bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lateral alveolar ridge augmentation using an equine‐derived collagen‐containing bone block: A prospective case series
Authors: Parvini Puria , Mihatovic Ilja , Sahin Didem , Becker Jürgen , Schwarz Frank
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To assess the clinical performance of an equine‐derived collagen‐containing bone block (CXBB) for lateral alveolar ridge augmentation and staged implant placement.

Material and Methods

A total ofn = 16 patients (16 implants) had received a modified surgical protocol for lateral ridge augmentation using a size‐adapted rigidly fixed CXBB and contour augmentation. After 26 weeks of submerged healing, the primary endpoint was defined as the final ridge width (RW26) sufficient to place an adequately dimensioned titanium implant at the respective sites. Secondary outcomes included the gain in ridge width (RWg) and the need for secondary grafting. Clinical outcomes (bleeding on probing—BOP, probing depth—PD, and mucosal recession—MR) were assessed at implant loading and after a median observation period of 12.3 months.

Results

In all patients (n = 16) investigated, RW26 allowed for a successful placement of an adequately dimensioned titanium implant at respective sites exhibiting mean RWg values of 5.09 ± 1.07 mm. A soft tissue dehiscence was noted in one patient (6.3%), and a secondary grafting was needed in two patients (12.5%) The changes in mean BOP, PD, and MR values at V9 amounted to 10.23 ± 30.11%, 0.14 ± 0.80 mm, and −0.01 ± 0.04 mm, respectively.

Conclusions

CXBB may represent a feasible approach for lateral alveolar ridge augmentation and two‐stage implant placement.
Agrypnia excitata as the main feature in anti‐leucine‐rich glioma‐inactivated 1 encephalitis: a detailed clinical and polysomnographic semiological analysis
Authors: Piffer Silvio , Cantalupo Gaetano , Filipponi Stefania , Poretto Valentina , Pellegrini Maria , Tanel Raffaella , Buganza Manuela , Giometto Bruno
Published: October 2021

Background and purpose

The core manifestations of leucine‐rich glioma‐inactivated 1 (LGI1) autoantibody‐mediated encephalitis are limbic encephalitis and faciobrachial dystonic seizures. Agrypnia excitata (AE) is a rare syndrome characterized by sleep–wake cycle disruption, autonomic hyperactivation and episodes of oneiric stupor. Only a few diseases are known to present with AE. An autoimmune etiology must be considered when accompanied by neuromyotonia. A case of anti‐LGI1 encephalitis presenting with AE is reported.

Methods

Detailed clinical, video‐polysomnographic, laboratory, radiological and long‐term follow‐up assessments were performed.

Results

A previously healthy 58‐year‐old man was referred for a rapidly progressive change in mental status, characterized by persistent drowsiness and confusion, accompanied by frequent episodes of unconscious gestures ranging from simple stereotyped movements to more complex actions mimicking various daily activities. Other symptoms included tachycardia, hyperhidrosis, mild hyponatremia, rare faciobrachial dystonic seizures, and a single generalized tonic–clonic seizure, but no neuromyotonia. Prolonged video‐polysomnography excluded epileptic activity and showed continuous monomorphic slowing of background activity not consistent with a regular wakefulness or sleep state. A brain magnetic resonance imaging scan was unremarkable. Brain fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography revealed hypermetabolism of the hippocampi, amygdala and basal ganglia. Anti‐LGI1 antibodies were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid. The sleep disorder resolved progressively after starting immunotherapy.

Conclusions

Agrypnia excitata can be a dominant, treatable manifestation of anti‐LGI1 encephalitis. Oneiric stupor episodes are a useful clinical feature for establishing diagnostic suspicion and could provide a window to understanding the mechanisms behind some movement disorders in autoimmune encephalitis.
Accommodating platform work as a new form of work in Dutch social security law: New work, same rules?
Authors: Montebovi Saskia
Published: October 2021

In the Netherlands, the social security rights of platform workers have still not been formally defined. At present, the level of social security protection accorded to all workers is derived directly from the labour law qualification. In the continuing absence in the Netherlands of specific legislation for platform workers, specifically as regards labour law and social security law, the existing legislation is steering. This means that the platform worker is either included using the status of employee with the corresponding extensive protection package, or the status of self‐employed with limited social protection. For the majority of platform workers, this second option is applied to date. Nevertheless, recent developments point to possible improvements in the social security position of platform workers in the Netherlands.
Metabolic network is related to surgical outcome in temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis: A brain FDG‐PET study
Authors: Cho Kyoo Ho , Park Kang Min , Lee Ho‐Joon , Cho Hojin , Lee Dong Ah , Heo Kyoung , Kim Sung Eun
Published: October 2021

Background and Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate differences in metabolic networks based on preoperative fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)‐positron emission tomography (PET) in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) between patients with complete seizure‐free (SF) and those with noncomplete seizure‐free (non‐SF) after anterior temporal lobectomy.

Methods

This study was retrospectively performed at a tertiary hospital. We recruited pathologically confirmed 75 TLE patients with HS who underwent preoperative FDG‐PET. All patients underwent a standard anterior temporal lobectomy. The surgical outcome was evaluated at least 12 months after surgery, and we divided the subjects into patients with SF (International League Against Epilepsy [ILAE] class I) and those with non‐SF (ILAE class II‐VI). We evaluated the metabolic network using graph theoretical analysis based on FDG‐PET. We investigated the differences in network measures between the two groups.

Results

Of the 75 TLE patients with HS, 32 patients (42.6%) had SF, whereas 43 patients (57.3%) had non‐SF. There were significant differences in global metabolic networks according to surgical outcomes. The patients with SF had a lower assortative coefficient than those with non‐SF (–0.020 vs. –0.009, p = .044). We also found widespread regional differences in local metabolic networks according to surgical outcomes.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates significant differences in preoperative metabolic networks based on FDG‐PET in TLE patients with HS according to surgical outcomes. This work introduces a metabolic network based on FDG‐PET and can be used as a potential tool for predicting surgical outcome in TLE patients with HS.
Comparison of biochemical response during antiviral treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection
Authors: Kim Si Ho , Cho Eun Ju , Jang Boo‐ok , Lee Kyunghan , Choi Jae Kyun , Choi Gwang Hyeon , Lee Jeong‐Hoon , Yu Su Jong , Kim Yoon Jun , Lee Yun Bin , Yoon Jeong‐Hwan , Kim Jin‐Wook , Jeong Sook‐Hyang , Jang Eun Sun
Published: October 2021

Background & Aims

This multicenter cohort study aimed to compare the real‐world biochemical response rates during tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and entecavir (ETV) treatment in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection patients.

Methods

Overall, 1282 treatment‐naïve patients with CHB who commenced TAF (n = 270), TDF (n = 617), or ETV (n = 395) were analysed for biochemical response rates during the antiviral treatment using a time‐dependent Cox proportional hazard model after the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW).

Results

Patients treated with ETV were older (55.1 ± 11.5 years) than TAF or TDF (P < .0001). ETV was more frequently prescribed to patients with diabetes mellitus (DM, P = .003), hypertension (P < .0001), chronic kidney disease (P < .0001), and negative e‐antigen (P < .0001). Cumulative biochemical response rate was independently lower in patients with radiologic fatty liver (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.61‐0.94) and obese patients without DM (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.68‐0.98) according to multivariable Cox analyses based on time‐dependent variables after IPTW for age, sex, liver cirrhosis, baseline e‐antigen, ALT, and HBV DNA levels. ETV treated patients (HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.13‐1.68) showed higher biochemical response rates compared with TAF‐ or TDF‐treated patients after adjusting for similar parameters.

Conclusions

In real‐world practice, ETV was preferable for older, hepatitis B e‐antigen negative patients with underlying comorbidities. Biochemical responses in patients treated with ETV, TAF, and TDF were significantly affected by metabolic factors such as fatty liver, obesity, and DM. However, the mechanism behind the higher biochemical response rate in patients treated with ETV should be investigated further.
Infrared Experimental Investigations of the Effects of Direct Water Injection in an Optical Engine
Authors: Farhat Amer , Kim Taewon , Lai Ming-Chia , Jansons Marcis , Yu Xin
Published: October 2021

The effects of water injection (WI) on combustion characteristics were investigated in an optically accessible light-duty engine retrofitted with a side-mounted water injector. The main objective was to study the effect of water injection on autoignition and subsequent combustion process in compression ignition (CI) engines. Numerical zero-dimensional simulations were first performed to separate the thermal from the kinetic effects of water on the ignition delay and maximum temperature reached by a reacting mixture. Then, experimental investigations were performed at different intake temperatures and levels of thermal stratification achieved via direct water injection. Combustion analysis was performed on cylinder pressure data to study the effect of water injection on the overall combustion process. Infrared (IR) imaging was performed to provide insight to how water injection and the resulting water distributions affect thermal stratification, autoignition, and combustion characteristics. A new method in quantifying the water distributions is suggested. The results show that the overall level of stratification is sensitive to water injection timing and pressure, where increased water injection pressures and advanced injection timings result in more homogenous distributions. Moreover, water injection was found to affect the location of ignition kernels and the local presence of water suppressed ignition. The level of water stratification was also observed to affect the combustion process, where more homogenous distributions lost their ability to influence ignition locations. Finally, the infrared images showed high levels of residual water left over from prior water-injected cycles, suggesting that hardware configurations and injection strategies must be optimized to avoid wall wetting for stable engine operation.
Effects of Active Preconditioning With Local and Systemic Hypoxia on Submaximal Cycling
Authors: Girard Olivier , Leuenberger Romain , Willis Sarah J. , Borrani Fabio , Millet Grégoire P.
Published: October 2021

Purpose: The authors compared the effects of active preconditioning with local and systemic hypoxia during submaximal cycling. Methods: On separate visits, 14 active participants completed 4 trials. Each visit was composed of 1 preconditioning phase followed, after 40 minutes of rest, by 3 × 6-minute cycling bouts (intensity = 85% of critical power; rest = 6 min). The preconditioning phase consisted of 4 × 5-minute cycling bouts at 1.5 W·kg−1 (rest = 5 min) in 4 conditions: control (no occlusion and normoxia), blood flow restriction (60% of total occlusion), HYP (systemic hypoxia; inspired fraction of oxygen = 13.6%), and blood flow restriction + HYP (local and systemic hypoxia combined). Results: During the preconditioning phase, there were main effects of both systemic (all P < .014) and local hypoxia (all P ≤ .001) on heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation, leg discomfort, difficulty of breathing, and blood lactate concentration. Cardiorespiratory variables, gross efficiency, energy cost, and energy expenditure during the last minute of 6-minute cycling bouts did not differ between conditions (all P > .105). Conclusion: Local and systemic hypoxic stimuli, or a combination of both, during active preconditioning did not improve physiological responses such as cycling efficiency during subsequent submaximal cycling.
Correction: Analysis of Dose-Response in Relation to Mechanism of Pulmonary Tumor Induction in Mice
Authors: Heston W. E.
Published: October 2021

In the short paper by Heston and Schneiderman that appeared on page 109, SCIENCE, January 30, there is an error at about the middle of column 2. The chemical name for the mustard oil should be "allyl iso-thiocyanate" and not "ethyl iso-thicyanate," as printed. This is our error.
Emphasis on Holotype (?)
Authors: Schopf James M.
Published: October 2021

The description of new species should not be confined to physical description of a holotype. One specimen cannot include all characters or be typical of any taxon. The holotype serves only a nomenclatural function and might also be termed the name-bearer (nomenifer) to avoid confusion of "type specimen" with "typical specimen."
Histochemical Distribution of Succinic Dehydrogenase in Bone and Cartilage
Authors: Schajowicz Fritz , Cabrini R. L.
Published: October 2021

Large amounts of succinic dehydrogenase have been demonstrated histochemically in osteoclasts and chondroclasts. The same enzyme was also found in the giant cell of giant cell tumors of bone. This distribution suggests a relation to bone and cartilage resorption.
Role of Enzyme Induction in Embryonic Development
Authors: Spiegel Melvin , Frankel David L.
Published: October 2021

Measurement of tryptophan pyrrolase activity in embryos of
Rana pipiens
did not reveal significant amounts of constitutive enzyme. All attempts to induce enzyme formation in embryos by culture in tryptophan solution or in ovarian eggs by injection of tryptophan into the mature female were negative.
Chemical Nature of Antheridogen-A, a Specific Inducer of the Male Sex Organ in Certain Fern Species
Authors: Pringle Ross B.
Published: October 2021

Antheridogen-A has been shown to be a complex carboxylic acid. The carboxyl function is necessary for inductor activity since this activity disappears on esterification and reappears after hydrolysis of the ester.
Maintenance of Avoidance Behavior under Temporally Defined Contingencies
Authors: Hurwitz H. M. B. , Millenson J. R.
Published: October 2021

Operant behavior of rats was maintained at moderate frequencies by a temporally defined shock avoidance schedule. Progressive reductions in one of the temporal parameters of this schedule—the portion during which behavior may have consequences—yield an orderly response rate function which first rises to a maximum and then declines gradually to extinction.
Painless Killing of Crabs and Other Large Crustaceans
Authors: Gunter Gordon
Published: October 2021

Large crustaceans used for food are customarily scalded to death. This is unnecessary torture, for it can be avoided easily. It is possible to kill the animals quickly, without pain, by placing them in cool fresh water and raising the temperature steadily to about 40°C.
Stereotypy and Intermittent Reinforcement
Authors: Herrnstein R. J.
Published: October 2021

Three pigeons were trained to peck at a horizontally oriented rubber strip 10 in. long. The spatial distribution of responding along this strip is found to be nonrandom when every peck is reinforced with food. The degree of nonrandomness increases markedly when the pecking is intermittently reinforced.
Simple Method of Harvesting
Limnoria
from Nature
Authors: Johnson Frank H. , Ray Dixy Lee
Published: October 2021

Outward diffusion of salt from a concentrated solution placed in a centrally bored, cylindrical hole causes
Limnoria
to collect at the surface of infested wood.
Histoplasma capsulatum
Recovered from Bat Tissues
Authors: Shacklette Martha H. , Diercks Fred H. , Gale Nathan B.
Published: October 2021

Histoplasma capsulatum
was recovered from the liver and spleen tissues of a species of predominantly insectivorous bats as well as from soil collected in a man-made harborage at Madden Air Field in the Republic of Panama.
Occurrence of a Porphyrin Pigment in Streptomycetes
Authors: Musilek Vladimir
Published: October 2021

The formation of an intramycelial red pigment of coproporphyrin type in submerged cultures of
Streptomyces griseus
and
S. fradiae
was detected. Its production is more intensive in the variants of
S. griseus
Z38 that give a low yield of streptomycin, and in the absence of Fe
++
in fermentation media.
Male Sexual Behavior Induced by Intracranial Electrical Stimulation
Authors: Vaughan Eva , Fisher Alan E.
Published: October 2021

Electrical brain stimulation in the anterior dorsolateral hypothalamus produced a marked increase in sexual capacity in some male rats. Several measures of sexual behavior, including the length of the postejaculatory refractory period, were significantly affected.
A Gene in
Drosophila
That Produces a New Chromosomal Banding Pattern
Authors: Levine Louis , Van Valen Leigh
Published: October 2021

A change in the banding pattern of the distal end of the third chromosome in
Drosophila pseudoobscura
has been found. It appears to be produced by homozygosis for a recessive gene, which is called "salivary" (sal) in this report.
Hepatomas in Rainbow Trout: Descriptive and Experimental Epidemiology
Authors: Wolf Harold , Jackson E. W.
Published: October 2021

Four ingredients of a dry diet, Santa Monica, and a special food supplement, were tested for their effects on the occurrence of hepatomas in
Salmo gairdnerii
. When cottonseed meal was omitted from the diet, no hepatomas developed in the experimental fish. When the same diet with its usual cottonseed meal component was fed, 48 percent of the fish developed hepatomas.
Uranyl Ion Coordination
Authors: Edwards John O. , Stritar Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2021

With a noncomplexing anion such as perchlorate ion, the uranyl ion coordinates to five monodentate oxygen ligands. The relation of this observation to the work of Evans is discussed.
Polonium-210 in Leaf Tobacco from Four Countries
Authors: Gregory L. P.
Published: October 2021

Tobaccos grown in the United States, Rhodesia, South Africa, and New Zealand, have been measured for their polonium-210 content. Details of the method of measurement are given and the results are listed. A mean of 0.15 picocurie per gram has been found in New Zealand tobacco, compared with 0.49 picocurie per gram in United States tobacco. The concentration in South African tobacco was approximately the same as in United States tobacco, but the level in Rhodesian tobacco appeared to be significantly higher.
Evoked Potential in Relation to Subsequent Alpha Frequency
Authors: Levonian Edward
Published: October 2021

A series of 24 visually evoked potentials was obtained from a normal human subject under a set of unvarying experimental conditions. The 24 trials were ordered according to the alpha frequency subsequent to presentation of the stimulus. The evoked potentials from the 12 higher- and 12 lower-frequency trials were averaged separately. These two average curves differed significantly at each of the six nodal points.
Reaggregation of Insect Cells as Studied by a New Method of Tissue and Organ Culture
Authors: Walters David R. , Williams Carroll M.
Published: October 2021

Cells of the dissociated pupal fat of saturniid moths reaggregated when maintained in vitro in a new type of chamber that permits the culture to "respire" through a film of polyethylene. The fat-body cells are mutually cohesive, but depend on ameboid hemocytes to bring them together. The hemocytes are also capable of causing the reaggregation of particles of diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex.
Pyruvate Inhibition of Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity in Human Tissue Extracts
Authors: Latner A. L. , Siddiqui S. A. , Skillen A. W.
Published: October 2021

Pyruvate inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase activity of crude human tissue extracts has been studied at both 25° and 37°C. The lactate dehydrogenase activity of tissues containing predominantly the slower moving isoenzymes is inhibited significantly less than that of other tissues. These findings are not in accordance with some recently reported.
1,2-Propanediol-2-Phosphate in
Ascaris lumbricoides
Authors: Kubištovà J. , Seth D.
Published: October 2021

No phosphagen is present in the body-wall muscle of
Ascaris lumbricoides
. A stable phosphorus compound, which on the basis of its chemical reactions seems to be 1,2-propanediol-2-phosphate, constitutes more than half of the acid-soluble phosphorus compounds.
Ion Pairing of Magnesium Sulfate in Seawater: Determined by Ultrasonic Absorption
Authors: Fisher F. H.
Published: October 2021

Data from ultrasonic absorption in synthetic and natural seawater can be used to calculate pairing of magnesium and sulfate ions in seawater. Calculation under the assumption that data from ion pairing in single salt solution can be applied to seawater solution results in a value of 9.2 percent for the amount of magnesium paired with sulfate and 17.5 percent for sulfate paired with magnesium.
Elastase: Production by Ringworm Fungi
Authors: Rippon John W.
Published: October 2021

Isolants of nine species of
Trichophyton
, one of
Epidermophyton
, and four of
Microsporum
were assayed for elastase activity. The species or isolants with elastase activity were obtained from patients with inflammatory ringworm infection. In
Nannizzia fulva
(
M. fulvum
) plus-mating-type strains were elastase-positive and minus-mating-type strains elastase-negative. A genetic study of mating type and elastase activity indicated a monogenic basis for both mating type and elastase activity.
College Math for 11-Years-Olds
Authors: Lehman Eugene H.
Published: October 2021

In my letter, "College math for 11-year-olds" (28 July), I stated that "it was apparent after a while that parabolas and hyperbolas could sometimes fall into circles and ellipses or vice versa." This is not true! Under any nonsingular linear transformation parabolas become parabolas, hyperbolas become hyperbolas, and ellipses become ellipses (or circles).
Radiocarbon Content of Marine Shells from the Pacific Coasts of Central and South America
Authors: Taylor R. E. , Berger Rainer
Published: October 2021

The radiocarbon content of contemporary pre-bomb marine shells from the region of upwelling of the Pacific coast of South America has been determined and found to be somewhat similar to the content of shells from the coast of California and the west coast of Mexico. Deviations of up to -8.5 percent with reference to the contemporary biospheric carbon-14 standard have been observed for the Peruvian coast. Values of from -0.35 to -4.04 percent have been obtained for marine shells from the Galápagos group. Problems associated with radiocarbon dates based on shells are discussed.
Scientific Uses of Pulsars
Authors: Counselman Charles C. , Shapiro Irwin I.
Published: October 2021

The recently discovered celestial sources of pulsed radio energy can be used to test general relativity, to study the solar corona, and to determine the earth's orbit and ephemeris time. The vector positions and transverse velocities of pulsars can be measured with radio interferometers; in combination with pulse-arrival-time data, the distance determination will yield the average interstellar electron density.
Contraceptive Properties of
Stevia rebaudiana
Authors: Planas Gladys Mazzei , Kuć Joseph
Published: October 2021

A water decoction of the plant
Stevia rebaudiana
Bertoni reduces fertility in adult female rats of proven fertility. The decoction continues to decrease fertility for at least 50 to 60 days after intake is stopped. The decoction did not affect appetite and apparently did not affect the health of adults rats.
Erratum: Dallas: Larger Education Role Proposed for Research Center
Authors: Carter Luther J.
Published: October 2021

In "Dallas: Larger education role proposed for research center" (13 Dec. 1968, p. 1252) it was stated erroneously that Texas Woman's University (TWU) at Denton, Texas, was a former state teachers college and that it was not, in the late 1950's, offering Ph.D. programs in science. TWU is, In fact, a former liberal arts college; Ph.D.'s in several technical disciplines, such as nutrition and textile technology, were conferred as early as 1953 and 1954.
Thrombin-Induced Release of Calcium from Blood Platelets
Authors: Mürer E. H.
Published: October 2021

Washed blood platelets, suspended in buffered saline, release most of their calcium to the surrounding medium when they are incubated with thrombin at 37°C. The release is inhibited when energy metabolism is blocked.
Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Maize: Genetic Basis for Isozymes
Authors: Scandalios John G.
Published: October 2021

There are two distinct electrophoretic forms of alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol: NAD oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.1.1.1) in each of several inbred strains of maize examined. Electrophoretic variants of each form are under genetic control. Recombinants recovered from crosses involving the variant isozymes suggest that the two isozymes are under the control of two distinct but closely linked loci.
Correction
Authors: Wade Nicholas
Published: October 2021

An article in the 18 August issue of
Science
stated that, in his 1960 congressional testimony relating to the use of diethylstilbestrol, Thomas P. Carney, the then vice president for research at Eli Lilly, ignored the fact that human cancers may have a long latency period. This is incorrect, in that Carney's testimony cited a history of the use of DES extending over more than 20 years.

The same article stated that the chairman of the Food Protection Committee of the National Academy of Sciences is William J. Darby. Dr. Darby resigned as chairman in July 1971. The present chairman is Lloyd J. Filer of the University of Iowa College of Medicine. These errors are regretted.
Correction:
The Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. The Twenty-third Annual Report, for the year 1894
Authors: Smith Eugene A.
Published: October 2021

IN the review of the Twenty-third Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Minnesota, etc., in SCIENCE of July 5, p. 23, first column, near top, the Keewatin rocks are referred to the Upper Algonkian, of the U. S. Geological Survey, whereas they should have been referred to the Lower division.
Bolometric Investigations; a Correction
Authors: Hallock William
Published: October 2021

Prof. Joseph Le Conte has kindly called my attention to an error in the above article. On page 175, 7 lines from the bottom of first column, it should read million instead of thousand, and after line 5 insert million, that is, the limits are four hundred million million and seven hundred million million times per second. The error was made in transcribing the original manuscript and was not caught in my proof reading.
Corrections
Authors: Richardson Jane , Richardson David
Published: October 2021

In our report "Amino acid preferences for specific locations at the ends of α helices" (17 June 1988, p. 1648), the statement in the introduction that "Position-specific preferences have not been compiled for helices or β strands" is not correct. We have since been made aware of a paper by P. Argos and J. Palau [
Int. J. Pep. Protein Res.
19, 380 (1982)] which did precisely that. Many of the same trends were observed for helical amino acid preferences.

Also, the reference in the first paragraph of page 1649 to "definitions from (
9
)" should have read "definitions from (
13
)."
Correction: Incorrect References
Authors: Dalva Matthew B. , Katz Lawrence C.
Published: October 2021

In our report "Rearrangements of synaptic connections in visual cortex revealed by laser photostimulation" (8 July, p. 255), two errors were made in citing papers from the group of T. Tsumoto.

The first error is in reference 6 on page 258 [Y. Hata, T. Tsumoto, H. Sato, K. Hagihara, H. Tamura,
J. Neurophysiol.
69, 40 (1993)], which was described as being published in
Neurophysiology (USSR)
. This error seems to have occurred when we left the "
J.
" out of the citation, resulting in a change to "Neurophysiology (USSR)."

The second error is in reference 17 on page 258. Here the reference that we meant to give was "T. Tsumoto, K. Hagihara, H. Sato, Y. Hata,
Nature
327, 513 (1987)."
All Aboard the Space Station
Authors: Balter Michael
Published: October 2021

Toulouse, France—Europe's space ministers have cobbled together a set of agreements for funding Europe's $3.5 billion share of the International Space Station. A big loser in the wheelingand dealing is Europe's thriving space science program: It will be cut by up to 15% in real terms over the next 5 years.
New Studies Trace the Impact of Tobacco Advertising
Authors: Nowak Rachel
Published: October 2021

A new study has correlated advertising campaigns with increases in smoking in target groups. And a second suggests that advertising is more important than peer pressure in increasing the risks that adolescents will start smoking. Experts asked by
Science
to critique the studies gave them a mixed, but mostly positive, review. A sidebar (
p. 573
) discusses attempts to block a study of the effects of tobacco-industry lobbying.
IL-12 Deaths: Explanation and a Puzzle
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: October 2021

Researchers investigating toxic reactions that killed two patients in a trial of interleukin-12 earlier this year have reached a surprising conclusion: The drug is highly toxic if it is given in multiple high doses, but those effects can be avoided if the multiple doses are preceded by a single dose followed by a rest period. The initial dose apparently imprints a memory on the immune system, but the mechanism is unclear.
Publicity Fears Cancel Gene Talk
Authors: Nowak Rachel
Published: October 2021

Minneapolis—A hot genetics paper was withdrawn at the last moment from a session at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Human Genetics, apparently after the author was informed by the editor of
Cell
, where the findings are in press, that publicity could jeopardize publication.
DOE Tritium Plan Burns Up Republicans
Authors: Lawler Andrew
Published: October 2021

House Republicans, backed by the nuclear industry, have harshly criticized the Energy Department's plan to study the feasibility of a research accelerator that could also generate tritium for nuclear weapons. Their preference is a new commercial reactor.
Public Spending Falls for First Time
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: October 2021

Tokyo—Research spending by the Japanese government fell last year for the first time in 41 years, although officials expect this year's total to be higher. Spending by the private sector also declined, for the third consecutive year.
Probe Takes a Fatal Plunge at Jupiter
Authors: Appenzeller Tim
Published: October 2021

The probe that the Galileo spacecraft dropped into the atmosphere of Jupiter didn't end its career after its transmissions stopped, an hour or so after entry. Instead, it descended into ever hotter layers. Researchers have calculated its step-by-step destruction until its last remnants vaporized at a depth of 1000 kilometers, after a 10-hour plunge.
Korea Plans New Tokamak Machine
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey , Normile Dennis
Published: October 2021

Korea announced plans to spend $300 million on an advanced superconducting tokamak machine as part of its effort to become a fusion leader. Physicists say the project will give Korea the expertise needed to join an even bigger program, the $10 billion International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, meant to demonstrate fusion as a commercial source of power. To realize its ambitions, Korea is seeking international funding and technical support. But with the U.S. fusion budget shrinking, scientists said at a meeting last week, advice may be all that Korea gets
The Royal Geographical Society
Authors: Wilder Burt G.
Published: October 2021

To the Editor of Science: In your publication, July 17, p. 71, of the Report of the Committee on Neuronymy which was adopted by the American Neurological Association June 5, 1896, occurs an error which is unaccountable, but for which I must be held responsible. After the word
epiphysis
comes the date 1895, as if indicating the adoption of that word by the Committee of the Anatomische Gesellschaft in that year. On the contrary, they prefer
corpus pineale
.
Diet and Body Fat
Authors: Mendel Lafayette B. , Anderson William E.
Published: October 2021

Rats first fed soybean oil and peanut oil diets, then subjected to the process of fat depletion through selective starvation, involving 23 to 27 per cent. loss in body weight, before being fed a "hardening" diet, yielded "harder" fats-fats of lower iodine number values-than the fats of rats which were not starved before being fed the carbohydrate-rich diet. In other words, through the process of starvation, the "soft" oily fat produced on diets containing soybean or peanut oils is very largely removed, thereby permitting the deposit of a "hard" fat. To obtain a fat of equal "hardness" from rats which were not subjected to the starvation treatment would have required a much longer period of feeding of the diet rich in starch than was found necessary with rats after first being starved.

The growth of recovery made by the rats of the starved lots was made on a low food intake. With the starved rats first fed peanut oil, the food intake of the carbohydrate-rich diet was less than with the non-starved group.
A Pilot Scheme for the Early Detection of Potential Hypertension and Cardiac Infarction
Authors: Topham Lawrence
Published: October 2021

A project aimed at the early detection of cardiovascular disease involving the screening of 2,000 naval recruits between 15^ and 16 years of age. Preliminary electrocardiographic findings are reported and a system of coding of retinal colour photographs is described.
The Conception of the Saccharine Disease an Outline
Authors: Cleave T. L.
Published: October 2021

The prevention and arrest of all manifestations of the saccharine disease lie in a mode of nutrition which embodies the pursuit of natural instincts in the consumption of natural foods. The repair of damage already sustained may, however, require further measures.
The Swedish Radio Medical Organization
Authors: Hansson L. , Johansson S. , Berglund G.
Published: October 2021

A short survey of medical consultations by radio from the Swedish merchant marine 1965-70. Trauma, burns, surgical cases and infections were responsible for 66 per cent of Radio-Medical consultations.
Experience Of the Coronary Care Unit at the Royal Naval Hospital, Haslar. October 1971 – December 1972
Authors: Ramsay L. E.
Published: October 2021

The coronary care unit at RNH Haslar is described, the management of patients outlined, and the results of treatment of 98 consecutive cases of acute myocardial infarction over a fifteen month period reported. As regards characteristics of the patients, extent and site of myocardial infarction, incidence of complications, mortality and causes of death, the results are generally comparable to those of large published series. The incidence of venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and supraventricular arrhythmias was perhaps higher than reported experience, and consequently some changes in management are suggested.

There is little hope in the foreseeable future of a substantial reduction in mortality from myocardial failure, complete heart block, or by preventing late sudden deaths. Effective treatment of ventricular fibrillation, and possibly its prevention, remain the cornerstones of coronary care, and undoubtedly reduce the hospital mortality of acute myocardial infarction. It is essential that a member of staff competent to defibrillate immediately is present in the unit at all times.

It is concluded that a purpose-built coronary care unit, sophisticated monitoring or alarm systems, and highly trained staff are not essential to provide effective coronary care.
An Old Soldier’s Wound
Authors: Victor Jones Bruce
Published: October 2021

Chronic osteomyelitis following gunshot wounds often appears to be incurable. The case described below shows that perseverance on the part of both surgeon and patient can eliminate a sinus even when it has been discharging for many years.
Respiratory Heat Loss and other Thermal Problems of Deep Diving
Authors: Hanson R. de G.
Published: October 2021

In deep diving, heat loss from the body is very great and the respiratory component increases enormously due to the physical properties of the oxy-helium breathing mixtures. Keeping the diver warm is not only a problem when he is in the water, but also when he is in the diving bell and, to a lesser extent, in the living quarters. These problems are discussed and it is shown that failure of the heating system could rapidly produce serious effects.
The Use and Abuse of Topical Corticosteroids
Authors: Catterall M. D.
Published: October 2021

A rationalised approach to topical corticosteroid therapy is presented. Factors which influence the choice of preparation are considered, based upon the concept of ’rank order ’, for both halogenated and non-halogenated steroids. Practical considerations, including choice of base, polythene occlusion and tachyphylaxis are discussed and local and systemic side effects considered in detail.
A Complication of Upper Third Molar Extraction – A Case Report
Authors: Hall T. J. C.
Published: October 2021

The apparently straightforward removal of an unerupted upper third molar was followed by anaesthesia of an area of the palate. An explanation of this unusual complication of extraction is offered and the relationship of the greater palatine nerve to the third molar is considered.
Blood Loss during Abdominal Hysterectomy
Authors: Lambert B. E. , Logan D. A. , Sharkey A.
Published: October 2021

The blood loss was calculated during 85 abdominal hysterectomies. It increased with the patient’s age and weight and the duration of surgery. The loss was least in those patients operated on in the second week after a menstrual period. Only 12 per cent of patients required a blood transfusion during operation.
Experimental and Statistical Investigation of Machinability of AISI D2 Steel Using Electroerosion Machining Method in Different Machining Parameters
Authors: Nas Engin , Özbek Onur , Bayraktar Furgan , Kara Fuat
Published: October 2021

This study investigated the effects of machining parameters on the experimental and statistical results using the electric discharge method in the machining of AISI D2 cold work tool steel. The design of the experiment was established using the Taguchi L18 method. The effect of the experiment parameters on the performance characteristics was analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). As a result of the study, it was determined that increasing amperage and pulse time affected the surface roughness and hole diameter on the surface of the material. The lowest values for surface roughness, machining time, hole diameter, and crater diameter were determined as 2.085 μm, 47 minutes, 12.010 mm, and 81.007 μm, respectively. The highest wear amount was obtained as 0.604 grams with the processed parameters in the ninth experiment. When the signal‐to‐noise ratios were examined, the optimum combinations of the control factors for surface roughness, hole diameter, crater diameter, wear amount, wear rate, and processing time were determined as A1B1C3, A1B1C3, A1B1C3, A1B3C1, A2B1C1, and A1B3C3, respectively. According to the ANOVA results, the most important parameters affecting the test results for surface roughness, hole diameter, crater diameter, wear amount, material wear loss, and processing time were determined as amperage (49.34%), time‐on (59.38%), amperage (55.65%), time‐on (56.92%), amperage (51.42%), and amperage (78.02%), respectively. When the gray relational degree was calculated for the maximum and minimum values, the ideal factors for all output results were found to be the parameters applied in the third experiment.
In Vitro Transformation of Protopanaxadiol Saponins in Human Intestinal Flora and Its Effect on Intestinal Flora
Authors: Zhang Meiyu , Wang Yizhu , Wu Yongxi , Li Fangtong , Han Mingxin , Dai Yulin , Zheng Fei , Yue Hao
Published: October 2021

Protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides are the main ginsenosides in ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) with potential therapeutic effects on diseases related to intestinal flora imbalance. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro metabolism of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides in human intestinal flora and their effect on the flora. Rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF MS) was utilised for the transformation of ginsenoside constituents for sample identification. Using 16S rDNA gene sequencing technique, the effect of PPD-type ginsenosides on gut microflora was analysed based on the indices of microflora diversity and gut microflora. The sample was transformed for 6 h, and the metabolites were ginsenoside Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, CO, Gyp-IX, Gyp-XVII, CMc-1, F2, Rg3, CK, Rh2, and PPD. The metabolites were CK, Rh2, and PPD when the samples were transformed for 60 h. The intestinal microflora were subjected to high-throughput sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq 2500 sequencing platform. In comparison with the faecal sample from the blank group, the protopanaxadiol saponin group significantly increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and significantly decreased Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria at the phylum level, whereas it significantly increased the relative abundance of Prevotella_9, Faecalibacterium, and Dialister and significantly decreased Escherichia-Shigella, Dorea, and Lachnoclostridium at the genus level. This study provides a basis for the determination of the pharmacodynamic material basis and pharmacodynamic targets of PPD-type ginsenosides based on the intestinal flora.
Panax notoginseng Saponin Promotes Bone Regeneration in Distraction Osteogenesis via the TGF-β1 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Liu Di , Zhao Zhenchen , Jiang Weidong , Zhu Peiqi , An Xiaoning , Xie Yu , Huang Xuanping , Zhou Nuo
Published: October 2021

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is an efficient strategy that is employed for the treatment of large bone defects in craniomaxillofacial surgery. Despite its utility, however, DO is associated with a prolonged consolidation phase and a high complication rate that hinder its more widespread utilization. Panax notoginseng saponin (PNS) is a traditional Chinese medicine that is frequently administered for the treatment of a range of conditions. Herein, we explored the ability of PNS treatment to influence osteogenic differentiation using both rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal cells (BMSCs) and a model of mandibular DO. BMSC proliferation was assessed via CCK-8 assay, while osteogenic differentiation was monitored through ALP and alizarin red S staining. A PCR approach was used to evaluate the expression of genes associated with osteogenesis (ALP, Runx2, and OCN) and genes linked to the TGF pathway (TβR-II, SMAD2, SMAD3, and PPM1A). For in vivo experiments, treated BMSCs were locally injected into the DO gap, with PNS being injected into treated rabbits every other day throughout the experimental period. The quality of the regenerative process was assessed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray imaging, and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. These analyses revealed that PNS was able to promote BMSC osteogenesis and mandibular generation, driving the upregulation of osteogenesis-related genes at the mRNA levels through the modulation of the TGF-β1/Smad pathway. Consistently, the overexpression or silencing of TβR-II in PNS-treated BMSCs was sufficient to modulate their osteogenic potential. Analyses of in vivo mandibular DO outcomes revealed significantly augmented new bone growth in the PNS-treated group relative to control animals, with maximal osteogenesis in the group overexpressing rabbit TβR-II. Together, these results highlight the PNS as a promising and cost-effective therapeutic tool with the potential to enhance bone regeneration in clinical contexts through the modulation of the TGF-β1/Smad pathway.
The Effect of Resveratrol on Blood Glucose and Blood Lipids in Rats with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Zhang Guanli , Wang Xiuli , Ren Baofeng , Zhao Qiongqiong , Zhang Fang
Published: October 2021

Background. Previous studies have reported that resveratrol has various biological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor. This study aimed to investigate the effects of resveratrol on blood glucose and blood lipids in rats with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods. The rat diabetes model was prepared by one-time intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg/kg). Fasting blood glucose was measured by using a blood glucose meter. The ELISA method was used to detect the levels of insulin, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, TNF-α, and IL-6. The content of TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C was determined by using an automatic biochemical detector. Results. Compared with the GDM group, the insulin level in the resveratrol (120 and 240 mg/kg) treatment group was significantly increased. But, the blood glucose level and body weight were significantly reduced. The content of TC, TG, and LDL-C in the resveratrol (240 mg/kg) treatment group was significantly reduced, and the content of HDL-C was significantly increased. In addition, leptin, resistin, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels in the 240 mg/kg resveratrol treatment group were significantly reduced, and adiponectin was significantly increased. Also, resveratrol (240 mg/kg) was stronger than metformin hydrochloride in improving insulin secretion and regulating blood lipids and adipokine content. Conclusion. Resveratrol has a dose-dependent effect on GDM rats to increase insulin secretion, reduce blood glucose and body weight, and regulate blood lipids and plasma adipokines.
Computed Tomography Image under Convolutional Neural Network Deep Learning Algorithm in Pulmonary Nodule Detection and Lung Function Examination
Authors: Zhang Chan , Li Jing , Huang Jian , Wu Shangjie
Published: October 2021

The objective of this study was to perform segmentation and extraction of CT images of pulmonary nodules based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The Mask-RCNN algorithm model is a typical end-to-end image segmentation model, which uses the R-FCN structure for nodule detection. The effect of applying the two algorithm models to the computed tomography (CT) diagnosis of pulmonary nodules was analyzed, and different indexes of pulmonary nodule CT images in lung function examination after algorithm optimization were compared. A total of 56 patients diagnosed with pulmonary nodules by surgery or puncture were taken as the research objects. Based on the Mask-RCNN algorithm, a model for CT image segmentation processing of pulmonary nodules was proposed. Subsequently, the 3D Faster-RCNN model was used to label the nodules in the pulmonary nodules. The experimental results showed that the trained Mask-RCNN algorithm model can effectively complete the segmentation task of lung CT images, but there was a little jitter at the boundary. The speed of R-FCN algorithm for nodular detection was 0.172 seconds/picture, and the accuracy was 88.9%. CT scans were performed on the 56 patients based on a deep learning algorithm. The results showed that 30 cases of malignant pulmonary nodules were confirmed, and the diagnostic accuracy was 93.75%. There were 22 benign lesions, the diagnostic accuracy was 91.67%, and the overall diagnostic accuracy was 92.85%. This study effectively improved the diagnostic efficiency of CT images of pulmonary nodules, and the accuracy of CT images in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules was analyzed and evaluated. It provided theoretical support for the follow-up diagnosis of pulmonary nodules and the treatment of lung cancer. It also significantly improved the diagnostic effect and detection efficiency of pulmonary nodules.