bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying a Transition Climate Zone in an Arid River Basin using a Hydrological Drought Index
Authors: Zhang Libo , Liu Yongqiang , Hao Lu , Zhou Decheng , Pan Cen , Liu Peilong , Xiong Zhe , Sun Ge
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Drought indices have been widely used in climate classification. However, there is not enough evidence for their ability in identifying the multiple climate types in areas with complex topography and landscape, especially in those areas with a transition climate. This study compares a meteorological drought index, the aridity index (AI) defined as the ratio of precipitation (P) to potential evapotranspiration (PET), with a hydrological drought index, the evaporative stress index (ESI) defined as the ratio of actual evapotranspiration (AET) to PET. We conducted this study using modeled high resolution climate data for period of 1980–2010 in the Heihe River Basin (HRB) in the arid northwestern China. PET was estimated using the Penman–Monteith and Hamon methods. The climate classified by AI shows two distinct climate types for the upper and the middle and lower basin reaches, while three types were found if ESI was used. This difference indicates that only ESI is able to identify a transition climate zone in the middle basin. This contrast between the two indices is also seen in the inter-annual variability and extreme dry/wet events. The magnitude of variability in the middle basin is close to that in the lower basin for AI, but different for ESI. AI has larger magnitude of the relative inter-annual variability and greater decreasing rate from 1980–2010 than ESI, suggesting the role of local hydrological processes in moderating extreme climate events. Thus, the hydrological drought index is better than the meteorological drought index for climate classification in the arid Heihe River Basin where local climate is largely determined by topography and landscape. We conclude that the land–surface processes and human disturbances play an important role in altering hydrological drought conditions and their spatial and temporal variability.
Determining the drivers for snow gliding
Authors: Fromm Reinhard , Baumgärtner Sonja , Leitinger Georg , Tasser Erich , Höller Peter
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Snow gliding is a key factor for snow glide avalanche formation and soil erosion. This study considers atmospheric and snow variables, vegetation characteristics, and soil properties, and determines their relevance for snow gliding at a test site (Wildkogel, Upper Pinzgau, Austria) during winter 2014/15. The time-dependent data were collected at a high temporal resolution. In addition to conventional sensors a snow melt analyzer was used. The analysis shows that the soil moisture at the soil surface had the largest influence on snow gliding during the first part of the winter (October to January). The soil moisture 1.5 cm below the soil surface was the second important variable in the first part of the winter, and the most important variable in the second part of the winter (February to May). A negative influence on snow gliding had the phytomass of mosses in autumn and spring caused by lower canopy heights at these sites. Furthermore, a higher portion of dwarf shrub phytomass reduces snow gliding, because its rigid structure can transfer forces to the soil. Further investigations may be focused on the freezing and melting processes in the uppermost soil layers, and at the soil surface.
Evaluation of extreme wave probability on the basis of long-term data
analysis
Authors: Bulgakov Kirill , Kuzmin Vadim , Dmitry Shilov
Published: January 2018

Abstract. A method of calculation of wave height probability based on the significant wave height probability is described. An application of the method on the basis of long-term data analysis is presented. Examples of averaged annual and seasonal fields of extreme wave heights obtained by the above method are given.
Separation of soil respiration; a site-specific comparison of
partition methods
Authors: Comeau Louis-Pierre , Lai Derrick Y. F. , Cui Jane Jinglan , Farmer Jenny
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Without accurate data on soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh), assessments of soil carbon (C) sequestration rate and C balance are challenging to produce. Accordingly, it is essential to determine the contribution of the different sources of the total soil CO2 efflux (Rs) in different ecosystems, but to date, there are still many uncertainties and unknown regarding the soil respiration partitioning procedures currently available. This study compared the suitability and accuracy of five different Rh/Rs partitioning methods in a subtropical forest: (1) regression between root mass and root derived CO2; (2) root exclusion bags with intact soil blocks; (3) root exclusion bags with hand-sorted roots; (4) lab incubations with minimally disturbed soil microcosm cores; and (5) soil δ13C-CO2 natural abundance. The relationship between Rh and soil moisture and temperature was also investigated. A qualitative evaluation table of the partition methods with five performance parameters was produced. The Rs was measured weekly from February 3rd to April 19th 2017 and found to average 6.1 ± 0.3 Mg C ha−1 y−1. During this period, the Rh measured with the in-situ mesh bags with intact soil blocks and hand-sorted roots were estimated to contribute 49 ± 7 % and 79 ± 3 % of Rs respectively. The Rh percentage estimated with the root mass regression, microcosm incubation and δ13C-CO2 natural abundance were 54 ± 41 %, 8–17 % and 61 ± 39 % respectively. Overall, no systematically superior or inferior Rh/Rs partition method was found. The paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each technique with the conclusion that combining two or more methods optimizes Rh assessment reliability.
Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia da área de Ciências Agrárias: estudo da publicação científica, técnica e tecnológica (2013-2015)
Authors: Costa Heloisa , Matias Márcio , Rodrigues Rosângela Schwarz
Published: January 2018

Objetivo. Este artigo aborda a difusão das publicações científicas, técnicas e tecnológicas dos Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) da área de Ciências Agrárias, apresentando onde são publicados os resultados de pesquisa e como acontece o acesso da sociedade a esses resultados. O objetivo geral é analisar as publicações e os objetivos específicos são: a) Levantar as características dos pesquisadores vinculados aos INCT; b) Classificar, por tipo, as publicações científicas, técnicas e tecnológicas dos INCT, de 2013 a 2015; c) Identificar o tipo de acesso das publicações científicas, técnicas e tecnológicas.Método. Os aspectos metodológicos envolveram a utilização de pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, bibliográfica e documental com abordagem quantitativa.Resultados. O resultado mostra que os INCT da área de Agrárias tiveram uma produção científica, técnica e tecnológica expressiva, apresentando o total de 13.321 publicações, nos anos de 2013 a 2015. Os Institutos divulgaram suas pesquisas por meio de canais formais e informais, sendo que a publicação científica apresentou o total de 10.972 itens, a técnica 2.196 e a publicação tecnológica apresentou o total de 153 itens. As produções científicas, técnicas e tecnológicas, publicadas por meio de canais formais representaram 83% de todos os itens e os canais informais, 17%. A publicação de artigos em periódicos representou 52% da produção científica, que foi publicada em 1008 revistas, pertencentes a 378 editoras diferentes. Em relação ao acesso, as publicações científicas, técnicas e tecnológicas mostram que: 56% dos itens cadastrados no currículo Lattes dos pesquisadores não foram localizados; 35% estavam disponíveis na web, em acesso aberto, e 9% são obtidos por meio de pagamento de busca dos usuários ao realizar as suas buscas no catálogo da biblioteca.
Os padrões de metadados como recursos tecnológicos para a garantia da preservação digital
Authors: Formenton Danilo , Castro Fabiano Ferreira de , Gracioso Luciana de Souza , Furnival Ariadne Chloe Mary , Simões Maria da Graça de Melo
Published: January 2018

A garantia de preservação digital a longo prazo só será possível com a adoção efetiva de padrões ou esquemas de metadados, pois são eles que determinarão a descrição, a representação, a consistência e a persistência do recurso/objeto digital no ambiente informacional, além de definir a interoperabilidade entre sistemas. A adoção de metadados para preservação apoia a administração dos processos relativos ao arquivamento e à manutenção do acesso à informação digital a longo prazo, com garantias de autenticidade, de integridade e de confiabilidade. Neste cenário, foi objetivo do trabalho identificar e descrever padrões ou esquemas de metadados que poderiam ser considerados por instituições que estão desenvolvendo seus repositórios institucionais, para que possam contemplar a preservação digital. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida pesquisa bibliográfica e sistematização e análise de conteúdo. Foram selecionados e analisados os seguintes esquemas e padrões de metadados: DUBLIN CORE, MODS, EAD, ANSI/NISO Z39.87, METS e o PREMIS. A análise dos resultados indica que os metadados descritivos e técnicos do DC, MODS, EAD e ANSI/NISO Z39.87 ou MIX, possuem um papel mais direcionado a amparar o METS e o PREMIS, tanto na descoberta e no registro dos aspectos técnicos do objeto digital, como na comprovação de sua procedência, autenticidade, contexto e integridade. Englobando metadados descritivos, estruturais, administrativos e de preservação do PREMIS, o METS pode gerir os objetos digitais atuando como um Pacote de Submissão de Informação (PSI), Pacote de Arquivamento de Informação (PAI) ou Pacote de Disseminação de Informação (PDI) num Sistema Aberto de Arquivamento de Informação (SAAI).
Práticas informacionais: nova abordagem para os estudos de usuários da informação
Authors: Rocha Eliane Cristina de Freitas , Gandra Tatiane Krempser , Rocha Janicy Aparecida Pereira
Published: January 2018

Objetivo. O estudo apresenta abordagens de pesquisa em práticas informacionais e suas implicações para o delineamento de estudos no âmbito do campo de usuários da informação.Método. Revisão bibliográfica das bases conceituais das práticas sociais e informacionais e da produção de três grupos de pesquisa, finlandês, sueco e brasileiro, nesta abordagem.Resultados. Todos os grupos de pesquisa apresentam as práticas informacionais como aquelas que vão além do estudo do comportamento informacional, mas que procuram escrutinar atividades relacionadas ao contato socialmente mediado com a informação (incluindo atividades comunicativas) e as práticas predominantemente relacionadas à informação em ambientes escolares, de pesquisa e do cotidiano, seja físico ou digital. Predominam, nos grupos europeus estudados, os referenciais teóricos derivados da teoria da prática de Schatzki, e no grupo brasileiro, abordagens etnometodológicas.Conclusões. Estudos de usuários pautados pela perspectiva das práticas informacionais não devem ser baseados em modelos de comportamento informacional, nem nas perspectivas objetivista e subjetivista. Diferentes abordagens teórico- metodológicas são demandadas pelo conceito de práticas informacionais e por seus diferentes entendimentos. Todavia, essa diversidade de entendimentos entre os três grupos pesquisados demonstra a potência da área: a complexidade da realidade social e o esforço constante dos pesquisadores para desvelar as diversas facetas dos fenômenos informacionais.
O controle de autoridade no domínio bibliográfico: os catálogos digitais
Authors: Assumpção Fabrício Silva , Santos Plácida Leopoldina Ventura Amorim da Costa , Zafalon Zaira Regina
Published: January 2018

Por meio de uma revisão de literatura, este estudo tem por objetivo analisar o controle de autoridade nos catálogos digitais. Para isso, inicia-se com uma breve introdução acerca do controle de autoridade, contextualiza a automação das bibliotecas e o surgimento dos catálogos digitais a partir da década de 1960 e destaca alguns pontos da história dos catálogos digitais, tais como a criação de formatos MAchine-Readable Cataloging (MARC) para dados bibliográficos e de autoridade. Como síntese da compreensão atual do controle de autoridade, apresenta os modelos conceituais Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD) e Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD). Por fim, descreve o modelo de dados utilizado nos catálogos digitais atuais e conclui ressaltando a presença do controle de autoridade na história da Catalogação, a importância dos modelos conceituais FRAD e FRSAD, a retomada dos registros de autoridade no código de catalogação Resource Description and Access (RDA), e a importância da compreensão do controle de autoridade no cenário atual da Catalogação.
Assessment of the Quality of Job Descriptions of Safety Jobs in the Saudi Companies
Authors: Al Abdullah Hassan A. , Zytoon Mohamed A. , Al Sayed Nader H.
Published: January 2018

The poor occupational safety and health (OSH) performance of many sectors in Saudi Arabia necessitates studying the reasons behind this performance. While other studies addressed many potential reasons, the objective of the current study is to investigate the quality of job descriptions of the safety jobs in Saudi Arabia. A sample of 69 job descriptions for several safety job titles and from different industrial or service sectors were analyzed to discover the important factors that may have an impact. The results revealed that there are some gaps in the design of the sampled job descriptions' components, particularly in the job information and the required qualifications for the jobs. The quality of job descriptions varied from one industrial sector to another, with oil & gas, petrochemicals and utilities sectors being in the top, and manufacturing, education/training, construction, and service/retail/distribution in the bottom in terms of job descriptions quality. There was no clear relationship between the safety job title and the quality of job descriptions. However, the required experience had positive impact on the quality of job descriptions of safety jobs. It is recommended that further studies covering a larger sample size of job descriptions to be conducted to obtain results that can be generalized and utilized in setting proper policies to improve the practices of the Saudi companies in the design of job descriptions of safety jobs and, hence, hiring the appropriate safety professionals.
Chaucer's Cunning: An Incarnational Pun and an Omission in the Middle English Dictionary
Authors: Dutton Marsha L.
Published: January 2018

The medieval existence of a sexual meaning for the word cunning, rendering the word itself available for sexual puns, remains unrecognized today, in part because the Middle English Dictionary (MED) fails to include any instance demonstrating such use. But a line from the popular Proverbs of Hending, written before 1325, witnesses to the fourteenth-century availability of the sense. This article discusses the value of literary puns, shows numerous instances in which Chaucer appears to pun sexually on the word cunning, and explains the incarnational implications of the linking of body and spirit in such a pun. It also explores the MED's omission of the relevant quotation from the entry for cunning, examining the MED's archived slips and considering the editorial conventions that should have required inclusion of the evidence from the Proverbs of Hending.
The Race-Religion Constellation: A European Contribution to the Critical Philosophy of Race
Authors: Topolski Anya
Published: January 2018

This article traces the hidden race-religion constellation in Europe. The term “race-religion constellation” refers to the connection or co-constitution of the categories of race and “religion.” Specifically, the term “race-religion constellation” is used to refer to the practice of classifying people into races according to categories we now associate with the term “religion.” This calls for a consideration of European history and forms of racism in Europe, such as anti-Semitism and Islamophobia. This article aims to provide an alternative non-secularized or biological account of the origins of the socially constructed category of race in Europe. The alternative story begins in the sixteenth century, when the category of “religion” as a means for classifying peoples was both constructed and politicized. In tracing this alternative story, this article seeks to outline a framework for a critical philosophy of race focused on a European religion line that intersects with Du Bois's color line.
Race and the Senses: Toward Articulating the Sensory Apparatus of Race
Authors: Sekimoto Sachi
Published: January 2018

This article provides a preliminary exploration into the relationship between the bodily senses and race. Seeking insight into what Merleau-Ponty called a body-subject—a lived, knowing body that is aware and reflective of its perceptual experience and actively participates in the construction of reality—it explores the role of the bodily senses in constituting the ideological universe of race. Approaching the body as an anchor of sensory apparatus that is cultivated to confirm and uphold the social and ideological existence of race, it explores how we cultivate, activate, and materialize the historically specific bodies that actively perceive race as difference and participate in the social reality organized by race. Examples of colorblind ideology and racialized pain are used to substantiate the claim that our sensory participation in reality is integral to maintaining what we call race.
ANÁLISE EPIDEMIOLÓGICA DA COINFECÇÃO TUBERCULOSE/HIV
Authors: De Oliveira Layze Braz , Costa Christefany Régia Braz , Queiroz Artur Acelino Francisco Luz Nunes , De Araújo Telma Maria Evangelista , Alves Amorim de Sousa Karinna , Karina Reis Renata
Published: January 2018

Objetivo: analisar o perfil epidemiológico da coinfecção tuberculose e o vírus da imunodeficiência. Método: estudo descritivo, realizado com levantamento na base de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação no estado do Piauí, no período de 2007 a 2016. A coleta ocorreu por meio de instrumento contendo características sociodemográficas e relacionadas à coinfecção Tuberculose/vírus da imunodeficiência. Realizou-se análise descritiva simples. Resultados: A prevalência da coinfecção tuberculose e vírus da imunodeficiência foi de 6,1% pacientes (n=619). Os dados mostram a predominância de indivíduos do sexo masculino (n=467/ 75,4%), adultos com faixa etária entre 20 a 49 anos (n=492/ 79,5%) e pardos (n=457/ 73,8%). A forma clínica da tuberculose mais encontrada foi a pulmonar com n=412 (66,6%) casos. O percentual de cura dos destes pacientes foi de 60,8%. Conclusão: Os resultados apontaram uma alta prevalência dessa coinfecção e uma elevada detecção da infecção do vírus da imunodeficiência em pacientes com tuberculose.
The Impact of Tax Amnesty Announcement towards Share Performance and Market Reaction in Indonesia
Authors: Agustina Lidya , Gunawan Yuliana , Chandra Windawaty
Published: January 2018

The Indonesian Government reviewed back the tax amnesty in 2016. Various reactions came up along with the announcement of tax amnesty, the investors did not accept- which led to the announcement of the Tax Forgiveness regulation through the market reactions and stock market performances in Indonesia Stock Exchange. This research is to analyze event study using information based on government-related announcements to show the impact of the new regulation towards stock performance and market reaction. The effect of the announcement will be seen from the changes in stock-prices or stock-returns that provide abnormal returns in the event period as well as market reaction which reflected in trading volume. This research used stock-return data and trading volume from all companies listed in IDX in 2016 and analyzed using the Paired Sample T-Test method. The result of this research shows there are differences among the average of stock-return, average abnormal-return of stock, and stock trading volume before and after the tax amnesty announcement.
Improving Speaking Skill Through Joyful, Active, Creative, Effective Approach (JACEA): Classroom Action Research at Fourth Grade Student
Authors: Pelenkahu Noldy
Published: January 2018

This research aims to obtain empirical data regarding to JACEA implementation in improving fourth grade studentspeaking skill. The two CAR cycles designed in this research. The result showed that in the CAR first cycle therewas only 56.50% students improved their speaking skill, and then in the second cycle it was improve to 91.30%. Thesheet monitor described that the JACEA implementing in cycle one reached 82% and in the second cycle reached98%. This means that the JACEA implementing can improve student English speaking skill. The research implicatedthat JACEA should be used as an English learning approach to improve four grade student speaking skill.
Italian Pension Funds Struggling with Domestic Sovereign Risk
Authors: De Vincentiis Paola , Isaia Eleonora , Zocchi Paola
Published: January 2018

The paper investigates the determinants of Italian pension funds’ exposure to the domestic sovereign bonds through a panel analysis, over the time-period 2008-2014, on a sample of 70 funds and 230 investment lines. We investigate the drivers on sovereign home bias along two main explicative arrows: the familiarity theory, and the opportunity set theory. Results indicate that both factors are significant. However, from a quantitative point of view, the main determinant is the presence of restrictions in the investment mandate. The existence of a minimum guaranteed return increases on average by 11 per cent the weight of the Italian sovereign bonds on the European sovereign portfolio, while extending the investment spectrum outside Europe determines a decrease of 4.5 per cent on average. This finding suggests that exposures to the domestic-sovereign risk of Italian pension funds would probably reduce after specific mandate restrictions have loosened. Since sovereign home bias translates into concentration risk, it may weaken the soundness of the private pension pillar in case the Italian T-bonds suffer from a significant price reduction. Regulators should pay close attention to this issue to enhance the stability of the Italian pension fund industry, considering that such a large sovereign home bias could simultaneously undermine the private and public pension payments.
On Green Strategy: Effect on Automotive Industry of Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Butt Muhammad , Katuse Paul , Namada Juliana M.
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this paper is to examine the green management and sustainable growth operations interventions specifically in the automotive industry perspective. Existing literature on green management and sustainable development has been studied with special focus on green strategy in the automotive industry as explored in the environmental-oriented research in respect of the selected automotive firms. The research unfolds the prodigious concern witnessed among the world governments, international agencies and policy decision-makers in global firms, related to green economy, green management and green strategy in order to achieve triple bottom-line impact. Paradoxically, the dominant automotive players have different green strategies for developed and developing economies. Approaches, internalizing the strategic decision-making, range from proactive to reactive. The investigation leads to a focus on main environmental initiatives and issues in the automotive industry of Pakistan. Significant improvement is needed to tackle environmental concerns and to acquire the catalyst effect of green management interventions to abate and reverse the damage already done to environment. The study of Pakistan may offer value for researchers and practitioners for further research in green management and green strategy in national industry context.
Grey vs. Young Entrepreneurs: Are They Really That Different in Terms of Entrepreneurial Intentions? Empirical Evidence from Italy
Authors: Matricano Diego
Published: January 2018

In the past, entrepreneurship was considered a young person’s endeavour, since it was a working choice made after graduation. Social and demographic changes occurring over the last decades have totally modified that assumption so that entrepreneurship is now a phenomenon involving third age people (aged 55 or older) as well. Scholars have started investigating the differences between young and grey entrepreneurs. This topic of research has always been considered halfway between psychological and social studies on the one hand and entrepreneurial studies on the other. Without denying the relevance that psychological and social studies have in the field of entrepreneurship, in the present paper the phenomenon of grey entrepreneurship is only investigated according to an entrepreneurial perspective. Thus, predictors of entrepreneurial intentions are only rooted in entrepreneurial literature and refer to intellectual capital. The results, based on data retrieved from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) website for Italy in 2013, indicate that grey and young entrepreneurs are not that different regarding intellectual capital affecting their entrepreneurial intentions. This result enriches previous literature about grey entrepreneurs.
Grey Wolf Algorithm for Requirements Prioritization
Authors: Masadeh Raja , Alzaqebah Abdullah , Hudaib Amjad
Published: January 2018

Requirement prioritization is one of the most important approach in the process of requirement engineering due to use it in order to prioritize the execution sort of requirements with taking into account the viewpoints of stakeholders. Thus, in this study, grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm is applied in order to prioritize the requirements of a software project. GWO imitates the hunting behavior of grey wolves in nature. Which distinct from others that it has dominant leadership hierarchy which contains four main types; alpha, beta delta and omega wolves. In this paper, a proposed algorithm is presented to prioritize the requirements into ordered list. Furthermore, it is compared and evaluated with analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technique in terms of average running time and dataset size. The findings display that the RP-GWO performs better than AHP mechanism by approximately (30%).
De plaats van het interne toezicht in de praktijk van het externe toezicht
Authors: Schakel Leonie , Stoopendaal Annemiek
Published: January 2018

De plaats van het interne toezicht in de praktijk van het externe toezicht

Politici en wetenschappers zijn het er al jaren over eens dat extern toezicht en intern toezicht kunnen verbeteren wanneer zij elkaar zouden aanvullen en versterken. Toch spreken interne en externe toezichthouders elkaar zelden. Dit artikel brengt de plaats van het interne toezicht in de praktijk van extern toezichthouders in kaart. Uit het onderzoek blijkt dat interne toezichthouders zich gestaag een plek verwerven in de toezichtpraktijk van externe toezichthouders, maar structureel beleid is nog schaars. Door inzichten uit de literatuur en de praktijk van de externe toezichthouders is het mogelijk de keuzes die gemaakt worden in het vormgeven van de relatie tussen intern en extern toezicht beter te onderbouwen.
A Review of Nondestructive Examination Methods for New-building Ships Undergoing Classification Society Survey
Authors: Amirafshari Peyman , Barltrop Nigel , Bharadwaj Ujjwal , Wright Martyn , Oterkus Selda
Published: January 2018

Classification societies require ship manufacturers to perform nondestructive examination (NDE) of ship weldments to ensure the welding quality of new-building ships. Ships can contain hundreds of kilometers of weld lines and 100% inspection of all welded connections is not feasible. Hence, a limited number of weldments are specified by rules of classification societies to be inspected on a sampling basis. There is a variation between the rules and guidelines used by different classification societies in terms of both philosophy and implementation which results in significant discrepancy in the prescribed checkpoints, numbers, and their locations. In this article, relevant sections of the rules of mainstream International Association of Classification Societies members are studied and potential ways of improving them are discussed. The authors have endeavored to make this study as comprehensive as much as possible. However, given the challenges of covering every single aspect and variable related to NDE in the classification societies' rules and guidelines reviewed here, the authors can only attempt to cover the key features.

1. Introduction

Ship structures are joined with hundreds of kilometers of weld lines. The presence of weld in a structure potentially reduces the structure's fatigue life by means of introducing a discontinuity into the completed weld/parent material joint, and introducing residual stress; this could be further amplified by presences of defects inherent to the welding process. Rules, standards, and guidelines may require manufacturers to carry out certain procedures for enhancing weld's reliability, such as weld toe grinding to enhance weld profile geometry (and hence fatigue improvement), heat treatment to improve welded joint's toughness, and nondestructive examination (NDE) to detect weld defects. performing NDE for finished welds is the best way to find possible defects, and relevant rules require manufacturers to do so. However, only a sample of welds is subject to thorough NDE as it is unfeasible to carry out the same extent of detailed inspection on all ship weldments.
Construcción colectiva de la ciudad. Tenencia de la tierra y regeneración urbana en los asentamientos informales de Maputo, Mozambique
Authors: Cubillo Arias Ana
Published: January 2018

Los barrios informales de Maputo, capital de Mozambique, albergan al 80% de una población urbana muy pobre, con altas densidades de ocupación y altos niveles de precariedad del hábitat. Maputo, como las demás ciudades africanas se enfrenta al reto de cómo hacer frente al crecimiento de la población urbana previsto y simultáneamente mejorar las condiciones de vida precarias en los asentamientos informales garantizando el derecho a la ciudad para todos los habitantes sin generar lógicas de crecimiento urbano poco sostenibles desde el punto de vista medio ambiental y social. Estos barrios no pueden ser mejorados únicamente a través de grandes operaciones de planeamiento urbano o de intervención en infraestructuras estructurantes. La propuesta de Arquitectura Sin Fronteras–España para conseguir la mejora de las condiciones en estos barrios consiste en desencadenar un proceso basado en intervenciones a pequeña escala incorporando el factor tiempo como ingrediente imprescindible para la construcción de la ciudad. A través de un cambio en las mentalidades tanto de gobiernos como de comunidades y garantizando la seguridad en la tenencia de la tierra, se trata de que los propios vecinos inviertan en la mejora de su barrio, confiando en el potencial de autoproducción de lo informal para conseguir la mejora progresiva de la ciudad.
Género y planificación urbana en la construcción de la agenda internacional para el desarrollo sostenible. De Estocolmo 1972 a Quito 2016
Authors: Novella Abril Inés
Published: January 2018

La igualdad entre sexos es un requisito fundamental para el desarrollo sostenible que sólo puede garantizarse con la incorporación del mainstreaming de género en las políticas dirigidas a tal efecto. Ante el fenómeno creciente de la urbanización, la dimensión urbana del desarrollo sostenible requiere especial atención, tanto por su transversalidad —porque incluye las tres dimensiones del desarrollo sostenible— como por su impacto —por el efecto motor de las ciudades a escala global—. Avanzar en la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en las políticas de planificación urbana no sólo supone dar respuestas a cambios necesarios en el ámbito local, sino que los beneficios pueden alcanzar la escala global y todos los ejes sobre los que se articula el desarrollo sostenible. Por otro lado, vincular la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres al desarrollo sostenible y aprovechar la inercia de las grandes agendas internacionales, puede ayudar a vencer las importantes resistencias que el género tiene para acceder y consolidarse dentro de la política de planificación urbana. Este texto ahonda en la interrelación entre igualdad, planificación urbana y desarrollo sostenible a través de un recorrido por la evolución conjunta que han experimentado estas tres cuestiones en las principales agendas de las Naciones Unidas, desde Estocolmo 1972 hasta Quito 2016.
Cidade/Urbano versus Campo/Rural: a necessidade de políticas públicas que superem esta dicotomia para inclusão das populações pobres no Brasil
Authors: Sebastiano de Melo Thiago
Published: January 2018

O Brasil deixou de ter a maioria da população a residir no campo na década de 60. Atualmente, segundo dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – ibge, mais de 80% da população vive em cidades. Todavia, no Brasil a definição de perímetro urbano e rural é dada pelo poder legislativo municipal e não por critérios como densidade demográfica, infraestruturas “urbanas” etc., o que faz com que não existam parâmetros nacionais que permitam definir e tratar as cidades como construções sociais sendo, antes, instrumentos de negociação política. Se por um lado o país conta com algumas das cidades mais populosas do mundo, por outro lado a realidade da maior parte dos municípios brasileiros é completamente distinta. Apontar os principais efeitos desta estruturação na definição de cidade, em detrimento do campo, para o conjunto da população, bem como refletir em que medida as políticas públicas podem ser um mecanismo de garantia dos direitos constitucionais para o conjunto da população brasileira é o objetivo deste trabalho. A revisão bibliográfica acerca dos conceitos de modernidade, cidade, cidadania, urbano/urbanização, campo, rural/ruralidade permite situar o Brasil no contexto do crescimento urbano e concentração de rendimentos, portanto, da necessidade de inclusão da população mais pobre e vulnerável.
Une participation « outre mesure » ?
Authors: Coton Christel
Published: January 2018

Cet article se propose de questionner la façon dont les temporalités sociales et académiques d’un chercheur peuvent peser sur les dispositifs et les postures d’enquête qu’il peut engager sur son objet. Pour illustrer cela, il revient sur une enquête par observation participante menée dans une école d’officiers en France par l’auteure dans le cadre de son doctorat. L’article montre comment « l’engagement » sur le terrain et la participation de l’auteure aux luttes de distinction des officiers eux-mêmes ont pu répondre certes à des questionnements théoriques relevant d’une tradition scientifique revendiquée, mais aussi à des enjeux de positionnements professionnels typiques d’une chercheuse non titulaire, alors relativement peu dotée en ressources académiques. Il montre comment et pourquoi l’engagement ethnographique « outre mesure » peut être envisagé et constitué comme une ressource académique et scientifique alternative pour un type particulier de jeunes prétendants au métier de chercheur.
L’ethnographie comme expérience de conversion à la sociologie. Entretien avec Olivier Schwartz
Authors: Renahy1 Nicolas
Published: January 2018

Olivier Schwartz occupe une place centrale dans la sociologie française des mondes populaires depuis le début des années 1990, et de manière concomitante dans la diffusion de la méthode ethnographique. Partant de l’analyse de la trajectoire sociale et intellectuelle du sociologue des années 1970 à nos jours, l’entretien éclaire le contexte dans lequel l’ethnographie s’est formalisée et développée en France. L’évocation du dialogue entretenu avec les disciplines voisines (anthropologie, histoire, philosophie) et des différentes enquêtes menées ouvre ici, finalement, à une contribution sur la nature même de la sociologie ethnographique. Les individus que l’on rencontre dans l’enquête ne peuvent être réduits à des personnes détachées des rapports de pouvoirs qui se jouent à différentes échelles ; les données empiriques récoltées n’ont de sens que replacées dans une structure sociale bien plus large que le petit monde social observé. Inversement, l’ethnographie modifie la manière de faire de la sociologie : l’expérience de l’enquête « ancre » dans une société. Le savoir qui en est produit n’en est que mieux armé.
Résister à l’esclavage dans l’Atlantique français : aperçu historiographique, hypothèses et pistes de recherche1
Authors: Le Glaunec Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2018

L’objet « résistance à l’esclavage » n’occupe pas la « juste place » qui lui revient dans l’historiographie française. Alors que la question n’a pas cessé d’être étudiée dans l’historiographie anglo-saxonne depuis les années 1960, on est frappé par la rareté des travaux en France et par la perspective typologique généralement adoptée pour en parler, comme si les esclaves « résistants » devaient se contenter de rôles de figurants. Cet article s’inscrit dans un tournant analytique récent porté par des chercheur-e-s dont l’objectif est de faire toute la lumière sur les stratégies de résistance des hommes et femmes esclavisés du monde atlantique français.
Poursuivre en justice pour s’affranchir : une forme de résistance ? L’exemple de l’esclave Furcy
Authors: Peabody Sue
Published: January 2018

La décision d’un esclave de revendiquer sa liberté en justice est certes un acte de résistance contre l’esclavage, mais ce n’est pas nécessairement un acte antiesclavagiste. Au moyen de la micro histoire, cet article fait état des différences entre la compréhension personnelle d’un esclave de sa condition injuste et les arguments avancés par ses avocats pour obtenir sa liberté. La lutte individuelle de l’esclave Furcy n’a pas contribué de manière significative au mouvement antiesclavagiste français au XIXe siècle. Au contraire, la décision de la Cour royale d’affranchir Furcy en fonction du principe du sol libre a stabilisé le régime esclavagiste colonial jusqu’à la Révolution de 1848.
Les Basques et la chasse au phoque du Labrador au XVIIe siècle1
Authors: Castro Javi
Published: January 2018

Alors qu’on associe les Basques du XVIe-XVIIIe siècle surtout à la pêche à la morue et la chasse aux baleines, les archives en langue espagnole révèlent aussi l’existence de la chasse au phoque au Labrador durant la période de 1603 à 1661. Menée par les marins des ports de Mutriku et Deba, la chasse au phoque est connue particulièrement à travers la carrière d’Antonio de Iturribalzaga. Ce capitaine organisait les voyages de chasse au phoque au Labrador, et vendait des peaux de phoque à des tanneurs et cordonniers du Pays basque. Le commerce du phoque permet de voir des liens avec d’autres industries, comme celle des tanneries et de l’exportation des peaux traitées jusqu’au Portugal. Il forme aussi un contexte historique pour la tradition orale qui existe au Pays basque sur les relations entre les Basques et les Inuit, et il constitue un précurseur de la chasse au phoque sédentaire en Nouvelle-France aux XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles.
DataScope: Interactive visual exploratory dashboards for large multidimensional data
Authors: Iyer Ganesh R , Duttaduwarah Sapoonjyoti , Sharma Ashish
Published: January 2018

DataScope is a web-based tool for generating interactive visual dashboards on large scale multidimensional datasets. Users can use these dashboards to explore data and create cohorts for downstream analysis. We describe DataScope's architecture, design considerations and provide an overview of its system design. We highlight some of DataScope's features that were useful in the case studies using datasets from cancer registries and co-clinical trials. In benchmarks DataScope is able to perform sub-second queries on data sizes ranging from thousand to million records.
Distributed rhythm generators underlie Caenorhabditis elegans forward locomotion
Authors: Fouad Anthony D , Teng Shelly , Mark Julian R , Liu Alice , Alvarez-Illera Pilar , Ji Hongfei , Du Angelica , Bhirgoo Priya D , Cornblath Eli , Guan Sihui Asuka , Fang-Yen Christopher
Published: January 2018

Coordinated rhythmic movements are ubiquitous in animal behavior. In many organisms, chains of neural oscillators underlie the generation of these rhythms. In C. elegans, locomotor wave generation has been poorly understood; in particular, it is unclear where in the circuit rhythms are generated, and whether there exists more than one such generator. We used optogenetic and ablation experiments to probe the nature of rhythm generation in the locomotor circuit. We found that multiple sections of forward locomotor circuitry are capable of independently generating rhythms. By perturbing different components of the motor circuit, we localize the source of secondary rhythms to cholinergic motor neurons in the midbody. Using rhythmic optogenetic perturbation, we demonstrate bidirectional entrainment of oscillations between different body regions. These results show that, as in many other vertebrates and invertebrates, the C. elegans motor circuit contains multiple oscillators that coordinate activity to generate behavior.
Damage-induced reactive oxygen species regulate vimentin and dynamic collagen-based projections to mediate wound repair
Authors: LeBert Danny , Squirrell Jayne M , Freisinger Chrissy , Rindy Julie , Golenberg Netta , Frecentese Grace , Gibson Angela , Eliceiri Kevin W , Huttenlocher Anna
Published: January 2018

Tissue injury leads to early wound-associated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that mediate tissue regeneration. To identify mechanisms that function downstream of redox signals that modulate regeneration, a vimentin reporter of mesenchymal cells was generated by driving GFP from the vimentin promoter in zebrafish. Early redox signaling mediated vimentin reporter activity at the wound margin. Moreover, both ROS and vimentin were necessary for collagen production and reorganization into projections at the leading edge of the wound. Second harmonic generation time-lapse imaging revealed that the collagen projections were associated with dynamic epithelial extensions at the wound edge during wound repair. Perturbing collagen organization by burn wound disrupted epithelial projections and subsequent wound healing. Taken together our findings suggest that ROS and vimentin integrate early wound signals to orchestrate the formation of collagen-based projections that guide regenerative growth during efficient wound repair.
Keratinocytes mediate innocuous and noxious touch via ATP-P2X4 signaling
Authors: Moehring Francie , Cowie Ashley M , Menzel Anthony D , Weyer Andy D , Grzybowski Michael , Arzua Thiago , Geurts Aron M , Palygin Oleg , Stucky Cheryl L
Published: January 2018

The first point of our body’s contact with tactile stimuli (innocuous and noxious) is the epidermis, the outermost layer of skin that is largely composed of keratinocytes. Here, we sought to define the role that keratinocytes play in touch sensation in vivo and ex vivo. We show that optogenetic inhibition of keratinocytes decreases behavioral and cellular mechanosensitivity. These processes are inherently mediated by ATP signaling, as demonstrated by complementary cutaneous ATP release and degradation experiments. Specific deletion of P2X4 receptors in sensory neurons markedly decreases behavioral and primary afferent mechanical sensitivity, thus positioning keratinocyte-released ATP to sensory neuron P2X4 signaling as a critical component of baseline mammalian tactile sensation. These experiments lay a vital foundation for subsequent studies into the dysfunctional signaling that occurs in cutaneous pain and itch disorders, and ultimately, the development of novel topical therapeutics for these conditions.
Activation of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor signaling inhibits melanoma and improves response to immune checkpoint blockade
Authors: Natale Christopher A , Li Jinyang , Zhang Junqian , Dahal Ankit , Dentchev Tzvete , Stanger Ben Z , Ridky Todd W
Published: January 2018

Female sex and history of prior pregnancies are associated with favorable melanoma outcomes. Here, we show that much of the melanoma protective effect likely results from estrogen signaling through the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) on melanocytes. Selective GPER activation in primary melanocytes and melanoma cells induced long-term changes that maintained a more differentiated cell state as defined by increased expression of well-established melanocyte differentiation antigens, increased pigment production, decreased proliferative capacity, and decreased expression of the oncodriver and stem cell marker c-Myc. GPER signaling also rendered melanoma cells more vulnerable to immunotherapy. Systemically delivered GPER agonist was well tolerated, and cooperated with immune checkpoint blockade in melanoma-bearing mice to dramatically extend survival, with up to half of mice clearing their tumor. Complete responses were associated with immune memory that protected against tumor rechallenge. GPER may be a useful, pharmacologically accessible target for melanoma.
Giant ants and their shape: revealing relationships in the genusTitanomyrmawith geometric morphometrics
Authors: Katzke Julian , Barden Phillip , Dehon Manuel , Michez Denis , Wappler Torsten
Published: January 2018

Shape is a natural phenomenon inherent to many different lifeforms. A modern technique to analyse shape is geometric morphometrics (GM), which offers a whole range of methods concerning the pure shape of an object. The results from these methods have provided new insights into biological problems and have become especially useful in the fields of entomology and palaeontology. Despite the conspicuous successes in other hymenopteran groups, GM analysis of wings and fossil wings of Formicidae has been neglected. Here we tested if landmarks defining the wing shape of fossil ants that belong to the genusTitanomyrmaare reliable and if this technique is able to expose relationships among different groups of the largest Hymenoptera that ever lived. This study comprises 402 wings from 362 ants that were analysed and assigned with the GM methods linear discriminant function analysis, principal component analysis, canonical variate analysis, and regression. The giant ant genusTitanomyrmaand the parataxonFormiciumhave different representatives that are all very similar but these modern methods were able to distinguish giant ant types even to the level of the sex. Thirty-five giant ant specimens from the Eckfeld Maar were significantly differentiable from a collection of Messel specimens that consisted of 187Titanomyrma giganteafemales and 42T. giganteamales, and from 74Titanomyrma simillimafemales and 21T. simillimamales. Out of the 324 Messel ants, 127 are newly assigned to a species and 223 giant ants are newly assigned to sex with GM analysis. All specimens from Messel fit to the two species. Moreover, shape affinities of these groups and the speciesFormicium brodiei,Formicium mirabile, andFormicium berryi, which are known only from wings, were investigated.T. giganteastands out with a possible female relative in one of the Eckfeld specimens whereas the other groups show similar shape patterns that are possibly plesiomorphic. Formicidae are one of the most dominant taxa in the animal kingdom and new methods can aid in investigating their diversity in the present and in deep time. GM of the ant wing delivers significant results and this core of methods is able to enhance the toolset we have now to analyse the complex biology of the ants. It can prove as especially useful in the future when incorporated into better understanding aspects of evolutionary patterns and ant palaeontology.