bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study on Extent of Knowledge Level among Distant Learners of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Authors: Babu M. Riyas , N. Sriram , P. Balasubramaniam , R. Premavathi , R. Gangai Selvi
Published: August 2023

The study on Extent of Knowledge level among distant learners of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) was undertaken with objective to document the extent of knowledge level among the distant learners. The research design used was ex post facto. The Coconut Cultivation Technology course was purposefully selected out of the 21 certificate programmes, since it had the greatest enrollment. Students who successfully completed the Coconut Cultivation Technology certificate course from batches 2019-2021 made up the study's sample. Out of the 234 students, 130 were chosen using the proportionate random sample method. The data was gathered from the chosen students through both in-person and telephone interviews using a well-structured questionnaire. The study's findings showed that after attending the certificate course, more over half of the learners (53.85%) had medium level of knowledge on cultivation technologies. Also, it was inferred that variables including educational status, farm size, farming experience, information seeking behaviour, determinant factors, progressiveness, job aspiration, attitude towards ODL course and attitude towards entrepreneurship had positive significant relationship with the knowledge level of the learners. It is concluded that learners see distant learning as an efficient medium for education in order to increase their knowledge of agriculture technologies, which would help them improve the conditions on their farms and possible way to start a business.
Diagnosis and Biocontrol of Sporisorium scitamineum Associated with Whip Smut Sugarcane
Authors: El-Dawy Eman G. A. , Gherbawy Youssuf A. , Salamah Omnia , Alian Riham , Ahmed Safaa , Aoud Samah , Mosa Rawda , Ahmed Abd Elrahman , Ali Naglaa , Ahmed Mohamed , Mahmoud Ahmed A. A.
Published: August 2023

Aim: Whip smut of sugarcane is the most serious and widely spread disease of sugarcane and causes a significant reduction in cane quantity and quality. This work aimed to assess the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics and the variability between isolates of Sporisorium scitamineum causal agent of smut in sugarcane.

Materials and Methods: The fungus was isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. The morphological characters were described based on the growth diameter, texture, and colony colors. The microscopic description focused on the spore’s size from medium and teliospores from whips. Results: The colony appeared with white mycelial cotton and a yeast-shaped mycelial colony. In vitro, control of S. scitamineum isolates with endophytic fungi of Macrophomina phaseolina and Trichoderma viride was studied. The results showed that the two fungi could inhibit the growth of S. scitamineum. A pathogenicity test was carried out on sugarcane cuttings by inoculating the buds with spore suspension of S. scitamineum, which showed a pathogenic effect ranging from 50–100%. Also, other sugarcane cuttings were inoculated by the pathogen and Trichoderma viride as a biocontrol agent that inhibited the pathogen growth completely in four strains.

Conclusion: Trichoderma viride is the safely biocontrol agent against S. scitamineum.
Effect of Boron and Iron on Growth and Yield of Baby Corn (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Goud Akkala Saikiran , Debbarma Victor
Published: August 2023

A field trail was conducted during zaid 2022 at Crop Research Farm 2, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology And Sciences, Prayagraj, on the topic “Effect of Boron and Iron on Growth and Yield of Baby corn (Zea mays L.)” to study treatments consisting of 10 with 3 different levels of boron 5 kg/ha, 6 kg/ha, 7 kg/ha (soil application) and different levels of iron 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% (foliar application) The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture, slightly alkaline in soil reaction (pH 8), low level of organic carbon (0.62%), available N (225 kg/ha), P (38.2 kg/ha) and K (240.7 kg/ha). There were 10 treatments each being replicated thrice and laid out in randomized block design. The results showed that treatment 9 with the application of Boron (7 kg/ha) + Iron (0.5%) recorded significantly higher plant height (138.42 cm), higher plant dry weight (86.17 g), maximum crop growth rate (82.42 g/m2/day), maximum number of cobs/plant (2.13), higher cob yield with husk (8.31 t/ha), higher cob yield without husk (2.65 t/ha), higher green fodder yield (19.14 t/ha) compared to other treatments. The maximum gross returns (81,700.00 INR/ha), maximum net returns (55,297.00 INR/ha) and benefit ratio (2.01) was recorded in treatment 9 [Boron (7 kg/ha) + Iron (0.5%)] as compared to other treatments. Minimum observations were recorded in treatment 10 control plot with RDF 100:60:40 kg/ha NPK.
Deciphering the Genetic Variability for Seed Yield Components in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
Authors: Patel Manoj Kumar , Tiwari Deepti , Sharma Versha , Ola Mahaveer Prasad , Saroj Ranjit , Kumar Shahil , Harisha Rajappa , Singh Dhirendra
Published: August 2023

The present study conducted an analysis of genetic variability for components traits of seed yield in 20 sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes at the Research Farm of S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner. The experiment followed a randomized block design with three replications during kharif, 2018. The main objective of this study was to assess the genetic variability among the genotypes. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant genotypic variation for all traits, indicating their potential for breeding programs. In the present study, RT - 384, RMT - 447 and RMT - 486 were identified as high yielding genotypes with per plant seed yield of 6.75, 6.7 and 6.01 g, respectively. Among the traits studied, plant height exhibited the highest variability with range of 83.13 to 108.40 cm, while test weight had the least variability having range of 3.00 - 3.51 g. Furthermore, phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) were higher than genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) for all the traits, suggesting the influence of environmental factors on them. Among them, seed yield per plant had maximum value of GCV and PCV with magnitude of 20.32 and 24.07%, respectively; while, days to maturity had minimum value of GCV and PCV i.e., 2.07 and 3.15%, respectively. Notably, traits such as capsules per plant, seeds per capsule, biological yield per plant and seed yield per plant exhibited high heritability with magnitude of 85.96%, 64.18%, 63.68%, and 71.33%, respectively. Additionally, these traits displayed substantial genetic gains, with magnitudes of 33.46%, 21.29%, 26.19%, and 35.35%, respectively. This makes them promising for selection and eventually; these traits can be efficiently explored in different breeding programs for genetic improvement of sesame.
Multivariate Analysis for Post Harvest Quality and Yield Attributes in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Authors: Reddy B. Rajasekhar , Singh Anil K. , Pal A. K.
Published: August 2023

Aim: To study the multivariate analysis, genetic parameters and correlation for post harvest quality and yield traits in tomato.

Study Design: The variability in the twenty genotypes of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was evaluated for 18 yield attributes and post harvest quality traits using randomized block design and analyzed with multivariate methods.

Place and Duration of Study: Twenty genotypes of tomato augmented from Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi were sown during rainy season at Horticulture Research Farm of Banaras Hindu University.

Methodology: The unweighted pair group method of the average linkage (UPGMA) cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to analyze the data. Canonical discriminant analysis showed the contribution of each trait to the classification of the tomato accessions into different cluster groups.

Results: The first seven principal components (PC) explained 87.83% of total variation and has eigen values >1. The traits that mainly contributed for this variation in PC1 and PC2 are fruit yield, plant height, number of flower clusters per plant, number of fruits per plant, days to first fruit set, number of fruits per cluster. High (>20%) genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was observed for number of fruits/cluster, fruit shape index, number of fruits/plant, fruit yield and shelf life. The correlation coefficients of number of primary branches/plant, days to first fruit set, number of flower clusters/plant, number of fruits/cluster, fruit width (cm), number of fruits/plant, fruit weight (g) and lycopene (mg/100 g) were positively and significantly correlated to fruit yield/plant.

Conclusion: Number of flower clusters/plant, fruit weight and number of fruits per plant had contributed for maximum variation. These traits also had high heritability, high genetic gain and significant correlation with fruit yield.
Effect of Zinc and Molybdenum on Growth and Yield of Chickpea
Authors: Vishnuvardhan Gunukunta , C. Umesha
Published: August 2023

A field experiment was conducted to find out the Effect of Zinc and Molybdenum on growth and yield of chickpea (var. Pusa 362) with ten treatments in the rabi 2022-23, with different levels of Zinc (5, 10, 15 kg ZnSO4/ha) and Molybdenum (1, 1.5, 2 kg/ha) respectively, at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, SHUATS, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. By all these findings, significant and higher plant height (45.75cm), number of nodules/plant (20.78) plant dry weight (44.51g) number of pods/plant (32.65), number of seeds/pod (1.64), seed index (22.95g), seed yield (3.06 t/ha), stover yield (4.16 t/ha) and higher gross returns (INR 2,01,500.00), net returns (INR 1,54,383.00), B:C ratio (3.27) was recorded in treatment with the application of Zinc 15 kg/ha + Molybdenum 2 kg/ha.
Growth Traits of Pendent Heliconia Genotypes in Kanyakumari Conditions
Authors: Krishna S. Swathi , Jasmine A. Jaya , Sundar S. T. Bini , Rajakumar D. , Vethamoni P. Irene
Published: August 2023

Heliconia is one of the important emerging exotic specialty cut flowers which is gaining importance in the Indian markets and is used as a cut flower, floral decoration, and beautifying gardens. We carried out a field experiment at Horticultural Research Station, Pechiparai, Kanyakumari to evaluate the performance of pendent Heliconia genotypes based on the growth characteristics. The results revealed that among the eight genotypes evaluated, H. chartacea ‘Surinam Gold’ recorded the highest plant height (168.12 cm and 228.32 cm) at 120 and 180 days after planting (DAP) followed by H. vellerigera ‘Red’ and H. chartacea ‘Sexy Pink’ which were on par with each other with the maximum number of suckers (8.05 and 8.20 respectively). H. vellerigera ‘Red’ has the highest stem girth of the rest of the genotypes.
Evaluation of Morphological Characteristics, Yield Potential, and Essential Oil Composition of Ocimum sanctum Genotypes for Crop Improvement
Authors: S. Mirudhula , L. Nalina , E. Kokila Devi , S. T. Bini Sundar , P. Meenakshi
Published: August 2023

Ocimum sanctum, also known as Holy Basil, is an aromatic herb with a long history of use in traditional medicine. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and is now cultivated worldwide. Plants have erect, much-branched sub-shrub with simple opposite green or purple leaves that are strongly scented and hairy stems and leaves has a strong, characteristic aroma that occurs mainly because of the volatile oils present.

In this experiment, 30 genotypes of Ocimum sanctum were evaluated for morphological, yield and quality traits. At nursery stage, germination percentage, seedling shoot length and seedling root lengths were recorded. Among the accessions. OS-22 exhibited the highest germination percentages (82%), Seedling shoot and root length were highest in Os-18 and OS 21 (35 cm and 11 cm) respectively. In the main field, the accessions were characterized for qualitative traits viz growth habit, leaf colour and stem colour. The accessions were grouped into two, based on growth habit. Based on stem and leaf colour the accessions were grouped into five and four groups respectively. In case of quantitative traits, plant height achieved maximum in the accession OS 22 (88cm) followed by OS 17(75cm). The accessions OS-15 and OS-22 exhibited more extensive plants spread, while OS-21 and OS-13 had higher number of primary branches. Accessions OS-20 and O S-23 recorded more number of leaves (409 and 422) and the accessions O S-22 and OS-11 recorded highest fresh leaf weight (370.2 g & 301.67 g). The essential oil recovery and oil yield was highest in the accession OS 20 (green type) followed by OS 22 (purple type). Characterization of oil in GCMS revealed that the key component was eugenol, which showed highest content in accession Os-20 (46 %). This study can be used for further crop improvement studies and breeding programs.
The Influence of Beauty Influencers in Recommending Halal Cosmetics: Examining Their Impact on Engagement, Expected Value, and Purchase Intention
Authors: Khasanah Ana Uswatun , Hidayat Anas
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of perceived influence, brand  engagement in self-concept, and brand expected value on the purchase intention of halal cosmetic products. This research uses quantitative methods. The research uses convenience sampling techniques to collect information from the desired target respondents. The analysis in this study used the Structural Equation Model (SEM) which was processed with SmartPLS version 03 software for 210 respondents. The results of the analysis it finds that perceived influence has a positive and significant effect on brand engagement in self-concept and brand expected value. Perceived influence has no positive and significant effect on purchase intention Brand  engagement in self-concept has a positive and significant effect on brand expected value and purchase intention. And  brand expected value has a positive and significant effect on purchase intention.
BELEDİYE TEŞKİLATI KURULUŞUNDAN ÖNCE TOKAT’TA ÇEVRE VE KANALİZASYON ŞEBEKESİ TEMİZLİĞİ
Authors: Açıkel Ali
Published: August 2023

Yerleşim yerlerinde mevcut bütün yaşam alanları fiziki çevreyi oluşturur. Bütün canlılar için sağlıklı yaşam temiz bir çevre ile mümkündür. Şehirlerde temiz çevre, bütün ortak mekânların temiz tutulması ve tüm atık sular için kanalizasyon şebekelerinin bulunmasına bağlıdır. Kentlerin ortaya çıkması ile birlikte kent idarecileri temizlik işlerinden sorumlu birimler ve kanalizasyon sistemleri kurmaya başlamışlardır. Osmanlılar döneminde belediye teşkilatları kurulmadan önce şehirlerde temizlik işleri kadılara bağlı olarak görev yapan çöplük subaşıları nezaretinde yürütülmüştür. Çevre temizliği için nizamnameler çıkarılmış, yerleşim yerlerinde tuvalet lağımları için kanalizasyon şebekeleri inşa edilmiştir. Anadolu’daki kadim şehirlerden birisi olan Tokat’ta da çevre temizliğine önem verilmiş, tuvaletlerden gelen lağım sularının tahliyesi için ana ve tali kanallar yapılmıştır. Kariz adı verilen bu kanallar şehrin temizlik işlerinden sorumlu Çöplük Subaşısı tarafından yılda iki kez temizletilmiştir. Temizlik işçilerinin ücretleri hane ve ticarethane sahiplerinden ya da kariz vakıflarından tahsil edilmiştir. Bu makalede, Tokat Şerʻiyye Sicilleri ve inceleme eserler yardımı ile belediye teşkilatı kurulmadan önce Tokat’ta çevre ve kanalizasyon şebekesi temizliği incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, özelde Tokat’ın genelde Osmanlı Devleti’nin çevre temizliği kültürüne katkı sağlamaktır.
TRİBOLOS KULLANIMI BAĞLAMINDA NİSİBİS MUHAREBESİ
Authors: Turan Olcay
Published: August 2023

Savaş mefhumu insanlık tarihinin ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır. Çağlar boyunca hasım taraflar mücadeleden galip ayrılmak gayesiyle yeni silahlar geliştirmişler ya da var olan silah sistemlerini iyileştirmişlerdir. Özellikle süvarinin savaş alanlarında etkin bir güç olarak ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte adı geçen sınıfın etkisini azaltmak amacıyla pek çok silah sistemi geliştirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda tarihte kullanılan ilk mayın olma özelliğine sahip olan tribolos ortaya çıkmıştır. Üretimi ve kullanımı oldukça kolay olan tribolos, temelde dört sivri uçtan oluşan ve yere atıldığında her zaman bir ucunun yukarıya baktığı tehlikeli bir silahtır. Adı geçen silah eskiçağ tarihi boyunca pek çok önemli muharebede kullanılmıştır. Tribolos, MS 217 tarihinde meydana gelen Nisibis Savaşı esnasında da Macrinus önderliğindeki Romalılar tarafından Parth süvarisinin etkisini azaltmak bağlamında başarıyla kullanılmıştır. Muharebe öncesinde Romalılar yaşanan gelişmelerle bağlantılı olarak Parthlar ile kıyaslandığında oldukça müşkülatlı bir konumdaydılar. Özellikle Romalılar, Parth süvarisinin etkin bir şekilde harekât icra edebilmesine olanak sağlayacak bir bölgede savaşı kabul etmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Bununla beraber Romalılar savaşın en kritik anında Parth ağır süvarisinin harekâtını engellemek için triboloslardan istifade etmişlerdir. Tribolosların sağladığı katkı neticesinde Romalılar Parthların ilk hücumunu başarıyla savuşturmuştur. Savaşın uzaması neticesinde başarı umutları ortadan kalkan Parthlar, Romalılar ile barış yapmak zorunda kalmışlardır.
OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU İLE YEDİŞEHİR DEVLETİ (KAŞGAR EMİRLİĞİ) ARASINDA İLİŞKİLER
Authors: Hekimoğlu Vecihi Sefa Fuat , Charginova Gulzada
Published: August 2023

19. yüzyılın son çeyreği, Doğu Türkistan tarihi için özel bir durum arz etmektedir. Önceki dönemlerinde Hokant Hanlığı hizmetinde de bulunmuş olan Yakup Bek, Türkiye’de Kaşgar Emirliği olarak bilinen Yedişehir Devletini kurmuş ve bölgede etkin bir güç haline gelmişti. Bu makalede, söz konusu dönemde Yedişehir Devleti (Kaşgar Emirliği) ile Osmanlı İmparatorluğu arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Batı Türkistan’daki Rus istilası sırasında, buradaki hanlıklara gerekli yardımda bulunamayan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Yakup Bek’in taleplerini geri çevirmeyerek, bu devleti askerî ve siyasî olarak desteklemiştir. Bununla birlikte, Yedişehir Devleti, Osmanlı Devleti’nin yanı sıra Rusya ve İngiltere ile de siyasî ve ticari ilişkiler kurmuştur. Ancak Kaşgar ve Osmanlı ülkesinin halkı ve yöneticilerinin aynı dine inanmaları, aynı soya mensup olmaları, bu ilişkilerin daha samimi düzeyde gelişmesini sağlamıştı. Kaşgar ile İstanbul arasında diplomatik ilişkiler kurulmuş ve Kaşgar’dan İstanbul’a gelen elçilik heyeti vasıtasıyla Yakup Bek, Osmanlı sultanına tabi olduğunu bildirmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti de Kaşgar’a gönderdiği heyetle birlikte Yedişehir Devletine askeri yardımda bulunmuştur. İki ülke arasındaki ilişkileri incelemeye çalıştığımız makalemizde, arşiv belgelerinin yanı sıra kaynak ve araştırma eserlerinden de yararlanılmıştır.
IRAK'TA ASURİ/NASTURİ OLAYLARI VE TÜRKİYE'YE ETKİLERİ (1933)
Authors: Pustu Yunus
Published: August 2023

Hakkâri Nasturileri, I. Dünya Savaşı’nın başlamasının ardından bağımsızlık ümidine kapılarak Osmanlı’ya karşı Rusya’nın yanında yer almış ve Müslümanlara karşı katliamlara girişmiştir. Ancak Nasturiler Osmanlı birliklerinin başlattığı tenkil harekatının ardından 1915 senesi ikinci yarısından itibaren İran’ın Urmiye ve Salmas şehirlerine kaçmışlardır. Bolşevik İhtilali sonrası Rusya’nın savaştan çekilmesiyle beraber İngilizlerin güdümüne giren Nasturiler, bu defa da 1918 senesi ortalarından itibaren Hamedan üzerinden Irak’ın Bağdat şehrine göç etmişlerdir. 1930’ların başına kadar İngilizlerin şemsiyesi altında Irak’ta yaşamlarını sürdüren Nasturiler için 1932 senesinde Irak’taki İngiliz manda idaresinin kaldırılması önemli bir kırılmadır. Zira bu gelişmeyle birlikte Nasturiler, Irak idaresinin inisiyatifine bırakılmıştır. İngilizlerin taleplerine rağmen Irak hükümeti Nasturilere etnik ve siyasi konuda herhangi bir ayrıcalık vermeye yanaşmamış ve ülke dahilinde dağınık olarak iskânları için çalışmalara başlamıştır. Bu karar Nasturilerin tepkilerine yol açmış ve taşkınlıklarına neden olmuştur. Irak hükümeti başlangıçta Nasturi sorununu barışçıl yollarla çözmeye çalışmışsa da 1933 senesi Haziran ve Temmuz aylarında yaşananlar Irak hükümetinin tavrının radikal bir şekilde değişmesine neden olmuştur.
ABD’DE ÖZGÜRLÜK OTOYOLU: AFROAMERİKAN SİVİL HAKLAR HAREKETİ VE ÖZELLİKLERİ
Authors: Yildizeli Fahriye Begum
Published: August 2023

Yeni keşfedilen Amerika kıtasında ticari çıkarlar ve emperyal rekabetlerle başlayan köleliğin tarihi, 20. yüzyılda Amerikan toplumu içinde ayrımcılık sistemi halini almış, post kolonyal dünya düzeninde ırkçı politikalarla varlığını hissettirmeye devam etmiştir. Oryantalizmin yaydığı Doğu imajı çerçevesinde oluşturulan düşüncelerde olduğu gibi Batılı beyaz araştırmacılar 1950’li yıllara kadar köleleştirilmiş siyahilerin tarihini siyasi ve anayasal sınırlar çerçevesinde kendi perspektiflerinden yazmışlardır. Buna rağmen, yaşamsal mücadele ve toplumsal travmalarla geçen Afroamerikan tarihi, Afrikalıların 16. ve 17. yüzyıllarda Kuzey Amerika'ya gelişiyle başlamış, 1955 ve 1968 yılları arasında yoğunlaşan sivil haklar hareketi ile birlikte siyahiler tarafından yeniden yazılmaya başlamıştır.
Köleliğin Başkan Abraham Lincoln tarafından kaldırıldığı 1862 yılından itibaren devam eden dönemde, Jim Crow yasaları ve de jure ayrımcılığa karşı tepkiler verilse de 1950’li yılların ortalarında liderlerin öncülüğünde bilinçlenme hareketi kapsayıcı bir şekilde siyahi kitleleri harekete geçirmiştir. Büyük ölçüde ırkçı Güney eyaletlerinde derinleşen, ayrımcılık yasalarını bozmak ve Afroamerikalılar için oy ve temel kamusal haklarını geri getirmek hedefinde ülke genelinde şiddet içermeyen protestolar her geçen gün daha da büyük bir ivme kazanmıştır.
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, ABD tarihinde ırkçılığın tarihsel sürecinde en önemli konu olmayı sürdüren siyahi ayrımcılığını ve direniş hareketini ana hatlarıyla değerlendirmektir. Özellikle 1955 yılında başlayan Sivil Haklar Hareketi’nin 13 yılına odaklanarak temel özellikleri, liderleri, kitleleri harekete geçirmede kullanılan temel araçları, önemli dönüm noktaları ve bunların ulusal ve küresel boyuttaki yansıma ile etkileri analiz edilecektir.
19.YÜZYIL OSMANLI SANAYİLEŞME POLİTİKASINDA SANAYİ MEKTEPLERİNİN İKTİSADİ FONKSİYONU
Authors: Öztürk Rahime Hülya
Published: August 2023

Sanayi Devrimi’nin yarattığı değişime uyum sağlamaya çalışan Osmanlı devleti sanayileşme hamlesini gerçekleştirmek için pek çok iktisadi politika uygulamıştır. Bunlardan ilki fabrikalaşma sürecidir. Tanzimat dönemi ile önem kazanan fabrikalaşma beraberinde yeni bir sorunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Fabrika sayısının artışı karşısında istihdam edilecek kalifiye eleman bulunmak zorlaşmıştır. Devlet bu sorunu çözmek için mesleki ve teknik okulların açılmasını ve bu okullarda kalifiye eleman yetiştirilmesini amaçlamıştır. Ülkenin çeşitli bölgelerinde kısa süre içinde Islahhaneler, Sanayi Mektepleri, Kız Sanayi Mektepleri ve Ziraat Mektepleri açılmıştır. Bu mekteplerden beklenen yararın sağlanması için devlet önlemler almış, mekteplerin düzenli gelir elde etmelerini sağlamak amacıyla çeşitli düzenlemeler yapmıştır. Bu mekteplerin bazıları günümüzde ülkemizin köklü eğitim kurumlarının temeli sayılmaktadır. Çalışmada Osmanlı Devleti’nde kritik bir sorun olan nitelikli işgücü istihdamı sorununu çözmeye yönelik olarak açılan Sanayi Mektepleri’nin iktisadi katkıları incelenmiştir.
Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome and Traffic Incidents in Older Drivers in Japan
Authors: Kurita Satoshi , Doi Takehiko , Harada Kenji , Katayama Osamu , Morikawa Masanori , Nishijima Chiharu , Fujii Kazuya , Misu Yuka , Yamaguchi Ryo , von Fingerhut Georg , Kakita Daisuke , Shimada Hiroyuki
Published: August 2023

Importance

To prevent motor vehicle collisions by older drivers, the increased risk of collisions should be considered early. Cognitive decline increases the risk of car collisions. Motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR), characterized by the presence of cognitive concerns and slow gait, can be assessed conveniently and is useful to assess the risk of dementia.

Objective

To examine the association between MCR assessment findings and car collisions among older drivers in Japan.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study used data from a community-based cohort study, the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology-Study of Geriatric Syndromes, conducted in Japan from 2015 to 2018. Participants were community-dwelling older adults aged at least 65 years. Data were analyzed from February to March 2023.

Exposure

MCR was defined as having subjective memory concerns (SMC) and slow gait. Participants were classified into 4 groups: no SMC or slow gait, only SMC, only slow gait, and MCR.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Participants were asked about the experience of car collisions during the last 2 years and near-miss traffic incidents during the previous year through face-to-face interviews. Odds of experiencing a collision or near-miss traffic incident were assessed using logistic regression.

Results

Among a total of 12 475 participants, the mean (SD) age was 72.6 (5.2) years, and 7093 (56.9%) were male. The group with only SMC and the group with MCR showed a higher proportion of both car collisions and near-miss traffic incidents than the other groups (adjusted standardized residuals > 1.96; P < .001). Logistic regression analysis showed the only SMC and MCR groups had increased odds of car collisions (only SMC group: odds ratio [OR], 1.48; 95% CI, 1.27-1.72; MCR group: OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.39-2.16) and near-miss traffic incidents (only SMC group: OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.91-2.25; MCR group: OR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.85-2.45) after adjusting for confounding factors. After stratifying MCR assessments by objective cognitive impairment, significant associations were still observed. In the only slow gait group, objective cognitive impairment was associated with increased odds of car collisions (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.17-3.28).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study of community-dwelling older drivers in Japan, SMC and MCR were associated with car collisions and near-miss traffic incidents independent from objective cognitive impairment. Future studies should examine the mechanism of these associations in more detail.
Aggressive behaviors predict greater intraindividual reaction time variability in children: Evidence from cross‐lagged panel models
Authors: Zhang Runzhu , Wang Zhenhong
Published: August 2023

Deficits in attentional control or inhibitory control are distinct features of childhood aggressive behaviors. Lower attentional control or inhibitory control is considered to predict more aggressive behaviors, while few studies have documented the possible predictive effects of aggressive behaviors on attentional control or inhibitory control. The present study examined the bidirectional relations between aggressive behaviors and both inhibitory control and attentional control in 169 Chinese primary school children (75 girls, Mage = 7.15, SDage = 0.33), annually for 3 years starting at age 7. The No‐go accuracy on a Go/No‐go task was used as the index of inhibitory control, and the intraindividual reaction time variability (IIRTV) of correct Go trials indicated attentional control. The aggressive behaviors subscale of the child behavior checklist–Chinese version was used to assess the children's aggressive behaviors. The results demonstrated a significant and stable predictive effect of previous aggressive behaviors on subsequent attentional control, with more aggressive behaviors predicting greater IIRTV at both the between‐child and within‐child levels. No significant effects of inhibitory control or attentional control on aggressive behaviors or sex‐specific patterns were found. The findings suggest the negative impact of childhood aggressive behaviors on attentional control and underscore the importance of early prevention and intervention for childhood aggressive behaviors.
A Low‐Binder‐Content Ink System for 3D Printing High‐Density and Small Feature Size 316L Stainless Steel Parts
Authors: Guo Hao , Qin Jing , Zhou Shiyu , Qian Bo , Li Lingying , Zhu Dezhi , Shi Xuejun
Published: August 2023

Binder ink system is the backbone of binder jet 3D printing (BJ‐3DP) technology. Compared with metal injection molding (MIM), BJ‐3DP needs much less amount of binder, which means less exhaust gas generation during the debinding process and more environmental friendliness. More than that, low content of binder is also supposed to benefit the structure properties of the printed metal parts. Herein, an ultralow‐binder‐content ethanol–water–PVP ink system is demonstrated for the BJ‐3DP 316 L stainless steel parts by applying thermal bubble inkjet technology. The PVP binder concentration is as low as 80 mg mL−1, which can achieve an ultralow solid content of 0.2 wt% in the printed green part. The two‐component solution with water and ethanol provides not only the rheology property adjustment freedom for the ink jetting and infiltration in the metal powders, but also the two boiling points for the step‐by‐step capillary bridge formation process. By applying the low‐binder‐content ink, the fully densified 316 L stainless steel parts after sintering can obtain the relative density up to 99.4%, Vickers hardness up to 185 HV, tensile strength up to 542 MPa, 25% elongation at break, and feature size as small as 200 μm.
Microstructure of <111>‐Textured Cubic Boron Nitride Film Deposited under Oxygen‐Containing Atmosphere
Authors: Choi Young‐Hwan , Huh Joo‐Youl , Park Jong‐Keuk , Lee Wook‐Seong , Baik Young‐Joon
Published: August 2023

The cross‐sectional and planar microstructures of a cubic boron nitride (cBN) thin film with a <111>‐preferential orientation are observed using transmission electron microscopy. The cBN films are deposited by unbalanced magnetron sputtering under the condition that oxygen is added to a 20 sccm Ar–N2(25%) gas mixture. Thecross‐sectional view of the cBN film deposited with the addition of 0.4 sccm of oxygen shows a dual‐phase structure: turbostratic boron nitride (tBN) layers are filled between cBN columns, and the planar view shows that cBN crystals were surrounded by a tBN matrix. The films deposited under less than 0.4 sccm of oxygen addition show a single‐phase structure with no tBN layers between the cBN columns. The difference between dual‐ and single‐phase structures is that they have preferred <111> and <220> orientations. This texture variation is interpreted as being due to the low residual stress of the dual‐phase‐structured cBN film and the low surface energy of the cBN (111) plane. The residual stress of the dual‐phase structure is significantly lower than that of the single‐phase structure. This is attributed to the compressive residual stress relieved by the tBN layers formed between the cBN columns.
A Metal Inorganic Framework Designed as a Propellant Burn Rate Modifier
Authors: Vaz Neil G. , Pantoya Joseph D. , Miller Kelsea K. , de Rezende Armando , Aquino Adelia J. A. , Demko Andrew R. , Pantoya Michelle L.
Published: August 2023

The kinetics of a strategically synthesized burn rate enhancer (BRE) are investigated in its reaction with ammonium perchlorate (AP). The BRE is designed for multifunctionality by 1) producing reactive gases that couple with AP gas production; 2) trapping reactive gases with high surface area; and 3) exposing metal cations to incite exothermic reactions at a temperature coincident with AP decomposition. This study advances inorganic synthesis by introducing a metal inorganic framework (MIF) composed of an aluminum cation (Al+3) surrounded by inorganic “linker” molecules of oxidizing species. To increase surface area, a porous, amorphous MIF (a‐MIF) is synthesized by controlling solution properties of an acid–base precipitation reaction. Upon gas generation, high surface area and aluminum‐rich surface of a‐MIF accelerate AP decomposition and induce an exothermic reaction that is otherwise endothermic in thermal equilibrium analysis. AP decomposition rate is advanced by reducing peak onset temperature and increasing decomposition rate with addition of a‐MIF (i.e., from 17% min−1 at 401 °C to 18% min−1 at 365 °C). Enthalpy of AP decomposition increases from +240 J g−1 to −1040 J g−1. Results introduce an approach for increasing the decomposition rate of solid oxidizers by demonstrating a recipe for designing and synthesizing an MIF.
Surface Confinement of Atomically Thin Pt Nanoclusters on 2D δ‐Mon for Durable pH‐Universal Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Do Viet‐Hung , Li Yinghao , Prabhu P , Xie Wenjie , Kidkhunthod Pinit , Wang Hao , Wang Guangzhao , Lee Jong‐Min
Published: August 2023

Engineering precious metals’ sub‐nanometer cluster on 2D earth‐abundant supports provides a promising approach for the development of high‐efficient electrocatalysts in pursuit of green hydrogen. Herein, a novel solid phase deposition approach is demonstrated for the homogenous confinement of atomically thin Pt nanoclusters on 2D delta‐MoN as a viable catalyst for pH‐universal hydrogen evolution reaction. Notably, the optimized material (MoN‐5% Pt) exhibits excellent catalytic performance as evidenced by low overpotentials required, excellent mass activity exceeding 20 A mgPt−1 at 100 mV overpotential, and outstanding stability with negligible activity degradation. The enhanced performance is attributed to (1) novel nanostructure, constituting atomically thin Pt nanoclusters confined on 2D δ‐MoN substrate, thus rendering high atomic utilization and seamless surface mass transfer, and (2) influence of strong metal‐support interaction that effectively limits structural deformation and performance degradation. Theoretical simulations reveal that the strong metal‐support interaction induces substantial charge redistribution across the heterointerface, initiating an energy‐favorable multi‐active site microkinetics in which Pt atoms with an optimal hydrogen adsorption energy making way for enhanced H2 evolution, while Mo atoms situated at the heterointerface enhance water absorption/dissociation steps, enriching the catalytic surface with adsorbed hydrogen atoms.
Ferric Ion‐Driven Chlorin E6 Nanoparticles: Simple and Effective Multimodal Theranostics
Authors: Pei Qing , Zhou Shiyu , Lu Shaojin , Hao Dengyuan , Xiang Xiujuan , Hu Xiuli , Jing Xiabin , Xie Zhigang
Published: August 2023

Theranostics integrating therapeutic power and imaging exhibit great prospects in precision medicine. It is a big challenge to develop simple and selective theranostic systems for potential clinical translation. Herein the Fe (III) driven assembly of chlorin E6 (Ce6) is reported to form multifunctional nanoparticles. The resulting Fe‐Ce6 NPs possess high loading content of photosensitizer Ce6, red‐shifted absorption, good colloidal stability, and photostability, and robust photothermal performance. After cellular internalization, Fe‐Ce6 NPs can respond to intracellularly enriched glutathione to release Ce6, thus priming photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect, fluorescence, and afterglow luminescence. In vitro and in vivo results prove that Fe‐Ce6 NPs remarkably enhance the tumor regression through photothermal therapy and in situ PDT. This study provides a facile and efficient method to construct versatile nanotheranostics for tumor treatment.
Anionic Solid Solution MXene for Low‐Dosage NIR‐II Tumor Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Tang Xinfeng , Zhu Yanhua , Duan Delong , Zhai Xingwu , Xia Yujian , Xu Tao , Liu Qian , Zhang Hui , Zhou Min
Published: August 2023

Due to the deep biological penetrability and therapeutic depth, the photothermal therapy over second near‐infrared region (NIR‐II) is booming against deep‐seated tumors. Intensive endeavors are committed to looking for suitable photothermal agents (PTAs), but the progress seems not so satisfied toward the choice of PTA dosage. Herein, a comprehensive parameter, incident photon‐to‐thermal conversion coefficient (IPTCE), is used to evaluate the overall conversion of PTAs at different dosage, which will benefit for determining the optimized dosage of PTAs in pursuit of complete healing together with reduced long‐term damages of nanodrugs. To prove the possibility, a series of anionic solid solution MXenes are chosen as hosts due to their versatile chemical compositions and correspondingly tunable light response. By deconvoluting fundamental structure–composition–property relationships, anionic regulation with extra electron injection leads to tunable free carrier densities and enhanced NIR‐II harvesting. Ti3C1.23N0.77 with high‐level nitrogen exhibits extraordinary extinction coefficient (43.5 L g−1 cm−1) than other MXenes. The parameter of IPTCE can guide the choice of PTA concentration for complete photothermal healing in vitro and vivo. This proof‐of‐principle demonstration highlights synthetically tailoring of the light harvesting over NIR‐II biowindow for a given host material by anionic regulation and further optimizes tumor photothermal therapy at low dose.
New Charge Carrier Transport‐Assisting Paths in Ultra‐Long GaN Microwire UV Photodetector
Authors: Um Dae‐Young , Chandran Bagavath , Kim Ji‐Yeon , Oh Jeong‐Kyun , Kim Sung‐Un , An Jong Uk , Lee Cheul‐Ro , Ra Yong‐Ho
Published: August 2023

GaN‐based materials are the hottest research topic in UV photodetectors (PDs) because of their low operating voltage, small volume, long lifetime, high‐temperature resistance, and low energy consumption. However, there are still fundamental issues to be overcome, and the most important issue is to get a photoconductive gain. In this paper, the following new approaches are provided to innovatively improve the photoconductive gain of UV PDs in GaN‐based materials. First, the aspect ratio of the 1D GaN microwire (MW) structure is dramatically improved by analyzing the pulse growth mechanism using the metal‐organic vapor deposition system. Second, the comprehensive strain behavior in the MW epitaxial growth system is successfully analyzed. Third, the fabricated metal‐semiconductor‐metal‐based MW UV PD shows photoresponsivity and sensitivity of 28.365 A W−1 and 93.16%, respectively, at the −2 V bias, which significantly outperforms the conventional structures in the UV region. Finally, a trap‐assisted Poole–Frenkel effect‐based energy bandgap mechanism, that allows the defect level formed by lattice mismatch between the substrate and GaN to be used as an electron carrier path, is newly defined. This study will present the direction of future UV PDs by providing a new MW structure based on GaN materials, a third‐generation semiconductor.
An Intelligent Robotic System Capable of Sensing and Describing Objects Based on Bimodal, Self‐Powered Flexible Sensors
Authors: Liu Wenbo , Duo Youning , Chen Xingyu , Chen Bohan , Bu Tianzhao , Li Lei , Duan Jinxi , Zuo Zonghao , Wang Yun , Fang Bin , Sun Fuchun , Xu Kun , Ding Xilun , Zhang Chi , Wen Li
Published: August 2023

This study presents an intelligent soft robotic system capable of perceiving, describing, and sorting objects based on their physical properties. This work introduces a bimodal self‐powered flexible sensor (BSFS) based on the triboelectric nanogenerator and giant magnetoelastic effect. The BSFS features a simplified structure comprising a magnetoelastic conductive film and a packaged liquid metal coil. The BSFS can precisely detect and distinguish touchless and tactile models, with a response time of 10 ms. By seamlessly integrating the BSFSs into the soft fingers, this study realizes an anthropomorphic soft robotic hand with remarkable multimodal perception capabilities. The touchless signals provide valuable insights into object shape and material composition, while the tactile signals offer precise information regarding surface roughness. Utilizing a convolutional neural network (CNN), this study integrates all sensing information, resulting in an intelligent soft robotic system that accurately describes objects based on their physical properties, including materials, surface roughness, and shapes, with an accuracy rate of up to 97%. This study may lay a robotic foundation for the hardware of the general artificial intelligence with capacities to interpret and interact with the physical world, which also serves as an interface between artificial intelligence and soft robots.
A Skin‐Bioinspired Urchin‐Like Microstructure‐Contained Photothermal‐Therapy Flexible Electronics for Ultrasensitive Human‐Interactive Sensing
Authors: Lu Ming , Huang Chenlin , Xu Zhishan , Yuan Yue , Wang Mingcheng , Xiao Mingyue , Zhang Liqun , Wan Pengbo
Published: August 2023

Wearable electronic sensors have attracted extensive attention in multifunctional electronic skin, personalized health monitoring, intelligent human–machine interaction, and smart medical treatment. However, critical challenge exists in simultaneously achieving excellent sensing performances with high sensitivity, rapid response, low sensing limit, and excellent cycling stability for full‐scale human healthcare detection and further timely photothermal therapy. For highly sensitive human skin, the spinosum microstructure in epidermis and dermis takes an important part in sensing signal amplification and transmission. Inspired by the spinosum microstructure of human skin for highly sensitive tactile perception, a skin‐inspired flexible electronic sensor is prepared from the face‐to‐face assembly of an as‐prepared polybutylene adipate‐polyurethane (PBAPU) elastomer matrix with conducting MXene nanosheets‐coated urchin‐like microstructure templated from natural chrysanthemum pollen grain microstructures, and an interdigitated electrode‐coated PBAPU elastomer substrate. The PBAPU elastomer matrix is newly prepared, exhibiting outstanding tensile strength (18.87 MPa), high stretchability (1190%), and comparable elastic modulus (1.7 MPa) to human skin. The as‐assembled flexible electronic sensor exhibits a highly sensitive sensitivity (up to 784.02 kPa−1), low detection limit (0.12 Pa), and reliable cycling stability for intelligent human–machine interfacing. The MXene nanosheets‐coated urchin‐like microstructure‐contained PBAPU possesses efficient photothermal heating performance to achieve on‐demand photothermal therapy for rehabilitation training.
Ultrathin 2D Pd/Cu Single‐Atom MOF Nanozyme to Synergistically Overcome Chemoresistance for Multienzyme Catalytic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Guan Xiaowen , Ge Xiyang , Dong Hongliang , Wei Juanjuan , Ouyang Jin , Na Na
Published: August 2023

Single‐atom nanozymes (SAzymes) have obtained increasing interest to mimic natural enzymes for efficient cancer therapy, while challenged by chemoresistance from cellular redox homeostasis and the interface of reductive species in tumor microenvironment (TME). Herein, a dual single‐atomic ultrathin 2D metal organic framework (MOF) nanosheet of multienzyme (Pd/Cu SAzyme@Dzy) is prepared to synergistically overcome chemoresistance for multienzyme enhanced cancer catalytic therapy. The Pd SAzyme exhibits peroxidase (POD)‐like catalytic activity for overcoming chemoresistance via disturbing cellular redox balance. This is further enhanced by cascade generation of more ∙OH via Cu+‐catalyzed POD‐like reactions, initiated by in situ‐reduction of Cu2+ into Cu+ upon GSH depletion. This process can also avoid the consumption of ∙OH by endogenous reductive GSH in TME, ensuring the adequate amount of ∙OH for highly efficient therapy. Besides, the DNAzyme is also delivered for gene therapy of silencing cancer‐cell‐targeting VEGFR2 protein to further enhance the therapy. Based on both experiments and theoretical calculations, the synergetic multienzyme‐based cancer therapy is examined and the enhancement by the cascade tumor antichemoresistance is revealed.
What We have Learnt from PM6:Y6
Authors: Shoaee Safa , Luong Hoang M. , Song Jiage , Zou Yingping , Nguyen Thuc‐Quyen , Neher Dieter
Published: August 2023

Over the past three years, remarkable advancements in organic solar cells (OSCs) have emerged, propelled by the introduction of Y6—an innovative A‐DA'D‐A type small molecule non‐fullerene acceptor (NFA). This review provides a critical discussion of the current knowledge about the structural and physical properties of the PM6:Y6 material combination in relation to its photovoltaic performance. The design principles of PM6 and Y6 are discussed, covering charge transfer, transport, and recombination mechanisms. Then, the authors delve into blend morphology and degradation mechanisms before considering commercialization. The current state of the art is presented, while also discussing unresolved contentious issues, such as the blend energetics, the pathways of free charge generation, and the role of triplet states in recombination. As such, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the PM6:Y6 material combination and its potential for further development in the field of organic solar cells. By addressing both the successes and challenges associated with this system, this review contributes to the ongoing research efforts toward achieving more efficient and stable organic solar cells.
Structurally‐Distorted RuIr‐Based Nanoframes for Long‐Duration Oxygen Evolution Catalysis
Authors: Liu Shangheng , Tan Huang , Huang Yu‐Cheng , Zhang Qiaobao , Lin Haiping , Li Ling , Hu Zhiwei , Huang Wei‐Hsiang , Pao Chih‐Wen , Lee Jyh‐Fu , Kong Qingyu , Shao Qi , Xu Yong , Huang Xiaoqing
Published: August 2023

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a key role in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE), yet the electrocatalysts still suffer from the disadvantages of low activity and poor stability in acidic conditions. Here, a new class of CdRu2IrOx nanoframes with distorted structure for acidic OER is successfully fabricated. Impressively, CdRu2IrOx displays an ultralow overpotential of 189 mV and an ultralong stability of 1500 h at 10 mA cm⁻2 toward OER in 0.5 M H2SO4. Moreover, a PEMWE using the distorted CdRu2IrOx can be steadily operated at 0.1 A cm⁻2 for 90 h. Microstructural analyses and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) demonstrate that the synergy between Ru and Ir in CdRu2IrOx induces the distortion of Ru−O, Ir−O, and Ru−M (M = Ru, Ir) bonds. In situ XAS indicates that the applied potential leads to the deformation octahedral structure of RuOx/IrOx and the formation of stable Ru5+ species for OER. Theoretical calculations also reveal that the distorted structures can reduce the energy barrier of rate‐limiting step during OER. This work provides an efficient strategy for constructing structural distortion to achieve significant enhancement on the activity and stability of OER catalysts.
Detection of Extreme Acidity Based on Carbon Dots: One‐Step Gram‐Scaled Syntheses, Ratiometric Emission Photoluminescent Probe, and Hand‐Held Visual Detection
Authors: Gao Tian , Zhang Jiaojiao , Guo Shengnan , Qiang Yuwen , Wan Qian , Xie Lin , Xu Huan , Liu Yi
Published: August 2023

It is a significant challenge to develop acidity probes suitable for use in extremely acidic conditions, especially to achieve real‐time on‐site detection. In this work, carbon dots (CDs) are synthesized on a gram‐scale under mild conditions using 3‐phenylpropionaldehyde as precursors. The CDs have excellent robustness, showing distinguished anti‐photobleaching and ionic stability. Dramatically, a visual transition of the fluorescent color of CDs from cyan to orange is observed when the concentration of H+ ([H+]) increased under high acidity conditions, owing to the generation of another emission peak in the red‐light region. Taking advantage of the optical properties, CDs are designed as a ratiometric sensing platform for the detection of extreme acidity. Furthermore, the platform for [H+] possesses high selectivity and excellent anti‐interference capability. In extremely acidic wastewater, I595 nm/I480 nm and [H+] maintain a very good linear relationship (R2 = 0.996). Moreover, a smartphone is employed to obtain the red‐green‐blue (RGB) values of the samples to realize hand‐held detection. By measuring the R/G, the platform exhibits ultrasensitive recognition of [H+] in the range of 1–9 mol L−1 with R2 of 0.992. This work paves an avenue for the design of rapid and on‐site CDs based sensors for critical environmental applications.