bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurial Adaptation in Emerging Markets: Strategic Entrepreneurial Choices, Adaptive Capabilities and Firm Performance
Authors: Basu Shubhabrata , Munjal Surender , Budhwar Pawan , Misra Pradeep
Published: December 2021

Sustaining entrepreneurship in resource‐constrained and institutionally weak emerging markets (EMs) poses theoretical and practical challenges. We address some of these challenges by adopting a middle‐range theoretical approach and proposing the concept of ‘entrepreneurial adaptation’ (EA). Complementing the concept of entrepreneurial mindset and subsuming those of strategic orientation and adaptive capabilities, we posit that EA consists of a set of cognitively derived, action‐oriented strategic entrepreneurial choices that foster certain dimensions of adaptive capabilities which in turn sustain entrepreneurship in EMs. We empirically test our hypotheses on a proprietary survey‐based dataset of 219 Indian firms and contribute to the extant literature by proposing a model of EA, besides suggesting an alternative bridge to the two disciplines of entrepreneurship and strategy.
Dynamic visualisation of million‐tip trees: The OneZoom project
Authors: Wong Yan , Rosindell James
Published: December 2021

The complete tree of life is now available, but methods to visualise it are still needed to meet needs in research, teaching and science communication. Dynamic visualisation of million‐tip trees requires many challenges in data synthesis, data handling and computer graphics to be overcome.

Our approach is to automate data processing, synthesise data from a wide range of available sources, then to feed these data to a client‐side visualisation engine in parts. We develop a way to store the whole tree topology locally in a highly compressed form, then dynamically populate metadata such as text and images as the user explores.

The result is a seamless and smooth way to explore the complete tree of life, including images and metadata, even on relatively old mobile devices.

The underlying methods developed have applications that transcend tree of life visualisation. For the whole complete tree, we describe automated ID mappings between well known resources without resorting to taxonomic name resolution, automated methods to collate sets of public domain representative images for higher taxa, and an index to measure public interest of individual species.

The visualisation layout and the client user interface are both abstracted components of the codebase enabling other zoomable tree layouts to be swapped in, and supporting multiple applications including exhibition kiosks and digital art.

After 10 years of work, our tree of life explorer is now broadly complete, it has attracted nearly 1.5 million online users, and is backed by a novel long‐term sustainability plan. We conclude our description of the OneZoom project by suggesting the next challenges that need to be solved in this field: extinct species and guided tours around the tree.
Deletion in KRT75L4 linked to frizzle feather in Xiushui Yellow Chickens
Authors: Chen B. , Xi S. , El‐Senousey H. K. , Zhou M. , Cheng D. , Chen K. , Wan L. , Xiong T. , Liao M. , Liu S. , Mao H.
Published: December 2021

Bird feathers are the product of interactions between natural and artificial selection. Feather‐related traits are important for chicken selection and breeding. Frizzle feather is characterized by the abnormally development of feathers in chickens. In the current study, frizzle feather characteristics were observed in a local breed called Xiushui Yellow Chicken in Jiangxi, China. To determine the molecular mechanisms that underlie frizzle feather in Xiushui Yellow Chicken, four populations of three breeds (Xiushui Yellow Chicken with frizzle feathers, Xiushui Yellow Chicken with normal feathers, Guangfeng White‐Ear Yellow Chicken, and Ningdu Yellow Chicken) were selected for whole‐genome resequencing. Using a comparative genome strategy and genome‐wide association study, a missense mutation (g.5281494A>G) and a 15‐bp deletion (g.5285437‐5285451delGATGCCGGCAGGACG) in KRT75L4 were identified as candidate mutations associated with frizzle feather in Xiushui Yellow Chicken. Based on genotyping performed in a large Xiushui Yellow Chicken population, the g.5285437‐5285451delGATGCCGGCAGGACG mutation in KRT75L4 was confirmed as the putative causative mutation of frizzle feather. These results deepen the understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for frizzle feather, as well as facilitating the molecular detection and selection of the feather phenotype in Xiushui Yellow Chickens.
Pigmented purpuric dermatoses versus purpuric mycosis fungoides: Clinicopathologic similarities and new insights into dermoscopic features
Authors: Nasimi Maryam , Bonabiyan Masoud , Lajevardi Vahideh , Azizpour Arghavan , Nejat Afsaneh , Dasdar Shayan , Kianfar Nika
Published: December 2021

Background

The diagnosis of purpuric mycosis fungoides (PMF) is often challenging to be clinically differentiated from inflammatory diseases such as pigmented purpuric dermatosis (PPD). Dermoscopy as a non‐invasive method can be employed for the visualisation of features invisible to the naked eye.

Objectives

This study aimed to survey the dermoscopic findings of PMF in comparison with PPD.

Methods

Forty‐one patients with an established diagnosis of PMF (n = 28) and PPD (n = 13) were prospectively recruited. Dermoscopic images were taken by FotoFinder Medicam 1000 (FotoFinder Systems GmbH, Bad Birnbach, Germany).

Results

Characteristic dermoscopic patterns consisting of fine short linear vessels (35.7%, P = 0.017) and spermatozoa‐like structures (50%, P = 0.014) were found to be significantly more common in PMF lesions, while PPD lesions were typified by erythematous globules (76.9%, P = 0.01), in the background colour of dull red (61.5%, P = 0.01) and reticular pigmentation (61.5%, P = 0.044).

Conclusions

This study showed the usefulness of dermoscopy for the diagnosis of PMF and PPD cases. Studies with long‐term follow‐up are needed to affirm the value of these dermoscopic patterns in the differentiation between the two entities.
Treatment intensification with FLAG‐Ida may improve disease control in younger patients with secondary acute myeloid leukaemia: long‐term follow up of the MRC AML15 trial
Authors: Russell Nigel , Hills Robert , Kjeldsen Lars , Dennis Mike , Burnett Alan
Published: December 2021

Secondary acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has a poor outcome following “3 + 7‐like” chemotherapy. While CPX‐351 has been approved for patients aged 60–75, the optimal treatment, or comparator, in younger patients is less clear. The MRC AML15 trial randomised younger patients between daunorubicin and ara‐C (DA) and DA plus etoposide (ADE) and ADE and fludarabine, cytarabine, idarubicin, and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (FLAG‐Ida) induction. Overall results failed to show an overall survival benefit for FLAG‐Ida despite a reduction in relapse, the outcome of patients <60 years with secondary AML compared to DA/ADE was not reported. In this group (n = 115) response to induction was not different [complete remission/complete remission with incomplete haematological response 81% vs. 79%), however, 5‐year overall survival and relapse free survival was superior for FLAG‐Ida [37% vs. 27%, stratified hazard ratio (HR) 0·45 (0·33–0·90) P = 0·02 and 41% vs. 22%; stratified HR 0·54 (0·31–0·96) P = 0·04] respectively, suggesting that younger patients with secondary AML may benefit from treatment intensification and that “3 + 7” may not be the optimal comparator in trials for this group of patients.
Late Quaternary hydroclimate change inferred from lake sedimentary record in arid central Asia
Authors: Zhou Jianchao , Wu Jinglu , Zhang Hongliang , Zeng Haiao , Shen Beibei
Published: December 2021

Arid central Asia is a key region in the study of global climate change; however, the characteristics and mechanisms of regional hydroclimate changes during the late Quaternary remain poorly known. Here we present a new hydroclimate record from Lake Ebinur in arid northwestern China based on a comprehensive multiproxy analysis. The results show that Lake Ebinur formed at ~33.5 ka under relatively warm and humid conditions that continued to 26.7 ka. The following Last Glacial Maximum was cold and dry from 26.7 to 18.5 ka, most notably during the interval between 21.3 and 18.5 ka, suggesting a two‐step hydroclimate change. The moisture conditions started to improve at 15 ka and reached their highest level during the Middle Holocene (8.7–4.4 ka). A comparison of our record with other records in the Northern Hemisphere indicated that the moisture changes in central Asia followed similar variability trends to those of the east Asia monsoon region during the last glacial period, suggesting common driving forces, such as the boreal solar insolation and its associated Northern Hemisphere ice‐sheet volume. The Holocene moisture optimum in central Asia was delayed by 2000–3000 years relative to that in east Asia, which demonstrated a large influence of the remnant Northern Hemisphere ice‐sheet forcings on the mid‐latitude Asia atmospheric circulation (e.g. mid‐latitude westerlies and Siberian High) in the Early Holocene.
The influence of HLA‐DRB1*15 on the relationship between microglia and neurons in multiple sclerosis normal appearing cortical grey matter
Authors: Yates Richard L. , Pansieri Jonathan , Li Qizhu , Bell Jack S. , Yee Sydney A. , Palace Jacqueline , Esiri Margaret M. , DeLuca Gabriele C.
Published: December 2021

Cortical tissue injury is common in multiple sclerosis (MS) and associates with disability progression. We have previously shown that HLA‐DRB1*15 genotype status associates with the extent of cortical inflammatory pathology. In the current study, we sought to examine the influence of HLA‐DRB1*15 on relationships between inflammation and neurodegeneration in MS. Human post‐mortem MS cases (n = 47) and controls (n = 10) were used. Adjacent sections of motor cortex were stained for microglia (Iba1+, CD68+, TMEM119+), lymphocytes (CD3+, CD8+), GFAP+ astrocytes, and neurons (NeuN+). A subset of MS cases (n = 20) and controls (n = 7) were double‐labeled for neurofilament and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65/67 (GAD+) to assess the extent of the inhibitory synaptic loss. In MS cases, microglial protein expression positively correlated with neuron density (Iba1+: r = 0.548, p < 0.001, CD68+: r = 0.498, p = 0.001, TMEM119+ r = 0.437, p = 0.003). This finding was restricted to MS cases not carrying HLA‐DRB1*15. Evidence of a 14% reduction in inhibitory synapses in MS was detected (MS: 0.299 ± 0.006 synapses/μm2 neuronal membrane versus control: 0.348 ± 0.009 synapses/μm2 neuronal membrane, p = 0.005). Neurons expressing inhibitory synapses were 24% smaller in MS cases compared to the control (MS: 403 ± 15 μm2 versus control: 531 ± 29 μm2, p = 0.001), a finding driven by HLA‐DRB1*15+ cases (15+: 376 ± 21 μm2 vs. 15−: 432 ± 22 μm2, p = 0.018). Taken together, our results demonstrate that HLA‐DRB1*15 modulates the relationship between microglial inflammation, inhibitory synapses, and neuronal density in the MS cortex.
An ecological systems analysis of food access barriers and coping strategies adopted by older adults in Ghana
Authors: Braimah Joseph Asumah , Rosenberg Mark Warren
Published: December 2021

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development commits to ending hunger and achieving food security for all. However, little is known about the food access experiences of older adults in Ghana. This paper explores if there are barriers to accessing food and if there are, what strategies have been adopted to negotiate these barriers. Through purposive sampling, a total of 123 older adults were recruited in Ghana to participate in sharing circles (n = 10) and semi‐structured interviews (n = 42). Data analyses were done in NVivo using a thematic analytical approach. Functional impairment and poor health, poverty, inadequate social support, lack of control over household resources, policy neglect, low crop yields, and sociocultural values were found to hinder older people's access to food. They navigate these barriers by rationing meals, engaging in income‐earning activities, seeking support from social networks, and begging. Our findings contribute to discourses on food security and highlight the need for a multilevel, comprehensive approach that targets both the individual and the broader human environment in addressing the food needs of older people.
Design and Evaluation Study of Visual Analytics Decision Support Tools in Air Traffic Control
Authors: Zohrevandi E. , Westin C. A. L. , Lundberg J. , Ynnerman A.
Published: December 2021

Operators in air traffic control facing time‐ and safety‐critical situations call for efficient, reliable and robust real‐time processing and interpretation of complex data. Automation support tools aid controllers in these processes to prevent separation losses between aircraft. Issues of current support tools include limited ‘what‐if’ and ‘what‐else’ probe functionalities in relation to vertical solutions. This work presents the design and evaluation of two visual analytics interfaces that promote contextual awareness and support ‘what‐if’ and ‘what‐else’ probes in the spatio‐temporal domain aiming to improve information integration and support controllers in prioritising conflict resolution. Both interfaces visualize vertical solution spaces against a time‐altitude graph. The main contributions of this paper are: (a) the presentation of two interfaces for supporting conflict solving; (b) the novel representation of how vertical information and aircraft rate of climb and descent affect conflicts and (c) an evaluation and comparison of the interfaces with a traditional air traffic control support system. The evaluation study was performed with domain experts to compare the effects of visualization concepts on operator engagement in processing solutions suggested by the tools. Results show that the visualizations support operators' ability to understand and resolve conflicts. Based on the results, general design guidelines for time‐critical domains are proposed.
Lockdown and licensed premises: COVID‐19 lessons for alcohol policy
Authors: Fitzgerald Niamh , Manca Francesco , Uny Isabelle , Martin Jack Gregor , O'Donnell Rachel , Ford Allison , Begley Amelie , Stead Martine , Lewsey Jim
Published: December 2021

Introduction

The COVID‐19 pandemic necessitated unprecedented changes in alcohol availability, including closures, curfews and restrictions. We draw on new data from three UK studies exploring these issues to identify implications for premises licensing and wider policy.

Methods

(i) Semi‐structured interviews (n = 17) with licensing stakeholders in Scotland and England reporting how COVID‐19 has reshaped local licensing and alcohol‐related harms; (ii) semi‐structured interviews (n = 15) with ambulance clinicians reporting experiences with alcohol during the pandemic; and (iii) descriptive and time series analyses of alcohol‐related ambulance callouts in Scotland before and during the first UK lockdown (1 January 2019 to 30 June 2020).

Results

COVID‐19 restrictions (closures, curfews) affected on‐trade premises only and licensing stakeholders highlighted the relaxation of some laws (e.g. on takeaway alcohol) and a rise in home drinking as having long‐term risks for public health. Ambulance clinicians described a welcome break from pre‐pandemic mass public intoxication and huge reductions in alcohol‐related callouts at night‐time. They also highlighted potential long‐term risks of increased home drinking. The national lockdown was associated with an absolute fall of 2.14 percentage points [95% confidence interval (CI) −3.54, −0.74; P = 0.003] in alcohol‐related callouts as a percentage of total callouts, followed by a daily increase of +0.03% (95% CI 0.010, 0.05; P = 0.004).

Discussion and Conclusions

COVID‐19 gave rise to both restrictions on premises and relaxations of licensing, with initial reductions in alcohol‐related ambulance callouts, a rise in home drinking and diverse impacts on businesses. Policies which may protect on‐trade businesses, while reshaping the night‐time economy away from alcohol‐related harms, could offer a ‘win–win’ for policymakers and health advocates.
Endangerment and lament in the Covid Pandemic: Ways out of two theological impasses
Authors: Thomas Günter
Published: December 2021

The essay analyses two causes of the eloquent silence of many churches during Corona: That it has become unthinkable for many theologians that while humans pose a threat to nature, nature itself threatens humans in turn. In addition, a conception of God that assumes only the suffering companion and human acts of solidarity blocks the theological road to the spiritual practice of lament. Beyond questionable imaginings of paradise and false notions of omnipotence, ways out of both impasses are shown.
Longitudinal systolic dysfunction in hypertensive cardiomyopathy with normal ejection fraction
Authors: Salas‐Pacheco José Luis , Lomelí‐Sánchez Oscar , Baltazar‐González Oscar , Soto María Elena
Published: December 2021

Background

The left ventricle (LV) journey in their transition from hypertrophy to heart failure is marked by many subcellular events partially understood yet. The moment in which the structural abnormalities reach the umbral to induce myocardial dysfunction remains elusive.

Aims

To evaluate the anatomic‐functional relationship between LV wall thickness and longitudinal systolic dysfunction.

Material and methods

We prospectively performed clinical assessment and transthoracic echocardiogram on healthy individuals and hypertensive patients with left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥50% and absence of heart failure symptoms.

Results

A total of 226 patients and 101 healthy individuals were recruited. The distribution for sex was similar between groups. The mean age was 67±13 years old in the patients, and 44% had concentric LV hypertrophy. LVEF was identical in both groups (63±6%); in contrast, global longitudinal strain (GLS) (‐18.8±2.5% vs ‐20.4±2%) and mitral annulus plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) (13.8±2.8 vs 15.5±2 mm) were lower. ROC curve optimally classified decreased GLS with LV septum thickness ≥13 mm and decreased MAPSE with thickness ≥14 mm. Multivariable logistic regression found that LV septum thickness is the only variable associated with longitudinal systolic dysfunction (OR = 1.1, CI95% = 1.05 – 1.15, P = 0.001, R squared = .38).

Discussion

A progressive increase in LV wall thickness due to myocyte hypertrophy and interstitial expansion is associated with LV systolic longitudinal dysfunction.

Conclusions

: Patients with moderate or severe ventricular hypertrophy (septum ≥13 mm) had longitudinal systolic dysfunction, GLS decreases with minor structural change than MAPSE, and LVEF is insensitive in detecting longitudinal myocardial dysfunction in patients with hypertension.
Life as ground—Variations on a theme: Comments on Karen Ng's Hegel's concept of life
Authors: Peters Julia
Published: December 2021

In this discussion, I take up Karen Ng's central claim that according to Hegel, the ground of the intelligibility of the world and of the objectivity of our judgment is life. I unpack this claim by considering different interpretive variations of it, all of which find textual support in Ngs book. I offer criticism of the various interpretive variations, with the overall aim of working toward gaining a clearer understanding of what precisely is implied by the idea of life as ground, and how that idea might be defended against potential objections.
Primary bilateral corneal T cell lymphoma in a horse
Authors: Opgenorth T. A. , Monk C. S. , Brooks D. E. , Ramos R. R. , Craft S. L. , Plummer C. E.
Published: December 2021

A 5‐year‐old Belgian Warmblood gelding presented for evaluation of increased opacity in both eyes. Initial ophthalmic examination revealed bilateral mild blepharospasm, multifocal axial and dorsal anterior stromal corneal opacities with mild axial mid‐stromal haze and oedema, and superficial, branching corneal vascularisation. A presumptive diagnosis of bilateral immune‐mediated keratitis (IMMK) was made. The lesions progressed despite 2 years of exhaustive options for medical management. Surgical intervention in the left eye with lamellar keratectomy and ocular surface reconstruction with amnion membrane transplantation was elected. The keratectomy specimen was submitted for histopathology and was consistent with immune‐mediated keratitis. When surgical intervention in the right eye was performed, histopathology revealed sheets of atypical round cells with a high mitotic index. Immunohistochemistry from both the left and right specimens had immunoreactivity to CD3 antibodies. An amended diagnosis of bilateral T cell lymphoma was made. The patient recovered well from surgery, and there have been no signs of recurrence or systemic involvement following surgical intervention. This is a unique case of primary corneal T cell lymphoma in a horse. Prior to electing surgical management, the patient received topical immunomodulating medications including cyclosporine and tacrolimus for significant lengths of time. Both chronic inflammation and chronic administration of immunosuppressive agents are associated with neoplastic transformation. Surgical intervention provides both a diagnostic sample and therapeutic relief.
High glucose upregulates PAR‐1 in SH‐SY5Y cells via deficiency of miR‐20a and miR‐190a
Authors: Kong Li , Gu Pan‐Pan , Tang Zhuang‐Zhuang , Gou Ling‐Shan , Liu Yao‐Wu
Published: December 2021

Thrombin activity enhancement and its receptor protease‐activated receptor 1 (PAR‐1) activation play vital roles in neurologic deficits in the central nervous system. Our recent study showed that PAR‐1 upregulation stimulated by chronic high glucose (HG) caused central neuron injury through neuroinflammation; however, the molecular mechanisms are far from clear. In the present study, we found that HG resulted in neuronal injury of SH‐SY5Y cells as evidenced by decreased cell viability and increased lactate dehydrogenase release and elevated the mRNA level of PAR‐1. Moreover, we predicted and determined several potential microRNAs (miRs) combining with the 3′‐UTR of PAR‐1 mRNA, finding that miR‐20a‐5p, miR‐93‐5p, and miR‐190a‐5p were significantly decreased in HG‐cultured SH‐SY5Y cells compared with control. Further, SH‐SY5Y cells stably transfected with miR‐20a‐5p or miR‐190a‐5p mimic were established, and overexpression efficiency were confirmed. It was found that miR‐20a‐5p or miR‐190a‐5p overexpression markedly decreased PAR‐1 mRNA level and protein expression in SH‐SY5Y cells cultured with HG and normal glucose, indicating that miR‐20a or miR‐19a deficiency contributed to HG‐induced PAR‐1 upregulation. Together, our findings demonstrated that PAR‐1 upregulation mediated HG‐induced neuronal damage in central neurons, which was achieved through miR‐20a or miR‐190a deficiency.
Reciprocal processes of sensory perception and social bonding: an integrated social‐sensory framework of social behavior
Authors: Prior Nora H. , Bentz Ehren J. , Ophir Alexander G.
Published: December 2021

Organisms filter the complexity of natural stimuli through their individual sensory and perceptual systems. Such perceptual filtering is particularly important for social stimuli. A shared “social umwelt” allows individuals to respond appropriately to the expected diversity of cues and signals during social interactions. In this way, the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of sociality and social bonding cannot be disentangled from perceptual mechanisms and sensory processing. While a degree of embeddedness between social and sensory processes is clear, our dominant theoretical frameworks favor treating the social and sensory processes as distinct. An integrated social‐sensory framework has the potential to greatly expand our understanding of the mechanisms underlying individual variation in social bonding and sociality more broadly. Here we leverage what is known about sensory processing and pair bonding in two common study systems with significant species differences in their umwelt (rodent chemosensation and avian acoustic communication). We primarily highlight that (1) communication is essential for pair bond formation and maintenance, (2) the neural circuits underlying perception, communication and social bonding are integrated, and (3) candidate neuromodulatory mechanisms that regulate pair bonding also impact communication and perception. Finally, we propose approaches and frameworks that more fully integrate sensory processing, communication, and social bonding across levels of analysis: behavioral, neurobiological, and genomic. This perspective raises two key questions: (1) how is social bonding shaped by differences in sensory processing?, and (2) to what extent is sensory processing and the saliency of signals shaped by social interactions and emerging relationships?
Carbon cycle dynamics and ecology revealed by the carbon isotopic composition of single organic microfossils during the Late Devonian Biotic Crisis
Authors: Cohen Phoebe A. , Junium Christopher K. , King Phillips Ezekiel , Uveges Benjamin T.
Published: December 2021

We apply a new approach for the δ13C analysis of single organic‐walled microfossils (OWM) to three sites in the Appalachian Basin of New York (AB) that span the Late Devonian Biotic Crisis (LDBC). Our data provide new insights into the nature of the Frasnian–Famennian carbon cycle in the AB and also provide possible constraints on the paleoecology of enigmatic OWM ubiquitous in Paleozoic shale successions. The carbon isotope compositions of OWM are consistent with normal marine organic matter of autochthonous origins and range from −32 to −17‰, but average −25‰ across all samples and are consistently 13C‐enriched compared to bulk sediments (δ13Cbulk) by ~0–10‰. We observe no difference between the δ13COWM of leiospheres (smooth‐walled) and acanthomorphic (spinose) acritarch OWM, indicating that our data are driven by ecological rather than taxonomic signals. We hypothesize that the offset between δ13COWM and δ13Cbulk is in part due to a large δ13C gradient in the AB water column where OWM utilized relatively 13C‐enriched dissolved inorganic carbon near the surface. Thus, the organisms producing the balance of the total organic carbon were assimilating 13C‐depleted C sources, including but not limited to respired organic carbon or byproducts of fermentation. We also observe a systematic decrease in both δ13COWM and δ13Cbulk of 3‰ from shoreward to open‐ocean facies that may reflect the effect of 13C‐enriched dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) derived from riverine sources in the relatively enclosed AB. The hypothesized steep carbon isotope gradient in the AB could be due to a strong biological pump; this in turn may have contributed to low oxygen bottom water conditions during the LDBC. This is the first time single‐microfossil δ13Corg analyses of eukaryotes have been directly compared to bulk δ13Corg in the deep‐time fossil record.
Steely determination? Constructions of masculinity in a former UK steelworker community
Authors: Garcia Reece
Published: December 2021

Through qualitative interviews and overt non‐participant observation with 15 former steelworkers and their sons, changes in perceptions of masculinity are explored across a generation in a deindustrialized community in Sheffield, UK. Despite some policing of their behavior by the fathers, heterogeneity in both options and choices regarding employment and life outside of work resulted in the sons conceptualizing masculinity in different and often complex ways. The younger men are found to orientate to, modify, or reject tenets of traditional masculinity depending upon what best aligns with their personal circumstance, which naturally changes over time. The evidence does not point to a crisis of masculinity, more plausibly a crisis in masculinity as what constitutes acceptable masculine behavior—in a community characterized as having relatively homogenous views—changes, but the gender binary, importance of masculinity to young men's identity, and the patriarchal dividend remain intact.
Inventorying and monitoring crop pollinating bees: Evaluating the effectiveness of common sampling methods
Authors: Hutchinson Louise A. , Oliver Tom H. , Breeze Tom D. , O'Connor Rory S. , Potts Simon G. , Roberts Stuart P. M. , Garratt Michael P. D.
Published: December 2021

Wild bees provide a critical ecosystem service by pollinating globally important crops. Documented bee declines, notably in agricultural landscapes, therefore threaten future food security. Yet, evaluations of methods to inventory bees are rarely carried out in different crops or focus specifically upon crop pollinating species.

We utilise standardised field datasets to elucidate differences in the capacity of transect walks, observation plots and pan traps to sample wild bee pollinator communities in four contrasting crops. Our results indicate that individual survey methods detect different components of crop pollinator communities, with guild and body size potentially important causal factors behind these differences.

Transects detected half or less of the total potential pollinator community in three of our four study crops. Whilst transects were the most efficient method for sampling bumblebees, they often missed smaller solitary species, which were most efficiently sampled by yellow pan traps.

Crop type is likely an important determinant of the most suitable survey methods to sample bee pollinator communities. Whilst transects alone are sufficient in crops pollinated predominantly by bumblebees, pan traps, and potentially observation plots, may be an important addition in some crops where smaller solitary bee species are potentially important pollinators.

Our results indicate that the most efficient methods to sample bee species in agricultural landscapes are dependent upon crop type and pollinator community composition. We use our findings to make a set of recommendations on the inventorying and monitoring of bee pollinator crop communities that can inform regional and national monitoring programmes.
Linear‐time algorithms for eliminating claws in graphs
Authors: Bonomo‐Braberman Flavia , Nascimento Julliano R. , Oliveira Fabiano S. , Souza Uéverton S. , Szwarcfiter Jayme L.
Published: December 2021

Since many ‐complete graph problems are polynomial‐time solvable when restricted to claw‐free graphs, we study the problem of determining the distance of a given graph to a claw‐free graph, considering vertex elimination a measure. Claw‐free Vertex Deletion (CFVD) consists of determining the minimum number of vertices to be removed from a graph such that the resulting graph is claw‐free. Although CFVD is ‐hard in general and recognizing claw‐free graphs is still a challenge, where the current best deterministic algorithm for a graph G consists of performing executions of the best algorithm for matrix multiplication, we present linear‐time algorithms for CFVD on weighted block graphs and weighted graphs with bounded treewidth. Furthermore, we show that this problem on forests can be solved in linear time by a simpler algorithm, and we determine the exact values for full k‐ary trees. On the other hand, we show that CFVD is ‐hard even when the input graph is a split graph. We also show that the problem is hard to be approximated within any constant factor better than 2, assuming the unique games conjecture.
Using Eye‐Tracking Data as Part of the Validity Argument for Multiple‐Choice Questions: A Demonstration
Authors: Yaneva Victoria , Clauser Brian E. , Morales Amy , Paniagua Miguel
Published: December 2021

Eye‐tracking technology can create a record of the location and duration of visual fixations as a test‐taker reads test questions. Although the cognitive process the test‐taker is using cannot be directly observed, eye‐tracking data can support inferences about these unobserved cognitive processes. This type of information has the potential to support improved test design and to contribute to an overall validity argument for the inferences and uses made based on test scores. Although several authors have referred to the potential usefulness of eye‐tracking data, there are relatively few published studies that provide examples of that use. In this paper, we report the results an eye‐tracking study designed to evaluate how the presence of the options in multiple‐choice questions impacts the way medical students responded to questions designed to evaluate clinical reasoning. Examples of the types of data that can be extracted are presented. We then discuss the implications of these results for evaluating the validity of inferences made based on the type of items used in this study.
Measurement invariance testing of longitudinal neuropsychiatric test scores distinguishes pathological from normative cognitive decline and highlights its potential in early detection research
Authors: Haberstumpf Sophia , Forster André , Leinweber Jonas , Rauskolb Stefanie , Hewig Johannes , Sendtner Michael , Lauer Martin , Polak Thomas , Deckert Jürgen , Herrmann Martin J.
Published: December 2021

Objective

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a growing challenge worldwide, which is why the search for early‐onset predictors must be focused as soon as possible. Longitudinal studies that investigate courses of neuropsychological and other variables screen for such predictors correlated to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, one often neglected issue in analyses of such studies is measurement invariance (MI), which is often assumed but not tested for. This study uses the absence of MI (non‐MI) and latent factor scores instead of composite variables to assess properties of cognitive domains, compensation mechanisms, and their predictability to establish a method for a more comprehensive understanding of pathological cognitive decline.

Methods

An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a set of increasingly restricted confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted to find latent factors, compared them with the composite approach, and to test for longitudinal (partial‐)MI in a neuropsychiatric test battery, consisting of 14 test variables. A total of 330 elderly (mean age: 73.78 ± 1.52 years at baseline) were analyzed two times (3 years apart).

Results

EFA revealed a four‐factor model representing declarative memory, attention, working memory, and visual–spatial processing. Based on CFA, an accurate model was estimated across both measurement timepoints. Partial non‐MI was found for parameters such as loadings, test‐ and latent factor intercepts as well as latent factor variances. The latent factor approach was preferable to the composite approach.

Conclusion

The overall assessment of non‐MI latent factors may pose a possible target for this field of research. Hence, the non‐MI of variances indicated variables that are especially suited for the prediction of pathological cognitive decline, while non‐MI of intercepts indicated general aging‐related decline. As a result, the sole assessment of MI may help distinguish pathological from normative aging processes and additionally may reveal compensatory neuropsychological mechanisms.
Autonomy and repeasantization: Conceptual, analytical, and methodological problems
Authors: Jansen Kees , Vicol Mark , Nikol Lisette
Published: December 2021

“Autonomy,” as a desirable state, is a notion often used by food sovereignty‐oriented farmer movements and scholars studying repeasantization. The term is predominantly used rather casually, relying on presumed meanings, but van der Ploeg's book The New Peasantries seeks to elaborate a particular meaning of autonomy as a characteristic feature of the peasantry. The desire of farmers/peasants for autonomy is formulated in tandem with agroecological agriculture, farmers' agency, locally “nested” markets, co‐production with nature, non‐commoditized production, and multiple kinds of peasant resistance. This article identifies the distinctive nature of this take on autonomy and analyses its analytical, normative, and political aspects. It develops several critiques regarding the analytical shortcomings of the notion of peasant autonomy: the methodological problem of a peasant bias; the analytical limitations and incompatibility of intrinsic and “relative” autonomy; and the neglect of accumulation from below and subtle class contradictions. Rather than centring autonomy or relative autonomy, the authors argue for shifting the focus to the nature of different types of dependency relationships, ranging from very exploitative to those vital for human flourishing.
Navigating internet‐mediated ethnography for socio‐legal researchers
Authors: UBERTI FRANCESCA
Published: December 2021

As legal phenomena have become entangled with information and communication technologies, and the internet in particular, it is important for socio‐legal researchers to engage with online‐focused methodological approaches. This article contributes to this need by offering an exploration of some significant theoretical and methodological problematics presented by ethnographic approaches to internet research. Drawing on the methodological literature and reflections on my own research experience, the article discusses how internet‐mediated ethnography differs from other online‐focused approaches and considers the relationship between online and ‘traditional’ ‘real‐life’ ethnography. The article suggests that notwithstanding its internal diversity and fluid boundaries, internet‐mediated ethnography is a distinct approach to research, albeit one that bears a ‘family resemblance’ to traditional ethnography and offers advantages in terms of flexibility, depth of analysis, and understanding of the social contexts surrounding mediated life.
Effect of Collaborative Care for Persistent Postconcussive Symptoms on Academic Function: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Rivara Frederick P. , Marcynyszyn Lyscha A. , Wang Jin , Chrisman Sara P. D. , Hilt Robert , Zatzick Douglas F. , Johnson Ashleigh M. , Jinguji Thomas , Quitiquit Celeste , McCarty Carolyn A.
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND

There is limited long‐term data on the course of school‐related problems and academic needs for youth with persistent post‐concussive symptoms (PPCS).

METHODS

This was a randomized trial comparing collaborative care to usual care for 200 youth 11–18 years of age with PPCS. In this report, the main outcomes were academic functioning, GPA, school absences, date of return to school, and school days missed.

RESULTS

Youth were mean age of 14.7 (SD = 1.7), 62.0% female. New or worsening academic problems occurred in half of participants in both groups at 12 months after injury. Students were most concerned about grades and falling behind. There were no significant differences by study group on school problems or GPA, but number of days missed was lower in the collaborative care group compared at 3 months (12.5 [SD = 14.5] vs 16.1 days [20.4] adjusted relative risk [aRR] 0.67 [95% CI: 0.61, 0.74; p < .001]), 6 months (14.5 [22.1] vs 19.3 [26.6] aRR 0.77 [95% CI: 0.71, 0.84; p < .001]), and 12 months (16.9 [25.4] vs 19.6 [27.7], aRR 0.68 [95% CI: 0.62, 0.74; p < .001]).

CONCLUSIONS

Youth with PPCS are at high risk of school problems in the year after injury.
Dental care utilization during pregnancy by Medicaid dental coverage in 26 states: Pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system 2014–2015
Authors: Lee Hyewon , Marsteller Jill A. , Wenzel Jennifer
Published: December 2021

Objective

To examine the association between Medicaid dental coverage for adult pregnant women with dental care utilization during pregnancy.

Methods

Pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system (PRAMS) data (2014–2015) and the Medicaid‐SCHIP state dental association (MSDA) national profiles (2014–2015) were used in this study. The study sample included 16,612 Medicaid‐enrolled women, for a weighted number of 965,046 women from 26 states and New York City. State Medicaid dental coverage was categorized into (1) no coverage for the dental cleaning, (2) coverage for dental cleaning and fillings, (3) extended dental coverage. The adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) for dental visits for cleaning during pregnancy were examined by Medicaid dental coverage level.

Results

Medicaid‐enrolled women in states with no dental coverage were less likely to visit dentists for cleaning during pregnancy (26.7%) compared with women in states with either limited dental coverage (36.6%) or extended dental coverage (44.9%). Compared with women in state without dental coverage, Medicaid‐enrolled women in states with extended dental coverage (aPR = 1.20, 95% CI [1.16–1.23]) and women in states with limited coverage (aPR = 1.10, 95% CI [1.06–1.14]) were more likely to visit dentists for cleaning during pregnancy when adjusted for other sociodemographic variables and adequacy of prenatal care. A similar pattern of association was observed for a dental visit to address dental problems during pregnancy.

Conclusions

This study highlights the importance of Medicaid dental coverage for adult pregnant women related to dental service utilization during pregnancy.
Iran's Regional Influence in Light of Its Security Concerns
Authors: Akbar Ali
Published: December 2021

During the past two decades, Iran has gained a prominent position in the Middle East. Its influence in Iraq has gradually increased following the US invasion in 2003, and in Syria after the Arab Spring uprisings in 2011. Many scholars and political analysts frame Iran's actions in the region as driven by the country's desire for expansionism. This article, however, demonstrates that Tehran's foreign policy rationale for exercising regional influence, especially in Iraq and Syria, has mainly been oriented around guaranteeing Iran's national security.
Notes on the flora of Attiki (Sterea Ellas, Greece)
Authors: Polymenakos Kostas , Tan Kit , Pantavos Vasilis
Published: December 2021

New chorological data are presented for 271 species and subspecies of vascular plants in the prefecture (nomos) Attikis, Greece, and recent changes in the flora and the phenology of refound species is briefly discussed. Four species are reported as new for the Greek mainland, 9 for the floristic region of Sterea Ellas (StE), 56 for the mainland of nomos Attikis, 12 for eparchia Attikis and 36 for eparchia Megaridos. Sixty‐five taxa are reported as new for Mt Parnitha, 24 taxa for Mt Pendeli, 12 for Mt Imittos, 57 for Mt Kitheronas, 42 for Mt Pateras, 34 for Mt Pastra and 11 for Mt Gerania. The taxa in nomos Attikis (16) and on individual mountains in Attiki (14) for which only historical records are known but not recently confirmed are listed. The increase in the number of taxa during the last 20 years is also confirmed based on data from grid square maps which depict the numbers pre‐2000 and as presently known.
Oxidative stress in human gingival fibroblasts from periodontitis versus healthy counterparts
Authors: Liu Jia , Wang Xiaoxuan , Zheng Ming , Luan Qingxian
Published: December 2021

Objective

Elevated p53 promotes oxidative stress and production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in liposaccharide (LPS)‐treated healthy human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). This study compared oxidative stress, production of inflammatory cytokines, and p53 expression in HGFs from patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and healthy subjects in vitro upon LPS from Porphyromonas gingivalis challenge.

Methods

Human gingival fibroblasts were isolated from 6 biopsies—3 from healthy donors and 3 from diseased area in CP (Grade B, Stage III). HGFs were cultured with or without 1 μg/ml 24 h LPS. Oxidative stress was assessed by analyzing the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondrial membrane potential and respiration were determined by immunofluorescence and respirometry, respectively. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6, and IL‐1β were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. P53 expression was monitored by Western blot and immunofluorescence.

Results

Human gingival fibroblasts from CP exhibited increased levels of mitochondrial p53, enhanced ROS production, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption, and increased secretion of TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1β, as compared to HGFs from healthy donors. Moreover, LPS exacerbated these changes.

Conclusion

Human gingival fibroblasts from CP exhibited stronger basal and LPS‐inducible oxidative stress and inflammatory response as compared to HGFs from healthy subjects by increased p53 in mitochondria.
Social information use by predators: expanding the information ecology of prey defences
Authors: Hämäläinen Liisa , M. Rowland Hannah , Mappes Johanna , Thorogood Rose
Published: December 2021

Social information use is well documented across the animal kingdom, but how it influences ecological and evolutionary processes is only just beginning to be investigated. Here we evaluate how social transmission may influence species interactions and potentially change or create novel selection pressures by focusing on predator–prey interactions, one of the best studied examples of species coevolution. There is extensive research into how prey can use social information to avoid predators, but little synthesis of how social transmission among predators can influence the outcome of different stages of predation. Here we review evidence that predators use social information during 1) encounter, 2) detection, 3) identification, 4) approach, 5) subjugation and 6) consumption. We use this predation sequence framework to evaluate the implications of social information use on current theoretical predictions about predator–prey dynamics, and find that social transmission has the potential to alter selection pressures for prey defences at each predation stage. This suggests that considering social interactions can help answer open questions about species coevolution, and also predict how populations and communities respond to rapid human‐induced changes in the environment.
Reductions in experiential avoidance explain changes in anxiety, depression and well‐being after a mindfulness and self‐compassion (MSC) training
Authors: Yela José Ramón , Crego Antonio , Buz José , Sánchez‐Zaballos Elena , Gómez‐Martínez María Ángeles
Published: December 2021

Objective

The mindfulness and self‐compassion (MSC) protocol has shown efficacy in reducing mental illness symptoms and increasing well‐being. However, little is known on how the positive outcomes are produced. This study explores how reductions in experiential avoidance following MSC training may explain changes in the participants’ levels of anxiety, depression, and well‐being.

Methods

The 8‐week protocol‐based MSC training was delivered to 50 participants, and pre‐ to post‐ intervention changes in anxiety, depression, and well‐being were measured. A series of mediation models were conducted, with changes in self‐compassion as predictor, changes in experiential avoidance as mediator, and changes in mental health and well‐being as outcome variables. Point estimates and bootstrap‐corrected 95% confidence intervals were calculated to analyse indirect effects through experiential avoidance, by means of structural equation modeling (SEM).

Results

Following MSC training, participants increased their levels of self‐compassion, reduced experiential avoidance, and enhanced mental health (i.e., anxiety and depression symptoms) and well‐being scores. Increases in self‐compassion were associated with decreases in experiential avoidance, which in turn were connected with changes in anxiety, depression, and well‐being from pre‐ to post‐training. The indirect path through changes in experiential avoidance represented moderate to large proportions of the total effects of self‐compassion change‐scores on anxiety, depression, and well‐being change‐scores.

Conclusions

Reducing experiential avoidance and increasing psychological flexibility may be a key effect of MSC training linked to improvements of the participants’ mental health and well‐being scores. Self‐compassion practices could exert effects on anxiety, depression and well‐being mainly through promoting reductions in experiential avoidance.