bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence that Hy– RBCs express weak Joa antigen
Authors: Scofield Terry L. , Miller John P. , Storry Jill R. , Rios Maria , Reid Marion E.
Published: February 2004

BACKGROUND: RBCs of the Hy– phenotype have, in the past, been typed as Gy(a+w), Hy–, Jo(a–), and RBCs with the Jo(a–) phenotype type Gy(a+), Hy+w, and Jo(a–). Anti‐Hy and anti‐Joa are difficult to identify mainly because appropriate reagent RBCs are poorly characterized. Historically, anti‐Joa has not reacted with RBCs with either phenotype. This report describes a case of an anti‐Joa that shows Hy– RBCs express some Joa antigen, albeit weakly.

CASE REPORT: Anti‐Joa was identified in a serum sample of a 71‐year‐old woman. The antibody reacted 1+ to 2+ by the IAT with all untreated and ficin‐treated panel RBCs and did not react with Gy(a–) RBCs and Jo(a–) RBCs. Unexpectedly, the serum sample reacted weakly with six of eight RBC samples with the Hy– phenotype. The anti‐Joa was adsorbed onto and eluted from Hy– RBCs, indicating the presence of weak Joa antigen. The patient's RBCs typed Gy(a+), Hy+, Jo(a–). DNA studies using PCR‐RFLP analysis showed the patient to be homozygous for the JO allele, which is consistent with the serologically determined Jo(a–) status.

CONCLUSION: The DNA and serologic evidence of this case show that Hy– RBCs may express low levels of Joa antigen, which contradicts previously published data concerning the Joa type of Hy– RBCs.
Clinically practical blood volume assessment with fluorescein‐labeled HES
Authors: Massey E.J. , De Souza Pamela , Findlay George , Smithies Mark , Shah Sanjoy , Spark Paul , Newcombe R.G. , Phillips Ceri , Wardrop C.A.J. , Robinson G.T.
Published: February 2004

BACKGROUND: Standard techniques for measuring blood volume (BV) entail administering radioactivity and human albumin. This is laborious, expensive, and impractical in acute settings. An alternative method suitable for widespread routine application was assessed.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Seventy‐nine ambulant outpatients and 18 intensive care unit (ICU) patients were prospectively recruited. Measurements of RBC volume (RCV) and plasma volume (PV) were performed with radiochromium‐labeled RBCs (51Cr), radioiodinated albumin (125I), and fluorescein‐labeled HES (FITC‐HES). Small molecules overestimate PV because of vascular endothelial dysfunction (ED) and increased capillary permeability; a reference value for PV was therefore derived with the RCV and Hct.

RESULTS: Mean PV with 125I dilution was 230 mL (SD, 185 mL) greater than that with FITC‐HES in outpatients. This difference was more exaggerated, 345 mL (SD, 371 mL), in ICU patients likely to have ED. Both the PV measured with FITC‐HES and the 125I dilution correlated closely with the PV derived with RCV and Hct (r = 0.950 and 0.925, respectively) in the ICU patients.

CONCLUSION: FITC‐HES estimates PV more accurately than 125I. FITC‐HES should replace radioactive tracers for assessing BV. Comparing the estimates of PV with molecules of differing molecular weights may have clinical utility as an indicator of ED.
Inhibition of xenogeneic GVHD by PEN110 treatment of donor human PBMNCs
Authors: Fast Loren D. , Semple John W. , DiLeone Gilbert , Kim Michael , Freedman John , Chapman John , Purmal Andrei
Published: February 2004

BACKGROUND: Development and characterization of methods for preventing transfusion‐associated GVHD have utilized in vitro studies with human WBCs and in vivo studies in animal models. The limitation of these assays is that the in vivo GVHD response of treated human WBCs has not been tested directly.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: PBMNCs isolated from nonleukoreduced RBC units exposed to gamma irradiation, treated with PEN110 or PBS, were tested for their ability to induce xenogeneic GVHD when injected into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice.

RESULTS: These studies showed that the SCID mice injected with PBS‐treated PBMNCs developed serum levels of human immunoglobulin that were followed by weight loss and display of ruffled fur characteristic of xenogeneic GVHD in these mice. In contrast, SCID mice injected with PEN110‐treated or gamma‐irradiated PBMNCs did not exhibit any of these responses.

CONCLUSIONS: In these studies PEN110 treatment and gamma irradiation were equally effective at preventing in vivo GVHD responses when the treated cells were injected into SCID recipients. These results are consistent with previous results obtained when these two treatment methods were compared with in vitro studies with PBMNCs and in vivo studies in mouse models.
Improved method for fluorescence cytometric immunohematology testing
Authors: Roback John D. , Barclay Sheilagh , Hillyer Christopher D.
Published: February 2004

BACKGROUND: A method for accurate immunohematology testing by fluorescence cytometry (FC) was previously described. Nevertheless, the use of vacuum filtration to wash RBCs and a standard‐flow cytometer for data acquisition hindered efforts to incorporate this method into an automated platform.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A modified procedure was developed that used low‐speed centrifugation of 96‐well filter plates for RBC staining. Small‐footprint benchtop capillary cytometers (PCA and PCA‐96, Guava Technologies, Inc.) were used for data acquisition. Authentic clinical samples from hospitalized patients were tested for ABO group and the presence of D antigen (n = 749) as well as for the presence of RBC alloantibodies (n = 428). Challenging samples with mixed‐field reactions and weak antibodies were included. Results were compared to those obtained by column agglutination technology (CAT), and discrepancies were resolved by standard tube methods. Detailed investigations of FC sensitivity and reproducibility were also performed.

RESULTS: The modified FC method with the PCA determined the correct ABO group and D type for 98.7 percent of 520 samples, compared to 98.8 percent for CAT (p > 0.05). No‐type‐determined (NTD) rates were 1.2 percent for both methods. In testing for unexpected alloantibodies, FC determined the correct result for 98.6 percent of 215 samples, compared to 96.3 percent for CAT (p > 0.05). When samples were automatically acquired in the 96‐well plate format with the PCA‐96, 98.7 percent of 229 samples had correct ABO group and D type determined by FC, compared to 97.4 percent for CAT (p > 0.05). NTD rates were 0.9 and 2.6 percent, respectively. Antibody screens were accurate for 99.1 percent of 213 samples with the PCA‐96, compared to 99.5 percent for CAT (p > 0.05). Further investigations demonstrated that FC with the PCA‐96 was better than CAT at detecting weak anti‐A (p < 0.0001) and alloantibodies.

CONCLUSIONS: An improved method for FC immunohematology testing has been described. This assay was comparable in accuracy to standard CAT techniques, but had better sensitivity for detecting weak antibodies and was superior in detecting mixed‐field reactions (p < 0.005). The FC method demonstrated excellent reproducibility. The compatibility of this assay with the PCA‐96 capillary cytometer with plate‐handling capabilities should simplify development of a completely automated platform.
Effect of holding buffy coats 4 or 18 hours before preparing pooled filtered PLT concentrates in plasma
Authors: Pérez‐Pujol Sílvia , Lozano Miguel , Perea Dolores , Mazzara Roberto , Ordinas Antonio , Escolar Ginés
Published: February 2004

BACKGROUND: Filtered PLT concentrates (PCs) were prepared in plasma pooling three (for children) or six buffy coats (BCs; for adults) after holding them a maximum of 4 hours (blood bags collected in the afternoon) or 18 hours (blood bags collected in the morning).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: With flow cytometry, PCs prepared after holding BCs 4 or 18 hours were compared. BCs removed from whole‐blood donations in quadruple bag packs (“top‐top”) were held 4 or 18 hours before pooling them with a sterile connecting device. After the BCs were centrifuged, the supernatant was transferred through a BC filter (Autostop, Pall Medical) to a CLX bag. Samples for analysis were collected from the whole‐blood bag, BCs, and PCs immediately after preparation and after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days of storage on a flat‐bed agitator at 22 ± 2°C. The main PLT membrane glycoproteins (GPs, IIb‐IIIa, IV, and Ibα), some of their ligands (fibrinogen, fibronectin, and VWF), activation‐dependent antigens (CD62P and CD63), and procoagulant activity markers (annexin V and bound coagulation FV‐Va) have been studied.

RESULTS: In the 12 PCs (six pools of 3 units each group) studied, a minor increase in activation markers during preparation was observed. During the storage, a significant increase in the expression of GPIIb‐IIIa, CD62P, CD63, annexin V, and FVa was measured. After 5 days of storage, only the percentage of PLTs with bound fibrinogen was significantly greater in PCs prepared after holding BCs for 4 hours.

CONCLUSION: In PCs prepared after holding BCs 4 or 18 hours before pooling and filtering, only a minor significant difference in the percentage of PLTs with bound fibrinogen was found after 5 days of storage. This difference is probably of little, if any, transfusional significance.
New insulation technology provides next‐generation containers for “iceless” and lightweight transport of RBCs at 1 to 10°C in extreme temperatures for over 78 hours
Authors: Rentas Francisco J. , Macdonald Victor W. , Houchens Delories M. , Hmel Peter J. , Reid Thomas J.
Published: February 2004

BACKGROUND: There is a universal need, in both civilian and military settings, for a lightweight container capable of maintaining RBCs at 1 to 10°C in remote areas, during extended transit times, and under austere environments. The use of ice in insulated containers or small commercial coolers for these purposes often results in loss of RBCs due to failure to maintain temperatures within the requisite range. A lightweight and thermally efficient container capable of carrying 4 to 6 units of RBCs at 1 to 10°C for over 72 hours under extreme conditions would help resolve current problems in RBC transportation.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Six different prototype containers incorporating phase‐change materials (PCMs) in their designs were evaluated for their ability to maintain RBCs between 1 and 10°C while exposed to external temperatures of −24°C and 40°C. In separate experiments, a container was opened and a RBC unit removed.

RESULTS: One container weighing 10 pounds with four units of RBCs was capable of maintaining the temperature of the units between 1 and 10°C for over 78 hours, 96 hours, and 120 hours at 40°C, −24°C, and 23°C, respectively. Opening the container decreased these times by 2 to 3 hours.

CONCLUSIONS: An energy‐efficient and lightweight container that maintains RBCs at 1 to 10°C under austere environments for over 78 hours is now available. This container, known as the Golden Hour container (GHC), will facilitate transport of RBCs. The GHC will have additional applications (transport and/or storage of vaccines, other biologics, organs, reagents, etc).
The cost‐effectiveness of screening blood donors for malaria by PCR
Authors: Shehata Nadine , Kohli Michele , Detsky Allan
Published: February 2004

BACKGROUND: The cost‐effectiveness of four blood donor screening strategies for malaria was estimated to determine whether transmission by transfusion can be reduced.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A decision analysis model was developed to compare 1) not screening allogeneic blood donors for malaria (Strategy 1); 2) using the standard questionnaire (Strategy 2); 3) using the standard questionnaire followed by testing blood donors with risk factors for malaria with PCR (Strategy 3); and 4) screening all blood donors using PCR (Strategy 4). The expected costs and the number of cases of malaria for each strategy were compared and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios were calculated as the cost per case of malaria averted. All costs are in Canadian dollars.

RESULTS: Strategies 2 and 3 had the same effectiveness but different costs, with Strategy 3 being less costly. Compared to Strategy 1, the incremental cost effectiveness ratio was $6463 per case of malaria averted for Strategy 3. Strategy 4 resulted in less transmission of malaria (0.4/million donors), but the cost compared to Strategy 3 was $3,972,624 per case of malaria averted.

CONCLUSION: The addition of PCR to the standard screening questionnaire is economically attractive compared to the current standard screening questionnaire.
Analysis of maternal and neonatal factors that influence the nucleated and CD34+ cell yield for cord blood banking
Authors: Nakagawa Ryuji , Watanabe Tsutomu , Kawano Yoshifumi , Kanai Sachiyo , Suzuya Hiroko , Kaneko Michiya , Watanabe Hiroyoshi , Okamoto Yasuhiro , Kuroda Yasuhiro , Nakayama Takayoshi ,   the Chugoku‐Shikoku Cord Blood Bank
Published: February 2004

BACKGROUND: It would be beneficial to be able to predict the cord blood (CB) cell yield from volunteer donors before cell processing.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The maternal and neonatal factors that influence the total nucleated cell (TNC), CD34+ cell, and CFU‐GM yields in CB collected for the Chugoku‐Shikoku Cord Blood Bank were evaluated.

RESULTS: In a univariate analysis, the volume of CB collected was significantly correlated with the TNC, CD34+ cell, and CFU‐GM yields (p < 0.001). A longer cord (p < 0.001), larger placenta (p < 0.001), and bigger baby (p < 0.001) were associated with a greater volume of CB. A female baby (p < 0.05) and longer gestational age (p < 0.005) were associated with a higher TNC concentration. A younger maternal age (p < 0.05), larger birth weight (p < 0.001), shorter gestational age (p < 0.001), and shorter time from collection to processing (p < 0.05) were associated with a higher CD34+ cell concentration. A multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to predict the yield and determine first‐level selection criteria to start processing when the volume of CB units was on the borderline. However, this formula might not be suitable for actual use.

CONCLUSION: Maternal and neonatal factors appeared to affect CB cell yields. These findings might be useful for efficiently collecting more qualified CB units.
Expression of Fas and Fas ligand on spleen T cells of experimental animals after unmodified or leukoreduced allogeneic blood transfusions
Authors: Hashimoto Margareth N. , Kimura Elisa Y.S. , Yamamoto Mihoko , Bordin José O.
Published: February 2004

BACKGROUND: The clonal deletion seen in recipients of allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT) refers to the removal of lymphocytes that promote the clearance of transfused alloantigens. Interactions between Fas (CD95) and FasL (CD95L) are involved in the clonal deletion of T cells and in the down regulation of the cytotoxic T‐cell activity.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The expression of CD95/95 L on spleen T cells of C57Bl/6 mice infused with unmodified ABT, prestorage leukoreduced ABT (LR‐ABT), or saline was investigated by flow cytometry. The numbers of apoptotic spleen cells were evaluated after transfusion using the acridine orange and ethidium bromide uptake technique.

RESULTS: Compared with untransfused animals, mice transfused with ABT showed higher expression of CD95 (MFI = 94.4 ± 8.6 vs. 73.1 ± 7.9, p = 0.02) and CD95L (23.5 ± 6.9 vs. 8.1 ± 2.0, p = 0.008) on CD4+ spleen cells. Expression of CD95 (92.2 ± 7.5 vs. 64.9 ± 7.5, p = 0.007) and CD95L (17.7 ± 3.6 vs. 8.2 ± 2.2, p = 0.02) was also increased on CD8+ cells of these animals. CD8+ spleen cells from mice transfused with ABT showed higher expression of CD95 (92.2 ± 7.5 vs. 76.9 ± 4.0, p = 0.03) and CD95L (17.7 ± 3.6 vs. 8.3 ± 1.5, p = 0.03) than cells from mice transfused with LR‐ABT. The number of apoptotic spleen cells from mice transfused with ABT was greater than that from mice infused with LR‐ABT (10.9 ± 1.3 vs. 6.6 ± 1.8, p = 0.01) or saline (10.9 ± 1.3 vs. 6.5 ± 0.7, p = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that ABT up‐regulates the expression of Fas/FasL on spleen T cells of mice and may promote their apoptosis. These ABT‐associated immunologic alterations can be partially prevented by the leukoreduction of the transfused blood.
Inactivation of mycoplasma species in blood by INACTINE PEN110 process
Authors: Zavizion Boris , Purmal Andrei , Chapman John , Alford Bernadette
Published: February 2004

BACKGROUND: Mycoplasmas have been associated with multiple acute and chronic diseases. Mycoplasma genome is found in the blood of 10 to 15 percent of subjectively healthy individuals. If blood borne and viable in donated blood, mycoplasmas could potentially be transfusion transmissible. The INACTINE PEN110 technology is a pathogen reduction process that is in Phase 3 clinical studies. The present study investigated the ability of this process to eradicate mycoplasmas in human blood.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Identical whole blood or RBC units inoculated with Mycoplasma arthritidis or M. pneumoniae were incubated with PEN110 (inactivating agent) for 24 hours at 23°C. Sham controls were treated with buffer under the same conditions. 4°C controls were put on storage immediately after the spike.

RESULTS: No viable microorganisms were detected in PEN110‐treated units after 24 hours of incubation. Sham controls showed no changes to mycoplasma titers during the incubation. In 4°C controls, minor decrease of mycoplasma titers was observed during the storage.

CONCLUSION: The INACTINE process inactivates more than 107 mycoplasma CFU per mL in whole blood and RBCs. This study is the first demonstration of susceptibility of mycoplasmas to pathogen reduction. The data provide further support for the ability of INACTINE technology to address microbial safety issues that are not well characterized.
High prevalence of GBV‐C/HGV among relatives of GBV‐C/HGV‐positive blood donors in blood recipients and in patients with aplastic anemia
Authors: Seifried Carola , Weber Marijke , Bialleck Heike , Seifried Erhard , Schrezenmeier Hubert , Kurt Roth W.
Published: February 2004

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of GB virus C (GBV‐C)/HGV is high in individuals with parenteral risk factors. The frequency of GBV‐C/HGV in blood donors is significantly lower, however it is still far above other parenterally transmitted viruses like HBV and HCV. Therefore, transmission routes apart from parenteral transmission must be considered.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of GBV‐C/HGV in blood donors and relatives of GBV‐C/HGV‐positive and ‐negative blood donors. Prevalence was also analyzed in aplastic anemia patients. Samples were tested by RT‐PCR and partially by ELISA. Positive isolates were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed.

RESULTS: A total of 5733 blood donors were PCR tested and 90 were positive (1.6%). Of these, 98 relatives could be tested. Viremia was found in 14.3 percent and anti‐E2 in 29.5 percent, whereas only 1.1 percent of the relatives of PCR‐negative donors were viremic and 8.5 percent were anti‐E2 positive. Probable virus transmission could be shown in two couples and in six mother–child pairs by sequencing of isolates indicating horizontal and vertical virus transmission, respectively. Recipients of GBV‐C/HGV RNA‐positive blood products were shown to be infected at a rate of 58 percent (18/31). Aplastic anemia patients were positive at a rate of 32 percent (17/53).

CONCLUSION: The high percentage of 14.3 percent of GBV‐C/HGV PCR‐positive relatives of GBV‐C/HGV‐positive blood donors suggests intrafamilial transmission. Sequence analyses revealed vertical and horizontal transmission. Although parenteral transmission is highly efficient for GBV‐C/HGV (58% of recipients of GBV‐C/HGV RNA‐positive blood products and 32% of aplastic anemia patients), it appears that sexual and vertical transmission are the most common transmission routes.
The translocation of marrow MNCs after experimental myocardial cryoinjury is proportional to the infarcted area
Authors: Ciulla Michele M. , Ferrero Stefano , Lazzari Lorenza , Pacchiana Raffaella , Paliotti Roberta , Gianelli Umberto , Busca Giuseppe , Esposito Arturo , Bosari Silvano , Magrini Fabio , Rebulla Paolo
Published: February 2004

BACKGROUND: The selective homing of peripherally injected marrow MNCs (MMNCs) has recently been demonstrated in a model of cryodamaged heart. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is still unknown. In the hypothesis that this process is related to the necrotic area extension, the infarcted area was correlated with the number of homed MMNCs in a model of experimental cryodamaged heart.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 12 donor and 12 recipient inbred isogenic adult (4 weeks old) Fisher rats were used to mimic autologous transplantation. Myocardial damage was obtained in recipient rats by cryoinjury. MMNCs were purified, labeled with PKH26 (a red fluorescent cell dye), and infused 7 days after the injury through the femoral vein of recipient rats. One week after peripheral administration, the number of homed MMNCs was assessed and the infarct size was correlated with the number of cells present in the target.

RESULTS: Labeled cells were found only in the injured myocardium of the treated animals (n = 6), where a mean of 12 ± 3 PKH26+ cells per section examined were found; a significant correlation was found between the infarct size and the estimated number of cells (p = 0.008)

CONCLUSION: These data indicate that the homing of MMNCs is related to the extent of the myocardial injury, suggesting that cellular therapy for regeneration of damaged myocardium should be individualized by taking into consideration the extension of the area to repair.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura‐hemolytic uremic syndrome following allogeneic HPC transplantation: a diagnostic dilemma
Authors: George James N. , Li Xiaoning , McMinn Jay R. , Terrell Deirdra R. , Vesely Sara K. , Selby George B.
Published: February 2004

BACKGROUND: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura‐hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP‐HUS) has been described as a specific sequela of allogeneic HPC transplantation (HPCT). Nevertheless, because multiple transplant‐related sequela can cause the characteristic clinical features of TTP‐HUS, the diagnosis is difficult.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: All English‐language articles describing patients with TTP‐HUS following HPCT were identified. Articles reporting five or more total patients, including at least one patient diagnosed with TTP‐HUS following allogeneic HPCT, were reviewed. All articles describing autopsies of patients diagnosed with TTP‐HUS following allogeneic HPCT were also reviewed.

RESULTS: Thirty‐five articles reporting 5 or more total patients described 447 patients diagnosed with TTP‐HUS following allogeneic HPCT. The frequency of diagnosis of TTP‐HUS following allogeneic HPCT varied by 125‐fold (0.5%‐63.6%). Twenty‐eight different sets of diagnostic criteria were described in the 35 articles; 25 articles included both RBC fragmentation and increased serum LDH. Many risk factors described as correlating with the diagnosis of TTP‐HUS also predict greater risk for multiple transplant‐related complications. Benefit of plasma exchange treatment could not be documented. Survival information was reported for 379 patients, 232 (61%) died, and reported mortality rates varied from 0 to 100 percent. Autopsies have been reported for 35 patients who were diagnosed with TTP‐HUS following allogeneic HPCT; none had systemic thrombotic microangiopathy, the diagnostic abnormality of TTP‐HUS; and infection (19 patients) was the most commonly reported cause of death.

CONCLUSIONS: The clinical features of TTP‐HUS following allogeneic HPCT may be caused by common transplant‐related complications; the benefit from plasma exchange treatment is uncertain.
Parental Rights in Diverse Family Contexts: Current Legal Developments*
Authors: Skinner Denise A. , Kohler Julie K.
Published: February 2004

Here, we review case law as it applies to parental rights. Specifically, we examine two issues: (a) Who has been awarded the right to parent? and (b) What rights have been bestowed to parents? The review demonstrates how family law in the United States reflects and perpetuates society's ambivalence about family structure and, subsequently, parental rights and responsibilities. On the basis of this analysis, we recommend a broadened legal perspective that not only communicates society's expectation of responsible parenting but, in addition, gives legal recognition to diverse family forms in which members carry out these responsibilities.
Stepparenting After Divorce: Stepparents' Legal Position Regarding Custody, Access, and Support*
Authors: Hans Jason D.
Published: February 2004

Both the research and the clinical literature indicate that over time stepparents and stepchildren may develop emotional attachments similar to their biological counterparts. Nevertheless, stepparents are legal strangers to stepchildren—the relationship is not protected by law during marriage or following marital dissolution. There are some legal avenues by which stepparents may obtain parenting rights or be required to provide financial support for a stepchild following divorce. The legal process encountered by stepparents regarding custody, access, and child support are elucidated here, in addition to a discussion of policy recommendations and practical implications.
Alimony: An Anomaly in Family Social Science*
Authors: Shehan Constance L. , Berardo Felix M. , Owens Erica , Berardo Donna H.
Published: February 2004

One area of family law that has generated considerable public discourse but has received relatively little attention in the social science literature is the awarding of alimony. Because of the paucity of research in this area, we are left with little information about the impact of these support awards and payments on the emotional and economic dynamics between former spouses. In this article, we outline key issues associated with spousal support and call for research on the implications of this neglected aspect of domestic relations.
The Effective Dates of No‐Fault Divorce Laws in the 50 States*
Authors: Vlosky Denese Ashbaugh , Monroe Pamela A.
Published: February 2004

We use prior research and state legislative histories to develop a set of decision rules for determining the dates for adoption of no‐fault divorce laws in the 50 states. Social scientists have attempted to gauge the impact of no‐fault divorce laws on the stability of the family and on the rate of divorce, but the adoption dates used by these researchers varied widely. Such divergences yield conflicting findings on issues related to the impact of no‐fault divorce laws on family outcomes. We examine in detail the varying methods used in prior studies for determining no‐fault dates, then suggest a method for resolving the conflicts. Precision in and standardization of the dates of no‐fault divorce laws used in this body of research will minimize measurement error and improve confidence in the research.
Experiences of Family Law Attorneys With Current Issues in Divorce Practice*
Authors: Braver Sanford L. , Cookston Jeffrey T. , Cohen Bruce R.
Published: February 2004

A survey was administered at a state bar convention to 72 family law attorneys who reported on their experiences in representing a total of 3,860 clients. Results showed that lawyers believed that (a) most losers in relocation cases do not or would not ultimately move; (b) the Family Court Masters system seems to be helpful to families; (c) lawyers' actions often raise the emotional level of the dispute; and (d) the divorce and custody system is biased against fathers.
The “Family Relations” Doctrine: Extending Supreme Court Precedent to Custody Disputes Between Biological and Nonbiological Parents*
Authors: Holtzman Mellisa
Published: February 2004

Custody disputes between biological and nonbiological parents typically are decided on the basis of one of two custody doctrines: the parental rights or the best interests doctrine. Each of these standards has faced criticism and an extensive amount of legal and social science literature is devoted to pitting these doctrines against one another. Other scholarly work is focused on proposing alternatives to these doctrines. Here the benefits and shortcomings of the two doctrines are reviewed and previously proposed alternative standards are evaluated. Through a detailed analysis of 5 Supreme Court cases, an entirely new doctrine—the “family relations” doctrine—is suggested. The family relations doctrine gives considerable weight to the child's current and past relationships and his or her “perceived” family. It protects the child's present psychological reality while simultaneously safeguarding both the child's and the adult's interest in maintaining past relationships, or possibly even affecting future ones.
Parental Anxiety Following Discharge From Hospital of Their Very Low Birth Weight Infants*
Authors: Auslander Gail K. , Netzer Dvorah , Arad Ilan
Published: February 2004

The uncertainty regarding the future well‐being of very low birth weight infants is a source of considerable anxiety for parents, even after discharge from the hospital. We identify factors related to postdischarge anxiety levels of parents of 65 infants. Infant's weight relative to gestational age; the presence of central nervous system complications; informational support; and a warm, caring attitude by hospital staff explained 35% of the variance in mothers' anxiety levels. Father's age, infant's gender, perception of the infant as problematic, and the availability of child care support explained 33% of the variance in fathers' anxiety levels. Practice implications, including both identification of high‐risk groups and interventions aimed at bringing about change in specific factors, are discussed.
Family Science Faculty Members' Experiences With Teaching From a Feminist Perspective*
Authors: Blaisure Karen R. , Koivunen Julie M.
Published: February 2004

Telephone interviews were conducted with 25 family science faculty members who were self‐identified feminist teachers to explore how they conceptualized teaching, translated feminist theory into classroom practice, understood their own and students' reactions to teaching, and responded to challenging situations. Their accounts illustrate a commitment to students, the centrality of dialogue as a teaching strategy and as an indication of successful teaching, and the congruency in personal and professional ideology offered by a feminist perspective. These results highlight the opportunity for teachers to focus sincerely on the interpersonal dimension of the classroom, acquire the interpersonal skills to promote dialogue and to convey respect and care of students, encourage the practice of reflexivity, and approach teaching with integrity.
Promoting the Adaptation of Military Families: An Empirical Test of a Community Practice Model*
Authors: Bowen Gary L. , Mancini Jay A. , Martin James A. , Ware William B. , Nelson John P.
Published: February 2004

This study used structural equation modeling to examine a strengths‐based, community practice model to explore the relationship between formal and informal community‐based social networks and family adaptation in military communities. “Sense of community” was examined as a critical mediating variable. Results provide support for the practice model. Several important insights were revealed about the strength and nature of pathways between components in the model. Results suggest that communities (including the workplace) can be important sources of tangible information and expressive support. Other important implications for community practice and research are discussed.
Parental Monitoring of Children's Behavior: Variation Across Stepmother, Stepfather, and Two‐Parent Biological Families*
Authors: Fisher Philip A. , Leve Leslie D. , O'Leary Catherine C. , Leve Craig
Published: February 2004

Previous longitudinal research has shown that parental monitoring is a powerful predictor of child outcomes. Children from families with low levels of monitoring are particularly at risk for antisocial behavior, difficulties in school, and related problems. We studied whether parental monitoring—as reported by mothers/stepmothers, fathers/stepfathers, interviewers, and teachers—differs across two‐parent biological families, stepmother families, and stepfather families. Two‐parent biological families were hypothesized to have higher levels of monitoring than stepparent families. Controlling for demographic differences, two‐parent biological families showed higher levels of monitoring than stepfather families but did not differ significantly from stepmother families. The significant difference between stepfather and two‐parent biological families involved the length of the relationship: only biological families of shorter duration (9 years or fewer) had higher levels of monitoring than stepfather families.
Assortative Mating Among Adult Children of Alcoholics and Alcoholics*
Authors: Olmsted Maureen E. , Crowell Judith A. , Waters Everett
Published: February 2004

Relations between parental alcoholism, self‐alcoholism, and partner‐alcoholism were examined in a nonclinical, non–self‐identified sample of 128 married and engaged young couples. Couples were recruited to participate in a longitudinal study of close relationships. They were assessed using three alcoholism questionnaires that included reports of parent‐, partner‐, and self‐alcohol use. Participants were predominantly White and well educated. Cross‐sectional analyses indicated that alcoholics tend to marry other alcoholics and that male adult children of alcoholics (ACOA) are more likely to be alcoholic than their female counterparts. The relation between parental alcoholism and partner's alcoholism was affected by self‐alcoholism in male participants. There was a significant relation between ACOA status and marriage to alcoholics for women that was not affected by their own alcoholism.
Under the Rainbow: Rural Gay Life and Its Relevance for Family Providers*
Authors: Oswald Ramona Faith , Culton Linda S.
Published: February 2004

We surveyed 527 nonmetropolitan gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender people (GLBT) and inductively analyzed their responses to open‐ended questions regarding the “best” and “worst” aspects of being GLBT in that area, and how to improve their lives as rural GLBT people. Field observations supplemented the qualitative data. “Best things” included close relationships, high quality of life, involvement with GLBT social networks or organizations, and self‐acceptance. “Worst things” included weak and fragmented GLBT resources, living within a homophobic social climate, and lacking equal rights. Suggested improvements included pursuing civil rights, fostering a supportive climate, and strengthening personal relationships. Ways that family professionals can develop commitment to GLBT people, enhance existing services, and advocate for political change are discussed.
Multiple Realities: A Relational Narrative Approach in Therapy With Black–White Mixed‐Race Clients
Authors: Rockquemore Kerry Ann , Laszloffy Tracey A.
Published: February 2004

Notions of a racial identity for persons with one Black and one White parent have assumed the existence of only a singular identity (first Black and later biracial). Emerging empirical research on racial identity formation among members of this group reveals that multiple identity options are possible. In terms of overall health, the level of social invalidation one encounters with respect to racial self‐identification is more important than the specific racial identity selected. Here a relational narrative approach to therapy with Black–White mixed‐race clients who experience systematic invalidation of their chosen racial identity is presented through a detailed case illustration.
The Impact of Family Relations on Caregivers' Positive and Negative Appraisal of Their Caretaking Activities
Authors: Baronet Anne‐Marie
Published: February 2004

This study examined the impact of family support and relationship difficulties between the caregiver and the care recipient on caregivers' satisfaction received from caregiving activities and subjective burden. Ninety‐seven individuals caring for a spouse or an adult child with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder participated in the study. Using hierarchical multiple regression analyses, findings showed that relationship difficulties between the caregiver and the care recipient were associated with both satisfaction received from caregiving activities and subjective burden, after the effects of personal, contextual, and stressor variables were controlled. Family support was not associated with caregivers' appraisal of the situation.
Unresolved Issues in Adult Children's Marital Relationships Involving Intergenerational Problems*
Authors: Beaton John M. , Norris Joan E. , Pratt Michael W.
Published: February 2004

When their first child was 5, 30 couples discussed an unresolved issue in their marital relationship that involved one of their parents, and how they would resolve this issue. Five intergenerational themes were identified in these disagreements: (a) balancing nuclear vs. extended family time, (b) changing rules and roles, (c) pleasing parents vs. spouse, (d) struggling with power, and (e) fearing future obligations. Most couples decided to resolve the issue between themselves.
A Critique of the Portrayal of Adoption in College Textbooks and Readers on Families, 1998–2001*
Authors: Fisher Allen P.
Published: February 2004

Twenty‐one college textbooks and 16 readers in the sociology of the family and marriage and the family were examined for their treatment of adoption. All books were published between 1998 and 2001. A content analysis of these works showed that little attention was devoted to adoption and that the coverage provided was predominantly negative, stressing the potential problems of adoption about twice as often as its probable successes and rewards.
When an Adoption Disrupts: A Study of Public Attitudes*
Authors: Hollingsworth Leslie Doty
Published: February 2004

The disruption or dissolution of an adoption affects the child, family, and adoption worker. Families make this decision only after repeated efforts at saving the placement. However, a national telephone survey of 916 members of the general public in the U. S. revealed that only 23% believe parents should be permitted to return an adopted child when the child has severe behavior problems; 58% felt parents should be required to keep the child; 12% said “it depends;” and 7%“didn't know” or did not give an answer. Members of the public older than 29 years and with some college education were more likely to see disruption or dissolution as acceptable. The implications of these findings for adoption research, practice, and policy development are discussed.
Instructional Techniques and Environmental Considerations in Family Life Education Programming for Midlife and Older Adults*
Authors: Morris Michael Lane , Ballard Sharon M.
Published: February 2004

We review the theory and practice of education with midlife and older adult populations and empirically address two theoretically guided research questions: (a) What are older adults' preferences for instructional strategies and techniques in programs? (b) What environmental considerations (e.g., lighting) do older adults perceive as important in influencing their attendance, participation, and satisfaction with programs? Data were collected from and compared among 264 adults representing four age groups: 50–64 (midlife), 65–74 (young old), 75–84 (old old), and 85 and over (oldest old). Recommendations for family life education practices with older adults are addressed.
Self‐Help Books for Parents of Adolescents, 1980–1993
Authors: Smith M Cecil , Vartanian Lesa R. , DeFrates‐Densch Nancy , Van Loon Preston C. , Locke Susan
Published: February 2004

The objective of this descriptive study was to analyze the contents of self‐help books for parents of adolescents that were published from 1980 to 1993. Child developmentalists, counselors, and family life educators endeavor to provide valid information about child and adolescent development to parents through various media, including popular books, in order to assist in parenting. We examined the scope of topics presented and the authors' views about parenting practices to determine the extent to which these parenting books reinforce or debunk cultural stereotypes about adolescents. The most frequently occurring topic across the books concerned the significant role of the family in shaping adolescent development. Although the information presented in these books does not explicitly reinforce stereotypes of adolescence, few authors devoted attention to refuting existing myths.
Childhood Living Arrangements and the Formation of Coresidential Unions
Authors: Teachman Jay
Published: February 2004

The relationship between multiple dimensions of childhood living arrangements and the formation of subsequent unions is investigated. Using the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, both statuses and transitions associated with childhood living arrangements at three different stages of childhood are considered. It was found that both statuses and transitions, but not the ages at which they occur, are related to the risk of union formation. Women who experienced more transitions in childhood living arrangements and who lived with other than married, biological parents form premarital cohabiting unions faster than other women. Rates of first marriage are higher among women who lived with a stepparent, and they are lower among women who lived with a parent and that parent's cohabiting partner.
Distal and Proximal Factors in Domestic Violence: A Test of an Integrated Model
Authors: DeMaris Alfred , Benson Michael L. , Fox Greer L. , Hill Terrence , Van Wyk Judy
Published: February 2004

We employed 4,095 couples from both waves of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) to test a model of couple violence drawn from several theoretical perspectives. The outcome distinguishes among nonviolent couples and those experiencing either physical aggression or intense male violence. According to the model, background characteristics of couples are related to relationship stressors, which affect the risk of violence via their tendency to promote verbal conflict. Considerable support for the model was found. Couples were at higher risk for one or both forms of violence if they were younger at union inception, had been together for less time, were both in their first union, had only one partner who was employed, had a nontraditional woman paired with a traditional man, had at least one partner who abused substances, had more children, had more frequent disagreements, exhibited a more hostile disagreement style, or lived in an economically disadvantaged neighborhood. Moreover, the effects of stressors such as the number of children and couples' employment status disparities appear to be mediated by disagreement frequency and disagreement style.
Over‐expression of FK506‐binding protein FKBP12.6 alters excitation–contraction coupling in adult rabbit cardiomyocytes
Authors: Loughrey C. M. , Seidler T. , Miller S. L. W. , Prestle J. , MacEachern K. E. , Reynolds D. F. , Hasenfuss G. , Smith G. L.
Published: February 2004

This study investigated the function of FK506‐binding protein (FKBP12.6) using adenoviral‐mediated gene transfer to over‐express FKBP12.6 (Ad‐FKBP12.6) in adult rabbit ventricular cardiomyocytes. Infection with a β‐galactosidase‐expressing adenovirus (Ad‐LacZ) was used as a control. Peak‐systolic intracellular [Ca2+] (measured with Fura‐2) was higher in the Ad‐FKBP12.6 group compared to Ad‐LacZ (1 Hz field stimulation at 37°C). The amplitude of caffeine‐induced Ca2+ release was also greater, indicating a higher SR Ca2+ content in the Ad‐FKBP12.6 group. Voltage clamp experiments indicated that FKBP12.6 over‐expression did not change L‐type Ca2+ current amplitude or Ca2+ efflux rates via the Na+–Ca2+ exchanger. Ca2+ transients comparable to those after Ad‐FKBP12.6 transfection could be obtained by enhancing SR Ca2+ content of Ad‐LacZ infected cells with periods of high frequency stimulation. Line‐scan confocal microscopy (Fluo‐3 fluorescence) of intact cardiomyocytes stimulated at 0.5 Hz (20−21°C) revealed a higher degree of synchronicity of SR Ca2+ release and fewer non‐responsive Ca2+ release sites in the Ad‐FKBP12.6 group compared to control. Ca2+ spark morphology was measured in β‐escin‐permeabilized cardiomyocytes at a free [Ca2+]i of 150 nm. The average values of the spark parameters (amplitude, duration, width and frequency) were reduced in the Ad‐FKBP12.6 group. Increasing [Ca2+]i to 400 nm caused coherent propagating Ca2+ waves in the Ad‐FKBP12.6 group but only limited Ca2+ release events were recorded in the control group. These data indicate that FKBP12.6 over‐expression enhances Ca2+ transient amplitude predominately by increasing SR Ca2+ content. Moreover, there is also evidence that FKBP12.6 can enhance the coupling between SR Ca2+ release sites independently of SR content.
Activation of GABAA receptors containing the α4 subunit by GABA and pentobarbital
Authors: Akk Gustav , Bracamontes John , Steinbach Joe Henry
Published: February 2004

The activation properties of GABAA receptors containing α4β2γ2 and α4β2δ subunits were examined in the presence of GABA or pentobarbital. The receptors were expressed transiently in HEK 293 cells, and the electrophysiological experiments were carried out using cell‐attached single‐channel patch clamp or whole‐cell macroscopic recordings. The data show that GABA is a stronger activator of α4β2γ2 receptors than α4β2δ receptors. Single‐channel clusters were recorded from α4β2γ2 receptors in the presence of 10–5000 μm GABA. The maximal intracluster open probability was 0.35, with a half‐maximal response elicited by 32 μm GABA. Simultaneous kinetic analysis of single‐channel currents obtained at various GABA concentrations yields a channel opening rate constant of 250 s−1, and a KD of 20 μm. In contrast, only isolated openings were observed in the presence of GABA for the α4β2δ receptor. Pentobarbital was a strong activator of both α4β2γ2 and α4β2δ receptors. The maximal cluster open probability, recorded in the presence of 100 μm pentobarbital, was 0.7. At higher pentobarbital concentrations, the cluster open probability was reduced, probably due to channel block. The results from single‐channel experiments were confirmed by macroscopic recordings from HEK cells in the presence of GABA or pentobarbital.