bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of different geometries of matrix/scaffold on the remodeling process of a bone and bioresorbable material mixture with voids
Authors: Giorgio Ivan , Andreaus Ugo , Lekszycki Tomasz , Corte Alessandro Della
Published: December 2015

Since internal architecture greatly influences crucial factors for tissue regeneration, such as nutrient diffusion, cell adhesion and matrix deposition, scaffolds have to be carefully designed, keeping in mind case-specific mechanical, mass transport and biological requirements. However, customizing scaffold architecture to better suit conflicting requirements, such as biological and mechanical ones, remains a challenging issue. Recent advances in printing technologies, together with the synthesis of novel composite biomaterials, have enabled the fabrication of various scaffolds with defined shape and controlled in vitro behavior. Thus, the influence of different geometries of the assemblage of the matrix and scaffold on the remodeling processes of living bone and artificial material should be investigated. To this end, two implant shapes are considered in this paper, namely a circular inclusion and a rectangular groove of different aspect ratios. A model of a mixture of bone tissue and bioresorbable material with voids was used to numerically analyze the physiological balance between the processes of bone growth and resorption and artificial material resorption in a plate-like sample. The adopted model was derived from a theory for the behavior of porous solids in which the matrix material is elastic and the interstices are void of material.
Intensive Care Management of Thoracic Aortic Surgical Patients, Including Thoracic and Infradiaphragmatic Endovascular Repair (EVAR/TEVAR)
Authors: Pai Cole Sheela
Published: December 2015

The patient with thoracic aortic disease can present for open or endovascular repair. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has emerged as a minimally invasive option for a multitude of aortic pathology, including dissections, aneurysms, traumatic injuries, and ulcers. Postoperative management of these patients depends on the extent of procedure, whether it was open or endovascular, and, finally, on the preoperative comorbidities present. While procedural success has catapulted TEVAR to popularity, midterm results have been mixed. Additionally, periprocedural complications such as paraplegia and renal failure remain a significant morbidity in these patients.
Towards a cultural psychology of metaphor: A holistic-development study of metaphor use in an institutional context
Authors: Christensen Thomas Sønderby , Wagoner Brady
Published: December 2015

This article asks the question how do we interpret the role of metaphors in human life, from the perspective of cultural psychology. Taking inspiration from two articles by Carlos Cornejo, which outline a holistical-developmental theory of metaphor in contrast to the dominant cognitive-linguistic paradigm, we provide a case study of metaphor use in relation to organisation change. The case is part of a larger study of structural changes enforced within the Danish religious organisation, Indre Mission. Case extracts from two different interviews with the same employee, in which the same metaphor is used with different meaning, are analysed in relation to context and development (on both micro- and ontogenetic levels). This analysis leads to the conclusion that a metaphor is understood through the particular complex situation in which it is used. In other words, rather than a conceptual interaction, this article proposes seeing metaphor use as a situated act of imagination in which the person experiences certain properties of the metaphor.
The “&” has emerged. Seeking “culture” and “psychology” for Culture & Psychology
Authors: Gülerce Aydan
Published: December 2015

On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of Culture & Psychology, the author retrospectively evaluates the journal’s metatheoretical and theoretical developmental trajectories. For this purpose, seven editorials were treated as the primary texts in the foreground as evaluative reflections of the knowledge field themselves. And in the background, the author’s own readership and conceptualizations inevitably provided the additional intellectual material for this brief essay. First, she highlights the journal’s initial aspirations for culture-inclusive psychology scholarship it welcomes, the necessary and (im)possible tasks and the evaluative standards it sets for itself. They are presented as the identity developmental markers and grouped around seven axiomatic themes. Second, the possible sources of “developmental delays,” “deviations” from its valued norms, or for the “unattained” ideals as judged by its own standards, are sorted out in terms of implicit/explicit knowledge positions presupposed within the heterogeneity of the scholarship. Third, the achievements and/or determinate decisions are acknowledged. Lastly, the author critically reflects from within her own perspectivally prospective perspective towards further transformations of contemporary psychology as culture/culture as psychology.
“Cultural dope” and “psychological dope”: The ethnomethodological attitude and cultural psychology
Authors: Stam Henderikus J , Ellis Basia D
Published: December 2015

Using articles published in this journal by Brown, McHoul and Rapley in 2001 and Middleton and Lightfoot, also in 2001, we use ethnomethodology as a pretext for discussing the foundation of cultural psychology on the admittedly difficult notion of everyday life and people’s methods in negotiating that life. The social ordering of what Garfinkel termed an “immortal ordinary society” is just the kind of ordering the study of which might lead to a cultural psychology that takes seriously the complexities of the everyday. We argue not for a particular kind of method but instead for an ethnomethodological attitude as a potential contributor to the shaping of cultural psychology.
Striving for the new: Cultural psychology as a developmental science
Authors: Marsico Guseppina
Published: December 2015

Cultural psychology is a developmental science in its nature because it assumes that all the humans beings (as well as groups, social institutions, communities) are developing dynamic systems constantly striving for the new. The focus of investigation is, thus, the circumstances under which novel organizational forms emerge. Any attempt to focus on a complex issue like culture in psychology requires an interdisciplinary integration between social sciences and a general historical orientation (that is, de facto, developmental) on culture. From the outset, Culture & Psychology has promoted linkages between theory and empirical work. For exploring the complex role of the culture in psychology, mere demonstrations of the effect of the culture on a variable do not produce any theoretical advancement, neither it does a pure theoretical speculation. It is only by looking for both the theoretical and empirical elaboration (as a unity) that a breakthrough in the intellectual machinery of a given science is possible. What we need is a consistency between theory, methods, and empirical phenomena. Thus, the question is what kinds of scientific concepts and methodology are adequate for creating theories of dynamic and meaningful phenomena.
Conducting a safe rapid sequence induction in pre-hospital care
Authors: Birks Jonathan
Published: December 2015

This review article will consider how to conduct a safe rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia in the pre-hospital environment. It considers the potential risks and benefits of doing so, reviews some of the literature surrounding the technique and considers aspects from clinician training to choice of induction agent. It aims to give an overview of this element of pre-hospital emergency anaesthesia.
Registering revision: The reduplicated Danish change-of-state token nå
Authors: Heinemann Trine
Published: December 2015

Reduplication is a phenomenon that can be applied to various linguistic units. In this article, I determine what action the reduplication of the Danish change-of-state token nå accomplishes in interaction. Following previous research on reduplication and using the method of Conversation Analysis, I show that reduplicated nå serves to register that the previous turn at talk implemented a larger course of action, namely that of revision.
The ecotourism metaphor and environmental sustainability in Kenya
Authors: Atieno Lucy , Njoroge Joseph M
Published: December 2015

While to some extent there is disharmony in defining the term ecotourism, most tourism research agrees that the eco prefix is a definite pointer to environmental or natural resource management as a core value to the concept. However, the inherent gap between theoretical conceptualization of ecotourism as “green practice expected to address adverse outcomes of conventional tourism” and actual environmental impacts of this form of tourism raises the question of whether or not ecotourism in practice complies more closely with its defining criteria. In this regard, this article explores the term ecotourism as a metaphor for pro environmental behavior, uncovering its derivatives as constructed by tourism players in Kenya. The study covered five focal areas for ecotourism identified by the Ecotourism Society of Kenya, analyzing excerpts from hypertexts that operate at the supply side of tourism to read motivations for references to the term. The readings were then compared to The International Ecotourism Society definition of ecotourism which was taken as a neutral position. The findings revealed that environmental sustainability was an insignificant concern, as compared to product promotion and corporate image in informing the concept of ecotourism in focal areas. Consequently, the “eco prefix” metaphor in tourism is informed by economic and social logics, serving stakeholders other interests. The authors recommend a revisit to the practical basis of the concept for actors in ecotourism focal areas, with keen considerations to linguistic adequacies of the term's use.
Urbanizing existential authenticity: Motorbike tourism in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Authors: Gillen Jamie
Published: December 2015

This article expands on the concept of existential authenticity by considering its scalar dimensions in the Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, “back of the motorbike” tourism industry. This article has three related goals. In the first place, I show that the concept of existential authenticity demands a scalar component because of the term’s focus on the embodied, the emotional, and the interactive. These characteristics lend themselves to thinking about the urban dimensions of existential authenticity. Second, this article responds to calls pushing for empirical work to be conducted on existential authenticity. Lastly and given the possibilities that exist at the intersection of scale and existential authenticity, future research paths are sketched.
Cultural difference on the table
Authors: Means Ann , Mackenzie Davey Kate , Dewe Philip
Published: December 2015

Multicultural teams are increasingly common and provide a challenge to achieving the integration associated with greater effectiveness. The vague and abstract nature of many definitions of culture can make the difficulties in acknowledging and addressing difference challenging. This longitudinal study of a multicultural team follows the anthropological roots of cultural studies to focus on the material role of food and drink in team development. In an empirical, ethnographically oriented study of a culturally diverse work team over time, we explored the ways that food and drink acted as boundary objects in the processes of integration, differentiation and cultural adaptation and negotiation. By employing the lens of material culture, with its sensory nature and its associations with identity, we also highlight the complexity of cross-cultural interaction, with its possibilities of cooperation, learning, difficulties and resistance, and suggest that food and drink allow a grounded discussion of culture, accommodation and difference. We contribute to the multicultural team literature, emphasizing the roles of materiality, constrained choice and complexity, as well as how these are translated into performance by the generative mechanisms of agency in context. We also identify some specific contributions to practice arising from this research.
Translating knowledge into practice: An exploratory study of dementia-specific training for community-based service providers
Authors: O’Sullivan Grace , Hocking Clare , McPherson Kathryn
Published: December 2015

Objective

To develop, deliver, and evaluate dementia-specific training designed to inform service delivery by enhancing the knowledge of community-based service providers.

Methods

This exploratory qualitative study used an interdisciplinary, interuniversity team approach to develop and deliver dementia-specific training. Participants included management, care staff, and clients from three organizations funded to provide services in the community. Data on the acceptability, applicability, and perceived outcomes of the training were gathered through focus group discussions and individual interviews. Transcripts were analyzed to generate open codes which were clustered into themes and sub-themes addressing the content, delivery, and value of the training.

Findings

Staff valued up-to-date knowledge and “real stories” grounded in practice. Clients welcomed the strengths-based approach. Contractual obligations impact on the application of knowledge in practice.

Implications

The capacity to implement new knowledge may be limited by the legislative policies which frame service provision, to the detriment of service users.
Erectile dysfunction in COPD patients
Authors: Turan Onur , Ure Iyimser , Turan Pakize Ayse
Published: December 2015

Sexual dysfunction is a common problem in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We aimed to assess the presence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in COPD patients. Ninety-three outpatients who had been diagnosed as COPD and followed in Bolvadin State Hospital, Afyon, Turkey, were included in the study. All patients underwent pulmonary function tests and arterial blood gas analysis. They completed International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Medical Research Council (MRC) Dyspnea Scale, Short Form 36-item Scale (SF-36), and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) Questionnaire. The mean age of 10 (10.8%) mild, 46 (49.5%) moderate, 28 (30.1%) severe, and 9 (9.7%) very severe COPD patients was 61.4 ± 9.8 years. Varying degrees of ED were detected in 67.7% of COPD patients. All patients with hypoxemia had ED. IPAQ score and all SF-36 parameters were low in patients with ED, while MRC score was high. Forced expiratory volume in one second, forced vital capacity, partial pressure of oxygen in blood, oxygen (O2) saturation, IPAQ score, and role-physical parameters were statistically low in ED patients ( p = 0.04, 0.02, <0.01, <0.01, 0.02, and 0.04, respectively); MRC score was statistically higher in patients with ED ( p = 0.02). Patients with moderate and severe ED had statistically lower score of mental health ( p < 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). There was a positive correlation between IIEF score and IPAQ scores ( p < 0.01), MRC scores ( p = 0.01), general health ( p < 0.01), role-physical ( p < 0.01), role-emotional ( p < 0.01), physical functioning ( p < 0.01), and mental health ( p < 0.01) parameters in SF-36. ED is frequently seen in COPD patients. Hypoxemia, smoking, and limitation of physical activity are thought to be associated with ED in COPD as mechanisms. Quality of life and the functional capacity are negatively affected with the presence of ED. It is important for a physician to question the sexual functions in patients with COPD. The presence of ED may be routinely considered in the daily practice of pulmonologists in COPD patients.
Neuropsychological and Neuroanatomical Correlates of the Social Norms Questionnaire in Frontotemporal Dementia Versus Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Panchal Hemali , Paholpak Pongsatorn , Lee Grace , Carr Andrew , Barsuglia Joseph P. , Mather Michelle , Jimenez Elvira , Mendez Mario F.
Published: December 2015

Traditional neuropsychological batteries may not distinguish early behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) without the inclusion of a social behavioral measure. We compared 33 participants, 15 bvFTD, and 18 matched patients with early-onset AD (eAD), on the Social Norms Questionnaire (SNQ), neuropsychological tests and 3-dimensional T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The analyses included correlations of SNQ results (total score, overendorsement or “overadhere” errors, and violations or “break” errors) with neuropsychological results and tensor-based morphometry regions of interest. Patients with BvFTD had significantly lower SNQ total scores and higher overadhere errors than patients with eAD. On neuropsychological measures, the SNQ total scores correlated significantly with semantic knowledge and the overadhere subscores with executive dysfunction. On MRI analysis, the break subscores significantly correlated with lower volume of lateral anterior temporal lobes (aTL). The results also suggest that endorsement of social norm violations corresponds to the role of the right aTL in social semantic knowledge.
“The Heartbeat of Hamilton”
Authors: Moola Fiona , Johnson Jay , Lay Jennifer , Krygsman Seychelle , Faulkner Guy
Published: December 2015

Traditionally, children’s “voices” have been underrepresented in the field of cultural geography. Rather, “adultist views” dominate. In this article, we describe the methodological process of undertaking a comprehensive, participatory action visual methodologies project known as the Hamilton Photovoice Project (HPP) with children from low socioeconomic status neighborhoods in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. We also discuss the lessons that we have learned along the way. The purpose of the HPP was to investigate how children in downtown Hamilton experience their metropolitan landscape. Specifically, we examined walking routes for the purposes of identifying desired environmental changes that may increase the use and enjoyment of community walking routes and spaces along routes. In doing so, we discuss what was learned from the methodological process of collecting and working with children’s visual productions, including how children appear to use visual methods. Although children’s visual productions appear to convey complex emotional, social, and political sentiments about their spatial experiences and desired environmental changes, the methodological process is invariably constrained by the institutions that govern and police children today during the research process. Thus, this study contributes toward the ongoing dialogue about the merits and tensions inherent to using children’s visual productions as a way to capture perceptions toward place.
The Application of Two-Eyed Seeing Decolonizing Methodology in Qualitative and Quantitative Research for the Treatment of Intergenerational Trauma and Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Marsh Teresa Naseba , Cote-Meek Sheila , Toulouse Pamela , Najavits Lisa M. , Young Nancy L.
Published: December 2015

In this article, the authors describe the research process undertaken to incorporate Two-Eyed Seeing Indigenous decolonizing methodology into the treatment of intergenerational trauma and substance use disorders in Aboriginal peoples living in Northern Ontario, Canada, using the Seeking Safety model. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, the authors systematically discuss the research methodology with the hope to inspire other health researchers who are attempting to incorporate diverse methodological principles pertinent to Indigenous populations.
Arbitrary vehicle steering characteristics with changing ratio rack and pinion transmission
Authors: Bendefy András G , Piros Attila , Horák Péter
Published: December 2015

In order to achieve arbitrary steering characteristics at vehicles, a steering mechanism was developed, in which changing ratio rack and pinion connections have been applied. In contrary to a regular steering mechanism where only a single rack is used, two racks were applied in order to make arbitrary characteristics possible. The turning wheel’s required motion functions had to be defined first, thereafter could we determine the changing ratio rack and pinion geometry which produces this motion. First, a simplified two-dimensional mockup was created in order to study the difficulties and possibilities of a real construction. Later, a fully functional assembly was designed and manufactured to make further experiments possible.
Modified Sumudu decomposition method for Lane-Emden-type differential equations
Authors: Eltayeb Hassan , Kiliçman Adem , Bachar Imed
Published: December 2015

In this study, we modify the Sumudu decomposition method and apply the method to study the singular initial value problems which are represented by Lane-Emden-type equations. We also consider both linear and nonlinear cases and provide some examples.
Investigation of turbulence models with compressibility corrections for hypersonic boundary flows
Authors: Tang Han , Gao Zhenxun
Published: December 2015

The applications of pressure work, pressure-dilatation, and dilatation-dissipation (Sarkar, Zeman, and Wilcox) models to hypersonic boundary flows are investigated. The flat plate boundary layer flows of Mach number 5–11 and shock wave/boundary layer interactions of compression corners are simulated numerically. For the flat plate boundary layer flows, original turbulence models overestimate the heat flux with Mach number high up to 10, and compressibility corrections applied to turbulence models lead to a decrease in friction coefficients and heating rates. The pressure work and pressure-dilatation models yield the better results. Among the three dilatation-dissipation models, Sarkar and Wilcox corrections present larger deviations from the experiment measurement, while Zeman correction can achieve acceptable results. For hypersonic compression corner flows, due to the evident increase of turbulence Mach number in separation zone, compressibility corrections make the separation areas larger, thus cannot improve the accuracy of calculated results. It is unreasonable that compressibility corrections take effect in separation zone. Density-corrected model by Catris and Aupoix is suitable for shock wave/boundary layer interaction flows which can improve the simulation accuracy of the peak heating and have a little influence on separation zone.
A modified homotopy analysis method for solution of fractional wave equations
Authors: Yin Xiang-Bao , Kumar Sunil , Kumar Devendra
Published: December 2015

The aim of this article is to introduce a modified analytical approach to obtain quick and accurate solution of wave-like fractional physical models. This modified analytical approach is an innovative adjustment in Laplace transform algorithm and homotopy analysis method for fractional partial differential equations. The proposed technique solves the problems using Adomian’s polynomials. The homotopy analysis transform method utilizes a simple and powerful method to adjust and control the convergence region of the infinite series solution using an auxiliary parameter. The numerical solutions obtained by this modified proposed method indicate that the approach is easy to implement, highly accurate, and computationally very attractive. A good agreement between the obtained solutions and some well-known results has been obtained.
A robust optimization model for green regional logistics network design with uncertainty in future logistics demand
Authors: Zhang Dezhi , Li Xialian , Huang Yin , Li Shuangyan , Qian Qi
Published: December 2015

This article proposes a new model to address the design problem of a sustainable regional logistics network with uncertainty in future logistics demand. In the proposed model, the future logistics demand is assumed to be a random variable with a given probability distribution. A set of chance constraints with regard to logistics service capacity and environmental impacts is incorporated to consider the sustainability of logistics network design. The proposed model is formulated as a two-stage robust optimization problem. The first-stage problem before the realization of future logistics demand aims to minimize a risk-averse objective by determining the optimal location and size of logistics parks with CO2 emission taxes consideration. The second stage after the uncertain logistics demand has been determined is a scenario-based stochastic logistics service route choices equilibrium problem. A heuristic solution algorithm, which is a combination of penalty function method, genetic algorithm, and Gauss–Seidel decomposition approach, is developed to solve the proposed model. An illustrative example is given to show the application of the proposed model and solution algorithm. The findings show that total social welfare of the logistics system depends very much on the level of uncertainty in future logistics demand, capital budget for logistics parks, and confidence levels of the chance constraints.
Analytical modeling of wave propagation in viscoelastic functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced piezoelectric microplate under electro-magnetic field
Authors: Ghorbanpour Arani Ali , Jamali Majid , Mosayyebi Mohammad , Kolahchi Reza
Published: December 2015

Wave propagation analysis of a functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced piezoelectric composite (FG-CNTRPC) microplate is the major main of the present research. In order to present a realistic model, the material properties of the system are assumed viscoelastic and the Kelvin–Voigt model is applied. The viscoelastic FG-CNTRPC microplate is subjected to longitudinal magnetic and three-dimensional electric fields. The distribution of carbon nanotubes in FG-CNTRPC microplate is supposed as uniform distribution and surrounding circumference is simulated as Visco-Pasternak foundation. The original formulation of the quasi-three-dimensional sinusoidal shear deformation plate theory is here extended to the wave propagation analysis and the size effects are considered based on Eringen’s nonlocal theory. In order to calculate the dimensionless frequency, cut-off and escape frequencies analytical solution is applied. In this article, the influences of the volume fraction of carbon nanotubes, electro-magnetic fields and elastic medium on the dimensionless frequency of viscoelastic FG-CNTRPC microplate are investigated. Furthermore, the effect of small-scale parameter on the cut-off and escape frequencies of the system will be studied. Results demonstrate that the dimensionless cut-off and escape frequencies decrease with increasing the magnitude of small-scale parameter. In addition, the imposed magnetic field and external voltage are significant parameters for controlling wave propagation of the viscoelastic FG-CNTRPC microplate. Results of this investigation can be helpful for the study and design of composite systems based on smart control and sensor applications.
The Social Construction of Reality, A Four-Headed, Two-Fingered Book: An Interview with Thomas Luckmann
Authors: Dreher Jochen , Vera Hector
Published: December 2015

First published in 1966, The Social Construction of Reality, by Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, marked the beginning of a significant transformation in social theory and the sociology of knowledge. In this interview Luckmann relates the working dynamic of writing the book four-handed and details his further collaborations with Berger. He then describes their expectations on the possible impact of the book and his view on how it was actually received. The interview concludes with Luckmann noting some misunderstandings of so-called ‘constructivism’ and clarifying the intended meaning of the term social construction.
Toward Development of Psychosocial Measures for Automated Insulin Delivery
Authors: Weissberg-Benchell Jill , Hood Korey , Laffel Lori , Heinemann Lutz , Ball Dana , Kowalski Aaron , Peters Anne , Damiano Edward , Schiller Marie , Davis Aaron , Beck Stayce , Barnard Katharine
Published: December 2015

The INSPIRE study working group launched its initial workshop in February 2015 to facilitate collaboration among key stakeholders interested in automated insulin delivery (AID) systems and the psychosocial outcomes of individuals who may use these new technologies. Specifically, the INSPIRE team’s goal is to facilitate measure development assessing the psychosocial factors associated with AID systems. A second working group was held to foster exchange among key stakeholders in AID system development. Patient, health care provider, engineering, industry, academic, regulatory and payer perspectives were presented. The INSPIRE working group will continue to serve as a platform to encourage open dialogue among all stakeholders with the aim of facilitating technology that offers minimal user burden and maximum benefit from both a psychological and physiologic perspective.
Venous pattern of polymicrogyria detected by susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI)
Authors: Verma Rajeev K , Wagner Franca , Weisstanner Christian , Strozzi Susi , Lang Matthias F
Published: December 2015

We report a case of a 9-year-old boy presenting with spastic-dystonic movement disorder of the right arm. MRI showed vast unilateral left-sided polymicrogyria (PMG) with perisylvian, temporal, frontal, and parietal location. Corresponding to the distinctly reduced gyration, the focal pattern of cortical veins in susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) was absent due to missing sulcal depth. In contrast, adjacent regions with sufficient sulcal depth revealed a pattern with numerically increased and finer cortical veins. Therefore, with its atypical venous pattern SWI indicates an abnormal parenchymal anatomy and might be an additional helpful tool for diagnosing PMG.
The Use of Course Grades in the Assessment of Student Learning Outcomes for General Education
Authors: Canfield Merle L. , Kivisalu Trisha M. , Van Der Karr Carol , King Chelsi , Phillips Colleen E.
Published: December 2015

The reliability and validity of course grades as measures of general education learning outcomes were assessed using the multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) proposed by Campbell and Fiske. Convergent validity and discriminant validity were assessed on college undergraduate students over a 12-year period. Two procedures were used to test the MTMM. The first procedure was a nested confirmatory factor analysis proposed by Widaman. The second procedure, proposed here, was a direct method to assess discriminant and convergent validity. The analyses were calculated on two different data sets. The data sets included discipline majors and general education categories. Convergent validity and discriminant validity were supported.
First Generation Students and Post-Undergraduate Aspirations
Authors: Carlton Morgan Teressa
Published: December 2015

Equal access to education is a growing concern throughout the nation. With an increasing amount of programs aimed to support the underrepresented populations on college campuses, first generation college students have grown to be a target population of particular interest. This study examined the relationships between first generation college seniors and applications to graduate or professional programs. The goal of this study was to determine if first generation students are pursuing advanced degrees at lower rates than non-first generation students and if so, attempt to uncover factors contributing to that evidence. Data were gathered from the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshman data set, and variables were analyzed using a binary logistic regression. The results of the study indicate that first generation students are significantly less likely to pursue an advanced degree, even when controlling for race, gender, family income, and cumulative grade point average, suggesting a distinctive impact of first generation status on post-undergraduate aspirations. However, after controlling for the impact of self-reported undergraduate loans, the effect of first generation status was no longer significant. The findings in this study provide an important new perspective in the field of sociology.
Rise and Fall of the ‘Man-eater’: The Changing Science and Technology of a Species (1860–present)
Authors: Sharma Varun
Published: December 2015

Whither the man-eater? This entity was once the prime interest of an entire league of famous sportsmen in colonial India, the engrossing content of many books, headline news and even the object of several statistical enumerations. Where our current-day sensitivities open up rather differently to the presence of man-eaters, or even the memory of its hunters, the article at hand explores some of the processes by which the man-eater was first constructed, and then dismantled by spokespersons of the wilds themselves. This erratic rise and fall of the man-eater is descriptive of changing power relations, the ephemeral yet pervasive axis between the colonial and the post-colonial, and the overall cunning of human society to represent animals for its own purposes. The role of certain technologies (such as the rifle, the camera and the realm of print) in a discourse of nature is so immanent at the site of the man-eater that it serves to inform the production of wilderness, as much as the making of the endangered in current times.
India’s Look East Policy: Prospects and Challenges for Northeast India
Authors: Haokip Thongkholal
Published: December 2015

The disruption of old trade routes by colonial rulers, the Partition of 1947 and India’s import substitution economy deprived northeast India of its natural markets. Of late, there has been much talk about the potentials of India’s Look East policy in transforming the region. The inclusion of the northeastern region as an important component of this policy in 2003 is dubbed as the new paradigm of development in the Northeast. The policy envisages the region not as the periphery of India, but as the centre of a thriving and integrated economic space. Thus, many people see it as an excellent opportunity to integrate not only with mainland Indian economy but also with its neighbouring countries in the east and even beyond. In contrast, others view this policy as an extension of India’s imperialism in a new form in that the Northeast will only provide a bridge between the rest of India and East and Southeast Asia. The main argument of such critics is that India is more concerned with the eastern neighbours and not its northeast. The article, while recognizing ‘borders’ as crucial in attempting to address the problems of the Northeast, assesses the prospects of ‘Looking East’ through this region and the challenges posed to it by post-colonial territoriality and other domestic problems. The integration of the Northeast economy with the neighbouring countries is basically implemented through the security-centric border management, wherein the opening of borders is limited to border trade points and fencing the rest of the erstwhile open borders. This increasing restrictive regulation and bureaucratic formalities on movement of people and goods across borders distort the traditional cross-border economic dependence and erode social ties with ethnic kins on the other side of the border. The article also explores the possible community–geography trade-offs in such borderlands.
Book Review: M. Madhava Prasad, Cine-Politics: Film Stars and Political Existence in South India
Authors: Krishnan Rajan
Published: December 2015

M. Madhava Prasad, Cine-Politics: Film Stars and Political Existence in South India. New Delhi: Orient BlackSwan. 2014. 224 pages. ₹690.
Using Digital Learning Platforms to Extend the Flipped Classroom
Authors: Balzotti Jonathan M. , McCool Lynn B.
Published: December 2015

Although digital environments already play a vital role in the flipped classroom model, this research project shows that in university writing classrooms, innovative content design and delivery systems can extend the walls of the classroom to areas beyond, in which students transfer and connect course content with the professional world. In this article, we describe the incorporation of video learning modules into three professional communication classrooms for just such a purpose.
Relations Between the Intelligibility of Speech in Noise and Psychophysical Measures of Hearing Measured in Four Languages Using the Auditory Profile Test Battery
Authors: Van Esch T. E. M. , Dreschler W. A.
Published: December 2015

The aim of the present study was to determine the relations between the intelligibility of speech in noise and measures of auditory resolution, loudness recruitment, and cognitive function. The analyses were based on data published earlier as part of the presentation of the Auditory Profile, a test battery implemented in four languages. Tests of the intelligibility of speech, resolution, loudness recruitment, and lexical decision making were measured using headphones in five centers: in Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Correlations and stepwise linear regression models were calculated. In sum, 72 hearing-impaired listeners aged 22 to 91 years with a broad range of hearing losses were included in the study. Several significant correlations were found with the intelligibility of speech in noise. Stepwise linear regression analyses showed that pure-tone average, age, spectral and temporal resolution, and loudness recruitment were significant predictors of the intelligibility of speech in fluctuating noise. Complex interrelationships between auditory factors and the intelligibility of speech in noise were revealed using the Auditory Profile data set in four languages. After taking into account the effects of pure-tone average and age, spectral and temporal resolution and loudness recruitment had an added value in the prediction of variation among listeners with respect to the intelligibility of speech in noise. The results of the lexical decision making test were not related to the intelligibility of speech in noise, in the population studied.
ICAM-1–expressing neutrophils exhibit enhanced effector functions in murine models of endotoxemia
Authors: Woodfin Abigail , Beyrau Martina , Voisin Mathieu-Benoit , Ma Bin , Whiteford James R. , Hordijk Peter L. , Hogg Nancy , Nourshargh Sussan
Published: December 2015

Key Points

Murine neutrophils can be stimulated by LPS to express de novo ICAM-1 in vitro and in murine models of endotoxemia in vivo. Neutrophil ICAM-1 expression correlated with enhanced phagocytosis and ROS generation, and ICAM-1 deficiency caused defective phagocytosis.
Trends and predictors of asthma costs: results from a 10-year longitudinal study
Authors: Tan Ngiap Chuan , Nguyen Hai V. , Lye Weng Kit , Sankari Usha , Nadkarni Nivedita V.
Published: December 2015

Research on asthma costs often focuses on estimating average asthma costs. Trends in asthma costs and patterns of medication use, especially for those who have been followed up and under treatment, have received much less attention. This study's objective was to document asthma costs over time for asthma patients who are enrolled in an asthma care programme in Singapore and to identify its predictors, using a 10-year longitudinal dataset.

The study population comprised different cohorts of 939 asthma patients entering the programme at different times during 2004–2013. Average asthma costs were estimated and the trends over time examined graphically, within and across patient cohorts. Regression analyses were conducted to examine cost predictors, with a focus on the relationship between risk factors at programme enrolment and subsequent asthma costs.

The results indicate that 10-year average annual asthma cost was GBP 341 per patient. The main drivers of costs were asthma medications and consultation fees. Use of combined inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β-agonist medications increased over time, but this was accompanied by declines in controller drug use, doctor visits and total asthma drug costs. Obesity, smoking and asthma severity were the main predictors of subsequent asthma costs, especially for females.
Light-emitting diode fluorescence microscopy for tuberculosis diagnosis: a meta-analysis
Authors: Chang Eva W. , Page Anne-Laure , Bonnet Maryline
Published: December 2015

Light-emitting diode fluorescence microscopy (LED-FM) is recommended by the World Health Organization to replace conventional Ziehl–Neelsen microscopy for pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis. Uptake of LED-FM has been slow. One reason is its reported loss of specificity compared with Ziehl–Neelsen microscopy. We aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of LED-FM for tuberculosis detection and explore potential factors that might affect its performance.

A comprehensive search strategy based on pre-specified criteria was employed to identify eligible studies between January 1, 2000 and April 1, 2014 in 11 databases. Standardised study selection, data extraction and quality assessment were conducted. Pooled sensitivity and specificity of LED-FM using culture as the reference standard were estimated through meta-analyses using a bivariate random-effects model. Investigation of heterogeneity was performed by subgroup analyses.

We identified 12 unique studies, half of which were from peripheral healthcare facilities. LED-FM achieved a pooled sensitivity of 66.9% (95% CI 60.5–72.7%) and pooled specificity of 96.8% (95% CI 93.1–98.6%). A pooled sensitivity of 53.0% (95% CI 42.8–63.0%) and pooled specificity of 96.1% (95% CI 86.0–99.0%) were obtained by LED-FM among HIV-infected patients. Study methodology factors and differences in the LED-FM procedure or device could also affect the performance.

LED-FM specificity is high and should not be a barrier to device introduction, particularly among peripheral healthcare settings where this technology is meant to be used. Sensitivity is reduced in HIV-infected patients.
Towards the standardisation of lung sound nomenclature
Authors: Pasterkamp Hans , Brand Paul L.P. , Everard Mark , Garcia-Marcos Luis , Melbye Hasse , Priftis Kostas N.
Published: December 2015

Auscultation of the lung remains an essential part of physical examination even though its limitations, particularly with regard to communicating subjective findings, are well recognised. The European Respiratory Society (ERS) Task Force on Respiratory Sounds was established to build a reference collection of audiovisual recordings of lung sounds that should aid in the standardisation of nomenclature. Five centres contributed recordings from paediatric and adult subjects. Based on pre-defined quality criteria, 20 of these recordings were selected to form the initial reference collection. All recordings were assessed by six observers and their agreement on classification, using currently recommended nomenclature, was noted for each case. Acoustical analysis was added as supplementary information. The audiovisual recordings and related data can be accessed online in the ERS e-learning resources. The Task Force also investigated the current nomenclature to describe lung sounds in 29 languages in 33 European countries. Recommendations for terminology in this report take into account the results from this survey.
Lung function, forced expiratory volume in 1 s decline and COPD hospitalisations over 44 years of follow-up
Authors: Zaigham Suneela , Wollmer Per , Engström Gunnar
Published: December 2015

The use of baseline lung function in the prediction of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) hospitalisations, all-cause mortality and lung function decline was assessed in the population-based “Men Born in 1914” cohort.

Spirometry was assessed at age 55 years in 689 subjects, of whom 392 had spirometry reassessed at age 68  years. The cohort was divided into three groups using fixed ratio (FR) and lower limit of normal (LLN) criterion: forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/vital capacity (VC) ≥70%, FEV1/VC <70% but ≥LLN (FR+LLN−), and FEV1/VC <70% and <LLN (FR+LLN+).

Over 44 years of follow-up, 88 men were hospitalised due to COPD and 686 died. Hazard ratios (95% CI) for incident COPD hospitalisation were 4.15 (2.24–7.69) for FR+LLN−and 7.88 (4.82–12.87) for FR+LLN+(reference FEV1/VC ≥70%). Hazard ratios for death were 1.30 (0.98–1.72) for FR+LLN−and 1.58 (1.25–2.00) for FR+LLN+. The adjusted FEV1decline between 55 and 68 years of age was higher for FR+LLN−and FR+LLN+relative to the reference. Of those with FR+LLN−at 55 years, 53% had progressed to the FR+LLN+group at 68 years.

Airflow obstruction at age 55 years is a powerful risk factor for future COPD hospitalisations. The FR+LLN−group should be carefully evaluated in clinical practice in relation to future risks and potential benefit from early intervention. This is reinforced by the increased FEV1decline in this group.
The Ghana essential health interventions program: a plausibility trial of the impact of health systems strengthening on maternal & child survival
Authors: Awoonor-Williams John Koku , Bawah Ayaga A , Nyonator Frank K , Asuru Rofina , Oduro Abraham , Ofosu Anthony , Phillips James F
Published: December 2015

Background

During the 1990s, researchers at the Navrongo Health Research Centre in northern Ghana developed a highly successful community health program. The keystone of the Navrongo approach was the deployment of nurses termed community health officers to village locations. A trial showed that, compared to areas relying on existing services alone, the approach reduced child mortality by half, maternal mortality by 40%, and fertility by nearly a birth — from a total fertility rate of 5.5 in only five years. In 2000, the government of Ghana launched a national program called Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) to scale up the Navrongo model. However, CHPS scale-up has been slow in districts located outside of the Upper East Region, where the “Navrongo Experiment” was first carried out. This paper describes the Ghana Essential Health Intervention Project (GEHIP), a plausibility trial of strategies for strengthening CHPS, especially in the areas of maternal and newborn health, and generating the political will to scale up the program with strategies that are faithful to the original design.

Description of the intervention

GEHIP improves the CHPS model by 1) extending the range and quality of services for newborns; 2) training community volunteers to conduct the World Health Organization service regimen known as integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI); 3) simplifying the collection of health management information and ensuring its use for decision making; 4) enabling community health nurses to manage emergencies, particularly obstetric complications and refer cases without delay; 5) adding $0.85 per capita annually to district budgets and marshalling grassroots political commitment to financing CHPS implementation; and 6) strengthening CHPS leadership at all levels of the system.

Evaluation design

GEHIP impact is assessed by conducting baseline and endline survey research and computing the Heckman “difference in difference” test for under-5 mortality in three intervention districts relative to four comparison districts for core indicators of health status and survival rates. To elucidate results, hierarchical child survival hazard models will be estimated that incorporate measures of health system strength as survival determinants, adjusting for the potentially confounding effects of parental and household characteristics. Qualitative systems appraisal procedures will be used to monitor and explain GEHIP implementation innovations, constraints, and progress.

Discussion

By demonstrating practical means of strengthening a real-world health system while monitoring costs and assessing maternal and child survival impact, GEHIP is expected to contribute to national health policy, planning, and resource allocation that will be needed to accelerate progress with the Millennium Development Goals.