bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2. Financial services
Authors: Wright Kathryn , Firth Clare , Crompton Lucy , Fox Helen , Seabridge Frances , Wigglesworth Susan , Smart Elizabeth
Published: August 2017

This chapter first introduces the regulation of financial services. It puts the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA 2000) into context and explains the need for authorisation under the Act. It considers what is covered by the general prohibition as well as the meanings of ‘regulated activity’ and ‘specified investment’. The chapter then discusses the position of solicitors, specifically those who are regulated by the Law Society, a designated professional body. The FSMA 2000 has been amended by the Financial Services Act 2012. This introduced changes to the regulation of financial services, including the renaming of the Financial Services Authority as the Financial Conduct Authority.
16. Human rights
Authors: Wright Kathryn , Firth Clare , Crompton Lucy , Fox Helen , Seabridge Frances , Wigglesworth Susan , Smart Elizabeth
Published: August 2017

This chapter provides an introduction to the European Convention on Human Rights and the Human Rights Act 1998, taking into account the origins of the Convention and the Human Rights Act 1998 and their incorporation into UK legislation; the general principles of European jurisprudence; the Articles and the Protocols themselves; and areas where potential breaches may occur.
3. The Powers to Stop, Search and Arrest
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: August 2017

The police have extensive statutory powers to stop and search and to arrest a person in connection with the investigation of a criminal offence under various statutes, including the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE 1984), the Terrorism Act 2000, the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, and the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005. This chapter examines the powers of stop and search before arrest; powers of arrest under PACE 1984; powers to search a person and his property after arrest; the power to grant street bail; and the right to liberty under Article 5 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR 1950).
5. The Right to Silence at the Police Station
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: August 2017

This chapter explains the substantive law governing a defendant’s silence at the police station under ss. 34, 36, and 37 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (CJPOA) 1994. It covers the risks associated with s. 34 CJPOA 1994; drawing inferences from a failure to account under ss. 36 and 37 CJPOA 1994; and the practical aspects associated with remaining silent.
7. Obtaining Identification Evidence
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: August 2017

This chapter considers the following: the dangers of eye-witness identification; how identification evidence is obtained by the police during the police investigation; the pre-trial safeguards contained in the identification procedures under Code D of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE); the admissibility of eye-witness evidence obtained in breach of Code D; obtaining fingerprints, intimate and non-intimate samples at the police station; and identification evidence given by expert witnesses.
15. The Burden of Proof
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: August 2017

This chapter explains the rules governing the legal and evidential burdens of proof that decide which party has the responsibility of proving a fact in issue to the court. It then discusses the degree of persuasiveness the evidence must attain to satisfy the appropriate standard of proof and considers the human rights issues in those exceptional situations where the accused has the legal burden of proof. For both the prosecution and the defence, the rules that allocate the burden of proof and the degree of proof are fundamental to the outcome of a case at trial.
17. Corroboration, the ‘Turnbull Guidelines’ and Opinion Evidence
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: August 2017

This chapter considers the nature of corroborative evidence; the situations where corroborative evidence is required as a matter of law; the situations where a corroboration warning might be given as a matter of judicial discretion; and the application of the ‘Turnbull guidelines’ in cases where eye-witness identification is disputed. It also explains the rules relating to opinion evidence and to expert opinion evidence in particular.
22. Specific Types of Sentence and the Plea in Mitigation
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: August 2017

This chapter explains specific types of sentence and provide guidance on how a defence solicitor might prepare and deliver a plea in mitigation. It discusses when discretionary custodial sentence can be imposed; custody between the ages 18 and 21; length of custodial sentence; suspended sentence of imprisonment; concluding remarks on discretionary custodial sentences; fixed length sentences; sentencing dangerous offenders; community sentences; community sentences under the Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003; guilty plea credit and community orders; enforcement of community orders under the CJA 2003; deferring sentence; fines; compensation orders; conditional discharge; absolute discharge; bind over; ancillary orders; structuring a plea in mitigation; advocacy and the plea in mitigation; and professional conduct.
1. Characteristics of partnerships
Authors: Slorach J. Scott , Ellis Jason
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses the rules for determining whether a partnership has come into existence as well as the formalities with which businesses which will be run through partnerships must comply. It looks at the Partnership Act 1890. It then provides a definition of partnership. Next it considers the nature of partnership and terminology; the number of partners; the capacity to form a partnership; the duration of partnership; and partnership name and the publicity of information.
12. Disposal of shares
Authors: Slorach J. Scott , Ellis Jason
Published: August 2017

This chapter considers the various ways in which a shareholder in a company may dispose of his interest in the company either during his lifetime or on death. It discusses the transfer of shares; transmission by operation of law; buy-back and redemption by a company; and financial assistance.
13. Company meetings and resolutions
Authors: Slorach J. Scott , Ellis Jason
Published: August 2017

This chapter describes the meetings of shareholders and the resolutions passed during such meetings. It covers the types of general meeting; resolutions; calling a general meeting; notice of meetings; proceedings at meetings; minutes and returns; and written resolutions.
25. Company insolvency proceedings
Authors: Slorach J. Scott , Ellis Jason
Published: August 2017

This chapter deals with the procedures available when a company is insolvent or facing financial difficulties. It also considers the ways in which insolvent partnerships can be subject to the same procedures as companies. The law relating to these matters is principally contained in the Insolvency Act 1986 (IA 1986) together with the Insolvency Rules 1986, as amended by the Insolvency Act 2000 and the Enterprise Act 2002. The insolvency legislation provides four procedures for companies in financial difficulties: administration, voluntary arrangement, receivership, and liquidation.
1. Introduction
Authors: Webb Julian , Maughan Caroline , Maughan Mike , Keppel-Palmer Marcus , Boon Andrew
Published: August 2017

This Guide is concerned with the lawyers’ skills that underpin practice as a solicitor and which are introduced during the Legal Practice Course (LPC). It serves as a supplement rather than a substitute for skills training undertaken on the LPC. This introductory chapter briefly discusses the nature of legal skills training and then provides instructions on how to use the present Guide.
4. Drafting legal documents
Authors: Webb Julian , Maughan Caroline , Maughan Mike , Keppel-Palmer Marcus , Boon Andrew
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses the skills needed for drafting legal documents. It covers preparing to draft; responsibility for drafting; getting down to drafting; the appearance, style, and content of the draft; the use of grammar and language; the process of amendment; engrossment and completion; construction of documents; applying the ‘plan, write, revise’ approach; and persuasive and informative drafting.
7. Negotiation
Authors: Webb Julian , Maughan Caroline , Maughan Mike , Keppel-Palmer Marcus , Boon Andrew
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses legal negotiating skills. It covers the characteristics of effective negotiators; negotiating styles and strategies; common negotiating mistakes; and negotiation and alternative dispute resolution.
9. Managing your workload
Authors: Webb Julian , Maughan Caroline , Maughan Mike , Keppel-Palmer Marcus , Boon Andrew
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses workload management skills. It focuses on managing time for personal effectiveness; developing a project management approach to legal work; key issues of working with and for others; and managing stress.
Contract Law Directions
Authors: Taylor Richard , Taylor Damian
Published: August 2017

Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers at undergraduate level through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. Contract Law Directions is a comprehensive guide, now in its fifth edition, to all aspects of contract law. It is structured in four parts. Part One looks at the creation of obligations. It considers agreement, intention to create legal regulations, and consideration and estoppel. Part Two is about contents and borders and looks at positive terms, exemption clauses and misrepresentation. Part Three examines defects in terms of mistake, duress, undue influence and unconscionable bargains. The final part explains finishing and enforcing obligations. It analyses frustration, damages, specific remedies, and privity and the interests of third parties
Commercial Law
Authors: Clarke M A , Hooley R J A , Munday R J C , Sealy L S , Tettenborn A M , Turner P G
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This new edition includes discussion of new legislation, including: Consumer Rights Act 2015; Insurance Act 2015; Modern Slavery Act 2015; Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015; Third Parties (Rights against Insurers) Act 2010; Bribery Act 2010; Payment Services Regulations 2009. The text also has analysis of the latest developments in case law, including: Armstrong DLW GmbH v Winnington Networks Ltd and Devani v Republic of Kenya (on personal property law); Mohamud v WM Morrison Supermarkets plc (on vicarious liability); Kelly v Fraser and Thanakharn Kasikorn Thai Chamkat (Mahachon) v Akai Holdings Ltd (on apparent authority); Sinclair Investments (UK) Ltd v Versailles Trade Finance Ltd and European Ventures LLP v Cedar Capital Partners LLC (on agent's secret profits); Bailey v Angove's Pty Ltd (on irrevocable agencies); Cukurova Finance International v Alfa Telecom Turkey Ltd, Gray v G-T-P Group Ltd, and USA v Nolan (on the Financial Collateral Arrangements, No 2, Regulations). The book contains a new introductory section on the impact of Brexit on English commercial law. Insolvency coverage includes discussion of new out-of-court bankruptcy procedure, debt relief orders, and pre-pack administrations.
Videodermoscopy and Curettage: The Value of Simple Procedures During Mohs Surgery
Authors: Dika Emi , Fanti Pier Alessandro , Christman Holly , Ravaioli Giulia Maria , Patrizi Annalisa
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

Mohs surgery (MS) is regarded as one of the most efficient surgical procedures for the treatment of skin tumors.

OBJECTIVES

Delineating tumor margins accurately is important in limiting broad excisions during conventional surgery and in reducing the number of stages during Mohs procedure.

METHODS

This study aimed to evaluate the role of 2 simple procedures, curettage and videodermoscopy (VDS), in determining margins during MS for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the head and neck.

RESULTS

The use of both procedures offered a good intraoperative margin definition and consequently small surgical defects in 197 patients affected by BCC. Recurrences in basal cell cancers, which included both primary and recurrent lesions, occurred less frequently than in the institution's previous experience, appearing in only 8 of 197 cases (approx. 4%).

CONCLUSION

In the authors' experience, both VDS and curettage were found advantageous in delineating tumor margins while treating BCC with MS.
Histamine H3 receptor antagonists ameliorate attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder-like behavioral changes caused by neonatal habenula lesion
Authors: Kim Yu-Jeong , Goto Yukiori , Lee Young-A
Published: August 2017

A partial agonist and a full antagonist of the histamine H3 receptor have been suggested to have therapeutic effects on cognitive deficits in psychiatric disorders. We have previously shown that neonatal habenula lesion (NHL) induces behavioral deficits that resemble the symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study, we examined the effects of three H3 antagonists on ADHD-like behavioral changes caused by NHL in rats. Behavioral tests and administration of the H3 receptor antagonists were performed in juvenile rats with NHL. H3 antagonist administration to juvenile rats dose dependently improved NHL-induced hyperlocomotion, impulsive behavior, and attention deficit. These results suggest that histamine H3 antagonists may be used as alternative therapeutic drugs for the treatment of ADHD.
Preparing Nursing Students to Work With Patients With Alcohol or Drug-Related Problems
Authors: Nash Angela J. , Marcus Marianne T. , Cron Stanley , Scamp Nadine , Truitt Morgan , McKenna Zara
Published: August 2017

Stigma and insufficient training for addressing alcohol or drug problems in clinical settings are two significant barriers to earlier identification and access to care for patients with alcohol or drug (AOD)-related problems. Nurses are crucial players in this strategy, yet nurses often report poor motivation and insufficient training for working with AOD-affected patients. This article describes and reports preliminary evaluation results of an educational experience that integrated AOD curriculum into a community/public health nursing clinical practicum. The purpose of the intervention was to meet the required objectives for our university’s community/public health nursing clinical course, improve students’ attitudes and therapeutic commitment for working with AOD-affected patients, and prepare students for providing high-quality nursing care for individuals with AOD-related problems.
Topics of Addiction in Turkish Nursing Programs
Authors: Ozturk Candan , Ayar Dijle , Arkan Burcu , Fougere Merry Armstrong
Published: August 2017

Addiction is a serious health issue. The measured rates of substance abuse in Turkey are lower than those in Western countries; however, recent studies show a significant increase in the prevalence of substance abuse and that the age of onset of substance abuse has decreased. There is a lack of literature about the topic of addiction in the undergraduate nursing programs in Turkey. Therefore, the aim of this current study was to examine the presence of addiction content in nursing education in Turkey among state and foundation universities.

A descriptive, survey research design was used in this study. One hundred twelve state universities and 64 foundation universities that provide undergraduate education in Turkey were screened using the database of the Council of Higher Education. Researchers found that 89.09% of the state universities and all the foundation universities included the topic of addiction and/or substance addiction somewhere in their undergraduate nursing programs. The courses were primarily elective courses, and availability of the coursework varied. Given the impact of substance and process addictions, the authors conclude with a recommendation that the topic of addiction be offered as a discrete, mandatory course in the undergraduate nursing curricula of all universities offering nursing programs.
Recovery Beyond Buprenorphine
Authors: Fogger Susanne A. , Lehmann Kathleen
Published: August 2017

It has taken the tragedy of swelling opioid overdoses to raise addictions to national attention. This past year, a new law called the Comprehensive Addictions Recovery Act has helped to open doors for nurse practitioners and physician assistants to prescribe buprenorphine. Although this medication can assist those dependent on opioids in finding needed stability, medication-assisted treatment is only the beginning. Addiction and psychiatric nurses must play a larger role in providing various therapies that coincide with medication-assisted treatment to support ongoing recovery. One treatment option is group therapy, which is effective for individuals with substance use as well as other co-occurring disorders to develop needed skills to remain in recovery. The purpose of this review is to explore the nursing role in group therapy for substance use as well as encourage addictions and psychiatric nurse practitioners to offer recovery-focused group therapy to this population.
An Evolutionary Route for the Moral Development of Nursing Students: A Constructivist Grounded Theory
Authors: RANJBAR Hadi , JOOLAEE Soodabeh , VEDADHIR Abouali , ABBASSZADEH Abbass , BERNSTEIN Colleen
Published: August 2017

Background:

Developing moral competency is a main aim of educational systems, especially in healthcare-related disciplines.

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to explore the moral development process in nursing students.

Methods:

This study used a constructivist grounded theory. Twenty-five semistructured, face-to-face interview with 22 participants were conducted to gather the data. The participants were nursing students and educators attending three nursing schools in Tehran.

Results:

Moral development evolves within nursing students following a stepwise progression. Within each step or phase, students experience specific changes with regard to both their practical skills and their moral capabilities and competencies. Three main steps were identified: moral transition, moral reconstruction, and moral internalization. Techno-scientific competence, biomedical competence, and nursing competence are developed in each step, respectively.

Conclusions/Implications for Practice:

Moral competency in nursing students develops along with their competency as nursing practitioners. To facilitate progress through each phase, it needs to be ensured that the learning experiences that students are exposed to during each consecutive year of study facilitate as much as possible the development of moral competence.
Health Professional’s Experiences of Supporting Teenagers Who Have Lost a Parent
Authors: Punziano Antonella Cinzia , Piredda Michela , Mastroianni Chiara , Fiorelli Francesca Romana , De Marinis Maria Grazia
Published: August 2017

Caring for dying patients requires special attention when teenagers are present in the family. The aim of this study was to understand palliative care professionals' experiences of providing supportive care for teenaged children of patients in palliative care. From April 2014 to November 2015, 7 focus groups were conducted with 62 health professionals working in different Italian hospices. The study design is the descriptive phenomenological approach using the method presented by Giorgi. Eight themes were identified: during adolescence, the reality of the loss is unthinkable; the loss generates negative emotions; the loss can free up resources; a loss takes time to process; the loss is a catalyst for change; the authentic relationship is central to the loss; being present in the loss; and dealing with the loss requires competent help. This study suggests the importance of establishing open and honest communication with the adolescents as soon as possible and involving them in assisting the parent who is dying to enable the adolescents to have more positive reactions to death and to better elaborate the loss. The health professionals can develop competencies that enable them to identify the needs and resources required for specific and personalized interventions.
Unpacking the Meaning of “Transitional Palliative Care”
Authors: Butcon Jesson V. , Chan Engle Angela
Published: August 2017

This article synthesizes literature for better understanding of the concept of transitional palliative care (TPC) within the context of older people moving from hospital to the community with life-limiting conditions and palliative care needs. The constructs gleaned from the synthesis connote that transitional care is more than only an act of transfer as older adults experience multiple transitions in our health care environment. It is a process of adjustment and adaptation for older adults to accommodate the changes as a result of the illness experience. The transition from cure to palliative care is one of the ongoing tensions because our health care system favors goals directed toward cure instead of comfort. The concept of a shift to palliation is also not enabled in a structure that a “one-size-fits-all” notion applies. The authors argue that current forms of TPC ignore influences of multifaceted health and social factors, which impact choices of older persons and their families.
Evaluation of Symptoms and Predictors in Patients With Heart Failure in Turkey
Authors: Alkan Semiha , Nural Nesrin
Published: August 2017

In heart failure (HF) patients, the aim of treatment and care is to eliminate or alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life with successful symptom management, and reduce hospitalizations due to acute worsening. This study evaluated the frequency and magnitude of symptoms related to hospital admission in the case of HF patients and to determine sociodemographic and clinical features. The sample of the study consisted of 117 patients hospitalized in the cardiology department. The data were collected using the “patient interview form” and the “Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale–Heart Failure.” Numbers, percentages, means, and regression analysis were used in the analysis of data. The mean age of patients in the study was 68.60 ± 12.55 years, and 66.7% were male. Among the patients, 40.2% were diagnosed with HF 1 to 3 years ago. The patients had been hospitalized 1 to 3 times (42.7%) and for 3 to 5 days (63.2%) because of HF in the past year. The most common symptoms experienced by the patients were waking up breathless at night (82.1%), shortness of breath (81.2%), difficulty sleeping (77.8%), and fatigue (65.8%). Regression analysis revealed that marital status, smoking, a family history of heart disease, and sleeping regularly were the predictors of symptom burden (R = 0.607, R
2 = 0.368, F = 6.921, P = .000). In conclusion, patients experienced intense or severe symptoms such as pain, feeling bloated, worrying, problems with urination, swelling of the arms or legs, and difficulty breathing when lying flat. Patients are unable to cope with symptoms at home and cannot maintain self-care.
Factors Facilitating Publication by Clinical Nurses in a Magnet® Hospital
Authors: Tyndall Deborah E. , Scott Elaine S. , Caswell Nicole I.
Published: August 2017

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors that facilitate publication by clinical nurses in Magnet® hospitals.

BACKGROUND

The culture promoted by the Magnet Recognition Program® promotes nurses practicing in those settings to use, generate, and disseminate best practices. Successful and promising models of care and nursing practice are rarely disseminated beyond the organization where they are practiced. The questions persist: what barriers to writing for publication exist for clinical nurses, and how do we overcome them to advance emergent evidence?

METHODS

A focused ethnographic, multiple-case study design examined 5 well-published nurses with high levels of dissemination occurring outside the Magnet organization where they were employed.

RESULTS

Nurses in this study most often credited cognitive and behavioral factors for promoting publication. Although the organization encouraged peer-reviewed publication, there were limited environmental efforts to support efforts to publish in peer-reviewed journals by clinical nurses.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this case study call for more research on the multifaceted factors that promote publication by clinical nurses in the practice environment. Publication of research in peer-reviewed journals was supported by environmental influences of time to write, collaborative writing opportunities, and supportive and accurate guidance from editors.
Histologic Correlates of Clinical and Endoscopic Severity in Children Newly Diagnosed With Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Boyle Brendan , Collins Margaret H. , Wang Zhu , Mack David , Griffiths Anne , Sauer Cary , Markowitz James , LeLeiko Neal , Keljo David , Rosh Joel , Baker Susan S. , Pfefferkorn Marian , Heyman Melvin , Patel Ashish , Baldassano Robert , Noe Joshua , Rufo Paul , Kugathasan Subra , Walters Thomas , Denson Lee , Hyams Jeffrey
Published: August 2017

To characterize rectal histology in an inception cohort of children newly diagnosed with ulcerative colitis (UC) and to explore its relationship with clinical indices of disease severity. The PROTECT (Predicting Response to Standardized Pediatric Colitis Therapy) Study enrolled children 17 years of age and younger newly diagnosed with UC. Baseline rectal biopsies were evaluated for acute and chronic inflammation, eosinophilic inflammation (peak eosinophil count > 32 eosinophils/high powered field, eosinophilic cryptitis or abscesses), and architectural/nonarchitectural chronic changes. Correlation with clinical indices including Mayo endoscopy subscore and Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index was performed. Rectal biopsies from 369 patients (mean age, 12.9±3.1 y, 50% female) were reviewed. Cryptitis was found in 89%, crypt abscesses in 25%, and eosinophilic inflammation in 58%. Crypt distortion/atrophy was present in 98% of specimens. Higher grades of acute and chronic inflammation were associated with the presence of basal plasmacytosis (P<0.0001), basal lymphoid aggregates (P<0.0001), and surface villiform changes (P<0.0001). A severe Mayo endoscopy subscore was most common among those with severe acute and chronic inflammation, although this relationship was not linear. Severe Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index scores were associated with the absence of or only mild eosinophilic inflammation (<32 eosinophils/high powered field) (P<0.03) and the presence of surface villiform changes (P<0.005). Acute and chronic inflammation, eosinophilic inflammation and chronic changes are common in children newly diagnosed with UC. The clinical and biological implication of low to absent eosinophilic inflammation and the presence of surface villiform changes requires further study.
Test Characteristics of Specific p16 Clones in the Detection of High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (HSIL)
Authors: Shain Alana F. , Wilbur David C. , Stoler Mark H. , Quade Bradley J. , Kong Christina S.
Published: August 2017

p16 immunohistochemistry is recommended by the CAP-ASCCP Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST) Standardization Project for human papillomavirus associated Lesions as an adjunct to morphologic assessment in the diagnosis of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. This study evaluates the performance of different p16 clones as compared with E6H4 (CINtec) in detecting high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. The 54 high-quality articles addressing the performance of p16 identified by work group 4 of the LAST Project were evaluated for: specific p16 clone, scoring method, number of cases, anatomic site, and histologic diagnoses. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for each clone. Two-proportion z tests (pooled) were used to evaluate significance. In total, 32 of the 54 studies met the inclusion criteria. The most commonly used clone was E6H4 (17 studies, 3507 cases) with smaller numbers (1–4) of studies evaluating the following: 16P04, JC8, 16P07, G175-405, K5334, K5336, and 7962. p16 clones 16P04 and JC8 performed better than E6H4 with 16P04 exhibiting statistically significant higher sensitivity (94% vs. 87% for E6H4), specificity (94% vs. 81%), and positive predictive value (96% vs. 69%) while JC8 exhibited higher specificity (91% vs. 81%) and positive predictive value (88% vs. 69%). 16P07 performed similarly to E6H4 and the other 4 clones did not perform as well as E6H4. p16 clones 16P04, JC8, and 16P07 clones perform as well or better than the widely used p16 clone E6H4 (CINtec). However, further studies are indicated to determine the reproducibility of these findings and the impact of interlaboratory variation on test performance.
Inflammatory Pseudotumor Presenting as a Mesosalpingeal Mass
Authors: Stolnicu Simona , Soslow Robert A.
Published: August 2017

We describe a case in which the clinical and pathologic features of a mesosalpingeal mass led to a diagnosis of inflammatory pseudotumor, an unusual tumor found in a rare location. The differential diagnosis is rather broad and includes lesions ranging from Castleman disease to an immunoglobulin G4–related fibrosclerosing tumor. The patient is alive and well at last follow-up.
Evaluation of Microscopic Changes in Fallopian Tubes of BRCA Mutation Carriers by Morphometric Analysis of Histologic Slides: A Preliminary Pilot Study
Authors: Amit Amnon , Sabo Edmond , Zohar Yaniv , Trugman Einat , Pranovich Irena , Reiss Ari , Matanes Emad , Klorin Geula
Published: August 2017

Mutations in BRCA genes increase the risk of ovarian cancer, yet no method for early diagnosis is available. Some serous ovarian tumors are hypothesized to stem from cells of the fallopian tube fimbria. Using a novel method of computerized morphometry of the fimbrial epithelium, this study aimed to detect morphologic differences in noncancerous fimbriae between BRCA mutation carriers and noncarriers, and between healthy and serous ovarian cancer patients. Twenty-four fimbriae from healthy women (13 BRCA+, 11 BRCA−) and 21 fimbriae from women with serous ovarian cancer (10 BRCA+, 11 BRCA−), all reported as “normal” by hematoxylin and eosin examination, were subjected to computerized histomorphometric analysis. A Fast Fourier Transformation was applied to images of fimbrial epithelium and the Fast Fourier Transformation 2-dimensional frequency maps were subsequently quantified for nuclear orientation and planar distribution by a cooccurrence matrix analysis. Additional analysis of nuclear contour was applied to the fimbriae of the healthy women. Among the healthy women, significant differences were found in morphometric characteristics between the BRCA mutation carriers and noncarriers. Among the women with ovarian cancer, no significant differences were found between BRCA mutation carriers and noncarriers. Between healthy women and those with ovarian cancer, significant differences were detected, regardless of BRCA mutational status. A novel method, which combined Fast Fourier Transformation with cooccurrence matrix analysis, demonstrated differences in morphometric characteristics in the fimbriae between healthy and ovarian cancer patients, and between BRCA mutation carriers and noncarriers. The clinical significance of these observations should be investigated.
YWHAE Rearrangement in a Purely Conventional Low-grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma that Transformed Over Time to High-grade Sarcoma: Importance of Molecular Testing
Authors: Aisagbonhi Omonigho , Harrison Beth , Zhao Liena , Osgood Rebecca , Chebib Ivan , Oliva Esther
Published: August 2017

Low and high-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESS) can be distinguished on a morphologic basis. Low-grade ESS is composed of oval cells that resemble normal proliferative-phase endometrial stroma, while the well-known high-grade ESS is composed of round cells growing in nests separated by delicate sinusoidal vasculature. Recurrent JAZF1 rearrangements have been reported to be most frequent in low-grade stromal sarcomas (up to 60%), while YWHAE rearrangements are characteristic of high-grade ESS. Herein, we report a case of a 45-yr-old woman with stage IA typical low-grade ESS who developed multiple abdominopelvic recurrences and lung metastases 15 mo after her primary tumor was resected. The unusual morphology (without high-grade areas) as well as the aggressive behavior of the tumor prompted molecular testing which showed YWHAE rearrangement in her abdominopelvic recurrence and her primary tumor. Five years after her primary tumor was resected, she developed scalp metastases with a typical morphology of a high-grade ESS associated with t(10;17) and died of her disease. Our case highlights the potential value of molecular testing in all low-grade ESS at time of initial diagnosis to stratify patients at higher risk for developing high-grade ESS with the goal of offering closer follow-up for early detection and treatment if transformation occurs.
TRIP6 inhibits the Hippo signaling pathway in response to tension at adherens junctions
Authors: Dutta Shubham , Mana-Capelli Sebastian , Paramasivam Murugan , Dasgupta Ishani , Cirka Heather , Billiar Kris , McCollum Dannel
Published: August 2017

The transcriptional co-activator YAP controls cell proliferation, survival, and tissue regeneration in response to changes in the mechanical environment. It is not known how mechanical stimuli such as tension are sensed and how the signal is transduced to control YAP activity. Here we show that the LIM domain protein TRIP6 acts as part of a mechanotransduction pathway at adherens junctions to promote YAP activity by inhibiting the LATS1/2 kinases. Previous studies showed that vinculin at adherens junctions becomes activated by mechanical tension. We show that vinculin inhibits Hippo signaling by recruiting TRIP6 to adherens junctions and stimulating its binding to and inhibition of LATS1/2 in response to tension. TRIP6 competes with MOB1 for binding to LATS1/2 thereby blocking MOB1 from recruiting the LATS1/2 activating kinases MST1/2. Together these findings reveal a novel mechanotransduction cascade that transduces tension signals sensed at adherens junctions to control Hippo pathway signaling.
ApoplastP: prediction of effectors and plant proteins in the apoplast using machine learning
Authors: Sperschneider Jana , Dodds Peter N. , Singh Karam B. , Taylor Jennifer M.
Published: August 2017

The plant apoplast is integral to intercellular signalling, transport and plant-pathogen interactions. Plant pathogens deliver effectors both into the apoplast and inside host cells, but no computational method currently exists to discriminate between these localizations. We present ApoplastP, the first method for predicting if an effector or plant protein localizes to the apoplast. ApoplastP uncovers features for apoplastic localization common to both effectors and plant proteins, namely an enrichment in small amino acids and cysteines as well as depletion in glutamic acid. ApoplastP predicts apoplastic localization in effectors with sensitivity of 75% and false positive rate of 5%, improving accuracy of cysteine-rich classifiers by over 13%. ApoplastP does not depend on the presence of a signal peptide and correctly predicts the localization of unconventionally secreted plant and effector proteins. The secretomes of fungal saprophytes, necrotrophic pathogens and extracellular pathogens are enriched for predicted apoplastic proteins. Rust pathogen secretomes have the lowest percentage of apoplastic proteins, but these are highly enriched for predicted effectors. ApoplastP pioneers apoplastic localization prediction using machine learning. It will facilitate functional studies and will be valuable for predicting if an effector localizes to the apoplast or if it enters plant cells. ApoplastP is available athttp://apoplastp.csiro.au.
DNA methylation profiling of breast cancer cell lines along the epithelial mesenchymal spectrum - implications for the choice of circulating tumour DNA methylation markers
Authors: Le Anh Viet-Phuong , Szaumkessel Marcin , Tan Tuan Zea , Thiery Jean-Paul , Thompson Erik W , Dobrovic Alexander
Published: August 2017

Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) is a dynamic process whereby epithelial carcinoma cells reversibly acquire morphological and invasive characteristics typical of mesenchymal cells, which facilitates metastasis. Understanding the methylation differences between epithelial and mesenchymal states may assist in the identification of optimal DNA methylation biomarkers for the blood-based monitoring of cancer. Methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) was used to examine the promoter methylation status of a panel of established and novel markers in a range of breast cancer cell lines spanning the epithelial-mesenchymal spectrum. Pyrosequencing was used to validate the MS-HRM results. The results indicate an overall distinction in methylation between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes. The mesenchymal expression markersVIM, DKK3andCRABP1were methylated in the majority of epithelial breast cancer cell lines while methylation of the epithelial expression markersGRHL2, MIR200CandCDH1was restricted to mesenchymal cell lines. We also examined EMP association of several methylation markers that have been used to assess minimal residual disease. Markers such asAKR1B1andAPCmethylation proved to be selective for epithelial breast cell lines, howeverRASSF1A, RARß, TWIST1andSFRP2methylation was seen in both epithelial and mesenchymal cell lines, supporting their suitability for a multi-marker panel.
Phosphatase PP2A and microtubule pulling forces disassemble centrosomes during mitotic exit
Authors: Enos Stephen J. , Dressler Martin , Gomes Beatriz Ferreira , Hyman Anthony A. , Woodruff Jeffrey B.
Published: August 2017

Centrosomes are major microtubule-nucleating organelles that facilitate chromosome segregation and cell division in metazoans. Centrosomes comprise centrioles that organize a micron-scale mass of protein called pericentriolar material (PCM) from which microtubules nucleate. During each cell cycle, PCM accumulates around centrioles through phosphorylation-mediated assembly of PCM scaffold proteins. During mitotic exit, PCM swiftly disassembles by an unknown mechanism. Here, we usedCaenorhabditis elegansembryos to determine the mechanism and importance of PCM disassembly in dividing cells. We found that the phosphatase PP2A and its regulatory subunit SUR-6 (PP2ASUR-6), together with cortically directed microtubule pulling forces, actively disassemble PCM. In embryos depleted of these activities, ~25% of PCM persisted from one cell cycle into the next, resulting in cytokinetic furrow ingression errors, excessive centrosome accumulation, and embryonic death. Purified pp2ASUR-6could dephosphorylate the major PCM scaffold protein SPD-5in vitro. Our data suggest that PCM disassembly occurs through a combination of dephosphorylation of PCM components and catastrophic rupture of the PCM scaffold.
Quantitation of brain tumour microstructure response to Temozolomide therapy using non-invasive VERDICT MRI
Authors: Roberts Tom A. , Hyare Harpreet , Agliardi Giulia , Hipwell Ben , d’Esposito Angela , Ianus Andrada , Breen-Norris James O. , Ramasawmy Rajiv , Taylor Valerie , Atkinson David , Punwani Shonit , Lythgoe Mark F. , Siow Bernard , Brandner Sebastian , Rees Jeremy , Panagiotaki Eleftheria , Alexander Daniel C. , Walker-Samuel Simon
Published: August 2017

There has been slow progress in the development of new therapeutic strategies for treating brain tumours, partly because assessment of treatment response is difficult and largely reliant on simple bi-dimensional measurements of MRI contrast-enhancing regions. Hence, there is a clinical need to develop improved imaging techniques for monitoring treatment response. In this study, we evaluate VERDICT (Vascular, Extracellular and Restricted Diffusion for Cytometry in Tumors) MRI in mouse glioblastomas for the quantification of tumour microstructure and assessment of response to Temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy, and, we investigate the feasibility of applying VERDICT MRI in a range of human gliomas. VERDICT MRI detected response to TMZ earlier than structural and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements. A significant reduction in the cell radius parameter was detected three days earlier than ADC and six days earlier than structural MRI. Histological analysis showed the same trend as VERDICT of decreased intracellular volume fraction in the TMZ-treated mice. Vascular volume fraction was not altered by TMZ, which was consistent with optical projection tomography measurements. In patients, glioblastoma compartmental volume fractions showed good agreement with mouse glioblastoma parameters. The VERDICT parameters varied across the human gliomas, with raised intracellular volume fraction in the oligodendrogliomas and elevated cell radius in both low-grade tumours subtypes. In conclusion, our results suggest that VERDICT MRI is more sensitive at detecting TMZ response than structural or ADC measurements. In patients, VERDICT is feasible within clinical scan times, and performed best at characterising glioblastoma. Further optimisation should improve assessment of different glioma subtypes.
Molecular phylogenetics supports a clade of red algal parasites retaining native plastids: taxonomy and terminology revised
Authors: Salomaki Eric D. , Lane Christopher E.
Published: August 2017

Parasitism is a life strategy that has repeatedly evolved within the Florideophyceae. Historically, the terms adelphoparasite and alloparasite have been used to distinguish parasites based on the relative phylogenetic relationship of host and parasite. However, analyses using molecular phylogenetics indicate that nearly all red algal parasites infect within their taxonomic family, and a range of relationships exist between host and parasite. To date, all investigated adelphoparasites have lost their plastid, and instead, incorporate a host derived plastid when packaging spores. In contrast, a highly reduced plastid lacking photosynthesis genes was sequenced from the alloparasiteChoreocolax polysiphoniae. Here we present the completeHarveyella mirabilisplastid genome, which has also lost genes involved in photosynthesis, and a partial plastid genome fromLeachiella pacifica. TheH. mirabilisplastid shares more synteny with free-living red algal plastids than that ofC. polysiphoniae. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates thatC. polysiphoniae, H. mirabilis, andL. pacificaform a robustly supported clade of parasites, which retain their own plastid genomes, within the Rhodomelaceae. We therefore transfer all three genera from the exclusively parasitic family, Choreocolacaceae, to the Rhodomelaceae. Additionally, we recommend applying the terms archaeplastic parasites (formerly alloparasites), and neoplastic parasites (formerly adelphoparasites) to distinguish red algal parasites using a biological framework rather than taxonomic affiliation with their hosts.
In situbeamline analysis and correction of active optics. Erratum
Authors: Sutter John , Alcock Simon , Sawhney Kawal
Published: August 2017

A correction to one of the equations in the paper by Sutteret al.(2012). [J. Synchrotron Rad.19, 960–968] is made.
Ectodomain of plasmodesmata-localized protein 5 inArabidopsis: expression, purification, crystallization and crystallographic analysis
Authors: Wang Xiaocui , Zhu Peiyan , Qu Shanshan , Zhao Jie , Singh Prashant K. , Wang Wei
Published: August 2017

Plasmodesmata-localized protein 5 (PDLP5) is a cysteine-rich receptor-like protein which is localized on the plasmodesmata ofArabidopsis thaliana. Overexpression of PDLP5 can reduce the permeability of the plasmodesmata and further affect the cell-to-cell movement of viruses and macromolecules in plants. The ectodomain of PDLP5 contains two DUF26 domains; however, the function of these domains is still unknown. Here, the ectodomain of PDLP5 fromArabidopsiswas cloned and overexpressed using an insect expression system and was then purified and crystallized. X-ray diffraction data were collected to 1.90 Å resolution and were indexed in space groupP1, with unit-cell parametersa= 41.9,b= 48.1,c = 62.2 Å, α = 97.3, β = 103.1, γ = 99.7°. Analysis of the crystal content indicated that there are two molecules in the asymmetric unit, with a Matthews coefficient of 2.51 Å3 Da−1and a solvent content of 50.97%.
Crystal structure and DFT study of bis{(S)-2-[(2-hydroxybenzyl)amino]-4-methylpentanoato-κ2N,O}(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2N,N′)nickel(II)
Authors: Faizi Md. Serajul Haque , Dege Necmi , Malinkin Sergey
Published: August 2017

In the title compound, [Ni(C13H18NO3)2(C12H8N2)], the NiIIcation shows a distorted octahedral coordination environment. It is formed by two N atoms from the phenanthroline ligand, as well as two N and two O atoms belonging to two 2-[(2-hydroxybenzyl)amino]-4-methylpentanoate ligands. Complex molecules are connected into layers propagating along theabplaneviahydrogen bonds formed by O atoms of carboxylate and phenoxide groups, which are further connected into a three-dimensional motif.
Spice boys: an exploratory study around novel psychoactive substance use on a male acute ward
Authors: Place Charlie , Scally Andy , Gow Laura , Wade Amy , Barrowcliff Rob , Nasim Iram , Nyamuchiwa Miriam
Published: August 2017

Purpose

Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) – often known as “legal highs” – are a varied group of substances that are causing concern due to their possible effects on mental health. Particular concerns have been raised about synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists often known as “Spice”. The purpose of this paper is to identify the prevalence of NPS use and explore any association with acute psychological disturbance.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors reviewed the case notes for 153 admissions to a male acute inpatient ward. Prevalence of reported NPS use and admissions to psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU) were recorded.

Findings

In total, 18.9 per cent of individuals admitted to acute inpatient care were reported to have used NPS. NPS users were almost ten times as likely as their non-NPS using peers to require care in PICU. This result was statistically significant (Fisher exact test: p<0.001). Although caution is required given the limitations of this study, the data and clinical experience suggest that synthetic cannabinoids may be the specific type of NPS that is being used by this group.

Practical implications

Mental health professionals can expect to care for people using NPS in acute inpatient environments, and so they need to understand the nature and effects of these substances. It is possible that NPS use may be associated with sustained acute psychological disturbance.

Originality/value

There have been few studies on the prevalence of NPS use in inpatient environments and none of them have published that explore the association with PICU admission. Despite the limitations of this study, it has significant value by identifying an urgent need for comprehensive research in this area.