bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of High-yielding and Late Leaf Spot Disease-tolerant Families in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: R. Padmashree , J. Shanthala , M. Honnappa , Savithramma D. L. , R. Sanjeev Kumar , Gangappa E. , Shankar A. G.
Published: April 2023

The foliar fungal disease late leaf spot (LLS) caused by Cercospora personata is a major and widely distributed disease. Cause substantial yield loss and in combination with the diseases increased up to 70 per cent in India. Therefore, to reduce the effect of disease and yield penalty effective chemical control mainly depends on multiple fungicide applications which are costly for resource-poor farmers and also raise environmental and health concerns. Therefore, to reduce the cost of production the development of resistant cultivars is an eco-friendly concept, with this research gap study was conducted to identify groundnut families with high yield and resistance to late leaf spot disease. From 60 F7 families of three crosses (GKVK-16 × KCG-2, GKVK-13 × KCG-2 and GKVK-6 × KCG-2 along with checks KCG-6, KCG-2 and TMV-2) which were evaluated in augmented design during Kharif 2017 in disease plot and control plot, disease screening was done using a modified 9-point scale. Disease scoring was done at 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing (pod filling stage). The disease scores were mainly based on the extent of leaf area damage. Results depicted that among the 60 families, 19 families showed consistence performance both at normal and disease plots. However, three families showed differences in the pod yield both at normal and disease plots. The families that exhibited resistance to LLS disease showed per cent yield reduction that ranged from 0-35%, and moderately resistant families exhibited a yield reduction from 35-50%, however, 50-90% yield reduction was observed in the families which showed moderate susceptibility, further more than 100% yield reduction was noticed in the families which are susceptible to LLS disease in three crosses of groundnut. High values of GCV and high PCV, high heritability coupled with high GAM were observed for PDI at 60th, PDI at 90th and PDI at 120th days after sowing in all three crosses. Among 14 superior families six, among 13 superior families eight, and from three superior families one family showed resistance to LLS disease from the cross GKVK-16×KCG-2, GKVK-13×KCG-2 and GKVK-6×KCG-2 respectively. Therefore, these identified families will be forwarded for muti-location disease and further yield stabilization.
Recent Advances in White Hydrogen Exploration and Production: A Mini Review
Authors: Aimikhe Victor Joseph , Eyankware Oghenegare Emmanuel
Published: April 2023

The quest for natural or white hydrogen exploration and production emanates from the growing interest in clean, carbon-free hydrogen energy. Countries all over the world are beginning to formulate legislation to promote hydrogen production as a way of combating global warming occasioned by climate change. Currently, all avenues for producing hydrogen are either very expensive or environmentally unsustainable. White hydrogen in commercial accumulations might produce cheaper and more environmentally sustainable hydrogen energy, thus providing a viable alternative to other forms of renewable energy. Despite its potential to become the cheapest hydrogen source, published literature on its occurrence, sources, accumulation, generation processes, and recovery methods are scarce. Consequently, little is known regarding white hydrogen sources, accumulation, and extraction. This study reviewed the various sources and forms in which white hydrogen can exist in nature. The various processes by which white hydrogen is produced and extracted have also been presented. This work aimed to offer new perspectives and direction for future research on white hydrogen exploration and production. Furthermore, the current challenges of white hydrogen exploration and production, and its future outlook, were also presented.
The wooden artefacts from Loch Glashan crannog, Mid Argyll
Authors: Earwood Caroline
Published: April 2023

Excavations in 1960 led to the discovery of a large number of wooden artefacts. These include a diverse range of containers, pegs, pins, spatulae, handles, and tools as well as parts of structures and other worked wood. The material, which has remained largely unpublished, provides an insight into domestic life in Scotland in the sixth/eighth centuries AD as well as further information on both contemporary woodworking techniques and the movement of goods and/or ideas. Au
Muirtown, Inverness: preliminary investigation of a shell midden
Authors: Myers A M , Gourlay Robert B
Published: April 2023

Discovery, excavation and analysis of a shell midden, which provides evidence for exploitation of the sheltered coastal environment in the Inverness area during the mid fourth millennium bc. Similarities with later Mesolithic and Neolithic shell middens elsewhere in Scotland are discussed.
Q Lollius Urbicus and A Claudius Charax, Antonine commanders in Britain
Authors: Breeze David J
Published: April 2023

The appointment of A Claudius Charax of Pergamum to command Legion II Augusta during the Antonine advance into north Britain may have resulted from earlier contact with the Emperor Antoninus Pius when the latter was Proconsul of Asia.
Two Early Historic bog butter containers
Authors: Earwood Caroline , O'Neil Marion
Published: April 2023

The first radiocarbon dates for bog butter were recently obtained from the contents of two wooden kegs found at Morven, Argyllshire, and Kyleakin, Skye. The dates cover the mid second to mid fourth centuries AD confirming suggestions that burial of bog butter was not exclusively a late medieval practice. The woodworking techniques used in making bog butter kegs from Scotland are varied and include methods used before the introduction of cooperage. Evidence of the physical nature of bog butter and reasons for its burial are reviewed.
Norrie's Law, Fife: on the nature and dating of the silver hoard
Authors: Graham-Campbell James
Published: April 2023

Conflicting opinions concerning the deposition date of the silver treasure from Norrie's Law, Lower Largo, Fife, are reviewed in the light of the nineteenth century records of its discovery and contents, most of which were melted down when it was found in (or about) 1819. It is concluded that the hoard comprised predominantly Pictish silver, with some Late Roman elements, and was deposited most probably during the second half of the seventh century. A hitherto unrecognised fragment of Hiberno-Viking silver arm-ring is presumed to represent an otherwise unknown find from the Largo estate.
Lecture Summaries
Authors: Bailey Allyson Shepherd , Armit Ian , Swain Margaret , Cross Juliet , Nicholaisen W F H , Hicks Carola , Morris Christopher D , Mackie Euan W , Evans Godfrey , Richards Colin
Published: April 2023

Ten lecture summaries:The Excavations of the Baroque palace and garden of the Earls of Mar at AlloaThe Neolithic settlement of Eilean Domhnuill, Loch Olabhat, North UistThe furnishing of the Palace of Holyroodhouse for the French Princes in 1796Disease in Scotland's past: the evidence from the bonesScottish Place-Names: signposts to the pastThe Sources of the Early Medieval Animal Ornament of the British IslesThe Norse, the Northern Isles and the North Atlantic: connections and contextNew light on Neolithic rock carving: the petroglyphs at Greenland, DunbartonshireOn the Drawing Room from Hamilton PalaceExcavations at Skara Brae and Rinyo: research and redemption
Anniversary meeting
Authors: - -
Published: April 2023

At the Anniversary meeting the Annual Report was delivered covering topics such as Membership, Meetings, Research and publications. The Treasurer also presented the report on the Society’s finances. The Council for the following session was then elected, as were new applicants for Fellowship. A list of Fellows who died during 1995-1996 was presented.At the Anniversary meeting the Annual Report was delivered covering topics such as Membership, Meetings, Research and publications. The Treasurer also presented the report on the Society’s finances. The Council for the following session was then elected, as were new applicants for Fellowship. A list of Fellows who died during 1995-1996 was presented.

Instructions for Contributors are appended.
New things set in many landscapes: aspects of the Museum of Scotland
Authors: Clarke David V
Published: April 2023

An introduction to the new home of the Scottish national collections which was opened on November 30th 1998.
Excavation of a timber round-house and broch at the Fairy Knowe, Buchlyvie, Stirlingshire, 1975-8
Authors: Main Lorna , Barber J , Boyd W E , Caldwell D , Clarke A , Collins G , Davidson P , Dungworth D , Hunter F , Ingemark D , McDonnell G , Robertson A S , Slater L , Smith C , Spearman M , Willis S , Young A
Published: April 2023

Reports on work that revealed evidence of occupation of what was essentially a fortified farmhouse by a native elite group practising a mixed-farming economy. There are a number of specialist sections on: `Wooden posts' by John Barber (301--2); `Palaeobotanical remains' by W E Boyd (310--16); `Animal bone' by Catherine Smith & Archie Young (316--20); `Iron Age and Roman pottery' (321--31), `Objects of fired clay' (332--5) and `Industrial fired clay objects' (371--6) by Steven Willis; `Medieval and post medieval pottery' by David Caldwell (331--2); `Roman glass' by Dominic Ingemark (335--7); `Other glass finds' (337--8), `Copper alloy' (338--46), `Lead' (352--6) and `Iron' (356--67), `Analysis of the cannel coal bangle fragment 409' (390), `Amber' (390--1), `Worked bone and antler' (392--3) and `Discussion of the artefact assemblage' (393--401) by Fraser Hunter; `Roman coins' by Anne S Robertson (346--7); `EDXRF analysis of copper-alloy artefacts' (347--52) and `EDXRF analysis of crucible and mould fragments' (376--7) by David Dungworth; `Preliminary metallurgical analysis of some iron objects' by Gerry McDonnell (367--9); `Ironworking debris' by Michael Spearman & Fraser Hunter (370); `Metalworking debris within the brooch' by Liz Slater (370--1); `Stone' by Ann Clarke (377--86); and an `Analysis of the deposits on sandstone mortars 302 & 473' by Peter Davidson (390).
Food for thought: a survey of burnt mounds of Shetland and excavations at Tangwick
Authors: Moore Hazel , Wilson Graeme , Holden T , MacSween A
Published: April 2023

A group of burnt mounds vulnerable to coastal erosion in Shetland was surveyed in Spring 1996. Rescue excavation conducted at one of these sites, Tangwick, uncovered a burnt mound in close association with a specialized, non-domestic structure of Bronze Age date. It is concluded that Tangwick represents a distinct site type, previously little recognized, and it is proposed that such sites may have been used for feasting, possibly on a seasonal basis. More broadly, the results of survey work indicate that burnt mounds in Shetland are not a homogenous class of site and this variety has not been adequately accounted for within the prevailing models. This project was funded by Historic Scotland and practical assistance was provided by Shetland Amenity Trust.
Excavation of Iron Age Burials at Corran, Boreray, Outer Hebrides
Authors: Badcock Anna , Downes Jane , Davies G , Giles M , Witkin A
Published: April 2023

Reports an archaeological recording of an area of eroding dunes on the Isle of Boreray, North Uist. Several structures were visible in section including a probable house, two cists and the partial remains of a small corbelled structure or cell. The cists and corbelled structure were fully excavated. One cist was a long cist containing a flexed inhumation, the other was a short cist containing a crouched inhumation. The skeletal remains were very well preserved. Animal bones were found within the corbelled structure, some of them contained in a pit. The remains date to the Middle and Late Iron Age. Includes specialist reports on:
Excavations at Dun Ardtreck, Skye, in 1964 and 1965
Authors: MacKie Euan W , Campbell E , Henderson J , Newman A , Noddle B , Photos-Jones E , Robertson A , Webster P
Published: April 2023

Reports investigations at Dun Ardtreck, a small D-shaped drystone strong-hold surrounded by an outer wall, which is located on the west coast of Skye, on a rock knoll with a sheer cliff. It could be one of a small group of sites with a high broch hollow wall but which were not circular towers. Considers the original height of the now ruined wall. Construction was probably in the first or second centuries BC and was followed by two distinct phases of occupation. In the second phase of occupation a wooden roundhouse with a raised floor may have been located within the higher-walled structure, although direct evidence is lacking. A fierce fire put an end to this occupation and the wall was pulled down. The ruins were re-occupied after a ramp containing Roman material was built against the entrance passage, facilitating easier access. Native pottery and Roman material suggest that occupation did not continue beyond the third or fourth centuries AD, however a sherd of E ware on top of layer implies that it went on at least until AD 500. Includes separately authored reports on:
Research in inscriptional palaeography (RIP). Scottish tombstone lettering 1241 - 1855: methodology and preliminary analysis
Authors: Thomson George
Published: April 2023

A study of lettering on pre-1855 Scottish tombstones was made to investigate patterns of geographical and temporal variation. A sample of 132 mainland kirkyard sites was surveyed and data analysed. The results demonstrate clear trends in the interpretation of inscriptional lettering by masons suggesting strong cultural affinities between geographically adjacent sites. Includes
Anniversary meeting
Authors: - -
Published: April 2023

At the Anniversary meeting the Annual Report was delivered covering topics such as Membership, Meetings, the activities of the Society and publications. The Treasurer also presented the report on the Society’s finances and the Editor’s Report on the Society’s publication. The Council for the following session was elected, as were new applicants for Fellowship. A list of Fellows who died during 2001-2002 is included. The President then gave the President's Address.
Howe Mire: excavations across the cropmark complex at Inveresk, Musselburgh, East Lothian
Authors: Cook Murray , Heald A , Croom A , Wallace C
Published: April 2023

Excavations across the complex of cropmarks at Inveresk, Musselburgh, East Lothian (NGR: NT 3540 7165 to NT 3475 7123), revealed a palimpsest of features ranging in date from the late Mesolithic to the Early Historic period. The bulk of the features uncovered were previously known from cropmark evidence and are connected with either the extensive field system associated with the Antonine Fort at Inveresk or the series of Roman marching camps to the south-west of the field system. The excavation has identified a scattering of prehistoric activity, as well as Roman settlement within the field system, together with dating evidence for one of the marching camps and structures reusing dressed Roman stone.
Removal of the University of Glasgow toWoodlands Hill 1845-9 and Gilmorehill 1853-83
Authors: Grant David
Published: April 2023

Paper on the re-location of Glasgow University to Gilmorehill, including a review of the building process from the appointment of architects through to completion.
Archaeology and the Creag nan Uamh bone caves, Assynt, Highland
Authors: Saville Alan
Published: April 2023

Excavations in the 1920s at the Creag nan Uamh bone caves, near Inchnadamph, aroused considerable interest in the possibility of evidence for a Palaeolithic presence in north-west Scotland. Four objects found during those excavations, including the one on which the principal claim for a Palaeolithic date was based, are published here for the first time. The author contends that two are probable Viking Age/early medieval artefacts of unusual type, one is undated but is possibly also of the same period, and the fourth, while almost certainly of the Pleistocene age, is regarded as an unmodified natural object. It is argued that collectively these items serve to discount previous claims for Palaeolithic human presence. Radiocarbon dating of the human skeletal remains found, however, suggests the caves were a burial place in the Neolithic period. The paper makes extensive use of archive documentation to put the 1920s discoveries at Creag nan Uamh and their aftermath into historical context. Includes
Medieval Roxburgh: a preliminary assessment of the burgh and its locality
Authors: Martin Colin , Oram Richard , Gater John , Haggarty George , Hall Derek , Harding Philip , Knight Stephanie , Mepham Lorraine , Stevens Chris
Published: April 2023

Little surface trace now remains of the royal burgh of Roxburgh in the Scottish Borders, which flourished between the 12th and 15th centuries AD. By the early 16th century it had been abandoned. Documentary sources, maps, topographical analysis and aerial photography have been brought together in a preliminary attempt to define the burgh’s location, defences, internal morphology, historical and environmental contexts, and associated extramural features including bridges, roads, suburbs, churches and mills. Some of these assessments have been tested by geophysical survey and small-scale excavation sanctioned by Historic Scotland and conducted by GSB Prospection and Wessex Archaeology on behalf of Channel 4’s Time Team. Work to date is summarized as a basis for formulating a long-term research agenda and management structure for this important site.
The Lukis family of Guernsey and antiquarian pursuits in Scotland
Authors: Sebire Heather
Published: April 2023

Frederick Corbin Lukis lived in Guernsey in the Channel Islands from 1788 to 1871. He wasan archaeologist and polymath who created a remarkable archaeological and naturalhistory archive, the majority of which is now held in the collections of Guernsey Museum. Hisarchaeological work included excavations in Guernsey and the other Channel Islands, and also inEngland and France, mainly on megaliths. He corresponded on a range of topics with antiquariansin many places, including Scotland. His third son, William Lukis, carried out surveys of manymonuments in Scotland with his friend and colleague Henry Dryden. Many of these plans arealso held in the collections of Guernsey Museum along with various notes and letters. This paperhighlights some of the archive relating to Scotland and gives an appendix of material held atGuernsey Museum.
Into the west: excavation of an Early Christian cemetery at Montfode, Ardrossan, North Ayrshire
Authors: Hatherley Candy , Franklin Julie , Henderson David
Published: April 2023

A previously unknown cemetery of 60 graves, a mix of long cists, partial cists and simple earth-dug graves, with some sub-circular enclosure, was located and excavated on the banks of the Montfode. The work carried out in 2003, in advance of the construction of the A78 bypass. Although frequent throughout the south-east of Scotland, few Early Christian burials have been identified in the south-west. This paper discusses this distribution and the potential for similar sites in the region.
Sir Robert Cotton, James VI and I and an English cenotaph for two Scottish princes
Authors: Murray Catriona
Published: April 2023

For Sir Robert Cotton (1571–1631), collector, bibliophile and benefactor of the British Library’sCotton Collections, dynastic prestige was paramount. Through his ancestors, the Bruces ofConington, he claimed descent from the ancient Scottish royal line and therefore kinship with hisnew sovereign, King James VI and I. A distinguished antiquarian, his extensive engagement with hisown family history was coupled with a degree of self-interest and shrewd self-promotion. This articleexamines how Cotton publicly displayed his links with the royal Stuarts as a means of securinghis own advancement and of increasing his influence within the royal household. In particular,it considers how a cenotaph, which he erected in the parish church of All Saints in Conington,Huntingdonshire, to his distant forbear, Prince Henry of Scotland (c 1115–52), may also representan oblique response to the politically destabilising death in 1612 of his own contemporary, HenryFrederick, Prince of Wales.
Prophenin‐1, an exceptionally proline‐rich antimicrobial peptide from porcine leukocytes
Authors: Harwig Sylvia S.L , Kokryakov Vladimir N , Swiderek Kristine M , Aleshina Galina M , Zhao Chengquan , Lehrer Robert I
Published: July 2002

We purified and characterized an unusual antimicrobial peptide, prophenin‐1 (PF‐1), from porcine leukocytes. The peptide had a mass of 8,683 and contained 79 residues, including 42 (53.2%) prolines and 15 (19.0%) phenylalanines. Its N‐terminal 60 residues consisted of three perfect and three nearly perfect repeats of a decamer, FPPPNFPGPR. Prophenin‐1 was encoded on a cathelin‐containing precursor and showed substantially more activity against E. coli, a Gram‐negative bacterium, than against Listeria monocytogenes, a Gram‐positive organism, in vitro.
Interferon as an adjuvant treatment for genital condyloma acuminatum
Authors: Klutke J.J. , Bergman A.
Published: July 2002

Objective: To evaluate the effect of alpha‐interferon as an adjuvant to laser or fluorouracil treatment in patients with recurrent genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Methods: Sixty‐two females and 21 males were treated for recurrent HPV infection, with either fluorouracil (Efudex 5%) cream or laser ablation of the lesions. Half of the patients were then randomly treated with adjuvant alpha‐interferon, to the lesions for patients treated with fluorouracil, or beneath areas previously treated by laser, once a week, for 8 weeks. The other half of the patients did not receive interferon adjuvant. Evaluation of both groups was done using colposcopy and acetic acid, to assess recurrence rates up to 1 year after treatment. Results: Of the 83 patients followed for 1 year, colposcopy revealed recurrent anogenital lesions in 3 of 45 receiving interferon, compared with 9 of 38 patients treated without adjuvant interferon. Conclusion: Interferon is effective as adjuvant treatment in controlling the recurrence of genital HPV.
Different epitopes are required for gp130 activation by interleukin‐6, oncostatin M and leukemia inhibitory factor
Authors: Timmermann Andreas , Pflanz Stefan , Grötzinger Joachim , Küster Andrea , Kurth Ingo , Pitard Vincent , Heinrich Peter C. , Müller-Newen Gerhard
Published: July 2002

Gp130 is the common signal transducing receptor subunit of interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐11, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), ciliary neurotrophic factor and cardiotrophin‐1. IL‐6 and IL‐11 induce gp130 homodimerization whereas the others lead to the formation of heterodimers with LIFR or OSMR. Binding epitopes for IL‐6 and IL‐11 are located in the immunoglobulin‐like domain and the cytokine binding module (CBM). Here we show that a gp130 mutant lacking domain 1, although unresponsive to IL‐6 and IL‐11, can still activate signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) transcription factors in response to LIF or OSM. Moreover, point mutations in the CBM of gp130 (F191E and V252D) that severely impair signal transduction in response to IL‐6 and IL‐11 differentially interfere with gp130 activation in response to LIF and OSM. Thus, epitopes involved in gp130 homodimerization are distinct from those leading to the formation of gp130/LIFR or gp130/OSMR heterodimers. These findings may serve as the base for rational design of gp130 antagonists that specifically interfere with bioactivity of distinct IL‐6‐type cytokines.
Mutually exclusive expression of βIII‐tubulin and vimentin in adrenal cortex carcinoma SW13 cells
Authors: Butler Rachel , Robertson Janice , Gallo Jean-Marc
Published: July 2002

During embryogenesis, the maturation of neuroblasts into neurones is accompanied by the down‐regulation of vimentin and by the expression of neuronal microtubular proteins. Here, we show that human adrenal cortex SW13 cells express βIII‐tubulin, MAP2b and tau. Analysis of vimentin‐positive and ‐negative subclones of SW13 cells revealed that, under defined cultured conditions, βIII‐tubulin and MAP2b were present only in vimentin‐deficient cells and that βIII‐tubulin repression occurred at the transcriptional level in vimentin‐positive cells. These results suggest that vimentin repression and βIII‐tubulin expression are co‐ordinated by an upstream mechanism relevant to the control of cytoskeletal protein expression during neuronal development.
Cytotoxic activity of a recombinant GnRH‐PAP fusion toxin on human tumor cell lines
Authors: Schlick Jean-Luc , Dulieu Philippe , Desvoyes Bénédicte , Adami Pascale , Radom Jean , Jouvenot Michèle
Published: July 2002

Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), a ribosome‐inactivating protein isolated from the leaves ofPhytolacca americana, reveals potent antiviral activity against viruses or cytotoxic action against cells once inside the cytoplasm. Therefore PAP is a good candidate to be used as an immunotoxin. We constructed a bacterial expression plasmid encoding PAP as a fusion protein with gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH), a neuropeptide with receptor sites on several gynaecologic tumors. The resulting recombinant toxin was produced inEscherichia coliand accumulated in inclusion bodies. After purification under denaturing conditions, renaturated GnRH‐PAP shows an IC50of 3 nM on in vitro translation assays and selectively inhibits the growth of the GnRH receptor positive Ishikawa cell line (ID50of 15 nM); on the other hand, neither GnRH nor PAP alone had any effect.
The effect of ethylene on MAPKinase‐like activity in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Novikova Galina V , Moshkov Igor E , Smith Aileen R , Hall Michael A
Published: July 2002

Protein kinase activity was studied in cytosolic extracts from leaves of wild type Arabidopsis thaliana, the ethylene‐insensitive mutant, etr1, and the constitutive triple‐response mutant, ctr1. Treatment of wild type with ethylene resulted in increased myelin basic protein (MBP) phosphorylation. In etr1, constitutive protein kinase activity was lower than in wild type, but in ctr1, activity was enhanced. A protein of M
r∼47 kDa associated with MBP‐phosphorylating activity was detected using in gel protein kinase assays and phosphorylation of this protein was promoted by ethylene treatment in wild type while activity in the mutants reflected that of MBP phosphorylation. Both MAPKinase (ERK 1) and phosphotyrosine antibodies immunoprecipitated MBP‐phosphorylating activity and detected a polypeptide band at M
r∼47 kDa. Immunoprecipitated MBP‐phosphorylating activity was again much lower in etr1 compared to wild type but much higher in ctr1. Antibodies to phosphorylated MAPKinase recognised proteins at ∼47 kDa and the signal was upregulated in response to ethylene. The data obtained suggest that the detected protein(s) is a MAPKinase and provide further evidence confirming that a MAPKinase cascade(s) is involved in ethylene signal transduction.
Qualitative and quantitative study of the postnatal development of the rabbit claustrum
Authors: Wójcik Sławomir , Dziewiątkowski Jerzy , Kowiański Przemysław , Ludkiewicz Beata , Jagalska‐Majewska Hanna , Moryś Janusz
Published: July 2002

The morphometric analysis of changes occurring in the rabbit claustrum in the early postnatal period was performed by means of unbiased stereological methods. Material consisted of 40 animals aged from P2 to P180 (P—postnatal day) divided into eight groups. The volume of the claustrum, total number and numerical density of its neurons change very rapidly at the beginning of the postnatal life and stabilize by about the fourth week.

From the 21st postnatal day distribution and morphology of neurons correspond to that in adults. Almost from the beginning of the postnatal life the rabbit claustrum is composed of three different parts: anterior, central and posterior. The anterior part is the largest and it consists mainly of fusiform, pyramidal and multipolar neurons. The central part is generally composed of oval neurons. The posterior part is the smallest; the distribution of its neuronal types is similar to that in the anterior one.

Rapid morphological changes of the claustrum and its neurons occurring during the first postnatal month seem to point out that this structure is able to fulfill its physiological role after this critical period.
Color and Toxicity Removal following Tyrosinase‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Phenols
Authors: Ikehata Keisuke , Nicell James A.
Published: July 2002

The products of phenol oxidation catalyzed by mushroom tyrosinase (polyphenol oxidase, EC 1.14.18.1) were assessed in terms of their residual color and toxicity. The addition of aluminum sulfate had little effect on the removal of colored products from phenol solutions treated with tyrosinase. Although chitosan was used successfully to remove the color when added before the reaction initiation or after the reaction completion, the required dose of chitosan was lower when it was added after the reaction. In this case, the minimum doses of chitosan required to achieve 90% color removal were proportional to the logarithm of the initial concentration of phenol. The color removal induced by chitosan addition appeared to be the result of chemical interaction followed by a coagulation mechanism. All treated solutions of phenol and chlorophenols, except 2,4‐dichlorophenol, had substantially lower toxicities than their corresponding initial toxicities, as measured using the Microtox assay. Chitosan addition significantly enhanced the reduction in toxicity. The toxicities of the phenol solutions treated with tyrosinase were markedly lower than previously reported toxicities of solutions treated with peroxidase enzymes.
Steam‐Sterilizable, Fluorescence Lifetime‐Based Sensing Film for Dissolved Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Chang Qing , Randers‐Eichhorn Lisa , Lakowicz Joseph R. , Rao Govind
Published: July 2002

An autoclavable sensing film was developed for monitoring dissolved CO2. The sensing film, based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), consisted of a fluorescent donor, an acceptor, and a quaternary ammonium hydroxide, which were doped in a two‐component silicone film. As no aqueous solution was used in the sensing film matrix, the sensing film was unaffected by osmotic pressure. Fluorescence lifetime was selected as the sensing parameter, and measured in frequency domain using phase fluorometry. Upon exposure to 20% CO2‐saturated water, a 43° increase in phase angle was observed at 100 MHz. The process was fully reversible when the sensing film was exposed to nitrogen‐saturated water. The estimated response and recovery times for 90% signal change were 1 min (for a step change from 0 to 6.7% CO2‐saturated water) and 1.5 min (for a step change from 6.7 to 3.3% CO2‐saturated water) . When used for on‐line monitoring of dissolved CO2 produced by a culture of Escherichia coli, the sensing film showed a similar trend to that obtained from off‐line measurements using a wet chemistry analyzer.
Fuc(α1→3)GalNAc-: the major antigenic motif of Schistosoma mansoni glycolipids implicated in infection sera and keyhole-limpet haemocyanin cross-reactivity
Authors: KANTELHARDT Sven R. , WUHRER Manfred , DENNIS Roger D. , DOENHOFF Michael J. , BICKLE Quentin , GEYER Rudolf
Published: July 2002

The aim of the present study was the characterization of the dominant epitope present on Schistosoma mansoni glycolipids, which causes cross-reactivity of S. mansoni and S. haematobium infection sera with keyhole-limpet haemocyanin (KLH). To this end, the monoclonal antibody M2D3H was chosen for its similar behaviour in high-performance TLC immunostaining and inhibition-ELISA to infection sera. Individual, structurally defined oligosaccharides derived from S. mansoni egg glycolipids were tested for their binding to this monoclonal antibody by immunoaffinity chromatography. A terminal fucose residue linked in the (α1→3) position to N-acetylgalactosamine was found to be the common structural determinant of the four oligosaccharides binding to M2D3H. The Fuc(α1→3)GalNAc-motif also appeared to be the basis for the cross-reactivity with KLH, a phenomenon used in the serodiagnosis of S. mansoni, S. haematobium and S. japonicum infections.
Fetal and neonatal death from maternally acquired infection
Authors: Embleton  , The Northern Region'S Perinatal Mortality Survey
Published: July 2002

Infection is a potentially preventable cause of perinatal mortality but there is only limited epidemiological information on which to develop prophylactic guidelines. The aim of this study was to determine the population incidence of perinatal death from maternally acquired infection and to describe the responsible organisms and antibiotic sensitivities, and also the associated risk factors. Fetal and neonatal deaths from perinatal infection in the former Northern Health Region, United Kingdom, were identified for the years 1981–96 using data held by the Perinatal Mortality Survey, and the obstetric, paediatric and pathology case notes were reviewed. Maternally acquired bacterial infection of the baby was identified as responsible for 60 pre‐delivery deaths and 142 post‐delivery deaths among babies of 24 or more weeks gestation at birth between 1981 and 1996. There were 630 206 livebirths and 3591 registered stillbirths in the survey area during this time. Bacterial infection was also considered the primary cause of death in 64 fetuses where delivery occurred at 20–23 weeks gestation between 1989 and 1996. Although group B streptococcus was the commonest single organism it was only responsible for 30% of all infectious deaths from 24 weeks gestation onwards. Ampicillin resistance was more common in the second half of the study. Infection remains an important cause of perinatal mortality but responsible organisms and antibiotic sensitivities have changed significantly over time. Although 80% of the post‐delivery deaths would have received intrapartum antibiotics if current guidelines had been in place, the choice of antibiotics and identification of risk groups requires careful consideration.
Comparison of spiral CT angiography with conventional digital subtraction angiography in the evaluation of renal transplant donors: A pilot study
Authors: Chu Christopher , Young Noel , Lau Howard
Published: July 2002

Conventional digital subtraction renal arteriography (IA‐DSA) has been traditionally used as the preoperative imaging modality for assessment of renal vascular anatomy for renal transplant donors. This study evaluates the potential use of spiral CT angiography in replacing IA‐DSA in the preoperative assessment of this group of patients. Seven patients underwent both spiral CT angiography and IA‐DSA between October 1997 and April 1998. It is concluded that spiral CT angiography can demonstrate the number, length and location of renal arteries and it is suggested that spiral CT angiography can potentially replace IA‐DSA in the preoperative assessment of renal donors.
Platelet activation in diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy
Authors: Rauch U. , Ziegler D. , Piolot R. , Schwippert B. , Benthake H. , Schultheiss H. ‐P. , Tschoepe D.
Published: July 2002

Aims Platelet activation is known to be associated with arrhythmic effects in myocardial ischaemia. The present study attempts to clarify whether diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is associated with intravascular platelet activation.

Methods Platelet activation was assessed by flow cytometry analysis in 30 patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus screened for diabetic complications. Fifteen patients showed evidence of CAN as assessed by a battery of standard cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests. Fifteen patients without CAN were then selected as a matched control group. Platelet activation was assessed by flow cytometric detection of activation‐dependent platelet membrane antigens (P‐selectin (CD62), thrombospondin, lysosomal GP53 (CD63) and ligand‐induced binding site‐1 of GPIIb/IIIa (LIBS‐1)).

Results Significantly more activated platelets were detected in the patients with CAN showing 20.9% (coefficient of variation (CV) 44%) CD63+ (vs. 17.2% (CV 19%) in controls, P ≤ 0.05), 6.4% (CV 87%) CD62+ (vs. 4.1% (CV 37%), P ≤ 0.05), and 6.7% (CV 55%) thrombospondin+ (vs. 4.6% (CV 39%), P ≤ 0.01) platelets, respectively. LIBS‐1 on platelets was not significantly different between patients with and without CAN. No correlation was found between glucose metabolism and platelet activation.

Conclusions Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy is associated with platelet activation in Type 1 diabetes mellitus. The high platelet activation may reflect an increased prothrombotic state in diabetic cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction.
Uraemic gangrene syndrome: is parathyroidectomy always necessary?
Authors: Scharrer K , Mako J , Vajda A , Baló‐Banga JM
Published: July 2002

This report presents a case of uraemic gangrene syndrome with multiple ulcerations and calcium (Ca) deposits in the vessel walls. High‐dosage oral calcium carbonate (CaCO3) treatment alone resulted in rapid wound healing with decreased serum phosphorus (P), Ca × P product and parathormone and only slightly increased Ca levels. We suggest that this should be the first choice of treatment in such cases because positive clinical response can achieve symptom‐free status for the patient until kidney transplantation, thus making parathyroidectomy unnecessary.
Two-photon processes in defect formation by excimer lasers in synthetic silica glass
Authors: Arai K. , Imai H. , Hosono H. , Abe Y. , Imagawa H.
Published: July 2002

Defect formation in dehydrated silica glasses was investigated using various excimer lasers with different energies. The ArF laser (6.4 eV) generates the E′ center more effectively than the KrF laser (5.0 eV), while the XeCl laser (4.0 eV) generated no centers. Defect generation was found to be proportional to the square of the laser photon density, indicating that it occurs dominantly due to a two-photon process which makes band-to-band excitation possible. The E′ center probably originated from oxygen-deficient centers. Contributions to the E′ center formation from a process involving direct absorption at the sites of intrinsic defects in SiO2 glass were discussed on the basis of the excitation energy dependence and a comparison with the effect of a low-pressure mercury lamp.
Preparation of superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O thick films with preferred c-axis orientation by a screen-printing method
Authors: Tabuchi Junji , Utsumi Kazuaki
Published: July 2002

Superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O thick films with preferred c-axis orientation were obtained by a screen-printing method. Thick films with preferred c-axis orientation appeared only when the substrate material was YSZ, the film thickness was around 10 μm, and the film was fired at 980 °C for 6 min. The preferred c-axis orientation was caused by an interface reaction between the Y-Ba-Cu-O thick film and the YSZ substrate. The superconducting characteristics of the thick film were T zeroc =89 K and Jc (77 K)=7 A/cm2 .
Effect of buffer layers on low-temperature growth of mirror-like superconducting thin films on sapphire
Authors: Witanachchi S. , Patel S. , Shaw D. T. , Kwok H. S.
Published: July 2002

Plasma-assisted laser deposition was used to grow high quality mirror-like superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O films on sapphire with or without a buffer layer. The buffer layers of MgO, Ag, or BaTiO3 were also laser deposited. At a deposition temperature of 400–500 °C, the as-deposited Y-Ba-Cu-O films on MgO/Al2O3, Ag/Al2O3, BaTiO3/Al2O3, and plain Al2O3 substrates were all superconducting at ≳75 K without post-annealing. The orientation of the film and the critical current are both affected by the presence of the buffer layer.
Growth and characterization of InAs/Ga1−xInxSb strained-layer superlattices
Authors: Chow D. H. , Miles R. H. , Söderström J. R. , McGill T. C.
Published: July 2002

We report the successful growth of InAs/Ga1−xInxSb strained-layer superlattices, which have been proposed for far-infrared applications. The samples were grown by molecular beam epitaxy, and characterized by reflection high-energy electron diffraction, x-ray diffraction, and photoluminescence. Best structural quality is achieved for superlattices grown on thick, strain-relaxed, GaSb buffer layers on GaAs substrates at fairly low substrate temperatures (<400 °C). Photoluminescence measurements indicate that the energy gaps of the strained-layer superlattices are smaller than those of InAs/GaSb superlattices with the same layer thicknesses, in agreement with the theoretical predictions of Smith and Mailhiot [J. Appl. Phys. 62, 2545 (1987)]. In the case of a 37 Å/25 Å, InAs/Ga0.75In0.25Sb superlattice, an energy gap of 140±40 meV (≊9 μm) is measured. This result demonstrates that far-infrared cutoff wavelengths are compatible with short superlattice periods in this material system.
Laser-induced fluorescence measurements of transverse ion temperature in an electron cyclotron resonance plasma
Authors: Den Hartog E. A. , Persing H. , Woods R. Claude
Published: July 2002

Laser-induced fluorescence has been used to measure the Doppler profile of a transition in N+2 [the R18 component of the X2∑+g(ν = 0)⇒B2∑+u(ν = 0) band] in a pure N2 electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma. The transverse ion temperature (Ti⊥) was determined from the measured width of the Doppler broadened transition. The measurements were made on axis, 41 cm downstream (‖B‖∼170 G) from the first electron cyclotron resonance. We found Ti⊥ decreased from 0.25 to 0.12 eV as the corresponding downstream neutral pressure increased from 0.5 to 4.0 mTorr. These results have important implications for the use of ECR devices for plasma etching, since Ti⊥ may determine the ultimate limit to the anisotropy of the etch.
Extremely high-selective electron cyclotron resonance plasma etching for phosphorus-doped polycrystalline silicon
Authors: Samukawa Seiji , Suzuki Yasuhiro , Sasaki Masami
Published: July 2002

Extremely high-selective etching for phosphorus-doped polycrystalline silicon is achieved at the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) position in a newly developed ECR plasma etching system. The selectivity ratio (phosphorus-doped polycrystalline silicon etching rate/SiO2 etching rate) is around 100 at 5×10−4 Torr and 260 at 3×10−3 Torr. Furthermore, the polycrystalline silicon etching rate is more than 3000 Å/min in pure Cl2 etching gas with no rf bias under the above selectivity ratio conditions. The high etching selectivity ratio is generated by low ion energy due to no rf bias power and small magnetic field divergence. The high etching rate is achieved by high ion current density at the ECR position in the plasma chamber.
Lithium doping and photoemission of diamond thin films
Authors: Okumura K. , Mort J. , Machonkin M.
Published: July 2002

Diamond films have been in-diffused with lithium in an effort to produce n-type diamond by interstitial doping. Although lithium incorporation was established, only small changes in electrical conductivity and no thermionic emission from donor levels, which should lie only a few tenths of an electron volt below the vacuum level, were observed. To account for these observations, studies of the spectral dependence of external photoemission of lithium-doped and undoped films were undertaken. These indicate that the lithium donors are compensated by high densities of acceptor states distributed over several electron volts. This first, direct observation of band-gap states in diamond films accounts for a number of reported properties including their relatively high electrical conductivity and small field effect.
Magnetocrystalline anisotropies of RTiFe11Nx compounds
Authors: Yang Ying-chang , Zhang Xiao-dong , Kong Lin-shu , Pan Qi , Ge Sen-lin
Published: July 2002

We have discovered that the rare-earth–iron intermetallics of the type RTiFe11 can absorb moderate quantities of nitrogen at 500 °C, giving the approximate composition RTiFe11N0.5 at 1 atm. X-ray diffraction showed that the tetragonal structure (I4/mmm) is retained but that the unit cell volume is slightly increased. More significantly, profound change of magnetocrystalline anisotropy have occurred upon the absorption of nitrogen. In this letter, we report the lattice parameters and magnetocrystalline anisotropic properties of RTiFe11Nx compounds.
Study on quasiperiodic Ta/Al multilayer films by x-ray diffraction
Authors: Peng R. W. , Hu A. , Jiang S. S.
Published: July 2002

Quasiperiodic (Fibonacci) Ta/Al multilayer films with Ta(110) and Al(111) textures were fabricated by magnetron sputtering. The structure of the multilayers was characterized in detail by x-ray diffraction. The diffraction peaks at low and high angles can be indexed by the projection method from the high-dimension periodic structure. The experimental results were in good agreement with the numerical calculation using the model for the compositionally modulated multilayers. The diffraction spectrum of the quasiperiodic Ta/Al multilayers is totally different from that of periodic structure, and the possible application of Fibonacci films as optical elements in a soft x-ray region is discussed.
Trapped-hole annealing and electron trapping in metal-oxide-semiconductor devices
Authors: Fleetwood D. M. , Reber R. A. , Winokur P. S.
Published: July 2002

Thermally stimulated current- and capacitance-voltage techniques are combined to provide the first quantitative estimates of the contributions of trapped-hole annealing and electron trapping to oxide-trap charge neutralization in metal-oxide-semiconductor devices. For 350-nm nonradiation-hardened oxides, trapped electrons compensate ∼15% of the radiation-induced trapped positive charge after x-ray irradiation (evidently forming dipolar defects), and ∼65% of the trapped positive charge remaining after positive-bias annealing at 80 °C. For 45-nm radiation-hardened oxides, trapped electrons compensate ∼45% of the trapped positive charge after irradiation, and ∼70% after annealing. Implications for models of oxide-trap-charge buildup and annealing are discussed.
Cross-sectional imaging and spectroscopy of GaAs doping superlattices by scanning tunneling microscopy
Authors: Feenstra R. M. , Yu E. T. , Woodall J. M. , Kirchner P. D. , Lin C. L. , Pettit G. D.
Published: July 2002

The scanning tunneling microscope is used to image GaAs pn-doping superlattices, cleaved in ultrahigh vacuum. Current-voltage (I-V) measurements provide a detailed view of the variation in Fermi-level position across the superlattice. The I-V curves show the clear signature of nondepleted n- and p-type material, with depleted regions appearing at the interfaces between n- and p-type layers. The number of states available for tunneling is found to provide the major source of contrast in the images.
Haze-free polymer dispersed liquid crystals utilizing linear polarizers
Authors: West John L. , Fredley David S. , Carrell J. Craig
Published: July 2002

Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) light shutters are scattering in the OFF state and transparent in the ON state for normally incident light. PDLC shutters appear hazy in the ON state when viewed at oblique angles as a result of light scattering. The haze is caused by the effective increase in the refractive index of the liquid crystal. However, only one polarization of the incident radiation is scattered. Therefore, PDLC shutters with a linearly polarized sheet on the incident surface are haze-free for an entire viewing plane. While addition of a polarizer reduces transmission through the PDLC to less than 50%, it also offers a simple means of producing haze-free PDLC shutters for applications where viewing is predominantly in one plane.