bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: EIN NEUER WEG ZU (ORGANOSILYL)‐BIS‐(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHIN)‐PLATIN(II)‐HYDRID‐KOMPLEXEN
Authors: EABORN C. , PIDCOCK A. , RATCLIFF B.
Published: March 2016

Ohne Lösungsmittel reagiert der Platin‐Äthylen‐Komplex (I) mit den Hydrogensilanen und ‐siloxanen (II) zu den Platinhydrid‐Komplexen (III), die auch, jedoch wesentlich langsamer, aus den Acetylen‐Komplexen (IV) dargestellt werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: FLUORHALTIGE CYANINFARBSTOFFE 26. MITT. CARBO‐ UND MEROCYANINE MIT SUBSTITUENTEN GEGENSAETZLICHER ELEKTRONISCHER NATUR IN ALPHA‐ UND BETA‐STELLUNG DER POLYMETHINKETTE
Authors: YAGUPOL'SKII L. M. , KUL'CHITSKII M. M. , IL'CHENKO A. YA.
Published: March 2016

Durch Acylierung der quartären Ammoniumkationen (I) mit Trifluoracetanhydrid in Pyridin bei ‐ 1 5 Bis +20°C und Behandlung der entstehenden Trifluoracetylmethylenverbindungen(IDmit POC13bei 100°C werden die quartären Salze (III) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: BIOGENESE‐AEHNLICHE TOTALSYNTH., 24,25‐DIHYDRO‐LANOSTERIN, 24,25‐DIHYDRO‐DELTA(13(17))‐PROTOSTEROL, ISOEUPHENOL, (‐)‐ISOTIRUCALLOL UND PARKEOL
Authors: VAN TAMELEN E. E. , ANDERSON R. J.
Published: March 2016

Der aus dem Alkohol (I) durch Persäureoxidation zugängliche Epoxyalkohol (IIa) wird durch Oxidation und nachfolgende entsprechende Wittig‐Reaktion des gebildeten Aldehyds in die Verbindung (IIb) übergeführt, aus der in mehreren Reaktionsschritten der Alkohol (IIIa) erhältlich ist.
ChemInform Abstract: EINE EINFACHE SYNTH. FUER 19‐NOR‐9BETA,10ALPHA‐STEROIDE
Authors: SCOTT J. W. , WIDMER E. , MEIER W. , LABLER L. , MUELLER P. , FUERST A.
Published: March 2016

Aus den bekannten Isoxazolyl‐des‐A‐S‐teroiden (Ia) und (Ib) und ihre optischen Antipoden erhält man durch katalytische Hydrierung in Gegenwart von HBr die gesättigten Vertreter (II), aus denen in bekannter Weise durch reduktive Spaltung nach Ketalisierung, Behandlung mit Alkali, Deketalisierung und Ringschlu die 19‐Nor‐9ß,l0a‐steroide (III) zugänglich sind.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOADDITION VON ACETYLENEN AN 7‐ACYLAMINO‐3‐AZIDOMETHYL‐3‐CEPHEM‐4‐CARBONSAEUREN
Authors: WILLNER D. , JELENEVSKY A. M. , CHENEY L. C.
Published: March 2016

Aus den 3‐Azidomethyl‐cephemsäuren (I) erhält man mi‐t den Acetylenen (II) die Triazolyl‐Derivate (III), die über (IV) zu den Amiden (V) umgesetzt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: GLASBLDG. UND KRISTALLISATIONSFAEHIGKEIT DER GLAESER DER SYST. BAPO3F‐ALF3(GAF3)‐(LI, NA, K, ZN, CD, PG)F(X)
Authors: LEIDTORP R. A.
Published: March 2016

Die Glasbildungsbereiche in allen untersuchten ternären Titelsystemen liegen im Bereich der Zusammensetzungen mit niedrigen Liquidustemperaturen.
ChemInform Abstract: RK.‐PRODUKTE VON TONMINERALIEN MIT KALIUMHYDROXID
Authors: ZHUKOVA R. S. , KRUGLITSKII N. N. , GLUKHOVSKII V. D.
Published: March 2016

KOH reagiert mit Kaolinit und Montmorillonit bei niedrigen Drücken (ca.
ChemInform Abstract: HOMOLYTISCHE ACYLIERUNG PROTONIERTER PYRIDIN‐ UND PYRAZINDERIVATE
Authors: CARONNA T. , FRONZA G. , MINISCI F. , PORTA O.
Published: March 2016

Chinolin (I) liefert mit den Aldehyden (II) in Wasser, Essigsäure und konz. Schwefelsäure in Gegenwart von tert.‐Butylhydroperoxid (III) die Diacylchinoline (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: ALKALI‐INDUZIERTE RK. VON N‐NITROSO‐OXAZOLIDONEN UND N‐NITROSOACETYLAMINOALKOHOLEN MIT CYCLOPROPYLGRUPPEN
Authors: NEWMAN M. S. , GROMELSKI S. J.
Published: March 2016

Aus den Oxazolidonen (Ia)‐(Ic) erhält man die Nitrosoverbindungen (IIa)‐(IIc), die bei der Behandlung mit Alkali zu den Acetylenen (IIIa)‐(IIIc) reagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON GAMMA‐GLYKOLEN MIT ACETYLENGRUPPIERUNGEN 14. MITT. DIMERISIERUNG EINES VINYLACETYLENCARBINOLS ZU EINEM DOPPELTEN KUMULEN‐SYST.
Authors: JASIOBEDZKI WIESLAW , WOZNIAK JANINA
Published: March 2016

Bei Reaktion des Pentindiols (I) mit HJ in statu nascendi bildet sich wahrscheinlich erst das Vinylacetylencarbinol (II), das sich unter den gegebenen Bedingungen unter Dehydratisierung zu dem Kumulen (III) dimerisiert; aus dem Reaktionsgemisch wird auch das Oxopentenol (IV) isoliert, dessen katalytische Hydrierung über das Ketol (V) das Furanon (VI) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. UND EIGENSCHAFTEN VON DI‐(BIS‐(TRIFLUORMETHYL)‐PHOSPHIDO)‐QUECKSILBER
Authors: GROBE JOSEPH , DEMUTH REINHARD
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindung (III) wurde durch Reaktion der Verbindungen (I) und (II) gebildet.
ChemInform Abstract: ZUSAMMENHANG ZWISCHEN STRUKTUR UND PROTONENDONATORSTAERKE VON OKTAEDRISCH KOORDINIERTEM TRIS‐(3,5‐DIISOPROPYLSALICYLATO)‐ALUMINIUM(III), ‐GALLIUM(III) UND ‐INDIUM(III)
Authors: EICKE H. F. , ARNOLD V. , L'EPLATTENIER F.
Published: March 2016

Durch Reaktion von 3,5‐Diisopropylsalicylsäure mit den Metallchloriden oder ‐nitraten in Methanol wurden die Titelkomplexe erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: FERROCEN‐VERBINDUNGEN 3. MITT. TAUTOMERIE UND RK. VON BETA‐FERROCENOYL‐ACRYLSAEURE‐DERIVATEN
Authors: LACAN M. , RAPIC V.
Published: March 2016

IR‐, UV‐ und NMR‐spektroskopische Untersuchungen bestätigen, daß der Ester (I), seine Säure sowie die aus dem Ester und Ammoniak oder prim. Aminen dargestellten Amino‐Derivate (II) in der α‐enolischen und α‐Amino‐ Form vorliegen und damit als Acrylsäure‐Derivate angesehen werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: KOMPLEXBILDENDE EIGENSCHAFTEN VON ALPHA‐ UND BETA‐CHLOR‐PROPIONSAEURE GEGENUEBER UEBERGANGSMETALLIONEN
Authors: JOHN EWA
Published: March 2016

Die Abhängigkeit der komplexbildenden Eigenschaften von Chlorpropionsäuren von der Stellung des Chlors wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: HERST. UND KATALYTISCHE EIGENSCHAFTEN VON PALLADIUM(II)‐PI‐ALLYL‐KOMPLEXEN BEI DER OLIGOMERISATION VON 1,3‐BUTADIEN
Authors: BERENBLYUM A. S. , KALECHTIS I. V. , KORBLEVA L. G. , LAVRENT'EV I. P. , KHIDEKEL' M. L. , KHROMCHENKOVA L. P.
Published: March 2016

Hergestellt wurden 2 Typen von π‐Allyl‐Komplexverbindungen.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOLYSE VON STEROID‐BETA,GAMMA‐EPOXYKETONEN
Authors: CHAMBERS R. J. , MARPLES B. A.
Published: March 2016

Die Belichtung des Epoxyketons (Ia) in Äther liefert das ungesättigte Epoxid (II) sowie in geringerer Menge das B‐Norepoxid (III).
ChemInform Abstract: MASKIERUNG VON THIOL‐ UND PHENOLISCHEN HYDROXY‐GRUPPEN IN FORM IHRER 4‐PICOLYL‐AETHER, DIE DURCH ELEKTROLYTISCHE RED. GESPALTEN WERDEN KOENNEN
Authors: GOSDEN A. , STEVENSON D. , YOUNG G. T.
Published: March 2016

L‐Cystin wird durch Natrium in flüssigem Ammoniak reduziert und anschließend mit 4‐Picolylchlorid zur Verbindung (I) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: OX. VON KOHLENHYDRATEN MIT DEM FERRAT(VI)‐ION
Authors: BEMILLER J. N. , KUMARI V. G. , DARLING S. D.
Published: March 2016

Primäre Hydroxylgruppen in Kohlenhydraten werden durch Kalium‐ferrat (VI) zu entsprechenden Aldehyd‐Funktionen oxidiert, diese Reaktion kann mit Boranat rückgängig gemacht werden.
ChemInform Abstract: TRIS‐ UND TETRAKIS‐(TRIMETHYLSILYL)‐CYCLOPENTADIEN
Authors: JUTZI P. , SAUER R.
Published: March 2016

Die im Isomerengleichgewicht von Bis‐(trimethylsilyl)‐cyclopentadien in geringem Anteil vorliegende Verbindung (I) wird als Ausgangssubstanz zur Darstellung des dreifach silylierten Cyclopentadiens (III) verwendet.
ChemInform Abstract: DIAZAPHOSPHETIDINONE MIT VIERFACH KOORDINIERTEM PHOSPHOR
Authors: BERMANN MANFRED , VAN WAZER JOHN R.
Published: March 2016

Das aus dem Harnstoff (I) und dem Phosphorarniddichlorid (II) erhältliche Diazaphosphetidinon (III) wird von Phenylazid zu dem Phosphetidinon (IV) oxidiert.
The evolution of sperm axoneme structure and the dynein heavy chain complement in cecidomid insects
Authors: Ciolfi S. , Mencarelli C. , Dallai R.
Published: March 2016

The 9 + 2 axoneme of cilia and flagella is specialized machinery aimed at the production of efficient, finely tuned motility, and it has been evolutionarily conserved from protists to mammals. However, the sperm cells of several insects express unconventional axonemes, which represent unique models for studying the structural–functional relationships underlying axonemal function and evolution. Cecidomids comprise a group of dipterans characterized by an overall tendency to deviate from the standard axonemal pattern. In particular, the subfamily Cecidomyiinae shows a series of progressive modifications of the sperm axoneme. We previously analyzed the unusual sperm axonemes of Asphondylia ruebsaameni (Asphondyliidi) and Monarthropalpus buxi (Cecidomyiidi), which are characterized by the absence of any structure related to the control of motility (that is, the central pair complex, radial spokes and inner dynein arms); however, these sperm are motile, and motility is driven by the outer dynein arms only. This simplification of the motility machinery is accompanied by a parallel reduction in the dynein isoform complement. Here, we complete our survey of the axonemal organization and the parallel evolution of sperm dynein complement in cecidomids with the characterization of both the sperm ultrastructure and the dynein genes in Dryomyia lichtensteini, a representative of Lasiopteridi, the cecidomid taxon with aberrant and immotile sperm cells. On the basis of the whole set of our data, we discuss the potential molecular mechanism(s) underlying the progressive modification of axoneme in cecidomids, leading first to a reduction of dynein genes and eventually to the complete loss of motility. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phylogeographic patterns of Merodon hoverflies in the Eastern Mediterranean region: revealing connections and barriers
Authors: Ståhls Gunilla , Vujić Ante , Petanidou Theodora , Cardoso Pedro , Radenković Snezana , Ačanski Jelena , Pérez Bañón Celeste , Rojo Santos
Published: March 2016

We investigated the phylogeographic patterns of Merodon species (Diptera, Syrphidae) in the Eastern Mediterranean. Ten species were sampled on five different islands and mainland sites as a minimum. All samples were screened for their mtDNA COI barcode haplotype diversity, and for some samples, we additionally generated genomic fingerprints. The recently established zoogeographic distribution categories classify these species as having (1) Balkan distribution; (2) Anatolian distribution; (3) continental areas and large islands distribution; and (4) with wide distribution. The ancestral haplotypes and their geographical localities were estimated with statistical parsimony (TCS). TCS networks identified as the ancestral haplotype samples that originated from localities situated within the distributional category of the species in question. Strong geographical haplotype structuring was detected for many Merodon species. We were particularly interested to test the relative importance of current (Aegean Sea) and past Mid‐Aegean Trench) barriers to dispersal for Merodon flies in the Aegean. We employed phylogenetic β‐diversity (Pβtotal) and its partition in replacement (Pβrepl) and richness difference (Pβrich) to test the importance of each explanatory variable (interisland distance, MAT, and island area) in interisland differences using partial Mantel tests and hierarchical partitioning of variation. β‐Analyses confirmed the importance of both current and past barriers to dispersal on the evolution of group. Current interisland distance was particularly important to explain the replacement of haplotypes, while the MAT was driving differences in richness of haplotypes, revealing the MAT as a strong past barrier whose effects are still visible today in the phylogenetic history of the clade in the Aegean. These results support the hypothesis of a highly restricted dispersal and gene flow among Merodon populations between islands since late Pleistocene. Additionally, patterns of phylogeographic structure deduced from haplotype connections and ISSR genome fingerprinting data revealed a few putative cases of human‐mediated transfers of Merodon spp.
Spatial variation in adult sex ratio across multiple scales in the invasive golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata
Authors: Xu Meng , Fang Miao , Yang Yexin , Dick Jaimie T. A. , Song Hongmei , Luo Du , Mu Xidong , Gu Dangen , Luo Jianren , Hu Yinchang
Published: March 2016

Adult sex ratio (ASR) has critical effects on behavior and life history and has implications for population demography, including the invasiveness of introduced species. ASR exhibits immense variation in nature, yet the scale dependence of this variation is rarely analyzed. In this study, using the generalized multilevel models, we investigated the variation in ASR across multiple nested spatial scales and analyzed the underlying causes for an invasive species, the golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata. We partitioned the variance in ASR to describe the variations at different scales and then included the explanatory variables at the individual and group levels to analyze the potential causes driving the variation in ASR. We firstly determined there is a significant female‐biased ASR for this species when accounting for the spatial and temporal autocorrelations of sampling. We found that, counter to nearly equal distributed variation at plot, habitat and region levels, ASR showed little variation at the town level. Temperature and precipitation at the region level were significantly positively associated with ASR, whereas the individual weight, the density characteristic, and sampling time were not significant factors influencing ASR. Our study suggests that offspring sex ratio of this species may shape the general pattern of ASR in the population level while the environmental variables at the region level translate the unbiased offspring sex ratio to the female‐biased ASR. Future research should consider the implications of climate warming on the female‐biased ASR of this invasive species and thus on invasion pattern.
Are more diverse parts of the mammalian skull more labile?
Authors: Linde‐Medina Marta , Boughner Julia C. , Santana Sharlene E. , Diogo Rui
Published: March 2016

Morphological variation is unevenly distributed within the mammalian skull; some of its parts have diversified more than others. It is commonly thought that this pattern of variation is mainly the result of the structural organization of the skull, as defined by the pattern and magnitude of trait covariation. Patterns of trait covariation can facilitate morphological diversification if they are aligned in the direction of selection, or these patterns can constrain diversification if oriented in a different direction. Within this theoretical framework, it is thought that more variable parts possess patterns of trait covariation that made them more capable of evolutionary change, that is, are more labile. However, differences in the degree of morphological variation among skull traits could arise despite variation in trait lability if, for example, some traits have evolved at a different rate and/or undergone stabilizing selection. Here, we test these hypotheses in the mammalian skull using 2D geometric morphometrics to quantify skull shape and estimating constraint, rates of evolution, and lability. Contrary to the expectations, more variable parts of the skull across mammalian species are less capable of evolutionary change than are less variable skull parts. Our results suggest that patterns of morphological variation in the skull could result from differences in rate of evolution and stabilizing selection.
The Impact of a Pay‐for‐Performance Scheme on Prescription Quality in Rural China
Authors: Sun Xiaojie , Liu Xiaoyun , Sun Qiang , Yip Winnie , Wagstaff Adam , Meng Qingyue
Published: March 2016

In this prospective study, conducted in China where providers have traditionally been paid fee‐for‐service, and where drug spending is high and irrational drug prescribing common, township health centers in two counties were assigned to two groups: in one fee‐for‐service was replaced by a capitated global budget (CGB); in the other by a mix of CGB and pay‐for‐performance. In the latter, 20% of the CGB was withheld each quarter, with the amount returned depending on points deducted for failure to meet performance targets. Outcomes studied included indicators of rational drug prescribing and prescription cost. Impacts were assessed using differences‐in‐differences, because political interference led to non‐random assignment across the two groups. The combination of capitated global budget and pay‐for‐performance reduced irrational prescribing substantially relative to capitated global budget but only in the county that started above the penalty targets. Endline rates were still appreciable, however, and no effects were found in either county on out‐of‐pocket spending. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aspirin use and the risk of cholangiocarcinoma‡
Authors: Choi Jonggi , Ghoz Hassan M. , Peeraphatdit Thoetchai , Baichoo Esha , Addissie Benyam D. , Harmsen William S. , Therneau Terry M. , Olson Janet E. , Chaiteerakij Roongruedee , Roberts Lewis R.
Published: March 2016

Whether aspirin use is protective against cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) remains unclear. We determined the association between aspirin use and other risk factors for each CCA subtype individually. In a hospital‐based case‐control study, 2395 CCA cases (1169 intrahepatic, 995 perihilar, and 231 distal) seen at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, from 2000 through 2014 were enrolled. Controls selected from the Mayo Clinic Biobank were matched two to one with cases by age, sex, race, and residence (n = 4769). Associations between aspirin use, other risk factors, and CCA risk were determined. Aspirin was used by 591 (24.7%) CCA cases and 2129 (44.6%) controls. There was a significant inverse association of aspirin use with all CCA subtypes, with adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of 0.35 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29‐0.42), 0.34 (95% CI 0.27‐0.42), and 0.29 (95% CI 0.19‐0.44) for intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal CCA, respectively (P < 0.001 for all). Primary sclerosing cholangitis was more strongly associated with perihilar (AOR = 453, 95% CI 104‐999) than intrahepatic (AOR = 93.4, 95% CI 27.1‐322) or distal (AOR = 34.0, 95% CI 3.6‐323) CCA, whereas diabetes was more associated with distal (AOR = 4.2, 95% CI 2.5‐7.0) than perihilar (AOR = 2.9, 95% CI 2.2‐3.8) or intrahepatic (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI 2.0‐3.2) CCA. Cirrhosis not related to primary sclerosing cholangitis was associated with both intrahepatic and perihilar CCA, with similar AORs of 14. Isolated inflammatory bowel disease without primary sclerosing cholangitis was not associated with any CCA subtype. Conclusions: Aspirin use was significantly associated with a 2.7‐fold to 3.6‐fold decreased risk for the three CCA subtypes; our study demonstrates that individual risk factors confer risk of different CCA subtypes to different extents. (Hepatology 2016;64:785‐796)
Sex hormones and the risk of keratinocyte cancers among women in the United States: A population‐based case–control study
Authors: Kuklinski Lawrence F. , Zens Michael S. , Perry Ann E. , Gossai Anala , Nelson Heather H. , Karagas Margaret R.
Published: March 2016

Men are at a higher risk of developing both squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) than women, but there is emerging evidence that women may be experiencing greater increases in the incidence rates of these malignancies than men. One possible explanation is the expanding use of sex steroids among women, although only a few studies have examined this hypothesis. As part of a population‐based, case–control study of women in New Hampshire, USA, we sought to evaluate the risk of SCC, BCC, and early‐onset BCC in relation to exogenous and endogenous sex hormones. We found that oral contraceptive (OC) use was associated with an increased risk of SCC (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1–1.8) and BCC (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.0‐1.8), particularly high estrogen dose (>50 mg) OC use. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use also related to SCC, with an elevated OR largely for progestin use (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1–1.8). Additionally, both OC use and combination HRT use were associated with more aggressive BCC subtypes. In contrast, menstrual and reproductive history did not appear to influence keratinocyte cancer risk in our data. Our findings provide evidence that use of sex steroids may enhance risk of keratinocyte cancer.
Occurrence and significance of tumor‐associated neutrophils in patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Galdiero Maria Rosaria , Bianchi Paolo , Grizzi Fabio , Di Caro Giuseppe , Basso Gianluca , Ponzetta Andrea , Bonavita Eduardo , Barbagallo Marialuisa , Tartari Silvia , Polentarutti Nadia , Malesci Alberto , Marone Gianni , Roncalli Massimo , Laghi Luigi , Garlanda Cecilia , Mantovani Alberto , Jaillon Sébastien
Published: March 2016

Inflammatory cells are an essential component of the tumor microenvironment. Neutrophils have emerged as important players in the orchestration and effector phase of innate and adaptive immunity. The significance of tumor‐associated neutrophils (TAN) in colorectal cancer (CRC) has been the subject of conflicting reports and the present study was designed to set up a reliable methodology to assess TAN infiltration in CRC and to evaluate their clinical significance. CD66b and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were assessed as candidate neutrophil markers in CRC using immunohistochemistry. CD66b was found to be a reliable marker to identify TAN in CRC tissues, whereas MPO also identified a subset of CD68+ macrophages. CRC patients (n = 271) (Stages I–IV) were investigated retrospectively by computer‐assisted imaging on whole tumor sections. TAN density dramatically decreases in Stage IV patients as compared to Stage I–III. At Cox analysis, higher TAN density was associated with better prognosis. Importantly, multivariate analysis showed that prognostic significance of TAN can be influenced by clinical stage and 5‐fluorouracil(5‐FU)‐based chemotherapy. On separate analysis of Stage III patients (n = 178), TAN density had a dual clinical significance depending on the use of 5‐FU‐based chemotherapy. Unexpectedly, higher TAN density was associated with better response to 5‐FU‐based chemotherapy. Thus, TAN are an important component of the immune cell infiltrate in CRC and assessment of TAN infiltration may help identify patients likely to benefit from 5‐FU‐based chemotherapy. These results call for a reassessment of the role of neutrophils in cancer using rigorous quantitative methodology.
Cross‐cultural comparison of political leaders' operational codes
Authors: Dirilen‐Gumus Ozlem
Published: March 2016

This study aims at comparing operational codes (namely, philosophical and instrumental beliefs about the political universe) of political leaders from different cultures. According to Schwartz (2004), cultures can be categorised into 3 dimensions: autonomy–embeddedness, egalitarianism–hierarchy and mastery–harmony. This study draws upon the 1st dimension (akin to the most popular cultural dimension of Hofstede: individualism–collectivism) and focuses on comparing the leaders of autonomous and embedded cultures based on how cooperative/conflictual they are. The main research hypothesis is as follows: the leaders of embedded cultures would be more cooperative than the leaders of autonomous cultures. For this purpose, 3 autonomous cultures (the UK, Canada and Australia) and embedded cultures (Singapore, South Africa and Malaysia) cultures were chosen randomly and the cooperativeness of the correspondent countries' leaders were compared after being profiled by Profiler Plus. The results indicated that the leaders of embedded cultures were significantly more cooperative than autonomous cultures after holding the control variables constant. The findings were discussed in the light of relevant literature.
The effect of chemically modified alginates on macrophage phenotype and biomolecule transport
Authors: Bygd Hannah C. , Bratlie Kaitlin M.
Published: March 2016

Macrophage (MΦ) reprogramming has received significant attention in applications such as cancer therapeutics and tissue engineering where the host immune response to biomaterials is crucial in determining the success or failure of an implanted device. Polymeric systems can potentially be used to redirect infiltrating M1 MΦs toward a proangiogenic phenotype. This work exploits the concept of MΦ reprogramming in the engineering of materials for improving the longevity of tissue engineering scaffolds. We have investigated the effect of 13 different chemical modifications of alginate on MΦ phenotype. Markers of the M1 response—tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase—and the M2 response—arginase—were measured and used to determine the ability of the materials to alter MΦ phenotype. It was found that some modifications were able to reduce the pro‐inflammatory response of M1 MΦs, others appeared to amplify the M2 phenotype, and the results for two materials suggested they were able to reprogram a MΦ population from M1 to M2. These findings were supplemented by studies done to examine the permselectivity of the materials. Diffusion of TNF‐α was completely prevented through some of these materials, while up to 84% was found to diffuse through others. The diffusion of insulin through the materials was statistically consistent. These results suggest that the modification of these materials might alter mass transport in beneficial ways. The ability to control polarization of MΦ phenotypes with immunoprotective materials has the potential to augment the success of tissue engineering scaffolds. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1707–1719, 2016.
Regioselective multistep reconstructions of half‐saturated zigzag carbon nanotubes
Authors: Wang Wei‐Wei , Dang Jing‐Shuang , Zhao Xiang , Nagase Shigeru
Published: March 2016

The open edge reconstruction of half‐saturated (6,0) zigzag carbon nanotube (CNT) was introduced by density functional calculations. The multistep rearrangement was demonstrated as a regioselective process to generate a defective edge with alternating pentagons and heptagons. Not only the thermal stability was found to be enhanced significantly after reconstruction but also the total spin of CNT was proved to be reduced gradually from high‐spin septet to close‐shell singlet, revealing the critical role of deformed edge on the geometrical and magnetic properties of open‐ended CNTs. Kinetically, the initial transformation was confirmed as the rate‐determining step with relatively the largest reaction barrier and the following steps can take place spontaneously. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes in volatile profile of soybean residue (okara) upon solid‐state fermentation by yeasts
Authors: Vong Weng Chan , Liu Shao‐Quan
Published: March 2016

Background

Soybean residue (okara), a by‐product of soymilk, is produced in large volumes by the soy food industry and is often discarded due to its undesirable flavour. As it contains a considerable amount of protein and fats, biotransformation of okara to improve its flavour presents an opportunity for alternative utilisation. This paper evaluated 10 yeasts in the solid‐state fermentation of okara based on their volatile profiles as analysed with HS‐SPME GC‐MS/FID. Four ‘dairy yeasts’ (Geotrichum candidum, Yarrowia lipolytica, Debaryomyces hansenii and Kluyveromyces lactis) and six ‘wine yeasts’ (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lachancea thermotolerans, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Pichia kluyveri, Torulaspora delbrueckii, and Williopsis saturnus) were studied.

Results

The main off‐odourants in okara, hexanal and trans‐2‐hexenal, significantly decreased after fermentation due to their bioconversion into methyl ketones and/or esters. The okara fermented by dairy yeasts contained greater proportions of methyl ketones, while that by wine yeasts contained more ethyl and acetyl esters. Notably, the okara fermented by W. saturnus contained 13 esters and the total GC‐FID peak area of esters was about 380 times that in fresh okara, leading to a perceptible fruity note.

Conclusion

Okara can be exploited as an inexpensive substrate for bioflavour extraction and/or a more pleasant food ingredient via yeast fermentation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
CuBr2‐induced charge screening on photoactive nanocolloidal polypyrrole:poly(styrene sulfonate) composite multilayer thin‐film counter electrodes for high‐efficiency dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Maruthamuthu S , Chandrasekaran J , Manoharan D , Karthick SN , Kim Hee‐Je , Saravanakumar B
Published: March 2016

Nanocolloidal polypyrrole (PPy):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) particles were synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization using 15 wt% of PSS. The highly processable polymer composite (PPy:PSS) was spin‐coated at 4000 rpm on fluorine‐doped tin oxide glass and subsequently employed as a counter electrode (CE) for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs). PPy:PSS multilayer (one, three, five) CEs were treated with CuBr2 salt, which enhances the efficiency of the DSCs. Optical studies reveal that a bulkier counterion hinders interchain interactions of PPy which on salt treatment shows a moderate redshift in absorption maxima. Salt‐treated PPy:PSS films exhibit lower charge transfer resistance, higher surface roughness and better catalytic performance for the reduction of I3−, when compared with untreated films. The improved catalytic performance of salt‐treated PPy:PSS multilayer films is attributed to charge screening and conformational change of PPy, along with the removal of excess PSS. Under standard AM 1.5 sunlight illumination, salt treatment is shown to boost the efficiency of multilayer PPy:PSS composite film‐based DSCs, leading to enhanced power conversion efficiency of 6.18, 6.33 and 6.37% for one, three and five layers, respectively. These values are significantly higher (ca 50%) than those for corresponding devices without CuBr2 salt treatment (3.48, 2.90 and 2.01%, respectively). © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Simplified strigolactams as potent analogues of strigolactones for the seed germination induction of Orobanche cumana Wallr.
Authors: Lumbroso Alexandre , Villedieu‐Percheron Emmanuelle , Zurwerra Didier , Screpanti Claudio , Lachia Mathilde , Dakas Pierre‐Yves , Castelli Laure , Paul Verity , Wolf Hanno Christian , Sayer Danielle , Beck Andreas , Rendine Stefano , Fonné‐Pfister Raymonde , De Mesmaeker Alain
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND

Strigolactones play an important role in the rhizosphere as signalling molecules stimulating the seed germination of parasitic weed seeds and hyphal branching of arbuscular micorrhiza, and also act as hormones in plant roots and shoots. Strigolactone derivatives, e.g. strigolactams, could be used as suicidal germination inducers in the absence of a host crop for the decontamination of land infested with parasitic weed seeds.

RESULTS

We report the stereoselective synthesis of novel strigolactams, together with some of their critical physicochemical properties, such as water solubility, hydrolytic stability, as well as their short soil persistence. In addition, we show that such strigolactams are potent germination stimulants of O. cumana parasitic weed seeds and do not affect the seed germination and the root growth of sunflower.

CONCLUSIONS

The novel strigolactam derivatives described here compare favourably with the corresponding GR‐28 strigolactones in terms of biological activity and physicochemical properties. However, we believe strigolactone and strigolactam derivatives require further structural optimisation to improve their soil persistence to demonstrate a potential for agronomical applications. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Highly Selective Ratiometric Fluorescent Probes for Detection of Perborate Based on Excited‐State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT) in Environmental Samples and Living Cells
Authors: Mahapatra Ajit Kumar , Mondal Sanchita , Manna Saikat Kumar , Maiti Kalipada , Maji Rajkishor , Ali Syed Samim , Mandal Sukhendu , Uddin Md. Raihan , Maiti Dilip Kumar
Published: March 2016

Benzthiazole‐based ratiometric fluorescent probes acetylphenylbenzthiazole (APBT) and acetylnaphthylbenzthiazole (ANBT), were synthesized and characterized. These two excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT)‐based first ratiometric fluorescent probes were shown to be selective and sensitive for perborate (BO3–) among the 15 anions studied in HEPES buffer medium by fluorescence, absorption, and visual emission color change. Upon treatment with perborate in aqueous HEPES buffer solution, the acetyl protective group of probes APBT and ANBT was removed readily and ESIPT of the probes was switched on, which resulted in remarkable photo‐physical changes. Time dependent‐ density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculations were performed in order to demonstrate the electronic properties of APBT and ANBT and their anion. An easy‐to‐prepare test paper, obtained by dipping the paper into the solution of APBT, was able to detect BO3– in practical samples. Moreover, the utility of the APBT and ANBT probes in perborate recognition has also been demonstrated in Vero cells using Confocal imaging.
Intelligent Nucleic Acid Functionalized Dual‐Responsive Gold Nanoflare: Logic‐Gate Nanodevice Visualized by Single‐Nanoparticle Imaging
Authors: Liu Jianbo , Ji Haining , Huang Jin , Li Li , Wang Qing , Yang Xiaohai , Wang Kemin
Published: March 2016

An intelligent nucleic acid functionalized dual‐responsive gold nanoflare was developed, and its exclusive‐OR (XOR) logic response was demonstrated by single‐nanoparticle imaging technology. Cy5 labelled adenosine aptamer and DNA molecule beacon were modified on the surface of gold nanoflares and consequence XOR logic‐gate operation was successfully achieved based on adenosine aptamer binding induced fluorescence quenching and cDNA bind triggered fluorescence recovery. Their photophysical properties, concentration‐dependent fluorescence variation and logic‐gate response were systematically studied at the single‐nanoparticle level. Single logic gate imaging demonstrated that a larger input was required to produce a change sufficient for single‐nanoparticle analysis, and the logic gate can be well used for a stimulated biologic process. This work will be significant in the future fabrication of nanodevices and DNA computer at single‐particle level.
Oxidative Functionalization of Styrenes: Synthesis of 1,3,5‐triazines from Styrenes via Tandem Cyclization with Amidines
Authors: Tiwari Abhishek R. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: March 2016

This work reports an efficient method for the synthesis of 1,3,5‐triazines form styrenes and amidines. The developed methodology was accomplished under transition‐metal free and solvent free conditions. Various substituted styrenes and amidines were well tolerated and provided 1,3,5‐triazines in good to excellent yields. This is the first time C=N bond formation has been achieved via oxidative functionalization of sp2 C−H bond in styrene. The reaction progressed through in situ generation of aldehyde.
Physical and cyber security in a smart grid environment
Authors: Xie Jing , Stefanov Alexandru , Liu Chen‐Ching
Published: March 2016

As a critical infrastructure, the electric power grid is vulnerable with respect to malicious physical and cyber attacks. Indeed, the importance of physical and cyber security for smart grids has been highlighted by recent intrusion incidents worldwide. Various types of sensors, instrumentation, information and communications technology (ICT), computational methodologies, and security controls have been developed to enhance the physical and cyber security of the smart grid. In this paper, critical vulnerabilities of a smart grid that can be exploited for physical and cyber intrusions are discussed. A comprehensive survey is conducted on the state‐of‐the‐art research to enhance the physical and cyber security in a smart grid environment. Furthermore, the interdependency of physical and cyber security is illustrated with an intrusion scenario. The emphasis is on the physical and cyber security of power substations. Computer simulation results for a case study are presented. WIREs Energy Environ 2016, 5:519–542. doi: 10.1002/wene.202

This article is categorized under:

Energy Infrastructure > Systems and Infrastructure
From steam engine to solar cells: can thermodynamics guide the development of future generations of photovoltaics?
Authors: Markvart Tom
Published: March 2016

Thermodynamics has played a singular role in the development of virtually all energy technologies to‐date. This review argues that it also has a role to play in the understanding and design of solar cell operation, particularly looking toward the future, high‐efficiency solar cells. After a historical overview of the key developments in the ‘thermodynamics of light,’ the conversion of a monochromatic light beam is used as a starting point to analyze the conversion process, examine the fundamental losses in terms of irreversible entropy generation, and consider in detail one of the key applications: the Shockley–Queisser detailed balance. We review and compare the principal suggestions for the highest theoretical efficiency of solar energy conversion, and analyze one possible embodiment of such a third‐generation structure: the hot‐carrier solar cell. A somewhat different application of the statistical approach—light trapping—is reviewed at a fundamental level, and the future potential is considered for devices which combine such a ‘thermodynamic squeezing’ of light with latest developments in photonics, leading to a photonic bandgap solar cell. We argue that the widespread use of thermodynamic tools in the current photovoltaics research, especially when combined with the potential benefits to future devices, already indicates that our thinking should not be about if but how thermodynamics can guide us to make better solar cells. WIREs Energy Environ 2016, 5:543–569. doi: 10.1002/wene.204

This article is categorized under:

Photovoltaics > Science and Materials

Solar Heating and Cooling > Science and Materials
Mapping and differential expression analysis from short‐read RNA‐Seq data in model organisms
Authors: Zhao Qiong‐Yi , Gratten Jacob , Restuadi Restuadi , Li Xuan
Published: March 2016

Recent advances in next‐generation sequencing technology allow high‐throughput RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) to be widely applied in transcriptomic studies. For model organisms with a reference genome, the first step in analysis of RNA‐Seq data involves mapping of short‐read sequences to the reference genome. Reference‐guided transcriptome assembly is an optional step, which is recommended if the aim is to identify novel transcripts. Following read mapping, the primary interest of biologists in many RNA‐Seq studies is the investigation of differential expression between experimental groups. In this review, we discuss recent developments in RNA‐Seq data analysis applied to model organisms, including methods and algorithms for direct mapping, reference‐guided transcriptome assembly and differential expression analysis, and provide insights for the future direction of RNA‐Seq.
Intracerebroventricular d‐galactose administration impairs memory and alters activity and expression of acetylcholinesterase in the rat
Authors: Rodrigues André Felipe , Biasibetti Helena , Zanotto Bruna Stela , Sanches Eduardo Farias , Pierozan Paula , Schmitz Felipe , Parisi Mariana Migliorini , Barbé‐Tuana Florencia , Netto Carlos Alexandre , Wyse Angela T.S.
Published: March 2016

Tissue accumulation of galactose is a hallmark in classical galactosemia. Cognitive deficit is a symptom of this disease which is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of galactose on memory (inhibitory avoidance and novel object recognition tasks) of adult rats. We also investigated the effects of galactose on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, immunocontent and gene expression in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Wistar rats received a single injection of galactose (4 mM) or saline (control). For behavioral parameters, galactose was injected 1 h or 24 h previously to the testing. For biochemical assessment, animals were decapitated 1 h, 3 h or 24 h after galactose or saline injection; hippocampus and cerebral cortex were dissected. Results showed that galactose impairs the memory formation process in aversive memory (inhibitory avoidance task) and recognition memory (novel object recognition task) in rats. The activity of AChE was increased, whereas the gene expression of this enzyme was decreased in hippocampus, but not in cerebral cortex. These findings suggest that these changes in AChE may, at least in part, to lead to memory impairment caused by galactose. Taken together, our results can help understand the etiopathology of classical galactosemia.
Critical Feeling
Authors: Reber Rolf
Published: March 2016

How can we develop the sensitivity necessary for playing music or making crafts? How can teachers make their lessons interesting? In what ways can consumers avoid undue influence? How do we acquire refined tastes, or come to believe what we want to believe? Addressing these issues and providing an account for tackling personal and societal problems, Rolf Reber combines insights from psychology, philosophy, and education to introduce the concept of 'critical feeling'. While many people are familiar with the concept of critical thinking, critical feeling denotes the strategic use of feelings in order to optimize an outcome. Reber discusses the theoretical and empirical foundations of critical feeling and provides an overview of applications, including well-being, skill learning, personal relationships, business, politics, school, art, morality, and religion. This original and thought-provoking study will interest a broad range of researchers, students, and practitioners.
Fundamentals of Engineering Tribology with Applications
Authors: Hirani Harish
Published: March 2016

Tribology is related to friction, wear and lubrication of machine elements. Tribology not only deals with the design of fluid containment systems like seals and gasket but also with the lubrication of surfaces in relative motion. This book comprehensively discusses the theories and applications of hydrodynamic thrust bearing, gas (air) lubricated bearing and elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication. It elucidates the concepts related to friction, including coefficient of friction, friction instability and stick-slip motion. It clarifies the misconception that harder and cleaner surfaces produce better results in wear. Recent developments, including online condition monitoring (an integration of moisture sensor, wear debris and oil quality sensors) and multigrid technique, are discussed in detail. The book also offers design problems and their real-life applications for cams, followers, gears and bearings. MATLAB programs, frequently asked questions and multiple choice questions are interspersed throughout for easy understanding of the topics.
Deadly Impasse
Authors: Ganguly Sumit
Published: March 2016

What ails the Indo-Pakistani relationship? Rivalry between the two states has persisted since the partition of the British Indian Empire in 1947, and despite negotiations, four wars and multiple crises, India and Pakistan remain locked in a long-standing dispute. Evaluating relations from 1999 through to 2009, Sumit Ganguly seeks to understand this troubled relationship and why efforts at peace-making and conflict resolution, which have included unilateral Indian concessions, have not been more fruitful. Charting key sources of tension throughout the decade, including the origins and outcomes of the Kargil War in 1999, developments in the Indian-controlled portion of the state of Kashmir, the attack on the Indian parliament in December 2001 and the onset of the 2001–2 crisis, Deadly Impasse sets out to discover whether the roots of this hostile relationship stem from security dilemmas or reflect the dynamics between a status quo power and a predatory state.
Resilience Engineering
Authors: Attoh-Okine Nii
Published: March 2016

Resilience Engineering: Models and Analysis was written for readers who have backgrounds in probability. It is suitable for practicing engineers, analysts, and researchers. The text presents a general examination of resilience analyses as applied to infrastructure and energy systems at a 'system of systems' level. The book offers a balanced mix of background, theory, and applications tailored for practitioners, along with examples to illustrate key computational algorithms, end-of-chapter exercises and references, and case studies.
The International Atlas of Mars Exploration
Authors: Stooke Philip J.
Published: March 2016

Beginning with the landing of the Spirit and Opportunity rovers in 2004 and concluding with the end of the Curiosity mission in 2014, this second volume of The International Atlas of Mars Exploration continues the story of Mars exploration in spectacular detail. It is an essential reference source on Mars and its moons, combining scientific and historical data with detailed and unique illustrations to provide a thorough analysis of twenty-first-century Mars mission proposals, spacecraft operations, landing site selection and surface locations. Combining a wealth of data, facts and illustrations, most created for this volume, the atlas charts the history of modern Mars exploration in more detail than ever before. Like the first volume, the atlas is accessible to space enthusiasts, but the bibliography and meticulous detail make it a particularly valuable resource for academic researchers and students working in planetary science and planetary mapping.
Virgil's Eclogues and the Art of Fiction
Authors: Kania Raymond
Published: March 2016

Many scholars have seen ancient bucolic poetry as a venue for thinking about texts and textuality. This book reassesses Virgil's Eclogues and their genre, arguing that they are better read as fiction - that is, as a work that refers not merely to itself or to other texts but to a world of its own making. This makes for a rich work of art and an object of legitimate aesthetic and imaginative engagement. Increased attention to the fictionality of Virgilian poetry also complicates and enriches the Eclogues' social and political dimensions. The book offers new interpretations of poems like Eclogues 5 and 9, which, according to traditional allegorical readings, concern Julius Caesar and the confiscation of lands under Octavian, respectively. It shows how the Eclogue world stands in a less stable relation to reality; these poems challenge readers at every turn to reimagine the relationship between fiction and the real.
The Value of Virginia Woolf
Authors: Detloff Madelyn
Published: March 2016

In The Value of Virginia Woolf, Madelyn Detloff explores the writings of Virginia Woolf from her early texts to her challenging and inventive novels. Detloff demonstrates why Woolf has enduring value for our own time, both as a defender of modernist experimentation and as a novelist of innovation and poetic vision who also exhibits moments of intense insight and philosophical depth. A famously enigmatic figure, Woolf's literary works offer different rewards to different readers. The Value of Virginia Woolf examines not only the significance of her most celebrated fiction but the function of time and allegory, natural and urban spaces, voice and language that give Woolf's writings their perennial appeal.
Physics for the Anaesthetic Viva
Authors: Kalsi Aman , Balani Nikhail
Published: March 2016

Physics for the Anaesthetic Viva is a succinct and practical text that comprehensively covers all aspects of the physics and clinical measurement curriculum for the FRCA examinations. Each section begins by explaining the basic science concepts, which are then expanded and related to everyday practice. Illustrations are used to enhance understanding of the concepts, and are presented in such a way as to be easy to reproduce in the exam setting. In addition, sample viva questions are provided at the end of each chapter to test learning, or for use in a mock viva session. Written by trainees for trainees, this book provides exactly what you need to pass the exam.