bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Terminale und verbrückende Koordination von Indium‐Indium‐Bindungen – bemerkenswerte Polymorphie an der Verbindung In2R2[(OCC6H5)2CH]2 [R = C(SiMe3)3]
Authors: Uhl Werner , Lawerenz Andreas , Zemke Sarina
Published: April 2007

Terminal and Bridging Coordination of Indium‐Indium Bonds – Remarkable Polymorphism with the Compound In2R2[(OCC6H5)2CH]2 [R = C(SiMe3)3]

Treatment of the dimeric indium(II) subhalide (In2R2Cl2)2 (1) [R = C(SiMe3)3] with four equivalents of lithium dipivaloylmethanide or lithium dibenzoylmethanide afforded by the release of lithium chloride the corresponding diindium diacetylacetonates (2 and 3). The In‐In single bonds of the products were terminally coordinated by chelating acectylacetonato ligands and the bulky alkyl groups. Three different crystal structures were determined for the dibenzoylmethanide derivative 3 which in the solid state adopted trans and gauche conformations across the In‐In bonds. In contrast to the terminally arranged acetylacetonato ligands of compounds 2 and 3 alkylbenzoato ligands R‐COO− (3,5‐dimethylbenzoate and p‐tert‐butylbenzoate) gave the bridging coordination of the In‐In bonds by two chelating carboxylato groups (4 and 5). This particular coordination caused a strong shortening of the In‐In bond length in 4 compared to the unsupported bonds in 2 and 3 (264.6 versus 274.7 to 279.3 pm).
Synthese und Kristallstruktur des Fluorid‐ino‐Oxosilicats Cs2YFSi4O10
Authors: Schäfer Marion C. , Schleid Thomas
Published: April 2007

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Fluoride ino‐Oxosilicate Cs2YFSi4O10

The novel fluoride oxosilicate Cs2YFSi4O10 could be synthesized by the reaction of Y2O3, YF3 and SiO2 in the stoichiometric ratio 2 : 5 : 3 with an excess of CsF as fluxing agent in gastight sealed platinum ampoules within seventeen days at 700 °C. Single crystals of Cs2YFSi4O10 appear as colourless, transparent and water‐resistant needles. The characteristic building unit of Cs2YFSi4O10 (orthorhombic, Pnma (no. 62), a = 2239.75(9), b = 884.52(4), c = 1198.61(5) pm; Z = 8) comprises infinite tubular chains $\rm ^{1}_{\infty} \{[Si_{4}O_{10}]^{4-}\}$ of vertex‐condensed [SiO4]4− tetrahedra along [010] consisting of eight‐membered half‐open cube shaped silicate cages. The four crystallographically different Si4+ cations all reside in general sites 8d with Si–O distances from 157 to 165 pm. Because of the rigid structure of this oxosilicate chain the bridging Si–O–Si angles vary extremely between 128 and 167°. The crystallographically unique Y3+ cation (in general site 8d as well) is surrounded by four O2− and two F− anions (d(Y–O) = 221–225 pm, d(Y–F) = 222 pm). These slightly distorted trans‐[YO4F2]7− octahedra are linked via both apical F− anions by vertex‐sharing to infinite chains $\rm ^{1}_{\infty} \{[YO^{t}_{4/1}F^{v}_{2/2}]^{6-}\}$ along [010] (∢(Y–F–Y) = 169°, ∢(F–Y–F) = 177°). Each of these chains connects via terminal O2− anions to three neighbouring oxosilicate chains to build up a corner‐shared, three‐dimensional framework. The resulting hexagonal and octagonal channels along [010] are occupied by the four crystallographically different Cs+ cations being ten‐, twelve‐, thirteen‐ and fourteenfold coordinated by O2− and F− anions (viz.[(Cs1)O10]19−, [(Cs2)O10F2]21−, [(Cs3)O12F]24−, and [(Cs4)O12F2]25− with d(Cs–O) = 309–390 pm and d(Cs–F) = 360–371 pm, respectively).
Isolation and Structural Characterization of Di‐ and Tetra‐protonated Forms of the Macrocyclic Hexaamine trans‐6,13‐Dimethyl‐1,4,8‐11‐tetraazacyclodecane‐6,13‐diamine
Authors: Bernhardt Paul V. , Lawrance Geoffrey A. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: April 2007

Cations derived by protonation of the ligand title compound (L1) have been structurally characterized in their di‐ and tetra‐ protonated forms in the salts [H2L1][ClO4]2·2H2O and [H4L1][ZnCl4]2·4H2O. In both structures, one half of the formula unit comprises the asymmetric unit of the structure, the macrocycle being centrosymmetric, with the two macrocycles adopting similar conformations. In both salts, a pair of diagonally opposed macrocyclic secondary amine groups are protonated; in the [H4L1]4+ salt, the additional pair of protons are accommodated on the exocyclic pendant amine groups. The dispositions of the pendent amines differ between the two structures, being ‘equatorial’ with respect to the macrocyclic ring in the [H2L1]2+ salt, and ‘axial’ in the [H4L1]4+ salt. In other structurally characterized compounds containing [H4L1]4+ the equatorial disposition was found in the ferricyanide adduct, while in the tetraperchlorate salt the axial disposition was identified. The differences in disposition of the exocyclic groups are ascribed to the extensive H‐bonding in the lattices.
Halogenido and Pseudohalogenido Complexes of (2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18‐Octaethyl‐5,15‐di‐p‐tolylcorrolato)manganese(IV)
Authors: Bröring Martin , Hell Christian , Steiner Melanie , Brandt Carsten D.
Published: April 2007

A set of porphyrinoid manganese(IV) complexes with the 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18‐octaethyl‐5,15‐di‐p‐tolylcorrolato ligand [(oedtc)MnIVX] (X = Cl, Br, I) was prepared by oxidation of a manganese(III) precursor. The most unexpected complex in this series, [(oedtc)MnIVI], was found to display significant thermal stability despite the unusual MnIV‐I bond and could be investigated by X‐ray diffraction. Attempted ligand exchange reactions of the chlorido derivative with the pseudohalide anions cyanide, azide, cyanate and thiocyanate yielded the desired [(oedtc)MnIVX] complex only as the isothiocyanate derivative while for the other species the reduction to manganese(III) was observed.
Metallkomplexe mit biologisch wichtigen Liganden. CLXVI Metallkomplexe mit Ferrocenylmethyl‐L‐cysteinat und 1,1′‐Ferrocenylbis‐(methyl‐L‐cysteinat) als Liganden
Authors: Freiesleben Doris , Hauck Thomas , Sünkel Karlheinz , Beck Wolfgang
Published: April 2007

Metal Complexes of Biologically Important Ligands. CLXVI Metal Complexes with Ferrocenylmethylcysteinate and 1,1′‐Ferrocenylbis‐(methylcysteinate) as Ligands

A series of complexes of transition metal ions ( Cr3+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ ) and of lanthanide ions ( La3+, Nd3+, Gd3+, Dy3+, Lu3+ ) with the anions of ferrocenylmethyl‐L‐cysteine [(C5H5)Fe(C5H4CH(R)SCH2CH(NH3+)CO2−] (L1) and with the dianions of 1,1′‐ferrocenylbis(methyl‐L‐cysteine) [Fe(C5H4CH(R)SCH2CH(NH3+) CO2−)2] (R = H, Me, Ph) (L2) as N,O,S‐donors were prepared. With the monocysteine ferrocene derivative L1 as ligands complexes [MIIL12] or [CrIIIL12]Cl type complexes are formed whereas the bis(cysteine) ligand L2 yields insoluble complexes of type [ML2]n, presumably as coordination polymers. The magnetic moments of [MnIIL2]n, [PrIIIL2]n(OH)n and [DyIIIL2]n(OH)n exhibit “normal” paramagnetism.
Trivalent‐Intermediate Valent Cerium Ordering in CeRuSn – A Static Intermediate Valent Cerium Compound with a Superstructure of the CeCoAl Type
Authors: Riecken Jan F. , Hermes Wilfried , Chevalier Bernard , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Schappacher Falko M. , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: April 2007

New equiatomic stannide CeRuSn was synthesized from the elements by arc‐melting. CeRuSn was investigated by X‐ray powder and single crystal diffraction: C2/m, a = 1156.1(4), b = 475.9(2) and c = 1023.3(4) pm, β = 102.89(3)°, wR2 = 0.0466, 1229 F2 values and 38 variables. CeRuSn adopts a superstructure of the monoclinic CeCoAl type through a doubling of the subcell c axis. In the superstructure two crystallographically independent cerium sites occur. Based on the interatomic distances the two sites can be assigned to trivalent Ce2 and intermediate valent Ce1. This trivalent‐intermediate valent cerium ordering is underlined by magnetic susceptibility measurements χm(T): below 150 K χm, measured with decreasing temperature, follows a Curie‐Weiss law χm = Cm/(T–θp) giving Cm = 0.38 emuK/mol as Curie constant per CeRuSn mol; a value showing that only half of the cerium atoms are trivalent in CeRuSn (Cm = 0.807 emuK/mol for one free Ce3+ ion). A remarkable feature of the CeRuSn structure are the short Ce1–Ru1 (233 pm) and Ce1–Ru2 (246 pm) distances. The crystal chemistry of CeRuSn is discussed on the basis of a group‐subgroup scheme.
Copper(II) and Manganese(II) Coordination Polymers of 5‐Aminobenzene‐1,3‐dicarboxylic Acid (abdc) Ligand, Structural Studies of [Cu(μ4‐abdc) (DMF)]n and {[Mn(μ4‐abdc)(H2O)]·H2O}n
Authors: Xiao Hong‐Ping , Li Xin‐Hua , Morsali Ali , Wang Jia‐Guo , Zhang Wei‐Bing
Published: April 2007

Two new two‐dimensional CuII and MnII coordination polymers of 5‐aminobenzene‐1,3‐dicarboxylic acid (abdc) ligand, [Cu(μ4‐abdc)(DMF)]n and {[Mn(μ4‐abdc)(H2O)]·H2O}n, have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and IR‐ spectroscopy. The single crystal X‐ray analyses show that the coordination number in these complexes is six, CuO5Cu and MnO5N. The compounds are structurally diverse and the coordination polymer obtained from copper show significant copper–copper interaction while the manganese coordination polymer shows Mn–Namino bond.
Potassium‐, Ammonium‐, Hydrazinium‐, Guanidinium‐, Aminoguanidinium‐, Diaminoguanidinium‐, Triaminoguanidinium‐ and Melaminiumnitroformate – Synthesis, Characterization and Energetic Properties
Authors: Göbel Michael , Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: April 2007

Energetic salts containing the nitroformate (trinitromethanide) anion with several nitrogen‐rich cations were investigated, including ammonium nitroformate (ANF), melaminium nitroformate (MNF), guanidinium nitroformate monohydrate (GNFH), aminoguanidinium nitroformate (AGNF), diaminoguanidinium nitroformate (DAGNF) as well as triaminoguanidinium nitroformate (TAGNF). All salts were characterized using vibrational spectroscopy (IR, Raman), mass spectrometry, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The thermal decomposition of the salts was monitored using differential scanning calorimetry. In addition, the impact, friction and electrostatic sensitivity data were determined. Theoretical calculations were carried out in order to predict performance data such as detonation velocities and detonation pressures. The crystal structures of ANF, MNF, GNFH, AGNF, DAGNF and TAGNF were determined using single crystal X‐ray diffraction. In addition, a second polymorph of MNF was determined crystallographically as well as the crystal structures of MNF with methanol and MNF with dimethylsulfoxide. Finally, new polymorphs of potassium nitroformate (KNF) and hydrazinium nitroformate (HNF) were characterized using single crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Left Renal Vein Graft for Vascular Reconstruction in Abdominal Malignancy
Authors: Ohwada Susumu , Hamada Kunihiro , Kawate Susumu , Sunose Yutaka , Tomizawa Naoki , Yamada Tatsuya , Okabe Toshihiko , Ogawa Testushi , Sato Yoshihiro
Published: April 2007

Background

Advanced abdominal malignancies are occasionally invasive for the major blood vessels, such as the portal vein (PV), inferior vena cava (IVC), and major hepatic veins (HVs), and complete removal of the tumors is required for patients undergoing vascular resection and reconstruction. We used left renal vein (LRV) grafts for vascular reconstruction in patients with these malignancies and evaluated their clinical relevance.

Methods

A total of 113 patients underwent vascular resection including the PV (42 patients), IVC (68 patients), and HV (3 patients) for hepatobiliary‐pancreatic or abdominal tumor resection. Of these, 11 patients underwent vascular reconstruction with a LRV graft of the PV, superior mesenteric vein (SMV), and HVs in 3 patients each, and the IVC in 2 patients. The HVs were resected with segmentectomy involving Couinaud’s segments VII, VIII, and IV; VII, VIII, and II; or III, IV, VIII in each patient. The PV and SMV were resected in 5 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic carcinoma, and in 1 patient being treated with extended right hepatectomy and pancreaticoduodenectomy for hepatic hilar carcinoma. The IVC was partially resected in 1 patient with advanced colon cancer and 1 with malignant schwannoma.

Results

The mean graft length of LRV obtained was 3.6 (3.5–4.0) cm. The graft was used as a tube in 9 patients, and as a patch in 2 patients. The mean duration of clamping time was 41.9 (35–60) min. Portal vein thrombosis was encountered in 2 patients, and anastomotic stenosis in 1 patient. Other morbidity was not related to vascular reconstruction. One patient who underwent extended right hepatectomy and pancreaticoduodenectomy died of liver failure in the hospital. The serum creatinine level after surgery did not deteriorate except in the one patient who died in the hospital. Graft patency was maintained during the follow‐up period in all patients.

Conclusions

A LRV graft may enhance the possibility of vascular reconstruction without deteriorating serum creatinine level, and it provides sound graft patency.
Optimization of Deacidification of Mixtures of Sunflower Oil and Oleic Acid in a Continuous Process
Authors: Prieto González M. M. , Bada J. C. , León M. , Graciani E.
Published: April 2007

Mixtures of refined sunflower seed oil and oleic acid were deacidified using nitrogen as stripping gas in a pilot‐plant scale continuous deodorizer. To optimize the process, two different levels were tested for the classical operating parameters of oil temperature, nitrogen flow rates, oil mass flow rates and initial free fatty acid contents. In addition, two heating procedures were tested, including one using separate electrical heating of the oil and gas distillates to maintain the same temperature in both parts of the deodorizer, and another in which only the oil was heated and controlled, resulting in a temperature difference between the oil and the gas distillates. The statistical technique of blocking with paired comparisons was used to analyze the final free fatty acid content, rate of free fatty acid loss with respect to the processed oil flow rate, free fatty acid content in the distillates recovered by condensation, and efficiency. The results showed that the oil temperature and maintaining the same temperature in the oil and the gas distillates produced the most relevant effects, having a positive effect on most of the responses.
Temperature Effects on the Deacidification of Mixtures of Sunflower Oil and Oleic Acid
Authors: Prieto González M. M. , Bada J. C. , Graciani E.
Published: April 2007

Although it is well known that oil temperature is an essential factor for determining the deacidification mass rate and the final free fatty acids content, the influence of the temperature of the gas distillates above the liquid phase in the deodorizer on the oil temperature is much less understood. An extensive study of the effect of the temperature of the oil and of the gas distillates was undertaken in a continuous deodorizer, comparing the results with those obtained using a batch process. Variations in temperature from the temperature obtained without additional heating of the gases to a higher temperature than that of the oil were assayed for the gas distillates at the head of the deodorizer. It was possible to obtain low outlet free fatty acid contents at lower oil temperatures by controlling the overheating of the distillates, even for very high initial free fatty acids content, indicating that this is an essential variable to consider in distillation. However, increasing the temperature of the gas distillates above that of the oil sometimes produces a negative effect in deacidification.
Low‐trans Shortening and Spread Fats Produced by Electrochemical Hydrogenation
Authors: List G. R. , Warner K. , Pintauro P. , Gil M.
Published: April 2007

Partially hydrogenated soybean oils (90–110 IV) were prepared by electrochemical hydrogenation at a palladium/cobalt or palladium/iron cathode, moderate temperature (70–90 °C) and atmospheric pressure. The trans fatty acid (TFA) contents of 90–110 IV products ranged from 6.4 to13.8% and the amounts of stearic acid ranged from 8.8 to 15.4% (the higher stearic acid contents indicated that some reaction selectivity had been lost). The solid fat values and melting point data indicated that electrochemical hydrogenation provides a route to low‐trans spreads and baking shortenings. Shortenings produced by conventional hydrogenation contain 12–25% trans fatty acids and up to 37% saturates, whereas shortening fats produced electrochemically had reduced TFA and saturate content. Electrochemical hydrogenation is also a promising route to low‐trans spread and liquid margarine oils. Compared to commercial margarine/spread oils containing 8–12% TFA, the use of electrochemical hydrogenation results in about 4% TFA.
Risikokalkulationen bei erblichen Krebserkrankungen
Authors: Fischer C. , Bickeböller H.
Published: April 2007

Wir konzentrieren uns auf Risikoberechnungen bei familiärem Brust- und Eierstockkrebs, da diese ein wichtiges Thema in der genetischen Beratung darstellen. Ratsuchende mit Mutationen in einem der beiden Gene BRCA1 oder BRCA2 haben eine sehr hohe Erkrankungswahrscheinlichkeit. Ist kein Test möglich oder dieser negativ, basiert die Entscheidung über eine intensivierte Vorsorge oder prophylaktische Maßnahmen auf Risikoberechnungen. Wir beschreiben einige der zugrunde liegenden Modelle sowie Untersuchungen zu deren vergleichender Validierung. Nur in einer prospektiven Studie wurden mehrere Modelle zur Berechnung der Brustkrebserkrankungswahrscheinlichkeit verglichen. Das einzige Modell in der Studie, das BRCA1/2, zusätzliche genetische Faktoren und einige weitere Risikofaktoren berücksichtigt (IBIS), zeigte die beste Vorhersagekraft. Es wurden nicht alle neueren Modelle berücksichtigt (kein BOADICEA) und keine neueren Risikofaktoren einbezogen.
Effects of long-term intervention with low- and high-glycaemic-index breakfasts on food intake in children aged 8–11 years
Authors: Henry C. Jeya K. , Lightowler Helen J. , Strik Caroline M.
Published: April 2007

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of long-term intervention of low-glycaemic-index (GI) v. high-GI breakfasts on energy and macronutrient intakes in children aged 8–11 years. Preadolescent children were assigned to one of two groups in a random cross-over design. Each group was given low-GI and high-GI breakfasts on two non-consecutive days per week for 10 weeks per breakfast type. Each breakfast provided approximately 1273 kJ (300 kcal) and was closely matched for macronutrient and dietary fibre content. Subsequent food intake at an ad libitum buffet lunch was recorded and daily energy and macronutrient intakes were measured by 24 h recall and 3 d food diaries. There was a tendency towards a reduced energy intake at lunch following the low-GI breakfast compared with the high-GI breakfast, although the mean difference of 75 kJ (18 kcal) was not significant (P = 0·406). In particular, there was a trend towards a reduced energy intake in the low-GI arm compared with the high-GI arm among boys. In addition, data from the 3 d food diaries showed that there was a tendency towards a reduced energy intake during the low-GI compared with the high-GI study period. In conclusion, although the difference in energy intake following the low-GI and high-GI breakfasts was not statistically significant, the reduced energy intake following the low-GI breakfast is encouraging. Both dietary fibre and carbohydrate type may affect GI, thus their potential and relative modulating effect on appetite requires further investigation.
Tinnitus rehabilitation: a mindfulness meditation cognitive behavioural therapy approach
Authors: Sadlier M , Stephens S D G , Kennedy V
Published: April 2007

Background:

Chronic tinnitus is a frequent symptom presentation in clinical practice. No drug treatment to date has shown itself to be effective. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of cognitive behavioural therapy and meditation in tinnitus sufferers.

Methodology:

Patients were selected from a dedicated tinnitus clinic in the Welsh Hearing Institute. A waiting list control design was used. Twenty-five chronic tinnitus sufferers were consecutively allocated to two groups, one receiving a cognitive behavioural therapy/meditation intervention of four one hour sessions with the other group waiting three months and subsequently treated in the same way, thereby acting as their own control. The main outcome was measured using the Hallam tinnitus questionnaire. A four to six month follow up was conducted.

Results:

These showed significant statistical reductions in tinnitus variables both in the active and also in the control group. Post-therapy, no significant change was found after the waiting list period. The improvement was maintained at the four to six month period.

Conclusion:

The positive findings give support for the use of cognitive behavioural therapy/meditation for chronic tinnitus sufferers.
Asymptotic and numerical studies of the leader
election algorithm
Authors: KNESSL CHARLES
Published: April 2007

A leader is to be elected from n people using the following algorithm. Each person flips a coin.
Those people who wind up with tails (which occurs with probability p, 0 < p < 1) move on to
the next stage. Those with heads are eliminated. Let Hn denote the number of stages needed
until there is a single winner. We analyze the moments and the probability distribution of Hn.
In the symmetric model we have an unbiased coin with p = 1/2; in the asymmetric model
p ≠ 1/2. We analyze these models asymptotically, for n → ∞, using a variety of analytical
and numerical approaches. This leads to simple derivations of some existing results, as well
as some new results for the asymmetric case. Our analysis makes some assumptions about
the forms of various asymptotic expansions as well as their asymptotic matching.
Hele-Shaw flows with free boundaries
in a corner or around a wedge
Part II: Air at the vertex
Authors: RICHARDSON S.
Published: April 2007

Consider a Hele-Shaw cell with the fluid (liquid) confined to an angular region by a solid
boundary in the form of two half-lines meeting at an angle απ; if 0 < α < 1 we have flow in
a corner, while if 1 < α [les ] 2 we have flow around a wedge. We suppose contact between the
fluid and each of the lines forming the solid boundary to be along a single segment that does
not adjoin the vertex, so we have air at the vertex, and contemplate such a situation that has
been produced by injection at a number of points into an initially empty cell. We show that,
if we assume the pressure to be constant along the free boundaries, the region occupied by
the fluid is the image of a rectangle under a conformal map that can be expressed in terms of
elliptic functions if α = 1 or α = 2, and in terms of theta functions if 0 < α < 1 or 1 < α < 2.
The form of the function giving the map can be written down, and the parameters appearing
in it then determined as the solution to a set of transcendental equations. The procedure is
illustrated by a number of examples.
Hele-Shaw flows with free boundaries
in a corner or around a wedge
Part I: Liquid at the vertex
Authors: RICHARDSON S.
Published: April 2007

Consider a Hele-Shaw cell with the fluid (liquid) confined to an angular region by a solid
boundary in the form of two half-lines meeting at an angle απ; if 0 < α < 1 we have flow in
a corner, while if 1 < α [les ] 2 we have flow around a wedge. We suppose contact between the
fluid and each of the lines forming the solid boundary to be along a single segment emanating
from the vertex, so we have liquid at the vertex, and contemplate such a situation that has
been produced by injection at a number of points into an initially empty cell. We show that,
if we assume the pressure to be constant along the free boundary, the region occupied by the
fluid is the image of a semidisc (a domain bounded by a semicircle and its diameter) in the
ζ-plane under a conformal map given by a function of the form ζα times a rational function
of ζ. The form of this rational function can be written down, and the parameters appearing in
it then determined as the solution to a set of algebraic equations. Examples of such flows are
given (including one which shows that, in a certain sense, injection can produce a cusp), and
the limiting situation in the wedge configuration as one injection point is moved to infinity is
also considered.
Steady nonlinear capillary waves on curved sheets
Authors: CROWDY DARREN
Published: April 2007

This paper presents a new class of solutions for steady nonlinear capillary waves on a curved
sheet of fluid in the plane. The solutions are exact in that the free surfaces of the sheet and
the associated flow field can be found in closed form. The solutions are generalizations of
the classic solutions for finite amplitude waves on fluid sheets [5] to the case where the fluid
sheets are curved.
Age-related changes in leptin: consequences and mechanisms
Authors: Mizuno Tooru M
Published: April 2007

Aging is associated with impairments in maintaining homeostasis in response to physiologic and environmental disturbances. These age-associated impairments include alterations in metabolic and neuroendocrine function. Leptin is a hormone mainly produced in and secreted by adipose tissue, and mutations in the leptin gene are associated with extreme obesity and neuroendocrine impairments, including impaired reproduction and low sex hormones, low thyroid hormone, low growth hormone, and elevated glucocorticoids. Leptin replacement reversed many of the phenotypes of leptin-deficient mice. Fasting reduces leptin gene expression and fasting-induced neuroendocrine alterations are also reversed by leptin injection. However, it was quickly apparent that leptin is highly correlated with total fat mass, and obesity is associated with elevated, rather than reduced, leptin levels in both rodents and humans. Thus, increased adiposity is associated with leptin resistance. Since aging is associated with dramatic changes in adiposity and neuroendocrine impairments similar to those observed in leptin-deficient and leptin-resistant animals, leptin resistance and/or insufficiency might contribute to some of these age-related metabolic impairments.
Treatment of patients with Eisenmenger's syndrome with Bosentan
Authors: Brun Henrik , Thaulow Erik , Fredriksen Per Morten , Holmstrom Henrik
Published: April 2007

We treated prospectively 14 patients with Eisenmenger's syndrome, with a mean age of 10 years, ranging from 3 to 18 years. Treatment continued for 12 months, and demonstrated a lasting symptomatic improvement, but no improvement in terms of mean saturation of oxygen over 24 hours. Exercise capacity, as judged by peak uptake of oxygen, worsened in the six patients able to perform a treadmill test. The symptomatic benefit from dual blockage of endothelin receptors in these patients may be due to mechanisms other than selective pulmonary vasodilatation alone.
Effect of oxygen and growth medium onin vitrobiofilm formation byEscherichia coli
Authors: Bjergbæk L. A. , Haagensen J. A. J. , Reisner A. , Molin S. , Roslev P.
Published: April 2007

The effects of oxygen availability onin vitrobiofilm formation by anEscherichia coliK-12 strain and 13 clinicalE. colistrains were compared. AllE. colistrains were capable of forming monospecies biofilm on polystyrene in aerobic media. The K-12 strain produced biofilm in both aerobic glucose minimal medium (ABTG), and aerobic trypticase soy broth (TSB) whereas the majority of the clinical strains produced significant biofilm only in aerobic TSB (9 of 13). In anaerobic media,E. coliK-12 and 9 of the 13 clinical strains were capable of forming biofilmin vitro. Only three clinical strains formed biofilm in anaerobic TSB whereas six clinical strains produced detectable biofilm in anaerobic ABTG. None of the strains tested were capable of forming biofilm in both anaerobic ABTG and anaerobic TSB. Strains that were good biofilm formers in aerobic ABTG also produced the highest amount of biofilm in anaerobic ABTG (R2= 0.90). Image analysis revealed notable differences in architecture for biofilms grown in the presence and in the absence of oxygen. In aerobic ABTG, the biofilm was dominated by tall, mushroom-shaped microcolonies with pores and channels whereas biofilm in anaerobic ABTG was thinner and less heterogeneous, resulting in reduced maximum thickness and biovolume. Analysis of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles fromE. coliK-12 and three clinical strains did not reveal a specific pattern associated with the biofilm phenotypes. Interestingly, the clinicalE. colistrains adjusted their PLFA composition much more than didE. coliK-12 in response to changes in growth regimens. Collectively, the results indicate that oxygen availability may affectE. colibiofilm formation in minimal and complex media. The results confirm thatE. coliK-12 and some clinicalE. colistrains are capable of formingin vitrobiofilm under anaerobic conditions. However, the data also suggest that this attribute is highly strain dependent and may vary significantly among clinical isolates.
Spheroids scaling relations over cosmic time
Authors: Treu Tommaso
Published: April 2007

I report on recent measurements of two scaling relations of spheroids in the distant universe, the Fundamental Plane, and the relation between lensing velocity dispersion and stellar velocity dispersion. The joint analysis of the two scaling relations indicates that the most massive (above ~1011.5M⊙) spheroids are consistent with no evolution since z ~ 1 both in terms of star formation and internal structure. Furthermore their total mass density profile is on average well described by an isothermal sphere with no evidence for redshift evolution. At smaller masses the picture appears to be substantially different, as indicated by evidence for substantial recent star formation (as much as 20–40% of stellar mass formed since z ~ 1), and by hints of a reduced dark matter content at smaller masses. A larger sample of lenses extending to velocity dispersions below 200\kms, and to redshifts above >0.5 is needed to verify these trends.
The Millennium Galaxy Catalogue: Galaxy Bimodality
Authors: Driver Simon P. , Liske Jochen , Graham Alister W.
Published: April 2007

Galaxy bimodality is caused by the bulge-disc nature of galaxies as opposed to two distinct galaxy classes. This is evident in the colour-structure plane which clearly shows that elliptical galaxies (bulge-only) lie in the red compact peak and late-type spiral galaxies (disc-dominated) lie in the blue diffuse peak. Early-type spirals (bulge plus disc systems) sprawl across both peaks. However after bulge-disc decomposition the bulges of early-type spirals lie exclusively in the red compact peak and their discs in the blue diffuse peak (exceptions exist but are rare, e.g., dust reddened edge-on discs and blue pseudo-bulges). Movement between these two peaks is not trivial because whilst switching off star-formation can transform colours from blue to red, modifying the orbits of ~1 billion stars from a planar diffuse structure to a triaxial compact structure is problematic (essentially requiring an equal mass merger). We propose that the most plausible explanation for the dual structure of galaxies is that galaxy formation proceeds in two stages. First an initial collapse phase (forming a centrally concentrated core and black hole), followed by splashback, infall and accretion (forming a planar rotating disc). Dwarf systems coule perhaps follow the same scenario but the lack of low luminosity bulge-disc systems would imply that the two components must rapidly blend to form a single flattened spheroidal system.
Secular evolution in galaxies
Authors: Combes F.
Published: April 2007

New observations in favour of a significant role of secular evolution are reviewed: central star formation boosted in pseudo-bulge barred galaxies, relations between bulge and disk, evidence for rejuvenated bulges. Numerical simulations have shown that secular evolution can occur through a cycle of bar formation and destruction, in which the gas plays a major role. Since bars are weakened or destroyed in gaseous disks, the high frequency of bars observed today requires external cold gas accretion, to replenish the disk and allow a new bar formation. The rate of gas accretion from external filaments is compatible with what is observed in cosmological simulations.
The Building of Galactic Disks: Insights from the Triangulum Spiral Galaxy Messier 33
Authors: Block David L. , Puerari Ivânio , Fazio Giovanni G. , Stockton Alan , Canalizo Gabriela , Freeman Kenneth C. , Jarrett Thomas H. , Combes Françoise , Groess Robert , Worthey Guy , Gehrz Robert D. , Woodward Charles E. , Polomski Elisha F.
Published: April 2007

The Triangulum Spiral Galaxy Messier 33 offers unique insights into the building of a galactic disk. We identify spectacular arcs of intermediate age (0.6 Gyr − 2 Gyr) stars in the low-metallicity outer disk. The northern arc spans ~120 degrees in azimuth and up to 5 arcmin in width. The arcs are located 2-3 disk scale lengths from the galaxy centre (where 1 disk scale length is equivalent to 0.1 degrees in the V-band) and lie precisely where there is a warp in the HI profile of M33. Warps and infall are inextricably linked (Binney, 1992). We present spectroscopy of candidate stars in the outer northern arc, secured using the Keck I telescope in Hawaii. The target stars have estimated visual magnitudes as faint as V~ 25m. Absorption bands of CN are seen in all spectra reported in this review talk, confirming their carbon star status. Also presented are PAH emissivity radial profiles generated from IRAC observations of M33 using the Spitzer Space Telescope. A dramatic change of phase in the m = 2 Fourier component is detected at the domain of the arcs. M33 serves as an excellent example how the disks of spiral galaxies in our Universe are built: as dynamically open systems, growing from the inward, outward.
B/T-ratios in the Hubble sequence
Authors: Laurikainen Eija , Salo H. , Buta R. , Knapen J. H. , Speltincx T. , Block D. L.
Published: April 2007

We discuss bulges in the Hubble sequence, based on the analysis of deep near-IR images for a sample of 216 nearby galaxies. Using a 2D multicomponent decomposition code, we find that the average bulge-to-total (B/T) flux ratio is less than 0.25 across all morphological types. Even 50% of the early-type galaxies (S0-S0/a) are found to have nuclear bars, inner disks or nuclear rings inside the bulge. Also, the shape parameter of the bulge is on average ≤2 for all Hubble types. Our results are consistent with the picture in which bulges even in many early-type galaxies were formed by secular evolutionary processes. We find two galaxies that might be stripped spirals, belonging to the so far empty S0c morphological class introduced by van den Bergh (1979).
Spheroid ages, kinematics, and BH relations
Authors: Emsellem Eric
Published: April 2007

I very briefly discuss the ages and kinematics of spheroids as well as the black hole relations, via a few recent and illustrative studies, which include results on the downsizing, scaling laws, angular momentum and central massive objects.
Establishing the relationship between galaxies and dark matter
Authors: Mo H. J. , Yang X.H. , van den Bosch F.C. , Jing Y.P. , Weinmann S.M.
Published: April 2007

We use two methods to establish the relationship between galaxies and dark matter halos. One is based the conditional luminosity function model, which links galaxies and dark matter halos by matching the number density and clustering properties of galaxies with those of dark matter halos in the current CDM model. The second is based on galaxy systems identified from large redshift surveys of galaxies. The galaxy – dark halo relationships established by these two methods match well, and can provide important constraints on how galaxies form and evolve in the universe.
From nuclear clusters to halo globulars: Star clusters as basic galactic building blocks
Authors: de Grijs Richard
Published: April 2007

I assess the similarities and differences between the star-formation modes in quiescent spiral galaxies versus those in violent starburst regions, including galactic nuclei. As opposed to the quiescent star-formation mode, current empirical evidence on the star-formation processes in the extreme, high-pressure environments induced by galaxy encounters strongly suggests that star cluster formation is an important and perhaps even the dominant mode of star formation in such starburst events. This implies that by using star clusters as unique diagnostic probes, we can trace a galaxy's most violent star formation history very well, at least for the past few Gyr. The sizes, luminosities, and mass estimates of the young massive star clusters are entirely consistent with what is expected for young Milky Way-type globular clusters (GCs). Recent evidence lends support to the scenario that GCs, which were once thought to be the oldest building blocks of galaxies, are still forming today.
Dwarf Galaxy Age-Metallicity Relationships
Authors: Skillman Evan D.
Published: April 2007

I present a brief review of current work on dwarf galaxy age-metallicity relationships.
IZw18, or The Picture of Dorian Gray: The More You Watch it, The Older it Gets
Authors: Tosi M. , Aloisi A. , Mack J. , Maio M.
Published: April 2007

IZw18 has been recurrently claimed to be a young galaxy, but stars of increasingly older ages are found every time deeper magnitude levels are reached with high-resolution photometry: from the original few Myrs to, possibly, several Gyrs. We summarize the history of IZw18's age and an HST project which will allow us to derive both its distance and age.
A Titius-Bode like law for stellar populations in the velocity space
Authors: Alcobé Santiago , Cubarsi Rafael
Published: April 2007

The statistical algorithm MEMPHIS (Cubarsi & Alcobé 2006) was applied to a large sample from the Hipparcos catalogue with the full space motions (Cubarsi & Alcobé 2004), to segregate the kinematic populations of the solar neighbourhood. Four stellar populations were obtained, namely early-thin disk, young-thin disk, the whole thin disk (which contains both previous populations plus the continuum of old thin disk stars), and the thick disk population. Now, we wish to point out two main results from the analysis of such a segregation (Alcobé & Cubarsi 2005). First, the relationship between the maximum stellar velocity of a sample and its average age τ can be approximated by the relation |V|max ∝ τ. Second, the local stellar populations can be described from a Titius-Bode like law (TBLL) for the radial velocity dispersion, $\sigma_1 = 6.6 \, (\frac43)^n$, so that for values n = 2, 3, 5, 8 it determines some average energy levels of discrete populations, while for continuous intervals n ≤ 5 and n ≥ 7 it describes the velocity-age evolution of thin and thick disk components, as shown in the Table below.

Thus, the velocity dispersions of the local kinematic populations seem to follow a geometrical progression, allowing us to do an analogy with the old Titius-Bode distribution for keplerian orbits, although a physical explanation for the later law remains still open (Lynch 2003). Indeed, such a TBLL in the velocity space could be already conjectured from previous published kinematic parameters of the Galactic components (e.g. Alcobé & Cubarsi 2001). As in the keplerian case, it is possible to argue that velocity dispersion values have too much uncertainty, but, even so, it is not possible to ignore anymore such a resemblance.

Such results are consistent with Galactic formation models that predict some quasi-continuous stellar populations in the sense that the continuity is constricted by σ1 levels of the TBLL. The physical meaning of the variable n involved in the TBLL may be related with the average epicycle energy ER ~ σ21 of the stars representative of the disk heating process. It shows continuity from n = 3 to 5 for the thin disk, and from 7 to 8 for the thick disk, but discreteness from n = 2 to 3 between early-thin and young-thin disk, and from 5 to 8 between thin and thick disk components. For the thin disk, for example, the level n = 5 should represent the saturation point of maximum velocity dispersion, likely corresponding to the limited predicted by the observed wavenumber of spiral structure of the Milky Way, while the discontinuity from n = 5 to 7 indicates an abrupt jump in the average energy, that was produced when the thick disk was formed about 10±1 Gyr ago.
Physical Properties of Nearby Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies
Authors: Seo M. R. , Ann H. B.
Published: April 2007

Most dwarf elliptical galaxies except for ‘dE, N’ galaxies which are characterized by young stellar populations in the nuclear regions are located in the high density environment. The colors and spectra of ‘dE, N’ galaxies are different from other types, in the sense that they have redder colors with little emission lines. The majority of dwarf elliptical galaxies are younger than 7 Gyr with metallicity larger than [z/H]=−0.5.
New HST/ACS Observations of Dwarf Star-Forming Galaxies with Extreme Properties of Cosmological Relevance
Authors: Annibali F. , Aloisi A. , Van der Marel R. , Mack J. , Tosi M.
Published: April 2007

We present deep Color Magnitude Diagrams (CMDs), based on HST/ACS data, of two star-forming dwarf galaxies, NGC4449 and IZw18.
Stellar Populations and Kinematics in Seyfert Galaxies
Authors: Asari N. V. , Vega L. R. , Garcia-Rissmann A. , González Delgado R. M. , Storchi-Bergmann T. , Cid Fernandes R.
Published: April 2007

Our aim is to study the stellar kinematics in hosts of AGN. We do so by measuring nuclear stellar velocity dispersions (σ⋆). Our sample comprises spectra of 78 objects, 69 of which are Seyfert galaxies, in the region around the λλ8498.02, 8542.09, 8662.14 Calcium triplet (CaT). We investigate two methods to measure σ⋆: (1) the direct fitting method (DFM), which makes use of our stellar population synthesis code Starlight, and (2) the cross-correlation method (CCM), for which we use the fxcor package in IRAF. Both methods yield velocity dispersions consistent to within 19 km/s on-average. We have also measured the CaT equivalent width (WCaT) and the λ3933 CaII K equivalent width (WK) for the objects in our sample. Other studies have shown that WK is a powerful tracer of starbursts in Seyfert nuclei, so we check if WCaT can be used in the same way. We have also analysed a sub-sample of 34 spatially resolved objects with reasonably good off-nuclear signal-to-noise. We study the spatial variations of both σ⋆ and WCaT. We see no dilution in WCaT for composite starburst + Seyfert 2 galaxies, in contrast to the dilution in the WK (studied by other authors) for the same objects.
The Detectability of Seyfert 2 Galaxies with Hidden Broad-Line Regions
Authors: Bian W.
Published: April 2007

The detectability of Seyfert 2 galaxies (Sy2s) with hidden broad-line regions(HBLRs) is still a question open to debate. Using a large sample of 90 Seyfert 2 galaxies (Sy2s) with spectropolarimetric observations (Gu & Huang 2002), we tested the suggestion that the presence of hidden broad-line regions (HBLRs) in Sy2s is dependent upon the Eddington ratio (Nicastro et al. 2003). The stellar velocity dispersion and the extinction-corrected [O III] luminosity are used to derive the masses of central super-massive black holes and the Eddington ratios. The main conclusion are summarized as follows.
The Optical Spectral Slope Variability for 17 Palomar-Green QSOs
Authors: Pu X. , Bian W. , Huang K.
Published: April 2007

Variability phenomenon in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) provides a powerful constrain on their central engine. For a long time the long-term multi-wavelength photometric monitoring plays an important role in obtaining the optical variability of QSOs. However, it just monitors the flux variability in a few points in the wavelength which usually consists of many components including continuum and strong emission line (although the photometric data are accurate). So it is necessary to study the optical spectral variability using spectroscopic monitoring data.
Test of Clausius' Virial Dynamical Theory of Fundamental Plane By Homogeneous + γ-Free Two Component Galaxy Model
Authors: Bindoni D. , Secco L. , Caimmi R. , D'Onofrio M. , Valentinuzzi T.
Published: April 2007

To test the extension of the theory of the Fundamental Plane (FP) proposed by Secco (2000, 2001, 2005) to an higher order (non-linear) we explore the effect on an homogeneous stellar component due to a DM halo with a density profile characterized by an inner slope γ free and an outer slope −3, according to high resolution RCs of Sps (Garrido et al., 2004). The aim is to investigate the role of the dark to bright mass ratio m and of the halo concentration CD in order to produce the maximum of Clausius' Virial potential energy (CV). Particular attention is devoted to the slope of the density halo profile at the maximum location, to its height in comparison with the CV value when the two components coincide, Vn. For all models we choose γ = 0. We follow the general method proposed by Caimmi, 1993 for two striated ellipsoidals with Zhao-density profiles. Virial equilibrium is described by tensor virial equations extended to two components (Caimmi & Secco, 1992). Sequences of CV as function of the ratio baryonic to halo virial semi-axis, numerically performed for different values of m and CD, are taken into account.
Figure Rotation of Dark Halos in Cold Dark Matter Simulations
Authors: Bryan S.E. , Cress C.M.
Published: April 2007

We investigate the rotation of dark matter halos identified in ΛCDM simulations. After removing halos that contain a significant amount of substructure, about 82% of the remaining halos were found to undergo coherent rotation over 5h−1 Gyr. The rotation speeds follow a log-normal distribution. The average rotation speed of a halo was 0.11h rads/Gyr. Less than half of the selected halos showed alignment between their rotation and minor axes. We found no correlation between halo properties, such as total mass, and the rotation speed.
The Distribution of Bar Strengths in Disk Galaxies
Authors: Buta R. , Laurikainen E. , Salo H. , Knapen J. H. , Block D. L.
Published: April 2007

Bars are the most important features that redistribute angular momentum and drive secular evolution in disk galaxies. We have derived the distribution of bar strengths in spirals and the Fourier properties of early-type galaxy bars in order to evaluate recent models of bar-halo angular momentum transfer and external gas accretion. A few results are presented here.
Edge-on Low Surface Brightness Galaxies in the SDSS and the Red Halo Phenomenon
Authors: Caldwell Brady , Bergvall Nils
Published: April 2007

Extremely red halos have been detected around high surface brightness (HSB) disk galaxies and blue compact galaxies. We analyse the halo emission of a sample of 970 stacked edge-on low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies in the SDSS (DR4) down to μg ~ 30 mag arcsec−2. These are divided by g − r colour limits into a “blue” Sample A (336 galaxies), “yellow” Sample B (318 galaxies) and “red” Sample C (316 galaxies). The gri colours indicate a prominent red excess in the polar direction, strongly deviating from any normal stellar population.
A New Mass Modelling Trick
Authors: Chakrabarty Dalia
Published: April 2007

The estimation of the distribution of the total (luminous and dark) mass in early type systems is hard! Even for the lucky few systems for which kinematic information is available, its implementation is mired in problems, given uncertainties about the assumptions that enter the calculations; the most critical of such assumptions involve considerations of the system geometry and the shape of its velocity ellipsoid. This work offers an independent means of getting to the mass distributions of early type galaxies, without relying directly on the phase space distribution function. The methodology is based upon the well established idea that in elliptical galaxies, the largest variations in normalised velocity dispersion profiles occur typically at R < 0.5Re (Re≡ half-light radius) and at R ≥ 2Re.