bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of metallicity on the atmospheres of exoplanets with fully coupled 3D hydrodynamics, equilibrium chemistry, and radiative transfer
Authors: Drummond B. , Mayne N. J. , Baraffe I. , Tremblin P. , Manners J. , Amundsen D. S. , Goyal J. , Acreman D.
Published: January 2018

In this work, we have performed a series of simulations of the atmosphere of GJ 1214b assuming different metallicities using the Met Office Unified Model (UM). The UM is a general circulation model (GCM) that solves the deep, non-hydrostatic equations of motion and uses a flexible and accurate radiative transfer scheme, based on the two-stream and correlated-k approximations, to calculate the heating rates. In this work we consistently couple a well-tested Gibbs energy minimisation scheme to solve for the chemical equilibrium abundances locally in each grid cell for a general set of elemental abundances, further improving the flexibility and accuracy of the model. As the metallicity of the atmosphere is increased we find significant changes in the dynamical and thermal structure, with subsequent implications for the simulated phase curve. The trends that we find are qualitatively consistent with previous works, though with quantitative differences. We investigate in detail the effect of increasing the metallicity by splitting the mechanism into constituents, involving the mean molecular weight, the heat capacity and the opacities. We find the opacity effect to be the dominant mechanism in altering the circulation and thermal structure. This result highlights the importance of accurately computing the opacities and radiative transfer in 3D GCMs.
TOPoS
Authors: Bonifacio P. , Caffau E. , Spite M. , Spite F. , Sbordone L. , Monaco L. , François P. , Plez B. , Molaro P. , Gallagher A. J. , Cayrel R. , Christlieb N. , Klessen R. S. , Koch A. , Ludwig H.-G. , Steffen M. , Zaggia S. , Abate C.
Published: January 2018

Context. Extremely metal-poor (EMP) stars provide us with indirect information on the first generations of massive stars. The TOPoS survey has been designed to increase the census of these stars and to provide a chemical inventory that is as detailed as possible.

Aims. Seven of the most iron-poor stars have been observed with the UVES spectrograph at the ESO VLT Kueyen 8.2 m telescope to refine their chemical composition.

Methods. We analysed the spectra based on 1D LTE model atmospheres, but also used 3D hydrodynamical simulations of stellar atmospheres.

Results. We measured carbon in six of the seven stars: all are carbon-enhanced and belong to the low-carbon band, defined in the TOPoS II paper. We measured lithium (A(Li) = 1.9) in the most iron-poor star (SDSS J1035+0641, [Fe/H] <−5.2). We were also able to measure Li in three stars at [Fe/H] ~−4.0, two of which lie on the Spite plateau. We confirm that SDSS J1349+1407 is extremely rich in Mg, but not in Ca. It is also very rich in Na. Several of our stars are characterised by low α-to-iron ratios.

Conclusions. The lack of high-carbon band stars at low metallicity can be understood in terms of evolutionary timescales of binary systems. The detection of Li in SDSS J1035+0641 places a strong constraint on theories that aim at solving the cosmological lithium problem. The Li abundance of the two warmer stars at [Fe/H] ~−4.0 places them on the Spite plateau, while the third, cooler star, lies below. We argue that this suggests that the temperature at which Li depletion begins increases with decreasing [Fe/H]. SDSS J1349+1407 may belong to a class of Mg-rich EMP stars. We cannot assess if there is a scatter in α-to-iron ratios among the EMP stars or if there are several discrete populations. However, the existence of stars with low α-to-iron ratios is supported by our observations.
Kinetics of nitrogen removal processes in constructed wetlands
Authors: Gajewska Magdalena , Skrzypiec Katarzyna
Published: January 2018

The aim of this paper is to present a state-of-the-art review of the kinetics of nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands. Biological processes of nitrogen removal from wastewater can be described using equations and kinetic models. Hence, these kinetic models which have been developed and evaluated allow for predicting the removal of nitrogen in treatment wetlands. One of the most important, first order removal model, which is still applied, was analysed and its rate coefficients and factors were compared. This study also demonstrates the validity of Monod and multiple Monod kinetics, commonly seen today. Finally, a computational example of the reaction kinetics of nitrogen removal was also included in the study.
Elementary analysis and energetic potential of the municipal sewage sludges from the Gdańsk and Kościerzyna WWTPs
Authors: Ostojski Arkadiusz
Published: January 2018

This paper aims to present municipal sewage sludge (MSS) elementary analysis and energetic potential based on measurement of heat of combustion (higher heating value HHV) and calculation of calorific values (lower heating value LHV). The analysis takes into the consideration water content in sewage sludge, at different utilization stages, in wastewater treatment plants in Gdańsk Wschód and Kościerzyna – Pomeranian Voivodeship. The study yielded the following results (in % dry matter): ash 19÷31 %, C - 31÷36 %, H - 5÷6 %, N - 4÷6 %, O - 28÷32 %, S – 1 %. Calorific value of stabilized sludges in Gdańsk was on average 13.8÷15 MJ/kg. In case of sludges not undergoing digestion from Kościerzyna WWTP, the calorific value was at the level of 17.5 MJ/kg. Thus, sewage sludges are good energy carriers. High water content though is the problem, as it lowers the useful effect of heat. There is no alternative for thermal sewage sludge neutralization, which is in conformity with valid Polish National Waste Management Plan (KPGO 2022).
A concept for the modernization of underground mining master maps based on the enrichment of data definitions and spatial database technology
Authors: Krawczyk Artur
Published: January 2018

In this article, topics regarding the technical and legal aspects of creating digital underground mining maps are described. Currently used technologies and solutions for creating, storing and making digital maps accessible are described in the context of the Polish mining industry. Also, some problems with the use of these technologies are identified and described. One of the identified problems is the need to expand the range of mining map data provided by survey departments to other mining departments, such as ventilation maintenance or geological maintenance. Three solutions are proposed and analyzed, and one is chosen for further analysis. The analysis concerns data storage and making survey data accessible not only from paper documentation, but also directly from computer systems. Based on enrichment data, new processing procedures are proposed for a new way of presenting information that allows the preparation of new cartographic representations (symbols) of data with regard to users’ needs.
A comprehensive assessment of comparative effectiveness of projects for power export from East Siberia to China: A methodological approach and results of its application
Authors: Lagerev Anatoly , Khanaeva Valentina , Smirnov Konstantin
Published: January 2018

The paper is concerned with a methodological approach to the assessment of comparative effectiveness of projects for the construction of export-oriented power plants and transmission lines under uncertainty of the power industry development in the region. The recommendations are given to select the most preferable project for the construction of an export-oriented power plant and transmission line for power export from East Siberia to China.
Status of the KLOE-2 Inner Tracker
Authors: De Lucia Erika
Published: January 2018

KLOE-2 at the DAΦNE Φ-factory is the main experiment of the INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF) and is the first high-energy experiment using the GEM technology with a cylindrical geometry, a novel idea developed at LNF. Four concentric cylindrical triple-GEM detectors compose the Inner Tracker, inserted around the interaction region and before the inner wall of the pre-existing KLOE Drift Chamber to improve the resolution on decay vertices close to the interaction point. State-of-the-art solutions have been expressly developed or tuned for this project: single-mask GEM etching, multi-layer XV patterned readout, PEEK spacer grid, GASTONE front-end board, a custom 64-channel ASIC with digital output, and the Global Interface Board for data collection, with a configurable FPGA architecture and Gigabit Ethernet. Alignment and calibration of a cylindrical GEM detector was never done before and represents one of the challenging activities of the experiment. The Inner Tracker detector construction, operation, calibration and performance obtained with cosmic-ray muons and Bhabha scattering events will be reported.
Latest studies on the reaction e+e− → K+K−γ
Authors: Leśniak Leonard , Silarski Michał
Published: January 2018

Recent theoretical studies of the e+e- → K+K-γ process are described. Three main reaction mechanisms are considered: the initial state radiation, the final state radiation and the strong interaction between the outgoing K+K- mesons. The K+K- effective mass distributions are derived for three different models which in past have been used for a description of the e+e- → π+π-η data. Also the numerical results for the angular photon and kaon distributions are presented. A new model of the e+e- → M1M2γ reactions is outlined which can serve for multichannel analyses of the radiative processes with a production of two pseudoscalar mesons M1 and M2.
Ablative Fractional CO2 Laser for Facial Atrophic Acne Scars
Authors: Xu Yaqin , Deng Yunhua
Published: January 2018

Ablative fractional carbon dioxide laser resurfacing is a well-established treatment for acne scars. However, there are limited consensus and guidelines regarding the procedure, such as its treatment plan, efficacy, and safety. In this study, we performed a systematic review to assess the efficacy and safety of the fractional carbon dioxide laser treatment procedure, and to provide evidence-based recommendations concerning its practical use on atrophic acne scars. A comprehensive search was performed in, EMBASE, Ovid, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases, using the keywords “scar(s),” “acne vulgaris,” “carbon dioxide,” and “fraction* laser(s)” for the period from January 1987 to December 2016. The initial literature search identified 337 articles. The final selection included 30 studies: 12 retrospective studies and 18 prospective randomized clinical trials. Ablative fractional carbon dioxide laser is an effective therapy for the treatment of acne scars. The treatment session, interval, and parameters should be customized for each patient. Combination therapy should be considered for ice-pick type acne scars. The use of dermocosmetics in pre- and postoperative care may be beneficial to patients.
Nonvitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants Use in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Bioprosthetic Heart Valves/Prior Surgical Valve Repair: A Multicenter Clinical Practice Experience
Authors: Attena Emilio , Mazzone Carmine , Esposito Francesca , Parisi Valentina , Bancone Ciro , Rago Anna , Nigro Gerardo , Sangiuolo Raffaele , D' Onofrio Antonio , Russo Vincenzo
Published: January 2018

This is an observational study to investigate the efficacy and safety of nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with bioprosthetic valves or prior surgical valve repair in clinical practice. A total of 122 patients (mean age: 74.1 ± 13.2; 54 females) with bioprosthetic heart valve or surgical valve repair and AF treated with NOACs were included in the analysis. The mean CHA2DS2-VASc (Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age >75 years, Diabetes mellitus, prior Stroke or transient ischemic attack, Vascular disease) and HAS-BLED (Hypertension, Abnormal renal and liver function, Stroke, Bleeding, Labile INR [international normalized ratio], Elderly, Drugs or alcohol) score values were 3.6 ± 1.2 and 2.6 ± 1.4, respectively. Of the total study population, 28.6% was taking apixaban 5 mg twice daily (BID), 24.5% apixaban 2.5 mg BID, 18% dabigatran 150 mg BID, 13% dabigatran 110 mg BID, 9.8% rivaroxaban 20 mg daily (QD), and 5.7% rivaroxaban 15 mg QD. Also, 92% of the study population previously had warfarin replaced with NOACs due to lack compliance and labile INR control (time in therapeutic range < 60%). NOAC therapy for AF was started on average 934 ± 567 days after bioprosthetic heart valve implantation or surgical repair for an average duration of 835 ± 203 days. The study population included 24 (19.6%) patients with bioprosthetic mitral valve, 52 (43%) patients with bioprosthetic aortic valve, 41 (33.6%) patients with previous surgical mitral repair, 5 (4%) patients with previous surgical aortic repair, and concomitant use of NOACs. All patients were evaluated for thromboembolic events (ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, systemic embolism) as well as major bleeding events during the follow-up period. In our study population, we recorded a low mean annual incidence of thromboembolism (0.8%) and major bleeding (1.3%). According to our data, anticoagulation therapy with NOACs seems to be an effective and a safe treatment strategy for nonvalvular AF patients with bioprosthetic valves or prior surgical valve repair.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Does Laterality Predict Perinatal Outcomes?
Authors: Sparks Teresa , Berger Victoria , Farrell Jody , Gosnell Kristen , Keller Roberta , Norton Mary , Gonzalez Juan , Sperling Jeffrey
Published: January 2018

Objective The objective of this study was to examine laterality as a predictor of outcomes among fetuses with prenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).

Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of pregnancies with CDH evaluated at our center from 2008 to 2016 compared cases with right-sided CDH (RCDH) versus left-sided CDH (LCDH). The primary outcome was survival to discharge. Secondary outcomes included ultrasound predictors of poor prognosis (liver herniation, stomach herniation, lung area-to-head circumference ratio [LHR]), concurrent anomalies, hydrops, stillbirth, preterm birth, mode of delivery, small for gestational age, use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and length of stay. Terminations and stillbirths were excluded from analyses of neonatal outcomes.

Results In this study, 157 (83%) LCDH and 32 (17%) RCDH cases were identified. Survival to discharge was similar (64 vs. 66.4%, p = 0.49) with regard to laterality. RCDH had higher rates of liver herniation (90.6 vs. 72%, p = 0.03), hydrops fetalis (15.6 vs. 1.3%, p < 0.01), and lower LHR (0.87 vs. 0.99, p = 0.04). LCDH had higher rates of stomach herniation (69.4 vs. 12.5%, p < 0.01). Rates of other outcomes were similar in univariate analyses. Adjusting for microarray abnormalities, the odds for survival to discharge for RCDH compared with LCDH was 0.93 (0.38–2.30, p = 0.88).

Conclusion Compared with LCDH, fetuses with RCDH had higher rates of adverse ultrasound predictors, but equivalent survival.
Resilienz – Die Widerstandskraft stärken
Authors: Helmreich Isabella , Kunzler Angela , Lieb Klaus
Published: January 2018

Der positive Blick auf sich, auf die eigenen Stärken und Fähigkeiten ist eine Kompetenz, die in der heutigen Zeit immer wichtiger wird. Unsere Autoren geben Anregungen, wie Sie sich gegen Stress schützen und Ihre Widerstandskraft stärken können. Denn fest steht: Resilienz ist erlernbar.
Dependence of square cylinder wake on Reynolds number
Authors: Bai Honglei , Alam Md. Mahbub
Published: January 2018

The wake of a square cylinder is investigated for Reynolds number Re < 107. Two-dimensional (2D) laminar simulation and three-dimensional (3D) large-eddy simulation are conducted at Re ≤ 1.0 × 103, while experiments of hotwire, particle image velocimetry, and force measurements are carried out at a higher Re range of 1.0 × 103 < Re < 4.5 × 104. Furthermore, data covering a wide Re range, from 100 to 107, in the literature are comprehensively collected for discussion and comparison purposes. The dependence on Re of the recirculation bubble size or vortex formation length, wake width, shear-layer transition, time-mean drag force, and Strouhal number is discussed in detail, revealing five flow regimes, each having distinct variations of the above parameters. With increasing Re, while the streamwise recirculation size enlarges at Re < 50 (steady flow regime), the vortex formation length reduces at 50 < Re < 1.6 × 102 (laminar flow regime), remains unchanged at 1.6 × 102 < Re < 2.2 × 102 (2D-to-3D transition flow regime), and decreases at 2.2 × 102 < Re < 1 × 103 (shear layer transition I regime), approaching asymptotically a constant at Re > 1.0 × 103 (shear layer transition II regime). Meanwhile, the wake width decreases with Re in the laminar flow regime, grows in 2D-to-3D transition and shear layer transition I regimes, and levels off in the shear layer transition II regime. The narrowest wake width is identified in the 2D-to-3D transition flow regime, corresponding to a minimum time-mean drag force and a largest Strouhal number. With increasing Re, the shear-layer transition length rapidly declines in the shear layer transition I regime where the transition occurs downstream of the trailing corner of the cylinder. On the other hand, it slowly tapers off in the shear layer transition II regime where the transition takes place upstream of the trailing corner. An extensive comparison is made between the dependence on Re of a circular cylinder wake and a square cylinder wake, with their distinct natures highlighted.
Controlled modification of resonant tunneling in metal-insulator-insulator-metal structures
Authors: Mitrovic I. Z. , Weerakkody A. D. , Sedghi N. , Ralph J. F. , Hall S. , Dhanak V. R. , Luo Z. , Beeby S.
Published: January 2018

We present comprehensive experimental and theoretical work on tunnel-barrier rectifiers comprising bilayer (Nb2O5/Al2O3) insulator configurations with similar (Nb/Nb) and dissimilar (Nb/Ag) metal electrodes. The electron affinity, valence band offset, and metal work function were ascertained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, and electrical measurements on fabricated reference structures. The experimental band line-up parameters were fed into a theoretical model to predict available bound states in the Nb2O5/Al2O3 quantum well and generate tunneling probability and transmittance curves under applied bias. The onset of strong resonance in the sub-V regime was found to be controlled by a work function difference of Nb/Ag electrodes in agreement with the experimental band alignment and theoretical model. A superior low-bias asymmetry of 35 at 0.1 V and a responsivity of 5 A/W at 0.25 V were observed for the Nb/4 nm Nb2O5/1 nm Al2O3/Ag structure, sufficient to achieve a rectification of over 90% of the input alternate current terahertz signal in a rectenna device.
The approach of in-situ doping ion conductor fabricated with the cathodic arc plasma for all-solid-state electrochromic devices
Authors: Wang Min-Chuan , Li Yu-Chen , Wang Jen-Yuan , Chen Yi-Shiou , Su Chi-Hung , Hsueh Tien-Hsiang , Hsu Sheng-Chuan , Wu Jin-Yu , Jan Der-Jun
Published: January 2018

The all-solid-state electrochromic device (ECD) with the one substrate structure fabricated by the reactive dc magnetron sputtering (DCMS) and in-situ doping cathodic vacuum arc plasma (CVAP) technology has been developed. The electrochromic (EC) layer and ion conductor layer were deposited by reactive DCMS and CVAP technology, respectively. The in-situ doping ion conductor Ta2O5 deposited by the CVAP technology has provided the better material structure for ion transportation and showed about 2 times ion conductivity than the external doping process. The all-solid-state ECD with the in-situ doping CVAP ion conductor layer has demonstrated a maximum transmittance variation (ΔT) of 71% at 550 nm, and a faster switching speed. The lower production cost and higher process stability could be achieved by the application of in-situ doping CVAP technology without breaking the vacuum process. Furthermore, the ion doping process with the reuse of energy during the CVAP process is not only decreasing the process steps, but also reducing the process energy consumption.
Design techniques for a stable operation of cryogenic field-programmable gate arrays
Authors: Homulle Harald , Visser Stefan , Patra Bishnu , Charbon Edoardo
Published: January 2018

In this paper, we show how a deep-submicron field-programmable gate array (FPGA) can be operated more stably at extremely low temperatures through special firmware design techniques. Stability at low temperatures is limited through long power supply wires and reduced performance of various printed circuit board components commonly employed at room temperature. Extensive characterization of these components shows that the majority of decoupling capacitor types and voltage regulators are not well behaved at cryogenic temperatures, asking for an ad hoc solution to stabilize the FPGA supply voltage, especially for sensitive applications. Therefore, we have designed a firmware that enforces a constant power consumption, so as to stabilize the supply voltage in the interior of the FPGA. The FPGA is powered with a supply at several meters distance, causing significant resistive voltage drop and thus fluctuations on the local supply voltage. To achieve the stabilization, the variation in digital logic speed, which directly corresponds to changes in supply voltage, is constantly measured and corrected for through a tunable oscillator farm, implemented on the FPGA. The impact of the stabilization technique is demonstrated together with a reconfigurable analog-to-digital converter (ADC), completely implemented in the FPGA fabric and operating at 15 K. The ADC performance can be improved by at most 1.5 bits (effective number of bits) thanks to the more stable supply voltage. The method is versatile and robust, enabling seamless porting to other FPGA families and configurations.
A study of flux control for high-efficiency speed control of variable flux permanent magnet motor
Authors: Kim Young Hyun , Lee Seong Soo , Lee Jung Ho
Published: January 2018

In this study, we evaluate the performance of permanent magnets (PMs). The efficiency of attraction in the high speed region was studied using the variable flux memory motor (VFMM). It is presented in order to analyze the magnetic characteristics of PMs, using the second quadrant plan data with re- and de-magnetization. In addition, this study focuses on the evaluation of operational characteristics relative to the magnetizing directions according to the d-axis currents, by using one of the finite element solutions. The feasibility of application for the VFMM has been experimentally demonstrated.
Smooth manifold structure for extreme channels
Authors: Iten Raban , Colbeck Roger
Published: January 2018

A quantum channel from a system A of dimension dA to a system B of dimension dB is a completely positive trace-preserving map from complex dA × dA to dB × dB matrices, and the set of all such maps with Kraus rank r has the structure of a smooth manifold. We describe this set in two ways. First, as a quotient space of (a subset of) the rdB × dA dimensional Stiefel manifold. Second, as the set of all Choi-states of a fixed rank r. These two descriptions are topologically equivalent. This allows us to show that the set of all Choi-states corresponding to extreme channels from system A to system B of a fixed Kraus rank r is a smooth submanifold of dimension 2rdAdB−dA2−r2 of the set of all Choi-states of rank r. As an application, we derive a lower bound on the number of parameters required for a quantum circuit topology to be able to approximate all extreme channels from A to B arbitrarily well.
Physiological and metabolic control of diet selection
Authors: Roura E. , Navarro M.
Published: January 2018

The fact that most farm animals have no dietary choice under commercial practices translates the dietary decisions to the carers. Thus, a lack of understanding of the principles of dietary choices is likely to result in a high toll for the feed industry. In healthy animals, diet selection and, ultimately, feed intake is the result of factoring together the preference for the feed available with the motivation to eat. Both are dynamic states and integrate transient stimulus derived from the nutritional status, environmental and social determinants of the animal with hard-wired genetic mechanisms. Peripheral senses are the primary inputs that determine feed preferences. Some of the sensory aspects of feed, such as taste, are innate and genetically driven, keeping the hedonic value of feed strictly associated with a nutritional frame. Sweet, umami and fat tastes are all highly appetitive. They stimulate reward responses from the brain and reinforce dietary choices related to essential nutrients. In contrast, aroma (smell) recognition is a plastic trait and preferences are driven mostly by learned experience. Maternal transfer through perinatal conditioning and the individual’s own innate behaviour to try or to avoid novel feed (often termed as neophobia) are known mechanisms where the learning process strongly affects preferences. In addtition, the motivation to eat responds to episodic events fluctuating in harmony with the eating patterns. These signals are driven mainly by gastrointestinal hormones (such as cholecystokinin [CCK] and glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1]) and load. In addition, long-term events generate mechanisms for a sustainable nutritional homeostasis managed by tonic signals from tissue stores (i.e. leptin and insulin). Insulin and leptin are known to affect appetite by modulating peripheral sensory inputs. The study of chemosensory mechanisms related to the nutritional status of the animal offers novel tools to understand the dynamic states of feed choices so as to meet nutritional and hedonic needs. Finally, a significant body of literature exists regarding appetite driven by energy and amino acids in farm animals. However, it is surprising that there is scarcity of knowledge regarding what and how specific dietary nutrients may affect satiety. Thus, a better understanding on how bitter compounds and excess dietary nutrients (i.e. amino acids) play a role in no-choice animal feeding is an urgent topic to be addressed so that right choices can be made on the animal’s behalf.
Phenotyping roots in darkness: disturbance-free root imaging with near infrared illumination
Authors: Shi Rongli , Junker Astrid , Seiler Christiane , Altmann Thomas
Published: January 2018

Root systems architecture (RSA) and size properties are essential determinants of plant performance and need to be assessed in high-throughput plant phenotyping platforms. Thus, we tested a concept that involves near-infrared (NIR) imaging of roots growing along surfaces of transparent culture vessels using special long pass filters to block their exposure to visible light. Two setups were used to monitor growth of Arabidopsis, rapeseed, barley and maize roots upon exposure to white light, filter-transmitted radiation or darkness: root growth direction was analysed (1) through short-term cultivation on agar plates, and (2) using soil-filled transparent pots to monitor long-term responses. White light-triggered phototropic responses were detected for Arabidopsis in setup 1, and for rapeseed, barley and maize roots in setups 1 and 2, whereas light effects could be avoided by use of the NIR filter thus confirming its suitability to mimic darkness. NIR image-derived ‘root volume’ values correlated well with root dry weight. The root system fractions visible at the different pot sides and in different zones revealed species- and genotype-dependent variation of spatial root distribution and other RSA traits. Following this validated concept, root imaging setups may be integrated into shoot phenotyping facilities in order to enable root system analysis in the context of whole-plant performance investigations.
Growth and development.
Authors: Strik B. C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes the physiology of blackberry (Rubus sp.) plant and its roots both for primocane and floricane production. It details the mystery of primocane growth and development, cold hardiness and chilling requirements, the critical elements of flower bud development, and the complicated floricane development and fruiting.
Cultivar development and selection.
Authors: Finn C. E. , Clark J. R.
Published: January 2018

This chapter augments previous detailed reviews of blackberry breeding with the latest releases and developments. European and North American programmes initiated the crop development over the past century, however, the expansion of this crop in Asia, and Oceania, and the recent meteoric rise of Mexican and Central American production are also discussed. Breeding programmes across the USA, Brazil, New Zealand and elsewhere are noted. Selection of plants for specific architecture and qualities such as thornlessness, primocane fruiting, chilling requirement, disease resistance, heat/cold tolerance, yield, and genomic analysis are reviewed. Tabulated data are given on the background of the most important non-proprietary blackberry cultivars, with a focus on more modern cultivars.
Rethinking Corpus Christi
Authors: Rodman Rosamond C.
Published: January 2018

Corpus Christi Bay was named by Spanish or French explorers in honor of the liturgical feast day of Corpus Christi on which the region was initially encountered during the sixteenth century. But the inland Corpus Christi, now the eighth largest city in Texas, did not come about and was not named until much later, during the 1840s. The standard assumption, that Corpus Christi is a toponym derived from Spanish (or French) colonial history should be reconsidered. The creation and naming of a place called Corpus Christi offers some fascinating insights into anxieties about religion, race and national identity during a critical period of nineteenth century US expansion.
Tolkien’s Phonoprint in Character Names Throughout His Invented Languages
Authors: Wilcox Brad , Brown Bruce L. , Baker-Smemoe Wendy , Morrison Timothy G.
Published: January 2018

J. R. R. Tolkien claimed to create names based on sound symbolism and invented languages. Previous studies revealed that Tolkien had his own phonoprint (tendency to use the same phonemes repeatedly for character names) regardless of his claims that they reflected different language origins. However, this research examined phonemes and syllables rather than names as whole units. This study compared 183 names from Tolkien’s works and 100 names from the nineteenth Century US Census. The name recognition software linked names with known languages or provided a “generic” category when no match was found. Results showed no significant differences between the generic listings when language groups were compared. It seems Tolkien successfully created unique names, but could not escape his own phonoprint among the generic names. When looking at names from non-generic responses, it appears Tolkien was able to differentiate into three language groups, but not with the precision he claimed.
Synthesis, microstructure and properties of (Ti1−x, Mox)2AlC phases
Authors: Pan Ruijuan , Zhu Jianfeng , Liu Yanming
Published: January 2018

The reaction path of the (Ti0.9, Mo0.1)2AlC phase from Ti, Al, TiC and Mo powder mixtures was investigated in detail ranging from 500 to 1450°C, and the results show that the reaction between Ti and Al produced Ti–Al intermetallics, and the reaction between Al and Mo formed Mo–Al intermetallics. And then the (Ti0.9, Mo0.1)2AlC phase was formed by the reaction of Ti–Al, Mo–Al intermetallics, and TiC. At 1350°C for 2 h, a dense (Ti0.9, Mo0.1)2AlC phase with purity was successfully fabricated. The Vickers hardness, flexural strength and fracture toughness were 5.48 GPa, 363.60 MPa and 5.78 MPa m1/2, which were improved by 44, 34 and 136% for (Ti0.80, Mo0.20)2AlC, respectively, compared with the single-phase Ti2AlC.
Isomerization of feruloylputrescine in orange juice by light exposure
Authors: Ogi Kayako , Otsuka Takako , Sumitani Hidenobu
Published: January 2018

Exposure to light may adversely affect the quality of foods. This investigation of how light exposure affects citrus (orange and mandarin blend) juice in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles demonstrated that the isomeric form of a compound in the juice changed during storage. This compound was identified as feruloylputrescine (FP; CAS: 501-13-3; C14H20N2O3) using LC/MS (Q-TOF). LC/MS and NMR measurements showed that the content of the original form, trans-FP, decreased as it isomerized to cis-FP during storage. This phenomenon could be observed in citrus fruit juices containing FP, such orange and grapefruit juices. Therefore, determining the content of these two isomers of FP could be used to indicate the level of light exposure experienced by citrus fruit products.
Interleukin 22 prevents lipopolysaccharide- induced preterm labor in mice†
Authors: Dambaeva Svetlana , Schneiderman Sylvia , Jaiswal Mukesh K , Agrawal Varkha , Katara Gajendra K , Gilman-Sachs Alice , Hirsch Emmet , Beaman Kenneth D
Published: January 2018

Preterm birth is widespread and causes 35% of all neonatal deaths. Infants who survive face potential long-term complications. A major contributing factor of preterm birth is infection. We investigated the role of interleukin 22 (IL22) as a potential clinically relevant cytokine during gestational infection. IL22 is an effector molecule secreted by immune cells. While the expression of IL22 was reported in normal nonpregnant endometrium and early pregnancy decidua, little is known about uterine IL22 expression during mid or late gestational stages of pregnancy. Since IL22 has been shown to be an essential mediator in epithelial regeneration and wound repair, we investigated the potential role of IL22 during defense against an inflammatory response at the maternal–fetal interface. We used a well-established model to study infection and infection-associated inflammation during preterm birth in the mouse. We have shown that IL22 is upregulated to respond to an intrauterine lipopolysaccharide administration and plays an important role in controlling the risk of inflammation-induced preterm birth. This paper proposes IL22 as a treatment method to combat infection and prevent preterm birth in susceptible patients.
Planetary-like spirals caused by moving shadows in transition discs
Authors: Montesinos Matías , Cuello Nicolás
Published: January 2018

Shadows and spirals seem to be common features of transition discs. Among the spiral-triggering mechanisms proposed, only one establishes a causal link between shadows and spirals so far. In fact, provided the presence of shadows in the disc, the combined effect of temperature gradient and differential disc rotation creates strong azimuthal pressure gradients. After several thousand years, grand-design spirals develop in the gas phase. Previous works have only considered static shadows caused by an inclined inner disc. However, in some cases, the inner regions of circumbinary discs can break and precess. Thus, it is more realistic to consider moving shadow patterns in the disc. In this configuration, the intersection between the inner and the outer discs defines the line of nodes at which the shadows are cast. Here, we consider moving shadows and study the resulting circumbinary disc structure. We find that only static and prograde shadows trigger spirals, in contrast to retrograde ones. Interestingly, if a region of the disc corotates with the shadow, a planet-like signature develops at the co-rotation position. The resulting spirals resemble those caused by a planet embedded in the disc, with similar pitch angles.
Sevoflurane Blocks the Induction of Long-term Potentiation When Present during, but Not When Present Only before, the High-frequency Stimulation
Authors: Liu Jinyang , Yang Lie , Lin Daisy , Cottrell James E. , Kass Ira S.
Published: January 2018

Background

This study tests the hypothesis that sevoflurane blocks long-term potentiation only if it is present during the high-frequency stimulation that induces long-term potentiation.

Methods

Long-term potentiation, an electrophysiologic correlate of memory, was induced by high-frequency stimulation and measured as a persistent increase in the field excitatory postsynaptic potential slope in the CA1 region.

Results

Long-term potentiation was induced in the no sevoflurane group (171 ± 58% vs. 96 ± 11%; n = 13, mean ± SD); when sevoflurane (4%) was present during the high-frequency stimulation, long-term potentiation was blocked (92 ± 22% vs. 99 ± 7%, n = 6). While sevoflurane reduced the size of the field excitatory postsynaptic potential to single test stimuli by 59 ± 17%, it did not significantly reduce the size of the field excitatory postsynaptic potentials during the 100 Hz high-frequency stimulation. If sevoflurane was removed from the artificial cerebrospinal fluid superfusing the slices 10 min before the high-frequency stimulation, then long-term potentiation was induced (185 ± 48%, n = 7); this was not different from long-term potentiation in the no sevoflurane slices (171 ± 58). Sevoflurane before, but not during, ⊖-burst stimulation, a physiologic stimulus, did not block the induction of long-term potentiation (151 ± 37% vs. 161 ± 34%, n = 7).

Conclusions

Sevoflurane blocks long-term potentiation formation if present during the high-frequency stimulation; this blockage of long-term potentiation does not persist if sevoflurane is discontinued before the high-frequency stimulation. These results may explain why short periods of insufficient sevoflurane anesthesia may lead to recall of painful or traumatic events during surgery.
Suicidal Risk and Affective Temperaments, Evaluated with the TEMPS-A Scale: A Systematic Review
Authors: Vázquez Gustavo H. , Gonda Xenia , Lolich María , Tondo Leonardo , Baldessarini Ross J.
Published: January 2018

Background

Among risk factors for suicidal behavior, there is growing interest in associations with stable affective temperament types, particularly based on assessment with the TEMPS-A self-rating scale.

Aim

As research on this topic has not been reviewed systematically, we synthesized relevant, reported research findings.

Methods

Systematic searching identified peer-reviewed reports pertaining to associations of suicidal behavior or ideation with affective temperament types evaluated with TEMPS-A. We summarized available findings and applied quantitative meta-analytic methods to compare scale scores in suicidal versus nonsuicidal subjects.

Results

In 21 of 23 TEMPS-A studies meeting inclusion criteria, anxious, cyclothymic, depressive, or irritable temperament scores were significantly higher with previous or recent suicide attempts or ideation in both psychiatric and general population samples compared to nonsuicidal controls, whereas hyperthymic temperament scores were lower in 9 of 11 reports. These findings were synthesized by random-effects meta-analyses of standardized mean differences in TEMPS-A temperament scores in suicidal versus nonsuicidal subjects. Associations ranked: depressive ≥ irritable > cyclothymic > anxious > hyperthymic (negative).

Conclusions

Affective temperaments, especially depressive and irritable, were strongly associated with suicidal risk, whereas hyperthymic temperament appeared to be protective.
The relationship between the use of statins and mortality, severity, and pancreatic cancer in Danish patients with chronic pancreatitis
Authors: Bang Ulrich C. , Watanabe Tomohiro , Bendtsen Flemming
Published: January 2018

Objectives

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is associated with a shortened life expectancy. Statins have anti-inflammatory properties and we aimed to evaluate the association between the use of statins and the risk of death, progression of CP, and pancreatic cancer in patients with CP.

Patients and methods

We carried out a nested case–cohort study and included patients with CP. We used claims of proton pump inhibitors as an active comparator. Patients with cirrhosis or cancer were excluded. We evaluated the exposure on the basis of pharmacy claims of statins. We used propensity score matching with a statins : nonstatins ratio of 1 : 1.

Results

A total of 4807 patients were eligible for propensity score matching; 33% were women and the mean (SD) age at cohort entry was 56 (10) years. During follow-up, a total of 2073 (43%) patients had died and the risk of death was significantly lower among patients using statins versus no statins among 678 matched patients [hazard ratio (HR) 0.64; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49–0.83]. Use of statins versus no statins was associated with decreased progression of CP, with an HR of 0.21 (95% CI: 0.17–0.26). Pancreatic cancer occurred in 117 (2.4%) patients and we found a lower risk of pancreatic cancer in statin-treated patients compared with no statins, with a HR of 0.21 (95% CI: 0.06–0.70).

Conclusion

In this nationwide study, we found lower risks of mortality, disease progression, and pancreatic cancer in patients with CP using statins. The study is limited by its retrospective design, but supports the hypothesis that statins may affect the course of CP.
Evaluation of Serum Trace Element and Vitamin Levels in Children With Cancer in the First 6 Months After Diagnosis
Authors: Gurlek Gokcebay Dilek , Emir Suna , Bayhan Turan , Demir Haci Ahmet , Ozyoruk Derya , Gunduz Mehmet , Koc Nevra
Published: January 2018

Adequate nutrient intake should be provided for the cure of children diagnosed with cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum trace elements and vitamins of children with cancer at diagnosis and during treatment. Children with newly diagnosed cancer who were admitted to our center were evaluated for serum selenium, iron, ferritin, C-reactive protein, vitamin B12, folate, and 25-OH vitamin D levels at presentation, and at the third and sixth months of cancer treatment. Forty-two children (male/female: 15/27) with a median age of 8 years (range, 2 to 17) were included in the study. Mean serum B12, folate, and iron levels were within normal ranges, but selenium and 25-OH vitamin D were low at presentation and during the 6-month period. Serum ferritin levels were high in all 3 measures, but they decreased significantly at the sixth month (P=0.04). There was no relation between micronutrient deficiency and sex, or primary disease, or stage, or place of residence of the patient. In conclusion, serum trace element and vitamin deficiencies are common in children with cancer, and there is a need for further studies with larger patient series.
Use of Intravenous Posaconazole in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients
Authors: Strommen Amanda , Hurst Amanda L. , Curtis Donna , Abzug Mark J.
Published: January 2018

Background:

Posaconazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal used for prophylaxis and treatment of invasive fungal infections. There is no published data to inform prescribers on dosing of the intravenous (IV) formulation in the pediatric population. We describe our experience including dosing, serum concentrations, and tolerability.

Observations:

Four patients (3 to 9 y) received IV posaconazole for treatment of documented/suspected invasive fungal infections. Patients achieved therapeutic concentrations on daily doses of 8.4 to 12.2 mg/kg and adverse effects were minimal.

Conclusions:

Higher dosing per body weight of IV posaconazole may be required in the pediatric population compared with adults to consistently achieve therapeutic concentrations.
Improving Resident Oral Health and Adherence to a Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Bundle in a Skilled Nursing Facility
Authors: Finch Guthrie Patricia , Rayborn Shelley , Boatright John , Pearson Valinda , Wieting Rosemary , Peterson Randy , Danahy Molly
Published: January 2018

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is common with mechanical ventilation. VAP bundles have improved outcomes in acute care and long-term acute care hospitals. This article reports on an implementation of a VAP bundle designed for a skilled nursing facility (SNF). The primary goal was to improve oral health, a significant factor for VAP, and improve SNF nurse adherence to the bundle. Improvements in oral health and adherence were demonstrated. Nurses had difficulty with adhering to maintaining the tracheostomy cuff seal.
Cognition, Emotional Health, and Immunological Markers in Children With Long-Term Nonprogressive HIV
Authors: Paul Robert , Apornpong Tanakorn , Prasitsuebsai Wasana , Puthanakit Thanyawee , Saphonn Vonthanak , Aurpibul Linda , Kosalaraksa Pope , Kanjanavanit Suparat , Luesomboon Wicharn , Ngampiyaskul Chaiwat , Suwanlerk Tulathip , Chettra Kea , Shearer William T. , Valcour Victor , Ananworanich Jintanat , Kerr Stephen ,   on behalf of the PREDICT Study Group
Published: January 2018

Background:

HIV-infected children with long-term nonprogressive (LTNP) disease eventually convert to a progressive disease type, yet the extent to which these children experience the cognitive and emotional symptoms observed in typical progressive HIV (Progressors) is unknown.

Methods:

Eighty-eight LTNPs, 53 Progressors, and 323 healthy controls completed annual assessments of cognitive and emotional health as part of a prospective study. The 2 HIV-infected groups and the healthy controls were matched on age and sex distribution at enrollment. Plasma HIV RNA, T-cell counts/percentages, activated monocytes, perivascular monocytes, and markers of macrophage activation (sCD163 and sCD14) were compared by progression subtype. Cognitive and emotional outcomes were compared using cross-sectional linear regression analysis and longitudinal sensitivity models.

Results:

LTNPs exhibited the same cognitive phenotype and emotional dysregulation as Progressors, with worse outcomes in both groups compared with controls. In addition, cognitive and emotional symptoms were evident before children reached the minimum age for LTNP designation (8 years). Baseline plasma HIV RNA, sCD163, activated monocytes, and perivascular monocytes were lower in LTNPs versus Progressors, with no difference in T-cell counts/percentages or sCD14 levels. Most LTNPs converted to a progressive disease subtype during the study, with similar cognitive and emotion profiles between these subgroups.

Conclusions:

Pediatric LTNPs experience cognitive and emotional difficulties that mirror symptoms of progressive disease. The abnormalities are present at young ages and persist independent of plasma T-cell counts. The findings highlight the neurodevelopmental risk of pediatric HIV, even in those with early innate disease control.