bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the stability of psychobiological stress reactivity during adolescence: mixed-effect modelling of cortisol responses to laboratory stressors
Authors: O'Shea Jen , Dockray Samantha , Susman Elizabeth
Published: April 2024

Background Puberty has been historically considered as a time of risk and vulnerability for young people. It is associated with rapid development in the hypothalamus, which is central in the production of both stress and sex steroids. While patterns of stress reactivity are calibrated in early life, this time of rapid development may provide a means for these patterns to change. This purpose of this study was to examine whether patterns of cortisol reactivity remained stable across one year of pubertal development, and whether variations in pubertal development impacted on this stability. Methods This study used a secondary dataset comprised of 102 adolescent-aged children. Children took part in the Trier Social Stress Test to elicit a physiological stress response. Cortisol reactivity was measured as the increase in salivary cortisol concentration taken at five time points throughout the session. Pubertal stage was measured by nurse report where possible, and parent/self-report otherwise and was used to calculate pubertal timing and tempo relative to peers. Measures of anxiety, BMI, and socio-economic status were taken and included in analysis. Results Results of a linear mixed-effect model found there to be a significant difference in cortisol reactivity over time, indicating that stress reactivity did not remain stable during this time (Estimate= 3.39, t=3.67, p<.001, CI[1.56, 5.22]). Additionally, results show children who developed slower/quicker than peers displayed decreased stress reactivity (Estimate= -3.59, t=-2.13. p=.03, CI[-6.92, -0.25]). Conclusions This research contributes to a relatively small but consistent body of research noting pattern of increased cortisol reactivity during pubertal development. While a significant effect was found for pubertal tempo, this findings should not be considered indicative of any true effect.
Navigating Discordance: Assessing Varied Applications of the American Academy of Periodontology In-Service Examination in Postdoctoral Programs
Authors: Darcey Caitlin , Soh Michael , Meyer Holly
Published: April 2024

Introduction The American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) In-Service Examination (ISE) is offered annually to residents in postdoctoral periodontal programs across the United States and Canada. The language in AAP published guidance supports both formative and summative uses of the exam, presenting discordance in how to use and interpret the AAPISE. It is important to clarify how programs use data, as formative assessments are low-stakes and aim to provide feedback to learners for improving their learning. On the other hand, summative assessments are used to make high-stakes decisions, such as program admission, graduation, and licensure. These two types of assessments serve different purposes and have distinct outcomes. This study aimed to explore and characterize how stakeholders utilize the AAPISE and its associated score reports. Methods Semi-structured interviews of periodontology program directors, department chairs, and residents were conducted in 2022. Data from these interviews were explored, coded, and thematically analyzed. Results A total of 16 interviews were conducted and analyzed: four chairs, eight program directors, and four residents representing the experience at 20 postdoctoral periodontal programs. Five major themes were identified regarding the use of the AAPISE: formative assessment, board preparation, program development, promoting a culture of achievement, and summative assessment. Conclusion This study's findings suggest varied uses of the AAPISE amongst postdoctoral periodontal program stakeholders, reflecting the variance within the AAP guidance. The discordant uses and guidance jeopardize the AAPISE’s potential to align with the 2018 Consensus Framework for Good Assessment elements. The authors propose recommendations to the AAP and stakeholders for future use.
The development of a national e-test on science competence for the third school level: An assessment to support learning
Authors: Vaino Katrin , Rosin Triin , Liiber Ülle , Soobard Regina , Teppo Moonika , Valdmann Ana , Reisenbuk Elle , Rannikmäe Miia
Published: April 2024

Selle disainipõhise uuringu eesmärk oli välja töötada e-tasemetöö, millega saaks hinnata riiklikus õppekavas määratletud III kooliastme lõpuks omandatud loodusteadusliku pädevuse taset. Ühtlasi pidi tasemetöö andma kirjeldavat tagasisidet nii õpilasele, õpetajale, lapsevanemale kui ka haridusüldsusele. Protsessi komplekssusest tingituna keskendutakse selles artiklis kitsamalt tasemetöö disainimise protsessile ja saadud lõpptulemusele ning põhjendatakse tehtud disainiotsuseid. Uurijate ja praktikute vahelises koostöös (2018–2022) jõuti uudse lahenduse – kontekstipõhise tasemetööni, mida saab kasutada üle-eestiliseks põhiuuringuks. Õpilaste saavutatud loodusteadusliku pädevuse taset kirjeldatakse neljal tasemel üheksa tunnuse abil, mis on ülevaatlikkuse nimel rühmitatud omakorda neljaks: loodusteaduslikud teadmised, uurimuslikud oskused, probleemi lahendamise ja otsuse tegemise oskused ning kommunikatsioonioskused. Tasemetöö koosneb neljast alatestist ning kokku 35 ülesandest.
Summary
Zentrum und Peripherien in der chinesischen Geschichte
Authors: Zhaoguang Ge
Published: April 2024

Innen und Außen, Zentrum und Peripherien standen in der Geschichte Chinas stets in dialektischer Wechselbeziehung. Gestützt auf Quellen und Fachliteratur aus führenden chinesischen wie aus japanischen und koreanischen Archiven und Bibliotheken eröffnet der Autor neue Sichtweisen, wie sich die Menschen des Vielvölkerreichs über Zeiten, Räume und Herrscherdynastien hinweg in ihrer jeweiligen Region und Kultur verorteten. Eindringliche Schilderungen der Korrespondenz am Hofe der Song-Dynastie (960–1279 n. C.) etwa lassen nachvollziehen, wie verschieden schon vor eintausend Jahren Fragen nach Reichsverständnis, kulturellem Profil und Zugehörigkeit(en) verhandelt wurden. Das Buch des in China lebenden Autors hilft zu verstehen, wie sich in China bis heute Selbstbild und Fremdbilder begegnen, abgrenzen und verschränken. Die Arbeit der Übersetzerin am vorliegenden Text wurde vom Deutschen Übersetzerfonds gefördert. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode
Study on Plant Growth Promoting Traits of PGPR Isolates From Semi-Arid Kachchh, Gujarat Under Salt Stress Conditions
Authors: Sharma M. R. , Sorathia K. D. , Jayanthi G. , Karthikeyan K.
Published: April 2024

Salinity is a major problem in the agricultural sector, as it turns productive agronomical land to become unproductive. Therefore, Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), that live in the plant root zone named the rhizosphere, is one of the prominent solutions to overcome this problem in an eco-friendly manner as Rhizobacteria responds to osmotic stress and support plant development. Thus, the present study was aimed to characterize various traits of the PGPR strains isolated from saline soils of Kachchh. The characterization of the traits in the presence and absence of sodium chloride was assessed including IAA production (76.97±1.68 mg/l), Ammonia production (38.59±0.19 mg/l), Siderophore production (49.21±1.83%), Phosphate solubilization (4897.73±25.53 mg/l). When assessed for the salt tolerance of the strains in the presence of NaCl between 20-50 gm/L, the strain D6 exhibited a better growth even at 5% NaCl concentration (2.047OD). Further, the effect of PGPR on the growth of V. radiata was 100% in all the experimental setup, whereas in case of B. juncea, the highest germination of 96.67% was observed only in T2 and T1+T2+T3. Further, the molecular sequencing of the strains revealed the identification of the strains as Klebsiella quasipneumoniae, Bacillus paralicheniformis and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Environmental Determinism in Aristotle
Authors: Torres Jorge
Published: April 2024

abstract: The present article reassesses Aristotle's views on the relationship between ethical character and the natural environment. The standard reading, to the effect that Aristotle endorsed environmental determinism, is rejected. The discussion invites a more careful examination of Aristotelian texts commonly adduced to support the orthodox reading, while also providing a clear account of what environmental determinism is. I argue that the textual evidence presented by defenders of the standard reading does not match that account. All in all, I conclude, we are not authorized to invoke Aristotle's views on the relationship between natural environment and human beings in order to discredit his ethical and political project.
"What Troubles the World Is Discontentment": The Rhetorical Politics of Guo Xiang's 郭象 Zhuangzi 莊子 Commentary
Authors: Bender Lucas Rambo
Published: April 2024

Abstract: Wei-Jin era Xuanxue is often discussed as an ontological or metaphysical discourse with political and ethical entailments. The present essay, however, argues that if "ontology" and "metaphysics" are taken in their usual senses—as concerning the nature of reality prior to and irrespective of human action—then this description does not make good sense of a significant number of passages in Guo Xiang's (252–312) commentary on the Zhuangzi . Though this commentary contains much that appears to present an "ontological" or "metaphysical" vision, Guo frequently presents this vision not as the way things are, but rather as exemplifying the sort of rhetoric that is necessary for stabilizing the state. Rather than taking ontology as a basis for deriving and justifying his politics, therefore, Guo instead offers his ontological vision as premised upon the pragmatics of political life.
The Ethical Message in Huang-Lao Manuscripts: Applying the Laozian Living Riddle as a "Model of Modeling"
Authors: Small Sharon Y. , Patt-Shamir Galia
Published: April 2024

Abstract: The objective in this article is to apply a Daoist model of an ethic derived from the Laozi on writings of the Huang Lao tradition to offer a unique Daoist cosmically derived ethic in its own terms . Having our point of departure in the Laozi we refer to its paradoxical language as a living riddle that is inherent in the tradition, and as such it suggests a "model of modeling." We find this model in Laozi 25, according to which self-so ( ziran 自然) serves as foundation for an ethic that is neither dichotomizing nor resting on human moral conventions, but serves rather as a guiding philosophy of living. On this basis we explore the question of an ethic in the Huang Lao tradition.
Magnetic transverse unidirectional scattering and longitudinal displacement sensing in silicon nanodimer
Authors: Zhang Zhaokun , Xu Jipeng , Liu Ken , Zhu Zhihong
Published: April 2024

Unidirectional scattering, crucial for manipulating light at the nanoscale, has wide-ranging applications from optical manipulation to sensing. While traditionally achieved through interactions between electric multipoles or between electric and magnetic multipoles, reports on unidirectional scattering driven purely by magnetic multipoles are limited. In this study, we undertake a theoretical exploration of transverse unidirectional scattering induced by magnetic multipoles, employing tightly focused azimuthally polarized beams (APBs) in interaction with a silicon nanodimer comprising two non-concentric nanorings. Through numerical simulations and theoretical analysis, we validate the transverse unidirectional scattering, predominantly governed by magnetic dipolar and quadrupolar resonances. Moreover, the directionality of this unidirectional scattering shows a strong correlation with the longitudinal displacement of the nanodimer within a specific range, showcasing its potential for longitudinal displacement sensing. Our study advances optical scattering control in nanostructures and guides the design of on-chip longitudinal displacement sensors.
Multi-view fringe projection profilometry based on phase texture and U-Net
Authors: Ren Yu , Tao Wei , Zhao Hui
Published: April 2024

The separability of patterns in a light-intersected area is the fundamental property of multi-view fringe projection profilometry (FPP). The traditional method based on temporal discrete Fourier transform separation and periodic wrapped phase requires dozens of patterns for each reconstruction. To enhance projection efficiency in multi-view FPP, a phase texture technique is proposed to reduce the pattern number by encoding the wrapped phase as an aperiodic texture. The U-Net neural network is trained on virtual datasets and employed as the decoder to map the phase texture to projector coordinates. To improve the decoder's adaptability for real measurements, the virtual dataset is configured with noise and defocus, while a monotonic loss function is designed. Simulations and experiments demonstrate that the proposed patterns are separable and the encoding method achieved reconstructions with only one-fifth the number of patterns required by traditional separation methods. The experimental results prove the improved decoding performance of U-Net trained with the monotonic loss function and the enhanced dataset.
Umbravirus-like RNA viruses are capable of independent systemic plant infection in the absence of encoded movement proteins
Authors: Ying Xiaobao , Bera Sayanta , Liu Jinyuan , Toscano-Morales Roberto , Jang Chanyong , Yang Stephen , Ho Jovia , Simon Anne E.
Published: April 2024

The signature feature of all plant viruses is the encoding of movement proteins (MPs) that supports the movement of the viral genome into adjacent cells and through the vascular system. The recent discovery of umbravirus-like viruses (ULVs), some of which only encode replication-associated proteins, suggested that they, as with umbraviruses that lack encoded capsid proteins (CPs) and silencing suppressors, would require association with a helper virus to complete an infection cycle. We examined the infection properties of 2 ULVs: citrus yellow vein associated virus 1 (CY1), which only encodes replication proteins, and closely related CY2 from hemp, which encodes an additional protein (ORF5CY2) that was assumed to be an MP. We report that both CY1 and CY2 can independently infect the model plantNicotiana benthamianain a phloem-limited fashion when delivered by agroinfiltration. Unlike encoded MPs, ORF5CY2was dispensable for infection of CY2, but was associated with faster symptom development. Examination of ORF5CY2revealed features more similar to luteoviruses/poleroviruses/sobemovirus CPs than to 30K class MPs, which all share a similar single jelly-roll domain. In addition, only CY2-infected plants contained virus-like particles (VLPs) associated with CY2 RNA and ORF5CY2. CY1 RNA and a defective (D)-RNA that arises during infection interacted with host protein phloem protein 2 (PP2) in vitro and in vivo, and formed a high molecular weight complex with sap proteins in vitro that was partially resistant to RNase treatment. When CY1 was used as a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vector to target PP2 transcripts, CY1 accumulation was reduced in systemic leaves, supporting the usage of PP2 for systemic movement. ULVs are therefore the first plant viruses encoding replication and CPs but no MPs, and whose systemic movement relies on a host MP. This explains the lack of discernable helper viruses in many ULV-infected plants and evokes comparisons with the initial viruses transferred into plants that must have similarly required host proteins for movement.
Indirect reciprocity with Bayesian reasoning and biases
Authors: Morsky Bryce , Plotkin Joshua B. , Akçay Erol
Published: April 2024

Reputations can foster cooperation by indirect reciprocity: if I am good to you then others will be good to me. But this mechanism for cooperation in one-shot interactions only works when people agree on who is good and who is bad. Errors in actions or assessments can produce disagreements about reputations, which can unravel the positive feedback loop between social standing and pro-social behaviour. Cooperators can end up punished and defectors rewarded. Public reputation systems and empathy are two possible mechanisms to promote agreement about reputations. Here we suggest an alternative: Bayesian reasoning by observers. By taking into account the probabilities of errors in action and observation and their prior beliefs about the prevalence of good people in the population, observers can use Bayesian reasoning to determine whether or not someone is good. To study this scenario, we develop an evolutionary game theoretical model in which players use Bayesian reasoning to assess reputations, either publicly or privately. We explore this model analytically and numerically for five social norms (Scoring, Shunning, Simple Standing, Staying, and Stern Judging). We systematically compare results to the case when agents do not use reasoning in determining reputations. We find that Bayesian reasoning reduces cooperation relative to non-reasoning, except in the case of the Scoring norm. Under Scoring, Bayesian reasoning can promote coexistence of three strategic types. Additionally, we study the effects of optimistic or pessimistic biases in individual beliefs about the degree of cooperation in the population. We find that optimism generally undermines cooperation whereas pessimism can, in some cases, promote cooperation.
Advances in monitoring glaciological processes in Kalallit Nunaat (Greenland) over the past decades
Authors: Fahrner Dominik , Catania Ginny , Shahin Michael G. , Hansen Dougal D. , Löffler Karina , Abermann Jakob
Published: April 2024

Greenland’s glaciers have been retreating, thinning and accelerating since the mid-1990s, with the mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) now being the largest contributor to global sea level rise. Monitoring changes in glacier dynamics using in-situ or remote sensing methods has been and remains therefore crucial to improve our understanding of glaciological processes and the response of glaciers to changes in climate. Over the past two decades, significant advances in technology have provided improvements in the way we observe glacier behavior and have helped to reduce uncertainties in future projections. This review focuses on advances in in-situ monitoring of glaciological processes, but also discusses novel methods in satellite remote sensing. We further highlight gaps in observing, measuring and monitoring glaciers in Greenland, which should be addressed in order to improve our understanding of glacier dynamics and to reduce in uncertainties in future sea level rise projections. In addition, we review coordination and inclusivity of science conducted in Greenland and provide suggestion that could foster increased collaboration and co-production.
Prediction of edapho-climatic parameters in the incidence of Campylobacter spp. in northwestern Mexico
Authors: Flores Yasiri , Chaves Andrea , Suzán Gerardo
Published: April 2024

Campylobacterspp. is one of the main causes of enteric zoonotic infections worldwide. In Mexico, although a commonly detected pathogen in both children and adults, there is limited surveillance and few studies. The northern part of Mexico stands out for an unnoticed outbreak ofCampylobacter jejunidue to contaminated drinking water, which caused an abrupt increase in Guillain-Barré syndrome in the local population. Although it is suggested that its distribution in nature is related to edaphic and climatic factors, this relationship is scarcely known. To understand abiotic factors driving the occurrence and prevalence ofCampylobacterspp. in three municipalities from three states in northwestern Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California), we used the kriging interpolation method of unsampled areas and the correspondence analysis of 23 environmental variables. Of the three municipalities evaluated, Janos in Chihuahua (CHIH), has the highest number of geographic areas classified as high and medium incidence, followed by Santa Cruz, Sonora (SON) and Mexicali, Baja California (BC). Mexicali (BC) edaphic variables limit the potential incidence of the bacterium, mainly due to the lack of soil moisture and its difficulty of surviving on dry surfaces, related to electrical conductivity and salinity. Janos (CHIH) presents limitations in terms of soil water availability, although its presence is more heterogeneous (2 to 8 months). Santa Cruz (SON) has the highest soil water availability (4 to 5 months), and presents pH, texture and low percentage of salinity conditions for the potential incidence ofCampylobacterspp. Mexicali (BC) reports a temperature in the warmest month of up to 43°C, which could influence the presence of thermophilic species. The annual precipitation is another limiting factor for the potential incidence ofCampylobacterspp. since it does not exceed 509.5 mm, contributing to Janos (CHIH) as the municipality with the highest potential incidence of this bacterium.
Antibiotic prescribing practices in community and clinical settings during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Gacheri June , Hamilton Katie A. , Munywoki Peterkin , Wakahiu Sinaida , Kiambi Karen , Fèvre Eric M. , Oluka Margaret N. , Guantai Eric M. , Moodley Arshnee , Muloi Dishon M.
Published: April 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted healthcare systems, including antibiotic use practices. We present data on patterns of antibiotic dispensing and use in community and hospital settings respectively in Nairobi, Kenya during the pandemic. We conducted interviews with 243 pharmacies in Nairobi using a standardised questionnaire from November to December 2021. The data collected included demographic characteristics, antibiotic customers, types of antibiotics sold, and antibiotic prescribing practices. Additionally, we retrospectively reviewed health records for 992 and 738 patients admitted in COVID-19 and general wards at two large inpatient hospitals between April 2020 and May 2021, and January 2019 to October 2021, respectively. Demographic, utilisation of laboratory services, treatment, clinical, and outcome data were collected using a modified Global WHO Point Prevalence Surveys (Global-PPS) tool. Almost all pharmacies (91.4%) served customers suspected of having COVID-19 with a mean weekly number of 15.6 customers. All pharmacies dispensed antibiotics, mainly azithromycin and beta lactams to suspected COVID-19 infected customers. 83.4% of hospitalised COVID-19 patients received at least one antibiotic at some point during their hospitalisation, which was significantly higher than the 53.8% in general ward patients (p<0.001). Similarly, the average number of antibiotics administered to COVID-19 patients was higher than that of patients in the general ward (1.74 vs 0.9). Azithromycin and ceftriaxone were the most commonly used antibiotics in COVID-19 patients compared to ceftriaxone and metronidazole in the general wards. Only 2% of antibiotic prescriptions for COVID-19 patients were supported by microbiological investigations, which was consistent with the proportion of 6.8% among the general ward population. Antibiotics were commonly prescribed to customers and patients suspected of having COVID-19 either in community pharmacies or in hospital, without a prescription or laboratory diagnosis. These findings emphasize the crucial role of antibiotic stewardship, particularly in community pharmacies, in the context of COVID-19.
Predicting clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the Omicron wave using machine learning
Authors: Cogill Steven , Nallamshetty Shriram , Fullenkamp Natalie , Heberer Kent , Lynch Julie , Lee Kyung Min , Aslan Mihaela , Shih Mei-Chiung , Lee Jennifer S.
Published: April 2024

The Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant continues to strain healthcare systems. Developing tools that facilitate the identification of patients at highest risk of adverse outcomes is a priority. The study objectives are to develop population-scale predictive models that: 1) identify predictors of adverse outcomes with Omicron surge SARS-CoV-2 infections, and 2) predict the impact of prioritized vaccination of high-risk groups for said outcome. We prepared a retrospective longitudinal observational study of a national cohort of 172,814 patients in the U.S. Veteran Health Administration who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 from January 15 to August 15, 2022. We utilized sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, and vaccination status, at time of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 to predict hospitalization, escalation of care (high-flow oxygen, mechanical ventilation, vasopressor use, dialysis, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation), and death within 30 days. Machine learning models demonstrated that advanced age, high comorbidity burden, lower body mass index, unvaccinated status, and oral anticoagulant use were the important predictors of hospitalization and escalation of care. Similar factors predicted death. However, anticoagulant use did not predict mortality risk. The all-cause death model showed the highest discrimination (Area Under the Curve (AUC) = 0.903, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.895, 0.911) followed by hospitalization (AUC = 0.822, CI: 0.818, 0.826), then escalation of care (AUC = 0.793, CI: 0.784, 0.805). Assuming a vaccine efficacy range of 70.8 to 78.7%, our simulations projected that targeted prevention in the highest risk group may have reduced 30-day hospitalization and death in more than 2 of 5 unvaccinated patients.
Multilevel analysis of anemia and associated factors among women of reproductive age (15–49 years) in Liberia: Evidence from the 2019/20 Liberia demographic and health survey data
Authors: Adugna Dagnew Getnet , Mengstie Misganaw Asmamaw , Admasu Fitalew Tadele , Teshome Maritu Gebnie , Aragie Hailu , Dejenie Tadesse Asmamaw
Published: April 2024

Background

Anemia is a global public health problem, principally affecting young children and reproductive-age mothers. Although anemia is a main public health concern in low-income countries, there is no evidence about its prevalence and associated factors among women of reproductive age in Liberia. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence and associated factors of anemia among women of reproductive age in Liberia.

Methods

We used the data extracted from the fifth Liberia Demographic and Health Survey (LDHS-V) that were carried out between October 2019 and February 2020. The sample was chosen using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling procedure. Overall weighted samples of 4027 women of reproductive age were used in the analysis. Data weighting was carried out to obtain reliable estimates and standard errors as well as to restore the representativeness of the data. Stata version 14 software was used for data extraction, coding, and analysis. We used multilevel analysis to identify the significant factors associated with anemia among women of reproductive age.

Results

The prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age in Liberia was 44.51 (95% CI: 42.97–46.04). From these, about 23.10% of women of reproductive age were mildly anemic, 20.63% were moderately anemic and 0.78% was severely anemic. In multivariable analysis; women with the groups of 20–24 years (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.92), 25–29 years (AOR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.77), 30–34 years (AOR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.83), 35–39 years (AOR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.79), 40–44 years (AOR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.43,0.87), 45–49 years (AOR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.39,0.82), overweight (AOR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.70, 0.98), obese (AOR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.88), using modern contraceptive methods (AOR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.52, 0.72), and being from the Northcentral region (AOR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.72) were significantly associated with lower odds of anemia. However, being pregnant (AOR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.73) and having higher parity (3 children or more) (AOR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.93) were significantly associated with higher odds of anemia.

Conclusion

In the present study, the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age was relatively high. Therefore, it is better to provide special emphasis on high-risk groups such as pregnant and multiparous women.
AviTrap: A novel solution to achieve complete biotinylation
Authors: Lu Cheng , Bevers Jack , Tyagi Tulika , To Hao , Lin May , Ti Shu , Nakamura Gerry , Lin WeiYu , Chen Yongmei , Wu Yan , Li Hong , Wu Jiansheng , Wang Feng
Published: April 2024

Site specific biotinylation of AviTagged recombinant proteins using BirA enzyme is a widely used protein labeling technology. However, due to the incomplete biotinylation reactions and the lack of a purification method specific for the biotinylated proteins, it is challenging to purify the biotinylated sample when mixed with the non-biotinylated byproduct. Here, we have developed a monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes the non-biotinylated AviTag but not the biotinylated sequence. After a ten-minute incubation with the resin that is conjugated with the antibody, the non-biotinylated AviTagged protein is trapped on the resin while the fully biotinylated material freely passes through. Therefore, our AviTrap (anti-AviTag antibody conjugated resin) provides an efficient solution for enriching biotinylated AviTagged proteins via a simple one-step purification.
Understanding primary care providers’ attitudes towards preventive screenings to patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Xu Fang , Carlson Susan A. , Greenlund Kurt J.
Published: April 2024

Background

Preventive care is important for managing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), yet primary care providers (PCPs) often face challenges in delivering such care due to discomfort and unfamiliarity with IBD-specific guidelines. This study aims to assess PCPs’ attitudes towards, and practices in, providing preventive screenings for IBD patients, highlighting areas for improvement in guideline dissemination and education.

Methods

Using a web-based opt-in panel of PCPs (DocStyles survey, spring 2022), we assessed PCPs’ comfort level with providing/recommending screenings and the reasons PCPs felt uncomfortable (n = 1,503). Being likely to provide/recommend screenings for depression/anxiety, skin cancer, osteoporosis, and cervical cancer were compared by PCPs’ comfort level and frequency of seeing patients with IBD. We estimated adjusted odd ratios (AORs) of being likely to recommend screenings and selecting responses aligned with IBD-specific guidelines by use of clinical practice methods.

Results

About 72% of PCPs reported being comfortable recommending screenings to patients with IBD. The top reason identified for not feeling comfortable was unfamiliarity with IBD-specific screening guidelines (55%). Being comfortable was significantly associated with being likely to provide/recommend depression/anxiety (AOR = 3.99) and skin cancer screenings (AOR = 3.19) compared to being uncomfortable or unsure. Percentages of responses aligned with IBD-specific guidelines were lower than those aligned with general population guidelines for osteoporosis (21.7% vs. 27.8%) and cervical cancer screenings (34.9% vs. 43.9%), and responses aligned with IBD-specific guidelines did not differ by comfort level for both screenings. Timely review of guidelines specific to immunosuppressed patients was associated with being likely to provide/recommend screenings and selecting responses aligned with IBD-specific guidelines.

Conclusions

Despite a general comfort among PCPs in recommending preventive screenings for IBD patients, gaps in knowledge regarding IBD-specific screening guidelines persist. Enhancing awareness and understanding of these guidelines through targeted education and resource provision may bridge this gap.
Phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous sandalwood (Santalum album L.) leaf extract: Divergent effects of SW-AgNPs on proliferating plant and cancer cells
Authors: Gowda Archana , T. C. Suman , Anil Veena S. , Raghavan Swetha
Published: April 2024

The biogenic approach for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles provides an efficient eco-friendly alternative to chemical synthesis. This study presents a novel route for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous sandalwood (SW) leaf extract as a source of reducing and capping agents under mild, room temperature synthesis conditions. The bioreduction of Ag+ to Ago nanoparticles (SW-AgNPs) was accompanied by the appearance of brown color, with surface plasmon resonance peak at 340-360 nm. SEM, TEM and AFM imaging confirm SW-AgNP’s spherical shape with size range of 10-32 nm. DLS indicates a hydrodynamic size of 49.53 nm with predominant negative Zeta potential, which can contribute to the stability of the nanoparticles. FTIR analysis indicates involvement of sandalwood leaf derived polyphenols, proteins and lipids in the reduction and capping of SW-AgNPs. XRD determines the face-centered-cubic crystalline structure of SW-AgNPs, which is a key factor affecting biological functions of nanoparticles. This study is novel in using cell culture methodologies to evaluate effects of SW-AgNPs on proliferating cells originating from plants and human cancer. Exposure of groundnut calli cells to SW-AgNPs, resulted in enhanced proliferation leading to over 70% higher calli biomass over control, enhanced defense enzyme activities, and secretion of metabolites implicated in biotic stress resistance (Crotonyl isothiocyanate, Butyrolactone, 2-Hydroxy-gamma-butyrolactone, Maltol) and plant cell proliferation (dl-Threitol). MTT and NRU were performed to determine the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles on human cervical cancer cells. SW-AgNPs specifically inhibited cervical cell lines SiHa (IC50–2.65 ppm) and CaSki (IC50–9.49 ppm), indicating potential use in cancer treatment. The opposing effect of SW-AgNPs on cell proliferation of plant calli (enhanced cell proliferation) and human cancer cell lines (inhibition) are both beneficial and point to potential safe application of SW-AgNPs in plant cell culture, agriculture and in cancer treatment.
Selective signatures in composite MONTANA TROPICAL beef cattle reveal potential genomic regions for tropical adaptation
Authors: Santos Camila Alves dos , Eler Joanir Pereira , Oliveira Elisangela Chicaroni de Mattos , Espigolan Rafael , Giacomini Gabriela , Ferraz José Bento Sterman , Paim Tiago do Prado
Published: April 2024

Genomic regions related to tropical adaptability are of paramount importance for animal breeding nowadays, especially in the context of global climate change. Moreover, understanding the genomic architecture of these regions may be very relevant for aiding breeding programs in choosing the best selection scheme for tropical adaptation and/or implementing a crossbreeding scheme. The composite MONTANA TROPICAL® population was developed by crossing cattle of four different biological types to improve production in harsh environments. Pedigree and genotype data (51962 SNPs) from 3215 MONTANA TROPICAL® cattle were used to i) characterize the population structure; ii) identify signatures of selection with complementary approaches, i.e. Integrated Haplotype Score (iHS) and Runs of Homozygosity (ROH); and iii) understand genes and traits related to each selected region. The population structure based on principal components had a weak relationship with the genetic contribution of the different biological types. Clustering analyses (ADMIXTURE) showed different clusters according to the number of generations within the composite population. Considering results of both selection signatures approaches, we identified only one consensus region on chromosome 20 (35399405–40329703 bp). Genes in this region are related to immune function, regulation of epithelial cell differentiation, and cell response to ionizing radiation. This region harbors the slick locus which is related to slick hair and epidermis anatomy, both of which are related to heat stress adaptation. Also, QTLs in this region were related to feed intake, milk yield, mastitis, reproduction, and slick hair coat. The signatures of selection detected here arose in a few generations after crossbreeding between contrasting breeds. Therefore, it shows how important this genomic region may be for these animals to thrive in tropical conditions. Further investigations on sequencing this region can identify candidate genes for animal breeding and/or gene editing to tackle the challenges of climate change.
Ameliorative effects of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) extract and extract-derived monosaccharide-amino acid on H2O2-induced decrease in testosterone-deficiency syndrome in a TM3 Leydig cell
Authors: Lee Sujung , Kim Jiyeon , Kong Hyunseok , Kim Yong-Suk
Published: April 2024

With aging, men develop testosterone-deficiency syndrome (TDS). The development is closely associated with age-related mitochondrial dysfunction of Leydig cell and oxidative stress-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Testosterone-replacement therapy (TRT) is used to improve the symptoms of TDS. However, due to its various side effects, research on functional ingredients derived from natural products that do not have side effects is urgently needed. In this study, using the mitochondrial dysfunction TM3 (mouse Leydig) cells, in which testosterone biosynthesis is reduced by H2O2, we evaluated the effects of elderberry extract and monosaccharide-amino acid (fructose–leucine; FL) on mRNA and protein levels related to steroidogenesis-related enzymes steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P450 11A1(CYP11A1, cytochrome P450 17A1(CYP17A1), cytochrome P450 19A1(CYP19A1, aromatase), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase(17β-HSD). We analyzed elderberry extract and extract-derived FL for changes in ROS scavenging activity and testosterone secretion. Elderberry extract and FL significantly reduced H2O2-induced intracellular ROS levels, improved testosterone secretion, and increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of steroidogenesis-related enzymes (StAR, 3b-HSD, 17b-HSD, CYP11A1, CYp17A1). However, the conversion of testosterone to estradiol was inhibited by elderberry extract and extract-derived FL, which reduced the mRNA and protein expression of CYP19A1. In conclusion, elderberry extract and FL are predicted to have value as novel functional ingredients that may contribute to the prevention of TDS by ameliorating reduced steroidogenesis.
Analysis of the competitiveness and complementarity of China-Vietnam bilateral agricultural commodity trade
Authors: Tian Jinjin , Zhu Yulin , Hoang Thi Bich Nhi , Edjah Benjamin Kofi Tawiah
Published: April 2024

Vietnam’s agricultural exports to China have remained strong, with the country maintaining its position as the top destination for Agri-products. This article primarily utilizes the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Index, and Trade Complementarity (TC) index to examine the trade comparative advantage, and the complementary of twenty major agricultural products between China and Vietnam from 2012 to 2021. The study results showed that Vietnam and China frequently exchange agricultural products. Vietnam has more stronger competitiveness than China in terms of agricultural products. China’s exports to Vietnam were highly complementary to Vietnam’s imports in category 0 whiles Vietnam’s exports to China showed strong complementarity with China’s imports in category 2. This paper analyzes the complementarity and comparative advantages of agricultural trade between China and Vietnam, and proposes informed suggestions for policy-making to promote agricultural trade between the countries. The proposed suggestions aim to expand agricultural trade between the two countries, reduce the trade imbalance, and achieve mutual benefit and win-win results.
The relationship between participation in leisure activities and incidence of falls in residential aged care
Authors: Huang Guogui , Wabe Nasir , Raban Magdalena Z. , Silva S. Sandun Malpriya , Seaman Karla , Nguyen Amy D. , Meulenbroeks Isabelle , Westbrook Johanna I.
Published: April 2024

Background

Active engagement in leisure activities has positive effects on individuals’ health outcomes and social functioning; however, there is limited understanding of the link between participation in leisure activities, particularly non-exercise activities, and falls in older adults. This study aimed to determine the relationship between participation in leisure activities and the incidence of falls, and the variation of this relationship by dementia status in residential aged care facilities (RACFs).

Methods

A retrospective longitudinal cohort study utilising routinely collected data (January 2021-August 2022) from 25 RACFs in Sydney, Australia, was conducted. The cohort included 3,024 older permanent residents (1,493 with dementia and 1,531 without) aged ≥65 and with a stay of ≥1 week. The level of participation in leisure activities was measured using the number of leisure activities per 1,000 resident days and divided into quartiles. Outcome measures were the incidence rate of all falls and injurious falls (i.e., number of falls per 1,000 resident days). We used multilevel negative binary regression to examine the relationship between leisure participation and fall incidence.

Results

For the whole sample, leisure participation was significantly inversely associated with the incidence rate of all falls and injurious falls. For example, residents in the high leisure participation group were 26% less likely to experience a fall compared to those in the low leisure participation group after controlling for confounders (incidence rate ratio = 0.74, 95% confidence interval = 0.60, 0.91). Such inverse relationship was observed in both exercise and non-exercise activities and was stronger among residents without dementia.

Conclusions

Leisure participation is associated with a lower rate of falls, a key quality indicator by which RACFs are benchmarked and funded in Australia and many other countries. More recognition and attention are needed for the currently underfunded leisure activities in RACFs in future funding arrangement.
Enterovirus virus-like-particle and inactivated poliovirus vaccines do not elicit substantive cross-reactive antibody responses
Authors: Moss Daniel L. , Paine Alden C. , Krug Peter W. , Kanekiyo Masaru , Ruckwardt Tracy J.
Published: April 2024

Human enteroviruses are the most common human pathogen with over 300 distinct genotypes. Previous work with poliovirus has suggested that it is possible to generate antibody responses in humans and animals that can recognize members of multiple enterovirus species. However, cross protective immunity across multiple enteroviruses is not observed epidemiologically in humans. Here we investigated whether immunization of mice or baboons with inactivated poliovirus or enterovirus virus-like-particles (VLPs) vaccines generates antibody responses that can recognize enterovirus D68 or A71. We found that mice only generated antibodies specific for the antigen they were immunized with, and repeated immunization failed to generate cross-reactive antibody responses as measured by both ELISA and neutralization assay. Immunization of baboons with IPV failed to generate neutralizing antibody responses against enterovirus D68 or A71. These results suggest that a multivalent approach to enterovirus vaccination is necessary to protect against enterovirus disease in vulnerable populations.
Circular bioeconomy practices and their associations with household food security in four RUNRES African city regions
Authors: Sekabira Haruna , Feleke Shiferaw , Manyong Victor , Späth Leonhard , Krütli Pius , Simbeko Guy , Vanlauwe Bernard , Six Johan
Published: April 2024

Achieving the United Nation’s 2030 agenda which aims, among other goals, to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns, requires a sustainable resource use model deployed at scale across global food systems. A circular bioeconomy (CBE) model of resource use has been proposed to reuse of organic waste in agricultural production to enhance food security. However, despite several initiatives recently introduced towards establishing a CBE in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), minimal scientific efforts have been dedicated to understanding the association of CBE practices and food security. This study use data from 777 smallholder farm households from DRC, Ethiopia, Rwanda, and South Africa, to examine associations between three CBE practices (use of organic waste as compost, as livestock feed, and sorting waste) and household food security. Using different regression and propensity score matching models (PSM). Result reveal that using CBE practices more likely adds a 0.203 score of food insecurity access prevalence (HFIAP), 1.283 food insecurity access scale (HFIAS-score) and 0.277 for household dietary diversity score (HDDS) among households using CBE practiced groups. Associations regarding using organic waste as compost are generally positive but insignificant, while those with sorting waste are significantly and consistently negative. Thus, CBE innovations aiming to enhance household food security could prioritize organic waste valorization into livestock feed consider socio economic aspects such as access to land, access to market, education level, using mobile phone, income and city regions where interventions took place. However, prior sorting of waste is necessary to enable effective waste valorization.
Medición de la reversión del desplazamiento del ckunza de San Pedro de Atacama: una primera aproximación
Authors: Torrico Ávila Elizabeth Mónica , Guerra-Mejía Roberto
Published: April 2024

El ckunza, una lengua de los lickan antai chilenos, se considera extinta. Su comunidad ha trabajado en recuperarla desde 2010. Este estudio descriptivo-cuantitativo examina el conocimiento y uso de la lengua entre los miembros de la comunidad atacameña. Los resultados revelan un incipiente retroceso en el proceso de desplazamiento del ckunza. Este artículo contribuye a los esfuerzos de revitalización lingüística aportando a la planificación lingüística y la investigación en este campo.
Artificial Intelligence for Quantifying Cumulative Small Bowel Disease Severity on CT-Enterography in Crohn's Disease
Authors: Stidham Ryan W. , Enchakalody Binu , Wang Stewart C. , Su Grace L. , Ross Brian , Al-Hawary Mahmoud , Wasnik Ashish P.
Published: April 2024

INTRODUCTION:

Assessing the cumulative degree of bowel injury in ileal Crohn's disease (CD) is difficult. We aimed to develop machine learning (ML) methodologies for automated estimation of cumulative ileal injury on computed tomography-enterography (CTE) to help predict future bowel surgery.

METHODS:

Adults with ileal CD using biologic therapy at a tertiary care center underwent ML analysis of CTE scans. Two fellowship-trained radiologists graded bowel injury severity at granular spatial increments along the ileum (1 cm), called mini-segments. ML segmentation methods were trained on radiologist grading with predicted severity and then spatially mapped to the ileum. Cumulative injury was calculated as the sum (S-CIDSS) and mean of severity grades along the ileum. Multivariate models of future small bowel resection were compared with cumulative ileum injury metrics and traditional bowel measures, adjusting for laboratory values, medications, and prior surgery at the time of CTE.

RESULTS:

In 229 CTE scans, 8,424 mini-segments underwent analysis. Agreement between ML and radiologists injury grading was strong (κ = 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.79–0.81) and similar to inter-radiologist agreement (κ = 0.87, 95% confidence interval 0.85–0.88). S-CIDSS (46.6 vs 30.4, P = 0.0007) and mean cumulative injury grade scores (1.80 vs 1.42, P < 0.0001) were greater in CD biologic users that went to future surgery. Models using cumulative spatial metrics (area under the curve = 0.76) outperformed models using conventional bowel measures, laboratory values, and medical history (area under the curve = 0.62) for predicting future surgery in biologic users.

DISCUSSION:

Automated cumulative ileal injury scores show promise for improving prediction of outcomes in small bowel CD. Beyond replicating expert judgment, spatial enterography analysis can augment the personalization of bowel assessment in CD.