bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Low Central Venous Pressure During Preanhepatic Phase on Blood Loss and Liver and Renal Function in Liver Transplantation
Authors: Feng Zhi‐Ying , Xu Xiao , Zhu Sheng‐Mei , Bein Berthold , Zheng Shu‐Sen
Published: April 2010

Background

Although the low central venous pressure (LCVP) technique is used to decrease blood loss during liver resection, its efficacy and safety during transplant procedures are still debatable. Our study aimed to assess the effects of this technique and its clinical safety for recipients undergoing liver transplantation.

Methods

Eighty‐six adult patients were randomly divided into a LCVP group and a control group. In the LCVP group, CVP was maintained below 5 mmHg or 40% lower than baseline during the preanhepatic phase by limiting infusion volume, manipulating the patient’s posture, and administration of somatostatin and nitroglycerine. Recipients in the control group received standard care. Hemodynamics, blood loss, liver function, and renal function of the two groups were compared perioperatively.

Results

A lower CVP was maintained in the LCVP group during the preanhepatic phase, resulting in a significant decrease in blood loss (1922 ± 1429 vs. 3111 ± 1833 ml, P < 0.05) and transfusion volume (1200 ± 800 vs. 2400 ± 1200 ml, P < 0.05) intraoperatively. Compared with the control group, the LCVP group had a significantly lower mean arterial pressure at 2 h after the start of the operation (74 ± 11 vs. 84 ± 14 mmHg, P < 0.05), a lower lactate value at the end of the operation (5.9 ± 3.0 vs. 7.2 ± 3.0 mmol/l, P < 0.05), and a better preservation of liver function after the declamping of the portal vein. There were no significant differences in perioperative renal function and postoperative complications between the groups.

Conclusions

The LCVP technique during the preanhepatic phase reduced intraoperative blood loss, protected liver function, and had no detrimental effects on renal function in LT.
Long‐term Career Transition in the Surgical Workforce of Japan: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using the Nationwide Survey of Physicians Data from 1972 to 2006
Authors: Ide Hiroo , Koike Soichi , Yasunaga Hideo , Kodama Tomoko , Ohe Kazuhiko , Imamura Tomoaki
Published: April 2010

Background

A surgical workforce is essential for providing surgical services to the community. However, little is known about surgeons’ career changes in circumstances where physicians can freely choose their specialty. Differing career transitions among surgical specialties were hypothesized.

Methods

Longitudinal data were obtained for all physicians in Japan, giving a total of 4,302,844 items of data (for 390,368 physicians) from 1972 to 2006. Descriptive statistics for all physicians and surgeons were calculated in 1976, 1986, 1996, and 2006. “Active surgeons” (working at hospitals), “primary care surgeons” (working at clinics), and “retired surgeons” were analyzed among physicians licensed in 1972, 1982, and 1992 for the subspecialties of general surgery, orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, urology, and “other” surgeries. Survival analysis and Cox’s proportional hazard analysis were conducted to examine factors affecting career changes.

Results

During the study period, the greatest change was observed in the increased number of surgeons per 100,000 physicians. The percentage of female surgeons and surgeons registered in a surgical subspecialty also increased greatly. Significant differences, by sex, age, and subspecialty, were shown in survival analyses for surgeons’ career changes in the transition from active surgeons to primary care surgeons or retired surgeons. Surgical specialty was still a significant factor for predicting career transition, even after adjustment for the surgeons’ characteristics.

Conclusions

The current study elucidated the differences in career transitions among surgical specialties. Given the observed findings, policy makers should consider more detailed and effective measures for retaining surgeons in active practice.
Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) of Benign Thyroid Nodules in Patients with Incompletely Resolved Clinical Problems after Ethanol Ablation (EA)
Authors: Lee Jeong Hyun , Kim Yoon Suk , Lee Ducky , Choi Hoon , Yoo Hyunju , Baek Jung Hwan
Published: April 2010

Background

Although ethanol ablation (EA) is effective, refractory cases have been reported in 5–25% of patients, with a marked decline in efficacy on subsequent reattempt. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) after EA of benign thyroid nodules in patients with incompletely resolved initial clinical problems.

Methods

Among 137 patients with 137 benign thyroid nodules who underwent EA, 27 patients (M:F = 5:22; mean age = 38 years, range = 21–60 years) underwent additional RFA if all of the following criteria were fulfilled: (1) complaint of incompletely resolved clinical problems, (2) demonstration of remaining solid component with internal vascularity on 1‐month follow‐up power Doppler US, and (3) patient desire for additional treatment. After RFA, there was improvement of clinical symptoms and characteristics and volume reduction of the treated nodules as seen on US; complications were evaluated at each follow‐up.

Results

The mean follow‐up duration was 21.2 months (range = 6–38 months) after RFA. The mean symptom grading score of 10‐cm visual analog scale, the mean cosmetic grading score on a 4‐point scale, and the mean volume reduction of thyroid nodules were all significantly decreased from those seen before RFA (2.4–1.1, 3.7–1.5, and 4.2–1.1, respectively) (P < 0.05). There were no major complications.

Conclusions

RFA is an effective and safe method for treating benign thyroid nodules in patients with incompletely resolved clinical problems following EA.
Intra‐abdominal Fistulas in Surgically Treated Crohn’s Disease Patients
Authors: Yoon Yong Sik , Yu Chang Sik , Yang Suk‐Kyun , Yoon Sang Nam , Lim Seok‐Byung , Kim Jin Cheon
Published: April 2010

Background

Intra‐abdominal fistulas occur in one‐third of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). Although they are common, these fistulas may pose difficult problems for the surgeon. We assessed the clinical presentation of intra‐abdominal fistulas in patients with CD and compared the clinicopathologic characteristics of CD with and without fistulas.

Methods

We analyzed consecutive laparotomy cases for 254 patients with CD between 1991 and 2008. Clinicopathologic data were abstracted from patient charts and a prospectively maintained database. Patient variables with and without fistulas were analyzed using the Fisher’s exact test, chi‐square test, and Student’s t test.

Results

A total of 93 surgical procedures were performed on 83 patients (32.7%) who had at least one intra‐abdominal fistula, revealing a total of 122 fistulas. Enteroenteric fistulas were the most common (30.3%), followed by enterocutaneous (23%), enterosigmoid (19.7%), enterocolonic (9.7%), and enterovesical (9.7%). Most cases (95.7%) underwent intestinal resection, with primary anastomosis in 77 of the cases (82.8%). There was no mortality, although 15 (16.1%) patients experienced postoperative complications. In the comparison of 270 cases with and without fistulas, cases with fistulas tended to have more frequent surgeries for perianal fistulas or abscesses (P = 0.001), more frequent intra‐abdominal abscesses on CT (P = 0.044), and a higher incidence of combined small bowel and colonic disease (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The incidence and clinical features of fistulas were similar to those reported in previous studies of western patients. We identified that patients with CD and fistulas have more frequent other CD‐related sepsis.
The reality of dietary compliance in the management of phenylketonuria
Authors: MacDonald Anita , Gokmen‐Ozel Hulya , van Rijn Margreet , Burgard Peter
Published: April 2010

In phenylketonuria (PKU), it is common for blood phenylalanine (Phe) concentrations to be outside optimal target ranges, particularly in teenagers and adults, indicating inadequate compliance. It is well known that significant noncompliance exists, and the situation in PKU would appear no different than other chronic conditions. In PKU, compliance is complex, being subject to diverse definitions, and factors influencing compliance include the nature and nurture of the patient, as well as the inconvenience, cost and availability of dietary treatment. It is also a dynamic process, with many patients changing between a state of compliance and partial and noncompliance. In PKU, compliance has received little rigorous study, and there have been few observational reports identifying barriers and behaviors impacting dietary compliance. Compliance assessment measures remain inadequately defined. The direct assessment of blood Phe concentration is perhaps the best overall measure, but there is no universal agreement about the number of Phe concentrations that should be within target range and frequency or timing of measurement. Although no one strategy for improving compliance is universally effective, and an individualized approach to noncompliance is essential, it is important to have clear evidence about the most effective strategies in achieving long‐term dietary adherence in PKU.
Fibonacci, Littler, and the Hand: A Brief Review
Authors: Hutchison Alan L. , Hutchison Richard L.
Published: April 2010

In a landmark paper published in 1973, the eminent hand surgeon J. William Littler, MD, proposed two mathematical relationships between the anatomic and functional geometry of the hand. His proposal that the motion of the tips of the fingers follow an equiangular spiral has been experimentally supported. Studies have not supported his other idea that the lengths of the phalanges follow a Fibonacci series. This review, after providing the necessary mathematical background, reexamines Littler's claims, presents the associated studies, and re-evaluates their conclusions. Our analysis shows that the functional lengths of the phalanges of the little finger actually do follow a Fibonacci series and that the functional lengths of the index, long, and ring fingers follow a mathematical relative of the Fibonacci series.
Polyurethane Dispersions Based on Interesterification Product of Fish and Linseed Oil
Authors: Nimbalkar Ramakant V. , Athawale Vilas D.
Published: April 2010

Alkyd and styrenated alkyd resins based on fish oil and their interesterifications with linseed oil were synthesized. The various properties of fish oil, such as its iodine value, acid value, saponification value and moisture content were determined. The interesterification product of fish oil and linseed oil can be used to partially replace the commercially available linseed oil alkyd resin. Alkyd resin and styrenated alkyd resin were modified with 2,2 dimethylolpropionic acid to introduce acid functionality and then sequentially reacted with isophorone diisocyanate, neutralized with amine, chain extended with ethylenediamine and dispersed in water to form a polyurethane dispersion. The newly synthesized resins and polyurethane dispersions were studied for coating properties such as scratch hardness, adhesion, flexibility, impact, solvent and chemical resistance. The polyurethane dispersions exhibited superior coating properties to those of their respective alkyds and styrenated alkyds.
Opposite effects of Trichostatin A on activation of mast cells by different stimulants
Authors: Wang Qing-hui , Nishiyama Chiharu , Nakano Nobuhiro , Kanada Shunsuke , Hara Mutsuko , Kitamura Nao , Shimokawa Naomi , Lu Chang-long , Ogawa Hideoki , Okumura Ko
Published: April 2010

Mast cells (MCs) are activated upon stimulation via TLRs or FcεRI, contributing to immune protection and/or leading to allergic diseases. In the present study, the effects of Trichostatin A (TSA) on the activation of MCs were analyzed with bone marrow‐derived (BM) MCs. TSA increased the transcription and protein secretion of IL‐6 in case of LPS‐stimulation, in contrast to the suppressive effect on IgE‐mediated activation of BMMCs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed IgE‐mediated signaling‐specific suppression of transcription factors recruitment to the IL‐6 promoter. TSA‐treatment inhibited nuclear translocation of NF‐κB following IgE‐mediated, but not LPS‐induced activation in MCs.
Evaluation of adverse events in cats receiving long-term piroxicam therapy for various neoplasms
Authors: Bulman-Fleming Julie C. , Turner TR , Rosenberg Mona P.
Published: April 2010

The role of cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) and prostaglandins (PG) in carcinogenesis has been documented in many species. Piroxicam has shown efficacy against several neoplasms and is frequently prescribed for chronic use. There are no studies investigating chronic piroxicam administration in cats and the chronic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in this species has long been cautioned against. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate adverse effects in cats receiving long-term daily piroxicam. Seventy-three cats received daily piroxicam at doses of 0.13–0.41 mg/kg. Treatment duration ranged from 1 to 38 months. Treatment with piroxicam was found to significantly increase frequency of vomiting during the first month of therapy, though this was most significant for cats receiving concurrent chemotherapy. Piroxicam administration was not significantly associated with hematologic, renal or hepatic toxicities. Adverse events were not correlated with dosage. Adverse events were reported in 29% of cats, and were generally mild and transient. Eight percent discontinued piroxicam due to adverse reaction, and 4% due to difficult administration. This study indicates that long-term daily piroxicam is generally well tolerated in cats at conventional doses.
Pathology and Identity
Authors: Littlewood Roland
Published: April 2010

The first new religion in the Caribbean since Rastafari, the Earth People draw on West African sources, assert a renascent African identity, and celebrate female creativity. They argue that Black people are the guardians of a natural environment, which is constantly under threat from European science. In this 1993 book, Dr Littlewood, who is both a psychiatrist and a social anthropologist, criticizes received ideas about pathology and creativity. The founder's ideas emerged in her experience of cerebral disease, and Dr Littlewood shows how the Earth People reinterpret radical personal experiences to build a community. While naturalistic and personalistic interpretations of human life are both valid and necessary, neither can be reduced to the other.
Merchant Enterprise in Britain
Authors: Chapman Stanley
Published: April 2010

Studies of the British Industrial Revolution and of the Victorian period of economic and social development have until very recently concentrated on British industries and industrial regions, while commerce and finance, and particularly that of London, have been substantially neglected. This has distorted our view of the process of change, since financial services and much trade continued to be centred on the metropolis, and the south-east region never lost its position at the top of the national league of wealth.
Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon
Authors: Street R. A.
Published: April 2010

This book describes the properties and device applications of hydrogenated amorphous silicon. It covers the growth, the atomic and electronic structure, the properties of dopants and defects, the optical and electronic properties which result from the disordered structure and finally the applications of this technologically very important material. There is also an important chapter on contacts, interfaces and multilayers. The main emphasis of the book is on the new physical phenomena which result from the disorder of the atomic structure. The book will be of major importance to those who are researching or studying the properties and applications of a-Si:H. It will have a wider interest for anyone working in semiconductor physics and electronic engineering in general.
Semantic Leaps
Authors: Coulson Seana
Published: April 2010

Semantic Leaps explores how people combine knowledge from different domains in order to understand and express new ideas. Concentrating on dynamic aspects of on-line meaning construction, Coulson identifies two related sets of processes: frame-shifting and conceptual blending. Frame-shifting is semantic reanalysis in which existing elements in the contextual representation are reorganized into a new frame. Conceptual blending is a set of cognitive operations for combining partial cognitive models. By addressing linguistic phenomena often ignored in traditional meaning research, Coulson explains how processes of cross-domain mapping, frame-shifting and conceptual blending enhance the explanatory adequacy of traditional frame-based systems for natural language processing. The focus is on how the constructive processes speakers use to assemble, link and adapt simple cognitive models underlie a broad range of productive language behaviour.
Integral Equations and Applications
Authors: Corduneanu C.
Published: April 2010

The purpose of this book is threefold: to be used for graduate courses on integral equations; to be a reference for researchers; and to describe methods of application of the theory. The author emphasizes the role of Volterra equations as a unifying tool in the study of functional equations, and investigates the relation between abstract Volterra equations and other types of functional-differential equations.
Programs, Recursion and Unbounded Choice
Authors: Hesselink Wim H.
Published: April 2010

This book is a complete account of the predicate transformation calculus semantics of sequential programs, including repetitions, recursive procedures, computational induction and unbounded nondeterminacy. Predicate transformation semantics are the best specification method for the development of correct and well-structured computer programs. The author develops this theory to a greater depth than has been achieved before, and describes it in a way that makes it readily compatible with programming rules for partial and total correctness of repetitions and recursive procedures, supplies new rules for proving incorrectness, and a stronger rule for proving that two programs satisfy the same specifications. Finally, the semantics are extended so that non-terminating programs can be specified as well. This will be essential reading for all computer scientists working in specification and verification of programs.
The q-Schur Algebra
Authors: Donkin S.
Published: April 2010

This book focuses on the representation theory of q-Schur algebras and connections with the representation theory of Hecke algebras and quantum general linear groups. The aim is to present, from a unified point of view, quantum analogues of certain results known already in the classical case. The approach is largely homological, based on Kempf's vanishing theorem for quantum groups and the quasi-hereditary structure of the q-Schur algebras. Beginning with an introductory chapter dealing with the relationship between the ordinary general linear groups and their quantum analogies, the text goes on to discuss the Schur Functor and the 0-Schur algebra. The next chapter considers Steinberg's tensor product and infinitesimal theory. Later sections of the book discuss tilting modules; the Ringel dual of the q-Schur algebra; Specht modules for Hecke algebras; and the global dimension of the q-Schur algebras. An appendix gives a self-contained account of the theory of quasi-hereditary algebras and their associated tilting modules. This volume will be primarily of interest to researchers in algebra and related topics in pure mathematics.
Language and Solitude
Authors: Gellner Ernest , Lukes Steven
Published: April 2010

Ernest Gellner (1925–95) has been described as 'one of the last great central European polymath intellectuals'. His last book, first published in 1998, throws light on two leading thinkers of their time. Wittgenstein, arguably the most influential and the most cited philosopher of the twentieth century, is famous for having propounded two radically different philosophical positions. Malinowski, the founder of modern British social anthropology, is usually credited with being the inventor of ethnographic fieldwork, a fundamental research method throughout the social sciences. In a highly original way, Gellner shows how the thought of both men grew from a common background of assumptions - widely shared in the Habsburg Empire of their youth - about human nature, society, and language. Tying together themes which preoccupied him throughout his working life, Gellner epitomizes his belief that philosophy - far from 'leaving everything as it is' - is about important historical, social and personal issues.
Principles of Turbomachinery in Air-Breathing Engines
Authors: Baskharone Erian A.
Published: April 2010

This book is intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in mechanical and aerospace engineering taking a course commonly called Principles of Turbomachinery or Aerospace Propulsion. It begins with a review of basic thermodynamics and fluid mechanics principles to motivate their application to aerothermodynamics and real-life design issues. This approach is ideal for the reader who will face practical situations and design decisions in the gas turbine industry. Among the features of the book are:
• An emphasis on the role of entropy in assessing machine performance
• A timely review of flow structures
• Revisiting the subsonic and supersonic De Laval nozzle as it applies to bladed turbomachinery components
• An applied review of boundary layer principles
• And highlighting the importance of invariant properties across a turbomachinery component in carrying out real computational tasks.
The text is fully supported by over two hundred figures, numerous examples and homework problems.
From Gutenberg to Google
Authors: Shillingsburg Peter L.
Published: April 2010

As technologies for electronic texts develop into ever more sophisticated engines for capturing different kinds of information, radical changes are underway in the way we write, transmit and read texts. In this thought-provoking work, Peter Shillingsburg considers the potentials and pitfalls, the enhancements and distortions, the achievements and inadequacies of electronic editions of literary texts. In tracing historical changes in the processes of composition, revision, production, distribution and reception, Shillingsburg reveals what is involved in the task of transferring texts from print to electronic media. He explores the potentials, some yet untapped, for electronic representations of printed works in ways that will make the electronic representation both more accurate and more rich than was ever possible with printed forms. However, he also keeps in mind the possible loss of the book as a material object and the negative consequences of technology.
Learning Theory
Authors: Cucker Felipe , Zhou Ding Xuan
Published: April 2010

The goal of learning theory is to approximate a function from sample values. To attain this goal learning theory draws on a variety of diverse subjects, specifically statistics, approximation theory, and algorithmics. Ideas from all these areas blended to form a subject whose many successful applications have triggered a rapid growth during the last two decades. This is the first book to give a general overview of the theoretical foundations of the subject emphasizing the approximation theory, while still giving a balanced overview. It is based on courses taught by the authors, and is reasonably self-contained so will appeal to a broad spectrum of researchers in learning theory and adjacent fields. It will also serve as an introduction for graduate students and others entering the field, who wish to see how the problems raised in learning theory relate to other disciplines.
Strategy as Practice
Authors: Johnson Gerry , Langley Ann , Melin Leif , Whittington Richard
Published: April 2010

Research in strategy has shifted significantly towards strategy as something organizations have, rather than strategy as something that managers do. The activities of the people who actually manage and develop organizational strategy have become marginalized. Strategy as Practice argues the reverse: that research on strategy needs to take seriously what strategists do and the effects of what they do. Written by a distinguished team of researchers and educators, this 2007 book sets out a research agenda, provides guidelines on theoretical perspectives and alternative methodologies for research on practice as well as commentaries on published illustrative papers that exemplify the practice perspective. Strategy as Practice will be essential reading for doctoral students, researchers and academics who wish to understand or undertake research in this important field of management research.
An Introduction to Gauge Theories and Modern Particle Physics
Authors: Leader Elliot , Predazzi Enrico
Published: April 2010

This work presents, in two volumes, a comprehensive and unified treatment of modern theoretical and experimental particle physics at a level accessible to beginning research students. The emphasis throughout is on presenting underlying physical principles in a simple and intuitive way, and the more sophisticated methods demanded by present day research interests are introduced in a very gradual and gentle fashion. Volume 1 covers electroweak interactions, the discovery and properties of the 'new' particles, the discovery of partons and the construction and predictions of the simple parton model. Volume 2 deals at some length with CP-violation, but is mainly devoted to QCD and its application to 'hard' processes. A brief coverage of 'soft' hadronic physics is included. This work will provide a comprehensive reference and textbook for all graduate students and researchers interested in modern particle physics.
Understanding Ageing
Authors: Holliday Robin
Published: April 2010

This book presents a completely novel approach to the understanding of ageing, which many believe is an unsolved problem in biology. It explains why ageing exists in animals, and reviews our understanding of it at the biological level. This includes a discussion of the origins and evolution of ageing. The book is not a review of research on ageing, but instead draws on material from a wide range of disciplines, including the very extensive biomedical information about age-related diseases in humans. Understanding Ageing argues that much research needs to be done on the cellular and molecular aspects of ageing, if the origins of these diseases are to be understood, and their prevention made possible. This thought-provoking book will appeal to all students and researchers who are interested in ageing, whether they are working in the clinical or basic research sphere.
Romantic Verse Narrative
Authors: Fischer Hermann
Published: April 2010

Hermann Fischer's lively and original 1991 study of Romantic verse narrative traces in comprehensive detail the origins and development of this poetic form in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It brings together the longer epic verse tales of Scott, Byron and Southey and the more lyrical forms of Romantic narrative poetry, thus presenting familiar poems such as Shelley's 'Alastor' and Keats's 'The Eve of St Agnes' in the revealing but neglected context of the genre and its history. Professor Fischer addresses the question of genre from a viewpoint that is both theoretical and historical, and his study also proves illuminating in many areas of Romantic literature, covering issues such as the role of the medieval revival and the decline of neoclassicism, the relative importance of popular and more literary sources, and questions of changing taste and the reading public. This translation, extensively revised and updated, makes Hermann Fischer's acclaimed study available for the first time in English.
Syntax and Parsing
Authors: Gorrell Paul
Published: April 2010

This book examines the role of syntax in theories of sentence comprehension, and argues for a distinct processing component which is devoted to the recovery of syntactic structure and which utilizes the contrasting types of information found within a Government-Binding grammar. Paul Gorrell contrasts the primary relations (dominance and precedence) and secondary relations (case assignment, theta-role assignment, etc.) in a phrase-structure tree, and shows how this computational distinction of information types is reflected in the internal structure of the parser, which consists of two sub-components: a structure builder (responsible for creating nodes in a tree and positing primary relations between them), and a structure interpreter (responsible for analysing the tree in terms of secondary relations). This model can also predict garden-path phenomena in the processing of verb-final clauses.
Soft Interfaces
Authors: Gennes Pierre Gilles de , Edwards Sam
Published: April 2010

Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, one of the greatest physicists of the twentieth century, died in 1984. Dirac's college, St John's of Cambridge, generously endowed annual lectures to be held at Cambridge University in his memory. This volume contains a much expanded version of the 1994 Dirac Lecture by Nobel Laureate Pierre Gilles de Gennes. The book presents an impressionistic tour of the physics of soft interfaces. Full of insight and interesting asides, it not only provides an accessible introduction to this topic, but also lays down many markers and signposts for interesting new research possibilities. The text begins with a brief discussion of wetting and dewetting and then goes on to consider the dynamics of different types of interface before considering adhesion and polymer/polymer welding.
The Spiritual Gospel
Authors: Wiles Maurice F.
Published: April 2010

This book surveys the Greek fathers' interpretations of the Gospel of John from the earliest surviving commentary (Heracleon, c. 170) up to the early fifth century. It examines key themes and passages from the gospel and the varying methods of exegesis applied to them by different commentators, giving special attention to the contrast between the schools of Alexandria (notably Origen and Cyril) and of Antioch (Theodore of Mopsuestia and John Chrysostom). Maurice Wiles identifies the distinctive insights of each commentator and teases out the rich diversity of interpretations that flourished in this early period. This discussion is set within the wider context of early Christian thought, including the controversies between the Gnostic, modalist and monarchian heresies and 'orthodox' Nicene doctrine.
Cross-Cultural Trade in World History
Authors: Curtin Philip D.
Published: April 2010

A single theme is pursued in this book - the trade between peoples of differing cultures through world history. Extending from the ancient world to the coming of the commercial revolution, Professor Curtin's discussion encompasses a broad and diverse group of trading relationships. Drawing on insights from economic history and anthropology, Professor Curtin has attempted to move beyond a Europe-centred view of history, to one that can help us understand the entire range of societies in the human past. Examples have been chosen that illustrate the greatest variety of trading relationships between cultures. The opening chapters look at Africa, while subsequent chapters treat the ancient world, the Mediterranean trade with China, the Asian trade in the east, and European entry into the trade with maritime Asia, the Armenian trade carriers of the seventeenth century, and the North American fur trade. Wide-ranging in its concern and the fruit of exhaustive research, the book is nevertheless written so as to be accessible and stimulating to the specialist and the student alike.
Evolutionary Ecology of Marsupials
Authors: Lee Anthony K. , Cockburn Andrew
Published: April 2010

The ecological literature on marsupials is dominated by descriptive natural history, and there has hitherto been little attempt at either synthesis or evolutionary interpretation. This book attempts to provide such a synthesis, by drawing on both the descriptive data base and predictions from the burgeoning literature on behavioural and evolutionary ecology. It documents the excellent potential the study of marsupials provides for resolution of theoretical questions of general importance in biology. It does this in three ways. First, by describing the impressive diversity of marsupial life history strategies and trophic roles. Second, by careful comparison with the eutherians, the scope of the marsupial radiation is used to analyse the role of developmental constraints and adaptive radiation in determining the diversification of higher taxa. Lastly, it is suggested that the accessibility of marsupial young during their obligatory pouch life facilitates measurement, manipulation and assessment of kinship not possible in other mammalian groups. Further special topics include marsupial/plant mutualism, marsupial competition and the empirical uses of mammals with simple life histories.
The Petersen Graph
Authors: Holton D. A. , Sheehan J.
Published: April 2010

The Petersen graph occupies an important position in the development of several areas of modern graph theory because it often appears as a counter-example to important conjectures. In this account, the authors examine those areas, using the prominent role of the Petersen graph as a unifying feature. Topics covered include: vertex and edge colourability (including snarks), factors, flows, projective geometry, cages, hypohamiltonian graphs, and 'symmetry' properties such as distance transitivity. The final chapter contains a pot-pourri of other topics in which the Petersen graph has played its part. Undergraduate students will be able to profit from reading this book as the prerequisites are few; thus it could be used for a second course in graph theory. On the other hand, the authors have also included a number of unsolved problems as well as topics of recent study. Thus it will also be useful as a reference for graph theorists.
Harmonic Analysis and Representation Theory for Groups Acting on Homogenous Trees
Authors: Figá-Talamanca Alessandro , Nebbia Claudio
Published: April 2010

These notes treat in full detail the theory of representations of the group of automorphisms of a homogeneous tree. The unitary irreducible representations are classified in three types: a continuous series of spherical representations; two special representations; and a countable series of cuspidal representations as defined by G.I. Ol'shiankii. Several notable subgroups of the full automorphism group are also considered. The theory of spherical functions as eigenvalues of a Laplace (or Hecke) operator on the tree is used to introduce spherical representations and their restrictions to discrete subgroups. This will be an excellent companion for all researchers into harmonic analysis or representation theory.
The James Forest
Authors: Fetter Helga , Buen Berta Gamboa de , James R. C.
Published: April 2010

The James space J and the James tree space JT were constructed as counterexamples to several outstanding conjectures in Banach space theory. This book is a compendium of most of the known results about these spaces, frequently taken from the original sources, but presented in a unified and up to date fashion. Generalisations of J and JT are also discussed and other pathological Banach spaces are introduced. Specialists will welcome this book for its drawing together of classical material and recent results. Graduate students should also find that this book offers an excellent introduction to more advanced topics in Banach space theory.
Equilibrium and Rationality
Authors: Weirich Paul
Published: April 2010

This book represents a major contribution to game theory. It offers this conception of equilibrium in games: strategic equilibrium. This conception arises from a study of expected utility decision principles, which must be revised to take account of the evidence a choice provides concerning its outcome. The argument for these principles distinguishes reasons for action from incentives, and draws on contemporary analyses of counterfactual conditionals. The book also includes a procedure for identifying strategic equilibria in ideal normal-form games. In synthesizing decision theory and game theory in a powerful way this book will be of particular interest to all philosophers concerned with decision theory and game theory as well as economists and other social scientists.
Growth, Accumulation, and Unproductive Activity
Authors: Wolff Edward N.
Published: April 2010

This book documents the growth of unproductive activity in the United States economy since World War II and its relation to the economic surplus, capital accumulation, and economic growth. Unproductive activities broadly consist of those involved in the circulation process, including wholesaling and retailing, banking and financial services, advertising, legal services, business services and many (though not all) government activities. The results indicate that the level of unproductive activity in the postwar economy has been a significant factor in the slowdown in the rate of capital accumulation, productivity growth and the overall growth rate. Here, the villain is shown to be the gradual but persistent shift of resources to unproductive activities. The consequence has been a reduction in new capital formation and productivity growth and an erosion in the rate of growth in per capita living standards. Moreover, the rise in unproductive activity is itself seen to be rooted in the logic of advanced capitalism. The forces of competition, which in the early stages of capitalism lead to rapid technical change and productivity growth, promote non-productive and even counterproductive activities in its more advanced stages.
A Theory of Computer Semiotics
Authors: Andersen Peter Bøgh
Published: April 2010

Semiotics is the science of signs: graphical, such as pictures; verbal (writing or sounds); or others such as body gestures and clothes. Computer semiotics studies the special nature of computer-based signs and how they function in use. This 1991 book is based on ten years of empirical research on computer usage in work situations and contains material from a course taught by the author. It introduces basic traditional semiotic concepts and adapts them so that they become useful for analysing and designing computer systems in their symbolic context of work. It presents a novel approach to the subject, rich in examples, in that it is both theoretically systematic and practical. The author refers to and reinterprets techniques already used so that readers can deepen their understanding. In addition, it offers new techniques and a consistent perspective on computer systems that is particularly appropriate for new hardware and software (e.g. hypermedia) whose main functions are presentation and communication. This is a highly important work whose influence will be wide and longlasting.
Threshold 1990
Authors: Ek J. A. van , Trim J. L. M.
Published: April 2010

This series of learning objectives offers all practitioners a description of the language needed to assure a learner's ability to deal with the challenges presented by everyday communication.
Beyond Belief
Authors: Bridgstock Martin
Published: April 2010

Whether ghosts, astrology or ESP, up to 80 per cent of the population believes in one or more aspects of the paranormal. Such beliefs are entertaining, and it is tempting to think of them as harmless. However, there is mounting evidence that paranormal beliefs can be dangerous - cases of children dying because parents rejected orthodox medicine in favour of alternative remedies, and 'psychics' who trade on the grief of the bereaved for personal profit and gain. Expenditure on the paranormal runs into billions of dollars each year. In Beyond Belief: Skepticism, Science and the Paranormal Martin Bridgstock provides an integrated understanding of what an evidence-based approach to the paranormal - a skeptical approach - involves, and why it is necessary. Bridgstock does not set out to show that all paranormal claims are necessarily false, but he does suggest that we all need the analytical ability and critical thinking skills to seek and assess the evidence for paranormal claims.
The Negotiable Constitution
Authors: Webber Grégoire C. N.
Published: April 2010

In matters of rights, constitutions tend to avoid settling controversies. With few exceptions, rights are formulated in open-ended language, seeking consensus on an abstraction without purporting to resolve the many moral-political questions implicated by rights. The resulting view has been that rights extend everywhere but are everywhere infringed by legislation seeking to resolve the very moral-political questions the constitution seeks to avoid. The Negotiable Constitution challenges this view. Arguing that underspecified rights call for greater specification, Grégoire C. N. Webber draws on limitation clauses common to most bills of rights to develop a new understanding of the relationship between rights and legislation. The legislature is situated as a key constitutional actor tasked with completing the specification of constitutional rights. In turn, because the constitutional project is incomplete with regards to rights, it is open to being re-negotiated by legislation struggling with the very moral-political questions left underdetermined at the constitutional level.
Monosodium glutamate is not associated with obesity or a greater prevalence of weight gain over 5 years: findings from the Jiangsu Nutrition Study of Chinese adults
Authors: Shi Zumin , Luscombe-Marsh Natalie D. , Wittert Gary A. , Yuan Baojun , Dai Yue , Pan Xiaoqun , Taylor Anne W.
Published: April 2010

Animal studies and one large cross-sectional study of 752 healthy Chinese men and women suggest that monosodium glutamate (MSG) may be associated with overweight/obesity, and these findings raise public concern over the use of MSG as a flavour enhancer in many commercial foods. The aim of this analysis was to investigate a possible association between MSG intake and obesity, and determine whether a greater MSG intake is associated with a clinically significant weight gain over 5 years. Data from 1282 Chinese men and women who participated in the Jiangsu Nutrition Study were analysed. In the present study, MSG intake and body weight were quantitatively assessed in 2002 and followed up in 2007. MSG intake was not associated with significant weight gain after adjusting for age, sex, multiple lifestyle factors and energy intake. When total glutamate intake was added to the model, an inverse association between MSG intake and 5 % weight gain was found (P = 0·028), but when the model was adjusted for either rice intake or food patterns, this association was abolished. These findings indicate that when other food items or dietary patterns are accounted for, no association exists between MSG intake and weight gain.
Fission-track analysis unravels the denudation history of the Bonar Range in the footwall of the Alpine Fault, South Island, New Zealand
Authors: RING UWE , BERNET MATTHIAS
Published: April 2010

We apply fission-track thermochronology to shed new light on the tectonic history of Zealandia during Late Cretaceous continental extension and the onset of Late Tertiary mountain building in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. The Southern Alps are one of the fastest erosionally exhuming mountain belts on Earth. Exhumation of the Bonar Range in Westland just to the northwest of the Alpine Fault is orders of magnitude slower. We report apatite and zircon fission-track ages from samples that were collected along an ENE–WSW profile across the central Bonar Range, parallel to the tectonic transport direction of a prominent ductile fabric in the basement gneiss. Zircon fission-track (ZFT) ages show a large spread from 121.9 ± 12.1 Ma to 74.9 ± 7.2 Ma (1σ errors). The youngest ZFT ages of 78 to 75 Ma occur at low elevations on either side of the Bonar Range and become older towards the top of the range, thereby showing a symmetric pattern parallel to the ENE-trending profile across the range. Age–elevation relationships suggest an exhumation rate of 50–100 m Ma−1. We relate the ZFT ages to slow erosion of a tectonically inactive spot in the Late Cretaceous magmatic arc of Zealandia. Therefore, the first main significance of the paper is that it demonstrates that not all of 110–90 Ma Zealandia was necessarily participating in extreme core complex-related extension but that there were enclaves of lithosphere that underwent slow erosion. The apatite fission-track (AFT) ages range from 11.1 ± 1.9 Ma to 5.3 ± 1.0 Ma and age–elevation relationships suggest an exhumation rate of c. 200 m Ma−1. We relate the AFT ages to the inception of transpressive motion across the Alpine Fault and modest exhumation in its footwall in Late Miocene times. If so, the second significant point of this paper is that transpressive motion across the Alpine Fault was already under way by c. 11 Ma.
Compressible turbulent channel and pipe flow: similarities and differences
Authors: GHOSH SOMNATH , FOYSI HOLGER , FRIEDRICH RAINER
Published: April 2010

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) is used to explore similarities and differences between fully developed supersonic turbulent plane channel and axisymmetric non-swirling pipe flow bounded by isothermal walls. The comparison is based on equal friction Mach number, friction Reynolds number, Prandtl number, ratio of specific heats and viscosity exponent. The channel half-width and pipe radius are chosen to define the Reynolds numbers. To what extent and why mean flow quantities, second-order turbulence statistics and terms in the Reynolds stress equations coincide or diverge in both flows are investigated. The role of the fluctuating pressure in causing characteristic differences among correlations involving pressure fluctuations is identified via a Green-function-based analysis of the pressure field.
On properties of fluid turbulence along streamlines
Authors: WANG LIPO
Published: April 2010

Geometrical and dynamical properties of turbulent flows have been investigated by streamline segment analysis. Starting from each grid point, a streamline segment is defined as the part of its streamline bounded by the two adjacent extremal points of the velocity magnitude. Physically the streamline segments can be extended into a more meaningful concept, namely the streamtube segments, which are non-overlapping and space filling. This decomposition of the flow allows for new insights into vector-related statistics in turbulence. According to the variation of velocity, the streamline segments can be sorted into positive and negative segments. The overall properties of turbulent flows can be newly understood and explained from the statistics of these segments with simple structures; for instance, the negative skewness of the velocity derivative becomes naturally a kinematic outcome. Furthermore, from direct numerical simulations conditional statistics of pressure and kinetic energy dissipation along the streamline segments are evaluated and discussed.
Dynamics of viscous grounding lines
Authors: ROBISON ROSALYN A. V. , HUPPERT HERBERT E. , WORSTER M. GRAE
Published: April 2010

We have used viscous fluids in simple laboratory experiments to explore the dynamics of grounding lines between marine ice sheets and the freely floating ice shelves into which they develop. We model the ice sheets as shear-dominated gravity currents, and the ice shelves as extensional gravity currents having zero shear to leading order. We consider the flow of viscous fluid down an inclined plane into a dense inviscid ‘ocean’. A fixed flux of fluid is supplied at the top of the plane, which is at ‘sea level’. The fluid forms a gravity current flowing down and attached to the plane for some distance before detaching to form a freely floating extensional current. We have derived a mathematical model of the flow that incorporates a new dynamic boundary condition for the position of the grounding line, where the gravity current loses contact with the solid base. The grounding line initially advances and eventually reaches a steady position. Good agreement between our theoretical predictions and experimental measurements and observations gives confidence in the fundamental assumptions of our model.