bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative study on effect of blending, thermal barrier coating (LHR) on UOME biodiesel fuelled engine
Authors: Basavarajappa D. N. , Banapurmath N. R. , Yaliwal V. S. , Manavendra G.
Published: May 2016

Growing concern regarding enhancement of engine performance associated with reduced emission levels as per EURO norms and to meet increasing energy requirements for the growing population aninterest has been created to study renewable and alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Alternative fuels like biodiesels offer a very promising alternative to diesel oil since they are renewable and have similar properties to fossil diesel. Biodiesel derived from Uppage oil provide more suitable diesel substitute for compression ignition (CI) engines. Use of biodiesel in the CI engine lowers the engine’s performance and increases the hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. But proper deployment of blending the biodiesel with diesel and adopting thermal barrier coatings (TBC) on engine piston, cylinder wall, and inlet and outlet valves to make the engine fully adiabatic will enhance the overall engine performance. In view of this experimental tests on diesel engine using Uppage oil methyl ester (UOME) and its blends in a TBC diesel engine using partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) ceramic coated engine components were undertaken. The brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen emissions of both diesel and UOME and its blends were measured before and after coating and the results are compared. B20 fuelled biodiesel and PSZ coated engine provides almost comparable engine performance with acceptable emission norms. However, the longevity of TBC in diesel engines needs to be ensured before it can provide a sustained performance compared to blending option.Keywords: Uppage oil, biodiesel, thermal barrier coating, low heat rejection
Impact of plug-in electric vehicles on voltage unbalance in distribution systems
Authors: Panich Somticha , Singh Jai Govind
Published: May 2016

Plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) will soon be connected to residential distribution networks. They are considered as huge residential loads when being charged. However, as the battery technology and required facilities improves, they will also be able to support the network as small dispersed generation units which transfer the energy stored in their battery into grid. Even though the PEV connection gradually increases, their connection points and charging/discharging levels randomly vary. Therefore, such single-phase bi-directional power flow can have adverse effect on the voltage unbalance of a three-phase distribution network. In this work, impact of plug-in electric vehicles on voltage imbalance in distribution system is presented. In G2V as well as V2G modes, the voltage unbalance analysis is carried out for various cases. Additionally, the voltage unbalance due to PEVs discharging and other types of distribution generator such as solar photovoltaic and wind turbines are investigated. Finally, some voltage unbalance mitigation techniques are summarized.Keywords: Distribution Network, Electric Vehicle, G2V, V2G, Voltage Unbalance
Performance of solar photovoltaic array fed water pumping system utilizing switched reluctance motor
Authors: Singh Bhim , Mishra Anjanee Kumar
Published: May 2016

This paper discusses the design and performance analysis of a solar photovoltaic (SPV) array fed water pumping system utilizing a special class of highly rugged machine with simple drive system called switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive. The proposed method of water pumping system also provides the cost effective and highly reliable solution for solar water pumping system. A unique approach of variable DC link voltage operation of SRM drive with electronic commutation for switches of mid-point converter is used with the elimination of voltage and current sensor in the motor side results in reduction in cost and losses of the system. A DC-DC single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) is used to achieve maximum power from SPV array. The characteristic of providing output voltage with no polarity reversal and having features like minimal active components and low noise operation makes SEPIC suitable for solar water pumping. The water pump with a SRM motor is used in the proposed system because of its similar operational characteristics compared to SPV generator.Keywords: SPV Array, MPPT, SEPIC converter, Soft starting, SRM, Centrifugal water pump
Model order reduction using eigen algorithm
Authors: Singh Jay , Chatterjee Kalyan , Vishwakarma C.B.
Published: May 2016

An order reduction method has been proposed for reducing the order of the large-scale dynamic systems where denominator polynomial determined through Eigen algorithm and numerator polynomial via factor division algorithm. In Eigen algorithm, the most dominant Eigen value of both original and reduced order systems remain same. The proposed mixed method confirm stability of the reduced model if the original system is stable and has been also compared in quality with other existing model order reduction methods.Keywords: Eigen algorithm; Order reduction; Factor division algorithm; Stability; Transfer function
Distributed AC power flow method for AC and AC-DC hybrid autonomous microgrids with droop control
Authors: Nimal M.M. , Nikhil S , Singh J.G. , Anand A.P.
Published: May 2016

Power flow methods are one of the powerful tools used in the analysis of stable and reliable operation of the electric power systems. Conventional power flow methods make use of slack bus, PV and PQ bus, low R/X ratio in the formulation of the power flow. These assumptions while considering autonomous microgrids (MGs), with small sources and low voltage connection lines, are not suitable. Present MGs incorporate AC and DC sources and loads along with storage and power electronic conversion devices. In light of these facts, a distributed power flow method (DPFM) for autonomous microgrids is presented here that solves the power flow problem node-wise, minimizing losses and does not consider slack, PV or PQ buses. In order to have proper control over the load sharing among the sources, a modified droop control is used. The proposed DPFM can be used for AC low voltage (LV) autonomous microgrid systems with added advantages of remedying the dependency on voltage level and R/X ratio in the formulation itself. DPFM is applied on a 10 bus, low voltage, microgrid system giving a better voltage profile..Keywords: Microgrid (MG), Distributed Energy Resources (DER), Particle Swarm Optimization (OPF), Time varying inertia weight (TVIW), Distributed power flow method (DPFM)
Using Electronic Case Summaries to Elicit Multi-Disciplinary Expert Knowledge about Referrals to Post-Acute Care
Authors: Ratcliffe Sarah , Potashnik Sheryl , Topaz Maxim , Holmes John , Shih Nai-Wei , Naylor Mary , Bowles Kathryn
Published: May 2016

Eliciting knowledge from geographically dispersed experts given their time and scheduling constraints, while maintaining anonymity among them, presents multiple challenges.

Describe an innovative, Internet based method to acquire knowledge from experts regarding patients who need post-acute referrals. Compare, 1) the percentage of patients referred by experts to percentage of patients actually referred by hospital clinicians, 2) experts’ referral decisions by disciplines and geographic regions, and 3) most common factors deemed important by discipline.

De-identified case studies, developed from electronic health records (EHR), contained a comprehensive description of 1,496 acute care inpatients. In teams of three, physicians, nurses, social workers, and physical therapists reviewed case studies and assessed the need for post-acute care referrals; Delphi rounds followed when team members did not agree. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) compared experts’ decisions by discipline, region of the country and to the decisions made by study hospital clinicians, adjusting for the repeated observations from each expert and case. Frequencies determined the most common case characteristics chosen as important by the experts.

The experts recommended referral for 80% of the cases; the actual discharge disposition of the patients showed referrals for 67%. Experts from the Northeast and Midwest referred 5% more cases than experts from the West. Physicians and nurses referred patients at similar rates while both referred more often than social workers. Differences by discipline were seen in the factors identified as important to the decision.

The method for eliciting expert knowledge enabled national dispersed expert clinicians to anonymously review case summaries and make decisions about post-acute care referrals. Having time and a comprehensive case summary may have assisted experts to identify more patients in need of post-acute care than the hospital clinicians. The methodology produced the data needed to develop an expert decision support system for discharge planning.

Citation: Bowles KH, Ratcliffe S, Potashnik S, Topaz M, Holmes J, Shih N-W, Naylor MD. Using electronic case summaries to elicit multi-disciplinary expert knowledge about referrals to post-acute care.
Detection and quantification of gas-phase oxidized mercury compounds by GC/MS
Authors: Jones Colleen P. , Lyman Seth N. , Jaffe Daniel A. , Allen Tanner , O'Neil Trevor L.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Most mercury pollution is emitted to the atmosphere, and the location and bioavailability of deposited mercury largely depends on poorly understood atmospheric chemical reactions that convert elemental mercury into oxidized mercury compounds. Current measurement methods do not speciate oxidized mercury, leading to uncertainty about which mercury compounds exist in the atmosphere and how oxidized mercury is formed. We have developed a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based system for identification and quantification of atmospheric oxidized mercury compounds. The system consists of an ambient air collection device, a thermal desorption module, a cryofocusing system, a gas chromatograph, and an ultra-sensitive mass spectrometer. It was able to separate and identify mercury halides with detection limits low enough for ambient air collection (90 pg), but an improved ambient air collection device is needed. The GC/MS system was unable to quantify HgO or Hg(NO3)2, and data collected cast doubt upon the existence of HgO in the gas phase.
The significance of nitrogen regeneration for new production within a filament of the Mauritanian upwelling system
Authors: Clark Darren R. , Widdicombe Claire E. , Rees Andrew P. , Woodward E. Malcolm S.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The Lagrangian progression of a biological community was followed in a filament of the Mauritanian upwelling system, north-west Africa, during offshore advection. The inert dual tracers sulfur hexafluoride and helium-3 labelled a freshly upwelled patch of water that was mapped for 8 days. Changes in biological, physical, and chemical characteristics were measured, including phytoplankton productivity, nitrogen assimilation, and regeneration. Freshly upwelled water contained high nutrient concentrations but was depleted in N compared to Redfield stoichiometry. The highest rate of primary productivity was measured on the continental shelf, associated with high rates of nitrogen assimilation and a phytoplankton community dominated by diatoms and flagellates. Indicators of phytoplankton abundance and activity decreased as the labelled water mass transited the continental shelf slope into deeper water, possibly linked to the mixed layer depth exceeding the light penetration depth. By the end of the study, the primary productivity rate decreased and was associated with lower rates of nitrogen assimilation and lower nutrient concentrations. Nitrogen regeneration and assimilation took place simultaneously. Results highlighted the importance of regenerated NH4+ in sustaining phytoplankton productivity and indicate that the upwelled NO3− pool contained an increasing fraction of regenerated NO3− as it advected offshore. By calculating this fraction and incorporating it into an f ratio formulation, we estimated that of the 12.38 Tg C of annual regional production, 4.73 Tg C was exportable.
N2 fixation in eddies of the eastern tropical South Pacific Ocean
Authors: Löscher Carolin R. , Bourbonnais Annie , Dekaezemacker Julien , Charoenpong Chawalit N. , Altabet Mark A. , Bange Hermann W. , Czeschel Rena , Hoffmann Chris , Schmitz Ruth
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Mesoscale eddies play a major role in controlling ocean biogeochemistry. By impacting nutrient availability and water column ventilation, they are of critical importance for oceanic primary production. In the eastern tropical South Pacific Ocean off Peru, where a large and persistent oxygen-deficient zone is present, mesoscale processes have been reported to occur frequently. However, investigations into their biological activity are mostly based on model simulations, and direct measurements of carbon and dinitrogen (N2) fixation are scarce.We examined an open-ocean cyclonic eddy and two anticyclonic mode water eddies: a coastal one and an open-ocean one in the waters off Peru along a section at 16° S in austral summer 2012. Molecular data and bioassay incubations point towards a difference between the active diazotrophic communities present in the cyclonic eddy and the anticyclonic mode water eddies.In the cyclonic eddy, highest rates of N2 fixation were measured in surface waters but no N2 fixation signal was detected at intermediate water depths. In contrast, both anticyclonic mode water eddies showed pronounced maxima in N2 fixation below the euphotic zone as evidenced by rate measurements and geochemical data. N2 fixation and carbon (C) fixation were higher in the young coastal mode water eddy compared to the older offshore mode water eddy. A co-occurrence between N2 fixation and biogenic N2, an indicator for N loss, indicated a link between N loss and N2 fixation in the mode water eddies, which was not observed for the cyclonic eddy. The comparison of two consecutive surveys of the coastal mode water eddy in November 2012 and December 2012 also revealed a reduction in N2 and C fixation at intermediate depths along with a reduction in chlorophyll by half, mirroring an aging effect in this eddy. Our data indicate an important role for anticyclonic mode water eddies in stimulating N2 fixation and thus supplying N offshore.
Carbon budgets for an irrigated intensively grazed dairy pasture and an unirrigated winter-grazed pasture
Authors: Hunt John E. , Laubach Johannes , Barthel Matti , Fraser Anitra , Phillips Rebecca L.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Intensification of pastoral agriculture is occurring rapidly across New Zealand, including increasing use of irrigation and fertiliser application in some regions. While this enables greater gross primary production (GPP) and livestock grazing intensity, the consequences for the net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB) of the pastures are poorly known. Here, we determined the NECB over one year for an irrigated, fertilised and rotationally grazed dairy pasture and a neighbouring unirrigated, unfertilised, winter-grazed pasture. Primary terms in the NECB calculation were: net ecosystem production (NEP), biomass carbon removed by grazing cows and carbon (C) input from their excreta. Annual NEP was measured using the eddy-covariance method. Carbon removal was estimated with plate-meter measurements calibrated against biomass collections, pre- and post-grazing. Excreta deposition was calculated from animal feed intake. The intensively managed pasture gained C (NECB  =  103 ± 42 g C m−2 yr−1) but would have been subject to a non-significant C loss if cattle excreta had not been returned to the pasture. The unirrigated pasture was C-neutral (NECB  =  −13 ± 23 g C m−2 yr−1). While annual GPP of the former was almost twice that of the latter (2679 vs. 1372 g C m−2 yr−1), ecosystem respiration differed by only 68 % between the two pastures (2271 vs. 1352 g C m−2 yr−1). The ratio of GPP to the total annual water input of the irrigated pasture was 37 % greater than that of the unirrigated pasture, i.e. the former used the water input more efficiently than the latter to produce biomass. The NECB results agree qualitatively with those from many other eddy-covariance studies of grazed grasslands, but they seem to be at odds with long-term carbon-stock studies of other New Zealand pastures.
Inorganic Carbon Cycling and Biogeochemical Processes in an Arctic Inland Sea (Hudson Bay)
Authors: Burt William J. , Thomas Helmuth , Miller Lisa A. , Granskog Mats A. , Papakyriakou Tim N. , Pengelly Leah
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The distributions of carbonate system parameters in Hudson Bay, which not only receives nearly one third of Canada's river discharge, but which is also subject to annual cycles of sea-ice formation and melt, indicate that the timing and magnitude of freshwater inputs play an important role in carbon biogeochemistry and acidification in this unique Arctic ecosystem. This study uses basin-wide measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA), as well as stable isotope tracers (δ18O and δ13CDIC), to provide a detailed assessment of carbon cycling processes within the bay. Surface distributions of carbonate parameters reveal the particular importance of freshwater inputs in the southern portion of the bay. Based on TA, we surmise that the deep waters in the Hudson Bay are largely of Pacific origin. Riverine TA end-members vary significantly both regionally and with small changes in near-surface depths, highlighting the importance of careful surface water sampling in highly stratified waters. In an along-shore transect, large increases in subsurface DIC are accompanied by equivalent decreases in δ13CDIC with no discernable change in TA, indicating a respiratory DIC production on the order of 100 μmol kg−1 during deep water circulation around the bay.
Prediction of critical haemorrhage following trauma: A narrative review
Authors: Olaussen Alexander , Thaveenthiran Prasanthan , Fitzgerald Mark C. , Jennings Paul A. , Hocking Jessica , Mitra Biswadev
Published: May 2016

Introduction: Traumatic haemorrhagic shock can be difficult to diagnose. Models for predicting critical bleeding and massive transfusion have been developed to aid clinicians. The aim of this review is to outline the various available models and report on their performance and validation. Methods: A review of the English and non-English literature in Medline, PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted from 1990 to September 2015. We combined several terms for i) haemorrhage AND ii) prediction, in the setting of iii) trauma. We included models that had at least two data points. We extracted information about the models, their developments, performance and validation. Results: There were 36 different models identified that diagnose critical bleeding, which included a total of 36 unique variables. All models were developed retrospectively. The models performed with variable predictive abilities–the most superior with an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.985, but included detailed findings on imaging and was based on a small cohort. The most commonly included variable was systolic blood pressure, featuring in all but five models. Pattern or mechanism of injury were used by 16 models. Pathology results were used by 15 models, of which nine included base deficit and eight models included haemoglobin. Imaging was utilised in eight models. Thirteen models were known to be validated, with only one being prospectively validated. Conclusions: Several models for predicting critical bleeding exist, however none were deemed accurate enough to dictate treatment. Potential areas of improvement identified include measures of variability in vital signs and point of care imaging and pathology testing.
Supramalleolar Osteotomies for the Treatment of Ankle Arthritis
Authors: Hintermann Beat , Knupp Markus , Barg Alexej
Published: May 2016

Supramalleolar osteotomy is a joint-preserving surgical treatment for patients with asymmetric valgus or varus ankle arthritis. The primary goal of the procedure is to realign the spatial relationship between the talus and tibia and thereby normalize joint loading within the ankle. Procedures to balance the soft tissues, as well as hindfoot osteotomy and arthrodesis, may also be necessary. Clinical studies of supramalleolar osteotomy demonstrate that correction of the altered biomechanics associated with asymmetric arthritis improves functional outcomes.
A new cyanobacterial species of Anabaena genus (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria) from Bulgaria
Authors: Kirjakov Ivan Kirilov , Velichkova Katya Naneva
Published: May 2016

Se describe una nueva especie del género de Cyanobacterias, Anabaena Bory ex Born. et Flah. (Nostocales) de las montañas Ródope de Bulgaria. Anabaena rhodopensis sp. nova. tiene acinetas con paredes celulares esculpidas. Se dan los datos biométricos para el tamaño de las células vegetativas, heterocistos y acinetos.

A new species of cyanobacterial genus Anabaena Bory ex Born. et Flah. (Nostocales) from Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria is described. Anabaena rhodopensis sp. nova. has akinetes with sculptured cell walls. Biometrical data for size of vegetative cells, heterocytes and akinetes are given.
New Cu(TiBNx) copper alloy films for industrial applications
Authors: Lin Chon-Hsin
Published: May 2016

In this study, I explore a new type of copper alloy, Cu(TiBN
x
), films by cosputtering Cu and TiB within an Ar/N2 gas atmosphere on Si substrates. The films are then annealed for 1 h in a vacuum environment at temperatures up to 700 °C. The annealed films exhibit not only excellent thermal stability and low resistivity but also little leakage current and strong adhesion to the substrates while no Cu/Si interfacial interactions are apparent. Within a Sn/Cu(TiBN
x
)/Si structure at 200 °C, the new alloy exhibits a minute dissolution rate, which is lower than that of pure Cu by at least one order of magnitude. Furthermore, the new alloy’s consumption rate is comparable to that of Ni commonly used in solder joints. The new films appear suitable for some industrial applications, such as barrierless Si metallization and new wetting and diffusion barrier layers required in flip-chip solder joints.
Microstructural investigation of the oxidation behavior of Cu in Ag-coated Cu films using a focused ion beam transmission electron microscopy technique
Authors: Kim Ji Hwan , Lee Jong-Hyun
Published: May 2016

With the aim of elucidating a detailed mechanism for the oxidation behavior in submicron Cu particles coated with a thin Ag layer, the dewetting of Ag and the oxidation behavior of Cu in Ag-coated Cu films upon heating were investigated with a focused ion beam transmission electron microscopy technique. A slight dewetting of the Ag layer began at approximately 200 °C and aggregates of Cu2O particles were formed on the Ag layer, indicating that the initial Cu2O phase was formed on the thin Ag layer. Voids were formed in the Cu layer because of Cu atoms diffusing through the thin Ag layer to be oxidized in the upper Cu2O aggregates. After being heated to 250 °C, the Ag layer became more irregular, and in some regions, it disappeared because of intensive dewetting. The number and average size of the voids also increased. At 300 °C, a hollow structure with a Cu2O shell was formed. Pillar-like structures of unoxidized Cu and large voids were found under the Cu2O layer.
Symbiotic essential amino acids provisioning in the American cockroach,Periplaneta americana(Linnaeus) under various dietary conditions
Authors: Ayayee Paul A. , Larsen Thomas , Sabree Zakee
Published: May 2016

Insect gut microbes have been shown to provide nutrients such as essential amino acids (EAAs) to their hosts. How this symbiotic nutrient provisioning tracks with the host’s demand is not well understood. In this study, we investigated microbial essential amino acid (EAA) provisioning in omnivorous American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana), fed low-quality (LQD) and comparatively higher-quality dog food (DF) diets using carbon stable isotope ratios of EAAs (δ13CEAA). We assessed non-dietary EAA input, quantified as isotopic offsets (Δ13C) between cockroach (δ13CCockroach EAA) and dietary (δ13CDietary EAA) EAAs, and subsequently determined biosynthetic origins of non-dietary EAAs in cockroaches using13C-fingerprinting with dietary and representative bacterial and fungalδ13CEAA. Investigation of biosynthetic origins ofde novonon-dietary EAAs indicated bacterial origins of EAA in cockroach appendage samples, and a mixture of fungal and bacterial EAA origins in gut filtrate samples for both LQD and DF-fed groups. We attribute the bacteria-derived EAAs in cockroach appendages to provisioning by the fat body residing obligate endosymbiont,Blattabacteriumand gut-residing bacteria. The mixed signatures of gut filtrate samples are attributed to the presence of unassimilated dietary, as well as gut microbial (bacterial and fungal) EAAs. This study highlights the potential impacts of dietary quality on symbiotic EAA provisioning and the need for further studies investigating the interplay between host EAA demands, host dietary quality and symbiotic EAA provisioning in response to dietary sufficiency or deficiency.
Aggressive Surgical Management for Metastatic Liver Tumors From Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Report of Three Cases
Authors: Hayashi Hironori , Takamura Hiroyuki , Nakanuma Shinichi , Kinoshita Jun , Makino Isamu , Nakamura Keishi , Oyama Katsunobu , Nakagawara Hisatoshi , Miyashita Tomoharu , Tajima Hidehiro , Ninomiya Itasu , Kitagawa Hirohisa , Fujimura Takashi , Fushida Sachio , Tani Takashi , Ohta Tetsuo
Published: May 2016

The use of hepatectomy for the treatment of metastatic liver tumors (MLTs) arising from squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) has not been well investigated. The use of hepatectomy for MLTs from SCCs, especially in advanced cases, needs further investigation. Three patients with SCC-derived MLTs underwent hepatectomy. On clinicopathologic examination, the primary lesions were found to be oral cancer, lung cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer, with synchronous metastasis in 2 patients and metachronous metastasis in 1 patient. One case also involved adrenal metastasis, and another involved direct invasion of the diaphragm and lung. In all cases, surgery was performed to eliminate any residual tumor tissue. After the hepatectomy, 1 patient died (22 months postoperatively) of an unrelated disease, 1 remains alive (30 months postoperatively) with a recurrent tumor, and 1 remains alive (60 months postoperatively) without recurrence. For the patients with solitary MLT derived from SCC, hepatectomy gives a chance for a cure. Thus, aggressive hepatectomy is an important modality in the multidisciplinary approach for controlling SCC-derived MLTs.
Decadal period external magnetic field variations determined via eigenanalysis
Authors: Shore R. M. , Whaler K. A. , Macmillan S. , Beggan C. , Velímský J. , Olsen N.
Published: May 2016

We perform a reanalysis of hourly mean magnetic data from ground‐based observatories spanning 1997–2009 inclusive, in order to isolate (after removal of core and crustal field estimates) the spatiotemporal morphology of the external fields important to mantle induction, on (long) periods of months to a full solar cycle. Our analysis focuses on geomagnetically quiet days and middle to low latitudes. We use the climatological eigenanalysis technique called empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs), which allows us to identify discrete spatiotemporal patterns with no a priori specification of their geometry—the form of the decomposition is controlled by the data. We apply a spherical harmonic analysis to the EOF outputs in a joint inversion for internal and external coefficients. The results justify our assumption that the EOF procedure responds primarily to the long‐period external inducing field contributions. Though we cannot determine uniquely the contributory source regions of these inducing fields, we find that they have distinct temporal characteristics which enable some inference of sources. An identified annual‐period pattern appears to stem from a north‐south seasonal motion of the background mean external field distribution. Separate patterns of semiannual and solar‐cycle‐length periods appear to stem from the amplitude modulations of spatially fixed background fields.
The coupled 182W‐142Nd record of early terrestrial mantle differentiation
Authors: Puchtel Igor S. , Blichert‐Toft Janne , Touboul Mathieu , Horan Mary F. , Walker Richard J.
Published: May 2016

New Sm‐Nd, Lu‐Hf, Hf‐W, and Re‐Os isotope data, in combination with highly siderophile element (HSE, including Re, Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, and Pd) and W abundances, are reported for the 3.55 Ga Schapenburg komatiites, South Africa. The Schapenburg komatiites define a Re‐Os isochron with an age of 3550 ± 87 Ma and initial γ187Os = +3.7 ± 0.2 (2SD). The absolute HSE abundances in the mantle source of the Schapenburg komatiite system are estimated to be only 29 ± 5% of those in the present‐day bulk silicate Earth (BSE). The komatiites were derived from mantle enriched in the decay products of the long‐lived 147Sm and 176Lu nuclides (initial ɛ143Nd = +2.4 ± 0.1, ɛ176Hf = +5.7 ± 0.3, 2SD). By contrast, the komatiites are depleted, relative to the modern mantle, in 142Nd and 182W (μ182W = −8.4 ± 4.5, μ142Nd = −4.9 ± 2.8, 2SD). These results constitute the first observation in terrestrial rocks of coupled depletions in 142Nd and 182W. Such isotopic depletions require derivation of the komatiites from a mantle domain that formed within the first ∼30 Ma of Solar System history and was initially geochemically enriched in highly incompatible trace elements as a result of crystal‐liquid fractionation in an early magma ocean. This mantle domain further must have experienced subsequent melt depletion, after 182Hf had gone extinct, to account for the observed initial excesses in 143Nd and 176Hf. The survival of early‐formed 182W and 142Nd anomalies in the mantle until at least 3.55 Ga indicates that the products of early planetary differentiation survived both later planetary accretion and convective mantle mixing during the Hadean. This work moreover renders unlikely that variable late accretion, by itself, can account for all of the observed W isotope variations in Archean rocks.
Enhancement of non‐CO2 radiative forcing via intensified carbon cycle feedbacks
Authors: MacDougall Andrew H. , Knutti Reto
Published: May 2016

The global carbon cycle is sensitive to changes in global temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration, with increased temperature tending to reduce the efficiency of carbon sinks and increased CO2 enhancing the efficiency of carbon sinks. The emission of non‐CO2 greenhouse gases warms the Earth but does not induce the CO2 fertilization effect or increase the partial‐pressure gradient between the atmosphere and the surface ocean. Here we present idealized climate model experiments that explore the indirect interaction between non‐CO2 forcing and the carbon cycle. The experiments suggest that this interaction enhances the warming effect of the non‐CO2 forcing by up to 25% after 150 years and that much of the warming caused by these agents lingers for over 100 years after the dissipation of the non‐CO2 forcing. Overall, our results suggest that the longer emissions of non‐CO2 forcing agents persists the greater effect these agents will have on global climate.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Cell Membrane Coatings for Controlled Drug Release
Authors: Rao Lang , Meng Qian‐Fang , Huang Qinqin , Liu Pei , Bu Lin‐Lin , Kondamareddy Kiran Kumar , Guo Shi‐Shang , Liu Wei , Zhao Xing‐Zhong
Published: May 2016

Biomimetic cell‐membrane–camouflaged particles with desirable features have been widely used for various biomedical applications. However, there are few reports on employing these particles for cancer drug delivery due to the failure of the membrane coatings to be efficiently degraded in the tumor microenvironment which hampers the drug release. In this work, core–shell SiO2@TiO2 nanoparticles with enhanced photocatalytic activity are used for controlled degradation of surface erythrocyte membrane coatings. The antitumor drug docetaxel is encapsulated into nanocarriers to demonstrate the controlled drug release under ultraviolet irradiation, and the drug‐loaded nanoparticles are further used for enhanced cancer cell therapy. Here, a simple but practical method for degradation of cell membrane coatings is presented, and a good feasibility of using cell membrane–coated nanocarriers for controlled drug delivery is demonstrated.
Development, rheological properties, and physical stability of d‐limonene‐in‐water emulsions formulated with copolymers as emulsifiers
Authors: Trujillo‐Cayado Luis A. , García M. Carmen , Muñoz José , Alfaro M. Carmen
Published: May 2016

This contribution reports the development of 30 wt % d‐limonene‐in‐water emulsions formulated with a biopolymer (gellan gum) as stabilizer and prepared with a high‐pressure homogenizer. The role as emulsifiers of different ratios of amphiphilic copolymers (AtlasTMG5000 and AtloxTM4913) was assessed. The results indicated that the ratio of emulsifiers had significant effect on the physical stability, droplet size, viscoelasticity, and viscosity of these emulsions. The mean droplet diameters decreased as AtlasTMG5000 concentration increased from 1 wt % to 3 wt %. The aging of emulsions resulted in an increase in the size of droplets for the emulsions containing high AtloxTM4913 copolymer content. An increase of AtlasTMG5000 enhanced both the G′ and G″ values and the viscosity providing higher stability to emulsions. Gellan gum caused in viscoelastic moduli weaker frequency dependence at the lower frequencies, according to the formation of a faint gel‐like matrix. All emulsions exhibited shear thinning flow properties that fitted the power‐law equation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43838.
Students' knowledge of, and attitudes towards biotechnology revisited, 1995–2014: Changes in agriculture biotechnology but not in medical biotechnology
Authors: Chen Shao‐Yen , Chu Yih‐Ru , Lin Chen‐Yung , Chiang Tzen‐Yuh
Published: May 2016

Modern biotechnology is one of the most important scientific and technological revolutions in the 21st century, with an increasing and measurable impact on society. Development of biotechnology curriculum has become important to high school bioscience classrooms. This study has monitored high school students in Taiwan on their knowledge of and attitudes towards biotechnology for nearly two decades. Not surprisingly, knowledge of biotechnology of current students has increased significantly (p < 0.001) and most students have learned some definitions and examples of biotechnology. There was a positive correlation between biotechnology knowledge and attitudes toward biotechnology for current students who study Advanced Biology (AB). However, for current students who did not study AB, there was a negative correlation.The attitude results showed that students today expressed less favorable opinions toward agricultural biotechnology (p < 0.001) despite studying AB or not. However, there is no significant difference between students today and 18 years ago in opinions towards medical biotechnology. In addition, current students showed a greater concern involving environmental risks than former students. Interestingly, the high school curriculum did affect students' attitudes toward genetically engineered (GE) plants but not GE animals. Our current study also found that the students' attitude towards GE animals was influenced more by their limited knowledge than by their moral belief. On the basis of findings from this study, we suggest that more materials of emerging animal biotechnology should be included in high school curriculum and recommend that high school teachers and university faculty establish a collaborative framework in the near future. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44(5):475–491, 2016.
ChemInform Abstract: Gas‐Phase Electron Diffraction Study of Tetrachlorooxoosmium(VI).
Authors: HAGEN K. , HOBSON R. J. , HOLWILL C. J. , RICE D. A.
Published: May 2016

The OsOCl4 molecule has a square‐pyramidal configuration with C4v symmetry; the Os atom is located above the plane of the four Cl atoms (distances and angles are given).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures of the Copper(II)‐oxo‐selenites Cu2O(SeO3) (Cubic (I) and Monoclinic (II)), and Cu4O(SeO3)3 (Monoclinic (III) and Triclinic (IV)).
Authors: EFFENBERGER H. , PERTLIK F.
Published: May 2016

In the course of synthetic studies in the system CuO‐SeO2‐H2O in a temp. range up to 503 K four copper(II)‐oxid‐selenites (I)‐(IV) are obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Hexapotassium Digermanate, K6Ge2O7.
Authors: HALWAX E. , VOELLENKLE H. +
Published: May 2016

The title compound (III), synthesized by reaction of K2GeO3 and KOH under the conditions indicated in the scheme, crystallizes in the monoclinic system (Pc, Z=2).
ChemInform Abstract: Platinum Iodides PtI2 and Pt3I8
Authors: THIELE G. , WEIGL W. , WOCHNER H.
Published: May 2016

have been prepared by thermal decomposition of PtI4 in closed quartz ampoules (Pt3I8: 320 °C, 2‐3 bar I2; α‐PtI2: 430 °C, 8 bar I2).
ChemInform Abstract: Splitting Parameters in Ligand Field Absorption Bands of Cobalt(III) Ammine Complexes with Chloro or Aqua Ligands
Authors: MITSUTSUKA Y. , KONDO I. , NAKAHARA M.
Published: May 2016

have been investigated by microspectrophotometry of single crystals.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis of Copper Molybdates.
Authors: MOINI A. , PEASCOE R. , RUDOLF P. R. , CLEARFIELD A.
Published: May 2016

Hydrothermal reaction of CuO and MoO3 according to the scheme yields triclinic Cu4Mo6O20 (space group P1, Z=2).
ChemInform Abstract: Solid‐State 31P CP‐MAS NMR Study of Phosphine Complexes of Mercury(II).
Authors: ALLMAN T. , LENKINSKI R. E.
Published: May 2016

The complexes (I) and (II) with known crystal structures are investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Microelectrode Voltammetry of Tetraphenylporphyrin and Copper Tetraphenylporphyrin in Toluene Solvent.
Authors: GENG L. , MURRAY R. W.
Published: May 2016

Studies of vapor pressure, osmometry, viscosity, and conductivity for the perchlorate (I) in toluene show aggregation to form trimers and tetramers at concentrations about 0.1 M. Oxidative voltammetry of the title compound (CuTPP) at Pt microelectrodes shows that the two‐electron wave changes into two one‐electron waves in the presence of (I) at higher concentrations due to the transport of axially coordinated CuTPP+ and CuTPP2+ into the organized structure.
ChemInform Abstract: Condensed Heteroaromatic Ring Systems. Part 7. Synthesis of Thienopyridines, Thienopyrimidines, and Furopyridines from o‐Substituted N‐Heteroarylacetylenes.
Authors: SAKAMOTO T. , KONDO Y. , WATANABE R. , YAMANAKA H.
Published: May 2016

Die Ethinylierung des Halopyridins (I) mit Phenylacetylen (II) in Gegenwart des Palladiumkomplexes (III) führt zu dem Acetylenderivat (IV),das mit Natriumhydrogensulfid zu dem Thienopyridin (V) cyclisiert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of the Lithium Salt of Diethylthiophenylmethane with p‐Dinitrobenzene.
Authors: NIKOLAEVA S. V. , ZORIN V. V. , KUKOVITSKII D. M. , RAKHMANKULOV D. L.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of diethylthiophenylmethane (I) with Li gives the lithium salt (II) mentioned in the title.
ChemInform Abstract: A Radical Anion Salt of 2,5‐Dimethyl‐N,N′‐dicyanoquinodiimine with Extremely High Electrical Conductivity.
Authors: AUMUELLER A. + , ERK P. , KLEBE G. , HUENIG S. + , VON SCHUETZ J. U. + , WERNER H.‐P.
Published: May 2016

Metallic conductivity that increases continuously up to 1.3 K and achieves values of over 500000 S cm‐1 is exhibited by single crystals of the radical‐anion salt (I) which is prepared by electrocrystallization.
ChemInform Abstract: Cleavage of C‐S Bond in (Perfluoroalkyl)phenylsulfides by Methyllithium and Preparation of 2‐Methylthio‐αββ‐trifluorostyrene.
Authors: MAKSIMOV A. M. , PLATONOV V. E.
Published: May 2016

Das Tetrafluordihydrobenzothiophen (I) reagiert mit in situ dargestelltem Methyllithium zu der im Titel genannten Verbindung (II).
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Trifluoromethylsulfonyl‐S‐trifluoromethyl‐S‐arylsulfoximides.
Authors: KONDRATENKO N. V. , POPOV V. I. , RADCHENKO O. A. , IGNAT'EV N. V. , YAGUPOL'SKII L. M.
Published: May 2016

The imines (I) are converted to their sodium salts (II).
ChemInform Abstract: The Dianion of (2.2.2)Paracyclophene; a 20 π‐Perimeter Species?.
Authors: TANNER D. , WENNERSTROEM O. + , NORINDER U. , MUELLEN K. + , TRINKS R.
Published: May 2016

A novel synthesis of (2.2.2)paracyclophene (II) is reported, which starts from the known dialdehyde (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 4‐(Diphenylmethylene)‐1‐(4H)naphthalinones with Benzylamine.
Authors: NOVIKOV V. P. , KOLESNIKOV V. T.
Published: May 2016

It is known that the naphthalinone (Ia), on reaction with benzylamine(II) at 175 °C, affords the N‐benzylidenenaphthylamine (IV) as the result of attack by (II) at the carbonyl group of (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Dihydroacepentalenediide, the Dianion of Acepentalene.
Authors: LENDVAI T. , FRIEDL T. , BUTENSCHOEN H. + , CLARK T. , DE MEIJERE A.
Published: May 2016

The title compound is the dianion of the salt (II) which is obtained from the reaction of the tricyclic compound (I) in a mixture with KH (130‐135%).
ChemInform Abstract: Opposite Regioselectivity in the Epoxidation of Geraniol and Linaloolwith Molybdenum and Tungsten Peroxo Complexes.
Authors: ARCORIA A. , BALLISTRERI F. P. , TOMASELLI G. A. , DI FURIA F. , MODENA G.
Published: May 2016

Geraniol (I) and linalool (IV) are converted to the monoepoxides (III) and (V) using the peroxo complexes (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of 2,5‐Dihydrofurylium Salts by Acylation of tert.‐Butylacetylene.
Authors: BORODAEV S. V. , NAUMOVA E. V. , LUK'YANOV S. M.
Published: May 2016

The acyl chlorides (I) are converted to their corresponding hexachloroantimonates and these are reacted with tert.‐butylacetylene to give the title compounds (II).
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Diethoxyphosphinyl‐γ‐butenolide, a Versatile Reagent for the Synthesis of αβ‐Difunctionalized γ‐Lactones.
Authors: MINAMI T. , KITAJIMA Y. , CHIKUGO T.
Published: May 2016

Die im Titel genannte Verbindung (IV) ist durch Selenierung des Phosphonats (I) und nachfolgende oxidative Eliminierung der Phenylselenylgruppe im Butyrolacton (III) zugänglich.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Reactions of Thieno(3,2‐b)furan Derivatives.
Authors: KRAL'OVICOVA E. , KRUTOSIKOVA A. , KOVAC J.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of the 3‐furylpropenoic acids (I) with SOCl2 according to method A) gives the thienofurancarboxylic acid chlorides (II) in poor yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Prenylated Indoles.
Authors: WENKERT E. , ANGELL E. C. , FERREIRA V. F. , MICHELOTTI E. L. , PIETTRE S. R. , SHEU J.‐H. , SWINDELL C. S.
Published: May 2016

Several reaction pathways to α‐ or β‐prenylated or oxoprenylated indols such as (V) and (VII) are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric (2,3)Wittig Rearrangement Involving Chiral Potassium Azaenolates. The Dramatic Influence of the Potassium Counterion and Its Complexation with 18‐Crown‐6.
Authors: MIKAMI K. , KASUGA T. , FUJIMOTO K. , NAKAI T.
Published: May 2016

The allyl ethers (I) rearrange on treatment with bases, yielding the carbinols (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Antidiabetic Agents. Part 7. Synthesis and Hypoglycemic Activity of 4‐Oxazoleacetic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: MEGURO K. , TAWADA H. , SUGIYAMA Y. , FUJITA T. , KAWAMATSU Y.
Published: May 2016

Eine Reihe substituierter Oxazolcarbonsäuren wie (IV) oder (VII) wirdauf dem angegebenen Wege hergestellt und auf ihre hypoglykämische Aktivität untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of trans‐Fused Polycyclic Ethers: Methodology for the Brevetoxins.
Authors: BARTLETT P. A. , TING P. C.
Published: May 2016

Iodocyclization of the alkenyl cyclohexanols (I) yields the bicyclic compounds (II) and/or (III) depending on the substitution pattern and reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses with Aromatic Nitramines. Part 6. Substituent Effect in thePhotolytic Rearrangement of Nitraminopyridines.
Authors: SEPIOL J. , TOMASIK P.
Published: May 2016

Irradiation of nitramines (I), (III), (V) and (VII) affords the 3‐ or5‐nitropyridines specified in the scheme; the dibromo derivative (X) yields a mixture of (XI) and (XII).
ChemInform Abstract: Revision of the Structure of a Reaction Product from Butanedione and Ethanolamine.
Authors: ALCAIDE B. , GARCIA‐BLANCO S. , GARCIA‐GONZALEZ M. T. , MARTINEZ‐CARRERA S. , PEREZ‐OSSORIO R. , PLUMET J. , RODRIGUEZ‐CAMPOS I. M.
Published: May 2016

The reaction between ethanolamine (I) and butane‐2,3‐dione (II) produces the tricyclic morpholine derivative (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A Ring Destruction Approach to Some Benzo‐Fused Medium‐Sized Heterocycles by Means of Cyanogen Bromide Under Solvolytic Conditions. X‐Ray Structure of a 1H‐2,6‐Benzoxazecine‐6‐carbonitrile and a 2H‐3,6‐Benzoxazecine‐6‐carbonitrile Derivative.
Authors: BREMNER J. B. , RASTON C. L. , ROWBOTTOM G. L. , WHITE A. H. , WINZENBERG K. N.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the fused tetrahydroisoquinolines (Ia) and (Ib) with cyanogen bromide (II) and methanol (IIIa) or H2O (IIIb) gives the medium‐sized ring cyanamides (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and IR, UV, NMR (1H and 11B), and Mass Spectral Studies of New β‐Ketoamine Complexes of Boron: Crystal and Molecular Structure of Bicyclic OC6H4OBOC(R)CHC(R′)NR′′ (R: p‐ClC6H4, R′: C6H5, R′′: CH3).
Authors: SINGH Y. P. , RUPANI P. , SINGH A. , RAI A. K. , MEHROTRA R. C. , ROGERS R. D. , ATWOOD J. L.
Published: May 2016

The new β‐ketoamine complexes (III) of boron are synthesized as shown and tetrahedral geometry is assigned by their IR, UV, and NMR spectral and other physicochemical measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermolysis of (α‐Bromo‐α‐methoxymethyl)silanes.
Authors: SCHUBERT U. , STEIB CH. , WEISS K.
Published: May 2016

Die Bromierung des Silyldimethylethers (I) liefert den Monobromether (II) oder den Dibromether (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Vinylsilanes and Vinyl Halides Containing Alkene or Epoxide Functional Groups.
Authors: PETERSON P. E. , NELSON D. J. , RISENER R.
Published: May 2016

The halohexadienes (III) are prepared from (I) and (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel Chloride Catalyzed Rearrangement of Allylic Phosphites.
Authors: LU X. , ZHU J.
Published: May 2016

Die Alkylphosphite bzw. ‐phosphonite (I) isomerisieren unter Nickel‐ Katalyse zu einem Gemisch der Phosphonate bzw. Phosphinate (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecific Synthesis of Divinyl Diselenides from Vinyl Acetyl Selenides.
Authors: TESTAFERRI L. , TIECCO M. , TINGOLI M. , CHIANELLI D.
Published: May 2016

The vinyl halides (I) react with MeSeLi to afford vinyl methyl selenides which are demethylated by an excess of MeSeLi; the vinyl selenide anions thus obtained react with acetyl chloride to give the acetyl selenides (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of 2,4,6‐Tri‐t‐butylphenyllithium with O‐Alkyl Selenoformates: Intermediate Formation of 2,4,6‐Tri‐t‐butylselenobenzaldehyde.
Authors: ISHII A. , OKAZAKI R. , INAMOTO N.
Published: May 2016

The selenoformates (IV) are prepared by a known method from the amide (I).
ChemInform Abstract: E3Te3Hal, Mixed Valency Tellurohalides of Gallium and Indium with One‐Dimensional Structural Units.
Authors: PAASHAUS S. , KNIEP R.
Published: May 2016

The compounds (I) containing an element of the third main group in the oxidation states 2 and 3 are obtained by crystallization from the melt according to the Bridgman method or by annealing of stoichiometric mixtures at 240 °C. The crystal structure of (Ib) is determined (space group Pna21 with Z=3).
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of β‐Trichlorostannyl Ketones from Siloxycyclopropanes and Their Facile Dehydrostannation Affording 2‐Methylene Ketones.
Authors: RYU I. , MURAI S. , SONODA N.
Published: May 2016

The silyloxycyclopropanes (I) undergo ring cleavage with SnCl4 (II) yielding the β‐stannyl ketones (III), which are transformed into the methylene ketones (IV) by treatment with DMSO.