bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of a Cancer Center Transaction
Authors: Barkley Ronald , Blau Michael L.
Published: May 2010

The first of a two-part series, this article presents one of two models for structuring a community-based cancer center through collaborative arrangements between oncologists and a hospital.
Clinical Trial Information As a Measure of Quality Cancer Care
Authors: Chua Wei , Clarke Stephen J.
Published: May 2010

Participation in clinical trials enables patients to access new treatment options. Evidence shows improved outcomes in participants compared with nonparticipants in non–small-cell, lung, breast, colorectal, and testicular cancers.
Cancer Genomics: Conducting Exemplary Trials With Biospecimen and Biomarker Components
Authors: Baer Allison R. , Collyar Deborah , Smith Mary Lou , Bendell Johanna
Published: May 2010

Translating research on genomic changes into novel interventions for patients with cancer requires increased analysis of biospecimens and biomarkers in cancer clinical trials, which involve certain procedural requirements.
Caveat Emptor
Authors: Mulvey Therese M.
Published: May 2010

Until there is a clearer understanding of the role that genes of low penetrance play in cancer risk, the best advice may be: Buyer beware.
APPRISE Oncology Program for Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents
Authors: Hagerty Karen
Published: May 2010

The FDA recently announced an oncology-specific Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy for erythropoiesis-stimulating agents prescribed under approved indications: The APPRISE program.
Statewide Cancer Clinical Trial Navigation Service
Authors: Moffitt Karen , Brogan Frank , Brown Clarence , Kasper Michael , Rosenblatt Joseph , Smallridge Robert , Sullivan Daniel , Kromrey Jeffrey
Published: May 2010

Realizing education and awareness are paramount in making clinical trials available, the authors sought to evaluate a statewide navigation service to identify how it might improve cancer clinical trial accessibility in Florida for physicians and patients.
Importance of Testing for Usability When Selecting and Implementing an Electronic Health or Medical Record System
Authors: Corrao Natalie J. , Robinson Alan G. , Swiernik Michael A. , Naeim Arash
Published: May 2010

The role of usability testing in the evaluation of an electronic health record system could improve chances that the design is integrated with existing workflow and business processes in a clear, efficient way.
A model of visual–olfactory integration for odour localisation in free-flying fruit flies
Authors: Stewart Finlay J. , Baker Dean A. , Webb Barbara
Published: May 2010

Flying fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) locate a concealed appetitive odour source most accurately in environments containing vertical visual contrasts. To investigate how visuomotor and olfactory responses may be integrated, we examine the free-flight behaviour of flies in three visual conditions, with and without food odour present. While odour localisation is facilitated by uniformly distributed vertical contrast as compared with purely horizontal contrast, localised vertical contrast also facilitates odour localisation, but only if the odour source is situated close to it. We implement a model of visuomotor control consisting of three parallel subsystems: an optomotor response stabilising the model fly's yaw orientation; a collision avoidance system to saccade away from looming obstacles; and a speed regulation system. This model reproduces many of the behaviours we observe in flies, including visually mediated ‘rebound’ turns following saccades. Using recordings of real odour plumes, we simulate the presence of an odorant in the arena, and investigate ways in which the olfactory input could modulate visuomotor control. We reproduce the experimental results by using the change in odour intensity to regulate the sensitivity of collision avoidance, resulting in visually mediated chemokinesis. Additionally, it is necessary to amplify the optomotor response whenever odour is present, increasing the model fly's tendency to steer towards features of the visual environment. We conclude that visual and olfactory responses of Drosophila are not independent, but that relatively simple interaction between these modalities can account for the observed visual dependence of odour source localisation.
Homeostasis of glucose in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykissWalbaum): the role of serotonin
Authors: Tubío Rosa I. Caamaño , Pérez-Maceira Jorge , Aldegunde Manuel
Published: May 2010

In this study, we evaluated, for the first time, the 5-HT (serotonin)-mediated control of glucose homeostasis in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Intraperitoneal administration of 5-HT increased plasma levels of glucose, adrenaline and noradrenaline. By contrast, intracerebroventricular administration of 5-HT did not cause any significant variation in plasma levels of glucose. The release of endogenous 5-HT following intraperitoneal administration of d-fenfluramine led to a significant increase in plasma levels of glucose and adrenaline. Intraperitoneal administration of (1) MIAN (a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist) did not block either the hyperglycaemic action or the increase in plasma levels of adrenaline induced by 5-HT, but did block the increase in plasma levels of noradrenaline, and (2) 5-CT (a 5-HT1 agonist) increased the plasma levels of glucose and of adrenaline, without altering those of noradrenaline. Administration of TFMPP (a 5-HT1B agonist) did not increase the plasma levels of glucose, and the hyperglycaemic action of 5-HT was not blocked by antagonists of 5-HT1A (WAY 100635), 5-HT1D (BRL 15572), 5-HT2B (SB 204741) or 5-HT7 (pimozide) receptors. It was demonstrated that, in rainbow trout, peripheral 5-HT, but not brain 5-HT intervenes in the modulation of glucose homeostasis with a hyperglycaemic effect. This effect is associated with the release of adrenaline and activation of 5-HT1-like receptors. As far as could be determined in the present study, these 5-HT1-like receptors are unrelated to either the 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B or 5-HT1D receptor subtypes of mammals. The 5-HT2-type receptors may mediate the release of noradrenaline, but not of adrenaline, and furthermore, do not appear to play an important role in the hyperglycaemic effect exerted by 5-HT.
Sustained performance by red and white muscle fibres from the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula
Authors: Curtin N. A. , Lou F. , Woledge R. C.
Published: May 2010

The mechanical performance of red and white muscle fibres from dogfish was compared during a long series of contractions with sinusoidal movement or under isometric conditions at 12°C (normal in vivo temperature). Power output was measured during sinusoidal movement at 0.75 Hz and peak-to-peak amplitude about 12% L0. Tetanus duty cycle was 33% (0.44 s) at phase −8% (first stimulus at 0.107 s before shortening started). Initially, the red fibres produced only about one third as much power as the white fibres, 6.57±0.63 W kg−1 wet mass (mean ± s.e.m.) and 18.3±2.3, respectively. Red fibres were better at sustaining power output; it declined rapidly to about 60% of its initial value and then remained relatively steady for up to 450 cycles of movement. Force during shortening declined, but force during stretch did not increase: force always relaxed to a low value before stretch started. By contrast, net power output by white fibres declined rapidly to zero within about 50 cycles. Two changes contributed: decline in force during shortening and an increase in force during stretch because relaxation became progressively less complete during the series of contractions. In isometric series (0.44 s stimulation every 1.33 s, cycle frequency 0.75 Hz), red and white fibres sustained peak isometric force similarly; in the 50th cycle force was 59±3% and 56±4% of initial values. The time required for force to relax to 10% of its maximum value decreased during the series for red fibres and increased for white fibres.
Underwater attachment in current: the role of setose attachment structures on the gills of the mayfly larvaeEpeorus assimilis(Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae)
Authors: Ditsche-Kuru P. , Koop J. H. E. , Gorb S. N.
Published: May 2010

Setose pads of aquatic Epeorus assimilis larvae are specialised structures located ventrally on the part of the gill lamella contacting the substrate and were suggested to have an attachment function in strong currents. In order to test the role of these setose pads in underwater attachment for the first time, we measured friction (shear) forces generated by the gill lamellae on solid substrates. Moreover, the influence of a different kind of surface roughness on attachment was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy showed that four different seta types can be found on the pads. Our results revealed that the pads significantly contributed to friction force generated on smooth and on some rough substrates but not on certain surfaces of intermediate roughness. The contribution of pads to the friction coefficient in experiments was lower than expected under natural conditions, which may be caused by a smaller contact area between the pads and the substrate (changes in material properties, lack of the active control of body positioning of the larva). The friction coefficient of the gill lamellae with the substrate depended on the surface roughness of the substrate and on the pulling direction. These results suggest that interlocking between structures of the insect cuticle and substrate irregularities, as well as molecular adhesion, contribute to friction.
Sea ice protects the embryos of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri from oxidative damage due to naturally enhanced levels of UV-B radiation
Authors: Lister Kathryn N. , Lamare Miles D. , Burritt David J.
Published: May 2010

The ‘ozone hole’ has caused an increase in ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B, 280–320 nm) penetrating Antarctic coastal marine ecosystems, however the direct effect of this enhanced UV-B on pelagic organisms remains unclear. Oxidative stress, the in vivo production of reactive oxygen species to levels high enough to overcome anti-oxidant defences, is a key outcome of exposure to solar radiation, yet to date few studies have examined this physiological response in Antarctic marine species in situ or in direct relation to the ozone hole. To assess the biological effects of UV-B, in situ experiments were conducted at Cape Armitage in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica (77.06°S, 164.42°E) on the common Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri Meissner (Echinoidea) over two consecutive 4-day periods in the spring of 2008 (26–30 October and 1–5 November). The presence of the ozone hole, and a corresponding increase in UV-B exposure, resulted in unequivocal increases in oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, and developmental abnormality in embryos of S. neumayeri growing in open waters. Results also indicate that embryos have only a limited capacity to increase the activities of protective antioxidant enzymes, but not to levels sufficient to prevent severe oxidative damage from occurring. Importantly, results show that the effect of the ozone hole is largely mitigated by sea ice coverage. The present findings suggest that the coincidence of reduced stratospheric ozone and a reduction in sea ice coverage may produce a situation in which significant damage to Antarctic marine ecosystems may occur.
Exceptional high-frequency hearing and matched vocalizations in Australian pygopod geckos
Authors: Manley Geoffrey A. , Kraus Johanna E. M.
Published: May 2010

We describe exceptional high-frequency hearing and vocalizations in a genus of pygopod lizards (Delma) that is endemic to Australia. Pygopods are a legless subfamily of geckos and share their highly specialized hearing organ. Hearing and vocalizations of amniote vertebrates were previously thought to differ clearly in their frequency ranges according to their systematic grouping. The upper frequency limit would thus be lowest in chelonians and increasingly higher in crocodilians, lizards, birds and mammals. We report data from four Delma species (D. desmosa, D. fraseri, D. haroldi, D. pax) from the Pilbara region of Western Australia that were studied using recordings of auditory-nerve compound action potentials (CAP) under remote field conditions. Hearing limits and vocalization energy of Delma species extended to frequencies far above those reported for any other lizard group, 14 kHz and >20 kHz, respectively. Their remarkable high-frequency hearing derives from the basilar papilla, and forward masking of CAP responses suggests a unique division of labor between groups of sensory cells within the hearing organ. These data also indicate that rather than having only strictly group-specific frequency ranges, amniote vertebrate hearing is strongly influenced by species-specific physical and ecological constraints.
The importance of leading edge vortices under simplified flapping flight conditions at the size scale of birds
Authors: Hubel Tatjana Y. , Tropea Cameron
Published: May 2010

Over the last decade, interest in animal flight has grown, in part due to the possible use of flapping propulsion for micro air vehicles. The importance of unsteady lift-enhancing mechanisms in insect flight has been recognized, but unsteady effects were generally thought to be absent for the flapping flight of larger animals. Only recently has the existence of LEVs (leading edge vortices) in small vertebrates such as swifts, small bats and hummingbirds been confirmed. To study the relevance of unsteady effects at the scale of large birds [reduced frequency k between 0.05 and 0.3, k=(πfc)/U∞; f is wingbeat frequency, U∞ is free-stream velocity, and c is the average wing chord], and the consequences of the lack of kinematic and morphological refinements, we have designed a simplified goose-sized flapping model for wind tunnel testing. The 2-D flow patterns along the wing span were quantitatively visualized using particle image velocimetry (PIV), and a three-component balance was used to measure the forces generated by the wings. The flow visualization on the wing showed the appearance of LEVs, which is typically associated with a delayed stall effect, and the transition into flow separation. Also, the influence of the delayed stall and flow separation was clearly visible in measurements of instantaneous net force over the wingbeat cycle. Here, we show that, even at reduced frequencies as low as those of large bird flight, unsteady effects are present and non-negligible and have to be addressed by kinematic and morphological adaptations.
Predicting bite force in mammals: two-dimensionalversusthree-dimensional lever models
Authors: Davis J. L. , Santana S. E. , Dumont E. R. , Grosse I. R.
Published: May 2010

Bite force is a measure of whole-organism performance that is often used to investigate the relationships between performance, morphology and fitness. When in vivo measurements of bite force are unavailable, researchers often turn to lever models to predict bite forces. This study demonstrates that bite force predictions based on two-dimensional (2-D) lever models can be improved by including three-dimensional (3-D) geometry and realistic physiological cross-sectional areas derived from dissections. Widely used, the 2-D method does a reasonable job of predicting bite force. However, it does so by over predicting physiological cross-sectional areas for the masseter and pterygoid muscles and under predicting physiological cross-sectional areas for the temporalis muscle. We found that lever models that include the three dimensional structure of the skull and mandible and physiological cross-sectional areas calculated from dissected muscles provide the best predictions of bite force. Models that accurately represent the biting mechanics strengthen our understanding of which variables are functionally relevant and how they are relevant to feeding performance.
Indirect closing of the elytra in a cockchafer,Melolontha hippocastaniF. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Frantsevich Leonid
Published: May 2010

Actuation of the closing of the elytra was previously ascribed to intrinsic muscles in the mesothorax. We investigated closing (1) by loading or arrest of some thoracic segments in a tethered flying beetle, (2) by animation, i.e. passive motion of preparations of the thorax simulating the action of some muscle, and (3) by excision of some parts of sclerites or cuts across certain muscles. We found out that depression of the prothorax, necessary to unlock the elytra, precedes their opening but elevation of the prothorax is synchronous with the closing. The closing is retarded if the elevation is retarded by loading; if the elevating prothorax is clamped, then the closing is also arrested or hindered; animation of the elevation of the prothorax in the dead animal is enough for the closing of the previously spread elytra; the closing is prevented if a piece at the hind edge of the pronotum, positioned in front of the root of an elytron, is excised. This excision also prevents closing in the in vivo experiments. Mechanical interaction between the elytron and the prothorax is limited to the contact point between the posterior edge of the pronotum and the lateral apophysis of the root. Thus, the elevation of the prothorax is the indirect and main mechanism of the closing in Melolontha.
Echolocation in sympatric Peale's dolphins (Lagenorhynchus australis) and Commerson's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) producing narrow-band high-frequency clicks
Authors: Kyhn L. A. , Jensen F. H. , Beedholm K. , Tougaard J. , Hansen M. , Madsen P. T.
Published: May 2010

An increasing number of smaller odontocetes have recently been shown to produce stereotyped narrow-band high-frequency (NBHF) echolocation clicks. Click source parameters of NBHF clicks are very similar, and it is unclear whether the sonars of individual NBHF species are adapted to specific habitats or the presence of other NBHF species. Here, we test whether sympatric NBHF species sharing the same habitat show similar adaptations in their echolocation clicks and whether their clicks display signs of character displacement. Wide-band sound recordings were obtained with a six-element hydrophone array from wild Peale's (Lagenorhynchus australis) and Commerson's (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) dolphins off the Falkland Islands. The centroid frequency was different between Commerson's (133±2 kHz) and Peale's (129±3 kHz) dolphins. The r.m.s. bandwidth was 12±3 kHz for both species. The source level was higher for Peale's dolphin (185±6 dB re 1 μPa p.–p.) than for Commerson's (177±5 dB re 1 μPa p.–p.). The mean directivity indexes were 25 dB for both species. The relatively low source levels in combination with the high directivity index may be an adaptation to reduce clutter when foraging in a coastal environment. We conclude that the small species-specific shifts in distribution of centroid frequencies around 130 kHz may reflect character displacement in otherwise-stereotyped NBHF clicks.
Difficulties of tracing health research funded by the European Union
Authors: Ernst Kelly , Irwin Rachel , Galsworthy Michael , McKee Martin , Charlesworth Kate , Wismar Matthias
Published: May 2010

Objective:

European Union (EU) information from research projects, including key findings, should be available on the European Commission's Community Research and Development Information Service (CORDIS) database. We describe the results of the Health Research for Europe (HR4E) project which aimed to synthesize results of health research from the EU's Fifth and Sixth Framework Programmes (FP5 and FP6) of research.

Methods:

Screening of titles and abstracts of all projects funded within FP5 and FP6 to identify health-related projects followed by allocation of such projects to one of the 47 themes of the European Union's Health Portal. Extraction of key findings relevant for policy and practice from data on the CORDIS database and, in a subset of 182 projects selected from five themes, attempted contact with project co-ordinators to obtain missing information.

Results:

The information held on CORDIS was inadequate, with many fields not completed. Data were rarely updated after the project had been funded. Of the 182 attempts to contact co-ordinators, useful information was obtained in only 17% of cases, with many contact details missing or unverifiable.

Conclusions:

CORDIS does not meet its stated objectives of facilitating and disseminating EU research. There is a clear need to review the systems designed to manage the CORDIS platform.
Acceptability of Community Pharmaceutical Care in Portugal: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Guerreiro Mara , Cantrill Judith , Martins Paula
Published: May 2010

Objectives:

In developed countries, community pharmacists are increasingly involved in clinical care. This study aimed to explore the acceptability to users of pharmaceutical care (drug therapy monitoring and management) provided in Portuguese community pharmacies, thereby informing future practice, policy and research.

Methods:

Qualitative semi-structured telephone interviews with a maximum variability sample of 21 service users. Interviews were audio-taped with permission of interviewees, transcribed verbatim and analysed using the ‘framework approach’ with the help of NVIVO® software.

Results:

A perception of convenient access is one of the key themes associated with acceptability to users. Four factors are central in understanding this perception: shorter waiting time; flexibility of appointments; service organization; and proximity to home. Data analysis suggests that these factors have different weights. Another key theme underpinning user acceptability is the formation of a therapeutic relationship with the pharmacist. Patients’ accounts provide evidence of a trusting and collaborative relationship where the pharmacist is seen as a health care provider. Recognition of interpersonal and technical skills were associated with the formation of this relationship. Although patients generally trusted the pharmacist's ability to help, patients were unable to voice clear expectations about the service, either in terms of the pharmacist's role or expected outcomes.

Conclusions:

Acceptability to patients is mainly determined by perceptions of convenient access and the development of a therapeutic relationship with the pharmacist. Patients’ expectations concerning the service are not well developed, but not necessarily low.
Diagnosing diabetes in disadvantaged populations: The role of social participation
Authors: Baig Arshiya , Escarce José
Published: May 2010

Objective:

Extensive social networks improve health and reduce mortality. Our aim was to investigate the effect of social participation on the probability that people with diabetes are diagnosed by health care providers and whether these effects differ in disadvantaged populations.

Methods:

Using the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) 1988-1994, we included 1642 adults with diabetes. Diagnosed people with diabetes reported a provider diagnosis of diabetes; undiagnosed people with diabetes had a fasting plasma glucose over 125 mg/dl. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the effect of social participation on diabetes diagnosis.

Results:

Increased social participation led to a higher probability of being diagnosed among people with diabetes who were low-income (OR 5 1.19, P < 0.10) and who did not graduate from high school (OR 5 1.21, P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

People with diabetes who had low incomes and who did not graduate from high school were more likely to know they had diabetes if they had more frequent social interaction. Clarifying the mechanisms through which social participation affects the diagnosis of diabetes may help in developing strategies to improve diabetes identification.
Bilateral testicular metastases in malignant melanoma
Authors: Robertson E , Baxter G
Published: May 2010

Ultrasound is the imaging modality of choice in the delineation of scrotal pathology and readily differentiates testicular from extratesticular disease. Primary testicular malignancy is widely recognized; metastatic disease within the testes is a relatively unusual occurrence arising most frequently in patients with lymphoma or disseminated prostate or bronchial cancer. Testicular metastases secondary to malignant melanoma is a particularly rare finding, which is invariably confined to postmortem examinations. We present the ultrasonic appearances of a rare case of malignant melanoma with bilateral testicular metastases which arose during the course of the illness.
The 18+0–20+6 Weeks Fetal Anomaly Scan National Standards
Authors: Chudleigh Trish
Published: May 2010

Ultrasound screening for fetal abnormalities has been available to pregnant women in England for well over two decades. Historically, clinical departments have used guidance provided by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists to inform them as to what should be included for assessment during the examination. Recently, the Department of Health commissioned the Fetal Anomaly Screening Programme to develop and extend the second trimester anomaly scan to ensure an effective and accessible service for all pregnant women in England. The Fetal Anomaly Scan National Standards have now been launched and will impact on all departments providing this service. This paper summarizes the background to this work, identifies the subtle shift of focus required in the new anomaly scan and explains the rationale behind these changes.
Practical aspects of the use of urethane test objects for ultrasound quality control
Authors: Dudley Nicholas J , Gibson Nicholas M
Published: May 2010

It has been previously demonstrated that the speed of sound (SoS) and attenuation of urethane test objects decreases with increasing temperature. Our aims were to assess the implications of these findings in routine practice. A urethane test object was cooled to 4°C, and multiple scans obtained during warming to measure the SoS, resolution and low contrast penetration. Images were captured and analysed as the object warmed until the SoS reached that specified by the manufacturer. Biannual performance measurements made in summer and winter were retrospectively compared for 13 scanners to determine the impact of temperature on quality control measurements in routine practice. Images were also captured with the urethane test object at room temperature, using spatial compound imaging to look for blurring. Experimentally, the SoS decreased and low contrast penetration increased as the test object warmed, confirming the temperature dependence of these variables. In the retrospective study, SoS measurements were generally lower in summer than winter, but resolution measurements were unaffected; where data were available, low contrast penetration was greater in summer than winter where a significant difference in SoS had been found. We advise that urethane test objects are stored and used in a temperature-controlled environment and stabilized before use. Even when used at the recommended temperature, differences between the SoS in the test object and that assumed by the scanner causes targets to be blurred when using spatial compound imaging. The clinical efficacy of spatial compounding, therefore, cannot be assessed using a urethane test object.
Reduction in Specimen Labeling Errors After Implementation of a Positive Patient Identification System in Phlebotomy
Authors: Morrison Aileen P. , Tanasijevic Milenko J. , Goonan Ellen M. , Lobo Margaret M. , Bates Michael M. , Lipsitz Stuart R. , Bates David W. , Melanson Stacy E.F.
Published: May 2010

Ensuring accurate patient identification is central to preventing medical errors, but it can be challenging. We implemented a bar code–based positive patient identification system for use in inpatient phlebotomy. A before-after design was used to evaluate the impact of the identification system on the frequency of mislabeled and unlabeled samples reported in our laboratory. Labeling errors fell from 5.45 in 10,000 before implementation to 3.2 in 10,000 afterward (P = .0013). An estimated 108 mislabeling events were prevented by the identification system in 1 year. Furthermore, a workflow step requiring manual preprinting of labels, which was accompanied by potential labeling errors in about one quarter of blood “draws,” was removed as a result of the new system. After implementation, a higher percentage of patients reported having their wristband checked before phlebotomy. Bar code technology significantly reduced the rate of specimen identification errors.
Clinical correlates of olfactory hallucinations in schizophrenia
Authors: Langdon Robyn , McGuire Jonathan , Stevenson Richard , Catts Stanley V.
Published: May 2010

Objectives. Olfactory hallucinations (OHs) are underrepresented in conventional clinical instruments, infrequently researched, and poorly understood. To advance understanding of OHs, we examined their past‐month prevalence and co‐occurring symptoms in two datasets.

Design. One dataset comprised categorical codes and was examined using homogeneity analysis and logistic regression; the other dataset comprised numeric ratings and was examined using principal components analyses and linear regression.

Method. The two datasets included: (1) 962 cases with Present State Examination – 9th Edition (PSE‐9), codes (recoded present/absent) from the World Health Organization 10 Country (WHO‐10) Study and (2) 265 cases with ratings on Scales for Assessing Positive/Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia (SAPS/SANS). Two PSE‐9 items (external‐ and self‐smells) were recoded into a single OH item to examine consistency with the SAPS/SANS dataset, which contained a single OH item.

Results. Prevalence of OHs and hallucinations in other modalities differed according to the WHO‐10 international centre. Across centres, OHs were present in 13% of the WHO‐10 dataset, similar to the 17% prevalence rate in the SAPS/SANS dataset. Referential/control delusions and other hallucinations (particularly, somatic/tactile/gustatory hallucinations) were significant independent correlates of OHs in both datasets. OHs also co‐occurred with social anxiety and depression in the WHO‐10 dataset, with self‐smells being particularly associated with self‐depreciation.

Conclusions. Sociocultural factors may modulate the self‐reporting and/or detection of OHs and hallucinations in other modalities. Referential/control delusions promote the generation and/or maintenance of OHs independent of factors shared with other hallucinations. OHs and hallucinations of taste, touch, and bodily sensation frequently co‐occur. Self‐smells warrant sensitive probing.
Efficient cyclization routes to substituted heterocyclic compounds mediated by transition-metal catalysts
Authors: Cossy Janine
Published: May 2010

Cyclizations induced by transition metals such as palladium, platinum, gold, and ruthenium can produce functionalized heterocycles such as 3-(arylmethylene)isoindolones, γ-lactones, and unsaturated δ-lactones.
Prospective Evaluation of Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) and Carbohydrate Antigen 15.3 (CA 15.3) in Patients with Primary Locoregional Breast Cancer
Authors: Molina Rafael , Auge Jose M , Farrus Blanca , Zanón Gabriel , Pahisa Jaume , Muñoz Montserrat , Torne Aureli , Filella Xavier , Escudero Jose M , Fernandez Pedro , Velasco Martin
Published: May 2010

Background: The utility of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 15.3 (CA 15.3) as prognostic factors in primary breast cancer is unclear.

Methods: We prospectively studied CEA and CA 15.3 in the sera of 2062 patients with untreated primary breast cancer diagnosed between 1984 and 2008.

Results: Increased CEA (>5 μg/L) and CA 15.3 (>30 kU/L) concentrations were found in 12.7% and 19.6% of the patients, respectively, and 1 or both tumor markers were increased in 28% (570 of 2062). Increases in each tumor marker correlated with larger tumor sizes and nodal involvement. Tumor size, estrogen receptor (ER), and CEA were independent prognostic factors by multivariate analysis in the total group [disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS)] as well as in node-positive (NP) and node-negative (NN) patients. Nodal involvement and histological grade were independent prognostic factors in the total group as well as in NP patients. By contrast, adjuvant treatment and CA 15.3 were independent prognostic factors only in NN patients (DFS and OS). All patients with CEA >7.5 μg/L had recurrence during follow-up. Use of both tumor markers allowed discrimination of the groups of risk in T1 NN patients: 56.3% of recurrences were seen when 1 or both tumor markers were increased, whereas only 9.4% of recurrences were seen in T1 NN patients without increases of either marker.

Conclusions: CEA and CA 15.3 are useful prognostic factors in NP and NN breast cancer patients. CEA >7.5 μg/L is associated with a high probability of subclinical metastases.
C-Reactive Protein Adversely Alters the Protein–Protein Interaction of the Endothelial Isoform of Nitric Oxide Synthase
Authors: Valleggi Simona , Devaraj Sridevi , Dasu Mohan R , Jialal Ishwarlal
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND

C-reactive protein (CRP) inhibits the activity of the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) via uncoupling of the enzyme both in vitro and in vivo. eNOS activity appears to be related in part to its interaction with other cellular proteins, including heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), caveolin-1, and porin. In this study, we examined the effect of CRP treatment of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) on eNOS interaction with caveolin-1, Hsp90, and porin.

METHODS

We incubated HAECs with CRP (0, 12.5, and 25 mg/L) for 1, 6, or 24 h and assessed the interaction of these proteins with eNOS by immunoprecipitation and western blotting.

RESULTS

CRP treatment (12.5 and 25 mg/L) of HAECs for 24 h significantly increased eNOS binding to caveolin-1 (40% and 54% increase, respectively; P < 0.05) and decreased binding to Hsp90 (33% and 66% decrease, respectively; P < 0.05). CRP (25 mg/L) also significantly decreased the binding of porin to eNOS (11% decrease, P < 0.05). Similar results were seen when HAECs were treated with CRP for 6 h.

CONCLUSIONS

These negative protein–protein interactions of eNOS were able to partly explain the CRP-induced decreases in the activity of this critical enzyme, which caused endothelial dysfunction.
Raising the BAR: Bias Adjustment of Recognition Tests in Advertising
Authors: Aribarg Anocha , Pieters Rik , Wedel Michel
Published: May 2010

Advertising recognition tests use advertisements as visual retrieval cues; they require consumers to report which advertisements they remember having seen earlier and whether they noticed the advertised brand and read most of the text at the time. Using a heterogeneous randomly stopped sum model, the authors establish the relationship between consumers' actual attention to print advertisements, as measured through eye tracking, and subsequent ad recognition measures. They find that ad recognition measures are systematically biased because consumers infer prior attention from the ad layout and their familiarity with the brands in the advertisements. Such biases undermine the validity of recognition tests for advertising practice and theory development. The authors quantify the positive and negative diagnostic value of ad recognition for prior attention and demonstrate how these diagnostic values can be used to develop bias-adjusted recognition (BAR) scores that more accurately reflect prior attention. Finally, the authors show that differences in the scores from ad recognition tests based on in-home versus lab exposure attenuate when the bias-adjustment procedure is applied.
Consumer Options: Theory and an Empirical Application to a Sports Market
Authors: Sainam Preethika , Balasubramanian Sridhar , Bayus Barry L.
Published: May 2010

The authors introduce the concept of consumer options and empirically validate it in the context of event ticket pricing. They demonstrate that consumer options can protect consumers from the downside related to uncertain outcomes and enhance seller profits by enabling superior market segmentation and increasing consumer willingness to pay. The authors examine the newly proposed ticket pricing mechanism in sports markets, in which there is uncertainty about the teams that will play in a final event (e.g., the National Collegiate Athletic Association Final Four basketball tournament). Fans who want to attend the game after knowing which teams will play are often disappointed because tickets typically sell out in advance. The authors propose that a fan can buy an option on a ticket before this uncertainty is resolved. Later, he or she can decide whether to exercise the option. The authors present a simple analytical model of consumer options in this setting. Then, they empirically demonstrate that profits under option pricing can exceed those from (1) advance selling and (2) pricing after uncertainty is resolved. The analysis and findings of this article lay a foundation for future work on consumer options in marketing.
Dynamics of Pricing in the Video Game Console Market: Skimming or Penetration?
Authors: Liu Hongju
Published: May 2010

Nintendo lost its dominant position in the video game industry during the console war between its Nintendo 64 and Sony's PlayStation. However, Nintendo could have made several different strategic decisions to change the outcome. This article develops a structural model and investigates these alternative strategies through policy simulations. In particular, the author provides a framework to study firms' optimal pricing strategies under network effects, consumer heterogeneity, and oligopolistic competition. Consumer heterogeneity provides an incentive for a durable goods manufacturer to price skim, while network effects lead to an opposite motive for penetration pricing. The proposed framework incorporates these two competing motives under oligopolistic competition. The author estimates a demand system that allows for indirect network effects and consumer heterogeneity and then numerically solves for the Markov perfect equilibrium in firms' dynamic pricing game. Policy simulations indicate that Nintendo could have won the console war either with 10% more games or with a “head start” of one million units in installed base at the time of the PlayStation introduction.
The Role of Consensus in Sales Team Performance
Authors: Ahearne Michael , Mackenzie Scott B. , Podsakoff Philip M. , Mathieu John E. , Lam Son K.
Published: May 2010

Although team-based selling is highly prominent in practice, research on the drivers of its effectiveness is sparse. Drawing from the literature on climate consensus, the authors propose that in addition to leadership and team factors, team consensus plays a critical role in boosting sales team effectiveness. Using survey and archival data from a sample of 185 pharmaceutical sales teams, the authors find that high team consensus regarding team-level leadership empowerment behaviors (LEBs) and team interpersonal climate quality enhances team potency given high LEBs but weakens team potency given low LEBs. In turn, team potency translates into sales team performance through both extra-role (team helping behavior) and in-role (team effort) behavior. The authors discuss the implications of these findings.
When Choosing Makes a Good Thing Better: Temporal Variations in the Valuation of Hedonic Consumption
Authors: Chan Elaine , Mukhopadhyay Anirban
Published: May 2010

This research investigates how the valuation of delayed consumption of hedonic products, such as concerts and chocolate, varies with the passage of time between choice and consumption. The authors find that when consumers make their own choices, they exhibit increases in evaluations of delayed consumption, but only if the interval between choice and consumption is relatively short. The effect attenuates over longer periods, resulting in an inverted U-shaped relationship between evaluations and time. In contrast, when somebody else chooses the same option for the consumer, evaluations decrease with the passage of time. These effects depend on the extent of intrinsic motivation toward the object of consumption and occur only for consummatory consumption that is of inherent interest. Moreover, anticipatory increases in evaluations before consumption have ironic negative effects on postconsumption evaluations. The authors discuss implications and directions for further research.
The Effect of Regulatory Depletion on Attitude Certainty
Authors: Wan Echo Wen , Rucker Derek D. , Tormala Zakary L. , Clarkson Joshua J.
Published: May 2010

This research explores how regulatory depletion affects consumers' responses to advertising. Initial forays into this area suggest that the depletion of self-regulatory resources is irrelevant when advertisement arguments are strong or consumers are highly motivated to process. In contrast to these conclusions, the authors contend that depletion has important but previously hidden effects in such contexts. That is, although attitudes are equivalent in valence and extremity, consumers are more certain of their attitudes when they form them under conditions of depletion than nondepletion. The authors propose that this effect occurs because feeling depleted induces the perception of having engaged in thorough information processing. As a consequence of greater attitude certainty, depleted consumers' attitudes exert greater influence on their purchase behavior. Three experiments, using different products and ad exposure times, confirm these hypotheses. Experiment 3 demonstrates the potential to vary consumers' naive beliefs about the relationship between depletion and thoroughness of processing, and this variation moderates the effect of depletion on attitude certainty. The authors discuss the theoretical contributions and implications for marketing.
The Effect of Need for Uniqueness on Word of Mouth
Authors: Cheema Amar , Kaikati Andrew M.
Published: May 2010

This research examines the psychosocial cost associated with positive word of mouth (WOM), which can decrease the uniqueness of possessions and thus harm high-uniqueness consumers (pilot study). As a result, high- (versus low-) uniqueness consumers are less willing to generate positive WOM for publicly consumed products that they own. However, high uniqueness does not decrease willingness to generate WOM for privately consumed products (Study 1). Study 2 demonstrates that for publicly consumed products, WOM that includes positive recommendations is more persuasive than WOM that only contains product details. Consequently, the effect of uniqueness is more pronounced for WOM recommendations than for WOM that only provides details (Study 3). Study 4 confirms that high- (versus low-) uniqueness consumers are less willing to recommend a public product to others but are equally willing to discuss product details. Study 5 analyzes real-world WOM content and finds evidence in support of these results.
How Do Price Fairness Perceptions Differ across Culture?
Authors: Bolton Lisa E. , Keh Hean Tat , Alba Joseph W.
Published: May 2010

This research investigates the effects of across-consumer price comparisons on perceived price fairness as a function of culture. Collectivist (Chinese) consumers are more sensitive to in-group versus out-group differences than individualist (U.S.) consumers. The collectivist perspective orients consumers toward the in-group and heightens concerns about “face” (i.e., status earned in a social network) that arise from in-group comparisons. Process evidence for the causal role of cultural differences derives from manipulated self-construal and measurement of the emotional role of shame evoked by face concerns. Finally, in a robustness test, an alternative operationalization of the in-group/out-group distinction extends the findings to the context of firm relationships.
Development of a Standard Flammability Test for Water-Based Hydraulic Fluids
Authors: Khan Mohammed M. , Chatterjee Prateep , de Ris John L.
Published: May 2010

This paper is a review of the development of a standard flammability test method for hydraulic fluids since the 1970s. Over the past years, the test methodology for qualifying hydraulic fluids has been transformed from a qualitative assessment to a quantitative and model based assessment. The present standard test method deals with the calorimetric measurement of heat release rate of a highly atomized spray fire, fire point temperature measurement, and the determination of adiabatic flame temperature utilizing an existing NASA Combustion Equilibrium and Application Code. In this paper, we have emphasized on the detailed development of evaluating water-based hydraulic fluids.
Performance Assessment of Suture Type, Water Temperature, and Surgeon Skill in Juvenile Chinook Salmon Surgically Implanted with Acoustic Transmitters
Authors: Deters Katherine A. , Brown Richard S. , Carter Kathleen M. , Boyd James W. , Eppard M. Brad , Seaburg Adam G.
Published: May 2010

This study assessed performance of seven suture types in subyearling Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha implanted with acoustic microtransmitters and held at two water temperatures (12°C and 17°C). Nonabsorbable (Ethilon) and absorbable (Monocryl) monofilament sutures and nonabsorbable (Nurolon and silk) and absorbable (Vicryl, Vicryl Plus, and Vicryl Rapide) braided sutures were used to close incisions in Chinook salmon. When differences existed among suture types, tag and suture retention were generally highest for monofilament sutures. Wound inflammation and ulceration were generally lower for Ethilon and Monocryl than for most of the braided sutures. In this study, Nurolon (braided) often resulted in low wound inflammation and ulceration, although suture retention was poor. Generally, fish held in 12°C water had more desirable postsurgery healing characteristics (i.e., higher tag and suture retention; lower incision openness, wound inflammation, and ulceration) at 7 and 14 d postsurgery than fish held in 17°C water. On days 34 and 63, tag retention remained high among fish in 12°C water, while suture retention decreased dramatically in both water temperatures. We found a significant effect of surgeon on tag and suture retention, wound inflammation and ulceration, and incision openness. Surgeons in this study were initially thought to have similar surgical proficiency based on their extensive previous experience. However, surgeons who had received feedback on their previous surgical technique performed better in this study. Results indicate that surgical training (i.e., feedback) and perhaps aptitude, rather than surgeon experience alone, may be as important as suture type in influencing the retention of sutures and tags. The overall results support the conclusion that Monocryl is the best suture material for closing incisions created during surgical implantation of acoustic microtransmitters in subyearling Chinook salmon. Future research should include testing different suturing patterns and knotting techniques as well as the number of knots required for different incision lengths.