bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The extent and nature of pauperism in five Oxfordshire parishes, 1786–1832
Authors: DYSON RICHARD
Published: November 2013

This article examines the nature of pauperism in the south and east of England during the time of the Old Poor Law by using census material from five predominately rural parishes in Oxfordshire between 1786 and 1832. The proportion of people receiving poor relief was calculated for each parish, together with the types of people receiving such relief. While pauperism was significant in some parishes, others had relatively low levels of people receiving relief, and groups of poor hit by traditional life-cycle poverty were still common. Previous notions of widespread pauperism in the south and east during this period may thus need to be revised, with greater acknowledgement of the influence of local factors.
Fiscal state, regional institutions and foreign migratory policy in times of decline: French immigrants in Aragon, 1635–1697
Authors: ROYO JOSÉ ANTONIO MATEOS
Published: November 2013

This study examines the policies applied to French immigrants in Aragon between 1635 and 1697, a period of economic decline and constant conflict between Spain and France. The commercial and tax measures imposed by the Spanish monarchy on French immigrants to support the war effort were opposed and constrained by Aragonese institutions, such as the Diputación or the Corte del Justicia de Aragón. After a period of debate the Aragonese Parliament developed an autonomous policy towards the end of the seventeenth century. In the interests of the Aragonese economy and elites, restrictions on migrants were lowered and revised, until they focused mainly on merchants. This legislation allowed immigrant flows to continue, but it could not counteract the decline of economic opportunities for the French in Aragon.
A Simple Approach to Great Circle Sailing: The COFI Method
Authors: Chen Chih-Li , Liu Pin-Fang , Gong Wei-Ting
Published: November 2013

An approach formulated by vector algebra is proposed to deal with great circle sailing problems. Using the technique of the fixed coordinates system and relative longitude concept, derivations of formulae for this approach are simpler than those of the conventional methods. Due to fixing the initial great circle course, the great circle track (GCT) is determined. Since the course is fixed (known as “COFI” in this paper), the proposed approach, which we have named the “COFI method”, can directly calculate the waypoints along the GCT. It is considered that the COFI method is a more understandable and straightforward method to solve waypoint problems than older approaches in the literature. Based on the COFI method, a program has been developed for the navigator. In addition, the spherical triangle method with respect to the equator crossing point (STM-E) is developed by supplemental theorem. Several examples are demonstrated to validate the proposed COFI method and STM-E.
A synaptic signature for ON- and OFF-center parasol ganglion cells of the primate retina
Authors: CROOK JOANNA D. , PACKER ORIN S. , DACEY DENNIS M.
Published: November 2013

In the primate retina, parasol ganglion cells contribute to the primary visual pathwayviathe magnocellular division of the lateral geniculate nucleus, display ON and OFF concentric receptive field structure, nonlinear spatial summation, and high achromatic temporal–contrast sensitivity. Parasol cells may be homologous to the alpha-Y cells of nonprimate mammals where evidence suggests that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated synaptic excitation as well as glycinergic disinhibition play critical roles in contrast sensitivity, acting asymmetrically in OFF- but not ON-pathways. Here, light-evoked synaptic currents were recorded in the macaque monkey retinain vitroto examine the circuitry underlying parasol cell receptive field properties. Synaptic excitation in both ON and OFF types was mediated by NMDA as well as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate glutamate receptors. The NMDA-mediated current–voltage relationship suggested high Mg2+affinity such that at physiological potentials, NMDA receptors contributed ∼20% of the total excitatory conductance evoked by moderate stimulus contrasts and temporal frequencies. Postsynaptic inhibition in both ON and OFF cells was dominated by a large glycinergic “crossover” conductance, with a relatively small contribution from GABAergic feedforward inhibition. However, crossover inhibition was largely rectified, greatly diminished at low stimulus contrasts, and did not contribute,viadisinhibition, to contrast sensitivity. In addition, attenuation of GABAergic and glycinergic synaptic inhibition left center–surround and Y-type receptive field structure and high temporal sensitivity fundamentally intact and clearly derived from modulation of excitatory bipolar cell output. Thus, the characteristic spatial and temporal–contrast sensitivity of the primate parasol cell arises presynaptically and is governed primarily by modulation of the large AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated excitatory conductance. Moreover, the negative feedback responsible for the receptive field surround must derive from a nonGABAergic mechanism.
HIV and ageing: what the geriatrician needs to know
Authors: Levett T , Wright J , Fisher M
Published: November 2013

The transformation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from a rapidly fatal disease to a chronic manageable illness has resulted in annual increases in the numbers of people living with HIV. The HIV cohort is therefore ageing, with numbers of older adults with HIV climbing, through both prolonged survival and late acquisition of the disease. Associated with ageing is an accumulation of HIV-associated non-AIDS related co-morbidities, creating a complex patient group affected by multi-morbidity along with polypharmacy, functional decline and complex social issues. With this in mind, this review seeks to explore areas where HIV (diagnosed or undetected) may impact on the work of clinical geriatricians.
Imagery and Likelihood Cognitive Bias in Pain
Authors: Philips H. C.
Published: November 2013

Background: Distressing intrusive images are frequently experienced by sufferers from chronic and acute pain. The images (Index images) are correlated with elevations in anxiety, threat, and a cognition that the imaged event might actually happen. The over-estimation that having a negative cognition about an adverse event will increase the probability of the negative event occurring - the likelihood bias - has been observed in a variety of psychological disorders. Preliminary research indicated this cognitive bias might occur in pain sufferers. Aims: To investigate the occurrence of a cognitive likelihood bias associated with imagery in acute and chronic pain sufferers, and to relate the postulated cognitive bias to psychological characteristics of participants, and four other important cognitive responses to their Index images. Method: Fifty-nine pain sufferers completed a newly developed questionnaire (Image-Event-Fusion-pain: IEF-p) to assess cognitive likelihood bias in pain sufferers. The internal consistency, reliability, factor structure and validity of the scale were evaluated. Psychological measures to assess anxiety, depression, PTSD symptoms, and levels of mental defeat were administered. Results: The IEF-p was found to be psychometrically robust with satisfactory test-retest reliability, good internal consistency, single factor structure and criterion validity. The IEF-p was significantly correlated with four key cognitive appraisals of the Index Images (responsibility, likelihood, premonition, and threat). Three of these correlations were independent of depression. High cognitive bias scores were significantly associated with elevated levels of anxiety symptoms, depression, PTSD symptoms, and mental defeat. Conclusion: Pain Index images were significantly associated with cognitive bias (IEF-p), increased threat levels, and raised estimate of the likelihood of imaged events actually occurring. The results indicate the prevalence of a cognitive bias associated with pain imagery cognitions, comparable to that established with intrusive cognitions in OCD, notably Thought-Action- Fusion.
The feasibility of implementing food-based dietary guidelines in the South African primary-school curriculum
Authors: Nguyen Kim A , de Villiers Anniza , Fourie Jean M , Bourne Lesley T , Hendricks Michael K
Published: November 2013

Objective

To explore the perceptions of educators from the Western Cape Province about the feasibility of implementing South African food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) in the national curriculum of primary schools.

Design

Combined quantitative and qualitative methods. We report on the quantitative component.

Setting

Twelve public primary schools of different socio-economic status in three education districts of the Western Cape: Metro Central, Metro East and Cape Winelands.

Subjects

Educators (n256) participated in the self-completed questionnaire survey.

Results

Educators assessed that FBDG were appropriate to South African schoolchildren (94%), could be used as an education tool (97%) and fill gaps in the current curriculum about healthy dietary habits (91%). Besides Life Orientation, FBDG could be taught in other learning areas from grades 3 to 7 (9–13 years old). Important barriers to implementing FBDG in the curriculum were educators’ workload (61%), insufficient time (46%), learners’ disadvantaged background (43%) and educators’ lack of knowledge (33%). Other approaches to teach children about FBDG included linking these to the National School Nutrition Programme (82%), school tuck shops (79%), parent meetings (75%), school nutrition policy (73%) and school assembly (57%). Educators in high-income schools perceived that learners’ lifestyle was significantly worse (P< 0·001) and that tuck shops and the school assembly were the best means to teach pupils about FBDG (P< 0·001 andP< 0·05).

Conclusions

Implementing FBDG in the national school curriculum is seen as important together with optimizing the school physical environment. Key factors required for successful implementation in the curriculum are sufficient educational materials, adequate time allocation and appropriate educator training.
Mentale Retardierung – eine häufige Fragestellung in der medizinischen Genetik
Authors: Otte Christine , Rauch Anita
Published: November 2013

Mentale Retardierung betrifft ca. 2–3% der Bevölkerung und ist häufig mit Komorbiditäten assoziiert. Bislang sind mehr als 450 verschiedene Krankheitsbilder bekannt, die mit mentaler Retardierung einhergehen können und es werden noch viele weitere, noch unbekannte Entitäten vermutet. Die Diagnosestellung der zugrundeliegenden Entität ermöglicht derzeit noch für wenige eine gezielte Optimierung der kognitiven Funktion, verbessert jedoch in der Regel die Behandlung der Komorbiditäten. Ferner erlaubt der Nachweis des zugrundeliegenden genetischen Defektes die Präzisierung des Wiederholungsrisikos und ermöglicht eine vorgeburtliche Diagnostik für künftige Schwangerschaften von Risikopersonen in der Familie. Erkenntnisse der jüngsten Zeit deuten darauf hin, dass insbesondere bei den Erkrankungen, die mit einer fehlerhaften synaptischen Signalübertragung einhergehen, in naher Zukunft Medikamente zur gezielten Verbesserung der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit zur Verfügung stehen werden.
Advances in the Treatment for Acquired Apraxia of Speech
Authors: Wambaugh Julie , Mauszycki Shannon , Ballard Kirrie
Published: November 2013

Treatments for acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) have a modest, but growing evidence base. A substantial number of treatment investigations have been reported since the publication of the first AOS treatment guidelines (Wambaugh, Duffy, McNeil, Robin, & Rogers, 2006a; 2006b). The authors have provided an overview of more recent AOS treatment evidence, along with a description of important advances, emerging trends, and new directions in the treatment of AOS.
AAC & Dysarthria
Authors: Hanson Elizabeth K.
Published: November 2013

The purpose of this article is to provide speech-language pathologists with a systematic decision-making process to guide evaluation and implementation of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems and strategies for persons with dysarthric speech. Three cases are described, which are combined profiles of different clients with similar etiologies and communication challenges.

Clinicians are guided to consider whether the underlying condition is temporary or permanent and the prognosis for improved speech. Prognoses may be chronic and stable, improving, or there may be an expectation of deterioration of speech and overall health. Clinicians are guided to consider the communicator's attitude and motivation and to identify communication partners and their motivation to achieve better communication. The contributions of various speech intelligibility and effectiveness measures are considered, as well as the specific need to evaluate language, literacy, and symbolic understanding.

The decision process leads to high-tech and low-tech AAC strategies for each case.
Optimisation of non‐uniform time‐modulated conformal arrays using an improved non‐dominated sorting genetic‐II algorithm
Authors: Li Wentao , Hei Yongqiang , Yang Jing , Shi Xiaowei
Published: November 2013

This study investigates the synthesis of the radiation patterns of the time‐modulated (TM) conformal arrays in real applications, including the optimisation of the layout, the switch‐on instants and pulse durations. An improved non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm‐II (INSGA‐II) is proposed to optimise the non‐uniform TM conformal arrays. To maintain a balance between the exploitation and exploration ability, controlled elitism is employed and crossover operator based on the competition and selection among several crossover offspring is used in INSGA‐II to effectively explore the search space. Two design instances, including aperiodic TM cylindrical conformal array and airship conformal array, are optimised via INSGA‐II, in which both the bandwidth and radiation patterns of the radiating elements are considered during the design process. The design results obtained with INSGA‐II are compared with the non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm‐II and mutiobjective particle swarm optimisation, and numerical results demonstrate that the proposed INSGA‐II exhibits promising potential ability for designing the aperiodic TM conformal arrays.
A Review of Urban Residential Choice Models Using Agent-Based Modeling
Authors: Huang Qingxu , Parker Dawn C , Filatova Tatiana , Sun Shipeng
Published: November 2013

Urban land-use modeling methods have experienced substantial improvements in the last several decades. With the advancement of urban land-use change theories and modeling techniques, a considerable number of models have been developed. The relatively young approach, agent-based modeling, provides urban land-use models with some new features and can help address the challenges faced by traditional models. Applications of agent-based models to study urban dynamics have increased steadily over the last twenty years. To offer a retrospective on the developments in agent-based models (ABMs) of urban residential choices, we review fifty-one relevant models that fall into three general categories: (i) urban land-use models based on classical theories; (ii) different stages of the urbanization process; and (iii) integrated agent-based and microsimulation models. We summarize and compare the main features of these fifty-one models within each category. This review focuses on three fundamental new features introduced byABMs. The first is agent heterogeneity with particular attention to the method of introducing heterogeneity in agents' attributes and behaviors. The second is the representation of land-market processes, namely preferences, resources constraints, competitive bidding, and endogenous relocation. The third is the method of measuring the extensive model outputs. In addition, we outline accompanying challenges to, and open questions for, incorporating these new features. We conclude that, by modeling agent heterogeneity and land markets, and by exploiting a much broader dimension of output, we will enhance our understanding of urban land-use change and are hopefully able to improve model fitness and robustness.
Structural Diversity and Properties of Five 3D Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on a Pyridine-substituted Triazolyl Benzoate Ligand
Authors: Jiang Fen-Jun , Zhang Ming , Wei Xiao-Hua , Yang Lin-Yan , Liao Sheng-Yun , Du Pei-Yao , Tian Jin-Lei , Gu Wen , Liu Xin
Published: November 2013

Three new 3D metal–organic frameworks, namely {[Zn(L)2]}n (2), {[Cu(L)3H2O]3H2O}n (4), and {[Ag(L)]3H2O}n (5) where HL = 4-[3-methyl-5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]benzoate, have been synthesized by reaction of the HL ligand and ZnII, CuII, and AgI salts under similar experimental conditions. By introducing the secondary ligand terephthalic acid (H2bdc), another two new compounds {[Zn1.5L2(bdc)0.5]3H2O}n (1) and {[Cu(L)(bdc)0.5H2O]}n (3) with different 3D structures were obtained. Compound 1 possesses a three-fold interpenetrating framework, with {32.42.54.62}2{32.42.56.65} topology. To the best of our knowledge, 2 is an unusual example of four-fold framework guest-free metal organic framework material. Compound 3 reveals a seven-connected ose topology; magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate that it has dominating antiferromagnetic couplings between metal centres. Photoluminescence measurements of 1, 2, and 5 in the solid state at room temperature show that all coordination networks exhibit a red shift in the emission spectra, which can be assigned to an intraligand π-π* transition.
Human resistin, a proinflammatory cytokine, shows chaperone-like activity
Authors: Suragani Madhuri , Aadinarayana Varma D. , Pinjari Aleem Basha , Tanneeru Karunakar , Guruprasad Lalitha , Banerjee Sharmistha , Pandey Saurabh , Chaudhuri Tapan K. , Ehtesham Nasreen Zafar
Published: November 2013

Significance

This is a study of human resistin acting as a molecular chaperone. We show that human resistin, a proinflammatory cytokine secreted by human macrophages, is retained inside the cell during endoplasmic reticulum stress and functions like a chaperone to rescue the cell from apoptosis. The study implicates human resistin as a possible molecular link between cellular stress and inflammation during pathological conditions such as infections.
Cytokine Spätzle binds to the
Drosophila
immunoreceptor Toll with a neurotrophin-like specificity and couples receptor activation
Authors: Lewis Miranda , Arnot Christopher J. , Beeston Helen , McCoy Airlie , Ashcroft Alison E. , Gay Nicholas J. , Gangloff Monique
Published: November 2013

Significance

The ability of multicellular organisms to detect and respond to infection by microorganisms is fundamental and has ancient evolutionary origins. In mammals, immune system cells recognize danger molecules directly using “pattern recognition” receptors belonging to the Toll family among others. In insects, by contrast, Gram-positive bacteria and fungi can also be detected indirectly by an endogenous molecule, Spätzle (Spz), that activates related Toll receptors, leading to an effective immune response. In this study, we report the molecular structure of Spz/Toll complex, which reveals that Spz’s mode of action is similar to neurotrophins, a family of proteins involved in the development and homeostasis of the insect and vertebrate nervous systems.
Prostate cancer originating in basal cells progresses to adenocarcinoma propagated by luminal-like cells
Authors: Stoyanova Tanya , Cooper Aaron R. , Drake Justin M. , Liu Xian , Armstrong Andrew J. , Pienta Kenneth J. , Zhang Hong , Kohn Donald B. , Huang Jiaoti , Witte Owen N. , Goldstein Andrew S.
Published: November 2013

Significance

This study determined that two histological phenotypes of cancer can arise from a common target cell. Whereas luminal cells are not efficient cells of origin, luminal-like tumor cells isolated from human prostate adenocarcinoma can serially propagate advanced disease.
Sleep spindles are generated in the absence of T-type calcium channel-mediated low-threshold burst firing of thalamocortical neurons
Authors: Lee Jungryun , Song Kiyeong , Lee Kyoobin , Hong Joohyeon , Lee Hyojung , Chae Sangmi , Cheong Eunji , Shin Hee-Sup
Published: November 2013

Significance

This study addresses one of the most fundamental issues in sleep rhythm generation. The theory that low-threshold burst firing mediated by T-type calcium channels in thalamocortical neurons is the key component for sleep spindles, has been accepted as dogma and appears throughout the literature. In this study, however, in vivo and in vitro evidence shows that sleep spindles are generated normally in the absence of T-type channels and burst firing in thalamocortical neurons. Furthermore, our data indicate a potentially important role of tonic firing in this rhythm generation. This study advances the knowledge of sleep and vigilance control to another level of understanding.
Unmasking the roles of N- and C-terminal flanking sequences from exon 1 of huntingtin as modulators of polyglutamine aggregation
Authors: Crick Scott L. , Ruff Kiersten M. , Garai Kanchan , Frieden Carl , Pappu Rohit V.
Published: November 2013

Significance

How do N- and C-terminal flanking sequences from exon 1 of the huntingtin protein modulate the mechanisms of polyglutamine aggregation? We answer this question using approaches that combine distinct probes of aggregation mechanisms with measurements of solubility and aggregate morphologies. The N- and C-terminal flanking sequence modules from exon 1 of huntingtin act as gatekeepers, whereby the N-terminal flanking sequence accelerates fibril formation while destabilizing nonfibrillar species, whereas the C-terminal flanking sequence reduces the overall driving force for aggregation. These results provide a mechanistic underpinning for observations regarding naturally occurring sequence contexts as modulators of polyglutamine toxicity.
Exploring market orientation through social network analysis: an exploration of three cross-functional, cross-geographic teams
Authors: Dion John F. , Assimakopoulos Dimitris
Published: November 2013

Prior research has shown a correlation between market orientation and business performance as measured through new product success. Market orientation has traditionally been measured through the MKTOR and MARKOR scales developed by Narver and Slater and Kohli et al., respectively. We examine whether there might be a different, complementary way to study market orientation. Kohli and Jaworski discuss the role of networks in achieving higher levels of market orientation, but network analysis has not previously been used to study market orientation. Following Kohli and Jaworski we find that network analysis can show how information is gathered and disseminated within a group; and following Narver and Slater we find that network analysis can be used to examine customer orientation and coordination. We discover a possible association between the organization’s structure and its level of coordination, and that certain roles within the group facilitate increased customer orientation within the team. Our research suggests that network analysis, particularly when managers participate in the interpretation of results, can be an effective means of identifying and correcting obstacles to a team’s market orientation. We believe our research contributes to theory by showing an alternative, complementary way to study market orientation and suggests factors that contribute to a group’s level of market orientation. We believe that this research contributes to practice by providing managers with a practical measure to improve their organization’s market orientation, thus increasing the likelihood of new product success.
The Effects of Divided Attention on Encoding Processes under Incidental and Intentional Learning Instructions: Underlying Mechanisms?
Authors: Naveh-Benjamin Moshe , Guez Jonathan , Hara Yoko , Brubaker Matthew S. , Lowenschuss-Erlich Iris
Published: November 2013

Divided attention (DA) at encoding has been shown to significantly disrupt later memory for the studied information. However, what type of processing gets disrupted during DA remains unresolved. In this study, we assessed the degree to which strategic effortful processes are affected under DA by comparing the effects of DA at encoding under intentional and pure incidental learning instructions. In three experiments, participants studied list of words or word pairs under either full or divided attention. Results of three experiments, which used different methodologies, converged to show that the effects of DA at encoding reduce memory performance to the same degree under incidental and intentional learning. Secondary task performance indicated that encoding under intentional learning instructions was more effortful than under incidental learning instructions. In addition, the results indicated enhanced attention to the initial appearance of the words under both types of learning instructions. Results are interpreted to imply that other processes, rather than only strategic effortful ones, might be affected by DA at encoding.
Protecting Child Witnesses on the Witness Stand: The Law and the Role of the Forensic Social Worker in Criminal Proceedings
Authors: Vandervort Frank
Published: November 2013

Forensic social workers are frequently called upon to testify regarding the use of protective measures for children who must testify about child abuse. The basic legal requirements for the use of witness protections were established 20 years ago, but recent years have seen important developments in this body of law. This article reviews the legal requirements for the use of child witness protections, including those recent developments, and provides guidance to forensic social workers in engaging in this work.
Mock Morrey spaces
Authors: Adams David
Published: November 2013

For any function

f
f

belonging to

Q

p
,
λ

Q^{p,\lambda }

, a certain proper subspace of the classical Morrey space

L

p
,
λ

L^{p, \lambda }

, a sharp capacity weak-type estimate is obtained for its Riesz potential

I

α

f

I_{\alpha } f

. This extends a 1969 result due to Franco Conti.
chroGPS, a global chromatin positioning system for the functional analysis and visualization of the epigenome
Authors: Font-Burgada Joan , Reina Oscar , Rossell David , Azorín Fernando
Published: November 2013

Development of tools to jointly visualize the genome and the epigenome remains a challenge. chroGPS is a computational approach that addresses this question. chroGPS uses multidimensional scaling techniques to represent similarity between epigenetic factors, or between genetic elements on the basis of their epigenetic state, in 2D/3D reference maps. We emphasize biological interpretability, statistical robustness, integration of genetic and epigenetic data from heterogeneous sources, and computational feasibility. Although chroGPS is a general methodology to create reference maps and study the epigenetic state of any class of genetic element or genomic region, we focus on two specific kinds of maps: chroGPSfactors, which visualizes functional similarities between epigenetic factors, and chroGPSgenes, which describes the epigenetic state of genes and integrates gene expression and other functional data. We use data from the modENCODE project on the genomic distribution of a large collection of epigenetic factors in Drosophila, a model system extensively used to study genome organization and function. Our results show that the maps allow straightforward visualization of relationships between factors and elements, capturing relevant information about their functional properties that helps to interpret epigenetic information in a functional context and derive testable hypotheses.
Structural and functional analysis of the three MIF4G domains of nonsense-mediated decay factor UPF2
Authors: Clerici Marcello , Deniaud Aurélien , Boehm Volker , Gehring Niels H. , Schaffitzel Christiane , Cusack Stephen
Published: November 2013

Nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) is a eukaryotic quality control pathway, involving conserved proteins UPF1, UPF2 and UPF3b, which detects and degrades mRNAs with premature stop codons. Human UPF2 comprises three tandem MIF4G domains and a C-terminal UPF1 binding region. MIF4G-3 binds UPF3b, but the specific functions of MIF4G-1 and MIF4G-2 are unknown. Crystal structures show that both MIF4G-1 and MIF4G-2 contain N-terminal capping helices essential for stabilization of the 10-helix MIF4G core and that MIF4G-2 interacts with MIF4G-3, forming a rigid assembly. The UPF2/UPF3b/SMG1 complex is thought to activate the kinase SMG1 to phosphorylate UPF1 in vivo. We identify MIF4G-3 as the binding site and in vitro substrate of SMG1 kinase and show that a ternary UPF2 MIF4G-3/UPF3b/SMG1 complex can form in vitro. Whereas in vivo complementation assays show that MIF4G-1 and MIF4G-2 are essential for NMD, tethering assays reveal that UPF2 truncated to only MIF4G-3 and the UPF1-binding region can still partially accomplish NMD. Thus UPF2 MIF4G-1 and MIF4G-2 appear to have a crucial scaffolding role, while MIF4G-3 is the key module required for triggering NMD.
Multiple replication origins with diverse control mechanisms in Haloarcula hispanica
Authors: Wu Zhenfang , Liu Jingfang , Yang Haibo , Liu Hailong , Xiang Hua
Published: November 2013

The use of multiple replication origins in archaea is not well understood. In particular, little is known about their specific control mechanisms. Here, we investigated the active replication origins in the three replicons of a halophilic archaeon, Haloarcula hispanica, by extensive gene deletion, DNA mutation and genome-wide marker frequency analyses. We revealed that individual origins are specifically dependent on their co-located cdc6 genes, and a single active origin/cdc6 pairing is essential and sufficient for each replicon. Notably, we demonstrated that the activities of oriC1 and oriC2, the two origins on the main chromosome, are differently controlled. A G-rich inverted repeat located in the internal region between the two inverted origin recognition boxes (ORBs) plays as an enhancer for oriC1, whereas the replication initiation at oriC2 is negatively regulated by an ORB-rich region located downstream of oriC2-cdc6E, likely via Cdc6E-titrating. The oriC2 placed on a plasmid is incompatible with the wild-type (but not the ΔoriC2) host strain, further indicating that strict control of the oriC2 activity is important for the cell. This is the first report revealing diverse control mechanisms of origins in haloarchaea, which has provided novel insights into the use and coordination of multiple replication origins in the domain of Archaea.
Pathotype and Genetic Shifts in a Population ofPhytophthora sojaeUnder Soybean Cultivar Rotation
Authors: Stewart S. , Abeysekara N. , Robertson A. E.
Published: November 2013

Changes in pathotype structure of Phytophthora sojae populations have been attributed to deployment of race-specific resistant Rps genes in soybean that have been incorporated into commercial cultivars to reduce losses due to Phytophthora root and stem rot. To test this hypothesis, a cultivar rotation study was established from 2007 through 2010 in microplots at a site in Iowa with no history of soybean cultivation. All microplots were inoculated with P. sojae isolate PR1, race 1 (vir 7) prior to planting in year 1. Six rotations were tested: (i) continuous planting of a P. sojae-susceptible cultivar, (ii) continuous planting of a cultivar with high partial resistance to the pathogen, (iii) continuous planting of a cultivar with the Rps 1k gene, (iv) annual rotation of a susceptible with a resistant cultivar, (v) annual rotation of a partially resistant cultivar with a cultivar with the Rps 1k gene, and (vi) 4-year rotation of cultivars with Rps 1k, 1c, 3a, and 1k genes in year one, two, three, and four, respectively. The diversity of 121 isolates of P. sojae that were recovered by baiting from soil samples collected from the experiment were assessed using pathotyping and eight microsatellite markers, and compared with PR1. Changes in pathotype and multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were recorded at the second sampling date, indicating that P. sojae has the ability to evolve quickly. In total, 14 pathotypes and 21 MLGs were recovered over the 4-year experiment, and only 49 and 22% of the isolates had the same pathotype and MLG, respectively, as PR1. The number of isolates of P. sojae recovered varied among rotations, with more isolates recovered from rotations that included a cultivar with partial resistance. Gain of virulence was detected on Rps 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, and 3a and was not dependent on rotation. Using simple-sequence repeat analysis, 10 alleles that were different from those of PR1 were detected throughout the 4-year period. Cultivar rotation affected the genetic structure of the P. sojae population. Recovery of isolates with different MLGs, genotypic diversity (G = 4.7), and gene diversity (UHe = 0.45) were greater under continuous rotation with partial resistance. Phytophthora root and stem rot causes economic losses in the north-central region of the United States annually. An improved understanding of the effect of Rps gene deployment on P. sojae diversity would lead to improved management practices and reduced losses.
Effects of Meloidogyne incognita and Thielaviopsis basicola on Cotton Growth and Root Morphology
Authors: Ma Jianbing , Jaraba Juan , Kirkpatrick Terrence L. , Rothrock Craig S.
Published: November 2013

Effects of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the fungal pathogen Thielaviopsis basicola on cotton seedling growth and root morphology were evaluated in controlled environmental experiments. Four pathogen treatments, including noninfested soil, soil infested with M. incognita, soil infested with T. basicola, and soil infested with both pathogens were evaluated at soil bulk densities (BDs) of 1.25 and 1.50 g/cm3. Plant growth and the morphology of the root systems were evaluated 44 days after planting. Infestation with M. incognita and T. basicola together significantly reduced seedling emergence, number of stem nodes, and root system volume compared with either pathogen alone. Either M. incognita or T. basicola reduced plant height, root fresh weight, top dry weight; root parameters total root length, surface area, and links; and root topological parameters magnitude, altitude, and exterior path length. M. incognita infection increased root radius. Root colonization by T. basicola increased with the presence of M. incognita at the lower soil BD. In contrast to previous research with Pythium spp., root topological indices (TIs) were similar with all of the treatments. Root TIs were near 1.92, indicating a herringbone (less branching) root architectural structure. Studying root architecture using a topological model offers an additional approach to evaluating fungi and nematodes and their interactions for soilborne-pathogen systems.
General anaesthesia for nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy
Authors: Bleeser Tom , Vally Janine C. , Van de Velde Marc , Rex Steffen , Devroe Sarah
Published: November 2013

Nonobstetric surgery may be required in up to 1% of pregnancies. Most common procedures are urgent abdominal surgeries requiring general anaesthesia. Maintaining normal maternal physiology during anaesthesia is vital. Left lateral tilt position prevents aortocaval compression and preserves normal venous return. Preparation for a difficult airway is required in all obstetric patients due to the known anatomical and physiological changes. Aspiration prophylaxis and a rapid sequence induction are traditionally recommended to avoid the (probably overestimated) risk of aspiration. Although the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of volatile anaesthetic agents is reduced by 30 to 40%, awareness occurs more frequently in the obstetric population. Maternal outcomes from surgery are comparable with those of nonpregnant women, but increased incidences of foetal loss, preterm delivery, low birth weight and caesarean section have been reported. Although animal studies have observed impaired foetal brain development after antenatal exposure to anaesthesia, the translational value of these studies remain controversial. Clinical evidence is nearly absent. Withholding urgent/essential procedures is certainly more threatening than proceeding with the surgery. To increase the safety of mother and foetus, nonurgent or nonessential procedures should be postponed until after delivery, and if procedures cannot wait, locoregional anaesthesia should be used if possible. Where general anaesthesia cannot be avoided, the duration of exposure should be kept to a minimum. This narrative review summarises the literature of the past 20 years concerning the anaesthetic management and outcomes of nonobstetric surgery under general anaesthesia during pregnancy.
Differences in group size and the extent of individual participation in group hunting may contribute to differential prey-size use among social spiders
Authors: Harwood Gyan , Avilés Leticia
Published: November 2013

We have previously shown that the range of prey sizes captured by co-occurring species of group-hunting social spiders correlates positively with their level of sociality. Here, we show that this pattern is probably caused by differences among species in colony size and the extent to which individuals participate in group hunting. We assess levels of participation for each species from the fraction of individuals responding to the struggling prey that partake as attackers and from the extent to which the number of attackers increases with colony size. Of two species that form equally large colonies, the one that captures on average larger prey engaged as attackers a significantly larger fraction of individuals that responded to struggling prey and also increased its number of attackers in larger colonies when presented with large prey items. Surprisingly, a third co-occurring species previously found to capture smaller insects than the other two exhibited the highest levels of participation. This species, however, typically forms small single-family colonies, thereby being limited in the size of insects it can capture. It is thus a combination of colony size and the extent of individual participation (or cooperation) that probably determines patterns of resource use in this community of co-occurring social predators.
A parent-of-origin effect on honeybee worker ovary size
Authors: Oldroyd Benjamin P. , Allsopp Michael H. , Roth Katherine M. , Remnant Emily J. , Drewell Robert A. , Beekman Madeleine
Published: November 2013

Apis mellifera capensisis unique among honeybees in that unmated workers can produce pseudo-clonal female offspring via thelytokous parthenogenesis. Workers use this ability to compete among themselves and with their queen to be the mother of new queens. Males could therefore enhance their reproductive success by imprinting genes that enhance fertility in their daughter workers. This possibility sets the scene for intragenomic conflict between queens and drones over worker reproductive traits. Here, we show a strong parent-of-origin effect for ovary size (number of ovarioles) in reciprocal crosses between two honeybee subspecies,A. m. capensisandApis mellifera scutellata.In this cross, workers with anA. m. capensisfather had 30% more ovarioles than genotypically matched workers with anA. m. scutellatafather. Other traits we measured (worker weight at emergence and the presence/absence of a spermatheca) are influenced more by rearing conditions than by parent-of-origin effects. Our study is the first to show a strong epigenetic (or, less likely, cytoplasmic maternal) effect for a reproductive trait in the honeybee and suggests that a search for parent-of-origin effects in other social insects may be fruitful.
Frequency and antimicrobial resistance of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli from young children in Iran
Authors: Haghi Fakhri , Zeighami Habib , Hajiahmadi Fahimeh , Khoshvaght Hakimeh , Bayat Marziyeh
Published: November 2013

Diarrhoea continues to be one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among infants and children in developing countries. DiarrhoeagenicEscherichia coli(DEC) is an emerging agent among pathogens that cause diarrhoea. Between March 2011 and January 2012, a total of 600 stool specimens from children younger than 5 years of age (450 with and 150 without diarrhoea) were investigated for enteroaggregativeE. coli(EAEC), enterohaemorrhagicE. coli(EHEC), enteropathogenicE. coli(EPEC) and enterotoxigenicE. coli(ETEC) using PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The prevalence of DEC pathotypes was 30.4 % (137 patients) and 12 % (18 patients) in the diarrhoea group and the control group, respectively. The most frequently isolated pathotype in diarrhoeal children was ETEC. This pathotype was detected significantly more often in children with diarrhoea (14.4 %) than in children without diarrhoea (5.3 %). EAEC and EPEC were detected with slightly higher frequencies in children with (8 and 4.2 %, respectively) than in children without (4.6 and 2 %, respectively) (P>0.05) diarrhoea. EHEC was only detected in children with diarrhoea (3.8 %). Of the children from the diarrhoea group, 10 % were colonized with more than one DEC pathotype. The DEC isolates exhibited high-level resistance to erythromycin (100 %), azteronam (80.7 %), amoxicillin (74.4 %) and tetracycline (69.3 %), and 86.4 % of isolates were multidrug resistant. In conclusion, ETEC continues to be an important agent associated with diarrhoea in children from Tabriz, Iran.
Context‐dependent costs and constraints of begging and non‐begging activity by common grackle nestlings at the scale of the nanoclimate
Authors: Glassey Barb , Gunson Melanie , Muir Robert
Published: November 2013

Environmental factors such as heat and solar radiation directly affect the open‐cup nest environment and can impact nestling body temperature.

The aim of our research was to understand how open‐cup passerine nestlings use behavioural thermoregulation to mitigate solar heat gain and to measure the metabolic cost of begging and non‐begging activity under three light treatments: room light (<2 Wm−2), simulated shade (500 Wm−2) and simulated sun (1000 Wm−2). Our study coupled behavioural (field) and physiological (laboratory) experiments to explore the adaptive behavioural response of passerine nestlings to nest cup nanoclimates (sun and shade), using the common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) as a model species.

Non‐begging behaviour was evaluated in the field by randomly assigning nestlings to a homogeneous (all sun) or heterogeneous (sun and shade) nest environment; measuring body temperature (Tb); and identifying behaviours from videotaped footage. TheTbof nestlings without access to shade was significantly higher, and nestlings spent more time moving and panting, suggesting an increased metabolic expenditure. To test this, we duplicated the insolation nanoclimate under laboratory conditions using a 1·0KWSciencetech Illumination System and measured the energetic cost of begging and non‐begging activity using open‐system respirometry on non‐irradiated and irradiated nestlings. Our results suggest that, in grackle nestlings, the relationship between activity (begging and non‐begging) and energy expenditure is context‐dependent.

Our results identified: (i) a reduction in energy expenditure associated with accessing the shade; (ii) expenditure on non‐begging activity equalled or exceeded expenditure on begging activity; and (iii) a potential behavioural constraint on begging imposed by exposure to a homogeneous sun environment (sun without access to shade). The combination of context‐dependent costs and constraints suggests the potential for strategic costs associated with the heterogeneous nest environment.
Millennial stocks and fluxes of large woody debris in lakes of the North American taiga
Authors: Gennaretti Fabio , Arseneault Dominique , Bégin Yves
Published: November 2013

Large woody debris (LWD) is an important cross‐boundary subsidy that enhances the productivity of lake ecosystems and the stability of aquatic food webs. LWD may also be an important carbon sink because LWD pieces are preserved for centuries in the littoral zone of lakes and rivers. However, a long‐term analysis of LWD stocks and fluxes in lakes, coupled with the reconstruction of past disturbances at the site level, has never been attempted.

Large woody debris was sampled in five lakes of the Quebec taiga. Actual LWD stocks were described and residence time of the LWD pieces was established using tree‐ring and radiocarbon dating. LWD losses by decomposition and burial and other factors influencing LWD residence time were investigated using linear regressions.

Impacts of wildfires on LWD fluxes during the last 1400 years were reconstructed separately for the five lakes using piecewise regression models. Fire years at each site were identified from the recruitment dates of charred LWD pieces.

Large woody debris volume ranged between 0.92 and 1.57 m3 per 100 m of shoreline, and extrapolating these results to the landscape scale, it was concluded that LWD littoral carbon pools represent a minimal portion of boreal carbon storage.

Large woody debris residence time in boreal lakes was confirmed to be very long. Tree‐ring dates of 1571 LWD pieces, mainly black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP.), spanned the last 1400 years, while LWD specimens of older floating chronologies were preserved from decomposition for up to five millennia. The most influential variables explaining the variation in LWD residence time were the degree of burial and the distance from the shore.

Large woody debris recruitment rates averaged 5.8 pieces per century per 100 m of shoreline. Fourteen wildfires were the primary cause for changes in the rates of tree establishment in the riparian forests and of LWD recruitment in the lakes.

Synthesis. Interactions between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in northern boreal regions are strongly influenced by wildfires whose effects can last for centuries due to the slow large woody debris decay rate. Actual LWD stocks and carbon pools are a legacy of the past fire history.
Innovation and Productivity
Authors: Thomson Russell , Webster Elizabeth
Published: November 2013

A country's standard of living is largely governed by economic output per capita, which corresponds closely with output per worker (labour productivity). Sustained growth in productivity over the long term requires finding ways to invest that avoid diminishing returns and this invariably means innovation and new technology.
Using power sector reform as an opportunity to increase the uptake of renewable energy in the power sector: Responding to peak oil and climate change in Caribbean and Pacific small island developing States, between 1970‐2010
Authors: Niles Keron , Lloyd Bob
Published: November 2013

Small island developing States (SIDS) have narrow resource bases and are usually extremely reliant on fossil fuel based energy for transport and electricity generation. These island economies are thus particularly vulnerable to the impacts of peak oil and also to climate change, impacts which are likely to not only hamper economic development but also adversely affect the quality of life of local inhabitants. In order to reduce the vulnerability of SIDS to peak oil, an urgent transition to renewable sources of energy is necessary. This paper propounds that the reform of power sector that took place in Caribbean and Pacific SIDS (particularly between 1970 and 2000) should have been viewed as an opportunity to re‐orient power producers away from the proclivity to utilise conventional fossil fuel uses. Reasons why reform measures did not result in a substantive transition are put forward. Moreover, recommendations towards facilitating a transition to renewable energy in the power sector through future reforms are proposed.