Mass testing and characterization of 20-inch PMTs for JUNO
Authors: Abusleme Angel , Adam Thomas , Ahmad Shakeel , Ahmed Rizwan , Aiello Sebastiano , Akram Muhammad , Aleem Abid , Alexandros Tsagkarakis , An Fengpeng , An Qi , Andronico Giuseppe , Anfimov Nikolay , Antonelli Vito , Antoshkina Tatiana , Asavapibhop Burin , de André João Pedro Athayde Marcondes , Auguste Didier , Bai Weidong , Balashov Nikita , Baldini Wander , Barresi Andrea , Basilico Davide , Baussan Eric , Bellato Marco , Bergnoli Antonio , Birkenfeld Thilo , Blin Sylvie , Blum David , Blyth Simon , Bolshakova Anastasia , Bongrand Mathieu , Bordereau Clément , Breton Dominique , Brigatti Augusto , Brugnera Riccardo , Bruno Riccardo , Budano Antonio , Busto Jose , Butorov Ilya , Cabrera Anatael , Caccianiga Barbara , Cai Hao , Cai Xiao , Cai Yanke , Cai Zhiyan , Callegari Riccardo , Cammi Antonio , Campeny Agustin , Cao Chuanya , Cao Guofu , Cao Jun , Caruso Rossella , Cerna Cédric , Chan Chi , Chang Jinfan , Chang Yun , Chen Guoming , Chen Pingping , Chen Po-An , Chen Shaomin , Chen Xurong , Chen Yixue , Chen Yu , Chen Zhiyuan , Chen Zikang , Cheng Jie , Cheng Yaping , Cheng Yu Chin , Chetverikov Alexey , Chiesa Davide , Chimenti Pietro , Chukanov Artem , Claverie Gérard , Clementi Catia , Clerbaux Barbara , Colomer Molla Marta , Conforti Di Lorenzo Selma , Corti Daniele , Corso Flavio Dal , Dalager Olivia , De La Taille Christophe , Deng Zhi , Deng Ziyan , Depnering Wilfried , Diaz Marco , Ding Xuefeng , Ding Yayun , Dirgantara Bayu , Dmitrievsky Sergey , Dohnal Tadeas , Dolzhikov Dmitry , Donchenko Georgy , Dong Jianmeng , Doroshkevich Evgeny , Dracos Marcos , Druillole Frédéric , Du Ran , Du Shuxian , Dusini Stefano , Dvorak Martin , Enqvist Timo , Enzmann Heike , Fabbri Andrea , Fan Donghua , Fan Lei , Fang Jian , Fang Wenxing , Fargetta Marco , Fedoseev Dmitry , Fei Zhengyong , Feng Li-Cheng , Feng Qichun , Ford Richard , Fournier Amélie , Gan Haonan , Gao Feng , Garfagnini Alberto , Gavrikov Arsenii , Giammarchi Marco , Giudice Nunzio , Gonchar Maxim , Gong Guanghua , Gong Hui , Gornushkin Yuri , Göttel Alexandre , Grassi Marco , Gromov Vasily , Gu Minghao , Gu Xiaofei , Gu Yu , Guan Mengyun , Guan Yuduo , Guardone Nunzio , Guo Cong , Guo Jingyuan , Guo Wanlei , Guo Xinheng , Guo Yuhang , Hackspacher Paul , Hagner Caren , Han Ran , Han Yang , He Miao , He Wei , Heinz Tobias , Hellmuth Patrick , Heng Yuekun , Herrera Rafael , Hor YuenKeung , Hou Shaojing , Hsiung Yee , Hu Bei-Zhen , Hu Hang , Hu Jianrun , Hu Jun , Hu Shouyang , Hu Tao , Hu Yuxiang , Hu Zhuojun , Huang Guihong , Huang Hanxiong , Huang Kaixuan , Huang Wenhao , Huang Xin , Huang Xingtao , Huang Yongbo , Hui Jiaqi , Huo Lei , Huo Wenju , Huss Cédric , Hussain Safeer , Ioannisian Ara , Isocrate Roberto , Jelmini Beatrice , Jeria Ignacio , Ji Xiaolu , Jia Huihui , Jia Junji , Jian Siyu , Jiang Di , Jiang Wei , Jiang Xiaoshan , Jing Xiaoping , Jollet Cécile , Joutsenvaara Jari , Kalousis Leonidas , Kampmann Philipp , Kang Li , Karaparambil Rebin , Kazarian Narine , Khatun Amina , Khosonthongkee Khanchai , Korablev Denis , Kouzakov Konstantin , Krasnoperov Alexey , Kutovskiy Nikolay , Kuusiniemi Pasi , Lachenmaier Tobias , Landini Cecilia , Leblanc Sébastien , Lebrin Victor , Lefevre Frederic , Lei Ruiting , Leitner Rupert , Leung Jason , Li Daozheng , Li Demin , Li Fei , Li Fule , Li Gaosong , Li Huiling , Li Mengzhao , Li Min , Li Nan , Li Nan , Li Qingjiang , Li Ruhui , Li Rui , Li Shanfeng , Li Tao , Li Teng , Li Weidong , Li Weiguo , Li Xiaomei , Li Xiaonan , Li Xinglong , Li Yi , Li Yichen , Li Yufeng , Li Zepeng , Li Zhaohan , Li Zhibing , Li Ziyuan , Li Zonghai , Liang Hao , Liang Hao , Liao Jiajun , Limphirat Ayut , Lin Guey-Lin , Lin Shengxin , Lin Tao , Ling Jiajie , Lippi Ivano , Liu Fang , Liu Haidong , Liu Haotian , Liu Hongbang , Liu Hongjuan , Liu Hongtao , Liu Hui , Liu Jianglai , Liu Jinchang , Liu Min , Liu Qian , Liu Qin , Liu Runxuan , Liu Shubin , Liu Shulin , Liu Xiaowei , Liu Xiwen , Liu Yan , Liu Yunzhe , Lokhov Alexey , Lombardi Paolo , Lombardo Claudio , Loo Kai , Lu Chuan , Lu Haoqi , Lu Jingbin , Lu Junguang , Lu Shuxiang , Lubsandorzhiev Bayarto , Lubsandorzhiev Sultim , Ludhova Livia , Lukanov Arslan , Luo Daibin , Luo Fengjiao , Luo Guang , Luo Shu , Luo Wuming , Luo Xiaojie , Lyashuk Vladimir , Ma Bangzheng , Ma Bing , Ma Qiumei , Ma Si , Ma Xiaoyan , Ma Xubo , Maalmi Jihane , Mai Jingyu , Malyshkin Yury , Mandujano Roberto Carlos , Mantovani Fabio , Manzali Francesco , Mao Xin , Mao Yajun , Mari Stefano M. , Marini Filippo , Martellini Cristina , Martin-Chassard Gisele , Martini Agnese , Mayer Matthias , Mayilyan Davit , Mednieks Ints , Meng Yue , Meregaglia Anselmo , Meroni Emanuela , Meyhöfer David , Mezzetto Mauro , Miller Jonathan , Miramonti Lino , Montini Paolo , Montuschi Michele , Müller Axel , Nastasi Massimiliano , Naumov Dmitry V. , Naumova Elena , Navas-Nicolas Diana , Nemchenok Igor , Nguyen Thi Minh Thuan , Ning Feipeng , Ning Zhe , Nunokawa Hiroshi , Oberauer Lothar , Ochoa-Ricoux Juan Pedro , Olshevskiy Alexander , Orestano Domizia , Ortica Fausto , Othegraven Rainer , Paoloni Alessandro , Parmeggiano Sergio , Pei Yatian , Pelicci Luca , Pelliccia Nicomede , Peng Anguo , Peng Haiping , Peng Yu , Peng Zhaoyuan , Perrot Frédéric , Petitjean Pierre-Alexandre , Petrucci Fabrizio , Pilarczyk Oliver , Piñeres Rico Luis Felipe , Popov Artyom , Poussot Pascal , Previtali Ezio , Qi Fazhi , Qi Ming , Qian Sen , Qian Xiaohui , Qian Zhen , Qiao Hao , Qin Zhonghua , Qiu Shoukang , Ranucci Gioacchino , Raper Neill , Re Alessandra , Rebber Henning , Rebii Abdel , Redchuk Mariia , Ren Bin , Ren Jie , Ricci Barbara , Rifai Mariam , Roche Mathieu , Rodphai Narongkiat , Romani Aldo , Roskovec Bedřich , Ruan Xichao , Rybnikov Arseniy , Sadovsky Andrey , Saggese Paolo , Sanfilippo Simone , Sangka Anut , Sawangwit Utane , Sawatzki Julia , Schever Michaela , Schwab Cédric , Schweizer Konstantin , Selyunin Alexandr , Serafini Andrea , Settanta Giulio , Settimo Mariangela , Shao Zhuang , Sharov Vladislav , Shaydurova Arina , Shi Jingyan , Shi Yanan , Shutov Vitaly , Sidorenkov Andrey , Šimkovic Fedor , Sirignano Chiara , Siripak Jaruchit , Sisti Monica , Slupecki Maciej , Smirnov Mikhail , Smirnov Oleg , Sogo-Bezerra Thiago , Sokolov Sergey , Songwadhana Julanan , Soonthornthum Boonrucksar , Sotnikov Albert , Šrámek Ondřej , Sreethawong Warintorn , Stahl Achim , Stanco Luca , Stankevich Konstantin , Štefánik Dušan , Steiger Hans , Steinmann Jochen , Sterr Tobias , Stock Matthias Raphael , Strati Virginia , Studenikin Alexander , Su Jun , Sun Shifeng , Sun Xilei , Sun Yongjie , Sun Yongzhao , Sun Zhengyang , Suwonjandee Narumon , Szelezniak Michal , Tang Jian , Tang Qiang , Tang Quan , Tang Xiao , Theisen Eric , Tietzsch Alexander , Tkachev Igor , Tmej Tomas , Torri Marco Danilo Claudio , Treskov Konstantin , Triossi Andrea , Troni Giancarlo , Trzaska Wladyslaw , Tuve Cristina , Ushakov Nikita , Vedin Vadim , Verde Giuseppe , Vialkov Maxim , Viaud Benoit , Vollbrecht Cornelius Moritz , Volpe Cristina , von Sturm Katharina , Vorobel Vit , Voronin Dmitriy , Votano Lucia , Walker Pablo , Wang Caishen , Wang Chung-Hsiang , Wang En , Wang Guoli , Wang Jian , Wang Jun , Wang Lu , Wang Meifen , Wang Meng , Wang Meng , Wang Ruiguang , Wang Siguang , Wang Wei , Wang Wei , Wang Wenshuai , Wang Xi , Wang Xiangyue , Wang Yangfu , Wang Yaoguang , Wang Yi , Wang Yi , Wang Yifang , Wang Yuanqing , Wang Yuman , Wang Zhe , Wang Zheng , Wang Zhimin , Wang Zongyi , Watcharangkool Apimook , Wei Wei , Wei Wei , Wei Wenlu , Wei Yadong , Wen Kaile , Wen Liangjian , Wiebusch Christopher , Wong Steven Chan-Fai , Wonsak Bjoern , Wu Diru , Wu Qun , Wu Zhi , Wurm Michael , Wurtz Jacques , Wysotzki Christian , Xi Yufei , Xia Dongmei , Xiao Xiang , Xie Xiaochuan , Xie Yuguang , Xie Zhangquan , Xin Zhao , Xing Zhizhong , Xu Benda , Xu Cheng , Xu Donglian , Xu Fanrong , Xu Hangkun , Xu Jilei , Xu Jing , Xu Meihang , Xu Yin , Xu Yu , Yan Baojun , Yan Taylor , Yan Wenqi , Yan Xiongbo , Yan Yupeng , Yang Changgen , Yang Chengfeng , Yang Huan , Yang Jie , Yang Lei , Yang Xiaoyu , Yang Yifan , Yang Yifan , Yao Haifeng , Ye Jiaxuan , Ye Mei , Ye Ziping , Yermia Frédéric , Yin Na , You Zhengyun , Yu Boxiang , Yu Chiye , Yu Chunxu , Yu Hongzhao , Yu Miao , Yu Xianghui , Yu Zeyuan , Yu Zezhong , Yuan Cenxi , Yuan Chengzhuo , Yuan Ying , Yuan Zhenxiong , Yue Baobiao , Zafar Noman , Zavadskyi Vitalii , Zeng Shan , Zeng Tingxuan , Zeng Yuda , Zhan Liang , Zhang Aiqiang , Zhang Bin , Zhang Binting , Zhang Feiyang , Zhang Guoqing , Zhang Honghao , Zhang Jialiang , Zhang Jiawen , Zhang Jie , Zhang Jin , Zhang Jingbo , Zhang Jinnan , Zhang Mohan , Zhang Peng , Zhang Qingmin , Zhang Shiqi , Zhang Shu , Zhang Tao , Zhang Xiaomei , Zhang Xin , Zhang Xuantong , Zhang Xueyao , Zhang Yinhong , Zhang Yiyu , Zhang Yongpeng , Zhang Yu , Zhang Yuanyuan , Zhang Yumei , Zhang Zhenyu , Zhang Zhijian , Zhao Fengyi , Zhao Jie , Zhao Rong , Zhao Runze , Zhao Shujun , Zheng Dongqin , Zheng Hua , Zheng Yangheng , Zhong Weirong , Zhou Jing , Zhou Li , Zhou Nan , Zhou Shun , Zhou Tong , Zhou Xiang , Zhu Jiang , Zhu Jingsen , Zhu Kangfu , Zhu Kejun , Zhu Zhihang , Zhuang Bo , Zhuang Honglin , Zong Liang , Zou Jiaheng ,   JUNO Collaboration
Published: December 2022

Main goal of the JUNO experiment is to determine the neutrino mass ordering using a 20 kt liquid-scintillator detector. Its key feature is an excellent energy resolution of at least 3% at 1 MeV, for which its instruments need to meet a certain quality and thus have to be fully characterized. More than 20,000 20-inch PMTs have been received and assessed by JUNO after a detailed testing program which began in 2017 and elapsed for about four years. Based on this mass characterization and a set of specific requirements, a good quality of all accepted PMTs could be ascertained. This paper presents the performed testing procedure with the designed testing systems as well as the statistical characteristics of all 20-inch PMTs intended to be used in the JUNO experiment, covering more than fifteen performance parameters including the photocathode uniformity. This constitutes the largest sample of 20-inch PMTs ever produced and studied in detail to date, i.e. 15,000 of the newly developed 20-inch MCP-PMTs from Northern Night Vision Technology Co. (NNVT) and 5000 of dynode PMTs from Hamamatsu Photonics K. K.(HPK).