bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metschnikowia: half tetrads, a regicide and the fountain of youth
Authors: Lachance Marc‐André
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this review is to introduce Metschnikowia to the yeast researcher community and to convince readers that the genus is a worthwhile object of study in developmental biology, genetics, ecology and biotechnology. Metschnikowia sits at the foundation of modern immunology, having been instrumental in the discovery of animal phagocytosis. Some 81 species form a monophyletic group within the Metschnikowiaceae, which also include the smaller genus Clavispora and a few clades of Candida species. The family stands out by the habit of forming, by meiosis, only two ascospores, which in Metschnikowia are needle shaped. In some cases, the spores can reach enormous proportions, exceeding 200 µm in length; in others, ascus formation is preceded by the development of chlamydospores. The adaptive value of such features remains to be elucidated. Extensive genetic studies are lacking, but attempts to apply methods developed for model species have been successful. Some species are found at the plant–insect interface whereas others are pathogens of aquatic animals and have served as model organisms in the exploration of host‐parasite theory. Some species are globally distributed and others exhibit extreme endemism. Many species are remarkably easy to recover by sampling their known habitats. M. pulcherrima and close relatives may play an important role in wine quality and produce pulcherrimin, an iron‐dipeptide complex that can interfere with the growth of other microorganisms. Some symbiotic species incapable of growth in culture media have been assigned to the genus, but their kinship with the group remains to be demonstrated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Sterically Encumbered 13/15 Cycle and its Cleavage with N‐heterocyclic Carbenes and other Lewis Bases
Authors: Kapitein Manuel , Balmer Markus , von Hänisch Carsten
Published: September 2016

Herein, the latest results on the topic of NHC‐stabilized, monomeric group 13 metalsilylphosphanides, with the focus on the sterically demanding [GatBu2Rx]‐fragment (x = 1, 2) are presented. The synthesis and characteristics of the cyclic compound [tBu2GaP(H)SitBuPh2]2 (1), followed by the cleavage of this cycle with different Lewis bases like pyridine, DMAP or the IiPr carbene is described for the first time. The compounds [(LB)tBu2GaP(H)SitBuPh2] [LB = pyridine (2) and LB = DMAP (3)] are investigated as possible precursors for ligand exchange reactions with sterically demanding NHCs like IMes or IDipp, since the latter show no reaction with the four‐membered cycle 1 due to their high steric strain. The pros and cons of an alternative pathway for the synthesis of monomeric complexes by means of salt elimination are pointed out.
Photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterile elite lines for hybrid wheat breeding, showing high cross-pollination fertility under long-day conditions
Authors: Murai K. , Ohta H. , Kurushima M. , Ishikawa N.
Published: September 2016

Photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility (PCMS) caused by Aegilops crassa cytoplasm under long-day (LD) photoperiods (≧15 h) has been proposed as a two-line system for producing hybrid varieties in common wheat (Triticum aestivum). The PCMS line is maintained by self-pollination under short-day (SD) conditions, and hybrid seeds can be produced through outcrossing of the PCMS line with a pollinator line under LD conditions. Maintainer lines of the PCMS lines are not necessary in this system. In our previous study, we developed two PCMS lines with the genetic background of the Japanese wheat cultivar ‘Fukuotome’, which showed high male sterility under LD conditions and high seed fertility under SD conditions. These PCMS lines were from a BC2 generation and were not genetically pure. Therefore, we screened the progeny of the BC2 lines, and identified BC2F8 lines that showed high male sterility and high cross-pollination fertility under LD conditions and high seed fertility under SD conditions. Furthermore, we screened the pollinator lines suitable for the PCMS system. These PCMS elite lines and selected pollinator lines will be useful for developing hybrid wheat varieties.
Wax Ester Rich Oil From The Marine Crustacean, Calanus finmarchicus, is a Bioavailable Source of EPA and DHA for Human Consumption
Authors: Cook Chad M. , Larsen Terje S. , Derrig Linda D. , Kelly Kathleen M. , Tande Kurt S.
Published: September 2016

Oil from the marine copepod, Calanus finmarchicus, which contains >86 % of fatty acids present as wax esters, is a novel source of n‐3 fatty acids for human consumption. In a randomized, two‐period crossover study, 18 healthy adults consumed 8 capsules providing 4 g of Calanus® Oil supplying a total of 260 mg EPA and 156 mg DHA primarily as wax esters, or 1 capsule of Lovaza® providing 465 mg EPA and 375 mg DHA as ethyl esters, each with an EPA‐ and DHA‐free breakfast. Plasma EPA and DHA were measured over a 72 h period (t = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). The positive incremental area under the curve over the 72 h test period (iAUC0‐72 h) for both EPA and DHA was significantly different from zero (p < 0.0001) in both test conditions, with similar findings for the iAUC0–24 h and iAUC0–48 h, indicating the fatty acids were absorbed. There was no difference in the plasma iAUC0–72 h for EPA + DHA, or DHA individually, in response to Calanus Oil vs the ethyl ester condition; however, the iAUC0–48 h and iAUC0–72 h for plasma EPA in response to Calanus Oil were both significantly increased relative to the ethyl ester condition (iAUC0–48 h: 381 ± 31 vs 259 ± 39 μg*h/mL, p = 0.026; iAUC0‐72 h: 514 ± 47 vs 313 ± 49 μg*h/mL, p = 0.009). These data demonstrate a novel wax ester rich marine oil is a suitable alternative source of EPA and DHA for human consumption.
Improvement of the Flavor and Oxidative Stability of Walnut Oil by Microwave Pretreatment
Authors: Zhou Ye , Fan Wei , Chu Fuxiang , Pei Dong
Published: September 2016

Walnut oil is in great demand due to its high nutritional value. However, it is easily oxidized and often loses its typical flavor. This study focused on the role of microwave pretreatment in improving the flavor and oxidative stability of walnut oil, and also investigated the effects of microwave pretreatment on unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, palmitoleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids) and antioxidant components (tocopherols and phytosterols). The results indicate that microwave pretreatment is effective in generating pyrazine compounds. The typical ‘roasted’ flavor was present when pretreatment for 2 min or more was applied. Meanwhile, compared with the control sample, only the highly treated sample (microwave‐pretreated for 4 min) showed higher oxidative stability. Only small changes were found in the composition of the unsaturated fatty acids, while the levels of tocopherols and phytosterols significantly decreased with increasing duration of microwave treatment (P < 0.05). The results suggest that the Maillard reaction caused the improvement of oxidative stability, since this reaction can also generate antioxidant products (melanoidins) in addition to pyrazines. Moreover, microwave pretreatment was found to be effective for enhancing the oil yield during pressing. Therefore, despite its adverse effects on tocopherols and phytosterols, microwave pretreatment could be used to improve the flavor and oxidative stability of walnut oil.
Modéliser le rythme des inhumations dans une allée sépulcrale Seine-Oise de la seconde moitié du IVemillénaire av. J.-C. : le cas de Bazoches-sur-Vesle « le Bois de Muisemont » (Aisne)
Authors: Marçais A.-S. , Chambon P. , Salanova L.
Published: September 2016

L'allée sépulcrale de Bazoches-sur-Vesle (Aisne) fait partie des 450 sépultures collectives connues dans le Bassin parisien. Une centaine d'individus a été inhumée dans cette tombe construite en matériaux périssables à la fin du IVemillénaire avant notre ère. L'absence de datation absolue nous a conduits à proposer une lecture alternative de la succession des inhumations en vue d'aborder la notion de durée, déjà explorée dans d'autres domaines que celui des dépôts collectifs. L'échantillon comprend 65 sujets adultes et immatures replacés dans un diagramme stratigraphique. L'état des connexions labiles et persistantes est étudié selon un principe simple. Si les connexions labiles du dépôt inférieur sont maintenues, nous avons considéré comme « court » le temps entre deux dépôts successifs. Au contraire, plus le dépôt inférieur est désarticulé, plus nous avons estimé « long » le temps entre deux dépôts. Il résulte de ce travail une proposition de modèle du rythme des inhumations au cours de l'utilisation de la tombe. Quatre phases d'inhumations distinctes alternent entre des inhumations successives selon un rythme lent et des inhumations simultanées indiquant un rythme plus soutenu. Ce modèle met en évidence des épisodes d'occupation et d'abandon de la tombe, donnée nouvelle dans l'histoire de l'utilisation de la sépulture de Bazoches-sur-Vesle.
Systemic and localized extra‐central nervous system bacterial infections and the risk of dementia among US veterans: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mawanda Francis , Wallace Robert B. , McCoy Kimberly , Abrams Thad E.
Published: September 2016

Introduction

Emerging evidence indicates associations between extra‐central nervous system (CNS) bacterial infections and an increased risk for dementia; however, epidemiological evidence is still very limited.

Methods

This study involved a retrospective cohort of a national sample of US veterans (N = 417,172) aged ≥56 years. Extended Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for demographic characteristics and medical and psychiatric comorbidities determined the associations between systemic and localized extra‐CNS bacterial infections occurring >2 years before the initial dementia diagnosis and the risk for dementia.

Results

Exposure to any extra‐CNS bacterial infection was associated with a significantly increased risk for dementia (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.20 [95% confidence interval = 1.16–1.24]). Independently, septicemia (HR = 1.39 [1.16–1.66]), bacteremia (HR = 1.22 [1.00–1.49]), osteomyelitis (HR = 1.20 [1.06–1.37]), pneumonia (HR = 1.10 [1.02–1.19]), urinary tract infections (HR = 1.13 [1.08–1.18]), and cellulitis (HR = 1.14 [1.09–1.20]) were associated with a significantly increased risk for dementia.

Discussion

Both systemic and localized extra‐CNS bacterial infections are associated with an increased risk for developing dementia.
Neuroprotective effects of hypothermia in inflammatory‐sensitized hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy
Authors: Chevin Mathilde , Guiraut Clémence , Maurice‐Gelinas Caroline , Deslauriers Jessica , Grignon Sylvain , Sébire Guillaume
Published: September 2016

Background

Despite the recent introduction of hypothermia as a mandatory standard of care, the incidence of neonatal encephalopathy in full‐term newborns and its devastating neuro‐behavioral outcomes continues to be a major individual, familial and social issue. Neonatal encephalopathy is mainly due to the compounding and interacting effects of hypoxia‐ischemia and inflammation resulting from placental and other perinatal infections. It is unclear why hypothermia is effective in alleviating neonatal encephalopathy in some, but not all, full‐term newborns. However, newborns exposed to inflammatory‐sensitized hypoxia‐ischemia seem to have less therapeutic benefit from hypothermia than those exposed to hypoxia‐ischemia alone.

Objectives

To clarify this uncertainty, we tested the efficacy of hypothermia in a double‐hit model of neonatal encephalopathy induced by inflammatory‐sensitized hypoxia‐ischemia.

Methods

Using a rat preclinical model of endotoxin plus hypoxia‐ischemia‐induced neonatal encephalopathy of term newborns, we assessed the following in pups exposed (or not) to hypothermia: the extent of brain injuries and the expressions of molecules implicated in neural cell death, namely: pro‐inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinase‐9, antioxidant enzymes, as well as receptor‐interacting protein‐3.

Results

Hypothermia was neuroprotective on inflammatory‐sensitized hypoxia‐ischemia‐induced penumbra, but not core, brain injuries. This beneficial effect was associated with a hypothermia‐induced increase of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase‐1, glutathione peroxidase‐1), but was not associated with any variations of the other inflammatory mediators tested, namely: interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist, tumor necrosis factor‐α and matrix metalloproteinase‐9.

Conclusion

Hypothermia is neuroprotective against inflammatory‐sensitized hypoxia‐ischemia possibly through a hypothermia‐induced increase of antioxidant enzymes. This neuroprotective effect seems to be independent of the interleukin‐1 system.
Phosphorus fertilizing potential of bagasse ash and rice husk ash in wheat–rice system on alkaline loamy sand soil
Authors: THIND H. S. , YADVINDER-SINGH  , SHARMA SANDEEP , VARINDERPAL-SINGH  , SRAN H. S. , BIJAY-SINGH
Published: September 2016

Bagasse and rice husk are two important agro-industrial by-products that are used as fuel in the sugar and rice mill industries, thus producing large quantities of bagasse ash (BA; 0·05 of bagasse) and rice husk ash (0·20 of rice husk) as waste material. Applying BA and rice husk ash (RHA) to agricultural land improves yield, nutrient uptake and chemical fertility of soil, particularly with special reference to available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The present field experiment was conducted for 3 years to evaluate the P fertilizer value of these agro-industrial waste materials in a wheat–rice system (WRS). The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with RHA and BA applied at 10 t/ha and including a no-amendment control as the main plot treatments and three levels of fertilizer P (0, 13 and 26 kg P/ha; designated P0, P13and P26, respectively) as sub-plot treatments to wheat in WRS. Application of fertilizer P increased the wheat grain yield up to P26in the un-amended control treatment. However, a significant response of wheat to fertilizer P was also observed up to P13in the presence of BA and RHA, thereby saving 50% of fertilizer P. Both RHA and BA increased wheat productivity by 12 and 16%, respectively, over the un-amended control. The subsequent rice crop also produced 14% higher paddy yield when the two ashes were applied along with P13to the previous wheat crop. The increases in grain yield were accompanied by significant increases in the uptake of P and K, and P content (Olsen P) in the soil. The application of recommended P (P26) in un-amended plots resulted in a negative P balance of 9·3 kg P/ha/year. On the other hand, the application of BA alone and RHA along with P13resulted in neutral/slightly positive P balance. A strong linear relationship (R2= 0·98) was observed between P balance and Olsen-P build up in the soil. It may be concluded that application of BA and RHA has the potential to increase system productivity and reduce the cost of inputs in terms of reduced application of fertilizer P to wheat and rice.
A proteomics study of colostrum and milk from the two major small ruminant dairy breeds from the Canary Islands: a bovine milk comparison perspective
Authors: Hernández-Castellano Lorenzo E. , Almeida André M. , Renaut Jenny , Argüello Anastasio , Castro Noemí
Published: September 2016

Colostrum and milk feeding are key factors for the newborn ruminant survival, affecting the future performance of the animal. Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in the potential of feeding newborn ruminants (mainly goat kids and lambs) with colostrum and milk from other more productive ruminant species (mainly cows). Although some studies regarding differences between colostrum and milk from these three species have been performed, herein we conduct for the first time a comparison using a proteomics 2-Dimensional Electrophoresis gel-based approach between these three ruminant species. In this study colostrum and milk samples from six Holstein cows, six Canarian sheep and six Majorera goats were used to determine the chemical composition, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (IgM) concentrations and proteomics profiles. Results showed that in general sheep colostrum and milk contained higher fat, protein and lactose percentages compared to bovine and goat samples. Additionally, no differences in the IgG or IgM concentrations were found among any of the three studied species, with the exception of sheep colostrum that showed the highest IgM concentration. With reference to the proteomics-based approach, some high abundant proteins such as serum albumin precursor, beta-caseins or different immunoglobulins components were found in colostrum, milk or even both. Nevertheless, differences in other proteins with immune function such as serotransferrin or lactoperoxidase were detected. This study shows that despite the similar immunoglobulin concentrations in colostrum and milk from the three studied species, differences in several immune components can be detected when these samples are studied using a proteomics approach. Finally, this study also provides a base for future investigation in colostrum and milk proteomics and metabolomics.
Early post parturient changes in milk acute phase proteins
Authors: Thomas Funmilola C , Waterston Mary , Hastie Peter , Haining Hayley , Eckersall P David
Published: September 2016

The periparturient period is one of the most critical periods in the productive life of a dairy cow, and is the period when dairy cows are most susceptible to developing new intramammary infections (IMI) leading to mastitis. Acute phase proteins (APP) such as haptoglobin (Hp), mammary associated serum amyloid A3 (M-SAA3) and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been detected in milk during mastitis but their presence in colostrum and milk in the immediate postpartum period has had limited investigation. The hypothesis was tested that APP are a constituent of colostrum and milk during this period. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to determine each APP's concentration in colostrum and milk collected daily from the first to tenth day following calving in 22 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Haptoglobin was assessed in individual quarters and composite milk samples while M-SAA3 and CRP concentration were determined in composite milk samples. Change in Hp in relation to the high abundance proteins during the transition from colostrum to milk were evaluated by 1 and 2 dimension electrophoresis and western blot. In 80% of the cows all APPs were detected in colostrum on the first day following parturition at moderately high levels but gradually decreased to minimal values in the milk by the 6th day after calving. The remaining cows (20%) showed different patterns in the daily milk APP concentrations and when an elevated level is detected could reflect the presence of IMI. Demonstration that APP are present in colostrum and milk following parturition but fall to low levels within 4 days means that elevated APP after this time could be biomarkers of post parturient mastitis allowing early intervention to reduce disease on dairy farms.
Robots as “Evil Means”? A Rejoinder to Jenkins and Purves
Authors: Sparrow Robert
Published: September 2016

The notion that some means of waging war are mala in se is a confronting one. Surely, any weapon can be used for good or ill? Philosophers often try to justify the category of mala in se by suggesting that some weapons are inherently incapable of being used in accordance with the just war principles of distinction and proportionality. This line of argument faces two obvious objections. First, claims about the limits of particular weapons typically fail to consider the different contexts in which they might be used. For example, anti-personnel mines can be used as defensive measures for fixed installations in marked locations that are fenced off from civilian intrusion. Second, deriving the category of mala in se from the principles of distinction and proportionality makes it redundant. The argument that some weapons cause disproportionate suffering is more persuasive, but it falters if one conducts an honest appraisal of the nature and extent of the suffering caused by weapons that are not held to be mala in se.
The ALMA view of the Antennae galaxy collision: How galaxy interaction triggers the formation of super star clusters
Authors: Herrera Cinthya N. , Boulanger François , Falgarone Edith G. , Pineau des Forêts Guillaume , García-Burillo Santiago , Iono Daisuke , Guillard Pierre
Published: September 2016

The Antennae galaxies are a spectacular example of a burst of star formation triggered by the encounter of two galaxies, being an ideal source to understand how the dynamics of galaxy mergers drives star formation. We present archive ALMA CO(3−2) and VLT near-IR H2spectro-imaging observations, and new ALMA13CO(2−1) and dust continuum observations, at ~50 pc resolution. Combining tracers of density and velocity structure of the gas and its energetics, we demonstrate that star formation involves a complex interplay of merger-driven gas dynamics and turbulence, and the dissipation of the gas kinetic energy. We focus on a compact, bright H2source, associated with cold molecular gas and dust continuum emission, located where the velocity gradient in the interaction region is observed to be the largest. The characteristics of this source suggest that we are witnessing the formation, initiated by turbulent dissipation, of a cloud massive enough (~4×106M⊙) to form a super star cluster within 1 Myr.
Molecular gas, stars, and dust in sub-L⋆ star-forming galaxies at z ~ 2: Evidence for universal star formation and non-universal dust-to-gas ratio
Authors: Dessauges-Zavadsky Miroslava , Zamojski Michel , Schaerer Daniel , Combes Françoise , Egami Eiichi , Sklias Panos , Swinbank Mark A. , Richard Johan , Rawle Tim
Published: September 2016

Current star-forming galaxies (SFGs) with CO measurements at z ~ 2 suffer from a bias toward high star formation rates (SFR) and high stellar masses (M*). It is yet essential to extend the CO measurements to the more numerous z ~ 2 SFGs with LIR < L⋆ = 4× 1011 L⊙ and M* < 2.5× 1010 M⊙. We have achieved CO, stars, and dust measurements in 8 such sub-L⋆ SFGs with the help of gravitational lensing. Combined with CO-detected galaxies from the literature, we find that the LIR, L′CO(1−0) data are best-fitted with a single relation that favours a universal star formation. This picture emerges because of the enlarged star formation efficiency spread of the current z>1 SFGs sample. We show that this spread is mostly triggered by the combination of redshift, specific SFR, and M*. Finally, we find evidence for a non-universal dust-to-gas ratio (DGR) with a clear trend for a lower DGR mean in z>1 SFGs by a factor of 2 with respect to local galaxies and high-redshift sub-mm galaxies at fixed about solar metallicity.
Detecting H II Regions in “Pure” Starburst Galaxies with SDSS Data
Authors: Crider Anthony , Richardson Chris , Kaiser Ben
Published: September 2016

The relationship between active galactic nuclei (AGN) and starburst galaxies is poorly understood, partially due to galaxies exhibiting both AGN and starburst activity. To better understand the connection, we analyze a sample of “pure” AGN or starburst at redshift z = 0.1 selected using mean field independent component analysis (MFICA). Simulations of starburst galaxy emission suggests that the locally optimally-emitting cloud (LOC) model can fit observations and improve our ability to distinguish the impact of differences in metallicity, ionization parameter, and ionizing flux. To test for the existence of such clouds in our galaxy sample, we examine the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) images of our pure galaxies. At this distance, even large star-forming H II regions (e.g. 30 Doradus) only fill part of an SDSS pixel. However, we compare the morphology of the distant galaxies to more nearby ones (i.e. NGC 4713, NGC 4038/4039) to estimate the number of larger H II regions. While the clumpiness parameter of a galaxy in theory might indicate the existence of these regions, a straightforward calculation of the clumpiness parameter is ineffective for galaxies at z = 0.1. Typically, one subtracts a smoothed version of a galaxy image from the same image. We instead test a different approach to establish a smooth image and thus better identify the clumps. We subtract the smoother infrared z-band from the sharper ultraviolet u-band. We test this procedure using NGC 4713, a nearby starburst galaxy, artificially degraded to match images of our “pure” starburst galaxies.
Herschel spectroscopic observations of Zw 049.057 and Arp 299a
Authors: Falstad Niklas , González-Alfonso Eduardo , Aalto Susanne
Published: September 2016

The presence of compact obscured nuclei in luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) is very well probed by the detection of highly excited absorption lines of OH and H2O in the far-infrared (far-IR), which require warm and optically thick dust to pump the high-lying rotational levels. We are using a spherically symmetric radiative transfer code to model the H2O lines, OH lines and continuum from these objects. We discuss the results and analysis of Herschel observations of the compact obscured nucleus in the extremely H2O luminous LIRG Zw 049.057. In this galaxy we have found very high H2O abundances in a Compton thick compact core. Abundant 18O bearing species also suggest the presence of a relatively young starburst. We compare this to our observations and modeling of the luminous merger component Arp 299a, which is another source with prominent H2O and OH lines. Our preliminary results, however, suggest that its nuclear activity is in a different evolutionary state compared to Zw 049.057.
HI Gas in Disk and Dwarf Galaxies in the Semi-analytic Models of Galaxy Formation
Authors: Fu Jian , Wang Jing , Luo Yu
Published: September 2016

We construct the radially-resolved semi-analytic models of galaxy formation based on the L-Galaxies model framework, which include both atomic and molecular gas phase in ISM. The models run on the halo outputs of ΛCDM cosmology N-body simulation. Our models can reproduce varies observations of HI gas in nearby galaxies, e.g. the HI mass function, the HI-to-star ratio vs stellar mass and stellar surface density, universal HI radial surface density profile in outer disks etc. We also give the physical origin of HI size-mass relation. Based on our model results for local dwarf galaxies, we show that the “missing satellite problem” also exists in the HI component, i.e., the models over-predict dwarf galaxies with low HI mass around the Milky Way. That is a shortcoming of current ΛCDM cosmology framework. Future survey for HI gas in local dwarf galaxies (e.g. MeerKAT, SKA & FAST) can help to verify the nature of dark matter (cold or warm).
Structure and Stability of Filamentary Clouds Supported by Lateral Magnetic Field
Authors: Hanawa Tomoyuki , Tomisakar Kohji
Published: September 2016

We have constructed two types of analytical models for an isothermal filamentary cloud supported mainly by magnetic tension. The first one describes an isolated cloud while the second considers filamentary clouds spaced periodically. The filamentary clouds are assumed to be highly flattened in both the models. The former is proved to be the asymptotic limit of the latter in which each filamentary cloud is much thinner than the distance to the neighboring filaments. These models show that the mass to flux ratio is crucial for the magnetohydrodynamical equilibrium. The upper bound for the line density, i.e., the mass per unit length, is proportional to the magnetic flux. The mass to flux ratio is slightly larger than the critical value, ($2 \pi \sqrt{G}$)−1, in the first model and lower in the second model. The first model is unstable against fragmentation and the wavelength of the fastest growing mode is several times longer than the cloud diameter. The second model is likely to be unstable only when the mass to flux ratio is supercritical.
All-sky catalogs and analysis of interstellar clouds
Authors: Hojaev A.S.
Published: September 2016

All available databases of molecular and gas-dust clouds in the Galaxy and other galaxies including their main properties such as position, angular and linear dimensions, distances, radial velocities, atomic and molecular hydrogen mass and column densities, temperatures, masses and others available are briefly described in the paper. An initial list of about 10 000 entries was condensed into a cross-identified all-sky catalogue containing molecular and gas-dust clouds. Some relationships were studied between main physical features of clouds. Finally, we prepared the complex observing program and address prospective work for gaining the gaps.
Bridging Galaxy Dynamics and Baryon Efficiency of 40 EDGE-CALIFA galaxies
Authors: Kalinova Veselina , Colombo Dario , Rosolowsky Erik
Published: September 2016

We apply the Jeans Axisymmetric Multi-Gaussian Expansion method to the stellar kinematic maps of 40 Sa–Sd EDGE-CALIFA galaxies and derive their circular velocity curves (CVCs). The CVCs are classified using the Dynamical Classification method developed in Kalinova et al. (2015). We also calculate the observational baryon efficiency, OBE, where M*/Mb=M*/(M*+MHI+MH2) of the galaxies using their stellar mass, total neutral hydrogen mass and total molecular gas from CO luminosities. Slow-rising, Flat and Round-peaked CVC types correspond to specific OBEs, stellar and dark matter (DM) halo mass values, while the Sharp-peaked CVCs span in the whole DM halo mass range of 1011-1014M⊙.
A Study of Magnetic Fields on Bright-Rimmed Clouds
Authors: Kusune Takayoshi , Sugitani Koji
Published: September 2016

We have made near-infrared (JHKs) imaging polarimetry toward 24 bright-rimmed clouds in the southern hemisphere in order to reveal their magnetic field structures. The obtained polarization vector maps show that the magnetic field directions inside the bright rim are different from its ambient magnetic field direction, implying that magnetic field structures just inside the ionized front of the clouds are due to the gas compression by UV radiation from nearby massive star. Our investigation into the relation between the magnetic field configuration and the shape of the cloud suggests that the magnetic field configuration affects the evolution of the cloud shape.
Warm dust and gas of massive young stellar objects revealed by Herschel PACS spectroscopy
Authors: Kwon Woojin , van der Tak Floris F. S. , Karska Agata , Herczeg Gregory J. , Chavarría Luis , Herpin Fabrice , Wyrowski Friedrich , Braine Jonathan , van Dishoeck Ewine F.
Published: September 2016

We present results of Herschel PACS imaging spectroscopy data toward ten massive young stellar objects taken as part of the WISH project. Our sample consists of four high mass protostellar objects (HMPOs), two hot molecular cores (HMCs), and four ultracompact HII regions (UCHIIs), and the spectra cover a broad range of wavelengths (55 to 210 μm) imaged over an ~50” field with 5×5 spaxels. By fitting the continua utilizing a modified black-body formula we estimate mass-weighted dust temperature and column density distributions of warm dust and find that UCHII regions are hottest and HMCs are most deeply embedded. We also estimate rotational temperature and column density distributions of warm CO gas using the rotational diagram analysis, which are comparable over targets in contrast to continuum results. By comparing high J CO line fluxes to the RATRAN estimates of centrally heated envelope models, we find that majority of warm CO originates from bipolar outflow shocks.
Dissipation of turbulence by magnetohydrodynamic shock waves
Authors: Lehmann Andrew , Wardle Mark
Published: September 2016

We characterise steady, one-dimensional fast and slow magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) shocks using a two-fluid model. Fast MHD shocks are magnetically driven, forcing ions to stream through the neutral gas ahead of the shock front. This magnetic precursor heats the gas sufficiently to create a large, warm transition zone where all fluid variables only weakly change in the shock front. In contrast, slow MHD shocks are driven by gas pressure where neutral species collide with ion species in a thin hot slab that closely resembles an ordinary gas dynamic shock.

We computed observational diagnostics for fast and slow shocks at velocities vs=2–4 km/s and preshock Hydrogen nuclei densities nH = 102-4 cm−3. We followed the abundances of molecules relevant for a simple oxygen chemistry and include cooling by CO, H2 and H2O. Estimates of intensities of 12CO rotational lines show that high-J lines, above J = 6 → 5, are more strongly excited in slow MHD shocks.
Massive Star Formation in the Sparsest Environments
Authors: Oey Sally , Lamb Joel B.
Published: September 2016

There is growing evidence that massive stars sometimes form in extremely sparse environments. The RIOTS4 survey presents a variety of evidence supporting this scenario, including a sample of 14 OB stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) that appear to have formed in situ as field stars. This is based on the presence of dense, symmetric HII regions hosting apparent non-runaway stars. We also present a spatially complete IMF of SMC field OB stars for masses > 7 M⊙, showing that the slope is much steeper than the Salpeter value. The binary fraction among field OB stars is also the same as in clusters, based on a RIOTS4 subsample. These results suggest a relative, but incomplete, suppression of massive star formation in the sparsest regimes.
Young Stellar Objects in the Magellanic Clouds: Herschel Spectroscopy First Results
Authors: Oliveira Joana M. , van Loon Jacco Th. , Sewiło Marta
Published: September 2016

We present preliminary results from spectroscopy obtained with PACS and SPIRE onboard the Herschel Space Observatory of a sample of massive Young Stellar Objects in the Magellanic Clouds. We analyse key gas-phase cooling species (Oi], [Cii], H2O, CO, OH), in order to characterise the physical conditions in these metal-poor environments.
Large-Scale Molecular Gas Survey in 12CO, 13CO and C18O (J = 2–1) with the Osaka 1.85m mm-submm Telescope
Authors: Onishi Toshikazu , Nishimura Atsushi , Tokuda Kazuki , Harada Ryohei , Dobashi Kazuhito , Shimoikura Tomomi , Kimura Kimihiro , Ogawa Hideo
Published: September 2016

We have developed a new mm-submm telescope with a diameter of 1.85 m (hereafter, Osaka 1.85-m telescope) installed at the Nobeyama Radio Observatory. The scientific goal is to precisely reveal physical properties of molecular clouds in the Galaxy by obtaining a large-scale distribution of molecular gas, which also can be compared with large-scale observations in various wavelengths. The target frequency is ~230 GHz; simultaneous observations in J = 2–1 lines of 12CO, 13CO and C18O are achieved with a beam size (HPBW) of 2.7 arcmin. Here we present the progress of observations and the scientific results obtained by Osaka 1.85-m telescope. We note that these J = 2–1 data of the Galactic molecular clouds will be precious for the comparison with those of extra-galactic ones that will be obtained with the ALMA with the comparable spatial resolutions.
Star formation in early-type galaxies: the role of stellar winds and kinematics
Authors: Pellegrini Silvia , Negri Andrea , Ciotti Luca
Published: September 2016

Early-type galaxies (ETGs) host a hot ISM produced mainly by stellar winds, and heated by Type Ia supernovae and the thermalization of stellar motions. High resolution 2D hydrodynamical simulations showed that ordered rotation in the stellar component results in the formation of a centrifugally supported cold equatorial disc. In a recent numerical investigation we found that subsequent generations of stars are formed in this cold disc; this process consumes most of the cold gas, leaving at the present epoch cold masses comparable to those observed. Most of the new stellar mass formed a few Gyrs ago, and resides in a disc.
From cloud crash to star birth: star formation in cloud collisions
Authors: Shima Kazuhiro , Tasker Elizabeth J. , Habe Asao
Published: September 2016

We performed three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of idealized giant molecular cloud collisions including star formation and radiative transfer. We found that the characteristics of the colliding systems are similar to the observations of the Spitzer bubbles, suggesting these objects could be created in such interactions. A high velocity collision creates a top-heavy core mass distribution but is not strongly affected by radiation. At lower collision speeds, the HII regions have time to expand within the shock and promote the formation of massive cores.
Characterising the Protostellar Population of the Magellanic Clouds with VLT/SINFONI
Authors: Ward Jacob , Oliveira Joana , van Loon Jacco , Sewilo Marta
Published: September 2016

At distances of ~50 kpc and ~60 kpc for the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) respectively the Magellanic Clouds present us with a unique opportunity to study star formation in environments outside our own galaxy. Through Spitzer and Herschel photometry and spectroscopy, samples of Young Stellar Objects (YSOs) have been selected and spectroscpically confirmed in the Magellanic Clouds. Here we present some of the key results of our SINFONI K-band observations towards massive YSOs in the Magellanic Clouds. We resolve a number of Spitzer sources into multiple, previously unresolved, components and our analysis of emission lines suggest higher accretion rates and different disc properties compared with massive YSOs in the Milky Way.
Diffuse Interstellar Bands in Emission
Authors: Williams T. B. , Sarre P. , Marshall C. C. M. , Spekkens K. , de Naray R. Kuzio
Published: September 2016

Recent Fabry-Pérot observations towards the galaxy NGC 1325 with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) led to the serendipitous discovery of an emission feature centered at 661.3 nm arising from material in the interstellar medium (ISM) of our Galaxy; this emission feature lies at the wavelength of one of the sharper and stronger diffuse bands normally seen in absorption. The flux of the feature is 4.2 ± 0.5 × 10−18 es−1 cm−2 arcsec−2. It appears that this is the first observation of emission from a diffuse band carrier in the ISM, excited in this case by the interstellar radiation field. We present the discovery spectra and describe follow-up measurements proposed for SALT.
Knowledge Sharing: Wissen für den Pflegealltag
Authors: Bohnet-Joschko Sabine
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung. Gesundheits- und Pflegeberufe gehören zu den wissensintensiven Dienstleistungsberufen, in denen einmal Erlerntes schnell an Aktualität verliert. So können klassische Fort- und Weiterbildungskonzepte die Dynamik der Wissensentwicklung in der Pflege kaum noch abbilden. Insbesondere für Führungskräfte gilt es, trotz zunehmender Arbeitsverdichtung eine Kultur des lebenslangen Lernens für Pflegende zu fördern. Das in den USA durchaus verbreitete, im deutschsprachigen Raum dagegen nahezu unbekannte Konzept «Lunch and Learn» soll hier vorgestellt werden.
Pflege- und Medizinausbildung spannen zusammen
Authors: Bachmann Monika
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung. Die wachsende Komplexität von klinischen Aufgaben erfordert interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit und Teamwork. Deshalb bieten das Berner Bildungszentrum Pflege (BZ Pflege), die Universität Bern und die Berner Fachhochschule Gesundheit gemeinsame Wahlpraktika und Kurse an.
Anti‐CD45RB and donor‐specific spleen cells transfusion inhibition allograft skin rejection mediated by memory T cells
Authors: Jian You‐Qiang , Ye Jian , Qi Hui , Deng Chun‐Yan , Deng Shao‐Ping , Li Fu‐Rong
Published: September 2016

Donor‐reactive memory T (Tm)cells mediate accelerated rejection, which is known as a barrier to the survival of transplanted organs. Selective interference with the anti‐CD45RB monoclonal antibody (α‐CD45RB) reliably induces donor‐specific tolerance. In this study, pre‐sensitization to female C57BL/6 mice with the skin of female BLAB/c mice generated a large number of Tm cells and resulted in rapid rejection of the secondly transplanted allografts. α‐CD45RB did induce the tolerance to skin allograft primarily transplanted but failed to induce tolerance in the pre‐sensitized mice. Donor‐specific spleen cell transfusion (DST) alone also failed to induce the tolerance in the pre‐sensitized recipients. Interestingly, combination of α‐CD45RB with DST inhibited the rejection induced by memory T cells in the pre‐sensitized mice. CD25+ T‐cell depletion in α‐CD45RB combined with DST therapy recipients could prevent skin allograft tolerance from establishing. In addition, adoptive transfer of donor‐primed memory T cells into the tolerant recipients markedly broke the established tolerance. Our findings indicate that α‐CD45RB and DST can synergistically inhibit the accelerated rejection mediated by memory T cells and induce long‐term skin allograft acceptance in mice.
Transfer of motion through a microelectromechanical linkage at nanometer and microradian scales
Authors: Copeland Craig R. , McGray Craig D. , Geist Jon , Aksyuk Vladimir A. , Stavis Samuel M.
Published: September 2016

Mechanical linkages are fundamentally important for the transfer of motion through assemblies of parts to perform work. Whereas their behavior in macroscale systems is well understood, there are open questions regarding the performance and reliability of linkages with moving parts in contact within microscale systems. Measurement challenges impede experimental studies to answer such questions. In this study, we develop a novel combination of optical microscopy methods that enable the first quantitative measurements at nanometer and microradian scales of the transfer of motion through a microelectromechanical linkage. We track surface features and fluorescent nanoparticles as optical indicators of the motion of the underlying parts of the microsystem. Empirical models allow precise characterization of the electrothermal actuation of the linkage. The transfer of motion between translating and rotating links can be nearly ideal, depending on the operating conditions. The coupling and decoupling of the links agree with an ideal kinematic model to within approximately 5%, and the rotational output is perfectly repeatable to within approximately 20 microradians. However, stiction can result in nonideal kinematics, and input noise on the scale of a few millivolts produces an asymmetric interaction of electrical noise and mechanical play that results in the nondeterministic transfer of motion. Our study establishes a new approach towards testing the performance and reliability of the transfer of motion through assemblies of microscale parts, opening the door to future studies of complex microsystems.
Inhibition of ROS and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines by FoxO3a promotes survival against Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Joseph Julie , Ametepe Emmanuelle S. , Haribabu Naveen , Agbayani Gerard , Krishnan Lakshmi , Blais Alexandre , Sad Subash
Published: September 2016

Virulent intracellular pathogens, such as the Salmonella species, engage numerous virulence factors to subvert host defence mechanisms to induce a chronic infection that leads to typhoid or exacerbation of other chronic inflammatory conditions. Here we show the role of the forkhead transcription factor FoxO3a during infection of mice with Salmonella typhimurium (ST). Although FoxO3a signalling does not affect the development of CD8+ T cell responses to ST, FoxO3a has an important protective role, particularly during the chronic stage of infection, by limiting the persistence of oxidative stress. Furthermore, FoxO3a signalling regulates ERK signalling in macrophages, which results in the maintenance of a proinflammatory state. FoxO3a signalling does not affect cell proliferation or cell death. Thus, these results reveal mechanisms by which FoxO3a promotes host survival during infection with chronic, virulent intracellular bacteria.
Building two indica rice reference genomes with PacBio long-read and Illumina paired-end sequencing data
Authors: Zhang Jianwei , Chen Ling-Ling , Sun Shuai , Kudrna Dave , Copetti Dario , Li Weiming , Mu Ting , Jiao Wen-Biao , Xing Feng , Lee Seunghee , Talag Jayson , Song Jia-Ming , Du Bogu , Xie Weibo , Luo Meizhong , Maldonado Carlos Ernesto , Goicoechea Jose Luis , Xiong Lizhong , Wu Changyin , Xing Yongzhong , Zhou Dao-xiu , Yu Sibin , Zhao Yu , Wang Gongwei , Yu Yeisoo , Luo Yijie , Hurtado Beatriz Elena Padilla , Danowitz Ann , Wing Rod A. , Zhang Qifa
Published: September 2016

Over the past 30 years, we have performed many fundamental studies on two Oryza sativa subsp. indica varieties, Zhenshan 97 (ZS97) and Minghui 63 (MH63). To improve the resolution of many of these investigations, we generated two reference-quality reference genome assemblies using the most advanced sequencing technologies. Using PacBio SMRT technology, we produced over 108 (ZS97) and 174 (MH63) Gb of raw sequence data from 166 (ZS97) and 209 (MH63) pools of BAC clones, and generated ~97 (ZS97) and ~74 (MH63) Gb of paired-end whole-genome shotgun (WGS) sequence data with Illumina sequencing technology. With these data, we successfully assembled two platinum standard reference genomes that have been publicly released. Here we provide the full sets of raw data used to generate these two reference genome assemblies. These data sets can be used to test new programs for better genome assembly and annotation, aid in the discovery of new insights into genome structure, function, and evolution, and help to provide essential support to biological research in general.
Surface energies of elemental crystals
Authors: Tran Richard , Xu Zihan , Radhakrishnan Balachandran , Winston Donald , Sun Wenhao , Persson Kristin A. , Ong Shyue Ping
Published: September 2016

The surface energy is a fundamental property of the different facets of a crystal that is crucial to the understanding of various phenomena like surface segregation, roughening, catalytic activity, and the crystal’s equilibrium shape. Such surface phenomena are especially important at the nanoscale, where the large surface area to volume ratios lead to properties that are significantly different from the bulk. In this work, we present the largest database of calculated surface energies for elemental crystals to date. This database contains the surface energies of more than 100 polymorphs of about 70 elements, up to a maximum Miller index of two and three for non-cubic and cubic crystals, respectively. Well-known reconstruction schemes are also accounted for. The database is systematically improvable and has been rigorously validated against previous experimental and computational data where available. We will describe the methodology used in constructing the database, and how it can be accessed for further studies and design of materials.