bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Artefatos zoomorfos sambaquieiros do estado de Santa Catarina
Authors: Garcia Jefferson Batista , Bandeira Dione Da Rocha
Published: October 2019

O trabalho teve por objetivo analisar contexto, distribuição e atributos dos artefatos zoomorfos sambaquieiros de Santa Catarina. Para tanto, foram selecionadas as duas maiores coleções temáticas da Região Sul do Brasil, pertencentes ao Museu Arqueológico de Sambaqui de Joinville (MASJ) e ao Museu do Homem do Sambaqui, em Florianópolis. Durante o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, foram analisadas fontes primárias inéditas, como iconografias, manuscritos, pareceres técnicos (pertencentes ao Pe. João Alfredo Rohr) e os cadernos de Guilherme Tiburtius, onde ele faz a primeira descrição da coleção que carrega seu nome. Também conseguimos documentar zoomorfos inéditos em outros museus do estado catarinense e no Museo de América, em Madrid, Espanha, que recebeu esses artefatos em 1778, quando Florianópolis (na época Desterro) foi ocupada por tropas espanholas. A pesquisa fez uso da arqueo-historiografia sobre o tema zoólitos e utilização de equipamentos de precisão, como balança digital, paquímetro de aço e câmera semiprofissional, para o levantamento dos atributos dos zoomorfos estudados. Os resultados foram o levantamento dos sambaquis que apresentaram zoólitos; sambaquis com zoólitos como mobília fúnebre; e zoólitos fora de sambaquis; mapa da dispersão dos zoólitos no estado de Santa Catarina; tabelas de sítios/sepultamentos/quantidade de zoólitos/esqueletos/gêneros e fichas de atributos com dez campos específicos: 1) Características; 2) Número de registro da peça; 3) Local; 4) Procedência; 5) Dimensões; 6) Peso; 7) Classificação mineralógica; 8) Tipologia; 9) Estado de conservação; 10) Referências. Todos os dados nos levaram a considerar ainda o grande potencial de estudo arqueológico dos artefatos zoomorfos sambaquieiros; potencial de pesquisa, diante dos materiais inéditos encontrados, nas reservas técnicas dos museus do estado; possibilidades de estudos, fora do país, envolvendo os zoomorfos sambaquieiros.
Is living near green areas beneficial to mental health? Results of the Pró-Saúde Study
Authors: Barreto Patricia Amado , Lopes Claudia Souza , Silveira Ismael Henrique da , Faerstein Eduardo , Junger Washington Leite
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between exposure to green areas in the surroundings of the residence and the presence of common mental disorders among adults, according to different income strata. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 2,584 participants from the Pró-Saúde Study (2006), residing in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Common Mental Disorders were measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and exposure to green areas was measured using the normalized difference vegetation index, in buffers with radiuses between 100 and 1,500 meters around the residence. We used the mean and maximum normalized difference vegetation index categorized into quartiles. The study population was divided into three subgroups, according to the income: low, intermediate, and high. Odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated with logistic regression models. The models were adjusted by sex and age, with and without inclusion of physical activity practice. RESULTS: The proportion of common mental disorders was 30% and 39% among men and women, respectively. The results of the adjusted models showed an inverse association between the presence of green areas in the surroundings of the residence and the occurrence of common mental disorders, in the buffer of 200 meters in the intermediate-income group and in the buffers of 400 and 1,500 meters in the low-income group. The odds ratio ranged from 0.52 (buffer of 1,500 meters) to 0.68 (buffer of 200 meters). The association found was independent of physical activity practice. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence found suggests the existence of a beneficial effect of urban green areas on the mental health of lower-income individuals. These findings can help in understanding how the urban environment can affect the mental health of the population.
Quality of sleep, health and well-being in a population-based study
Authors: Barros Marilisa Berti de Azevedo , Lima Margareth Guimarães , Ceolim Maria Filomena , Zancanella Edilson , Cardoso Tânia Aparecida Marchiori de Oliveira
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of poor self-rated sleep and to identify the population subgroups most susceptible to the problem. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, population-based study developed with data from the Health Survey conducted in the city of Campinas (ISACamp 2014/2015). Data from a sample of 1,998 individuals aged 20 years or older were analyzed. The self-rated quality of sleep was analyzed according to socio-demographic characteristics, morbidities, health behaviors and feeling of well-being. The association of sleep quality with different complaints and characteristics of sleep was also analyzed. Adjusted prevalence ratios were estimed using Poisson multiple regression model allowing for the sample weights. RESULTS: Prevalence of poor self-rated sleep was 29.1% and showed to be significantly higher in women, in individuals aged from 40 to 50 years, migrants, without occupation, physically inactive in leisure context, with common mental disorder (PR = 1.59), with greater number of health problems (PR = 2.33), poor self-rated health (PR = 1.61), and life dissatisfaction. Poor sleep was strongly associated with reports of difficulty in initiating sleep (PR = 4.17), in maintaining sleep (PR = 4.40) and with never or almost never feeling well when waking up (PR = 4.52). CONCLUSIONS: The results identify the population subgroups with poor quality of sleep that deserve greater attention. It also highlight the need to consider, in addition to the presence of comorbidities, mental health and the feeling of well-being in the care of patients with sleep problems and in the interventions planed for promoting healthy sleep.
Prevalence of sexual violence among refugees: a systematic review
Authors: Araujo Juliana De Oliveira , Souza Fernanda Mattos de , Proença Raquel , Bastos Mayara Lisboa , Trajman Anete , Faerstein Eduardo
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVE: To synthesize data about the prevalence of sexual violence (SV) among refugees around the world. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted from the search in seven bibliographic databases. Studies on the prevalence of SV among refugees and asylum seekers of any country, sex or age, whether in English, French, Spanish and Portuguese, were eligible. RESULTS: Of the 2,906 titles found, 60 articles were selected. The reported prevalence of SV was largely variable (0% to 99.8%). Reports of SV were collected in all continents, with 42% of the articles mentioning it in refugees from Africa (prevalence from 1.3% to 100%). The rape was the most reported SV in 65% of the studies (prevalence from 0% to 90.9%). The main victims were women in 89% of the studies, all the way, especially when still in the countries of origin. The SV was perpetrated particularly by intimate partners, but also by agents of supposed protection. Few studies have reported SV in men and children; the prevalence reached up to 39.3% and 90.9%, respectively. Approximately one-third of the studies (32%) were carried out in refugee camps and more than half (52%) in health services using mental health assessment tools. No study has addressed the most recent migratory crisis. Meta-analysis was not performed due to the methodological heterogeneity of the studies. CONCLUSIONS: SV is a prevalent problem affecting refugees of both sexes, of all ages, throughout the migratory journey, particularly those from Africa. Protection measures are urgently needed, and further studies, with more appropriate tools, may better measure the current magnitude of the problem.
Predictive model of unfavorable outcomes for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
Authors: Arroyo Luiz Henrique , Ramos Antônio Carlos Vieira , Yamamura Mellina , Berra Thais Zamboni , Alves Luana Seles , Belchior Aylana De Souza , Santos Danielle Talita , Alves Josilene Dália , Campoy Laura Terenciani , Arcoverde Marcos Augusto Moraes , Bollela Valdes Roberto , Bombarda Sidney , Nunes Carla , Arcêncioio Ricardo Alexandre
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the temporal trend, identify the factors related and elaborate a predictive model for unfavorable treatment outcomes for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). METHODS: Retrospective cohort study with all cases diagnosed with MDR-TB between the years 2006 and 2015 in the state of São Paulo. The data were collected from the state system of TB cases notifications (TB-WEB). The temporal trend analyzes of treatment outcomes was performed through the Prais-Winsten analysis. In order to verify the factors related to the unfavorable outcomes, abandonment, death with basic cause TB and treatment failure, the binary logistic regression was used. Pictorial representations of the factors related to treatment outcome and their prognostic capacity through the nomogram were elaborated. RESULTS: Both abandonment and death have a constant temporal tendency, whereas the failure showed it as decreasing. Regarding the risk factors for such outcomes, using illicit drugs doubled the odds for abandonment and death. Besides that, being diagnosed in emergency units or during hospitalizations was a risk factor for death. On the contrary, having previous multidrug-resistant treatments reduced the odds for the analyzed outcomes by 33%. The nomogram presented a predictive model with 65% accuracy for dropouts, 70% for deaths and 80% for failure. CONCLUSIONS: The modification of the current model of care is an essential factor for the prevention of unfavorable outcomes. Through predictive models, as presented in this study, it is possible to develop patient-centered actions, considering their risk factors and increasing the chances for cure.
HIV-AIDS prevention in the conception of HIV-positive young people
Authors: Taquette Stella Regina , Souza Luciana Maria Borges da Matta
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the conception of seropositive young people on how to prevent HIV infection. METHODS: This is a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with HIV-positive young people whose diagnosis was made in adolescence 5 years ago or less. We followed a semi-structured script containing sociodemographic data and an open question on HIV/AIDS prevention. The interviews were recorded and fully transcribed, then analyzed with the support of the webQDA software. We used the categories that compose the concept of vulnerability as a theoretical basis for data analysis. RESULTS: We interviewed 39 young people, 23 girls and 16 boys. Some perceive the prevention of HIV infection only as an individual issue, summarizing it to the use of condoms and self-care. Most of the interlocutors point out educational strategies as the most relevant for prevention but used in a permanent and non-punctual way. In schools, they believe it is necessary to include younger students and their family. Guidelines should be given by people who can use the language of young people and preferably by HIV-positive people, to show the reality of those who have AIDS. In the programmatic field, they suggest intensifying campaigns in the media, distributing condoms in large scale, producing vaccines and medicines that cure. No one mentioned the female condom, the rapid test, nor the availability of sexual and reproductive health care. CONCLUSIONS: The qualification and expansion of communication strategies on sexuality in schools is urgent and essential in HIV and AIDS prevention in adolescence, contrary to the current trend of restricting the discussion of these topics in education policies.
Factors associated with prenatal care and HIV and syphilis testing during pregnancy in primary health care
Authors: Freitas Cláudia Helena Soares de Morais , Forte Franklin Delano Soares , Roncalli Angelo Giuseppe , Galvão Maria Helena Rodrigues , Coelho Ardigleusa Alves , Dias Sonia Maria Ferreira
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the factors associated with HIV and syphilis testing during pregnancy in Brazil. METHODS: This was an ecological study covering all Brazilian municipalities evaluated by the second cycle of the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care, 2013-2014. The dependent variables were based on prenatal care access: prenatal care appointments, and HIV and syphilis tests during prenatal care. The independent variables were compared with demographic and social characteristics. Bivariate analysis was performed assessing the three outcomes with the independent variables. Variables with significant associations in this bivariate analysis were fit in a Poisson multiple regression analysis with robust variance to obtain adjusted estimates. RESULTS: Poisson regression analysis showed a statistically significant association with the variables “less than eight years of study” [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.31; 95%CI 1.19–1.45; p < 0.001] and “participants of the cash transfer program” (PR = 0.80; 95%CI 0.72–0.88; p < 0.001) for the outcome of “having less than six prenatal care appointments” and individual variables. A statistically significant association was found for “participants of the cash transfer program” (PR = 1.43; 95%CI 1.19–1.72; p < 0.001) regarding the outcome from the comparison between HIV testing absence during prenatal care and demographic and social characteristics. The absence of syphilis testing during prenatal care, and demographic and social characteristics presented a statistically significant association for the education level variable “less than eight years of study” (PR =1.75; 95%CI 1.56–1.96; p < 0.001) and “participants of the cash transfer program” (PR = 1.21, 95%CI 1.07–1.36; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The individual factors were associated with prenatal care appointments and HIV and syphilis tests in Brazilian pregnant women. They show missed opportunities for diagnosing HIV and syphilis infection during prenatal care and indicate weaknesses in the quality of maternal health care services to eliminate mother-to-child transmission.
Characterization of women with cervical cancer assisted at Inca by histological type
Authors: Rozario Suelem Do , Silva Iléia Ferreira da , Koifman Rosalina Jorge , Ilva Ilce Ferreira da
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution of sociodemographic, reproductive, clinical and lifestyle habits in the cohort of women diagnosed with cervical cancer, assisted at Inca between 2012 and 2014, according to the histological type. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of a hospital cohort of 1,004 women diagnosed with cervical cancer. Data were obtained from the Inca hospital cancer registry, physical and electronic records. RESULTS: The most frequent histological type was squamous cell carcinoma (83.9%). Approximately 70% of the women aged more than 40 years. The study includes non-white women (67.4%), with less than 8 years of education (51.9%), with onset of sexual activity up to 16 years of age (40.7%), who were pregnant before (95.5%), with more than one pregnancy (82.9%), and more than two children (52.7%); 45.8% of the women were smokers or former smokers. Cervical adenocarcinoma was positively associated with earlier staging (IA-IIA) (OR = 1.79; 95%CI 1.03–3.13), as well as women with ≥ 12 years of education (OR = 6.30; 95%CI 1.97–20,13), who had no children (OR = 3.81; 95%CI 1.20 – 12,08) or who had up to two children (OR = 1.74; 95%CI 1.05 – 2,87). CONCLUSIONS: The difference between histological types is highlighted, suggesting that women with cervical adenocarcinoma may represent a distinct clinical entity of cervical neoplasia, which may require different approaches from those used in squamous cell carcinoma.
Brazilian generics market change after Farmácia Popular program
Authors: Bertoldi Andréa Dâmaso , Chaves Luisa Arueira , Ross-Degnan Dennis , Luiza Vera Lucia , Emmerick Isabel Cristina Martins , Silva Rondineli Mendes da , Campos Mônica Rodrigues
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate trends in the use of generic and non-generic medicines to treat hypertension and diabetes under the Farmácia Popular Program (FP) and its impact on generic medicines sales volume and market share in the Brazilian pharmaceutical market. METHODS: This longitudinal, retrospective study used interrupted time series design to analyze changes in monthly sales volume and proportion of medicines sales (market share) for oral antidiabetic and antihypertensive medicines for generic versus non-generic products. Analyses were conducted in a combined dataset that aggregate monthly sales volumes from the Farmácia Popular program and from the QuintilesIMS™ (IQVIA) national market sales data from January 2007 to December 2012. The Farmácia Popular program phases analyzed included: a) 2009 reductions in medicines reference prices (AFP-II) and b) 2011 implementation of free medicines program for hypertension and diabetes, the Saúde não tem preço (SNTP – Health has no price). RESULTS: Patterns of use for FP-covered antidiabetic and antihypertensive medicines were similar to their use in the market in general. After one year of the decreases in government subsidies in April 2010, market share of antidiabetic and antihypertensive medicines experienced relative declines of -54.5% and -59.9%, respectively. However, when FP-covered medicines were made free to patients, overall market volume for antidiabetic and antihypertensive generics increased dramatically, with 242.6% and 277.0% relative increases by February 2012, as well as non-generics with relative increase of 209.7% and 279% for antidiabetic and antihypertensive medicines, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Ministry of Health policies on the amount of patient cost sharing and on the choice of medicines on coverage lists have substantial impacts on overall generic sales volume in retail pharmacies.
Vectors of arboviruses in the state of São Paulo: 30 years of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus
Authors: Fonseca Júnior Dalton Pereira da , Serpa Lígia Leandro Nunes , Barbosa Gerson Laurindo , Pereira Mariza , Holcmam Marcia Moreira , Voltolini Júlio Cesar , Marques Gisela Rita Alvarenga Monteiro
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVE: To describe the infestation of the municipalities of São Paulo by the vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, characterize seasonality and analyze average temperatures and larval densities. METHODS: We used maps with information on the infestation of municipalities between 1986 and 2015. The analysis of larval density of the species by the Wilcoxon test used the Breteau index values for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus obtained from the Superintendency for Endemic Diseases Control database. In the seasonal description, arithmetic means of each vector were calculated by month and year. Mean temperature analyses were presented on maps with color gradients. RESULTS: The state of São Paulo is currently almost totally infested, with co-occurrence of species in 93.64% of the municipalities. The seasonality analysis showed the first quarter as the most favorable period for larval abundance. The increase of mean temperatures in geographical areas coincided with the temporal trajectory of Ae. aegypti territorial expansion. The mean larval density found was higher for Ae. aegypti than for Ae. albopictus (p = 0.00). CONCLUSIONS: Initially, these Culicidae occupied distinct and opposing areas. Over time, however, co-occurrence showed how great their capacity for adaptation is, even in the face of different social and urban conjunctures. The increase of the mean temperature contributed to Ae. Aegypti’s geographic expansion, as well as to the clearly seasonal profile of both species. In general, larval infestation by Ae. aegypti prevailed, which evidenced its competitive superiority. These data provide a better understanding of the dynamics of arboviral transmission in the state of São Paulo and can be used in vector surveillance and control.
User satisfaction in the spanish health system: trend analysis
Authors: Pérez-Cantó Víctor , Maciá-Soler Loreto , González-Chordá Víctor M
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the trend of opinion and satisfaction indicators of the Spanish national health system from 2005 to 2017 METHODS: Ecological study of time series analyzing the trend of eight indicators of opinion and satisfaction on the Spanish national health system and its autonomous communities from 2005 to 2017. The data was obtained from the Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality and from the Health Barometer. The Prais-Winsten regression method was used. RESULTS: A static tendency was observed in the perception of users on how the health system works (APC = 1.898, 95%CI -0.954 – 4.751) and decreasing opinion on the improvement of primary care (APC = -0.283; 95%CI -0.335 – -0.121), specialized (APC = -0.241, 95%CI -0.74 – -0.109) and hospitalization (APC = -0.171, 95%CI -0.307 – -0.036). Satisfaction with knowledge and follow-up by the family doctor and pediatrician showed an increasing trend (APC = 7.939, 95%CI 3.965 – 11.914). Satisfaction with medical and nursing professionals was static. No large differences were observed in the trends of the indicators studied in the autonomous communities. CONCLUSIONS: A negative trend was observed in the opinion of the Spanish national health system users. Financing, human resources, quality management systems and differences in the autonomous communities may be some of the causes.
Incremental Value of Computed Tomography Perfusion for Final Infarct Prediction in Acute Ischemic Cerebellar Stroke
Authors: Fabritius Matthias P. , Reidler Paul , Froelich Matthias F. , Rotkopf Lukas T. , Liebig Thomas , Kellert Lars , Feil Katharina , Tiedt Steffen , Kazmierczak Philipp M. , Thierfelder Kolja M. , Puhr‐Westerheide Daniel , Kunz Wolfgang G.
Published: October 2019

Background

The diagnosis of ischemic cerebellar stroke is challenging because of nonspecific symptoms and very limited accuracy of commonly applied computed tomography (
CT
) imaging. Advances in
CT
perfusion imaging provide increasing value in the detection of posterior circulation stroke, but the prognostic value remains unclear. We aimed to identify imaging parameters that predict morphologic outcome in cerebellar stroke patients using advanced
CT
including whole‐brain
CT
perfusion (
WB
‐
CTP
).

Methods and Results

We selected all subjects with cerebellar
WB
‐
CTP
perfusion deficits and follow‐up‐confirmed cerebellar infarction from a consecutive cohort with suspected stroke who underwent
WB
‐
CTP
. Posterior‐circulation‐Acute‐Stroke‐Prognosis‐Early‐
CT
‐Score (pc‐
ASPECTS
) was determined on noncontrast
CT
,
CT
angiography source images, and on parametric
WB
‐
CTP
maps. Cerebellar perfusion deficit volumes on all maps and the final infarction volume on follow‐up imaging were quantified. Uni‐ and multivariate regression analyses were performed. Sixty patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. pc‐
ASPECTS
on
CT
angiography source images (ß, −9.239; 95%
CI
, −14.220 to −4.259;
P
<0.001) and cerebral blood flow deficit volume (ß, 0.886; 95%
CI
, 0.684 to 1.089;
P
<0.001) were significantly associated with final infarction volume in univariate linear regression analysis. The association of cerebral blood flow deficit volume (ß, 0.830; 95%
CI
, 0.605–1.055;
P
<0.001) was confirmed in a multivariate linear regression model adjusted for age, sex, pc‐
ASPECTS
on noncontrast
CT
, and
CT
angiography source images and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score on admission. No other clinical or imaging parameters were associated with cerebellar stroke final infarction volume (
P
>0.05).

Conclusions

In contrast to noncontrast
CT
and CT angiography,
WB
‐
CTP
imaging contains prognostic information for morphologic outcome in patients with acute cerebellar stroke.
Chest Pain Center Accreditation Is Associated With Improved In‐Hospital Outcomes of Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients in China: Findings From the CCC‐ACS Project
Authors: Fan Fangfang , Li Yuxi , Zhang Yan , Li Jianping , Liu Jing , Hao Yongchen , Smith Sidney C. , Fonarow Gregg C. , Taubert Kathryn A. , Ge Junbo , Zhao Dong , Huo Yong ,   on behalf of the CCC‐ACS Investigators
Published: October 2019

Background

Chest pain center (
CPC
) accreditation plays an important role in the management of acute myocardial infarction (
AMI
). However, no evidence shows whether the outcomes of
AMI
patients are improved with
CPC
accreditation in China.

Methods and Results

This retrospective analysis is based on a predesigned nationwide registry,
CCC
‐ACS (Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China‐Acute Coronary Syndrome). The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (
MACE
), including all‐cause death, reinfarction, stent thrombosis, stroke, and heart failure. A total of 15 344
AMI
patients, from 40
CPC
‐accredited hospitals, were enrolled, including 7544 admitted before and 7800 after accreditation. In propensity score matching, 6700 patients in each group were matched. The incidence of 7‐day
MACE
(6.7% versus 8.0%;
P
=0.003) and all‐cause death (1.1% versus 1.6%;
P
=0.021) was lower after accreditation. In multivariate adjusted mixed‐effects Cox proportional hazards models,
CPC
accreditation was associated with significantly decreased risk of
MACE
(
hazard ratio:
0.78; 95%
CI,
0.68–0.91) and all‐cause death (
hazard ratio:
0.71; 95%
CI,
0.51–0.99). The risk of
MACE
and all‐cause death both followed a reverse J‐shaped trend: the risk of
MACE
and all‐cause death decreased gradually after achieving
CPC
accreditation, with minimal risk occurring in the first year, but increased in the second year and after.

Conclusions

Based on a large‐scale national registry data set,
CPC
accreditation was associated with better in‐hospital outcomes for
AMI
patients. However, the benefits seemed to attenuate over time, and reaccreditation may be essential for maintaining
AMI
care quality and outcomes.
Trajectories of Lipids Profile and Incident Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Authors: Dayimu Alimu , Wang Chunxia , Li Jiangbing , Fan Bingbing , Ji Xiaokang , Zhang Tao , Xue Fuzhong
Published: October 2019

Background

The association between low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides with cardiovascular disease (
CVD
) has been well studied. No previous studies considered trajectory of these lipids jointly. This study aims to characterize longitudinal trajectories of lipid profile jointly and examine its impact on incident
CVD
.

Methods and Results

A total of 9726 participants (6102 men), aged from 20 to 58 years who had lipids repeatedly measured 3 to 9 times, were included in the study. Three distinct trajectories were identified using the multivariate latent class growth mixture model: inverse U‐shape (18.72%; n=1821), progressing (66.03%; n=6422), and U‐shape (15.25%; n=1483). Compared with the U‐shape class, the adjusted hazard ratio and 95%
CI
were 1.33 (1.05–1.68) and 1.49 (1.14–1.95) for the progressing and inverse U‐shape class, respectively. The area under the curve was calculated using the integral of the model parameters. In the adjusted model, total and incremental area under the curve of lipid profile were significantly associated with
CVD
risk. Furthermore, the model‐estimated levels and linear slopes of lipids were calculated at each age point according to the latent class growth mixture model model parameters and their first derivatives, respectively. After adjusting for covariates, standardized odds ratio of slope increases gradually from 1.11 (1.02, 1.21) to 1.21 (1.12, 1.31) at 20 to 40 years and then decreased to 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) until 60 years.

Conclusions

These results indicate that the lipids profile trajectory has a significant impact on
CVD
risk. Age between 20 and 42 years is a crucial period for incident
CVD
, which has implications for early lipids intervention.
Cretan µωλεῖν ‘Contend, Bring an Action to Court’
Authors: Macedo José Marcos , Kölligan Daniel
Published: October 2019

It is argued that Cretan µωλεῖν ‘contend, bring an action to court’ may be derived from PIE *melh3- ‘to go, walk’, attested also in Gk. prs. βλώσκω, aor. ἔµολον, reflecting the frequent usage of motion verbs in legal contexts meaning ‘file a lawsuit’. The derivational basis of µωλέω may have been a thematized root noun *mṓlh3-s ‘going (to court)’ or a vr̥ddhi-formation based on *µολός ‘going’.
Economic Perspective on the Value of Cats and Dogs
Authors: Hoffmann Ruben , Lagerkvist Carl-Johan , Gustavsson Malin Hagberg , Holst Bodil Ström
Published: October 2019

Although various benefits of cats and dogs have been extensively studied, their fundamental economic value is poorly understood. Economic values are, in contrast to monetary values, determined subjectively and guide individuals in their decisions. This study presents a conceptual economic model of the value of cats and dogs which provides a basis for future research. Benefits of cats and dogs identified in the literature are categorized in relation to the model. The multidimensional value of these nonhuman animals includes different use and non-use values, for caretakers and other humans. Data from an online survey on the salience (importance of attributes in memory) of cats and dogs in Sweden provide support for the proposed model. It is argued that the subjective well-being approach developed in psychology provides a good starting point for estimating many of the economic values of these animals, but that different types of values may require different approaches.
Already too late? Massive trade in Indian star tortoises (Geochelone elegans) might have wiped out its phylogeographic differentiation
Authors: Vamberger Melita , Spitzweg Cäcilia , de Silva Anslem , Masroor Rafaqat , Praschag Peter , Fritz Uwe
Published: October 2019

Geochelone elegans is one of the most heavily traded tortoise species of the world, and confiscated tortoises are frequently released into the wild, without knowledge about their origin. Using for the first time samples from Pakistan and Sri Lanka, we examined phylogeographic differentiation of G. elegans using 2289 bp of mitochondrial DNA. We found weak intraspecific differentiation without a clear geographic pattern. We suggest that natural phylogeographic differentiation may have been already destroyed by massive releases of confiscated non-native tortoises. The presence of two distinct clades on Sri Lanka, however, could also be the result of a natural range expansion of a mainland lineage into the distribution range of a lineage endemic to Sri Lanka during Pleistocene low sea level stands. We propose that a systematic screening of the genetic differentiation of wild G. elegans should be conducted across its entire distribution range to provide a sound basis for the relocation of confiscated tortoises.
The Naked Intent: On Connecting Asceticism and Activism
Authors: Hagman Patrik , Mendelin Liisa
Published: October 2019

This article explores the connections between political activism and Christian asceticism. It does so through a discussion with recent political theologies and historical research into (early) Christian asceticism. Two present-day cases, the Occupy Wall Street movement and the Buy Nothing Year, are used to demonstrate similarities and potential for fruitful engagement between the two traditions. It is suggested that asceticism needs to be understood in a fuller range, incorporating introspective, imaginative and institutional aspects in order to make visible the potential for a dialogue between the Christian ascetic tradition and present-day political activism. The article thus contributes to the discussion concerning asceticism in the Christian tradition, developing public theology as a bodily practice and to a theological understanding of political activism.
Amos and ‘Ghana in the Eyes of God’: a Public Theological Response to Bribery and Corruption
Authors: Amissah Patrick Kofi
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this article is to draw upon the condemnation of bribery, corruption and miscarriage of justice to be found in the book of Amos for the sake of a public theology. The occasion for such is a bribery scandal that hit the Ghanaian judiciary. An investigative journalist presented evidence to substantiate the hitherto unsubstantiated perception that some judges in Ghana take bribes to skew judgement. The scandal is deepened through many of the judges being Christian. They attracted widespread criticism from religious leaders, both Christian and others, as well as from the wider society. The public sphere of a fair and independent judiciary was thus compromised. The argument draws upon an assessment of Amos 5:7; 10, 12 and 6:12. These texts are examined in the light of this judicial bribery and corruption scandal and thus provide an example of how the Bible can play a part in a public theology and nurture of social justice.
From ‘Secular’ to ‘Post-Secular’ and ‘Pluralist’: Some Christian Approaches
Authors: McDougall Derek
Published: October 2019

The key task for Christian public theology is to determine the most effective way in which theological insights can contribute to the public good within any given polity and beyond. In the past the assumption has been that this task is undertaken in a secular political environment. After examining different ways in which such an environment might be understood, this article examines the approaches of Stanley Hauerwas, Rowan Williams and Oliver O’Donovan to Christian political engagement. These approaches are characterized as separatist, pluralist and sympathetic to Christendom. Subsequently there is a shift in focus to consider how relevant these approaches are to the emerging post-secular and pluralist environment in the western world. While there is a range of approaches as to how to pursue the public good in this context, I argue that Hauerwas, Williams and O’Donovan remain relevant, contributing to the task of public theology in various ways.
Living Out Being a Public Church in Selma, Alabama
Authors: Lee Samuel
Published: October 2019

Contemporary missions, regardless of the sending country, often include socio-economic dimensions. One application of the socio-economic aspect is Entrepreneurial Church Planting which uses business entrepreneurs and clergy members to launch spiritually and economically integrated communities of faith. In a world that measures success economically, how should be success being measured in such endeavours? For too long in the history of the Christian faith, financial stewardship or the number of conversions has sufficed. Increased economic pressures have led to the need not only to be governed by the quantifiable elements of reconciliation or financial flourishing, but also to evaluate outcomes of transformation—and thus to be accountable. This article explores these issues through a case study of the Blue Jean Church in partnership with Arsenal Place Accelerator and the Children’s Policy Council in Selma, Alabama. It represents a form of a congregationally-based practical public theology.
The Legal Struggle of Gujarat Muslims to Access Pre-Matric Scholarships
Authors: Nainar Vahida
Published: October 2019

Social and economic backwardness of Muslims in India in various fields, such as employment, education, housing and access to infrastructure, is well-documented, particularly in the Sachar Committee Report. Despite the constitutional promise of equality and non-discrimination, discrimination in various forms is the lived reality of Indian Muslims. Growing anti-Muslim prejudice in society and in the institutions of the State is responsible for Muslims’ inability to realise their rights to equality and non-discrimination. Often there is a legal struggle to enforce constitutionally guaranteed rights and access benefits in welfare schemes. This article discusses the legal struggle to access the pre-matric scholarship under the Prime Minister’s 15 Point Programme when the State of Gujarat refused to implement the scheme.
Hobbes on the Signification of Evaluative Language
Authors: Duncan Stewart
Published: October 2019

Hobbes, in both the Elements of Law and Leviathan, argues that a wide variety of terms – including ‘good’, ‘bad’, and the names of virtues and vices – have a double and inconstant signification. This paper explores and explains that theory of Hobbes’s. (Two other interpretations are discussed: Pettit’s discussion in terms of indexicals, and Alexandra’s in terms of sense and reference.) This inconstancy of signification has considerable potential to cause confusion and conflict. Given those practical consequences, it is of some importance for Hobbes to find a solution to this problem. The paper examines several possible Hobbesian solutions to the problem. There is reason to think that these suggested solutions cannot completely solve the problem. Hobbes appears to believe that an appropriately powerful sovereign can resolve such problems when necessary, but this is a practical solution that relies on sovereign power, and the difficulty is never in principle resolved.
Hobbes, the “Natural Seeds” of Religion and French Libertine Discourse
Authors: Paganini Gianni
Published: October 2019

Hobbes surely spent the ten years (1641–1651) of greatest significance for his philosophical career on the Continent, in France, above all, in Paris. It was during this period that he published De cive; wrote the De motu, loco et tempore; produced a draft of the entire Leviathan as well as most of De corpore. His complicated relationship with Descartes has been studied closely, and Mersenne’s role has become clearer. There remains however the task of more carefully delineating the contours of Hobbes’s relations with the circles of “learned libertinism.” The Libertinism which will be dealt with here was not only French, instead of English, but also “theoretical” and “intellectual” rather than practical, and nothing at all sexual, contrary to the common usage of that word in the current language. French Libertinism was a philosophical trend aimed at promoting a non-conformist approach to religion, history, morals, and even politics.
Hobbes’s Reply to the Fool and the Prudence of Self-Binding
Authors: Lovett Frank
Published: October 2019

Few passages in Hobbes’s writings have generated as much critical interest as the notorious reply to the fool – one who believes it is reasonable to renege on our promises whenever it is advantageous for us to do so. In his reply, Hobbes appears to argue that it is never reasonable to renege on our promises because doing so is never in our prudential interest. The problem is not only that this reply seems wrong, but further that it seems inconsistent with Hobbes’s own philosophical commitments. This research note argues that the reply makes sense if we are willing to read it as an incompletely worked-out claim about the prudence of sometimes preventing oneself from being fully prudent in the future.
The ‘Responsibility to Prosecute’ Core International Crimes? The Case of German Universal Jurisdiction and the Syrian Government
Authors: Rankin Melinda
Published: October 2019

Arguably, more than any other state or interstate actor, German federal authorities, including the German Federal Public Prosecutor General (Generalbundesanwalt,
gba) and German Federal Criminal Police Office (Bundeskriminalamt), have been at the forefront of issuing arrest warrants for senior members of the Syrian government suspected of atrocity crimes in the wake of the Arab Spring. This includes German federal authorities making the first arrest of a senior member of the Syrian government in February 2019 for crimes against humanity. This article argues that in relation to core international crimes, Germany’s concept of law reflects one based on a ‘standard’ and international rule of law. Moreover, German federal authorities have demonstrated a willingness to use international humanitarian and criminal law (ichl) in relation to those most responsible for core international crimes. In this way, Germany’s current investigations into alleged crimes against humanity in Syria since 2011 provides for an illuminating case for extending universal jurisdiction, as well as the ‘responsibility to prosecute’ as a legal obligation. It also indicates how a multiplicity of actors – including state and non-state actors – can extend the reach of international criminal law, when the International Criminal Court (icc) cannot act.
Global Justice and National Interests: How R2P Reconciles the Two Agendas on Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Thakur Ramesh
Published: October 2019

R2P is the international community’s organising principle for responding to mass atrocity crimes. It reflected and contributed to the shift from power towards norms as the pivot on which history turns. The old, discredited and discarded ‘humanitarian intervention’ represents the national interest and power end of the intervention spectrum. R2P is an effort to insert the global justice and normative end and has much better prospects of a convergence of legality and legitimacy in the use of force. It will be easier to prevent unilateral use of force by great powers if their interventionist instincts are moderated by the discipline of multilateral norms. R2P has a secure future because it is demand-driven. On the realism side of the ledger, many leaders rule on the basis of brute force and occasionally will commit atrocities. On the normative side, the better angels of most people in many countries will demand effective and timely action by governments and the UN to halt the atrocities and punish the perpetrators. R2P is the answer to the challenge of global justice being done and being seen to be done, both by states as the primary units of the global order but also by peoples in whom sovereignty ultimately resides. And it does so by reconciling several inherent tensions between competing interests, competing values, and competing interests and values: between the UN Security Council and the General Assembly; between human and national security; between states and the international community; between institutionalised indifference and unilateral intervention; and between the global North and South.
Shaping identities in interaction by cognitive meanings
Authors: Serrano María José
Published: October 2019

This is not an address forms research. The purpose of this paper is to study the variation of the Spanish singular and plural second-person object usted (es) (SPU object) by means of the cognitive properties of salience and informativeness. Each variant of the second-person object constitutes a meaningful possibility used by speakers to define their particular position in relation to the communicative situation where they participate, tightly connected to their communicative purposes during interaction. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of SPU object variation in a corpus of Contemporary Spanish (Corpus Interaccional del Español) show that variants are unevenly distributed across textual genres and socioprofessional affiliations of speakers and contribute to shape communicative styles based on the continuum of objectivity-subjectivity.
Leadership, credibility and persuasion
Authors: Lehman Iga , Sułkowski Łukasz , Cap Piotr
Published: October 2019

This short paper makes a tentative attempt to capture the most salient of persuasion strategies engaged in the construction of leadership in three different yet apparently interrelated domains of public life and public policy, political communication, management/business discourse, and academic communication. It explores the cognitive underpinnings, as well as linguistic realizations, of such concepts/phenomena/mechanisms as consistency-building, source-tagging, forced conceptualizations by metaphor, and discursive neutralization of the cheater detection module in the discourse addressee. A preliminary conclusion from the analysis of these mechanisms is that the three discourses under investigation reveal striking conceptual similarities with regard to the main strategies of credibility-building and enactment of leadership. At the same time, they reveal differences at the linguistic level, i.e. regarding the types of lexical choices applied to realize a given strategy.
The No-conflict Fiduciary Rule and the Rule against Bias in Judicial Review
Authors: Valsan Remus
Published: October 2019

This article explores the parallels between the fiduciary rule against conflicts of interest and the rule against bias in judicial review, with a view to providing novel normative insights into the purpose of the fiduciary rule. It argues that, analogous to the main purpose of the rule against bias, the fiduciary no-conflict rule aims to insulate the exercise of discretion from self-interest or other irrelevant considerations that may affect, directly or indirectly, the reliability and trustworthiness of the fiduciary’s decision-making process.
Human Rights Class Action against Corporations in Nigeria
Authors: Anele Kalu Kingsley
Published: October 2019

Though Nigeria is inundated with human rights abuses, there is no procedure that could effectively accommodate a large number of victims in one litigation beside class action. Class litigation is limited in scope in Nigeria; hence, it cannot be applied in human rights cases. This has culminated in a culture of impunity by corporations in the country. This paper uses the class action legal regime in the United States to argue that the statutory introduction of a general class litigation regime will adequately address human rights violations in Nigeria. The author submits that beyond the legislative introduction of a general class action legal framework in Nigeria; judges should exercise their wide discretion as envisaged by the Nigerian constitution in civil matters to adjudicate human rights class litigations. Also, there is need to enlighten Nigerians of their human rights and an efficient procedure to address their violations: class action procedure.
The Territory of my Body: Testosterone Prevents Limb Cooling in the Rubber Hand Illusion
Authors: van der Westhuizen Donné , Page Teneille , Solms Mark , van Honk Jack
Published: October 2019

The Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI) is an experimental paradigm for assessing changes in body ownership. Recent findings in the field suggest that social emotions can influence such changes and that empathic motivation in particular appears to positively predict the malleability of body representations. Since the steroid hormone, testosterone, is well known to interrupt certain forms of empathic processing, in the current study we investigated whether 0.5 mg of testosterone affected ownership indices of the RHI. Forty-nine females participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment in which the RHI was induced. Compared to placebo, testosterone had no effects on the alteration of subjective ownership over the rubber limb or on subjective sense of proprioceptive drift. However, unlike the placebo group, testosterone-treated participants did not display an objective decline in the temperature of their own (hidden) hand following induction of the illusion. These findings suggest that testosterone strengthens implicit but not explicit bodily self-representations. We propose that effective maintenance of implicit body boundaries can be regarded, conceptually, as a primary defensive state facilitating integrity of the self.