bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal reduction in vitamin D level persists into spring in NSW Australia: implications for monitoring and replacement therapy
Authors: Boyages Steven , Bilinski Kellie
Published: April 2012

Context

Seasonal variation in 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25OHD] status and its relationship to gender, age, socioeconomic and geographic determinants in Australians has not been described in large biomedical sampling cohorts.

Objectives

To analyse 25OHD levels in all primary tests undertaken consecutively in a 2‐year period to determine the prevalence of 25OHD deficiency and its relation to patient setting, gender, age, season, urban or rural residency, socioeconomic status, latitude and longitude.

Design

We assessed 24 819 ambulatory and inpatient samples taken from the largest reference laboratory in NSW, Australia between 01 July 2008 and 30 July 2010.

Main outcome measures

Serum 25OHD was measured using chemiluminescent immunoassay. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25OHD <50 nm.

Results

Median 25OHD was 54 nm ranging from 63 nm in summer to 44 nm in spring and was lowest in inpatient women (49 nm) and highest in ambulatory men (64 nm). Mean 25OHD peaked in January (67 nm) and reached a nadir in August/September (39 nm). During summer, 36% subjects overall had a level below 50 nm, increasing to 58% in spring. The highest prevalence of deficiency occurred in female inpatients (42% in summer and 62% in spring). Factors associated with lower 25OHD included being tested in spring, an inpatient, female, aged 20–39 or >79 years, socioeconomically disadvantaged and from a major city.

Conclusion

This cross‐sectional study demonstrates the extent and duration of 25OHD deficiency is greater than expected, and particular individuals are at higher risk. Our findings imply that supplementation guidelines need to be modified and strengthened.
Monitoring and volumetric estimation of injected CO2 using 4D seismic, petrophysical data, core measurements and well logging: a case study at Ketzin, Germany
Authors: Ivanova Alexandra , Kashubin Artem , Juhojuntti Niklas , Kummerow Juliane , Henninges Jan , Juhlin Christopher , Lüth Stefan , Ivandic Monika
Published: April 2012

More than 50 000 tons of CO2 have been injected at Ketzin into the Stuttgart Formation, a saline aquifer, at approximately 620 m depth, as of summer 2011. We present here results from the 1st repeat 3D seismic survey that was performed at the site in autumn 2009, after about 22 000 tons of CO2 had been injected. We show here that rather complex time‐lapse signatures of this CO2 can be clearly observed within a radius of about 300 m from the injection well. The highly irregular amplitude response within this radius is attributed to the heterogeneity of the injection reservoir. Time delays to a reflection below the injection level are also observed. Petrophysical measurements on core samples and geophysical logging of CO2 saturation levels allow an estimate of the total amount of CO2 visible in the seismic data to be made. These estimates are somewhat lower than the actual amount of CO2 injected at the time of the survey and they are dependent upon the choice of a number of parameters. In spite of some uncertainty, the close agreement between the amount injected and the amount observed is encouraging for quantitative monitoring of a CO2 storage site using seismic methods.
Upstaging of early colorectal cancers following improved lymph node yield after methylene blue injection
Authors: Jepsen Rikke Karlin , Ingeholm Peter , Lund Eva Løbner
Published: April 2012

Jepsen R K, Ingeholm P & Lund E L  (2012) Histopathology 61, 788–794

Upstaging of early colorectal cancers following improved lymph node yield after methylene blue injection

Aims:  To evaluate whether the use of intra‐arterial methylene blue injection improves lymph node yield, and to determine whether a higher lymph node count results in upstaging in colorectal cancer.

Method and results:  We performed a retrospective study of colorectal cancer specimens (n = 234) 1 year after implementation of the method. All colorectal cancer specimens from the previous year served as our control group. Data concerning tumour characteristics, lymph node count, number of positive lymph nodes and success of methylene injection had been prospectively collected in accordance with the department’s ongoing registration. The method was easy to implement and perform with a high rate of success (86%). The number of identified lymph nodes was highly significantly improved in the study group (P < 0.0001). In resections with pT1/T2 tumours, we demonstrated a significant increase in the number of resection specimens containing positive lymph nodes, with an increase in pN1 resections from 9.4% in the control group to 26.7% in the study group (P = 0.04).

Conclusions:  The methylene blue technique significantly improves lymph node identification in colorectal cancer specimens, and the improved lymph node identification leads to upstaging of International Union Against Cancer (UICC) pT1/pT2 cancers.
Comparing virtual with conventional microscopy for the consensus diagnosis of Barrett’s neoplasia in the AspECT Barrett’s chemoprevention trial pathology audit
Authors: Sanders D S A , Grabsch H , Harrison R , Bateman A , Going J , Goldin R , Mapstone N , Novelli M , Walker M M , Jankowski J ,   on behalf of the AspECT trial management group and trial principal investigators
Published: April 2012

Sanders D S A, Grabsch H, Harrison R, Bateman A, Going J, Goldin R, Mapstone N, Novelli M, Walker M M & Jankowski J  (2012) Histopathology 61, 795–800

Comparing virtual with conventional microscopy for the consensus diagnosis of Barrett’s neoplasia in the AspECT Barrett’s chemoprevention trial pathology audit

Aims:  To compare the diagnostic accuracy of conventional versus virtual microscopy for the diagnosis of Barrett’s neoplasia.

Methods and results:  Sixty‐one biopsies from 35 ASPirin Esomeprazole ChemopreventionTrial (AspECT) trial patients were given a Barrett’s neoplasia score (1–5) by a panel of five pathologists using conventional microscopy. Thirty‐three biopsies positive for neoplasia were digitized and rescored blindly by virtual microscopy. Diagnostic reliability was compared between conventional and virtual microscopy using Fleiss’ kappa. There was substantial reliability of diagnostic agreement (κ = 0.712) scoring the 61 biopsies and moderate agreement scoring the subgroup of 33 ‘positive’ biopsies with both conventional microscopy (κ = 0.598) and virtual microscopy (κ = 0.436). Inter‐observer diagnostic agreement between two pathologists by virtual microscopy was substantial (κ = 0.76). Comparison of panel consensus neoplasia scores between conventional and virtual microscopy was almost perfect (κ = 0.8769). However, with virtual microscopy there was lowering of the consensus neoplasia score in nine biopsies.

Conclusions:  Diagnostic agreement with virtual microscopy compares favourably with conventional microscopy in what is recognized to be a challenging area of diagnostic practice. However, this study highlights possible limitations for this method in the primary diagnostic setting.
How can we maximize nursing students’ learning about research evidence and utilization in undergraduate, preregistration programmes? A discussion paper
Authors: Christie Janice , Hamill Conal , Power John
Published: April 2012

Aim.  This article presents a discussion on how to maximize nursing students’ learning about research for evidence‐based practice in undergraduate, preregistration programmes.

Background.  Evidence‐based practice may use information from many sources, including research. Research utilization concerns the translation of research findings into practice. Thus, while evidence‐base practice may not be solely research‐based and hence more than research utilization, research remains an important ingredient in ensuring quality and cost‐effective care and an academic requirement for nursing students undertaking a science degree‐level qualification. Nevertheless, how educators can best support research‐related learning and application remains uncertain and requires discussion.

Data sources.  MEDLINE, CINAHL, Social Science Citation Index, British Nursing Index, and Intute were searched for papers published 1980–2011 using the following search terms: research, research utilization, evidence‐based practice, learning, teaching, education, training, nursing, health, and social care.

Discussion.  Nursing students need to be able to value the relevance, authority, and utility of nursing research for patient care through embedding research learning in both academic and practice‐based settings. Students can be supported in learning how to access, understand, and appraise the authority of research through weaving these skills into enquiry‐based learning. Furthermore, encouraging students to undertake research‐based practice change projects can support research utilization and development skills.

Conclusion.  Research should be fully embedded throughout nursing curricula beyond the confines of ‘research classes’, integrating learning in academic and practice‐based settings. Although this requires synergistic and integrated support of student learning by nurse educators, managers, clinical practitioners, researchers and policymakers; nurse educators have a pivotal role.
Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms: dispersal dynamics in cooperatively breeding southern pied babblers
Authors: Nelson‐Flower Martha J. , Hockey Philip A. R. , O’Ryan Colleen , Ridley Amanda R.
Published: April 2012

1. Breeding with kin can reduce individual fitness through the deleterious effects of inbreeding depression. Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms are expected to have developed in most species, and especially in cooperatively breeding species where individuals may delay dispersal until long after sexual maturity. Such potential mechanisms include sex‐biased dispersal and avoidance of kin known through associative learning.

2. The investigation of inbreeding avoidance through dispersal dynamics can be enhanced by combining fine‐scale population genetic structure data with detailed behavioural observations of wild populations.

3. We investigate possible inbreeding avoidance in a wild population of cooperatively breeding southern pied babblers (Turdoides bicolor). A combination of genetic, geographic and observational data is used to examine fine‐scale genetic structure, dispersal (including sex‐biased dispersal) and inheritance of dominance in cooperatively breeding groups.

4. Unusually, sex‐bias in dispersal distance does not occur. Rather, individuals appear to avoid inbreeding through two routes. First, through dispersal itself: although both males and females disperse locally, they move outside the range within which genetically similar individuals are usually found, going twice as far from natal groups as from non‐natal groups. Second, through avoidance of familiar group members as mates: individuals inherit a dominant position in the natal group only when an unrelated breeding partner is present.

5. This study uses spatial genetic analyses to investigate inbreeding avoidance mechanisms in a cooperative breeder and shows that individuals of both sexes can avoid inbreeding through a dispersal distance mechanism. While it appears that dispersal allows most individuals to move beyond the range of closely related kin, matings may still occur between distant kin. Nevertheless, any costs of breeding with a distant relative may be outweighed by the benefits of local dispersal and the immense fitness gains available from attaining a breeding position.
Computed tomographic assessment of maxillary sinus wall thickness in edentulous patients
Authors: YANG S.‐M. , PARK S.‐I. , KYE S.‐B. , SHIN S.‐Y.
Published: April 2012

Summary  Posterior maxillary region is considered to be the most challenging area for dental implant placement. Lateral window opening is the gold standard procedure for maxillary sinus augmentation in this area. The purpose of this study is to evaluate lateral wall thickness of the maxillary sinus for sinus augmentation using computed tomography (CT) in edentulous patients. Computed tomography images of 302 patients were analysed. Using the maxillary sinus floor as the reference point in edentulous regions, lateral wall thickness was measured on CT scans. After drawing a tangent line at the lowest point of the sinus floor, another perpendicular line to the tangent line was drawn at the same point of the sinus floor. Thickness of the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus was measured using 10DR implant software at 3 (R1), 10 (R2) and 15 mm (R3) from the sinus floor. The mean thickness of the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus from the first premolar to second molar was 1·69 ± 0·71, 1·50 ± 0·72, 1·77 ± 0·78 and 1·89 ± 0·85 mm, respectively. The thickness differed significantly at the R2 and R3 points. Women had thinner lateral walls at the R1 and R2 points at the premolars than did men. At the R2 and R3 points at the second premolar, the mean thickness of smokers was larger than that of non‐smokers. There were no significant differences on age or reasons for tooth loss. The changes in the thickness of the lateral wall at different reference points were observed, and CT examinations may help make lateral window without membrane perforation.
Comprehensive sampling reveals circumpolarity and sympatry in seven mitochondrial lineages of the Southern Ocean crinoid species Promachocrinus kerguelensis (Echinodermata)
Authors: HEMERY L. G. , ELÉAUME M. , ROUSSEL V. , AMÉZIANE N. , GALLUT C. , STEINKE D. , CRUAUD C. , COULOUX A. , WILSON N. G.
Published: April 2012

Sampling at appropriate spatial scales in the Southern Ocean is logistically challenging and may influence estimates of diversity by missing intermediate representatives. With the assistance of sampling efforts especially influenced by the International Polar Year 2007–2008, we gathered nearly 1500 specimens of the crinoid species Promachocrinus kerguelensis from around Antarctica. We used phylogeographic and phylogenetic tools to assess its genetic diversity, demographic history and evolutionary relationships. Six phylogroups (A–F) identified in an earlier study are corroborated here, with the addition of one new phylogroup (E2). All phylogroups are circumpolar, sympatric and eurybathic. The phylogeny of Promachocrinus phylogroups reveals two principal clades that may represent two different cryptic species with contrasting demographic histories. Genetic diversity indices vary dramatically within phylogroups, and within populations, suggesting multiple glacial refugia in the Southern Ocean: on the Kerguelen Plateau, in the East Weddell Sea and the South Shetland Islands (Atlantic sector), and on the East Antarctic continental shelf in the Dumont d’Urville Sea and Ross Sea. The inferences of gene flow vary among the phylogroups, showing discordant spatial patterns. Phylogroup A is the only one found in the Sub‐Antarctic region, although without evident connectivity between Bouvet and Kerguelen populations. The Scotia Arc region shows high levels of connectivity between populations in most of the phylogroups, and barriers to gene flow are evident in East Antarctica.
Heavily male‐biased long‐distance dispersal of orang‐utans (genus: Pongo), as revealed by Y‐chromosomal and mitochondrial genetic markers
Authors: NIETLISBACH PIRMIN , ARORA NATASHA , NATER ALEXANDER , GOOSSENS BENOIT , Van SCHAIK CAREL P. , KRÜTZEN MICHAEL
Published: April 2012

Mating systems are thought to be an important determinant of dispersal strategies in most animals, including the great apes. As the most basal taxon of all great apes, orang‐utans can provide information about the evolution of mating systems and their consequences for population structure in this Family. To assess the sex‐specific population structure in orang‐utans, we used a combination of paternally transmitted Y‐chromosomal genetic markers and maternally transmitted mitochondrial DNA sequences. Markers transmitted through the more philopatric sex are expected to show stronger differentiation among populations than the ones transmitted through the dispersing sex. We studied these patterns using 70 genetic samples from wild orang‐utans from seven Bornean and two Sumatran populations. We found pronounced population structure in haplotype networks of mitochondrial sequence data, but much less so for male‐specific markers. Similarly, mitochondrial genetic differentiation was twice as high among populations compared to Y‐chromosomal variation. We also found that genetic distance increased faster with geographic distance for mitochondrial than for Y‐linked markers, leading to estimates of male dispersal distances that are several‐fold higher than those of females. These findings provide evidence for strong male‐biased dispersal in orang‐utans. The transition to predominantly female‐biased dispersal in the great ape lineage appears to be correlated with life in multimale groups and may reflect the associated fitness benefits of reliable male coalitions with relatives or known partners, a feature that is absent in orang‐utans.
Particle size scales and classification of sediment types based on particle size distributions: Review and recommended procedures
Authors: BLOTT SIMON J. , PYE KENNETH
Published: April 2012

This paper provides a review of different particle size scales, size class terminology and particle size distribution (‘textural’) classification schemes which are widely used in sedimentology, geomorphology, soil science, aquatic ecology and civil engineering. It is concluded that a revised system of size class nomenclature, based on the Udden (1898) and Wentworth (1922) schemes, provides the most logical and consistent framework for use with sediments and a wide range of other particulate materials. A refined scheme is proposed which has five first‐order size classes (boulder, gravel, sand, silt and clay), each of which has five second‐order subdivisions with limits defined at one phi intervals. The scheme is simple and intuitively easy to understand. The paper also provides a review of previous schemes that have been proposed to describe and classify sediments on the basis of the proportions of gravel, sand and mud, or sand, silt and clay using trigons (also termed ternary diagrams). Many of these schemes do not have a logical basis and provide limited or uneven resolution. New gravel, sand and mud and sand, silt and clay classification systems are proposed that are both more logical and provide greater discriminatory power than previous schemes; they are therefore more suitable for use in environmental and forensic investigations. A new Microsoft Excel® program, freely available to download from http://www.kpal.co.uk, allows rapid classification of sediments based on the proportions of gravel, sand and mud and sand, silt and clay proportions and graphical comparison of the data for different sample groups.
The impact of first year adherence to antiretroviral therapy on long‐term clinical and immunological outcomes in the DART trial in Uganda and Zimbabwe
Authors: Kiwuwa‐Muyingo S. , Walker A. S. , Oja H. , Levin J. , Miiro G. , Katabira E. , Kityo C. , Hakim J. , Todd J. ,   the DART Trial Team
Published: April 2012

Objectives  To describe associations between different summaries of adherence in the first year on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the subsequent risk of mortality, to identify patients at high risk because of early adherence behaviour.

Methods  We previously described an approach where adherence behaviour at successive clinic visits during the first year on ART was seen as a Markov chain (MC), and the individually estimated transition probabilities between ‘good’, ‘poor’ and ‘non‐response’ adherence states were used to classify HIV‐infected adults in the DART trial into subgroups with similar behaviour. The impact of this classification and classifications based on traditional ‘averaged’ measures [mean drug possession ratio (DPR) and self‐reported adherence] were compared in terms of their impact on longer‐term mortality over the 2–5 years on ART using Cox proportional hazards models.

Results  Of 2960 participants in follow‐up after 1 year on ART, 29% had never missed pills in the last month and 11% had 100% DPR throughout the first year. The poorest adherers by self‐reported measures were more likely to have only none/primary education (P < 0.01). Being in the poorest adherence subgroup by MC and DPR was independently associated with increased mortality [HR = 1.57 (95% CI 1.02, 2.42); 1.82 (1.32, 2.51) respectively].

Conclusions  Classification based on dynamic adherence behaviour is associated with mortality independently of DPR. The classifications could be useful in understanding adherence, targeting focused interventions and improving longer‐term adherence to therapy.
Morphological Characteristics of the Vallate Papillae of the One‐Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: El Sharaby A. A. , Alsafy M. A. , El‐Gendy S. A. , Wakisaka S.
Published: April 2012

In this study, the morphology of the vallate papillae of camel was investigated using gross, light and scanning electron microscopy as well as immunohistochemistry. Vallate papillae were arranged along an identical line on each side of the lingual torus and revealed remarkable individual differences. However, each papilla – round or flat, small or large, single or paired – was surrounded by a prominent groove and an annular pad. Based on our findings, postnatal development and formation of new papillae occur in camel. Microscopically, taste buds were constantly observed along the medial wall epithelium, and in the papillary wall epithelium on both sides of the secondary groove apparently separating the vallate papillae. In addition, an aggregation of taste buds was occasionally observed at the bottom of the lateral wall epithelium. Using SEM, we observed several pits and microplicae on the surface of papillae as well as distinct taste pores on the peripheral parts of the dorsal surface. We demonstrated immunoreactivity of α‐gustducin only in mature taste buds. We conclude that the morphological features and microstructure of vallate papillae are a characteristic feature in camel compared to other ruminants. These features might have evolved to assist the camel in the manipulation and tasting of thin organic stiff plants that grow in its environment and therefore might have related to the feeding habits of the animal.
Expression and Characterization of Constitutive Heat Shock Protein 70.1 (HSPA‐1A) Gene in In Vitro Produced and In Vivo‐Derived Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Embryos
Authors: Sharma GT , Nath A , Prasad S , Singhal S , Singh N , Gade NE , Dubey PK , Saikumar G
Published: April 2012

Contents

Cells are blessed with a group of stress protector molecules known as heat shock proteins (HSPs), amongst them HSP70, encoded by HSPA‐1A gene, is most abundant and highly conserved protein. Variety of stresses hampers the developmental competence of embryos under in vivo and in vitro conditions. Present work was designed to study the quantitative expression of HSPA‐1A mRNA in immature oocytes (IMO), matured oocytes (MO), in vitro produced (IVP) and in vivo‐derived (IVD) buffalo embryos to assess the level of stress to which embryos are exposed under in vivo and in vitro culture conditions. Further, HSPA‐1A gene sequence was analysed to determine its homology with other mammalian sequences. The mRNA expression analysis was carried out on 72 oocytes (40 IMO; 32 MO), 76 IVP and 55 IVD buffalo embryos. Expression of HSPA‐1A was found in oocytes and throughout the developmental stages of embryos examined irrespective of the embryo source; however, higher (p < 0.05) expression was observed in 8–16 cell, morula and blastocyst stages of IVP embryos as compared to IVD embryos. Phylogenetic analysis of bubaline HSPA‐1A revealed that it shares 91–98% identity with other mammalian sequences. It can be concluded that higher level of HSPA‐1A mRNA in IVP embryos in comparison with in vivo‐derived embryos is an indicator of cellular stress in IVP system. This study suggests need for further optimization of in vitro culture system in which HSPA‐1A gene could be used as a stress biomarker during pre‐implantation development.
Contrast‐induced nephropathy: Protective role of fenoldopam
Authors: Caixeta Adriano , Dogan Ozgen , Weisz Giora
Published: April 2012

Contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) often occurs after contrast media‐related procedures and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The acute renal failure observed after administration of contrast media is usually transient but, in some cases, it can be severe enough to lead to permanent renal damage with life‐long dialysis.

Except for saline hydration, no other treatment has been shown to have a consistent benefit in protecting against CIN. Despite sound physiological and pharmacological bases, intravenous infusion of fenoldopam does not prevent CIN.

Initial studies have shown the safety of and favourable results with direct infusion of fenoldopam into the renal arteries using the Benephit renal infusion system (FlowMedica‐AngioDynamics, Latham, NY, USA). These results are encouraging and suggest that intrarenal delivery of fenoldopam has an advantage in patients with a high risk of developing CIN.

A randomized controlled study comparing intrarenal fenoldopam with placebo is warranted.
Systematics and diversification of Praomys species (Rodentia: Muridae) endemic to the Cameroon Volcanic Line (West Central Africa)
Authors: Missoup Alain D. , Nicolas Violaine , Wendelen Wim , Keming Ernest , Bilong Bilong Charles F. , Couloux Arnaud , Atanga Ekobo , Hutterer Rainer , Denys Christiane
Published: April 2012

Missoup, A.D., Nicolas, V., Wendelen, W., Keming, E., Bilong Bilong, C.F., Couloux, A., Atanga, E., Hutterer, R. & Denys, C. (2012). Systematics and diversification of Praomys species (Rodentia: Muridae) endemic to the Cameroon Volcanic Line (West Central Africa). —Zoologica Scripta, 41, 327–345.

Our integrative approach combines two mitochondrial genes (16S and cyt b gene), two nuclear genes (exon 10 GHR and exon 1 IRBP) and craniometrical data to test the status and to infer phylogenetic relationships of the three Praomys Cameroon Volcanic Line endemics (P. hartwigi, P. morio and P. obscurus). The taxonomic rank of the principal genus group is assessed and the mode of diversification of species of the P. tullbergi complex in Afrotropical forests is discussed based on estimates of times to the most recent common ancestors and on tree topologies. This study documents for the first time the molecular and morphometrical distinctiveness of P. hartwigi and P. morio within the P. tullbergi species complex. Further studies including specimens of P. hartwigi from all its distribution range are needed to conclude on the status of P. obscurus. The monophyly of the genus Praomys is refuted. Times to the most recent common ancestors of major clades within the P. tullbergi species complex are estimated for the last 2.5 Mya and during the last 1 or 2 Mya for different species or forms. The lowland forest refuge hypothesis might well explain the diversification of P. misonnei, P. rostratus and P. tullbergi in the guineo‐congolese forest block. The isolation of montane forests could have facilitated the divergence between the two montane forest forms P. hartwigi and P. obscurus and between populations of P. morio from the continent and those from the island of Bioko. Praomys populations (species) that inhabit the Cameroon Volcanic Line Praomys probably originated as lowland forms subsequently specialized to highland conditions.
Biogeographic constraints on the world‐wide leaf economics spectrum
Authors: Heberling J. Mason , Fridley Jason D.
Published: April 2012

Aim  The world‐wide leaf economic spectrum (LES) describes tight coordination of leaf traits across global floras, reported to date as being largely independent of phylogeny and biogeography. Here, we present and test an alternative, historical perspective that predicts that biogeography places significant constraints on global trait evolution. These hypothesized constraints could lead to important deviations in leaf trait relationships between isolated floras that were influenced by different magnitudes of genetic constraint and selection.

Location  Global, including floristic regions of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, eastern North America, East Asia (EAS), the Hawaiian Islands and tropical mainland floras.

Methods  We use a large leaf‐trait database (GLOPNET) and species native distribution data to test for variation in leaf trait relationships modulated by floristic region, controlling for climatic differences. Standardized major axis analyses were used to evaluate biogeographic effects on bivariate relationships between LES traits, including relationships of photosynthetic capacity and dark respiration rate (Amass–Rd‐mass), leaf lifespan and mass per area ratio (LL–LMA), and photosynthetic capacity and nitrogen content (Amass–Nmass).

Results  Independent of climate or biome, floras of different evolutionary histories exhibited different leaf trait allometries. Floras of the Northern Hemisphere exhibited greater rates of return on resource investment (steeper slopes for the trait relationships analysed), and the more diverse temperate EAS flora exhibited greater slopes or intercepts in leaf trait relationships, with the exception of the Amass–Nmass relationship. In contrast to our hypothesis, plants of the floristically isolated Hawaiian Islands exhibited a similar Amass–Nmass relationship to those of mainland tropical regions.

Main conclusions  Differences in leaf trait allometries among global floristic regions support a historical perspective in understanding leaf trait relationships and suggest that independent floras can exhibit different tradeoffs in resource capture strategies.
Banking Nature? The Spectacular Financialisation of Environmental Conservation
Authors: Sullivan Sian
Published: April 2012

Abstract: In this paper I emphasise the financialisation of environmental conservation as 1. the turning of financiers to conservation parameters as a new frontier for investment, and 2. the rewriting of conservation practice and nonhuman worlds in terms of banking and financial categories. I introduce financialisation as a broadly controlling impetus with relevance for environmental conservation. I then note ways in which a spectacular investment frontier in conservation is being opened. I highlight the draw of assertions of lucrative gains, combined with notions of geographical substitutability, in creating tradable indicators of environmental health and harm. I disaggregate financialisation strategies into four categories—nature finance, nature work, nature banking and nature derivatives—and assess their implications. The concluding section embraces Marx and Foucault as complementary thinkers in understanding the transforming intensifications of late capitalism in environmental conservation, and diagnosing their associated effects and costs.
Introduction: Political Opposition in a Multi-Level Context
Authors: McEwen Nicola , Swenden Wilfried , Bolleyer Nicole
Published: April 2012

This short introduction sets out the rationale for the special issue. It introduces the concepts of intergovernmental relations (IGR) and party political incongruence which are central to the analyses contained in the issue. It considers the nature and form of intergovernmental relations in the early years of devolution, under conditions of predominant party congruence in the composition of the central and sub-state governments. It then develops the hypothesised relationship between party political incongruence and intergovernmental relations, focusing on the nature and structure of IGR. It introduces the key questions to be addressed in the issue and each of the subsequent contributions which explore this relationship in greater depth.
The Civil Service and Intergovernmental Relations in the Post-Devolution UK
Authors: Parry Richard
Published: April 2012

The civil service, as an ‘apolitical’ actor, may supply a significant facilitating role in intergovernmental relations. This is especially the case in the UK, where even the most senior civil servants are not politically appointed and remain in office when their political masters change party colours. Furthermore, civil servants who work for the Scottish or Welsh governments are part of a unified (British) Home Civil Service. As such they have been socialised in and respect similar operating procedures, which also encompass Northern Ireland despite its independent civil service. These factors have contributed to oil (lubricate) and glue (hold together) intergovernmental relations. Experience since 1999 is of a civil service accommodating well to various kinds of party incongruity and of working successfully with nationalists in government. The unified service seems well-entrenched, including in a 2010 UK statute, and relationships at official level on financial matters have become particularly important in times of austerity. In the longer term the ‘interdepartmental’ mode of working may be harder to sustain as operating procedures set up in a path-dependent way from before 1999 erode as more civil servants are externally recruited and contact with Whitehall departments is reduced. It is even possible to envisage a reversal of attitude in which the devolved administrations value the civil service link to Whitehall more than does the UK government.
THE EFFECT OF GOVERNMENT SPENDING ON ECONOMIC GROWTH: TESTING THE NON‐LINEAR HYPOTHESIS
Authors: Christie Tamoya
Published: April 2012

Theoretical models suggest a non‐linear relationship between government size and long‐run economic growth. However, testing this hypothesis empirically in cross‐country studies is complicated by the endogeneity of government spending and the accurate identification of inflexion points. This paper examines the non‐linear hypothesis by incorporating threshold analysis in a cross‐country growth regression. The methodology utilizes a sample‐splitting framework and follows an objective strategy for identifying and testing changes in the slope. The results provide evidence in support of the non‐linear hypothesis for a broad panel of countries.
Longitudinal Antecedents of Executive Function in Preschoolers
Authors: Conway Anne , Stifter Cynthia A.
Published: April 2012

Despite an extensive history underscoring the role of social processes and child contributions to the development of executive functions (C. Lewis & J. Carpendale, 2009; L. S. Vygotsky, 1987), research on these relations is sparse. To address this gap, 68 mother–child dyads were examined to determine whether maternal attention‐directing behaviors (attention maintaining, attention redirection) and toddlers’ temperament predicted executive processes during preschool (mean age = 4.5 years, SD = 0.46)—delay and conflict inhibition. Maternal attention maintaining was associated with high levels of conflict inhibition for inhibited and exuberant children, whereas attention redirection was associated with low levels of delay and conflict inhibition for inhibited children. Therefore, maternal attention‐directing behaviors may enhance the development of executive functions but only for children with inhibited and exuberant temperaments.
Integrating Multiple Social Statuses in Health Disparities Research: The Case of Lung Cancer
Authors: Williams David R. , Kontos Emily Z. , Viswanath K. , Haas Jennifer S. , Lathan Christopher S. , MacConaill Laura E. , Chen Jarvis , Ayanian John Z.
Published: April 2012

Objective

To illustrate the complex patterns that emerge when race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and gender are considered simultaneously in health care disparities research and to outline the needed research to understand them by using disparities in lung cancer risks, treatment, and outcomes as an example.

Principal Findings

SES, gender, and race/ethnicity are social categories that are robust predictors of variations in health and health services utilization. These are usually considered separately, but intersectionality theory indicates that the impact of each depends on the others. Each reflects historically and culturally contingent variations in social, economic, and political status. Distinct patterns of risk and resilience emerge at the intersections of multiple social categories and shape the experience of health, health care access, utilization, quality, and outcomes where these categories intersect. Intersectional approaches call for greater attention to understand social processes at multiple levels of society and require the collection of relevant data and utilization of appropriate analytic approaches to understand how multiple risk factors and resources combine to affect the distribution of disease and its management.

Conclusions

Understanding how race/ethnicity, gender, and SES are interactive, interdependent, and social identities can provide new knowledge to enhance our efforts to effectively address health disparities.
Chondroprotective and anti‐inflammatory role of melanocortin peptides in TNF‐α activated human C‐20/A4 chondrocytes
Authors: Kaneva Magdalena K , Kerrigan Mark JP , Grieco Paolo , Curley G Paul , Locke Ian C , Getting Stephen J
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Melanocortin MC1 and MC3 receptors, mediate the anti‐inflammatory effects of melanocortin peptides. Targeting these receptors could therefore lead to development of novel anti‐inflammatory therapeutic agents. We investigated the expression of MC1 and MC3 receptors on chondrocytes and the role of α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) and the selective MC3 receptor agonist, [DTRP8]‐γ‐MSH, in modulating production of inflammatory cytokines, tissue‐destructive proteins and induction of apoptotic pathway(s) in the human chondrocytic C‐20/A4 cells.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Effects of α‐MSH, [DTRP8]‐γ‐MSH alone or in the presence of the MC3/4 receptor antagonist, SHU9119, on TNF‐α induced release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, MMPs, apoptotic pathway(s) and cell death in C‐20/A4 chondrocytes were investigated, along with their effect on the release of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10.

KEY RESULTS

C‐20/A4 chondrocytes expressed functionally active MC1,3 receptors. α‐MSH and [DTRP8]‐γ‐MSH treatment, for 30 min before TNF‐α stimulation, provided a time‐and‐bell‐shaped concentration‐dependent decrease in pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐8) release and increased release of the chondroprotective and anti‐inflammatory cytokine, IL‐10, whilst decreasing expression of MMP1, MMP3, MMP13 genes.α‐MSH and [DTRP8]‐γ‐MSH treatment also inhibited TNF‐α‐induced caspase‐3/7 activation and chondrocyte death. The effects of [DTRP8]‐γ‐MSH, but not α‐MSH, were abolished by the MC3/4 receptor antagonist, SHU9119.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

Activation of MC1/MC3 receptors in C‐20/A4 chondrocytes down‐regulated production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and cartilage‐destroying proteinases, inhibited initiation of apoptotic pathways and promoted release of chondroprotective and anti‐inflammatory cytokines. Developing small molecule agonists to MC1/MC3 receptors could be a viable approach for developing chondroprotective and anti‐inflammatory therapies in rheumatoid and osteoarthritis.
Dyeing of woven polyester fabric with curcumin: effect of dye concentrations and surface pre‐activation using air atmospheric plasma and ultraviolet excimer treatment
Authors: Kerkeni Ahmed , Behary Nemeshwaree , Perwuelz Anne , Gupta Deepti
Published: April 2012

Dyeing of polyester fabric with curcumin was studied at 90 and 130 °C without and with a prior surface activation of polyester fabric using two different ecotechnologies: air atmospheric plasma treatment and ultraviolet excimer lamp at 172 nm. Without surface activation, dyeing with curcumin followed classical disperse dye behaviour, with higher dye uptake at 130 °C than at 90 °C, and saturation was readily reached at 2% dye owf at 130 °C with a colour yield of 22. Surface‐sorbed curcumin molecules extracted with ethanol seemed to increase the colour yield values at 90 °C dyeing, while at 130 °C they decreased the colour yield values. When dyeing was carried out after a prior surface activation of the polyester fabrics, increased colour yield was observed at both dyeing temperatures for the ultraviolet excimer lamp only (with colour yield increasing from 2 to 10 at 90 °C and from 22 to 28 at 130 °C for a 2% dye owf). Indeed, both surface activation methods yielded hydrophilic species at the polyester fabric fibre surface, which were confirmed by water contact angle, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements and atomic force microscopy. However, the surface of the polyester fabric activated using plasma lost all of its hydrophilic species, reaching the water contact angle of untreated polyester when subjected to the dyeing conditions. The excimer treatment yields hydrophilic species that are more resistant to high temperature and pressure dyeing.
CALCIUM RELEASE FROM INTRACELLULAR STORES IS NECESSARY FOR THE PHOTOPHOBIC RESPONSE IN THE BENTHIC DIATOM NAVICULA PERMINUTA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: McLachlan Deirdre H. , Underwood Graham J. C. , Taylor Alison R. , Brownlee Colin
Published: April 2012

Complex photoreceptor pathways exist in algae to exploit light as a sensory stimulus. Previous studies have implicated calcium in blue‐light signaling in plants and algae. A photophobic response to high‐intensity blue light was characterized in the marine benthic diatom Navicula perminuta (Grunow) in van Heurck. Calcium modulators were used to determine the involvement of calcium in the signaling of this response, and the fluorescent calcium indicator Calcium Crimson was used to image changes in intracellular [Ca2+] during a response. A localized, transient elevation of Calcium Crimson fluorescence was seen at the cell tip at the time of cell reversal. Intracellular calcium release inhibitors produced a significant decrease in the population photophobic response. Treatments known to decrease influx of extracellular calcium had no effect on the population photophobic response but did cause a significant decrease in average cell speed. As the increase in intracellular [Ca2+] at the cell tip corresponded to the time of direction change rather than the onset of the light stimulus, it would appear that Ca2+ constitutes a component of the switching mechanism that leads to reversal of the locomotion machinery. Our current evidence suggests that the source of this Ca2+ is intracellular.
What Protects Rejected Adolescents From Also Being Bullied by Their Peers? The Moderating Role of Peer‐Valued Characteristics
Authors: Knack Jennifer M. , Tsar Vasilinka , Vaillancourt Tracy , Hymel Shelley , McDougall Patricia
Published: April 2012

Adolescents rejected by peers are often targets of bullying. However, peer rejection is not a sure path to victimization. We examined whether characteristics valued by peers (i.e., attractiveness, wealth, academic, and athletic ability) moderated the relationship between peer rejection and victimization. We predicted rejected adolescents high on peer‐valued characteristics (PVCs) would receive fewer nominations for being victimized than adolescents with lower levels. Canadian students in Grades 6–10 (N = 549; Mage = 13.32, SD = 1.50) provided peer nominations for peer victimization, rejection, attractiveness, wealth, and academic and athletic competence. As hypothesized, each PVC moderated the relationship between peer rejection and peer victimization. No sex differences were found. This study demonstrates the buffering effects of nonbehavioral characteristics valued by peers.
Recent Firing Range Suicides in South Australia
Authors: Austin Amy E. , van den Heuvel Corinna , Heath Karen , Gilbert John D. , Byard Roger W.
Published: April 2012

Abstract:  Two cases are reported from South Australia, where deaths occurred that were due to single self‐inflicted gunshot wounds to the head in individuals who were visiting indoor firearm ranges. Case 1: A 54‐year‐old man visiting an indoor firing range placed a .357 magnum handgun to his head and fired one shot. Case 2: A 23‐year‐old woman who was being instructed in firearm usage at an indoor firing range placed a 9 mm handgun to her head and fired one shot. In both cases, deaths were due to cerebral laceration with skull fracture. Firing ranges may be utilized by individuals who are seeking weapons for suicide attempts, and suicide may be successfully undertaken at such locations even while a victim is under direct supervision. In jurisdictions, where firearm ownership is strictly legislated, it may be that clubs can inadvertently provide access to firearms for this type of activity.
Sequential technology implementation, network externalities, and risk: the case of automatic milking systems
Authors: Sauer Johannes , Zilberman David
Published: April 2012

Using random effects and mixed effects probit regression techniques, this empirical study investigates factors for technology adoption at the firm level. We account for problems of sequential technology implementation and behavior identification. Results underscore the importance of risks faced by the agents, the effects of network externalities and peer‐group learning, and the positive influence of previous firm‐specific innovation experiences.
Identification and functional screening of microRNAs highly deregulated in colorectal cancer
Authors: Faltejskova Petra , Svoboda Marek , Srutova Klara , Mlcochova Jitka , Besse Andrej , Nekvindova Jana , Radova Lenka , Fabian Pavel , Slaba Katerina , Kiss Igor , Vyzula Rostislav , Slaby Ondrej
Published: April 2012

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a robust regulatory network with post‐transcriptional regulatory efficiency for almost one half of human coding genes, including oncogenes and tumour suppressors. We determined the expression profile of 667 miRNAs in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and paired non‐tumoural tissues and identified 42 differentially expressed miRNAs. We chose miR‐215, miR‐375, miR‐378, miR‐422a and miR‐135b for further validation on an independent cohort of 125 clinically characterized CRC patients and for in vitro analyses. MiR‐215, miR‐375, miR‐378 and miR‐422a were significantly decreased, whereas miR‐135b was increased in CRC tumour tissues. Levels of miR‐215 and miR‐422a correlated with clinical stage. MiR‐135b was associated with higher pre‐operative serum levels of CEA and CA19‐9. In vitro analyses showed that ectopic expression of miR‐215 decreases viability and migration, increases apoptosis and promotes cell cycle arrest in DLD‐1 and HCT‐116 colon cancer cell lines. Similarly, overexpression of miR‐375 and inhibition of miR‐135b led to decreased viability. Finally, restoration of miR‐378, miR‐422a and miR‐375 inhibited G1/S transition. These findings indicate that miR‐378, miR‐375, miR‐422a and miR‐215 play an important role in CRC as tumour suppressors, whereas miR‐135b functions as an oncogene; both groups of miRNA contribute to CRC pathogenesis.
The mitigation effects of exogenous melatonin on salinity‐induced stress in Malus hupehensis
Authors: Li Chao , Wang Ping , Wei Zhiwei , Liang Dong , Liu Changhai , Yin Lihua , Jia Dongfeng , Fu Mingyang , Ma Fengwang
Published: April 2012

Abstract:  As an indoleamine molecule, melatonin mediates many physiological processes in plants. We investigated its role in regulating growth, ion homeostasis, and the response to oxidative stress in Malus hupehensis Rehd. under high‐salinity conditions. Stressed plants had reduced growth and a marked decline in their net photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll contents. However, pretreatment with 0.1 μm melatonin significantly alleviated this growth inhibition and enabled plants to maintain an improved photosynthetic capacity. The addition of melatonin also lessened the amount of oxidative damage brought on by salinity, perhaps by directly scavenging H2O2 or enhancing the activities of antioxidative enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and peroxidase. We also investigated whether melatonin might control the expression of ion‐channel genes under salinity. Here, MdNHX1 and MdAKT1 were greatly up‐regulated in the leaves, which possibly contributed to the maintenance of ion homeostasis and, thus, improved salinity resistance in plants exposed to exogenous melatonin.