bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bridging the gap for patients with mental illness
Authors: Ali Saadia , Getz Marshall J. , Chung Heather
Published: January 2015

A metropolitan hospital system has developed and implemented a transition-of-care program focusing on patients with mental illnesses and high risk for hospital readmissions or emergency department visits. Currently, the transition period between care settings creates a state of vulnerability for patients and their caregivers. Poor care coordination negatively affects patient outcomes and results in a major economic burden. Patients with mental illnesses are particularly sensitive to transition-of-care issues including confusion about which medications to start and stop. This program aims to design, implement, and evaluate interventions to improve care transitions at 3 hospitals for individuals with a primary or secondary psychiatric diagnosis. In the inpatient setting, the clinical pharmacist, nurse practitioners, and social workers collaborate to identify medication-related problems. After patients are discharged from the hospital, nurse practitioners, the clinical pharmacist, and educators follow up with patients for 30 days via home health aide visits and telephone calls. Evidence-based tools and assessments are used to drive the program's interventions. From June 2014 to September 2014, 770 patients were identified as high risk. Readmissions data are pending. The patient outcomes data will fill the gap in the literature with essential information on transition-of-care issues within the mental health population. This program has implications to affect health care policy because it uses multiple evidence-based practices with the ultimate goal of decreasing economic burden for health systems and patients. New pharmacist roles in transition of care may emerge from this program.
Redesigning the clinical pharmacy practice model at a psychiatric hospital
Authors: Zolezzi Monica , Gottstein Ingo , Nilsson Benjamin
Published: January 2015

Introduction: Integrated, patient-centered clinical pharmacy services have been shown to improve patient outcomes in a variety of settings, including mental health. In this article, we describe and report the impact of a restructured clinical practice model that incorporated direct patient care by pharmacists implemented at a psychiatric facility in Edmonton, Canada. The purpose of redesigning the clinical pharmacy program was to deliver proactive pharmacist care through integrated clinical pharmacy services and to better align pharmacists' activities with those that have been reported to have a positive impact on patient outcomes.

Methods: Pharmacists' documentation notes in medical records for patients admitted and discharged from the hospital at four different time periods were reviewed. For each time period, the number, type, and documentation rate were measured and compared using a Student t test with correction for unequal variances. Significant change was defined as P < .05. Documentation rates were also compared for short-stay versus long-stay patients.

Results: A consistent and statistically significant increase was found in pharmacists' clinical notes per chart from 0.15 to 1.5 (P < .001) after implementation of the redesigned clinical practice model. The proportion of clinical notes also increased from 22% in the preimplementation period to up to 68% in the current period. This indicates that pharmacists were spending proportionally more time on proactive versus reactive care. Documentation rates also increased regardless of the patients' length of stay.

Discussion: The redesigned clinical practice model enabled a successful transition of the pharmacists' role, from being predominantly reactive to becoming more proactive and integrated.
Ten years of Martian nitric oxide nightglow observations
Authors: Stiepen Arnaud , Gérard Jean‐Claude , Gagné Marie‐Ève , Montmessin Franck , Bertaux Jean‐Loup
Published: January 2015

We present 10 years of Martian NO nightglow Spectroscopy for Investigation of Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Mars observations in limb and stellar occultation modes. The NO nightglow is used as a tracer of the summer‐to‐winter hemispherical circulation in the upper atmosphere of Mars. Its distribution roughly follows the curve latitude = −80 sin(solar longitude), with deviations. We find that the peak brightness is 5 ± 4.5 kR, situated at 72 ± 10.4 km. It ranges from 0.23 to 18.51 kR and from 42 to 97 km. These values are consistent with previous studies. We also present maps of the brightness of the NO emission peak and its variability, an important factor that can reach up to 50% of the emission and is not reproduced by average brightness model maps. The characteristics and factors that may control the emission are investigated. In particular, we show that the solar activity exerts a positive influence on the number of detections. It does not influence, on the contrary, the brightness or altitude of the peak of the NO nightglow emission. Results presented in this study lead to future comparisons with global Martian atmospheric models and observational targets for the Imaging Ultraviolet Sprectrograph Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution.
Remote‐sensing constraints on South America fire traits by Bayesian fusion of atmospheric and surface data
Authors: Bloom A. Anthony , Worden John , Jiang Zhe , Worden Helen , Kurosu Thomas , Frankenberg Christian , Schimel David
Published: January 2015

Satellite observations reveal substantial burning during the 2007 and 2010 tropical South America fire season, with both years exhibiting similar total burned area. However, 2010 CO fire emissions, based on satellite CO concentration measurements, were substantially lower (−28%), despite the once‐in‐a‐century drought in 2010. We use Bayesian inference with satellite measurements of CH4 and CO concentrations and burned area to quantify shifts in combustion characteristics in 2010 relative to 2007. We find an 88% probability in reduced combusted biomass density associated with the 2010 fires and an 82% probability of lower fire carbon losses in 2010 relative to 2007. Higher combustion efficiency was a smaller contributing factor to the reduced 2010 CO emissions. The reduction in combusted biomass density is consistent with a reduction (4–6%) in Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 solar‐induced fluorescence (a proxy for gross primary production) during the preceding months and a potential reduction in biomass (≤8.3%) due to repeat fires.
Fault slip distribution of the 2014 Iquique, Chile, earthquake estimated from ocean‐wide tsunami waveforms and GPS data
Authors: Gusman Aditya Riadi , Murotani Satoko , Satake Kenji , Heidarzadeh Mohammad , Gunawan Endra , Watada Shingo , Schurr Bernd
Published: January 2015

We applied a new method to compute tsunami Green's functions for slip inversion of the 1 April 2014 Iquique earthquake using both near‐field and far‐field tsunami waveforms. Inclusion of the effects of the elastic loading of seafloor, compressibility of seawater, and the geopotential variation in the computed Green's functions reproduced the tsunami traveltime delay relative to long‐wave simulation and allowed us to use far‐field records in tsunami waveform inversion. Multiple time window inversion was applied to tsunami waveforms iteratively until the result resembles the stable moment rate function from teleseismic inversion. We also used GPS data for a joint inversion of tsunami waveforms and coseismic crustal deformation. The major slip region with a size of 100 km × 40 km is located downdip the epicenter at depth ~28 km, regardless of assumed rupture velocities. The total seismic moment estimated from the slip distribution is 1.24 × 1021 N m (Mw 8.0).
A dayside plasma depletion observed at midlatitudes during quiet geomagnetic conditions
Authors: Park Jaeheung , Stolle Claudia , Xiong Chao , Lühr Hermann , Pfaff Robert F. , Buchert Stephan , Martinis Carlos R.
Published: January 2015

In this study we investigate a dayside, midlatitude plasma depletion (DMLPD) encountered on 22 May 2014 by the Swarm and GRACE satellites, as well as ground‐based instruments. The DMLPD was observed near Puerto Rico by Swarm near 10 LT under quiet geomagnetic conditions at altitudes of 475–520 km and magnetic latitudes of ∼25°–30°. The DMLPD was also revealed in total electron content observations by the Saint Croix station and by the GRACE satellites (430 km) near 16 LT and near the same geographic location. The unique Swarm constellation enables the horizontal tilt of the DMLPD to be measured (35° clockwise from the geomagnetic east‐west direction). Ground‐based airglow images at Arecibo showed no evidence for plasma density depletions during the night prior to this dayside event. The C/NOFS equatorial satellite showed evidence for very modest plasma density depletions that had rotated into the morningside from nightside. However, the equatorial depletions do not appear related to the DMLPD, for which the magnetic apex height is about 2500 km. The origins of the DMLPD are unknown, but may be related to gravity waves.
InSAR imaging of displacement on flexural‐slip faults triggered by the 2013 Mw 6.6 Lake Grassmere earthquake, central New Zealand
Authors: Kaneko Y. , Hamling I. J. , Van Dissen R. J. , Motagh M. , Samsonov S. V.
Published: January 2015

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data reveal surface slip on multiple faults triggered by the 2013 Mw 6.6 Lake Grassmere earthquake, New Zealand. Surface offsets of 1–2 cm occurred on previously inferred flexural‐slip faults located ∼4 km from the epicenter. We document dip slip on at least three different northeast striking, northwest dipping, flexural‐slip faults located in the western limb of a syncline. The along‐strike extent of the triggered slip is 1–1.5 km for each fault. Dislocation models suggest that triggered slip is confined to shallow depths (∼800 m). Coulomb stress analysis indicates that slip was not triggered by the static stress change of the main shock but was likely caused by dynamic shaking during the passage of seismic waves. Our finding also provides an important clue on how some slip on shallow flexural‐slip faults takes place.
Single spots, unipolar magnetic regions, and pairs of spots: 2. The development of sunspot pairs and the Hale boundary
Authors: Akasofu Syun‐Ichi
Published: January 2015

Sunspot pairs develop in connection with cell networks at or near the boundaries of positive and negative unipolar magnetic (UM) field regions. In this paper, we confirm his findings by recent data. In this connection, Svalgaard and Wilcox (1976) found also that solar activities occur only at one side of UM boundaries, called the “Hale boundary,” on the basis of their observation of the interplanetary magnetic field. It is shown in this paper that the Hale boundary can be recognized also on the photosphere. Further, it is shown that new UM regions grow at the beginning of a new sunspot cycle, and active regions and sunspot pairs tend to develop at or near newly developing Hale boundaries. Thus, it is suggested that UM regions and specifically Hale boundaries are very important for the formation of active regions, sunspots, and sunspot pairs. These facts suggest also that UM regions are not merely remnants of decaying old spots and active regions. Some of the essential features of sunspot pairs, as well as their relationship to the Hale boundary in both even and odd cycles are presented in one figure, illustrating several requirements for a theory of the formation of single spots and sunspot pairs.
Do West African thunderstorms predict the intensity of Atlantic hurricanes?
Authors: Price Colin , Reicher Naama , Yair Yoav
Published: January 2015

Since 85% of all major Atlantic hurricanes originate as thunderstorm clusters in equatorial Africa, we have investigated the connection between these African thunderstorms and the consequent development of these disturbances into tropical storms. We have analyzed Meteosat infrared cloud top temperature data to determine the areal coverage of cold cloud tops over a 6 year period from 2005 to 2010. In addition, hurricane statistics from the same period (intensity, date of generation, location, and maximum winds) were obtained from the National Hurricane Center database. We first show that the areal coverage of cold clouds (with brightness temperatures Tb < −50°C) in tropical Africa is a good indicator of the monthly number of African Easterly Waves (AEWs) leaving the west coast of tropical Africa. Furthermore, the AEWs that develop into tropical storms have a significantly larger area covered by cold cloud tops compared with nondeveloping waves. Finally, we show that on a storm‐by‐storm basis, the cold cloud coverage in West Africa is positively correlated (r = 0.57) with the accumulated cyclone energy of the future tropical cyclones that develop out of these waves.
Role of Stratospheric Sudden Warmings on the response to Central Pacific El Niño
Authors: Iza Maddalen , Calvo Natalia
Published: January 2015

The Northern Hemisphere (NH) polar stratospheric response to Central Pacific El Niño (CP‐El Niño) events remains unclear. Contradictory results have been reported depending on the definition and events considered. We show that this is due to the prominent role of Stratospheric Sudden Warmings (SSWs), whose signal dominates the NH winter polar stratospheric response to CP‐El Niño. In fact, the CP‐El Niño signal is robust when the events are classified according to the occurrence of SSWs and displays opposite response in winters with and without SSWs. In the absence of SSWs, polar stratospheric responses to Central Pacific and Eastern Pacific El Niño are clearly distinguishable in early winter, in relation to differences in the Pacific‐North American pattern. Our results demonstrate that the occurrence of SSWs needs to be taken into account when studying the stratospheric response to CP‐El Niño and explain why different responses to CP‐El Niño have been reported previously.
Quantitative maps of geomagnetic perturbation vectors during substorm onset and recovery
Authors: Pothier N. M. , Weimer D. R. , Moore W. B.
Published: January 2015

We have produced the first series of spherical harmonic, numerical maps of the time‐dependent surface perturbations in the Earth's magnetic field following the onset of substorms. Data from 124 ground magnetometer stations in the Northern Hemisphere at geomagnetic latitudes above 33° were used. Ground station data averaged over 5 min intervals covering 8 years (1998–2005) were used to construct pseudo auroral upper, auroral lower, and auroral electrojet (AU*, AL*, and AE*) indices. These indices were used to generate a list of substorms that extended from 1998 to 2005, through a combination of automated processing and visual checks. Events were sorted by interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation (at the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite), dipole tilt angle, and substorm magnitude. Within each category, the events were aligned on substorm onset. A spherical cap harmonic analysis was used to obtain a least error fit of the substorm disturbance patterns at 5 min intervals up to 90 min after onset. The fits obtained at onset time were subtracted from all subsequent fits, for each group of substorm events. Maps of the three vector components of the averaged magnetic perturbations were constructed to show the effects of substorm currents. These maps are produced for several specific ranges of values for the peak |AL*| index, IMF orientation, and dipole tilt angle. We demonstrate an influence of the dipole tilt angle on the response to substorms. Our results indicate that there are downward currents poleward and upward currents just equatorward of the peak in the substorms' westward electrojet.
Evaluating convective parameterization closures using cloud‐resolving model simulation of tropical deep convection
Authors: Suhas E. , Zhang Guang J.
Published: January 2015

Closure is an important component of a mass flux‐based convective parameterization scheme, and it determines the amount of convection with the aid of a large‐scale variable (closure variable) that is sensitive to convection. In this study, we have evaluated and quantified the relationship between commonly used closure variables and convection for a range of global climate model (GCM) horizontal resolutions, taking convective precipitation and mass flux at 600 hPa as measures for deep convection. We have used cloud‐resolving model simulation data to create domain averages representing GCM horizontal resolutions of 128 km, 64 km, 32 km, 16 km, 8 km, and 4 km. Lead‐lag correlation analysis shows that except moisture convergence and turbulent kinetic energy, none of the other closure variables evaluated in this study show any relationship with convection for the six subdomain sizes. It is found that the correlation between moisture convergence and convective precipitation is largest when moisture convergence leads convection. This correlation weakens as the subdomain size decreases to 8 km or smaller. Although convective precipitation and mass flux increase with moisture convergence at a given subdomain size, as the subdomain size increases, the rate at which they increase becomes smaller. This suggests that moisture convergence‐based closure should scale down the predicted mass flux for a given moisture convergence as GCM resolution increases.
Observation of sea‐salt fraction in sub‐100 nm diameter particles at Cape Grim
Authors: Cravigan Luke T. , Ristovski Zoran , Modini Robin L. , Keywood Melita D. , Gras John L.
Published: January 2015

Volatility‐hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer measurements were used to infer the composition of sub‐100 nm diameter Southern Ocean marine aerosols at Cape Grim in November and December 2007. This study focuses on a short‐lived high sea spray aerosol (SSA) event on 7–8 December with two externally mixed modes in the Hygroscopic Growth Factor (HGF) distributions (90% relative humidity (RH)), one at HGF > 2 and another at HGF~1.5. The particles with HGF > 2 displayed a deliquescent transition at 73–75% RH and were nonvolatile up to 280°C, which identified them as SSA particles with a large inorganic sea‐salt fraction. SSA HGFs were 3–13% below those for pure sea‐salt particles, indicating an organic volume fraction (OVF) of up to 11–46%. Observed high inorganic fractions in sub‐100 nm SSA is contrary to similar, earlier studies. HGFs increased with decreasing particle diameter over the range 16–97 nm, suggesting a decreased OVF, again contrary to earlier studies. SSA comprised up to 69% of the sub‐100 nm particle number, corresponding to concentrations of 110–290 cm−3. Air mass back trajectories indicate that SSA particles were produced 1500 km, 20–40 h upwind of Cape Grim. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray spectrometry measurements of sub‐100 nm aerosols collected from the same location, and at the same time, displayed a distinct lack of sea salt. Results herein highlight the potential for biases in TEM analysis of the chemical composition of marine aerosols.
Children's Depression Inventory (
CDI
and
CDI
2)
Authors: Kovacs Maria
Published: January 2015

The absence of tools to assess depression in juveniles prompted the development of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) several decades ago. The initial CDI included 27 items; a shorter version and versions to be completed by parents and teachers about a child also were developed. The CDI suite of tools was recently updated and is now called the CDI 2. The CDI 2 was administered to a new, nationally representative, normative U.S. sample, aged 7–17 years (and their parents), and a separate clinically referred sample. Just like their predecessors, the CDI 2 questionnaires have excellent psychometric properties. They can be administered and scored in paper‐and‐pencil, computer‐based, and online versions. Standardized
t
‐scores serve to compare a child's profile to similarly aged, same‐sexed peers in the standardization sample. The CDI 2 tools are being used in school, clinical, and research settings, for the reliable, fast, inexpensive, multiperspective assessment of pediatric depressive symptoms.
Scholar–Practitioner Model
Authors: Foley Kimberly P. , McNeil Cheryl B.
Published: January 2015

The American Psychological Association has identified four primary training models in the fields of clinical, counseling, and educational psychology: bench scientist, clinical scientist (Indiana model), scientist–practitioner (Boulder model), and scholar–practitioner (Vail model). Historically, these training models have been conceptualized as divergent approaches to the study and application of scientific psychological principles. However, these training models may most appropriately be viewed on a continuum with each training model invested in varying degrees of research and professional clinical practice. The primary focus of this article is the scholar–practitioner model, including information regarding the historical evolution of this training model, approaches to clinical practice and research endeavors, the development of professional psychology programs, compliments and criticisms of this model, and alternative training models.
C
attell,
R
aymond
B
. (1905–98)
Authors: Revelle William
Published: January 2015

Raymond Bernard Cattell (1905–98) was one of the most prolific and important psychologists of the twentieth century. His contributions to theories of personality, intelligence, and psychometrics were and remain very influential to this day. He and Hans Eysenck (1916–97) were the two major contributors to the scientific study of personality in the mid‐ to late twentieth century. The distinctions he drew between crystallized and fluid intelligence, and between state and trait personality, as well as the multitude of psychometric innovations he developed have become embedded in the psychological armamentarium, perhaps without recognition.
Anti‐Consumption
Authors: Hennigs Nadine , Seegebarth Barbara
Published: January 2015

In contrast to traditional consumer behavior research dedicated to why consumers decide to buy a certain brand or product, studies on anti‐consumption focus more generally on what motivates consumers' not to choose or avoid specific products and brands. On a macro‐level, anti‐consumption can be understood as being against consumption in general, while on a micro‐level, specific actions against consumption or specific products become apparent.
Attachment
Authors: Prete Irene
Published: January 2015

Attachment, originally studied in psychological literature, represents the emotional bond between a person and a specific figure. In a wider perspective, attachment goes beyond relations between individuals and affects the relationships consumers form with objects around them, such as products, preferred things, celebrities, and, most of all, brands. As those who are closely attached to a person are more disposed to commit themselves, to invest in and make sacrifices for that person, similarly, attachment to a brand can reveal consumers' loyalty and will to make financial sacrifices in order to get that product. Besides an emotional component, characterized by the dimensions of affection, passion and connection (emotional attachment), and a material component, which is connected with possessiveness, nongenerosity and envy (material attachment), brand attachment can also have a spiritual dimension, a bond consisting, on the one hand, in repetitive behaviors (purchase habits) and adherence to shared values and, on the other, in the appreciation of hedonic features in purchases, connected with the reliable recognition of their being far‐sighted, which is a delight to talk of and diffuse (fervid attachment).
Attribution Theory
Authors: Schmitt Julien
Published: January 2015

Attribution theory attempts (i) to explain how people attribute the causes of events or behavior and (ii) to analyze the impact of such attribution on their future behavior. In the first part, this article explains the nature of attribution theory. More specifically, it describes how attribution theory is derived from “naïve psychology” and has been developed through two main theoretical models: Kelley's model and Weiner's model. In the second part, several attribution biases are reviewed and an explanation is provided as to how individuals misattribute the causes of certain events, either to protect their self‐esteem or to keep up the illusion of having effective control over their life. Finally, this article shows how attribution theory has spread out of the field of social psychology field to be adopted by, among others, the marketing field.
Behavioral Decision Theory
Authors: Saad Gad
Published: January 2015

Behavioral decision theory describes how individuals actually make decisions rather than how they ought to if they were conforming to axioms of rational choice (as is the case with normative and prescriptive theories). Three main areas of research have been to identify violations of rational choice (e.g., intransitivity of preferences), document a wide range of decision rules used in arriving at a final choice (e.g., the Lexicographic rule), and uncover the stopping strategies used in deciding when to terminate the information search process and commit to a choice. Recent work has sought to explore the evolutionary origins of our decision making proclivities.
Celebrity Endorsement
Authors: Kerrigan Finola , Hewer Paul , Brownlie Douglas
Published: January 2015

This article outlines key theory related to celebrity endorsement. In doing so, we consider the benefits and challenges involved in deploying the symbolic capital associated with celebrity onto other brands. We consider psychological, economic, and cultural logics which inform key celebrity endorsement perspectives within the literature and suggest a need to develop the cultural approach further to incorporate the notion of brandscape and the implicit importance of temporality of meaning in the area of celebrity endorsement.
Conspicuous Consumption
Authors: Saad Gad
Published: January 2015

Conspicuous consumption is the means by which individuals signal their social standing via a wide range of ostentatious products, services, and pursuits. Consumers scholars have explored many issues dealing with conspicuous consumption such as the development of a scale to capture one's proclivity to engage in the behavior and situational variables that might accentuate one's desire to be showy. On the other hand, evolutionary‐minded researchers recognize that conspicuous consumption is rooted in a biological imperative, namely sexual signaling in the mating arena. Deleterious outcomes of conspicuous consumption include deceptive signaling via counterfeit products, as well as the ecological harm caused by the dogged pursuit of the high life (e.g., the hunting of nearly extinct species as a high‐status badge of honor).
The Critical Incident Technique
Authors: Gremler Dwayne D.
Published: January 2015

The Critical Incident Technique (
CIT
), a research method that relies on a set of procedures to collect, content analyze, and classify observations of human behavior, was introduced to the social sciences by Flanagan (1954) 60 years ago. Bitner, Booms, and Tetreault (1990), who introduced CIT to the marketing discipline, define an incident as an observable human activity that is complete enough to allow inferences and predictions to be made about the person performing the act. A critical incident is described as one that makes a significant contribution, either positively or negatively, to an activity or phenomenon. Critical incidents can be gathered in various ways, but the approach generally asks respondents to tell a story about an experience they have had. In the past 25 years the CIT method has been used frequently in marketing and management, and more recently in service research, to study a wide range of topics.
Customer Equity
Authors: Groeger Lars , Buttle Francis
Published: January 2015

Customer equity is defined as the sum of the discounted lifetime values of all of the firm's current and potential customers. The customer equity concept recognizes customers as the primary source of both current and future cash‐flows and thus as one of the firm's most valuable assets. As such, customer equity is a forward‐looking concept that measures the future value of a firm's customer base. Customer equity provides a customer‐centered measure of a firm's performance that is considered more significant than past and current sales or market share.
Customer Lifetime Value
Authors: Groeger Lars , Buttle Francis
Published: January 2015

A customer's lifetime value (
CLV
) is an estimate of the present value of the future cash flows associated with a particular customer or group of customers.
CLV
is a forward‐looking concept that takes a long term perspective on a supplier's relationship with a customer and is the same unit of measurement that creates customer equity. The aggregated
CLV
of a firm's entire customer base equals the firm's customer equity. To compute the
CLV
of a specific customer, a firm needs to estimate net profits generated by the customer, expected purchasing life, and acquisition costs.
Dark Marketing
Authors: John Anna
Published: January 2015

The article defines the concept of dark marketing. It also suggests a series of examples of dark marketing practices.
Database Marketing
Authors: Kasabov Edward
Published: January 2015

“Database marketing” is a form of direct marketing whereby customer data are used to generate personalized interactions with customers. Database marketing is predicated on the use of technology to acquire, organize, systematize, and manage data for purposes of more effective management of knowledge held in corporate databases. Knowledge discovery and data augmentation tools are applied to extract and systematize complex and voluminous customer or business data, so that to obtain a “360‐degree view” of customers. Although in existence for half a century, the concept has been promoted since the 1980s by the wider adoption of computer technology. Availability and importance of customer data are increasing, with data on incomes, transaction history, biographical data, and other personal details captured internally from customers or bought from other companies. Database marketing is comparable to transactional marketing, and not relationship marketing, although some academics have recently noted that “evolutionary database marketing” approaches are appropriate to building longer term relations with customers. Critical marketing scholars describe database marketing practices as controlling and disciplinary mechanisms which help marketers observe, document, individualize, categorize, and target their customers.
Decision Making
Authors: Shepherd Neil
Published: January 2015

The dynamism of modern‐day business environments places unprecedented information processing demands on managers. The ability of managers to cope with a surfeit of data in order to formulate effective decisions, depends on their ability to draw upon both rational approaches and intuition. This articles provides a brief overview of both rational and intuitive approaches to decision‐making.
E‐Governance
Authors: Page Kelly L.
Published: January 2015

This article provides a review of e‐governance and how it differs from electronic government and the fields of implementation that e‐governance include.
E‐Retailing
Authors: Page Kelly L.
Published: January 2015

This article provides a review of e‐retailing, the differing types of e‐retailing, and the growth in the use of self‐service technologies in retailing and financial services.
Emotional Dissonance
Authors: Vella Joe
Published: January 2015

Emotional dissonance takes place when individuals' behavior is incongruent with their true feelings. Such situations typically occur when professional service providers, mostly front‐line employees, communicate with arduous customers, particularly during face‐to‐face interactions. Research shows that emotional dissonance may lead to both short‐term as well as long‐term negative effects, including absenteeism, burnout, and depression.
Empirical Generalization in Marketing
Authors: Wright Malcolm
Published: January 2015

Empirical generalization seeks patterns that can be reproduced across diverse data sets to support the development of higher order theory. It values parsimonious explanation and extensive replication rather than the regression methods commonly used in marketing. This approach has led to many discoveries about consumer behavior, most of which are summarized by the NBD‐Dirichlet model of purchase incidence and brand choice.
Fair Trade
Authors: Nicholls Alex
Published: January 2015

This article considers a leading form of ethical consumption: fair trade (FT). FT uses a set of standards and – in some cases a certification scheme – to ensure that poor producers and artisans capture a far larger proportion of the value chain than is conventional. This creates a market‐driven development tool.
Field Sales Force
Authors: Meunier‐FitzHugh Kenneth Le
Published: January 2015

The field sales force is employed to manage the organization's customers and covers a number of functions including, customer selection and retention, customer relationship management, presenting product/service offers, guiding buyer decision‐making, negotiation, and managing sales technology/reporting. Field sales personnel need to be good communicators who are able to handle different sales techniques.
Global Marketing
Authors: Schlegelmilch Bodo B.
Published: January 2015

Although marketing is a universal discipline, the market environments around the world differ strongly in terms of culture, competition, geography, regulatory framework.
Growth Models
Authors: Sokele Mladen
Published: January 2015

The article gives an introduction to the growth models that are used for time series data analysis and forecasting of future growth. Classifications of models based on mathematical form (differential/analytical) and number of dependent variables (univariate/multivariate) are given. The most common methods for model parameters determination are specified. Prerequisites for application of growth models for quantitative forecasting are discussed.
Human–Computer Interface in Marketing
Authors: Wang Wan Chen , Moutinho Luiz
Published: January 2015

Human–computer interaction (HCI) is a study of interaction between people (users) and computers. Generally, it is considered as the intersection of computer science, behavioral sciences, design, and other domains of study. Interaction between users and computers takes place at the user interface, which includes both software and hardware. The aggregate of means by which people – the users – interact with a system – a particular machine, device, computer program, or other complex tool is the human–computer interface. Academic research on HCI combines the experimental methods and intellectual framework of cognitive psychology with effective tools from computer science. It emphasizes a controlled experiment, which yields more objective and reliable results.
Identity
Authors: Penz Elfriede
Published: January 2015

Identity is studied from many disciplines and explains human behavior, as both, subjective individual achievement and group membership. Achieving a sense of identity is sometimes referred to as a struggle when the question asked by the individual is “who one is.” Identity is also referring to terms such as self, individual, ego, personhood, character, personality, and role.
Autoethnography
Authors: Rod Michel
Published: January 2015

Few research approaches address the effects of research on the
researcher, from the researcher's perspective. Autoethnography is an emerging qualitative research method in which the researcher writes in a highly personalized style, addressing the effects of the research on themselves and drawing on their lived experiences in order to extend understanding about a particular phenomenon of interest.
Jaycustomer
Authors: Daunt Kate L.
Published: January 2015

The term Jaycustomer refers to customers who “behave stupidly, irrationally, or illegally toward service personnel, facilities, and other customers”. Services marketer Christopher Lovelock identifies six types of jaycustomer behavior labeled; ‘the thief’, ‘the rulebreaker’, ‘the belligerent’, ‘the family feuders’, ‘the vandal’ and ‘the deadbeat’. The label jaycustomer is often used interchangeably within the marketing literature with terms including ‘consumer misbehavior’ and ‘dysfunctional customer behavior’ when describing the unwanted and undesirable behaviors by customers in consumption settings.
M
achiavellism
Authors: Prete Irene
Published: January 2015

Machiavellism
(or
Machiavellianism
) refers to the political doctrine and principles of general conduct stated by the Italian diplomat and writer Niccolò Machiavelli who, in one of his works,
Il Principe
, proposes, in contrast to the moral doctrine of the orthodox belief, the innovative concept of virtue as the propensity and capacity to act so that to preserve what one has obtained.
Marketing Intelligent Systems
Authors: Martínez‐lópez Francisco J. , Casillas Jorge
Published: January 2015

Marketing
i
ntelligent systems (
M
k
i
S) are artificial intelligence‐based systems applied to aid decision‐making in marketing management, and thus belong to the broad category of knowledge‐driven systems.
Motivation
Authors: Schmitt Julien
Published: January 2015

Motivation is a major concept in marketing, as understanding consumers' motivation is of primary importance for the success of marketing strategies. This article defines the concept of motivation, at the conscious and unconscious level and shows how marketing uses this concept to better understand consumer behavior.
Network Theory
Authors: Chaston Ian
Published: January 2015

Network theory proposes that there are often more than two parties in a buyer‐seller relationship and that exchange processes take place through interaction between a number of individual actors within firms and in many cases between a number of different firms.
Artificial Neural Networks in Marketing
Authors: Silva Maria , Moutinho Luiz
Published: January 2015

This article is designed to give the reader the key insights into the world of artificial neural networks (ANNs), seen here as generalized mathematical models that emulate human cognition. The inner workings of ANNs are highlighted such as the topology itself, activation function, connection weights, combination function, distribution of outputs, sigmoid function, network architecture, its multilayer nature, high‐order statistics, feedforward networks, learning process, training patterns, the perceptron model, backpropagation (BP) algorithm, among many other technical issues. The entry also includes many multiple academic research applications in marketing. The entry concludes with an overview of key developments in this area like Hopfield neural networks.
Partial Least Squares
Authors: Henseler Jörg
Published: January 2015

Partial least squares (PLS) path modeling is a variance‐based form of structural equation modeling. It is frequently applied in business and social sciences to analyze complex causal‐predictive models involving latent variables. PLS path modeling makes only soft assumptions with respect to the data distribution, and is relatively robust in case of small sample sizes.
Perceptual Mapping
Authors: Grundström Christina
Published: January 2015

Perceptual mapping is used to establish a product's or a brand's position and can provide a comprehensive picture of the competitive situation and how differentiated the product or brand is in the minds of the established target group. A perceptual map is a type of diagram, where the two axes depict the criteria, and their relative importance, the target group uses when selecting a product or brand to satisfy a certain need. Several maps must be drawn to get a full picture of how a certain product or brand is positioned. Any position is to be established in relation to any competitor, direct or one providing substitutes, satisfying the same need for the established target group. Market research (or otherwise obtained equal data) is required to find out the selection criteria – and their relative importance – of the target group. The position in perceptual maps is a relative one. To judge a position, the market share size for each competing product or brand should be included in the map. A product or brand with a small market share in the close proximity of a product or brand with a large market share should consider repositioning.
Pester Power
Authors: Armstrong Kate
Published: January 2015

Pester power is a common term used to describe the behavior of children who pester, harass, and nag their parents or guardians to purchase something for them – typically branded goods.
Push/Pull Marketing Strategy
Authors: Grundström Christina
Published: January 2015

Push/pull marketing strategy concerns how an organization offering products (goods and or services) views the market. Organizations can be found just about anywhere on a scale from a pure push marketing strategy to a pure pull marketing strategy. A push marketing strategy focuses on what resources, competences and capacity the organization has, while a pull marketing strategy focuses on the needs of the market. Most organizations apply a mix of push and pull marketing strategy. Any adaptation of offerings to customer needs must reasonably fit the competences and capabilities within the firm or its network or such competences and capabilities, which within a reasonable time and at reasonable cost, can be obtained. An organization thus balances between what it reasonably can offer (push) and what the market demands (pull). For several types of organization, in particular within fast‐moving consumer goods, the increased data on customers have aided a shift toward a more pull‐oriented marketing strategy. The risk with applying a total pull marketing strategy is that the company may listen too much to too many types of customer resulting in too low a ratio between revenue and the production cost of the offerings to remain in the market.
R
asch Model
Authors: Salzberger Thomas
Published: January 2015

The Rasch model is a measurement model providing linear measures derived from an observed sum score across items forming a unidimensional scale. The data analysis allows for empirically assessing whether reponse categories work as intended, whether items are locally independent and whether responses reflect a unidimensional latent variable. The Rasch model can be derived from fundamental principles of measurement, such as invariance. The Rasch philosophy therefore takes precedence over the data, which is in contrast to Classical Test Theory and also to general Item Response Theory models.
The Sales–Marketing Interface
Authors: Dewsnap Belinda
Published: January 2015

This article presents the need for close collaboration between organizationally distinct sales and marketing departments. In the face of a characteristically non‐collaborative interface, the article presents the basis of the interdependence between the two groups and reports on more recent structural initiatives to improve the interface.
Service Models
Authors: Mascio Rita Di
Published: January 2015

A service model is how a frontline employee (
FLE
) interprets the term “customer service.” Three distinct service models exist among
FLE
serving retail customers: (i) the act of giving customers what they ask for, courteously and efficiently, (ii) a means to accomplishing immediate objectives, such as sales quotas, and (iii) the formation of mutually beneficial relationships with customers through problem solving. These models are termed “efficiency,” “means,” and “win‐win,” respectively. Service models vary across four attributes that described the employee–customer encounter: the
FLEs
' perception of themselves, their perception of their customers, their objective during the encounter, and how they assess the quality of service they provide. Service models are related to
FLEs
' customer orientation, competence, surface and deep acting, and interpersonal values of friendliness and detachment.
Service Separation
Authors: Keh Hean Tat
Published: January 2015

This article traces the development of the concept of service separation within the field of services marketing. Pioneering research indicates that one of the characteristics distinguishing services from goods is inseparability, which denotes that production and consumption of the service occur simultaneously. More recently, however, some scholars observe that some services are separable, and contend that inseparability is not a satisfying descriptor of services in general. As service providers can often choose to provide separated and/or unseparated modes of services, it is important to understand the implications of service separation in theory and practice.
Social Identity Theory
Authors: Langner Sascha , Wiedmann Klaus‐Peter
Published: January 2015

Throughout their lives, consumers encounter various social categories that define them. These categories can be stable (e.g., father or son), temporary (e.g., athlete or student), or transitory (e.g., Democrat or environmentalist). In combination, social categories embody all of the social elements that emanate from culture, society, social networks, and social groups. Theoretically, consumers are able to self‐categorize into every possible social category, but not all social categories fit all consumers. Of particular importance are those social categories with a high level of selfrelevance. These self‐relevant social categories form a consumer's social identity. Self‐identification with specific social groups not only leads individuals to associate products with particular social identities but also helps them to socially categorize other consumers by analyzing what they buy.
System Dynamics
Authors: Größler Andreas
Published: January 2015

System dynamics is a modeling and simulation methodology. System dynamics is applied to many kinds of systems that change over time, in particular to socioeconomic systems. In business, it is mostly used to address strategic issues in the broadest sense. Feedback loops, accumulation, delays, and nonlinearities are characterizing elements of the complex dynamic systems to which system dynamics is applied. The goal of system dynamics studies is to increase knowledge about structure and behavior of such systems and to become able to design more robust systems.
Transformative Consumer Research
Authors: Ozanne Julie L. , Mick David Glen , Pechmann Cornelia (Connie) , Pettigrew Simone
Published: January 2015

Transformative consumer research (
TCR
) is defined as academic, theory‐based research that examines individual and group‐level problems and opportunities related to consumption, with the goal of improving consumer well‐being. This research approach seeks to engage in rigorous academic research that can offer pragmatic insights on the problems and opportunities of well‐being most relevant to consumers and their environments, with the mission of producing positive and uplifting change for all. The six defining characteristics of transformative research are explored including the goal of improving consumer well‐being, the commitment to diverse paradigmatic approaches, the examination of social problems in context, the rigorous application of theory and methods, a partnership with and for consumers, and the creative dissemination of findings to relevant stakeholders.
Buyer Behavior Theories
Authors: Kokkinaki Flora
Published: January 2015

Buyer behavior theories contribute to our understanding of buying behavior. Major contributions come from the fields of Economics, Psychology, and Marketing. The traditional economic approach of “homo economicus” has been challenged by the “bounded rationality” approach. According to this approach, consumers are “satisficing” rather than maximizing outcome value. The rational approach has also been challenged by psychological findings indicating that decisions and judgments are often distorted by systematic errors and biases. Marketing scholars have also contributed to our understanding of buyer behavior with a number of complex models that integrate many of the variables that are thought to influence purchase decisions.