bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proficiency of independent directors: an Indian corporate governance perspective
Authors: Vig Shinu
Published: January 2024

Purpose

Independent directors (IDs) in India are required to qualify for the online proficiency self-assessment test to acquire or retain their position on the corporate boards. The purpose of this paper was to examine the perceived positive and negative aspects of the new mandate for the overall quality of corporate boards in India.

Design/methodology/approach

This study used a qualitative methodology and applied the interpretative phenomenological analysis approach. Data was collected from board members using semi-structured interviews.

Findings

This study revealed the positive and negative perceived aspects of the mandatory policy prescription of proficiency test for IDs. It was found that the participants emphasized training and mentoring programs for the IDs.

Practical implications

Drawing upon the actual board experiences of the participants, this study has the potential to assist policymakers in making regulations that are more effective in enhancing the quality of corporate boards. The example of action taken as well as the criticism or positive aspects pointed out can generate interest in other legislators.

Originality/value

The concept of proficiency test for IDs is unique to India. A review of literature did not reveal the existence of any regulatory provisions for a mandatory uniform test for examining the proficiency of IDs, in any corporate law jurisdiction apart from India.
Implementing trades of the National Football League Draft on blockchain smart contracts
Authors: Fukuzawa Mathew B. , McConnell Brandon M. , Kay Michael G. , Thoney-Barletta Kristin A. , Warsing Donald P.
Published: January 2024

Purpose

Demonstrate proof-of-concept for conducting NFL Draft trades on a blockchain network using smart contracts.

Design/methodology/approach

Using Ethereum smart contracts, the authors model several types of draft trades between teams. An example scenario is used to demonstrate contract interaction and draft results.

Findings

The authors show the feasibility of conducting draft-day trades using smart contracts. The entire negotiation process, including side deals, can be conducted digitally.

Research limitations/implications

Further work is required to incorporate the full-scale depth required to integrate the draft trading process into a decentralized user platform and experience.

Practical implications

Cutting time for the trade negotiation process buys decision time for team decision-makers. Gains are also made with accuracy and cost.

Social implications

Full-scale adoption may find resistance due to the level of fan involvement; the draft has evolved into an interactive experience for both fans and teams.

Originality/value

This research demonstrates the new application of smart contracts in the inter-section of sports management and blockchain technology.
Micromanagement and its impact on millennial followership styles
Authors: Ryan Shona , Cross Christine
Published: January 2024

Purpose

It is predicted that micromanagement may become a growing workplace concern post-Covid-19, with managers grappling for control in the current hybrid/remote working environment. This will be happening at a time when millennials represent half of the working population. This study contributes to existing literature and provides an overall appreciation of the complexities of micromanagement and how it impacts millennials' followership styles.

Design/methodology/approach

A quantitative study was undertaken and a series of hypotheses were tested. The target sample for this research was the millennial cohort aged between 24 and 41. Data were analysed using SPSS.

Findings

This paper confirmed that “unfavourable followership styles” consisted of various negative followership reactions such as anxiety, demotivation, dissatisfaction, disengagement, reduction in support for managers, limited upward feedback, team conflict, reduced productivity and innovation due to fear of making mistakes ultimately facilitating a toxic workplace. Essentially, this research validated the notion that in order to create a sustainable organisation post-Covid-19, HR professionals must take proactive measures to mitigate this form of harmful leadership.

Research limitations/implications

Data weaknesses transpire where respondents have never interacted with a micromanager in reality. Therefore, perceived reactions to a hypothetical micromanager may differ from those respondents who were exposed to micromanagers.

Originality/value

A lack of research exists on the intersection of micromanagement and millennials' followership styles and as such this paper bridges that gap.
The moderating role of financial development in energy poverty–sustainable environment linkages: evidence from Africa
Authors: Dada James Temitope , Ajide Folorunsho M. , Al-Faryan Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh
Published: January 2024

Purpose

Driven by the Sustainable Development Goals (goals 7, 8, 12 and 13), this study investigates the moderating role of financial development in the link between energy poverty and a sustainable environment in African nations.

Design/methodology/approach

Panel cointegration analysis, fully modified least squares, Driscoll and Kraay least squares and method of moments quantile regression were used as estimation techniques to examine the link between financial development, energy poverty and sustainable environment for 28 African nations. Energy poverty is measured using two proxies-access to clean energy and access to electricity, while the environment is gauged using ecological footprint.

Findings

The regression outcomes show that access to clean energy and electricity negatively impacts the ecological footprint across all the quantiles; hence, energy poverty increases environmental degradation. Financial development positively influences environmental degradation in the region at the upper quantiles. Similarly, the interactive term of energy poverty and financial development has a significant positive impact on ecological footprint; thus, the financial sector adds to energy poverty and environmental degradation. The results of other variables hint that per capita income and institutions worsen environmental quality while urbanisation strengthens the environment.

Originality/value

This study offers fresh insights into the moderating effect of financial development in the link between energy poverty and sustainable environment in African countries.
Unraveling the challenges of education for sustainable development: a compelling case study
Authors: Zainal Abidin Mohd Syahidan , Mokhtar Mahani , Arsat Mahyuddin
Published: January 2024

Purpose

Education for sustainable development (ESD) has gained significant attention, but integrating ESD into existing education systems is challenging. The study aims to explore the challenges of ESD experienced by school leaders, focusing on the context of Malaysian schools.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses a qualitative approach with a single-case study design. Eight school leaders involved in the Johor sustainable education action plan (JSEAP) were interviewed and analyzed. The study uses thematic analysis to identify the challenges and other causes associated with the implementation of ESD.

Findings

This study revealed that the school leaders perceived the ESD challenges at three levels. First, restriction to the standardized curriculum (systemic); second, resistance to change (organization) and third, awareness and readiness (individual). These themes stemmed from seven primary codes that school leaders encountered throughout the JSEAP program.

Research limitations/implications

This paper is limited to a case study of the chosen schools and cannot be extrapolated to a larger population.

Practical implications

The study benefits school leaders and educators concerned about ESD and its role in their schools and other academics interested in ESD.

Originality/value

To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to investigate ESD challenges in Malaysia. The novel discovery of the three levels of ESD challenges helps readers better understand the recent phenomenon of ESD implementation and compare it to other settings.
Deciphering the role of adjuvant therapy in melanoma and its actual benefits
Authors: Fukushima Satoshi , Miyashita Azusa , Kimura Toshihiro , Kuriyama Haruka , Mizuhashi Satoru , Ichigozaki Yuki , Masuguchi Shinichi
Published: January 2024

Numerous clinical trials have demonstrated a significant improvement in recurrence‐free survival among melanoma patients receiving high‐dose interferon‐α, immune checkpoint inhibitors (pembrolizumab, nivolumab), and BRAF/MEK inhibitors (dabrafenib‐trametinib). This study aimed to investigate whether these findings hold true in real‐world conditions for patients with stage III and IV melanoma. In particular, the study explores the efficacy and side effects of adjuvant therapies, focusing on anti‐PD‐1 antibodies and BRAF/MEK inhibitors. While clinical trials have shown comparable efficacy, differences in side‐effect profiles, especially the persistence of immune‐related adverse events with anti‐PD‐1 antibodies, highlight the need for careful consideration in adjuvant settings. In the absence of established biomarkers for guiding adjuvant therapy decisions, it becomes imperative to transparently communicate the advantages and disadvantages of drug administration to patients. The study also delved into the impact of melanoma subtype and BRAF mutation status on the effectiveness of adjuvant therapy, emphasizing the need for further investigation.
SEW2871 reduces seizures via the sphingosine 1‐phosphate receptor‐1 pathway in the pentylenetetrazol and phenobarbitone kindling model of drug‐refractory epilepsy
Authors: Jain Ashish , Ralta Arti , Batra Gitika , Joshi Rupa , Garg Nitika , Bhatia Alka , Medhi Bikash , Chakrabarti Amitava , Prakash Ajay
Published: January 2024

Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological disorder characterized by neuronal hypersynchronous discharge in the brain, leading to central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction. Despite the availability of anti‐epileptic drugs (AEDs), resistance to AEDs is the greatest challenge in treating epilepsy. The role of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate‐receptor 1 (S1PR1) in drug‐resistant epilepsy is unexplored. This study investigated the effects of SEW2871, a potent S1PR1 agonist, on a phenobarbitone (PHB)‐resistant pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)‐kindled Wistar rat model. We measured the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of multi‐drug resistance 1 (MDR1) and multi‐drug resistance protein 5 (MRP5) as indicators for drug resistance. Rats received PHB + PTZ for 62 days to develop a drug‐resistant epilepsy model. From day 48, SEW2871 (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.]) was administered for 14 days. Seizure scoring, behaviour, oxidative markers like reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, inflammatory markers like interleukin 1 beta tumour necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma and mRNA expression (MDR1 and MRP5) were assessed, and histopathological assessments were conducted. SEW2871 demonstrated dose‐dependent improvements in seizure scoring and neurobehavioral parameters with a reduction in oxidative and inflammation‐induced neuronal damage. The S1PR1 agonist also downregulated MDR1 and MRP5 gene expression and significantly decreased the number of dark‐stained pyknotic nuclei and increased cell density with neuronal rearrangement in the rat brain hippocampus. These findings suggest that SEW2871 might ameliorate epileptic symptoms by modulating drug resistance through downregulation of MDR1 and MRP5 gene expression.
Evaluation of low sodium Kačkavalj cheese properties using 3D scanning, scanning electron microscopy and computer vision system
Authors: Satric Ana , Tomasevic Igor , Djekic Ilija , Pavlovic Vladimir , Levic Steva , Miocinovic Jelena
Published: January 2024

Salt reduction in food is one of the main concerns for public health agencies. Performing two‐way analysis of variance, the effects of salt reduction and replacement on the pasta filata Kačkavalj cheese properties were studied during 6 months. Computer vision system is a novel method for colour evaluation. There were no differences in colour parameters L*, a* and b* (90.40–92.87, 0.07–0.60 and 11.40–18.53 respectively) and microstructure analysed by scanning electron microscopy between variants during ripening. Three‐dimensional scanning revealed that low sodium variants showed lower volume reduction. Salt reduction in Kačkavalj cheese results in high quality product and contributes to consumer health.
Knickkopf (LmKnk) is required for chitin organization in the foregut of Locusta migratoria
Authors: Yu Rong‐Rong , Duan Jia‐Qi , Zhao Xiao‐Ming , Abbas Mureed , Zhang Yu‐Ping , Shi Xue‐Kai , Chen Nan , Zhang Jian‐Zhen
Published: January 2024

The foregut, located at the front of the digestive tract, serves a vital role in insects by storing and grinding food into small particles. The innermost layer of the foregut known as the chitinous intima, comes into direct contact with the food and acts as a protective barrier against abrasive particles. Knickkopf (Knk) is required for chitin organization in the chitinous exoskeleton, tracheae and wings. Despite its significance, little is known about the biological function of Knk in the foregut. In this study, we found that LmKnk was stably expressed in the foregut, and highly expressed before molting in Locusta migratoria. To ascertain the biological function of LmKnk in the foregut, we synthesized specific double‐stranded LmKnk (dsLmKnk) and injected it into locusts. Our findings showed a significant decrease in the foregut size, along with reduced food intake and accumulation of residues in the foregut after dsLmKnk injection. Morphological observations revealed that newly formed intima became thinner and lacked chitin lamella. Furthermore, fluorescence immunohistochemistry revealed that LmKnk was located in the apical region of new intima and epithelial cells. Taken together, this study provides insights into the biological function of LmKnk in the foregut, and identifies the potential target gene for exploring biological pest management strategies.
Trends in hallucinogen‐associated emergency department visits and hospitalizations in California, USA, from 2016 to 2022
Authors: Garel Nicolas , Tate Steven , Nash Kristin , Lembke Anna
Published: January 2024

Background and aims

Hallucinogens encompass a diverse range of compounds of increasing scientific and public interest. Risks associated with hallucinogen use are under‐researched and poorly understood. We aimed to compare the trends in hallucinogen‐associated health‐care use with alcohol‐ and cannabis‐associated health‐care use.

Design, setting and cases

We conducted an ecological study with publicly available data on International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD‐10) diagnosis codes associated with emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations from the California Department of Healthcare Access and Information (HCAI). HCAI includes primary and secondary ICD‐10 codes reported with ED or hospital discharge from every non‐federal health‐care facility licensed in California, United States, from 2016 to 2022.

Measurements

ICD‐10 codes were classified as hallucinogen‐, cannabis‐ or alcohol‐associated if they were from the corresponding category in the ICD‐10 block ‘mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use’.

Findings

Observed hallucinogen‐associated ED visits increased by 54% between 2016 and 2022, from 2260 visits to 3476 visits, compared with a 20% decrease in alcohol‐associated ED visits and a 15% increase in cannabis‐associated ED visits. The observed hallucinogen‐associated hospitalizations increased by 55% during the same period, from 2556 to 3965 hospitalizations, compared with a 1% increase in alcohol‐associated hospitalizations and a 1% increase in cannabis‐associated hospitalizations. This rise in hallucinogenic ED visits was significantly different from the trend in cannabis‐associated (P < 0.001) and alcohol‐associated (P = 0.005) ED visits. The hallucinogen‐associated hospitalizations trend also significantly differed when compared with cannabis‐ (P < 0.001) and alcohol‐associated (P < 0.001) hospitalizations.

Conclusions

Hallucinogen‐associated emergency department visits and hospitalizations in California, USA, showed a large relative but small absolute increase between 2016 and 2022.
Zinc deficiency or genetic mutations?—A case report of hair heterochromia in the context of MC1R genetic mutations
Authors: Lei Zhang , Yingcai Wan , Jianbo Wu
Published: January 2024

Hair heterochromia may be caused by different mechanisms. At clinical work, we found a Chinese boy whose hair colour gradually turned to red. We record the diagnosis and treatment process and follow‐up situation, finally find that altered hair colour phenotype is due to MC1R genetic mutations, rather than zinc deficiency. This rarely red hair colour phenotype improve our understanding of hair heterochromia caused by genetic mutations.
Neonatal and maternal outcomes at early vs. full term following induction of labor; A secondary analysis of the OBLIGE randomized trial
Authors: Carlhäll Sara , Alsweiler Jane , Battin Malcolm , Wilson Jessica , Sadler Lynn , Thompson John M. D. , Wise Michelle R.
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Birth at early term (37+0–38+6 completed gestational weeks [GW] and additional days) is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes compared with waiting to ≥39 GW. Most studies report outcomes after elective cesarean section or a mix of all modes of births; it is unclear whether these adverse outcomes apply to early‐term babies born after induction of labor (IOL). We aimed to determine, in women with a non‐urgent induction indication (elective/planned >48 h in advance), if IOL at early and late term was associated with adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes compared with IOL at full term.

Material and methods

An observational cohort study as a secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of 1087 New Zealand women with a planned IOL ≥37+0 GW. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze neonatal and maternal outcomes in relation to gestational age; 37+0–38+6 (early term), 39+0–40+6 (full term) and ≥41+0 (late term) GW. Neonatal outcome analyses were adjusted for sex, birthweight, mode of birth and induction indication, and maternal outcome analyses for parity, age, body mass index and induction method. The primary neonatal outcome was admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for >4 hours; the primary maternal outcome was cesarean section.

Results

Among the 1087 participants, 266 had IOL at early term, 480 at full term, and 341 at late term. Babies born following IOL at early term had increased odds for NICU admission for >4 hours (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.16, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.16–4.05), compared with full term. Women having IOL at early term had no difference in emergency cesarean rates but had an increased need for a second induction method (aOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.15–2.51) and spent 4 h longer from start of IOL to birth (Hodges–Lehmann estimator 4.10, 95% CI 1.33–6.95) compared with those with IOL at full term.

Conclusions

IOL for a non‐urgent indication at early term was associated with adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes and no benefits compared with IOL at full term. These findings support international guidelines to avoid IOL before 39 GW unless there is an evidence‐based indication for earlier planned birth and will help inform women and clinicians in their decision‐making about timing of IOL.
Bilateral economic diplomacy between South Korea and Iraq
Authors: Gul Zana
Published: January 2024

The article discusses the evolution of Iraq‐South Korea relations since the late 1970s. It relies on Iraq's and South Korea's governmental platforms, local media outlets, and databases such as the Korea Statistical Information Service and the Observatory of Economic Complexity. This article argues that while in the 1970s both countries had economic rapport, bilateral economic diplomacy between both countries began in the 1980s, faced challenges in the 1990s and was revived by 2003. In the 1970s, the relationship was focused on trade and infrastructure. By the 1980s, official diplomatic and bilateral relations took shape, resulting in increased trade and South Korea energy ventures in Iraq. By the 1990s relations were dormant due to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and the UN sanctions. In 2003, the diplomatic relationship was revived and further enhanced. These include energy, trade, infrastructure, and South Korea's humanitarian, military, and industrial assistance to Iraq. The post‐2003 phase shows the expansion of ties between both countries including the Kurdistan Regional Government. Bilateral economic diplomacy between South Korea and Iraq has not been without political and security challenges, particularly concerning Iraq's political stability.
Height–diameter allometry for a dominant palm to improve understanding of carbon and forest dynamics in forests of Puerto Rico
Authors: Chatzopoulos Paschalis , Lammerant Roel , Thompson Jill , Uriarte María , Zimmerman Jess K. , Muscarella Robert
Published: January 2024

Tropical forests play a major role in the global carbon cycle but their diversity and structural complexity challenge our ability to accurately estimate carbon stocks and dynamics. Palms, in particular, are prominent components of many tropical forests that have unique anatomical, physiological, and allometric differences from dicot trees, which impede accurate estimates of their aboveground biomass (AGB) and population dynamics. We focused on improving height estimates and, ultimately, AGB estimates for a highly abundant palm in Puerto Rico, Prestoea acuminata. Based on field measurements of 1003 individuals, we found a strong relationship between stem height and diameter. We also found some evidence that height–diameter allometry of P. acuminata is mediated by various sources of environmental heterogeneity including slope and neighborhood crowding. We then examined variability in AGB estimates derived from three models developed to estimate palm AGB. Finally, we applied our novel height:diameter allometric model to hindcast dynamics of P. acuminata in the Luquillo Forest Dynamics Plot during a 27‐year period (1989–2016) of post‐hurricane recovery. Overall, our study provides improved estimates of AGB in wet forests of Puerto Rico and will facilitate novel insights to the dynamics of palms in tropical forests.

Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Income adequacy among creative professionals—An interplay of identities and skills
Authors: Stenholm Pekka , Hytönen Kaisa , Pukkinen Tommi , Heinonen Jarna
Published: January 2024

The financially challenging work of creative professionals is a widely recognized concern, and uncovering the root causes of such challenges requires more explorations into the impact of personal factors on income generation. Accordingly, we investigated the significance of 400 creative professionals' entrepreneurial or artistic identities and business skills in their income adequacy on the basis of role identity theory. Our findings show that business skills support the likelihood of income adequacy but that artistic identity reduces it. The combination of entrepreneurial identity with business skills increases income adequacy, whereas entrepreneurial identity alone has no influence. These results point to the complexity of individuals' income formation and the need to study the outcomes of different work identities and their interplay with various skills. They imply that assuming an artistic identity can be an economic liability. Hence, our study implies that enabling creative and innovative work to prosper necessitates that creative professionals develop an adaptive, artistic–entrepreneurial meta‐identity, in addition to enhancing their business skills, so that they can adjust between possible selves in different situations and work environments.
Ultrasound biomicroscopy in the management of complex cataract and intraocular lens: A review
Authors: Chan Nicole S.W. , Lim Jane S. , Mohanram Lakshmanasamudram S. , Chee Soon‐Phaik
Published: January 2024

Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) is an invaluable investigation for imaging anterior segment structures. Although it is operator‐dependent and time consuming, unlike optical‐based imaging techniques, it is able to image structures posterior to the iris, such as the zonules, ciliary body and part of the pars plana. It is especially useful in advanced cataracts, traumatic cataracts, subluxed lenses, posterior polar cataracts, and congenital and developmental anomalies affecting the anterior segment. It provides diagnostic information in eyes with complex cataracts or intraocular lens (IOL)‐related pathology, and aids in surgical planning in order to minimise complications. In this review, we describe the UBM features of various lenticular pathologies and demonstrate its application in the diagnosis and surgical management of lens and IOL‐related pathologies.
The status of women in academic ophthalmology: Authorship of papers, presentations, and academic promotions
Authors: Giannakakos Vasiliki P. , Syed Misha , Culican Susan M. , Rosenberg Jamie B.
Published: January 2024

As the field of ophthalmology has evolved in the last several decades, so has the gender distribution of ophthalmologists. We conducted a narrative review to further characterise the status of women in the realm of publication, presentations, editorial positions, grants, academic promotion, and financial compensation. While the proportion of women publishing, presenting, and filling academic and editorial roles has increased over time, it still does not match that of men. Women are more likely to be first authors instead of senior authors, have lower average h‐indices, and are awarded fewer grants. The magnitude of some of these differences is smaller when adjusted for women's shorter career duration on average. Despite increased representation of women in ophthalmology, women continue to receive less compensation for the same work. This review highlights that more can be done to improve gender parity in ophthalmology.
Small mice create big problems: Why Predator Free New Zealand should include house mice and other pest species
Authors: Samaniego Araceli , Byrom Andrea E. , Gronwald Markus , Innes John G. , Reardon James T.
Published: January 2024

Predator Free 2050 (PF2050) is a government initiative aiming to eradicate selected invasive mammals (mustelids, rats, and possums) from New Zealand (NZ) by 2050. Selecting which of 32 introduced mammal species to include has received little evaluation, yet targeting a few species often results in perverse ecological outcomes given interactions within the invasive guild. We explore how PF2050 could be improved strategically by focusing on biodiversity outcomes instead of selectively targeting invasives, using rodents as an example. Current PF2050 targets include all rat species (Rattus exulans, R. norvegicus, and R. rattus), but not the house mouse (Mus musculus). Mice can be as damaging as rats when competition and predation are removed, negating benefits of rat removal. Multirodent eradications are more cost‐effective and prevent mesopredator release. Using a case study, we show adding mice to a rat eradication would raise costs modestly, comparing favorably to independent mouse eradication later, which would be riskier and more socially and economically costly than the preceding rat eradication. Missing the opportunity to tackle all rodents simultaneously, leaving mice to multiply in numbers and impacts, could have serious environmental and socioeconomic consequences. Naïve eradication strategies neglecting ecological expertise risk biodiversity outcomes and NZ's eradication science reputation.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy of parathyroid; is it meaningful? A cytologic study of 81 cases with histological and clinical correlations
Authors: Bakuła‐Zalewska Elwira , Długosińska Joanna , Stanek‐Widera Agata , Góralski Piotr , Gałczyński Jacek , Żyłka Agnieszka , Durzyńska Monika , Dedecjus Marek
Published: January 2024

Background

Recognizing the parathyroid gland and distinguishing the parathyroid from thyroid lesions in fine needle aspiration (FNA) is challenging. This study aimed to identify cytomorphologic features suggestive of parathyroid origin and to assess the utility of cytopathology in conjunction with ancillary tests in the identification of parathyroid glands.

Materials and methods

Ultrasound (US) guided FNA of parathyroid gland and lesions in 81 patients were reviewed concerning clinical history and correlated to histopathologic findings in available cases. FNA smears were evaluated for cellularity, architectural patterns, cellular and nuclear features, and background of the smears. In 78 cases, FNA was supplemented by a measurement of parathormone (PTH) levels in the needle washout fluid (FNA‐PTH assay) and/or GATA3/PTH/chromogranin‐A immunostainings.

Results

Sixty‐four cases were diagnosed cytologically as parathyroid lesions in conjunction with FNA‐PTH assay and/or immunocytochemical examinations. In an additional nine cases, a diagnosis of parathyroid lesions was rendered after repeated FNA with FNA‐PTH assay. The histolopathologic diagnosis of surgically excised cases (n = 75) included parathyroid adenoma (60 cases), atypical parathyroid adenoma (4 cases), parathyroid hyperplasia (10 cases), and parathyroid carcinoma (1 case). Major cytological findings of parathyroid tissue included high cellularity, scattered naked nuclei, cribriform and three‐dimensional clusters, stippled chromatin, and oxyphilic cytoplasm while papillary pattern or colloid‐like material was identified in three cases respectively. No nuclear grooves or inclusions were seen in any case.

Conclusions

High cellularity scattered naked nuclei, cribriform and three‐dimensional patterns, stippled chromatin and oxyphilic cytoplasm are cytomorphologic features that favour parathyroid origin. A combination of these features with FNA‐PTH assay and/or GATA3, PTH, and chromogranin‐A immunostainings on cytologic specimens aid in the identification of parathyroid glands and the distinguishing of parathyroid from thyroid lesions.
Genetic divergence and ecological adaptation of an eastern North American spring ephemeral Sanguinaria canadensis
Authors: Xia Mao‐Qin , Luo Yu‐Xin , Suyama Yoshihisa , Matsuo Ayumi , Sakaguchi Shota , Wang Yu‐Guo , Li Pan
Published: January 2024

Aim

Description of the driving forces for genetic divergence is important for understanding spatial pattern of biodiversity and development of conservation plans. Paleo‐climate, geographical barriers and habitat heterogeneity are considered to be the main influential factors; however, an integrative study is still lacking to reveal their interactions.

Location

Eastern North America.

Methods

Here, we generated MIG‐seq SNPs of 403 Sanguinaria canadensis samples and seven plastome data. The methods of phylogeography and landscape genomics were applied to infer their genetic divergence, demography, species distribution modelling, ecological differentiation and local adaptation.

Results

We identified three distinct genetic lineages corresponding to geographical distributions isolated by the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. Ecological niche modelling and population demographic inference demonstrated that the response of S. canadensis to Pleistocene climate changes was consistent with the pattern of southward contraction during the ice age and northward recolonization during the inter−/postglacial period. Isolation in multiple southern refugia was a key factor resulting in the genetic divergence, whereas secondary contact triggered by repeated range shifts allowed gene flow among different lineages. A greater effect of isolation‐by‐environment than isolation‐by‐distance was founded, which suggested heterogeneous environment was also a promotor of genetic differentiation. Candidate adaptive loci related to transposable elements were identified under the influence of divergent environmental selection. Ecological niche divergence also reflected adaptation to different environments.

Main Conclusions

This study revealed that genetic divergence has occurred within S. canadensis populations under the combined effect of paleo‐climate, geographical barriers and habitat heterogeneity, and emphasized the necessity of establishing different conservation units in future biological conservation and management work.
Glycopyrronium 320 μg/mL in children and adolescents with severe sialorrhoea and neurodisabilities: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Fayoux Pierre , Dinomais Mickael , Shaw Helen , Villain Frédéric , Schwartz Déborah , Rondeau Stéphane , Letellier Guy , Auvin Stéphane
Published: January 2024

Aim

To investigate the efficacy, safety, and impact on quality of life (QoL) of an oral formulation of 320 μg/mL glycopyrronium designed for children.

Method

A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled SALIVA (Sialanar plus orAl rehabiLitation against placebo plus oral rehabilitation for chIldren and adolescents with seVere sialorrhoeA and neurodisabilities) trial was conducted. Children (3–17 years) with neurodisabilities and severe sialorrhoea (modified Teachers Drooling Scale ≥6) were randomized to 320 μg/mL glycopyrronium or placebo, in addition to non‐pharmacological standard care.

Results

Of 87 participants, 44 were aged 10 years or under and 43 had cerebral palsy. The primary endpoint, change in total Drooling Impact Scale (DIS) score from baseline to day 84, was significantly greater (improved) with 320 μg/mL glycopyrronium versus placebo (median [quartile 1, quartile 3] –29.5 [−44.5, 0] vs −1 [−16, 5]; p < 0.001), an effect also observed at day 28 (median − 25 vs −2; p < 0.01). Significant reduction in bibs/clothes used per day was seen with glycopyrronium versus placebo at day 84 (median − 2 vs 0; p < 0.01). Glycopyrronium significantly improved DIS items 9 and 10 related to the extent that drooling affects the child's and family's life (p ≤ 0.03). Adverse events were reported by 77.3% and 69.8% of children with glycopyrronium and placebo respectively; the most common treatment‐related adverse event was constipation (20.5% and 16.3%).

Interpretation

The formulation of 320 μg/mL glycopyrronium significantly improved drooling and reduced its impact on QoL, with good tolerability in children with neurodisabilities.

What this paper adds

The formulation of 320 μg/mL glycopyrronium significantly improved Drooling Impact Scale score versus placebo at day 84.

The formulation reduced the impact of drooling on the child's and family's quality of life.

There were no safety or tolerability concerns with this specific formulation.
Clinical epidemiology of COVID‐19 in people of black ethnicity living with HIV in the UK
Authors: Ottaway Zoe , Campbell Lucy , Cechin Laura R. , Patel Nisha , Fox Julie , Burns Fiona , Hamzah Lisa , Kegg Stephen , Rosenvinge Melanie , Schoeman Sarah , Price David , Jones Rachael , Clarke Amanda , Maan Irfaan , Ustianowski Andrew , Onyango Denis , Tariq Shema , Miller Robert F. , Post Frank A. ,   the COVID‐AFRICA study group
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To describe the clinical epidemiology of COVID‐19 in people of black ethnicity living with HIV in the UK.

Methods

We investigated the incidence and factors associated with COVID‐19 in a previously established and well‐characterized cohort of black people with HIV. Primary outcomes were COVID‐19 acquisition and severe COVID‐19 disease (requiring hospitalization and/or resulting in death). Cumulative incidence was analysed using Nelson–Aalen methods, and associations between demographic, pre‐pandemic immune‐virological parameters, comorbidity status and (severe) COVID‐19 were identified using Cox regression analysis.

Results

COVID‐19 status was available for 1847 (74%) of 2495 COVID‐AFRICA participants (median age 49.6 years; 56% female; median CD4 cell count = 555 cells/μL; 93% HIV RNA <200 copies/mL), 573 (31%) of whom reported at least one episode of COVID‐19. The cumulative incidence rates of COVID‐19 and severe COVID‐19 were 31.0% and 3.4%, respectively. Region of ancestry (East/Southern/Central vs. West Africa), nadir CD4 count and kidney disease were associated with COVID‐19 acquisition. Diabetes mellitus [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 2.39, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26–4.53] and kidney disease (aHR = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.26–4.53) were associated with an increased risk, and recent CD4 count >500 cells/μL (aHR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.25–0.93) with a lower risk of severe COVID‐19.

Conclusions

Region of ancestry was associated with COVID‐19 acquisition, and immune and comorbidity statuses were associated with COVID‐19 disease severity in people of black ethnicity living with HIV in the UK.
Phase equilibrium investigations and thermodynamic modeling of the HfO2–Ta2O5 system
Authors: Löffler Manuel , Fabrichnaya Olga
Published: January 2024

The HfO2–Ta2O5 system was investigated using two distinct methods: the equilibration method at temperatures ranging from 1 573 to 1 873 K and the differential thermal analysis method up to 2 473 K. To identify the phases, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) were employed. The temperature of the eutectic reaction L→Hf6Ta2O17+Ta2O5 was measured to be 2 052 K and the eutectic composition to be 66.7 mol.% Ta2O5. The peritectic reaction L+HfO2→Hf6Ta2O17 was observed at a temperature of 2 287 K. The heat capacity of the Hf6Ta2O17 phase was measured using differential scanning calorimetry from 240 to 1 300K. The thermodynamic database for the HfO2–Ta2O5 system was derived.
Finite element analysis of temperature distribution in 3YSZ ceramics during conventional sintering
Authors: Kumar Singh Shubham , Lakshya Annu Kumar , Chowdhury Anirban , Chakrabarti Tamoghna
Published: January 2024

The presence of a temperature gradient (if any) within the ceramic sample is casually ignored during the sintering of ceramic shapes. The present work exposes some serious repercussions of such a thought process and provides simple solutions to mitigate the same; 3 mol.% yttria‐doped zirconia ceramic was used for this study. With the help of the combinatorial finite element analysis (FEA) model and real‐life experiments, our work illustrates the complex interplay of heat transfer mechanisms and reveals the dynamic nature of temperature distribution during the heating and cooling cycles of ceramics. Although the rate of heating is usually assigned as the most important factor during sintering, the present study shows that variations in heat transfer mechanism and sample geometry contribute very strongly to overall temperature distribution during the heating, holding, and cooling cycles. Along with of vertical positioning of the samples (inside the furnace), a bottom supporting ceramic plate with a high thermal conductivity can also help in reducing the temperature gradient between the top and bottom of the ceramic samples. Overall, exposing the sample most for the radiative heat transfer holds the key to successful sintering in order to avoid any phase, compositional, or microstructural heterogeneity across the thickness of the specimen.
Regulable surface hydroxyl group content in disperse ultrafine amorphous SiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Yang Desheng , Cai Tiecheng , Yang Hongbing , Wei Wei , Guo Qian , Liu Jialing , Yan Xiaojuan , Li Yuanyuan , Zhang Jie , Li Jiangong
Published: January 2024

Amorphous silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) can be applied in environmental pollutant remediation, element removal, and water purification. The content of surface silanol groups in amorphous SiO2 NPs affects the characteristics of SiO2 NPs. However, the regulation of surface silanol group content in amorphous SiO2 NPs below 10 nm remains a challenge. Herein, tunable surface silanol group content was achieved in disperse ultrafine amorphous SiO2 NPs by controlling calcination and rehydroxylation. The surface silanol group content in amorphous SiO2 NPs is low (10 nm) and can be tuned from 0% to 2.5%. The amount of naphthalene adsorbed by the SiO2 NPs increases with increasing surface silanol group content. The surface silanol group content in SiO2 NPs can be an effective means to tune their adsorption performance and applications.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of keratins and involucrin in differentiating between palmoplantar pustulosis and pompholyx
Authors: Oh Dong Y. , Kim Seong J. , Jang Ye J. , Park Eun J. , Kim Kwang J. , Kim Kwang H.
Published: January 2024

Background

Palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) and pompholyx are chronic diseases characterized by pustules and vesicles on the palms and soles. These disorders often have similar clinicopathological features, which lead to diagnostic difficulties. We aimed to investigate the expression patterns of keratins and involucrin in PPP and pompholyx using immunohistochemical staining.

Methods

Skin biopsies from patients with PPP (n = 40) and pompholyx (n = 22) were immunohistochemically analyzed for Keratin 5, 9, 14, and involucrin expression.

Results

K5 expression was higher in PPP than in pompholyx, with diffusely positive expression in the basal, spinous, and granular layers. K14 expression did not differ between groups. K9 expression was observed near the pompholyx vesicle (P = 0.014) and stratum spinosum (P < 0.001) but was almost absent around PPP pustules. Involucrin expression was diffused around the PPP pustules and partially around the pompholyx vesicles, but without statistical significance (P = 0.123). Involucrin expression was elevated in the basal layer of the PPP compared with that in the pompholyx (P = 0.023).

Conclusion

PPP and pompholyx exhibited distinctive differentiation in the expression of K5, K9, and involucrin.
ICSH review of internal quality control policy for blood cell counters
Authors: McCafferty Richard , Cembrowski George , de la Salle Barbara , Peng Mingting , Urrechaga Eloisa
Published: January 2024

Introduction

This paper is a report of an ICSH review of policies and practices for internal quality control (IQC) policy for haematology cell counters among regulatory bodies, cell counter manufacturers and diagnostic laboratories. It includes a discussion of the study findings and links to separate ICSH guidance for such policies and practices. The application of internal quality control (IQC) methods is an essential pre‐requisite for all clinical laboratory testing including the blood count (Full Blood Count, FBC, or Complete Blood Count, CBC).

Methods

The ICSH has gathered information regarding the current state of practice through review of published guidance from regulatory bodies, a questionnaire to six major cell counter manufacturers (Abbott Diagnostics, Beckman Coulter, Horiba Medical Diagnostic Instruments & Systems, Mindray Medical International, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics and Sysmex Corporation) and a survey issued to 191 diagnostic laboratories in four countries (China, Republic of Ireland, Spain and the United Kingdom) on their IQC practice and approach to use of commercial IQC materials.

Results

This has revealed diversity both in guidance and in practice around the world. There is diversity in guidance from regulatory organizations in regard to IQC methods each recommends, clinical levels to use and frequency to run commercial controls, and finally recommended sources of commercial controls. The diversity in practice among clinical laboratories spans the areas of IQC methods used, derivation of target values and action limits used with control materials, and frequency of running commercial controls materials.

Conclusions

These findings and their implications for IQC Practice are discussed in this paper. They are used to inform a separate guidance document, which proposes a harmonized approach to address the issues faced by diagnostic laboratories.
Renewing an author‐centric publication process
Authors: Liston Adrian
Published: January 2024

Immunology & Cell Biology celebrated its 100‐year birthday as a journal with an editorial workshop focused on how we can improve the author experience. In our renewed editorial policies, we articulate our editorial focus on the quality of the scientific question and the robustness of the conclusions, including a new “scoop protection” policy to live our values. The journal is dedicated to maintaining its relationship with reviewers, enabling rapid quality peer review, but is also opening new lines of submission with expedited cross‐platform assessment of reviews and incorporation into the Review Commons submission pipeline. In 2024 we will expand our social media promotion of articles and build on the career development resource of Immunology Futures. Here we lay out the ethos, numbers and rationale behind ICB's renewed author‐centric publication policies for 2024.
Migration between imperfectly competitive economies
Authors: Sheen Jeffrey , Xu Hao
Published: January 2024

We study the role of bargaining as a barrier to migration in the equilibrium of a two‐region world with imperfectly competitive labour markets. Equilibrium migration is jointly determined by relative labour market bargaining powers, productivity and costs of migration. If migrants complement host factors, higher migration generally benefits both source and host economies. An enhancement of the bargaining power of typically weak migrant workers in host regions improves welfare.
Retrospective study of clinical settings, indications and consequences of measurement of direct oral anticoagulant plasma levels in Northern Tasmania, Australia
Authors: Lim Ming S. , Mohamed Muhajir
Published: January 2024

Background

Routine monitoring of direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) levels is not recommended but may be useful in certain clinical situations. There is a knowledge gap regarding the clinical use of DOAC levels in Australian hospitals.

Aims

To evaluate the clinical settings, indications and changes to anticoagulant management associated with DOAC levels in a tertiary hospital in Northern Tasmania, Australia.

Methods

Patients with one or more DOAC levels (dabigatran, rivaroxaban or apixaban) requested between January 2017 and December 2022 were identified. Retrospective chart review was performed to evaluate the clinical settings, indications, adequacy of request information and changes to clinical management associated with the measurement of DOAC levels.

Results

One hundred and twenty‐nine DOAC measurements (54 rivaroxaban, 66 apixaban and nine dabigatran) were performed in 98 patients between January 2017 and December 2022. Annual requests for DOAC levels increased significantly between 2017 and 2019 and remained stable between 2020 and 2021 but declined in 2022. Overall, the most common indication for a DOAC level was renal impairment, followed by bleeding and recurrent thrombosis. Approximately 25% of requests were for acute bleeding with a reversal/haemostatic agent given in 45% of patients, while 10% were prior to urgent surgery. Measurement of DOAC levels was associated with a change in management in 50% of cases. 10% of requests did not specify anticoagulant history.

Conclusion

Trends in requests for DOAC levels have changed over time. Clinician education regarding the importance of providing specific anticoagulant history is essential. Future prospective studies investigating the clinical utility of DOAC levels in different clinical settings are needed.