bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population Patterns of a Riparian Frog (Rana swinhoana) Before and After an Earthquake in Subtropical Taiwan
Authors: Lai Yung‐Chih , Shieh Bao‐Sen , Kam Yeong‐Choy
Published: May 2007

We compared the population dynamics of a riparian ranid frog, Rana swinhoana, before (1996–1999) and after (1999–2001) a strong earthquake. This earthquake caused little disturbance to the vegetation and landscape of the study site but the stream and ponds dried up within a week. Nearly all frogs marked (1002 of 1004) before the earthquake had disappeared after the earthquake. Smaller, unmarked frogs began to appear in stream habitats about 9 mo after the earthquake, and the frog population was much smaller than it was before the earthquake. Population dynamics and temporal and spatial distribution of frogs before and after the earthquake correlated closely with the hydrology of the stream and ponds. The movement patterns of frogs before and after the earthquake were similar, suggesting frog behavior did not change in response to drastic changes in hydrology, and frogs continued to exhibit strong site‐fidelity. Following the earthquake, stream water volume was much lower, especially in the summer, which allowed the normally winter‐breeding frogs to breed year‐round. Results demonstrate that a population of R. swinhoana can disappear suddenly as the result of a natural disturbance. We propose that anuran species that exhibit strong site‐fidelity are particularly susceptible to extirpation of local populations because frogs may lack the behavioral plasticity to respond to sudden water depletion.
THE IMPACT OF ORDER‐MAINTENANCE POLICING ON NEW YORK CITY HOMICIDE AND ROBBERY RATES: 1988‐2001*
Authors: ROSENFELD RICHARD , FORNANGO ROBERT , RENGIFO ANDRES F.
Published: May 2007

Local officials and national observers have attributed the New York City drop in violent crime during the 1990s to the aggressive enforcement of public order, but relevant research is limited and yields contrasting conclusions regarding the effects of order‐maintenance policing (OMP) on violent crime trends in New York City. The current study investigates the effects of order‐maintenance arrests on precinct‐level robbery and homicide trends in New York City with more reliable crime and arrest data, longer time series, and more extensive controls for other influences than used in prior research. We find statistically significant but small crime‐reduction effects of OMP and conclude that the impact of aggressive order enforcement on the reduction in homicide and robbery rates in New York City during the 1990s was modest at best.
WE NEVER CALL THE COPS AND HERE IS WHY: A QUALITATIVE EXAMINATION OF LEGAL CYNICISM IN THREE PHILADELPHIA NEIGHBORHOODS*
Authors: CARR PATRICK J. , NAPOLITANO LAURA , KEATING JESSICA
Published: May 2007

This article presents data from the completed first wave of a multiwave comparative study of crime, danger, and informal social control that focuses on youth living in three high‐crime neighborhoods in Philadelphia, PA (N= 147). The study is a purposive sample of delinquent and nondelinquent young men and women in one predominantly African‐American, one predominantly Latino, and one predominantly white neighborhood, and researchers have completed in‐depth interviews and self‐reports with each subject. This article focuses on the narratives that youth living in high‐crime neighborhoods build around their contact with police and the strategies the young people propose for crime reduction in their communities. The data illustrate that most youth in each neighborhood are negatively disposed toward police and that this is grounded in the lived experience of negative encounters with law enforcement. However, when youth expounded on what they thought would reduce crime, they overwhelmingly chose increased and tougher law enforcement. We analyze these findings to determine whether support exists for a subcultural approach or a cultural attenuation/procedural justice argument, and we explore the implications of our findings for community‐based crime control.
Evaluation of the Instrumental Quality of Pressure‐Assisted Thermally Processed Carrots
Authors: Thai Nguyen Loc , Rastogi N.K. , Balasubramaniam V.M.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT:  This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of pressure‐assisted thermal processing (PATP) in preserving the texture, color, and carotene content of carrot cylinders in the pressure range of 500 to 700 MPa and the temperature range of 95 to 121 °C. The effectiveness of PATP was compared with that of conventional thermal processing (TP) by matching carrot preprocess temperature history. Results indicated that under comparable process temperatures (up to 105 °C), PATP retained the carrot quality attributes such as color and carotene content better than TP. However, process and preprocess thermal history at 121 °C greatly influenced carrot textural change and pressure protective effects were less pronounced. This study demonstrated that PATP has the potential to produce low‐acid foods with a relatively better quality than TP.
Single Laboratory Method Performance Evaluation for the Analysis of Total Food Folate by Trienzyme Extraction and Microplate Assay
Authors: Chen L. , Eitenmiller R.R.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT:  Single laboratory method performance parameters, including the calibration curve, accuracy, recovery, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ), were evaluated for the analysis of total food folate by the trienzyme extraction and microplate assay with Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus. Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1546 (meat homogenate), SRM 2383 (baby food composite), SRM 1846 (infant formula), Certified Reference Material (CRM) 121 (wholemeal flour), and CRM 485 (mixed vegetables), representing a broad selection of food matrices, were used to evaluate the performance of the method. A generated 4‐parameter logistic equation of the calibration curve was y= (0.0705 − 1.0396)/(1 + (x/0.0165) 1.3072) + 1.0396 (P < 0.0001). The test of parallelism demonstrated that matrix components in the food extracts did not affect the accuracy. Measured values of the SRMs and CRMs were within their certified or reference values. Recoveries for all reference materials met the requirements of the AOAC guidelines for single laboratory validation. Precision measured as repeatability, including simultaneous and consecutive replicates for each SRM and CRM, met the Horwitz criterion. LOD and LOQ values were 0.3 and 0.6 μg/100 g, respectively. The results showed that trienzyme digestion using α‐amylase, PronaseR, and conjugase from chicken pancreas coupled with a 96‐well microplate assay provided a highly accurate, reproducible, and sensitive method for the determination of folate in a variety of foods.
On the Vibration
Isolation of Flexible Structures
Authors: Tu Y.
Q. , Zheng G.
T.
Published: May 2007

Although the study of vibration isolation has a very long history, when an isolated structure is so flexible that it cannot be properly approximated with a rigid body or a single-degree-of-freedom model, its vibration isolation brings about some new questions and problems. By transforming the dynamic equation of motion of the coupled structure formed by the isolator and the isolated structure into the modal space and following the tradition of studying features of the vibration transmissibility across the isolator, questions and problems associated with the flexible structure vibration isolation are studied. It is found from the study that a lower isolation frequency and a higher damping level can both increase the isolation effectiveness, the isolated structure is a vibration absorber to the isolator, and a combination of the vibration isolation and the vibration attenuation can be more effective in mitigating the vibration. A numerical example of the whole spacecraft vibration isolation has proved the above conclusions.
An Efficient Approach to Estimate Critical Value of Friction Coefficient in Brake Squeal Analysis
Authors: Huang Jinchun , Krousgrill Charles M. , Bajaj Anil K.
Published: May 2007

Automotive brake squeal generated during brake applications has become a major concern in automotive industry. Warranty costs for brake noise related complaints have been greatly increasing in recent years. Brake noise and vibration control are also important for the improvement of vehicle quietness and passenger comfort. In this work, the mode coupling instability mechanism is discussed and a method to estimate the critical value of friction coefficient identifying the onset of brake squeal is presented. This is achieved through a sequence of steps. In the first step, a modal expansion method is developed to calculate eigenvalue and eigenvector sensitivities. Different types of mode couplings and their relationships with possible onset of squeal are discussed. Then, a reduced-order characteristic equation method based on the elastically coupled system eigenvalues and their derivatives is presented to estimate the critical value of friction coefficient. The significance of this method is that the critical value of friction coefficient can be predicted accurately without the need for a full complex eigenvalue analysis, making it possible to determine the sensitivity of system stability with respect to design parameters directly.
Modeling of Threaded Joints Using Anisotropic Elastic Continua
Authors: Segalman Daniel J. , Starr Michael J.
Published: May 2007

Using fine material meshes in structural dynamics analysis is often impractical due to time step considerations. Unfortunately, fine meshes are typically required to capture the inherent physics in jointed connections. This is especially true in threaded connections which feature numerous contact interfaces and stress singularities. A systematic method is presented here for representing the threaded volume by a continuous, homogeneous, linear elastic, anisotropic equivalent material. The parameters of that equivalent material depend on thread geometry and the assumed contact condition between adjacent threads and are derived from detailed finite element simulations of a characteristic thread-pair unit cell. Numerical simulations using the equivalent material closely match the local stiffness through the load path calculated from the finely meshed thread models and also reproduce classical theoretical and experimental results from the literature.
Dynamic programming with the principle of progressive optimality for searching rule curves
Authors: Chaleeraktrakoon C , Kangrang A
Published: May 2007

Rule curves are monthly reservoir-operation guidelines for meeting the minimum of water shortage over the long run. This paper proposes a dynamic programming (DP) approach for finding the optimal rule curves of single- and multi-reservoir systems. The proposed DP approach uses a traditional DP technique conditionally and applies the principle of progressive optimality (PPO) to search its optimal solutions. The proposed DP–PPO approach is suitable because of the multi-stage, nonlinear, and continuous-type characteristics of the rule curve search. Its dimensionality is relatively small, as compared with that of the traditional one. Results of an illustrative application to a multi-reservoir system under two different initial feasible solutions (i.e., new or existing reservoirs) have demonstrated that the DP–PPO approach is generally fast and robust. Its convergence varies only slightly, according to the initial conditions.Key words: rule curves, principle of progressive optimality, dynamic programming (DP), monthly reservoir operation.
Mechanics of fibre-reinforced polymer - concrete interfaces
Authors: Ebead U A , Neale K W
Published: May 2007

A finite element model is developed for analyzing the interfacial behaviour for fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates externally bonded to concrete prisms and subjected to direct shear. The element sizes of the FRP, adhesive, and concrete at the interface were chosen to be very small (0.25–0.5 mm) so that the debonding behaviour could be properly captured. The behaviour at the interface between the FRP composite and the concrete is modelled using truss elements connecting the FRP laminate to the concrete block. The truss elements incorporate a nonlinear bond stress-slip relationship controlled by several parameters related to the characteristics of the FRP composite, adhesive, and concrete. Results are given in terms of the load capacity of the joint and the stress and strain distributions in the FRP, at the interface, and in the concrete. In addition, the transfer lengths, as well as the force transfer between the FRP laminate and the concrete block, are investigated. Comparisons between the finite element results and available experimental data are presented.Key words: nonlinear finite element analysis, FRP-to-concrete bonded joints, interface elements, debonding, interfacial behaviour, transfer lengths.
Review of advances in micromechanical modeling of aggregate–aggregate interactions in asphalt mixtures
Authors: You Zhanping , Dai Qingli
Published: May 2007

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the work done by a number of researchers on the modeling of asphalt mixture. Included are some of the earliest models such as those with non-interacting particles (models with and without geometry specified), models with particle interaction, and some new models developed in recent years. The paper focuses on the description and comparison of the most recently developed finite element network model (FENM), a clustered discrete element model (DEM), and a micromechanical finite element model (FEM) used in micromechanical modeling of asphalt mixture. These models consider the complex mixture microstructure and aggregate–aggregate interaction. These models are demonstrated and applications of the advances are provided, where virtual laboratory simulation and laboratory tests were employed. The feasibility of nanotechnology application in asphalt mixture is also briefly discussed.Key words: micromechanical modeling, micromechanics, aggregate–aggregate interaction, finite elements, discrete elements, asphalt mixture.
Primary influential factors in the management of public transportation projects in Taiwan
Authors: Yang Chau-Ping
Published: May 2007

The primary influential factors must be screened out to improve the efficiency of management of public projects. This study synthesizes 91 possible influential factors in the management of transportation projects in Taiwan. Following the procedures of the multicriteria evaluation method and the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP), the primary influential factors are screened out and ranked in order of priority. After analysis, it was found that the top five primary influential factors for responsible entities are (i) introduction of the earned value analysis, (ii) efficiency of the geotechnical survey, (iii) environmental laws and regulations of the local government, (iv) price-index fluctuation, and (v) on-site safety management. The top five factors ranked by the supervisory entities are (i) manpower, (ii) revision of laws and regulations, (iii) price-index fluctuation, (iv) traffic conditions, and (v) mistakes or faults of design. In the contractor phase, the top five factors are (i) bidding price, (ii) scope of the contractor, (iii) price-index fluctuation, (iv) management education and training system, and (v) government procurement act.Key words: management, influential factors, transportation project, fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP), Taiwan.
Backwater effect due to a single spur dike
Authors: Azinfar H , Kells J A
Published: May 2007

Spur dikes are river engineering structures that project from the bank of a stream at some angle to the main flow direction. They are principally used for river training and protection of the riverbank from erosion. A spur dike might be considered a form of macroscale boundary roughness, which produces a backwater effect upstream from the spur dike location. Despite this impact, spur dike design often proceeds without regard to the effect that the spur dike might have on the stream system. The work presented herein is on the backwater effect due to a single, vertical-walled spur dike. It is based on a momentum analysis in which the resistance offered by the spur dike is represented by a drag equation, for which the key parameter is the spur dike drag coefficient. Experimental data acquired for various configurations of a single spur dike within fixed-bed flumes have been used to calibrate and validate the proposed backwater model. The results show that the spur dike drag coefficient, hence the computed backwater effect, depends on the channel contraction caused by the spur dike, the degree of spur dike submergence, the aspect ratio of the spur dike, and the Froude number of the flow.Key words: spur dike, backwater effect, physical model, momentum principle, drag force, drag coefficient, river engineering.
Building a relational contracting culture and integrated teams
Authors: Rahman M Motiar , Kumaraswamy Mohan M , Ling Florence Yean Yng
Published: May 2007

Targeting integration in construction, this study compares the suitability of various factors and strategies to provide suitable contractual and noncontractual incentives for building a relational contracting (RC) culture and fostering effective teamwork. Results from statistical analyses of 96 questionnaire responses from Singapore contractors, consultants, and clients are presented. Despite obvious differences in perceptions among different groups of respondents on the relative usefulness of individual factors, it was observed that trust should broadly be at the core of RC and team-building. Although some factors appear to be more important than others, the overall results indicate that Singaporean industry participants prefer to target integration in construction through (i) trust-based contractual and operational arrangements and (ii) extended use of relational qualities in team selection for postcontract partnering-type RC arrangements between clients and contractors. The results also suggest the need for an interrelated and consolidated approach, both for propagating RC and for building integrated project teams. Like many other countries, the results indicate the readiness of Singaporean industry participants to incorporate RC and team-building techniques in a move towards improved performance and value for money. The results may be applicable to other countries or contracting regimes, especially where the practice of RC is at an early stage. Outcomes of this study are expected to benefit both industry practitioners and researchers in exploring, designing, and implementing suitable contractual and noncontractual incentives.Key words: construction, culture, integration, relational contracting, Singapore, team-building.
Static and fatigue investigation of innovative second-generation steel-free bridge decks
Authors: Klowak C , Memon A , Mufti A A
Published: May 2007

This paper outlines the static and fatigue behavior of cast-in-place, second-generation steel-free bridge decks. Although cast monolithically, the first bridge deck was divided into three segments. The first segment was reinforced with steel, according to conventional design. The other two segments were steel-free designs with internal crack-control grids, one consisting of carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and the other consisting of glass-fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP). This hybrid CFRP or GFRP and steel strap design is called the second generation of the steel-free concrete bridge deck. The hybrid system limits the width of any longitudinal cracks that develop and eliminates corrosion from within the deck slab. All three segments were tested under cyclic loads of 222 and 588 kN to investigate fatigue behavior. The second bridge deck comprises an internal panel and two cantilevers and also incorporates a complete civionics system. The static tests outlined in this paper are useful in the development of the fatigue theory, which was derived from the fatigue testing of the first bridge deck.Key words: steel-free, cantilever, fatigue testing, static testing, glass-fibre-reinforced polymer, carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer, civionics.
Monitoring structures using long gauge length fibre optic sensors
Authors: Tennyson R C , Banthia N , Rivera E , Huffman S , Sturrock I
Published: May 2007

Long gauge length fibre optic sensors have been installed on bridges and pipelines to monitor their long-term structural integrity. These sensors measure the average displacement or strain over their gauge length due to mechanical or thermal loading. It is shown that long gauge length sensors can provide an estimate of the maximum bending strain for beam-type structures, such as bridge girders or pipelines, subject to sag. Bending and hoop strain test results are presented for bridges with composite reinforcements bonded to concrete girders and columns that were statically loaded at various locations to assess the integrity of the bond interface. These sensors can also provide information on corrosion-induced wall thinning of pipelines based on changes in the local strain field due to internal pressure in the line. Test data are presented for measuring pipeline corrosion using different fibre optic sensor configurations.Key words: fibre optic sensors, bridges, pipelines, integrity monitoring.
Performance evaluation of innovative concrete bridge deck slabs reinforced with fibre-reinforced-polymer bars
Authors: Benmokrane Brahim , El-Salakawy Ehab , El-Ragaby Amr , El-Gamal Sherif
Published: May 2007

This paper presents the construction details, field testing, and analytical results of six innovative concrete bridges reinforced with fibre-reinforced-polymer (FRP) bars recently constructed in North America, namely Wotton, Magog, Cookshire-Eaton, Val-Alain, and Melbourne bridges in Quebec, Canada, and Morristown bridge in Vermont, USA. All six bridges are girder type, with main girders made of either steel or prestressed concrete. The main girders are supported over spans ranging from 26.2 to 50.0 m. The deck is a 200–230 mm thick concrete slab continuous over spans of 2.30–3.15 m. Different types of glass- and carbon-FRP reinforcing bars and conventional steel were used as reinforcement for the concrete deck slab. The six bridges are located on different highway categories, which means different traffic volume and environmental conditions. The bridges are well instrumented at critical locations for internal temperature and strain data collection using fibre optic sensors. These sensors are used to monitor the deck behaviour from the time of construction to several years after the completion of construction. The bridges were tested for service performance using calibrated truckloads. In parallel, a finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted and verified against the results of the field load tests. The FEA was then used to run parametric studies to investigate the effect of several important parameters such as FRP reinforcement type and ratio on the service and ultimate behaviour of these bridge decks. The analytical and field results under real service conditions, in terms of deflections, cracking, and strains in reinforcement and concrete, were comparable to those of concrete bridge deck slabs reinforced with steel.Key words: bridges deck slabs, fibre-reinforced-polymer (FRP) bars, field testing, finite element analysis.
Assessment of vibration-based damage detection for an integral abutment bridge
Authors: Siddique A B , Sparling B F , Wegner L D
Published: May 2007

Vibration-based damage detection (VBDD) comprises a family of nondestructive testing methods in which changes to signature dynamic characteristics are used to track the condition of a structure. Although VBDD methods have been successfully applied to various mechanical systems and to simple beam-like structures, significant challenges remain in extending this technology to complex, spatially distributed structures such as bridges. In the present study, numerical simulations using a calibrated finite element model were used to investigate the use of VBDD methods to detect small-scale damage on a two-span, integral abutment overpass structure located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Five different VBDD techniques were evaluated, as were the effects of sensor spacing, mode shape normalization, and uncertainty in the measured mode shapes. It was found that localized damage to the top concrete cover of the bridge deck could be reliably detected and located if the sensors were located sufficiently close to the damage and if uncertainty in the mode shapes was attenuated through the use of a sufficient number of repeated trials. Furthermore, preliminary studies indicate that it may be possible to detect damage using sensors that are placed well away from the damaged area.Key words: vibration-based damage detection, structural health monitoring, integral abutment bridge, numerical modelling, field testing.
Phenotypic and molecular characterization of chickpea rhizobia isolated from different areas of Tunisia
Authors: L’taief Boulbaba , Sifi Bouaziz , Gtari Maher , Zaman-Allah Mainassara , Lachaâl Mokhtar
Published: May 2007

Several phenotypic markers were used in this study to determine the biodiversity of rhizobial strains nodulating Cicer arietinum L. in various areas of Tunisia. They include symbiotic traits, the use of 21 biochemical substrates, and tolerance to salinity and pH. In addition, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA were compared with those of reference strains. Numeric analysis of the phenotypic characteristics showed that the 48 strains studied fell into three distinct groups. This heterogeneity was highly supported by the RFLP analysis of 16S rRNA genes, and two ribotypes were identified. Chickpea rhizobia isolated from Tunisian soils are both phenotypically and genetically diverse. Results showed that 40 and 8 isolates were assigned, respectively, to Mesorhizobium ciceri and Mesorhizobium mediterraneum .
SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS FOR INTERPOLATION AND SAMPLING HYPERSURFACES IN THE BERGMAN BALL
Authors: FORGÁCS TAMÁS , VAROLIN DROR
Published: May 2007

We give sufficient conditions for a closed smooth hypersurface W in the n-dimensional Bergman ball to be interpolating or sampling. As in the recent work [5] of Ortega-Cerdà, Schuster and the second author on the Bargmann–Fock space, our sufficient conditions are expressed in terms of a geometric density of the hypersurface that, though less natural, is shown to be equivalent to Bergman ball analogs of the Beurling-type densities used in [5]. In the interpolation theorem we interpolate L2 data from W to the ball using the method of Ohsawa–Takegoshi, extended to the present setting, rather than the Cousin I approach used in [5]. In the sampling theorem, our proof is completely different from [5]. We adapt the more natural method of Berndtsson and Ortega-Cerdà [1] to higher dimensions. This adaptation motivated the notion of density that we introduced. The approaches of [5] and the present paper both work in either the case of the Bergman ball or of the Bargmann–Fock space.
AUTOMORPHISMS OF CERTAIN NILPOTENT LIE ALGEBRAS OVER COMMUTATIVE RINGS
Authors: CAO YOU'AN , JIANG DEZHI , WANG JUNYING
Published: May 2007

Let L be a finite-dimensional complex simple Lie algebra, Lℤ be the ℤ-span of a Chevalley basis of L and LR = R⊗ℤLℤ be a Chevalley algebra of type L over a commutative ring R. Let [Formula: see text] be the nilpotent subalgebra of LR spanned by the root vectors associated with positive roots. The aim of this paper is to determine the automorphism group of [Formula: see text].
MULTISCALED ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS FOR THE ELECTRIC POTENTIAL: SURFACE CHARGE DENSITIES AND ELECTRIC FIELDS AT ROUNDED CORNERS
Authors: CIARLET PATRICK , KADDOURI SAMIR
Published: May 2007

We are interested in computing the charge density and the electric field at the rounded tip of an electrode of small curvature. As a model, we focus on solving the electrostatic problem for the electric potential. For this problem, Peek's empirical formulas describe the relation between the electric field at the surface of the electrode and its curvature radius. However, it can be used only for electrodes with either a purely cylindrical, or a purely spherical, geometrical shape. Our aim is to justify rigorously these formulas, and to extend it to more general, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional axisymmetric, geometries. With the help of multiscaled asymptotic expansions, we establish an explicit formula for the electric potential in geometries that coincide with a cone at infinity. We also prove a formula for the surface charge density, which is very simple to compute with the Finite Element Method. In particular, the meshsize can be chosen independently of the curvature radius. We illustrate our mathematical results by numerical experiments.
PROBABILISTIC AND CONTROLLED TELEPORTATION OF UNKNOWN IONIC STATES VIA LINEAR OPTICAL ELEMENTS
Authors: CAO ZHUO-LIANG , ZHOU JIAN , YANG MING
Published: May 2007

We propose a simple scheme for teleporting an unknown state in a probabilistic and controlled manner via linear optical elements using a tripartite entangled GHZ state. By using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, we realize all teleportation processes by only single-qubit measurements; thus our scheme is readily realizable within current technology.
The skeletal responsiveness to mechanical loading is enhanced in mice with a null mutation in estrogen receptor-β
Authors: Saxon L. K. , Robling A. G. , Castillo A. B. , Mohan S. , Turner C. H.
Published: May 2007

Mechanical loading caused by physical activity can stimulate bone formation and strengthen the skeleton. Estrogen receptors (ERs) play some role in the signaling cascade that is initiated in bone cells after a mechanical load is applied. We hypothesized that one of the ERs, ER-β, influences the responsiveness of bone to mechanical loads. To test our hypothesis, 16-wk-old male and female mice with null mutations in ER-β (ER-β−/−) had their right forelimbs subjected to short daily loading bouts. The loading technique used has been shown to increase bone formation in the ulna. Each loading bout consisted of 60 compressive loads within 30 s applied daily for 3 consecutive days. Bone formation was measured by first giving standard fluorochrome bone labels 1 and 6 days after loading and using quantitative histomorphometry to assess bone sections from the midshaft of the ulna. The left nonloaded ulna served as an internal control for the effects of loading. Mechanical loading increased bone formation rate at the periosteal bone surface of the mid-ulna in both ER-β−/−and wild-type (WT) mice. The ulnar responsiveness to loading was similar in male ER-β−/−vs. WT mice, but for female mice bone formation was stimulated more effectively in ER-β−/−mice ( P < 0.001). We conclude that estrogen signaling through ER-β suppresses the mechanical loading response on the periosteal surface of long bones.
Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in urinary bladder in rats with cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis
Authors: Klinger Mary Beth , Dattilio Abbey , Vizzard Margaret A.
Published: May 2007

These studies examined the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in the urothelium and suburothelial space and detrusor from rats treated with cyclophosphamide (CYP) to induce acute (4 h), intermediate (48 h), or chronic (10-day) cystitis. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were used to demonstrate COX-2 expression. In whole mount preparations of urinary bladder, nerve fibers in the suburothelial plexus, and inflammatory cell infiltrates were characterized for COX-2 expression after CYP-induced cystitis. COX-2 expression significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) increased in the urothelium + suburothelium and detrusor smooth muscle with acute, intermediate, and chronic (10-day) CYP-induced cystitis, but expression in urothelium + suburothelium was significantly greater. CYP-induced upregulation of COX-2 showed by immunostaining in the urothelium + suburothelium was similar to that observed with Western blot analysis and also demonstrated COX-2 inflammatory cell infiltrates (CD86+) and nerve fibers (PGP+) in the suburothelial plexus. Although COX-2 expression was significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) increased in detrusor smooth muscle, immunohistochemistry failed to demonstrate an obvious change in COX-2-immunoreactivity (IR) in detrusor muscle, but COX-2 inflammatory infiltrates were present throughout the detrusor. COX-2-IR nerve fibers exhibited increased density in the suburothelial plexus with acute or chronic CYP-induced cystitis. COX-2-IR macrophages (CD86+) were present throughout the urinary bladder with acute and chronic CYP-induced cystitis. These studies demonstrate cellular targets in the urinary bladder where COX-2 inhibitors may act.
Antioxidant and Antithrombus Activities of Enzyme-Treated Salicornia herbacea Extracts
Authors: Jang Hyun-Seo , Kim Kyung-Ran , Choi Sang-Won , Woo Mi-Hee , Choi Jeong-Hwa
Published: May 2007

This study was attempted to investigate antioxidant and antithrombus activities of water and methanol extracts of enzyme-treated Salicornia herbacea (SH)by in vitro assays observing the inhibitory activity of a rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation, DPPH radical scavenging activity, activated partial thromboplastin times (APTT) and thromboplastin times (TT). The water and methanol extracts from enzyme-treated SH inhibited the lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner over a concentration range of 0.1–1.0 mg/ml. The activity of enzyme-treated water and methanol extracts was stronger than that of non-enzyme-treated water and methanol extracts. The inhibitory activity of the water extract was higher at a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml than that of the methanol extract. The activity was the highest in the enzyme-treated water extract, and was approximately 1.08 times higher than α-tocopherol, a natural antioxidant. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of the SH extracts were similar to their lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. The APTT of the water and methanol extracts was delayed at a concentration range of 0.25–2.0 mg/ml in a dose-dependent manner. The APTT of the methanol extract was longer at a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml than that of the water extracts. The enzyme-treated methanol extract exhibited the longest APTT even at a concentration of 0.50 mg/ml. The TT activities of the SH extracts were also similar to their APTT activities. These results suggest that water and methanol extracts of the enzyme-treated SH may be useful as potential antioxidant and antithrombus sources, respectively.
Recent Advances in Eosinophil Biology
Authors: Hogan Simon P.
Published: May 2007

Eosinophils are pleiotropic multi-functional leukocytes involved in initiation and propagation of diverse inflammatory responses. Recent studies examining eosinophil biology have focused on delineating the molecular basis of FIP1L1/PDGRFα-fusion gene induced HES, the molecular steps involved in eosinophil recruitment in tumor-associated eosinophilia and EGID, and the role of eosinophils in asthma. In this review, these studies are summarized, focusing on the implications of these findings in the understanding the role of eosinophils in diseases.
IgE- and FcεRI-Mediated Enhancement of Surface CD69 Expression in Basophils: Role of Low-Level Stimulation
Authors: Suzukawa Maho , Komiya Akiko , Yoshimura-Uchiyama Chitose , Kawakami Ayako , Koketsu Rikiya , Nagase Hiroyuki , Iikura Motoyasu , Yamada Hirokazu , Ra Chisei , Ohta Ken , Yamamoto Kazuhiko , Yamaguchi Masao
Published: May 2007

Surface-expressed CD69 is a recently recognized activation marker for basophils and is reported to be strongly induced in vitro by IL-3. In this study, we investigated whether IgE- and high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcΕRI)-dependent stimuli can affect basophil CD69 expression. Highly purified basophils were cultured for 24 h in the presence of anti-FcΕRI α-chain mAb, CRA-1 and IL-3, and surface CD69 expression was analyzed by flow cytometry. CRA-1 mAb at 1 ng/ml or lower concentrations, levels too low to provoke direct histamine release, dose-dependently enhanced surface CD69 expression in the presence of IL-3, although low-dose CRA-1 mAb failed to induce CD69 expression in the absence of IL-3. Recombinant Der f 2 at 10 to 100 pg/ml enhanced CD69 levels in the presence of IL-3 in basophils from mite-sensitive subjects. These results suggest that allergens may influence basophil CD69 expression even when the levels of the antigens are too low to trigger direct degranulation. Upregulated CD69 expression on locally accumulated basophils in bronchial asthma may be attributed at least in part to a combination of local cytokines, especially IL-3, plus exposure to low levels of IgE-crosslinking allergens.
IL-2-Induced IL-9 Production by Allergen-Specific Human Helper T Cell Clones
Authors: Kajiyama Yuichiro , Umezu-Goto Makiko , Kobayashi Noriaki , Takahashi Kazuhisa , Fukuchi Yoshinosuke , Mori Akio
Published: May 2007

Background: IL-9 is an important cytokine in allergic diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, etc. T helper (Th) cells seem to be the main source of IL-9. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of IL-9 production by human Th cells have been poorly understood. Methods:Dermatophagoides farinae(Der f)-specific Th clones were established from peripheral blood lymphocytes of atopic asthmatics, and cytokine synthesis in response to various stimuli was determined by specific ELISAs. Results: IL-9 was produced by 14 of 27 human Th clones upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, immobilized anti-CD3 antibody (Ab). IL-9 production was significantly enhanced by the addition of anti-CD28 Ab into the culture, indicating the role of costimulatory signal on IL-9 synthesis. Pharmacologically, IL-9 production was induced by ionomycin (IOM) alone, and enhanced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). rIL-2 induced IL-9 production by 8 out of 19 Th clones. IL-9 production by Th clones stimulated with immobilized anti-CD3 Ab was significantly suppressed by the addition of anti-IL-2 neutralizing Ab into the culture. Conclusion: Approximately half of the Der f-specific Th clones derived from atopic asthmatics produced IL-9 upon TCR stimulation. Ca2+ signal, CD28 signal, and IL-2 receptor signal seem to play important roles on IL-9 production by human Th cells. Moreover, synthesis of IL-9, a Th2 cytokine, is dependent on IL-2, a Th1 cytokine, which is produced by Th cells themselves.
Involvement of Galectin-9 in Guinea Pig Allergic Airway Inflammation
Authors: Yamamoto Hitomi , Kashio Yumiko , Shoji Hiroki , Shinonaga Rika , Yoshimura Teizo , Nishi Nozomu , Nabe Takeshi , Nakamura Takanori , Kohno Shigekatsu , Hirashima Mitsuomi
Published: May 2007

Background: There is little information about the involvement of galectin-9 (Gal-9) in allergic inflammation. Thus, we investigated the role of Gal-9 in asthma model guinea pigs. Methods: Airway resistance (Raw) was measured using a double-flow plethysmograph system. Gal-9 expression in the lung was assessed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Eosinophil chemotactic activity was evaluated in a chamber containing a polyvinylpyrolidone-free membrane. Cell apoptosis was analyzed on a flowcytometry with propidium iodide. Results: In cloning guinea pig Gal-9 we identified three isoforms that differ only in the length of their linker peptides, just as with human Gal-9. Guinea pig Gal-9 was found to be a chemoattractant for eosinophils and to promote induction of apoptosis in sensitized but not non-sensitized T lymphocytes. In allergic airway hypersensitivity model, a low level of Gal-9 expression was observed in the nonsensitized/nonchallenged group, but upregulation was detected at 7 h after challenge and sustained up to 24 h. Such upregulation correlated with elevation of eosinophil peroxidase activity but not with increased Raw. Conclusions: The present results provide evidence that Gal-9 is not involved in airway hypersensitivity, but is partly involved in prolonged eosinophil accumulation in the lung.
Effects of Stereotactic Lesions of the Pulvinar and Lateralis Posterior Nucleus on Intractable Pain and Dyskinetic Syndromes of Man
Authors: Fraioli B. , Guidetti B.
Published: May 2007

In a series of 18 patients suffering from intractable pain or different types of dyskinetic syndromes, 28 stereotactic lesions of the pulvinar, associated with six lesions of the lateralis posterior nucleus, have been performed. The evaluation of long-term results in intractable pain reduces the therapeutic benefit of the stereotactic pulvinolysis. Concerning dyskinetic syndromes, the pulvinar does not seem to play an important role in spasticity, while its role in other dyskinetic syndromes can be questionable.
Survey of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery in the United States and Canada
Authors: Gildenberg Philip L.
Published: May 2007

A survey of the number of neurosurgeons performing Applied Neurophysiology in the United States and Canada was conducted by questionnaire. Of the 637 respondents, 443 conducted either stereotactic or functional neurosurgery or both. The indications and number of stereotactic procedures done annually are presented. The number of neurosurgeons performing each of the various procedures is outlined, as well as the types of stereotactic apparatus and lesion employed.
A Statistical Outline of the Subthalamic Target for the Arrest of Tremor
Authors: Velasco Francisco , Velasco Marcos , Machado Jesús P.
Published: May 2007

In 60 cases operated on for the treatment of tremor, the insertion of an electrode that measured 1 mm in diameter produced complete arrest (40 cases) or significant decrease (20 cases) of the tremor on the contralateral side. The area where such effect was obtained was studied in AP and lateral radiograms. Using a method of standardization of the size of the thalamus and subthalamus, based on a proportional reduction of the length of the AC-PC line, the cases were found to cover a small area in the subthalamus. A statistical analysis of the position of the electrode tips at the moment the tremor was arrested was carried out in order to determine, with a high degree of probability, the area that includes the mean value of the target for the general population. This work allowed us to outline a small zone in the subthalamus as the target to be destroyed in future cases. The practical implications of the method are discussed and the possibility of reducing the size of the lesion is pointed out.
Traumatic Disorders of Pituitary-Hypothalamic Function
Authors: Joele L.J. , Endtz L.J.
Published: May 2007

In an investigation done in a group of 20 patients with cerebral concussion and skull fracture, 5 of whom showed definite EEG signs of brain-stem function disorder, one patient, a member of this subgroup, was found to have a reduced excretion of FSH. This patient also showed amenorrhoea of 4 months duration and olfactory disturbances.
Physiological Postrotatory Nystagmus
Authors: Simón V. , Bartual J. , Llopis M.
Published: May 2007

Nystagmus elicited by means of rotatory stimuli has been studied in 55 healthy subjects. In each case, 5 different end-velocities have been employed and each postrotatory nystagmus has been quantitatively evaluated measuring various parameters of its quick phase. The relationship existing between the magnitude of the stimulus and that of the response has been carefully studied for all the parameters. A significant relationship was found in only a limited number of cases. The most reliable parameter to analyse this relationship is the total amplitude. The parameter that varied less with changes in stimulus intensity was duration. The different factors determining and modifying the nystagmic response are analysed and the meaning of this nystagmic response is considered in relation to vestibular function and, therefore, in its application to clinical diagnosis. In a previous article [16], the authors analysed the normal values of various parameters of postrotatory nystagmus in healthy subjects and the differences existing between clockwise and counterclockwise rotations. In this paper, we study the relationship between the intensity of the stimulus and the magnitude of the response. We also investigate which parameters are the most adequate to define the nystagmus.
Reinnervation of Denervated Muscles by Skin Grafting in the Nerve
Authors: van Nie C.J. , Folkerts J.F.
Published: May 2007

This experiment has demonstrated that, after severance and suture of a nerve as well as after resection and implantation of a skin fragment in a nerve, reinnervation and regeneration of the muscle innervated by this nerve occur. This was confirmed by histochemical, myographic and clinical findings.
Lateral Facilitation of Hoffmann-Reflexes Prior to Voluntary Movement in a Choice Reaction Time Task
Authors: Michie P.T. , Clarke A.M. , Sinden J.D. , Glue L.C.T.
Published: May 2007

Hoffmann reflexes (H reflexes) were elicited from both legs simultaneously in human subjects at varying intervals after a reaction signal (RS) in a binary choice reaction time task. A left light RS required a rapid plantar flexion of the left foot and a right light RS required a similar rapid response of the right foot. A large facilitation of reflex amplitude occurred only in the muscle involved in the movement (right or left soleus). The timing of the facilitation indicated that a decision about the status of the RS occurred within 200 msec and probably was completed somewhat earlier. Furthermore, the facilitation of the H reflexes was shown to be closely linked with the organization required for the contraction of the responding muscle. The results are considered in the light of hypothesized mechanisms regulating voluntary movement.
Observations on the Range of Efficacy of L-Dopa
Authors: Klawans Jr. H.L.
Published: May 2007

The effectiveness of L-dopa in chronic manganese poisoning, progressive supranuclear palsy, olivopontocerebellar degeneration, and parkinsonism complicated by such features as pyramidal tract Iesions and dementia has been reviewed. Only the classic manifestations of parkinsonism and the dystonic movements of chronic manganese intoxication improve consistently on L-dopa. This is consistent with the hypothesis that L-dopa acts on dopaminergic receptors perhaps as dopamine. This suggests that the range of efficacy of this drug will be limited to diseases with dysfunction of neurons which normally respond to dopamine.
Cerebrospinal Fluid After Death
Authors: Paulson G.W. , Stickney D.
Published: May 2007

Determinations of CSF electrolytes, selected trace elements, β-glucuronidase, and acid phosphatase reveal a marked change occurring after death. The most consistent and prominent changes were in potassium and carbon dioxide combining power, the former usually elevated and the latter invariably reduced after death.
Evoked Responses After Hemispherectomy
Authors: Saletu B. , Itil T.M. , Saletu M.
Published: May 2007

Somatosensory, visual and auditory evoked responses were studied in a left hemispherectomized patient. Median nerve stimulation and light flashes produced typical answers over only the unoperated hemisphere. However, on the operated side low voltage long latency (60–100 msec) responses of about 100 msec duration, as well as waves in the α-range, frequently were observed, originating most likely from thalamic structures. Auditory stimulation did evoke responses over both hemispheres. Surprisingly, the obvious differences between the auditory evoked responses (AERs) of the 2 hemispheres during the awakening recording disappeared during sleep, and the patterns became very similar. It was hypothesized that the AER recorded on the operated side may be generated by subcortical structures, as well as by the cerebellum.
A Contribution to the Topometry of the Spinal Cord
Authors: Zlatoš J. , Čierny G. , Nádvorník P.
Published: May 2007

The topometric coordinate system of gray and white matter has been determined on photographs of human spinal cord section. The x-axis in the coordinate system represents the contact line with the funiculi posteriores, while the y-axis runs through the sulcus medianus posterior, in which the initial values are 0/0. Certain structures of the gray matter and the white matter have been marked on photographs of the cervical spinal cord and segment S2. The photographs obtained may serve as model maps for spinal cord stereotaxis.