bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IAGS: Inferring Ancestor Genome Structure under a Wide Range of Evolutionary Scenarios
Authors: Gao Shenghan , Yang Xiaofei , Sun Jianyong , Zhao Xixi , Wang Bo , Ye Kai
Published: February 2022

Significant improvements in genome sequencing and assembly technology have led to increasing numbers of high-quality genomes, revealing complex evolutionary scenarios such as multiple whole-genome duplication events, which hinders ancestral genome reconstruction via the currently available computational frameworks. Here, we present the Inferring Ancestor Genome Structure (IAGS) framework, a novel block/endpoint matching optimization strategy with single-cut-or-join distance, to allow ancestral genome reconstruction under both simple (single-copy ancestor) and complex (multicopy ancestor) scenarios. We evaluated IAGS with two simulated data sets and applied it to four different real evolutionary scenarios to demonstrate its performance and general applicability. IAGS is available at https://github.com/xjtu-omics/IAGS.
H3K36 methylation and DNA-binding both promote Ioc4 recruitment and Isw1b remodeler function
Authors: Li Jian , Bergmann Lena , Rafael de Almeida Andreia , Webb Kimberly M , Gogol Madelaine M , Voigt Philipp , Liu Yingfang , Liang Huanhuan , Smolle Michaela M
Published: February 2022

The Isw1b chromatin-remodeling complex is specifically recruited to gene bodies to help retain pre-existing histones during transcription by RNA polymerase II. Recruitment is dependent on H3K36 methylation and the Isw1b subunit Ioc4, which contains an N-terminal PWWP domain. Here, we present the crystal structure of the Ioc4-PWWP domain, including a detailed functional characterization of the domain on its own as well as in the context of full-length Ioc4 and the Isw1b remodeler. The Ioc4-PWWP domain preferentially binds H3K36me3-containing nucleosomes. Its ability to bind DNA is required for nucleosome binding. It is also furthered by the unique insertion motif present in Ioc4-PWWP. The ability to bind H3K36me3 and DNA promotes the interaction of full-length Ioc4 with nucleosomes in vitro and they are necessary for its recruitment to gene bodies in vivo. Furthermore, a fully functional Ioc4-PWWP domain promotes efficient remodeling by Isw1b and the maintenance of ordered chromatin in vivo, thereby preventing the production of non-coding RNAs.
Citizenship and Protest Behavior in Turkey
Authors: Kaya Ayhan
Published: February 2022

Political protest has a long and contested history in contemporary Turkish politics. While street demonstrations have been central to the repertoire of Kurdish movements, especially since the early 2000s as a by-product of Turkey’s Europeanization process, electoral forms of participation have been the prevalent mode among broader segments of the Turkish society in the post-1980 period. However, the consolidation of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) hegemony in electoral politics and increasing authoritarianism and Islamization accompanying the personification of political rule after 2011 have carried non-electoral forms of participation, what one could call “active citizenship,” to the forefront of political struggles. The Gezi movement of 2013, the largest mass mobilization in Turkish history, epitomizes this dynamic. This chapter demonstrates how the Gezi protests cultivated more democratic forms of citizenship in defiance of the national education curricula, which are designed to cultivate particular forms of citizenry in the service of the Turkish state elite. Based on the current state of the art, it argues that the Gezi generation has broken the binary opposition between being political and apolitical through unprecedented acts of citizenship.
Defining Potentially Traumatic Events
Authors: Kilpatrick Dean G.
Published: February 2022

The posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis was introduced 40 years ago in DSM-III, and controversy has existed ever since over what constitutes a criterion A stressor or a potentially traumatic event (PTE). This controversy was compounded by the radically different approach taken by the World Health Organization in defining PTSD and complex PTSD in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases. These PTE definitions have considerable research, clinical, and legal implications because exposure to a qualifying PTE is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition to meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD. This chapter reviews the history of criterion A, essential elements of assessing PTE exposure, conditional risk of PTSD associated with specific PTEs, and situational and demographic variables likely to increase risk of PTSD. Significant attention is given to controversies surrounding criterion A and qualifying PTEs, as well as limitations of extant research. Recommendations are included for future research and clinical assessment with particular emphasis on the importance of comprehensive assessment that maximizes detection of criterion A PTE exposure and PTSD assessment strategies that capture the effects of exposure to more than one criterion A stressor.
Assessing PTSD-Related Functional Impairment and Quality of Life
Authors: Mahoney Colin T. , Marx Brian P.
Published: February 2022

Previous research has shown that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with impairments in functioning across a variety of domains and decrements in quality of life. In this chapter, the authors review the literature on the assessment of PTSD-related impairments in functioning and quality of life. They first discuss the importance of assessing PTSD-related impairments in quality of life and functioning. They then review some important methodological concerns related to the assessment of these constructs. Finally, they review some of the most commonly used assessment tools and discuss recent efforts to develop and validate a new assessment tool to assess PTSD-related functional impairment.
Tristan Murail’s Musical Poetics
Authors: Cagney Liam
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines Murail’s music from his late 1960s student works to the highly sophisticated works of the 2000s through the notion of poetics. It draws on Paul Valéry’s concept of poetics, which sought to address how the artist’s aesthetic aims can require the consequent development of an appropriate technical compositional framework. Murail’s musical poetics, as they developed, are shown to have at times a neo-Symbolist character. Through examination of Murail’s music and thinking, the chapter identifies four stages in the development of his poetics: a first, apprentice stage moving away from serialism; a second stage corresponding to the initial emergence of French spectralism; a third stage taking advantage of computers to establish a quasi-systematic spectral harmonic framework; and a final (current) stage using the previous developments to reengage with classical tradition. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of Murail’s turn in his most recent music to the interrelation of sound, psyche, and the self.
Hugues Dufourt and the Origins of His World
Authors: Nonken Marilyn
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores the foundational principles of the spectral attitude, examining the contributions of Hugues Dufourt in relation to his training as a philosopher and his composition L’Origine du monde (2004). The chapter considers Gustave Courbet’s painting of the same name, as the intersection of these two works provides a vantage point from which to consider a history of realism and functional aesthetics. In a discussion informed by the writings of Martin Seel, the chapter suggests how Dufourt, by linking his composition to Courbet, directs the listener to interact with objects of sensuous perception and objects of aesthetic imagination, with an eye towards elective affinities among artists that transcend time, place, and style.
Degrees of Responsibility
Authors: Coates D. Justin
Published: February 2022

Any adequate theory of moral responsibility must account for the fact that agents can be more or less morally responsible for their actions. To do this, a theory must answer two distinct questions. The first of these questions concerns what exactly it means to say that one agent is more (or less) responsible for her actions than some other agent who has also performed an action of that type. The second of these questions concerns the conditions that can affect or alter the degree to which an agent is more (or less) morally responsible for what she’s done. This chapter explores possible answers to these two questions, and although this isn’t all there is to say about degrees of responsibility, it is the bare minimum that adequate theories of moral responsibility owe us.
Relationships and Responsibility
Authors: Nelkin Dana Kay
Published: February 2022

This article critically explores three debates about ways in which responsibility and personal relationships have been thought to be linked. First, there is a question of whether valuable human relationships such as friendship in some way presuppose responsible agency on the part of their participants. Those who have argued in favor of such a connection have taken a variety of approaches: For example, friendship has been claimed to require responsible agency in virtue of the fact that it requires susceptibility to the reactive attitudes such as indignation that presuppose responsibility; friendship has been claimed to be more valuable when chosen by exercising the capacity of free choice constitutive of responsible agency; and friendship has been claimed to be constituted by special obligations that themselves require the kind of free agency necessary for responsibility. Second, there is a question of whether the conditions of responsible agency must make essential reference to relationships; for example, on one prominent view, to take someone to be blameworthy is to take their attitudes to be such as to have impaired one’s relationship with them. Finally, there is a question of whether and how our particular relationships to others affects whether and how it is all-things considered permissible to blame them. This last question falls into what has come to be known as the “ethics of blame.”
Responsibility and Consciousness
Authors: King Matt , Carruthers Peter
Published: February 2022

It is natural to think that consciousness is in some sense required for responsibility. A lack of awareness typically excuses (or at least mitigates blame). Meanwhile, the emerging consensus from the cognitive sciences suggests that much of our mental lives is unconscious. This chapter examines the prospects for a consciousness requirement against the backdrop of these findings. It defends the view that while consciousness is important for responsibility, it is not a necessary condition. Additionally, the chapter provides a framework for understanding the ways in which consciousness might be relevant for responsibility, and it critically assesses one leading defense of a consciousness requirement. Particular attention is paid to three kinds of cases involving unconscious processes: automaticism (like sleepwalking), forgetting, and implicit bias. The chapter concludes by considering one possible implication of the view defended: that the traditional use of consciousness in marking important divisions of mens rea in the criminal law may be misguided.
Responsibility and Reactive Attitudes
Authors: Wallace R. Jay
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores the role of the reactive attitudes in our practices of holding people morally responsible for what they do. Reactive attitudes include resentment, indignation, guilt, and other emotions that emerge in the context of interpersonal relationships. Questions addressed in the contribution include the following: What are the distinguishing features of the reactive attitudes as a class? Should they be understood essentially as forms of angry disapprobation, or in a more relaxed way that includes less judgmental attitudes? What is the role of the reactive attitudes in relation to the phenomenon of moral blame? Is it possible for people to opt out of the reactive attitudes altogether, or are they naturally given to us with our involvement in social relations? What are the standards to which reactive emotions are answerable? How might reactive attitudes be overcome, for example, through forgiveness, or when they are ethically problematic (as in cases of hypocrisy)? What are the implications of the reactive attitudes for traditional debates about the conditions of moral responsibility? The chapter engages with P. F. Strawson’s lecture “Freedom and Resentment,” and with some of the more recent work that has been inspired by this seminal contribution to the modern debate about moral responsibility.
Ordinary Rituals
Authors: Keck Frédéric
Published: February 2022

This chapter, reading Goffman’s Interaction Ritual together with Durkheim’s Elementary Forms of Religious Life and George Herbert Mead’s Mind, Self and Society, shows how taking his use of pragmatism and ethology into account establishes a more complex sociological genealogy from Durkheim to Goffman. Goffman transforms the Durkheimian conception of ritual by linking extraordinary ceremonies of primitive groups to ordinary interactions between urban individuals. The concepts of the sacred and the symbolic that are at the heart of Durkheim’s sociology are thus challenged through Goffman’s concept of ordinary ritual; but despite his reference to pragmatism, Goffman retains the formalist quality of Durkheim’s concepts.
Death in Vegas
Authors: Arnold Gina
Published: February 2022

This chapter engages with punk and nostalgia and punk’s new role as an important site of cultural heritage by looking at two heritage events: Punk London, a yearlong set of events held at various iconic British venues in 2017, and Punk Rock Bowling, an annual festival of all things punk rock that was held in Las Vegas until 2019. The author argues that citing punk as being “as iconic to the UK’s heritage story as Stonehenge and the British Museum,” as the London event did, is especially peculiar, as the main target of early British punk’s ire was the English monarchy, and many early British punk gestures were intended to undermine hallowed British institutions such as the fashion industry, the BBC, and the monarchy. Both Punk London and Punk Rock Bowling give clear evidence that the heritage discourse has become a key element in generational identity formation, moving it away from imperialist history and closer to mediatized events in the recent past. This chapter also tries to account for some of the disjunctions that a punk retrospective calls to mind, with especial reference to the preservation of punk rock relics, the paradox inherent in fetishizing punk rock memorabilia, and the anomalous experience of seeing live punk performances in a festival setting made by a bunch of elderly punk rock acts—in, of all places, Las Vegas, a city known for exhibiting the worst excesses of capitalism, one of punk rock’s initial targets.
Capabilities, Future Generations, and Climate Justice
Authors: Holland Breena
Published: February 2022

How would a capabilities approach to justice conceive of the relationship between present and future people? The term capabilities refers to conditions or states of enablement that make it possible for people to do things; they are a person’s real opportunities to live a good, or flourishing, human life. In a capabilities approach to intergenerational justice, the relationship between capability thresholds and capability ceilings can provide the basis for setting limits on what people in the present can do to people who will be living in the future. This relationship between capability thresholds and ceilings is applied to consider problems of intergenerational justice raised by a warming global climate. In particular, this chapter addresses how to approach the allocation of emissions reductions needed to prevent dangerous climate change. A capabilities approach sets allowable generational emissions based on what is needed to secure and protect proceeding generations’ capabilities at a threshold level. It entails a sufficientarian commitment to ensuring that each generation inherits an atmosphere that enables a minimum threshold of human capabilities. Securing this threshold also entails a limitarian commitment to establishing upper limits on what some people can do in pursuing a flourishing human life because of how this impacts a global atmosphere that is shared across generations.
Biblical Readings on a Theology of Dao
Authors: Kim Heup Young
Published: February 2022

This chapter highlights that the do (dao/tao, the way), a crucial and common concept in East Asian thought (Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism), is a more appropriate interpretative lens for Koreans and East Asians to read the Bible than that of the historically dominant logos of Christian theology. It is useful not only for contextual theology but also for autogenous Korean Christian thought. Further, the do is biblically more appropriate than logos as the root metaphor. Jesus never identified himself as the logos but rather as the hodos, a homologous term to the do. The hermeneutical key of do (dao), which means the unity of knowing and acting, overcomes a dilemma in Western theology, namely, the dichotomy between the conventional theo-logos and the liberational theo-praxis. Here, from the third perspective of theo-dao, the Bible may be read from the interpretative metaphor of do.
Music for Shakespeare in Nineteenth-Century American Theatre
Authors: Pisani Michael V. , Cooke Mervyn
Published: February 2022

On the American stage, especially in the first half of the nineteenth century, performances of Shakespeare were closely allied with British practices since so many actors emigrated from Britain or toured in the United States. This tendency was also reflected in the musical provision for American productions of the Bard’s plays. The gradual development away from British-inspired scoring practices is surveyed in this chapter, which draws on evidence from six distinct sources: (1) individual songs or composers identified on theatrical playbills; (2) references to music in secondary sources such as books and scholarly articles; (3) promptbooks used in productions; (4) instrumental and/or vocal parts (typically in manuscript) found in libraries, mostly in theatre collections; (5) notices of music in primary sources such as reviews or autobiographies; and (6) printed music. The chapter covers music for the professional stage (notably at Daly’s Theatre in New York City, and melodramatic treatments of Macbeth), lower-budget touring and amateur productions, and the highly popular burlesque. The last of these, more than any other stage genre, transformed the Bard’s work into a middlebrow form of entertainment uniquely American in the diversity of the cultural and musical influences it embodied.
Music for Shakespeare at Stratford-upon-Avon
Authors: Brodie Val
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores music in the performance of Shakespeare at Stratford-upon-Avon in two crucial but very different eras. The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre opened in 1879, and in the thirty years before the First World War, most of the time actor-manager Frank Benson was in charge during the annual festivals. The study reveals the financially threadbare workings of a provincial touring company for whom music was a necessary add-on. Audiences had a lingering nineteenth-century taste for sumptuous effects with ballet and familiar songs, but it was a style that was waning. Latterly Ralph Vaughan Williams attempted to pare back extraneous effects (something that was to come fifty years later), but he struggled to change entrenched Bensonian practices. Radically different in the 1960s was the approach of the newly renamed Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which, under the rejuvenating leadership of Peter Hall, was rapidly established as a major national and international company. The influx of new talent included Guy Woolfenden embedded in a team of innovative directors and designers; he studied the work of the actors in rehearsal and sensitively wrote songs for their individual voices. He developed a skilled permanent instrumental team and a cornucopia of percussion was purchased. Eventually Woolfenden wrote for all the plays in the canon, some several times. This chapter argues that he influenced the approach to theatre-music in the second half of the twentieth century; it explores some of his scores and edges towards an understanding of the impact of his thirty-seven years with the company.
Shakespeare in Berlioz, Berlioz in Shakespeare
Authors: Rushton Julian
Published: February 2022

Berlioz’s obsession—it was hardly less—with Shakespeare set in when he witnessed performances of Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet, in English (a language he scarcely knew), at the Odéon theatre, Paris, in 1827. His feelings were complicated by his falling in love with Ophelia/Juliet, in the person of Harriet Smithson, whom he later married. His habit of citing lines, in the original, was life-long; he used Shakespeare for epigraphs to his scenes from Goethe’s Faust (1829) and other works, and often quoted him in his journalism and other writings. He was perhaps more cautious about exposing his feelings in music; his first Shakespeare-inspired composition is not from the tragedies he had witnessed, but is a fantasy-overture inspired by The Tempest (1830). The next year he composed an overture King Lear; he had, however, only read, and not seen, both plays. In 1839, however, Berlioz composed a large-scale concert work (‘dramatic symphony’) Roméo et Juliette, and in the 1840s he composed music connected to Hamlet. Writing the libretto for his great opera Les Troyens, he called it ‘Virgil Shakespeareanized’, and his swan-song was an opéra comique, Béatrice et Bénédict (1862–1863), based on Much Ado About Nothing. It is sometimes argued that he ‘misunderstood’ Shakespeare; more constructively, it will be suggested that he read Shakespeare to serve his own creative objectives.
Performing Verdi’s Otello in Fin-de-Siècle London
Authors: Streete Adrian
Published: February 2022

The premiere of Giuseppe Verdi and Arrigo Boito’s opera Otello on 5 February 1887 at La Scala, Milan was an event of international significance. The first London performances in July 1889 were given by many of the cast who had participated in the Milan premiere, including Francesco Tamagno as Otello, Victor Maurel as Iago, and the conductor Franco Faccio. This chapter considers the London premiere, arguing that contemporary discussions of subjects such as acting and singing techniques, finance, Wagnerian influence, celebrity, and national versus international style, are all bound up with larger questions of British national identity at the fin-du-siècle. The author also compares the reception of Tamagno’s performance with that of the Polish tenor Jean De Reszke, who took on the part two years later in London. The author contends that debates about these singers’ conceptions of the role recasts an earlier controversy about the relative merits of two of the most famous Victorian Othellos, the Italian Salvini and the British Irving. Shakespeare’s cultural status is, of course, central to all these debates. On the one hand, Victorian commentators on Verdi’s opera assert Shakespeare’s unique and dominant Britishness. On the other hand, the appropriation of the Bard in the ‘foreign’ medium of opera, and by foreign nations and performers, reveals nascent anxieties about the ideological security of Shakespeare, and by implication Britain, in the age of Empire.
‘Genuine attempts at enlarging the scope of film’
Authors: Hoyle Brian
Published: February 2022

Although they collaborated fully on only three feature films, the partnership of Sir Laurence Olivier and Sir William Walton remains one of the great filmmaker‒composer partnerships, one which bears comparison with the teaming of Alfred Hitchcock and Bernard Herrmann, or Federico Fellini and Nino Rota. The chapter draws on primary source materials in both the Walton archive at Yale University and the Olivier papers at the British Library in order to undertake a close reading of the scores for Henry V (1945), Hamlet (1948),and Richard III (1955) and assesses the ways in which Walton’s music complements and counterpoints both Shakespeare’s texts and Olivier’s editing, acting, and mise-en-scène. Comparisons are drawn between Walton’s film scoring practices and those of such prominent contemporaries as Sergei Prokofiev and Max Steiner, as well as more recent film composers such as Patrick Doyle. The chapter also situates the scores within the wider context of 1940s and 1950s British film and film music, and confirms filmmaker Michael Powell’s assertion that this trilogy represented a genuine attempt to enlarge the scope of film as an art form through its complex combination of words, music, cinematography, and design.
Reshaping Shakespeare
Authors: Ford Fiona
Published: February 2022

Dmitri Shostakovich crowned an extensive film-composing career with his scores for Gamlet (Hamlet, 1964) and Korol’ Lir (King Lear, 1971) which were directed by his long-time collaborator Grigori Kozintsev and based on Boris Pasternak’s free translations. These films are regarded internationally as masterpieces in the Shakespeare filmic canon. Kozintsev drastically cut and re-ordered Pasternak’s translations, re-wrote sections, added many narrative elaborations, and—particularly in Hamlet—made use of dramatic mimes in which gestures expressed the essence of Shakespeare’s text without having the lines spoken. Drawing upon the most up-to-date publications of Shostakovich’s scores and correspondence between director and composer, this chapter demonstrates how Shostakovich’s music was vital to Kozintsev’s radical reshaping of Shakespeare’s texts, highlighting the occasions when the director requested that the music should reinforce and even replace entire sections. The resultant films merge Shostakovich’s often brutal but essentially humanist music with the timeless and universal themes in Shakespeare’s tragedies. Though arguably devoid of overt ideology, they are nonetheless deliberately provocative. Decades after their releases, these two magnificent Shakespeare adaptations can still provoke audiences to make their own associations and interpretations, to reflect on the current corrupt governments and senseless wars in which ordinary people are suffering because of the political machinations of their leaders.
Introduction
Authors: Wilson Christopher R. , Cooke Mervyn
Published: February 2022

Shakespeare and music—music in Shakespeare; Shakespeare in music—is a vast and alluring subject that has engrossed composers and performers since the late sixteenth century to the present day. Settings of Shakespeare words, themes, allusions, or mere references to play titles and poems have grown exponentially to become a global phenomenon, especially from the nineteenth century onward. It is necessary to approach the subject from differing angles and perspectives, including historical and interpretative issues, music in Shakespeare’s theatre across the ages, global music responses, opera and music theatre, and film. Issues relate to performative considerations and often involve co-dependent creative parameters. Responses to Shakespeare in modern popular culture indicate the vivid continuation of his ability to speak afresh to successive generations. ‘The world is a stage; the stage is an image of that world’. Music extends and intensifies that world. In attempting to articulate the attraction of Shakespeare, Benjamin Britten (whose A Midsummer Night’s Dream is arguably the finest operatic setting of Shakespeare in the original language) described the ‘beauty and intensity of the words’ and referred to the universal and timeless appeal of Shakespeare. More appropriately, as this book endeavours to show, it is the staggeringly comprehensive appeal of Shakespeare that shines through.
‘What’s in a name?’
Authors: Cunningham John
Published: February 2022

The eighteenth century saw the birth of modern Shakespeare, and what we might call ‘Shakespearean music’. By the end of the century, Shakespeare’s works reached a much wider audience thanks to the availability of cheap single editions of the plays, which themselves formed a small but significant portion of the performed repertoire. On the public stages there were revivals of all but one of the plays, moving from the heavily adapted forms of the Restoration to the ‘written by Shakespear’ versions of the 1740s. These plays often interpolated songs from other Shakespeare plays, sometimes creating performance traditions that lasted well into the next century. Plays also generated new songs, which although wholly inauthentic in the modern sense formed an essential part of how Shakespeare’s works were understood and perceived at the time. Despite an increased appetite for unaltered Shakespeare, eighteenth-century audiences were largely unconcerned with who wrote the songs. Moreover, distinguishing between original and interloping songs would have been impossible for an audience member without detailed knowledge of the play or reference to a printed edition. Through an examination of a range of media and cultural spheres this chapter seeks to answer two central questions: (1) how was Shakespeare authorially represented in printed songs and song collections? And (2) and what did it mean for eighteenth-century audiences and readers?
Living with Ghosts
Authors: Roberts David
Published: February 2022

Beethoven and Wagner shared a lifelong passion for the plays of Shakespeare, but their enthusiasm took different forms and enjoyed contrasting relationships to the German critical tradition. Where Beethoven only contemplated setting Macbeth, Wagner completed an opera based on Measure for Measure; where Beethoven had no great literary ambitions, Wagner wrote drama and fiction influenced by Shakespeare. To Beethoven, Shakespeare offered prompts that ultimately were transcended by music; Wagner, while increasingly finding source material in German mythology, continued to see in Shakespeare proof of the transcendence of the artist. Speculation about sources for the works of both composers has often assumed a Shakespeare unmediated by eighteenth- and nineteenth-century German philosophy, literary criticism, and theatre performance. This chapter describes what Beethoven and Wagner knew of Shakespeare and reviews critical opinion on how that knowledge may have informed their music. An account of trends in German literary criticism of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, with particular reference to the spectral, leads to distinctions between Beethoven’s and Wagner’s engagement with Shakespeare and concepts of the ghostly and the heroic.
‘In comes Romeo, he’s moaning’
Authors: Wilde Howard
Published: February 2022

Ever since George Harrison’s remark that Bob Dylan ‘makes Shakespeare look like Billy Joel’, comparisons between Dylan and Shakespeare have been something of a cliché. On the one hand, there is a substantial list of Shakespearean echoes in Dylan’s lyrics; on the other, to the rock critics and Dylan hagiographers of the 1960s, Shakespeare’s name was a shorthand for ‘canonic’, ‘authentic’, ‘transcendent’. Arguably, the idea of the rock auteur was born around 1965—the point when Dylan renounced his ‘folk’ status and executed a decisive stylistic swerve, not only by ‘going electric’, but by littering his work with cryptic allusions, direct Shakespeare references, and a list of theatrical characters. Later, in the Chronicles (2003), there seems to be a swerve in the opposite direction, when Dylan reclaims his ‘folk’ status, and reassumes the mantle of folksinger, folklorist, and musicologist. These tensions between ‘high’ and ‘low’ art (and the secondary axis of ‘folk’ and ‘anti-folk’) have characterized much of the academic and non-academic literature. This chapter will explore some of the intersections between Shakespeare scholarship and the work of rock auteurs from Dylan onwards. In particular, it will focus on the theme of melancholy, as personified by Jaques in As You Like It who, as an anxiety-ridden character prone to rhetorical flourishes and self-pity, is a recognizable trope in much of the post-Dylan singer-songwriter repertoire, and consider Ophelia as a similarly rich seam in pop songwriting.
Race and Evidence
Authors: Gonzales Rose Jasmine
Published: February 2022

This chapter evaluates the role of race in evidence law. It explores ways in which attorneys use race and racism as de facto evidence, judges give White experience preferential admissibility treatment, and courts allow racial injustice to take on evidentiary value at trial. The chapter also considers how racial character evidence is at play in multiple ways in police killings of Black people. The use of racial character evidence is problematic from an anti-discrimination perspective and in light of core concepts of evidence law. With respect to the former, racial character evidence undermines the anti-discrimination principle that people should not be judged on the basis of their race. With respect to the latter, racial character evidence violates crucial commitments in evidence law. Nevertheless, racial character evidence often figures in litigation, unchecked and below the radar.
The War on Terror
Authors: Beydoun Khaled Ali
Published: February 2022

This chapter reviews and analyzes the protracted “War on Terror,” homing in closely on its domestic dimensions. By looking at cornerstone policies and programs of the War on Terror, it highlights how the War on Terror was fluidly and distinctly steered during the three presidential administrations of its span (thus far), the impact it had on Muslim communities and other targeted groups, and the state’s impact on and role in endorsing and emboldening private animus directed at Muslims and perceived Muslims. The 9/11 terror attacks spawned the War on Terror, but the state campaign that morphed into a global crusade is rooted in long-standing misrepresentations of Islam and its adherents. Indeed, the three phases of the War on Terror and the heightened Islamophobia it ushered in relied on the racialization of Muslims as presumptive terror threats. Although Muslim identity is a religious one and Islam a faith observed by a range of racial and ethnic groups in the United States and around the world, the War on Terror reified the idea that “Muslim” was a racial marker.
Race and Tax Law
Authors: Brown Dorothy A.
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines how federal income tax policy impacts Americans differently depending on their race. Whites and Blacks are differentially eligible for tax breaks and differentially situated to exploit loopholes created by a majority White Congress that enacts tax legislation with the experiences of White taxpayers in mind. The chapter focuses on three tax policy issues: the criteria that identify which income is subject to taxation and which is not, the types of taxable income that are eligible for the preferential (low) tax rate, and the types of expenses that are deductible. The analysis reveals that even though the tax provisions relating to these three issues are formally race-neutral, they systematically benefit White but not Black taxpayers. The chapter then provides the example of tax subsidies for home ownership to show how seemingly race-neutral provisions operate to advantage White taxpayers and disadvantage Black taxpayers.
Liberal Feminist Jurisprudence
Authors: McClain Linda C. , Hacker Brittany K.
Published: February 2022

Liberal feminism remains a significant strand of feminist jurisprudence in the United States. Rooted in nineteenth- and twentieth-century liberal and feminist political theory and women’s rights advocacy, it emphasizes autonomy, dignity, and equality. Liberal feminism challenges unjust gender-based restrictions based on assumptions about men’s and women’s proper spheres and roles. Second-wave liberal legal feminism, evident in Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s constitutional litigation, challenged pervasive sex-based discrimination in law and social institutions and shifted the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause to a more skeptical review of gender-based classifications. Liberal feminists have developed robust conceptions of autonomy, liberty, privacy, and governmental obligations to promote gender equality, including in the family. Addressing internal feminist critiques, liberal feminism shows the capacity to evolve. Maintaining its focus on disrupting traditionally conceived gender roles and fostering meaningful autonomy, it adopts more a complex, nuanced discourse about sex, gender, and the gender binary and embraces new demands for inclusion and equality.
Classical Marxist Imperialism Theory
Authors: Noonan Murray Leigh
Published: February 2022

The classical Marxist theories of imperialism continue to have explanatory power despite the transformations that have occurred in global capitalism and international politics since the early decades of the twentieth century. Marxist thinkers and activists such as Rudolf Hilferding, Nikolai Bukharin, Vladimir Lenin, and Rosa Luxemburg were instrumental not only in identifying changes in capitalism that occurred after Marx’s death in 1883 but also in linking those changes with contemporary geopolitical conditions that, taken together, ultimately led to the imperialist carnage of World War I. For these Marxists, imperialism was specific and systemic; it was capitalism that had reached its moribund stage where monopolies and finance capital were dominant. Imperialism was capitalist imperialism. It still is; but the classical Marxist theories of imperialism have their contradictions, oversights, and blind spots too, as well as being products of their particular era. On the other hand, there is much that is still relevant, that still resonates in the theorizing of imperialism by the classical Marxists. This chapter undertakes a critical examination of the work of the classical Marxist theorists of imperialism in order to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of their analyses of capitalist imperialism and the relevance their work has for understanding present-day imperialism.
Jane Addams and Public Administration
Authors: Shields Patricia M.
Published: February 2022

During the progressive era, two models of public administration emerged in the United States. One, crafted by male reformers, was a reaction to corruption and inefficiencies of crony political hiring practices. Their goal was to separate politics and administration and uncover a science of administration. The second model, developed by settlement women, had a social justice reform agenda. These women, who themselves could not vote, advocated for children, women, and immigrants as they sought municipal (e.g., cleaner cities, playgrounds, juvenile justice) and industrial (e.g., safer workplaces, child labor laws) reform. Jane Addams led the effort and through her social democracy, social ethics, and feminist pragmatism provided a sound theoretical underpinning to the undertaking. The settlement model failed to receive recognition in the male-dominated field of public administration. In the early 2000s, public administration scholars rediscovered the buried settlement model, which contained two themes—municipal housekeeping and industrial citizenship. Of the two, industrial citizenship is less well articulated. This chapter describes industrial citizenship and Jane Addams’s role in its development.
Labor Unions as a Factor in a Caring Democracy
Authors: Hamington Maurice
Published: February 2022

Led by the work of Joan Tronto, there has arisen a growing body of literature in the feminist political theory of care. That literature gestures toward how to evolve current policies and practices into an attainable caring democracy that is responsive to the needs of its constituency. However, care political theory has largely overlooked a role for labor unions. Jane Addams wrote extensively about labor, beginning prior to her entrance into public life. Addams, who some consider a forerunner of modern care theorists, offers an ethical vision of social democracy that is not only caring but achieved in large part through the work of collective bargaining organizations. This chapter interrogates Addams’s relationship to labor unions, including both her advocacy and critique. The analysis pays particular attention to how Addams juxtaposes labor unions with her vision of democracy, as witnessed in her work on the 1894 Pullman Strike and elsewhere. Next, that vision is compared with Tronto’s notion of caring democracy, concluding with a few suggestions for further exploration on how labor organizing might play a more vital role in theorizing about a caring society.
Jane Addams and John Dewey
Authors: Ralston Shane J.
Published: February 2022

In this chapter, the points of intellectual consonance between Jane Addams and John Dewey are explored, specifically their (1) shared belief that philosophy is a method, (2) parallel commitments to philosophical pragmatism, and (3) similar convictions that philosophy should serve to address social problems. Also highlighted are points of divergence in their thinking, particularly their positions on the United States’s entry into World War I and, more generally, the value of social conflict. Finally, the chapter concludes with what the author believes is Addams’s and Dewey’s most significant joint contribution to the contemporary philosophical landscape: a vision of practically engaged pragmatism.
Jane Addams and the Noble Art of Peaceweaving
Authors: Shields Patricia M. , Soeters Joseph
Published: February 2022

Throughout her life Jane Addams was critical of military means to solve problems in cities, nations, and international affairs. She often claimed that political and administrative challenges are too often approached with blunt military force. Acting in a quite different manner, she worked to calm tensions and conflicts in her neighborhood and larger environments, never arguing for or using violent methods to deal with friction. She sought to weave peaceful relationships and justice throughout the community. Leaping to today’s world and making use of essential features of Addams’s approach to peaceful communities filled with people of all walks of life, this chapter develops criteria to judge and improve peacekeeping missions conducted by the UN. These criteria, for simplicity’s sake indicated as 4Ps (practical, participatory, pluralistic, and provisional), provide the basis to advance the effectiveness of such missions. In general, Jane Addams’s ideas can be connected to numerous challenges and dilemmas the world faces in 21st-century international relations.
Style Recognition as Distributed, Informal Public Music Theory in the Piano Puzzler
Authors: Alcalde Bruno
Published: February 2022

The Piano Puzzler is a weekly feature on the Public Radio show Performance Today, broadcast throughout the United States. Bruce Adolphe writes a piece in the style of a composer from the concert tradition and hides a melody (usually a popular or folk song) in its texture. In gameshow fashion, participants must listen and identify both elements with a few cues from the hosts. This style recognition exercise happens in every episode of the Piano Puzzler and demonstrates (and fosters) the participant’s understanding of the technical and strategic possibilities of concert music, including the sound of different collections, rhythmic and metrical characteristics, and their categorization and associations. The Piano Puzzler is a peculiar case of public music theory because it is based on informal discourse and distributed agency. This chapter will conceptualize and discuss these characteristics and will exemplify them with excerpts of dialogues from the show’s episodes.
On the Inside
Authors: Hannaford Marc E.
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores instances of musical notation in liner notes to jazz long-playing records as sites of music theoretical import. Transcriptions, scores, and lead sheets encourage readers/listeners to engage in music analysis in order to gain insight into the recorded music and underlying musical processes. These liner notes represent public-facing prompts for music analysis that exist outside of both academic music theoretical mediums and more conventional public forums. Four case studies—from albums by Jim Hall, Andrew Hill, Charlie Haden and Hampton Hawes, and Ornette Coleman—are preceded by historical and materialist discussions. This chapter is also informed by insights from John Snyder, producer or creative director for these releases. Ultimately, this discussion suggests an expanded view as to what counts as music theory.
/r/musictheory
Authors: Lavengood Megan L. , Mitchell Nathaniel
Published: February 2022

This chapter provides a detailed study of /r/musictheory, a large forum (“subreddit”) for music theory discussion hosted on the platform Reddit.com. Writing as two of the subreddit’s moderators, the authors outline the culture and structure of this public forum and examine the mixed realities of conducting music-theoretical discourse in such a space. The authors show how Reddit’s bottom-up, user-powered culture and pseudonymous user-name system simultaneously create unique environments for collaborative learning while also enabling toxic groupthink behaviors that subvert those opportunities by perpetuating epistemic injustices. The authors conclude the chapter by reflecting on the future of the subreddit in light of these findings.
The Ethics of Facial Recognition Technology
Authors: Selinger Evan , Leong Brenda
Published: February 2022

Those who use facial recognition technology potentially wield immense power. That power is the subject of intense debate—a debate that has legal implications for privacy and civil liberties, political consequences for democracy, and a range of underlying ethical issues. This chapter is a comprehensive presentation of the leading ethical issues in the debates about facial recognition technology. After defining basic terms (facial detection, facial characterization, facial verification, and facial identification), the following issues are discussed: standards, measures, and disproportionately distributed harms; erosions of trust; ethical harms associated with perfect facial surveillance; alienation, dehumanization, and loss of control; and the slippery slope debate.
The Ethics of Quitting Social Media
Authors: Simpson Rob
Published: February 2022

There are prima facie ethical reasons and prudential reasons for people to avoid or withdraw from social media platforms. But in response to pushes for people to quit social media, a number of authors have argued that there is something ethically questionable about quitting social media: that it involves—typically, if not necessarily—an objectionable expression of privilege on the part of the quitter. This chapter contextualizes privilege-based objections to quitting social media and explains the underlying principles and assumptions that feed into these objections. The chapter shows how they misrepresent the kind of act people are performing in quitting, in part by downplaying its role in promoting reforms in communication systems and technologies. And it suggests that this misrepresentation is related to a more widespread, and ultimately insidious, tendency to think of recently established technological states of affairs as permanent fixtures of our society.