bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF FORAGE RESOUCES OF THE ZANGE GRAZING RESERVE
Authors: Mohammed S. S. , Muhammad I. R. , Baba M.
Published: December 2024

The study was conducted to evaluate dry matter yield and nutritive value of species in the Zange grazing reserve of Gombe state (latitude 10° 28 to 12° 49'N and longitude 10° 05 to 12" 06 E). Grazing resource assessment was conducted to identify plant species within the pasture sward from a 100m x 100m land area in 15 different locations within the reserve from July and at 30-days intervals within 20 metre interval, within a 50cm x 50cm open-ended quadrat. The forage samples were analyzed for proximate and fibre analysis. The result showed that seasonal dry matter yield (DMY kg/ha) on offer at the early wet season produced 702.9 DMY kg/ha with estimated carrying capacity (CC) of 1.92 ha per Animal unit (AU). Late dry season produced 2835.69 DMY kg/ha with CC of 0.49 ha/AU. Forages differed significantly P<0.05 with seasons for DM, OM, CP, ADF and ADL; other nutrients evaluated were statistically comparable, there is no significantly P<0.05 differences between season in mineral contents of composite feed material, mineral that were likely to be limiting for beef production in Zange grazing reserve were P, K, Mg, Zn and Cu. From the result obtained it is concluded that the reserve is facing problem of qualitative forages with corresponding overgrazing. It is therefore recommended that the reserve be renovated with high yielding forage grasses and legumes. Keywords: Dry matter, nutritive value.
OCCURRENCE OF SUBCLINICAL EIMERIA INFECTION IN COMMERCIAL POULTRY FARMS IN KADUNA, STATE NIGERIA
Authors: JATAU L. D. , LAWAL A. I. , KWAGA J. K. P. , NOK A. J.
Published: December 2024

Subclinical avian coccidiosis can result to significant decrease in production performance in affected flocks, even if the birds do not showing classical symptoms of the disease and it is regarded as one of the major causes of production losses in poultry industry. The present study determined the occurrence of subclinical Eimeria infection in commercial poultry farms in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Faecal samples were collected from a total of 123, apparently, healthy commercial poultry farms (consisting of 93 layer and 30 broilers flocks) across eight Local Government Areas of Kaduna State. The samples were tested for the presence of Eimeria oocysts using simple floatation test. Of the 123 flocks sampled 30% had subclinical Eimeria infection. Although the prevalence rates varied in the different strata of the study area, there was no significant statistical association (= 7.587, P > 0.05) between locations of the flocks sampled and the occurrence of the subclinical Eimeria infection. There was 26.9% and 40.0% occurrence of the infection in layers and broiler flocks, respectively, which was insignificantly associated (= 1.856, P > 0.05) with the type of flock sampled. It was concluded that subclinical Eimeria infection is common and wide spread in commercial poultry farms in the study area, suggesting that the performance of most of the affected flocks might not be optimum induced by poor nutrient utilization due to the possible transient intestinal damage caused by the infection.
NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY AND MINERAL UTILIZATION OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF (WAD) WEANER GOATS FED MIXTURE OF Gmelina arborea LEAVES AND Panicum maximum
Authors: ADEBISI I. A. , AJIBIKE A. B. , OLADEPO O. , MURAINA T. O. , AMUSA O. , ALALADE J. A.
Published: December 2024

A total of twenty (20) West African Dwarf (WAD) goats of aged 4-6months weighing between 6.5- 9.0kg were used in a completely randomized design todetermine the nutrient digestibility and mineral utilizationby feeding varying proportions of G. arborea leaves and P. maximum as a basal diet for 56days in a feeding trial. The animals were randomly allocated to five treatments. The results showed that dry matter (DM) digestibility was similar (P>0.05) across the treatments. However, crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) digestibility were higher (P<0.05) in treatments containing Gmelina. However NFE NDF and ADF digestibility were higher (P0.05) in the control diet compared to others. The highest value of calcium (0.85%) was recorded in the diet containing 50% Gmelina: Pancum combination (P<0.05). Also, values of phosphorus (1.89%) and sodium (0.05%) were higher (P<0.05) in diets containing 100% Gmelina. It was concluded that farmers should include Gmelina leaves in diets of WAD goats for improved performance and good bone formation in goats.
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT) BETWEEN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION AND FERMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME SELECTED FICUS SPECIES
Authors: Njidda A. A. , Al-Habib I. K. , Bello B.
Published: December 2024

In vitro gas production and fermentation of five ficus species was determined using the in vitro gas production technique. The result showed that all ficus species leaves studied have high dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) acid detergent lignin (ADL) and low total condensed tannin and phenolics. The values for the fermentation characteristics was generally low for all the Ficus species. The results showed that Ficus damarensis at all incubation times except 12 h had the highest cumulative gas production. The correlation coefficient (r) showed positive relationship between CP and gas production and fermentation characteristics except for 96 h and T values. ADL is positively correlated and highly significant at 24, 48 and 72 h incubation period and insoluble but degradable fraction (b) and potential gas production. Phenolics is negatively correlated and highly significant at 3 and 6 h incubation period. It can be concluded that chemical composition and in vitro digestibility can be considered useful indicators for evaluating the nutritive value of forages.
EVALUATION OF RAW OR PARBOILED RICE OFFAL AS ENERGY SOURCE FOR FATTENING BUNAJI BULLS
Authors: SANI R. T. , LAMIDI O. S. , JOKHTAN G. E.
Published: December 2024

Feeding trial was conducted for 90 days using 20 Bunaji bulls with a live weight range of 210-249kg and aged 2-3 years to evaluate the feeding value of raw or parboiled rice offal as energy source for bull fattening. Four bulls per treatment were allotted to 5 dietary treatments in a 2x2 factorial arrangement with a common control. A concentrate and basal diets of Digitaria smutsii were offered at 2% body weight. The CP contents of the experimental diets varied between 19.69 and 20.44% while the ME ranged from 10.86 to 11.16MJ/kg DM. The crude fibre varied from 14.59 to 17.84%. The intake of concentrate, hay, total feed and daily live weight gain of the bulls were similar (P>0.05) with type and inclusion levels of rice offal. All the bulls in experiment attained an average weight gain of between 1.11Kg to 1.29Kg. Economic parameters like cost per Kg gain, net benefit (NB) and return to naira invested on feed (RIF) were similar (P>0.05) for bulls on both RRO and PRO. There was no significant (P>0.05) differences in the Value of weight gain (VWG), NB, RIF, Cost of feed and Cost per Kg gain for bulls on varying levels of inclusion of RRO or PRO. The inclusion of raw rice offal or parboiled rice offal lead to reduction in feed cost from N25,001.10 to a range of N22,115.50-N23,639.6 (about 5.45%-11.54% reduction in feed cost). It was concluded from this trial that rice offal can replace up to 30% of maize offal as source of energy.
PERFORMANCE INDICES OF SOKOTO GUDALI CATTLE FED SAWDUST AS REPLACEMENT FOR CASSAVA PEELS
Authors: Mosobalaje M. A. , Tewe O. O. , Adedoyin A. A. , FRANCIS S. , Oloko A. B. , Adeniyi O. A. , Taiwo K. B.
Published: December 2024

A fifteen week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of inclusion of sawdust on performance characteristics of Sokoto Gudali bull. Fresh sawdust was collected from sawmill and used to replace cassava peel at 0, 10 and 20% inclusion levels constituting diets 1, 2, and 3 respectively. Diet I served as the control diet. Nine adult male Gudali cattle were randomly allotted to three experimental diets. There were three cattle per treatment and each served as a replicate. The animals were offered 5kg of concentrate daily while Panicum maximum was given ad libitum using zero grazing method. The experimental design was complete randomized design. Parameters considered included final weight, weight gain, concentrate intake, grass intake, total feed intake, feed efficiency and mortality. Results obtained revealed that weight gain, concentrate intake, grass intake, total feed intake and feed efficiency were significantly (p<0.05) affected by dietary treatments. Gudali cattle fed 10% sawdust recorded values (0.61, 4.50, 10.86, 15.36 kg/day/animal and 0.04, respectively) that were similar (p>0.05) to those cattle fed the control diet (0.56, 4.38, 10.34, 14.72 kg/day/animal 0.04, respectively). However respective values of those fed 20% sawdust (0.42, 4.51, 11.83, 16.34 kg/day/animal and 0.03) were significant (p<0.05) compared to the control diet. Final weight and mortality were not significantly affected. Inclusion of sawdust in the ration of Sokoto Gudali cattle did not adversely affect performance at 10% inclusion level.
LOCATIONAL VARIATIONS OF FIBRE FRACTIONS AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF GRASSES FROM NATURAL PASTURE IN SOUTH WEST NIGERIA
Authors: OKUKENU O. A. , JOLAOSHO A. O. , FABUSORO E. , DELE P. A. , AKINYEMI B. T.
Published: December 2024

The chemical composition of grass species from natural pasture in south west of Nigeria as affected by location was assessed through determination of its fibre and mineral composition. Results showed that the location had significant (P<0.05) effect on the parameters determined with neutral detergent fibre (NDF) values ranged from 68.75% in Oke-rori to 72.75% in Afami, while the Acid detergent fibre (ADF) value ranged from 41.00% in Atokun to 48.25% in Oke-rori. Whereas, acid detergent lignin (ADL) value ranged from 10.25% in Ipaya to 14.25% in Iboro. The Phosphorus (P) value had the highest in Ipaya (2.99g/kg) and the least value is observed in Oke-rori (1.62g/kg). The Calcium (Ca) value ranged from 2.55g/kg in Afami to 6.59g/kg in Oke-rori while Mg value ranged from 2.90g/kg in Atokun to 4.33g/kg in Iboro.
FORAGE YIELD AND QUALITY OF WARM SEASON ANNUAL CEREAL CROPS IN THE NORTHERN ALBERTA OF CANADA
Authors: OMOKANYE A. T.
Published: December 2024

In Alberta Canada, many livestock producers look at alternative ways to reduce their winter feed costs through a series of options to extend the summer grazing season into the fall and winter months. Cool season cereals, such as oat and barley play significant role in providing winter feed in the form of greenfeed hay, silage and swath grazing. The objective of the present study was to evaluate warm season cereals (9 com hybrids, 2 millet varieties and a forage sorghum hybrid, CFSH 30) in a temperate environment compared to temperate cool season cereals (2 oat varieties - controls) for forage dry matter (DM) yield and nutritive value. The corn hybrids mostly had higher forage DM yield than other crop types (millets, sorghum and oat). The forage DM yield significantly (P<0.05) varied from 3878 kg ha' for German millet to 11529 kg ha for 39M26 corn hybrid.Both millets and CFSH 30 had significantly higher crude protein (CP) than corn hybrids as well as the two cool season crop controls (oat). The forage CP was lowest (8.15% ) for 39F44 corn hybrid and highest (14.8%) for German millet. The forage Ca, P, K and Mg respectively varied from 0.21-0.40%, 0.11 -0.29%, 0.96-2.82% and 0.09-0.47%. The forage energy (total digestible nutrients, TDN) was mostly >60.0% for all crops tested. The findings from the present study are discussed as relating to selecting warm season crops for use in the beef cattle production systems in parts of the Peace Country region of Alberta, Canada, with focus on nutritive value in relation to the nutrient requirements of a mature beef cattle.
EFFECT OF AQUEOUS GINGER EXTRACT (Zingiber officinale) On Growth Performance And Nutrient Digestibility Of Broiler Chickens Aged 28 Days
Authors: SA'ACI Z. A. , ALABI O. J. , CHINMA C. E.
Published: December 2024

A study was carried out using two hundred and forty (240) day old Marshal Broiler chicks to determine the effect of aqueous ginger extract on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. The chicks were randomly allocated to six treatments consisting of four replicate with ten birds per replicates in a completely randomized design (CRD). The aqueous extract of ginger (AEG) was obtained by infusing 14 g of ground ginger into 1 litre of boiled hot water and left for 12 hours; thereafter muslin cloth was used to filter extract from residue. The treatments were 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 ml of AEG per litre of water and were tagged AEGo ml/L AEG25 ml/L, AEG50 mL, AEG75 ml/L AEG 100 mL, and AEG 125 ml, respectively. The treatments were administered to the birds every morning daily via drinking water. The experiment lasted for 28 days. Data obtained on growth performance and nutrient digestibility were analyzed by one way analysis of variance. Duncan's multiple range test of the same package was used to separate the treatments means where differences existed. The results of final weight, daily weight gain, total feed consumed and daily feed consumed were influenced (P<0.05) by AEG but initial live weight and feed conversion ratio were not influenced (P>0.05) by the treatments. Birds on AEG performed better (P<0.05) than control. Ash digestibility of the birds on AEG was enhanced (P<0.05). However, CP, NFE, CF, EE and DM were not influenced (P>0.05) by AEG. It was concluded that weight gain, feed consumed and ash digestibility of broiler chickens treated with AEG were positively influenced. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended that poultry farmers should to use aqueous extract of ginger up to 25 ml/l in the drinking water of broiler chickens as natural growth promoter for optimal performance of the birds. Further study should be carried out on the effect of AEG on haematological and serum biochemistry of broiler chickens.
INFLUENCE OF VARYING LOW DIETARY ENERGY LEVELS ON CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: UMAR A. M. , BELLO B. , IBRAHIM S. L.
Published: December 2024

Two hundred and seventy day old Amok Broiler Chicks with an average initial weight of 40.45g were used in a feeding trial to determine the carcass characteristics of the finisher broilers fed low dietary energy levels. Three isonitrogenous (24% CP) diets containing 2 400, 2 600 and 2 800 ME Kcal/Kg were used in a completely randomized design. Results showed that the Live Weight, Slaughtered Weight, Plucked Weight, Carcass Weight and Dressing Percentage of birds fed the three diets were statistically similar. The wing as express in percentage Live Weight was significantly higher (p<0.05) for broilers fed 2 400 and 2 600 ME Kcal/Kg. The Drumstick and Liver as expressed in percentage Live Weight Followed similar trend. The study recommended that low energy diets should be formulated for poultry so as to minimize the accumulation of cholesterol in between the muscle fibres and on visceral organs which can consequently affects the physiological and metabolic functions of the birds, organoleptic characteristics, marketability of the products and health status of the consumer.
EFFECTS OF HUMAN MENOPAUSAL GONADOTROPHIN (HMG) ON EGG PRODUCTION OF GUINEA HENS
Authors: ALLI O. I. , AYORINDE K. L. , CHIMEZIE V. O. , SOLA-OJO F. E. , ADEYINA A. O. , YUSUF A. T.
Published: December 2024

In a study to investigate the influence of Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (HMG) on egg production of guinea hens, 125 adult hens were randomly allocated to one of 5 doses (0, 6, 12, 18 and 24IU) of HMG administered intramuscularly for 6 weeks over 2 seasons (raining and dry). The effect of HMG was monitored during the period of administration as well as the post administration period. Parameters observed include feed intake, egg number, hen day production (HDP) and egg weight. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance appropriate for a 2x2x5 factorial design. Results obtained showed that feed intake was not influenced (P>0.05) by season, administration and doses of HMG. HDP, egg number, egg weight and mass were significantly (P>0.05) influenced by season, administration and doses of HMG. The results suggest that egg production in guinea hens can be improved by HMG administration.
QUANTITATIVE TRAITS DIFFERENTIATION OF THE NIGERIAN FULANI ECOTYPE CHICKENS IN FOUR AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES
Authors: DARE A. L. , SONAIYA E. B.
Published: December 2024

Quantitative traits data collected from one hundred and forty (140) Nigerian Fulani Ecotype Chickens (NFEC) from four agro-ecological zones at 44 weeks old were evaluated. The collections were made up of 25 hens and 10 Cocks from each of sudan savannah (Kebbi), guinea savannah (Kwara), derived savannah (Nasarawa) and humid forest (Osun). Twenty morphological measurements (body weight, body length, neck length, head length, shank length, thigh length, comb length, comb height, wattle length, wattle height, toe length, drumstick length, beak length, keel length, chest circumference, shank diameter, comb serration, wing span, wing length and spur length) were taken from birds in each collection. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and forward stepwise discriminant analysis. Effect of ecological zone of collection shows significant (P <0.05) difference in only four (head length, body length, shank length and thigh length) of the twenty measured traits. Forward stepwise discriminant analysis shows that body weight, toe length, thigh length, head length and neck length are the largest contributors to the discrimination between the NFEC from the different agro-ecological zones. A remarkable low variability observed in most of the quantitative traits qualifies NFEC as a potential breed. However, further study using larger sample number and molecular genetics technique may be necessary. This is to confirm if the reported variation is solely due to the environment or whether it is genetic or the interaction between the two factors.
EFFECT OF PHENOTYPE ON BROODING, REARING AND LAYING MORTALITY OF NIGERIA INDIGENOUS TURKEYS
Authors: NOSIKE R. J. , NWAKPU O. F. , OBI O. C.
Published: December 2024

A total of 78 day-old random-bred Nigerian local turkey poults were used to generate another 232 day- old poults in two planned experiments to determine phenotypic effect on mortality of Nigerian local turkey. Three phenotypic classes (black, white and spotted) were obtained as base population and used to generate F1 progeny in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Experimental design in both experiments was a randomized complete block (RCBD) with phenotypic class as major factor of interest and hatches as block. Results showed that there was significant difference (P<0.05) in the mortality of the three phenotypic classes. Brooding mortality was highest in the white phenotype in both main population and F1, except rearing phase of F1, whereas rearing and laying mortalities were highest in the spotted and white phenotypes, respectively. Highest brooding and laying mortality was found in the white variety. It was therefore, concluded that for rapid improvement of these traits, the black variety could be used to enhance production of Nigerian local turkeys in the study area while the spotted variety should be carefully selected based on its high mortality during rearing.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF EGG QUALITY TRAITS FROM CHICKENS AND GUINEA FOWLS
Authors: SULEIMAN I. O. , AKINSOLA O. M. , ABUBAKAR M. A.
Published: December 2024

The study was carried out to determine the magnitude of the differences in egg quality traits from chickens and guinea fowls. For this purpose, a total of twenty egg laying birds, consisting of ten Guinea fowls and Rhode Island Red were used at the poultry section of the Teaching and Research farm of the Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University, Kano. Formulated layers diets were fed to the birds for six weeks and egg samples were collected weekly to study the internal and external egg quality traits. The external quality traits were egg weight, shape index, egg circumference, egg diameter, egg length and shell surface area while the internal quality traits were the albumen weight, yolk weight, shell weight and shell thickness. Results showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in shape index of the two bird species. On the contrary, there were highly significant difference (P<0.01) in egg weight, egg circumference, egg diameter, egg length, shell surface area, shell thickness, yolk weight, albumen eight and shell weight. Relationships between measured traits had positive and negative distribution within traits for both bird species. Hopefully, the result obtained from this study would serve as baseline information for more studies, most especially in Guinea fowl, for selection procedures and genetic improvement.
GENETIC AND NON-GENETIC FACTORS AFFECTING MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS IN SEVEN RABBIT GENOTYPES
Authors: SULEIMAN I. O. , MUHAMMAD A. S. , MUHAMMAD H. A.
Published: December 2024

The study was conducted to examine the influence of genetic and non-genetic factors on phenotypic plasticity (morphology) in seven genotypes of Rabbit. In achieving the objectives, linear body measurements were taken on the Rabbits using flexible tape. They are body weight (BW), body depth (BD), body length (BL), tail length (TL), fore-limb length (FLL), hind-limb length (HLL) and ear length (EL). The genetic factors are breeds and sex while the non-genetic factor is season of the year. The coefficient of variability of traits showed low to moderate variability and ranged from 9.24% for HLL to 15.73% for TL. BW had high variability (35.88%). The breed of the rabbits have a significant influence on the morphometric characteristics (P<0.01) with CalxNzw, Flemish giant, New Zealand Red and Dutch having the best performance. There was a significant effect of season on the morphometric characteristics (P<0.01) with the wet season having the best performance. Pearson correlation coefficient among the morphometric characteristics showed strong, positive and significant relationships with the 'r' value ranging from 0.38 (BDxEL) to 0.82 (BWxBL). It can be concluded that morphology in rabbits in being influenced by the breed they belong to and the season at which measurements were taken, therefore breed and season should be considered in rabbit production for maximum productivity and good phenotypic plasticity.
FOETAL WASTAGE OF FOOD ANIMALS (CATTLE, SHEEP AND GOAT) SLAUGHTERED IN KANO MAIN ABATTOIR
Authors: JIBIA S. S. , IDRIS D. Y. , KURA M. A. , ONI O. O. , ALIMI H. M. , UMUNAGBU M. N. , OWOYEMI A. E. , AIGBAVBOA M. O.
Published: December 2024

A 3-months active abattoir surveillance study was carried out to determine the foetal wastage of food animal slaughtered in Kano Main Abattoir. The results in this study showed that more female goats 2874 (72.55%), sheep 2138 (78.14%) and cattle 3032 (70.94%) respectively were slaughtered than males of goat 1087 (10.87%), sheep598 (21.85%) and cattle 1242 (29.03%) respectively. Of the slaughtered does, ewes and dams 8.94%, 10.52% and 2.86% respectively were detected to be pregnant. The result of this study demonstrated cases of foetal wastage due to slaughter of pregnant animals. Furthermore, this practice further reduces the availability of animal protein for Kano City populace. It is therefore suggested that suitable measures including legislation enforcement, capacity building on pregnancy diagnosis for abattoir staff be put in place to regulate the slaughter of pregnant stock. Traders and livestock owners should be informed on the implication on foetal losses and sustainability of meat production associated with continued slaughtering of female and pregnant animals.
REPRODUCTIVE EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTAL FASCIOLA GIGANTICA INFECTION ON THIRD TRIMESTER PREGNANT EWES
Authors: ADAMA J. Y. , CHIEZEY N. , AJANUSI O. J. , LAWAL A.
Published: December 2024

The effect of experimental Fasciola gigantica infection on pregnant ewes at third trimester of pregnancy was investigated using twelve non-pregnant ewes aged between 10-12months old belonging to the Reproduction unit of the National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI), Shika, Zaria. The ewes were synchronized using injectable PGF2a (Lutalyse, 10mg/ewe) at the dose rate of 5mg/ml and bred naturally with two rams. Pregnancy was confirmed by progesterone levels of 0.5-1.0ng/ml after breeding and non-return to estrus 22 days post-breeding. The experimental animals were divided into two treatments (infected and control) of six animals, with two replicates per treatment and each replicate made up of three animals each. Weekly measurement of progesterone levels were carried out for a period of 7 weeks during the third trimester period of pregnancy. Six ewes in the infected group were each infected orally with 500 Fasciola gigantica metacercariae at day 100. One of the infected ewes had a sharp drop in progesterone level (0.4ng/ml) from week 19 of pregnancy and had a still birth at week 21 of pregnancy. Out of the 5 ewes infected, 4 lambed while one (20%) had a still birth. It is concluded that Fasciola infection has adverse effect on pregnant ewes at third trimester of pregnancy. It is recommended that sheep of reproductive age should be routinely dewormed and managed under control grazing to avoid reproductive wastages.
HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF WEANED RABBIT FED VARYING INCLUSION LEVEL OF ACID SOAKED AFRICAN YAM BEAN BASE DIET
Authors: AMUSA H. O. , AMUSA F. L. , OSENI T. A. , OGUNGBENRO S. D. , EGBINOLA O. O. , ABU O. A.
Published: December 2024

A total of thirty two weaner rabbits were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments and fed for 56days on diets containing acid soaked African yam bean to investigate the haematological indices of weaned rabbits fed diets containing African yam bean soaked in acidic medium at 0 (control), 5, 10, 15% level of inclusion. There was significant (P>0.05) difference in all the parameters measured. Rabbits on T4 had the highest value of PCV (28.5%) and haemoglobin (9.15) with statistical similarities existing in PCV value of rabbits on T1 and T2. Rabbits on TI had the highest value of RBC (4.66), lymphocyte (70.5%) and platelets with similarities existing in RBC value of rabbits on T2 and T3. Rabbits on T3 had the highest value of Heterophil (32.5%) and eosinophil (2.50%). WBC value of rabbits on T2 was the highest (8725) with rabbits on T4 having the lowest WBC value (5725). It can be concluded that African yam bean soaked in acidic medium can be fed to rabbits up to 15% level of inclusion without having any negative effects on the haematological indices of the rabbits.
SELECTED BLOOD INDICES OF LAYING CHICKENS AS AFFECTED BY SUPPLEMENTAL SELENIUM AND VITAMIN E
Authors: JEMISEYE F. O. , OGUNWOLE O. A. , ADEDEJI B. S. , MOSURO A. O. , ABOKEDE T. V. , OLADIMEJI O. S. , OLUDOYI I. A.
Published: December 2024

Effect of supplemental inorganic selenium and vitamin E on haematological and selected serum biochemical indices of laying chickens was assessed in this study. In a completely randomized design, ISA brown hens (n=192) at week 24 of laying, were assigned to six experimental diets: T1 (Basal diet), T2 (Basal diet + 0.5mg selenium/kg), T3: Basal diet + 1.0mg selenium/kg, T4 (Basal diet + 1.5mg selenium/kg), T5 (Basal diet + 20mg vitamin E/kg), T6 (Basal diet + 40mg vitamin E/kg). Each treatment was replicated four times with eight birds per replicate. At week 24 (early laying phase), blood was sampled from hens and analysed. Increased supplemental selenium and vitamin E did not affect (P>0.05) serum superoxide dismutase, aspartate amino transferase and phosphorus. Also, packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (HB) and blood differential counts were not affected (P>0.05). However, serum calcium (mg/dL) was lowered from 11.60 in T1 to 6.83 in T4, increased vitamin E inclusion did not alter serum calcium level. Also, treatments had significant effects on alkaline phosphatase (ALP), catalase and alanine amino transferase (ALT). In this study, increased supplemental selenium and vitamin E affected blood indices in irregular trend.
COCCIDIOSIS IN TWO 6-MONTH-OLD BUNAJI BULL-CALVES IN MAJERU VILLAGE, ZARIA L.G.A. OF KADUNA STATE
Authors: DANBIRNI S. , KALTUNGO B. Y. , SULAIMAN M. M. , EMEME M. U. , MIKAIL H. G. , SAIDU S. N. A.
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT
Coccidiosis has been considered the third most important parasitic disease in cattle, although some investigators have overlooked it as one of the causes of scours in calves. Coccidiosis causes significant economic losses due to reduced performance, death from direct infections, and by predisposing cattle to secondary bacterial and viral infections. Tetracycline, a broad-spectrum antibiotic active against bacteria, its use in the treatment of protozoan diseases, especially coccidiosis in cattle has not been readily exploited. Two Bunaji bull calves with complaints of stringy and bloody diarrhoea were presented to the Resident Doctors in Large Animal section of the Medicine Specialty of the College of Veterinary Surgeons of Nigeria, who were on an ambulatory visit to a sedentary Fulani herd in Majeru village in Zaria Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Physical examination was carried out. Confirmatory diagnosis by laboratory evaluation of their faecal samples revealed Coccidia oocyst and strongyle egg. Successful treatment was achieved using preparations of oxytetracycline and albendazole. It was concluded that oxytetracycline is effective in the treatment of coccidiosis in calves.
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF PULLET CHICKS FED DIETS CONTAINING Moringa oleifera, Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amgydalina LEAF MEAL-BASED DIETS
Authors: ADETORO B. O. , OLUSOLA O. O. , OYADEYI O. S.
Published: December 2024

Blood reflects the pathological status of animals exposed to toxicants and other conditions. Blood examination helps to clinically investigate the presence of metabolites and other constituents in the body of animals and plays vital roles in the physiological, nutritional and pathological status of animals. Blood constituents change in relation to the physiological status of an animal. A total of 144 one-day-old Isa-brown pullet chicks were randomly picked, weighed and distributed to the 4 diets with 4 replicates of 9 chicks each from a total of 357 one-day-old Isa-brown pullet chicks in a completely randomized design (CRD). Four feeds were formulated to meet the NRC requirement and while TI was the control, T2, T3 and T4 contained 2% of Moringa oleifera, Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amgydalina leaf meals respectively. At the end of the experiment which lasted for 8 weeks 2 birds were randomly selected from each replicate for haematological and serum biochemical examination. All the haematological parameters measured were not significant (P>0.05) except eosinophils and for serum biochemistry cholesterol and albumin globulin ratio were significantly different (P<0.05). The highest value (3.50%eosinophils) was observed in the birds on diet 4 which had 2% of Vernonia amgydalina leaf meal and these birds also had the lowest (139.25 mg/dl) cholesterol value. It was therefore concluded that 2% of these leaf meals especially of Vernonia amgydalina can be incorporated in the diets of pullet chicks to reduce their blood cholesterol and boost their immunity.
SEMEN PROFILE AND MORPHOLOGY OF FRIESIAN X BUNAJI BULL
Authors: GOJE J. B. , ACHI N. P. , BARJE P. P. , REKWOT P. I. , ALPHONSUS C. , MALLAM I. , MOHAMMED K.
Published: December 2024

A study was conducted at the Artificial Insemination unit of National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika-Zaria to determine the semen characteristics and morphology of Friesian x Bunaji bull. Three Friesian x Bunaji bulls between 2-3 years of age were used for the experiment and were intensively managed. Semen was collected from the three bulls with the aid of an artificial vagina. Parameters considered included; volume (pooled together), gross motility, semen pH, sperm concentration, viability, normal sperm, free tail, mid piece droplet, detached head, coiled tail and bent tail. Data collected was analysed using ANOVA of SAS. Significant means were compared using DMRT. The result showed that pooled semen volume was between 2.4 to 14.5 ml, gross motility was between 90 and 95 %, semen pH was between 6 to 7, sperm concentration ranged between 314 and 649 x106 and viability between 60 and 95 %. Sperm morphology was as follows mid piece droplet; 0 and 1, detached head; 4 and 13, free tail; 0 and 7, coiled tail; 2 and 7, bent tail; 0 and 15 and normal sperm; 64 and 88 respectively. In conclusion the semen profile from this study depicted good quality which can be used to service a female cow on heat with high chances conception.
EFFECT OF BATTERY CAGE AND PASTURE SYSTEMS ON EGG PRODUCTION AND QUALITY PARAMETERS OF LAYING HENS
Authors: AJIBOLA O. I. , SONAIYA E. B.
Published: December 2024

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of production systems (battery cage, pasture) on egg production and egg quality parameters. 100 Isa Brown laying hens at 50 weeks of age and 80% hen day production were assigned to treatment 1 (battery cage) at 9 birds per replicate, and to treatment 2 (pasture) at 11 birds per replicate. Treatment 1 birds were given 120g/d while treatment 2 birds were given 100g/d of proprietary feed for an experimental period of 7 weeks. Percent hen day egg production, feed intake per dozen eggs, egg weight, and yolk weight were all higher in treatment 1 than in treatment 2. Yolk colour and shell thickness were higher in treatment 2 than in treatment 1.There was no significant difference in the albumen weight, yolk width, yolk height, yolk index and shell weight. It was concluded that egg production of commercial hybrid hens was significantly lower on the pasture than in the battery cage while feed intake per dozen eggs, yolk colour and shell thickness were improved on the pasture.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CAMEL RUMEN CONTENT ON CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILER CHICKENS IN THE SEMI-ARID ZONE OF NIGERIA
Authors: MOHAMMED G. , ASHEIKH L. G. , KOLO U. M. , CHANA Z. M. , MUSA A. A. , USMAN Y.
Published: December 2024

The effects of feeding different levels of camel rumen content on carcass characteristic of broilers chickens were evaluated. The camel rumen content was included at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% levels into diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively as replacements for maize and groundnut cake. One hundred and fifty (150) day-old Hover Marshal breed broiler chicks were randomly assigned to the five diets in a completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated three times with 10 birds per replicate. The experimental diets and portable water supplied ad libitum throughout the experimental period of nine weeks. At nine week of the experiment 3 birds per replicate were selected for carcass measurement. The backs, hearts, kidneys, lungs, liver and spleen were not significantly (P > 0.05) different among the treatment groups while others parameters were significantly (P<0.05) different among the treatment groups. However, all the values recorded were comparable with values of other workers who slaughtered broiler chickens with similar weight and ages. Therefore, the study indicating that can up to 20% CRC can replace with maize and groundnut cake without adverse effect on the carcass parameters of broiler chickens.
EFFECT OF DIETARY INCLUSION OF VITAMIN C ON PERFORMANCE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF GROWING PULLETS
Authors: ADEDEJI B. S. , AOGUNWOLE O. , JEMISEYE F. O. , MOSURO A. O. , OLUDOYI I. A.
Published: December 2024

The effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin C on point of cage pullets was investigated in a 7- week trial. Point of cage Bovan Brown pullets (n=96) aged 12 weeks were randomly allotted to three treatments of four replicates and eight birds per replicate. Birds were initially on a basal ration for three weeks followed by supplementation with 0 mg/Kg Vitamin C (T1), 300 mg/Kg vitamin C (T2) and 600 mg/Kg vitamin C (T3) with feed and water provided ad libitum. Ambient Temperature (AT), Relative Humidity (RH) and Temperature Humidity Index (THI) were monitored. Weight gained (WG), Feed Intake (FI), livability were recorded, Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was determined while panting rate and Rectal temperature (RT) were taken. The AT (29.00+1.49 °C), RH (71.93±0.27 %). and THI (26.90±1.28) were the documented environmental parameters. Feed intake (0.89, 0.87, 0.88 for birds on T1, T2 and T3, respectively) and livability (93.8, 96.9, 96.9 for birds on T1, T2 and T3, respectively) were not influenced (P>0.05) by the treatment. The WG of birds on T1 (0.36) was similar (P>0.05) to those on T3 (0.42) but lower (P<0.05) from those on T2 (0.47). The FCR of birds on T2 and T3 were significantly lower (P<0.05) compared to birds on T1. Panting rate of birds on T3 (207.80) was lower (P<0.05) compared to similar higher (P>0.05) panting value recorded for birds on TI (231.75) and T2 (225.00) while RT of birds on T3 (41.9) was lower compared to those on TI (41.52). Vitamin C supplementation improved WG by pullets. Feed conversion ratio was lowered while panting rate and rectal temperature were lowered in growing pullets given supplemental vitamin C.
EFFECT OF FEEDING LOW PROTEIN DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH SYNTHETIC AMINO ACIDS ON BROILER BIRDS
Authors: EZEKWE M. , ANI A. O. , AMAEFULE B. C. , UZOCHUKWU I. E.
Published: December 2024

An eight-week study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding low protein diets supplemented with synthetic amino acids to broiler birds. Ninety six unsexed day-old chicks (Hubbard strain) were used for the study. The birds were randomly divided into 6 groups of 16 birds each. The groups were randomly assigned to 6 diets in a 2x3 factorial arrangement involving 3 levels (18, 20 and 22) of crude protein and two levels (0.25 and 0.5% levels of lysine in the starter phase and 3 levels (18, 19 and 20) of crude protein and two levels (0.25 and 0.5%) level of lysine in the finisher phase. Each treatment was replicated 2 times with 8 birds per replicate. Results showed that in the starter phase, final body weight (FBW), total weight gain, daily feed intake, total feed intake, average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and cost of feed per kg gain were all significantly (p <0.05) affected by dietary treatments. Birds on treatment 3 had similar final body weight value, total weight gain, average daily weight gain (ADWG) and FCR with those on treatment 1 (control). Birds on treatment 3 had the least cost per kg gain. In the finisher phase, final body weight (FBW), total weight gain, daily feed intake, total feed intake, average daily weight gain and cost of feed per kg gain were all significantly (p < 0.05) affected by dietary treatments. Birds on treatments 1 and 3 had similar FBW, ADWG and cost of feed per kg gain. Birds on treatment 3 had the highest total weight gain. It was concluded that in order to achieve substantial economic savings without affecting the growth performance of broilers, 20% CP diet supplemented with 0.25% lysine and 19% CP diet supplemented with 0.25% lysine should be fed to broiler starters and finishers, respectively.
GROWTH PERFORMANCE, NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY AND GUT MORPHOLOGY OF COCKERELS FED DIETS CONTAINING VARYING LEVELS OF COWPEA (Vigna Unguiculata) MILLING WASTE MEAL
Authors: MALIK A. A. , ALABI O. J. , IJAIYA A. T. , RAHEEM K. I. , OSUNTOYE O. A. , ASHAOLU T. A.
Published: December 2024

Three hundred (300) one-week old Bovan Nera cockerel chicks were used to investigate the effect of feeding diets containing varying levels of cowpea milling waste meal (CMWM) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gut morphology of cockerels. The birds were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments, with three replicates per treatment made up of twenty birds per replicate, in a completely randomized design experiment. The treatments were 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% dietary inclusion levels of CMWM and were tagged CMWM0, CMWM10, CMWM20, CMWM30 and CMWM40 respectively. The experiment lasted for eight weeks and data on growth performance were taken. At the end of the 7th week of the experiment, a nutrient digestibility trial was carried out. Two birds per replicate were selected and placed in specially constructed metabolism cages for seven days; three days to acclimatize them and four days for faecal collection. Gut morphology data were taken at the termination of the feeding trial at the 8th week of the experiment. One bird was selected per replicate and slaughtered by cervical dislocation and the internal organs weighed. Results show that birds on CMWM30 had the highest feed intake (1531.67) and the ones on CMWM, had the lowest (1120.46); birds on CMWM30 had the highest final bodyweight (428.47) and the ones on CMWM, had the lowest (354.57). FCR results indicated that birds on CMWM10 (3.28) and CMWM (3.55) were better than those on CMWM30 (4.07). The dietary treatments had effect (P<0.05) on dressing % and weight of GIT, small intestine, large intestine and lungs. Result of digestibility trial show that dietary treatments had no effect on the digestibility of the nutrients by the birds. Therefore, it is recommended that up to 40 % of CMWM can be included in the diets of cockerels with no detrimental effects on their growth performance and nutrient digestibility but better gut morphology was obtained with CMWM20.
EFFECTS OF FEEDING Cassia obtusifolia LEAF MEAL ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILER CHICKEN
Authors: YAKUBU B. , MBAHI T. F. , HANIEL G. , WAFAR R. J.
Published: December 2024

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding Cassia obtusifolia leaf meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler Chicken. Two hundred (200) unsexed day old Marshall broiler chicks were used for the study. Five diets were formulated such that Cassia obtusifolia leaf meal were used at 0%, 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% designated as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. The chicks were weighed and randomly allocated to five dietary treatments replicated four times with ten birds per replicate in a Completely Randomized Design. The proximate composition of Cassia obtusifolia showed it contains 93.51% dry matter, 25.44% crude protein, 19.14%, crude fibre, 12.17% Ash, 4.06%, ether extract and 38.19% nitrogen free extract. The leaf meal also contains saponin (6.26%), phytate (2.97%), tannins (4.52%) and oxalates (2.37%). The result of growth parameter measured were significant different (P<0.01) except, total feed intake and average daily feed intake. Similarly, live weight, plucked weight, eviscerated weight, carcass weight and dressing percentages did not show any significant difference among treatment groups. However, the result of the internal organs evaluated showed variation in the weights of pancreas, large and small intestinal. It was concluded from the results obtained that COLM can be included up to 9% in broiler chickens' diet without adverse effect on the growth performance, carcass and internal organs characteristics.
EFFECT OF TREATED AND UNTRAETED BAGASSE WITH OR WITHOUT ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION ON RUMINAL PROFILE OF RED SOKOTO BUCKS
Authors: MIJINYAWA M. A. , LAMIDI O. S. , ABDU S. B. , BALA A. G.
Published: December 2024

A study was conducted to evaluate the feeding value of treated and untreated sugarcane bagasse with or without enzyme supplementation in total mixed ration (TMR) on ruminal characteristics of Red Sokoto bucks. Sixteen Red Sokoto bucks averaging one year and weighing 102kg were used for the study. Four bucks were assigned per treatment and allotted to two dietary treatments with two level of supplementation in a completely randomized design. The enzyme was included based on the manufactures recommendation and the diets were offered at 3% body weight. Rumen fluid was collected at the end of the study at 4hrs after feeding to determine rumen characteristics of the bucks. Rumen pH was within the range of 6-7 and rumen ammonia nitrogen was between 30.01-31.26mg/L which are within the normal range for bucks. It was concluded that treatment with urea produced higher volatile fatty acids by the bucks without any adverse effect.
EVALUATION OF POTENTIALS OF ALLIGATOR PEPPER AS NATURAL PRESERVATIVE ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND SHELF LIFE ON TIGER NUT (Cyperus esculentus) MILK
Authors: BANIGBE S. A. , ADAMU S. A. , ADEBIYI O. A. , IDRIS Y. D.
Published: December 2024

The potentials of Alligator as natural preservative were evaluated on the microbiological quality and shelf life on tiger nut milk. The aqueous extract of tiger nut milk (Cyperus esculetus) was treated with Hydro-methanolic extract of Alligator pepper. Pasteurizes at 75°C for 20 minutes and stored at ambient temperature (28°C) for 14 days followed which was investigated by determining pH, total microbial counts and determination of percentage occurrences of microorganisms. Bacterial counts was at the range of 1.54±0.07b to 1.72±0.07a log10cfu/ml of the samples preserved using Alligator pepper extract; the fungal counts recorded the range of 1.56±0.02a to 1.83±0.05 log10cfu/ml while the control tiger nut milk ranges from 2.31+0.01a to 2.55+0.03 log10cfu/ml respectively. The tiger nut milk was acidic with a range of 3.00+0.2a to 3.36 ±0.5a pH value. At Week 0 the samples containing preservative recorded a low microbial count. There was drastic reduction in microbial load as the effects of the preservative became evident at Week 1 and Week 2. Moreover, the antimicrobial activities of the preservative revealed that samples at concentrations 300mg/ml were most effective against microbes than the 200mg/ml and 100mg/ml. This shows that the active ingredients in the preservative exhibited more potential at higher concentration than at lower concentration. Samples without preservatives recorded high microbial counts throughout the storage period. Five bacterial species, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp. Bacillus sp. Psuedomonas sp and Escherichia coli were isolated. While five fungal species, of Saccharomyces, Rhizopus sp, Aspergilus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillum sp were also isolated. Staphylococcus aureus and Saccharomyces remained the predominant organisms throughout the storage. The role played by the organisms on microbiological quality of tiger nut milk likewise the potentials exhibited by the preservative on the organisms had been discussed. Conclusively, the use of Alligator pepper as natural preservative should be encourage because the study has shown its potentials on the shelf-life and quality on tiger nut milk. More so, the preservative is relatively cheap, accessible and available, its nutritional and medicinal values are generally acceptable by communities and void of unwanted side effects.