bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
توظيف الخرائط الإلكترونية في التدريس التفاعلي لمناهج الجغرافيا بالمدارس المستقلة بقطر (رؤى وتطبيقات مقترحة)
Authors: Ragab Nosair Mohamed
Published: April 2015

تعد الخرائط الإلكترونية منظومة تكنولوجية متكاملة تعبر عن حالة تطورية لأدوات الجيل الثاني للإنترنت، والتي تمثل منصة تعلم تفاعلية، تتسم قدراتها بالجاهزية والتوافر الدائم والحداثة والانتشار والمجانية والتفاعلية والإتاحة عبر شبكة الإنترنت وتطبيقات الهواتف النقالة والأجهزة اللوحية، وتزداد يوما بعد يوم فاعليتها ووظيفيتها في مجالات حياتية مختلفة، وتحديداً في تطوير التدريس التفاعلي بمجالات تعليمية مختلفة لعل أبرزها مناهج الجغرافيا. إذ أشارت تجارب مختلفة ودراسات عديدة إلي قدراتها في تنمية حب الاستطلاع والدافعية للتعلم وبقاء أثر التعلم وتنمية مهارات قراءة وفهم واستخدام الخرائط والخبرات الميدانية ونمو المفاهيم العلمية والقدرة علي التخيل التاريخي والتفكير المكاني إضافة إلي تنمية إتجاهات إيجابية نحو تعلم المادة وربطها بحل مشكلات الحياة. ومن هنا تأتي أهمية التركيز عليها والدعوة لنشرها بالصفوف التعليمية وبأنشطة التربية الجغرافية، إذ تهدف هذه الورقة إلي تقديم دراسة تحليلية ورؤى تطبيقية لتوظيف الخرائط الإلكترونية مثل جوجل ماب وجوجل إيرث وياهو ماب وغيرها العشرات، كأداة تدريسية لها فاعليتها في تحقيق المعايير الوطنية للجغرافيا وتنمية جوانبها المعرفية والمهارية والوجدانية في مراحل التعليم المختلفة بالمدارس المستقلة بقطر، وذلك من خلال استعراض ودراسة المحاور التالية:  المحور الأول: ويتعلق بمناقشة طبيعة ومفاهيم وخصائص وأنواع ووظائف الخرائط الإلكترونية الحديثة كمنصة تعلم وأداة تدريس.  المحور الثاني: ويستعرض تحليل لأهمية ووظيفية الخرائط الإلكترونية كمنصة تعلم وأداة للتدريس الفعال لمناهج الجغرافيا.  المحور الثالث: ويناقش المعايير الواجب توافرها لتوظيف الخرائط التفاعلية في التدريس الفعال لمناهج الجغرافيا بالمدارس المستقلة بقطر.  المحور الرابع: يحدد علاقة ودور الخرائط الإلكترونية في تحقيق المعايير الوطنية لمناهج الجغرافيا في المدارس المستقلة بقطر.  المحور الخامس: ويعرض لبعض الدراسات والتجارب والمشروعات العالمية في مجال توظيف الخرائط الإلكترونية في تعليم الجغرافيا وتنفيذ مناهجها ببعض دول العالم.  المحور السادس: ويتم من خلاله استعراض وطرح بعض الأفكار والنماذج والتطبيقات العملية لتوظيف أنماط من الخرائط التفاعلية كجوجل إيرث وجوجل ماب في تدريس بعض دروس الجغرافيا، كرؤى استرشادية يمكن للمعلم البناء عليها في تخطيط مواقف تدريسية في ضوئها.  المحور السابع: ويهتم بعلاقتها بمعلم الجغرافيا، من خلال محاولة تحديد الكفايات اللازمة والمهارات الأساسية للمعلم لتوظيف الخرائط التفاعلية في التدريس الفعال لمناهج الجغرافيا.  المحور الثامن: وأخيراً يتم رصد وتحديد بعض التوصيات الإجرائية ذات العلاقة بكل من تخطيط وتطوير المناهج والتنمية المهنية للمعلم والإدارة المدرسية؛ لضمان تفعيل ونشر الخرائط الالكترونية في التدريس الفعال للجغرافيا في مراحل التعليم بالمدارس المستقلة بقطر مستقبلاً إن شاء الله.
The lichen Parmelia physodes (L.) Ach. as indicator for determination of the degree of atmospheric air pollution in the area contaminated by flourine and sulphur dioxide emission
Authors: Świeboda M. , Kalemba A.
Published: April 2015

On the area involved in the influence of conteminations emitted by the aluminium works and electric power plant, the degree of atmospheric air pollution was evaluated on the basis of the behaviour of healthy thallus of the lichen Parmelia physodes, analysis of fluorine and sulphur content in this thallus and in the bark substrate and the F and SO2 concentrations in the air.
Localization of the alkylresorcinols in rye and wheat caryopses
Authors: Tłuścik F.
Published: April 2015

A histological method for detecting of 5-n-alkylresorcinols in grains sections using the staining with Fast Blue B was developed. Taking advantage of that method it was found that alkylresorcinols are localized exclusively in the outer cuticle, but both germs and starchy endosperm of rye and wheat seeds are entirely free of these compounds.
Influence of ammonium and nitrate salts on the bioelectric potential of oat (Avena sativa L.) leaves
Authors: Ślesak E. , Nosol B.
Published: April 2015

The paper concerns the influence of various forms of nitrogen on the bioelectric potential of leaves of oats growing under different light conditions. The measurements performed demonstrated differences in the bioelectric potential of leaves on plants growing on an ammonium or nitrate substrate. On the ammonium substrate the potential is more negative and the differences are wider at higher light intensities. Analyses of potassium and chlorophyll content in the leaves showed no direct correlation between the potential value and potassium content, whereas an increase in chlorophyll content was associated with an eletronegative potential in the leaves.
Auxins and gibberellins in embryonic shoots of Scots pine in relation to flower sex differentiation
Authors: Kulikowska H. , Kopcewicz J. , Zatorska Z. , Szcześniak T.
Published: April 2015

Flower sex differentiation in Scots pine is correlated with endogenous balance of auxins to gibberellins. Male flower primordia initiation is connected with high amounts of gibberellins whereas the initiation of female ones is associated with a high level of auxins and a low content of gibberellins.
The effect of sodium humate upon phosphorus nutrition of plants with variable doses of iron and calcium in tomato water cultures
Authors: Lisiak M. J.
Published: April 2015

Studies were carried out on the effect of sodium humate upon content of P, Fe, Ca, and dry weight yield of tomato seedlings in water cultures. Nutrient solutions contained 10 times more or 10 times less P, Fe, and Ca than the control (nutrient solution according to Hampe). Sodium humate was effective only in relation to phosphorus at lowered amount of Fe, and supplied the plants with Fe when phosphorus content remained in excess. At lowered Ca content humate was not more effective in relation to phosphorus. Sodium humate protected the plants against inhibiting effects of excessive Ca content, and supplied them with phosphorus.
Acid phosphatases and ribonucleases from Dactylis glomerata seeds. I. Chromatographic and electrophoretic heterogeneity of the enzymes
Authors: Wieczorek Eleonora , Wiśniewska Janina , Morawiecka Bronisława
Published: April 2015

Acid phosphatase and ribonuclease extracted with 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.1 from Dactylis glomerata seeds, and partially purified by means of 70% ethanol precipitation showed electrophoretic and Chromatographic heterogeneity. After chromatography on DEAE-cellulose acid phosphatase and ribonuclease were separated into four peaks. Nonadsorbing acid phosphatase on DEAE-cellulose (peak I) was separated into four peaks on CM-cellulose. The highest activity (11 units/mg) was found in fraction b (acid phosphatase Ib). The enzyme was activated by Mg2+, Ca2+, Li+, Cs+, K+ ions and inhibited by Cu2+, Zu2+, F- and Mo-6 at optimum pH 5.0. Strong absorbing ribonuclease on DEAE-cellulose (peak IV) was further separated on G-200 Sephadex into two molecular forms: RN-asa1 and RN-ase2. Ribonuclease l, a thermolabile enzyme with specific activity 807 units/mg, showed an optimal activity at pH 4.8-5.1.
Seasonal changes of pH and buffer capacity of aqueous homogenates of Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Vaccinium myrtillus leaves
Authors: Czuchajowska Zuzanna
Published: April 2015

The newly formed leaves of both Vaccinium species show in June and July the lowest pH values, 3.4-3.7, which gradually increase up to 4.6 in November. The bi- and triennial leaves of Vaccinium vitis-idaea are less acid and show much morę limited seasonal decrease of acidity. The buffer capacity against acid of the current year leaves ,of the two species shows in summer a high level of values (a constant one for Vaccinium myrtillus), It decreases in autumn to achieve that of bi- and triennial leaves of Vaccinium vitis-idaea. The buffer capacity values are influenced to a limited extent by the increase in air-pollution, much smaller than that noticed for Pinus silvestris co-existing with Vaccinium in the same ecosystems.
Electrical properties of Lupinus angustifolius L. stem. II. Accommodation and anode break excitation
Authors: Zawadzki Tadeusz , Dziubińska Halina
Published: April 2015

Under electrical stimulation of Lupinus stem phenomena of accommodation and anode break excitation appear. Their characteristic is the same as in the axon or nerve. Only their duration is about 103-104 longer in plants. The constant characterizing the rate of accommodation was calculated. A limiting threshold value was found beyond which excitation occurs, irrespective of the rate of stimulus rise (voltage gradient). The accommodation rate is approximately constant, whereas the range of accommodation varies and is dependent on the difference between the rheobase value and the limiting threshold value. Hence plants with a low rheobase are characterized by a wider range of accommodation. It is suggested that the changes in potential (including AP) recorded on the stem surface are connected with changes of the potential on cell membranes (Sibaoka, 1962).
Laura Anna Macor (Ed.), Philosophical Readings. Online Yearbook of Philosophy. Vol. V: Reading Schiller: ethics, aesthetics and religion
Authors: Jiménez Rodríguez Alba
Published: April 2015

Reseña
Javier Aguirre (Ed.), Platón y la poesía: Ión
Authors: Carrasco Nicola Nemrod
Published: April 2015

En esta reseña se abordan algunos de los puntos nucleares contenidos en el libro del profesor Javier Aguirre "Platón y la poesía: Ión" como el tratamiento de la condena platónica de la poesía, la posición del Ión en este debate y el comentario del autor acerca de este diálogo.
M. T. Ciceró, Les Lleis. Edición bilingüe de N. Gómez Llauger
Authors: Ramis Barceló Rafael
Published: April 2015

Reseña
The Evolutionary Logic of the Obsessive Trait Complex: Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder as a Complementary Behavioral Syndrome
Authors: Hertler Steven Charles
Published: April 2015

Freud noted that the obsessive traits of orderliness, parsimony, and obstinacy incontestably belonged together. This observation has been unfailingly justified, but unsatisfactorily explained. Being a highly heritable pattern essentially unaffected by parental influence, it is counterfactual to continue to explain the obsessive trait constellation as a pathological signature of harsh, authoritarian parenting. Alternatively, the present paper, building upon a previously promulgated evolutionary etiological model, describes how obsessive traits work in unison to enable survival within harsh northerly climates. What appears to be a loosely federated inventory of pathology, after the application of evolutionary reasoning, becomes a coherent behavioral package, adaptive suite, or behavioral syndrome. All three of these terms, taken from behavioral biology, suggest that traits strategically covary, such that the adaptive value of each trait is enhanced by the presence of the others. In this vein, the union of anxious tension and conscientiousness drives the obsessive personality to labor incessantly. The fruits of obsessive labor are then conserved through parsimoniousness, hoarding, vigilance, and niggardliness. And so, obsessive personality is a coherent behavioral package in that the drive to work towards the acquisition of necessities is paired with the drive to conserve and defend them.
Adult Personal Resilience: A New Theory, New Measure, and Practical Implications
Authors: Taormina Robert J.
Published: April 2015

This is a new theory of adult personal resilience that can apply in any society. It differs from previous theories, which are post hoc because they traditionally focus on helping victims find ways to live with trauma after the trauma occurs. The present theory is a positive psychology approach because it identifies the aspects of a person that can make him or her stronger to prevent personal problems from occurring as well as to deal with traumas and the various vicissitudes of life in general. Whereas this is a new theory, and a complete theory would require a more comprehensive monograph, this paper focuses on describing the essential features of the theory. These are to define adult personal resilience and distinguish it from general concepts of resilience, explain personal resilience as a multidimensional construct by identifying the four dimensions of adult personal resilience (Determination, Endurance, Adaptability, and Recuperability), briefly review the new theory’s advantages over previous theories of resilience, describe the new four-subscale measure of adult personal resilience, and discuss implications of the new concept for theory, research, and practice.
Metallic Pollutant Removal in Leachates Extracted from Sediment by Geotextiles Based on Crosslinked Bio-Sourced Polymers
Authors: Degoutin Stéphanie , Saffre Camille , Ruffin Delphine , Bacquet Maryse , Martel Bernard
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to prepare ion exchange textiles (IET) by grafting carboxylic functions onto the surface of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nonwoven fabrics in order to capture metals in leachates extracted from dredged sediment samples, taken from Dunkerque seaport. A pad/dry/cure coating process, based on the in situ polymerization of a mixture consisting of maltodextrin and a polycarboxylic acid on the textile structure, was applied. We used either citric acid (CTR) or 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) as polycarboxylic acids. The amount of ion exchange functions on the geotextiles was first measured and we evaluated their adsorption capacities towards metal cations. To reach that purpose, a first test was carried out on solutions prepared with lead (Pb) in the absence or presence of NaCl, to mimic seawater saline conditions. The presence of NaCl led to a moderate reduction of 25% in lead removal by the IET. The second test was carried out on a sediment leachate. This leachate being weakly contaminated, we artificially doped it with cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in order to evaluate the potential utility of the geotextile treatment. The functionalized textiles adsorbed more than 60% of the lead and zinc. A complete removal of copper was reached for CTR-based IET and the textiles showed less efficiency towards cadmium in the considered mixture.
Religio cordis brasiliensis e espaço público: entre a rejeição, a dinamização e a indiferença diante de um projeto de cristianismo cidadão
Authors: Renders Helmut
Published: April 2015

A religião cordis é uma expressão transconfessional da fé cristã que marcou o Brasil desde a época colonial até a fase ultramontanista e que ganhou adeptos protestantes, especialmente evangélicos (reprodução do livro emblemático do autor católico Johannes Evangelista Gossner por presbiterianos, metodistas, batistas, luteranos e pentecostais; uso do coração em logotipos da Igreja Metodista Wesleyana e da Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus).Todos esses movimentos eram, em território brasileiro, ou defensores da escravidão, ou inimigos da República, ou ficaram longe das lutas sociais, senão até colaboraram com a ditadura. Essa constatação me levou à afirmação de que a religio cordis brasiliensis poderia ser chamada de religião cordial, a religião do “homem cordial”, segundo o uso de S. Buarque de Holanda; em outras palavras: uma religiosidade antirrepublicana. Por outro lado, há uma linha da religio cordis pouco explorada no Brasil. Nos séculos XII e XIII, surgiu uma forma feminina da religio cordis na base das cantigas dos trovadores, cujas proponentes se tornaram pessoas públicas; na Reforma, criou-se uma vertente não misticista da religio cordis. Isso começa com os brasões de Lutero e de Calvino e evidencia-se especialmente pelos livros emblemáticos da calvinista Georgette de Montenay e do luterano Daniel Cramer, bem como, no século XVIII, pela forma como John Wesley reconecta afetividade e presença profética, por exemplo, em sua luta contra a escravidão. Finalmente, houve, no século XX, tentativas protestantes e católicas sérias de reler a religio cordis como modelo para um engajamento cristão não tecnocrata nem burocrata, mas solidário.Religio cordis. Espiritualidade. Esfera pública. Cidadania.
As mulheres do efa: epílogo da interdição da deusa e do feminino na Judá pós-exílica
Authors: Ribeiro Osvaldo Luiz
Published: April 2015

Este artigo é um exercício de interpretação histórico-social de Zc 5,5-11 no contexto das “Visões de Zacarias”. A visão de Zc 5,5-11 é interpretada como a descrição dramática do culto da deusa Asherah em Judá, constituído pela imagem da deusa (a mulher no efa) e seu respectivo aparelho litúrgico (sacerdotisas?): as mulheres com asas. A despeito das eventualmente históricas reformas anicônicas dos séculos VIII e VII a.C., teria permanecido em Judá o culto icônico da deusa Asherah, que se desenvolvera ainda mais desimpedidamente durante o período do cativeiro babilônico da elite religiosa de Jerusalém. Redigida pelo contingente sacerdotal dos deportados que retornam a Jerusalém em algum momento entre o fim do século VI e início do V a.C, a visão constituiria parte do projeto sacerdotal de hegemonia político-religiosa na Judá pós-exílica, cujos traços principais são o aniconismo cúltico, a monolatria e a exclusividade de acesso a Yahweh em Jerusalém, sob um aparelho sacerdotal exclusivamente masculino.
Mística e espiritualidade da paz e não violência
Authors: Hammes Erico
Published: April 2015

Este artigo aborda a espiritualidade cristã, na perspectiva dos estudos de paz e não violência. Partindo da urgência de uma cultura de paz na sociedade atual em geral, e na sociedade brasileira em particular, interroga-se a tradição cristã por sua vinculação entre a espiritualidade e a paz e não violência. Servem como base alguns estudos e textos referenciais dos últimos 50 anos no campo da teologia e espiritualidade da paz, de documentos de Igrejas cristãs, bem como de autores pacifistas. Comprova-se a circularidade hermenêutica e a relação essencial entre a cultura de paz, a espiritualidade cristã e a existência profética e mística.
Sociology in Ireland: Legacies and Challenges
Authors: Fanning Bryan , Hess Andreas
Published: April 2015

Looking at the history of sociology in modern Ireland we can observe a constant oscillation between continuity and rupture. However, we are somewhat reluctant to interpret this as a kind of Irish Sonderweg or Irish exceptionalism. What remains noticeable though is a relatively late willingness to connect to the outside world – culturally and intellectually. This is partly explained by several decades of Catholic institutional dominance. The challenges since late secularisation of the field occurred in the 1970s have included epistemological dominance of the rather narrow posivitist type. Within this context university-based sociologists and sociologies have often been perceived as self-marginalised figures and paradigms. As we approach the new millennium the situation of sociology as a discipline is less precarious compared to earlier times. However, new institutional challenges, such as the metrics increasingly used to evaluate scholarship, have called more traditional notions of the discipline into question.
Arensberg and Kimball and Anthropological Research in Ireland
Authors: Byrne Anne , Edmondson Ricca , Varley Tony
Published: April 2015

For many years Irish rural sociology came to be defined in relation to Arensberg and Kimball's celebrated anthropological study, Family and Community in Ireland, for which fieldwork was undertaken in Clare between 1932 and 1934. It has been observed that ethnographers in Ireland post-Arensberg and Kimball were strongly inclined to take the community as their unit of analysis, focus their analysis of social life on kinship and social networks, and adopt structural functionalism as their theoretical model of local society. The essay republished here in abridged form accompanied the re-publication of Family and Community in Ireland in 2001. It critically examines the intellectual and political background to Arensberg and Kimball's ethnographic fieldwork in rural Clare, the manner in which their research unfolded and the subsequent reception of their published work over a period of some sixty years.
Bleak House on London's East End Stage, 1853: George Dibdin Pitt and Dickens at the Royal Pavilion Theatre
Authors: Smith Julianne
Published: April 2015

Theatrical adaptations of Bleak House can be split into two groups, those few that were produced just as Dickens was finishing the novel in 1853 and then the array that succeeded Dickens' death in 1870. Though some adaptations became popular, very few were published, and the plays that were produced in 1853 before Dickens finished writing the novel have not received much attention subsequently. A playwright for the Royal Pavilion Theatre in East London, George Dibdin Pitt, wrote the first adaptation of Bleak House. His version highlights working class participation in the narrative and shapes a critique of Dickens' middle-class activism. Dibdin Pitt disrupts Dickens' portrayal of the poor and working classes by putting these characters centre stage and insisting on their critical participation in Victorian culture.
The competing effects of sulfide saturation versus degassing on the behavior of the chalcophile elements during the differentiation of hydrous melts
Authors: Jenner Frances E. , Hauri Erik H. , Bullock Emma S. , König Stephan , Arculus Richard J. , Mavrogenes John A. , Mikkelson Nicole , Goddard Charlotte
Published: April 2015

There is a lack of consensus regarding the roles of sulfide saturation versus volatile degassing on the partitioning of Cu and Ag during differentiation and eruption of convergent margin magmas. Because of their oxidized character, volatile‐rich magmas from the Eastern Manus Back‐arc Basin (EMBB) only reach sulfide saturation following magnetite‐driven reduction of the melt: the so‐called “magnetite crisis.” If sulfide saturation typically precedes volatile saturation, the magnetite crisis will limit the proportion of Cu and Ag that can partition from the melt into an exsolving volatile‐rich phase, which may contribute to the sporadic occurrence of magmatic‐hydrothermal ore deposits at convergent margins. However, it is unclear whether the magnetite crisis is a common or rare event during differentiation of volatile‐rich magmas. We report major and trace element data for submarine volcanic glasses from the Tonga arc‐proximal Valu Fa Ridge (VFR; SW Pacific). Cu‐Se‐Ag systematics of samples erupting at the southern VFR suggest magnetite fractionation‐triggered sulfide saturation. The similarity in chalcophile element systematics of the southern VFR and EMBB samples is unlikely to be coincidental, and may indicate that the magnetite crisis is a common event during differentiation of hydrous melts. However, unlike many convergent margin magmas, it is unlikely that the evolving VFR and EMBB were saturated in a S‐bearing volatile phase prior to magnetite fractionation. Hence, the metal‐depleting magnetite crisis may be restricted to back‐arc basin magmas that do not degas volatiles prior to magnetite fractionation and potentially convergent margin magmas fractionating at high pressures in the continental crust.
Indentor‐corner tectonics in the Yakutat‐St. Elias collision constrained by GPS
Authors: Marechal Anaïs , Mazzotti Stephane , Elliott Julie L. , Freymueller Jeffrey T. , Schmidt Michael
Published: April 2015

The Yakutat‐St. Elias collision in SE Alaska and adjacent Canada represents a prime example of present‐day tectonics associated with an indentor corner. Its eastern syntaxis is marked by high exhumation, a sharp structural bend, and strain concentration at the transition from shortening to oblique transpression. Here we present GPS velocity and strain rate fields that cover the syntaxis, including 11 new stations in the core of the St. Elias Mountains. These data are corrected for transient deformation (glacial isostatic adjustment and postseismic and interseismic loading) to produce residual velocities and strain rates representative of long‐term tectonics. The main features of these velocity and strain rate fields are a peak in strain rates (strain knot) in the syntaxis at the junction between the main fault systems and a rapid rotation from convergence‐parallel to convergence‐normal orientations of the velocities and shortening axes around the syntaxis, leading to shortening across the southern Denali Fault. These features are consistent with the strain and tectonic patterns expected near an indentor corner at the transition from shortening to transpression, with a combination of diffuse and localized deformation. The GPS velocities and strain rates show diffuse deformation around the syntaxis, from pure convergence‐parallel shortening in the orogenic wedge to oblique extension that accommodates the strain rotation at the front of the syntaxis. This indentor‐corner model also results in a near‐zero strike‐slip rate on the southern Denali Fault and shows no clear evidence for a throughgoing fault hypothesized to link the Fairweather and Totschunda Faults.
Wind retrieval from multiangle backscatter lidar profiles through anisotropic aerosol structures
Authors: Tomás Sergio , Rocadenbosch Francesc
Published: April 2015

A wind retrieval correlation method for backscatter lidar scanning schemes consisting of a few profiling sounding lines of sight is mathematically formulated in matrix solution form under general anisotropic atmospheric conditions and convective boundary layer scenarios. The method assumes the frozen atmosphere model and works with temporal cross‐correlation functions that do not need to be maximized. The method also applies to the well‐known case of slant scans based on the multiple‐angle azimuth technique (horizontal wind retrievals). A first application of the method to a 1064 nm wavelength case example is presented for a 40° elevation, two‐angle azimuth scan, where horizontal wind speed and wind direction are retrieved.
Torque Vectoring for Drivetrain Systems
Authors: Granzow Claus , Arzner Matthias
Published: April 2015

The target‐oriented utilization of the active torque distribution to the four wheels has become increasingly important, especially regarding the improvement in both driving dynamics and traction. Torque vectoring offers the possibility to actively control the yaw moment around the vehicle's vertical axis and therefore improves the vehicle handling and compensates for potential understeering tendency. The different concepts of individual torque distribution will be described and their characteristics will be stated. Starting with the well‐known limited slip differentials, the bow will be drawn to hang‐on systems as well as to twin clutch systems and finally modern torque‐vectoring systems based on superimposition units will be described. Subsequently, the implementation of a specific torque‐vectoring system will be explained in more detail considering the requirements of precise torque control, robust functional availability with adherence to safety requirements, as well as suitability for volume production. On the basis of the technical description of the system and its setup, the interaction of the individual components with the total function is demonstrated.
General Requirement of Traction Motor Drives
Authors: Cheng Ming , Chan C.C.
Published: April 2015

This chapter presents the general requirement of traction motor drives. Differences between traction motors and industrial motors are discussed. Classification of traction motors is given and characteristics of each type of motors namelyDC(direct current) motor, induction motor, permanent magnet (PM) motor,PMhybrid motor, and switched reluctance motor are discussed and evaluated. The newly developed stator‐PMmachines are also introduced. Design consideration of traction motors is described with emphasis on sizing equation, selection of electric and magnetic loadings, speed ratings, and so on. Moreover, system‐level consideration in traction motor design, including single or multi‐motor configurations, fixed‐ or variable‐gearing transmissions, geared or gearless, voltage level, and so on, are also presented. Power devices and power converters for traction motor drives are discussed and evaluated. Control strategies for traction motor drives, including field‐oriented control (FOC), direct torque control (DTC), artificial intelligent control (AIC), and position‐sensorless control (PSLC), are presented and compared.
Bearings and Bearing Design for Transmissions
Authors: Malik Reinhart , Masur Ernst , Schick Andreas
Published: April 2015

Modern transmission manufacturing uses made‐to‐measure rolling bearings that are subject to continuous improvement in terms of service life, friction, acoustics, and cost. In order to achieve optimum performance, the entire system of shafts and bearings must be considered in the selection of the bearing construction type and design.

This chapter initially addresses the requirements that transmission bearings are subject to and the basic principles of the types of bearing construction most frequently used. Typical use cases will also be illustrated. Building on this basis, we will provide information on the procedure for bearing design. This is always transmission‐specific, which is why the focus is on system‐based calculation in particular. In practice, it is also important to know typical bearing damage that can occur if the design is not fit for purpose.
Torque Transfer with
AWD
Systems
Authors: Barlage John A.
Published: April 2015

This chapter is about torque transfer in different types of all‐wheel drive (
AWD
) systems including rear‐wheel drive (
RWD
), front‐wheel drive (
FWD
), and rear engine‐based driveline systems as well as part‐time, full‐time, and on‐demand systems. Part‐time modes such as two‐high (
2H
), four‐high (
4H
), and four‐low (
4L
) are explained, and so are terms such as shift on the fly (
SOF
), transfer case, and power transfer unit (
PTU
). In addition, couplings and coupling activation systems are discussed. Section 1 gives an overview of
AWD
fundamentals and shows the distinction between
FWD
‐ and
RWD
‐based layouts. Section 2 is about how specific torque transfer cases work with
RWD
‐based
AWD
systems in the different working modes: part‐time, full‐time, and on‐demand. Section 3 states what distinguishes
PTUs
for front‐wheel‐based systems from transfer cases and how a
PTU
works, and also covers how
PTUs
enable rear‐engine‐based
AWD
systems. Eventually, Section 4 shows different types of coupling systems for on‐demand systems and common active and passive coupling actuation strategies.
In‐Vehicle Network
Authors: Akiyama Susumu
Published: April 2015

The in‐vehicle network, which exchanges information among electronic devices such as
ECUs
, sensors, and actuators through wired connections, is becoming more widespread as the development of automotive electronic controls advances. This chapter outlines the principles and technologies of the in‐vehicle network, focusing on its purpose, background, current and future development status, and communication protocol.
Intercultural Dialogue
Authors: Leeds‐Hurwitz Wendy
Published: April 2015

Intercultural dialogue (
ICD
) stands at the nexus of language and social interaction and intercultural communication. Unlike other forms of interaction,
ICD
assumes participants come from different cultural (ethnic, linguistic, religious) contexts, implying that they will have divergent assumptions about, and rules for, interaction.
ICD
takes understanding of cultural others as the immediate goal, saving the more advanced steps of achieving agreement and cooperation for potential later goals. Most research on
ICD
within communication to date has taken an indirect approach. Areas requiring further research are described.
Language Ideologies
Authors: Piller Ingrid
Published: April 2015

Language ideologies are beliefs and feelings about language that shape the way we use language. Language ideologies constitute a bridge between linguistic and social structure, as they rationalize and justify social inequality as an outcome of linguistic difference. To explain the complexity of language ideologies, this article draws on examples of the standard language ideology and of the “one nation, one language” ideology in the context of global migration. The multiple and contested nature of language ideologies and their relationship to broader sociopolitical ideologies is explored with reference to the role of language in neoliberal globalization.
Electrochemical Quantification of Escherichia coli with DNA Nanostructure
Authors: Giovanni Marcella , Setyawati Magdiel Inggrid , Tay Chor Yong , Qian Hang , Kuan Win Sen , Leong David Tai
Published: April 2015

Escherichia coli is an indicator of fecal contamination in recreational water and some strains are responsible for serious food poisoning in humans. Therefore, having a rapid, sensitive, selective, and simple E. coli detection is important. In this study, DNA nanopyramids anchor is utilized for immunological detection of E. coli lipopolysaccharides, lysate, and whole bacteria. By measuring the E. coli amount electrochemically, detection limits of 0.20 ng mL−1E. coli lipopolysaccharides and 1.20 CFU mL−1 equivalent of lysed E. coli bacteria are obtained. Our method confers selectivity to detect E. coli in the presence of various other macromolecules. Therefore, our system can be developed to test the E. coli content in real water samples.
Capacitively coupled nano conductors
Authors: Hussein Robert , Kohler Sigmund
Published: April 2015

We investigate electron transport in two quantum circuits with mutual Coulomb interaction. The first circuit is a double quantum dot connected to two electron reservoirs, while the second one is a quantum point contact in the weak tunneling limit. The coupling is such that an electron in the first circuit enhances the barrier of the point contact and, thus, reduces its conductivity. While such setups are frequently used as charge monitors, we focus on two different aspects. First, we derive transport coefficients which have recently been employed for testing generalized equilibrium conditions known as exchange fluctuation relations. These formally exact relations allow us to test the consistency of our master equation approach. Second, a biased point contact entails noise on the DQD and induces non‐equilibrium phenomena such as a ratchet current.

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Brief Report: Miscarriages in Female Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: Associations With Serologic Findings, Disease Activity, and Antirheumatic Drug Treatment
Authors: Brouwer Jenny , Laven Joop S. E. , Hazes Johanna M. W. , Dolhain Radboud J. E. M.
Published: April 2015

Objective

To study the association between miscarriage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and serologic findings, disease activity, and antirheumatic drug treatment, and to study disease activity and reproductive outcomes after a miscarriage.

Methods

Within a nationwide prospective cohort study (Pregnancy‐Induced Amelioration of RA study), patients with RA were followed up from preconception until 6 months after delivery or miscarriage. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess variables of interest, with covariates included in the models if the P value for association with miscarriage was <0.20 and subsequently excluded if the P value was >0.10.

Results

Among 162 pregnancies, 28 miscarriages occurred (17.3%; 95% confidence interval 12.2–24.0%). Women who miscarried were older than women with an ongoing pregnancy. Women who miscarried tended to be more often positive for anti–citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs), to have higher disease activity scores, and to have more often received methotrexate (MTX) therapy in the past. Logistic regression showed a tendency toward a higher likelihood of miscarriage in association with increasing age (P = 0.065) and presence of ACPAs (P = 0.092). After miscarriage, 33% of women had a flare of RA. Within 1 year, 68% of women became pregnant again, 14% stopped trying to conceive, and 11% were lost to followup. The live birth rate of the subsequent pregnancy was 90%.

Conclusion

The miscarriage rate in the PARA cohort is comparable to that in the general population. Due to the low frequency of miscarriages in this study, the associations between miscarriage in RA and the presence of ACPAs, disease activity, and MTX use did not reach statistical significance. Within 1 year after miscarriage, the majority of patients who continued trying to conceive achieved a pregnancy resulting in a live birth.
Platinum‐Catalyzed Cascade Rearrangement Reaction of 1,5‐Diynyl Esters: Unusual Regioselective 1,5‐Hydride Migration
Authors: Zhu Hui , Huang Jiapian , Fan Congbin , Chen Zhiyuan
Published: April 2015

A highly regioselective sequential 1,3‐acyloxy migration/pentannulation/1,5‐hydride migration reaction is disclosed which provides an efficient access to (E)‐2‐vinyl‐3‐oxo‐1‐methyleneindenes under neutral and mild reaction conditions. The migrated hydrogen atom was derived from an unactivated alkyl group, and the long‐range 1,5‐H shift was confirmed through related deuterium experiments.
Bicyclic Guanidine Catalyzed Asymmetric Tandem Isomerization Intramolecular‐Diels–Alder Reaction: The First Catalytic Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)‐alpha‐Yohimbine
Authors: Feng Wei , Jiang Danfeng , Kee Choon‐Wee , Liu Hongjun , Tan Choon‐Hong
Published: April 2015

Hydroisoquinoline derivatives were prepared in moderate to good enantioselectivities via a bicyclic guanidine‐catalyzed tandem isomerization intramolecular‐Diels–Alder (IMDA) reaction of alkynes. With this synthetic method, the first enantioselective synthesis of (+)‐alpha‐yohimbine was completed in 9 steps from the IMDA products.
Kernresonanz‐spektroskopische Untersuchungen an Grignardschen Verbindungen) 5. Mitteilung über molekülphysikalische Untersuchungen zur Kenntnis der koordinativen Bindung
Authors: Roos Hermann , Zeil Werner
Published: April 2015

Von Grignardschen Verbindungen und von Magnesiumdiäthyl wurden die Kernresonanzspektren bei verschiedenen Konzentrationen in Äther und Tetrahydrofuran als Lösungsmittel aufgenommen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Grignardschen Verbindungen mit einem entsprechenden Gemisch von Magnesiumhalogenid und Magnesiumdialkyl identisch sind. Die Ergebnisse werden durch folgenden Strukturvorschlag für die Grignardschen Verbindungen magnified image
Sensibilisierte Fluoreszenz nach strahlungslosem Energieübergang durch dünne Schichten
Authors: Drexhage K. H. , Zwick M. M. , Kuhn H.
Published: April 2015

Eine monomolekulare Schicht eines Farbstoffs S befindet sich im Abstand von z.B. 50 A von einer monomolekularen Schicht eines Farbstoffs A. Werden die Moleküle von S durch Licht angeregt, so findet ein strahlungsloser übergang von Anregungsenergie von S nach A statt, und eine sensibilisierte Fluoreszenz von A wird beobachtet. Befindet sich im Abstand von z.B. 50 Å von der A‐Schicht eine monomolekulare Schicht eines weiteren Farbstoffs A′, so findet nach der optischen Anregung von S ein strahlungsloser Energie‐übergang nach A und von da aus weiter nach A′ statt, und man beobachtet die Fluoreszenz von A′. Die Stoffe S, A, A′ sind so beschaffen, daß das Absorptionsmaximum von A etwa an derselben Stelle wie das Fluoreszenzmaximum von S und ebenso das Absorptionsmaximum von A′ etwa an derselben Stelle wie das Fluoreszenzmaximum von A liegt.
Über die Impedanz von Halbleiter‐Elektrolyt‐Grenzflächen Mitteilung II. Über die Frequenzabhängigkeit der Impedanz von Germanium‐Elektroden
Authors: Gobrecht Heinrich , Meinhardt Oskar
Published: April 2015

Die Kapazität und der Leitwert einer Halbleiter‐Phasengrenze hängt im Gleichgewichtsbereich und in Durchlaßrichtung stark von der Meßfrequenz ab. In Sperrichtung sind die Meßwerte frequenzunabhängig. Bei Einstrahlung von Licht und bei sehr kleinen Frequenzen (118 Hz) tritt in einem sehr schmalen Potentialbereich eine negative Kapazität auf. Als Ursache für diese Dispersion wird neben der Faraday‐Impedanz der Einfluß von Oberflächenzuständen eingehend diskutiert. Außerdem wird erörtert, welchen Einfluß die Shockley‐Impedanz hat, die bei der Injektion von Ladungsträgern auftritt.
Über die Synthese von Blausäure aus Methan und Ammoniak
Authors: Pfeil Emanuel , Hoffmann Peter
Published: April 2015

Die Bildung von HCN an metallischen Katalysatoren verläuft bis etwa 1100 °C nach einem Zeitgesetz erster Ordnung, allein abhängig vom Ammoniak‐Partialdruck im Synthesegas. Aus der Aktivierungswärme der Reaktion und der Reaktionsordnung wird geschlossen, daß die Umsetzung mit der Bildung von NH‐Radikalen beginnt. Sie hat also die erste Reaktionsstufe mit der Ammoniakspaltung gemeinsam. In den folgenden Stufen tritt Umsetzung mit Methan und Dehydrierung des Reaktionsproduktes zu Cyanwasserstoff ein.
Wasserstoffbrückenbindung und magnetische Protonenresonanz
Authors: Lippert E.
Published: April 2015

Es wird ein Überblick über die Ergebnisse einiger neuerer kernresonanzspektroskopischer Untersuchungen an Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen gegeben, die Ursache der Assoziationsverschiebung diskutiert und der Fall eines einzigen Gleichgewichtes Monomer ⇄ Multimer quantitativ behandelt. Die Methode zur Berechnung der Gleichgewichtskonstanten ist allgemeiner Natur und nicht auf die KMR‐Spektroskopie beschränkt.
Über die Bildung von schlechtleitenden Salzdeckschichten auf Metallanoden
Authors: Osterwald Jörg
Published: April 2015

Bei der Bildung von Silbersulfatdeckschichten auf Silberanoden in mit Silbersulfat gesättigter Schwefelsaure genügt die Bedeckungszeit τ bei zeitlich veränderlicher Stromdichte I der Beziehung = K, in der m und K Konstanten sind. Die Gültigkeit der Beziehung wird an Versuchen mit Vorpolarisation und bei zeitlich konstanter Elektrodenspannung nachgeprüft. Auf vier weitere Systeme ist nach den bisherigen Ergebnissen dieselbe Beziehung anwendbar.
Über den Deuteriumstau in Gasdiffusionselektroden
Authors: Winsel A.
Published: April 2015

Bei der Wasserstoffabscheidung an Diffusionselektroden, insbesondere an sogenannten Ventilelektroden, wirkt der vom Elektrolyten erfüllte Teil des porösen Körpers als Diaphragma, das die konvektive Abführung des bevorzugt in der Lösung verbleibenden Deuterium behindert. Dadurch kommt es zur Ausbildung eines Deuteriumstaus in den Poren, dem die Diffusion des HDO entgegen wirkt. Daneben beeinflußt die Diffusion und die elektrische Wanderung des sauren oder alkalischen Elektrolyten das Konzentrationsprofil des D in den Poren, das unter der vereinfachenden Annahme einer kleinen D‐Konzentration berechnet wird.

Durch den Deuteriumstau ist der effektive Trennfaktor einer porösen Elektrode geringer als der kathodische Trennfaktor des Elektrodenmaterials. Sein Verlauf wird als Funktion der Abscheidungsbedingungen untersucht.
Über die Abhängigkeit des Deuteriumtrennfaktors von der Polarisation der Kathode
Authors: Vielstich W. , Schuchardt H. , Stackelberg M. V.
Published: April 2015

Der elektrolytische Deuteriumtrennfaktor wurde an Nickel‐, Silber‐, Zink‐ und Quecksilberkathoden in KOH‐ bzw. H2SO4‐Lösungen (mit etwa 0,1% D) bestimmt. Die Kathoden aus glatten Blechen erleiden bei der H2‐Abscheidung eine Aufrauhung, wodurch die Stromstärke bei konstant gehaltener Überspannung steigt, und umgekehrt. Die Aufrauhung hat einen großen Einfluß auf den Trennfaktor, für den Werte zwischen 2 und 8 gemessen wurden.

Mit zunehmender Überspannung steigt der Trennfaktor vom thermodynamischen Gleichgewichtswert (3,8 bei 25 °C) zu einem Maximum an und fällt dann wieder ab, wahrscheinlich weil der Durchtrittsfaktor α für die H‐Abscheidung etwas größer ist als der für die D‐Abscheidung. An frischen (nicht aufgerauhten) Kathoden wurde bei weiterer Erhöhung der Überspannung ein erneuter Anstieg des Trennfaktors zu einem zweiten Maximum beobachtet.
Untersuchungen über das elektrochemische Verhalten des Chroms in schwefelsauren Lösungen im Hinblick auf die Passivität
Authors: Heumann Th. , Diekötter F. W.
Published: April 2015

Die mit der galvanostatischen Methode am Chrom erhaltenen Potential‐Zeit‐Kurven unterscheiden sich ganz wesentlich von den Passivierungskurven, die man am Eisen, Nickel und nichtrostenden Stählen beobachtet. Die Vermutung, daß mehrere ineinander übergehende Elektrodenvorgänge den Kurvenverlauf bestimmen, konnte bestätigt werden. Der erste Vorgang mit der Auflösung zum Cr2+ führt zur Passivierung, der zweite ist wahrscheinlich die Oxydation des in der Chromoberfläche enthaltenen Wasserstoffs, der dritte die Auflösung des Chroms zum Chromat. Für ein Dickenwachstum der Passivschicht oder einen Übergang des Chroms in der Passivschicht in eine höhere Wertigkeitsstufe fanden wir keine Hinweise.

Die Passivschicht kann nur aus wenigen Ionenlagen bestehen. Sie weist eine Elektronenleitfähigkeit auf, so daß an ihr Oxydations‐ und Reduktionsreaktionen ablaufen und Redoxpotentiale gemessen werden können. Die Abweichungen dieser Redoxpotentiale von den am Platin ermittelten Werten rührt wie auch beim Eisen von der Korrosion der Chromelektrode im passiven Zustand her. Die darauf basierende Methode von Vetter1) zur Bestimmung der Korrosionsstromdichte ergab einen Wert, der mit dem potentiostatisch ermittelten gut übereinstimmt.

Unsere potentiostatischen Untersuchungen am Chrom bestätigten praktisch die Ergebnisse von Olivier und Kolotyrkin im Potentialbereich oberhalb Uh = +250 mV. Völlig unerwartet war dagegen das Auftreten eines kathodischen Gesamtstromes zwischen Uh = – 350 und – 50 mV. Offenbar läuft neben der Chromauflösung noch ein ganz maßgeblicher kathodischer Vorgang ab. Verschiedene Argumente sprechen dafür, daß es sich um eine Wasserstoffentwicklung handelt.
Über Intermittenzpolarographie
Authors: Becker M. , Köhler G.
Published: April 2015

Nach einer Zusammenstellung der Probleme einer Absolutpolarographie wird ein Polarograph angegeben, der durch geeignete periodische Unterbrechung der Elektrolyse selbsttätig dafür sorgt, daß der Verarmungseffekt in hinreichendem Maße eliminiert wird. Eine künstliche Regelung der Tropfzeit wird dabei vermieden. Unter Verwendung im mittleren Teil verengter Zylinderkapillaren wird der Diffusionskoeffizient des Tl(I)‐Ions in gelatinehaltigen KCl‐Lösungen bestimmt. Es wird Übereinstimmung mit den von Wang und Polestra mittels Verfolgung der Diffusion des radioaktiven 204Tl(I)‐Ions erhaltenen Werten erzielt. Das Kouteckýsche Korrekturglied zur Ilkovič‐Gleichung wird experimentell bestätigt.
Untersuchung schneller homogener chemischer Reaktionen mit der „High‐Level‐Faradaic‐Rectification”︁‐Methode
Authors: Nürnberg H. W. , Barker G. C.
Published: April 2015

Eine von uns jüngst entwickelte Methode, die auf dem Effekt der Faradayschen Gleichrichtung beruht und bei der das Elektrodenpotential großen und schnellen periodischen Änderungen unterliegt, hat sich als geeignet zur Messung der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten schneller homogener chemischer Reaktionen, die einer Elektrodenreaktion vor‐ oder nachgelagert sind, erwiesen. Die entsprechenden Gleichungen für die Abhängigkeit des Gleichrichtungsstromes von der Geschwindigkeit der chemischen Reaktion sowie der Diffusion der Reaktionspartner wurden abgeleitet. Als erste Anwendung wurden die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Dissoziation und Rekombination in wäßriger Lösung für eine Reihe konstitutionell verschiedener aliphatischer und aromatischer Säuren erstmalig bestimmt. An einer Quecksilbertropfelektrode, die durch eine Folge kurzzeitiger Pulse (10−4 bis 10−6 sec) in einem vorgegebenen Intervall des Tropfenlebens polarisiert wird, erfolgt die Reduktion der durch die Dissoziation gelieferten Wasserstoffionen. Nur der resultierende Gleichrichtungsstrom, der durch die Nichtlinearität des Elektrodenprozesses verursacht wird, gelangt zur Registrierung. Auf diese Weise dient bei dieser elektrochemischen Relaxationstechnik die Elektrodenreaktion zur Störung des Dissoziationsgleichgewichtes und gleichzeitig als Indikator des Verlaufes der chemischen Reaktion. Während die Geschwindigkeitskonstante der Dissoziation k1, bei bekannter Gleichgewichtskonstante Ke, direkt aus dem Gleichrichtungsstrom folgt, läßt sich die Geschwindigkeitskonstante der Rekombination k2 aus k1/k2 = Ke berechnen.