bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competing for the benefit of offspring eliminates the gender gap in competitiveness
Authors: Cassar Alessandra , Wordofa Feven , Zhang Y. Jane
Published: April 2016

Significance

Despite Darwin’s recognition of the importance of intrasexual competition, the topic of female competition has been largely ignored. Economists, looking for reasons why women are rarely found in top jobs, have accumulated experimental evidence pointing to women’s lower desire to compete than men. Consistent with newer interdisciplinary hypotheses about female competition, our experimental results show that women can compete as much as men once we change the experimental reward medium to something more in line with women’s goal: the benefit of one’s children. Our results have important policy implications: a change in the workplace incentive structure could induce more women to enter workplace competitions. Such findings matter for a broader group of scientists including biologists, anthropologists, psychologists, economists, and sociologists.
Genetic background and epigenetic modifications in the core of the nucleus accumbens predict addiction-like behavior in a rat model
Authors: Flagel Shelly B. , Chaudhury Sraboni , Waselus Maria , Kelly Rebeca , Sewani Salima , Clinton Sarah M. , Thompson Robert C. , Watson Stanley J. , Akil Huda
Published: April 2016

Significance

Determining the factors that render an individual more susceptible or resilient to cocaine addiction has great implications for treatment. We exploit a unique model to demonstrate that genetic differences in vulnerability to cocaine addiction exist in the rat. We examined gene expression and the epigenetic regulation of two genes—fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) and the dopamine D2 receptor (D2)—in the nucleus accumbens core. Low levels of D2 mRNA, via epigenetic modifications, may play a role in susceptibility to cocaine addiction. Specifically, binding of a repressive mark on histones (H3K9me3) at the D2 promoter is associated with the propensity to relapse. In contrast, low levels of FGF2, which persist even following prolonged self-administration, may protect individuals from cocaine addiction.
Aridity and plant uptake interact to make dryland soils hotspots for nitric oxide (NO) emissions
Authors: Homyak Peter M. , Blankinship Joseph C. , Marchus Kenneth , Lucero Delores M. , Sickman James O. , Schimel Joshua P.
Published: April 2016

Significance

Nitric oxide (NO) controls the atmosphere’s oxidative capacity. In soils, NO emissions are thought to be controlled by a tradeoff that develops in response to changes in soil moisture: dry soils limit substrate diffusion, whereas wet soils limit gas diffusivity, such that moist soils favor NO emissions. In drylands, however, NO emissions can be highest when soils are dry and immediately following rewetting. Aridity and vegetation interact to generate unexpected NO emission patterns. The shutdown in plant N uptake during the dry season causes NO emissions to increase, whereas arid conditions concentrate resources in dry soils, stimulating NO pulses upon rewetting. Chemistry governs the rapid initial NO pulse, whereas biological processes control later emissions as microbes recover from drought stress.
Layer-by-layer assembled fluorescent probes in the second near-infrared window for systemic delivery and detection of ovarian cancer
Authors: Dang Xiangnan , Gu Li , Qi Jifa , Correa Santiago , Zhang Geran , Belcher Angela M. , Hammond Paula T.
Published: April 2016

Significance

Survival of cancer patients can be greatly improved by an ideal theranostic platform capable of early detection and effective treatment of tumors. Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is a well-established technology and matches the requirement of modularity and versatility for such a theranostic platform. Second near-infrared window (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging is a promising modality with high resolution, deep penetration, and diminished noise. This work, for the first time to our knowledge, establishes a modular and versatile LbL platform for NIR-II agents and presents a head-to-head in vivo comparison of available NIR-II probes. We successfully achieve the selective, noninvasive, and safe detection of high-grade serous ovarian tumors in an orthotopic murine model. These LbL NIR-II probes promise the development of an NIR-II based theranostic platform of disease diagnosis, progression, and treatment.
Endogenous growth factor stimulation of hemocyte proliferation induces resistance to
Schistosoma mansoni
challenge in the snail host
Authors: Pila Emmanuel A. , Gordy Michelle A. , Phillips Valerie K. , Kabore Alethe L. , Rudko Sydney P. , Hanington Patrick C.
Published: April 2016

Significance

Snails serve as hosts for the larval development of many medically and agriculturally important parasitic flatworms, including schistosomes, blood flukes that collectively infect more than 260 million people globally. Here, we functionally characterize a granulin-like snail growth factor that drives the development of snail immune cells, thereby making a schistosome-susceptible snail resistant to infection. This study presents the functional characterization of an endogenous gastropod growth factor as well as demonstrated reversal of a susceptible snail phenotype toward resistance using a defined snail factor.
Transcription factor KLF2 regulates homeostatic NK cell proliferation and survival
Authors: Rabacal Whitney , Pabbisetty Sudheer K. , Hoek Kristen L. , Cendron Delphine , Guo Yin , Maseda Damian , Sebzda Eric
Published: April 2016

Significance

Adoptive transfer of allogeneic natural killer (NK) cells into leukemia patients can lead to remission; however, therapies are hindered by inefficient expansion and limited persistence of these lymphocytes. We now report that Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) regulates both NK cell proliferation and survival. KLF2 limits homeostatic expansion of NK cells in a cell-intrinsic manner. In addition, KLF2 instructs mature NK cells to home to IL-15–rich niches, which is necessary for continued survival under homeostatic conditions. Therefore, targeting KLF2 while providing rate-limiting survival factors such as transpresented IL-15 may improve NK cell engraftment and sustainability in cancer patients.
The Entner–Doudoroff pathway is an overlooked glycolytic route in cyanobacteria and plants
Authors: Chen Xi , Schreiber Karoline , Appel Jens , Makowka Alexander , Fähnrich Berit , Roettger Mayo , Hajirezaei Mohammad R. , Sönnichsen Frank D. , Schönheit Peter , Martin William F. , Gutekunst Kirstin
Published: April 2016

Significance

Life on Earth is substantially driven by a circuit of photosynthesis and glucose oxidation. Photosynthesizers capture sunlight and store its energy in the bonds of carbohydrates. Oxidation of carbohydrates provides organisms with a source of ATP and organic carbon for the synthesis of cellular building blocks. Our data provide strong evidence that the Entner–Doudoroff pathway of glucose degradation, which has been previously long overlooked, operates in cyanobacteria and plants. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that the cyanobacterial ancestor of plastids transferred this glycolytic route, via endosymbiotic gene transfer, to the plant lineage.
Retinal neurodegeneration may precede microvascular changes characteristic of diabetic retinopathy in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Sohn Elliott H. , van Dijk Hille W. , Jiao Chunhua , Kok Pauline H. B. , Jeong Woojin , Demirkaya Nazli , Garmager Allison , Wit Ferdinand , Kucukevcilioglu Murat , van Velthoven Mirjam E. J. , DeVries J. Hans , Mullins Robert F. , Kuehn Markus H. , Schlingemann Reinier Otto , Sonka Milan , Verbraak Frank D. , Abràmoff Michael David
Published: April 2016

Significance

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a primary cause of blindness, is characterized by microvascular abnormalities. Recent evidence suggests that retinal diabetic neuropathy (RDN) also occurs in people with diabetes, but little is known about the temporal relationship between DR and RDN. This longitudinal study in people with diabetes with no or minimal DR shows that RDN precedes signs of microvasculopathy and that RDN is progressive and independent of glycated hemoglobin, age, and sex. This finding was further confirmed in human donor eyes and in two experimental mouse models of diabetes. The results suggest that RDN is not ischemic in origin and represent a shift in our understanding of the pathophysiology of this complication of diabetes that potentially affects vision in all people with diabetes mellitus.
Evolution of host range inColeosporium ipomoeae, a plant pathogen with multiple hosts
Authors: Chappell Thomas M. , Rausher Mark D.
Published: April 2016

Significance

Patterns of host breadth evolution in pathogens that attack multiple host species have seldom been quantified. Previous investigations of pathogens attacking a single host indicate that pathogen genotypes evolve a broad host range across host genotypes. By contrast, this investigation demonstrates that, in a pathogen attacking several host species, pathogen genotypes evolve to be highly host-specific. This difference suggests that the evolutionary dynamics of pathogen host breadth may differ depending on whether the pathogen attacks only one or multiple host species.
Brief intervention to encourage empathic discipline cuts suspension rates in half among adolescents
Authors: Okonofua Jason A. , Paunesku David , Walton Gregory M.
Published: April 2016

Significance

There is increasing concern about rising discipline citations in K–12 schooling and a lack of means to reduce them. Predominant theories characterize this problem as the result of punitive discipline policies (e.g., zero-tolerance policies), teachers’ lack of interpersonal skills, or students’ lack of self-control or social–emotional skills. By contrast, the present research examined teachers’ mindsets about discipline. A brief intervention aimed at encouraging an empathic mindset about discipline halved student suspension rates over an academic year. This intervention, an online exercise, can be delivered at near-zero marginal cost to large samples of teachers and students. These findings could mark a paradigm shift in society’s understanding of the origins of and remedies for discipline problems.
Importin 8 mediates m
7
G cap-sensitive nuclear import of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E
Authors: Volpon Laurent , Culjkovic-Kraljacic Biljana , Osborne Michael J. , Ramteke Anup , Sun Qingxiang , Niesman Ashley , Chook Yuh Min , Borden Katherine L. B.
Published: April 2016

Significance

Dysregulated nuclear trafficking of oncoproteins contributes to cancer. Here, we study the trafficking of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), where eIF4E is highly elevated and accumulates in the nucleus. Nuclear eIF4E promotes export of networks of transcripts encoding oncoproteins. During clinical responses to eIF4E-targeted therapy in patients who have AML, the distribution of eIF4E becomes almost entirely cytoplasmic. At relapse, eIF4E is again mainly nuclear. Our studies provide a molecular understanding for eIF4E trafficking, through association with importin 8. We provide a molecular basis for importin 8 selectivity for certain forms of eIF4E and demonstrate the relevance of its nuclear localization to its oncogenic potential, thereby positioning the importin 8–eIF4E interaction as a novel therapeutic target.
Divergent non-heme iron enzymes in the nogalamycin biosynthetic pathway
Authors: Siitonen Vilja , Selvaraj Brinda , Niiranen Laila , Lindqvist Ylva , Schneider Gunter , Metsä-Ketelä Mikko
Published: April 2016

Significance

Anthracyclines are complex natural products widely used as anticancer agents. Studies into the biosynthesis of these metabolites have revealed that the producing
Streptomyces
bacteria perform elegant chemical reactions that are difficult to accomplish by conventional organic synthesis. Here, we present the discovery of two non-heme iron- and α-ketoglutarate–dependent enzymes that carry out atypical reactions, C–C bond formation and epimerization, in nogalamycin biosynthesis. Despite the diverse chemistry, we demonstrate that the proteins are evolutionarily related and that only a limited set of amino acid changes in the active sites are responsible for the switch in chemistry. This is encouraging for future research because it indicates that protein engineering could lead to generation of novel compounds with improved biological activities.
Large-scale sequence and structural comparisons of human naive and antigen-experienced antibody repertoires
Authors: DeKosky Brandon J. , Lungu Oana I. , Park Daechan , Johnson Erik L. , Charab Wissam , Chrysostomou Constantine , Kuroda Daisuke , Ellington Andrew D. , Ippolito Gregory C. , Gray Jeffrey J. , Georgiou George
Published: April 2016

Significance

We applied a very recently developed experimental strategy for high-throughput sequencing of paired antibody heavy and light chains along with large-scale computational structural modeling to delineate features of the human antibody repertoire at unprecedented scale. Comparison of antibody repertoires encoded by peripheral naive and memory B cells revealed (i) preferential enrichment or depletion of specific germline gene combinations for heavy- and light-chain variable regions and (ii) enhanced positive charges, higher solvent-accessible surface area, and greater hydrophobicity at antigen-binding regions of mature antibodies. The data presented in this report provide fundamental new insights regarding the biological features of antibody selection and maturation and establish a benchmark for future studies of antibody responses to disease or to vaccination.
HIV-1 Vpr degrades the HLTF DNA translocase in T cells and macrophages
Authors: Lahouassa Hichem , Blondot Marie-Lise , Chauveau Lise , Chougui Ghina , Morel Marina , Leduc Marjorie , Guillonneau François , Ramirez Bertha Cecilia , Schwartz Olivier , Margottin-Goguet Florence
Published: April 2016

Significance

Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) have developed strategies to interfere with DNA repair in host cells. Some DNA repair pathways represent restriction mechanisms that counteract the virus as soon as it penetrates into the host cell, before the establishment of an interferon response. Here we identify helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF) as a new protein degraded by the viral protein R (Vpr) from HIV-1. HLTF mediates the repair of stalled replication forks to bypass DNA lesions and ensure genome integrity. HLTF is degraded early after Vpr delivery to T lymphocytes or macrophages that represent relevant target cells for HIV. The discovery of HLTF as a DNA repair protein degraded by Vpr in infected cells paves the way for novel unexpected restriction mechanisms.
Postretrieval new learning does not reliably induce human memory updating via reconsolidation
Authors: Hardwicke Tom E. , Taqi Mahdi , Shanks David R.
Published: April 2016

Significance

Reconsolidation-updating theory suggests that existing memory traces can be modified, or even erased, by postretrieval new learning. Compelling empirical support for this claim could have profound theoretical, clinical, and ethical implications. However, demonstrating reconsolidation-mediated memory updating in humans has proved particularly challenging. In four direct and three conceptual replication attempts of a prominent human reconsolidation study, we did not observe any reconsolidation effects when testing either procedural or declarative recall of sequence knowledge. These findings suggest that the considerable theoretical weight attributed to the original study is unwarranted and that postretrieval new learning does not reliably induce human memory updating via reconsolidation.
Preschool is a sensitive period for the influence of maternal support on the trajectory of hippocampal development
Authors: Luby Joan L. , Belden Andy , Harms Michael P. , Tillman Rebecca , Barch Deanna M.
Published: April 2016

Significance

Data from a longitudinal neuroimaging study beginning in the preschool period and including three brain scans through school age and early adolescence were used to investigate the effects of maternal support on the development of the hippocampus. Consistent with animal findings showing that early support enhances hippocampal development and later adaptive coping, findings demonstrated that early childhood maternal support predicted a steeper hippocampal growth trajectory. The data also suggested that early childhood was a sensitive period when the effects of support had a more powerful effect on hippocampal growth. The hippocampal growth trajectory was associated with better emotion regulation in early adolescence. Findings suggest that enhancing early childhood maternal support fosters healthy childhood brain development and emotion functioning.
Molecular catalysis science: Perspective on unifying the fields of catalysis
Authors: Ye Rong , Hurlburt Tyler J. , Sabyrov Kairat , Alayoglu Selim , Somorjai Gabor A.
Published: April 2016

Colloidal chemistry is used to control the size, shape, morphology, and composition of metal nanoparticles. Model catalysts as such are applied to catalytic transformations in the three types of catalysts: heterogeneous, homogeneous, and enzymatic. Real-time dynamics of oxidation state, coordination, and bonding of nanoparticle catalysts are put under the microscope using surface techniques such as sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy and ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy under catalytically relevant conditions. It was demonstrated that catalytic behavior and trends are strongly tied to oxidation state, the coordination number and crystallographic orientation of metal sites, and bonding and orientation of surface adsorbates. It was also found that catalytic performance can be tuned by carefully designing and fabricating catalysts from the bottom up. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, and likely enzymes, behave similarly at the molecular level. Unifying the fields of catalysis is the key to achieving the goal of 100% selectivity in catalysis.
Origin and evolution of developmental enhancers in the mammalian neocortex
Authors: Emera Deena , Yin Jun , Reilly Steven K. , Gockley Jake , Noonan James P.
Published: April 2016

Significance

The neocortex mediates complex cognitive and motor tasks in all mammals. A long-debated question is how this complex structure evolved in primitive mammals. Here we investigate the role of novel mammalian gene regulatory sequences in the emergence of the neocortex and the mechanisms by which these sequences emerged. We find that ∼20% of elements active during human and mouse neocortical development were born in early mammals. These novel mammalian elements enrich for cell migration, cell signaling, and axon guidance functions, implicating these processes in neocortical origins. In contrast to recent studies, we propose a model in which novel regulatory elements emerge as short sequences of minimal biological significance. Many disappear, but those that survive become increasingly complex over time.
Secondary interaction between MDMX and p53 core domain inhibits p53 DNA binding
Authors: Wei Xi , Wu Shaofang , Song Tanjing , Chen Lihong , Gao Ming , Borcherds Wade , Daughdrill Gary W. , Chen Jiandong
Published: April 2016

Significance

MDMX is a critical regulator of p53 and a potential drug target. The mechanisms by which MDMX inhibit p53 are not fully understood. Results in this report suggest that MDMX inhibits p53 DNA-binding function. Using a protein fragment release assay, MDMX and p53 were found to engage in multiple strong secondary interactions following initial binding through the canonical binding domains. These secondary interactions are involved in blocking p53 DNA binding and stabilizing the MDMX–p53 complex. The results suggest that secondary interactions play important roles in regulating the function of multidomain protein complexes.
Relevance of the COPI complex for Alzheimer’s disease progression in vivo
Authors: Bettayeb Karima , Hooli Basaraj V. , Parrado Antonio R. , Randolph Lisa , Varotsis Dante , Aryal Suvekshya , Gresack Jodi , Tanzi Rudolph E. , Greengard Paul , Flajolet Marc
Published: April 2016

Significance

Late secretory compartments are clearly associated with increased Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk. We have shown biochemically and in cells that coat protein complex I (COPI)-dependent trafficking, an early Golgi-to-endoplasmic reticulum trafficking step, modifies amyloid precursor protein subcellular localization and cell-surface expression, leading to an altered metabolism. The work presented here demonstrates that a reduced COPI-dependent trafficking in vivo leads to a decrease in the amyloid plaque burden in an AD mouse model, and to an improvement of some memory impairments observed in these mice. Remarkably, human genetic association studies of different AD cohorts led to the identification of genetic markers (SNPs) and mutations in COPI genes linked with an increased AD risk. These results demonstrate in vivo the importance of COPI and early trafficking steps in AD.
Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibition ameliorates neurodegeneration by modulation of kynurenine pathway metabolites
Authors: Breda Carlo , Sathyasaikumar Korrapati V. , Sograte Idrissi Shama , Notarangelo Francesca M. , Estranero Jasper G. , Moore Gareth G. L. , Green Edward W. , Kyriacou Charalambos P. , Schwarcz Robert , Giorgini Flaviano
Published: April 2016

Significance

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD), and Huntington’s (HD) present a significant and increasing burden on society. Perturbations in the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation have been linked to the pathogenesis of these disorders, and thus manipulation of this pathway may have therapeutic relevance. Here we show that genetic inhibition of two KP enzymes—kynurenine-3-monooxygenase and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO)—improved neurodegeneration and other disease symptoms in fruit fly models of AD, PD, and HD, and that alterations in levels of neuroactive KP metabolites likely underlie the beneficial effects. Furthermore, we find that inhibition of TDO using a drug-like compound reverses several disease phenotypes, underscoring the therapeutic promise of targeting this pathway in neurodegenerative disease.
Luminidependens (LD) is an Arabidopsis protein with prion behavior
Authors: Chakrabortee Sohini , Kayatekin Can , Newby Greg A. , Mendillo Marc L. , Lancaster Alex , Lindquist Susan
Published: April 2016

Significance

Prion proteins provide the best-understood mode for protein-based molecular memory. Since their discovery in mammals, prions have been identified in diverse organisms including fungi,
Aplysia
, and
Drosophila
, but not in the plant kingdom. Applying methods we used to uncover yeast prions, we identified nearly 500
Arabidopsis
proteins that harbor potential prion-like domains (PrDs). At least one of these domains, Luminidependens PrD, had some of the classical characteristics of prion proteins when tested experimentally in yeast, making it, to our knowledge, the first protein from the plant kingdom with bona fide prion attributes. Importantly, Luminidependens is involved in the process of flowering, a crucial development course that integrates several internal and external cues, including memories of winter, for its regulation.
Nuclear envelope proteins modulate proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells during cyclic stretch application
Authors: Qi Ying-Xin , Yao Qing-Ping , Huang Kai , Shi Qian , Zhang Ping , Wang Guo-Liang , Han Yue , Bao Han , Wang Lu , Li Hai-Peng , Shen Bao-Rong , Wang Yingxiao , Chien Shu , Jiang Zong-Lai
Published: April 2016

Significance

The proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in response to excessive cyclic stretch is crucial in vascular remodeling in hypertension. To elucidate the molecular mechanism, we studied the mechanobiological roles of emerin and lamin A/C, two important components of nuclear envelope proteins localized beneath the inner nuclear membrane. We found that emerin and lamin A/C play significant roles in the mechanical modulation of VSMC proliferation. The repressed expression of emerin and lamin A/C mediates the stretch-induced VSMC proliferation, which is important in vascular remodeling during hypertension. Emerin and lamin A/C bind to the respective sequencing-specific motifs of transcription factors to mediate the molecular mechanisms underlying the hyperstretch-induced VSMC dysfunction.
Mechanism of APC/C
CDC20
activation by mitotic phosphorylation
Authors: Qiao Renping , Weissmann Florian , Yamaguchi Masaya , Brown Nicholas G. , VanderLinden Ryan , Imre Richard , Jarvis Marc A. , Brunner Michael R. , Davidson Iain F. , Litos Gabriele , Haselbach David , Mechtler Karl , Stark Holger , Schulman Brenda A. , Peters Jan-Michael
Published: April 2016

Significance

The ability of eukaryotic cells to pass their genomes properly from one cell generation to the next depends on the 1.2-MDa ubiquitin ligase complex APC/C (anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome) and on the correct timing of its activation by the substrate adaptor CDC20 (cell division cycle 20). Although it has been known for two decades that mitotic APC/C phosphorylation is required for its activation by CDC20, the mechanistic basis of this process remained unknown, in part because the existence of numerous phospho-sites on APC/C made systematic mutagenesis approaches difficult. Here we have used the biGBac technique for the rapid assembly of multigene expression constructs to overcome this limitation and discovered that APC/C contains an autoinhibitory loop region that prevents CDC20 binding until it becomes phosphorylated in mitosis.
biGBac enables rapid gene assembly for the expression of large multisubunit protein complexes
Authors: Weissmann Florian , Petzold Georg , VanderLinden Ryan , Huis in 't Veld Pim J. , Brown Nicholas G. , Lampert Fabienne , Westermann Stefan , Stark Holger , Schulman Brenda A. , Peters Jan-Michael
Published: April 2016

Significance

At the molecular level, most processes in living systems are mediated by multisubunit protein complexes. Recombinant forms of these complexes are essential for analyzing their structure and function. Multigene expression constructs greatly improve recombinant protein complex preparations, but the generation of such constructs can be a rate-limiting step. To overcome this limitation, we have adapted Gibson assembly reactions for the rapid, efficient, and fast generation of numerous expression constructs in parallel and used the resulting biGBac method for expression of different cell-cycle complexes, composed of up to 17 different subunits. The biGBac technique enables the analyses of large protein complexes by systematic mutagenesis approaches that were not feasible before.
Explaining (One Aspect of) the Principal Principle without (Much) Metaphysics
Authors: Elliott Katrina
Published: April 2016

According to David Lewis’s Principal Principle, our beliefs about the objective chances of outcomes (typically) determine our rational credences in those outcomes. Lewis influentially argues that any adequate metaphysics of objective chance must explain why the Principal Principle holds. Since no theory of chance is widely agreed to have met this burden, I suggest we change tack. On the view I develop, a central aspect of the Principal Principle holds not because of what objective chances are but rather because of the explanatory role that objective chances play for the rational agents who believe in them.
Emergence of a new predator in the North Sea: evaluation of potential trophic impacts focused on hake, saithe, and Norway pout
Authors: Cormon Xochitl , Kempf Alexander , Vermard Youen , Vinther Morten , Marchal Paul
Published: April 2016

During the last 15 years, northern European hake (Merluccius merluccius) has increased in abundance, and its spatial distribution has expanded in the North Sea region in correlation with temperature. In a context of global warming, this spatial shift could impact local trophic interactions: direct impacts may affect forage fish through modified predator–prey interactions, and indirect impacts may materialize through competition with other resident predators. For instance, North Sea saithe (Pollachius virens) spatial overlap with hake has increased while saithe spawning-stock biomass has decreased recently notwithstanding a sustainable exploitation. In this context, we investigated the range of potential impacts resulting from most recent hake emergence in the North Sea, with a particular focus on saithe. We carried out a multispecies assessment of North Sea saithe, using the Stochastic MultiSpecies (SMS) model. In addition to top-down processes already implemented in SMS, we built in the model bottom-up processes, relating Norway pout (Trisopterus esmarkii) abundance and saithe weight-at-age. We simulated the effects, on all North Sea species being considered but focusing on Norway pout and saithe, of combining different hake abundance trends scenarios with the inclusion of bottom-up processes in SMS. North Sea saithe FMSY was then evaluated in a multispecies context and contrasted with single-species value. The different scenarios tested revealed a negative impact of hake emergence on saithe biomass, resulting from an increase of predation pressure on Norway pout. These results confirm the competition assumption between saithe and hake in the North Sea and might partially explain the most recent decrease of saithe biomass. This study also highlighted that taking into account bottom-up processes in the stock assessment had a limited effect on the estimation of saithe FMSY which was consistent with single-species value.
Did Garin and Bujadoux Actually Report a Case of Lyme Radiculoneuritis?
Authors: Wormser Gary P. , Wormser Vanessa
Published: April 2016

A 1922 report by Garin and Bujadoux is widely regarded as describing the first case of neurologic Lyme borreliosis. Although the patient reported had a tick bite followed by the development of a rash and radiculoneuritis, there were a number of highly atypical features, raising the question of whether the patient, in fact, had neurologic Lyme borreliosis. The paper may not deserve the historic recognition that it has received.
Mechanisms of Familial Influence on Reentry among Formerly Incarcerated Latino Men
Authors: Lee Jane Jean-Hee , Guilamo-Ramos Vincent , Muñoz-Laboy Miguel , Lotz Kevin , Bornheimer Lindsay
Published: April 2016

In the United States more than 10,000 people are released from state and federal prisons every week and often reenter the communities in which they were arrested. Formerly incarcerated individuals face considerable challenges to securing employment and housing. Subsequently, approximately two-thirds of former prisoners are rearrested within three years of their release. Latino men represent the fastest growing ethnic group of prisoners in the United States with unique cultural and social needs during the reentry process. The present study examined the role of the family in the reentry process through in-depth interviews (N = 16) with formerly incarcerated Latino men (FILM). The authors sought to identify familial processes specific to Latino men with potential to affect engagement and participation in reentry programs. Findings suggest that family mechanisms of social control and social support influence FILM’s reentry. Social work practitioners who work with this growing population can engage familial processes to prevent recidivism and promote desistance.
Genotypes and Characteristics of Phenamacril-Resistant Mutants in Fusarium asiaticum
Authors: Li Bin , Zheng Zhitian , Liu Xiumei , Cai Yiqiang , Mao Xuewei , Zhou Mingguo
Published: April 2016

Fusarium asiaticum is a critical pathogen of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in the southern part of China. The fungicide phenamacril has been extensively used for controlling FHB in recent years, which reduced both FHB severity and mycotoxin production. Our previous report indicated that resistance of F. asiaticum to phenamacril was related to mutations in myosin5. A recent article revealed that the resistance level of phenamacril-resistant mutants was associated with the genotypes of myosin5 in these mutants. In total, we obtained 239 resistant isolates by fungicide domestication, and 82 resistant mutants were randomly selected for further study. Of these mutants, 25.6, 7.3, and 67.1% showed low resistance (LR), moderate resistance (MR), and high resistance (HR), respectively, to phenamacril determined by 50% effective concentration values. Point mutations A135T, V151M, P204S, I434M, A577T, R580G/H, or I581F led to LR. Point mutations S418R, I424R, and A577G were responsible for MR and point mutations K216R/E, S217P/L, or E420K/G/D conferred HR. Interestingly, all of the mutations concentrated in the myosin5 motor domain and mutations conferring HR occurred at codon 217 and 420, which we called the core region. Homology modeling revealed that mutations far from the core region led to a lower resistance degree. Phenotype assays revealed that the most highly resistant mutants did not significantly change pathogenicity but decreased conidia production compared with the wild type, which may slow down the formation of the resistant pathogen population in the fields.
Modified step-cut osteotomy for correction of post-traumatic cubitus varus deformity: a report of 19 cases
Authors: Takagi Takehiko , Seki Atsuhito , Takayama Shinichiro , Watanabe Masahiko , Mochida Joji
Published: April 2016

We reviewed the outcomes of post-traumatic varus deformity treated with modified step-cut osteotomy in 19 patients (average age, 7.4 years; range, 4.3–16.8 years at time of surgery). The average follow-up period was 29.6 months. The mean range of motion was 15.0°/124.7° (extension/flexion) before surgery and 6.8°/132.6° at final follow-up. The humerus–elbow–wrist angle was −21.1° before surgery and 4.2° at final follow-up, with a loss of 4.4° from the value of the humerus–elbow–wrist angle after the surgery. Osteotomy was fixed with Kirschner wires, and, in five cases, chips of excised bone could be inserted to avoid elbow extension. However, in eight cases, usually concerning younger patients, the elbow was fixed in hyperextension higher than 5°. No patient developed postoperative infections or later complications. Only one patient had transient nerve palsy. The modified step-cut osteotomy can precisely and stably correct the varus deformity in the coronal plane, especially in patients under 10 years of age. To avoid radial nerve palsy, we recommend that the retractors be removed sometimes during the operation.
Geometric Torsion in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Shen Jesse , Kadoury Samuel , Labelle Hubert , Parent Stefan
Published: April 2016

Study Design.

Consecutive case series analysis.

Objective.

To evaluate the surgical outcomes of patients with thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in relation to different degrees of geometric torsion.

Summary of Background Data.

AIS is a three-dimensional (3D) deformity of the spine. A 3D classification of AIS, however, remains elusive because there is no widely accepted 3D parameter in the clinical practice. Recently, a new method of estimating geometric torsion has been proposed and detected two potential new 3D subgroups based on geometric torsion values.

Methods.

This is an analysis of 93 patients with Lenke type-1 deformity from our institution. 3D reconstructions were obtained using biplanar radiographs both pre- and postoperatively. Geometric torsion was computed using a novel technique by approximating local arc lengths at the neutral vertebra in the thoracolumbar segment. An inter- and intragroup statistical analysis was performed to compare clinical indices of patients with different torsion values. A qualitative assessment was also performed on each patient by two senior staff surgeons.

Results.

Statistically significant differences were observed in clinical indices between high (2.85 mm−1) and low torsion (0.83 mm−1) Lenke type 1 subgroups. Preoperatively, the high torsion group showed higher Cobb angle values in the thoracic segment (71.18° vs. 63.74°), as well as higher angulation in the thoracolumbar plane of maximum deformity (67.79° vs. 53.30°). Postoperatively, a statistically significant difference was found in the orientation of the plane of maximum deformity in the thoracolumbar segment between the high and low torsion groups (47.95° vs. 30.03°). Results from the qualitative evaluation of surgical results showed different results between the two staff surgeons.

Conclusion.

These results suggest a link between preoperative torsion values and surgical outcomes within Lenke type 1 deformities. These results will need to be validated by an independent group, as it is a single-center study.

Level of Evidence: 4
Utility of human epididymis protein 4 serum marker for the detection of adnexal malignancy: a multicentric prospective study
Authors: Zapardiel Ignacio , Gorostidi Mikel , Ravaggi Antonella , Allende Maria T. , Silveira Margarida , Macuks Ronalds
Published: April 2016

The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of the human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) serum biomarker in predicting malignant disease in a clinical setting in comparison with other diagnostic tools, such as serum CA125 and ROMA score. A multicentric prospective observational study was carried out between January 2010 and December 2011 in four European centres (Italy, Portugal, Latvia and Spain). Data from 981 healthy controls and patients diagnosed with adnexal pathology were collected. Data on the ROMA index, CA124 and HE4 tumour markers were analysed. The receiver–operator characteristics curve and the area under the curve were analysed to discriminate between malignant and nonmalignant disease. Predictive values were also calculated. In total, 642 (65.4%) patients presented with a pelvic mass, with 324 (33%) of them being diagnosed with malignant disease. Sensitivity for HE4 was 64.1%; specificity was 95.7%; and positive predictive value was 88.1%, with a 4.3% false-positive rate. On comparing malignant disease versus nonmalignant/healthy patients, there was a significant difference (P<0.001) in the area under the curve. The receiver–operator characteristic for CA125 was 0.79 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.76–0.83], for HE4 was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.87–0.91) and for ROMA was 0.71 (95% CI: 0.68–0.75). The HE4 serum marker showed similar sensitivity, but better specificity, than CA125 and can improve the detection of malignant pathology in women diagnosed with adnexal pathology.
Efficacy and tolerability of bazedoxifene in Mexican women with osteoporosis: a subgroup analysis of a randomized phase 3 trial
Authors: Palacios Santiago , Williams Robert , Mirkin Sebastian , Pan Kaijie , Arias Lizbeth , Komm Barry S.
Published: April 2016

Objective:

Bazedoxifene (BZA) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that reduces fracture risk and bone turnover in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. This analysis evaluated BZA's effects on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover in Mexican women with osteoporosis from the global pivotal trial (Study Evaluating Bazedoxifene Acetate in Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women).

Methods:

In this 3-year, phase 3, randomized, double-blind trial, healthy postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (N = 7,492) received BZA 20 or 40 mg/d, raloxifene 60 mg/d, or placebo. The subanalyses of Mexican women assessed serum concentrations of osteocalcin and collagen type 1 C-telopeptide, BMD, and tolerability with BZA 20 mg/d versus placebo.

Results:

In the Mexican subgroup (BZA, n = 39; placebo, n = 37) at month 12, BZA 20 mg/d produced significant (P < 0.001) percentage decreases from baseline in osteocalcin (−40.5 vs −18.5) and C-telopeptide (−45.7 vs −29.4). For BZA versus placebo, percentage change in BMD from baseline to month 36 was 3.3 versus 0.64 for lumbar spine, −0.18 versus −1.8 for total hip, 0.21 versus −2.6 for femoral neck, and −0.55 versus −1.4 for femoral trochanter; differences were not statistically significant. Results were comparable to the overall study population in which differences were statistically significant. Common adverse events (≥20%) included arthralgia, back pain, gastritis, headache, influenza, and pain; none led to study withdrawal.

Conclusions:

In Mexican women with osteoporosis, BZA was well tolerated and seems to produce BMD changes comparable to the global phase 3 population, although differences versus placebo were not statistically significant in this smaller subgroup.
Switch Flap for Upper Eyelid Reconstruction—How Soon Should the Flap Be Divided?
Authors: Uemura Tetsuji , Yanai Tetsu , Yasuta Masato , Kawano Hiroshige , Ishihara Yasuhiro , Kikuchi Mamoru
Published: April 2016

Background:

The results of a cohort of patients treated at one institution for upper eyelid reconstruction with the switch flap method after a defect due to excision of malignant tumor were reviewed.

Methods:

A retrospective data file review of all patients who had undergone total upper eyelid reconstruction with the switch flap method was conducted at the Saga University Hospital between April 2000 and October 2014. The follow-up lasted for varying periods during which the preoperative and postoperative photographs were compared as well.

Results:

A total of 10 patients with upper eyelid tumors, that is, 7 sebaceous carcinoma, 2 squamous cell carcinoma, and 1 basal cell carcinoma, underwent reconstructive surgery. With the switch flap technique, the defects resulting from tumor excision were completely covered in all cases. The mean of defect widths after tumor excision (A) was 18.8 mm (range, 15–25 mm), the mean of widths of switch flaps (B) was 13.3 mm (range, 8–22 mm), and the mean of B/A ratios was 0.69 (range, 0.5–0.88). When the switch flap was divided at 7 to 14 days, there was no flap loss, trichiasis, or corneal ulcer.

Conclusion:

Our protocol managed to make flaps with a B/A ratio of 0.5–0.7, and the flaps were divided at 7 to 14 days after surgery, the timing of which was much earlier than in the conventional method, lessening the possibility of complications.
Patient Expectations of Bariatric and Body Contouring Surgery
Authors: Poulsen Lotte , Klassen Anne , Jhanwar Sabrina , Pusic Andrea , Roessler Kirsten K. , Rose Michael , Sørensen Jens Ahm
Published: April 2016

Background:

Patient expectations are important in bariatric and body contouring surgery because the goals include improvements in health-related quality of life, appearance, and body image. The aim of this study was to identify patient expectations along the weight loss journey and/or body contouring surgery.

Methods:

This qualitative study took an interpretive description approach. Between September 2009 and February 2012, 49 patients were interviewed postbody contouring surgery. Data were analyzed using a line-by-line approach whereby expectations were identified and labeled as expected, unexpected, or neutral. Constant comparison was used to ensure coding was done consistently. Interviews continued until no new themes emerged.

Results:

Participants described expectations according to appearance, health-related quality of life, and patient experience of care. Two areas stood out in terms of unmet expectations and included appearance and physical health, ie, recovery from body contouring surgery. Most participants, who underwent bariatric surgery, expected neither the extent of excess skin after weight loss nor how the excess skin would make them look and feel. For recovery, participants did not expect that it would be as long or as hard as it was in reality.

Conclusions:

A full understanding of outcomes and expectations for this patient population is needed to enhance patient education and improve shared medical decision making. Education materials should be informed by the collection of evidence-based patient-reported outcome information using measures such as the BODY-Q. A patient-reported outcome scale measuring patient expectations is needed for obese and bariatric patients.
Robotic Septal Myectomy and Mitral Valve Repair for Idiopathic Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis with Systolic Anterior Motion
Authors: Bayburt Selin , Senay Sahin , Gullu Ahmet Umit , Kocyigit Muharrem , Karakus Gultekin , Batur Mustafa Kemal , Alhan Cem
Published: April 2016

Combined therapeutic approach with performing mitral valve repair may be necessitated for the treatment of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) with systolic anterior motion. This report includes operative technique for combined robotic septal myectomy and mitral valve repair. A 45-year-old man with IHSS was admitted to our center for surgical intervention. The transthoracic echocardiography showed typical asymmetric ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricle posterior wall thickness was 11 mm, and interventricular septum thickness was 21 mm. Mitral valve leaflets were found to be elongated. Mild-to-severe mitral regurgitation was detected with eccentric mitral jet. Aortic peak gradient was 128 mm Hg. Robotic mitral repair and septal myectomy through left atrial exposure was performed. The anterior leaflet was detached, and the septal muscle in a mass of 1 × 0.7 × 0.5 cm was resected. Next, the anterior leaflet was reattached with continuous suture. The plication of the posterior leaflet with transverse incision was performed to diminish the length of posterior leaflet. After the magic suture for posteromedial commissure was performed, a 34 Medtronic Future ring was implanted for mitral annuloplasty. Postoperative course was uneventful. The patient was discharged on the sixth postoperative day. Combined robotic septal myectomy and mitral valve repair for IHSS with systolic anterior motion may be feasible.
The Evolution of Modern Cardiac Surgery and the Necessity to Change
Authors: Reichenspurner Hermann
Published: April 2016

This article depicts the Kit V. Arom Lecture, which was held at the 15th Annual Congress of the International Society for Minimally Invasive Cardiothoracic Surgery in Berlin, Germany. It describes the evolution of modern cardiac surgery and the necessity for cardiac surgeons to change. The article is dedicated to a pioneer in minimally invasive cardiac surgery and a good friend, Kit V. Arom, MD.
Health-Related Quality of Life after Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Holmes Sari D. , Fornaresio Lisa M. , Shuman Deborah J. , Pritchard Graciela , Ad Niv
Published: April 2016

Objective

Factors influencing health-related quality of life (HRQL) after minimally invasive cardiac surgery have not been well described. We examined the trajectory of HRQL after minimally invasive cardiac surgery and the role of perioperative factors and rhythm on HRQL changes.

Methods

Patients underwent minimally invasive surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation and/or valve surgery (n = 235). Health-related quality of life (SF-12) and clinical status were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively.

Results

Physical summary HRQL (F = 36.2, P < 0.001) and mental summary HRQL (F = 3.2, P = 0.047) improved significantly by 12 months after surgery. Improvement on HRQL peaked at 6 months and plateaued between 6 and 12 months. Physical HRQL was similar to age-based normal values before surgery (P = 0.66) and surpassed norms by 6 months after surgery (P < 0.001). Younger age (r = −0.15, P = 0.02) and lower EuroSCORE II (r = −0.19, P = 0.003) correlated with greater HRQL improvements by 6 months. Only lower EuroSCORE II (r = −0.14, P = 0.04) correlated with greater HRQL improvement by 12 months. Length of stay and major morbidity were not related to HRQL improvement. In surgical ablation patients, restoration of stable sinus rhythm throughout the first 12 months was associated with greater physical HRQL improvement by 6 months compared with patients who had atrial arrhythmia recurrences (change, 5.0 vs. −1.0, P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Health-related quality of life improved significantly after minimally invasive cardiac surgery. These improvements were influenced by age, operative risk, symptoms, and rhythm status. Even patients with HRQL in a normal range before surgery can experience improved HRQL after surgery. Minimally invasive cardiac surgery can offer decreased postoperative complications and also improved HRQL.