bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heuristic search of optimal machine teaching curricula
Authors: Garcia-Piqueras Manuel , Hernández-Orallo Jose
Published: June 2023

In curriculum learning the order of concepts is determined by the teacher but not the examples for each concept, while in machine teaching it is the examples that are chosen by the teacher to minimise the learning effort, though the concepts are taught in isolation. Curriculum teaching is the natural combination of both, where both concept order and the set of examples can be chosen to minimise the size of the whole teaching session. Yet, this simultaneous minimisation of teaching sets and concept order is computationally challenging, facing issues such as the “interposition” phenomenon: previous knowledge may be counter-productive. We build on a machine-teaching framework based on simplicity priors that can achieve short teaching sizes for large classes of languages. Given a set of concepts, we identify an inequality relating the sizes of example sets and concept descriptions. This leverages the definition of admissible heuristics for A* search to spot the optimal curricula by avoiding interposition, being able to find the shortest teaching sessions in a more efficient way than an exhaustive search and with the guarantees we do not have with a greedy algorithm. We illustrate these theoretical findings through case studies in a drawing domain, polygonal strokes on a grid described by a simple language implementing compositionality and recursion.
Negative CO2 emissions in the lime production using an indirectly heated carbonate looping process
Authors: Greco-Coppi Martin , Hofmann Carina , Walter Diethelm , Ströhle Jochen , Epple Bernd
Published: June 2023

Lime is an essential raw material for iron and steel production, in construction and agriculture, in civil engineering, in environmental protection, and in manifold chemical manufacturing processes. To address the problem of unavoidable process CO2 emissions associated with the production of lime, efficient capture technologies need to be developed and implemented. The indirectly heated carbonate looping (IHCaL) process is an efficient candidate for this application because it utilizes lime as the sorbent for the CO2 capture. In this work, a retrofit configuration of this process is presented and analyzed for net negative CO2 emissions. This is done considering different fuels that provide the heat required for the regeneration of the sorbent. The different scenarios were simulated with an AspenPlus® model, key performance indicators were calculated, and the process was compared with other post-combustion capture methods. The results show that net negative CO2 emissions as high as −1805 kgCO2/tCaO, calculated with a state-of-the-art coal power plant energy scenario (ηe = 44.2 %; eref,el = 770 kgCO2/MWhel), can be obtained. This represents an equivalent CO2 avoidance of more than 230% with respect to the reference plant without capture (1368 kgCO2/tCaO). A specific primary energy consumption for CO2 avoided (SPECCA) lower than 1.5 MJLHV/kgCO2,av was achieved for the same energy scenario. Particularly promising results can be accomplished when applying fuels with high biogenic fraction and low specific CO2 emissions, such as solid recovered fuels (SRFs) with a high calorific value.
Ambiguity aversion and the degree of ambiguity
Authors: Klingebiel Ronald , Zhu Feibai
Published: June 2023

We empirically show that sample information not only moderates prospects’ outcome ambiguity but also decision makers’ revealed aversion of them. Since most natural prospects permit at least some sample inference, accounting for their degree of ambiguity improves prediction of aversion. The special case of full ambiguity, as in Ellsberg-type designs, is typically averted—yet many decision makers systematically like low degrees of ambiguity while disliking higher degrees. Ambiguity attitudes might thus usefully be characterized by not only their sensitivity to degrees of ambiguity but also such ambiguity thresholds. Just as people like some risks but not others, they have ambiguity attitudes that depend on how much ambiguity there is. We thus show how attitudes towards a degree of ambiguity are systematic, enabling prediction across sources of ambiguity.
Temporal Defocusing as a Depth Diagnostic of Submerged Sources of Transient Acoustic Emission from Solar Flares
Authors: Perez-Piel Savannah , Buitrago-Casas Juan Camilo , Martínez Oliveros Juan Carlos , Lindsey Charles
Published: June 2023

Helioseismic holography applied to HMI observations of a sunquake associated with the SOL20140207T10:29M1.9 flare hosted by NOAA AR11968 shows the signature of a compact submerged acoustic source. In the 9 – 11-mHz bandpass, this source appears to be at a depth of 2 Mm. This is nearly double the depth of the highly impulsive acoustic transient, referred to as an ultra-impulsive transient source recently found in the SOL20110730T02:09M9.3 flare, emerging from NOAA AR11261 in 2011. The latter source was compound, having multiple surface components overlaying a single submerged component. Many of the sources observed have evidence of being constituted of multiple components, some of which are staggered in depth. The helioseismic source of the flare of 2014-02-07 is distinguished by the apparent absence of a strong shallow compact overlying source component matching the character of those apparent in the flare of 2011-07-30. This suggests that the volume several Mm beneath active-region photospheres could possibly harbor many more ultra-impulsive transient acoustic sources than the rarities that have so far appeared in familiar surface-focal-plane diagnostics. Based on weak surface signatures that appear in place of the strong ones, we find a temporal delay between weak surface and strong submerged sources similar to that found between surface-and-submerged sources in the flare of 2011-07-30. While it remains highly speculative based on the limited statistics we have at this point, this temporal delay supports a model in which the submerged source is perturbed by some presently invisible triggering disturbance that propagates downward from the flaring outer atmosphere at ∼ 5 km s−1. This is slower than the sound speed anywhere in the 0 – 2-Mm depth range. However, this potentially could be an Alfvèn speed if submerged magnetic flux densities along which the trigger propagates are as high as possible. The standard local-helioseismic diagnostics we have used in the past have been heavily reinforced in this study by a powerful new control resource found in the recognition of temporal defocusing of compact transient sources. In particular, its tight relationship to the standard spatial defocusing upon which helioseismic holography has capitalized from its early advent.
Age-related changes in energy metabolism in peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) and the brains of cognitively healthy seniors
Authors: Silaidos Carmina V. , Reutzel Martina , Wachter Lena , Dieter Fabian , Ludin Nasir , Blum Werner F. , Wudy Stefan A. , Matura Silke , Pilatus Ulrich , Hattingen Elke , Pantel Johannes , Eckert Gunter P.
Published: June 2023

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of cellular senescence and many age-related neurodegenerative diseases. We therefore investigated the relationship between mitochondrial function in peripheral blood cells and cerebral energy metabolites in young and older sex-matched, physically and mentally healthy volunteers. Cross-sectional observational study involving 65 young (26.0 ± 0.49 years) and 65 older (71.7 ± 0.71 years) women and men recruited. Cognitive health was evaluated using established psychometric methods (MMSE, CERAD). Blood samples were collected and analyzed, and fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated. Mitochondrial respiratory complex activity was measured using a Clarke electrode. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and citrate synthase activity (CS) were determined by bioluminescence and photometrically. N-aspartyl-aspartate (tNAA), ATP, creatine (Cr), and phosphocreatine (PCr) were quantified in brains using 1H- and 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). Levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were determined using a radio-immune assay (RIA). Complex IV activity (CIV) (− 15%) and ATP levels (− 11%) were reduced in PBMCs isolated from older participants. Serum levels of IGF-1 were significantly reduced (− 34%) in older participants. Genes involved in mitochondrial activity, antioxidant mechanisms, and autophagy were unaffected by age. tNAA levels were reduced (− 5%), Cr (+ 11%), and PCr (+ 14%) levels were increased, and ATP levels were unchanged in the brains of older participants. Markers of energy metabolism in blood cells did not significantly correlate with energy metabolites in the brain. Age-related bioenergetic changes were detected in peripheral blood cells and the brains of healthy older people. However, mitochondrial function in peripheral blood cells does not reflect energy related metabolites in the brain. While ATP levels in PBMCs may be be a valid marker for age-related mitochondrial dysfunction in humans, cerebral ATP remained constant.
Zur seelischen Gesundheit von Studierenden – Eine Bestandsaufnahme aus der Westfälischen Hochschule
Authors: Lewkowicz Eva-Maria
Published: June 2023

Dieser Praxisbericht geht der Frage nach, wie tiefgreifend und nachhaltig die Corona-Krise die (seelische) Gesundheit von Studierenden der Westfälischen Hochschule verändert hat, mit welchen Strategien sie darauf reagiert haben und wie sie sich heute zurecht finden. Basis ist eine Befragung unter den Studierenden im Wintersemester 2022/23. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die Folgen der Corona-Krise, vor allem aber auch die aktuelle geopolitische und wirtschaftliche Situation zu einer großen Verunsicherung geführt haben. Aus den Umfrageergebnissen werden Ansatzpunkte für die Beratung und Unterstützung der Studierenden abgeleitet.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on visits to the hospital emergency service in two hospitals in Spain, from March 14, 2020 to June 21, 2020
Authors: González Iria Sanlés , Valle Héctor Alonso , Abejez Laura Grimal , Molas Anna Carreres , Alonso-Molero Jéssica , Dierssen-Sotos Trinidad , Gómez-Acebo Inés
Published: June 2023

This study will describe trends in the use of emergency departments before and after the Spanish State of Alarm, especially in pathologies not directly related to this infection. A cross-sectional study was conducted of all visits to the emergency departments in two third-level hospitals in two Spanish communities during the Spanish State of Alarm, compared with the same period of the previous year. The variables collected included the day of the week, the time of the visit, the duration of the visit, the final destination of the patients (home, admission to a conventional hospitalization ward, admission to the intensive care unit, and death), and the diagnosis at discharge according to the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision. During the Spanish State of Alarm period, an overall decrease in care demand of 48% was observed, which reached 69.5% in pediatric emergency departments. We also saw a drop of between 20 and 30% in time-dependent pathologies (heart attack, stroke, sepsis, poisoning). The decrease in overall attendance in the emergency departments and absence of serious pathologies, such as time-dependent diseases, observed during the Spanish State of Alarm compared to the previous year highlights the need to strengthen the messages addressed to the population to encourage them to seek care without delay in case of alarming symptoms and reduce the high morbidity and mortality rate if the diagnosis is delayed.
An annotated checklist of arthropods associated with the root vole Microtus oeconomus
Authors: Karbowiak Grzegorz , Stanko Michal , Rychlik Leszek , Werszko Joanna
Published: June 2023

In the literature, 114 species of arthropods associated to Microtus oeconomus have been reported in the entire area of their occurrence. There are eight species of hard ticks, 52 species of gamasid and chigger mites, 47 species of fleas and seven species of sucking lice. In general, the dominant parasites of the Palearctic and Nearctic root vole populations are either western or entire Palearctic species. The analysis of the geographical range of their occurrence indicates that most of them occur both in Europe and Asia. Throughout Europe, Asia and America (Holarctic realm), root voles share 13 species of mites, seven species of fleas, and three species of sucking lice. Ectoparasite species split between two continents, most of them are found in both Europe and Asia (Palearctic region). Here belong three species of ixodid ticks, sixteen species of mites, seven species of fleas and two species of sucking lice. In Asia and the North American continents (Holarctic realm excluding Europe) populations of root voles share only one tick species, two species of mites, three species of fleas and one species of sucking lice. Of the parasitic species found only in Western Palearctic, excluding Asia, root voles are infested by three ixodid tick species, 14 mite species, and 13 flea species. Among the parasitic arthropods affecting root vole only in Eastern Palearctic, excluding Europe, one tick species, four mite species and seven flea species occur. There are only three mite species, ten flea and one sucking louse species on voles that inhabit North America (Nearctic region). Associated arthropods are obligate and facultative parasites or nidicolic and edaphic species. Seasonal changes in numbers of ticks, parasitic mites, sucking lice, fleas have also been observed.
An Image Catalogue of Micron- and Sub-micron-Sized Constrictions Fabricated with the Femtosecond Laser and Created with the AFM
Authors: Umenne Patrice
Published: June 2023

In this article a series of constrictions in the micron and sub-micron range fabricated with the femtosecond laser on superconducting $${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$$

YBa
2

Cu
3

O
7

thin films is scanned with an atomic force microscope (AFM). The AFM images of the resulting constrictions are depicted. The width of the constrictions fabricated range from 1.24 µm micron dimension to 812 nm in the sub-micron range. The laser ablation spot size or diameter is set at 15.8 µm for the femtosecond laser and the separation distance between the centers of the laser ablation spots is varied between (16–17) µm as a result generating the variable constriction widths for the different superconductive bridges. The images of the fabricated micron and sub-micron constrictions are shown as a catalogue in the article. The AFM images give the surface morphology, dimensions, and physical continuity of the fabricated constriction qubits. The I–V characteristics of the constrictions are measured and validate the electrical continuity and superconductivity of the fabricated constrictions.
The Loss of Temporal Muscle Volume is Associated with Poor Outcome in Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: An Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Kofler Mario , Reitmeir Philipp , Glodny Bernhard , Rass Verena , Lindner Anna , Ianosi Bogdan A. , Gaasch Max , Schiefecker Alois J. , Putnina Lauma , Beer Ronny , Rhomberg Paul , Schmutzhard Erich , Pfausler Bettina , Helbok Raimund
Published: June 2023

Background

Intensive care unit (ICU) acquired weakness is a major contributor to poor functional outcome of ICU patients. Quantification of temporal muscle volume assessed on routine computed tomography (CT) scans may serve as a biomarker for muscle wasting in patients suffering from acute brain injury.

Methods

This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. Temporal muscle volume was assessed on head CT scans of consecutive patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage within prespecified time frames (on admission, then weekly ± 2 days). Whenever possible, temporal muscle volume was assessed bilaterally and averaged for the analysis. Poor functional outcome was defined as a 3-month modified Rankin Scale Score ≥ 3. Statistical analysis was performed using generalized estimating equations to handle repeated measurements within individuals.

Results

The analysis comprised 110 patients with a median Hunt & Hess score of 4 (interquartile range 3–5). Median age was 61 (50–70) years, 73 patients (66%) were women. Baseline temporal muscle volume was 18.5 ± 0.78 cm3 and significantly decreased over time (p < 0.001) by a mean of 7.9% per week. Higher disease severity (p = 0.002), hydrocephalus (p = 0.020), pneumonia (p = 0.032), and bloodstream infection (p = 0.015) were associated with more pronounced muscle volume loss. Patients with poor functional outcome had smaller muscle volumes 2 and 3 weeks after subarachnoid hemorrhage compared with those with good outcome (p = 0.025). The maximum muscle volume loss during ICU stay was greater in patients with poor functional outcome (− 32.2% ± 2.5% vs. − 22.7% ± 2.5%, p = 0.008). The hazard ratio for poor functional outcome was 1.027 (95% confidence interval 1.003–1.051) per percent of maximum muscle volume loss.

Conclusions

Temporal muscle volume, which is easily assessable on routine head CT scans, progressively decreases during the ICU stay after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Because of its association with disease severity and functional outcome, it may serve as a biomarker for muscle wasting and outcome prognostication.
Blood Pressure Changes in Association with Nimodipine Therapy in Patients with Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Rass Verena , Kindl Philipp , Lindner Anna , Kofler Mario , Altmann Klaus , Putnina Lauma , Ianosi Bogdan-Andrei , Schiefecker Alois J. , Beer Ronny , Pfausler Bettina , Helbok Raimund
Published: June 2023

Background

Nimodipine is recommended to prevent delayed cerebral ischemia in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Here, we studied hemodynamic side effects of different nimodipine formulations (per os [PO] and intravenous [IV]) in patients with SAH undergoing continuous blood pressure monitoring.

Methods

This observational cohort study includes consecutive patients with SAH (271 included in the IV group, 49 in the PO group) admitted to a tertiary care center between 2010 and 2021. All patients received prophylactic IV or PO nimodipine. Hemodynamic responses were evaluated based on median values within the first hour after continuous IV nimodipine initiation or PO nimodipine application (601 intakes within 15 days). Significant changes were defined as > 10% drop in systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure from baseline (median values 30 min before nimodipine application). With the use of multivariable logistic regression, risk factors associated with SBP drops were identified.

Results

Patients were admitted with a median Hunt & Hess score of 3 (2–5; IV 3 [2–5], PO 1 [1–2], p < 0.001) and were 58 (49–69) years of age. Initiation of IV nimodipine was associated with a > 10% SBP drop in 30% (81/271) of patients, with a maximum effect after 15 min. A start or increase in noradrenaline was necessary in 136/271 (50%) patients, and colloids were administered in 25/271 (9%) patients within 1 h after IV nimodipine initiation. SBP drops > 10% occurred after 53/601 (9%) PO nimodipine intakes, with a maximum effect after 30–45 min in 28/49 (57%) patients. Noradrenaline application was uncommon (3% before and 4% after nimodipine PO intake). Hypotensive episodes to an SBP < 90 mm Hg were not observed after IV or PO nimodipine application. In multivariable analysis, only a higher SBP at baseline was associated with a > 10% drop in SBP after IV (p < 0.001) or PO (p = 0.001) nimodipine application, after adjusting for the Hunt & Hess score on admission, age, sex, mechanical ventilation, days after intensive care unit admission, and delayed cerebral ischemia.

Conclusions

Significant drops in SBP occur in one third of patients after the start of IV nimodipine and after every tenth PO intake. Early recognition and counteracting with vasopressors or fluids seems necessary to prevent hypotensive episodes.
A demonstration based on multi-omics transcriptome sequencing data revealed disulfidptosis heterogeneity within the tumor microenvironment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Liu Fuxing , Yuan Donglan , Liu Xia , Zhuo Shichao , Liu Xinyun , Sheng Haihui , Sha Min , Ye Jun , Yu Hong
Published: June 2023

Background

It is of great concern to identify prognostic signatures for the prediction and prediction of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), which is the lethal pathological type of malignancy.

Method

Bulk RNA sequencing and scRNA-seq data were retrieved from GSE53624, GSE53622, and GSE188900. Disulfidptosis-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between disulfidptosis-high score and disulfidptosis-low score groups. Functional annotation of DEGs were analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO). Consistent clustering and co-expression modules were analyzed, and then constructed a risk score model via multivariate Cox regression analysis. Immune infiltration and immunotherapy response analyses were conducted based on risk score. qRT-PCR, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry analysis were conducted in KYSE-150 and TE-1 cell lines.

Results

Seven genes (CD96, CXCL13, IL2RG, LY96, TPK1, ACAP1, and SOX17) were selected as marker genes. CD96 and SOX17 are independent prognostic signatures for ESCC patients, with a significant correlation with infiltrated immune cells. ESCC patients had worse response to nivolumab in the high-risk group. Through cellular experiments, we found that CD96 expression was associated with apoptosis and cell cycle ESCC cells.

Conclusion

In a word, the risk score based on disulfidptosis is associated with prognosis and the immune microenvironment, which may direct immunotherapy of ESCC. The key gene of risk score, namely CD96, plays a role in proliferation and apoptosis in ESCC. We offer an insight into the exploration of the genomic etiology of ESCC for its clinical management.
Characterization and performance test of phenolphthalein poly(aryl ether ketone) fractionated by incremental poor solvent fractionation
Authors: Qian Zengxu , Jiang Jingwei , Sun Yunlong , Yuan Qiliang , Wang Zhichao , Wang Zhipeng , Zhou Guangyuan
Published: June 2023

Though phenolphthalein poly(aryl ether ketone) (PEK-C) has gained attention as a special engineering plastic materials by virtue of its good thermal stability and favorable mechanical properties, its applications are limited due to its wide PDI during polymerization, which result in poor mechanical properties of PEK-C. In order to investigate the effect of molecular weight and polydispersity index (PDI) on PEK-C, an incremental poor solvent fractionation method was used to fractionate PEK-C. The process produced a series of grades with decreasing molecular weight and PDI. The LCP (linear cloud point) equation was combined with the grading method to find the optimal PEK-C/DMAc/ Non-solvent additives (NSA) system, which can be used to improve the grading efficiency. The obtained results showed that the incremental poor solvent fractionation method with the PEK-C/DMAc/EA system made the molecular weight distributed in the range of 25 ~ 113 kDa, PDI mostly distributed in the range of 1.1 ~ 1.4, and the narrowest PDI to reach 1.13, which could not be obtained through the condensation reaction. Meanwhile, we can also achieve expanded production. By fractionation, the elastic modulus of PEK-C film could be increased by up to 22.6%, elongation at break by up to 38.3%, the fracture strength by up to 38.2%, and impact strength of the sheest by up to 41.2%, while the polymer still maintained good thermal and UV shielding properties. This unique Polymer/Solution/NSA system can yield an effective design strategy for controlling its molecular weight and PDI and improving its mechanical performance.

Graphical abstract

PEK-C (NM01) was fractionated by incremental poor solvent fractionation. Due to the weak pr ecipitation strength of EA to PEK-C, a large number of grades can be obtained by expanding the classification. Through the method of adding precipitant, NM01 was fractionated into two parts with different molecular weights and PDIs. The impact strength of these grades could be improved well.
Industrial Vestiges: Legacies of Ancillary Impacts of Resource Development
Authors: Venovcevs Anatolijs
Published: June 2023

This article offers a different way to understand the heritage of extractive industries by exploring the material afterlives of what has been termed the “ancillary impacts of resource development”—a variety of quarries, forest cuts, transportation corridors, and power lines that surround industrial operations, especially those created in areas distant from established industrial population centers. To study this, the article expands upon the concept of “vestige” to explore the landscapes around two single-industry mining towns in Kola Peninsula, Russia, and in Labrador, Canada, by specifically focusing on two abandoned quarries located in each. The results highlight the need to explore developments that trail behind industrial settlement of colonial hinterlands. By focusing specifically on the afterlives of such developments, the article demonstrates how chronological and geographical boundaries of resource extraction are blurred over time, creating a deep, unruly, self-perpetuating set of legacies.
Searching for socio-ecological approaches to increase Balanites trees through local small-scale conservation in the conservancies adjoining the Maasai Mara, Kenya
Authors: Grose Margaret J. , Nampaso Moses Titimet
Published: June 2023

On the edges of the Maasai Mara in western Kenya there are 15 conservancies, where herds of wildlife, cattle, sheep, goats, and predators are found with Balanites aegyptiaca, an iconic and much-photographed tree known by many names, such as desert date, or more simply, Balanites. Most individuals are 80–90 years old, yet the tree has a life-expectancy of about 120 years. Lack of young trees is due to grazing and browsing impacts from sheep and goat herding that began about eighty years ago. Protecting young naturally regenerated trees is difficult as they are also grazed by large herbivores such as elephants and giraffe. In this perspective essay we describe botanical and social approaches to enable small-scale conservation in a remote area where no work on Balanites revegetation has been done previously. There are two core approaches. First, collecting seed from both superior mother trees and more widely to achieve a source of genetic diversity and second, to work with landowners and other locals on methods to protect new saplings from sheep and goats. These avenues of action in this poor rural area will set the stage for further practical research and assessment of methods to improve the regional survival of Balanites.
Personal vehicle use and food security among US adults who are primary shoppers for households with children
Authors: Antrum Curtis Jalen , Waring Molly E. , Cooksey Stowers Kristen
Published: June 2023

In 2020, 2.9 million households with children were food secure. Previous studies have demonstrated that reduced car access may contribute to issues of food security. This study examines whether using a personal vehicle by primary shoppers of households with children is associated with food security. Data were from US adults who were primary shoppers for households with children (N = 997) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017–2018. Participants reported their means of transportation to complete grocery shopping, which was categorized as using a personal vehicle or another mode of transportation. Household food security was measured using the US Food Security Survey Module and categorized as full food security, marginal food security, low food security, or very low food security. Multinomial logistic regression models estimated the association between transportation mode and food security. Adjusted models included age, race/ethnicity, education, and poverty-to-income ratio variables. 3.8% (SE: 0.6%) of US adults who are primary shoppers for households with children did not use a personal vehicle for grocery shopping. US adults who used a personal vehicle for grocery shopping were less likely to report very low food security [22.1% (SE: 7.4%) vs. 8.5% (SE: 1.3%), aOR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.1–1.0]. There were no differences in marginal food security [18.3% (SE: 3.3%) vs. 13.1% (SE: 1.7%), aOR = 0.9, 95% CI 0.6–1.5] or low food security [30.6% (SE: 8.7%) vs. 16.1% (SE: 1.7%), aOR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.2–1.7]. Future research and interventions should address how transportation access may contribute to food security in families with children.
Christian Philosophy and the Problem of God
Authors: Taliaferro Charles
Published: June 2023

Questions are raised about Christian philosophy and God. Is Christian philosophy truly philosophical? Is it Biblical? Is it capable of addressing God, a profoundly transcendent being? Does appealing to a God's eye point of view make sense? Can Christian philosophy respect religious diversity? While the integrity of Christian philosophy is defended, questions are raised about its relationship to the overall practice of philosophy. Christian philosophers value drawing others to Christian faith. Are Christian apologetics compatible with philosophy? This Element concludes with reflection on when it may be philosophically acceptable to appeal to mystery.
Evolution of the Automobile Industry
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro
Published: June 2023

This Element applies capability-architecture-performance (CAP) approach of industrial analysis to the evolution of the automobile industry and the strategies of its leading manufacturing firms between the late 19th century and the early 21st century. It regards a manufacturing site ('genba,' such as factory, development facility, etc.) and a product (and other economic artifacts, such as processes) as the two basic units of analysis. Both an industry and a firm can be seen as a collection of sites, as well as a collection of products. The CAP framework predicts that dynamic fits between the sites' organizational capabilities and the product/process architectures lead to sustainable competitive performance. Such key concepts as flows of value-carrying design information, productive/market/profit performance, design-based comparative advantage, integral/modular architectures, multi-skilling, coordinative capability-building, evolutionary capabilities, industry lifecycle, and architectural evolution are discussed in a systematic and dynamic way.
UAV-assisted counts of group size facilitate accurate population surveys of the Critically Endangered cao vit gibbon Nomascus nasutus
Authors: Wearn Oliver R. , Trinh-Dinh Hoang , Le Quyet Khac , Nguyen Tho Duc
Published: June 2023

Gibbons are often difficult to observe in dense forest habitats using traditional ground-based methods. This makes it challenging to estimate group sizes and, in turn, population sizes. This has proven to be a key constraint on accurate monitoring of the last remaining population of the Critically Endangered cao vit gibbon Nomascus nasutus. However, new technologies are beginning to circumvent the problems associated with traditional methods. We hypothesized that, by using an unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with thermal and standard (RGB) cameras, we could obtain more accurate group size counts than by using ground-based observations, as fewer gibbons would be missed. We tested this during a population survey of the cao vit gibbon, finding that the thermal video footage revealed additional individuals that were not counted by ground-based surveyors. Statistically, there was strong evidence (93% probability) that UAV-derived counts were higher (by 41%) than concurrent ground-based counts. We recorded six primate groups of three species (cao vit gibbon, rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta and Assamese macaque Macaca assamensis), including 24 gibbons across four groups (c. 20% of the global population). The RGB video footage also revealed seven female gibbons, two of which were carrying infants, providing vital group composition data. These data have contributed directly to a more accurate population survey of the species than would have been possible using direct observation only. We anticipate more widespread use of UAVs in the study of gibbons and other threatened species, leading to a more robust evidence base for their conservation.
The DIMA Network: Bridging boundaries via shared scientific interests
Authors: van Hardenbroek Maarten , Edwards Mary , Blyakharchuk Tatiana , Lozhkin Anatoly , Bezrukova Elena , Grenaderova Anna , Ryabogina Natalia , Antipina Tatiana , Cherepanova Marina , Anderson Patricia
Published: June 2023

The DIMA Network (Developing Innovative Multi-proxy Analyses – in Siberia and the Russian Far East (SRFE)) started from a small nucleus of palaeoenvironmental researchers in the UK and SRFE at a workshop in 2008 and currently includes researchers from over 25 institutions. The mutual interest in creating long-term records of environmental change was rekindled during workshops in Magadan (2018), Tomsk (2018) and Southampton (2019). These events were organised to connect researchers from the UK and SRFE with these aims: (1) provide training in new techniques and methods, (2) facilitate knowledge transfer about local sites and conditions, (3) stimulate large-scale collaborative projects across SRFE and (4) inspire a new generation of palaeoenvironmental researchers.
Where salience goes beyond authenticity
Authors: Chernikova Olga , Holzberger Doris , Heitzmann Nicole , Stadler Matthias , Seidel Tina , Fischer Frank
Published: June 2023

Abstract: This meta-analysis builds on and extends Chernikova, Heitzmann, Stadler, et al.’s (2020) meta-analysis on simulation-based learning in higher education by summarizing the findings of 214 empirical studies. The main focus of the current meta-analysis was to investigate the role of prior knowledge and design features, namely (1) the authenticity of simulated scenarios (as both functional correspondence with a real task and a physical resemblance of the environment) and (2) the salience of relevant information in moderating the effects of simulation-based learning on facilitating complex skills in higher education. The analysis identified that the salience of relevant information contributes significantly to explaining the variation in the effectiveness of simulation-based learning environments. We conclude that authenticity and salience can be assessed independently of each other, and both can be considered important design features in creating effective simulation-based learning environments to meet the needs of learners with different levels of prior knowledge.
Schmerzmanagement auf einen Blick
Authors: Winkelmann Claudia , Görgner Anke
Published: June 2023

CanMEDS in der Gesundheitsversorgung

Fachliche Expertise, klinische Kompetenz und Outcome-Orientierung sind die Zielvorgaben für die Expert_innen der Gesundheitsberufe, um eine qualitativ hohe Gesundheitsversorgung im interdisziplinären Team sicherzustellen. Dies gelingt ihnen in ihren Rollen als Medical Expert, Health Advocate, Professional, Collaborator, Communicator, Scholar, Manager (CanMEDS-Rollenkonzept). In der klinischen Praxis ist es immer ein Mix an Kompetenzen, der zur Problemlösung führt. Nach einer Einführung zu CanMEDS orientieren sich die Bände der Reihe an den Tätigkeiten der Berufsgruppen. Strukturell sind sie mit Grafiken und Fallbeispielen übersichtlich gestaltet.

Medical Expert Schmerz

Dieses Fachbuch zum Thema Schmerz vermittelt erkrankungsbezogenes -Wissen und Handlungsperspektiven für Medical Experts. Der Fokus liegt auf dem Wissen aus Forschung und Therapie; die Fallbeispiele garantieren den Bezug zu den Handlungsfeldern der Praxis der Gesundheitsberufe und -unterstützen die Entwicklung einer Handlungskompetenz. Inhaltlich deckt das Fachbuch folgende Themen ab:

Wissen - Kompetenz - Performanz
Untersuchung und Assessment
Entscheidung und Planung
Durchführung und Intervention
Prüfung und Evaluation
Komplexe regressionsanalytische Verfahren
Authors: Rudolf Matthias , Vogel-Blaschka Diana
Published: June 2023

Für die Auswertung empirischer Untersuchungen werden oftmals spezialisierte Verfahren benötigt, die sich für bestimmte Datenmuster und Fragestellungen eignen. Dieses Lehrbuch wendet sich an alle, die einen Einstieg in komplexe regressionsanalytische Methoden und deren praktische Umsetzung suchen. Dabei werden wichtige Fragen beantwortet, die sich häufig bei der Auswertung komplexer Daten stellen: Wie wertet man Daten hierarchisch geordneter Ebenen aus? Wie werden Datenanalysen durchgeführt, wenn die Kriteriumsvariablen nicht normalverteilt oder kategorial sind? Wie geht man bei regressionsanalytischen Untersuchungen mit Messwiederholungen oder mit sehr vielen Prädiktoren vor?
Folgende Verfahren werden im Buch thematisiert: Verallgemeinerte lineare Modelle, verallgemeinerte Schätzgleichungen, Mehrebenenmodelle, ordinale und multinomiale logistische Regression, kanonische Korrelation, Ridge-Regression, Regression mit partiellen kleinsten Quadraten.
Alle im Text verwendeten Beispieldatensätze, kommentierte R-Skripte sowie kommentierte SPSS-Syntax-Dateien aller Analysen sind online verfügbar.
The Atlas of Morocco: A Plume‐Assisted Orogeny
Authors: Lanari R. , Faccenna C. , Natali C. , Şengül Uluocak E. , Fellin M. G. , Becker T. W. , Göğüş O. H. , Youbi N. , Clementucci R. , Conticelli S.
Published: June 2023

We explore the connections between crustal shortening, volcanism, and mantle dynamics in the Atlas of Morocco. In response to compressional forces and strain localization, this intraplate orogen has evolved far from convergent plate margins. Convective effects, such as lithospheric weakening and plume‐related volcanism, contributed in important ways to the building of high topography. We seek to better understand how crustal and mantle processes interacted during the Atlas' orogeny by combining multiple strands of observations, including new and published data. Constraints on crustal and thermal evolution are combined with new analyses of topographic evolution, petrological, and geochemical data from the Anti‐Atlas volcanic fields, and a simple numerical model of the interactions among crustal deformation, a mantle plume, and volcanism. Our findings substantiate that: (a) crustal deformation and exhumation accelerated during the middle/late Miocene, contemporaneous with the onset of volcanism; (b) volcanism has an anorogenic signature with a deep source; (c) a dynamic mantle upwelling supports the high topography. We propose that a mantle plume and the related volcanism weakened the lithosphere beneath the Atlas and that this favored the localization of crustal shortening along pre‐existing structures during plate convergence. This convective‐tectonic sequence may represent a general mechanism for the modification of continental plates throughout the thermo‐chemical evolution of the supercontinental cycle.
Development of a Polar Mesocyclone and Associated Environmental Characteristics During the Heavy Snowfall Event in Sapporo, Japan, in Early February 2022
Authors: Honda T.
Published: June 2023

In early February 2022, the Sapporo region, north Japan, experienced record‐breaking snowfall. During this period, a mesoscale cyclonic rotation corresponding to a polar mesocyclone (PMC) was observed over the Sea of Japan by a geostationary satellite. This study investigates important processes involved in this heavy snowfall event with attention to the role of the PMC using a 100‐member regional ensemble forecast. The initial conditions for the ensemble forecast are obtained by a regional‐scale ensemble data assimilation system that assimilates conventional observations only. Several ensemble members successfully predict heavy snowfall in the Sapporo region with an 18 hr lead time. Composite analyses reveal that these better ensemble members predict that a southward‐moving PMC with a precipitation system develops from small vortices over the ocean and approaches to the Sapporo region, whereas worse members instead predict precipitation systems shifted to the north of the Sapporo region. Further composite analyses demonstrate that the better ensemble members have environmental characteristics such as a deeper and colder upper‐level trough and large low‐level baroclinicity, which are favorable for the development of PMCs. In particular, the latter is associated with reverse shear in which PMCs tend to move southward. Therefore, these environmental factors are key to predicting the heavy snowfall event in Sapporo associated with the PMC.
Effects of Unsaturated Flow on Salt Distributions in Tidally Influenced Coastal Unconfined Aquifers
Authors: Luo Zhaoyang , Kong Jun , Yu Xiayang , Lu Chunhui , Werner Adrian D. , Barry David A.
Published: June 2023

Unsaturated flow influences both the seawater extent under steady‐state conditions and the propagation of tides in coastal aquifers. However, its effects on salt distributions in tidally influenced coastal aquifers are little investigated. The present study used numerical simulations and data from laboratory experiments to analyze the effects of unsaturated flow on density‐dependent solute transport in coastal unconfined aquifers. The effects of the inland boundary condition (i.e., constant‐head or constant‐flux) were tested. Compared to a stable sea level, the results show that unsaturated flow has a more pronounced influence on salt distributions in coastal unconfined aquifers when tides are considered, regardless of the type of inland boundary condition. Neglect of unsaturated flow effects leads to expansion of the upper saline plume (USP), shrinkage of the saltwater wedge (seaward movement of saltwater wedge), and overestimation of water and salt exchange across the aquifer‐ocean interface. This is caused by a lower head in the nearshore area during high‐tide periods with the unsaturated zone effects removed. Thus, without the unsaturated zone, stronger head gradients within the nearshore aquifer occur at high tide, leading to stronger tidally driven seawater infiltration and hence a larger USP. Counterintuitively, ignoring unsaturated flow effects leads to greater average inland head over a tidal period, which shifts the saltwater wedge seaward. It is concluded that unsaturated zone effects should not be neglected for modeling tide‐affected seawater intrusion, especially if quantification of near‐shore conditions is important.
Understanding the Food‐Energy‐Water Nexus in Mixed Irrigation Regimes Using a Regional Hydroeconomic Optimization Modeling Framework
Authors: Kumar Hemant , Zhu Tingju , Sankarasubramanian A.
Published: June 2023

Understanding the nexus between food, energy, and water systems (FEW) is critical for basins with intensive agricultural water use as they face significant challenges under changing climate and regional development. We investigate the food, energy, and water nexus through a regional hydroeconomic optimization (RHEO) modeling framework. The crop production in RHEO is estimated through a hierarchical regression model developed using a biophysical model, AquaCropOS, forced with daily climatic inputs. Incorporating the hierarchical model within the RHEO also reduces the computation time by enabling parallel programming within the AquaCropOS and facilitates mixed irrigation—rainfed, fully irrigated and deficit irrigation—strategies. To demonstrate the RHEO framework, we considered a groundwater‐dominated basin, South Flint River Basin, Georgia, for developing mixed irrigation strategies over 31 years. Our analyses show that optimal deficit irrigation is economically better than full irrigation, which increases the groundwater pumping cost. Thus, considering deficit irrigation in a groundwater‐dominated basin reduces the water, carbon, and energy footprints, thereby reducing FEW vulnerability. The RHEO also could be employed for analyzing FEW nexus under potential climate change and future regional development scenarios.
Rapid Fault Healing After Seismic Slip
Authors: Bedford John D. , Hirose Takehiro , Hamada Yohei
Published: June 2023

Fault strength recovery (healing) following an earthquake is a key process in controlling the recurrence of future events; however, the rates and mechanisms of fault healing are poorly constrained. Here, by performing high‐velocity friction experiments at seismic slip rates (0.57 m/s), we show that granite and gabbro fault gouges recover their strength rapidly after experiencing dynamic weakening. The healing rates are one to two orders of magnitude faster than those observed in typical frictional healing experiments performed at slow slip velocities (micrometers to millimeters per second). Analysis of the sheared gouges using Raman spectroscopy suggests that enhanced healing after seismic slip is associated with thermally activated chemical bonding at frictional contacts in the gouge. Our results indicate that seismogenic faults can potentially regain their strength early during interseismic periods, which would imply that healing may not be the dominant control on earthquake recurrence, with other processes, such as far‐field tectonic loading or frictional stability transitions, possibly dictating the occurrence of future events.
Modeling Crustal Structure in the Permian Basin by Waveform‐Matching P Receiver Functions and Autocorrelograms With Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Sadler B. , Pulliam J.
Published: June 2023

We model basin and Moho structure in the Permian Basin region of west Texas and southeastern New Mexico using a method for waveform matching via global optimization of P‐to‐S receiver functions, vertical autocorrelograms, and horizontal autocorrelograms. The algorithm is driven by Particle Swarm Optimization, whose search history can be used to assess the strength of data constraints on model parameters. A common drawback in receiver function modeling is the need to assume a value for Vp before Vs and layer thickness can be estimated. But constraints on Vp can be provided by vertical autocorrelograms of teleseismic arrivals, which detect reverberating P waves, because the phase delay times depend only on Vp and interface depth. P‐to‐S receiver functions and vertical and radial autocorrelograms are computed for M > 5.5 events at 30°–100° epicentral distance, then edited and binned by ray parameter. Synthetic seismograms are computed for layered models using a 1D reflectivity method. The free parameters in the algorithm include basin depth, basin Vp, basin Vp/Vs, and thickness and Vp/Vs of the crystalline crust. Where vertical autocorrelograms prove insufficient for determining basin Vp, Vp is assumed from nearby stations that were modeled successfully. We find an average basin Vp of 4.57 km/s and basin depths to ∼8 km. Moho depths are generally 40–48 km. A basin depth of at least 3.5 km is typically needed to produce sufficient phase separation to allow an average Vp to be determined with confidence. Modeling autocorrelograms jointly with receiver functions therefore improves constraints on deep basin structure.