bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Virtual Machine for the Sheet Metal Bending Process Simulation for Educational Purposes
Authors: Fernández Pedrofa , Álvarez Braulio , Blanco D. , Cuesta E. , Mateos Sabino
Published: August 2011

In this work the development of a virtual machine for the simulation of the sheet metal bending process is presented. The developed software is based on SolidEdge® as commercial CAD base, and allows the student to design the whole sheet metal part in a 3D environment. The application guides the student during all process, including the selection of the press brake and the tools (dies and punches) by means of a graphical interface. Finally, the bending sequence is introduced and the application simulates the bending process. This way the student can see the problems during the manufacturing process, in particular collisions, that arise from the design of the part, from the tools selected or, in most cases, from the bending sequence. Finally, the student should fix these problems in order to manufacture the part.
Implementation of Simulation Software for Better Understanding of Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Ortega N. , Celaya Ainhoa , Plaza Soraya , Lamikiz Aitzol , Pombo Inigo , Sánchez Jose Antonio
Published: August 2011

The adaptation of universities to the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) plays an essential role in society, creating new knowledge, transferring it to students by means of new and more active methodologies aimed at learning that will enable students to put everything they learn into practice. However, such methodologies are not equally applicable in all subjects. Subjects such as Manufacturing Technology, taught at different levels in both undergraduate and graduate levels, are descriptive to a great extent. This descriptive nature must be supported by new technologies if these subjects claim to be more attractive to students. In this paper some examples of successful case studies are presented. They represent the new way of understanding the teaching replacing the old concept of traditional classroom lecture by more interactive ones and, therefore, more attractive to students.
Integration of Virtual Manufacturing Laboratory of the University of Malaga
Authors: Sevilla L. , Martín M.J. , Martín F.
Published: August 2011

The implementation of virtual practices, to complement traditional practices has turned out to be an efficient tool to solve the classical problems occurring in the teaching of technological subjects, such as the manufacture engineering field. In the current work, the integration of virtual practice sets is analysed by means of an unified platform, as an extra contribution to previous developments, generating the Manufacturing Virtual Laboratory of the Department of Manufacturing Engineering of the University of Malaga.
An Integrated Methodology for the Teaching of Computer Aided Tools for Automated Machining
Authors: Núñez López Pedro Jose , García Plaza Eustaquio , Martín Angel Ramon , Egido A.
Published: August 2011

To date a wide variety of computer aided tools are available for computer numerical controlled (CNC) automated machine-tools. Solid modelling software and 3D computer-aided design (CAD) are know firmly established in the early design stage whereas computer aided machining (CAM) and computer numerical control (CNC) simulator software is employed during the manufacturing stage. Training in the use of these systems is often undertaken in separate technical disciplines and training courses (e.g., graphic representation, mechanical design, computer numerical control programming, computer-aided machining, manufacturing technology, etc.), but students often lack a sound global understanding of these tools and fail to comprehend the full potential of integrating these applications. Thus, the aim is to propose a global methodology for the teaching of computer aided automated machining systems by integrating an array of computer aided tools (3D solid modelling, CAD/CAM software, CNC simulators, DNC communication, etc.) in order to enhance knowledge and develop skills of the entire manufacturing process i.e., to provide practical hands-on tasks from the early design stages to the final stages of the computer aided automated machining of a product.
Machining Apprenticeship Based on Experimental Training Practice
Authors: Arrazola Pedro Jose , Villar A. , Fernández R. , Aperribay J.
Published: August 2011

This article describes a practical machining training aiming that the students acquire the theoretical-practical knowledge of chip formation process. The training takes place after theoretical lessons of machining processes. Thus, this practice allows strengthening the knowledge gained during the lessons. The practical training lasts for five hours, and the student assisted by the teacher analyses the influence of some machining entry parameters (cutting speed, feed rate...) on exit parameters like: (I) cutting forces and power consumption, (II) surface roughness, and (III) chip typology. The practical session is carried out on an experimental set-up (Lathe CNC Danobar 65) equipped with sensors and devices to measure forces (sensor Kistler 9121) and power consumption. In addition, a portable rugosimeter (Hommelwerke) is employed to perform surface roughness measurements. No especial devices are needed for the chip typology analysis. In the case of cutting forces and power consumption, the following input parameters influences are analysed: feed rate, depth of cut and cutting speed. In the case of surface roughness analysis, the following input parameters influences are analysed: feed rate and nose radius of the cutting insert. Finally, regarding chip typology feed rate and depth of cut are examined. The experimental results are compared with model predictions (theoretical calculations) for the three issues studied. The students have to compare both results: theoretical an empirical and they need to explain the reasons when discrepancies appear. Results obtained during the last years demonstrate the student acquires better knowledge of the machining process, and at the same time realises of the process complexity.
Thermocouple Protection Tube Options for Aluminium Casthouses
Authors: Herd Peter , Chen Jim
Published: August 2011

Thermocouple Protection Tubes (TCPTs) are utilised to allow continuous temperature monitoring in harsh and demanding environments for remote monitoring and process control. Choice of optimum TCPT for an application is dependent on a thorough understanding of the operating environment, characteristics of the TCPTs available and an assessment of the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of the different options, including the cost of the particular thermocouple being protected.
The Challenges to Supply New Casthouse Furnaces in a Modern Aluminium Smelter Project
Authors: Unitt Mike , Guest Graham , Williams Stephen , Proffitt Greg
Published: August 2011

In this paper Solios Thermal will share its recent experiences in designing and integrating 11 melting and holding furnaces and 2 cooling water plants in Qatar for the new aluminium smelter, planning to produce 585,000 t/yr. This paper will discuss the alternative furnace design specific for this contract and will focus on the key design differences referenced to the traditional furnace type.
Can the Aluminium Industry Learn from another Industry's Catastrophe?
Authors: Lowery Alex W. , Bateman Terry
Published: August 2011

On April 20, 2010, an explosion rocked the Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico resulting in the deaths of 11 workers. Tens of thousands of documents were released during the investigation for the root cause of the explosion."What emerges is stark and singular fact: crew members died and suffered terrible injuries because every one of the Horizon's defenses failed on April 20. Some were deployed but did not work. Some were activated too late, after they had almost certainly been damaged by fire or explosions. Some were never deployed at all.(Barstow et al. 2011)". Parallels with the aluminium industry standout when comparing the Deepwater Horizon disaster (e.g. violent explosions, damaged equipment, worker deaths and worker injuries). The list of aluminium industry catastrophes is not short: Binzhou Weiqiao Aluminum, Reynolds Alabama, Alcan France, etc. Aluminium plants, just as deepwater oil rigs, value training and safety measures to prevent accidents from occurring. But, on April 20, 2010 every safety measure employed failed, could the safety measures employed in a casthouse to prevent a molten metal steam explosion fail too?
Increasing Cast House Throughput through “In-Spec First Time”
Authors: Girard Guillaume , Bishop Michael , Austen Philip , Swain Liz
Published: August 2011

Achieving in-specification melt analysis first time has been the Holy Grail of many cast houses for a number of years and for a good reason. For many producers, the furnaces are the bottleneck of the value added casting process and removing that hurdle means big dollars. A six sigma project was carried out at the Bell Bay smelter aimed at reducing the time it takes to bring a furnace within chemical specification and highlighted that “in-spec first time” is more achievable than many think. This paper covers the steps having an impact on alloy recovery and suggests a “best practice” to be followed in each area. As is shown, consistently following these guidelines through robust controls can generate a significant increase in throughput of value add facilities in your cast house.
Control and Removal of Impurities from Al Melts: A Review
Authors: Dewan M. A. , Rhamdhani M.A. , Mitchell Jason B. , Davidson C. J. , Brooks G. A. , Easton Mark , Grandfield John F.
Published: August 2011

Control of impurity elements in Al-based alloys is of increasing technological importance, both in primary and secondary alloy production. In primary alloy production, Ni and V concentrations in the coke are rising and this is increasing the level of impurities in the final products to the extent that they are out of specification. Impurity control is also of concern in recycling due to the pickup of elements such as Fe from contaminants in the scrap, which can detrimentally affect the alloy properties. Dissolved elemental impurities can be removed by a number of different processes including boron treatment for some of the transition metals. Other processes in the cast shop for removing impurities and inclusions from Al melts include fluxing, floatation, and filtration. Gas purging, vacuum treatment, filtration, the use of salts, and combinations of these presently find commercial applications. Ultra purity Al and its alloys can be obtained using zone refining and three-layer electrolysis methods. The demand for higher purity Al has been largely met by additional electrolytic refining processes. This paper reviews the tools that are currently available to the casthouse for removing impurities and inclusions from Al melts and suggests approaches that may be useful to meet future challenges.
Recent Results with New Filter Technologies Based on the Principle of Multi Stage Filtration with Grain Refiner Added in the Intermediate Stage
Authors: Courtenay John H. , Reusch Frank , Instone Stephen
Published: August 2011

Filtration technology based on a three stage process where a ceramic foam filter is operated in cake mode in the first stage; grain refiner added in a second chamber and a further filtration means is used in the third stage to remove oxide inclusions or agglomerates originating from the grain refiner addition has been developed along two directions. In one case, the XC Filter uses a small deep bed filter (DBF) in the third chamber, whereas in the second case a cyclone is employed. The most recent results with both are reported.
Automatic Control of Molten Metal Flow for Improving Casting Performance
Authors: Jarlsmark Thomas , Strömbeck Jan , Terner Mikael , Wilkins Jerry
Published: August 2011

The ways to gain better quality and higher casting performance is an urgent topic among aluminium producers today. This issue is also often on the agenda at conferences like this and the subjects and technologies to achieve this varies. Controlling the molten metal flow by maintaining predefined levels or level patterns is one of many powerful tools to reach this goal. Precimeter Control specializes in applications for non-ferrous molten metal level measurement and molten metal flow control. By integration, or retrofitting, any new or existing casting line can easily be automatically controlled and gain improved casting performance in a cost efficient way. This paper will focus on the main benefits from automatic level control and how some plants have achieved improvements in their casting process of DC (Direct Chill) slab (or rolling ingot) casting after implementing such technology.
The Development of Alsim – a Modelling Tool for Direct Chill Casting, Twin Roll Casting, Wheel and Belt Casting and Chain Conveyor Casting
Authors: Mortensen Dag , Fjær Hallvard Gustav , Lindholm Dag , Rudshaug Magne , Sørheim Einar Arne
Published: August 2011

A coupled heat and fluid flow, stresses and deformation modelling tool including macrosegregation and inter-dendritic flows have been developed for various semi-continuous or batch casting processes in use by the light metal industries. Results from the mechanical calculation are back-coupled to the thermal boundary conditions regarding size of contact zones and air-gaps and thereby enabling automatic calculation of gap dependent heat transfer coefficients, which is very useful for the industrial use of the tool. Examples from the application of the model on direct chill castings are made, as well as on twin roll, wheel and belt and chain conveyor casting. Comparison with measurements and other process data are done. The finite element method is used for the modelling tool including dynamic treatment of elements in moving parts of the calculation domains. In continuous casting there are frequently interfaces where the metal slides against the equipment, and although the grid across such surfaces does not match they are still coupled implicitly in Alsim. This adds an ability to model complex processes involving stresses and deformations in mechanical coupled moving parts and it alleviates the time consuming process of producing the initial finite element grids for the geometries. In order to handle solidification phenomena like hot-tearing, macrosegregation and exudation local adaptive grid refinement is necessary, as well as parallelization of the code, to achieve acceptable accuracies. How these numerical challenges are handled in the model is described.
Aluminum Ingot Thermal Stress Development Modeling of the Wagstaff® EpsilonTM Rolling Ingot DC Casting System during the Start-up Phase
Authors: Zhang Bin , Shaber Craig
Published: August 2011

Based on sequentially coupled CFD and FEM models, aluminum alloy rolling ingot thermal stress simulations have been conducted in order to understand start-up phase cold cracking phenomena and optimize tooling designs for 520×2120 mm rolling ingot casting on Wagstaff® Epsilon™ Ingot Tooling. In the CFD model, ingot surface temperature dependant and water flow rate dependant water boiling curves are applied. Thermal boundary conditions for the complex water intrusion phenomena under the ingot butt have been attempted. Temperature dependant elastic-plastic materials constitutive relationship has been employed in the transient thermal stress FEM model. Results of thermal stress development at ingot surface and inside the ingot are presented; Connection of cold cracking (ingot butt quarter and center cracks) with near surface stress development at the ingot butt is shown and the effect of water intrusion under the ingot butt on the butt stress development is also discussed. The predicted temperatures are validated against temperatures measured from cast-in thermocouples at strategic locations in field ingots in order to obtain realistic thermal boundary conditions. The predicted butt curl is also verified through field observation and measurement.
Mold and Casting Table Maintenance Management System at Aluar: A Key to Quality Billets and Saving Costs
Authors: Batalla Leonel S. , Godoy Oscar A. , Canullo María Victoria
Published: August 2011

It is well known that mold and casting table maintenance has a direct impact on the internal quality and surface quality of billets. In this paper, the evolution of the main key performance indicators (KPIs) associated with the main consumables of the Wagstaff Air slip billet casting technology is shown, such as molds, casting rings, transition plates and thimbles. The strategies taken to preserve a high standard of quality whilst monitoring the associated costs, are discussed. An automated Mold and Casting Table Maintenance Management system has been developed in house to make available the relevant information from the casting table servicing at the casting pit and at the mold room. A case study is described where this tool allowed us to reduce costs, keeping a high quality standard of the casting table maintenance, ensuring the internal quality of the final product.
Hot Tearing in Al-Mg-Si Alloys with Minor Additions of Cu or Mn
Authors: Sweet Lisa , Taylor John A. , Couper Malcolm J. , Easton Mark A.
Published: August 2011

A study of the influence of minor additions of copper or manganese on hot tear susceptibility in Al-Mg-Si alloys has been conducted. Testing was carried out using a laboratory scale hot tearing rig and the results were validated using an analysis of cast house cracking scrap data for 6060 and 6063 extrusion billet alloys. Mn content was found to have a strong influence on hot tearing rates.
Implementation of CASTfill Low-Dross Pouring System for Ingot Casting
Authors: Nguyen Vu , Rohan Patrick , Grandfield John F. , Levin Alex , Naidoo Kevin , Oswald Kurt , Girard Guillaume , Harker Ben , Rea Joe
Published: August 2011

Producing low-dross ingots has been a long-term goal in aluminium cast houses. The patented CASTfill technology [1] is a low-dross and high-productivity pouring system developed to fulfil this demand. This paper describes the research methods used during the development of CASTfill; now in service at Boyne Smelters Limited (BSL) since August 2009. The importance of combining scientific modelling and testing procedures with process operability, maintainability and durability to ensure the success of new technology in a production facility is also highlighted. Ingot assessments showed that the latest CASTfill design greatly reduced dross generated during mould filling. Improved ingot packaging and reduced variation of ingot weights were also observed as the results of a more tranquil flow of molten aluminium through CASTfill and its uniquely modular design.
The Effect of Calcium on the Rolling Behaviour and Hot Tensile Properties of AA5182
Authors: Doutre Don A. , Wycliffe Paul A.
Published: August 2011

The impact of sodium on the edge cracking behaviour of high magnesium alloys such as 5182 has been the subject of many studies. Relatively less information is available on the role of calcium and much of this is contradictory, some authors reporting that relatively modest levels of Ca reduce hot ductility (and by inference promote edge cracking) whereas other reports recommend the intentional addition of calcium to these alloys in order to control oxidative casting defects such as vertical folds. This paper will describe and discuss a series of experiments in which AA5182 ingots containing sodium and calcium alone, and also in combination, were cast, hot-rolled and subsequently hot tensile tested. As expected, sodium alone led to a large drop in the hot tensile elongation and promoted edge cracking. However, no such effects were observed in materials containing only calcium. Calcium had a slight mitigating influence on the impact of sodium when both elements were present.
Preserving Metal Units Utilising the Latest Generation of Aluminium Dross Press
Authors: Peel Alan , Herbert James , Connaughton Robert , Cotton Hugh
Published: August 2011

The handling of dross is an unfortunate but necessary activity in any aluminum cast house. One technology designed to cool dross and maximise metal recoveries is the dross press. Since its introduction to the industry in the mid 1990’s this technology has evolved to meet the demands of the modern cast house and ever more stringent environmental legislation. This paper describes developments that address the weaknesses and limitations of early systems and enhancements that have enabled the cooling of a wide variety of dross types including salt slag from rotary furnaces. The paper will discuss data and results from the first fully commercialized installation of a specially designed press for cooling salt slag from Tilt Type Rotary Furnaces. Finally the paper will look at some of the economical benefits of using a press through various economic models showing the positive effect small improvements in dross recoveries can have on plant profitability.
Crucible Fluxing with Hycast™ RAM- Effect on Metal Quality and Operational Cost
Authors: Haugen Terje , Steen Idar Kjetil , Myrbostad Erling , Håkonsen Arild
Published: August 2011

Hycast TM RAM, hereafter called RAM, is a crucible fluxing technology for removal of alkaline elements (Na, Ca, and Li), as well as carbides, oxides and cryolite, from aluminium pot-room metal without the use of chlorine. AlF3 powder is injected into the liquid metal (below the metal surface) by the use of a specially designed rotor system and argon as a carrier gas. The fluxing system can be adapted to different crucible transport/tapping system, and is proven for crucible sizes from 2 to 9 tons. Since surface active elements like Sodium are removed before the metal enters into the furnace, the metal oxidation during pouring and furnace treatment is significantly reduced. Pretreatment will also reduce the carbide level in the metal, and by this improve the overall metal quality, and prevent clogging/deposits in furnaces, degassers, ceramic foam filters etc. This paper describes the principles of the RAM technology, effect on metal quality and documented operational benefits in a primary casthouse. Also environmental issues are discussed.
SPH Modeling of the Effect of Crucible Tipping Rate on Oxide Formation
Authors: Prakash Mahesh , Cleary Paul W. , Taylor John A.
Published: August 2011

When hot molten aluminium is poured into a furnace from crucibles, oxide is generated due to the interaction of the liquid metal with the surrounding air. The amount of oxide produced is a function of several factors including the rate at which the crucible is tilted, the height of the crucible in relation to the furnace position and the location of the pivot of rotation. In this paper we evaluate the effect of crucible tilting rate on oxide formation for an industrial scale crucible and furnace setup. The mesh free Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method is used for modelling the metal flow and oxide prediction. The model predicts rapid oxidation rates during periods of energetic fluid motion on freshly exposed metal surface and lower oxidation rates as oxide thickness increases. Four crucible rotation rates typical of normal operating conditions in a smelter are evaluated. The simulations showed that oxide generated due to fresh free surface created from a falling stream makes only a limited contribution to the overall oxide generated for the time scales of interest in this study. The secondary flows observed in the furnace make a significant contribution to the overall oxide generated. The rate of oxidation decreases and eventually ceases at a sufficiently long time when there is no disruption to the protective oxide skin. There is a 75% increase in oxide generated for the highest tilt rate (crucible emptied in 40 s) compared with the lowest tilt rate (emptied in 2.0 min).
A Historical Perspective of Aluminium Casthouse Furnace Developments
Authors: Whiteley Peter
Published: August 2011

This paper provides an historical perspective of aluminium casthouse furnace evolution over the past 30 years or so with a view towards explaining the reasons for those innovations, and the success or otherwise of some of the changes which were tried. The paper covers electrically energized furnaces such as channel and coreless induction furnaces as well as “glo-bar” heated furnaces. It goes on to discuss fuel fired furnaces including melters of many varieties including side charged, top charged, sidewell, and multichamber designs. Additionally it includes melter/holders and conventional holding (casting furnaces). The drivers for change have been many and varied, and have included the need to cope with capacity creep, reduced specific energy consumption, improved asset utilization, greatly enhanced process intensity, reduced melt loss, improved furnace reliability, acceptance of the benefits of automation, and always the concern for improved safety in all aspects of furnace operation. Accordingly the paper covers related matters such as major changes in burner choices; furnace charging and tending; refractory type and design; furnace enlargement; forced convection stirring; dealing with difficult scraps; the demise of stationary casting furnaces, recognition of the need for improved metal cleanliness; and the challenge to deal with a wider range of difficult alloys. Additionally there has been a much greater understanding of furnace functionality by computer modelling of heat transfer as well as modelling of furnace stress design by FEA as well as some physical modelling and full scale tests to validate computer model assumptions. One of the most significant aspects of improved science has been the manner in which furnaces are operated to maximize productivity, reduce energy cost and melt loss, and by the adoption of purpose built tending vehicles. Finally the paper discusses prospects for future technological development and other aspects of improved productivity through achieving target composition first time as well as by better production planning, together with the aid of dynamic simulation for optimisation of activities.
Improved Monolithic Materials for Lining Aluminium Holding and Melting Furnaces – Roof, Upper Walls and Flue
Authors: Wynn Andy , Coppack John , Steele Tom , Latter Gary
Published: August 2011

Monolithic refractories are now well established as linings for a range of holding and melting applications for the processing of aluminium. The refractory lining in an aluminium furnace has to withstand a wide variety of physical and chemical environments. Each of the different furnace zones presents a different set of operating conditions, in terms of peak temperature, temperature fluctuation, metal contact, flux contact, impact from ingot loading, etc. Therefore, in order for a monolithic material to successfully perform in a particular area of the furnace, it needs to be able to cope with the specific environmental conditions in that region of the furnace. Aluminium producers continue to increase productivity through their Melt-Hold furnaces to maintain competitiveness. The use of more powerful burners to increase heat input to the furnace is therefore becoming increasingly common practice. But faster melting leads to increased metal losses from surface oxidation and to segregation from large heat gradients. These effects are countered by increased use of fluxes and increased stirring. Given the increasingly challenging environment within which the refractory lining has to work, traditional lining solutions can no longer be relied upon to provide the service lives that were previously achieved. Therefore, a new generation of furnace lining materials is required to cope with today’s aluminium furnace. This paper describes one such newly developed monolithic material, designed specifically to improve performance in the superstructure zone of Aluminium furnaces. The non-metal contact, superstructure regions of aluminium furnaces present their own unique set of challenges for the refractory lining. Refractories in these regions – roof, upper walls and flue – have to cope with excessively high levels of alkali vapour and thermal shock. This paper reviews the operating conditions found in the superstructure areas of a typical melting and holding furnace and the implications these have on monolithic lining material design and performance. The improved behaviour of the newly developed monolithic material against the critical performance criteria in these furnace regions is demonstrated in the laboratory, compared to existing industry leading materials, using industry standard test methods.
Phosphate Bonded Monolithic Refractory Materials with Improved Hot Strengths as a Potential Replacement for Phosphate Bonded Bricks
Authors: Decker Jens
Published: August 2011

The phosphate bond generally provides a lower modulus of elasticity compared to more brittle conventional cement and ceramic bonded materials. The flexible bonding mechanism results in higher impact resistance. Moreover, phosphate bonded materials show excellent resistance to aluminium metal penetration and corundum growth. In addition, phosphate bonded bricks with low alkali content possess high hot strengths at elevated temperatures which can significantly increase their performance against mechanical abuse. Based on this information a project was started to develop phosphate bonded monolithic materials with similar or better physical and chemical properties than phosphate bonded bricks but with the advantage of installation characteristics of conventional cement bonded materials. Additional goals were to use a water based system and minimize restrictions on installations techniques. Flow and working time should be similar to conventional monolithic materials, making this material as versatile as possible. In order to achieve these goals extensive tests were carried out in collaboration with independent research laboratories and as a secondary step, some of the new formulations were installed in severe environment applications with high mechanical abuse and chemical attack. The development process and the physical and chemical properties of a new phosphate bonded monolithic material will be shown in context with available literature and in comparison with test data of phosphate bonded bricks and conventional cement bonded materials. The results of field tests and potential new applications will also be presented.
Synthesis of Vinyl Polymer/ ZnO Nano Composite and its Application in Leather Tanning Agent
Authors: Li Yun , Gao Dang Ge , Ma Jian Zhong , Lü Bin
Published: August 2011

Vinyl polymer (dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride /acrylic acid/2-hydroxyethyl acrylate/acrylamide) was synthesized via free radical polymerization, and then vinyl polymer/zinc oxide nano composite (PDM/ ZnO) was prepared by ultrasonic treatment and used for leather tanning agent. PDM and PDM/ZnO was characterized by FT-IR and XRD. The morphology of nano composite was observed by TEM. Moreover, PDM and PDM/ZnO combined with 2% chromate tanning agent were applied in leather tanning process and then the thermal and mechanical properties of the resultant leather were measured. FTIR results revealed that the polymerization reaction of PDM was complete and the carboxyl groups of PDM could react with the hydroxyl groups on the surface ZnO. The crystalline structure of the ZnO nanoparticles in the nano composite was not altered according to the XRD patterns. TEM results showed that nano ZnO was encapsulated on the surface of PDM copolymer chain and nano composites particles dispersed evenly. The results indicated that the tensile strength increased by 11.90% and the tearing strength improved by 23.72%. Compared with PDM, TGA plots showed that the thermal stability of the resultant leather tanned by PDM/ZnO nano composites was improved to a certain extent.
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Her Shiuh Chuan , Liu Shou Jan
Published: August 2011

A micromechanical finite element model incorporated with molecular mechanics is employed to determine the mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT). The SWCNT is modelled as a space-frame structure. The bonds between the carbon atoms are simulated as beam members to carry the loads, while the carbon atoms are the joints of the members. The modified Morse potential is adopted to characterize the non-linear behavior of C-C bonds. In this work, the mechanical properties of SWCNT such as the Young’s modulus, ultimate strength and strain are investigated. To verify the proposed FE model and evaluate its performance, the effects of diameter and chirality on the mechanical properties of SWCNT are presented. It is found that both the Young’s modulus and ultimate strength of SWCNT increase monotonically with the increase of diameter. The Young’s modulus of armchair is larger than that of zigzag SWCNTs. These results are in good agreement with the existing numerical and experimental results.
Fabrication and Characterization of Nanoencapsulated Stearic-Acid/SiO2 Phase Change Material
Authors: Li Ben Xia , Wang Yan Fen , Zhu Bin
Published: August 2011

A novel nanoencapsulated shape-stabilized phase change material (PCM) with stearic acid as the core and SiO2 as the shell was synthesized by a two-step procedure, in which SiO2 hollow nanospheres were prepared firstly by a template-assisted method and stearic acid was then embedded in SiO2 hollow nanospheres based on balance principle of fluid in capillary. The morphology, structure and thermal storage property of the sample were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimeter. The results suggest that the as-obtained nanocapsules were regular spheres with diameters around 220 nm, and it is possible to enhance the heat transfer and repress the super-cooling phenomenon by designing the nanoencapsulated PCMs with organic PCMs as cores and inorganic materials as shells.
Preparation and Grain Growth Kinetic of Nickel Oxide Nano-Particles
Authors: Han Hui , Ma Qi Heri , Lv Li , Wang Xiao Jing
Published: August 2011

Nickel oxide nano-particles were prepared successfully by thermal decomposition of the β-Ni(OH)2 in this work. The precursor β-Ni(OH)2 was obtained by the chemical precipitation reaction of Ni(NO3)2 and KOH at near room temperature. The grain growth kinetic of nano-sized nickel oxide for thermal treatment process was studied by means of isothermal and isochronal annealing. The results showed the precursor β-Ni(OH)2 is spindle alike shape, which can transform entirely into cubic NiO nano-particles when calcinated at temperature higher than 280°C. The NiO nano-particles grew up with the increasing of the calcinating temperature and the prolonging of the calcinatiing time. Moreover, we found that to tune the annealing temperature is more available for size controlling than to vary the annealing time. The grain growth kinetic of NiO nano-particles is found to follow the equation D7 = 1.946×1017•t•exp(-1.466×103/RT), where the grain growth exponent and an activation energy are n=7 and Ea=146.56KJ/mol, respectively.
Research on Preparation of Nano-Silver by Orthogonal Test
Authors: Tang Bao Lin , Chen Guang Xue , Chen Qi Feng , Tai Jing Lei
Published: August 2011

Nano-silver has received a great deal of attention in recent years for its various potential applications on medical, electronic, optical, etc. In this paper, we developed a simple way to synthesize nano-sized silver by liquid chemical reduction method with hydrazine hydrate as reductant and PVP as surface-protection reagent. In the experimental design, orthogonal test with three factors and three levels is adopted, which investigated the effect of instillation method, the PVP amount and the reaction temperature on the size and morphology of silver nano-particle. Through analyzing the orthogonal experimental results, the optimum conditions for nano-silver preparation is obtained, in which hydrazine hydrate solution is instilled into the mixture solution of silver nitrate and PVP, the molar ratio of PVP/AgNO3 is 1.5, and the temperature is 50°C. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the morphology of silver nano-particles, and the results show that the dispersed spherical nano-particles with the average size of about 60 nm can be prepared in this work.
Thermal Properties of Composites Containing Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Ji Fen , Xie Hua Qing , Xin Zhong , Li Yang , Li Jing
Published: August 2011

We prepared a series of paraffin wax (PW) based phase change composite containing ZnO, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles, respectively. DSC results showed that there is a decrease trend in phase change latent heat capacity (Ls) with an increase of metal oxide nanoparticle loadings. ZnO/PW has higher Ls than those of Fe2O3/PW and Al2O3/PW with same metal oxide nanoparticle loadings. Transient short-hot-wire (SHW) method was used to measure thermal conductivity of these composites. The results showed that nanoparticle addition leads to substantial enhancement in the thermal conductivity of the composites. The highest thermal conductivity of the measured composites is about 0.27 W/(m•K) of Fe2O3/PW with 3.0 wt% nanoparticles and Al2O3/PW with 5.0 wt% nanoparticles at 15 oC, which higher than that of PW by about 30%. The lowest thermal conductivity of composites is that of Al2O3/PW and ZnO/PW with 1.0 wt% nanoparticles at 60 oC, which higher than that of PW by about 7%.
Effects of Ag-Carried Content in P/Ag Nanocomposites on Tribological Properties of 45 Mild Steel Friction Pairs
Authors: Yang Lǜ , Li Yi , Zhou Yuan Kang , Wu Xue Mei
Published: August 2011

In this paper, some Ag-carried palygorskite nanocomposites P/Ag were prepared, their silver content were 1.3%, 4.61%, 9.54% separately. To investigate the effects of the silver content on tribological properties of 45 mild steel pairs, the P/Ag carried different Ag content were used as lubricant additive and their tribological properties were tested on the MMU-10G testing machine. The wear mass loss is used to assess the anti-wear properties of different additives. The surface topographies and main elements are analyzed through SEM and EDS after running for 30 hours. The results show that the friction coefficient and the wear mass loss significantly decrease along with the increase of silver content in the P/Ag: the average friction coefficient of the P/Ag with 9.54% silver reduces about 65% as much as the one with 1.3% silver, meanwhile, the wear mass loss decreases 57% likewise. The surfaces after rubbing 30 hours, some kind of auto-restoration films that contains sort of characteristic elements such as O, Si, Mg, Al, Ag etc. are formed on the surfaces. With the help of this kind of films, the anti-wear properties of the friction pairs are finally improved. The factors that cause the improvement of anti-friction properties of the friction pairs lie in the quality and the silver content of the auto-restoration films formed on the surfaces of friction pairs.
Preparation and Characterization of Coenzyme Q10-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
Authors: Xia Qiang , Wu Jia Ying
Published: August 2011

The enhancement of stability of light sensitive CoQ10 was achieved by preparation of coenzyme Q10-loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers through High Pressure Homogenization (HPH). Well-dissolved lipids of CoQ10 were selected, optimized ratio of emusifiers and lipids were determined for the formulation. Obtained by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), the mean particle size of CoQ10-NLC was 112 ± 7 nm within 60 days after preparation. In terms of centrifugal stability, results of laser diffraction (LD) analysis eliminated the existence of aggregated particles with micrometers and showed almost no size growth before and after centrifugation. Zeta potential values were from -50 to -55 mV with pH in the range of 6.56–6.72. The concentration of CoQ10-NLC measured by UV-Vis spectroscopy was as high as 8.13 mg/mL.
Study on Nano SiO2 Synthesized by Gaseous Detonation under Different Initial Temperature
Authors: Yan Hong Hao , Xi Shu Xiong , Huang Xian Chao
Published: August 2011

Taking the mixed gas of the silicon tetrachloride, the air and the hydrogen as the explosion source, adjusting the initial temperature of the mixed gas and detonating it in the gaseous detonation tube, after washing, filtering with alcohol and drying, the nanometer SiO2 powder is obtained. The analysis on the nanometer SiO2 powder is carried on with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction instrument. By analyze the ingredient of the obtained product with x-ray fluorescence spectrometry, it is measured that its main component is SiO2; by XRD analysis, it is known that the generated SiO2 belongs to the typical amorphous structure; by TEM images, it can be seen that particle size are mostly between 20~30nm, the particle shape is spherical, also the dispersion is good. Under the conditions of the initial temperature 140°C, the product particle size is finer, and the dispersion is better.
The Use of Magnetite Nanoparticles in Applied Medicine
Authors: Belousov Аndrey Nikolaevich
Published: August 2011

Nowadays nanotechnology as a new direction of science allows to develop therapeutic methods of the endogenous intoxication syndrome and to create a new class of biocompatible sorbents. In Ukraine first preparations of medical nanotechnology were produced and patented in 1998. These are “IKBB” intracorporeal biocorrector, magnet-controlled sorbent (MCS-B), and “Micromage-B”. The preparations are based on colloid magnetite particles (Fe3O4) from 6 to 12 nm. Adsorption layer provides a high sorption activity to magnetite nanoparticles. Total activity of their sorption surface is 800 – 1200 m2/g, magnetic field intensity produced by each particle is 300 - 400 kA/m, ζ – potential is – 19 mV. Each magnetite particle is a subdomain elementary magnetite of a sphere shape. The main biological action of nanotechnology preparations is direct to regulation of cell metabolism. Therapeutic effect of this preparation is based on the influence of adsorption process and of constant magnetic field that surrounds colloid magnetite particle on cellular and subcellular structures. Point of attack is surface proteins of cell membranes. Colloid magnetite particles modify composition of protein molecules thereby effecting transport of substances to a cell. Using magnet-controlled sorbent the method of extracorporal hemocorrection on the whole is rather the method of effective and reliable way to activate natural processes of detoxication of organism, than the method of artificial detoxication. The absence of contra-indication and incidental effects (haematic, haemodynamic, hormone, electrolytic, immune) creates real predisposition for using this method in intensive therapy of intoxication syndrome.
Tribological Properties and Self-Repairing Effect of Palygorskite /Copper Nanocomposites as Lubricating Oil Additive
Authors: Wu Xue Mei , Zhou Yuan Kang , Yang Lǜ
Published: August 2011

Palygorskite/copper nanocomposites were prepared in order to study the friction behaviour and self-repairing effect of HT200 tribopair. The friction and wear behaviors of the lubricant oil containing 4wt% nanocomposites were evaluated on an MMU-10G abrasive-wear tester. Results indicated that the average size of nanoparticles is 200nm and nanoparticle disperses homogeneously. The nanocomposites significantly improve the anti-wear performance.Wear mass loss decreases 41.7%and 63.2% compared with nano-palygoeskite and no additive.SEM and EDX examination of worn surfaces show that the incorporation of nano-copper and nano-palygorskite promote the formation of enriched films which play beneficial role for improving the wear properties.
Preparation of Polyacrylic Acid/TiO2 Nanocomposites and its Application in Photodegradation of Methyl Orange
Authors: Meng Xiang Fu , Zhang Zhi Wei , Zhang Ying , Xiao Zhi Chang , Wei Qing Li
Published: August 2011

In this paper, polyacrylic acid (PAA)/TiO2 nanocomposites with photocatalytic activity were prepared via in-situ growth of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles in polyacrylic acid matrix using a simple hydrothermal method. First, water-soluble titania xerogel was prepared by a modified sol-gel procedure involving hydrolyzation of titania precursor, tetra-n-butyl titanate (TBT), in trifluoroacetic acid solution. Then, titania xerogel was dissolved in water and formed a homogeneous solution. Sequentely, polyacrylic acid as an adsorbed polymer was put into the solution and a hydrogel containing titania xerogel was obtained. After hydrothermal treatment for 10h at 100 °C, polyacrylic acid/TiO2 nanocomposites were obtained. The structure and morphology of as-prepared samples were characterized by Raman, SEM, and TEM. The photocatalytic activity of nanocomposites was evaluated by photodegradation of methyl orange under UV irradiation. The result showed that TiO2 nanocomparticles in anatase phase was in-situ generated inside PAA matrix and revealed a high photocatalytic activity, which can be used in environment purification and water treatment.
A Micro Fuse Realized by Integrating Al/CuO-Based Nanoenergetic Materials on a Micro Wire
Authors: Song Xue , Yang Guang Cheng , Nie Fu De
Published: August 2011

Nano energetic materials (nEMs) have improved performance in energy release, ignition, and mechanical properties compared to their bulk or micro counterparts. In this study a micro fuse developed by intergrating Al/CuO-based nanoenergetic materials on a micro wire. CuO nanowires are synthesized by thermally annealing Cu film deposited onto a micro wire. Nano-Al is integrated with the nanowires by thermal to realize an Al/CuO based nEMs. It allows batch and high level of integration and reliability. The micro fuse is tested by open-air combustion testing and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry.
Actuality and Application Foreground of Nanofluids in Refrigeration System
Authors: Zhang Min , Wang Rui Xiang , Lou Jiang Feng
Published: August 2011

Reaches in nanofluids heat transfer have conducted for decades, and lead to the development of the currently used heat transfer enhancement techniques. This paper is mainly concerned about the character of nanoparticles as an additive to the refrigeration system, and the preparation of nanofluids. Review the literatures about the nanoparticles used in the refrigeration system and refrigeration oil, and enhance of heat transfer of nanorefrigerant or nanorefrigeration oil. The suspended metallic or nonmetallic nanoparticles change the transport properties and heat transfer characteristics of the host fluid. The aim of this paper is outlook for foreground of the nanoparticles used in the refrigeration system, and to provide a guide line or perspective for future research.
Nano-Au/C Catalysts for the Selective Oxidation of Glyoxal into Glyoxalic Acid
Authors: Li Zi Jing , Huang Du Shu , Liu Wei , Min Yong , Xiao Rui Min , Jiang Yan , Sun Li Da
Published: August 2011

Nano-Au/C catalysts were obtained by loading the gold nanoparticles which were prepared by photochemical reduction method to the activated carbon, and were used for the catalytic oxidation reaction of glyoxal into glyoxylic acid. The influence of temperature and pH on the catalytic activity, and the mechanism of Au/C catalyst on catalytic oxidation of glyoxal were discussed. The optimum conditions are: the amount ratio of Au: glyoxal is 1:1000; The pH of solution can be controlled between 8.2 to 8.4 by using 1.00 mol/L NaOH solution under 45°C.