bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ordering 15 marbles with a three-way scale
Authors: Audet Charles
Published: June 2016

Many mathematical puzzles involve using a scale to compare the weights of two objects, or two groups of objects. The present work studies a similar but different type of question involving a scale.

We are given a set of marbles, whose weights are all different. The only way to distinguish them is to use a special kind of scale. The scale has three trays and each can accept exactly one marble. The scale then indicates which is the heaviest, the lightest and consequently the middle one of the three marbles.

The paper studies the question of ordering 15 different marbles with as few weighings as possible. The problem is taken from the website Enigmes, casse-têtes, curiosités et autres bizarreries [1] and Toppuzzle [2] where the best reported strategy requires 23 weighings. The problem can also be found at the website Trick of Mind [3] where a strategy requiring 22 weighings is proposed. These websites contain many challenging mathematical puzzles, some are classical problems, others are original creations. The author is not aware of any other work on this problem.

The present paper describes a strategy that improves on the value of 22 weighings, and is structured as follows. Section 2 introduces some useful definitions and provides strategies to sort up to 9 marbles. Section 3 proves our main result, that 20 weighings is always sufficient to sort 15 marbles.
The tables of John Wallis and the discovery of his product π
Authors: Osler Thomas J.
Published: June 2016

In the year 1656 John Wallis published his Arithmetica Infinitorum, [1], in which he displayed many ideas that were to lead to the integral calculus of Newton. In this work we find the celebrated infinite product of Wallis which gives π,

Earlier in 1593, Vieta [2] found another infinite product which gives π

But, since Wallis does not mention it, we suppose that he was unaware of it. (Remarkably, these two seemingly different products are special cases of a more general formula [3].)
Alteration in the sum of alternating series by simple rearrangement
Authors: Nurcombe J. R.
Published: June 2016

It is well known that the sum of an absolutely convergent series is invariant under rearrangement of its terms. On the other hand, a conditionally convergent series, that is one which converges but the sum of whose absolute values is unbounded, can be rearranged to have any sum whatsoever, or diverge in any desired manner (see for example [1, §44]). A simple examplS of a conditionally convergent series is the alternating harmonic series (AHS), . In [2], the following theorem on rearrangement of the AHS was proved:

Theorem A: The AHS remains convergent under a simple rearrangement (i.e. the sub-sequence of its positive terms and the sub-sequence of its negative terms are in their original order) when p of its positive terms alternate throughout with q of its negative terms, and the alteration in sum is (p/q).
Folding a triangle
Authors: Jobbings Andrew
Published: June 2016

The Original problem

Take a right-angled triangle ABC, where ∠C = 90°, and fold along UV so that C lies on AB, as shown in Figure 1, where C' is the new position of C.

Problem: Where should one fold in order to minimise the area of the folded triangld CUV?

This problem was discussed by Hirschhom in [1], where he gives its origins and provides a solution, describing the answer as ‘quite remarkable’. However, he does not relate the answer to the geometry of the configuration. We adopt a more geometrical approach and use some simple folding ideas—there is a close relationship between paper folding and geometry which deserves to be more widely known (see [2] for example).
From golden-ratio equalities to Fibonacci and Lucas identities
Authors: Griffiths Martin
Published: June 2016

We demonstrate here a remarkably simple method for deriving a large number of identities involving the Fibonacci numbers, Lucas numbers and binomial coefficients. As will be shown, this is based on the utilisation of some straightforward properties of the golden ratio in conjunction with a result concerning irrational numbers. Indeed, for the simpler cases at least, the derivations could be understood by able high-school students. In particular, we avoid the use of exponential generating functions, matrix methods, Binet's formula, involved combinatorial arguments or lengthy algebraic manipulations.
Could, orshould, the ancient Greeks have discovered the Lucas-Lehmer test?
Authors: Granger Robert
Published: June 2016

The Lucas-Lehmer (LL) test is the most efficient known for testing the primality of Mersenne numbers, i.e. the integers Ml= 2l− 1, for l ≥ 1. The Mersenne numbers are so-called in honour of the French scholar Marin Mersenne (1588-1648), who in 1644 published a list of exponents l ≤ 257 which he conjectured produced all and only those Mlwhich are prime, for l in this range, namely l = 2,3,5,7, 13, 17, 19,31,67, 127 and 257 [1]. Mersenne's list turned out to be incorrect, omitting the prime-producing l = 61, 89 and 107 and including the composite-producing l = 67 and 257, although this was not finally confirmed until 1947, using both the LL test and contemporary mechanical calculators [2]. The LL test is based on the following theorem.
The gaps between sums of two squares
Authors: Shiu Peter
Published: June 2016

Problems concerning the set

of numbers which are representable as sums of two squares have a long history. There are statements concerning W in the Arithmetic of Diophantus, who seemed to be aware of the famous identity

which shows that the set W is ‘multiplicatively closed’. Since a square must be congruent to 0 or 1 (mod 4), it follows that members of W cannot be congruent to 3 (mod 4). Also, it is not difficult to show that a number of the form 4k + 3 must have a prime divisor of the same form dividing it an exact odd number of times. However, the definitive statement (see, for example, Chapter V in [1]) concerning members of W, namely that they have the form PQ2, where P is free of prime divisors p ≡ 3 (mod 4), was first given only in 1625 by the Dutch mathematician Albert Girard. It was also given a little later by Fermat, who probably had a proof of it, but the first published proof was by Euler in 1749.
Optimising the acceleration due to gravity on a planet's surface
Authors: Jewess Michael
Published: June 2016

The Earth (more precisely, the ‘geoid’ thereof) is known to approximate closely to a slightly oblate spheroid whose unique axis coincides with the Earth's axis of rotation [1,2]. (By ‘spheroid’ is meant is an ellipsoid of revolution, i.e. one with two semi-axes equal; a slightly oblate one has these two semi-axes slightly longer than the unique one.) To the nearest km, the diameter of the ‘geoid’ pole-to-pole is 43 km less than the equatorial diameter of 12756 km. There is a reduction of practical significance (0.527%) in the acceleration of free fall" at sea level between the poles and the equator, and therefore in the weight of objects. Of this, 0.345% derives directly from the rotation of the Earth; the balance of 0.182% results from the purely gravitational effect of the Earth's deviation from sphericity.
An unexpected use of primes: solving sudokus by calculator
Authors: Spahn Mark , Lancaster Ron , Moore-Russo Deborah , Rising Gerald
Published: June 2016

This essay demonstrates an application of prime numbers to the development of a calculator program that solves sudoku puzzles. Among the positive integers, the primes—numbers with exactly two divisors, the numbers themselves and 1—are central to our thinking about numbers. They give us a basis for factoring and divisibility and they contribute to the solution of many problems in the mathematical field of number theory. More important for the purposes of this paper, they provide a way of representing numbers uniquely by prime factors. For example, 6221592 = 23 × 32 × 13 × 172 × 23, any other factorisation differing only in the order of factors.
Regarding a generalisation of Ioachimescu's constant
Authors: Sîntămărian Alina
Published: June 2016

The purpose of this paper is to present some results regarding the limit is of the sequence

In the problem proposed by A. G. Ioachimescu in 1895 [1], it is asked to be shown that the sequence , defined by , for each , is convergent and its limit lies between -2 and -1.

There have been given many generalisations and other results regarding Ioachimescu's problem in the literature (see, for example, [2, problem 3.1, p. 431], [3,4], [5, Theorem 1, parts (a) and (b)], [6, problem P2, parts (i) and (ii)], [7, 8]).
A kaleidoscope of solutions for a Diophantine system
Authors: Pla Juan
Published: June 2016

A classical exercise in recreational mathematics is to find Pythagorean triples such that the legs are consecutive integers. It is equivalent to solve the Pell equation with k = 2. In this case it provides all the solutions (see [1] for details). But to obtain all the solutions of a Diophantine system in one stroke is rather exceptional. Actually this note will show that the analogous problem of finding four integers A, B, C and D such that
Vieta-like products of nested radicals
Authors: Osler Thomas J.
Published: June 2016

The beautiful infinite product of radicals

due to Vieta [1] in 1592, is one of the oldest non-iterative analytical expressions for π, In a previous paper [2] the author proved the following two Vieta-like products:

for N even, and

for N odd. Here N is a positive integer, FN and LN are the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, and is the golden section. (The Fibonacci numbers are F1 = 1, F2 = 1, with the recursion relation , while the Lucas numbers are L1 = 1, L2 = 3 with the same recursion relation )
An elementary, limit-free calculus for polynomials
Authors: McAndrew Alasdair
Published: June 2016

This work grew out of a simple problem: how could I introduce the basic concepts of calculus to students who were mathematically under-prepared? It has been pointed out by many authors (see [1] and its references) that limits are a major stumbling block for many students beginning their study of calculus. Part of the difficulty with limits is the conceptual confusion between process and value. Some limits can be evaluated by a simple process of substitution, for example,

while others cannot, for example,
The ‘stop after k girls or N children’ policy
Authors: Paseau A.C. , Villiers Michael de , Fox Michael
Published: June 2016

1. Introduction

In the article [1], a follow-up to my article [2], Christian and Trustrum cite empirical evidence that the probability of a family giving birth to a boy or to a girl may vary from family to family. Letting bi and gi = 1 − bi respectively denote the probability of the ith family giving birth to a boy or to a girl, the suggestion is that bi may be distinct from bj for distinct i and j. As they point out, this has implications for the expected society-wide number of boys and girls. Following my discussion of the ‘stop after k girls’ policy, Christian and Trustrum introduce the related policy ‘stop after k girls or N children’. They argue that the expected number of children under this latter policy is an increasing function of bi (when 0 < k < N). The present article complements their discussion by examining this alternative stopping policy in more detail.
Triangles meeting triangles
Authors: Crilly Tony , Fletcher Colin R.
Published: June 2016

We consider two connected problems:

•

For a given but otherwise arbitrary triangle in the plane, to construct similar triangles which ‘meet’ this triangle.

•

To find the triangle so formed which has least area.

1. Constructing a triangle which meets another

These problems beg the question of what is meant by ‘meet’ and we now aim to make this precise:

Definition: A triangle XYZ will meet a given triangle ABC if on the triangle ABC, the vertex X lies on a line through AB, the vertex Y lies on a line through BC, and the vertex Z lies on a line through CA.

When triangle XYZ is actually ‘in’ the triangle ABC, ‘meet’ is synonymous with the traditional ‘inscribe’ (such as in case (1) below). For ‘inscribe’ we understand that some of X, Y, Z may coincide with the vertices of ABC (such as case (2) below).

More generally we use ‘meet’ to extend these possibilities by allowing XYZ to meet triangle ABC with its sides produced externally (such as case (3) below).
Statistics education: fit for purpose?
Authors: Toller Owen
Published: June 2016

The Royal Statistical Society and the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries have published a report, written by Roger Porkess [1], which draws urgent attention to the issue of statistical education: is it fit for purpose? Statistics is an ever-present part of real life, and there can be no doubt that for most pupils it is statistics that will be the most directly used part of their mathematical education.

The report follows an investigation into the perceived statistical needs of various subject ‘communities’, and is a follow-up to The future of statistics in our schools and colleges [2] by the same author and publishers. It is aimed at a wide readership, from policy-makers through curriculum providers and teachers (fairly low in the pecking order!) to authors and other providers of resources. There is no doubt that all such interested parties should be considering the issues covered by this study, and it should be read widely. The title of the report implies suggestions for cross-curricular work, but it is more essentially a plea to rethink the role of statistical education – a plea articulated more fully in [2]. It is the purpose of this article to further the debate.
Sultan among Dutchmen? Royal dress at court audiences in South India, as portrayed in local works of art and Dutch embassy reports, seventeenth–eighteenth centuries
Authors: BES LENNART
Published: June 2016

From the fourteenth century CE onwards, South Indian states ruled by Hindu kings were strongly influenced by politico-cultural conventions from Muslim-governed areas. This development was, for instance, manifest in the dress and titles of the rulers of the Vijayanagara empire. As has been argued, they bore the title of sultan and on public occasions they appeared in garments fashioned on Persian and Arab clothing. Both adaptations exemplified efforts to connect to the dominant Indo-Islamic world. From Vijayanagara's fragmentation in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, new Hindu-ruled kingdoms arose. We may wonder to what extent those succeeding polities continued practices adopted from Islamic courts. With that question in mind, this article discusses royal dress at court audiences in four Vijayanagara successor states, chiefly on the basis of embassy reports of the Dutch East India Company and South Indian works of art. It appears that kings could wear a variety of clothing styles at audiences and that influences on these styles now came from multiple backgrounds, comprising diverse Islamic and other elements. Further, not all successor states followed the same dress codes, as their dynasties modified earlier conventions in different ways, depending on varying political developments.
Modelling gastrointestinal parasitism infection in a sheep flock over two reproductive seasons:in silicoexploration and sensitivity analysis
Authors: SACCAREAU M. , MORENO C. R. , KYRIAZAKIS I. , FAIVRE R. , BISHOP S. C.
Published: June 2016

In reproducing ewes, a periparturient breakdown of immunity is often observed to result in increased fecal egg excretion, making them the main source of infection for their immunologically naive lambs. In this study, we expanded a simulation model previously developed for growing lambs to explore the impact of the genotype (performance and resistance traits) and host nutrition on the performance and parasitism of both growing lambs and reproducing ewes naturally infected withTeladorsagia circumcincta. Our model accounted for nutrient-demanding phases, such as gestation and lactation, and included a supplementary module to manage the age structure of the ewe flock. The model was validated by comparison with published data. Because model parameters were unknown or poorly estimated, detailed sensitivity analysis of the model was performed for the sheep mortality and the level of infection, following a preliminary screening step. The parameters with the greatest effect on parasite-related outputs were those driving animal growth and milk yield. Our model enables different parasite-control strategies (host nutrition, breeding for resistance and anthelmintic treatments) to be assessed on the long term in a sheep flock. To optimizein silicoexploration, the parameters highlighted by the sensitivity analysis should be refined with real data.
Negotiating the boundaries between the formal and the informal: An experienced teacher's reflective adaptations of informal learning in a keyboard class for at-risk students
Authors: Costes-Onishi Pamela
Published: June 2016

The objective of this study is to address the important questions raised in literature on the intersections between formal and informal learning. Specifically, this will be discussed within the concept of ‘productive dissonance’ and the pedagogical tensions that arise in the effort of experienced teachers to transition from the formal to the informal. This case study discusses the issues that ensue when strict demarcations between formal and informal are perceived, and demonstrates that the former is vital to the facilitation of the latter. The blurring of formal and informal pedagogical approaches has shown that the concept of ‘critical musicality’ becomes more apparent in student learning and that engagement increases especially among at-risk students.
Exploring morphosyntactic variation in dialects of English across the world
Authors: Maguire Warren
Published: June 2016

The Mouton World Atlas of Variation in English (WAVE), edited by Bernd Kortmann and Kerstin Lunkenheimer, is an impressive and significant achievement. Consisting of almost 1,000 pages of detailed accounts of morphosyntactic patterns in 55 varieties of English from around the world (with some analysis of a further 19) by an international range of experts (many of whom are native speakers of the varieties they describe), WAVE represents a major step forward in our understanding of dialect variation in English and illustrates in fine detail a vast array of linguistic systems that fall under the umbrella ‘English’ across the world today. Using a list of 235 morphosyntactic features, WAVE explores diatopic variation in L1, L2 and pidgin/creole varieties across the globe, illustrating the results in 96 full-colour maps, and investigates the deeper relationships between the varieties in 23 colour-coded phenetic networks. It is a veritable feast for the eyes, but there is so much detail in it that it is much more than that; it is, in fact, a huge database echoing in many ways The World Atlas of Language Structures (Haspelmath et al. 2005) in its depth and breadth.
First Night in Bristol: Reflections on a 250th Anniversary
Authors: Roberts David
Published: June 2016

The 250th anniversary of the opening of the Bristol Old Vic, the country's longest-serving theatre, was celebrated on 30 May 2016. In this article David Roberts considers the repertory choices of the opening night, the way the occasion sought to address anxiety in the city about the presence of a professional theatre in its midst, and the precarious means by which the theatre itself came into being. Where previous historians have emphasized the legal context for objections to the theatre, it is argued here that discourses arising from the Jeremy Collier controversy informed local opposition and were specifically addressed both through programming and through writing for and about the event. David Roberts is Dean of the Arts, Design, and Media at Birmingham City University. His recent publications include Thomas Betterton and Restoration Plays and Players, both for Cambridge University Press. This article is based on a lecture given to celebrate the anniversary of the Bristol Old Vic.
Behind the Scenes: Theatre Women Write to Literary Men
Authors: Yakubova Natalia
Published: June 2016

In this article Natalia Yakubova explores the interactions between theatre and literature as between an actress on one side and a man of letters on the other. The interactions discussed here came at a particular historical moment, when the transition from an actor-centred to a director-centred hierarchy was taking place, and the article deals with the letters written by actresses to the men who were playwrights and/or theoreticians of the new theatre: Eleonora Duse writing to Gabriele D’Annunzio, Vera Komissarzhevskaya to Valery Bryusov, Irena Solska to Jerzy Żuławski, and Gertrud Eysoldt to Hugo von Hofmannsthal. In each case study, attention is paid to the characteristics of the relationships between a given actress and a particular writer, their attitudes towards theatre reform, the way in which the actresses evaluated the literary status of their letter writing, and, significantly, the stylistic features of their writing. Natalia Yakubova is a senior researcher of the State Institute of Art Studies in Moscow, and was Marie Curie Fellow at the Institute of Literary Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences between 2013 and 2015. She is author of O Witkacym (2010) and Teatr epokhi peremen v Polshe, Vengrii i Rossii 1990-ye–2010-ye (2014), and has published numerous articles in Russia, Poland, the USA, and Canada, among other countries.
The Opera House in Damascus and the ‘State of Exception’ in Syria
Authors: Adwan Ziad
Published: June 2016

In this article Ziad Adwan examines the relationship between the Opera House in Damascus and the Al-Assad dynasty. Hafez Al-Assad ordered the building of the Opera House but it remained unfinished at his death. His son Bashar opened it after three decades of construction. Leaving the institution unfinished was, it is argued here, due to uncertainty regarding its identity, place in the bureaucratic hierarchy, and meaning in a totalitarian regime. Theatre institutions were driven to take oppositional positions against one another, and the Opera House intensified the enmity. No theatres were built during the reign of Hafez Al-Assad, and while the Opera House was a hope for many Syrians, it also played a role in dividing them. Adwan concludes that the exceptional design features and location of the Opera House have marked its activities and that in relation to the Al-Assad dynasty it has become a critical focus in the Syrian war. Ziad Adwan is a theatre practitioner, who completed his PhD in Theatre Studies at Royal Holloway, University of London. He taught at the Higher Institute of Dramatic Arts in Damascus (2009–2013) and has acted in plays and films, as well as working as a director. He was the artistic director of Invisible Stories, a series of street theatre events in different places in Damascus. Adwan is currently affiliated with the Global Theatre Histories research project at Ludwig-Maximilian University in Munich.
Quasi-isometries between groups with two-ended splittings
Authors: CASHEN CHRISTOPHER H. , MARTIN ALEXANDRE
Published: June 2016

We construct a ‘structure invariant’ of a one-ended, finitely presented group that describes the way in which the factors of its JSJ decomposition over two-ended subgroups fit together. For hyperbolic groups satisfying a very general condition, these invariants completely reduce the problem of classifying such groups up to quasi-isometry to a relative quasi-isometry classification of the factors of their JSJ decomposition. Under some additional assumption, our results extend to more general finitely presented groups, yielding a far-reaching generalisation of the quasi-isometry classification of some 3–manifolds obtained by Behrstock and Neumann.

The same approach also allows us to obtain such a reduction for the problem of determining when two hyperbolic groups have homeomorphic Gromov boundaries.
Accommodating Nazi Tyranny? The Wrong Turn of the Social Democratic Legal Philosopher Gustav Radbruch After the War
Authors: Morris Douglas G.
Published: June 2016

What is the relationship between Nazism and natural law—the notion of universal standards, which arise from either God, revelation, nature, rationality, or morality, and which human-made statutes cannot break? In 1946, in the wake of World War II, Gustav Radbruch, one of Germany's most respected Social Democrats and legal philosophers, published his influential article, “Statutory Injustice and Suprastatutory Law,” which grappled with a pressing issue of postwar justice. Should courts deem judges criminally responsible for having earlier convicted defendants, and often sentenced them to death, based on denunciations by family, neighbors, or rivals, denunciations that the Nazi regime had encouraged but that a fair-minded government must condemn? As a matter of jurisprudence, Radbruch set forth his famous formula, which declared that judges must adhere to positive or statutory law, except in rare circumstances in which such law violated fundamental principles of justice. In his words, “[P]ositive law, secured through legislation and power, prevails, even if it is substantively unjust and inexpedient, unless the tension between positive law and justice reaches such an intolerable level that the law as ‘false law’ must yield to justice.” As a matter of history, Radbruch excused Nazi-era judges who had missed his jurisprudential point, because they had succumbed to the legal theory of positivism that had long permeated German legal thinking. “Positivism,” Radbruch wrote, “with its belief that ‘law is law’ rendered the German judiciary defenseless against arbitrary and criminal laws.”
Global Meningococcal Initiative: guidelines for diagnosis and confirmation of invasive meningococcal disease
Authors: VÁZQUEZ J. A. , TAHA M. K. , FINDLOW J. , GUPTA S. , BORROW R.
Published: June 2016

The Global Meningococcal Initiative (GMI) is an international group of scientists and clinicians with recognized expertise in meningococcal disease including microbiology, immunology, epidemiology, public health and vaccinology. The GMI was established to promote the global prevention of meningococcal disease through education, research and international cooperation. The GMI held its second summit meeting in 2013 to discuss the different aspects of existing meningococcal immunization programmes and surveillance systems. Laboratory confirmation and characterization were identified as essential for informing evidence-based vaccine implementation decisions. The relative merits of different confirmatory methodologies and their applications in different resource settings were a key component of the discussions. This paper summarizes the salient issues discussed, with special emphasis on the recommendations made and any deficiencies that were identified.
Protein structural changes during processing of vegetable feed ingredients used in swine diets: implications for nutritional value
Authors: Salazar-Villanea S. , Hendriks W. H. , Bruininx E. M. A. M. , Gruppen H. , van der Poel A. F. B.
Published: June 2016

Protein structure influences the accessibility of enzymes for digestion. The proportion of intramolecular β-sheets in the secondary structure of native proteins has been related to a decrease in protein digestibility. Changes to proteins that can be considered positive (for example, denaturation and random coil formation) or negative (for example, aggregation and Maillard reactions) for protein digestibility can occur simultaneously during processing. The final result of these changes on digestibility seems to be a counterbalance of the occurrence of each phenomenon. Occurrence of each phenomenon depends on the conditions applied, but also on the source and type of the protein that is processed. The correlation between denaturation enthalpy after processing and protein digestibility seems to be dependent on the protein source. Heat seems to be the processing parameter with the largest influence on changes in the structure of proteins. The effect of moisture is usually limited to the simultaneous application of heat, but increasing level of moisture during processing usually increases structural changes in proteins. The effect of shear on protein structure is commonly studied using extrusion, although the multifactorial essence of this technology does not allow disentanglement of the separate effects of each processing parameter (for example, heat, shear, moisture). Although most of the available literature on the processing of feed ingredients reports effects on protein digestibility, the mechanisms that explain these effects are usually lacking. Clarifying these mechanisms could aid in the prediction of the nutritional consequences of processing conditions.
The Intersection of ‘Live’ and ‘Real-time’
Authors: Hagan Kerry L.
Published: June 2016

Real-time computer music is now common and ubiquitous, no longer a new or experimental practice. In its infancy, it helped to solve perceived issues with the fixity of tape pieces, a natural continuation in the practice of live electronics. However, real-time computer music did not have the same consequences as live electronic music. This situation engendered many discussions about the liveness of real-time computer music performances at the time. It is now 20 years past those first conversations, and it is important to revisit what is ‘live’ and how it applies to real-time musics. Additionally, in some ways, the language surrounding descriptions of fixed medium works, mixed works, live electronics and real-time computer music has evolved and, perhaps, even settled into conventions distinguishing musical approach and philosophies. This article first defines the language, not to proselytise, but rather to ground the argument. The conclusion asserts that liveness is a spectrum despite the fact that ‘live’ is often used categorically. Though one may have an intuitive understanding of what constitutes a ‘live’ event, this article explicitly articulates the most significantly contributive factors. The nature of real-time computer music is explored in relation to these factors of liveness. Using musical examples, this article shows that ‘real-time’ music does not guarantee a ‘live’ performance, contrary to what is typically held to be true. Instead, ‘real-time’ simply becomes a descriptor of compositional method, and any real-time work can exist along a broad range of the liveness spectrum.
Sonic Placemaking: Three approaches and ten attributes for the creation of enduring urban sound art installations
Authors: Lacey Jordan
Published: June 2016

This article investigates the approaches and attributes of publicly situated sound installations which have achieved the status of permanency, and have attracted ongoing local, and even international, visitors. The article draws on international fieldwork in 2015 that documented several enduring sound installations in the United States, UK and Europe. Through an inductive process including listening exercises, sound recordings, observations and interviews, the analysis identifies three approaches to creating sound installations and ten attributes of operative sound installations. It is argued that by encouraging public listening, the discussed sound installations successfully establish a sensory connection between people and their environments. By extension, it is argued that this emergent sense of place is commensurate with the installations’ capacity to augment a pre-existing ‘spirit of place’. These findings culminate in a sonic placemaking tool for situating sound art installations in urban spaces. It is suggested that urban planners and designers can apply the presented sonic placemaking tool to augment a site’s spirit of place, thereby affecting new experiences in everyday urban life.
Ethical Questions about Working with Soundscapes
Authors: MCcartney Andra
Published: June 2016

When soundscape composers, documentarians and artists work with soundscapes, they are expressing relationships with the world, through their treatment of place, sounds and audience. A number of questions could be asked about these expressions about places, the ethics of these expressions, and the ways in which these ethics are informed by underlying ideologies of sound, of sound production and of sound ecology. One key question concerns a common distinction between ‘high-fidelity’ and ‘low-fidelity’. Are there some – possibly unintended or unexamined – ethical implications embedded in the dichotomisation of ‘hi-fi’ vs ‘lo-fi’ in soundscape theory? Is this really an essential or unavoidable concept and expression, or are there alternatives? One such possible alternative is found in the concept of the ecotone – a marginal zone, a transitional area or time where species from adjacent ecosystems interact. This leads us to an idea of ‘ecotonality’ that might offer a more flexible, less polarised, alternative to the hi-fi/lo-fi dichotomy. Finally, we will interrogate three themes around ideas of soundscape ’authenticity’: authenticity of place, authenticity of production and authenticity of connection.
Deleuze, Cinema and Acousmatic Music (or What If Music Weren’t an Art of Time?)
Authors: Marty Nicolas
Published: June 2016

Drawing on Deleuze’s work about cinema (the ‘movement-image’ and the ‘time-image’), this article explores formal and aesthetic resonances with sound-based music, distinguishing between aesthetics of energy, articulation and montage, and aesthetics of contemplation, space and virtual relations. A second perspective is given, focusing on how listening behaviours may impose a ‘movement-image’ or a ‘time-image’ lens through which we could experience and remember a work’s form. This is exemplified with a short analysis of the first section ofChat Noir(1998–2000) by Elizabeth Anderson.
EXPECTATION ERRORS IN CREDIT MARKET AND BUSINESS CYCLES
Authors: Tamegawa Kenichi , Fukuda Shin
Published: June 2016

This study demonstrates how expectation errors in a credit market generate economic fluctuations. To this end, we employ simulation analysis using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. Our model includes two building blocks that are not included in the standard models: the banking sector and matching friction in the labor market. By introducing the banking sector, we can confirm that if economic agents fallaciously expect a rise in future asset prices, such expectations will cause an economic boom and bust. The variation of this fluctuation is quite large and the recession short-lived, but these drawbacks can be avoided by adding matching friction.
Identifiziert das Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI) eine klinisch bedeutsame Untergruppe junger Straftäter?
Authors: Mingers Daniel , Köhler Denis , Huchzermeier Christian , Hinrichs Günter
Published: June 2016

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellungen: Können unter jungen Straftätern mit dem Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory eine oder mehrere Risikogruppen identifiziert werden? Welche Handlungsempfehlungen können für die intramurale Behandlung abgeleitet werden? Methodik: An einer Stichprobe inhaftierter junger Straftäter (N = 445, Alter: 14–22 Jahre, M = 18.5, SD = 1.65) wurde eine Modellbasierte Clusteranalyse ( Raftery, 1995 ) durchgeführt. Das resultierende Modell wurde anschließend in relevanten Kontextvariablen aus den Bereichen Intelligenz, soziale Kompetenz, Drogenkonsumverhalten und antisoziales Verhalten auf Unterschiede zwischen Clustern untersucht. Ergebnisse: Es wurden drei Cluster (Low-Trait, Impulsiv/Unverantwortlich, Psychopathy) gefunden, die sich bezüglich Kontextvariablen und ihres YPI-Gesamtscores hoch signifikant unterscheiden. Als Grenzwerte für die Clusterzuteilung wurden YPI-Gesamtscores ΔLow= 4.28 (Low-Trait – Impulsiv/Unverantwortlich) und ΔHigh= 6.86 (Impulsiv/Unverantwortlich – Psychopathy) herausgearbeitet. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Zuordnung von jungen Straftätern auf die gefundenen Cluster erlaubt, über die Diagnose von Psychopathy hinaus, eine Orientierung für anzuschließende Psychodiagnostik und Behandlungsplanung. Das YPI ist damit ein für den Jugendvollzug wertvolles Instrument, das klinisch und forensisch relevante Informationen zu Ursachen und zu modellerwartendem Verlauf psychopathologischen Verhaltens liefern kann.
Zur qualitativen Rechtschreibfehleranalyse und einer schriftsystematischen lernförderlichen Behandlung der Rechtschreibstörung
Authors: Corvacho del Toro Irene M.
Published: June 2016

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Der Beitrag erläutert die qualitative Rechtschreibfehleranalyse und zeigt ihre Anwendung für Therapiezwecke auf. Im Rahmen einer explorativen Machbarkeitsstudie wurde die Wirksamkeit einer schriftsystematischen und lernförderlichen Rechtschreibtherapie überprüft. Methodik: Eine Experimental- und eine Kontrollgruppe mit je acht Schülern (Klasse 6–8; 12–14 Jahre alt) wurden über 20 Sitzungen auf Grundlage einer qualitativen Rechtschreibfehleranalyse gefördert. Die Therapeuten der Experimentalgruppe (EG) wurden instruiert, bestimmte Kriterien bei der Erstellung des Lernangebots einzuhalten. Zudem wurden sie im Gegensatz zur Kontrollgruppe (KG) während der ersten 10 Sitzungen durch Kolloquien und Coaching begleitet, um die Implementierungstreue zu sichern. Ergebnisse: Die ANOVA mit Messwiederholung zeigt eine signifikante allgemeine Verbesserung der standardisierten Rechtschreibleistung (Hamburger Schreib-Probe; May, 2012) über die Zeit (F[1, 14] = 15.05, p = .002, η2= .518) und ebenso einen signifikanten Effekt der Interaktion Zeit*Gruppe (F[1, 14] = 4.70, p = .048, η2= .25). Demnach verbessert sich die EG signifikant stärker. Einen Haupteffekt zwischen den Gruppen ergab sich nicht. Die Gruppen sind vergleichbar. Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse weisen auf die Effektivität von individueller Behandlung auf Grundlage von qualitativen Rechtschreibfehleranalysen hin und zeigen, dass die erprobte Umsetzung von Rechtschreibfehlerprofilen in der Förderung nach den vorgegeben Kriterien bessere Ergebnisse erzielt. Eine Studie mit einer größeren Stichprobe sollte diese Ergebnisse überprüfen.
Targeting long non-coding RNA-TUG1 inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in hepatoblastoma
Authors: Dong R , Liu G-B , Liu B-H , Chen G , Li K , Zheng S , Dong K-R
Published: June 2016

Hepatoblastoma is the most common liver tumor of early childhood, which is usually characterized by unusual hypervascularity. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have emerged as gene regulators and prognostic markers in several cancers, including hepatoblastoma. We previously reveal that lnRNA-TUG1 is upregulated in hepatoblastoma specimens by microarray analysis. In this study, we aim to elucidate the biological and clinical significance of TUG1 upregulation in hepatoblastoma. We show that TUG1 is significantly upregulated in human hepatoblastoma specimens and metastatic hepatoblastoma cell lines. TUG1 knockdown inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo, and decreases hepatoblastoma cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. TUG1, miR-34a-5p, and VEGFA constitutes to a regulatory network, and participates in regulating hepatoblastoma cell function, tumor progression, and tumor angiogenesis. Overall, our findings indicate that TUG1 upregulation contributes to unusual hypervascularity of hepatoblastoma. TUG1 is a promising therapeutic target for aggressive, recurrent, or metastatic hepatoblastoma.
TC-N19, a novel dual inhibitor of EGFR and cMET, efficiently overcomes EGFR-TKI resistance in non-small-cell lung cancer cells
Authors: Wu D-W , Chen T-C , Huang H-S , Lee H
Published: June 2016

Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) show a clinical benefit when used to treat patients with EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but this treatment unfortunately fails in patients with TKI-resistant tumors. We here provide evidence that TC-N19 (N19), a novel dual inhibitor of EGFR and cMET, efficiently overcomes the EGFR-TKI resistance in EGFR-mutated NSCLC cells via simultaneous degradation of both proteins by ubiquitin proteasomes. Comparison with HSP90 inhibitor treatment and knockdown of EGFR and cMET by small hairpin RNAs reveal that the reduction of EGFR and cMET expression by N19 is responsible for overcoming the intrinsic TKI resistance mediated by paxillin (PXN) in high PXN-expressing cells, PXN-overexpressing PC9 cells (PC9-PXN), the EGFR-T790M-mediated TKI resistance in H1975 and CL97 cells, and the acquired resistance to gefitinib in gefitinib-resistant PC9 cells (PC9GR). Annexin V-PI staining assay showed that the induction of apoptosis in NSCLC cells by N19 depended on the reduction in levels of both proteins. Xenograft tumor formation in nude mice induced by a PC9-PXN-stable clone and by PC9GR cells was nearly completely suppressed by N19 treatment, with no changes in animal body weight. MTT assays of normal lung cells and reticulocytes showed no cytotoxicity responses to N19. In summary, N19 may act as a novel dual inhibitor of EGFR and cMET that induces apoptosis in TKI-resistant EGFR-mutated NSCLC cells and suppresses xenograft tumor formation. We suggest that N19 may be a potential new-generation TKI or HSP90 inhibitor used for treatment of NSCLC patients who show resistance to current TKI-targeting therapies.
IL-13 from intraepithelial lymphocytes regulates tissue homeostasis and protects against carcinogenesis in the skin
Authors: Dalessandri Tim , Crawford Greg , Hayes Mark , Castro Seoane Rocio , Strid Jessica
Published: June 2016

The skin is under constant renewal and exposure to environmental challenges. How homeostasis is maintained alongside protective mechanisms against damage is unclear. Among the basal epithelial cells (ECs) is a population of resident intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) that provide host-protective immune surveillance. Here we show that IELs cross-communicate with ECs via the production of IL-13. Skin ECs are activated by IEL-derived IL-13, enabling a canonical EC stress response. In the absence of IL-13, or canonical IEL, the skin has decreased ability to repair its barrier and increased susceptibility to cutaneous carcinogenesis. IL-13 controls the rate of EC movement through the epidermis, which might explain the importance of IL-13 for epidermal integrity and its suppressive effect on skin carcinogenesis. These findings show that IL-13 acts as a molecular bridge between IELs and ECs, and reveal a critical host-defensive role for type-2 immunity in regulating EC tissue homeostasis and carcinogenesis.
Systemic desensitization through TRPA1 channels by capsazepine and mustard oil - a novel strategy against inflammation and pain
Authors: Kistner Katrin , Siklosi Norbert , Babes Alexandru , Khalil Mohammad , Selescu Tudor , Zimmermann Katharina , Wirtz Stefan , Becker Christoph , Neurath Markus F. , Reeh Peter W. , Engel Matthias A.
Published: June 2016

We demonstrate a novel dual strategy against inflammation and pain through body-wide desensitization of nociceptors via TRPA1. Attenuation of experimental colitis by capsazepine (CPZ) has long been attributed to its antagonistic action on TRPV1 and associated inhibition of neurogenic inflammation. In contrast, we found that CPZ exerts its anti-inflammatory effects via profound desensitization of TRPA1. Micromolar CPZ induced calcium influx in isolated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from wild-type (WT) but not TRPA1-deficient mice. CPZ-induced calcium transients in human TRPA1-expressing HEK293t cells were blocked by the selective TRPA1 antagonists HC 030031 and A967079 and involved three cysteine residues in the N-terminal domain. Intriguingly, both colonic enemas and drinking water with CPZ led to profound systemic hypoalgesia in WT and TRPV1−/− but not TRPA1−/− mice. These findings may guide the development of a novel class of disease-modifying drugs with anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects.
Climate change and the loss of organic archaeological deposits in the Arctic
Authors: Hollesen Jørgen , Matthiesen Henning , Møller Anders Bjørn , Westergaard-Nielsen Andreas , Elberling Bo
Published: June 2016

The Arctic is warming twice as fast as the global average with overlooked consequences for the preservation of the rich cultural and environmental records that have been stored for millennia in archaeological deposits. In this article, we investigate the oxic degradation of different types of organic archaeological deposits located in different climatic zones in West and South Greenland. The rate of degradation is investigated based on measurements of O2 consumption, CO2 production and heat production at different temperatures and water contents. Overall, there is good consistency between the three methods. However, at one site the, O2 consumption is markedly higher than the CO2 production, highlighting the importance of combining several measures when assessing the vulnerability of organic deposits. The archaeological deposits are highly vulnerable to degradation regardless of age, depositional and environmental conditions. Degradation rates of the deposits are more sensitive to increasing temperatures than natural soils and the process is accompanied by a high microbial heat production that correlates significantly with their total carbon content. We conclude that organic archaeology in the Arctic is facing a critical challenge that requires international action.
The entire mean weighted first-passage time on a family of weighted treelike networks
Authors: Dai Meifeng , Sun Yanqiu , Sun Yu , Xi Lifeng , Shao Shuxiang
Published: June 2016

In this paper, we consider the entire mean weighted first-passage time (EMWFPT) with random walks on a family of weighted treelike networks. The EMWFPT on weighted networks is proposed for the first time in the literatures. The dominating terms of the EMWFPT obtained by the following two methods are coincident. On the one hand, using the construction algorithm, we calculate the receiving and sending times for the central node to obtain the asymptotic behavior of the EMWFPT. On the other hand, applying the relationship equation between the EMWFPT and the average weighted shortest path, we also obtain the asymptotic behavior of the EMWFPT. The obtained results show that the effective resistance is equal to the weighted shortest path between two nodes. And the dominating term of the EMWFPT scales linearly with network size in large network.
Insights into Campylobacter jejuni colonization and enteritis using a novel infant rabbit model
Authors: Shang Yuwei , Ren Fangzhe , Song Zhaojun , Li Qiuchun , Zhou Xiaohui , Wang Xiaobo , Xu Zhonglan , Bao Guangyu , Wan Ting , Lei Tianyao , Wang Nan , Jiao Xin-an , Huang Jinlin
Published: June 2016

A lack of relevant disease models for Campylobacter jejuni has long been an obstacle to research into this common enteric pathogen. Here we used an infant rabbit to study C. jejuni infection, which enables us to define several previously unknown but key features of the organism. C. jejuni is capable of systemic invasion in the rabbit, and developed a diarrhea symptom that mimicked that observed in many human campylobacteriosis. The large intestine was the most consistently colonized site and produced intestinal inflammation, where specific cytokines were induced. Genes preferentially expressed during C. jejuni infection were screened, and acs, cj1385, cj0259 seem to be responsible for C. jejuni invasion. Our results demonstrates that the infant rabbit can be used as an alternative experimental model for the study of diarrheagenic Campylobacter species and will be useful in exploring the pathogenesis of other related pathogens.