bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
R.E.C.A.M. Notes and Studies No. 5 A Roman Family in Phrygia
Authors: Mitchell Stephen
Published: January 2007

The history of Roman and Italian businessmen in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, and especially in Asia, during the first century B.C. is a familiar one. There is ample evidence of many kinds for their emigration and activities after the formation of the province of Asia, interrupted by the hegemony of Mithridates, but resumed on a larger scale after he had been driven back from Asia into Pontus. This evidence can be placed into two broad categories. First, there are allusions in the contemporary literature, inscriptions and historical accounts of the period which provide direct information about individuals and families active in the province. Then there is the evidence of inscriptions of the Imperial period, especially the second and third centuries AD., which reveal both established settlements of resident Romans in the cities and an extraordinary number of families with Roman and Italian names, which could clearly trace their origins back to the Republican period of emigration and settlement. Opportunities to study particular families or groups of emigrants at both periods are unfortunately rare, since usually one or the other category of evidence is lacking. Although the record is far from complete, and it is necessary to rely more on conjecture than one would wish, the object of this study is to investigate one such emigrant family, the Sestullii, whose presence in Asia is attested both in Republican literary sources and in Imperial inscriptions. It is clearly impossible to write a continuous history of thegens, or even to reconstruct itsstemmain outline, especially since there is a notably large gap in our knowledge betweenca50 B.C. and A.D. 150, a two hundred year span from which only a single relevant inscription survives, but the family name is so rare that it can reasonably be assumed that all its bearers are related to one another in some way. It must be stressed that this assumption underlies the whole reconstruction offered here.
Some Historical Problems of the Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions
Authors: Hawkins J. D.
Published: January 2007

Two Neo-Hittite rulers occupied positions of authority, the proper understanding of which demands a detailed examination of the textual passages describing this authority. The rulers, Azatiwatas of Karatepe and Yariris of Carchemish, seem moreover to have enjoyed curiously analogous positions. Neither gives in his inscriptions any very exact information on his rank, nor do they record their fathers' names, yet both seem to have exercised a high degree of authority over their cities, Adana and Carchemish respectively, and both refer to their “lords” and their lords' families in ways which have in the past been somewhat misunderstood.

Ever since the discovery of Karatepe in 1946, debate has continued concerning the dating of the monument and its inscriptions, and the position of Azatiwatas is to some extent bound up in this question. Azatiwatas does not directly claim any specific royal title but only the vague religious honorifics “the Sun-blessed(?) man, Tarhunzas's servant” (§ I), adding that he was promoted (“made great”) by Awarikus the king of Adana (§ II) and that Tarhunzas has made him mother and father to Adana (§ III). Although much of the inscription concerns the benefits which he conferred upon Adana (especially §§ IV–VI, XXIV, XXXI–XXXII, XXXVII), he does not claim to have sat on the throne himself — on the contrary, he explicitly, if rather imprecisely, states that he established his “lord's family” on it (§§ XIV–XVI, with the notes on these passages on p. 107). The lord in question must presumably be understood to be Awarikus, and the establishment of his family in Adana must refer to a time after his death or disappearance.
An Addition to the Prayer of Muršili to the Sungoddess and its implications
Authors: Güterbock Hans G.
Published: January 2007

It is now forty years since Oliver Gurney published his dissertation entilted “Hittite Prayers of Mursili II”. His careful analysis of the texts as well as his translation have stood the test of time admirably. While writing, Gurney learned about the prayers to the Sungod which had been found in the 1930s, but their publication came too late for inclusion in his work. Since then much has been written about these recent finds and their relation to the texts of Muršili. On this happy occasion I want to offer to my friend a hitherto unpublished fragment which forms part of the prayer to the Sungoddess of Arinna (KUB 24.3), completing the beginning of column ii. It was H. Otten who recognized it as belonging to that tablet; he must have communicated this fact to E. Laroche, who included it as 544/u under nr. 376, A, in the second edition (1971) of his Catalogue des textes hittites (CTH).
The Ablaut of Present and Preterite in Hittite Radical Verbs
Authors: Hart Gillian R.
Published: January 2007

The extent to which Hittite has preserved Indo-European ablaut patterns has always been a matter for debate. Variations in the vowel of the root occur in both the -miand the -ḫiconjugations, although roots of the shapeTeRT- have eliminated vocalic variation altogether, and certain other verbs, such aspai- “go” have similarly only one form of the root. In those roots which end in a single consonant and show variation in the root vowel several types may be distinguished. In the -miconjugation the type represented by 3 sg.ku-en-zi, 3 pl.ku-na-an-zior 3 sg.ku-e-ir-zi, 3 pl.ku-ra-an-zihas always been recognized as reflecting inheritede/zero alternation, as seen also in Sanskrit 3 sg.hánti,3 pl.ghnánti. This type presents no difficulties from the comparative point of view except for the appearance of thee-grade of the root in some persons where zero grade might have been expected, as in the preterite plural and 2 pl. imperative, which is identical in form with the 2 pl. indicative of the preterite.
The Place of the Šaknu in Assyrian Government
Authors: Postgate J. N.
Published: January 2007

The legacy of the Assyrian empire consisted chiefly in the administrative structure inherited by its successors, and hence Assyriologists have always been conscious of the interest of the “army” of officials who appear in the correspondence and administrative documents found in the palaces of Assyria. In reconstructing this system the views of the Assyrian scribes themselves are obviously worthy of our careful attention, and a long-known “practical” list of officials, etc. from Kouyunjik (K 4395, hereafter “the Kouyunjik list”) has been joined by two copies of a longer list from Sultan Tepe (STT 382 to 385, hereafter “the Sultan Tepe list”). Although parts of each are missing, and their arrangement is far from consistent, both lists give an invaluable idea of how the scribes viewed the different professions and appointments, and, within their own limits, they are obviously meant to give a fairly comprehensive account. Moreover, and this is of particular importance, they are lists of Assyrian terms, composed freshly from Assyrian sources and not dependent on the Babylonian lexical canon. Hence there is a reasonable expectation that they will give a picture of the situation at about the time in which we are interested, and we may even be allowed to hope that the lists may have been “up-dated” in the course of their existence to allow for changes. This hope does indeed seem to be fulfilled by the individual entries, which coincide very well with the repertoire of titles and their Schreibweise as these are known from 7th century documents. In this article devoted to a single title, šaknu, we shall have frequent occasion to refer to these practical lists, underlining their value to the “Neo-Assyriologist”.
Aspects of the Excavations in the Altinova, Elaziǧ
Authors: Burney Charles
Published: January 2007

Anyone associated for twenty years and more with Anatolian archaeology through the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, and thus with Anatolian Studies, has ample reason for respect and gratitude for the long, patient and understanding editorship of this journal by Oliver Gurney. For many years he has proved that efficiency and humanity can go hand in hand; and that the light touch on the editorial helm is normally sufficient. Perhaps at some sacrifice of his own interests, he has a record of service to Anatolian scholarship quite unsurpassed in our time, for to him is due the shape of Anatolian Studies as we have long known it.

This necessarily brief appraisal of aspects of the work achieved in the area of the Keban Rescue Project, under the overall auspices of the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, concentrates its attention especially upon the excavations at one site. The results of these have now been published in part in final form, with praiseworthy speed. The writer is responding to a request for a review of these publications. To attempt such a review without reference to the other reports on this site of Korucutepe, or in total isolation from the many other excavations by different teams in the same area, would of course be of little value and less interest. Yet the literature is by now so great, if in some degree repetitive, and the cultural implications for surrounding regions are so far-reaching, that a definitive assessment can scarcely be approached, and must await the final publications of the other excavations.
The Adıyaman Survey: an interim report
Authors: Blaylock S. R. , French D. H. , Summers G. D.
Published: January 2007

Some preliminary conclusions and individual discoveries from the first four seasons of a survey in the province of Adıyaman are presented here. Initial inspiration for this project grew out of the Institute's excavations at Tille Höyük and the realization that Tille and other excavations in the Lower Euphrates Rescue Project were beginning to provide the kind of precise ceramic sequence which had not hitherto existed for the region. An element of urgency was introduced by the imminence of flooding up to the 550 m. contour by the creation of a huge reservoir above the Atatürk Dam. Consequently a permit to carry out a survey of all archaeological remains in the province was applied for and granted by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.

During the four seasons, 1985–1988, which have taken place so far, our effort has been very largely directed towards a detailed investigation of that area on the west bank of the Euphrates which will be flooded (Fig. 1). At least one further season is required to complete this examination. To this end, part of the Euphrates valley and one tributary system were the focus of attention in the 1985–1987 seasons (Fig. 2).
Sagalassos 1989
Authors: Waelkens Marc , Mitchell Stephen , Owens Edwin
Published: January 2007

During 1989 the Pisidian survey project continued for its fifth season at Sagalassos. The survey was directed in the first half of the season by Dr. S. Mitchell (University College of Swansea) and in the second half by Prof. M. Waelkens (Catholic University of Leuven and National Fund for Scientific Research, Belgium). The team consisted of Prof. W. Viaene (geologist), Dr. M. Lodewijckx, R. Degeest, E. Scheltens, L. Vandeput, H. Bracke, A. De Daele, P. De Jonghe (Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium), Dr. E. Owens (University College of Swansea), Dr. Chr. Lightfoot (The British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara), Mr. R. Fursdon, R. Harrison and A. Young (topographers, University of Newcastle), and F. Richards (Sydney University). For 3 weeks we were joined by Selçuk Baser, director of the Museum of Burdur, who with M. Waelkens, directed a rescue excavation in the potters' quarter. Muhsin Endoǧru (Boǧazköy Museum) represented the Turkish Antiquities Department. The main financial support came from the National Fund for Scientific Research (Belgium), the Prime Ministry of the Flemish Community (Belgium), the Flemish Ministry of Education (Belgium), the British Academy and the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara.
Some Observations on the Chronology of Šuppiluliuma's Reign
Authors: Bryce Trevor R.
Published: January 2007

KUBXIX 9, a text dating to the reign of Hattušili III, has long been regarded as an important source of information on the chronology of the reign of Hattušili's grandfather Šuppiluliuma I. The text makes reference to the following events in Šuppiluliuma's career: (1) campaigns in Anatolia, allegedly covering a period of 20 years and devoted to the reconquest of territories lost to Hittite control prior to Šuppiluliuma's accession, (2) a First Syrian War, (3) the appointment of Šuppiluliuma's sons Telipinu and Piyaššili/Šarri-Kušuh as kings in the Lands of Aleppo and Carchemish (respectively), (4) a Second Syrian War, allegedly of 6 years' duration.

The information contained in this document, although not entirely free from problems of interpretation, is to a large extent confirmed and amplified in various other documents relating to Šuppiluliuma's reign. The most notable of these is the so-called Deeds of Šuppiluliuma, a biographical account of Šuppiluliuma's achievements composed by his son Muršili II. However, the usefulness of this document, within the context of a study of the chronology of Šuppiluliuma's reign, is limited by a number of factors.
A Mausoleum at Ariassos, Pisidia
Authors: Cormack Sarah
Published: January 2007

The funerary architecture of the Imperial period in south-west Anatolia has long been recognized as deserving of attention due to its variety, complexity, and the sheer number of extant tombs. Recently, a preliminary survey at the Pisidian site of Ariassos has revealed the presence of an extensive necropolis containing a large number of well-preserved tombs. One of the best-preserved and most interesting of these tombs is a large funerary monument, a mausoleum, on a tall podium. An analysis of the mausoleum's type, and its probable antecedents, enables us to reconstruct the architectural climate of this provincial city during the Roman Imperial period.

The site of Ariassos, in Pisidia, is located approximately 3 km. south-west of the village of Bademaǧacı, 50 km. north of Antalya, and is today clearly signposted off the main road. The identification of the site has been known since the late nineteenth century, when Ariassos was visited in around 1885 by an Austrian team, under the guidance of K. Lanckoronski; however, the ruins were identified as those of the city of Cretopolis. Using inscriptional evidence, a French epigraphic expedition to Asia Minor correctly identified the site in a publication of 1892.
Oinoanda: The Water Supply and Aqueduct
Authors: Stenton E. C. , Coulton J. J.
Published: January 2007

The city of Oinoanda is situated on a lofty ridge rising some 300 m. above the surrounding plain, at a point of obvious strategic value. It is a naturally strong site, but it lacks a generous natural water supply. The following investigation of the various water supply arrangements formed part of the survey at Oinoanda conducted by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara under the direction of Mr. A. S. Hall, and with the cooperation and assistance of the Directorate of Antiquities of Turkey.

There is a number of small springs on the slopes below the city, and there may have been more, or at least different ones, in antiquity (Fig. 1). There were probably springs at the Leto sanctuary on the west slope of the acropolis and more certainly at the sanctuary of the Nymphs on the east slope, although these do not now function, in summer at least, and perhaps never produced a great deal of water. A third sanctuary, much further down the east slope, also has a small spring, and was apparently devoted to Apollo. However, the only spring which nowadays produces water enough to contribute significantly to the supply of a substantial community lies some 500 m. west of the west gate and over 130 m. lower down, where it would be exposed to any attacking force.
Some recent Discoveries of Millet (Panicum MiliaceumL. andSetaria italica(L.) P. Beauv.) at Excavations in Turkey and Iran
Authors: Nesbitt Mark , Summers G. D.
Published: January 2007

Although a relatively unimportant crop in the Near East, millet has an especially interesting history that may throw some light on the cultural relationships of the Middle–Late Bronze Ages and the Iron Age. Thus the prompt, separate, publication of a large deposit of foxtail millet (Setaria italica(L.) P. Beauv.), recently identified from an Iron Age level at Tille Höyük, seems justified. This is the first find of the cereal in such large quantities—definitely as a crop—from the Near East or Greece. The rest of the plant remains from this level will be published in conjunction with the rich samples that are expected to be found in the massive Late Bronze Age burnt level at Tille. The opportunity is also taken in this paper to present other previously unpublished millet samples, from second millennium B.C. levels at Haftavan Tepe, northwestern Iran, and from Hellenistic, Roman and Medieval levels at Aşvan Kale, eastern Turkey.

A full discussion of these criteria will be included in the first author's forthcoming publication of the Aşvan plant remains. Knörzer (1971) has published a useful key to millet seeds. Three genera of millets (all belonging to the tribePaniceaeof the grass family) have grains of the relatively wide, large embryoed type discussed here.
The Dodecanese and W. Anatolia in Prehistory: Interrelationships, Ethnicity and Political Geography
Authors: Melas E. M.
Published: January 2007

The islands of the Dodecanese enjoy a favourable geographical position. They lie at one of the busiest and most important cross-roads of the eastern Mediterranean, and are readily accessible from all directions, including Asia Minor. In considering contacts with the latter, one has to take into account geographical factors such as distance, the nature of the terrain, and prevailing winds and surface currents. Geologically the Dodecanese form an extension of S.W. Asia Minor, known as Caria in historical times. This region is more or less cut off by mountains from the interior of the mainland, and land routes are either non-existent or very poor. The only direct route is provided by the port of call of Miletus which lies at the mouth of the Maeander (Grant 1969, 93). It is thus only natural for Caria to look towards the Aegean and the Dodecanese rather than elsewhere. Similarly, one should expect the Dodecanese to be in constant intercourse with the opposite coast. Indeed, the archaeological evidence seems to agree. The two areas appear to have shared a more or less common culture in prehistory (DodecaneseIII, 178; Mee 1975).
A Note on Colonel W. M. Leake
Authors: Smith Martin Ferguson
Published: January 2007

In AS XXXVII (1987) 23–35 J. M. Wagstaff writes interestingly of “Colonel Leake and the Classical Topography of Asia Minor”.

Leake succeeded in identifying a large number of ancient sites in Asia Minor. Dr. Wagstaff is well aware of this and naturally enough does not make it his business to list them all. However, in view of current B.I.A.A. work at Oenoanda and Balbura in the Cibyratis, it seems worth pointing out, as a footnote to his article, that Leake was the first to identify both cities, although he never visited either of them. He identified them on the basis of epigraphical evidence collected in October 1841 by Richard Hoskyn, Master of H.M.S. Beacon, and the naturalist Edward Forbes, and his “Remarks on Mr. Hoskyn's Paper”, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society XII (1842) 162–9, may be added to Dr. Wagstaff's list of publications of the man whom Louis Robert justly described as “l'incarnation de la géographie du monde hellénique pendant la première partie du XIXe siècle”.
“Priam's Treasure”
Authors: Easton D. F.
Published: January 2007

In Antiquity 57 David Traill claims to have exposed Schliemann's discovery of “Priam's Treasure” as a fraud (Traill, 1983). By this he means that it was not a single find as Schliemann represents, but an artificial collection put together from several different sources. The collection was formed around a group of bronzes (not identified exactly, but presumably including some of the spearheads, daggers, and flat axes) which was genuinely found on the site of Troy near the end of the 1873 season, but whose precise findspot and date of discovery Schliemann falsified. To this were added more valuable items which Schliemann had been setting aside from his excavations for just such a purpose over a period of months “or even years”. This theory was first put forward in outline in a BBC Chronicle programme on 20th January, 1982 and at that time included the further suggestion that some items were not even excavated at Troy but were bought from dealers in Constantinople or Athens. It is not clear how far Traill still holds to this notion: he acknowledges that all the pieces contained in the Treasure are appropriate to the Early Bronze Age at Troy, but at the same time hints that the purchase-theory would be a legitimate speculation (Traill, 1983, 185).
Votive Reliefs from Balboura and its Environs with an Epigraphical Appendix
Authors: Jo Smith Tyler , Milner N. P.
Published: January 2007

Seventy-five votive reliefs have been identified from the survey of the Balboura city site and the west part of its territory. Several reliefs include inscriptions, yielding crucial information about their date and function in Greco-Roman northern Lycia; these are studied by N. P. Milner in the epigraphical appendix. This paper presents a catalogue of the reliefs, an analysis of the iconographic types and distribution outside the survey area, and an examination of their location and function. Prior to extensive survey of the Balboura area many of the reliefs were undiscovered and unpublished. This treatment of the votive reliefs aims to increase our knowledge of religious life and art at Balboura—first during its period of hellenisation (fromc.200 B.C.), and later as a small urban centre of the eastern Roman Empire. The majority of reliefs are rock-cut and remainin situ; the others are carved on slabs. The general condition of the reliefs is poor. Many are badly weathered, as well as being of a generally low artistic standard.
Q. Mucius Scaevola and Oenoanda: a new Inscription
Authors: Eilers C. F. , Milner N. P.
Published: January 2007

The following inscription was found at Oenoanda, an antique city in north Lycia, by the late Alan S. Hall in 1974. The text (inv. no. YÇ 1014) is inscribed on the short face of a large grey limestone statue base, found lying on its left side at the northern margin of the Upper Agora (the “Esplanade”), directly before the outer edge of the portico of the north stoa (cf. Figs. 1 and 2). Its position suggests that it has fallen forward, with other bases beside it to the west, from its original situation on the pavement of the Upper Agora, immediately fronting the podium of the stoa. There was no evidence that it had been re-used, as originally thought by Hall. Its dimensions are h. 0·73 m.; w. 0·74 m. (slightly broken to the left); th. 1·50+ m. (buried behind). Since it is unmoulded and there are no foot-holes in the top, it is probable that top and bottom sections have become detached. The large base beside it to the west, measuring h. 1·25 m.; w. 2·10 m.; th. 0·60+ m., has two sets of foot-holes and a moulded top; a connection between this and our base is perhaps not unlikely—possibly they formed part of a family monument. On architectural grounds it has been argued that the north stoa was built in either the first century B.C. or the first century A.D. Since it is reasonable to suppose that the base, which we date to the 90s B.C. for reasons that will become clear shortly, was erected after its construction, the stoa should probably be dated no later than second century B.C.
The Mysteries of Artemis Ephesia in Pisidia: a New Inscribed Relief
Authors: Horsley G. H. R.
Published: January 2007

Of the roughly 160 inscriptions currently held in the Archaeological Museum at Burdur, only a fraction has been published hitherto. The following articles have published monuments from the Museum:

1. G. E. Bean, “Sculptured and inscribed stones at Burdur”,Belleten18 (1954) 469–88 (Turkish version: 489–510); inscribed stones: nos. 3–5, 8, 9, 13, 14, 17–22 (SEG14.797–809), of which nos. 8, 13, 19–22 seem no longer to be located in the Museum or the adjacent garden (it should be mentioned that Bean wrote before the Museum was formally established).

2. Id., “Notes and inscriptions from Pisidia, I”,AS9 (1959) 67–117; inscriptions from Burdur: nos. 1, 2, 3a, 3b, 4–9, 21, 87 (SEG19.734–42, 753, 819), of which nos. 4 (at the Lycée in 1959) and 6 (at Aşkış in 1959) have not been located.

3. Id., “Notes and inscriptions from Pisidia, II”,AS10 (I960) 43–82, no. 135 (SEG19.802). A photograph of this monument is included in the present article as Pl. XXXII (b); see further, pp. 126, 127, 131–32 below.

4. S. Mitchell, “Requisitioned transport in the Roman Empire: a new inscription from Pisidia”,JRS66 (1976) 106–31 (AE[1976] 653;SEG26.1392); redated to early under Tiberius by E. A. Judge, “The regionalkanonfor requisitioned transport”, in G. H. R. Horsley,New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity, I. A Review of the Greek Inscriptions and Papyri published in 1976(North Ryde, 1981) 36–45 no. 9 (SEG31.1286); the date accepted with further refinement by Mitchell inChiron16 (1986) 25–27 (SEG36.1208).
Prehistoric Sites on the Cilician Coastal Plain: Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Pottery from the 1991 Bilkent University Survey
Authors: Steadman Sharon R.
Published: January 2007

The ceramic material discussed in the following paper was collected during a survey conducted by the Dept. of Archaeology and History of Art at Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey. The survey, under the direction of Doctors Ilknur Özgen and Marie-Henriette Gates, was undertaken in the summer of 1991 and covered the coastal area from the site of Yumurtalık, southeast of Misis and Misis Dağ, and continued along the coastal plain to include the site of Kinet Höyök, near Dörtyol north of the Iskenderun Plain (The Hatay). This entire region can be considered the eastern half of the Cilician coastal plain (Fig. 1).

The objectives of the survey were two-fold: to surface collect ceramic remains from mounds in the investigation area, and to conduct a geomorphological study of the plain and its relation to the surrounding topographical regions (alluvial plains to the east and west-foothills of the Amanus and Anti-Taurus to the north and northeast). A detailed report on the geomorphology of this region has been published by the geomorphologist who accompanied the survey team, Dr. Sancar Özaner, of the Maden Tetkik ve Araştırma Enstitüsü (Mineral and Research Exploration Institute).
The Oxford University/British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Survey of Medieval Castles of Anatolia (1993): Yılanlı Kalesi: Preliminary Report and New Perspectives
Authors: Barnes Hugh , Whittow Mark
Published: January 2007

1993 was the second season of the five-year survey which it is planned will record five castles from the area of the Büyük and Küçük Menderes in western Turkey. Work at the site of Yılanlı kalesi was carried out between 20th March and 28th April. The team members were Dr. Mark Whittow (Director), Hugh Barnes (Surveyor), Katrina Batchelor, Kevin Chesters, Michael Harrington and Penelope Tunbridge. We are extremely grateful to the Department of Antiquities for granting us a permit to carry out this survey, to the Director and staff of the museum at Ödemiş. for their friendly help and encouragement, and to our Department representative, Ahmet Bayram Üner from the Türk İslam Eserleri Müzesi in Bursa, whose contribution to the success of this project can hardly be overestimated. Our warmest thanks too to the muhtar and villagers of Yılanlı köyü, above all to Nihat and Güller Girgin and family, for whose generosity and kindness we are extremely indebted.
Priam's Gold: the Full Story
Authors: Easton D. F.
Published: January 2007

“I have seen Priam's Treasure … I have held these vessels in my own hands.” This claim by Yevgenii Sidorov, the Russian Minister of Culture, in an interview in Literaturnaya Gazeta on 25th August 1993, was the first official admission that Priam's Treasure, thought lost since 1945, is now in Russia. It helps us to complete the story of this famous find, from the day of its discovery to the present. Research by David Traill, Reinhard Witte, and myself has clarified the earliest parts. Correspondence published by Joachim Herrmann, Gustav Mahr and Leslie Fitton helps illuminate the late 1870s and the 1880s. For the turbulent years of World War II we have an important publication by Mechthilde Unverzagt and intensive research by Klaus Goldmann. And finally from Russia comes documentation unearthed by Konstantin Akinsha and Grigorii Kozlov. The full story can now be told, and that is what I should like to attempt in this paper. There remains, however, the question, to whom does the Treasure properly belong?—to which I hope the outline of an answer will emerge.
The Early Prehistory of the Sakçagözü Region, North Levantine Rift Valley: Report on 1995 Survey Season
Authors: Garrard Andrew , Conolly James , Moloney Norah , Wright Katherine
Published: January 2007

As a result of its geographical location between the Old World continents, its distinctive natural resources and its innovative cultural record, the Near East is of particular interest to scholars concerned with human developments through the Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Research has focused on the nature and timing of hominid dispersals from Africa into Eurasia, the adaptations of premodern humans to Near Eastern environments, the nature of neanderthal and early modern human societies, hunter-gatherer adaptations in the later Pleistocene and the emergence of village-based farming. However, in spite of considerable concern with these phenomena, our knowledge of the early prehistory of the Near East remains geographically restricted. The best known region for the Palaeolithic is the central and southern Levant. Limited work was undertaken in the Iraqi and Iranian Zagros in the 1950s–60s, but the northern Levant and Turkey remain poorly studied. Aceramic Neolithic research has been more evenly spread, having benefited from the dam salvage projects in the Tigris-Euphrates basins and work in the central Anatolian plateau. However there are still substantial gaps in our knowledge.
The Mausoleum of Licinnia Flavilla and Flavianus Diogenes of Oinoanda: Epigraphy and Architecture
Authors: Hall A. S. , Milner N. P. , Coulton J. J.
Published: January 2007

Among the many tombs still to be seen in the necropolis surrounding the site of Oinoanda, in northern Lycia, the mausoleum built by Licinnia Flavilla for her parents and ancestors enjoys a special distinction, which it owes both to its size and to the vast genealogical inscription, comprising twelve generations of the ancestors and connexions of Licinnia Flavilla and her younger kinsman Flavianus Diogenes, which once covered its eastern façade. The aim of this paper is to present new epigraphic evidence which indicates a second major genealogical inscription on the west end of the mausoleum, and to consider the relation of the inscriptions to the underlying building, to each other, and to the aims of Licinnia Flavilla and her kinsman Diogenes.

The mausoleum of the Licinnii lies in rubble (Pl. XV (a)) amid a group of smaller tombs at the southern end of the site, in square Lr of the B.I.A.A.'s site-plan (AnStXLV (1995) 74, Fig. 1) about 40 m. below an isolated stretch of the Hellenistic southern wall overlooking the saddle at the southern end of the ridge on which stand the main buildings of the city. There is an easy ascent to this point from both the western and eastern sides of the ridge, and thence to the city; the mausoleum will have been conspicuous to visitors and travellers. Since antiquity all the tombs in this area have been plundered or overthrown, especially close to the wall. Three types of tomb are visible: rock-cut tombs, some with lion covers; large, free-standing sarcophagi of various designs; and sarcophagi on high, stepped platforms. An example of this last type (Pl. XV (b)) stands close by the east end of the mausoleum, a few metres to the north.
The Median Empire reconsidered: a view from Kerkenes Dağ
Authors: Summers Geoffrey D.
Published: January 2007

The city on the Kerkenes Dağ in central Anatolia is the largest pre-Hellenistic urban centre on the plateau (figs 1–2). It has plausibly been identified with a city of the Medes, called Pteria by Herodotus (1.76). If the identification is accepted, the city represents an expansion and imposition of Iranian power over the northern part of the central plateau. Kerkenes might thus provide evidence concerning the first sustained cultural, political and military contact between an Iranian imperial regime and Anatolian powers. Unique circumstances and developing technologies are providing an opportunity to map the city in great detail. The data base will enable analyses of the urban dynamics of an ancient city that, by combining Iranian, Anatolian and east Greek elements in centralised urban planning, were perhaps catalytic in the formation and development of the Achaemenid Empire.
Hellenistic braziers in the British Museum: trade contacts between ancient Mediterranean cities
Authors: Şahin Mustafa
Published: January 2007

One of the more important collections of Hellenistic terracotta in the British Museum is the selection of brazier attachments. These were added to the Museum at various dates from the mid-19th century onwards. What adds enormously to the value of the British Museum attachments is that they come from cities in different regions and that for each one its location has been systematically recorded in the Museum inventory. This information in conjunction with the type of attachment and the composition of the clay should make it possible to work out where they were made. Not only will the main centres of production for braziers then become evident, but at the same time, by looking at the towns where they were found, we shall be able to get some idea of Hellenistic trade routes between Mediterranean cities.

These Hellenistic braziers characteristically consist of a fire bowl with pierced bottom and three raised supports, carried on a stand with two loop handles and a large vent. The raised supports, conventionally known as attachments, are roughly rectangular in shape, with a spur below projecting towards the centre of the fire bowl. They characteristically have relief decoration on the inner face and sometimes on the reverse (outer side) as well. These braziers are light and portable. The fuel used was charcoal, which was placed in the bowl, and a draught was maintained through the holes at the bottom of the bowl and the vent in the stand. The stand is made of coarse, gritty terracotta, and is generally undecorated, but in a few cases we observe applied relief as decoration (fig 1).
The East Aegean-West Anatolian Interface in the Late Bronze Age: Mycenaeans and the Kingdom of Ahhiyawa
Authors: Mountjoy P. A.
Published: January 2007

The Mycenaean culture of the east Aegean islands should not be considered in relation to that of the Greek Mainland, as has generally been done up until now, but rather in terms of the East Aegean — West Anatolian Interface (fig 1), an area which forms an entity between the Mycenaean islands of the central Aegean and the Anatolian hinterland with Troy at its northern extremity and Rhodes at its southern one.
Phrygian rock-cut cult façades: a study of the function of the so-called shaft monuments
Authors: Berndt-Ersöz Susanne
Published: January 2007

The aim of this paper is to discuss different possibilities for the function of the shaft found behind certain Phrygian cult façades. The purpose of the shaft is unknown, but various theories exist.

In the highlands of Phrygia, between Afyon and Eskişehir, around Türkmen Dağ, which is covered by volcanic tuff, the Phrygians created their sanctuaries and other monuments from the rock itself. These monuments have been the subject of study by several scholars. Haspels (1971, 3–19) gives a thorough account of earlier travellers and scholars. The rock-cut shrines and sanctuaries to be found in this area can be divided into two basic categories. The first category comprises monuments which consist of a façade, varying in size, generally depicting the front of a house and usually with a niche as its focal point. Sometimes there is no façade, just a niche. In the niche we can assume that the cult statue of the Phrygian Mother goddess Kybele was placed, as in a few cases the cult image of Kybele was cut straight from the rock and is still in situ.
The Konya region in the Iron Age and its relations with Cilicia
Authors: Bahar Hasan
Published: January 2007

Located in the central region of the Anatolian mainland, Konya has played an important role in east-west and north-south cultural interactions since prehistoric times. In order to investigate the cultural geography of this region from prehistoric times to the Classical period surveys and museum work have been carried out since 1987 (Bahar 1991; Bahar et al 1996). In the course of this work some observations have been made on the Iron Age, which is a problematic subject for the central Anatolian region as well as for Anatolia as a whole. During the Iron Age the grey pottery known as Phrygian ware occurs over a wide region from the basin of the Meander in the west into central Anatolia (Mellaart 1955: 117; Dupré 1983: 82; Summers 1994: 241-52). We have previously suggested that this ware should be renamed ‘inner-west Anatolian ware’ or ‘Luwian ware’ (Bahar et al 1996: 65-7). It is significant that this pottery is encountered especially around Sarayönü and Kadınhanı where Luwian peoples were intensively settled in the second millennium BC.
Potters' marks of Ayanıs citadel, Van
Authors: Derin Zafer
Published: January 2007

The citadel of Ayanıs is situated on a hill 250m high (1866.87m in altitude) above Lake Van and 35km north of Tushpa, the capital city of the Urartians. During ongoing work at the castle between 1989 and 1997 various finds were made which belong to the period of the Urartian king Rusa II. An important group of mainly domestic pots, including a range of different shapes, were amongst these finds. Vessels such as pithoi, jars, bowls and jugs were frequently found in situ in rooms. Some of the pots found in certain areas of the citadel attract attention because of the potters' marks visible on them. During the work of the 1989–1997 seasons at Ayanıs, 2,787 pieces of Medieval and Iron Age pottery were registered. Of these sherds, 179 bear pot-marks.
The early second millennium ceramic assemblage from Kenan Tepe, southeastern Turkey. A preliminary assessment
Authors: Parker Bradley J. , Dodd Lynn Swartz
Published: January 2007

In the initial survey of the upper Tigris river valley the authors of the survey report concluded that ‘either this portion of the Tigris basin was bypassed entirely by Middle Bronze Age development attested to elsewhere or, more likely, it is characterised by a thus far unreported and unrecognised assemblage’ (Algaze et al. 1991: 183). Recent research by members of the Upper Tigris Archaeological Research Project (UTARP) at the site of Kenan Tepe confirms the latter hypothesis, that the early second millennium in this area is marked by a regionally distinct material culture assemblage that is influenced by ceramic traditions in upper Mesopotamia and other material culture traditions in Anatolia. This article outlines our initial assessment of these data including an analysis of the ceramic corpus, architecture, archaeobotany, small finds and carbon-14, and places these data in a regional context. We conclude by speculating that the inhabitants of Kenan Tepe may have participated in interaction spheres that linked the upper Tigris river region to greater Mesopotamia and Anatolia.
Inscriptions from Melli (Kocaaliler) in Pisidia
Authors: Mitchell Stephen
Published: January 2007

This article presents several new inscriptions discovered during the survey of the Pisidian city at Melli directed by Dr Lutgarde Vandeput, and revisions to already published texts. These include several imperial statue bases from the city agora, four texts honouring city patrons, who include a provincial governor and a senior Roman equestrian official from the nearby Pisidian city of Selge, dedications and epitaphs. The most significant discovery is the first identified Greek copy of a votive text to ‘the gods and goddesses’, set up according to the interpretation of a Clarian oracle, which was already known from nine Latin versions. The inscription is associated with a cult room in a domestic building, and may be connected with the worship oftheos hypsistos.
Structure of the cerebral cortex of the humpback whale,Megaptera novaeangliae(Cetacea, Mysticeti, Balaenopteridae)
Authors: Hof Patrick R. , Van Der Gucht Estel
Published: January 2007

Cetaceans diverged from terrestrial mammals between 50 and 60 million years ago and acquired, during their adaptation to a fully aquatic milieu, many derived features, including echolocation (in odontocetes), remarkable auditory and communicative abilities, as well as a complex social organization. Whereas brain structure has been documented in detail in some odontocetes, few reports exist on its organization in mysticetes. We studied the cerebral cortex of the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in comparison to another balaenopterid, the fin whale, and representative odontocetes. We observed several differences betweenMegapteraand odontocetes, such as a highly clustered organization of layer II over the occipital and inferotemporal neocortex, whereas such pattern is restricted to the ventral insula in odontocetes. A striking observation inMegapterawas the presence in layer V of the anterior cingulate, anterior insular, and frontopolar cortices of large spindle cells, similar in morphology and distribution to those described in hominids, suggesting a case of parallel evolution. They were also observed in the fin whale and the largest odontocetes, but not in species with smaller brains or body size. The hippocampal formation, unremarkable in odontocetes, is further diminutive inMegaptera, contrasting with terrestrial mammals. As in odontocetes, clear cytoarchitectural patterns exist in the neocortex ofMegaptera, making it possible to define many cortical domains. These observations demonstrate thatMegapteradiffers from Odontoceti in certain aspects of cortical cytoarchitecture and may provide a neuromorphologic basis for functional and behavioral differences between the suborders as well as a reflection of their divergent evolution. Anat Rec, 290:1–31, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cryptides: Functional cryptic peptides hidden in protein structures
Authors: Ueki Nobuhiko , Someya Kazuya , Matsuo Yuko , Wakamatsu Kaori , Mukai Hidehito
Published: January 2007

Peptidergic hormones, neurotransmitters, and neuromodulators are extracellular signaling molecules that play central roles in physiological signal transmissions between various cells, tissues, and organs. These factors are primarily translated as inactive precursor proteins according to the genetic information. These precursor proteins are then cleaved by various proteases including signal peptidases and processing enzymes to produce matured bioactive factors. During these processes, various fragmented peptides are also produced from the same precursor proteins. Such fragmented peptides may have various unexpected biological activities that have not been identified yet because these peptides are considered to be produced and released along with mature factors at the same secretary pathways. Recently, we found that various fragmented peptides of mitochondrial proteins that are produced during the maturation processes, such as fragments of cytochrome c oxidase, activate neutrophils whose functions are distinct from their parent proteins. These findings suggest the existence of many different functional peptides whose functions have not been identified yet. These unidentified peptides may play a variety of roles in various regulatory mechanisms, and therefore, they are expected to provide novel regulatory and signaling mechanisms, “Peptide World”. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88: 190–198, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The ‘Published Online’ date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Truncation of amidated fragment 33–61 of bovine α‐hemoglobin: Effects on the structure and anticandidal activity
Authors: Machado Alessandra , Sforça Maurício L. , Miranda Antonio , Daffre Sirlei , Pertinhez Thelma A. , Spisni Alberto , Miranda M. Terêsa M.
Published: January 2007

Peptides derived from endogenous hemoglobin play important biological roles in a variety of living systems. In previous works we showed that the fragment 33–61 of bovine α‐hemoglobin (Hb33‐61) and its C‐terminus amidated analogue (Hb33‐61a) exhibit antimicrobial activity and we determined the 3D structure of Hb33‐61a bound to sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles. Here we report that Hb33‐61a is lethal to Candida albicans at 6.25 μM probably through disruption of its plasma membrane. In addition, we show that, even when used at 50 μM, Hb33‐ 61a produces low hemolysis (16% ± 3.0%). Recognizing that one of the key steps to study new compounds with potential pharmaceutical application is to identify the structural elements essential to express biological activity, we also investigated the anticandidal activity of Hb33‐ 61a fragments. The results indicated that Hb40‐61a exhibits the same minimal inhibitory concentration as Hb33‐61a, whereas Hb33‐52a and Hb48‐61a are significantly less active. Noteworthy, for all the peptides tested, we observed that C‐terminus amidation produces a potentiation of their anticandidal activity and we associate that increased biological activity to a preferred structural and spatial organization of the C‐terminal region favored by amidation. Finally, the data show that the most active peptides (Hb33‐61a and Hb40‐61a) are characterized by a central hinge joining the C‐terminal region that presents, containing a β‐turn, followed by and a helical element, to the N‐terminal region that presents only a β‐turn. We hypothesize that these two structured regions, by fluctuating independently in the lipid environment, may act in a coordinated fashion disrupting the yeast plasma membrane. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88: 413–426, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com