bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Claims of Diversity: The Uniting Reformed Church, Diversity and Qualitative Unity
Authors: Grove Pieter
Published: January 2022

The first 25 years of the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa was dedicated to stabilise and deepen the unity achieved between the former Dutch Reformed Church in Africa and the Dutch Reformed Mission Church, while simultaneously fighting off challenges posed by the break-away DRCA. A vital characteristic of these two churches was that they brought multiple diversities to the unification process—diversities of language, gender, laity, age, spirituality, and different abilities. URCSA did not often address these challenges openly, but they functioned as underground currents that reached visible manifestations when leaders had to be elected. At the last regional synod of URCSA in the Cape (2018), a debate ensued and a contesting of leadership positions occurred, that affirmed a mechanistic model of cultural representation and side-lined greater gender recognition. These attempts bear witness to the reality of diversity and compel URCSA to address this vital issue in a way that remains true to the Gospel, affirming our fundamental unity while drawing on our diversity as sources of enrichment. URCSA has the inestimable resource of the Belhar Confession 1986 that drew on the biblical tradition to approach the issue of diversity and unity. This essay will clarify the issue of diversity in relation to unity in the church and investigate how diversities are addressed as they impact on culture and gender. The author will draw on the work of the late political philosopher, Iris Marion Young, to investigate various approaches to diversity. The essay proposes that if we do not address the reality of diversity in a significant way, the unity of the church will not reach meaningful depth and a new dominating hegemony will replace the aspiration to qualitative unity, thereby limiting the contribution and access of different constituencies in URCSA.
Born into a World of Hostility and Contradiction: The Role of Mary-Anne Elizabeth Plaatjies-Van Huffel in URCSA
Authors: Kgatla Thias
Published: January 2022

Prof. Dr Mary-Anne Plaatjies van Huffel was born, bred and ordained as a minister of the word and sacraments in a notoriously patriarchal society. Besides the racial yoke of apartheid in the country of her birth, she also had to carry the burden of sexism, misogyny, machismo and marianismo in her daily life. Without compromise, but with a deep sense of gentleness, boldness and respect, she confronted and spoke truth to those who held important leadership positions. Prof. Dr Mary-Anne Plaatjies van Huffel demanded a moral response from church leadership to the oppression of women in the church instead of an expedient, easy or selfish response. She was the first woman to be ordained in and appointed to the leadership of the church after a long wait for ordination. Her confrontation of patriarchy and its surrogates carried a connotation of bravery, and of risk to her career, reputation and livelihood. After her admission to the full ministry of the church, she climbed the ranks both as a church leader both locally and internationally. This article articulates Prof. Dr Mary-Anne Plaatjies van Huffel’s work, role and contribution in her ministry in the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa and in the ecumenical movement until her untimely death on 19 May 2020.
Wesley’s Dream Realised in the Methodist Church of Southern Africa: The Ordination of Women Ministers
Authors: Madise Mokhele
Published: January 2022

John Wesley’s famously adopted doctrine was the “priesthood of all believers.” This doctrine simply meant that the gospel message was or could not only be preached by a certain group of people, but that it was open to be preached by all who were inspired by the Holy Spirit. This was evident during the 18th century Methodist movement, when women were preachers and acknowledged by John Wesley himself. After John Wesley’s death in England, women were missing as both lay preachers and ordained ministers. The Methodist Church also established itself as one of the biggest denominations; however, it had no women ministers or lay preachers at the stage of its establishment. With constant changes, both in political and ecclesial contexts, there was a need for the Methodist Church of Southern Africa (MCSA) to adapt to these changes. This article will discuss the following: background to the women preachers and leaders in the Methodist movement of the 18th century; the advocacy of women ordination in the MCSA; the first white woman clergy; and the first black woman clergy in the MCSA. This would be followed by the influx of other women clergy in the church 40 years later.
Back to Africa: (Re)appropriating the “Back-to-Sender” Concept in the Zimbabwe Catholic Charismatic Renewal
Authors: Mudyiwa Misheck , Mokgoatšana Sekgothe
Published: January 2022

This article explores the phenomenon of healing and exorcism in the Zimbabwe Catholic Charismatic Renewal (ZCCR). It examines specifically the theological basis and ramifications of the back-to-sender concept that is currently the hallmark and defining feature of most self-styled exorcists in the ZCCR. In its religious settings, the back-to-sender concept underscores that every power that uses witchcraft, magic or otherwise, to suppress, attack, possess or militate against human prosperity and breakthroughs, must be sent back to haunt or destroy their owners and dispatchers. The article provides both the milieu and context(s) within which the concept of back-to-sender possibly emerged and critically analyses the ZCCR healing praxis and the immediate reaction of ecclesiastical authorities. Pivoting on sacred scripture and the Catholic tradition, salient pastoral and theological controversies that emerge from the concept are highlighted and critically examined. The main argument developed in this article is that, while healing in the ZCCR—as manifest in the causal explanations, diagnosis and methodology—lacks sufficient theological evidence either to condemn or approve it, the seemingly borrowed and imported back-to-sender concept is itself problematic and incompatible with a Christology of non-violence, non-retaliation and turning of the other cheek (Matthew 5:38–48). However, it is consistent with the African culture and concept of social justice and equilibrium.
Beyond Mount Kenya Region: 40 Years of Theological and Practical Education at St Andrew’s College, Kabare (1977-2017), by Julius Gathogo
Authors: Karuri Joyce
Published: January 2022

In this book, Professor Julius Gathogo immortalises for posterity the story of Kabari (anglicised as “Kabare”), which means “a steep” or “a hill”; a place with a rich history of Christian mission in its varied forms, spanning more than a century.
A Time like no Other: Covid-19 in Women’s Voices, N. Hadebe, D. Gennrich, S. Rakoczy, and N. Tom
Authors: Duncan Graham
Published: January 2022

Book Review
Nicholas I: Personality and Epoch. Russian Historiography of the Late 20th – Early 21st Century
Authors: Andreeva T. A. , Vyskochkov L. V.
Published: January 2022

The article discusses methodological approaches and historiographical principles of modern Russian research on the personality and rule of Nicholas I. It analyzes the main directions of the Russian historiography of the late 20th – early 21st century concerning the Nicholas reign – the continuity and distinctive features of government reformism, state ideology and political control, military, social and economic policy, the peasant question. The authors pay much attention to scientific and biographical works about Nicholas I and the statesmen of his era. The article identifies a number of the most controversial problems of the reign – the missed transformative opportunities, the Crimean War, the illness and death of Nicholas I. The article concludes by arguing that modern historiography is characterized by a rejection of the rough and simplified division and even opposition of the first, second and third quarters of the 19th century. In most of the works carried out on the basis of various research methods, the Nicholas reign is assessed as an important stage of Russian modernization, the time when the administrative transformations of Alexander I were completed and the socio-economic and political grounds for Great Reforms were prepared.
“To Say the Sovereign’s Awarding…”: Practices of the Monarch’s Appeal to the Siberian Population at the End of the 16th – 17th Centuries
Authors: Konev A. Yu. , Slugina V. A.
Published: January 2022

The article analyzes the problem of the origin of specific communicative practices that existed on the territory of Siberia in the late 16th – 17th centuries and the so-called “granted word”. This practice was as follows: on behalf of the tsar the authorized person (voivode) communicated with a “direct proclamation” to his subjects. The paper concludes by arguing that the “granted word” goes back to the earlier forms of sovereign “awards”, which included measures of encouragement and benefits. Moreover, the set of addressees of the tsarist “granted word” changed from the end of the 16th century and depended on the goals of the award, which were set by the central government. Based on the analysis of the Siberian administrative documentation of the 17th century, the authors identified the categories of addressees of the proclamation on behalf of the monarch. It has been established that by the 1650s in Siberia there was a practice of the proclamation of three versions of the “granted word”. They were supposed to be proclaimed one by one. The first version was addressed to service people (Boyar sons, Cossacks and Soldiers). The second one was addressed to peasants, traders and craftspeople. The third version was for Siberian natives – yasak-payers. During the 1st third of the 17th century, this particular form of direct address of the tsar to the population of Siberia acquired a new function. The “granted word” concretized, confirmed and consolidated the rights and obligations for each category of the Siberian population as subjects of the Russian monarch. According to the authors, the reasons for existing such practice on the territory of Siberia are concluded in the specifics of borderability. The monarch sought to additionally legitimate his right to manage this territory and wanted to remind his political influence.
Organization of Grain Harvest Statistics in Siberia in 1930s
Authors: Il’inykh V. A.
Published: January 2022

Harvest statistics in USSR in the 1920s was based on techniques and approaches used in Russian Empire. In 1930 it became a subject of reforms. Statistical representatives of village councils who replaced voluntary correspondents were supposed to report to the district commissions information on specific\biological yield and the results of grain threshing. Regional commissions were obliged to summarize received information, check it and make corrections to primary materials for underestimation. In the early 1930s harvest statistics were doubtful. Amendments were subjective. Their value depended on the choice of behavioral strategies of the district and regional authorities. The size of the officially approved gross product did not depend on the real barn weight but on the political situation. At the same time, the basic indicator of its determination was growing yield, based on which grain procurement plans were approved. A higher degree of reliability of the accounting system should have been provided by Central and Regional State Commissions for Yield Accounting created in 1933. Central State Commission developed and applied methods of calculating the “optimal yield” (yield minus inevitable losses), “optimal economic yield” (excluding technically inevitable losses), “actual yield” (taking into account losses used on the farm). Amount of the losses was accounted during random inspections of farms. Despite the reforms, yield estimation remained politically driven. Harvest statistics were still largely propagandistic and mobilizing in nature. In 1937 state commissions were liquidated, and the national economic accounting services inherited the task of yield calculating. In 1939 procedure of harvest calculating was once again revised. Accounting average yield contained all losses, including those unused on the farm.
Perfil epidemiológico da sífilis em gestantes no Brasil
Authors: Ramos Amanda Maués , Ramos Thiago José Maués , Costa Ilka Lorena de Oliveira Farias , Reis Ana Paula Oliva , Lima Sérgio Beltrão de Andrade , Paiva Daniele Socorro de Brito Souza
Published: January 2022

Objetivo: Conhecer o número de casos e taxa de detecção de sífilis em gestantes e de sífilis congênita no Brasil, bem como o perfil dessas gestantes e o momento do diagnóstico. Métodos: Estudo ecológico, com dados referentes à sífilis em gestantes e sífilis congênita no Brasil no período de 2011 a 2020, obtidos na plataforma online de indicadores de Sífilis do Ministério da Saúde. Resultados: Foi observado um aumento gradativo da incidência de sífilis materna e consequentemente de sífilis congênita. Foram registrados 385.412 casos de sífilis em gestantes e 190.034 casos de sífilis congênita no período em estudo. A taxa de detecção de sífilis para cada 1.000 nascidos vivos foi de 4,7 em 2011 e 20,6 em 2020 em gestantes e de 3,3 em 2011 e 7,7 em 2020 em menores de um ano. A sífilis em gestantes foi mais prevalente em mulheres jovens, pardas e de baixa escolaridade. Houve um aumento gradativo no decorrer dos anos do estudo do diagnóstico materno de sífilis no pré-natal nas fases latentes e no 1º trimestre. Conclusão: O Brasil ainda apresenta índices preocupantes em relação à sífilis na gestação e à sífilis congênita, podendo ser consideradas como doenças reemergentes.
Two Brazilians in search of a modern museum model. The European journey of Livio Xavier Júnior and Sérvulo Esmeraldo
Authors: Ruoso Carolina
Published: January 2022

Pour cet article, nous avons choisi de nous pencher sur l’expérience de voyage, datant de l’année 1961, de Lívio Xavier Júnior et Sérvulo Esmeraldo, lors d’un parcours de visite de différents musées européens en quête d’apprentissage d’un modèle moderne de musée. Cet article présente une partie des résultats d’une recherche qui a cherché à identifier les acteurs qui ont collaboré au long de cinquante années à la fabrication du programme du MAUC de l’Université fédérale du Ceará (UFC). Nous comprenons que la description et l’analyse des actions de ce musée d’art dans la ville de Fortaleza (État du Ceará au Brésil) reposent sur un travail de compréhension et d’explication des notions de collaboration et de pluralité pour la muséologie contemporaine.
Importance of Molecular Symmetry for Enantiomeric Excess Recognition by NMR
Authors: Norvaisa Karolis , O'Brien John E. , Osadchuk Irina , Twamley Brendan , Borovkov Victor , Senge Mathias O.
Published: January 2022

Recently prochiral solvating agents (pro-CSA) became a spotlight for the detection of enantiopurity by NMR. Chemical shift non-equivalency in achiral hosts introduced by the presence of chiral guest yields observable resonance signal splitting correlating to the enantiomeric excess (e.e.). In this work, symmetry is our lens to explain porphyrin-based supramolecular receptors’ activity in a chiral environment. Based on extensive NMR analyses of the atropisomeric receptors, host symmetry is shown to be affected by porphyrin nonplanarity and further desymmetrized in the presence of a chiral guest. We have formulated a simple, symmetry-based protocol that can be used to identify pro-CSA candidates. As such, the exposed porphyrin inner core (N–H), with its strong hydrogen bond abilities, for the first time, has been exploited in enantiomeric composition analysis. Our approach in e.e. detection by N–H signals appearing in a previously underutilized region of the spectrum (below 0 ppm.), shows chemical shifts (the e.e. dependent splitting) three times more sensitive to enantiomeric compositions than previously reported systems. The findings are complemented by extensive 2D NMR studies, including the first reporting of e.e. dependent  in non-hydrogen NMR, and supporting by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Diagnostics and management of patients with type 2 myocardial infarction
Authors: Reznik Elena V. , Golubev Yuri Yu. , Mikhaleva Liudmila M.
Published: January 2022

Myocardial infarction (MI) is an acute myocardial injury (confirmed by increasing|decreasing of cardiac troponin T and/or I) in conditions of proven acute myocardial ischemia, manifested by clinical symptoms of acute ischemia and/or ischemic changes on the ECG. Type 2 MI is a form of MI that is not associated with coronary atherothrombosis, secondary to a condition that results in an imbalance between myocardial oxygen intake and oxygen consumption. Type 2 MI can be caused by coronary artery spasm, coronary microvascular dysfunction, embolism, dissection of coronary arteries, aorta, bradyarrhythmia, tachyarrhythmia, respiratory failure with severe hypoxemia, anemia, blood loss, hypotension/shock of other etiology, severe hypertension, surgical interventions. Type 2 MI accounts for 270% of all cases of MI. More often type 2 MI occurs in women, elderly, severe, comorbid patients. Type 2 MI is ST segment elevation MI in 324% of patients and non-ST elevation MI in others. Coronary angiography (and autopsy) in type 2 MI reveals coronary atherosclerosis in 2590%, but there is no coronary artery thrombosis. Mortality in patients with type 2 MI is generally higher than in patients with type 1 MI. This article is devoted to the problem of diagnosis and management of patients with type 2 myocardial infarction.
Chronic kidney disease: unappreciated risk factors and new clinical guidelines
Authors: Fomin Viktor V. , Kotenko Oleg N.
Published: January 2022

Traditional and new risk factors of chronic kidney disease are discussed. The importance of risk factors for chronic kidney disease in Russian clinical guidelines 2021 was demonstrated.
Intravenous thrombolytic therapy for cerebral infarction due to the Persheron artery occlusion. Case report
Authors: Chugunova Sargylana A. , Popov Mikhail M. , Makievskaya Anastasia E. , Yakovleva Natalia V. , Tarabukina Varvara V.
Published: January 2022

Occlusion of the artery of Percheron is the cause of bilateral thalamic infarctions, sometimes involving structures of the midbrain. A clinical case of intravenous thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke due to the occlusion of the Percheron artery in a 72-year-old female patient who developed depression of consciousness, oculomotor disorders, dysarthria, ataxia, pyramidal disorders, and cognitive disorders is presented. Magnetic resonance imaging, which detected bilateral thalamus paramedian infarction in the acute stage, made it possible to diagnose the occlusion of the Percheron artery. Intravenous thrombolysis led to a rapid regression of symptoms; at the end of the acute period of the disease, the patient was discharged from the hospital with a slight neurological deficit and with a good functional outcome. After a one year the dynamic observation revealed persistent mild cognitive disorders; magnetic resonance imaging showed small symmetric cystic-gliosis changes in the medial parts of the thalamus on both sides. Timely diagnosis and intravenous thrombolytic therapy contribute to a good outcome of cerebral infarction due to the Percheron's artery occlusion.
Issues of optimization of management of patients with discogenic lumbosacral radiculopathy
Authors: Prokopovich Vladislav S. , Parfenov Vladimir A.
Published: January 2022

Background. Discogenic lumbosacral radiculopathy (DLSR) is less common than lumbar musculoskeletal pain, but more often accompanied by a long disabilities. To improve patient management with DLSR, the study of conservative and surgical management of patients in real clinical practice is required.
Aim. Optimization of patient management aimed at surgical treatment.
Materials and methods. Surgical treatment (microdiskectomy) due to the ineffectiveness of conservative DLSR was suffered by 90 patients (33 men, 57 women, average age 59.7812 years). The duration of the disease to operation ranged from 2 to 14 weeks and was an average of 63 weeks. The intensity of pain was evaluated on a visual analog scale (VAS), disability on Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and RolandMorris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) before the operation, after 10 days, 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery.
Results. Patients were not informed about the favorable course of the DLSR, the possibilities of natural (without surgical intervention) of the regression of the disk hernia, as well as expediency to maintain all types of activity, avoid a long bed mode. After microdiskectomy after 10 days, significant reliable (p0.01) decrease in pain with 7 (95% confidence interval CI 78) to 4 (95% CI 34) points for VAS and reduction of disability with 13 (95% CI 1216) to 9 (95% CI 711) RMDQ points, from 63 (95% CI 6165) to 32 (95% CI 3034) % by ODI. After 1, 3 and 6 months, a further decrease in pain was observed [6 months to 3 (95% CI 23) points for VAS] and a decrease in disability [6 months to 5 (95% CI 47) points for RMDQ and up to 18 (95% CI 1719) % on ODI]. To reduce the intensity of pain 6 months after the operation, it was significantly (p0.05) influenced the initial intensity of pain according to VAS and conducting kinesitherapy after the operation. To reduce the disability in RMDQ after 6 months, the initial disability in RMDQ and the conduct of kinesitherapy after surgery was significantly (p0.05) influenced.
Conclusion. Patients with DLSR should be informed about the favorable course of the disease, the possibilities of natural (without surgical intervention) of the regression of the disc hernia; after performing surgical treatment, it is advisable to the kinesitherapy, capable of improving the functional recovery of patients.
Tardive dyskinesia
Authors: Tolmacheva Violetta A.
Published: January 2022

Tardive dyskinesia is a group of hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders, following the administration of dopamine receptor-blocking drugs. The severity of these syndromes varies from soft forms to the development of life-degrading situations. Phenomenologically tardive dyskinesia can be represented both in isolation and in various combinations. Recognition of these syndromes early in the development of tardive dyskinesia can optimize therapeutic treatment and reduce the risk of severe complications. As a means of treatment, deutetrabenazine or valbenazine are used as first-line drugs, with resistance to therapy and in severe cases, drugs of other groups are used (amantadine, baclofen, botulinum toxin type A, clonazepam, donepezil, gabapentin, ginkgo biloba, levetiracetam, melatonin, pregabalin, thiamine, verapamil, vitamin B6, vitamin E). Our own experience of 12 patients with tardive dystonia showed the effeciency of local injections of botulinum toxin.
Epigenetic modifier balances Mapk and Wnt signalling in differentiation of goblet and Paneth cells
Authors: Grinat Johanna , Kosel Frauke , Goveas Neha , Kranz Andrea , Alexopoulou Dimitra , Rajewsky Klaus , Sigal Michael , Stewart A Francis , Heuberger Julian
Published: January 2022

Differentiation and lineage specification are controlled by cooperation of growth factor signalling. The involvement of epigenetic regulators in lineage specification remains largely elusive. Here, we show that the histone methyltransferase Mll1 prevents intestinal progenitor cells from differentiation, whereas it is also involved in secretory lineage specification of Paneth and goblet cells. Using conditional mutagenesis in mice and intestinal organoids, we demonstrate that loss of Mll1 renders intestinal progenitor cells permissive for Wnt-driven secretory differentiation. However, Mll1-deficient crypt cells fail to segregate Paneth and goblet cell fates. Mll1 deficiency causes Paneth cell-determined crypt progenitors to exhibit goblet cell features by unleashing Mapk signalling, resulting in increased numbers of mixed Paneth/goblet cells. We show that loss of Mll1 abolishes the pro-proliferative effect of Mapk signalling in intestinal progenitor cells and promotes Mapk-induced goblet cell differentiation. Our data uncover Mll1 and its downstream targets Gata4/6 as a regulatory hub of Wnt and Mapk signalling in the control of lineage specification of intestinal secretory Paneth and goblet cells.
ANALISIS FAKTOR KESULITAN PESERTA DIDIK DALAM PROSES PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI PADA IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM 2013
Authors: Vasmin Maria Elistina , Syafriati Yuli Mira , Sada Mariana , Nurfadilah Nurfadilah
Published: January 2022

Pelaksanaan kurikulum 2013 memunculkan kendala yang dihadapi oleh sekolah, guru dan peserta didik. Dalam proses pembelajaran, banyak peserta didik yang tidak aktif dalam memahami konsep pembelajran yang diberikan guru, kemampuan berpikir kognitif pun masih rendah, fasilitas pemblajaran masih minim, buku biologi kurikulum 2013 untuk peserta didik sangat kurang, media dan sumber belajar kurang, dan kesulitan dalam melakukan praktikum karena alat dan bahan di laboratorium rusak. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor penyebab kesulitan peserta didik dalam proses pembelajaran biologi pada implementasi kurikulum 2013. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kualitatif, menggunakan angket dengan skala likert. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif menggunakan persentase. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa persentase faktor kesulitan peserta didik dalam proses pembelajaran biologi pada implementasi kurikulum 2013 meliputi faktor internal yang terdiri dari minat 50% (rendah), motivasi 56,83% (sedang), kesiapan 49,19% (rendah), kondisi fisik 60,15% (sedang), dan faktor eksternal berasal dari lingkungan sekolah 50,65% (rendah), lingkungan keluarga 59,76% (sedang), dan masyarakat 63,28% (sedang). Berdasarkan kesulitan   yang dihadapi tersebut responden memberikan solusi yang diambil untuk mengatasi kesulitan tersebut adalah peserta didik diberikan sumber belajar lewat internet dan bimbingan sehingga proses pembelajaran biologi pada implementasi kurikulum 2013 di sekolah tersebut berjalan maksimal. Guru diharapkan mampu memberikan proses belajar mengajar yang aktif dan kreatif, serta mendorong peserta didik agar bisa berkomunikasi, serta menemukan dan memecahkan masalah. Peserta didik perlu lebih aktif dan menjadi subjek dalam pembelajaran.
Traumatismo craneoencefalico y complicaciones en accidentes moticiclisticos con y sin casco Hospital León Becerra Milagro 2018-2020
Authors: Borja Santillán Maritza Alexandra , Plúas Cobo Kevin Jesús , Vintimilla Herrera Bryan Patricio , Rodríguez Orellana Gloria Guadalupe
Published: January 2022

El traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) se define como una lesión estructural y/o alteración fisiológica de la función cerebral inducida por un traumatismo a causa de una fuerza externa, siendo una de las principales causas de mortalidad y morbilidad a nivel mundial en pacientes de edad productiva. Este trabajo de investigación se realizó en el Hospital General León Becerra Camacho de Milagro cuyo objetivo fue determinar los tipos de traumatismo craneoencefálico y complicaciones en los pacientes que presentaron accidentes en motocicleta con y sin casco que fueron atendidos en el periodo enero 2018 a diciembre 2020. El presente estudio es de tipo analítico, retrospectivo, correlacional de corte transversal, con un universo de 197 pacientes que cumplieron criterios de inclusión y exclusión. El 75.63% de los estudiados fueron de sexo masculino, el rango de edad de 15 - 25 años tuvo más prevalencia con un 34.52%. El tipo de TCE según la escala de Coma de Glasgow un 39.09% fueron leves, 35.03% moderados y 25.89% severos. Además, un 75.63% de los pacientes no usaron casco, de estos el 16.75% presentaron TCE leve, el 34.01% moderado y el 24.87% severo; mientras que del 24.37% que usaron casco un 22.34% tuvieron TCE leve y solo el 2.04 % de los casos fueron moderados y severos. La complicación más frecuente fue la hemorragia subaracnoidea con un 13.71% en todos los pacientes que no usaron casco, a diferencia de los que usaron casco el 21.32% no presentaron complicaciones.
Surveillance and characteristics of food-borne outbreaks in the Netherlands, 2006 to 2019
Authors: Friesema Ingrid HM , Slegers-Fitz-James Ife A , Wit Ben , Franz Eelco
Published: January 2022

Background

A wide variety of pathogens can cause disease in humans via consumption of contaminated food. Although food-borne outbreaks only account for a small part of the food-borne disease burden, outbreak surveillance can provide insights about the pathogens, food products implied as vehicle, points of contamination, and the settings in which transmission occurs.

Aim

To describe the characteristics of food-borne outbreaks registered between 2006 and 2019 in the Netherlands.

Methods

All reported outbreaks in which the first case occurred during 2006–19 were analysed. We examined the number of outbreaks, cases and setting by year, aetiology, type of evidence and food commodities.

Results

In total, 5,657 food-borne outbreaks with 27,711 cases were identified. The contaminated food product could be confirmed in 152 outbreaks (2.7%); in 514 outbreaks (9.1%), a pathogen was detected in cases and/or environmental swabs. Norovirus caused most outbreaks (205/666) and most related cases (4,436/9,532), followed by Salmonella spp. (188 outbreaks; 3,323 cases) and Campylobacter spp. (150 outbreaks; 601 cases). Bacillus cereus was most often found in outbreaks with a confirmed food vehicle (38/152). Additionally, a connection was seen between some pathogens and food commodities. Public eating places were most often mentioned as a setting where the food implicated in the outbreak was prepared.

Conclusion

Long-term analysis of food-borne outbreaks confirms a persistent occurrence. Control and elimination of food-borne illness is complicated since multiple pathogens can cause illness via a vast array of food products and, in the majority of the outbreaks, the pathogen remains unknown.
Intonational and sound interpretation of dialogic fragments in N. V. Gogol’s poem "Dead Souls" in the Russian language lessons
Authors: Maslova M. V.
Published: January 2022

The paper exposes a contradiction between the subject-specific (listening and reading) educational outcomes required in the Federal State Educational Standard of basic compulsory education and the actual data concerning the development of teenagers’ receptive skills. The author suggests adopting an integrated approach to teaching the two above-mentioned types of speech activity. Learners are instructed in listening and reading in an interconnected manner using the method of intonational and sound text interpretation. The study relies on literature analysis, the content analysis of scientific concepts, the methods of concretization and reading activity modelling in conjunction with an abstraction technique. Intonational and sound interpretation is construed as a teaching method and a type of creative reading. Additionally, the paper brings to light the differences between reading aloud and role-reading on the one hand and intonational and sound interpretation on the other. The differentiating features of the proposed activity are its dialogic nature; the attitude to text as to an object open to modifications; the focus on addressing the acoustic-semantic issues related to textual transfer from visual to auditory modality; applicability in Russian lessons in the 8th–9th forms. The paper describes a processual model of a reader’s activity. The intonational and sound text interpretation includes the stages of orientation, performance, reflection, and evaluation. The performance stage consists in working with the author’s speech plane as well as the character’s speech plane and the reading activity itself. The paper presents a detailed methodology of working with N. V. Gogol’s poem "Dead Souls"; moreover, other works which can be subject to an intonational and sound interpretation in Russian lessons in the 8th–9th forms are mentioned. The research resulted in an enumeration of the conditions necessary to efficiently organise intonational and sound text interpretation. These include the choice of a sound-oriented work for reading; group work; practicing in spoken form without recording the results of the conversion from written speech to oral speech in writing; the audio recording of the product of intonational and sound interpretation of a dialogic fragment. The author concludes that the chosen method facilitates the development of learners’ skill to comprehend what they read; motivates them to orient themselves in the work while converting an excerpt from the visual into the auditory modality; gives an idea of the polyphony of a literary text. Moreover, it promotes the psychophysiological mechanisms that are involved in the auditory activity and reading (memory, attention, acoustic control, the converting mechanism, probabilistic forecasting); enriches readers’ apperceptive basis (background knowledge), stimulates readers’ interaction in a work group.
The stylistic devices of using onomatopoeic words in Vitaly Bianki’s works
Authors: Marinchenko I. A. , Vasil’eva E. V.
Published: January 2022

The article explores the ways onomatopoeic words function in children’s fiction. The aim of the study is to identify the functional and stylistic distinctive features of using onomatopoeic vocabulary in Vitaly Bianki’s short stories and fairy tales. Onomatopoeic words are an important expressive means which characterises the individual style of the writer considered to be one of the founders of the Soviet nature prose. Such words reflect the author’s subjective emotional attitude to the natural world and perform important stylistic functions (figurative, characterizing, expressive, heuristic, aesthetic, and others) in his works written for children. To achieve the aim, the methods of functional and stylistic analysis were employed. As a result, the paper identifies the basic techniques exploited to actualise the onomatopoeic component of lexical units in V. V. Bianki’s prose. It has been found that the onomatopoeic usage patterns reveal the fundamentals of the naturalist writer’s view of life and his creative manner.
Spelling of adverbs: old and new issues (from the materials of the academic description of Russian spelling)
Authors: Ivanova O. E.
Published: January 2022

The article prompts a discussion of several traditional and new issues concerned with the orthographic rules of spelling adverbs. The research work performed prior to the formulation of spelling rules for the academic description necessitated a more rigorous evaluation of several established ideas about the ways adverb spelling rules are organized and what the actual lexical material relating to this area is. In addition, it should be clarified to what extent this material is governed by rules and to what extent – by a dictionary. The paper examines the approach to the rules of spelling adverbs proposed in scientific literature and draws attention to the difficulties in employing this approach in the classroom. The focus of the present analysis is such specified criteria for the concatenated spelling of adverbs as the lexical dependence of the nominal part of the word, the intermorphemic insertion, and declension question. The research reveals that these criteria do not serve as a tool for spelling selection. The dependence criterion cannot be considered an orthographic rule because it is fundamentally selective. Specifically, the mode of spelling words containing a dependent nominal part (i.e. in the concatenated fashion or as separate units) is actually lexicalised and is only characteristic of certain words. The other two criteria are not applicable to the material and thus mislead writers. This paper is part of a series of publications devoted to the academic description of Russian orthography. It also suggests addressing other controversial issues of studying the spelling of adverbs.
Cervical balloon combined with oxytocin improves clinical efficacy and safety for induction of labor with scarred uterus
Authors: Ji Dongmei , Ding Juhua , Li Xiaoqiong , Li Gang , Yin Dong
Published: January 2022

Background: To evaluate cervical balloon combined with oxytocin improves clinical efficacy and safety for induction of labor with scarred uterus. Methods: The clinical data of pregnant women undergoing vaginal trial delivery after cesarean section in Huai’an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, from January 2020 to January 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 80 pregnant women with scarred uterus who were induced by cervical balloon combined with oxytocin were considered as CBO group. 80 pregnant women with natural delivery scar uterus were considered as control, who were matched to CBO group for age, gestational age, and pre-pregnancy BMI. In CBO group, Bishop score before and after induction of labor was compared. Between the CBO and control groups, mode of delivery and duration of labor were analyzed, and maternal and infant outcomes were compared. Results: The overall effective rate of cervical maturation after labor induction was 88.8%, and the proportion of vaginal delivery in the CBO group were significantly higher than that in the control group. Besides, the induced labor time, first stage of labor time and the total stage of labor time in the CBO group were significantly shorter than those in the control group. There was no significant difference in maternal and infant outcomes between the two groups. Conclusion: Cervical balloon combined with oxytocin could significantly improve the clinical effect of parturients with scar uterine without increasing maternal and infant complications, which is a safe and effective strategy that can be applied in clinical practice.
Clinical grade adjuvants to mature CD141+ DCs for immunotherapy
Authors: Alegría Blanca , Alfaro Carlos
Published: January 2022

Stimulation of dendritic cells (DC) is considered critical in cancer immunotherapy. BATF-3-dependent subsets, that express in humans CD141 (BDCA-3), promote CD8 T-cell cross-priming against tumor antigens. Here, we evaluate two clinical-grade stimuli for peripheral blood CD141+ myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), a rare DC subset that is currently being explored for use in immunotherapy. In contrast to routine evaluation methods, which focus on predefined maturation markers on the surface or factors released from the activated cells, we applied an unbiased transcriptome-based method using both RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and microarrays. Specifically, we analyzed the mRNA of CD141+ mDCs from five human donors upon activation with two clinical-grade adjuvants, Hiltonol (poly-ICLC, a TLR3 ligand) and protamine RNA (pRNA, a TLR7/8 ligand), and compared these samples to unstimulated counterparts. Both methods, RNA-seq, and microarray showed that Hiltonol and pRNA lead to almost identical changes in the transcriptome of CD141+ mDCs. A gene ontology (GO) term analysis suggested that these changes were mainly related to activation and maturation pathways, including induction of type I IFN and IL-12 transcription, while pathways related to adverse effects or cell damage were not strongly affected. The combination of both reagents in the DC cultures gave a very similar result as compared to either stimulus alone, suggesting no synergistic effect. Furthermore, our analysis demonstrates that microarray and RNA-seq analysis gave similar conclusions about the activation status of these cells. Importantly, microarray analyses instead of the advantages of RNA sequencing may still be suitable for studying the activation of rare cell types that are minimally represented or in very low frequency in the organism. Together, our results indicate that both stimuli are potent clinical grade adjuvants with comparable effects to mature CD141+ mDCs in short-term cultures to be used in immunotherapy.
Application of intraoperative electrocorticography in bypass surgery for adult moyamoya disease: a preliminary study
Authors: Zhang Xin , Su Jiabin , Yu Jimei , Ni Wei , Feng Rui , Li Yanjiang , Yang Shaoxuan , Yang Heng , Gao Chao , Lei Yu , Gu Yuxiang
Published: January 2022

Objective: Postoperative complications of surgical revascularization in moyamoya disease (MMD) are difficult to predict because of poor knowledge of the underlying pathophysiological process. Since the aim of surgery is to improve brain dynamics by increasing regional blood flow, we hypothesize that postoperative complications are closely related to aberrant electrophysiological changes. Thus, we evaluated the clinical significance of intraoperative electrocorticography (iECoG) in bypass surgery for adult MMD. Methods: Ninety-one adult patients operated on by the same neurosurgeon in our institute were involved (26 in the iECoG group, 65 in the traditional group). Two 1 × 6 subdural electrode grids were placed parallel to the middle frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus to record ECoG data continuously during the procedure in the iECoG group. Selected from several M4 candidate arteries, the recipient artery was determined to be closer to the cortex with lower power spectral density (PSD) in the beta band. The PSD parameter we used was the (delta+theta)/(alpha+beta) (DTAB) ratio (DTABR). Next, the pre- and post-bypass PSD values were evaluated, and correlations between post-/pre-bypass PSD parameter ratios and neurological/neuropsychological performance (in terms of changes in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] and Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] scores) were analyzed. Results: Postoperative complications (transient neurological events) in the iECoG group were significantly lower than those in the traditional group (p = 0.046). In the iECoG group, the post-/pre-bypass DTABR ratio in the bypass area was significantly correlated with postoperative NIHSS (p = 0.002, r2 = 0.338) and MMSE changes (p = 0.007, r2 = 0.266). In the nonbypass area, neither postoperative NIHSS nor MMSE changes showed a significant correlation with the post-/pre-bypass DTABR ratio (p > 0.05). Additionally, patients with postoperative complications exhibited significantly higher DTABR (1.67 ± 0.33 vs. 0.95 ± 0.08, p = 0.003) and PSD of the theta band (1.54 ± 0.21 vs. 1.13 ± 0.08, p = 0.036). Conclusions: This study is the first to explain and guide surgical revascularization from the perspective of electrophysiology. Intraoperative ECoG is not only sensitive in reflecting and predicting postoperative neurological and cognitive performance but also usable as a reference for recipient artery selection.
Macrophage and microglia polarization: focus on autophagy-dependent reprogramming
Authors: Zubova Svetlana G. , Suvorova Irina I. , Karpenko Marina N.
Published: January 2022

The approach to the study of autophagy has been undergoing considerable change lately: from investigations of the protein components of autophagic machinery to its regulation at different molecular levels. Autophagy is being examinated not only as a separated degradative process per se in cells but as an executor mechanism of certain signaling pathways that converge on it, being activated under specific conditions. Additionally, autophagy is beginning to be observed as a key integral part of cellular reprogramming, the transition from one phenotypic state to another associated with rapid degradation of the previous proteostasis. Macrophages and microglia demonstrate a diversity of phenotypes reflecting their effective capability to phenotypic plasticity. Therefore, understanding the role of autophagy in macrophage and microglia functions needs to be addressed. In this review, we focus on autophagy as a fundamental intracellular process underlying macrophages and microglia polarization.
Cardiology, respiratory failure, and tolerance of hypoxia in the context of COVID-19: a multidisciplinary perspective
Authors: Urakov Aleksandr , Urakova Natalya , Gurevich Konstantin , Muhutdinov Nikita
Published: January 2022

After reading with great interest the article entitled: “Exploring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on provision of cardiology services: a scoping review” redacted by Farah Yasmin et al., published by Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine, we would like to add the following thoughts. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pulmonary insufficiency reduces blood oxygen saturation and results in hypoxia. Therefore, the determining factor in the survival of patients with COVID-19 is their resistance to hypoxia. At the same time, it is the cardiovascular system that is an important and very sensitive link in the human adaptation to hypoxia. That is why it is necessary to carefully study the relationship between diseases of the heart, blood vessels, the reactivity of the cardiovascular system to hypoxia, and mortality in patients who develop ARDS with COVID-19.
The contribution of intracardiac echocardiography in catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias
Authors: Asvestas Dimitrios , Xenos Theodoros , Tzeis Stylianos
Published: January 2022

Catheter ablation is a well-established treatment option for patients with ventricular arrhythmias. Recent advances in various imaging modalities, including three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping systems, magnetic resonance imaging, transesophageal and intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) have been adopted in catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias improving procedural outcome and safety. ICE is an imaging tool which provides real-time visualization of anatomical structures of the heart, facilitating catheter manipulation and navigation during ablation procedures. In this review we aim to highlight the benefits of ICE use in catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias and to describe practical techniques for visualization of cardiac structures with ICE during ventricular tachycardia ablations.
Epidemiology, risk factors and prognosis of cardiovascular disease in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic era: a systematic review
Authors: Pepera Garyfallia , Tribali Marina-Sofia , Batalik Ladislav , Petrov Ivo , Papathanasiou Jannis
Published: January 2022

Background: Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from China, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused more than five milion deaths worldwide. Several studies have elucidated the role of risk factors in the prognosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the progression of COVID-19 pandemic. This systematic review assesses the link between COVID-19 and cardiovascular risk factors, and investigates the prognosis in the case of myocardial injury. Methods: A literature search was performed to identify relevant articles in Pubmed, MEDLINE, Elsevier, and Google Scholar the last two years using the terms: COVID-19, CVD, risk factors, cardiovascular risk factors, SARS-CoV-2, lockdown, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Exclusion criteria were the studies associated with pediatric and pregnant COVID-19 patients. Results: After screening through 3071 articles, 10 studies were included in this review that captured the findings from 3912 participants. Included studies found that preexisting CVD was linked to worse outcomes and increased risk of death in patients with COVID-19, whereas COVID-19 itself also induced myocardial injury, arrhythmia, acute coronary syndrome, and venous thromboembolism. Conclusions: Cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity were associated with intensive care unit admission and poor prognosis. Cardiovascular risk factors are crucial for the progression of COVID-19, and infected patients should be constantly monitored and follow strict hygiene and decrease their social interactions.