bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Das Netz der europäischen Metropolregionen in Deutschland
Authors: Michel Dieter
Published: March 2010

Im Raumordnungspolitischen Handlungsrahmen der Ministerkonferenz für Raumordnung haben sich im Jahre 1995 Bund und Länder auf ein dezentralföderales Konzept von sieben europäischen Metropolregionen in Deutschland festgelegt. Darunter werden räumliche und funktionale Standorte verstanden, deren herausragende Funktionen im internationalen Maßstab über die nationalen Grenzen hinweg ausstrahlen. Als Motoren der gesellschaftlichen, wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und kulturellen Entwicklung sollen sie die Leistungs- und Konkurrenzfähigkeit Deutschlands und Europas erhalten und dazu beitragen, den europäischen Integrationsprozeß zu beschleunigen. Die Besonderheit des Netzes der europäischen Metropolregionen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland liegt in einer ausgeprägten Funktionsteilung, z.B. Hauptstadtfunktion der Metropolregion Berlin/Brandenburg und internationaler Großflughafen Frankfurt in der Metropolregion Rhein-Main. Der Beitrag nennt Bereiche, in denen vordringlicher Bedarf an raumwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen zur Abstützung des Metropolregionenkonzepts wie auch zur konkreten Stärkung der Metropolregionen gesehen wird. Abschließend werden bisherige Ansätze zur Verbesserung der infrastrukturellen, sozialen und ökologischen Strukturen sowie Vorschläge zur stärkeren Vernetzung und interkommunalen Kooperation innerhalb und zwischen den europäischen Metropolregionen aufgezeigt.
Chancen und Risiken der Europäischen Währungsunion
Authors: Hamm Rüdiger
Published: March 2010

Nach einem systematischen Überblick über die realwirtschaftlichen Konsequenzen der Europäischen Währungsunion wird im vorliegenden Beitrag der Versuch unternommen, die Relevanz dieser Wirkungen für eine ausgewählte Region — den „Mittleren Niederrhein” — zu prüfen. Dabei wird insbesondere auf die Auslandsabhängigkeit und die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der regionalen Wirtschaft eingegangen. Im Ergebnis kann festgehalten werden, daß die Wirtschaft am Mittleren Niederrhein aufgrund ihrer intensiven außenwirtschaftlichen Verflechtungen von den durch die Währungsunion eintretenden Transaktionskostenersparnissen profitieren wird. Die Startbedingungen der Region und ihrer Unternehmen in einen intensivierten Wettbewerbsprozeß müssen jedoch kritisch gesehen werden: Die Entwicklung der Industrieumsätze deutet auf Marktanteilsverluste der regionalen Unternehmen hin, das regionale Innovationspotential weist Schwächen auf und die Standortbedingungen lassen neben Stärken auch Defizite erkennen.
Das Regionalmanagement — eine Aufgabe für Regionalplaner
Authors: Strunz Joachim
Published: March 2010

Der Regionalmanager kümmert sich um die Umsetzung von Zielen und Maßnahmen, die für die Entwicklung der Region wesentlich sind. Für diese Aufgabe besteht in der heutigen Zeit ein Handlungsbedarf. Die Anforderungen, welche diese Aufgabe stellt, sind hoch. Das gilt auch für die Anforderungen an die soziale Kompetenz des Regionalmanagers. Dieser sozialen Kompetenz wird besondere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. Hierzu gehört insbesondere die Fähigkeit, Verhandlungen geschickt zu führen. Voraussetzungen, welche die Erfolgsaussichten von Verhandlungen erhöhen, werden aufgezeigt. Der Regionalmanager bedarf im Interesse seiner Durchsetzungsfähigkeit einer gewissen Macht. Schließlich wird die Ansicht vertreten und begründet, daß der engagierte und erfolgreiche Regionalplaner gut geeignet ist, die Aufgaben eines Regionalmanagers zu übernehmen.
Die Alpen im Spannungsfeld der europäischen Raumordnungspolitik
Authors: Bätzing Werner
Published: March 2010

The first part of this article consists of a local-authority level analysis of the structural changes currently in process in the Alps Region, which are then categorised at regional level. In simple terms this process can be described as one of “urbanisation and depopulation”; however, the wide disparities which are evident do call for regionally specific strategies. Since transnational co-operation has been established for some ten years in the Alps with the Alpine Convention, and with the REGIONALP project initiated under EFRE Art. 10 being intended to enhance and to add concrete detail to the ESDP draft from below, the second part of this article is devoted to an examination and appraisal of the ESDP draft from the perspective of experiences gathered in the Alps. The fact that the Alpine Convention and ESDP have a good deal in common means that experience in the Alps could well provide valuable stimuli for the ESDP process.
Die Conjoint-Analyse
Authors: Werner Bonny Hanns
Published: March 2010

This article discusses the potential of conjoint analysis. This method of analysis provides a means of quantifying the gains accruing to enterprises from both individual product components and from commercial sites. Analysis of this type must be preceded by and based upon a preference ranking of a number of systematically varied commercial sites. The procedure — i.e. conjoint analysis, a tool which has now been established for several years in marketing analysis — is explained with reference to a number of examples taken from commercial planning. The article also makes a plea for a more differentiated view of commercial planning; it also outlines the scope for price-based planning.
Genügen die klassischen normativen Siedlungsstrukturkonzepte den Anforderungen einer nachhaltigen Raumentwicklung?
Authors: Hübler Karl-Hermann
Published: March 2010

The author begins by setting out some of the underlying conditions which have shaped the current spatial planning situation in Germany. He criticises the fact that discussion on the way forward for spatial planning has taken place largely without sufficient familiarity with the results and successes achieved to date. This is followed by an account of the materialisation of settlement structure norms in the pre-unification Federal Republic of Germany with an appraisal of their suitability for future spatial planning policy. Against the background of the new constellations which have arisen with recent amendments to the Federal Regional Planning Act, the article concludes with a number of recommendations of possible ways of integrating the sustainable development strategy within the aims and instruments of spatial planning, thus contributing in turn to their future development.
Städtenetze — Erwartungen und Wirklichkeit aus ökologischer Sicht
Authors: Strauss Katja
Published: March 2010

Closer inspection of remarks which have been made on the subject of “city networks” reveals the expectations pinned to the creation and development of city networks in discussions on regional planning policy to be both great and varied. A three-year study was undertaken to establish the extent to which these expectations are indeed being met in the actual outcomes of partnerships within existing city networks. The overall results reveal a major discrepancy between the underlying spatialplanning goals and the concrete results of co-operation.
Güterverkehrszentren in Deutschland
Authors: Kinder Sebastian
Published: March 2010

Since the early 1990s there has been intensive discussion in Germany on the construction of goods-traffic centres. Today more than 40 projects have reached an advanced stage of planning or of realisation. Originally the idea of goods-traffic centres reflected aims emanating from the fields of transportation, economic, urban-development as well as environmental policy. Early practical experience of goods-traffic centres has led to the economic aims behind these centres being emphasised at the expense of the other aims. There is a future for goods-traffic centres if they are developed consistently as centres of logistic competence in the regions in which they are located.
Endogene Entwicklung in peripheren Regionen: Möglichkeiten der Aktivierung endogener Potenziale in der Region Vorpommern
Authors: Foißner Peter
Published: March 2010

Because of real difficulties in developing peripheral regions with public grants, the strategy of endogenous development arose. Its objective is to activate intraregional potentials with the aim of initiating additional development impulses. This approach is of particular interest for the „young” East German regions, which — in spite of substantial public subsidies — are still lagging behind from a development point of view. This article investigates the prerequisites for and opportunities of activating endogenous potentials by using the region of West Pomerania as an example. The resultant recommendations for action show that the strategy of endogenous development is a major contribution to regional development.
Kooperative Siedlungs- und Freiraumplanung in der Regio Unterweser
Authors: Baumheier Ralph
Published: March 2010

In implementing the Regional Development Strategy which forms part of the joint planning conducted by the Länder Lower Saxony and Bremen, one current focus of attention is the development of a platform for joint spatial planning in the hinterlands of the higher-order centres cities of Bremen, Bremerhaven and Oldenburg. In addition to instituting co-operation around Oldenburg, a co-operative planning process at local-authority level has also been introduced in the region immediately around Bremen-Nord — known as the Regio Unterweser. The development of this initiative and the conclusions to be drawn from it form the subject of this article.
Elucidating the Power in Empowerment and the Participation in Participatory Action Research: A Story About Research Team and Elementary School Change
Authors: Dworski-Riggs Deanne , Langhout Regina Day
Published: March 2010

Community psychologists are increasingly using Participatory Action Research (PAR) as a way to promote social justice by creating conditions that foster empowerment. Yet, little attention has been paid to the differences between the power structure that PAR advocates and the local community power structures. This paper seeks to evaluate the level of participation in a PAR project for multiple stakeholder groups, determine how PAR was adjusted to better fit community norms, and whether our research team was able to facilitate the emergence of PAR by adopting an approach that was relevant to the existing power relations. We conclude that power differences should not be seen as roadblocks to participation, but rather as moments of opportunity for the researchers to refine their methods and for the community and the community psychologist to challenge existing power structures.
Engagement in After‐School Programs as a Predictor of Social Competence and Academic Performance
Authors: Shernoff David J.
Published: March 2010

Using the experience sampling method, this study examined two questions related to outcomes associated with after‐school programming. First, does the quality of experience in after‐school programs mediate the effect of program participation on social competence and academic performance? Second, among program participants, is the difference in quality of experience when in programs versus other settings after school related to higher social competence and academic performance? Middle school students (N= 196) attending eight programs in three Midwestern states reported a total of 4,970 randomly sampled experiences in and out of after‐school programs during 1 week in the fall and spring of the 2001–2002 academic year. Engagement during after‐school hours partially mediated the relationship between participation in after‐school programs and social competence. In addition, relative perceptions of engagement, challenge, and importance when in after‐school programs compared to elsewhere after school predicted higher English and math grades. Results suggest that the quality of experiences in after‐school programs may be a more important factor than quantity of experiences (i.e., dosage) in predicting positive academic outcomes.
Changes in Lipid Class and Fatty Acid Composition of Cultures of Pavlova lutheri, in Response to Light Intensity
Authors: Guedes A. Catarina , Meireles Luís A. , Amaro Helena M. , Malcata F. Xavier
Published: March 2010

Aquaculture is a growing commercial activity worldwide, which resorts more and more often to microalgae as feed; the lipid composition of such microalgae is a critical factor with regard to the fish growth rate upon ingestion. The aim of this work was thus to study the influence of light intensity on the lipid profile of a known microalga, Pavlova lutheri. Several semi‐continuous cultures were carried out, and biochemical parameters such as lipid, protein, carbohydrate, and chlorophyll contents were quantified. Lipids were specifically fractionated into classes by TLC, and those in each class were subjected to GC afterwards in an attempt to ascertain their fatty acid profile. Evidence was consequently provided which showed that cultures grown under low light intensity (9 W m−2) possess a higher fraction of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids esterified in polar classes—which are those with a more favorable role in aquaculture. It was also demonstrated that intermediate levels of light intensity (19 W m−2) may be misleading in terms of favorable effects upon EPA and DHA contents—because there is an increase in their total yields and productivities, but they appear mostly esterified into triacylglycerols; this may be a favorable deed for production and purification, but is metabolically not so effective in aquaculture. The highest EPA and DHA productivities attained were 1.29 and 0.69 mg L−1 day−1, respectively, at intermediate levels of light intensity (19 W m−2).
Somatosensory function in patients with and without pain after traumatic peripheral nerve injury
Authors: Landerholm Åsa H , Ekblom Anna Gerber , Hansson Per T
Published: March 2010

Why traumatic injuries to the peripheral nervous system infrequently result in neuropathic pain is still unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the somatosensory system in patients with traumatic peripheral nerve injury with and without pain to try to unravel possible links to mechanisms underlying development and maintenance of pain. Eighteen patients with spontaneous ongoing pain and 16 patients without pain after unilateral partial peripheral traumatic nerve injury were studied. In the area of partial denervation and in the corresponding contralateral area perception thresholds to warmth, cold, light touch, pressure pain, cold‐ and heat pain were assessed as were pain intensities at suprathreshold heat pain stimulation. Comparing sides patients with pain reported allodynia to cold (p= 0.03) and pressure (p= 0.016) in conjunction with an increase in the perception threshold to non‐painful warmth (p= 0.024) on the injured side. Pain‐free patients reported hypoesthesia to light touch (p= 0.002), cold (p= 0.039) and warmth (p= 0.001) on the injured side. There were no side differences in stimulus–response functions using painful heat stimuli in any of the groups. In addition, no significant difference could be demonstrated in any sensory modality comparing side‐to‐side differences between the two groups. In conclusion, increased pain sensitivity to cold and pressure was found on the injured side in pain patients, pointing to hyperexcitability in the pain system, a finding not verified by a more challenging analysis of side‐to‐side differences between patients with and without pain.
Structure of a polyisoprenoid binding domain from Saccharophagus degradans implicated in plant cell wall breakdown
Authors: Vincent Florence , Molin David Dal , Weiner Ronald M. , Bourne Yves , Henrissat Bernard
Published: March 2010

Saccharophagus degradans belongs to a recently discovered group of marine bacteria equipped with an arsenal of sugar cleaving enzymes coupled to carbohydrate‐binding domains to degrade various insoluble complex polysaccharides. The modular Sde‐1182 protein consists of a family 2 carbohydrate binding module linked to a X158 domain of unknown function. The 1.9 Å and 1.55 Å resolution crystal structures of the isolated X158 domain bound to the two related polyisoprenoid molecules, ubiquinone and octaprenyl pyrophosphate, unveil a β‐barrel architecture reminiscent of the YceI‐like superfamily that resembles the architecture of the lipocalin fold. This unprecedented association coupling oxidoreduction and carbohydrate recognition events may have implications for effective nutrient uptake in the marine environment.
Circadian clock control of the cellular response to DNA damage
Authors: Sancar Aziz , Lindsey-Boltz Laura A. , Kang Tae-Hong , Reardon Joyce T. , Lee Jin Hyup , Ozturk Nuri
Published: March 2010

Mammalian cells possess a cell‐autonomous molecular clock which controls the timing of many biochemical reactions and hence the cellular response to environmental stimuli including genotoxic stress. The clock consists of an autoregulatory transcription–translation feedback loop made up of four genes/proteins, BMal1, Clock, Cryptochrome, and Period. The circadian clock has an intrinsic period of about 24 h, and it dictates the rates of many biochemical reactions as a function of the time of the day. Recently, it has become apparent that the circadian clock plays an important role in determining the strengths of cellular responses to DNA damage including repair, checkpoints, and apoptosis. These new insights are expected to guide development of novel mechanism‐based chemotherapeutic regimens.
Clinical resolution of a nasal granuloma caused byTrichosporon loubieri
Authors: Sharman Mellora J. , Stayt Jason , McGill Sonia E. , Mansfield Caroline S.
Published: March 2010

The current report describes the diagnosis of a nasopharyngeal granuloma due to a fungal infection by Trichosporon loubieri. This is the first report of successful treatment of nasal granuloma formation caused by Trichosporon species infection in a cat.
First evidence of a distal early Holocene ash layer in Eastern Mediterranean deep-sea sediments derived from the anatolian volcanic province
Authors: Hamann Y. , Wulf S. , Ersoy O. , Ehrmann W. , Aydar E. , Schmiedl G.
Published: March 2010

A hitherto unknown distal volcanic ash layer has been detected in a sediment core recovered from the southeastern Levantine Sea (Eastern Mediterranean Sea). Radiometric, stratigraphic and sedimentological data show that the tephra, here termed as S1 tephra, was deposited between 8970 and 8690 cal yr BP. The high-silica rhyolitic composition excludes an origin from any known eruptions of the Italian, Aegean or Arabian volcanic provinces but suggests a prevailing Central Anatolian provenance. We compare the S1 tephra with proximal to medial-distal tephra deposits from well-known Mediterranean ash layers and ash fall deposits from the Central Anatolian volcanic field using electron probe microanalyses on volcanic glass shards and morphological analyses on ash particles. We postulate a correlation with the Early Holocene "Dikkartın" dome eruption of Erciyes Dağ volcano (Cappadocia, Turkey). So far, no tephra of the Central Anatolian volcanic province has been detected in marine sediment archives in the Eastern Mediterranean region. The occurrence of the S1 tephra in the south-eastern part of the Levantine Sea indicates a wide dispersal of pyroclastic material from Erciyes Da? more than 600 km to the south and is therefore an important tephrostratigraphical marker in sediments of the easternmost Mediterranean Sea and the adjacent hinterland.
Incidence and Frequency of Endoscopic Sympathectomy for the Treatment of Hyperhidrosis Palmaris in Taiwan
Authors: Chu Dachen , Chen Ran‐Chou , Lee Cheng‐Hua , Yang Nan‐Ping , Chou Pesus
Published: March 2010

Hyperhidrosis palmaris (HP) is a rather common disease in Taiwan. Taiwan is a leading nation in terms of the surgical treatment of this disease using thoracic endoscopic sympathectomy. However, the currently available epidemiological information regarding HP is insufficient. To date, the incidence of HP and the percentage of patients treated surgically have not been reported. We investigated the incidence of HP treated in 2004 by sampling Taiwan's National Health Insurance database. Patients who were diagnosed with HP during 2004 were identified by International Classification of Diseases, 9th Clinical Modification code 780.8 from a database of about 22 million beneficiaries, and were followed to 2006. Those who had been diagnosed as HP in 2002 or 2003 were excluded. Patients who underwent surgery were identified by the treatment codes 83026C (dorsal sympathectomy) and 83085B (transendoscopic dorsal sympathectomy, TES). Factors included in the analysis included age, sex, time of operation and hospitalization for surgery. In total, 15,839 patients with HP were identified. The incidence was 7.2 per 10,000 beneficiaries. The study sample included 7,603 males with an incidence of 6.9 per 10,000 beneficiaries, and 8,236 females with an incidence of 7.4 per 10,000 beneficiaries. The incidence was highest among patients aged 20–29 years old. The incidence decreased with increasing age (Mantel‐Haenszel χ2 test for trend, p < 0.001), and 3,755 cases (23.7%) received an operation, of which 1,733 were male (22.8% of all male patients) and 2,022 were female (24.6% of all female patients) (p = 0.009). Of these, 99.3% underwent transendoscopic dorsal sympathectomy, and 94.7% underwent surgery within 1 month of the initial diagnosis. Males underwent surgery sooner than females (p = 0.004). Adjusted multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that patients aged 20–29 were more likely to undergo surgery than the other age groups (odds ratio: 2.28; 95% confidence interval: 2.07–2.52). Regional hospitals had the highest chance to perform the operation (odds ratio: 4.87; 95% confidence interval: 4.41–5.37). Here, we have reported the incidence of HP in Taiwan in 2004 and concluded that the incidence was higher in females than in males. About one‐quarter of patients underwent surgery, mostly within 1 month after attending an outpatient clinic; most surgical interventions involved endoscopic sympathectomy. This report fulfills the epidemiological information gap of HP and provides important data for future health care delivery.
Intestinal Parasitic Infection Detected by Stool Examination in Foreign Laborers in Kaohsiung
Authors: Hsieh Meng‐Hsuan , Lin Wen‐Yi , Dai Chia‐Yen , Huang Jee‐Fu , Huang Chao‐Kuan , Chien Hsu‐Han , Wang Chao‐Ling , Chung Wan‐Long , Wu Jiunn‐Ren , Chen Eng‐Rin , Ho Chi‐Kung , Yu Ming‐Lung
Published: March 2010

Most foreign laborers in Taiwan come from Southeast Asia, where public health is not as well funded as in Taiwan, and parasitic infections are still common. Therefore, we recruited foreign laborers to undergo examination for parasitic infection to determine the infection conditions and follow‐up conditions in foreign laborers whose stools were found to be abnormal. A total of 7,360 foreign laborers were enrolled for stool examination in our hospital, and the merthiolate iodine formaldehyde method was used to diagnose intestinal parasite infection. In total, 331 (4.5%) foreign laborers were found to be infected, and Blastocystis hominis was identified as the most prevalent intestinal parasite (2.54%), followed by Trichuris trichiura (0.54%) and hookworm (0.53%). Parasite infection rates among laborers of different nationalities were also significantly different (p < 0.001). Forty‐two intestinal‐parasite‐infected foreign laborers received anti‐parasitic therapy in our hospital, and treatment was successful. Among the 154 intestinal‐parasite‐infected foreign laborers who did not receive treatment in our hospital but were later re‐examined, 132 were parasite‐free. B. hominis has been the most prevalent intestinal parasite infecting foreign laborers in Taiwan ever since it was added to the list of infections to be screened for stool examination by the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control in 2002. It is important to closely monitor, control and treat parasite‐infected foreign laborers to minimize the danger to public health.
Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma Arising From the Maxillary Sinus: A Case Report
Authors: Lee Chin‐Ho , Jaw Twei‐Shiun , Yang Sheau‐Fang , Wu Ding‐Kwo
Published: March 2010

Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma is a very infrequent, locally aggressive vascular neoplasm, characterized by fascicular spindle cell proliferation. It occurs almost exclusively in infants and adolescents, and is often associated with Kasabach‐Merritt phenomenon. The tumor is predominantly located subcutaneously or in the deep soft tissue of the extremities and trunk, peritoneum, or retroperitoneum. However, this tumor can sometimes be located on the head and neck. We report a case of kaposiform hemangioendothelioma of the maxillary sinus in a 4‐month‐old female infant presenting with cheek swelling, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Sinus computed tomography presented an enhancing, bone‐destructing tumor. Magnetic resonance images showed an uncommon appearance as mostly low signal intensity on T2‐weighted images.
Acupuncture‐induced Popliteal Arteriovenous Fistula Successfully Treated With Percutaneous Endovascular Intervention
Authors: Kuo Hsuan‐Fu , Paul Shih Min‐Chen , Kao Wei‐Pin , Su Ho‐Ming , Lin Tsung‐Hsien , Voon Wen‐Chol , Lai Wen‐Ter , Sheu Sheng‐Hsiung
Published: March 2010

A 39‐year‐old female visited our cardiovascular outpatient department with paresthesia and soreness around the right popliteal fossa, where thrill was palpable. There was no history of trauma, apart from her having undergone acupuncture several years previously. An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) was diagnosed by vascular ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Angiography confirmed the presence of an AVF fed by the medial geniculate artery. Transarterial embolization was performed to close the AVF using coils and tissue adhesive. To the best of our knowledge, acupuncture‐induced AVF has not been previously reported. We present a case demonstrating the merits of percutaneous endovascular intervention for treating this rare complication. The additional administration of a tissue adhesive can achieve complete closure of the AVF in the event of an unsatisfactory result following coil embolization. Doctors should be aware of the potential vascular complications of acupuncture, and of the management options.
Relative subgroups in Chevalley groups
Authors: Hazrat R. , Petrov V. , Vavilov N.
Published: March 2010

We finish the proof of the main structure theorems for a Chevalley group G(Φ, R) of rank ≥ 2 over an arbitrary commutative ring R. Namely, we prove that for any admissible pair (A, B) in the sense of Abe, the corresponding relative elementary group E(Φ,R, A, B) and the full congruence subgroup C(Φ, R, A, B) are normal in G(Φ, R) itself, and not just normalised by the elementary group E(Φ, R) and that [E (Φ, R), C(Φ, R, A, B)] = E, (Φ, R, A, B). For the case Φ = F4 these results are new. The proof is new also for other cases, since we explicitly define C (Φ, R, A, B) by congruences in the adjoint representation of G (Φ, R) and give several equivalent characterisations of that group and use these characterisations in our proof.
An acoustic study of Georgian stop consonants
Authors: Vicenik Chad
Published: March 2010

This study investigates the acoustic properties of ejective, voiced and voiceless aspirated stops in Georgian, a Caucasian language, and seeks to answer two questions: (i) Which acoustic features discriminate the three stop types? and (ii) Do Georgian stops undergo initial strengthening, and if so, is it syntagmatic or paradigmatic strengthening? Five female speakers were recorded reading words embedded in carrier phrases and stories. Acoustic measures include closure duration, voicing during the closure, voicing lag, relative burst intensity, spectral moment of bursts, phonation (H1-H2) and F0. Of these, voicing lag, voicing during the closure, mean burst frequency, H1-H2 and F0 could all be used to discriminate stop type, but stop types did not differ in closure duration or relative burst intensity. Georgian stops did show initial strengthening and showed only syntagmatic enhancement, not paradigmatic enhancement. Stops showed longer closure durations, longer voicing lags, and higher H1-H2 values in higher prosodic positions.
Past tense grammaticality judgment and production in non-native and stressed native English speakers
Authors: MCDONALD JANET L. , ROUSSEL CRISTINE C.
Published: March 2010

This paper explores whether the poor mastery of morphosyntax exhibited by second language (L2) learners can be tied to difficulties with non-syntactic processing. Specifically, we examine whether problems with English regular and irregular past tense are related to poor L2 phonological ability and lexical access, respectively. In Experiment 1, L2 learners showed poorer past tense mastery than native English speakers in grammaticality judgment and production tasks. L2 phonological ability was positively correlated with correct performance on regular verbs and negatively with unmarked production. L2 lexical access was positively correlated with correct performance on irregular verbs, and negatively with overregularization production. Experiment 2 simulated these difficulties in native English speakers by placing them under phonological processing (noise) or lexical access (deadline) stress. Noise selectively impacted regular verbs in grammaticality judgment but impacted all verb types in production. Deadline pressure impacted irregular verbs while sparing regular verbs across both tasks. Thus, non-syntactic processing difficulties can have specific impacts on morphosyntactic performance in both non-native and native English speakers.
Construct-Driven Development of a Video-Based Situational Judgment Test for Integrity
Authors: de Meijer Lonneke A. L. , Born Marise Ph. , van Zielst Jaap , van der Molen Henk T.
Published: March 2010

In a field study conducted in a multi-ethnic selection setting at the Dutch police, we examined the construct validity of a video-based situational judgment test (SJT) aimed to measure the construct of integrity. Integrity is of central importance to productive work performance of police officers. We used a sample of police applicants, which consisted of a Dutch ethnic majority group and an ethnic minority group. The ethnic minority applicants came from one of the four largest ethnic minority groups in The Netherlands, namely groups with a Dutch Antillean, a Moroccan, a Surinamese, or a Turkish background. A critical issue is the often-found construct-heterogeneity of SJTs. However, we found that a construct-driven approach may be fruitful in the development of SJTs aiming to measure one single construct. Confirming our expectations, we found support for the construct validity of the SJT intended to measure the construct of integrity. These results held across ethnic majority and ethnic minority applicants. Therefore, the SJT is a promising test for personnel selection in a multi-ethnic setting.
Stochastic description of water table fluctuations in wetlands
Authors: Tamea Stefania , Muneepeerakul Rachata , Laio Francesco , Ridolfi Luca , Rodriguez‐Iturbe Ignacio
Published: March 2010

Wetlands are crucial ecosystems which provide several functions, beneficial both to human beings and to the environment. Despite such importance, quantitative approaches to many aspects of wetlands are far from being adequate, above all the interaction between rainfall, vegetation, soil moisture and groundwater depth. Starting from a previously developed model for below‐ground stochastic water level fluctuations, we extend it to consider the case of waterlogging. The extended model is now suitable for describing the long‐term probability distribution of water table depth in temporarily inundated wetland sites, whose hydrologic input is dominated by stochastic rainfall. The extended model performs well when compared to real data collected in the Everglades National Park (Florida, US), confirming its capability to capture the stochastic variability of wetland ecosystems.
Relatively low‐latitude wave aurora and substorms
Authors: Lee Anna R. , Newell Patrick T. , Gjerloev Jesper , Liou Kan
Published: March 2010

Wave aurora produces broadband particle acceleration. For many years, this type of signature was anecdotally but widely thought to occur primarily at the poleward edge of the auroral oval. Recent statistical work has found that, on the contrary, for strong solar wind driving, broadband aurora is common throughout the auroral oval. Of particular interest is the occurrence of wave aurora below 68 degrees MLAT. We have studied the dependence of such signatures, both as a function of solar wind driving, and as a function of substorm cycle. A set of about 1800 substorm onsets identified by Polar UVI, along with 116 isolated substorm onsets, were used for superposed epoch analysis. The results show that the wave aurora has a very strong substorm cycle dependence, rising dramatically in the first few minutes after onset, and peaking about 10–15 minutes later. By contrast, wave aurora has no easily identifiable solar wind driving peak, although the general trend is for wave aurora to become more common with higher driving (as do substorms themselves). This evidence adds to previous circumstantial evidence associating wave aurora particularly with substorms (for example, wave auroral power is much more strongly peaked in the premidnight region than is monoenergetic or “inverted‐V” aurora).
Flooding and flow path selection on alluvial fans and deltas
Authors: Reitz Meredith D. , Jerolmack Douglas J. , Swenson John B.
Published: March 2010

The surfaces of alluvial fans and river deltas (collectively fans) are often dissected by a small number of channels radiating from the fan apex. On long timescales, channels migrate via avulsion, the process of channel bed deposition and abandonment that often results in catastrophic flooding and loss of life on densely populated fans. We present results of an experimental fan that creates realistic channel patterns by avulsion. The avulsion cycle occurs with a period that is predictable from conservation of mass. Selection of a new flow path is inherently stochastic; however, once a network of 4–5 channels is established, flow oscillates among these channels indefinitely. We demonstrate that a directed random walk model with memory quantitatively reproduces these dynamics and limiting behavior, and is consistent with natural fans.
Observational evidence from two mountainous regions that near‐surface wind speeds are declining more rapidly at higher elevations than lower elevations: 1960–2006
Authors: McVicar Tim R. , Van Niel Thomas G. , Roderick Michael L. , Li Ling Tao , Mo Xing Guo , Zimmermann Niklaus E. , Schmatz Dirk R.
Published: March 2010

Coupling recent observed declines of terrestrial mid‐latitude near‐surface wind speed (u) with knowledge that high‐elevation sites rapidly experience climate change led to an assessment of the regional near‐surface elevation dependence of u (uZ) at two mountainous regions (central China and Switzerland). The monthly uZ were calculated from 1960–2006. In both regions uZ were higher in winter (∼2.25 m s−1 km−1) compared to summer (∼1.25 m s−1 km−1). For the first time uZ trends were calculated, the results were strongly seasonal, ranging from ∼−0.025 m s−1 km−1 a−1 in winter to ∼−0.005 m s−1 km−1 a−1 in summer. For both regions uZ trend results showed that u has declined more rapidly at higher than lower elevations, even though different u dynamics were observed. The uZ trends have important implications for climatic changes of coupled land‐surface/boundary‐layer processes (such as evapotranspiration) at high‐elevation regions where much of the globe's fresh water is derived.
Quantitative description and analysis of earthquake‐induced deformation zones along strike‐slip and dip‐slip faults
Authors: Huang Wen‐Jeng , Johnson Arvid M.
Published: March 2010

Deformation zones are belts of high strains that can occur at the ground surface centered or asymmetrical relative to the trace of an earthquake fault and can range in width from a meter or two up to hundreds of meters. In order to minimize damage to engineering structures within deformation zones one needs to be able to determine the characteristics of the deformation zones. We develop an elastic‐plastic model of fault slip propagation to explain formation of deformation zones and estimate certain parameters to characterize deformation zones. Our theory suggests the ratio of widths of deformation zones in hanging wall and footwall of dipping faults should be controlled by fault dip angle and the kind of fault; the relations are different for strike‐slip and dip‐slip faults. Also, the total width of the deformation zone normalized with fault slip during the earthquake should be determined by the dip angle, the exponent of the yield condition, and the kind of fault. The theoretical parameters measured for deformation zones along the strike‐slip Düzce‐Bolu fault at Kaynaşlı, Turkey, and two deformation zones along the Chi‐Chi thrust fault, Taiwan, agree well with parameters determined from geophysical and geological sources. The theoretical model also indicates that the Winnetka strain belts related to the 1994 Northridge earthquake could have formed above a previously unknown blind fault at Winnetka; the analysis suggests that the Winnetka fault is a normal, dip‐slip fault, dipping ∼54°S with a fault tip depth of ∼360 m.
Gravity‐driven instabilities: Interplay between state‐ and velocity‐dependent frictional sliding and stress corrosion damage cracking
Authors: Faillettaz J. , Sornette D. , Funk M.
Published: March 2010

We model the progressive maturation of a heterogeneous mass toward a gravity‐driven instability, characterized by the competition between frictional sliding and tension cracking, using an array of slider blocks on an inclined basal surface, which interact via elastic‐brittle springs. A realistic state‐ and rate‐dependent friction law describes the block‐surface interaction. The inner material damage occurs via stress corrosion. Three regimes, controlling the mass instability and its precursory behavior, are classified as a function of the ratio Tc/Tf of two characteristic timescales associated with internal damage/creep and with frictional sliding. For Tc/Tf ≫ 1, the whole mass undergoes a series of internal stick and slip events, associated with an initial slow average downward motion of the whole mass, and progressively accelerates until a global coherent runaway is observed. For Tc/Tf ≪ 1, creep/damage occurs sufficiently fast compared with nucleation of sliding, causing bonds to break, and the bottom part of the mass undergoes a fragmentation process with the creation of a heterogeneous population of sliding blocks. For the intermediate regime Tc/Tf ∼ 1, a macroscopic crack nucleates and propagates along the location of the largest curvature associated with the change of slope from the stable frictional state in the upper part to the unstable frictional sliding state in the lower part. The other important parameter is the Young modulus Y which controls the correlation length of displacements in the system.
A Bayesian model for predicting local El Niño events using tree ring widths and cellulose δ18O
Authors: Nippert Jesse B. , Hooten Mevin B. , Sandquist Darren R. , Ward Joy K.
Published: March 2010

The oxygen stable isotopic composition (δ18O) of cellulose recorded in annual tree rings reflects the climate and precipitation history experienced during tree growth and development. Here, we show proxy evidence of El Niño events over the past 30 years using juniper tree rings from southern California, United States. The relationship between tree ring δ18O in α cellulose and annual ring width was negative during most years, reflecting amount‐driven fractionation during precipitation. During El Niño years, the relationship between δ18O and ring width was positive with the largest ring widths correlated to the heaviest δ18O. Warmer sea surface temperatures during vapor formation and the strengthening of vapor transport from the eastern Pacific Ocean inland is the most likely mechanism driving heavier δ18O in precipitation during El Niño years. Based on this varying relationship between tree ring width and climate‐dependent δ18O values, we created a model to estimate the probability that a given annual tree ring was formed during an El Niño or non–El Niño year. The methods used in this analysis differ from standard dendrochronological technique because we explicitly account for the varying relationship between climate and tree ring characteristic during an El Niño or non–El Niño year. Moreover, our approach accommodates uncertainty in model parameters and predictions better than traditional classification methods. The application of this model to prehistory tree samples or samples of unknown age may allow for El Niño detection and subsequent determination of changes in El Niño frequency.
Differential expression analysis for sequence count data
Authors: Anders Simon , Huber Wolfgang
Published: March 2010

Motivation: High throughput nucleotide sequencing provides quantitative readouts in assays for RNA expression (RNA-Seq), protein-DNA binding (ChIP-Seq), cell counting. Statistical inference of differential signal in these data needs to take into account their natural variability throughout the dynamic range. When the number of replicates is small, error modeling is needed to achieve statistical power. Results: We propose an error model that uses the negative binomial distribution, with variance and mean linked by local regression, to model the null distribution of the count data. The method controls type-I error and provides good detection power.Availability: A free open-source R/Biondonductor software package, called "DESeq", is available from "http://www-huber.embl.de/users/anders/DESeq":http://www-huber.embl.de/users/anders/DESeq
The Many Things Language Sample Analysis Has Taught Me
Authors: Schuele C. Melanie
Published: March 2010

Although language sample analysis (LSA) has long been advocated as an important clinical tool, it is a time-consuming task. The time-consuming nature of LSA can reduce the likelihood of routine and extensive use of LSA in clinical practice. The purpose of this article is to advocate for routine and extensive use of LSA through consideration of lessons learned by one speech-language pathologist in her experience with LSA in clinical and research activities.
School Funding Advocacy, Grants, Grant Writing, and ASHA's School Finance Committee
Authors: Iafrate-Bellini Patricia , Green Charlette M. , Kuhles Nancy L.
Published: March 2010

School-based members of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) seeking successful advocacy for accessing and obtaining additional funds for services and programs must build their efforts upon an understanding of school funding. Demystifying the complex nature of federal, state, and local funding in order to understand how money flows to local speech-language pathology and audiology programs is the first step toward successful advocacy. In this article, Division 16 affiliates will learn about the important role ASHA's School Finance Committee plays in helping ASHA members understand funding and locate funding sources, and will be provided with tips on advocating for money to support professional and student service needs.
Experience With Grant Writing: Where Do I Even Begin?
Authors: Mancini Nicole M.
Published: March 2010

At first, grant writing may look like a daunting task. You may ask yourself, “Is it really worth the time and effort?” With today's economic situation, teachers and therapists need ways to supplement their programs and grants provide such an opportunity. However, many of us do not know how to get started. After a few experiences and many lessons learned, I have come to enjoy researching and writing grants to supplement my students' learning. It is well worth the time and effort. This article provides information about a personal journey, lessons learned, and resources to get you started.
You Can Get $ for Your Program! Give It a Try!
Authors: Flynn Perry
Published: March 2010

This article will discuss the resources that speech-language pathologists (SLPs) have available to access grant money at the local, state, and federal levels. Despite grim economic times, funds are still available to SLPs who know where to look for the money and how to ask for it.
From Absolute Invisibility to Extreme Visibility: Emancipation Trajectory of Migrant Women in the Netherlands
Authors: Ghorashi Halleh
Published: March 2010

After years of invisibility, the position of migrant women from Islamic countries now forms the core of the Dutch discourse on integration and emancipation. This article presents the downside of this visibility by showing that it is situated within a growing culturalist discourse. In addition to being culturalist, this discourse focuses on the shortcomings of migrants and is flavoured with a touch of new realism in its argument that it is a right to break the taboos of migrants. More visibility for migrant women will not help their empowerment if the basic assumptions of the dominant discourse are not challenged. Through presenting a case study, this article shows how this visibility can even strengthen the border between the Dutch as ‘emancipated self’ and Islamic migrants as the ‘unemancipated other’. In so doing it reinforces boundaries instead of alliances, isolation instead of empowerment, and suppression instead of emancipation.
To be Pure or not to Be: Gandhi, Women, and the Partition of India
Authors: Mookerjea-Leonard Debali
Published: March 2010

This article examines Gandhi's writings, speeches, and correspondence, produced mainly from 1946 to the end of his life, on the subject of violence against women during the riots surrounding the Partition of the Indian subcontinent. Gandhi, the article demonstrates, persistently fails to address the gender pathology revealed at the heart of South Asian society by these violations, a pathology to which men were subject, but of which women were the victims. The article compiles a comprehensive overview of Gandhi's shifting positions during this brief, though cataclysmic, period, in the belief that in so doing a certain core aspect of mainstream Indian nationalism's patriarchal underpinnings can be laid bare to critique.
Structural Domination and Structural Freedom: A Feminist Perspective
Authors: Einspahr Jennifer
Published: March 2010

After an initial period of feminist theorizing concerned with understanding patriarchy as a structure of male domination, many thinkers turned away from theorizing domination as such and focused instead on women's (constructed) subjectivity, identity, and agency. While this has fostered important insights into the formation of women's preferences, desires, and choices, this focus on subjectivity and subject formation has largely overshadowed deeper understandings of patriarchy as a structure of male domination while producing elisions between agency and freedom. In this article, I move to show how domination as a structural concept can help us to reclaim the idea of ‘patriarchy’ as a source of women's systematic oppression while freedom as non-domination, derived from early republican conceptualizations of freedom, can help us to disambiguate freedom from agency by taking as central the relative positions of actors within social and political structures. Structural freedom as non-domination is thus useful for feminist thinkers in that it gives us critical purchase on the dynamics inherent in unequal social and political relationships and can be linked clearly to the institutions and ideologies that shape and justify interactions between more powerful and less powerful groups. Further, from this point of view intersecting structures of domination can be analysed rather than intersecting identity categories, allowing us to take intersectionality into account and avoiding the need to ground feminist action on a unitary ‘category woman’. Finally, this analysis points toward the radical democratic connexion between freedom and participation in the creation of the material and symbolic structures that frame our collective lives.