bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Batch and Continuous‐Flow One‐Pot Processes using Amine Diazotization to Produce Silylated Diazo Reagents
Authors: Audubert Clément , Gamboa Marin Oscar Javier , Lebel Hélène
Published: February 2017

A novel synthesis of trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSCHN2) by diazotization of trimethylsilylmethylamine (TMSCH2NH2) is reported using batch and continuous flow synthesis. The latter affords a daily production of 275 g (2.4 mol) of TMSCHN2. Other silylated methylamines were also successfully reacted under the developed reaction conditions to furnish various silicon‐bearing diazomethane reagents. The applicability of the process is highlighted by disclosure of batch and continuous flow one‐pot esterification and 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition processes. Furthermore, the high‐yielding esterification of carboxylic acids with silylated and substituted methylamines in continuous flow is disclosed. Finally, work‐up and purification procedures are reported for the preparation of a 2‐MeTHF solution of TMSCHN2, which can be used in rhodium‐catalyzed methylenation and homologation reactions.
Efficient Solar Light Harvesting CdS/Co9S8 Hollow Cubes for Z‐Scheme Photocatalytic Water Splitting
Authors: Qiu Bocheng , Zhu Qiaohong , Du Mengmeng , Fan Linggang , Xing Mingyang , Zhang Jinlong
Published: February 2017

Hollow structures with an efficient light harvesting and tunable interior component offer great advantages for constructing a Z‐scheme system. Controlled design of hollow cobalt sulfide (Co9S8) cubes embedded with cadmium sulfide quantum dots (QDs) is described, using hollow Co(OH)2 as the template and a one‐pot hydrothermal strategy. The hollow CdS/Co9S8 cubes utilize multiple reflections of light in the cubic structure to achieve enhanced photocatalytic activity. Importantly, the photoexcited charge carriers can be effectively separated by the construction of a redox‐mediator‐free Z‐scheme system. The hydrogen evolution rate over hollow CdS/Co9S8 is 134 and 9.1 times higher than that of pure hollow Co9S8 and CdS QDs under simulated solar light irradiation, respectively. Moreover, this is the first report describing construction of a hollow Co9S8 based Z‐scheme system for photocatalytic water splitting, which gives full play to the advantages of light‐harvesting and charges separation.
A Cationic Unsaturated Platinum(II) Complex that Promotes the Tautomerization of Acetylene to Vinylidene
Authors: Ortega‐Moreno Laura , Peloso Riccardo , López‐Serrano Joaquín , Iglesias‐Sigüenza Javier , Maya Celia , Carmona Ernesto
Published: February 2017

Complex [PtMe2(PMe2Ar
)] (1), which contains a tethered terphenyl phosphine (Ar
=2,6‐(2,6‐iPr2C6H3)2C6H3), reacts with [H(Et2O)2]BArF (BArF−=B[3,5‐(CF3)2C6H3]4−) to give the solvent (S) complex [PtMe(S)(PMe2Ar
)]+ (2⋅S). Although the solvent molecule is easily displaced by a Lewis base (e.g., CO or C2H4) to afford the corresponding adducts, treatment of 2⋅S with C2H2 yielded instead the allyl complex [Pt(η3‐C3H5)(PMe2Ar
)]+ (6) via the alkyne intermediate [PtMe(η2‐C2H2)(PMe2Ar
)]+ (5). Deuteration experiments with C2D2, and kinetic and theoretical investigations demonstrated that the conversion of 5 into 6 involves a PtII‐promoted HC≡CH to :C=CH2 tautomerization in preference over acetylene migratory insertion into the Pt−Me bond.
Bayesian Sensor Fault Detection in a Markov Jump System
Authors: Habibi Hamed , Howard Ian , Habibi Reza
Published: February 2017

In this paper, the fault detection of a latent fault in a sensor for a Markov jump system is studied. It is equivalent to detecting a change point in a coefficient vector of a measurement equation in the state space representation of a system. Indeed, the fault detection procedure is evaluated as detecting this change point and the time that the change point has occurred. To this end, first, the recursive least square (RLS) filter is proposed and under Yao's Prior setting, the Bayesian fault detection algorithm is proposed. The Smith‐Gelfand re‐sampling method is applied to approximate the posterior distribution. The performance of the Bayesian method is studied under the null and alternative hypotheses. The delay in diagnosis of the fault is measured. To study the effect of the fault time point in the performance of the Bayesian method, the sensitivity analysis is studied. The probability of the fault is studied and the Martingale approach is used to obtain the lower and upper bounds for this probability. The fault detection in integrated systems is studied and a Kalman filter, as a parallel filter, is considered to estimate the state and the effect of the unknown coefficient jump on state estimation is also studied.
Chattering Attenuation Sliding Mode Approach for Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Nemati Hamidreza , Bando Mai , Hokamoto Shinji
Published: February 2017

This study introduces a new robust nonlinear control scheme based on the theory of nonsingular terminal sliding mode control (NTSMC). Since conventional NTSMC utilizes a discontinuous switching function, a significant flaw called chattering can occur. The main purpose of this study is to design a new switching function based upon Lyapunov stability in order to alleviate this drawback over time. There are many approaches to mitigate the chattering drawback in SMC such as utilizing a smooth approximation of the switching element, or employing higher order sliding mode control (HOSMC) strategy. However, the use of a continuous approximation affects the system's performance and a finite reaching time to the sliding manifold, and in HOSMC the estimation of high‐order derivatives of states is usually difficult and it still exhibits chattering in the presence of parasitic dynamics. In this study by employing a new sliding manifold including a time function, the chattering is attenuated as well as keeping the robustness. Finally, a second‐order nonlinear dynamical system subject to disturbance is simulated to highlight the validity and applicability of the proposed method.
Untersuchung des thermischen Komforts und der Luftqualität an vier neuen energieeffizienten Luxemburger Schulen mit und ohne Lüftungsanlagen
Authors: Maas Stefan , Flies Max , Steffgen Georges , Brensing Jessica
Published: February 2017

An vier neuen Schulen in Luxemburg mit sehr guten Primärenergiekennwerten wurden der thermische Raumkomfort und die Luftqualität messtechnisch sowie durch Befragung der Nutzer untersucht. Zwei Schulen werden durch mechanische Lüftungsanlagen mit Wärmerückgewinnung belüftet und zwei nur durch manuelles Öffnen der Fenster. Neben der CO2‐Konzentration als Maß für die Luftqualität werden auch alle anderen wichtigen raumklimatischen Parameter gemessen, womit sich die bekannten Komfortindikatoren nach Fanger „Predicted Mean Vote (PMV)” und der „Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD)” berechnen lassen. Die subjektiven wahrgenommenen Indikatoren der Raumnutzer wurden über einen Zeitraum von vier Wochen mit Fragebogen untersucht. Ein Ziel der Studie war es, die freie Fensterlüftung mit der mechanischen Belüftung in Bezug auf die erfassten Parameter und Indikatoren miteinander zu vergleichen.

Insgesamt ergibt sich eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen den Messungen und den Befragungen. Die Befunde belegen, dass die mechanisch belüfteten Gebäude sowohl in Bezug auf die physikalisch gemessene als auch in Bezug auf die subjektiv wahrgenommene Raumluftqualität allgemein günstigere Werte aufweisen. Allerdings weisen die mechanisch belüfteten Gebäude eine zu niedrige relative Luftfeuchtigkeit auf, die sich jedoch nicht im subjektiven Erleben widerspiegelt. Auch trat in einer der mechanisch belüfteten Schulen eine hohe Luftgeschwindigkeit auf, die durch das subjektiv wahrgenommene Zuglufterleben bestätigt wird. Die Raumtemperatur weist heterogene Werte unabhängig von der Belüftung auf, so dass der PMV einzeln über die verschiedenen Gebäude zu betrachten ist. Raumnutzer sollten stets über ausreichende Beeinflussungsmöglichkeiten verfügen, um individuelle Bedürfnisse umsetzen und kleinere technische Unzulänglichkeiten ausgleichen zu können.
Nitric Oxide Production‐Inhibitory Activity of Limonoids from Azadirachta indica and Melia azedarach
Authors: Akihisa Toshihiro , Nishimoto Yuki , Ogihara Eri , Matsumoto Masahiro , Zhang Jie , Abe Masahiko
Published: February 2017

Seventy‐three limonoids isolated from three Meliaceae plants, Azadirachta indica, A. indica var. siamensis, and Melia azedarach, or semi‐synthesized from the Meliaceae limonoids, were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as a primary screening test for anti‐inflammatory agents. Of the compounds tested, 21 compounds exhibited inhibitory activity (IC50 4.6 – 58.6 μm) without any significant toxicity (IC50 > 100 μm) which were more potent than l‐NMMA (NO‐production inhibitory activity, IC50 65.6 μm; cytotoxicity, IC50 > 100 μm), and among which, nine compounds, i.e., 17‐hydroxy‐15‐methoxynimbocinol (6), ohchinin (20), 1‐cis‐cinnamoyl‐1‐decinnamoylohchinin (24), salannin (27), methyl nimbidate (32), isosalannin (55), nimbolinin D (58), mesendanin E (69), and 7‐deacetylgedunin (73) exhibited potent inhibitory activity (IC50 4.6 – 29.3 μm). In particular, compounds 6 (IC50 7.3 μm), an azadirone‐type limonoid, and 73 (IC50 4.6 μm), a gedunin‐type limonoid, exhibited remarkable activity. Western blot analysis revealed that 27 and 73 reduced the expression levels of the inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase‐2 proteins in a concentration‐dependent manner. These findings suggest that limonoids of A. indica, A. indica var. siamensis, and M. azedarach, and their semi‐synthetic derivatives may be effective against inflammation.
A single center tertiary care experience utilizing the large volume mega 50cc intra‐aortic balloon counterpulsation in contemporary clinical practice
Authors: Visveswaran Gautam K. , Cohen Marc , Seliem Ahmed , DiVita Michael , McNamara Jonathan K. R. , Dave Amar , Wasty Najam , Baran David A.
Published: February 2017

Objective

Clinical outcomes and adverse events utilizing the large volume 50cc intra‐aortic balloon (IAB) in contemporary clinical practice.

Background

The newer large volume 50cc IAB, recently introduced into clinical practice offers improved diastolic augmentation and better left ventricular (LV) unloading compared to the older 40cc IAB.

Methods

In 150 consecutive patients who received intra‐aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) with a 50cc balloon from 2011 to 2015, we retrospectively analyzed demographic, clinical, laboratory, and hemodynamic variables, adverse events and survival to discharge from index hospitalization.

Results

Median LVEF was 20%. The most common indication was cardiogenic shock (CS) in 100 patients. Median duration of IABC was 92.5 hr. 95% of patients were free of any IAB device related complications. Five patients received a transfusion for bleeding causally related to IABC. 70 of the 150 patients who received MCS with IABC with no escalation of therapy, recovered and were discharged alive. Fifteen patients were stabilized on IABC and bridged to orthotopic heart transplant. All 15 were discharged alive. Thirty‐four patients were initiated on IABC and escalated to VAD and/or Impella/Tandem Heart, with 24 patients surviving to hospital discharge. Overall survival to hospital discharge for the 150 patients was 72.7%.

Conclusion

IABC using a larger volume 50cc balloon appears effective as a first line percutaneous MCS strategy in a large fraction of critically ill cardiac patients with few adverse events. A large scale registry or randomized clinical trial utilizing the larger volume IAB is needed to validate our results. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
First in human experience of a new self‐expandable percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation using knitted nitinol‐wire and tri‐leaflet porcine pericardial valve in the native right ventricular outflow tract
Authors: Kim Gi Beom , Kwon Bo Sang , Lim Hong Gook
Published: February 2017

Balloon‐expandable percutaneous pulmonary valve systems using the Melody and Edwards SAPIEN transcatheter heart valves have been increasingly used instead of surgically implantable pulmonary valves. However, limited patients with right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) lesions are suitable candidates for percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (PPVI) using these systems after surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot. Therefore, larger self‐expandable valved‐stents are being developed for native RVOT lesions. We report the first‐in‐human case of a new self‐expandable PPVI in a patient with a native RVOT lesion using a newly made knitted nitinol‐wire stent mounted with a tri‐leaflet porcine pericardial valve developed in South Korea. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulatory Aspects of Nanomaterials in the EU
Authors: Rauscher Hubert , Rasmussen Kirsten , Sokull‐Klüttgen Birgit
Published: February 2017

Nanomaterials are present in almost any industrial sector and addressed in corresponding legislation. The EC has developed a recommendation of the term nanomaterial for regulatory purposes. Due to uncertainties regarding the safety of nanomaterials, it is necessary to develop best practices and facilitate harmonization of assessment practices. However, more research with specific relevance for regulatory questions is still needed, in particular regarding the implementation of the definition of nanomaterials, the enforcement of product labeling, the development of methods for safety testing and risk assessment, and a better availability of quality data on nanomaterials for regulatory purposes.
Microalgal Cultivation Using Animal Production Exhaust Air: Technical and Economic Feasibility
Authors: Li Qianfeng F. , Liu Yan , Liao Wei , Powers Wendy
Published: February 2017

Fixing airborne nutrients from animal feeding operations (AFOs) into microalgal biomass could alleviate AFOs air emissions and reduce microalgal production cost. The aim of this study was to conduct a technical and economic assessment of integrating air emissions mitigation with microalgal cultivation. Experiments were conducted to determine technical feasibility for three air emission scenarios of exhaust gases, dust (particulate matter), and exhaust air. In the first scenario, microalgal Scenedesmus and Desmodesmus growing on the nutrients from exhaust gases had 92.7 and 71.0% of NH3 mitigation efficiency with biomass productivities of 11.2 and 21.5 g/m2 per day, respectively. In the second scenario, particulate matter from AFOs provided essential nutrients for Desmodesmus cultivation. The nutrient recoveries were 0.08 mg NH4+‐N/mg biomass, 0.13 mg NO3−‐N/mg biomass, and 0.03 mg PO43−‐P/mg biomass. The biomass productivity was 21.4 g/m2 per day. In the third scenario, exhaust air from AFOs was the nutrient source to culture three microalgae of Scenedesmus, Chlorella, and Chlamydomonas. The corresponding microalgal biomass productivities were 14.5, 9.7, and 8.7 g/m2 per day. Four conceptual cases were applied to assess the economic feasibility of the integrated air emission mitigation and microalgae cultivation. The results demonstrated that using the recovered CO2 and nutrients in exhaust air could significantly reduce the cost of microalgal culture systems, and a net revenue of $0.0005/egg could be achieved by the integrated system with improved microalgal biomass productivity of 20 g/m2 per day.
How coagulation zone size is underestimated in computer modeling of RF ablation by ignoring the cooling phase just after RF power is switched off
Authors: Irastorza Ramiro M. , Trujillo Macarena , Berjano Enrique
Published: February 2017

All the numerical models developed for radiofrequency ablation so far have ignored the possible effect of the cooling phase (just after radiofrequency power is switched off) on the dimensions of the coagulation zone. Our objective was thus to quantify the differences in the minor radius of the coagulation zone computed by including and ignoring the cooling phase. We built models of RF tumor ablation with 2 needle‐like electrodes: a dry electrode (5 mm long and 17G in diameter) with a constant temperature protocol (70°C) and a cooled electrode (30 mm long and 17G in diameter) with a protocol of impedance control. We observed that the computed coagulation zone dimensions were always underestimated when the cooling phase was ignored. The mean values of the differences computed along the electrode axis were always lower than 0.15 mm for the dry electrode and 1.5 mm for the cooled electrode, which implied a value lower than 5% of the minor radius of the coagulation zone (which was 3 mm for the dry electrode and 30 mm for the cooled electrode). The underestimation was found to be dependent on the tissue characteristics: being more marked for higher values of specific heat and blood perfusion and less marked for higher values of thermal conductivity.
Cooperation and end‐to‐end in the Internet
Authors: Kantola Raimo , Kabir Hammad , Loiseau Patrick
Published: February 2017

This paper analyzes the motivation and strategies for ensuring cooperative behavior among hosts and customer networks in the Internet and 5G networks. The hypothesis is that better cooperation among the benevolent entities could improve the overall Internet welfare, motivating the need for adoption of cooperative security. However, in state of the art, the prevalent security approach in the Internet is based on self‐help, while the adoption of cooperative methods is progressing slowly. At the same time, the ubiquitous reliance on 5G and mission critical nature of some of the new services, for example, ultrareliable (machine‐to‐machine) communication and Internet of things, requires that 5G will do its best to curb the malicious (noncooperative) behavior from becoming a cause of failure to the legitimate services. In this paper, we relate our analysis of the conditions for sustainable cooperation in the Internet with the famous end‐to‐end principle, and present the hypothesis that there is no end‐to‐end solution to the problem of ensuring cooperation among Internet hosts. Game theory allows studying the outcomes of interactions among the players with conflicting interests. We use it to study the hypothesis and show that introducing the reputation of Internet nodes and customer networks can lead to cooperation, which improves the overall Internet welfare and reduces the payoffs of malicious actors. We study the possible response of noncooperative users with advanced defection strategies and the resulting outcomes. We argue that 5G shall make significant progress towards uprooting the selfish behavior and malicious activities using cooperation and relate it with motivation for providing ubiquitous connectivity and ultrareliable services. The paper concludes by summarizing our earlier work on the application of the proposed methods of cooperation to 5G and the Internet; outlining how cooperation in security is not only desirable but also feasible.
Agent‐based secure routing for underwater acoustic sensor networks
Authors: Bharamagoudra Manjula R. , Manvi Sunilkumar S.
Published: February 2017

The underwater networks have severe security implications and are vulnerable to various types of attacks such as selective forwarding, wormhole, and sinkhole. Neighbor discovery, a fundamental requirement for routing is vulnerable to wormhole attack, which enables false neighbor acceptance, thereby degrading the routing performance. The proposed agent‐based secured routing scheme enhances the quality of service by discovering the wormhole resilient secure neighbors and route the information through the secure path. This scheme uses 4 agencies, namely, security, routing, underwater gateway, and vehicle, which are embedded with static and mobile agents. (1) Agents in security agency of a node discover secured neighbors by using the direction of arrival estimation and authentication, (2) agents in routing agency of a node establish secured routes from source to surface gateway, (3) agents in Underwater Gateway Agency communicate with Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and underwater nodes for key distribution, and (4) vehicle traversing agency in AUV coordinates with Underwater Gateway Agency for changing AUVs traversal to cover the isolated network area. The proposed scheme depicts the improved performance compared to basic neighbor discovery and channel aware routing protocol in terms of failure detection, energy consumption, and overheads.
Prediction of Arctic plant phenological sensitivity to climate change from historical records
Authors: Panchen Zoe A. , Gorelick Root
Published: February 2017

The pace of climate change in the Arctic is dramatic, with temperatures rising at a rate double the global average. The timing of flowering and fruiting (phenology) is often temperature dependent and tends to advance as the climate warms. Herbarium specimens, photographs, and field observations can provide historical phenology records and have been used, on a localised scale, to predict species’ phenological sensitivity to climate change. Conducting similar localised studies in the Canadian Arctic, however, poses a challenge where the collection of herbarium specimens, photographs, and field observations have been temporally and spatially sporadic. We used flowering and seed dispersal times of 23 Arctic species from herbarium specimens, photographs, and field observations collected from across the 2.1 million km2 area of Nunavut, Canada, to determine (1) which monthly temperatures influence flowering and seed dispersal times; (2) species’ phenological sensitivity to temperature; and (3) whether flowering or seed dispersal times have advanced over the past 120 years. We tested this at different spatial scales and compared the sensitivity in different regions of Nunavut. Broadly speaking, this research serves as a proof of concept to assess whether phenology–climate change studies using historic data can be conducted at large spatial scales. Flowering times and seed dispersal time were most strongly correlated with June and July temperatures, respectively. Seed dispersal times have advanced at double the rate of flowering times over the past 120 years, reflecting greater late‐summer temperature rises in Nunavut. There is great diversity in the flowering time sensitivity to temperature of Arctic plant species, suggesting climate change implications for Arctic ecological communities, including altered community composition, competition, and pollinator interactions. Intraspecific temperature sensitivity and warming trends varied markedly across Nunavut and could result in greater changes in some parts of Nunavut than in others.
Environmental responses, not species interactions, determine synchrony of dominant species in semiarid grasslands
Authors: Tredennick Andrew T. , de Mazancourt Claire , Loreau Michel , Adler Peter B.
Published: February 2017

Temporal asynchrony among species helps diversity to stabilize ecosystem functioning, but identifying the mechanisms that determine synchrony remains a challenge. Here, we refine and test theory showing that synchrony depends on three factors: species responses to environmental variation, interspecific interactions, and demographic stochasticity. We then conduct simulation experiments with empirical population models to quantify the relative influence of these factors on the synchrony of dominant species in five semiarid grasslands. We found that the average synchrony of per capita growth rates, which can range from 0 (perfect asynchrony) to 1 (perfect synchrony), was higher when environmental variation was present (0.62) rather than absent (0.43). Removing interspecific interactions and demographic stochasticity had small effects on synchrony. For the dominant species in these plant communities, where species interactions and demographic stochasticity have little influence, synchrony reflects the covariance in species’ responses to the environment.
Improved (Photo)catalytic Propene Hydration in a Gas/Solid System by Using Heteropolyacid/Oxide Composites: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Acidity, and Role of Water
Authors: García‐López Elisa I. , Marcì Giuseppe , Pomilla Francesca R. , Liotta Leonarda F. , Megna Bartolomeo , Paganini Maria C. , Gionco Chiara , Giamello Elio , Palmisano Leonardo
Published: February 2017

Binary materials composed of the oxides SiO2, TiO2 and N‐doped TiO2 and the Keggin heteropolyacid (PW12) were prepared and physicochemically characterized. They were used as catalysts and photocatalysts for the hydration of propene to 2‐propanol. The characterization of the samples, particularly the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy results and the acidity properties, were useful to explain the key role played by the PW12 in the composite materials in the thermal and photoassisted catalytic processes. The simultaneous presence of heat and UV light improved the activity of PW12 in the thermal process, and the binary materials showed better (photo)catalytic activities than that of the bare PW12 in almost all cases. For the first time, this work evidenced through EPR spectroscopy that the increase of reactivity under irradiation could be attributed to the ability of photoexcited PW12 to trap electrons, particularly if the PW12 is supported. Moreover, the effect of water on the reactivity was also studied.
Momentum in International Commodity Futures Markets
Authors: Kang Jangkoo , Kwon Kyung Yoon
Published: February 2017

This paper examines whether commodity futures momentum can predict business cycles in the US, China, UK, Japan, and India. Momentum as a risk factor may play a role as a state variable in the spirit of Liew and Vassalou (). We find significant and negative predictability of commodity futures momentum, although the basis factor of the commodity futures markets shows insignificant results. Moreover, we find that commodity futures momentum is an independent factor that cannot be fully explained by traditional risk factors, macroeconomic variables, or commodity sector momentum. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 37:803–835, 2017
Biomarkers, designs, and interpretations of resting‐state fMRI in translational pharmacological research: A review of state‐of‐the‐Art, challenges, and opportunities for studying brain chemistry
Authors: Khalili‐Mahani Najmeh , Rombouts Serge A.R.B. , van Osch Matthias J.P. , Duff Eugene P. , Carbonell Felix , Nickerson Lisa D. , Becerra Lino , Dahan Albert , Evans Alan C , Soucy Jean‐Paul , Wise Richard , Zijdenbos Alex P. , van Gerven Joop M.
Published: February 2017

A decade of research and development in resting‐state functional MRI (RSfMRI) has opened new translational and clinical research frontiers. This review aims to bridge between technical and clinical researchers who seek reliable neuroimaging biomarkers for studying drug interactions with the brain. About 85 pharma‐RSfMRI studies using BOLD signal (75% of all) or arterial spin labeling (ASL) were surveyed to investigate the acute effects of psychoactive drugs. Experimental designs and objectives include drug fingerprinting dose‐response evaluation, biomarker validation and calibration, and translational studies. Common biomarkers in these studies include functional connectivity, graph metrics, cerebral blood flow and the amplitude and spectrum of BOLD fluctuations. Overall, RSfMRI‐derived biomarkers seem to be sensitive to spatiotemporal dynamics of drug interactions with the brain. However, drugs cause both central and peripheral effects, thus exacerbate difficulties related to biological confounds, structured noise from motion and physiological confounds, as well as modeling and inference testing. Currently, these issues are not well explored, and heterogeneities in experimental design, data acquisition and preprocessing make comparative or meta‐analysis of existing reports impossible. A unifying collaborative framework for data‐sharing and data‐mining is thus necessary for investigating the commonalities and differences in biomarker sensitivity and specificity, and establishing guidelines. Multimodal datasets including sham‐placebo or active control sessions and repeated measurements of various psychometric, physiological, metabolic and neuroimaging phenotypes are essential for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and interpretation of the findings. We provide a list of basic minimum and advanced options that can be considered in design and analyses of future pharma‐RSfMRI studies. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2276–2325, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Methylated of genes behaving as potential biomarkers in evaluating malignant degree of glioblastoma
Authors: Wen Wan‐Shun , Hu Sheng‐Li , Ai Zhibing , Mou Lin , Lu Jing‐Min , Li Sen
Published: February 2017

Abnormal methylation genes usually act as oncogenes or anti‐oncogenes in the occurrence and development of tumor, indicating their potential role as biomarkers in the evaluation of malignant tumor. However, the research on methylation's association with glioblastoma was rare. We attempted to figure out whether the methylation of genes could serve as the biomarker in evaluating the malignant degree of GBM. Methylation microarray data of 275 GBM patients have been downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Logistic regression was used to find the methylated genes associated with the malignant degree of patients with the tumor. Functional enrichment analysis and network analysis were further performed on these selected genes. A total of 668, 412, 470, and 620 genes relevant with the methylation or demethylation were found to be associated with the malignant degree, Grades 1–4 of tumor. The higher the degree of malignant tumor, the higher of its methylation degree of its corresponding genes. GO and KEGG analysis results showed that these methylated genes were enriched in many functions as cell adhesion, abnormal transcription, and cell cycle disorder, etc. Of note, CCL11 and LCN11 were found to be significantly related to the progression of GBM. Critical genes associated with cell cycle as CCL11 and LCN1 may play essential roles in the occurrence, development, and transition of glioblastoma. More research was needed to explore its potential molecular mechanism.
Relationship between COD particle size distribution, COD fractionation and biodegradation characteristics in domestic sewage
Authors: Noyan Kerem , Allı Buşra , Okutman Taş Didem , Sözen Seval , Orhon Derin
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

The study rationale was to explore the potential of particle size distribution (PSD) to support COD fractionation of sewage. Accordingly, the main aim focused on establishing the experimental relation between COD fractionation and PSD on two samples of a selected source, one representing the average character of the sewage and the other a weaker sample. PSD analyses were also conducted on effluent samples.

RESULTS

PSD profiles of COD yielded the typical bimodal distribution, one major peak representing 65% of COD, higher than 1600 nm and the second peak of 10% lower than 2 nm. Results were evaluated to underline the potential of PSD in complementing COD fractionation as related to biodegradation. PSD exhibited a close relationship with COD fractions with different biodegradation characteristics and defined all major COD fractions except the initial soluble and particulate inert COD fractions.

CONCLUSION

Selection of appropriate values for inert COD fractions together with default kinetic information available for sewage would enable modelling and designing of various biological treatment alternatives without the need for time consuming experiments on COD fractionation. Furthermore, PSD of biological treatment effluent provided concrete evidence for the generation of soluble residual products, which should be part of all modelling evaluations. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Placentation in watersnakes II: Placental ultrastructure in Nerodia erythrogaster (Colubridae: Natricinae)
Authors: Blackburn Daniel G. , Anderson Kristie E. , Lo Amy R. , Marquez Emily C. , Callard Ian P.
Published: February 2017

Ultrastructure of the placental tissues from redbelly watersnakes (Nerodia erythrogaster) was analyzed during late pregnancy to provide insight into placental development and function. Examination of the chorioallantoic placenta with transmission electron microscopy reveals that chorionic and uterine epithelia are extremely attenuated but intact and that the eggshell membrane is vestigial and lacks a calcareous layer. These features minimize the interhemal diffusion distance across the placenta. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that fetal and maternal components of the placentas are richly vascularized by dense networks of capillaries. Although the yolk sac omphalopleure has largely been replaced by chorioallantois by late gestation, it retains patches of yolk droplets and regions of absorptive cells with microvilli and abundant mitochondria. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that yolk material is taken up for digestion by endodermal cells. As yolk is removed, allantoic capillaries invade to occupy positions just beneath the epithelium, forming regions of chorioallantoic placentation. Ultrastructural features indicate that the chorioallantoic placenta is specialized for gas exchange, while the omphalallantoic (“yolk sac”) placenta shows evidence of functions in yolk digestion and maternal‐fetal nutrient transfer. Placental features of this species are consistent with those of other thamnophines, and are evolutionarily convergent on snakes of other viviparous clades.
Dynamic formulation for energetic model compared with hybrid magnetic formulation of ferromagnetic hysteresis
Authors: Hamimid Mourad , Mimoune Souri Mohamed , Feliachi Mouloud
Published: February 2017

In this paper, dynamic formulation for energetic model proposed by H Hauser of ferromagnetic hysteresis is compared with the Jiles‐Atherton model that has been applied for hybrid magnetic field formulation. This model is based on the concept of the losses separation method. The energetic model is suitable for quasistatic ferromagnetic hysteresis and to improve this model in dynamic behavior, we modify the total energy given by the energetic model by introducing 2 additional energies associated with classical eddy and excess losses. Two new parameters related to eddy and excess losses are introduced. The identification of these parameters is achieved by measuring the volumetric energy density. All parameters are kept constant regardless of the used frequencies. The validity of this approach is justified by comparison of calculated hysteresis loops to measurements for different frequencies, and good agreements are obtained.
Tag der organischen Chemie an der Universität Stuttgart
Authors: Laschat Sabine
Published: February 2017

Am 14. Oktober feierte der Tag der organischen Chemie an der Universität Stuttgart (Tocus) sein 20‐jähriges Jubiläum. Zu diesem Anlass präsentierten zwölf Doktoranden in Kurzvorträgen ihre Forschungsergebnisse einem Publikum aus Hochschule und Industrie. Die Themen reichten von Farbstoffen mit Funktion und Naturstoffsynthesen über effiziente Katalysen bis zur Lebensmittelanalytik.
Brexit: mehr Verlierer als Gewinner
Authors: Subran Ludovic
Published: February 2017

Nervosität und Spekulationen steigen, da niemand sicher ist, wie der Ausstieg Großbritanniens aus der europäischen Union laufen wird. Unternehmen sollten ihre Häuser schon mal wetterfest machen.
Industrieakzeptanz messen
Authors: Seegers Ekkehard
Published: February 2017

Akzeptanz ist für die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit deutscher Industrieunternehmen zu wichtig, um sich hierbei allein auf theoretisches Wissen und das persönliche Bauchgefühl zu verlassen.
Europäische Industriepolitik
Authors: Marquardt Sabrina
Published: February 2017

Ein neues Bündnis der Wirtschaftsministerien und Chemieverbände aus sieben Ländern der Europäischen Union traf sich in Brüssel.
Vorstandssitzung
Authors: Koch Wolfram
Published: February 2017

Zur vierten und letzten Sitzung im Jahr 2016 traf sich der Vorstand der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker am 5. Dezember auf Einladung des GDCh‐Partnerverlags Wiley‐VCH an dessen Hauptsitz in Weinheim.
Interorgan cross talk between fatty acid metabolism, tissue inflammation, and FADS2 genotype in humans with obesity
Authors: Vaittinen Maija , Männistö Ville , Käkelä Pirjo , Ågren Jyrki , Tiainen Mika , Schwab Ursula , Pihlajamäki Jussi
Published: February 2017

Objective

Fatty acid (FA) composition affects obesity‐associated low‐grade inflammation. It has been shown that the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) 2 gene polymorphism associates with FA metabolism and adipose tissue (AT) inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between FA metabolism and inflammation in different tissues and the possible interorgan cross talk.

Methods

Cross‐sectional baseline data from 155 individuals with obesity (both male and female) participating in the Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass operation in the ongoing Kuopio Obesity Surgery Study were used. Gas chromatograph for FA composition, liver histology, and targeted RNA expression for gene expression profile were performed.

Results

It was demonstrated that the saturated fatty acid (SFA) proportion in AT correlated positively with inflammation in subcutaneous AT (SAT) and visceral AT (VAT) but not in the liver, while the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) proportion in SAT and VAT correlated negatively with AT inflammation. Notably, there was a positive correlation between AT n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), but not AT SFAs or MUFAs, and liver inflammation. This correlation was modified by the FADS2 genotype.

Conclusions

The AT FA profile relates with AT inflammation. Additionally, there seems to be a complex interaction, partly regulated by the FADS2 genotype, regulating the interaction between FAs in AT and liver inflammation.
Formation and recovery of Cu precipitates in Fe–Cu model alloys under varying heat treatment
Authors: Zhu Te , Wu Haibiao , Cao Xingzhong , Jin Shuoxue , Zhang Peng , Xiao Ainong , Wang Baoyi
Published: February 2017

Fe–Cu systems, model alloys of nuclear reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels, heat treatments by annealing and quenching, are studied by the positron annihilation technique and high‐resolution SEM. The different effect of annealing and quenching on the formation of Cu precipitates was discussed. The ultrafine Cu precipitates, which are formed in Fe–x wt.% Cu (x = 1.0 and 1.5) alloys after thermal annealing, are observed clearly and no obvious Cu precipitates were found in the quenched alloys. The annealing temperature has an effect on the concentration of Cu precipitates, which leads to a change of the proportion of positron annihilation in the Cu precipitates, and this can be reflected by the change of the W parameters. Positron annihilation Doppler broadening spectroscopy results show that Cu precipitates formed during annealing at 1173 K still exist when the annealing temperature is higher than 1453 K. SEM measurements were used to observe the size and the distribution of Cu precipitates in the samples, after using different annealing temperature.
Modeling Discrete Bivariate Data with Applications to Failure and Count Data
Authors: Lee Hyunju , Cha Ji Hwan , Pulcini Gianpaolo
Published: February 2017

In this study, we propose a new class of flexible bivariate distributions for discrete random variables. The proposed class of distribution is based on the notion of conditional failure rate for a discrete‐type random variable. We derive general formulae for the joint distributions belonging to the proposed class that, unlike other discrete bivariate models already proposed in the literature such as the well‐known and most popular Holgate's bivariate Poisson distribution, can model both positive and negative dependence. We discuss general statistical properties of the proposed class as well. Specific families of bivariate distributions can be generated from the general class proposed in this paper just by specifying the ‘baseline distributions’. Furthermore, specific discrete bivariate distributions belonging to the proposed class are applied to analyze three real data sets, and the results are compared with those obtained from conventional models. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel membership cloud model‐based trust evaluation model for vehicular ad hoc network of T‐CPS
Authors: Sun Dihua , Zhao Hongzhuan , Cheng Senlin
Published: February 2017

It is generally known that the trust relationships among mobile nodes of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) are uncertain in transportation cyber‐physical system (T‐CPS). However, the existing researches could not accurately describe the uncertainty in their trust evaluation models. To solve this problem, we propose a novel membership cloud‐based trust evaluation model for VANET of T‐CPS. The proposed model considers the trust uncertainty of fuzziness and randomness in the interactions among vehicles and uses membership cloud to describe the uncertainty in unified formats. Besides, we give the detail description of trustworthiness as well as algorithm to calculate the cloud droplets and the aggregated trust evaluation values. An experiment of study case demonstrates that our trust model can perfectly describe trust relationship among vehicles from the quantitative data to the qualitative information, and also vice versa. Thus, our trust model can accurately describe the uncertainty of fuzziness and randomness of the trust relationships. Meanwhile, two typical scenarios simulation and comparison with other up to date models demonstrate the validity and practicality of our trust model among vehicles for VANET of T‐CPS. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of wind resource spatial variability on floating offshore wind farms finance
Authors: del Jesus Fernando , Guanche Raúl , Losada Íñigo J.
Published: February 2017

Wind resource availability determines the financial performance of wind farms as it is directly related to production. Offshore wind developers require great investments to design, build, operate and dismantle offshore wind farms. Furthermore, the investments in the offshore floating wind sector are expected to increase in the future. Because of that, the assessment of the variability of the investments, mainly because of the wind resource variability, seems to be a crucial step in the design methodology. Consequently, a flexible methodology for supporting offshore floating wind farm optimal location assessment is presented in this paper. The proposed methodology is focused on including the offshore wind resource variability and its influence on the power production of floating wind farms, as well as on the main financial indicators (internal rate of return, net present value, pay‐back period and cost of energy). The methodology is applied to the north coast of Spain, and it allows to identify the most promising sites for offshore wind farms deployment. Differences on the cost of energy up to 100% can be found in the area under study. The methodology proposed has been conceived to be site‐independent and applied at any spatial and time horizon. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy development and hunter success for mule deer and pronghorn in Wyoming
Authors: Gamo R. Scott , Smith Kurt T. , Beck Jeffrey L.
Published: February 2017

Infrastructure associated with energy development influences hunter access and introduces disturbance activities to landscapes that can influence habitat selection and behavior of ungulates. Consequently, habitat loss and hunter access concerns must be addressed by wildlife managers as they consider management of populations of western big game species including mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and pronghorn (Antilocapra americana). We evaluated whether increased energy development, as quantified through change in well pad density, has affected hunter success of mule deer and pronghorn. Ungulates tend to avoid energy development; therefore, we also evaluated whether hunting statistics can be used to identify potential effects of energy development on mule deer and pronghorn. We included data from 22 of 39 mule deer and 34 of 46 pronghorn Herd Units across Wyoming, USA, from 1980 to 2012. On average, well pad densities across mule deer Herd Units increased from 0.01 km2 in 1980 to 0.06 km2 in 2012, and well pads in pronghorn Herd Units increased from 0.01 km2 to 0.12 km2 during the same period. Our results indicated that hunter success for mule deer in Wyoming was positively associated with hunter effort, whereas pronghorn hunter success was negatively associated with hunter effort. Hunter success for both species was unaffected by well pad density. We identified a change in mule deer and pronghorn harvest success associated with hunter numbers and effort; however, harvest statistics were not informative in identifying impacts from energy development on mule deer or pronghorn populations. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
On the genetic diversity of two species of the genus Ozobranchus (Hirudinida; Ozobranchidae) from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
Authors: Tseng C.-T. , Leu J-H. , Cheng I.-J.
Published: February 2017

There are two marine species in the genus Ozobranchus. Ozobranchus branchiatus mainly parasitizes green turtles and O. margoi parasitizes most turtle species. We used sequences for the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI sequence analysis), along with morphological diagnosis, to compare the population genetic structures of O. branchiatus and O. margoi collected near Taiwan to those of their populations in the Atlantic. The results provide estimates of the genetic divergence between these leeches in the two regions. Ozobranchus branchiatus had a greater pairwise distance within Taiwan (0.0031–0.0141) than O. margoi (no differences). Phylogenetic tree analysis identified one O. branchiatus clade and one O. margoi clade in Taiwan. The better environmental adaptability and lower host specificity of O. margoi might result in lower genetic divergence among populations.
Reforming China's State-owned Enterprises: From Structure to People
Authors: Lin Li-Wen
Published: February 2017

The Chinese Communist Party has recently unveiled its new agenda for state-owned enterprise (SOE) reform. Most attention to date has focused on structural reform through the so-called “mixed ownership” policy. This article is to direct attention to a critically important yet much less analysed item on the SOE reform agenda: the professionalization of the SOE executive personnel. This article provides an empirical study on the managerial elite of China's financial and non-financial SOEs. The findings suggest a politically constrained management approach in the Chinese state-owned sector. Moreover, an innovative analysis of the SOE executive career patterns reveals that the state-controlled banks and industrial SOEs employ divergent human resource management methods. The anatomy of the SOE managerial elite in this article provides a timely evaluation of the recent SOE reform policy and a richer understanding of China's state-owned sector from a comparative capitalism perspective.
Land tenure security and technical efficiency: new insights from a case study in Northwest China
Authors: Ma Xianlei , Heerink Nico , Feng Shuyi , Shi Xiaoping
Published: February 2017

Improving technical efficiency in agriculture can play an important role in meeting present and future demands for agricultural products, at the same time enhancing the long-term sustainability of land and water use. This paper examines the impact of household perceptions of land tenure security on technical efficiency using detailed household-level data collected in Minle County in northwest China. The authors find that the (perceived) tenure security provided by land certificates encourages part-time farming with relatively low technical efficiency. The renting out of land by households with migrant members can only partly make up for this negative effect, because land rental markets are thin and highly fragmented. Therefore, the provision of land certificates to rural households has a negative impact on technical efficiency. For tenure security provided by the expected absence of land reallocations in the near future, on the other hand, the authors find that it reduces temporary migration and thereby contributes to higher technical efficiency.