bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern economic behavior: attitudes, representations and psychological characteristics of youth
Authors: Gorchakova Olesya Yur'evna , Larionova Anastasiya Vyacheslavovna , Kozlova Natal'ya Viktorovna
Published: November 2021

The subject of this research is the peculiarities of economic behavior, namely economic attitudes (activity in the economic sphere, financial literacy, trust in economic institutions, etc.) and representations (concept of money, shortage of money resources, financial security, solutions to financial problems). The goal lies in determination and description of the economic behavior (economic attitudes and perception of money) and their correlation with the psychological characteristics of young people (self-regulation of stressful states and resilience). The research involved young people under the age of 35. The following toolset was used: “Questionnaire for instant diagnostics of economic attitudes” developed by O. S. Deinek, E. V. Zabelina, “Diagnostics of stress condition” developed by A. O. Prokhorov, “Test for resilience” adapted by E. N. Osin, E. I. Rasskazova.. As a result of the conducted research, the author determines various patterns of the economic behavior of youth, as well as correlation of economic attitudes and perception of money with the psychological resources of a person. It is established that youth with an active economic position, financial literacy, and trust in economic institutions is characterized with the ability to adequately assess stressful circumstances and effectively cope with stress. Youth with an attitude towards socioeconomic comparison of own opportunities with others, as well as with passive adaptation to the market conditions experiences strong discomfort due to economic inequality. The author reveals that young people are exposed to stressful situations and anxiety in the situations of uncertainty and financial risks.
Application of ultrasound guidance in the oral and maxillofacial nerve block
Authors: Cao Zhiwei , Zhang Kun , Hu Liru , Pan Jian
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Nerve block technology is widely used in clinical practice for pain management. Conventional nerve localization methods, which only rely on palpation to identify anatomical landmarks, require experienced surgeons and can be risky. Visualization technologies like ultrasound guidance can help prevent complications by helping surgeons locate anatomical structures in the surgical area and by guiding the operation using different kinds of images. There are several important and complex anatomical structures in the oral and maxillofacial regions. The current article reviews the application of ultrasound guidance in oral and maxillofacial nerve blocks.

Methods

We searched the literature on the use of ultrasound guidance for the main nerve block techniques in the oral and maxillofacial regions using both PubMed and MEDLINE and summarized the findings.

Results and Discussion

A review of the literature showed that ultrasound guidance improves the safety and effectiveness of several kinds of puncture procedures, including nerve blocks. There are two approaches to blocking the mandibular nerve: intraoral and extraoral. This review found that the role of ultrasound guidance is more important in the extraoral approach. There are also two approaches to the blocking of the maxillary nerve and the trigeminal ganglion under ultrasound guidance: the superazygomatic approach and the infrazygomatic approach. The infrazygomatic approach can be further divided into the anterior approach and the posterior approach. It is generally believed that the anterior approach is safer and more effective. This review found that the effectiveness and safety of most oral and maxillofacial nerve block operations can be improved through the use of ultrasound guidance.
Socio Economic Factors Responsible for Groundwater Consumption in Purba Bardhaman District of West Bengal
Authors: Haque Chowdhury Nazmul , Haque Monirul , Jana Hiralal , Basu Debabrata , Karak Sabyasachi
Published: November 2021

Groundwater is the biggest freshwater reservoir in the world. More than 95% of the unfrozen water comes from groundwater. Factors responsible for groundwater consumption by rice growers have been included in the study. For the study, Purba Barddhaman district was selected purposively considering the pattern of agriculture and extent groundwater use in the state. One community development block from the district has selected based on crop diversity, type of irrigation, amount of water extraction for irrigation purposes. From the selected block a big parcel of cultivating land (Math) were again selected randomly keeping the consideration of homogeneity in lad type, soil type, type of crops, variety and seasons. Farmers’ knowledge level, farmers’ attitude towards irrigation, economic motivation, improved water extraction mechanism and method of irrigation are the major contributing factors in predicting the amount of groundwater consumption when crop and land situation are constant.
Predictor of Severity of Lung Injury and Oxygen Saturation in COVID- 19 Patients
Authors: Shahjooie Fahimeh , Mahmudi Sadrollah , Mohammadi Somayeh , Goodarzi Hassan , Farajy Mehrdad , Ghanee Mohammadreza , Alvanegh Akbar Ghorbani , Ghazale Amirhossein
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Wide spectrum of clinical features of COVID-19 was seen from mild to severe. This is very important to determine the severity of disease, early management of severe disorder may increase the chance of survival.

Methods: This cross sectional study perform on 150 patients with mean age of 53 years that refer to from 21 February to 19 April 2020.

Result: The most comorbidity disease HTN, DM and IHD with prevalence of 26.2%, 20%, 11.3% which had higher severity of lung disease. There was a significant relationship between age, lymphopenia, CRP, IHD, DM, shortness of breath and body pain with the severity of lung injury, shortness of breath had higher severity of lung injury but myalgia had a lower severity rather than the others.  level of the LDH was associated with chest CT scan score and so severe disease Further results showed that the mean±SD of LDH in 3 CT group were 576.30±214.82, 641.89± 277.07, 919.92± 382.14 in CT score less than 20, 20-50 and more than 50 respectively (P=0.002).

According this study there was significant relationship between age, BMI, CRP, shortness of breath and fever with blood oxygen saturation. Further results showed that the correlation between LDH and oxygen saturation was r=-0.31 (p=0.002)
Microwave Assisted Extraction of Papaya Leaves and Investigation on Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Shobitharai . , Jyothi Divya , Das Swathi , Sumayya C. M. , Thabsheer A.
Published: November 2021

Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) has gained lot of attention due to its advantages such as less solvent consumption, short time period, higher extraction efficiency, therefore serves as better alternative for conventional extraction methods of plant materials. Plant phenolic compounds are important constituents responsible for reducing the oxidative stress that induces tissue damage which is the one of the major causative factors associated with the chronic disease. Papaya plant is a medicinal plant which became popular for the treatment of dengue fever due to its property. Considering the current medicinal importance of the papaya plant, the present study was aimed at microwave assisted extraction of phenolic content from papaya leaf using ethanol, water as solvent and investigate their antioxidant potential.

In order to compare the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds, conventional extraction and microwave assisted extraction method was used to prepare the extracts. Then extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis followed by the estimation of total phenolic content by using Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activity was investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay.

The alcoholic and aqueous extracts of papaya leaf showed the presence of steroids, alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds by preliminary phytochemical analysis. FTIR spectrum of both aqueous and ethanolic extract showed characteristic peak at 3314.62 cm-1, 1635 cm-1 which provide evidence for presence of phenolic compounds. The total phenolic content of the alcoholic and aqueous leaf extracts from MAE was found to be 43.58mg and 80.58 mg/g papaya leaf powder of the Gallic acid equivalent (GAE), respectively. Aqueous solvent was found to be suitable for extraction of phenolic content from papaya leaf and Microwave assisted extracts showed higher phenolic content and therefore potential antioxidant activity. Therefore, papaya leaf is a good candidate to be used as a natural antioxidant for the treatment of various diseases.
Simple, Accurate and Efficient High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Vandetanib in Bulk and in Pharmaceutical Forms
Authors: Murali M. , Rao P. Venkateswara
Published: November 2021

A simple, selective, linear, precise and accurate isocratic RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for rapid assay of Vandetanib, an anticancer drug, in both bulk and tablet dosage form. Elution at a flow rate of 1ml/min was employed on a symmetry C18 column at ambient temperature. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile, water and orthophosphoric acid in the ratio of 90:08:02 (v/v/v). Linearity was observed in concentration range of 50-200 ppm. The retention time for Vandetanib was 3.326 min. The method was validated as per the ICH guidelines. The proposed method can be successfully applied for the estimation of Vandetanib in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Moreover the detection alone was also verified through LC-MS of the Vandetanib drug using ESI method which provides future scope for study of this drug using LC-MS method also.
The Knowns and Unknowns about Epididymal Extracellular Vesicles in Different Animal Species
Authors: Rowlison Tricia , Comizzoli Pierre
Published: November 2021

Sperm maturation during epididymal transit is a long and complex process. Although the roles of epididymal extracellular vesicles (EVs) on sperm quality have been extensively studied in recent years, there are still a lot of unexplored areas and too few species that are studied. The objective of this review is to focus on the contribution of epididymal EVs through the apocrine secretion of key factors, including proteins and small RNAs. Furthermore, the authors explore the alterations in the content of these vesicles related to male fertility and the effects of environmental stressors, and how these factors vary across taxa. Last, potential applications are covered, and the next steps in that field of research are highlighted.
Nanoengineering Palladium Plasmonic Nanosheets Inside Polymer Nanospheres for Photothermal Therapy and Targeted Drug Delivery
Authors: Uson Laura , Yus Cristina , Mendoza Gracia , Leroy Eric , Irusta Silvia , Alejo Teresa , García‐Domingo David , Larrea Ane , Arruebo Manuel , Arenal Raul , Sebastian Victor
Published: November 2021

The incorporation of plasmonic nanoconstructs in biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), together with therapeutic drugs in a controlled procedure is of interest for different applications in Nanomedicine. Advanced hybrid nanomaterials can be engineered by combining the in situ formation of plasmonic palladium nanosheets (NSs) and the proper ionic nature of the encapsulated drug. This study presents a new procedure to synthesize hybrid nanostructures by a Pickering double emulsion. Anisotropic palladium (Pd) NSs with unique near‐infrared (NIR)‐optical properties can be assembled within a poly lactic‐co‐glycolic acid matrix of < 200 nm NPs, when Pd precursors are in situ reduced via a gas‐phase procedure. The hybrid nanomaterials respond to external NIR light stimulus. The unprecedented precision to assemble, in a single stage, plasmonic nanoconstructs having a total loading selectivity, when encapsulated in combination with hydrophobic drugs, offers new opportunities in the new class of theragnostics, in particular when triggered drug delivery and photothermal therapies are required.
Stretchable MoS2 Artificial Photoreceptors for E‐Skin
Authors: Zhang Weifeng , Liu Yulong , Pei Xue , Yuan Zhihong , Zhang Yan , Zhao Zihan , Hao He , Long Run , Liu Nan
Published: November 2021

2D materials have been widely applied in flexible electronics but only with limited stretchability, because the metal‐halide bonding is so strong that the materials’ electronic properties will be severely influenced upon tensile strain. Here, a strategy is proposed for the fabrication of ultrastretchable MoS2 photoreceptors based on chemical vapor deposition‐grown or manually stacked multilayer MoS2. Strain‐dependent spectroscopic comparisons of multilayer versus monolayer MoS2 indicate that the strain transfer is suppressed from bottom to top layers owing to interlayer sliding, which is consistent with the density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations. Thus, the optoelectronic properties of multilayer MoS2 can withstand larger mechanical strain than monolayer MoS2. Leveraging this mechanical feature, ten‐layer MoS2 photodetector is fabricated on polystyrene‐b‐poly (ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐polystyrene elastomer, withstanding ≈50% tensile strain and presenting 32 times higher photoresponsivity than that of monolayer MoS2 under the same stretching condition. Based on large‐area bilayer MoS2 film, 5 × 5 stretchable photodetector array is demonstrated and is capable of working as artificial photoreceptors to control a robotic hand under 16% tensile strain, showing great potential in applications for 2D material‐based electronic skin.
Spatiotemporally Controlled Access to Photoluminescence Dark State of 2D Monolayer Semiconductor by FRAP Microscopy
Authors: Su Hua , Nie Yufeng , Sun Qianlu , Yin Linliang , Li Jian , Xia Xing‐Hua , Xu Weigao , Wang Wei
Published: November 2021

Tailoring the photoluminescence (PL) of semiconductors through spatiotemporal manipulation of dynamics of photoexcited carriers is of paramount importance for understanding the emitting mechanism and developing high‐performance devices. Herein, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) microscopy, a powerful tool in biology, is first utilized to simultaneously manipulate and monitor the dynamics of photoexcited carrier in attractive 2D transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers (1L‐TMDs). This allows on‐demand access to the PL dark state of 1L‐TMDs, based on the triggered exciton–exciton annihilation by pump beam‐initiated photodoping. Using a 0.7‐µm‐diametered pump laser, the PL dark region can be facilely tailored from ≈0.5 to ≈5 µm over a 10‐µm‐1L‐WS2 flake. An interesting photoinduced dedoping effect in 1L‐TMDs after photodoping is discovered by FRAP, which has not been observed before and might account for the non‐blinking emission of 1L‐TMDs. The revealed mono‐exponential photo‐dedoping can also be kinetically tailored by ≈170‐fold (k: 0.11–19.00 s‐1) by humidity, power of incident laser and type of 1L‐TMDs. This study demonstrates the power of FRAP microscopy in exploring the effect of photoexcited carrier dynamics on the PL property of semiconductors, holding promises for understanding light‐emitting mechanism and optimizing operational parameters for optoelectronic devices.
Covalent Organic Framework Membrane with Turing Structures for Deacidification of Highly Acidic Solutions
Authors: Zhou Lihong , Li Xiaofeng , Cao Kecheng , Jia Zhimin , Long Honghan , Li Yang , Tao Guohong , Liu Ning , Zhang Jie , Ma Lijian
Published: November 2021

The deacidification of highly acidic industrial wastewater, such as the spent fuel reprocessing feed liquid, is of great significance for the smooth progress of the subsequent treatment processes. Herein, a novel covalent organic framework (COF) membrane with bidirectional anisotropic Turing structures is synthesized for the first time and used for deacidification. The COF membrane presents linear and hydrophobic properties on one side and porous and superhydrophilic properties on the other side, which makes the water permeability of hydrophilic side 45 times higher than that of the hydrophobic side and effectively prevents the reverse osmosis of water. Impressively, the COF membrane has excellent thermal, acid, and irradiation stabilities, and an extraordinarily high ability to intercept metal ions in a complex multi‐ion solution containing 5 m HNO3, with the interception rate up to 100%. However, H+ can easily pass through the membrane with the permeation flux of 1015.7 mol L−1 m−2, which realizes the efficient deacidification of high acidic solutions. This study provides not only a new idea for the design and preparation of Turing‐structural membranes, but also a feasible strategy for the deacidification and process simplification of spent fuel reprocessing feed liquid and other industrial wastewater with high acidity.
A New End Group on Nonfullerene Acceptors Endows Efficient Organic Solar Cells with Low Energy Losses
Authors: Pan Youwen , Zheng Xiangjun , Guo Jing , Chen Zeng , Li Shuixing , He Chengliang , Ye Shounuan , Xia Xinxin , Wang Shanlu , Lu Xinhui , Zhu Haiming , Min Jie , Zuo Lijian , Shi Minmin , Chen Hongzheng
Published: November 2021

Large energy loss is one of the main limiting factors for power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic solar cells (OSCs). To this effect, the chemical modifications of the famous Y‐series nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) BTP‐4Cl‐BO with a new end group, TPC‐Cl, whose π‐conjugation is extended through the fusing of 3‐(dicyanomethylene)indanone (IC) group with a chlorinated thiophene ring, to synthesize two novel NFAs, BTP‐T‐2Cl and BTP‐T‐3Cl are performed. For BTP‐T‐2Cl with two TPC‐Cl groups, the resulting OSC exhibits a modest PCE of 14.89% but an extraordinary low energy loss of 0.49 eV, because its superior electroluminescence quantum efficiency of 0.0606% mitigates significantly the nonradiative loss (0.191 eV). For BTP‐T‐3Cl with one TPC‐Cl group, the corresponding device shows a higher PCE of 17.61% accompanied by a slightly bigger energy loss of 0.51 eV, which can be ascribed to the optimized morphology and/or efficient charge generation. Furthermore, the ternary OSC adopting two NFAs of BTP‐T‐3Cl and BTP‐4Cl‐BO achieves an impressive PCE of 18.21% (certified value of 17.9%), which is among the highest values for OSCs to date. The above results demonstrate that expanding end groups of NFAs with electron‐donating rings is an effective strategy to realize lower energy losses for OSCs.
Surface Electronic Structure Modulation of Cobalt Nitride Nanowire Arrays via Selenium Deposition for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Sun Yiqiang , Mao Keke , Shen Qi , Zhao Lei , Shi Chuanxin , Li Xiuling , Gao Yanan , Li Cuncheng , Xu Kun , Xie Yi
Published: November 2021

Nonmetal heteroatom incorporation into the lattice of host materials is a common way to regulate the surface electronic structure of electrocatalysts to boost their electrocatalytic performance. However, the heteroatom incorporation will inevitably trigger lattice strain and vacancy, which may lead to large changes in the structure of host materials. In this situation, the reconstruction of doped catalysts easily occurs during the catalytic process under harsh alkaline media, which hinders understanding the structure–activity correlation between catalysts and catalytic performance. Herein, taking cobalt nitride as an example, it is promulgated that a low‐temperature selenium sublimation strategy can effectively optimize the surface electronic structure in Co4N nanowire arrays with no significant change of bulk phase structure. Benefiting from surface selenium modification, the optimized SeCo4N nanowire arrays exhibit a 6.5 times enhancement of catalytic activity with structural phase stability for hydrogen evolution reaction in basic media. These findings may provide a new concept to design stable structured catalysts for energy‐related applications.
Machine Learning‐Evolutionary Algorithm Enabled Design for 4D‐Printed Active Composite Structures
Authors: Sun Xiaohao , Yue Liang , Yu Luxia , Shao Han , Peng Xirui , Zhou Kun , Demoly Frédéric , Zhao Ruike , Qi H. Jerry
Published: November 2021

Active composites consisting of materials that respond differently to environmental stimuli can transform their shapes. Integrating active composites and 4D printing allows the printed structure to have a pre‐designed complex material or property distribution on numerous small voxels, offering enormous design flexibility. However, this tremendous design space also poses a challenge in efficiently finding appropriate designs to achieve a target shape change. Here, a novel machine learning (ML) and evolutionary algorithm (EA) based approach is presented to guide the design process. Inspired by the beam deformation characteristics, a recurrent neural network (RNN) based ML model whose training dataset is acquired by finite element simulations is developed for the forward shape‐change prediction. EA empowered with ML is then used to solve the inverse problem of finding the optimal design. For multiple target shapes with different complexities, the ML‐EA approach demonstrates high efficiency. Combining the ML‐EA with computer vision algorithms, a new paradigm is presented that streamlines design and 4D printing process where active straight beams can be designed based on hand‐drawn lines and be 4D printed that transform into the drawn profiles under the stimulus. The approach thus provides a highly efficient tool for the design of 4D‐printed active composites.
3D Printed Scaffolds Incorporated with Platelet‐Rich Plasma Show Enhanced Angiogenic Potential while not Inducing Fibrosis
Authors: Ibanez Rita I. R. , do Amaral Ronaldo J. F. C. , Simpson Christopher R. , Casey Sarah M. , Reis Rui L. , Marques Alexandra P. , Murphy Ciara M. , O'Brien Fergal J.
Published: November 2021

Successful therapeutic strategies for wound healing rely on proper vascularization while inhibiting fibrosis. However, scaffolds designed for skin tissue engineering generally lack the biochemical cues that can enhance their vascularization without inducing fibrosis. Therefore, the objective of this work is to incorporate platelet‐rich plasma (PRP), a natural source of angiogenic growth factors, into a gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel, yielding a bioink that can subsequently be used to 3D print a novel regenerative scaffold with defined architecture for skin wound healing. A PRP‐activated bioink is successfully 3D printed, and the resulting scaffolds present similar structural, rheological, and mechanical properties compared to GelMA‐only scaffolds. Furthermore, 3D printed PRP‐activated scaffolds facilitate controlled release of PRP‐derived growth factors for up to 14 days, presenting superior angiogenic potential in vitro (e.g., tubulogenesis assay) and in vivo (chick chorioallantoic membrane) compared to GelMA‐only scaffolds, while not inducing a myofibroblastic phenotype in fibroblasts (e.g., α‐smooth muscle actin expression). This disruptive technology offers the opportunity for a patient's autologous growth factors to be incorporated into a tailored 3D‐printed scaffold in theatre prior to implantation, as part of a single‐stage procedure, and has potential in other tissue engineering applications in which enhanced vascularization with limited fibrosis is desired.
High‐Speed Ionic Synaptic Memory Based on 2D Titanium Carbide MXene
Authors: Melianas Armantas , Kang Min‐A , VahidMohammadi Armin , Quill Tyler James , Tian Weiqian , Gogotsi Yury , Salleo Alberto , Hamedi Mahiar Max
Published: November 2021

Synaptic devices with linear high‐speed switching can accelerate learning in artificial neural networks (ANNs) embodied in hardware. Conventional resistive memories however suffer from high write noise and asymmetric conductance tuning, preventing parallel programming of ANN arrays. Electrochemical random‐access memories (ECRAMs), where resistive switching occurs by ion insertion into a redox‐active channel, aim to address these challenges due to their linear switching and low noise. ECRAMs using 2D materials and metal oxides however suffer from slow ion kinetics, whereas organic ECRAMs enable high‐speed operation but face challenges toward on‐chip integration due to poor temperature stability of polymers. Here, ECRAMs using 2D titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene that combine the high speed of organics and the integration compatibility of inorganic materials in a single high‐performance device are demonstrated. These ECRAMs combine the speed, linearity, write noise, switching energy, and endurance metrics essential for parallel acceleration of ANNs, and importantly, they are stable after heat treatment needed for back‐end‐of‐line integration with Si electronics. The high speed and performance of these ECRAMs introduces MXenes, a large family of 2D carbides and nitrides with more than 30 stoichiometric compositions synthesized to date, as promising candidates for devices operating at the nexus of electrochemistry and electronics.
An Ultrahigh‐Power Mesocarbon Microbeads|Na+‐Diglyme|Na3V2(PO4)3 Sodium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Wei Qiulong , Chang Xiaoqing , Wang Jian , Huang Tingyi , Huang Xiaojuan , Yu Jiayu , Zheng Hongfei , Chen Jin‐hui , Peng Dong‐Liang
Published: November 2021

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) show practical applications in large‐scale energy storage systems. But, their power density is limited by the sluggish Na+ diffusion into the cathode and anode materials. Herein, the authors demonstrate a prototype of ultrahigh power SIB, consisting of the high‐rate Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) cathode, graphite‐type mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) anode, and Na+‐diglyme electrolyte. It is found that the overpotential of the NVP cathode obeys the Ohmic rule. Thus, the as‐synthesized NVP@C@carbon nanotubes (CNTs) cathode with the high conductive CNTs networks displays high electronic conductivity, reducing the overpotential and charge transfer resistances and leading to the remarkable rate capability over 1000C. For the MCMB anode, the initial [Na‐diglyme]+ co‐intercalation step is pseudocapacitive dominated, and then the expanded graphite's layers ensure the subsequent fast ions diffusion. The rapid (de)intercalation kinetics in between the cathode and anode are well‐matched. Thus, the assembled MCMB|1 m NaPF6 in diglyme|NVP@C@CNTs full‐cell SIB delivers the energy density of 88 Wh kg−1 at the high power density of ≈10 kW kg−1. Even at the ultrahigh power density of 23 kW kg−1, an energy density of 58 Wh kg−1 is obtained. The encouraging results of the full cell will promote the development of high‐power SIB for large‐scale applications in the future.
Mechanical Behavior and Dendrite Resistance of closo‐Hydroborate Solid Electrolyte
Authors: Brighi Matteo , Murgia Fabrizio , Černý Radovan
Published: November 2021

Stack pressure and mechanical robustness are two important parameters needed to tackle the interfacial instability of solid‐state batteries. Here, the mechanical behavior of Na4(CB11H12)2(B12H12), as solid electrolyte at the interface with Na anode, is reported. The solid electrolyte is tested as function of stack pressure and different current densities, revealing a critical current density of 0.6 mA cm−2 at room temperature and an optimal stack pressure of 1.5 MPa. These findings are achieved, thanks to the adoption of a multilayer approach, demonstrating the powerfulness of hydroborates to compensate chemical and electrochemical instability, simply employing different complex hydride polyanions that change locally the electrochemical properties while preserving structural and chemical coherence.
Lightweight Cellulose Nanofibril/Reduced Graphene Oxide Aerogels with Unidirectional Pores for Efficient Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Authors: Li Mengmeng , Han Fuyi , Jiang Shuai , Zhang Meiling , Xu Qiuyu , Zhu Jianhua , Ge Aixiong , Liu Lifang
Published: November 2021

Lightweight and compressible aerogels have been widely considered as promising materials for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. Herein, a lightweight cellulose nanofibril/reduced graphene oxide carbon aerogel fabricated by unidirectional freeze‐drying and pyrolysis processes is reported. The results show that the aerogels with unidirectionally aligned pores possess better compression resilience and EMI shielding performance in the radial direction. The unidirectional aerogel with low density (≈0.0058 g cm−3) exhibits a high EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of ≈33 dB at 8.2–12.4 GHz and a specific EMI SE of 5759 dB cm3 g−1. Therefore, the fabricated aerogel demonstrates a promising potential in the field of next‐generation EMI shielding materials.
In Situ Construction of Oriented Pt‐PANI Needle‐Like Nanoarrays‐Based Label‐Free Aptasensor for Ultrafast and Ultrasensitive Recognition of Cardiac Troponin I
Authors: Zhang Wei , Liu Tao , Shan Yuansheng , Hou Bailing , Chu Zhenyu , Gu Xiaoping , Ma Zhengliang , Jin Wanqin
Published: November 2021

Due to the short course and high mortality of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) which will cause irreversible myocardial necrosis to induce cardiac arrest, its early diagnosis within minutes is always a challenge in clinical emergency. In this work, an ultrafast and ultrasensitive aptasensor is designed to achieve quantitatively detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) which is proved as a highly specific and sensitive biomarker to AMI, and within only 4 min, the cTnI concentration can be accurately reported. This aptasensor is constructed via an in situ growth of the oriented Pt‐polyaniline (PANI) needle‐like nanoarrays providing both high electrocatalysis and abundant active sites as the signal magnifier and DNA carrier. A target‐induced strand release strategy is proposed to remarkably accelerate the recognition process of cTnI through the specific design of DNA stand for binding. The as‐prepared aptasensor can exhibit an ultrawide linear detection range of cTnI from 1 pg mL−1 to 100 ng mL−1 satisfying the clinical demand for AMI diagnosis, together with excellent selectivity among various biomarkers. Based on its fast recognition ability, this aptasensor presents a high accuracy in the practical detection of human serum to prove its promising ability in the early and on‐site diagnosis of AMI.
Enhanced GeSn Microdisk Lasers Directly Released on Si
Authors: Kim Youngmin , Assali Simone , Burt Daniel , Jung Yongduck , Joo Hyo‐Jun , Chen Melvina , Ikonic Zoran , Moutanabbir Oussama , Nam Donguk
Published: November 2021

GeSn alloys are promising candidates for complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor‐compatible, tunable lasers. Relaxation of residual compressive strain in epitaxial GeSn has recently shown promise in improving the lasing performance. However, the suspended device configuration that is thus far introduced to relax the strain is destined to limit heat dissipation, thus hindering the device performance. Herein is demonstrated that strain‐free GeSn microdisk laser devices fully released on Si outperform the canonical suspended devices. This approach allows to simultaneously relax the limiting compressive strain while offering excellent thermal conduction. Optical simulations confirm that, despite a relatively small refractive index contrast between GeSn and Si, optical confinement in strain‐free GeSn optical cavities on Si is superior to that in conventional strain‐free GeSn cavities suspended in the air. Moreover, thermal simulations indicate a negligible temperature increase in the device. Conversely, the temperature in the suspended devices increases substantially reaching, for instance, 120 K at a base temperature of 75 K under the employed optical pumping conditions. Such improvements enable increasing the operation temperature by ≈40 K and reducing the lasing threshold by 30%. This approach lays the groundwork to implement new designs in the quest for room temperature GeSn lasers on Si.
Metal–Organic Framework Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter with Oxygen‐Insensitivity for Cell Imaging
Authors: Bie Binglin , Guo Linshuo , Zhang Mengxun , Ma Yanhang , Yang Chuluo
Published: November 2021

To achieve better resolution and contrast in fluorescence techniques, time‐resolved fluorophores are promising constituents for probes in imaging and sensing, allowing for the elimination of background signals from scattering and short‐lived autofluorescence. Here a metal–organic framework (MOF) named Spiro‐MOF‐1 is designed with high thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) persistence using a strategy of high rigidity to achieve a lifetime more than two times longer than that of pure linker. The rigid structure originated from spiro‐bi‐acridine unit is unambiguously revealed through 3D electron diffraction tomography (3D‐EDT). Furthermore, nanocrystals of Spiro‐MOF‐1 are successfully developed and modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a biocompatible, time‐resolved fluorescent fluorophore with high TADF persistence, which exhibits a lifetime around 1 μs with no obvious decay under various bio‐mimicking environments, which has not been achieved by any other MOF‐based TADF emitter and small organic molecules. In further cell experiments, PEG‐modified nanocrystals exhibit a fluorescent signal that is more than 30 times longer than that of autofluorescence background in BGC823 cell line.
Catalytic Ability Comparison of Five Transition Metal Clusters (Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Ru) for Heat‐Induced Graphene Etching by Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Bie Jie , Wang Jinlan , Chen Shuang , Fa Wei
Published: November 2021

Graphene can be widely utilized as a substrate to support various transition metal (TM) nanoclusters or nanoparticles for surfaced‐supported catalysis, such as electrocatalysis or photovoltaics. The subtle interactions between TM and graphene carbon atoms are expected to be crucial in TM–graphene nanocomposites to affect their growth morphologies and final functionalities. Here, the morphology evolution and catalytic ability of five ultrafine TM (Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Ru) clusters with 48 atoms on graphene etching are investigated by using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. It is found that three factors, i.e., TM cluster type, operation temperature, and graphene edge type, play important roles in the catalytic behaviors of TM clusters for heat‐induced graphene etching. The results are helpful in locating the catalytic performance of TM clusters in graphene cutting and ensuring stability of TM–graphene nanocomposites in device applications.
Dipole Moment‐ and Molecular Orbital‐Engineered Phosphine Oxide‐Free Host Materials for Efficient and Stable Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence
Authors: Ihn Soo‐Ghang , Jeong Daun , Kwon Eun Suk , Kim Sangmo , Chung Yeon Sook , Sim Myungsun , Chwae Jun , Koishikawa Yasushi , Jeon Soon Ok , Kim Jong Soo , Kim Joonghyuk , Nam Sungho , Kim Inkoo , Park Sangho , Kim Dae Sin , Choi Hyeonho , Kim Sunghan
Published: November 2021

To utilize thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) technology for future displays, it is necessary to develop host materials which harness the full potential of blue TADF emitters. However, no publication has reported such hosts yet. Although the most popular host for blue TADF, bis[2‐(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether oxide (DPEPO) guarantees high‐maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) TADF devices, they exhibit very short operational lifetimes. In contrast, long‐lifespan blue TADF devices employing stable hosts such as 3′,5‐di(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)‐[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐3‐carbonitrile (mCBP‐CN) exhibit much lower EQEmax than the DPEPO‐employed devices. Here, an elaborative approach for designing host molecules is suggested to achieve simultaneously stable and efficient blue TADF devices. The approach is based on engineering the molecular geometry, ground‐ and excited‐state dipole moments of host molecules. The engineered hosts significantly enhance delayed fluorescence quantum yields of TADF emitters, as stabilizing the charge‐transfer excited states of the TADF emitters and suppressing exciton quenching, and improve the charge balance. Moreover, they exhibit both photochemical and electrochemical stabilities. The best device employing one of the engineered hosts exhibits 79% increase in EQEmax compared to the mCBP‐CN‐employed device, together with 140% and 92‐fold increases in operational lifetime compared to the respective mCBP‐CN‐ and the DPEPO‐based devices.
Multi‐Component Collaborative Step‐by‐Step Coloring Strategy to Achieve High‐Performance Light‐Responsive Color‐Switching
Authors: Du Zhen , Zhang Ting , Gai Hanqi , Sheng Lan , Guan Yu , Wang Xiaojun , Qin Tianyou , Li Minjie , Wang Shuo , Zhang Yu‐Mo , Nie Hui , Zhang Sean Xiao‐An
Published: November 2021

Light‐responsive color‐switching materials (LCMs) are long‐lasting hot fields. However, non‐ideal comprehensive performance (such as color contrast and retention time cannot be combined, unsatisfactory repeatability, and non‐automated coloring mode) significantly hinder their development toward high‐end products. Herein, the development of LCMs that exhibit long retention time, good color contrast, repeatability, and the property of automatic coloring is reported. The realization of this goal stems from the adoption of a bio‐inspired multi‐component collaborative step‐by‐step coloring strategy. Under this strategy, a conventional one‐step photochromic process is divided into a “light+heat” controlled multi‐step process for the fabrication of the desired LCMs. The obtained LCMs can effectively resist the long‐troubled ambient‐light interference and avoid its inherent yellow background, thereby achieving the longest retention time and good repeatability. Multiple colors are generated and ultra‐fast imaging compatible with the laser‐printing technology is also realized. The application potential of the materials in short‐term reusable identity cards, absorptive readers, billboards, and shelf labels is demonstrated. The results reported herein can potentially help in developing and designing various high‐performance, switchable materials that can be used for the production of high‐end products.
In Situ Formed Ag‐Li Intermetallic Layer for Stable Cycling of All‐Solid‐State Lithium Batteries
Authors: Choi Hong Jun , Kang Dong Woo , Park Jun‐Woo , Park Jun‐Ho , Lee Yoo‐Jin , Ha Yoon‐Cheol , Lee Sang‐Min , Yoon Seog Young , Kim Byung Gon
Published: November 2021

With the timely advent of the electric vehicle era, where battery stability has emerged as a major issue, all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs) have attracted significant attention as the game changer owing to their high stability. However, despite the introduction of a densely packed solid electrolyte (SE) layer, when Li is used to increase the energy density of the cell, the short‐circuit problem caused by Li protrusion is unavoidable. Furthermore, most strategies to control nonuniform Li growth are so complicated that they hinder the practical application of ASSBs. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes an Ag‐Li alloy anode via mass‐producible roll pressing method. Unlike previous studies reporting solid‐solution‐based metal alloys containing a small amount of lithiophilic Ag, the in situ formed and Ag‐enriched Ag‐Li intermetallic layer mitigates uneven Li deposition and maintains a stable SE/Ag‐Li interface, facilitating reversible Li operation. Contrary to Li cells showing frequent initial short‐circuit, the cell incorporating the Ag‐Li anode exhibits a better capacity retention of 94.3% for 140 cycles, as well as stable cycling even under 12 C. Through a facile approach enabling the fabrication of a large‐area anode with controllable Li growth, this study provides practical insight for developing ASSBs with stable cyclabilities.
From Mesoscopic Functionalization of Silk Fibroin to Smart Fiber Devices for Textile Electronics and Photonics
Authors: Wu Ronghui , Ma Liyun , Liu Xiang Yang
Published: November 2021

Bombyx mori silk fibers exhibit significant potential for applications in smart textiles, such as fiber sensors, fiber actuators, optical fibers, and energy harvester. Silk fibroin (SF) from B. mori silkworm fibers can be reconstructed/functionalized at the mesoscopic scale during refolding from the solution state into fibers. This facilitates the mesoscopic functionalization by engaging functional seeds in the refolding of unfolded SF molecules. In particular, SF solutions can be self‐assembled into regenerated fiber devices by artificial spinning technologies, such as wet spinning, dry spinning, microfluidic spinning, electrospinning, and direct writing. Meso‐functionalization manipulates the SF property from the mesoscopic scale, transforming the original silk fibers into smart fiber devices with smart functionalities, such as sensors, actuators, optical fibers, luminous fibers, and energy harvesters. In this review, the progress of mesoscopic structural construction from SF materials to fiber electronics/photonics is comprehensively summarized, along with the spinning technologies and fiber structure characterization methods. The applications, prospects, and challenges of smart silk fibers in textile devices for wearable personalized healthcare, self‐propelled exoskeletons, optical and luminous fibers, and sustainable energy harvesters are also discussed.
Tailoring Crystallization Kinetics of Chalcogenides for Photonic Applications
Authors: Müller Maximilian J. , Yadav Aakash , Persch Christoph , Wahl Sophia , Hoff Felix , Wuttig Matthias
Published: November 2021

Chalcogenides possess interesting optical properties, which are attractive for a variety of applications such as data storage, neuromorphic computing, and photonic switches. Lately a group of covalently bonded chalcogenides including Sb2Se3 and Sb2S3 has moved into the focus of interest for such photonic applications, where high optical contrast as well as reliable and fast switching is of crucial importance. Here, these properties of Sb2Se3 are examined and compared with typical phase change materials such as GeSb2Te4 and Ge2Sb2Te5. Sb2Se3 is favorable for many photonic applications due to its larger band gap, yet, the maximum optical contrast achievable is smaller than for GeTe and Ge2Sb2Te5. Furthermore, crystallization needs significantly longer and exhibits a distinctively wider stochastic distribution of reflectances after crystallization, which provides challenges for the usage in photonic applications. At the same time, the glassy/amorphous state of Sb2Se3 is more stable. These differences can be attributed to differences in bonding of the crystalline state, which is more covalent for Sb2Se3. A quantum‐chemical map can help to understand and explain these trends and facilitates the design of tailored materials for photonic applications.
NiFe Layered Double Hydroxides Grown on a Corrosion‐Cell Cathode for Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis
Authors: Zhao Wei , Xu Hongjie , Luan Hengwei , Chen Na , Gong Pan , Yao Kefu , Shen Yang , Shao Yang
Published: November 2021

For sustainable hydrogen production, electrochemical water splitting is a promising method whose efficiency is limited by its anodic reaction, i.e., the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). One of the best electrocatalysts for the OER is the self‐supported nickel–iron layered double hydroxides on iron foam (NiFe‐LDH@IF) prepared by corrosion engineering. However, the further development of NiFe‐LDH@IF is hampered by a lack of understanding regarding the growth mechanism and the effects of corrosion conditions on the electrocatalytic activity. Herein, the growth mechanism is studied, revealing for the first time that NiFe‐LDH@IF is formed by the preferential precipitation of NiFe‐LDH on the NiFe‐alloy cathode around which the local pH is high due to the reduction of dissolved oxygen. Guided by this growth mechanism, it is found that corrosion conditions mainly affect the electrocatalytic activity of NiFe‐LDH@IF via changing the amount of α‐FeOOH and NiFe‐LDH along with the Fe2+‐doping level of NiFe‐LDH. With the aid of these findings, corrosion conditions are optimized and the prepared NiFe‐LDH@IF exhibits the best reported comprehensive electrocatalytic performance. More importantly, the growth mechanism of NiFe‐LDH@IF can be generalized to various self‐supported LDH on different substrates prepared by corrosion engineering.
Inverse Opaline Metallic Membrane Addresses the Tradeoff Between Volumetric Capacitance and Areal Capacitance of Supercapacitor
Authors: Zhang Yuqi , Wang Wenshuo , Wang Lei , Guo Qianyi , Hu Hong , Xie Chuan , Shang Jian , Xu Junling , Zhang Yaokang , Zheng Zijian
Published: November 2021

Increasing the electrode thickness of energy‐storage devices can enhance the areal capacitance, but often results in a significant decrease in the volumetric capacitance. This tradeoff between the volumetric capacitance and electrode thickness, which is ascribed to the poor ion and charge transport in thick electrodes, has been a major obstacle to realizing high‐energy‐density of devices. Herein, an inverse opaline metallic membrane (IOMM) is reported as a stable and high‐rate electrode, which displays a linear increase in volumetric capacitance as a function of electrode thickness. The IOMM is fabricated through simple self‐assembly, photopolymerization, and subsequent chemical co‐deposition of metallic compounds to yield a 3D porous and interconnected construct of highly conductive and capacitive Ni/Ni(OH)2. IOMM can be used as a binder‐free and current‐collector‐free electrode of SC, which possesses an outstanding volumetric capacitance of more than 1500 F cm−3over 18 000 charge/discharge cycles, and an ultrahigh areal capacitance of 18.2 F cm−2.
Thermoresponsive Hydrogels with Improved Actuation Function by Interconnected Microchannels
Authors: Spratte Tobias , Arndt Christine , Wacker Irene , Hauck Margarethe , Adelung Rainer , Schröder Rasmus R. , Schütt Fabian , Selhuber-Unkel Christine
Published: November 2021

Stimuli−responsive hydrogels are important in soft actuators research, as they change volume in response to environmental factors. Thermoresponsive hydrogels, such as poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM), typically have slow response rates and exert comparably weak forces, which usually limit their use as artificial muscles. Herein, it is shown that the incorporation of interconnected microchannels into the pNIPAM hydrogel by a template‐assisted approach leads to a significant increase in both the response rate and the volume change. For a microchannel density of only 5 vol%, a volume reduction of 90% is achieved, compared with only 12% for the bulk material, while material stiffness of the swollen hydrogels remains unchanged. By tailoring the channel density and the stiffness of the material, it is further possible to adjust the response rate and the exerted stroke force in an actuation setting. It is shown in a demonstrator gripper setup driven by the pNIPAM‐based artificial muscle that the performance of the gripper is strongly improved by the microengineered material compared with conventional bulk pNIPAM. The strategy of incorporating microchannels into the pNIPAM hydrogel provides a practical approach for the future use of volume phase transition‐based responsive materials in soft robotic applications.
Recent Advances in Solution‐Processable Organic Photodetectors and Applications in Flexible Electronics
Authors: Lan Zhaojue , Lee Min-Hsuan , Zhu Furong
Published: November 2021

Organic photodetectors (OPDs) are promising for applications in flexible electronics due to their advantages of excellent photodetection performance, cost‐effective solution‐fabrication capability, flexible device design, and adaptivity to manufacturability. This review outlines the recent advances in the development of high‐performance OPDs and their applications in flexible electronics. The approaches to developing different noise reduction methods, filter‐free spectral selective detection, flexible OPDs, and scale‐up production of flexible OPDs through solution‐fabrication processes are discussed. Applications of the OPD technology ultimately result in the materialization of wearable units, flexible and compact information sensors at commercially viable costs, including wearable health self‐monitoring devices, flexible optical communication systems, and flexible large‐area image sensors.