bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal and CO2-Induced Shifts of the ITCZ: Testing Energetic Controls in Idealized Simulations with Comprehensive Models
Authors: Biasutti Michela , Voigt Aiko
Published: December 2019

The Tropical Rain Belts with an Annual Cycle and Continent Model Intercomparison Project (TRACMIP) ensemble—a multimodel ensemble of slab-ocean simulations in idealized configurations—provides a test of the relationship between the zonal mean ITCZ and the cross-equatorial atmospheric energy transports (AHTeq). In a gross sense, the ITCZ position is linearly related to AHTeq, as expected from the energetic framework. Yet, in many aspects, the TRACMIP model simulations do not conform to the framework. Throughout the annual cycle there are large excursions in the ITCZ position unrelated to changes in the AHTeq and, conversely, substantial variations in the magnitude of the AHTeq while the ITCZ is stationary at its northernmost position. Variations both in the net vertical energy input at the ITCZ location and in the vertical profile of ascent play a role in setting the model behavior apart from the conceptual framework. Nevertheless, a linear fit to the ITCZ–AHTeq relationship captures a substantial fraction of the seasonal variations in these quantities as well as the intermodel or across-climate variations in their annual mean values. The slope of the ITCZ–AHTeq linear fit for annual mean changes across simulations with different forcings and configurations varies in magnitude and even sign from model to model and we identify variations in the vertical profile of ascent as a key factor. A simple sea surface temperature–based index avoids the complication of changes in the vertical structure of the atmospheric circulation and provides a more reliable diagnostic for the ITCZ position.
Searching for the Golden Rule: A Case Study of Two White Novice Teachers’ Beliefs and Experiences of Respect in Urban Schools
Authors: Audley Shannon
Published: December 2019

Student respect toward teachers is traditionally considered in terms of behavior or authority. Yet, because of cultural differences and historic oppression of marginalized students in schools, not all students express respect in ways in which teachers are familiar. Because of structural inequalities and individual differences, standard behavioral definitions of respect are insufficient to address how students and teachers actually experience respect in the classroom. Using a comparative case study design, this study examined two female White novice teachers’ beliefs and experiences of student respect within a novel relational respect framework. Results identified that teachers’ respect beliefs were based on notions of authority, while respect experiences reflected authority and relationship-based respect. Importantly, these relationships were conceptualized as role model and friend-based respect. To help novice teachers balance their roles as both caring and authoritative figures, I propose that student respect should be thought of in relational, rather than behavioral, terms, and that teachers need to employ cultural competence when developing and maintaining their student–teacher relationships.
Hispanic, English Learner, and Low-Income Parental Magnet Middle School Choice in a Majority Hispanic California Community
Authors: Weis W. Charles
Published: December 2019

Prior research suggests that parents of Hispanics, English learners, and students living in poverty exercise school choice less frequently than other parents, which may be a factor in the resegregation of public schools. This quasi-experimental, causal–comparative design tests whether ethnicity, language dominance, or socioeconomic status of the student are related to the exercise of parental choice of magnet middle school programs in a majority, minority community. The primary finding was that in this Hispanic, English learner, low-income majority California community, none of the independent variables studied predicted the exercise of parental magnet school choice. The discussion compares these findings with prior studies and suggests some possible explanations.
Void characteristics and mechanical strength of cementitious mortars containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Sedaghatdoost Arash , Behfarnia Kiachehr , Hendi Ali , Bayati Mohammad
Published: December 2019

In this paper, the relationship between mechanical strength and void characteristics including porosity, the mean area of voids (MAV), and circularity was determined for the first time by analyzing the petrographic images of some cement mortars containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The results showed that the compressive, tensile, and flexural strength for specimens containing 0.1% MWCNTs (optimum dosage of MWCNT) were 21, 12.5, and 9.5% more than that of the control samples, respectively. Also, it was shown that the application of MWCNTs can change the shape and the amount of voids, thereby imposing a significant impact on the mortar behavior. For the optimum dosage of MWCNTs, the porosity and MAV decreased about 63 and 71%, respectively, while the circularity enhanced 23% in comparison with the ordinary mortar samples. The void shape is one of the reasons for the enhanced properties of the MWCNT mortars. The image processing of the petrographic specimens and probability theorization revealed that the circularity of the voids had a significant impact on the flexural strength of the mortars, while the compressive strength was mostly affected by only the amount of porosity.
Relationship Between Death Anxiety of Turkish Nurses and Their Attitudes Toward the Dying Patients
Authors: Pehlivan Seda , Lafçı Diğdem , Vatansever Nursel , Yıldız Ebru
Published: December 2019

This study aims to investigate the relationship between death anxiety of the Turkish nurses and their attitudes toward the dying patient. This study involved 203 nurses who were working at a university hospital. The data were collected using “Nurse Information Form” (which was prepared by the authors of this research), “Thorson-Powell Death Anxiety Scale,” and “Attitude Scale about Euthanasia, Death, and Dying Patient.” There was a positive correlation between death anxiety and dying patient avoidance behavior and euthanasia score ( p <  .05). The findings showed that nurses, death anxiety, and death scores were high in the loss of a close relatives ( p <  .05). Our findings suggest that the situation of the dying patients and their families and also nurses should be improved. Thus, special psychological education/training should be given to the nurses to deal with death anxiety and their attitude to the dying patient.
Exploring Positive Classical Conditioning Procedure Effects on Evaluations of Children, Thoughts About Children, and Behaviors Toward Children: Two Experiments
Authors: Wagner Michael F. , Skowronski John. J. , Milner Joel S. , Crouch Julie L. , Ammar Joe
Published: December 2019

Exposing parents to a positive classical conditioning (+CC) procedure can (a) prompt positive evaluations of children, (b) alter judgments made about children from their behavior, and (c) reduce harsh behaviors enacted toward children. Two studies explored possible limits of these effects. Results from Study 1 showed that only some +CC effects evinced in prior research emerged when the positive trait words used as the unconditioned stimuli in prior research were replaced with positive emojis. Results from Study 2 showed with positive trait word stimuli that a backward +CC procedure produced many of the same effects produced by the forward +CC procedure. These results collectively support the idea that +CC procedures may simultaneously prompt several different kinds of learning. From a practical perspective, consideration of these various kinds of learning is important to an understanding of when the use of the +CC procedure might reduce child abuse risk.
Moral economy, solidarity and labour process struggle in Irish public transport
Authors: Hughes Emma , Dobbins Tony , Merkl-Davies Doris
Published: December 2019

This article empirically applies Knut Laaser’s integrated conceptual framework, combining Sayer’s moral economy (ME) theory with labour process theory (LPT), to examine how two rival Irish unions engaged with an uneven moral economy and consciously sought to build collective worker solidarity during a dispute over competitive tendering and marketization. Using qualitative data from a case study of BusCo in Ireland’s public transport sector, the article enriches sociological understanding of trade union solidarity, and how it is engendered, contested and experienced.
Spontaneous symmetrical giant keloids at the bilateral labia majora: a case report
Authors: Zhang WenChao , Wang Xiaojun , Huang Jiuzuo , Dong Wenfang , Long Xiao
Published: December 2019

Keloids are caused by an imbalance between collagen matrix decomposition and production during wound repair. Spontaneous keloids are a rare type of keloid that arise without a significant history of trauma or surgery. We herein report a case involving a 59-year-old woman with symmetric neoplasms at the bilateral labia majora that had persisted for about 3 years and a >10-year history of pruritus and pain at the bilateral labia majora with folliculitis. The bilateral labia majora gradually swelled and lost their normal physiological morphology. The patient was diagnosed with keloids. Under general anesthesia, the keloids were resected. The right incision was sutured directly and the left was closed using an inguinal flap. Adjuvant radiotherapy was administered after the surgery. No recurrence of the keloids was observed at the 1-year follow-up, and the patient was satisfied with the appearance of the vulvar region. This is the first report of spontaneous symmetrical giant keloids at the bilateral labia majora, and it emphasizes the importance of the effect of abnormal inflammation on keloid formation. Repairing genital defects using an inguinal flap has only a minor effect on the patient’s postoperative movement, and an ideal vulvar appearance can be achieved.
אִם‎ . . . הֲ‎: A rhetorical question anticipating a negative answer
Authors: Watson Rebecca S
Published: December 2019

The interrogative sequence אִם‎ . . . הֲ‎ in Biblical Hebrew can be employed in two forms of disjunctive question. The first offers mutually exclusive questions and the second comprises a rhetorical pair. Close examination of the extant examples reveals no difficulty in distinguishing between these two forms and, further, that, when employed to express a rhetorical question, the double rhetorical sequence אִם‎ . . . הֲ‎ anticipates the answer ‘No’. Careful study of a debated example, Jer. 31.20, confirms that a negative answer is implied here, hence the evidence strongly favours this reading in the other contentious passage, Hab. 3.8. Here, triple rhetorical questions introduced by the interrogative particles אִם‎ . . . אִם‎ . . . הֲ‎ are employed in a motivated interrogative sentence, suggesting that a negative answer is therefore expected.
Development of a self-pumping extracorporeal blood oxygenation device characterized by a rotating shaft with embedded fiber packages
Authors: Rinaudo Antonino , Pasta Salvatore
Published: December 2019

Introduction:

To offer respiratory support for patients with lung disease, a novel technological solution for blood pumping and oxygenation is being developed. The pump–lung system was designed to integrate fiber membranes into six packages radially embedded in a rotating hollow shaft placed along the longitudinal axis of the device. Fiber packages are inclined with respect to the rotation axis so that the rotational motion of the rotating shaft allows a self-pumping system to be obtained.

Method:

Both hemodynamic and gas transfer performances were investigated using both in vitro experiments and in silico flow analyses.

Results:

The predicted flow velocity in the pump chamber was smooth and characterized by high peripheral velocities near the housing wall. As the blood flow enters the inlet, the static pressure increased with the angular momentum imparted to the fiber packages. Experiments confirmed that the proposed pump–lung system can provide adequate blood flow and oxygen transfer over the range of intended operating conditions (0.5–5 L/min and 500–1500 r/min).

Conclusion:

Although the study did not include animal testing, the novel pump-oxygenator solution is feasible for respiratory support in patients with lung diseases.
Religious Freedom and the Churches: Contemporary Challenges in the United States Today1
Authors: Garnett Richard W.
Published: December 2019

A crucial, but often overlooked, dimension of the human and constitutional right to religious freedom is the autonomy of religious institutions, associations and societies with respect to matters of governance, doctrine, formation and membership. Although the Supreme Court of the United States has affirmed this autonomy in the context of American constitutional law, it is vulnerable, and even under threat, for a variety of reasons, including a general decline in the health of civil society and mediating associations and a crisis of confidence and authority caused by clerical sexual abuse and churches’ failure to respond to it.
Is Religious Freedom under Threat from British Equality Laws?
Authors: Rivers Julian
Published: December 2019

A series of cases, some of them with a high media profile, suggest that freedom of religion or belief in the United Kingdom is being undermined by the operation of new equality laws. This article outlines the constitutional context for liberty and equality rights as well as the main ways in which religious liberty is secured by and within equality law. However, British equality law puts pressure on religious liberty in four ways: (1) it confines the relevance of ‘religion’ to limited social contexts; (2) it creates a priority for equality-perspectives over liberty-perspectives on social conflict; (3) it generates new social assumptions about what individuals have to believe and say (or refrain from saying) if they are to be trusted to uphold the law; (4) it provides legitimation for the imposition of contested comprehensive equality doctrines, some of which are inimical to civil liberty. In response, it is important to emphasise the role of equality law as a tool to secure mutual toleration and equal rights in the face of religious and ethical disagreement.
Thermally stable and high impact toughness chopped PI fiber-reinforced PEEK composites
Authors: Yao Jianan , Yao Weizhou , Gu Yangyang , Zhang Jindong , Yu Youhai , Chen Chunhai , Liu Gang , Li Hui
Published: December 2019

Chopped polyimide (PI) fiber-reinforced polyether ether ketone (PEEK) composites with different fiber content (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) were prepared via melt extrusion using a twin-screw extruder. The impact strength of these composites significantly improved from 4.9 kJ m−2 to 9.3 kJ m−2 with the increase of the PI fiber content from 0% to 30%. Tensile strength, tensile modulus, and flexural strength also increased with the increase in PI fiber content. In addition, the heat deflection temperature increased significantly from 160°C to 318°C. The results of the dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the storage modulus increased considerably. The relationship between mold temperature and composite properties was investigated, and using differential scanning calorimetry, it was shown that the increase in mold temperature improved the degree of polymer crystallization and the bonding capability of the fiber and resin interface. As a result, the mechanical properties of the composite material were improved.
The diversification of national football teams: Using the idea of migration corridors to explore the underlying structures of nationality changes amongst foreign-born players at the football World Cup
Authors: van Campenhout Gijs , van Sterkenburg Jacco
Published: December 2019

The inclusion of foreign-born sportspeople in national sports teams has become increasingly common. At the same time, the assumed increase in diversity within national football teams has turned into a major subject of (inter)national controversy and debate. This applies, in particular, to the football World Cup, as the assumed increase in foreign-born players in national football teams detracts from the (homogeneous) nation-state basis of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association’s (FIFA) international football competitions. However, the actual dynamics and complexities of the presence of foreign-born players in national football teams within this context have remained under-researched. In this paper, we use the idea of ‘migration corridors’ to examine the underlying structures that contribute to the diversification of national football teams, in particular during the World Cup. We do so from both an immigration and emigration perspective. By connecting our foreign-born player data to three types of migration corridors, we discuss the bidirectionality of player movements and nationality choices. Our outcomes indicate that the selection of foreign-born footballers within national football teams in the World Cup can mainly be considered as an echo and/or reversal of preceding migration flows between pairs of countries, indicating that historically embedded migration corridors sustain or are rediscovered in this process.
Environmental Volunteerism for Social Good: A Longitudinal Study of Older Adults’ Health
Authors: Hsiao Hsin-Yi , Hsu Chiu-Tien , Chen Lei , Wu Jinli , Chang Pao-Sheng , Lin Chin-Lon , Lin Ming-Nan , Lin Tin-Kwang
Published: December 2019

Natural disasters and aging societies are increasingly prevalent globally. To improve environmental injustice and contribute to social good, the Tzu Chi Recycling Program engages older adult volunteers in recycling usable materials into eco-friendly blankets for disaster survivors. Drawing on life span and ecological systems theories, this study examined the longitudinal effects of this program on older adults’ mental and physical health. Using a quasi-experimental longitudinal design, data were collected from older adults at recycling stations (intervention group, n = 36) and community centers (control group, n = 36) in rural areas in Southern Taiwan. Findings from two-way repeated measures analysis of variance show that the program significantly improved older adults’ self-compassion, compassion for others, depression, hostility, happiness, and hypertension. Older adults built resilience and contributed to environmental sustainability and social good, which suggest a new avenue for social work practitioners and policy-makers to address social and environmental challenges.
The Role of Differentiation of Self Dimensions in the Anxiety Problems
Authors: Lampis Jessica , Cataudella Stefania , Speziale Roberta , Elat Samara
Published: December 2019

Bowen’s multigenerational family theory emphasizes the importance of autonomy and interdependence in individual development and focuses on the role played by the differentiation of self processes on the psychological health at the individual, dyadic, and systemic levels. Starting from these premises, the main objective of our investigation was to explore the differences, in the levels of anxiety and differentiation of self, between a control group ( n = 69) and a sample of adults seeking therapeutic services for anxiety ( n = 47). To better specify our results, in a second step, we also explored which of the differentiation of self dimensions could increase or reduce the likelihood that an individual belonged to the anxiety group or to the control group. We found that lower levels of I-position, and higher levels of emotional cutoff and fusion with others, display higher levels of anxiety-related problems. Moreover, emotional cutoff and fusion with other traits emerged as a predictor of the probability of seeking support for anxiety disorders.
Arteriovenous graft in kidney transplant patients: Lookout for the rare but fearsome angiosarcoma
Authors: Figueiredo Ana Carolina , Leal Rita , Rodrigues Luís , Romãozinho Catarina , Escada Luís , Sá Helena , Figueiredo Arnaldo , Alves Rui
Published: December 2019

Introduction:

Angiosarcomas are rare tumors, comprising less than 1% of all sarcomas. However, they portend a poor prognosis, as they tend to metastasize early, being of uttermost importance a prompt diagnosis and treatment.

Case description:

We present the case of a 55-year-old female with history of kidney transplantation, immunosuppressed with tacrolimus, prednisolone, and mofetil mycophenolate. Fifteen years after the transplant, she developed an ulcerated lesion on the site of a nonfunctioning arteriovenous graft, which was excised. Histology was compatible with a high grade angiosarcoma that invaded the margins, and immunosuppression was switched to everolimus. Staging imaging exams revealed lymph node, muscle, and lung metastases. Shortly after, nodular lesions appeared compatible with local recurrence of the disease, and the patient showed severe deterioration of her clinical condition, being proposed for palliative chemotherapy. However, the disease showed an explosive progression and the patient died before starting the treatment.

Conclusion:

This case emphasizes the importance of including inspection of the vascular access (functioning or not) in regular post-transplant consultation and value any alterations in the attempt of a timely diagnosis. Although rare, angiosarcoma is an important entity that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue masses arising from a vascular access, especially in immunocompromised patients. Aggressive treatment should be offered whenever possible.
An experimental study on the cryogenic face seal at different inlet pressures
Authors: Zhang Guoyuan , Zhao Yangyang , Zhao Weigang , Yan Xiutian , Liang Maotan
Published: December 2019

An experimental test system for cryogenic high-speed hydrodynamic non-contact mechanical seals is developed. Based on this system, the performances of seals under different working conditions are studied in detail in this paper. With the experimental results, the main performances of the seals (such as inlet and outlet temperatures, separated speed, face temperature, friction force, friction coefficient, leakage rate) are obtained, and the relationships of the performances with the inlet fluid pressure, the closing force and the rotational speed are discussed. The results show that the difference between the outlet and inlet temperatures decreases with increasing inlet fluid pressure. As the speed increases, the friction force varies little and remains at a constant value. The friction coefficient of the seal is approximately 0.12 and basically does not change with the speed. The leakage rate is also maintained at approximately 190 g/s. With the increase in the closing force, the friction at the seal’s face does not change greatly, which indicates that the friction at the face is always in a stable state with the seal’s closing force.
Tooth wear prediction of crowned helical gears in point contact
Authors: Wang Hongbing , Zhou Changjiang , Hu Bo , Liu Zhongming
Published: December 2019

A tooth wear prediction methodology for helical gears in point contact is developed to evaluate their wear resistances using a lead crown. The load distribution coefficient is proposed in accordance with the elastic approach of each contact tooth pair being equal, and contact pressure are determined, and the sliding distance is obtained by adopting a generalized moving distance model. Then, the wear depth is computed in accordance with Archard’s wear equation, and the differences in tooth wear on standard and crowned helical gears are analyzed comparatively. The effects of crowned amount, fundamental geometry, and operating parameters on the wear resistance of the crowned helical gear pair are investigated. The results reveal that the tooth wear is lower on the gear surface with a moderate crowned amount than on the standard one, and that wear depths decrease with the increase in the helix angle, normal pressure angle, normal module, tooth number, or tooth width but increase with input torque rises. Furthermore, the rational lead crown, the geometric, and operating parameters optimization can be applied to wear resistance in the gear design.
Normalizing extreme imprisonment: The case of life without parole in California (1972–2012)
Authors: Vannier Marion
Published: December 2019

This article offers a new theory of how extreme forms of imprisonment become normalized, using the development of life without parole (LWOP) in the Californian death penalty context over 40 years as an example. Normalization here refers to a punishment’s acceptability to the public, that is, what people think about severity. While this may be an empirical question that would take polling, this article proposes a theoretical model to explore how something like this might happen. The analysis builds on a literature that exposes how reforms can have perverse consequences on the punitive policies they mean to alter. These works however overlook reformers’ key role in shaping perceptions of severity and determining a punishment’s acceptability. To begin addressing this gap, this article draws on three concepts—visibility, denial and routinization—from theories on social acceptability to lay out a model by which reformers induce perceptions about severity. The article then applies the framework to a case study to show how the rhetoric, tactics and content privileged by specific actors produce normalizing mechanisms. Anti-death-penalty activists in California have contributed, this article argues, to making LWOP acceptable. This finding illuminates how extreme forms of imprisonment like LWOP can be normalized, in particular when set to replace something perceived to be more severe like the death penalty. It also enriches knowledge on the significant links between LWOP and anti-death-penalty activism. The novel frame finally has empirical, theoretical and policy purchase for extreme forms of imprisonment more generally.
Impact of methane energy fraction on emissions, performance and cyclic variability in low-load dual fuel combustion at early injection timings
Authors: Jha Prabhat R , Krishnan Sundar R , Srinivasan Kalyan K
Published: December 2019

This work experimentally examines the effect of methane (a natural gas surrogate) substitution on early injection dual fuel combustion at representative low loads of 3.3 and 5.0 bar BMEPs in a single-cylinder compression ignition engine. Gaseous methane fumigated into the intake manifold at various methane energy fractions was ignited using a high-pressure diesel pilot injection at 310 °CA. For the 3.3 bar BMEP, methane energy fraction sweeps from 50% to 90% were performed; while at 5.0 bar BMEP, methane energy fraction sweeps from 70% to 90% were performed. It is observed that minimum methane energy fraction is limited by maximum pressure rise rate leading to knock and maximum methane energy fraction is limited by a high coefficient of variation in netIMEP, which leads to high cyclic variations. For 3.3 bar BMEP, maximum pressure rise rate is 8 bar/°CA at 50% methane energy fraction while at 5 bar BMEP, it is 12 bar/°CA at 70% methane energy fraction. For 3.3 bar BMEP, engine-out NOx emissions decrease by 43 times when methane energy fraction increases from 50% to 90%, and it decreases by nearly 46 times when methane energy fraction increases from 70% to 90% at 5 bar BMEP. Engine-out unburned hydrocarbon emissions increase by nearly 9 times when methane energy fraction increases from 50% to 90% at 3.3 bar BMEP, and it increases by nearly 5 times when methane energy fraction increases from 70% to 90% at 5.0 bar BMEP. Engine-out carbon monoxide emissions increase by nearly 7 times when methane energy fraction increases from 50% to 90% at 3.3 bar BMEP and by nearly 5 times when methane energy fraction increases from 70% to 90% at 5.0 bar BMEP. In addition, cyclic combustion variations at both loads were analyzed to obtain further insights into the combustion process and identify opportunities to further improve fuel conversion efficiencies at low load operation.
Becoming a dominant misinterpreted source: The case of Ferdinand de Saussure in cultural sociology
Authors: Stoltz Dustin S
Published: December 2019

Cultural analysts in sociology typically cite the work of Ferdinand de Saussure to motivate a narrow theory of meaning. In so doing, sociologists incorrectly attribute to Saussure (1) the postulate that meaning is arbitrary; (2) the idea that signs gain meaning only through relations of opposition to other signs; (3) the view that there is an isomorphic correspondence between linguistic signs and all cultural units of analysis, ergo culture is fundamentally arbitrary; and finally (4) the idea that he offers a Durkheimian theory of culture (i.e. Saussure was a follower of Durkheim). Saussure’s project, rather, was specific to linguistics, and mainly one of theoretical and methodological clarification regarding phonology. Saussure never intended his analytical model of phonology to apply to the real operation of meaning in general, as done by contemporary interpreters and, furthermore, never argued that meaning is arbitrary.
A new biomimetic antifouling method based on water jet for marine structures
Authors: Liu Guijie , Yuan Zichao , Incecik Atilla , Leng Dingxin , Wang Shuai , Li Zhixiong
Published: December 2019

Marine biofouling is a serious environmental problem, while traditional chemical antifouling is less environmentally friendly. Biomimetic antifouling is able to overcome this issue by restraining the growth of biofouling at the very beginning, while the current research interest in this field focuses on the dynamic antifouling layers. In order to construct a flowing layer on the surfaces of marine structures such as a ship hull, this study proposes a new biomimetic antifouling method based on the water jet. This new method is inspired by the antifouling mechanism of the kelp and attempts to generate a flowing jet layer on the surface of the marine structure by spraying the water outward. The fouling organism cannot find enough attachment points on the surface of the marine structure because the flow force is greater than adhesion. In order to optimize the design of the water jet, attachment point theory was used to analyze the effect of jet velocity on the flow force, and numerical simulation was conducted to investigate the distribution of the water jet. Based on the theoretical analysis results, experimental tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed antifouling method. The results demonstrated that the adhesion amount of Phaeodactylum tricornutum can be effectively reduced. The proposed method is able to prevent the attachment of unicellular fouling organisms, thereby hindering the entire fouling process.
Domain information transfer method and its application in quasi-brittle failure analysis
Authors: Sun Xiaoxiao , Guo Xiaoming
Published: December 2019

This article presents a domain information transfer method for the purpose of quasi-brittle failure analysis. It contains two separated computational levels. On macroscopic level, the material domains are viewed as elementary substances which construct the whole structure. The macroscopic governing equations are established based on this point of view and the boundary displacements of material domains are defined as basic unknowns. Each damaged material domain will be assigned a mesoscale model and the information transfer mechanism from a mesoscale domain to a macroscale domain is established. The damage localization phenomenon is equivalently represented on macroscopic level by boundary deformation of material domains and the macroscale meshes are invariant during analysis. The information exchange element based on nonlocal quadrature scheme is proposed and the efficient upscaling is realized. The proposed method is an efficient and flexible way for quasi-brittle failure analysis.
Advances in rotary ultrasonic machining system for hard and brittle materials
Authors: Zhou Huilin , Zhang Jianfu , Yu Dingwen , Feng Pingfa , Wu Zhijun , Cai Wanchong
Published: December 2019

Rotary ultrasonic machining has been widely used for machining of hard and brittle materials due to the advantages of low cutting force, high machining accuracy, and high surface integrity. Focusing on the development of specialized rotary ultrasonic machining systems, this article summarizes the advances in the functional components and key technologies of rotary ultrasonic machining systems for hard and brittle materials, including the ultrasonic generator, power transfer structure, transducer, ultrasonic horn, and cutting tool. Developments on the automatic frequency tracking method, the establishment of an electrical compensation model for power transfer, the energy conversion characteristics of piezoelectric materials and giant magnetostrictive materials, and the design methods for the ultrasonic horn and cutting tool were elaborated. The principle of magnetostrictive energy conversion, output amplitude characteristics of a giant magnetostrictive transducer, and high-power giant magnetostrictive rotary ultrasonic machining systems were also presented. Future research and developments of rotary ultrasonic machining systems regarding the ultrasonic generator, amplitude stability, energy conversion efficiency, vibration mode, and system integration were finally discussed.
Health indicator construction and remaining useful life prediction for space Stirling cryocooler
Authors: Song Lei , Liang Haoran , Teng Wei , Guo Lili
Published: December 2019

Stirling cryocoolers are widely used to refrigerate significant facilities in military and aerospace applications. However, under the influences of high-frequency piston motion and thermal environment deterioration, the refrigerating performance of Stirling cryocoolers will worsen inevitably, thus affecting the successful accomplishment of space mission. In this article, a methodology on assessing the performance of space Stirling cryocoolers is proposed, which involves the analysis of the failure mechanism, health indicator construction and remaining useful life prediction of the cryocooler. The potential factors affecting the refrigerating performance are discussed first. In view of these, three health indicators representing the degradation process of cryocoolers are constructed and then a multi-indicator method based on particle filter is proposed for remaining useful life prediction. Finally, the proposed method is validated by a Stirling cryocooler from one retired aircraft, and the results show that the constructed health indicators and remaining useful life prediciton approaches are effective for performance assessment of Stirling cryocooler.
Paul’s “Armor of God” Discussion: A Pneumatological Engagement with a Critical Formation Text
Authors: Tyra Gary
Published: December 2019

The aim of this article is a treatment of Ephesians 6:10–20 that is both exegetically responsible and existentially impactful. After identifying some of the key earmarks of what I consider to be an exegetically responsible handling of this passage, I endeavor to indicate what a Spirit-sensitive (pneumatologically real) interpretation of (and approach to) putting on the full armor of God might look like. Central to my argument is the suggestion that, given the importance of the Holy Spirit to Paul’s theology as a whole and his letter to the Ephesians in particular, anything other than a Spirit-sensitive reading of his “armor of God” discussion will fail to be exegetically responsible. As well, this article will suggest that it’s a Spirit-sensitive (pneumatologically real) reading of this discussion that will underwrite presentations of it that prove to be genuinely catalytic (change-effecting) in the lives of congregants.
Incidence of CXCR4 tropism and CCR5-tropic resistance in treatment-experienced participants receiving maraviroc in the 48-week MOTIVATE 1 and 2 trials
Authors: Jubb Becky , Lewis Marilyn , McFadyen Lynn , Simpson Paul , Mori Julie , Chan Phylinda , Weatherley Barry , van der Ryst Elna , Westby Mike , Craig Charles
Published: December 2019

Maraviroc blocks HIV-1 entry into CD4+ cells by interrupting the interaction between viral gp120 and cell-surface CCR5. Resistance to CCR5 antagonist–mediated inhibition can develop by unmasking pre-existing CXCR4-using virus or through selection of CCR5-tropic resistant virus, characterized by plateaus in maximum percent inhibition <95%. Here, we examine viral escape in maraviroc-treated participants during virologic failure through Week 48 in the MOTIVATE 1 and 2 trials. Resistance was assessed relative to number of active drugs in participants’ optimized background therapy, pharmacokinetic adherence markers, Baseline demographic data, HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ counts. For participants with R5 virus confirmed ( post hoc) at Screening, Baseline genotypic weighted optimized background therapy susceptibility scores (gwOBTSS) were assigned where possible. Through Week 48, 219/392 (56%) participants with an assigned gwOBTSS achieved a virologic response. Of those remaining, 48/392 (12%) had CXCR4-using virus; 58/392 (15%) had R5 virus (maraviroc sensitive: n = 35/392, 9%; maraviroc resistant: n = 18/392, 5%; undeterminable: n = 5/392, 1%) and 67/392 (17%) had no failure tropism result. When optimized background therapy provided limited support to maraviroc (gwOBTSS <2), 143/286 (50%) responded to therapy, while 76/106 (72%) participants with gwOBTSS ≥2 responded ( p < 0.001). Resistance rates were highest for participants with gwOBTSS <2, accounting for 45/48 (94%) of total CXCR4-using emergence and 18/18 (100%) of total CCR5-tropic resistance. R5 viruses from participants with gwOBTSS ≥2 ( n = 10) were exclusively maraviroc sensitive; five of these participants had pharmacokinetic and/or pill-count markers of non-adherence. When co-administered with a fully active background regimen, maraviroc did not readily generate resistance in the clinical setting.

Trial registry name:

ClinicalTrials.gov ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ ), NCT00098722 and NCT00098306
United We Stand, Divided We Kneel: Examining Perceptions of the NFL Anthem Protest on Organizational Reputation
Authors: Anderson Shaun M.
Published: December 2019

During a 2016 National Football League (NFL) preseason game, former San Francisco 49er quarterback, Colin Kaepernick sat during the playing of the national anthem in protest of police brutality. His actions prompted national outrage: ultimately calling into question his national identity and patriotism towards the United States. The anthem protest continued throughout the 2016 and through the 2017 season. Consequently, the NFL decided to implement a national anthem policy to discipline players who continued to protest. Thus, this study examined individuals’ perceptions of the NFL’s crisis responsibility in handling the anthem protest and how it affected their reputation. Further, this study examined national identity and patriotism as mediators between crisis responsibility and organizational reputation. Results indicated that national identity did not serve as a mediator and that only one level of patriotism mediated the relationship. A discussion was also forwarded.
Incidence of Deep Venous Thrombosis Associated With Proximal Hamstring Rupture
Authors: Engler Ian D. , Bragg Jack T. , Miller Suzanne L.
Published: December 2019

Background:

Rates of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) have been studied for most common orthopaedic injuries. However, rates and risk factors have not been published for proximal hamstring injuries.

Purpose:

To determine the incidence of symptomatic DVT associated with proximal hamstring rupture and associations with prophylactic anticoagulation.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Inclusion criteria included all complete and, in a separate cohort, partial proximal hamstring ruptures treated by the senior author from 2007 through 2018 with at least 8 weeks of follow-up. Tendinopathy without tear was excluded. No DVT screening was performed. Charts of patients with symptomatic DVT were reviewed for the treatment method, the presence of imaging-confirmed DVT or pulmonary embolism, and risk factors for DVT. No patients received postinjury DVT prophylaxis. Surgical patients were routinely instructed to take aspirin (325 mg bid) or apixaban (2.5 mg bid) for 4 weeks. Patients with risk factors for DVT received enoxaparin (40 mg daily) for 2 weeks followed by aspirin (325 mg bid) for 2 weeks.

Results:

A total of 144 complete proximal hamstring ruptures were included: 132 treated operatively and 12 treated nonoperatively. There were 10 DVTs associated with the injury, for an overall rate of 6.9%. Five of the DVTs were diagnosed preoperatively in patients who had not received DVT prophylaxis; the other 5 were diagnosed postoperatively in patients on DVT prophylaxis. Six of the 10 DVTs had identifiable risk factors. All patients with postoperatively diagnosed DVTs were on prophylactic aspirin or enoxaparin. In the partial proximal hamstring rupture cohort of 114 ruptures, there were no DVTs.

Conclusion:

There is a high incidence of DVT associated with complete proximal hamstring ruptures (6.9%) despite many patients receiving DVT prophylaxis. This is substantially higher than that in other lower extremity injuries. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for DVT after these injuries, and postinjury DVT prophylaxis may be warranted.
Retears of the Rotator Cuff: An Ultrasonographic Assessment During the First Postoperative Year
Authors: Aguado Giussepe , Obando Daniel Vernaza , Herrera Gilberto A. , Ramirez Alejandro , Llinás Paulo J.
Published: December 2019

Background:

Surgical repair of rotator cuff (RC) tears is an effective treatment option. However, the prevalence of recurrent ruptures is high.

Hypothesis:

Recurrent tears are a frequent complication of surgical repair of RC tears. Their incidence might be influenced by factors such as the patient’s age and size of the initial tear.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Data from 90 adult patients who underwent arthroscopic RC repair between 2014 and 2017 and underwent an ultrasound examination 6 to 12 months after surgery were analyzed retrospectively. Massive tears were repaired using a double-row technique, and nonmassive tears were repaired with a single-row technique. Clinical records were reviewed for demographic information.

Results:

All patients (57.8% women; 42.2% men) were older than 18 years (mean, 58.9 years). Of these patients, 30.0% (27/90) had massive tears, which were primarily found in patients ≥60 years (74.1%; 20/27). Complete healing was seen in 74.5% of all repairs during follow-up. A total of 23 patients (25.5%) had retears (13 complete; 10 partial), which were diagnosed by ultrasound imaging 6 to 12 months after the initial surgery. The occurrence of retears was more prevalent in patients with massive tears than in patients with nonmassive tears (40.7% vs 19.0%, respectively); the difference was statistically significant ( P = .03). Reruptures occurred in 50.0% of patients older than 60 years with massive tears. Although patients older than 60 years had more recurrent tears (32.6%) compared with younger patients (18.2%), the difference was not statistically significant ( P = .12).

Conclusion:

One-quarter of the patients who had undergone surgical repair of an RC tear had recurrent ruptures. There was a statistically significant association between the initial massive tear and a retear. Patients older than 60 years showed a higher recurrence rate, but this difference lacked statistical significance. Reruptures occurred in 50.0% of patients older than 60 years with massive tears.
Current Engagement in Advance Care Planning in Japan and Its Associated Factors
Authors: Inoue Megumi , Hanari Kyoko , Hamano Jun , Gallagher Joshua , Tamiya Nanako
Published: December 2019

Using the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare national data on perspectives toward medical care at the end of life, this study examined the current status of engagement in advance care planning (ACP) activities among physicians and nurses in Japan and associated factors. Only 28.7% of physicians and 27.6% of nurses answered that they were engaging their patients/clients in ACP. Multinomial regression analysis revealed that more frequent involvement in caring for dying patients was associated with ACP engagement for both physicians and nurses. Increased years of clinical practice experience and working in a hospital were associated with decreased likelihood of nurses’ ACP engagement. Completion of training designed to promote patient self-determination at the end of life was associated with both physicians’ and nurses’ ACP engagement. It is recommended that health care professionals be encouraged to complete such training to promote patients’ autonomy through ACP.
Unilateral Multiple Extramedullary Plasmacytoma of the Choroid and Conjunctiva: A Case Report
Authors: Mohamed Shymaa , Silvasi Truman , Kubat Anthony , Aaberg Thomas
Published: December 2019

Purpose:

We report a case of multiple extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) of the choroid and conjunctiva as a sign of multiple myeloma (MM) relapse.

Methods:

An observational case report with clinicopathologic correlation is presented.

Results:

A 45-year-old man with a 2.5-year history of MM presented with left eye pain. Examination revealed a conjunctival nodule and choroidal infiltrate in the left eye. Excisional biopsy demonstrated plasmacytoma of the conjunctiva and choroid. Despite radiotherapy and chemotherapy, multiple EMP recurred and the patient died 8 months after initial presentation.

Conclusions:

Multiple EMP of the choroid and conjunctiva has a poor prognosis and can present as a sign of MM relapse. Our imaging demonstrates the clinical manifestations of this tumor and can aid future diagnoses. Our radiation dose (20 Gy) was inadequate, which is an important reportable factor for future patients.