bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
K13 Propeller Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum Populations in Regions of Malaria Endemicity in Vietnam from 2009 to 2016
Authors: Thuy-Nhien Nguyen , Tuyen Nguyen Kim , Tong Nguyen Thanh , Vy Nguyen Tuong , Thanh Ngo Viet , Van Huynh Thuy , Huong-Thu Pham , Quang Huynh Hong , Boni Maciej F. , Dolecek Christiane , Farrar Jeremy , Thwaites Guy E. , Miotto Olivo , White Nicholas J. , Hien Tran Tinh
Published: January 2017

The spread of artemisinin-resistant
Plasmodium falciparum
compromises the therapeutic efficacy of artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) and is considered the greatest threat to current global initiatives to control and eliminate malaria. This is particularly relevant in Vietnam, where dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) is the recommended ACT for
P. falciparum
infection. The propeller domain gene of K13, a molecular marker of artemisinin resistance, was successfully sequenced in 1,060
P. falciparum
isolates collected at 3 malaria hot spots in Vietnam between 2009 and 2016. Eight K13 propeller mutations (Thr474Ile, Tyr493His, Arg539Thr, Ile543Thr, Pro553Leu, Val568Gly, Pro574Leu, and Cys580Tyr), including several that have been validated to be artemisinin resistance markers, were found. The prevalences of K13 mutations were 29% (222/767), 6% (11/188), and 43% (45/105) in the Binh Phuoc, Ninh Thuan, and Gia Lai Provinces of Vietnam, respectively. Cys580Tyr became the dominant genotype in recent years, with 79.1% (34/43) of isolates in Binh Phuoc Province and 63% (17/27) of isolates in Gia Lai Province carrying this mutation. K13 mutations were associated with reduced ring-stage susceptibility to dihydroartemisinin (DHA)
in vitro
and prolonged parasite clearance
in vivo
. An analysis of haplotypes flanking K13 suggested the presence of multiple strains with the Cys580Tyr mutation rather than a single strain expanding across the three sites.
pfk13
-Independent Treatment Failure in Four Imported Cases of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Treated with Artemether-Lumefantrine in the United Kingdom
Authors: Sutherland Colin J. , Lansdell Paul , Sanders Mandy , Muwanguzi Julian , van Schalkwyk Donelly A. , Kaur Harparkash , Nolder Debbie , Tucker Julie , Bennett Hayley M. , Otto Thomas D. , Berriman Matthew , Patel Trupti A. , Lynn Roderick , Gkrania-Klotsas Effrossyni , Chiodini Peter L.
Published: January 2017

We present case histories of four patients treated with artemether-lumefantrine for falciparum malaria in UK hospitals in 2015 to 2016. Each subsequently presented with recurrent symptoms and
Plasmodium falciparum
parasitemia within 6 weeks of treatment with no intervening travel to countries where malaria is endemic. Parasite isolates, all of African origin, harbored variants at some candidate resistance loci. No evidence of
pfk13
-mediated artemisinin resistance was found. Vigilance for signs of unsatisfactory antimalarial efficacy among imported cases of malaria is recommended.
Alterations in Peptidoglycan Cross-Linking Suppress the Secretin Assembly Defect Caused by Mutation of GspA in the Type II Secretion System
Authors: Vanderlinde Elizabeth M. , Strozen Timothy G. , Hernández Sara B. , Cava Felipe , Howard S. Peter
Published: January 2017

In Gram-negative bacteria, the peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall is a significant structural barrier for outer membrane protein assembly. In
Aeromonas hydrophila
, outer membrane multimerization of the type II secretion system (T2SS) secretin ExeD requires the function of the inner membrane assembly factor complex ExeAB. The putative mechanism of the complex involves the reorganization of PG and localization of ExeD, whereby ExeA functions by interacting with PG to form a site for secretin assembly and ExeB forms an interaction with ExeD. This mechanism led us to hypothesize that increasing the pore size of PG would circumvent the requirement for ExeA in the assembly of the ExeD secretin. Growth of
A. hydrophila
in 270 mM Gly reduced PG cross-links by approximately 30% and led to the suppression of secretin assembly defects in
exeA
strains and in those expressing ExeA mutants by enabling localization of the secretin in the outer membrane. We also established a heterologous ExeD assembly system in
Escherichia coli
and showed that ExeAB and ExeC are the only
A. hydrophila
proteins required for the assembly of the ExeD secretin in
E. coli
and that ExeAB-independent assembly of ExeD can occur upon overexpression of the
d
,
d
-carboxypeptidase PBP 5. These results support an assembly model in which, upon binding to PG, ExeA induces multimerization and pore formation in the sacculus, which enables ExeD monomers to interact with ExeB and assemble into a secretin that both is inserted in the outer membrane and crosses the PG layer to interact with the inner membrane platform of the T2SS.

IMPORTANCE
The PG layer imposes a strict structural impediment for the assembly of macromolecular structures that span the cell envelope and serve as virulence factors in Gram-negative species. This work revealed that by decreasing PG cross-linking by growth in Gly, the absolute requirement for the PG-binding activity of ExeA in the assembly of the ExeD secretin was alleviated in
A. hydrophila
. In a heterologous assembly model in
E. coli
, expression of the carboxypeptidase PBP 5 could relieve the requirement for ExeAB in the assembly of the ExeD secretin. These results provide some mechanistic details of the ExeAB assembly complex function, in which the PG-binding and oligomerization functions of ExeAB are used to create a pore in the PG that is required for secretin assembly.
Dynamic Quantum Tomography Model for Phase-Damping Channels
Authors: Czerwiński Artur , Jamiołkowski Andrzej
Published: January 2017

In this paper we propose a dynamic quantum tomography model for open quantum systems with evolution given by phase-damping channels. Mathematically, these channels correspond to completely positive trace-preserving maps defined by the Hadamard product of the initial density matrix with a time-dependent matrix which carries the knowledge about the evolution. Physically, there is a strong motivation for considering this kind of evolution because such channels appear naturally in the theory of open quantum systems. The main idea behind a dynamic approach to quantum tomography claims that by performing the same kind of measurement at some time instants one can obtain new data for state reconstruction. Thus, this approach leads to a decrease in the number of distinct observables which are required for quantum tomography; however, the exact benefit for employing the dynamic approach depends strictly on how the quantum system evolves in time. Algebraic analysis of phase-damping channels allows one to determine criteria for quantum tomography of systems in question. General theorems and observations presented in the paper are accompanied by a specific example, which shows step by step how the theory works. The results introduced in this paper can potentially be applied in experiments where there is a tendency to look at quantum tomography from the point of view of economy of measurements, because each distinct kind of measurement requires, in general, preparing a separate setup.
Comprehensive Transcriptome and Mutational Profiling of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma Reveals EBV Type–Specific Differences
Authors: Kaymaz Yasin , Oduor Cliff I. , Yu Hongbo , Otieno Juliana A. , Ong'echa John Michael , Moormann Ann M. , Bailey Jeffrey A.
Published: January 2017

Endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) is the most common pediatric cancer in malaria-endemic equatorial Africa and nearly always contains Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), unlike sporadic Burkitt lymphoma (sBL) that occurs with a lower incidence in developed countries. Given these differences and the variable clinical presentation and outcomes, we sought to further understand pathogenesis by investigating transcriptomes using RNA sequencing (RNAseq) from multiple primary eBL tumors compared with sBL tumors. Within eBL tumors, minimal expression differences were found based on: anatomical presentation site, in-hospital survival rates, and EBV genome type, suggesting that eBL tumors are homogeneous without marked subtypes. The outstanding difference detected using surrogate variable analysis was the significantly decreased expression of key genes in the immunoproteasome complex (PSMB9/β1i, PSMB10/β2i, PSMB8/β5i, and PSME2/PA28β) in eBL tumors carrying type 2 EBV compared with type 1 EBV. Second, in comparison with previously published pediatric sBL specimens, the majority of the expression and pathway differences was related to the PTEN/PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway and was correlated most strongly with EBV status rather than geographic designation. Third, common mutations were observed significantly less frequently in eBL tumors harboring EBV type 1, with mutation frequencies similar between tumors with EBV type 2 and without EBV. In addition to the previously reported genes, a set of new genes mutated in BL, including TFAP4, MSH6, PRRC2C, BCL7A, FOXO1, PLCG2, PRKDC, RAD50, and RPRD2, were identified. Overall, these data establish that EBV, particularly EBV type 1, supports BL oncogenesis, alleviating the need for certain driver mutations in the human genome.

Implications: Genomic and mutational analyses of Burkitt lymphoma tumors identify key differences based on viral content and clinical outcomes suggesting new avenues for the development of prognostic molecular biomarkers and therapeutic interventions. Mol Cancer Res; 15(5); 563–76. ©2017 AACR.
Quantifying Long-Range Interactions and Coherent Structure in Multi-Agent Dynamics
Authors: Cliff Oliver M. , Lizier Joseph T. , Wang X. Rosalind , Wang Peter , Obst Oliver , Prokopenko Mikhail
Published: January 2017

We develop and apply several novel methods quantifying dynamic multi-agent team interactions. These interactions are detected information-theoretically and captured in two ways: via (i) directed networks (interaction diagrams) representing significant coupled dynamics between pairs of agents, and (ii) state-space plots (coherence diagrams) showing coherent structures in Shannon information dynamics. This model-free analysis relates, on the one hand, the information transfer to responsiveness of the agents and the team, and, on the other hand, the information storage within the team to the team's rigidity and lack of tactical flexibility. The resultant interaction and coherence diagrams reveal implicit interactions, across teams, that may be spatially long-range. The analysis was verified with a statistically significant number of experiments (using simulated football games, produced during RoboCup 2D Simulation League matches), identifying the zones of the most intense competition, the extent and types of interactions, and the correlation between the strength of specific interactions and the results of the matches.
‘There is a Reason’: A Call to Re-Consider the Relationship between Charity and Social Justice
Authors: Hankela Elina
Published: January 2017

Contemporary academic discourse on social justice increasingly urges the elision of aspects of ‘charity’ from the concept. Writing in the context of liberation theology discourse in particular, the author agrees with the need to prioritize social-justice-centred frameworks but argues for an explicit theorization of (true) charity as a vital element within them. The argument is informed by ethnographic engagement with a group of young, low-income Zimbabwean migrants in Johannesburg. It is inspired in particular by attending to how charitable action features in their narratives as a source of dignity and motivation that enables them to work towards a bright future, as well as contributing towards their day-to-day survival.
On the genus Gallorhynchus Schockaert & Brunet, 1971 (Platyhelminthes, Kalyptorhynchia, Polycystididae) with the description of four new species
Authors: SCHOCKAERT ERNEST R. , TESSENS BART S. , GOBERT STEFAN , REVIS NATHALIE , ARTOIS TOM J.
Published: January 2017

A comprehensive overview is given of the representatives of the taxon Gallorhynchus Schockaert & Brunet, 1971: the two known species G. simplex and G. mediterraneus of Schockaert & Brunet, 1971, Syltorhynchus schockaerti Noldt, 1989, which is transferred to the taxon Gallorhynchus, and four new species, G. elegans n.sp., G. faroensis n.sp., G. genista n.sp. and G. bidaformis n.sp.. G. schockaerti occurs in the North Sea; all other species were found in the western Mediterranean and in south Portugal.
Proactivity routines: The role of social processes in how employees self-initiate change
Authors: Vough Heather C , Bindl Uta K , Parker Sharon K
Published: January 2017

Proactive work behaviors are self-initiated, future-focused actions aimed at bringing about changes to work processes in organizations. Such behaviors occur within the social context of work. The extant literature that has focused on the role of social context for proactivity has focused on social context as an overall input or output of proactivity. However, in this article we argue that the process of engaging in proactive work behavior (proactive goal-striving) may also be a function of the social context in which it occurs. Based on qualitative data from 39 call center employees in an energy-supply company, we find that in a context characterized by standardized work procedures, proactive goal-striving can occur through a proactivity routine – a socially constructed and accepted pattern of action by which employees initiate and achieve changes to work processes, with the support of managers and colleagues. Our findings point to the need to view proactive work behaviors at a higher level of analysis than the individual in order to identify shared routines for engaging in proactivity, as well as how multiple actors coordinate their efforts in the process of achieving individually-generated proactive goals.
The intersection of interpersonal and self-directed violence among general adult, college student and sexually diverse samples
Authors: Cramer Robert J , Desmarais Sarah L , Johnson Kiersten L , Gemberling Tess M , Nobles Matt R , Holley Sarah R , Wright Susan , Van Dorn Richard
Published: January 2017

Background:

Suicide and interpersonal violence (i.e. victimization and perpetration) represent pressing public health problems, and yet remain mostly addressed as separate topics.

Aims:

To identify the (1) frequency and overlap of suicide and interpersonal violence and (2) characteristics differentiating subgroups of violence-related experiences.

Methods:

A health survey was completed by 2,175 respondents comprised of three groups: college students ( n = 702), adult members of a sexuality special interest organization ( n = 816) and a community adult sample ( n = 657). Latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups characterized by violence experiences; logistic regression was used to identify respondent characteristics differentiating subgroups.

Results:

Overall rates of violence perpetration were low; perpetration, victimization and self-directed violence all varied by sample. Adults with alternative sexual interests reported high rates of victimization and self-directed violence. Analyses indicated two subgroups: (1) victimization + self-directed violence and (2) self-directed violence only. The victimization + self-directed violence subgroup was characterized by older, White, female and sexual orientation minority persons. The self-directed violence subgroup was characterized by younger, non-White, male and straight counterparts engaging with more sexual partners and more frequent drug use.

Conclusion:

Findings support the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definition of suicide as self-directed violence. Suicide intervention and prevention should further account for the role of violent victimization by focusing on the joint conceptualization of self-directed and interpersonal violence. Additional prevention implications are discussed.
Prospects for the UK Economy
Authors: Kirby Simon , Carreras Oriol , Piggott Rebecca , Warren James
Published: January 2017

The production of this forecast is supported by the Institute's Corporate Members: Bank of England, HM Treasury, Mizuho Research Institute Ltd, Office for National Statistics, Santander (UK) plc and by the members of the NiGEM users group.
Fiscal and Other Rules in EU Economic Governance: Helpful, Largely Irrelevant or Unenforceable?
Authors: Begg Iain
Published: January 2017

EU Member States, particularly in the Euro Area, have been pushed to adopt more extensive and intrusive fiscal rules, but what is the evidence that the rules are succeeding? The EU level Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) has been – and remains – the most visible rule-book, but it has been complemented by a profusion of national rules and by new provisions on other sources of macroeconomic imbalance. Much of the analysis of rules has concentrated on their technical merits, but tends to neglect the political economy of compliance. This paper examines the latter, looking at compliance with fiscal rules at EU and Member State levels and at the rules-based mechanisms for curbing other macroeconomic imbalances. It concludes that politically driven implementation and enforcement shortcomings have been given too little attention, putting at risk the integrity and effectiveness of the rules.
A Large Community Outbreak of Legionnaires’ Disease Associated With a Cooling Tower in New York City, 2015
Authors: Weiss Don , Boyd Christopher , Rakeman Jennifer L. , Greene Sharon K. , Fitzhenry Robert , McProud Trevor , Musser Kimberlee , Huang Li , Kornblum John , Nazarian Elizabeth J. , Fine Annie D. , Braunstein Sarah L. , Kass Daniel , Landman Keren , Lapierre Pascal , Hughes Scott , Tran Anthony , Taylor Jill , Baker Deborah , Jones Lucretia , Kornstein Laura , Liu Boning , Perez Rodolfo , Lucero David E. , Peterson Eric , Benowitz Isaac , Lee Kristen F. , Ngai Stephanie , Stripling Mitch , Varma Jay K.
Published: January 2017

Objectives:

Infections caused by Legionella are the leading cause of waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. We investigated a large outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease in New York City in summer 2015 to characterize patients, risk factors for mortality, and environmental exposures.

Methods:

We defined cases as patients with pneumonia and laboratory evidence of Legionella infection from July 2 through August 3, 2015, and with a history of residing in or visiting 1 of several South Bronx neighborhoods of New York City. We describe the epidemiologic, environmental, and laboratory investigation that identified the source of the outbreak.

Results:

We identified 138 patients with outbreak-related Legionnaires’ disease, 16 of whom died. The median age of patients was 55. A total of 107 patients had a chronic health condition, including 43 with diabetes, 40 with alcoholism, and 24 with HIV infection. We tested 55 cooling towers for Legionella, and 2 had a strain indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis from 26 patient isolates. Whole-genome sequencing and epidemiologic evidence implicated 1 cooling tower as the source of the outbreak.

Conclusions:

A large outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease caused by a cooling tower occurred in a medically vulnerable community. The outbreak prompted enactment of a new city law on the operation and maintenance of cooling towers. Ongoing surveillance and evaluation of cooling tower process controls will determine if the new law reduces the incidence of Legionnaires’ disease in New York City.
Imagining an Old City in Nineteenth-Century France: Urban Renovation, Civil Society, and the Making of Vieux Lyon
Authors: De Oliveira Patrick Luiz Sullivan
Published: January 2017

Urban histories of nineteenth-century France have tended to focus on Paris and emphasize state actions. This has obscured movements that were crucial in shaping modern cities, particularly segments of civil society that worked on preserving old neighborhoods. This article focuses on Lyon—a “second city”—and analyzes how state-driven urban renovations under the Second Empire fostered a fin-de-siècle localist reaction that sought to preserve what was seen as Lyonnais urban forms (in particular neighborhoods defined by their narrow and crooked streets). Through an antiquarian discourse, cultural elites argued that these urban forms were an essential part of Lyonnais identity—which they feared was being infringed upon by Paris. The actions of these prideful and anxious Lyonnais show that antiquarian history was, in fact, a modern phenomenon that played a key role in shaping the modern city.
Conflictive preferences towards social investments and transfers in mature welfare states: The cases of unemployment benefits and childcare provision
Authors: Busemeyer Marius R. , Neimanns Erik
Published: January 2017

This article explores potential cleavages and conflicts between political support coalitions of social investment versus classical social transfer policies. To that extent, we analyse international survey data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for 21 European countries. Our central finding is that different welfare state beneficiary groups perceive and react negatively to increased government involvement in policy fields from which they do not benefit themselves: single parents are more likely to oppose government support for the unemployed when long-term replacement rates in the unemployment benefit scheme are high. Vice versa, the unemployed are less likely to support the public provision of childcare services if the latter is already well-funded. This finding has implications for the study of welfare states in general because it implies that in mature welfare states, political conflicts may be less about the welfare state as such, but about the distribution of welfare state services and benefits between different groups of beneficiaries.
The Youth Mood Clinic: an innovative service for the treatment of severe and complex depression
Authors: Rice Simon M , Halperin Steve , Cahill Sara , Cranston Ingrid , Phelan Mark , Hetrick Sarah E , Blaikie Simon , Edwards Jane , Koutsogiannis John , Davey Christopher G
Published: January 2017

Objective:

Depression is the leading cause of disability for Australians from late adolescence through mid-adulthood, and effective treatments can positively impact subsequent life course trajectories. A treatment model for the management of complex youth depression, characterised by symptom severity, multi-morbidity and ongoing suicidality is presented.

Conclusions:

The Youth Mood Clinic (YMC) provides multidisciplinary, team-based treatment for young people aged 15–25 years. The YMC model utilises a phased treatment approach, drawing on elements of cognitive and interpersonal psychotherapy embedded within case management and psychiatry review. Particular attention is given to developmental factors, engagement, assessment, suicide risk, caregiver input and pharmacotherapy. Key tasks of the YMC treatment phases are outlined, reflecting initial stages, recovery planning and treatment, continuation, consolidation and future planning.
Special population – child and adolescent psychotherapy
Authors: Halasz George
Published: January 2017

Objectives:

First, to outline the paradigm change of the past 20 years that has transformed the theory and practice of child and adolescent psychodynamic psychotherapy; second, to update aspects of the current Practice Parameters for Psychodynamic Psychotherapy with Children to align with the paradigm change driven by the principles of regulation theory, relational trauma and repair, and the critical need for clinicians’ self-care in trauma informed psychotherapy.

Conclusion:

The emerging neuroscience-driven paradigm of psychotherapy poses challenges for the child and adolescent psychotherapist: to embrace the new conceptual reference points as organising principles leads to an urgent need to rethink traditional diagnostic formulations and time-honoured techniques for intervention. Our child patients and their families are entitled to benefit from the translation of the new research evidence from attachment regulation theory to clinical psychotherapy. Our clinical psychotherapy should sustain the ‘best-interest-of-the-child’ standards for well-being while also heeding Frances Tustin’s warning for therapists to avoid the ‘perpetuation of an error’ by overlooking recent developments from allied fields in developmental psychology and the neurosciences.
The value of a registrar psychotherapy post to psychiatry training
Authors: Feiler Gabriel , O’Loughlin Denis , Koh Eugen , Beatson Josephine , Harari Ed
Published: January 2017

Objectives:

This paper describes the psychotherapy registrar position developed at St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne in response to the Australian Government’s Specialist Training Position initiative of 2009. This impressionistic piece outlines features of the registrar’s clinical work, supervision and professional development. This paper will focus on: 1) the history of the position; 2) its developmental function embedded within the clinical responsibilities of the role; 3) how this position is different from the existing Royal and Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatry psychotherapy training requirements; and 4) infrastructure issues of the position.

Conclusions:

This psychotherapy registrar position is a novel role that provides an opportunity to work in an intensive and sustained way with patients and within multidisciplinary teams whilst being supported by supervision and a rich teaching milieu. It offers experience of psychotherapeutic work not usually available in public mental health services. It thus assists the development of psychotherapeutic skills that are likely to enhance the future practice of those undertaking the role.
Navigating through the Competency Based Fellowship Program: two trainees’ experience of the 2012 program
Authors: Evans Lois , Suetani Shuichi
Published: January 2017

Objectives:

This article discusses the real-life experience of two senior registrars who are approaching the end of their training under the 2012 Competency Based Fellowship Program. We have shared some practical tips to assist trainees in completing the Program, with particular emphasis on examination preparation.

Conclusion:

Whilst stressful at times, we believe that going through the Competency Based Fellowship Program has helped us build our knowledge, skills base, and expertise for practising psychiatry as consultants.
Co-generation of societally impactful knowledge in Change Laboratories
Authors: Sannino Annalisa , Engeström Yrjö
Published: January 2017

Formative interventions and the specific method of the Change Laboratory (CL) are presented as examples of intervention research that generates actionable and societally impactful knowledge. In contrast with stabilization knowledge that fixates phenomena into static categories, actionable knowledge is understood here as collaborative and generative possibility knowledge intertwined with transformative action. The article asks what can be learned from the different ways the epistemological principles behind formative interventions are implemented in different CLs. Three CL interventions are analyzed. The analysis is summarized with the help of a grid covering the key characteristics of formative interventions: contradictions, conflicts of motives, double stimulation, zone of proximal development, germ cells and emerging concepts. Comparison of the three cases shows that understanding the specific historical stage of the development of contradictions in a given organization is of foundational importance. In transformations induced by CLs, contradiction and conflict may be seen as acute push and the future-oriented concept as gradually emerging pull, with the change actions of the local practitioners in the middle. Constructing a germ cell and eventually an expanded concrete concept based on it are the most demanding challenges for CL interventions.
Perception, Interpretation, and Impact of Health Risk Appraisal Feedback: Pilot Studies of an Assessment Tool
Authors: Berlin Kathryn , Simpson Vicki , Hyner Gerry
Published: January 2017

One mandate of the Affordable Care Act is continued support of workplace wellness programs. A tool used to encourage behavior change is a health risk appraisal (HRA). However, research indicates there is limited benefit to HRAs unless supported by additional health interventions. The purpose of these two pilot studies was to examine effects of the individual HRA personalized feedback, including the perceived value of the feedback and its influence on behavior change. Six months after completing and receiving HRA personalized feedback, participants in two separate Indiana organizations answered survey questions about the HRA value, motivational influence, and ability to prompt behavior change. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, analyses of variance, and factor analysis were used to analyze the influence of various factors and test the relationship between HRA generated feedback and these characteristics. The majority of respondents indicated the HRA was helpful with 69% (Study 1, n = 51) and 63% (Study 2, n = 116) of the respondents reporting an attempted behavior change. Preliminary results indicate that completion of an HRA with feedback alone may be beneficial in prompting behavior change.
Genetic Diversity and Structure of the Military Macaw (Ara militaris) in Mexico
Authors: Rivera-Ortíz Francisco A. , Solórzano Sofía , Arizmendi María del C. , Dávila-Aranda Patricia , Oyama Ken
Published: January 2017

The Military Macaw ( Ara militaris) is a globally threatened species with a fragmented distribution, and assessing the genetics of populations could help identify conservation units. Nine microsatellites were used to analyze 86 samples in seven localities along the Sierra Madre Occidental, the Sierra Madre del Sur, and the Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico. Results showed that the Military Macaw has moderate levels of genetic diversity, similar to that found in other macaw species in Latin America. This species shows a high genetic structure; we find a genetic break between localities separated by the Central Plateau and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, which serve as geographic barriers. However, the locations within each genetic group are not genetically differentiated. It was observed that three locations of the Military Macaw have excess homozygotes, which could indicate a small effective size of the population and in combination with genetic isolation could increase the risk of extinction of the species. We propose two genetic groups for the species, the first comprising localities in the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Sierra Madre del Sur, and the second comprising localities of the Sierra Madre Oriental. According to the genetic differentiation, which was significant between the physiographic regions, and the unique allelic richness shown in this study, these two groups should be considered as independent conservation units. We strongly recommend the conservation and restoration of the natural habitats of the Military Macaw to maintain and increase the size of its population and recover and expand its original geographical distribution.
Chondroprotection in Models of Cartilage Injury by Raising the Temperature and Osmolarity of Irrigation Solutions
Authors: Eltawil Noha M. , Ahmed Saima , Chan Luke H. , Simpson A. Hamish R. W. , Hall Andrew C.
Published: January 2017

Objectives

During arthroscopic or open joint surgery, articular cartilage may be subjected to mechanical insults by accident or design. These may lead to chondrocyte death, cartilage breakdown and posttraumatic osteoarthritis. We have shown that increasing osmolarity of routinely used normal saline protected chondrocytes against injuries that may occur during orthopedic surgery. Often several liters of irrigation fluid are used during an orthopedic procedure, which is usually kept at room temperature, but is sometimes chilled. Here, we compared the effect of normal and hyperosmolar saline solution at different temperatures on chondrocyte viability following cartilage injury using in vitro and in vivo models of scalpel-induced injury.

Design

Cartilage injury was induced in bovine osteochondral explants and the patellar groove of rats in vivo by a single pass of a scalpel blade in the presence of normal saline (300 mOsm) or hyperosmolar saline solution (600 mOsm, sucrose addition) at 4°C, 21°C, or 37°C. Chondrocytes were fluorescently labeled and visualized by confocal microscopy to assess cell death.

Results

Hyperosmolar saline reduced scalpel-induced chondrocyte death in both bovine and rat cartilage by ~50% at all temperatures studied (4°C, 21°C, 37°C; P < 0.05). Raising temperature of both irrigation solutions to 37°C reduced scalpel-induced cell death ( P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Increasing the osmolarity of normal saline and raising the temperature of the irrigation solutions to 37°C reduced chondrocyte death associated with scalpel-induced injury in both in vitro and in vivo cartilage injury models. A hyperosmolar saline irrigation solution at 37°C may protect cartilage by decreasing the risk of chondrocyte death during mechanical injury.
Measuring extraordinary rendition and international cooperation
Authors: Cordell Rebecca
Published: January 2017

Following the launch of the War on Terror, the United States of America established a global rendition network that saw the transfer of US Central Intelligence Agency terrorist suspects to secret detention sites across the world. There has been considerable debate over how many countries participated in rendition, secret detention and interrogation during the post-9/11 period, and conventional accounts of foreign complicity suggest that diverse countries were involved, including many established democracies. However, research on rendition has continually suffered from uncertainty, a lack of data, and systematic empirical evidence due to the secret nature of counterterrorism cooperation. In this article, I argue that it is possible to study the practice of rendition, unlike many other forms of clandestine security cooperation, as it is partially observable. Specifically, suspected extraordinary rendition flight paths can be tracked using publicly available flight data. This article uses the world’s largest set of public flight data relating to rendition to estimate cross-country collaboration in rendition, secret detention and interrogation. The result suggests 307 likely rendition flights and 15 new participating countries beyond the 54 known cases, with cross validation tests demonstrating high levels of model accuracy.
A tale of two power transitions: Capabilities, satisfaction, and the will to power in the relations between the United Kingdom, the United States, and Imperial Germany
Authors: Rauch Carsten
Published: January 2017

Given the current redistributions in the global balance of power, power transition theory (PTT) has once again become an important intellectual factor. Many observers employing PTT are anxious about China’s ascendance and expect serious conflicts between Washington and Beijing in the coming years. Such skepticism, however, is problematic for three reasons. First, it is false theoretically; PTT does not claim that all rising powers will resort to war or that all power transitions will result in war. Second, it is false empirically; not all power transitions in history have resulted in Great Power wars. Third, it leads to flawed policy advice; if rising powers are not always dissatisfied and do not always challenge the status quo, then policies meant to oppose them might breed dangerous dissatisfaction in the first place.

This article amends PTT by adding a variable, the “will to power” (WTP), that captures the willingness of rising powers to commit themselves to changing the status quo. Furthermore, it scrutinizes two historical power transition constellations (United Kingdom–United States and United Kingdom–Imperial Germany). In both cases the new variable is consistent with the outcome and particularly in the United Kingdom–United States case the WTP variable broadens our understanding by making it possible to see this relationship as “missed” or “eschewed” instead of as a peaceful power transition. Doing so extends the power transition dichotomy to a much more complex and realistic typology of power transition constellations.
Prevalence and clinical implications of nerve injury during bone patellar tendon bone harvesting for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Haviv Barak , Yassin Mustafa , Rath Ehud , Bronak Shlomo
Published: January 2017

Purpose:

Tendon harvesting for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction often injure sensory branches of the saphenous nerve (SN). Our purpose was to estimate the prevalence and postoperative course of sensory nerve injuries in bone patellar tendon bone (BPTB) autograft harvesting for ACL reconstruction.

Methods:

Between 2012 and 2014, patients who had primary ACL with BPTB autograft were included ( n = 60) and interviewed specifically for sensory loss and its recovery. The surface area of sensory loss was documented. Evaluation also included demographic details, level of activity, and description of postoperative sensation disturbances.

Results:

The mean postoperative follow-up time was 24 ± 14 months. At the last follow-up, 46 (77%) patients reported on postoperative reduced sensation; however, only 35 (58%) remained with sensation loss. The most involved region of reduced sensation was of the infrapatellar branch of the SN. Three patients claimed they regret to have had the surgery specifically because of sensation loss and kneeling difficulties, while all others did not.

Conclusion:

Primary ACL reconstruction using the midline incision for harvesting the middle third of the patellar tendon autograft has a high prevalence of sensory nerve injury with a minor possibility for complete recovery within the first year. However, sensory loss secondary to this injury does not impair normal daily activities in these patients.
Continuous ACL graft, results
Authors: Díaz Jorge Luis , Vega Marcelo , Matesevach Ivan
Published: January 2017

Objectives:

describe our technique using hamstring graft that respects the proximal continuity of Semitendinosus and uses the superior biological potential of the distal periosteum., preserving and stressing the ST reinforce the retropulsión and dynamic control of external rotation of the knee. Here the technique, results, difficulties and foundations.

Methods:

The sample of this research was composed of 229 cases operated between 01/03/97 and 01/03/13 in Arthroscopy Private Center., 166 male and 63 female, the postop follow-up was 86 months. Evaluated with IKDC, Lysholm, Hamstring EMG. Comparative histology study in rabbits.

Results:

IKDC and Lysholm score showed 93% of very good results.

Conclusion:

Dynamic ACL reconstruction achieves a static-dynamic stabilization of the knee. Grafts have a plus in their biological potential (proximal continuity - osteo-periosteal insertion of the tendons in the femoral tunnel). The hamstring maintains its functionality (EMG). 93% satisfactory results (IKDC, Lysholm). It is a valid surgical option in ACL injuries.
Management of medial compartment knee arthritis with unicompartimental arthroplasty: our experience
Authors: Ramos Pablo , Arteaga Gonzalo , Vargas Medardo
Published: January 2017

Objectives:

the purpose of this presentation is to review the indications and benefits for the use of the Unicompartimental Knee Arthroplasty (UKA) for the treatment of the anteromedial osteoarthritis of the knee, and to make an early report of our series.

Methods:

37 UKA were performed by our group between 2013 y 2016, as a first experience, with 22 male patients and 15 females. The limit ages were 28 and 85 years. All received a Vangard PFR System (Zimmer Biomet Warsaw In).

Results:

All the patients reported a better life quality, and the main difference that we noticed is the subjective feeling that the operated knee felt “like own” by the patients, which is consistent with the fact that the ligaments were intact, even in the 6 cases where we performed an ACL reconstruction, (although we know that the stable knee is a known prerequisite for this kind of surgery).

Conclusion:

The unicondilar knee replacement is a technically demanding procedure that requires a careful patient selection and a steep learning curve, but even in this short series, we agree with most of the recent papers that state the benefits of the UKA, and we are looking to start a prospective series of cases to evaluate the outcomes with functional scores.
Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Palacios Jose Antonio , Yacuzzi Carlos , Oñativia Jose I. , Zicaro Juan Pablo , Costa-Paz Matias
Published: January 2017

Objectives:

Recurrent patellofemoral dislocation is usually a multifactorial pathology. Different surgical techniques have been described according to the etiology of dislocation. In absence of a severe malalignment or an anatomical patellofemoral dysplasia, reconstruction of Medial Patello-femoral Ligament (MPFL) can restore the normal tracking of the patella, avoiding lateral excursion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical results and complications in patients who underwent a MPFL reconstruction.

Methods:

We retrospectively evaluated 19 patients who underwent an anatomic MPFL reconstruction using autologous semitendinosus graft between 2007 and 2012. Exclusion criteria were patients with less than three years of follow-up and those with an associated procedure such as distal realignment or trochleoplasty. Clinical outcomes were measured using Kujala score and return to sport rate. We registered the postoperative complications and recurrence rate.

Results:

Nine patients were men and 10 women with a mean age of 25 years. Average follow-up was 5.8 years. Nine patients (47.4%) returned to their previous sport level, 8 (42.1%) changed to another sport or decreased their level and 2 (10.5%) were unable to practice any sports at all. Kujala score improvement was from 62.8 preoperative to 88.8 postoperative. One patient decreased the Kujala score. Eighty-nine percent of patients were satisfied with their outcome. One patient had a patellar fracture and four developed an arthrofibrosis and required mobilization under anesthesia. No recurrences were registered.

Conclusion:

Isolated MPFL reconstruction for recurrent patellofemoral dislocation is an effective alternative in absence of severe malalignment or anatomical dysplasia. Although no recurrences where registered at minimum 3-year follow-up, almost half of the patients were not able to return to their previous sport level.
Migration, Health, and Gender and Its Effects on Housing Security of Ghanaian Women
Authors: Richter S. , Vallianatos H. , Aniteye P. , Ansu-Kyeremeh K.
Published: January 2017

We explored how migration influences our understanding of health and housing security of women who have or have not migrated to find work in Ghana. This article focuses on housing security. We used a multisite ethnographic research design. The setting was two distinct contexts in Ghana: a rural village and an urban context. We interviewed 44 women. Thematic content analysis was conducted. The main themes that emerged were decisions influencing migration, housing security, and the relationship between housing and health. Women voiced concerns about health related to housing conditions – for example, its effect on upper respiratory infections. We conclude that improving housing and services to the urban poor can have a positive impact on their health. Available, affordable, suitable, and adequate housing has the potential to contribute to economic growth, create more jobs, and improve the well-being of migrant women and, subsequently, their families in Northern Ghana.
L'égalité Dans La Limite de L'utilité
Authors: Loubat Emmanuelle
Published: January 2017

Précis

Bien que le terme démocratisation ait été utilisé à l'époque de Jules Ferry pour désigner l'intervention de l'Etat en faveur de l'élargissement du public de la culture, les historiens ne le retiennent pas dans leurs études de la période. Bien plus, ils invoquent l'illégitimité supposée de l'Etat pour disqualifier toute prétention à une politique culturelle. Ce désaveu, il est montré, résulte d'une conception étroite de l'action culturelle, qui ne peut intégrer le principe d'une politique qui démocratise et discrimine tout à la fois. L'article analyse la politique culturelle de Ferry pour mettre en évidence les principes de justice républicains. Il examine la relation que le principe de l'égalité des citoyens et le principe d'utilité ont pu entretenir. Il conclut que le principe de l'égalité des citoyens n'était pas un principe prioritaire pour Ferry mais plutôt un principe dont l'application était soumise à un calcul d'utilité.

Although the word democratization was used at the time Jules Ferry was minister of public instruction and fine arts to describe state attempts to socially diversify the public of cultural institutions, historians have paid little attention to it. Further, they have contended that the perceived illegitimacy of the state prevented it from carrying out an effective cultural policy. This article argues that this dismissive view results from a narrow definition of state intervention in the arts that cannot accommodate the idea of a policy that would both democratize and discriminate. The article examines Jules Ferry's cultural policy so as to shed light on republican principles of justice. Rejecting the idea of a contradiction marring the republican discourse, it investigates the relationship between the principle of citizens' equal rights and the utility principle. It comes to the conclusion that the principle of citizens' equal rights was not a priority principle for Ferry but a principle whose implementation was subordinated to a utility calculus.
The Oriental Tale and the Transformation of North Indian Prose Fiction
Authors: Khan Maryam Wasif
Published: January 2017

The eighteenth-century English Oriental tale has in recent scholarship been read as both productive and dissident. But the legacies of this literary genre in the Indian colony and its role in the formation of a world literature remain mostly unstudied. The formation of colonial institutions such as Fort William College, Calcutta (1800), inaugurated the standardization of the fluid North Indian language complex into the religiously demarcated vernaculars Urdu and Hindi. The imperially patronized production of the Oriental tale as both a literary and a pedagogical form, exemplified by Mir Amman’s Bāġh-o Bahār (The Garden and the Spring, 1804), among other works, began the process of the large-scale and nearly irreversible reorganization of North Indian literary traditions. The rise of a colonial nexus of educational institutions for natives codified the Fort William works as canonical, while narratives such as the dāstān that operated at a distance from the colonial ambit became, at best, peripheral to a modern Urdu literature.
Creative Synthesis of Organic–Inorganic Molecular Hybrid Materials
Authors: Gon Masayuki , Tanaka Kazuo , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: January 2017

This manuscript describes a series of our research based on the concept of an organic–inorganic molecular hybrid material. Homogeneous organic–inorganic hybridization is accomplished by mixing organic components and inorganic ones at a molecular level. Based on the strategy, a great number of hybrid materials have been synthesized and brand-new properties have been developed. Organic–inorganic hybrid materials insure the realization of the collaboration of organic features and inorganic features. We recently suggested a new concept of organic–inorganic hybrid materials named ‘element-blocks’. This concept provides the idea that an element-level design and combinations of the functional units can create innovative materials. Herein, we demonstrate synthetic methods and examples of the organic–inorganic hybrid materials, and we introduce our recent work based on the concept of element-blocks.