bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The International Law Commission 1949-1998
Authors: Arthur Watts
Published: November 2023

The International Law Commission is the UN body principally responsible for the codification and development of international law. It first met in 1949 and held its fiftieth session in 1998. This is the second of a three volume set which will mark the ILC’s fiftieth anniversary. The set will bring together, on a topic-by-topic basis and in a readily accessible form, the complete final product of the Commission’s work throughout its first half century of existence, namely: * the final draft Articles (or other final reports) prepared by the Commission * its Commentaries on those draft Articles * and in those cases where a treaty has been concluded on the basis of the Commission’s draft Articles, the text of that treaty The Commission’s drafts, together with its Commentaries are - as the International Court of Justice has often confirmed - not only very relevant for the development of customary international law but essential to a proper understanding of the treaties concluded on the basis of the Commission’s drafts. The treaties, which establish a large part of the framework of modern international law and relations, cover such subjects as the law of the sea (1958), diplomatic and consular relations (1961 and 1963), the law of treaties (1969), State succession (1978 and 1983), watercourses (1997), and, most recently, the International Criminal Court (1998). In this collection, the Commission’s work on each topic and any resulting treaty text is prefaced by an authoritative introductory note placing the Commission’s work within its historical and legal context, together with a summary of the Commission’s work on the topic, and a select bibliography. Topics covered in the second volume include: * Treaties * State succession * Watercourses * International criminal jurisdiction.
The Law Of Treaties
Authors: Arthur Watts
Published: November 2023

Along with the need of States to communicate with each other by means of envoys sent from one State to another,’ the need of States to make agreements with other States makes the law of treaties one of those areas of international law whose roots go back furthest into historical times. As soon as communities came into existence which can reasonably be regarded as the forerunners of the States which are today’s members of the international community, so soon did those communities find it necessary to reach accommodations with other, usually neighbouring, communities and, for the better security of their affairs, to record those accommodations in some form of written agreements on which they could rely. In earliest times that reliance was secured primarily by invoking divine sanctions for the breach of a promise or an oath, and by the more practical day-to-day requirements of reciprocity.
Treaties With International Organizations
Authors: Arthur Watts
Published: November 2023

Initiation of the topic: Resolution adopted by the Vienna Conference on the Law of Treaties 1969, and acted upon by GA Res. 2501 (XXIV) (para. 5), of12 November 1969.
The International Law Commission 1949–1998
Authors: Kcmg,Qc Sir Arthur Watts
Published: November 2023

This is the third of a three volume set, the publication of which will mark the fiftieth anniversary of the International Law Commission, the UN body principally responsible for the codification and development of international law. Together, the three volumes will collect the full texts of the Commission’s final draft Articles and Commentaries, and other final reports, on all the topics on which it has completed work during its first fifty years, up to and including 1998. They will also contain the texts of all the treaties which have been concluded on the basis of the Commission’s draft Articles. In this work, each topic is placed in context by a short but authoritative introductory note from the editor, a summary of the Commission’s work, and a select bibliography. Topics covered in the third volume include: (in Part II) Rights and Duties of States; International Offences; Statelessness; Arbitration; Internatioanal Representatives of Staes; State Immunity and (in Part III) Customary International Law; Aggression.
Nürnberg Principles
Authors: Kcmg,Qc Sir Arthur Watts
Published: November 2023

Consideration of the possibility of establishing criminal responsibility on the part of States and their leaders, although for the most part a matter of speculation until the Second World War (1939—1945), received a new impetus with the setting up after that War of the Niirnberg International Military Tribunal for the trial of major war criminals and the delivery of its Judgment on 30 September 1946.
Offences Against International Peace And Security
Authors: Kcmg,Qc Sir Arthur Watts
Published: November 2023

The Commission concluded its work on the formulation of the Nürnberg principles at its second session in 19503 and submitted it to the General Assembly. By then the Commission, having in 1949 appointed Spiropoulos as its Special Rapporteur on the subject.
Availability Of Customary International Law
Authors: Kcmg,Qc Sir Arthur Watts
Published: November 2023

For the most part the Statute of the International Law Commission lays down the institutional and procedural framework for the Commissions work, leaving the substantive matters to be considered by the Commission to be determined either by the Commission itself or by the General Assembly giving the Commission special assignments. An exception to this way of proceeding is to be found in Article 24 of the Commissions Statute. This reads:
The Human Rights of People with Disabilities under EU Law
Authors: Quinn Gerard
Published: November 2023

There is a definable rights-based perspective to disability. This perspective, which has its origins in the civil rights movements of the 1960s, is working a revolution both at the level of ideas and also in the way established institutions and practices are coming under sustained pressure for change. Put simply, it amounts to the assertion that people are not problems, they have rights. From the rights perspective the main problem lies in the lack of space made for human difference in society and not in the difference presented by disability itself.
The Future of Environmental Rights in the European Union
Authors: Eleftheriadis Pavlos Z
Published: November 2023

The question of protection from environmental damage is not new. Roman law had rules protecting third parties from activities that could have such effects. But this old question has taken on a new significance in the last fifty or sixty years due to changes brought about by new technology and its massive use. These new problems cannot be fully covered by the traditional means of private law, e.g. property and tort law. It is very hard, for example, to establish private law remedies in the case of commonly held resources, like air or water, or to identify causal links betweeen victims and perpetrators, or even identify current victims at all (as opposed to those in future generations). As a result, we now require better focused tools of public environmental regulation, something that is reflected in the rapid expansion of environmental law over the past few decades.
Trade Preferences and Human Rights
Authors: Brandtner Barbara , Rosas Allan
Published: November 2023

While linking trade and human rights easily provokes controversy, it seems impossible to keep the two completely separate. This is because the ‘right to pursue a trade’ has some human rights connotations, as can be seen in the case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Private traders see sanctions and embargoes as threats to their property and their acquired rights to continue ‘business as usual’. In addition, there is the question of the implications of sanctions for the economic and social rights of the population of the targeted State.
Structural Differences between Systems of Civil Procedure
Authors: Kennett W A
Published: November 2023

The Tenth International Conference on Procedural Law, organised under the aegis of the International Association for Procedural Law, adopted as one of its themes ‘Special features of comparative procedural law’. The intention was to investigate the theoretical and methodological problems of comparative procedural law. It is clear from the selection of this topic as a conference theme that it is of growing interest to procedural lawyers, but the analysis of the national reports also demonstrates that little attention has as yet been paid to methodology.
Non-money Judgments
Authors: Kennett W A
Published: November 2023

It is easy to envisage situations where the transfrontier enforcement of non-money judgments-and in particular prohibitory injunctions-may be desirable. Take, for example, the typical cases arising under the Brussels Convention in which an injunction is sought. They are concerned with restraint of unfair competition, preventing infringement of intellectual property rights, and restraining transfrontier pollution. Although it is common for an injunction to be sought in the jurisdiction in which the effects of the harmful conduct are felt-under Article 5(3) of the Convention-other bases of jurisdiction can be envisaged which would allow multi-jurisdictional torts to be concentrated in one forum. Jurisdiction can be assumed on the basis of Article 2 of the Convention at the domicile of the defendant, or under Article 6(1) at the domicile of one of several defendants. Provisional injunctions may also be sought on the basis of Article 24 of the Convention.
CPT Standards: An Overview
Authors: MOROAN ROD , EVANS MALCOLM D
Published: November 2023

The CPT produces two categories of documents which are vital for the analysis of its ‘jurisprudence’: the annual general reports which describe its work during the past year; and the individual country reports arising out of its programme of visits. There have now been eight of the former and, by the end of 1998, over fifty of the latter have been published.
Introduction
Authors: Alston Philip
Published: November 2023

For all its vagueness and ambiguity, the right of peoples to self-determination succeeded during the second half of the twentieth century in transforming not only many of the basic tenets of international law but also in reshaping the international community. It is hardly surprising then that the proponents of the broader concept of peoples’ rights, which assumed considerable importance starting in the early 1970s, aimed at provoking a similarly fundamental transformation of the way in which human rights are conceived and implemented. The principal means by which they sought to achieve this objective was through the elevation of the well-recognized, but nonetheless vague and open-ended, duty of states to cooperate to achieve the objectives of the United Nations Charter, in combination with an emerging principle of solidarity, so as to transform the correlative duties that attach to human rights into concrete obligations upon governments to transfer resources to those in need.
Introduction: The Phenomenon Of Multi-Party Actions In England And Wales
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges
Published: November 2023

The primary purpose of this book is to provide guidance to those involved in the management of a multi-party action on the procedural rules and techniques which may be used and the issues which may arise. A multi-party action has sometimes been known in the UK as a group action and elsewhere as a class action. Although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there are technical differences between these terms when applied in the context of a specific jurisdiction: a US class action, for instance, is a particular phenomenon and different from an Australian class action. The term used in the Civil Procedure Rules of England and Wales is Group Litigation Order (GLO), which is again a different mechanism.
Basic Principles And Issues
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges
Published: November 2023

When from the mid-1980s the courts were faced with the Herculean task of managing multi-claimant actions, involving considerable technical problems, there was no rule of court or body of experience on which to draw. A succession of judges was forced to innovate and adopt increasingly interventionist case management techniques. Decisions which departed from tradition were not uncriticised by those adversely affected.
Initial Management Of The Group
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges
Published: November 2023

From the start of the modern history of multi-party actions in this jurisdiction, it has consistently been recognised that they should be managed by a single judge. The Law Society’s Working Party and Lord Woolf advocated the involvement of a single judge as early as possible in the process and the establishment of a panel of judges who have training and experience in managing group actions. Cases in which a succession of judges are appointed run the risk of suffering from inconsistency or lack of forward momentum.
Further Management Issues
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges
Published: November 2023

Rule 19.14 provides that a party to a claim entered on the group register may apply to the management court to be removed from the register. If the management court orders the claim to be removed from the register it may give directions about the future management of the claim. Additionally, where the court has decided that the criteria for entry on the register have not been met in a particular claim (generally on referral from the manager of the register), it may order that the claim leave the Group Litigation Order (GLO) arrangements. Where the court orders a claim to leave the Group, it may give further directions in that claim which may involve a continuing liability for the costs of the Group.
Costs
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges
Published: November 2023

The general rules on costs are in Part44 of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR). Detailed consideration of Part 44 is outside the scope of this book but the key aspects should be remembered. The court has a discretion as to the award, amount, and timing of payment of costs. The general rule is that the unsuccessful party will be ordered to pay the costs of the successful party, but the court may make a different order.
Legal Expenses Insurance
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges
Published: November 2023

Solicitors have a duty to advise clients on whether their liability for costs may be covered by insurance. Legal expenses insurance (LEI) policies are typically sold as ‘add-ons’ to other policies, particularly motor vehicle, household, and building policies. The existence of LEI cover may not only affect a person’s decisions in litigation but also interrelate with the availability of public funding or after-the-event insurance, which are topics discussed in the two succeeding chapters. The existence of a sufficient number of individual claimants with adequate LEI cover may, on the assumption that such cover can be aggregated, provide significant funding for a multi-party action.
Class Actions: An American Perspective
Authors: Harbour Laurel J , Croft Sarah , Sheehan Thomas
Published: November 2023

Class actions in the United States federal courts are ‘an exception to the usual rule that litigation is conducted by and on behalf of the individual named parties only’. The procedure allows one or more individuals (class representatives) to sue on behalf of themselves and class members who are similarly situated. If the class representatives prevail, the defendant will be liable to each member in the class. Likewise, if the defendant prevails, the judgment binds all the members of the class.
Class Actions In The Common Law Provinces Of Canada
Authors: Prestage JA , McKee S Gordon
Published: November 2023

Of the nine common law provinces in Canada, only Ontario and British Columbia have legislation permitting class proceedings. In Ontario, the Class Proceedings Act 1992 came into force on 1 January 1993.
Multi-Party Actions In Australia
Authors: Kellam Dr Jocelyn , Clark S Stuart
Published: November 2023

Multi-party litigation in Australia is going through a period of intense development. Over the past two years, there has been an unprecedented increase in the level of class action litigation. Indeed, Australia has now gained the unenviable reputation of being the most likely place, outside the United States, for such a suit to be brought.
Pertussis Vaccine Litigation
Authors: Pearl Simon
Published: November 2023

This product liability litigation arose in the mid-l 980s before the development of more sophisticated and formal arrangements. The key point is that both plaintiffs and defendants regarded the issue of general causation as being the paramount issue. Accordingly, the coordinating judge was enabled to resolve this issue and, since he did so in the defendant’s favour, the litigation was effectively resolved. The issue was resolved as a preliminary issue in the context of a single test case, although there was an expensive lesson that selection of only a single test case leads to problems if it collapses on its particular facts.
Hiv Haemophilia Litigation
Authors: Pearl Simon
Published: November 2023

The most important factor in this negligence litigation from around 1990 was speed. The parties and the court recgnised an overwhelming need to achieve resolution of all of the individual cases in view of the serious risk of impending death to the 1,000 plaintiffs. As a result, no preliminary issues were selected and although it was intended to proceed by way of resolution of generic issues through lead cases, preparatory work on all the other individual cases was continued rather than their being stayed.
Lloyd’S Litigation
Authors: Wakinshaw Gary
Published: November 2023

This enormous litigation was active in the early and mid-1990s and related to the arrangements between different members of the Lloyd’s insurance market. There were many individual actions, although they can begrouped into eight broad categories. A succession of judges was appointed to c ordinate the actions, which were all dealt with within the Commercial Court. At an early stage, the Court called the par ties together for a two-day discussion of the nature of the actions and the management issues which would arise, which resulted in adoption of a test case approach generally based on preliminary issues and a general timetable.
Manufacturing Operations: Mixed Claims
Authors: Thomson Aidan
Published: November 2023

This case from the mid-1990s concerned alleged environmental damage (nuisance, health effects, property devaluation, and loss of enjoyment of property). The litigation management aspects of the case were relatively conventional, with consolidation of two sets of multiple proceedings and standard orders.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Human Growth Hormone) Litigation
Authors: Body David
Published: November 2023

This negligence claim from the mid-1990s was a notable overall success for the claimants. One very important management lesson emerged. As discussed at chap ter 2, there had been controversy arising in many of the product liability claims of the previous five years or so of whether it was appropriate in a multi-party action either to proceed immediately to trial solely on the issue of one or some supposedly common issues and to defer all other matters, or alternatively to proceed on a broader basis. In this case, there was an initial trial of breach of duty and general causation but with no evidence of the facts of any individual cases. The approach was seen to have serious drawbacks and subsequent cases adopted instead the ‘trial of lead cases’ approach.
British Coal: Vibration White Finger Litigation
Authors: Tucker Andrew
Published: November 2023

This personal injury action arising out of occupational health exposure of coal miners ran from I993 until the establishment in 1999 of a framework to evaluate the award of compensation in individual claims. The litigation was extremely large and involved over 50,000 claimants, with an estimated total liability of £500 million.
British Coal: Respiratory Disease Litigation
Authors: Tucker Andrew
Published: November 2023

This employers’ liability case from the second half of the 1990s was a notable win for the claimants, resulting in financial liability estimated at £2 billion to former mineworkers. It was an interesting example of judicial control, not least in relation to timing: some 100 individual cases were commenced between 1989 and 1995 but, following judicial co-ordination through a group mechanism, an enormous discovery and evidence-taking exercise was completed at considerable speed and judgment given by February I998.The Judge’s force of personality also encouraged the twenty-seven firms representing claimants to consolidate into a Steering Committee and resolve their differences.
Attachment Of Security Interests
Authors: Ali Pau
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses ‘attachment’, the first of two concepts critical to the efficacy of security interests. Attachment means that all steps necessary to create a security interest over the secured property have been taken. The second concept ‘perfec-tion’ concerns the steps that have to be taken, generally further to the attachment of a security interest, to assure the position of the secured party. However, the concept of perfection, as applied in the form-based regimes of England and Wales, and Australia, is substantially different from the concept recognised by the Article 9-style regimes of Canada and New Zealand.
Juridical Nature of Liens, Pledges, Mortgages and Charges
Authors: Ali Pau
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the juridical nature of liens (contractual as well as non-contractual), pledges, mortgages (legal and equitable) and equitable charges (fixed and floating). Reference is also made to hypothecations.
Charge-Backs and Fixed Charges Over Receivables
Authors: Ali Pau
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers two special types of security interest, the charge-back and the fixed charge over receivables, both of which illustrate the limits imposed by the common law on the creation of security interests over choses in action. In terms of charge-backs, the issue arises as to whether the obligee in respect of a chose in action can grant a valid security interest over that chose in action back to the obligor. As regards the second security interest, the issue is whether a fixed charge (or mortgage)-as opposed to a floating charge-can be created over a fluctuating class of choses in action such as receivables, thus placing the secured party in a more advantageous priority position.
Some Observations Concerning Multijurisdictional Tax Competition
Authors: Shaviro Daniel
Published: November 2023

Should (or when should) separate governments, including sub-units in a federal system, be encouraged to engage in tax competition rather than harmonizing their tax systems? This is a very different question than, say, whether air pollution policy should emerge through regulatory competition or be harmonized at the national or multinational level. The differences suggest a need for lesser generalization in evaluating tax competition as compared to much other regulatory competition.
Labour Federalism in the United States: Lessons for Coordinated Decentralization in Supranational Regimes
Authors: Barenberg* Mark
Published: November 2023

United States domestic law—like the domestic law of many other federal nationstates-has for decades rested on the settled principle that core labour rights, enforced by the central government, are fundamental constituents of a multi-state common market. The US Supreme Court and the US Congress have explicitly embraced the idea that substandard labour conditions are a form of illegitimate subsidy to low-wage employers and that the federal government is therefore justified in prohibiting interstate traffic in goods produced under such conditions (West Coast Hotelv. Parrish, 300 U.S. 379 (1937); NLRBv. Jones & Loughlin Steel Co., 301 U.S. 1 (1937); United States v. Darby, 312 U.S. 100 (1941)). Over three or four decades beginning in the rnid-1930s, that idea animated the relatively successful implementation of a federal policy enforcing core labour rights. In the last third of the twentieth century, while that formal policy commitment and its regulatory shell persisted, its actual implementation faded away (Gross 1995).
Fiscal Federalism, Jurisdictional Competition and Tax Coordination: Translating Theory to Policy in the European Union
Authors: Bratton William , Mccahery Joseph
Published: November 2023

Economic theory is often said to provide a basis for setting presumptions to help allocate regulatory authority in federal systems. Less is said about its operation as a basis for rebutting presumptions respecting allocations of authority in federations, the matter we take up in this chapter. The presumption in question is the European Union’s (EU’s) subsidiarity principle. The case for rebuttal concerns the Code of Conduct on Business Taxation (the Code), a tax coordination initiative that identifies and prohibits a zone of distortionary competition among the member states respecting taxation of capital. The Code is presently pending before the European Council as part of a larger package of tax measures. Its evaluation under subsidiarity raises three questions: (1)
Environmental Regulation and Economic Integration
Authors: Vogel David
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the relationship between economic integration and environmental regulation. Part I begins by observing that fears that economic competition would lead to a regulatory ‘race toward the bottom’ appear to have proven unwarranted: increased economic integration has proved compatible with the general strengthening of environmental standards. Part II then explains why economic interdependence has not led subnational, national, and regional governments to compete by lowering their environmental standards. Parts III, IV, V, and VI examine the ways in which economic integration has contributed to the strengthening of regulatory standards. Finally, Parts VII and VIII explore the shortcomings of existing mechanisms of global environmental governance and specify the circumstances under which regulatory coordination can promote more effective environ mental governance.
An Early Case Study in Packaging the Law
Authors: Susskind Richard
Published: November 2023

This chapter is something of a curiosity. It is a review of an early and fairly unimpressive attempt to package the law as a consultative service. Although the system in question was thought to be wanting in various dimensions, the issues raised remain instructive today. When I reread the original article, I was struck by two apparently contradictory thoughts. The first is how far we seem to have travelled in IT and law over the past 15 years. And the second is how, in some ways, comparatively little has been achieved. In a short postscript to the chapter, I try to make sense of this contradiction in the context of several very recent attempts to package the law. As with the other essays in this part of the book, the main body of the chapter concerns computer systems that offer legal advice. Section I is a nontechnical introduction to the topic of expert systems in substantive law, and Section II reviews what was claimed to be an expert system guide to the Data Protection Act 1984.
The Electronic Pillars of Justice
Authors: Susskind Richard
Published: November 2023

How should a national government, faced with the task of modernizing its justice system, meet the challenges of the future, given the formidable array of technical options that have emerged over the last decade? This is an increasingly important question for governments around the world, many of whom are currently seeking to prioritize amongst a bewildering array of information technologies. The main difficulty here is that it is barely conceivable that all the possibilities and opportunities outlined in Chapter 5 could be implemented in the course of, say, the coming ten years. How can balanced choices be made? The argument presented in this chapter is that to meet the challenge squarely, any justice system that is taking IT seriously must develop its own long-term IT strategy. In the absence of a strategic approach, some of the systems outlined in Chapter 5 would no doubt be put in place, but this would probably happen in a rather haphazard and random way.
Void Derivative Transfers of Title to Corporeal Money
Authors: Fox David
Published: November 2023

This chapter develops the general structure sketched out in chapter 3 by describing the detailed rules governing defects in the derivative transfer of title to corporeal money. The chapter proceeds by stages. It takes the variety of reasons which might prevent the transfer from being fully effective to confer on the recipient a title which would be recognized as indefeasible at law and in equity. It begins with the relevance of the invalidity of the transaction underlying the money payment and then considers the consequences of the payer’s incapacity on the effective transfer of title to money.
Temporal Bounds on Interfaces
Authors: Slack Jon M
Published: November 2023

The cognitive architecture implemented in the brain is built on a common neural platform and it can be argued that the nature of the human cognition is heavily determined by the characteristics of its computational foundations. This chapter promotes this view by deriving some of the structural properties of language from the assumption that the brain ‘s cognitive subsystems employ a common currency of representations based on distributed patterns, or vectors. The derivation focuses on a neural network implementation of the computational architecture proposed within Chomsky ‘s Minimalist program. Each syntactic object generated by the computational procedure must have both synchronic (defined at the same time) and diachronic (defined over time) components. The constituent tokens of anti-symmetric relations can only be differentiated by their type and this leads to a bound on synchronically tokened structure that emerges within language as the characteristic features of phrasal structure. The two key levels of linguistic representation, Phonetic Form and Logical Form, are shown to employ different distributions of synchronic and diachronic components, with Logical Form being more dependent on synchronic representations.
What is best value? The health economic evidence
Authors: Byford Sarah , Knapp Martin
Published: November 2023

Growing awareness of the need to improve, not only the effectiveness but also the cost-effectiveness of health care, social care, and other services and interventions, has generated various demands for economic evidence (summarized in Box 9.1) in all sectors of society. One set of demands has been for descriptions of the resource consequences of different illnesses, problems, or behaviours. An associated demand is for measures of the overall cost impact of a particular health problem. In the child and adolescent mental health field, for example, recognition of the often quite considerable effects of some behaviour problems of childhood and adolescence has encouraged a number of such cost studies. However, whilst service utilization descriptions can be informative, this rather reductionist focus on costs can be misleading and is unable to provide evidence upon which to base ‘best value’ assessments.
The impact of the new genetics on planning and delivering child and adolescent mental health services
Authors: Gowda Rajesh , Scourfield, Jane , Thapar Anita
Published: November 2023

The Genome Project and genetic research has excited scientists, health providers, the media, and the general public. There are, however, many myths as to the extent genetic research will change medical practice and services in the near future. At present, there would appear to be little ‘on the ground’ effect by genetic research on general psychiatric services, and even less on child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS). The role of an evidence-based approach in CAMHS has been highlighted (Williams 2000) but the application can be difficult (Ramchandini et al. 2001; Harrington 2001). Knowledge and evidence-based medicine and its application is fraught with hurdles.
Young people and substance misuse
Authors: Crome Ilana B , Gilvarry Eilish
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we survey briefly issues impacting on need, design, and delivery of services and clinical practice regarding substance use and misuse by young people. Because this is a complex series of topics in which it is easy to use terms without clear regard to their meaning, we begin with a survey of current definitions. For professional clinical purposes the International Classification of Diseases (ICD10) (World Health Organization 1992) is the most commonly used diagnostic classification in the United Kingdom. This system outlines two categories: ‘ harmful use’ and ‘dependence syndrome’ (Edwards and Gross 1976).
Comparative analyses: CAMHS in developing countries
Authors: Rahman Atif , Harrington, Richard , Gater Richard
Published: November 2023

The last three decades have seen significant achievements in child health worldwide. Although problems such as the HIV epidemic in parts of Africa continue to pose new challenges, overall, there has been a decline of about 15% in mortality and disability from malnutrition and infectious diseases (UNICEF 1996). Attention, therefore, has been turning to ways of enhancing the mental development of the majority of children who survive infancy. As Meyers (1992) put it, ‘one in 13 children die, but the 12 who survive also need care’.
Mapping specialist child and adolescent mental health services in England
Authors: Glover Gyles , Hartley Claire , Dean, Richard , Foster Bob
Published: November 2023

Children in mind,the report of the Audit Commission (1999) on specialist child and adolescent mental health services (Specialist CAMHS) in England and Wales (also see Chapter 27), drew attention to the increasing recognition over the past twenty years of the importance of child and adolescent mental health problems and disorders, and the continuing lack of routinely-collected data about the provision and activity of services for them.
Assessing need, mapping services, and setting priorities
Authors: Kurtz Zarrina
Published: November 2023

During the last five years of the twentieth century, child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) became widely recognised as a significant field of service provision in England and Wales, heralded by the publication of two highly influential reports in 1995: Together we stand(NHS Health Advisory Service [HAS] 1995) and A handbook on child and adolescent mental health(Department of Health and Department of Education 1995).
Case study: the primary mental health team—Leicester, Leicestershire, and Rutland CAMHS
Authors: Gale Fiona , Vostanis Panos
Published: November 2023

The HAS four-tier model of service provision suggested the development of the primary mental health worker (PMHW) role at the interface between Tier 1 (primary care professionals) and Tiers 2/3 (Specialist CAMHS). These recommendations were also affirmed by reports from the House of Commons Health Committee (DoH 1997), The Mental Health Foundation (1999), and the Audit Commission (2000), which emphasized the need to develop more effective inter-agency collaboration in the provision of CAMHS, through the development of appropriate liaison between primary care and Specialist CAMHS.
Rationale for knee Reconstructive CAOS
Authors: Picard Frederic , DiGioia III Anthony M , Jaramaz Branislav
Published: November 2023

Since the 1970s, when prosthetic knee surgery truly began to develop, progress in this field has increased steadily. The aging of the population, coupled with technological improvements naturally led to an increase in the number of prosthetic implants.1 Around 10–15% of all prostheses require at length surgical revision at some point.1,2 The increasingly strict controls on the costs of each surgical operation, the functional requirements of patients, and the pressure by insurance companies to ‘guarantee the results of these operations’, have led surgeons and health organizations to pay greater attention to the overall quality of the results.
Professional Context
Authors: Brennan James , Moynihan Clare
Published: November 2023

Almost any member of the community will tell you that cancer is a tough area of healthcare in which to work. They immediately recognize that working with people who face the certainty, or even the possibility, of their death must take its toll on the staff. They assume that because cancer professionals are dealing every day with profound anguish and distress, they must be personally affected themselves. And they are right. People who work in cancer care show high levels of stress and emotional burnout. But paradoxically, the emotional distress of working in cancer care is rarely acknowledged by the very professionals themselves or by the healthcare institutions in which they work.
Anticoagulation and extracorporeal circuits: the first haemodialysis
Authors: Cameron J Stewart
Published: November 2023

Blood is a difficult substance to work with: on exposure to almost any surface available until the mid-twentieth century, it clotted and separated serum from a fibrin-cellular coagulum. Thus, even in vitro dialysis from untreated whole blood was impossible, and early attempts at extracorporeal perfusion inevitably failed [1]. However, Prévost and Dumas had shown in 1821 that blood from which the clotting protein fibrin had been removed by whisking did not coagulate[2], and mechanical perfusion of organs (including the kidney) was carried out successfully using defibrinated blood by the mid century [3]. That dark venous blood became redder and arterialized when shaken was known, and the principle of oxygenating blood by agitation was established; kidneys perfused using oxygenated blood were studied by Bunge and Johann Schmiedeberg (1838–1921) in 1876 in Strassburg [4], now part of Germany following the Franco-Prussian war of 1870. These perfusion systems were perfected further by Jacoby, a pupil of Schmiedeberg’s, during the 1890s.
The first haemodialyses in humans: the introduction of heparin and cellophane
Authors: Cameron J Stewart
Published: November 2023

In parallel with the work on peritoneal dialysis just outlined, much happened in the field of haemodialysis during the 1920s and 1930s, although, as with peritoneal dialysis, the clinical outcomes were minimal. In his 1923 paper, Ganter quotes, besides the work of Necheles as outlined above, the first paper of Georg Haas (1886–1971) (Fig. 7.1), which again had just appeared in 1923. Haas’ major but eventually unsuccessful contribution to the development of dialysis was first highlighted by Drukker [1], and has been discussed since, for example by Benedum,Wizemann and Ritz [2–5].
New materials and new methods of access I: long-term haemodialysis becomes possible
Authors: Cameron J Stewart
Published: November 2023

From the beginning of haemodialysis, physicians realized that in many patients with acute renal failure one dialysis was not enough, and sought to gain repeated access to the circulation, but without success. From 1946 to 1960, methods of connecting the patient’s circulation to the various forms of artificial kidney available stagnated. Almost everywhere, following Kolff ‘s lead, glass was employed as the cannulating material, and arteries as well as veins were sacrificed after a single use. Only a double-cannula system using the new PTFE (see below) showed any promise; this used a heparin flush between dialyses, introduced by Paul Teschan to perform daily prophylactic haemodialysis in exceptionally catabolic patients [1]. Some had success with double-lumen catheters placed within the inferior vena cava for repeated access, for example the Italian group led by Dogliotti in 1957 [2].
A detective story: the rise and fall of aluminium poisoning—and a penalty of halfway technology: the rise and rise of dialysis amyloidosis
Authors: Cameron J Stewart
Published: November 2023

Towards the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s, a number of units who had been treating patients with long-term haemodialysis for more than a few years noticed the appearance of a tragic and bizarre syndrome in some amongst them. Even today, 30 years on, it is harrowing to watch contemporary films of these patients attempting to walk, eat or talk, or lying mute in their beds, emaciated and dying. When the first description appeared in 1972 [1] from Allen Alfrey and his colleagues in Denver, Colorado, at the 1972 meeting of the American Society of Artifical Internal Organs (ASAIO) in Seattle, others such as George Dunea’s group in Chicago [2] (who coined the term ‘dialysis dementia’), David Kerr and Nigel Wardle in Newcastleupon-Tyne [3], Margaret Platts in Sheffield, England [4], and Jim Lawrence in Australia [5] immediately recognized the similarity of his observations to their own patients. The disease was evident also in other units in the United States, the United Kingdom and in Ireland, as well as in Japan. The description of this dreadful disease given later in an anonymous editorial in the British Medical Journal in 1976 [6] cannot be bettered:
Peritoneal dialysis transformed: CAPD
Authors: Cameron J Stewart
Published: November 2023

Intermittent peritoneal dialysis continued to be a viable form of treatment for acute reversible renal failure during the 1970s, most often using the Maxwell technique and the Weston–Roberts catheter, but despite all the work of Henry Tenckhoff and other enthusiastic pioneers, peritoneal dialysis using implantable silicone rubber catheters and cycling machines played only a tiny part in the overall treatment of irreversible uraemia. A symposium in October 1976 in Seattle [1] summarized the position at that time in North America. A Veteran’s Administration co-operative study was conducted from 1975 to compare peritoneal dialysis with home haemodialysis—probably the earliest controlled trial undertaken in the field of dialysis [2]. By 1978 in Seattle, 66 (15.8%) of their stock of 418 patients on long-term dialysis were using intermittent peritoneal dialysis [3] (some for as long as 4 years and an occasional patient for 8 years) and a total of 171 patients had been trained to use the technique, although it remained a minority interest. In Toronto under Dimitrios Oreopoulos’ leadership [4] the technique was taken up, and 70 patients were dialysing in that unit by 1977, whilst in France Charles Mion [5], in Italy Umberto Buoncristiani [6] and in Australia Bob Atkins [7] were protagonists. In the United Kingdom, only the unit of John Goldsmith in Liverpool [8] had any number of patients on intermittent peritoneal dialysis during the 1970s. However, outside these enthusiastic units, in general the technique languished and was little used. The proportion of patients on dialysis receiving this form of treatment in Europe did not change, even though the absolute figures increased quite dramatically, so that even by 1978 only 839 patients out of 35 840 (2.3%) were using intermittent peritoneal dialysis, and probably no more than 500 or so in the United States. This situation, however, was about to change dramatically.
Working with link workers and advocates
Authors: Baylav Akgul , Fuller Jon
Published: November 2023

This chapter concerns a group of people providing an important link between health professionals and patients who encounter barriers in accessing health care. Many are employed, paid or unpaid, to work with minority ethnic communities. They have a number of different titles, ‘link workers’ and ‘bilingual health advocates’ being perhaps the commonest.
Care of refugees and asylum seekers
Authors: Burnett Angela
Published: November 2023

Almost 1 person in 100 in the world is displaced by conflict or civil unrest. There are over 21 million refugees worldwide, with a further 25 million people displaced within their own countries. The vast majority of refugees remain in countries neigh bouring their own.
Epidemiology
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine
Published: November 2023

Around 2% of the population are estimated to meet diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder. Swartz, Blazer, George and Winfield’s (1990) study in North America found 1.8% of those aged 19-55 met criteria for borderline personality disorder. It could be estimated that around 0.5% of those meeting diagnostic criteria (or one in 10,000 people) will experience the severest difficulties. These are the people who are well known to public mental health services
Prognosis
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine
Published: November 2023

Knowledge of prognosis has an important role in guiding treatment. Such knowledge can be of great assistance when clinicians doubt themselves, the appropriateness of the work they are doing and when challenged by colleagues about the appropriateness of the work. There have been people who have found this to be the single most useful piece of knowledge in the workshop on which this book is based, enabling them to retain hope when all appeared clinically dismal. There are no absolutely naturalistic studies where people meeting diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder have been worked too hard, and you’re too capable not to get there. You’re going to get out; you just have to keep yourself alive.
Health resource usage
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine
Published: November 2023

Swartz et al. (1989) demonstrated higher use of mental health services than people from other mental health diagnostic groups, except for people meeting diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, whose utilization rates were similar. Sansone, Sansone and particularly through the decreased use of hospitalization, and, in Stevenson and Meares’ study, increased time at work (Gabbard et al. I 997). In Stevenson and Meares’ (1992) study there was a mean reduction of 93 days away from work (134-41) and a reduction of 36 medical visits (42-6) in the year following treatment. To change the pattern of resource usage away from hospitalization, significant resources need to be allocated for proactive community treatment.
Multimodel approach
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine
Published: November 2023

A multi model integrative approach draws flexibly and with careful consideration from different models to meet each individual client’s needs. (This is very different from the notion of throwing something at the problem hoping that eventually there will be a positive effect). DBT integrates different core models and is based in behavioural and to a lesser degree cognitive theory and practice, whilst placing maximum importance on the therapy relationship. Young’s schema-focused therapy also uses a multi model approach, integrating cognitive behavioural, object relations and action therapy models. Gunderson (2001) describes the complimentary nature of having different models (case management, pharmacology, cognitive-behavioural and psychodynamic) available to best match treatment with the client’s current level of function.
Resourcing
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine
Published: November 2023

The history of the “untreatability)) of people meeting diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder came out of the experiences of psychoanalysts who found this client group did not respond well to usual psychoanalytic treatments of the day and in fact frequently got worse. Consistent with knowledge at the time, this group was considered unsuitable for treatment. Cognitive behaviour therapists, with their focus on specific treatment targets and goals, were developing their treatments elsewhere and did not explore the treatment of this group. A few decades later both psychodynamic and cogmt1ve behavioural clinicians began modifying their approaches and engagement with people meeting diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder. Out of this fresh engagement, positive research studies and publications have arisen. The belief that treatment was ineffective was understandable in the absence of outcome studies demonstrating efficacy.