bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for treatment of primary CNS lymphoma: single‐centre experience and literature review
Authors: Bojic Marija , Berghoff Anna S. , Troch Marlene , Agis Hermine , Sperr Wolfgang R. , Widhalm Georg , Wöhrer Adelheid , Kalhs Peter , Preusser Matthias , Rabitsch Werner
Published: December 2014

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare and malignant tumour type. Established treatment approaches include high‐dose methotrexate (HD‐MTX)‐based chemotherapy and whole‐brain radiotherapy (WBRT). WBRT is associated with significant neurotoxicity and autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has been proposed as an alternative treatment – either in the 1st line setting after HD‐MTX‐based chemotherapy or as salvage treatment for relapsed/refractory PCNSL. We here report our single‐centre experience with five PCNSL patients, who had achieved an objective response after a high‐dose methotrexate‐based induction therapy and consecutively received a high‐dose chemotherapy, consisting of carmustine and thiotepa, followed by ASCT. We also provide a literature review on ASCL for PCNSL. Our data, with three of five patients in continuous complete remission and four of five patients alive after a median follow‐up time of 8 months, as well as previously published results, show that ASCT is a safe treatment option that is able to induce tumour remissions in patients with PCNSL. However, controlled trials are needed to compare the long‐term efficacy and tolerability of ASCT with other treatment approaches and also to establish the optimal sequence of treatment regimens in PCNSL patients.
Polylysogeny magnifies competitiveness of a bacterial pathogen in vivo
Authors: Burns Nicola , James Chloe E. , Harrison Ellie
Published: December 2014

The rise of next generation sequencing is revealing a hidden diversity of temperate phages within the microbial community. While a handful of these phages have been well characterized, for the vast majority, the role of phage carriage, and especially multiple phage carriage, is poorly understood. The Liverpool epidemic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an aggressive pathogen in cystic fibrosis lung infections that has recently been found to contain several unique prophages within its genome. Here, we experimentally investigate the role of two of these phages in vivo, using an insect model of infection. We find that while no benefit is conferred by phage carriage in single bacterial infections, phages confer a large fitness advantage during mixed infections by mediating bacteria–bacteria competition. Differences between the two phages appeared to be associated with the rate at which the competitor acquired the phage, and therefore resistance. However, the advantage was greatest in the polylysogen, carrying both phages. These findings suggest that the LES phages may play an important role in host invasions and more generally show that the carriage of multiple phages may itself be beneficial by hindering the spread of resistance in rival bacterial populations.
Pharmacology of Src family kinases and therapeutic implications of their modulators
Authors: Kumar Amit , Jaggi Amteshwar S. , Singh Nirmal
Published: December 2014

Src family kinases (SFKs), the largest family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, include 10 members. Src was the first gene product discovered to have intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase activity. Src is widely expressed in many cell types and can have different locations within a cell; the subcellular location of Src can affect its function. Src can associate with cellular membranes, such as the plasma membrane, the perinuclear membrane, and the endosomal membrane. SFKs actions on mammalian cells are pleiotropic and include effect on cell morphology, adhesion, migration, invasion, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. SFKs at one end have been documented to play some important physiological functions; on the other end, they have been described in the pathophysiology of some disorders. In this review article, an exhaustive attempt has been made to unearth pharmacology of SFKs and therapeutic implications of SFKs modulators.
Commercial fisheries, inter‐colony competition and sea depth affect foraging location of breeding Scopoli's Shearwaters Calonectris diomedea
Authors: Cecere Jacopo G. , Catoni Carlo , Gaibani Giorgia , Geraldes Pedro , Celada Claudio , Imperio Simona
Published: December 2014

The distribution of seabirds at sea is influenced by physical, ecological and anthropogenic factors such as sea depth, prey distribution, intra‐specific competition and commerical fishing activities. We quantified the foraging habitat preferences of Scopoli's Shearwater Calonectris diomedea in the Mediterranean Sea. We analysed habitat preferences in relation to a suite of physical and ecological variables including sea depth, net primary production and distance to other colonies (as a proxy of intra‐specific competition). Since the Mediterranean is heavily impacted by commercial fisheries, we also incorporated the distance to fishing harbours in our analyses as a proxy of the availability of discards which are a potential feeding source for Scopoli's Shearwater. Foraging birds preferred shallower waters and avoided areas close to other colonies, thereby reducing interactions with conspecifics. We also found that long‐distance trips were undertaken to areas close to fishing harbours, suggesting that these represented particularly profitable locations to compensate for the greater travelling costs involved. No differences in foraging between the sexes were recorded. This study improves our understanding of the at‐sea distribution and habitat preference of a seabird inhabiting the over‐exploited Mediterranean Sea. Our results support growing evidence that seabirds exhibit complex relationships with commerical fishing activities, which must be considered when planning conservation programmes.
The efficacy of powered toothbrushes following a brushing exercise: a systematic review
Authors: Rosema NAM , Slot DE , van Palenstein Helderman WH , Wiggelinkhuizen L , Van der Weijden GA
Published: December 2014

Aim

The primary objective was to determine, based on the available published evidence, the efficacy of powered toothbrushing following a brushing exercise and secondary to what magnitude this effect is dependent on the plaque index score, power supply and mode of action.

Material and Methods

The PubMed–MEDLINE and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched through and up to August 2014 to identify appropriate studies. The outcome measurement was the weighted mean (WM) percentage plaque score reduction of a full‐mouth assessment following subject brushing.

Results

The search yielded 2420 titles and abstracts. Ultimately, 58 articles with 146 brushing exercises as separate legs were selected. The overall effect of a powered brushing exercise provides a 46% WM plaque score reduction. One hundred and six experiments provided data as assessed according to the Quigley and Hein plaque index. The WM reduction from baseline in plaque scores was 36%. A WM plaque score reduction of 65% was observed in 39 experiments using the Navy plaque index. Subanalysis on power supply and mode of action showed WM plaque score reductions ranging from 33% up to 71% depending on plaque index score.

Conclusion

The efficacy in plaque removal following a brushing exercise using a powered toothbrush provides a WM plaque score reduction of 46% on average, with a range of 36–65% dependent on the index scale to score plaque. The available evidence indicates that the power supply (rechargeable or replaceable battery), mode of action, as well as brushing duration and type of instructions are factors which contribute to the variation in the observed efficacy.
Endovascular Treatment for Small Core and Anterior Circulation Proximal Occlusion with Emphasis on Minimizing CT to Recanalization Times (ESCAPE) Trial: Methodology
Authors: Demchuk Andrew M. , Goyal Mayank , Menon Bijoy K. , Eesa Muneer , Ryckborst Karla J. , Kamal Noreen , Patil Shivanand , Mishra Sachin , Almekhlafi Mohammed , Randhawa Privia A. , Roy Daniel , Willinsky Robert , Montanera Walter , Silver Frank L. , Shuaib Ashfaq , Rempel Jeremy , Jovin Tudor , Frei Donald , Sapkota Biggya , Thornton J. Michael , Poppe Alexandre , Tampieri Donatella , Lum Cheemun , Weill Alain , Sajobi Tolulope T. , Hill Michael D. ,   for the ESCAPE Trial Investigators
Published: December 2014

ESCAPE is a prospective, multicenter, randomized clinical trial that will enroll subjects with the following main inclusion criteria: less than 12 h from symptom onset, age > 18, baseline NIHSS >5, ASPECTS score of >5 and CTA evidence of carotid T/L or M1 segment MCA occlusion, and at least moderate collaterals by CTA. The trial will determine if endovascular treatment will result in higher rates of favorable outcome compared with standard medical therapy alone. Patient populations that are eligible include those receiving IV tPA, tPA ineligible and unwitnessed onset or wake up strokes with 12 h of last seen normal. The primary end-point, based on intention-to-treat criteria is the distribution of modified Rankin Scale scores at 90 days assessed using a proportional odds model. The projected maximum sample size is 500 subjects. Randomization is stratified under a minimization process using age, gender, baseline NIHSS, baseline ASPECTS (8–10 vs. 6–7), IV tPA treatment and occlusion location (ICA vs. MCA) as covariates. The study will have one formal interim analysis after 300 subjects have been accrued. Secondary end-points at 90 days include the following: mRS 0–1; mRS 0–2; Barthel 95–100, EuroQOL and a cognitive battery. Safety outcomes are symptomatic ICH, major bleeding, contrast nephropathy, total radiation dose, malignant MCA infarction, hemicraniectomy and mortality at 90 days.
Should Minor Stroke Patients Be Thrombolyzed? A Focused Review and Future Directions
Authors: Yu Amy Y. X. , Hill Michael D. , Coutts Shelagh B.
Published: December 2014

Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Up to 80% of ischemic stroke patients may initially present with minor symptoms. Minor stroke and transient ischemic attack patients are typically treated conservatively with antiplatelet agents and general vascular prevention strategies. Yet a high proportion develop recurrent stroke or progression of stroke and up to one in four of these patients are disabled or dead at follow-up. Minor or rapidly improving symptoms are the top reasons for withholding thrombolytic therapy to time-eligible stroke patients as they are believed to be ‘too good to treat’. The benefits and risks of treating mild ischemic strokes are still unclear. The increasing use of computed tomography angiography and its ability to identify both proximal and distal intracranial occlusions may change this equation. In this review, we discuss the diagnosis and prognosis of mild strokes, the role of neurovascular imaging in treatment decision making, experience with thrombolysis in this patient population, and propose directions for future studies.
Circadian Sleep/Wake Rhythm Abnormalities as a Risk Factor of a Poststroke Apathy
Authors: Cosin Charlotte , Sibon Igor , Poli Mathilde , Allard Michèle , Debruxelles Sabrina , Renou Pauline , Rouanet François , Mayo Willy
Published: December 2014

Background

Poststroke apathy affects 19–55% of patients following stroke and has a negative impact on functional recovery, general health, and quality of life, as well as being a source of significant burden for caregivers.

Aims

A major clinical issue is the delayed diagnosis of post-stroke apathy, and so the aim of our study is to evaluate the relationship between early poststroke alterations of circadian rhythms of sleep/wake cycles and the occurrence of poststroke apathy.

Methods

Forty-six patients with a recent magnetic resonance imaging confirmed stroke were included. Main exclusion criteria were a mild to severe disability impeding home discharge from the hospital and the presence of apathy or dementia before stroke. Cerebrovascular lesions were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. At hospital discharge, an actigraph was used to measure patient's global activity as well as parameters of circadian rhythmicity (relative amplitude, interdaily stability, intradaily variability) and sleep (sleep duration, sleep efficiency, fragmentation index) over seven-days. Apathy was assessed at hospital discharge as well as at three-months using the Apathy Inventory and the Lille Apathy Rating Scale.

Results

Of the 46 patients evaluated, 10 (22%) showed apathy three-months after stroke (median Apathy Inventory = 4·5). Before inclusion, these 10 subjects did not differ significantly from other patients concerning their sleep and, at inclusion, they did not differ concerning apathy, anxiety, depression, or cognitive and functional abilities. However, actigraphy measured at discharged identified significant alterations of sleep ( P < 0·005). Future poststroke apathy patients exhibited a decrease in sleep efficiency (actual sleep time expressed as a percentage of time in bed) and an increase in the fragmentation index (degree of fragmentation during the sleep period) at three-months. No association was observed between poststroke apathy and the characteristics of cerebrovascular lesions (stroke location, extent of leucoencephalopathy, number of lacunes and microbleeds).

Conclusion

These results indicate that early poststroke alterations of sleep/wake circadian rhythms — easily evaluated by actigraphy — are associated with a higher risk of poststroke apathy at three-months. In terms of clinical outcomes, our results provide targets for very early identification of patients at risk to develop apathy after stroke and for assessing when to start specific therapy to optimize rehabilitation efficiency.
Imaging of Occlusive Thrombi in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Gasparian Gregory G. , Sanossian Nerses , Shiroishi Mark S. , Liebeskind David S.
Published: December 2014

Thrombi, or clots, often occlude proximal segments of the cerebral arterial circulation in acute ischemic stroke. Thromboembolic occlusion or thrombi superimposed on atherosclerotic plaque are the principal focus of acute stroke therapies such as thrombolysis or thrombectomy. We review the imaging characteristics of thrombi on multimodal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, angiography, and ultrasonography, summarizing recent studies that facilitate therapeutic decision-making from these noninvasive studies. Information about the location, size, and imaging characteristics can be ascertained using these techniques. Imaging findings in relation to occlusive thrombus have been correlated with clot pathology, response to therapeutic interventions, and clinical outcome. Diagnostic evaluation of occlusive thrombi on noninvasive studies now constitutes an integral component of acute stroke management.
BCG treatment for bladder cancer, from past to present use
Authors: Alcorn Jason , Burton Rob , Topping Annie
Published: December 2014

Since the turn of the 20th century Bacillus Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) treatment for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) has been in and out of favour. However, only a small proportion of patients, as low as 16%, complete what is seen as a gold standard treatment. To understand why it is the gold standard treatment the epidemiology and aetiology of NMIBC is presented. This article discusses how BCG was first discovered in cows to it being used as a treatment for NMIBC. The issues of side effects which can be from mild to severe and local to systemic, will be discussed. The impact of age in the tolerance of this treatment will be also be looked at. In conclusion, with BCG treatment being the preferred option for NMIBC, it also comes with significant side effects. It is these that should be of concern to the health care professional as they can be potentially life threatening.
Help‐seeking behaviour for urinary incontinence: experience from a university community
Authors: Limpawattana Panita , Kongbunkiat Kannikar , Sawanyawisuth Kittisak , Sribenjalux Wantin
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a silent problem which leads to adverse outcomes in older adults but is usually undetected. Little is known about help‐seeking behaviour among adults age >50 years. The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of help‐seeking care among these populations for UI, identify potential reasons for seeking care and explore the barriers against seeking help. Participants who were aged >50 years who attended the Healthy Ageing Khon Kaen University Campus Project from March 2012 to October 2013 were recruited. It was a cohort study that was specific for major geriatric syndromes. All participants with a UI over the past 12 months were asked questions using self‐administered questionnaires. Information on baseline characteristics was also collected. Descriptive statistics, univariate and multiple logistic regressions were used to analyse the outcomes. Seventy participants were recruited. The median age was 57 and most of them were women (77·71%). Only 15 of them had sought help (21·43%, 95% confidence interval 12·52, 32·87%). Independent factors associated with help‐seeking care using multiple logistic analyses were severity of UI (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 42·94) and greater frequency of UI (adjusted OR 1·48). The main reason for not seeking help was the belief of normalcy of UI (77·86%). About one‐fifth of Thai pre‐retired and older adults with UI had sought help. Severity and frequency of UI were the independent factors associated with the reasons for seeking care. Barriers of not seeking care were similar to previous reports.
SiOCN Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Gas Sensors for Elevated Temperature Applications
Authors: Karakuscu Aylin , Hu Lung‐Hao , Ponzoni Andrea , Baratto Camilla , Ceccato Riccardo , Sberveglieri Giorgio , Raj Rishi
Published: December 2014

Silicon Oxycarbonitride (SiOCN) functionalization is proposed for stable, reproducible, reliable, and enhanced gas‐sensing properties in carbon nanotube (CNT) gas sensors. The process is very simple: liquid precursor completely coats the surfaces of the CNTs without requiring any surface modification and a thin layer of semiconductor ceramic SiOCN is created on the CNTs after heat treatment. This new kind of conductometric gas sensors can detect 10 ppm NH3 and 2 ppm NO2 at temperatures up to 350°C. The stability of the functionalized CNT sensor is verified up to 520°C, while the CNT sensor without the SiOCN coating lost conductance after 250°C due to the structural modification. SiOCN functionalization of CNT changes the recovery from irreversible to reversible and the recovery time decreases from 60 min at 100°C to 19 min at 350°C.
Telocytes and putative stem cells in ageing human heart
Authors: Popescu Laurentiu M. , Curici Antoanela , Wang Enshi , Zhang Hao , Hu Shengshou , Gherghiceanu Mihaela
Published: December 2014

Tradition considers that mammalian heart consists of about 70% non‐myocytes (interstitial cells) and 30% cardiomyocytes (CMs). Anyway, the presence of telocytes (TCs) has been overlooked, since they were described in 2010 (visit www.telocytes.com). Also, the number of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) has not accurately estimated in humans during ageing. We used electron microscopy to identify and estimate the number of cells in human atrial myocardium (appendages). Three age‐related groups were studied: newborns (17 days–1 year), children (6–17 years) and adults (34–60 years). Morphometry was performed on low‐magnification electron microscope images using computer‐assisted technology. We found that interstitial area gradually increases with age from 31.3 ± 4.9% in newborns to 41 ± 5.2% in adults. Also, the number of blood capillaries (per mm2) increased with several hundreds in children and adults versus newborns. CMs are the most numerous cells, representing 76% in newborns, 88% in children and 86% in adults. Images of CMs mitoses were seen in the 17‐day newborns. Interestingly, no lipofuscin granules were found in CMs of human newborns and children. The percentage of cells that occupy interstitium were (depending on age): endothelial cells 52–62%; vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes 22–28%, Schwann cells with nerve endings 6–7%, fibroblasts 3–10%, macrophages 1–8%, TCs about 1% and stem cells less than 1%. We cannot confirm the popular belief that cardiac fibroblasts are the most prevalent cell type in the heart and account for about 20% of myocardial volume. Numerically, TCs represent a small fraction of human cardiac interstitial cells, but because of their extensive telopodes, they achieve a 3D network that, for instance, supports CSCs. The myocardial (very) low capability to regenerate may be explained by the number of CSCs, which decreases fivefold by age (from 0.5% to 0.1% in newborns versus adults).
Are outbreaks of cambium‐feeding beetles generated by nutritionally enhanced phloem of drought‐stressed trees?
Authors: White T. C. R.
Published: December 2014

Outbreaks of cambium‐feeding beetles follow droughts, becoming most severe in overmature trees and those growing on stressful sites or planted beyond their natural range. Outbreaks develop from small endemic populations confined to a few senescing or damaged trees and expand into neighbouring trees that become newly stressed as a drought intensifies, eventually coalescing as a full‐blown outbreak. The beetles' larvae normally face a severe nutritional challenge feeding on the slow outflow of dilute nutrients in the phloem of damaged or senescing trees. This is reflected in their slow rate of growth. But when drought stresses trees, they senesce more quickly, releasing a faster flow of more concentrated nutrients that enhances the survival of the insects. The increased survival and faster rate of growth of larvae feeding in this enriched phloem can generate an outbreak. Both the dieback of the trees and the outbreaks of these insects are generated by drought. This hypothesis presents a parsimonious explanation for outbreaks of cambium‐feeding insects. Apart from providing a focus for future research, it has the added benefit that it replaces non‐explanatory descriptions of these outbreaks with a testable biological explanation based on known plant and insect physiology.
Graphical displays for assessing covariate balance in matching studies
Authors: Linden Ariel
Published: December 2014

Rationale, aims and objectives

An essential requirement for ensuring the validity of outcomes in matching studies is that study groups are comparable on observed pre‐intervention characteristics. Investigators typically use numerical diagnostics, such as t‐tests, to assess comparability (referred to as ‘balance’). However, such diagnostics only test equality along one dimension (e.g. means in the case of t‐tests), and therefore do not adequately capture imbalances that may exist elsewhere in the distribution. Furthermore, these tests are generally sensitive to sample size, raising the concern that a reduction in power may be mistaken for an improvement in covariate balance. In this paper, we demonstrate the shortcomings of numerical diagnostics and demonstrate how visual displays provide a complete representation of the data to more robustly assess balance.

Methods

We generate artificial datasets specifically designed to demonstrate how widely used equality tests capture only a single‐dimension of the data and are sensitive to sample size. We then plot the covariate distributions using several graphical displays.

Results

As expected, tests showing perfect covariate balance in means failed to reflect imbalances at higher moments (variances). However, these discrepancies were easily detected upon inspection of the graphic displays. Additionally, smaller sample sizes led to the appearance of covariate balance, when in fact it was a result of lower statistical power.

Conclusions

Given the limitations of numerical diagnostics, we advocate using graphical displays for assessing covariate balance and encourage investigators to provide such graphs when reporting balance statistics in their matching studies.
Living with chronicity and complexity: Lessons for redesigning case management from patients' life stories – A qualitative study
Authors: Morales‐Asencio Jose Miguel , Martin‐Santos Francisco Javier , Kaknani Shakira , Morilla‐Herrera Juan Carlos , Cuevas Fernández‐Gallego Magdalena , García‐Mayor Silvia , León‐Campos Álvaro , Morales‐Gil Isabel María
Published: December 2014

Rationale, aims and objectives

Case management is commonly used to provide health care for patients with multiple chronic conditions. However, the most effective form of team organization and the necessary support structures need to be identified. In this respect, patients' views could provide a valuable contribution to improving the design of these services. To analyse the experiences of patients with chronic diseases and of caregivers, in relation to health care services and mechanisms, and to identify means of modelling case management services.

Methods

The method used was a qualitative study based on life stories, and semi‐structured interviews with 18 patients with complex chronic diseases and with their family caregivers, selected by purposeful sampling in primary health care centres in Andalusia (southern Spain) from 2009 to 2011.

Results

Three transition points were clearly identified: the onset and initial adaptation, the beginning of quality‐of‐life changes, and the final stage, in which the patients' lives are governed by the complexity of their condition. Health care providers have a low level of proactivity with respect to undertaking early measures for health promotion and self‐care education. Care is fragmented into a multitude of providers and services, with treatments aimed at specific problems.

Conclusions

Many potentially valuable interventions in case management, such as information provision, self‐care education and coordination between services and providers, are still not provided.
Common otolith microstructure related to key early life‐history events in flatfishes identified in the larvae and juveniles of cresthead flounder Pseudopleuronectes schrenki
Authors: Joh M. , Matsuda T. , Miyazono A.
Published: December 2014

Otolith microstructure of reared and wild cresthead flounder Pseudopleuronectes schrenki larvae and juveniles was used to investigate the daily periodicity of ring formation, morphological change and unique otolith structure related to important life events. By comparing microstructural features of P. schrenki with those reported for other flatfish species, it was shown that there may be microstructural features that are common to all flatfishes. In the sagittae and lapillus, a check (a distinct ring) was formed in the centre of otoliths at c. 6 days post hatching, and the daily formation of rings observed outside the check was confirmed. During metamorphosis, accessory primordia (AP) of otolith growth were formed on the outer edge of the sagittae, and the shape of the sagittae became more complex. No AP was formed on the lapilli, however, and otolith rings were concentrically formed throughout the larval and juvenile (≤51·6 mm standard length, LS) stages. It is proposed, therefore, that lapilli are more appropriate than sagittae for analysis throughout the larval and juvenile (≤51·6 mm LS) stages. During metamorphosis, unique rings that are relatively wide and show weak contrast are formed on lapilli (metamorphosing zone, MZ). Hence, the duration of metamorphosis, larval duration and the days of juvenile life can be estimated by the number of rings within the MZ, using rings from the check to outermost ring of the MZ, and that of rings formed outside MZ, respectively. The formation of AP on sagittae as well as the absence of AP, bilateral asymmetry and the formation of a unique structure during metamorphosis on lapilli have also been reported for other flatfishes.
Species composition and aspects of the biology of Orectolobiformes from Indonesian waters
Authors: Dharmadi  , Fahmi  , White W. T.
Published: December 2014

The biological aspects of members of the order Orectolobiformes exploited in Indonesian waters are given. Seven species belonging to five families were recorded in the catches at various landing sites in southern Indonesia. Of these, Chiloscyllium punctatum was the most abundant species landed, contributing >50% of the number of orectolobiforms recorded. The biological data obtained varied greatly between the species listed. The total length (LT) at maturity for some species, e.g. C. punctatum and Nebrius ferrugineus, varied from that which has been previously recorded for those species in other regions. This highlights the need for regional‐specific biological data for fisheries managers and conservation assessors.
Metazoan parasite communities and diet of the velvet belly lantern shark Etmopterus spinax (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae): a comparison of two deep‐sea ecosystems
Authors: Isbert W. , Rodríguez‐Cabello C. , Frutos I. , Preciado I. , Montero F. E. , Pérez‐del‐Olmo A.
Published: December 2014

By combining an examination of stomach contents yielding a snapshot of the most recent trophic niche and the structure of parasite communities reflecting a long‐term feeding niche, this study aimed at gaining more comprehensive information on the role of the small‐sized deep‐water velvet belly lantern shark Etmopterus spinax in the local food webs of the Galicia Bank and the canyon and valley system of the Avilés Canyon, which have been both proposed for inclusion in the Natura 2000 network of protected areas. As far as is known, this study provides the first comparative parasite infracommunity data for a deep‐sea shark species. Component parasite communities in E. spinax were relatively rich, whereas the infracommunities were rather depauperate, with similar low diversity at both localities. The significant differences in the composition and structure of both parasite communities and prey assemblages indicate differential effects of the two deep‐sea ecosystems on both long‐term and most recent trophic niches of E. spinax. These results underline the importance of the use of multivariate analyses for the assessment of geographical variation in shark populations based on parasites and diet data.
Age estimation of juvenile European hake Merluccius merluccius based on otolith microstructure analysis: a slow or fast growth pattern?
Authors: Pattoura P. , Lefkaditou E. , Megalofonou P.
Published: December 2014

The main goal of this study was to examine otolith microstructure and to estimate the age and growth of European hake Merluccius merluccius from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. One hundred and twenty‐nine specimens ranging from 102 to 438 mm in total length (LT) were used. Age estimations were based on the study of the otolith microstructure, which was revealed after grinding both frontal sides of otoliths. The enumerations of the daily growth increments (DGI) as well as their width (WDGI) measurements were made on calibrated digital images. The number of DGI in otoliths ranged between 163 and 717. Four phases in the WDGI evolution were distinguished: (1) larval–juvenile pelagic phase, with an increasing trend in WDGI up to the 60th DGI, (2) settlement phase, with a short‐term deceleration in WDGI between the 61st and 150th DGI, (3) juvenile demersal phase, characterized by a stabilization of WDGI from 151st to 400th DGI and (4) adult phase, with a decreasing trend in WDGI after the 400th DGI. Age, sex and month of formation were found to affect the WDGI in all phases, with the exception of age at the juvenile demersal phase. The power curve with intercept model described best the relationship of M. merluccius LT with age (TDGI), according to Akaike criteria, revealing differences in growth between females [LT = 65 · 36(TDGI)0 · 40 − 388 · 55] and males [LT = 69 · 32(TDGI)0 · 37 − 352 · 88] for the sizes examined. The mean daily growth rates were 0·61 mm day−1 for females and 0·52 mm day−1 for males, resulting in an LT of 283 and 265 mm at the end of their first year of life. In comparison with previous studies on the Mediterranean Sea, the results of this study showed a greater growth rate, similar to results from tagging experiments and otolith microstructure analyses for M. merluccius in other geographic areas.
An assessment of morphometric indices, blood chemistry variables and an energy meter as indicators of the whole body lipid content in Micropterus dolomieu, Sander vitreus and Ictalurus punctatus
Authors: Mesa M. G. , Rose B. P.
Published: December 2014

The effectiveness of several non‐lethal techniques as indicators of total lipid content in smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu, walleye Sander vitreus and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus was investigated. The techniques included (1) the Fulton and relative condition factors, (2) relative mass, (3) plasma indicators of nutritional status (alkaline phosphatase, calcium, cholesterol, protein, triglycerides and glucose) and (4) readings from a hand‐held, microwave energy meter. Although simple linear regression analysis showed that lipid content was significantly correlated with several predictor variables in each species, the r2 values for the relations ranged from 0·17 to 0·50 and no single approach was consistent for all species. Only one model, between energy‐meter readings and lipid content in I. punctatus, had an r2 value (0·83) high enough to justify using it as a predictive tool. Results indicate that no single variable was an accurate and reliable indicator of whole body lipid content in these fishes, except the energy meter for I. punctatus.
THE CHOICE BETWEEN CALLABLE AND NONCALLABLE BONDS
Authors: Booth Laurence , Gounopoulos Dimitrios , Skinner Frank
Published: December 2014

We examine the choice and the offer spreads between callable and noncallable bonds. We find significant differences by industry sector and therefore segment our results by financial and nonfinancial industries. For the financial sector, the popularity of callable and noncallable bonds is significantly related to the economic environment. Financial and high‐grade nonfinancial callable bonds are also more likely to be issued via a shelf prospectus. Although firms that issue callable bonds do not consistently display the characteristics associated with severe agency problems, the issue choice for below‐investment‐grade nonfinancial and lower rated financial bonds, where we can expect agency problems to be more severe, is more consistent with agency theory than is the issue choice for higher rated bonds.
BOARD DIVERSITY AND CEO SELECTION
Authors: Gupta Atul , Raman Kartik
Published: December 2014

We find that the likelihood of a female CEO appointment increases with the proportion of female directors on the board. However, this positive relation is significant only in the subsample of firms where one of the directors is appointed CEO, and is insignificant in firms where the new CEO is not from the board. The results are consistent with the explanation that female directors constitute a supply of viable candidates for the CEO position, rather than female directors affecting the likelihood of female CEO appointments by interpreting noisy signals about the abilities of female candidates.
WHAT DOES βSMB > 0 REALLY MEAN?
Authors: Chen Hsiu‐lang , Bassett Gilbert
Published: December 2014

A positive SMB coefficient in a Fama–French regression is often interpreted as signaling a portfolio weighted toward small‐cap stocks. We present a very large portfolio, which has a positive SMB coefficient for all periods. We emphasize that this is associated with the coexistence of both “M”—the market—and “SMB”—the mimicking portfolio for size—in the Fama–French three‐factor model. We explain why the model can attribute small size to large‐cap stocks and portfolios. The results highlight how coefficients should be interpreted when a self‐financing portfolio is used for portfolio attribution.
Neuroendocrine‐Autonomic Integration in the Paraventricular Nucleus: Novel Roles for Dendritically Released Neuropeptides
Authors: Stern J. E.
Published: December 2014

Communication between pairs of neurones in the central nervous system typically involves classical ‘hard‐wired’ synaptic transmission, characterised by high temporal and spatial precision. Over the last two decades, however, knowledge regarding the repertoire of communication modalities used in the brain has notably expanded to include less conventional forms, characterised by a diffuse and less temporally precise transfer of information. These forms are best suited to mediate communication among entire neuronal populations, now recognised to be a fundamental process in the brain for the generation of complex behaviours. In response to an osmotic stressor, the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) generates a multimodal homeostatic response that involves orchestrated neuroendocrine (i.e. systemic release of vasopressin) and autonomic (i.e. sympathetic outflow to the kidneys) components. The precise mechanisms that underlie interpopulation cross‐talk between these two distinct neuronal populations, however, remain largely unknown. The present review summarises and discusses a series of recent studies that have identified the dendritic release of neuropeptides as a novel interpopulation signalling modality in the PVN. A current working model is described in which it is proposed that the activity‐dependent dendritic release of vasopressin from neurosecretory neurones in the PVN acts in a diffusible manner to increase the activity of distant presympathetic neurones, resulting in an integrated sympathoexcitatory population response, particularly within the context of a hyperosmotic challenge. The cellular mechanism underlying this novel form of intercellular communication, as well as its physiological and pathophysiological implications, is discussed.
Cellular and molecular maturation in fetal and adult ovine calcaneal tendons
Authors: Russo Valentina , Mauro Annunziata , Martelli Alessandra , Di Giacinto Oriana , Di Marcantonio Lisa , Nardinocchi Delia , Berardinelli Paolo , Barboni Barbara
Published: December 2014

Processes of development during fetal life profoundly transform tendons from a plastic tissue into a highly differentiated structure, characterised by a very low ability to regenerate after injury in adulthood. Sheep tendon is frequently used as a translational model to investigate cell‐based regenerative approaches. However, in contrast to other species, analytical and comparative baseline studies on the normal developmental maturation of sheep tendons from fetal through to adult life are not currently available. Thus, a detailed morphological and biochemical study was designed to characterise tissue maturation during mid‐ (2 months of pregnancy: 14 cm of length) and late fetal (4 months: 40 cm of length) life, through to adulthood. The results confirm that ovine tendon morphology undergoes profound transformations during this period. Endotenon was more developed in fetal tendons than in adult tissues, and its cell phenotype changed through tendon maturation. Indeed, groups of large rounded cells laying on smaller and more compacted ones expressing osteocalcin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) were identified exclusively in fetal mid‐stage tissues, and not in late fetal or adult tendons. VEGF, NGF as well as blood vessels and nerve fibers showed decreased expression during tendon development. Moreover, the endotenon of mid‐ and late fetuses contained identifiable cells that expressed several pluripotent stem cell markers [Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT), SRY Determining Region Y Box‐2 (SOX2), Nanog Homeobox (NANOG) and Octamer Binding Transcription Factor‐4A (OCT‐4A)]. These cells were not identifiable in adult specimens. Ovine tendon development was also accompanied by morphological modifications to cell nuclei, and a progressive decrease in cellularity, proliferation index and expression of connexins 43 and 32. Tendon maturation was similarly characterised by modulation of several other gene expression profiles, including Collagen type I, Collagen type III, Scleraxis B, Tenomodulin, Trombospondin 4 and Osteocalcin. These gene profiles underwent a dramatic reduction in adult tissues. Transforming growth factor‐1 expression (involved in collagen synthesis) underwent a similar decrease. In conclusion, these morphological studies carried out on sheep tendons at different stages of development and aging offer normal structural and molecular baseline data to allow accurate evaluation of data from subsequent interventional studies investigating tendon healing and regeneration in ovine experimental models.
Histamine and substance P in synovial fluid of patients with temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Li W. , Long X. , Jiang S. , Li Y. , Fang W.
Published: December 2014

Although psychosocial factors and malocclusion are regarded as potential causes of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), the underlying pathogenesis is poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that substance P (SP), which has been associated with both psychosocial factors and malocclusion, and histamine, whose release can be induced by SP, may be implicated in the pathogenetic process. This study was designed to measure the concentration of histamine and SP in synovial fluid (SF) of both 38 patients with TMD and 11 healthy controls, and analyse the correlation between histamine and SP. Patients with TMD were divided into three subgroups: displaced disc with reduction (DDR), displaced disc without reduction (DDNR) and osteoarthritis (OA), with 10, 13, 15 subjects in every subgroup, respectively. After collecting SF samples, histamine and SP levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay analysis (ELISA) and calibrated by bicinchoninic acid (BCA)‐quantified protein level in the samples. The results suggest that OA group presented a significantly higher level of both histamine and SP than DDNR, DDR and healthy control groups. Histamine or SP in DDR and DDNR groups tend to be higher than control group, but no significance was found. Painful TMJs show higher histamine and SP than painless TMJs. Correlation analysis reveals a significant correlation between histamine and SP concentrations. Collectively, this study showed the changes of histamine and SP in the SF from different stages of TMD and found a significant correlation between the two substances, suggesting their potential implication in the pathogenesis of TMD.
Temporomandibular joint articulations on working side during chewing in adult females with cross‐bite and mandibular asymmetry
Authors: Yashiro K. , Iwata A. , Takada K. , Murakami S. , Uchiyama Y. , Furukawa S.
Published: December 2014

Influence of mandibular asymmetry and cross‐bite on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) articulation remained unknown. This study aimed to investigate whether/how the working‐side condylar movement irregularity and articular spaces during chewing differ between patients with mandibular asymmetry/cross‐bite and control subjects. The cross‐bite group and the control group consisted of 10 adult female patients and 10 adult female subjects, respectively. They performed unilateral gum‐chewing. The mandibular movements were recorded using a video‐based opto‐electronic system. The 3D articular surface of the TMJ for each individual was reconstructed using CT/MRI data. For local condylar points, the normalised jerk cost (NJC) towards normal direction to the condylar surface, the angle between tangential velocity vector and condylar long axis and intra‐articular space were measured. Three rotatory angles at centre of the condyle were also measured. During closing and intercuspation, (i) movements of posterior portion of the deviated side condyle showed significantly less smoothness as compared with those for the non‐deviated side and control subjects, (ii) the rotations of the condyle on the deviated side induced greater intra‐articular space at posterior and lateral portions. These findings suggest that chewing on the side of mandibular deviation/cross‐bite may cause irregular movement and enlarged intra‐articular space at posterior portion of the deviated side condyle.
Regulatory Focus and the Interpersonal Dynamics of Romantic Partners’ Personal Goal Discussions
Authors: Winterheld Heike A. , Simpson Jeffry A.
Published: December 2014

Guided by regulatory focus theory, we examined how romantic partners’ chronic concerns with promotion (advancement) and prevention (security) shape the interpersonal dynamics of couples’ conversations about different types of personal goals. Members of 95 couples (N = 190) first completed chronic regulatory focus measures and then engaged in videotaped discussions of two types of goals that were differentially relevant to promotion and prevention concerns. Participants also completed measures of goal‐ and partner‐relevant perceptions. Independent observers rated the discussions for support‐related behaviors. Highly promotion‐focused people approached their partners more, perceived greater partner responsiveness, and received more support when discussing goals that were promotion‐relevant and that they perceived as less attainable. When partners’ responsiveness to promotion‐relevant goals was low, highly promotion‐focused people reported greater self‐efficacy regarding these goals. Highly prevention‐focused people perceived more responsiveness when partners were less distancing during discussions of their prevention‐relevant goals, and greater responsiveness perceptions reassured them that these goals are less disruptive to the relationship. These findings suggest that chronic concerns with promotion and prevention orient people to their relationship environment in ways that are consistent with these distinct motivational needs, especially when discussing goals that increase the salience of these needs.
Wisdom and Psychosocial Functioning in Later Life
Authors: Wink Paul , Staudinger Ursula M.
Published: December 2014

We investigated the connection between wisdom‐related performance, personality, and generativity to further the understanding of how they are interrelated. Our sample consisted of 163 men and women 68–77 years of age, mostly White, and predominantly middle class. Wisdom was assessed with the performance‐based Berlin Wisdom Paradigm, with the remaining measures being mostly self‐report. As hypothesized, on the zero‐order level, wisdom‐related performance (WRP) was positively associated with (a) growth, a personality component indexed by Openness to Experience, psychological mindedness, and a sense of well‐being derived from growth, purpose in life, and autonomy; (b) adjustment, a personality component associated with life satisfaction, high levels of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, low Neuroticism, a sense of well‐being derived from positive relations with others, self‐acceptance, and environmental mastery; and (c) a generative concern for the welfare of others. Latent path analysis indicated that the bivariate associations between adjustment and wisdom and between generativity and wisdom were mediated by growth. Wise individuals are characterized by their ability to balance different personal strengths and interests, an integration that occurs, however, within the context of a dominant personality style marked by the pursuit of maturity through personal growth.