bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiofrequency ablation of colorectal hepatic metastases
Authors: Guenette Jeffrey P. , Dupuy Damian E.
Published: December 2010

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) may be performed intraoperatively, laparoscopically, or percutaneously. The percutaneous approach is associated with the least procedural risk and may be performed under local anesthesia. Percutaneous RFA should be considered a primary treatment option for patients with unresectable hepatic tumors or conditions that prohibit general anesthesia or abdominal surgery. Continually improving thermal ablation and imaging technologies are likely to further increase tumor ablation efficacy and expand its role in treatment of hepatic metastases. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:978–987. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The neoadjuvant therapy of colorectal hepatic metastases and the role of biologic sensitizing and resistance factors
Authors: Wanebo Harold J. , Berz David
Published: December 2010

Liver metastasis represents a common systemic complication of colorectal cancers (CRCs). Partial liver resection has been demonstrated to result in long‐term survival in certain well‐selected patients with otherwise well‐controlled systemic disease. Neoadjuvant therapy has been demonstrated to result in improved resectability and potentially longer survival in patients with liver metastases from CRC. The addition of biologic agents to chemotherapy has been shown to improve response rates and overall survival in patients with metastatic CRC. Here, we are discussing the role of biologic agents in the treatment of patients with liver metastases from CRC. We also discuss the role of biomarkers for response and resistance to such novel therapies. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:891–897. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of liver colorectal metastases: Role of laparoscopy, radiofrequency ablation, and microwave coagulation
Authors: Rocha Flavio G. , D'Angelica Michael
Published: December 2010

Up to 50% of patients with colorectal cancer will develop metastatic disease in the liver. While surgical extirpation remains the best option for long‐term survival, several complementary modalities such as laparoscopy, radiofrequency ablation, and microwave coagulation have gained wide acceptance as primary and adjunct therapies for both resectable and unresectable disease. This review will focus on the application and outcome of these techniques in patients with colorectal liver metastases. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:968–974. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution of neoadjuvant therapy for extended hepatic metastases—have we reached our (non‐resectable) limit?
Authors: Adam René , Hoti Emir , Bredt Luis César
Published: December 2010

Surgical resection offers the best chance for cure in patients with colorectal liver metastases; however, only 15–25% of them can benefit from surgery. To increase resectability a number of strategies have been developed in different fields including chemotherapy, surgery, and radiology. Bringing them together into an integrated framework has expanded the number of patients that can be treated with curative intent. This review focuses on recent oncosurgical changes, their impact, and future directions. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:922–931. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognosticators in thigh soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Newcomer Anne E. , Dylinski Diane , Rubin Brian P. , Joyce Michael J. , Hoeltge Gerald , Bershadsky Boris , Lietman Steven A.
Published: December 2010

Background

In sarcoma patients the roles of smoking history, family cancer history, and leukoreduced blood transfusions have not been studied and the effect of preoperative radiation on blood loss has not been examined.

Methods

Seventy‐seven patients with non‐metastatic and non‐recurrent thigh sarcomas surgically treated at the Cleveland Clinic were identified. Among patient variables studied were: close family history of cancer, perioperative transfusion history, smoking history, and radiation history. Median follow‐up for the survivors was 3.2 years.

Results

We found that tumor grade, transfusion >3 U (P = 0.022), and pre‐ or post‐operative radiation therapy (P = 0.041) were risk factors for distant metastasis. Tumor grade (P = 0.008), positive smoking history (P = 0.039), and >3 U of non‐leukoreduced blood transfused (P = 0.037) were risk factors for death of any‐cause. Close family history of cancer correlated with having a grade 3 sarcoma (P = 0.044). Neoadjuvant radiotherapy correlated with >3 U of blood transfused (P = 0.001) and biopsy performed at the treating institution led to a significant decrease in rate of recurrence (P = 0.016).

Conclusions

We present novel findings in terms of transfusions, family history of cancer and site of initial biopsy in sarcoma patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;103:85–91. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pathobiology of colorectal cancer hepatic metastases with an emphasis on prognostic factors
Authors: LeGolvan Mark P. , Resnick Murray
Published: December 2010

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related death in the United States. The majority of these deaths are due to metastasis, with the liver easily accounting as the most common site of deposit. While there are multiple steps in the CRC hepatic metastatic cascade, this review attempts to summarize the different processes involved, focusing on the most recent discoveries, as well as the associated effects in relation to prognosis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:898–908. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Luminescent Polymeric Dispersions and Films Based on Oligonuclear Lanthanide Clusters
Authors: Hauser Christoph P. , Thielemann Dominique T. , Adlung Matthias , Wickleder Claudia , Roesky Peter W. , Weiss Clemens K. , Landfester Katharina
Published: December 2010

The successful embedding of different amounts and types of hydrophobic rare earth clusters (Ln = Y, Pr, Eu, Sm, Nd) in various polymer matrices via miniemulsion polymerization is presented. The resulting cluster‐polymer hybrid nanoparticles are spherical in shape and possess a narrow size distribution, as investigated by photon cross correlation spectroscopy (PCCS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The exact Ln‐content in the nanoparticles is exemplarily investigated for Eu‐ and Nd‐containing polymer dispersions via inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES). As a result of encapsulation more than 1000 mg · L−1 of the hydrophobic Ln‐cluster are successfully dispersed in water. The photophysical properties of the emulsion show the successful avoidance of water from the vicinity of the clusters. Furthermore, a very efficient energy transfer from the ligand and polymeric unit to Eu3+ ions can be observed in dispersion. Based on the different glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the applied polymers, monolayers of the nanoparticles and efficient luminescent thin polymer films are obtained by spin coating.

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Current Awareness in NMR in Biomedicine
Authors:   John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: December 2010

In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of NMR in biomedicine. Each bibliography is divided into 12 sections: 1 Reviews; 2 General; 3 Technology; 4 Contrast Agents; 5 Brain and Nerves; 6 Neuropathology; 7 Cancer; 8 Cardiac, Vascular and Respiratory Systems; 9 Liver, Kidney and Other Organs; 10 Muscle and Orthopaedic; 11 Plants, Micro‐organisms and Parasites; 12 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.
Network management in the world of standards: The role of the snmp protocol in managing networks
Authors: Jones Katherine
Published: December 2010

SNMP has taken the network management world by storm. This article presents an in‐depth tutorial on the protocol and its role in managing TCP/IP networks. Discussion of agents, MIBs and the role of the managing software are included.
Multi‐LAN approach to LAN/WAN internetworking
Authors: Corr Peter
Published: December 2010

The multi‐LAN concept is a newly evolved approach to LAN internetworking that realizes multiple advantages over classical solutions while incorporating all of their desirable properties. The multi‐LAN access manager possesses the simplicity, protocol transparency and performance of bridging techniques and most of the security capabilities and packet‐switching network capabilities afforded by routing techniques, coupled with an evolutionary leap in performance. In addition, the multi‐LAN access manager supports a centralized, comprehensive, network management and diagnostic capability.
Codex's DualVIEW management option: Enabling two windows on the network
Authors: Robbins Leonard , Casaly Barbara
Published: December 2010

The DualVIEW™ Management Option allows several types of Codex transmission devices to function compatibly with NetView, IBM's network management software. In addition, because DualVIEW‐equipped devices can operate also in conjunction with a Codex Network Management System (NMS), users can benefit from the strengths of both network managers. This article explains how the DualVIEW Option works, and it looks in detail at the user interface that each management system provides.
Decnet/osi protocols: The physical, data link and network layers
Authors: Snellen David
Published: December 2010

In this, the first of three articles on DECnet/OSI, we will look at the Network Functional Unit (NFU).
The weak link
Authors: Hanson David
Published: December 2010

Public network reliability has become a mandatory issue. In the second quarter of 1991 alone, there were 331 switch‐related outages, which affected more than 3.5 million phone lines and lasted an average of 45 minutes each. The carriers are trying but they still represent the ‘Weak Link’ in data and voice communications. There will be improvements but will they be enough?
Does speed matter? A comparison of the effectiveness of fluency and discrete trial training for teaching noun labels to children with autism
Authors: Holding Erica , Bray Melissa A. , Kehle Thomas J.
Published: December 2010

This study used an alternating‐treatment design to compare the efficacy of discrete trial training (DTT) with fluency training (FT) for the acquisition, stimulus generalization, and retention of noun labels in children with autism. Four elementary‐age students diagnosed with autism were taught to expressively label nouns using a DTT format and a FT format. A between‐treatments comparison of the total number of nouns retained at 6 weeks post intervention was also conducted to compare retention. The results of this study showed that FT was superior to DTT in all of these areas. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasma Electrochemistry in 1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium dicyanamide: Copper Nanoparticles from CuCl and CuCl2
Authors: Kulbe Norman , Höfft Oliver , Ulbrich Angela , Zein El Abedin Sherif , Krischok Stefan , Janek Jürgen , Pölleth Manuel , Endres Frank
Published: December 2010

We report on the reaction of CuCl and CuCl2, each dissolved in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([BMIm]dca), with a glow discharge argon plasma. The interaction of the plasma with the solutions exhibits a strong reaction with gas evolution and the growth of copper nanoparticles. The particle size was determined with transmission electron microscopy (from the particle/ionic liquid, IL solution). The chemical composition was investigated by ex situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We found that the mean diameter of the copper particles produced in CuCl/[BMIm]dca and CuCl2/[BMIm]dca was in the same order of magnitude (between 2 and 10 nm). Despite the strong reaction we found no hints for IL degradation products in the liquids with infrared spectroscopy. XPS showed that ex situ treatment of the particles leads to the formation of CuO.

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An accurate model of polyglutamine
Authors: Digambaranath Jyothi L. , Campbell Tyler V. , Chung Alfred , McPhail Michael J. , Stevenson Karis E. , Zohdy Mohamed A. , Finke John M.
Published: December 2010

Polyglutamine repeats in proteins are highly correlated with amyloid formation and neurological disease. To better understand the molecular basis of glutamine repeat diseases, structural analysis of polyglutamine peptides as soluble monomers, oligomers, and insoluble amyloid fibrils is necessary. In this study, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments and molecular dynamics simulations using different theoretical models of polyglutamine were conducted. This study demonstrates that a previously proposed simple CαCβmodel of polyglutamine, denoted as FCO, accurately reproduced the present FRET results and the results of previously published FRET, triplet‐state quenching, and fluorescence correlation studies. Other simple CαCβmodels with random coil and extended β‐strand parameters, and all‐atom models with parm96 and parm99SB force fields, did not match the FRET result well. The FCO is an intrinsically disordered model with a high‐effective persistence length producing extended peptides at short lengths (QN< 10). Because of an increasing number of attractive Q–Q interactions at longer lengths, the FCO model becomes increasingly more compact at lengths between QN∼ 10–16 and is as compact as many folded proteins at QN> 16. Proteins 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Free‐energy landscape of the GB1 hairpin in all‐atom explicit solvent simulations with different force fields: Similarities and differences
Authors: Best Robert B. , Mittal Jeetain
Published: December 2010

Although it is now possible to fold peptides and miniproteins in molecular dynamics simulations, it is well appreciated that force fields are not all transferable to different proteins. Here, we investigate the influence of the protein force field and the solvent model on the folding energy landscape of a prototypical two‐state folder, the GB1 hairpin. We use extensive replica‐exchange molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the free‐energy surface as a function of temperature. Most of these force fields appear similar at a global level, giving a fraction folded at 300 K between 0.2 and 0.8 in all cases, which is a difference in stability of 2.8 kT, and are generally consistent with experimental data at this temperature. The most significant differences appear in the unfolded state, where there are different residual secondary structures which are populated, and the overall dimensions of the unfolded states, which in most of the force fields are too collapsed relative to experimental Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) data. Proteins 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of dopant compensation on the boron–oxygen defect in p‐ and n‐type crystalline silicon
Authors: Macdonald D. , Liu A. , Cuevas A. , Lim B. , Schmidt J.
Published: December 2010

We review recent results relating to the boron–oxygen defect in compensated crystalline silicon for solar cells. The experimental observations are not easily explained by the standard model for the boron–oxygen defect, which involves substitutional boron. In addition, the proposed presence of boron–phosphorus pairs as a possible explanation for these findings is inconsistent with numerous other results. A recently proposed new model for the defect, based on interstitial boron, appears to resolve these problems. In this paper we attempt to extend this model to the case of boron‐containing n‐type silicon. The model predicts that the defect will occur in such material, as has been observed experimentally. However, the tentatively predicted impact of the defect on carrier lifetimes in such material does not appear to be consistent with recent experimental results.
Modelling a maintenance management framework based on PAS 55 standard
Authors: Campos M. A. López , Márquez A. Crespo
Published: December 2010

This article shows the process of modelling a reference maintenance management framework (MMF) that represents the general requirements of the asset management specification PAS 55. The modelled MMF is expressed using the standardized and publicly available Business Process Modelling (BPM) languages UML 2.1 (Unified Modelling Language) and BPMN 1.0 (BPM Notation). The features of these notations allow to easily integrate the modelled processes into the general information system of an organization and to create a flexible structure that can be quickly and even automatically adapted to new necessities. This article presents a brief review about the usage of UML in maintenance projects, general characteristics of PAS 55, modelling concepts and their applications in the project of modelling the MMF. The arguments underlying the methodology and the choice of UML and BPMN are exposed. The general architecture of the suggested MMF is described and modelled through diagrams elucidating the general operation of PAS 55. From this development is appreciated the operation structure of a software tool that can incorporate MIMOSA standards and that can be made suitable for e‐maintenance functions, as an alternative to the commercial systems. Finally, some conclusions about the modelled framework are presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smooth random change point models
Authors: van den Hout Ardo , Muniz‐Terrera Graciela , Matthews Fiona E.
Published: December 2010

Change point models are used to describe processes over time that show a change in direction. An example of such a process is cognitive ability, where a decline a few years before death is sometimes observed. A broken‐stick model consists of two linear parts and a breakpoint where the two lines intersect. Alternatively, models can be formulated that imply a smooth change between the two linear parts. Change point models can be extended by adding random effects to account for variability between subjects. A new smooth change point model is introduced and examples are presented that show how change point models can be estimated using functions in R for mixed‐effects models. The Bayesian inference using WinBUGS is also discussed. The methods are illustrated using data from a population‐based longitudinal study of ageing, the Cambridge City over 75 Cohort Study. The aim is to identify how many years before death individuals experience a change in the rate of decline of their cognitive ability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Involving academic faculty in developing and implementing a strategic plan
Authors: Whitney Rich
Published: December 2010

This chapter discusses how to involve academic faculty in the student affairs strategic planning process through an understanding of their respective commonalities and the academic view of their work through teaching, scholarship, and service.
But does it really work? A vision for student services, 2002–2007
Authors: Ellis Shannon E.
Published: December 2010

This concluding chapter provides an example of one institution's strategic plan: mission, vision, values, measured accomplishments, and future goals. The plan was written in 2002 with a five‐year time line. Thus, it is possible to assess the results of strategic planning in student affairs.
Effects of gabapentin on brain hyperactivity related to pain and sleep disturbance under a neuropathic pain‐like state using fMRI and brain wave analysis
Authors: Takemura Yoshinori , Yamashita Akira , Horiuchi Hiroshi , Furuya Masaharu , Yanase Makoto , Niikura Keiichi , Imai Satoshi , Hatakeyama Noboru , Kinoshita Hiroyuki , Tsukiyama Yoshi , Senba Emiko , Matoba Motohiro , Kuzumaki Naoko , Yamazaki Mitsuaki , Suzuki Tsutomu , Narita Minoru
Published: December 2010

Neuropathic pain is the most difficult pain to manage in the pain clinic, and sleep problems are common among patients with chronic pain including neuropathic pain. In the present study, we tried to visualize the intensity of pain by assessing neuronal activity and investigated sleep disturbance under a neuropathic pain‐like state in mice using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalogram (EEG)/electromyogram (EMG), respectively. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of gabapentin (GBP) on these phenomena. In a model of neuropathic pain, sciatic nerve ligation caused a marked decrease in the latency of paw withdrawal in response to a thermal stimulus only on the ipsilateral side. Under this condition, fMRI showed that sciatic nerve ligation produced a significant increase in the blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) signal intensity in the pain matrix, which was significantly decreased 2 h after the i.p. injection of GBP. Based on the results of an EEG/EMG analysis, sciatic nerve‐ligated animals showed a statistically significant increase in wakefulness and a decrease in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep during the light phase, and the sleep disturbance was almost completely alleviated by a higher dose of GBP in nerve‐ligated mice. These findings suggest that neuropathic pain associated with sleep disturbance can be objectively assessed by fMRI and EEG/EMG analysis in animal models. Furthermore, GBP may improve the quality of sleep as well as control pain in patients with neuropathic pain. Synapse 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of a congenital oral fibrovascular hamartoma
Authors: Coombs P. R. , Gilbertson T. , Teoh M.
Published: December 2010

We report the diagnosis of a congenital oral fibrovascular hamartoma with two‐ and three‐dimensional ultrasound. The distinctive sonographic features including the fibrovascular stalk and a single vascular pedicle are described. Prenatal magnetic resonance imaging and postnatal computed tomography confirmed the ultrasound findings. Despite concerns about impaired swallowing, the prenatal and perinatal courses were straightforward. The lesion was removed soon after birth. Histopathology of the removed lesion provided the definitive diagnosis of a fibrovascular hamartoma and reported a cellular composition that differentiates it from similar lesions. To our knowledge, such a lesion has not been reported pre‐ or postnatally and provides an alternative differential diagnosis for a fetus presenting with a mouth mass. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bacillus subtilis mRNA decay: new parts in the toolkit
Authors: Bechhofer David H.
Published: December 2010

Representatives of two new ribonuclease families have recently been discovered in the gram‐positive model organism, Bacillus subtilis. The RNase J family founding members, RNase J1 and RNase J2, are highly homologous but show differential activities. Although both are broad‐specificity endonucleases, only the essential RNase J1 is a 5′ → 3′ exonuclease—a type of ribonuclease activity that was previously thought not to exist in bacteria. Current data suggest that RNase J1 is highly involved in the turnover of mRNA decay intermediates and may also be involved in the initiation of mRNA decay. A second family of ribonucleases is represented by RNase Y, an endonuclease that exerts a large effect on global mRNA half‐life. The presence of these ribonucleases in B. subtilis predicts significant differences from the well‐established model of mRNA decay in Escherichia coli. WIREs RNA 2011 2 387–394 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.66

This article is categorized under:

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms
[(p‐Tol3Sn)2MoO4] – A Polymeric Triorganotin Molybdate with (10,3)a Network Structure
Authors: Kondracka Małgorzata , Merzweiler Kurt
Published: December 2010

(p‐Tol3Sn)2MoO4 was prepared by the reaction of p‐Tol3SnCl with (NBu4)2[Mo6O19] and (NBu4)OH. The title compound crystallises trigonal with a = 2769.2(2) and c = 3576.3(3) pm, space group R3. The crystal structure consists of MoO4 tetrahedra that are linked by p‐Tol3SnO2 bipyramides to give a 3D network structure and additionally every second MoO4 tetrahedron shares a corner with a terminal p‐Tol3SnO tetrahedron. (p‐Tol3Sn)2MoO4 exhibits an uninodal (10,3)a network which is related to the structure of (NBu4)[(Ph3Sn)3MoO4]·CH3CN.
Local existence and uniqueness of solutions of the weak electrolyte model describing electro‐convection in nematic liquid crystals
Authors: Düll W.‐P. , Schneider G. , Uecker H.
Published: December 2010

We show the local existence and uniqueness of solutions of the most advanced model for the description of electro‐convection in nematic liquid crystals, namely the weak electrolyte model (WEM), which is a mixture of quasilinear parabolic equations and balance laws. We do this by bringing the WEM in a form where a standard iteration scheme can be applied.
Non‐local theory solution of a limited‐permeable mode‐I crack in a piezoelectric/piezomagnetic material plane
Authors: Zhou Z.‐G. , Zhang P.‐W. , Wu L.‐Z.
Published: December 2010

The non‐local theory solution of a limited‐permeable mode‐I crack in a piezoelectric/piezomagnetic media was given by using the generalized Almansi's theorem and the Schmidt method in the present paper. The problem was formulated through Fourier transform into two pairs of dual integral equations, in which the unknown variables are the displacement jumps across the crack surfaces. To solve the dual integral equations, the displacement jumps across the crack surfaces were directly expanded as a series of Jacobi polynomials. Numerical examples were provided to show the effects of the lattice parameter, the crack length, the electric permittivity, and the magnetic permeability of the air inside the crack on the stress field, the electric displacement field, and the magnetic field near the crack tip. Different from the classical solution that the present solution exhibits no stress, electric displacement, and magnetic flux singularities at the crack tips in a piezoelectric/piezomagnetic media.
Dimension reduction for damping optimization in linear vibrating systems
Authors: Benner P. , Tomljanović Z. , Truhar N.
Published: December 2010

We consider a mathematical model of a linear vibrational system described by the second‐order differential equation

, where M and K are positive definite matrices, called mass, and stiffness, respectively. We consider the case where the damping matrix D is positive semidefinite. The main problem considered in the paper is the construction of an efficient algorithm for calculating an optimal damping. As optimization criterion we use the minimization of the average total energy of the system which is equivalent to the minimization of the trace of the solution of the corresponding Lyapunov equation AX + X AT = ‐I, where A is the matrix obtained from linearizing the second‐order differential equation. Finding the optimal D such that the trace of X is minimal is a very demanding problem, caused by the large number of trace calculations, which are required for bigger matrix dimensions. We propose a dimension reduction to accelerate the optimization process. We will present an approximation of the solution of the structured Lyapunov equation and a corresponding error bound for the approximation. Our algorithm for efficient approximation of the optimal damping is based on this approximation. Numerical results illustrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Inverse scattering problem for a rigid scatterer or a cavity in elastodynamics
Authors: Gintides D. , Midrinos L.
Published: December 2010

We consider the inverse scattering problem for the shape determination of a rigid scatterer or a cavity in a homogeneous and isotropic elastic medium. Both problems are formulated in R2 for time‐harmonic fields and longitudinal or transversal incident plane waves. Representation of the scattered field as a single‐ or a double‐layer potential, equivalently, leads to a system of two nonlinear integral equations for the density and the parametrization of the boundary. A detailed numerical implementation is presented for computing the corresponding solutions of both systems and numerical reconstructions are given to show the effectiveness of the method.
Laparoscopic Mini‐gastric Bypass for Type 2 Diabetes: The Preliminary Report
Authors: Kim Zisun , Hur Kyung Yul
Published: December 2010

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become an epidemic health problem worldwide. Compared to Western countries, in Asia, T2DM occurs in patients with a lower body mass index (BMI) due to central obesity and decreased pancreatic β‐cell function. The efficacy of laparoscopic mini‐gastric bypass (LMGB) in obese patients with T2DM has been proven by numerous studies. Treatment outcomes of LMGB for non‐obese T2DM patients are also estimated to be excellent. The aim of the present pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of LMBG in non‐obese T2DM patients (BMI 25–30 kg/m2).

Methods

Ten consecutive patients underwent LMGB at our hospital from August 2009 to October 2009. Preoperative data including glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and 2 h postprandial glucose (2‐h PPG) were compared with data collected at 1, 3, and 6 postoperative months.

Results

All procedures were completed laparoscopically. Mean age of the patients was 46.9 years, mean BMI was 27.2 kg/m2, mean operative time was 150.5 min, and mean postoperative hospital stay was 5.3 days. Neither mortality nor major complications occurred. Mean preoperative glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2‐h PPG, and C‐peptide level were 9.7%, 222 mg/dl, 343 mg/dl, and 2.78 ng/ml, respectively. At the sixth postoperative month, HbA1c, FPG, 2‐h PPG, and C‐peptide level measured 6.7%, 144 mg/dl, 203 mg/dl, and 2.18 ng/ml.

Conclusions

This preliminary study demonstrated the resolution of hyperglycemia in 70% of non‐obese T2DM patients (BMI 25–30 kg/m2). Although long‐term follow‐up data are required, early operative outcomes were satisfactory in terms of glycemic control and safety of the procedure.
Trends in the Surgical Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis over Time: Increased Mortality and Centralization of Care
Authors: Ellis Michelle C. , Diggs Brian S. , Vetto John T. , Herzig Daniel O.
Published: December 2010

Background

New medical therapies available to ulcerative colitis (UC) patients have influenced operative mortality for patients requiring colectomy. We sought to examine trends in treatment and outcome for UC patients treated surgically.

Methods

A review of 36,447 UC patients from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample was performed, comparing the pre‐monoclonal antibody era (1990–1996) to the present‐day era (2000–2006). Patients treated with total colectomy with ileostomy or proctocolectomy with ileal pouch were reviewed for outcome measures and practice setting (rural, urban non‐teaching, urban teaching). Our main outcome measures were in‐hospital mortality, length of stay, and total charges.

Results

Total colectomy (n = 30,362) was performed five times more often than proctocolectomy (n = 6,085). When comparing the two study periods, mortality after total colectomy increased 3.8% to 4.6% (p = 0.0003). This difference was primarily due to increasing mortality in later years; when 1995–1996 was compared to 2005–2006, mortality increased from 3.6% to 5.6% (p < 0.0001). There were no deaths in the proctocolectomy group (p < 0.0001). The distribution by practice setting shifted over the two study periods, decreasing in rural (7.0% to 4.8%) and urban non‐teaching (43.7% to 28.4%) centers, and increasing in urban teaching centers (49.3% to 66.8%). The total inflation‐adjusted charges per patient increased significantly ($34,638 vs. $43,621; p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

The mortality rate after total colectomy is increasing, and the difference is accentuated in the years since widespread use of monoclonal antibody therapy. The care of these patients is being shifted to urban teaching centers and is becoming more expensive.
Protein Extraction and Membrane Recovery in Enzyme‐Assisted Aqueous Extraction Processing of Soybeans
Authors: de Moura J. M. L. N. , Campbell K. , de Almeida N. M. , Glatz C. E. , Johnson L. A.
Published: December 2010

Enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP) is an environmentally friendly process in which oil and protein can be simultaneously recovered from soybeans by using water and enzymes. The significant amount of protein‐rich effluent (skim) constitutes a challenge to protein recovery. Countercurrent two‐stage EAEP at a 1:6 solids‐to‐liquid ratio, 50 °C, pH 9.0, and 120 rpm for 1 h was used to extract oil and protein from dehulled, flaked and extruded soybeans. Different enzyme use strategies were used to produce different skim fractions: 0.5% protease (wt/wt extruded flakes) in both extraction stages; 0.5% protease only in the 2nd extraction stage; and no enzyme in either stage. Dead‐end, stirred‐cell membrane filtration was evaluated with each skim. About 96, 89, and 66% of the protein were extracted with the three enzyme treatments, respectively. Protein retentate yields of 91, 96, and 99% were obtained for the three enzyme treatments, respectively, by using double membrane filtration (30 kDa/500 Da) of the skims, achieving permeate fluxes up to 1.24 kg/m2h at 3.9–4.8 concentration factors (CF) and 0.56 kg/m2h at 1.9–2.9 CF for 30 kDa ultrafiltration and 500 Da nanofiltration, respectively. For cross‐flow ultrafiltration with the 3‐kDa membrane, pH and presence of insoluble protein aggregates significantly affected permeate flux. Maximum permeate flux occurred at high pH and in the presence of protein aggregates, achieving a mean value of 4.1 kg/m2h at 1.7 bar transmembrane pressure.
Assessing the performance of a foraminifera-based transfer function to estimate sea-level changes in northern Portugal
Authors: Leorri Eduardo , Fatela Francisco , Cearreta Alejandro , Moreno João , Antunes Carlos , Drago Teresa
Published: December 2010

We assessed the performance of a transfer function model for sea-level studies using salt-marsh foraminifera from two estuaries of northern Portugal. An independent data set of 12 samples and 13 sub-fossil samples from a core were used to evaluate if reconstructions and errors derived from current models are adequate. Initial transfer function models provided very strong results as indicated by cross-validation (component 2; r2 = 0.80–0.82; RMSEP ranged from 10.7 to 12.3 cm) and improved its performance by ca. 10% when sample size reached ca. 50. Results derived using an independent test data set indicate that cross-validation is a very effective approach and produces conservative errors when compared to observed errors. We additionally explored the possible effect of transforming the concentration data into percent in the error estimations by comparing the results obtained based on the use of both concentration and compositional data. Results indicate that this type of transformation does not affect the performance of the transfer function. Results derived from a reconstruction of sub-fossil samples from a core indicate that high-resolution sea-level reconstructions are possible, but show that depositional environments have to be selected carefully in order to minimize the impact of possible taphonomical loss.
Impact of monsoon circulations on oceanic emissions of light alkenes over Bay of Bengal
Authors: Sahu L. K. , Lal S. , Venkataramani S.
Published: December 2010

Surface level measurements of ethene (C2H4) and propene (C3H6) were made in the marine boundary layer (MBL) of Bay of Bengal (BOB) during the summer and winter monsoon campaigns. The time series trends in the mixing ratios of alkenes were similar to that of wind speed, while no clear relations were observed with other meteorological parameters. The diurnal variations of ethene and propene show correlations with the intensity of solar flux as their daytime mixing ratios were ∼45% higher than the nighttime measurements in summer. While winter measurements of alkenes do not show any local time dependencies. The mixing ratios of alkenes were particularly elevated during the episodes of cyclones and convective activities in the summer season over BOB. The uptake rate of nutrients shows a similar trend to those of mixing ratios of alkenes in summer, and the measurements of phytoplankton indicate high primary production during the episodes of elevated alkenes over central BOB. The mixing ratios of alkenes showing minima in winter and maxima in summer are similar to the seasonal patterns reported for global oceans; however, their variability over BOB was less pronounced compared to the extratropical oceans. The ratios of ethene/propene were comparable to a mean ratio of 2.3 pptv/pptv derived from the database for global oceans confirming the fresh oceanic emissions of alkenes over BOB. The emissions of alkenes were mainly controlled by the distribution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in seawaters and actions of wind speed in the presence of sunlight. This study is an important step to understand the processes controlling the emissions of alkenes from equatorial oceans and also to improve their global budget estimates.
A three‐dimensional model of wave attenuation in the marginal ice zone
Authors: Bennetts L. G. , Peter M. A. , Squire V. A. , Meylan M. H.
Published: December 2010

A three‐dimensional model of wave scattering by a large array of floating thin elastic plates is used to predict the rate of ocean wave attenuation in the marginal ice zone in terms of the properties of the ice cover and the incoming wavefield. This is regarded as a small step toward assimilating interactions of ocean waves with areas of sea ice into oceanic general circulation models. Numerical results confirm previous findings that attenuation is predominantly affected by wave period and by the average thickness of the ice cover. It is found that the shape and distribution of the floes and the inclusion of an Archimedean draft has little impact on the attenuation produced. The model demonstrates a linear relationship between ice cover concentration and attenuation. An additional study is conducted into the directional evolvement of the wavefield, where collimation and spreading can both occur, depending on the physical circumstances. Finally, the attenuation predicted by the new three‐dimensional model is compared with an existing two‐dimensional model and with two sets of experimental data, with the latter producing convincing agreement.
A comparison of observations in the tropical western Pacific from ground‐based and satellite millimeter‐wavelength cloud radars
Authors: Liu Zheng , Marchand Roger , Ackerman Thomas
Published: December 2010

Millimeter‐wavelength cloud radar (MMCR) can provide information on the vertical structure of cloud fields and thereby improve our understanding of the spatial distribution of clouds and their role in the climate system. Here we consider the representativeness of ground‐based vertically pointing MMCR observations, which have been used in numerous climate studies. MMCR cloud statistics collected at Darwin, Australia, are compared against CloudSat (spaceborne) observations gathered in the near vicinity of the ground site. Overall, the total cloud occurrence vertical profiles observed by CloudSat and the ground‐based MMCR agree on a spatial scale of 4° × 4°, although CloudSat is found to observe more high reflectivity cloud than the ground‐based MMCR. Computed radar reflectivity using idealized atmospheric profiles suggests that rain (especially below the melting level) influences the observed reflectivities, and this appears to account for much of the differences in the observed distributions of radar reflectivity. After removal of precipitation profiles, CloudSat and ground‐based MMCR observations show reasonable agreement. Sampling uncertainty in the CloudSat observations makes comparison at smaller region spatial scales (e.g., 2.5°) difficult and unfeasible for analysis at the time scale of months. Comparison of CloudSat observations with the ground‐based data on scales of 4° and 7.5° works well. Comparison of total cloud occurrence and reflectivity distribution of nonprecipitating cloud from the MMCR and CloudSat at spatial scales from 4° to 7.5° show good agreement. This suggests that the properties of the nonprecipitating cloud are relatively homogeneous at this large scale.
Tidal hydrodynamics and erosional power in the Fly River delta, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Canestrelli A. , Fagherazzi S. , Defina A. , Lanzoni S.
Published: December 2010

A two‐dimensional numerical model is used to study tidal hydrodynamics and distribution of bed shear stresses in the Fly River delta, Papua New Guinea. The model describes the propagation of the tidal wave within the delta and along the river. Model results indicate that tidal discharge at the mouths of the distributary channels is between 10 and 30 times larger than the river discharge, and that the upstream part of the delta is flood‐dominated, whereas near the mouth, the delta is ebb‐dominated. Numerical simulations allow us to investigate the sensitivity of fluxes and bottom stresses with respect to the variations of sea level and the area of delta islands. The results suggest that a decrease in the total area of the delta occupied by islands increases the tidal prism and, therefore, the bed shear stresses. Similarly, an increase in sea level reduces the dissipation of the tidal signal and speeds up the propagation of the tidal wave within the delta, thus yielding higher discharges and increased bed shear stresses.
Hydrologic variability and its influence on long‐term peat dynamics
Authors: Rennermalm Asa K. , Nordbotten Jan M. , Wood Eric F.
Published: December 2010

Peatlands are carbon‐rich ecosystems that are extensive in the northern high latitudes where significant 21st century climate changes are expected. In response to climate change, peatlands may become a net source of greenhouse gases, thereby inducing a positive climate feedback effect. In this paper, the impact of precipitation variability and the mean climate state on long‐term peat accumulation is investigated with model simulations. The models couple peat accumulation with the hydrological cycle, which results in peatland bistability, where peatlands may take the physical characteristics from one of two possible alternative stable states. The models consider precipitation as a stochastic forcing variable, temperature‐dependent functions and are parameterized with climatology and peat characteristics to represent the West Siberian Lowlands (WSL) between 55°N and 60°N. Observed WSL peat depths statistically imply bistability. Peatland bistability, however, is eliminated in model simulations with moderate‐to‐large precipitation variability and warmer and wetter climates. This suggests that projected late 21st century climate change would put the thick peatlands in WSL on a transition to thin peatlands. The loss of thick peatlands could significantly increase atmospheric carbon dioxide and provide a positive climate feedback effect. However, the impacts depend on the importance of unaccounted stabilizing factors. The study also shows that precipitation variability induces peatlands to switch between extended periods of accumulation and depletion even if the peatlands are in long‐term equilibrium. Thus, short‐term observations may see only natural fluctuations and new, longer‐term observational strategies are necessary to diagnose if peatlands are undergoing fundamental changes.
Biological regime shifts and changes in predictability
Authors: Dippner Joachim W. , Junker Karin , Kröncke Ingrid
Published: December 2010

Time series of climate indices and of biomass, abundance, and species number of benthic macrofauna in the southern North Sea are related to each other to investigate the predictability of biological time series in presence of biological regime shifts in 1989/1990 and 2001/2002. The results indicate that a smooth biological regime shift occurred in 1989/1990 caused by positive climate feedback mechanisms. In this case, the benthic community structure remained predictable. In contrast, in 2001/2002 an abrupt biological regime shift caused by a climate regime shift occurred. Here became the biological time series inherently unpredictable.
Relativistic microburst storm characteristics: Combined satellite and ground‐based observations
Authors: Dietrich Sarah , Rodger Craig J. , Clilverd Mark A. , Bortnik Jacob , Raita Tero
Published: December 2010

We report a comparison of Solar Anomalous Magnetospheric Particle Explorer detected relativistic electron microbursts and short‐lived subionospheric VLF perturbations termed FAST events, observed at Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, Finland, during 2005. We show that only strong geomagnetic disturbances can produce FAST events, which is consistent with the strong link between storms and relativistic microbursts. Further, the observed FAST event perturbation decay times were consistent with ionospheric recovery from bursts of relativistic electron precipitation. However, the one‐to‐one correlation in time between microbursts and FAST events was found to be very low (∼1%). We interpret this as confirmation that microbursts have small ionospheric footprints and estimate the individual precipitation events to be <4 km radius. In contrast, our study strongly suggests that the region over which microbursts occur during storm event periods can be at least ∼90° in longitude (∼6 h in magnetic local time). This confirms earlier estimates of microburst storm size, suggesting that microbursts could be a significant loss mechanism for radiation belt relativistic electrons during geomagnetic storms. Although microbursts are observed at a much higher rate than FAST events, the ground‐based FAST event data can provide additional insight into the conditions required for microburst generation and the time variation of relativistic precipitation.
Mg/Ca ratios in coralline algae record northwest Atlantic temperature variations and North Atlantic Oscillation relationships
Authors: Gamboa G. , Halfar J. , Hetzinger S. , Adey W. , Zack T. , Kunz B. , Jacob D. E.
Published: December 2010

Climate variability in the North Atlantic has been linked in part to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The NAO influences marine ecosystems in the northwestern Atlantic and transport variability of the cold Labrador Current. Understanding historic patterns of NAO variability requires long‐term and high‐resolution climate records that are not available from instrumental data. Here we present the first century‐scale proxy record of sea surface temperature (SST) variability from the Newfoundland shelf, a region from which other annual‐resolution shallow marine proxies are unavailable. The 116 year record was obtained from three sites along the eastern Newfoundland shelf using laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry–determined Mg/Ca ratios in the crustose coralline alga Clathromorphum compactum. The alga is characterized by a high Mg‐calcite skeleton exhibiting annual growth increments and a century‐scale lifespan. Results indicate positive correlations between interannual variations in Mg/Ca ratios and both station‐based and gridded instrumental SST. In addition, the record shows high spatial correlations to SST across the Newfoundland shelf and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Before 1950 the Mg/Ca proxy record reveals significant departures from gridded temperature records. While the Newfoundland shelf is generally considered a region of negative correlations to the NAO, the algal time series as well as a recent modeling study suggest a variable negative relationship with the NAO which is strongest after ∼1960 and before the mid‐1930s.