Leveraging Large Language Models for Precision Monitoring of Chemotherapy-Induced Toxicities: A Pilot Study with Expert Comparisons and Future Directions
Authors: Ruiz Sarrias Oskitz , Martínez del Prado María Purificación , Sala Gonzalez María Ángeles , Azcuna Sagarduy Josune , Casado Cuesta Pablo , Figaredo Berjano Covadonga , Galve-Calvo Elena , López de San Vicente Hernández Borja , López-Santillán María , Nuño Escolástico Maitane , Sánchez Togneri Laura , Sande Sardina Laura , Pérez Hoyos María Teresa , Abad Villar María Teresa , Zabalza Zudaire Maialen , Sayar Beristain Onintza 
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Large Language Models (LLMs), such as the GPT model family from OpenAI, have demonstrated transformative potential across various fields, especially in medicine. These models can understand and generate contextual text, adapting to new tasks without specific training. This versatility can revolutionize clinical practices by enhancing documentation, patient interaction, and decision-making processes. In oncology, LLMs offer the potential to significantly improve patient care through the continuous monitoring of chemotherapy-induced toxicities, which is a task that is often unmanageable for human resources alone. However, existing research has not sufficiently explored the accuracy of LLMs in identifying and assessing subjective toxicities based on patient descriptions. This study aims to fill this gap by evaluating the ability of LLMs to accurately classify these toxicities, facilitating personalized and continuous patient care. Methods: This comparative pilot study assessed the ability of an LLM to classify subjective toxicities from chemotherapy. Thirteen oncologists evaluated 30 fictitious cases created using expert knowledge and OpenAI’s GPT-4. These evaluations, based on the CTCAE v.5 criteria, were compared to those of a contextualized LLM model. Metrics such as mode and mean of responses were used to gauge consensus. The accuracy of the LLM was analyzed in both general and specific toxicity categories, considering types of errors and false alarms. The study’s results are intended to justify further research involving real patients. Results: The study revealed significant variability in oncologists’ evaluations due to the lack of interaction with fictitious patients. The LLM model achieved an accuracy of 85.7% in general categories and 64.6% in specific categories using mean evaluations with mild errors at 96.4% and severe errors at 3.6%. False alarms occurred in 3% of cases. When comparing the LLM’s performance to that of expert oncologists, individual accuracy ranged from 66.7% to 89.2% for general categories and 57.0% to 76.0% for specific categories. The 95% confidence intervals for the median accuracy of oncologists were 81.9% to 86.9% for general categories and 67.6% to 75.6% for specific categories. These benchmarks highlight the LLM’s potential to achieve expert-level performance in classifying chemotherapy-induced toxicities. Discussion: The findings demonstrate that LLMs can classify subjective toxicities from chemotherapy with accuracy comparable to expert oncologists. The LLM achieved 85.7% accuracy in general categories and 64.6% in specific categories. While the model’s general category performance falls within expert ranges, specific category accuracy requires improvement. The study’s limitations include the use of fictitious cases, lack of patient interaction, and reliance on audio transcriptions. Nevertheless, LLMs show significant potential for enhancing patient monitoring and reducing oncologists’ workload. Future research should focus on the specific training of LLMs for medical tasks, conducting studies with real patients, implementing interactive evaluations, expanding sample sizes, and ensuring robustness and generalization in diverse clinical settings. Conclusions: This study concludes that LLMs can classify subjective toxicities from chemotherapy with accuracy comparable to expert oncologists. The LLM’s performance in general toxicity categories is within the expert range, but there is room for improvement in specific categories. LLMs have the potential to enhance patient monitoring, enable early interventions, and reduce severe complications, improving care quality and efficiency. Future research should involve specific training of LLMs, validation with real patients, and the incorporation of interactive capabilities for real-time patient interactions. Ethical considerations, including data accuracy, transparency, and privacy, are crucial for the safe integration of LLMs into clinical practice.