bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Report on New Experimental Methods and Techniques
Authors: Bloomquist D
Published: December 2008

This report provides synopses of eight papers. Seven deal exclusively with the consolidation characteristics of soft clays; the eighth also includes strain characteristics of clays, sands, and peats.
Improved Techniques for the Constant-Rate-of-Strain Consolidation Test
Authors: Armour DW , Drnevich VP
Published: December 2008

This paper presents several improvements on the constant-rate-of-strain consolidation (CRS) test. The improvements include a rational approach for selecting strain rate and a change in testing procedures to aid in: (1) the selection of strain rate and (2) obtaining more reasonable values of the coefficient of consolidation in initial phases of testing. Based on theoretical work by Wissa, a strain-rate equation is developed that is a function of permeability, liquidity index, and desired maximum pore pressure ratio. The change in procedure involves a method of conducting a permeability test in a back-pressure consolidation apparatus and then initiating consolidation loading without removing the gradient associated with the permeability test. Results of multiple-loading-cycle CRS tests on three clay soils with widely differing characteristics are used to establish the coefficient for the equation. The equation is an improvement over the procedure in ASTM Test for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Controlled-Strain Loading (D 4186) which bases the selection only on liquid limit. The proposed equation accounts for specimen permeability and stiffness.
An Experimental Assessment of the Restricted Flow Consolidation Test
Authors: Sills GC , Hoare SDL , Baker N
Published: December 2008

In the first part of the paper, the restricted flow consolidation test is described. It is simple, requires no consolidation theory for its interpretation, and is very quick, with a complete stress/strain curve obtainable in a matter of hours.

In the second part, the experimental requirements are detailed and an appropriate cell, the Oxford cell, is described.

Finally, some results are presented for reconstituted silty clay samples, to show that the restricted flow test is successful, producing repeatable and reliable results.
Constant-Rate-of-Loading (CRL) Consolidation Test
Authors: von Fay KF , Cotton CE
Published: December 2008

For the past 50 years, the information used to estimate soil settlement characteristics has been obtained using a standard-incremental-loading (STD) consolidation test. Recently, several other test methods have been developed, among them the constant-rate-of-loading (CRL) consolidation test. A versatile CRL apparatus, developed by the Bureau of Reclamation Engineering and Research Laboratory, is described. Test results from the CRL apparatus are compared with results from the STD apparatus. The results show that test completion times for the CRL test are much shorter than for the STD test, that agreement between the results of the CRL and STD tests are within reasonable limits, and that the CRL apparatus and test procedure offer an alternative to the STD test.
Oedometric Testing in the Laboratoires des Ponts et Chaussées, France
Authors: Ducasse P , Mieussens C , Moreau M , Soyez B
Published: December 2008

The Laboratoires des Ponts et Chaussées (LPC) of France are about to publish six new standards on oedometric testing. Two of these tests (controlled gradient test and controlled rate of strain test) are similar to those used in other countries. The other four have been under development at the LPC and other French research centers for the past 15 years, and exhibit special features which distinguish them from traditional standards used abroad. Briefly, the unique features are that: the incremental test was adapted for better accuracy and easier computerization of its data; the radial drainage test is very similar to the standard test; the creep test was simplified to run for less time; and the heat accelerated test was developed in France to obtain the compressibility curve of the soil in less than a week. The paper deals with the main characteristics of the testing process, the material developed in France, and interpretation techniques.
Automatic Continuous Consolidation Testing in Sweden
Authors: Larsson R , Sällfors G
Published: December 2008

The constant rate of strain test has been successfully used as a routine test in Sweden for more than seven years. The paper describes in detail the experience gained so far. Methods of interpretation of test results and calculation of settlements are given. A critical comparison with other continuous loading tests and incremental loading tests is also presented.
A New Consolidation Testing Procedure and Technique for Very Soft Soils
Authors: Zen K , Umehara Y
Published: December 2008

A new constant rate of strain consolidation testing technique for very soft soils with water content of 200 to 300% is proposed as an alternative of the conventional oedometer test. For the analysis of data from the constant rate of strain (CRS) consolidation test, three kinds of diagrams are constructed based on the finite-difference solutions for the basic equation of consolidation, taking into account the effect of large strain. It is shown that the consolidation constants are conveniently determined by using these diagrams. The validity of this method is examined by analyzing the consolidation phenomena of a model fill using the consolidation constants thus determined. It is concluded that the consolidation constants of very soft clays can be accurately determined from the CRS consolidation test.
Controlled-Strain, Controlled-Gradient, and Standard Consolidation Testing of Sensitive Clays
Authors: Silvestri V , Yong RN , Soulié M , Gabriel F
Published: December 2008

The objectives of this paper are threefold: (1) to compare the results obtained from constant rate of strain (CRS) and controlled-hydraulic gradient (CHG) consolidation tests with those obtained from incremental loading tests, (2) to compare the experimental data obtained in this study with the results of other investigators, and (3) to determine the possibility of using either CRS or CHG testing or both in geotechnical investigations dealing with soft clays of Eastern Canada.

The results of all the consolidation tests yield a unique relationship between preconsolidation pressure and strain rate. Both CRS and CHG tests performed following recommended procedures give values of the preconsolidation pressures which are higher than both those obtained in incremental load tests and those inferred from field studies. Both a simple creep law and a modified equation based on the rate process theory are found to adequately represent the observed soil response.
A Biaxial Consolidation Test for Anisotropic Soils
Authors: Peters JF , Leavell DA
Published: December 2008

A biaxial flow consolidation test was developed to determine the axial and radical permeabilities, ka and kr, respectively, of a transversely isotropic specimen. The test enables the additional information needed to determine the ratio of permeabilities, ka/kr, to be obtained by independently measuring the flow from the specimen ends and circumference during consolidation. By comparing the ratio of flows from the specimen ends and circumference to the theoretical relationship, the ratio of permeabilities can be determined. The radial permeability, , to be obtained by independently measuring the flow from the specimen ends and circumference during consolidation. By comparing the ratio of flows from the specimen ends and circumference to the theoretical relationship, the ratio of permeabilities can be determined. The radial permeability, kr, is determined from the total time rate of consolidation.

Comparisons between various methods of permeability measurement and the proposed test are shown to be good. From the theoretical development, it was found that anisotropy in stiffness can have an important influence on test results. A method is presented for determining relevant stiffness parameters by combining the strain measured during consolidation and pore-pressure response.
Side Friction in Consolidation Tests on Fibrous Peat
Authors: Sarsby RW , Vickers B
Published: December 2008

Consolidation tests have been conducted on a fibrous peat using a 254-mm-diameter hydraulic oedometer which was modified to accommodate force and pressure transducers. These transducers were used to evaluate the side friction acting on the peat and to record the distribution of applied pressure across the width of a specimen. The peat specimens were subjected to consolidation pressure in the range of 20 to 120 kN/m2. Significant side friction was recorded (up to 50% of the applied pressure) even when the insides of the oedometer were smeared with grease.
Determination of Clay Suspension Concentration Profile in a Settling Column Using the Fall-Drop Technique
Authors: Sethi AJ , Sheeran DE , Skiadas N , Alammawi S
Published: December 2008

The determination of clay suspension concentration can be done either by nondestructive or by destructive techniques. Non-destructive techniques such as transmission by radiation and total pressure measurement devices are either expensive or have a limited range of application, whereas destructive tests such as ovendrying require a large amount of sample, whch can limit both the number of sampling ports and the frequency of sampling.

An apparatus has been developed which permits us to draw small-size specimens (less than 0.5 mL volume) from the settling columns, simultaneously from various depths, while at the same time causing minimum disturbance to the sample in the sedimentation column.

The determination of solids concentration in the small size specimen drawn from the sedimentation column is by “fall-drop” technique, whereby a drop of known volume (20 μL) is allowed to fall through a column of immiscible organic liquid. From the velocity of the falling drop the concentration of the suspension can be computed using a calibration curve. Various organic liquids with different densities at room temperature have been tested. The requirements for the selection of these liquids include: reasonable price, low melting point, high boiling point, low vapor pressure, nontoxicity, Newtonian, and immiscible with water, and no chemical reaction with salt solutions. The variations in density and viscosity of these liquids with temperature are presented in this paper. Based on this information, the proper choice of the organic liquid required for measuring the anticipated concentration of the suspension can be made so that the time measured for the fall of a drop between two points (400 mm apart) is sufficiently large (>30 s) and laminar flow prevails for the liquid through which the drop falls.
Large-Scale Self-Weight Consolidation Testing
Authors: Scott JD , Dusseault MB , Carrier WD
Published: December 2008

Syncrude Canada Ltd. has developed self-weight consolidation tests with specimens 10 m high and 1 m in diameter. Used in a research and development program on oil sand waste slurry disposal, these large-scale tests determine whether or not the slurry material properties measured in large-strain slurry consolidation cells and in 2-m-high consolidation tests (when used in the finite-strain consolidation mathematical model) can predict the consolidation behavior of deep deposits of waste slurry such as those deposited in the field. The consolidation equipment and testing methods used in this research program are described, and typical test results are shown. Among the phenomena observed are the effective stress wave which travels up the cylinder during sedimentation, the development of thixotropic strength during the initial period of consolidation, the full pore pressure and total stress profile for the height of the cylinders at any time, and the consolidation with time and depth as shown by pore pressure dissipation and by the increase in solids content.

The rate of consolidation in the 10-m cylinders as shown by the settlement of the water-sludge interface is in good agreement with theory and indicates the validity of the test methods.
Determination of Coefficient of Consolidation (cv) for Large Strain and Variable cv Values
Authors: Mikasa M , Takada N
Published: December 2008

Mikasa's advanced consolidation theory and Mikasa's method of determining cv from the oedometer test are discussed. The latter consists of a curve rule method and correction of cv by primary consolidation ratio, r. Theoretical time-consolidation relationships are shown for the cases of finite strain both with and without cv change as the relation between time factor, Tv, and degree of consolidation in terms of settlement, Us.

Examples on a clay and a peat show that the standard procedure of cv determination using the curve rule method and correction by r gives practically the same f-cv relationship as does the procedure based on the advanced consolidation theory, though a better curve fitting is always obtained by the latter.

Advanced consolidation theory, however, is necessary to interpret the physical meaning of consolidation test results and also to make a settlement prediction in the field.
A Case History: Settlement of Fill over Soft Ground
Authors: Adachi T , Iwasaki Y , Sakamoto M , Suwa S
Published: December 2008

This paper presents a case history on unexpectedly large settlement of a weak alluvial foundation clayey soil improved by both preloading and by use of vertical drains. An important cause of the settlement is probably secondary compression. When preloading is used to improve a clayey foundation soil, the importance of taking into account the secondary compression is emphasized.
Prediction of Instability Using the KR-Curve Approach
Authors: McCabe DE , Schwalbe KH
Published: December 2008

An elastic-plastic R-curve instability prediction method is reported. The method is prepared in a format such that the computational steps outlined can be used as a guide to make instability predictions. Three example problems are given.
Deformation Plasticity Failure Assessment Diagram
Authors: Bloom JM
Published: December 2008

An engineering procedure for assessing the integrity of flawed structures is presented. The procedure uses results given in a plastic fracture handbook developed by General Electric in the format of the Central Electricity Generating Board of the United Kingdom R-6 failure assessment diagram.

The failure assessment diagram recognizes both brittle fracture and net section collapse of the flawed structure. It is a safety/failure plane defined by the stress-intensity factor/fracture toughness ratio (Kr) as the ordinate and the applied stress/net section plastic collapse stress ratio (Sr) as the abscissa. For a particular stress level and defect size, the coordinates (Sr, Kr) can be easily calculated. If the assessment point lies inside the failure assessment curve, the structure is safe. The distance of the assessment point from the curve is a direct measure of the margin of safety of the assessed structure.

The procedure can handle ductile tearing by redefining the failure assessment curve as the boundary between stable and unstable crack growth. Application of this approach to 2024-T351 aluminum center-cracked panels using plane-stress JR resistance curves developed from compact specimens has given predictions of maximum load to within 2% of experimental values.

An additional example problem of a cracked pressure vessel is included which demonstrates the applicability of this procedure to real structures. Lastly, limitations of the deformation plasticity failure assessment diagram are discussed.
Effect of Manufacturing Defects and Service-Induced Damage on the Strength of Aircraft Composite Structures
Authors: Garrett RA
Published: December 2008

This paper describes the effects of manufacturing defects and service-induced damage on the static and fatigue strength of aircraft composite structures.

Seven manufacturing defects associated with mechanical fasteners were investigated; out-of-round holes, delaminations at the exit side of drilled holes, porosity, improper fastener seating depth, tilted countersinks, interference fit, and multiple fastener installation and removal cycles. Both static and fatigue test results are described, along with correlation with analysis techniques. The interaction of the effects of these defects on hole wear, measured in fatigue tests of structural joints, is described.

The effects of two types of service-induced damage are also described; low-energy impact damage and penetration damage. The relative sizes of visible and non-visible damage as determined by visual and nondestructive inspection techniques are compared. An evaluation of stitching and the inclusion of glass or Kevlar fiber buffer strips to improve the damage tolerance of carbon/epoxy structures is included. Results of tests of carbon/epoxy panel structures are discussed. Correlation of experimental results with predicted residual static strength is good.
Development of Test and Analysis Methods for Thick-Wall, Graphite/Epoxy Filament-Wound Composite Materials Fracture Toughness
Authors: Riddle RA , Beckwith SW
Published: December 2008

Fracture control techniques for full-scale structural articles generally require laboratory test data, analysis of key parameters, and evaluation using fracture mechanics techniques. These parameters, usually fracture toughness or critical strain energy release rate, are often measured for metals and even thin-wall composite materials. However, data on thick-wall composites greater than 25 mm is virtually nonexistent.

The Space Shuttle solid rocket booster case is currently designed using D6AC steel. However, considerable weight savings are achieved by using conventional filament-wound composites to replace the steel case. The Filament Wound Case (FWC) program is aimed at developing graphite/epoxy composite segments for the Space Shuttle.

Each FWC segment is 5.9 to 8.2 m (19.5 to 27.0 ft) in length and 3.7 m (12 ft) in diameter. The thickness of the composite varies from 28 mm (1.12 in.) in the center, or membrane region, to 46 mm (1.8 in.) in the joint region. The layup in the membrane region consists of 11 layers of ±29° helical and 90° hoop fibers with the Hercules AS4-12K graphite and HBRF-55A resin system. In the joint region, 0° broadgoods are inserted to increase strength and stiffness. The joint helical and hoop layers are also Hercules AS4-12K graphite fiber with HBRF-55A resin, while the 0° broadgoods are AS4-12K graphite prepreg with 3501-5A resin.

As part of the fracture control program, emphasis was placed on the development of specific test methods to measure pertinent fracture parameters for the thick-wall, filament-wound graphite composite. This paper discusses several of the samples selected and analyzed to date as well as the experimental results derived from full-thickness samples removed from a dissected composite segment.

Test methods currently include both Mode I and Mode II fracture toughness measurements. Interlaminar fracture toughness and strain energy release rates were determined for both modes using a double cantilever beam and modified rail shear test, respectively. Mode I cross-ply fracture toughness was determined using a wide, double-edge notch specimen. Finite-element analyses were conducted on all of the specimens. A J-integral post processor was used to develop corresponding Mode I and Mode II strain energy release rates.

The values determined from the thick-wall, filament-wound composites were compared to other data from autoclaved systems reported in the open literature. Problems encountered in testing these thick-wall samples and existing analysis limitations are also discussed.
Effect of Stress Biaxiality on the Transverse Tensile Strain-to-Failure of Composites
Authors: Nicholls DJ
Published: December 2008

Thermoplastic matrices are now available with neat resin strain-to-failure values of up to 100%. These high strain-to-failure values could be expected to result in dramatically higher transverse strain-to-failure values in thermoplastic composites than epoxy composites. However, measurements of the transverse strain-to-failure of some thermoplastic composites have revealed only a modest increase in transverse strain capability. The objective of this work was to show that the matrix is biaxially stressed in a transverse tension test and that this significantly reduced strain-to-failure values.

To accomplish this objective, a specimen configuration was designed to introduce biaxial stresses into the neat resin. Data was generated on polyetheretherketone and polycarbonate, both ductile thermoplastics. Test results showed that biaxial stresses reduced the strain-to-failure of these materials by well over an order of magnitude. Thus, this work shows that, while a thermoplastic matrix's ductility may translate into composite toughness and delamination resistance, it does not necessarily translate into dramatically increased composite transverse strain-to-failure values.
Fractographic and Microstructural Examination of Compression Failures in Wet Compression Graphite/Epoxy Coupons
Authors: Kar RJ , Herfert RE , Kessler RT
Published: December 2008

AS1-graphite/3501-6 epoxy composites exhibit degradation in mechanical properties during testing at elevated temperatures, with laminate moisture contents of 1% or greater. To investigate the effects of environmental variables on the compressive properties, a fractographic and microstructural study was carried out on multi-ply graphite/epoxy coupons overloaded in compression at different temperatures and with varying moisture contents. The analytical techniques used consisted of macroscopic and microscopic fracture examination, optical metallography, and quantitative image analysis (stereology). It was determined that coupons tested at room temperature and low moisture had macroscopic and microscopic fracture characteristics that differed from the characteristics of similar coupons tested at elevated temperatures and higher moisture contents. Microstructural analysis of the fractured coupons helped establish the failure progressions through the laminates, and in conjunction with image analyses, indicated that there was excess resin in 0° orientation plies of the coupons examined. It was concluded that (1) at room temperature, the matrix did not appear to play a role, that is, catastrophic fracture initiated in the outer plies of the composite due to gradual loss of stiffness during overload; and (2) softening of the resin (matrix), due to testing close to the glass transition temperature, was instrumental in controlling the fracture behavior at elevated temperatures, and the resin-rich areas provided increased susceptibility to moisture absorption that led to general weakening of the composite.
Notch Sensitivity and Stacking Sequence of Laminated Composites
Authors: Lagace PA
Published: December 2008

The effect of laminate stacking sequence and lamination angle on the notched strength of 6-ply graphite/epoxy laminates is investigated. Data is presented for the three different stacking sequences of a 6-ply laminate comprised of two unidirectional plies and two pairs of angled plies: [±θ/0]s, [0/±θ]s, and [+θ/0/ −θ]s for θ equal to 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°. Notch geometry is limited to circular holes of which four different diameters were used: 3.175 mm, 6.35 mm, 9.525 mm, and 12.7 mm. Five specimens of each type (hole diameter and laminate) were tested monotonically to failure in tension. In addition, five unnotched specimens of each laminate were also tested. The fracture stresses of the notched specimens are correlated using the method proposed by Mar and Lin and a modified version of the point stress criterion of Whitney and Nuismer. The data shows that there is a distinct stacking sequence effect on notched fracture stress. The fracture stresses of the notched [+θ/0/ −θ]s laminates differ significantly from those of the [±θ/0]s and [0/±θ]s laminates that are generally the same for a given laminate and hole diameter. It is suggested that these differences are caused by out-of-plane effects of interlaminar stresses (delamination) or the elastic constraint of neighboring plies or both. These factors change as the stacking sequence and lamination angle are varied.
Improvement of Edge Delamination Strength of Composite Laminates Using Adhesive Layers
Authors: Chan WS , Rogers C , Aker S
Published: December 2008

A thin but tough adhesive inner layer placed in laminates at the proper interface has been found to give improved delamination strength. Static tension tests of laminates with (±302/˙903/∓302)T and (±35/0/90)s layups of graphite/epoxy show that the added adhesive inner layer effectively suppresses delamination until final failure. The effects of adhesive layers on interlaminar stresses and strain-energy release rate have been studied analytically using a finite-element method. It was found that the introduction of adhesive layers reduced the interlaminar stresses. Although there was no significant change in total strain-energy release rate, there was a significant decrease in the G1 (tension mode) percentage of the total strain-energy release rate.
Analysis of Delamination Propagation in the Composite Layer of Metal-to-Composite Stepped-Lap Joints
Authors: Ratwani MM , Kan H-P
Published: December 2008

The initiation and propagation of delaminations in the composite layers of typical step-lap joints, with and without bondline flaws, has been investigated under typical spectrum loading. The typical bondline flaws considered are end gaps and debonds at various steps. A mathematical analysis of the stress in the joints is first carried out with the composite taken as a continuum, and the critical locations of delamination initiation are determined. The interlaminar stress analysis of critical areas in the composite is then carried out with the NASTRAN finite-element computer code. The location and magnitude of the maximum interlaminar stresses is determined. Using these interlaminar stresses in a delamination propagation model, the possibility of initiation and propagation of delamination in the composite layers is investigated. It is shown that the delaminations do not grow to failure under spectrum load in typical joints, even after four lifetimes of spectrum loading.
Characterization of Mode I and Mixed-Mode Failure of Adhesive Bonds Between Composite Adherends
Authors: Mall S , Johnson WS
Published: December 2008

A combined experimental and analytical investigation of an adhesively bonded composite joint was conducted to characterize both the static and fatigue debond growth mechanism under Mode I and Mixed-Mode I and II loadings. Two bonded systems were studied: graphite/epoxy adherends bonded with EC 3445 and FM-300 adhesives. For each bonded system, two specimen types were tested: (1) a double-cantilever-beam specimen for Mode I loading and (2) a cracked-lap-shear specimen for Mixed-Mode I and II loading. In all specimens tested, failure occurred in the form of debond growth. Debonding always occurred in a cohesive manner with EC 3445 adhesive. The FM-300 adhesive debonded in a cohesive manner under Mixed-Mode I and II loading, but in a cohesive, adhesive, or combined cohesive and adhesive manner under Mode I loading. Total strain-energy release rate appeared to be the driving parameter for debond growth under static and fatigue loadings.
Tensile Strength and Modulus of a Three-Dimensional Braid Composite
Authors: Ko FK
Published: December 2008

A geometric model for three-dimensional braid composite using the concept of average cosine is presented in this paper. In the form of contour diagrams, the fabric geometry and processing variables are related to the tensile strength and modulus of the composite. The tensile properties of the three-dimensional braid AS4-3K graphite/5208 epoxy-resin composite are compared to the state-of-the-art laminated unidirectional, woven and quasi-isotropic composites. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results are also made.
Portland Blast-Furnace Slag Cement: A Review
Authors: Daube J , Bakker R
Published: December 2008

It is a two-part report; in the first section the properties required for the components of blast-furnace slag cements, cement standards, and applications are described; in the second section, a review of the performance of blast-furnace slag cements compared to portland cement is described with special reference to sulfate and seawater resistance, reduced alkali-silica expansion, and low-heat properties.
Mechanism of Hydration of Cement Blended with Fly Ashes
Authors: Tenoutasse N , Marion A-M
Published: December 2008

Selective dissolution of different Belgian fly ashes (FAs) with water, hydrochloric acid (HCl), and hydrofluoric acid (HF) solutions was investigated by chemical and microscopical techniques.

In regard to the use of fly ash for blended cement fabrication, the behavior of FAs was also studied in lime saturated solution.

The release of different oxides from FA in water, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) solution, gives useful data about the influence of Belgian FA in blended cement hydration. The chemical analysis of liquid phase (from 8 h to 28 days) confirms the pozzolanic activity of FAs in lime saturated solution. Chemical data and microscopical examination demonstrate that all the sulfate and most of the potassium oxide (K2O) content of the FAs particles are in the superficial layers, whereas sodium oxide (Na2O) is dispersed in all the amorphous phase.

The influence of FA substitution on the microstructure of hydrated normal portland cement (OPC) pastes was also studied. FA act to increase the total porosity. After 4 months of hydration, the pore size distribution of systems with low FA content is rather similar to that of the pure paste.

The pozzolanic activity of FAs was investigated by microscopical study and free lime determination of the mixtures. A significant pozzolanic activity of FAs was observed after 14 days.
Present Situation of Cement Standardization in Europe
Authors: Dutron P
Published: December 2008

Since 1973 and at the request of the European Community which aims at removing trade barriers, the CEN (European Committee for Standardization) has undertaken to draft European standards (EN) for cements. Information is given on the progress of this work: 1. EN standards concerning test procedures and based on former International Organization for Standards (ISO) recommendations are for the major part ready for the final vote. 2. A draft nomenclature of cements, with particular emphasis being given to composite cements as a result of the energy crisis, has been drawn up while preliminary proposals for quality requirements are under consideration.

An analysis is also made of the contents of cement standards in European countries. Information is then given about the relative size of the current production of these four groups of cement—portland, portland composite (containing blast-furnace slag, natural pozzolana, fly ash, or even filler), blast-furnace, and pozzolanic—in Europe and in several other regions. Finally, possible developments in the types of cements to be produced between now and the end of the century are reviewed briefly.
The Use of Small-Scale Specimens for Testing Irradiated Material
Authors: Corwin WR , Lucas GE
Published: December 2008

Description

Twenty-two papers appear in this volume. The papers are divided into two areas:

• strength and ductility

• fatigue and fracture
Building Performance: Function, Preservation, and Rehabilitation
Authors: Davis G
Published: December 2008

Description

Researchers and practitioners offer recommendations on how to improve building performance. Theme A covers the scope, structure, and evaluation of building performance. Theme B focuses on historical buildings and building materials, including the rehabilitation of masonry, stone and wood, nondestructive testing of masonry and stone facades, and damage to the building fabric.
Steel Forgings
Authors: Nisbett EG , Melilli AS
Published: December 2008

Description

Covers all of the salient manufacturing stages on which the production of quality forgings depends, namely, steel melting, refining and remelting procedures, control of segregation and solidification in both large and specialized ingots, forging procedures, and achievements which contribute to improved integrity in response to application demands.
Current Technologies In Flexible Packaging
Authors: Troedel ML
Published: December 2008

Description

Nine papers provide a basic overview of several emerging technologies in the flexible packaging industry. Technical experts in their respective fields write on aseptic packaging, metallized substrates, laminating adhesives, barrier constructions, and test methods.
Aspects of Lubricant Oxidation
Authors: Stadtmiller WH , Smith AN
Published: December 2008

Description

The Symposium on Oxidation was sponsored by ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and its subcommittees D02.C on Turbine Oils and D02.09 on Oxidation. Four papers were presented, and all four appear in this publication entitled Aspects of Lubricant Oxidation.
Industrial Applications of Titanium and Zirconium: Fourth Volume
Authors: Young CS , Durham JC
Published: December 2008

Description

STP 917 discusses new technology for fabricating titanium and zirconium as well as physical and mechanical properties of recently developed titanium alloys. Extends the understanding of reactive metals and fosters a technical interaction among potential users and suppliers.
Case Histories Involving Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics
Authors: Hudson CM , Rich TP
Published: December 2008

Description

STP 918 is a collection of 22 papers in a case history format. The purpose of this book is to describe the use of fracture mechanics in predicting the behavior of cracked structures and in analyzing failed structures.
Quality Control in Remedial Site Investigation: Hazardous and Industrial Solid Waste Testing: Fifth Volume
Authors: Perket CL
Published: December 2008

Description

STP 925 presents a state-of-the-art review of current methods to collect, prepare, and analyze samples. It also provides the results of a massive effort to review the quality control/quality assurance of the laboratories performing analysis under the USEPA.
The Tire Pavement Interface
Authors: Pottinger MG , Yager TJ
Published: December 2008

Description

STP 929 contains eleven papers, which will help the reader solve transportation problems in ways that should prove cost effective. Three sections cover: the traction connection; interfacial stresses, motions, and wear; and pavement generated vibration and noise.
Hazard Communication: Issues and Implementation
Authors: Brower JE
Published: December 2008

Description

STP 932 is a review of the Federal Hazard Communication Standard and its implementation requirements. The papers and panel discussion give pertinent details regarding an evaluation of the issues, controversies and problems in implementing this standard. Labor, industry, government regulators, lawyers, and safety experts discuss difficult, high liability issues openly.
Cleaning Stone and Masonry
Authors: Clifton JR
Published: December 2008

Description

Describes modern techniques, methods and materials for restoration cleaning of building facades. 9 peer-reviewed papers examine cleaning practices in the U.S., the selection of appropriate cleaning materials and methods, methods for determining the effectiveness and possible damage caused by cleaning, and cleaning case studies.
Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 1984
Authors: Bennett HE , Guenther AH , Milam D , Newnam BE
Published: December 2008

Description

Contains papers given at the 16th Symposium on Optical Materials for High Power Lasers. Papers cover Materials and Measurements, Mirrors and Surfaces, Thin Films, and Fundamental Mechanisms.
Europa und der Nahe Osten. Der transkulturelle Vergleich in der Vormoderne und die Meistererzählungen über den IslamEurope and the Near East. Transcultural Comparison in Pre-Modern History and the Master Narratives on Islam
Authors: Höfert Almut
Published: December 2008

In der komparativen Debatte der letzten Jahre waren Beiträge aus der Vormoderne verhältnismäßig wenig vertreten, obgleich Perspektiven aus der Zeit vor 1800 gewinnbringend mit einbezogen werden können. Als ein transkultureller Vergleich wird hier ein Vergleich verstanden, der über die historiographisch gesetzten Zivilisationsgrenzen hinausgeht. Diese Definition ergibt sich aus der herausragenden Rolle, die das Zivilisationsparadigma in der Forschung spielt. Das daraus resultierende historiographische Erbe stellt einem transkulturellen Vergleich, der die von den Zivilisationsgrenzen postulierten Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede durch seine Fallstudien kritisch überprüfen möchte, konzeptionelle Hindernisse entgegen. Im folgenden werden die Probleme thematisiert, die allgemeine Wissenskategorien betreffen, die in den Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften am europäischen Beispiel entwickelt wurden, inzwischen aber global angewandt werden, wobei hier zwischen einem konzeptionellen und einem institutionellen Eurozentrismus unterschieden wird. Der nächste Abschnitt befaßt sich mit den Meistererzählungen über den Islam, deren Kenntnis für einen europäisch-nahöstlichen Vergleich gleichfalls unabdingbar ist, und schlägt vor, als Oberbegriff nicht mehr von einer islamischen, sondern einer nahöstlichen Geschichte zu sprechen  genauso wie zwischen einer europäischen und einer christlichen Geschichte unterschieden wird. Aus diesen Darlegungen ergibt sich schließlich für den transkulturellen Vergleich, daß dessen Kategorien auf mögliche Präfigurationen des Zivilisationsparadigmas überprüft werden sollten, um einen ergebnisoffenen Vergleich zu ermöglichen.
Mission im 19. Jahrhundert. Globale Netze des ReligiösenMission in the 19th century. Global Networks of Religion
Authors: Habermas Rebekka
Published: December 2008

Der Stellenwert von Missionen in der deutschen Gesellschaft des 19. Jahrhunderts wird  so das zentrale Argument des Beitrags  nach wie vor unterschätzt, und zwar gleich in zweierlei Hinsicht: Erstens entstanden neben den Missionsgesellschaften und -orden, die Missionare ausbildeten und ins Außereuropäische schickten, in allen Städten und vielen Dörfern hunderte, ja tausende von Missionsvereinen, die bei Vortragsveranstaltungen, Ausstellungen und schließlich auch Diavorträgen Berichte aus Afrika, Indien und Südamerika in jeden noch so kleinen Ort brachten. Gleichzeitig verknüpften sich diese lokalen Initiativen untereinander und schufen so nationale, aber auch transnationale Netze des Religiösen. So standen z. B. über Zeitschriften und auch persönliche Begegnungen rheinische Fabrikortschaften mit der London Missionary Society und Heidedörfer mit dem Transvaal in Verbindung. Zweitens entstanden nicht zuletzt über solche Netze Kommunikationszusammenhänge, die weit über die engen konfessionellen Grenzen hinaus die zentralen Debatten des 19. Jahrhunderts mitbestimmten. So strukturierten sie etwa Diskussionen über die soziale Frage so nachhaltig mit, daß selbst radikale Vordenker wie Friedrich Engels religiösen Argumentationslogiken und Bildern folgten, wie sie aus der zeitgenössischen äußeren und inneren Mission bekannt sind. Die über die katholischen und protestantischen Missionen geschaffenen Öffentlichkeiten bildeten nämlich keineswegs isolierte Sphären, sondern waren Teil einer Gesellschaft, die im 19. Jahrhundert noch weit religiöser und schon weit globaler war als lange angenommen.
Ideologische Fackeln im Sturm. Die Genoveses und die Diskurse der HerrenklasseIdeological North and South. The Genoveses and the Discourses of the Master Class
Authors: Finzsch Norbert
Published: December 2008

Zugleich Besprechung von:

E. Fox-Genovese/ E. D. Genovese, The Mind of the Master Class. History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders′ Worldview
The Rise of Spanish and Latin American Criminal Theory
Authors: Chiesa Luis E.
Published: December 2008

As the contributions to this two-part special issue demonstrate, Spanish and Latin American criminal theory has attained a remarkable degree of sophistication. Regrettably, Anglo-American scholars have had limited access to this rich body of literature. With this volume, the New Criminal Law Review has taken a very important first step toward rectifying this situation.

Although the articles written for this special issue cover a vast range of subjects, they can be divided into four main categories: (1) the legitimacy of the criminal sanction, (2) the punishability of omissions, (3) the challenges that international criminal law and the fight against terrorism pose to criminal theory, and (4) the theory of justification and excuse. The articles pertaining to the first two categories will appear in the first half of this special issue (Volume 11, Number 3) and the pieces belonging to the third and fourth categories will be published in the upcoming second half (Volume 11, Number 4). In accordance with this general structure, in the pages that follow I will provide a brief summary and critique of the pieces contained in both parts.
Uprootedness as (Cruel and Unusual) Punishment
Authors: Zaibert Leo
Published: December 2008

In spite of some protestations to the contrary, some of the practices that the United States immigration law permits are punitive. They are, moreover, terribly severe. If American citizens were to be treated in the ways in which some noncitizens are treated in the United States, they would be victims of cruel and unusual punishment. The paper seeks to show the implausibility of the euphemistic maneuvers that seek to deny this fact, by appealing to arguments put forth by the United States Supreme Court. In particular, the paper argues that the reasons why the United States Supreme Court considers expatriation to be cruel and unusual punishment apply as well to some instances of deportation.
Legal Goods Protected by the Law and Legal Goods Protected by the Criminal Law as Limits to the State's Power to Criminalize Conduct
Authors: Puig Santiago Mir
Published: December 2008

Amongst the limits that present-day European criminal law theory tends to impose on the state's power to criminalize conduct, the principle of "exclusive protection of legal goods" occupies a prominent place. The criminal law is only needed when the protection of legal goods requires making use of it. But not all legal goods should be transformed into legal goods protected by the criminal law. European theorists have not normally made reference to the latter concept, as they have usually limited themselves to speaking of "legal goods" in general terms. In this short piece I would like to highlight the usefulness of clearly distinguishing between legal goods that can be adequately protected by the law in general and legal goods whose protection can only be secured by the criminal law.
Criminal Omissions: A European Perspective
Authors: Gómez-Aller Jacobo Dopico
Published: December 2008

Omissions in criminal law have often been a cause of perplexity among legal scholars in Europe and America. This article analyzes some of the main theoretical approaches to the question of commission by omission, criticizing the formalistic perspective of the "special legal duty" theory and proposing a normative approach based on the idea of the "sphere of autonomy."
Criminal Omissions: Some Relevant Distinctions
Authors: Sánchez Jesús-María Silva
Published: December 2008

The prevailing theory in continental European and Latin American legal literature distinguishes two kinds of punishable omissions: the simple (or "authentic," "genuine") omission and the "inauthentic" or "pseudo" omission (also known as commission by omission, comisión por omisión). In this article a tripartite classification of crimes of omission is proposed. On the one hand, there are crimes of omission that are identical to cases of active commission (for which we should reserve the term of commission by omission). These are based on the idea of responsibility for one's own organization. On the other hand, there are simple crimes of omission in which we punish a breach of a duty of minimum solidarity toward our fellow citizens. Somewhere between these two categories lies a third type of aggravated crimes of omission that are based on liability for a breach of a duty of qualified solidarity (derived from specific institutions or relationships between people). Moreover, this threefold classification is based on the idea that differences between such omissions are a matter of degree.
Causation in Criminal Responsibility
Authors: Ferrante Marcelo
Published: December 2008

I challenge in this paper a popular view on the causal requirement of criminal liability. The view, which I call physicalism about the causal relation (or physicalism, for short), puts together the claim that the causal requirement demands that the agent causes a crime result (e.g., the death of a person) for her to be paradigmatically responsible for that result, with a conception of causation according to which a causal relation is such that it can only hold between actual events, and never between omissions (or other absences) and events. Physicalism's apparent merit is that it yields an account of the differential treatment actions and omissions receive in criminal law. However, I argue, it does so at the expense of rendering puzzling other uncontroversial features of the criminal law. Moreover, I contend that physicalism is groundless; it picks out a property that just can't play the role that the causal requirement is meant to play. I sketch, finally, an alternative construction of the causal requirement, one that doesn't fall prey of the objections I raised against physicalism.
Effect of core composition on seismic stability of earth dams
Authors: Shafiee A.
Published: December 2008

It is current practice to employ composite clay –a mixture of clay and aggregates that floats within the clayey matrix – as the core of embankment dams, which were previously constructed from pure clays. Experience has shown that significant pore pressure can build up during cyclic loading in composite clays. In this paper, the results of dynamic analyses performed on the Karkheh dam in Iran, incorporating different core materials, are presented. Pure clay and composite clay are used as the core materials and the results of the analyses are compared. It is shown that significant seismic pore pressure build-up in composite clays can significantly reduce the factor of safety against sliding for the fragment of the slip surface passing through the core, even though the overall factor of safety falls within a reasonable level.
Stochastic response of underground structures
Authors: Haciefendioğlu K. , Bayraktar A.
Published: December 2008

This investigation uses a linear elastic finite-element method to analyse the stochastic dynamic response of the Bolu tunnel in Turkey when subjected to spatially varying earthquake ground motion. The research conducts a parametric study to discover the critical magnitude of earthquake ground motion that causes tensile cracking in the reinforced concrete tunnel lining. The Drucker–Prager yield criterion determines the forces that cause cracking of reinforced elements of three cross-sections of the tunnel system subjected to spatially varying seismic ground motion. The study applies spatially varying ground-motion models, wave passage, incoherence and site response as well as the uniform ground-motion model to three cross-sections of the tunnel–soil deposit interaction system. The purpose is to determine the stochastic seismic behaviour of the tunnel. Of particular emphasis is the importance of the site response effect that arises from the difference in the local soil conditions at the different support points of the tunnel–soil deposit interaction system. The results of the analyses demonstrate that the number of cracked elements increases as the amplitude of earthquake ground motion increases. In addition, the means of the maximum values obtained from the spatially varying ground-motion case are compared with those of specialised earthquake ground-motion models. The result is proof that variations in local soil conditions have important effects on the stochastic response of tunnels.