bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial resistance from a One Health perspective in Zambia: a systematic review
Authors: Nowbuth Avis A. , Asombang Akwi W. , Tazinkeng Nkengeh N. , Makinde Opeoluwa Y. , Sheets Lincoln R.
Published: March 2023

Background

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widely acknowledged as a global health problem, yet its extent is not well evaluated, especially in low-middle income countries. It is challenging to promote policies without focusing on healthcare systems at a local level, therefore a baseline assessment of the AMR occurrence is a priority. This study aimed to look at published papers relating to the availability of AMR data in Zambia as a means of establishing an overview of the situation, to help inform future decisions.

Methods

PubMed, Cochrane Libraries, Medical Journal of Zambia and African Journals Online databases were searched from inception to April 2021 for articles published in English in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Retrieval and screening of article was done using a structured search protocol with strict inclusion/exclusion criteria.

Results

A total of 716 articles were retrieved, of which 25 articles met inclusion criteria for final analysis. AMR data was not available for six of the ten provinces of Zambia. Twenty-one different isolates from the human health, animal health and environmental health sectors were tested against 36 antimicrobial agents, across 13 classes of antibiotics. All the studies showed a degree of resistance to more than one class of antimicrobials. Majority of the studies focused on antibiotics, with only three studies (12%) highlighting antiretroviral resistance. Antitubercular drugs were addressed in only five studies (20%). No studies focused on antifungals. The most common organisms tested, across all three sectors, wereStaphylococcus aureus, with a diverse range of resistance patterns found; followed byEscherichia coliwith a high resistance rate found to cephalosporins (24–100%) and fluoroquinolones (20–100%).

Conclusions

This review highlights three important findings. Firstly, AMR is understudied in Zambia. Secondly, the level of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics is significant across the human, animal, and environmental sectors. Thirdly, this review suggests that improved standardization of antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Zambia could help to better delineate AMR patterns, allow comparisons across different locations and tracking of AMR evolution over time.
Farmer and market vendor perceptions of COVID-19 impacts on horticultural fresh food systems in Tonga, Fiji, and Samoa
Authors: Underhill Steven J. R. , Patolo Soane , Molimau-Samasoni Seeseei , Kumar Salesh , Burkhart Sarah
Published: March 2023

Background

When the global COVID-19 pandemic and state of emergency was declared in early 2020, South Pacific Island nations rapidly closed their borders resulting in significant socio-economic upheaval. With the South Pacific region highly vulnerable to external shocks, there was concern amongst Pacific governments and international donors as to the implications of COVID-19 restrictions on the local food system.

Methods

Horticultural farmers and market vendors (n = 825) were surveyed in Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa, using local enumerators, over a five-month period (July to November 2020), which represented the initial phase of COVID-19 restrictions in the region. Data were disaggregated based on location, farmer and vendor impacts, and postharvest loss.

Results

Farmers in Fiji (86%) were more likely to experience difficulties in selling their crops during the initial stages of COVID-19 restrictions, compared to farmers on the smaller Pacific Island nations of Tonga (10%) or Samoa (53%). While market vendors in Fiji (73.2%) and Tonga (56.8%) were similarly impacted, few vendors (22%) in Samoa were affected. Farmers and market vendors on the islands of Viti Levu (Fiji) and Upolu (Samoa), specifically those supplying or located in the key urban centres were more likely to experience elevated postharvest loss. Elevated postharvest loss due to COVID-19 was more prevalent amongst municipal market vendors, peri-urban farms and vendors sourcing from larger commercial farms. Road-side vendors and vendors in the rural areas were less likely to incur elevated loss.

Conclusions

While fresh horticultural food systems in Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa were all adversely effected by COVID-19 restrictions, these impacts were more acute in Fiji. Given value chains associated with main urban centres were more likely to incur elevated postharvest loss, this would imply consumers were avoiding town centres and alternatively sourcing fresh fruit and vegetable from rural road-side vendors. Pacific road-side vendors appear to have provided an important fresh food distribution capacity during local COVID-19 travel restrictions.
Pharmacokinetics and safety of two Voriconazole formulations after intravenous infusion in two doses in healthy Chinese subjects
Authors: Li Xin , Wang Chenjing , Shi Ping , Liu Yanping , Tao Ye , Lin Pingping , Li Ting , Hu Haixun , Sun Feifei , Liu Shuqin , Fu Yao , Cao Yu
Published: March 2023

Background

Voriconazole is a second-generation triazole that is used to prevent and treat invasive fungal infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic equivalency of a test formulation and reference formulation (Vfend®) of Voriconazole.

Materials and methods

This was a randomized, open-label, single-dose, two-treatment, two-sequence, two-cycle, crossover phase I trial. The 48 subjects were equally divided into 4 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg groups. Within each group, the subjects were randomized 1:1 to the test or reference formulation.. After a 7-day washout period, crossover formulations were administered. The blood samples were collected at 0.5, 1.0, 1.33,1.42,1.5, 1.75, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12.0, 24.0, 36.0, 48.0 h later in the 4 mg/kg group, while at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0, 2.08, 2.17, 2.33, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12.0, 24.0, 36.0, 48.0 h later in the 6 mg/kg group. The plasma concentrations of Voriconazole were determined by Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The safety of the drug was evaluated.

Results

The 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the ratio of geometric means (GMRs) of Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ in both 4 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg groups were within the prespecified bioequivalence limits between 80 ~ 125%. In the 4 mg/kg groups, 24 subjects were enrolled and completed the study. The mean Cmax was (2.552 ± 0.448) μg/mL, AUC0-t was (11.875 ± 7.157) h*μg/mL and AUC0-∞ was (12.835 ± 9.813) h*μg/mL after a single dose of 4 mg/kg test formulation. The mean Cmax was (2.615 ± 0.464) μg/mL, AUC0-t was (12.500 ± 7.257) h*μg/mL and AUC0-∞ was (13.416 ± 9.485) h*μg/mL after a single dose of 4 mg/kg reference formulation. In the 6 mg/kg groups, 24 subjects were enrolled and completed the study. The mean Cmax was (3.538 ± 0.691) μg/mL, AUC0-t was (24.976 ± 12.364) h*μg/mL and AUC0-∞ was (26.212 ± 14.057) h*μg/mL after a single dose of 6 mg/kg test formulation. The mean Cmax was (3.504 ± 0.667) μg/mL AUC0-t was (24.990 ± 12.455) h*μg/mL and AUC0-∞ was (26.160 ± 13.996) h*μg/mL after a single dose of 6 mg/kg reference formulation. Serious adverse event (SAE) was not observed.

Conclusion

In both 4 mg/kg group and 6 mg/kg group, equivalent pharmacokinetic characteristics that satisfied the criteria of bioequivalence for both test and reference formulations of Voriconazole.

Trial registration

NCT05330000 (15/04/2022).
Radiocarbon dating of archaeological textiles at different states of preservation
Authors: Margariti Christina , Sava Gabriela , Sava Tiberiu , Boudin Mathieu , Nosch Marie-Louise
Published: March 2023

Archaeological textiles are suitable material for radiocarbon dating as they are mainly made of organic matter, such as plant and/or animal fibres. Radiocarbon dating provides objective age estimates of archaeological finds, based on measurements of the carbon-14 isotope present in the organic matter against an internationally used reference standard. However, the quantity and quality of carbon present in the organic matter of archaeological textiles can be affected either by the conditions under which the find was preserved (such as carbonisation, chemical change of organic matter to carbon, and mineralisation, which is the gradual replacement of organic matter by metal degradation products), or by the application of certain interventive methods of conservation (such as, consolidation and the application of organic adhesives that add foreign organic matter/carbon to the textile). Six case studies of archaeological textiles dated using the carbon-14 method are presented here. Two carbonised textile finds, two which were mineralised (one treated with adhesives in the past), and a final two which come from inhumation burials (similar to the textile previously treated with adhesives). This paper includes a discussion and review of the dating method, focusing on sample selection, sample preparation, and by evaluating the efficiency of the technique on textile finds at various states of preservation. This study shows that efficiency of the technique is highly dependable on the amount of carbon present in the finds, which does not seem to be affected by carbonisation, but is greatly affected by mineralisation and the incorporation of foreign organic matter, like synthetic consolidants.
Epidemiology of Football Injuries of the German Bundesliga: A Media-Based, Prospective Analysis over 7 Consecutive Seasons
Authors: aus der Fünten Karen , Tröß Tobias , Hadji Abed , Beaudouin Florian , Steendahl Ida Bo , Meyer Tim
Published: March 2023

Background

This study describes the implementation of a standardised, prospective injury database covering the entire 1st male German football league (“Bundesliga”) based on publicly available media data. For the first time, various media sources were used simultaneously as the external validity of media-generated data was low in the past compared to data obtained by way of the “gold standard”, i.e. by the teams’ medical staffs.

Methods

The study covers 7 consecutive seasons (2014/15–2020/21). The primary data source was the online version of the sport-specific journal “kicker Sportmagazin™” complemented by further publicly available media data. Injury data collection followed the Fuller consensus statement on football injury studies.

Results

During the 7 seasons, 6653 injuries occurred, thereof 3821 in training and 2832 in matches. The injury incidence rates (IRs) per 1000 football hours were 5.5 [95% CI 5.3–5.6], 25.9 [25.0–26.9] per 1000 match, and 3.4 [3.3–3.6] per 1000 training hours. Twenty-four per cent of the injuries (n = 1569, IR 1.3 [1.2–1.4]) affected the thigh, 15% (n = 1023, IR 0.8 [0.8–0.9]) the knee, and 13% (n = 856, IR 0.7 [0.7–0.8]) the ankle. Muscle/tendon injuries contributed 49% (n = 3288, IR 2.7 [2.6–2.8]), joint/ligament injuries 17% (n = 1152, IR 0.9 [0.9–1.0]), and contusions 13% (n = 855, IR 0.7 [0.7–0.8]). Compared to studies using injury reports from the clubs’ medical staff, media data revealed similar proportional distributions of the injuries, but the IRs tended towards the lower end. Obtaining specific locations or diagnosis especially with regard to minor injuries is difficult.

Conclusions

Media data are convenient for investigating the quantity of injuries of an entire league, for identifying injuries for further subanalysis, and for analysing complex injuries. Future studies will focus on the identification of inter- and intraseasonal trends, players' individual injury histories, and risk factors for subsequent injuries. Furthermore, these data will be used in a complex system approach for developing a clinical decision support system, e.g. for return to play decisions.
Boosting the convergence of low-variance DSMC by GSIS
Authors: Luo Liyan , Li Qi , Wu Lei
Published: March 2023

The low-variance direct simulation Monte Carlo (LVDSMC) is a powerful method to simulate low-speed rarefied gas flows. However, in the near-continuum flow regime, due to limitations on the time step and spatial cell size, it takes plenty of time to find the steady-state solution. Here we remove these deficiencies by coupling the LVDSMC with the general synthetic iterative scheme (GSIS) which permits the simulation at the hydrodynamic scale rather than the much smaller kinetic scale. As a proof of concept, we propose the stochastic-deterministic coupling method based on the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook kinetic model. First, macroscopic synthetic equations are derived exactly from the kinetic equation, which not only contain the Navier-Stokes-Fourier constitutive relation, but also encompass the higher-order terms describing the rarefaction effects. Then, the high-order terms are extracted from LVDSMC and fed into synthetic equations to predict the macroscopic properties which are closer to the steady-state solution than LVDSMC. Finally, the state of simulation particles in LVDSMC is updated to reflect the change of macroscopic properties. As a result, the convergence to steady state is greatly accelerated, and the restrictions on cell size and the time step are removed. We conduct the Fourier stability analysis and simulate several canonical rarefied gas flows to demonstrate the advantages of LVDSMC-GSIS: when the Knudsen number is lower than 0.1, it can use the grid size about 10 times larger than that in traditional DSMC, and it can reduce the computational cost by two orders of magnitude in the flow regime.
MRI as a one-stop destination for evaluation of CSF shunt malfunction
Authors: Hamed Eman Ahmed , Mohammad Shaimaa Abdelsattar , Awadallah Shrouk M. , Abdel-Latif Assem Mounir Metwalli , Abd-Elhameed Abeer Maghawry
Published: March 2023

Background

Despite the high-frequency rate of cerebrospinal fluid shunt malfunction, radiological evaluation of CSF shunts has remained deficient, focusing mainly on demonstrating secondary signs of shunt failure rather than evaluating the shunt tube itself. We aimed to study the utility of different MR pulse sequences in evaluating the cranial and abdominal ends of CSF shunts in order to identify the potential cause of shunt failure and its impact on patient management.

Results

Twenty-five patients (18 males, 7 females, median age 2.5 years, IQR 0.75–15) were enrolled in the study, having 28 ventriculo-peritoneal shunts and single ventriculo-gallbladder shunt. The catheter lumen and fine intraventricular septae were only demonstrated in 3D-DRIVE sequences (p < 0.001). Except for three patients (having cranial end-related complications), all patients with cranial and/or abdominal end-related complications received surgery (p < 0.001, positive likelihood and negative likelihood ratios = 7.27, 0.3, respectively, sensitivity = 0.7 and specificity = 0.9). MRI findings (luminal occlusion, disconnection, CSF collection, or migration) were consistent with operative data. There is no significant difference between patients who underwent surgery and those with conservative management, or symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in terms of the prevalence of ventricular dilatation or white matter signal abnormality. The results of the abdomino-pelvic fat-suppressed T2-WI showed excellent agreement with ultrasound findings (Cohen’s Kappa 0.9). Quantitative PC could give insights into CSF dynamics, which depend on the site and cause of shunt malfunction.

Conclusions

MRI could be a one-stop destination for evaluating patients with suspected non-acute shunt malfunction. It was found to have clinical relevance in terms of accurately locating the exact site and possible cause of shunt-related complications.
Speed tracking control for electro-hydraulic system considering variable load disturbance
Authors: Xu Wenbin , Zeng Le
Published: March 2023

Forming speed is one of the key factors affecting metal forming performance. Aluminum in different forming stages need to control different extrusion speed, and withstand different extrusion load. The accuracy and stability of forming speed directly affect the quality of aluminum. Aiming to improve the stability of the forming speed under variable load, the paper established segmented model according to the forming speed and load force conditions. And the unified switching control strategy is proposed based on robust feedback linearized control. In order to improve the robustness of the system, the control law adding compensation items to the variable load disturbance is designed based on the sliding mode control. The boundary layer function is introduced instead of the symbolic function to reduce the system flutter. The proportional derivative control (PD) control, robust control and unified switching control are compared with that of simulation and experiment. The results show that proposed method not only maintains good tracking performance but also has strong robustness under external load disturbance.
Inversion of Rayleigh-wave ellipticity for shallow strong-velocity-contrast structures
Authors: Mi Binbin , Xia Jianghai
Published: March 2023

Rayleigh-wave ellipticity polarization, or horizontal-to-vertical ([Formula: see text]) spectral ratio, is particularly sensitive to shallow earth model parameters (e.g., S-wave velocity). We develop a novel Rayleigh-wave [Formula: see text] inversion method to delineate near-surface strong-velocity-contrast structures. In the new inversion method, the S-wave velocity model is perturbed until the synthetic Rayleigh-wave [Formula: see text] curve is fitted to the observed one based on the crosscorrelation misfit function. This criterion neglects the absolute amplitude of the observed and synthetic [Formula: see text] curves, which can eliminate the amplitude influence caused by inconsistent coupling of the horizontal and vertical geophones. Peaks and/or troughs in the [Formula: see text] curve are inverted with no need of picking. Numerical simulations indicate that the proposed [Formula: see text] inversion succeeds for models consisting of unconsolidated sediments overlying stiff bedrock with large velocity contrasts. We also find that the active Rayleigh-wave ellipticity estimation and inversion can be carried out for reconstructing pseudo-2D laterally varying models. Application to a real-world example suggests that a 2D model above 6 m in depth with large velocity contrasts is successfully reconstructed from Rayleigh-wave ellipticity data. This method provides an effective and efficient alternative for near-surface characterization.
Trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder and violence in the prison population: prospective cohort study of sentenced male prisoners in the UK
Authors: Facer-Irwin Emma , Blackwood Nigel , Bird Annie , MacManus Deirdre
Published: March 2023

Background

Violence is a common problem in prisons. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a prevalent disorder in prison populations, has been identified as a risk factor for violent behaviour in community and military populations. Although cross-sectional associations between PTSD and prison violence have been documented, prospective cohort studies are required.

Aims

To investigate whether PTSD is an independent risk factor for prison violence, and examine the potential role of PTSD symptoms and other trauma sequelae on the pathway from trauma exposure to violent behaviour in prison.

Method

A prospective cohort study was conducted in a large, medium security prison in London, UK. A random sample of sentenced prisoners arriving into custody (N= 223) took part in a clinical research interview, which assessed trauma histories, mental disorders including PTSD, and other potential sequelae of trauma (anger, emotion dysregulation). Incidents of violent behaviour were measured with prison records covering the 3 months after reception into custody. Stepped binary logistic regression and a series of binary mediation models were performed.

Results

Prisoners who met current (past month) criteria for PTSD were more likely to engage in violent behaviour during the first 3 months of imprisonment, after adjusting for other independent risk factors. The relationship between lifetime exposure to interpersonal trauma and violent behaviour in custody was mediated by total PTSD symptom severity. Hyperarousal and negatively valenced cognitive and emotional appraisal symptoms were particularly implicated in this pathway.

Conclusions

The identification and treatment of PTSD has the potential to reduce violence in prison populations.
Dual Growing Rods Combined With the Apical Convex Control Pedicle Screw Technique Versus Traditional Dual Growing Rods for the Surgical Treatment of Early-Onset Scoliosis: A Case-Matched 2-Year Study
Authors: Zhao Yiwei , Du You , Yang Yang , Lin Guanfeng , Shen Jianxiong , Wu Nan , Zhuang Qianyu , Wang Shengru , Zhang Jianguo
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND:

Combination of apical control convex pedicle screws (ACPS) with traditional dual growing rods (TDGRs) had better apex control ability for early-onset scoliosis (EOS); however, there is a paucity of studies on the ACPS technique.

OBJECTIVE:

To compare 3-dimensional deformity correction parameters and complications between the apical control technique (DGR + ACPS) and TDGR in the treatment of EOS.

METHODS:

A retrospective case-match analysis consisting of 12 cases of EOS treated with the DGR + ACPS technique (group A) from 2010 to 2020, and matched with TDGR case (group B) at a ratio of 1:1 by age, sex, curve type, major curve degree, and apical vertebral translation (AVT). Clinical assessment and radiological parameters were measured and compared.

RESULTS:

Demographic characteristics, preoperative main curve, and AVT were comparable between groups. The correction ability of the main curve, AVT, and apex vertebral rotation were better in group A at index surgery (P < .05). The increase in T1-S1 and T1-T12 height was large in group A at index surgery (P = .011, P = .074). The annual increase in spinal height was slower in group A, but without significant difference. The surgical time and estimated blood loss were comparable. Six complications occurred in group A, and 10 occurred in group B.

CONCLUSION:

In this preliminary study, ACPS seems to provide better correction of apex deformity, while attaining the comparable spinal height at 2-year follow-up. Larger cases and longer follow-up are needed to achieve reproducible and optimal results.
Hysteresis and Business Cycles
Authors: Cerra Valerie , Fatás Antonio , Saxena Sweta C.
Published: March 2023

Traditionally, economic growth and business cycles have been treated independently. However, the dependence of GDP levels on its history of shocks, what economists refer to as “hysteresis,” argues for unifying the analysis of growth and cycles. In this paper, we review the recent empirical and theoretical literature that motivates this paradigm shift. The renewed interest in hysteresis (or “scarring” in recent parlance) has been sparked by the persistent impact of the global financial crisis —as GDP in advanced economies remained far below the precrisis trends for over a decade—and recent concerns about the lasting impact of the COVID-19 shock. The findings of the recent literature have far-reaching conceptual and policy implications. In recessions, monetary and fiscal policies need to be more active to avoid the permanent scars of a downturn. And in good times, running a high-pressure economy could have permanent positive effects. (JEL E22, E23, E24, E32, E63, G01, O41)
Estruturas dos conselhos de administração e desempenho das empresas listadas no Brasil
Authors: Aldrighi Dante , Marques de Oliveira Alessandro Vinícius
Published: March 2023

Este artigo investiga as estruturas dos conselhos de administração (CAs) das empresas listadas no Brasil e sua relação com desempenho financeiro. Para isso, construiu-se uma base de dados sobre características da propriedade do capital e dos CAs das empresas a partir de dados extraídos dos relatórios anuais que essas empresas submeteram à Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) entre 2003 e 2013. Os resultados obtidos não fornecem evidências de que o desempenho das empresas esteja associado ao tamanho ou composição dos CAs e tampouco às estruturas de propriedade do capital.
Determination of risk perception in small-scale fishing and navigation
Authors: Atacan Can , Düzbastılar Faik Ozan
Published: March 2023

In this study, risk perception and the impact of various environmental factors on accidents involving fishing vessels in small-scale fishing vessels during navigation were examined. Thirty fishing vessel captains from Çeşmealtı and İskele fishing ports evaluated the risks of environmental conditions under different scenarios in the bridge navigation simulator based on the Fine-Kinney risk assessment method. Nonparametric (Mann-Whitney U-test) and parametric tests (Pearson correlation and independent-samples t-test) were performed to analyse other related parameters. The study also conducted a small questionnaire study that included questions such as the number of past accidents by fishermen and the number of engine rudder failures. According to the sum of the fishermen's assessments, reduced visibility was the highest factor increasing the probability and consequences of accidents in sea navigation, while they identified night and heavy weather conditions as the highest factor in port navigation. Fishermen also found navigating their ports safer than sea navigation. There is a significant, positive, and strong correlation between the number of fishermen’s accidents and the number of engine rudder failures (p=0.047, r=0.714), the perception of accident probabilities in port navigating with restricted visibility (p=0.027, r=0.726) and in port navigation at night and in heavy weather (p=0.003, r=0.866). According to the results of the study, using the outcomes of the pre-fishing environmental risk assessment, the competent maritime authorities may be able to take effective measures to prevent the occurrence of serious marine casualties.
Selectivity of monofilament gillnets with different mesh sizes used in fishing of pearl mullet, (Alburnus tarichi (Güldenstädt, 1814)) in Lake Van
Authors: Akkuş Mustafa , Bozaoğlu Adem Sezai , Eryaşar Ahmet Raif
Published: March 2023

This study was carried out between September 2020 and March 2021 to determine the selectivity of monofilament gillnets used in pearl mullet, Alburnus tarichi (Güldenstädt, 1814), fishing in Lake Van. The SELECT method was applied to determine the selectivity. The best model for the selectivity of monofilament gillnets used in pearl mullet fishing was determined as the log-normal model. The optimum catch lengths of monofilament gillnets with 20, 22 and 24 mm mesh sizes were calculated as 21.69 cm, 23.84 cm and 26.01 cm, respectively. Catch per unit effort was determined as 10.03 kg/90 m/day at 20 mm, 15.91 kg/90 m/day at 22 mm and 12.99 kg/90 m/day at 24 mm. The average catch per unit effort was determined as 151 unit/90 m/day at 20 mm, 151 unit/90 m/day at 22 mm, and 110 unit/90 m/day at 24 mm. According to the results of optimum catch length and daily average catch per unit effort, using monofilament gillnets with 22 mm mesh size was more convenient for sustainable pearl mullet fishing in Lake Van.
Pułapka szkolnej oczywistości. Kultura jedzenia w polskiej edukacji historycznej po 1945 r.
Authors: Konieczka-Śliwińska Danuta , Roszak Stanisław
Published: March 2023

Artykuł przedstawia problem odzwierciedlenia przemian politycznych i ideologicznych w Polsce po 1945 roku na kartach podręczników szkolnych do nauczania historii. Ukazuje w szczególności zmiany w podejściu do tematyki kultury jedzenia w kolejnych okresach, kiedy wprowadzano reformy systemu edukacyjnego – w okresie komunizmu w latach 1945-1989 oraz po 1989. Bazując na aktach normatywnych, takich jak programy nauczania i podstawy programowe publikowane przez ministerstwo zarządzające oświatą w Polsce, odnosząc się do ustaleń historiografii, a także uwzględniając tendencje wypracowane przez dydaktykę ogólną i dydaktykę historii, zwraca uwagę na dobór treści kształcenia w szkolnych podręcznikach historii, dokonujący się pod wpływem różnorodnych czynników.
Sprawozdanie z IV Kongresu Badaczy Osiemnastego Wieku „Wiek osiemnasty od kuchni”, Toruń, 14–16 września 2022 r.
Authors: Wydziałkowska-Stawińska Paula Magdalena
Published: March 2023

Sprawozdanie z IV Kongresu Badaczy Osiemnastego Wieku „Wiek osiemnasty od kuchni”, Toruń, 14–16 września 2022 r.
Fear of falling, meaningful activity participation and community reintegration among stroke survivors in southwest Nigeria: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Dada Olumide Olasunkanmi , Akingbesote Joy Jesutomisin
Published: March 2023

Background/Aims

Community reintegration remains one of the most important goals of rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between fear of falling, meaningful activity participation and community reintegration of community-dwelling stroke survivors.

Methods

The Fall Efficacy Scale-International, Engagement in Meaningful Activities Survey and Reintegration to Normal Living Index were used to assess fear of falling, meaningful activity participation and community reintegration respectively among self-ambulant stroke survivors receiving treatment in physiotherapy outpatient clinics. The study was a cross-sectional survey. Tests of relationships, regression and association were performed with a level of significance set at P<0.05.

Results

A significant relationship was found between fear of falling and community reintegration (r=−0.27; P=0.01; 95% confidence interval=−0.53 to 0.04); meaningful activity participation and community reintegration (r=0.72; P=0.001; 95% CI=0.48 to 0.89) and fear of falling and meaningful activity participation (r=−0.71; P=0.53; 95% CI=−0.32 to 0.24). Older participants had lower levels of community reintegration and meaningful activity participation. A significant association was found between fear of falling and fall history (P=0.02); increased falls meant higher levels of fear of falling. Sex and duration of stroke had no significant impact on fear of falling, meaningful activity participation and community reintegration. Meaningful activity participation was the strongest predictor of community reintegration (β=1.7; 95% CI=1.30 to 2.11; P=0.001).

Conclusions

Fear of falling might limit participation in meaningful activity and community integration among stroke survivors. These parameters should be assessed by allied health professionals during stroke rehabilitation.
Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid and ethics
Authors: Winter George
Published: March 2023

George Winter looks at the developments that have been and still must be made in Alzheimer’s disease and the ethical considerations that must be considered alongside these developments
How to complete a safe and effective contraceptive consultation
Authors: Nico Claire
Published: March 2023

The contraceptive consultation should focus on the provision of safe, effective contraception that suits the individual’s requirements. It is important to take a comprehensive medical and drug history to ensure that the chosen method is safe for the individual at both initiation and review consultations. A review consultation is a good opportunity to discuss other – often more effective – methods of contraception. Remote contraceptive consultations are suitable for many patients, as long as the same high standards of care are provided as they would be in a face-to-face consultation. Nurses offering contraceptive services should ensure they keep up to date with the latest clinical guidance.

Contraceptive consultations are a key part of providing safe and effective contraceptive care. Claire Nicol explains how to conduct these in an efficient way
EFFECT OF HIGH TIBIAL OSTEOTOMY ON ANKLE AND SUBTALAR JOINT ALIGNMENT
Authors: Kinghorn A. F. , Whatling G. , Bowd J. , Wilson C. , Holt C.
Published: March 2023

This study aimed to examine the effect of high tibial osteotomy (HTO) on the ankle and subtalar joints via analysis of static radiographic alignment. We hypothesised that surgical alteration of the alignment of the proximal tibia would result in compensatory distal changes.

35 patients recruited as part of the wider Biomechanics and Bioengineering Centre Versus Arthritis HTO study between 2011 and 2018 had pre- and postoperative full-length weightbearing radiographs taken of their lower limbs. In addition to standard alignment measures of the limb and knee (mechanical tibiofemoral angle, Mikulicz point, medial proximal tibial angle), additional measures were taken of the ankle/subtalar joints (lateral distal tibial angle, ground-talus angle, joint line convergence angle of the ankle) as well as a novel measure of stance width. Results were compared using a paired T-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient.

Following HTO, there was a significant (5.4°) change in subtalar alignment. Ground-talus angle appeared related both to the level of malalignment preoperatively and the magnitude of the alignment change caused by the HTO surgery; suggesting subtalar positioning as a key adaptive mechanism. In addition to compensatory changes within the subtalar joints, the patients on average had a 31% wider stance following HTO. These two mechanisms do not appear to be correlated but the morphology of the tibial plafond may influence which compensatory mechanisms are employed by different subgroups of HTO patients.

These findings are of vital importance in clinical practice both to anticipate potential changes to the ankle and subtalar joints following HTO but it could also open up wider indications for HTO in the treatment of ankle malalignment and osteoarthritis.
A RETROSPECTIVE COMPARISON OF CAGE-ALONE VERSUS CAGE-PLATE CONSTRUCTS USED IN ANTERIOR CERVICAL DISCECTOMY AND FUSION
Authors: Zahid A. , Mohammed R.
Published: March 2023

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is a well-established spinal operation for cervical disc degeneration disease with neurological compromise. The procedure involves an anterior approach to the cervical spine with discectomy to relieve the pressure on the impinged spinal cord to slow disease progression. The prosthetic cage replaces the disc and can be inserted stand-alone or with an anterior plate that provides additional stability. The literature demonstrates that the cage-alone (CA) is given preference over the cage-plate (CP) technique due to better clinical outcomes, reduced operation time and resultant morbidity. This retrospective case-controlled study compared CA versus CP fixation used in single and multilevel anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for myelopathy in a tertiary centre in Wales.

A retrospective clinico-radiological analysis was undertaken, following ACDF procedures over seven years in a single tertiary centre. Inclusion criteria were patients over 18 years of age with cervical myelopathy who had at least six-month follow-up data. SPSS was used to identify any statistically significant difference between both groups. The data were analysed to evaluate the consistency of our findings in comparison to published literature.

Eighty-six patients formed the study cohort; 28 [33%] underwent ACDF with CA and 58 [67%] with CP. The patient demographics were similar in both groups, and fusion was observed in all individuals. There was no statistical difference between the two constructs when assessing subsidence, clinical complication (dysphagia, dysphonia, infection), radiological parameters and reoperations. However, a more significant percentage [43% v 61%] of patients improved their cervical lordosis angle with CP treatment. Furthermore, the study yielded that surgery to upper cervical levels results in a higher incidence of dysphagia [65% v 35%]. Finally, bony growth across the cage was observed on X-ray in 12[43%] patients, a unique finding not mentioned in the literature previously.

Our study demonstrates no overall difference between the two groups, and we recommend careful consideration of individual patient factors when deciding what construct to choose.
SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS FOR CHRONIC ULNAR COLLATERAL LIGAMENT INJURIES OF THE THUMB: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Brock J. , Jayaraju U. , Trickett R.
Published: March 2023

There is no consensus for the appropriate surgical management of chronic ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries of the thumb.

A systematic review of Pubmed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and ePub Ahead of Print was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting of Items in Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and formal protocol registered with PROSPERO.

Two authors collated data from 10 studies that met strict inclusion criteria, using various surgical techniques in 131 thumbs. Results were heterogenous and metanalysis of results not possible. These data were, therefore, qualitatively assessed and synthesised. Bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool.

Direct repair, reconstruction with free tendon or bone-tissue-bone grafts and arthrodesis all demonstrated favourable outcomes with Patient Reported Outcome Measures. Direct repair can be safely performed more than two months following injury, with a positive mean Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score of 13.5 despite evidence of radiographic osteoarthritis. Arthrodesis should be considered in heavy manual laborers or those at risk of osteoarthritis as it provides significant reduction in pain (Mean Visual Analogue Score of 1.2) when compared to other methods. Free tendon grafting has been criticised for failure rates and poor functional grip strength, however collated analysis of 97 patients found a single graft rupture and mean grip strength of 97% (of the contralateral thumb). Bone-tissue-bone grafting was the least effective method across all outcome measures.

Studies included were at high risk of bias, however, it can be concluded that delayed direct repair can be performed safely, while arthrodesis may benefit certain patient subgroups. New findings suggest poor efficacy of bone-tissue-bone grafts, but that free tendon grafting with palmaris longus are in fact safe with good restoration of grip strength. The optimal graft and configuration are yet to be determined for reconstructive methods.
PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOMES IN 1,079 UNCEMENTED TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTIES: A PROSPECTIVE 10-YEAR CASE SERIES
Authors: Dewhurst H. , Boktor J. , Szomolay B. , Lewis P.
Published: March 2023

Background

In recent years, ‘Get It Right First Time (GIRFT)’ have advocated cemented replacements in femoral part of Total hip arthroplasty (THA) especially in older patients. However, many studies were unable to show any difference in outcomes and although cemented prostheses may be associated with better short-term pain outcomes there is no clear advantage in the longer term. It is not clear when and why to do cemented instead of cementless.

Aim

To assess differences in patient reported outcomes in uncemented THAs based on patient demographics in order to decide when cementless THA can be done safely.

Method

Prospective data collection of consecutive 1079 uncemented THAs performed for 954 patients in single trust between 2010 and 2020. Oxford Hip Score (OHS) and complications were analysed against demographic variables (age, sex, BMI, ASA) and prosthesis features (femoral and acetabular size, offset and acetabular screws).

Results

The mean pre-operative OHS was 14.6 which improved to 39.0 at 1 year follow up (P Value=0.000). There was no statistically significant difference between OHS outcome in patients aged over 70 versus younger groups. With a small number of revisable complications increase with age from 50s upwards. Male patients’ OHS score was on average 2.4 points higher than women. Men, however were 2.9 times more likely to experience fractures and high offset hips were 2.5 times more likely to experience dislocations. DAIR, intraoperative calcar fractures, post-operative fractures and dislocations were not associated with worse OHS. Patients with increased BMI had worse pre and post-operative hip functions yet, there was a significant multivariate association between increased BMI and increased improvement in OHS from pre-op to 1 year in women aged 55–80 and men under the age of 60. Femoral stem size increases with age but decreases in male patients over 80. There was no difference found in OHS between bilateral hip replacements and unilateral, nor was there any change found with laterality side of the replacement.

Conclusions

This study suggests that ageing >70 is not associated with poorer outcomes despite small number of revisable complication rates that increase with age from 50 upwards. Men had marginally higher average OHS than women At 1 year. Higher BMI or ASA scores are associated with worse pre-operative hips and worse final outcome score. Despite this, the Delta OHS increases with increased BMI shown in the 55–80 year old female patients and male patients under 60.

Key Words: THR, Uncemented, Oxford hip score, outcome.
ARE THERE CONFOUNDING RISK FACTORS THAT CONFER HIGHER MORTALITY IN COVID-POSITIVE NECK OF FEMUR FRACTURES? A MATCHED COMPARISON GROUP ANALYSIS
Authors: Mehta S. , Williams L. , Bhaskar D.
Published: March 2023

Introduction

Neck of femur (NoF) fractures have an inherent 6.5% 30-day mortality as per National hip fracture database(2019). Several studies have demonstrated a higher mortality rate in covid positive NoFs but have been unable to demonstrate whether there are risk factors that contribute to the risk of mortality in this patient group or whether COVID is solely responsible for the higher mortality.

Aims

To assess risk factors that are concurrently present in a fracture NoF cohort that may contribute to higher mortality in COVID positive patients.

Methods

A cross sectional, retrospective study was performed for a period of 1 year starting from 1st March 2020. All surgically treated neck of femur fracture patients having an isolated intra/extracapsular fracture were included in the study. Data fields recorded- patient demographics, date and time of admission, ward discharge, surgery, mode of surgery (fixation/arthroplasty), prehospital AMTS score, residential status and mobility, ASA grade as per anaesthetist's records, date of death (if deceased), cause of death (as per death certificate/ postmortem / coroner's report). Analysis of mortality was carried out by creating a matched comparison group for each risk factor as well as some combinations.

Results

344 patients were surgically treated for a neck of femur fracture in our DGH during the period of 1st March 2020 to 28th February 2021. 46 patients did not receive a COVID swab (reasons unknown) and were excluded from the study. 35 patients had a COVID-19 RT PCR positive test during their hospital stay and 264 patients remained negative. There were 12 deaths in COVID positive patients (34%) and 53 deaths in COVID negative patients (20%) within the time frame of the study. For each risk factor matched group COVID was seen to confer higher mortality in general. There was no mortality in ASA 1 or 2 patients. Mortality rates in matched groups for age and ASA revealed 23.8% mortality in COVID positive as opposed to 17.3% in COVID negative for ASA 3 and 33.3% mortality in COVID positive vs. 28% in ASA 4. 11 out of the 12 COVID positive patients who died had an AMTS score >6. No correlation was seen between COVID positive deaths and preinjury residential status, type of fracture or surgery offered, or preinjury mobility. The average length of hospital stay was much higher for COVID positive patients (19.5days) as compared to 9.5 days for COVID negative patients.

Conclusion

Matched group analysis show that there is a 37.5% increase in COVID positive neck of femur fracture mortality in ASA 3 patients, the same number falls to 17.8% for ASA 4 patients. These figures are much lower compared to other studies in the UK. There is a need to understand the real cause of death in this subset and to improve death certification so that we can differentiate between patients whose mortality is ‘due to’ or ‘With’ COVID.
Gastfreundschaft durch «gastfreundschaftlichen» Stil?
Authors: Galliker Esther
Published: March 2023

This paper analyses interactions between a host of a Swiss mountain destination and her guests. The conversations take place in a scenic gondola. The analysis is conducted in the format of an ethnographic case study and focuses on the interactants’ speech style. The case study constitutes a part of a larger, applied and interdisciplinary project of the Business School of the University of Applied Sciences of Lucerne. The aim of the main project is to specify what could be defined as “hospitality” in a touristic context and to develop tools to enhance hospitality at touristic destinations in Central Switzerland.

The aim of the present ethnographic case study is to analyse interactions between hosts and their guests. It seeks to find communicative elements which let the guests perceive an inter-action as hospitable and to discuss if generic features of a “hospitable speech style” may be identified.
Sprachenvielfalt und Sprachenpolitik in Kolumbien: das Projekt der Ethnischen Bildung
Authors: Hennecke Angelika
Published: March 2023

This article deals with the linguistic situation in Colombia. In addition to its enormous biological and geographical diversity, Colombia also has an astonishing number of autochthonous languages that still exist. In total, there are 65 indigenous languages, two Creole languages and the Romani of the Roma community. First, the status quo of these languages is outlined. Special attention is given to language policy and language maintenance, because the current legally protected rights of the indigenous peoples, also with regard to the use of their own languages, required a longstanding struggle. The most important stages of this development are outlined, starting with the constitution of 1991. The project of ethnic education, initiated in 1985, is an outstanding example for all of Latin America with regard to an inclusive language and cultural policy. The most important milestones of this development are briefly discussed. The long way to achieving equal participation of the autochthonous peoples, the protection and preservation of their languages is not over yet. For this reason, the article concludes with a look at the latest language and cultural policy project, the Ten-Year Plan for Native Languages in Colombia, which will set the guidelines for language policy between 2022 and 2032.