bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Representing the Community
Authors: Levine Jeremy R.
Published: May 2022

This chapter shows how community-based organizations (CBOs) in the Fairmount Corridor superseded elected politicians as de facto neighborhood representatives. Local elected officials were, at best, marginal players in the broader community development field. It was not necessarily the case that residents viewed CBOs as more authentic than elected representatives. In fact, regardless of resident perceptions, government officials and foundation funders viewed nonprofit CBOs as the legitimate representatives of poor neighborhoods. The privatization of political representation is a double-edged sword for the urban poor: CBOs can bring much needed resources to poor neighborhoods but are not subject to the same systems of accountability as democratically elected politicians.
Community Power
Authors: Levine Jeremy R.
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes how, in Fairmount Corridor, resident involvement in community development was limited to “the community process,” a series of public meetings that ostensibly democratized public decision-making. However, these meetings were held long after plans had already been created, and as such, functioned less like a vehicle for influence and more like a bureaucratic box to check at the end of a long to-do list. Coming full circle, the chapter shows how poor residents were most effective in exercising their political voice when they aligned with local nonprofit organizations during these meetings. Channeling their interests through legitimated nonprofits was more effective than threats of collective mobilization or alliances with elected politicians. Put more critically, community control was realized to the extent that residents' interests aligned with the interests of local community organizations.
Conclusion
Authors: Levine Jeremy R.
Published: May 2022

This concluding chapter begins by looking at Midtown Detroit, Inc. (MDI), a nonprofit organization in Detroit which exemplifies today's community development industry. Detroit and Boston are very different places. Yet digging deeper reveals a shared governance structure. Private nonprofits perform many functions that one would typically ascribe to government—sometimes alongside and sometimes in place of public officials. The chapter then suggests three recommendations for urban policymakers and community development practitioners. For a more democratic and equitable urban governance, it is important to increase nonprofit diversity, push foundations toward capacity funding, and reimagine participation beyond the public meeting. These policy recommendations relate to a final lesson for social scientists: By appreciating the symbolism of community—that is, how people use the concept in local politics—it is possible to develop a more refined understanding of democracy and inequality in American cities.
Introduction
Authors: Volk Katharina
Published: May 2022

This chapter highlights the important intellectuals of the late Roman Republic. It emphasizes that some of the most important political actors in this time of turmoil engaged in significant scholarly activity. The chapter then studies the intellectual and political activities of Roman senators, and the mutual relationships of and connections among these diverse actions and behaviors. It offers a work of intellectual history on the knowledge-producing practices of the late Republican political elite in their historical and cultural contexts. The chapter focuses on the twenty years from 63 to 43 BCE, that is, from Cicero's consulship to his death, with a special focus on the mid-50s to mid-40s. This is when most of the important late Republican works of scholarship and philosophy were written. It then considers how the intellectual history of the late Republic has been, and might be, written.
Coopting the Cosmos
Authors: Volk Katharina
Published: May 2022

This chapter analyzes late Republican attempts at “coopting the cosmos,” that is, situating Rome or individual Romans within the universe as a whole and connecting them to the sphere of the divine. It then examines the words and deeds of three prominent Roman senators with particular interests and expertise in these topics. The chapter first turns to Nigidius Figulus, a firm anti-Caesarian, whose learned endeavors go considerably beyond the genteel studies of a Cicero and Varro. Nigidius wrote about grammar, but also about natural history, astronomy and astrology, and numerous forms of divination. The chapter next considers the man whose ascent to power Nigidius tried to prevent both on the battlefield and in his divinatory practice—Julius Caesar. The chapter highlights Caesar's greatest achievement: his reform of the Roman calendar, which for the first time brought the civic year into lasting agreement with the changes of the seasons and the risings and settings of the constellations. It opens another discussion of Cicero himself. The master orator was highly adept at claiming divine support for himself, most notably concerning his actions during the Catilinarian conspiracy, when numerous dire portents warned of danger, and his own countermeasures were obviously approved by the gods.
A Matter of Obscenity
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: May 2022

For Victorian lawmakers and judges, the question of whether a book should be allowed to circulate freely depended on whether it was sold to readers whose mental and moral capacities were in doubt, by which they meant the increasingly literate and enfranchised working classes. The law stayed this way even as society evolved. In 1960, in the obscenity trial over D. H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover, the prosecutor asked the jury, “Is it a book that you would even wish your wife or your servants to read?” This book traces the history of British censorship from the Victorians to Margaret Thatcher, exposing the tensions between obscenity law and a changing British society. The book goes behind the scenes of major obscenity trials and uncovers the routines of everyday censorship, shedding new light on the British reception of literary modernism and popular entertainments such as the cinema and American-style pulp fiction and comic books. In doing so, it reveals the thinking of lawyers and the police, authors and publishers, and politicians and ordinary citizens as they wrestled with questions of freedom and morality. The book describes how supporters and opponents of censorship alike tried to remake the law as they reckoned with changes in sexuality and culture that began in the 1960s. It reveals how the issue of censorship challenged British society to confront issues ranging from mass literacy and democratization to feminism, gay rights, and multiculturalism.
Introduction
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces the concept of obscenity trials. Mervyn Griffith-Jones is known for his self-inflicted wound amidst the Lady Chatterley's Lover trial which prosecuted Penguin Books for publishing D. H. Lawrence's novel thirty years after his passing. Moreover, English obscenity law bore the imprint of Victorian debates about literacy and citizenship. The Lady Chatterley's Lover trial's synthesis of democratization and deference unraveled after ten years as it was under attack by a new cohort of morals campaigners. Activists played an outsized part in the politics of censorship. The chapter indicates how the title will focus on offensive publications crystallizing questions of culture, freedom, and order for censors and their opponents, jurists, artists, and ordinary people.
Obscenity, Literacy, and the Franchise
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses obscenity, literacy, and the literary franchise. Obscenity law took shape as Britain debated the extension of the literary franchise, while mass literacy changed expectations about politics and culture. The twin pillars of English obscenity law were the Obscene Publications Act of 1857 and the judgment in the R v. Hicklin case a decade later. Judges base decisions about a borderline book's acceptability on matters of price and distribution which is similar to debates surrounding the Second Reform Act (1867). The Second Reform Act enfranchised urban male householders. The chapter tackles library censorship as novelists knew some subjects were off limits.
Campaigners and Litigants
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: May 2022

This chapter expounds on the works of campaigners and litigants between 1972 and 1977. Objections did not stop moral campaigners in the 1970s from trying to replace the troublesome definition of obscenity with majority standards. The Festival of Light was a social movement that dabbled in litigation, while the Defence of Literature and the Arts Society was a legal defense fund trying to reinvent itself as a movement of making freedom of expression as a cause important to more than the literary and legal minority. In the 1970s, individuals contest the actions of the bureaucratic state and institutions exercising public functions in the courts, which simultaneously sparked middle-class activism.
Introduction
Authors: Berthelot Katell
Published: May 2022

This chapter emphasizes that the significance of the encounter between Israel and Rome extended well beyond political sovereignty. It provides a background on the Jewish sources dated to the late Hellenistic and Roman periods from the perspective of the history of ideas. It also shows that engagement with the Roman Empire posed a unique ideological challenge for Jews and had a lasting impact on Jewish self-definitions and Jewish thought. The chapter opens with a survey of how earlier empires affected ancient Israel and its literary production, especially the writings that now constitute the Hebrew Bible. It gives a comparative perspective that facilitates the assessment of the novel elements in Israel's confrontation with the Roman Empire.
The Challenge of Roman Power
Authors: Berthelot Katell
Published: May 2022

This chapter highlights Jews in both the land of Israel and the diaspora, which were confronted by Roman military might with particular harshness. It refers to Clifford Ando, who has shown that Roman power, understood as the ability to exercise military coercion, does not provide an adequate explanation of the internal stability of the empire. The longevity of Rome's imperium resulted instead from a slowly realized consensus regarding Rome's right to maintain social order and to establish a normative political culture. The chapter focuses on the challenge posed to Jews by the military expression of Roman power. The emphasis on spiritual power and the categorization of military power or the use of force as something foreign to Israel is a recurring theme in the Babylonian Talmud.
Conclusion
Authors: Berthelot Katell
Published: May 2022

This chapter investigates how biblical traditions emerged partly as responses to imperial domination and ideology. It refers to a dialectic of opposition and rejection and imitation or mimesis in the Book of Isaiah or Deuteronomy. It also covers ancient authors who elaborated fantasies of Israel's universal rule over the nations at the end of days, which run from the writings of the prophets through apocalyptic texts and late Talmudic accounts. The chapter looks at some cases of mimesis that are in fact examples of mimicry, implying derision or subversion of the dominant model, instances of acculturation, unintended reproduction of the dominant power's norms. A recurring feature of Israelite, Judean, or Jewish attitudes toward empires is their complexity as they cannot be reduced to a dichotomous, oppositional discourse.
Global Migrant Care and Emotional Labor in Villette
Authors: Schaffer Talia
Published: May 2022

This chapter draws on recent sociological studies to show that the psychological state of Villette's Lucy Snowe actually conforms to well-known conditions among this vulnerable population. Lucy invites both sociological and literary readings to the extent that she manages to be both a unique figure and a prototypical example, both a fictional figure and a generic case. It highlights the problem of Lucy not occupying both spaces at once: when someone gets locked exclusively into the carer or caregiver role, it unbalances the sense of self. The chapter describes Lucy's peculiar personality that is at odds with the enforced requirements of her generic job, wherein the conditions of her employment corrode her personhood. Forced to conform to a slot that denies her inner feelings, she engages in an internal war that is no less violent for being brutally private.
Introduction
Authors: Risinger Jacob
Published: May 2022

This chapter explains Stoicism, which was a decisively radical term in a revolutionary age and its impress on the literature of the period was heightened by its dramatic deployment over the course of the French Revolution. Long associated with Roman republicanism and its virtuous defenders, Stoicism served as a deep source for an emergent discourse of natural and human rights. The chapter mentions that the radical vein of Stoicism emerged in multiple forms on both sides of the Channel. It describes the recurrent feature of the republican pageantry and ethos deployed by Maximilien Robespierre and other Jacobins. In France, Louis de Saint-Just described Stoic self-control as the healthy alternative to a reign of terror.
Stoic Futurity in Sarah Scott and Mary Shelley
Authors: Risinger Jacob
Published: May 2022

This chapter turns from poetry to the novel to consider two texts at opposite ends of the Romantic timeline, both of which attempt to unlock the reorienting, feminist possibilities inherent in Stoicism by bringing it in line with a precarious propriety. In Millenium Hall, Sarah Scott imagines a world in which virtuous retirement and the regulation of feeling could result in paradoxically extensive benevolence. It traces the reappearance of a radical potentiality in Mary Shelley's Lodore, a late, transatlantic novel whose tidy conclusion is undone by Fanny Derham. The chapter considers Derham as an outsized figure of the future, a woman whose transformative Stoic vision demands not a few tame lines but the gift of prophecy itself. It explores Stoic Romanticism as a vanguard movement, the shape of a future in the works but still to come.
Authority and Universality
Authors: Alatas Ismail Fajrie
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the implications of the analytic approach to the way Islam's universality is understood. In attending to the articulatory labor that produces Islam as a social reality, it critiques the common tendency to equate Islam with a consistent supracultural package of precepts, values, and practices distinct from local particularities. By asserting the existence of a “pure” Islamic tradition, scholars have consistently misrecognized Islam as a premade universal project. The chapter proposes a way of thinking about Islam's universality as a concrete universality. This entails that what is universal about Islam is not ideational commonality, but the concrete labor of articulating the sunna and the community that has generated doctrinal and practical diversity.
Cultivating Islam
Authors: Alatas Ismail Fajrie
Published: May 2022

This chapter narrates the brief encounter between Habib Luthfi and Suryo that encapsulates the central concern on Islamic religious authorities and their roles in cultivating communities of Muslims that revolve around Prophetic teachings. Both Habib Luthfi and Suryo claim connections to the Prophet and deploy such claims to constitute a religious community. The chapter explains how Habib Luthfi has been able to seamlessly transmit Prophetic teachings to his disciples, while Suryo was perceived as an eccentric and became an object of ridicule. The chapter discusses the study of eccentric subjects that can shed light on sites and mechanisms of exclusion, creativity, and struggle beyond dominant categories and discourses. It focuses on Habib Luthfi and other Muslim saints and scholars who through arduous labor have succeeded in cultivating communities that can serve as sites for the transmission and social realization of Prophetic teachings.
Tragedy in the Philosophical Age of the Greeks
Authors: Billings Joshua
Published: May 2022

This introductory chapter illustrates the intimate and multiform relation of philosophical and poetic thought that, obtained before philosophy, defined itself in contradistinction to other discourses. It suggests that drama can be recognized as significantly philosophical, and read alongside the canonical texts of early Greek philosophical writing. In fact, drama's awareness of developments in philosophical thought has already been the subject of much research. However, the chapter has a much stronger contention: that dramatic texts are themselves developments in philosophical thought, and should be recognized as part of the canon of early Greek philosophical writing. By attending to the thinking of drama, one can thus recover important dimensions of fifth-century intellectual culture, and bring into view a wider, more dynamic, and more vibrant philosophical field.
Intrigue and Ontology
Authors: Billings Joshua
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores plays which depict the bind of a figure who takes part in an extended intrigue, in the course of which lies proliferate and come to act on both the target and the perpetrator of deception. This has comic as well as tragic instances, but in all the plays examined here, deceptive stories take on a life of their own and rebound against the deceiver. The chapter proposes ultimately to interpret these problems of deception in political terms, as crystallizing questions of truth and knowledge within a democratic collective. One striking aspect of the works discussed in the chapter is their presentation of deception as something learned and taught, an aspect of socialization that allows one to participate fully in collective life. All the plays thus reflect on the extent to which deception is necessary and endemic to the functioning of society.
Introduction
Authors: Miller Elizabeth Carolyn
Published: May 2022

This introductory chapter reveals that the industrialization of underground resource extraction shaped literary form and genre in the first century of the industrial era. It specifically refers to the period that began in the early 1830s with the decisive shift to steam power in British manufacturing and distribution and ended in the late 1930s with the dawn of the nuclear era. This was a time when literary form and genre contributed to new ways of imagining an extractible Earth. Here, the chapter attempts to capture a period when Britain came to understand itself as an empire thoroughly dependent on extraction. Just as the rhythms of agricultural life and labor are bound up in the forms of the pastoral, the chapter argues, the age of industrial extraction ushered in a new sense of human–natural relations, and with it a new literature.
Drill, Baby, Drill
Authors: Miller Elizabeth Carolyn
Published: May 2022

This chapter demonstrates how the provincial realist novel incorporated exhaustion as a temporal structure to depict the new horizons of human life under extractivism. Provincial realism's longstanding reliance on the marriage plot and the inheritance plot, on providing closure via social reproduction, transforms against the backdrop of extractivism to withhold the promise of reproductive futurity. As the steam engine and other industrial technologies were transforming the scale and impacts of mining in the backwaters of global empire, discourse around exhaustion, futurity, and decline reached a new stage as well, transforming the endings, trajectories, and temporalities of the provincial realist novel. Thus, all the novels discussed in the chapter take place in settings of extraction or exhausted extraction — sacrifice zones. And all explore the temporal structure of an extraction-based present claimed at the expense of future generations.
Introduction
Authors: Gershman Samuel
Published: May 2022

This chapter provides a background on a fundamental puzzle about human cognition: How can a person apparently be so stupid and so smart at the same time? It cites the catalog of human error that is vast as people perceive things that aren't there and fail to perceive things right in front of them, forget things that happened and remember things that didn't, say things they don't mean and mean things they don't say. People are inconsistent, biased, myopic, overly optimistic, and overconfident, appearing to be as far as one can imagine from an ideal of rationality. The chapter includes the vast catalog of findings in support of human rationality that comes close to optimal performance in domains ranging from motor control and sensory perception to prediction, communication, decision making, and logical reasoning. Even more puzzlingly, sometimes the very same phenomena appear to provide evidence both for and against rationality.
Rational illusions
Authors: Gershman Samuel
Published: May 2022

This chapter cites the Ponzo illusion as a contrived example that relates to the real-world “moon illusion” that has been known since ancient times. Contextually induced illusions go far beyond size perception and can appear in the perception of color, location, brightness, speed, weight, and many other properties. It explores a question on the ubiquity of such illusions: Why did people not evolve brains that perceive the world as it really is? The chapter explains that veridical perception is impossible given the limits of sensory organs, causing the sensory information that reaches the brain to be often highly ambiguous. For example, the three-dimensional world is projected onto a two-dimensional retina.
Good questions
Authors: Gershman Samuel
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the normative question of what information people should seek and what questions should they ask about the world. It highlights a well-known bias to ask questions that will confirm hypotheses rather than falsify them, considering the deeper structure underlying this behavior within the framework of optimal information acquisition or otherwise known as active learning. It also emphasizes that confirmation bias can be rational under some conditions, including those in which it has been experimentally demonstrated, and that people adopt a disconfirmation strategy under other conditions. The chapter defines the term confirmation bias, which is often used to embrace a number of distinct phenomena, such as how people select information and how they interpret information. It focuses on the tendency to select information that confirms one's hypotheses, sometimes referred to as the positive test strategy.
Are we consistent?
Authors: Gershman Samuel
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses a standard economic analysis that has been applied to apparent inconsistencies that assumed people are perfect information processors, that they have complete knowledge of market conditions, and that they have complete knowledge of their own internal mental states. Once these assumptions are relaxed, inconsistencies in decision making may be compatible with rationality after all. The problem, from the consumer's perspective, is that often they don't have direct access to the fair market value for products. The chapter explains how the inferred fair market indifference curve should pass nearby all of the options, which means that adding a new option can make other options look better or worse. When market conditions are ambiguous, what constitutes a good trade-off between attributes will also be ambiguous.
Celestial teapots and flying spaghetti monsters
Authors: Gershman Samuel
Published: May 2022

This chapter analyzes the argument from ignorance, which is an example of an informal argument—logically invalid but rhetorically persuasive. It explains why such arguments are persuasive, by appealing to a Bayesian account first developed by the psychologists Ulrike Hahn and Mike Oaksford. The key idea is that informal arguments are interpreted as providing probabilistic support for hypotheses. The chapter shows a number of logical fallacies that are in fact rational according to the Bayesian account, which discusses why some arguments are more or less persuasive as a function of factors that play no role in a logical analysis. In logical analysis, a conclusion is true given a set of premises if those premises entail the conclusion—that is, if one can derive the conclusion from the premises through the application of inference rules.
The frugal brain
Authors: Gershman Samuel
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers the Bayesian inference as a solution to the problem of limited data as Bayes' rule tells how to combine observations with prior knowledge to form beliefs about the hidden parts of the world. But even if the human brains had access to unlimited data, they would still be laboring under a set of stringent computational constraints. The chapter emphasizes how the brain must make approximations, which will in turn give rise to systematic errors that are the result of approximation biases. It explains that inductive biases are constraints on beliefs about the world, while approximation biases are constraints on the process of thought itself. The chapter addresses to what extent errors produced by approximation biases are understood in terms of rational design principles.
Language design
Authors: Gershman Samuel
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on language, which is arguably the most powerful, and most unique, tool for the transmission of knowledge. Language is also quite weird as it is filled with ambiguities, non-literal meanings, peculiar syntactic and semantic regularities. It points out that through the ages, these peculiarities have stimulated intrepid attempts to design better languages and yet with a few exceptions the languages inevitably fail to attract a critical mass of speakers. The chapter argues that many peculiarities of natural language are features rather than bugs and arise from two design principles: informativeness and effort. It mentions communication channels that should be designed such that they communicate as much information as possible.
Conclusion
Authors: Gershman Samuel
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes the brain as evolution's solution to the twin problems of limited data and limited computation. Within lifetimes, people can only spend limited time gathering information about the world, and people can only devote their precious metabolic resources to representing, remembering, and thinking about a limited number of things. To solve these problems, it points out that the brain must be biased: it directs its activities towards data and computations that it anticipates will be useful. The chapter unravels the origins of biases in order to understand the design principles of the brain and discusses a few broader implications of this perspective. The project of rationalizing human cognition undoubtedly strikes some people as stubbornly recidivist.
Not Yet Basic Equals
Authors: Phillips Anne
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers the recent widening of social and economic inequalities. It queries the relative complacency about what we have been encouraged to think of as an early first stage in the evolution of egalitarian thinking and practice, and the assumption that we can now move on to the later ones. The chapter argues that the global spread of democratic systems employing the principle of one person one vote misleads one into thinking that the battles over who counts as an equal have been won. But governments conceded equal voting rights for a whole host of different reasons, and the mere existence of a democratic voting system does not yet demonstrate that either governments or the population actively endorse a belief in equality. Thus, one cannot assume a comforting ratchet effect in which advances towards yet greater equality may halt, but will not fall back.
Arms and a Man
Authors: Farrell Joseph
Published: May 2022

This chapter mentions the Aeneid that opens with a brief formal proem announcing its theme and summarizing its plot. Readers have long regarded the poem's first, thematic words, “arms and a man” (arma virumque), which is as emblematic of its Iliadic and Odyssean “halves.” It refers to Juan Luis de la Cerda, the last and greatest of Vergil's Renaissance commentators, who put the case very clearly when he wrote that the entire Aeneid is contained in these two words, “arms” and “man,” with an even division between the books. The chapter deals with the man, that is, with Aeneas, in the first six and with arms in the latter six. This view of the poem goes back at least to Servius, who notes more explicitly that the poem's narrator announces his subjects in a different order from that of his narration.
Sweet Be the Bands
Authors: Rush Rebecca M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses Edmund Spenser's experiments with interwoven rhyme patterns in Amoretti (1595). Writing at the height of the late Elizabethan sonnet craze, Spenser tests the conventional limits of the genre and interrogates the political implications of its dedication to the solitary individual. In his sonnet sequence celebrating his betrothal to Elizabeth Boyle, Spenser depicts the drama of courtship as a small-scale version of the struggle to unite freeborn individuals in communities. Pointing to his interwoven rhyme schemes and the sonnet form itself as emblems of pleasant and beneficial confinement, he argues that social life requires a form of voluntary captivity that is made palatable by its beauty. Ultimately, Spenser presents a distinctive account of human association that heightens the role of restraint in the formation of human bonds.
Maritime Chaozhou at Full Moon, 1891–1929
Authors: Macauley Melissa
Published: May 2022

This chapter recounts how Chaozhou experienced an expansion of trade after the tumult of the mid-nineteenth century, noting that merchants maintained control of commerce and continued to benefit from opportunities overseas. It refers to sojourners of all classes that remitted significant sums from Southeast Asia and Shanghai. The expanding population of agricultural and skilled laborers found employment on plantation estates and in the operations of translocal enterprise. The chapter examines the territorial strategy of migrating to overseas colonies and kingdoms that accorded sojourners access to land and natural resources. The sugar trade declined in the face of competition with Southeast Asia and Indian opium was forced underground as the drug once again was outlawed and native opium increasingly satisfied the tastes of recreational users.
Introduction
Authors: Ashworth Scott , Berry Christopher R. , Mesquita Ethan Bueno De
Published: May 2022

This chapter explains to empiricists why theorists build the sorts of models they do, the kind of understanding such models provide, and how such models generate insight that is vital for interpreting empirical evidence. It explains to theorists why empiricists use the sorts of research designs they do, the kind of quantities credible research designs estimate, and why those quantities are exactly what is needed to speak to theoretical questions. It also gives both sides a way of thinking about how these two activities together underpin the accumulation of social scientific knowledge through conceptual analysis and detailed examples. The chapter starts with the observation that theoretical implications are always all-else-equal claims. The theoretical implication is an all-else-equal one, but the empirical comparison fails to hold all else equal.
Other Autocracies
Authors: Miller Michael K.
Published: May 2022

This chapter tackles autocracies, including the twelve democratic transitions that do not satisfy the strict criteria for the paths. Several are near-misses that fit the underlying logic of minimal power loss from democratization, while others are true outliers. It discusses commonalities across the outliers and examines whether other crises should be added to the paths but argue none add much explanatory power. The chapter provides an overview of all cases of non-democratization, explaining many cases of stability. Specifically, most non-democratizing countries lack both a recent shock and a durable ruling party, making their stability expected and many had shocks or competitive parties that failed to democratize.
Introduction
Authors: Jacoby Sanford M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes the worlds of finance and labor that spun in separate orbits for most of the twentieth century and drew nearer as the century came to a close and a new one began. It was an era when finance was driving the economy, and unions adapted to the moment. The chapter reviews finance-based pressure tactics, which included shareholder activism, that became a regular part of campaigns to add members. It discusses the recurring corporate scandals of the 2000s that angered the public and investors and put the wind at labor's back. After the banking crash, labor's regulatory agenda drew on its financial turn.
Labor’s Shares
Authors: Jacoby Sanford M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the evolution of labor's financial turn, wherein union funds relied on the cookbook to find common ground with other investors and to raise returns on their holdings. In several industries — including hospitals, hotels, and building services — unions drew on experiences to mount corporate campaigns that incorporated shareholder activism and other financial strategies. The chapter explores the collective bargaining agreement, which is a type of governance model that gives workers greater standing than under shareholder primacy. It explains how labor tweaked the cookbook to make it more compatible with a pro-worker approach to investing. The principles of transparency and accountability were invoked to press mutual funds to report their proxy votes and companies to reveal their political donations.
Supervised Learning
Authors: Nagel Stefan
Published: May 2022

This chapter provides a brief overview of supervised learning methods as the literature on this topic is vast and rapidly evolving. It focuses on the basic elements of these techniques that seem particularly useful for asset pricing and looks at the material on some of those methods in more detail by reviewing asset pricing applications. Supervised learning methods can be grouped into two categories: classification and regression methods. The chapter explains that classification methods are used in settings where the dependent variable y is categorial, while regression methods deal with continuous dependent variables. In asset pricing applications, regression problems are more common, although classification methods can also be useful, for example for prediction of binary events like a corporate default.
Drawing
Authors: Mann Jenny C.
Published: May 2022

This chapter analyzes the integration of this Orphic force with concepts of eros in the English epyllia, long narrative poems on Ovidian themes. These poems, briefly and massively popular in the 1590s, entangle desire and poetic force so as to depict wantonness as both the vehicle and the profit of poesis. Glancing briefly at Francis Beaumont's Salmacis and Hermaphroditus (1602), as well as Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis (1593), the chapter concentrates on Thomas Lodge's Scillaes Metamorphosis (1589) and Christopher Marlowe's Hero and Leander (1598). The entanglements of eloquence and desire in these poems suggest that in order to harness the power of Orpheus's song, the English poet must become thrall to a larger force. The chapter tracks the wanton motions of Orphic poesy in the poems in order to explore how English poets put Orpheus's “drawing” force on trial. This wanton poesis ultimately wanders before and beyond its putative source (the poet Orpheus), suggesting that poetry is a kind of feedback loop.
The Origins of Neoleftism
Authors: Renaud Terence
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces the origins of neoleftism. The origins of neoleftism as a distinct organizational phenomenon is dated twenty years ago after the end of World War I wherein Germans developed radical left politics on the margins of Social Democratic and Communist parties. The Nazi regime turned fascism into an existential threat for the left everywhere. The chapter clarifies using the German group called New Beginning as the main case study. New Beginning uses Karl Mannheim's anecdote of class, generation, and ideology blending in the composition of social movements as an inspiration. The chapter also includes how the politics of youth went beyond short-sighted ageism.
Revolutionary Hope and Despair
Authors: Renaud Terence
Published: May 2022

This chapter notes the revolutionary hope and despair of the Spanish Civil War. The New Beginning began to distinguish the conditions of work inside Germany versus in exile. Additionally, its stance on the German Popular Front stayed ambivalent. The New Beginning foreign bureau continued to experiment with schemes for antifascist unity while struggling to understand the Soviet rationale for allying with the great fascist foe. Some New Beginning members in American and British exile never abandoned hope for a democratic revolution in Germany. As a result of deradicalization and members' own refugee experiences, the group broadened its concept of the proletariat.
Epilogue
Authors: Renaud Terence
Published: May 2022

This chapter notes the analysis on the historical continuities between radical antifascism, left socialism, and anti-authoritarianism in history. Both the interwar and the postwar periods witnessed Social Democratic and Communist parties struggling over the issue of internal democracy. The chapter includes how the title highlighted the tragicomedy of new lefts constantly evolving into old lefts. The neoleftism irony was mostly visible among the antifascist members engaged in self-criticism in the 1960s. Additionally, the history of new lefts centers on the Germans. In terms of its organizational form and the dilemmas of internal democracy, the Black Lives Matter movement is neoleftist.
Introduction
Authors: Anderson Elisabeth
Published: May 2022

This chapter pays attention to the modern regulatory welfare state, which pushes the welfare state's origin back about fifty years, from the 1880s to the 1830s. It defines regulatory welfare as the web of policies that protect or empower workers by limiting employers' arbitrary power over them. These policies include child labor laws as well as the standard working day, overtime pay requirements, protections against arbitrary dismissal, workplace safety and hygiene standards, family leave laws, the minimum wage, and workers' legal right to organize and engage in collective bargaining. The chapter mentions administrative apparatuses used to carry out and enforce these protections, which are included in the regulatory welfare state. It uses the term “regulatory welfare state,” rather than simply “worker protection,” to underscore that these policies, similar to welfare provisions, are integral to decommodification.
Securing the Social Order
Authors: Anderson Elisabeth
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes why Prussia enacted a child labor law and adopted the particular one it did. It compares two contemporary child labor policy entrepreneurs, one successful and one not, to tease out what distinguished the two. One difference was in the problem definitions that motivated them, which in turn led them to propose different programs. The chapter mentions the failed program, proposed in 1828 by Karl vom Stein zum Altenstein, minister of religious, educational, and medical affairs, which was grounded in a view of industrial child labor as undermining the physical, intellectual, and moral quality of working-class Prussians. Consequently, it placed equal weight on protecting children's physical health, moral purity, spiritual development, and educational opportunities.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: Anderson Elisabeth
Published: May 2022

In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, states on both sides of the Atlantic began to not only legislate but also build their capacity to implement and enforce regulations on industrial employment conditions. The factory inspection systems that emerged from this administrative state building represented an important new stage in the development of regulatory welfare. No longer would governments content themselves with passing laws that set limits on the ...
Hubungan Penggunaan E-Learning terhadap Hasil Belajar Kognitif Siswa di SMPN 31 Pekanbaru pada Mata Pelajaran IPA Biologi Tahun Ajaran 2020/2021
Authors:   Universitas Islam Riau, Delvia Vila , Fauziah Nurul
Published: May 2022

This study is a correlation study that aims to determine the relationship between the use of e-learning on UTS cognitive learning outcomes of students. This research is quantitative research with correlation method. The sampling technique in this study used the Simple Random Sampling technique with a total sample of 125 students. Students' cognitive learning outcomes are included in the medium category, which is 53.6%. The results of the data analysis of the correlation coefficient (rcount) of 0.24 with a significance level of 5% have a correlation in the low category. The results of the analysis of the determination of the variable use of e-learning (X) it gave a positive contribution to the learning outcomes (Y) obtained by students was 5.76% while 94.24% was determined by other factors not discussed in this study. The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between the use of e-learning on students' cognitive learning outcomes with a low category.
Keterampilan Berpikir Kreatif Peserta Didik di SMA SDI Silungkang
Authors:   Universitas Negeri Padang, Damira Damira , Alberida Heffi
Published: May 2022

Measurement of students' creative thinking skills is needed so that teachers as educators can develop steps that can be used to improve students' creative thinking skills. This type of research is descriptive research. The purpose of this study was to determine the creative thinking skills of students. The population in this study were all students of class XI at SMA SDI Silungkang for the academic year 2021/2022. The sample is determined by lottery. The sample in this study was determined by lottery. Data analysis with descriptive analysis. The results showed that the creative thinking ability of students was still very low. This is indicated by the acquisition of the percentage of creative thinking skills T5 (very high) as much as 3.9%, T4 (high) as much as 5.6%, T3 (moderate) as much as 7.5%, T2 (low) as much as 28.6%, and T1 (very low) as much as 54.4% of students. The choice of answers reflects the level of creative thinking skills of students. Efforts that can be made by teachers include varying the learning model that directs students to think creatively.
Perspektif Orang Tua Terhadap Game Online
Authors: Kurniawan Felix , Alfryano Jerryl , Wibawa Joshua Nicholas , Marsella Elisabeth
Published: May 2022

Game online merupakan permainan video yang bisa dimainkan dalam bentuk berbagai perangkat dan membutuhkan jaringan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui perspektif orang tua terhadap game online. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Pengambilan data dengan menyebarkan kuesioner menggunakan google form sebagai medianya dan diperoleh 35 orang tua mahasiswa Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta angkatan 2019, 2020, dan 2021 serta dengan rata-rata hasil uji reliabilitas sebesar 0.855. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa orang tua yang menjadi objek penelitian ini didominasi oleh orang tua yang berjenjang pendidikan terakhir S1/sarjana sebesar 49 %, persepsi orang tua mengenai interaksi mahasiswa dengan game online cukup besar yang dimana tingkat kesenangan mahasiswa dalam bermain game online sebagian besar didominasi skala ordinal 4 = setuju dan waktu yang dihabiskan mahasiswa bermain game online dalam sehari sebagian besar lebih dari 3 jam, dan perspektif orang tua terhadap interaksi tersebut didominasi oleh skala ordinal 3 = netral.
Convolutional Neural Network dalam Citra Medis
Authors: Gunawan Danny , Setiawan Hendry
Published: May 2022

Penggunaan deep learning dapat diaplikasikan di berbagai bidang seperti pendidikan, bisnis, pertanian, pertambangan, internet of things (IoT), keamanan cyber, perkiraan cuaca, dan medis. Dalam dunia medis penggunaan deep learning telah berkembang pesat, menjadi sebuah pilihan yang menjanjikan dalam menganalisis citra medis metode yang digunakan adalah convolutional neural network (CNN). Para peneliti terdahulu telah mendapatkan hasil yang memuaskan di semua sub bidang analisis citra medis, seperti klasifikasi, deteksi, segmentasi, dan peningkatan citra. Dengan keberhasilan ini para peneliti menemukan sebuah model yang dapat mendiagnosis dan mendeteksi secara otomatis, yang dapat membantu para ahli di bidangnya dan menunjukan bahwa teknologi deep learning akan sangat bermanfaat bagi kemajuan analisis citra medis.
Perancangan Aplikasi Penyusunan Cakupan Pelayanan Persalinan dan Nifas untuk Bidang Desa Menggunakan Metode Throwaway Prototyping
Authors: Kristina Kristina , Armita Anggela
Published: May 2022

Sistem pelayanan persalinan dan nifas merupakan salah satu proses pelaporan yang dibuat oleh bidan. Laporan ini memuat data-data mengenai ibu nifas dan bayi yang berada di wilayah kerja bidan tersebut. Laporan ini dibuat dengan ditulis tangan serta dilakukan perhitungan secara manual. Laporan tersebut akan diserahkan ke puskesmas. Jika dalam laporan tersebut terdapat kesalahan, bidan desa perlu melakukan koordinasi kepada pihak puskesmas untuk segera diperbaiki. Kinerja bidan kurang efisien dan laporan yang dihasilkan akan rawan rusak serta kurang akurat karena dilakukan secara manual. Berdasarkan masalah tersebut, maka penulis membangun rancangan prototipe aplikasi penyusunan sistem pelayanan persalinan dan menggunakan metode throwaway prototyping. Prototipe ini akan membantu bidan desa dalam mendapatkan gambaran awal mengenai aplikasi yang akan dibangun. Aplikasi berbasis website dapat dijangkau secara luas dengan menggunakan berbagai jenis perangkat teknologi. Website akan dirancang menggunakan prototipe throwaway sehingga mendekati hasil akhir yang diinginkan. Teknik perancangan sistem yang digunakan adalah Unified Modeling Language (UML) dan pembuatan prototipe menggunakan aplikasi Justinmind Prototyper. Rancangan website ini juga hanya memuat menu-menu fungsional saja dengan minim aksesori sehingga bidan dapat dengan mudah memahami aplikasi.