bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improve campus climate around sexual harassment with these seven principles
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: May 2022

A paper published by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine has put together some best practices for applying procedural justice when evaluating, investigating, and disciplining allegations of sexual harassment in higher education.
Cyclic Octapeptides Composed of Two Glutathione Units Outperform the Monomer in Lead Detoxification
Authors: Sauser Luca , Kalvoda Tadeáš , Kavas Ayça , Rulíšek Lubomír , Shoshan Michal S.
Published: May 2022

A rationally‐designed scaffold of cyclic octapeptides composed of two units of the natural tripeptide glutathione (GSH) was optimized to strongly and selectively capture toxic lead ions (Pb(II)). Using state‐of‐the‐art computational tools, a list of eleven plausible peptides was shortened to five analogs based on their calculated affinity to Pb(II) ions. We then synthesized and investigated them for their abilities to recover Pb‐poisoned human cells. A clear pattern was observed from the in vitro detoxification results, indicating the importance of cavity size and polar moieties to enhance metal capturing. These, together with the apparent benefit of cyclizing the peptides, improved the detoxification of the two lead peptides by approximately two folds compared to GSH and the benchmark chelating agents against Pb poisoning. Moreover, the two peptides did not show any toxicity and, therefore, were thoroughly investigated to determine their potential as next‐generation remedies for Pb poisoning.
Analysis and validation of a 3D finite element model for human forearm fracture
Authors: Liu Jing , Mustafa Al‐Khazraji , Lees Vivien C. , Qian Zhihui , Wei Guowu , Lu Xuewei , Jin Jianqiao , Ren Lei , Ren Luquan , Wang Kunyang
Published: May 2022

Most researchers have performed finite element (FE) analysis of the human forearm fracture by exploring the strength and load transmission of the bones. However, few studies concentrated a complete simulation of the whole forearm complex including ligaments. This paper aims to investigate the load transmission through the bones, contact stress at the joints and strain in the ligaments by using an elaborate FE model, further validating the fracture condition for human forearm. The interosseous ligament was separated into three regions based on the distance to the proximal and distal ends. The FE simulation results were slightly more or less than a previous experimental data in the literature, but generally provided a close approximation of the bone and ligament behaviors. Compared with the experiment results under different loading conditions, maximum contact stress at the proximal radio ulnar joint (PRUJ) and distal radio ulnar joint (DRUJ) of the simulations was higher with an average of 13.4%, and peak strain in the interosseous ligament (IOL) was lower with an average of 11.0%. Under 10 kg load, the maximum stress in the radius (2.25 MPa) was less than double the value in the ulna (1.43 MPa). Finally, the FE model has been validated with the onset and location of the Colles' fracture in the literature. This study will provide a great benefit in terms of surgical and medical applications related to forearm fracture that require an extensive knowledge of the behavior of the bones and ligaments under various loading conditions.
Dynamic convolutional neural network based e‐waste management and optimized collection planning
Authors: Latha C. Jenifa , Kalaiselvi K. , Ramanarayan S. , Srivel R. , Vani S. , Sairam T. V. M.
Published: May 2022

Electronic waste, also known as e‐waste, refers to electrical or electronic devices that are discarded from households and workplaces. These used e‐wastes are meant to be renovated, reused, recycled, or disposed of, and the processing of these wastes often causes disease and harms the environment. As a result, it is important to handle waste and collect it from the disposal site on a regular basis. Besides, in order to separate precious metals from discarded waste, it is important to identify them by category. Therefore, this article proposes a novel method known as e‐waste management by exploiting the dynamic convolutional neural network (DCNN). This enhances the classification accuracy with the aid of exactly mapping the features of the images. Meanwhile, the collection of waste can be optimized in order to reduce the distance and time. The e‐wastes in the smart garbage bin are frequently monitored by smartphone applications to collect the waste on time. Moreover, it also significantly reduces the training error, classification error, localization error, and validation error on the test images. The experimental depicts that the proposed method hones up the classification accuracy to the great extent.
Transporters in Drug Development: International Transporter Consortium Update on Emerging Transporters of Clinical Importance
Authors: Zamek‐Gliszczynski Maciej J. , Sangha Vishal , Shen Hong , Feng Bo , Wittwer Matthias B. , Varma Manthena V. S. , Liang Xiaomin , Sugiyama Yuichi , Zhang Lei , Bendayan Reina ,   International Transporter Consortium
Published: May 2022

During its fourth transporter workshop in 2021, the International Transporter Consortium (ITC) provided updates on emerging clinically relevant transporters for drug development. Previously highlighted and new transporters were considered based on up‐to‐date clinical evidence of their importance in drug–drug interactions and potential for altered drug efficacy and safety, including drug–nutrient interactions leading to nutrient deficiencies. For the first time, folate transport pathways (PCFT, RFC, and FRα) were examined in‐depth as a potential mechanism of drug‐induced folate deficiency and related toxicities (e.g., neural tube defects and megaloblastic anemia). However, routine toxicology studies conducted in support of drug development appear sufficient to flag such folate deficiency toxicities, whereas prospective prediction from in vitro folate metabolism and transport inhibition is not well enough established to inform drug development. Previous suggestion of a retrospective study of intestinal OATP2B1 inhibition to explain unexpected decreases in drug exposure were updated. Furthermore, when the absorption of a new molecular entity is more rapid and extensive than can be explained by passive permeability, evaluation of the OATP2B1 transport may be considered. Emerging research on hepatic and renal OAT2 is summarized, but current understanding of the importance of OAT2 was deemed insufficient to justify specific consideration for drug development. Hepatic, renal, and intestinal MRPs (MRP2, MRP3, and MRP4) were revisited. MRPs may be considered when they are suspected to be the major determinant of drug disposition (e.g., direct glucuronide conjugates); MRP2 inhibition as a mechanistic explanation for drug‐induced hyperbilirubinemia remains justified. There were no major changes in recommendations from previous ITC whitepapers.
Morphological Evolution of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles, Synthesized via Modified Sol‐Gel and Microemulsion Technique, in Response to Their Synthesis Microenvironment
Authors: Kadu Kavita , Tripathi Rishi , Kowshik Meenal , Ramanan Sutapa Roy
Published: May 2022

Methods for the synthesis and characterization of well‐dispersed nanostructured materials are widely explored for potential applications in various fields. Several challenges in synthesizing nanoparticles (NPs) with controlled morphology, narrow size distribution, and optimum stability are tested but the fundamental understanding of the growth of NP crystal structure leading to various morphologies still needs to be addressed. This study attempts to understand the role of the synthesis environment, i.e., solvents, stabilizing agents, and the surfactant concentration, that controls the crystal growth of the synthesized biocompatible hydroxyapatite nanoparticles resulting in different shapes and sizes. The lattice parameters, space group, interplanar spacing, and unit cell dimensions are calculated using the experimentally obtained powder diffraction patterns for the various NPs. Atoms are placed at random sites in the unit cell based on the collected crystallographic information, and a final atomic arrangement and subsequent morphological evolution are arrived at via local and global optimization.
Research Progress and Perspective on Lithium/Sodium Metal Anodes for Next‐Generation Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Patrike Apurva , Yadav Poonam , Shelke Vilas , Shelke Manjusha
Published: May 2022

With the development of consumer electronic devices and electric vehicles, lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are vital components for high energy storage with great impact on our modern life. However, LIBs still cannot meet all the essential demands of rapidly growing new industries. In pursuance of higher energy requirement, metal batteries (MBs) are the next‐generation high‐energy‐density devices. Li/Na metals are considered as an ideal anode for high‐energy batteries due to extremely high theoretical specific capacity (3860 and 1165 mAh g−1 for Li and Na, respectively) and low electrochemical potential (−3.04 V for Li and −2.71 V for Na vs. standard hydrogen electrode). Unfortunately, uncontrolled dendrite growth, high reactivity, and infinite volume change induce severe safety concerns and poor cycle efficiency during their application. Consequently, MBs are far from commercialization stage. This Review represents a comprehensive overview of failure mechanism of lithium/sodium metal anode and its progress for rechargeable batteries through (i) electrolyte optimization, (ii) artificial solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer formation, and (iii) nanoengineering at materials level in current collector, anode, and host. The challenges in current MBs research and potential applications of lithium/sodium metal anodes are also outlined and summarized.
An exploratory application of machine learning methods to optimize prediction of responsiveness to digital interventions for eating disorder symptoms
Authors: Linardon Jake , Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz Matthew , Shatte Adrian , Greenwood Christopher J.
Published: May 2022

Objective

Digital interventions show promise to address eating disorder (ED) symptoms. However, response rates are variable, and the ability to predict responsiveness to digital interventions has been poor. We tested whether machine learning (ML) techniques can enhance outcome predictions from digital interventions for ED symptoms.

Method

Data were aggregated from three RCTs (n = 826) of self‐guided digital interventions for EDs. Predictive models were developed for four key outcomes: uptake, adherence, drop‐out, and symptom‐level change. Seven ML techniques for classification were tested and compared against the generalized linear model (GLM).

Results

The seven ML methods used to predict outcomes from 36 baseline variables were poor for the three engagement outcomes (AUCs = 0.48–0.52), but adequate for symptom‐level change (R2 = .15–.40). ML did not offer an added benefit to the GLM. Incorporating intervention usage pattern data improved ML prediction accuracy for drop‐out (AUC = 0.75–0.93) and adherence (AUC = 0.92–0.99). Age, motivation, symptom severity, and anxiety emerged as influential outcome predictors.

Conclusion

A limited set of routinely measured baseline variables was not sufficient to detect a performance benefit of ML over traditional approaches. The benefits of ML may emerge when numerous usage pattern variables are modeled, although this validation in larger datasets before stronger conclusions can be made.
Genetic differentiation and phylogeography of rotifer Polyarthra dolichoptera and P. vulgaris populations between Southeastern China and eastern North America: High intercontinental differences
Authors: Liang Diwen , McManus George B. , Wang Qing , Sun Xian , Liu Zhiwei , Lin Senjie , Yang Yufeng
Published: May 2022

Genetic differentiations and phylogeographical patterns of small organisms may be shaped by spatial isolation, environmental gradients, and gene flow. However, knowledge about genetic differentiation of rotifers at the intercontinental scale is still limited. Polyarthra dolichoptera and P. vulgaris are cosmopolitan rotifers that are tolerant to environmental changes, offering an excellent model to address the research gap. Here, we investigated the populations in Southeastern China and eastern North America and evaluated the phylogeographical patterns from their geographical range sizes, geographic–genetic distance relationships and their responses to spatial‐environmental factors. Using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene as the DNA marker, we analyzed a total of 170 individuals. Our results showed that some putative cryptic species, also known as entities were widely distributed, but most of them were limited to single areas. The divergence of P. dolichoptera and P. vulgaris indicated that gene flow between continents was limited while that within each continent was stronger. Oceanographic barriers do affect the phylogeographic pattern of rotifers in continental waters and serve to maintain genetic diversity in nature. The genetic distance of P. dolichoptera and P. vulgaris populations showed significant positive correlation with geographic distance. This might be due to the combined effects of habitat heterogeneity, long‐distance colonization, and oceanographic barriers. Furthermore, at the intercontinental scale, spatial distance had a stronger influence than environmental variables on the genetic differentiations of both populations. Wind‐ and animal‐mediated transport and even historical events of continental plate tectonics are potential factors for phylogeography of cosmopolitan rotifers.
Is negative density‐dependent reproduction regulated by density‐induced stress in root voles? Two field experiments
Authors: Shang Guozhen , Du Shouyang , Yang Yanbin , Wu Yan , Cao Yifan , Bian Jianghui
Published: May 2022

Density dependence in reproduction plays an important role in stabilizing population dynamics via immediate negative feedback from population density to reproductive output. Although previous studies have shown that negative density‐dependent reproduction is associated with strong spacing behavior and social interaction between individuals, the proximal mechanism for generating negative density‐dependent reproduction remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of density‐induced stress on reproduction in root voles. Enclosed founder populations were established by introducing 6 (low density) and 30 (high density) adults per sex into per enclosure (four enclosures per density in total) during the breeding season from April to July 2012 and from May to August 2015. Fecal corticosterone metabolite (FCM) levels, reproductive traits (recruitment rate and the proportion of reproductively active individuals), and founder population numbers were measured following repeated live trapping in both years. The number of founders was negatively associated with recruitment rates and the proportion of reproductively active individuals, displaying a negative density‐dependent reproduction. FCM level was positively associated with the number of founders. The number of founder females directly affected the proportion of reproductive females, and directly and indirectly through their FCM levels affected the recruitment rate; the effect of the number of male founders on the proportion of reproductive males was mediated by their FCM level. Our results showed that density‐induced stress negatively affected reproductive traits and that density‐induced stress is one ecological factor generating negative density‐dependent reproduction.
Increases in temperature and freshwater inputs will shift grazing patterns of a coastal mesograzer on foundation species
Authors: Berthold Maximilian , Porsche Christian , Hofmann Antonia , Nowak Petra
Published: May 2022

Foundation species, and the roles that they play in structuring ecosystems, are threatened by global change. For example, charophytes are a refuge for zooplankton and stabilize sediments, but they are also a food source for various animal species (water birds, fishes, and invertebrates). Particularly, the introduction of new species, such as Gammarus tigrinus, into the Baltic Sea led to yet not understood changes in the food web. Furthermore, future projections point to increased water temperatures and freshwater inputs affecting species capacity to acclimatize to changing abiotic factors. In this study, we investigated the influence of temperature and salinity on the grazing pressure of G. tigrinus on two charophyte species: Chara aspera and Chara tomentosa. The grazing experiments were conducted in a full‐factorial design with the factors salinity (3–13 g kg−1), temperature (5–30°C), and charophyte species. Grazing rates were determined as mass deviation within 48 h considering biomass changes in the presence and absence of gammarids. Grazing rates were further used to calculate charophyte losses in two coastal lagoons with different salinity concentrations for recent and future time periods. Increasing freshwater inputs can buffer charophyte biomass loss at higher temperatures. Gammarids had a higher grazing impact on C. aspera than on C. tomentosa. The potential grazing peak of about 24°C is not yet reached in these coastal waters but may be reached in the near future as shown by our future projection results. However, a temperature increase and decrease in salinity will cause a shift in seasonal individual grazing patterns from summer to spring and autumn. An increase in temperature and freshwater input can lead to a shift in optimal habitats for G. tigrinus in the future. These interactions between abiotic and biotic factors will affect the future spatial distribution that charophytes can exploit as foundation species.
Formation of a p‐n heterojunction photocatalyst by the interfacing of graphitic carbon nitride and delafossite CuGaO2
Authors: Martinez Benjamin , Chang Dai‐Ning , Huang Yu‐Cheng , Dong Chung‐Li , Chiu Te‐Wei , Chiang Ming‐Hsi , Kuo Chun‐Hong
Published: May 2022

Photocatalysts have focused on scientific endeavors for five decades already. Their ability to generate solar fuel via relatively environmentally benign processes brings promises of a future with increasingly sustainable energy production. A class of materials, heterojunction (HJ) semiconductors, have immense potential due to their versatility, stability, and cost‐effectiveness. In addition, meticulous engineering of p‐n HJ enables the apparition of an electric field at the junction, a supplementary driving force that drives the charge carriers to separate effectively upon illumination. Therefore, we combined n‐type carbon nitride with p‐type CuGaO2 to form a photo‐active p‐n HJ. Mechanistic insights being highly sought‐after, we then employed X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy as complementary and orbital‐specific techniques to probe the changes caused by interfacing CuGaO2 with g‐C3N4.
Community‐acquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia manifested by bloody pleural effusion in a previously healthy infant: A case report
Authors: Dong Chunjuan , Shen Fangfang , Dong Hanquan , Dong Lili , Fu Ya , Xu Yongsheng , Ning Jing
Published: May 2022

Background

Community‐acquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in immunocompetent children is a rare occurrence.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of the clinical manifestations, imaging characteristics, laboratory examinations, and treatment of a child with community‐acquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia presented with bloody pleural effusion.

Results

The 1‐year‐old previously healthy patient, who developed community‐acquired pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and influenza virus. The patient manifested bloody pleural effusion although his condition improved after anti‐infective therapy and closed thoracic drainage. After 10 days of hospitalization, his symptoms worsened, accompanied by hemoptysis, and the pathogen developed resistance to carbapenems. The antibiotic strategy was adjusted to combined antipseudomonal regimen. He developed low‐grade fever and was extubated, although these manifestations and imaging were eventually alleviated.

Conclusions

Community‐acquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in children may be non‐septic, with bloody pleural effusion as presentation, and the disease may progress after 10 days of treatment due to drug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Early extubation should be considered after adequate drainage.
Causal assessment in evidence synthesis: A methodological review of reviews
Authors: Shimonovich Michal , Pearce Anna , Thomson Hilary , Katikireddi Srinivasa Vittal
Published: May 2022

In fields (such as population health) where randomised trials are often lacking, systematic reviews (SRs) can harness diversity in study design, settings and populations to assess the evidence for a putative causal relationship. SRs may incorporate causal assessment approaches (CAAs), sometimes called ‘causal reviews’, but there is currently no consensus on how these should be conducted. We conducted a methodological review of self‐identifying ‘causal reviews’ within the field of population health to establish: (1) which CAAs are used; (2) differences in how CAAs are implemented; (3) how methods were modified to incorporate causal assessment in SRs. Three databases were searched and two independent reviewers selected reviews for inclusion. Data were extracted using a standardised form and summarised using tabulation and narratively. Fifty‐three reviews incorporated CAAs: 46/53 applied Bradford Hill (BH) viewpoints/criteria, with the remainder taking alternative approaches: Medical Research Council guidance on natural experiments (2/53, 3.8%); realist reviews (2/53, 3.8%); horizontal SRs (1/53, 1.9%); ‘sign test’ of causal mechanisms (1/53, 1.9%); and a causal cascade model (1/53, 1.9%). Though most SRs incorporated BH, there was variation in application and transparency. There was considerable overlap across the CAAs, with a trade‐off between breadth (BH viewpoints considered a greater range of causal characteristics) and depth (many alternative CAAs focused on one viewpoint). Improved transparency in the implementation of CAA in SRs in needed to ensure their validity and allow robust assessments of causality within evidence synthesis.
Implementation of correlated double sampling circuit on glass applied for active pixel sensing array
Authors: Tai Ya‐Hsiang , Yuan Yi‐Cheng , Hsieh Cheng‐Hsueh
Published: May 2022

With the gradual popularization of Internet of Things (IoT) and automation related technologies as well as the rapid development of biometric technology, the application requirements for image sensors have also increased. The improvement of the accuracy of the sensing results has always been a project that people continue to study and optimize. The characteristic of the thin film transistor (TFT), which is often used in active pixel sensor (APS), is likely been affected by temperature and the error during fabrication process, thereby affecting the sensing accuracy. The threshold voltage (Vth) variation is one of the most influential factors among all non‐ideal effect. Correlated double sampling (CDS) is a commonly used technique in eliminating the characteristic variation. In this paper, we proposed a novel CDS circuit composed of TFTs and capacitors which can be integrated on substrate with simulation and implementation. The advantage of the circuit is that Vth variation is eliminated and readout voltage dynamic range is adjusted to fit the operation region of IC at the same time.
Enhanced stability designs of cell membrane chromatography for screening drug leads
Authors: Fu Jia , Jia Qianqian , Liang Peida , Wang Saisai , Zhou Huaxin , Zhang Liyang , Wang Hong , Gao Chunlei , Lv Yanni , Han Shengli , He Langchong
Published: May 2022

Cell membrane chromatography is an effective method for screening bioactive components acting on specific receptors in complex systems, which maintains the biological activity of the membrane receptors and improves screening efficiency. However, traditional cell membrane chromatography suffers from poor stability, resulting in a limited life span and low reproducibility, greatly limiting the application of this method. To address this problem, cyanuric chloride‐decorated silica gel was used for the covalent immobilization of the cell membranes. Cyanuric chloride reacts with amino groups on the cell membranes and membrane receptors to form covalent bonds. In this way, the cell membranes are not easy to fall off. The column life of the cyanuric chloride‐decorated epidermal growth factor receptor/cell membrane chromatography column was extended to more than 8 days, whereas the column life of the normal cell membrane chromatography column dropped sharply in the first 3 days. A cyanuric chloride‐decorated epidermal growth factor receptor/cell membrane chromatography online HPLC‐IT‐TOF‐MSn system was applied for screening drug leads from Trifolium pratense L. One potential drug lead, formononetin, which acts on the epidermal growth factor receptor, was screened. Our strategy of covalently immobilizing cell membrane receptors also improved the stability of cell membrane chromatography.
Citations and Author Characteristics in Open‐Access and Subscription‐Based Otolaryngology Journals
Authors: Crossley Jason R. , Almasri Mohamad , Samaha Nadia , Deklotz Timothy R. , Harley Earl H. , Davidson Bruce J. , Malekzadeh Sonya , Kim H. Jeffrey
Published: May 2022

Objective

To describe the academic impact and author characteristics of open‐access journals in otolaryngology.

Methods

Original articles from three open‐access (OTO Open, Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology, and World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology) and three conventional subscription‐based otolaryngology specific journals (Otolaryngology ‐ Head & Neck Surgery, The Laryngoscope, JAMA Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery) were assessed. Publication dates of articles from January 2017 to July 2020 were included. Google Scholar and Web of Science citation counts were recorded. H‐indexes of first and last authors were included according to Google Scholar and Web of Science and analyzed.

Results

This analysis included 3284 articles. Articles published in open‐access otolaryngology‐specific journals had significantly fewer citations on average (6.8) than articles published in subscription‐based journals (12.4, p < 0.0001). The last authors of articles published in subscription‐based journals had significantly higher h‐indexes (23.50) compared with the last authors of articles published in open‐access journals (19.53, p < 0.0001). The first authors of articles published in open‐access journals had similar h‐indexes (10.26) as the first authors of articles published in subscription‐based journals (10.33).

Conclusions

Articles published in open‐access journals in otolaryngology were cited significantly less than those published in subscription‐based journals. The h‐index of the last authors was significantly lower in open‐access journals; however, the h‐index of the first authors was similar between open‐access and subscription‐based journals. As measured by citations, open‐access publications do not yet appear to have the impact of subscription‐based publications.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 133:79–82, 2023
Delineating functional mechanisms of the p53/p63/p73 family of transcription factors through identification of protein–protein interactions using interface mimicry
Authors: Guven‐Maiorov Emine , Sakakibara Nozomi , Ponnamperuma Roshini M. , Dong Kun , Matar Hector , King Kathryn E. , Weinberg Wendy C.
Published: May 2022

Members of the p53 family of transcription factors—p53, p63, and p73—share a high degree of homology; however, members can be activated in response to different stimuli, perform distinct (sometimes opposing) roles and are expressed in different tissues. The level of complexity is increased further by the transcription of multiple isoforms of each homolog, which may interact or interfere with each other and can impact cellular outcome. Proteins perform their functions through interacting with other proteins (and/or with nucleic acids). Therefore, identification of the interactors of a protein and how they interact in 3D is essential to fully comprehend their roles. By utilizing an in silico protein–protein interaction prediction method—HMI‐PRED—we predicted interaction partners of p53 family members and modeled 3D structures of these protein interaction complexes. This method recovered experimentally known interactions while identifying many novel candidate partners. We analyzed the similarities and differences observed among the interaction partners to elucidate distinct functions of p53 family members and provide examples of how this information may yield mechanistic insight to explain their overlapping versus distinct/opposing outcomes in certain contexts. While some interaction partners are common to p53, p63, and p73, the majority are unique to each member. Nevertheless, most of the enriched pathways associated with these partners are common to all members, indicating that the members target the same biological pathways but through unique mediators. p63 and p73 have more common enriched pathways compared to p53, supporting their similar developmental roles in different tissues.
Coordinated care initiative targets transitional periods in treatment
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: May 2022

Public health leaders in San Francisco have introduced a behavioral health service expansion that they hope will result in fewer individuals falling through the cracks of the system at pivotal moments of their journey to recovery and wellness.
Age at diagnosis for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Why we must do better
Authors: Quinlivan Rosaline Mary
Published: May 2022

See article on pages 193‐197 in this issue
Transverse seismic response of end‐bearing pipe piles to S‐waves
Authors: Zheng Changjie , Luo Tong , Kouretzis George , Ding Xuanming , Luan Lubao
Published: May 2022

This paper presents a method for the seismic analysis of open‐ended pipe piles subjected to vertically propagating S‐waves, that considers kinematic interaction between the pipe pile and its external and internal soil. Following the presentation of the elastodynamic continuum model, which is based on the assumptions of linear elastic soil response and uniform soil conditions, we employ the derived solution to investigate the sensitivity of the seismic response of pipe piles to certain key problem parameters, such as pile slenderness or the relative stiffness of the pipe pile compared to its surrounding soil. We demonstrate that the bending stiffness of pipe piles is governing their seismic response, and that thin‐walled pipe piles offer the best material usage versus seismic performance ratio. The presented solution offers a low‐cost alternative to complex numerical simulations for preliminary seismic design purposes, such as the selection of optimal pipe pile section geometry.
Ca doping to enhance energy storage performance of lead‐free SrTi0.99Mn0.01O3 thin films with low hysteresis
Authors: Wang Zhenyu , Zhang Yulei
Published: May 2022

Dielectric materials with excellent energy storage performance are urgently needed in advanced electrical power systems. We have reported that Mn2+‐doped SrTiO3 thin films have high energy storage density. However, the thin films exhibit fat polarization‐electric field hysteresis loops with high hysteresis, which is not conducive to greater energy storage performance. In this work, the Ca2+‐doped Sr1‐xCaxTi0.99Mn0.01O3 thin films are fabricated to construct slim polarization‐electric field hysteresis loops with low hysteresis for obtaining excellent energy storage performance. Because Ca2+ can break the long‐range ferroelectric order of SrTi0.99Mn0.01O3, the domain size decreases and the coupling of domains weakens, ultimately leading to low hysteresis. Moreover, doping Ca2+ can induce distortion of the octahedral [TiO6] to form local polarization regions. When doped an appropriate amount of Ca2+, local lattice distortion plays an important role in polarization behavior, which helps to enhance polarization. Meanwhile, the Ca2+‐doped thin films also possess good insulation. Finally, the higher energy storage density of 63.9 J cm‐3 is achieved in the Sr0.9Ca0.1Ti0.99Mn0.01O3 thin film. When the electric field is less than 4000 kV cm‐1, the energy storage efficiency remains above 70%. Simultaneously, a wide working temperature range from ‐100℃ to 100℃ is also obtained.
Blood donors' usage intentions of donation appointment‐scheduling systems during the COVID‐19 pandemic and beyond
Authors: Saltzmann Carolin , Boenigk Silke
Published: May 2022

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, online appointment‐scheduling systems have become standard procedure in blood donation practice. This study develops and empirically tests a comprehensive conceptual model of blood donors' usage intentions of a donation appointment‐scheduling system during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Online survey data are collected from blood donors (n = 3269) and analyzed using the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM) approach. The results provide evidence that intentions to use the system in the post‐COVID‐19 future are high. Together with high‐perceived usefulness and ease of use, this indicates generally high‐system acceptance among active donors during the pandemic and beyond. The study identifies a number of factors that influence this acceptance. The results show that different aspects of service quality perceptions in the context of the system drive its acceptance. The strongest positive effect is exerted by blood donors' pre‐donation planning convenience, followed by an enhanced actual donation experience. Reduced flexibility as a result of the system has a strong negative effect. The authors derive managerial implications for blood donation services regarding preserving the acceptance level and suggest future research prospects.
Scientific response to a cluster of shark bites
Authors: Barnett Adam , Fitzpatrick Richard , Bradley Michael , Miller Ingo , Sheaves Marcus , Chin Andrew , Smith Bethany , Diedrich Amy , Yick Jonah Lee , Lubitz Nicolas , Crook Kevin , Mattone Carlo , Bennett Mike B. , Wojtach Leah , Abrantes Kátya
Published: May 2022

Shark bites are of high public concern globally. Information on shark occurrence and behaviour, and of the effects of human behaviours, can help understand the drivers of shark‐human interactions. In Australia, a number of shark bite clusters occurred over the last decade. One of these took place in Cid Harbour the Whitsundays, Queensland, a region for which little was known about the shark community. Here, we describe and evaluate the research in response to that shark bite cluster.

Fishing methods, acoustic and satellite tracking, and baited remote underwater video cameras (BRUVs) were used to identify the shark species using Cid Harbour, estimate relative abundance, and describe habitat use and residency. Side‐scan sonar and BRUVs were also used to assess prey availability. Recreational users were surveyed to understand human behaviour and their awareness and perceptions of ‘Shark Smart’ behaviours. This allowed shark occurrence and behaviour to be interpreted in the context of human behaviours in the Harbour.

Eleven shark species were identified. Relative abundance was not unusually high, and residency in Cid Harbour was typically low. For example, 79% of acoustically tagged sharks visited the harbour on <10% days at liberty. Shark prey was available year‐round. Notably, anchored boats regularly conduct activities that can attract sharks (dumping food scraps, provisioning and cleaning fish).

Alone, the methods used in this study had variable success, but combined they provided a large amount of complementary information. Including a social science component in the research response to the shark bite incidents allowed for a more holistic understanding of the Cid Harbour bite incidents.

This study did not identify anything unusual about the shark community that could have contributed to the Cid Harbour shark bite cluster. However, the three incidents involved people bitten almost instantly after entering the water, which is unusual and suggests that feeding/attracting sharks to boats could have been a contributor and also that any species capable of biting humans could have been responsible.

The eradication of activities that attract sharks to areas where people enter the water may reduce shark bite risk.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
FDA approval summary: Crizotinib for pediatric and young adult patients with relapsed or refractory systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Authors: Merino Margret , Kasamon Yvette , Li Hongshan , Ma Lian , Leong Ruby , Zhou Jiaxi , Reaman Gregory , Chambers Wiley , Richardson Nicholas , Theoret Marc , Pazdur Richard , Gormley Nicole
Published: May 2022

In January 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved crizotinib for pediatric patients 1 year and older and young adults with relapsed or refractory systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (sALCL). This is the first approval for pediatric sALCL. Approval was based on a single‐arm trial of crizotinib monotherapy that included 26 patients, aged 1–20 years, with previously treated sALCL. Efficacy was based on centrally assessed objective response rate (88%) and duration of response. Herein, we highlight unique aspects of the regulatory review, including extension of the indication to young adults, postmarketing safety, and dose optimization strategies.
Mathematical models for the use, processing, and optimized utilization of natural arc‐shaped bamboo laminated lumber
Authors: Huang Bin , Fang Changhua , Chen Lin , Fei Benhua
Published: May 2022

The natural arc‐shaped bamboo laminated lumber (ABLL) maintained the natural structure of bamboo material. It had significance for its various applications in bamboo industry. This article took the thickness (T) and width (W) of the ABLL as the research object. The first mathematical model determined the relationship among the size of the bamboo tubes, the number of divisions and the thickness (T) of the ABLL. In order to avoid forming incomplete arc‐shaped bamboo corners during the process of sawing of ABLL into square lumber, we used Mathlab analysis to obtain the appropriate numbers of divisions were 4–6 parts. Moreover, the thickness (T) of ABLL was found to be 37–62 mm. The second mathematical model determined the relationship between the size of the equal‐arc shaped bamboo split and the width (W) of ABLL. The proposed mathematical models provided a grading basis for the material selection in the processing of ABLL, optimized the utilization of bamboo, and was of great significance for high‐quality preparation of ABLL.
Two‐stage subgroup‐specific time‐to‐event (2S‐Sub‐TITE): An adaptive two‐stage time‐to‐toxicity design for subgroup‐specific dose finding in phase I oncology trials
Authors: McGovern Alana , Chapple Andrew G. , Ma Clement
Published: May 2022

For phase I trials, the subgroup‐specific time‐to‐event (Sub‐TITE) design identifies the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) separately in 2+ heterogeneous patient subgroups. Sub‐TITE allows borrowing strength and dynamic clustering across subgroups from the trial's start, but delaying the initiation of borrowing and clustering may improve trial accuracy. We propose the 2‐stage Sub‐TITE (2S‐Sub‐TITE) design in which the trial starts by estimating separate models per subgroup, and then initiates the Sub‐TITE design at some pre‐specified point of patient accrual. We evaluate the operating characteristics of the 2S‐Sub‐TITE design using simulations. Nine configurations of the 2S‐Sub‐TITE design (varying in timing of initiation of borrowing/clustering and prior probability of subgroup heterogeneity, p_hetero) and three control methods were compared across 1000 randomly‐generated true toxicity probability scenarios. Effects of priors, sample size, escalation rules, target toxicity probability, accrual rate, and number of subgroups were evaluated. Metrics included: proportion of correct selection (PCS) of the true MTD, and average number of toxicities incurred. Among the 5 2S‐Sub‐TITE configurations (out of 9 total) with the highest PCS (45%) when the subgroup heterogeneity assumption is correct (all of which out‐perform the control methods by 2%–6%), the configuration which enables borrowing and clustering allowance with p_hetero = 0.7 starting at 75% patient accrual best minimizes toxicities as well as losses in accuracy if the heterogeneity assumption is incorrect. For trials with high confidence in subgroup heterogeneity, the 2S‐Sub‐TITE configuration enabling borrowing/clustering with p_hetero = 0.7 starting at 75% patient accrual exhibits superior dose‐finding accuracy compared to existing methods.
Hyperoside: A review on its sources, biological activities, and molecular mechanisms
Authors: Wang Qi , Wei Hao‐Cheng , Zhou Sheng‐Jun , Li Ying , Zheng Ting‐Ting , Zhou Chang‐Zheng , Wan Xin‐Huan
Published: May 2022

Hyperoside is a natural flavonol glycoside in various plants, such as Crataegus pinnatifida Bge, Forsythia suspensa, and Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Medical research has found that hyperoside possesses a broad spectrum of biological activities, including anticancer, anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antidepressant, and organ protective effects. These pharmacological properties lay the foundation for its use in treating multiple diseases, such as sepsis, arthritis, colitis, diabetic nephropathy, myocardial ischemia–reperfusion, pulmonary fibrosis, and cancers. Hyperoside is obtained from the plants and chemical synthesis. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of hyperoside on its sources and biological activities to provide insights into its therapeutic potential, and to provide a basis for high‐quality studies to determine the clinical efficacy of this compound.
Command‐filter‐based adaptive output feedback quantized tracking control for switched stochastic nonlinear time‐delay systems with actuator saturation
Authors: Wu Tiantian , Yang Yekai , Li Shugang , Yu Zhaoxu
Published: May 2022

This work addresses the adaptive output feedback quantized control for a class of switched stochastic nonstrict‐feedback nonlinear time‐delay systems with input and output quantization and actuator saturation under arbitrary switching. A novel state observer including the quantized output signal and the saturated input signal is designed to estimate the unknown system states. Then, the command‐filtered backstepping method is introduced to avoid the “explosion of complexity” in the adaptive backstepping recursive design. Moreover, the design challenges from input and output quantization errors and actuator saturation are overcome by combining the auxiliary variable approach and some special techniques. Instead of the traditional quartic Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, the common quadratic Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional is constructed to develop the adaptive quantized tracking control scheme for such systems. By means of the proposed common controller independent of switching signal, all closed‐loop signals are mean‐square semi‐globally uniformly ultimately bounded, while the tracking error will remain in a small neighborhood of the origin. Finally, stability analysis and simulation results are provided to show the effectiveness and performance of the proposed design methodology.
Rational Regulation of Crystalline/Amorphous Microprisms‐Nanochannels Based on Molecular Sieve (VSB‐5) for Electrochemical Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Zhao Jiayang , Zhang Yao , Guo Haoran , Zhang Haotian , Ren Junkai , Song Rui
Published: May 2022

Rational regulation of the composition and structure of electrocatalysts is crucial to the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, a new electrocatalyst of nickel phosphate microprism (VSB/NiPO) is developed via a simple solvothermal reaction. The microprism is mainly composed of Versailles‐Santa Barbara‐5 (VSB‐5, molecular sieve) with unique nanochannels, which contribute to accelerating mass transfer and exposing more active sites, thus displaying excellent HER activity. Subsequently, the crystallinity and electronic structure of the framework are modulated by incorporating Fe with the combination of calcination and impregnation. The nanochannels are converted to the amorphous arrangement, and the Ni centers are regulated to the higher valence. The resultant Fe‐VSB/NiPO‐500 exhibits a low OER overpotential of 227 mV at 50 mA cm−2. Interestingly, an integrated electrolyzer assembled by VSB/NiPO(−) and Fe‐VSB/NiPO‐500(+) performs well for overall water splitting, which requires only 1.487 V to achieve 10 mA cm−2, and remains stable at 100 mA cm−2 over 100 h. This finding opens a new avenue for developing VSB‐5 in the field of electrocatalysis.
Transient Solid‐State Laser Activation of Indium for High‐Performance Reduction of CO2 to Formate
Authors: Guo Weihua , Zhang Yuefeng , Su Jianjun , Song Yun , Huang Libei , Cheng Le , Cao Xiaohu , Dou Yubing , Ma Yangbo , Ma Chenyan , Zhu He , Zheng Tingting , Wang Zhaoyu , Li Hao , Fan Zhanxi , Liu Qi , Zeng Zhiyuan , Dong Juncai , Xia Chuan , Tang Ben Zhong , Ye Ruquan
Published: May 2022

Deficiencies in understanding the local environment of active sites and limited synthetic skills challenge the delivery of industrially‐relevant current densities with low overpotentials and high selectivity for CO2 reduction. Here, a transient laser induction of metal salts can stimulate extreme conditions and rapid kinetics to produce defect‐rich indium nanoparticles (L‐In) is reported. Atomic‐resolution microscopy and X‐ray absorption disclose the highly defective and undercoordinated local environment in L‐In. In a flow cell, L‐In shows a very small onset overpotential of ≈92 mV and delivers a current density of ≈360 mA cm‐2 with a formate Faradaic efficiency of 98% at a low potential of −0.62 V versus RHE. The formation rate of formate reaches up to 6364.4 µmol h‐1 , which is nearly 39 folds higher than that of commercial In (160.7 µmol h‐1 ), outperforming most of the previous results that have been reported under KHCO3 environments. Density function theory calculations suggest that the defects facilitate the formation of *OCHO intermediate and stabilize the *HCOOH while inhibiting hydrogen adsorption. This study suggests that transient solid‐state laser induction provides a facile and cost‐effective approach to form ligand‐free and defect‐rich materials with tailored activities.
Photoactivated Organic Nanomachines for Programmable Enhancement of Antitumor Efficacy
Authors: Huang Xing , Liu Yang , Feng Ao , Cheng Xie , Xiong Xiangyu , Wang Zimo , He Zhaoxia , Guo Jintang , Wang Shuai , Yan Xibo
Published: May 2022

Limited permeability in solid tumors significantly restricts the anticancer efficacy of nanomedicines. Light‐driven nanomotors powered by photothermal converting engines are appealing carriers for directional drug delivery and simultaneous phototherapy. Nowadays, it is still a great challenge to construct metal‐free photothermal nanomotors for a programmable anticancer treatment. Herein, one kind of photoactivated organic nanomachines is reported with asymmetric geometry assembled by light‐to‐heat converting semiconducting polymer engine and macromolecular anticancer payload through a straightforward nanoprecipitation process. The NIR‐fueled polymer engine can be remotely controlled to power the nanomachines for light‐driven thermophoresis in the liquid media and simultaneously thermal ablating the cancer cells. The great manipulability of the nanomachines allows for programming of their self‐propulsion in the tumor microenvironment for effectively improving cellular uptake and tumor penetration of the anticancer payload. Taking the benefit from this behavior, a programmed treatment process is established at a low drug dose and a low photothermal temperature for significantly enhancing the antitumor efficacy.