bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two new larval species of Erythraeus (Zaracarus) (Acari: Erythraeidae) from western Iran
Authors: KHANJANI MOHAMMAD , MIRMOAYEDI ALI-NAGHI , NAHAD ABOULGHASEM REZAI , FAYAZ BAHMAN ASALI
Published: December 2018

Two new larval species of Erythraeus from western Iran, namely: E. (Zaracarus) soleimanii sp. nov. from a green lacewing, Chrysoperla kolthoffi (Navas) and E. (Z.) hamedanicus sp. nov. from a firebug, Pyrrhocoris apterus L. (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae) are illustrated and described. A key to the world species is given.
Crenicichla hu, a new species of cichlid fish (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the Paraná basin in Misiones, Argentina
Authors: PIÁLEK LUBOMÍR , ŘÍČAN OLDŘICH , CASCIOTTA JORGE , ALMIRÓN ADRIANA
Published: December 2018

A new species of Crenicichla Heckel, C. hu, is described from the arroyo Piray–Miní, a left-hand tributary of the río Paraná, Misiones province, Argentina. This new species is easily distinguished from its congeners in the La Plata basin and adjacent coastal rivers by the dark coloration (dark grey or dark brown to black), a color pattern consisting of 7 to 9 black irregular blotches on the flank, and 47–54 scales in the E1 row. Adult females have dorsal fin with an irregular color pattern formed by wide black and white longitudinal stripes and blotches. In addition to standard morphological comparisons, a brief molecular phylogenetic analysis of Crenicichla species from the province of Misiones is also introduced.
New records of aplousobranch ascidians from Central Chile
Authors: SANAMYAN KAREN , SCHORIES DIRK , SANAMYAN NADYA
Published: December 2018

Seven shallow-water colonial ascidians of the order Aplousobranchia, including three new species, are identified in the material collected by SCUBA divers off the coast of Central Chile. Three species including Aplidium falclandicum, A. fuegiense and Didemnum studeri were known previously from Subantarctic and South Chile. The range of one species, Distaplia arnbackae n. sp., extends to south to Guaitecas Islands, and the rest three species (Aplidium peruvianum, Aplidiopsis chilensis n. sp. and Eudistoma clivosum n. sp.) are not known from more southern localities and may represent a northern component.
A new species of Neobaryssinus Monné & Martins, and two new species of Baryssiniella new genus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), reared from trees in the Brazil nut family (Lecythidaceae)
Authors: BERKOV AMY , MONNÉ MIGUEL A.
Published: December 2018

Neobaryssinus altissimus new species is described from central French Guiana; a key to the four species of the genus is given. Baryssiniella new genus is described, including two new species: B. hieroglyphica new species from southeastern Peru, and B. tavakiliani new species from central French Guiana. Comparisons among Neobaryssinus, Baryssiniella, and several other genera in the tribe Acanthocinini are presented. All three new species were reared from trees in the Brazil nut family (Lecythidaceae). Two of these species emerged preferentially from bait branches at canopy stratum.
Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata)
Authors: KOKSHOORN BAS , GITTENBERGER EDMUND
Published: December 2018

This contribution provides a revision of the stylommatophoran pulmonate family Chondrinidae. Based on newly acquired molecular as well as morphometric and distributional data on the Chondrinidae, some cryptic species were revealed. The following new taxa are formally described in this contribution: Abida secale vilellai, A. s. peteri, A. s. merijni, A. s. ionicae, Chondrina ingae, C. marjae, C. pseudavenacea and C. arigonoides. Some revisions in the currently accepted nomenclature of the Chondrinidae are also made and a new subfamily, Granariinae, is introduced. An annotated checklist is provided for the genus Rupestrella. The variation in shell morphology in Chondrina and the intraspecific variation in Abida secale are illustrated with 13 plates.
An overview of the Afrotropical Ommatiinae (Diptera: Asilidae) with a key to genera
Authors: SCARBROUGH A. G.
Published: December 2018

The nine genera of the Afrotropical Ommatiinae are briefly reviewed and include a revised key to genera. A new genus and a species group are diagnosed and described. New genus: Longibeccus (type species, O. fuscovittatus Ricardo, 1900). New combinations: Transferred to Longibeccus from Ommatius, 1821: O. fuscovittatus Ricardo, 1900, and O. imperator Oldroyd, 1939. New status: subgenus Metommatius Hull, 1962, is elevated to generic level. New species group: neotenellus includes Ommatius coperitus n. sp., O. latus n. sp., O. neotenellus Bromley, O. polixus n. sp., and O. ultimus n. sp. from east Africa. The male of O. neotenellus is described for the first time. Only one species of Michotamia (M. coarctata Macquart, 1855), is confirmed from Madagascar. New synonymies: Afroestricus minutus (Bromley 1936)=Ommatius flavipes Loew, 1860; Michotamia cothurnata (Bigot, 1875)=Cophinopoda pulchripes (Bigot,1859). Illustrations of heads, antennae, wings, and terminalia of selected species and keys to the species of Longibeccus and the neotenellus group are provided. Distributions of the Afrotropical genera are briefly discussed.
Four new species of Nemobiinae from China (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Nemobiinae)
Authors: LI KAI , HE ZHUQING , LIU XIANWEI
Published: December 2018

Four new species of the cricket subfamily Nemobiinae from China are described. They are Homonemobius nigrus sp. nov., Speonemobius sinensis sp. nov., Polionemobius annulicornis sp. nov. and Pteronemobius yunnanicus sp. nov. All type specimens are deposited in East China Normal University, Biology of History Museum (HSNU); Shanghai Entomological Museum (IEAS) and Shanghai Normal University (SHNUC).
First description of the male of the wheat thrips, Anaphothrips obscurus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: MIRAB-BALOU MAJID , CHEN XUE-XIN
Published: December 2018

Anaphothrips obscurus (Müller), a common pest on the leaves of cereal crops (Ananthakrishnan, 1984), lives on grasses in many parts of the world. However, males of this species have remained unknown, together with the males of 12 more of the 79 species recorded worldwide in the genus Anaphothrips Uzel (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). In the west and northwest of Iran during 2008–2009 we found males of A. obscurus on rice and wheat crops, and this sex is here described and illustrated for the first time.
Two new Hypogastrura species (Hypogastruridae, Collembola) from China
Authors: JIANG JIGANG , YIN WENYING
Published: December 2018

Two new species, Hypogastrura hexasetata sp. nov. and Hypogastrura heptasetata sp. nov., are described from Central and East China respectively. Both new species belong to H. trybomi group and have highly modified mouthparts. All Chinese Hypogastrura species are listed, and a key to the worldwide members of the H. trybomi group is provided.
A new species of Acanthococcus (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Eriococcidae) on Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae) from Italy and France
Authors: PELLIZZARI GIUSEPPINA , GERMAIN JEAN-FRANÇOIS
Published: December 2018

The adult female, 1 st -instar nymph, 2 nd -instar male and 2 nd -instar female nymphs of a new species of felt scale, Acanthococcus mariannae Pellizzari, are described and illustrated. The new species was collected off Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae) in Italy and France. An identification key of Eriococcid species known to occur on Leptospermum spp is also provided.
Teabooma secunda (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cydnidae)—a new species of a New Caledonian endemic genus, with a redescription of T. princeps Distant
Authors: LIS JERZY A. , LIS BARBARA
Published: December 2018

Teabooma secunda sp. nov., the second species of a New Caledonian endemic genus, is described, illustrated, and compared with T. princeps Distant, 1914. Additionally, the latter is redescribed on the basis of its lectotype and seven other specimens.
Helminths of the American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802), from Pawnee Lake, Lancaster, Nebraska, USA with a checklist of its helminth parasites
Authors: MATA-LÓPEZ ROSARIO , GARCÍA-PRIETO LUIS , LEÓN-RÈGAGNON VIRGINIA
Published: December 2018

The American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, is one of the most intensively studied host species. However, most of the records related to the parasites of this anuran are scattered through the literature. The purpose of our study is twofold: 1) to list the helmiths of this host from Pawnee Lake, Lancaster Co., Nebraska, USA, and 2) To compile all published records and those contained by several scientific collections to construct a checklist of helminth parasites associated with the American bullfrog through its range in both native and introduced geographical areas. Twenty-seven specimens of L. catesbeianus were collected and examined for helminth parasites; 20 frogs were infected. Nine species of helminths were collected: 4 digeneans: Haematoloechus coloradensis, H. parviplexus, Gorgoderina attenuata, and Glypthelmins quieta, and 5 nematodes: Rhabdias ranae, Spinitectus gracilis, Cosmocercoides variabilis, Spiroxys sp., and an unidentified ascarid nematode. Pawnee Lake represents a new locality record for S. gracilis. The digenean H. parviplexus had the highest prevalence and mean abundance (33.3% and 3, respectively). As a result of our study, the number of helminth taxa known for this host is 159 (75 digeneans, 4 monogeneans, 10 cestodes, 7 acanthocephalans, and 63 nematodes); these records come from 6 countries (Canada, Cuba, Japan, Korea, United Kingdom, and USA). Although well documented, the helminthological record of this host species could increase after further inventory work in poorly sampled regions.
Pretarsal structures in the family Cydnidae sensu lato (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea)
Authors: LIS JERZY A. , ZIAJA DARIUSZ J.
Published: December 2018

New data on the pretarsus in Cydnidae sensu lato are presented; 56 species of 38 genera are studied based on the SEM techniques. Pretarsal structures in Cydnidae s.l. are demonstrated to be not uniform; some are typically pentatomoid, and some are atypical for Pentatomoidea. Structures associated with the unguitractor plate, described for the first time by Weirauch (2005) in Reduviidae, and not reported for Cydnidae s.l. in the past, are described for the first time.
New Agrilus Curtis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from México and Costa Rica mimicking parasitic wasps
Authors: HESPENHEIDE HENRY A.
Published: December 2018

Three species of the genus Agrilus are described: A. bellamyi New Species from México, and A. braconoides New Species and A. lucindae New Species from Costa Rica. The male of Agrilus braconicoloratus Hespenheide from México is also described for the first time. These four species are hypothesized to be mimics of wasps in the family Braconidae, some of which are parasitic on wood-boring beetles. The mimicry complex is briefly described and discussed for Costa Rica and Panamá and probably involves both Mullerian and Batesian relationships with other beetles (Cerambycidae, Cleridae, and baridine Curculionidae) and Hymenoptera (Ichneumonidae and Mutillidae), predatory Heteroptera (Reduviidae), Diptera (Tipulidae), and other taxa. Examples are also given for South America and the Old World.
Glomeremus species from the Mascarene islands (Orthoptera, Gryllacrididae) with the description of the pollinator of an endemic orchid from the island of Réunion
Authors: HUGEL S. , MICHENEAU C. , FOURNEL J. , WARREN B. H. , GAUVIN-BIALECKI A. , PAILLER T. , CHASE M. W. , STRASBERG D.
Published: December 2018

Glomeremus Karny, 1937 species from the Mascarene islands are examined. One new species is described from Réunion: G. orchidophilus n. sp.. Two new species are described from Mauritius: G. paraochidophilus n. sp. and G. tikasignatus n. sp.. The case of G. shelfordi (Griffini, 1909) supposedly described from Mauritius is discussed as well as the likely polyphyly of the genus Glomeremus. G. orchidophilus n. sp. is the only pollinator of the Orchid Angraecum cadetii on Réunion, representing the first supported case of regular pollination by an insect from the order Orthoptera in extant flowering plants. The possible involvement of Mauritian Glomeremus in A. cadetii pollination on Mauritius is discussed.
A new case of West-East differentiation of the freshwater fauna in Northern Eurasia: the Pleuroxus trigonellus species group (Crustacea: Cladocera: Chydoridae)
Authors: GARIBIAN PETR G. , NERETINA ANNA N. , KLIMOVSKY ALEXEY I. , KOTOV ALEXEY A.
Published: December 2018

Cladocerans (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of Northern Eurasia traditionally belong to the most intensively studied groups of freshwater microcrustaceans. However, despite a significant progress in our knowledge of different aspects on their biology, some intriguing questions remain unresolved. The hypothesis of cladoceran faunas differentiation between the western and eastern parts of Northern Eurasia agrees with the continental endemism concept. But to date few cladoceran species groups have been investigated through the whole North Eurasian range. Our current work contributes to the confirmation of this hypothesis through a revision of the poorly studied Pleuroxus trigonellus species group. Based on material from Europe, we redescibed morphology of Pleuroxus trigonellus (O.F. Müller, 1776) s.str. and found that its distribution range is potentially restricted to the western portion of Northern Eurasia. At the same time, morphologically similar populations from the eastern portion of Eurasia belong to a new species, Pleuroxus yakutensis sp. nov. These two species are basically similar in general morphology of parthenogenetic and gamogenetic females, but have clear differences in the male morphology. Additionally we offer an identification key for discrimination of the P. trigonellus group from P. uncinatus (Baird, 1850) according to morphological features of the males.
Two new species of Cypretta Vávra, 1895 (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Thailand and discussion of genus
Authors: SAVATENALINTON SUKONTHIP
Published: December 2018

Two Cypretta species from Thailand are described: Cypretta aculeata n. sp. and Cypretta triangulata n. sp. Cypretta        aculeata n. sp. can be characterized chiefly by the valve surface equipped with long setae, spine-like bristle and distinctive pits, the presence of tubercles on postero-ventral margin of the internal left valve and the denticulated ridge on the postero-ventral part of the internal right valve, the long d1 seta on the second thoracopod (T2), and the long Sp seta on the caudal ramus (CR). Based on the valve surface ornamentation, C. aculeata n. sp. is similar to C. globosa (Brady, 1886), C.            intonsa Furtos, 1936, C. spinosa Cohuo-Durán et al., 2013 and C. vivacis Würdig & Pinto 1993. A key to the species within this group is thus provided. The main diagnostic features of Cypretta triangulata n. sp. are the triangular carapace in the dorsal view, the absence of tubercles on the postero-ventral margin of the internal left valve, the presence of denticulated ridge on the postero-ventral part of the internal right valve, the short d1 seta on T2 and the long Sp seta on the CR. The diagnostic characters for the species identification of the genus Cypretta are briefly discussed with regard to the morphology and number of the septa and lunules, the traits of the internal side of the valves, the features of soft body parts (such as the mandible, the thoracopods and the CR) and the morphological aspects of the hemipenis.
Review of the genus Metipocregyes Breuning, 1939 with two new combinations and three new species (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae, Mesosini)
Authors: YAMASAKO JUNSUKE , LIN MEI-YING
Published: December 2018

The genus Metipocregyes Breuning, 1939 is reviewed. Hypocacia fruhstorferi Breuning, 1959 and H. wenhsini Yamasako & Chou, 2013 are transferred to Metipocregyes. Three new species of Metipocregyes are described; M. brunneatus sp. nov. from Vietnam, M. holzschuhi sp. nov. from Laos, and M. variabilis sp. nov. from China. With these taxonomic acts, Metipocregyes is comprised of six species and an identification key for them is presented. The habitus, male genitalia, and name-bearing types of all species in this study are figured.
New data on the cockroaches previously attributed to the genus Duchailluia Rehn, 1933 (Dictyoptera: Blattidae: Blattinae)
Authors: ANISYUTKIN LEONID N. , TELNOV DMITRY
Published: December 2018

The new species of the genus Duchailluia Rehn, 1933, D. ivindo sp. nov., is described from Gabon. The genus Distylopyga Bey-Bienko, 1965 is restored from synonymy with Duchailluia. Distylopyga beccalonii sp. nov. from Thailand is described. Neostylopyga yemenica (Bey-Bienko, 1969) comb. nov. is transferred from Duchailluia. A detailed morphological descriptions of the new species are given, N. yemenica is redescribed inclusive male genitalia. The male genitalia of N. yemenica is described for the first time. The subfamily Duchailluiinae Roth, 2003 synonymized with Blattinae Latreille, 1810.
Poland: A Case of Top-Down Polarization
Authors: Tworzecki Hubert
Published: December 2018

Poland represents a surprising case of democratic backsliding since the return to power of the PiS party in 2015, given that positive conditions associated with democracy are present—consistent strong per capita economic growth since 1989, moderate inequality, rising wages, strong preference for democracy, high levels of happiness, and a parliamentary system with proportional representation. The lack of strong underlying cleavages indicates the polarization was not bottom up. Instead, this article argues that polarization was driven from the top down by a segment of the political class that donned the cloak of radical populist anti-establishmentarianism to gain popular support, win an election, and rewrite the constitutional rules of the game to its own benefit. The Polish case points to the importance of elite cues, and especially the pernicious consequences of system-delegitimizing rhetoric, creating distrust in the media and institutions.
Polarization, Participatory Democracy, and Democratic Erosion in Venezuela’s Twenty-First Century Socialism
Authors: García-Guadilla María Pilar , Mallen Ana
Published: December 2018

This article analyzes the emergence and consolidation of political polarization in Venezuela during the so-called Bolivarian Revolution, led by Hugo Chávez and his successor Nicolás Maduro from 1999 to 2018. We also examine the conditions under which polarization in Venezuela became pernicious, and contributed to erosion of democracy. Given the underlying class cleavages that were associated with pro- and anti- Chavista identities, we argue that the central dimension of polarization began with a political-ideological rift around competing concepts of democracy—participatory and representative, the rights that each vision privileged (individual civil and political rights vs. collective social and economic rights), and the interpretation of participatory democracy as a complement or substitute for representative democracy. As a result, the inclusion of representative and participatory models of democracy in the 1999 Bolivarian constitution failed to deepen democracy. Instead, they came to be seen as mutually exclusive or incompatible. The result was a polarized democracy that became increasingly authoritarian.
Transformations through Polarizations and Global Threats to Democracy
Authors: Somer Murat , McCoy Jennifer
Published: December 2018

This volume collects and analyzes eleven country case studies of polarized polities that are, or had been, electoral democracies, identifying the common and differing causal mechanisms that lead to different outcomes for democracy when a society experiences polarization. In this introduction, we discuss our goals for the volume, the comparative logic we apply to the cases, our overall methodological approach, and the concepts that ground the analyses. The goal of this volume is to explore pernicious polarization, i.e., when and how a society divides into mutually distrustful “us vs. them” blocs, which endangers democracy. Accordingly, we discuss the effects of such polarization on democracies, and start building a foundation for remedies. In this introductory article, we highlight and explain the inherently political and relational aspects of polarization in general and pernicious polarization in particular, present the concept of formative rifts, and discuss how opposition strategies should be part of an explanation of severe polarization.
The effect of TiO2 nanotubes reinforcement on the mechanical properties and wear resistance of silica micro-filled dental composites
Authors: Mirjalili Abolfazl , Zamanian Ali , Hadavi Seyed Mohammad Mahdi
Published: December 2018

One of the most important aspects of dental resin composites is the ability to improve mechanical properties by adding reinforcing filler particles. TiO2 nanotubes are expected to improve the physical and mechanical properties of silica micro-filled dental composite. Therefore, TiO2 nanotubes were synthesized using an alkaline hydrothermal process and then functionalized with 3-methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane. TiO2 nanotubes were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopies, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Different quantities of TiO2 nanotubes and silica microparticles were reinforced in bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) and tri-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate to prepare dental composite samples. Thereafter, the flexural strength and modulus, compressive strength, degree of conversion of monomers, wear resistance and water sorption were utlized to examine the prepared composites. The flexural strength and wear resistance of composites with 3 wt% TiO2 nanotubes significantly increased in comparison with other composites. On the other hand, due to the stability of composite, the water sorption was decreased. Therefore, TiO2 nanotubes reinforcement could be a promising solution for the improvement of mechanical properties in dental composites.
Why Democracy Protests Do Not Diffuse
Authors: Brancati Dawn , Lucardi Adrián
Published: December 2018

One of the primary international factors proposed to explain the geographic and temporal clustering of democracy is the diffusion of democracy protests. Democracy protests are thought to diffuse across countries, primarily, through a demonstration effect, whereby protests in one country cause protests in another based on the positive information that they convey about the likelihood of successful protests elsewhere and, secondarily, through the actions of transnational activists. In contrast to this view, we argue that, in general, democracy protests are not likely to diffuse across countries because the motivation for and the outcome of democracy protests result from domestic processes that are unaffected or undermined by the occurrence of democracy protests in other countries. Our statistical analysis supports this argument. Using daily data on the onset of democracy protests around the world between 1989 and 2011, we find that in this period, democracy protests were not significantly more likely to occur in countries when democracy protests had occurred in neighboring countries, either in general or in ways consistent with the expectations of diffusion arguments.
Full Cycle for Self-Service?
Authors: Regan William J.
Published: December 2018

In the post-World War II period the use of self-service has spread horizontally to practically all types of retail stores on the minimum-service level. Whether labeled “self-selection,” “display merchandising,” “selective open selling,” “simplified selling,” or something similar, all of these represent variously lesser degrees of the supermarket concept of self-service. Whatever it is called, it refers to a still rapidly developing technology co-ordinating the merchandise-presentation efforts of retail stores.

This article summarizes the pressures that have been exerted upon retail stores to adopt self-service in greater measure and then identifies the main reasons why some stores prefer to extend more personalized service.
Competitive Pricing in Railroad Freight Rates
Authors: Dean Joel
Published: December 2018

The economic history of the railroads and the problems faced by them are in many ways unique. However, many of the railroads’ problems are the outgrowth of failure to apply pricing principles which have a universal applicability.

Faulty pricing practices, including inadequate attention to customer alternatives, pricing improperly related to the railroad's own costs, and failure to use price as a sales incentive to reduce costs explain many of the railroads’ present difficulties. Dr. Dean shows how adoption of sound pricing principles could bring about competitive changes with far-reaching effects.
Progress in Deriving “Marketing Laws”
Authors: Butler B. F.
Published: December 2018

A start is being made in applying principles of advanced mathematics to problems of business competition. The author describes what he calls “business theorems,” derived in the same manner as the laws governing physical sciences.

He believes that theorems will help management to go more directly to the heart of the problem … by indicating the feasibility of objectives and by isolating the really important considerations from irrelevant factors.
Frame of Reference of Image Responses
Authors: Greenberg Allan
Published: December 2018

The study described here presents clear-cut evidence that frames of reference used in answering image questions may vary according to recency of experience. There are some interesting implications.
A Choice Sets Model of Retail Selection
Authors: Spiggle Susan , Sewall Murphy A.
Published: December 2018

The authors present a method that retail managers can use to assess competitive effectiveness and identify opportunities for improvement as consumers move through the choice process. The basis of the analysis is a model of retail selection using the aggregation of consumers’ choice sets. The model involves five new subsets of the evoked set concept—action, interaction, inaction, quiet, and reject sets—and is illustrated by an empirical example.
Marketing and Technology: A Strategic Coalignment
Authors: Capon Noel , Glazer Rashi
Published: December 2018

The authors present a case for integrating technology and marketing strategy as key elements that affect corporate success in rapidly changing environments. After describing the implications of technological change for firm behavior, the authors propose a framework for developing a technology strategy and introduce the technology portfolio. The technology portfolio serves both as a model for technological resource allocation and as an aid in choosing an optimal set of technologies from a set of feasible alternatives.
An Empirical Study of Salesforce Turnover
Authors: Lucas George H. , Parasuraman A. , Davis Robert A. , Enis Ben M.
Published: December 2018

Employee turnover is a subject of great importance to practitioners and researchers alike. Though the research on employee turnover in general is extensive, a search of the literature uncovered few truly longitudinal studies of salesperson turnover. On the basis of the general turnover findings, the authors develop seven hypotheses relating salesperson demographic characteristics and job attitudes to turnover and test them by analyzing data gathered over a decade by a large national sales organization. The results raise questions about conclusions from previous studies and afford several new insights and implications for sales managers and researchers.
Assessing Trade Show Functions and Performance: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Kerin Roger A. , Cron William L.
Published: December 2018

Though trade shows are an important marketing tool, as evidenced by their frequency of use and expenditure level, little research has examined this activity. The authors document the selling and non-selling roles of trade shows and identify marketing and trade show strategy-related variables that affect performance. Their study is a necessary first step in understanding how trade shows are used and identifying factors that should be considered in the management of this promotion medium.
Marketing Strategy Implications of the Miles and Snow Strategic Typology
Authors: McDaniel Stephen W. , Kolari James W.
Published: December 2018

The Miles and Snow strategic typology is a useful tool for categorizing as well as understanding the types of strategies to be followed by organizations. The authors attempt to relate the usefulness of this typology to the field of marketing strategy and report an empirical investigation, within this context, of the marketing strategies used by firms in a dynamic environment. Results provide support for the typology and its applicability to the area of marketing strategy.
Personality and Consumer Behavior: A Review
Authors: Kassarjian Harold H.
Published: December 2018

Marketing researchers have repeatedly attempted to relate purchasing behavior, media choice, innovation, and other marketing phenomena to personality, with varying degrees of success. This article reviews this mass of literature and draws some conclusions on the present state of knowledge.
The Structure of Consumer Choice Processes
Authors: Bettman James R.
Published: December 2018

Comparing different information processing models of the same consumers’ decisions and utilizing findings from clinical judgment studies give information about the structure of consumer choice processes. Cue consistency and conditional models are discussed and a general paradigm for choice under uncertainty is proposed.
Advertisement Size and the Relationship between Product Usage and Advertising Exposure
Authors: Silk Alvin J. , Geiger Frank P.
Published: December 2018

This study investigates the hypothesis that the association between prospect status and exposure to print advertising decreases as advertisement size increases. Contrary to the hypothesis, nonlinear relationships were found.
Random-Digit Dialing as a Method of Telephone Sampling
Authors: Glasser Gerald J. , Metzger Gale D.
Published: December 2018

This article reports on a study of the incidence of telephone ownership and telephone directory listings that was based on random-digit dialing (RDD). Various considerations important in the design and selection of RDD samples and in the execution of surveys based on such samples are presented.
Elimination of Phosphate Detergents and Psychological Reactance
Authors: Mazis Michael B. , Settle Robert B. , Leslie Dennis C.
Published: December 2018

This study explores the use of psychological reactance theory to explain consumer response to the elimination of phosphate laundry detergents. Consumers tended to express attitudes consistent with psychological reactance theory predictions.
Price Forecasting and Strategic Planning: The Case of Petrochemicals
Authors: Stobaugh Robert B. , Townsend Phillip L.
Published: December 2018

Consistent declines in “value added” by manufacturers of petrochemicals (for which price is used as a proxy) is caused by the competitive factors of number of manufacturers and product standardization and the technological factors of production experience and static scale. These relationships imply strategic options available in the pricing of petrochemicals.
On the Robustness of Multidimensional Scaling Techniques
Authors: Green Paul E.
Published: December 2018

Multidimensional scaling techniques are examined from the standpoint of their vulnerability to error. In particular, an integer-rank transformation is shown to provide a useful procedure for dealing with nonlinearities in the case of metric MDS.
Respondent Selection in a Time of Changing Household Composition
Authors: Bryant Barbara E.
Published: December 2018

Changing lifestyles bring shifts in household composition which affect male-female proportions in the Troldahl-Carter method of random selection of respondents within a household. Five field tests are reported using the 1964 Troldahl-Carter technique and 14 tests using modifications of it which produce better results in today's adult population.
Careers and Noncommunication: The Case of Academic and Applied Marketing Research
Authors: Kover Arthur J.
Published: December 2018

The communication gap between academic and practitioner marketing researchers is explored; its source is traced to differences in career patterns of the two branches of the field. Some suggestions are given for alleviating the situation (although truly overcoming this gap may be structurally impossible).
The Value of Unit Price Information
Authors: Russo J. Edward
Published: December 2018

When unit prices were posted on separate shelf tags in a supermarket, consumer expenditures decreased by 1%. When unit prices were displayed also on an organized list, consumer savings were 3%. In addition, the list format caused a 5% increase in the market shares of store brands. The benefits to both consumers and retailers justify the cost of providing unit price information on a widespread basis.
Information Load and Decision Quality: Some Contested Issues
Authors: Jacoby Jacob
Published: December 2018

Important conceptual-definitional and empirical issues previously have been raised with regard to information overload in the consumer context. The primary purpose of this rejoinder is to highlight points of agreement and disagreement and thus bring closer a resolution of the issues.
Delimiting the Areal Extent of a Market Area
Authors: Huff David L. , Batsell Richard R.
Published: December 2018

An objective procedure is advanced by which to transform customer dot distributions into well-defined and bounded market areas.
Pay Secrecy versus Pay Disclosure for Salesmen: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Futrell Charles M. , Jenkins Omer C.
Published: December 2018

On the basis of a “before-after with control group” experimental design, empirical evidence is provided that shows the amount of information disclosed about pay had a major impact on salesmen's performance and job satisfaction.
Relative Effectiveness of Three Behavioral Influence Strategies as Supplements to Persuasion in a Marketing Context
Authors: Tybout Alice M.
Published: December 2018

The relative effectiveness of three influence strategies in gaining acceptance of a new service advocated by either a high or low credibility source was determined. Although the influence strategies did not differ in their overall effectiveness, the optimal strategy varied as a function of level of source credibility. These results were obtained in both personal selling and mass-media-like contexts. The theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Intrachannel Conflict and Use of Power
Authors: Etgar Michael
Published: December 2018

Conclusions by Lusch that coercive power leads to more intrachannel conflicts may be incorrect because his research has disregarded the dynamic aspects of power-conflict relations.
Multiple Criteria Effects in a Mail Survey Experiment
Authors: Jones Wesley H. , Linda Gerald
Published: December 2018

A factorial mail survey experiment was used to investigate response rate, response quality, and response bias effects related to the use of three response inducement techniques. The results suggest cover letter message, survey sponsorship, and return postage alternatives that decrease sampling error and survey costs without introducing systematic survey errors.
Item Nonresponse in Mail Surveys: Extent and Correlates
Authors: Craig C. Samuel , Mccann John M.
Published: December 2018

Item nonresponse, an often overlooked source of error in survey research, arises when a person returns a questionnaire with some questions unanswered. The authors examine the extent and correlates of item nonresponse in a series of marketing research surveys. The principal findings are that the extent of item nonresponse appears to be independent of questionnaire length and to vary systematically with age and education, and that AIO items are less likely to contain item nonresponse bias than other types of questions.
A Comment on “Consumer Preferences for Alternative Retail Credit Plans”
Authors: Burstein Nancy R.
Published: December 2018

In an article in the JMR several years ago. Walker and Sauter attempted to show how preferences for alternative retail credit terms depended on consumers’ socioeconomic traits. They did not consider an accounting identity linking the various characteristics of credit plans, and also did not clearly relate the empirical results to the underlying economic theory.
Reduction in Selling Price after the Introduction of Competition
Authors: Burt David N. , Boyett Joseph E.
Published: December 2018

Price is one of the most important and least understood factors of marketing. For a significant number of goods and services, price is established by the technique of competitive bidding. In many instances such competitive bidding occurs after the items have been priced under monopolistic conditions. A study of 356 items which had been priced under sole source and then under competitive conditions showed that the introduction of competition is associated with a reduction in unit price of between 10.8 and 17.5%, depending on the size of the order. The number of units purchased also has a significant effect on price.
Models of Competitive Television Ratings
Authors: Gensch Dennis , Shaman Paul
Published: December 2018

In a time series analysis of prime time network television viewing data a weekly trigonometric regression model is used to predict the total network viewing for specific times on specific days of the year. These predictions are very accurate. Four network share models, each based on different assumptions about how the activity of television viewing interacts with nonviewing activities and the strength of program loyalties, are used to allocate the total network prediction to specific program predictions. The predictions of the network share model are compared with the highly accurate published predictions of an expert who explained his predictions on the basis of demographic and program content considerations. The predictions of the network share models, which do not utilize demographic or program content information, compare reasonably well with the expert judgment predictions. The authors suggest how demographic, program content, and competitive bridging information would be incorporated within the framework provided by the time series models to produce advanced network scheduling models.
Testing the Effectiveness of Alternative Foot-in-the-Door Manipulations
Authors: Hansen Robert A. , Robinson Larry M.
Published: December 2018

Recently the foot-in-the-door principle was applied in a typical business research setting by Reingen and Kernan. Results of this single-contact or nondelay foot application were mixed; compliance rates for the foot treatment groups lacked statistical significance when compared with those of appropriate control groups. A field experiment undertaken to explain these results yields evidence that the specific nature of the foot manipulation in part determines its effectiveness. The study compares the effectiveness of high and low involvement foot manipulations in generating compliance with both short and long forms of a mail questionnaire. The high and the low involvement foot manipulations generate significantly higher response rates and faster response times than a noncontact control situation. In addition, the short form questionnaires generate a higher return rate. High involvement foot treatments generate higher response rates than low involvement foot treatments. Managerial implications of the results and suggestions for future research are presented.
Reliability of Conjoint Analysis: Contrasting Data Collection Procedures
Authors: Segal Madhav N.
Published: December 2018

Variations in measures of reliability of alternative conjoint data collection procedures are examined empirically. The two most commonly used methods, multiple-factor evaluation (MFE) and two-factor evaluation (TFE), are comparatively evaluated. The results show that the reliability measures for both procedures are good with an overall preference for the MFE procedure.
Attitudinal Predictions of Choices of Major Appliance Brands
Authors: Day George S. , Deutscher Terry
Published: December 2018

A reinterview study showed that awareness and attitudes toward major appliance brands were only weakly related to subsequent brand choices. Such attitudes are formed mainly through a process of learning without involvement, and are particularly susceptible to change during the period of active search prior to the purchase decision. A significant exception was the group of brands using a full line strategy, supported by national advertising, where prior attitudes had a significant relationship with the brand chosen.
An Investigation into the Determinants of Customer Satisfaction
Authors: Churchill Gilbert A. , Surprenant Carol
Published: December 2018

The authors investigate whether it is necessary to include disconfirmation as an intervening variable affecting satisfaction as is commonly argued, or whether the effect of disconfirmation is adequately captured by expectation and perceived performance. Further, they model the process for two types of products, a durable and a nondurable good, using experimental procedures in which three levels of expectations and three levels of performance are manipulated for each product in a factorial design. Each subject's perceived expectations, performance evaluations, disconfirmation, and satisfaction are subsequently measured by using multiple measures for each construct. The results suggest the effects are different for the two products. For the nondurable good, the relationships are as typically hypothesized. The results for the durable good are different in important respects. First, neither the disconfirmation experience nor subjects’ initial expectations affected subjects’ satisfaction with it. Rather, their satisfaction was determined solely by the performance of the durable good. Expectations did combine with performance to affect disconfirmation, though the magnitude of the disconfirmation experience did not translate into an impact on satisfaction. Finally, the direct performance-satisfaction link accounts for most of the variation in satisfaction.
Explaining Control Losses in Corporate Marketing Channels: An Organizational Analysis
Authors: Phillips Lynn W.
Published: December 2018

The author examines the determinants of control loss in the marketing channels of 40 U.S. manufacturers, each of which has vertically integrated into wholesale distribution by the establishment of manufacturers’ sales branches. The central hypothesis tested is that the efficiency of a vertically integrated system depends on the adoption of organizational forms which enable the firm to limit the degree of control loss and subgoal pursuit predictably resulting from vertical expansion. Control loss is operationalized in terms of the extent to which the travel and entertainment expenses of branch sales personnel exceed necessary levels. The results demonstrate the important influence of organizational structure and control systems on the efficiency of marketing operations. The findings are interpreted in terms of Williamson's organizational failures framework.
Improving Measure Quality by Alternating Least Squares Optimal Scaling
Authors: Didow Nicholas M. , Keller Kevin Lane , Barksdale Hiram C. , Franke George R.
Published: December 2018

PRINCIPALS analysis (principal components analysis by alternating least squares optimal scaling) provides an approach for improving the reliability and convergent and discriminant validity of measures used in marketing research. Given a set of items designed to measure a theoretical construct or conceptual dimension, PRINCIPALS rescales the original response categories of each item to interval-level measurement and maximizes their unidimensional communality. PRINCIPALS is complementary to the traditional approaches for improving the measurement quality of scales used in marketing. The authors present the transformation in the general form, then illustrate it in two attitude research examples. The stability of the results is also examined. In both examples the reliability and convergent and discriminant validity of measures based on the tripartite attitude model are substantially improved after PRINCIPALS rescaling.
Measuring Consumer Involvement Profiles
Authors: Laurent Gilles , Kapferer Jean-NOËL
Published: December 2018

There is more than one kind of consumer involvement. Depending on the antecedents of involvement (e.g., the product's pleasure value, the product's sign or symbolic value, risk importance, and probability of purchase error), consequences on consumer behavior differ. The authors therefore recommend measuring an involvement profile, rather than a single involvement level. These conclusions are based on an empirical analysis of 14 product categories.
Iterative Partitioning Methods: The use of Mapping Theory as a Clustering Technique
Authors: Oliva Terence A. , Reidenbach R. Eric
Published: December 2018

This article supplements the Punj and Stewart review article on cluster analysis that appeared in the May 1983 issue of the JMR. In particular, the authors look at the use of mapping theory as an iterative partitioning method of clustering. Both a numerical example and an empirical application are presented to help explain and demonstrate the technique.
Analysis of Purchase Intent Scales Weighted by Probability of Actual Purchase
Authors: Mullet Gary M. , Karson Marvin J.
Published: December 2018

The authors show how to incorporate actual purchase behavior data (usually from diaries) into the calculation of standard errors for making inferences about the proportion of purchasers from self-reported purchase intent. The case considered is for a single sample and two products, where interest is in the difference between the two groups in probability of purchase.
Using Game Theory to Model Competition
Authors: Moorthy K. Sridhar
Published: December 2018

The article is an exposition of the basic concepts of noncooperative game theory, and their application to advertising, product, and price competition.
An Approach to the Measurement of Consumer Preferences Using Limited Information
Authors: Malhotra Naresh K.
Published: December 2018

The author proposes an alternative approach for measuring consumer preferences by using limited information. The approach differs from the current popular approaches in that once the nonpreferred choice alternatives are identified, no further information on them is obtained. Behavioral rationale as well as theoretical support underlying the proposed approach is provided. The author reports an empirical investigation and two Monté Carlo studies comparing the performance of the proposed approach with that of metric conjoint analysis, which is a corresponding approach based on “full” information, and an OLS approach that uses information on the preferred alternatives only. Finally, the implications, advantages, and limitations of the proposed approach are discussed.
The Role of Attitude toward the Ad as a Mediator of Advertising Effectiveness: A Test of Competing Explanations
Authors: MacKenzie Scott B. , Lutz Richard J. , Belch George E.
Published: December 2018

Attitude toward the ad (Aad) has been postulated to be a causal mediating variable in the process through which advertising influences brand attitudes and purchase intentions. Previous conceptual and empirical research on this topic has suggested four alternative models of the relationships between brand-related cognitive, affective, and conative responses and ad-related cognitive and affective responses. The authors describe a structural equations analysis of these four models, utilizing two data sets generated within a commercial pretest setting. The results suggest that a dual mediation hypothesis, which postulates that Aad influences brand attitude both directly and indirectly through its effect on brand cognitions, is superior to the other three models under the particular set of conditions in the pretest setting.