bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring Expert and Novice Mental Models of Phishing
Authors: Zielinska Olga A. , Welk Allaire K. , Mayhorn Christopher B. , Murphy-Hill Emerson
Published: October 2015

Experience influences actions people take in protecting themselves against phishing. One way to measure experience is through mental models. Mental models are internal representations of a concept or system that develop with experience. By rating pairs of concepts on the strength of their relationship, networks can be created through Pathfinder, showing an in-depth analysis of how information is organized. Researchers had novice and expert computer users rate three sets of terms related to phishing. The terms were divided into three categories: prevention of phishing, trends and characteristics of phishing attacks, and the consequences of phishing. Results indicated that expert mental models were more complex with more links between concepts. Specifically, experts had sixteen, thirteen, and fifteen links in the networks describing the prevention, trends, and consequences of phishing, respectively; however, novices only had eleven, nine, and nine links in the networks describing prevention, trends, and consequences of phishing, respectively. These preliminary results provide quantifiable network displays of mental models of novices and experts that cannot be seen through interviews. This information could provide a basis for future research on how mental models could be used to determine phishing vulnerability and the effectiveness of phishing training.
Design and Evaluation of Designer Feedback System in Design for Manufacturability
Authors: Barnawal Prashant , Dorneich Michael C. , Peters Frank , Frank Matthew C.
Published: October 2015

The aim of the study is to develop and evaluate a prototype designer feedback tool to give manufacturability feedback information to design engineers early at the conceptual design stage. Providing design engineers early manufacturability information on their designs helps them to improve manufacturing quality of their designs thus reducing the overall cost and lead time to manufacture. The Three Dimensional Integrated Feedback (3DIF) system is designed to be a manufacturing visualization feedback tool that is generalizable, automated, usable, inexpensive and portable. Feedback given to design engineers can be in various modalities, including verbal, text, 2D drawings, or 3D. Information abstraction and modality significantly affect its interpretation, so it is important that feedback given to the design engineers should be in the language understandable to them and is able to convey necessary information with minimal interpretation. An experiment has been designed to evaluate performance and workload differences between expert and novice design engineers when they conduct design tasks in feedback modalities. The preliminary results from the study show that providing feedback in 3D improves the manufacturing quality of the end design with lower overall cognitive workload.
Identifying Dimensions of Cyber Aptitude
Authors: Campbell Susan G. , O’Rourke Polly , Bunting Michael F.
Published: October 2015

Cybersecurity is a broad and growing job field, encompassing many different job categories with different cognitive demands. Traditional, knowledge-based assessments may exclude candidates who are cognitively suited to performing cybersecurity work but who have not had the opportunity to learn the subject matter. Using the job categories included in the National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education (NICE) framework for the cybersecurity workforce, we propose a model for predicting cybersecurity aptitude beyond a general- intelligence approach. In addition to including general intelligence, the model is based on a classification of jobs as requiring real-time or deliberate performance, and proactive or reactive actions. We suggest that tasks, work roles, and people can be represented along the same set of axes to match job requirements to person attributes. These constructs can then be used to create assessments of potential for cybersecurity applicants, including one we propose, called the Cyber Aptitude and Talent Assessment (CATA).
An Investigation of the Efficiency of Synergistic Multicultural Teams
Authors: Paul Melissa Dorlette , Madathil Kapil Chalil , Gramopadhye Anand K.
Published: October 2015

The current globalized environment has increased the prevalence of multicultural teams in the workplace. Efforts to attend to the potential challenges associated with the usage of these teams have ranged widely with little research looking into team creation strategies. To address this need, this research investigates whether a particular approach, the Kolbe guidelines for team creation, can be used to predict multicultural teams’ efficiency. Six teams of 4 were created and asked to build a paper bridge spanning as far as possible while using the least resources. Though complete data was only available for 5 of those teams, the results indicated a potential for the Kolbe guidelines to predict performance in addition to the potential mediating role of teamwork processes for the relationship between team members prior knowledge of each other and objective performance. This study will inform the next research effort analyzing the resilience of synergistic multicultural teams.
Individual Differences in Resilience and Affective Response during Simulated UAV Operations
Authors: Wohleber Ryan W. , Matthews Gerald , Reinerman-Jones Lauren E. , Panganiban April Rose , Scribner David
Published: October 2015

This study investigated the consistency of stress responses to different sources of stress during simulated multiple unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operation. Of particular interest is whether or not resilience is a general factor that predicts stress response across different stressors. Participants completed two 10-minute test conditions designed to induce stress − one through high workload and another through negative evaluation. DSSQ factors gauged subjective stress response and physiological measures gauged objective stress response. Three trait resilience measures were predictors of these stress responses. Results revealed that different resilience scales and subscales predicted different response components. These findings suggest that individuals vary in their vulnerability to specific stressors. Training and personnel selection could thus benefit from a comprehensive, multifaceted assessment of resilience.
Conducting Cross National Research
Authors: Endsley Tristan C. , Reep James A. , McNeese Michael D. , Forster Peter K.
Published: October 2015

Research in cross-cultural contexts has remained largely unexplored due to the complexities and complications that arise during such studies. While many cross-cultural studies have been conducted in a variety of contexts, little has been published with regard to caveats, practicalities, and potential impediments. This paper presents a practical lessons learned approach derived from a recent cross-cultural team cognition study executed at a large eastern United States university and a comparable institution in the United Kingdom. While seeking to carry out cross-cultural research, we encountered issues with communication, coordination, and practical requirements that had a strong impact on experimental design and ultimately, on outcomes. This paper presents several of the lessons learned from this cross-site, cross-cultural research project with particular focus on the underlying aspects of designing, preparing, and implementing cross-cultural research.
An exploratory study of a low-level shared awareness measure using mission-critical locations during an emergency exercise
Authors: Prytz Erik , Rybing Jonas , Jonson Carl-Oscar , Petterson Albin , Berggren Peter , Johansson Björn
Published: October 2015

A shared awareness of other teams’ roles and tasks has been linked to successful performance in joint ventures. However, emergency management organizations responding to incidents do not always share critical information necessary for maintaining shared awareness. An instrument called Shared Priorities has previously been applied to measure aspects of shared situation awareness at level 2 and 3 in Endsley’s (1995) model. This paper reports on a shared awareness instrument focused on level 1 situation awareness and its associated level of team shared awareness. Participants in a large emergency response exercise were asked to locate and rank geographical locations based on importance for overall mission success. The results show that organizations tended to rank locations relevant for their own work higher than positions relevant to other organization’s tasks. The different organizations displayed different levels of inter-rater agreement within themselves concerning the ranking of these positions.
Dementia Caregiver Empowerment Using a Cyber-socio-physical Model
Authors: Belay Marta , Henry Charles , Smith-Jackson Tonya L.
Published: October 2015

Agitation in dementia patients is characterized by several features, such as physical and verbal aggressive and non-aggressive behaviors. Such behaviors affect not only the patients, but also the caregivers’ quality of life. The onset of agitated behaviors can be unpredictable and can also be influenced by environmental factors, which presents challenges to caregivers. The work presented here is part of a research which is aimed at implementing a cyber-socio-physical model to monitor agitation epochs in persons with dementia (PWD). We present a data framework which was developed for the implementation of the cyber -socio- physical system. The data framework helps to collect, structure, extract, analyze and interpret multiple forms of qualitative and quantitative data obtained through behavioral and environmental sensors. This approach helps to conceptualize the lived context of PWD. The information acquired will be used to generate trained models to identify the patterns of agitation associated with the environmental factors. It will also be used to develop a monitoring and dashboard system which sends real time notifications to caregivers and healthcare providers. The research outcome will provide cost effective technology to reduce or prevent agitation in dementia.
Comparison of a Circadian-based and a Forward Rotating Watch Schedules on Sleep, Mood, and Psychomotor Vigilance Performance
Authors: Brown Stephanie , Matsangas Panagiotis , Shattuck Nita Lewis
Published: October 2015

In the military, any degradation in performance may have serious implications, potentially resulting in loss of life or affecting mission accomplishment. The maritime environment imposes the additional unique challenges of waterborne motion on the shipboard crew. Additionally, the U.S. Navy’s 24/7 operational requirements mandate rigorous equipment monitoring and shiftwork. This study assesses how crewmember sleep hygiene and psychomotor vigilance performance is affected by a shift from traditional work schedules to an alternative circadian-based schedule. Twenty-eight sailors were assessed while working two watch schedules, a conventional 5-hours on/10-hours off (5/10) rapidly rotating schedule, and an alternative 3-hours on/9-hours off (3/9) fixed schedule. Average daily sleep duration was the same for both watch schedules. However, compared to their scores on the 5/10, sailors on the 3/9 had significantly less daytime sleepiness, improved mood, 30% faster reaction times, and had 40% to 50% fewer errors (i.e., lapses combined with false starts). The significant improvements in performance, mood, and sleep hygiene observed in this within-subjects study suggest that circadian watch schedules should be chosen rather than non-circadian aligned schedules.
The Effect of Age and Mood State on Sustained Attention
Authors: Rice Valerie J. , Tree Rebekah , Liu Baoxia
Published: October 2015

Maintaining attention during tasks that require sustained, focused attention can be difficult and is influenced by motivation, feedback, sleep, and stress. The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of age and mood state on two sustained performance tasks. Active duty military and veterans (n=211) completed a demographic survey, the Running Memory Continuous Performance Test and the Standard Continuous Performance Test using the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metric software program. Results revealed that younger age and greater happiness yield faster reaction times, older age and greater depression and fatigue yield slower reaction times on various sustained performance measures (p < .05). The discussion includes both theoretical, as well as practical implications. While one cannot change their age, it is suggested that one can be aware of how their age influences reaction times. In addition, an individual can influence their own mood state or choose to avoid sustained attention tasks that depend on quick reactions when fatigued or depressed.
The Effect of Ship Department on Crew Sleep Patterns and Psychomotor Vigilance Performance
Authors: Matsangas Panagiotis , Shattuck Nita Lewis
Published: October 2015

U.S. Navy ship crews are organizationally divided into departments, i.e., functional groups with specific tasks and an officer in charge. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of ship departments on crew sleep patterns and psychomotor vigilance performance. Crewmembers (N=93) from an Arleigh Burke-type destroyer participated in a 16-day quasi-experimental study while the ship was forward deployed. Each sailor wore an actigraph, completed a daily activity log, and performed a 3-minute psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) before and after standing watch. Actigraphy results show that crewmembers were chronically sleep deprived, receiving on average 6.6 hours of daily sleep. Rest and sleep opportunities were varied significantly depending on the department to which the crewmember belongs. Specifically, the Operations department, followed by Engineering, had the worst sleep patterns as indicated by reduced and fragmented sleep. Using actigraphic recordings, approximately 22% of the participants occasionally napped during their night watch. Although not statistically significant due to its large variability, the pattern of PVT results agrees with the sleep analysis. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that the department to which a crewmember belongs is a factor to be taken into account when assessing performance at sea. In our sample, results demonstrate that the two departments most affected are the Operations and the Engineering. Both of these departments have critical duties while underway, yet they experience the most sleep deprivation. Future efforts should strive to further quantify this phenomenon and to address methods to ameliorate the problem.
Organizational Impacts to Cybersecurity Expertise Development and Maintenance
Authors: Cowley Jennifer A. , Greitzer Frank L.
Published: October 2015

Expertise shortages in cybersecurity operations in part may due to organizational factors that encumber expertise development and maintenance. Using an online survey approach with 157 cybersecurity professionals, we began a validation effort of 23 organizational factors discovered in prior job analysis research that enhanced or encumbered cybersecurity expertise development and maintenance. Ratings were collected on the frequency of personal experience with each factor, the effect of that factor on one’s own development (enhanced or encumbered), and the relevance of that factor to expertise development of cybersecurity professionals in general. Missing factors were also solicited. Chi-square tests of association between frequency and effect were conducted followed by a Cramer’s V calculation of effect size and 21/23 factors were statistically significant. The findings with the highest effect sizes indicated that when time, resources and proper management were not available, expertise development was encumbered. Many of the additional factors solicited overlapped with our findings; including encumbrances due to training and resource constraints, lack of work-life balance, etc. We hope these findings will inform organizations about the impact each has on cybersecurity expertise development and maintenance. Future research needs to determine whether requirements for experts are any different from normal organizational personnel.
Strengthening the HF/E Value Proposition
Authors: Reegård Kine , Rindahl Grete , Drøivoldsmo Asgeir
Published: October 2015

A frequently reported experience by Human Factors/Ergonomics (HF/E) practitioners is that HF/E is included too late in the design process, at a time where most main decisions have been made, thereby limiting the opportunities for improving aspects of performance and occupational health. The Capability Approach to structured development of capabilities can be a step towards remedying this challenge by connecting the HF/E contribution to the company strategy. This paper introduces the approach and provides a case example to demonstrate its application. Main experiences with using the approach are that it contributes to a holistic understanding of how one can enhance targeted (sub)system performance, alignment of key actors across organisational levels, functions and disciplines, and timely integration of activities to support delivery of such performance. Further, we offer some perspectives on its potentials for broader use by HF/E practitioners and researchers.
Worksite Exercise Programs
Authors: Sangachin Mahboobeh Ghesmaty , Cavuoto Lora A.
Published: October 2015

Worksite wellness interventions have been a part of companies’ health care offerings to address prevalent health risks such as obesity and physical inactivity. To enhance engagement, participation has been financially incentivized with the assumption that an external motivator in form of monetary benefit is employees’ primary driver. However, a more thorough investigation of behavioral regulations that lead to participation is essential, particularly in the absence of incentives. We surveyed a cohort of 436 white collar employees, of which 177 were worksite exercise program participants and 259 were non-participants. Diverse exercise facilities were available to all and participation was not incentivized. After controlling for covariates previously identified to affect participation, external regulation was a significant factor in the tested multivariate logistic regression. This finding adds to the evidence of a significant role of non-financial external motivators, such as organizational health culture and the necessity for a holistic participatory approach to health promotion.
Development of Two-Dimensional Biomechanical Modeling of the Thumb for Pipetting
Authors: Kim Eunsik , Freivalds Andris , Sung Kiseok , Cho Jay
Published: October 2015

The aim of this study is to develop a two-dimensional biomechanical static thumb model based on the posture of the hand using pipette. This model used hand anatomy and static equilibrium conditions to estimate internal tendon forces against a given external force. The input variables can be divided into two groups: 1) joint angle, external load and bone length, which are directly measured from the test; and 2) tendon force ratio and moment arm, which are adopted from previous studies. The thumb model was simulated using an FSR (forcesensing resistor) and validated using an Electromyography (EMG) system with four grip heights from 1 to 4 cm and with two tasks: Aspirating and Dispensing. A similar trend was observed between the simulation and EMG results. The average thumb pressure for Dispensing tasks is about 3.1 times greater than that for Aspirating, and the overall force efficiency ratio for both tasks is around 8 times the external load. The optimal grip height is 3 cm in terms of grip strength, 1 or 3 cm in terms of minimum internal force and 1 cm in terms of force efficiency. Overall, the optimal grip height is 1 or 3 cm.
Utilizing Fatigue Failure Theory to Relate Low Back Loading to Predicted Spinal Strength
Authors: Abulhassan Yousif , Salar Menekse , Capanoglu Muhammet , Webb Janson , Gallagher Sean
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this study is to develop a model to determine the effects of personal characteristics (age, gender, height and weight) and work activities (lifting, twisting and bending) in the development of low back pain (LBP). Accordingly, the proposed model is developed using fatigue failure theory as a basis to evaluate trauma as was demonstrated by Gallagher & Sesek (2014), with the dose-response relationship between the low back cumulative index (LBCTI) and low back disorders (LBD). 3D Static Strength Prediction Program (3DSSPP) was used to collect data and to generate L4/L5 compression force. Additionally, a questionnaire was developed to gather demographic data from workers and task-related data. In order to utilize these inputs, a user-friendly ergonomic assessment application was formulated to allow a worker to easily input the factors related to their job, and to obtain results determining the risk of developing low back pain.
Final Report
Authors: Rempel D.
Published: October 2015

In this Symposium, five investigators from different research institutions will present findings from six prospective studies of production workers to assess workplace risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome and other upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders. The presenters will focus on workplace physical and psychosocial factors, which were measured at the individual level. The data from all sites were pooled for the analysis of carpal tunnel syndrome yielding a total sample size of 4321 workers from 57 different companies. While the primary findings from the pooled analysis have been published, the presenters have conducted additional analyses to explore important interactions between exposures and new dose-response relationships that have not yet been published. Questions will be collected from the audience and speakers to guide the discussion.
Exposure-Response Relationships for Force and Repetition, and CTS
Authors: Kapellusch Jay M. , Harris-Adamson Carisa , Gerr Fred , Bao Stephen , Marie Dale Ann , Garg Arun , Eisen Ellen , Evanoff Bradley , Silverstein Barbara , Hegmann Kurt T. , Thiese Matthew S. , Rempel David
Published: October 2015

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), though widely investigated, remains a troubling and costly disease for both employers and workers. Recent studies have consistently shown that combinations of force and repetition are occupational risk factors for CTS. However, it remains unclear which of these two factors is primarily responsible for the increase in risk. This study uses pooled prospective data to compare exposure-response relationships for peak force and several measures of repetition, including the integrated measure of peak force and hand activity level, the ACGIH TLV for HAL. Results suggest that peak force acts as an independent risk factor for CTS, while repetition is only a risk factor if the exertions are “forceful”. Thus, it appears that applied hand/wrist force is the dominant occupational physical exposure risk factor for CTS.
The Effects of Uneven Ground Surface on Trunk Biomechanical Responses during Sudden Loading
Authors: Zhou Jie , Ning Xiaopeng
Published: October 2015

As a significant contributory factor to low back injury, sudden loading during manual material handling often occurs on uneven ground surfaces. The present study investigated the effects of laterally slanted grounds on trunk biomechanical responses during sudden external loading. 13 male subjects experienced sudden loading of 6.8 kg while standing on a laterally slanted ground of 0 degree, 15 degree and 30 degree. The results showed that peak L5/S1 joint compression forces in the 30 degree condition was 10.5% and 6.5% greater than the 0 degree and 15 degree conditions, respectively. In addition, 30 degree condition also generated 14.8% and 15.1% larger increase in trunk flexion angle compared with the 0 degree and 15 degree conditions, respectively. These findings suggest that standing on a laterally slanted ground could increase the risk of low back injury, and should therefore be avoided in a work place.
Comparing Upper Arm and Back Postural Exposures between Apple Harvesting with Ladders and Mobile Platform
Authors: Thamsuwan Ornwipa , Johnson Peter W.
Published: October 2015

In the US tree fruit industry, in attempt to improve the efficiency of orchard workers; harvest-assisting mobile platforms have been introduced. However, the effect these mobile platforms have on physical exposures, i.e. non-neutral work postures, has not been evaluated. The purposes of this study were to compare ergonomic risk factors between a new apple harvesting method using mobile platforms and the traditional method using ladders. Twenty-four workers participated in this study and were equally divided into three groups, harvesting apples from ladders (n = 8), mobile platforms (n = 8) and the ground (n = 8). Upper arm and back inclinations were continuously monitored and calculated over the whole work period, excluding breaks. Upper arm posture was characterized in terms of the percent of time when upper arm flexion and abduction exceeded 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 80 and 90 degrees. Back inclination was characterized as the percent time forward bending exceeded 10, 20 and 30 degrees. The results showed that the workers on the mobile platform typically had lower postural exposures than the ground and the ladder workers, respectively.
Characterization of Joint Resistance and Performance Degradation of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit Spacesuit
Authors: Amick Ryan Z. , Reid Christopher R. , England Scott A. , Rajulu Sudhakar L.
Published: October 2015

Introduction: The primary objective of this pilot study was to characterize human performance degradations caused by the pressurized Extravehicular Mobility Unit Spacesuit (EMU). Method: This study assessed maximum strength (force) for elbow flexion/extension and shoulder abduction/adduction for three EMU suit conditions. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between suit conditions during elbow flexion. Differences of practical significant were observed between suit conditions for mean peak elbow flexion and extension, but not for shoulder abduction/adduction. EMU resistance to movement was found to differ based on the direction of movement. Discussion: Characteristics of the EMU spacesuit may reduce performance for some movements and improve performance for others.
Comparing Fatigue, Physical Activity, and Posture among Nurses in Two Staffing Models
Authors: Schall Mark C. , Chen Howard , Fethke Nathan
Published: October 2015

The high variability and complexity of patient care needs have led to the development of various nurse staffing models. While “pod nursing” has been observed to result in favorable outcomes such as improved patient access, professional communication, and job satisfaction among nurses, the effects of pod nursing on important metrics related to nurse health have not been previously reported. This study compared self-reported estimates of fatigue and directly measured estimates of physical activity and exposure to non-neutral working postures of the trunk and upper arms obtained from registered nurses working in a pod nursing model to estimates obtained from registered nurses working in a total patient care (TPC) model. Results suggested that nurses working in the pod model had similar exposures to nurses working in the TPC model. Consistent with previous work, nurses were observed to spend a small percentage of work time performing moderate or greater intensity physical activity.
Whole Body Vibration Exposures in Long-haul Truck Drivers
Authors: Kim Jeong Ho , Aulck Lovenoor , Hughes Margaret , Zigman Monica , Cavallari Jennifer , Dennerlein Jack T , Johnson Peter W
Published: October 2015

Many professional truck drivers experience low back pain (LBP) which is believed to be associated with exposure to whole body vibration (WBV). As a part of a randomized controlled trial, this study measured WBV exposures from 98 professional truck drivers continuously during their regular work shift (8-12 hours). The daily weighted average A(8), vibration dose value VDV(8), and vector sum A(8) and VDV(8) exposures were evaluated for important determinants of WBV exposures including the roads travelled on, year of truck manufacture, truck manufacturer, and seat manufacturer. LBP was also measured using a standardized visual analog scale. The results demonstrated that there were substantial differences in health risk prediction between the predominant axis exposure (advocated by the European Union Vibration Directives) and vector sum exposures. Moreover, VDV(8) measures were above the International Organization for Standardization and European Union daily exposure action limit (9.1 m/s2). The average LBP score on a 0 to 10 point scale was 2.7 (SD: 2.0) ranging from 0 to 8. When comparing the two major manufacturers of truck seats, one truck seat had higher vertical, z-axis A(8) exposures than the other (24%, p =0.01); and this WBV exposure difference appeared to be reflected by the LBP outcomes. These results indicate that there are performance differences between seats in the attenuation of WBV exposures and truck drivers’ impulsive WBV exposure can exceed recommended daily action limits.
Evaluation of Older Driver Functional Range of Motion using Virtual Reality
Authors: Chen Karen B. , Xu Xu , Lin Jia-Hua , Radwin Robert G.
Published: October 2015

The number of drivers over 65 years of age is increasing (Siren & Haustein, 2013; Sivak & Schoettle, 2012). Safe operation of a motor vehicle requires good vision, cognition, and motor function. Changes in these are part of the normal aging process (Anstey, Wood, Lord, & Walker, 2005; Desapriya et al., 2011). Reduced neck rotation range of motion (ROM) is associated with doubling crash risk (Isler, Parsonson, & Hansson, 1997; Marottoli et al., 1998). Trunk movement in driving is another consideration (Ashman, Bishu, Foster, & McCoy, 1994; Caragata, Tuokko, & Damini, 2009; Marottoli et al., 2007; Ostrow, Shaffron, & McPherson, 1992). This study used cost-effective immersive virtual reality (VR) technology to examine driver performance. The objective was to explore the functional rotation movement (e.g. overall rotation) of younger and older drivers during a blind spot checking task in VR containing moving virtual cars to represent a dynamic driving situation. The VR system included a steering wheel and pedal set (Logitech, CA), and a head-mounted display (Oculus VR, CA) for visual feedback and head rotational movement tracking. An active-marker infrared motion tracking system (Optotrak Certus System, NDI, Canada) tracked trunk motion for evaluating the contribution of truck movements to the overall ROM. Fourteen younger (8 female) and 12 older (7 female) healthy drivers with a valid driver license and normal vision were recruited from the local community under informed consent approved by the New England Institutional Review Board. The task was to perform normal blind spot checking movements while driving. The average functional ROM and baseline neck ROM were 101.6° and 78.1° for younger drivers (age 18 to 35 years), and 71.9° and 63.5° for older drivers (age >65 years), respectively. Drivers on average turned 15.6° more when checking the blind spot than the baseline neck rotation ( F(1,24)=41.68, p<.001). Younger drivers on average turned 16.3° more than the older drivers ( F(1,24)=51.61, p<.001). There was a statistically significant interaction between situation (baseline and blind spot checking) and driver group ( F(1,24)=9.99, p=.004). Both driver groups engaged neck and trunk movements while checked blind spots, which differed from simple neck or trunk axial rotation. Since we found that the functional ROM was considerably greater than baseline neck ROM it suggests that drivers during a blind spot checking task move beyond typical neck ROM. This study demonstrated the potential of using readily available off-the- shelf VR for driver performance assessment. The results suggest that functional ROM, in addition to baseline ROM, should be considered when evaluating individual driving performance. The next step is to study if functional ROM measured using VR can be utilized for screening driving risks in aging.
Development of Methods to Assess Self-Reach Capability
Authors: Jones Monica L.H. , Kim K. Han , Ebert Sheila , Reed Matthew P.
Published: October 2015

Body armor worn by soldiers adversely affects the performance of some physical tasks. These restrictions may also affect the ability to “self-reach” to locations on their own bodies or on their body borne gear. This paper describes the development of laboratory methods to quantify self-reach capability and the results of pilot testing. Participants rated the perceived difficulty of each self-reach motion on a 10-point scale. With data from a larger study population, logistic regression models could be developed to make predictions of the difficulty rating distribution for target populations. UNCLASSIFIED: Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release.
Effect of armrest positioning and workspace constraints on muscle activity for touchless gestural controls
Authors: Murugesan Thilagan , Patel Achyut D. , Riyal Ridhan , Turini Giuseppe , Young Justin G.
Published: October 2015

The recent development of affordable technologies now allow touchless gestural controls to be integrated in common computing environments, however, ergonomic issues (user fatigue, in particular) have not been solved. This experiment investigates shoulder muscle activity for different traditional supported or user-preferred touchless gesture interaction scenarios and quantifies the location that touchless gestural control users would like to position armrests in different gestural workspaces. A custom hand/finger-based gestural control system was developed using a motion tracking system. Users browed an online shopping website while a prototype office chair allowed them to positon armrests easily in a wide space in front of themselves. Results show that median muscle activity of the upper trapezius, medial deltoid, and anterior deltoid are significantly affected by armrest configuration. User-preferred armrest positions generally reduced muscle activity compared to traditional positions, but this reduction was greatest when the gesture space is constrained over the desktop. In those conditions, average user preferred positioning of the armrest was higher and closer to the sternum of the user.
Error Analysis for Localizing Egocentric Multimodal Cues in the Presence of Helicopter Noise
Authors: Brill J. Christopher , Rupert Angus H. , Lawson Ben D.
Published: October 2015

Loss of situation awareness (SA) remains a problem in aviation and can result in spatial disorientation (SD). Attempts to remedy the problem through non-visual displays have used 3-dimensional (3D) audio and vibrotaction. It is possible that the operational environment may not facilitate the use of 3D audio aircraft noise, fore-aft sound confusions, and pilot hearing loss. The present study looked at the effect of the first variable (ambient noise) on participants’ performance for localizing egocentric 3D audio, tactile, and redundant audiotactile cues in the presence of continuous helicopter noise. Accuracy rates were significantly better and errors were less disperse for tactile and audiotactile cues, suggesting that displaying information to pilots through these modalities could yield substantially better performance versus 3D audio alone.
A psychophysical study of colour perception using digital and real objects
Authors: Kee Ein Cern , Lawson Glyn
Published: October 2015

This study presents an application of the ‘method of limits’ psychophysical technique to identify the digital colour which corresponded most closely to the colour of a real object. A chromatic scale composed of a series of digital hues was first developed to measure colour sensation. The hues were systematically presented to the participants, who were tasked with matching them to the colour of a real car model. The study was conducted under two different illuminations (white/warm light) and against two types of background contrasts (white/black) to investigate their effects on colour perception. Post-experimental analyses revealed that background contrast is a significant factor but not illumination. The results were validated at the Jaguar Land Rover Virtual Reality (VR) suite. Going forward, the methodology developed in this study could be used to examine other factors such as depth perception and viewing angles.
Eye Tracking Evaluation of Driver Visual Behavior with a Forward Collision Warning and Mitigation System
Authors: Barakat Brandon , Crump Caroline , Cades David , Rauschenberger Robert , Schwark Jeremy , Hildebrand Emily , Young Douglas
Published: October 2015

As Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) technologies become more commonplace and monitor an increasing number of aspects of the visual environment for drivers, typical driver visual behavior is likely to shift accordingly. Research on drivers’ responses to vehicles equipped with different ADAS technologies is required to evaluate how these systems influence driver visual behavior. The current study analyzed eye tracking metrics collected as part of a larger test track evaluation of drivers’ responses to a simulated emergency lead vehicle braking event while driving a vehicle equipped with a forward collision warning and mitigation (FCWM) system. In the experiment, driver behavior was examined both with and without concurrent performance of a secondary arithmetic task conducted on a hands-free cell phone. We found that participants experienced a startle response (as indicated by pupil dilation) at the time of the emergency event, which indicates the event was an effectively surprising experimental manipulation. We also found that participants predominantly fixated the lead vehicle, although participants performing the secondary task fixated the lead vehicle less often. All participants fixated the head-up display (HUD) rarely and briefly. However, older drivers spent more time fixating the HUD than younger drivers.
Peripheral Detection for Abrupt Onset Stimuli Presented via Head-Worn Display
Authors: Pascale Michael , Sanderson Penelope , Liu David , Mohamed Ismail , Stigter Nicola , Loeb Robert
Published: October 2015

Head-worn displays have the potential to assist professionals in a wide variety of contexts by providing heads-up and hands-off information in real-time. For instance, nurses may be able to use head-worn displays to maintain peripheral awareness of the well-being of multiple patients while away from the nurses’ station and the patients’ beds. However, little is known about the advantages and disadvantages of head-worn displays in such contexts. In fact, many studies have shown that head-worn displays can lead to detriments in attention and visual performance. In three experiments, we tested people’s ability to detect simple, abrupt onset stimuli in peripheral vision when using a traditional computer monitor or Google Glass™. When using Google Glass, participants were significantly less likely to detect peripheral events. These data indicate that monocular optical see-through head-worn displays can make it harder to see peripheral stimuli. Stimuli need to be developed for head-worn displays that preserve their benefits for mobile users, while overcoming some of their disadvantages.
Can EEG data explain the effects of emotion on visual search tasks?
Authors: Nam K. H. , Kyung G.
Published: October 2015

It is beneficial for the information system to provide its users a right amount of contextually important information at a right time. In order to realize this, cognitive and emotional information processing characteristics of a human should be carefully taken into consideration while designing such a system. The objective of the current study was to examine if individuals’ emotional state influences their visual search performance. Nine emotional states were defined by the levels of valence (negative / neutral / positive) and arousal (low / neutral / high). A total of 15 younger individuals (7 male / 8 female) completed two sessions. In the first session, each individual rated 60 emotional stimuli followed by a fixation cross, in terms of valence and arousal by using the Self Assessment Manikin (SAM). In the second session, each individual performed target search tasks after being exposed to emotional pictures. Tasks difficulty (low / medium / high) was manipulated by changing the number (8 or 16), shape (two types), or color (two types) of visual stimuli that were circularly arrayed. In order to assess both top-town and bottom-up cognitive processes, both target-present and target-absent stimuli were tested at each difficulty level. On each session, 21-channel EEG data were collected. The effects of valence, arousal, and task difficulty on accuracy, reaction time, and ERP P3 components over the parietal area were all significant ( p≤0.046). Search accuracy was the highest in the neutral-arousal, positive-valence state, while reaction time was the shortest in the neutral-arousal, negative-valence state. ERP P3 components increased as accuracy increased, and reaction time decreased. From the results of this study, it can be inferred that individual motivational experiences are connected to cognitive performances and inhibition and facilitation of neural activities.
Using Empirical Research and Human Performance Modeling to Predict Astronaut Performance in Long-Duration Space Missions
Authors: Gore Dr. Brian
Published: October 2015

The invited symposium session consists of four papers describing the S-PRINT project, sponsored by NASA’s Human Research Program (HRP). The efforts undertaken as part of this project were to develop tools and empirically-based guidelines that support human performance researchers, mission planners, automation designers, and astronauts in long-duration missions. The Space Performance Research Integration Tool (S- PRINT) project addresses aspects of the work environment that are characterized by workload transitions that might occur during long-duration missions. Workload transitions are a potential worst-case scenario, in which under-loaded astronauts experience automation failures that require immediate diagnosis and intervention. The research has focused on the underload situation and on the effects that fatigue has on performance, human performance during overload / multitasking situations, and on automation design factors that affect operator performance. In this symposium, the investigators will present four papers (identified below) that describe different aspects of the research completed to develop the S-PRINT model. The session will show an integrated approach of using empirical research and human performance modeling to predict operator performance in operations that are in the design phase. In part, this symposium will highlight the way that the products from this research can be used to help the above-listed users (a) anticipate and avoid potential problems related to unexpected workload transitions by identifying the expected effects of operator fatigue, automation system design, and task factors on overload performance, and to (b) assure systems can be designed in such a way as to optimize performance in space exploration missions, particularly those that are experienced during longer term missions (6+ months).
Data density and poor organization
Authors: Moacdieh Nadine , Sarter Nadine
Published: October 2015

Display clutter has been shown to lead to breakdowns in attention and performance during visual search in data-rich domains. However, the contribution of, and interaction between, the two key aspects of clutter - data density and poor organization - are not well understood. The aim of this study was to fill this gap by systematically varying both factors and collecting performance and eye tracking data. This data was then used to analyze the performance and underlying attentional costs resulting from the two aspects of clutter. Participants performed visual search tasks in a simulated graphics program. Data density (density of icons) and display organization (grouping of icons) were manipulated. The dependent measures were response time, error rate, eye movements, and subjective clutter ratings. Results confirmed the negative effects of high data density and poor organization on response time and error rate. More importantly, eye tracking metrics reflected the effects of data density and organization on attention allocation and helped explain the observed performance decrements. In particular, spatial density mirrored the interaction effects between data and organization, and the nearest neighbor index (NNI) helped differentiate between the effects of high data density and poor organization. These findings suggest that eye tracking is a powerful means of obtaining a more detailed understanding of the effects of clutter and may also prove useful for real-time detection of clutter.
The Relationship Between Hearing Acuity and Operational Performance in Dismounted Combat
Authors: Sheffield Benjamin , Brungart Douglas , Tufts Jennifer , Ness COL James
Published: October 2015

The ability to detect, identify, and localize sounds is critical for successful execution of military operations. However, very little quantitative data are available to determine the minimum hearing levels needed to execute complex military tasks. In this experiment, wearable hearing loss simulation systems were used to evaluate the effect of audibility on combat effectiveness in a paintball-based simulated military exercise. The results indicate that impaired hearing has a greater impact on the offensive capabilities of dismounted personnel than it does on their survival in combat, likely due to the tendency for individuals with simulated impairment to adopt a more conservative behavioral strategy than those with normal hearing. These preliminary results provide valuable insights into the impact of impaired hearing on combat effectiveness, with implications for the development of improved auditory fitness-for-duty standards, the establishment of performance requirements for acquiring hearing protection technologies, and the refinement of strategies to train military personnel on how to use hearing protection in combat environments.
Design Optimization Of Control Layout For Naval Mfc (Multi-Function Console) Using A Modified Layout Analysis Method
Authors: Han Ji Yoon , Kim Yong Min , Rhie Ye Lim , Ahn Sung Hee , Choi Hyeyoon , Yun Myung Hwan
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this paper is to determine the optimal layout of controls for naval Multi-Function Console (MFC). Layout analysis procedure was modified with two major phases. (1) Possible layouts that satisfy four ergonomic principles, which are functional grouping, sequence-of-use, frequency-of-use, and importance of controls, were identified. This process involves interview and survey of actual operators for comprehensive understanding of context of use. (2) To evaluate the appropriateness of suggested layout, heuristic evaluation was conducted after performing the given tasks. As a result, additional constraints could be identified during iterative process to result in three optimal layouts. In heuristic evaluation, all of proposed layouts showed no significant differences ( p > 0.05), and they were received satisfactory score. Therefore this study evaluated three optimal layouts that can be adopted in hard key panel of naval MFC. Results imply that suggested process can be adopted to construct optimal layout in various fields.