bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward relaxed eddy accumulation measurements of sediment‐water exchange in aquatic ecosystems
Authors: Lemaire Bruno J. , Noss Christian , Lorke Andreas
Published: August 2017

Solute transport across the sediment‐water interface has major implications for water quality and biogeochemical cycling in aquatic ecosystems. Existing measurement techniques, however, are not capable of resolving sediment‐water fluxes of most constituents under in situ flow conditions. We investigated whether relaxed eddy accumulation (REA), a micrometeorological technique with conditional sampling of turbulent updrafts and downdrafts, can be adapted to the aquatic environment. We simulated REA fluxes by reanalyzing eddy covariance measurements from a riverine lake. We found that the empirical coefficient that relates mass fluxes to the concentration difference between both REA samples is invariant with scalar and flow and responds as predicted by a joint Gaussian distribution of linearly correlated variables. Simulated REA fluxes differed on average by around 30% from eddy covariance fluxes (mean absolute error). Assessment of the lower quantification limit suggests that REA can potentially be applied for measuring benthic fluxes of a new range of constituents that cannot be assessed by standard eddy covariance methods.
Sensitivity of array detector measurements in determining shifts of MLC leaf positions
Authors: Shang Qingyang , Godley Andrew , Huang Long , Qi Peng , Xia Ping
Published: August 2017

Using a MatriXX 2D ionization chamber array, we evaluated the detection sensitivity of systematically introduced MLC leaf positioning shifts to test whether the conventional IMRT QA method can be used for quality assurance of an MLC tracking algorithm. Because of finite special resolution, we first tested whether the detection sensitivity was dependent of the locations of leaf shifts and positions of ionization chambers. We then introduced the same systematic leaf shifts in two clinical intensity modulated radiotherapy plans (prostate and head and neck cancer). Our results reported differences between the measured planar doses with and without MLC shifts (errors). Independent of the locations of the leaf position shifts and positions of the detectors, for the simple rectangular fields, the MatriXX was able to detect ±2 mm MLC leaf positioning shifts with Gamma index of 3%/3 mm and ±1 mm MLC leaf position shifts with Gamma index of 2%/2 mm. For the clinical plans, measuring the fields individually, leaf positioning shifts of ±2 mm were detected using Gamma index of 3%/3 mm and a passing rate of 95%. When the fields were measured compositely, the Gamma index exhibited less sensitivity for the detection of leaf positioning shifts than when the fields were measured individually. In conclusion, if more than 2 mm MLC leaf shifts were required, the commercial detector array (MatriXX) is able to detect such MLC positioning shifts, otherwise a more sensitive quality assurance method should be used.
Nanoscale Optoregulation of Neural Stem Cell Differentiation by Intracellular Alteration of Redox Balance
Authors: Hassanpour‐Tamrin Sara , Taheri Hossein , Mahdi Hasani‐Sadrabadi Mohammad , Hamed Shams Mousavi S. , Dashtimoghadam Erfan , Tondar Mahdi , Adibi Ali , Moshaverinia Alireza , Sanati Nezhad Amir , Jacob Karl I.
Published: August 2017

Regulation of stem cell (SC) fate, a decision between self‐renewal and differentiation, is of immense importance in regenerative medicine and has been proven to be a powerful stimulus regulating many cell functions influencing the SC fate. This study uses triphenylphosphonium‐functionalized gold nanoparticles (TPP‐AuNPs) to explore the interplay of intracellular electromagnetic (EM) exposure and the SC fate. Localized EM waves are generated inside neural stem cells (NSCs) to stimulate TPP‐AuNPs (AuNPs), targeting the mitochondria through inducing reactive oxygen species and differentiating these cells into neurons. Following laser irradiation of TPP‐AuNPs‐transfected NSCs, their differentiation to neurons is monitored by tracing the relevant markers both at the genetic and protein levels. The electrophysiology technique is further used to examine the functionality of neurons. The results confirm that TPP‐AuNPs subjected to electromotive forces have the potential to regulate cellular fate, although further investigations are still required to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the interaction of EM‐stimulated TPP‐AuNPs on cellular fate to design highly adjustable cell differentiation and reprogramming methods.
Efficacy of daratumumab‐based therapies in patients with relapsed, refractory multiple myeloma treated outside of clinical trials
Authors: Lakshman Arjun , Abeykoon Jithma P. , Kumar Shaji K. , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Dingli David , Buadi Francis K. , Gonsalves Wilson I. , Leung Nelson , Dispenzieri Angela , Kourelis Taxiarchis V. , Go Ronald S. , Lacy Martha Q. , Hobbs Miriam A. , Lin Yi , Warsame Rahma , Lust John , Fonder Amie L. , Hwa Yi L. , Hayman Suzanne R. , Russell Stephen J. , Kyle Robert A. , Gertz Morie A. , Kapoor Prashant
Published: August 2017

Outside of clinical trials, experience with daratumumab‐based combination therapies (DCTs) using bortezomib (V)/lenalidomide (R)/pomalidomide (P), and dexamethasone (d) in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) is limited. We reviewed the outcomes of 126 patients who received ≥ 1 cycle of any DCT. Median age at DCT initiation was 67 (range, 43‐93) years. High‐risk cytogenetics was present in 33% patients. Median number of prior therapies was 4 (range, 1‐14) and time to first DCT from diagnosis was 4.3 years (range, 0.4‐13.0). Seventeen (13%) patients were refractory to single agent daratumumab. Fifty‐two (41%), 34 (27%), 23 (18%), and 17 (14%) received DPd, DRd, DVd and “other” DCTs, respectively. Overall response rate was 47%. Median follow‐up was 5.5 months (95% CI, 4.2‐6.1). Median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 5.5 months (95% CI, 4.2‐7.8). Median overall survival was not reached (NR) with any regimen. Median PFS (months) was worst for penta‐refractory MM (n = 8) vs quadruple refractory MM (n = 18) and others (n = 100) (2.2 [95% CI, 1‐2.4] vs 3.1 [95% CI, 2.1‐NR] vs 5.9 [95% CI, 5.0‐NR]; P < .001); those who were refractory to ≥1 agents used in the DCT vs others (4.9 [95% CI, 3.1‐6.0] vs 8.2 [95% CI, 4.6‐NR]; P = .02); and those who received >2 prior therapies vs others (5.0 months [95% CI, 3.7‐5.9] vs NR [95% CI, NR‐NR]; P = .002). Non‐hematologic toxicities included infections (38%), fatigue (32%), and infusion reactions (18%). Grade 3 or higher hematological toxicities were seen in 41% of patients. DCTs are effective in RRMM. ORR and PFS in heavily pretreated patients are lower than those reported in clinical trials.
Cryosurgical posterior nasal tissue ablation for the treatment of rhinitis
Authors: Hwang Peter H. , Lin Bryant , Weiss Raymond , Atkins James , Johnson Jacob
Published: August 2017

Background

Endoscopic posterior nasal nerve (PNN) resection has been described as an efficacious surgical treatment of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, but the requirement for surgery under general anesthesia has limited its acceptance. We report the first series of patients treated for chronic rhinitis using a novel device designed for office‐based cryosurgical ablation of the PNN.

Methods

Twenty‐seven patients with chronic rhinorrhea and/or nasal congestion for >3 months were recruited (allergic or nonallergic rhinitis), with minimum rhinorrhea and/or congestion subscores of 2 as part of the Total Nasal Symptom Score [TNSS]). Under local anesthesia, the cryotherapy device was applied endoscopically to the posterior middle meatus and was used to freeze the PNN region bilaterally. Patients were followed up after 7, 30, 90, 180, and 365 days to assess TNSS.

Results

The procedure was successfully completed in 100% of patients, with no complications; 74% reported no or mild discomfort by the first postprocedure day. TNSS was reduced significantly at 30 days (mean ± standard deviation: 6.2 ± 0.5 at baseline, 2.6 ± 0.3 at 30 days, n = 27, p < 0.001), with continued reduction at 90 (2.7 ± 0.4, n = 24, p < 0.001), 180 (2.3 ± 0.5, n = 21, p < 0.001), and 365 days (1.9 ± 0.3, n = 15, p < 0.001). Both rhinorrhea and congestion subscores decreased significantly at 30, 90, 180, and 365 days compared to baseline (p < 0.001). Allergic and nonallergic subcohorts both appeared to benefit from treatment.

Conclusion

Office‐based cryotherapy of the PNN region is safe and well tolerated. Symptom scores were significantly decreased by 7 days postprocedure and remained lower at 30, 90, 180, and 365 days.
Rhinology‐specific priority setting for quality improvement: a modified Delphi study from the Quality Improvement Committee of the American Rhinologic Society
Authors: Rudmik Luke , Mattos Jose L. , Stokken Janalee K. , Soler Zachary M. , Manes R. Peter , Higgins Thomas S. , Setzen Michael , Lee Jivianne , Schneider John
Published: August 2017

Background

Improving the quality of healthcare is a complex and resource intensive process. To optimize the allocation of scarce resources, quality improvement (QI) should focus on high‐value diseases that will produce the largest improvement in health system performance. Given the breadth and multidisciplinary nature of sinonasal disease management, the purpose of this study was to transparently develop a prioritized list of sinonasal diseases for QI from the perspective of the specialty of rhinology and the American Rhinologic Society (ARS).

Methods

The RAND modified Delphi methodology was used to rank the priority of nine sinonasal disease categories from 1 (lowest priority) to 9 (highest priority). Two rounds of ranking along with a teleconference meeting was performed by a panel of 9 experts from the ARS Quality Improvement Committee.

Results

The final QI‐prioritized list of sinonasal diseases are as follows: chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) (mean score = 8.9), recurrent acute rhinosinusitis (RARS) (mean score = 7.9), sinonasal neoplasms (mean score = 7.0), anatomic nasal obstruction (mean score = 5.9), refractory epistaxis (mean score = 5.2), complicated acute rhinosinusitis (mean score = 5.2), chronic nonallergic rhinitis (mean score = 4.4), orbital disease (mean score = 4.3), uncomplicated acute rhinosinusitis (mean score = 4.1), and allergy/allergic rhinitis (mean score = 3.7).

Conclusion

The three most important disease categories for QI from the perspective of the specialty of rhinology were CRS, RARS, and sinonasal neoplasms. Future studies need to define and validate quality metrics for each of these important disease categories in order to facilitate appropriate measurement and improvement initiatives.
Steering Surface Reaction Dynamics with a Self‐Assembly Strategy: Ullmann Coupling on Metal Surfaces
Authors: Zhou Xiong , Wang Chenguang , Zhang Yajie , Cheng Fang , He Yang , Shen Qian , Shang Jian , Shao Xiang , Ji Wei , Chen Wei , Xu Guoqin , Wu Kai
Published: August 2017

Ullmann coupling of 4‐bromobiphenyl thermally catalyzed on Ag(111), Cu(111), and Cu(100) surfaces was scrutinized by scanning tunneling microscopy as well as theoretical calculations. Detailed experimental evidence showed that initial formation of organometallic intermediates on the surface, as self‐assembled structures or sparsely dispersed species, is determined by the subsequent reaction pathway. Specifically, the assembled organometallic intermediates at full coverage underwent a single‐barrier process to directly convert into the final coupling products, while the sparsely dispersed intermediates at low coverage went through a double‐barrier process via newly identified clover‐shaped intermediates prior to formation of the final coupling products. These findings demonstrate that a self‐assembly strategy can efficiently steer surface reaction pathways and dynamics.
Selective Palladium‐Catalyzed Allenic C−H Bond Oxidation for the Synthesis of [3]Dendralenes
Authors: Qiu Youai , Posevins Daniels , Bäckvall Jan‐E.
Published: August 2017

A highly selective palladium‐catalyzed allenic C−H bond oxidation was developed, and it provides a novel and straightforward synthesis of [3]dendralene derivatives. A variety of [3]dendralenes with diverse substitution patterns are accessible with good efficiency and high stereoselectivity. The reaction tolerates a broad substrate scope containing various functional groups on the allene moiety, including ketone, aldehyde, ester, and phenyl groups. Also, a wide range of olefins with both electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing aryls, acrylate, sulfone, and phosphonate groups are tolerated.
A sensitive surface‐enhanced Raman scattering method for chondroitin sulfate with Victoria blue 4R molecular probes in nanogold sol substrate
Authors: Luo Yanghe , Wang Xiaoliang , Liu Qingye , Liang Aihui , He Xingcun , Jiang Zhiliang
Published: August 2017

Using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as the nanocatalyst, l‐cysteine rapidly reduced HAuCl4 to make a stable gold nanoparticle sol (Ag/AuNP) that had a high surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity in the presence of Victoria blue 4R (VB4r) molecular probes. Under the selected conditions, chondroitin sulfate (Chs) reacted with the VB4r probes to form associated complexes that caused the SERS effect to decrease to 1618 cm−1. The decreased SERS intensity was linear to the Chs concentration in the range 3.1–500 ng/ml, with a detection limit of 1.0 ng/ml Chs. Accordingly, we established a simple and sensitive SERS quantitative analysis method to determine Chs in real samples, with a relative standard deviation of 1.47–3.16% and a recovery rate of 97.6–104.2%.
Deferred or immediate stent implantation for primary percutaneous coronary intervention: A meta‐analysis of randomized trials
Authors: Mahmoud Ahmed N. , Saad Marwan , Elgendy Akram Y. , Mentias Amgad , Elgendy Islam Y.
Published: August 2017

Objectives

To perform a meta‐analysis of randomized trials comparing a deferred versus immediate stenting strategy for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Background

Deferred stent implantation has emerged as a potential strategy aiming to reduce the thrombus burden and improve micro‐vascular reperfusion during primary PCI.

Methods

Electronic databases were searched for randomized trials that compared a deferred stent implantation versus immediate stent implantation strategy in patients undergoing primary PCI. Random effects risk ratios (RR) were estimated for the outcomes of interest.

Results

Four trials with 1,570 patients were included. A deferred stent implantation strategy was associated with a lower incidence of no‐/slow reflow (RR 0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.24‐0.96), and improved myocardial blush grade 3 (RR 1.42, 95% CI 1.14–1.77). At a mean follow up of 34 ± 15 months, both strategies were associated with a similar risk of all‐cause mortality (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.58–1.24), cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.48–1.45), reinfarction (RR 1.54, 95% CI 0.43–5.49), and stent thrombosis (RR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.04–3.35, P = 0.36).

Conclusion

In patients undergoing primary PCI, deferred stent implantation is associated with improvement in surrogate outcomes, but does not appear to improve clinical outcomes. Future randomized trials are encouraged to identify the patient population who might benefit from a deferred stent implantation strategy (e.g., high thrombus burden).
The Phosphinoboration of N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Geier Stephen J. , Vogels Christopher M. , Mellonie Niall R. , Daley Erika N. , Decken Andreas , Doherty Simon , Westcott Stephen A.
Published: August 2017

The addition of phosphinoboronate ester Ph2PBpin (pin=1,2‐O2C2Me4) (1) to a number of different N‐heterocycles has been investigated. Reaction of 1 with pyridine resulted in highly selective formation of the corresponding 1,4‐addition product, with addition of the electron‐deficient Bpin group to the pyridine nitrogen atom and the phosphido group to the para carbon atom. Conversely, reactions of para‐substituted pyridine derivatives occurred predominately to afford 1,2‐addition products while quinoline reacted to afford the 1,2‐adduct which ultimately isomerized to afford the corresponding 1,4‐addition product. Preliminary computational studies have been undertaken to explore possible pathways for these transformations including transfer of the PPh2− anion from [B(PPh2)2pin]− to the 4‐position of a borenium/boronium activated pyridine and concerted pathways for 1,2‐addition via intramolecular nucleophilic attack of PPh2 at C2 of a Ph2PBpin‐coordinated pyridine via a four‐centered transition state and intramolecular transfer of PPh2 to the 2‐position of a boron‐activated pyridine in a phosphido‐bridged dimer involving a six‐centered transition state.
Ligand Influence on Carbonyl Hydroboration Catalysis by Alkali Metal Hydridotriphenylborates [(L)M][HBPh3] (M=Li, Na, K)
Authors: Osseili Hassan , Mukherjee Debabrata , Spaniol Thomas P. , Okuda Jun
Published: August 2017

Alkali metal hydridotriphenylborates [(L1)M][HBPh3] (L1=Me6TREN; M=Li, Na, K) chemoselectively catalyze the hydroboration of carbonyls and CO2, with lithium being the most active system. A new series of complexes [(L2)M][HBPh3] [M=Li (1), Na (2), K (3)] featuring the cyclen‐derived macrocyclic polyamine Me4TACD (L2) were synthesized in a “one‐pot” fashion and fully characterized including X‐ray crystallography. In the crystal, 1–3 exhibit wide variation in metal coordination of the [HBPh3]− anion from lithium to potassium. The structures differ from those in [(L1)M][HBPh3]. Effects of coordination of L1, L2, and other N‐ and O‐donor multidentate ligands on [Li(HBPh3)] were used to rationalize the catalytic activity in carbonyl hydroboration.
Structure, Electronics and Reactivity of Ce(PNP) Complexes
Authors: Zabula Alexander V. , Qiao Yusen , Kosanovich Alex J. , Cheisson Thibault , Manor Brian C. , Carroll Patrick J. , Ozerov Oleg V. , Schelter Eric J.
Published: August 2017

Synthetic methods for the coordination of the monoanionic bis[2‐(diisopropylphosphino)‐4‐methylphenyl]amido (PNP) ligand framework to the cerium(III) cation have been developed and applied for the isolation of a series of {(PNP)Ce} and {(PNP)2Ce} type complexes. The structures of the complexes were studied by X‐ray diffraction and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. We found that the cerium(III) ion can induce the elimination of one of the iPr groups at phosphorus to yield a new dianionic PNP tridentate framework (PNP‐iPr) featuring a phosphido‐donor functionality, which is bound to the cerium ion with the shortest known Ce−P bond of 2.7884(14) Å for molecular compounds. The reaction of the complex [(PNP)Ce{N(SiMe3)2}2] (1) with Ph2CO gave the Ce‐bound product of C−C coupling, ‐N(SiMe3)SiMe2CH2‐CPh2O−, through the C−H bond activation of a SiMe3 group. 31P NMR spectroscopy was used to estimate the presence of a vacant coordination position at the cerium ion in the CeIII–PNP complexes by the examination of the δ(31P) shift recorded both in non‐polar (C6D6) and polar ([D8]THF) solvents. Moreover, 31P NMR spectroscopy was also found to be a useful tool for the estimation of the Ce−P bond distances in {(PNP)CeIII} and {(PNP)2CeIII} systems. Electrochemical and computational studies for 1 and its lanthanum analogue containing a redox‐innocent metal center revealed the stabilization of the CeIII oxidation state by the PNP ligand.
Malodorogenic Sensing of Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Bergmann Marvin , Egert Meike , Plenio Herbert
Published: August 2017

A thin film of poly‐([IrCl(cod)(NHC‐onbe)]n‐(propyl‐onbe)m) (onbe=oxanorbornene) coated on filter paper reacts quantitatively with CO to yield 1,5‐cyclooctadiene, the unpleasant smell of which can be detected by the human olfactory system with very high sensitivity. Odorless, but toxic CO is thus “translated” into the distinct smell of 1,5‐cyclooctadiene. Based on malodorogenic sensing it is possible to smell the presence of CO.
Racemic and enantiopure forms of 3‐ethyl‐3‐phenylpyrrolidin‐2‐one adopt very different crystal structures
Authors: Krivoshein Arcadius V. , Lindeman Sergey V. , Timofeeva Tatiana V. , Khrustalev Victor N.
Published: August 2017

3‐Ethyl‐3‐phenylpyrrolidin‐2‐one (EPP) is an experimental anticonvulsant based on the newly proposed α‐substituted amide group pharmacophore. These compounds show robust activity in animal models of drug‐resistant epilepsy and are thus promising for clinical development. In order to understand pharmaceutically relevant properties of such compounds, we are conducting an extensive investigation of their structures in the solid state. In this article, we report chiral high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation, determination of absolute configuration of enantiomers, and crystal structures of EPP. Preparative resolution of EPP enantiomers by chiral HPLC was accomplished on the Chiralcel OJ stationary phase in the polar‐organic mode. Using a combination of electronic CD spectroscopy and anomalous dispersion of X‐rays we established that the first‐eluted enantiomer corresponds to (+)‐(R)‐EPP, while the second‐eluted enantiomer corresponds to (−)‐(S)‐EPP. We also demonstrated that, in the crystalline state, enantiopure and racemic forms of this anticonvulsant have considerable differences in their supramolecular organization and patterns of hydrogen bonding. These stereospecific structural differences can be related to the differences in melting points and, correspondingly, solubility and bioavailability.
Logic‐Gate Functions in Chemomechanical Materials
Authors: Schneider Hans‐Jörg
Published: August 2017

Chemomechanical polymers that change their shape or volume on stimulation by multiple external chemical signals, particularly on the basis of selective molecular recognition, are discussed. Several examples illustrate how such materials, usually in the form of hydrogels, can be used for the design of chemically triggered valves or artificial muscles and applied, for example, in self‐healing materials or drug delivery. The most attractive feature of such materials is that they can combine sensor and actuator within single units, from nano‐ to macrosize. Simultaneous action of a cofactor allows selective response in the sense of AND logic gates by, for example, amino acids and peptides, which without the presence of a second effector do not induce any changes.
Identifying the Crystalline Orientation of Black Phosphorus by Using Optothermal Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Tianyu , Liu Jing , Xu Biao , Wang Ridong , Yuan Pengyu , Han Meng , Xu Shen , Xie Yangsu , Wu Yue , Wang Xinwei
Published: August 2017

Current polarized Raman‐based techniques for identifying the crystalline orientation of black phosphorus suffer significant uncertainty and unreliability because of the complex interference involving excitation laser wavelength, scattering light wavelength, and sample thickness. Herein, for the first time, we present a new method, optothermal Raman spectroscopy (OT‐Raman), for identifying crystalline orientation. With a physical mechanism based on the anisotropic optical absorption of the polarized laser and the resulting heating, the OT‐Raman can identify the crystalline orientation explicitly, regardless of excitation wavelength and sample thickness, by Raman frequency–power differential Φ (=∂ω/∂P). The parameter Φ has the largest (smallest) value when the laser polarization is along the armchair (zigzag) direction. The OT‐Raman technique is robust and is able to identify the crystalline orientation of BP samples with thicknesses up to 300 nm at a minimum and potentially as high as 1200 nm.
Dynamics of quadruple laser pulses in under‐dense plasmas
Authors: Gupta Naveen , Singh Arvinder
Published: August 2017

An analysis of dynamics of a quadruple laser pulse propagating through an under‐dense plasma is presented. The Drude model is used to derive the dielectric function of the plasma for relativistic non‐linearity in the electron mass. An approximate numerical solution of the nonlinear Schrödinger wave equation for the field of the laser beam is obtained with the help of the moment theory approach in the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) approximation. Particular emphases are placed on the variations of spot size, pulse width, and longitudinal phase delay with the distance of propagation through the plasma. Self‐trapping of the laser pulse is also investigated.
Changes in lipids of shrimp (Acetes vulgaris) during salting and fermentation
Authors: Pongsetkul Jaksuma , Benjakul Soottawat , Vongkamjan Kitiya , Sumpavapol Punnanee , Osako Kazufumi
Published: August 2017

Changes in lipids of shrimp Acetes vulgaris during production of Kapi (salted shrimp paste of Thailand) were investigated. Shrimp had lipid content of 4.21% (dry weight basis). Lipids mainly consisted of triacylglycerol (TAG) 28.03 g/100 g and sterol (ST) 24.03 g/100 g. Lipid content decreased during salting, drying and the first period of fermentation (p < 0.05). Both TAG and ST gradually decreased, while free fatty acid (FFA) increased and became dominant in the final product (49.29%). Phospholipids including phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) 4.80 g/100 g and phosphatidylcholine (PC) 5.67 g/100 g were also found in fresh shrimp and still remained in the final product. Palmitic acid (C16:0) was the major fatty acid in shrimp (27.95%). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (C20:5(n‐3)) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6(n‐3)) were found at high content (19.03%). When different fractions were isolated from crude lipids, varying fatty acid profiles were obtained. TAG and FFA fractions mainly consisted of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were accumulated in PE and PC fractions. Peroxide value and TBARS value increased during Kapi production, suggesting that lipid oxidation took place. Overall, lipolysis and oxidation of shrimp lipids occurred throughout the processes, thereby affecting lipid constituents. Those changes might partially contribute to the Kapi characteristics, especially flavor.

Practical applications: Kapi, salted shrimp paste, is one of the most popular traditional condiments used in Thailand. Over the last decade, shrimp Acetes vulgaris, by‐catch from commercial fishing, has become the alternative raw material for Kapi production instead of krill (Mesopodopsis spp.). During processing, changes in lipids via both lipolysis and lipid oxidation occurred. This work provides the information about lipids from this shrimp species and their changes during Kapi production, which might determine sensory properties, especially odor or flavor, as well as nutritive value of the final product.

Lipids of shrimp Acetes vulgaris, alternative source for Kapi production, consisted of TAG and ST as dominant lipids. PUFA was accumulated in PE and PC fractions, while TAG had SFA and MUFA as dominant fatty acids. During making Kapi, both lipolysis and lipid oxidation occurred, as indicated by the increases in FFA content and lipid oxidation products, respectively. These changes could be related with the final Kapi characteristics, and its nutritional value.
Graphite Oxide and Gold Nanoparticles as Alternative Materials in the Design of a Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor for the Simultaneous Determination of Biological Species
Authors: Wong Ademar , Silva Tiago Almeida , Fatibello‐Filho Orlando
Published: August 2017

New aspects related to electrochemical performance of modified carbon paste electrodes (CPE) of high analytical performance are presented in this work. We studied whether the functionalisation of graphite powder with oxygenated functional groups (graphite oxide, GrO) could affect the electrochemical features of a classical CPE. By introducing oxygen termination over the graphite surface, a remarkable improvement in electrochemical performance was verified, including enhancement of analytical signals and charge transfer kinetics, as demonstrated from electrochemical characterisation assays conducted by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy towards the potassium hexa‐cyanoferrate (II/III) probe. In addition, a positive effect was noted from the anchoring of Au nanoparticles on GrOPE. In analytical terms, two biologically relevant molecules were simultaneously determined using the proposed modified electrode based on GrO and AuNPs: epinephrine (EP) and uric acid (UA). Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), wide linear concentration ranges were founded for the analytical curves of EP and UA, and the limits of detection of 1.0×10−7 mol L−1 (EP) and 5.0×10−8 mol L−1 (UA) were predicted, respectively. The designed electrochemical sensor showed excellent precision of measurement and appropriate applicability for the analysis of biological fluids.
Prediction of the reduction potential in transition‐metal containing complexes: How expensive? For what accuracy?
Authors: Liang Guangchao , DeYonker Nathan J. , Zhao Xuan , Webster Charles Edwin
Published: August 2017

Accurate computationally derived reduction potentials are important for catalyst design. In this contribution, relatively inexpensive density functional theory methods are evaluated for computing reduction potentials of a wide variety of organic, inorganic, and organometallic complexes. Astonishingly, SCRF single points on B3LYP optimized geometries with a reasonably small basis set/ECP combination works quite well‐‐B3LYP with the BS1 [modified‐LANL2DZ basis set/ECP (effective core potential) for metals, LANL2DZ(d,p) basis set/LANL2DZ ECP for heavy nonmetals (Si, P, S, Cl, and Br), and 6‐31G(d') for other elements (H, C, N, O, and F)] and implicit PCM solvation models, SMD (solvation model based on density) or IEFPCM (integral equation formalism polarizable continuum model with Bondi atomic radii and α = 1.1 reaction field correction factor). The IEFPCM‐Bondi‐B3LYP/BS1 methodology was found to be one of the least expensive and most accurate protocols, among six different density functionals tested (BP86, PBEPBE, B3LYP, B3P86, PBE0, and M06) with thirteen different basis sets (Pople split‐valence basis sets, correlation consistent basis sets, or Los Alamos National Laboratory ECP/basis sets) and four solvation models (SMD, IEFPCM, IPCM, and CPCM). The MAD (mean absolute deviation) values of SCRF‐B3LYP/BS1 of 49 studied species were 0.263 V for SMD and 0.233 V for IEFPCM‐Bondi; and the linear correlations had respectable R2 values (R2 = 0.94 for SMD and R2 = 0.93 for IEFPCM‐Bondi). These methodologies demonstrate relatively reliable, convenient, and time‐saving functional/basis set/solvation model combinations in computing the reduction potentials of transition metal complexes with moderate accuracy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Processing and characterization of canine mixed mammary tumor using transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Audrey Beltrán , Alexis Debut , Andrea Vaca , Julio Ortiz , Freddy Proaño‐Pérez
Published: August 2017

Canine mammary gland tumors represent the second most frequent type of neoplasm in dogs, being an important problem within veterinary medical field. Canine mixed mammary tumors are the most common; the use of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) can contribute as a tool in its diagnosis by determining the characteristics of cellular components from numerous neoplasms. The aim of this study was to characterize cytologically canine mammary mixed tumor by the use of the TEM. A biopsy collected from an 11 years old bitch Shih‐Tzu and analyzed by histopathology was used for ultrastructural analysis. Specimens obtained were double stained using uranyl acetate and lead citrate prior to observation in the TEM. The protocol established to transmission electron microscopy observation allowed the identification of main cellular characteristics of canine mixed mammary tumors; however, it was not possible a detailed visualization of the organelles due to the preservation of the biopsy in formaldehyde.
Recovery from work‐related effort: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Bennett Andrew A. , Bakker Arnold B. , Field James G.
Published: August 2017

This meta‐analytic study examines the antecedents and outcomes of four recovery experiences: psychological detachment, relaxation, mastery, and control. Using 299 effect sizes from 54 independent samples (N = 26,592), we extend theory by integrating recovery experiences into the challenge–hindrance framework, creating a more comprehensive understanding of how both after‐work recovery and work characteristics collectively relate to well‐being. The results of meta‐analytic path estimates indicate that challenge demands have stronger negative relationships with psychological detachment, relaxation, and control recovery experiences than hindrance demands, and job resources have positive relationships with relaxation, mastery, and control recovery experiences. Psychological detachment after work has a stronger negative relationship with fatigue than relaxation or control experiences, whereas control experiences after work have a stronger positive relationship with vigor than detachment or relaxation experiences. Additionally, a temporally driven model with recovery experiences as a partial mediator explains up to 62% more variance in outcomes (ΔR2 = .12) beyond work characteristics models, implying that both work characteristics and after‐work recovery play an important role in determining employee well‐being.
Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) leaf as a waste by‐product of table olive and olive oil industry: a review
Authors: Şahin Selin , Bilgin Mehmet
Published: August 2017

Research into finding new uses for by‐products of table olive and olive oil industry are of great value not only to the economy but also to the environment where olives are grown and to the human health. Since leaves represent around 10% of the total weight of olives arriving at the mill, it is worth obtaining high added‐value compounds from those materials for the preparation of dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, functional food ingredients or cosmeceuticals. In this review article, olive tree (Olea europaea L.) leaf is reviewed as being a potential inexpensive, renewable and abundant source of biophenols. The importance of this agricultural and industrial waste is emphasised by means of describing its availability, nutritional and therapeutic effects and studies conducted on this field. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Facial microcirculatory and biomechanical skin properties after single high energy (Er):YAG laser application
Authors: Medved Fabian , Wurm Antonia , Held Manuel
Published: August 2017

Objective

Owing to skin aging and the growing demand for skin rejuvenation, minimal invasive aesthetic treatments such as laser procedures are increasingly coming into focus. However, until now, little has been known about the objective effects of these procedures with respect to skin microcirculation or changes in skin elasticity.

Study Design

Facial skin rejuvenation was performed on 32 volunteers using ablative Erbium: YAG laser. Skin microcirculation and skin elasticity have then been evaluated objectively.

Methods

Microcirculation (flow, SO2, velocity, and rHB) has been analyzed before and directly after the laser session by using the O2C device. Skin elasticity has been evaluated by using the Cutometer device (Uf, Ua, Ur, and Ue) before and directly after the laser treatment, as well as 1 week and then 1, 3, and 6 months post treatment. Further, the outcome for the volunteers regarding their satisfactory level after laser treatment was evaluated.

Results

Twenty volunteers were available for a complete follow‐up. Microcirculation displayed statistically significant increase in all values to 2 mm depth. The biomechanical skin parameter of firmness of skin displayed statistically significant improvement in superficial skin layer after 6 months.

Conclusion

Concerning microcirculation and skin elasticity the ablative Erbium: YAG laser treatment revealed similar effects on the skin like a superficial burn injury. In contrast to the determined skin elasticity parameters, firmness of skin objectively revealed a skin tightening effect after 6 months. Along with the important epidermal effect, the suitability of ablative laser treatment for skin rejuvenation has been proved in a long‐term follow‐up. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:891–898, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rotational molding of self‐hybrid composites based on linear low‐density polyethylene and maple fibers
Authors: Hanana Fatima Ezzahra , Rodrigue Denis
Published: August 2017

In this study, the morphological, physical, and mechanical properties of maple fiber self‐hybrid composites reinforced linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) have been investigated for different concentration (10, 20, and 30%) and ratio (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100) of short (125–250 μm), medium (250–355 μm), and long (355–500 μm) fibers. Maple surface treatment with a coupling agent (maleated polyethylene, MAPE) was also investigated. The results show that surface treatment increased the tensile modulus and strength, and impact strength. Finally, the self‐hybrid composites gave better properties than single size fibers since a positive deviation from the linear law of mixture was observed, especially at 20% wt. For example, a 75/25 ratio of medium/short or long/short fibers produced a tensile modulus and tensile strength between 13% and 33% higher than composites formulated with a single fiber size. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:4094–4103, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis and characterization of surface patterned nanoimprinted in1–xCrxP/P(VDF‐TrFE) nanocomposite films for solar cell application potential
Authors: Alshahrie Ahmed , Juodkazis Salius , Al‐Ghamdi Ahmed A. , Elsayed Waleed E.M.
Published: August 2017

Nanoimprinted nanocomposites based on the inclusion of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) into ferroelectric polymer matrix have shown a paramount encouragement owing to their versatile applications, such as field effect transistors, lasers, LEDs, bio‐probes, metal ion sensors, and photovoltaic devices. Here, we have developed a novel approach to fabricate nanoimprinted In1–xCrxP/P(VDF‐TrFE) nanocomposite films based on the nanoimprint lithography stamp technique for the first time. In1–xCrxP QDs have been prepared by colloidal technique at various contents of Cr ions from 1 at% to 9 at%. These QDs were doped into P(VDF‐TrFE). The prepared nanocomposite films were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, Fourier transform spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The thermal properties were investigated by thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry. The inclusion of the In1–xCrxP QDs into the P(VDF‐TrFE) nanocomposites resulted in an enhancement of the thermal stability, an increase of the melting temperature and decrease of the Curie temperature. The nanoimprinted In0.91Cr0.09P/P(VDF‐TrFE) nanocomposite film showed high photocurrent response. The generated electromotive force, emf, in the nanoimprinted films was five times greater than the flat deposited film. Therefore, the developed surface pattern nanocomposite film based on In1–xCrxP/P(VDF‐TrFE) nanocomposite will open a new avenue for the flexible solar cell application potential. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E136–E145, 2019. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Educational intervention on medication reviews aiming to reduce acute healthcare consumption in elderly patients with potentially inappropriate medicines—A pragmatic open‐label cluster‐randomized controlled trial in primary care
Authors: Schmidt‐Mende K. , Andersen M. , Wettermark B. , Hasselström J.
Published: August 2017

Purpose

Potentially inappropriate medicines (PIMs) may cause 10% of unplanned admissions in elderly people. We performed an educational intervention in primary care to reduce acute health care consumption and PIMs through the promotion of medication reviews (MRs) in elderly patients.

Methods

This cluster‐randomized controlled trial was conducted in the context of an official campaign promoting rational drug use in elderly people. Sixty‐nine primary health care practices with 119,910 patients aged older than or equal to 65 were randomized, with 1 dropout in the intervention group. The intervention consisted of educational outreach visits with feedback on prescribing and the development of a working procedure on MRs. Follow‐up was 9 months. Outcomes were assessed in an administrative health care database. The combined primary outcome was unplanned hospital admission and/or emergency department visit. Secondary outcomes were among other PIMs and rates of MRs. The risk differences in outcomes between intervention and control group were estimated by using regression models.

Results

During follow‐up, 22.8% of patients in the intervention and 22.0% in the control group were admitted unplanned to hospital and/or experienced at least 1 emergency department (nonsignificant risk difference 0.8%, 95% CI −0.7% to 2.4%). There were no significant differences regarding secondary outcomes such as PIMs or MRs.

Conclusions

No changes were seen in acute health care consumption, PIMs, and MRs in elderly patients after an educational intervention in primary care. The reasons for the lack of effect could be a suboptimal intervention, limitations in outcome measures, and the use of administrative data to monitor outcomes.
Risk factors for adverse outcomes in older adults with blunt chest trauma: A systematic review
Authors: Sawa Jake , Green Robert S. , Thoma Brent , Erdogan Mete , Davis Philip J.
Published: August 2017

Objectives

The objective of this study was to systematically review the published literature for risk factors associated with adverse outcomes in older adults sustaining blunt chest trauma.

Methods

EMBASE and MEDLINE were searched from inception until March 2017 for prognostic factors associated with adverse outcomes in older adults sustaining blunt chest trauma using a pre-specified search strategy. References were independently screened for inclusion by two reviewers. Study quality was assessed using the Quality in Prognostic Studies tool. Where appropriate, descriptive statistics were used to evaluate study characteristics and predictors of adverse outcomes.

Results

Thirteen cohort studies representing 79,313 patients satisfied our selection criteria. Overall, 26 prognostic factors were examined across studies and were reported for morbidity (8 studies), length of stay (7 studies), mortality (6 studies), and loss of independence (1 study). No studies examined patient quality of life or emergency department recidivism. Prognostic factors associated with morbidity and mortality included age, number of rib fractures, and injury severity score. Although age and rib fractures were found to be associated with adverse outcomes in more than 3 studies, meta-analysis was not performed due to heterogeneity amongst included studies in how these variables were measured.

Conclusions

While blunt chest wall trauma in older adults is relatively common, the literature on prognostic factors for adverse outcomes in this patient population remains inadequate due to a paucity of high quality studies and lack of consistent reporting standards.
Le “nettoyage ethnique” en droit international
Authors: OUÉDRAOGO ÉMILE
Published: August 2017

Le nettoyage ethnique est désormais une réalité ancrée dans les relations internationales. Confrontée à cette évidence ces dernières années, la communauté internationale tente de le cerner en droit positif. Les multiples efforts visant à affirmer la prohibition de cette pratique et à la sanctionner en droit international conduisent toutefois à emprunter un raccourci qui ajoute à la confusion et sa complexité déjà évidente. Cette contribution critique vise à appréhender la notion en droit en envisageant une approche compréhensible et téléologique qui restitue le véritable objet et le but ultime du nettoyage ethnique. La finalité d’un tel exercice consiste à inciter les internationalistes à ouvrir un autre chapitre de la réflexion sur les crimes internationaux, en œuvrant à donner une véritable connotation juridique autonome à ce phénomène répréhensible que constitue le nettoyage ethnique, pour asseoir fermement sa positivité.
The multifaceted relationship between land and violent conflict: the case of Apaa evictions in Amuru district, northern Uganda
Authors: Kobusingye Doreen Nancy , van Leeuwen Mathijs , van Dijk Han
Published: August 2017

This paper argues that violent conflict prominently impacts on land governance and so contributes to land conflicts in post-conflict settings. In the natural resources literature, the relationship between land and conflict is often explained in terms of environmental security or political ecology, and many have pointed out that the way land is governed in itself may be a source of conflict. However, less attention has been given to the effects of violent conflict on land and its governance in post-conflict situations. This paper argues that violent conflict affects land governance in many ways and that this in turn might contribute to further violent conflict. The argument builds around an extended case study of the Apaa evictions in Amuru District in Northern Uganda. The case illustrates how conflict around land is not just the result of resource scarcity and competition, but is the outcome of a combination of political, historical and social dynamics. Past policies on land and practices of land governance play a critical role in this. However at the same time, violent conflict has a critical impact on land access, transforms land governance authority and the rules applied. The land conflicts resulting from this, in turn, fuel ethnic tensions between local population groups, and grievances about those in power and the institutions that govern natural resources. The ways in which such problematic conflict-induced changes in land access and governance are dealt with by policymakers is critical for post-conflict stability.
The impact of socio-cultural factors on transmission of Taenia spp. and Echinococcus granulosus in Kosovo
Authors: ALISHANI M. , SHERIFI K. , REXHEPI A. , HAMIDI A. , ARMUA-FERNANDEZ M. T. , GRIMM F. , HEGGLIN D. , DEPLAZES P.
Published: August 2017

Echinococcus granulosus sensu latu (s.l.) and Taenia hydatigena are common parasites of ruminant intermediate hosts in the Balkans. Transmission is linked mainly to home slaughtering and the feeding of infected organs to dogs. In Kosovo, many old sheep are slaughtered particularly during Eid al-Adha (Feast of Sacrifice). To determine whether this tradition could affect parasite transmission, we compared the probability of 504 dogs to contract taenid infections after deworming during one period before Eid al-Adha and a similar period beginning with this event. Initially, taeniid eggs were detected in 6·2% (CI 4·2–8·6) of the dogs. The prevalence before Eid al-Adha was significantly lower (1·2%, CI 0·4–2·6) as compared with the prevalence after the event (4·3%, CI 2·6–6·3). A comparable trend was apparent at species level for T. hydatigena and E. granulosus. These results indicate that the pronounced increase of taeniid infections, including E. granulosus s.l., after Eid al-Adha is linked to traditional home slaughtering that occurs during this celebration. This particular epidemiological situation provides an opportunity for implementing focussed control activities.
THE VALUATION OF EXECUTIVE STOCK OPTIONS UNDER GARCH MODELS
Authors: Wang Xingchun , Su Zhiwei , Xu Guangli
Published: August 2017

In this paper, we investigate executive stock options with endogenous departure and time-varying variances. We use a “Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity” process to capture the variance process of the log stock price. In addition, we take into consideration the departure risk of the executive and assume that the probability of remaining employed has a power form of stock price ratios. After deriving the closed-form pricing formulae of executive stock options, we illustrate the effects of the departure risk on the values of executive stock options.