bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Telomere length reflects reproductive effort indicated by corticosterone levels in a long‐lived seabird
Authors: Bauch Christina , Riechert Juliane , Verhulst Simon , Becker Peter H.
Published: October 2016

Telomere length (TL) is a candidate biomarker of ageing and phenotypic quality, but little is known of the (physiological) causes ofTLvariation. We previously showed that individual common ternsSterna hirundowith high reproductive success had short telomeres independent of age, and this pattern was particularly strong in the longer telomeres of the within‐individualTLdistribution. To test whether this relation can be attributed to effects of reproductive effort, we investigated baseline corticosterone in relation to reproductive success (number of fledglings) andTL. In this context, we assume that variation in baseline corticosterone can be interpreted as index of energy expenditure and allostatic load. Males with higher corticosterone levels during incubation, compared between and within individuals, achieved higher reproductive success and had shorter telomeres. The effect on telomeres was more pronounced in corticosterone measured later in incubation and in the longer telomeres of the within‐individualTLdistribution. Female corticosterone level during incubation was neither related to reproductive success nor toTL. That we observed these effects only in males mirrors different parental roles during reproduction in the common tern, where males do most of the chick provisioning. The negative association between reproductive success andTLsuggests individual differences in reproductive effort as reflected in, or mediated by, baseline corticosterone. We see this result as a promising step towards unravelling the physiological causes of variation inTLand the costs of reproduction.
The APSES transcription factor Vst1 is a key regulator of development in microsclerotium‐ and resting mycelium‐producing Verticillium species
Authors: Sarmiento‐Villamil Jorge L. , García‐Pedrajas Nicolás E. , Baeza‐Montañez Lourdes , García‐Pedrajas María D.
Published: October 2016

Plant pathogens of the genus Verticillium pose a threat to many important crops worldwide. They are soil‐borne fungi which invade the plant systemically, causing wilt symptoms. We functionally characterized the APSES family transcription factor Vst1 in two Verticillium species, V. dahliae and V. nonalfalfae, which produce microsclerotia and melanized hyphae as resistant structures, respectively. We found that, in V. dahliae Δvst1 strains, microsclerotium biogenesis stalled after an initial swelling of hyphal cells and cultures were never pigmented. In V. nonalfalfae Δvst1, melanized hyphae were also absent. These results suggest that Vst1 controls melanin biosynthesis independent of its role in morphogenesis. The absence of vst1 also had a great impact on sporulation in both species, affecting the generation of the characteristic verticillate conidiophore structure and sporulation rates in liquid medium. In contrast with these key roles in development, Vst1 activity was dispensable for virulence. We performed a microarray analysis comparing global transcription patterns of wild‐type and Δvst1 in V. dahliae. G‐protein/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (G‐protein/cAMP) signalling and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are known to regulate fungal morphogenesis and virulence. The microarray analysis revealed a negative interaction of Vst1 with G‐protein/cAMP signalling and a positive interaction with MAPK signalling. This analysis also identified Rho signalling as a potential regulator of morphogenesis in V. dahliae, positively interacting with Vst1. Furthermore, it exposed the association of secondary metabolism and development in this species, identifying Vst1 as a potential co‐regulator of both processes. Characterization of the putative Vst1 targets identified in this study will aid in the dissection of specific aspects of development.
Cerebral blood flow abnormality in clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease patients with or without amyloid β accumulation on positron emission tomography
Authors: Mino Toshikazu , Saito Haruna , Takeuchi Jun , Ito Kazuhiro , Takeda Akitoshi , Ataka Suzuka , Shiomi Susumu , Wada Yasuhiro , Watanabe Yasuyoshi , Itoh Yoshiaki
Published: October 2016

Background

The detection of amyloid β accumulation might be useful in confirming the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in clinically suspected cases. However, confirmation of the disease by a positron emission tomography scan is not always available.

Aim

We measured the cerebral blood flow in clinically suspected Alzheimer's disease cases, and compared the findings between amyloid‐positive and ‐negative cases.

Methods

At the Osaka City University Hospital, patients with “probable or possible Alzheimer's disease” were enrolled. In addition, “healthy volunteers” with no subjective decline in cognitive function or in cognitive tests were evaluated as controls. A positron emission tomography scan with Pittsburgh compound B as a tracer was utilized to detect amyloid accumulation.

Results

In the healthy control cases aged >60 years, a positive rate of amyloid increased steeply with age. In contrast, an amyloid‐positive rate decreased with age in the clinically suspected Alzheimer's disease cases aged >60 years. The Mini‐Mental State Examination score was higher and the disease duration was longer in the amyloid‐negative group than in the positive group, suggesting a slower progression of dementia in the amyloid‐negative patients, though the tendency failed to reach the statistical significance. Cerebral blood flow decrease was classified into four patterns. Typical Alzheimer's disease patterns were found exclusively in the amyloid‐positive group, whereas frontal dominant and temporal dominant were more frequently found in the amyloid‐negative group.

Conclusion

Even in the era of amyloid imaging, cerebral blood flow measurement can help differentiate Alzheimer's disease from other diseases causing apparent Alzheimer's disease‐type cognitive impairment.
Phenotype and influx kinetics of leukocytes and inflammatory cytokine production in kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Williams Timothy M. , Wise Andrea F. , Layton Daniel S. , Ricardo Sharon D.
Published: October 2016

Background and Aim

Kidney ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury is characterized by tubular epithelial cell (TEC) death and an inflammatory response involving cytokine production and immune cell infiltration. In various kidney diseases, increased macrophage numbers correlate with injury severity and poor prognosis. However, macrophage plasticity enables a diverse range of functions, including wound healing, making them a key target for novel therapies. This study aimed to comprehensively characterize the changes in myeloid and epithelial cells and the production of cytokines throughout the experimental IR model of acute kidney injury to aid in the identification of targets to promote and enhance kidney regeneration and repair.

Methods

Flow cytometric analysis of murine unilateral IR injury was used to assess TEC and myeloid cell subpopulations in conjunction with histological analysis and cytokine production at 6 h, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days post IR injury, spanning the initial inflammatory phase and the following reparative phase.

Results

IR injury resulted in a rapid infiltration of Ly6Chigh monocytes and neutrophils with a steady rise in F4/80highMHCIIhigh macrophages over the injury time. The production of the inflammatory cytokines IL‐6, MCP‐1 and TNF coincided with an increase in IL‐10 production.

Conclusion

This characterization will provide a reference point for future studies designed to manipulate immune cell phenotype and function in order to promote endogenous repair of damaged kidneys.
Reproducibility of high‐definition (3D) manometry and its agreement with high‐resolution (2D) manometry in women with fecal incontinence
Authors: Chakraborty S. , Feuerhak K. J. , Zinsmeister A. R. , Bharucha A. E.
Published: October 2016

Background

While widely used in clinical practice, the reproducibility of high‐definition anorectal manometry (HD‐ARM) remains unclear. We evaluated the intra‐individual reproducibility of HD‐ARM and compared pressures measured with HD‐ARM and high‐resolution anorectal manometry (HR‐ARM).

Methods

Thirty‐six women with fecal incontinence had an initial HD‐ARM (HD‐ARM1); on the same day, after randomization, 21 had a second (HD‐ARM2). Sixteen women had a third (HD‐ARM3) 4 weeks later. Twenty‐five had also been evaluated by HR‐ARM previously. Rectoanal pressures were assessed at rest, during squeeze and simulated evacuation. Concordance among pressures was assessed with Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC).

Key Results

Anal resting and squeeze pressures measured with HD‐ARM were reproducible on the same and different days; for average resting pressures of HD‐ARM1 vs HD‐ARM2, CCC = 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.53–0.94), and for HD‐ARM1 vs HD‐ARM3, CCC = 0.60 (95% CI: 0.28–0.93). For maximum squeeze pressures of HD‐ARM1 vs HD‐ARM2, CCC = 0.86 (95% CI: 0.75–0.97), and for HD‐ARM1 vs HD‐ARM3, CCC = 0.56 (95% CI: 0.21–0.91). The rectoanal gradient during evacuation was significantly concordant between HD‐ARM1 and HD‐ARM2 but not HD‐ARM1 and HD‐ARM3. Resting (CCC = 0.38 [95% CI: 0.14–0.62]) and squeeze pressures (CCC = 0.73 [95% CI: 0.57–0.89]) measured with HD‐ARM1 and HR‐ARM were also concordant.

Conclusions & Inferences

Among women with fecal incontinence, measurements with HD‐ARM were reproducible on the same (anal resting and squeeze pressures and rectoanal gradient during evacuation) and different days (anal resting and squeeze pressures) and correlated with HR‐ARM measurements. These findings support use of HD‐ARM and HR‐ARM for longitudinal assessments of anal resting and squeeze pressures.
The impact of personality on person‐centred care: a study of care staff in Swedish nursing homes
Authors: Elfstrand Corlin Tinna , Kajonius Petri J. , Kazemi Ali
Published: October 2016

Aim and objective

In this study, we explore how personal and situational factors relate to the provision of person‐centred care (PCC) in nursing homes. Specifically, we focus on the relationship between the care staff's personality traits and provision of PCC and to what extent perceptions of the working environment influences this relationship.

Background

The ultimate goal of elderly care is to meet the older person's needs and individual preferences (PCC). Interpersonal aspects of care and the quality of relationship between the care staff and the older person are therefore central in PCC.

Design and methods

A cross‐sectional Swedish sample of elderly care staff (N = 322) completed an electronic survey including measures of personality (Mini‐IPIP) and person‐centred care (Individualized Care Inventory, ICI). A principal component analysis was conducted on the ICI‐data to separate the user orientation (process quality) of PCC from the preconditions (structure quality) of PCC.

Results

Among the five factors of personality, neuroticism was the strongest predictor of ICI user orientation. ICI preconditions significantly mediated this relationship, indicating the importance of a supportive working environment. In addition, stress was introduced as a potential explanation and was shown to mediate the impact of neuroticism on ICI preconditions.

Conclusions

Personality traits have a significant impact on user orientation, and the perception of a supportive and stress free working environment is an important prerequisite for achieving high‐quality person‐centred elderly care.

Implications for practice

Understanding how personality is linked to the way care staff interacts with the older person adds a new perspective on provision of person‐centred elderly care.
Nucleotide Excision Repair: Finely Tuned Molecular Orchestra of Early Pre‐incision Events
Authors: Zhu Qianzheng , Wani Altaf A.
Published: October 2016

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) eliminates a broad variety of helix‐distorting DNA lesions that can otherwise cause genomic instability. NER comprises two distinct subpathways: global genomic NER (GG‐NER) operating throughout the genome, and transcription‐coupled NER (TC‐NER) preferentially removing DNA lesions from transcribing DNA strands of transcriptionally active genes. Several NER factors undergo post‐translational modifications, including ubiquitination, occurring swiftly and reversibly at DNA lesion sites. Accumulating evidence indicates that ubiquitination not only orchestrates the spatio‐temporal recruitment of key protein factors to DNA lesion sites but also the productive assembly of NER pre‐incision complex. This review will be restricted to the latest conceptual understanding of ubiquitin‐mediated regulation of initial damage sensors of NER, that is DDB, XPC, RNAPII and CSB. We project hypothetical NER models in which ubiquitin‐specific segregase, valosin‐containing protein (VCP)/p97, plays an essential role in timely extraction of the congregated DNA damage sensors to functionally facilitate the DNA lesion elimination from the genome.
Cloning of the Blue Ghost (Phausis reticulata) Luciferase Reveals a Glowing Source of Green Light
Authors: Branchini Bruce R. , Southworth Tara L. , Salituro Leah J. , Fontaine Danielle M. , Oba Yuichi
Published: October 2016

In the southern Appalachian area of the United States, the Phausis reticulata firefly, commonly known as the “Blue Ghost,” performs a unique display of bioluminescence. Adult male organisms are observed darting rapidly along paths and riverbeds in dark forests producing long‐lasting and mesmerizing bluish‐white luminous streaks. Starting with eighteen adult male firefly lanterns, we used a reverse transcriptase and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approach to clone the 1635 base pair open reading frame of the P. reticulata luc gene corresponding to a 545 residue protein. Expression of the recombinant luciferase protein in Escherichia coli and characterization studies revealed the true color of the light emission to be green (λmax = 552 nm), strongly suggesting that the field observations result from a Purkinje shift. While the P. reticulata luciferase amino acid sequence is 74.3% identical to the North American Photinus pyralis luciferase, we were surprised to find that it was 88.4% and 87.7% identical to luciferases from C. ruficollis and D. axillaris both native to mainland Japan. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the close relationship of the three enzymes that is surprising given the great distance between their natural habitats and the inability of the Japanese fireflies to produce bright bioluminescence.
Fixed‐time post‐cervical artificial insemination in weaned sows following buserelin use combined with/without eCG
Authors: Baroncello E , Bernardi ML , Kummer AD , Wentz I , Bortolozzo FP
Published: October 2016

Contents

Fixed‐time post‐cervical artificial insemination (FTAI) drastically reduces labour requirements and increases the use of boars with higher genetic merit. This study evaluated the efficiency of eCG administration combined with/without the GnRH agonist buserelin for the induction and synchronization of ovulation in weaned sows submitted to FTAI. The sows were allocated into three groups. In the control group, the first artificial insemination was performed at the onset of oestrus and repeated every 24 hr. In the eCG+GnRH group, sows received 600 IU eCG at weaning and buserelin (10 μg) after 86–89 hr of eCG, and in the GnRH group, sows received only buserelin after 86–89 hr of weaning. The hormone‐treated sows received a single FTAI after 30–33 hr of buserelin application. All the sows were inseminated with homospermic doses (1.5 × 109 sperm cells/50 ml). The interval between weaning and ovulation was shorter (p < .05) in the eCG+GnRH (133.3 hr) and GnRH (135.9 hr) groups than the control (141.5 hr) group. In the eCG+GnRH group, the sows ovulated earlier (p < .05) than those in the GnRH group (44.5 vs. 48.2 hr after buserelin administration). The reproductive performance of GnRH sows was not compromised when only sows exhibiting oestrus at the time of insemination were considered, but lower farrowing rate and smaller litter size were observed in eCG+GnRH sows. The reproductive performance of eCG+GnRH sows was primarily compromised because the insemination was performed outside the optimal time relative to ovulation; therefore, it is advisable to inseminate them before 116–122 hr after weaning.
After the Fukushima Disaster: Japan's Nuclear Policy Change from 2011 to 2012
Authors: Watanabe Rie
Published: October 2016

This article analyzes why and how the cabinet of Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) decided in September 2012 to phase‐out nuclear power plants by 2039—the decision representing a large policy change from previous energy‐supply policy, in which the dependence on nuclear power would continuously grow. In doing so, this article examines the causal relationship between three factors identified on the basis of theoretical models explaining policy change; change in the governing coalition from the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) to DPJ in 2009, the Fukushima accident, and the change in public opinion. Based on opinion poll and deliberative polling data, as well as discourse analyses of DPJ leaders’ statements, the article concludes that the change in public opinion on nuclear energy after the Fukushima accident was crucial in inducing the DPJ's decision to phase‐out nuclear power plants by affecting DPJ leaders' interests in vote‐ and office‐seeking. Finally, I discuss the applicability of the theoretical models developed on the basis of U.S. pluralistic cases to Japan and the issues to be explored for the further development of policy process models.
Mini Meta‐Analysis of Your Own Studies: Some Arguments on Why and a Primer on How
Authors: Goh Jin X. , Hall Judith A. , Rosenthal Robert
Published: October 2016

We outline the need to, and provide a guide on how to, conduct a meta‐analysis on one's own studies within a manuscript. Although conducting a “mini meta” within one's manuscript has been argued for in the past, this practice is still relatively rare and adoption is slow. We believe two deterrents are responsible. First, researchers may not think that it is legitimate to do a meta‐analysis on a small number of studies. Second, researchers may think a meta‐analysis is too complicated to do without expert knowledge or guidance. We dispel these two misconceptions by (1) offering arguments on why researchers should be encouraged to do mini metas, (2) citing previous articles that have conducted such analyses to good effect, and (3) providing a user‐friendly guide on calculating some meta‐analytic procedures that are appropriate when there are only a few studies. We provide formulas for calculating effect sizes and converting effect sizes from one metric to another (e.g., from Cohen's d to r), as well as annotated Excel spreadsheets and a step‐by‐step guide on how to conduct a simple meta‐analysis. A series of related studies can be strengthened and better understood if accompanied by a mini meta‐analysis.
Disseminated nocardiosis after unrelated bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Hino Yutaro , Doki Noriko , Senoo Yasushi , Sekiya Noritaka , Kurosawa Shuhei , Tsuboi Satoshi , Ohashi Kazuteru
Published: October 2016

Nocardiosis is a rare bacterial infection occurring mainly in patients with deficient cell‐mediated immunity. Although disseminated nocardiosis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) is a rare complication, it is associated with high mortality. Moreover, after allo‐HSCT, nocardiosis may be mistaken for other bacterial or fungal infections because clinical and radiographic findings of pulmonary, cerebral, and cutaneous nocardiosis lesions are non‐specific. Here, we report a case of disseminated nocardiosis (caused by Nocardia abscessus) with skin, pulmonary, liver, lymph node, and multiple brain abscesses in a patient after allo‐HSCT. The patient initially responded clinically and radiographically to imipenem/cilastin and trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole therapy. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of nocardiosis in allo‐HSCT recipients who are treated with multiple immunosuppressive agents to control chronic graft‐versus‐host disease. Accurate diagnosis and identification of disseminated nocardiosis is important to ensure administration of the correct antibiotic regimen.
Human platelet antigens in Burmese, Karen and north‐eastern Thais
Authors: Phuangtham R. , Romphruk A. , Puapairoj C. , Leelayuwat C. , Romphruk A. V.
Published: October 2016

Objectives

A comparative study of allele frequencies at HPA‐1 to ‐6 and HPA‐15 in Burmese and Karen populations as well as at HPA‐15 in north‐eastern Thais (NET) is presented.

Background

Human platelet antigens (HPAs) are clinically important in several immune platelet disorders, including foetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT), post‐transfusion purpura (PTP) and platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR). The knowledge of antigen frequencies in a population is essential for the evaluation of patients suffering from immune‐mediated platelet disorders.

Methods

A total of 285 unrelated, healthy Burmese, 242 Karen and 300 NET were recruited to this study. Genotype and allele frequencies of HPA‐1 to ‐6 and HPA‐15 were defined using polymerase chain reaction sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP)

Results

No individuals homozygous for HPA‐1bb, ‐2bb, ‐4bb, ‐5bb and ‐6bb were detected. HPA‐1a, ‐2a, ‐4a, ‐5a and ‐6a were present in all samples of Burmese and Karen origin. HPA‐1b, ‐2b, ‐4b, ‐5b and ‐6b were rare in these populations. The frequencies of HPA‐3a/‐3b were 60·4/39·6% in Burmese and 55·8/44·2% in Karen, respectively. Frequencies of HPA‐15a/‐15b were 57·2/42·8% in Burmese, 52·5/47·5% in Karen and 49·8/50·2% in NET.

Conclusions

The frequencies of HPA genotypes in our study indicates that HPA‐1a, ‐2a, ‐4a, ‐5a and ‐6a are unlikely involved in FNAIT, PTP and PTR in Burmese and Karen populations. However, HPA‐1b, ‐2b, ‐3a, ‐3b, ‐4b, ‐5b, ‐6b, ‐15a and ‐15b may likely stimulate alloantibodies in these populations.
Antiretroviral therapy status among people who died of AIDS‐related causes from 2009 to 2013 in Brazil: a population‐based study
Authors: de Freitas Marcelo Araújo , Miranda Angélica Espinosa , Pascom Ana Roberta Pati , de Oliveira Silvano Barbosa , Mesquita Fabio , Ford Nathan
Published: October 2016

Objective

To describe the antiretroviral therapy status of people living with HIV (PLHIV) who died of AIDS‐related causes between 2009 and 2013.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional, population‐based study. Data were obtained by linking the mortality information system and the national ART dispensing database. Trends were modelled using linear regression analysis.

Results

A total of 61 425 AIDS‐related deaths were registered in Brazil between 2009 and 2013. Median age at death was 41 years (IQR: 33–49), and 65.7% (40 337) of deaths were among men; 47.2% (29 004) of PLHIV who died during the study period had never started treatment, 7.0% (4274) had discontinued it, 15.9% (9775) were on ART for 6 months or less and 29.9% (18 372) were on ART for more than 6 months. Only 1.3% of PLHIV were on third‐line ARV regimens when they died.

Conclusions

AIDS‐related mortality remains a challenge even in a context of sustained universal access to antiretroviral treatment due to failure of service provision, not to therapy failure. Robust health policies closing gaps in the HIV continuum of care are crucial to further reduce mortality.
The ABCs of flower development: mutational analysis of AP1/FUL‐like genes in rice provides evidence for a homeotic (A)‐function in grasses
Authors: Wu Feng , Shi Xiaowei , Lin Xuelei , Liu Yuan , Chong Kang , Theißen Günter , Meng Zheng
Published: October 2016

The well‐known ABC model describes the combinatorial interaction of homeotic genes in specifying floral organ identities. While the B‐ and C‐functions are highly conserved throughout flowering plants and even in gymnosperms, the A‐function, which specifies the identity of perianth organs (sepals and petals in eudicots), remains controversial. One reason for this is that in most plants that have been investigated thus far, with Arabidopsis being a remarkable exception, one does not find recessive mutants in which the identity of both types of perianth organs is affected. Here we report a comprehensive mutational analysis of all four members of the AP1/FUL‐like subfamily of MADS‐box genes in rice (Oryza sativa). We demonstrate that OsMADS14 and OsMADS15, in addition to their function of specifying meristem identity, are also required to specify palea and lodicule identities. Because these two grass‐specific organs are very likely homologous to sepals and petals of eudicots, respectively, we conclude that there is a floral homeotic (A)‐function in rice as defined previously. Together with other recent findings, our data suggest that AP1/FUL‐like genes were independently recruited to fulfil the (A)‐function in grasses and some eudicots, even though other scenarios cannot be excluded and are discussed.
An evolutionary balance: conservation vs innovation in ciliate membrane trafficking
Authors: Guerrier Sabrice , Plattner Helmut , Richardson Elisabeth , Dacks Joel B. , Turkewitz Aaron P.
Published: October 2016

As most of eukaryotic diversity lies in single‐celled protists, they represent unique opportunities to ask questions about the balance of conservation and innovation in cell biological features. Among free‐living protists the ciliates offer ease of culturing, a rich array of experimental approaches, and versatile molecular tools, particularly in Tetrahymena thermophila and Paramecium tetraurelia. These attributes have been exploited by researchers to analyze a wealth of cellular structures in these large and complex cells. This mini‐review focuses on 3 aspects of ciliate membrane dynamics, all linked with endolysosomal trafficking. First is nutrition based on phagocytosis and maturation of food vacuoles. Secondly, we discuss regulated exocytosis from vesicles that have features of both dense core secretory granules but also lysosome‐related organelles. The third topic is the targeting, breakdown and resorption of parental nuclei in mating partners. For all 3 phenomena, it is clear that elements of the canonical membrane‐trafficking system have been retained and in some cases repurposed. In addition, there is evidence that recently evolved, lineage‐specific proteins provide determinants in these pathways.
Transfusion‐related immunomodulation: review of the literature and implications for pediatric critical illness
Authors: Muszynski Jennifer A. , Spinella Philip C. , Cholette Jill M. , Acker Jason P. , Hall Mark W. , Juffermans Nicole P. , Kelly Daniel P. , Blumberg Neil , Nicol Kathleen , Liedel Jennifer , Doctor Allan , Remy Kenneth E. , Tucci Marisa , Lacroix Jacques , Norris Philip J. ,   for the Pediatric Critical Care Blood Research Network (Blood Net)
Published: October 2016

Transfusion‐related immunomodulation (TRIM) in the intensive care unit (ICU) is difficult to define and likely represents a complicated set of physiologic responses to transfusion, including both proinflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Similarly, the immunologic response to critical illness in both adults and children is highly complex and is characterized by both acute inflammation and acquired immune suppression. How transfusion may contribute to or perpetuate these phenotypes in the ICU is poorly understood, despite the fact that transfusion is common in critically ill patients. Both hyperinflammation and severe immune suppression are associated with poor outcomes from critical illness, underscoring the need to understand potential immunologic consequences of blood product transfusion. In this review we outline the dynamic immunologic response to critical illness, provide clinical evidence in support of immunomodulatory effects of blood product transfusion, review preclinical and translational studies to date of TRIM, and provide insight into future research directions.
Determinants of red blood cell transfusion in pediatric trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit
Authors: Roumeliotis Nadia , Ducruet Thierry , Bateman Scot T. , Randolph Adrienne G. , Lacroix Jacques , Emeriaud Guillaume ,   the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators (PALISI) Network
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

There are no well‐designed prospective studies evaluating transfusion practices in pediatric trauma. We sought to describe red blood cell (RBC) transfusion practices in trauma patients who were admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

This study is a post‐hoc analysis of a prospective, 6‐month observational study in 30 PICUs. We studied a total of 580 patients aged less than 18 years who had been admitted to a PICU for more than 48 hours, including 95 who were trauma patients.

RESULTS

Trauma patients more frequently received transfusion before PICU admission (p < 0.001), were older (p < 0.0001), and more frequently were mechanically ventilated (p = 0.05). In the PICU, trauma patients received more transfusions (55% vs. 37%; p < 0.001), although admission hemoglobin levels were similar in both groups (p = 0.86). The mean (± standard deviation) pretransfusion hemoglobin level in the PICU was 9.0 ± 2.4 g/dL for trauma patients compared with 8.3 ± 2.4 g/dL for nontrauma patients (p = 0.09). Among the trauma patients, transfusion was associated with younger age, higher Pediatric Logistic Organ Regression scores, mechanical ventilation, bleeding, and transfusion before PICU admission. Multivariate regression demonstrated that receiving an RBC transfusion before admission was strongly associated with receiving a blood transfusion in the PICU (p = 0.008).

CONCLUSION

Trauma patients are at high risk for receiving an RBC transfusion both before and during their PICU stay, despite a similar transfusion threshold compared with nontrauma patients. Transfusion before PICU admission is a strong determinant, suggesting ongoing bleeding that will require re‐transfusion. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether a restrictive transfusion strategy can safely be considered in these patients.
Cost effectiveness of adding nucleic acid testing to hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus screening of blood donations in Zimbabwe
Authors: Mafirakureva Nyashadzaishe , Mapako Tonderai , Khoza Star , Emmanuel Jean C. , Marowa Lucy , Mvere David , Postma Maarten J. , van Hulst Marinus
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to assess the cost effectiveness of introducing individual‐donation nucleic acid testing (ID‐NAT), in addition to serologic tests, compared with the exclusive use of serologic tests for the identification of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) I and II among blood donors in Zimbabwe.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

The costs, health consequences, and cost effectiveness of adding ID‐NAT to serologic tests, compared with serologic testing alone, were estimated from a health care perspective using a decision‐analytic model.

RESULTS

The introduction of ID‐NAT in addition to serologic tests would lower the risk of HBV, HCV, and HIV transmission to 46.9, 0.3, and 2.7 per 100,000 donations, respectively. ID‐NAT would prevent an estimated 25, 6, and 9 HBV, HCV, and HIV transfusion‐transmitted infections per 100,000 donations, respectively. The introduction of this intervention would result in an estimated 212 quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) gained. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio is estimated at US$17,774/QALY, a value far more than three times the gross national income per capita for Zimbabwe.

CONCLUSION

Although the introduction of NAT could further improve the safety of the blood supply, current evidence suggests that it cannot be considered cost effective. Reducing the test costs for NAT through efficient donor recruitment, negotiating the price of reagents, and the efficient use of technology will improve cost effectiveness.
Streaming and Phase-Change Material Microcapsules-Based Mini/Microheat Spreader
Authors: Zhang Zongqin , Liu Chang , Meyer D. M. L. , Zhang Weixing , Zheng Yi
Published: October 2016

Use of oscillatory flow and phase-change material (PCM) microcapsules to enhance heat transport efficiency in micro/minichannels is among many new concepts and methodologies that have been proposed. In this paper, we propose a novel and simple heat spreader design concept that integrates the technologies of oscillating flow streaming and PCM microcapsules. Phenomenon of the flow streaming can be found in oscillating, zero-mean-velocity flows in many channel configurations. The pumpless bidirectional streaming flow can be generated by heating instability oscillation or by displacement of a lead zirconate titanate diaphragm. Discrepancy in velocity profiles between the forward and backward flows causes fluid and PCM microcapsules, suspended in the fluid near the walls, to drift toward one end while particles near the centerline move toward the other end. Flow streaming is a common mechanism in many biological systems but an innovative feature for heat transfer devices. We conducted preliminary work on scale analysis and computer simulations of suspended PCM microcapsules streaming in mini/microbifurcation networks. Computer simulated microcapsules distribution patterns are verified by visualization experiments reported in the literature. This work demonstrates that flow streaming with PCM microcapsule entrainment has the potential to be used as a cost-effective technology for a heat spreader design.
Mathematical Modeling of Heat Transfer and Pressure Drops in the Single- and Dual-Pipe Horizontal Wells
Authors: Dong Xiaohu , Liu Huiqing , Chen Zhangxin
Published: October 2016

In this paper, from the heat transfer mechanisms between perforated horizontal well and formation, the mathematical models for the heat transfer and pressure drops of the horizontal well with different steam injection pipe configurations are developed. All the conventional single-pipe, concentric dual-pipe, and parallel dual-pipe configurations are considered. A correlation is proposed to represent a relationship between the thermophysical properties of the formation and the formation pressure and temperature. Then, using the method of wellbore microcontrol elements and node analysis, the steam injection process in the three different well configurations is numerically investigated. Based on the test data of a parallel dual-pipe horizontal well from an actual oilfield, a steam backflow procedure for the parallel dual-pipe configuration is proposed to confirm the sealed status of a thermal packer. The theoretical investigation plays an important role in the performance evaluation and productivity prediction of horizontal well-based thermal recovery projects. Furthermore, it also sheds some important insights on a steam injection project design with dual-pipe horizontal wells.
Speech intelligibility in virtual restaurants
Authors: Culling John F.
Published: October 2016

Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) for a target voice on the same virtual table were measured in various restaurant simulations under conditions of masking by between one and eight interferers at other tables. Results for different levels of reverberation and different simulation techniques were qualitatively similar. SRTs increased steeply with the number of interferers, reflecting progressive failure to perceptually unmask the target speech as the acoustic scene became more complex. For a single interferer, continuous noise was the most effective masker, and a single interfering voice of either gender was least effective. With two interferers, evidence of informational masking emerged as a difference in SRT between forward and reversed speech, but SRTs for all interferer types progressively converged at four and eight interferers. In simulation based on a real room, this occurred at a signal-to-noise ratio of around −5 dB.
Using climate models to estimate the quality of global observational data sets
Authors: Massonnet François , Bellprat Omar , Guemas Virginie , Doblas-Reyes Francisco J.
Published: October 2016

Models and data: A two-way street

Data are used to drive models of climate and other complex systems, but is the relationship between data and models a one-way process? Massonnet
et al.
used climate models to assess the quality of the observations that such models use. Starting with a simple model and progressing to more complex ones, the authors show that models are better when they are assessed against the most recent, most advanced, and most independent observational references. These findings should help to evaluate the quality of observational data sets and provide guidance for more objective data set selection.

Science
, this issue p.
452
Dissolved organic sulfur in the ocean: Biogeochemistry of a petagram inventory
Authors: Ksionzek Kerstin B. , Lechtenfeld Oliver J. , McCallister S. Leigh , Schmitt-Kopplin Philippe , Geuer Jana K. , Geibert Walter , Koch Boris P.
Published: October 2016

Inventory of an essential marine element

Sulfur is necessary for marine primary production and has a large impact on climate processes. Because it is difficult to detect accurately, the amount of dissolved organic sulfur in the ocean is poorly defined. Ksionzek
et al.
measured dissolved organic sulfur in the Atlantic to estimate its distribution and infer its quantity in the world's oceans (see the Perspective by Levine). The findings suggest that dissolved organic sulfur exceeds all other forms of organic sulfur by a factor of 10.

Science
, this issue p.
456
; see also p.
418
Ocean mixing and ice-sheet control of seawater
234
U/
238
U during the last deglaciation
Authors: Chen Tianyu , Robinson Laura F. , Beasley Matthew P. , Claxton Louis M. , Andersen Morten B. , Gregoire Lauren J. , Wadham Jemma , Fornari Daniel J. , Harpp Karen S.
Published: October 2016

Uranium in the deep sea

The ratio of
234
U to
238
U in seawater underlies modern marine uranium-thorium geochronology, but it is difficult to establish the ratio precisely. Chen
et al.
report two
234
U/
238
U records derived from deep-sea corals (see the Perspective by Yokoyama and Esat). The records reveal a number of important similarities to and differences from existing records of the past 30,000 years. Higher values during the most recent 10,000 years than during earlier glaciated conditions may reflect enhanced subglacial melting during deglaciation.

Science
, this issue p.
626
; see also p.
550
Complete Genome Sequence of Pontibacter akesuensis Strain AKS 1
T
, Which Exhibits Robust Nutrient Metabolism in Harsh Environments
Authors: Wang Yang , He Kaiyong , Jiang Yongzhong , Shen Jiate , Yu Bo
Published: October 2016

Pontibacter akesuensis
strain AKS 1
T
was found in Akesu, Xinjiang Province, China, and exhibits the extraordinary ability to metabolize various substrates and is resistant to solar radiation. To gain insight into the bacterial genetic determinants for this adaptability, we report the complete genome sequence of strain AKS 1
T
.
Complete Genome Sequence of an Ebola Virus Isolate Imported from Sierra Leone to Germany Determined by Circle Sequencing
Authors: Mengel Jan Philipp , Lissin Artur , Biedenkopf Nadine , Schultze Tilman , Mannala Gopala Krishna , Schudt Gordian , Kann Gerrit , Wolf Timo , Eickmann Markus , Becker Stephan , Cemic Franz , Hain Torsten
Published: October 2016

We report here a complete genome sequence of Ebola virus Makona from a nonfatal patient sample that originated in Sierra Leone during the last Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa (species
Zaire ebolavirus
) using a highly accurate circle sequencing (Cir-seq) method.
Draft Genome Sequence of an Escherichia coli Strain Isolated from a Gallus gallus Broiler Producing the Novel CTX-M-166 Variant
Authors: Manageiro Vera , Clemente Lurdes , Duarte Sílvia , Vieira Luís , Caniça Manuela
Published: October 2016

We report here the draft genome sequence of the CTX-M-166-harboring O6:H16 sequence type 48 (ST48)-
fimH
34
Escherichia coli
strain recovered from a
Gallus gallus
broiler. Sequence analyses revealed the presence of an IncI1/ST103-IS
Ecp1
-
bla
CTX-M-166
-
orf477
plasmid region and of diverse antibiotic resistance and virulence-acquired genes.
Draft Genome Sequence of a Novel
Mucilaginibacter
Member Isolated from Brazilian Amazon Soil
Authors: de Alencar Sérgio Amorim , Costa Flávio Silva , Rodrigues Gisele Regina , Barreto Cristine Chaves
Published: October 2016

Bacteria from the
Mucilaginibacter
genus are still poorly understood, although their importance has been shown by recent reports describing great quantities of biofilms produced in their colonies. We report the draft genome sequence of a novel
Mucilaginibacter
member, comprising 8 contigs, totaling 5,478,589 bp and 4,876 predicted coding sequences.
Draft Genome Sequence of Ureolytic Environmental Isolate
Staphylococcus
sp. NA309
Authors: Gaiero Jonathan R. , Hsiang Tom , Nicol Rob W. , Habash Marc
Published: October 2016

We report the 2.7 Mb draft genome sequence of
Staphylococcus
sp. NA309 isolated from poultry litter. The isolate was a dominant member of the cultivable aerobic bacteria identified to have ureolytic activity, responsible for ammonia generation in poultry litter residue.
Whole-Genome Sequence of Bradyrhizobium elkanii Strain UASWS1016, a Potential Symbiotic Biofertilizer for Agriculture
Authors: Crovadore Julien , Calmin Gautier , Chablais Romain , Cochard Bastien , Schulz Torsten , Lefort François
Published: October 2016

Bradyrhizobium elkanii
UASWS1016 has been isolated from a wet oxidation sewage plant in Italy. Fully equipped for ammonia assimilation, heavy metal resistances, and aromatic compounds degradation, it carries a large type IV secretion system, specific of plant-associated microbes. Deprived of toxins, it could be considered for agricultural and environmental uses.
Whole-Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas graminis Strain UASWS1507, a Potential Biological Control Agent and Biofertilizer Isolated in Switzerland
Authors: Crovadore Julien , Calmin Gautier , Chablais Romain , Cochard Bastien , Schulz Torsten , Lefort François
Published: October 2016

We report here the whole-genome shotgun sequence of the strain UASWS1507 of the species
Pseudomonas graminis
, isolated in Switzerland from an apple tree. This is the first genome registered for this species, which is considered as a potential and valuable resource of biological control agents and biofertilizers for agriculture.
Tuberculous meningitis in an immunocompetent male complicated by hydrocephalus
Authors: Dunphy Louise , Shetty Prashanth , Randhawa Rabinder , Rani Kharil Amir , Duodu Yaw
Published: October 2016

A 39-year-old man, born in India but resident in the UK for 10 years, was travelling in America when he became feverish with an altered mentation. He reported a 10-day history of fever, photophobia, headache and fatigue. His medical history included hypothyroidism and migraine. He was a non-smoker, did not consume alcohol and denied a history of drug use. He was transferred to the emergency department. Laboratory investigations confirmed hyponatraemia (sodium 128 mmol/L). A chest radiograph confirmed no focal consolidation. Further investigation with a CT brain was unremarkable. A lumbar puncture was suggestive of viral meningitis, with a raised white cell count, lymphocytosis, high protein and low glucose. His PCR was negative for enterovirus and herpes simplex virus. Further investigation with a CT thorax, abdomen and pelvis demonstrated bilateral upper-lobe infiltrations. A bronchoalveolar lavage was negative for acid alcohol fast bacilli (AAFB). A diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis was rendered following a repeat lumbar puncture. Gram stain revealed AAFB and PCR was also positive. He started antitubercular treatment and corticosteroids. A repeat CT brain demonstrated ventriculomegaly, suggestive of hydrocephalus and an MRI head revealed likely communicating hydrocephalus with basilar enhancement. He was repatriated to the UK. Eleven days post transfer, he became acutely confused and required external ventricular drain insertion. After surgical management of his hydrocephalus, there was no further neurological deterioration. He remains committed to his neurorehabilitation.
Congenitally missing primary and permanent maxillary lateral incisors
Authors: Mehta Vivek , Singh Rajeev Kumar
Published: October 2016

Congenitally missing tooth/teeth are a common developmental abnormality. It is defined as the developmental absence of tooth/teeth excluding the third molars. It is more commonly seen in permanent dentition but rarely in primary dentition. This paper reports a rare case of non-syndromic bilaterally missing primary and permanent lateral incisors in the maxillary region.
Biopsychosocial correlates of hope in Asian patients with cancer: a systematic review
Authors: Mahendran Rathi , Chua Shi Min , Lim Haikel A , Yee Isaac J , Tan Joyce Y S , Kua Ee Heok , Griva Konstadina
Published: October 2016

Objective

To examine the factors associated with hope and hopelessness in patients with cancer in Asian countries, and the instruments used to measure hope and hopelessness.

Methords

A comprehensive systematic review was conducted with search terms, including cancer, hope, hopelessness and individual Asian country names, on CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed and Scopus databases. Only quantitative studies on adult cancer populations in Asia examining hope or hopelessness were included.

Results

A total of 2062 unique articles were retrieved from the databases, and 32 studies were selected for inclusion in this review. Hope and hopelessness were most frequently measured with the Herth Hope Index and the Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale, respectively. The biopsychosocial factors that were most consistently associated with hope and hopelessness included sociodemographic variables (education, employment and economic status); clinical factors (cancer stage, physical condition and symptoms); and psychosocial factors (emotional distress, social support and connections, quality of life, control or self-efficacy, as well as adjustment and resilience).

Discussion

There is a need for more studies from South and Southeast Asia as most studies hailed from East Asia. This review highlighted the possibility of cultural differences influencing factors related to hope, suggesting that cross-cultural studies specifically would facilitate understanding behind these variations, although future reviews on hope should also include studies on hopelessness for a comprehensive understanding of the concept. Finally, more longitudinal research could be conducted to assess whether the factors associated with hope and hopelessness change over time and disease progression.