bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiplicity of Galactic Cepheids from long-baseline interferometry
Authors: Gallenne A. , Evans N. R. , Kervella P. , Monnier J. D. , Proffitt C. R. , Schaefer G. H. , Winston E. M. , Kuraszkiewicz J. , Mérand A. , Pietrzyński G. , Gieren W. , Pilecki B. , Kraus S. , Le Bouquin J.-B. , Anugu N. , ten Brummelaar T. , Chhabra S. , Codron I. , Davies C. L. , Ennis J. , Gardner T. , Gutierrez M. , Ibrahim N. , Lanthermann C. , Mortimer D. , Setterholm B. R.
Published: December 2024

Aims. We aim to accurately measure the dynamical mass and distance of Cepheids by combining radial velocity measurements with interferometric observations. Cepheid mass measurements are particularly necessary for solving the Cepheid mass discrepancy, while independent distance determinations provide a crucial test of the period–luminosity relation and Gaia parallaxes.

Methods. We used the multi-telescope interferometric combiner, the Michigan InfraRed Combiner (MIRC) of the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA) Array, to detect and measure the astrometric positions of the high-contrast companion orbiting the Galactic Cepheid SU Cygni. We also present new radial velocity measurements from ultraviolet spectra taken with the Hubble Space Telescope. The combination of interferometric astrometry with optical and ultraviolet spectroscopy provided the full orbital elements of the system, in addition to component masses and the distance to the Cepheid system.

Results. We measured the mass of the Cepheid, MA = 4.859 ± 0.058 M⊙, and its two companions, MBa = 3.595 ± 0.033 M⊙ and MBb = 1.546 ± 0.009 M⊙. This is the most accurate existing measurement of the mass of a Galactic Cepheid (1.2%). Comparing with stellar evolution models, we show that the mass predicted by the tracks is higher than the measured mass of the Cepheid, which is similar to the conclusions of our previous work. We also measured the distance to the system to be 926.3 ± 5.0 pc, obtaining an unprecedented parallax precision of 6 μas (0.5%), which is the most precise and accurate distance for a Cepheid. This precision is similar to what is expected by Gaia for its last data release (DR5 in ∼2030) for single stars fainter than G = 13, but is not guaranteed for stars as bright as SU Cyg.

Conclusions. We demonstrate that evolutionary models remain incapable of accurately reproducing the measured mass of Cepheids, often predicting higher masses for the expected metallicity, even when factors such as rotation or convective core overshooting are taken into account. Our precise distance measurement allowed us to compare predictions from some period–luminosity relations. We find a disagreement of 0.2–0.5 mag with relations calibrated from photometry, while relations calibrated from a direct distance measurement are in better agreement.
Molecular gas stratification and disturbed kinematics in the Seyfert galaxy MCG-05-23-16 revealed by JWST and ALMA
Authors: Esparza-Arredondo D. , Ramos Almeida C. , Audibert A. , Pereira-Santaella M. , García-Bernete I. , García-Burillo S. , Shimizu T. , Davies R. , Hermosa Muñoz L. , Alonso-Herrero A. , Combes F. , Speranza G. , Zhang L. , Campbell S. , Bellocchi E. , Bunker A. J. , Díaz-Santos T. , García-Lorenzo B. , González-Martín O. , Hicks E. K. S. , Labiano A. , Levenson N. A. , Ricci C. , Rosario D. , Hoenig S. , Packham C. , Stalevski M. , Fuller L. , Izumi T. , López-Rodríguez E. , Rigopoulou D. , Rouan D. , Ward M.
Published: December 2024

Understanding the processes that drive the morphology and kinematics of molecular gas in galaxies is crucial for comprehending star formation and, ultimately, galaxy evolution. Using data from the Galactic Activity, Torus and Outflow Survey (GATOS) obtained with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the archival data from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), we study the behavior of the warm molecular gas at temperatures of hundreds of Kelvin and the cold molecular gas at tens of Kelvin in the galaxy MCG−05−23−16, which hosts an active galactic nucleus (AGN). Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images of this spheroidal galaxy, classified in the optical as S0, show a dust lane resembling a nuclear spiral and a surrounding ring. These features are also detected in CO(2−1) and H2, and their morphologies and kinematics are consistent with rotation plus local inward gas motions along the kinematic minor axis in the presence of a nuclear bar. The H2 transitions 0-0 S(3), 0-0 S(4), and 0-0 S(5), which trace warmer and more excited gas, show more disrupted kinematics than 0-0 S(1) and 0-0 S(2), including clumps of high velocity dispersion (of up to ∼160 km s−1), in regions devoid of CO(2−1). The kinematics of one of these clumps, located ∼350 pc westward of the nucleus, are consistent with outflowing gas, possibly driven by localized star formation traced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission at 11.3 μm. Overall, we observe a stratification of the molecular gas, with the colder gas located in the nuclear spiral, ring, and connecting arms, and most of the warmer gas with a higher velocity dispersion filling the inter-arm space. The compact jet, approximately 200 pc in size, detected with Very Large Array (VLA) observations, does not appear to significantly affect the distribution and kinematics of the molecular gas, possibly due to its limited intersection with the molecular gas disk.
Diagnostic of a maxillary anterior double tooth and management by a mixed endodontic and surgical approach: a case report
Authors: Chim Vanessa , Grosborne Matthieu , Laccourreye Paul , Valenti Agathe , Bayet Kinz
Published: December 2024

Introduction: The purpose of this case report was to discuss the diagnosis and management of a rare dental anomaly involving a maxillary central incisor with a bifid crown, treated through a combined endodontic and surgical approach. Dental anomalies, such as gemination and fusion, can lead to irregularities in tooth size, structure, and number, which can pose challenges in diagnosis and careful consideration for effective management. Observation: A 13-year-old patient sought consultation for aesthetic and orthodontic concerns related to the double tooth (DT). Despite the complexity of the malformation, a conservative mixed endodontic and surgical approach was chosen after multidisciplinary discussion. The patient underwent endodontic treatment followed by crown resection and gingival plastic surgery. Post-operative follow-up showed satisfactory results. Conclusion: This case report emphasizes the challenges in DT diagnostic and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach. Various treatment modalities were explored, highlighting the lack of standardized guidelines and the importance of individualized care.
Immediate extraction-implantation and provisionalization (IIP): Esthetic evaluation of IIP surgical protocols via the Pink Esthetic Score: a retrospective cross-sectional study of 39 implants
Authors: Coiffic Syliane , Soulas Hugues , Hamon Julien
Published: December 2024

A general protocol has been accepted by the scientific community for using the extraction immediate implantation and provisionalization (EIIP), in the replacement a compromised tooth in the antero-maxillary region, but the multiplicity of biomaterials used leads to diversity of application of the protocol. The aims of this study were to compare the Pink esthetic Score (PES) according to the EIIP protocol, evaluate abutment visibility according to surgical protocol, and assess whether the type of tooth rehabilitated had an impact on PES or abutment visibility. A retrospective study evaluating the PES of 39 implants in 3 treatment units compared the esthetic results of surgical techniques (xenogeneic graft, alloplastic, PRF, connective tissue graft, membrane) after the crown had been in use for at least 3 weeks. When indicated, EIIP treatment appears to be the treatment's choice for the management of compromised teeth in the antero-maxillary region, whatever the biomaterial used in the protocol (xenogeneic graft, platelet-rich fibrin, connective tissue graft, membrane, alloplastic substitute). Each of the PES observed was rated as “acceptable”, and no statistical differences were found in the study between biomaterials, tooth situation (central or lateral) or abutment visibility.
Digitale Fertigung von Retainern mittels CAD/CAM
Authors: Bek Heba Gamal
Published: December 2024

In der Kieferorthopädie spielt die Retention eine entscheidende Rolle, um
sicherzustellen, dass die erreichten Zahn- und Kieferstellungen langfristig
stabil bleiben. Nach Beendigung einer aktiven kieferorthopädischen Therapie ist
es deshalb sinnvoll, das erzielte Behandlungsergebnis mittels festsitzenden oder
herausnehmbaren Retentionsgeräten zu stabilisieren, um einerseits ein Rezidiv zu
vermeiden 1
2, aber auch, um eine Stabilität gegenüber altersbedingten
Veränderungen der knöchernen Kieferbasen und von Zahnpositionen zu
gewährleisten. Grundsätzlich hat jede Art von Retentionsgerät spezifische Vor-
und Nachteile in Bezug auf die Anforderungen an die Compliance, Mundhygiene, den
Komfort und die zuvor behandelte Fehlstellung.

Mit Fortschritten in der digitalen Technologie werden zudem neue Möglichkeiten
zur Fertigung von festsitzenden und herausnehmbaren Retainern entwickelt. Im
Vergleich zur direkten Chairside-Herstellung oder zum laborseitig manuell
gefertigten Retainer hat die Integration der digital gefertigter Retainer in den
klinischen Alltag signifikante Vorteile hinsichtlich Präzision, Effizienz und
Anpassungsfähigkeit.
Renaissance der Surgery-first-Behandlung im Zeitalter der
Digitalisierung
Authors: Bigus Simon , Heiland Max , Bumann Axel , Ebker Tobias
Published: December 2024

Das Surgery-first-Konzept in der Dysgnathiebehandlung gewinnt durch die neuen
digitalen Technologien zunehmend an Popularität, da es mit einer Verkürzung der
Behandlungsdauer und einer Erhöhung der Patientenzufriedenheit durch den Wegfall
der präoperativen kieferorthopädischen Dekompensation einher geht. Im
vorliegendem Artikel soll der Workflow einer vollständig virtuell geplanten
kieferorthopädisch-kieferchirurgischen Kombinationsbehandlung bei
Surgery-first-Patienten beschrieben werden. An der Abteilung für Mund-, Kiefer-
und Gesichtschirurgie der Charité werden alle orthognath-chirurgischen Fälle
vollständig virtuell geplant. Zur Operationsplanung werden eine aktuelle
3D-Röntgenbildgebung des Gesichtsschädels, intra- und extraorale Fotos, sowie
die definierte Zielokklusion, entweder als STL-Datei oder als digitalisierte
Gipsmodelle benötigt. Diese Daten werden fusioniert und ein virtuelles Modell
des Patienten erstellt. Am Computer kann so eine Planung realisiert werden, die
sowohl die orthodontischen Bewegungen, funktionelle Aspekte als auch die
gewünschte Gesichtsästhetik berücksichtigt. Diese Planung wird anschließend an
den Patienten im Rahmen der OP-Vorbereitung kommuniziert.

Für den präzisen intraoperativen Transfer der Planung werden im Anschluss eine
patientenspezifische Osteosyntheseplatte für den Oberkiefer und ein
3D-gedruckter CAD/CAM-gestützter finaler Splint gefertigt, der für die genaue
Repositionierung des Unterkiefers verwendet wird. Dieses Surgery-first-Konzept
wird an unserer Abteilung bereits seit mehreren Jahren angewendet und erfreut
sich einer hohen Patientenzufriedenheit durch den flexiblen Behandlungsbeginn,
die Transparenz über die geplanten Bewegungen und die frühen ästhetischen
Veränderungen, sowie die hohe Transfergenauigkeit von präoperativer Planung zu
postoperativem Ergebnis.
Mobile Gesundheitstechnologien für eine gerechte Versorgung bei psychischen Erkrankungen
Authors: Machleid Felix , Jansky Bianca , Wild Verina , Wiegmann Caspar , Kaminski Jakob , Schreiter Stefanie
Published: December 2024

Die psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutische Versorgung in Deutschland steht vor erheblichen Herausforderungen, darunter eine steigende Prävalenz psychischer Erkrankungen, geografische Ungleichheiten und lange Wartezeiten für eine Psychotherapie. Mobile Gesundheitstechnologien (mHealth-Technologien) bieten vielversprechende Ansätze zur Überbrückung von Versorgungslücken, indem sie den Zugang zu Gesundheitsdiensten erleichtern und somit die Gesundheitsgerechtigkeit fördern können. Trotz dieser Potenziale gibt es Bedenken, dass mHealth-Technologien bestehende gesundheitliche Ungleichheiten verschärfen könnten, insbesondere für sozial benachteiligte Gruppen. Anhand von Fallbeispielen wird aufgezeigt, wie soziale und digitale Ungleichheiten die Nutzung und Wirksamkeit von mHealth beeinflussen und daraus ungerechte gesundheitliche Ungleichheiten entstehen können. Der Artikel plädiert für die Integration ethischer Überlegungen und partizipativer Designansätze in die Entwicklung von mHealth-Technologien, um eine gerechtere Gesundheitsversorgung zu ermöglichen und sicherzustellen, dass digitale Lösungen insbesondere benachteiligten Patientengruppen zugutekommen.
Violence against women and girls in Dorset, United Kingdom: an epidemiological study of perpetrators and locations based on police records
Authors: Pearcey Jessica , Ariel Barak , Harinam Vincent , Assaraf Noy
Published: December 2024

Violence against women and girls (VAWG) continues to be a prevalent phenomenon, yet where it is more likely to occur in the public domain and how offenders assault victims remain understudied areas of interest. This analysis is based on police records on VAWG from Dorset, United Kingdom (UK), using descriptive and spatial statistical methods alongside k-means longitudinal clustering. The spatial analysis uses hexagonal tessellations with a maximum area of 100 m² to identify VAWG hotspots. Findings reveal a significant concentration of public-place VAWG harm in a few spots: half of the reported VAWG occurred within just 2.6% of these hexagons. The study also illustrates a consistent trend in VAWG occurrences, with areas categorised as low, moderate, and high in VAWG counts and measured harm remaining constant over time. However, offenders responsible for the majority of counts and harm are not predominantly active in the hotspots with the highest counts and harm, which suggests a stochastic modus operandi rather than a fixation on specific locations. The identified VAWG hotspots and patterns in offender behaviour provide valuable insights for implementing targeted crime management strategies, and underscore the need to integrate factors like frequency, recentness, degree of harm, and geographical location to assess and address VAWG risks effectively.
Tilted vortices in superconductors (review)
Authors: Minenko E. V. , Kulik I. O.
Published: December 2024

The distinctive features of the mixed state in the surface layer of a superconductor and in layered superconducting compounds are analyzed. The main factor determining these properties is the lattice of “tilted” vortices. The type and orientation of such vortex lattices are considered as are also pinning and the critical currents of the surface layer. The three-dimensional vortex structure which arises in layered superconductors in an oblique field has properties which are determined by the Josephson and correlation interactions between adjacent layers. The paper reviews experimental and theoretical results concerning resistive and nonstationary effects on the surface layer: vortex motion and attendant radiation, pinning, and high-frequency properties. Calculations are made of the resistivity due to the motion of tilted vortices in layered semiconductors and in thin films.
Proximity effect in lead/copper contacts
Authors: Svistunov V. M. , Belogolovskii M. A. , Tarenkov V. Yu. , Tsapko N. D.
Published: December 2024

An anomalous behavior of the characteristics of tunnel junctions made with a thin superconducting lead film (∽250 Å) coated with a normal metal layer is reported.
Discussing the future of high-capacity photonic chips
Authors: Thompson Avery
Published: December 2024

Looking at growth rates of optical input/output chips along with demand from AI training provides an estimate of future performance.
Nanosecond laser annealing: Impact on superconducting silicon on insulator monocrystalline epilayers
Authors: Baron Y. , Lábár J. L. , Lequien S. , Pécz B. , Daubriac R. , Kerdilès S. , Acosta Alba P. , Marcenat C. , Débarre D. , Lefloch F. , Chiodi F.
Published: December 2024

We present superconducting monocrystalline silicon-on-insulator thin 33 nm epilayers. They are obtained by nanosecond laser annealing under ultra-high vacuum on 300 mm wafers heavily pre-implanted with boron (2.5 × 1016 at./cm2, 3 keV). Superconductivity is discussed in relation to the structural, electrical, and material properties, a step toward the integration of ultra-doped superconducting Si at large scale. In particular, we highlight the effect of the nanosecond laser annealing energy and the impact of multiple laser anneals. Increasing the energy leads to a linear increase in the layer thickness and to the increase in the superconducting critical temperature Tc from zero (< 35 mK) to 0.5 K. This value is comparable with superconducting Si layers realized by gas immersion laser doping, where dopants are incorporated without introducing the deep defects associated with implantation. Superconductivity only appears when the annealed depth exceeds the initial amorphous layer induced by the boron implantation. Multiple subsequent anneals result in a more homogeneous doping with reduced amount of structural defects and increased conductivity. The quantitative analysis of Tc concludes on a superconducting–non-superconducting bilayer with an extremely low resistance interface. This highlights the possibility to efficiently couple superconducting Si to Si channels.
Real-time scan-free non-line-of-sight imaging
Authors: Zhang Wenjun , Guo Enlai , Zhu Shuo , Huang Chenyang , Chen Lijia , Liu Lingfeng , Bai Lianfa , Lam Edmund Y. , Han Jing
Published: December 2024

Real-time non-line-of-sight imaging is crucial for practical applications. Among existing methods, transient methods present the best visual reconstruction ability. However, most transient methods require a long acquisition time, thus failing to deal with real-time imaging tasks. Here, we provide a dual optical coupling model to describe the spatiotemporal propagation of photons in free space, then propose an efficient non-confocal transformation algorithm and establish a non-confocal time-to-space boundary migration model. Based on these, a scan-free boundary migration method is proposed. The data acquisition speed of the method can reach 151 fps, which is ∼7 times faster than the current fastest data acquisition method, while the overall imaging speed can also reach 19 fps. The background stability brought by fast scan-free acquisition makes the method suitable for dynamic scenes. In addition, the high robustness of the model to noise makes the method have the capability of non-line-of-sight imaging in outdoor environments during the daytime. To further enhance the practicality of this method in real-world scenarios, we exploit the statistical prior and propose a plug-in-and-play super-resolution method to extract higher spatial resolution signals, reducing the detector array requirement from 32 × 32 to 8 × 8 without compromising imaging quality, thus reducing the device expense of detectors.
Fire regime impacts on soil microbes, soil organic carbon and ground cover in an Australian tropical savanna
Authors: Blunden Marissa H. , Florence Luke , Bryceson Susanna R. , Clark Gary J. , Morgan John W. , Wood Jennifer L.
Published: December 2024

Background Soil microbes drive the carbon cycle, yet are understudied in relation to long-term fire regimes in tropical savannas. Aim Explore the impact of fire regime on soil microbes and organic carbon. Methods We sampled topsoils (0–10 cm) of a tropical savanna near Darwin, Australia, where the frequency and season of fire had been experimentally managed for 17 years. We measured the effects of fire regime on microbial abundance, fungal-to-bacterial (F:B) ratio, soil physicochemistry (organic carbon, total nitrogen, C:N ratio, pH) and vegetative ground cover (grasses, leaf litter). Key results Microbial abundance was most influenced by fire season, minimally affected by fire frequency and reduced by both grass and litter cover; the magnitude of grass cover effect differed among paleoecological groups (i.e. ancient and modern). Soil organic carbon was not affected by fire treatments, nor was the F:B ratio. Conclusions Our data indicate that soil organic carbon, microbial abundance and F:B ratio are slow to change in a tropical savanna despite 17 years of imposed fire regimes. Implications Soil microbes in savanna ecosystems may have evolved resilience to variable fire regimes and the potential for soil carbon sequestration in Australia from fire suppression is likely limited within human timescales.
The potential of herbal feed additives in poultry nutrition
Authors: İpçak Hasan H. , Denli Muzaffer
Published: December 2024

Herbal feed additives (HFAs) have emerged as promising alternatives to antibiotics in poultry nutrition, particularly following the ban on antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) and the growing interest in antibiotic-free production. The aim of this review was to discuss the potential effects of various HFAs on improving growth performance, enhancing antioxidant defenses, modifying intestinal microflora and morphology, modulating immune responses, and regulating genetic and hormonal functions in poultry. HFAs have notable antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties that help reduce oxidative stress and boost immune responses, thereby enhancing overall health and productivity. Furthermore, HFAs provide antimicrobial and intestinal health benefits by promoting gut eubiosis, fostering growth of beneficial microbiota, and offering protection against pathogens. Additionally, certain HFAs can affect genetic and hormonal regulation, which play a vital role in enhancing immune function and improving both reproductive and overall performance. These effects are particularly valuable for sustainable poultry production and reducing reliance on AGPs is becoming increasingly important. While the benefits of HFAs are well documented, further research is necessary to determine their optimal levels, potential interactions with other dietary components, and long-term effects on poultry health and productivity. This review highlighted the importance of herbs and their derivatives in poultry diets to support sustainable and efficient poultry production.
Analysis on the internal structure of shock wave-front in a two-phase viscous fluid with heat-conduction
Authors: Singh Anmol , Anand R K
Published: December 2024

The present study examined the effects of viscosity and heat-conduction on the internal structure of a plane shock wave in a two-phase gas-solid particles medium. The governing fluid flow equations (i.e., Navier–Stokes equations) are used to obtain the exact solutions supplemented with equation of state and nonlinear thermodynamically consistent constitutive relations. Through this model, the thickness of the shock-front is computed, and thereafter, we analyse the role of viscosity, including the effect of dust-laden parameters (e.g., the mass concentration of solid particles in the mixture (

k

p

), the ratio of the density of solid particles to the initial density of gas (G), the Prandtl number (

P

r

), as well as the strength of shock (M) on the thickness of the shock-front. The asymptotic variations in the thickness of the shock-front due to these flow parameters have been discussed and analysed both numerically and graphically for different cases viz., viscous and non-conducting, inviscid and heat conducting, and viscous and heat conducting mediums. The results show that the thickness of the shock-front increases with increasing viscosity as well as concentration of particles in the mixture. However, in the absence of viscosity, the thickness increases extensively. The conclusion of present study on the internal structure of shock waves is that viscosity plays a more significant role than heat conduction in determining the width of the shock wave.
Dual-band spin-dependent perfect absorber with anisotropic thin films in mid-infrared range
Authors: Ma Wenyang , Cui Xin , Qian Liming , Ye Jingfei , Xian Fenglin , Zheng Gaige
Published: December 2024

Motivated by the imperative demand for chirality manipulation within mid-infrared (mid-IR) range, this study presents an innovative solution to obtain selective perfect absorption and chiroptical responses with conventional Otto configuration. Optical responses of the structure have been calculated numerically by the 4 × 4 anisotropic transfer matrix method. The results show that the proposal supports the chiral response with dual-band resonance in absorption spectra by displaying different properties for left-hand circular polarization (LCP) and right-hand circular polarization (RCP) light, its circular dichroism (CD) and working wavelength could be tuned by adjusting the layer thickness and incidence angle. It is demonstrated that the proposed device exhibits an extraordinary absorption efficiency of unity for RCP light and zero for LCP light at a wavelength of 9.32 μm, accompanied by a maximum CD in absorption of −1. The strategy in manipulating dual-band selective chiroptical responses holds great potential in realizing mid-IR devices capable of chirality manipulation.
Dromion structure in (2+1)-dimensional modulated positron-acoustic waves in a non-Maxwellian magnetoplasma
Authors: Almuqrin Aljawhara H , Alim  , Mouhammadoul B B , Tiofack C G L , Mohamadou A , Ismaeel Sherif M E , Alhejaili Weaam , El-Tantawy S A
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the dromion structure within the context of (2+1)-dimensional modulated positron-acoustic waves in a magnetoplasma consisting of inertial cold positrons and inertialess nonthermal hot electrons and positrons as well as stationary positive ions. The reductive perturbation approach reduces the fluid governing equations to the plasma model to a Davey–Stewartson system. This study provides a detailed analysis of the influence of many related plasma parameters, including the density ratio of hot and cold positrons, the external magnetic field strength, the nonthermal parameter and the density ratio of electrons and cold positrons, on the growing rate of instability. Using the Hirota Bilinear method, it is found that the system supports some exact solutions, such as one- and two-dromion solutions. The change of plasma parameters significantly enhances the characteristics of dromion solutions. The elastic and inelastic collisions between two dromions are discussed at different times. The relevance of this study can help us to understand the various types of collision between energetic particles in confined plasma during the production of energy by thermonuclear fusion.
Experimental study on performance of 100-kW low temperature superconducting steady-state magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
Authors: Zhou 周 Cheng 成 , Wu 吴 Peng 鹏 , Song 宋 Yun-Tao 云涛 , Zheng 郑 Jin-Xing 金星 , Li 李 Yong 永 , Wang 王 Ge 戈 , Liu 刘 Hai-Yang 海洋
Published: December 2024

Applied field magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters (AF-MPDTs), with their high specific impulse and considerable thrust, are increasingly favored for large-scale space missions. This paper presents the composition, functionality, and testing methods of a high-power electric propulsion performance testing system, along with the vacuum ignition test results of a 100 kW superconducting MPD thruster. The relationships between thruster efficiency, magnetic field strength, current, and mass flow rate are analyzed. For each combination of current and flow rate in an AF-MPDT, there is an optimal magnetic field strength where the thruster efficiency reaches its peak. Under conditions of 320 A current and 60 mg/s flow rate, the optimal magnetic field strength is 0.5 T, yielding the highest thruster efficiency of 71%.
Experimental and artificial neural network (ANN) study on the impact of three different metal oxide nanoparticle combustion enhancers enriched on mahua biodiesel-diesel fuelled CI engine
Authors: Muniyappan Sinnappadass , Krishnaiah Ravi
Published: December 2024

The prediction of CI engine parameters has acquired significant attention and is regarded as a crucial tool for engine research and diagnosis studies. This contribution compares two different approaches for diesel engine viz. experimental and artificial neural networks (ANNs) predictions of performance and emission outputs. The base fuel M30 blend consist of mahua biodiesel 30 (% v) and 70 (% v) of diesel. The M30 blend and 50 ppm concentration of NPs (CeO2, CuO, and TiO2) were chosen for basic experimentation. The findings indicate an increase in BTE by 9.1%, peak CP by 11.3%, and HRR by 10.2%, with a decrease in BSFC by 13.7%, CO by 30.4%, HC by 30.1%, smoke by 34.7%, and NOx by 7.1%, resulting from the addition of 50 ppm CeO2 NP to D70M30 blend. The widely used backpropagation technique for ANN is implemented in multilayered feedforward design. To forecast the engine characteristics of a CI engine, a network structures including two inputs and one output is used. The given ANN model examined D100, M30, M30CeNP50, M30CuNP50, and M30TNP50 blends, using engine load and biodiesel with nanoparticle blend as the two input factors. A data-driven ANN model was created to forecast the optimised engine characteristics. The lowest and highest value of correlation coefficient (R2) and mean square errors (MSE), mean relative error (MRE) were found to for peak CP, HRR, BTE, BSFC, CO, CO2, HC, NOx and smoke. Using ANN one can choose right blend ratio among the variety of fuels blends for an appropriate requirement without much experimentation.
Non-destructive examination of GFRP composite parts using active microwave thermography with water spraying
Authors: Faraji Kalajahi Pouya , Akbari Davood
Published: December 2024

In this paper, in an attempt to non-destructively evaluate the Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) composites, active thermography with microwave excitation is employed. Different types of defects including holes and cracks with different sizes were located in GFRP samples as well as specimens produced from PVC foams. Active Microwave Thermography (AMT) tests were performed from two different distances and with two different power levels. Moreover, the enhancement of detectability by the application of water spraying on the surface of the samples was investigated. The results indicated that active microwave thermography has better performance in the detection of holes compared with cracks. The application of water spraying significantly enhanced the detectability of surface cracks in the GFRP composites and PVC foam samples. Finite Element Analysis was employed to numerically simulate the microwave heating of the GFRP samples and evaluate the temperature variations. Statistical analyses were carried out to investigate the effect of test parameters on the detectability of defects. The statistical analysis results indicated that the heating time has a superior influence on the temperature contrast and detectability.
A survey of computations of Bredon cohomology
Authors: Bárcenas Noé
Published: December 2024

We present an overview of computational methods for Bredon cohomology with a special focus on infinite groups.
The cohomology of homogeneous spaces in historical context
Authors: Carlson Jeffrey
Published: December 2024

The real singular cohomology ring of a homogeneous space

G

/

K

G/K

, interpreted as the Borel equivariant cohomology

H
K
∗

(
G
;

R

)

H^*_K(G;\mathbb R)

, was historically the first computation of equivariant cohomology of any nontrivial connected group action. After early approaches using the Cartan model for equivariant cohomology with

R

\mathbb R

coefficients and the Serre spectral sequence, post-1962 work computing the groups and rings

H
∗

(
G

/

K
;
k
)

H^*(G/K;k)

and

H
H
∗

(
G

/

K
;
k
)

H^*_H(G/K;k)

with more general coefficient rings motivated the development of minimal models in rational homotopy theory, the Eilenberg–Moore spectral sequence, and

A
∞

A_\infty

-algebras. In this essay, we survey the history of these ideas and the associated results.
A stroll in equivariant 𝐾-theory
Authors: Fok Chi-Kwong
Published: December 2024

Equivariant

K
K

-theory is a generalized equivariant cohomology theory that is a hybrid of the

K
K

-theory of a topological space and the representation theory of a group acting on it. In this article, we review the basics of equivariant

K
K

-theory and focus on the localization theorem of Atiyah and Segal, which have become important tools in equivariant topology nowadays. We then discuss the application of equivariant

K
K

-theory to equivariant formality, and briefly mention some recent developments.
Localization of integrals of equivariant forms for non-compact group actions
Authors: Libine Matvei
Published: December 2024

The Berline-Vergne integral localization formula for equivariantly closed forms [N. Berline and M. Vergne, Classes caractéristiques équivariantes, Formules de localisation en cohomologie équivariante, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 295 (1982), 539–541] is well-known and requires the acting Lie group to be compact. In this introductory article we discuss an extension of this result to real reductive Lie groups (such as

G
L
(
n
,

R

)

GL(n,\mathbb R)

) that need not be compact. (The complete proof is given in [M. Libine, Integrals of equivariant forms and a Gauss-Bonnet theorem for constructible sheaves, Topology 47 (2008), 1–39].) We also give an alternative proof of the classical integral localization formula that is inspired by this extension.
A concise introduction to GKM theory, 25 years on
Authors: Tymoczko Julianna
Published: December 2024

25 years after its origin, we give a brief introduction to and retrospective of GKM theory. Named after Goresky, Kottwitz, and MacPherson, GKM theory provides a combinatorial algorithm to construct torus-equivariant cohomology for suitable spaces

X

\mathcal {X}

with an appropriate action of a torus

T
T

. We sketch the underlying requirements of the theory and provide concrete examples. We then outline three significant contributions of GKM theory: computing bases for equivariant cohomology, finding formulas for products in the equivariant and ordinary cohomology ring, and constructing geometric representations on the equivariant cohomology. The final section summarizes open questions and research directions.
AI: A transformative opportunity in cell biology
Authors: Carr Ambrose , Cool Jonah , Karaletsos Theofanis , Li Donghui , Lowe Alan R. , Otte Stephani , Schmid Sandra L.
Published: December 2024

The success of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in predicting protein structure and more recently, protein interactions, demonstrates the power and potential of machine learning and AI for advancing and accelerating biomedical research. As cells are the fundamental unit of life, applying these tools to understand and predict cellular function represents the next great challenge. However, given the complexity of cellular structure and function, the diversity of cell types and the dynamic plasticity of cell states, the task will not be easy. To accomplish this challenge, AI models must scale and grow in sophistication, fueled by quantitative, multimodal data linking cell structure (their molecular composition, architecture, and morphology) to cell function (cell type and state). As cell biologists embrace the potential of AI models focused on cell features and functions, they are well positioned to contribute to their development, validate their utility, and perhaps, most importantly, play a leading role in leveraging the powers and insight emerging from the coming wave of cell-scale AI models.
Buprenorphine Salivary Gland Accumulation Sustaining High Oral Fluid Exposure and Increasing the Risk of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation
Authors: Zheng Zicong , Chen Jie , Srinual Songpol , Tumbas Šaponjac Vesna , Yin Taijun , Wang Bing-yan , Sun Rongjin , Hu Ming
Published: December 2024

Objectives

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning about buprenorphine-induced dental caries of unknown mechanism in 2022. To investigate the potential mechanism, the association between local buprenorphine exposure and dental biofilm formation will be explored in this study.

Methods

Female F344 rats were dosed with sublingual buprenorphine film or intravenous injection to explore the oral cavity exposure of the buprenorphine. The buprenorphine distribution in salivary glands after the sublingual and intravenous administration was also evaluated. To investigate the effects of buprenorphine exposure on dental caries formation, buprenorphine's impact on the biofilm formation of S. mutans in vitro was measured.

Results

The absolute sublingual bioavailability of buprenorphine in rats was 17.8% with a high ratio of oral fluid exposure to blood concentration in the pharmacokinetic study. Salivary gland concentrations of buprenorphine and its active metabolite norbuprenorphine were significantly higher than their blood concentrations after both sublingual (s.l.) and intravenous (i.v.) administration. Correlation analysis showed that the oral fluid concentration of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine was highly correlated to salivary gland concentration rather than blood concentration. These data indicate that the salivary gland serves as an accumulation organ for buprenorphine, allowing prolonged oral fluid exposure to buprenorphine. Lastly, buprenorphine and its metabolites contributed to the biofilm formation of S. mutans in high concentration.

Conclusions

Sublingual administration substantially increased the salivary gland distribution of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine. Depot effects following sublingual dosing and salivary gland accumulation likely sustained high oral fluid exposure to buprenorphine and stimulated the biofilm formation of S. mutans.
Development and Evaluation of the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs Quick Version 4 (GAIN-Q4) for ASAM Dimension Ratings and Placement Recommendations for Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Dennis Michael L. , Sitar Siara I. , Modisette Kathryn C. , Estrada Barbara D. , Welsh Justine W.
Published: December 2024

Objectives

This article describes the development and evaluation of the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs Quick Version 4 (GAIN-Q4) for the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) 4th edition patient placement dimension ratings and level of care placement recommendations. The research questions are as follows: (1) Can the GAIN-Q4 replicate recommendations from the prior longer instrument within adolescents and adults? (2) What are the substantive differences in the results by age?

Methods

The 35- to 45-minute GAIN-Q4 was developed through modification of the GAIN-Q3 and evaluated in terms of its ability to predict ASAM dimensional ratings and level of care placement recommendations from the 60- to 120-minute GAIN-I instrument. Data were obtained from participants who are adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (n = 101,897) and adults 18 years and older (n = 204,711) interviewed between 2002 and 2018 across 530 US sites. Reliability between measures was assessed with Cohen's κ statistic within age group; substantive differences by age were evaluated with logistic regression and χ2.

Results

The ability of the 35- to 45-minute GAIN-Q4 measure to predict ASAM 6 dimensional ratings from the 60- to 120-minute GAIN-I was excellent (κ > 0.8) for 4 dimensions, good (0.6–0.79) for 1, and fair for 1 (0.4–0.59) — both for adolescents and young adults. κ for general level of care placement to ASAM levels of care was excellent for both adolescents and young adults.

Conclusions

The GAIN-Q4 demonstrates the ability to predict ASAM dimensional ratings and general level of care placement reliably when compared to the lengthier GAIN-I measure. These results highlight that clinicians using the GAIN-Q4 measure will be equipped to evaluate patients from a wide variety of sources with an accurate and reliable screening tool.
Should We Operate on Octogenarians with Cervical Myelopathy or Radiculopathy?
Authors: Zakieh Omar , Jawid Maryam , Bowers Mitchell , Young Mason , Zuckerman Scott L. , Lugo-Pico Julian G. , Gardocki Raymond J. , Abtahi Amir M. , Stephens Byron F.
Published: December 2024

Study Design.

Retrospective Cohort

Objective.

Investigate the disparities between octogenarians and non-octogenarians undergoing cervical spine surgery regarding perioperative, and postoperative outcomes.

Summary of Background Data.

As the population ages, the demand for elective cervical spine surgery among older, more active adults increases. However, concerns remain regarding the optimal management of older patients undergoing cervical surgery, given the potential complexities associated with advanced age, comorbidities, and physiological decline. While the safety and efficacy of cervical spine surgery in younger cohorts have been extensively studied, there is a paucity of literature specifically addressing outcomes in octogenarians.

Methods.

Octogenarians undergoing elective cervical spine surgery were propensity matched 3:1 to patients <80 years old by baseline neck and arm pain, surgical approach, and total instrumented levels. Primary outcomes of interest were postoperative complications, unexpected 90-day hospital readmissions and 12-month reoperation. Secondary outcomes were 12-month patient satisfaction and patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) at 3 and 12 months, including EuroQol-5D, modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association, neck disability index, and visual analog scale for neck and arm pain.

Results.

There were 29 octogenarians and 87 nonoctogenarians identified. The mean age in each cohort was 82.4±2.2 vs. 59.1±11.1 years, respectively. There was no difference in postoperative complications (10.3% vs. 6.9%, P=0.548), 90-day readmission (10.3% vs. 6.9%, P=0.548), and 12-month reoperation (3.4% vs. 2.3%, P=0.736) between octogenarians and non-octogenarians. Similarly, octogenarians and nonoctogenarians experienced comparable 12-month patient satisfaction (65.2% vs. 55.3%, P=0.393), improvement in 3- and 12- month PROMs and MCID achievement.

Conclusion.

Postoperative complications, readmission, reoperation rate, patient satisfaction, and PROMs did not significantly differ between octogenarians and non-octogenarians undergoing cervical spine surgery. These findings suggest that age alone should not be a determining factor in surgical decision-making for elective cervical spine procedures, as octogenarians can achieve comparable outcomes to their younger counterparts.
Rare Pathologic Placenta Ultrasound Findings
Authors: Hernandez-Andrade Edgar , Gerulewicz-Vannini Donatella , Soto-Torres Eleazar E. , Papanna Ramesha
Published: December 2024

Rare ultrasound placenta findings, such as avascular cystic lesions, hyperechogenic and thick placenta, and enlarged placenta, are associated with infarcts, perivillous fibrin deposition, and mesenchymal dysplasia. These lesions can be present in 20% of normal pregnancies but are more frequent in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia (PE) and/or fetal growth restriction, autoimmune diseases, and infections, and can increase the risk of perinatal complications, including fetal death. Evaluation of the placental surface may also identify cases with circumvallate placenta and chorioangiomas. These rare placental findings require close clinical follow-up and serial fetal evaluations to identify those at a higher risk of abnormal perinatal outcomes.
Supplemental n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Clinical implications and best practices for adult patients with cancer
Authors: Yang Jing-Shu , Wang Hai-Yan , Zhang Xin-Ting , Wang Song-Yu , Duan Xiao-Tian , Zhao Quan-Tong , Wang Ran , Wang Yao , Cao Hong-Shi
Published: December 2024

Background

The purpose of this report is to summarize the evidence supporting supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) in adult cancer patients, and to offer a better understanding of the appropriate use of n-3 PUFAs in the clinical setting.

Methods

Numerous databases were searched for guidelines, clinical decision-making documents, systematic reviews, expert consensus statements, and best evidence summaries about the use of n-3 PUFAs in cancer patients from the inception of the database to December 31, 2023. Evidence grading and recommendation rating were conducted. The data extracted included the timing of supplementation, symptom management, disease prevention, cost-effectiveness, route of administration, application scenarios, dosage, and safety.

Results

The collected data show that n-3 PUFAs are safe for patients receiving chemotherapy who are at risk of malnutrition and cachexia. Moreover, n-3 PUFA supplementation can alleviate the adverse symptoms associated with chemotherapy, extend survival, and improve the quality of life of patients with cancer.

Conclusions

The administration of supplementary n-3 PUFAs should be considered based on the patient’s disease stage, treatment plan, nutritional status, and tolerance, as well as the dosage, route and application scenarios. Promoting the clinical use of n-3 PUFAs may improve the outcomes for patients with cancer.
Infliximab Trough Levels Are Associated With Endoscopic Remission in Small Bowel Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Han Wei , Bai Bingqing , Wang Yuqing , Hu Jing , Wu Juan , Liu Qiuyuan , Shi Yongrong , Mei Qiao
Published: December 2024

Goals:

To identify the association between infliximab trough levels (ITL) and treatment outcomes in small bowel Crohn’s disease (SB-CD)

Background:

Higher ITL are associated with favorable treatment outcomes in CD. However, the association between ITL and SB-CD treatment outcomes are rarely studied.

Study:

This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Patients with SB-CD who received maintenance infliximab therapy were recruited, and treatment efficacy was evaluated through double balloon endoscopy. Serum samples were collected to test ITL. The primary outcome was endoscopic remission (ER), which is defined as a Simple Endoscopic Score of Crohn’s disease (SES-CD) of <3. The secondary outcome was mucosal healing (MH) (SES-CD: 0) and endoscopic response (SES-CD decreased by 50% from baseline). The factors associated with ER were also explored through logistic regression analysis.

Results:

In total, 111 patients with SB-CD were enrolled. Forty-seven patients (42.3%) achieved ER. Median ITL was significantly higher in patients with ER than patients without ER (2.74 vs. 1.12 µg/mL, P<0.01). In a multivariate model, an elevated ITL was the only independent factor associated with an increased probability of ER [odds ratio (OR): 1.24, 95% CI: 1.08-1.43, P=0.003]. The cutoff level of ITL used to predict ER with a specificity of >80% was 3.45 µg/mL, and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.790. Meanwhile, the AUC cutoff to predict MH and endoscopic responses was 0.767 and 0.759, respectively.

Conclusions:

There was a significant association between higher ITL and favorable SB-CD treatment outcomes.