bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nervous Nineties
Authors: Anderson Terry H.
Published: March 2024

In 1995 Newsweek branded the era “The Nervous Nineties,” and Chapter Three explores the events in mid-decade contributing to that label. HIV/AIDS was ravishing the nation, and by 1995 AIDS had killed some 350,000 Americans. By the end of the era scientists had changed the virus from a terminal to a chronic illness. Japan had become the second-largest economy in the world, challenging the United States. Clinton had worries, for Paula Jones went public about her alleged sexual harassment by Clinton, resulting in Jones v. Clinton. The O. J. Simpson trial mesmerized America and profoundly changed news coverage to Infotainment. In Washington, DC, Newt Gingrich forced a government twenty-one-day shutdown, the longest up to that time. Overseas in Bosnia, the Srebrenica Massacre prompted US intervention that resulted in the Dayton Accords, while Clinton kick-started the negotiations in Northern Ireland that brought about peace with the Good Friday Agreement. The chapter ends with the 1996 presidential campaign and election.
The Road to the Future
Authors: Shonekan Stephanie , Seagrave Adam
Published: March 2024

In this chapter the authors draw together the threads of previous chapters to reflect on issues of contemporary race relations in the United States. The authors connect their own experiences with American society and history, reflecting on current challenges and prospects for hope with respect to racial issues in the United States. Seagrave reflects on his experience as a scholar of the American Founding and American political thought. Shonekan provides commentary on the controversy at the University of Missouri over the statue of Thomas Jefferson. The authors comment on the relationship between African American civil rights and other contemporary rights movements. Martin Luther King Jr. is highlighted as a source for promising guiding principles on issues of race.
Conclusion
Authors: Massot Pascale
Published: March 2024

The empirical focus in this book is China’s impact on global commodity markets, but the conclusions point to broader patterns we can expect as China attempts to carve out a position of market power that is commensurate with its size in the global economy. The Conclusion presents six broader lessons we can draw from this book to reflect on the ongoing integration (the advance and, at times, retreat) of the Chinese economy with the global economy: the heterogeneity of China’s behavior and impacts abroad, the importance of unintended consequences, the resonance between domestic and global market institutions, market vulnerability as seen from China, the question of market fairness and, finally, the return of market power, including via the re-emergence of economic nationalism and the attendant much-needed problematization of the concept of “open markets.”
Achille
Authors: Friedman Rachel D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses Achille as a paradigm of Walcott’s New World Adam. Unlike Hector, who fatally decides to trade his canoe for a transport van, Achille is at home only in the regenerative space of the sea. The only landward journey he takes is to the African underworld; this echoes Odysseus’s inland journey to a place where its people know nothing of the sea. Achille’s long walk on the ocean floor takes him to his ancestral village where Walcott mobilizes the oar of Tiresias’s prophecy as a symbol of the terrors of a landlocked space. His encounter with the African “homeland” teaches Achille about his people’s past, but his ancestral village is not a site of homecoming. Figuring Achille’s journey as both a katabasis, a descent to the underworld and a journey to a sea-less space, Walcott reinforces the poem’s privileging of aquatic routes over terrestrial roots and reiterates his longtime refusal to valorize the idea of a lost African homeland. Instead, he celebrates the New World as a space of productive amnesia and recreation. Walcott manipulates the meaning of Achilles’s name in Greek—“one whose laos, people, has achos, grief”—to ennoble Achille through a new understanding of his people’s past and of his name. When Achille subsequently wonders “where trees get names,” Walcott evokes the exchange between Laertes and Odysseus in Laertes’s orchard in Odyssey 24, but when Seven Seas renames the trees, he gives Achille a patrimony which entitles him to begin again.
Plunkett
Authors: Friedman Rachel D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter considers Dennis Plunkett, the poem’s representative (neo)colonizer and the one character whose journey is landward. Plunkett’s journey is informed by the fact that his relationship to the island and its inhabitants is a damaging one: as a pig-farmer he reproduces plantation practices, and as a historian he seeks to inscribe the islanders in a Eurocentric imperial history. The chapter reads him against the two keepers of pigs in the Odyssey, Odysseus’s swineherd, Eumaeus, and Circe, who turns Odysseus’s men into pigs. Eumaeus, who has a harmonious relationship with the landscape he inhabits and the pigs he tends, becomes a foil against which to read Plunkett’s exploitation of St. Lucia and its resources. Circe emerges as the mistress from whose grip Plunkett must extricate himself if he is to end his complicity in the figurative transformation of the islanders into swine. Maud, Plunkett’s Penelope, awaits his return, patiently quilting her tapestry of birds. Unlike Penelope, who unstitches her quilt every night, delaying the Odyssey’s various endings, Maud’s quilt is unstitched only in Plunkett’s imagination and only after her death. Maud’s quilt and her flower garden are both represented as acts of colonial domination, attempts to order and categorize the flora and fauna of an island landscape that she finds unmanageable. After her death Plunkett’s imagined unstitching of her tapestry allows him to heal from his colonial wounds and find his place on the island.
The Tribal Poet
Authors: Friedman Rachel D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter focuses on the disruptive nature of books 4 and 5 of Omeros and the possibility raised by the Poet that the poem he has set out to write will not succeed. It includes the Catherine Weldon narrative and the account of Wounded Knee, a pivotal event in the story of the American decimation of its indigenous population. Walcott saw this episode as constituting the heart of an American epic; by giving an account of it in Omeros he found a way of contending with his personal quest to write a West Indian epic while living and working in the United States on a long-term basis. Walcott had a longstanding commitment to a hemispheric perspective and believed that all the stories of the New World belong together. His inclusion of the American narrative is not just academic but also personal; to become what he calls a “tribal poet,” he also has to find a way of incorporating his American voice. The healing that follows books 4 and 5 makes possible his accommodation of his own position as a poet living in the US and the continuation of the Caribbean poem that he began in book 1. While books 4 and 5 appear largely disconnected from books 1–3, four brief H/omeric encounters within them begin to show Poet and reader alike a path back to the Omeros of book 1 and to the pelagic poetry that first drew the Poet to Homer and to his own H/omeric project.
Homeric Shadow, H/omeric Light
Authors: Friedman Rachel D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides an account of the processes by which the poem brings about the Poet’s multifaceted homecoming to the island and the fulfillment of his dream to become tribal poet. He moves from a diachronic to a synchronic relationship with Omeros and thereby becomes contemporary with him in all his incarnations—Greek bard, African griot, Sioux shaman. Throughout Omeros the blindness of these singers marks their highly refined inner vision, which gives rise to the authority of the tribal songs they sing. Walcott, drawing on the well-known ancient tradition that Homer was blind, expands the trope and plays with the name of the island—from the blinded saint whose own name was derived from the Latin word for “light,” lux, lucis. The poem effectively bypasses the Poet’s interrogation of Homeric metaphor. The real question for the Poet becomes not, When will I escape the obfuscating shade of Homer’s shadow?, but When will I achieve the clear sight of Omeros? This is a kind of vision which makes it possible to see, as he says, “the light of St. Lucia at last through her own eyes.” The H/omeric thus becomes for him not an obstacle but a vehicle for his clear seeing of his island and her people. In the descent through Soufrière, Omeros leads the Poet to the acquisition of the vision that will enable him to achieve the same status as the blind bard and to occupy the same temporal and creative space.
The Sense of Communication
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly
Published: March 2024

Many philosophers nowadays believe Frege was right about belief, but wrong about language: The contents of beliefs need to be individuated more finely than in terms of Russellian propositions, but the contents of utterances do not. This chapter argues that this ‘hybrid view’ cannot offer a reasonable account of how communication transfers knowledge from one speaker to another and that, to do so, we must insist that understanding depends upon more than just getting the references of terms right. The central examples used here are similar to one mentioned by Brian Loar, but, whereas Loar relies simply upon the ‘intuition’ that there has been a misunderstanding in the case he describes, Heck here develops an argument in support of that claim.
Sense as Mode of Representation
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly
Published: March 2024

Frege tells us that we need to distinguish sense from reference, but he does not say very much about what sense is. There are two main traditions for understanding the notion, both with their roots in the work of Sir Michael Dummett. On one, also developed by David Chalmers, sense is a condition an object must satisfy to be the object of a particular thought. On the other, best known from the work of Gareth Evans, sense is to be understood in terms of what makes something the object of a particular thought. This chapter develops and motivates the first of these traditions and then argues that it cannot be defended. It then discusses how the second tradition differs (largely because it abandons internalism) and argues that it can, at least potentially, allow for a substantial notion of sense. But such a view has to abandon one of Frege’s key claims about sense: that it is an aspect of representational content.
Chalmers on Analyticity and A Priority
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly
Published: March 2024

In both the paper “Revisability and Conceptual Change in ‘Two Dogmas of Empiricism’” and in Constructing the World, David Chalmers has argued against W. V. O. Quine’s claim that there are no ‘analytic’ sentences. This chapter argues that Chalmers’s argument does not advance this debate. Chalmer’s appeal to diachronic conditions on rational update does no significant work, and his Carnap-inspired account of meaning-change fails to secure the results he claims it does.[CB1]
Intuition and the Substitution Argument
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly
Published: March 2024

The ‘substitution argument’ [CB3]purports to demonstrate the falsity of Russellian accounts of belief-ascription by observing that, for example, the sentences (LC) “Lois believes that Clark can fly” and (LS) “Lois believes that Superman can fly” could have different truth-values. But what is the basis for that claim? It is widely supposed that it is simply an ‘intuition’ that could then be ‘explained away’. This supposition plays an especially important role in Jennifer Saul’s defense of Russellianism, based upon the existence of an allegedly similar contrast between the sentences (PC) “Superman is more popular than Clark” and (PS) “Superman is more popular than Superman”. The latter contrast looks pragmatic. But then, Saul asks, why shouldn’t we then say the same about the former? The answer is that the two cases are not similar. In the case of (PC) and (PS), we have only the facts that these strike us differently, and that people will sometimes say things like (PC) but never say things like (PS). By contrast, there is an argument that (LS) can be true even if (LC) is false, and this argument does not appeal to anyone’s ‘intuitions’. The chapter’s main goal is to present such a version of the substitution argument, building upon the treatment of the Fregean argument against Russellian accounts of belief itself in “Solving Frege’s Puzzle”. A subsidiary goal is to contribute to the growing literature arguing that ‘intuitions’ simply do not play the role in philosophical inquiry that ‘experimental philosophers’ have supposed they do.
Speaker’s Reference, Semantic Reference, and Intuition
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly
Published: March 2024

Some years ago, Edouard Machery, Ron Mallon, Shaun Nichols, and Stephen Stich reported the results of experiments that reveal, they claim, cross-cultural differences in speakers’ ‘intuitions’ about Saul Kripke’s famous Gödel–Schmidt case. Several authors have suggested, however, that the question they asked their subjects is ambiguous between speaker’s reference and semantic reference. Machery and colleagues have since made a number of replies. It is argued here that these are ineffective. The larger lesson, however, concerns the role that first-order philosophy should, and more importantly should not, play in the design of such experiments and in the evaluation of their results.
Lightning
Authors: Gomes Anil
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines Lichtenberg’s claim that ‘one should say it is thinking, just as one says, it is lightning. To say cogito is already too much as soon as one translates it as I am thinking. To assume the I, to postulate it, is a practical requirement’. It argues that Lichtenberg is not raising a problem here about the possibility of subjectless episodes of thinking. He is raising a problem about Descartes’s grounds for thinking of himself as the agent of his thinking. The chapter argues that there is a genuine puzzle here since neither experience nor the intellect can explain our sense of ourselves as the agents of our thinking.
Introduction
Authors: Isac Daniela
Published: March 2024

This chapter introduces the languages that represent the empirical focus of the book (Romanian, Istro-Romanian, Megleno-Romanian, Aromanian) and describes the properties that set Balkan Romance languages apart from other Romance languages (the affixal nature of the definite article, the null phonological realization of the definite article in certain contexts, the variability of the host for the definite article, the simultaneous realization of the definite article on multiple heads within the DP). The chapter also presents the goal of the book and the main gist of the proposal
Topos and Narcos
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan
Published: March 2024

The Topos de Tlatelolco (Tlatelolco moles) is a Mexican volunteer force who burrow into collapsed buildings to rescue people in disasters throughout Latin America and across the globe. Also in Mexico, the narcotráficos are gangs who perpetrate untrammelled violence. Cooperation is clearly in our nature, whether for good or ill. Yet there is still a nagging doubt that something biological in us compels us to be selfish: our genes. Genes are selfish in the sense that they are driven by self-replication, and yet cooperation continually rears its head. Not only are humans fundamentally team players, but all of nature has been teaming up since the dawn of life. The first teams were made of naked molecules. Those molecular teams eventually became genes. Genes, so notoriously selfish in their impetus to propagate more of their own kind, team up too. A good deal of human cooperation arises through enlightened self-interest, and yet it is difficult to see how it could explain the kind of selfless altruism shown by the Topos. Could there be a biological impulse to cooperate? And if so, how could it have evolved? How could natural selection, which favours any inherited trait that confers an individual advantage in survival and reproduction, cultivate an apparently selfless tendency to help others?
Three-card trick
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan
Published: March 2024

Bacterial cells are internally simple, while eukaryote cells are larger and assemble into organisms of all sizes. The eukaryote cell is a composite creature, assembled like Dr Frankenstein’s monster from the bolted-together body parts of at least two, maybe three, other single-celled organisms. The first eukaryotic cell came together about 1.8 billion years ago when a microbe belonging to a mysterious, little-known group called archaea ingested a bacterium that had a promising talent for generating energy. Ultimately, that symbiotic bacterium became an indispensable part of the eukaryote cell in the shape of the mitochondrion. Mitochondria are imprisoned in the cytoplasm, which means they are transmitted only down the female line when eukaryotes have sex. This narrow channel of transmission sealed their fate as subordinate partners in the symbiosis. Mitochondria still possess some of their own bacterial genes, but over time the most important ones were transferred to the nucleus, robbing mitochondria of their independence and sealing the major transition. As in every team, the parts may occasionally try to go their own way, causing mitochondrial malfunction and disease. It is difficult to overstate the importance of the major transition to the eukaryote cell because it made complex, multicellular life possible. When the first eukaryote cells married up with mitochondria, they acquired a generator, but that generator required an external source of fuel. Another acquisition added an independent source of fuel to the cell in a major transition in evolution that turned the world green.
Coda
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan
Published: March 2024

A large part of the cooperative history of life sketched in this book is about how the two fundamental requirements for cooperation—benefit and cheat control—have repeatedly played out over four billion years of evolution. Gradualism was essential to Darwin’s argument in The Origin of Species, yet there are major discontinuities in the history of life. The origin of life itself, the origin of eukaryotes, complex multicellularity, and all the other major transitions are step changes during which nature made very big leaps indeed. The resolution of this apparent contradiction lies in how teams of cooperators are formed and then transformed at major transitions. Major transitions in evolution (MTEs) forged by cooperation explain three fundamental features of biological organization: hierarchy, complexity, and emergence. The hierarchy is the nested family of matryoshka, each hierarchical level represented by a doll and one of the parts of this book: genes inside cells, cells inside individuals, individuals within groups. An increase in complexity of the individual arises from successive MTEs. Emergence is a property of a system, found when its parts interact with one another in a way that produces a result greater than the sum of the parts. Emergent phenomena are common at all levels of biological organization. To return to the apparent paradox that selfish genes make social beings: this is ultimately resolved by the fact that the social rules of how we behave towards one another are emergent, as is our freedom to choose how we behave.
Whence Fortran?
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

A description of the history and development of the Fortran language, and on conformance to its standards.
Allocation of data
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

The means by which allocatable and pointer objects and subobjects can be dynamically allocated and deallocated are described. The transfer of allocated storage is also considered. The advantages and disadvantages of allocatable objects over pointer objects are explained.
Specification statements
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

All the means whereby variables are specified with a name, type, attributes and, possibly, initial values are fully described. The specification of named constants is similarly described. The rules for expressions that may appear in specification statements are listed. The methods used to access entities in modules and control that access are described. The block construct is introduced. Structure constructors for objects of derived type are explained.
Edit descriptors
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

Formatted data transferred to or from an external medium require the exact formatting of the data to be specified. All aspects of how this may be achieved are fully described in this chapter. The various types of data edit and control descriptors are listed, together ways to control file connection modes, and to manage the formatting of entities of a derived-data type.
Operations on external files
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

The means whereby an external file can be positioned or flushed are described, followed by full instructions on how to open or close a file, specifying as necessary any properties that are required. It is possible to inquire about these properties, and how this may be done is also described.
Object-oriented programming
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

The object-oriented approach to programming and design is characterized by its focus on the data structures of a program rather than the procedures. Often, invoking a procedure with a data object as its principal argument is thought of as ‘sending a message’ to the object. Typically, special language support is available for collecting these procedures (sometimes known as ‘methods’) together with the definition of the type of the object. This approach is supported in Fortran by type extension, polymorphic variables, the associate and select type constructs, type-bound procedures, abstract types, and finalization.
Conceptual paradoxes in vice and mental disorder
Authors: Sadler John Z.
Published: March 2024

This third chapter from Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis opens with a philosophical review of the structure and limitations of contemporary diagnostic classifications for mental disorders, namely the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and International Classification of Diseases classifications. Having presented these basics, the chapter then considers the examples of vice-laden mental disorder categories described in Chapter 2 and considers the conceptual reasons why ‘vice-laden behavioral syndromes’ in general have not been considered consistently as candidates for classification as mental disorders proper. The DSM is described as embodying a default cultural morality, and the chapter explores this iconography using several cultural tropes: the virtue/vice subtext of the DSMs, the perspective of ‘common morality’, the critique of the DSMs from the positive psychology field, and the ‘seven deadly sins’ of Roman Catholic moral theology. Vice-laden syndromes are also considered as reflecting problematic conceptual and criteria-set issues. The chapter concludes with a review of how vice-laden categories are handled in the mental health literature, considering a ‘coincidental’ account, a ‘medicalization’ account, ‘moralization’ account, and a ‘mixed’ account.
Vice and mental illness—an ancient-to-modern iconography
Authors: Sadler John Z.
Published: March 2024

Chapter 4 of Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis is the first of two chapters providing a historical background for the vice/mental disorder relationship. After acknowledging the historiographic limitations of this portion of the book, the chapter sketches a parallel intellectual history of ideas about madness on the one hand, and morality, on the other. This dual history begins in prehistory with trephination and moves through the Enlightenment era to the early 1800’s birth of psychiatry. Along this path, madness and morality were sorted by the prevailing Western cultures of the time. Both concepts were framed primarily in spiritual, supernatural, or religious terms by the cultures of the early centuries, until the rise of Enlightenment science, which left the cultural dominance of science/medicine for illness, mental or physical, while Abrahamic religions, along with the developing Western common and criminal law, retained cultural dominance regarding immorality and the emerging concept of crime.
Building a moral-medical psychiatry
Authors: Sadler John Z.
Published: March 2024

This chapter from Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis picks up the thread from the parallel history of morality and madness from Chapter 4 and examines more closely the response of American colonists to madness and wrongful conduct, continuing through the development of US asylum doctors and Psychiatry proper, continuing on up to the turn of the twenty-first century. The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries witnessed the development of the concept of social deviance, addressing needy others which were, in various ways, unable or unwilling to conform to the standard social expectations of the time. These groups included ‘madpersons’, thieves, vagabonds, drifters, orphans, unwed mothers, and increasingly, as medical care developed, intellectually disabled people and demented elderly people. The needs posed by social deviance, amplified by industrialization and urbanization, led to social welfare programs in general, and asylums, psychopathic clinics, jails, prisons, jails, schools for delinquents, and constituting the diverse social welfare institutions familiar to us today. These institutions ultimately became funded primarily by governments, dependent upon the will of the polity for their successes and failures. The ambivalence of the public about social welfare institutions is described and applied to the contemporary issues of the vice/mental disorder relationship.
Forty theses: Conclusions, implications, and prescriptions
Authors: Sadler John Z.
Published: March 2024

This final chapter from Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis draws upon the conceptual insights and arguments described in Chapter 8 (and the rest of the book) to draw conclusions and recommendations for the mental health professions, for law and social policy, for the field of psychopathology, for particular Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders categories, for forensic/correctional mental health, and public education about crime and mental illness. These conclusions and recommendations are formulated as ‘40 theses’, and are discussed in some detail, though additional work for the future is acknowledged and promoted. The last section of the chapter anticipates counterarguments and concerns, formulated as ‘objections and responses’, and these concerns center on changing minds, stigma, preventive detention, narratives, and blame, as well as other potential impacts of the work, the folk-metaphysical assumption concept, and the perception of an antireligion stance.
Der gute, billige Gegenstand
Authors: Jackson-Beckett Michelle
Published: March 2024

This chapter focuses on the final years of Red Vienna’s progressive politics and housing program, especially the exhibition activities of the Austrian Werkbund and BEST, the non-profit design consultancy of the Österreichischer Verband für Wohnungsreform (Austrian Association for Housing Reform). The chapter analyzes how the Austrian Werkbund’s exhibitions, Der gute, billige Gegenstand (The Good, Inexpensive Object, 1931–1932) and the Wiener Werkbundsieldung (1932) emphasized low-cost, high-comfort design and spatial flexibility through thoughtful (rather than rampant) consumerism. The chapter argues that the same elements intended to bolster progressive values in these exhibitions––cultural and historical continuity, ornament, sentimentality––were also political devices used as reactionary propaganda by the right-wing New Austrian Werkbund by 1934 to support a conservative view of Austrian nationalism through craft.
Inter-Colonial Illusions
Authors: Moore Dashiell
Published: March 2024

If Australia and the Caribbean are discussed in the same conversation, it is likely that the two regions will be framed as Commonwealth bookends: the ‘First and Last of the New Worlds’. The bookend metaphor belies inter-colonial immigration and exchange between the two regions, as captured in numerous historical studies (McMahon 2016). This chapter extrapolates these studies of immigrant reinvention to analyse how this aesthetic of reinvention informs the travel of literary theories and texts from the Caribbean to Australia (and vice versa). It demonstrates that Aboriginal and Caribbean writers appropriate this discursive network of association and stereotype in order to establish new terms of relation and articulate new understandings of what it means to coexist, create community, work in solidarity, and negotiate a simulated image.
Indigenization and Post-Independence Caribbean Literature
Authors: Moore Dashiell
Published: March 2024

Aboriginal Australian and Caribbean literary encounters highlight in Caribbean literature a collective turn towards Creole Indigenization after much of the Caribbean region celebrated their independence from a colonial power. Indigenization is often obscured by the dominant studies of creolization, syncretism, and hybridity. Barbadian poet and historian Kamau Brathwaite defines Indigenization as a form of cultural and aesthetic autonomy that takes after the example of the creative resistance of Afro-Caribbean peasantry to the plantation system (‘Timehri’ 44). Indigenization characterizes a complex interplay between literary self-authorship, the legacies of colonial genocide and plantation slavery, and the ethnological and nationalist politics surrounding the ancestral past. This chapter examines this entanglement through changing representations of the concept from the beginnings of formal decolonization in 1962 to the end of the twentieth century as it passes from pursuit into entanglement, rupture, disavowal, and finally ironic repetition. It refers to works by Brathwaite, Édouard Glissant, Wilson Harris, Sylvia Wynter, and Erna Brodber. The chapter also demonstrates that these writers define Indigenisation against the example of Indigenous peoples in Oceania, joining what Quito Swan calls a ‘global black freedom tradition of struggle, power, and self-determination’ (Pauulu’s Diaspora 6).
Conclusion
Authors: Moore Dashiell
Published: March 2024

This conclusion reflects on the implications of considering Aboriginal and Caribbean literary encounters for the study of world literature, a field institutionally defined by logics of exchange and circulation (Damrosch 2001). Drawing on the world figures generated by Aboriginal and Caribbean literary encounters (the world archipelago and the ancient library), the chapter argues that all world frameworks reckon with perspectival limits and scales conditioned by geographical, imaginative, institutional, and cultural forces. The world archipelago and the ancient library contextualize an alternative picture than that institutionally enshrined, so as to differentiate the epistemological and cultural principles used to write, read, interpret, and navigate a literary world.
Complicated Grief and Mourning
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

Complicated grief has many forms, but at the root is the inability to fully realize the loss and its permanence. The mourner may deny or avoid aspects of the pain or attempt to hold on to and avoid relinquishing the tie to the deceased. Complicated grief is different than depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, but has many overlapping symptoms. Complicated grief can take on many forms, including chronic grief reactions, delayed grief reactions, exaggerated reactions, and masked grief reactions. Clues that a client is suffering from complicated grief are discussed. Complicated grief may contain both traumatic distress and separation distress. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy can treat both traumatic distress and separation distress.
Models of Grief
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

Continuing Bonds theory emphasizes the attachment to the deceased loved continues after the death. With Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy, the trauma of the loss is reprocessed facilitating the linking in of adaptive information. Commonly the adaptive information is the emergence of heartfelt, meaningful memories. These memories form an adaptive inner representation, giving the mourner a sense of connection to the deceased. This continuing bond facilitates adaptation to life after the loss. However, negative memories are also part of the continuing bond, which can complicate the mourning process. These memories need to be identified and reprocessed to promote healthy mourning and adaptive overall functioning.
EMDR Therapy Integrative Treatment Model for Grief and Mourning
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

An overall model for eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment of grief and mourning is presented. Once the client meets criteria for processing, targets include the most distressing memories (e.g., the moment of shock or realization, hospital or funeral scenes), intrusive symptoms (e.g., nightmares, flashbacks), memories that pertain to secondary loss, and other memories that pertinent to deceased (e.g., negative memories). Present triggers need to be reprocessed, with a future template provided for each trigger. If processing is blocked, then past trauma, losses, or attachment-based memories that underlie present difficulties should be identified and targeted. Other theoretical frameworks (i.e., Attachment Theory, Continuing Bonds, Dual Process model, and “R” processes) can guide case conceptualization and target selection.
Three-Pronged Protocol
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

The ‘R’ processes—(1) recognize the loss, (2) react to the separation, (3) recollect and re-experience the deceased and the relationship, (4) relinquish the old attachments to the deceased and the old assumptive world, (5) readjust to move adaptively into the new world without forgetting the old, and (6) reinvest—provide a direction for a clinician to understand and guide the client through the mourning process and can be facilitated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy. This framework describes the processes that are important for adaptation to the loss. Stuck points can be reprocessed to enable the transition to the new world without forgetting the old (the fifth ‘R’ process).
Phase 1
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

History-taking should include information on the circumstances, personal impact on the client, reactions to the death, manifestation of grief in daily life, changes since the death, dealing with bereavement-specific issues, oscillation between restoration orientation and loss orientation, reactions of others, and the ability to regulate affect and maintain dual awareness. History-taking should also include identifying past trauma and losses, relationships with close attachment figures, and psychological problems before the loss. Present triggers and future goals or templates for adaptive functioning also need to be identified. Case conceptualization and treatment planning include (1) identifying present problems, symptoms, and issues; (2) clinical themes; (3) adaptive memory networks; (4) constructing a case conceptualization that guides treatment; and (5) treatment planning that maps out stabilization needs and memories to be reprocessed and their sequencing, based on readiness, need for symptom relief, time constraints, and current life challenges.
Introduction to Reprocessing Phases
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy memory reprocessing should start when the client meets readiness criteria. However, in the immediate aftermath of a traumatic event, including a death, recent event protocols can be used for symptom relief. Clinicians should always take a history and assess for dissociation and readiness for reprocessing to avoid any undue upset. Stabilization or psychological first aid is appropriate if clients are showing dissociative symptoms, numbness, or denial. Further, when doing memory reprocessing, starting with a specific memory offers structure and containment. Reprocessing a loss-related memory can be very intense, consequently, making sure to have sufficient time (90–120 minutes) is important.
Phases 5–8
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

This chapter covers the installation, body scan, closure, and re-evaluation phases. The installation phase enhances resilience, providing an adaptive perspective on the past memory. The closure phase ensures the client is stabilized at the end of the session, knows that other emotional material may arise in between sessions, and has strategies to deal with what arises. The body scan is a final check to evaluate if the memory is fully processed. The re-evaluation phase, taking place the next session, assesses the client’s current psychological state, whether treatment effects have been maintained, and what has emerged since the previous session. This information guides the direction of treatment. An extra step is introduced: Enhancement of the adaptive inner representation. Positive memories can be elicited after the body scan and be enhanced with bilateral stimulation (BLS) to reinforce the adaptive inner representation, providing a positive sense of connection to the loved one, which aids adaptation to the loss.
FA Mann, His Correspondence, and This Book
Authors: Dannemann Gerhard , Allen Jason Grant
Published: March 2024

The chapter introduces FA Mann, the lawyer, and the wide range of his legacy in various fields of law, including public international law, private international law, commercial law, and law of arbitration. After providing biographical information on FA Mann, the chapter explains the provenance of his works and correspondence, on which this book is primarily based. The chapter also gives an overview of the structure of the book, setting out the contributions included in the three parts, which deal with biographical aspects of Mann, his influence on international law (public, private, and arbitration), and his influence on monetary law respectively.
El Aspecto Legal del Dinero
Authors: Buccella María Emilia , Lastra Rosa María , Allen Jason Grant
Published: March 2024

The Banco de México and the Fondo de Cultura Económica co-published a translation of FA Mann’s magnum opus, The Legal Aspect of Money, as El Aspecto Legal del Dinero in 1986. Using archival materials, this chapter examines what motivated this translation of a (largely, though not exclusively) common law text into Spanish in a Latin American country at this time, who was behind it, and how FA Mann was involved in the process. Beyond this, it contextualizes the translation against economic conditions prevailing in Latin America in the 1980s and briefly explores the impact the text has had in law and economics literature in the Latin American region, and in the Spanish-speaking world more broadly. Because of the role of Latin America in the history of the law of exchange controls and the law and management of sovereign debt, this background helps to understand the field of monetary law and Mann’s legacy in it.
A New and Unsolved Riddle in Monetary Law
Authors: Hofmann Christian
Published: March 2024

The chapter analyses the characteristics of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) in comparison with other forms of money. It displays the objectives and potential risks of CBDC in general terms before discussing their benefits for different types of financial markets. The focus is on the benefits CBDC could mean for the public by providing a safe base of value option. It argues that the introduction of CBDC would bring the monetary options more closely in line with Mann’s concept that strongly favoured the state theory of money and that was sceptical about the concept (and dominance) of commercial bank money.
Divided Power and Judicial Review
Authors: Esu Alberto
Published: March 2024

This chapter focuses on procedures of judicial review in the Greek world. It first contextualizes the analysis within the context of the existing scholarship about the role of the Athenian graphē paranomōn and its relation with the nature of the fourth-century Athenian democracy. The examination of the procedural design of graphē paranomōn demonstrates that the Athenian graphē paranomōn was understood and conceived to be a democratic form of judicial review which constituted one of the most prominent features of Athenian divided power and added an extra layer of institutional complexity to Athenian decree-making. The chapter argues that the graphē paranomōn was a counter-deliberative procedure in the Athenian deliberative system, which enforced the rule of law in decree-making through a strictly majoritarian and adversarial mechanism in opposition to the consensual decision-making of the council and the assembly. It follows an examination of the epigraphical evidence for judicial review procedure beyond Athens in the Hellenistic period which explores the implications of delegating such a task to courts of foreign judges.
Epilogue
Authors: Esu Alberto
Published: March 2024

The concluding chapter draws together the discussion about different forms of institutionalization of the notion of divided power as discussed in Chapters 2–6. It points out that among the three concepts of sovereignty (Souveränität, Staatsgewalt, and Herrschaft), only the former two (state personality and monopoly of coercion) can be found in the Greek world. The notion of Herrschaft indicating the final authority of a single institution, the one most frequently used when talking about Greek decision-making, is not applicable to the political systems of the Classical and Hellenistic Greek poleis. The chapter argues that the idea of divided power was widespread among different political regimes and is clearly identified in the working of the political institutions and procedures of decree-making. It also considers cases of breakdown of the system of divided power and the tension between normativity of institutions and social conflict. This final chapter reaffirms the methodological importance of studying political values and ideas from a unitary perspective which brings together institutional analysis and social and cultural approaches.
Introduction
Authors: Rees Wyn
Published: March 2024

Within the existing literature on the ‘Special Relationship’, the military dimension has been comparatively neglected. This chapter outlines the main arguments that are covered in the book. These include the unique nature of the bilateral military relationship and the challenge for the British armed services in sustaining it with such a powerful ally. The chapter contends that the theoretical framework of historical institutionalism aids understanding of the relationship. It proceeds to look at the ways in which the British military has incurred costs in its pursuit of ensuring a capacity to operate alongside the US. The chapter reviews the sources and methods used in the research and outlines the ensuing chapters.
A History of Anglo-American Military Relations 1945–1989
Authors: Rees Wyn
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides an historical overview of the period 1945–1989 in order to outline the key themes that will be analysed in the main chapters of the book. It looks at post-war British conventional and nuclear defence policies, and how these led to both cooperation and disagreement with the US. American hostility to the British Empire made it necessary to preserve independent capabilities whilst close cooperation within NATO resulted in Anglo-American unity of purpose. America’s initial opposition to Britain’s status as a nuclear power was transformed after 1958 when the US became the supplier of the British strategic nuclear deterrent.
High Intensity Conflict
Authors: Rees Wyn
Published: March 2024

British efforts to work with the US military post-Cold War have focused upon major war-fighting capabilities. These have been the most-demanding of tasks and have led the British to maintain forces for all sorts of contingencies. In order to be affordable, UK armed forces have adopted less technologically sophisticated solutions than those of the US. The ability of the UK to fight alongside the US has been tested in major conflicts against Iraq in 1990–1991 and 2003, as well as in Afghanistan. The challenge of being America’s partner of choice has placed a heavy burden upon the UK’s military.
THE NUCLEAR ATOM
Authors: Close Frank
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores the quantum uncertainty and unknown of the nucleus and its role as the engine of the stars. It elaborates on the theory behind quantum mechanics to further understand the stability of atoms and matter. Among its many implications, quantum mechanics dictates that an electron cannot go wherever it pleases in an atom, so electrons in atoms follow a fundamental regularity. The chapter explains the golden rule of quantum physics concerning higher and lower momentum or energy and the phenomenon of beta decay concerned with the charge of a nucleus changing by one unit. It looks into the consequences of nature seeking stability to reduce the energy in an unstable configuration.
QUARKS
Authors: Close Frank
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses quarks in line with the emergence of strangeness as a new form of charge. It explains how both electric and strange charges are quantised even if the amounts are limited. The mystery of the neutron’s magnetism is solved after identifying that quarks are composed of protons and neutrons. Moreover, a quark has a magnetic moment because it spins, quantum mechanics allowing the resulting magnetic moment to be oriented in one of two directions relative to the lines of force in an applied magnetic field. The chapter explains that all fundamental particles are classified as either bosons or fermions.
A QUARK’S COLOURFUL WORLD
Authors: Close Frank
Published: March 2024

This chapter elaborates on the interplay between electric charges and colour charges. Quarks carry a positive colour charge by convention, while on the other hand, antiquarks carry a negative colour charge. The key difference between electric charge and colour charge is that the initial is the source of electric and magnetic forces while the latter comes in three distinct varieties: red (R), blue (B), and green (G). The chapter explains the rule of chromostatics before introducing the key concepts surrounding quantum chromodynamics and femto-universe. It also looks into the manifestation of the electron in line with the spin acting on the quarks’ colour change and chromo-magnetic moment.
Policy Framework for Women’s Economic Empowerment: What is Amiss?
Authors: Mitra Sona
Published: March 2024

The paper is an assessment of the policies of the government of India addressing the issue of women’s economic empowerment and gender equality. The paper highlights the systemic issues related to women’s inclusion in the policy framework, focusing on women and the labour market. In the process it briefly explores the barriers faced by women in accessing labour markets and critically examines the current government programmes aiming to lower these barriers. The arguments locate the fault-lines of the policies that rarely take into account the social and patriarchal constructs and hence impact the overall designs and financing strategies. The paper extensively uses government documents, secondary resources, and databases provided by the government in support of the arguments made.