bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reinforcement Schedule and Children's Preference for Working versus Freeloading
Authors: Lamal P. A.
Published: September 2011

Second and sixth graders were allowed to work for tokens by throwing a switch on either a CRF or FR10 schedule and freely to obtain tokens without switch throwing. The tokens were exchangeable for a toy or candy. Sixth graders ( N = 29) had a significantly greater number of switch throws, and obtained significantly more tokens than second graders ( N = 35). Significantly more switch throws occurred under the FR10 schedule, while significantly more tokens were obtained under the CRF schedule. Significantly more switch throws occurred at the box where tokens were dispensed contingent upon switch throwing; second graders had significantly fewer switch throws at that box and significantly more switch throws occurred at that box under the FR10 schedule. There was no significant difference in the number of tokens obtained by working versus the number obtained by freeloading. No significant sex difference was found for either dependent variable. It was concluded that children will work for reinforcers in a setting where reinforcers are freely available but that they will cease to work when reinforcers are no longer forthcoming and when the ratio of required responses per reinforcer is too large.
Measure of Acculturation for Chicano Adolescents
Authors: Olmedo Esteban L. , Martinez Joe L. , Martinez Sergio R.
Published: September 2011

A paper-and-pencil measure of acculturation for Chicano adolescents was developed using multiple regression techniques and 924 Chicano and Anglo high school students in three Southern California communities. A linear combination of sociocultural and semantic diffèrential variables provided for optimal discrimination between Chicanos and Anglos. The acculturation score for an individual was defined as the linear combination of semantic and sociocultural variables which provided the best least squares estimate of that individual's score on a dichotomous variable in which Chicanos were assigned a value of 0 and Anglos a value of 1. A double cross-validation procedure indicated that the 20-variable regression equation is reasonably stable from the first sample to the next, yielding validity coefficients from .66 to .80. An ancillary study of 129 Chicano and Anglo junior college students showed scores are stable 2 or 3 wk.; test-retest reliability ranged from .66 to .89. A factor analysis of the items included in the regression equation resulted in three factors; two were slightly intercorrelated and loaded primarily with sociocultural variables pertaining to language spoken at home, nationality, and socioeconomic status of the head of household. The third factor was essentially orthogonal to the other two and showed high loadings for semantic differential scales for concepts, “mother,” “father,” and “male” on the Potency dimension. Chicanos vary widely along the derived acculturation continuum. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed with respect to educational and psychological assessment.
Psychological Defense as a Moderator Variable
Authors: Richert Alphons J. , Kettering Randy
Published: September 2011

The cross-situational stability of defensive style was investigated by administering the Defense Mechanisms Inventory to 52 undergraduate students. Analyses of variance were performed on each of the two defensive style variables and percentages of variance accounted for by persons, situations, items and their interactions were estimated from the mean squares. Persons and the person-situation interaction accounted for approximately equal percentages of variance in both defensive styles. Implications of the results for conceptualizing defensiveness and for the utility of defensiveness as a moderator variable are discussed.
Construct Validity: Person-Orientation and Value-Orientation Scales of the California Psychological Inventory
Authors: Romine Philip G. , Crowell Orville
Published: September 2011

The study investigated the construct validity of the California Psychological Inventory person-orientation and value-orientation scales by examining their relationships to Eysenck's extraversion and neuroticism dimensions. Both inventories were administered to 211 undergraduate students. While there was obviously a moderate relationship of .51 to .54 between the Person Orientation scores and Eysenck's extraversion, only about 25% of the variance in each of the two scales was common. The magnitude of the relationship between the Value Orientation scale and neurotic-extravert/stable-introvert group membership was slightly greater.
The WISC-R Subtest Profile of a Sample of Severely Emotionally Disturbed Children
Authors: Morris John D. , Evans J. Gary , Pearson Darrell R.
Published: September 2011

The WISC-R subtest profiles of 113 children classified as severely emotionally disturbed (88 males and 25 females; 71 Caucasians and 42 Negroes) ranging in age from 6 yr., 11 mo. to 13 yr., 8 mo. was examined. Diagnosis was based on psychological testing and quantitative assessment of behavioral deviations by parents, teachers, and psychologists. Scores for Caucasian children were significantly superior to those of Negro children, on the Information, Similarities, Vocabulary, and Picture Arrangement subtests. However, all subtest means foe both races were significantly lower than those in the standardization sample. A multivariate test of interaction and a Hotelling T2 suggested that the profiles of Caucasian and Negro subjects were not “flat” as those in the standardization sample and also not parallel. Investigation of the shape of the profiles of the races showed an elevated Picture Completion score for the Negro children and a depressed Coding score for Caucasian children. No evidence supported a discrepancy between Verbal and Performance abilities.
Social Evaluations of a Woman with a Problem Pregnancy: Effects of Marital Status, Birth or Abortion Solution, and Sex of Respondents
Authors: Pope Donna J. , Cunningham Mark
Published: September 2011

32 male and 38 female (mean age 28.2 yr.) subjects were shown a video-taped counseling session in which they saw a woman who exhibited signs of depression, anxiety, and indecision resulting from an unplanned and unwanted pregnancy. Subjects rated the woman on 15 biopolar adjective pairs as to how they saw her now and for the future. Generally a married woman was seen more negatively than a single woman. More positive characteristics were attributed to the woman in the future, and female subjects tended to increase the positiveness of their ratings for the future more than did males. Abortion vs birth had no significant effect. Item analyses indicated that several adjective-pairs discriminated among the various conditions (marital status, sex, and problem solution). Multiple discriminant function analysis detected a group of seven adjectives which could be combined to classify correctly 58% of the subjects into groups.
Effects of Mobility on Quality of Parental Relationships
Authors: Jenkins James L. , Lewis Bobby D. , Ellis Alton M.
Published: September 2011

Data from 54 college students suggested that the quality of the parental relationship of individuals who live less than 100 miles from parents, been separated less than 1 yr. and contact parents more often than once a month is higher than for those more mobile.
Effect of Power on Moral Judgment
Authors: Hamby Russell
Published: September 2011

Ambiguous effects of power on attributions of moral responsibility for an accident are interpreted to result from the intervening effects of need for power, which is aroused by the anticipation of exercising power over another. 160 subjects from introductory social psychology classes participated in a questionnaire-type experiment comparing effects of high/low carelessness, severe/minor consequences, and high/low power of the attributor in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. In a follow-up experiment 30 subjects were assigned to conditions of high or low power, and their needs for power and moral attributions were measured. High power seemed to arouse need for power, which was curvilinearly related to moral judgments. Those high and low in need for power attributed more moral responsibility to the perpetrator of an accident than those with moderate levels of need for power. The results suggest complicated models of both moral judgments and experimenter effects related to the level or arousal of motivations.
Objective Psychological Measurement and Alcoholism: Survey of the Literature 1973
Authors: Knox Wilma J.
Published: September 2011

The literature published during 1973 on alcoholics in the United States was examined for objective psychological test data or behavioral measurements. Information was grouped according to problem area and included tests employed, significant findings, critical comments, and inferences for therapy and research. Review articles of 1973 are listed in an appendix.
Predicting Success in a Physician-Extender Training Program
Authors: Buhmeyer Kenneth J. , Johnson Alan H.
Published: September 2011

Objective psychological measurements and personal historical data were taken on 67 physician extenders in 5 consecutive classes at a Southeastern university over 18 mo., October 1972 to April 1974. A multiple regression analysis was done between these variables and grades in didactic, clinical, and interpersonal skill evaluations, which were averaged to calculate a cumulative grade point average (AGPA). Nine of the independent variables accounted for 47% of the variations observed in the AGPA. The significant variables are consistent with common sense expectations and have provided the basis for further study. The relationship between personality and program success has proved useful in considering candidates for admissions and in counseling students already matriculated.
Comparing WISC and WISC-R Scores
Authors: Pristo L. J.
Published: September 2011

Scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) were compared with those on the revised (WISC-R) edition. Five northern Texas schools provided 40 students aged 6 to 15 yr. who had Full Scale IQs between 52 and 145. Each subject was administered the WISC, followed in 28 days by the WISC-R. Correlations between scores on all comparable WISC and WISC-R subtests, except Arithmetic and Coding, were significant but small. The Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs correlated .55, .58, and .62, respectively. Low correlations for this sample dictate caution in comparison and interpretation of scores on these two scales.
Helping Behavior on the Gridiron: It Helps if You're Winning
Authors: Berg Berthold
Published: September 2011

Helping behavior in nationally televised professional football games was studied to determine whether success on the part of the helper and responsibility for the condition calling for help were related to the frequency of helping another player to his feet. Both were significant determinants in that helping was significantly more frequent when the helper's team was ahead and the defensive unit helped other players much more frequently than the offensive unit. The findings have implications for further investigations on the nature of helping in competitive and aggressive situations.
Psychiatric Diagnosis and Criminality
Authors: Siomopoulos V.
Published: September 2011

Examining the distribution of various offenses among various psychiatric diagnosis armed robbery was the leading offense among the total sample of 451 indicted felons adjudicated unfit to stand trial as well as among those 347 diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia and 39 personality disorders. Schizophrenia was the leading psychiatric diagnosis among the total population as well as among the accused for each and every type of offense except arson. Organic brain syndromes were associated exclusively with crimes of high degree of violence, whereas mental retardation was found primarily among those accused of minor crimes.
Effect of Test Items and Degree of Similarity upon Interference in Learning from Prose Materials
Authors: Anderson Dennis L. , Byers Joe L.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was performed to assess the effect of retroactive interference upon learning from prose materials. A test-no test variable was incorporated into a 2 × 2 design along with two levels of organizational similarity. Immediate and delayed tests were used to measure the retention of information stated directly in the passage and that which was based upon inference. Including the test after the original learning passage significantly affected retention. Within the no-test condition, subjects who read an interpolated passage which was highly similar to the original passage had significantly fewer correct responses when tested immediately on information that was stated directly in the original passage.
The Revised Army Alpha Examination as a Predictor of Intelligence and Brain Impairment
Authors: Swiercinsky Dennis P. , Patterson Tom W.
Published: September 2011

The Revised Army Alpha Examination is shown to be a reasonably strong predictor of WAIS ( r = .81) and a set of subscales to be a fairly good predictor of brain impairment among a VA sample ( n = 183). As a short group-administered test that provides eight subtest scores, its clinical and predictive qualities should be useful in research and clinical applications.
An Investigation of the Validity and Reliability of the Rathus Assertion Schedule
Authors: Mann Rochelle J. , Flowers John V.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the validity and reliability of the Rathus Assertion Schedule. In terms of validity results indicated that scores of external raters, unaware of their subjects' self-evaluations, correlated significantly with their subjects' assertion scores. This correlation occurred both prior to and after an assertion training workshop. While both self-reports and external reports demonstrated significant internal consistency, the external reports were clearly more internally consistent than the self-reports. Finally an analysis of mean differences by sex demonstrated that, while external raters perceive men as more assertive than the men perceive themselves, external raters of women and the women themselves agree on the subjects' level of assertiveness.
One Session of Flooding as Treatment for Conditioned Avoidance Responding in Humans: Effect of Individualization of Treatment Duration
Authors: Hughes Howard , Holder Bob , Dubois K. Eric
Published: September 2011

An avoidance response was conditioned to three stimuli (tone, vibrator, and light) presented in serial order. Following conditioning, each group of subjects underwent a different treatment procedure. Group 1 received a completely individualized flooding procedure distributed over multiple trials. Duration of the conditioned stimulus presentations was individualized by making them contingent upon termination of conditioned suppression, and duration of the treatment session by termination of conditioned avoidance. The Group 2 flooding procedure was completely non-individualized, massed into one trial and yoked to Group 1 to control for the amount of exposure to each of the conditioned stimuli and the duration of treatment sessions. Group 3 experienced non-individualized duration of treatment, individualized conditioned stimulus presentations distributed over trials and controlled for the duration of the treatment session and the distribution of trials. Analysis indicated that individualized duration of the flooding session utilizing a measure of anxiety dissipation significantly hastened the extinction of avoidance responses. Implications for the effective practice of implosive therapy were discussed.
Effects of Training on the Mental Health Attitudes of Black and White Psychiatric Aides
Authors: Pryer Margaret W. , Distefano M. K.
Published: September 2011

The Opinions About Mental Illness Scale was administered to 71 newly hired psychiatric aides before and after a basic training program. Significant favorable change in attitude for the total group of aides was found on 4 of the 5 attitude factors. Comparisons of black ( N = 26) and white ( N = 45) aides in attitude change indicated no significant differential effects of training on attitudes of the 2 racial groups.
Relationship between Self-Esteem and Depression
Authors: Battle James
Published: September 2011

129 males and females enrolled in introductory educational psychology participated in the study to determine the relationship between self-esteem and depression in college students. Each subject was administered a self-esteem checklist and a scale intended to measure depression on one occasion. The correlation between self-esteem and depression for the total group was .55; the value for males was .53, foe females .56.
Survivor-Victims: Who Discovers or Witnesses Suicide?
Authors: Andress Vern R. , Corey David M.
Published: September 2011

At least 25,000 suicides are identified each year. For each suicide there are approximately six survivor-victims left bereaved (Shneidman, 1969). The present study examined 1,092 suicides committed in Riverside County, California, between 1960 and 1974, to establish who discovers suicide, how many suicides are committed in the presence of a witness, and who these witnesses are. Research is cited which indicates that because of the added guilt and shame suffered by suicide survivor-victims they may be more vulnerable to the stress of bereavement than are mourners in general. It is suggested that persons who discover or witness a suicide may represent a sub-population of survivor-victims who need special postventive care and a call is made for research to investigate this further.
Beliefs about the Nature of Freedom
Authors: Draughon W. E.
Published: September 2011

The present study attempted to determine whether some people would accept as part of their conceptions of freedom four of the characteristics said by recent theorists to be conditions of freedom. Items describing 60 choice situations, varying according to these conditions, were rated as “free” or “not free” by 19 college student volunteers. Also, 24 of these situations were ranked according to the criterion “more free.” The four theoretically most free situations were so rated by 18 out of 19 participants, but there was no agreement as to the relative importance of the four conditions. And even though none of the theorists has asserted all four conditions, the results indicate that the research participants must have utilized all four in making their rankings.
Cognitive Style, Dogmatism, and Creativity: Some Implications regarding Cognitive Development
Authors: Faschingbauer Thomas R. , Moore Catherine D. , Stone Addison
Published: September 2011

A model is presented in which two cognitive style factors are seen to account for creative expression. Data are presented which replicate a strong inverse relationship between one of these factors, preference for the abstract, and dogmatism. Dogmatism was unrelated to the other dimension, preference for unstructured stimuli, among two samples of college undergraduates ( ns = 30 and 40). Based on these data and available literature the authors argue that failure to develop formal operational, abstract thinking leaves a person especially vulnerable to dogmatic dependence on authority figures. Such a cognitive view of the etiology of dogmatism suggests education as a reasonable alternative to environmental manipulation in reducing bias.
Locus of Control as a Predictor of Outcome in Treatment of Obesity
Authors: Cohen Neal L. , Alpert Murray
Published: September 2011

In a treatment program for obesity utilizing hypnosis, internal Rotter I-E scores correlated ( r = .60, p < .025) with measures of weight loss. The depth of hypnotic trance did not correlate with outcome, so was not considered an important aspect of the treatment. Externally focused obese patients appear to be at highest risk as treatment failures. Suitable treatments for this group would require greater control over situational eating cues or exploration of the issues underlying their inability to feel in control. Locus of control measures might potentially serve as a screening tool for selecting a suitable treatment plan for obese individuals if these findings can be replicated.
A Factor Analytic Study of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test
Authors: Friedrich William N. , Boriskin Jerry A. , Nelson Obed
Published: September 2011

Six interpretable and nonorthogonal factors were derived from the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test which had been administered to 512 individuals arrested and convicted of driving while intoxicated. Three of the six factors contained items which tapped diagnostic areas suggested by the National Council on Alcoholism. All 24 items loaded moderately to highly on the six factors, which were: Diagnostic I and II, Self-identification with Alcoholism, Early Effects of Alcoholism, and Warning Signs I and II.
Abbreviated Forms of the WISC-R
Authors: Preston John
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to validate the effectiveness of three forms of abbreviated WISC-Rs. 100 protocols from a group of mentally retarded and language/learning impaired children were rescored according to three different methods of abbreviation previously used with the WISC. Part-whole correlations, correlations of IQs from the original and short-forms, were quite high for each of the short-form methods, ranging from .92 to .93 for the Full Scale IQ. Though tests for significance between correlations demonstrated no statistically significant differences, the accuracy of the Finch, et al. method (1973) was superior in estimating IQ. All three methods are derived from complete administration of the WISC-R.
Fear of Success in High School Girls as Related to Family Composition
Authors: Chabassol David J.
Published: September 2011

60 high school girls indicated their acceptance or rejection of four job situations involving young people. Two of the jobs were appropriate for the sex of the employee, two were not. Subjects showed as much fear of success for the male employed in a “feminine” vocation as they did for the female employee in a “masculine” one. Composition of the subject's family bore little relationship to either acceptance or rejection of the job models.
Effects of Object Curiosity on Exploratory Learning in Young Children
Authors: Inagaki Kayoko
Published: September 2011

To examine relationships between curiosity as an individual trait and the processes and products of exploratory learning, 51 kindergarten children of age six were given an object curiosity task and an exploratory learning task. The latter was designed to arouse much uncertainty or dissonance and to permit children to engage in further exploration without interference. Highly curious children, as defined by their object curiosity scores, acquired significantly more information through exploration than their low-curiosity counterparts, though they explored in only insignificantly more varied ways. This superiority of highly curious children in exploratory learning test performance remained even when the effect of verbal ability was held constant.
An Orientation and Motivation Inventory
Authors: Lorr Maurice , Stefic Edward
Published: September 2011

The report describes the construction and development of an inventory designed to measure 10 dimensions of general orientation, preference, and motivation toward activities, tasks, and people. The Orientation and Motivation Inventory was administered to 281 high school juniors and seniors and to 121 college freshmen and sophomores along with an occupational inventory. Each of the scales was subdivided for analysis into four subtests. Then the intercorrelations among the 40 subscores were analyzed by the method of principal components. In the Varimax rotational solution for the high school sample, nine of the postulated dimensions were confirmed. In the college factor analysis six of the dimensions were fully confirmed. The scale scores were evaluated by applying them in a discriminant function analysis of Holland's six vocational interest types. Students had been allocated to one of the types on the basis of their occupational scores. Analyses of the high school and college samples disclosed two and three dimensions of difference, respectively. The mean inventory scores for the vocation interest types proved to be meaningful. Therefore the inventory shows promise for use with high school students.
Paths to Being, Life Style, and Individuality
Authors: Powell Arnold , Royce Joseph R.
Published: September 2011

Our analysis of the ways in which individuals attempt to make their lives meaningful has identified three basic paths to being, each motivated by a distinctive value-orientation, intrinsic, self, or social. Valid philosophies of life emerge when these value commitments entail existential risk and an existential criterion. Furthermore, distinctive life styles are considered to result from attempts to pursue patterns in living that are consistent with one's philosophy of life and satisfy the existential criterion. These concepts are also analyzed from the standpoint of a multifactor-systems theory of individuality, where distinctive life styles are seen as resulting from the integration of the value and affective systems of personality.
Pets and Personality Development
Authors: Levinson Boris M.
Published: September 2011

Man has had animal companions since prehistoric times, as reflected in folklore, legends, and literature. In an urban, technological society such as ours, closeness to animals can reduce alienation. Development over the life cycle can be favorably influenced by close association with an animal companion, particularly during middle childhood and old age. The development of empathy, self-esteem, self-control, and autonomy can be promoted in children through raising pets, while the loneliness of old age can be eased and deterioration warded off by nurturing an animal. Psychologists have not studied animal-human relationships to date, and such research is long overdue.
Semantic Characteristics of the Conservation Transformation
Authors: Murray Frank B. , Tyler S. Jane
Published: September 2011

The thesis is advanced that transformations which lead to nonconservation (as opposed to those that do not) are related connotatively to the concept to be conserved. Evidence was found in significant positive correlations between degree of non-conservation of weight under various transformations and the magnitude of the semantic differential factor loadings of the adjectives which describe the various transformations on the potency factor on which the weight adjectives, heavy and light, are also loaded.
Comparison of Four Instruments Measuring Conflict Behavior
Authors: Thomas Kenneth W. , Kilmann Ralph H.
Published: September 2011

Test-retest reliabilities, internal consistencies, and convergent test validities were examined for four measures of interpersonal behavior in handling conflict. Subjects were 86 graduate students in management. Instruments were those developed by Blake and Mouton, Lawrence and Lorsch, Hall, and by Thomas and Kilmann. Reliabilities were in the low-to-moderate range, with more recent instruments somewhat superior. Some problems with the first two measures were observed. The two most recent instruments, by Hall and by Thomas and Kilmann, show some convergence across all five modes of handling conflict. Convergence among other instruments varies by mode of handling conflict. Inspection of items suggests some reasons for the limited convergence.
Birth Order and Age at Marriage in Females
Authors: Friedman Jeri H. , Jackson Betsey J. , Nogas Catherine
Published: September 2011

Firstborn men marry at an earlier age than laterborn men. Supporting the earlier research, this study of 111 females indicated no relationship between birth order and age at marriage among women Highest educational degree earned was significantly related to age at marriage for these university affiliated women.
Signal Detection Analysis of Deprivation-Incentive Relations with Rats
Authors: Beck Robert C. , Austin Norma Carey
Published: September 2011

The problem of deprivation-incentive relationships is considered in terms of the theory of signal detection. Different concentration sucrose incentives are conceptualized as signal and noise and food deprivation is considered to lower the response criterion. It was predicted that incentives of relatively small concentration difference would not produce interactions (even though a main effect of incentive were present) but that widely separated concentrations would. This was given some support in two experiments, one with bar pressing on concurrent schedules and one with a double-alley straight runway.
Developmental Trends of the Relativistic-Realistic Dimension of Moral Judgment in Adolescence
Authors: Guttmann Josef , Ziv Avner , Green David
Published: September 2011

Moral Judgment on the realistic-relativistic dimension was investigated by administering the test, Morality Shifting in Adolescence, to 526 adolescents in each of three age groups (13, 15, and 17 yr.). Orthogonal polynomials were used for trend analysis; this showed a linear trend of relativistic thinking. With age adolescents become more relativistic in their moral judgments. Differences in developmental trend were found between the sexes and possible explanations based on socialization processes are proposed.
Stimulant Drug Therapy in Control of on-Task Behavior: A Case Study
Authors: Fahrmeier Edward D.
Published: September 2011

Stimulant drugs are often prescribed for the control of hyperactive behavior in the classroom without objective measurement of actual effects of the drug for a particular child in the school environment. This paper outlines a simple procedure for school personnel to measure actual effects.
Short-Term Sensory Reduction Used as a Therapeutic Aid in Enhancement of Self-Concept
Authors: Bentz Jon E.
Published: September 2011

48 college freshmen volunteered for this investigation and were assigned to one of four experimental conditions: sensory reduction plus message, sensory reduction only, message only, or no treatment control. All subjects rated their own personalities using a modified form of the Brownfain Self-rating Inventory one day prior to and immediately following the experimental treatment. The duration of the stimulus reduction experience was 40 min. and the taped message was designed to enhance self-concept. Results indicated that the sensory reduction inhibited the enhancement of self-concept, whereas subjects who were presented the taped message in a normal sensory environment showed a significant enhancement of self-concept. It was hypothesized that the sensory reduction created a high level of anxiety which served to interfere with the effectiveness of the stimulus tape.
Self-Concept of Ability and College Students' Academic Achievement
Authors: Griffore Robert J. , Samuels Douglas D.
Published: September 2011

To determine the relationship between college students' academic self-concept and academic achievement, Brookover's Self-concept of Ability Scale was administered to 100 undergraduate students in psychology. High moderate correlations were obtained between academic self-concept and over-all grade-point average (.58), but the correlation between academic self-concept and a final examination, although significant, was relatively low (.26).
Feminists and Nonfeminists: Contrasting Profiles in Independence and Affiliation
Authors: McClain Edwin
Published: September 2011

A rationale, based on Ausubel's developmental theory, was given for predicting that feminists would tend to be dominated by independence needs and nonfeminists by affiliation needs. By means of an inventory based on controversial issues espoused by the feminist movement, 39 university women were identified as feminists and 39 as nonfeminists. These subjects were administered a battery of four personality tests, from which 10 scales related to independence and 10 related to affiliation were chosen as predictor variables. Discriminant function analysis applied to these 20 measures produced a prediction equation in which nearly all of the independence and affiliation scores were weighted with opposite signs. The equation classified correctly 92% of the feminist subjects and 95% of the nonfeminists. These results were interpreted as confirming the expectation that feminists and nonfeminists can be differentiated on the basis of their independence and affiliation needs.
Effect of Demythologizing Seminars on Attributions to Mental Health Professionals
Authors: Morrison James K. , Teta Diana C.
Published: September 2011

16 persons enrolled in an adult education course completed the Client Attitude Questionnaire and a semantic differential. Analysis showed change in attitude toward mental health professionals from pre- to immediate posttest; the change held over 3 mo.
A Typology of Test-Takers Based on True Responding and Item Endorsement
Authors: Morf Martin E. , Krane William R.
Published: September 2011

A method of assigning test-takers to four categories based on true responding and item endorsement was presented. Predictions were formulated concerning the mean probabilities of a true response of the four categories on four experimental scales which are heterogeneous and balanced in content and which differ in positive vs negative wording and personality vs attitude format. The predictions were tested on the data from 196 college students and comparisons between the four categories suggested that subjects differ reliably on true responding and item endorsement and that these two response styles may be implicated differentially by personality and attitude items.
Measuring Spelling Ability: Recognition or Recall
Authors: Lange Una A. , Scranton Thomas R. , Ryckman David B.
Published: September 2011

To test for differences between recognition (proofreading) and recall (dictation) in spelling tests, three studies were conducted. Randomly selected from children in Grades 3 through 6, Study A involved 422 subjects, Study B, 416 subjects, and Study C had 435 subjects. A significant difference between mode of presentation in all three studies suggested differential abilities.
Sex Differences and Incidence of Activity-Stress Ulcers in the Rat
Authors: Paré William P. , Vincent George P. , Isom Kile E. , Reeves Jesse M.
Published: September 2011

Female rats housed in running-wheel activity cages and fed 1 hr. daily ran significantly more than similarly housed and fed male rats. Male rats survived an average of 10 days, whereas mean survival time for female rats was 7.3 days. Experimental activity rats developed glandular stomach ulcers. Pair fed controls housed in cages without activity wheels were ulcer-free. Among experimental activity rats, there were no sex differences with respect to the number or severity of ulcers.
Exploration of Relationship Inherent in Linguistic, Cognitive and Verbal Processing Domains
Authors: Poole Millicent E.
Published: September 2011

Interdomain relationships among linguistic, cognitive, and verbal processing modes were explored using principal component analysis. The data, obtained from 15- and 16-yr.-olds via individual structured interviews and a cognitive style test battery, yielded a complexity dimension. This dimension reflected explicit/analytic to non-reflective/categorical modes of processing and appeared to link all three domains (linguistic, cognitive and verbal).
Breadth of Perspective and Suicide Threats
Authors: Wenz Friedrich V.
Published: September 2011

This article reports on the relationship between the variable, breadth of perspective, and 25 subjects who had recently made suicidal threats. Breadth of perspective was measured by the F-scale. A statistically significant relationship with suicidal tendencies was noted.
Manual for the Measurement of Symbiosis in Human Relationships
Authors: Summers Frank
Published: September 2011

A manual for the measurement of the degree of symbiosis in interpersonal relationships is presented. Symbiosis is divided into six component variables: differentiation, intrusiveness, dependency, separation difficulty, disapproval of other relationships, and injunctions. The scoring system is bifurcated into two sections for the measurement of both projective test and interview data. A brief introduction presents a theoretical rationale for the manual, an explanation of its uses, and reliability and validity data.
A Questionnaire Measure of Habitual Alcohol Use
Authors: Mehrabian Albert , Russell James A.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a questionnaire measure of alcohol use habits designed to separately assess consumption of wine, beer, and liquor, and drinking rate. Factor analysis of the measure for 593 college students indicates that the highest loading items on the single factor extracted are those relating to drinking rate. The weekly amount of wine consumed has the lowest factor loading. A computational formula, based on factor scores, is given for the calculation of a single, over-all measure of a subject's “habitual alcohol consumption” level. Although wine consumption is the least important item in this index and may be omitted readily in using the formula for college students, it is nevertheless included in the index given in Equation 2 since it may be a more important part of alcohol use among adults. The alternative computational formula in Equation 3 is suggested for samples of college students.
Students' Evaluation of a Computer-Based Instructional System in Higher Education
Authors: Meredith Gerald M. , Ikari Mitchell I.
Published: September 2011

Study identified two attitude factors for students' assessment of computer-based instruction, PLATO Learning Impact and Learning Obstacles.
Reliability of Various Measures Obtained in Open-Field Test
Authors: Goma Montserrat , Tobeña Adolf
Published: September 2011

6 open-field measures, defecation, ambulation, urination, rearing, crossing, and freezing, were obtained. Subjects were tested twice. The first test was conducted when subjects were 105 days old and the second when they were 224 days old, that is, 4 mo. later. The reliability of these measures was examined using analysis of variance, correlations for odd vs even days, and test-retest. Data suggested ambulation, defecation, rearing, and freezing are reliable measures of behavior in the open-field test.
Biographical Data, Personality, and Vocational Interests of Family Nurse Practitioners
Authors: O'Hara-Devereaux Mary , Brown Thomas C. , Mentink Janet , Morgan Walter A.
Published: September 2011

This report suggests that family nurse practitioners who are successful in practice may not have unique biographical, vocational, or personality profiles. The results for 63 family nurse practitioners, including 3 males, on the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, the Omnibus Personality Inventory, and Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire, indicate this group was most similar to the general population. The results of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator did show clusters in some types. The study suggests that descriptive studies in themselves may not be useful in predicting success but that the use of personality tests to measure the variables at work in practitioner-patient interaction may be a more fertile research area.
Development of an Australian Version of the Rational Behavior Inventory
Authors: Whiteman Victor L.
Published: September 2011

An Australian version of the Rational Behavior Inventory was developed by modifying 10 of the 37 scale items. Validity of the Australian version was supported by zero-order correlations in the predicted direction between scores on the inventory and on tests of self-esteem, dogmatism, and anomia for a sample of 74 Australian students in social work. The Australian version had a reliability of .70 as measured by Cronbach's alpha and coefficients of reproducibility which averaged .90 for the 11 factors in the index. No significant differences were found between the mean scores of Australian and U. S. students in social work on the Australian test or between the U. S. students on the Australian test and a sample of 47 students at Michigan State University on the original version, supporting the comparability of the tests in terms of level of scoring.
Structure of Wais Scores for Private Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Phillips Walter M.
Published: September 2011

Factorial studies of WAIS subtests have yielded questionably consistent results, particularly in the number of factors obtained and in the assignment of subtests to factors. In view of the implications for clinical application of individual subtest and over-all Verbal and Performance contrasts to psychiatric inpatients, the present study investigated the replication of a previous summary study of WAIS factorial structure for inpatient groups and inspected potential differences between WAIS structure for two broadly defined levels of psychopathology. The results indicated basic consistency of structure across groups and in comparison of studies. However, although similar in basic factors to the other groups, the WAIS structure of the psychotic group of this study suggested that attentional and cooperational levels of the psychotic patient be carefully evaluated before application of subtest contrasts.
Cognitive Self-Instructional Training Approach for Reducing Disruptive Behavior of Young Children
Authors: Coats Kevin I.
Published: September 2011

The influence of cognitive self-instructional training on the impulsive-aggressive behavior of 16 third-grade boys was examined. Children were equated by ranks on the frequency of their aggressive and motor behavior in the classroom and randomly assigned to the cognitive self-instruction or an attention-control group. The instruction condition employed a training procedure which required the child to talk to himself, initially overtly and then covertly, to increase self-control. Posttreatment classroom observations and teachers' ratings showed that the instruction group exhibited fewer deviant behaviors compared to controls although the differences were non-significant. Daring a staged problematic situation the instruction condition showed somewhat fewer deviant responses than controls and the number of prosocial responses differed only slightly. However, there was a significant difference between groups in the frequency of waiting and verbal aggressive behaviors. Results suggest that the instruction group may have used covert speech for controlling deviant responses to frustration rather than generating prosocial approach behavior.
Was Napoleon a Military Genius? Score: Carlyle 1, Tolstoy 1
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: September 2011

Carlyle's “Great Man” theory and Tolstoy's “Zeitgeist” theory provide two alternative explanations of historical events. Yet a quantitative study of the military career of Napoleon and his contemporaries demonstrates that both views account for a significant percentage of the variance in military success during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
Teachers' Attitudes in Relation to Rational-Emotive and Self-Actualization Theories
Authors: Morris G. Barry
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the attitude of trainees toward the teaching profession in relation to Rational-Emotive and Self-actualization theory. The Adult Irrational Ideas Inventory, Personal Orientation Inventory and the Minnesota Teacher Attitude Inventory were administered to 34 senior students in education. Positive but small to moderate relationships were obtained between the teacher-trainees' attitudes, levels of self-actualization, and possession of rational thoughts. Implications for education were also presented.
Comprehensive Assessment of Assertion Training in Controlled Single-Case Studies
Authors: Schnidman Robert E. , Layne Christopher
Published: September 2011

This study illustrates how assertion training effects can be assessed comprehensively within a single-case design. An underassertive female undergraduate client received 5 weekly training sessions. Measures consisted of a personality inventory, a self-rating scale, and video tapes of role playing. All were brief and unobtrusive. Simple prerequisites for assertiveness improved first, followed by improvements in increasingly more complex areas of functioning. It is both feasible and profitable to use comprehensive assessment procedures in single-case studies.
Probabilities of an Aversive Event and Physiological Correlates of Stress
Authors: Curtis Rebecca C. , Mariano Anthony , Gersh Wayne D.
Published: September 2011

In Exp. I, 60 undergraduates were exposed to either a 10%, 50%, 90%, or 100% probability of shock after a 15-sec. anticipation period. The 90% condition produced greater changes in GSR than the 50% and 100% conditions and greater increases in heart rate than the 50% condition. In Exp. II, 60 undergraduates were exposed to either a 10%, 50%, 90%, or 99% probability of a potentially avoidable aversive event. The 90% condition produced greater changes in GSR than the 10% condition and greater increases in heart rate than the 99% condition. These findings suggest that probable but uncertain aversive events produce greatest arousal.
Measuring the Social Schemata of Preschool Children
Authors: Rusch Reuben R. , Kuethe James L.
Published: September 2011

One measure of social schemata is based on the distances that subjects freely place a representation of “self” from representations of other social stimuli. The present study explored the feasibility of using the technique with preschool children. A high correlation of .81 was found between nursery-school children's tendency to place “self” near “teacher” on the social schemata measure and their actual tendency to “cling” to their nursery-school teacher. The authors concluded that the social schemata technique can be a useful research tool even when the subjects are quite young, i.e., between 4 and 5 yr. of age.
Effect of Emotional State on Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Mehrabian Albert
Published: September 2011

The present study explored effects of emotional states on alcohol use. The three orthogonal dimensions of pleasure-displeasure, level of arousal, and dominance-submissiveness, which are necessary and sufficient to describe and measure any emotional state, were used as independent factors. Reports of amounts of beer, liquor, and wine consumption were the dependent measures. Confirming earlier findings, wine consumption was not a consistent part of the over-all pattern of drinking habits; wine drinking seems to have a distinctive psychological function in contrast to beer and liquor consumption which historically have been a more stable part of alcohol use in the U.S. Almost identical complex patterns of findings were obtained for beer and liquor use. For pleasant emotional states, reported alcohol consumption was greater when subjects felt dominant and aroused (elated, excited) than when they felt dominant and unaroused (relaxed) or submissive and aroused (impressed). For unpleasant emotional states, alcohol consumption was greatest when subjects felt submissive and unaroused (depressed, bored) and dominant and aroused (angry) and least when they felt submissive and aroused (anxious) or dominant and unaroused (unconcerned, detached). In comparisons of the effects of the sets of four pleasant and unpleasant emotional states, only a single significant consistent effect on alcohol use was noted. Subjects feeling displeasure, low arousal, and submissiveness (boredom) reported consuming more beer and liquor than those feeling pleasure, low arousal, and submissiveness (tranquilized, sheltered feeling).