bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Halperin Ehud
Published: November 2019

The book opens with a firsthand account of a grand buffalo sacrifice that was offered to the goddess Haḍimbā in 2009. The author, sitting on the roof of a nearby structure from which he could view the event, realized that this position was detached from the intense activities on the ground. As people below shouted, pushed, and clung to each other in an attempt to find a better spot, the author remained high and far away. This charged moment serves as an ethnographic starting point for a discussion of the methodology employed in the book: a multiperspective, interdisciplinary, and context-dependent portrayal of the goddess Haḍimbā and her cult, which is expansive in orientation and emphasizes the role of encounters. This is preferred to an allegedly all-encompassing account that imposes a single historical or theological narrative, articulated from a fictitious, transcendent viewpoint held by no one on the ground.
Assembling the Ritual Core
Authors: Halperin Ehud
Published: November 2019

This chapter presents the vivid core of the ritual embodiment of the goddess Haḍimbā, namely her rath, a palanquin-like structure carried on devotees’ shoulders. It is through the movements of this ritual vehicle and the accompanying sessions of oracular possession that the goddess manifests and interacts with her devotees. Haḍimbā is revealed in these performances as an assembled entity, whose cognition and knowledge are distributed in networks of humans, objects, and environments, and whose actions are shaped in ritual arenas. Furthermore, the ritual encounters of her rath with those of other village deities integrate Haḍimbā into the regional web of ritual associations and establish her as a representative of her community. These rituals thus contribute to social formations of Haḍimbā’s community of followers, and she herself is established in them as a complex social agent who is pivotal to both communal stability and change.
Encountering Epic India
Authors: Halperin Ehud
Published: November 2019

Despite the diversity of Haḍimbā’s character, in recent decades the goddess has become primarily identified with the demoness Hiḍimbā, a renowned figure from the Mahabharata. Drawing on diverse types of materials, this chapter analyzes this identification in light of the different processes indicated by the term Sanskritization, which is also closely explored. Whereas the origins of Haḍimbā’s epic associations remain uncertain, it becomes clear that their current foregrounding is the result of yet another set of encounters and interactions with local, regional, and extraregional forces and ideas. Haḍimbā again emerges here as a complex persona, who serves as a conceptual arena for her devotees to reflect on their self-perception and sense of belonging and to recast their own cultural marginality in a new, inclusive, and rather flattering light. The chapter concludes by showing how the process of Haḍimbā’s Mahabharatization projects outward in ever-growing circles.
Negotiating National Hinduism
Authors: Halperin Ehud
Published: November 2019

The chapter explores a heated controversy that has developed in the Kullu Valley in recent decades, as blood sacrifices to Haḍimbā have come under severe theological, moral, and very practical attack. These sacrifices have turned into an arena for struggle over matters of cosmology, society, ethics, religious freedom, and political sovereignty. In the process, Haḍimbā’s own character has become part of the debate, as has her devotees’ perception of themselves and how they present themselves to others. Sacrifice to the goddess—its performance as well as its accompanying theological discourse—has thus become an arena in which local identity, of divine and human actors alike, is presented, debated, and reconstructed in ways that are mutually formative and closely intertwined.
Confronting the Global
Authors: Halperin Ehud
Published: November 2019

As local residents report and scientific evidence shows, the Kullu Valley is warming up. This chapter analyzes practitioners’ interpretations of and engagement with the changing climate, as well as Haḍimbā’s centrality to their reasoning in this regard. It presents the holistic worldview held by Haḍimbā’s devotees, namely their notions about dharma and cosmic interconnectedness and the ways this worldview underlies their thoughts about and actions concerning the changing climate. It also traces how villagers associate the weather irregularities with the socioeconomic transformations that have taken place in their lives in recent years, following the introduction of modernity, capitalism, and tourism in the region, as well as their creeping doubts concerning the very validity of their holistic worldview. The chapter illustrates both the continuities and the shifts in how followers perceive Haḍimbā’s command over the weather and her agency more broadly.
Sleep Among Older Adults
Authors: Stone, PhD Katie L. , Li Vicki
Published: November 2019

As Americans live longer, growth in the number of older adults is unprecedented. In 2014, 14.5% (46.3 million) of the U.S. population was aged 65 or older, and this is projected to reach 23.5% (98 million) by 2060. This chapter focuses on sleep among older adults, defined as at least 65 years old, and includes a discussion on sleep and retirement. The chapter especially discusses variation of sleep and sleep disorders in this age group and associations with frailty and disease and provides a social determinants perspective. Social/environmental factors that impact sleep in older adults include the impact of retirement, caregiving, institutionalization, and other key life transitions. Important sex and gender differences among older adults are also discussed.
The Sanctuary City in Historical Perspective
Authors: Collingwood Loren , O’Brien Benjamin Gonzalez
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines how the Sanctuary Movement influenced the first city-level sanctuary declarations, as well as how these policies evolved from the 1980s to 2010s. Charting both shifts in the language of the policies themselves, as well as the political events leading to their passage, this chapter paints a picture of how conflicts over immigration enforcement and refugee policy have shaped modern sanctuary policies.
Media Coverage of Sanctuary Cities, 1980–2017
Authors: Collingwood Loren , O’Brien Benjamin Gonzalez
Published: November 2019

The intended beneficiaries of sanctuary policies changed from refugees in the 1980s to undocumented immigrants in the 2000s. This chapter charts the shift in the tone and tenor of media coverage during that time. In the 1980s this coverage tended to emphasize how religion and morality influenced both the Sanctuary Movement and the cities that declared themselves “cities of refuge” in solidarity. By the 2000s, and particularly in the Trump era, the media have increasingly covered the partisan divides over the issue and debates over the role of these policies in increasing crime rates. This chapter also discusses the likely role this coverage has had on public opinion on the issue.
When Logic Gives Out. Frege on Basic Logical Laws
Authors: Pedriali Walter B.
Published: November 2019

At the end of Grundgesetze Frege tells us that the Urproblem of arithmetic is the question of how we apprehend logical objects. The success of Frege’s logicist enterprise thus essentially depends on the provision of a satisfactory answer to the question of how we can justifiedly hold certain basic truths to be logical, since for Frege it is only through those laws that we can come to grasp logical objects by purely logical means. And yet, despite its crucial importance, the question of what kind of justification we might provide for basic logical laws is one that Frege never fully addressed. In this chapter, I critically examine, and dismiss, three justificatory strategies briefly canvassed, but not wholly endorsed by Frege (respectively, the appeal to constitutivity, self-evidence, and sense-compositionality). I close by discussing a position that I label pragmatic foundationalism, a position that includes a strong externalist component. I claim that pragmatic foundationalism provides the best attempt one could make, on behalf of Frege, towards answering what he took to be the fundamental problem facing a mature philosophy of arithmetic.
The Proof of Hume’s Principle
Authors: May Robert C. , Wehmeier Kai F.
Published: November 2019

Beginning in Grundgesetze §53, Frege presents proofs of a set of theorems known to encompass the Peano-Dedekind axioms for arithmetic. The initial part of Frege’s deductive development of arithmetic, to theorems (32) and (49), contains fully formal proofs that had merely been sketched out in Grundlagen. Theorems (32) and (49) are significant because they are the right-to-left and left-to-right directions respectively of what we call today “Hume’s Principle” (HP). The core observation that we explore is that in Grundgesetze, Frege does not prove Hume’s Principle, not at least if we take HP to be the principle he introduces, and then rejects, as a definition of number in Grundlagen. In order better to understand why Frege never considers HP as a biconditional principle in Grundgesetze, we explicate the theorems Frege actually proves in that work, clarify their conceptual and logical status within the overall derivation of arithmetic, and ask how the definitional content that Frege intuited in Hume’s Principle is reconstructed by the theorems that Frege does prove.
The Society of Prisoners
Authors: Morieux Renaud
Published: November 2019

War captivity is an ideal observatory to address three interrelated questions. First, I argue that in order to understand what a prisoner of war was in the eighteenth century, from a legal viewpoint, we must forget what we know about this notion, as it has been shaped by twentieth-century international conventions. In the eighteenth century, the distinction between a prisoner of war, a hostage, a criminal and a slave was not always clear-cut, in theory and even more so in practice. Second, war captivity tells us something important about the eighteenth-century state, how it transformed itself, and why it endured. The third approach is a social history of international relations. The aim here is to understand how eighteenth-century societies were impacted by war: how the detention of foreign enemies on home soil revealed and challenged social values, representations, hierarchies, and practices. The book’s argument hinges on the experience of prisoners of war as the pivot of social relations within and outside the prison, between Britons and French and between prisoners and host communities. War does not simply destroy society, but it also creates new sorts of social ties.The book addresses a wide range of topics, such as the ethics of war, philanthropy, forced migrations, the sociology of the prison and the architecture of detention places. One of its strengths is the sheer magnitude and diversity of the archival material used, in English and in French, most of which have been little explored by other historians.
Placing Autobiographical Memory in a General Memory Organization
Authors: Rubin David C.
Published: November 2019

This chapter explains a model of autobiographical memory based on the dimensions of self-reference, the construction of scenes needed to create memories of events, explicit versus implicit memory, emotional intensity, uncertainty, and other processes of memory. The model is an extension of the basic systems model and event memory, which when combined resolve many inconsistencies in the current literature, integrate the behavioral and neural level of analysis more efficiently, and identify new research questions. In doing so, it places autobiographical memory into a well-specified organization with other types of memory and psychological topics and thus into a broader context not attempted in earlier models of autobiographical memory. These topics include episodic memory, memory for fiction and film, other people’s memories, personality, habits, phobias, and déjà vu. The behavioral and neural evidence used to define, support, and evaluate the model locates autobiographical memory in a knowledge-rich, more easily applied memory organization.
To Serve the Enemy
Authors: Darcy Shane
Published: November 2019

The use of informers and other collaborators by parties to an armed conflict is a common yet often concealed practice in times of war. Despite the prevalence of such activity, and the serious and at times fatal consequences that befall those who collaborate with an enemy, international law applicable in times of armed conflict does not squarely address the phenomenon. The recruitment, use, and treatment of informers and other collaborators is addressed only partially and at times indirectly by international humanitarian law. While international law recognises the widespread and enduring phenomenon of individuals cooperating with an opposing side during an armed conflict, it treats it with some ambivalence. The lawfulness of resort to the practice is generally accepted in principle, yet international law seeks to place certain limits, including restrictions on the methods employed in the recruitment, use, and treatment of informers and other collaborators during armed conflict. This book examines the development and application of the relevant rules and principles of the laws of armed conflict in relation to collaboration. The author focuses primarily on international humanitarian law as applicable to various forms of collaboration but also provides an assessment of the potential role of international human rights law. The book examines the law and practice concerning the phenomenon of collaboration during both international and non-international armed conflicts.
Grammatical predictors for fMRI time-courses
Authors: Li Jixing , Hale John
Published: November 2019

This study examines several different time-series formalizations of sentence-processing effort, as regards their ability to predict the observed fMRI time-course in regions of the brain. These regressors formalize cognitive theories of language processing involving phrase structure parsing, memory burden, lexical meaning, and other factors such as word sequence probabilities. The results suggest that even in the presence of these covariates, a predictor based on minimalist grammars significantly improves a regression model of the BOLD signal in a posterior temporal region, roughly corresponding to Wernicke’s area.
Quantum 20/20
Authors: Kenyon Ian R.
Published: November 2019

This text reviews fundametals and incorporates key themes of quantum physics. One theme contrasts boson condensation and fermion exclusivity. Bose–Einstein condensation is basic to superconductivity, superfluidity and gaseous BEC. Fermion exclusivity leads to compact stars and to atomic structure, and thence to the band structure of metals and semiconductors with applications in material science, modern optics and electronics. A second theme is that a wavefunction at a point, and in particular its phase is unique (ignoring a global phase change). If there are symmetries, conservation laws follow and quantum states which are eigenfunctions of the conserved quantities. By contrast with no particular symmetry topological effects occur such as the Bohm–Aharonov effect: also stable vortex formation in superfluids, superconductors and BEC, all these having quantized circulation of some sort. The quantum Hall effect and quantum spin Hall effect are ab initio topological. A third theme is entanglement: a feature that distinguishes the quantum world from the classical world. This property led Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen to the view that quantum mechanics is an incomplete physical theory. Bell proposed the way that any underlying local hidden variable theory could be, and was experimentally rejected. Powerful tools in quantum optics, including near-term secure communications, rely on entanglement. It was exploited in the the measurement of CP violation in the decay of beauty mesons. A fourth theme is the limitations on measurement precision set by quantum mechanics. These can be circumvented by quantum non-demolition techniques and by squeezing phase space so that the uncertainty is moved to a variable conjugate to that being measured. The boundaries of precision are explored in the measurement of g-2 for the electron, and in the detection of gravitational waves by LIGO; the latter achievement has opened a new window on the Universe. The fifth and last theme is quantum field theory. This is based on local conservation of charges. It reaches its most impressive form in the quantum gauge theories of the strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions, culminating in the discovery of the Higgs. Where particle physics has particles condensed matter has a galaxy of pseudoparticles that exist only in matter and are always in some sense special to particular states of matter. Emergent phenomena in matter are successfully modelled and analysed using quasiparticles and quantum theory. Lessons learned in that way on spontaneous symmetry breaking in superconductivity were the key to constructing a consistent quantum gauge theory of electroweak processes in particle physics.
Voices and Books in the English Renaissance
Authors: Richards Jennifer
Published: November 2019

Two ideas lie at the heart of this study and its claim that we need a new history of reading: that voices in books can affect us deeply; that printed books can be brought to life with the voice. Voices and Books offers a new history of reading focused on the oral and voice-aware silent reader, rather than the historical reader we have privileged in the last few decades, who is invariably male, silent, and alone. It recovers the vocality of education for boys and girls in Renaissance England, and the importance of training in pronuntiatio (delivery) for oral-aural literary culture. It offers the first attempt to recover the voice—and tone—from textual sources. It explores what happens when we bring voice to text, how vocal tone realizes or changes textual meaning, and how the literary writers of the past tried to represent their own and others’ voices, as well as manage and exploit the voices of their readers. It offers fresh readings of the key Tudor authors who anticipated oral readers: John Bale, Anne Askew, William Baldwin, Thomas Nashe. And it aims to rethink what a printed book can be, searching the printed page for vocal cues, and exploring the neglected role of the voice in the printing process.
The Limits of Harrington’s Republicanism
Authors: Hammersley Rachel
Published: November 2019

While Harrington was a republican of a certain kind, his thought was not always typical of this discourse, resulting in conflict with other republicans of the time. Chapter 5 traces the limits of Harrington’s republicanism, examining his attitude towards royalists and considering the relativism reflected in his acknowledgment that absolute monarchy may be the best form of government for certain states. The chapter demonstrates that Harrington did not see his model as incompatible with a single figurehead. The Lord Archon in Oceana acts both as legislator and as princely ruler or doge. Harrington was then a pluralist, not an exclusivist, republican, more concerned with the exercise of popular power at the foundation of the system than with whether one or a few ruled at its apex. He thus offered a middle way between traditional monarchy and kingless republicanism, rendering more understandable his relations with Charles Stuart and Charles Louis.
Innovation in Substance: Democracy
Authors: Hammersley Rachel
Published: November 2019

The emergence of modern democracy has tended to be associated with the eighteenth rather than the seventeenth century. Yet, as Chapter 7 shows, the English Revolution not only provoked proto-democratic ideas among the Levellers, but also led Harrington to embrace both the terminology and the substance of democracy. Harrington deliberately used this term to describe his model constitution, thereby tarnishing the ‘oligarchic’ pretensions of his opponents, and associating democracy with Sparta rather than Athens and therefore with a popular veto rather than popular debate. In Oceana, Harrington advocated a highly inclusive citizen body the members of which could exercise considerable political powers. He also expressed his commitment to meritocracy, which would be secured within his system. Ultimately, the chapter argues that Harrington’s distinctive understanding of democracy was both novel and influential.
Controversies About History
Authors: Hammersley Rachel
Published: November 2019

Harrington engaged in controversy over particular historical models, over appropriate historical methodology, and over the relevance of history to politics. He sought not merely to impose past models in the present, but to use research into the past to inform present judgement. Harrington treated the commonwealth of Israel like any other ancient model, and emphasized its Erastianism and, more controversially, its democratic character. Sparta too was presented by him as a ‘democratic’ state against those who emphasized its monarchical or oligarchical elements. Harrington’s theory about the relationship between land and power was also grounded in his historical analysis, providing him with a distinctive account of the causes of the English Civil War. Finally, Harrington’s historical methodology set him at odds with those who championed mathematical over historical demonstration. In his historical debate, as in other aspects of his work, Harrington was charting his own middle course.
The Rota Club
Authors: Hammersley Rachel
Published: November 2019

Chapter 14 offers a novel and comprehensive account of the Rota Club, established by Harrington in the autumn of 1659. As well as seizing the opportunity for political speculation, the Rota Club took Harrington’s experimentation with form to a new level. It provided a means of putting into practice two of the more controversial elements of Harrington’s programme: open and inclusive membership of the citizen body, and the debating and balloting procedure. By welcoming members with diverse political and religious views to the Club, and encouraging them to engage in political debate in a peaceful and constructive manner, Harrington was showing that inclusive citizenship would not automatically lead to chaos. By instituting a formal system of debate and the use of a balloting box, Harrington was providing an opportunity for people to experience the controversial decision-making procedure he had described in Oceana.
Conclusion
Authors: Hammersley Rachel
Published: November 2019

The Conclusion explores the gains of approaching Harrington from beyond the republican paradigm. In the first place, we see more clearly the complexity and atypicality of Harrington’s republicanism, and even the possibility of characterizing him as a democrat. Secondly, it is evident that Harrington was neither wholly ancient nor thoroughly modern, but cut a distinctive path between the two. Moreover, his pursuit of a middle way is also reflected in his insistence on post-Civil War reconciliation and in the character of his republicanism, his democracy, his religious views, and his underlying philosophical position. Finally, Harrington’s contributions to historical, religious, and philosophical thought can now be more fully appreciated, along with his innovations in the form and presentation of his works. These findings not only enhance our perspective on Harrington, but have wider implications for our understanding of the seventeenth century and the discipline of intellectual history.
Introduction
Authors: Hammersley Rachel
Published: November 2019

James Harrington’s ideas emerged out of the turbulent circumstances of 1650s England, yet they continued to prove influential in late eighteenth-century America and France and nineteenth-century Germany. In part this enduring legacy was due to the breadth of Harrington’s interests and flexibility of his ideas, making them accessible and appealing to advocates of a variety of political positions. This introduction traces the popularity of Harrington’s ideas among eighteenth-century commonwealthmen, his relative neglect during the nineteenth century, and the revival of interest in him at the turn of the twentieth century. It also provides an overview of scholarly treatments of him including those emphasizing his utopianism, his role as the progenitor of a materialist theory of social change, and his position as a leading republican. It argues that a reassessment of Harrington’s life and work is overdue, and sets out the focus and structure of the book.
Leonardo's Salvator Mundi and the Collecting of Leonardo in the Stuart Courts
Authors: Kemp Martin , Simon Robert B. , Dalivalle Margaret
Published: November 2019

In Leonardo’s Salvator Mundi and the Collecting of Leonardo in the Stuart Courts the ‘Three Salvateers’—Robert Simon, Martin Kemp and Margaret Dalivalle—give a first-hand account of the discovery of the lost Renaissance masterpiece; from its purchase for $1,175 in a New Orleans auction house in 2005, to the worldwide media spectacle of its sale to a Saudi prince for $450 million in 2017. A behind-the-scenes view of the painstaking processes of identification, consultation, scientific analysis, conservation, and archival research that underpinned the attribution of the painting to Leonardo, the book presents a consideration of the place of the painting in Leonardo’s body of work. Exploring the meaning of the painting in terms of Renaissance theology, it considers the identity of its original patron or intended recipient. Unravelling networks of early modern art dealers and collectors in Europe, it traces the emerging reception of Leonardo during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It was in Enlightenment Britain that the idea of Leonardo as artist–scientist took hold of the public imagination. This book examines the ‘invention’ of Leonardo through the unique prism of the Stuart courts. The documented presence of three paintings of Christ attributed to Leonardo in the vicinity of the seventeenth-century British Royal Collection is both extraordinary and perplexing. Today, Leonardo’s five-hundred-year-old Salvator has not yet disclosed its secret history.
Dignified Retreat
Authors: Schneider Robert A.
Published: November 2019

Cardinal Richelieu, Louis XIII’s first minister and the architect of French absolutism, is often celebrated for his role in reviving the arts and letters in the crucial period in the formation of French classicism. This book looks less at him than at the writers and intellectuals themselves in the creation of a new culture distinguished by the rise of the French language over Latin and the emergence of a literary field. The author argues that even the French Academy, founded by Richelieu in 1635, was more the result of an already established literary and linguistic movement that he merely managed to co-opt. Dignified Retreat examines the work and activities of over one hundred writers and intellectuals, focusing especially on their place in the urban context of a revived Paris after several generations of religious warfare in the sixteenth century. The theme of “retreat”—a withdrawal from public engagement and certain modes of public expression—runs throughout the book as a leitmotif that captures the ambivalent position of these men (and a few women) of letters as they tried to establish the legitimacy of their calling outside the established institutions of the Church, the law, and the university. Building on the work of such French literary scholars and historians as Marc Fumaroli, Alain Viala, Hélène-Merlin Kajman, Christian Jouhaud, and others, Schneider offers a novel approach to this important period in French cultural history.
Formulating Independence
Authors: Christensen David
Published: November 2019

We often get evidence that bears on the reliability of some of our own first-order reasoning. The rational response to such evidence would seem to depend on a rational assessment of how reliable we can expect that reasoning to be. “Independence” principles are intended to constrain this reliability-assessment, so as to prevent question-begging reliance on the very reasoning being assessed; but extant formulations of Independence principles tend to be vague or ambiguous. This chapter aims to make some progress toward developing a more precise Independence principle, while highlighting some of the difficulties the project entails. The hope is to take a step toward understanding how rational belief is informed by evidence bearing on agents’ cognitive reliability
Escaping the Akratic Trilemma
Authors: Kappel Klemens
Published: November 2019

Much of the recent literature on higher-order evidence has revolved around the following three theses. First, one’s credence in any given proposition p should rationally reflect one’s evidence e bearing on the truth of p. Second, one’s credence in any given higher-order proposition p′ (concerning the evidential relation between e and p) should rationally reflect one’s evidence e′ bearing on the truth of p′. Third, it is epistemically irrational to have a high credence in p based on e, while having a high credence that e does not support p, or that one’s processing of e is somehow faulty (The Non-Akrasia Requirement). All three theses are prima facie plausible, yet they jointly lead to inconsistencies. This is what might be called The Akratic Trilemma. This chapter assesses two recent responses to The Akratic Trilemma (Titelbaum 2015; Lasonen-Aarnio 2014), argues that both responses fail, and offers a novel way out of the Trilemma.​Keywords
Conditionality & Coercion
Authors: Mares Isabela , Young Lauren E.
Published: November 2019

In many recent democracies, candidates compete for office using illegal strategies to influence voters. In Hungary and Romania, local actors including mayors and bureaucrats offer access to social policy benefits to voters who offer to support their preferred candidates, and they threaten others with the loss of a range of policy and private benefits for voting the “wrong” way. These quid pro quo exchanges are often called clientelism. How can politicians and their accomplices get away with such illegal campaigning in otherwise democratic, competitive elections? When do they rely on the worst forms of clientelism that involve threatening voters and manipulating public benefits? This book uses a mixed method approach to understand how illegal forms of campaigning including vote buying and electoral coercion persist in two democratic countries in the European Union. It argues that clientelistic strategies must be disaggregated based on whether they use public or private resources, and whether they involve positive promises or negative threats and coercion. The authors document that the type of clientelistic strategies that candidates and brokers use varies systematically across localities based on their underlying social coalitions, and also show that voters assess and sanction different forms of clientelism in different ways. Voters glean information about politicians’ personal characteristics and their policy preferences from the clientelistic strategies these candidates deploy. Most voters judge candidates who use clientelism harshly. So how does clientelism, including its most odious coercive forms, persist in democratic systems? This book suggests that politicians can get away with clientelism by using forms of it that are in line with the policy preferences of constituencies whose votes they need. Clientelistic and programmatic strategies are not as distinct as previous studies have argued.
On Trade Justice
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel
Published: November 2019

Trade has made the world. Still, trade remains an elusive and profoundly difficult area for philosophical thought. This account of trade justice stresses the role of exploitation, emphasizing philosophical ideas about global justice but also contributing to moral disputes about practical questions. The book is a philosophical plea for a new global deal, in continuation of, but also at appropriate distance to, postwar efforts to design a fair global-governance system in the spirit of the American New Deal of the 1930s. It is written in the tradition of contemporary analytical philosophy but also puts its subject into a historical perspective. The book covers the subject of trade justice, from its theoretical foundations to several specific issues on which this book throws light. The state as an actor in the domain of global justice is central to the discussion but the book also explores the obligations of business extensively, recognizing the importance of the modern corporation for trade. So, topics such as wages injustice, collusion with authoritarian regimes, relocation decisions, and obligations arising from interaction with suppliers and sub-contractors all enter prominently. Another central actor in the domain of trade is the World Trade Organization. The WTO needs to see itself as an agent of justice. This book explores how this organization should be reformed in light of proposals made herein. In particular, the WTO needs to endorse a human-rights and development-oriented mandate. Overall, the book hopes to make a theoretical contribution to the creation of an exploitation-free world.
The State as an Agent of Trade Justice
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel
Published: November 2019

This chapter theorizes the normative role of states in the global order generally and in trade specifically. One challenge for a theory of multiple grounds of justice is that an assignment of duties is not straightforward. A theory of global justice that recognizes multiple grounds requires a differentiated vocabulary to outline obligations for different agents, some designed to fit the role and importance of states for global justice, and some designed for other actors. The chapter develops the constrained agency perspective from Chapter 6 (which started to work with some of that vocabulary) for the role of the state within a pluralistic theory of global justice.
Genre and White Supremacy in the Postemancipation United States
Authors: Foster Travis M.
Published: November 2019

Even as Black Lives Matter thinkers underscore white supremacy’s manifestation in the unremarkable and all-too-often unnoticed unfolding of ordinary life, literary critical methods remain impeded by longstanding biases toward unconventional texts, visionary writers, and nonconforming ideas. The result is that we’re left without adequate methods, vocabularies, and archives for apprehending white supremacy’s urgent ordinariness. In Genre and White Supremacy in the Postemancipation United States, Travis M. Foster suggests that genre provides the best route out of this impasse. Through rigorous new interpretations of four popular literary and cultural genres—campus novels, the Ladies’ Home Journal, Civil War elegies, and gospel sermons—Foster unpacks how conventionality played a crucial role in both reconstituting and resisting taken-for-granted operations of white supremacy and antiblackness in the wake of emancipation. Arguing that genre provides a scale and a method for rendering ordinariness newly available to close analysis, Foster reveals the specific conventions and strategies through which antiblackness constitutes white social worlds far removed from the color line, while also surveying whiteness’s remarkable capacity to adapt itself to new conditions and incorporate internal differences. Simultaneously, using genre analysis to trace forms of black resistance that manifest within the radical collectivity of black social worlds, rather than through more familiar liberal politics of dissent, he highlights practices of freedom and community that refuse the very political conditions proffered by white supremacist logic. The result is an original and important new account of popular literature’s role in refashioning and resisting white supremacy in an emergent postemancipation climate.
From Frustrated Desire to Posthumous Harm
Authors: Boonin David
Published: November 2019

This chapter provides an extensive defense of the third premise of the book’s central argument: the claim that if frustrating a person’s desires is one way to harm a person then it is possible for an act to wrongfully harm a person even if the act takes place after the person is dead. After an overview, the chapter begins by presenting the basic reason for thinking that if the Desire Satisfaction Principle is true, then the Posthumous Harm Thesis is true. It then considers a series of objections that can be raised against the claim and responds to each of them.
Who’s Afraid of a Little Resentment?
Authors: Smith Angela M.
Published: November 2019

It is often argued that in order to be morally accountable for one’s behavior, and thus an eligible target of reactive attitudes such as resentment or indignation, an agent must have a “fair opportunity to avoid” being subject to these responses. This paper critically examines two common arguments in defense of this view, “the argument from moral sanction” and “the argument from communication.” It argues that it is a mistake to regard the reactive attitudes as sanctions, and that even psychopaths and those raised in unfortunate formative circumstances have the capacities necessary to give appropriate uptake to the message communicated by the reactive attitudes.
Gothic Antiquity
Authors: Townshend Dale
Published: November 2019

This book seeks to provide the first sustained scholarly account of the relationship between Gothic architecture and Gothic literature (fiction, poetry, drama) in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Although the literature/architecture relation is a topic that has long preoccupied scholars of the literary Gothic, there remains no monograph-length study of the intriguing interactions between these two aesthetic forms. Equally, Gothic literature has received only cursory treatment in art-historical accounts of the early Gothic Revival in architecture, interiors, and design. Addressing this gap in scholarship, Gothic Antiquity seeks to situate Gothic writing in relation to the Gothic architectural theories, aesthetics, and practices with which it was contemporary, providing closely historicized readings of a wide selection of texts. In turn, it shows how these architectural debates responded to, and were shaped by, what we have since come to identify as the literary Gothic mode. In both its ‘survivalist’ and ‘revivalist’ forms, the architecture of the Middle Ages in the long eighteenth century was much more than a matter of style. Incarnating the memory of a vanished ‘Gothic’ age in the enlightened present, Gothic architecture, whether ruined or complete, prompted imaginative reconstructions of the nation’s past—a notable ‘visionary’ turn in which Gothic writers, architects, and antiquaries enthusiastically participated. Through initiating a series of dialogues between Gothic literature, architectural history, and the antiquarian interest in the material remains of the Gothic past, the book argues that these discrete yet intimately related approaches to vernacular antiquity are most fruitfully read in relation to one another.
History, Inheritance, and Vulnerability
Authors: Stone Alison
Published: November 2019

This chapter describes the complex relations amongst being born and birth-giving, mothers, women, and child-caring, and then defends the view that Western culture has concentrated narrowly on death at the expense of birth, taking existentialism’s focus on mortality as a case in point. Three aspects of natality are then examined. First, reception and inheritance: in dialogue with Camus and Beauvoir, it is argued that to be born is to receive and inherit the meaningful fabric of our lives and involvements from others around and preceding us. Second, vulnerability: the chapter distinguishes vulnerability in being born—coming into existence in more or less advantageous locations in the world—from vulnerability by virtue of being born—as infants who are helpless and so depend on adult care-givers. Third, negativity: being born is not an exclusively positive condition but has a negative side, in part through its links with vulnerability.
The Composition of Labor Supply and Its Evolution from 2010 to 2016 in Jordan
Authors: Assaad Ragui , Krafft Caroline , Keo Caitlyn
Published: November 2019

This chapter investigates the changing character of labor supply in Jordan from 2010 to 2016. We examine recent demographic developments as well as the rapid increases in educational attainment among Jordanians. A particular focus of the chapter is on the demographic changes, such as the large increase in the working age population, generated by the recent refugee influx. Labor force participation, as well as its components of unemployment and employment, are examined using a variety of definitions. We examine differential patterns of participation by age, sex, education, and place of residence. Data from the Jordan Labor Market Panel Surveys of 2010 and 2016 are supplemented with annual data from the Jordanian Employment and Unemployment Survey (EUS) for the intervening years.
The Evolution of Wage Formation and Inequality in Jordan, 2010–2016
Authors: Galal Rami , Said Mona
Published: November 2019

This chapter investigates wage formation and inequality in Jordan. It takes stock of the main distributional features of the Jordanian wage structure focusing on population subgroups by gender, sector, occupational skill-level, industry, geographic location, and level of education as well as low-wage earners. It explores mobility within the distribution and to provide some explanation for the evolution of inequality, it estimates the returns to education, as well as sector-based and gender-based wage differentials. The results show a rise in real wages and a decline in inequality. Wages across different subgroups display compression from both ends of the distribution, with fewer Jordanians falling below the low-wage earnings line, and wages for the highest-paid groups declining. Rises in median wages hold across the population, even among more disadvantaged groups, for example the illiterate. Declining incremental returns to education and narrowing sector-based and gender-based wage differentials are consistent with the overall decline in wage inequality.
Syrian Refugees in Jordan
Authors: Krafft Caroline , Sieverding Maia , Salemi Colette , Keo Caitlyn
Published: November 2019

Since 2011, Jordan has been hosting a substantial number of refugees from Syria. This chapter profiles the Syrian refugee population in Jordan in terms of demographic characteristics, participation in the labor market, education, and health outcomes. Syrian refugees are disproportionately young, with half of the refugee population under age 15. Despite the availability of work permits, less than a fifth of refugees are working, and those who do work are primarily in informal employment and working without permits. Low enrollment rates suggest that refugees face challenges in persisting in school in Jordan through even basic education. Refugees have limited access to health insurance and although most do access health services, they are more likely than Jordanians to rely on charitable organizations and pharmacies. Although the majority receive food supports, refugees, particularly those residing in camps, experience higher levels of food insecurity than Jordanians.
Marriage and Fertility Patterns among Jordanians and Syrian Refugees in Jordan
Authors: Sieverding Maia , Berri Nasma , Abdulrahim Sawsan
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines changes in marriage and fertility among Jordanians and Syrian refugees in Jordan. It finds considerable continuity in marriage practices among Jordanians from 2010 to 2016. Jordanians witnessed very modest increases in median age at first marriage. Education is the main factor associated with later ages at marriage and first birth among women. The cost of marriage among Jordanians has declined since 2010 and is unlikely to have contributed to trends in marriage age. Despite the small increase in age at first marriage, fertility declined among Jordanians from a total fertility rate of 3.9 in 2010 to 3.3 in 2016. Compared to the Jordanians, Syrian refugees experienced an earlier transition to marriage and a higher total fertility rate of 4.4 in 2016. The marriage and fertility patterns of Syrian refugees point to high selection on factors associated with earlier marriage and higher fertility.
Discretionary Moral Duties
Authors: Wallace R. Jay
Published: November 2019

The topic of Chapter 3 is the idea that there are discretionary moral duties, i.e., duties that cede to the agent who stands under them wide latitude in determining the actions that count as satisfying them. The chapter offers a general framework for thinking about moral obligations, which construes such obligations in essentially relational terms. It then draws on this conception of moral obligation to understand two classes of obligations that are intuitively understood to exhibit wide agential discretion: duties of gratitude and of mutual aid. It argues that the wide agential discretion apparent in these cases makes sense against the background of an understanding of morality as a set of directed obligations that we owe to each other, as individuals. A further important theme is the standing of morality as a source of requirements that make it possible for agents to relate to each other on a basis of autonomy and equality.
Taking it Personally
Authors: Chaplin Rosalind
Published: November 2019

Chapter 4 challenges a common dogma of the literature on forgiveness: that forgiveness is the exclusive prerogative of victims. Attacks on third-party forgiveness generally come in two forms. One form of attack suggests that third-party forgiveness is conceptually incoherent (and so impossible). Another form of attack suggests that it is always morally inappropriate for third parties to forgive. This chapter argues against both of these claims; third-party forgiveness is possible, and in some cases it is morally appropriate for third parties to forgive (or refuse to forgive) wrongdoers for wrongs done to victims. The chapter also proposes an explanation of third-parties’ standing to forgive. Third parties have the standing to forgive when it is appropriate for them to take ‘personally’ wrongs done to victims, and this occurs primarily in the context of close relationships. Thus, while the standing to forgive is not grounded exclusively in having been wronged, the prerogative to forgive is normally limited to victims and their loved ones. Once we recognize the importance of third-party forgiveness in our moral lives and the norms that govern it, we can more easily adjudicate between competing accounts of the nature of forgiveness.