bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biological and Climate Controls on North Atlantic Marine Carbon Dynamics Over the Last Millennium: Insights From an Absolutely Dated Shell‐Based Record From the North Icelandic Shelf
Authors: Reynolds D. J. , Hall I. R. , Scourse J. D. , Richardson C. A. , Wanamaker A. D. , Butler P. G.
Published: November 2017

Given the rapid increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (pCO2) over the industrial era, there is a pressing need to construct long‐term records of natural carbon cycling prior to this perturbation and to develop a more robust understanding of the role the oceans play in the sequestration of atmospheric carbon. Here we reconstruct the past biological and climate controls on the carbon isotopic (δ13Cshell) composition of the North Icelandic shelf waters over the last millennium, derived from the shells of the long‐lived marine bivalve mollusk Arctica islandica. Variability in the annually resolved δ13Cshell record is dominated by multidecadal variability with a negative trend (−0.003 ± 0.002‰ yr−1) over the industrial era (1800–2000 Common Era). This trend is consistent with the marine Suess effect brought about by the sequestration of isotopically light carbon (δ13C of CO2) derived from the burning of fossil fuels. Comparison of the δ13Cshell record with Contemporaneous proxy archives, over the last millennium, and instrumental data over the twentieth century, highlights that both biological (primary production) and physical environmental factors, such as relative shifts in the proportion of Subpolar Mode Waters and Arctic Intermediate Waters entrained onto the North Icelandic shelf, atmospheric circulation patterns associated with the winter North Atlantic Oscillation, and sea surface temperature and salinity of the subpolar gyre, are the likely mechanisms that contribute to natural variations in seawater δ13C variability on the North Icelandic shelf. Contrasting δ13C fractionation processes associated with these biological and physical mechanisms likely cause the attenuated marine Suess effect signal at this locality.
Long‐Term Variability of Jupiter's Magnetodisk and Implications for the Aurora
Authors: Vogt Marissa F. , Bunce Emma J. , Nichols Jonathan D. , Clarke John T. , Kurth William S.
Published: November 2017

Observations of Jupiter's UV auroral emissions collected over several years show that the ionospheric positions of the main emission and the Ganymede footprint can vary by as much as 3° in latitude. One explanation for this shift is a change of Jupiter's current sheet current density, which would alter the amount of field line stretching and displace the ionospheric mapping of field lines from a given radial distance in the magnetosphere. In this study we measure the long‐term variability of Jupiter's magnetodisk using Galileo magnetometer data collected from 1996 to 2003. Using the Connerney et al. (1981) current sheet model, we calculate the current sheet density parameter that gives the best fit to the data from each orbit and find that the current density parameter varies by about 15% of its average value during the Galileo era. We investigate possible relationships between the observed current sheet variability and quantities such as Io's plasma torus production rate inferred from volcanic activity and external solar wind conditions extrapolated from data at 1 AU but find only a weak correlation. Finally, we trace Khurana (1997) model field lines to show that the observed changes in Jupiter's current sheet are sufficient to shift the ionospheric footprint of Ganymede and main auroral emission by a few degrees of latitude, consistent with the magnitude of auroral variability observed by Hubble Space Telescope (HST). However, we find that the measured auroral shifts in HST images are not consistent with concurrent changes in the current density parameter measured by Galileo.
Gravity Wave Dynamics in a Mesospheric Inversion Layer: 1. Reflection, Trapping, and Instability Dynamics
Authors: Fritts David C. , Laughman Brian , Wang Ling , Lund Thomas S. , Collins Richard L.
Published: November 2017

An anelastic numerical model is employed to explore the dynamics of gravity waves (GWs) encountering a mesosphere inversion layer (MIL) having a moderate static stability enhancement and a layer of weaker static stability above. Instabilities occur within the MIL when the GW amplitude approaches that required for GW breaking due to compression of the vertical wavelength accompanying the increasing static stability. Thus, MILs can cause large‐amplitude GWs to yield instabilities and turbulence below the altitude where they would otherwise arise. Smaller‐amplitude GWs encountering a MIL do not lead to instability and turbulence but do exhibit partial reflection and transmission, and the transmission is a smaller fraction of the incident GW when instabilities and turbulence arise within the MIL. Additionally, greater GW transmission occurs for weaker MILs and for GWs having larger vertical wavelengths relative to the MIL depth and for lower GW intrinsic frequencies. These results imply similar dynamics for inversions due to other sources, including the tropopause inversion layer, the high stability capping the polar summer mesopause, and lower frequency GWs or tides having sufficient amplitudes to yield significant variations in stability at large and small vertical scales. MILs also imply much stronger reflections and less coherent GW propagation in environments having significant fine structure in the stability and velocity fields than in environments that are smoothly varying.
Decadal Transition of Moisture Sources and Transport in Northwestern China During Summer From 1982 to 2010
Authors: Hua Lijuan , Zhong Linhao , Ma Zhuguo
Published: November 2017

The northwestern corner of China (NWCC) experienced a decadal transition in summer precipitation during 1982–2010, with a significant upward trend in 1982–2000 (P1) but a downward one in 2001–2010 (P2). A spatially unbounded dynamic recycling model is developed to estimate the moisture sources and moisture transport variations based on ERA‐Interim data. The results suggest that more than 88% of NWCC precipitation has external moisture origins in the southwest and northwest terrestrial areas. The increasing precipitation trend during P1 can be explained by the increasing moisture contribution from the southwest and decreasing contribution from the northwest. However, the opposite trends cause the decreasing precipitation trend during P2. In general, the decadal precipitation transition is mainly determined by the variation of short‐distance moisture transport from central Asia, although opposite moisture transport variations exist in the Ural Mountains and Northeast Europe. The variation of the precipitation trend is closely associated with a well‐organized wave train propagation from the North Atlantic to central Asia. During P1, the wave train structure consists of a titled positive phase North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), an anticyclonic circulation over Europe, and a cyclonic anomaly over central Asia, which promotes the southwest moisture flux to NWCC. But the opposite circulation pattern dominates P2. The energy dispersion due to the breakdown of the NAO determines the phase and strength of the downstream wave anomalies over Eurasia. This suggests that the summer NAO might influence the decadal variation of NWCC precipitation through the decadal modulation of the Eurasia wave train.
Bare Nouns
Authors: Delfitto Denis , Fiorin Gaetano
Published: November 2017

Bare nouns (BNs) are noun phrases that are not introduced by a determiner. They have constituted a central case study into the logical form of natural language and one of the most challenging empirical domains for generally accepted hypotheses on the syntax/semantics interface. The main challenge they pose is in identifying the syntactic conditions that license them. It is by now clear that the distributional properties of BNs cannot be accounted for on purely syntactic grounds, but require also an investigation of their interpretative qualities. Interpretatively, BNs cannot be straightforwardly reduced to other well‐known types of quantification and relate in complex ways to distinctions such as episodic/generic, kind/individual, and stage‐level/individual‐level.

A first phase of investigation of BNs in contemporary theoretical linguistics, initiated by G. Carlson in the 1970s, focused mainly on issues of logical form. The theory devised by Carlson rejects the quantificational analysis of BNs and regards them as names of kinds, whose interpretive outcome depends on the nature of the predicate they combine with. Carlson's analysis, although conceptually appealing and empirically motivated for English, nevertheless precludes the availability of interpretations of BNs that are in fact well‐attested and is unable to account for the large cross‐linguistic variation in the distribution of BNs. On the basis of these criticisms, a second phase of investigation developed, characterized by the resurgence of quantificational theories of BNs.

In this chapter, we offer an overview of both phases, their motivations, theoretical foundations, strengths, and shortcomings. We then focus more specifically on the issue of whether the cross‐linguistic variation should be parameterized at the syntactic or at the semantic level. We consider proposals of both types and offer a critical overview of their strengths and shortcomings. We conclude by presenting the most recent developments in the study of BNs in predicate position.
Bound Variable Anaphora
Authors: Déchaine Rose‐Marie , Wiltschko Martina
Published: November 2017

Bound variable anaphora(BVA) is the term given to contexts where a pronominal anaphor functions like a logical variable in that its interpretation co‐varies with the value assigned to its antecedent in a given universe of discourse. For example, in a math class with four girls (Alice, Beth, Carol, and Diane) the interpretation of the pronounshein the English sentenceEvery girl in math hopes thatshewill be an astronautvaries according to which girl is picked out. For such a sentence to be evaluated as true it must be the case that each substitution of the pronoun for a constant yields a true proposition: Alice hopes that Alice will be an astronaut, Beth hopes that Beth will be an astronaut, and so on. Such sentences can be rendered by logical formulas such as [allx, λx[girl‐in‐math(x)] λx[xhopes thatxwill be an astronaut]. The study of BVA has figured prominently in modern studies of grammar, and has proven to be an important testing ground for formal theories of syntax and semantics. In this chapter, we focus on the syntax of BVA.

After establishing that the necessary and sufficient conditions for BVA represent a convergence of semantic and syntactic properties (section 1), we examine the distribution of bound variables in A‐binding and A′‐binding contexts (section 2). We then turn to the question of the form of (A‐bound and A′‐bound) BVAs (section 3), focusing on whether they can surface as reflexives, (overt or covert) pronouns, copy‐anaphors, unspecified bindable expressions (UBEs), or indexicals. After considering whether the internal syntax of bound variables is uniform (section 4), we attend to their semantic type (section 5). We conclude with a retrospective assessment of how analyses of BVA have developed over time, and speculate about future prospects (section 6).
Verb Clusters, Verb Raising, and Restructuring
Authors: Wurmbrand Susi
Published: November 2017

This overview chapter reviews the major generalizations, trends, and theoretical findings of the research on verb clusters. The first part of the overview provides a summary of the diverse empirical distribution of verb clusters across West Germanic, including the results of several recent extensive dialectal studies. The variation within certain dialect groups is hypothesized to be the result of extensive dialectal bilingualism, and a descriptive rule system is given that reflects certain dialectal subset relations. The second part of the overview surveys the merits and limits of a range of syntactic approaches to the verb cluster phenomenon and concludes with some speculations about one of the core open issues – the question of why verbs cluster and what the deep motivation for the verb‐clustering phenomenon is. Among others, the following empirical issues and theoretical questions are discussed in this overview: (i) whether there is a direct or indirect causal relation between word order and morphology (in particular, theInfinitivus Pro Participio‘infinitive for participle’ andParticipium Pro Infinitivo‘participle for infinitive’ effects); (ii) whether in verb clusters with three verbal elements, the 2‐1‐3 order exists as a genuine verb cluster order; (iii) whether verb cluster orders are derived by syntactic movement or other linearization mechanisms; (iv) whether and how verb clusters contribute to debates about the existence of directionality in syntax, the nature and motivation of movement, or the featural make‐up of the verbal domain; and (v) whether syntax can involve optionality.
Wh‐in‐Situ
Authors: Bayer Josef , Cheng Lisa Lai‐Shen
Published: November 2017

This chapter onwh‐in‐situ first provides the background of the discussion as it was developed in GB‐theory, mainly starting from Huang's seminal work on Chinese. In this framework with levels of representation, the role of Logical Form was in the center of the discussion. Similarities and differences between covertwh‐movement and QR are discussed, leading to issues of subjacency, LF pied‐piping, unselective binding, and D‐linking. Data and many theoretical concepts carry over to the third section of the chapter which introduces treatments ofwh‐in‐situ within the Minimalist Program, namely a theory which admits only two interface levels and which does not have various levels of syntactic representations (e.g., S‐structure and LF). Different stages of the theory's development, from feature movement to probe/goal agreement are shown to have had different consequences. This is followed by a discussion on the possibility of pseudowh‐in‐situ, that is the possibility that there is overt movement but that it is disguised in particular ways. Section 4 turns to intervention effects. Overtwh‐movement is compared withwh‐in‐situ under intervention environments. Syntactic as well as semantic accounts are presented as well as accounts that rely on information structure. Section 5 addresses the question of optionality ofwh‐movement as it appears in modern French as well as in other languages. Here also questions of phonological phrasing are brought into the discussion. In section 6 the issue ofwh‐in‐situ vs.wh‐ex‐situ is briefly discussed, also with reference to acquisition data. Section 7 concludes with some questions concerning typological differences according to whichwh‐in‐situ languages seem to lack a richly structured left clausal periphery.
Clitic Climbing
Authors: de Andrade Aroldo , Bok‐Bennema Reineke
Published: November 2017

Clitic climbing, the phenomenon where a clitic pronoun selected by a complement verb attaches to a host verb, is found in a number of languages. In this chapter its properties (such as the types of host verbs, the temporal properties of the infinitival domain, and the degree of adjacency between host and complement verb) and interactions with a series of “transparency effects” (such as Long DP Movement, Long Null Operator Movement, and Auxiliary Shift) are critically reviewed in various Romance languages. From there the chapter explains the traditional account for clitic climbing in a transformational framework, where it was seen as the output of two rules: Restructuring and Clitic placement. It then explores different lines of approaches for its derivation, in the Government and Binding framework and in the Minimalist Program. These crucially involve assuming one of these operations or structures: head movement; VP movement to the edge of the complement domain; the optional status of the host verb, as an auxiliary verb or as a lexical verb; the consistent auxiliary status of the host verb. From there, the implications of some these analyses for cross‐linguistic and intralinguistic variation are discussed. The chapter concludes with: a summary of the main characteristics of clitic climbing and a list of topics for further research.
Double Object Constructions
Authors: Citko Barbara , Embley Emonds Joseph , Whitney Rosemarie
Published: November 2017

This chapter outlines the issues that have dominated the research on double object constructions, focusing on the following questions: (i) what is the structure of double object constructions?, (ii) what is the relationship between the double object construction and its PP dative counterpart?, (iii) what are the constraints on double object constructions?, (iv) what is the crosslinguistic variation in the availability and the syntax of double object constructions? First, we review the major structures that have been proposed for double object constructions over the years. Next, we turn to the debate concerning what is referred to as the dative alternation; the alternation between double object constructions (e.g., Johngave Mary a book) and their PP dative counterparts (e.g.,John gave a book to Mary). The biggest source of debate here is whether the two are transformationally related or not, with meaning differences and the productivity of the alternation playing a big role in the debate. We then turn to the constraints that double object constructions are subject to, focusing on passive movement, A‐bar extraction asymmetries, and scope. We conclude by examining the crosslinguistic variation in the availability of double object constructions.
Extraposition
Authors: Baltin Mark
Published: November 2017

Extraposition may be defined as a process by which an element is moved to the right of, or subsequent to, its canonical position.
Depictive Secondary Predicates in Typological Perspective
Authors: Schultze‐Berndt Eva
Published: November 2017

This chapter reviews competing analyses of depictive secondary predicate constructions such asthe cat ate the mouse alivein the light of cross‐linguistic data. Existing proposals for a syntactic relationship have in common that they aim to capture the semantic relationship between the depictive constituent (alive) and one of the arguments of the main predicate (in this case,the mouse) by variously representing the depictive as a direct (secondary) predicate, as the predicate in a small clause, or in a general relationship of syntactic dependency with this argument (the controller). Evidence for such a relationship comes from languages that show agreement between depictives and their controllers. However, the expression types singled out by agreement exhibit a great degree of cross‐linguistic variation and include expressions traditionally classified as adverbials (i.e. as event‐oriented rather than argument‐oriented), raising the question of whether a predication relationship can be maintained. Other issues discussed include syntactic and semantic constraints on controllers, and the delimitation of depictives from predicative complements and complex predicates. The chapter concludes with a critical review of proposed extensions of the notion of secondary predicates to account for the syntactic freedom of so‐called non‐configurational languages and for possessor‐raising constructions.
Free Relatives
Authors: van Riemsdijk Henk C.
Published: November 2017

Free (or headless) relative clauses (FRs) have attracted considerable attention. The main reason is that they look like clauses but act as if their clause‐initialwh‐element or ‐phrase were the head. One way of looking at this is to say that thewh‐phrase is “shared” by the relative clause and the matrix clause. This intuitive notion immediately raises serious questions for central principles of syntactic theory such as the Theta Criterion: if thewh‐phrase is truly shared, then it would have to be assigned one theta‐role from the relative clause predicate and another one from the matrix clause, thereby violating the Theta Criterion. Similar problems arise when we consider various matching phenomena such as case matching: thewh‐element must be able to morphologically satisfy the case requirements of both the relative clause and the matrix clause. There are, of course, ways to circumvent such problems. The Theta Criterion problem would go away if we assumed that in addition to thewh‐element in the complementizer position of the relative clause, there is in addition a silent nominal head above it. But on the other hand such a solution creates problems for matching phenomena: why should there be a matching requirement if there are two positions, one for each case? These and other remarkable properties of FRs have given rise to numerous interesting theoretical proposals, through the most important of which this chapter will guide the reader.
The Syntax of the Sequence of Tenses
Authors: Cornilescu Alexandra
Published: November 2017

The term “sequence of tenses” (SOT) refers to the conditions imposed on subordinate tenses by the tense of the main verb; these conditions are both the choice of tense forms and tense construal, since subordinate tenses may have interpretations that are not available to root tenses, such as the simultaneous reading of the past tense in embedded clauses. The SOT is sensitive to the type of subordination, since complement clauses, relative clauses, and adjunct clauses differ in how (un)constrained they are in the use of tenses. This chapter focuses on the use of tenses in complement clauses. In the light of recent research, SOT accounts for two types of cross‐linguistic variation: (a) there are languages that formally mark the syntactic and semantic dependence of subordinate tenses on main clauses’ tenses and languages that do not do so (the SOT parameter); (b) there are languages that have “double‐access readings” (DAR), that is, languages that allow the subordinate tense to have a reading dependent on the tense of the main clause, as well as a deictic reading directly dependent on speech time, and there are also languages that do not force such a reading on the same type of subordinate clauses (the DAR parameter). This chapter surveys some of the syntactically based accounts of these types of cross‐linguistic variation.

The form of the accounts proposed depends on how the category of tense is represented in syntax. Representations of tense have become more complex, with the evolution of clausal architecture and with the realization of the fact that tenses are binary predicates (the polarity theory of tense and later accounts). Accounts of DAR rely on detailed representations of the left periphery.
Does Education Level Mitigate the Effect of Poverty on Total Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes?
Authors: Goodman Susan M. , Mandl Lisa A. , Mehta Bella , Navarro‐Millan Iris , Russell Linda A. , Parks Michael L. , Dey Shirin A. , Crego Daisy , Figgie Mark P. , Nguyen Joseph T. , Szymonifka Jackie , Zhang Meng , Bass Anne R.
Published: November 2017

Objective

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) outcomes are worse for patients from poor neighborhoods, but whether education mitigates the effect of poverty is not known. We assessed the interaction between education and poverty on 2‐year Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain and function.

Methods

Patient‐level variables from an institutional registry were linked to US Census Bureau data (census tract [CT] level). Statistical models including patient and CT‐level variables were constructed within multilevel frameworks. Linear mixed‐effects models with separate random intercepts for each CT were used to assess the interaction between education and poverty at the individual and community level on WOMAC scores.

Results

Of 3,970 TKA patients, 2,438 (61%) had some college or more. Having no college was associated with worse pain and function at baseline and 2 years (P = 0.0001). Living in a poor neighborhood (>20% below poverty line) was associated with worse 2‐year pain (P = 0.02) and function (P = 0.006). There was a strong interaction between individual education and community poverty with WOMAC scores at 2 years. Patients without college living in poor communities had pain scores that were ~10 points worse than those with some college (83.4% versus 75.7%; P < 0.0001); in wealthy communities, college was associated with a 1‐point difference in pain. Function was similar.

Conclusion

In poor communities, those without college attain 2‐year WOMAC scores that are 10 points worse than those with some college; education has no impact on TKA outcomes in wealthy communities. How education protects those in impoverished communities warrants further study.
Single Crystal Microwires of p‐DTS(FBTTh2)2 and Their Use in the Fabrication of Field‐Effect Transistors and Photodetectors
Authors: Cui Qiuhong , Hu Yuanyuan , Zhou Cheng , Teng Feng , Huang Jianfei , Zhugayevych Andriy , Tretiak Sergei , Nguyen Thuc‐Quyen , Bazan Guillermo C.
Published: November 2017

Single crystal microwires of a well‐studied organic semiconductor used in organic solar cells, namely p‐DTS(FBTTh2)2, are prepared via a self‐assembly method in solution. The high level of intermolecular organization in the single crystals facilitates migration of charges, relative to solution‐processed films, and provides insight into the intrinsic charge transport properties of p‐DTS(FBTTh2)2. Field‐effect transistors based on the microwires can achieve hole mobilities on the order of ≈1.8 cm2 V−1 s−1. Furthermore, these microwires show photoresponsive electrical characteristics and can act as photoswitches, with switch ratios over 1000. These experimental results are interpreted using theoretical simulations using an atomistic density functional theory approach. Based on the lattice organization, intermolecular couplings and reorganization energies are calculated, and hole mobilities for comparison with experimental measurements are further estimated. These results demonstrate a unique example of the optoelectronic applications of p‐DTS(FBTTh2)2 microwires.
Combination of Hybrid CVD and Cation Exchange for Upscaling Cs‐Substituted Mixed Cation Perovskite Solar Cells with High Efficiency and Stability
Authors: Jiang Yan , Leyden Matthew R. , Qiu Longbin , Wang Shenghao , Ono Luis K. , Wu Zhifang , Juarez‐Perez Emilio J. , Qi Yabing
Published: November 2017

Mixed cation hybrid perovskites such as CsxFA1−xPbI3 are promising materials for solar cell applications, due to their excellent photoelectronic properties and improved stability. Although power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) as high as 18.16% have been reported, devices are mostly processed by the anti‐solvent method, which is difficult for further scaling‐up. Here, a method to fabricate CsxFA1−xPbI3 by performing Cs cation exchange on hybrid chemical vapor deposition grown FAPbI3 with the Cs+ ratio adjustable from 0 to 24% is reported. The champion perovskite module based on Cs0.07FA0.93PbI3 with an active area of 12.0 cm2 shows a module PCE of 14.6% and PCE loss/area of 0.17% cm−2, demonstrating the significant advantage of this method toward scaling‐up. This in‐depth study shows that when the perovskite films prepared by this method contain 6.6% Cs+ in bulk and 15.0% at the surface, that is, Cs0.07FA0.93PbI3, solar cell devices show not only significantly increased PCEs but also substantially improved stability, due to favorable energy level alignment with TiO2 electron transport layer and spiro‐MeOTAD hole transport layer, increased grain size, and improved perovskite phase stability.
Intermolecular Rhodium(II)‐Catalyzed Allylic C(sp3)–H Amination of Cyclic Enamides
Authors: Rey‐Rodriguez Romain , Jestin Grégory , Gandon Vincent , Grelier Gwendal , Retailleau Pascal , Darses Benjamin , Dauban Philippe , Gillaizeau Isabelle
Published: November 2017

The intermolecular rhodium(II)‐catalyzed C(sp3)–H amination of enamides gives access to new 4‐aminopiperidine derivatives that are useful building blocks in medicinal chemistry. This efficient transformation proceeds at room temperature with complete regio‐ and chemoselectivity in favor of the allylic C(sp3)–H bond, and has a broad functional group tolerance. In addition, the matched combination of the chiral complex Rh2(S‐nta)4 [nta=(S)‐N‐1,8‐naphthoylalanine] with an optically pure (S)‐sulfonimidamide allows the isolation of allylic amines with excellent stereocontrol.

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Battery‐Free, Human‐Motion‐Powered Light‐Emitting Fabric: Mechanoluminescent Textile
Authors: Jeong Soon Moon , Song Seongkyu , Seo Hye‐Jin , Choi Won Mi , Hwang Sung‐Ho , Lee Se Geun , Lim Sang Kyoo
Published: November 2017

Much effort is being directed at developing wearable devices because they offer the potential combination of real‐time personal communication and convenient portability. In this sense, communicative textiles that can sense and respond to changes in their environment, that is, smart textiles, are attracting attention because they are easy to integrate into the human body. In particular, light‐emitting textiles are preferred for high‐visibility outfits for personal safety and attractive signaling that enable mutual recognition or new forms of communication. However, most light‐emitting textiles, including weavable optical fibers and fiber‐shaped electroluminescent devices, require electric power supply. This paper presents a mechanoluminescent fiber that is capable of emitting light and can potentially be powered just by human motions, such as body movement and muscle stretching, instead of a battery. This is achieved by utilizing a robust mechanoluminescent (ML) fiber developed by improving the binding of mechanoluminescent ZnS‐embedded‐polydimethylsiloxane with a primer‐treated cross‐shaped fiber frame and employing an adhesive layer. A novel ML fabric, created by weaving ML fibers, is also presented, which is applicable to wearable light‐emitting fabrics. Battery‐free, human motion‐powered ML fiber is expected to make environmentally friendly and sustainable light, and further paves the way for new wearable devices that reduce energy waste.
Dual Modulated Lateral Photoresistance Effect Observed on Silicon‐Based Discontinuous Copper Film
Authors: Gan Zhikai , Zhou Peiqi , Huang Xu , Mei Chunlian , Wang Hui
Published: November 2017

A dual modulated lateral photoresistance effect is observed on silicon‐based discontinuous copper film. Through the spatial movement of a laser beam spot, the lateral resistance of the structure can be modulated linearly with polarity under different testing mode. Through applying an electric pulse, the lateral resistance versus laser position curve can be entirely shifted. Carrier diffusion and drift model and charge trap model are set up to explain the dual modulated lateral photoresistance effect. This work adds functionality to Cu materials and is useful for the development of laser‐ and pulse‐modulated photoelectric resistors, switches, and sensors.
Design and Performance of Rechargeable Sodium Ion Batteries, and Symmetrical Li‐Ion Batteries with Supercapacitor‐Like Power Density Based upon Polyoxovanadates
Authors: Chen Jia‐Jia , Ye Jian‐Chuan , Zhang Xia‐Guang , Symes Mark D. , Fan Shao‐Cong , Long De‐Liang , Zheng Ming‐Sen , Wu De‐Yin , Cronin Leroy , Dong Quan‐Feng
Published: November 2017

The polyanion Li7V15O36(CO3) is a nanosized molecular cluster (≈1 nm in size), that has the potential to form an open host framework with a higher surface‐to‐bulk ratio than conventional transition metal oxide electrode materials. Herein, practical rechargeable Na‐ion batteries and symmetric Li‐ion batteries are demonstrated based on the polyoxovanadate Li7V15O36(CO3). The vanadium centers in {V15O36(CO3)} do not all have the same VIV/V redox potentials, which permits symmetric devices to be created from this material that exhibit battery‐like energy density and supercapacitor‐like power density. An ultrahigh specific power of 51.5 kW kg−1 at 100 A g−1 and a specific energy of 125 W h kg−1 can be achieved, along with a long cycling life (>500 cycles). Moreover, electrochemical and theoretical studies reveal that {V15O36(CO3)} also allows the transport of large cations, like Na+, and that it can serve as the cathode material for rechargeable Na‐ion batteries with a high specific capacity of 240 mA h g−1 and a specific energy of 390 W h kg−1 for the full Na‐ion battery. Finally, the polyoxometalate material from these electrochemical energy storage devices can be easily extracted from spent electrodes by simple treatment with water, providing a potential route to recycling of the redox active material.
Ruxolitinib‐associated infections: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lussana Federico , Cattaneo Marco , Rambaldi Alessandro , Squizzato Alessandro
Published: November 2017

Ruxolitinib exerts immunosuppressive activity that may increase the risk of infectious complications. We performed a systematic review of the literature with the aim of estimating the risk of infections in patients treated with ruxolitinib. Studies were identified by electronic search of MEDLINE and EMBASE database. Differences in the incidence of infectious events between ruxolitinib and comparison groups were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Five phase III randomized clinical trials (RCTs) (3 phase IIIa with their extended phase and 2 phase IIIb), 6 phase IV studies and 28 case reports were included in this systematic review. Ruxolitinib was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of herpes zoster infection compared to control group in 3 RCTs including patients with polycythemia vera (OR 7.39 [1.33, 41.07]) and in a pooled analysis of the extended phase IIIa RCTs (OR 5.20 [95%CI 1.27, 21.18]). In the larger phase IV post‐marketing study, the incidence of the most frequent infections was 8% for herpes zoster, 6.1% for bronchitis and 6% for urinary tract infections. In the published case reports, the most frequent infections were tuberculosis (N = 10), hepatitis B reactivation (N = 5) and pneumocystis jeroveci infection (N = 2). Evidence is not solid enough to accurately estimate the risk of infection in ruxolitinib‐treated patients. However, published data clearly suggest that the infection risk may be clinically relevant. Well‐designed studies are warranted to evaluate the risk of ruxolitinib‐associated infection, in order to identify the most appropriate antimicrobial prophylactic strategy.
Driver mutations and prognosis in primary myelofibrosis: Mayo‐Careggi MPN alliance study of 1,095 patients
Authors: Tefferi Ayalew , Nicolosi Maura , Mudireddy Mythri , Szuber Natasha , Finke Christy M. , Lasho Terra L. , Hanson Curtis A. , Ketterling Rhett P. , Pardanani Animesh , Gangat Naseema , Mannarelli Carmela , Fanelli Tiziana , Guglielmelli Paola , Vannucchi Alessandro M.
Published: November 2017

The 2013 discovery of calreticulin (CALR) mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms was attended by their association with longer survival in primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Subsequent studies have suggested prognostic distinction between type 1/like and type 2/like CALR mutations and detrimental effect from triple‐negative mutational status. Among 709 Mayo Clinic patients with PMF, 467 (66%) harbored JAK2, 112 (16%) CALR type 1/like, 24 (3.4%) CALR type 2/like, 38 (5.4%) MPL mutations and 68 (10%) were triple‐negative. Survival was longer with type 1/like CALR, compared to JAK2 (HR 2.6, 95% CI 1.9‐3.5), type 2/like CALR (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4‐4.5), MPL (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1‐2.9) and triple‐negative mutational status (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.6‐3.6), but otherwise similar between the non‐type 1/like CALR mutational states (P = .41). In multivariable analysis, the absence of type 1/like CALR (P < .001; HR 2, 95% CI 1.4‐2.7), presence of ASXL1/SRSF2 mutations (P < .001; HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.5‐2.4) and DIPSS‐plus (P < .001) were each predictive of inferior survival. Furthermore, among 210 patients with ASXL1/SRSF2 mutations, survival was significantly longer in the presence vs. absence of type 1/like CALR mutations (median 5.8 vs. 2.9 years; P < .001). Triple‐negative status did not disclose additional prognostic information for overall or leukemia‐free survival. The observations regarding the prognostic distinction between CALR mutation variants were validated in an external cohort of 386 patients from the University of Florence Careggi hospital. We conclude that type 1/like CALR mutations in PMF not only predict superior survival, but also partially amend the detrimental effect of high molecular risk mutations.
Striatal dopamine in Parkinson disease: A meta‐analysis of imaging studies
Authors: Kaasinen Valtteri , Vahlberg Tero
Published: November 2017

A meta‐analysis of 142 positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography studies that have investigated striatal presynaptic dopamine function in Parkinson disease (PD) was performed. Subregional estimates of striatal dopamine metabolism are presented. The aromatic L‐amino‐acid decarboxylase (AADC) defect appears to be consistently smaller than the dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 defects, suggesting upregulation of AADC function in PD. The correlation between disease severity and dopamine loss appears linear, but the majority of longitudinal studies point to a negative exponential progression pattern of dopamine loss in PD. Ann Neurol 2017;82:873–882
Surface energy of corona treated PP, PE and PET films, its alteration as function of storage time and the effect of various corona dosages on their bond strength after lamination
Authors: Lindner Martina , Rodler Norbert , Jesdinszki Marius , Schmid Markus , Sängerlaub Sven
Published: November 2017

The aim of this study was to analyze how corona dosages above recommended levels affect film surface energy and hydrophobic recovery of such treated film surfaces as well as laminate bond strength of laminates made of these films. The adhesive for lamination was a polyurethane‐adhesive with a dry film thickness of ∼5 µm. Polar and dispersive parts of the surface energy were measured frequently according to DIN 55660‐2 (Owens–Wendt–Rabel‐and‐Kaelble method) for up to 140 days after corona treatment. The corona dosage had a value of up to 280 W min/m2. Laminate bond strength was measured according to DIN 55543‐5. The effect of corona treatment was highest for low‐density polyethylene (PE‐LD) films, mean for biaxial‐oriented polypropylene (PP‐BO) films, and lowest for biaxial‐oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET‐BO) films. With increasing storage time, surface energy decreased, as expected. The higher the effect of corona treatment, the faster the polar part of surface energy decreased. At PE‐LD, laminate bond strength increased with a higher corona dosage from 0.05 to 8.87 mN/15 mm, whereas at PET‐BO and PP‐BO laminate bond strength was so high that samples teared before delamination during bond strength testing. By our results is shown that corona dosages above recommended levels resulted in higher laminate bond strength. Only at PP‐BO a reduction of laminate bond strength due to “overtreatment” was be observed. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45842.
Compatibilization of the poly(lactic acid)/poly(propylene carbonate) blends through in situ formation of poly(lactic acid)‐b‐poly(propylene carbonate) copolymer
Authors: Wang Zhao , Zhang Min , Liu Zhengying , Zhang Shuyang , Cao Zhiqiang , Yang Wei , Yang Mingbo
Published: November 2017

The in situ formation of poly(lactic acid)‐b‐poly(propylene carbonate) (PLA‐b‐PPC) block copolymers were carried out by the reaction between PLA and PPC in the presence of tetrabutyl titanate via transesterification. Molecular weight measurements and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that PLA‐b‐PPC block copolymers with higher molecular weight were obtained by controlling the reactivity point ratio between PLA chains and PPC chains in PLA/PPC reaction system. The sample with a composition of PLA:PPC = 40:60 (wt %) and a catalyst amount of 0.5 wt % had a more proportionable reactivity point ratio between PLA chains and PPC chains compared with other samples, resulting in a most conspicuous transesterification and inconspicuous chain scission reaction. Therefore, its high molecular weight fraction (Mw > 40.0 × 104) increased 80%. The formation of macromolecular PLA‐b‐PPC copolymer could strengthen the entanglement between PLA and PPC molecular chains, which resulted in an increased viscosity of blends at low shear rate. In addition, the elongation at break of sample with a composition of PLA:PPC = 40:60 (wt %) and a catalyst amount of 0.5 wt % was nearly as twice as which without catalyst because of the improving miscibility of PLA domains and PPC matrix by the compatibilization of PLA‐b‐PPC copolymer. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46009.
Interplay between physicochemical and mechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) meshes for hernia repair
Authors: Todros Silvia , Pavan Piero Giovanni , Pachera Paola , Pace Giuseppe , Di Noto Vito , Natali Arturo Nicola
Published: November 2017

Non‐medical‐grade industrial nets are often implemented in developing countries as affordable alternative to surgical meshes for hernia repair. Even if there is clear evidence about their repairing reliability, their physicochemical and mechanical properties have been not fully investigated. This works compares three industrial nets with different textile patterns, and a surgical mesh of the same polymer. Nets are autoclave‐sterilized and characterized through scanning electron microscope, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis , differential scanning calorimetry, and uniaxial tensile tests. Spectral and thermal analyses reveal that all samples are based on poly(ethylene terephthalate). Differences are found in phase conformations with modifications in amorphous, ordered amorphous, and crystalline domains. Changes in material characteristics do not affect mechanical properties, which are mainly ascribable to the textile pattern. Industrial nets show a stiffening behavior different from the almost linear anisotropic response of surgical mesh. However, non‐medical‐grade nets could be potentially applied for surgeries once their biocompatibility and in vivo stability have been evaluated. Non‐medical‐grade industrial nets are used as low‐cost alternative to surgical meshes for hernia repair in less developed countries. Nets sterilization modifies their phase conformation, due to the interaction with water, but do not affect mechanical properties. Even tough industrial nets show a different stiffening behavior, physicochemical characterization confirms a similarity to standard surgical meshes. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2018,135, 46014.
Therapeutic Effect of Curcumin and Methylprednisolone in the Rat Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Liu Xuehong , Zhang Yong , Yang Yang , Lin Jingquan , Huo Xue , Du Xiaoxue , Botchway Benson O.A. , Fang Marong
Published: November 2017

In addition to imperiling an individual's daily life, spinal cord injury (SCI), a catastrophic medical damage, can permanently impair an individual's body function. Methylprednisolone (MP), a medically accepted therapeutic drug for SCI, is highly controversial for the lack of consensus on its true therapeutic effect. In recent years, curcumin has served as a potential and novel therapeutic drug in SCI. Our study was intended to investigate the precise effect of MP and curcumin in SCI. We examined the function of MP and curcumin in a SCI model rat, both in vivo and in vitro, and found that there was a momentous improvement in Basso‐Beattie‐Bresnahan scores in the MP‐treated group when compared with Cur‐treated group within 14 days. Results obtained from the histological, immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural examinations evidenced the curative effect of MP was better than curcumin before Day 14. Nonetheless, there was a significant variation in the treatment effect between the MP‐treated and Cur‐treated groups after 14 days. The curcumin's effectiveness was more obvious than MP after 14 days following SCI. As such, we surmise that curcumin has a better therapeutic potential than MP with a prolong treatment time in the wake of SCI. Anat Rec, 301:686–696, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Statistics of magnetic field measurements in OBA stars and the evolution of their magnetic fields
Authors: Medvedev A. S. , Kholtygin A. F. , Hubrig S. , Schöller M. , Fabrika S. , Valyavin G. G. , Chountonov G. A. , Milanova Yu. V. , Tsiopa O. A. , Yakovleva V. A.
Published: November 2017

We review the measurements of magnetic fields of OBA stars. Based on these data, we confirm that magnetic fields are distributed according to a lognormal law with mean log B = − 0.5 (B in kG) with a standard deviation σ = 0.5. The shape of the magnetic field distribution (MFD) is similar to that for neutron stars. This finding favors the hypothesis that the magnetic field of a neutron star is determined mainly by the magnetic field of its predecessor, namely the massive OB star. Further, we model the evolution of an ensemble of magnetic massive stars in the Galaxy. We use our own population synthesis code to obtain the distribution of stellar radii, ages, masses, temperatures, effective magnetic fields, and magnetic fluxes from the pre‐main‐sequence (PMS) via zero‐age main sequence (ZAMS) up to the terminal‐age main sequence stages. A comparison of the MFD obtained in our model with that obtained from the recent measurements of the stellar magnetic field allows us to conclude that the evolution of magnetic fields of massive stars is slow if not absent. The shape of the real MFD shows no indications of the magnetic desert proposed previously. Based on this finding, we argue that the observed fraction of magnetic stars is determined by physical conditions at the PMS stage of stellar evolution.
cGMP production and analysis of BG505 SOSIP.664, an extensively glycosylated, trimeric HIV‐1 envelope glycoprotein vaccine candidate
Authors: Dey Antu K. , Cupo Albert , Ozorowski Gabriel , Sharma Vaneet K. , Behrens Anna‐Janina , Go Eden P. , Ketas Thomas J. , Yasmeen Anila , Klasse Per J. , Sayeed Eddy , Desaire Heather , Crispin Max , Wilson Ian A. , Sanders Rogier W. , Hassell Thomas , Ward Andrew B. , Moore John P.
Published: November 2017

We describe the properties of BG505 SOSIP.664 HIV‐1 envelope glycoprotein trimers produced under current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) conditions. These proteins are the first of a new generation of native‐like trimers that are the basis for many structure‐guided immunogen development programs aimed at devising how to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to HIV‐1 by vaccination. The successful translation of this prototype demonstrates the feasibility of producing similar immunogens on an appropriate scale and of an acceptable quality for Phase I experimental medicine clinical trials. BG505 SOSIP.664 trimers are extensively glycosylated, contain numerous disulfide bonds and require proteolytic cleavage, all properties that pose a substantial challenge to cGMP production. Our strategy involved creating a stable CHO cell line that was adapted to serum‐free culture conditions to produce envelope glycoproteins. The trimers were then purified by chromatographic methods using a 2G12 bNAb affinity column and size‐exclusion chromatography. The chosen procedures allowed any adventitious viruses to be cleared from the final product to the required extent of >12 log10. The final cGMP production run yielded 3.52 g (peptidic mass) of fully purified trimers (Drug Substance) from a 200 L bioreactor, a notable yield for such a complex glycoprotein. The purified trimers were fully native‐like as judged by negative‐stain electron microscopy, and were stable over a multi‐month period at room temperature or below and for at least 1 week at 50°C. Their antigenicity, disulfide bond patterns, and glycan composition were consistent with trimers produced on a research laboratory scale. The methods reported here should pave the way for the cGMP production of other native‐like Env glycoprotein trimers of various designs and genotypes.