bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Smith Robert
Published: April 2017

Journal of Education and Training Studies (JETS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JETS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 5, Number 5Abdulhamit Cakir, TurkeyAnne M. Hornak, Central Michigan University, USAArlene Kent-Wilkinson, University of Saskatchewan, CanadaChosang Tendhar, Baylor College of Medicine, USACynthia M. Compton, Wingate University, USADavid A. Compton, Wingate University, USADerya Çelik, Karadeniz Technical University, TurkeyDuygu Turkoglu, TurkeyEnisa Mede, Bahcesehir University, TurkeyErcan Gür, Fırat University, TurkeyErica D. Shifflet-Chila, Michigan State University, USAEsra Gecikli, TurkeyGulgun Sertkaya, TurkeyIntakhab Khan, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi ArabiaJeyavel Sundaramoorthy, Gulbarga University Campus, IndiaLaima Kyburiene, Kaunas University of Applied Sciences, LithuaniaLisa Marie Portugal, Grand Canyon University, USALorna T. Enerva, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, PhilippinesMarcie Zaharee, The MITRE Corporation, USAMaria Pavlis Korres, Hellenic Open University, GreeceMarieke van der Schaaf, Utrecht University, The NetherlandsMatthews Tiwaone Mkandawire, Central China Normal University, MalawiMehmet Inan, Marmara University, TurkeyMeral Seker, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, TurkeyMin Gui, Wuhan University, ChinaMustafa Çakır, Marmara Üniversity, TurkeyNiveen M. Zayed, MENA College of Management, JordanÖzgün Uyanik, Afyon Kocatepe University, TurkeyPirkko Siklander, University of Lapland, FinlandRichard H. Martin, Mercer University, USARichard Penny, University of Washington Bothell, USASadia Batool, Preston University Islamabad, PakistanSelin Cenberci, NEU, TurkeySelma Civar, Süleyman Demirel University, TurkeySimona Savelli, Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi, ItalyThomas K. F. Chiu, The University of Hong Kong, Hong KongTuğba Horzum, Necmettin Erbakan University, TurkeyVeronica Rosa, University Rome, ItalyYalçın Dilekli, Aksaray University, TurkeyYi Lu, American Institute for Research, USAYücel Gelişili, Gazi University, TurkeyZachary Wahl-Alexander, Northern Illinois University, USA                         Robert SmithEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Journal of Education and Training StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://jets.redfame.com
Computer-Based “Mental Set” Tasks: An Alternative Approach to Studying Design Fixation
Authors: Neroni Maria Adriana , Vasconcelos Luis A. , Crilly Nathan
Published: April 2017

The term “design fixation” refers to a phenomenon where designers unknowingly limit the space within which they search for solutions. In an attempt to study this phenomenon experimentally, researchers typically set participants open-ended design problems, prime them with an example solution, and measure their performance through a variety of subjective metrics. This approach gives rise to various problems, including limited data capture and highly subjective evaluation of design behavior. To address these problems, we studied design fixation with a computer-based task inspired by psychological paradigms used to study “mental set” (also known as the “Einstellung effect”). The task consisted of a gamelike activity requiring participants to design a bridge within a specified budget. The use of a digital environment facilitated continuous data capture during the design activities. The constrained task (and direct quantitative measures) permitted a more objective analysis of design performance, including the occurrence of fixation. The results showed that participants who developed a mental set during the task failed to find alternative, more efficient solutions in trials admitting multiple solutions, compared to the participants who did not fall victim to this mental block. In addition, during the process of designing, the occurrence of mental set resulted in participants adopting a less efficient design behavior and reporting a different subjective experience of the task. The method used and the results obtained show an exciting alternative for studying design fixation experimentally and promote a wider exploration of the variety of design activities in which fixation might occur.
Fuzzy Adaptive Predictive Inverse for Nonlinear Transient Heat Transfer Process
Authors: Wang Guangjun , Li Yanhao , Chen Hong , Wan Shibin , Lv Cai
Published: April 2017

For nonlinear transient heat transfer system, a fuzzy adaptive predictive inverse method (FAPIM) is proposed to inverse transient boundary heat flux. The influence relationship matrix is utilized to establish time-varying linear prediction model of the temperatures at measurement point. Then, the predictive and measurement temperatures are used to inverse the heat flux at current moment by rolling optimization. A decentralized fuzzy inference (DFI) mechanism is established. The deviation vector of the predictive temperature is adopted to conduct decentralized inference by a set of fuzzy inference units, and then, the influence relationship matrix is updated online to guarantee the adaptive ability of the prediction model by weighting fuzzy inference components. FAPIM is utilized to inverse the unknown heat flux of a heat transfer system with temperature-dependent thermal properties, which has shown that the inverse method has better adaptive ability for the inverse problems of nonlinear heat transfer system.
Quasi-Dimensional Diesel Engine Combustion Modeling With Improved Diesel Spray Tip Penetration, Ignition Delay, and Heat Release Submodels
Authors: Xu Shuonan , Yamakawa Hirotaka , Nishida Keiya , Filipi Zoran
Published: April 2017

Increasingly stringent fuel economy and CO2 emission regulations provide a strong impetus for development of high-efficiency engine technologies. Diesel engines dominate the heavy duty market and significant segments of the global light duty market due to their intrinsically higher thermal efficiency compared to spark-ignited (SI) engine counterparts. Predictive simulation tools can significantly reduce the time and cost associated with optimization of engine injection strategies, and enable investigation over a broad operating space unconstrained by availability of prototype hardware. In comparison with 0D/1D and 3D simulations, Quasi-Dimensional (quasi-D) models offer a balance between predictiveness and computational effort, thus making them very suitable for enhancing the fidelity of engine system simulation tools. A most widely used approach for diesel engine applications is a multizone spray and combustion model pioneered by Hiroyasu and his group. It divides diesel spray into packets and tracks fuel evaporation, air entrainment, gas properties, and ignition delay (induction time) individually during the injection and combustion event. However, original submodels are not well suited for modern diesel engines, and the main objective of this work is to develop a multizonal simulation capable of capturing the impact of high-injection pressures and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). In particular, a new spray tip penetration submodel is developed based on measurements obtained in a high-pressure, high-temperature constant volume combustion vessel for pressures as high as 1450 bar. Next, ignition delay correlation is modified to capture the effect of reduced oxygen concentration in engines with EGR, and an algorithm considering the chemical reaction rate of hydrocarbon–oxygen mixture improves prediction of the heat release rates. Spray and combustion predictions were validated with experiments on a single-cylinder diesel engine with common rail fuel injection, charge boosting, and EGR.
Investigations on Multisensor-Based Noninvasive Blood Glucose Measurement System
Authors: Yadav Jyoti , Rani Asha , Singh Vijander , Mohan Murari Bhaskar
Published: April 2017

Noninvasive blood glucose (NIBG) measurement technique has been explored for the last three decades to facilitate diabetes management. Photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal may be used to measure the variations in blood glucose concentration. However, the literature reveals that physiological perturbations such as temperature, skin moisture, and sweat lead to less accurate NIBG measurements. The task of minimizing the effect of these perturbations for accurate measurements is an important research area. Therefore, in the present work, galvanic skin response (GSR) and temperature measurements along with PPG were used to measure blood glucose noninvasively. The data extracted from the sensors were used to estimate blood glucose concentration with the help of two machine learning (ML) techniques, i.e., multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN). The accuracy of proposed multisensor system was evaluated by pairing and comparing noninvasive measurements with invasively measured readings. The study was performed on 50 nondiabetic subjects with body mass index (BMI) 27.3 ± 3 kg/m2. The results revealed that multisensor NIBG measurement system significantly improves mean absolute prediction error and correlation coefficient in comparison to the techniques reported in the literature.
Contribution to the knowledge of the oribatid mite genus Eurostocepheus (Acari, Oribatida, Otocepheidae)
Authors: Ermilov Sergey G. , Starý Josef
Published: April 2017

A new species of the genus Eurostocepheus (Oribatida, Otocepheidae) is described from soil and litter of Tam Dao National Park in Northern Vietnam. Eurostocepheus (Eurostocepheus) wojciechniedbalai sp. nov. is morphologically most similar to E. (E.) mahunkai Mondal & Kundu, 1999 from India in the presence of four pairs of genital setae and medial prodorsal condyles, but differs by the quadrangular, anteromedially excavated lateral notogastral condyles, short interlamellar setae, short notogastral setae c, minute epimeral setae 1a, 2a, 3a, two pairs of epimeral setae on epimere IV, and by the transverse position of the anal setae. Revised generic and subgeneric diagnoses, an identification key to the known taxa, and data on the distribution and ecology of Eurostocepheus are presented.
Analysis of human scream and its impact on text-independent speaker verification
Authors: Hansen John H. L. , Nandwana Mahesh Kumar , Shokouhi Navid
Published: April 2017

Scream is defined as sustained, high-energy vocalizations that lack phonological structure. Lack of phonological structure is how scream is identified from other forms of loud vocalization, such as “yell.” This study investigates the acoustic aspects of screams and addresses those that are known to prevent standard speaker identification systems from recognizing the identity of screaming speakers. It is well established that speaker variability due to changes in vocal effort and Lombard effect contribute to degraded performance in automatic speech systems (i.e., speech recognition, speaker identification, diarization, etc.). However, previous research in the general area of speaker variability has concentrated on human speech production, whereas less is known about non-speech vocalizations. The UT-NonSpeech corpus is developed here to investigate speaker verification from scream samples. This study considers a detailed analysis in terms of fundamental frequency, spectral peak shift, frame energy distribution, and spectral tilt. It is shown that traditional speaker recognition based on the Gaussian mixture models-universal background model framework is unreliable when evaluated with screams.
Arctic greening from warming promotes declines in caribou populations
Authors: Fauchald Per , Park Taejin , Tømmervik Hans , Myneni Ranga , Hausner Vera Helene
Published: April 2017

A greener Arctic does not benefit caribou; the shift in tundra vegetation due to warming is associated with declining caribou herds.
Data-driven discovery of partial differential equations
Authors: Rudy Samuel H. , Brunton Steven L. , Proctor Joshua L. , Kutz J. Nathan
Published: April 2017

Researchers propose sparse regression for identifying governing partial differential equations for spatiotemporal systems.
Butterfly gyroid nanostructures as a time-frozen glimpse of intracellular membrane development
Authors: Wilts Bodo D. , Apeleo Zubiri Benjamin , Klatt Michael A. , Butz Benjamin , Fischer Michael G. , Kelly Stephen T. , Spiecker Erdmann , Steiner Ullrich , Schröder-Turk Gerd E.
Published: April 2017

High-resolution microscopy of hierarchically organized solid gyroid nanostructures sheds light on the underlying dynamic formation process.
Meet the science marchers
Authors:   Science News Staff, Wade Lizzie , Matacic Catherine , Gibbons Ann , Clery Daniel , Malakoff David , Wadman Meredith , Barone Luca Tancredi , Stokstad Erik , Escobar Herton , Derworiz Colette , Servick Kelly , Enserink Martin
Published: April 2017

Students, researchers, science leaders, and enthusiasts of all stripes turned out, for reasons personal and political.
In surprise, tooth decay afflicts hunter-gatherers
Authors: Gibbons Ann
Published: April 2017

Paleo diet, thought to be protective, can be worse for teeth than farmed food.
S&T Policy Forum examines evolving opioid epidemic
Authors: O'Neil Kathleen
Published: April 2017

More young people are using heroin, and powerful drug additives are causing more overdoses
Webinar | Getting the best data from your cells: From tissue culture to final analysis
Authors: Korch Christopher , Eterovic Karina , Neve Richard M.
Published: April 2017

From tissue culture to final analysis, cell culture is a group of techniques used in the majority of life science laboratories. There are numerous standard methodologies, but many of the techniques used are continuously changing and evolving. From cell preparation and growth to final analysis, the cell culture workflow encompasses many areas of expertise, making it difficult for a researcher to be an authority in all of them. Properly optimizing workflows and utilizing the latest best practices are the keys to obtaining consistent results and advancing scientific research. Join this webinar to learn the latest tips and tricks of the trade from the experts.
Formation of matter-wave soliton trains by modulational instability
Authors: Nguyen Jason H. V. , Luo De , Hulet Randall G.
Published: April 2017

Imaging an atomic soliton train

Solitons—waveforms that keep their shape as they travel—can form in various environments where waves propagate, such as optical media. In a one-dimensional tube of bosonic atoms, solitons are formed when the interaction between the atoms is suddenly switched from repulsive to attractive. This causes the atoms to clump together into a “train” of solitons. Nguyen
et al.
used a nearly nondestructive imaging technique to follow the dynamics of this train. The solitons repulsed each other and underwent collective oscillations known as breathing modes.

Science
, this issue p.
422
A multifunctional catalyst that stereoselectively assembles prodrugs
Authors: DiRocco Daniel A. , Ji Yining , Sherer Edward C. , Klapars Artis , Reibarkh Mikhail , Dropinski James , Mathew Rose , Maligres Peter , Hyde Alan M. , Limanto John , Brunskill Andrew , Ruck Rebecca T. , Campeau Louis-Charles , Davies Ian W.
Published: April 2017

Getting phosphorus into healthy shape

ProTide therapeutics play a trick on the body, getting nucleoside analogs where they need to be by decorating them with unnatural phosphoramidates in place of ordinary phosphates. These compounds pose an unusual synthetic challenge because their configuration must be controlled at phosphorus; most methods have been refined to manipulate the geometry of carbon. DiRocco
et al.
report a metal-free, small-molecule catalyst that attains high selectivity for nucleoside phosphoramidation by activating both reaction partners. Kinetic studies with an early prototype revealed a double role for the catalyst that inspired the rational design of a more active and selective dimeric structure.

Science
, this issue p.
426
Extracting the contents of living cells
Authors: Higgins Stuart G. , Stevens Molly M.
Published: April 2017

Alumina “nanostraws” enable longitudinal intracellular monitoring of live cells
Linking stem cells to germ cells
Authors: Vielle-Calzada Jean-Philippe
Published: April 2017

A factor that specifies stem cells in plants also triggers germ cell production
H. Boyd Woodruff (1917–2017)
Authors: Bennett Joan Wennstrom , Eveleigh Douglas , Goodman Robert M.
Published: April 2017

Pioneer in antibiotics and industrial microbiology
Digital architecture and robotic construction
Authors: Yang Guang-Zhong
Published: April 2017

Robotics in digital architecture may transform the delivery, maintenance, and operation of the built environment.
Robots on construction sites: The potential and challenges of on-site digital fabrication
Authors: Loveridge Russell , Coray Tanja
Published: April 2017

Advances in materials, processes, and their implementation using purpose-designed robots will change the construction sector.
Long-Term Persistence of Cell-Mediated and Humoral Responses to A(H1N1)pdm09 Influenza Virus Vaccines and the Role of the AS03 Adjuvant System in Adults during Two Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: van der Most Robbert G. , Clément Frédéric , Willekens Julie , Dewé Walthère , Walravens Karl , Vaughn David W. , Leroux-Roels Geert
Published: April 2017

We investigated the role of AS03
A
(here AS03), an α-tocopherol oil-in-water emulsion-based adjuvant system, on the long-term persistence of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza vaccines. In two studies, a total of 261 healthy adults (≤60 years old) were randomized to receive two doses of AS03-adjuvanted vaccine containing 3.75 μg of hemagglutinin (HA) or nonadjuvanted vaccine containing 15 μg of hemagglutinin (in study A) or 3.75 μg of hemagglutinin (in study B) 21 days apart. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody, memory B-cell, and CD4
+
/CD8
+
T-cell responses were characterized up to 1 year following dose 1. We also assessed the effects of age and seasonal influenza vaccination history. AS03-adjuvanted (3.75 μg HA) vaccine and nonadjuvanted vaccine at 15 μg but not at 3.75 μg HA elicited HI antibody responses persisting at levels that continued to meet European licensure criteria through month 12. At month 12, the geometric mean titer for AS03-adjuvanted vaccine was similar to that for nonadjuvanted (15-μg) vaccine in study A (1:86 and 1:88, respectively) and higher than that for nonadjuvanted (3.75-μg) vaccine in study B (1:77 and 1:35, respectively). A(H1N1)pdm09-specific CD4
+
T-cell and B-cell responses were stronger in AS03-adjuvanted groups and persisted only in these groups for 12 months at levels exceeding prevaccination frequencies. Advancing age and a seasonal vaccination history tended to reduce HI antibody and memory B-cell responses and, albeit less consistently, CD4
+
T-cell responses. Thus, AS03 seemed to enhance the persistence of humoral and cell-mediated responses to A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine, allowing for antigen sparing and mitigating potential negative effects of age and previous seasonal vaccination. (These studies have been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT00968539 and NCT00989287.)
Population Dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus in Cystic Fibrosis Patients To Determine Transmission Events by Use of Whole-Genome Sequencing
Authors: Ankrum Andrea , Hall Barry G.
Published: April 2017

Strict infection control practices have been implemented for health care visits by cystic fibrosis (CF) patients in an attempt to prevent transmission of important pathogens. This study used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to determine strain relatedness and assess population dynamics of
Staphylococcus aureus
isolates from a cohort of CF patients as assessed by strain relatedness. A total of 311
S. aureus
isolates were collected from respiratory cultures of 115 CF patients during a 22-month study period. Whole-genome sequencing was performed, and using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, phylogenetic trees were assembled to determine relatedness between isolates. Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) phenotypes were predicted using PPFS2 and compared to the observed phenotype. The accumulation of SNPs in multiple isolates obtained over time from the same patient was examined to determine if a genomic molecular clock could be calculated. Pairs of isolates with ≤71 SNP differences were considered to be the “same” strain. All of the “same” strain isolates were either from the same patient or siblings pairs. There were 47 examples of patients being superinfected with an unrelated strain. The predicted MRSA phenotype was accurate in all but three isolates. Mutation rates were unable to be determined because the branching order in the phylogenetic tree was inconsistent with the order of isolation. The observation that transmissions were identified between sibling patients shows that WGS is an effective tool for determining transmission between patients. The observation that transmission only occurred between siblings suggests that
Staphylococcus aureus
acquisition in our CF population occurred outside the hospital environment and indicates that current infection prevention efforts appear effective.
Serologic Testing for Zika Virus: Comparison of Three Zika Virus IgM-Screening Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays and Initial Laboratory Experiences
Authors: Granger Dane , Hilgart Heather , Misner Lori , Christensen Jaime , Bistodeau Sarah , Palm Jennifer , Strain Anna K. , Konstantinovski Marja , Liu Dakai , Tran Anthony , Theel Elitza S.
Published: April 2017

Serologic evaluation for Zika virus (ZIKV) infection currently includes an initial screen using an anti-ZIKV IgM antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA) followed by supplemental testing of specimens with nonnegative results by a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). We compared the performance characteristics of three ELISAs for the detection of IgM class antibodies to ZIKV, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Zika MAC-ELISA, the InBios ZIKV
Detect
MAC-ELISA, and the Euroimmun anti-Zika Virus IgM ELISA. Additionally, we present our initial experiences with ZIKV serologic testing from a national reference laboratory perspective. Using both retrospectively and prospectively collected specimens from patients with possible ZIKV infection, we show that the CDC and InBios MAC-ELISAs perform comparably to each other, with positive agreement, negative agreement, and interrater kappa values ranging from 87.5% to 93.1%, 95.7% to 98.5%, and 0.52 to 0.83, respectively. In contrast, comparison of the Euroimmun ZIKV ELISA to either the CDC or InBios MAC-ELISAs resulted in positive agreement, negative agreement, and interrater kappa values ranging from 17.9% to 42.9%, 91.7% to 98.6%, and 0.10 to 0.39, respectively. Among the 19 prospective samples submitted for PRNT, nine were negative, eight specimens had neutralizing antibodies to a flavivirus (unable to be identified), and one sample each was confirmed for ZIKV or dengue virus infection. This study highlights the ongoing challenges associated with serologic diagnosis of ZIKV infection. Although the availability of a commercial serologic test for ZIKV has greatly expanded the national capacity for such testing, the need to further characterize and improve these assays, particularly with regard to specificity, remains.
Selectable Markers for Use in Genetic Manipulation of Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Acinetobacter baumannii HUMC1
Authors: Luna Brian M. , Ulhaq Amber , Yan Jun , Pantapalangkoor Paul , Nielsen Travis B. , Davies Bryan W. , Actis Luis A. , Spellberg Brad
Published: April 2017

Multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pan-drug-resistant (PDR) strains of
Acinetobacter baumannii
have frequently been characterized. The ability of
A. baumannii
to develop resistance to antibiotics is a key reason this organism has been difficult to study using genetic and molecular biology approaches. Here we report selectable markers that are not only useful but necessary for the selection of drug-resistant transformants in the setting of drug-resistant backgrounds. Use of these selectable markers can be applied to a variety of genetic and molecular techniques such as mutagenesis and transformation. These selectable markers will help promote genetic and molecular biology studies of otherwise onerous drug-resistant strains, while avoiding the generation of pathogenic organisms that are resistant to clinically relevant antibiotics.
An Efficient, Rapid, and Recyclable System for CRISPR-Mediated Genome Editing in Candida albicans
Authors: Nguyen Namkha , Quail Morgan M. F. , Hernday Aaron D.
Published: April 2017

Candida albicans
is the major fungal pathogen of humans and is the subject of intense biomedical and discovery research. Until recently, the pace of research in this field has been hampered by the lack of efficient methods for genome editing. We report the development of a highly efficient and flexible genome editing system for use with
C. albicans
. This system improves upon previously published
C. albicans
CRISPR systems and enables rapid, precise genome editing without the use of permanent markers. This new tool kit promises to expedite the pace of research on this important fungal pathogen.
Enteritis with pneumatosis intestinalis following rotavirus immunisation in an infant with short bowel syndrome
Authors: Lopez Robert N , Krishnan Usha , Ooi Chee Y
Published: April 2017

Rotavirus vaccines now form part of the national immunisation schedule in many countries. Contraindications to its use are few but do not currently include infants with short bowel syndrome (SBS). We present a nearly 3-month-old boy with SBS who developed enteritis with pneumatosis intestinalis following administration of the Rotarix vaccine.
Unethical randomised controlled trial of cervical screening in India: US Freedom of Information Act disclosures
Authors: Suba Eric J , Ortega Robert E , Mutch David G
Published: April 2017

This paper has been withdrawn. After acceptance it was inadvertently published online while awaiting legal review. It has now been withdrawn on legal advice. For the official publisher note please see:http://gh.bmj.com/content/2/2/bmjgh-2016-000177notice
Going beyond personal protection against mosquito bites to eliminate malaria transmission: population suppression of malaria vectors that exploit both human and animal blood
Authors: Killeen Gerry F , Kiware Samson S , Okumu Fredros O , Sinka Marianne E , Moyes Catherine L , Massey N Claire , Gething Peter W , Marshall John M , Chaccour Carlos J , Tusting Lucy S
Published: April 2017

Protecting individuals and households against mosquito bites with long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) or indoor residual spraying (IRS) can suppress entire populations of unusually efficient malaria vector species that predominantly feed indoors on humans. Mosquitoes which usually feed on animals are less reliant on human blood, so they are far less vulnerable to population suppression effects of such human-targeted insecticidal measures. Fortunately, the dozens of mosquito species which primarily feed on animals are also relatively inefficient vectors of malaria, so personal protection against mosquito bites may be sufficient to eliminate transmission. However, a handful of mosquito species are particularly problematic vectors of residual malaria transmission, because they feed readily on both humans and animals. These unusual vectors feed often enough on humans to be potent malaria vectors, but also often enough on animals to evade population control with LLINs, IRS or any other insecticidal personal protection measure targeted only to humans.Anopheles arabiensisandA. coluzziiin Africa,A. darlingiin South America andA. farautiin Oceania, as well asA. culicifaciesspecies E,A. fluviatilisspecies S,A. lesteriandA. minimusin Asia, all feed readily on either humans or animals and collectively mediate residual malaria transmission across most of the tropics. Eliminating malaria transmission by vectors exhibiting such dual host preferences will require aggressive mosquito population abatement, rather than just personal protection of humans. Population suppression of even these particularly troublesome vectors is achievable with a variety of existing vector control technologies that remain underdeveloped or underexploited.
The value of different aspects of person-centred care: a series of discrete choice experiments in people with long-term conditions
Authors: Burton Christopher D , Entwistle Vikki A , Elliott Alison M , Krucien Nicolas , Porteous Terry , Ryan Mandy
Published: April 2017

Objective

To measure the value the patients place on different aspects of person-centred care.

Design

We systematically identified four attributes of person-centred care. We then measured their value to 923 people with either chronic pain or chronic lung disease over three discrete choice experiments (DCEs) about services to support self-management. We calculated the value of each attribute for all respondents and identified groups of people with similar preferences using latent class modelling.

Setting

DCEs conducted online via a commercial survey company.

Participants

Adults with either chronic pain (two DCEs, n=517 and 206, respectively) or breathlessness due to chronic respiratory disease (n=200).

Results

Participants were more likely to choose services with higher level person-centred attributes. They most valued services that took account of a person’s current situation likelihood of selection increased by 16.9% (95% CI=15.4 to 18.3) and worked with the person on what they wanted to get from life (15.8%; 14.5 to 17.1). More personally relevant information was valued less than these (12.3%; 11.0 to 13.6). A friendly and personal communicative style was valued least (3.8%; 2.7 to 4.8). Latent class models indicated that a substantial minority of participants valued personally relevant information over the other attributes.

Conclusion

This is the first study to measure the value patients place on different aspects of person-centred care. Professional training needs to emphasise the substance of clinical communication—working responsively with individuals on what matters to them—as well as the style of its delivery.
A Unified Electronic Tool for CPR and Emergency Treatment Escalation Plans Improves Communication and Early Collaborative Decision Making for Acute Hospital Admissions
Authors: Johnson Mae , Whyte Martin , Loveridge Robert , Yorke Richard , Naleem Shairana
Published: April 2017

The National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcomes and Death (NCEPOD) report ‘Time to Intervene’ (2012) stated that in a substantial number of cases, resuscitation is attempted when it was thought a ‘do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation’ (DNACPR) decision should have been in place. Early decisions about CPR status and advance planning about limits of care now form part of national recommendations by the UK Resuscitation Council (2016).

Treatment escalation plans (TEP) document what level of treatment intervention would be appropriate if a patient were to become acutely unwell and were not previously formally in place at King's College Hospital. A unifying paper based form was successfully piloted in the Acute Medical Unit, introducing the TEP and bringing together decision making around both treatment escalation and CPR status. Subsequently an electronic order-set for CPR status and treatment escalation was launched in April 2015 which led to a highly visible CPR and escalation status banner on the main screen at the top of the patient's electronic record.

Ultimately due to further iterations in the electronic process by December 2016, all escalation decisions for acutely admitted patients now have high quality supporting, explanatory documentation with 100% having TEPs in place.

There is now widespread multidisciplinary engagement in the process of defining limits of care for acutely admitted medical patients within the first 14 hours of admission and a strategy for rolling this process out across all the divisions of the hospital through our Deteriorating Patient Group (DPG).

The collaborative design with acute medical, palliative and intensive care teams and the high visibility provided by the electronic process in the Electronic Patient Record (EPR) has enhanced communication with these teams, patients, nursing staff and the multidisciplinary team by ensuring clarity through a universally understood process about escalation and CPR.

Clarity and openness about these discussions have been welcomed by patient focus groups facilitated via our acute medicine patient experience committee. There has been a shift in medical culture where transparency about limits of care has contributed to improving patient safety and quality of care through reducing unnecessary CPR supported by focus groups of staff.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence updates the stable chest pain guideline with radical changes to the diagnostic paradigm
Authors: Timmis Adam , Roobottom Carl A
Published: April 2017

In the 2016 update of the stable chest pain guideline, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has made radical changes to the diagnostic paradigm that it—like other international guidelines—had previously placed at the centre of its recommendations. No longer are quantitative assessments of the disease probability considered necessary to determine the need for diagnostic testing and the choice of test. Instead, the recommendation is for no diagnostic testing if chest pain is judged to be ‘non-anginal’ and CT coronary angiography (CTCA) in patients with ‘typical’ or ‘atypical’ chest pain with additional perfusion imaging only if there is uncertainty about the functional significance of coronary lesions. The new emphasis on anatomical—as opposed to functional—testing is driven in large part by cost-effectiveness analysis and despite inevitable resource implications NICE calculates that annual savings for the population of England will be significant. In making CTCA the default diagnostic testing strategy in its updated chest pain guideline, NICE has responded emphatically to calls from trialists for CTCA to have a greater role in the diagnostic pathway of patients with suspected angina.
Direct transfer to angiosuite to reduce door-to-puncture time in thrombectomy for acute stroke
Authors: Ribo Marc , Boned Sandra , Rubiera Marta , Tomasello Alejandro , Coscojuela Pilar , Hernández David , Pagola Jorge , Juega Jesús , Rodriguez Noelia , Muchada Marian , Rodriguez-Luna David , Molina Carlos A
Published: April 2017

Objective

To evaluate direct transfer to the angiosuite protocol of patients with acute stroke, candidates for endovascular treatment (EVT).

Methods

We studied workflow metrics of all patients with stroke who had undergone EVT in the past 12 months. Patients followed three protocols: direct transfer to emergency room (DTER), CT room (DTCT) or angiosuite (DTAS, only last 6 months if admission National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score >9 and time from onset <4.5 hours) according to staff/suite availability. DTAS patients underwent cone-beam CT before femoral puncture. Dramatic clinical improvement was defined as 10 NIHSS points drop at 24 hours.

Results

201 patients were included: 87 DTER (43.3%), 74 DTCT (36.8%), 40 DTAS (19.9%).

Ten DTAS patients (25%) did not receive EVT: 3 (7.5%) showed intracranial hemorrhage on cone-beam CT and 7 (17.5%) did not show an occlusion on angiography. Mean door-to-puncture (D2P) time was shorter in DTAS (17±8 min) than DTCT (60±29 min; p<0.01). D2P was longer in DTER (90±53 min) than in the other protocols (p<0.01). For outcome analyses only patients who received EVT were compared; no significant differences in baseline characteristics, including time from symptom-onset to admission, puncture-to-recanalization, or recanalization rate, were seen. However, time from symptom-to-puncture (DTAS: 197±72 min, DTER: 279±156, DTCT: 224±142 min; p=0.01) and symptom-to-recanalization (DTAS: 257±74, DTER: 355±158, DTCT: 279±146 min; p<0.01) were longer in the DTER group. At 24 hours, there were no differences in NIHSS score (p=0.81); however, the rate of dramatic clinical improvement was significantly higher in DTAS: 48.6% (DTER 24.1%, DTCT 27.4%); p=0.01). An adjusted model pointed to shorter onset-to-puncture time as an independent predictor of dramatic improvement (OR=1.23, 95% CI 1.13 to 133; p<0.01)

Conclusion

In a subgroup of patients direct transfer and triage in the angiosuite seems feasible, safe, and achieves significant reduction in hospital workflow times.
Cerebral misery perfusion due to carotid occlusive disease
Authors: Maddula Mohana , Sprigg Nikola , Bath Philip M , Munshi Sunil
Published: April 2017

Purpose

Cerebral misery perfusion (CMP) is a condition where cerebral autoregulatory capacity is exhausted, and cerebral blood supply in insufficient to meet metabolic demand.

We present an educational review of this important condition, which has a range of clinical manifestations.

Method

A non-systematic review of published literature was undertaken on CMP and major cerebral artery occlusive disease, using Pubmed and Sciencedirect.

Findings

Patients with CMP may present with strokes in watershed territories, collapses and transient ischaemic attacks or episodic movements associated with an orthostatic component. While positron emission tomography is the gold standard investigation for misery perfusion, advanced MRI is being increasingly used as an alternative investigation modality. The presence of CMP increases the risk of strokes. In addition to the devastating effect of stroke, there is accumulating evidence of impaired cognition and quality of life with carotid occlusive disease (COD) and misery perfusion. The evidence for revascularisation in the setting of complete carotid occlusion is weak. Medical management constitutes careful blood pressure management while addressing other vascular risk factors.

Discussion

The evidence for the management of patients with COD and CMP is discussed, together with recommendations based on our local experience. In this review, we focus on misery perfusion due to COD.

Conclusion

Patients with CMP and COD may present with a wide-ranging clinical phenotype and therefore to many specialties. Early identification of patients with misery perfusion may allow appropriate management and focus on strategies to maintain or improve cerebral blood flow, while avoiding potentially harmful treatment.
Active layer slope disturbances affect seasonality and composition of dissolved nitrogen export from High Arctic headwater catchments
Authors: Lafrenière Melissa J. , Louiseize Nicole L. , Lamoureux Scott F.
Published: April 2017

This study investigates the impacts of active layer detachments (ALDs) on nitrogen in seasonal runoff from High Arctic hillslope catchments. We examined dissolved nitrogen in runoff from an undisturbed catchment (Goose (GS)) and one that was disturbed (Ptarmigan (PT)) by ALDs, prior to disturbance (2007) and 5 years after disturbance (2012). The seasonal dynamics of nitrogen species concentrations and fluxes were similar in both catchments in 2007, but the mean seasonal nitrate concentration and mass flux from the disturbed catchment were on the order of 30 times higher relative to the undisturbed catchment in 2012. Stormflow yielded 45% and 60% of the 2012 total dissolved nitrogen flux in GS and PT, respectively, although rainfall runoff provided less than 25% of seasonal discharge. Results support that through the combined effects of increased disturbance and rainfall, climate change stands to significantly enhance the export of nitrate from High Arctic watersheds. This study highlights that the increase in the delivery of nitrate from disturbance is especially pronounced late in the season when downstream productivity and the biological demand for this often limiting nutrient are high. Our results also demonstrate that the impact of ALDs on nitrate export can persist more than 5 years following disturbance.
Probabilistic investigations on the watertightness of jet-grouted ground considering geometric imperfections in diameter and position
Authors: Pan Yutao , Liu Yong , Hu Jun , Sun Miaomiao , Wang Wei
Published: April 2017

The effect of geometric imperfections in both diameter and position of jet-grouted columns on the watertightness of an underground cement-treated slab is investigated in this study. A three-dimensional discretized algorithm is proposed to facilitate the detection and measurement of untreated zones that penetrate the treated slab. The normalized flow rate of a cement-treated slab is then evaluated by calculating the harmonic average area of the penetrated defect. Statistical evaluation of the gross flow rate through the penetrated defects is carried out via Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that a more economic design is obtainable if intracolumn variation of diameter is considered or multi-shaft jet-grouting is used. Based on the statistical results, a reliability-based design method is proposed for designers to strike a balance among various design parameters, including slab thickness, depth, column diameter, and column spacing.
The influence of discharge, current speed, and development on the downstream dispersal of larval nase (Chondrostoma nasus) in the River Danube
Authors: Lechner Aaron , Keckeis Hubert , Glas Martin , Tritthart Michael , Habersack Helmut , Andorfer Laurin , Humphries Paul
Published: April 2017

We investigated the mode (active versus passive) of larval downstream dispersal and its influencing factors in the nase carp (Chondrostoma nasus). Marked larvae (early and later stages), together with equivalent numbers of passive particles, were released in the main channel of the River Danube (Austria) at different flow (low, high) and current (over-critical, under-critical) conditions. Larvae and particles were recaptured with stationary nets at varying distances from release. We assumed that differences in the spatial dispersal patterns between larvae and particles were due to fish activity. We hypothesized that river discharge, developmental stage, current speed, and distance from release would influence these differences. We found that activity was independent of developmental stage or current speed at release, although activity was higher during low flow conditions. It may be that larvae deliberately enter the current during low flow, because the hydraulic conditions facilitate active dispersal. Furthermore, activity was greatest near the release site. This might be due to an intrinsically greater activity when fish are placed into novel surroundings or a result of rheoreaction. The discharge-dependent dispersal patterns observed represent an important ecological link between flow and recruitment and demonstrate the importance of inshore conditions for the early life stages of fish in large rivers, especially with regard to river modification and restoration schemes.
Strategies to prevent damage to critical infrastructure due to induced seismicity
Authors: Atkinson Gail M.
Published: April 2017

There has been a significant increase in the rate of felt earthquakes in western Alberta and eastern British Columbia, which has been associated with hydraulic fracturing and wastewater disposal. The increased rate of seismicity and the potential for localized strong ground motions from very shallow events poses an increased hazard to critical infrastructure such as major dams—particularly for older high-consequence structures. This paper overviews the factors that affect the likelihood of damaging ground motions and examines their implications for hazard assessment and mitigation. A strategy aimed at reducing the likelihood of potentially damaging ground motions to achieve probabilistic targets for critical facilities is developed, comprising elements of both mitigation and avoidance. For critical facilities, an effective strategy includes (i) an exclusion zone having a radius of ∼5 km; and (ii) a monitoring-and-response protocol to track the rate of events at the M > 2 level within 25 km, with adjustment of operational practices if required. An exclusion zone provides a deterministic safety margin to ensure the integrity of those few facilities for which failure consequences are unacceptable. Real-time monitoring tied to a response protocol can be used to control the rate of significant events and thereby limit the hazard more broadly.
On the crystallization kinetics of Zr–(Co,Ni)–Al bulk metallic glasses
Authors: Qin X. M. , Zhang Q. F. , Duan X. Y. , Wang X. C. , Jiang Y. H. , Zhou R. , Tan J.
Published: April 2017

Zr-based amorphous alloys are promising materials applied in engineering field, due to their strong glass-forming ability, outstanding mechanical properties and relatively low cost. In this work, the crystallization kinetics of Zr[Formula: see text]Co[Formula: see text]Ni[Formula: see text]Al[Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text], 2, 4 and 8; marked as Ni0, Ni2, Ni4 and Ni8, respectively) alloys are investigated in detail. The results show that, due to the addition of Ni, the glass transition of the alloys presents obvious dynamic characteristics, i.e., with the increasing heating rate, all characteristic temperatures are shifted to higher temperature. By fitting the Kissinger equation, the glass transition activation energy of Ni8 is the highest, indicating that Ni8 is much more difficult to crystallize. Therefore, the Ni8 alloy has the strongest anti-crystallization ability in the Zr[Formula: see text]Co[Formula: see text]Ni[Formula: see text]Al[Formula: see text] alloys investigated.
Effect of stress concentration on the fatigue strength of A7N01S-T5 welded joints
Authors: Zhang Mingyue , Gou Guoqing , Hang Zongqiu , Chen Hui
Published: April 2017

Stress concentration is a key factor that affects the fatigue strength of welded joints. In this study, the fatigue strengths of butt joints with and without the weld reinforcement were tested to quantify the effect of stress concentration. The fatigue strength of the welded joints was measured with a high-frequency fatigue machine. The [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] curves were drawn under different confidence levels and failure probabilities. The results show that butt joints with the weld reinforcement have much lower fatigue strength than joints without the weld reinforcement. Therefore, stress concentration introduced by the weld reinforcement should be controlled.
Human Capital of Returnee Entrepreneurs: A Case Study in China
Authors: Zhou Li , Farquharson Maris , Man Thomas Wing Yan
Published: April 2017

Returnee entrepreneurs (REs), who left China for education or work experience, accumulate human capital (HC) from their host countries. Such HC may be of benefit when forming new firms on their return to their home country. Insight from an in-depth case study of a service company for legal professionals, formed by three REs in Shanghai, is observed. Data were collected through participant observation and in-depth interviews. Findings indicate a contingency effect of HC. REs’ specific human capital (SHC), leveraged from their ‘host country experiences’, increased their alertness to business opportunities (i.e., opportunity identification). Their general human capital (GHC), leveraged from their ‘home and host country experiences’, prompted the new firm formation (i.e., opportunity exploitation).