bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Racialized Organizations Theory: A Case Study of Airbnb
Authors: Seamster Louise , Ray Victor
Published: July 2018

Airbnb is a “racialized organization.” While organizational theorists typically see race as an additional process in otherwise neutral organizations, and scholars of racialization tend to focus on the state or individuals, organizations are themselves racialized. By this, we mean they are imbued with racial meanings. Those racial meanings shape organizational hierarchies, organizational interactions with the racial state, and individual racial practices. Organizations are meso-level arbiters of both the racial state and individual prejudice. Leveraging data from a case study of Airbnb, we show that digital organizations are racialized at the individual, organizational and institutional level, with outcomes ranging from facilitating individual discrimination to neighborhood gentrification. Moreover, we show how organizations mediate racial projects between individuals and the state. As a powerful new company oriented around “disruption” of the traditional economy, Airbnb has required regulatory powers at multiple government levels to play catch-up with its policies surrounding privacy, discrimination, rentals, and neighborhood affordability.
Fairness and Accountability Design Needs for Algorithmic Support in High-Stakes Public Sector Decision-Making
Authors: Veale Michael , Van Kleek Max , Binns Reuben
Published: July 2018

Cite as:Michael Veale, Max Van Kleek and Reuben Binns (2018) Fairness and Accountability Design Needs for Algorithmic Support in High-Stakes Public Sector Decision-Making. ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'18). doi: 10.1145/3173574.3174014Calls for heightened consideration of fairness and accountability in algorithmically-informed public decisions—like taxation, justice, and child protection—are now commonplace. How might designers support such human values? We interviewed 27 public sector machine learning practitioners across 5 OECD countries regarding challenges understanding and imbuing public values into their work. The results suggest a disconnect between organisational and institutional realities, constraints and needs, and those addressed by current research into usable, transparent and 'discrimination-aware' machine learning—absences likely to undermine practical initiatives unless addressed. We see design opportunities in this disconnect, such as in supporting the tracking of concept drift in secondary data sources, and in building usable transparency tools to identify risks and incorporate domain knowledge, aimed both at managers and at the `street-level bureaucrats' on the frontlines of public service. We conclude by outlining ethical challenges and future directions for collaboration in these high-stakes applications.
Participated and Unparticipated Causes [and Forms] in Plotinus and Proclus
Authors: Greig Jonathan
Published: July 2018

Later Neoplatonism, especially as formulated in Proclus, is known for postulating a multiplication of entities between the traditional three Neoplatonic 'levels' of the One, Intellect, and Soul. At root is a basic distinction that Proclus employs between unparticipated and participated causes—for instance between the One-itself and henads; Intellect and particular intellects; and so on. Yet coming from those like Plotinus, the distinction may be a surprise: why posit the unparticipated, and what would the distinction add? On Plotinus' interpretation, and following a common conception of Platonic ontology, all participants of a given property only participate in one Form: any further distinction posited would be superfluous.In this paper I analyze the participation frameworks for both Plotinus and Proclus, focusing specifically on sensibles participating in Forms. I trace the difference to the ontological status of the participants in relation to the property they receive: for Plotinus, there is no distinct property in the participant that is ontologically separate from the intelligible Form; for Proclus, this is not enough—the participant must possess a distinct property apart from the intelligible Form, in order to account for the distinction of properties in one participant from another. This difference informs Proclus positing an extra 'unparticipated' cause.
Use of Saudi EFL Adult Learners’ L1 to Address Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Albesher Khaled Besher , Hussain Muhammad Sabboor
Published: July 2018

This study highlights the major emotional and psychological factors related to the medium of instruction (use of First Language (L1) in the classroom) in the domain of bilingual education for adult Saudi English as foreign language (EFL) learners. The primary area of emphasis is to consider whether the use of L1 in the class reduces the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety (FLCA) or it deprives the learners of the real and constant language inputs, viz., the words of the teacher in the target language. Thus, the main research question of the study is how the medium of instruction (use/mixing of Arabic or use of English-only approach) impacts the FLCA (Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety) of Saudi adult learners. The quantitative research tool of survey has been administered on the teachers and students on five-point Likert-scale with the responses ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. There are twelve items in the survey and each item tends to explore different psychological dimension of the issue. 100 adult Saudi university students and 100 EFL teachers have responded to these items. The main finding of the study is that learner’s L1 speeds up the language learning process in a natural way if used occasionally and judiciously with the objective of keeping self-esteem and self image of the learners intact and bringing their FLCA down. The research study not only brings to surface the current state of bilingual EFL education in Saudi context, but also puts forth recommendations for learners, teachers, administrators, and policy makers to strengthen English language teaching/learning in EFL perspective in the bilingual context.
Mediated Meta-Deliberation: Making Sense of the Australian Citizens' Parliament
Authors: Rinke Eike Mark , Knobloch Katherine R. , Gastil John , Carson Lyn
Published: July 2018

Most of the chapters in this volume look inside the Australian Citizens' Parliament (ACP) to study the practical and political challenges of deliberating together in an assembly of ordinary citizens. However, the ACP also created the possibility for a kind of deliberation that can occur only through mass communication.1The news coverage of the ACP had the potential to spark a mediated deliberation-a process whereby newspapers, online news outlets, and other media help the wider public understand and think through issues in at least a quasi-deliberative way. In our view, projects like the ACP succeed or fail not only based on their internal quality but also depending on how they engage the larger media and, ultimately, the broader public. This essay presents a particular aspect of this larger public engagement, which we call "mediated meta-deliberation." In simple terms, a meta-deliberation involves deliberation about deliberation, or how we talk about how this special kind of talk. In the context of this chapter, we focus specifically on how the media do this, hence the term mediated meta-deliberation. In the sections that follow, we explain why organizers of deliberative initiatives should care about the mediated meta-deliberation that occurs regarding their activities. We then apply this concept to the ACP and present a comprehensive analysis of the quantity and character of news coverage generated by the ACP in Australian print media.
The Circle-Radii Analogy in Plotinus, Proclus, and Damascius, and Its Legacy
Authors: Greig Jonathan
Published: July 2018

In later Byzantine and Latin Christian works, divine causality would be commonly described using a geometrical motif: the relation of a circle’s center to the radii and circular line to describe God’s causality in relation to the plurality of creation. This imagery goes back to the pagan Neoplatonists, who employ it in their framework to describe the causality of their first principle, the One, in relation to the plurality of the Forms in Intellect. Given this, early-period Neoplatonists, like Plotinus, have a rather different view of the One’s causality compared to later Neoplatonists, like Proclus and Damascius: for Plotinus, the One directly produces Intellect; for later Neoplatonists, like Proclus and Damascius, the One indirectly produces Intellect through an intermediary. Given this, while the general analogy of the circle, radii, and center are the same for all of them, each figure has a different way of describing the analogy, which fits each one’s view of the One’s causality.This paper focuses particularly on Plotinus, Proclus, and Damascius and their description of the center’s relation and causality of the radii and circle, as part of the analogy to the One, in three particular passages: Plotinus’ Ennead VI.8.18, Proclus’ Commentary on Euclid’s Elements (154–155), and Damascius’ De Principiis I, 93–94. A brief survey will also be made on the sources of the metaphor in Aristotle and Alexander of Aphrodisias, as well as the legacy of the metaphor in Augustine, Eriugena, and Ps.-Dionysius.[Presentation for the Forschungsseminar Latinistik (Prof. Dr. Therese Fuhrer), 30.05.2017]
Professional disruption in health regulation: electronic cigarettes in the European Union
Authors: Hasselbalch Jacob Adam
Published: July 2018

How do professions respond to fast-moving technological changes? Disruptive innovations overturn expectations about how markets function and develop, and they often raise moral, legal and scientific concerns among professionals. Sudden technological changes can result in a state of professional disruption, in which technological change challenges the institutional arrangements of a profession. This article distinguishes between fast and slow processes of professional change, focusing on the role of technology as one cause of fast changes to a profession. Professionals and non-professionals engage in framing contests that draw on cognitive, normative and relational keys to signal their expectations. It is in these framing contests that professionals run the risk of disruption. Drawing on interview data with key policy actors, I investigate electronic cigarettes regulation in the European Union and its recent revision to the Tobacco Products Directive. Medical and public health professionals that control tobacco issues were challenged by a coalition of e-cigarette industry representatives, e-cigarette users, and liberal politicians. The challengers drew on the contending norm of harm reduction in tobacco control, which successfully challenged the centrality of the abstinence norm in the institutional arrangements of the medical and public health professions and their organizational field. By discussing the parallels to other related cases in health regulation, I draw out the implications of the study for researchers and policymakers.
Blockchain for the people: Blockchain technology as the basis for a secure and reliable e-voting system
Authors: Kovic Marko
Published: July 2018

Governments around the world have been trying to implement secure and reliable e-voting (location-independent, individualized voting over the Internet) for a long time, to no avail: E-voting remains fundamentally insecure.This can change with the blockchain technology, an open, transparent, and distributed digital ledger. However, blockchain-based e-voting will only work if the blockchain-based e-voting infrastructure is truly distributed and no one entity, not even the government, controls a majority of it.
Isolated by Caste: Neighbourhood-Scale Residential Segregation in Indian Metros
Authors: Bharathi Naveen , Malghan Deepak , Rahman Andaleeb
Published: July 2018

We present the first ever neighbourhood-scale portrait of caste-based residential segregation in Indian cities. Residential segregation studies in Indian cities have relied on ward-level data. We demonstrate in this paper that wards cannot approximate an urban neighborhood, and that they are heterogeneous. For a typical ward, the neighbourhood-ward dissimilarity index is greater than the ward-city dissimilarity index. Using 2011 enumeration block (EB) level census data for five major cities in India – Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai – we show how patterns of caste-based urban residential segregation operate in contemporary India. We also present the first visual snapshot of caste-based residential segregation in an Indian city using georeferenced EB level data for Bengaluru. Besides implications for policy, our analysis also points to the need for publicly available, geospatially-linked neighborhood-scale census data that includes data on economic class for a spatial understanding of economic and social stratification within Indian cities. En
Government Support and Charitable Donations: A Meta-Analysis of the Crowding-out Hypothesis
Authors: de Wit Arjen , Bekkers Rene
Published: July 2018

This page stores full documentation of the article "Government Support and Charitable Donations: A Meta-Analysis of the Crowding-out Hypothesis" which has been published as: De Wit, A., & Bekkers, R. (2017). Government Support and Charitable Donations: A Meta-Analysis of the Crowding-out Hypothesis. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 27(2), 301-319.
influence.ME: Tools for Detecting Influential Data in Mixed Effects Models
Authors: Nieuwenhuis Rense , Grotenhuis Manfred Te , Pelzer Ben
Published: July 2018

influence.ME provides tools for de- tecting influential data in mixed effects models. The application of these models has become common practice, but the development of diagnostic tools has lagged behind. influence.ME calculates standardized measures of influential data for the point estimates of generalized mixed effects models, such as DFBETAS, Cook’s distance, as well as percentile change and a test for changing levels of significance. influence.ME calculates these measures of influence while accounting for the nesting structure of the data. The package and measures of influential data are introduced, a practical example is given, and strategies for dealing with influential data are suggested.
The Pirate Bazaar: The Social Life of Copyright Law
Authors: Rimmer Matthew
Published: July 2018

PhD Thesis.Rimmer, Matthew (2001) The Pirate Bazaar: The Social Life of Copyright Law, Sydney: The University of New South Wales School of Law, http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UNSWLawTD/2001/1.html This thesis provides a cultural history of Australian copyright law and related artistic controversies. It examines a number of disputes over authorship, collaboration, and appropriation across a variety of cultural fields. It considers legal controversies over the plagiarism of texts, the defacing of paintings, the sampling of musical works, the ownership of plays, the co-operation between film-makers, the sharing of MP3 files on the Internet, and the appropriation of Indigenous culture. Such narratives and stories relate to a broad range of works and subject matter that are protected by copyright law.This study offers an archive of oral histories and narratives of artistic creators about copyright law. It is founded upon interviews with creative artists and activists who have been involved in copyright litigation and policy disputes. This dialogical research provides an insight into the material and social effects of copyright law.This thesis concludes that copyright law is not just a ‘creature of statute’, but it is also a social and imaginative construct. In the lived experience of the law, questions of aesthetics and ethics are extremely important. Industry agreements are quite influential. Contracts play an important part in the operation of copyright law. The media profile of personalities involved in litigation and policy debates is pertinent. This thesis claims that copyright law can be explained by a mix of social factors such as ethical standards, legal regulations, market forces, and computer code. It can also be understood in terms of the personal stories and narratives that people tell about litigation and copyright law reform.Table of ContentsPrologue 1Introduction A Creature of Statute: Copyright Law and Legal Formalism 6Chapter One The Demidenko Affair: Copyright Law and Literary Works 33Chapter Two Daubism: Copyright Law and Artistic Works 67Chapter Three The ABCs of Anarchism: Copyright Law and Musical Works 105Chapter Four Heretic: Copyright Law and Dramatic Works 146Chapter Five Shine: Copyright Law and Film 186Chapter Six Napster: Infinite Digital Jukebox or Pirate Bazaar? Copyright Law and Digital Works 232Chapter Seven Bangarra Dance Theatre: Copyright Law and Indigenous Culture 275Chapter Eight The Cathedral and the Bazaar: The Future of Copyright Law 319
Design Thinking for Leading and Learning in Review
Authors: Grubb Rachel , Reich Justin , Huttner-Loan Elizabeth , Napier Alyssa , Beazley Garrett
Published: July 2018

Created by Justin Reich and a team of instructional designers from the MIT Teaching Systems Lab, 11.155x: Design Thinking for Leading and Learning asks school leaders at all levels—teacher-leaders, principals, superintendents, and public officials—the following key questions:• Future jobs will require creativity, problem-solving and communication. How do we use design thinking to teach these skills to PK-12 students in meaningful ways?• How do we bring together passionate school leaders to use design thinking to create systemic solutions to educational challenges?
A behavioral design approach to improving vector-control campaigns
Authors: Buttenheim Alison M. , Levy Michael Z. , Castillo-Neyra Ricardo , McGuire Molly , Vizcarra Amparo M. Toledo , Riveros Lina M. Mollesaca , Meza Julio , Borrini-Mayori Katty , Naquira Cesar , Behrman Jere , Paz-Soldan Valerie A.
Published: July 2018

Individual behavior change is a critical ingredient in efforts to improve global health. Central to the focus on behavior has been a growing understanding of how the human brain makes decisions, from motivations and mindsets to unconscious biases and cognitive shortcuts. Recent work in the field of behavioral economics and related fields has contributed to a rich menu of insights and principles that can be engineered into global health programs to increase impact and reach. However, there is little research on the process of designing and testing interventions informed by behavioral insights. In a study focused on increasing household participation in a Chagas disease vector control campaign in Arequipa, Peru, we applied Datta and Mullainathan’s “behavioral design” approach to formulate and test specific interventions. In this Methodologies paper we describe the behavioral design approach in detail, including the Define, Diagnosis, Design, and Test phases. We also show how the interventions designed through the behavioral design process were adapted for a pragmatic randomized controlled field trial. The behavioral design framework provided a systematic methodology for defining thebehavior of interest, diagnosing reasons for household reluctance or refusal to participate, designing interventions to address actionable bottlenecks, and then testing those interventions in a rigorous counterfactual context. Behavioral design offered us a broader range of strategies and approaches than are typically used in vector-control campaigns. Careful attention to how behavioral design may affect internal and external validity of evaluations and the scalability of interventions is needed going forward. We recommend behavioral design as a useful complement to other intervention design and evaluation approaches in global health programs.
Born Digital? Presence, Privacy, and Intimate Surveillance
Authors: Leaver Tama
Published: July 2018

The moment of birth was once the instant where parents and others first saw their child in the world, but with the advent of various imaging technologies, most notably the ultrasound, the first photos often precede birth (Lupton, 2013). In the past several decades, the question is no longer just when the first images are produced, but who should see them, via which, if any, communication platforms? Should sonograms (the ultrasound photos) be used to announce the impending arrival of a new person in the world? Moreover, while that question is ostensibly quite benign, it does usher in an era where parents and loved ones are, for the first years of life, the ones deciding what, if any, social media presence young people have before they’re in a position to start contributing to those decisions. This chapter addresses this comparatively new online terrain, postulating the provocative term intimate surveillance, which deliberately turns surveillance on its head, begging the question whether sharing affectionately, and with the best of intentions, can or should be understood as a form of surveillance. Firstly, this chapter will examine the idea of co-creating online identities, touching on some of the standard ways of thinking about identity online, and then starting to look at how these approaches do and do not explicitly address the creation of identity for others, especially parents creating online identities for their kids. I will then review some ideas about surveillance and counter-surveillance with a view to situating these creative parental acts in terms of the kids and others being created. Finally, this chapter will explore several examples of parental monitoring, capturing and sharing of data and media about their children, using various mobile apps, contextualising these activities not with a moral finger-waving, but by surfacing specific questions and literacies which parents may need to develop in order to use these tools mindfully, and ensure decisions made about their children’s’ online presences are purposeful decisions.
Dialogue on Alternating Consciousness: From Perception to Infinities and Back to Free Will
Authors: Janew Claus
Published: July 2018

Can we trace back consciousness, reality, awareness, and free will to a single basic structure without giving up any of them? Can the universe exist in both real and individual ways without being composed of both? This dialogue founds consciousness and freedom of choice on the basis of a new reality concept that also includes the infinite as far as we understand it. Just the simplest distinction contains consciousness. It is not static, but a constant alternation of perspectives. From its entirety and movement, however, there arises a freedom of choice being more than reinterpreted necessity and unpredictability. Although decisions ultimately involve the whole universe, they are also free in varying degrees here and now. The unity and openness of the infinite enables the individual to be creative while this creativity directly and indirectly enters into all other individuals without impeding them. A contrary impression originates only in a narrowed awareness. But even the most conscious and free awareness can neither anticipate all decisions nor extinguish individuality. Their creativity is secured.
Toward a digital sociology of school
Authors: Selwyn Neil , Nemorin Selena , Bulfin Scott , Johnson Nicola
Published: July 2018

The proliferation of digital technologies into schools clearly merits renewed and sustained sociological attention. This chapter outlines some of the key ways in which digital sociology can help us make better sense of contemporary school.
United in Diversity? The Consolidation of Cultural Values among EU Member States and Candidates
Authors: Akaliyski Plamen
Published: July 2018

The European Union (EU) is considered a unique economic and political union that integrates most European countries. This article focuses on the cultural aspect of European integration, which has been increasingly debated over the course of deepening and widening integration and in the context of the legitimation crisis of the EU. Among the main goals of the EU is to promote certain values, which raises the question of whether it has been efficient in (or enabled) reducing cultural value gaps among the participating countries. World polity and institutional isomorphism theories suggest that cultural values may trickle down in a vertical manner from the institutions of the EU to its member states and candidates. Furthermore, hybridization theory postulates that values diffuse horizontally through intensified interactions enabled by the EU. These two perspectives imply the possibility of cultural convergence among countries associated with the EU. By contrast, the culture clash thesis assumes that differences in cultural identity prevent value convergence across countries; growing awareness of such differences may even increase the pre-existing cultural value distances. To test these different scenarios, I compare distances in emancipative and secular values across pairs of countries (Welzel 2013) using combined repeated cross-sectional data from the EVS and WVS gathered between 1992 and 2011. I find that the longer a country has been part of the EU, the more closely its values approximate those of the EU founding countries, which in turn are the most homogenous. Initial cultural distance to the founders’ average values appears irrelevant to acquiring membership or candidacy status. However, new member states experienced substantial cultural convergence with old member states after 1992, as did current candidates between 2001 and 2008. Since 1992, nations not participating in the integration process have diverged substantially from EU members, essentially leading to cultural polarization in Europe. The findings are independent of (changes in) economic disparities and suggest the importance of cultural diffusion as one of the fundamental mechanisms of cultural change. This empirical study contributes to the literature on European integration, political and sociological theories of globalization, and cross-cultural theories of societal value change.
The Doctrinal Structure of Patent Law's Enablement Requirement
Authors: Rantanen Jason
Published: July 2018

This Essay examines the formal law of enablement, focusing on a perceived split in the enablement doctrine: whether disclosure of a single mode of an invention is necessarily sufficient to satisfy the requirement of enablement or whether the full scope of the claim must be enabled. In examining this split, this Essay articulates the enablement inquiry in conceptual terms, identifying two elements of the courts' analyses that are implicit in every enablement determination: the nature of enablement disputes as challenges and the articulation of a target or targets that must be enabled. With this understanding in mind, the "full scope" and "any mode" language are easily reconciled: for any given target, one mode suffices. But each and every target must be enabled. More broadly, recognizing the process of target articulation implicit in every enablement inquiry leads to a conceptually simpler, and more generalizeable, understanding of how the requirement operates in practice.
Review of "American Allegory: Lindy Hop and the Racial Imagination"
Authors: Wade Lisa
Published: July 2018

American Allegory uses lindy hop—a social dance invented in the 1920s by black youth in Harlem and now practiced mostly by white dancers—to gain insight into the relationship between black and white Americans and their cultural forms. It aims to contribute to theory about how superordinate groups manipulate culture to maintain power, while also accounting for cultural change and exchange. On page 204 Hancock begins to ask sophisticated theoretical questions but, by then, it is far too late to answer them. While Hancock’s central premise is one to which I am sympathetic—that the community of primarily white people who dance lindy hop today are participating in an appropriation of black culture—he’s never able to move past his premise to a useful contribution.
A Simple Approach to Setting Reasonable Royalties for Standard-Essential Patents
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Standard Setting Organizations (SSOs) typically require their members tolicense any standard-essential patent on Fair, Reasonable, andNon-Discriminatory (FRAND) terms. Unfortunately, numerous high-stakesdisputes have recently broken out over just what these “FRAND commitments”mean and how and where to enforce them. We propose a simple, practical setof rules regarding patents that SSOs can adopt to achieve the goals ofFRAND commitments far more efficiently with far less litigation. Under ourproposed approach, if an standard-essential patent owner and an implementerof the standard cannot agree on licensing terms, the standard-essentialpatent owner is obligated to enter into binding baseball-style (or “finaloffer”) arbitration with any willing licensee to determine the royaltyrate. This obligation may be conditioned on the implementer making areciprocal FRAND Commitment for any standard-essential patents it owns thatread on the same standard. If the implementer is unwilling to enter intobinding arbitration, the standard-essential patent owner’s FRAND commitmentnot to go to court to enforce its standard-essential patents against thatparty is discharged. We explain how our proposed FRAND regime would work inpractice. Many of the disputes currently arising around FRAND commitmentsbecome moot under our approach.
Why You Should Always Include a Random Slope for the Lower-Level Variable Involved in a Cross-Level Interaction
Authors: Heisig Jan Paul , Schaeffer Merlin
Published: July 2018

Mixed effects multilevel models are often used to investigate cross-level interactions, a specific type of context effect that may be understood as an upper-level variable moderating the association between a lower-level predictor and the outcome. We argue that multilevel models involving cross-level interactions should always include random slopes on the lower-level components of those interactions. Failure to do so will usually result in severely anti-conservative statistical inference. Monte Carlo simulations and illustrative empirical analyses highlight the practical relevance of the issue. Using European Social Survey data, we examine a total 30 cross-level interactions. Introducing a random slope term on the lower-level variable involved in a cross-level interaction, reduces the absolute t-ratio by 31% or more in three quarters of cases, with an average reduction of 42%. Many practitioners seem to be unaware of these issues. Roughly half of the cross-level interaction estimates published in the European Sociological Review between 2011 and 2016 are based on models that omit the crucial random slope term. Detailed analysis of the associated test statistics suggests that many of the estimates would not meet conventional standards of statistical significance if estimated using the correct specification. This raises the question how much robust evidence of cross-level interactions sociology has actually produced over the past decades.
Measuring the Complexity of Urban Form and Design
Authors: Boeing Geoff
Published: July 2018

Complex systems have become a popular lens for analyzing cities and complexity theory has many implications for urban performance and resilience. This paper develops a typology of measures and indicators for assessing the physical complexity of the built environment at the scale of urban design. It extends quantitative measures from city planning, network science, ecosystems studies, fractal geometry, statistical physics, and information theory to the analysis of urban form and qualitative human experience. Metrics at multiple scales are scattered throughout diverse bodies of literature and have useful applications in analyzing the adaptive complexity that both evolves and results from local design processes. In turn, they enable urban designers to assess resilience, adaptability, connectedness, and livability with an advanced toolkit. The typology developed here applies to empirical research of various neighborhood types and design standards. It includes temporal, visual, spatial, scaling, and connectivity measures of the urban form. Today, prominent urban design movements openly embrace complexity but must move beyond inspiration and metaphor to formalize what "complexity" is and how we can use it to assess both the world as-is as well as proposals for how it could be instead.
Spatial assessment of construction waste generated by residential buildings in rural areas
Authors: MIHAI Florin Constantin
Published: July 2018

The management of construction waste it is at an early stage in urban areas and lacking in rural areas where this fraction is frequently uncontrolled disposed on public lands. Despite the fact some items of construction waste are considered inert for the environment (soil, concrete) it also contains hazardous items (paint additives, cans, and containers) or recyclables (plastics, metals, wood). Potential recovery of this waste stream is high if it is properly managed. The paper estimates the potential amounts of waste resulted from residential constructions across rural municipalities of Neamț County between 2002 and 2010. These statistical values are calculated at commune level (rural territorial administrative unit) in order to outline the disparities between various geographical areas using thematic cartography. This approach is correlated with demographic features in order to reflect such spatial patterns. The map of population density within built-up areas reveals where the construction sector is emerging at the county scale. Field observations highlight the existence of illegal disposal practices of construction waste in the proximity of settlements or water bodies. This waste stream should receive proper attention in following years in order to achieve recycling and recovery targets imposed by EU regulations.
Operationalizing the Replication Standard: A Case Study of the Data Curation and Verification Workflow for Scholarly Journals
Authors: Christian Thu-Mai Lewis , Lafferty-Hess Sophia , Jacoby William G. , Carsey Thomas M.
Published: July 2018

In response to widespread concerns about the integrity of research published in scholarly journals, several initiatives have emerged that are promoting research transparency through access to data underlying published scientific findings. Journal editors, in particular, have made a commitment to research transparency by issuing data policies that require authors to submit their data, code, and documentation to data repositories to allow for public access to the data. In the case of the American Journal of Political Science (AJPS) Data Replication Policy, the data also must undergo an independent verification process in which materials are reviewed for quality as a condition of final manuscript publication and acceptance.Aware of the specialized expertise of the data archives, AJPS called upon the Odum Institute Data Archive to provide a data review service that performs data curation and verification of replication datasets. This article presents a case study of the collaboration between AJPS and the Odum Institute Data Archive to develop a workflow that bridges manuscript publication and data review processes. The case study describes the challenges and the successes of the workflow integration, and offers lessons learned that may be applied by other data archives that are considering expanding their services to include data curation and verification services to support reproducible research.
Reframing, reimagining and remaking smart cities
Authors: Kitchin Rob
Published: July 2018

Over the past decade the concept and development of smart cities has unfolded rapidly, with many city administrations implementing smart city initiatives and strategies and a diverse ecology of companies and researchers producing and deploying smart city technologies. In contrast to those that seek to realise the benefits of a smart city vision, a number of critics have highlighted a number of shortcomings, challenges and risks with such endeavours. This short paper outlines a third path, one that aims to realise the benefits of smart city initiatives while recasting the thinking and ethos underpinning them and addressing their deficiencies and limitations. It argues that smart city thinking and initiatives need to be reframed, reimagined and remade in six ways. Three of these concern normative and conceptual thinking with regards to goals, cities and epistemology, and three concern more practical and political thinking and praxes with regards to management/governance, ethics and security, and stakeholders and working relationships. The paper does not seek to be definitive or comprehensive, but rather to provide conceptual and practical suggestions and stimulate debate about how to productively recast smart urbanism and the creation of smart cities.
Gender Discrimination in Peer Review
Authors: Cochran Angela
Published: July 2018

Abstract: Bias in the peer review process is not a new phenomenon. This essay reviews what happened when a lack of editorial oversight resulted in sexist review comments sent to female authors of a submitted paper to a major journal.Angela CochranDirector, JournalsAmerican Society of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell Dr.Reston, VA 20191Past-president, Council of Science Editors[iD icon]orcid.org/0000-0002-6255-4389P: 703-295-6133E: acochran@asce.orgLooking for solutions? Start at ascelibrary.org!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This email has been scanned for email related threats and delivered safely by Mimecast. For more information please visit http://www.mimecast.com---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Do Baby Boomers Want Another Baby Boom?: A Gendered Generational Analysis of Abortion Attitudes
Authors: Washington DyAnna Katherine
Published: July 2018

Building on research conducted by sociologists on the predictors of abortion attitudes, through a secondary analysis of 2016 General Social Survey (GSS) data, with a total of 1571 respondents, I investigate the relationship between demographic identifiers, specifically age, sex, and religious fundamentalism, and approval rates of legal abortion. Using the age variable in GSS and drawing from Generational Cohort Theory, I isolate the generational cohorts baby boomers and millennials and hypothesize that baby boomers will approve of legal abortion in fewer instances than millennials. Moreover, I create Abortion Attitude Indexes from GSS questions on abortion, which enable me to separate the questions into two groups: hard and soft abortions. Drawing from Attribution Theory, I propose that there will be an overall higher approval of hard abortions than soft abortions across both generational cohorts. Ultimately, bivariate and multivariate analysis reported that age and sex are not statistically significant predictors of abortion attitudes. However, religious fundamentalism is moderately significant. Therefore, one hypothesis is supported that the more religiously fundamentalist an individual is, the fewer instances they are likely to approve of legal abortion.
Dynamic Existence
Authors: Janew Claus
Published: July 2018

Everything is in motion. "Inertness" arises from (approximative) repetition, that is, through rotation or an alternation that delineates a focus of consciousness. This focus of consciousness, in turn, must also move/alternate (the two differ only in continuity). If its alternation seems to go too far - physically, psychically or intellectually - it reaches into the subconscious. In this way, interconnection is established by the alternation of the focus of consciousness. Therefore, in a world in which everything is interconnected, all focuses must reciprocally transition into each other. "Reality" is a common "goal", a focus which all participants can switch into and which is conscious to them as such, as a potential one. Its "degree of reality" is the probability of its fully becoming conscious (or more simply: its current degree of consciousness). Thus, a reality is created when all participants increase its probability or, respectively, their consciousness of it.
“The First Rule of Gunfighting is Have a Gun”: Technologies of Concealed Carry in Gun Culture 2.0
Authors: Yamane David
Published: July 2018

American gun culture has undergone a profound change over the past half century, from a culture rooted in hunting and recreational shooting to one centered on armed citizenship and personal defense. As shorthand, I describe this as an evolution from Gun Culture 1.0 to Gun Culture 2.0. In this paper, I begin by giving a brief history of the rise of Gun Culture 2.0. I then propose a cultural approach to studying gun culture, based on a working definition of culture that emphasizes the ways in which culture helps us to understand the world by defining problems and prospects and helps us to act in the world by suggesting recipes and providing tools for action in relation to those problems and prospects. Here, objects of material culture like guns and gun-related accessories play an important role. Far from being static entities, in addressing the problems associated with carrying concealed weapons in everyday life, these technologies respond to and facilitate the cultural practice of gun carrying which is central to Gun Culture 2.0. I apply this cultural approach to studying gun culture using ethnographic observation of a Concealed Carry Expo to explore some of the many technologies that have been developed to help those who want to be armed citizens reconcile the competing demands of carrying a concealed handgun in public. These material culture technologies include guns and holsters, as well as products designed to address women’s specific carry needs.
Impact Visualisation in Educational Interventions
Authors: Xiao ZhiMin , Higgins Steve , Kasim Adetayo
Published: July 2018

Reporting of research data analysis often resorts to numerical summaries, such as effect size estimates in Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs). Summary statistics are helpful and important for evidence synthesis and decision making. However, they can be unstable and inconsistent due to diversity in research designs and variability in analytical specifications. They also mask the dynamics of individual responses to a certain intervention by focusing on average treatment effect on the treated, even though the variation in impact may be crucial information for policy makers. To establish stability and consistency of impact estimates and to reveal the dynamics of individual responses in RCTs, we conduct variable selection, harness the power of noise, implement Cumulative Quantile Analysis (CQA), and devise umbrella plots of loss and gain in this study, using real datasets from over 30 educational interventions funded by the Education Endowment Foundation (EEF) in England. For the purpose of comparison, which is essential in data visualisation, all the aforementioned methods are built upon multiple analytical approaches. We show that the importance of an intervention can be ordered through variable selection, and that the power of noise or the bias induced by inappropriate variables, can be utilised to assess the stability of an impact estimate. We also demonstrate that estimates of average treatment effect cannot fully capture the impact of an intervention on sub-groups of participants with varying levels of attainment at baseline, not to mention individual responses to the intervention. Using CQA and umbrella plots, we are able to supplement what common effect size estimates lack in educational interventions. We argue that the impact of an intervention is often more complex than the average treatment effect suggests, and that until a summary is more informative and able to speak directly to the eye, evidence-based policy and practice cannot be fully achieved.
Justifying Unparticipated Causality in Proclus
Authors: Greig Jonathan
Published: July 2018

Proclus introduces the concept of the unparticipated (ἀμέθεκτον) (P1) among two other terms— the participated (P2) and participant (P3)—as the first principle (ἀρχή) of any given series of entities or Forms in his metaphysical structure. For instance, the unparticipated monad (P1), Soul, generates all individual, participated souls (P2), which in turn generate the attribute of life in their respective, participating bodies (P3). Proclus looks at (P2) as an efficient cause of (P3), where (P2) must be the attribute in actuality in relation to the attribute it brings about in (P3). At the outset, this suggests that (P2) is necessary and sufficient for (P3), which then implies a problem for positing (P1): if (P2) is doing the causal legwork for (P3), what role does (P1) play? One of Proclus’ main explanations is that (P1) is responsible for ‘unifying’ the multiple participated entities (P2), so that the commonality of the participated entities (P2) must go back to a separate source (P1). However, one could easily respond that this just amounts to a reversion to a priori Platonist principles for transcendent, separate Forms without providing a real justification for the necessity of (P1) as a cause. In my talk, I wish to elaborate on how Proclus thinks about (P1)’s type of causation in relation to (P2) and (P3), particularly showing why (P2) for Proclus is ultimately insufficient as an efficient cause compared to (P1) as the absolute first cause for a given series.[Early work on a PhD thesis chapter — presentation for the University of Edinburgh, July 16, 2017. Any comments or feedback are welcome!]
Specificity of Social Work in the CSR of Colombian Companies
Authors: Urra Miguel
Published: July 2018

This document shows the results of the research “Participation of social workers in the corporate social responsibility programs developed by companies operating inColombia”, which aims to describe social workers’ participation in the field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) of companies operating in Colombia. The results trace the profile of social workers who develop activities in the areas of CSR, define the CSR strategies of companies operating in Colombia, and the participation of these professionals in them, and define the specific functions they perform in these areas.
The Challenge of Evaluation: An Open Framework for Evaluating Citizen Science Activities
Authors: Kieslinger Barbara , Schäfer Teresa , Heigl Florian , Dörler Daniel , Richter Anett , Bonn Aletta
Published: July 2018

In today’s knowledge-based society we are experiencing a rise in citizen science activities. Citizen science goals include enhancing scientific knowledge generation, contributing to societally relevant questions, fostering scientific literacy in society and transforming science communication. These aims, however, are rarely evaluated, and project managers as well as prospective funders are often at a loss when it comes to assessing and reviewing the quality and impact of citizen science activities. To ensure and improve the quality of citizen science outcomes evaluation methods are required for planning, self-evaluation and training development as well as for informing funding reviews and impact assessments. Here, based on an in-depth review of the characteristics and diversity of citizen science activities and current evaluation practices, we develop an open framework for evaluating diverse citizen science activities, ranging from projects initiated by grassroots initiatives to those led by academic scientists. The framework incorporates the social, the scientific and the socio-ecological/economic perspectives of citizen science and thus offers a comprehensive collection of indicators at a glance. Indicators on a process- and impact-level can be selected and prioritized from all three perspectives, according to the specific contexts and targets. The framework guides and fosters the critical assessment and enhancement of citizen science projects against these goals both for external funding reviews as well as for internal project development.