis is proposed, utilizing
the four standard criteria for judgments of abnormality.
Novel status contests, archaic evolved psychologies
Authors: Machalek Richard
Published: July 2002

Women and men have evolved psychological traits adapted to
different types of competition in the EEA (environment of evolutionary
adaptedness). While women appear not to be as well adapted as men
for violent status struggles, the decline of routine violence in
status contests raises interesting questions about gender and
status competition in contemporary societies.
How deep is your love?
Authors: McKnight J. , Bond N. W.
Published: July 2002

The thesis that women will be more intent on staying alive
fails to take into account that current strategies are those of the
winners in the evolutionary race. Moreover, because like tends to
mate with like, risk taking will be averaged out between the sexes.
Finally, Campbell's narrow view of parental investment fails to
acknowledge the indirect contributions of males.
Extensions of Hénon maps to the closed 4-ball
Authors: BUZZARD GREGERY T.
Published: July 2002

Any polynomial automorphism of $\mathbb{C}^2$ with nontrivial dynamics is conjugate to a diffeomorphism of the 4-ball such that this diffeomorphism extends to a diffeomorphism of the closed 4-ball. Moreover, the conjugating map is a smooth bijection of $\mathbb{C}^2$ to itself. On the sphere at infinity, the extension has an attracting and a repelling solenoid, and the dynamics near these invariant solenoids are described by conjugation to a model solenoidal map.
Quasisymmetric invariance of the Collet–Eckmann condition
Authors: SANDS DUNCAN , NOWICKI TOMASZ
Published: July 2002

The Collet–Eckmann condition is quasisymmetrically invariant: if an S-unimodal map $f$ is quasisymmetrically conjugate to an S-unimodal map $g$ then $f$ satisfies the Collet–Eckmann condition if and only if $g$ satisfies the Collet–Eckmann condition.
Class, the Working Class, and the Politburo
Authors: Kotkin Stephen
Published: July 2002

The experience of socialist countries, which Geoff Eley and Keith Nield
do not address, raises fundamental questions about their argument. Class-based
thinking and rhetoric under Soviet socialism served as a weapon in the hands of
the authorities, not as a vehicle for critical analysis, let alone for human
emancipation. Before 1917, class-based ways of looking at the world presented
enormous, indeed insurmountable obstacles for a liberal-based politics. Eley and
Nield, while embracing liberalism, want to retain a role for class, but their
vague proposals are almost exclusively rooted in historiographical polemics of
overblown significance.
Improved performance for robot manipulators via transmission re-design: the SPRINTA
Authors: Turner P.J. , Nigrowsky P. , Vines G.
Published: July 2002

A new design philosophy for the transmission of robot manipulators is proposed and an example of a practical implementation is presented. The philosophy combines the advantages of conventional geared robots in terms of relocating the actuators away from the joints and the alternative direct-drive approach. The gimbal drive is an example of a non-linear transmission where there is negligible friction, no backlash or compliance and which provides a varying reduction ratio for gravity compensation and for some dynamic
decoupling. The gimbal drive is implemented on the three degrees of freedom SPRINTA prototype. Static repeatability, as well as tracking error and dynamic repeatability for the industrial goalpost test are measured. The performance demonstrates the potential of such a type of robot.
New on Paternalism
Authors: Calcott Paul
Published: July 2002

Individuals often seem to misjudge their own interests. One reason is inadequate information. Other reasons are failures of reasoning and volition. These reasons have all been construed as paternalist motives for the state to intervene. But in a recent article in this journal, New (1999), criticizes earlier accounts of paternalism. He argues that imperfect information constitutes a standard form of market failure, and consequently policies that respond to it do not require a paternalist motivation. The purpose of this note is to evaluate New's claim.
ASYMPTOTICALLY EFFICIENT MEDIAN REGRESSION IN THE PRESENCE
OF HETEROSKEDASTICITY OF UNKNOWN FORM
Authors: Zhao Quanshui
Published: July 2002

We consider a linear model with heteroskedasticity of
unknown form. Using Stone's (1977, Annals of Statistics
5, 595–645) k nearest neighbors (k-NN)
estimation approach, the optimal weightings for efficient
least absolute deviation regression are estimated consistently
using residuals from preliminary estimation. The reweighted
least absolute deviation or median regression estimator
with the estimated weights is shown to be equivalent to
the estimator using the true but unknown weights under
mild conditions. Asymptotic normality of the estimators
is also established. In the finite sample case, the proposed
estimators are found to outperform the generalized least
squares method of Robinson (1987, Econometrica
55, 875–891) and the one-step estimator of Newey
and Powell (1990, Econometric Theory 6, 295–317)
based on a Monte Carlo simulation experiment.
INVERSE z TRANSFORM AND MOMENT PROBLEM
Authors: Tagliani Aldo
Published: July 2002

Numerical inversion of a one-sided z transform,
corresponding to causal positive sequence, is considered.
The numerical inversion requires the availability of a
finite number of the transform's derivatives. The
approximate analytical form is obtained by resorting
to the maximum entropy principle. Entropy and then
L1-norm convergence are proved.