bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lactitol and β‐cyclodextrin alleviate the intensity of goaty flavor
Authors: Ma Yue , Li Jinzhe , Liu Yue , Dou Nianxu , Mu Sinan , Wei Xuan , Bilawal Akhunzada , Hou Juncai , Jiang Zhanmei
Published: November 2022

BACKGROUND

Goat milk has balanced nutritional composition, is conducive to digestion and absorption, and does not easily lead to allergic reactions. However, the special goaty flavor in milk has seriously affected consumer acceptance. It is imperative to alleviate the goaty flavor in a safe and efficient way.

RESULTS

This study indicated that the supplementation of 6 g kg−1 β‐cyclodextrin or 8 g kg−1 lactitol in goat milk significantly alleviated goaty flavor and improved sensory characteristics. Furthermore, the supplementation of β‐cyclodextrin and lactitol had a synergistic effect in reducing the content of free fatty acids that cause goaty flavor. The content of caproic acid (C6H12O2), octanoic acid (C8H6O2), and decanoic acid (C10H20O2) decreased by 42.46%, 39.45%, and 46.41%, respectively, after a combined group was supplemented with 6 g kg−1 β‐cyclodextrin and 7 g kg−1 lactitol, which was significantly lower than in groups given β‐cyclodextrin or lactitol individually.

CONCLUSION

This study provides a novel and effective approach to alleviate goaty flavor and promote the competitiveness of goat milk products. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
ALBI grade predicts suitability for further systemic therapy following sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Fakih Omar , Haddad Suraiya S. , Walker Sophie , Edeline Julien , Estrade Florien , Wang Xin , Lamarca Angela , McNamara Mairéad G. , Valle Juan W. , Hubner Richard A.
Published: November 2022

Background & Aims

Preserved performance status (PS) and liver function are required for systemic therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC). We investigated the frequency of suitability for further systemic therapies following sorafenib in aHCC.

Methods

Demographic, tumour and therapy‐related data were collected retrospectively for patients with aHCC who received sorafenib at a UK tertiary referral centre (training cohort), and an independent French centre (validation cohort). The primary endpoint was percentage of patients with Child‐Pugh class A (CP‐A) liver disease and PS 0–1 after sorafenib discontinuation.

Results

Sorafenib was received by 182 patients. After sorafenib discontinuation, 93 patients (51%) were CP‐A and 60 patients (33%) were PS 0–1; 43 patients (24%) were both CP‐A and PS 0–1. On multivariable analysis, patients with Albumin‐Bilirubin (ALBI) score of 1 at time of sorafenib commencement were more likely to be suitable for post‐sorafenib therapy, (44% grade 1 vs 15% grade 2) (OR 3.76, 95%CI 1.72–8.25, P = .0009). In the validation cohort of 216 patients baseline ALBI grade was also significantly associated with suitability for further systemic therapy (P = .008).

Conclusions

Most patients with aHCC are not suitable for further systemic therapy after sorafenib, but those with ALBI grade 1 have a greater likelihood of suitability.
Patient injuries from tonsil and adenoid surgery in Finland
Authors: Sjöblom Henrik M. , Timgren Jaakko M. , Piitulainen Jaakko M. , Jero Jussi
Published: November 2022

Objectives

The aims of this national register‐based study were to examine patient injury claims related to tonsil and adenoid surgery injuries and to compare the frequency of claims between tonsillectomies and tonsillotomies in Finland.

Methods

We analyzed the complaints related to tonsil and adenoid surgery received by the Finnish Patient Insurance Center (PIC) between the years 2000 and 2019. One hundred seventy‐two cases were included in the analysis. The annual surgery rates between the years 2000 and 2018 were acquired from the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare.

Results

During the years 2000 to 2018, a total of 292,679 patients had tonsil and/or adenoid surgery nationwide. For tonsil or adenoid surgeries, the national average was 5.3 cases and 1.8 cases per 10,000, respectively, resulting in patient injury claims and compensations. A total of 33.1% of the claims regarding tonsil or adenoid surgery processed by the PIC were compensated. Most of the claims were made after a tonsillectomy (87.8%), and few were made after a tonsillotomy (1.7%). Seven deaths were recorded.

Conclusion

Patient injuries from tonsil and adenoid surgeries were mostly related to traditional extracapsular tonsillectomies. Most surgeries, along with most complications, involved specialists, who performed routine operations in high‐volume centers. Surgeries for acute or recurrent infections resulted in more claims. Severe complications arising from tonsil and adenoid surgeries were rare.

Level of Evidence

4.
Exponential decay for semilinear wave equation with localized damping in the hyperbolic space
Authors: Carrião Paulo Cesar , Miyagaki Olímpio Hiroshi , Vicente André
Published: November 2022

In this paper, we study the exponential decay of the energy associated to an initial value problem involving the wave equation on the hyperbolic space . The space is the unit disc of endowed with the Riemannian metric g given by , where and , if and , if . Making an appropriate change, the problem can be seen as a singular problem on the boundary of the open ball endowed with the euclidean metric. The proof is based on the multiplier techniques combined with the use of Hardy's inequality, in a version due to the Brezis–Marcus, which allows us to overcome the difficulty involving the singularities.
Random sampling and reconstruction in reproducing kernel subspace of mixed Lebesgue spaces
Authors: Goyal Prashant , Patel Dhiraj , Sivananthan S.
Published: November 2022

In this article, we consider the random sampling in the image space
of an idempotent integral operator on mixed Lebesgue space
. We assume some decay and regularity conditions on the integral kernel and show that the bounded functions in
can be approximated by an element in a finite‐dimensional subspace of
on
. Consequently, we show that the set of bounded functions concentrated on
is totally bounded and prove with an overwhelming probability that the random sample set uniformly distributed over
is a stable set of sampling for the set of concentrated functions on
. Further, we propose an iterative scheme to reconstruct the concentrated functions from their random measurements.
Patient pathway in a tertiary referral pelvic floor unit: Telephone triage assessment clinic
Authors: Ferrari Linda , Cuinas Karina , Igbedioh Carlene , Hainsworth Alison , Solanki Deepa , Williams Andrew , Sahai Arun , Kelleher Cornelius , Schizas Alexis
Published: November 2022

Background

To meet the increasing demands for colorectal pelvic floor services, a dedicated telephone triage assessment clinic (TTAC) was set up to establish a more efficient pathway, and reduce waiting times and patient's visits to the hospital. The primary aim of this study was to review TTAC in patients suffering from pelvic floor dysfunction and assess its feasibility. Secondary aims include measurement of waiting times for TTAC, main presenting complaints, and main treatment outcomes, including the need for review by a consultant surgeon.

Methods

Review of data collected retrospectively in a single tertiary referral center collected from an institutional database.

Key results

Between January 2016 and October 2017, 1192 patients referred to our pelvic floor unit were suitable for TTAC. Of these, 694 patients had complete records. There were 66 without follow‐up after the initial TTAC, leaving 628 patients for analysis. In all, 86% were females and 14% were males, with a mean age of 52 years (range: 18–89). The median waiting time for TTAC was 31 days (range: 0–184). The main presenting complaint during the TTAC was obstructive defecation in 69.4%, fecal incontinence in 28.5%, and rectal prolapse in 2.1%. In our study, 611 patients had conservative management (97.3%), with a median of three sessions per patient (range: 1–16), while 82 patients (13.1%) needed a surgical intervention. Only 223 patients (35.5%) were reviewed by a consultant at some stage during the study period.

Conclusions and Inferences

To optimize resources, an adequate triage system allowed us to streamline the pathway for each individual patient with pelvic floor dysfunction according to their symptoms and/or test results with the aim of reducing waiting times and expediting treatment.
Residential parenting services: An integrative literature review of characteristics, service usage and parent and staff perspectives
Authors: Dahlen Hannah Grace , Ormsby Simone Maree , Brownhill Suzanne , Fowler Cathrine , Schmied Virginia
Published: November 2022

Aims

The primary aim of the review was to provide an overall assessment of residential parenting services in Australia, by describing the characteristics of infants and parents using residential parenting services, their prior service use and reasons for admission, referral pathways for access and parenting and infant outcomes. The secondary aims were to explore parent and staff perception of the programmes.

Design

An integrative literature review.

Methods

A systematic and comprehensive search of health and social sciences databases was conducted for studies related to residential parenting services (published between 1st January 1990–31st December 2019). Six hundred and eleven peer‐reviewed papers were identified, after which 301 duplicates were removed and an additional 256 papers excluded after titles/abstracts were read. Of the remaining 54 abstracts/papers, a further 14 were omitted as not relevant. Forty papers were independently reviewed by four authors. ENTREQ and MOOSE checklists were applied.

Results

Thirty studies were quantitative, nine were qualitative, and one was mixed methods. All studies originated from in Australia. Women and babies admitted to residential parenting services were found more likely to be: older, Australian born, from higher socio‐economic groups, and first‐time mothers, and having labour and birth interventions and a history of mental health disorders. The babies were more likely to be twins, male and admitted with sleep disorders and dysregulated behaviour. Studies reporting postintervention outcomes demonstrated improvements to maternal mental health, breastfeeding, parenting confidence and sleep quality, and infant sleeping and behaviour.
Whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging for staging Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children and young adults
Authors: Perrone Anna , Lakatos Karoly , Pegoraro Francesco , Trambusti Irene , Fotzi Ilaria , Selvi Valeria , Prosch Helmut , Sertorio Fiammetta , Pötschger Ulrike , Favre Claudio , Conte Massimo , Minkov Milen , Sieni Elena
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Radiographic skeletal survey (R‐SS) is the standard imaging technique for the initial staging of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging (WB‐MRI) has been proposed as an effective, radiation‐free alternative.

Methods

We prospectively assessed patients with LCH followed at three tertiary centers in Italy and Austria. Two national study protocols were independently designed, and data were then pooled to increase the power of their findings. R‐SS and WB‐MRI were performed at diagnosis and repeated at the follow‐up to confirm the nature of the identified lesions and to study their evolution.

Results

Data from 67 patients were analyzed (52 from Italy and 15 from Austria). Compared to R‐SS, WB‐MRI identified 29 additional skeletal lesions in 14 patients (including two false‐positive lesions). Two skeletal lesions were detected at R‐SS and missed at WB‐MRI (false negative). Per‐lesion sensitivity rates were 78.6% (95% CI: 71.0–85.9) for R‐SS and 98.4% (95% CI: 94.4–99.8) for WB‐MRI, respectively. Based on WB‐MRI findings, six patients would have been upstaged to a higher risk class than staging with R‐SS.

Conclusions

WB‐MRI had a significantly higher detection rate for skeletal lesions compared to R‐SS. Clinical and radiology expertise is required to avoid upstaging and overtreatment.
Development of a low‐cost volumetric additive manufacturing printer using less viscous commercial resins
Authors: Pazhamannil Ribin Varghese , Hadidi Haitham M. , Puthumana Govindan
Published: November 2022

The technological development of the 3D printing industry has been tremendous starting from stereolithography in the 1980 s. Low throughput and surface quality had been the major obstacles to this technology, which offers very limited constraints to the geometrical shapes. In this work, we designed a low‐cost volumetric 3D printer that, unlike traditional 3D printers, polymerizes the whole geometry within the revolving resin container. Optimized projections needed for the polymerization of target objects were developed in MATLAB R2020b using the concepts of tomographic reconstruction. The rotation of the resin container and the projections rate were matched to develop the target geometries after the oxygen depletion. Commercially available low viscous Anycubic plant‐based resins were used as the printing material. 3D objects of centimeter scale could be manufactured in 30 seconds with extremely low surface roughness in the sub‐micron range. The dimensional deviation of final components from the CAD model was found to be within 5%. The over‐printing on existing solid structures was successfully experimented with and thus opens the way for future developments. Commercialization of volumetric 3D printers would result in mass production of complex customer‐specific functional components which in turn boosts the manufacturing sector significantly.
Normative data for the LPFS‐BF 2.0 derived from the Danish general population and relationship with psychosocial impairment
Authors: Weekers Laura C. , Sellbom Martin , Hutsebaut Joost , Simonsen Sebastian , Bach Bo
Published: November 2022

The Level of Personality Functioning Scale–Brief Form 2.0 is a frequently used self‐report inventory that may be used to screen for self‐ and interpersonal dysfunction according to the DSM‐5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) and the ICD‐11 Classification of Personality Disorders. Nevertheless, reliable norms and cut‐off scores to aid interpretation and clinical decision making are still lacking. The LPFS‐BF and relevant impairment measures were administered to a sociodemographically stratisfied sample of 2,002 adults from the general Danish population of whom 713 individuals eventually delivered data for inclusion in the present study. The unidimensionality of the LPFS‐BF scores was established using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Item‐Response Theory (IRT) analysis indicated satisfactory item functioning for all 12 items and suggested normative observed score thresholds at different latent severity levels. Meaningful associations were found between the LPFS‐BF norm‐based cut‐off scores, quality of life, and social and occupational functioning. This study presented the first normative data for LPFS‐BF, which specifically applies to Denmark but likely also other socioeconomically comparable Nordic and Western societies. These results allow for interpretation of LPFS‐BF scores and clinical decision‐making. Future research should corroborate these findings and compare them to scores obtained in other general population samples.
Research progress in protein microarrays: Focussing on cancer research
Authors: Chen Guang , Yang Lina , Liu Guoxiang , Zhu Yunfan , Yang Fanghao , Dong Xiaolei , Xu Fenghua , Zhu Feng , Cao Can , Zhong Di , Li Shuang , Zhang Huhu , Li Bing
Published: November 2022

Although several effective treatment modalities have been developed for cancers, the morbidity and mortality associated with cancer continues to increase every year. As one of the most exciting emerging technologies, protein microarrays represent a powerful tool in the field of cancer research because of their advantages such as high throughput, small sample usage, more flexibility, high sensitivity and direct readout of results. In this review, we focus on the research progress in four types of protein microarrays (proteome microarray, antibody microarray, lectin microarray and reversed protein array) with emphasis on their application in cancer research. Finally, we discuss the current challenges faced by protein microarrays and directions for future developments. We firmly believe that this novel systems biology research tool holds immense potential in cancer research and will become an irreplaceable tool in this field.
Comparative analysis of PD‐1 target engagement of dostarlimab and pembrolizumab in advanced solid tumors using ex vivo IL‐2 stimulation data
Authors: Austin Daren , Melhem Murad , Gandhi Yash , Lu Sharon , Visser Sandra
Published: November 2022

Dostarlimab (JEMPERLI) is an anti‐programmed cell death protein‐1 (PD‐1) monoclonal antibody (mAb) which is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for patients with recurrent/advanced mismatch repair‐deficient solid tumors, including endometrial cancer, following progression on prior treatment, with approval based on data from the phase I GARNET trial. To support dostarlimab dose regimen recommendations, we estimated and compared the potency of dostarlimab relative to anti–PD‐1 mAb pembrolizumab using both data published from the KEYNOTE‐001 trial of pembrolizumab and data from the GARNET trial. PD‐1 target engagement was assessed ex vivo in blood samples via a super antigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B stimulation assay and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) stimulation ratios calculated for dostarlimab. A non‐linear mixed‐effect sigmoid maximum effect inhibitory model was fitted to dostarlimab IL‐2 stimulation ratios using extracted pembrolizumab data as informative priors. The estimated half‐maximal effective concentration was 1.95 μg ml−1 (95% credibility interval: 0.21–5.87) for dostarlimab and 1.59 μg ml−1 (95% confidence interval: 0.42–6.12) for pembrolizumab. These findings suggest dostarlimab and pembrolizumab to be equipotent for peripheral PD‐1 suppression based on analysis of ex vivo IL‐2 stimulation ratios. Accounting for a three‐fold dilution between serum and tumor, a target dostarlimab trough concentration of ~54 μg ml−1 would be needed for 90% suppression in the tumor. These data support the use of dostarlimab as a potent PD‐1 suppressor and the recommended dostarlimab monotherapy dose regimen of 500 mg Q3W ×4 cycles followed by 1000 mg Q6W thereafter in recurrent/advanced solid tumors.
Regional efficacy evaluation in multi‐regional clinical trials using a discounting factor weighted Z test
Authors: Yu Xuanxuan , Cai Lixin , Yu Hao , Zhong Zihang , Yang Min , Wu Jingwei , Bai Jianling
Published: November 2022

Multi‐regional clinical trial (MRCT) is an efficient design to accelerate drug approval globally. Once the global efficacy of test drug is demonstrated, each local regulatory agency is required to prove effectiveness of test drug in their own population. Meanwhile, the ICH E5/E17 guideline recommends using data from other regions to help evaluate regional drug efficacy. However, one of the most challenges is how to manage to bridge data among multiple regions in an MRCT since various intrinsic and extrinsic factors exist among the participating regions. Furthermore, it is critical for a local agency to determine the proportion of information borrowing from other regions given the ethnic differences between target region and non‐target regions. To address these issues, we propose a discounting factor weighted Z statistic to adaptively borrow information from non‐target regions. In this weighted Z statistic, the weight is derived from a discounting factor in which the discounting factor denotes the proportion of information borrowing from non‐target regions. We consider three ways to construct discounting factors based on the degree of congruency between target and non‐target regions either using control group data, or treatment group data, or all data. We use the calibrated power prior to construct discounting factor based on scaled Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic. Comprehensive simulation studies show that our method has desirable operating characteristics. Two examples are used to illustrate the applications of our proposed approach.
Robustness in bio‐inspired visually guided multi‐agent flight and the gain modulation hypothesis
Authors: Billah Md Arif , Faruque Imraan A.
Published: November 2022

Aerial swarm implementations often underperform their feedback design goals due to sensor noise, modeling errors, and external disturbances, each of which can often be mitigated by including robustness in the design approach. At the same time, gain modulation has been measured in numerous insect flight examples involving relative position regulation and tracking. Gains are often lower than what initially appears optimal, which is not fully explained by existing hypotheses. This article analyzes the robustness of a visual feedback control system modeling insect flight feedback paths by using optic flow to regulate an agent's motion relative to its neighbors. This study considers the system's robustness to sensor noise and configuration deviations, which appear as a nonlinearity in the observation equation often neglected in linear feedback. The analysis indicates robust performance can be attained by a static gain controller by appropriate choice of gain. Experimental results using an optic flow swarm implementation in robotic systems are used to quantify the actual system performance for static gain controllers. Performance is compared when the system responds to ideal optic flow (no sensor noise) and to camera‐based optic flow swarm implementation (sensor noise and configuration uncertainty). [Correction added on 10 November 2022, after first online publication: the underline in the word ‘compared’ of the preceding sentence has been removed in this version.] The analysis suggests neural gain modulation in insect feedback paths may support robust group motion stabilization.
Turbulence signatures of natural river morphology in four dimensions
Authors: Trinci Giuditta , Harvey Gemma L. , Henshaw Alexander James , Bertoldi Walter
Published: November 2022

Turbulent flow in natural river channels drives geophysical processes and exerts a fundamental influence on aquatic biota. An extensive range of turbulence properties have previously been synthesized into four categories or “dimensions” with ecological relevance: intensity, periodicity, orientation and scale (IPOS). We apply this framework across three rivers with differing morphologies in order to assess the statistical coherence of the four IPOS categories within turbulence field data and their utility in discriminating between fundamental units of river habitat. Intensity, periodicity‐scale and orientation were identified as the key gradients in the turbulence data set using multivariate analysis. These gradients all revealed statistically significant differences between rivers and/or geomorphic units. The intensity gradient accounted for the highest variance and most pronounced inter‐reach differences, but the periodicity‐scale and orientation gradients were also useful in distinguishing between certain combinations of rivers and/or geomorphic units. Different turbulence gradients, or combinations of gradients, were important in characterizing differences between rivers and geomorphic units (riffes, pools, steps). The gradients provided improved prediction of geomorphic units compared to standard hydraulic variables (mean velocity, depth), although the extent of improvement in prediction varied between river morphologies. The analysis reveals the statistical coherence of the four categories or “dimensions” of turbulence in multivariate space, connects the ecologically defined IPOS categories of turbulence properties with river types and fundamental units of river habitat (geomorphic units). Turbulence signatures of natural channel morphology are expressed across all four dimensions of turbulence, providing clear evidence that these four dimensions should be routinely considered in ecohydraulics and hydromorphology research to facilitate a full understanding hydraulic habitat.
Sustainable policies for air pollution reduction after COVID‐19 pandemic: Lessons learnt from the impact of the different lockdown periods on air quality
Authors: Silva Ana Catarina T. , Branco Pedro T. B. S. , Ferrini Rodrigues Patricia , Sousa Sofia I. V.
Published: November 2022

Due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, governments imposed several mobility restrictions which can be used to evaluate their impact on air quality and generate better‐targeted policies to improve it. Therefore, this study aimed to define sustainable mitigation measures to reduce air pollution based on quantifying the impacts of the restrictions imposed during the COVID‐19 pandemic on air quality in Portugal. Thus, hourly concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, NO2, O3, CO and SO2 were obtained from the Portuguese Air Quality Monitoring Network. Data was then divided into six periods (2020–2021) and compared with the corresponding historical periods (2015–2019). Furthermore, the satellite data of NO2, CO, and absorbing aerosol index (AAI) from the sentinel‐5P TROPOMI was collected to complement the analysis conducted for the monitoring data. Overall, air quality improved in all study periods and areas, except in industrial sites. The satellite data corroborated the results herein achieved and thus validated the real effect of the measures adopted in the country during the pandemic on air quality. Sustainable policies to improve air quality could include remote (or hybrid) work whenever possible as a long‐term measure and prohibition of travelling between municipalities when an extraordinary event of high air pollution is predicted or occurs. Other policies should be adopted for industrial areas. Given this, and as the restrictive mobility measures had a strong effect on reducing air pollution, the post‐COVID era represents an opportunity for society to rethink future mobility and other emerging policies, that should favour softer and cleaner means of transportation.
Sustainable purchase intentions: The role of moral norm and social dominance orientation in the theory of planned behavior applied to the case of fair trade products
Authors: Canova Luigina , Bobbio Andrea , Manganelli Anna Maria
Published: November 2022

The fair trade business model represents a strategy to achieve some of the sustainable development goals. The studies reported in this paper examined the intention formation process concerning the purchase of food and non‐food fair trade products. The theoretical framework is the theory of planned behavior (TPB), extended with an additional predictor, the moral norm, and an individual difference variable, the social dominance orientation (SDO). SDO is supposed to act as a background factor in the hypothesized TPB model and to be negatively associated with intention to buy fair trade products and its proximal antecedents (attitude, subjective norm, moral norm and perceived behavioral control). Considering the role of SDO within the TPB constitutes a novelty for the literature on socio‐cognitive determinants of purchase intentions. Data were supplied by two convenience samples of Italian adults and analyzed via path analysis. The test of the original TPB provided further evidence for its efficacy. Moral norm showed a significant effect on intentions and its addition to the original TPB model led to an increase in the explained variance in intentions. Overall, SDO proved to be significantly and negatively associated with the intention's antecedents and showed the expected negative indirect effects on intention, mediated by its proximal predictors and moral norm. These findings help to improve the comprehension of the socio‐psychological basis of behavioral intentions to engage in sustainable behaviors.
Bayesian graphical modeling for heterogeneous causal effects
Authors: Castelletti Federico , Consonni Guido
Published: November 2022

There is a growing interest in current medical research to develop personalized treatments using a molecular‐based approach. The broad goal is to implement a more precise and targeted decision‐making process, relative to traditional treatments based primarily on clinical diagnoses. Specifically, we consider patients affected by Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), an hematological cancer characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Because AML responds poorly to chemotherapeutic treatments, the development of targeted therapies is essential to improve patients' prospects. In particular, the dataset we analyze contains the levels of proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and linked to the progression of the disease. We evaluate treatment effects within a causal framework represented by a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) model, whose vertices are the protein levels in the network. A major obstacle in implementing the above program is represented by individual heterogeneity. We address this issue through a Dirichlet Process (DP) mixture of Gaussian DAG‐models where both the graphical structure as well as the allied model parameters are regarded as uncertain. Our procedure determines a clustering structure of the units reflecting the underlying heterogeneity, and produces subject‐specific estimates of causal effects based on Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA). With reference to the AML dataset, we identify different effects of protein regulation among individuals; moreover, our method clusters patients into groups that exhibit only mild similarities with traditional categories based on morphological features.
Activated Ni–O–Ir Enhanced Electron Transfer for Boosting Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity of LaNi1‐xIrxO3
Authors: Li Jianyi , Zheng Lirong , Huang Bolong , Hu Yang , An Li , Yao Yaxiong , Lu Min , Jin Jing , Zhang Nan , Xi Pinxian , Yan Chun‐Hua
Published: November 2022

Tuning the structure of the active center of catalysts to atomic level provides the most efficient utilization of the active component, which plays an especially important role for precious metals. In this study, the liquid phase ion exchange method is used to introduce atomic Ir into LaNiO3 perovskite oxide, which shows excellent catalytic performance in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The catalyst, LaNi0.96Ir0.04O3, with the optimal concentration of Ir, displays an overpotential of just 280 mV at 10 mA cm−2. The introduced Ir enriches the surface electron density significantly, which not only improves site‐to‐site electron transfer between O and Ni sites but also allows stable adsorption of the intermediates. The results of cyclic voltammetry tests reveal the superior overpotential and remarkable efficiency of the OER process because of the strong interactions in Ni–O–Ir. Moreover, the Ir atom inhibits the participation of a lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism (LOM) in LaNiO3 that guarantees the stability of the catalyst in alkaline conditions. It is anticipated that this work will be instrumental for the preparation and study of a broad range of atomic metal‐doped perovskite oxides for water splitting.
Attention as a multi‐level system of weights and balances
Authors: Narhi‐Martinez William , Dube Blaire , Golomb Julie D.
Published: November 2022

This opinion piece is part of a collection on the topic: “What is attention?” Despite the word's place in the common vernacular, a satisfying definition for “attention” remains elusive. Part of the challenge is there exist many different types of attention, which may or may not share common mechanisms. Here we review this literature and offer an intuitive definition that draws from aspects of prior theories and models of attention but is broad enough to recognize the various types of attention and modalities it acts upon: attention as a multi‐level system of weights and balances. While the specific mechanism(s) governing the weighting/balancing may vary across levels, the fundamental role of attention is to dynamically weigh and balance all signals—both externally‐generated and internally‐generated—such that the highest weighted signals are selected and enhanced. Top‐down, bottom‐up, and experience‐driven factors dynamically impact this balancing, and competition occurs both within and across multiple levels of processing. This idea of a multi‐level system of weights and balances is intended to incorporate both external and internal attention and capture their myriad of constantly interacting processes. We review key findings and open questions related to external attention guidance, internal attention and working memory, and broader attentional control (e.g., ongoing competition between external stimuli and internal thoughts) within the framework of this analogy. We also speculate about the implications of failures of attention in terms of weights and balances, ranging from momentary one‐off errors to clinical disorders, as well as attentional development and degradation across the lifespan.

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Attention

Neuroscience > Cognition
Assessment, evaluation, and research: Balancing identity and purpose in leadership learning
Authors: DeSawal Danielle M. , Peck Adam
Published: November 2022

This article will explore aspects of research, assessment, and program evaluation. The qualities of good practice related to each of these share many similarities and differences. The authors propose a framework for consistently evaluating the application of various ways of studying and improving leadership learning on both the local and global levels.
Who's in the room? Addressing representation in leadership learning research
Authors: Beatty Cameron C. , Watkins Sally R. , Vaughn Laura , Robinson Darius
Published: November 2022

This article explores who is participating in leadership learning initiatives in higher education and how they are represented in research, assessment, and evaluation. The article is useful to leadership educators because it explores who is conducting leadership research, assessment, evaluation, and scholarship (i.e., positionality)—and how these factors may influence methods and findings.
Go for the gold: Hurdles and winning strategies for conducting longitudinal and nonlinear research in undergraduate leader development
Authors: Diaz Jessica B. , Reichard Rebecca J. , Riggio Ronald E.
Published: November 2022

This article makes a case for longitudinal and non‐linear methods when researching or evaluating student leadership development. After a primer on longitudinal methodology, barriers and aligned solutions to methodological challenges are presented.
The soft tyranny of p‐values in quantitative research: New considerations for leadership researchers
Authors: Soria Krista M.
Published: November 2022

In this article, the author will discuss processes used by quantitative researchers to render judgments and decisions about the results of their statistical analyses, highlighting what “p‐values” represent and how p‐values became ubiquitous in quantitative social science research. Suggestions for alternative ways to measure the significance of quantitative outcomes in leadership research will also be offered.
The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: An Introduction
Authors: Stahl Bernd Carsten , Schroeder Doris , Rodrigues Rowena
Published: November 2022

This chapter introduces the themes covered by the book. It provides an overview of the concept of artificial intelligence (AI) and some of the technologies that have contributed to the current high level of visibility of AI. It explains why using case studies is a suitable approach to engage a broader audience with an interest in AI ethics. The chapter provides a brief overview of the structure and logic of the book by indicating the content of the cases covered in each section. It concludes by identifying the concept of ethics used in this book and how it is located in the broader discussion of ethics, human rightsand regulationof AI.
Manipulation
Authors: Stahl Bernd Carsten , Schroeder Doris , Rodrigues Rowena
Published: November 2022

The concern that artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to manipulate individuals, with undesirable consequences for the manipulated individual as well as society as a whole, plays a key role in the debate on the ethics of AI. This chapter uses the case of the political manipulation of voters and that of the manipulation of vulnerable consumers as studies to explore how AI can contribute to and facilitate manipulation and how such manipulation can be evaluated from an ethical perspective. The chapter presents some proposed ways of dealing with the ethics of manipulation with reference to data protection, privacyand transparency in the of use of data. Manipulation is thus an ethical issue of AI that is closely related to other issues discussed in this book.
Open Calls and Pilot Projects
Authors: Kačena Lukáš , Hamrlová Jana , Hajič Jan
Published: November 2022

We describe the two ELG open calls for pilot projects, the objective of which was to demonstrate the use and the advantages of ELG in providing basic LT for applications and as a basis for more advanced LT-based modules or components useful to industry. Our main goal was to attract SMEs and research organisations to either contribute additional tools or resources to the ELG platform (type A pilot projects) or develop applications using Language Technologies available in the ELG platform (type B pilot projects). We start with the detailed description of the submission and evaluation processes, followed by a presentation of the open call results. Afterwards we describe the supervision and evaluation of the execution phase of the projects, as well as lessons learned. Overall, we were very satisfied with the setup and with the results of the pilot projects, which demonstrate an enormous interest in ELG and the Language Technology topic in general.
Basque-speaking Smart Speaker based on Mycroft AI
Authors: Leturia Igor , Corral Ander , Sarasola Xabier , Jimenez Beñat , Portela Silvia , Anza Arkaitz , Martinez Jaione
Published: November 2022

Speech–driven virtual assistants, known as smart speakers, such as Amazon Echo and Google Home, are increasingly used. However, commercial smart speakers only support a handful of languages. Even languages for which ASR and TTS technology is available, such as many official EU member state languages, are not supported due to a commercial disinterest derived from their – relatively speaking – rather small number of speakers. This problem is even more crucial for minority languages, for which smart speakers are not expected anytime soon, or ever. In this ELG pilot project we developed a Basque–speaking smart speaker, making use of the open source smart speaker project Mycroft AI and Elhuyar Foundation’s speech technologies for Basque. Apart from getting it to speak Basque, one of our goals was to make the smart speaker privacy friendly, non–gendered and use local services, because these are usual issues of concern. The project has also served to improve the state of the art of Basque ASR and TTS technology.
Extracting Terminological Concept Systems from Natural Language Text
Authors: Gromann Dagmar , Wachowiak Lennart , Lang Christian , Heinisch Barbara
Published: November 2022

Terminology denotes a language resource that structures domain-specific knowledge by means of conceptual grouping of terms and their interrelations. Such structured domain knowledge is vital to various specialised communication settings, from corporate language to crisis communication. However, manually curating a terminology is both labour- and time-intensive. Approaches to automatically extract terminology have focused on detecting domain-specific single- and multi-word terms without taking terminological relations into consideration, while knowledge extraction has specialised on named entities and their relations. We present the Text2TCS method to extract single- and multi-word terms, group them by synonymy, and interrelate these groupings by means of a pre-specified relation typology to generate a Terminological Concept System (TCS) from domain-specific text in multiple languages. To this end, the method relies on pre-trained neural language models.
The European Language Grid Platform:Basic Concepts
Authors: Piperidis Stelios , Labropoulou Penny , Galanis Dimitris , Deligiannis Miltos , Rehm Georg
Published: November 2022

In the fragmented Language Technology (LT) landscape of multilingual Europe, ELG has set out to bring together language resources and technologies (LRTs) and boost the LT sector and its activities. The primary goal is to build a scalable and comprehensive cloud platform for providers, developers, integrators and consumers of language resources and technologies. We describe the basic concepts of the ELG platform in terms of its architecture, the functionalities and services offered to its types of users and the policies it implements. We present the ELG repository, its catalogue features, the LT services execution environment as well as the metadata model underlying the platform operations and the resources life cycle, from creation to publication. We also discuss the compliance of ELG with the FAIR principles and the relation to other platforms and infrastructure initiatives which have inspired certain aspects and with which ELG has been establishing strong links.
Motion Capture 3D Sign Language Resources
Authors: Krňoul Zdeněk , Jedlička Pavel , Železný Miloš , Müller Luděk
Published: November 2022

The new 3D motion capture data corpus expands the portfolio of existing language resources by a corpus of 18 hours of Czech sign language. This helps alleviate the current problem, which is a critical lack of quality data necessary for research and subsequent deployment of machine learning techniques in this area. We currently provide the largest collection of annotated sign language recordings acquired by state-of-the-art 3D human body recording technology for the successful future deployment of communication technologies, especially machine translation and sign language synthesis.
Open Translation Models, Tools and Services
Authors: Tiedemann Jörg , Aulamo Mikko , Hardwick Sam , Nieminen Tommi
Published: November 2022

The ambition of the Open Translation Models, Tools and Services (OPUSMT) project is to develop state-of-the art neural machine translation (NMT) models that can freely be distributed and applied in research as well as professional applications. The goal is to pre-train translation models on a large scale on openly available parallel data and to create a catalogue of such resources for streamlined integration and deployment. For the latter we also implement and improve web services and computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools that can be used in on-line interfaces and professional workflows. Furthermore, we want to enable the re-use of models to avoid repeating costly training procedures from scratch and with this contribute to a reduction of the carbon footprint in MT research and development. The ELG pilot project focused on European minority languages and improved translation quality in low resource settings and the integration of MT services in the ELG infrastructure.
Datasets, Corpora and other Language Resources
Authors: Arranz Victoria , Choukri Khalid , Mapelli Valérie , Rigault Mickaël , Labropoulou Penny , Deligiannis Miltos , Voukoutis Leon , Piperidis Stelios
Published: November 2022

This chapter provides an overview of what is available in ELG in terms of datasets, corpora and other language resources (LRs) and how this has been achieved. We look at the procedures and steps that have been followed to complete the full resource ingestion cycle, which goes from repository and LR identification to metadata description and ingestion. We explain the approaches, priorities and methodology. The chapter also outlines the repositories that have been integrated into ELG, discussing the different procedures followed (metadata conversion, extraction, and completion, as well as harvesting) and the reasons behind these choices. Furthermore, the ELG catalogue content is described, with details on key elements and features as well as accomplishments. The last two sections are devoted to the crucial legal issues behind such a complex platform and its data management plan, respectively.
Language Technology Companies, Research Organisations and Projects
Authors: Rehm Georg , Marheinecke Katrin , Calizzano Rémi , Labropoulou Penny
Published: November 2022

The European Language Grid is meant to develop into the primary platform of the European Language Technology community. In addition to LT tools and services (Chapter 7) and Language Resources (Chapter 8), ELG represents the actual members of this community, i. e., the companies and research organisations that develop language technologies and that are engaged in related activities. The goal of becoming the primary platform for LT in Europe implies that ELG should ideally represent all European companies and all European research organisations with corresponding metadata records in the ELG catalogue, which are interlinked with the respective LT tools and services as well as language resources they offer. This chapter describes the European stakeholders and user groups that are relevant for the ELG initiative, the composition of the community and the locations of the companies and research groups as currently listed in ELG. Furthermore, we describe a number of technical and organisational challenges involved in the preparation of our list of stakeholders, and outline the process of catalogue population.
Racial Profiling als polizeiliche Praxis
Authors: Niemz Johannes , Singelnstein Tobias
Published: November 2022

Polizist:innen in Deutschland wenden Racial Profiling in einem nur schwer zu bestimmendem Ausmaß an. Diese Praxis ist Folge von gesellschaftlich vermittelten und beruflich bedingten Stereotypen, die sowohl bewusst wie auch unbewusst wirken können. Racial Profiling ist vor allem im präventiven Handeln der Polizei zu finden, das zudem vorverlagert und rechtlich ausgeweitet wird, aber auch bei der Verdachtsschöpfung in der Strafverfolgung. Racial Profiling stellt in Deutschland grundsätzlich eine unzulässige Ungleichbehandlung dar und ist daher, von sehr engen Ausnahmen abgesehen, rechtswidrig. Darüber hinaus ist es aus Sicht polizeilicher Zwecke nicht effektiv. Im Ergebnis folgt aus den rassistischen Profilbildungen kein besserer Ermittlungserfolg, aber ein sich vergrößernder Vertrauensverlust bei Betroffenen und ihren Communities sowie ein spezifisches gesellschaftliches Bild von Gefahr und Kriminalität. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden direkte und indirekte Strategien zum Umgang mit dem Problem dargestellt.
Polizeilicher Umgang mit Opfern aus Familien mit Zuwanderungsgeschichte
Authors: Püschel Hannes
Published: November 2022

Der Umgang der Polizei mit Kriminalitätsopfern mit eigener oder familiärer Zuwanderungsgeschichte ist in den letzten dreißig Jahren immer wieder Gegenstand medialer und politischer Auseinandersetzungen gewesen. Wissenschaftlich erforscht wird dieser Bereich polizeilichen Handelns erst seit kurzer Zeit. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die in der Polizei verankerte Annahme, dass es sich bei diesem Teil der Bevölkerung um „Fremde“ handele, häufig unsensibles Verhalten und Diskriminierungen zur Folge hat.