bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pica and the Elephant's Ear
Authors: Mihailidou Helen , Galanakis Emmanouil , Paspalaki Penelope , Borgia Pelagia , Mantzouranis Evangelia
Published: May 2008

This is a case report of an otherwise healthy 2-year-old boy with a history of pica, associated with iron deficiency anemia. This boy was referred to our department for a neurologic evaluation because of an acute episode of sialorrhea, difficulty in speaking, dysphagia, and repeated swallowing movements. An uncertain episode of a brief-duration still gaze was also reported. In addition, the history revealed that the child had earlier ingested a leaf from a poisonous houseplant called Colocasia esculenta, also known as “elephant's ear.” The habit of pica subsided after treatment with iron supplements. A 9-month follow-up period was uneventful. Neurologic manifestations can accompany accidental intoxications of some non-nutrient substances. Thus, pica must be suspected in children with acute behavior alterations. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17: 855—856).
Atypical Brain Activation of Reading Processes in Children With Developmental Dyslexia
Authors: Backes Walter , Vuurman Eric , Wennekes Rianne , Spronk Patricia , Wuisman Mea , van Engelshoven Jos , Jolles Jelle
Published: May 2008

Brain activation differences of reading-related processes between dyslexic and normal reading children were localized with functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The children performed tasks that varied in visuospatial, orthographic, phonologic, and semantic processing demands. Enhanced activation of the left extrastriate cortex was found during all tasks in the dyslexic group. During orthographic processing, dyslexic children predominantly showed activation in the right prefrontal cortex, as also occurred during the visuo-spatial task. Normal readers also showed activation in the left prefrontal cortex. Dyslexic readers showed less activation of both the temporal and the prefrontal cortex during phonologic processing. The results suggest that dyslexic readers fail to use brain areas that are normally specialized in language processing, but rather use areas that underlie visuospatial processing. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:867—871).
Sleep-Wake Patterns in Children With Intrauterine Growth Retardation
Authors: Leitner Yael , Bloch Aviva Mimouni , Sadeh Avi , Neuderfer Orit , Tikotzky Liat , Fattal-Valevski Aviva , Harel Shaul
Published: May 2008

The purpose of this study was to characterize the sleep patterns of children with intrauterine growth retardation, known to be at risk for neurodevelopmental disorders, and seek a possible correlation with behavior, concentration, and attention problems. The sleep patterns of 26 children with intrauterine growth retardation aged 4 to 7 years were compared with those of 47 control children using activity monitors (actigraphs). In addition, data were collected from the parents regarding sleep habits, behavior, concentration, and attention. Children with intrauterine growth retardation aged 4 to 7 years were found to have a tendency toward poorer quality of sleep than their matched controls. This inclination was statistically significant only for one sleep measure, the true sleep time. A tendency toward increased fragmentation of sleep, prolonged waking, and decreased sleep efficiency, although not statistically significant in this study, was demonstrated. Our results showed that 58% of the children with intrauterine growth retardation, compared with 40% of the children in the control group, could be defined as “poor sleepers” (sleep efficiency lower than 90% or three or more waking episodes per night). This disturbed sleep profile is probably an integral part of the neurodevelopmental profile typical of these at-risk children. No significant correlations were found between sleep quality and behavior, concentration, and attention problems. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:872—876).
Caudate Nucleus Volume Asymmetry Predicts Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptomatology in Children
Authors: Schrimsher Gregory W. , Billingsley Rebecca L. , Jackson Edward F. , Moore Bartlett D.
Published: May 2008

Clinical diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is based on evaluation of behavioral functioning in three domains: inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Caudate and frontal lobe function figures prominently in several neuroanatomic models of attentional functioning. Studies comparing children with and without ADHD have found differences in the size and symmetry of the caudate nuclei. Using multiple regression, we tested the hypothesis that caudate volume symmetry (log left minus log right caudate volume) measured from serial sagittal magnetic resonance images in a sample of nonreferred children (12 girls/15 boys, 7.0 to 16.6 years, 81 to 129 IQ) would predict the cumulative severity of parent-reported ADHD diagnostic behaviors beyond variance predicted by age, sex, and level of internalizing problems as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist. No child had been previously diagnosed with ADHD, although one child was found to meet diagnostic criteria based on the rating scale used for the study. The degree of caudate asymmetry significantly predicted cumulative severity ratings of inattentive behaviors ( P = .015), uniquely accounting for 17.1% of the variance in inattention symptomatology over demographic variables and internalizing problems, which collectively predicted 28.9% of the variance. Caudate asymmetry uniquely accounted for only 4.3% of the variance in cumulative severity ratings of hyperactive/impulsive symptomatology over demographic variables and internalizing problems that collectively predicted 21.2% of the variance. A greater degree of right to left caudate volume asymmetry predicted subclinical inattentive behaviors in a sample of nonreferred children. This finding is congruent with neuroanatomic models of attention emphasizing lateralized alteration in prefrontal/striatal systems. The results support the view that clinical ADHD is the extreme of a behavioral continuum that extends into the normal population. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:877—884).
Promoting Student Active Classroom Participation Skills Through Instruction to Promote Self-Regulated Learning and Self-Determination
Authors: Agran Martin , Wehmeyer Michael L. , Cavin Michael , Palmer Susan
Published: May 2008

Promoting self-determination has been identified as a means to both promote access to the general education curriculum and focus on transition-related skills. In particular, the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction (SDLMI) has been found to be effective in producing successful transition and academic outcomes for students with cognitive disabilities. The SDLMI enables teachers to teach students a self-directed problem-solving process that enables students to self-regulate learning. This study investigates the effects of the SDLMI on a variety of academic skills for three junior high students with extensive support needs included in a general education health class. Positive changes were reported for all students. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Depressive Symptoms Among Female College Students Experiencing Gender-Based Violence in Awassa, Ethiopia
Authors: Gelaye Bizu , Arnold Dodie , Williams Michelle A. , Goshu Miruts , Berhane Yemane
Published: May 2008

Little epidemiologic research has focused on the mental health effects of gender-based violence among sub-Saharan African women. The objective of this study was to assess risk of depression and depressive symptoms among 1,102 female undergraduate students who were victims of gender-based violence. Students who reported experience of any gender-based violence were nearly twice as likely to be classified as having moderate depression during the academic year (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.39-2.82) as compared with nonabused students. Compared with nonabused students, those who had experienced both physical and sexual abuse were 4 times more likely to report either moderately severe (OR = 4.32, 95% CI = 2.00-9.31) or severe depressive symptoms (OR = 4.19, 95% CI = 1.01-17.43). Our findings, consistent with previous studies, support the thesis that women's mental health status is adversely affected by exposure to gender-based violence.
The Cumulative Burden Borne by Offspring Whose Mothers Were Sexually Abused as Children
Authors: Noll Jennie G. , Trickett Penelope K. , Harris William W. , Putnam Frank W.
Published: May 2008

This multigenerational study empirically demonstrates the extent to which offspring whose parents experienced childhood abuse are at increased risk of being abused or neglected. Females with substantiated childhood sexual abuse and nonabused comparison females were assessed at six points spanning 18 years in a prospective, longitudinal study. Nonabusing parents or caregivers and offspring were also assessed. Descriptive results indicate that offspring born to mothers with histories of sexual abuse were more likely to be born preterm, have a teenage mother, and be involved in protective services. Abused mothers were more likely to be high-school dropouts, be obese, and have experienced psychiatric problems, substance dependence, and domestic violence. Results provide evidence for the advantages of intervention and prevention programs for victims of childhood maltreatment and their families. Primary prevention/intervention efforts extending throughout development and focusing on the cumulative risk to offspring will likely improve victim outcomes and curtail intergenerational transmission of adversity.
The Development of a Sexual Abuse Severity Score
Authors: Zink Therese , Klesges Lisa , Stevens Susanna , Decker Paul
Published: May 2008

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is common and is associated with both mental and physical health problems in adulthood. Using data from an age- and sex-stratified population survey of 600 Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents, a Sexual Abuse Severity Score was developed. The abuse characteristics of 156 CSA respondents were associated with self-reported trauma, somatization, and alcohol use. Characteristics included age of first sexual abuse, more than one perpetrator, degree of coercion, severity of abuse (i.e., attempted intercourse is more severe than fondling), and the number of occurrences. This is one of the few reports to develop a risk summary that quantifies the severity of CSA.
“There's Just Something About Ron”
Authors: Wilson Mary H.
Published: May 2008

Chronic disease can be devastating to the patient, family, and nurses who care for them. Patients and family members struggle with the debilitating effects and uncertainties that abound in living with a chronic disease, such as heart failure. The nurse has a unique opportunity to foster a therapeutic relationship through the use of nursing presence. The phenomenon of nursing presence has been defined in the literature by six features: uniqueness, connecting with the patient's experience, sensing, going beyond the scientific data, knowing (what will work and when to act), and being with the patient. Nursing presence, when exhibited, may facilitate healing, promote comfort, and improve patient satisfaction. The story in the article depicts how one professional nurse in a heart failure clinic exemplified the nurse as a healing presence. Through his example, nurses may better understand the significance that their presence may have when caring for patients diagnosed with a chronic illness.
Personality and Defense Mechanisms in Late Adulthood
Authors: Yong Yu  , Chamorro-Premuzic Tomas , Honjo Shuji
Published: May 2008

Objective: Current understanding of the use of psychological defense mechanisms (DMs) in older adults is limited. This study set out to examine individual differences in DMs and Cloninger's biosocial model of personality in two age groups (50—64, 65—93), as well as their influence on health. Methods: A Japanese community sample ( N = 330) completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-125), the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40), and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Results: Across age groups, psychological well-being was related to lower levels of harm avoidance and higher levels of self-directedness. In addition, older age was related to decreases in reward dependence, cooperativeness, and increases in self-transcendence, DMs of isolation, denial, and splitting. Discussion: An Age × Gender interaction revealed that men and women varied in their pattern of age differences for some specific DMs. Results further suggest that image-distortion defense may function to compensate resource loss.
Engaging Older Adults in Volunteering
Authors: Hong Song-Iee , Morrow-Howell Nancy , Fengyan Tang  , Hinterlong James
Published: May 2008

Concern exists that organizations are not ready to take advantage of the growing number of older volunteers. This study offers a conceptualization and preliminary measurement strategy to enhance knowledge on the institutional capacity of volunteer programs to engage older adults. Data were collected from 51 program directors to assess 10 dimensions of institutional capacity: specification of role, dissemination of information, role availability, compensation of expenses, in-kind incentive, skill development, role flexibility, role recognition, accommodation, and integration. Eight factors were identified. The subscales were moderately reliable, and dimensions were independent. Programs rated highest on the capacity to recognize volunteers and disseminate information and lowest on their ability to provide cash compensation. Subsequent research on institutional capacity depends on its strong measurement. Future works will assess the extent to which these institutional capacity factors affect the recruitment, retention, and effective utilization of older volunteers.
Was the Companies Act 1947 a response to a national crisis?
Authors: Maltby Josephine
Published: May 2008

It has been asserted that the British Companies Act 1947 was part of the postwar response to a national emergency which created an ethos of greater social responsibility. The paper examines the validity of this contention. The 1947 Act is placed in the context of the debate which began in the 1920s about the role of accounting disclosure in corporate governance. From the 1920s onwards, there were calls for reform to improve accountability to investors, as well as a tenacious opposition to any reduction in the discretionary powers of directors. The British Labour Party made wider-ranging proposals for reform but these were dropped from its agenda in the 1930s. The paper concludes that the 1947 Act was not a product of Labour's programme of social legislation. Instead, it was a victory for the proponents of shareholder interests.
Measuring Ideological Polarization on the United States Supreme Court
Authors: Clark Tom S.
Published: May 2008

The study of ideological polarization is an important topic in research ranging from behavioral-level to institutional studies of politics. Polarization, however, has received little attention in the context of the Supreme Court, even while popular press and legal commentary suggest ideological heterogeneity on the Court is consequential for the Court's policy outputs. In this article, I apply an axiomatic measure of polarization developed by Esteban and Ray (1994) to study ideological heterogeneity on the Court to develop a “polarization statistic.” I compare this method with other common polarization measures and provide evidence for the reliability of the measure.
Political Inquiry and the Metapractical Voice
Authors: Gunnell John G.
Published: May 2008

Discussions of Max Weber's essay on “The `Objectivity' of Knowledge in Social Science and Social Policy” and Michael Oakeshott's reflections “On the Theoretical Understanding of Human Conduct” have seldom included a detailed textual analysis of the arguments. Such an analysis is important, because these essays not only thoroughly addressed the issue of the nature of social scientific inquiry but uniquely confronted and illuminated two fundamental and endemic paradoxes which have been particularly prominent at crucial junctures in conversations about the identity and role of fields such as political science. These paradoxes, however, arise from the very nature of metapractices and, specifically, from the complex cognitive and practical relationships among philosophy, social science, and practices such as politics.
The Federalist Society's Influence on the Federal Judiciary
Authors: Scherer Nancy , Miller Banks
Published: May 2008

Only twenty-five years after its founding, the Federalist Society today boasts a nationwide membership including renowned attorneys, politicians, policy makers, and jurists. Although the Society maintains that it is not a political organization, liberal political activists claim the Society has long pursued an ambitious—and extremely conservative—political agenda. In this article we ask: do members of the Federalist Society decide cases in a more conservative manner than other nonmember jurists? Using data on decision making in the U.S. Courts of Appeals, we find Federalist Society members are significantly more conservative than nonmembers and examine the long-term implications of our study.
Understanding and Interpreting Career Decision-Making Difficulties
Authors: Amir Tamar , Gati Itamar , Kleiman Tali
Published: May 2008

This research develops and tests a procedure for interpreting individuals' responses in multiscale career assessments, using the Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ). In Study 1, criteria for ascertaining the credibility of responses were developed, based on the judgments of 39 career-counseling experts. In Study 2, the proposed estimate of the responses' differentiation was validated, using the judgments of 140 experts. In Study 3, the procedure for assessing the relative salience of the difficulties was developed and validated by the judgments of Study 2 experts. In Study 4, criteria for determining the confidence in the interpretive feedback, and the need to add reservations to the feedback provided, were validated by the judgments of Study 1 experts. In Study 5, the four stages of interpretation were implemented, using English and Hebrew versions of the CDDQ and Internet and paper-and-pencil versions. Implications for the interpretation of other multiscale career-related measures are discussed.
Self-Efficacy for Managing Work—Family Conflict
Authors: Hennessy Kelly D. , Lent Robert W.
Published: May 2008

The Self-Efficacy for Work—Family Conflict Management Scale (SE-WFC), developed in Israel, was designed to assess beliefs regarding one's ability to manage conflict between work and family roles. This study examined the factor structure, reliability, and validity of an English language version of the SE-WFC in a sample of 159 working mothers in the United States. Results indicated that the measure produced satisfactory estimates of internal consistency and test—retest reliability. It also correlated as expected with measures of multiple role self-efficacy, social desirability, work—family conflict, social support, and work and family stress and satisfaction. Regression analyses found that the SE-WFC explained unique variance in work—family conflict and domain satisfaction indices, controlling for other theory-derived predictors. On balance these findings suggest that the SE-WFC may be useful in further research on the role of social cognitive factors relative to interrole conflict and well-being outcomes in the context of managing the work—family interface.
Influences on Women's Reproductive Lives
Authors: Low Bobbi S. , Hazel Ashley , Parker Nicholas , Welch Kathleen B.
Published: May 2008

Modern women's reproductive lives vary considerably, in a patterned fashion. Although cultural factors are important, across societies—even across species— there exist strong patterns predicted by life history theory. For example, the shorter life expectancy e0 is at birth, the earlier it pays in biological terms to reproduce. Few factors analyzed in women's life patterns in more than 170 nations influence the divergence. Studies on other species assume that (a) the variation is species specific and (b) the conditions are at equilibrium; the relationship between life expectancy and age at first birth is strong, but varies across populations, and is frequently not at equilibrium. Human patterns, like those of other species, may have ecological or life history underpinnings. The answers we find may have policy implications for women's lives and fertility.
An Integrated Multi-Institutional Diabetes Prevention Program Improves Knowledge and Healthy Food Acquisition in Northwestern Ontario First Nations
Authors: Ho Lara S. , Gittelsohn Joel , Rimal Rajiv , Treuth Margarita S. , Sharma Sangita , Rosecrans Amanda , Harris Stewart B.
Published: May 2008

This article presents the impact results of a feasibility study in Canada for prevention of risk factors for diabetes in seven northwestern Ontario First Nations. Baseline and follow-up data were collected before and after the 9-month intervention program in schools, stores, and communities that aimed to improve diet and increase physical activity among adults. Regression analyses indicate a significant change in knowledge among respondents in intervention communities ( p < .019). There was also a significant increase in frequency of healthy food acquisition among respondents in the intervention communities ( p < .003). There were no significant changes in physical activity or body mass index in either intervention or comparison groups. The multi-institutional approach demonstrated promising results in modifying selected risk factors for diabetes First Nations communities.
The Influence of Race/Ethnicity, Social Class, and Neighborhood Context on Residents' Attitudes Toward the Police
Authors: Schuck Amie M. , Rosenbaum Dennis P. , Hawkins Darnell F.
Published: May 2008

The purpose of this study is to extend our understanding of attitudes toward the police by examining how race/ethnicity, social class, and neighborhood context interact to influence four different dimensions of attitudes: neighborhood, global, police services, and fear of the police. The results showed significant racial/ethnic variation in perceptions of the police, with African-Americans reporting the most negative attitudes. The magnitude of the racial/ethnic gap, however, varied across the different attitude dimensions with the largest difference between African-Americans and Whites in terms of fear of the police. The findings also suggested that African-Americans' and Hispanics' perceptions of the police are moderated by the interaction of social class and neighborhood socioeconomic composition. Middle-class African-Americans and Hispanics who resided in disadvantaged neighborhoods reported more negative attitudes toward the police than those who resided in more advantaged areas. Overall the study findings highlight the complex interplay between experiences, community context, social class, and type of attitudinal assessment in understanding within and across racial and ethnic variation in residents' perceptions of the police.
Mitteleuropa
Authors: Stråth Bo
Published: May 2008

This article compares the Mitteleuropa visions of Friedrich List and Friedrich Naumann, two liberal thinkers from two different centuries. Their conceptualizations demonstrate how fragile the connection is between free trade and democracy. Friedrich List was a liberal thinker in pre-revolutionary Germany who was very interested in the question of how to create a political economy based on a strong nation-state. List stretched the concept of Mitteleuropa to include an area from the Baltic and the North Sea to the Mediterranean and the Black Sea in the south. List was a typical liberal of that time with a belief in the combination of free trade, democracy and nationalism. Friedrich Naumann's goal was to reconcile the categories of state and economy, the Emperor and the working class, German and Slavic populations, understood as opposites by many in the debate of his time. The task he set himself was to reconcile these opposites and connect them to liberal thoughts about constitution and democracy. His utmost goal was to unify the national and the social, the Kaiser and the Volk. On this point, Naumann failed, as we know. As we also know, other forces then took up his search for ways to unite the national and the social.
Europe `United in Diversity'
Authors: Blokker Paul
Published: May 2008

Political and cultural diversity in contemporary Europe can be encountered on many levels and in a variety of forms. The significance of such political and cultural diversity is, however, differently understood, and conceptualized, and not always sufficiently appreciated in distinct perceptions of Europe. A variety of perceptions of Europe have played a role in the project of Eastern enlargement, even if a communitarian/unitarian vision of a single European identity seemed to prevail. Such a vision was not only promoted by Western European political forces, but also actively endorsed by some of the new-comers themselves, who, in a way, embedded the unitarian understanding of European identity in their local self-identification as `Central Europe'. A unitary vision of Europe was, however, at odds with a number of connotations associated with the myth of a distinct Central European identity as it had emerged in the 1980s. The article identifies three understandings of the idea of Central Europe as they have historically emerged, and suggests their contemporary relevance for the European integration project. Subsequently, the usage and understanding of Central Europe will be briefly looked at in the context of the fifth enlargement project. Finally, the future of political and cultural integration in the post-enlargement era is hypothesized. While the unitary vision of European identity remains an important marker, a diversity-sensitive, post-national, and deliberative understanding of European identity seems increasingly important, an identity that can significantly build on an emancipatory reading of Central Europe.
Predictors of smoking behaviour among indigenous Sami adolescents and non-indigenous peers in North Norway
Authors: Spein Anna R. , Sexton Harold , Kvernmo Siv
Published: May 2008

Aims: A study was undertaken to examine predictors of smoking behaviour among indigenous Sami adolescents and non-indigenous peers in North Norway, and to examine for ethnic-specific predictors. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and longitudinal school-based and postal questionnaire study initially including 2,718 10th to 12th grade students (response rate (RR): 85%) in 1994—95 (T1). At the three-year follow-up (T2), in 1997 — 98, 1,405 were included (RR: 57%). Indigenous Sami contributed 23% (599/324) of the total samples. Logistic regression was used to examine the influence of sociodemographic and psychosocial predictors on smoking behaviour. Results: The proportions of regular smokers were 33% (729) and 35% (401) at T1 and T2, respectively, while 19% (153) had initiated current smoking during the study period. Substance use, externalizing problems, sexual activity and vocational training (p≤0.01) predicted regular smoking both cross-sectionally and prospectively. Among non-smokers at T1, age and frequent alcohol intoxication predicted current smoking prospectively (p≤0.01). Frequent intoxication predicted all stages of smoking (p≤0.001). Ethnicity did not predict smoking in this study. Laestadian Christian affiliation increased the prevalence of experimental smoking at T1 but only for Sami students. Conclusions: Youth smoking behaviour was strongly associated with risk-taking behaviours, indicating that a broader focus on health-compromising behaviours in anti-smoking campaigns is needed. The findings indicate little need for culturally sensitive anti-smoking campaigns specially designed for indigenous Sami youth, as the main predictors (risk-taking behaviours) were similar across ethnic groups.
An evaluation of patient satisfaction regarding the care and information provided by infection control nurses relating to MRSA
Authors: Bellamy E.
Published: May 2008

Meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has attracted much sensationalist reporting from the media in recent years and has contributed to a high level of anxiety among the public in general. In response to this, and bearing in mind the Department of Health's encouragement to involve the patient in improving healthcare services, the Infection Prevention and Control Team (IPCT) at a large acute NHS trust undertook an evaluation of patient satisfaction with their MRSA related care. The aim was to improve the service currently offered by IPCT to inpatients who are either infected or colonised with MRSA. The survey demonstrated a general satisfaction with the current service. However, several recommendations are under review as a consequence of the study, including:

■ Content of information leaflets

■ Content of MRSA educational programmes

■ Ensuring attendance at mandatory infection control education sessions

■ The method of information provision for patients with MRSA

■ The amount of protected time for link practitioners. Other trusts may have similar issues, levels of patient satisfaction and patient concerns, and infection prevention and control teams may find it beneficial to review the issues identified through this survey.
The role of the DIPC in primary care trusts
Authors: Pickles H. , Koh Y-M.
Published: May 2008

Every NHS trust is expected to have a Director of Infection Prevention and Control (DIPC). What might work well for organisations directly providing clinical services is increasingly inappropriate for primary care trusts (PCTs) as they lose their provider functions. This paper discusses the potential role for the PCT DIPC in the future, with increasing emphasis on the role in commissioning.
Leadership Style and Team Processes in Self-Managed Teams
Authors: Solansky Stephanie T.
Published: May 2008

Team leadership merits continued attention because leaders have an impact on how the team develops and performs. In this article, team processes are explored within self-managed teams that develop different leadership styles. In particular, two leadership styles are compared: shared leadership and single leadership. The results of the study suggest that teams with shared leadership have motivational and cognitive advantages over teams that took the traditional approach of relying on a single leader. The article concludes with a discussion of the results, implications, and future research opportunities.
Exchange Relationships at Work
Authors: Love Mary Sue , Forret Monica
Published: May 2008

The authors investigate how perceptions of the exchange relationships among coworkers in traditional work group settings are related to supervisor evaluations of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Perceptions of coworker relationships were collected from employees at six companies representing a range of industries, with the employee's supervisor completing a measure of OCB for each employee. Using matched data for 235 respondents, the regression analyses showed that team-member exchange (TMX) was related to supervisor ratings of an aggregate measure of OCB. In addition, TMX was related to four of the five subdimensions of OCB: altruism, conscientiousness, civic virtue, and courtesy. The results indicate the strong influence of social exchange and the norm of reciprocity for engaging in OCB.
Acquisition Issues
Authors: Kiessling Timothy , Harvey Michael , Heames Joyce Thompson
Published: May 2008

Acquisitions continue to be an important topic for management scholars and practitioners alike. Managers are actively involved in both sides of the acquisition equation (target and acquirer) from valuation (preacquisition) all the way through to integration (postacquisition). During this tumultuous period, it now appears that the top management team of a successful target firm is integral to postacquisition success. The authors examine the role that "imposed" changes placed on the newly acquired firm has on the retention of the top management team. The compulsory changes appear to be a key factor in the turnover of top management team members and thus diminish the value of the acquired firm. Furthermore, this study suggests that top management team turnover detrimentally affects postacquisition firm performance.
Prevention of Paediatric Ring Avulsions – A Cadaveric Study
Authors: ZETLITZ E. , SCOTT J. R. , SHAW-DUNN J. , DABERNIG J.
Published: May 2008

Finger ring avulsion injuries can be functionally, cosmetically and emotionally devastating for the patient. This cadaveric study assessed a simple way to prevent ring avulsion injuries. Fresh cadaver fingers were used to test the incidence of avulsion injury with ordinary rings and when a single slot was cut in the ring. Intact rings mostly produced significant digital injuries, while the rings with slots did not.
Surgical Treatment of Trans-Scaphoid, Transcapitate, Transtriquetral, Perilunate Fracture–Dislocation with Open Reduction, Internal Fixation and Lunotriquetral Ligament Repair
Authors: SANDOVAL E. , CECILIA D. , GARCIA-PAREDERO E.
Published: May 2008

This paper presents a rare case of trans-scaphoid, transcapitate, transtriquetral, perilunate fracture–dislocation of the right wrist as a result of a motorcycle accident. Open reduction and internal fixation of the scaphoid and capitate with one screw was performed and the lunotriquetral ligament was repaired using a suture anchor.
The microenvironment for erythropoiesis is regulated by HIF-2α through VCAM-1 in endothelial cells
Authors: Yamashita Toshiharu , Ohneda Osamu , Sakiyama Ai , Iwata Fumiko , Ohneda Kinuko , Fujii-Kuriyama Yoshiaki
Published: May 2008

Erythropoiesis is a dynamic process regulated by oxygen in vertebrates. Recent evidence has indicated that erythropoietin (Epo) expression is regulated by hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs), HIF-2α in particular. In this study, we report that knockdown mutation of HIF-2α in mice (kd/kd) results in normocytic anemia, despite Epo induction in response to hypoxia not being severely affected. Transplantation analyses clearly demonstrated that the hematopoietic microenvironment, but not the hematopoietic cells, was altered in kd/kd. Furthermore, cell-type specific recovery of HIF-2α expression in endothelial cells (ECs) abrogated the anemic condition of the kd/kd mice, indicating that HIF-2α in EC plays an essential role in supporting erythropoiesis. In the absence of HIF-2α, the expression of vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) was reduced significantly and restoration of VCAM-1 expression in kd/kd ECs enhanced the development of erythroid progenitors. Finally, a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and a reporter assay indicated that VCAM-1 gene transcription is directly regulated by HIF-2α. These data suggest that the hematopoietic microenvironment required for erythropoiesis is dynamically regulated by oxygen through the functions of HIF-2α in ECs.
Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia: natural history and prognostic factors
Authors: Zonios Dimitrios I. , Falloon Judith , Bennett John E. , Shaw Pamela A. , Chaitt Doreen , Baseler Michael W. , Adelsberger Joseph W. , Metcalf Julia A. , Polis Michael A. , Kovacs Stephen J. , Kovacs Joseph A. , Davey Richard T. , Lane H. Clifford , Masur Henry , Sereti Irini
Published: May 2008

Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia (ICL) is a rare non–HIV-related syndrome with unclear natural history and prognosis. This prospective natural history cohort study describes the clinical course, CD4 T lymphocyte kinetics, outcome, and prognostic factors of ICL. Thirty-nine patients (17 men, 22 women) 25 to 85 years old with ICL were evaluated between 1992 and 2006, and 36 were followed for a median of 49.5 months. Cryptococcal and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections were the major presenting opportunistic infections. Seven patients presented with no infection. In 32, CD4 T-cell counts remained less than 300/mm3 throughout the study period and in 7 normalized after an average of 31 months. Overall, 15 (41.6%) developed an opportunistic infection in follow-up, 5 (13.8%) of which were “AIDS-defining clinical conditions,” and 4 (11.1%) developed autoimmune diseases. Seven patients died, 4 from ICL-related opportunistic infections, within 42 months after diagnosis. Immunologic analyses revealed increased activation and turnover in CD4 but not CD8 T lymphocytes. CD8 T lymphocytopenia (< 180/mm3) and the degree of CD4 T cell activation (measured by HLA-DR expression) at presentation were associated with adverse outcome (opportunistic infection-related death; P = .003 and .02, respectively). This trial is registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00001319.
MPL mutations in myeloproliferative disorders: analysis of the PT-1 cohort
Authors: Beer Philip A. , Campbell Peter J. , Scott Linda M. , Bench Anthony J. , Erber Wendy N. , Bareford David , Wilkins Bridget S. , Reilly John T. , Hasselbalch Hans C. , Bowman Richard , Wheatley Keith , Buck Georgina , Harrison Claire N. , Green Anthony R.
Published: May 2008

Activating mutations of MPL exon 10 have been described in a minority of patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF) or essential thrombocythemia (ET), but their prevalence and clinical significance are unclear. Here we demonstrate that MPL mutations outside exon 10 are uncommon in platelet cDNA and identify 4 different exon 10 mutations in granulocyte DNA from a retrospective cohort of 200 patients with ET or IMF. Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction was then used to genotype 776 samples from patients with ET entered into the PT-1 studies. MPL mutations were identified in 8.5% of JAK2 V617F− patients and a single V617F+ patient. Patients carrying the W515K allele had a significantly higher allele burden than did those with the W515L allele, suggesting a functional difference between the 2 variants. Compared with V617F+ ET patients, those with MPL mutations displayed lower hemoglobin and higher platelet levels at diagnosis, higher serum erythropoietin levels, endogenous megakaryocytic but not erythroid colony growth, and reduced bone marrow erythroid and overall cellularity. Compared with V617F− patients, those with MPL mutations were older with reduced bone marrow cellularity but could not be identified as a discrete clinicopathologic subgroup. MPL mutations lacked prognostic significance with respect to thrombosis, major hemorrhage, myelofibrotic transformation or survival.
Increased risks of polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and myelofibrosis among 24 577 first-degree relatives of 11 039 patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms in Sweden
Authors: Landgren Ola , Goldin Lynn R. , Kristinsson Sigurdur Y. , Helgadottir Elin A. , Samuelsson Jan , Björkholm Magnus
Published: May 2008

Previous small studies have reported familial clustering of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), including polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and myelofibrosis (MF). We identified 6217 PV, 2838 ET, 1172 MF, and 812 MPN unclassifiable (NOS) patients diagnosed in Sweden, 43 550 controls, and first-degree relatives of cases (n = 24 577) and controls (n = 99 542). Using a marginal survival model, we calculated relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals as measures of familial aggregation. Relatives of MPN patients had significantly increased risks of PV (RR = 5.7; 3.5-9.1), ET (RR = 7.4; 3.7-14.8), and MPN NOS (RR = 7.5; 2.7-20.8). Analyses stratified by type of first-degree relative revealed consistently higher risks for siblings, compatible with a model of recessive genetic inheritance, which can be confirmed only by identifying the susceptibility gene(s). Mean age at MPN diagnosis was not different (P = .20) for affected relatives of cases (57.5 years) versus controls (60.6 years), and risk of MPN by age was not different for parents versus offspring of MPN cases (P = .10), providing no support for anticipation. Relatives of MPN patients had a borderline increased risk of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML; RR = 1.9; 0.9-3.8; P = .09). Our findings of 5- to 7-fold elevated risk of MPNs among first-degree relatives of MPN patients support the hypothesis that common, strong, shared susceptibility genes predispose to PV, ET, MF, and possibly CML.
Seismic depth imaging with the Gabor transform
Authors: Ma Yongwang , Margrave Gary F.
Published: May 2008

Wavefield extrapolation in depth, a vital component of wave-equation depth migration, is accomplished by repeatedly applying a mathematical operator that propagates the wavefield across a single depth step, thus creating a depth marching scheme. The phase-shift method of wavefield extrapolation is fast and stable; however, it can be cumbersome to adapt to lateral velocity variations. We address the extension of phase-shift extrapolation to lateral velocity variations by using a spatial Gabor transform instead of the normal Fourier transform. The Gabor transform, also known as the windowed Fourier transform, is applied to the lateral spatial coordinates as a windowed discrete Fourier transform where the entire set of windows is required to sum to unity. Within each window, a split-step Fourier phase shift is applied. The most novel element of our algorithm is an adaptive partitioning scheme that relates window width to lateral velocity gradient such that the estimated spatial positioning error is bounded below a threshold. The spatial positioning error is estimated by comparing the Gabor method to its mathematical limit, called the locally homogeneous approximation — a frequency-wavenumber-dependent phase shift that changes according to the local velocity at each position. The assumption of local homogeneity means this position-error estimate may not hold strictly for large scattering angles in strongly heterogeneous media. The performance of our algorithm is illustrated with imaging results from prestack depth migration of the Marmousi data set. With respect to a comparable space-frequency domain imaging method, the proposed method improves images while requiring roughly 50% more computing time.
Imaging conditions for prestack reverse-time migration
Authors: Chattopadhyay Sandip , McMechan George A.
Published: May 2008

Numerical implementations of six imaging conditions for prestack reverse-time migration show widely differing ability to provide accurate, angle-dependent estimates of reflection coefficients. Evaluation is in the context of a simple, one-interface acoustic model. Only reflection coefficients estimated by normalization of a crosscorrelation image by source illumination or by receiver-/source-wavefield amplitude ratio have the correct angle dependence, scale factor, and sign and the required (dimensionless) units; thus, these are the preferred imaging-condition algorithms. To obtain accurate image amplitudes, source- and receiver-wavefield extrapolations must be able to accurately reconstruct their respective wavefields at the target reflector.
Noise reduction through joint processing of gravity and gravity gradient data
Authors: Pajot G. , de Viron O. , Diament M. , Lequentrec-Lalancette M.-F. , Mikhailov V.
Published: May 2008

In mineral and oil exploration, gravity gradient data can help to delineate small-scale features that cannot be retrieved from gravity measurements. Removing high-frequency noise while preserving the high-frequency real signal is one of the most challenging tasks associated with gravity gradiometry data processing. We present a method to reduce gravity and gravity gradient data noise when both are measured in the same area, based on a least-squares simultaneous inversion of observations and physical constraints, inferred from the gravity gradient tensor definition and its mathematical properties. Instead of handling profiles individually, our noise-reduction method uses simultaneously measured values of the tensor components and of gravity in the whole survey area, benefiting from all available information. Synthetic examples show that more than half of the random noise can be removed from all tensor components and nearly all the noise from the gravity anomaly without altering the high-frequency information. We apply our method to a set of marine gravity gradiometry data acquired by Bell Geospace in the Faroe-Shetland Basin to demonstrate its power to resolve small-scale features.
Puerperal Psychosis
Authors: Brewer Colin
Published: May 2008

The aetiology of puerperal psychosis remains controversial. Because of the obvious psychological and emotional implications of childbirth, there is a school of thought which regards it as largely psychogenic and therefore relies heavily on a psychotherapeutic approach.
Social and Interpersonal Aspects of Gender Identity Disorder
Authors: Annear John M.
Published: May 2008

Biological sex, gender identity and gender role are concordant in most individuals. Transsexuals seek reassignment of gender role and anatomical sex to fit their gender identity. Thirteen males and three female transsexuals have been assessed.
Determinants of Prolonged Hospitalization
Authors: Babiker Isam E.
Published: May 2008

Examination of the existing literature on long-stay patients reveals two interesting parallel trends: an emphasis on descriptive studies characteristic of British literature and an equally singular emphasis on prediction of outcome in studies from the USA. No attempt has yet been made to combine the two methods. The present investigation represents such an attempt.
Ethnic Minorities and the Mental Health Act: Patterns of Explanation
Authors: Littlewood Roland
Published: May 2008

Explanations of the over-representation of black psychiatric patients under the Mental Health Act tend to emphasise either the particular psychopathology of black patients or alternatively to locate it within the decisions of individual psychiatrists and police in a racist society. Both contain specific (conspiratorial) and general (cultural) variants. The two models are incomplete in themselves.
Calculating a District's Psychiatric Manpower
Authors: Watson J. P.
Published: May 2008

The possibility that estimates of psychiatric manpower needs could be informed by knowledge of what doctors do and should do with their time was discussed in a previous paper. In this paper, we outline a procedure for calculating the psychiatric manpower needs of a Health District. The basic assumption is that the numbers of psychiatrists in a District ought to be sufficient to do the work that needs to be done. We suggest that this work should be assessed in terms of the amounts of doctor time required for specified activities.
The Psychotherapy Teacher—Getting Older: Narrowing Down or Opening Out?
Authors: Skynner Robin
Published: May 2008

I count myself most fortunate to have been living at this time, working in our profession, and to have chosen psychotherapy as a main interest, for it has been a period of quite extraordinary growth and constructive development. Exposed as one has been to such an exciting series of new discoveries, each following so hard on the heels of the last that one scarcely had time to absorb each new understanding and regain some equilibrium before it was upset again by the next wave of new ideas, it seems it would have been far more difficult to narrow down than to stay open.
Trends in Consultant Appointments in Mental Handicap
Authors: Pilkington Thomas L.
Published: May 2008

The DHSS/College recommended establishment for consultant posts in the psychiatry of mental handicap is one whole-time equivalent per 200,000 population.1 In 1982 the theoretical average in the English∗ regions was 1:321,000, varying between 1:153,000 (South West Thames) and 1:620,000 (North West). There were, however, 41 vacant posts, 19 of which were occupied by locums,2 so the actual substantive average was 1:612,000. By 1983 the number of vacant posts had risen to 49 and the substantive consultant/population ratios varied between 1:202,000 (South Western) and 1:2,170,000 (North Western).3
Key workers in the Multi-disciplinary Team
Authors: Stevenson Shaun
Published: May 2008

Today the practice of psychiatry often involves a multi-disciplinary team comprising doctors, nurses, psychologists, social workers, occupational therapists, community psychiatric nurses and physiotherapists. Each discipline has its own contribution to make to the planning of care programmes for patients in the context of a team approach.