bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel human colon signet-ring cell carcinoma organoid line: establishment, characterization and application
Authors: Li Yaqi , Wang Renjie , Huang Dan , Ma Xiaoji , Mo Shaobo , Guo Qiang , Fu Guoxiang , Li Yuanchuang , Xu Xiaoya , Hu Xiang , Zhou Yi , Deng Yun , Zhang Long , Chen Honghong , Gao Jianjun , Zhang Zhen , Cai Sanjun , Hua Guoqiang , Peng Junjie
Published: October 2019

Colon signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) is a rare type of malignant dedifferentiated adenocarcinomas, and is associated with poor survival. However, an in-depth study of the biological features of SRCC is hindered by the lack of a reliable in vitro model of colon SRCC. Thus, the establishment of cell cultures from SRCC has become the most challenging task. Here, by harnessing the power of the organoid culture system, we describe the establishment of a human colon SRCC organoid line from a surgical sample from one patient with colon SRCC. The colon SRCC organoid line, YQ-173, was characterized for morphology, histology, ultrastructure and chromosome stability levels, showing that it resembles the histological and growth characteristics of the original tumor cells; xenografts were used to show that it also has a high tumor formation rate. RNA sequencing of YQ-173 compared with the normal tissue verified its mucinous nature. Capture-based targeted DNA sequencing combined with drug screening based on a bespoke 88 compound library identified that JAK2 might be a treatment target. An in vitro drug screening found that AT9283 and Pacritinib could be effective JAK2 inhibitors, which was consistent with the in vivo xenograft response. We report, for the first time, the establishment of an SRCC organoid line allowing in-depth study of SRCC biology, as well as a strategy to assess in vitro drug testing in a personalized fashion.
Sex-Based Differences in Cortical and Subcortical Development in 436 Individuals Aged 4–54 Years
Authors: Duerden Emma G , Chakravarty M Mallar , Lerch Jason P , Taylor Margot J
Published: October 2019

Sex-based differences in brain development have long been established in ex vivo studies. Recent in vivo studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have offered considerable insight into sex-based variations in brain maturation. However, reports of sex-based differences in cortical volumes and thickness are inconsistent. We examined brain maturation in a cross-sectional, single-site cohort of 436 individuals (201 [46%] males) aged 4–54 years (median = 16 years). Cortical thickness, cortical surface area, subcortical surface area, volumes of the cerebral cortex, white matter (WM), cortical and subcortical gray matter (GM), including the thalamic subnuclei, basal ganglia, and hippocampi were calculated using automatic segmentation pipelines. Subcortical structures demonstrated distinct curvilinear trajectories from the cortex, in both volumetric maturation and surface-area expansion in relation to age. Surface-area analysis indicated that dorsal regions of the thalamus, globus pallidus and striatum, regions demonstrating structural connectivity with frontoparietal cortices, exhibited extensive expansion with age, and were inversely related to changes seen in cortical maturation, which contracted with age. Furthermore, surface-area expansion was more robust in males in comparison to females. Age- and sex-related maturational changes may reflect alterations in dendritic and synaptic architecture known to occur during development from early childhood through to mid-adulthood.
Limits on Contractual Freedom
Authors: Bridge Michael
Published: October 2019

This article is concerned with an important feature of English law that distinguishes it sharply from civilian systems of law and, to a lesser extent, from other common law systems—namely, its eschewal of an imposed duty of good faith and fair dealing. It will be shown that English law is receptive to such a standard in particular cases but that much of the ground that may be thought to be covered by good faith and fair dealing is covered instead by controls on the exercise of contractual discretion by reference to an implied contractual term that the discretion not be exercised in a way that is capricious, arbitrary, or irrational. This body of law has grown up in the last 30 years or so and has been influenced to a degree by public law considerations.
Differential Impacts of Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) on Forest Communities Containing Native Ash (Fraxinus spp.) Species in Eastern North America
Authors: Granger Joshua J , Zobel John M , Buckley David S
Published: October 2019

Invasion by emerald ash borer (EAB; Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire), an exotic pest, is disrupting natural processes and hindering our ability to conserve genetic diversity and perpetuate ash ecosystem services and functions. The goal of this project was to identify forest communities most at risk in terms of having altered ecosystems following EAB invasion. Using recent data available from the USDA, Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis program, we calculated Shannon–Wiener species diversity index values for forests containing each of the six native ash species found in the eastern United States. These forest communities differed in their species diversity index values, and diversity indices varied across ecosystem provinces and states. In addition, communities containing ashes that are restricted by a narrow range of suitable environmental conditions consistently had lower diversity index values than communities of ash species with greater geographical ranges. Finally, forest stand cohorts (i.e., seedlings, saplings, and canopy trees) had similar species diversity indices across forest communities containing a single ash species. The tree species diversity index values quantified for communities with a single ash species will provide managers with additional information for prioritizing EAB control measures and restoration efforts following EAB invasions.
Quantifying and Classifying Physical Resilience Among Older Adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study
Authors: Wu Chenkai , Li Ya-Xi , Marron Megan M , Odden Michelle C , Newman Anne B , Sanders Jason L
Published: October 2019

Background

The concept of resilience has gained increasing attention in aging research; however, current literature lacks consensus on how to measure resilience. We constructed a novel resilience measure based on the degree of mismatch between persons’ frailty level and disease burden and examined its predictive validity. We also sought to explore the physiological correlates of resilience.

Methods

Participants were 2,457 older adults from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. We constructed the resilience measure as the residual taken from the linear model regressing frailty on age, sex, race/ethnicity, 14 diseases, self-reported health, and number of medications. Participants were classified into three groups—adapters, expected agers, and premature frailers—based on residuals (less than, within, or above one standard deviation of the mean). Validation outcomes included years of able life (YAL), years of healthy life (YHL), years of healthy and able life (YHAL), disability, hospitalization, and survival.

Results

The average YHAL was 5.1, 7.7, and 9.1 years among premature frailers, expected agers, and adapters, respectively. Compared with premature frailers and expected agers, adapters had significantly lower rates of disability, hospitalization, and mortality and higher proportion surviving to 90 years. The likelihood of surviving to 90 years was 20.4%, 30.6%, and 39.7% among premature frailers, expected agers, and adapters.

Conclusions

We developed and validated a novel approach for quantifying and classifying physical resilience in a cohort of well-functioning white and black older adults. Persons with high physical resilience level had longer healthy life span and lower rates of adverse outcomes.
Comparing EWGSOP2 and FNIH Sarcopenia Definitions: Agreement and Three-Year Survival Prognostic Value in Older Hospitalized Adults. The GLISTEN Study
Authors: Bianchi Lara , Maietti Elisa , Abete Pasquale , Bellelli Giuseppe , Bo Mario , Cherubini Antonio , Corica Francesco , Di Bari Mauro , Maggio Marcello , Martone Anna Maria , Rizzo Maria Rosaria , Rossi Andrea P , Volpato Stefano , Landi Francesco ,   GLISTEN Group Investigators
Published: October 2019

Background

Sarcopenia is common among older hospitalized adults but estimates vary according to definitions used. Aims of this study were to investigate the agreement between the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) and the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Sarcopenia Project criteria and to compare the predictive value of both definitions for 3-year mortality.

Methods

Analysis was performed on 610 older hospitalized patients enrolled in the GLISTEN study. Participants were categorized as sarcopenic or not sarcopenic according to EWGSOP2 and FNIH definitions separately and in a four-group variable (neither criterion positive, only EWGSOP2, only FNIH, both criteria).

Results

Sarcopenia prevalence was 22.8% and 23.9% using EWGSOP2 and FNIH criteria respectively, with a low classification agreement (Cohen’s kappa statistic: 0.29). Sarcopenic participants by each definitions had higher mortality rate when compared to those not sarcopenic (both log-rank test: p<0.001). Participants that met both positive criteria had the shorter survival as compared with the other three groups. Cox models showed that, after adjustment for potential confounders, only EWGSOP2 definition predicted 3-years mortality (HR 1.84; 95%C.I. 1.33-2.57). When the four-group variable was used, compared with the NO EWGSOP2/NO FNIH group, significant mortality risk was found for the EWGSOP2 (HR 2.08; 95%C.I. 1.38-3.16) and the combined EWGSOP2/FNIH group (HR 1.75; 95%C.I. 1.11-2.79).

Conclusions

Agreement between EWGSOP2 and FNIH definitions is poor. Sarcopenia on hospital admission is associated with increased risk of 3-year mortality and EWGSOP2 criteria seem to have the highest predictive value.
Immune Function, Oxidative, and Inflammatory Markers in Centenarians as Potential Predictors of Survival and Indicators of Recovery After Hospital Admission
Authors: Martínez De Toda Irene , Vida Carmen , García-Salmones Marta , Alonso-Fernández Patricia , De La Fuente Mónica
Published: October 2019

Several parameters of immune function, oxidative, and inflammatory stresses have been proposed as markers of health and predictors of longevity and mortality. However, it is unknown if any of these parameters can be used as predictors of survival in centenarians. Therefore, in a group of 27 centenarians, at the time of admission to the Clinical Hospital of Madrid, a series of immune function, antioxidant, oxidant, and inflammatory parameters were studied. Some centenarians survived and others did not, thus establishing two groups, “survivors” (n = 9) and “nonsurvivors” (n = 18). The results show that surviving centenarians display higher neutrophil chemotaxis and microbicidal capacity, natural killer activity, lymphoproliferation, glutathione reductase activity, and basal interleukin-10 release. Moreover, lower neutrophil and lymphocyte adherence, superoxide anion and malondialdehyde concentrations, and basal release of tumor necrosis factor α are also reported. The odds ratios for survival for these parameters were also calculated, with the highest odds ratios being the lymphoproliferative capacity and the ex vivo basal and stimulated release of interleukin-6 from mononuclear cells (odds ratio = 136.00). Therefore, these parameters have the potential to be used in the clinical setting as predictors of survival in centenarians. In the survivors group, the same parameters were also analyzed after 3 months. Because survivors showed an increase in neutrophil and lymphocyte chemotaxis capacity during the recovery period, reaching similar values to those observed in healthy centenarians, these parameters could be proposed as indicators of recovery.
Mortality Risk Among Older People Who Did Versus Did Not Sustain a Fracture: Baseline Prefracture Strength and Gait Speed as Predictors in a 15-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Koivunen Kaisa , Sillanpää Elina , von Bonsdorff Mikaela , Sakari Ritva , Törmäkangas Timo , Rantanen Taina
Published: October 2019

Background

Physiological reserve, as indicated by muscle strength and gait speed, may be especially determinant of survival in people who are exposed to a health stressor. We studied whether the association between strength/speed and mortality risk would be stronger in the time period after a fracture compared to other time periods.

Methods

Participants were population-based sample of 157 men and 325 women aged 75 and 80 years at baseline. Maximal 10-m gait speed and maximal isometric grip and knee extension strength were tested at the baseline before the fracture. Subsequent fracture incidence and mortality were followed up for 15 years. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate fracture time-stratified effects of gait speed and muscle strength on mortality risk in three states: (i) nonfracture state, (ii) the first postfracture year, and (iii) after the first postfracture year until death/end of follow-up.

Results

During the follow-up, 20% of the men and 44% of the women sustained a fracture. In both sexes, lower gait speed and in women lower knee extension strength was associated with increased mortality risk in the nonfracture state. During the first postfracture year, the mortality risk associated with slower gait and lower strength was increased and higher than in the nonfracture state. After the first postfracture year, mortality risk associated with lower gait speed and muscle strength attenuated.

Conclusions

Lower gait speed and muscle strength were more strongly associated with mortality risk after fracture than during nonfracture time, which may indicate decreased likelihood of recovery.
High resolution ambient noise tomography of the Southwestern Alps and the Ligurian margin
Authors: Guerin Gauthier , Rivet Diane , Deschamps Anne , Larroque Christophe , Mordret Aurélien , Dessa Jean-Xavier , Martin Xavier
Published: October 2019

The Southwestern Alps and the Ligurian margin is a region of moderate seismicity with a high rate of small to moderate events. Identifying the active faults in this very densely populated region is critical to better assess the hazard and mitigate the risk. An accurate 3-D velocity model of the shallow to middle crust is a fundamental step to better locate the seismicity, and hence, the faults from which it originates.

We performed ambient noise surface-wave tomography based on all available continuous seismological data from the French and Italian permanent networks (RESIF, INGV, RSNI), and current and past temporary experiments (AlpArray, CASSAT, SISVAR, RISVAL). In addition to these available data, we deployed three more stations to improve the spatial resolution in a region with sparse seismic station coverage. Overall, we used 55 inland seismic stations, 5 oceans bottom seismometers and 2 offshore cabled site/sensors. Data span the 2014–2018 time period. Time series from all available components were cross-correlated to reconstruct both Rayleigh and Love-wave Green's functions. For each station-pair Rayleigh and Love group velocity dispersion curves were semi-automatically picked using a frequency–time analysis. Then we regionalize these group velocities to build 2-D Rayleigh and Love velocity-maps between 1.5 and 9 s period. Using a two-step inversion, we estimate the best 3-D shear wave velocity model. The first step is based on a Neighbourhood Algorithm to recover the best three layers’ velocity model at each cell of the model. We then use this three-layer model as a starting model in a perturbational method based on finite elements. At periods up to 5 s, the spatial variation of the velocity is well correlated with the effective geology of the area. Lower velocities are observed in areas where the sedimentary cover is thicker, such as the Var and Paillon valley near Nice, or in the subalpine domain in the northwestern part of the region. Higher velocities are retrieved in areas where massifs are present, such as the Argentera-Mercantour massifs in the northeastern, or the Esterel massif in the southwestern part of the region.
Between midnight and republic: Theory and practice of India’s Dominion status
Authors: De Rohit
Published: October 2019

India became independent on August 15, 1947, and became a democratic republic on January 26, 1950. For the three years in between it functioned as a British dominion, where unelected Indian nationalist leaders were administered oaths in the name of the King-Emperor by a British Viceroy. While this was a critical period for establishing the Indian state, as borders were fixed, populations exchanged, industries set up, electoral lists created, and the constitution written, the legal infrastructure of dominionhood has been ignored both in scholarly literature and in political writings. Central to the article is the problem that Dominion status creates for legal temporality, a gray zone between colony and a republic. This article excavates this neglected period, arguing that it is critical to understanding both the endurance of India’s postcolonial constitution and democracy and the legal processes of decolonization within the British Empire. The article examines the peculiarities of the debate over dominion status for India after World War I. Within the British Empire, India had a legal status somewhat less than dominion but higher than a colony, due to the failure to accommodate racial difference within imperial federalism. It then investigates the reasons behind the British government and Indian nationalists both accepting Dominion status in 1947 despite having opposed it for almost two decades. Finally, it examines how the “dominion period” is both a problem and a resource for the judicial construction of time and constitutional legitimacy in republican India.
Impact of Universal Antiretroviral Treatment Eligibility on Rapid Treatment Initiation Among Young Adolescents with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Tymejczyk Olga , Brazier Ellen , Wools-Kaloustian Kara , Davies Mary-Ann , Dilorenzo Madeline , Edmonds Andrew , Vreeman Rachel , Bolton Carolyn , Twizere Christella , Okoko Nicollate , Phiri Sam , Nakigozi Gertrude , Lelo Patricia , von Groote Per , Sohn Annette H , Nash Denis
Published: October 2019

Background

Young adolescents with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at risk for poor care outcomes. We examined whether universal antiretroviral treatment (ART) eligibility policies (Treat All) improved rapid ART initiation after care enrollment among 10–14-year-olds in 7 sub-Saharan African countries.

Methods

Regression discontinuity analysis and data for 6912 patients aged 10–14-years were used to estimate changes in rapid ART initiation (within 30 days of care enrollment) after adoption of Treat All policies in 2 groups of countries: Uganda and Zambia (policy adopted in 2013) and Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, and Rwanda (policy adopted in 2016).

Results

There were immediate increases in rapid ART initiation among young adolescents after national adoption of Treat All. Increases were greater in countries adopting the policy in 2016 than in those adopting it in 2013: 23.4 percentage points (pp) (95% confidence interval, 13.9–32.8) versus 11.2pp (2.5–19.9). However, the rate of increase in rapid ART initiation among 10–14-year-olds rose appreciably in countries with earlier treatment expansions, from 1.5pp per year before Treat All to 7.7pp per year afterward.

Conclusions

Universal ART eligibility has increased rapid treatment initiation among young adolescents enrolling in HIV care. Further research should assess their retention in care and viral suppression under Treat All.
Trends in type 1 diabetes diagnosis in Ghana
Authors: Sarfo-Kantanka Osei , Asamoah-Boaheng Michael , Arthur Joshua , Agyei Martin , Barnes Nana Ama , Tenkorang Eric Y , Midodzi William
Published: October 2019

Background

Despite the fact that the rate of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is increasing worldwide, there exists a dearth of information on the disease in most sub-Saharan African countries. The goal of this study was to determine the enrolment trend of T1D using data compiled over 28 y from a teaching hospital in Kumasi, Ghana.

Methods

Information collected included sex, age at diagnosis and date of T1D diagnosis. We identified trends from 1992 to 2018, divided into 3 y intervals.

Results

From 1992 to 2018, 1717 individuals with T1D were enrolled in the diabetes clinic at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital. The male:female ratio was 1:1.2. The number of individuals diagnosed with T1D decreased among the 10–19 y age group during the 1992–1994 period, followed by a progressive increase within the same age group during the subsequent period (from 35.4% in 1995–1997 to 63.2% in 2016–2018). There was a decline in the proportion of children 0–9 y of age diagnosed during the study period (from 5.1% in 1992–1994 to 3.6% in 2016–2018).

Conclusions

In our study population, a decreasing trend of T1D enrolments was observed in general while among adolescents an increasing trend was observed.
An integrated web application for decision support and automation of EHR workflow: a case study of current challenges to standards-based messaging and scalability from the EMBED trial
Authors: Melnick Edward R , Holland Wesley C , Ahmed Osama M , Ma Anthony K , Michael Sean S , Goldberg Howard S , Lagier Christian , D’Onofrio Gail , Stachowiak Tomek , Brandt Cynthia , Solad Yauheni
Published: October 2019

Computerized clinical decision support (CDS) faces challenges to interoperability and scalability. Centralized, web-based solutions offer a mechanism to share the cost of CDS development, maintenance, and implementation across practices. Data standards have emerged to facilitate interoperability and rapid integration of such third-party CDS. This case report describes the challenges to implementation and scalability of an integrated, web-based CDS intervention for EMergency department-initiated BuprenorphinE for opioid use Disorder which will soon be evaluated in a trial across 20 sites in five healthcare systems. Due to limitations of current standards, security concerns, and the need for resource-intensive local customization, barriers persist related to centralized CDS at this scale. These challenges demonstrate the need and importance for future standards to support two-way messaging (read and write) between electronic health records and web applications, thus allowing for more robust sharing across health systems and decreasing redundant, resource-intensive CDS development at individual sites.
Consumer preferences for beef with improved nutrient profile1
Authors: Flowers Sarah , McFadden Brandon R , Carr Chad C , Mateescu Raluca G
Published: October 2019

Although beef is a nutrient-rich foodstuff excelling in protein, vitamins, and minerals, there is controversy regarding the fat content of beef and its healthfulness in the diet. Although much of the fatty acid (FA) content in beef is considered “healthy fats,” many consumers are confused about the different classifications of FA. The objectives of this study were to determine consumers’ knowledge about the nutritional value of beef and its importance in purchasing decisions, and to gain a better understanding about preferences for changes in FA composition. Objectives of the study were completed through 2 consumer studies: 1) an online survey and 2) a taste-panel auction. In the online survey, respondents were asked to choose between 2 steaks that varied in polyunsaturated and saturated FA levels, iron content, and price. Respondents were also asked to categorize “Monounsaturated Fat,” “Polyunsaturated Fat,” “Saturated Fat,” and “Trans Fat,” as either “healthy” or “unhealthy” both before and after an educational excerpt was provided. The results from the online survey indicated many consumers are unclear about the differences in beef nutritional value, specifically FA content. Initially, only 66.4%, 69.1%, 79.1%, and 79.2% of respondents correctly categorized the monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, saturated, and trans fat, respectively. However, more than 90% of respondents correctly categorized the various FAs after an educational excerpt was provided. After survey respondents better understood the healthfulness of FA in beef, they were also willing to pay a premium for a steak with improved FA composition. However, these premiums diminished when participants had to actually put forth a monetary value for a steak in the taste-panel auction. Research shows that there is variation among cattle for FA composition. This provides opportunity to identify cattle with a favorable composition and market this product to the increasing population of health-conscious consumers. Our results provide insight for beef promotion and marketing opportunities and indicate that relaying information about FA content is extremely important to collect a premium for healthier beef.
Using the difference in actual and expected calf liveweight relative to its dam liveweight as a statistic for interherd and intraherd benchmarking and genetic evaluations1
Authors: McHugh Noirin , Evans Ross D , Berry Donagh P
Published: October 2019

The importance of improving the efficiency of beef production systems using both genetic and management strategies has long been discussed. Despite the contribution of the mature beef herd to the overall cost of production in the sector as a whole, most strategies for improving (feed) efficiency have focused on the growing animal. The objective of the present study was to quantify the phenotypic and genetic variability in several novel measures that relate the weight of a calf to that of its dam and vice versa. Two novel residual traits, representing the deviation in calf weight relative to its expectation from the population based on its dam’s weight (DIFFcalf) or the deviation in the weight of the dam relative to its expectation from the population based on its calf’s weight (DIFFdam), were calculated while simultaneously accounting for some nuisance factors in a multiple regression model. Four supplementary traits were also calculated, namely, 1) the deviation in calf weight from its expectation expressed relative to the weight of the dam (DIFFcalf_ratio), 2) the deviation in dam weight from its expectation relative to the weight of the dam (DIFFdam_ratio), 3) DIFFcalf-DIFFdam, and 4) the simple ratio of calf weight to its dam’s weight (RATIOcalfdam). Genetic and residual variance components for each of the 6 traits were estimated using animal–dam linear mixed models. The phenotypic SD for DIFFcalf was 42 kg and, when expressed relative to the weight of the dam (i.e., DIFFcalf_ratio), was 0.07. The genetic SD for DIFFcalf and DIFFcalf_ratio was 16.66 kg and 0.02, respectively. The direct and maternal heritability estimated for DIFFcalf was 0.28 (SE = 0.04) and 0.11 (SE = 0.02), respectively, and for DIFFcalf_ratio was 0.24 (SE = 0.04) and 0.17 (SE = 0.03), respectively. The genetic SD for DIFFdam was 47.09 kg; the direct heritability was 0.50 (SE = 0.03), and the dam repeatability was 0.75 (SE = 0.01). The genetic SD for RATIOcalfdam was 0.03; the direct and maternal heritability was 0.24 (SE = 0.04) and 0.24 (SE = 0.03), respectively. The suggested traits outlined in the present study provide useful metrics for benchmarking dam–calf efficiency; in addition, the genetic variability detected in these traits suggest genetic progress for more efficient dam–calf pairs is indeed possible.
Awareness ofandawareness that: their combination and dynamics
Authors: Fernández-Fernández Claudia , Velázquez-Quesada Fernando R
Published: October 2019

The paper proposes a logical framework representing the notion of explicit knowledge as the combination of awareness of and awareness that. The setting, semantically combining neighbourhood models with ideas from awareness logic, separates the mere fact of entertaining some information (being aware of  $\varphi$) from the acknowledgement that the information is indeed the case (being aware that  $\varphi$ holds). The text discusses not only the main properties these concepts obtain under the given representation, but also several of the epistemic actions that can be defined, and the way they affect the agent’s awareness (and thus her knowledge).
Winter activity patterns of the North American badger (Taxidea taxus) at its northwestern periphery
Authors: Symes Stephen A , Klafki Richard , Packham Roger , Larsen Karl W
Published: October 2019

The North American badger (Taxidea taxus) is a nonhibernating carnivore that occurs in areas with highly seasonal climates, such as in Canada where the animal reaches its northern limits. There, winter climate is harsh and conventional habitat is limited and patchy, possibly leading to additional energetic constraints. Using radiotelemetry and remote cameras, we documented winter activities of 16 badgers (12 females, 4 males) between 2007 and 2011 in British Columbia, at the northwestern periphery of the species’ range. In comparison to their summer ecology, the animals reduced home range sizes by up to 98% and showed fidelity to particular burrows. Burrow fidelity was variable (mean 27 days; range 0–108) and coincided with reduction in body temperatures, suggesting the onset of torpor. Despite lengthy use of the same burrow, badgers emerged frequently and conducted excursions that appeared to represent foraging behavior. Burrow emergence was not related to ambient temperature or snow depth; rather, it was best explained by the amount of days elapsed since the start of winter. Despite these trends, winter activity also was variable among individual badgers. It may be that limited fat reserves and higher energetic costs in northwestern ranges require winter foraging activities.
Transanal-only Swenson-like pull-through for late diagnosed Hirschsprung disease
Authors: Rentea Rebecca M , Halleran Devin R , Ahmad Hira , Maloof Elias , Wood Richard J , Levitt Marc A
Published: October 2019

Hirschsprung disease (HD) is an obstructive colonic process usually diagnosed in the neonatal period. A small subset of cases are diagnosed late, present with severe constipation without enterocolitis and have low rectosigmoid disease. A transanal-only pull-through is a well-described approach but in the newborn period risks a situation whereby the transition zone is higher than the sigmoid. We present our experience with the unique patient population of older HD patients in whom the transition zone was reliably reachable via a single-stage transanal approach, performed in prone position. Patients between 2 and 6 years of age with a rectal or sigmoid transition zone and minimal proximal colonic dilation can undergo a primary transanal pull-through surgical approach.
A rare presentation of an ectopic kidney with pyelonephritis mimicking appendicitis
Authors: Xu Yaying Eileen , Hendahewa Rasika
Published: October 2019

Acute appendicitis is one of the top differential diagnoses of right lower quadrant pain in the emergency department. There are many other conditions that may mimic appendicitis such as diverticulitis, colitis and gynecological conditions. We report a rare diagnosis of a patient who presents with characteristic clinical and laboratory features of appendicitis with severe sepsis, but later showed acute pyelonephritis of a malrotated right ectopic kidney on computer tomography. An ectopic kidney is very rare with an incidence of 1 in 3000. It is usually asymptomatic, although it may also associate with obstruction, infection and urolithiasis. This case report raises the importance of early recognition of the correct diagnosis using imaging in appropriate clinical settings, and prompt antibiotic treatment can avoid unnecessary surgical intervention, preserve renal function and prevent a life-threatening catastrophe.
Equal Opportunities in Newcomb’s Problem and Elsewhere
Authors: Ahmed Arif
Published: October 2019

The paper discusses Ian Wells’s recent argument (Wells 2019) that there is a decision problem in which followers of Evidential Decision Theory end up poorer than followers of Causal Decision Theory despite having the same opportunities for money. It defends Evidential Decision Theory against Wells’s argument, on the following grounds. (i) Wells's has not presented a decision problem in which his main claim is true. (ii) Four possible decision problems can be generated from his central example, in each of which followers of Evidential Decision Theory do at least as well as followers of Causal Decision Theory (but the former typically have better opportunities for money). (iii) There is another case in which followers of Causal Decision Theory have the same opportunities for making money but end up worse than followers of Evidential Decision Theory.
A survey for high-mass eclipsing binaries
Authors: Pozo Nuñez F , Chini R , Barr Domínguez A , Fein Ch , Hackstein M , Pietrzyński G , Murphy M
Published: October 2019

We report results from a search for Galactic high-mass eclipsing binaries. The photometric monitoring campaign was performed in Sloan r and i with the robotic twin refractor RoBoTT at the Universitätssternwarte Bochum in Chile and complemented by Johnson UBV data. Comparison with the SIMBAD data base reveals 260 variable high-mass stars. Based on well-sampled light curves, we discovered 35 new eclipsing high-mass systems and confirm the properties of six previously known systems. For all objects, we provide the first light curves and determine orbital periods through the Lafler–Kinman algorithm. Apart from GSC 08173-0018 and Pismis 24-13 ($P = 19.47\, d$ and $20.14\, d$) and the exceptional short-period system TYC 6561-1765-1 ($P = 0.71\, d$), all systems have orbital periods between 1 and 9 d. We model the light curves of 26 systems within the framework of the Roche geometry and calculate fundamental parameters for each system component. The Roche lobe analysis indicates that 14 systems have a detached geometry, while 12 systems have a semidetached geometry; seven of them are near-contact systems. The deduced mass ratios q = M2/M1 reach from 0.4 to 1.0 with an average value of 0.8. The similarity of masses suggests that these high-mass binaries were created during the star formation process rather than by tidal capture.
Ultra-luminous quasars at redshift z > 4.5 from SkyMapper
Authors: Wolf Christian , Hon Wei Jeat , Bian Fuyan , Onken Christopher A , Alonzi Noura , Bessell Michael A , Li Zefeng , Schmidt Brian P , Tisserand Patrick
Published: October 2019

The most luminous quasars at high-redshift harbour the fastest growing and most massive black holes in the early Universe. They are exceedingly rare and hard to find. Here, we present our search for the most luminous quasars in the redshift range from z = 4.5 to 5 using data from SkyMapper, Gaia, and WISE. We use colours to select likely high-redshift quasars and reduce the stellar contamination of the candidate set with parallax and proper motion data. In ∼12 500 deg2 of Southern sky, we find 92 candidates brighter than Rp = 18.2. Spectroscopic follow-up has revealed 21 quasars at z ≥ 4 (16 of which are within z = [4.5, 5]), as well as several red quasars, Broad-Absorption-Line (BAL) quasars and objects with unusual spectra, which we tentatively label OFeLoBALQSOs at redshifts of z ≈ 1 to 2. This work lifts the number of known bright z ≥ 4.5 quasars in the Southern hemisphere from 10 to 26 and brings the total number of quasars known at Rp < 18.2 and z ≥ 4.5 to 42.
miRPathDB 2.0: a novel release of the miRNA Pathway Dictionary Database
Authors: Kehl Tim , Kern Fabian , Backes Christina , Fehlmann Tobias , Stöckel Daniel , Meese Eckart , Lenhof Hans-Peter , Keller Andreas
Published: October 2019

Since the initial release of miRPathDB, tremendous progress has been made in the field of microRNA (miRNA) research. New miRNA reference databases have emerged, a vast amount of new miRNA candidates has been discovered and the number of experimentally validated target genes has increased considerably. Hence, the demand for a major upgrade of miRPathDB, including extended analysis functionality and intuitive visualizations of query results has emerged. Here, we present the novel release 2.0 of the miRNA Pathway Dictionary Database (miRPathDB) that is freely accessible at https://mpd.bioinf.uni-sb.de/. miRPathDB 2.0 comes with a ten-fold increase of pre-processed data. In total, the updated database provides putative associations between 27 452 (candidate) miRNAs, 28 352 targets and 16 833 pathways for Homo sapiens, as well as interactions of 1978 miRNAs, 24 898 targets and 6511 functional categories for Mus musculus. Additionally, we analyzed publications citing miRPathDB to identify common use-cases and further extensions. Based on this evaluation, we added new functionality for interactive visualizations and down-stream analyses of bulk queries. In summary, the updated version of miRPathDB, with its new custom-tailored features, is one of the most comprehensive and advanced resources for miRNAs and their target pathways.
Human Biomarker Exposure From Cigarettes Versus Novel Heat-Not-Burn Devices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Drovandi Aaron , Salem Saad , Barker Daniel , Booth Debbie , Kairuz Therese
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Novel tobacco products require independent research to assess their safety. This study assessed the current literature for trials comparing levels of biomarkers of exposure (BoE) between conventional cigarettes (CC) and heat-not-burn (HNB) devices.

Methods

Ten databases were searched using terms including: “heat not burn,” “iqos,” “teeps,” “mrtp,” “tobacco heating,” and “glo” between January 1, 2010 and August 13, 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing comparative BoE levels in humans using either CC or novel HNB devices were eligible. BoE were tabulated, and differences between the intervention and control groups were analyzed and combined using a random-effects meta-analysis.

Results

Ten nonblinded, RCTs were eligible, involving a total of 1766 participants. Studies regularly reported on 12 BoE (including nicotine). HNB devices assessed included the “IQOS” and “glo” devices and “precursor” (being developed) HNB devices. In comparison to CC, all 12 BoEs assessed were significantly lower for participants assigned to an HNB device. In comparison to smoking abstinence, HNB devices were statistically equivalent for eight BoEs and significantly elevated for four BoEs.

Conclusions

This review found that the potential for harm to humans is reduced when using HNB devices compared to CC as indicated by significant reductions in BoE levels. Whilst these results support tobacco manufacturer claims of improved safety, the small number of studies included, limited range of BoE assessed, and involvement of the tobacco industry necessitate further independent research to confirm the HNB devices as being a safer alternative to CC.

Implications

This study supports claims made by tobacco manufacturers on the improved safety of HNB tobacco devices in comparison to CC. These novel devices lead to reduced exposure to key biomarkers, which are linked to the health consequences attributed to tobacco use. This has strong implications for international public health as well as further research and policy development relating to the safety aspects and legalities of novel tobacco products.
Risk of Recurrent Staphylococcus aureus Prosthetic Joint Infection in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients—A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Singh Namrata , Nair Rajeshwari , Goto Michihiko , Carvour Martha L , Carnahan Ryan , Field Elizabeth H , Lenert Petar , Vaughan-Sarrazin Mary , Schweizer Marin L , Perencevich Eli N
Published: October 2019

Background

Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) often involves immune-suppressive therapies. Concern for recurrent prosthetic joint infection (PJI) in RA patients might be high and could reduce use of joint implantation in these patients. We aimed to evaluate the risk of recurrence of PJI in RA patients compared with osteoarthritis (OA) patients by utilizing a large health care system.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all patients admitted for a Staphylococcus aureus PJI who underwent debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) or 2-stage exchange (2SE) between 2003 and 2010 at 86 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Both RA patients and the comparison group of osteoarthritis (OA) patients were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes. All index PJI and recurrent positive cultures for S. aureus during 2 years of follow-up were validated by manual chart review. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to compare the time to recurrent PJI for RA vs OA.

Results

In our final cohort of 374 veterans who had either DAIR or 2SE surgery for their index S. aureus PJI, 11.2% had RA (n = 42). The majority of the cohort was male (97.3%), and 223 (59.6%) had a methicillin-susceptible S. aureus PJI. RA patients had a similar risk of failure compared with OA patients, after adjusting for covariates (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.48–1.37).

Conclusions

Prior diagnosis of RA does not increase the risk of recurrent S. aureus PJI. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of different RA therapies on outcomes of episodes of PJI.
Relation of FTO to BOLD response to receipt and anticipated receipt of food and monetary reward, food images, and weight gain in healthy weight adolescents
Authors: Stice Eric , Yokum Sonja , Voelker Pascale
Published: October 2019

Although the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) correlates with elevated body mass, it is unclear how it contributes to overeating. We tested if individuals with the A allele show greater reward region responsivity to receipt and anticipated receipt of food and money and palatable food images. We also tested if these individuals show greater future weight gain. Initially healthy weight adolescents (Study 1, N = 162; Study 2, N = 135) completed different functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigms and had their body mass measured annually over 3 years. Adolescents with the AA or AT genotypes showed less precuneus and superior parietal lobe response and greater cuneus and prefrontal cortex response to milkshake receipt and less putamen response to anticipated milkshake receipt than those with the TT genotype in separate analyses of each sample. Groups did not differ in response to palatable food images, and receipt and anticipated receipt of money, or in weight gain over 3-year follow-up. Results suggest that initially healthy weight adolescents with vs without the FTO A allele show differential responsivity to receipt and anticipated receipt of food but do not differ in neural response to palatable food images and monetary reward and do not show greater future weight gain.
Demographics, sleep, and daily patterns of caffeine intake of shift workers in a nationally representative sample of the US adult population
Authors: Lieberman Harris R , Agarwal Sanjiv , Caldwell John A , Fulgoni Victor L
Published: October 2019

Study Objective

Caffeine is the most widely consumed stimulant in the world, and sociodemographic factors including occupation are associated with intake. Shift work, required in various occupations, is associated with poor sleep, inadequate diet, and adverse health effects. Using a large nationally representative database, demographics, sleep, and caffeine intake of US adults working various shifts were assessed.

Methods

The 24-hour dietary recall data from NHANES 2005–2010 (N = 8,500) were used to estimate caffeine intake from foods and beverages. Work shifts were self-reported as follows: regular day shift; evening shift; night shift; rotating shift; or other shift. Regression analyses assessed associations of shift work with caffeine intake after adjustment for sociodemographic factors.

Results

Approximately 74% of employed adults were day-shift workers and 26% were nonday-shift workers. Night-shift workers slept for 6.25 ± 0.09 hours per day, somewhat less than day-shift workers who only slept 6.83 ± 0.02 hours (p < .0001). Mean 24-hour weekday caffeine intake of evening-, night-, and rotating-shift workers (217 ± 23, 184 ± 19, and 206 ± 15 mg, respectively) was similar (p > .3) to day-shift workers (203 ± 5 mg). Regardless of work schedule, individuals consumed the most caffeine during morning hours. Evening- and night-shift workers reported consuming 36%–46% less caffeine during their work hours and 72%–169% more during nonwork hours than day-shift workers (p < .01).

Conclusions

Total daily caffeine intake of shift workers is similar to nonshift workers; most caffeine is consumed in the morning regardless of shift. Because shift workers consume less caffeine during regular work hours and more during nonwork hours than day workers, they may be using caffeine to, in part, optimize off-duty alertness.
Smoking cessation avatar-led Acceptance and Commitment Therapy digital intervention: feasibility and acceptability in young adults
Authors: Karekla Maria , Savvides Stella Nicoleta
Published: October 2019

Smoking remains a global concern especially among youth and smoking cessation interventions have not been particularly successful with this age group. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of an innovative avatar-led, digital intervention grounded in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for smoking cessation in youth. Participants were 49 university student smokers, aged 18–28 years old (Mage = 22.50, SD = 2.56; 64.3% females). Participants found the program satisfactory, useful, and motivating. Participants enjoyed the digitally unique components of the intervention, such as videos, metaphors, and games, more than the overall graphics and the appearance of the avatars. Results of this study are encouraging for the acceptability and satisfaction with avatar-led digitized ACT interventions for smoking cessation targeting young smokers. Participants suggested that future program advances should include a more reality-based user experience and more interactive avatars. Future adaptations should consider additional ways to decrease attrition rates and further increase satisfaction and motivation to complete the program and quit smoking.
Filling a blank in bivalve taxonomy: an integrative analysis of Cyamioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
Authors: Zelaya Diego G , Güller Marina , Ituarte Cristián
Published: October 2019

This contribution provides the first integrative study of Cyamioidea, a group of bivalves largely neglected in the past. By combining information obtained from shell morphology, gross anatomy, histology, reproductive biology and DNA sequencing, the distinctive characters of Cyamioidea are determined, and the taxa belonging to this superfamily are revised. Gaimardioidea, previously considered as a distinct superfamily, is reduced to family level (Gaimardiidae), which, along with Cyamiidae, are assigned to Cyamioidea. All studied cyamioideans share a common reproductive character: the presence of a true follicular epithelium surrounding each developing oocyte, which persists after spawning, surrounding the developing embryos and participating in their anchorage to the gill filaments. Several morphological and anatomical characters support the distinction of Gaimardiidae and Cyamiidae. Based on that information, the placement of Gaimardia and Kidderia in Gaimardiidae, and that of Cyamiocardium, Cyamiomactra, Cyamium, Heteromactra, Pseudokelly, Ptychocardia and Reloncavia in Cyamiidae, is confirmed. Jukesena, historically placed in Veneroidea, is here allocated to Cyamiidae. Neoleptonidae, previously also attributed to Cyamioidea, are reallocated to Veneroidea.