bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protein‐Sized Dye‐Loaded Polymer Nanoparticles for Free Particle Diffusion in Cytosol
Authors: Reisch Andreas , Heimburger Doriane , Ernst Pauline , Runser Anne , Didier Pascal , Dujardin Denis , Klymchenko Andrey S.
Published: October 2018

How small should nanoparticles be in order to travel freely through the cytosol similar to proteins? Answering this question remains a challenge, because the majority of nanoparticles are relatively large and their size cannot be finely tuned to match that of proteins. Here, poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymers with varied fraction and type of charged groups (carboxylate, sulfonate, and trimethylammonium) are developed, yielding nanoparticles with controlled sizes from 50 to 7 nm through nanoprecipitation. Loading these nanoparticles with a rhodamine dye/bulky counterion pair at 10wt% makes them highly fluorescent. After their coating with polyethylene glycol groups for preventing non‐specific protein binding and microinjection into living cells, the first systematic study of the size effect on diffusion in the cytosol for solid nanoparticles of the same nature is realized. Single‐particle‐tracking data provide evidence for distinct particle sieving in the cytosol, suggesting that only nanoparticles below a critical size of 23 nm exhibit free diffusion and spreading. These findings show the size limitations imposed by intracellular crowding and compartmentalization, which is critical for applications of nanomaterials in the cytosol. The proposed concept of polymer design opens the route to organic nanoparticles of ultrasmall sizes and high loading for bioimaging and drug‐delivery applications.
Multifunctional Wearable System that Integrates Sweat‐Based Sensing and Vital‐Sign Monitoring to Estimate Pre‐/Post‐Exercise Glucose Levels
Authors: Hong Yongseok Joseph , Lee Hyunjae , Kim Jaemin , Lee Minha , Choi Hyung Jin , Hyeon Taeghwan , Kim Dae‐Hyeong
Published: October 2018

Wearable bioelectronic technologies have made significant progresses in personalized health management through non‐invasive monitoring of health indicators. However, current wearable systems cannot measure biochemical information and physiological signals simultaneously, which limits integrated data analysis and their widespread clinical applications. Here, an integrated multifunctional wearable health management system composed of a disposable sweat‐based glucose sensing strip and a wearable smart band is reported. The integrated system with control software electrochemically analyzes sweat glucose levels and continuously monitors vital signs (i.e., heart rate, blood oxygen saturation level, and physical activity). Different sweat collecting sites and sweat generation methods are tested in short‐ and long‐term studies with multiple human subjects by using the developed wearable system, leading to optimized protocols for health monitoring. By combining sweat glucose data and physiological monitoring data, pre‐ and post‐exercise blood glucose levels and blood glucose changes resulting from physical activities are reliably estimated, providing key information for preventing hypoglycemic shock during intense exercise. The integrated wearable system offers a novel comprehensive personalized health management strategy through combined analysis of key metabolic and physiological health indicators.
Probing of Local Multifield Coupling Phenomena of Advanced Materials by Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques
Authors: Li Tao , Zeng Kaiyang
Published: October 2018

The characterization of the local multifield coupling phenomenon (MCP) in various functional/structural materials by using scanning probe microscopy (SPM)‐based techniques is comprehensively reviewed. Understanding MCP has great scientific and engineering significance in materials science and engineering, as in many practical applications, materials and devices are operated under a combination of multiple physical fields, such as electric, magnetic, optical, chemical and force fields, and working environments, such as different atmospheres, large temperature fluctuations, humidity, or acidic space. The materials' responses to the synergetic effects of the multifield (physical and environmental) determine the functionalities, performance, lifetime of the materials, and even the devices' manufacturing. SPM techniques are effective and powerful tools to characterize the local effects of MCP. Here, an introduction of the local MCP, the descriptions of several important SPM techniques, especially the electrical, mechanical, chemical, and optical related techniques, and the applications of SPM techniques to investigate the local phenomena and mechanisms in oxide materials, energy materials, biomaterials, and supramolecular materials are covered. Finally, an outlook of the MCP and SPM techniques in materials research is discussed.
Simultaneous Strontium Doping and Chlorine Surface Passivation Improve Luminescence Intensity and Stability of CsPbI3 Nanocrystals Enabling Efficient Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Lu Min , Zhang Xiaoyu , Zhang Yu , Guo Jie , Shen Xinyu , Yu William W. , Rogach Andrey L.
Published: October 2018

A method is proposed to improve the photo/electroluminescence efficiency and stability of CsPbI3 perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) by using SrCl2 as a co‐precursor. The SrCl2 is chosen as the dopant to synthesize the CsPbI3 NCs. Because the ion radius of Sr2+ (1.18 Å) is slightly smaller than that of Pb2+ (1.19 Å) ions, divalent Sr2+ cations can partly replace the Pb2+ ions in the lattice structure of perovskite NCs and cause a slight lattice contraction. At the same time, Cl− anions from SrCl2 are able to efficiently passivate surface defect states of CsPbI3 nanocrystals, thus converting nonradiative trap states to radiative states. The simultaneous Sr2+ ion doping and surface Cl− ion passivation result in the enhanced photoluminescence quantum yield (up to 84%), elongated emission lifetime, and improved stability. Sr2+‐doped CsPbI3 NCs are employed to produce light‐emitting devices with a high external quantum yield of 13.5%.
Electrochromic‐Polymer‐Based Switchable Plasmonic Color Devices Using Surface‐Relief Nanostructure Pixels
Authors: Atighilorestani Mahdieh , Jiang Hao , Kaminska Bozena
Published: October 2018

Combining electrochromic (EC) polymers with plasmonic colors is a very promising configuration for realizing full‐color, low‐power, flexible, reflective displays. From materials perspectives, the polymer material growth and its electrochemical properties, and the plasmonic color substrates and their optical properties, must be precisely controlled and tailored to enable optimum performances. Here, a flexible EC plasmonic color device based on polypyrrole and metalized nanoimprinted nanowell arrays is presented, which is capable of reversibly being switched on/off with a high optical contrast on a simple application of an external potential. Additionally, it is demonstrated that by implementing only one EC polymer into the plasmonic color surfaces with different periodicities, it is possible to acquire a wide range of colors.
Copy number variation and neuropsychiatric problems in females and males in the general population
Authors: Martin Joanna , Tammimies Kristiina , Karlsson Robert , Lu Yi , Larsson Henrik , Lichtenstein Paul , Magnusson Patrik K. E.
Published: October 2018

Neurodevelopmental problems (NPs) are more common in males, whereas anxiety and depression are more common in females. Rare copy number variants (CNVs) have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. The aim of this study was to characterize the relationship between rare CNVs with NPs, anxiety, and depression in a childhood population sample, as well as to examine sex‐specific effects. We analyzed a sample of N = 12,982 children, of whom 5.3% had narrowly defined NPs (clinically diagnosed), 20.9% had broadly defined NPs (based on validated screening measures, but no diagnosis), and 3.0% had clinically diagnosed anxiety or depression. Rare (<1% frequency) CNVs were categorized by size (100–500 kb or > 500 kb), type, and putative relevance to NPs. We tested for association of CNV categories with outcomes and examined sex‐specific effects. Medium deletions (OR[CI] = 1.18[1.05–1.33], p = .0053) and large duplications (OR[CI] = 1.45[1.19–1.75], p = .00017) were associated with broadly defined NPs. Large deletions (OR[CI] = 1.85[1.14–3.01], p = .013) were associated with narrowly defined NPs. There were no significant sex differences in CNV burden in individuals with NPs. Although CNVs were not associated with anxiety/depression in the whole sample, in individuals diagnosed with these disorders, females were more likely to have large CNVs (OR[CI] = 3.75[1.45–9.68], p = .0064). Rare CNVs are associated with both narrowly and broadly defined NPs in a general population sample of children. Our results also suggest that large, rare CNVs may show sex‐specific phenotypic effects.
Pd/Zn Co‐catalyzed Asymmetric Ring‐Opening Reactions of Aza/Oxabicyclic Alkenes with Oximes
Authors: Shen Guoli , Khan Ruhima , Yang Fan , Yang Yong , Pu Dongdong , Gao Yang , Zhan Yong , Luo Yang , Fan Baomin
Published: October 2018

An application of various oximes as nucleophiles in the asymmetric ring‐opening (ARO) reaction of aza/oxabicyclic alkenes resulting in cis‐ARO products has been developed. The reaction was co‐catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2 and Zn(OTf)2 with (R)‐DIFLUORPHOS as the chiral ligand. This methodology exhibits broad substrate scope, functional group tolerance with high enantioselectivity. A synthetic application of this method has been demonstrated.
Seasonal changes in social cohesion among males in a same‐sex primate group
Authors: Zhu Pingfen , Grueter Cyril C. , Garber Paul A. , Li Dayong , Xiang Zuofu , Ren Baoping , Li Ming
Published: October 2018

Male–male interactions in mixed‐sex groups of social mammals are typically characterized by a mix of hostility and affiliation, as a result of inherent conflicts over mating opportunities, and the costs and benefits of social alliances, co‐operative behaviors, and coalitionary defense. In species of nonhuman primates that form all‐male groups, it is still unclear how the tradeoffs between the benefits of forming an all‐male group and the cost of male–male competition in seeking mating opportunities with females in bisexual groups influence social cohesion in different seasons. Here, we used social network analysis to quantify the impact of reproductive seasonality on social cohesion and clique size of bachelor males residing in an all‐male unit (AMU) in wild black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti). These primates are strict seasonal breeders and live in a modular social system composed of a number of one‐male units (OMUs) and an associated peripheral AMU. We found that the AMU social network had a significantly lower density, centralization, clustering coefficient, and smaller clique size during the mating season compared to the non‐mating period. However, aggression among AMU males during both mating and non‐mating periods was low. Our results suggest that network structure topology in male same‐sex social units is modulated by seasonal changes. Bachelor males engage in two types of competition to gain reproductive success: first, which is analogous to contest competition, in which bachelor males act aggressively and challenge OMU leader males in an attempt to take over an OMU; and second, which is more analogous to scramble competition, in which bachelor males avoid aggressive interactions and instead engage in sneaky copulations with fertile females. Our work adds to an understanding of the maintenance of all‐male groups in species that form a multilevel society.
Colloidal Molecules from Valence‐Endowed Nanoparticles by Covalent Chemistry
Authors: Rouet Pierre‐Etienne , Chomette Cyril , Duguet Etienne , Ravaine Serge
Published: October 2018

We demonstrate a simple method to create a variety of silica‐based colloidal molecules through the covalent assembly of site‐specifically functionalized patchy nanoparticles with complementary nanospheres. Colloidal analogues of BeBr2, BBr3 and CBr4 are obtained from sp‐, sp2‐ and sp3‐like particles, while Br2O and NBr3 analogues can be fabricated by varying the relative amounts of both colloidal precursors. We also show that it is possible to attach covalently silica nanospheres of various sizes to one central patchy nanoparticle, which leads to the formation of more complex colloidal molecules, including chiral ones. The possibility to easily extend the strategy to other colloidal precursors which can serve as satellites, for example, ellipsoidal polymer particles or metallic nanoparticles, opens the way to a rich variety of new colloidal analogues of atoms which could serve as building blocks of next generation materials.
Imaging the Solvation of a One‐Dimensional Solid on the Molecular Scale
Authors: Lucht Karsten , Trosien Iris , Sander Wolfram , Morgenstern Karina
Published: October 2018

We have observed the inversion of the solvation environment of a one‐dimensional solid by low‐temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. Adsorption of 3‐methoxy‐9‐diazofluorene on Ag(111) yields highly oriented supramolecular chains, which are then exposed to water molecules. The annealing of dry and water‐decorated chains results in diametrically opposed outcomes. While the former simply leads to an increase in chain length and number, the latter results in a complete loss of order and produces water clusters decorated with the organic molecule.
The Thermodynamics of Insertion Electrochemical Electrodes—A Team Play of Electrons and Ions across Two Separate Interfaces
Authors: Scholz Fritz , Doménech‐Carbó Antonio
Published: October 2018

Insertion electrochemical electrodes exhibit simultaneous electron and ion transfer, with the two transfers proceeding across different interfaces. Herein the thermodynamics of the overall electrochemical electrode reaction is discussed with respect to the thermodynamics of these two charge‐transfer equilibria. This Minireview includes insertion electrochemical systems where the redox centers are in a solid phase and the ions are transferred between that phase and a solution, and also systems where the redox centers are in a liquid phase that is immiscible with another liquid phase and ions are transferred between the two liquid phases. The Minireview is intended to spark similar studies on battery materials to improve their performance.
HNK‐1 in Morphological Study of Development of the Cardiac Conduction System in Selected Groups of Sauropsida
Authors: Kvasilova Alena , Gregorovicova Martina , Kundrat Martin , Sedmera David
Published: October 2018

Human natural killer (HNK)‐1 antibody is an established marker of developing cardiac conduction system (CCS) in birds and mammals. In our search for the evolutionary origin of the CCS, we tested this antibody in a variety of sauropsid species (Crocodylus niloticus, Varanus indicus, Pogona vitticeps, Pantherophis guttatus, Eublepharis macularius, Gallus gallus, and Coturnix japonica). Hearts of different species were collected at various stages of embryonic development and studied to map immunoreactivity in cardiac tissues. We performed detection on alternating serial paraffin sections using immunohistochemistry for smooth muscle actin or sarcomeric actin as myocardial markers, and HNK‐1 to visualize overall staining pattern and then positivity in specific myocyte populations. We observed HNK‐1 expression of various intensity distributed in the extracellular matrix and mesenchymal cell surface of cardiac cushions in most of the examined hearts. Strong staining was found in the cardiac nerve fibers and ganglia in all species. The myocardium of the sinus venosus and the atrioventricular canal exhibited transitory patterns of expression. In the Pogona and Crocodylus hearts, as well as in the Gallus and Coturnix ones, additional expression was detected in a subset of myocytes of the (inter)ventricular septum. These results support the use of HNK‐1 as a conserved marker of the CCS and suggest that there is a rudimentary CCS present in developing reptilian hearts. Anat Rec, 302:69–82, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ökobilanzierung von Lebensende‐Optionen
Authors: Horn Rafael , Groenewolt Abel , Krieg Oliver David , Gantner Johannes
Published: October 2018

Die Betrachtung temporärer, modularer Bauwerke aus biobasierten Rohstoffen wie Holz stellt bisher für die Ökobilanzierung eine methodische Herausforderung dar. Durch die Integration probabilistischer und dynamischer Elemente konnte eine Methode entwickelt werden, die belastbare Ökobilanzergebnisse unter Berücksichtigung unsicherer Lebensende‐Szenarien und verknüpfter Lebenszyklen ermöglicht. Die Methode wurde am Fallbeispiel einer temporären Leichtbauschalenkonstruktion auf Basis eines modularen Holzbausystems angewendet. Zur Analyse der potenziellen Umweltwirkungen wurde hier beispielhaft das Treibhauspotenzial (GWP – Global Warning Potential) im Rahmen einer Monte‐Carlo‐Analyse unter Berücksichtigung der Unsicherheiten zukünftiger Nutzung untersucht. Dabei ergeben sich klare Vorteile bei einer hohen Anzahl an Umnutzungen gegenüber einer entsprechend hohen Zahl an Neubauten. Darüber hinaus kann gezeigt werden, dass die potenziellen Umweltwirkungen der Konstruktion mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von 87 % kleiner als 0,8 kg CO 2‐Äquivalente je m2 Nettogrundfläche und Jahr liegen.
Biofilme mit Amöben, Bakterien und Pilzen im gebauten Umfeld des Menschen
Authors: Hofbauer Wolfgang Karl
Published: October 2018

Bei mikrobiellen Untersuchungen von verschiedenen biogenen schwarzen Verfärbungen von Wasserleitungssystemen oder damit verbundenen Einrichtungen wurden unterschiedliche Mikroorganismen festgestellt. Überraschend häufig wurden dabei freilebende Amöben (FLA), insbesonders aus der Gattung Acanthamoeba, beobachtet, die zusammen mit Bakterien und schwarzen Hefen auftraten. Die untersuchten Biofilme legen in dreifacher Hinsicht eine potenzielle hygienische Belastung nahe: das Auftreten potenziell pathogener Amöben, die wahrscheinliche Beteiligung von pathogenen Bakterien und das Vorkommen von opportunistischen Pilzen. Eine charakteristische Kombination von Umweltfaktoren führt zur Entwicklung dieser speziellen Biofilme, nämlich hohe Temperaturen, periodische Feuchte und damit verbundener Wasserstress oder hoher osmotischer Druck bzw. Salzgehalt sowie die Anwendung von Reinigungsmitteln und fallweise von Desinfektionsmitteln.
Simulationsrechnungen zur klimastabilen Auslegung von Depots und Archiven bei Sanierung und Neubau
Authors: Lengsfeld Kristin , Rösler Doris , Krus Martin , Holl Kristina , Bichlmair Stefan , Kilian Ralf , Klemm Lars
Published: October 2018

In Kunstdepots und Archiven ist es erforderlich, ein möglichst konstantes Raumklima zu gewährleisten, um Schädigungen am Archivgut zu vermeiden. Darüber hinaus handelt es sich hier um einen Gebäudetypus, der in der Regel lange Zeit genutzt wird. Daher ist die Frage nach den laufenden Energiekosten von besonderer Relevanz. Hier können über passive Maßnahmen bereits gute Ergebnisse erzielt werden, die sowohl ein gutes Raumklima für die Erhaltung der Kulturgüter, als auch einen energie‐ und damit kosteneffizienten Betrieb gewährleisten. Nachfolgend werden verschiedene Sanierungsmöglichkeiten eines bestehenden Gebäudes sowie Varianten für eine Depoterweiterung und einen Depotneubau mit Hilfe von hygrothermischen Gebäudesimulationen in Hinblick auf die Stabilität des Innenraumklimas beurteilt und bewertet. Der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Luftwechselraten sowie die Menge des Archivgutes auf die Stabilität des Raumklimas werden gezeigt.
Messung des konvektiven Wärmeübergangs – Entwicklung eines neuen Sensors und bauphysikalische Anwendungen
Authors: Mayer Erhard , Zegowitz Andreas , Kersken Matthias
Published: October 2018

Die Erfassung konvektiver Wärmeströme von einem Fluid (z. B. Luft) in angrenzende Oberflächen und umgekehrt, ist oft Gegenstand angewandter Forschung, auch in der Bauphysik: z. B. bei der Berechnung der Energiebilanz von Gebäuden, der Wirkung von Heizflächen, der Untersuchung von Zugluft. Ein konvektiver Wärmestrom ist abhängig von der Temperaturdifferenz zwischen Fluid und der angrenzenden Oberfläche sowie dem konvektiven Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten hc . Da hc von der Luftbewegung an der Oberfläche bestimmt wird, diese aber meist örtlich und zeitlich variiert, also schwer zu messen ist, werden oft Rechenmodelle zur numerischen Strömungssimulation eingesetzt: Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD. Hierbei werden die sog. Navier‐Stokes‐Gleichungen numerisch gelöst. Anschließend werden die hc‐Werte im Post‐Processing errechnet. Dies geschieht ebenfalls nur näherungsweise, da diese Gleichungen nicht exakt gelöst werden können. Eine Alternative zu dieser mathematischen hc‐Bestimmung stellt die Messung von hc mit dem hier vorgestellten im Fraunhofer IBP neu entwickelten Convective Heattransfer Meter, CHM dar. Dieses Gerät misst die Temperaturgrenzschichtdicke d an der angeströmten Oberfläche und ermittelt hc über die Beziehung hc = λ/d, mit λ, dem Wärmeleitkoeffizienten des Fluids. Sowohl in einem Versuchsraum als auch im Freiland wurden bauphysikalische Einsatzmöglichkeiten des CHMs nachgewiesen.

Beide o.g. Methoden zur Ermittlung von konvektiven Wärmeströmen ergänzen einander insofern, als in Zukunft CHM‐Sensoren zur Validierung von CFD‐Berechnungen eingesetzt werden können. Z.B. können mithilfe von lokal durchgeführten physikalischen CHM‐Messungen an einer Wand „globale” CFD‐Näherungen für die gesamte Wand angepasst werden.
Befragungs‐ und Messergebnisse zur Akustik in Hotels
Authors: Leistner Philip , Martin Noemi
Published: October 2018

Die Akustik von Hotels und Restaurants wurde bislang weder wissenschaftlich noch praktisch hinreichend untersucht. Qualitätsanforderungen und ‐anregungen gibt es zwar einige, wie die hierzulande etablierte Schallschutznorm oder die Klassifizierungs‐ und Zertifizierungssysteme. Zugleich verfolgen manche Hotelketten „Hausstandards”, so dass die Situation für Gäste, Hoteliers und Planer gleichermaßen unübersichtlich ist. Darüber hinaus muss jeder Akustik‐Standard auch baulich und wirtschaftlich umsetzbar sein, so dass „viel hilft viel” nicht die alleinige Richtschnur bilden kann. Um in dieser Situation Antworten zu formulieren, wurden der Stand des Wissens bewertet, Hotelgäste und Hoteliers befragt und eine Reihe von schalltechnischen Messungen in bestehenden Hotels durchgeführt.
Quantitative Analysis of Artificial Sweeteners by Capillary Electrophoresis with a Dual‐Capillary Design of Molecularly Imprinted Solid‐Phase Extractor
Authors: An Ji‐Yong , Azizov Shavkatjon , Kumar Avvaru Praveen , Lee Yong‐Ill
Published: October 2018

A novel coupling system of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and monolithic molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was developed for selective and sensitive determination of sweeteners; sucrose, sucralose, and aspartame, based on an in‐column and open‐tube molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction (MISPE) concentrator. The MISPE was fabricated by coating a short layer of MIP material (about 3 mm long) directly at the inlet end of the inner wall of capillaries under the irradiation of light emitting diode (LED). Compared with the conventional methods using hydrodynamic injection by MISPE fiber, the MISPE concentrator provides increase in sensitivity without significant loss of separation efficiency. In this work, LED‐induced in‐multiple capillary MISPE was used for extraction and determination of artificial sweeteners, sucrose, sucralose, and aspartame, from beverage samples. The results of MISPE showed good extraction ability with the enrichment ratios of >150 for sucrose and sucralose, and of >200 for aspartame with acceptable analytical performance. The reproducibility of on‐line MISPE concentrator was 1.6% for sucralose and 2.7% for aspartame under the same fixed set of experimental conditions. The developed multiple MISPE system has been successfully adapted for practical application for commercial soda drink samples.
Animal maltreatment: Implications for behavioral science professionals
Authors: Levitt Lacey
Published: October 2018

Despite the widespread belief among the public and an increasing number of law enforcement personnel that individuals who harm animals often harm other people, the subject of animal maltreatment has received little attention from behavioral scientists. Advances in comparative neuroanatomy have highlighted the ability of animals to feel physical and emotional pain, including complex psychological reactions to traumatic events. These advances, and recent studies (however sparse) that support the notion that perpetrators of crimes against animals often commit other crimes, have arguably created an ethical and practical imperative for behavioral scientists to undertake a serious examination of animal maltreatment and potential mechanisms for responding to it. In addition, the close and complex relationships many Americans have with animals and the advancements in animal protection law in the past two decades necessitate expertise on the part of forensic psychologists and psychiatrists, who will increasingly be called upon to evaluate animal maltreatment offenders and consult on related policy and legislation.
An evidence‐based approach to learning clinical anatomy: A guide for medical students, educators, and administrators
Authors: D'Antoni Anthony V. , Mtui Estomih P. , Loukas Marios , Tubbs R. Shane , Zipp Genevieve Pinto , Dunlosky John
Published: October 2018

The amount of information that medical students learn is voluminous and those who do not use evidence‐based learning strategies may struggle. Research from cognitive and educational psychology provides a blueprint on how best to learn science subjects, including clinical anatomy. Students should aim for high‐cognitive learning levels as defined in the SOLO taxonomy. Using a real‐world example from a modern clinical anatomy textbook, we describe how to learn information using strategies that have been experimentally validated as effective. Students should avoid highlighting and rereading text because they do not result in robust learning as defined in the SOLO taxonomy. We recommend that students use (1) practice testing, (2) distributed practice, and (3) successive relearning. Practice testing refers to nonsummative assessments that contain questions used to facilitate retrieval (e.g., flashcards and practice questions). Practice questions can be fill‐in, short‐answer, and multiple‐choice types, and students should receive explanatory feedback. Distributed practice, the technique of distributing learning of the same content within a single study session or across sessions, has been found to facilitate long‐term retention. Finally, successive relearning combines both practice testing and distributed practice. For this strategy, students use practice questions to continue learning until they can answer all of the practice questions correctly. Students who continuously use practice testing, distributed practice, and successive relearning will become more efficient and effective learners. Our hope is that the real‐world clinical anatomy example presented in this article makes it easier for students to implement these evidence‐based strategies and ultimately improve their learning. Clin. Anat., 2018. © 2018 The Authors. Clinical Anatomy published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Clinical Anatomists.
Aberrant MCT4 and GLUT1 expression is correlated with early recurrence and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy
Authors: Chen Hai‐Long , OuYang Han‐Yue , Le Yong , Jiang Peng , Tang Hui , Yu Zi‐Shan , He Min‐Ke , Tang Yun‐Qiang , Shi Ming
Published: October 2018

The tumor microenvironment is a key determinant of cancer cell biology. The microenvironment is a complex mixture of tumor cells, stromal cells, and proteins, extracellular matrix, oxygen tension, and pH levels surrounding the cells that regulate the tumor progress. This study identified the prognostic factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and MCT4 and GLUT1 expression levels in HCC specimens. In this study, we analyzed MCT4 and GLUT1 expression levels in tissue samples from 213 patients with HCC by immunohistochemical analyses and in HCC tumor tissues and matched adjacent nonneoplastic tissues by quantitative real‐time PCR. We conducted a prognostic analysis of the overall survival (OS) and time to recurrence (TTR) using immunoreactivity and other common clinical and pathological parameters. All variables with prognostic impact were further analyzed by multivariate analysis. We found that MCT4 and GLUT1 expression levels were significantly higher in tumor tissues than in adjacent nontumor tissues, and they were positively correlated with tumor size. Survival analysis showed that patients with high expression levels of MCT4 or GLUT1 had a poor OS and TTR. In patients with HCC, MCT4 expression was an independent negative prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.617; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.102–2.374; P = 0.014), and metabolic indicators were independent prognostic factors for OS (HR = 1.617, 95% CI = 1.102−2.374, P = 0.006) and TTR (HR = 1.348, 95% CI = 1.079−1.685, P = 0.009). Interestingly, patients with positive metabolic indicator expression in tumor cells had a significantly shorter OS and earlier TTR than those with negative metabolic indicator expression in tumor cells in the ≤5 cm and >5 cm subgroups. In summary, using the expression of MCT4 and GLUT1 and their metabolic parameters to determine the metabolic status of tumors is promising for predicting the prognosis of patients with HCC.
Modification of American Joint Committee on cancer prognostic groups for renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Shao Ning , Wang Hong‐Kai , Zhu Yao , Ye Ding‐Wei
Published: October 2018

Background

To compare the predictive value of the current AJCC stage grouping for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) to our modifications.

Patients and methods

A total of 2120 patients with RCC from Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) database and 74 506 counterparts from SEER database were included. Cox regression was used to calculate the relative impacts between prognostic groups. The predictive accuracy of overall survival (OS) was assessed using the concordance index (C‐index), which was compared by likelihood ratio test.

Results

In FUSCC cohort, the 5‐year‐OS rate for T3N0M0 patients was higher than T1‐3N1M0 (72.7% vs 38.1%). The 5‐year‐OS rate for T4N0M0 was 36.2%, which was close to T1‐3N1M0 but not to T4N1M0 (0%) and TanyNanyM1 (12.6%). The elements of AJCC groups were regrouped according to the ranks of hazard ratios. The modified stages II (T3N0M0), III (T1‐3N1M0, T4N0M0), and IV (T4N1M0, TanyNanyM1) exhibited greater survival stratification than AJCC groups. The modifications were validated in SEER cohort and yielded similar survival outcomes. The predictive accuracy of OS in modified prognostic groups was significantly higher than AJCC groups in stages II‐IV subgroups in both FUSCC (C‐index: 0.801 vs 0.779, P < 0.001) and SEER cohort (C‐index: 0.770 vs 0.764, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The modified AJCC prognostic groups for RCC provided significantly improved survival prediction compared with the 8th AJCC edition. A precise risk stratification of modified stages II‐IV disease provides an important basis for risk‐equivalent treatment recommendation.
Diastereoselective Cyclobutenol Synthesis: A Heterogeneous Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Carbocyclization‐Borylation of Enallenols
Authors: Li Man‐Bo , Posevins Daniels , Gustafson Karl P. J. , Tai Cheuk‐Wai , Shchukarev Andrey , Qiu Youai , Bäckvall Jan‐E.
Published: October 2018

A highly selective and efficient oxidative carbocyclization/borylation of enallenols catalyzed by palladium immobilized on amino‐functionalized siliceous mesocellular foam (Pd‐AmP‐MCF) was developed for diastereoselective cyclobutenol synthesis. The heterogeneous palladium catalyst can be recovered and recycled without any observed loss of activity or selectivity. The high diastereoselectivity of the reaction is proposed to originate from a directing effect of the enallenol hydroxyl group. Optically pure cyclobutenol synthesis was achieved by the heterogeneous strategy by using chiral enallenol obtained from kinetic resolution.
CFD modelling of conjugate heat transfer in a pilot‐scale unbaffled stirred tank reactor with a plain jacket
Authors: Bentham Erik J. , Heggs Peter J. , Mahmud Tariq
Published: October 2018

Semi‐conjugate and fully‐conjugate computational fluid dynamic investigations of the flow and heat transfer in a 25 L pilot‐scale unbaffled stirred tank reactor with a plain jacket are reported. A hot heat transfer fluid (DW‐Therm) flows through the plain jacket and heats water in the vessel, which is agitated by a pitched three‐blade impeller. The shape of the free‐surface of the vortex formed in the unbaffled vessel is captured by the use of a homogeneous multiphase and free‐surface flow model. The simulations of flow and heat transfer are carried out using the ANSYS CFX (V.15) code. The semi‐conjugate simulation considers the vessel wall and the vessel contents, and the fully‐conjugate simulation also includes the flow in the jacket. The upward flow in the jacket is uneven and this dominates the distributions of heat transfer coefficients and shear stresses on the inner and outer surfaces of the vessel wall. The downward motion created by the impeller generates very high heat transfer on the base surface of the vessel, but this is nullified by a stagnation zone in the base region of the jacket. Overall heat transfer coefficients evaluated from average film heat transfer coefficients values from the simulations are around 15 % higher than those evaluated from correlations in the literature. In this pilot plant facility, the combined thermal resistances for the convection in the jacket and across the glass wall dominate the overall heat transfer coefficient.
More than one angle to target aplastic anemia?
Authors: Deeg H. Joachim
Published: October 2018

Eltrombopag has activity in treating aplastic anemia. The role of eltrombopag in first‐line therapy for aplastic anemia should be determined in a randomized prospective trial.
Potential influence of p16 immunohistochemical staining on the diagnosis of squamous cell lesions in cervical biopsy specimens: observation from cytologic‐histologic correlation
Authors: Yang Jack , Elliott Alexis , Hoffa Anne L. , Herring Nicole , Houser Patricia M.
Published: October 2018

Background

The p16 immunohistochemical (IHC) marker has been used increasingly as an adjunct to morphologic assessment of cervical biopsies in which the differential diagnoses include high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and its mimics. The objective of this study was to assess the potential influence of p16 IHC staining on the evaluation of cervical biopsy as observed through cytologic‐histologic correlation (CHC).

Methods

Cervical biopsy samples that had cytologic diagnoses of either low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) or HSIL and also had histologic follow‐up were retrieved from the department database. CHC and the use of p16 IHC from 2 periods (group 1, 2008; group 2, 2014‐2016) were compared and analyzed.

Results

Histology on 452 samples from patients who had prior LSIL cytology in group 1 yielded 126 benign (27.9%), 272 LSIL (60.2%), and 54 HSIL (11.9%) diagnoses. By comparison, 491 samples from the patients in group 2 yielded 106 benign (21.6%), 277 LSIL (56.4%), and 108 HSIL (22.0%) diagnoses. The difference in CHC discrepancies between the 2 groups was significant (P = .0001), mainly because of the increased diagnosis of HSIL in group 2. Although p16 IHC was not applied to any sample from group 1, it was performed on 141 of 491 samples (28.7%) from group 2. Further follow‐up of patients who had histologic HSIL revealed that residual HSIL was identified significantly more often in those who did not have p16 IHC applied in the preceding cervical biopsy than in those did (P = .0004). A similar comparison was performed between 113 patients from group 1 and 152 patients from group 2 who had a prior diagnosis of HSIL cytology, and the difference was statistically insignificant.

Conclusions

The use of p16 IHC on cervical biopsies in patients who had a prior cytologic diagnosis of LSIL may lead to greater detection and upgrading of HSIL, thereby compounding the discrepancy in CHC.
Energy‐Efficient Nitrogen Reduction to Ammonia at Low Overpotential in Aqueous Electrolyte under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Wang Dabin , Azofra Luis Miguel , Harb Moussab , Cavallo Luigi , Zhang Xinyi , Suryanto Bryan H. R. , MacFarlane Douglas R.
Published: October 2018

Invited for this month's cover is the group of Prof. Douglas R. MacFarlane at Monash University. The Cover picture depicts the electrocatalytic synthesis of ammonia on Ru clusters supported on carbon. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201801632.
Grass invasion and drought interact to alter the diversity and structure of native plant communities
Authors: Fahey Catherine , Angelini Christine , Flory S. Luke
Published: October 2018

Understanding the interactive effects of species invasions and climate change is essential for predicting future shifts in biodiversity. Because multiple stressors can interact in synergistic or antagonistic ways, it is notoriously difficult to anticipate their combined effects on species assemblages. However, some hypotheses predict that plant invasions will become increasingly problematic as climate change improves conditions for invaders or lowers the biotic resistance of native communities. In a 4‐yr field experiment, we quantified the individual and interactive effects of invasion by a globally problematic C4 grass, Imperata cylindrica, and chronic simulated drought imposed by rainout shelters on the whole plant communities of regenerating longleaf pine forest. Invasion both inhibited plant colonization and enhanced plot‐level extinctions, resulting in a severe (60%) loss of plant diversity across all functional groups, including perennial grasses and forbs, annual forbs, and woody species and dramatic shifts in community composition. Experimental drought reduced diversity by 20%, and caused a shift in the dominant functional groups, but had no significant effect on cover of the invader. The invader partially ameliorated water stress in the drought treatment such that invaded plots had higher soil moisture than uninvaded plots. Consequently, the combined effects of invasion and drought were lower than expected from an additive model of multiple stressors. These findings, which may have broader implications for how other C4 grass invaders will interact with drought to shift native community dynamics, challenge the perception that climate change will exacerbate invasions. In revealing that invasive species pose a major threat to the diversity and structure of native communities despite their moderating effects on abiotic stress, this work also highlights that management of aggressive invaders may be critical to preserving biodiversity regardless of future climate.
Decreased allergy incidence in children supplemented with E. coli O83:K24:H31 and its possible modes of action
Authors: Hrdý Jiří , Vlasáková Kateřina , Černý Viktor , Súkeníková Lenka , Novotná Olga , Petrásková Petra , Boráková Kristýna , Lodinová‐Žádníková Rája , Kolářová Libuše , Prokešová Ludmila
Published: October 2018

The growing knowledge of the key role of microbiota in the maturation of neonatal immune system suggests that manipulation of microbiota could be exploited in hampering allergy development. In this study, Escherichia coli O83:K24:H31 (EcO83) was administered to newborns that were followed prospectively. Several immunological characteristics (cytokines, specific IgE, total T regulatory cells (Treg) and subpopulation of natural Treg (nTreg) and induced Treg (iTreg)) were tested in peripheral blood of 8‐year‐old children. Incidence of allergic disease was decreased in EcO83 supplemented children and significantly elevated levels of IL‐10 and IFN‐ɣ were detected in serum of EcO83 supplemented children. Probiotic supplementation did not influence the numbers of the total Treg population but their functional capacity (intracellular expression of IL‐10) was significantly increased in children supplemented with EcO83 in comparison to non‐supplemented children. Morover, decreased proportion of iTreg was present in peripheral blood of non‐supplemented in comparison to EcO83 supplemented children. Finally, stimulation of cord blood cells with EcO83 promoted both gene expression and secretion of IL‐10 and IFN‐ɣ suggesting that beneficial effect of EcO83 in prevention of allergy development could be mediated by promotion of regulatory responses (by IL‐10) and Th1 immune response (by IFN‐ɣ).
Antioxidative potential of Phyllanthus emblica for oxidation stability of biodiesels
Authors: Singh Meetu , Sharma Neerja , Paras Harkirat S. , Hans Navneet S. , Singh Narinder P. , Sarin Amit
Published: October 2018

Biodiesel is an influential alternative fuel to petroleum‐based diesel fuel due to its nontoxic, biodegradable and renewable nature. Oxidation stability (OS) is a significant feature to analyze the stability and shelf life of a biodiesel. To prevent biodiesel from being oxidized, various antioxidants are being used. In the present work, the antioxidant activity of Phyllanthus emblica has been investigated to enhance the OS of jatropha biodiesel (JBD) and pongamia biodiesel (PBD) synthesized by transesterification. The evaluation of functional groups vital for antioxidative potential in P. emblica has been identified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy technique and the presence of the phenolic group in it contributes toward the slowing down of auto‐oxidation process in biodiesels. However, the antioxidant activity for it has been determined against 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl‐hydrate (DPPH) radical and total phenolic content (11.1 g of Gallic acid equivalent/100 g) was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteau method. OS of neat JBD and PBD was observed to be 4.24 h and 3.71 h, respectively. After doping P. emblica in different weight proportions, it has been found that the OS of JBD and PBD was increased up to 15.63 h and 14.26 h, respectively, with 1000 ppm blending. This study proves to be advantageous for exploring natural antioxidants to enhance the shelf life of biodiesels and to untarnish their renewable nature. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: 721–726, 2019
Newly design energy‐saving diagnosis method of user‐side scene lighting
Authors: Lin Chia‐Peng , Wai Rong‐Jong , Shen Yu‐Long
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this study is to develop a novel method for the energy‐saving diagnosis of user‐side scene lighting. The method is not only to calculate the potential of high‐efficiency lamps instead of traditional lamps but also to modify the simulated correctness of the reconstructed field via the spatial field reconstruction and the environmental parameters. Moreover, it will compare the results before and after the lamps change from numerical simulations, and recommend the possible suggestions according to the Chinese National Standards (CNS) recommended lighting level. The main contribution of this study is that users can dispel the doubts about the investment benefits of lamps replacement and the sacrifices of the illumination of the field, as well as the lack of both the traditional lighting and the ambient lighting. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed energy‐saving diagnosis method of scene lighting in comparison with a traditional lighting analysis method is verified by a specific restaurant case. The proposed novel lighting analysis can save 37% energy consumption and shorten 58.4% payback time than the traditional lighting analysis. Furthermore, this study analyzes 38 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Taiwan to explain the benefits of the proposed energy‐saving scene‐lighting diagnosis mechanism. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13058, 2019
“ACEME”: Synthesis and characterization of reactive silica residues from two stage mineral carbonation Process
Authors: Benhelal E. , Rashid M.I. , Rayson M.S. , Oliver T.K. , Brent G. , Stockenhuber M. , Kennedy E.M.
Published: October 2018

In this experimental work we synthesized, characterized, and investigated the reactivity of silica‐enriched residue materials produced from low pressure, low temperature dissolution applicable to a two stage mineral carbonation process. XRF and XRD analysis indicated that 66 wt % of silica‐enriched residue (SER) produced from dissolution of heat activated lizardite comprised amorphous silica. We also treated SER with nitric acid to produce amorphous acid treated silica‐enriched residue (ATSER) with over 88 wt % silica. Dissolving these synthesized materials in highly alkaline solution with pH similar to cement paste pore solution for 28 days showed that all synthesized materials displayed some level of Si solubility. ATSER showed the most rapid rate of Si extraction, higher than silica fume (a commercial pozzolanic cement substitute), followed by silica‐enriched residue (SER) which had a faster rate of Si extraction compared with Portland cement as a standard. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13066, 2019
Selection and preparation of CO2 sorbent for sorption‐enhanced steam reforming process of raw coke oven gas
Authors: Xie Huaqing , Yu Qingbo , Lu Han , Ji Liang , Chen Hao , Qin Qin
Published: October 2018

The study on CO2 sorbent to be used in the sorption‐enhanced steam reforming process of raw coke oven gas (RCOG) was performed via thermodynamic and experimental analysis in this article. From the thermodynamic analysis, CaO showed the highest CO2 adsorption capacity in the SR reaction temperature zone of RCOG and the best CO2 desorption efficiency at the higher temperature among eight candidate metal‐oxides, and thus was selected as the active component of CO2 sorbent. Then, the CaO‐based sorbents were prepared with Ca12Al14O33 as carrier and their adsorption performances were tested via thermogravimetric experiment. Under the preparation conditions with the calcined time of 4 h, the calcined temperature of 900°C and the CaO content of 75%, the sorbent sample showed the better CO2 adsorption and cycle stability than the other prepared samples and pure CaO, with its adsorption capacity reaching 47.38%. From the sorption‐enhanced steam reforming experiments, the addition of the selected sorbent can obviously improve the H2 yield, with its concentration approaching 100%, and the optimal reforming temperature was deceased, with the H2 yield obtaining 83.76% at 800°C. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: 89–97, 2019