bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Characteristics and Therapeutic Outcome of Carotid-Cavernous Fistula
Authors: Yuneta Ressa , Sidik M , Nusanti Syntia , Pandelaki Jacub
Published: January 2024

Background: Carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal communication between the carotid arterial system and the cavernous sinus. It can manifest as proptosis, bruit, corkscrew appearance or other signs. The aims of this study were to evaluate the clinical characteristics and result of CCF therapy.Methods: This is a retrospective study which evaluated the clinical characteristic, outcome of therapy and complications after embolization in CCF patient confirmed by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) from January 2012 to December 2014.Results: Twenty-three patients, 16 male and 7 female, were diagnosed as CCF. Mean age was 26Â±10.5 years old. The most common etiology was trauma (91.3%) with onset ranging from immediately to 17 months after trauma. The frequent ocular manifestations were proptosis, bruit, and conjunctival abnormalities. Other ocular signs were ophthalmoplegia, secondary glaucoma, abnormalities of posterior segment, and decrease of visual acuity. Seventy-eight percent patient was type A CCF. Fifteen patients underwent embolization, 3 patients couldnâ€™t be embolized then treated by manual carotid compression, 5 patients were still waiting for schedule of embolization. Clinical signs of 63% patients were improved in 1 week after embolization. After several months, 2 patients with carotid compression was improved and 1 patient had persistent signs. Complications of embolization include transient sensoric aphasia (1 pasien) and central retinal vein occlusion (2 patients).Conclusion: Clinical characteristics of CCF in this study were not different with previous descriptive studies and most cases showed improvement in clinical signs after therapy. Â Keywords: CCF, embolization
Pneumatic Retinopexy in Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment : Case Series
Authors: Banta Fauzan Teuku , Djatikusumo Ari , Elvioza Elvioza , Andayani Gitalisa , Yudhanta Anggun Rama , Hutapea Mario Marbungaran , Victor Andi Arus
Published: January 2024

In the case of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), pneumatic retinopexy is an alternative choice besides scleral buckling and pars plana vitrectomy. This case series describes two cases of RRD with superotemporal tear treated succesfully with pneumatic retinopexy. The expandable gas used in this study was 0.4 cc perfluoropropane (C3F8) gas, patientâ€™s head is immediately positioned face down (prone), then slowly turned into an upright position in accordance with the tear for 1-3 days. Laser retinopexy using an argon laser is performed after the retina is properly reattached. Ten months after pneumatic retinopexy, the VA of RE in case I remained at 6/18 with reattached retina. At four weeks, VA of RE in case II was at 3/60 with reattached retina. VA of both cases was relatively satisfactory with retinal reattachment in a single procedure. The anatomical and functional success of pneumatic retinopexy is related to macular status before surgery, retinal detachment area, phakic status, or the presence of PVR and high myopia.
Deteksi Central Serous Chorioretinopathy dengan Faktor Risiko Kehamilan dengan Menggunakan Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: John Ade , Sumual Vera
Published: January 2024

Latar belakang : Central serous Chorioretinopathy merupakan kondisi dimana neurosensory retina terlepas karena terjadinya penumpukan cairan serous pada lapisan Retinal pigment epithelium. Salah satu faktor risiko terjadinya CSC ialah kehamilan. Ilustrasi kasus: Kami melaporkan sebuah kasus pasien Central serous Chorioretinopathy dengan faktor risiko kehamilan. Pasien berusia 24 tahun datang dengan keluhan kedua mata kabur setelah melahirkan anak pertama. Pasien tidak memiliki riwayat mata kabur atau penggunaan kacamata sebelumnya. Pemeriksaan dengan amsler grid menunjukkan metamorphopsia. Pada pemeriksaan segmen posterior ditemukan warna kekuningan pada sekitar fovea dan bagian makula tampak agak menonjol pada kedua mata. Pemeriksaan penunjang dengan menggunakan OCT menunjang penegakan diagnosis. Terapi pada pasien ini diberikan roboransia berupa pyridoxine dan pasien menunjukkan perbaikan pada hari ke 90.

Kesimpulan: Optical Coherence Tomography dapat digunakan sebagai modalitas penunjang medik yang membantu dalam penegakan diagnosis dan melihat perjalanan penyakit Central Serous Chorioretinopathy.
Clinical Efficacy of Fresh Amniotic Membrane Transplantation in Non- Healing Corneal Ulcer
Authors: Setyowati Reny , Goenawan Kristian , Prawiroranu Suhardjo
Published: January 2024

Objective: Severe corneal ulcer requires immediate intensive topical antibiotics, although potentially toxic to corneal epithelium and may contribute for prolonged corneal epithelial defect. Fresh-amniotic membrane transplantation (F-AMT) could act as an adjuvant therapy that counterbalances the epithelial toxicity effect and exerting antimicrobial actions. This study evaluates the clinical improvement and factors associated with the success rate of F-AMT using suturing technique.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of 28 patients (28 eyes) conducted at Dr Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta. Inclusion criteria were patients with severe corneal ulcer unresponsive to conventional medical treatment who underwent multilayer F-AMT using suturing technique. Clinical improvement such as hypopyon, size of the corneal defect, and antibiotic medication were evaluated. Results: Corneal epithelial healing was effectively restored at 25 days post F-AMT. There were statistically significant difference in patientâ€™s blepharospasm (p= 0,00) and pain scale postoperative (p=0,00). There was no significant difference in patients visual acuity postoperative. Factors such as the size of the corneal defect, hypopyon, leucocyte count and neutrophil count were not correlated to epithelial healing. Failure was noted in 7 patients (25%) because of a persistent corneal defect. No patient developed major immediate postoperative complications.

Conclusion: F-AMT could be an optional adjuvant therapy with excellent results to treat non-healing severe corneal ulcer unresponsive to medical treatment by promoting epithelial healing.
A Rare Case Report of Bilateral Traumatic Carotid Cavernous Fistula
Authors: Fadli Rafika Sari , Sidik M , Nusanti Syntia
Published: January 2024

Objective : To increase the awareness for ophthalmologist in diagnosing rare case of bilateral traumatic carotid cavernous fistula that could lead to serious complications.
Case description : A 44 years old woman came with chief complaint of squint and diplopia since one month after traffic accident. She had been underwent orbital bone fracture repair at previous hospital immediately. There was complaint of headache, blurred vision, double vision and pain on the eyes one month after trauma. There was no history of redness or proptosis. Examination revealed 6/6 for the right and 6/8.5 for the left eye corrected visual acuity, 30 degrees exotropia, normal intraocular pressures (IOP), restriction on eyes movement especially on the left eye, normal anterior and posterior segment, and no bruit. CT orbital revealed bilateral dilated and tortuous of the ophthalmica vein with suspicious of carotid cavernous fistula (CCF). Patient developed slowly progressive conditions such as proptosis non axial on the left eye, redness with corkscrew appearance on both eyes, restriction of the ocular movement and also founded bruit on both eyes within two months follow up. CT angiography revealed CCF bilateral type A. Patient underwent digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and balloon embolization four months after diagnosed.
Conclusion : Although bilateral carotid cavernous fistula is a rare case, performing a suitable diagnostic examination would help to prevent devastating outcome. Prognosis depends on severity and time span from symptoms to treatment.
Comparison of High Order Abberations Between Laser in Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) and Refractive Lenticule Extraction (ReLEx) Surgeries
Authors: Tri Wahyu  , Susi Heryati
Published: January 2024

Background: The needs of refractive surgery with laser to correct refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism) have become more demanded. Eventhough the procedures can produce expected efficacy and safety, modification in corneal surface can affect optical and visual quality, resulting in visual distortion and artefacts (glare, halo, starburst) called high order aberrations (HOA).

Objective: To report the differences of high order aberration before and after corneal ablation and refractive lenticule extraction surgery.

Methods: This is an analytical retrospective observational study which conclude 60 patients (115 eyes) who underwent laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), femtosecond laser-assissted laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK), femtosecond lenticule extraction (FLEx), and small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) during the periode of January 2017 to August 2018.

Results: Of 115 eyes, the mean of pre-operative high-order abberations were divided into four groups: LASIK was 7.27±3.85, FS-LASIK was 7.06±5.77, FLEx was 6.43±3.14, and SMILE was 3.73±1.41. Trefoil was the most common high-order abberations in pre-operative data of LASIK, FLEx, and SMILE (50.0%, 56.25%, and 51.72% respectively), while coma was mostly found in FS-LASIK (46.67%). Coma was the most common finding in first and third month after surgery. High-order aberrations between first and third month after surgery were not statistically significant different (p=0.465, p=0.889, p=0.263, and p=0.508 respectively).

Conclusion: All types of procedures of corneal ablation and refractive lenticule extractions surgeries are effective and safe in correcting refractive errors. There were no differences of post-operative high- order aberrations in all types of procedures.
The Tingkat Keberhasilan Trabekulektomi dan Faktor yang Berpengaruh pada Keberhasilan Trabekulektomi di RS Dr. Kariadi Semarang
Authors: Pristiwati Novika , Rahmi Fifin Luthfia
Published: January 2024

Latar belakang : Trabekulektomi merupakan prosedur yang sering dilakukan untuk menurunkan tekanan intra okuler ( TIO ) pada pasien glaukoma. Tingkat keberhasilan trabekulektomi dapat dinilai melalui TIO.
Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui tingkat keberhasilan trabekulektomi di RS dr. Kariadi Semarang serta untuk mngidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya.
Metode : penelitian ini merupakan suatu studi kohort retrospektif. Pasien yang menjalani trabekulektomi primer di RS dr. Kariadi pada 2016 -2017 dievaluasi selama 3 bulan berturut – turut dan dikelompokkan ke dalam 3 kategori: berhasil total , berhasil sebagian, dan gagal. Faktor – faktor baik preoperatif , intraoperatif dan postoperatif dianalisa untuk mengetahui besar pengaruhnya terhadap keberhasilan trabekulektomi.
Result : Terdapat 164 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Tingkat keberhasilan pada kelompok berhasil total trabekulektomi adalah sebesar 28,4% dan berhasil sebagian sebesar 44,2 % Berdasarkan penelitian ini riwayat operasi intraokuler dan tingkat keparahan glaukoma menjadi faktor yang mempengaruhi hasil akhir trabekulektomi. Evaluasi TIO selama 3 bulan pada kelompok berhasil total lebih stabil dibandingkan kelompok lain.
Kesimpulan : Tingkat keberhasilan dapat dinilai melalui TIO. Riwayat operasi intraokuler dan
derajat keparahan glaukoma merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat keberhasilan trabekulektomi.
Karakteristik Klinis Kasus Pterygium di Rumah Sakit Dr. Kariadi
Authors: Purnomo Dedi , Novita Dina , Winarto Winarto
Published: January 2024

Introduction and Objective: Pterygium is a fibrovascular tissue growth of conjunctiva. The aim of this study was to report the clinical characteristic of pterygium cases in dr. Kariadi Hospital Semarang.
Method: This is a retrospective study of pterygium patients medical records who went to surgery in Ophthalmology Department of Kariadi Hospital Semarang, from March 2012 to April 2017. The data of patient age, gender, occupation, laterality, site of pterygium, visual acuity, type of surgery, recurrences, and complications were collected. Descriptive statistics analysis was used to analyzed demographic and clinical profile of patient.
Result: Seventy-six patients were included in this study consist of 61.8% were female and 31.2% were male. The mean age was 46.04 ± 12.76 years (range 18-65 years). Most of the patients were housewife (30.3%) and private worker (25%). Fifty-six percent of patients have unilateral pterygium and mostly on nasal site (90.79%). Twenty-five percent of patients underwent excision with limbal-autograft. Five patients (13.9%) have recurrences, therefore overall recurences rate was 13.9%, in which three patients (17.6%) without graft recurrence occured at first year treatment and two patients (9.5%) with graft recurrence occured at third year treatment. Most patients have best corrected visual acuity between 6/6 to 6/18 before and after treatment (40.7% and 55.26% respectively). Complications were recurrence (6.58%), post-operative refractive disorders (5.26%).
Conclusion: pterygium patients mostly were housewife with unilateral and located on nasal site. Recurence rate of pterygium excision with conjungtivo limbal-autograft was smaller than bare sclera technique in which occured at 3 year of post operation.
Surgical Result of Goniotomy on Primary Congenital Glaucoma in Indonesia Patient
Authors: Akbar Arini , Istiantoro Virawardhana , Manurung Florence
Published: January 2024

Objective: To present a case of goniotomy procedure and angle imaging on primary congenital
glaucoma (PCG) in Indonesian patient.Case presentation: a 6 month old baby presenting with enlarged left eye since birth. The ophthalmological examination found good light and object fixation on both eyes. The eyes were orthophoric. There was no nystagmus and movement restriction. The corneal diameter of the right eye was 10 mm and the left eye was 13 mm. Haab striae (+) on left eye. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was 11 mmHg on right eye and 35 mmHg on left eye. There were no other abnormalities on both eyes. A goniotomy procedure was done on the left eye. The IOP of the left eye on 1 day, 1 week and 3 month post surgery were 6, 18 and 17 mmHg respectively. The cornea of the left eye was clear despite the Haab striae dan bruckner test was good. Optic nerve head examination of the left eye was good and the cup to disk ratio was 0.5.Conclusions: Surgical therapy is usually warranted in the management of PCG. Goniotomy is typically chosen as the initial surgery when the refractive media is clear and direct visualization of the angle is visible. The advantage of goniotomy over other angle surgeries for PCG is spare of the conjunctiva for filtration surgery if required in the future. Our case of goniotomy on PCG in Indonesian patient showed good results and promising prognosis post procedure.
The Compliance of Ready-Made Spectacle-Wear and Custom-Spectacle-Wear in Refractive Errors Screening
Authors: Tiara Puti , Halim Aldiana , Sugiarti Emmy
Published: January 2024

Background: Uncorrected refractive errors that could seriously affect children’s future. The compliance of spectacle-wear has been a problem in refractive errors management in developing countries in terms of the cost, availability and service range of both medical professionals and optical service.
Aim: To study the compliance inferiority of ready-made spectacle-wear compared to custom spectacle-wear in refractive errors screening program.Method: Non-inferiority trial research, cluster-randomized trial was conducted to children aged 11-15 years old. Participants with corrected refractive errors (presenting visual acuity <6/12, spherical equivalent -6.00 until +6.00 Diopter (D), astigmatism ?1.00 D, anisometropic ?1.00 D) without other ocular abnormalities were given ready-made spectacles (RMS) and custom spectacles (CS). The observation was carried out in the first (1st) and third (3rd) month; subsequently, non-inferiority test was conducted with 20% margin.
Result: Of 1009 school children, 365 were detected with uncorrected refractive errors. Among this number, 220 participants that met the inclusion criteria were prescribed RMS (n = 110) and CS (n = 110). The most common type of refractive errors found was myopia with mild degree of refractive errors. Compliance rate on the first (1st) month for RMS-wear was 63.6% and for CS-wear was 75.5% with d = -11.9% (95% CI -17.95% until -5.85%). Compliance rate on the third month (3rd) for RMS- wear was 65.5% and for CS-wear was 72.7% with d = -7.2% (CI 95% -12.03% until -2.37%). Conclusion: Based on the compliance observation performed in the first (1st) and third (3rd) month, there was no inferiority found among RMS-wear compared to CS-wear. This result could be used as the foundation of RMS use as an alternative for refractive errors management in refractive errors screening program to solve problems in the area of cost, availability and service range of both medical and optical service.
Comparison of Improvement of Quality of Life After Using Ready- Made Spectacles and Custom-Made Spectacles in Junior High School Students in Bandung District
Authors: Ginting Dianita , Natalya Susanti , Virgana Rova , Halim Aldiana
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Uncorrected refractive error remains a leading cause of blindness and visual impairment among different population groups worldwide. In school children, it has a considerable impact on quality of life including social development, school performance and academic achievement that can affect their future. Management of refractive errors in developing countries is not adequate related to the cost, availability and distance of health and optical services. Hence, early detection and intervention with ready-made spectacles at the time of school children vision screening programs is expected to help solving these problems.
Objective: To evaluate outcome measure of wearing ready-made spectacles (RMS) and custom-made spectacles (CS) on children’s quality of life.Method: A non-inferiority trial with a margin of 25%, cluster-randomized trial. Children aged 11-15 years in Bandung Regency, that meet the inclusion criteria were randomized to receive RMS and CS. Main study outcome was global score on the National Eye Institute Refractive Error Quality of Life- 42 after one month of wearing study glasses, comparing both group.
Result: A total of 220 eligible subject were allocated to RMS (n = 110) and CS groups (n = 110) respectively. Baseline and end line score data were available for 220 (100%) of subjects. Improvement of quality of life in RMS group was 19.48±9.33 and CS was 24.14±9.68 with D = -18.11(CI 95% - 19.36 to -16.64).
Conclusion: Improvement of quality of life in RMS group is non-inferior compare with CS group
Posner-Schlossman Syndrome (Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis) A 5-Year Review
Authors: Rusmayani Emma
Published: January 2024

Background: Posner-Schlossman syndrome (PSS) or glaucomatocyclitic crisis is a rare condition with self-limited unilateral recurrent episodes of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and mild anterior chamber inflammation in which diagnosis can be challenging. We reviewed our 5-year experience with PSS to give a brief picture of the natural characteristic of the disease.
Methods: We investigated 56 eyes from 52 patients (24 males and 28 females; both eyes for 2 males and 2 females) diagnosed with PSS during the years 2012-2017 in the Jakarta Eye Center Menteng and Kedoya. Data were collected on age, gender, visual acuity, episode of attacks, drugs regimen, IOP during attacks and after surgery or treatment in the latest follow up.
Results: The mean age of the 52 patients was 48.13 years-old (range, 18–82 years). The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) of initial record for all 56 eyes was 37.63 mmHg (ranged from 10-65 mmHg). The mean visual acuity during attacks was 0.87 LogMAR and mean episode of attacks was 2.41 times, with 41% of the cases were their first time onset. Medical treatment was efficacious for 39 patients (69.62 %). Eight patients (14.82 %) underwent a surgical treatment and all had normal IOP afterwards.
Conclusions: PSS was found more in middle-aged patients. PSS tend to be the typical self-limiting and response well to medical treatment. However, the episodic and recurrent nature of PSS should be a concern. Therefore, patients with PSS must have regular evaluation of visual acuity, visual fields and IOP.
A Five-Year Study of Cicatricial Entropion at Kirana Eye Hospital: Clinical Characteristics and Surgical Outcomes
Authors: Irawati Yunia , Wicaksono Bachtiar , Paramita Carennia
Published: January 2024

Purpose: Cicatricial entropion is an inward turning of eyelid margin caused by scarring tissue of the posterior lamella. The chronic damage of cicatricial entropion can irritate the ocular surface and harm the cornea. Proper reconstructive surgery techniques are needed to prevent further damage and visual impairment. This retrospective study was done to evaluate the clinical characteristics of cicatricial entropion and surgical outcomes to repair entropion at Kirana Eye Hospital, dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Methods: Records of all patients with cicatricial entropion who underwent surgical repair between January 2012 and December 2017 were reviewed retrospectively. Variables include basic and clinical characteristics, and surgical outcomes were recorded and analysed.
Results: A hundred and twenty-two eyelids from 79 patients were included. Of those patients, 57% were female with mean age 51.4 years old. The laterality tendency is bilateral in 43 patients (54.4%). The most common initial complaints were foreign body sensation (35.4%). Cicatricial entropion is most commonly found on the upper eyelid (97.5%) with moderate severity. The majority of etiology is unknown but referred to chronic ocular surface inflammation in 51 eyelids (64.6%). Combined procedures were performed in most of the eyelids (79.5%).
Conclusion: It is imperative that combined procedures be carried out in a moderate-severe degree cicatricial entropion. In our current study, recurrence mostly happen in patients suffering from Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
Satisfied Result of Modified Knapp Procedure for A Rare Case of Isolated Superior Rectus Muscle Rupture
Authors: Guardana Gusti , Simatupang Lasmida Ruth
Published: January 2024

Purpose: To report a successful management of strabismus after isolated superior rectus muscle rupture with modified Knapp procedure.
Case Description: A 23-year-old patient with chief complain of having double vision since 6 days. He had history of falling and his right eye hit the floor. After that, he had double vision and his right eye could not move normally to the right and up gaze. Ophthalmology examination of right eye, uncorrected visual acuity was 6/12 and not improved with pinhole. He had 15 PD esotropia and right hypotropia on Hirschberg test. Right eye movement was restricted to to lateral, superotemporal and superonasal (-3 on abduction and elevation). The superior rectus muscle was barely visible at superior part of orbit. However, Computed Tomography scan showed there was not any enlargement of the extra ocular muscles. He had exploration surgery and intraoperatively the superior rectus muscle could not be identified. Surgeon decided to do modified Knapp procedure. On the third week and second month of follow up, patient did not have any complain of diplopia and no vertical and horizontal deviation.
Conclusion: Isolated superior rectus muscle rupture is a rare case. A thorough patient’s history, ophthalmology and imaging technique are needed to establish the etiology. Modified Knapp procedure gave a satisfied result in this case to treat the esotropia and hypotropia.
AN ACTIVE, SIGHT-THREATENING GRAVES’ ORBITOPATHY: A CHALLENGING CASE REPORT
Authors: Fariz Muhammad , Lutfi Delfitri , Zuhria Ismi , Fatmariyanti Susy , Soebagjo Hendrian Dwikoloso
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Graves’ Orbitopathy is a self-limiting autoimmune process associated with dysthyroid states, and if left untreated can lead to a number of complications, ranging from mild to sight-threatening. Corneal ulcer is one of the sight-threatening complications of Graves’ Orbitopathy.
Case Report: A 22-year-old woman came with a complaint of blurred vision and retrobulbar pain on both eyes that happened gradually for 2 months, preceded by protrusion on both eyes. She had history of untreated hyperthyroid disease for 7 years. Her visual acuity was 1/60 and hand movement on the right and left eye, respectively. Anterior segment examination on both eyes revealed eyelids redness and swelling, redness and chemosis of conjunctiva, and corneal ulcer with descemetocele on her right eye. All of these clinical findings support the diagnosis of an active, sight-threatening Graves’ Orbitopathy.
Discussion: The management of this patient involves; 1) thyroid function control due to the high level of thyroid function, 2) active, sight-threatening Graves’ orbitopathy management using high doses of intravenous methylprednisolon as guided by the 2016 European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) guidelines protocol, 3) Application of amniotic membrane transplant to prevent the prolapse of intraocular tissue.
Conclusion: By following EUGOGO guideline protocol, the clinical condition of this patient improved, but the management of an active, sight-threatening Graves’ Orbitopathy remains challenging and should be covered by multidisciplinary approach.
FIRST POSNER SCHLOSSMAN SYNDROME POST COVID-19 INFECTION
Authors: Goenawan Kristian , Paliyama Margrette
Published: January 2024

Introduction: We reported a unique case report of Posner Schlossman Syndrome (PSS) after Covid-19 infection.
Case Illustration: Female 54 y.o. came in our hospital with chief complaint of painless blurred vision, red eye, and very high pressure on right eye (RE). She had the same complaint 1½ months before and diagnosed as acute primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), treated successfully with good outcome. She also had history of covid-19 infection 1 month before the first attack. Initial visual acuity (VA) of RE is 20/70. Anterior segment showed mild inflammation with flare and cell but no KP, while posterior segment cannot be assessed. IOP was 57.0 mmHg. After 1 month of medication (patient rejected to go inward), the patient finally agreed to the trabeculectomy because VA decreased to 20/200. Perimetry and OCT has been done before the operation, showed decreased parameter. One day, 7-days, and 28-days post operated VA were 3/60, 20/50, and 20/40 respectively, while IOP were 9.0 mmHg, 6.7 mmHg, and 15.0 mmHg respectively.
Discussion: PSS can be very similar to acute PACG, though with careful history taking and examination we can distinct the disease. History taking for recurrent attack and unilateral is very important. Examination that showed acute open angle marked IOP with sign of uveitis should lead to PSS.
Conclusion: In every attack of glaucoma, PSS has resemblance with acute PACG. The foresight of an ophthalmologist in determining the diagnosis is indeed very important.
CHALLENGES IN MANAGEMENT OF ENDOGENOUS ENDOPHTHALMITIS IN CHILDREN: A CASE SERIES
Authors: Parulian Eko , Edwar Lukman
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Endophthalmitis is one of the most feared disease in ophthalmology because it can lead to loss of vision and loss of the eyeball. Endophthalmitis from endogenous cause are very rarely found in young patients without immunocompromised condition, making it difficult to be diagnosed.  The lack of established guidelines for treating endogenous endophthalmitis also presents challenges for ophthalmologist.  In this case series, we present our management of two pediatric patients with different presentations of endogenous endophthalmitis. We manage to salvage both of the patient’s eye ball with two different approaches.
Case Report: Our first patient was a 2-years-old boy with a chief complaint red eye since 10 days before admission. He was previously diagnosed with conjunctivitis. On admission the left eye was not very inflamed but we found hypopion and vitreous haze  from ultrasound, suggestive of endophthalmitis.  We gave the patient systemic antibiotics and did irrigation/aspiration of the anterior chamber. He responded well to our therapy and was discharged on tenth day of admission. 2. A 6-years-old girl with a chief complaint red painful eye since 2 days before admission.  On admission, the eye was very inflamed with limited movement. The USG revealed vitreous haze suggestive of endophthalmitis. She was then given systemic and intravitreal antibiotics but showed poor response. Intravenous steroid was then given and the condition was improved. She was discharged on the fifth day.
Discussion: Our two patients came with two different presentations and responds to systemic antibiotics which was considered the mainstay of treatment in endogenous endophthalmitis. The first patient responded well with systemic and intracameral antibiotics while the second patient condition was improved only after the addition of intravenous steroid. Close observation with re-examination and re-evaluation should be done repeatedly to decide which treatment option should be administered.
Conclusion: Diagnosis and management of young patient with endogenous endophthalmitis is challenging. Thorough history taking, physical examination, laboratory examination, and microbiology examination should be done to make a prompt diagnosis and management.
COMPARISON OF CYCLOCRYOTHERAPY COMBINED WITH RETROBULBAR CHLORPROMAZINE VERSUS CYCLOCRYOTHERAPY ALONE IN REDUCING THE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AND PAIN IN END-STAGE GLAUCOMA
Authors: Fadhil Muhammad Raditya Fadhil , Ekantini Retno , Gani Tatang Talka , Jati Krisna Dwi Purnomo
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Patients with end-stage glaucoma often came with a painful blind eye. One of the managements is cyclocryotherapy (CCT) or retrobulbar chlorpromazine (CPZ). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the combined use of cyclocryotherapy and retrobulbar chlorpromazine versus cyclocryotherapy alone in reducing the intraocular pressure (IOP) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain scores in end-stage glaucoma patients.
Methods: Samples were taken from patients who enrolled in the Ophthalmology Clinic of Dr. Sardjito General Hospital from October 2021 to March 2022. Samples were then divided into 2 groups, the CCT+CPZ group received the combination of cyclocryotherapy and retrobulbar chlorpromazine and the CCT group received only cyclocryotherapy. IOP and VAS pain scores pre-operation and 30th-day post-operation were examined. 
Results: Thirty-three patients were included in the CCT+CPZ group and 17 patients were included in the CCT group. The mean IOP and VAS pain scores 30th-day post-operation in the CCT+CPZ group were 22.6±10.3 mmHg and 1.6±1.3 vs pre-operation 44.9±19.5 mmHg and 7.9±1.7 (p=0.000). Patients in the CCT group also show a significant reduction in both mean IOP and VAS pain scores 31.4±16 mmHg and 2.6±2.3 vs pre-operation 54.4±7.4 mmHg and 8.4±2.1 (p=0.001). Both IOP and VAS pain scores at 30th-day post-operation were significantly lower in the CCT+CPZ group compared to the CCT group (p=0.030 and p=0.013, respectively).
Conclusion: There were statistically significant differences between patients who received a combination of cyclocryotherapy and retrobulbar chlorpromazine in reducing the IOP and VAS pain score compared with patients who received only cyclocryotherapy.
PHOTO ACTIVATED CHROMOPHORE FOR KERATITIS-CORNEAL CROSS-LINKING AS ADJUVANT TREATMENT FOR BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL CORNEAL ULCER
Authors: Yudiasari Pradistya , Fajriansyah Angga
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Corneal ulcer is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Many of these patients did not respond to conventional treatment with topical agents. Photo Activated Chromophore for Keratitis - Corneal Cross-Linking (PACK-CXL) has been suggested to treat baterial and fungal corneal ulcer that did not respond to antimicrobial agents.
Purpose : To report a case series of corneal ulcer treated with PACK-CXL as adjuvant treatment
Case Report: Four eyes with corneal ulcer underwent PACK-CXL with ultraviolet-A rays and transepithelial riboflavin according to Dresden procedure. Preoperative and postoperative slit lamp examination of cornea and visual acuity assessment was done. Postoperative outcome includes objective signs like improvement in epithelialization, corneal scarring and vascularization.
Result: Three eyes healed completely with scarring at 1-month follow-up. One of the patients developed desematocele in 12 days. Epithelial defect completely healed over time but one underwent amniotic membrane transplant. Responed to treatment were defined by epithelialization and scar formation.
Conclusion: The corneal cross-linking has a beneficial role as an adjuvant therapy for corneal ulcer. It helps in relief of pain and healing of ulcer. PACK-CXL can be a choice of adjuvant treatment if the corneal ulcer doesn't heal using topical treatment.
Waste Plastics Chemical Recycling in the Context of Refining and Petrochemical Industries
Authors: Hussein Tarig , Maxa Daniel
Published: January 2024

Rising demand for plastic materials results in increasing volumes of plastic waste generated globally. This poses a question of waste collection and handling of the growing waste volumes. With quality limitations of reuse and mechanical recycling, especially end-of-life mixed plastic waste is mostly landfilled, incinerated or lost to environment. Thermochemical recycling, especially pyrolysis, has been historically explored as an attractive alternative waste processing method with a potential to valorise the plastic waste into energy, fuels and more recently also chemicals and virgin polymers. Thermochemical plastic waste processing and treatment of the intermediates towards the final products have been found to be studied mostly in isolation. Therefore, this study provides a combined view. Updated state of pilot and demonstration projects is reviewed. Typical characteristics of plastic waste pyrolysis products are introduced and the areas of potential impacts on existing plants are highlighted. In order to address the circularity and economic aspect, a summary of recent relevant LCA and business studies is provided, showing common sensitivity factors and main assumptions used therein. Overall, this review summarizes the background behind the recycling of waste plastics and presents it in context of challenges and opportunities of integration with existing refining and petrochemical infrastructure.
Supercritical CO2 power cycle
Authors: Purkarová Eliška , Ballek Jakub-Vojtěch , Vagenknechtová Alice , Berka Jan , Hlinčík Tomáš
Published: January 2024

The article is focused on summarizing the issue of energy circuits working with supercritical carbon dioxide sCO2. Carbon dioxide is currently coming to the forefront of many research institutions with regard to its possible use in its supercritical conditions, thanks to which higher efficiency and compactness of equipment can be achieved compared to conventional steam-water cycles.
The article describes the basic properties of this medium, including a description of sCO2 cycles (Brayton, Rankine, etc.). Furthermore, the possible use of energy cycles with sCO2 is discussed, especially in solar and nuclear power plants and in power plants burning fossil fuels. In the case of solar power plants, the sCO2 Brayton cycle can offer higher cycle efficiencies than using super-critical steam cycles. The use of sCO2 in nuclear or coal power plants in turn increases efficiency and reduces water consumption. In addition, the use of the sCO2 circuit in new nuclear reactors of the IV generation is currently being considered, in which the operating temperatures are in the range of 500 - 900 °C, i.e. they are generally higher than operating water-cooled reactors.
Even though the use of CO2 refrigerant in power systems has been known for a long time (e.g. use in the first Czechoslovak power plant in Jaslovské Bohunice), they are still not used commercially in the energy industry. One of the reasons is the ongoing research into the behavior of materials at high temperatures in sCO2, corrosion protection, or the effect of carbon dioxide purity on behavior in the supercritical region.
Reduction of sulfur and ash contents from low-rank coal
Authors: Ullah Sami , Ullah Asad , Kasi Zaheer Ahmed , Ahmad Tufail , Ren Gaofeng
Published: January 2024

This research attempted to reduce sulfur and ash content for enhanced coal recovery by the froth flotation technique. Dukki district (Pakistan) coal was upgraded using a flotation technique followed by acid leaching. Tests on flotation concentrate were carried out to improve the grade of coal further. Tests were carried out to investigate and determine the effect of critical parameters like particle size, pH, and pulp density on reducing ash and sulfur content from coal. The particle size was observed to have the most significant role in coal ash and sulfur reduction, followed by the pH, and pulp density, respectively. The optimum particle size, pH, and pulp density values were 74 μm, 9 and 10%, respectively. The results from the flotation study on a laboratory scale at optimized conditions were a 54.1% increase in total carbon, a 42.12% reduction in ash, and a 38.32% reduction in sulfur. Final ash and sulphur contents in clean coal were 15.2% and 1.65%, respectively. Thus, clean coal can preferably be used in power plants and the cement industry in the country.
The effect of the 2-ethylhexyl nitrate the oxidation stability and the carbon residue of the diesel fuel
Authors: Mužíková Zlata , Šimáček Pavel , Auersvald Miloš , Vrtiška Dan , Kroufek Jiří
Published: January 2024

2-Ethylhexyl nitrate, also referred to as cetane booster or cetane improver, is now commonly used as a diesel fuel additive to increase cetane number. It is already used in the refinery blending of a final product. It can also be obtained in the form of a supplementary additive for a final consumer. Its positive effect on the cetane number is undisputed and proven, but at the same time, due to the nature of its effect on the combustion process, the measured oxidation stability of diesel fuel may be adversely affected. This negative effect has been observed in the measurement of oxidation stability according to EN 16091 and also in a test simulating long-term storage of diesel fuel, the results of which are presented in this publication. The effect of 2-EHN on the carbonisation residue according to EN ISO 10370 was also studied in the context of monitoring the oxidation stability of diesel fuel with the addition of 2-EHN. In this case, the negative effect of 2-EHN was not demonstrated.
Study of Affixation In West Simeulue Language
Authors: Amin Fadrisal , Raflis Raflis
Published: January 2024

This study discusses the type of affixation, especially prefixes and suffixes in the West Simeulue language. This study aims to find what types of prefixes and suffixes are in West Simeulue language. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data in this thesis are in the form of words, which are taken through an interview process with informants in the form of students who come from Simeulue Island and are native speakers of West Simeulue Language who are in the Padang City West Sumatera. Data collection techniques based on known data regarding the types of Prefix and Suffix affixes in the West Simeulue Language. The results of this study are that there are several types of prefixes and suffixes in West Simeulue language, in the prefix there is pattern form, prefix Ma-+ noun = verb, prefix Ma- + adjective = verb, prefix –Ma + verb = verb, prefix –Ni + noun = Adjective, Prefix –Mam + verb = Verb, prefix –Mang + noun = Verb, prefix Mang- + verb= Verb and in the suffix there is a pattern form that is slightly different from prefix, in the suffix verb + suffix -An= noun, verb + suffix -Ni = adjective, adjective + suffix –Ni = adjective, noun + suffix –I = verb and verb + suffix –I = verb
High Prevalence of Hepatitis E IgM Antibody among Pregnant Women in Their Second and Third Trimester in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Japhet Margaret O. , Adama Treasure U. , Oyewale Ayomide P. , Omotade Temiloluwa I. , Awe Adeniyi , Elujoba Samson O.
Published: January 2024

Background: Background: Pregnant women with Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection, particularly those in the second or third trimester, are at increased risk of acute liver failure, fetal loss, and mortality; but unfortunately, routine HEV screening is yet to be introduced for pregnant women in Nigeria and many developing nations. This study was conducted to determine HEV prevalence and the associated risk factors among pregnant women unaware of their HEV status in three states of the southwestern geopolitical zone in Nigeria.
Methods: Two hundred and thirty-two consenting pregnant women aged 18 -55 years from Lagos, Oyo, and Osun state were recruited for the study and screened for HEV IgM antibodies using DIAPRO HEV IgM ELISA KIT (Milanno-Italy). Sociodemographic data and risk factors were obtained using a structured questionnaire, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.
Results: An overall HEV prevalence rate of 9.9% was observed among pregnant women in Southwest Nigeria. State-specific prevalence of 14.7%, 8.5%, and 6.7% was observed in Oyo, Lagos, and Osun, respectively. HEV prevalence increased with increase in trimester of pregnancy, with more than 80% of the HEV prevalence found among women in their second and third trimester. All the HEV prevalence occurring in women of active childbearing age (≤ 40 years) and among low-income earners. None of the risk factors considered was found to have a statistical correlation with HEV prevalence.
Conclusion: High HEV prevalence in the second and third trimesters was reported in southwest Nigeria. We advocate routine screening of pregnant women for HEV IgM antibody for prompt HEV detection and proper HEV management to forestall HEV complications in pregnancy.
Ruptured Intracranial Vascular Aneurysm with Subarachnoid Haemorrhage: Autopsy Case Series and Literature Review
Authors: Rasheed Wemimo M. , Uchechukwu Eziagu B. , Adekunle Ayoade A. , Najeem Idowu A. , Afolayan Abiodun E.
Published: January 2024

Background: Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a severe condition where bleeding occurs in the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain. SAH can be caused by a ruptured aneurysm or head injury leading to a stroke (with associated disability or death). Common symptoms include severe (thunderclap) headache, neck pain, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light.
Case Presentations: Firstly, a 58-year-old man presented with a history of severe headaches and inability to use the left side of his body, with a possible hemorrhagic right-sided hemispheric stroke diagnosis. Following death, an autopsy revealed a ruptured intracranial Charcot Bouchard aneurysm, with SAH as the cause.
Secondly, a 35-year-old woman presented with a sudden loss of consciousness and three episodes of generalised tonic-clonic convulsion during a coital activity at a guest house. Following death, an autopsy revealed a ruptured middle cerebral artery’s saccular (berry) aneurysm, causing SAH with bilateral tonsillar herniation as the cause. These case series highlight the importance of autopsy in diagnosing SAH.
Metabolic Resistance Mechanisms Evident in Generations of Anopheles gambiae (Kisumu) Adults Exposed to Sub-lethal Concentrations of Permethrin Insecticide
Authors: Adesoye Adegbola O. , Adeogun Adedapo , Olagundoye Olalekan E. , Oyeniyi Tolulope A. , Izekor Romoke T. , Adetunji Oluwakemi O. , Babalola Ayodele S. , Adediran Daniel A. , Isaac Chidima , Adeleke Taye , Awolola Samson T. , Ande Adeolu T.
Published: January 2024

Background: Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes are one of the best-known of the genus Anopheles because of their predominant role in transmitting the most dangerous malaria parasite species (to humans), Plasmodium falciparum. Unfortunately, An. gambiae mosquitoes have grown resistant to the most popular and widely used insecticides, particularly Permethrin, spreading across Africa. The current study sought to determine the lowest Permethrin concentrations that could be a selection pressure for metabolic resistance development in the renowned adult An. gambiae (Kisumu) mosquito population.
Methods: Established, insectary-reared, and fully susceptible strains of Kisumu populations were reared, and exposed for mortality assay and Lowest Sub-lethal Concentrations (LSLCs) determination at the adult stage. Various exposure concentrations were achieved by slightly modifying the Centre for Disease Control (CDC) protocol. Adult Kisumu mosquitoes exposed to the same LSLC over generations were compared with unexposed control populations by way of resistance status and correlating levels of esterase, monooxygenase, and Glutathione-S -transferases (GST) metabolic enzymes. Information obtained was analysed using SPSS 16.0 and Analysis of Variance at P=0.05 with the aid of Graph-Pad prism 8.
Results: The LSLCs of Permethrin with mortality rates not significantly (P> 0.05) different from control Kisumu strains (0.00) were 0.2μg (0.00) and 0.4μg (0.00) per CDC bottle, i.e., LSLC 1 and LSLC 2 respectively. The LSLC 1 exposure lasted five generations (f0-f4), during which resistance statuses were consistently below 1.00±0.82 (4.0%) after 1 hour. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the levels of esterase across generations, while monooxygenase and GST levels were significantly up-regulated (P<0.05) in subsequent generations of LSLC 1-treated mosquitoes. However, there was a consistent and progressive increase in GST level with advancing generations.
Conclusion: It may be concluded that the P450 monooxygenase enzyme mechanism is a prelude to the overexpression of the GST enzyme. Hence, if the development of the GST resistance enzyme can be inhibited or stopped in An. gambiae mosquito vector populations, multiple resistance and cross-resistance mechanisms in malaria vectors could be effectively regulated.
Using Big Data Approach to Create a Treebank of Informal and Formal Indonesian
Authors: Nugraha Danang Satria
Published: January 2024

This research presents a comprehensive Big Data Approach that was utilized to create a Treebank of Informal and Formal Indonesian (TINTA). The study focuses on the dynamic spectrum of language usage in Indonesia. It incorporates extensive data collection, preprocessing, and annotation strategies to construct a dual-tiered corpus encompassing formal and informal linguistic expressions. Through leveraging advanced computational techniques, the creation of TINTA aims to capture the nuanced variations in Indonesian language structures across diverse contexts. This annotated treebank provides a valuable resource for advancing Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications and linguistic research endeavors by facilitating more profound insights into the grammatical intricacies and semantic nuances prevalent in informal and formal Indonesian language.