bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The processes of underthrusting and underplating in the geologic record: structural diversity between the Franciscan Complex (California), the Kodiak Complex (Alaska) and the Internal Ligurian Units (Italy)
Authors: Meneghini F. , Marroni M. , Moore J.C. , Pandolfi L. , Rowe C.D.
Published: January 2009

Existing studies on active subduction margins have documented the wide diversity in structural style between accretionary prisms, both in space and time. Together with physical boundary conditions of the margins, the thickness of sedimentary successions carried by the lower plate seems to play a key role in controlling the deformation and fluid flow during accretion. We have tested the influence of the subducting sedimentary section by comparing the structural style and fluid‐related structures of four units from three fossil accretionary complexes characterized by similar physical conditions but different subducting sediment thicknesses: (1) the Franciscan Complex of California, (2) the Internal Ligurian Units of Italy and (3) the Kodiak Complex, Alaska.

Subducting plates bearing a thick sedimentary cover generally result in coherent accretion through polyphase deformation represented by folding and thin thrusting events, while underplating of sediment‐starved oceanic sections results in diffuse deformation and mélange formation. These two structural styles can alternate through time in a single complex with a long record of accretion such as Kodiak.

The parallel analysis of the selected analogues show that although the volume of sediments carried by the lower plate determines different structural styles, deformation is strongly controlled by injection of overpressured fluids during underthrusting and accretion. Transient hydrofracturing occurs through the development of a system of dilatant fractures grossly parallel to the décollement zone. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Profile, comorbidity and impact of insomnia in the ibadan study of ageing
Authors: Gureje Oye , Kola Lola , Ademola Adedotun , Olley Benjamin O.
Published: January 2009

Objective

To provide information on the profile, comorbidity and impact of insomnia among an understudied group of elderly Africans.

Method

Using the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), the 12‐month prevalence of three forms of insomnia was assessed in face‐to‐face interviews conducted with a regionally‐representative sample of elderly Nigerians, aged 65 years and over (n = 2152). The association of insomnia with quality of life, rated with the WHO Quality of Life instrument, was analyzed controlling for comorbid chronic pain, chronic medical conditions and DSM‐IV major depressive disorder.

Results

At least one insomnia problem was reported by 30.72%. Insomnia was more frequent among females, persons aged 70 years and over, and those who were unmarried. Insomnia was comorbid with major depressive disorder (OR = 3.9, 95% CI 2.5–6.1), chronic pain (OR = 4.3, 95% CI 3.2–6.1; particularly arthritis and spinal pain), and chronic medical conditions (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.8–2.5, particularly heart disease, high blood pressure or asthma). Persons with insomnia were more likely to report having had a fall in the previous year (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0–1.8) and, among those with fall, injury was more commonly reported by those with insomnia. Every form of insomnia was associated with decrement in quality of life. After controlling for comorbid mental and physical conditions, the β coefficients ranged between −17.9 and −20.0.

Conclusion

Insomnia was highly comorbid with chronic physical conditions and with depression. These comorbid conditions partly but do not entirely account for the considerable decrement in quality of life associated with insomnia. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of personal characteristics on engagement in nursing home residents with dementia
Authors: Cohen‐Mansfield Jiska , Marx Marcia S. , Regier Natalie G. , Dakheel‐Ali Maha
Published: January 2009

Objective

To examine the impact of personal attributes on engagement in persons with dementia.

Methods

Participants were 193 residents of seven Maryland nursing homes. All participants had a diagnosis of dementia. Cognitive functioning was assessed via the Mini‐Mental State Examination, and engagement was assessed via the Observational Measure of Engagement. Data pertaining to activities of daily living were obtained from the Minimum Data Set.

Results

Women had longer mean engagement duration than men, and significant results were not seen with the other demographic variables. Significant, positive correlations were found between higher cognitive functioning and longer engagement duration, more attention, a more positive attitude, and a higher refusal rate. There was a positive and significant correlation between the comorbidity index and engagement duration, and between the number of medications and attention. All functional status variables yielded significance in a positive direction. Participants with poor hearing had a higher refusal rate. Cognitive status was the most consistent and potent predictor of engagement in this population.

Conclusion

Despite a higher refusal rate among those with higher cognitive levels, their overall engagement with stimuli is higher. Caregivers should anticipate higher refusal rates in those with poor hearing, and therefore compensatory methods should be used in presenting stimuli in this population. The potent role of cognitive and functional status on engagement of persons with dementia underscores the importance of tailoring activities to nursing home residents' needs, interests, and limitations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expert opinion on the management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and investigation into prescribing practices in the UK
Authors: Bishara Delia , Taylor David , Howard Robert J. , Abdel‐Tawab Rauja
Published: January 2009

Background

The management of Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) has been the subject of considerable debate over the last few years in view of the poor evidence base for pharmacological agents and concerns about their safety.

Objectives

This study sought to obtain expert opinion on the management of BPSD and to investigate current prescribing practices in the UK.

Method

A total of 166 expert opinion surveys were emailed to UK consultants in Old Age Psychiatry asking them to rate the appropriateness of psychotropics in different aspects of BPSD. A service evaluation was also carried out in 8 UK centres to investigate prescribing patterns.

Results

Overall, 59 consultants returned completed questionnaires, a response rate of 35%. Results revealed that experts rated quetiapine as the most appropriate agent for all BPSD followed by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for psychotic symptoms, benzodiazepines for agitation or aggression and trazodone for behavioural symptoms such as disinhibition. The service evaluations showed that benzodiazepines were most frequently prescribed for BPSD.

Conclusions

Although quetiapine was judged by experts to be the most appropriate agent for BPSD, it appears that in clinical practice benzodiazepines are most often used to manage these symptoms. Evidence from both studies show wide inconsistencies in prescribing trends. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Function, postoperative morbidity, and quality of life after cervical sentinel node biopsy and after selective neck dissection
Authors: Schiefke Franziska , Akdemir Michael , Weber Anette , Akdemir Daniel , Singer Susanne , Frerich Bernhard
Published: January 2009

Background.

Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) has been proposed for staging of N0 neck in oral/oropharyngeal carcinomas. It is claimed that SNB may be superior to selective neck dissection (SND) with respect to quality of life (QOL) and postoperative morbidity.

Methods.

Twenty‐four patients after SNB and 25 patients after SND (levels I–III) were enrolled. QOL and psychosocial variables were assessed by the health‐related EORTC QLQ‐C30 questionnaire, the disease‐specific EORTC QLQ‐H&N35 module, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and a fear of progression questionnaire. The functional status was evaluated by scores for cervical scar, extent of lymphedema (Miller score), sensory function, function of facial and hypoglossal nerve, cervical spine, and shoulder (Constant score).

Results.

Health‐related QOL measurement revealed no differences between the 2 groups. Disease‐specific QOL scores showed fewer swallowing problems in SNB patients (p = .043). SNB patients felt less fear of progression, experienced significantly less impairment from cervical scars, and had less sensory dysfunction and better shoulder function.

Conclusion.

Functional outcome after SNB is significantly better than after SND; however, this is not reflected in the scores of QOL questionnaires. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Golgi phosphoprotein 2 (GOLPH2) expression in liver tumors and its value as a serum marker in hepatocellular carcinomas #
Authors: Riener Marc-Oliver , Stenner Frank , Liewen Heike , Soll Christopher , Breitenstein Stefan , Pestalozzi Bernhard Cornelius , Samaras Panagiotis , Probst-Hensch Nicole , Hellerbrand Claus , Müllhaupt Beat , Clavien Pierre-Alain , Bahra Marcus , Neuhaus Peter , Wild Peter , Fritzsche Florian , Moch Holger , Jochum Wolfram , Kristiansen Glen
Published: January 2009

Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and bile duct carcinomas (BDCs) have a poor prognosis. Therefore, surveillance strategies including sensitive and specific serum markers for early detection are needed. Recently, Golgi Phosphoprotein 2 (GOLPH2) has been proposed as a serum marker for HCC, but GOLPH2 expression data in liver tissues was not available. Using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry, we semiquantitatively analyzed GOLPH2 protein expression in patients with HCC (n = 170), benign liver tumors (n = 22), BDC (n = 114) and normal liver tissue (n = 105). A newly designed sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) was used to analyze GOLPH2 levels in the sera of patients with HCC (n = 62), hepatitis C virus (HCV) (n = 29), BDC (n = 10), and healthy control persons (n = 12). By immunohistochemistry 121/170 (71%) of HCC showed strong GOLPH2 expression, which was significantly associated with a higher tumor grade (P = 0.01). A total of 97/114 (85%) BDCs showed a strong GOLPH2 expression which proved to be an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (P < 0.05). Serum levels of GOLPH2 measured by ELISA were significantly elevated in patients with HCC with underlying HCV infection (median 18 mg/L, P < 0.05) and patients with BDC (median = 14.5 mg/L, P < 0.01) in comparison to healthy controls (median 4 mg/L). Conclusion: GOLPH2 protein is highly expressed in tissues of HCC and BDC. GOLPH2 protein levels are detectable and quantifiable in sera by ELISA. In patients with hepatitis C, serial ELISA measurements in the course of the disease appear to be a promising complementary serum marker in the surveillance of HCC. GOLPH2 should be further evaluated as a serum tumor marker in BDC on a larger scale. (Hepatology 2009.)
The effects of exercise and stress on the survival and maturation of adult‐generated granule cells
Authors: Snyder Jason S. , Glover Lucas R. , Sanzone Kaitlin M. , Kamhi J. Frances , Cameron Heather A.
Published: January 2009

Stress strongly inhibits proliferation of granule cell precursors in the adult dentate gyrus, whereas voluntary running has the opposite effect. Few studies, however, have examined the possible effects of these environmental manipulations on the maturation and survival of young granule cells. We examined the number of surviving granule cells and the proportion of young neurons that were functionally mature, as defined by seizure‐induced immediate‐early gene (IEG) expression, in 14‐ and 21‐day‐old granule cells in mice that were given access to a running wheel, restrained daily for 2 h, or given no treatment during this period. Treatments began 2 days after BrdU injection, to isolate effects on survival from those on cell proliferation. We found a large increase in granule cell survival in running mice when compared with controls at both time points. In addition, running increased the proportion of granule cells expressing the IEG Arc in response to seizures, suggesting that it speeds incorporation into circuits, i.e., functional maturation. Stressed mice showed no change in Arc expression, compared with control animals, but, surprisingly, showed a transient increase in survival of 14‐day‐old granule cells, which was gone 7 days later. Examination of cell proliferation, using the endogenous mitotic marker PCNA showed an increase in cell proliferation after 12 days of running but not after 19 days of running. The number of proliferating cells was unchanged 24 h after the 12th or 19th episode of daily restraint stress. These findings demonstrate that running has strong effects on survival and maturation of young granule cells as well as their birth and that stress can have positive but short‐lived effects on granule cell survival. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of augmented atypical antipsychotics on weight change in patients with major depressive disorder in a naturalistic setting
Authors: Seo Ho‐Jun , Jung Young‐Eun , Woo Young Sup , Jun Tae‐Youn , Chae Jeong‐Ho , Bahk Won‐Myong
Published: January 2009

Objective

The extent of weight changes in depressed patients who use atypical antipsychotics (AAP) as augmentation could not be easily predicted due to weight related symptoms of depression and the interaction with antidepressants which have weight reducing effects.

Methods

Patients were treated with either antidepressants augmented with AAP for more than 2 weeks (AAP group, n = 100) or only with antidepressants (non‐AAP group, n = 172) during the admission between 2002 and 2006, and the differences in weight were analyzed.

Results

Mean weight gains of AAP group were significantly higher than those of non‐AAP group (2.98 ± 1.87 kg vs. 1.70 ± 1.85 kg, p = 0.001). When stratified by antidepressants, the significant difference between the two groups was shown among the subjects who had taken serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), but not mirtazapine and venlafaxine (3.42 ± 2.01 kg vs. 1.48 ± 1.79 kg, p < 0.001). Comparing among different combinations in AAP group showed that subjects treated with SSRIs and olanzapine had the greatest weight gain (4.21 ± 1.90 kg), significantly higher than that of the other subgroups (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that AAP used in patients with depression could severely aggravate preexisting weight‐related problems of antidepressants use and the possibility that the combined use with specific antidepressants could have a unique effect on weight by drug–drug interactions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical improvement of a patient with severe Wilson's disease after a single session of therapeutic plasma exchange
Authors: Hursitoglu Mehmet , Kara Osman , Cikrikcioglu Mehmet A. , Celepkulu Tahsin , Aydin Sengul , Tukek Tufan
Published: January 2009

Here, we report a case of a 17‐year old female with Wilson's disease presenting with progressive Coombs' negative hemolytic anemia and hepatic cirrhosis who was treated with one session of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and clinically improved. In clinical situations where multiple sessions of TPE may not be possible, the use of a single session of TPE in conjunction with conventional therapy may be of benefit in preventing further clinical deterioration. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple myeloma patients receiving large volume leukapheresis efficiently yield enough CD34+ cells to allow double transplants
Authors: Zubair A.C. , Rymer R. , Young J. , Keeton U. , Befort R. , Nolot B. , Evans C. , Bleach T. , Torloni A.
Published: January 2009

Current protocols for myeloma patients require more than one autologous transplant. We performed a retrospective study to determine the cost‐effectiveness of large volume leukapheresis (LVL) compared with standard volume leukapheresis (SVL) collection when two transplants are required. We evaluated 87 patients who underwent a cumulative total of 260 LVL and SVL collections. The median product volume per collection was 356 ml for LVL, and this was significantly higher than the median product volume per collection for SVL (median 149.5 ml, P < 0.001). The median total CD34+ cell yield/kg was 6.4 × 106 for LVL and 5.2 × 106 for SVL. This difference was statistically significant (P = 0.005). Because the target CD34+ cell dose for a single transplant was 3 × 106/kg at our institution, overall the LVL yields enough CD34+ cells that could allow for two transplants. Therefore, more patients in the LVL group were able to undergo a potential second transplant. Because of the reserved cells for a second transplant, LVL patients received significantly less CD34+ cell/kg per transplant than the patients in SVL group (P = <0.001). As a result, LVL group had statistically significant but clinically insignificant delay in neutrophil (P = <0.001) and platelet (P = 0.02) engraftments. Additionally, using LVL instead of SVL to collect ≥6 × 106/kg CD34+ cells may potentially save $7,497 per patient. We therefore conclude that LVL is the method of choice for collection of multiple myeloma patients when two transplants are anticipated. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wnt pathway, an essential role in bone regeneration
Authors: Chen Yan , Alman Benjamin A.
Published: January 2009

Fracture repair is a complex regenerative process initiated in response to injury, resulting in optimal restoration of skeletal function. Although histology characteristics at various phases of fracture repair are clear and well established, much remains to be understood about the process of bone healing, particularly at the molecular signaling level. During the past decade, secreted signaling molecules of the Wnt family have been widely investigated and found to play a central role in controlling embryonic development processes. Wnt signaling pathway also plays a pivotal role in the regulation of bone mass. Recent published data reveal that Wnt signaling pathway is activated during postnatal bone regenerative events, such as ectopic endochondral bone formation and fracture repair. Dysregulation of this pathway greatly inhibits bone formation and healing process. Interestingly, activation of Wnt pathway has potential to improve bone healing, but only utilized after mesenchymal cells have become committed to the osteoblast lineage. These advances suggest an essential role of Wnt pathway in bone regeneration. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 353–362, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
KCTD10 interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen and its down‐regulation could inhibit cell proliferation
Authors: Wang Yibo , Zheng Yi , Luo Fang , Fan Xiaohan , Chen Jinxing , Zhang Channa , Hui Rutai
Published: January 2009

A novel gene (GenBank accession No. AF113208) named KCTD10 (potassium channel tetramerisation domain‐containing 10) was cloned from our 5300 EST database of human aorta cDNA library. Computational analysis showed that KCTD10 cDNA is 2,638 bp long, encoding 313 amino acids with a proliferating cell nuclear antigen binding motif, mapped to chromosome 12q24.11 with 7 exons, ubiquitously expressed in all 12 tested normal tissues and 7 of 8 tested tumor cell lines from MTN membranes by Northern blot. Nuclear localization of KCTD10 was observed in A549 cells. Yeast two‐hybrid analysis and immunoprecipitation assay showed that KCTD10 can interact with PCNA. In A549 cells, KCTD10 down‐regulation could inhibit cell proliferation, but its over‐expression could not influence cell proliferation. The results suggest that KCTD10 may be associated with DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 409–413, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In situ observation of oxidation of liquid droplets of tin and melting behavior of a tin particle covered with a tin oxide layer
Authors: Mima Takayuki , Takeuchi Hironori , Arai Shigeo , Kishita Keisuke , Kuroda Kotaro , Saka Hiroyasu
Published: January 2009

Oxidation of a liquid droplet of tin (Sn) was observed using an in situ specimen heating holder in an oxygen environment. The surface of the Sn liquid droplet was covered with a tin oxide layer, Sn3O4, the thickness of which depended on the oxygen pressure and temperature. Subsequent cooling of the droplet resulted in the formation of a solid Sn particle covered with a Sn3O4 layer. The solid Sn particle was then heated above the melting temperature of Sn, and the melting behavior of Sn was observed. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Hall–Petch law investigated by means of in situ straining experiments in lamellar TiAl and deformed Al
Authors: Caillard Daniel , Couret Alain
Published: January 2009

Dislocation‐boundary interactions are studied in TiAl and Al by means of in situ straining experiments in transmission electron microscopes (TEM). The results in TiAl allow us to measure the strength of domain boundaries against the motion of ordinary dislocations and twins. The results in Al are used to analyze the interaction between dislocations and cell walls. Parameters involved in the Hall‐Petch law are then deduced from these observations. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dental lamina as source of odontogenic stem cells: evolutionary origins and developmental control of tooth generation in gnathostomes
Authors: Smith Moya M. , Fraser Gareth J. , Mitsiadis Thimios A.
Published: January 2009

This study considers stem cells for odontogenic capability in biological tooth renewal in the broad context of gnathostome dentitions and the derivation of them from oral epithelium. The location of the developmental site and cell dynamics of the dental lamina are parameters of a possible source for odontogenic epithelial stem cells, but the phylogenetic history is not known. Understanding the phylogenetic basis for stem cell origins throughout continuous tooth renewal in basal jawed vertebrates is the ultimate objective of this study. The key to understanding the origin and location of stem cells in the development of the dentition is sequestration of stem cells locally for programmed tooth renewal. We suggest not only the initial pattern differences in each dentate field but local control subsequently for tooth renewal within each family. The role of the specialized odontogenic epithelium (odontogenic band) is considered as that in which the stem cells reside and become partitioned. These regulate time, position and shape in sequential tooth production. New histological data for chondrichthyan fish show first a thickening of the oral epithelium (odontogenic band). After this, all primary and successive teeth are only generated deep to the oral epithelium from a dental lamina. In contrast, in osteichthyan fish the first teeth develop directly within the odontogenic band. In addition, successors are initiated at each tooth site in the predecessor tooth germ (without a dental lamina). We suggest that stem cells specified for each tooth family are set up and located in intermediate cells between the outer and inner dental epithelia.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 312B:260–280, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myelin‐associated glycoprotein and its axonal receptors
Authors: Schnaar Ronald L. , Lopez Pablo H.H.
Published: January 2009

Myelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG) is expressed on the innermost myelin membrane wrap, directly apposed to the axon surface. Although it is not required for myelination, MAG enhances long‐term axon–myelin stability, helps to structure nodes of Ranvier, and regulates the axon cytoskeleton. In addition to its role in axon–myelin stabilization, MAG inhibits axon regeneration after injury; MAG and a discrete set of other molecules on residual myelin membranes at injury sites actively signal axons to halt elongation. Both the stabilizing and the axon outgrowth inhibitory effects of MAG are mediated by complementary MAG receptors on the axon surface. Two MAG receptor families have been described, sialoglycans (specifically gangliosides GD1a and GT1b) and Nogo receptors (NgRs). Controversies remain about which receptor(s) mediates which of MAG's biological effects. Here we review the findings and challenges in associating MAG's biological effects with specific receptors. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of dendrite growth by the Cdc42 activator Zizimin1/Dock9 in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Kuramoto Kazuya , Negishi Manabu , Katoh Hironori
Published: January 2009

Rho family small GTPases are key regulators of morphological changes in neurons. Cdc42, one of the most characterized members of the Rho family of proteins, is involved in axon and dendrite outgrowth through cytoskeletal reorganization. Recent studies have identified Zizimin1, a member of the Dock180‐related family of proteins [also called CDM (Ced‐5/Dock180/Myoblast city)–zizimin homology (CZH) proteins], as a specific guanine‐nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Cdc42. However, the physiological function of Zizimin1 is totally unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of Zizimin1 in dendrite development in rat hippocampal neurons. In situ hybridization and Western blot analysis showed that Zizimin1 is strongly expressed in the developing brain including in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex in late developmental stages. Overexpression of wild‐type Zizimin1 promoted dendrite growth, whereas knockdown of Zizimin1 by short hairpin RNA or expression of a mutant Zizimin1 lacking Cdc42 GEF activity suppressed dendrite growth in primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Both the N‐terminal CZH1 domain, which is conserved among CZH proteins, and the Pleckstrin homology domain of Zizimin1 are involved in membrane localization, Cdc42 activation, and regulation of dendrite growth. Thus, these results suggest that Zizimin1 plays an important role in dendrite growth in hippocampal neurons through activation of Cdc42. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conjugated linoleic acid isomer concentrations in milk from high‐ and low‐input management dairy systems
Authors: Butler Gillian , Collomb Marius , Rehberger Brita , Sanderson Roy , Eyre Mick , Leifert Carlo
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: Different conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers are known to have contrasting physiology or health effects and there is growing evidence that the profile of natural isomers in milk is influenced by the production system. This survey is the first to compare feeding regimes and concentrations of 14 CLA isomers in milk from three production systems in the UK.

RESULTS: Total CLA and seven isomers (including C18:2 c9t11 which comprised > 80% of total) were significantly higher in milk from both organically certified and non‐certified low input (LI) systems compared with milk from conventional high input farms. Sampling date also affected concentrations of total CLA and nine isomers; being lowest in March and highest in August. Seasonal differences were greater in milk from LI herds, thought to be due to changes in herbage and/or stage of lactation. Multivariate analysis showed a strong positive relationship between several CLA isomers and increasing levels of fresh forage in the diet.

CONCLUSIONS: These results add to the evidence on how management adjustment may improve the profile of CLA isomers in milk fat, although animal or human intervention studies are required to identify the effects of consuming milk with different CLA levels and isomer profiles on human health. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Rapid simultaneous determination of codeine and morphine in plasma using LC‐ESI‐MS/MS: Application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Liao Qiongfeng , Deng Yating , Xie Zhiyong , Pan Biyan , Zhang Lei
Published: January 2009

A rapid and sensitive high‐performance LC‐MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of codeine and its metabolite morphine in human plasma using donepezil as an internal standard (IS). Following a single liquid‐liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, the analytes were separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a C18 column and analyzed by MS/MS in the selected reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M+H]+ ions, mass‐to‐charge ratio (m/z) 300/165 for codeine, m/z 286/165 for morphine and m/z 380/91 for IS. The method exhibited a linear dynamic range of 0.2–100/0.5–250 ng/mL for codeine/morphine in human plasma, respectively. The lower LOQs were 0.2 and 0.5 ng/mL for codeine and its metabolite morphine using 0.5 mL of human plasma. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. A run time of 2.0 min for each sample made it possible to analyze more than 300 human plasma samples per day. The validated LC‐MS/MS method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in which healthy Chinese volunteers each received a single oral dose of 30 mg codeine phosphate.
Constraints to farmers managing dryland salinity in the central wheatbelt of Western Australia
Authors: Robertson M. J. , Kingwell R. , Measham T. G. , O'Connor M. , Batchelor G.
Published: January 2009

There is an increasingly well‐founded understanding of the chief drivers and constraints to widespread adoption by Australian landholders to practices to manage dryland salinity. However, each specific situation depends on a range of biophysical, social and economic factors. Such is the case in this study that examines farmers' salinity management in the Wallatin‐O'Brien catchments in the low‐medium rainfall zone of the Western Australian wheatbelt. The study involved interviews with landholders and economic modelling of representative farms and salinity management options to gain an understanding of the farmers' adoption behaviour regarding salinity management.

Most landholders interviewed saw dryland salinity as a second order farm management issue, due first to the relatively slow rate of expansion of saline land within the catchments and second, because the changes in land use required to prevent further loss of land to salinity were viewed as being uneconomic. The exception to this was the minority (<15 per cent) of farmers in the catchment that have most of the saline land and have experienced most of the recent increase, and for these farmers (primarily located in the valley floor) salinity is a pressing issue. The scale and pattern of isolated outbreaks on adjacent slopes means that salinity is merely a nuisance problem for farmers who only have this type of salinity. For all farmers, a disincentive to invest in salinity management was the landholders' lack of knowledge about the proper placement, needed scale of adoption and economic viability of salinity management options.

Saltland pastures, surface water management and lucerne were viewed positively, with several desirable characteristics such as ease of trialling and complementarity to existing farm practices. By contrast, engineering options such as deep drainage, where considerable investment is involved and disposal of groundwater is problematic, were rated less favourably. Bioeconomic modelling of these salinity management options generated results that largely confirmed the merits of what landholders in the catchments currently do. The findings showed that there was little economic merit in wide‐scale adoption of these salinity management options in these catchments. However, the findings did highlight the need to match salinity management options to a farm's particular circumstance, if best use of the options is to be made by the different farms in the catchments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐structured integrated electro‐optic LiNbO3modulators
Authors: Janner D. , Tulli D. , García‐Granda M. , Belmonte M. , Pruneri V.
Published: January 2009

In this paper, we will review the state‐of‐the‐art of LiNbO3based integrated electro‐optic modulators and will show how micro‐structuring techniques such as etching, domain inversion and thin film processing can be used to realize new configurations which can take the performance to unprecedented levels. In particular, we will review recent results on the use of domain inversion on a micron scale and we report on the fabrication of a chirp‐free modulator having ∼ 2 V switching voltage and bandwidth of 15 GHz designed by placing the waveguide arms of the Mach‐Zehnder interferometer in opposite domain oriented regions. We also review some of the new modulation formats (e.g. DQPSK) that can represent an application development of the presented micro‐structured devices. Finally, we address the issue of the integration of the modulator chip in a transmitter board comprising tunable laser, bias‐control electronics and RF driver. The requirements of integration can even push further the reduction in size of modulator chips, thus making more crucial the use of micro‐ and nano‐structuring techniques.
Experimental model for creep groan analysis
Authors: Fuadi Z. , Adachi K. , Ikeda H. , Naito H. , Kato K.
Published: January 2009

A simple experimental model for a fundamental investigation of creep groan generating mechanism is introduced. It is a calliper slider model that is developed based on the operating principle of a real brake system and has the ability to generate creep groan quantitatively comparable to those recorded on the real brake system. The advantage of the model is that it is possible to take into account many parameters, such as surface roughness of mating materials, properties of mating materials and structure's stiffness, so that their effects for creep groan phenomenon can be analysed. The usefulness and potential of the model are demonstrated by its ability to generate creep groan using a real brake lining material that is well known to the brake industry as a material that easily produces creep groan in real applications. Parametric analysis is conducted, and the effects of several sensitive parameters to stick‐slip frequency characteristic of creep groan are highlighted. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uracil as Nucleating Agent for Bacterial Poly[(3‐Hydroxybutyrate)‐co‐(3‐hydroxyhexanoate)] Copolymers
Authors: Pan Pengju , Liang Zhichao , Nakamura Nobuo , Miyagawa Toshio , Inoue Yoshio
Published: January 2009

In this study, uracil has been introduced as the nucleating agent (NA) for bacterially synthesized poly[(3‐hydroxybutyrate)‐co‐(3‐hydroxyhexanoate)] (PHBHHx) copolymers with HHx content of 5, 10, 18 mol‐%, and poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) homopolymer for the first time. Its effect was compared with the conventional NA of PHB, that is, boron nitride (BN), and two other naturally occurring pyrimidine derivatives, i.e., thymine and cytosine. The effects of uracil on the crystallization kinetics, melting behavior, spherulite morphology, and crystalline structure of PHBHHx and PHB were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM), and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). Uracil and BN exhibit the comparable nucleation efficiency on the crystallization of PHB, whereas uracil shows much more effective nucleation ability than BN for PHBHHx copolymers. With incorporation of 1 wt.‐% uracil, PHBHHx with 0–10 mol‐% HHx units can finish crystallization upon cooling at 10 °C · min−1. The crystallization half‐times (t1/2) of all the PHB and PHBHHx samples decrease significantly with presence of uracil. The crystallization rate of polymers further enhances with increase in uracil concentration. With addition of 1 wt.‐% uracil, the t1/2 value of PHBHHx with 10 mol‐% HHx units melt‐crystallizing at 80 °C decreases to ≈4.0% of the neat polymer, and the nucleation density increases by 3–4 orders of magnitude. The incorporation of uracil has no discernable effect on the crystalline structure of PHBHHx, as evidenced by WAXD results. It was proposed that the nucleation mechanism of the uracil/PHBHHx (or PHB) system might be the epitaxial nucleation.

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Preservation theorems for Kripke models
Authors: Moniri Morteza , Zaare Mostafa
Published: January 2009

There are several ways for defining the notion submodel for Kripke models of intuitionistic first‐order logic. In our approach a Kripke model A is a submodel of a Kripke model B if they have the same frame and for each two corresponding worlds Aα and Bα of them, Aα is a subset of Bα and forcing of atomic formulas with parameters in the smaller one, in A and B, are the same. In this case, B is called an extension of A. We characterize theories that are preserved under taking submodels and also those that are preserved under taking extensions as universal and existential theories, respectively. We also study the notion elementary submodel defined in the same style and give some results concerning this notion. In particular, we prove that the relation between each two corresponding worlds of finite Kripke models A ≤ B is elementary extension (in the classical sense) (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Factorization in the extended Selberg class of L ‐functions associated with holomorphic modular forms
Authors: Molteni G.
Published: January 2009

Let N ∈ ℕ and let χ be a Dirichlet character modulo N. Let f be a modular form with respect to the group Γ0(N), multiplier χ and weight k. Let F be the L ‐function associated with f and normalized in such a way that F (s) satisfies a functional equation where s reflects in 1 – s. The modular forms f for which F belongs to the extended Selberg class S# are characterized. For these forms the factorization of F in primitive elements of S# is enquired. In particular, it is proved that if f is a cusp form and F ∈ S# then F is almost primitive (i.e., that if F = PG is a factorization with P, G ∈ S# and the degree of P is < 2 then P is a Dirichlet polynomial). It is also proved that the conductor of the polynomial factor P is bounded by N. If f belongs to the space generated by newforms and N ≤ 4 then F is actually primitive (i.e., P is a constant) (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On tame pairs of Fréchet spaces
Authors: Piszczek Krzysztof
Published: January 2009

We characterize tame pairs (X, Y) of Fréchet spaces where either X or Y is a power series space. For power series spaces of finite type, we get the well‐known conditions of (DN)‐(Ω) type. On the other hand, for power series spaces of infinite type, surprisingly, tameness implies boundedness of every linear and continuous operator. Next, we prove that every tame Fréchet space is quasi‐normable. This result extends earlier result of the author valid only for Köthe sequence spaces (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A family of generalized Nörlund methods and related power series methods applied to double sequences
Authors: Stadtmüller Ulrich , Tali Anne
Published: January 2009

Inclusion, convexity and Tauberian theorems are proved for certain generalized Nörlund methods and power series methods applied to double sequences. Families of summability methods are developed which form a hierarchy of methods and can be used to connect matrix and power series methods. This extends various results proved in the papers [15], [9], [17] and [14] for generalized Nörlund summmability methods and power series methods applied to ordinary sequences (sn) to summability of double sequences (smn) in the sense of bounded Pringsheim convergence. As examples some special methods like Cesàro methods and extensions as generalized Cesàro methods and quasi Cesàro methods are considered (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
pH Responsive Polymeric Brush Nanostructures: Preparation and Characterization by Scanning Probe Oxidation and Surface Initiated Polymerization
Authors: Benetti Edmondo M. , Chung Hong Jing , Vancso G. Julius
Published: January 2009

pH‐responsive PHEMA‐based polymeric nanostructures were grown in a controlled manner by ATRP‐based surface‐initiated polymerization. Initiator nanopatterns were obtained on silicon wafers covered with OTS resists made by AFM scanning probe oxidation lithography. AFM images confirmed isolated grafting of stimuli‐responsive hedge and dot brush structures exhibiting dimensions corresponding to a few tens of chains.

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A Facile Strategy for the Preparation of Azide Polymers via Room Temperature RAFT Polymerization by Redox Initiation
Authors: Li Guang , Zheng Haiting , Bai Ruke
Published: January 2009

A new vinyl aryl azide monomer, 4‐azidophenyl methacrylate (APM), has been synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR and FT‐IR spectroscopy. The thermal stability of APM has been investigated by temperature‐dependent FT‐IR spectroscopy and 1H NMR, and the monomer has been demonstrated to be quite stable at ambient temperature. Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) homopolymerization and copolymerizations of APM with methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and styrene have been carried out at room temperature using a redox initiator, benzoyl peroxide (BPO)/N,N‐dimethylaniline (DMA). The results show that the polymerizations bear all the characteristics of controlled/living free‐radical polymerizations. Moreover, the cycloaddition of azido group to carbon–carbon double bond can be avoided in the polymerization process at room temperature.

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Structure–antioxidant relationship of flavonoids from fermented rooibos
Authors: Krafczyk Nicole , Woyand Franziska , Glomb Marcus A.
Published: January 2009

Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) contains different bioactive phenolic compounds such as dihydrochalcones, flavonols, flavanones, flavones, and flavanols. Flavonoids isolated from rooibos were subjected to different in vitro assays: Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity, LDL oxidation and Fremy's salt assays to determine the total antioxidant activity (TAA). Assay results were compared, and the structure–antioxidant relationship was investigated. A decoupled LDL oxidation test was established with the objective of having an assay adapted more to an in vivo situation. The different in vitro methods were coupled offline to HPLC‐DAD. Results from these coupled offline methods were compared to the TAA to assess the usefulness of the coupling setup.
Alcohol use and prostate cancer: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Middleton Fillmore Kaye , Chikritzhs Tanya , Stockwell Tim , Bostrom Alan , Pascal Richard
Published: January 2009

Past reviews have concluded that there is no association between alcohol use and prostate cancer incidence. We performed a meta‐analysis of existing epidemiological studies finding, in contrast, evidence to suggest that prostate incidence is positively linearly associated with heavier alcohol use. This finding was largely due to the contribution of population case‐control studies and those measuring men recruited before age 60. No relationship between alcohol consumption and prostate cancer was found for cohort and hospital case‐control studies. Analyses of design effects modestly suggests that population case‐control studies were probably better suited to identify potential alcohol‐prostate cancer relationships due to the close temporal proximity of the measurement of level of alcohol consumption to diagnosis. Future efforts should be made to exclude all ill subjects from control groups/baseline samples in addition to accounting for changes in consumption with advancing age and the onset of illness. The alcohol‐prostate cancer association remained significant despite controlling for the degree to which studies endeavored to eliminate false negatives from their control groups.
Human fetal colon cells and colon cancer cells respond differently to butyrate and PUFAs
Authors: Hofmanová Jiřina , Vaculová Alena , Koubková Zuzana , Hýžd'alová Martina , Kozubík Alois
Published: January 2009

We verified the hypothesis suggesting modulation of the effects of sodium butyrate (NaBt) by ω–3 or ω–6 PUFAs. Comparing the response of human colon epithelial cell lines of fetal (FHC) and adenocarcinoma (HT‐29, HCT‐116) origin, we detected significant differences in proliferation, differentiation and apoptotic response to the treatment of NaBt, arachidonic or docosahexaenoic acids and their combination. While in FHC and HT‐29 cells NaBt induced G0/G1 arrest, differentiation and low level of apoptosis, in HCT‐116 cells G2/M arrest, no differentiation and high degree of apoptosis were detected. Moreover, in FHC cells significant potentiation of apoptosis accompanied by increased arrest in the cell cycle, cell detachment and decrease in differentiation were detected after combined treatment with NaBt and both PUFAs. Changes in cytokinetics induced by fatty acids were accompanied by membrane lipid unpacking, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Detection of caspase‐3 activation and dynamic modulation of Mcl‐1 protein expression imply their possible role in both cell differentiation and apoptotic response. Our results support the concept of modulation of NaBt effects by PUFAs, especially of ω–3 type, in colonic cells in vitro with diverse impact in cell lines derived from normal or neoplastic epithelium.
Elimination and metabolism of sesamol, a bioactive compound in sesame oil, in rats
Authors: Jan Kuo‐Ching , Ho Chi‐Tang , Hwang Lucy Sun
Published: January 2009

Sesamol, generally regarded as a main antioxidative component in sesame oil, is generated from sesamolin upon roasting of sesame seed or during bleaching process of sesame oil. This investigation studied the bioavailability and excretion of sesamol in Sprague‐Dawley rats. After oral administration of sesamol (p.o. 100 mg/kg) to SD rats, the changes in concentration of sesamol were determined in various excreta within 24 h period. Our results showed that sesamol conjugated metabolites were rapidly eliminated from urine and feces in 0–4 h. The majority of intact sesamol glucuronide was excreted in the urine. It is suggested that sesamol conjugated metabolites are primarily eliminated from the plasma via the kidney by active tubular secretion. LC‐MS/MS analyses of rat excreta showed that sesamol can be converted to 2‐methoxybenzene‐1,4‐diol and benzene‐1,2,4‐triol in vivo by rat.
Analytical solutions for dynamic pressures of coupling fluid–porous medium–solid due to SV wave incidence
Authors: Wang Jin‐Ting , Zhang Chu‐Han , Jin Feng
Published: January 2009

This paper presents the results of theoretical investigation on the dynamic coupling of an ideal fluid‐porous medium‐elastic half‐space system subjected to SV waves to study the effect of sediment on the seismic response of dams for reservoirs that are deposited with a significant amount of sediment after a long period of operation. The effects of the porous medium and the incident wave angle on dynamic pressures in the overlying ideal fluid are analyzed, and the reflection and transmission coefficients of the wave at the material interfaces are derived using an analytical solution in terms of displacement potentials. The numerical test of modeling shows that the dynamic pressures significantly depend on the properties of porous medium. The fully saturated porous medium reduces the response peaks slightly, while the partially saturated porous medium causes a considerable increase in the resonance peaks. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inventory policies for a make‐to‐order system with a perishable component and fixed ordering cost
Authors: Frank Katia C. , Ahn Hyun‐Soo , Zhang Rachel Q.
Published: January 2009

We consider a make‐to‐order production system where two major components, one nonperishable (referred to as part 1) and one perishable (part 2), are needed to fulfill a customer order. In each period, replenishment decisions for both parts need to be made jointly before demand is realized and a fixed ordering cost is incurred for the nonperishable part. We show that a simple (sn,S,S) policy is optimal. Under this policy, S along with the number of backorders at the beginning of a period if any and the availability of the nonperishable part (part 1) determines the optimal order quantity of the perishable part (part 2), while (sn,S) guide when and how much of part 1 to order at each state. Numerical study demonstrates that the benefits of using the joint replenishment policy can be substantial, especially when the unit costs are high and/or the profit margin is low. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2009