bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of rubbed polyimide layer on the field-effect mobility in pentacene thin-film transistors
Authors: Kang Seok-Ju , Noh Yong-Young , Baeg Kang-Jun , Ghim Jieun , Park Jeong-Ho , Kim Dong-Yu , Kim Jong Soo , Park Jong Hwan , Cho Kilwon
Published: February 2008

We investigated preferentially oriented pentacene grains on rubbed polyimide (PI) layers under various conditions, such as substrate temperature and cumulative rubbing number. In case of pentacene thin films deposited on rubbed PI at room temperature (RT), compared to unrubbed, the field-effect mobilities were improved by two- to threefold in contrast to the cases of elevated temperature. From the results of crystalline in-plane orientation and thin-film versus bulk-phase ratio, we proposed that pentacence crystalline orientation on a rubbed PI layer could be more favorable at RT, whereas the heating energy might weaken the interaction energy between pentacene molecules and aligned PI layer.
Influence of the interaction potential and of the temperature on the thermodiffusion (Soret) coefficient in a model system
Authors: Leonardi Erminia , D’Aguanno Bruno , Angeli Celestino
Published: February 2008

In this paper the thermodiffusive behavior of an equimolar binary mixture subject to repulsive potentials of the form (σ/r)n is investigated by using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) and the thermodiffusion (Soret) coefficient, ST, is computed in a wide range of temperatures. With the aim to contribute to the study of the dependence of the Soret coefficient on the interaction potential, the exponent n of the potential is varied from 1 to 12, that is from a pseudocoulombian to a pseudohard-sphere interaction. The steady state equation is integrated for the composition function under reasonable assumptions and it is shown that in some cases the request for it to be linear cannot be satisfied. For this reason nonlinear functions are used to fit the NEMD composition data. The simulations indicate a negligible dependence of ST on the composition (in the composition range here considered) while the dependence on the temperature is more marked. The computed values of ST as a function of the temperature are fitted with analytical functions. It is found that with n≥3 (medium and short range interaction) the model system behaves like a dilute gas mixture with the Soret coefficient varying with the temperature almost like 1/T. In the case of n=1 (long range interaction), ST has a more complex dependence on T: in particular it shows a change of sign. The analytical fitting functions, ST(T), are used in the integrated steady state equation thus obtaining the steady state composition profile and its comparison with the NEMD results indicates the grounding of the approach here proposed.
Ground state and thermal transitions in field-induced spin-supersolid phase
Authors: Sengupta P. , Batista C. D.
Published: February 2008

We use a quantum Monte Carlo method to study the ground state and thermodynamic phase transitions of the spin-supersolid phase in the S=1 Heisenberg model with uniaxial anisotropy. The thermal melting of the supersolid phase shows unqiue signatures in experimentally measurable observables. This Hamiltonian is a particular case of a more general and ubiquitous model that describes the low energy spectrum of a class of isotropic and frustrated spin systems. We also discuss some alternative realizations of spin-supersolid states in real magnets.
Evaluation of iron-cobalt/ferrite core-shell nanoparticles for cancer thermotherapy
Authors: Habib A. H. , Ondeck C. L. , Chaudhary P. , Bockstaller M. R. , McHenry M. E.
Published: February 2008

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) offer promise for local hyperthermia or thermoablative cancer therapy. Magnetic hyperthermia uses MNPs to heat cancerous regions in an rf field. Metallic MNPs have larger magnetic moments than iron oxides, allowing similar heating at lower concentrations. By tuning the magnetic anisotropy in alloys, the heating rate at a particular particle size can be optimized. Fe–Co core-shell MNPs have protective CoFe2O4 shell which prevents oxidation. The oxide coating also aids in functionalization and improves biocompatibility of the MNPs. We predict the specific loss power (SLP) for FeCo (SLP ∼450W∕g) at biocompatible fields to be significantly larger in comparision to oxide materials. The anisotropy of Fe-Co MNPs may be tuned by composition and/or shape variation to achieve the maximum SLP at a desired particle size.
Structures and magnetic properties of Co–Ni–Ga melt-spun ribbons
Authors: Saito Tetsuji , Koshimaru Yukihiko , Kuji Toshiro
Published: February 2008

It was found that Co50Ni20Gax (x=0–40) melt-spun ribbons were ferromagnetic, but Co50Ni20Ga40 melt-spun ribbon was paramagnetic at room temperature. The addition of Ga to Co–Ni melt-spun ribbon significantly reduced the saturation magnetization. It was also found that the Curie temperature of the β phase in Co50Ni20Gax (x=20–30) melt-spun ribbons was around 300K and that of the β phase in Co50Ni20Ga40 melt-spun ribbon was 110K. Unlike the other Co–Ni–Ga melt-spun ribbons, Co50Ni20Ga30 melt-spun ribbon exhibited a coercivity of 1.0kOe after annealing at 773K for 1h.
Channel plasmon-polariton modes in V grooves filled with dielectric
Authors: Vernon Kristy C. , Gramotnev Dmitri K. , Pile D. F. P.
Published: February 2008

We investigated the effect of dielectric filling in a V groove on the propagation parameters of channel plasmon-polariton (CPP) modes. In particular, existence conditions and critical groove angles, mode localization, field structure, dispersion, and propagation distances of CPP modes are analyzed as functions of dielectric permittivity inside the groove. It is demonstrated that increasing dielectric permittivity in the groove results in a rapid increase of mode localization near the tip of the groove and increase of both the critical angles that determine a range of groove angles for which CPP modes can exist. Detailed analysis of the field structure has demonstrated that the maximum of the field in a CPP mode is typically reached at a small distance from the tip of the groove. The effect of rounded tip is also investigated.
Ferromagnetism of Ca1−ySryRu1−xMnxO3
Authors: Naito M. , Mizusaki S. , Taniguchi T. , Nagata Y. , Ozawa T. C. , Noro Y. , Samata H.
Published: February 2008

Crystallographic, magnetic, and electrical properties of Ca1−ySryRu1−xMnxO3 were investigated. The lattice parameters decrease with increasing Mn content without following Vegard’s law. Ferromagnetism with the Curie temperature TC higher than 200K occurs when the Ru site is replaced by Mn (x>0.3), and the TC and the magnetization have a maximum at x=0.6–0.7. The occurrence of the ferromagnetism was explained assuming mixed valence states of Mn3+, Mn4+, Ru4+, and Ru5+ ions. Furthermore, TC increased when the Ca site is replaced by Sr. The enhancement of TC seems to be due to a change in the crystal symmetry caused by the Sr substitution. The maximum TC=275K was marked for specimen of Ca0.5Sr0.5Ru0.4Mn0.6O3.
Spatial encoding strategies for ultrafast multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Shrot Yoav , Frydman Lucio
Published: February 2008

Multidimensional spectroscopy plays a central role in contemporary magnetic resonance. A general feature of multidimensional NMR is its inherent multiscan nature, stemming from the methodology’s reliance on a series of independent acquisitions to sample the spins’ evolutions throughout the indirect time domains. Contrasting this traditional feature, an acquisition scheme has recently been reported that enables the collection of complete of multidimensional NMR data sets within one single scan. Provided that the signals to be observed are sufficiently strong, this new “ultrafast” protocol can thus shorten the acquisition times of multidimensional NMR experiments by several orders of magnitude. This new methodology operates by departing from temporal encoding principles used since the advent of Fourier-transform NMR, replacing them with a spatial encoding of the spin interactions. Spatial encoding operates in turn on the basis of novel radiofrequency irradiation and magnetic field gradient waveform manipulations, designed so as to impart on the sample a coherent spin magnetization pattern that reflects the internal interactions to be measured. Given the central role played by this new kind of spectroscopic-oriented manipulations in ultrafast NMR, we devote this review to surveying different variants that have hitherto been proposed for their implementation. These include both discrete and continuous versions, real- and constant-time implementations, as well as amplitude- and phase-modulated alternatives. The principles underlying these various spatial encoding approaches are treated, their operation is graphically illustrated as well as formally derived within suitable theoretical frameworks, and an in-depth comparison of their line shape characteristics is discussed.
Adiabatic thermal equilibrium theory for periodically focused axisymmetric intense beam propagation
Authors: Zhou Jing , Samokhvalova Ksenia R. , Chen Chiping
Published: February 2008

An adiabatic equilibrium theory is presented for an intense, axisymmetric charged-particle beam propagating through a periodic solenoidal focusing field. The thermal beam distribution function is constructed based on the approximate and exact invariants of motion, i.e., a scaled transverse Hamiltonian and the angular momentum. The approximation of the scaled transverse Hamiltonian as an invariant of motion is validated analytically for highly emittance-dominated beams and highly space-charge-dominated beams, and numerically tested to be valid for cases in between with moderate vacuum phase advances (σv<90°). The beam root-mean-square (rms) envelope equation is derived, and the self-consistent nonuniform density profile is determined. Other statistical properties such as flow velocity, temperature, total emittance and rms thermal emittance, equation of state, and Debye length are discussed. Numerical examples are presented, illustrating the effects of the beam perveance, emittance, and rotation on the beam envelope and density distribution. Good agreement is found between theory and a recent high-intensity beam experiment performed at the University of Maryland Electron Ring [S. Bernal, B. Quinn, M. Reiser, and P. G. O’Shea, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 5, 064202 (2002)].
Simultaneous heterojunction organic solar cells with broad spectral sensitivity
Authors: Yang Fan , Lunt Richard R. , Forrest Stephen R.
Published: February 2008

We demonstrate organic solar cells incorporating two simultaneously active donor-acceptor heterojunctions contained within a single film with sensitivity extending across the visible solar spectrum into the near infrared (NIR). The NIR absorbing material, tin(II)-phthalocyanine (SnPc), is grown into nanocrystalline islands using organic vapor phase deposition. Using an optimized copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)∕SnPc∕C60 nanocrystalline network, we obtain a power conversion efficiency of (2.9±0.2)% under 100mW∕cm2, AM1.5G illumination. We find that the open circuit voltage of the simultaneous heterojunction is determined by the lowest voltage of the separate donor-acceptor constituent junctions.
Effects of Test Expectation on Multiple-Choice Performance and Subjective Ratings
Authors: Balch William R.
Published: February 2008

Undergraduates studied the definitions of 16 psychology terms, expecting either a multiple-choice ( n = 132) or short-answer ( n = 122) test. All students then received the same multiple-choice test, requiring them to recognize the definitions as well as novel examples of the terms. Compared to students expecting a multiple-choice test, those expecting a short-answer test performed similarly on example questions but significantly better on definition questions. Students in these 2 test-expectation conditions also differed in several subjective ratings of their study and test taking. The results suggest that students do not typically study in an optimal way for multiple-choice tests.
Web-Based versus Paper-and-Pencil Course Evaluations
Authors: Heath Nicole M. , Lawyer Steven R. , Rasmussen Erin B.
Published: February 2008

Our study compared the quantitative and qualitative outcomes associated with course evaluations collected over the Internet with those collected using a paper-and-pencil method. We randomly assigned students to 1 of the 2 different formats. There was no significant difference in quantitative student responses based on administration method, but students who completed evaluations over the Internet were more likely to give qualitative feedback compared to students who completed their evaluations in the classroom. Moreover, students in the Web-based condition provided longer qualitative comments than students in the paper-and-pencil group. We discuss the implications of these findings.
The Chicken Yolk Sac IgY Receptor, a Mammalian Mannose Receptor Family Member, Transcytoses IgY across Polarized Epithelial Cells
Authors: Tesar Devin B. , Cheung Evelyn J. , Bjorkman Pamela J.
Published: February 2008

In mammals the transfer of passive immunity from mother to young is mediated by the MHC-related receptor FcRn, which transports maternal IgG across epithelial cell barriers. In birds, maternal IgY in egg yolk is transferred across the yolk sac to passively immunize chicks during gestation and early independent life. The chicken yolk sac IgY receptor (FcRY) is the ortholog of the mammalian phospholipase A2 receptor, a mannose receptor family member, rather than an FcRn or MHC homolog. FcRn and FcRY both exhibit ligand binding at the acidic pH of endosomes and ligand release at the slightly basic pH of blood. Here we show that FcRY expressed in polarized mammalian epithelial cells functioned in endocytosis, bidirectional transcytosis, and recycling of chicken FcY/IgY. Confocal immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that IgY binding and endocytosis occurred at acidic but not basic pH, mimicking pH-dependent uptake of IgG by FcRn. Colocalization studies showed FcRY-mediated internalization via clathrin-coated pits and transport involving early and recycling endosomes. Disruption of microtubules partially inhibited apical-to-basolateral and basolateral-to-apical transcytosis, but not recycling, suggesting the use of different trafficking machinery. Our results represent the first cell biological evidence of functional equivalence between FcRY and FcRn and provide an intriguing example of how evolution can give rise to systems in which similar biological requirements in different species are satisfied utilizing distinct protein folds.
The Response Regulator HrpY of Dickeya dadantii 3937 Regulates Virulence Genes Not Linked to the hrp Cluster
Authors: Yap Mee-Ngan , Yang Ching-Hong , Charkowski Amy O.
Published: February 2008

HrpX/Y is a putative two-component system (TCS) encoded within the type III secretion system (T3SS) gene cluster of Dickeya dadantii. A linear regulatory cascade initiated by HrpX/Y that leads to activation of the downstream T3SS genes via HrpS and HrpL was described previously. Therefore, in D. dadantii, HrpX/Y plays an important role in regulation of genes involved in bacteria–plant interactions and bacterial aggregation via the T3SS. HrpX/Y is the only TCS shared among the plant-pathogenic enterobacteria that is not also present in animal-associated enterobacteria. To date, the genes known to be regulated by HrpY are restricted to the hrp and hrc genes and no signal has been identified that triggers HrpY-dependent gene expression. We demonstrated that HrpY interacts with the hrpS promoter in vitro. We then used a transposon-based system to isolate previously unidentified HrpY-dependent genes, including genes previously shown to affect virulence, including kdgM and acsC. HrpY is a dual regulator, positively regulating at least 10 genes in addition to those in the hrp gene cluster and negatively regulating at least 5 genes. The regulatory effect on one gene depended on the culture medium used. Of the 16 HrpY-regulated genes identified in this screen, 14 are not present in Pectobacterium atrosepticum, the nearest relative of D. dadantii with a sequenced genome. None of the newly identified HrpY-regulated genes were required for bacterial aggregation; thus, neither acyl-homoserine lactone-mediated quorum sensing nor the Rcs signal transduction system which regulates colanic acid, a molecule that plays an important role in biofilm formation in other enterobacteria, are required for D. dadantii aggregation.
Evolution of Virulence in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Using Serial Passage Assays Through Susceptible Cotton
Authors: Wang B. , Brubaker C. L. , Tate W. , Woods M. J. , Burdon J. J.
Published: February 2008

Fifty strains of Fusarium oxysporum, recovered from rhizosphere soil around native Gossypium species and found to be mildly virulent on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), were used to assay the propensity for evolution of virulence using serial passage assays through cotton. Only one lineage A strain, 2613, successfully completed 10 successive passages, while all others lost the ability to cause foliar disease symptoms at various stages during this process. Based on 46 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers generated with four EcoRI × MseI primer combinations, mutants were identified in offspring isolates from strain 2613 regardless of whether serial passages occurred in cotton or on water agar, suggesting the occurrence of spontaneous mutations. Significantly increased virulence was observed in the offspring isolates generated on cotton, while no increasing virulence was found in those obtained on water agar, suggesting that the evolution of virulence in F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum is associated with the presence of cotton. No clear correlation was observed between the AFLP mutations and increased virulence in this study.
WGAViewer: Software for genomic annotation of whole genome association studies: Figure 1.
Authors: Ge Dongliang , Zhang Kunlin , Need Anna C. , Martin Olivier , Fellay Jacques , Urban Thomas J. , Telenti Amalio , Goldstein David B.
Published: February 2008

To meet the immediate need for a framework of post-whole genome association (WGA) annotation, we have developed WGAViewer, a suite of JAVA software tools that provides a user-friendly interface to automatically annotate, visualize, and interpret the set of P-values emerging from a WGA study. Most valuably, it can be used to highlight possible functional mechanisms in an automatic manner, for example, by directly or indirectly implicating a polymorphism with an apparent link to gene expression, and help to generate hypotheses concerning the possible biological bases of observed associations. The easily interpretable diagrams can then be used to identify the associations that seem most likely to be biologically relevant, and to select genomic regions that may need to be resequenced in a search for candidate causal variants. In this report, we used our recently completed study on host control of HIV-1 viral load during the asymptomatic set point period as an illustration for the heuristic annotation of this software and its contributive role in a successful WGA project.
Mammalian non-LTR retrotransposons: For better or worse, in sickness and in health
Authors: Belancio Victoria P. , Hedges Dale J. , Deininger Prescott
Published: February 2008

Transposable elements (TEs) have shared an exceptionally long coexistence with their host organisms and have come to occupy a significant fraction of eukaryotic genomes. The bulk of the expansion occurring within mammalian genomes has arisen from the activity of type I retrotransposons, which amplify in a “copy-and-paste” fashion through an RNA intermediate. For better or worse, the sequences of these retrotransposons are now wedded to the genomes of their mammalian hosts. Although there are several reported instances of the positive contribution of mobile elements to their host genomes, these discoveries have occurred alongside growing evidence of the role of TEs in human disease and genetic instability. Here we examine, with a particular emphasis on human retrotransposon activity, several newly discovered aspects of mammalian retrotransposon biology. We consider their potential impact on host biology as well as their ultimate implications for the nature of the TE–host relationship.
THE ALCOHOLIC AS SEEN IN COURT.
Authors: ANDERSON VICTOR V.
Published: February 2008

In the study of one hundred alcoholics who were found to have been repeatedly arrested for drunkenness, and who repre‐ sented fairly well the typical “old rounders,” so‐called, who have spent much of their time in and out of penal institutions, and whose conduct seemed little modified by such treatment, it was found: (1) That not more than one‐half were capable of supporting themselves out in society; (2) that 56 per cent. Had the mental level of children below the age of twelve years; and (3) that they were all suffering from conditions in general re‐ garded as medical problems.

For purposes of treatment they, in general, fall into two classes (this must be taken in the very broadest sense) : (a) The steady drinker, whose mentality is either defective to begin with, or is so deteriorated from the insidious effects of alcohol as to require that he be confined for prolonged hospital care and treatment; and (b) the periodic drinker, who, though in many in‐ stances may require short periods of detention, as well as hospital treatment, is in general to be handled on probation and incorporated into societys scheme of living by means of well‐ directed medical, psychological, and social service methods of treatment‐methods that take full account of his peculiar mental make‐up, his character defects and temperamental difficulties.
ALCOHOLISM IN CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY.*
Authors: ROLLBSTON J. D.
Published: February 2008

Tim history of inebriety is so intimately connected with civilization that, when I was asked by our Secretary to read a paper on some historical aspects of alcoholism, I thought I could not choose a more interesting subject than the references to alcoholism in the literature of ancient Greece and Rome, especially as it is nearly thirty years since the subject of inebriety in ancient times was brought before this Society, when Dr. TY. L. Brown, on January 13, 1898, delivered an address entitled “Inebriety and its Cures among the Ancients.” I accepted the invitation all te more readily as I had paid some attention to the subject in my previous studies of medicine in classical literature.
THE ENGLISH DRINK PROBLEM: ITS RISE AND DECLINE THROUGH THE AGES
Authors: GLATT M. M.
Published: February 2008

Summary

For many centuries the “loathsome and odious sin of drunkenness” held this country in a firm grip tightening it even closer on a number of occasions. Numerous unco‐ordinated efforts made by social reformers, the Churches, Legislators and at times also by doctors to loosen the tight hold were of no lasting avail until fairly recently. It was chiefly the campaign against drunkenness during the 1914‐18 War which extricated the country from its grip, and since then a number of factors acting in combination have prevented drunkenness from becoming a menace once more. But even if nowadays drunken people are not sprawling on the streets any more, there is still need for research, vigilance and public education in the complex phenomenon of alcoholism.
THE USE AND ABUSE OF TRANQUILLIZERS IN ALCOHOLICS*
Authors: GLATT M. M.
Published: February 2008

Summary

The tranquillizers are valuable adjuncts in the treatment of alcoholism especially in the acute phases. However, one should remember that the attitude of a great many alcoholics towards drugs seems to be influenced by a feeling that if one pill does you some good, twice as much benefit would be derived from taking two pills. Therefore, whilst the doctor need not practise total abstinence from prescribing tranquillizers in the alcoholic's rehabilitation period he certainly should handle them with care and great moderation.

I am much indebted to Miss I. Lumb, Chief Pharmacist of W.P.H., and to the nursing staff of wards H1 and A1, W.P.H. (especially Charge Nurse G. Thomas), for their help with the drug trials; and to Pharmaceutical Specialities (May and Baker) Ltd., Ciba Laboratories Ltd., and John Wyeth & Brother Ltd., for their supply of the inert control tablets.
REPORT TO THE SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF ADDICTION
Authors: MacLEOD L. D.
Published: February 2008

Professor Golla has recently retired from the post of Director of the Burden Neurological Institute so the time seems appropriate to review the work on alcohol carried out with the support of the Society's Monthly Bulletin Research Fund.
ZUR PROBLEMATIK DER ZUSAMMENARBEIT VON JURISTEN UND ARZTEN IM KAMPF GEGEN DEN ALKOHOLISMUS*
Authors: NEUMANN H.
Published: February 2008

— Unter Schilderung von typischen Fällen aus der eigenen forensisch‐psychiatrischen Praxis wird versucht, die tieferen Ursachen für die Schwierigkeiten bei der Zusammenarbeit von Juristen und Arzten bei der Bekämpfung des Alkoholismus darzustellen. Es wird anfangs gezeigt, wie von geschickten Straftätern Juristen and Arzte gegeneinander ausgespielt werden können, wie meist auch mehrfache Bestrafung wegen Alkoholdelikten mit Führerscheinentzug keine Anderung der Trinksitten bringt. Leider gehen die Ansichten des Richters und des medizinischen Sachverständigen über Ausmaβ des Alkoholismus, die Notwendigkeit einer gerichtlich anzuordnenden Entziehungskur und die Erteilung von Auflagen bei der Verurteilung von straffällig gewordenen Alkoholikern erheblich auseinander. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Einrichtung pon Bezirksgerichten zur Diskussion gestellt. Diese Gerichte müβten mit Richtern besetzt sein, die in ausreichendem Maβe mit der Alkoholproblematik vertraut sind. Schlieβlich wird dargelegt, welche Möglichkeiten dem Richter in die Hand gegeben sind, urn einen chronischen Alkoholiker bzw. einen Trunksüchtigen der ärztlichen Behandlung and fürsorgerischen Betreuung zuzuführen. Die Wiedererteilung der Fahrerlaubnis könnte zum Beispiel von der Durchführung einer Entziehungskur and vom Anschluβ an eine Abstinenzbewegung abhängig gemacht werden. Die Verurteilung eines Trinkers zu Haftstrafen allein bedeutet nur ein Aussetzen, aber keine Anderung der Trinkgewohnheiten. Wenn man einen alkoholkranken Straftäter nach Verbüβung der Haftstrafe seinem Schicksal überläβt, wird er in den meisten Fällen wieder zur Flasche greifen. Die Verurteilung zu einer Haftstrafe kann aus diesem Grunde in der Regel als nicht sinnvoll and ausreichend angesehen werden.
The Characteristics of the Alpha Rhythm in Chronic Alcoholics*
Authors: HUDOLIN VI. , GUBAREV N.
Published: February 2008

The first recording of the brain frequency of 10 c/s was achieved by Hans Berger in 1924, and Berger also was the first to consider this activity to be the normal cerebral rhythm.1
Alcohol Dependence‐its Development and Complications
Authors: LUNDQUIST GUNNAR A. R.
Published: February 2008

Résumé Dans beaucoup de pays, les gens parlent de l'alcoolisme, de psychoses alcooliques et de la cirrhose alcoolique du foie, comme des maladies différentes développées après un abus excessif d'alcool, et nous savons tous des cas de buveurs qui sont un problème et des cas d'intoxication avec alcool. Cet article relate sur l'alcool, comme étant probablement l'agent pharmacologique le plus utilisé comme tranquillisant, comme moyen d'ajustement à la frustration et comme facteur toxique derrière différentes catégories de maladies, et décrit aussi comment les gens peuvent devenir dépendants de l'alcool.

Es wird in vielen Ländern über Alkoholismus und Alkoholpsychosen sowie Alkohlzirrhosis der Leber als verschiedene gesprochen, welche nach übermässigem Alkoholtrinken auftreten, und wir alle kennen das Problem der Trinker und der Alkoholtrunksucht. Diese Abhandlung beschäftigt sich mit Alkohol, dem wahrscheinlich am häufigsten verwendeten pharmakologischen Mittel; mit Alkohol als Beruhigungsmittel und Massnahme zur Anpassung an Gehemmtheit; und mit Alkohol als toxischer Faktor hinter vielen, verschiedenen Krankheitsarten, und auf welche Weise der Mensch in Abhängigkeit vom Alkohol geraten kann.
Desensitization and the Treatment of Alcohol Addiction
Authors: KRAFT TOM , AL‐ISSA IHSAN
Published: February 2008

This is study of two male patients addicted to alcohol, who were successfully treated by systematic desensitization. The hierarchy consists of large number of situations involving conversation with friends and strangers.

It has been demonstrated in this study that the patients lose their addiction to alcohol, and may still continue socially drinking small quantities of alcohol, without developing the desire to drink to excess.

The suggestion has been put forward that systematic desensitization may be preferable to aversive conditioning in the treatment of alcoholism. Some theoretical considerations are briefly discussed.

Résumé —Ceci est un rapport concernant deux malades mâles, intoxiqués avec de l'alcool, qui furent traités avec succès par désensibilisation systématique. La hiérarchie consiste dans un grand nombre de situations impliquant des conversations avec des amis et des personnes étrangères. Il été démontré dans ce rapport que les malades perdent leur penchant pour l'alcool, et néanmoins peuvent continuer à boire socialement, des petites quantités d'alcool, sans développer le désir de boire excessivement. La suggéstion été avancée que la désensibilisation systématique pourrait être préférable au conditionnement répugnant du traitement de l'alcoolisme. Quelques considérations théoriques sont discutées brièvement.

—Es handelt sich um einen Bericht über zwei männliche Patienten, beide alkoholsüchtig, die erfolgreich durch systematische Desensibilisierung behandelt wurden. Die Hierarchie besteht aus einer großen Anzahl von Situationen, zu denen Gespräche mit Freunden und Fremden gehören. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird gezeigt, daß die Patienten ihre Alkoholsüchtzgkeit verlieren und auch weiter noch bei geselligen Anlässen kleine Mengen Alkohol trinken können, ohne das Verlangen nach übermäßigem Trinken zu entwickeln. Es wurde darauf hingewiesen, daß systematische Desensibilisierung in der Behandlung des Alkoholismus' der Aversionskonditionierung vorzuziehen ist. Einige theoretische Erwägungen werden kurz besprochen.
Basic Concepts and Use of Cyclazocine in the Treatment of Narcotic Addiction
Authors: FREEDMAN ALFRED M. , FINK MAX
Published: February 2008

Résumé— Des développements récents dans le champ des intoxications avec des narcotiques ont étabil les nécessités préalables pour un accès rationnel à ces intoxications. Ceci ne dénote pas qu'un procédé définitif a étéétabli; cependant, une méthode qui peut conduire à une variété de modalités significatives en rapport avec ces différents types, peut être mis en pratique et évaluée. Puisque la structure de la société contribue elle‐même à la genèse et au maintien de l'intoxication, la résolution finale peut nécessiter des changements sociaux. La stratégie doit être une telle dans laquelle un début est fait le long de lignes qui sont practicables pour qu'on puisse procéder ainsi systématiquement au traitement et finalement empêcher les types variés d'intoxications. Les types non justiciable de techniques courantes, seront traités par le développement de nouvelles méthodes.

Zusammenfassung— Kürzliche Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiete der Rauschsuchtergebenheit haben die Voraussetzung für eine rationelle Inangriffsnahme dieses Übels an den Tag gebracht. Das soil nicht besagen, dass ein definites Vorgehen festgelegt wurde sondern, dass eine Methode, die zu einer Reihe von bedeutungsvollen Ausführungsarten führen kann, welche ihrerseits für die verschiedenen Typen belangvoll sind, praktisch eingesetzt und eingeschätzt werden kann. Da unsere Gesellschaftsstruktur aus sich selbst zum Entstehen und Weiterbestehen derartiger Suchtergebenheiten beiträgt, könnte eine endgültige Schlussfolgerung zur Notwendigkeit von sozialen Umwandlungen gelangen. Die Taktik müsste so gestaltet sein, dass als Anfang, durchführbare Bahnen eingeschlagen werden, damit wir systematisch zur Behanglung und schliesslich Verhütung der verschiedenen Arten von Rauschsucht fortschreiten können. Gewisse Arten, bei denen die derzeitigen Methoden undurchführbar sind, werden durch Entwicklung neuer Verfahren behandelt werden können.
The Narcotics Register Project: Early Development
Authors: KAVALER FLORENCE , DENSEN PAUL M. , KRUG DONALD C.
Published: February 2008

(1) Reporting of habitual users of narcotic drugs in New York City has been supported by legislative action in the City and State.

(2) The register concept, already applied to other public health and mental health problems, is being developed and explored, by the New York City Health Department, for application to the narcotic addiction problem.

(3) The Narcotics Register will provide a wide range of necessary and useful descriptive and longitudinal data for public health planning and treatment programs.

Résumé —(1) L'enregistrement de personnes qui utilisent des drogues narcotiques à New York, a été appuyé par l'action législative dans la Cité et l'Etat de New York. (2) L'idée d'un registre, déjà appliquée pour d'autres problèmes de santé publique et santé mentale a été développée et explorée par le Département de la Santé de la Cité de New York, pour être appliquée au problème de l'intoxication avec des narcotiques. (3) Le registre pour les narcotiques fournira une vaste rangée de dates descriptives et longitudinales nécéssaires et utiles pour la planification de la santé publique et le programme de traitement.

—(1) Die Anzeige von gewohnheitsmäßigen Benutzern von Narkotika in New York der Stadt wurde durch gesetzgebende Maßnahmen in der Stadt und im Staat unterstützt. (2) Die Registeridee, die auf andere Probleme der Volksgesundheit und der Fürsorge für Nervenkranke bereits angewandt wird, wird durch das Gesundheitsamt der Stadt New York entwickelt und untersucht, um auf das Problem der Rauschgift sucht Anwendung zu finden. (3) Das Narcotics Register wird eine große Menge von notwendigen und nützlichen beschreibenden Informationen und Longitudinaldaten fur Volksgesund‐heitsplanung und Behandlungsprogramme enthalten.
Twentieth century changes of tree‐ring δ13C at the southern range‐edge of Fagus sylvatica: increasing water‐use efficiency does not avoid the growth decline induced by warming at low altitudes
Authors: PEÑUELAS JOSEP , HUNT JENNY M. , OGAYA ROMÀ , JUMP ALISTAIR S.
Published: February 2008

We aimed to gain knowledge on the changes in intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) in response to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate change over the last century. We investigated the variation in the iWUE of mature Fagus sylvatica trees located in the higher, central and lower altitudinal forest limits (HFL, CFA and LFL) of one of the southernmost sites of beech distribution in Europe, the Montseny Mountains in Catalonia (northeast Spain), during the last century by analysing the δ13C of their tree rings. Pre‐ and post‐maturation phases of the trees presented different trends in δ13C, Δ13C, Ci (internal CO2 concentration), iWUE and basal area increment (BAI). Moreover, these variables showed different trends and absolute values in the LFL than in the other altitudinal sites, CFA and HFL. Our results show the existence of an age effect on δ13C in the CFA and HFL (values increased by ca. 1.25‰ coinciding with the BAI suppression and release phases, previous to maturation). These age‐related changes were not found in the LFL, whose beech trees arrived to maturation earlier and experienced drier conditions during the suppression phase. In the last 26 years of comparable mature trees, the increase of iWUE deduced from the Δ13C analyses was ca. 10% in LFL, ca. 6% in CFA and not significant in HFL. These results show that climate change towards more arid conditions accounted for these higher Δ13C‐values and increases in the LFL more than the continuous increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This increased iWUE in the LFL did not avoid a decline in growth in these lowest altitudes of this beech southern range‐edge as a result of warming. Furthermore, since there was no apparent change in iWUE and growth in the beech forests growing in the more standard‐adequate environments of higher altitudes in the last 26 years, the rate of sequestration of C into temperate ecosystems may not increase with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations as predicted by most models based on short‐term small scale experiments.
Nonlinear root‐derived carbon sequestration across a gradient of nitrogen and phosphorous deposition in experimental mesocosms
Authors: BRADFORD MARK A. , FIERER NOAH , JACKSON ROBERT B. , MADDOX THOMAS R. , REYNOLDS JAMES F.
Published: February 2008

Enhanced sequestration of plant‐carbon (C) inputs to soil may mitigate rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and related climate change but how this sequestration will respond to anthropogenic nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) deposition is uncertain. We couple isotope, soil C fractionation and mesocosm techniques to assess the sequestration of plant‐C inputs, and their partitioning into C pools with different sink potentials, under an experimental gradient of N and P deposition (0, 10, 30, 60 and 100 kg N ha−1 yr−1; and 0, 2, 6, 12 and 20 kg P ha−1 yr−1). We hypothesized that N deposition would increase sequestration, with the majority of the C being sequestered in faster cycling soil pools because N deposition has been shown to accelerate the turnover of these pools while decelerating the turnover of slower cycling pools. In contrast to this hypothesis, sequestration into all soil C pools peaked at intermediate levels of N deposition. Given that P amendment has been shown to cause a net loss of soil C, we postulated that P deposition would decrease sequestration. This expectation was not supported by our data, with sequestration generally being greater under P deposition. When soils were amended simultaneously with N and P, neither the shape of the sequestration relationship across the deposition gradient, nor the observed sequestration at the majority of the deposition rates, was statistically predictable from the effects of N and P in isolation. The profound nonlinearities we observed, both for total sequestration responses and the partitioning of C into soil pools with different sink potentials, suggests that the rates of N and P deposition to ecosystems will be the critical determinant of whether they enhance or decrease the long‐term sequestration of fresh plant‐C inputs to soils.
The Mechanisms and Regulation of Placental Amino Acid Transport to the Human Foetus
Authors: Cleal J. K. , Lewis R. M.
Published: February 2008

The mechanisms by which amino acids are transferred across the human placenta are fundamental to our understanding of foetal nutrition. Amino acid transfer across the human placenta is dependent on transport across both the microvillous and basal plasma membranes of the placental syncytiotrophoblast, and on metabolism within the syncytiotrophoblast. Although the principles underlying uptake of amino acids across the microvillous plasma membrane are well understood, the extent to which amino acids are metabolised within human placenta and the mechanisms by which amino acids are transported out of the placenta across the basal plasma membrane are not well understood. Understanding the mechanisms and regulation of amino acid transport is necessary to understand the causes of intrauterine growth restriction in human pregnancy.
Up from depression: strategies used by women recovering from depression
Authors: PEDEN A. R.
Published: February 2008

Depression has reached epidemic proportions among women. It is estimated that one out of every three women between 18 and 24 years is significantly depressed. The purpose of this paper is to describe treatment strategies, interventions, and skills used by women to recover from depression. Three distinct categories of effective strategies that enhanced recovery are described. These include cognitive strategies, active behavioral strategies, and information seeking. In order to deliver quality psychiatric nursing care, nurses must have knowledge of the strategies used by women who are recovering from depression.
An observational study of associations between nurse behaviour and violence in psychiatric hospitals
Authors: WHITTINGTON R. , WYKES T.
Published: February 2008

A cyclical model of violence to psychiatric nurses is proposed in this paper and a partial test of the model is reported. The model suggests that stress induced by exposure to violence leads to impaired staff performance and adoption of behaviours which make the re‐occurrence of violence more likely. We tested the proposal that certain staff behaviours (e.g. expressing verbal hostility) are associated with an increased risk of assault by observing nurse–patient interaction on 12 psychiatric wards (n=103 nurses). The verbal and physical interaction of (1) assaulted staff, (2) staff on violent wards, and (3) staff in grades which experience high levels of assault, were compared with those of respective low risk groups. There was some evidence of an association between interaction patterns and violence. We conclude this paper by discussing the implications of the model for psychiatric nursing practice.
An examination of therapeutic principles and practice in two forensic units
Authors: CLARKE L.
Published: February 2008

The study reported here was conducted following claims made by a forensic psychiatric unit (called Ambrose Unit) that, in effect, it functioned as a therapeutic community. The study aimed to compare this claim with findings from the Attitude to Treatment Questionnaire (ATQ) that was administered to the staff of the unit. For the purposes of the exercise, the unit was matched with another similar unit that had not claimed to function therapeutically. It was hypothesized that, in keeping with their therapeutic claims, scores for staff from the Ambrose Unit would be more liberal than those for staff from the other unit (called Delphi unit). A series of ANOVA calculations supported this hypothesis and other hypotheses regarding political and social attitudes of staff working in these units. However, the discussion considers in more detail, scores from the ATQ, and questions these results. The nature of therapeutic community research in general is also considered and the validity of results generated from such research is discussed. Finally, the limitations imposed by the difficulty with which terms in this area are defined is acknowledged.
The contribution of quality of life to developing therapeutic nursing in special hospitals
Authors: CALLAGHAN P. , ADAMS R.
Published: February 2008

Many changes have been made to the management of special hospitals (state hospitals which house patients for an indeterminate stay who are mentally ill, who may have committed a serious offence, and who are considered to be a danger to society and/or to themselves). A key objective of the authority which currently manages these hospitals is to ensure a good quality of life (QoL) for patients and staff. This paper argues first that in order to meet their obligation to treat detained patients, mental health nurses in special hospitals must aim to improve the QoL of those in their care. This viewpoint is echoed by Coid (1993), who considers that society has a moral responsibility, which should be expressed formally in legislation to ensure that detained patients have a high QoL. The paper then addresses the issues involved in attaining an adequate QoL for detained patients, examines the methodological problems in QoL research and its indications for nurses working in this field, and outlines appropriate indicators for examining QoL for patients living in special hospitals. The intention is to initiate debate and outline an approach for mental health nurses towards development of a QoL measure for use in special hospitals. This is considered a necessary first stage if an adequate QoL is to be attained for detained patients.
Assessing altered body image
Authors: PRICE B.
Published: February 2008

Assessing altered body image.

Like pain, altered body image remains highly personal, abstract and difficult to describe. It has taken nearly a century to define the concept of body image, and to construe a reasonable working definition of altered body image (ABI). During this time, the assessment of body image has focused upon the researcher and his/her needs, rather than the professional nurse, who must arrive at a practical means to understanding patients' distress, and identify possible solutions. In this paper the author suggests parameters for the assessment of ABI in the practical arena, based both upon ongoing asthma care research and the experience of practitioners developing body image counsellor roles. It is suggested that altered body image should be assessed as part of an integrated approach, and that the complicated risk or cathexis scales developed for psychological research have limited use within the clinical setting.
Unemployment and mental health
Authors: OWEN K. , WATSON N.
Published: February 2008

This literature review has been carried out to examine current evidence linking mental health and unemployment. The research reviewed in this paper covers a wide range of academic disciplines spanning epidemiological medical research to more descriptive papers from social policy and geography, and while international material is included, the work concentrates on British literature. The paper examines published accounts of the relationship between mental health, suicidal behaviour and employment giving special attention to the influence of the variables, age and gender, on the experience of unemployment. All the literature reviewed suggests a link between unemployment and mental health problems. However, the direction of this link, that is whether unemployment is the cause of poor mental health or the result of poor mental health, is not clear. This paper will be of interest to a wide range of community health professionals, especially those working in areas affected by unemployment or mental health professionals working with individuals who recently have been made redundant.
The organizational influence on counselling relationships in a general hospital setting
Authors: JONES A.
Published: February 2008

Counselling is becoming increasingly important as a development of nursing practice. The Scope of Professional Practice has enabled the emergence of the nurse, midwife and health visitor as a hybrid practioner, the nurse counsellor. This paper explores the nature of the ‘nurse counsellor's’ role. The paper makes a distinction between counselling skills as a feature of the nurses' role and counselling practice. It examines the influence exerted through the organizational context of the work setting. The author explores the issues as they arise in a general health setting and makes a case for organizational empathy toward what is essentially an embryonic and potentially misunderstood development of nursing practice.