bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lipoedema is not lymphoedema: A review of current literature
Authors: Shavit Eran , Wollina Uwe , Alavi Afsaneh
Published: June 2018

Lipoedema is a rare painful disorder of the adipose tissue. It essentially affects females and is often misdiagnosed as lymphoedema or obesity. It is globally misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed, and the literature is lacking appropriate guidance to assist clinicians towards this diagnosis. However, the need to recognise this disorder as a unique entity has important implications to establish proper treatment and, therefore, its tremendous effect on patients. Early diagnosis and treatment can turn these patients’ lives upside down. The aim of this review is to focus on the clinical guidance, differential diagnosis, and management strategies. In addition, other aspects of lipoedema, including epidemiology and pathogenesis, are also being discussed here. Lipoedema is distinct from obesity and distinct from lymphoedema, although it might progress to involve the venous and lymphatic system (venolipedema or lympholipedema or both). Late diagnosis can leave the patient debilitated. Management of lipoedema includes weight loss, control of oedema, complex decongestive physiotherapy, liposuction, and laser‐assisted lipolysis. However; there are increasing reports on tumescent liposuction as the preferred surgical option with long‐lasting results. The role of more randomised controlled studies to further explore the management of this clinical entity remains promising.
Phase equilibria, structure, oxygen nonstoichiometry, and thermal expansion of oxides in the 1/2Y2O3–SrO–1/2Fe2O3 system
Authors: Urusova Anastasia S. , Rudik Victoria V. , Mychinko Mikhail Yu. , Cherepanov Vladimir A.
Published: June 2018

Phase equilibria in the 1/2Y2O3–SrO–1/2Fe2O3 system were systematically studied at 1373 K in air. The homogeneity ranges and crystal structure of the solid solutions Sr1−xYxFeO3−δ with 0.875 ≤ x ≤ 1 (sp. gr. Pnma) and 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.25 (sp. gr. Pm3 m) and Sr3−zYzFe2O7−δ with 0 ≤ z ≤ 0.25 (sp. gr. I4/mmm) were determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis of quenched samples. The structural parameters of the single‐phase oxides were refined by the Rietveld profile method. The isothermal‐isobaric phase diagram for the 1/2Y2O3–SrO–1/2Fe2O3 system at 1373 K in air is presented. The changes of oxygen content in the solid solutions Sr1−xYxFeO3−δ (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) and Sr3−zYzFe2O7−δ with 0 ≤ z ≤ 0.25 vs temperature in air were determined by the thermogravimetric analysis. Oxygen content was also calculated from the iodometric titration results. The gradual substitution of strontium by yttrium in Sr1−xYxFeO3−δ (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) leads to a decrease in the oxygen content and the mean oxidation state of iron. The average thermal expansion coefficients for Sr1−xYxFeO3−δ (0.875 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) and Sr3−zYzFe2O7−δ (0 ≤ z ≤ 0.25) were calculated within the temperature range 298‐1373 K in air.
Model for SiC fiber strength after oxidation in dry and wet air
Authors: Hay Randall S. , Mogilevsky Pavel
Published: June 2018

The strengths of oxidized SiC fibers were modeled from the effects of SiO2 scale residual stress on fracture. Surface tractions from scale residual stress were determined for SiC surface flaws. The residual stress was the sum of the growth stress from oxidation volume expansion, thermal stress from SiO2‐SiC thermal expansion mismatch, and stress from phase transformations in crystallized scale. The partial relaxation of tensile residual stress from scale cracking was also calculated. Scale thicknesses were determined using Deal‐Grove oxidation kinetics for glass and crystalline scales. Kolmogorov‐Johnson‐Mehl‐Avrami (KJMA) kinetics was used to determine scale crystallization rates. Strengths of fibers with glass and with crystalline scales formed by oxidation in dry and wet air between 600° and 1400°C were modeled. The effects of partially crystallized scales were calculated using Weibull statistical methods. Modeled strengths were compared with measurements. Slight strength increases after glass scale formation, large decreases that accompany scale crystallization, and some differences between dry and wet air oxidation were accurately modeled. This suggests that under some conditions the scale residual stress dominates the changes in strength after SiC fiber oxidation. However, modeled strengths were significantly higher than those measured for some fibers oxidized in wet air, which suggests another degradation mechanism is active for these conditions. Modeling assumptions and implications for SiC fiber strength after oxidation for long times are discussed.
Mechanisms of enhanced antiglioma efficacy of polysorbate 80‐modified paclitaxel‐loaded PLGA nanoparticles by focused ultrasound
Authors: Li Yingjia , Wu Manxiang , Zhang Nisi , Tang Caiyun , Jiang Peng , Liu Xin , Yan Fei , Zheng Hairong
Published: June 2018

The presence of blood‐brain barrier (BBB) greatly limits the availability of drugs and their efficacy against glioma. Focused ultrasound (FUS) can induce transient and local BBB opening for enhanced drug delivery. Here, we developed polysorbate 80‐modified paclitaxel‐loaded PLGA nanoparticles (PS‐80‐PTX‐NPs, PPNP) and examined the enhanced local delivery into the brain for glioma treatment by combining with FUS. Our result showed PPNP had good stability, fast drug release rate and significant toxicity to glioma cells. Combined with FUS, PPNP showed a stronger BBB permeation efficiency both in the in vitro and in vivo BBB models. Mechanism studies revealed the disrupted tight junction, reduced P‐glycoprotein expression and ApoE‐dependent PS‐80 permeation collectively contribute to the enhanced drug delivery, resulting in significantly stronger antitumour efficacy and longer survival time in the tumour‐bearing mice. Our study provided a new strategy to efficiently and locally deliver drugs into the brain to treat glioma.
Testing the Dutilleul syndrome: host use drives the convergent evolution of multiple traits in parasitic wasps
Authors: Santos Bernardo F. , Perrard Adrien
Published: June 2018

Common life‐history aspects among independent lineages often result in the repeated evolution of suites of adaptive traits, or ‘syndromes’. Such syndromes can be key avenues to understand relationships between morphological and ecological traits, but are rarely tested due to insufficient trait shift repetitions. We use a hyperdiverse lineage to investigate the evolution of a syndrome. Cryptine ichneumonid wasps that parasitize insects concealed in hard substrates display several traits that are putative adaptations to that end. Using a phylogenetic framework from a combined multigene molecular and morphological data set with 308 cryptine species, we tested whether these traits were part of a morphofunctional syndrome related to host use. Ancestral state estimations show multiple origins for six investigated traits, which are correlated to each other and to the use of deeply concealed hosts, suggesting adaptation. Putatively adaptive traits showed a much stronger link among themselves than with an assemblage of 49 other morphological traits. However, estimation of the order of evolution in adaptive traits showed no structured pattern. The results indicate that the challenge of attacking deeply concealed hosts induced the repeated evolution of a ‘Dutilleul syndrome’, named after the ‘walker‐through‐walls’ character from French literature. They also point towards a dynamic scenario in the evolution of complex functional systems. These findings highlight the power of morphology to illuminate poorly known aspects of natural history, and how hyperdiverse lineages can be used to understand the evolution of complex traits.
Spawning‐stock characteristics and migration of a lake‐bound population of the endangered Macquarie perch Macquaria australasica
Authors: Tonkin Zeb , Lyon Jarod P. , Moloney Paul , Balcombe Stephen R. , Hackett Graeme
Published: June 2018

The intrapopulation variability in the size and age structure of the spawning stock and migration of the threatened Macquarie perch Macquaria australasica in Lake Dartmouth was investigated between 2008 and 2016. Sampling centred on the core reproductive period (October–December) when mature fish migrate from the lake into riverine habitat to spawn. Spawning fish were predominantly large, spanning a broad age structure, with a high proportion of fish (25%) aged 15–30 years. The overall median size of spawning fish did not change for males or females during the 9 year study period. The size of the smaller mature male fish did change in some years suggesting a small proportion of male M. australasica matured at age 1+ and 2+. Acoustic telemetry employed over 3 years showed that M. australasica were most likely to be in the spawning reach from October to mid‐December, migrated to this reach annually and moved large distances throughout the lake all year, with no evidence for any spatial structuring. Mature fish sometimes occupied the spawning reach for several months after the core reproductive period, which increased their vulnerability to recreational fishing. Males tagged in the lake were seldom recorded in the spawning reach, presumably because a high proportion had not yet entered the spawning stock despite their size suggesting maturity. Maintaining a broad age and size‐structure of the spawning stock of long‐lived iteroparous fish species is crucial for recruitment stability and population persistence. Overexploitation of the spawning stock has probably contributed to previous population declines in the lake as well as the collapse of other M. australasica populations in south‐eastern Australia.
Reconsidering pectoral girdle and fin morphology in Anguillidae (Elopomorpha: Anguilliformes)
Authors: C. B. Da Silva João Paulo , Johnson G. David
Published: June 2018

The morphology of the pectoral girdle and fin of Anguillidae is reconsidered via the inclusion of skeletal components that have previously been unassessed. For example, the pectoral girdle and fin in Anguilla were erroneously reported to lack a scapular bone, a cartilaginous scapulocoracoid plate and a cartilaginous propterygium. The pectoral morphology of Anguilla is also compared with the closely related genus Nemichthys, including additional data on the anatomy of this eel family.
Nucleotide‐binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)‐like receptors in teleost fish: Current knowledge and future perspectives
Authors: Zhang Liang , Gao Zhuying , Yu Li , Zhang Bo , Wang Jing , Zhou Jun
Published: June 2018

Nucleotide‐binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)‐like receptors (NLRs) are a group of intracellular pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that play key roles in pathogen recognition and subsequent activation of innate immune signalling pathways. Expressions of several NLR subfamily members, including NOD1, NOD2, NLR‐C3, NLR‐C5 and NLR‐X1 have been reported in many different teleost fish species. These receptors are activated by a variety of ligands, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS), peptidoglycans (PGN) and polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C)]. Synthetic dsRNA and bacterial or viral infections are known to stimulate these receptors both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we focus on the identification, expression and function of teleost NLRs in response to bacterial or viral pathogens. Additionally, NLR ligand specificity and signalling pathways involved in the recognition of bacterial or viral stimuli are also summarized. This review focuses on current knowledge in this area and provides future perspectives regarding topics in need of additional investigation. Understanding the response of innate immune system to bacterial or viral infections in diverse species could inform the development of more effective therapies and vaccines.
Reproductive cycling in adult baboons (Papio species) that were intrauterine growth restricted at birth implies normal fertility but increased psychosocial stress
Authors: Huber Hillary F. , Considine McKenna M. , Jenkins Susan , Li Cun , Nathanielsz Peter W.
Published: June 2018

We investigated menstrual cycles in intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR, 7‐10 years, n = 8) and age‐matched control (n = 10) baboons. Cycle duration and plasma anti‐Mullerian hormone were similar. IUGR spent more days per cycle swollen and had elevated early morning fasted serum cortisol, suggesting normal fertility in the presence of increased psychosocial stress.
Terminal 13p deletion in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) with differentiated phenotype
Authors: Goldschmidt B. , Lopes C.A.A. , Resende F. , Pissinatti T.A. , Toledo D.C. , Meireles B.C.S. , Cordeiro N.F.G.
Published: June 2018

Background

The taxonomic classification of squirrel monkeys is often controversial issue offering many different information. The classification of captive animals is difficult due to the phenotypic similarities between the presented species, which is observed mainly in coat coloration.

Methods

The objective of this study was to analyze the chromosome pattern of one squirrel monkey with off standard physical characteristics, which is kept in the Laboratory Animals Breeding Center in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, and try to establish some correlations. Chromosomes were obtained using lymphocyte culture technique.

Results and conclusions

Evaluation of G bands showed a terminal deletion in one chromosome of pair 13. The association of the results found with the different phenotypic characteristics led us to classify it as aSaimiri sciureusspecimen with a structural chromosomal change, possibly allowing the expression of hemizygous alleles.
It's Only Once, So Let's Indulge: Testing Ordinary vs. Extraordinary Experience within Marketing Messaging, Temporal Distance, and Consumer Indulgence
Authors: Minton Elizabeth A. , Liu Richie L.
Published: June 2018

Prior research has inadequately examined how the nature of an experience (ordinary/extraordinary) influences consumption, with exceptions exploring outcomes of spending and happiness. This research extends prior work to examine if the nature of an experience within marketing messaging influences actual consumption, is moderated by temporal distance, and is mediated by goal orientation. Results show the nature of an experience within marketing messaging influences consumption through direct manipulation and use of an unrelated greeting card slogan prime (Pilot, Study 1), with extraordinary experiences increasing indulgence. Study 2 replicates prior results with actual consumption to show that extraordinary (ordinary) experiences within marketing messaging lead participants to eat more (fewer) candies. Study 3 builds on construal theory by examining temporal distance (moderator) and goal orientation (mediator) to show that extraordinary (ordinary) experiences 1 month in the future lead to a lower (higher) focus on goals that results in higher (lower) guilt‐related affect.
Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Japan Society for Menopause and Women's Health 2017 guidelines for hormone replacement therapy
Authors: Okano Hiroya , Higuchi Tsuyoshi , Kurabayashi Takumi , Makita Kazuya , Mizunuma Hideki , Mochizuki Yoshiko , Obayashi Satoshi , Yasui Toshiyuki , Takamatsu Kiyoshi ,   Subcommittee for Revising the Japanese Guidelines for Hormone Replacement Therapy in the Women's Health Care Committee, Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Published: June 2018

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) plays a large part in maintaining and improving the quality of life (QOL) of postmenopausal women. Despite this obvious role, the use of HRT has stagnated in Japan as well as the United States, since the interim report of the HRT trial of Women's Health Initiative study was published in 2002. The Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Japan Society for Menopause and Women's Health formulated the Guidelines for Hormone Replacement Therapy in 2009, which was subsequently revised in 2012, with the aim of organizing perceptions about HRT and allowing people to provide or receive HRT with a sense of security. Later on, in light of changes in indications for HRT and attitudes toward its impact on cancer risks, amendments were made again in 2017. With the establishment of the 2017 guidelines, practitioners in Japan are able to address various issues related to HRT with more appropriate judgment. Moreover, the practice of reliable, safe and effective HRT is expected to promote further efforts toward improvement or maintenance of QOL in patients.
Premaquick© versus modified Bishop score for preinduction cervical assessment at term: A double‐blind randomized trial
Authors: Eleje George U. , Ezugwu Euzebus C. , Ugwu Emmanuel O. , Ezebialu Ifeanyichukwu U. , Eleje Lydia I. , Ojiegbe Nnabuike O. , Ajah Leonard O. , Obiora Chukwudi C. , Egeonu Richard O. , Okafor Chigozie G. , Enyinna Perpetua K. , Egede John O. , Ugochukwu Nzubechukwu J. , Asiegbu Amarachukwu C. , Ikechebelu Joseph I.
Published: June 2018

Aim

To test whether Premaquick biomarkers were superior to modified Bishop score for preinduction cervical assessment at term.

Methods

A multicenter, double‐blind randomized clinical trial in 151 nulliparous, cephalic presenting and singleton pregnancies was conducted. The cervix was considered ‘ripe’ when at least two out of three Premaquick biomarkers are positive or a Bishop score of ≥6. Main outcome measures were proportion of women who were administered or had additional prostaglandin E1 analogue (PGE1) as a preinduction agent and incidence of uterine rupture. The trial was registered in PACTR registry with approval number PACTR201604001592143. Analysis was performed by intention‐to‐treat principle.

Results

The need for initial PGE1 analogue (77.6% vs 98.7%, risk ratio [RR] =0.47, 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] =0.38–0.59, P < 0.001) and additional PGE1 analogue for cervical ripening after one insertion (44.7% vs 68.0%, RR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.46–0.86, P = 0.004) was significantly lower in Premaquick group. There was no significant difference in incidence of uterine rupture (0% vs 1.4%, RR = 0.000, P = 0.324); however, the frequency of transition to labor was statistically higher in Premaquick group (44.7% vs 22.7%, RR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.17–2.15, P = 0.004). Interval from start of induction to any type of delivery, need for oxytocin augmentation, vaginal delivery, number of women with cesarean section for failed induction and number of infants admitted to neonatal intensive care unit were similar between the two groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Preinduction cervical assessment with Premaquick was significantly associated with higher frequency of transition to labor and reduced need for PGE1 analogue when compared to modified Bishop score. Further similar trials in other settings are necessary to strengthen or refute this observation.
Untargeted UPLC-Q/TOF-MS-based metabolomics and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopic analysis reveal differences in the quality of ginger from two provinces in Zambia
Authors: Alolga Raphael N , Chavez Maria A S C , Muyaba Moses
Published: June 2018

Objectives

This study sought to investigate the differences in the quality of dried ginger samples obtained from two places in Zambia, Lusaka and Copperbelt in terms of their secondary metabolite differences and heavy metals content.

Methods

Ten and eight batches of dried ginger obtained, respectively, from Lusaka and Copperbelt were analysed using untargeted Q/TOF-MS-based metabolomics and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).

Key findings

The metabolomics approach yielded 11 differential metabolites that clearly discriminated between the samples from the two locations. Eight were found to be more abundant in the samples from Lusaka while three were present in greater amounts in the samples from Copperbelt. The results of the heavy metal content analysis for four selected elements, Cd, Pb, As and Cu, showed that the samples from Copperbelt recorded higher levels. However, all samples contained levels of the toxic metals, Cd and Pb above permissible limits, making them unwholesome for human consumption.

Conclusions

The outcome of the heavy metal content analysis led us to speculate that abiotic stress as a result of these metals experienced by the ginger rhizomes during cultivation could have contributed to the metabolites abundance differences. Further studies are, however, recommended to verify this hypothesis.
Pseudocayratia, a new genus of Vitaceae from China and Japan with two new species and three new combinations
Authors: Wen Jun , Lu Li‐Min , Hsu Tsai‐Wen , Dang Viet‐Cuong , Habib Sadaf , Boggan John K. , Okada Hiroshi , Chen I‐Ju , Chen Zhi‐Duan
Published: June 2018

Recent integrative systematic studies of Vitaceae support the recognition of a new genus Pseudocayratia J.Wen, L.M.Lu & Z.D.Chen. The genus consists of five species from China and Japan. We herein describe the following two new species: Pseudocayratia speciosa J.Wen & L.M.Lu, and P. pengiana Hsu & J.Wen, and make three new combinations: Pseudocayratia dichromocarpa (H.Lév.) J.Wen & Z.D.Chen, P. oligocarpa (H.Lév. & Van.) J.Wen & L.M.Lu, and P. yoshimurae (Makino) J.Wen & V.C.Dang. Phylogenetic analyses based on five chloroplast loci strongly support Pseudocayratia as sister to Tetrastigma. Morphologically, species of the genus have stigmas enlarged (but not 4‐lobed), pedicels at fruiting stage enlarged and fleshy, seeds with a crustaceous thin testa, circular cup‐like ventral infolds, linear chalaza extending ca. 2/3 to 3/4 of the seed length (from apex to base), lateral margin with thin edges, and T‐shaped endosperm in cross‐section. The genus is distributed in eastern Asia (China and Japan). The taxonomic novelties we report in this study at both the generic and species levels highlight the importance of collections‐based research in today's integrative systematics.
Persistent hypoglycemia associated with lipid storage myopathy in a paint foal
Authors: Pinn Toby L. , Divers Thomas J. , Southard Teresa , De Bernardis Nikhita P. , Wakshlag Joe J. , Valberg Stephanie
Published: June 2018

A 12‐hours‐old Paint filly was examined because of weakness and dull mentation after birth. Despite IV administered dextrose, the foal remained persistently hypoglycemic with increase in serum activity of muscle and liver enzymes. A postmortem diagnosis of lipid myopathy most similar to multiple acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) was confirmed by findings of myofiber lipid accumulation, elevated urine organic acids, and serum free acylcarnitines with respect to control foals. This report details a case of equine neonatal lipid storage myopathy with many biochemical characteristics of MADD. Lipid storage myopathies should be included as a differential diagnosis in foals with persistent weakness and hypoglycemia.
Addressing Reproducibility in Cryopreservation, and Considerations Necessary for Commercialization and Community Development in Support of Genetic Resources of Aquatic Species
Authors: Torres Leticia , Tiersch Terrence R.
Published: June 2018

For the past six decades a repeated cycle of developing new cryopreservation protocols or simply reinventing them to counteract a lack of reproducibility has led to hundreds of published studies that have offered little to the establishment of a genetic resources community for aquatic species. This has hampered repository development and inhibited industrial application. Most protocols were developed without standardized approaches, leading to irreproducible studies and questionable or meaningless comparisons. Thus cryopreservation of germplasm in aquatic species would greatly benefit from strategies to facilitate reproducibility. Our objectives were to: (1) identify major sources of irreproducibility across research, small‐scale, repository, and commercial‐scale development levels; (2) provide recommendations to address reproducibility challenges; and (3) offer suggestions on how researchers can directly influence commercial development and application of cryopreservation research. Sources of irreproducibility include lack of standardized procedural approaches, lack of standardized terminology, and lack of reporting guidelines. To address these challenges, we propose implementation of standard operating procedures, support of stock centers and internet content for development of training programs, and strengthening of the role of scientific journals and reviewers in reducing the frequency of irreproducible outcomes. Reproducibility is the foundation for quality management programs and product reliability, and therefore, standardization is necessary to assure efficient transition to commercial‐scale application and repository development. Progress can only be possible through community‐based approaches focused on coalescence and consensus of disparate groups involved in aquatic species cryopreservation and management of genetic resources.
Worry about victimization, crime information processing, and social categorization biases
Authors: Gouseti Ioanna
Published: June 2018

Purpose

This study explores associations between worry about victimization, crime information processing, and social categorization biases. Its results speak to the public communication of the crime‐risk.

Methods

The study tests hypotheses that draw on the construal‐level theory of psychological distance and the uncertainty‐identity theory. Through an online experiment that was conducted in 2015 on Amazon Mechanical Turk (N = 312), three experimental groups were exposed to different modes of crime information processing and were then asked about their worry about victimization and attitudes to social categorization.

Results

The results suggest that passive engagement with information about real crimes, that is only reading about them, is more likely to decrease levels of worry about victimization compared to engaging with such information actively, that is by thinking about causes or consequences of crime. It is also found that worry about victimization is significantly related to social categorization biases, namely in‐group identification, outgroup derogation, and racist attitudes.

Conclusions

The mode of crime information processing (active vs. passive) appears to be a strong ‘predictor’ of worry about victimization. In turn, worry about victimization is related to social categorization biases that damage collective well‐being. These findings can feed into evidence‐based strategies for the public communication of crime that keep people informed but free from fear.
Cross‐cultural verbal deception
Authors: Leal Sharon , Vrij Aldert , Vernham Zarah , Dalton Gary , Jupe Louise , Harvey Adam , Nahari Galit
Published: June 2018

Background

‘Interviewing to detect deception’ research is sparse across different Ethnic Groups. In the present experiment, we interviewed truth tellers and liars from British, Chinese, and Arab origins. British interviewees belong to a low‐context culture (using a communication style that relies heavily on explicit and direct language), whereas Chinese and Arab interviewees belong to high‐context cultures (communicate in ways that are implicit and rely heavily on context).

Method

Interviewees were interviewed in pairs and 153 pairs took part. Truthful pairs discussed an actual visit to a nearby restaurant, whereas deceptive pairs pretended to have visited a nearby restaurant. Seventeen verbal cues were examined.

Results

Cultural cues (differences between cultures) were more prominent than cues to deceit (differences between truth tellers and liars). In particular, the British interviewees differed from their Chinese and Arab counterparts and the differences reflected low‐ and high‐context culture communication styles.

Conclusion

Cultural cues could quickly lead to cross‐cultural verbal communication errors: the incorrect interpretation of a cultural difference as a cue to deceit.
Transgender voices: Insights on identity, embodiment, and the gender of the voice
Authors: Zimman Lal
Published: June 2018

The voice is a highly salient cue in the perception of gender and an important analytic factor in both phonetic and sociophonetic analysis. Although we have a wealth of knowledge about the social construction of gender through language, gender differences in the voice are frequently treated as natural, direct products of sex differentiation. This article focuses on three major areas of insight from studies of transgender people's voices that build on previous evidence that even biologically influenced features of the gendered voice, like pitch, are shaped by sociocultural practice: the identification of features that distinguish voices perceived as female from those perceived as male; the examination of the degree to which the gendered characteristics of the voice can change; and the theorization of where gender differences in the voice come from. Inclusion of trans speakers in the sociophonetic study of the gendered voice requires linguists to be more cautious in the categorization of voices as female or male on the basis of speakers' perceived sex.
Hydrothermal dynamics in a CM‐based model of Ceres
Authors: Travis B. J. , Bland P. A. , Feldman W. C. , Sykes M. V.
Published: June 2018

A 2‐D numerical study of the evolution of Ceres from a “frozen mudball” to the present era emphasizes the importance of hydrothermal processes. Particulates released as the “frozen mudball” thaws settle to form a roughly 290 km radius core. Hydrothermal flow is driven by radiogenic heating and serpentinization. Both salt‐free and brine fluids are considered. Our modeling suggests that Ceres’s core has been warm over most of its history and is still above freezing, and convective processes are active in core and mantle to the present. The addition of low eutectic solutes greatly expands the region of active convection. A global muddy ocean persists for the first 3 Gyr, and at present, there may be several regional mud seas buried under a frozen crust. Transport of interior material to the near surface occurs throughout our model's history. Eutectic brines drive convective flow to near the surface, even breaching the surface in isolated regions, on the order of 30 km in width, similar in size to some mounds detected using the Dawn visible imaging camera (Sizemore et al. 2015). Surface features such as the bright spot in Occator crater and Ahuna Mons could be the result of eutectic plumes. The CM‐based model density profile is within 10% of Ermakov et al.'s () results. The model mud mantle has a roughly 42:58 volumetric partitioning of H2O to rock. Our mud model is consistent with the absence of large craters (Marchi et al. ) and an internal viscosity decreasing with depth (Fu et al. ).
A realist qualitative study to explore how low‐income pregnant women use Healthy Start food vouchers
Authors: Ohly Heather , Crossland Nicola , Dykes Fiona , Lowe Nicola , Moran Victoria Hall
Published: June 2018

Healthy Start is the UK government's food voucher programme for low‐income pregnant women and young children. It was introduced in 2006, but the impact of the programme on nutritional outcomes remains understudied. This study sought to explore potential outcomes of the Healthy Start programme (including intended and unintended outcomes) and develop explanations for how and why these outcomes might occur. A realist review preceded this study, in which programme theories were developed and tested using existing evidence. This qualitative study aimed to further refine and consolidate the programme theories from the realist review while remaining open to new and emerging theories (or hypotheses) about how low‐income pregnant women use Healthy Start vouchers. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 low‐income women from North West England, who received Healthy Start vouchers during pregnancy. A realist logic of analysis was applied to generate clear and transparent linkages between outcomes and explanations. The findings suggested that some women used the vouchers to improve their diets during pregnancy (intended outcome), whereas some women were diverted towards alternative or unintended outcomes. Women's circumstances, values, beliefs, and motivations influenced how they perceived and responded to the vouchers. This paper presents four evidence‐based programme theories to explain four contrasting (and potentially overlapping) outcomes: dietary improvements (theory refined from review), shared benefits (new theory), financial assistance (theory refined from review), and stockpiling formula (new theory). It considers how the Healthy Start programme could be improved, to increase the possibilities for low‐income women to experience the intended outcome of dietary improvements.
Pleiotropic effects of regulatory variation in tan result in correlation of two pigmentation traits in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Endler Lukas , Gibert Jean‐Michel , Nolte Viola , Schlötterer Christian
Published: June 2018

Traits with a common genetic basis frequently display correlated phenotypic responses to selection or environmental conditions. In Drosophila melanogaster, pigmentation of the abdomen and a trident‐shaped region on the thorax are genetically correlated. Here, we used a pooled replicated genomewide association approach (Pool‐GWAS) to identify the genetic basis of variation in thoracic trident pigmentation in two Drosophila melanogaster populations. We confirmed the previously reported large effect of ebony and the association of the cosmopolitan inversion In(3R)Payne. For the first time, we identified tan as another major locus contributing to variation in trident pigmentation. Intriguingly, the regulatory variants of tan that were most strongly associated with female abdominal pigmentation also showed a strong association with trident pigmentation. We validated this common genetic basis in transgenic assays and found qualitatively similar effects on trident and abdominal pigmentation. Further work is required to determine whether this genetic correlation is favoured by natural selection or reflects a neutral by‐product of a shared regulatory architecture.
Utilizing state‐of‐the‐art “omics” technology and bioinformatics to identify new biological mechanisms and biomarkers for coronary artery disease
Authors: Vernon Stephen T. , Hansen Thomas , Kott Katharine A. , Yang Jean Y. , O'Sullivan John F. , Figtree Gemma A.
Published: June 2018

Identification of the four standard modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (SMuRFs)—diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, and cigarette smoking—has allowed the development of risk scores. These have been used in conjunction with primary and secondary prevention strategies targeting SMuRFs to reduce the burden of CAD. Recent studies show that up to 25% of ACS patients do not have any SMuRFs. Thus, SMuRFs do not explain the entire burden of CAD. There appears to be variation at the individual level rendering some individuals relatively susceptible or resilient to developing atherosclerosis. Important disease pathways remain to be discovered, and there is renewed enthusiasm to discover novel biomarkers, biological mechanisms, and therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis. Two broad approaches are being taken: traditional approaches investigating known candidate pathways and unbiased omics approaches. We review recent progress in the field and discuss opportunities made possible by technological and data science advances. Developments in network analytics and machine learning algorithms used in conjunction with large‐scale multi‐omic platforms have the potential to uncover biological networks that may not have been identifiable using traditional approaches. These approaches are useful for both biomedical research and precision medicine strategies.
Implicit bias, ideological bias, and epistemic risks in philosophy
Authors: Peters Uwe
Published: June 2018

It has been argued that implicit biases are operative in philosophy and lead to significant epistemic costs in the field. Philosophers working on this issue have focused mainly on implicit gender and race biases. They have overlookedideological bias, which targets political orientations. Psychologists have found ideological bias in their field and have argued that it has negative epistemic effects on scientific research. I relate this debate to the field of philosophy and argue that if, as some studies suggest, the same bias also exists in philosophy then it will lead to hitherto unrecognised epistemic hazards in the field. Furthermore, the bias is epistemically different from the more familiar biases in respects that are important for epistemology, ethics, and metaphilosophy.
Swallow strength training exercise for elderly: A health maintenance need
Authors: Agrawal D. , Kern M. , Edeani F. , Balasubramanian G. , Hyngstrom A. , Sanvanson P. , Shaker R.
Published: June 2018

Background

Recent studies have shown high prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia associated with frailty‐ and age‐related muscle weakness. Strength training exercises have been advocated for locomotive health maintenance in the elderly and have shown positive outcomes. As muscles involved in oropharyngeal phase of swallowing are also comprised of striated muscles, the aim of this study was to determine biomechanical effect of a novel resistance exercise program, Swallowing Against Laryngeal Restriction (SALR), on pharyngeal phase swallowing in the healthy elderly.

Methods

A total of 28 volunteers (75 + 7 years; 17 females) with no complaint of dysphagia were studied using video fluoroscopy before and after 6 weeks of the swallow strength training exercise. Eighteen of these volunteers also underwent high‐resolution pharyngeal manometry non‐concurrent with fluoroscopy. Ten additional volunteers (81 + 6 years; 9 females) were studied by videofluoroscopy before and after 6 weeks of a sham exercise.

Key Results

Swallow resistance exercise but not the sham exercise resulted in a significant increase in maximum upper esophageal sphincter opening (P < .01), superior and anterior laryngeal excursion (P < .01) as well as posterior pharyngeal wall thickness (P < .01). Resistance exercise but not sham exercise also resulted in a significant increase in deglutitive pharyngeal contractile integral (P < .01).

Conclusions & Inferences

Strength training of muscles involved in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing using the swallowing against laryngeal restriction technique is feasible and significantly improves key physiologic features of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. These findings provide the basis for consideration of developing an exercise‐based swallow health maintenance program for the elderly swallow health maintenance program for the elderly.
The “Biology‐First” Hypothesis: Functional disorders may begin and end with biology—A scoping review
Authors: Enck P. , Mazurak N.
Published: June 2018

While it is generally accepted that gastrointestinal infections can cause functional disturbances in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract—known as postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI‐IBS) and functional dyspepsia (PI‐FD)—it has still not been widely recognized that such an infection can also initiate functional non‐intestinal diseases, and that non‐intestinal infections can provoke both intestinal and non‐intestinal functional disturbances. We conducted a scoping review of the respective literature and—on the basis of these data—hypothesize that medically unexplained functional symptoms and syndromes following an infection may have a biological (genetic, endocrine, microbiological) origin, and that psychological and social factors, which may contribute to the disease “phenotype,” are secondary to this biological cause. If this holds true, then the search for psychological and social theories and factors to explain why one patient develops a chronic functional disorder while another does not is—at least for postinfectious states—misleading and detracts from exploring and identifying the true origins of these essentially biological disorders. The biopsychosocial model may, as the term implies, always begin with biology, also for functional (somatoform) disorders.
Decoding the gene coexpression network underlying the ability of Gevuina avellana to live in diverse light conditions
Authors: Ostria‐Gallardo Enrique , Ranjan Aashish , Ichihashi Yasunori , Corcuera Luis J. , Sinha Neelima R.
Published: June 2018

Gevuina avellana (Proteaceae) is a typical tree from the South American temperate rainforest. Although this species mostly regenerates in shaded understories, it exhibits an exceptional ecological breadth, being able to live under a wide range of light conditions. Here we studied the genetic basis that underlies physiological acclimation of the photosynthetic responses of G. avellana under contrasting light conditions.

We analyzed carbon assimilation and light energy used for photochemical processes in plants acclimated to contrasting light conditions. Also, we used a transcriptional profile of leaf primordia from G. avellana saplings growing under different light environments in their natural habitat, to identify the gene coexpression network underpinning photosynthetic performance and light‐related processes.

The photosynthetic parameters revealed optimal performance regardless of light conditions. Strikingly, the mechanism involved in dissipation of excess light energy showed no significant differences between high‐ and low‐light‐acclimated plants. The gene coexpression network defined a community structure consistent with the photochemical responses, including genes involved mainly in assembly and functioning of photosystems, photoprotection, and retrograde signaling.

This ecophysiological genomics approach improves our understanding of the intraspecific variability that allows G. avellana to have optimal photochemical and photoprotective mechanisms in the diverse light habitats it encounters in nature.
Kin recognition in rice (Oryza sativa) lines
Authors: Yang Xue‐Fang , Li Lei‐Lei , Xu You , Kong Chui‐Hua
Published: June 2018

Kin recognition is an important mediator of interactions within individuals of a species. Despite increasing evidence of kin recognition in natural plant populations, relatively little is known about kin recognition in crop species where numerous cultivars have been generated by artificial selection.

We identified rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars with the ability for kin recognition from two sets of indica‐inbred and indica‐hybrid lines at different levels of genetic relatedness. We then assessed this ability among kin and nonkin and tested potential mechanisms in a series of controlled experiments and field trails.

Rice cultivars with the ability for kin recognition were capable of detecting the presence of kin and nonkin and responded to them by altering root behavior and biomass allocation, particularly for grain yield. Furthermore, we assessed the role of root exudates and found a root‐secreted nitrogen‐rich allantoin component to be responsible for kin recognition in rice lines.

Kin recognition in rice lines mediated by root exudates occurs in a cultivar‐dependent manner. Rice cultivars with the ability for kin recognition may increase grain yield in the presence of kin. Such an improvement of grain yield by kin recognition of cultivar mixtures offers many implications and applications in rice production.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy resulting from atrial pacing: An unusual case of intraventricular conduction delay
Authors: Thurber Clinton J. , Suarez Keith , Banchs Javier E.
Published: June 2018

Cardiac resynchronization therapy device implantation is complicated by a significant rate of failure to place a left ventricular lead via the coronary sinus. The present case describes one such failure ironically leading to resynchronization. The patient's QRS narrowing subsequent to postimplant atrial pacing alone suggests that bradycardia‐dependent phase 4 block was the indirect but exclusive cause of the patient's intraventricular conduction delay. Thus, phase 4 block should be considered when atrial pacing at a faster rate resolves a wide QRS interval.
What Does ‘Legal Obligation’ Mean?
Authors: Wodak Daniel
Published: June 2018

What do normative terms like ‘obligation’ mean in legal contexts? On one view, which H.L.A. Hart may have endorsed, ‘obligation’ isambiguousin moral and legal contexts. On another, which is dominant in jurisprudence, ‘obligation’ has a distinctivelymoralizedmeaning in legal contexts. On a third view, which is often endorsed in philosophy of language, ‘obligation’ has agenericmeaning in moral and legal contexts. After making the nature of and disagreements between these views precise, I show how linguistic data militates against both rivals to the generic meaning view, and argue that this has significant implications for jurisprudence.
Modulation of seminal plasma content in extended semen improves the quality attributes of ram spermatozoa following liquid preservation at 3–5°C
Authors: Paul Rajani K. , Balaganur Krishnappa , Kumar Davendra , Naqvi Syed M. K.
Published: June 2018

Seminal plasma (SP) is known to induce motility and capacitation in spermatozoa curtailing their lifespan when preserved. Hence, this study was conducted to examine the effects of removal of SP from sperm surface prior to liquid preservation either by high dilution (1/15) or by washing and the poststorage treatment with SP (15% and 25%, v/v) on the quality attributes of liquid‐preserved ram semen. Over the period of storage, the rapid motility (66.0% and 71.1% vs. 58.3%), straightness (87.1% and 82.1% vs. 79.4%), average path velocity (152.3 and 152.0 µm/s vs. 133.3 µm/s) and the straight‐line velocity (131.3 and 127.8 µm/s vs. 108.5 µm/s) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in both the high‐dilution and wash groups as compared to the control (1/3 dilution). The functional membrane integrity (82.3% vs. 77.2%) and noncapacitated sperm count (65.0% vs. 58.7%) were also significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the high‐dilution and wash groups, respectively, as compared to the control. The poststorage treatment of sperm with SP significantly (p < 0.05) increased the functional membrane integrity (70.1% vs. 53.8%) and most of the motility attributes as compared to the control (without SP). In conclusion, both the removal of SP prior to liquid preservation and poststorage treatment with SP significantly improved the quality attributes of ram spermatozoa.