bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progression of Retinal Ganglion Cell and Nerve Fiber Layer Loss in Spinocerebellar Ataxia 3 Patients
Authors: Camós-Carreras Anna , Figueras-Roca Marc , Dotti-Boada Marina , Alcubierre Rafel , Casaroli-Marano Ricardo Pedro , Muñoz Esteban , Sánchez-Dalmau Bernardo
Published: November 2023

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) allows noninvasive measurements of retinal neuron layers. Here, we evaluate the relationship between clinical features and anatomical SD-OCT measurements in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) and how they change with time. A retrospective review was conducted on SCA3 patients. Clinical variables such as disease duration, number of CAG repeats, and the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) score were correlated with SD-OCT measurements, including retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness, macular volume (MV), and central macular thickness (CMT). Seventeen SCA3 patients with an average follow-up of 44.9 months were recruited. Clinical features with significant baseline correlations with SD-OCT measurements included disease duration (CMT r =  − 0.590; GCC r =  − 0.585), SARA score (CMT r =  − 0.560; RNFL r =  − 0.390), and number of CAG repeats (MV r =  − 0.552; RNFL r =  − 0.503; GCC r =  − 0.493). The annual rate of change of the SARA score during follow-up was associated with that of both the MV (r =  − 0.494; p = 0.005) and GCC thickness (r =  − 0.454; p = 0.012). High disability (stages 2 and 3) was independently inversely associated with the annual change in MV (ß coefficient − 17.09; p = 0.025). This study provides evidence of an association between clinical features and objective anatomical measurements obtained by SD-OCT in SCA3 patients. MV and GCC thickness could serve as potential biomarkers of disease severity, as their rates of decrease seem to be related to a worsening in the SARA score. These findings highlight the potential of SD-OCT as a noninvasive tool for assessing disease severity and progression in SCA3 patients.
Sympathetic-Mediated Intestinal Cell Death Contributes to Gut Barrier Impairment After Stroke
Authors: Prame Kumar Kathryn , McKay Liam D. , Nguyen Huynh , Kaur Jasveena , Wilson Jenny L. , Suthya Althea R. , McKeown Sonja J. , Abud Helen E. , Wong Connie H. Y.
Published: November 2023

Tissue injury induced by stroke is traditionally thought to be localised to the brain. However, there is an accumulating body of evidence to demonstrate that stroke promotes pathophysiological consequences in peripheral tissues including the gastrointestinal system. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying gut permeability after stroke. We utilised the clinically relevant experimental model of stroke called permanent intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) to examine the effect of cerebral ischaemia on the gut. We detected stroke-induced gut permeability at 5 h after pMCAO. At this timepoint, we observed significantly elevated intestinal epithelial cell death in post-stroke mice compared to their sham-operated counterparts. At 24 h after stroke onset when the gut barrier integrity is restored, our findings indicated that post-stroke intestinal epithelium had higher expression of genes associated with fructose metabolism, and hyperplasia of intestinal crypts and goblet cells, conceivably as a host compensatory mechanism to adapt to the impaired gut barrier. Furthermore, we discovered that stroke-induced gut permeability was mediated by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system as pharmacological denervation decreased the stroke-induced intestinal epithelial cell death, goblet cell and crypt hyperplasia, and gut permeability to baseline levels. Our study identifies a previously unknown mechanism in the brain-gut axis by which stroke triggers intestinal cell death and gut permeability.
Vacuum Packaging Sensor Based on Time-Resolved Phosphorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Heydari Esmaeil , Yari Fatemeh , Zare-Behtash Hossein
Published: November 2023

Intelligent food packaging with the multisensory analysis is promising as the next generation technology of food packaging. The oxygen content in food packaging is one of the crucial parameters affecting the food quality and shelf life. Caviar is among the most nutritious and costly food sources. Here, a photonic oxygen-sensing system, based on the time-resolved phosphorescence spectroscopy of a platinum complex, is developed for non-contact, non-intrusive, and real-time vacuum packaging quality control, and implemented for caviar packaging. The sensor is embedded in protective polyethylene layers and excited with a short-pulsed light emitting diode (LED) source. Integration of a blue pulsed light source, a fast and amplified silicon photodiode controlled by the Spartan-6 field programmable gate array (FPGA), and a long lifetime platinum complex results in a photonics-based oxygen sensor with a fast response and high sensitivity to the vacuum packaging damage, which is suitable for caviar. It is revealed that applying the polyethylene layers protects the caviar from the platinum complex, leaching while not interfering with the sensor functionality. Characterizing the photonic system based on its sensitivity, repeatability, stability, and long-term operation demonstrates its capability for this application.
Advances of Electrochemical and Electrochemiluminescent Sensors Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Cao Yue , Wu Ru , Gao Yan-Yan , Zhou Yang , Zhu Jun-Jie
Published: November 2023

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a rapidly developing category of crystalline conjugated organic polymers, possess highly ordered structures, large specific surface areas, stable chemical properties, and tunable pore microenvironments. Since the first report of boroxine/boronate ester-linked COFs in 2005, COFs have rapidly gained popularity, showing important application prospects in various fields, such as sensing, catalysis, separation, and energy storage. Among them, COFs-based electrochemical (EC) sensors with upgraded analytical performance are arousing extensive interest. In this review, therefore, we summarize the basic properties and the general synthesis methods of COFs used in the field of electroanalytical chemistry, with special emphasis on their usages in the fabrication of chemical sensors, ions sensors, immunosensors, and aptasensors. Notably, the emerged COFs in the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) realm are thoroughly covered along with their preliminary applications. Additionally, final conclusions on state-of-the-art COFs are provided in terms of EC and ECL sensors, as well as challenges and prospects for extending and improving the research and applications of COFs in electroanalytical chemistry.
Flexible and Robust Functionalized Boron Nitride/Poly(p-Phenylene Benzobisoxazole) Nanocomposite Paper with High Thermal Conductivity and Outstanding Electrical Insulation
Authors: Tang Lin , Ruan Kunpeng , Liu Xi , Tang Yusheng , Zhang Yali , Gu Junwei
Published: November 2023

With the rapid development of 5G information technology, thermal conductivity/dissipation problems of highly integrated electronic devices and electrical equipment are becoming prominent. In this work, “high-temperature solid-phase & diazonium salt decomposition” method is carried out to prepare benzidine-functionalized boron nitride (m-BN). Subsequently, m-BN/poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) nanofiber (PNF) nanocomposite paper with nacre-mimetic layered structures is prepared via sol–gel film transformation approach. The obtained m-BN/PNF nanocomposite paper with 50 wt% m-BN presents excellent thermal conductivity, incredible electrical insulation, outstanding mechanical properties and thermal stability, due to the construction of extensive hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions between m-BN and PNF, and stable nacre-mimetic layered structures. Its λ∥ and λ⊥ are 9.68 and 0.84 W m−1 K−1, and the volume resistivity and breakdown strength are as high as 2.3 × 1015 Ω cm and 324.2 kV mm−1, respectively. Besides, it also presents extremely high tensile strength of 193.6 MPa and thermal decomposition temperature of 640 °C, showing a broad application prospect in high-end thermal management fields such as electronic devices and electrical equipment.
Combined effects of elevated air temperature and CO2 on growth, yield, and yield components of japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Yamaguchi Masahiro , Tazoe Nobuyuki , Nakayama Tomoki , Yonekura Tetsushi , Izuta Takeshi , Kohno Yoshihisa
Published: November 2023

In the region where heat stress has become evident, the elevation of air temperature could reduce yield of heat stress-susceptible crops, such as rice (Oryza sativa L.), which is a major food staple in Asia. In addition to air temperature, atmospheric CO2 is projected to be elevated in the future. To project rice yield in the future, it is necessary to clarify the responses of rice to concurrent elevations of air temperature and atmospheric CO2. In the present study, two japonica rice cultivars with different heat tolerance, Hinohikari (sensitive) and Nikomaru (tolerant), were grown in pots inside open-top chambers and exposed to elevated air temperature and/or CO2. The degrees of increase in the air temperature and CO2 concentration by the treatments were approximately 1 °C and 120 µmol mol−1 (ppm). The study was conducted in Nagasaki, Japan, where heat stress on rice has become evident. Elevated air temperature significantly decreased both whole-plant growth and grain yield. Elevated CO2 significantly increased the growth but significantly decreased the yield. The effects of elevated air temperature and elevated CO2 on growth and yield did not significantly differ between two cultivars. In both cultivars, the main cause of yield reduction by both treatments was reduction in spikelet fertility, which is typical heat stress on rice. The elevated CO2-induced reduction in spikelet fertility could be explained partially by high-temperature regime during flowering due to acceleration of heading and by increase in canopy temperature via stomatal closure in flag leaves. Because elevated air temperature and elevated CO2 treatments additively reduced spikelet fertility in both cultivars, concurrent elevations of air temperature and CO2 caused considerable reduction in grain yield.
The Problem of God in David Hume
Authors: Kraal Anders
Published: November 2023

David Hume (1711-1776) is one of the foremost critics of attempts to provide rational arguments in support of traditional Christian theism in Western philosophy. In this Element, the authors examine Hume's chief objections to the cosmological argument, the design argument, and the argument from miracles, along with some main responses to these objections. The authors also examine Hume's seminal version of the argument from evil, which is deployed in an effort to show that traditional Christian theism is lacking in coherent meaning. Drawing on recent developments in Hume scholarship according to which Hume's ultimate philosophical aim was to further an anti-Christian agenda, an attempt is made to situate Hume's writings on God and religion in an unfolding narrative that is impacted throughout by the trenchant religious criticisms of Hume's chief philosophical predecessor, Thomas Hobbes.
Formal Models of Crisis Bargaining
Authors: Spaniel William
Published: November 2023

Over the last quarter century, crisis bargaining has become the prevailing paradigm for the study of war. This textbook presents a concise and approachable overview of the crisis bargaining literature, surveying the canonical formal models in the bargaining approach to war. It begins by considering different explanations for war, then delves into two classes of explanation: commitment problems and incomplete information. This textbook is essential reading for advanced undergraduates, graduates, and researchers alike. Each chapter delves into a specific part of the puzzle, rigorously unravelling the twisted logic that causes wars to begin. More than seventy illuminating figures illustrate the strategic reasoning outlined and more than 100 exercises of graded levels of difficulty help clarify readers' own understanding of the issues. Online resources include an instructor answer key and numerous engaging video lectures.
Animo nullius: on AI's origin story and a data colonial doctrine of discovery
Authors: Penn Jonnie
Published: November 2023

This paper traces elements of the theoretical origins of artificial intelligence to capitalism, not neurophysiology. It considers efforts in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries to formalize a science of mental behaviour using the dynamics of social rather than neural phenomena. I first revisit early American theorists’ controversial ambivalence toward neurophysiology, showing how this group benefited from post-war corporate and military investments in commercial and imperial expansion, which sustained and expanded their influence over the emerging field. I then trace the lasting effect of the founders’ early rhetoric through AI's institutionalization after 1960, arguing that from the 2010s technology corporations set out to veil their enclosure of the data commons via appeal to a curious precedent: the scientific pedigree of AI. By relating the field to the history of capitalism, and specifically the rise of assetization in modern technoscience, I invite reflection on AI's origin story and on broader parallels between historical colonialism and data colonialism. I offer a heuristic –animo nullius, for ‘no persons’ mind’ – as an attempt to name rhetorical manoeuvres that leverage the authority of mind-as-computer metaphors in order to naturalize acts of seizure.
Historical Scholarship and Training at Ife: Contemporary Progress, Historical Legacies, and Positive Future, 1962–2022
Authors: Amusa Saheed , Adesoji Abimbola
Published: November 2023

This article is the second part of a detailed historical assessment of historical scholarship and training at the Department of History of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. It assesses the contemporary situations of historical scholarship and training in the Department vis-à-vis the personalities, programs/courses, and prospects and challenges of the Department over the years. It provides brief profiles of the current academic staff of the Department, the undergraduate and graduate programs and courses, as well as legacies of the founding fathers of the Department. It is shown in the article that the Department of History at Ife has excelled in all areas of historical scholarship and training in the last sixty years of its existence in spite of its challenges. The article concludes that the Department of History at OAU, Ile-Ife, has good potential for greater achievements in historical scholarship and training in the future.
Reynolds number asymptotics of wall-turbulence fluctuations
Authors: Chen Xi , Sreenivasan Katepalli R.
Published: November 2023

In continuation of our earlier work (Chen & Sreenivasan, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 908, 2021, R3; Chen & Sreenivasan, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 933, 2022a, A20 – together referred to as CS hereafter), we present a self-consistent Reynolds number asymptotics for wall-normal profiles of variances of streamwise and spanwise velocity fluctuations as well as root-mean-square pressure, across the entire flow region of channel and pipe flows and flat-plate boundary layers. It is first shown that, when normalized by peak values, the Reynolds number dependence and wall-normal variation of all three profiles can be decoupled, in excellent agreement with available data, sharing the common inner expansion of the type

$\phi (y^+)=f_0(y^+)+f_1(y^+)/Re^{1/4}_\tau$

, where

$\phi$

is one of the quantities just mentioned, the functions

$f_0$

and

$f_1$

depend only on

$y^+$

, and

$Re_\tau$

is the friction Reynolds number. Here, the superscript

$+$

indicates normalization by wall variables. We show that this result is completely consistent with CS. Secondly, by matching the above inner expansion and the outer flow similarity form, a bounded variation

$\phi (y^\ast )=\alpha _\phi -\beta _{\phi }y^{{\ast {1}/{4}}}$

is derived for the outer region where, for each

$\phi$

, the constants

$\alpha _\phi$

and

$\beta _{\phi }$

are independent of

$Re_\tau$

and

$y^\ast$

 

$\equiv y^+/Re_\tau$

– also in excellent agreement with simulations and experimental data. One of the predictions of the analysis is that, for asymptotically high Reynolds numbers, a finite plateau

$\phi \approx \alpha _\phi$

appears in the outer region. This result sheds light on the intriguing issue of the outer shoulder of the variance of the streamwise velocity fluctuation, which should be bounded by the asymptotic plateau of approximately 10.
Effects of green tea polyphenols on inflammation and iron status
Authors: Jorgenson Mary Carolyn , Aguree Sixtus , Schalinske Kevin L. , Reddy Manju B.
Published: November 2023

Inflammation is an underlying problem for many disease states and has been implicated in iron deficiency (ID). This study aimed to determine whether iron status is improved by epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) through reducing inflammation. Thirty-two male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed an iron-deficient diet for 2 weeks and then randomly divided into four groups (n 8 each): positive controls, negative controls, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0⋅5 mg/kg body weight), and LPS + EGCG (LPS plus 600 mg EGCG/kg diet) for 3 additional weeks. The study involved testing two control groups, both treated with saline. One group (positive control) was fed a regular diet containing standard iron, while the negative control was fed an iron-deficient diet. Additionally, two treatment groups were tested. The first group was given LPS, while the second group was administered LPS and fed an EGCG diet. Iron status, hepcidin, C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured. There were no differences in treatment groups compared with control in CRP, hepcidin, and liver iron concentrations. Serum iron concentrations were significantly lower in the LPS (P = 0⋅02) and the LPS + EGCG (P = 0⋅01) than in the positive control group. Compared to the positive control group, spleen iron concentrations were significantly lower in the negative control (P < 0⋅001) but not with both LPS groups. SAA concentrations were significantly lower in the LPS + EGCG group compared to LPS alone group. EGCG reduced SAA concentrations but did not affect hepcidin or improve serum iron concentration or other iron markers.
Lyman-α at Cosmic Noon II: The relationship between kinematics and Lyman-α in z ∼ 2–3 Lyman break galaxies
Authors: Foran Garry , Cooke Jeff , Wisnioski Emily , Reddy Naveen , Steidel Charles
Published: November 2023

We report for the first time a relationship between galaxy kinematics and net Lyman-

$\alpha$

equivalent width (net Ly

$\alpha$

EW) in star-forming galaxies during the epoch of peak cosmic star formation. Building on the previously reported broadband imaging segregation of Ly

$\alpha$

-emitting and Ly

$\alpha$

-absorbing Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) at

$z\sim2$

(Paper I in this series) and previously at

$z\sim3$

, we use the Ly

$\alpha$

spectral type classification method to study the relationship between net Ly

$\alpha$

EW and nebular emission-line kinematics in samples of

$z\sim2$

and

$z\sim3$

LBGs drawn from the literature for which matching rest-frame UV photometry, consistently measured net Ly

$\alpha$

EWs, and kinematic classifications from integral field unit spectroscopy are available. We show that

$z\sim2$

and

$z\sim3$

LBGs segregate in colour-magnitude space according to their kinematic properties and Lyman-

$\alpha$

spectral type and conclude that LBGs with Ly

$\alpha$

dominant in absorption (aLBGs) are almost exclusively rotation-dominated (presumably disc-like) systems, and LBGs with Ly

$\alpha$

dominant in emission (eLBGs) characteristically have dispersion-dominated kinematics. We quantify the relationship between the strength of rotational dynamic support (as measured using

${v}_{\mathrm{obs}}/2{\sigma }_{\mathrm{int}}$

and

${v}_{\mathrm{rot}}/{\sigma}_{\mathrm{0}}$

) and net Ly

$\alpha$

EW for subsets of our kinematic sample where these data are available, and demonstrate the consistency of our result with other properties that scale with net Ly

$\alpha$

EW and kinematics. Based on these findings, we suggest a method by which large samples of rotation- and dispersion-dominated galaxies might be selected using broadband imaging in as few as three filters and/or net Ly

$\alpha$

EW alone. If confirmed with larger samples, application of this method will enable an understanding of galaxy kinematic behaviour over large scales in datasets from current and future large-area and all-sky photometric surveys that will select hundreds of millions of LBGs in redshift ranges from

$z\sim2-6$

across many hundreds to thousands of Mpc. Finally, we speculate that the combination of our result linking net Ly

$\alpha$

EW and nebular emission-line kinematics with the known large-scale clustering behaviour of Ly

$\alpha$

-absorbing and Ly

$\alpha$

-emitting LBGs is evocative of an emergent bimodality of early galaxies that is consistent with a nascent morphology-density relation at

$z\sim2-3$

.
“Filling the Ranks”: Moral Risk and the Ethics of Military Recruitment
Authors: PARRY JONATHAN , EASTON CHRISTINA
Published: November 2023

If states are permitted to create and maintain a military force, by what means are they permitted to do so? This article argues that a theory of just recruitment should incorporate a concern for moral risk. Since the military is a morally risky profession for its members, recruitment policies should be evaluated in terms of how they distribute moral risk within a community. We show how common military recruitment practices exacerbate and concentrate moral risk exposure, using the UK as a case study. We argue that the British state wrongs its citizens by subjecting them to excessively morally risky recruitment practices. Since, we argue, this risk exposure cannot be justified by appealing to the benefits of a military career for recruits, our argument calls for reform of existing practices. Our method of evaluation is generalizable and therefore can be used to assess other states’ practices.
Policy feedback and income targeting in the welfare state
Authors: Laenen Tijs , Marchal Sarah , Van Lancker Wim
Published: November 2023

In light of ongoing debates about income targeting in the welfare state, this article explores how the design and outcomes of income targeting policies are related to popular targeting preferences. Based on the unique combination of fine-grained opinion and policy indicators in a multilevel analysis, the results show that targeting preferences are indeed empirically related to targeting policies. However, whether these preferences are affected more by the de jure targeting design or the de facto targeting outcome seems to vary between two very different policy domains. In the case of unemployment benefits, the results suggest positive policy feedback: support for high-income targeting increases when unemployment benefits are designed to benefit those with previously higher incomes. For income taxation, by contrast, the results suggest negative policy feedback. In that case, it is not so much the de jure design but rather the de facto outcome that matters: the more taxes effectively work to the advantage of higher-income earners, the less support there is for a tax that levies the same amount on everyone, regardless of income.
Emilio Pérez Piñero: invention through abstraction
Authors: Castanon Javier , Ramos Elisa Valero
Published: November 2023

Emilio Pérez Piñero represents the paradigm of the architect inventor of the twentieth century. His extraordinary mind developed through a series of special circumstances in the early stages of his life, and further, through his own disciplined dedication, he was able to produce a wealth of work of a richness and complexity that go beyond innovation and problem solving. Invention in Pérez Piñero’s work was the result of a masterly mathematical command and a highly developed three-dimensional vision, which enabled him to see possible solutions that had been considered impossible before him. His geodesic domes are true structural landmarks and his folding reticulated structures, in which dynamic folding mechanisms are designed so as to reach equilibrium when fully stretched at the point at which they become static structures, are the culmination of a body of work that has no comparison in the panorama of the architecture of the time.
Sensory panel results of a dried fish powder supplement among caregivers and young children in Zambia
Authors: Ragsdale Kathleen , Read-Wahidi Mary R , Mudege Netsayi N , Iannotti Lora L , Muzungaire Lizzy , Funduluka Priscilla
Published: November 2023

Objective:

To evaluate the acceptability of traditional Zambian dishes fortified with Complementary Food for Africa+Dried Fish Powder (ComFA+Fish), a locally sourced protein/micronutrient blend designed to impact nutrient deficiencies among infants and young children (IYC) and improve pregnancy and birth outcomes among women of reproductive age (WRA).

Design:

During two sensory panels, caregivers evaluated: (1) the acceptability of four ComFA+Fish dishes for household consumption, including fortified chibwabwa fisashi, savory Kapenta chutney, fortified complementary maize porridge and fortified bean-vegetable soup and (2) whether their IYC found the fortified complementary maize porridge acceptable.

Setting:

Lake Kariba, Southern Province, Zambia.

Participants:

Women of reproductive age (n 42) and their IYC aged 6–11 months (n 16) and 12–23 months (n 26) were recruited from fishing villages in Gwembe, Siavonga and Sinazongwe District.

Results:

A majority of caregivers extremely liked/liked the: (1) fortified chibwabwa fisashi’s sensory attributes (94·7 %), convenience (92·8 %) and overall acceptability (100 %); (2) savory Kapenta chutney’s sensory attributes (81·8 %), convenience (92·8 %) and overall acceptability (100 %); (3) fortified complementary porridge’s sensory attributes (83·5 %), convenience (90·5 %) and overall acceptability (88·1 %) and (4) fortified bean-vegetable soup’s sensory attributes (66·8 %), convenience (87·5 %) and overall acceptability (87·5 %). Further, a majority of caregivers evaluated the fortified complementary porridge as highly acceptable to their IYC.

Conclusions:

Results suggest that ComFA+Fish is strategically well placed to fill nutritional gaps among IYC and WRA in Zambia and has the potential to be scaled across sub-Saharan Africa.
Reduced irrigation impact on soil-applied herbicide dissipation and rotational crop response
Authors: Adamson Daniel M. , Sbatella Gustavo M. , Kniss Andrew R. , Dayan Franck E.
Published: November 2023

Soil-applied herbicides are important for controlling weeds in many crops but risk damage to susceptible rotational crops if they persist. Field studies were conducted in Powell, WY, from 2015 through 2017 to evaluate the effect of reduced water availability on soil-applied herbicide dissipation. Eight soil-applied herbicides, applied to dry bean or corn, were exposed to three season-long irrigation treatments (100%, 85%, and 70% of estimated crop evapotranspiration [ETc]) by overhead sprinkler. Soil samples were collected to a depth of 10 cm from 0 to 140 d after application, and soil herbicide concentrations were quantified using gas or liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Herbicide concentrations were regressed over time to produce a soil half-life estimate for each herbicide and irrigation treatment. Reduced irrigation decreased dry bean yield by up to 77% and corn yield by up to 50%. After adjusting for precipitation, the lowest irrigation treatment received 78% and 76% as much water as the full irrigation treatment in 2015 and 2016, respectively. This significantly increased the soil half-life of imazethapyr but did not increase the soil half-life of atrazine, pyroxasulfone, saflufenacil, ethalfluralin, trifluralin, or pendimethalin. Reduced irrigation did not increase carryover injury to rotational crops from these herbicides 1 yr after application. Instead, carryover response was determined by the inherent persistence of individual herbicides. Imazethapyr (0.1 kg ai ha−1) injured rotational sugar beet, and isoxaflutole (0.1 kg ai ha−1) injured rotational dry bean. Pyroxasulfone (0.2 kg ai ha−1), atrazine (2.0 kg ai ha−1), saflufenacil (0.1 kg ai ha−1) + dimethenamid-P (0.6 kg ai ha−1), ethalfluralin (0.8 kg ai ha−1), trifluralin (0.6 kg ai ha−1), and pendimethalin (1.1 kg ai ha−1) did not injure rotational crops regardless of irrigation treatment. Drought stress sufficient to cause up to 77% crop yield loss did not increase soil-applied herbicide carryover.
Liquid‐Ice Mass Partitioning Across the Edge of Mixed‐Phase Cumulus Clouds
Authors: Zhao Guozheng , Yang Jing , Zhu Lei , Xie Zhifei , Lu Chunsong , Yin Yan , Jing Xiaoqin , Li Junxia , Wang Yonggang
Published: November 2023

One of the major factors controlling the phase partitioning in mixed‐phase cloud is entrainment mixing, but it is still poorly understood. In this study, the liquid‐ice mass partitioning across the edge of shallow to moderately deep cumulus clouds are analyzed using airborne measurements. The results show the concentration and water content of both liquid and ice decrease toward the cloud edge. However, the liquid mass fraction remains similar across the cloud. The mechanism responsible for the phase partitioning is that extreme inhomogeneous entrainment‐mixing dominates. This is evident as both the droplet and ice sizes remain similar with changing concentrations. The comparison between the time scale of turbulent mixing and the phase relaxation time of water also suggests the turbulence strength is too low to homogenize the cloud. The findings from this study improve our understanding on the role of entrainment in phase partitioning, and are useful in evaluating model simulations.
Van Allen Probes Observations of a Three‐Dimensional Field Line Resonance at a Plasmaspheric Plume
Authors: Sandhu J. K. , Degeling A. W. , Elsden T. , Murphy K. R. , Rae I. J. , Wright A. N. , Hartley D. P. , Smith A.
Published: November 2023

Field Line Resonances (FLRs) are a critical component in Earth's magnetospheric dynamics, associated with the transfer of energy between Ultra Low Frequency waves and local plasma populations. In this study we investigate how the polarisation of FLRs are impacted by cold plasma density distributions during geomagnetic storms. We present an analysis of Van Allen Probe A observations, where the spacecraft traversed a storm time plasmaspheric plume. We show that the polarisation of the FLR is significantly altered at the sharp azimuthal density gradient of the plume boundary, where the polarisation is intermediate with significant poloidal and toroidal components. These signatures are consistent with magnetohydrodynamic modeling results, providing the first observational evidence of a 3D FLR associated with a plume in Earth's magnetosphere. These results demonstrate the importance of cold plasma in controlling wave dynamics in the magnetosphere, and have important implications for wave‐particle interactions at a range of energies.
Ephemeral Ice Clouds in the Upper Mesosphere of Venus
Authors: Murray Benjamin. J. , Mangan Thomas. P. , Määttänen Anni , Plane John. M. C.
Published: November 2023

The conditions in Venus' upper mesosphere at around 120 km have some similarities to the upper mesosphere of Earth and Mars where ice clouds form. Here we show, using published satellite products and numerical modeling, that the upper mesosphere of Venus can be sufficiently cold that both H2O and CO2 may condense to form particles. We show that amorphous solid water particles (ASW) are likely to nucleate both heterogeneously on meteoric smoke and also homogeneously, resulting in clouds of nano‐scaled particles at around 120 km that will occur globally. The temperatures may then become sufficiently low, below ∼90 K, that CO2 particles can nucleate on ASW particles. Given the uncertainty associated with retrievals of temperature in the upper mesosphere, it is unclear how frequently this occurs, but it could be >30% of the time poleward of 60°. Since the main component of Venus' tenuous atmosphere is CO2, any CO2 crystals that form will grow and sediment on a timescale of 10–20 min. Mie calculations show that these Venusian mesospheric clouds (VMCs) should be observable by contemporary satellite instruments, although their short lifetime means that the probability of detection is small. We suggest that VMCs are important for the redistribution of meteoric smoke and may serve as a cold‐trap, removing some water vapor from the very upper mesosphere of Venus through the growth and sedimentation of cloud particles, and possibly reducing the loss of water to space.
Building and Collapse of the Cadomian Orogen: A Plate‐Scale Model Based on Structural Data From the SW Iberian Massif
Authors: Moreno‐Martín Diana , Díez Fernández Rubén , Arenas Ricardo , Rojo‐Pérez Esther , Novo‐Fernández Irene , Sánchez Martínez Sonia
Published: November 2023

The Cadomian Orogeny produced a subduction‐related orogen along the periphery of Gondwana and configured the pre‐Variscan basement of the Iberian Massif. The architecture of the Cadomian Orogen requires detailed structural analysis for reconstruction because of severe tectonic reworking during the Paleozoic (Variscan cycle). Tectonometamorphic analysis and data compilation in SW Iberia (La Serena Massif, Spain) have allowed the identification of three Cadomian deformation phases and further constrained the global architecture and large‐scale processes that contributed to the Ediacaran building and early Paleozoic dismantling of the Cadomian Orogen. The first phase (DC1, prior to 573 Ma) favored tabular morphology in plutons that intruded during the building of a continental arc. The second phase (DC2, 573–535 Ma) produced an upright folding and contributed to further crustal thickening. The third phase of deformation (DC3, ranging between ∼535 and ∼480 Ma) resulted in an orogen‐parallel dome with oblique extensional flow. DC1 represents the crustal growth and thickening stage. DC2 is synchronous with a period of crustal thickening that affected most of the Gondwanan periphery, from the most external sections (Cadomian fore‐arc) to the inner ones (Cadomian back‐arc). We explain DC2 as a consequence of flat subduction, which was followed by a period dominated by crustal extension (DC3) upon roll‐back of the lower plate. The Ediacaran construction of the Cadomian Orogen (DC1 and DC2) requires ongoing subduction beneath Gondwana s.l., whereas its dismantlement during the Early Paleozoic is compatible with oblique, sinistral convergence.
The C-type lectin COLEC10 is predominantly produced by hepatic stellate cells and involved in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis
Authors: Zhang Mengfan , Jing Yang , Xu Wenze , Shi Xiaojing , Zhang Wenguang , Chen Pengfei , Cao Xiaocang , Han Xinwei , Duan Xuhua , Ren Jianzhuang
Published: November 2023

Hepatic stellate cell is one of the major nonparenchymal cell types in liver. It has been proved the hepatic stellate cells are activated upon liver injury and produce excessive extracellular matrix to induce liver fibrosis. Single-cell RNA sequencing has been introduced to identify the subpopulations and function of hepatic stellate cells for its remarkable resolution of representation of single-cell transcriptome. According to the re-analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data and pseudotime trajectory inference, we have found the C-type lectins including Colec10 and Colec11 are not produced by hepatocytes but predominantly produced by hepatic stellate cells, especially quiescent ones in the mice livers. In addition, the expression of Colec10 is decreased in the fibrotic livers of CCl4-challenged mice. COLEC10 is also mainly expressed in the hepatic stellate cells of human livers and the expression of COLEC10 is decreased with the progression of liver fibrosis. The bulk RNA sequencing data of the lentivirus transfected LX-2 cells indicates the function of COLEC10 is associated with inflammation, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix alteration. Surprisingly, the in vitro overexpression of COLEC10 in LX-2 cells promotes the mRNA expression of extracellular matrix components including COL1A1, COL1A2 and COL3A1 and the extracellular matrix degradation enzyme MMP2. To further investigate the role of COLEC10 in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, the serum concentration of COLEC10 in patients with chronic liver disease and healthy donors is measured. The serum concentration of COLEC10 is elevated in the patients with chronic liver disease compared to the healthy donors and positively correlated with serum concentration of the D-dimer but not the most of liver function markers. Altogether, we conclude that the C-type lectin COLEC10 is predominantly produced by the hepatic stellate cells and involved in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis.
Building a eukaryotic chromosome arm by de novo design and synthesis
Authors: Jiang Shuangying , Luo Zhouqing , Wu Jie , Yu Kang , Zhao Shijun , Cai Zelin , Yu Wenfei , Wang Hui , Cheng Li , Liang Zhenzhen , Gao Hui , Monti Marco , Schindler Daniel , Huang Linsen , Zeng Cheng , Zhang Weimin , Zhou Chun , Tang Yuanwei , Li Tianyi , Ma Yingxin , Cai Yizhi , Boeke Jef D. , Zhao Qiao , Dai Junbiao
Published: November 2023

The genome of an organism is inherited from its ancestor and continues to evolve over time, however, the extent to which the current version could be altered remains unknown. To probe the genome plasticity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, here we replace the native left arm of chromosome XII (chrXIIL) with a linear artificial chromosome harboring small sets of reconstructed genes. We find that as few as 12 genes are sufficient for cell viability, whereas 25 genes are required to recover the partial fitness defects observed in the 12-gene strain. Next, we demonstrate that these genes can be reconstructed individually using synthetic regulatory sequences and recoded open-reading frames with a “one-amino-acid-one-codon” strategy to remain functional. Finally, a synthetic neochromsome with the reconstructed genes is assembled which could substitute chrXIIL for viability. Together, our work not only highlights the high plasticity of yeast genome, but also illustrates the possibility of making functional eukaryotic chromosomes from entirely artificial sequences.
Coherent charge oscillations in a bilayer graphene double quantum dot
Authors: Hecker K. , Banszerus L. , Schäpers A. , Möller S. , Peters A. , Icking E. , Watanabe K. , Taniguchi T. , Volk C. , Stampfer C.
Published: November 2023

The coherent dynamics of a quantum mechanical two-level system passing through an anti-crossing of two energy levels can give rise to Landau-Zener-Stückelberg-Majorana (LZSM) interference. LZSM interference spectroscopy has proven to be a fruitful tool to investigate charge noise and charge decoherence in semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). Recently, bilayer graphene has developed as a promising platform to host highly tunable QDs potentially useful for hosting spin and valley qubits. So far, in this system no coherent oscillations have been observed and little is known about charge noise in this material. Here, we report coherent charge oscillations and $${T}_{2}^{*}$$

T

2

*

charge decoherence times in a bilayer graphene double QD. The charge decoherence times are measured independently using LZSM interference and photon assisted tunneling. Both techniques yield $${T}_{2}^{*}$$

T

2

*

average values in the range of 400–500 ps. The observation of charge coherence allows to study the origin and spectral distribution of charge noise in future experiments.
Quantum criticality at cryogenic melting of polar bubble lattices
Authors: Luo Wei , Akbarzadeh Alireza , Nahas Yousra , Prokhorenko Sergei , Bellaiche Laurent
Published: November 2023

Quantum fluctuations (QFs) caused by zero-point phonon vibrations (ZPPVs) are known to prevent the occurrence of polar phases in bulk incipient ferroelectrics down to 0 K. On the other hand, little is known about the effects of QFs on the recently discovered topological patterns in ferroelectric nanostructures. Here, by using an atomistic effective Hamiltonian within classical Monte Carlo (CMC) and path integral quantum Monte Carlo (PI-QMC), we unveil how QFs affect the topology of several dipolar phases in ultrathin Pb(Zr0.4Ti0.6)O3(PZT) films. In particular, our PI-QMC simulations show that the ZPPVs do not suppress polar patterns but rather stabilize the labyrinth, bimeron and bubble phases within a wider range of bias field magnitudes. Moreover, we reveal that quantum fluctuations induce a quantum critical point (QCP) separating a hexagonal bubble lattice from a liquid-like state characterized by spontaneous motion, creation and annihilation of polar bubbles at cryogenic temperatures. Finally, we show that the discovered quantum melting is associated with anomalous physical response, as, e.g., demonstrated by a negative longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient.
SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 and nsp4 are minimal constituents of a pore spanning replication organelle
Authors: Zimmermann Liv , Zhao Xiaohan , Makroczyova Jana , Wachsmuth-Melm Moritz , Prasad Vibhu , Hensel Zach , Bartenschlager Ralf , Chlanda Petr
Published: November 2023

Coronavirus replication is associated with the remodeling of cellular membranes, resulting in the formation of double-membrane vesicles (DMVs). A DMV-spanning pore was identified as a putative portal for viral RNA. However, the exact components and the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 DMV pore remain to be determined. Here, we investigate the structure of the DMV pore by in situ cryo-electron tomography combined with subtomogram averaging. We identify non-structural protein (nsp) 3 and 4 as minimal components required for the formation of a DMV-spanning pore, which is dependent on nsp3-4 proteolytic cleavage. In addition, we show that Mac2-Mac3-DPUP-Ubl2 domains are critical for nsp3 oligomerization and crown integrity which influences membrane curvature required for biogenesis of DMVs. Altogether, SARS-CoV-2 nsp3-4 have a dual role by driving the biogenesis of replication organelles and assembly of DMV-spanning pores which we propose here to term replicopores.
CaMKK2 and CHK1 phosphorylate human STN1 in response to replication stress to protect stalled forks from aberrant resection
Authors: Jaiswal Rishi Kumar , Lei Kai-Hang , Chastain Megan , Wang Yuan , Shiva Olga , Li Shan , You Zhongsheng , Chi Peter , Chai Weihang
Published: November 2023

Keeping replication fork stable is essential for safeguarding genome integrity; hence, its protection is highly regulated. The CTC1-STN1-TEN1 (CST) complex protects stalled forks from aberrant MRE11-mediated nascent strand DNA degradation (NSD). However, the activation mechanism for CST at forks is unknown. Here, we report that STN1 is phosphorylated in its intrinsic disordered region. Loss of STN1 phosphorylation reduces the replication stress-induced STN1 localization to stalled forks, elevates NSD, increases MRE11 access to stalled forks, and decreases RAD51 localization at forks, leading to increased genome instability under perturbed DNA replication condition. STN1 is phosphorylated by both the ATR-CHK1 and the calcium-sensing kinase CaMKK2 in response to hydroxyurea/aphidicolin treatment or elevated cytosolic calcium concentration. Cancer-associated STN1 variants impair STN1 phosphorylation, conferring inability of fork protection. Collectively, our study uncovers that CaMKK2 and ATR-CHK1 target STN1 to enable its fork protective function, and suggests an important role of STN1 phosphorylation in cancer development.
Long-range atmospheric transport of microplastics across the southern hemisphere
Authors: Chen Qiqing , Shi Guitao , Revell Laura E. , Zhang Jun , Zuo Chencheng , Wang Danhe , Le Ru Eric C. , Wu Guangmei , Mitrano Denise M.
Published: November 2023

Airborne microplastics (MPs) can undergo long range transport to remote regions. Yet there is a large knowledge gap regarding the occurrence and burden of MPs in the marine boundary layer, which hampers comprehensive modelling of their global atmospheric transport. In particular, the transport efficiency of MPs with different sizes and morphologies remains uncertain. Here we show a hemispheric-scale analysis of airborne MPs along a cruise path from the mid-Northern Hemisphere to Antarctica. We present the inaugural measurements of MPs concentrations over the Southern Ocean and interior Antarctica and find that MPs fibers are transported more efficiently than MPs fragments along the transect, with the transport dynamics of MPs generally similar to those of non-plastic particles. Morphology is found to be the dominant factor influencing the hemispheric transport of MPs to remote Antarctic regions. This study underlines the importance of long-range atmospheric transport in MPs cycling dynamics in the environment.
Design for improving corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steels by wrapping inclusions with niobium armour
Authors: Zhang Shucai , Feng Hao , Li Huabing , Jiang Zhouhua , Zhang Tao , Zhu Hongchun , Lin Yue , Zhang Wei , Li Guoping
Published: November 2023

Unavoidable nonmetallic inclusions generated in the steelmaking process are fatal defects that often cause serious corrosion failure of steel, leading to catastrophic accidents and huge economic losses. Over the past decades, extensive efforts have been made to address this difficult issue, but none of them have succeeded. Here, we propose a strategy of wrapping deleterious inclusions with corrosion-resistant niobium armour (Z phase). After systematic theoretical screening, we introduce minor Nb into duplex stainless steels (DSSs) to form inclusion@Z core-shell structures, thus isolating the inclusions from corrosive environments. Additionally, both the Z phase and its surrounding matrix possess excellent corrosion resistance. Thus, this strategy effectively prevents corrosion caused by inclusions, thereby doubly improving the corrosion resistance of DSSs. Our strategy overcomes the long-standing problem of “corrosion failure caused by inclusions”, and it is verified as a universal technique in a series of DSSs and industrial production.
A global view of aging and Alzheimer’s pathogenesis-associated cell population dynamics and molecular signatures in human and mouse brains
Authors: Sziraki Andras , Lu Ziyu , Lee Jasper , Banyai Gabor , Anderson Sonya , Abdulraouf Abdulraouf , Metzner Eli , Liao Andrew , Banfelder Jason , Epstein Alexander , Schaefer Chloe , Xu Zihan , Zhang Zehao , Gan Li , Nelson Peter T. , Zhou Wei , Cao Junyue
Published: November 2023

Conventional methods fall short in unraveling the dynamics of rare cell types related to aging and diseases. Here we introduce EasySci, an advanced single-cell combinatorial indexing strategy for exploring age-dependent cellular dynamics in the mammalian brain. Profiling approximately 1.5 million single-cell transcriptomes and 400,000 chromatin accessibility profiles across diverse mouse brains, we identified over 300 cell subtypes, uncovering their molecular characteristics and spatial locations. This comprehensive view elucidates rare cell types expanded or depleted upon aging. We also investigated cell-type-specific responses to genetic alterations linked to Alzheimer’s disease, identifying associated rare cell types. Additionally, by profiling 118,240 human brain single-cell transcriptomes, we discerned cell- and region-specific transcriptomic changes tied to Alzheimer’s pathogenesis. In conclusion, this research offers a valuable resource for probing cell-type-specific dynamics in both normal and pathological aging.