bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field Independence and Resistance to Reversal of Perspective
Authors: Haronian Frank , Sugerman A. Arthur
Published: September 2011

The more successful 102 normal male university students were in following instructions to resist fluctuations of the Necker cube, the more field-independently they scored on both Series III of the rod-and-frame test ( r = .28) and on Jackson's short form of the embedded-figures test ( r = .24). Under neutral instructions, the correlations were nil. Results support prior findings that a small but significant portion of the variance of Necker cube fluctuations under instructions to control the rate of shift is related to scores of field independence. Results support Jackson's finding that ability to control the rate of shift is not related to intelligence.
Money Reinforcement and Human Operant (Work) Behavior: IV. Temporally Extended Within-S Comparisons
Authors: Toppen J. T.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 10 college male Ss were recruited, to be given 5 successive, weekly, 1-hr. work sessions, each following a 20-min. “pre-test” and a questionnaire. These 1-hr. work sessions were all rewarded at the same frequency of reinforcement (1/1000). The control group was continued throughout each of the 5 sessions at 15¢ each reinforcement. The test group was, for the first session, given 15¢ each reinforcement and then the reinforcement level was systematically lowered for each next session by 3¢, thus resulting in levels of 12¢, 9¢, 6¢, and 3¢ for Sessions 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The work was that of repetitively pulling a manipulandum against a constant-tension spring requiring 25 lb. of force, horizontally, through 5/8 in. distance. Counting the output of only those Ss keeping their appointments for any given session, the mean work output of the decreasing-magnitude group showed a statistically significant, poorer maintenance of work-performance level than did the control group. Counting failures to keep appointments as zero performances for each group, the test group showed even more markedly poor maintenance of output over the 5 sessions.
Personality Variables in Probability-Learning, Decision-Making, and Risk-Taking
Authors: Gentile J. Ronald , Schipper Lowell M.
Published: September 2011

College students were preselected on the personality variables need Achievement (nAch) and manifest anxiety (Anx) to form a 3 by 3 factorial arrangement and to relate these measures to probability-learning, decisionmaking, and risk-taking behaviors. After receiving 90 training trials on each of three green lights which had probabilities of 1/6, 1/2, and 5/6 of being followed by a red event light (probability-learning), Ss were asked to make decisions about the predictive reliabilities of these lights when they occurred in combinations or singly, while the red light was covered (decision-making). Ss were then given a zero expected value gambling game and a double-or-nothing final bet. Neither personality variable showed a consistent relationship to probability-learning, decision-making, or risk-taking behavior according to various criteria.
The Design Perception Cards: A Numerically Scored Projective Technique for Use in Business and Industry
Authors: Colenaty Charles
Published: September 2011

A new test, the Design Perception Cards test, was described and two studies, dealing with its potential use in the identification of those with managerial or sales ability, were presented.
Points of View in the Perception of Facial Expressions of Emotion
Authors: Haslam W. Bruce , Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

65 Ss rated each of 20 facial emotions on 20 semantic differential scales. An obverse factor analysis was completed on the ratings which yielded dimensions of viewpoint associated with the perception of facial expressions of emotion. Six of seven significant dimensions obtained were identified by significant correlations of the individual coefficients on each dimension with other personality variables.
Mnemonic Organization as a Determinant of Error-Gradients in Visual Pattern Perception
Authors: Harcum E. Rae
Published: September 2011

This paper presents evidence that the accuracy of tachistoscopic perception for elements arranged in a spatial pattern is determined primarily by the difficulty of organizing the pattern for storage in memory, rather than by the sensory capacity of the visual system for discriminating the individual elements. Four lines of evidence are followed. The first shows that the distribution of errors among the elements of a serial-learning task and the pattern-perception task are affected similarly by manipulation of the same given variable. The second reveals parallels between the element-position functions of errors in serial learning and in pattern perception for different independent sets of data. The third line of evidence shows that errors in tachistoscopic perception are independent of the retinal area stimulated by individual elements. The final area of evidence is the demonstration of a close similarity for the serial learning and the perceptual tasks of the functions relating errors per element and ranks of the elements in accuracy of performance for individual Ss.
Laborimeter Performance of Intellectually Normal and Subnormal Children during Learning and Retesting
Authors: Goldsman A. H. , McCormack P. D.
Published: September 2011

The laborimeter provides a bimanual task involving the placement of checker-like objects into holes in the periphery of a rotating disc. Intellectually normal children perform better than intellectually subnormal children, but both groups show improvement with age and practice. The degree of improvement is greater for the intellectually normal children.
Retention of Verbal Materials Perceived Immediately Prior to Onset of Non-Rem Sleep
Authors: Portnoff Gregory , Baekeland Frederick , Goodenough Donald R. , Karacan Ismet , Shapiro Arthur
Published: September 2011

During the night Ss were awakened a number of times and shown verbal learning materials. Latency of subsequent onset of non-REM sleep was experimentally manipulated. In the morning, retention for the materials perceived was tested. Retention for words perceived immediately prior to sleep onset was significantly worse than for those followed by a period of enforced wakefulness. This finding suggests that non-REM sleep may impede the consolidation of memory traces.
Monkeys' Performance on Ambiguous-Cue Problems
Authors: Boyer William N. , Polidora V. J. , Fletcher Harold J. , Woodruff Burrton
Published: September 2011

9 experimentally naive rhesus monkeys were tested on ambiguous-cue problems involving three stimuli: P, the positive or rewarded stimulus; N, the negative or nonrewarded stimulus; and A, the ambiguous stimulus which is nonrewarded when paired with P, but rewarded when paired with N. Either the NA pair or the PA pair was presented on every trial. All Ss were tested with two types of stimuli, planometric plaques and stereometric objects. The results corroborate apparently conflicting previous reports of performance by primates on ambiguous-cue problems with these two types of stimuli. That is, performance on PA trials was superior to performance on NA trials with plaque stimuli, but the converse was obtained with objects. A differential S-R spatial discontiguity inherent in only the plaque version of the problem was identified as one cause of the discrepant results.
Judging of Cleft Palate and Normal Neonatal Cries
Authors: Massengill Raymond , Quinn Galen W. , Bryson Marion R.
Published: September 2011

High fidelity tape recordings were made of the cries of 8 babies with cleft palates and 8 babies with normal palates. Their ages ranged from 3 mo. to 24 mo. The 16 original tapes were recorded on a test tape in a counterbalanced order and were classified by 5 speech clinicians as to whether the cries were those of cleft palate babies. If the clinicians classified a cry as being that of a cleft palate baby, they were also to indicate if the cry was from a unilateral cleft lip/palate baby, a bilateral cleft lip/palate baby, or a baby with a cleft palate and no cleft lip. Spectrograms were also made of each of the 16 cries, with an overlay technique being used for the analysis.
A Device to Aid in Quantifying Performance on Small-Animal Treadmills
Authors: Walsh Leo F. , Mueller William J. , Stone Frederick T. , Newton Grant
Published: September 2011

An apparatus was constructed to motivate rats by electric shock to run on a treadmill and to record the duration of avoidable shock received by individual Ss. Electronic sensing techniques are used to determine when shock is being delivered to S. The present method eliminates “safe” combinations of grid bars and delivers continuous shock potential to any pair of occupied bars throughout the period of occupancy. In addition to supplying a motivational stimulus for treadmill use, this circuitry is easily modifiable to provide a refined grid scanning system for programmed stimulus delivery which is considerably more reliable than conventional scrambler circuits.
Left-Right Differences in Tachistoscopic Recognition: Directional Scanning or Cerebral Dominance?
Authors: Bryden M. P.
Published: September 2011

Although both single letters and groups of 3 letters are more readily identified when they appear in the right visual field, right visual-field superiority on the 2 tasks is not correlated. Single letters presented in mirror-image orientation are also better identified in the right visual field. These results suggest that hemispheric dominance is more important than directional scanning in determining left-right differences in the recognition of single-letter material.
Accuracy of Facing Movements Executed without Vision
Authors: Cratty Bryant J. , Williams Harriet G.
Published: September 2011

58 university-age men and women were blindfolded and ear-plugged and asked to execute facing movements of 90°, 180°, and 360°. 90° turns were overestimated, while 180° and 360° turns were underestimated. The accuracy of judgments on this task depended upon the individual making the turn, the direction in which the facing movement was made, and the magnitude of the turn requested.
Analysis of Factor Variance: Covariance Design
Authors: Pinneau Samuel R. , Butler Donald C. , Levine Anson J. , Schurr Bryce C.
Published: September 2011

The method of analysis of factor variance, as previously proposed by the authors, has been extended to incorporate experimental designs which include multiple covariates in addition to multiple response measures.
Some Effects of Sleep Loss on Memory
Authors: Williams Harold L. , Gieseking Charles F. , Lubin Ardie
Published: September 2011

Immediate recall of word lists showed significant impairment after one night of sleep loss. Since S was required to write down each word immediately after its presentation, the deficit was not due to failure of sensory registration. With 24-hr. delayed testing, a picture-recognition test did not show significant deficit after one night of sleep loss. Performance on this test was impaired, however, after a night of recovery sleep. These results imply that moderate sleep loss causes deficit in formation of the memory trace rather than in storage or retrieval functions and that this effect is probably independent of the physiological lapses (brief periods of sleep) which affect vigilance and sensory registration.
Completion of Simple Geometric Forms as a Function of Varied Degrees of Incomplete Presentation
Authors: Giorgi Amedeo P. , Colaizzi Paul F.
Published: September 2011

26 Ss were shown 9 partial presentations of 3 simple geometric figures. The figures were a circle, a square, and a diamond, and they were presented in stages of ¼, ½, and ¾ completion. Ss were told that the stimuli were parts of a more complete figure which they were to draw. They were also required to explain why they drew the figure they did. The following conclusions seem most significant. (1) All Ss complete partial figures according to a generic sense of good continuation in the sense that all completions conform to the incomplete stimulus figure. (2) In order to account for all of the data a distinction between situation demand and task demand was introduced. All Ss who experienced task demand did experience the partial figures as in need of completion. (3) A ¾ presentation of a familiar geometric figure can lead to the experience of demand to complete the figure in a univocal way for most Ss. (4) The partial squares, circles, and diamonds, conceived as incipient systems, constitute 3 different systems with respect to their functional significance. Also, in the sense that all Ss who experienced the parts as parts did so on the basis of functional significance, the data support Gurwitsch's functionalistic conception of a whole.
A Concentric Bi-Polar Electrode for Use in Small Animals
Authors: Cox Verne C. , Smith Ronald G.
Published: September 2011

A description is provided of a rigid bi-polar concentric electrode suitable for recording and stimulation with small animals. Details concerning construction materials and fabrication technique are also provided.
Effect of Low Blood Alcohol Level on Stereoscopic Acuity and Fixation Disparity
Authors: Wist Eugene R. , Hughes Francis W. , Forney Robert B.
Published: September 2011

The stereoscopic acuity and fixation disparity of 9 Ss was measured before and after the consumption of 1 oz. of Scotch or bourbon whiskey per 150 lb. of body weight. It was found that, while stereoscopic acuity measures were unaffected by alcohol, fixation disparity increased significantly.
Retroactive Inhibition in Incidental Learning: Another Dud
Authors: McGrew John M.
Published: September 2011

There have been two procedures used to demonstrate the influence of retroactive inhibition (RI) on incidentally learned items: (a) two groups are exposed to the same material and one group is instructed to learn while the other is not; (b) two groups, presented with two simultaneous classes of stimuli, are instructed to learn only one but later tested for retention of both. A previous replication of a study using the latter procedure yielded negative results. The present paper criticizes this study on statistical grounds. Based upon the performance of 15 experimental and 15 control Ss, the data did not show RI influences on incidentally learned items. It is suggested that procedure (b) is possibly a fruitless research approach.
Field Dependence in a Geriatric Population
Authors: Schwartz Daniel W. , Karp Stephen A.
Published: September 2011

Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of field dependence by Witkin and his associates suggest a course of decreasing field dependency between childhood and adolescence or early adulthood. The present study is an initial attempt to explore changes in field dependency through adulthood and old age. Three groups of Ss, 17-, 30- to 39-, and 58- to 80-yr.-olds, were given three tests of field dependency, the body-adjustment, rod-and-frame, and embedded-figures tests. On each test field dependency increased significantly with age. Between sex comparisons suggest that males were significantly less field dependent at ages 17 and 30 to 39, however, these differences were not present in the geriatric group.
Control of Drawing Style in the Measurement of Autokinesis
Authors: Gardner Riley W. , Coyne Lolafaye
Published: September 2011

The need for control of drawing size in autokinetic procedures in which S draws the apparent movement and a method of control appropriate to the problem are exemplified with data from a study of twins and their parents. It is noted that the control judgments employed are in themselves of potential interest to students of cognitive style.
Stimulus Rotation and Visual Scanning in Ss with Copying Disability
Authors: Garron David C. , Cheifetz David I.
Published: September 2011

Rotation of squares increases copying difficulty for young children and brain-damaged adults. Explanations stress both perceptual and cognitive factors. Records of visual scanning were used as an index of attention to areas of the stimulus field. Perceptual explanations were translated into scanning terms. The degree to which scanning is consistent with expectations inferred from perceptual theories was examined. Scanning of squares, rotated and unrotated, was compared for 7 normals and 7 adults with impaired copying ability. Variables were attention to contour, enclosed form, and ground. Conclusions were that: (a) normals scan rotated and unrotated squares similarly; (b) impaired Ss' scanning of rotated squares is different from normal scanning and from their own scanning of unrotated squares; (c) the differences found do not follow theoretical expectation.
Temporal Order, Meaningfulness, and Reading Ability
Authors: Bakker Dirk J.
Published: September 2011

54 boys, aged 10 to 15 yr., were divided into two groups according to reading ability. They were presented with temporal sequences of meaningless figures, meaningful figures, letters, and digits. In general, poorer readers made significantly more errors than better readers in retaining temporal sequences. Results however, differed with respect to the nature of the material in the sequences. With meaningless figures no difference appeared, but with meaningful figures and letters, a significant difference between the two groups of readers was established. With digits, the difference between the two groups did not reach significance. After Blank and Bridger, the results were interpreted on the basis of poor functioning of verbal mediation processes in dyslectics.
Lack of Effect of Stimulant and Depressant Drugs on Spiral Aftereffect
Authors: Scott Thomas R. , Bragg Robert A. , Jordan Augustus E.
Published: September 2011

Eysenck's claim that sodium amytal shortens and dexedrine lengthens the duration of spiral aftereffect was not borne out in any of four experiments designed to demonstrate it, including a replication of his study. A further replication, different only in the stimulus used, yielded no effect of amytal or dexedrine. Actual measurement of aftereffect rate immediately following the eliciting stimulus and after selected delays showed an exponential decay function for aftereffect rate but did not demonstrate any effect of the two drugs. This repeated failure to demonstrate a change in aftereffect as a result of the administration of drugs known to affect neuron firing thresholds has implications for the understanding of neurophysiology of visual motion perception. It was proposed that motion aftereffect is based on a comparison of the states of two neural systems both of which are equally affected by the drugs.
Recognition Thresholds as a Function of Association Value of Nonsense Syllables
Authors: Rodewald H. Keith
Published: September 2011

Tachistoscopic recognition thresholds for nonsense syllables were inversely related to the Glaze (Hilgard, 1951) association value of the syllables. A covariance design was employed in which the frequency of occurrence per million words (Thorndike & Lorge, 1944) of words whose first 3 letters formed the nonsense syllables served as the covariate.
Perception of the Personality of the Hesitant Speaker
Authors: Lay Clarry H. , Burron Bryan F.
Published: September 2011

Ratings of the personality of the hesitant and non-hesitant speaker were examined in addition to assessing the perceived relationship between hesitant speech and the affective state of the speaker. Male and female judges rated either a hesitant or non-hesitant speaker on 44 trait adjectives heterogeneous in content but high, neutral, or low in desirability. Ratings on a number of affect-related and fluency-related trait adjectives were also considered. In manipulating hesitancy, two tapes were prepared. Beginning with the original taped speech of a hesitant speaker, the non-hesitant tape was prepared by editing out ahs, repetitions and unfilled pauses. Judges rated the non-hesitant speaker more favourably than the hesitant one. These speakers were not differentiated on the affect-related trait adjectives.
Intermodal Perception of Temporal Order and Motor Skills: Effects of Age
Authors: Dinnerstein Albert J. , Zlotogura Phyllis
Published: September 2011

Employing visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli, intermodal differences in perceptual latency were inferred by means of perception of temporal order (PTO) and by varieties of serial reaction times (RT) to the same stimuli. Skill at reading, peg board, tapping, and tracking was also determined for the same Ss. Mean intermodal differences in latency inferred from PTO were significantly different from those obtained from mean RTs. A correlation matrix showed that individual differences in visual, auditory and tactile latencies inferred from PTO were relatively independent of latencies inferred from RT. Consonant with previous studies, PTO scores correlated with reading rate and also with peg board speed. Taking age of Ss into account, the latter correlations were seen to be due exclusively to the presence of older Ss, who did show a correlation between PTO and RT. It was hypothesized that aged Ss show a decrease in perceptual “channel capacity” and a resulting overloading of short-term memory when faced with a complex perceptual and motor task.
Marijuana and Perceptual Style: A Theoretical Note
Authors: Dinnerstein Albert J.
Published: September 2011

The apparent effects of marijuana on perceptual, motor and cognitive skills are consonant with the hypothesis that it induces the perceptual style of field dependence. The evidence for this hypothesis is discussed along with additional hypotheses and suggestions for relevant research.
Perceptual Correlates of the Rod-and-Frame Test
Authors: Adevai Greta , Silverman Albert J. , Mc Gough W. Edward
Published: September 2011

A randomly selected group of 92 male college students were given a battery of 10 perceptual tests, most of which have been used to separate field-independents from field-dependents in earlier studies of relationships between perceptual mode and physiological response tendencies. Test scores were factor analyzed in an attempt to define the psychological domain measured. Four factors accounted for most of the test score variance; the embedded figures test, sharing much of its variance with quantitative-spatial IQ tests, was the test with least of its variance accounted for. The rod-and-frame test, core test for field-dependence, correlated best with mirror-tracing speed, mirror-tracing accuracy, and the embedded figures test and had small or moderate positive correlations with all of the other tests except letter discrimination, which showed little relationship to any other test. Subject-controlled rod-and-frame correlated highly with experimenter-controlled rod-and-frame, suggesting their interchangeability as measures of field-dependence. Ss with rod-and-frame errors of 1.5° or less did significantly better on the rest of the perceptual battery than Ss with errors of 8° or more The embedded-figures test and the Draw-A-Person test were especially divergent for the two extreme rod-and-frame groups, suggesting their efficacy as screening devices for extreme field-dependents and independents.
Near and Far Visual Acuity in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta)
Authors: Graham Ernest S. , Mc Vean Gary W. , Farrer Donald N.
Published: September 2011

Measures of monocular and binocular subjective visual acuity were obtained for 5 rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta) at both near (3 ft.) and far (20 ft.) viewing distances. The visual acuity stimuli were Landolt rings which had gap-openings varying between 0.5 and 2.0 min. of arc. No differences were found between the near and far acuity of the 5 Ss. Binocular acuity was superior to monocular acuity.
Motor Skills Bibliography: XCII. Psychological Abstracts, 1967, Volume 41, Second Quarter
Authors: Ammons C. H. , Ammons R. B.
Published: September 2011

99 references to research on skills are listed alphabetically.
Color Preferences and Cultural Variation
Authors: Choungourian A.
Published: September 2011

160 American, Lebanese, Iranian, and Kuwaiti university students, with equal number of males and females in each group, expressed their preferences for 8 Ostwald hues (Red, Orange, Yellow, Yellow-green, Green, Blue-green, Blue, Purple) through the method of paired comparisons. Definite cultural and some sex differences were found. Results are discussed in view of the current preconceptions about cultural and sex differences in color preferences.
Human Figure Drawings by Freshman and Senior Student Nurses
Authors: Schoeberle Elizabeth A. , Craddick Ray A.
Published: September 2011

90 freshman and 90 senior nursing students were asked to draw themselves, the “ideal” nurse, and the most “undesirable” nurse, and were asked to rate themselves on a five-point scale (from least like the ideal through most like the ideal nurse). Most nurses drew themselves in uniform, but seniors did this more frequently than freshmen. Seniors also rated themselves closer to the “ideal” nurse and drew larger figures of the “undesirable” nurse than freshmen. This modification of the Draw-a-Person Test may be useful in predicting successful and unsuccessful nursing candidates and perhaps in identifying those seniors who will practice nursing after graduation.
Influence of Task and Subject Variables in the Squares Test of Leveling-Sharpening
Authors: Gilgen Albert R. , Bakan Paul
Published: September 2011

Leveling-sharpening, an hypothesized dimension of cognitive structure, is generally operationally defined in terms of differentiation and/or trend measures of Squares Test performance, both types of measures being assumed to reflect the degree to which memory traces of the stimuli (squares of light) assimilate. The findings of the present study of 300 Ss indicate that differentiation scores to some degree reflect: (a) the way Ss interpret the instructions concerning the response scale they are to use and/or (b) S's motivation to perform the task. Trend scores, on the other hand, were found to be a function, in part, of the degree to which S's rely on the instructional information given them concerning the size range of the squares, there being some evidence that women rely on this information more so than men.
A New Paradigm for Learning of Direct and Indirect Reference Tasks in Learning-Set Context
Authors: Friedman Steven
Published: September 2011

Reference properties were taught by means of a learning-set procedure in which each problem was divided into three parts. Part 1 and Part 2 provided a context whereby S could relate the transient stimuli found in those parts, to Part 3. Part 3 involved the use of the information gained in Parts 1 and 2 in mastering the task. One direct and three indirect reference tasks were designed with the least difficult resulting in 100% mastery and the most difficult in mastery by only 17% of Ss.
Mother Monkeys' (Macaca Nemestrina) Responses to Infant Vocalizations
Authors: Simons Ronald C. , Bobbitt Ruth A. , Jensen Gordon D.
Published: September 2011

2 mother monkeys ( Macaca nemestrina) separated from their infants, 2 adult females without young and 2 adult males were studied to determine activity (pacing) and vocalization in response to taped monkey calls. Stimulus tapes were prepared from two different calls of each of the two infant monkeys and a call of an adult female monkey. Mother monkeys separated from their infants were always more active and vocal than either non-mother female monkeys or males, and their activity and response vocalizations increased during presentations of infant calls. There was no evidence that mothers responded differentially to the calls of their own infants.
Comparison of Portable and Dark Room Autokinetic Movement
Authors: Farrow B. J. , Santos John F. , Johnson L. , Haines James R.
Published: September 2011

A portable apparatus for producing autokinetic (AK) movement is described and compared with the standard dark room method. Use of the portable apparatus results in a smaller amount and expanse of apparent movement, but the test-retest reliabilities are of the same order of magnitude as in the dark room method. The portable apparatus provides several advantages to the AK researcher. It is easy to handle; it can readily be disassembled; it eliminates the ventilation and light-proofing problems inherent in achieving a totally darkened room. This apparatus automatically measures the latency of onset of AK movement. The importance of controlling or measuring the latency of onset of AK movement is demonstrated.
Inner Creation in Knower and Known, Observer and Observed, Theorist and Theorized: I. Introduction
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

This paper is the first part of a series. The series suggests that attitude toward equilibrium theorizing varies inversely with capacity for Rorschachian inner creation (production of Rorschach movement responses), regardless of discipline or of object of theory (e.g., biological, economic, psychological, or social systems). Positively, it suggests that capacity for inner creation may be conceived as a property of both subject and object, i.e., knower and known, observer and observed, theorist and theorized, that the capacity for Rorschachian inner creation is (among other things) the capacity for cognizing the capacity for inner creation in biological, economic, psychological, social, and other systems. More specifically, the series proposes an appeal of Hegelian, Marxian, and Schumpeterian theorizing that has nothing to do with politics, economics, or sociology, and that links it to the “Leibnizian” tradition in psychology. Similarly, it proposes that a kind of movement alleged to exist in life, nature, or history—whether by psychological specialists discussing change in mental patients or by sociologists and philosophers discussing social change—has much to do with the kind in the Rorschach test. In short, the series proposes (1) dialectical thinking as one dimension of what Rorschach meant by inner creation, (2) that such thinking may be seen as not only Hegelian-Marxian-Schumpeterian but also as what Allport meant by Leibnizian, and (3) that no matter how much political difference may exist between Leibnizian, Hegelian, Marxian, or Schumpeterian scholars and scientists, they are of kindred outlook when it comes to the attitudes, beliefs, or values that are the correlates of high Rorschach movement production.
Proaction in the Recovery from Practice under Visual Displacement
Authors: Devane J. R.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments to test a proaction theory of recovery from visual displacement learning without apparent re-afference are presented. In Exp. I, the recovery of Ss following 2 successive displacements was compared with that of Ss following 1 displacement. The recoveries differed significantly in over-all extent but did not differ significantly in trend. In Exp. II, the recoveries of Ss following 2 successive displacements, in which the first would, by the proaction hypothesis, lead to different recoveries, were significantly different both in over-all extent and in trend. It is concluded that the recovery from practice under visual displacement is largely a proaction effect.
Comparison of Rank-Order and Paired-Comparison Methods for Measuring Value Systems
Authors: Penner Louis , Homant Robert , Rokeach Milton
Published: September 2011

This study compared the rank-order and paired-comparison methods of measuring terminal and instrumental values. It was hypothesized that the paired-comparison method would yield higher test-retest reliabilities than the rank-order method. 30 undergraduates were given a paired-comparison scale for 18 terminal and 18 instrumental values, and retested 5 wk. later. The results showed that the paired-comparison method yielded a higher reliability only for the terminal values.
Validation Study of the Organic Integrity Test
Authors: Snelbecker Glen E. , Sherman Lewis J. , Schwaab Eugene L.
Published: September 2011

A validation study of Tien's Organic Integrity Test was undertaken with 187 hospitalized patients and 25 normal controls. Data were analyzed for differences between nonpsychotic-nonorganic, psychotic, and organic patients. In addition, OIT scores were compared for patients varying on the dimension of general psychological functioning as assessed by the hospital status and type of privileges accorded them. The results indicate that the OIT did not significantly distinguish among the four groups although the results were in the expected direction and consistent with Tien's previous study. However, it is suggested that Tien's originally positive results are really due to the fact that the OIT is more a measure of general psychological functioning than it is of specific neurological disruption.
Effect of Dynamic Verbal and Tonal Stimuli on the Perception of Time
Authors: Butters Nelson , Jones Evelyn , Hoyle Joseph , Zsambok Caroline
Published: September 2011

In the first of two experiments English words rated as active, passive, savory, or tasteless on the semantic differential were employed as start words for the estimation of 10-sec. intervals. The passive verbal stimuli resulted in a significant temporal overestimation; none of the other stimuli gave significant effects. In the second experiment, tonal stimuli rated as active, passive, or intermediate served as start stimuli and impinged upon Ss during the 10-sec. estimations. Again, the passive stimulus resulted in a temporal overestimation while the active stimulus had no significant effects. These results are viewed as pertinent to organismic theories of perception.
Relationships of Auditory and Visual Reaction Times to Reading Achievement
Authors: Busby Walter A. , Hurd Donald E.
Published: September 2011

To determine the relationship between reading achievement and the reaction time of an individual responding to auditory and visual stimuli present in his perceptual field Ss were selected at random from Grades 2, 4 and 6. S lifted his finger from a key as rapidly as possible at the onset of any one of four stimuli (red or green light, high or low tone). Shifting reaction time was not independent of reaction time in either the auditory or visual channel. Hence, the possibility that relative perceptual difficulties could exist in shifting behavior while no defect existed in either single channel was not supported. Perception defined as the reaction time of an individual responding to auditory and visual stimuli was not significantly related to reading achievement.
Experimenter Expectancy and Social Facilitation: II. Stroop-Test Performance under the Condition of Audience
Authors: Timaeus Ernst , Lueck Helmut E.
Published: September 2011

In a study on the E-expectancy effects with 11 Es and 67 naive Ss it was demonstrated that the presentation of different scientific results leads to significantly different behaviors by Es. Es who expect a relatively low increase of speed in the performance on the Stroop test under audience conditions hint to the observers in a more conspicuous way than Es who expect a relatively high increase of speed. In the experiment as well as in control experiments, it could be shown that the difference in conspicuousness of hints had no influence on Ss' performance.
Anxiety, Stress and Motor Learning
Authors: Carron A. V. , Morford W. R.
Published: September 2011

The interactive effects of stress and anxiety upon motor learning were examined. 120 Ss (60 high-anxious and 60 low-anxious) were divided into three groups: Control, Stress Early and Stress Late. All groups were given 35 20-sec. trials a day for a period of 2 days on the stabilometer. An electric shock was administered to the two experimental groups early or late in learning. The shock stressor had no effect upon the amount learned in any experimental groups. The results were discussed in relation to drive theory.
Somatic Responses and Performance Levels during Anticipatory Physical-Threat Stress
Authors: Drinkwater Barbara L. , Flint M. Marilyn , Cleland Troy S.
Published: September 2011

20 general aviation pilots flew a series of simulated instrument flights under stress and non-stress conditions. During flight, muscle action potentials from the masseter muscle and eye blink were monitored. The relationship of these two measures of somatic activity to each other and to performance scores was determined on an inter- and intra-individual basis. Both linear and curvilinear coefficients were computed. Levels of somatic activity rose significantly from the control to stress flight. Individual reliability of blink rate and intra-individual reliability of masseter activity and blink rate were significant across flights. A significant curvilinear relationship was present between blink rate and masseter tension. In general, performance errors were fewer in those Ss with lower levels of somatic tension and during flight sectors in which masseter activity was low or moderate. High error scores were found in those sectors in which blink rate was low or moderate.
Modelling as a Factor in the Internalization of Social Standards
Authors: Gumpert P. , Hornstein H. A. , Lasky E. , Lewicki R. J.
Published: September 2011

2 studies investigating modelling as accounting for the internalization of social controls were criticized. This experiment explored the notion that mere performance in accordance with a social standard does not necessarily constitute internalization. Results were interpreted as providing evidence that internalization does not occur as a simple consequence of modelling.
Note on “Same”-“Different” Response Times
Authors: Nickerson R. S.
Published: September 2011

Ss judged whether the second of two visually presented letters was the same as the first. In previous experiments of this type the occurrence of the first letter effectively partitioned the letters that could occur second into two sets of unequal size: the single letter to which the correct response would be “same” and several letters to which the correct response would be “different.” In the present experiment, the stimulus set contained only two letters; thus given the occurrence of the first stimulus, one (second) letter would require the response “same” and one would require the response “different.” As in the earlier studies, RTs associated with the decision “same” tended to be shorter than those associated with the decision “different.”
Identification of Variables Useful in Prognosis for Brain-Injured Children
Authors: Taylor Raymond G.
Published: September 2011

For 335 brain-damaged children only gross muscle tone, one item of a 155-item case history form, was related to improvement on the Doman-Delacato-Doman profile.
Analysis of Items Perceived as Objectionable in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Authors: Rankin R. J.
Published: September 2011

220 Oklahoma State sophomores marked items in the MMPI protocol they would object to answering. From this group, protocols of 60 males and 60 females were selected for item analysis. Females reject significantly more items and each item more times than males. Rejection rates by clinical scale and by an arbitrary set of categories are also explored. The possibility that some rejected items belong to no clinical scale is also examined. Cross validation is suggested and the effects of removing rejected items postulated.
Filmed Test to Assess Elementary School-Aged Children's Perception of Figures Which Appear to Move Away from Stationary Backgrounds
Authors: Herkowitz Jacqueline
Published: September 2011

The manner in which a 30-min., 16-mm., animated black and white filmed test of field dependence was constructed is described. A sound track provides standardized test instructions. Test items are preceded on film by form-discrimination tasks and item examples to insure that form discrimination and lack of task familiarity do not affect test performance. In each of the 27 items and 5 examples a figure appears statically embedded within a background for 4 sec. In the succeeding 6 sec. of item presentation the figure continuously changes its context of embeddedness by growing larger in the visual display. This technique causes the figure to appear as if it is moving toward the viewer. Ss' performance is assessed in terms of accuracy and speed of response.
Response to Visual and Tactual Cues by Monkeys
Authors: Whittingham Maurice R. , Wilson Martha
Published: September 2011

4 sophisticated monkeys were tested on tactually and visually presented problems, with 1 or 3 training trials. Test trials measured how much Ss attended to form and texture components and compounds. Tactual performance was generally poor. Visual performance was a function of the kinds and numbers of relevant cues.
Determinants of Tactual Perception of Finger-Drawn Symbols: Reappraisal
Authors: Holmes Douglas S. , Roeckelein Jon E. , Olmstead Joseph A.
Published: September 2011

Previous investigators, most notably Krech and Crutchfield (1958) and Natsoulas and Dubanoski (1964), have reported finding individual differences in perception of symbols drawn by finger on the skin. Natsoulas (1966, 1967) and Yonge (1965) have presented alternative formulations of the determinants of tactual perception of symbols. This paper analyzes some of the conceptual and methodological issues involved and presents a third formulation. Failure to find individual differences with 46 Ss in the present study supports the conclusion that individual differences previously reported can be attributed to errors occurring under conditions of ambiguity.
Markov Sequences with Higher-Order Sequential Dependencies
Authors: Pollack Irwin
Published: September 2011

This methodological note describes two procedures for generating Markov sequences with higher-order sequential dependencies, while keeping lower orders sequentially independent.
Note Concerning Articulation of School-Age Stutterers
Authors: Williams Dean E. , Silverman Franklin H.
Published: September 2011

The articulation of matched groups of kindergarten through ninth-grade stutterers and nonstutterers was assessed from tape-recorded speech samples. More of the stutterers than of the nonstutterers, especially at the lower grade levels, were judged to have consistent articulation errors.
Stimulus Complexity Mediation of Categorization Behavior
Authors: Reich John W.
Published: September 2011

Some limitations on current understanding of the factors involved in categorization behavior are discussed. Theoretical conceptualizations provided by the mediational hypothesis in learning theory suggest that the physical properties of stimuli themselves should have differential effects on categorization. Using sets of actual physical objects, names of those objects, and a set of abstract verbal statements as representing varying degrees of stimulus-response complexity, the experiment required 34 Ss to sort the sets of stimuli by the own-categories technique. The results confirmed hypotheses predicting that more complex stimuli would result in more complex sorting behavior. The relevance of learning theory for categorization behavior is noted.
Familiarity with Architectural Concepts and Academic Achievement of Architecture Students
Authors: Canter D. , Johnson J. , M'Comisky J.
Published: September 2011

A measure of the number and range of different scores given when rating stimuli on adjectival scales is described and evidence for its reliability and validity when used with architecture students is presented.
Inhibition and the Facilitating Effect of Noise on Interference Tasks
Authors: Houston B. Kent
Published: September 2011

3 groups of 14 college students performed the Digit Symbol Test (DST) and Embedded-figures Test (EFT) under one of 3 conditions: varied noises to be ignored, varied noises requiring attention for a spoken command, and no noise. It was hypothesized that performance on DST, but not EFT, would be enhanced in the condition of noises to be ignored. The results supported the hypothesis. A case is made for explaining the findings in terms of an interaction between inhibitory processes.
Endogenously-Supplied Visual Attributes of Depth
Authors: Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

Two-dimensional objects misperceived to be three-dimensional, have a smaller “near” face and its elements are sharper and narrower than those of the “far” face. In addition, the object acquires a number of attributes of “real” depth—the “near” face is brighter, more sharply delineated, and clearly is interposed before the “far” face. If the stimulus is rotating, even differential blur due to apparent differences in velocities of “near” and “far” parts is evident as O fixates one or the other face. The first effect, the size constancy scaling mechanism, has been treated elsewhere. Here, an hypothesis is presented that the depth effects result from the operation of another steady-state physiological mechanism that also serves to stabilize visual percepts, the apparent depth mechanism. A third such mechanism becomes evident as a real cube is “seen” in reversed perspective, one involving the perception of depth per se. In contrast to a flat “cube” all evidence of apparent depth disappears in the percept of the “reversed” real cube, yet Os still perceive depth. The integration of these three mechanisms into the over-all optical data processing system is discussed.
Perception of Depth in Rotating Objects: 6. Effects of Fixation and Pursuit on the Phenomenal Motion of Stereokinesis
Authors: Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

Stereokinetic percepts, including fluctuations in the anchor point mechanism, occurred regardless of whether O fixated points before, at, or behind the center or to the side of the stimulus. Fixation of a point on the periphery of a coarsely textured circle rotating slowly in the frontal plane yielded percepts of the textural dots slowing down before they passed the fixation point and speeding up afterward. Pursuit at moderate speeds of one circle of a circle-pair as a cylinder was being perceived resulted in disruption of the cylinder without destroying the apparent depth. The non-pursued circle became blurred “pure” movement, but upon switching the pursuit to this circle, these positive afterimages instantly disappeared and reappeared in the other face.
Illusory Reversal of Brightness Contrast
Authors: Richards Whitman
Published: September 2011

An illusion analogous to Cornsweet's is used to demonstrate how the non-linear behavior of the visual system can be used to obscure low-frequency gradients. The result is a reversal of brightness—from light to dark—as the visual angle of the display is changed.
Measurement of Rigidity, a Non-Verbal Test
Authors: Breskin Stephen
Published: September 2011

This paper describes the construction and validation of a nonverbal test of rigidity (the BRT). Test items are 15 pairs of visual stimuli differing with respect to the laws of Praegnanz. Standardization on 132 students in undergraduate psychology courses indicated the necessity of separate norms for males and females. Three validation studies, employing the method of contrasted groups, established the ability of the BRT to differentiate “more rigid” from “less rigid” groups. Both odd-even and Kuder-Richardson (Form. 20) reliability coefficients were calculated, yielding values of .78, and .98, respectively. It was recommended that the use of the BRT be restricted to research purposes until studies in progress are completed.