bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling the hydrologic role of glaciers within a Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP): a case study in the Rio Santa watershed (Peru)
Authors: Condom T. , Escobar M. , Purkey D. , Pouget J. C. , Suarez W. , Ramos C. , Apaestegui J. , Zapata M. , Gomez J. , Vergara W.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. For the past 30 years, a process of glacier retreat has been observed in the Andes, raising alarm among regional water resources managers. The purpose of this paper is to develop a model of the role of Andean glaciers in the hydrology of their associated watersheds, which is appropriate for application at a river basin scale, with an eye towards creating an analytical tool that can be used to assess the water management implications of possible future glacier retreat. While the paper delves deeply into our formulation of a glacier module within a water resources management modelling system, the widely subscribed Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP), the originality of our work lies less in the domain of glaciology and more in how we apply an existing reduced form representation of glacier evolution within a model of the climate-glacier-hydrology-water management continuum. Key insights gained pertain to appropriate ways to deploy these reduced form representations in a relatively data poor environment and to effectively integrate them into a modelling framework that places glaciers within a wider water management context. The study area is the Rio Santa watershed in Peru which contains many of the expansive glaciers of the singular Cordillera Blanca. The specific objectives of this study included: (i) adequately simulating both monitored glacier retreat and observed river flows from the last forty years using historical climate time series as model input; (ii) quantifying the proportion of river flow in the Rio Santa produced from melting glaciers during this period; (iii) estimating the historical contribution of groundwater accretions to river flows; and (vi) reproducing a reasonable simulation of recent hydropower operations in the Rio Santa system. In pursuit objective (i), a split sample calibration-validation of the model was conducted by comparing the simulated glacier area to Landsat images taken in 1987 and 1998 and observed and simulated river flow at 16 control points in the Rio Santa watershed. At the global scale of the watershed, the glacier retreat is correctly simulated for the period 1970/1999 with a calculated retreat equals to −23% when the observed retreat is of −24%. Having established that the model can respond to these scientific objectives, the ultimate goal of the study was to demonstrate how this integrated modelling system can be used as a decision support tool to assist in planning water management adaptation to climate change. This sort of integrated assessment is required to adapt water resources management in the Andes to a~range of future climatic conditions, improving the resilience of developing Andean economies such Peru's in the face of a major drive of global change.
Short-term retreat statistics of a slowly eroding coastal cliff
Authors: Young A. P. , Guza R. T. , O'Reilly W. C. , Flick R. E. , Gutierrez R.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The frequency, spatial distribution, and dimensions of coastal cliff retreats, a basic statistic underlying cliff top hazard assessment, are presented for 7.1 km of unprotected and slowly retreating coastal cliffs near Point Loma in San Diego, California, US. Using 8 airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) surveys collected over 5.5 years, 130 individual cliff edge failures (primarily rockfalls, block falls, and topples) were detected. Footprint areas varied from 3 to 268 m2, maximum landward retreats from 0.8 to 10 m, and alongshore lengths from 2 to 68 m. The failures with the largest landward retreats were also relatively long, and 13% of the slides accounted for 50% of the lost cliff area over the study period. On this short (5.5 years) time scale, "no change" was the most common observation (84% of the cliff edge). Probability distributions of non-zero cliff retreat during each time interval usually had a single peak between 1 and 2.5 m. Intervals with high mean retreat had elevated numbers of failure in all class sizes, and also contained the largest individual retreats. Small and medium slides tended to reoccur preferentially (relative to randomly) near previous small and medium slides, forming short-term hot spots, while large slides were less likely to reoccur near previous large slides. Cumulative distributions of landslide failure parameters (area, mean retreat, maximum retreat, and length) follow an inverse power-law for medium to large size events, similar to previously reported distributions of coastal and inland landsliding.
Interactions between marine biota and ENSO: a conceptual model analysis
Authors: Heinemann M. , Timmermann A. , Feudel U.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. We develop a conceptual coupled atmosphere-ocean-ecosystem model for the tropical Pacific to investigate the interaction between marine biota and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Ocean and atmosphere are represented by a two-box model for the equatorial Pacific cold tongue and the warm pool, including a simplified mixed layer scheme. Marine biota are represented by a three-component (nutrient, phytoplankton, and zooplankton) ecosystem model. The atmosphere-ocean model exhibits an oscillatory state which qualitatively captures the main physics of ENSO. During an ENSO cycle, the variation of nutrient upwelling, and, to a small extent, the variation of photosynthetically available radiation force an ecosystem oscillation. The simplified ecosystem in turn, due to the effect of phytoplankton on the absorption of shortwave radiation in the water column, leads to (1) a warming of the tropical Pacific, (2) a reduction of the ENSO amplitude, and (3) a prolongation of the ENSO period. We qualitatively investigate these bio-physical coupling mechanisms using continuation methods. It is demonstrated that bio-physical coupling may play a considerable role in modulating ENSO variability.
Layer‐by‐Layer Fabrication of Covalently Crosslinked and Reactive Polymer Multilayers Using Azlactone‐Functionalized Copolymers: A Platform for the Design of Functional Biointerfaces
Authors: Buck Maren E. , Lynn David M.
Published: January 2011

We report a method for modulating the physicochemical properties of surfaces that is based on the reactive layer‐by‐layer fabrication of covalently crosslinked thin films using azlactone‐functionalized copolymers. We demonstrate that copolymers containing different molar ratios of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2‐vinyl‐4,4‐dimethylazlactone (VDMA) can be alternately deposited with poly(ethyleneimine) to assemble covalently crosslinked thin films. Characterization using ellipsometry demonstrates that, in general, film growth and thickness decrease as the content of reactive, azlactone functionality in the copolymer used to assemble the film decreases. Reflective infrared spectroscopy experiments demonstrate that films fabricated from MMA:VDMA copolymers contain residual azlactone functionality and that these reactive groups can be exploited to modify film‐coated surfaces. Fabricating films from MMA:VDMA copolymers containing different compositions permitted modulation of the density of reactive groups within the films and, thus, the extent to which the films are functionalized by exposure to small molecule amines. For example, functionalization of MMA:VDMA copolymer films with the small molecule D‐glucamine resulted in films with water contact angles that varied with the composition of the copolymer used to fabricate the film (e.g., as the azlactone content in the film increased, glucamine‐modified films became more hydrophilic). We demonstrate further that treatment of copolymer‐containing films with glucamine resulted in changes in the numbers of mammalian cells that grow on the surfaces of the films. Our results suggest the basis of methods that could be used to modulate or tune the density of chemical and biological functionality presented on surfaces of interest in a variety of fundamental and applied contexts.
Synthesis of Photopolymerizable Hydrophilic Macromers and Evaluation of Their Applicability as Reactive Resin Components for the Fabrication of Three‐Dimensionally Structured Hydrogel Matrices by 2‐Photon‐Polymerization
Authors: Berg Albrecht , Wyrwa Ralf , Weisser Jürgen , Weiss Thomas , Schade Ronald , Hildebrand Gerhard , Liefeith Klaus , Schneider Bernd , Ellinger Renate , Schnabelrauch Matthias
Published: January 2011

Two‐photon polymerization (2‐PP) is a promising new photolithographic technique to fabricate three‐dimensional (3D), micro‐ and nano‐structured tissue engineering scaffolds from photopolymerizable monomers. Although various photo resins are known for the use in 2‐PP, there is currently a need for photo‐curable monomers processable by 2‐PP to generate biocompatible 3D‐structured hydrogel materials for soft or cartilage tissue regeneration. In the present work hydrophilic methacrylate monomers and macromers based on synthetic poly(glycerine) and poly(ethylene glycol) urethanes as well as on the biopolymers dextran and hyaluronan is prepared. The photopolymerization behavior of these substances are investigated and formed hydrogel networks are studied with regard to their mechanical properties, cytocompatibility, and hydrolytic degradation. Based on these examinations simple 3D model structures are fabricated from these photo‐curable monomers and macromers by 2‐PP. It is shown that both the synthetic monomers and the dextran methacrylate macromer are efficient 2‐PP starting materials whereas the hyaluronan methacrylate can be used for 2‐PP only in combination with suitable water‐soluble co‐monomers. No cytotoxic effects are found in preliminary chondrocyte cultivation experiments on 2‐PP‐fabricated scaffolds but initial cell adhesion on the hydrophilic scaffold surfaces is rather low and has to be further improved to apply these structures in tissue engineering.
Rigid pyridyl substituted NHC ligands, their Pd(0) complexes and their application in selective transfer semihydrogenation of alkynes
Authors: Warsink Stefan , Bosman Suzanne , Weigand Jan J. , Elsevier Cornelis J.
Published: January 2011

The synthesis of an air‐stable series of Pd0 complexes with unsymmetric bidentate N‐pyridine N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands has been described. The carbenes were generated by synthesis of the silver(I) complexes from the imidazolium salts, followed by transmetallation of the C‐N ligands to obtain the target electron‐rich zerovalent palladium compounds. The bidentate coordination behaviour of the ligands was confirmed by 1H, 13C NMR and X‐ray spectroscopy. The complexes are active precatalysts for the selective transfer semihydrogenation of alkynes to Z‐alkenes, with selectivities up to 99%. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diel variation in stream fish habitat suitability criteria: implications for instream flow assessment
Authors: Davey Andrew J. H. , Booker Douglas J. , Kelly David J.
Published: January 2011

Habitat suitability criteria that fail to incorporate temporal variability in habitat preferences of stream fish may mis‐represent critical habitat requirements and lead to setting of inappropriate flow targets when used in instream flow assessments. Developing suitability criteria from daytime observations alone relies on the assumption that habitat preferences are constant over the diel cycle. Few studies have tested these assumptions, particularly for small‐bodied, cryptic, benthic species.

During summer in two gravel‐bed rivers, bluegill bullies (Gobiomorphus hubbsi), torrentfish (Cheimarrichthys fosteri) and upland bullies (Gobiomorphus breviceps) exhibited strong preferences with respect to water depth, velocity and substratum size. All three species underwent a diel shift in microhabitat preference for at least two of these variables.

Microhabitat preferences were generally weaker when fish were active at night; bluegill bullies, upland bullies and especially torrentfish were observed over a broader range of depths, velocities and substratum sizes at night than during the day. Observations of fish in a stream simulator confirmed that bluegill bullies and torrentfish showed a preference for runs at dusk and return to riffles before dawn, but habitat preferences of upland bullies remained static across the diel cycle.

Diel microhabitat shifts affected the assessment of flow requirements. Instream habitat analysis of the Waipara River using separate day and night suitability criteria predicted differing amounts of habitat available at a given flow, and the relationships between fish abundance, fish density and flow. The presence of diel microhabitat shifts in stream fishes suggests that instream habitat analyses will produce more effective and defensible flow recommendations when patterns of nocturnal microhabitat preferences are known and critical habitat bottlenecks can be identified. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A case study on the change of customer satisfaction caused by outsourcing ticket sales
Authors: Ahn Seungbum , Kim Chansung , Park Dongjoo , Choo Sangho , Choi Jaisung
Published: January 2011

The objective of this study is to compare and analyze rail stations with non‐outsourced rail stations in the ticket sales relating to customer satisfaction in Korea Railroad. For this purpose, first of all, the total satisfaction is compared among stations in Youngdeungpo area in Seoul. Second, to examine the difference between the outsourced stations and non‐outsourced stations, demographics are compared to measure the satisfaction degree. Third, the outsourced stations and non‐outsourced stations are compared regarding customer satisfaction. Fourth, the outsourced stations and non‐outsourced stations are compared in terms of importance for each service. It was found that customers were more satisfied with non‐outsourced station than the outsourced station, implying that the factors which make the difference are needed to be further investigated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fields and field cancerization: The preneoplastic origins of cancer
Authors: Rubin Harry
Published: January 2011

Most basic research on cancer concerns genetic changes in benign and malignant tumors. Yet evidence indicates that the majority of the mutations in tumors occur in the preneoplastic field stage of their development. That early stage is represented by grossly invisible, broad regions of “field cancerization” which have not, heretofore, been operationally analyzed in cell culture. Conditions are described for quantitating preneoplasia by increased saturation density followed by progression to transformation. These parameters are driven by Darwinian selection of spontaneously occurring, cumulative mutations, in accordance with recent genomic analyses of human cancer, just as it is in the evolution of species. The cell culture model will allow correlation of the preneoplastic increases in saturation density with genetic changes, and development of methods for demarcating fields during surgery so that they can be excised along with the tumor, thereby reducing the possibility of recurrence at the site.
Bet hedging or not? A guide to proper classification of microbial survival strategies
Authors: de Jong Imke G. , Haccou Patsy , Kuipers Oscar P.
Published: January 2011

Bacteria have developed an impressive ability to survive and propagate in highly diverse and changing environments by evolving phenotypic heterogeneity. Phenotypic heterogeneity ensures that a subpopulation is well prepared for environmental changes. The expression bet hedging is commonly (but often incorrectly) used by molecular biologists to describe any observed phenotypic heterogeneity. In evolutionary biology, however, bet hedging denotes a risk‐spreading strategy displayed by isogenic populations that evolved in unpredictably changing environments. Opposed to other survival strategies, bet hedging evolves because the selection environment changes and favours different phenotypes at different times. Consequently, in bet hedging populations all phenotypes perform differently well at any time, depending on the selection pressures present. Moreover, bet hedging is the only strategy in which temporal variance of offspring numbers per individual is minimized. Our paper aims to provide a guide for the correct use of the term bet hedging in molecular biology.
A magnetic adsorbent‐based process for semi‐continuous PEGylation of proteins
Authors: Ottow Kim Ekelund , Lund‐Olesen Torsten , Maury Trine Lütken , Hansen Mikkel Fougt , Hobley Timothy J.
Published: January 2011

A semi‐continuous magnetic particle‐based process for the controlled attachment of PEG (PEGylation) to proteins is described for the first time. Trypsin and 2 kDa mono‐activated PEG were used to systematically develop the steps in the process. Proof of concept was shown in a microfluidics system to minimize reagent consumption. Two streams containing (i) 1.2 g/L trypsin and (ii) 4 g/L magnetic adsorbents derivatized with the reversible affinity ligand benzamidine were pumped into a pipe reactor. At the exit, a third solution of activated PEG (0–40 g/L) was introduced and the solutions immediately fed into a second reactor. Upon exiting, the mixture was combined in a third reactor with a fourth stream of free amine groups to stop the reaction (50 mM lysine). The mixture continued into a high‐gradient magnetic separator where magnetic supports, with PEGylated trypsin still attached, were captured and washing and elution steps were subsequently carried out. Analysis of the conjugates (with SDS‐PAGE & LC‐MS) showed that the extent of PEGylation could be controlled by varying the reaction time or PEG concentration. Furthermore, the PEG‐conjugates had higher enzyme activity compared to PEGylation of non‐immobilized trypsin.
Synthesis, Characterization, and DNA Binding and Cleavage Properties of Copper(II)‐tryptophanphenyl­alanine‐1,10‐phenanthroline/2,2′‐bipyridine Complexes
Authors: Reddy Pulimamidi R. , Raju Nomula , Satyanarayana Battu
Published: January 2011

The mononuclear dipeptide‐based CuII complexes [CuII(trp‐phe)(phen)(H2O)] ⋅ ClO4 (1) and [CuII(trp‐phe)(bpy)(H2O)] ⋅ ClO4 (2) (trp‐phe=tryptophanphenylalanine, phen=1,10‐phenanthroline, bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) were isolated, and their interaction with DNA was studied. They exhibit intercalative mode of interaction with DNA. The intercalative interaction was quantified by SternVolmer quenching constant (Ksq=0.14 for 1 and 0.08 for 2). The CuII complexes convert supercoiled plasmid DNA into its nicked circular form hydrolytically at physiological conditions at a concentration as low as 5 μM (for 1) and 10 μM (for 2). The DNA hydrolysis rates at a complex concentration of 50 μM were determined as 1.74 h−1 (R=0.985) for 1 and 0.65 h−1 (R=0.965) for 2. The rate enhancement in the range of 2.40–4.10×107‐fold compared to non‐catalyzed double‐stranded DNA is significant. This was attributed to the presence of a H2O molecule in the axial position of the Cu complexes.
Chemical and Genetic Diversity of Zataria multifloraBoiss. Accessions Growing Wild in Iran
Authors: Hadian Javad , Ebrahimi Samad Nejad , Mirjalili Mohammad Hossein , Azizi Ali , Ranjbar Hamid , Friedt Wolfgang
Published: January 2011

Zataria multiflora Boiss. is an aromatic shrub belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Its aerial parts are used in the traditional medicine and in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The terpenoid and genetic profiles of 18 accessions of Z. multiflora, collected in different locations in Iran, have been analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS or by AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) analyses, respectively. Altogether, 56 compounds were identified in the essential oils, with the major constituents being thymol (6.0–54.9%), carvacrol (0.7–50.6%), linalool (1.2–46.8%), and p‐cymene (1.6–14.8%). On the basis of the essential‐oil composition, the 18 accessions were divided into four groups. The first group was characterized by a high content of carvacrol, thymol, and linalool, the second group was dominated by carvacrol, thymol, and p‐cymene, the third group was characterized by a high concentration of thymol and a low content of carvacrol and p‐cymene, and the forth group contained linalool and carvacrol as the main components. The AFLP results revealed that the average genetic similarity (GS) between the accessions was 0.61, ranging from 0.40 to 0.77. The UPGMA (unweighted pair‐group method with arithmetic mean) cluster analysis divided all accessions into five groups at a similarity level of 0.60. The two clusters generated, the first based on the essential‐oil compositions and the second on the AFLP data, showed a different pattern of relationships among the accessions. The knowledge of the Z. multiflora chemotype diversity, illustrated in this study, will allow an improvement of the homogeneity of the plant material for the production of different types of essential oils, depending on the demands of the pharmaceutical and food industries for specific uses.
SSTR1‐ and SSTR3‐Selective Somatostatin Analogues
Authors: Ramón Rosario , Martín‐Gago Pablo , Verdaguer Xavier , Macias Maria J. , Martin‐Malpartida Pau , Fernández‐Carneado Jimena , Gomez‐Caminals Marc , Ponsati Berta , López‐Ruiz Pilar , Cortés Maria Alicia , Colás Begoña , Riera Antoni
Published: January 2011

We prepared the two enantiomers of 3‐(3′‐quinolyl)‐alanine (Qla,1) in multigram scale by asymmetric hydrogenation. These amino acids, protected as Fmoc derivatives, were then used in the solid‐phase synthesis of two new somatostatin 14 (SRIF‐14) analogues8 aand8 b, tetradecapeptides in which the tryptophan residue (Trp8) is replaced by one of the two enantiomers of 3‐(3′‐quinolyl)‐alanine (Qla8) and therefore lack the NH bond in residue 8. The selectivity of these new analogues for the somatostatin receptors, SSTR1–5, was measured. Substitution withL‐Qla8 yielded peptide8 a, which was highly selective for SSTR1 and SSTR3, with an affinity similar to that of SRIF‐14. Substitution byD‐Qla gave the relatively selective analogue8 b, which showed high affinity for SSTR3 and significant affinity for SSTR1, SSTR2 and SSTR5. The biological results demonstrate that bulky and electronically poor aromatic amino acids at position 8 are compatible with strong activity with SSTR1 and SSTR3. Remarkably, these high affinity levels were achieved with peptides in which the conformational mobility was increased with respect to that of SRIF‐14. This observation suggests that conformational rigidity is not required, and might be detrimental to the interaction with receptors SSTR1 and SSTR3. The absence of an indole N proton in Qla8 might also contribute to the increased flexibility observed in these analogues.
Carbohydrate Recognition at the Minor‐Groove of the Self‐Complementary Duplex d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 by a Synthetic Glyco‐oligoamide
Authors: Peñalver Pablo , Marcelo Filipa , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Vicent Cristina
Published: January 2011

The structure of a neutral glyco‐conjugate β‐Gal‐Py‐γ‐Py‐Ind (1), designed as a probe for analyzing sugar–DNA interactions, when bound to a self‐complementary oligonucleotide duplex d(CGCG AATT CGCG)2 has been deduced by employing 1H NMR techniques. Analysis of the formed 1:1 complex demonstrated that the glycol ligand is bound in a hairpin‐like conformation in which both pyrrole aminoacid moieties are stacked, whereas the indole and the sugar residues are spatially close. The binding site is defined by the minor groove formed by the ‐AATT‐ stretch. In particular, the ‐Py‐γ‐Py‐ region of the ligand is sited near the A 5–A 6 oligonucleotide residues, whereas the indole and the sugar rings are next to the T 7–T 8 base pairs. More relevant, the existence of a variety of intermolecular NOE correlations permitted the close proximity of the sugar to the minor groove to be assessed, thus showing that the binding of the glycoconjugate at the minor groove is the origin of the specificity of the glycoconjugate–DNA interaction. The experimental NMR data have been combined with restrained and unrestrained molecular dynamics calculations, to provide the 3D structure of the complex.
Etiology of Syncope in Patients Hospitalized With Syncope and Predictors of Mortality and Rehospitalization for Syncope at 27‐Month Follow‐Up
Authors: Sule Sachin , Palaniswamy Chandrasekar , Aronow Wilbert S. , Ahn Chul , Peterson Stephen J. , Adapa Sreedhar , Mudambi Lakshmi
Published: January 2011

The authors investigated the etiologies of syncope and risk factors for mortality and rehospitalization for syncope at 27‐month follow‐up in 325 consecutive patients, mean age 66 years, hospitalized for syncope. The causes of syncope were diagnosed in 241 patients (74%). Of 325 patients, 13 (4%) were rehospitalized for syncope and 38 (12%) died. Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that significant independent prognostic factors for rehospitalization for syncope were diabetes (odds ratio [OR], 5.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6–20.4), atrial fibrillation (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.0–15.6), and smoking (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.3–16.8). Stepwise Cox regression analysis showed that significant independent prognostic factors for time to mortality were diabetes (hazard ratio [HR], 2.7; 95% CI, 1.4–5.2), coronary artery bypass graft surgery (HR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.3–6.5), malignancy history (HR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2–5.2), narcotics use (HR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.7–9.8), smoking (HR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.4–5.5), atrial fibrillation (HR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.0–5.4), and volume depletion (HR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.4–5.8). Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Suicidal imagery in a previously depressed community sample
Authors: Crane Catherine , Shah Dhruvi , Barnhofer Thorsten , Holmes Emily A.
Published: January 2011

This study sought to replicate previous findings of vivid suicide‐related imagery in previously suicidal patients in a community sample of adults with a history of depression. Twenty‐seven participants were interviewed regarding suicidal imagery. Seventeen participants reported prior suicidal ideation or behaviour in the clinical assessment, and the vast majority of these also reported experiencing suicide‐related imagery when at their most depressed and despairing, in many cases in the form of flash‐forwards to imagined future suicidal acts. Interestingly, five of the 10 participants who did not report suicidal ideation or behaviour in the clinical interview also described prominent imagery related to themes of death and suicide, but in several cases, these images were associated with meanings that seemed to act to reduce the likelihood of subsequent suicidal acts. Severity of prior suicidality was associated with lower levels of imagery‐related distress and higher levels of imagery‐related comfort. These findings support the idea that suicide‐related imagery is an important component in the phenomenology of depression and despair and hint at potentially important differences in the meaning associated with such imagery between those individuals who report experiencing suicidal ideation or behaviour when depressed and those who do not. The findings are consistent with Joiner's model of acquired capability for suicide through habituation to pain and fear of suicide and suggest that it may be useful to tackle such imagery directly in the treatment of suicidal patients. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Messages:

• Individuals who experience depression often report vivid suicide‐related imagery.

• Those with more severe suicidality report experiencing greater comfort and less distress associated with suicidal imagery at times of crisis.

• Therapy for individuals with depression would benefit from directly addressing suicide‐related imagery.
Behavioral modeling of statistical phenomena of single‐photon avalanche diodes
Authors: Giustolisi G. , Mita R. , Palumbo G.
Published: January 2011

In this paper, we present an accurate behavioral model for simulating single‐photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). The device operation is described using the Verilog‐A description language, which is an analog extension of the common digital hardware description language. The derived model is able to emulate the static, the dynamic behavior and the main statistical effects of an SPAD, such as the turn‐off probability, the dark‐count and the after‐pulsing phenomena. Spectre simulations reveal the validity of the approach showing a good matching between the behavior of the proposed model and experimental results reported in the literature. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mouse resources for craniofacial research
Authors: Murray Stephen A.
Published: January 2011

The mouse, as a genetically defined and easily manipulated model organism, has played a critical role in unraveling the mechanisms of craniofacial development and dysmorphology. While numerous gene knockout strains that display craniofacial abnormalities and essential recombinase tool strains with craniofacial‐specific expression have been generated, many are absent from public repositories. Large‐scale, international resource‐generating initiatives promise to address this concern, providing a comprehensive set of targeted mutations and a suite of new Cre driver strains. In addition, panels of genetically defined strains provide tools to dissect the multigenic, complex nature of craniofacial development, adding to the foundation of information gained from single gene studies. Continued progress will require awareness and access to these essential mouse resources. In this review, current mouse resources, large‐scale efforts, and potential future directions will be outlined and discussed. genesis 49:190–199, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of 5‐Bromomethylfurfural from Cellulose as a Potential Intermediate for Biofuel
Authors: Kumari Nitee , Olesen Jens Kruse , Pedersen Christian M. , Bols Mikael
Published: January 2011

Cellulose can be converted into 5‐bromomethylfurfural (BMF), a brand new biofuel or biofuel intermediate, in 80 % yield by treatment with HBr and LiBr and continuous extraction with toluene. From other carbohydrates and straw, BMF was also obtained in high yields. The mechanism of BMF formation was investigated, and the results indicate that this furfural is formed during the depolymerization of cellulose and that glucose is not an intermediate.
Analysis of transfer‐limit induced power system security by Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Perninge Magnus , Söder Lennart
Published: January 2011

Adequate security margins are commonly applied in power systems by keeping predefined transfer limits through certain transmission corridors in the system. These limits are often set to keep thecriterion stating that the system should remain stable after the loss of any component. For many stability criteria such as, voltage stability, and voltage limits at specific nodes, the distribution of the injected power amongst the nodes of the system will be of vital importance. To incorporate this into the analysis of transfer limits the uncertainties in nodal loading and wind power production will have to be considered. In this article we propose a new method for generating samples of the power at all nodes given a set of transfers through specified corridors of the power system. It is then shown how the method can be used to evaluate the risk of violating the system stability limits induced by choosing a specific set of transfer limits. The method can be used in power system operations planning when setting the limits for trading and transfer between the different nodes of the power system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐objective micro‐grid planning by NSGA‐II in primary distribution system
Authors: Buayai K. , Ongsakul W. , Mithulananthan N.
Published: January 2011

The paper proposes a two‐stage multi‐objective micro‐grid (MG) planning in a primary distribution system. In the first stage, the optimal region for micro‐grid is identified by the loss sensitivity factor. In the second stage, a Pareto‐based non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA‐II) is proposed to determine locations and sizes of a specified number of distributed generator units (DGs) within MG. A fuzzy decision making analysis is used to obtain the final trade off optimal solution. The proposed methodology is tested on 33‐bus radial and 69‐bus closed‐loop distribution systems. Test results indicate that NSGA‐II is a viable planning tool for practical MG system and useful contribution of MG in improving distribution system performance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional connectivity in mild traumatic brain injury
Authors: Mayer Andrew R. , Mannell Maggie V. , Ling Josef , Gasparovic Charles , Yeo Ronald A.
Published: January 2011

Objectives: Research suggests that the majority of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) patients exhibit both cognitive and emotional dysfunction within the first weeks of injury, followed by symptom resolution 3–6 months postinjury. The neuronal correlates of said dysfunction are difficult to detect with standard clinical neuroimaging, complicating differential diagnosis and early identification of patients who may not recover. This study examined whether resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides objective markers of injury and predicts cognitive, emotional, and somatic complaints in mTBI patients semiacutely (<3 weeks postinjury) and in late recovery (3–5 month) phases. Methods: Twenty‐seven semiacute mTBI patients and 26 gender, age, and education‐matched controls were studied. Fifteen of 27 patients returned for a follow‐up visit 3–5 months postinjury. The main dependent variables were spontaneous fluctuations (temporal correlation) in the default‐mode (DMN) and fronto‐parietal task‐related networks as measured by fMRI. Results: Significant differences in self‐reported cognitive, emotional, and somatic complaints were observed (all P < 0.05), despite normal clinical (T1 and T2) imaging and neuropsychological testing results. Mild TBI patients demonstrated decreased functional connectivity within the DMN and hyper‐connectivity between the DMN and lateral prefrontal cortex. Measures of functional connectivity exhibited high levels of sensitivity and specificity for patient classification and predicted cognitive complaints in the semi‐acute injury stage. However, no changes in functional connectivity were observed across a 4‐month recovery period. Conclusions: Abnormal connectivity between the DMN and frontal cortex may provide objective biomarkers of mTBI and underlie cognitive impairment. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation between gray matter density‐adjusted brain perfusion and age using brain MR images of 202 healthy children
Authors: Taki Yasuyuki , Hashizume Hiroshi , Sassa Yuko , Takeuchi Hikaru , Wu Kai , Asano Michiko , Asano Kohei , Fukuda Hiroshi , Kawashima Ryuta
Published: January 2011

We examined the correlation between brain perfusion and age using pulsed arterial spin‐labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance images (MRI) in a large number of healthy children. We collected data on brain structural and ASL perfusion MRI in 202 healthy children aged 5–18 years. Structural MRI data were segmented and normalized, applying a voxel‐based morphometric analysis. Perfusion MRI was normalized using the normalization parameter of the corresponding structural MRI. We calculated brain perfusion with an adjustment for gray matter density (BP‐GMD) by dividing normalized ASL MRI by normalized gray matter segments in 22 regions. Next, we analyzed the correlation between BP‐GMD and age in each region by estimating linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomial functions, using the Akaike information criterion. The correlation between BP‐GMD and age showed an inverted U shape followed by a U‐shaped trajectory in most regions. In addition, age at which BP‐GMD was highest was different among the lobes and gray matter regions, and the BP‐GMD association with age increased from the occipital to the frontal lobe via the temporal and parietal lobes. Our results indicate that higher order association cortices mature after the lower order cortices, and may help clarify the mechanisms of normal brain maturation from the viewpoint of brain perfusion. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lateralization of the arcuate fasciculus and its differential correlation with reading ability between young learners and experienced readers: A diffusion tensor tractography study in a chinese cohort
Authors: Qiu Deqiang , Tan Li‐Hai , Siok Wai‐Ting , Zhou Ke , Khong Pek‐Lan
Published: January 2011

As Chinese reading engages a different neural network from alphabetic language reading, we investigate whether leftward lateralization of the arcuate fasciculus (AF), as observed in the Western population, is also present in the Chinese population and if it does, whether it is associated with better reading ability. Diffusion tensor tractography analysis on 75 Chinese subjects of three age groups (first graders, fourth graders, and college students) showed that 70–83% of them had leftward lateralization of the AF. The pattern of lateralization did not differ significantly among the three groups, suggesting that lateralization of the AF is formed at an early age and before one enters first grade. Among the first graders, who had just started to learn to read, subjects with strongly leftward lateralized AF scored significantly higher than those with other defined lateralization patterns in Chinese (P = 0.001) and English (P = 0.036) reading tasks. This association was not observed among the fourth graders and college students who were experienced Chinese readers. Among the fourth graders, females were found to obtain significantly higher Chinese (P = 0.033) and English reading scores than males (P = 0.002). Our study suggests a differential effect of leftward lateralization of the AF on reading ability at different stages of reading development in the Chinese population. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is implementation of continuous improvement possible? An evolutionary model of enablers and inhibitors
Authors: Garcia‐Sabater Julio J. , Marin‐Garcia Juan A. , Perello‐Marin M. Rosario
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this article is to present an evolutionary model of the enablers and inhibitors affecting the implementation and sustainability of continuous improvement. With this aim, a qualitative study using the grounded theory was carried out. Interviews were conducted with managers responsible for continuous improvement in first‐tier suppliers in the automotive sector. As a result, two existing lines of research in the continuous improvement literature are synthesized: on one hand, the literature concerning the enablers and barriers associated with continuous improvement sustainability; and on the other, the literature concerning the evolutionary model. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phytochemical Investigation of Artemisia pallens
Authors: Ruikar Anjali D. , Jadhav Ravindra B. , Phalgune Usha D. , Rojatkar Supada R. , Puranik Vedavati G. , Deshpande Nirmala R.
Published: January 2011

Two new eudesmanolides, pallensin (1) and 4‐epipallensin (2), along with a known eudesmanolide, santonin, and a known flavone, 4‐epivalgarin, have been isolated from the aerial part of A. pallens. Their structures were established by detailed spectral studies (1D and 2D) and by comparison of their spectroscopic data with those of known compounds.
Investigation of thein vitrometabolism of the emerging drug candidate S107 for doping‐preventive purposes
Authors: Beuck S. , Schänzer W. , Thevis M.
Published: January 2011

The metabolic fate of the emerging drug candidate S107, possessing the potential for misuse as performance‐enhancing agent in sports, was investigated byin vitrophase I and II experiments with human microsomal and S9 liver enzymes. The metabolites were identified by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry with electrospray ionisation in positive mode (LC‐ESI–MS/MS). Their collision‐induced dissociation behaviour was studied by high‐resolution/high accuracy Orbitrap MSnanalysis, supported by stable isotope labelling, H/D‐exchange experiments and density functional theory calculations. Monooxygenation accounted for the main phase I metabolic transformation due toN‐ andS‐oxidation of the 1,4‐benzothiazepine core, as substantiated by chemical synthesis, selective reduction methods and characteristic APCI in source fragmentation behaviour of the metabolites. Another dominant metabolic pathway was demethylation, yielding theN‐ andO‐demethylated metabolite, respectively. The latter was further conjugated by glucuronidation as well as sulfonation in subsequent phase II metabolic reactions, whereas theN‐demethylated metabolite was not amenable to conjugation. The active drug molecule itself was converted to two glucuronic acid conjugates, which are proposed to consist of two quaternary S107‐N+‐glucuronide isomers. All glucuronides were susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis with β‐glucuronidase (Escherichia coli). A comprehensive LC‐ESI–MS(/MS)‐based detection method for urine was developed and its fitness for purpose was assessed. The assay can serve as a potential screening and/or confirmation method for S107 in clinical drug testing and doping control analysis in the future. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivity and amplitude calibration of a Fourier transform 3D quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer
Authors: Janulyte Aurika , Zerega Yves , Carette Michel , Reynard Christelle , Andre Jacques
Published: January 2011

With a three‐dimensional (3D) quadrupole ion trap running in a Fourier transform operating mode, the detected signal is an image of the collective motion of the confined ions. Consequently, it is assumed that the image signal is the sum of the axial trajectories of the simultaneously confined ions. The resulting frequency spectrum after Fourier transformation comprises frequency peaks at the axial secular frequencies of the confined species according to their mass/charge ratio. With a singly confined species, the maximal amplitude of the image signal is proportional to the amplitude of the secular axial frequency peak.

The matrix method is employed to express the axial trajectory sampled at the confinement field period. In that case, the expression of the image signal, as well as its maximal amplitude, is calculated as a function of the trap operating conditions and initial axial positions and axial velocities of the ions.

The initial position and velocity distributions are connected to the injection mode. With the steady ion flow injection mode (SIFIM) and an initial phase of the confinement field equal to kπ, the maximal amplitude of the image signal is proportional to either the sum of the initial axial positions or the number of confined ions and the mean value of the initial axial positions.

By simulation, amplitude fluctuation of the frequency peak is then calculated for a number of ions ranging between some tens to some thousands of ions injected by SIFIM. The peak amplitude fluctuations induced by the fluctuations of the number of ions are seven times greater than those induced by the fluctuations of the distribution of the initial axial positions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of Concern: Role of the Nrf2‐ARE pathway in early brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Chen Gang , Fang Qi , Zhang Jian , Zhou Dai , Wang Zhong
Published: January 2011

The nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 and antioxidant‐response element (Nrf2‐ARE) pathway is a key regulator for modulating inflammation and oxidative damage, which are involved in the pathogenesis of early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Previous studies have demonstrated that Nrf2‐ARE pathway play neural protective roles in traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischemia, and intracerebral hemorrhage models; however, it has not been investigated whether, and to what degree, the Nrf2‐ARE pathway is induced by SAH, and the role of the Nrf2‐ARE pathway in development of EBI following SAH remains unknown. Experiment 1 sought to investigate the time course of Nrf2‐ARE activation in the cortex in the early stage of SAH. In experiment 2, we assessed the effect of sulforaphane (SUL; a specific Nrf2 activator) on regulation of the Nrf2‐ARE pathway in the SAH model and evaluated the impact of SUL on EBI after SAH. The rat SAH model was used injection of 0.3 ml fresh arterial, nonheparinized blood into the prechiasmatic cistern over 20 sec. As a result, Nrf2 and its target gene product, heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), were up‐regulated in the cortex after SAH and peaked at 24 hr post‐SAH. After intraperitoneal SUL administration, the elevated expression of Nrf2‐ARE‐related factors such as Nrf2, HO‐1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and glutathione S‐transferase‐α1 (GST‐α1) was detected in the cortex at 48 hr following blood injection. In the SUL‐treated group, early brain damage such as brain edema, blood–brain barrier (BBB) impairment, cortical apoptosis, and motor deficits was significantly ameliorated compared with vehicle‐treated SAH rats. Our results suggest that the Nrf2‐ARE pathway is activated in the brain after SAH, playing a beneficial role in EBI development, possibly through inhibiting cerebral oxidative stress by inducing antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brain glycogen supercompensation in the mouse after recovery from insulin‐induced hypoglycemia
Authors: Canada Sarah E. , Weaver Staci A. , Sharpe Shannon N. , Pederson Bartholomew A.
Published: January 2011

Brain glycogen is proposed to function under both physiological and pathological conditions. Pharmacological elevation of this glucose polymer in brain is hypothesized to protect neurons against hypoglycemia‐induced cell death. Elevation of brain glycogen levels due to prior hypoglycemia is postulated to contribute to the development of hypoglycemia‐associated autonomic failure (HAAF) in insulin‐treated diabetic patients. This latter mode of elevating glycogen levels is termed “supercompensation.” We tested whether brain glycogen supercompensation occurs in healthy, conscious mice after recovery from insulin‐induced acute or recurrent hypoglycemia. Blood glucose levels were lowered to less than 2.2 mmol/liter for 90 min by administration of insulin. Brain glucose levels decreased at least 80% and brain glycogen levels decreased approximately 50% after episodes of either acute or recurrent hypoglycemia. After these hypoglycemic episodes, mice were allowed access to food for 6 or 27 hr. After 6 hr, blood and brain glucose levels were restored but brain glycogen levels were elevated by 25% in mice that had been subjected to either acute or recurrent hypoglycemia compared with saline‐treated controls. After a 27‐hr recovery period, the concentration of brain glycogen had returned to baseline levels in mice previously subjected to either acute or recurrent hypoglycemia. We conclude that brain glycogen supercompensation occurs in healthy mice, but its functional significance remains to be established. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accurate analysis of trace pentachlorophenol in textiles by isotope dilution liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Su FuHai , Zhang Pan
Published: January 2011

A highly accurate method for measuring pentachlorophenol (PCP) concentrations in textile samples was developed. This highly accurate method for the analysis of textile samples is valuable, given the inherent challenges associated with the complexity of the sample matrix. This method can be applied to certify the concentration of pentachlorophenol in textile CRMs. A measurement procedure based on isotope dilution liquid chromatography‐isotope dilution mass spectrometry (LC‐IDMS) was developed. Samples were pretreated with acid and then with n‐hexane. Excellent precision was obtained. The validated concentration ranges for the method were 1.0–50 ng/g, the LOD was 1.0 ng/g, and the LOQ was 5.0 ng/g. The precision of this method is in the range of 0.80–1.40%. The method can trace to mass.