bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A170: Effects of Exercise on Liver Function and Inflammatory Markers in
NAFLD Patients
Authors: Wang Siyang , Xu Chunyan , Yue Ye
Published: January 2025

Background/Purpose: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is
a prevalent chronic liver condition globally, often linked to sedentary
behaviors and central obesity. It is characterized by the activation of
multiple signaling cascades leading to inflammation, which plays a critical
role in the occurrence and progression of NAFLD liver damage. With the
absence of targeted pharmacological treatments, lifestyle and dietary
adjustments remain primary interventions for many patients. However, the
optimal exercise intensity for managing NAFLD remains unclear, with
conflicting evidence on its effectiveness in modulating inflammation. This
study aimed to clarify the impact of different exercise types and
intensities on liver function and inflammation in NAFLD patients.

Methods: Using keywords such as “exercise,” “NAFLD,” and
“inflammation,” we searched related studies published in the PubMed, Embase,
Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases. Inclusion criteria were
randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with an exercise intervention lasting
over four weeks, involving NAFLD or NASH patients (≥18 years)
diagnosed through clinical, laboratory, and biopsy data, with a focus on
liver enzymes and inflammatory markers as outcomes.

Results: Twelve RCTs encompassing 543 NAFLD patients were
included. Exercise interventions ranged from 12 weeks to 8.6 months, with
frequencies of 2 to 5 times weekly and durations of 30 to 90 minutes per
session. Overall, the results of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and
aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels following aerobic and resistance
training were significantly affected (all P < 0.05).
However, high-intensity interval training and combined aerobic-resistance
exercise showed negligible effects on ALT and AST levels (all
P > 0.05). Regarding the effect of exercise on
inflammatory factors, exercise training reduced IL-6 levels in six trials
(P < 0.05). However, no specific exercise type was
found to reduce IL-6 levels. Exercise training had no significant effect on
reducing TNF-Α levels, and no specific exercise reduced TNF-Α
levels across five trials.

Conclusion/Discussion: Exercise, particularly aerobic and
resistance training, positively affected liver function in NAFLD patients by
reducing liver enzymes and IL-6 levels. Despite these promising findings,
the analysis faces limitations, including the heterogeneity of IL-6 and
TNF-Α outcomes and insufficient RCTs for high-intensity interval
training subgroups. Further research is essential to explore the specific
connections between exercise, inflammation, and NAFLD progression.
A176: Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Phototherapy on Sleep Quality
Across Different Populations
Authors: Chen Zhen , Wu Wenqiang
Published: January 2025

Background: Sleep, a fundamental physiological need for humans, significantly
impacts an individual's physical and mental health. Phototherapy, a
non-pharmacological intervention, has been extensively researched in recent
years to improve sleep quality. This study aimed to systematically evaluate
the effects of phototherapy on sleep quality across different populations
through a meta-analysis, using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index as the outcome
measure, thereby providing a scientific basis for improving the population
health levels and life quality.

Method: As of March 1, 2024, this study conducted a systematic search of four
databases: Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and CNKI. A comprehensive set of
inclusion and exclusion criteria was established for literature screening,
with statistical analysis performed using Review Manager software.

Results: From the initial retrieval of 90 articles, 12 were ultimately
included in the meta-analysis after systematic screening. The meta-analysis
results showed that phototherapy significantly improved short-term sleep
quality compared to placebo (MD = -1.39, 95% CI: -2.33 to -0.45, Z = 2.89,
I² = 94%, P = 0.004 < 0.05). However, the improvement in
sleep quality was not significant 2-4 weeks after the cessation of
phototherapy (MD = -0.48, 95% CI: -2.60 to 1.65, Z = 0.44, I² =
97%, P = 0.66 > 0.05). Phototherapy significantly improved sleep quality
in older adults (MD = -2.70, 95% CI: -3.59 to -2.29, Z = 2.70, I²
= 91%, P < 0.01), but had no significant effect on adolescents and
middle-age (MD = -1.67, 95% CI: -4.23 to -0.69, Z = 1.39, I² =
54%, P = 0.17 > 0.05) and (MD = -0.89, 95% CI: -2.64 to 0.87, Z = 0.99,
I² = 52%, P = 0.32 > 0.05). Additionally, phototherapy
significantly improved sleep quality in patients with depression and sleep
disorders (MD = -0.32, 95% CI: -0.64 to -0.00, Z = 1.97, I² = 0%,
P = 0.05) and (MD = -1.66, 95% CI: -2.81 to -0.51, Z = 2.82, I² =
91%, P < 0.01).

Discussion: Phototherapy stimulated retinal photoreceptors with specific
light intensities and wavelengths, which signaled the Suprachiasmatic
Nucleus (SCN) to adjust the internal biological clock, affecting the
sleep-wake cycle. Blue light suppressed melatonin production during the day,
enhancing alertness, while red light promotes melatonin secretion at night,
aiding sleep. This study, despite variability and heterogeneity across
different experiments, provides a scientific basis for improving sleep
quality.
A177: Association Between Physical Activity and the Risk of Depression
Among Middle and Older Chinese People
Authors: Zhang Yunqing
Published: January 2025

Purpose: Relevant studies have shown that insufficient physical
activity (PA) is associated with the risk of depression in middle-aged and
elderly populations, but the relationship between different levels of PA and
the risk of depression remains unexplored. Therefore, the objective of this
study was to explore the relationship between different levels of PA and
depression risk among middle-aged and older adults in China.

Methods: The survey data of this study was based on the 2020
China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). A total of 13,316
middle-aged and elderly community residents aged 45 years or older with
complete values of PA, depression assessment, and key variables were
selected as the study subjects, and the PA levels and the prevalence of
depression among middle-aged and elderly people were assessed based on the
International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Center for
Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD), respectively. Multifactorial
binary logistic regression models were developed to explore the effects of
different levels of PA on the risk of depression in middle-aged and older
adults, and sensitivity and stratification analyses were performed.
Restricted cubic spline analysis was used to examine the possible non-linear
relationship between physical activity and depression risk.

Results: Multifactorial binary logistic regression analyses
revealed that the odds of depression in middle-aged and older adults who
participated in moderate and high levels of PA, using low levels of PA as a
reference, was reduced by 15% [OR=0.85, 95% CI (0.73, 1), P=0.045] and 5%
[OR=0.95, 95% CI (0.82, 1.11), P=0.541]. Sensitivity analyses showed that
moderate levels of PA significantly reduced the risk of depression in
middle-aged and older adults, indicating the robustness of the results.
Stratified analyses showed that, compared with low levels of PA, moderate
levels of PA significantly reduced the odds of depression in female
middle-aged and older adults by 23% [OR=0.77, 95% CI (0.63, 0.95), P=0.013],
and reduced the odds of depression by 30% in middle-aged and older adults
living in inner-city areas [OR=0.7, 95% CI (0.54, 0.91), P=0.008], and
reduced the odds of depression by 28% in 60- to 69-year-olds [OR=0.72, 95%
CI (0.54, 0.94), P=0.017]. Restricted cubic spline plot results showed a
non-linear dose relationship between PA levels and depression risk in
middle-aged and older adults (P non-linearity=0.002).

Conclusion: The study indicated that participation in moderate
levels of PA associates with a reduction in the probability of depression in
Chinese middle-aged and elderly people compared to low–high levels of
PA.
A178: Effect of Aerobic Exercise Intervention on Anxiety in College
Students
Authors: Chen Yiming , Dai Shengting , Ye Xinming
Published: January 2025

Background/Purpose: The role of exercise interventions in the treatment of
psychiatric disorders is receiving increased attention, and the positive
protective effect of aerobic exercise on anxiety symptoms has now been
extensively demonstrated. This study aimed to investigate the systematic
evaluation of the effects of different aerobic exercise interventions on
anxiety symptoms in college students.

Method: Using keywords such as “physical activity,” “anxiety,” and “college
students” screened Randomized controlled trials (RCT) published until
February 2024 in three databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. A
total of 5073 studies were retrieved after systematically searching
individual databases. After removing duplicate literature, 4112 studies
remained. Following the screening of titles and abstracts, 72 studies were
read in their entirety for refinement. We used the PICOS principle to define
the inclusion criteria for the articles. The analysis was performed using
RevMan 5.4 and Stata 16.0 software.

Results: A total of 6 RCTs comprising 253 college student participants
(exercise n=125; control n=128) were included. The analysis revealed that
aerobic exercise had a statistically significant reduction in anxiety
symptoms compared to the control group in anxious college students
(standardized mean difference=-0.79, 95% CI (-1.10, -0.47); I²=31%).
Mind-body exercise had the most significant effect on anxiety symptoms,
followed by conventional aerobic exercise, and multicomponent aerobic
exercise. Furthermore, experiments of less than 8 weeks and more than 8
weeks showed significant improvement in anxiety symptoms (SMD=-0.74, 95% CI
(-1.13, -0.35), P < 0.01; SMD=-0.81, 95% CI (-1.45, -0.17), P = 0.01).
Additionally, ≤60 min of exercise had a significant effect (SMD=-0.59, 95%
CI (-0.99, -0.20), P < 0.01), and ≥60 min of exercise was more effective
(SMD=-0.94, 95% CI (-1.40, -0.47), P < 0.01). The study also found a
significant improvement in anxiety among low exercise intensity, moderate
exercise intensity, and high exercise intensity (SMD=-0.69, 95% CI (-1.13,
-0.24), P < 0.01); SMD=-0.91, 95% CI (-1.58, -0.25), P < 0.01;
SMD=-0.41, 95% CI (-0.91, -0.08), P = 0.1).

Conclusion/Discussion: Exercise significantly improved anxiety symptoms in
college students, with multicomponent aerobic exercise having the most
significant effect. A moderate-intensity exercise program lasting more than
60 minutes, over 8 weeks, had a greater impact on college students. Future
research is still needed to explore the factors that modulate the effects of
exercise interventions.
A180: The Effects of Weight Control by Hypoxia on Judo Athletes with
HIIT
Authors: Huang Liying
Published: January 2025

Purpose: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is recognized as an
effective means of fat reduction, and HIIT is also used in the
pre-competition weight control of judo. In addition, hypoxic adaptation can
reduce blood lipids, maintain exercise capacity, and improve physical
function. Therefore, this study explored the effects of weight control by
hypoxia on judo athletes with HIIT by observing the changes of body
composition, blood lipids, exercise ability and body function, so that to
explore an innovative method of weight control pre-competition for judo
athletes.

Methods: 12 female athletes of the provincial judo team preparing for the
2023 Guangdong Provincial Juvenile Judo Championships as experimental
subjects. The subjects were randomly divided into experimental group (E) and
control group (C), with 6 athletes in each group. All subjects participated
in HIIT 3 times a week for 60 min each time for 4 weeks. E group was added
with hypoxia (14.5 %O2) for 6 times a week of 12 min each time
for 4 weeks. Body weight, body fat rate, fat-free weight, muscle mass, blood
cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high
density lipoprotein (HDL), and exercise ability (bench press, squat, hard
pull and bench press) and physical function (hemoglobin (Hb), testosterone
(T), cortisol (C) and T/C) were collected and analyzed by GraphPad Prism
(8.0.2) statistical software.

Results: After 4 weeks (1) the body weight, fat removal weight, body fat
percentage, muscle mass and body water of E group and C group all showed a
decreasing trend, but there was no significant differences (P > 0.05);
The indices of body composition in E group were lower than those in C group,
but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). (2) TC and LDL-C of E
group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), C group showed a downward
trend. (3) The hard pull index value of E group was significantly improved
(P < 0.05); E group was better than C group, but there was no significant
difference (P > 0.05). (4) T and T/C in both E group and C group
increased significantly (P < 0.05), and the hemoglobin (Hb) of the
experimental group showed an increasing trend.

Conclusions: After 4 weeks, both HIIT and hypoxia combined with HIIT improved
the body composition and lipid levels of female judo athletes, so that the
exercise ability and physical function had different degrees of improvement,
but the combined effect of hypoxia combined with HIIT was superior to the
single effect of HIIT.
A019: Value Co-Creation of Sports Museums in China
Authors: Chen Jiexin
Published: January 2025

Purpose: This study aimed to conclude the value achievement experience of
International Olympic Museums and to provide practical advice for the
development of Chinese sports museums.

Method: A critical review of existing literature was performed on sport
management and theoretical considerations based on service-dominant logic.
Following the value co-creation framework, this study analyzed the basics,
procedures and targets of value co-creation of 27 international Olympic
museums, which are members of International Group of Olympic Museums.

Results: The results showed that not all the international Olympic museums
were developed successfully, but successful museums shared some common
characters as follows. First, an abundant income sources; second, people
oriented, which means they can take good care of different kinds of people,
especially children and disabled; third, a synergy network which involves
multiple stakeholders; fourth, an immersive scenario for visitors to
experience and interact with sports; furthermore, successful museums achieve
multiple values including social, economic, politic and cultural.

Conclusion: The degree of value achievement in sports museums, as a vital
platform of the dissemination of sports culture, affects the width, depth
and validity of sports culture under the context of Chinese path for
modernization. Lessons from the international sports museums shed light on
how to enrich value within the facilities themselves and how to co-create
value of sports museums in China.
A002: Developing an Instrument to Measure Perceived Costs in Physical
Education
Authors: Li Benzheng , Shen Bo
Published: January 2025

Background/Purpose: Expectancy-value theorists believe that students'
motivation hinges on their beliefs regarding their potential for academic
success and the significance they attribute to the task at hand. Cost is
typically conceptualized as a subcomponent of value and represents students’
perceptions of what they must give up to succeed or engage in a task. To
date, the concept of cost has received scant attention and there has been no
established instrument in physical education (PE). This study was designed
to develop and validate an instrument to measure perceived costs in PE.

Method: There were two waves of data collection. In wave one, 144 students
(mean age=13.8 years) from one middle school in Haikou, China completed a
designed 12-item perceived cost questionnaire adapted from Jiang et al.
(2018) measuring effort cost (e.g., it takes too much of effort for me to do
well in PE), opportunity cost (e.g., I have to give up other activities that
I like to do well in PE), ego cost (e.g., others would think worse of me if
I failed to do well in PE) and psychological cost (e.g., working on PE class
makes me feel stress). Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses
were conducted to examine the designed construct. In wave two, 255 students
(mean age=13.5 years) from another school in Shenzhen, China completed an
identical instrument and choice for future PE. The second confirmatory
factor analysis and measurement invariance tests were conducted across the
two schools.

Results: We performed an exploratory factor analysis with the data in wave
one. The four factors with eigenvalues greater than one accounted for a
substantial portion (73.5%) of the total item variance. Results of the CFA
yielded the satisfied fit indices: CFI = .981, SRMR = .041, and RMSEA =
.055. We used data in wave two to replicate the former CFA to examine the
underlying factor structure. Results revealed adequate model fit, CFI =
.965, SRMR = .034, and RMSEA = .08. Measurement invariance tests supported
the construct invariance across two schools. Costs were significantly and
negatively correlated with choice for future PE, supporting the predictive
validity of the instrument.

Conclusions: The findings provided evidence to the conceptual validation of
the four-factor structure of costs. This effort will enrich the
understanding of the expectancy-value theory and extend its efficacy in
PE.
A020: Study on the Media Image of Guizhou Village Super League Based on
the Grounded Theory
Authors: Wang Zitong
Published: January 2025

Background: The report of the 20th CPC National Congress emphasizes that
Chinese-style modernization entails the harmonious development of material
and spiritual civilization, with the rural masses' spiritual and cultural
well-being serving as a crucial indicator for rural revitalization and
broader economic and social progress. In this context, "VBA", "village
super" and other rural sports events are popular throughout the Internet,
enriching people's spiritual and cultural life, injecting new vitality and
vitality into the cause of national fitness, and contributing new ideas to
rural revitalization and ethnic integration development. Guizhou village
Super League refers to the Rongjiang (Sanbao Dong Village) and the United
States Rural Football Super League in Qiandongnan, Guizhou Province. This
competition will start on May 13, 2023, and finish on July 29 of the same
year. After that, a series of football matches will be held regularly in the
host place of the United States Rural Football Super League, also known as
Guizhou village Super League by the masses.

Method: This paper used Grounded Theory to encode text data related to
Guizhou village Super League, and constructed a theoretical model of media
images of Guizhou village Super League. The research data came from the news
text reports, news video texts, journal articles, and interview texts of 7
people, including staff of local functional departments in Rongjiang.

Result: The findings revealed that the media image of the Guizhou Village
Super League is characterized by its vibrant atmosphere, pure sporting
competition, inclusive celebration involving all members of society, and
fusion with local customs. The ethnic diversity and cultural richness
exhibited in this competition are identified as key drivers shaping its
media representation.

Conclusion: Based on these findings, suggestions for advancing rural sports
events in China included: 1) integrating superior resources to establish
distinctive stadiums; 2) preserving local characteristics while organizing
authentic competitions; 3) promoting coordinated governance among functional
departments to safeguard people's autonomy; 4) transforming such events into
platforms for cultural exchange aimed at bolstering confidence in Chinese
culture.
A022: Effects of Interval Rope-Skipping on Physical Fitness of Middle
School Students
Authors: Wu Ji , Cao Meng
Published: January 2025

Background: Physical fitness is a reliable indicator to measure
one's ability to perform physical activity and exercise and is a determinant
of health status. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of
interval rope-skipping on the physical fitness in middle school students
aged 12 to 14 years old.

Method: A total of 147 students (12.8 ± 0.5 years; 72 females)
participated in the 8-week school intervention program (25 min/session, 3
sessions/week). Participants were assigned to three interval rope-skipping
groups with different work-to-rest ratios (WRR): Intervention group 1 (IG1,
n = 49, WRR = 1.0), Intervention group 2 (IG 2, n = 49, WRR = 0.7), and
Intervention group 3 (IG 3, n = 49, WRR = 1.5). In this study, we assessed
the subjects' physical fitness in terms of body composition,
cardiorespiratory fitness, and muscular strength the day before and the day
after the intervention. Paired t-tests and one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) with Bonferroni post hoc analyses were performed.

Results: After the intervention, when compared with baseline
values, all three groups significantly improved the maximal oxygen uptake,
grip strength, standing long jump, and sit-ups (p < 0.05). Additionally,
the 50-metre sprint test was significantly improved in the IG1 (p < 0.05)
and the IG2 (p < 0.01), but not in the IG3. The inter-group comparison
results showed that the greatest improvement in maximal oxygen uptake and
50-metre sprint test in IG2 (2.89 ± 1.54 mL·kg−1·min−1 and -0.47
± 0.30 s), which was significantly higher than in IG1 (1.98 ± 1.52
mL·kg−1·min−1 and -0.19 ± 0.46 s, p < 0.05) and IG3 (1.70 ±
1.15 mL·kg−1·min−1 and -0.13 ± 0.47 s, p < 0.05). However, no
significant changes in other body composition parameters were observed,
except for body mass index in IG2 ( -0.11 ± 0.28 kg/m2, p <
0.05) and body fat in IG1 ( -0.30 ± 0.78 kg, p < 0.05).

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that 8 weeks of interval
rope-skipping improved the physical fitness of middle school students. The
effectiveness of exercise interventions may be affected by the work-to-rest
ratio as an important moderating variable. Notably, interval rope-skipping
with a work-to-rest ratio of 0.7 may be the most beneficial for improving
the physical fitness of middle school students.
A023: A Comparative Study on Executive Function in Adolescent Students
with Different Levels of Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Authors: Li Yumeng , Yin Xiaojian , Chen Wenwen
Published: January 2025

Background/ Purpose: Adolescence is an important period for the
development of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Executive Function. The better
the Executive Function of teenagers, the stronger the ability to solve
various complex problems in life and learning. At the same time,
Cardiorespiratory Fitness, as the focus of extensive attention in the field
of public health, not only plays an important role and significance in
teenagers' physical health, but also promotes the development of brain
function. Therefore, this study explored the differences of Executive
Function between 13-18 years old adolescents with high and low
Cardiorespiratory Fitness levels, which plays an important guiding role in
the in-depth study of exercise interventions on Executive Function of
adolescents.

Method: Stratified random sampling was used to select
13–18-year-old junior and high school students in Shanghai as the research
participants for Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Executive Function testing,
including 111 girls and 125 boys. According to commonly used international
measurement methods, 20mSRT was used as the standard for measuring
Cardiorespiratory Fitness. According to the standard, 20mSRT scores were
divided into two levels: P70 and P30, to determine the
level of Cardiorespiratory Fitness. Among them, 20mSRT scores ≥
P70 indicated high Cardiorespiratory Fitness levels, and
20mSRT scores < P30 indicated low Cardiorespiratory Fitness
levels. Finally, 69 adolescents with high Cardiorespiratory Fitness levels
and 75 adolescents with low Cardiorespiratory Fitness levels were selected,
and a Dependent T-test was then conducted to compare the Executive Functions
levels of adolescents with high and low Cardiorespiratory Fitness
levels.

Results: A statistically significant difference in inconsistent
response time and consistent response time was observed among adolescents
with different levels of Cardiorespiratory Fitness (t=2.197
and 2.147, respectively, P < 0.05). Also observed was a
statistically significant difference in refresh function response time among
adolescents with different levels of Cardiorespiratory Fitness (t=3.326, P < 0.01) and a
statistically significant differences in the sub functions of conversion
function among adolescents with different levels of Cardiorespiratory
Fitness (t=2.194, 3.073, and 2.186, respectively, P < 0.05).

Conclusions: In addition to inhibitory function, there were
significant differences in Executive Function between adolescents with high
and low levels of Cardiorespiratory Fitness. The higher the level of
Cardiorespiratory Fitness in adolescents, the better their performance in
refreshing and converting in Executive Functions.
A028: AI and Education: The Impact of Virtual Physical Education on
Physical Fitness of College Students
Authors: Zhang Aowei , Gong Shijun , Liu Dongxiao , Wang Yanxin
Published: January 2025

Background/Purpose: Educational artificial intelligence has
been attracting peoples’ attention as a high-profile research topic. At the
end of 2022, the boom of ChatGPT raised a trend to discuss whether the best
future education is virtual education or AI education. However, the impact
of the new education model which tends to cancel school entities still
deserves further exploration. Especially, the impact of this new education
model on students' physical fitness needs to be studied.

Method: Research data are supported by the physical education
academic of Jiaying University in south China. Each year, every Chinese
university will complete an annual physical fitness test for undergraduates.
Totally, physical fitness test data of 15,000 Chinese undergraduate students
were monitored before and after the intervention. After data collection and
cleaning, paired-samples t-test was applied to analyze the differences
between the data before and after the intervention.

Results: As the analysis results demonstrated, after 8 months
of intervention, the body size index: BMI had increased significantly both
in males and females; the vital capacity test results of all students had
declined; Aerobic capacity: male students had shown different trends from
females, with males’ data being better than before; Flexibility and
explosive power of all college students were obviously improved; Strength
quality indexes, such as timed sit-ups (female) and pull-ups (male), have
both decreased slightly.

Conclusion/Discussion: The possible effects of large-scale AI
online physical education on college students' physical strength are still
worthy of further exploration. Based on the research above, for
universities, abolishing the college entity may result in increased BMI,
reduced cardiopulmonary function, and weakened women's aerobic endurance and
men’s flexibility. If the problems of BMI, cardiopulmonary function, women's
aerobic endurance, and men’s flexibility can be solved, it is possible that
college physical education could be implemented without school entities.
A029: The Impact of Naturalized Players on the Development of
Basketball
Authors: Yang Baiyi , Du Pengcen , Wang Aijia , Tang Qing , Liu Jiang
Published: January 2025

The globalization of basketball has introduced a dynamic shift with the
inclusion of naturalized players, presenting a multifaceted impact on the
sport's development. This paper aimed to address the key challenges and
opportunities associated with the integration of naturalized players in the
realm of basketball, emphasizing the significance of comprehending this
phenomenon.

The primary challenge tackled in this study was the nuanced adjustment of
team dynamics and playing strategies necessitated by the presence of
naturalized players. This study found through a literature survey,
historically, traditional team structures have been built around local
talent, and the incorporation of foreign players demands a delicate balance
to optimize team cohesion and performance. The involvement of naturalized
players in a basketball team can have various impacts on the overall team
dynamics, depending on factors such as the degree of integration of these
players with the existing team, leadership styles, and team culture.
Currently, most countries around the world have been utilizing naturalized
players, all with impressive results. Previously, Spain introduced Serge
Ibaka, dominating the paint at the Beijing Olympics. More recently, the
Philippines started to shine in the Asian Cup after acquiring Jordan
Clarkson. In recent days, the Chinese men's basketball team has also begun
exploring the utilization of naturalized player Li Kai'er.

Through international basketball events, not only can basketball be
popularized globally, but they also provide a platform for players from
various countries to showcase their talents and athletic abilities.
Naturalized players play multiple roles in international basketball events.
Firstly, they bring more international elements to the team, showcasing the
multicultural characteristics of basketball as a global sport. Secondly,
naturalized players often possess rich experience and high-level skills,
adding strength and depth to the team. Such players can play a decisive role
in critical moments, enhancing the team's competitiveness on the
international stage. In promoting basketball globalization, naturalized
players serve as bridges. They not only demonstrate their strength on the
court but also serve as a medium for cultural exchange between different
countries and regions. The participation of naturalized players enables fans
to more widely identify with the team, allowing basketball to transcend into
social dimensions.

In conclusion, the paper explored the impact of naturalized players on
basketball development. It addressed challenges, stresses the importance of
understanding this phenomenon, and offered actionable solutions. Embracing
and adapting to naturalized players becomes essential for basketball's
strategic growth, showcasing the diversity within the global basketball
community.
A003: Autonomy and Integration
Authors: Jiang Peipei , Chen Huiying
Published: January 2025

Background/Purpose: This study aimed to explore the professional practice of
Chinese physical education teachers to promote their professional
development. In the context of physical education curriculum reform, by
delving into the "real events" and "complete stories" of Chinese high school
physical education teachers, a professional practice landscape of Chinese
high school physical education teachers was constructed to deepen
understanding of their patterns and future action strategies. This paper
defined professional practice of Chinese physical education teachers as the
process of promoting professional development through interactions in the
school context.

Method: This study is based on the constructivist research paradigm, with the
theoretical foundations of the theory of structuration and dramaturgy
theory. Three cases were selected for a case study using purposive sampling.
Embracing the concept of "the researcher as a tool", the study employed
in-depth interviews and field observations as methods of data collection.
Textual analysis was used for data analysis and processing.

Results: This study involved a total of 8 in-depth interviews and 12
engagements in educational research activities. The accumulated
transcription text from the interviews amounted to 142,000 words,
accompanied by 12 field notes and over 200 photographs. Based on the data,
through in-depth analysis of three specific cases, the characteristics and
elements of professional practice for Chinese high school physical education
teachers were revealed. Professional practice for Chinese high school
physical education teachers was characterized by experiential, active,
comprehensive, and dynamic features. The patterns of professional practice
included cognitive practice, group interaction practice, and individual
identity practice.

Conclusion/Discussion: The research findings revealed two key elements in the
evolution of the "landscape" of professional practice for Chinese high
school physical education teachers: autonomous exploration and interactive
integration. Although this study was innovative in the field of professional
development for Chinese physical education teachers, it is still necessary
to strengthen dialogue with existing theories and conduct more in-depth
literature reviews and theoretical discussions. Future research should also
focus on addressing the limitations, deepening the theoretical understanding
of professional practice, and promoting the sustainability of professional
development for physical education teachers.
A034: Relationship Between Motor Competence and Physical Activity in
Children Aged 3-6 with Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Song Yu , Li Hongjuan , Fei Xi , Yan Shuo , Long Xiangwei , Chen Yanjie
Published: January 2025

Background/Purpose: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)
is a specific motor function developmental disorder. Motor performance and
motor learning in children with DCD lag behind that of typically developing
(TD) children. Research has shown that motor competence (MC) in childhood
can predict future physical activity (PA). However, there is controversy
about the level of PA in early childhood with DCD, and it is not clear
whether MC can predict PA. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to
compare the differences between MC and PA of 3-6 year old DCD children and
TD children, and to explore the relationship between MC and PA of DCD
children.

Methods: A total of 90 children aged 3-6 with DCD in a hospital
were selected, and 90 children with TD were selected as the control group
using gender and age as matching factors. The MC of children were assessed
using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children and the Test of Gross
Motor Development; PA of children was investigated using the Questionnaire
of Parents of Physical Activities of Young Children. Independent samples
t-tests and nonparametric tests were used to compare the MC and PA of DCD
children and TD children, respectively; partial correlation and linear
regression were used to explore the relationship between MC and PA in
children with DCD.

Results: The scores of manual dexterities, aiming and catching,
body balance ability, and locomotor skills in DCD children were lower than
those in TD children (P < 0.05). There was no difference
between DCD children and TD children in total PA and moderate-to-vigorous
physical activity (MVPA) outside school (P > 0.05); DCD
children's manual dexterity and locomotor skills were positively correlated
with weekend MVPA (r = 0.237, 0.260, P
< 0.05), aiming and catching were positively correlated with MVPA outside
school on weekdays (r = 0.274, P = 0.010);
locomotor skills (β = 0.264, P =
0.038), aiming and catching (β = 0.287, P = 0.010) had predictive effects on MVPA on weekends
and outside school on weekdays, respectively.

Conclusion/Discussion: The DCD children exhibited lower MC
compared to the TD children, yet their levels of PA were like those of the
TD children, indicating that a deficit in PA does not seem to exist in early
childhood. In addition, aiming, catching, and locomotor skills of children
with DCD can promote PA. This indicates that the early intervention of DCD
should be based on the development of MC, and a personalized intervention
plan should be developed to promote the healthy growth of DCD.
A035: What Makes Ecological Sport Possible: Reflections on Lewis
Mumford's Technological View of Mass Sport
Authors: Gao Qiang , Shi Guosheng
Published: January 2025

Background/Purpose: Lewis Mumford insightfully points out that
"if sport is played for sport's sake, then its primary significance is
lost". Under the coercion of the machine system, sport has become a
so-called spontaneous response to resist the machine system, but such
spontaneous response has not succeeded in resisting the machine system,
instead, it has made sport itself a compensatory system to stabilize the
order under the machine system, which has led to a crisis in the ecology of
sport itself. Mumford's critique is an effective path to solving the
ecological crisis of sport by practicing deep ecological sport ideology.
Deep ecological view of sport is a view of sport that organically combines
nature, sport and people.

Method: Using qualitative research methods, such as literature
analysis and textual analysis, starting from the logic of the book Technology and Civilization, placing ourselves in the
historical environment where Mumford is located, and combining the critical
logic of Technology and Civilization, we excavate the
commonality between Lewis Mumford's critical thought and the deep ecological
sports thought.

Results: Mumford notes that sport exists in abstract form in
the machine civilization, and he summarizes the elements that sport
possesses: the spectacle of the event, the competition in the event, and the
popular new type of hero.

Spectators see the spectacle and feel mobilized because of the characteristic
satisfaction that the machine system brings to the spectator, but this
satisfaction is based on the cost of damaging the athlete's body. At the
same time, time has replaced visible opponents, and the original race of the
event against the man has become a race against the record, with people far
more keen on setting records than they are concerned with placing. The
emergence of sports stars has rendered it pointless for sport to rebel
against the machine system, for sport has become an integral part of a
generally tightly controlled life.

Conclusion/Discussion: The mass sport under the machine system
criticized by Mumford puts the benefits brought by sport above life, and the
significance of people as well as sport is seriously distorted. What Mumford
hopes for, and what the deep ecological view of sport ideology
practises[sic], is to establish an organic worldview, so that inhuman,
mechanized sport can be transformed into human, organic and ecological
sport, and thus a real solution to the ecological crisis of sport can be
found.
A037: The Influence of Absolute-Speed Training Under Long-Jump in
Take-Off Area on Run-Up Performance and Results
Authors: Fu Ziyu , Ji Ruijian , Liu Ziyi , Zhang Huaichuan
Published: January 2025

Purpose: Recently, the IAAF put forward the idea of changing
the long jump to the starting area, and the implementation of this rule will
inevitably change the training strategy of the long jump event. Compared
with pedal take-off, the speed of running under the take-off zone rule has a
greater impact on performance. Therefore, this study adopted the measurement
methods of take-off zone and take-off board. The take-off zone was to take
the take-off position in the area as the starting point for measuring the
long jump distance. Compared with the traditional pedal take-off, the
difference in the run-up performance and results of absolute speed training
under these two take-off methods were analyzed.

Method: In this study, 16 student-athletes were divided into
the area group and the board group by the method of literature, experiment
and video analysis. Before and after the intervention, three times a week
for eight weeks, the 30-meter run, the 30-meter run between marching, the
standing long jump and the long jump were tested. The average speed of the
last 5 meters and the last 5-10 meters of the long jump run-up were
collected and the differences before and after the experiment were
compared.

Results: (1) Both the 30-meter run and the 30-meter run between
the two groups improved, and the standing long jump performance did not
change significantly. (2) There were no significant differences in the speed
of the last 5-10 meters of the run-up between the two groups, but the speed
of the last 5 meters of the board group decreased significantly along with
decreased stride length (p < 0.01). (3) The speed of the last 5 meters
and the last 5-10 meters in the zone group did not change and the stride
length was average.

Discussion: (1) For the starting area long jump, absolute speed
training can improve performance. However, the effect is not satisfactory in
the springboard long jump, because the stride length and rhythm change with
speed. (2) In the starting board long jump in the speed training at the same
time with the run-up rhythm of training to achieve the best results. (3) If
the IAAF promotes the starting area long jump, athletes with strong speed
will have greater advantage, while "technical" athletes who rely on pedal
accuracy may face greater challenges.
A040: The Effect of Blended Online and Offline Physical Education on the
Health-Related Indexes of Undergraduates
Authors: Gong Shijun , Zhang Aowei , Liu Dongxiao , Liu Yanxin
Published: January 2025

Background/Purpose: With the explosive development of
artificial intelligence, many scholars have carried out research around the
combination of online and offline physical education courses. Current
research has focused on developing the application of information technology
in the classroom teaching of physical education. The main purpose addressed
in this study was to investigate the possible effects of implementing such a
blended online and offline physical education at home on the health-related
indices of students.

Method: Totally 14,708 college students participated, including
6,125 males and 8,583 females. In the analysis approach, research was
adopted using SPSS 26.0, specifically the paired-samples T test to compare
data between two semesters. By analyzing the Nation Students Fitness Test
data in a Chinese university, studies have discussed the effects of blended
PE courses, such as the differences in body shape, respiratory system
function, body strength, speed, flexibility quality, and endurance quality
before and after the curriculum. These students came from different
provinces with sufficient cultural diversity, which ensures the results
won't be biased.

Results: After a whole semester, for females BMI declined from
19.85 kg/m2 to 19.82 kg/m2, the Vital capacity from 2666.07 ml to 2617.96
ml, 800-m run consumed time increased from 240.31 s to 242.40 s, standing
long jump and sit and reach had increased from 155.10 cm to 159.97 cm and
from 17.17 cm to 17.57 cm, respectively; The 50-m sprint had decreased from
9.61 s to 9.53 s, timed sit-ups fluctuated from 36.41 n to 36.40 n. While
for males, BMI increased from 20.36 kg/m2 to 20.41 kg/m2, vital capacity had
decreased from 3188.00 ml to 3085.17 ml, 1000-m run consumed time increased
from 248.41 s to 251.60 s, sit and reach and pull-ups declined slightly from
14.71 cm to 14.64 cm and 10.50 n to 10.16 n, respectively. 50-m sprint (7.91
s to 7.85 s) and standing long jump (208.84 cm to 215.38 cm).

Conclusion/Discussion: Based on the results, although the
decline of students' vital capacity and endurance running were obvious, the
data supported that blended curriculum exerted a desirable influence and is
a great additional option for PE courses to help students offset sedentary
behavior while improving undergraduates' explosive power, body strength, and
speed. The blended physical education curriculum should be explored
further.
A046: Recreational Skiing Injury Rate
Authors: Guan Hongwei , Guan David , Li Xiaoran
Published: January 2025

Background/Purpose: More people in China are participating in
snow sports, especially after the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics. Despite
health benefits, skiing and snowboarding are associated with injury risk.
Ski safety and injury prevention are essential for sustainable operation of
ski resorts with the rapid development of snow sports in China. The purpose
of this study was to examine the injury rate at a popular medium-sized ski
resort in Central New York and compare it with that of similar ski resorts
in Northeastern China.

Method: Direct ski patrol observation and injury incident
reports of three seasons from 2020-21 to 2022-23 were obtained from the Ski
Patrol. Ski visits and operation data were obtained from ski resort
management. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the dataset.
Categorical values were expressed as numbers and relative frequencies. The
incidence of injuries was calculated in terms of 1000 skier days (IPTSD), in
accordance with previous literature. The one-sample t-test was used to
compare injury rates within this study and with other studies.

Results: 66139, 63363 and 54027 skier visits with 277, 323, and
347 incidents of injury were recorded, respectively, across three ski
seasons at the ski resort, resulting in an overall injury rate of 5.24%
IPTSD. No significant changes were observed for the injury rate across the
three seasons. More injuries were reported on easier trails (Green) than
more challenging trails (Blue and Black). Compared with the 1.45% IPTSD of
injury rate of medium-size ski resorts in Northeastern China, the 5.24% is
significantly higher (p < .05). Compared with 4.4% ~ 5.9% IPTSD injury
rates in ski resorts in Chongli area, there was no significant
difference.

Conclusion/Discussion: More recreational skiing injuries
occurred on easier trails than on more challenging trails, which is
consistent with ski resorts in China. This can be attributed to the crowded
conditions on easier trails and lower skier skill levels. However, a
significantly higher injury rate was observed in the studied ski resort than
that of similar ski resorts in Northeastern China. This higher injury rate
may have been related to the data used in this study. The injury rates
reported in studies were based on surveys. Injuries requiring no clinical
treatment may have been excluded. Establishment of a ski patrol organization
could improve service to ski injuries and promote ski safety and sustainable
development of snow sports in China.