bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le commerce extérieur français et la grande guerre : ruptures et continuités
Authors: Becuwe Stéphane , Blancheton Bertrand
Published: June 2017

Le texte analyse les conséquences de la Première Guerre mondiale sur l’évolution du commerce extérieur français à partir de données annuelles désagrégées pour les pays et les produits. Le conflit mondial influence significativement les flux commerciaux des pays alliés et ennemis. Les parts relatives des pays neutres et des alliés nominaux ne sont pas affectées par le conflit. En conséquence, les pays alliés compensent seuls l’absence d’échanges entre la France et les pays ennemis. Au niveau des produits, les céréales, les armes, le fer, fonte et acier, la viande et la houille voient leur part augmenter tandis que la laine et la soie connaissent une diminution de la leur part dans les importations totales. À plus long terme l’article suggère une résilience du commerce extérieur français au choc de la guerre. La France retrouve la même structure géographique des débouchés et la même structure de spécialisations concernant les produits.
La guerre de l’axe en Afrique septentrionale (1940-1942)
Authors: Ostenc Michel
Published: June 2017

La campagne germano-italienne de 1941 à 1942 en Afrique du Nord et l’affaire de Malte ont mis l’accent sur les différences stratégiques entre les deux puissances de l’Axe. Le génie tactique de Rommel était indiscutable ; mais la réputation de Rommel valorisa la victoire britannique et on insista à tort sur les échecs de l’allié italien.
Mafia et traite bd de Strasbourg
Authors: Poulain Marilyne
Published: June 2017

Jusqu’à récemment, les conflits du travail impliquant des étrangers concernaient des travailleurs déclarés, souvent subsahariens, généralement organisés dans des foyers. L’affaire du salon de coiffure du 57, boulevard de Strasbourg à Paris touche une population très différente et pose des problèmes d’une autre nature : travail dissimulé, traite des êtres humains et conditions de travail indignes. Cette dimension d’exploitation a contraint la CGT à changer son regard sur le travail des étrangers sans titre.
Women 50 and Older and HIV: Prevention and Implications for Health Care Providers
Authors: Coleman Christopher Lance
Published: June 2017

The current article discusses the importance of implementing HIV and AIDS education, prevention, and intervention programs that are tailored to women 50 and older and to determine HIV risk factors for this population. A literature search was performed, resulting in 41 relevant articles. The literature underscored the significance of increasing awareness of HIV/AIDS, particularly among older women. HIV risk behaviors and the effect that these behaviors have on HIV transmission and prevention among women 50 and older are described. Prior research findings identified risk categories of older women that may contribute to the transmission of HIV among this particular population, including heterosexual relations, perceived HIV risk, ageism and HIV transmission, biological factors, transfusions, sexual enhancement aids, and health care providers and prevention messages. In addition, previous findings indicate that health care providers have not traditionally targeted women 50 and older for HIV prevention. Health care providers should incorporate discussion of HIV risk and transmission during clinic visits and implement prevention programs that target this population. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 43
(12), 29–34.]
Integrating Spiritual Bereavement Skills Into an Advanced Practice Curriculum
Authors: Bristol Shirley T. , Lloyd Susan L. , Bristol Alycia A.
Published: June 2017

Background:

When advanced practice nurses (APNs) encounter the need to address a bereaved individual's spirituality, gaps in educational preparation may prevent effective intervention. In addition, past and current research studies have not provided clear guidance for spiritually based bereavement care curricula within the graduate APN program.

Method:

Graduate advanced practice faculty successfully introduced classroom-based spiritual bereavement care education modules for APN students.

Results:

Course evaluations indicated student appreciation for the new content and practicum experiences provided. Students felt the new content to be essential in their development as expert practitioners.

Conclusion:

Through this innovation, the authors found that a variety of learning activities that addressed spiritual needs during the bereavement process was perceived as highly satisfactory by APNs. Within an ever increasingly diverse society, APNs have a significant role in performing responsibilities for bereaved individuals. [
J Nurs Educ.
2017;56(7):439–442.]
Les défis juridiques du gouvernement ouvert. Difficultés et obstacles du point de vue du droit administratif espagnol
Authors: Torrijos Julián Valero
Published: June 2017

Ce qu’on appelle « gouvernement ouvert » a acquis un rôle rénové ces derniers temps en raison de la modernisation technologique de la gestion des administrations publiques et de l’utilisation de moyens électroniques dans les relations avec les citoyens. Ce travail offre une vision générale des problèmes et difficultés que suppose ce processus du point de vue du régime juridique en vigueur en Espagne, en faisant ressortir ses limites et l’étendue des réformes qui ont été adoptées.
Crack Resistance Characterization in TiAl Intermetallics with Enhanced Toughness
Authors: Dlouhý Ivo , Stratil Luděk , Fukutomi Hiroshi , Hasegawa Makoto
Published: June 2017

The paper is focused on the analysis of the role of lamellar microstructure in fracture performance of model TiAl intermetallic compound. Coarse lamellar colonies and, at the same time, fine lamellar morphology were prepared by compressive deformation at 1553 K (region of stable α phase in TiAl equilibrium diagram) followed by controlled cooling to 1473 K (region of α+g phase) with delay on this temperature and then cooling down. The fracture toughness was evaluated by means of chevron notch technique. In addition, because of enhanced toughness, crack resistance curves were obtained by load - unload technique of pre-racked beams, namely in two directions of crack propagation relative to lamellar structure. Extensive development of shear ligament toughening mechanism was observed in fracture surfaces leading to quite good fracture toughness thanks to the heat treatment applied.
Reliability Evaluation of Car Power Module Using Electrical-Thermal-Structural Coupled Analysis Based on Field Driving Data
Authors: Nakayama Shingo , Morita Hirotaka , Yu Qiang
Published: June 2017

Power module is a system consisting electronic components to perform the power conversion. Power module is a significant impact on the operation of the equipment and its reliability evaluation is very important. Especially, intermittent electric current flowing in the power module causes repeating the heat generation and cooling. It produces a large thermal stress and cause thermal fatigue failure in the solder part. Car makers usually use the power cycle test to measure the thermal fatigue life. But, it is difficult to simulate the field conditions by this test method. Because, in the actual use environment, the irregular current flows with an irregular cycle. In this research, analysis in the conditions near real usage environment was conducted. It aims at establishment of the reliability assessment method of the power module near a real operating condition.
Analysis on Critical CTOD of Long-Term Used Penstock
Authors: Kawamura Fumito , Miura Masazumi , Ebara Ryuichiro , Yanase Keiji
Published: June 2017

Many studies have been conducted to characterize the fracture toughness of structural steels and their welded joints. However, most studies focus on newly developed steels, and the number of studies on the fracture toughness of long-term used steels in structural components is rather limited. Furthermore, a lack of data on the fracture toughness causes difficulties in evaluating the structural integrity of existing steel structures. In this study, CTOD tests were performed to characterize the fracture toughness of penstock that has been in service for 50 years. By measuring the critical crack tip opening displacement in conjunction with analysis for chemical compositions, the characteristics of fracture toughness were investigated.
Menin Controls the Memory Th2 Cell Function by Maintaining the Epigenetic Integrity of Th2 Cells
Authors: Onodera Atsushi , Kiuchi Masahiro , Kokubo Kota , Kato Miki , Ogino Tomohiro , Horiuchi Shu , Kanai Urara , Hirahara Kiyoshi , Nakayama Toshinori
Published: June 2017

Posttranslational modifications of histones are well-established epigenetic modifications that play an important role in gene expression and regulation. These modifications are partly mediated by the Trithorax group (TrxG) complex, which regulates the induction or maintenance of gene transcription. We investigated the role of Menin, a component of the TrxG complex, in the acquisition and maintenance of Th2 cell identity using T cell–specific Menin-deficient mice. Our gene expression analysis revealed that Menin was involved in the maintenance of the high expression of the previously identified Th2-specific genes rather than the induction of these genes. This result suggests that Menin plays a role in the maintenance of Th2 cell identity. Menin directly bound to the Gata3 gene locus, and this Menin-Gata3 axis appeared to form a core unit of the Th2-specific gene regulatory network. Consistent with the phenotype of Menin-deficient Th2 cells observed in vitro, Menin deficiency resulted in the attenuation of effector Th2 cell–induced airway inflammation. In addition, in memory Th2 (mTh2) cells, Menin was found to play an important role in the maintenance of the expression of Th2-specific genes, including Gata3, Il4, and Il13. Consequently, Menin-deficient mTh2 cells showed an impaired ability to recruit eosinophils to the lung, resulting in the attenuation of mTh2 cell–induced airway inflammation. This study confirmed the critical role of Menin in Th2 cell–mediated immune responses.
User Survey of 3 Ankle Braces in Soccer, Volleyball, and Running: Which Brace Fits Best?
Authors: Janssen Kasper , Van Den Berg Anjulie , Van Mechelen Willem , Verhagen Evert
Published: June 2017

Context: 

Recurrence rates for ankle sprains are high. Therefore, preventive measures such as ankle bracing during sports are recommended.

Objective: 

To systematically evaluate the perceived ease of use, quality, comfort, stability, and hindrance of and the overall satisfaction with 3 contemporary brace types in 3 types of sports.

Design: 

Randomized comparative user survey.

Setting: 

Recreational sports: soccer, volleyball, and running.

Patients or Other Participants: 

Young adult recreational athletes (29 soccer players, 26 volleyball players, and 31 runners).

Intervention(s): 

Compression brace (CB), lace-up brace (LB), and semirigid brace (SB).

Main Outcome Measure(s): 

Rating of perceived ease of use, quality, comfort, stability, and hindrance of and overall satisfaction with the brace types during sports on a 5-point Likert scale. The secondary outcome measure was participants' willingness to buy the tested brace.

Results: 

Overall, the 3 brace types received high mean scores for ease of use and quality. Soccer players preferred the CB over both alternatives, considering the higher scores for comfort (CB = 4.0, LB = 3.5, SB = 2.8), hindrance (CB = 3.7, LB = 2.9, SB = 2.8), overall satisfaction (CB = 3.6, LB = 3.0, SB = 2.5), and greatest willingness to buy this brace. Volleyball players preferred the LB over both alternatives, considering the higher scores for stability (LB = 4.2, CB = 3.2, SB = 3.3), overall satisfaction (LB = 3.8, CB = 3.0, SB = 3.0), and greatest willingness to buy this brace. Runners preferred the CB over both alternatives considering the better score for hindrance (CB = 3.6, LB = 2.8, SB = 2.9) and greatest willingness to buy this brace.

Conclusions: 

All 3 ankle-brace types scored high on perceived ease of use and quality. Regarding the brace types, soccer players, volleyball players, and runners differed in their assessments of subjective evaluation of comfort, stability, hindrance, overall satisfaction, and willingness to buy the brace. Soccer players and runners preferred the CB, whereas volleyball players preferred the LB.
Measuring return on investment and risk in training – A business training evaluation model for managers and leaders
Authors: Jasson Cashandra C. , Govender Cookie
Published: June 2017

Orientation: Organisations face productivity and efficiency challenges brought on by global pressure. To cope with the challenges, they seek to develop and enhance their human capital as a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Evidence suggests that less than 10% of what is learned on training courses is applied effectively to enhance performance and business results.Research purpose: This abstract research critically examined existing training evaluation models to propose a new model.Motivation for the study: Smart investment in scarce and critical skills development by means of training is expected to enhance human capital; however, the challenge lies with the uncertainty in whether the return on these investments are measured and whether training risks are managed.Research design, approach and method: Theoretical, abstract research was conducted to understand existing measurement and evaluation models of training with regard to costs, benefits and risks.Main findings: This conceptual paper resulted in a new business model to measure training return on investment and risks. The proposed model adapted and built on the Kirkpatrick-–Phillips training evaluation model, adding a sixth, risk evaluation step and specifying measurement factors for each step.Practical and managerial implications: Training and line managers must note that although the evaluation of trainee’s satisfaction, learning, application, impact and financial return is imperative and must be measured, ignoring the measurement of risk factors such as learning barriers and challenges may jeopardise the ability of leaders and managers to predict how investments in human capital development will impact business results.
Exploring the dark side of interpersonal relationships between buyers and suppliers of logistics services
Authors: Meyer Arno , Niemann Wesley , Kotzé Theuns
Published: June 2017

Background: Individuals share information and form relationships to improve collaboration and joint organisational performance. However, managing these interpersonal relationships within a supply chain management perspective is one of the lesser understood and researched areas within this discipline.Objectives: The research was aimed to investigate the negative effects of interpersonal relationships between those individuals who represent organisations that buy and supply logistics services.Method: The research was carried out by the use of a descriptive qualitative research design. Eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 suppliers and 8 buyers of logistic services within the South African third party logistics industry.Findings: Firstly, the results indicate that the primary reason for interpersonal relationships is firstly for improved professional interest and secondly for genuine friendships. Without continuing commitment or intention to maintain the interpersonal relationship between these individuals, it is not possible to sustain the associated benefits of forming interpersonal relationships. Secondly, the findings indicate that enhanced trust, within interpersonal relationships, is similar to business-to-business partnerships which evolve through stages of exploration, formalisation and maturity. Organisations should rather focus to improve competence-based trust than individual interpersonal trust. Thirdly, relationship asymmetry, gender differences and the aptitude to adjust to disparate personalities may steer the interpersonal relationship towards the dark side. Lastly, the benefits of interpersonal relationships have been proven; however, these interpersonal relationships may be difficult to manage over time and can also be the foundation of suboptimal decisions if the relationship takes precedence over business interest.Conclusion: Managers should not underestimate the potential hegemony between individuals who have interpersonal relationships. Relationships require upkeep, personal involvement, attention and trust. Interpersonal relationship intentions without formal safety measures, such as organisational governance and policies, can expose and even diminish the strongest organisational alliances to suboptimal performance and reduced profitability.
There is only one Church! Albert Geyser’s ecclesiology in Delayed Action
Authors: Dreyer Wim A.
Published: June 2017

A.S. (Albert) Geyser was professor of New Testament at the University of Pretoria from 1946 to 1961, when he accepted an appointment at the University of the Witwatersrand. He was one of the most active and outspoken critics of apartheid and played a leading role in the establishment of the Christian Institute and the appointment of Beyers Naude as the first director of the Institute. However, Geyser received very little attention either in church history or in the history of South Africa. This contribution, presented as the Third A.S. Geyser Commemorative Lecture at the University of Pretoria, reflects on Geyser’s ecclesiology. It is quite remarkable that Geyser chose ecclesiology as point of entry into the discourse on apartheid. He engaged in fundamental theological criticism of segregation in church and state based on his understanding of the unity of the church in Christ and a humanity unified under the kingship of Christ.
Dietary habits among health professionals working in a district hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Kunene Siyabonga H. , Taukobong Nomathemba P.
Published: June 2017

Introduction: The burden of diseases associated with unhealthy lifestyle behaviours continues to increase in the low- and middle-income countries including South Africa. Among the affected population are the health professionals who are assumed to be knowledgeable about healthy eating.Aim: This study aimed to determine the dietary habits of health professionals in a public district hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2012 among 109 randomly selected health professionals. Each received a questionnaire consisting of mostly closed and few open-ended questions. Its main focus was the dietary and eating habits of the professionals. An ethical clearance was granted by the Medunsa Research and Ethics committee at the University of Limpopo. Permission to conduct the study was sought and obtained from participants as well. Descriptive statistics and frequencies were used to analyse data.Results: A 100% (109) response rate was achieved. The majority skipped meals especially breakfast with a significant positive correlation between breakfast intake per week and age (r = 0.98, p = 0.048). The majority consumed a lot of unhealthy foods and carbonated beverages with sugar. Consumption of fruits, vegetables, high fibre and whole grain foods was less common.Conclusion: The study showed poor eating habits among participants. Urgent health interventions are therefore indicated to highlight the importance of healthy eating habits among the entire population.
Evaluación del riesgo a la contaminación de los acuíferos de la Reserva Biológica de Limoncocha, Amazonía Ecuatoriana
Authors: Jarrín Andrea Elizabeth , Salazar José Gabriel , Mestre Miguel Martínez-Fresneda
Published: June 2017

El agua subterránea es una de las principales fuentes de abastecimiento para los habitantes de las parroquias de Limoncocha y de Pompeya, ubicadas en la Amazonía ecuatoriana donde, además, se encuentra la Reserva Biológica Limoncocha (RBL) y su área de influencia (AI), cuyo ecosistema subterráneo recibe un aporte de agua proveniente de flujos externos a su límite. Tradicionalmente, el agua subterránea ha sido considerada protegida por el subsuelo, sin embargo, la disposición de contaminantes estables en zonas de infiltración favorable, podría causar que este recurso se contamine, poniendo en riesgo la salud de la población y la sostenibilidad de la reserva. Por ello, se propuso evaluar el peligro de contaminación del agua subterránea de dicha reserva, a través de la superposición de un mapa de vulnerabilidad del acuífero aplicando el método GODS, con un inventario de cargas contaminantes usando el método POSH y en función a esto, priorizar medidas en la protección de este recurso. Se determinó que, en la mayor parte del área de estudio, no existe peligro de contaminación del agua subterránea, no obstante, también se encontraron zonas de moderado y alto peligro para las que se propusieron medidas para prevenir el deterioro de la calidad del agua subterránea.
Analysis of the role of the sanitary landfill in waste management strategies based upon a review of lab leaching tests and new tools to evaluate leachate production
Authors: Lombardi Francesco , Costa Giulia , Sirini Piero
Published: June 2017

This paper reviews the role of sanitary landfills in current and future waste management strategies based upon the principles and the goals established by the European Framework Directive on Waste (2008/98/EC). Specific reference is made to studies of our research group regarding new tools developed to evaluate leachate production, taking into account the different characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW). Laboratory leaching tests and a methodology proposed to interpret the results are described and discussed, as well as tools developed to estimate landfill leachate production. Residual flows produced by mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) plants, mainly Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) and Stabilized Organic Waste (SOW), incineration and composting plants are considered in particular. Experimental results showed that the most suitable end-uses or disposal options for the outputs of waste treatment plants are site-specific and should be defined on the basis of a detailed characterization. The application of the model developed to assess landfill leachate production showed a very good agreement with field data.
Chinese legal texts – Quantitative Description
Authors: GAJDOŠ Ľuboš
Published: June 2017

The aim of the paper is to provide a quantitative description of legal Chinese. This study adopts the approach of corpus-based analyses and it shows basic statistical parameters of legal texts in Chinese, namely the length of a sentence, the proportion of part of speech etc. The research is conducted on the Chinese monolingual corpus Hanku. The paper also discusses the issues of statistical data processing from various corpora, e.g. the tokenisation and part of speech tagging and their relevance to study of registers variation.
Perceptual Errors in Chinese Language Processing: A Case Study of Czech learners
Authors: SLAMĚNÍKOVÁ Tereza
Published: June 2017

There are now a vast number of cross-linguistic studies that investigate how perceptual performance with non-native speech categories is constrained by the listener's native language. However, considering the acquisition of the Chinese language phonological system, studies examining the transfer from less frequent languages are rather rare. The aim of this paper is to fill the gap regarding Czech native speakers. Through examining errors in dictation tests, it introduces some difficulties experienced by beginner level Chinese students and thus provides insight on the perception of Chinese language segmental and suprasegmental features by Czech learners. The findings imply that while errors in initials and finals show a high influence of the native language, errors in disyllabic tonal combinations seem to follow the basic language-independent patterns that have been observed in previous studies.
Med telesom in razumom. Izvajalec klasične glasbe v postmodernizmu
Authors: Rihtaršič Urška
Published: June 2017

Obstajajo trije idealni tipi (Max Weber) izvajalca zahodne klasične glasbe. Ti tipi opredeljujejo njegov odnos do drugih akterjev glasbene prakse – skladatelja, glasbenega dela in publike. Romantičnemu virtuozu glasba predstavlja sredstvo, prek katerega navdušuje občinstvo s svojo osebnostjo in telesnostjo. Nasprotno pa morata osebnost in telesnost modernističnega virtuoza ostati čim bolj skriti, da se lahko v polnosti izrazi glasbeno delo (Lydia Goehr), ki je plod intelektualnega dela skladatelja. Postmoderni virtuoz skladno z značilnostmi dobe kombinira lastnosti prej obstoječih tipov (pastiš, palimpsest), poleg tega pa ga bistveno opredeljuje vpetost umetnosti v sistem poznega kapitalizma in postmoderna izguba specifičnosti estetske izkušnje (Fredric Jameson).
Musical Practices in the Funeral Context: A Case Study of Cemeteries in the Ljubljana Region in 2016
Authors: Prelovšek Anita
Published: June 2017

In Ljubljana and in its surroundings the music at a traditional funeral still consists usually of a vocal ensemble or a trumpet, but in 2016 this has increasingly tended to be replaced by a girl’s vocal and instrumental ensemble. The choice of music depends largely on the wishes of the relatives of the deceased. Folk music predominates, followed by popular music; the music requested least is classical music. The most frequently performed songs of the year 2016 were: Gozdič je že zelen, Lipa zelenela je and Nearer my God to Thee.
Študije o Šnitkeju
Authors: Moody Ivan
Published: June 2017

Študije o Šnitkeju. [Schnittke Studies.] Uredil Gavin Dixon. (Routledge: London in New York, 2017. xxvii + 273 str. 95 £. ISBN: 9781472471055.)
Vilko Ukmar in sodobni koncepti glasbenega zgodovinopisja
Authors: Juravić Dejan
Published: June 2017

Vilko Ukmar (1905–1991) je širši javnosti veliko bolj znan po skladateljskem opusu kot pa po svojem univerzitetnem pedagoškem delu in glasbenem zgodovinopisju. V svojem dolgem življenju je segal na najrazličnejša področja, na katerih se je izkazal kot veliki poznavalec estetsko-filozofskih vprašanj in prodoren pisec o umetnosti, še posebno o glasbeni misli in estetiki ter slogu. Njegovo krčevito iskanje življenjskega smisla in pomena umetnosti na splošno, ne le glasbene, se je enakovredno izražalo v njegovih publikacijah in obsežnem glasbenem opusu. Po začetnem študiju prava se je kmalu odločil, da bo prav glasba njegova življenjska sopotnica, in ji je posvetil tako rekoč ves svoj čas. Ukmarjevi dosežki in nesebično umetniško prizadevanje pričajo o izjemni ustvarjalnosti, vrelcu misli, ki je izviral bodisi iz njegovega glasbenega opusa bodisi je bilo tesno povezano z njim.
Zgodnja simfonična glasba na Slovenskem
Authors: Venišnik Vesna
Published: June 2017

Rokopisni prepisi in tiskane izdaje simfonij, ki so ohranjeni v arhivih po Sloveniji in italijanski Gorici potrjujejo, da je tudi slovenski prostor v 18. in na začetku 19. stoletja sledil širšim evropskim simfoničnim tokovom in da je bil seznanjen z najsodobnejšim simfoničnim repertoarjem. Večina slovenskega ozemlja je spadala pod okrilje Svetega rimskega cesarstva nemške narodnosti kot del habsburških dednih dežel. Značilnosti tukajšnjega simfoničnega repertoarja so sovpadale z značilnostmi repertoarja celotne habsburške monarhije.
So gornjegrajski rokopisni zvezki nastali na Kranjskem?
Authors: Grabnar Klemen
Published: June 2017

Gornjegrajski rokopisni zvezki – SI-Lnr, Ms 207, Ms 232, Ms 284 in Ms 285 – vsebujejo repertoar, ki je značilen za notranjeavstrijske glasbene vire. Tudi uporabljen papir je bil okoli leta 1600 v Notranji Avstriji močno razširjen, zato so gotovo tam tudi nastali. Še več, del rokopisa Ms 232 je mogel nastati na Kranjskem, kar nakazujeta zapisa aklamacij, v katerih je omenjen ljubljanski škof Tomaž Hren, in responzorij v slovenskem jeziku. Zaradi paleografskih značilnosti pa se zdi, da so tudi ostali trije zvezki nastali na Kranjskem, in sicer jih je domnevno prepisal Sebastian Kuglmann, pisar škofa Hrena.
Evaluation of the transport matrix method for simulation of ocean biogeochemical tracers
Authors: Kvale Karin F. , Khatiwala Samar , Dietze Heiner , Kriest Iris , Oschlies Andreas
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Conventional integration of Earth system and ocean models can accrue considerable computational expenses, particularly for marine biogeochemical applications. Offline numerical schemes in which only the biogeochemical tracers are time stepped and transported using a pre-computed circulation field can substantially reduce the burden and are thus an attractive alternative. One such scheme is the transport matrix method (TMM), which represents tracer transport as a sequence of sparse matrix–vector products that can be performed efficiently on distributed-memory computers. While the TMM has been used for a variety of geochemical and biogeochemical studies, to date the resulting solutions have not been comprehensively assessed against their online counterparts. Here, we present a detailed comparison of the two. It is based on simulations of the state-of-the-art biogeochemical sub-model embedded within the widely used coarse-resolution University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model (UVic ESCM). The default, non-linear advection scheme was first replaced with a linear, third-order upwind-biased advection scheme to satisfy the linearity requirement of the TMM. Transport matrices were extracted from an equilibrium run of the physical model and subsequently used to integrate the biogeochemical model offline to equilibrium. The identical biogeochemical model was also run online. Our simulations show that offline integration introduces some bias to biogeochemical quantities through the omission of the polar filtering used in UVic ESCM and in the offline application of time-dependent forcing fields, with high latitudes showing the largest differences with respect to the online model. Differences in other regions and in the seasonality of nutrients and phytoplankton distributions are found to be relatively minor, giving confidence that the TMM is a reliable tool for offline integration of complex biogeochemical models. Moreover, while UVic ESCM is a serial code, the TMM can be run on a parallel machine with no change to the underlying biogeochemical code, thus providing orders of magnitude speed-up over the online model.
An emission module for ICON-ART 2.0: implementation and simulations of acetone
Authors: Weimer Michael , Schröter Jennifer , Eckstein Johannes , Deetz Konrad , Neumaier Marco , Fischbeck Garlich , Hu Lu , Millet Dylan B. , Rieger Daniel , Vogel Heike , Vogel Bernhard , Reddmann Thomas , Kirner Oliver , Ruhnke Roland , Braesicke Peter
Published: June 2017

Abstract. We present a recently developed emission module for the ICON (ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic)-ART (Aerosols and Reactive Trace gases) modelling framework. The emission module processes external flux data sets and increments the tracer volume mixing ratios in the boundary layer accordingly. The performance of the emission module is illustrated with simulations of acetone, using a simplified chemical depletion mechanism based on a reaction with OH and photolysis only. In our model setup, we calculate a tropospheric acetone lifetime of 33 days, which is in good agreement with the literature. We compare our results with ground-based as well as with airborne IAGOS-CARIBIC measurements in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere (UTLS) in terms of phase and amplitude of the annual cycle. In all our ICON-ART simulations the general seasonal variability is well represented but uncertainties remain concerning the magnitude of the acetone mixing ratio in the UTLS region. In addition, the module for online calculations of biogenic emissions (MEGAN2.1) is implemented in ICON-ART and can replace the offline biogenic emission data sets. In a sensitivity study we show how different parametrisations of the leaf area index (LAI) change the emission fluxes calculated by MEGAN2.1 and demonstrate the importance of an adequate treatment of the LAI within MEGAN2.1. We conclude that the emission module performs well with offline and online emission fluxes and allows the simulation of the annual cycles of emissions-dominated substances.
Electrical resistivity dynamics beneath a fractured sedimentary bedrock riverbed in response to temperature and groundwater–surface water exchange
Authors: Steelman Colby M. , Kennedy Celia S. , Capes Donovan C. , Parker Beth L.
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Bedrock rivers occur where surface water flows along an exposed rock surface. Fractured sedimentary bedrock can exhibit variable groundwater residence times, anisotropic flow paths, and heterogeneity, along with diffusive exchange between fractures and rock matrix. These properties of the rock will affect thermal transients in the riverbed and groundwater–surface water exchange. In this study, surface electrical methods were used as a non-invasive technique to assess the scale and temporal variability of riverbed temperature and groundwater–surface water interaction beneath a sedimentary bedrock riverbed. Conditions were monitored at a semi-daily to semi-weekly interval over a full annual period that included a seasonal freeze–thaw cycle. Surface electromagnetic induction (EMI) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) methods captured conditions beneath the riverbed along a pool–riffle sequence of the Eramosa River in Canada. Geophysical datasets were accompanied by continuous measurements of aqueous specific conductance, temperature, and river stage. Time-lapse vertical temperature trolling within a lined borehole adjacent to the river revealed active groundwater flow zones along fracture networks within the upper 10 m of rock. EMI measurements collected during cooler high-flow and warmer low-flow periods identified a spatiotemporal riverbed response that was largely dependent upon riverbed morphology and seasonal groundwater temperature. Time-lapse ERT profiles across the pool and riffle sequence identified seasonal transients within the upper 2 and 3 m of rock, respectively, with spatial variations controlled by riverbed morphology (pool versus riffle) and dominant surficial rock properties (competent versus weathered rock rubble surface). While the pool and riffle both exhibited a dynamic resistivity through seasonal cooling and warming cycles, conditions beneath the pool were more variable, largely due to the formation of river ice during the winter season. We show that surface electrical resistivity methods have the capacity to detect and resolve electrical resistivity transience beneath a fractured bedrock riverbed in response to porewater temperature and specific conductance fluctuations over a complete annual cycle.
Adam Smith’s irony and the Invisible Hand
Authors: Cremaschi Sergio
Published: June 2017

Describo la teoría de la ironía de Adam Smith y su aplicación. Explico su definición como una combinación de algo “grandioso” con algo “mezquino” y cómo esta es coherente con su epistemología anti-cartesiana y post-escéptica. Sugiero que, según Smith, la aparente plausibilidad de los sistemas de cualquier tipo, desde la física cartesiana hasta el monoteísmo filosófico, la ética estoica y el “sistema mercantil”, es el resultado de alguna enfermedad de la imaginación humana. Sostengo que, en su opinión, la tarea del filósofo en todos los ámbitos, incluyendo la economía política, es parcialmente escéptica y parcialmente irónica. Es decir, luchar contra los sistemas erróneos, mostrando cómo éstos surgen de asociaciones injustificadas entre ideas aparentemente “grandiosas” —digamos, el interés público— con ideas “mezquinas”, por ejemplo el interés egoísta de los comerciantes. En este sentido, el uso de la expresión “mano invisible” resulta ser irónico y, al mismo tiempo, una aplicación de su propia teoría post-escéptica del conocimiento que plantea el objectivo de desmantelar todo tipo de entidades “invisibles” que la imaginación humana tiende a crear.
Mujeres migrantes tejiendo democracia y sororidad desde el asociacionismo. Una aproximación cualitativa e interseccional
Authors: Royo Prieto Raquel , Silvestre Cabrera María , González Estepa Lia , Linares Bahillo Estibaliz , Suarez Errekalde Maialen
Published: June 2017

En las últimas décadas, los estudios realizados desde la perspectiva feminista han cuestionado el uso monolítico de la categoría “mujer” y han mostrado un interés creciente hacia la consideración de otro tipo de desigualdades como la etnia, la nacionalidad o el estrato social. Desde este enfoque –feminista e interseccional–, este estudio centra su atención en las asociaciones de mujeres migrantes de Bizkaia, que constituyen una rica fuente de conocimiento sobre este colectivo. La metodología cualitativa basada en grupos de discusión nos ha permitido acercarnos a la interacción entre desigualdades múltiples que afectan a las vidas de mujeres migrantes y que las sitúa en posiciones particularmente vulnerables. Pero, sobre todo, nos ha permitido reconocer y estudiar estas estructuras como espacios resilientes, capaces de generar estrategias de afrontamiento, sororidad  y participación democrática. Las narrativas de estas mujeres  migrantes hacen visibles los engranajes de múltiples sistemas de dominación, a la vez que desvelan el importante papel que desempeñan ellas y sus asociaciones en la promoción del bienestar, el empoderamiento y la lucha contra las desigualdades múltiples.
La cultura del impacto en la universidad española y la privatización del conocimiento público
Authors: Diez Gutierrez Enrique Javier
Published: June 2017

La comunidad científica en nuestro país está sufriendo grandes presiones para transformar la investigación rigurosa en una loca carrera de la “cultura del impacto y de la citación” para ser valorado y poder promocionar. El motivo fundamental es que este sistema ha asumido la tesis de que el factor de impacto (media de citas que en un año tiene un artículo) defina el valor científico de artículos y revistas.
Potencialidad y viabilidades de los procesos de evaluación por pares abierto: el caso de "Encrucijadas. Revista Crítica de Ciencias Sociales"
Authors: Medina Chirino Dara , García González Juan Manuel , Grande Rafael , Prieto Serrano David
Published: June 2017

Los procesos de evaluación de las revistas académicas y científicas se han transformado en los últimos años debido al incremento tanto del número de revistas como del volumen de artículos recibidos. Además, el uso de internet ha generado un fuerte aperturismo de la ciencia, con cada vez más revistas en acceso abierto. Los equipos editoriales han tenido que adaptarse y decidirse por un modelo de evaluación que se adecue a este nuevo entorno. Dado este contexto, en este artículo se expone el caso particular del sistema de evaluación de Encrucijadas. Revista Crítica de Ciencias Sociales. Esta revista plantea un modelo de evaluación abierta en el que se conozcan tanto autores como evaluadores durante todo el proceso de revisión. Mediante un cuestionario semi-abierto, se analiza cuál fue la percepción sobre ese sistema de evaluación tanto de autores como evaluadores. La conclusión principal es que hay una aceptación del modelo por parte de los dos colectivos, si bien hay ligeras diferencias por edad, sexo y colectivo.
Possible consequences of the sucrose replacement by a fructose-glucose syrup
Authors: Süli Judit , Hamarová Ingrid , Sobeková Anna
Published: June 2017

The fructose-glucose syrup is currently used instead of sucrose in bakery products for economic and technological reasons. The authors investigated the extent to which this change affects the formation of non-enzymatic browning products (Advanced Glycation End - AGE-Products and melanoidins). Formation of these products in model systems - mixtures of various sugars (sucrose, fructose, glucose - concentration 6%) with glycine (concentration 0.7%) or/and lysine (concentration 0.3%), heat-treated 60 - 100 °C for 15, 30, 45 and 60 min, was studied. The formation of AGE products and melanoidins was determined on the basis of absorption at 294 nm (AGE-products) and 420 nm (melanoidins), respectively. The results pointed out notable difference in the AGE-products and also melanoidins formation for a variety of sugars. The reactivity of sucrose was low even at 100 °C/60 min. Fructose and glucose originated a significantly increasing of the non-enzymatic browning products formation. The reactivity of fructose was in the caramelisation and also in Maillard reactions the highest in any combination of composition. Lysine is the most reactive amino acid which takes part in Maillard reactions even if it is bound to protein. The non-enzymatic browning reactions result in the formation of non-digestible cross-linked proteins. Lysine is also the limiting essential amino acid of most cereals. Due to the lysine properties, reduction in protein quality is the most important nutritional effect of Maillard reactions in food. The sucrose replacement by fructose-glucose syrup in bakery products leads to more extensive non-enzymatic browning reactions, i.e. caramelisation and also Maillard reactions, while changes are in the Maillard reaction more pronounced.
Probabilistic Grammar: The view from Cognitive Sociolinguistics
Authors: Claes Jeroen
Published: June 2017

In this paper, I propose that Probabilistic Grammar may benefit from incorporating theoretical insights from Cognitive (Socio)Linguistics. I begin by introducing Cognitive Linguistics. Then, I propose a model of the domain-general cognitive constraints (markedness of coding, statistical preemption, and structural priming) that condition language (variation). Subsequently, three case studies are presented that test the predictions of this model on three distinct alternations in English and Spanish (variable agreement with existential haber, variable agreement with existential there be, and Spanish subject pronoun expression). For each case study, the model generates empirically correct predictions. I conclude that, with the support of Cognitive Sociolinguistics, Probabilistic Grammar may move beyond description towards explanation.  This article is part of the special collection: Probabilistic grammars: Syntactic variation in a comparative perspective
Além do que os olhos podem ver
Authors: Oliveira Celso Fernando Claro de , Vanali Ana Crhistina
Published: June 2017

Editorial
Dominant and Gender-Specific Tendencies in the Use of Discourse Markers: Insights from EFL Learners
Authors: Tavakoli Mahboobeh , Karimnia Amin
Published: June 2017

This study followed two objectives: it primarily investigated the types of discourse markers (DMs) used in thespoken language of Iranian advanced EFL learners, and then explored the possible impact of gender on theparticipants’ use of DMs. To this end, 40 male and female EFL learners selected from an English language instituteparticipated in this study. The data were gathered through class observations. The researchers used Fraser’staxonomy of DMs and Fung’s category of interpersonal DMs as the theoretical framework of the study. To analyzethe data descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Results of the frequency test revealed that “and” was themost commonly used elaborative DM, whereas “but” was the most frequent contrastive DM. “Because” and “by theway” were respectively the only reason and topic-related DMs used by the participants, while “sure” was the mostfrequent interpersonal DM. In addition, results of the chi-square test revealed that learners significantly employedinterpersonal DMs more than the other sub-classes of DMs. Concerning the role of gender in the use of DMs, resultsdemonstrated that females significantly used more DMs compared with the males.
Does competition between soybeans and Wild Poinsettia with low-level resistance or susceptibility to glyphosate affect physiology and secondary metabolism?
Authors: Ulguim André Da Rosa , Agostinetto Dirceu , Oliveira Claudia De , Ruchel Queli , Silva Jessica Dias Gomes da , Vargas Leandro , Avila Luis Antonio
Published: June 2017

The Wild Poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) has elevated potential to reduce the soybean yield and is a difficult to control plant due to herbicide resistance. The objectives of this study were to determine the changes in the photosynthetic physiological parameters, secondary metabolite levels, cellular damage, and antioxidant system activity in soybean plants and Wild Poinsettia biotypes with a low level of resistance or susceptibility to glyphosate in competition with soybeans. Two replacement series experiments were conducted in a greenhouse under competition between soybeans and the low-level resistant biotype (experiment I) or susceptible biotype (experiment II). The treatments consisted of different proportions of soybean plants and Wild Poinsettia [100:0 (pure stand of soybean), 50:50, and 0:100 (pure stand of Wild Poinsettia)] and different evaluation periods (the 2013/14 and 2014/15 growing seasons). The following parameters were analyzed: the chlorophyll, carotenoid (CRT), total phenol, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and lipid peroxidation levels and the catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity. Generally, competition between the soybeans and the Wild Poinsettia biotypes did not alter the photosynthetic parameters or the photosynthetic pigment levels of the crop. For the weed biotypes, competition with the soybeans negatively affected photosynthesis. Greater losses of chlorophylls and CRTs were observed for the susceptible biotype when in competition with soybeans, whereas the opposite trend was observed for the biotype with a low level of resistance. No cellular damage or alterations in antioxidant system enzyme activity was observed, which indicated a lack of oxidative stress.
Critical points and magnitude of impacts on the packing line: effect on ripening and quality of 'Packham's Triumph' pears
Authors: Pasini Josiane , Antoniolli Lucimara Rogéria , Bender Renar João
Published: June 2017

Pears have a very sensitive epidermis and are prone to signal mechanical blemishes, which result in reduced visual quality and low consumer acceptance. The objective of this work was to identify critical points and the magnitude of impact forces on a packing line at a commercial packinghouse. The effect of injuries on ripening and quality of ´Packham´s Triumph´ pears was also evaluated after cold storage. The packing line was scrutinized on its transfer points, fruit drop heights and cushioning overlays, which allowed to acquire the maximum accelerations on each spot. The maximum acceleration forces were reproduced in the lab with ‘Packham’s Triumph’ pears to evaluate the effects on fruit quality after cold storage. Four critical points were noticed on the packing line: at the transfer from the conveyor belt to the lifting rollers, at the transfer from the lifting rollers to the washing ramp with rotatory brushes, at the entrance to the singulator at the end of the conveyor belt and at the drop from the sizer to the packing stalls. Ripening of ‘Packham’s Triumph’ pears invariably came about during cold storage, and independently of the imposed impacts. The impacts under the circumstances of the test did not affect the quality of ´Packham´s Triumph´ pears kept for up to 120 days at cold storage followed by five days at room temperature.