bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internet et le Web : l’illusion du social, la fin de l’idéal égalitaire ?
Authors: Schafer Valérie , Le Crosnier Hervé
Published: September 2015

En prenant pour point de départ la neutralité de l’Internet, objet d’un vaste débat commencé aux États-Unis en 2003, cet article souhaite montrer que les questions techniques, celles qui portent sur les architectures et modèles de l’Internet, ont des implications économiques et politiques, et convoquent des valeurs et imaginaires puissants et divergents selon les acteurs. Ces réflexions ne peuvent être dissociées de celles sur les usages et les pratiques du Web et sur les rapports de pouvoir à l’œuvre dans l’économie Internet. Elles invitent à (re)penser la place de chacun des acteurs de la chaîne de l’Internet, des FAI aux usagers, en passant par celle des États, des autorités de régulation ou encore celle des citoyens, dans un écosystème à l’équilibre fragile et en perpétuel mouvement. Derrière le discours social que véhiculent les réseaux socionumériques, l’image d’horizontalité du Web 2.0, l’accent mis sur le partage et l’ouverture que permet Internet, celui-ci tend à se verticaliser, certains acteurs à se concentrer, et à cet égard « l’espace virtuel » est traversé par les tensions qui s’expriment dans la société réelle et matérielle.
Le mouvement « 2.0 » des lycéens chiliens de mai 2006
Authors: Meunier Dominique , Condeza Rayén
Published: September 2015

Cet article traite des rapports multiples et complexes qui se tissent aujourd’hui entre les usages que les jeunes font des médias traditionnels, du Web participatif et de la communication mobile, et leur organisation à des fins d’action collective. Nous présentons une étude de cas, ancrée dans le contexte du mouvement social pour l’éducation publique, ayant eu lieu au Chili entre mai et août 2006. La méthodologie proposée, une analyse par « rhizome », nous a semblé adaptée à l’étude de ces rapports mouvants, se manifestant autant dans l’espace public, dans les médias, que sur la Toile. L’analyse montre comment, dans l’action, les jeunes ont réussi à articuler leurs stratégies de communication et leurs usages des TICs, selon les conjonctures du moment. D’une certaine façon, les adolescents chiliens ont été des pionniers, dans leur pays, dans l’emploi hybride des technologies à des fins d’action collective. Ils ont développé un éventail de stratégies que nous pourrions qualifier de « communiticaction » (c’est-à-dire une articulaètion de stratégies communicationnelles, technologiques et d’actions), déployées autant dans la rue, que sur l’espace Web ou médiatique.
A Conceptual Framework of the Relationship between Institutional Framing and Innovativeness
Authors: Szopa Anna , Bandola Justyna
Published: September 2015

This chapter's objective is to analyze the institutional networks of the spin-off companies. To meet this objective cases of three universities are being evaluated and compared. The comparison of cases from the USA, Denmark and South Korea suggests that the institutional network has a significant impact on the development of the spin-off company. The role of different agents (for example universities) change with time during different stages of the development of the spin-off. The study suggests that there are certain similarities between different institutional networks, including the dependence on context, importance of intermediaries and similar roles of the institutions within the networks.
Cloud Computing in the 21st Century
Authors: Raisinghani Mahesh S. , Idemudia Efosa Carroll , Chekuri Meghana , Fisher Kendra , Hanna Jennifer
Published: September 2015

The constant changes in technology has posed serious challenges to top management teams, employees, and customers on how to collect, store, and process data for competitive advantage and to make better decisions. In this chapter, to address this issue, we present the managerial perspective of cloud computing that provides the infrastructure and/or tools for decision making in the 21st century. Since the year 2000, the interest in cloud computing has had a steady increase. (Mason, 2002) Not only has cloud computing substantially lowered computing costs for corporations, it continues to increase their abilities for market offerings and to access customers' information with ease. Cloud computing has allowed managers to focus more on their business plans and bottom line to enhance competitive advantage.
Augmented Reality Game in the Hybrid Urban Environment
Authors: Mesárošová Alena , Hernández Manuel Ferrer
Published: September 2015

In this article the authors will present the uniqueness of the Augmented Reality game technology within the context of the process of hybridization of contemporaneous city and its derivative changes in the relationship between citizen and city. The authors will review the Augmented Reality game by approaching it from the different focuses. They will discuss the themes like aesthetics, gamification, gamespace classification and mobile application development challenges related to the Augmented Reality games. The own project ARecycleNOID, the Augmented Reality art game in the hybrid urban space will be presented and analyzed in the terms of the creation of the experimental urban interactive environment. A new form of game experiences the city.
mHealth in Resource-Constrained Environments
Authors: Barricelli Barbara Rita , Devis Yanet
Published: September 2015

The use of mobile devices in telemedicine contributes to providing more effective and efficient remote healthcare in rural areas improving patients' life style and medical quality of service in this setting. The idea of creating mobile applications for this scenario led the authors to face important sociotechnical challenges in terms of innovation and design for resource-constrained environments. In this paper the authors present the outcomes of MANTRA (Mobile ANticoagulant TheRApy) Project developed for and evaluated in Venezuela. Through the evaluation of this project under those settings the authors developed an approach to mHealth in the remote management of chronic diseases by supporting the communication between doctors.
Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Applications in the Healthcare Industry
Authors: Barazandeh Iman , Gholamian Mohammad Reza
Published: September 2015

The healthcare industry is one of the most attractive domains to realize the actionable knowledge discovery objectives. This chapter studies recent researches on knowledge discovery and data mining applications in the healthcare industry and proposes a new classification of these applications. Studies show that knowledge discovery and data mining applications in the healthcare industry can be classified to three major classes, namely patient view, market view, and system view. Patient view includes papers that performed pure data mining on healthcare industry data. Market view includes papers that saw the patients as customers. System view includes papers that developed a decision support system. The goal of this classification is identifying research opportunities and gaps for researchers interested in this context.
How an Actor Network Theory (ANT) Analysis Can Help Us to Understand the Personally Controlled Electronic Health Record (PCEHR) in Australia
Authors: Muhammad Imran , Wickramasinghe Nilmini
Published: September 2015

Australia has designed, developed, and now implemented its national e-health solution known as the Personally Controlled Electronic Healthcare Record (PCEHR). This is a unique system as it subscribes to a shared governance model between patients and providers. To date, though, as with other national e-health solutions, there is poor uptake and much concern regarding the success of this multi-million dollar project. The authors contend that while these implementations and adoptions of e-health solutions are necessary, it is essential that an appropriate lens of analysis should be used in order to maximise and sustain the benefits of Information Systems/Information Technology (IS/IT) in healthcare delivery. Hence, in this chapter, the authors proffer Actor-Network Theory (ANT) as an appropriate lens to evaluate these various e-health solutions and illustrate in the context of the Personally Controlled Electronic Health Record (PCEHR), the chosen e-health solution for Australia.
Examining Mobile Search Adoption
Authors: Castellet Andreu , Westlund Oscar
Published: September 2015

The multimedia features brought by the rise of the mobile access to internet are tightly linked to the massive access of the public to mobile search. To date, there is limited knowledge on how distinct groups make use of mobile search in their everyday life. Attempting to fill that void, the purpose of this chapter is to describe and explain how mobile search behaviours have gained traction among distinct groups in Sweden from 2010 to 2012. The findings evidence a growing uptake among all groups over time. Smartphone ownership and age score the highest odds ratios, revealing smartphone users and 16–29 year olds as most inclined to use mobile search. In addition, a high education and use of a personal or company subscription show significant results.
Mobile Content Adaptation
Authors: Sonnenberg Christian
Published: September 2015

The mobile environment presents numerous challenges to users and developers alike. Ideally, mobile content should be designed to enhance a user's experience rather than simply serve up the same content originally designed for other platforms. This chapter presents a study of techniques for “content adaptation”, the process of reformatting content and displaying it optimized for a mobile device. Adaptation techniques consist of a varied number of mechanisms by which content is adapted into a format more “friendly” to mobile devices. The idea of “friendly” can range from simple accessibility requirements to a dynamic redesign. Included in this discussion is a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of current techniques. Examples of different techniques are presented and illustrated along with the system framework necessary to implement them.
Research, Development and Creativity in Ubiquitous Technologies in University
Authors: Castelló-Mayo Enrique , Fernández Roi Méndez , Gómez Antía M. López , González Julian Flores , Sánchez-Vila Eduardo
Published: September 2015

In 2009 the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) proposes the creation of a truly transdisciplinary research platform, suitable for the development of integral projects of excellence in R&D, technology transfer and professional training in all phases of the digital contents evolution cycle: CIDUS Platform for Innovation and Experimentation and Innovation in Digital Contents (www.usc.es/es/Servizos/cidus). Although this chapter covers some of the finest CIDUS exponents in the field of ubiquitous technologies, we need to emphasize that we believe that the main innovation of CIDUS is not only its innovative projects but also the very experience of interdisciplinarycollaborationbetweeneighty-onereferenceresearchers in the field of digital content (assigned to seven groups with such a pure technological base as a social communication profile), respectively located in Faculty of Communication Sciences, Singular Research Centre in Information Technologies, Technical School of Engineering and Institute of Technological Research at USC.
Supporting the Mobile In-situ Authoring of Locative Media in Rural Places
Authors: Cheverst Keith , Do Trien V. , Fitton Dan
Published: September 2015

Providing users with carefully authored Locative media experiences (which can be consumed via their GPS equipped smartphones or tablets) has significant potential for fostering a strong engagement with their current surroundings. However, the availability of mobile tools to support the authoring of locative media experiences in-situ, and by non-technical users, remains scarce. In this article we present the design and field-trial expert evaluation of a mobile app developed under the SHARC project (Investigating Technology Support for the Shared Curation of Local History in a Rural Community). The app is named SMAT (SHARC Mobile Authoring Tool) and supports the authoring of Locative Media experiences with a focus on the creation of POIs (Points of Interest) and associated geo-fences which trigger the pushed delivery of media items such as photos, audio clips, etc. One important requirement of SMAT is the ability to support authoring in places where connectivity is intermittent or unavailable, e.g. many rural areas.
A review of the growth of monitoring and evaluation in South Africa: Monitoring and evaluation as a profession, an industry and a governance tool
Authors: Abrahams Mark A.
Published: September 2015

South Africa is one several African countries with an official ministry responsible for monitoring and evaluation (M&E). Some of the other countries include Ghana, Kenya, Benin and Uganda. The development of M&E in South Africa has been stymied in part by its interdisciplinary nature, trying to find roots within historically a very discipline-based higher education system. Over the last ten years, however, there has been a huge increase in the number, scope and quality of evaluations conducted in this country. Government agencies and Non-government organisations (NGOs) often using international donor funds for their own projects, have been engaged in outsourcing evaluation studies, and currently all government departments have established their own M&E units. There are statutory bodies such as the Public Service Commission (PSC) and the Department for Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation (DPME) with the responsibility to monitor and evaluate the government’s service delivery and performance. The South African Monitoring and Evaluation Association (SAMEA), established in 2005, draws together M&E practitioners, trainers in M&E, development agencies as well as government officials at its biennial conferences and sustains a vibrant community via its listserv – SAMEATalk. This article reviews the growth of monitoring and evaluation in South Africa and reflects on the current or prominent nature of M&E in this country. It deliberates about M&E developing into a profession, its growth as an industry or businessand its increasing adoption as a governance tool for development in South Africa. The paper concludes with some critical reflections on the growth of M&E in South Africa.
PPCheck: A Webserver for the Quantitative Analysis of Protein-Protein Interfaces and Prediction of Residue Hotspots
Authors: Sukhwal Anshul , Sowdhamini Ramanathan
Published: September 2015

Background

Modeling protein-protein interactions (PPIs) using docking algorithms is useful for understanding biomolecular interactions and mechanisms. Typically, a docking algorithm generates a large number of docking poses, and it is often challenging to select the best native-like pose. A further challenge is to recognize key residues, termed as hotspots, at protein-protein interfaces, which contribute more in stabilizing a protein-protein interface.

Results

We had earlier developed a computer algorithm, called PPCheck, which ascribes pseudoenergies to measure the strength of PPIs. Native-like poses could be successfully identified in 27 out of 30 test cases, when applied on a separate set of decoys that were generated using FRODOCK. PPCheck, along with conservation and accessibility scores, was able to differentiate ‘native-like and non-native-like poses from 1883 decoys of Critical Assessment of Prediction of Interactions (CAPRI) targets with an accuracy of 60%. PPCheck was trained on a 10-fold mixed dataset and tested on a 10-fold mixed test set for hotspot prediction. We obtain an accuracy of 72%, which is in par with other methods, and a sensitivity of 59%, which is better than most existing methods available for hotspot prediction that uses similar datasets. Other relevant tests suggest that PPCheck can also be reliably used to identify conserved residues in a protein and to perform computational alanine scanning.

Conclusions

PPCheck webserver can be successfully used to differentiate native-like and non-native-like docking poses, as generated by docking algorithms. The webserver can also be a convenient platform for calculating residue conservation, for performing computational alanine scanning, and for predicting protein-protein interface hotspots. While PPCheck can differentiate the generated decoys into native-like and non-native-like decoys with a fairly good accuracy, the results improve dramatically when features like conservation and accessibility are included. The method can be successfully used in ranking/scoring the decoys, as obtained from docking algorithms.
Multiple-locus VNTR Analyses of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Jamaica
Authors: Brown Paul D.
Published: September 2015

Background

This study assessed the antimicrobial susceptibilities and the presence of inducible macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B (iMLSB) resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) of Jamaica as well as the relatedness using polymerase chain reaction-based staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec) and multiple-locus variable numbers of tandem repeat analyses (MLVAs).

Materials and Methods

Antimicrobial susceptibility, the presence of MLSB resistance, and SCC mec and MLVA patterns were assessed for 61 nonduplicate isolates of MRSA from hospitalized patients.

Results

While no isolate was resistant to vancomycin, 53 (86.9%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 52 (85.3%) to erythromycin, 49 (80%) to lincomycin, and 45 (74%) to clindamycin. Of the 52 erythromycin-resistant isolates, 48% exhibited constitutive resistance and 8% showed inducible MLSB (iMLSB) resistance. Most (85%) of typable isolates were SCC mec type IV, and among these, 16 MLVA patterns were identified.

Conclusion

Multidrug resistance continues to characterize MRSA. Among the erythromycin-resistant isolates, constitutive resistance and iMLSB resistance are common. These facts will complicate the treatment of MRSA infections and warrant continued surveillance and judicial use of antimicrobial agents.
Inequality and the duration of growth*
Authors: Ostry Jonathan D.
Published: September 2015

The relationship between income inequality and economic growth is complex. Some inequality is integral to the effective functioning of a market economy and the incentives needed for investment and growth. But inequality can also be destructive to growth, for example by amplifying the risk of crisis or making it difficult for the poor to invest in education. This paper finds that the duration of growth spells is robustly associated with more equality in the income distribution. Inequality matters, moreover, even when other determinants of growth duration – external shocks, initial income, institutional quality, openness to trade, and macroeconomic stability – are taken into account.
Electronic Ordering System Improves Postoperative Pain Management after Total Knee or Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Chiu T. , Wolfe S. , Magid S. , Urban M.K.
Published: September 2015

Objectives: The authors investigated the impact of computerized provider order entry (CPOE) on the delivery times of analgesia and subsequent patient outcomes. We hypothesized that patients would report less pain and use less pain medications compared with the previous paper-based system.

Methods: Two groups of patients after a total hip (THA) or knee arthroplasty (TKA) were retrospectively compared: one comprising 106 patients when the paper-based ordering system was in effect (conventional group), and one comprising 96 patients after CPOE was installed (electronic group). All patients received a regional anaesthetic at surgery (combined spinal-epidural). TKA patients also received a single-injection femoral nerve block. After transfer to the postoperative anaesthesia care unit (PACU), a patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) infusion was initiated. The following data was collected from the PACU record: time to initiation of analgesia, visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores at initiation of analgesia and hourly for the first postoperative day (POD), volume of pain medication used, length of stay (LOS) in the PACU and the hospital.

Results: The time to initiation of analgesia from arrival in the PACU was significantly lower in the electronic group compared to the conventional group (24.5 ± 28.3 minutes vs. 51.1 ± 26.2 minutes; mean ± SD, p < 0.001), as were VAS pain scores (0.82 ± 1.08 vs. 1.5 ± 1.52, p < 0.001) and the volume of PCEA needed to control pain (27.9 ± 20.2 ml vs. 34.8 ± 20.3 ml, p = 0.001) at 4 hours postoperatively. PACU LOS and hospital LOS did not significantly differ in the two groups.

Conclusions: After implementation of CPOE, patients received their postoperative analgesia faster, had less pain, and required less medication.

Citation: Urban M,Chiu T, Wolfe S, Magid S. Electronic Ordering System Improves Postoperative Pain Management after Total Knee or Hip Arthroplasty. Appl Clin Inform 2015;6: 591–599

http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-12-RA-0114
Carbon dynamics and changing winter conditions: a review of current understanding and future research directions
Authors: Haei M. , Laudon H.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Despite the important role of winters for northern ecosystems, it remains the least understood of all the seasons. Here, we summarize existing empirical studies on winter climate and carbon dynamics and highlight some important future research directions. The existing studies include field-scale snow-cover manipulation experiments representing extreme soil climate conditions, laboratory soil incubations studying the influential factors, and time-series of climate and carbon data showing long-term natural variations and existing trends. Most of the field and laboratory experiments indicate an increased soil organic carbon loss due to soil frost. Long-term data demonstrate temporal changes in winter CO2 efflux and its important contribution to the annual fluxes. A number of research priorities to improve our understanding of winter conditions include (i) ecosystem processes in the fall-winter and winter-spring shoulder seasons, (ii) extreme events, (iii) partitioning into organic- and inorganic carbon, (iv) carry-over effects of winter and growing season on each other, (v) long-term cumulative impacts, and (vi) improved winter process modelling. These areas of research would enable an improved understanding of the role of the snow covered period for carbon cycling, and provide a basis for more realistic models that include winter processes.
Phase change in subducted lithosphere, impulse, and quantizing Earth surface deformations
Authors: Bowin C. O. , Yi W. , Rosson R. D. , Bolmer S. T.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. The new paradigm of plate tectonics began in 1960 with Harry H. Hess's 1960 realization that new ocean floor was being created today and is not everywhere of Precambrian age as previously thought. In the following decades an unprecedented coming together of bathymetric, topographic, magnetic, gravity, seismicity, seismic profiling data occurred, all supporting and building upon the concept of plate tectonics. Most investigators accepted the premise that there was no net torque amongst the plates. Bowin (2010) demonstrated that plates accelerated and decelerated at rates 10−8 times smaller than plate velocities, and that globally angular momentum is conserved by plate tectonic motions, but few appeared to note its existence. Here we first summarize how we separate where different mass sources may lie within the Earth and how we can estimate their mass. The Earth's greatest mass anomalies arise from topography of the boundary between the metallic nickel–iron core and the silicate mantle that dominate the Earth's spherical harmonic degree 2 and 3 potential field coefficients, and overwhelm all other internal mass anomalies. The mass anomalies due to phase changes in olivine and pyroxene in subducted lithosphere are hidden within the spherical harmonic degree 4–10 packet, and are an order of magnitude smaller than those from the core–mantle boundary. Then we explore the geometry of the Emperor and Hawaiian seamount chains and the 60° bend between them that aids in documenting the slow acceleration during both the Pacific Plate's northward motion that formed the Emperor seamount chain and its westward motion that formed the Hawaiian seamount chain, but it decelerated at the time of the bend (46 Myr). Although the 60° change in direction of the Pacific Plate at of the bend, there appears to have been nary a pause in a passive spreading history for the North Atlantic Plate, for example. This, too, supports phase change being the single driver for plate tectonics and conservation of angular momentum. Since mountain building we now know results from changes in momentum, we have calculated an experimental deformation index value (1–1000) based on a world topographic grid at 5 arcmin spacing and displayed those results for viewing.
Soil properties and not inputs control carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus ratios in cropped soils in the long-term
Authors: Frossard E. , Buchmann N. , Bünemann E. K. , Kiba D. I. , Lompo F. , Oberson A. , Tamburini F. , Traoré O. Y. A.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Stoichiometric approaches have been applied to understand the relationship between soil organic matter dynamics and biological nutrient transformations. However, very few studies explicitly considered the effects of agricultural management practices on soil C : N : P ratio. The aim of this study was to assess how different input types and rates would affect the C : N : P molar ratios of bulk soil, organic matter and microbial biomass in cropped soils in the long-term. Thus, we analysed the C, N and P inputs and budgets as well as soil properties in three long-term experiments established on different soil types: the Saria soil fertility trial (Burkina Faso), the Wagga Wagga rotation/stubble management/soil preparation trial (Australia), and the DOK cropping system trial (Switzerland). In each of these trials, there was a large range of C, N and P inputs which had a strong impact on element concentrations in soils. However, although C : N : P ratios of the inputs were highly variable, they had only weak effects on soil C : N : P ratios. At Saria, a positive correlation was found between the N : P ratio of inputs and microbial biomass, while no relation was observed between the nutrient ratios of inputs and soil organic matter. At Wagga Wagga, the C : P ratio of inputs was significantly correlated to total soil C : P, N : P and C : N ratios, but had no impact on the elemental composition of microbial biomass. In the DOK trial, a positive correlation was found between the C budget and the C to organic P ratio in soils, while the nutrient ratios of inputs were not related to those in the microbial biomass. We argue that these responses are due to differences in soil properties among sites. At Saria, the soil is dominated by quartz and some kaolinite, has a coarse texture, a fragile structure and a low nutrient content. Thus, microorganisms feed on inputs (plant residues, manure). In contrast, the soil at Wagga Wagga contains illite and haematite, is richer in clay and nutrients and has a stable structure. Thus, organic matter is protected from mineralization and can therefore accumulate, allowing microorganisms to feed on soil nutrients and to keep a constant C : N : P ratio. The DOK soil represents an intermediate situation, with high nutrient concentrations, but a rather fragile soil structure, where organic matter does not accumulate. We conclude that the study of C, N, and P ratios is important to understand the functioning of cropped soils in the long-term, but that it must be coupled with a precise assessment of element inputs and budgets in the system and a good understanding of the ability of soils to stabilize C, N and P compounds.
Quality of Minimally Processed Products Marketed in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
Authors: COSTA Fabíola Gonçalves da , Neto Adelino Cunha , Rodrigues Luiz José , Figueiredo Eduardo Eustáquio de Souza
Published: September 2015

Consumers have been increasingly seeking healthier foods without sacrificing sensory satisfaction and convenience, which are highly acclaimed attributes in modern times. Minimally processed products can meet these demands. The present study evaluated the microbiological, microscopic and physicochemical quality of minimally processed fruits and vegetables marketed in Cuiabá, Brazil. A total of 36 samples, consisting of sliced melon, fruit salad in pieces, grated carrot, diced melon, sliced papaya and pineapple rounds were subjected to microbiological, microscopic and physicochemical analyses. Salmonella spp. was absent in all samples, while 27.8% (10/36) of the samples showed coliform counts at 45 °C over 2.0 and 2.7 log CFU.g-1 in fruit and vegetables, respectively. Light dirt and foreign matter were present in 55.5% of the samples (20/36), including wood fragments and insect/animal excrements (rat hair) in 13.9% (5/36) of the samples. The pH and soluble solids (°Brix) results ranged from 3.84 to 6.66 and from 8.19 to 10.24, respectively. The products were in different stages of maturation and 27.8% (10/36) of the sliced papaya and grated carrots were in unsatisfactory sanitary conditions under the current Brazilian legislation.
Magistrate
Authors: Machielsen Jan
Published: September 2015

This opening biographical chapter recovers the political and social ambitions which the Delrio family cherished for their eldest son. A noble title and a string of Spanish and Netherlandish university degrees were meant to propel Martin Delrio into the service of the Spanish Habsburgs. His family, however, soon found themselves tainted by their involvement in the notorious Council of Troubles and left exposed by the collapse of royal authority in the Low Countries. Using a variety of sources, including entries in alba amicorum and Martin’s unpublished ‘memoirs’, this chapter reconstructs these early aspirations and how they came to naught in the late 1570s. While Martin Delrio thus came relatively late to his religious vocation, his attitude towards heresy was shaped by a religious conflict in which his family lost everything.
The Spoils of Egypt
Authors: Machielsen Jan
Published: September 2015

This introductory chapter investigates the context in which Martin Delrio’s edition of Senecan tragedy, the Syntagma tragoediae latinae (1593/4), appeared. It explores the value of a classical education in late sixteenth-century Catholicism. Despite the Society’s later reputation in this field, Delrio’s Syntagma was only the second Jesuit edition of a classical text to appear in print. Traditionally depicted as a critique of Seneca, this chapter argues that Delrio’s Syntagma should instead be read as a carefully calibrated defence of an author whose moral teachings early modern Christians could not easily put to one side. The chapter also introduces the reader to Senecan tragedy and its reception in the early modern period.
Emendation, Divination
Authors: Machielsen Jan
Published: September 2015

Humanists employed a simplified moral language of virtue and vice to describe their textual emendations. An emendation could be cast as an act of healing or, when deemed unsuccessful, as inflicting new wounds. This chapter argues that the Counter-Reformation should be seen as a textual project, which sought to codify Catholic tradition and liturgy. Within this context, it explores how Catholic scholars employed this moral language and divided emendation as grounded, positively, in the authority of the manuscript tradition or, negatively, in private reason. The latter was frequently understood as an act of divination. This chapter explores how Delrio used this language to correct not only the text of the Senecan tragedies, but his friend Lipsius as well.
The Virgin and the Word
Authors: Machielsen Jan
Published: September 2015

This chapter sketches two areas of Martin Delrio’s output that have received little notice so far: his Mariology and his biblical exegesis. It argues that alongside the Disquisitiones magicae, the Jesuit’s sermons on the Virgin proved another important stepping stone in his transition from humanist philology to theology. Delrio’s editions of some of the poetical books of the Old Testament also followed on quite logically from his earlier commentaries on classical poetry. The chapter notes similarities with the Jesuit’s earlier scholarship. Much like the Disquisitiones, his editions of biblical exegesis were also sustained by the careful collation of patristic and medieval authorities and exude an encyclopedic exhaustiveness. Study of how the Jesuit justified the need for these editions also tells us much about his scholarly persona as the self-styled spokesperson of Catholic tradition.
Rum and Jawa
Authors: Reid Anthony
Published: September 2015

Imagined connections between a shadowy Rum in the west and Jawa in the east took concrete political form only in the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, when Aceh and other Southeast Asian states acknowledged the Ottoman ruler as their lord and Caliph. Scholarly and public recognition of these exceptional moments, and of the prominence of the Ottoman Caliph for Southeast Asian Muslims, was long delayed. This chapter emphasises the process by which Aceh's submission to Ottoman sovereignty in the 1560s was remembered in Aceh, and the means by which Ottoman documentation of it was rediscovered in the nineteenth century to be used to evade the Dutch colonial advance. It also traces the historiography of Turkey–Aceh relations down to the recent advances in Ottoman documentation through the British Academy project.
Middle Eastern States and the Philippines under Early American Rule, 1898–1919
Authors: Clarence-Smith William G.
Published: September 2015

Faced with Moro Muslim resistance in the southern Philippines from 1898, America sought help from Middle Eastern rulers. The Ottoman Empire played the central role, although Egypt and Persia also became involved. In 1899 the American ambassador in Istanbul persuaded the sultan, as Caliph, to order the Moros to submit. In 1913 the Ottoman sultan appointed a ‘high teacher’ for the Moros, Shaykh Wajih al-Kilani, from Palestine. Expelled from the Philippines by the Americans in early 1914, Wajih went to Washington to plead his cause, but died in Virginia in 1916. The Ottomans usually relied on European consuls to protect their nationals resident in the Philippines, but the ‘Young Turks’ appointed a career consul in Manila in 1910–11. After April 1917, Ottoman subjects became ‘allies of enemy’, despite the largely ‘Syrian’ community protesting its allegiance to the USA. After the First World War, the US ceased to court Middle Eastern states.
Indonesian Readings of Turkish History, 1890s to 1940s
Authors: Formichi Chiara
Published: September 2015

Exploring Indonesian-language newspapers and books produced between 1892 and 1949, this chapter identifies how localised visions and impressions of the last period of the Ottoman Empire resonated with the Indies’ own socio-political realities, with a focus on pre-independence political debates (1926–50). Through an analysis of the Indies’ readers’ profane fascination with the sultan's lifestyle and the empire's military successes, and their admiration for Mustafa Kemal's reforms, which shaped Turkey as a secular, industrialised, independent and ultimately ‘modern’ nation-state, the chapter discusses how the multi-layered phenomenon of ‘modernity’ became, in the context of pre-independence Indonesia, reduced to a dichotomous choice between political Islam and secularism. Soekarno, Natsir, Soetomo and other intellectuals representative of the anti-colonial front framed the debate on progress, or kemadjoean, as much in social and economic terms as in matters Islamic.
Representation of the Turkic–Turkish Theme in Traditional Malay Literature, with Special Reference to the Works of the Fourteenth to Mid-Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Braginsky Vladimir
Published: September 2015

The Turkic–Turkish theme, a significant phenomenon of traditional Malay literature during its entire Islamic period (the fourteenth to nineteenth centuries), still remains a long-neglected subject in Malay studies. To start filling this gap, this chapter discusses the importance of this theme in Malay literature, offers a chronological–topical grouping of the relevant texts and presents a detailed survey of the earliest group of texts, dated from the late fourteenth to mid-seventeenth centuries. This group includes learned compositions, epic narratives and tales translated from Persian and Arabic, in which either Turkic characters figure or the action takes place in Istanbul. By associating the Turkic–Turkish theme with such issues as Islam, proselytism, holy war, Caliphate, and relations between the ruler and his subjects, these early, often fictitious, pieces of literature laid a foundation for the domination of political topics in the later, more deeply indigenised, groups of texts.
New Textual Evidence for Intellectual and Religious Connections between the Ottomans and Aceh
Authors: Fathurahman Oman
Published: September 2015

This chapter discusses Arabic and Malay texts which prove the existence of an intellectual Islamic connection between Aceh and the Ottomans. The central figure in this connection is Ibrahim al-Kurani (1616–90), a Kurdish scholar who was born in Shahrazur, a town in present-day Iraqi Kurdistan. In this context Shahrazur deserves special mention since it produced numerous scholars who would have an impact on the development of Islam in Southeast Asia, including Aceh. In terms of Ottoman–Aceh intellectual connections, al-Kurani's role was particularly significant. He wrote an Arabic Sufi work entitled Itḥāf al-dhakī, which was transmitted by his Malay pupil, ῾Abd al-Ra᾿uf (1615–93), in both Arabic and Malay versions. This study also brought to light two khuṭbah manuscripts from Aceh, which illustrate clearly the involvement of Aceh in the khuṭbah networks of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century.
Amateur Book Production and the Miscellany in Late Medieval East Anglia
Authors: Meale Carol M.
Published: September 2015

The manuscripts discussed here, Oxford, Bodleian Library, Tanner MS 407 and New Haven, Yale University Library, Beinecke 365, were produced roughly contemporaneously and within a relatively small geographical area. Tanner is the work of one man, Robert Reynes of Acle, and is noted for the eclecticism of its contents. Beinecke, meanwhile, was the work of two scribes, the first anonymous, the second Robert Melton of Stuston. The first copyist’s work is largely religious and exemplary; Melton’s contributions are non-literary, consisting of prayers and copies of accounts and deeds relating to his role of steward to the Cornwallis family. Study of content is complemented by analysis of the structure of each book while comparison of the dramatic texts lends particularity to the taxonomic distinctions which must be drawn between them.
Writing Without Borders
Authors: Lloyd-Morgan Ceridwen
Published: September 2015

The single-text manuscript is not the norm in later mediaeval Wales and most surviving Welsh manuscripts of that period contain two or more distinct texts. The multi-text codex was the norm and a unifying principle – theme, form, or the interests of the compiler or patron – can usually be discerned. Miscellanies may be linguistically mixed or include translated material. The hegemony of plurality of content of the typical Welsh codex can be linked to the distinctive nature and history of Welsh literary tradition, including the late emergence within the prose tradition of the single, named author. A further factor may be the discernible impulse to collect and conserve textual goods in a period which saw a weakening of the traditional separation of poetry and prose, together with an increasing reliance on the written word rather than memory and performance for textual transmission.
Welsh Bardic Miscellanies
Authors: Johnston Dafydd
Published: September 2015

This chapter discusses miscellanies of Welsh-language poetry, focusing on six 15th-century manuscripts from the National Library of Wales, Peniarth collection, MSS 51, 54, 55, 57, 60, and 67, all of which contain material deriving directly from contemporary poets. The formation of these miscellanies was influenced by two key aspects of Welsh bardic practice: the fact that poets and reciters were itinerant meant that numerous contributors could have access to any single manuscript collection on separate occasions, and the prevalence of memorial transmission meant that large quantities of poetry were potentially available for transcription, despite the paucity of written exemplars. Socio-political networks are evident in patrons’ miscellanies, whilst the two manuscripts belonging to poets (51 and 67) are shown to reflect the ideal of the learned bard represented by the legendary Taliesin.
Lancelot of the Laik and the Literary Manuscript Miscellany in 15th- and 16th-century Scotland
Authors: Wingfield Emily
Published: September 2015

This chapter begins by introducing the most significant features of Scottish literary manuscript miscellanies, such as: their relatively late date, in comparison with surviving miscellanies from elsewhere in the British Isles; their copying by scribes who also functioned as notary publics, writers to the signet, and merchants; their links to some of Scotland’s most prominent book-owning families; and their inclusion of material derived from print and from south of the border. The remainder of the chapter offers a necessarily brief case study of one particular Older Scots literary manuscript miscellany (Cambridge, University Library, MS Kk.1.5) in which the Older Scots romance, Lancelot of the Laik, is placed alongside a selection of Scottish courtesy texts and legal material, a series of English and Scottish prophecies, several acts of the Scottish parliament, an English translation of Christine de Pisan’s Livre du Corps de Policie, and the only surviving manuscript copy of Sir Philip Sidney’s New Arcadia.
The Whole Book and the Whole Picture
Authors: Connolly Margaret
Published: September 2015

This chapter considers the ways in which medieval miscellanies have been available to scholars from the mid-19th century onwards, and how the uneven nature of that availability, through facsimile, edition, or commentary, has shaped perceptions of the very nature of this type of manuscript. Attention is paid to how fully facsimiles, editions, and studies represent their originals, and to the distortions of critical perception that can result from partial representation. Also noted is the tendency to privilege manuscripts that are associated with particular authors, and with scribes, patrons, or readers who can be named (even though the majority of medieval miscellanies cannot be connected to any type of biographical context); examples include John Shirley, Richard Hill, Robert Reynes, Robert Thornton, and John Vale. The merits and feasibility of editing miscellanies and producing facsimiles, especially digital facsimile, or other types of study are explored, largely in relation to English examples from the later medieval period.
Afterword
Authors: Butterfield Ardis
Published: September 2015

This short coda to the volume draws links with the poetic miscellanies or recueils produced in continental Europe during the same period, noting points of comparison between the two categories of manuscript. This is an important reminder that even insularity has its limits, and that literary and textual traffic permeated international borders even in the pre-modern age.
A FOTOGRAFIA CONTEMPORÂNEA TEM UMA HISTÓRIA?
Authors:   VU University Amsterdam, Poivert Michel , Eichenberger Andrea
Published: September 2015

No presente artigo, Michel Poivert retoma temáticas tratadas no livro La photographie contemporaine, publicado inicialmente em 2002 e reeditado e ampliado em 2010, a fim de atualizar suas observações sobre esse fenômeno que passa por constantes transformações.
A reserva florestal legal: bases legais e análise de implantação no município de Juiz de Fora (MG) no período 2008-2010
Authors: Oliveira André Luiz de , Rocha Cézar Henrique Barra , Carvalho Fabrício Alvim
Published: September 2015

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a base legal e conceitual da Reserva Legal; os possíveis benefícios ambientais e econômicos para o proprietário rural; e analisar e comparar os dados do levantamento das áreas de Reserva legal averbadas no município de Juiz de Fora durante o período de 2008 a 2010 com os dados de desflorestamento ocorrido no município durante este período. Para a análise da base legal, foram feitas pesquisas bibliográficas (sites da internet) referentes à legislação e benefícios ambientais e econômicos da Reserva Legal, e foram levantados os processos administrativos encerrados/finalizados de Reserva Legal protocolados no IEF – Núcleo Operacional de Juiz de Fora durante o período de 2008 a 2010, e dos dados de desflorestamento ocorrido no município no mesmo período, pesquisado no banco de dados do Atlas dos Remanescentes Florestais da Mata Atlântica Período 2008-2010 (Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica). As principais conclusões foram: a manutenção e conservação da reserva legal proporcionam ao proprietário/posseiro rural inúmeros benefícios ambientais e econômicos, dentre os quais a proteção e conservação do solo, dos mananciais de água e a fauna, o manejo florestal madeireiro e a coleta de sementes e a produção de mudas nativas; no caso em estudo, a instituição da Reserva Legal proporcionou a proteção e conservação de áreas de florestas nativas, como também contribuiu para a recuperação de áreas degradadas, superando a área florestal perdida no município durante o período (2008 a 2010).
Use of talc for filamentous bulking control in effluent treatment plant
Authors: Rossoni Hygor Aristides Victor , Silva Cláudio Mudado , Sousa Cláudio Arcanjo , Silva Fabyano Fonseca e
Published: September 2015

One of the main existing operational problems in activated sludge effluent treatment processes is the poor sedimentation of the biological sludge in the secondary clarifiers. This poor settleability of the sludge is, generally, associated with excessive growth of filamentous bacteria in the bioreactor causing sludge filamentous bulking. In Brazil, many pulp and paper mills have faced problems related to sludge filamentous bulking in their effluent treatment plants experiencing a significant reduction in COD and BOD removal efficiency and a loss of suspended solids in the treated effluent. The addition of talc to increase floc density for the control of filamentous bulking has been studied. The objective of this study was to test the use of talc for the control of filamentous bulking. The bio-sludge used was obtained from a recycling paper mill and had an abundance of filamentous bacteria Type 021N. The experiment consisted of five bioreactors operating batch wise with sludge age of ten days. Different talc applications were used: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% in relation to the total suspended solids in the aeration tank. The following analyses were carried out to monitor the system: suspended solids, sludge volumetric index (SVI) and chemical oxygen demand. Successive additions of talc contributed for the reduction of IVL. Dosages of 75% and 100% showed to be most efficient to improve settleability of the sludge. The presence of talc did not interfere with biological activity of the sludge. However, it was observed an increase of the total suspended solid concentration in the aeration tank. The addition of talc had a temporary effect on sludge settleability, so it was necessary to add repeatedly talc in the reactor in order to maintain a low sludge volumetric index.