bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Steps toward categorizing motivation: Abilities, limitations, and conditional constraints
Authors: Kuhlmeier Valerie A. , Birch Susan A. J.
Published: November 2005

Tomasello et al. have not characterized the motivation underlying shared intentionality, and we hope to encourage research on this topic by offering comparative paradigms and specific empirical questions. Although we agree that nonhuman primates differ greatly from us in terms of shared intentionality, we caution against concluding that they lack all aspects of it before other empirical tools have been exhausted. In addition, identifying the conditions in which humans spontaneously engage in shared intentionality, and the conditions in which we fail, will more fully characterize this ability.
Causal curiosity and the conventionality of culture
Authors: Markson Lori , Diesendruck Gil
Published: November 2005

Tomasello et al. argue that cultural cognition derives from humans' unique motivation to share psychological states. We suggest that what underlies this motivation is children's propensity to seek out the underlying causes of behavior. This propensity, combined with children's competence at it, makes them especially skillful at acquiring the intentional, conventional, and reliable forms that constitute culture.
Motivation, self-regulation, and the neurodevelopment of intention sharing
Authors: Mundy Peter
Published: November 2005

Research on the affective and neurodevelopmental correlates of infant joint attention skills support several of the hypotheses raised by Tomasello et al. regarding the development of the capacity to share intention with others. In addition, research and theory suggests that self-awareness and self-regulatory processes may play a role in the development of this vital human ability domain.
From action to interaction: Apes, infants, and the last Rubicon
Authors: Poulin-Dubois Diane
Published: November 2005

Tomasello et al. have presented a position that is grounded in a conservative perspective of cultural learning, as well as in a rich interpretation of recent findings in early social cognition. Although I applaud their theoretical framework, I argue that data from studies of human infants are not necessarily consistent with the developmental picture that they describe.
Reinterpreting behavior: A human specialization?
Authors: Povinelli Daniel J. , Barth Jochen
Published: November 2005

Tomasello et al. argue that the “small difference that made a big difference” in the evolution of the human mind was the disposition to share intentions. Chimpanzees are said to understand certain mental states (like intentions), but not share them. We argue that an alternative model is better supported by the data: the capacity to represent mental states (and other unobservable phenomena) is a human specialization that co-evolved with natural language.
Illusions of intentionality, shared and unshared
Authors: Provine Robert R.
Published: November 2005

Intention, shared or unshared, is based on the presumption of unknowable and unnecessary motives and mental states in ourselves and others.
Humans evolved to become Homo negotiatus . . . the rest followed
Authors: Rochat Philippe
Published: November 2005

Social animals need to share space and resources, whether sexual partners, parents, or food. Humans, however, are unique in the way they share as they evolved to become Homo negotiatus; a species that is prone to bargain and to dispute the value of things until some agreement is reached. This evolution had far-reaching consequences on the specific makeup of human psychology – a psychology that has for trademark a compulsive preoccupation with the self in relation to others. I propose that the understanding and sharing of intentions are probably the consequences of such evolution, and not its origins.
Why not chimpanzees, lions, and hyenas too?
Authors: Schuster Richard
Published: November 2005

Examples are cited of group hunting in chimpanzees, lions, and hyenas consistent with evidence for intentionality, organization, and coordination. These challenge the claim for shared intentionality as uniquely human. Even when rarely performed in this way, the significance of such behaviors should not be minimized, especially if this level of “intelligent” action emerges spontaneously in the wild.
Spoken-word processing in native and second languages: An investigation of auditory word priming
Authors: TROFIMOVICH PAVEL
Published: November 2005

The present study investigated whether and to what extent auditory word priming, which is one mechanism of spoken-word processing and learning, is involved in a second language (L2). The objectives of the study were to determine whether L2 learners use auditory word priming as monolinguals do when they are acquiring an L2, how attentional processing orientation influences the extent to which they do so, and what L2 learners actually “learn” as they use auditory word priming. Results revealed that L2 learners use auditory word priming, that the extent to which they do so depends little on attention to the form of spoken input, and that L2 learners overrely on detailed context-specific information available in spoken input as they use auditory word priming.
Second-language spoken word identification: Effects of perceptual training, visual cues, and phonetic environment
Authors: HARDISON DEBRA M.
Published: November 2005

Experiments using the gating paradigm investigated the effects of auditory–visual (AV) and auditory-only perceptual training on second-language spoken-word identification by Japanese and Korean learners of English. Stimuli were familiar bisyllabic words beginning with /p/, /f/, //, /l/, and /s, t, k/ combined with high, low, and rounded vowels. Results support the priming role of visual cues in AV speech processing. Identification was earlier with visual cues and following training, especially for words beginning with // and /l/, which also showed significant effects of adjacent vowel. For the Japanese, the AV advantage in identifying //- and /l/-initial words was accentuated following training. Findings are discussed within a multimodal episodic model of learning.
The use of articles by monolingual Puerto Rican Spanish-speaking children with specific language impairment
Authors: ANDERSON RAQUEL T. , SOUTO SOFÍA M.
Published: November 2005

The present investigation sought to evaluate patterns of article use in a group of monolingual Spanish-speaking children with specific language impairment (SLI). In particular, because of conflicting results reported in previous studies, it was of interest to discern specific types of nontarget responses and how these corresponded to what has been reported in other Spanish-speaking children with SLI. Eleven children with SLI and 11 age-matched peers participated in the study. Three different spontaneous speech samples were gathered from each child. In addition, an experimental task that assessed the children's use of articles with a variety of nouns was also administered to the children. The results of the study for both spontaneous speech and experimental data indicated that the children with SLI performed significantly poorer in their use of Spanish articles than their age-matched peers. Most of the nontarget responses consisted of omission of the target article. In contrast to a previous study by Restrepo and Gutiérrez–Clellen, the children did not present with deficits in noun phrase gender agreement. The gender errors that were observed appeared to be due to difficulties accessing the correct article form and not due to deficits in knowledge of the gender agreement paradigm. Possible theoretical explanations were explored suggesting that both processing and linguistic explanations, in particular optionality of determiners, could explain the observed patterns. Reasons for cross-study differences in error patterns are suggested, including relative phonological skill and language learning environment.
Cost-effectiveness of interventions to support self-care: A systematic review
Authors: Richardson Gerry , Gravelle Hugh , Weatherly Helen , Ritchie Gill
Published: November 2005

Objectives:Interventions to support patient self-care of their condition aim to improve patient health and reduce health service costs. Consequently, they have attracted considerable policy interest. There is some evidence of clinical effectiveness but less attention has been paid to whether these interventions are cost-effective. This study examines the quality and quantity of existing evidence of the cost-effectiveness.

Methods:A systematic review was carried out to assess the extent and quality of economic evaluations of self-care support interventions. Thirty-nine economic evaluations were assessed against a quality checklist developed to reflect the special features of these interventions.

Results:The majority of the studies claimed that self-care support interventions were cost-effective or cost saving. The overall quality of economic evaluations was poor because of flaws in study designs, especially a narrow definition of relevant costs and short follow-up periods.

Conclusions:The current evidence base does not support any general conclusion that self-care support interventions are cost-effective, but ongoing trials may provide clearer evidence.
Reassessment of the cost-effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy in Sweden: Results based on the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zethraeus Niklas , Borgström Fredrik , Jönsson Bengt , Kanis John
Published: November 2005

Objectives:The purpose of the study is to reassess the cost-effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) based on new medical evidence found in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Within a model framework using an individual state transition model, the cost-effectiveness of 50- to 60-year-old women with menopausal symptoms is assessed based on a societal perspective in Sweden.

Methods:The model has a 50-year time horizon divided into a cycle length of 1 year. The model consists of the following disease states: coronary heart disease, stroke, venous thromboembolic events, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, hip fracture, vertebral fracture, and wrist fracture. An intervention is modeled by its impact on the disease risks during and after the cessation of therapy. The model calculates costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) with and without intervention. The resulting cost per QALY gained is compared with the value of a QALY gained, which is set to SEK 600,000. The model requires data on clinical effects, risks, mortality rates, quality of life weights, and costs valid for Sweden.

Results:The cost-effectiveness ratios are estimated at approximately SEK 10,000, which is below the threshold value of cost-effectiveness. On the condition that HRT increases the quality of life weight more than 0.013 units, the therapy is cost-effective.

Conclusions:In conclusion, given the new evidence in WHI, there is still a high probability that HRT is a cost-effective strategy for women with menopausal symptoms.
Physiotherapy after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy surgery: An assessment of costs to the National Health Service, patients, and society
Authors: Goodwin Peter Charles , Ratcliffe Julie , Morrissey Matthew Charles
Published: November 2005

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to determine and inform clinicians, managers, and budget allocators of the costs incurred to the British National Health Service (NHS), patient, and society when attending clinic-based physiotherapy compared with not attending clinic-based physiotherapy after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy surgery.

Methods:The valuation principle used in this study was the economic concept of opportunity cost. Costs were referred to as direct medical (NHS), direct nonmedical (patient), and indirect (societal) costs. Due to the difficulties of their measurement and valuation, intangible costs, in the form of pain and anxiety related to the effect of receiving or not receiving treatment, have not been considered in this analysis.

Results:Providing clinic-based physiotherapy after knee arthroscopic partial meniscectomy surgery is more costly to the NHS and patient, but no more costly to society than when not providing it and does not result in reduced contact with the NHS.

Conclusions:Clinic-based physiotherapy after knee arthroscopic partial meniscectomy surgery is costly and evidence is needed that its effectiveness is high enough to support its use.
Assessing quality of end-of-life hospital care in a southern European regional health service
Authors: Aldasoro Elena , Alonso Adelina Pérez , Ribacoba Laureano , Esnaola Santiago , Olaizola Maite , Carrera Jose Antonio , Bañuelos Ana , Rico Rosa
Published: November 2005

Objectives:During the final period of life, patients with cancer in the Basque Country are given treatment in different types of hospital care. This study compared the quality of care according to the type of care in one of the autonomous communities in Spain.

Methods:A retrospective study was carried out of cancer patients who died in conventional hospital services, home hospitalization services, and palliative care units. In addition to hospital stay and readmission number, variables based on the recommendations of Spanish Society for Palliative Care were studied.

Results:End-of-life was diagnosed in 57 percent of a sample of 486 patients, 3 days before death (median). The use of symptom control scales was only documented in the clinical records of eight patients. Sociofamily evaluation was not found. Patients in conventional hospital services were less frequently diagnosed with end-of-life and agony and were significantly different from the rest in the reasons for admission, symptoms assessed, drugs used, administration routes, and dosage forms. Pain was evaluated in 50 percent of the patients and was better controlled in palliative care units. Patients not diagnosed with agony (52 percent) were more frequently not given specific treatment.

Conclusions:End-of-life in cancer patients was diagnosed too late. The quality of care in palliative care units and by home hospitalization service was better than that in conventional hospitalization. Nevertheless, there were areas for improvement in the three modalities of care.
Predicting the impact of new health technologies on average length of stay: Development of a prediction framework
Authors: Simpson Sue , Packer Claire , Stevens Andrew , Raftery James
Published: November 2005

Objectives:The aim of this study was to develop a framework to predict the impact of new health technologies on average length of hospital stay.

Methods:A literature search of EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and the Health Management Information Consortium databases was conducted to identify papers that discuss the impact of new technology on length of stay or report the impact with a proposed mechanism of impact of specific technologies on length of stay. The mechanisms of impact were categorized into those relating to patients, the technology, or the organization of health care and clinical practice.

Results:New health technologies have a variable impact on length of stay. Technologies that lead to an increase in the proportion of sicker patients or increase the average age of patients remaining in the hospital lead to an increase in individual and average length of stay. Technologies that do not affect or improve the inpatient case mix, or reduce adverse effects and complications, or speed up the diagnostic or treatment process should lead to a reduction in individual length of stay and, if applied to all patients with the condition, will reduce average length of stay.

Conclusions:The prediction framework we have developed will ensure that the characteristics of a new technology that may influence length of stay can be consistently taken into consideration by assessment agencies. It is recognized that the influence of technology on length of stay will change as a technology diffuses and that length of stay is highly sensitive to changes in admission policies and organization of care.
Development and application of Model of Resource Utilization, Costs, and Outcomes for Stroke (MORUCOS): An Australian economic model for stroke
Authors: Mihalopoulos Catherine , Cadilhac Dominique A. , Moodie Marjory L. , Dewey Helen M. , Thrift Amanda G. , Donnan Geoffrey A. , Carter Robert C.
Published: November 2005

Objectives:To outline the development, structure, data assumptions, and application of an Australian economic model for stroke (Model of Resource Utilization, Costs, and Outcomes for Stroke [MORUCOS]).

Methods:The model has a linked spreadsheet format with four modules to describe the disease burden and treatment pathways, estimate prevalence-based and incidence-based costs, and derive life expectancy and quality of life consequences. The model uses patient-level, community-based, stroke cohort data and macro-level simulations. An interventions module allows options for change to be consistently evaluated by modifying aspects of the other modules. To date, model validation has included sensitivity testing, face validity, and peer review. Further validation of technical and predictive accuracy is needed. The generic pathway model was assessed by comparison with a stroke subtypes (ischemic, hemorrhagic, or undetermined) approach and used to determine the relative cost-effectiveness of four interventions.

Results:The generic pathway model produced lower costs compared with a subtypes version (total average first-year costs/case AUD$15,117 versus AUD$17,786, respectively). Optimal evidence-based uptake of anticoagulation therapy for primary and secondary stroke prevention and intravenous thrombolytic therapy within 3 hours of stroke were more cost-effective than current practice (base year, 1997).

Conclusions:MORUCOS is transparent and flexible in describing Australian stroke care and can effectively be used to systematically evaluate a range of different interventions. Adjusting results to account for stroke subtypes, as they influence cost estimates, could enhance the generic model.
Comparing costs of home- versus hospital-based treatment of infections in adults in a specialist cystic fibrosis center
Authors: Elliott Rachel A. , Thornton Judith , Webb A. Kevin , Dodd Mary , Tully Mary P.
Published: November 2005

Objectives: This study aimed to produce valid patient-based UK National Health Service (NHS) costs for adults with cystic fibrosis to identify differences between hospital- and home-based treatments for infections.

Methods: A costing study was carried out in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) in the United Kingdom, who required intravenous antibiotic treatments for respiratory infections, administered either at home or in the hospital. The perspective was that of the NHS hospital trust. Data were collected retrospectively for each patient for 1 year using clinical records. Data were collected for 116 adults with CF between 2000 and 2001, when 42,382 treatment days (454 courses) of intravenous antibiotics were administered; 213 courses with intention-to-treat at home and 241 courses with intention-to-treat in the hospital. The mean length of a course was 15.3 days.

Results: Patients who had >60 percent of courses at home over 1 year had a mean cost of £13,528, compared with £22,609 for patients who had >60 percent of courses in the hospital, and a mean cost of £19,927 for patients who had an equal mix of home and hospital care (p = .0001).

Conclusions: The key cost-generating events in CF respiratory infections are hospital admissions. Future studies assessing costs should concentrate on factors affecting admissions, length of stay, staff input, and alternative methods of home-care provision, rather than marginal effects, such as using different antibiotics.
Mentoring a developing health technology assessment initiative in Romania: An example for countries with limited experience of assessing health technology
Authors: Corabian Paula , Hailey David , Harstall Christa , Juzwishin Don , Moga Carmen
Published: November 2005

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assist and facilitate introduction and development of a health technology assessment (HTA) program in Romania.

Methods: Mentoring of an initiative group in Romania was provided by an HTA program in Canada. Mentoring activities included provision of HTA materials, participation in local seminars, facilitating contact with HTA and funding organizations, and in-house training of a professional from Romania.

Results: Since 1998, when the relationship was initiated, the Romanian group has been successful in developing an understanding of HTA and awareness of its utility among various decision-makers in the health system. Currently, although the need for HTA in Romania exists and interest in developing this activity has been officially expressed, HTA is still early in its development phase. The mentoring support helped to identify and define the need for HTA in Romania. Continuation of the existing relationship can be expected to strengthen the expertise in this country. However, while mentoring has been a valuable activity, it is not, by itself, sufficient to ensure development of an HTA program in Romania. The actions and decisions that could lead to implementing HTA in Romania depend on the local context.

Conclusions: Mentoring services assisted the initiative group in promoting HTA in Romania. The implementation of HTA in Romania has not happened yet, and efforts need to continue to sustain the existing momentum. However, success in implementing an HTA program will depend on essential factors such as local political, economical, and educational support for this initiative and others like it.
Cost-effectiveness analysis for priority setting in health: Penny-wise but pound-foolish
Authors: Baltussen Rob , Brouwer Werner , Niessen Louis
Published: November 2005

Cost-effectiveness analysis has much conceptual attractiveness in priority setting but is not used to its full potential to assist policy-makers on making choices in health in developed or in developing countries. We call for a shift away from present economic evaluation activities—that tend to produce ad hoc and incomparable economic evaluation studies and, therefore, add little to the compendium of knowledge of cost-effectiveness of health interventions in general—toward a more systematic approach. Research efforts in economic evaluation should build on the foundations of cost-effectiveness research of the past decades to arrive at an informative methodology useful for national policy-makers. This strategy means that governments should steer sectoral cost-effectiveness analysis to obtain systematic and comprehensive information on the economic attractiveness of a set of new and current interventions, using a standardized methodology and capturing interactions between interventions. Without redirecting the focus of economic evaluation research, choosing in health care bears the risk to remain penny-wise but pound-foolish.
The Academic Hiring Process: A Survey of Department
Chairs
Authors: Fuerstman Daniel , Lavertu Stephan
Published: November 2005

Doctoral students in political science are understandably concerned
with job placement. Most students enter graduate school with an eye
to academia and want to know what they must do to secure their ideal
academic position. Faculty members readily offer guidance on how to
increase students' likelihood of obtaining an academic job. And
PS has published many articles that focus on
this topic, ranging from empirical descriptions of the job market to
personal accounts of job-hunting experiences. Unfortunately,
graduate students often receive anecdotal or contradictory advice.
To help rectify this, we undertook a more systematic examination of
the qualities department hiring committees seek when granting
interviews to job applicants. The
authors would like to thank John Coleman, Katherine Cramer
Walsh, Charles Franklin, the anonymous reviewers at
PS, and the survey respondents.
Re-Gaining the Student's Perspective in the Classroom: A
Sabbatical Adventure
Authors: Beavers Staci L.
Published: November 2005

After spending six years as a tenure-track faculty member and
ultimately gaining tenure and promotion at my home institution of
California State University, San Marcos (CSUSM), I was set to begin
my first sabbatical in fall, 2002. As is no doubt true of many
sabbaticals, one of the great successes of my semester-long break
from teaching was a renewed interest in the classroom. “Renewal” is
frequently identified as one of the primary purposes of a
sabbatical; Good (1992, B3), after all,
wrote that he became “surprisingly nostalgic for the company of
students once the initial shock of being on leave ha[d] worn off.”
But my renewed excitement for teaching came largely from once again
entering the classroom as a student. Given my own experiences in
returning to student life, I enthusiastically encourage faculty
colleagues to take occasional opportunities to step away from the
instructor's podium and enjoy a class as a member of the student
body: not only did I have the opportunity to expand my perspective
on interesting subject matter, but re-experiencing life from the
student point of view reminded me of why I began teaching in the
first place and reinforced important aspects of good teaching
practices. [Editor's note: This
manuscript was accepted for publication by PS: Political
Science and Politics in September, 2004.]
Lessons from the Collective Action Game
Authors: Lascher Edward L.
Published: November 2005

Political scientists commonly use their courses to emphasize the pervasive nature of collective action problems, whereby group interests are undermined by individual incentives to “defect” or “free ride.” In a graduate seminar a faculty member may have students read classics in this area, such as Mancur Olson'sThe Logic of Collective Action(1965). Graduate students are often expected to model a collective action problem as a prisoner's dilemma and be able to understand the implications in such areas as establishment of interest groups, voting turnout, budgeting, and military relationships among nations. Even in lower division undergraduate courses political science instructors may integrate concepts from collective action theory. This orientation is also evident in some textbooks. Thus in their introduction to American politics, Samuel Kernell and Gary C. Jacobson (2003) offer an extensive discussion of collective action problems and the role of government, and return repeatedly to this topic throughout their book. Similarly, a focus on collective action problems is at the heart of Walter Stone's introductory American politics text,Republic at Risk(1990).
Democratic Action Research (DARE) and Large Scale
Simulations: Teaching Political Literacy and Civic Engagement at
Pace University's Presidential Convention 2004
Authors: Malone Christopher , Julian Gregory
Published: November 2005

The last vote was counted in the 2004 presidential election and old
debates began anew about the causes of low turnout of those between
the ages of 18 and 24. Despite an unprecedented amount of time and
effort spent on turning out the youth vote, the data suggest that
only about half of the eligible voters between the ages of 18 and 24
cast a vote for president. The good news is that, indeed, this
year's figures reverse a downward trend in voter turnout amongst the
youth; the bad news is that every age bracket increased in voting
and youth voting still lagged behind other age groups by significant
margins. Scholars have once again cited evidence of political apathy
and alienation among young people; they have referred to studies
that reveal widespread ignorance of American politics and history in
our nation's high schools and colleges. Dire predictions will
continue about the bleak future of American democracy due to the
ostensible lack of knowledge and interest in the American political
system among our newest voters. Despite studies showing increases in
volunteerism, service, and civic engagement, the low voter turnout
will dominate the debate about civic education. The authors would like to thank David A. Caputo,
president of Pace University, for funding PC2004.
Correction to Hillygus and Shields’ Article
Authors: Hillygus D. Sunshine , Shields Todd
Published: November 2005

In “Moral Issues and Voter Decision Making in the 2004 Presidential
Election” (PS, April 2005, 201–209), D. Sunshine
Hillygus and Todd Shields mistakenly describe the 2004 exit poll
question as asking about “the most important issue facing the
nation” (201) and “the most important problem facing the country
today”(202). These texts should instead read “the most important
issue in their presidential vote decision.” This correction does not
affect the analysis or conclusions of the article.
Introduction—Changing Citizenship Theory and Practice: Comparative Perspectives in a Democratic Framework
Authors: Heisler Martin O.
Published: November 2005

Citizenship is an increasingly important focus in political and social theory, as well as in philosophy, legal studies, and some of the humanities. It is also a vital concern in the lives of many “real people.” It figures in the assurance or denial of rights, economic benefits and social services, education, due process of law, and opportunities to affect political decisions; but it does not guarantee equality, fairness, justice, economic well-being, dignity, or the respect of public officials or fellow citizens. We need to engage theoretical and normative aspects of citizenship when considering such topics as democracy and democratization, civil liberties, political participation, migration and asylum, nationality, culture, persistent inequalities, discrimination, identity and belonging, gender equity, race and ethnic relations, human rights, and globalization.
(Re)Articulations of Citizenship
Authors: Ong Aihwa
Published: November 2005

The confluences of global flows, by forming new spaces and
entanglements of possibilities, have a mutating effect on
citizenship. In an ever-shifting landscape configured by mobilities
and positionalities, the idea of citizenship tied to the terrain and
imagination of a nation-state (Anderson [1983]
1991) is called into question. In theory, citizenship as
protected entitlements depends on membership in a nation-state. But
increasingly in practice, entitlements and benefits are realized
through specific mobilizations and claims in milieus of globalized
contingency. The movements of global markets, technologies, and
populations interact to shape novel spaces of political mobilization
and claims. As rights and protections long associated with
citizenship are becoming disarticulated from the state, they are
re-articulated with elements such as market-based interests,
transnational agencies, mobile elites, and marginialized
populations.
Ira Katznelson: Toward a Useful Historical Political Science of Liberalism
Authors: Valelly Richard M.
Published: November 2005

Over a career that spans the late 1960s to the present, APSA President Ira Katznelson has mounted a long and fruitful interrogation of political liberalism in the United States and Europe—asking for definition of its many forms, their origins, their strengths and weaknesses, and what kinds there can be. In doing such work, Katznelson has reframed several consequential phenomena and issues. They include African-American political incorporation over the course of the 20thcentury and the role of partisan strategy and policy design (as opposed to racial attitudes among Whites) in structuring such incorporation, the roots of American exceptionalism in the lived experience of “class,” and, most recently, the surprising extent to which rational choice and historical institutionalism conceptually overlap.
Presidential Succession and Academic Freedom: Botswana Deports Leading Political Scientist Kenneth Good
Authors: Pegg Scott
Published: November 2005

Botswana is frequently depicted as a major success story on a continent where political and economic success stories are unfortunately few and far between (Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson 2001; Leith 2005; Samatar 1999; Sarraf and Jiwanji 2001). In many ways, it is. In contrast to many resource-dependent countries, Botswana has avoided civil war, held regular elections, and produced some of the fastest sustained economic growth in the world. Yet, on February 18, 2005, President Festus Mogae declared the country's most famous political scientist, Kenneth Good, a Prohibited Immigrant and gave him 48 hours to leave the country. On May 31, 2005, after losing a legal appeal against this order, Good was held in a police cell for two hours, given 30 minutes to pack, and put on a flight to Johannesburg, South Africa (see timeline below). This article explores the background to Good's deportation and addresses some of the fundamental questions it raises about academic freedom.
A Guide to Publishing Your First Book: Arranging the
Right Book Contract
Authors: Meyer David S.
Published: November 2005

As part of its mission to address issues of recruitment, retention,
and integration of women and people of color in the profession, the
APSA Task Force on Mentoring periodically publishes articles on some
aspect of mentoring that will help political scientists move
successfully through the profession. This brief symposium on
“Publishing Your First Book” is just one such example of this
initiative. For more information about the Task Force and its
ongoing projects, contact Linda Lopez, APSA Director of Education
and Professional Development Programs, at llopez@apsanet.org.

Making a realistic assessment of your goals in publishing a book, and
matching a publisher with the text and with your goals is the first
step in bringing your research effort to completion. Social
scientists write books hoping to influence an election, change the
political debate, shift an academic focus, get tenure, or get a job.
A good book, well-published, can help achieve some
of these goals—but there are other ways to work toward them. Authors
and publishers will be happiest, and readers best served, if authors
take stock of the possible, and then market their books to
publishers who are best suited to help with the goals they've
chosen. Beyond writing the book, the author has three clear tasks:
deciding on realistic goals for the book; executing due diligence in
finding the right publishing house; and making the gist of the book
accessible to an educated, but not necessarily expert, reader by
writing a good proposal. Matching expectations to the book will help
identify the most appropriate presses.
A Guide to Publishing Your First Book: Seven Modest Tips
on Publishing
Authors: Spitzer Robert J.
Published: November 2005

As part of its mission to address issues of recruitment, retention,
and integration of women and people of color in the profession, the
APSA Task Force on Mentoring periodically publishes articles on some
aspect of mentoring that will help political scientists move
successfully through the profession. This brief symposium on
“Publishing Your First Book” is just one such example of this
initiative. For more information about the Task Force and its
ongoing projects, contact Linda Lopez, APSA Director of Education
and Professional Development Programs, at llopez@apsanet.org.

Getting a book published represents the intersection of mutual
self-interest between author and publisher. I have a few suggestions
on how to combine these.
A Guide to Publishing Your First Book: The Other End of
the Telescope (tips from an editor)
Authors: Labella Peter
Published: November 2005

As part of its mission to address issues of recruitment, retention,
and integration of women and people of color in the profession, the
APSA Task Force on Mentoring periodically publishes articles on some
aspect of mentoring that will help political scientists move
successfully through the profession. This brief symposium on
“Publishing Your First Book” is just one such example of this
initiative. For more information about the Task Force and its
ongoing projects, contact Linda Lopez, APSA Director of Education
and Professional Development Programs, at llopez@apsanet.org.

I am an acquiring editor for the Higher Education group within Oxford
University Press—that is, the books I am most likely to sign are
explicitly intended to be used in courses. Nevertheless, most of the
following nostrums are applicable in many different publishing
situations.
DISINFLATIONARY BOOM REVERSION
Authors: JACKSON AARON L.
Published: November 2005

Recent emphasis has been placed on exploring behavioral aspects of individual agents in explaining macroeconomic phenomena. Of particular interest is augmenting New Keynesian models to produce costly disinflation, as empirics and consensus suggest. We presume a fraction of agents using rule-of-thumb behavior in price setting in an otherwise standard New Keynesian model. Our findings suggest that relatively small amounts of rule-of-thumb behavior are required to offset the net effects of Ball's disinflationary boom. Moderate levels of rule-of-thumb behavior can produce delayed recessions consistent with some VAR evidence. However, high proportions of rule-of-thumb behavior are needed to produce immediate reductions in output following implementation.
TAXING CAPITAL INCOME AS PIGOUVIAN CORRECTION: THE ROLE OF DISCOUNTING THE FUTURE
Authors: DE BONIS VALERIA , SPATARO LUCA
Published: November 2005

In this work, we find that the zero capital income tax result might not hold, even at the steady state, when the government discount rate differs from the individual one. As intuitive Pigouvian considerations would suggest, capital income should be taxed (subsidized) when the government is less (more) impatient than individuals are. However, a counterintuitive asymmetry emerges as for the steady state since, in the long run, capital income cannot be taxed because of the explosive distortionary effect of positive taxes. The asymmetry is ruled out with a logarithmic utility function because, in this case, the anticipated policy path does not affect current individual choices and thus the cumulative distortionary effect of taxes disappears.
The chromosome cycle: coordinating replication and segregation
Authors: Blow J. Julian , Tanaka Tomoyuki U.
Published: November 2005

During the cell‐division cycle, chromosomal DNA must initially be precisely duplicated and then correctly segregated to daughter cells. The accuracy of these two events is maintained by two interlinked cycles: the replication licensing cycle, which ensures precise duplication of DNA, and the cohesion cycle, which ensures correct segregation. Here we provide a general overview of how these two systems are coordinated to maintain genetic stability during the cell cycle.
Membrane protein insertion: mixing eukaryotic and prokaryotic concepts
Authors: Schleiff Enrico , Soll Jürgen
Published: November 2005

Proteins are translocated across or inserted into membranes by machines that are composed of soluble and membrane‐anchored subunits. The molecular action of these machines and their evolutionary origin are at present the focus of intense research. For instance, our understanding of the mode of insertion of β‐barrel membrane proteins into the outer membrane of endosymbiotically derived organelles has increased rapidly during the past few years. In particular, the identification of the Omp85/YaeT‐involving pathways in Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli and cyanobacteria, and homologues of Omp85/YaeT in chloroplasts and mitochondria, has provided new clues about the ancestral β‐barrel protein insertion pathway. This review focuses on recent advances in the elucidation of the evolutionarily conserved concepts that underlie the translocation and insertion of β‐barrel membrane proteins.
Martensitelike spontaneous relaxor-normal ferroelectric transformation in Pb(Zn1∕3Nb2∕3)O3–PbLa(ZrTi)O3 system
Authors: Deng Guochu , Ding Aili , Li Guorong , Zheng Xinsen , Cheng Wenxiu , Qiu Pingsun , Yin Qingrui
Published: November 2005

The spontaneous relaxor-normal ferroelectric transformation was found in the tetragonal composition of Pb(Zn1∕3Nb2∕3)O3–PbLa(ZrTi)O3 (0.3PZN–0.7PLZT) complex ABO3 system. The corresponding dielectric permittivities and losses of different compositions located near the morphotrophic phase boundary were analyzed. By reviewing all of the results about this type of transformation in previous references, the electric, compositional, structural, and thermodynamic characteristics of the spontaneous relaxor-normal transformation were proposed. Additionally, the adaptive phase model for martensite transformation proposed by Khachaturyan et al. [Phys. Rev. B 43, 10832 (1991)] was introduced into this ferroelectric transformation to explain the unique transformation pathway and associated features such as the tweedlike domain patterns and the dielectric dispersion under the critical transition temperature. Due to the critical compositions near the MPB, the ferroelectric materials just fulfill the condition, in which the adaptive phases can form in the transformation procedure. The formation of the adaptive phases, which are composed of stress-accommodating twinned domains, makes the system bypass the energy barrier encountered in conventional martensite transformations. The twinned adaptive phase corresponds to the tweedlike domain pattern under a transmission electronic microscope. At lower temperature, these precursor phases transform into the conventional ferroelectric state with macrodomains by the movement of domain walls, which causes a weak dispersion in dielectric permittivity.
A 193nm laser photofragmentation time-of-flight mass spectrometric study of chloroiodomethane
Authors: Zhang Tao , Ng C. Y. , Qi Fei , Lam Chow-Sing , Li Wai-Kee
Published: November 2005

The photodissociation dynamics of chloroiodomethane (CH2ICl) at 193nm has been investigated by employing the photofragment time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometric method. Using tunable vacuum ultraviolet undulator synchrotron radiation for photoionization sampling of nascent photofragments, we have identified four primary dissociation product channels: CH2Cl+I(P1∕22)∕I(P3∕22), CH2I+Cl(P1∕22)∕Cl(P3∕22), CHI+HCl, and CH2+ICl. The state-selective detection of I(P3∕22) and I(P1∕22) has allowed the estimation of the branching ratio for I(P1∕22):I(P3∕22) to be 0.73: 0.27. Theoretical calculations based on the time-dependent density-functional theory have been also made to investigate excited electronic potential-energy surfaces, plausible intermediates, and transition structures involved in these photodissociation reactions. The translation energy distributions derived from the TOF measurements suggest that at least two dissociation mechanisms are operative for these photodissociation processes. One involves the direct dissociation from the 2A′1 state initially formed by 193nm excitation, leading to significant kinetic-energy releases. For the I-atom and Cl-atom elimination channels, the fragment kinetic-energy releases observed via this direct dissociation mechanism are consistent with those predicted by the impulsive dissociation models. Other mechanisms are likely predissociative or statistical in nature from the lower 1A′1 and 1A″1 states and/or the ground X̃A′1 state populated by internal conversion from the 2A′1 state. On the basis of the maximum kinetic-energy release for the formation of CH2Cl+I(P1∕22), we have obtained a value of 53±2kcal∕mol for the 0K bond dissociation energy of I–CH2Cl. The intermediates and transition structures for the CHI+HCl and CH2+ICl product channels have been also investigated by ab initio quantum calculations at the MP2(full)∕6-311G(d) and B3LYP(full)∕6-11G(d) levels of theory. The maximum kinetic-energy releases observed for the CHI+HCl and CH2+ICl channels are consistent with the interpretation that the formation of CHI and CH2 in their ground triplet states is not favored.
Stability of Ca-montmorillonite hydrates: A computer simulation study
Authors: Odriozola G. , Aguilar J. F.
Published: November 2005

Classic simulations are used to study interlayer structure, swelling curves, and stability of Ca-montmorillonite hydrates. For this purpose, NPzzT and μPzzT ensembles are sampled for ground level and given burial conditions. For ground level conditions, a double layer hydrate having 15.0 Å of basal spacing is the predominant state for relative vapor pressures (p∕p0) ranging 0.6–1.0. A triple hydrate counting on 17.9 Å of interlaminar distance was also found stable for p∕p0=1.0. For low vapor pressures, the system may produce a less hydrated but still double layer state with 13.5 Å or even a single layer hydrate with 12.2 Å of interlaminar distance. This depends on the established initial conditions. On the other hand, the effect of burial conditions is two sided. It was found that it enhances dehydration for all vapor pressures except for saturation, where swelling is promoted.
Influence of an electric field on the buoyancy-driven instabilities
Authors: Zadražil Aleš , Ševčíková Hana
Published: November 2005

The influence of dc electric fields (EFs) on the development of buoyancy-driven instabilities of reaction fronts is investigated experimentally in a modified Hele-Shaw cell for the arsenous acid-iodate system. Assessment of effects of external EFs is made both visually and through dispersion curves. It is shown that density fingering, observed on ascending fronts, is suppressed by the EF if the front propagates towards the positive electrode and is enhanced when the front propagates towards the negative electrode. The stabilizing (destabilizing) effects include slower (faster) development of fingers and the decrease (increase) in their numbers. The descending front, stable under no EF conditions, remains stable when an EF is applied with the positive electrode facing the approaching front. When the descending front faces the negative electrode, the tiny fingerlike structure develops after quite a long time.