bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The X-Y factor: Females and males with urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome present distinct clinical phenotypes
Authors: Hosier Gregory W. , Doiron R. Christopher , Tolls Victoria , Nickel J. Curtis
Published: February 2018

Introduction: Urological chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS) in females is often attributed to the bladder (interstitial cystitis/ bladder pain syndrome), while UCPPS in males is often attributed to the prostate (chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome). However, there is increasing awareness that bladder pain plays a role in both males and females and the degree of overlap of clinical characteristics in males and females with UCPPS is not well known. Our objective was to compare clinical phenotypes of females and males with UCPPS.Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from a single-centre patient population presenting between 1998 and 2016 to our UCPPS clinic. Demographics, symptom scores, pain scales, retrospectively described clinical UPOINT (urinary, psychosocial, organ-specific, infection, neurogenic, and tenderness) scoring, and presence of comorbid medical conditions were compared between females and males using comparative analyses.Results: We identified 2007 subjects (1523 males, 484 females) with UCPPS. Females had increased prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (25% vs. 11.2%), chronic fatigue syndrome (13.6% vs. 1.6%), fibromyalgia (16.9% vs. 1.6%), drug allergies (56.6% vs. 13.5%), diabetes (20.2% vs. 3.9%), depression (31% vs. 18.4%), and alcohol use (44.2% vs. 10.8%) compared to males with UCPPS (all p<0.001). In respect to UPOINT domains, females had a higher “total” (3.2 vs. 2.4), “urinary” (92.8% vs. 67.6%), “organ-specific” (90.1% vs. 51.4%), and “neurogenic” (44.7% vs. 30%) prevalence compared to males (all p<0.001).Conclusions: Females with UCPPS have greater prevalence of systemic disorders/symptoms and worse urinary symptoms than males with UCPPS. These findings demonstrate that females and males with UCPPS have distinct and different clinical phenotypes.
Criações e releituras de imagens – uma pesquisa no ensino de artes visuais
Authors: Zamperetti Maristani Polidori
Published: February 2018

As pinturas de Giuseppe Archimboldo (1527-1593) povoam a imaginao de crianas e adultos de todos os tempos, permitindo a partir do distanciamento visual de suas imagens, a visualizao de novas figuras, gerando curiosidade, ou mesmo, estranheza. Procurei compreender as relaes estabelecidas entre as identidades juvenis e suas expresses criativas retratos e autorretratos produes artsticas corporificadas em construes tridimensionais, que serviram como fontes de pesquisa no ensino. Foi elaborada uma proposta de criao de releituras e composies plsticas tridimensionais com elementos da natureza ou produzidos industrialmente, escolhidos e coletados pelos alunos da 5 e 6 sries, na disciplina de Artes Visuais, numa escola municipal do Rio Grande do Sul, em 2007. Produzindo retratos visuais repletos de apelos sensoriais ao tato e olfato, os alunos recriaram com elementos do seu cotidiano figuras curiosas, exticas e indagadoras, que expressam suas formas identitrias.
Juventudes e educação sociocomunitária: roteiros de investigação
Authors: Groppo Luís Antonio
Published: February 2018

Apresento ideias orientadoras da pesquisa sobre a participação das juventudes nas práticas educacionais sociocomunitárias, destacando os municípios de Americana, Santa Bárbara d’Oeste, Nova Odessa e Sumaré, pertencentes à Região Metropolitana de Campinas. Entre estas ideias, no que se referem à juventude, os conceitos de moratória social, geração e moratória vital de Margulis e Urresti. Ainda sobre a juventude, a concepção dialética das juventudes modernas e contemporâneas, que foca o caráter histórico, coletivo, múltiplo e conflituoso delas. Definida a educação sociocomunitária como intervenções educacionais que buscam mobilizar comunidades para promover transformações sociais mais globais, são propostas hipóteses a guiar tal pesquisa, que destacam os limites destas intervenções nas escolas de ensino médio e as contradições dos projetos e ações “fora da escola”. Entre estas contradições, a concepção de que os jovens são um “perigo” social e o caráter quase compulsório do trabalho “voluntário” para estes mesmos jovens.
Jovens, tempo e história: leituras de um caleidoscópio
Authors: Silva Júnior Astrogildo Fernandes , Guimarães Selva
Published: February 2018

Este texto tem como objetivos apresentar resultados de uma investigao com o objetivo de compreender como os jovens estudantes se relacionam com o tempo; e o que pensam em relao Histria e ao ensino de Histria. A pesquisa foi realizada com jovens estudantes do nono ano do ensino fundamental de escolas pblicas da rede municipal e estadual em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa educacional de inspirao etnogrfica que utilizou vrios procedimentos: observao participante das aulas e do cotidiano escolar, questionrios e entrevistas orais. Concluiu-se que, para os jovens investigados, em relao ao tempo o presente para ser vivido, o futuro incerto, e o passado importante refletir sobre o presente. A maioria se interessa pela Histria e possui uma viso positiva no tocante ao ensino de Histria em suas vidas.
Juventude e ensino superior: impactos da inserção universitária na vida de estudantes de classes populares
Authors: Côco Valdete , Soares Leticia Cavassana , Bragança Nelma Suely , Cardoso Raiane Lóss
Published: February 2018

Nas lutas pela democratizao da escola, vivenciamos um contexto de afirmao da educao como um direito, ecoando em polticas voltadas para o aumento da oferta e a proposio de programas de apoio permanncia dos estudantes nos sistemas de ensino. Nesse quadro, abordamos os impactos vivenciados pelos estudantes de classes populares com a insero no ensino superior associado participao no Programa de Educao Tutorial Conexes de Saberes: Projeto Educao. Com uma ancoragem terico-metodolgica bakhtiniana, exploramos impresses sobre o incio da vida universitria - considerando expectativas, desafios, possibilidades e perspectivas - em articulao com o desenvolvimento da pesquisa qualitativa, intitulada Trajetrias de estudantes. Tomando memoriais produzidos por estudantes como fonte, assinalamos que os jovens universitrios ampliam suas teias relacionais, instando novos aprendizados. Os resultados apontam que os impedimentos, a superao e as conquistas dialogam com o pertencimento universidade e ao Programa, no bojo do investimento na formao de estudantes de classes populares.
A Filosofia Andina : uma interpelação ao pensamento Ocidental. Colonialismo, colonialidade e descolonização para uma interdiversidade de saberes (J. Estermann)
Authors: Tavares Manuel
Published: February 2018

Este artigo uma reflexo sobre o pensamento de Josef Estermann, um dos acadmicos mais estudiosos do pensamento andino e apresenta alguns dos princpios da filosofia andina que constituem uma verdadeira interpelao ao pensamento ocidental dominante durante sculos. Todo o pensamento se caracteriza pela sua incompletude. O pensamento ocidental afirmou-se como hegemnico e invisibilizou as alteridades culturais e epistemolgicas. O dilogo intercultural contribuir para dissolver a pretenso hegemnica do pensamento dominante e para dar visibilidade a formas de pensamento mais holsticas e mais humanas. Palavras-chave: Estermann; Filosofia andina; pensamento ocidental, interpelao.
Educação, juventude e contestação social
Authors: Bauer Carlos , Severino Antonio Joaquim
Published: February 2018

Editorial, Eccos - Revista Cientfica, n 32,Educao, juventude e contestao social.
As relações entre a Escola Profissional Mixta de Sorocaba e a Estrada de Ferro Sorocabana – EFS (1929-1942)
Authors: Garcia José Roberto , Sandano Wilson
Published: February 2018

Os resultados apresentados neste artigo fazem parte da pesquisa em andamento que investiga a Escola Profissional Mixta de Sorocaba nas quatro primeiras dcadas do sculo XX. Examina-se neste artigo a importncia da EFS tanto como participante no processo de ensino dos alunos como no destino dos egressos oriundos da Escola. Tal exame reporta-se aos momentos de predominncia do taylorismo-fordismo e os mtodos usados para a preparao de trabalhadores que deveriam estar prontos, e disposio do capital, em curto espao de tempo. A pesquisa foi efetuada nos acervos do Centro de Memria da instituio, da Cmara de Vereadores, do Museu Ferrovirio de Sorocaba, entre outros. Observou-se que no processo de ensino-aprendizagem a instituio fez uso das sries metdicas.
As atividades experimentais no ensino de ciências: construindo caminhos em busca da profissionalização docente
Authors: Lima Analice Almeida , Silva Suely Alves , Xavier Virgínia Maria Loureiro , Souza Sandra Rodrigues
Published: February 2018

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as contribuições de uma formação continuada em serviço, planejada por meio da interação entre escola pública e universidade, numa perspectiva de re(construção) de saberes docentes referentes às atividades experimentais no ensino de ciências subsidiando à profissionalização docente. Participaram da formação um grupo de dez professores que lecionavam ciências na rede municipal de Glória do Goitá (PE). A formação continuada consistiu em um momento inicial de aproximação entre formadoras, Secretaria Municipal de Educação e professores com o intuito de resgatar as necessidades para o desenvolvimento profissional do grupo e, assim, propor o processo formativo. Em seguida, houve discussões acerca da importância das atividades experimentais no ensino de ciências numa perspectiva ambiental e oficinas pedagógicas envolvendo atividades experimentais sobre o meio ambiente. Os resultados apontam a relevância das atividades realizadas na (re)construção de saberes relacionados ao conhecimento pedagógico do conteúdo e, dessa forma contribui com a profissionalização docente.

Palavras-chave: Formação Continuada, Ensino de Ciências, Atividades Experimentais, Saberes Docentes.
Formação de professores em Angola: o perfil do professor do ensino básico
Authors: Alfredo Francisco Caloia Hombo , Tortella Jussara Cristina Barboza
Published: February 2018

O texto resulta da pesquisa, apoiada pela CAPES, sobre a avaliao da aprendizagem para formar professores para o ensino bsico em Angola na reforma do sistema educativo de 2004. Em abordagem mista, analisou documentos, observaes de aula, entrevistas e questionrios dirigidos a formadores e formandos. Neste artigo, de carcter terico, analisa-se o contexto, pressupostos definidores da formao de professores e o perfil do professor formador e formando, tendo como base documentos oficiais utilizados na reforma, articulados ao referencial utilizado. Conclui-se que a formao de professores no se distanciada do contexto scio-cultural em que ela ocorre. A prtica educativa pode refletir a educao e formao que se pretende. Embora a formao de professores evidencie aspectos tcnicos em seu processo, ela no se afasta da dimenso poltica e considera-se fundamental entender e valorizar os vrios saberes, sem deixar de garantir uma formao de alto nvel.
El tropiezo del investigador y la imagen que ve. Percepción y saber
Authors: Farina Cynthia , Pereira Marcos Villela
Published: February 2018

Resumen
Volvamos a la actitud del investigador en las ciencias de la educación. Pero, no cualquier investigador, sino uno que va a campo. Tampoco, cualquier campo, sino el del arte. Este investigador trabaja con la formación de profesores, de ahí que observa su terreno y lo que pasa en ello. No obstante, lo que no constaba de sus hipótesis de trabajo era ser atingido por la actividad de su mismo campo y componer con ella una figura inusitada. Este texto trae la experiencia de formación de un profesor investigador en el campo del arte, sorprendido en el ejercicio de su profesión, que se siente preparado para pensar una experiencia estética en campo, hace algún tiempo. Para ello, se hace con el campo de la estética y de las filosofías actuales para indagar la constitución del saber y de la percepción.
Palabras clave: experiencia estética, formación estética, saber, percepción
A autonomia do educando na pedagogia de Dewey
Authors: Lourenço Filho Armando , Mendonça Samuel
Published: February 2018

Nosso trabalho busca compreender como era pensada a questo da autonomia do educando na pedagogia de John Dewey. Dewey defendia a importncia da educao enquanto um processo dotado de finalidade em si mesmo, relacionado vida do educando, admitindo como foras propulsoras o interesse pessoal e o conhecimento prvio das crianas. A base da pedagogia de Dewey consiste em uma educao prtica, baseada na aprendizagem pela experincia, permitindo que o educando construa e reconstrua o conhecimento partindo de situaes concretas. Como concluso, percebemos que a autonomia do educando orienta-se vida prtica, por isso, a insistncia do filsofo para que a escola seja compreendida como a prpria vida da criana, por isso sua proposta de educao por meio da experincia e da ao, aos moldes da vida que normalmente ocorre extramuros
Life in the fast lane
Authors: Buck C Loren
Published: February 2018

Dormice born late in the year start to prepare for winter sooner than mice born earlier in the year.
Excellent Thinking and Its Position among EFL Learners
Authors: Shahini Gholamhossein , Nouri Zahra
Published: February 2018

The major goal of education, according to the educationalist Matthew Lipman (2003), is to culture students to become thoughtful by attaining excellent thinking power; i.e., critical, creative, and caring thinking ability. The purpose of this study was to examine the current status of excellent thinking among EFL students. Using accessible sampling, 41 EFL students at Shiraz University, Iran read two passages of various types and were asked to make a number of essay-type questions on each one. The results indicated that the majority of the questions were trivial reading comprehension ones with no sign of excellent thinking. The findings may imply that despite the significance of cultivating excellent thinking within students, no/scant attention is paid to this issue and EFL students have not still gained the necessary skills of excellent thinking.
Think Globally, Act Locally: The Strategy of Incorporating Local Wisdom in Foreign Language Teaching in Indonesia
Authors: Muharom Albantani Azkia , Madkur Ahmad
Published: February 2018

Indonesia is well-known for its diversity of ethnicity, language, religion and tradition. This gives birth to the emergence of local wisdom in every region in this country. Local wisdom is certainly very meaningful because it is a part of characteristic of the nation. Unfortunately, many today’s young people are not familiar, even do not know, with their local wisdoms. This should be paid more attention since local wisdom is one of the self-identity of the nation. One of strategies to preserve and inherit local wisdom is by integrating it into all lessons, including foreign language, taught at school. Local wisdom needs to be in instructional activities of foreign language teaching, even though they need to learn foreign languages, they would not lose their real identity. The application of this concept is not only to equip the students with linguistic competence but also to provide them with cultural competence. This paper discusses the importance, the reason and the practical ways of integrating local wisdom in foreign language teaching for Indonesian students. It is concluded that the integration of local wisdom is very essential and it could be executed by including the local wisdom values into the materials, allocated time for discussion on local wisdom, classroom activities and the process of teaching linguistic skill.
Heirs of Ambivalence: The Study of the Identity Crisis of the Second-Generation Indian Americans in Jhumpa Lahiri's Interpreter of Maladies
Authors: Harehdasht Hossein Aliakbari , Ataee Muhammad , Hajjari Leila
Published: February 2018

Jhumpa Lahiri’s Interpreter of Maladies is a collection of short stories which, for the most part, deals with the identity crisis of the Indian Americans who are trapped in-between their Indian heritage and the American culture. The crisis is manifest in their unremitting struggle to preserve, to integrate, and to adjust. The collection, due to its dealing with the in-between-ness, ambivalence, hybridity, and marginality of the displaced Indian Americans, is receptive to the postcolonial studies. This essay draws on the relevant ideas and concepts in the field of the diaspora identity to examine Lahiri's “A Temporary Matter,” “When Mr. Pirzada Came to Dine,” “Sexy,” and “This Blessed House” which portray identity crisis of the second-generation Bengali migrants. The ultimate objective is to investigate into the nature of the internal ambivalence of Lahiri's second-generation characters caused by the reciprocal influence of Host/Guest relationships. The significance of the present study is twofold; on the one hand, it accentuates the intellectual attention to the crisis of identity felt by the exponentially increasing second-generation diaspora; on the other hand, it attempts to attract concentrated scholarly interest in diaspora ambivalence which is one of Lahiri scholars’ less addressed concerns.
Eliciting Patients’ Health Concerns in Consulting Rooms and Wards in Vietnamese Public Hospitals
Authors: Thi Linh Nguyen Huong , Austin Gavin , Duc Chau Dung , Quang Nguyen Hien , Bao Nguyen Khanh Hoang , The Duong Manh
Published: February 2018

This article examines the doctor’s elicitation of the patient’s presenting health concern in two clinical settings in the Vietnamese public hospital system: the consulting room and the ward. The data were taken from 66 audio-recorded consultations. Our analysis shows that the elicitors used by the doctor in the consulting room often communicate a weak epistemic stance towards the patient’s health issue, while those used in the ward tend to signal a strong epistemic stance. In addition, this contrast between the elicitors employed in the consulting room and the ward is evident in our data regardless of whether the consultation is a first visit or a same follow-up (in which the doctor is the same one that treated the patient on their last visit), though the contrast is less clear for different follow-ups (in which the doctor has not treated the patient before). An additional finding is that the clinical setting has some bearing on the use of inappropriate elicitation formats (in which the doctor opens the visit with an elicitor which is more appropriate for another type of visit). The precise way in which each of the consulting room and the ward operates is, of course, a feature of the Vietnamese public hospital system itself. Hence, the overall contrast between the elicitors and elicitation formats used in these two settings illustrates how, on a more general level, the institutional context can have an impact on doctor-patient communication.
Information Technology Students’ Language Needs for their ESP Course
Authors: Balaei Parisa , Ahour Touran
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this study was to find the needs of Iranian undergraduate Information Technology (IT) engineering students for their ESP course. To this end, a needs analysis questionnaire was administered to 30 undergraduate IT students to elicit information about their needs in English language at Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch. The results of data analysis revealed that among four skills reading was the highly needed skill followed by writing. It was also found that a majority of participants were dissatisfied with the current ESP courses for undergraduate students. This, in fact, indicated that ESP curricula have not yet been successfully developed in satisfying the students’ professional needs in target situations. Findings point to the fact that ESP and its teaching in Iran has to undergo serious rethinking not only in the content of the course but also the whole process of teaching the language. The findings can help course designers to both put much more credit for ESP courses, and consider appropriate and suitable materials which can give useful information to the students. It can also help ESP teachers to meet the language needs of their students.
English and Mauritian Creole: A Reflection on How the Vocabulary, Grammar and Syntax of the Two Languages Create Difficulties for Learners
Authors: Kumari Jugnauth Kobita
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the various linguistic reasons that cause Mauritian students to experience difficulties while learning English. As Mauritius is a former British and French colony, most Mauritians are bilinguals. Both English and French are compulsory subjects up to Cambridge O’Level. English is the official language and also the language of instruction but French is much more widely used and spoken. Also Mauritian Creole is the mothertongue of the majority of Mauritians. This linguistic situation impacts heavily on the teaching and learning of English both at primary and secondary level.  Often, students encounter a number of problems at the vocabulary and grammatical level ; these are due to the linguistic specificities of both English and Mauritian Creole. Today, the different types of ‘ Englishes’ emerging around the world, are making it increasingly confusing for teachers to teach this language and for learners to learn it.
Knowledge of Formulaic Sequences as a Predictor of Language Proficiency
Authors: Rafieyan Vahid
Published: February 2018

Formulaic sequences are assumed to play a vital role in foreign language learners' speech fluency and language proficiency as they constitute a major part of foreign language learners' linguistic repertoire. In this respect, the current study examined the relationship between knowledge of formulaic sequences and language proficiency to scrutinize the significance of knowledge of target language formulaic sequences in determining target language proficiency. The participants of the study were 45 Japanese learners of English as foreign language at three different levels of language proficiency: low-intermediate (18 participants), intermediate (12 participants), and high-intermediate (15 participants) at the Intensive English Program of International College of Liberal Arts, Yamanashi Gakuin University. The instrument used for data collection consisted of a 30-item oral-production discourse completion task to test language learners’ knowledge of formulaic sequences. The analysis of Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient (rho) revealed a strong positive relationship between language learners’ knowledge of target language formulaic sequences and their level of language proficiency. The pedagogical implications of the study suggested incorporation of target language formulaic sequences in every foreign language classroom instruction.
The Predictability of Iranian EFL Teachers’ Emotional Quotient (EQ) with Their Job Satisfaction
Authors: Khoshnoodfar Pantea , Pahlavani Pantea
Published: February 2018

As teacher education and teacher related issues are under the attention in the past decade in second language (L2) teaching /learning; this research investigated the predictability of Iranian EFL teachers’ emotional quotient (EQ) with their job satisfaction. To this end, 90 EFL teachers at English language institutes in Tehran province were selected as the participants. The needed data was gathered by the use of two standardized questionnaires (filled by the participants): EQ and teacher job satisfaction questionnaires. First of all, the normality of the gathered data was checked through using SPSS version 23. Then, the Spearman coefficient of correlation was used to find whether there is any relationship between the participants’ EQ and job satisfaction.  The results proved the two variables had a statistically significant and positive correlation with each other. In the next step, the researchers opted for the multiple regression analysis to achieve the research objective. The present study was a quasi-Experimental including a cause and effect design. The predictor was the independent variable (EQ) and the predicted one was the dependent variable (job satisfaction). The findings illustrated a statistically significant and positive predictability of Iranian EFL teachers’ EQ with their job satisfaction. The results of the present research would be useful for second language teacher education courses. It was proven that, since teachers’ EQ can control their job satisfaction, the findings of the present paper could be beneficial in teacher training issues and teacher education.
Genomic evolution, recombination, and inter-strain diversity of chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 from Florida and Hawaii green sea turtles with fibropapillomatosis
Authors: Morrison Cheryl L. , Iwanowicz Luke , Work Thierry M. , Fahsbender Elizabeth , Breitbart Mya , Adams Cynthia , Iwanowicz Deb , Sanders Lakyn , Ackermann Mathias , Cornman Robert S.
Published: February 2018

Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) is a herpesvirus associated with fibropapillomatosis (FP) in sea turtles worldwide. Single-locus typing has previously shown differentiation between Atlantic and Pacific strains of this virus, with low variation within each geographic clade. However, a lack of multi-locus genomic sequence data hinders understanding of the rate and mechanisms of ChHV5 evolutionary divergence, as well as how these genomic changes may contribute to differences in disease manifestation. To assess genomic variation in ChHV5 among five Hawaii and three Florida green sea turtles, we used high-throughput short-read sequencing of long-range PCR products amplified from tumor tissue using primers designed from the single available ChHV5 reference genome from a Hawaii green sea turtle. This strategy recovered sequence data from both geographic regions for approximately 75% of the predicted ChHV5 coding sequences. The average nucleotide divergence between geographic populations was 1.5%; most of the substitutions were fixed differences between regions. Protein divergence was generally low (average 0.08%), and ranged between 0 and 5.3%. Several atypical genes originally identified and annotated in the reference genome were confirmed in ChHV5 genomes from both geographic locations. Unambiguous recombination events between geographic regions were identified, and clustering of private alleles suggests the prevalence of recombination in the evolutionary history of ChHV5. This study significantly increased the amount of sequence data available from ChHV5 strains, enabling informed selection of loci for future population genetic and natural history studies, and suggesting the (possibly latent) co-infection of individuals by well-differentiated geographic variants.
Status of the undisturbed mangroves at Brunei Bay, East Malaysia: a preliminary assessment based on remote sensing and ground-truth observations
Authors: Satyanarayana Behara , M. Muslim Aidy , Izzaty Horsali Nurul Amira , Mat Zauki Nurul Ashikin , Otero Viviana , Nadzri Muhammad Izuan , Ibrahim Sulong , Husain Mohd-Lokman , Dahdouh-Guebas Farid
Published: February 2018

Brunei Bay, which receives freshwater discharge from four major rivers, namely Limbang, Sundar, Weston and Menumbok, hosts a luxuriant mangrove cover in East Malaysia. However, this relatively undisturbed mangrove forest has been less scientifically explored, especially in terms of vegetation structure, ecosystem services and functioning, and land-use/cover changes. In the present study, mangrove areal extent together with species composition and distribution at the four notified estuaries was evaluated through remote sensing (Advanced Land Observation Satellite—ALOS) and ground-truth (Point-Centred Quarter Method—PCQM) observations. As of 2010, the total mangrove cover was found to be ca. 35,183.74 ha, of which Weston and Menumbok occupied more than two-folds (58%), followed by Sundar (27%) and Limbang (15%). The medium resolution ALOS data were efficient for mapping dominant mangrove species such asNypa fruticans,Rhizophora apiculata,Sonneratia caseolaris,S. albaandXylocarpus granatumin the vicinity (accuracy: 80%). The PCQM estimates found a higher basal area at Limbang and Menumbok—suggestive of more mature vegetation, compared to Sundar and Weston. Mangrove stand structural complexity (derived from the complexity index) was also high in the order of Limbang > Menumbok > Sundar > Weston and supporting the perspective of less/undisturbed vegetation at two former locations. Both remote sensing and ground-truth observations have complementarily represented the distribution ofSonneratiaspp. as pioneer vegetation at shallow river mouths,N. fruticansin the areas of strong freshwater discharge,R. apiculatain the areas of strong neritic incursion andX. granatumat interior/elevated grounds. The results from this study would be able to serve as strong baseline data for future mangrove investigations at Brunei Bay, including for monitoring and management purposes locally at present.
Phylogeny, time divergence, and historical biogeography of the South AmericanLiolaemus alticolor-bibroniigroup (Iguania: Liolaemidae)
Authors: Portelli Sabrina N. , Quinteros Andrés S.
Published: February 2018

The genusLiolaemuscomprises more than 260 species and can be divided in two subgenera:EulaemusandLiolaemus sensu stricto. In this paper, we present a phylogenetic analysis, divergence times, and ancestral distribution ranges of theLiolaemus alticolor-bibroniigroup (Liolaemus sensu strictosubgenus). We inferred a total evidence phylogeny combining molecular (Cytband12Sgenes) and morphological characters using Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference. Divergence times were calculated using Bayesian MCMC with an uncorrelated lognormal distributed relaxed clock, calibrated with a fossil record. Ancestral ranges were estimated using the Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis (DEC-Lagrange). Effects of somea prioriparameters of DEC were also tested. Distribution ranged from central Perú to southern Argentina, including areas at sea level up to the high Andes. TheL. alticolor-bibroniigroup was recovered as monophyletic, formed by two clades:L. walkeriandL. gracilis, the latter can be split in two groups. Additionally, many species candidates were recognized. We estimate that theL. alticolor-bibroniigroup diversified 14.5 Myr ago, during the Middle Miocene. Our results suggest that the ancestor of theLiolaemus alticolor-bibroniigroup was distributed in a wide area including Patagonia and Puna highlands. The speciation pattern follows the South-North Diversification Hypothesis, following the Andean uplift.
Rational design and analysis of an Escherichia coli strain for high-efficiency tryptophan production
Authors: Chen Yuanye , Liu Yongfei , Ding Dongqin , Cong Lina , Zhang Dawei
Published: February 2018

l-tryptophan (l-trp) is a precursor of various bioactive components and has great pharmaceutical interest. However, due to the requirement of several precursors and complex regulation of the pathways involved, the development of an efficient l-trp production strain is challenging. In this study, Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain KW001 was designed to overexpress the l-trp operator sequences (trpEDCBA) and 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase (aroGfbr). To further improve the production of l-trp, pyruvate kinase (pykF) and the phosphotransferase system HPr (ptsH) were deleted after inactivation of repression (trpR) and attenuation (attenuator) to produce strain KW006. To overcome the relatively slow growth and to increase the transport rate of glucose, strain KW018 was generated by combinatorial regulation of glucokinase (galP) and galactose permease (glk) expression. To reduce the production of acetic acid, strain KW023 was created by repressive regulation of phosphate acetyltransferase (pta) expression. In conclusion, strain KW023 efficiently produced 39.7 g/L of l-trp with a conversion rate of 16.7% and a productivity of 1.6 g/L/h in a 5 L fed-batch fermentation system.
Piezoelectric and elastic properties of relaxor-like PZT:Ba ceramics
Authors: Lazar Iwona , Adamczyk-Habrajska Małgorzata , Pawełczyk Marian , Górny Michał , Zawada Anna , Roleder Krystian
Published: February 2018

The solid solutions of PbZr1-xTixO3 (PZT) are the most known and widely applicable piezoelectric ceramic materials. The influence of different dopants on PZT properties has been studied for many years. Some of such compositions have revealed a behavior typical for ferroelectric relaxors. In the case of Pb0.75Ba0.25Zr0.70Ti0.30O3 ceramics (abbreviation PBZT 25/70/30), prepared by mixed-oxide processing technique elastic, it was found that macroscopic piezoelectric activity is present far above the temperature at which structural changes and maximum of permittivity occur in unpoled samples (~ 200 °C). Anomalies of the elastic and piezoelectric properties have been observed very clearly near the temperature of 152 °C. Within the temperature range of 152–220 °C, unstable piezoelectric properties have been detected due to the existence of polar micro/nano-clusters and non-trivial elastic-electric interactions between them, through the non-polar paraelectric matrix. The origin of such interactions could be lattice instabilities, dynamic change in polar cluster sizes, and fluctuations in chemical composition. Based on the results of the research, it can be said that PZT ceramics of such composition is a relaxor-like material and it is not a ferroelectric relaxor.
Influence of a recessed step at the throat section of a supersonic nozzle
Authors: Zocca M. , Spinelli A. , Cozzi F. , Guardone A.
Published: February 2018

The geometry of a planar converging-diverging nozzle operating with dry air in dilute gas conditions is modified by the introduction of a small recessed step at the throat section. Pressure measurements along the nozzle axis, schlieren visualisations and numerical simulations are performed to investigate the influence of the recessed step on the supersonic flow-field. In the experiments, the height of the recessed step is 0.1 mm and the nozzle height at the throat is 10 mm. Numerical simulations examine also 0.05 mm and 0.2 mm step heights. From the numerical simulations, the flow Mach number at the step location is 1.04 and the Reynolds number computed using the sonic conditions and the throat half-height is Re = 3.73 × 105. A perturbation wave pattern originates from the step, which results in a perturbation of the measured pressure profile close to the throat section. In the diverging portion, sufficiently far from the throat section, the pressure profile of the recessed-step nozzle matches the one measured in the clean configuration.
Spatio–temporal analysis of hydrodynamic forces on the particle bed in an oscillatory flow environment
Authors: Ghodke Chaitanya D. , Apte Sourabh V.
Published: February 2018

A numerical investigation of unsteady hydrodynamic forces on the particle bed in an oscillatory flow environment is performed by means of direct numerical simulations. Statistical descriptions of drag and lift forces for two particle sizes of diameter 372 and 125 in wall units in a very rough turbulent flow regime are reported. Characterization of unsteady forces in terms of spatial distribution, temporal autocorrelation, force spectrum as well as cross-correlations with measurable flow variables is carried out. Based on the concept of impulse, intermittency in the drag and lift forces is also investigated. Temporal correlations show drag and lift to be positively correlated with a time delay that is approximately equal to the Taylor micro-scale related to the drag/lift fluctuations. The force spectra for drag and lift reveal roughly two scaling regions,$-11/3$and$-7/3$; the former typically represents turbulence–mean-shear interactions, whereas the latter indicates dominance of turbulence–turbulence interactions. Particle forces are strongly correlated with streamwise velocity and pressure fluctuations in the near-bed region for both flow cases. In comparison to the large-diameter particle case, the spatial extent of these correlations is 2–3 times larger in homogeneous directions for the small sized particle, a feature that is reminiscent of longer near-bed structures. For both large- and small-particle cases, it is shown that the distributions of drag (lift) fluctuations, in particular, peakedness and long tails, match remarkably well with fourth-order Gram–Charlier distributions of velocity (pressure) fluctuations. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the intermittency is larger in the case of the lift force compared to that for the drag in both flow cases. Distributions of impulse events are heavily and positively skewed and are well described by a generalized extreme value distribution.
On the bulk motion of the cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal canal
Authors: Sánchez A. L. , Martínez-Bazán C. , Gutiérrez-Montes C. , Criado-Hidalgo E. , Pawlak G. , Bradley W. , Haughton V. , Lasheras J. C.
Published: February 2018

Radionuclide scanning images published inNatureby Di Chiro in 1964 showed a downward migration along the spinal canal of particle tracers injected in the brain ventricles while also showing an upward flow of tracers injected in the lumbar region of the canal. These observations, since then corroborated by many radiological measurements, have been the basis for the hypothesis that there must be an active circulation mechanism associated with the transport of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) deep down into the spinal canal and subsequently returning a portion back to the cranial vault. However, to date, there has been no physical explanation for the mechanism responsible for the establishment of such a bulk recirculating motion. To investigate the origin and characteristics of this recirculating flow, we have analyzed the motion of the CSF in the subarachnoid space of the spinal canal. Our analysis accounts for the slender geometry of the spinal canal, the small compliance of the dura membrane enclosing the CSF in the canal, and the fact that the CSF is confined to a thin annular subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord. We apply this general formulation to study the characteristics of the flow generated in a simplified model of the spinal canal consisting of a slender compliant cylindrical pipe with a coaxial cylindrical inclusion, closed at its distal end, and subjected to small periodic pressure pulsations at its open entrance. We show that the balance between the local acceleration and viscous forces produces a leading-order flow consisting of pure oscillatory motion with axial velocities on the order of a few centimetres per second and amplitudes monotonically decreasing along the length of the canal. We then demonstrate that the nonlinear term associated with the convective acceleration contributes to a second-order correction consisting of a steady streaming that generates a bulk recirculating motion of the CSF along the length of the canal with characteristic velocities two orders of magnitude smaller than the leading-order oscillatory flow. The results of the analysis of this idealized geometry of the spinal canal are shown to be in good agreement not only with experimental measurements in anin-vitromodel but also with radiological measurements conducted in human adults.
Supervisor to coworker social undermining: The moderating roles of bottom-line mentality and self-efficacy
Authors: Eissa Gabi , Wyland Rebecca , Gupta Ritu
Published: February 2018

This research presents and tests a trickle-down model of social undermining in the workplace. Drawing on social cognitive theory, this study specifically demonstrates that supervisor social undermining is positively associated with coworker social undermining in the workplace. Furthermore, this study argues that employee bottom-line mentality will exacerbate the positive relationship between supervisor social undermining and coworker social undermining, whereas employee self-efficacy will buffer this positive relationship. Overall, our findings support our proposed trickle-down model using field data obtained from several information technology and financial organizations in India. Theoretical and practical implications as well as directions for future research are discussed.
African American Turnout and African American Candidates
Authors: Keele Luke J. , White Ismail K.
Published: February 2018

Do minority voters respond to co-racial or co-ethnic candidates? That is does the increased chance of substantive representation translate into increased participation? Here, we focus on this question among African American voters. While much of the empirical literature on this question has produced conflicting answers, recent studies suggest that minority candidates can significantly increase minority turnout. We argue that past work on this topic does not adequately account for the fact that minority voters in places with minority candidates may systematically differ in their level of participation than minority voters in places without minority candidates. In this study we address the weaknesses of previous research designs and offer a new design that exploits the redistricting process to gain additional leverage over this question. We find little evidence that African American voter turnout increases when voters are moved to African American candidates. We find some evidence that white voters, however, tend to vote at lower rates when they are represented by African American candidates.
How Does Media Influence Social Norms? Experimental Evidence on the Role of Common Knowledge
Authors: Arias Eric
Published: February 2018

How does media influence beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors? While many scholars have studied the effect of media on social and political outcomes, we know surprisingly little about the channels through which this effect operates. I argue that two mechanisms can account for its impact. Media provides new information that persuades individuals to accept it (individual channel), but also, media informs listeners about what others learn, thus facilitating coordination (social channel). Combining a field experiment with a plausibly natural experiment in Mexico, I disentangle these effects analyzing norms surrounding violence against women. I examine the effect of a radio program when it is transmitted privately versus when it is transmitted publicly. I find no evidence supporting the individual mechanism. The social channel, however, increased rejection of violence against women and increased support for gender equality, but unexpectedly increased pessimism about whether violence would decline in the future.
Some items of a Central Newfoundland dialect
Authors: Widdowson J. D. A.
Published: February 2018

Although a preliminary survey of the vocabulary and pronunciation of a Central Newfoundland dialect is the chief concern of this paper, some tentative observations about the development of Newfoundland dialect as a whole may perhaps also be put forward here. Both the terms discussed and the observations made are based primarily on a field-trip made in the Summer of 1963 as part of the expanding programme of research in dialect, toponymy, and folklore which is now being carried out at Memorial University. Some of the theoretical points are drawn both from the fieldwork and a sampling of the material available in the University’s Folklore and Dialect Archives. From these sources it would appear that two main speech-groups probably exist in Newfoundland as a whole, one descended from Southern Irish and the other from the English West Country. Historical evidence of settlement in Newfoundland of course supports this, but proof of such a hypothesis as regards the language must await further collecting and more intensive analysis. However, the dialectal differences so far examined seem to indicate that this is the probable pattern.
Some problems in comparative Athapaskan
Authors: Li Fang-Kuei
Published: February 2018

In the latter part of the 1920’s we began to understand more and more the phonological system of the Athapaskan languages, mainly through the efforts of Edward Sapir. It was the belief then that the Proto-Athapaskan phonological system, particularly the consonantal system, can be fairly accurately reconstructed. For many years my friend Harry Hoijer has carried this type of comparative study further by including a number of languages hitherto not available, so that the comparative study of Athapaskan languages has become one of the best explored fields in North America. There are of course many problems which remain to be solved, such as the vocalic system, the vocalic lengths, the development of pitch or the loss of it, and other problems of morphology. It is the purpose of this paper to draw attention to some of these problems, rather than to solve them.
The phonemes of New Zealand English
Authors: Kelly L. G.
Published: February 2018

The New Zealand accent belongs to the British group of English accents. There are three main divisions: General New Zealand, which is spoken in most parts of the country, and the accents of Otago, in the south of the South Island, and on the West Coast of the South Island. The three divisions follow the original pattern of settlement. In the North Island, settlement was directed by the New Zealand Company, which founded Auckland and Wellington in 1840; other settlements followed in the late 1840s. In the South, the Anglican Church founded Christchurch and Nelson in the early 1850s. These settlements had the common aim of reproducing English society as it existed in the south of England and drew most of their settlers from persons dispossessed by the Industrial Revolution. The difficulties of life in early New Zealand effectively levelled out social differences, with important effects on the language. Otago was founded in 1848 by the Scottish Free Church. The West Coast was not settled until the Gold Rush of the 1860s attracted miners from the goldfields of Victoria and California. Since that time there has been considerable immigration from the British Isles, at first a mere trickle from Europe and then a flood of Central European refugees after the Second World War. In general the willingness of the average New Zealander to travel for reasons of work or promotion has prevented the growth of regional accents; but the West Coast and Otago tend to keep to themselves, isolated by rough country and their own sense of community.
“Palatal” and “palatalized” redefined
Authors: Armond R. C. De
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this paper is to show that the term “palatal” has been used with various meanings and to redefine or establish a consistency of terminology concerning this term with respect to palatalized and central consonants. Confusion arising from the various divisions of the tongue into articulators and from the misuse of the above articulatory terms has led to incorrect phonological solutions.

The status of Russian palatalized and palatal consonants has been under discussion recently. Dunatov claims in a recent article that Russian palatal consonants cannot be palatalized and suggests three different orders of palatals to distinguish “the three articulatory sets of palatals encountered in the Slavic languages”: pre-palatal, medio-palatal, and post-palatal. However, he fails to state the distribution of them in Russian or the other Slavic languages.
Lexicography: statics and dynamics
Authors: Drysdale Patrick
Published: February 2018

There is a widely accepted fiction that anything printed in a dictionary has, by virtue of its presence there, a kind of divine authority. Thus lexicographers are sometimes called as expert witnesses in courts of law, and dictionaries themselves can be used in evidence. Professor Daniel Cook has based an interesting article on a case in Maryland in 1913, in which a man was charged on the complaint of a young woman that he had accosted her with the greeting, “Hello, chicken.” The defendant stated that chicken was “a perfectly proper term. Just look in Webster’s dictionary and you will find that I have transgressed no laws.” The magistrate found an antiquated copy of Webster in his desk and read, “Chicken—The young of various birds, a child, a young woman.”