bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law
Authors: Hallaq Wael B.
Published: June 2012

Long before the rise of Islam in the early seventh century, Arabia had come to form an integral part of the Near East. This book, covering more than three centuries of legal history, presents an important account of how Islam developed its own law while drawing on ancient Near Eastern legal cultures, Arabian customary law and Quranic reforms. The development of the judiciary, legal reasoning and legal authority during the first century is discussed in detail as is the dramatic rise of prophetic authority, the crystallization of legal theory and the formation of the all-important legal schools. Finally the book explores the interplay between law and politics, explaining how the jurists and the ruling elite led a symbiotic existence that - seemingly paradoxically - allowed Islamic law and its application to be uniquely independent of the 'state'.
The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia
Authors: Dennell Robin
Published: June 2012

This book provides the first analysis and synthesis of the evidence of the earliest inhabitants of Asia before the appearance of modern humans 100,000 years ago. Asia has received far less attention than Africa and Europe in the search for human origins, but is no longer considered of marginal importance. Indeed, a global understanding of human origins cannot be properly understood without a detailed consideration of the largest continent. In this study, Robin Dennell examines a variety of sources, including the archaeological evidence, the fossil hominin record, and the environmental and climatic background from Southwest, Central, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as China. He presents an authoritative and comprehensive framework for investigations of Asia's oldest societies, challenges many long-standing assumptions about its earliest inhabitants, and places Asia centrally in the discussions of human evolution in the past two million years.
Using German
Authors: Durrell Martin
Published: June 2012

This is a new, thoroughly revised edition of the acclaimed Using German, first published in 1992. It provides guidance for those who have already acquired the basics of German and wish to extend their fluency and confidence. Focusing on the particular needs of the English-speaking user, it incorporates important information on recent trends and changes in the German language, including the 1998 spelling reforms, and on style, register and regional variation which are often ignored by conventional textbooks.
• Designed to promote the fluency and accuracy vital to effective communication
• Tailored to the needs of the English-speaking user
• Clear format for ease of reference
• Reflects the current state of the German language
• Provides information on regional variation
• Highlights problems of register and style
• Important section on vocabulary extension, with index for efficient access
• Invaluable to intermediate-advanced learners and anyone requiring up-to-date guidance on points of grammar and vocabulary
Using Italian
Authors: Kinder J. J. , Savini V. M.
Published: June 2012

This 2002 book is a guide to Italian usage for students who have already acquired the basics of the language and wish to extend their knowledge. Unlike conventional grammars, it gives special attention to those areas of vocabulary and grammar which cause most difficulty to English-speakers. Careful consideration is given throughout to questions of style, register, and politeness which are essential to achieving an appropriate level of formality or informality in writing and speech. It surveys the contemporary linguistic scene in Italy and gives ample space to the new varieties of Italian that are emerging in modern Italy. The influence of the dialects in shaping the development of Italian is also acknowledged. Clear, readable and easy to consult via its two indexes, this is an essential reference for learners seeking access to the finer nuances of the Italian language.
Using Spanish Synonyms
Authors: Batchelor R. E.
Published: June 2012

Written for those with a basic competence in Spanish, this comprehensive synonyms guide is designed to help the learner find the right word for the right context - thus improving their vocabulary and enabling them to communicate more precisely and fluently. It contains around 900 lists of synonyms, each one classified according to its level of formality. Every synonym is illustrated with authentic examples, and the subtle shades of difference between them are clearly explained. The book contains four clear indexes: Spanish-Spanish, Argentinean-Spanish, Mexican-Spanish and English-Spanish, enabling the reader to instantly locate any word. This second edition has been thoroughly revised and updated, and includes new material on Argentinean and Mexican varieties, including a useful comparison of Mexican and Iberian Spanish. It will continue to be an essential reference for college and undergraduate students, their teachers, and other language professionals seeking a clear, user-friendly guide to Spanish synonyms and their usage.
The International Law on Foreign Investment
Authors: Sornarajah M.
Published: June 2012

Given recent seismic upheavals in the world's money markets, an updated edition of an authoritative, reliable textbook on the international law of foreign investment has rarely been so timely. Sornarajah's classic text surveys how international law has developed to protect foreign investments by multinational actors and to control any misconduct on their part. It analyses treaty-based methods, examining the effectiveness of bilateral and regional investment treaties. It also considers the reverse flow of investments from emerging industrialising powers such as China and Brazil and explores the retreat from market oriented economics to regulatory controls. By offering thought-provoking analysis of not only the law, but related developments in economics and political sciences, Sornarajah gives immediacy and relevance to the discipline. This book is required reading for all postgraduate and undergraduate international law students specialising in the law of foreign investments.
Activists, Alliances, and Anti-U.S. Base Protests
Authors: Yeo Andrew
Published: June 2012

Anti-U.S. base protests, played out in parliaments and the streets of host nations, continue to arise in different parts of the world. In a novel approach, this book examines the impact of anti-base movements and the important role bilateral alliance relationships play in shaping movement outcomes. The author explains not only when and how anti-base movements matter, but also how host governments balance between domestic and international pressure on base-related issues. Drawing on interviews with activists, politicians, policy makers and U.S. base officials in the Philippines, Japan (Okinawa), Ecuador, Italy and South Korea, the author finds that the security and foreign policy ideas held by host government elites act as a political opportunity or barrier for anti-base movements, influencing their ability to challenge overseas U.S. basing policies.
Sources in the Development of Mathematics
Authors: Roy Ranjan
Published: June 2012

The discovery of infinite products by Wallis and infinite series by Newton marked the beginning of the modern mathematical era. It allowed Newton to solve the problem of finding areas under curves defined by algebraic equations, an achievement beyond the scope of the earlier methods of Torricelli, Fermat and Pascal. While Newton and his contemporaries, including Leibniz and the Bernoullis, concentrated on mathematical analysis and physics, Euler's prodigious accomplishments demonstrated that series and products could also address problems in algebra, combinatorics and number theory. In this book, Ranjan Roy describes many facets of the discovery and use of infinite series and products as worked out by their originators, including mathematicians from Asia, Europe and America. The text provides context and motivation for these discoveries, with many detailed proofs, offering a valuable perspective on modern mathematics. Mathematicians, mathematics students, physicists and engineers will all read this book with benefit and enjoyment.
Linear Algebra: Concepts and Methods
Authors: Anthony Martin , Harvey Michele
Published: June 2012

Any student of linear algebra will welcome this textbook, which provides a thorough treatment of this key topic. Blending practice and theory, the book enables the reader to learn and comprehend the standard methods, with an emphasis on understanding how they actually work. At every stage, the authors are careful to ensure that the discussion is no more complicated or abstract than it needs to be, and focuses on the fundamental topics. The book is ideal as a course text or for self-study. Instructors can draw on the many examples and exercises to supplement their own assignments. End-of-chapter sections summarise the material to help students consolidate their learning as they progress through the book.
Psychoanalysis in a New Light
Authors: Karlsson Gunnar
Published: June 2012

What kind of a science is psychoanalysis? What constitutes its domain? What truth claims does it maintain? In this unique and scholarly work concerning the nature of psychoanalysis, Gunnar Karlsson guides his arguments through phenomenological thinking which, he claims, can be seen as an alternative to the recent attempts to cite neuropsychoanalysis as the answer to the crisis of psychoanalysis. Karlsson criticizes this effort to ground psychoanalysis in biology and neurology and emphasizes instead the importance of defining the psychoanalytic domain from the vantage point of the character of consciousness. His understanding of the unconscious, the libido and the death drive offer new insights into the nature of psychoanalysis, and he also illuminates and develops neglected dimensions such as consciousness and self-consciousness. Karlsson's approach to psychoanalysis is rigorous yet original, and this book fills an intellectual gap with implications for both the theoretical understanding and clinical issues of psychoanalysis.
Quantum Mechanics for Nanostructures
Authors: Mitin Vladimir V. , Sementsov Dmitry I. , Vagidov Nizami Z.
Published: June 2012

The properties of new nanoscale materials, their fabrication and applications, as well as the operational principles of nanodevices and systems, are solely determined by quantum-mechanical laws and principles. This textbook introduces engineers to quantum mechanics and the world of nanostructures, enabling them to apply the theories to numerous nanostructure problems. The textbook covers the fundamentals of quantum mechanics, including uncertainty relations, the Schrödinger equation, perturbation theory, and tunneling. These are then applied to a quantum dot, the smallest artificial atom, and compared to hydrogen, the smallest atom in nature. Nanoscale objects with higher dimensionality, such as quantum wires and quantum wells, are introduced, as well as nanoscale materials and nanodevices. Numerous examples throughout the text help students to understand the material.
The Politics of Inequality in Russia
Authors: Remington Thomas F.
Published: June 2012

This book investigates the relationship between the character of political regimes in Russia's subnational regions and the structure of earnings and income. Based on extensive data from Russian official sources and surveys conducted by the World Bank, the book shows that income inequality is higher in more pluralistic regions. It argues that the relationship between firms and government differs between more democratic and more authoritarian regional regimes. In more democratic regions, business firms and government have more cooperative relations, restraining the power of government over business and encouraging business to invest more, pay more and report more of their wages. Average wages are higher in more democratic regions and poverty is lower, but wage and income inequality are also higher. The book argues that the rising inequality in postcommunist Russia reflects the inability of a weak state to carry out a redistributive social policy.
Das exzessive Schreien bei 5 Monate alten Säuglingen und prä-, peri- und postnatale Belastungen ihrer Mütter in einer Hoch-Risiko-Stichprobe
Authors: Sidor Anna , Thiel-Bonney Consolata , Kunz Elisabeth , Eickhorst Andreas , Cierpka Manfred
Published: June 2012

Fragestellung: Zusammenhänge zwischen persistierendem, exzessivem Schreien des Säuglings im fünften Lebensmonat und den prä- und perinatalen Belastungen sowie der postnatalen Befindlichkeit ihrer Mütter zu untersuchen. Methodik: Alle Daten wurden erhoben, als die Kinder im Durchschnitt 18.5 Wochen alt waren. Die Stichprobe von 300 Mutter-Kind-Dyaden war durch psychosoziale Risiken wie Armut, Mangel an sozialer Unterstützung, Minderjährigkeit der Mütter, Substanzmissbrauch oder psychische Störungen der Mutter belastet. Das exzessive Schreien wurde nach der Wessel-Regel erfasst, für die Erhebung von prä-, peri- und postnatalen Belastungen wurden Fragebögen vorgelegt. Ergebnisse: Multivariate Analysen zeigten ein erhöhtes Risiko für soziale Belastung in der Schwangerschaft (OR = 17.66) und für eine unerwünschte Schwangerschaft (OR = 13.77). Postnatal war das persistierende exzessive Schreien mit höheren Ausprägungen einer postpartalen depressiven Symptomatik der Mutter, mütterlicher Stressbelastung, Dysfunktionalität der Mutter-Kind-Interaktion, dem Wahrnehmen des Säuglings als «schwierig» sowie mit Schwierigkeiten bei der emotionalen Beziehungsaufnahme assoziiert. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen den Einfluss erhöhter pränataler Stressbelastung der Mütter und einer unerwünschten Schwangerschaft auf das persistierende exzessive Schreien der Säuglinge. Ein herabgesetztes Wohlbefinden der Mütter sowie ihre Schwierigkeiten bei der emotionalen Beziehungsaufnahme implizieren einen erhöhten Bedarf an Unterstützungsangeboten. Das Zusammenwirken von pränatalen und Beziehungsvariablen spielt eine Rolle für das Auftreten und die Aufrechterhaltung von frühen Regulationsproblemen.
Darstellung von Suizidalität in deutschsprachigen Jugendmedien in Oesterreich und ihr Einfluss auf die Suizidprävalenz
Authors: Eisenwort Brigitte , Hermann André , Till Benedikt , Niederkrotenthaler Thomas
Published: June 2012

Fragestellung: Es soll die Qualität der Berichterstattung über Suizide und Suizidversuche in deutschsprachigen Jugendmagazinen näher untersucht werden und Veränderungen der Suizidzahlen unter Jugendlichen in Österreich nach dem Erscheinen von Berichten erfasst werden. Methodik: Suizidberichte aus fünf großen deutschsprachigen Jugendmagazinen wurden mithilfe qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse im Hinblick auf Geschlecht, dargestellte Motive, Suizid(versuchs)methoden, positive und negative Darstellungsweisen, Schuldzuweisungen und Abweichungen von Medienempfehlungen zur Berichterstattung über Suizid analysiert. Die Suizidzahlen 2 Wochen vor und nach dem Erscheinen von Suizidberichten wurden verglichen. Ergebnisse: 59 Berichte wurden identifiziert. Die häufigste Berichterstattung zum Thema Suizid fand sich in der Zeitschrift Bravo, wobei es zu einer leichten Überrepräsentation weiblicher Suizide und insgesamt zu einer Unterrepräsentation von Suizidversuchen kam. Entsprechend der Epidemiologie suizidalen Verhaltens wurde Sturz in die Tiefe am häufigsten bei Mädchen und Erhängen bei den Jungen beschrieben. Bei den dargestellten Motiven zeigte sich, dass wichtige Faktoren wie psychiatrische Erkrankungen kaum Erwähnung fanden. Während Suizidentinnen häufig positiv dargestellt wurden, wurden Suizidenten häufiger negativ dargestellt. Implizite Schuldzuweisungen wurden vorwiegend den Eltern zugeschrieben. Es zeigte sich kein Hinweis auf einen Werther-Effekt nach Berichterstattung. Schlussfolgerungen: Die weitgehende Divergenz zwischen der Epidemiologie von Suizidalität Jugendlicher und im deutschsprachigen Raum derzeit vorherrschenden Mediendarstellungen verdeutlicht wichtige Ansatzpunkte für Präventions- und Aufklärungsarbeit in der Bevölkerung.
Suprathermal ion transport in simple magnetized torus configurations
Authors: Gustafson K. , Ricci P. , Bovet A. , Furno I. , Fasoli A.
Published: June 2012

Inspired by suprathermal ion experiments in the basic plasma experiment TORPEX, the transport of suprathermal ions in ideal interchange mode turbulence is theoretically examined in the simple magnetized torus configuration. We follow ion tracer trajectories as specified by ideal interchange mode turbulence imported from a numerical simulation of drift-reduced Braginskii equations. Using the variance of displacements, σ2(t)∼tγ, we find that γ depends strongly on suprathermal ion injection energy and the relative magnitude of turbulent fluctuations. The value of γ also changes significantly as a function of time after injection, through three distinguishable phases: ballistic, interaction, and asymmetric. During the interaction phase, we find the remarkable presence of three regimes of dispersion: superdiffusive, diffusive, and subdiffusive, depending on the energy of the suprathermal ions and the amplitude of the turbulent fluctuations. We contrast these results with those from a “slab” magnetic geometry in which subdiffusion does not occur during the interaction phase. Initial results from TORPEX are consistent with data from a new synthetic diagnostic used to interpret our simulation results. The simplicity of the simple magnetized torus makes the present work of interest to analyses of more complicated contexts ranging from fusion devices to astrophysics and space plasma physics.
Computational determination of theÃstate absorption spectrum of NH3 and of ND3 using a new quasi-diabatic representation of the $\skew3\tilde{X}$X̃ andÃstates and full six-dimensional quantum dynamics
Authors: Zhu Xiaolei , Ma JianYi , Yarkony David R. , Guo Hua
Published: June 2012

A recently developed method to represent adiabatic electronic states coupled by conical intersections has been used to construct a full six-dimensional quasi-diabatic representation of the 11A and 21A states of NH3. This representation is expected to be appropriate to simulate the photodissociation of ammonia when it is excited to the 21A electronic state. In this work, the electronic structure aspects of this quasi-diabatic representation are analyzed. This representation is then used as the basis for a simulation of the $\tilde A$Ã ← $\tilde X$X̃ absorption spectrum, dominated by a progression in the v2 mode, using a full six-dimensional quantum mechanical treatment of the nuclear motion. Results are reported for both NH3 and ND3. This simulation provides the most accurate computational determination of this absorption spectrum reported to date. These results serve to validate the quasi-diabatic representation and set the stage for subsequent studies of vibrationally mediated photodissociation of NH3.
Non-adiabatic transitions from I2(${E} {\rm 0}_{g}^{+} $Eg+ and ${D}0_{u}^{+} $Du+) states induced by collisions with M = I2(${X}0_{g}^ + $Xg+) and H2O
Authors: Akopyan M. E. , Baturo V. V. , Lukashov S. S. , Poretsky S. A. , Pravilov A. M.
Published: June 2012

The stepwise two-step two-color and three-step three-color laser excitation schemes are used for selective population of rovibronic levels of the first-tier ion-pair $E0_g^ + $E0g+ and $D0_u^ + $D0u+ states of molecular iodine and studies of non-adiabatic transitions to the D and E states induced by collisions with M = I2(X) and H2O. Collection and analysis of the luminescence after excitation of the vE = 8, 13 and vD = 13, 18 vibronic levels of the E and D states in the pure iodine vapor and the gas-phase mixtures with H2O provide rate constants for the non-adiabatic transitions to the D and E state induced by collisions with these molecules. Vibrational distributions for the I2($E,v_E \mathop {\longleftrightarrow} \limits^M D,v_D $E,vE↔MD,vD) collision-induced non-adiabatic transitions (CINATs) are obtained. Rather strong $\lambda _{{\rm lum}}^{\max } $λ lum max ≈ 3400 Å luminescence band is observed in the I2 + H2O mixtures, whereas its intensity is ∼100 times less in pure iodine vapor. Radiative lifetimes and quenching rate constants of the I2(E,vE = 8, 13 and D,vD = 13, 18) vibronic state are also determined. Rate constants of the I2($E,v_E \stackrel {{\rm I}_2 (X)} {\hbox to 30pt {\rightarrowfill}} D,v_D $E,vE→I2(X)D,vD), vE = 8–54, CINATs are measured again and compared with those obtained earlier. New data confirm resonance characters of the CINATs found in our laboratory about 10 years ago. Possible reasons of differences between rate constant values obtained in this and earlier works are discussed. It is shown, in particular, that differences in rate constants of non-resonant CINATs are due to admixture of water vapor in iodine.
Product branching ratios in photodissociation of phenyl radical: A theoretical ab initio/Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus study
Authors: Mebel Alexander M. , Landera Alexander
Published: June 2012

Ab initio CCSD(T)/CBS//B3LYP/6-311G** calculations of the potential energy surface for possible dissociation channels of the phenyl radical are combined with microcanonical Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus calculations of reaction rate constants in order to predict statistical product branching ratios in photodissociation of c-C6H5 at various wavelengths. The results indicate that at 248 nm the photodissociation process is dominated by the production of ortho-benzyne via direct elimination of a hydrogen atom from the phenyl radical. At 193 nm, the statistical branching ratios are computed to be 63.4%, 21.1%, and 14.4% for the o-C6H4 + H, l-C6H4 ((Z)-hexa-3-ene-1,5-diyne) + H, and n-C4H3 + C2H2 products, respectively, in a contradiction with recent experimental measurements, which showed C4H3 + C2H2 as the major product. Although two lower energy pathways to the i-C4H3 + C2H2 products are identified, they appeared to be kinetically unfavorable and the computed statistical branching ratio of i-C4H3 + C2H2 does not exceed 1%. To explain the disagreement with experiment, we optimized conical intersections between the ground and the first excited electronic states of C6H5 and, based on their structures and energies, suggested the following photodissociation mechanism at 193 nm: c-C6H5 1 → absorption of a photon → electronically excited 1 → internal conversion to the lowest excited state → conversion to the ground electronic state via conical intersections at CI-2 or CI-3 → non-statistical decay of the vibrationally excited radical favoring the formation of the n-C4H3 + C2H2 products. This scenario can be attained if the intramolecular vibrational redistribution in the CI-2 or CI-3 structures in the ground electronic state is slower than their dissociation to n-C4H3 + C2H2 driven by the dynamical preference.
Pulay forces from localized orbitals optimized in situ using a psinc basis set
Authors: Ruiz-Serrano Álvaro , Hine Nicholas D. M. , Skylaris Chris-Kriton
Published: June 2012

In situ optimization of a set of localized orbitals with respect to a systematically improvable basis set independent of the position of the atoms, such as psinc functions, would theoretically eliminate the correction due to Pulay forces from the total ionic forces. We demonstrate that for strict localization constraints, especially with small localization regions, there can be non-negligible Pulay forces that must be calculated as a correction to the Hellmann-Feynman forces in the ground state. Geometry optimization calculations, which rely heavily upon accurate evaluation of the total ionic forces, show much better convergence when Pulay forces are included. The more conventional case, where the local orbitals remain fixed to pseudo-atomic orbital multiple-ζ basis sets, also benefits from this implementation. We have validated the method on several test cases, including a DNA fragment with 1045 atoms.
Probing redox proteins on a gold surface by single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Elmalk Abdalmohsen T. , Salverda Jante M. , Tabares Leandro C. , Canters Gerard W. , Aartsma Thijs J.
Published: June 2012

The interaction between the fluorescently labeled redox protein, azurin, and a thin gold film is characterized using single-molecule fluorescence intensity and lifetime measurements. Fluorescence quenching starts at distances below 2.3 nm from the gold surface. At shorter distances the quantum yield may decrease down to fourfold for direct attachment of the protein to bare gold. Outside of the quenching range, up to fivefold enhancement of the fluorescence is observed on average with increasing roughness of the gold layer. Fluorescence-detected redox activity of individual azurin molecules, with a lifetime switching ratio of 0.4, is demonstrated for the first time close to a gold surface.
Resolving the ultrafast dynamics of charge carriers in nanocomposites
Authors: Barreto J. , Roger T. , Kaplan A.
Published: June 2012

Here, we describe an optical method to determine the dynamics of optically excited carriers in nanostructured composite samples. By combining pump-probe time-resolved reflectivity with scattering measurements, we extract the characteristic times for charge carrier evolution. We use the 3D Maxwell-Garnett formulae, modified to include the Drude optical response, to model the results. The method, applied to hydrogenated amorphous silicon containing crystalline silicon nanoparticles, showed that the recombination times in the nanocrystals and in the matrix were ∼4.9 ps and ∼22 ps, respectively. The charge transfer time between the crystals and the matrix was ∼4 ps.
Constraining density functional approximations to yield self-interaction free potentials
Authors: Gidopoulos Nikitas I. , Lathiotakis Nektarios N.
Published: June 2012

Self-interactions (SIs) are a major problem in density functional approximations and the source of serious divergence from experimental results. Here, we propose to optimize density functional total energies in terms of the effective local potential, under constraints for the effective potential that guarantee it is free from SI errors and consequently asymptotically correct. More specifically, we constrain the Hartree, exchange and correlation potential to be the electrostatic potential of a non-negative effective repulsive density of N − 1 electrons. In this way, the optimal effective potentials exhibit the correct asymptotic decay, resulting in significantly improved one-electron properties.
Landscapes of non-gradient dynamics without detailed balance: Stable limit cycles and multiple attractors
Authors: Ge Hao , Qian Hong
Published: June 2012

Landscape is one of the key notions in literature on biological processes and physics of complex systems with both deterministic and stochastic dynamics. The large deviation theory (LDT) provides a possible mathematical basis for the scientists’ intuition. In terms of Freidlin-Wentzell’s LDT, we discuss explicitly two issues in singularly perturbed stationary diffusion processes arisen from nonlinear differential equations: (1) For a process whose corresponding ordinary differential equation has a stable limit cycle, the stationary solution exhibits a clear separation of time scales: an exponential terms and an algebraic prefactor. The large deviation rate function attains its minimum zero on the entire stable limit cycle, while the leading term of the prefactor is inversely proportional to the velocity of the non-uniform periodic oscillation on the cycle. (2) For dynamics with multiple stable fixed points and saddles, there is in general a breakdown of detailed balance among the corresponding attractors. Two landscapes, a local and a global, arise in LDT, and a Markov jumping process with cycle flux emerges in the low-noise limit. A local landscape is pertinent to the transition rates between neighboring stable fixed points; and the global landscape defines a nonequilibrium steady state. There would be nondifferentiable points in the latter for a stationary dynamics with cycle flux. LDT serving as the mathematical foundation for emergent landscapes deserves further investigations.
Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of travelling pulses and spiral waves in the lattice Lotka-Volterra model
Authors: Makeev Alexei G. , Kurkina Elena S. , Kevrekidis Ioannis G.
Published: June 2012

Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations are used to study the stochastic two-species Lotka-Volterra model on a square lattice. For certain values of the model parameters, the system constitutes an excitable medium: travelling pulses and rotating spiral waves can be excited. Stable solitary pulses travel with constant (modulo stochastic fluctuations) shape and speed along a periodic lattice. The spiral waves observed persist sometimes for hundreds of rotations, but they are ultimately unstable and break-up (because of fluctuations and interactions between neighboring fronts) giving rise to complex dynamic behavior in which numerous small spiral waves rotate and interact with each other. It is interesting that travelling pulses and spiral waves can be exhibited by the model even for completely immobile species, due to the non-local reaction kinetics.
Charge regulation and local dielectric function in planar polyelectrolyte brushes
Authors: Kumar Rajeev , Sumpter Bobby G. , Kilbey S. Michael
Published: June 2012

Understanding the effect of inhomogeneity on the charge regulation and dielectric properties, and how it depends on the conformational characteristics of the macromolecules is a long-standing problem. In order to address this problem, we have developed a field-theory to study charge regulation and local dielectric function in planar polyelectrolyte brushes. The theory is used to study a polyacid brush, which is comprised of chains end-grafted at the solid-fluid interface, in equilibrium with a bulk solution containing monovalent salt ions, solvent molecules, and pH controlling acid. In particular, we focus on the effects of the concentration of added salt and pH of the bulk in determining the local charge and dielectric function. Our theoretical investigations reveal that the dipole moment of the ion-pairs formed as a result of counterion adsorption on the chain backbones play a key role in affecting the local dielectric function. For polyelectrolytes made of monomers having dipole moments lower than the solvent molecules, dielectric decrement is predicted inside the brush region. However, the formation of ion-pairs (due to adsorption of counterions coming from the dissociation of added salt) more polar than the solvent molecules is shown to increase the magnitude of the dielectric function with respect to its bulk value. Furthermore, an increase in the bulk salt concentration is shown to increase the local charge inside the brush region.
Identifying important nodes in weighted functional brain networks: A comparison of different centrality approaches
Authors: Kuhnert Marie-Therese , Geier Christian , Elger Christian E. , Lehnertz Klaus
Published: June 2012

We compare different centrality metrics which aim at an identification of important nodes in complex networks. We investigate weighted functional brain networks derived from multichannel electroencephalograms recorded from 23 healthy subject under resting-state eyes-open or eyes-closed conditions. Although we observe the metrics strength, closeness, and betweenness centrality to be related to each other, they capture different spatial and temporal aspects of important nodes in these networks associated with behavioral changes. Identifying and characterizing of these nodes thus benefits from the application of several centrality metrics.
Libration driven elliptical instability
Authors: Cébron D. , Le Bars M. , Noir J. , Aurnou J. M.
Published: June 2012

The elliptical instability is a generic instability which takes place in any rotating flow whose streamlines are elliptically deformed. Up to now, it has been widely studied in the case of a constant, non-zero differential rotation between the fluid and the elliptical distortion with applications in turbulence, aeronautics, planetology, and astrophysics. In this letter, we extend previous analytical studies and report the first numerical and experimental evidence that elliptical instability can also be driven by libration, i.e., periodic oscillations of the differential rotation between the fluid and the elliptical distortion, with a zero mean value. Our results suggest that intermittent, space-filling turbulence due to this instability can exist in the liquid cores and subsurface oceans of so-called synchronized planets and moons.
Convective cell generation by kinetic Alfvén wave turbulence in the auroral ionosphere
Authors: Zhao J. S. , Wu D. J. , Yu M. Y. , Lu J. Y.
Published: June 2012

Modulation of convective cells by kinetic Alfvén wave (KAW) turbulence is investigated. The interaction is governed by a nonlinear dispersion relation for the convective cells. It is shown that KAW turbulence is disrupted by excitation of the large-scale convective motion through a resonant instability. Application of the results to the auroral ionosphere shows that cross-scale coupling of the KAW turbulence and convective cells plays an important role in the evolution of ionospheric plasma turbulence.
Model for nonlinear evolution of localized ion ring beam in magnetoplasma
Authors: Scales W. A. , Ganguli G. , Rudakov L. , Mithaiwala M.
Published: June 2012

An electrostatic hybrid model, which investigates the nonlinear evolution of a localized ion ring beam in a magnetoplasma, is described and applied to the generation and evolution of turbulence in the very low frequency (VLF) (Ωci<ω<Ωce) range, where Ωci(e) is the ion (electron) gyro frequency. Electrons are treated as a fluid and the ions with the particle-in-cell method. Although the model is electrostatic, it includes the effects of energy loss by convection of electromagnetic VLF waves out of the instability region by utilizing a phenomenological model for effective collisions with the fluid electrons. In comparison with a more conventional electrostatic hybrid model, the new model shows much more efficient extraction of energy from the ion ring beam and reduced background plasma heating over a range of parameters.
Interaction of 0.53 μm laser pulse with millimeter-scale plasmas generated by gasbag target
Authors: Li Zhichao , Zheng Jian , Jiang Xiaohua , Wang Zhebin , Yang Dong , Zhang Huan , Li Sanwei , Yin Qiang , Zhu Fanghua , Shao Ping , Peng Xiaoshi , Wang Feng , Guo Liang , Yuan Peng , Yuan Zheng , Chen Li , Liu Shenye , Jiang Shaoen , Ding Yongkun
Published: June 2012

Detailed research on the interaction of a 0.53 μm laser pulse with millimeter-scale plasmas produced by a gasbag target on the Shengguang-II facility is presented. The x-ray pinhole images confirm that millimeter-scale plasmas are generated and the x-ray framing images show a temporal window of 0.6–1.1 ns during which the millimeter-scale plasmas exist. The electron temperature is measured with a collective Thomson scattering system, providing 0.64 keV for C5H12 and 1.8 keV for Xe plasmas. The electron density is inferred from the stimulated Raman scattering spectra. The experimental spectra show large differences for C5H12- and Xe-filled gasbags. A one-dimensional code based upon steady-state, kinetic linear theory is applied to calculate the stimulated Raman scattering spectra. Excellent agreement between the calculated and experimental results shows that the plasma parameters, especially the electron density and the temperature, dominate the disruption behavior of stimulated Raman scattering. The results also indicate that stimulated Raman scattering is probably located within specific region of the gasbag. The time-integrated reflectivity of both the stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering is at a low level, even in the conditions of high laser intensity (1.5×1015 W/cm2) and no beam-smoothing. The experimental results are promising for future ignition experiments with a 0.53 μm laser as the driver.
Comment on “Dynamical (e, 2e) studies using tetrahydrofuran as a DNA analog” [J. Chem. Phys. 133, 124302 (2010)]
Authors: Xu S. , Ma X. , Yan S. , Zhang P.
Published: June 2012

In a series of (e, 2e) studies on H2O, CHOOH, tetrahydrofuran (THF), smaller recoil contributions for CHOOH, and THF molecules were observed compared to H2O [C. J. Colyer, S. M. Bellm, B. Lohmann, G. F. Hanne, O. Al-Hagan, D. H. Madison, and C. G. Ning, J. Chem. Phys. 133, 124302 (2010)]10.1063/1.3491030. The authors suggested an explanation that the enhancement might be due to the molecular structure, i.e., the existence of an atom at the center-of-mass. However, we propose that particular kinematics and the electron momentum distribution on the molecules may result in the observed enhancement.
Umbrella integration with higher-order correction terms
Authors: Kästner Johannes
Published: June 2012

Umbrella integration is a method to analyze umbrella sampling simulations. It calculates free-energy changes from distributions obtained from molecular dynamics. While it can be formulated on the full sampled distributions, they are generally approximated by normal distributions. This is equivalent to the truncation of a power series of the free energy with respect to the reaction coordinate after the quadratic term or by a truncation of a cumulant expansion. Here, expressions for additional terms in the power series are derived. They can be calculated from the central moments of the distributions. This extension allows to test the approximations in applications.
High-frequency nuclear quadrupole resonance apparatus for use in pressure cell
Authors: Iwase F. , Miyagawa K. , Kanoda K.
Published: June 2012

A high-frequency NMR apparatus for use in pressure cell is described. All components of the resonance circuit are set in the pressure cell. This method makes the resonance frequency much less influenced by large stray capacitance residing at the electrical feedthrough of the pressure cell. With the use of this apparatus, a pressure-induced neutral-ionic phase transition in DMTTF-QBr4 was successfully observed by 79Br nuclear quadrupole resonance, whose resonance frequency is ∼300 MHz.
Note: A sample holder design for sensitive magnetic measurements at high temperatures in a magnetic properties measurement system
Authors: Arauzo A. , Guerrero E. , Urtizberea A. , Stankiewicz J. , Rillo C.
Published: June 2012

A sample holder design for high temperature measurements in a commercial MPMS SQUID magnetometer from Quantum Design is presented. It fulfills the requirements for the simultaneous use of the oven and reciprocating sample option (RSO) options, thus allowing sensitive magnetic measurements up to 800 K. Alternating current susceptibility can also be measured, since the holder does not induce any phase shift relative to the ac driven field. It is easily fabricated by twisting Constantan© wires into a braid nesting the sample inside. This design ensures that the sample be placed tightly into a tough holder with its orientation fixed, and prevents any sample displacement during the fast movements of the RSO transport, up to high temperatures.
Describing high-dimensional dynamics with low-dimensional piecewise affine models: Applications to renewable energy
Authors: Hirata Yoshito , Aihara Kazuyuki
Published: June 2012

We introduce a low-dimensional description for a high-dimensional system, which is a piecewise affine model whose state space is divided by permutations. We show that the proposed model tends to predict wind speeds and photovoltaic outputs for the time scales from seconds to 100 s better than by global affine models. In addition, computations using the piecewise affine model are much faster than those of usual nonlinear models such as radial basis function models.
Tangential x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer on J-TEXT tokamak
Authors: Jin W. , Chen Z. Y. , Cen Y. S. , Lee S. G. , Shi Y. J. , Ding Y. H. , Yang Z. J. , Wang Z. J. , Zhuang G.
Published: June 2012

A tangential x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer (XICS) has been developed for the J-TEXT tokamak to measure the ion temperature and the plasma toroidal rotation velocity. The resonance spectral line and its satellites of Ar XVII in the ranges of 3.94 Å–4.0 Å are detected. A spherically bent quartz crystal with 2d = 4.913 Å is used in this system. The crystal has a dimension of 9 cm high and 3 cm wide and the radius of curvature 3823 mm. The XICS is designed to receive emission of Ar XVII from −10 cm to +10 cm region with a spatial resolution of 3.1 cm in the vertical direction considering the parameters of the J-TEXT plasma. The XICS has a tangential angle of 27° with respect to toroidal direction in the magnetic axis. A two-dimensional 100 mm by 300 mm multi-wire proportional counter is applied to detect the spectra.
Note: Cryogenic low-noise dc-coupled wideband differential amplifier based on SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors
Authors: Beev Nikolai , Kiviranta Mikko
Published: June 2012

Silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors can be used to construct low-noise cryogenic amplifiers. We present a dc-coupled differential amplifier capable of operating down to 10 K. In this temperature regime it has bandwidth of 15 MHz and noise temperature as low as 1.3 K. When operated at liquid nitrogen temperature of 77 K, the measured noise temperature is lower than 3 K. The amplifier is based on the commercially available transistors NESG3031 and operational amplifier OPA836 and is capable of standalone operation without any additional stages at room temperature.
Spatiotemporal correlation between microdischarges in concentric ring pattern in dielectric barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Dong Lifang , Liu Liang , Wang Yongjie , Yue Han , Li Xinchun
Published: June 2012

The spatiotemporal correlation between microdischarges of the concentric ring pattern in a dielectric barrier discharge in argon at atmospheric pressure is studied by the wavelet-correlation technique for the first time. The concentric ring patterns lasting more than 5 min have been obtained under circular boundaries with different sizes by suddenly raising the applied voltage. The average correlation coefficient between microdischarge clusters increases with their discharge region increasing. The wavelet-correlation shows a higher correlation degree between the microdischarge clusters at the edge where d|Uappl|dt<0 than at the edge where d|Uappl|dt>0 in per half-cycle of the applied voltage Uappl.
Note: Inverted time-ordering in two-dimensional-Raman-terahertz spectroscopy of water
Authors: Hamm Peter , Savolainen Janne , Ono Junichi , Tanimura Yoshitaka
Published: June 2012

In a previous paper [P. Hamm and J. Savolainen, J. Chem. Phys. 136, 094516 (2012)]10.1063/1.3691601, we have studied the 2D-Raman-THz response of liquid water, based on an all-atom molecular dynamics simulation. In the pulse sequence we investigated a near-infraredlaser pulse excites a vibrational coherence through a Raman process that switches it into another coherence by a THz pulse after some time, and finally read out by the emission of a THz field.In the present note, we explore the inverted time-ordered pulse sequence, in which the first coherence is generated by a direct THz excitation, while the switching of coherences is achieved by a Raman interaction. Since the dependence of the polarizibility on the nuclear coordinates is more nonlinear compared to that of the dipole moment, this pulse sequence reveals more of the couplings and correlations between the various degrees of freedom of water. Compared to 2D-Raman spectroscopy and the original pulse sequence, this pulse sequence reveals the clearest signature of a photon echo.
Psyche's Babel: archetypal patterns in psychological organisations
Authors: Shearer Ann
Published: June 2012

The bitterness of strife within and between depth psychology organisations has often been noted and deplored. This paper offers a different perspective. It suggests that a pattern of ‘coming together and splitting apart’ is archetypal, unavoidable and essential to the search for a creative authority and a language in which to express it. It explores this pattern through creation myths and as lived out in the ‘father-son field’ between Freud and Jung. It further amplifies the search for authority through the legends of the Flood, the Tower of Babel and Pentecost, all of which remain relevant to contemporary organisational struggles.
Precision in bycatch estimates: the case of tuna purse-seine fisheries in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Amandè Monin J. , Chassot Emmanuel , Chavance Pierre , Murua Hilario , de Molina Alicia Delgado , Bez Nicolas
Published: June 2012

Amandè, M. J., Chassot, E., Chavance, P., Murua, H., Delgado de Molina, A., and Bez, N. 2012. Precision in bycatch estimates: the case of tuna purse-seine fisheries in the Indian Ocean. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: . Estimating bycatch, i.e. the incidental catch of non-target marine animals and undersized individuals of target species, by raising observer data to the whole fishery is routine practice. The annual bycatch of the European tropical tuna purse-seine fishery over the period 2003–2009 was estimated at 11 590 t [95% confidence interval: (8165–15 818 t)], corresponding to 4.7% of the tuna landings. An analysis of the variability in the precision of this estimate, based on generalized linear models and Monte Carlo simulations, showed that the current sampling coverage of the tropical tuna fishery observer programme, which is 4.6% of the fishing trips, resulted in large uncertainties in bycatch estimates by species, i.e. none of the estimates have a relative root mean square error smaller than 50%. Although the overall magnitude of bycatch of the fishery appeared to be small, the current sampling coverage was insufficient to give any reliable estimate for low-occurring species, such as marine turtles, some oceanic pelagic sharks, and some billfishes. Increasing the sampling coverage would likely improve bycatch estimates. Simulation outputs were produced to help define (i) trade-offs between the priority species to be monitored, (ii) the estimation precision, (iii) expected accuracy, and (iv) the associated sampling costs.
Reduced Na
+
and higher K
+
channel expression and function contribute to right ventricular origin of arrhythmias in
Scn5a+/−
mice
Authors: Martin Claire A. , Siedlecka Urszula , Kemmerich Kristin , Lawrence Jason , Cartledge James , Guzadhur Laila , Brice Nicola , Grace Andrew A. , Schwiening Christof , Terracciano Cesare M. , Huang Christopher L.-H.
Published: June 2012

Brugada syndrome (BrS) is associated with ventricular tachycardia originating particularly in the right ventricle (RV). We explore electrophysiological features predisposing to such arrhythmic tendency and their possible RV localization in a heterozygotic
Scn5a+/−
murine model. Na
v
1.5 mRNA and protein expression were lower in
Scn5a+/−
than wild-type (WT), with a further reduction in the RV compared with the left ventricle (LV). RVs showed higher expression levels of K
v
4.2, K
v
4.3 and KChIP2 in both
Scn5a+/−
and WT. Action potential upstroke velocity and maximum Na
+
current (
I
Na
) density were correspondingly decreased in
Scn5a+/−
, with a further reduction in the RV. The voltage dependence of inactivation was shifted to more negative values in
Scn5a+/−.
These findings are predictive of a localized depolarization abnormality leading to slowed conduction. Persistent Na
+
current (
I
pNa
) density was decreased in a similar pattern to
I
Na
. RV transient outward current (
I
to
) density was greater than LV in both WT and
Scn5a+/−
, and had larger time constants of inactivation. These findings were also consistent with the observation that AP durations were smallest in the RV of
Scn5a+/−
, fulfilling predictions of an increased heterogeneity of repolarization as an additional possible electrophysiological mechanism for arrhythmogenesis in BrS.