bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is dual mobility associated with an increased risk of revision for infection? Matched cohort of 231 cases of dual-mobility cups and 231 fixed cups
Authors: Prudhon Jean Louis , Desmarchelier Romain , Hamadouche Moussa , Delaunay Christian , Verdier Regis
Published: December 2017

Introduction:

We used a matched cohort of 231 cases of revision of primary dual-mobility cups (DMC) total hip arthroplasty (THA) and 231 cases of fixed cups (FC) THA, to determine whether (i) revision for infection was more frequent when using DMC-THA than FC-THA; (ii) Causes for revision were significantly different.

Methods:

The French Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology carried out a prospective multicentre study from 2010 to 2011. The inclusion criterion was an exhaustive collection of 1st revision THA (at least 1 component revised, re-revision excluded). 2,044 1st revision cases were prospectively collected; 251 (13.5%) were revision of DMC-THA and 1,793 were revision of FC-THA (87.7%). We defined a matching process (1:1) between the 2 cohorts. 231 DMC-THAs were eligible for comparison with 231 FC-THAs.

Results:

47 (20.3%) FC-THAs were revised for infection and 54 (23.3%) DMC-THAs. There was no statistical difference (p = 0.43). 41 (17.7%) FC-THAs were revised for dislocation, compared to 11 (4.7%) DMC-THAs (p<0.001).

Discussion:

The main finding of our study was that DMC was not associated with an increased risk of revision for infection compared to standard THA. THA revision for infection was not correlated to the type of cup used. It is mandatory to report on comparable types of patients when comparing outcomes. For similar patient profiles (i) DMC-THAs were not revised more often for infection than FC-THA (ii) FC-THAs were revised 4 times more for dislocation than DMC-THA.
Non-catalytic region of tyrosine kinase adaptor protein 2 (NCK2) pathways as factor promoting aggressiveness in ovarian cancer
Authors: Fanelli Mara , Camperchioli Alessia , Petrella Lella , Petrillo Marco , Baranello Cinzia , Baccaro Pina , Paolillo Carmela , Capoluongo Ettore , Scambia Giovanni
Published: December 2017

Background:

In this study we investigated the function of the non-catalytic region of tyrosine kinase adaptor protein 2 (NCK2) and its correlation with ITGB1 and ITGB4 integrins in driving ovarian cancer (OvCa) aggressiveness. We also evaluated whether NCK2 may influence prognosis in OvCa patients.

Methods:

Nanofluidic technology was used to analyze expression of NCK2 in 332 OvCa patients. To evaluate mRNA expression of NCK2, integrins and VEGFA in OvCa cell lines, qRT-PCR was performed. Stable NCK2 overexpression was obtained in OVCAR3. qRT-PCR and Western blot were performed to evaluate expression changes of VEGFA, vimentin, ITGB1, ITGB4, MMP2 and MMP9 under normoxia and hypoxia conditions. Coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) was performed in the A2780 cell line to study the interaction between NCK2 and proteins of interest. To investigate whether NCK2 can influence anchorage-independent growth, a soft agar assay was completed. Transwell invasion assay was performed on stable-transfected OVCAR-3 cell lines.

Results:

Nanofluidic data showed NCK2 can play an important role as a factor promoting tumor aggressiveness and survival in OvCa. This role was also linked to the behaviors of ITGB1 and ITGB4. Moreover, in cells overexpressing NCK2, the expression of vimentin, MMP2, MMP9, VEGFA and ITGB1, but not of ITGB4 was induced by hypoxia. Co-IP showed that NCK2 can directly bind ITGB1, but not VEGFA. NCK2 may be involved in mediating cell-extracellular matrix interactions in OvCa cells by influencing tumor aggressiveness.

Conclusions:

This study provides evidence of a possible role of NCK2 as biomarker of OvCa progression.
Quantitative assessment of reflux in commercially available needle-free IV connectors
Authors: Hull Garret J. , Moureau Nancy L. , Sengupta Shramik
Published: December 2017

Introduction:

Blood reflux is caused by changes in pressure within intravascular catheters upon connection or disconnection of a syringe or intravenous tubing from a needle-free connector (NFC). Changes in pressure, differing with each brand of NFC, may result in fluid movement and blood reflux that can contribute to intraluminal catheter occlusions and increase the potential for central-line associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI).

Methods:

In this study, 14 NFC brands representing each of the four market-categories of NFCs were selected for evaluation of fluid movement occurring during connection and disconnection of a syringe. Study objectives were to 1) theoretically estimate amount of blood reflux volume in microliters (μL) permitted by each NFC based on exact component measurements, and 2) experimentally measure NFC volume of fluid movement for disconnection reflux of negative, neutral and anti-reflux NFC and fluid movement for connection reflux of positive displacement NFC.

Results:

The results demonstrated fluid movement/reflux volumes of 9.73 μL to 50.34 μL for negative displacement, 3.60 μL to 10.80 μL for neutral displacement, and 0.02 μL to 1.73 μL for pressure-activated anti-reflux NFC. Separate experiment was performed measuring connection reflux of 18.23 μL to 38.83 μL for positive displacement NFC connectors.

Conclusions:

This study revealed significant differences in reflux volumes for fluid displacement based on NFC design. While more research is needed on effects of blood reflux in catheters and NFCs, results highlight the need to consider NFCs based on performance of individual connector designs, rather than manufacturer designation of positive, negative and neutral marketing categories for NFCs without anti-reflux mechanisms.
Electronic medical record systems-based simulation for practicum in critical care nursing
Authors: Ota Hiroshi , Inagaki Miki , Fujiwara Naoko , Azuma Masumi
Published: December 2017

Electronic medical record (EMR) systems are increasingly used in medical facilities. This study focused on nursing students’ information-gathering ability, an important skill in emergency nursing where patients’ conditions can change rapidly. A simulation exercise was developed based on an educational EMR system and conducted as part of the nursing process exercises that prepare students for on-site practical emergency nursing training. The utility of the EMR system and the educational effectiveness of the simulation exercise were evaluated. To this end, 106 third-year nursing students were surveyed twice: once after they participated in the simulation exercise and once after they undertook their practical training. The results showed that the students evaluated the EMR system’s operability favorably, suggesting that the system has potential as a prototype. Regarding the conditions of the simulation exercise, the results suggested that designing the learning environment so that it features a scenario encountered in practical training settings was effective for helping the students envisage the conditions of practical training.
Extracts and semi-purified fractions of Tagetes patula flowers in the control of root-knot nematodes
Authors: Munhoz Vanessa Marquito , Baida Fernando Cesar , Lopes Gisely Cristiny , Santiago Debora Cristina , Souza José Roberto Pinto de , Mello João Carlos Palazzo de
Published: December 2017

The genus Tagetes constitutes a group of antagonistic plant species that are cytotoxic against plant pathogenic nematodes, with T. patula being particularly efficient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of extracts and semi-purified fractions of T. patula flowers on eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, and M. paranaensis, as well as to verify the nematicidal effect of the flavonoids present in T. patula flowers. Extracts and semi-purified fractions were obtained from dried T. patula flowers after maceration and liquidification, yielding crude aqueous (CAE) and crude ethanol-water (CEWE) extracts. Dried flowers were also treated with n-hexane to obtain a crude defatted aqueous extract (CDAE) and a crude ethanol-water defatted extract (CEWDE). Then, the CEWE was fractionated, and the ethyl acetate (EAF), ethanol (EF), methanol (MF), and ethanol:water (EWF) fractions were obtained. CAE, CEWE, CDAE, and CEWDE were tested to evaluate their effects on hatching, mobility, and mortality of J2 of M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. paranaensis. EAF, EF, MF, and EWF fractions were tested on the same variables of M. incognita. All extracts significantly reduced J2 hatching of M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. paranaensis when compared to water and water + DMSO. CEWE had nematicidal effects on the three evaluated species, whereas CEWDE demonstrated nematicidal effects against M. incognita and M. javanica, and nematostatic effects on M. paranaensis. This toxic effect showed by CEWE may be related to the high content of quercetin, a major substance present in this sample. It was also observed that EAF accentuated the nematicidal response on Meloidogyne spp., suggesting that other medium polarity (methoxylated) flavonoids act as nematotoxic substances. Thus, these results suggest that quercetin contributes significantly to the nematicidal activity of CEWE and EAF.
In-house validation for multi-residue analysis of tetracycline in cow milk by HPLC with UV detection
Authors: Prado Carolina Kato , Ferreira Flavio Dias , Bando Erika , Machinski Junior Miguel
Published: December 2017

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in dairy cattle without complying with the waiting period results in residual contamination, whose effective control in produced milk requires validated methods toensure analytical results. The aim of this study was to optimize and validate the HPLC-UV/VIS method at 365 nm for analyzingthe tetracycline in pasteurized cow milk in accordance with the European Community (2002/657/EC). Spiked milk with analytes (oxytetracycline, tetracycline, doxycycline, and chlortetracycline) was submitted to deproteinization and cleaning by a C18 solid-phase column and analyzed by HPLC using a gradient system with 0.01 mol L?1 oxalic acid-acetonitrile-triethylamine (90:9.9:0.1) and acetonitrile on a reverse phase (C18) column. Accuracy and precision were assessed by adding analytes to levels of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 times the permissible maximum limit allowed in Brazil. The method presented selectivity with a decision limit (CC?) and detection capability (CC?) ranging from 114.2 to 143.7 and from 129.3 to 188.7 µg kg?1, respectively. The recovery of tetracyclines was higher than 82.5% with a precision of 7.1%, demonstrating theefficiency in determining tetracycline residues in cow milk.
Modified atmosphere in minimally processed cauliflower conservation and quality
Authors: Furlaneto Karina Aparecida , Mariano-Nasser Flávia Aparecida de Carvalho , Ramos Juliana Arruda , Lundgren Giovanna Alencar , Nuvolari Cibelli Magalhães , Lima Pedro Fernandes Fleury de Souza , Nasser Maurício Dominguez , Vieites Rogério Lopes
Published: December 2017

The objective of this work was to evaluate modified atmosphere effectiveness in minimally processed cauliflower aiming food safety maintenance for consumers, as conservation of product physical and chemical characteristics for better quality. Cauliflowers cv. Cindy were selected, washed, sanitized with sodium hypochlorite (200 mg L-1) and rinsed. After processing, they were immersed, one more time, in sodium hypochlorite solution (50 ppm) and dried by the air. Portions of 200 g were made and placed in different atmospheres: T1 = 0.05 % CO2 + 23 % O2; T2 = vacuum; T3 = tray of expanded polystyrene with polyvinyl chloride film (PVC) and T4 = 6 % CO2 + 4 % O2 + 90 % N2. The packages were stored in cold chamber at 5 ºC ± 1 and 85% ± 5 of relative humidity. Analysis were performed every two days and the evaluated traits were: loss of fresh mass, respiratory activity, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, reducing sugars, instrumental color, visual and microbiological analysis. The experimental design was completely randomized, in factorial design. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared using Tukey test at 5% of probability and regression analysis for storage period. Tray of expanded polystyrene with PVC delayed for two days product climacteric peak in relation to other modified atmosphere. Furthermore, it provided quality attributes maintenance. The best notes of visual appearance and the best intention of purchase were attributed to minimally processed cauliflower wrapped in modified atmosphere with 6% CO2. + 4% O2.
Effect of diets with different levels of guanidinoacetic acid on newly weaned piglets
Authors: Teixeira Karla Andrade , Mascarenhas Alessandra Gimenez , Mello Heloisa Helena de Carvalho , Arnhold Emmanuel , Assunção Patrícia Da Silva , Carvalho Deborah Pereira , Lopes Sydney Gonçalves
Published: December 2017

Ninety barrow piglets weaned at 21 days old were used to evaluate the effects of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation on their performance and blood creatinine and creatine kinase (CK) levels during the nursery phase (21 to 63 days old). The piglets were distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20% GAA inclusion), six repetitions, and three animals per repetition. The experimental rations were formulated to meet the nutritional requirements for the phases of 21 to 32, 33 to 42 and 43 to 63 days of age. The experimental diets and water were offered ad libitum throughout the experimental period. At 42 and 63 days old, blood was collected from one animal in each experimental unit for creatinine and creatine kinase analysis. The analysed variables were daily weight gain (DFG), daily feed intake (DFI), and feed conversion (FC) in the 21 to 42 days old and 21 to 63 days old of the nursery phase. All variables were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analysis. We adopted ? = 0.05, and considered a trend to be present when ? was between 0.05 and 0.10. In the pre-initial period (21 to 42 days old), there was an increasing trend in daily weight (P = 0.069), which increased to the level of 0.97% of GAA inclusion. The DFI and FC were not significantly affected by the addition of different GAA levels in the diet. Creatinine levels in the blood at 42 and 63 days old were not significantly influenced by the treatments. The level of CK at 42 days old showed an increasing trend (P = 0.077) that occurred quadratically to the level of 0.085% of GAA inclusion, with no significant difference for this variable at 63 days old. The use of GAA did not promote improvements in performance or blood creatinine and CK levels in piglets in the nursery phase.
Use of a five-day progesterone-based timed artificial insemination protocol for dairy water buffaloes
Authors: Pfeifer Luiz Francisco Machado , Castro Natália Avila de
Published: December 2017

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a short five-day (5 d) progesterone-based timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocol on the time of ovulation and fertility in dairy water buffaloes. In experiment 1, 30 dairy buffaloes were subjected to one of two estrous synchronization protocols. Females in the control group (n=17) were administered 2 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB), and an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (CIDR) was inserted on day -12. On day -3, CIDR inserts were removed and all cows were treated with 150 ?g of D-cloprostenol (a PGF2?-analogue). Forty-eight hours after CIDR removal, all cows received 100 µg of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Females assigned to the short 5 d group (n=13) received treatment similar to the control group, except that the CIDR device was inserted on day -8, and the EB treatment was eliminated. In experiment 2, 51 dairy buffaloes were separated into control (n=27) and short 5 d (n=24) groups that received the same treatment as described for cows in experiment 1, except that all females were inseminated 16 to 18 h after GnRH injection. The use of a short 5 d progesterone-based TAI protocol with or without treatment with EB on day 0 did not affect the time of ovulation and pregnancy per artificial insemination in lactating water buffaloes. Thus, we suggest that the short 5 d TAI protocol may be successfully used as an alternative to induce ovulation in dairy buffaloes, with the particular advantages of avoiding EB treatment and a shorter interval from the beginning of the protocol to TAI.
Welk vertrouwen mogen clementieverzoekers hebben omtrent vertrouwelijk blijven van aangeleverde informatie?
Authors: Brouwer O.W.
Published: December 2017

Welk vertrouwen mogen clementieverzoekers hebben omtrent vertrouwelijk blijven van aangeleverde informatie?

In de onderhavige zaak breidt het Hof van Justitie de bevoegdheden van de raadadviseur-auditeur uit en wordt voor het eerst onderscheid gemaakt tussen publicatie van letterlijke citaten uit informatie verstrekt in het kader van de clementieregeling en publicatie van letterlijke citaten uit de clementieverklaring zelf. De relevantie van het arrest ligt met name in de (mate van) rechtvaardige verwachtingen die clementieverzoekers mogen hebben omtrent de eerbiediging van vertrouwelijkheid van informatie die zij aan de Commissie verschaffen. Dit is van groot belang voor een effectieve werking van de clementieregeling. Het arrest is ook van belang in de context van civiele schadeclaimprocedures. Private partijen die schade willen claimen, wensen zo veel mogelijk toegang tot informatie over de inbreuk.

HvJ 14 maart 2017, zaak C-162/15 P, Evonik Degussa/Commissie, ECLI:EU:C:2017:205
From Commensal to Consumer: Staphylococcus aureus Toxins, Diseases, and Detection Methods
Authors: Nguyen Angela T , Tallent Sandra M
Published: December 2017

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium capable of causing a wide array of infections. Generally a commensal organism, S. aureus encodes several virulence mechanisms that contribute to disease progression. This review highlights toxins as a secreted virulence factor by S. aureus, the diseases that manifest as a result, and the methods used to detect them. In particular, the advantages and limitations of current toxin detection methods are discussed.
Exploring Multiphoton Microscopy as a Novel Tool to Differentiate Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma From Oncocytoma in Fixed Tissue Sections
Authors: Jain Manu , Robinson Brian D. , Wu Binlin , Khani Francesca , Mukherjee Sushmita
Published: December 2017

Context.—

Distinguishing chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (chRCC), especially in the presence of eosinophilic cytoplasm, from oncocytoma on hematoxylin-eosin can be difficult and often requires time-consuming ancillary procedures that ultimately may not be informative.

Objective.—

To explore the potential of multiphoton microscopy (MPM) as an alternative and rapid diagnostic tool in differentiating oncocytoma from chRCC at subcellular resolution without tissue processing.

Design.—

Unstained, deparaffinized tissue sections from 27 tumors (oncocytoma [n = 12], chRCC [n = 12], eosinophilic variant of chRCC [n = 1], and atypical oncocytic renal neoplasm [n = 2]) were imaged with MPM. Morphologic evaluation and automated quantitative morphometric analysis were conducted to distinguish between chRCC and oncocytoma.

Results.—

The typical cases of oncocytomas (12 of 12) and chRCC (12 of 12) could be readily differentiated on MPM based on the morphologic features similar to hematoxylin-eosin. The most striking MPM signature of both of the tumors was the presence of autofluorescent intracytoplasmic granules, which are not seen on hematoxylin-eosin–stained slides. Although we saw these granules in both types of tumors, they appeared distinct, based on their size, shape, cytoplasmic distribution, and autofluorescence wavelengths, and were valuable in arriving at a definitive diagnosis. For oncocytomas and chRCC, high diagnostic accuracies of 100% and 83.3% were achieved on blinded MPM and morphometric analysis, respectively.

Conclusions.—

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of MPM to distinguish chRCC from oncocytoma in fixed tissues. Our study was limited by small sample size and only a few variants of oncocytic tumors. Prospective studies are warranted to assess the utility of MPM as a diagnostic aid in oncocytic renal tumors.
Species diversity and drivers of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in a semi-arid mountain in China
Authors: Zhao He , Li Xuanzhen , Zhang Zhiming , Zhao Yong , Yang Jiantao , Zhu Yiwei
Published: December 2017

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an essential role in complex ecosystems. However, the species diversity and composition of AMF communities remain unclear in semi-arid mountains. Further, it is not well understood if the characteristics of AMF community assemblies differ for different habitat types, e.g., agricultural arable land, artificial forest land, natural grassland, and bush/wood land. Here, using the high-throughput technology by Illumina sequencing on the MiSeq platform, we explored the species diversity and composition of soil AMF communities among different habitat types in a semi-arid mountain (Taihang Mountain, Mid-western region of China). Then, we analyzed the effect of nutrient composition and soil texture on AMF community assembly. Our results showed that members of theGlomusgenera were predominated in all soil types. The distance-based redundancy analysis indicated that the content of water, available phosphorus, and available potassium were the most crucial geochemical factors that significantly affected AMF communities (p < 0.05). The analysis of the soil texture confirmed that AMF diversity was negatively correlated with soil clay content. The comparison of AMF diversity among the various habitat types revealed that the artificial forest land had the lowest AMF diversity in comparison with other land types. Our findings suggest that there were differences in species diversity and composition of soil AMF communities among different habitat types. These findings shed new light on the characteristics of community structure and drivers of community assembly in AMF in semi-arid mountains, and point to the potential importance of different habitat types on AMF communities.
Altruism and Prosocial Behavior
Authors: Dovidio John F. , Halabi Samer
Published: December 2017

Prosocial behavior involves a broad range of acts, including cooperation and helping behavior, which are intended to benefit others. Altruism is a particular form of helping behavior that is motivated primarily to improve the welfare of another person. Although much of the work on prosocial behavior was stimulated by events that suggested the insensitivity of people to others' needs, people are generally responsive to the problems and distress of others. This responsiveness may have genetic and biological roots, but empathy represents an immediate link to prosocial behavior and altruism. The opportunity to relieve personal distress aroused by empathy and/or perceptions of other personal benefits often motivate helping. In addition, empathic concern activates a particular motivation that produces altruistic action to help another person, even at some net cost to the benefactor. Prosocial behavior thus benefits oneself, other individuals, and one's group in ways that promote social coordination and cohesiveness.
Models of the Manganese Cluster of the Oxygen‐Evolving Complex
Authors: Tsui Emily Y.
Published: December 2017

This article presents an overview of synthetic models of the CaMn
4
O
5
oxygen‐evolving complex (OEC) of Photosystem II, the site of OO bond formation during photosynthetic water oxidation. Model clusters are useful spectroscopic benchmarks and can be used to test hypotheses regarding uncertain structural or mechanistic aspects of the OEC. Due to the complexity, heterometallic composition, and asymmetric structure of the biological cluster, modeling the OEC has been synthetically challenging. Here, we describe synthetic strategies and characterization methods of manganese complexes. Selected examples are discussed, ranging from monometallic high‐valent manganese complexes to heterometallic manganese oxido clusters, along with the relevant insights derived from these studies with respect to biological water splitting. Finally, efforts toward using molecular and heterogeneous manganese‐oxido OEC models as artificial water oxidation catalysts will be discussed.
Hacktivism
Authors: Carty Victoria
Published: December 2017

Hacktivism encompasses a number of different types of activity including cyberterrorism, spamming, Web site parodies, memes, culture jamming, and e‐mail bombing. Each of the above may include electronic forms of civil disobedience such as virtual sit‐ins, whereby occupation/blockading takes place in the virtual sphere rather than in a particular building or public space. They may also invoke Web site parodies, copying the graphic design of the original but altering the content, hiding the identity of the creators through the use of zombie networks. This entry examines how groups such as the Yes Men, Electronic Disturbance Theater, and Anonymous all use hacktivism to pursue their goals via contentious politics. It also explores how hacktivism is challenging traditional forms of journalism and redefining the act of whistleblowing through groups such as Lulz Security and WikiLeaks.
Double Consciousness
Authors: Dennis Rutledge M.
Published: December 2017

The sociological use of the term “double consciousness” differs from its psychological usage, in that the former provides a framework for understanding and analyzing the challenges and dilemmas created by power and status inequality evident in dominant–subordinate relations. Though Du Bois initially proposed the term to describe the contradictions in black American life, the term has been used to refer to the power and status inequality surrounding the lives of women, immigrants, and those in the global environment.
Exchange‐Value
Authors: Beamish Rob
Published: December 2017

Exchange‐value is the most misunderstood concept in Marx's analysis of the commodity. Useful things found in nature or procured without exchange and used for private consumption have a qualitatively distinct, concrete, natural form. Their utility is what matters; they do not contain value. Useful things intended for exchange are procured or produced by social labor. Exchangeable commodities have a visible, concrete, useful form and an invisible social substance of quantitatively comparable units of congealed, socially necessary, simple, abstract, labor time. To be exchanged, the abstract value congealed within each commodity must achieve a particular form of expression. That form only arises in the social relations of exchange; thus it is a social form. As the formal expression of value arising through exchange, Marx termed it the commodity's exchange‐value.
Identity Politics/Relational Politics
Authors: Wasson Leslie
Published: December 2017

Symbolic interaction theories contribute to our understanding of how people use their social statuses and identities to compete with others for advantage. They may do this as one individual to another, or they may use their social group memberships to leverage their status in comparison to others.
Industrial Revolution
Authors: Nielsen François
Published: December 2017

The Industrial Revolution, beginning in England in the mid‐eighteenth century, originated the economic and social transformations that shaped life in industrial societies today. It can be viewed as a broad phase of sociocultural evolution, encompassing economic and cultural transformation, such as rapid urbanization and a move to the factory system.
K
rafft‐
E
bing,
R
ichard von (1840–1902)
Authors: Plummer Ken
Published: December 2017

Krafft‐Ebing's contribution to the study of sexuality is outlined and some critical problems raised. He was a pioneer of the clinical study of sexual pathology – or sexual differences – and his major work
Psychopathia Sexualis
is briefly outlined. Critics see him as a “conservative regulator of sexuality” and as reinforcing society's prejudices. Supporters see him as paving the way for liberal reforms and new debates about sexual justice. It concludes his work offered a humanistic account of widespread human sexual differences.
Marginality
Authors: Dennis Rutledge M. , Dennis Kimya N.
Published: December 2017

The concept and experience of marginality are as old as human history, for historically there have already been groups which have, for many reasons, been excluded, exploited, and punished by groups larger, with more military might, and keepers of the flame of myths and mythologies which accrue them inordinate powers vis‐à‐vis other groups. This marginal position may be the cause of, or the result of, differential power distribution. In either case, marginality has been one of the causes and the impetus for intergroup tensions, conflicts, and warfare.
Reparations
Authors: Dennis Rutledge M. , Dennis Kimya N.
Published: December 2017

Reparations refer to the actions of an aggrieved nation, group, or individual to seek redresses and compensations for the loss of land, money, works of art, jewelry, or other valuable objects, due to the actions of a country, group, or another individual. The claim of those seeking redresses or reparations is that their property was knowingly and willfully stolen and they now seek a just payment for their loss.
Use‐Value
Authors: Beamish Rob
Published: December 2017

The use‐value of a commodity is its qualitatively distinct, concrete reality that allows it, as an object, to satisfy a human want directly in consumption or indirectly as something used in further production. A commodity's use is discovered in history and its use‐value created in processes of exchange. One use‐value is unique – it is not a thing but the capacity to do work within a social relation of exchange. The capacity to do work in general has no use‐value even though it has ontological significance and is important in one's private activities. Labor power is a unique use‐value because it can, under given conditions of social production, produce more abstract value than necessary to replace it. This unique use‐value is the source of surplus value.
Therapy development in Huntington disease: From current strategies to emerging opportunities
Authors: Dickey Audrey S. , La Spada Albert R.
Published: December 2017

Huntington disease (HD) is a progressive autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder in which patients typically present with uncontrolled involuntary movements and subsequent cognitive decline. In 1993, a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the coding region of the huntingtin (HTT) gene was identified as the cause of this disorder. This extended CAG repeat results in production of HTT protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract, leading to pathogenic HTT protein conformers that are resistant to protein turnover, culminating in cellular toxicity and neurodegeneration. Research into the mechanistic basis of HD has highlighted a role for bioenergetics abnormalities stemming from mitochondrial dysfunction, and for synaptic defects, including impaired neurotransmission and excitotoxicity. Interference with transcription regulation may underlie the mitochondrial dysfunction. Current therapies for HD are directed at treating symptoms, as there are no disease‐modifying therapies. Commonly prescribed drugs for involuntary movement control include tetrabenazine, a potent and selective inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 that depletes synaptic monoamines, and olanzapine, an atypical neuroleptic that blocks the dopamine D2 receptor. Various drugs are used to treat non‐motor features. The HD therapeutic pipeline is robust, as numerous efforts are underway to identify disease‐modifying treatments, with some small compounds and biological agents moving into clinical trials. Especially encouraging are dosage reduction strategies, including antisense oligonucleotides, and molecules directed at transcription dysregulation. Given the depth and breadth of current HD drug development efforts, there is reason to believe that disease‐modifying therapies for HD will emerge, and this achievement will have profound implications for the entire neurotherapeutics field.
The Workers' View: Why the NLRB Was Correct in Declaring Mandatory Employment Arbitration Illegal
Authors: Denny Nicholas , Cipolla Angela , Cayirli Hilal Gulseven , Bleemer Russ
Published: December 2017

This article concludes Alternatives' expanded look at the three consolidated cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, now argued and awaiting decision, which will determine the fate of employment contract arbitration provisions in the workplace.
Abwasserkanal Emscher BA 40 – Tübbinge mit besonderen Anforderungen an den Beton
Authors: Machentanz Carsten
Published: December 2017

Der Abwasserkanal Emscher (AKE) ist das zurzeit größte Infrastrukturprojekt in NRW. 1992 wurden die Planungsarbeiten für das Projekt mit einem Budget von heute rund 5,3 Mrd. Euro aufgenommen. Diese liefen über 16 Jahre, bis 2008 der Planfeststellungsbeschluss erging. Die Emschergenossenschaft ist im Verbund mit dem Lippeverband der größte Wasserwirtschaftsverband in Deutschland. Gemeinsam reinigen sie das Abwasser von fast vier Millionen Einwohnern in den Einzugsgebieten von Emscher und Lippe. Beide Gewässer sind Nebenflüsse des Rheins in Nordrhein‐Westfalen. Die ersten Vortriebsarbeiten starteten 2011 im Bottroper Abschnitt zwischen der Kläranlage Bottrop und der Bernemündung, dem sogenannten Bauabschnitt (BA) 20. Im Frühjahr 2012 nahm man die Arbeiten zur Herstellung des als Bauabschnitt BA 30 bezeichneten größten Abschnitts zwischen dem Nettebach in Dortmund und der Kläranlage Bottrop auf. Als letzter Teil mit unterirdischer Rohrverlegung wurde der BA 40 von der Bernemündung bis zum Pumpwerk Oberhausen im Jahr 2014 begonnen. Dieser bildete am 12. Juni 2017 auch den Abschluss der unterirdischen Arbeiten. In nur fünf Jahren wurden am Hauptsammler insgesamt 73 km in Tiefen zwischen 8 und 40 Metern hergestellt. Der BA 40 bildet dabei eine Besonderheit, da er nicht im Rohrvortriebsverfahren hergestellt wurde, sondern als Schildvortrieb mit Tübbingausbau auf in Summe 20 km Strecke aufgefahren wurde. Als zentraler Abwasserkanal für 2,2 Millionen Einwohner im Einzugsgebiet der Emscher ist der Abwasserkanal Emscher besonders gegen chemische Angriffe, insbesondere gegen biogene Schwefelsäure zu schützen.
National Shifts in Adult Basic Education: Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act, Ability to Benefit, and High School Equivalency Tests
Authors: Davidson J. Cody
Published: December 2017

An important aspect of the community college mission is to educate working adults including those without a high school diploma or its equivalent. Three important changes are forcing community colleges to reevaluate how these services and activities are delivered as well as policies that govern this critical work. These shifts provide a new opportunity for community college leaders to reenvision how they engage local employers, working adults, and underprepared college students.
The Evolving Transfer Mission and Student Mobility
Authors: Baldwin Christopher A.
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores the changing nature of how students experience postsecondary education that results in a considerable amount of “swirl” between institutions. Although the traditional notion of “vertical” transfer from a community college to a university continues to be an important aspect of the community college mission, the varying patterns of mobility between institutions will have significant implications for students, the costs they incur, and their ultimate success.
A Phenomenological Study of Career Anxiety Among College Students
Authors: Pisarik Christopher T. , Rowell P. Clay , Thompson Laura K.
Published: December 2017

This study explored the phenomenon of career anxiety through a qualitative investigation of the experiences of 7 traditional‐aged college students who were in various stages of their undergraduate degree programs. Using Moustakas's () method of transcendental phenomenology, the authors conducted in‐depth interviews to answer the following questions: (a) What are coresearchers’ (participants') experiences with the phenomenon of career anxiety? and (b) In what contexts do the coresearchers experience career anxiety? Seven themes emerged: general symptoms of anxiety, existential concerns, pressure, lack of career guidance, cognitive distortions, social comparisons, and economic/occupational uncertainty. The findings provide a contextual and developmental perspective on career‐related anxiety that can guide counselors in the implementation of interventions for reducing anxiety associated with career choice and development.
Kryo‐Elektronenmikroskopie: Coole Bilder in 3D
Authors: Welter Kira
Published: December 2017

Die diesjährigen Nobelpreisträger für Chemie haben eine Methode entwickelt, um biologische Moleküle besser beobachten und untersuchen zu können. Bei der Kryo‐Elektronenmikroskopie werden die Proben schockgefroren und bei tiefen Temperaturen betrachtet. Damit wurden in den letzten Jahren erstaunliche dreidimensionale Bilder in atomarer Auflösung erstellt. Dank dieser Technik wissen wir wie das Zika‐Virus aussieht [1] oder wie Salmonellen mit ihren Nadelkomplexen die Zellen angreifen [2]. Die Strukturen von vielen medizinisch relevanten Proteinen, die nicht kristallisiert werden konnten, wurden ebenfalls mit der Kryo‐Elektronenmikroskopie detailgenau dargestellt. Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank und Richard Henderson haben für die Entwicklung dieser revolutionären Methode die Auszeichnung verdient, denn sie ermöglicht neue Einblicke in die Moleküle des Lebens und macht die Forschung an neuen Medikamenten einfacher.
GTex: Alles vernetzt
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: December 2017

Das Netzwerk eines lebenden Organismus ist unglaublich kompliziert, wie wir in dieser Serie an ausgewählten Beispielen gesehen haben. Das menschliche Genom ist nur einer der Ansatzpunkte zur Erschließung der Zusammenhänge. Um medizinisch relevante Einblicke in die Ursachen von Krankheiten zu gewinnen, müssen wir verstehen lernen, wie das im ganzen Körper nahezu einheitliche Genom in verschiedenen Zellen und Geweben zu völlig verschiedenen Ausprägungen (Phänotypen) führt, und wie diese Verbindungen durch Mutationen beeinflusst werden. Diese gigantische Aufgabe geht das Gtex‐Projekt (Genotype Tissue Expression) an, das soeben eine umfassende Auswertung seiner Ergebnisse publiziert hat.
Activities of 11‐Azaartemisinin and N‐Sulfonyl Derivatives against Asexual and Transmissible Malaria Parasites
Authors: Harmse Rozanne , Coertzen Dina , Wong Ho Ning , Smit Frans J. , van der Watt Mariette E. , Reader Janette , Nondaba Sindiswe H. , Birkholtz Lyn‐Marie , Haynes Richard K. , N'Da David D.
Published: December 2017

Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), either used in its own right or as the active drug generated in vivo from the other artemisinins in current clinical use—artemether and artesunate—induces quiescence in ring‐stage parasites of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). This induction of quiescence is linked to artemisinin resistance. Thus, we have turned to structurally disparate artemisinins that are incapable of providing DHA on metabolism. Accordingly, 11‐azaartemisinin 5 and selected N‐sulfonyl derivatives were screened against intraerythrocytic asexual stages of drug‐sensitive Pf NF54 and drug‐resistant K1 and W2 parasites. Most displayed appreciable activities against all three strains, with IC50 values <10.5 nm. The p‐trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonyl‐11‐azaartemisinin derivative 11 [(4′‐trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonylazaartemisinin] was the most active, with IC50 values between 2 and 3 nm. The compounds were screened against Pf NF54 early and transmissible late intraerythrocytic‐stage gametocytes using luciferase and parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assays. The 2′‐thienylsulfonyl derivative 16 (2′‐thiophenesulfonylazaartemisinin) was notably active against late‐stage (IV–V) gametocytes with an IC50 value of 8.7 nm. All compounds were relatively nontoxic to human fetal lung WI‐38 fibroblasts, showing selectivity indices of >2000 toward asexual parasites. Overall, the readily accessible 11‐azaartemisinin 5 and the sulfonyl derivatives 11 and 16 represent potential candidates for further development, in particular for transmission blocking of artemisinin‐resistant parasites.
Computational study of estimating 3D trabecular bone microstructure for the volume of interest from CT scan data
Authors: Kim Jung Jin , Nam Jimin , Jang In Gwun
Published: December 2017

Inspired by the self‐optimizing capabilities of bone, a new concept of bone microstructure reconstruction has been recently introduced by using 2D synthetic skeletal images. As a preliminary clinical study, this paper proposes a topology optimization‐based method that can estimate 3D trabecular bone microstructure for the volume of interest (VOI) from 3D computed tomography (CT) scan data with enhanced computational efficiency and phenomenological accuracy. For this purpose, a localized finite element (FE) model is constructed by segmenting a target bone from CT scan data and determining the physiological local loads for the VOI. Then, topology optimization is conducted with multiresolution bone mineral density (BMD) deviation constraints to preserve the patient‐specific spatial bone distribution obtained from the CT scan data. For the first time, to our knowledge, this study has demonstrated that 60‐μm resolution trabecular bone images can be reconstructed from 600‐μm resolution CT scan data (a 62‐year‐old woman with no metabolic bone disorder) for the 4 VOIs in the proximal femur. The reconstructed trabecular bone includes the characteristic trabecular patterns and has morphometric indices that are in good agreement with the anatomical data in the literature. As for computational efficiency, the localization for the VOI reduces the number of FEs by 99%, compared with that of the full FE model. Compared with the previous single‐resolution BMD deviation constraint, the proposed multiresolution BMD deviation constraints enable at least 65% and 47% reductions in the number of iterations and computing time, respectively. These results demonstrate the clinical feasibility and potential of the proposed method.
A novel approach to training attention and gaze in ASD: A feasibility and efficacy pilot study
Authors: Chukoskie Leanne , Westerfield Marissa , Townsend Jeanne
Published: December 2017

In addition to the social, communicative and behavioral symptoms that define the disorder, individuals with ASD have difficulty re‐orienting attention quickly and accurately. Similarly, fast re‐orienting saccadic eye movements are also inaccurate and more variable in both endpoint and timing. Atypical gaze and attention are among the earliest symptoms observed in ASD. Disruption of these foundation skills critically affects the development of higher level cognitive and social behavior. We propose that interventions aimed at these early deficits that support social and cognitive skills will be broadly effective. We conducted a pilot clinical trial designed to demonstrate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of using gaze‐contingent video games for low‐cost in‐home training of attention and eye movement. Eight adolescents with ASD participated in an 8‐week training, with pre‐, mid‐ and post‐testing of eye movement and attention control. Six of the eight adolescents completed the 8 weeks of training and all six showed improvement in attention (orienting, disengagement) and eye movement control or both. All game systems remained intact for the duration of training and all participants could use the system independently. We delivered a robust, low‐cost, gaze‐contingent game system for home use that, in our pilot training sample, improved the attention orienting and eye movement performance of adolescent participants in 8 weeks of training. We are currently conducting a clinical trial to replicate these results and to examine what, if any, aspects of training transfer to more real‐world tasks. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 546–554, 2018
Atom Efficient Magnesiation of N‐Substituted Alkyl Indoles with a Mixed Sodium‐Magnesium Base
Authors: Stevens Michael A. , Blair Victoria L.
Published: December 2017

This study presents the alkali metal mediated magnesiation (AMMMg) of three N‐alkylated indoles with the mixed Na/Mg base [(TMEDA)Na(TMP)2Mg(CH2SiMe3)] 1 (TMEDA = N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine, TMP = 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine). All three magnesiated indoles have been successfully characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and solution state NMR studies, whereas iodolysis and Pd‐catalysed cross coupling have been investigated. The steric nature of the N‐alkyl group changes the reactivity and efficiency of 1 to give either atom efficient disodium tetraindol‐2‐ylmagnesiates [(Na‐TMEDA)2Mg(α‐C9H8N)4] 2 and [(Na‐TMEDA)2Mg(α‐C10H11N)4] 3, or [(TMEDA)Na(TMP)(α‐C11H12N)Mg(TMP)] 4, whereby only one indole molecule is selectively deprotonated.
Fostering Evidence‐Informed Teaching in Crucial Classes: Faculty Development in Gateway Courses
Authors: McGowan Susannah , Felten Peter , Caulkins Joshua , Artze‐Vega Isis
Published: December 2017

Faculty and faculty developers can improve student learning and outcomes in gateway courses by improving course design, integrating active learning, and aligning assessments with course goals. Drawing on the authors’ varied experiences and a large national initiative, this chapter outlines challenges and strategies to support gateway‐course faculty development.
Maximizing Gateway‐Course Improvement by Making the Whole Greater Than the Sum of the Parts
Authors: Koch Andrew K. , Prystowsky Richard J. , Scinta Tony
Published: December 2017

Drawing on systems theory, this chapter uses two different institutional examples to demonstrate the benefits of combining gateway‐course improvement initiatives with other student success efforts so that the combined approach makes the whole greater than the simple sum of the pieces.
Healthcare providers’ perspectives on labor monitoring in Nigeria and Uganda: A qualitative study on challenges and opportunities
Authors: Yang Fan , Bohren Meghan A. , Kyaddondo David , Titiloye Musibau A. , Olutayo Akinpelu O. , Oladapo Olufemi T. , Souza João Paulo , Gülmezoglu A. Metin , Mugerwa Kidza , Fawole Bukola
Published: December 2017

Objective

To explore current practices, challenges, and opportunities in relation to monitoring labor progression, from the perspectives of healthcare professionals in low‐resource settings.

Methods

Thematic analysis of qualitative data (in‐depth interviews [IDIs] and focus group discussions [FDGs]) obtained from a purposive sample of healthcare providers and managers in selected health facilities in Nigeria and Uganda.

Results

A total of 70 IDIs and 16 FGDs with doctors, midwives, and administrators are included in this analysis. Labor monitoring encompasses a broad scope of care jointly provided by doctors and midwives. A range of contextual limitations was identified as barriers to monitoring labor progression, including staff shortages, lack of team cooperation, delays in responding to abnormal labor observations, suboptimal provider–patient dynamics, and limitations in partograph use. Perceived opportunities to improve current practices included streamlining clinical team cooperation, facilitating provider–client communication, encouraging women's uptake of offered care, bridging the gaps in the continuum of monitoring tasks between cadres, and improving skills in assessment of labor progress, and accuracy in its documentation.

Conclusion

Healthcare providers face many challenges to effective monitoring of labor progress in low‐resource settings. This analysis presents potential opportunities to improve labor monitoring practices and tools in these contexts.