bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LGBT DALAM PERSPEKTIF ISLAM
Authors: Ermayani Tri
Published: September 2018

Lesbian, Gay, Biseksual dan Transgender (LGBT) merupakan fenomena yangmerebak di era modern sebagai bentuk penyimpangan seks yang sangat dipengaruhi olehpola asuh yang salah, kurangnya peran seorang ayah, pendidikan agama Islam yang kurangmemadai, dan pornografi yang sangat mudah terakses semua kalangan.Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak mencakup aspek-aspek penting yang harusdiseimbangkan dan diarahkan secara proporsional. Aspek-aspek pertumbuhan danperkembangan anak meliputi: spiritualitas (keimanan), fisik (jasmani), kejiwaan (psikis),intelektual, emosi, moral, sosial, seksual, dan ekonomi. Jika orang tua dan guru mampumenyeimbangkan aspek-aspek pendidikan tersebut, maka akan tercapai pemahaman danpenyadaran tentang bahaya yang ditimbulkan perilaku LGBT. Oleh karena itu peranan orangtua dan guru dalam memahami bahaya LGBT bagi generasi muda.Penelitian ini dirancang untuk dapat memahamkan bahaya LGBT bagi orang tua danguru dalam pendidikan anak, dan dapat menjadi referensi bagi peneliti lain. Harapan peneliti,penelitian ini dapat memperkaya pemahaman tentang LGBT dalam perspektif Islam danbahaya yang ditimbulkan sehingga bermanfaat untuk generasi dalam bidang pendidikan dankehidupan sosial sehingga dapat ditemukan dan diterapkan beberapa strategi penangananLGBT mulai dari mencegah/ menghindari sampai mengobatidari sisi ilmu jiwa danpendidikan agama Islam. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) is a phenomenon that has spread in themodern era as a form of sexual deviation that is strongly influenced by wrong parenting, lackof a father's role, inadequate Islamic religious education, and pornography that is easilyaccessible to all groups .Child growth and development includes important aspects that must be balanced and directedproportionally. Aspects of child growth and development include: spirituality (faith), physical(physical), psychological (psychological), intellectual, emotional, moral, social, sexual, andeconomic. If parents and teachers are able to balance these aspects of education,understanding and awareness of the dangers posed by LGBT behavior will be achieved.Therefore the role of parents and teachers in understanding the dangers of LGBT for theyounger generation.This research is designed to be able to understand the danger of LGBT for parents andteachers in children's education, and can be a reference for other researchers. The hope of theresearchers is that this research can enrich understanding of LGBT in an Islamic perspectiveand the dangers posed so that it is useful for generations in the field of education and sociallife so that strategies and handling of LGBT can be found starting from preventing / treatingpsychology and Islamic education.
DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED EDUCATION MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM AS THE DATABASE OF EDUCATION BUDGET POLICY FORMULATION
Authors: Rosana Dadan , Sukardiyono Sukardiyono
Published: September 2018

The objective of this research is to produce the integrated education management information system as database for  education budget policy formulation. The database that is precise, accurate, complete and taransparan is  accessible to the public via the web in the android system, is a key element in any policy formulation and budget proposals in the field of education, that it can  be used to reduce the corruption in the education area in a systematic which began drafting the state budget and regional budget. this research is a development that adapt the model Borg and Gall (1983). aiken's formula v is used to analyze the instrument by the validator. The concept is to package products and services in one unit. To produce a product, a common cycle passed are: system specification, design, production, distribution, setup, use, maintenance, and renewal. The results of research is already made education management information system based on national education standards and geografic information system that has been tested is limited in some schools in the district region in indonesia. The policy recommendations of this research will support the government to modernize management of the education budgeting sector.
The Development of Rural Women’s Specialized Cooperatives in China: An Analysis from New Institutionalism Perspective
Authors: Huang Cui
Published: September 2018

Since the rural declining and feminization of agriculture caused by rapid urbanization in China, the women’s specialized cooperatives are an important organizational force to promote the rural agricultural economy and empower women. Taking 200 organizations in Chaoyang city of Liaoning province as the sample data, this article presents the current situation and existing problems of the rural women’s specialized cooperatives in China, and takes the new institutionalism as the basic theoretical framework. It analyzes the reasons of the problems from the level of formal institutions and informal institutions. In the formal institutions, the policy incentive system lacks rigid implementation measures, and there is no effective resultant force among the relevant organizations. In the informal institutions, rural women have the insufficient understanding of the prospects of the cooperatives, poor awareness of “brand” management and low credibility of the cooperatives. Consequently, promoting the development of the cooperatives should also start with reforming these institutions.
Sweeping jet impingement heat transfer on a simulated turbine vane leading edge
Authors: Hossain Mohammad A. , Agricola Lucas , Ameri Ali , Gregory James W. , Bons Jeffrey P.
Published: September 2018

With the development of additive manufacturing technology, it is now possible to design complex and integrated internal cooling architecture for a gas turbine engine. In search of a spatially uniform heat transfer at the leading edge of a turbine nozzle guide vane, a sweeping jet impingement cooling strategy was proposed. Experiments were conducted in a low-speed wind tunnel to investigate sweeping jet impingement cooling in a faired cylinder leading edge model at an engine-relevant Biot number (Bi). Sweeping jets were generated with additively manufactured fluidic oscillator and steady jets were produced by a cylindrical orifice (with length to diameter ratio of 1). Both sweeping and steady jets were studied at varying mass flow rates, jet-to-wall spacing (H/D), jet pitch (P/D), and freestream turbulence. The effect of varying aspect ratio (AR) of the sweeping jet geometries was also studied. The overall cooling effectiveness of each configuration was estimated using infrared thermography (IR) measurements of the external surface temperature of the leading edge model. The sweeping jet provided higher overall cooling effectiveness values compared to steady jet in specific configurations. The pressure drop across each jet was also measured for each geometry, and the sweeping jet shows comparable pressure drop to steady jet.
A ATUAL CRISE DO PROCESSO PENAL BRASILEIRO, DIREITOS FUNDAMENTAIS E GARANTIAS PROCESSUAIS
THE CURRENT CRISIS OF BRAZILIAN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES
Authors: Barros Flaviane de Magalhães
Published: September 2018

O presente artigo analisa a atual crise do processo penal brasileiro, discutindo o uso simbólico do processo penal e os impactos da redução das garantias O estudo toma como base dados sobre a população carcerária e também se utiliza de análise de decisão do STF e de proposta do MPF para a construção do cenário de crise do processo penal brasileiro. A análise teórica se subsidia na compreensão do modelo constitucional de processo e no processo penal democrático como base para reconhecimento das garantias processuais penais, bem como, lança mão da construção da sociologia critica do termo ralé brasileira” para distinguir as diferenças entre efetivas garantias para os diversos tipos de acusados em processo penal. Em sua conclusão, busca-se demonstrar que o uso do processo penal simbólico vinculado ao movimento de combate à corrupção se equivale ao emergencialismo da luta contra o terror e desenvolve a partir de um processo penal cautelar, que antecipa os resultados a fim de reduzir risco e retira garantias e que seu impacto se vislumbra avassalador se for aplicado aos processo penais da ralé brasileira, cabendo ao STF o papel contramajoritário e de guardião das garantias processuais penais constitucionais.
REGULAMENTAÇÃO E PERSPECTIVAS METODOLÓGICAS SOBRE TESTES EM ANIMAIS NO BRASIL
REGULATION AND METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ANIMAL TESTS IN BRAZIL
Authors: Garrido Rodrigo Grazinoli , Neves Lorena de Oliveira , Dal-Cheri Beatriz Kopke de Assis
Published: September 2018

Associado à expansão científica biomédica, que tanto benefício trouxe à sociedade, há diversos riscos a animais utilizados como “cobaias”. Estes são utilizados em larga escala para a realização de testes invasivos, com resultados nem sempre específicos e até mesmo inesperados, que muitas vezes se revelam cruéis e desrespeitosos à vida.  Buscou-se sistematizar o conhecimento acerca dos direitos desses animais. Além disso, abordou-se a importância dos testes toxicológicos e suas consequências éticas, legais e tecnológicas. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise aprofundada de diversos artigos publicados e de legislações, nacionais e internacionais.  Foi possível reconhecer que ainda hoje há indiscriminado uso de animais para realização de testes, deixando-se de lado a capacidade senciente e a compatibilidade biológica dos mesmos. Uma possível solução passa pela utilização de métodos alternativos, visando a garantia de direitos a todos os animais, humanos e não humanos.
Soil Moisture and Turgidity of Selected Robusta Coffee Clones on Alluvial Plain with Seasonal Rainfall Pattern
Authors: Erwiyono Rudy
Published: September 2018

Observation on the seasonal variations of hydrological condition and turgidity of selected Robusta coffee clones has been carried out in Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute in Jember. The aim was to evaluate the effect of hydrological variation on the coffee plants and the degree of soil moisture effect on plant performance. Experimental site overlays on alluvial plain, + 45 m a.s.l., 8o 15’ South with D rainfall type. Observation was conducted by survey method at the experimental plots of organic fertilizer and nitogen treatments on selected Robusta coffee clones derived from rooted cuttings, i.e. BP 436, BP 42, BP 936 and BP 358. Observation was only conducted at the experimental blocks of organic matter trials of 20 l/tree/year at nitrogen (Urea) application of locally recommanded rate during the subsequent years of 1999 to 2001. Parameters observed included plant turgidity and soil moisture content of three different depths, i.e. 0—20, 20—40 and 40—60 cm and the weather. Observation was carried out in five replicates designed as blocks of barn manure treatment and N-fertilizer of recommended rate as basal fertilizer. The results showed that meteorological condition and soil moisture of experimental site through the years have seasonal patterns following the seasonal pattern of rainfall. Compared to other meteorological characteristics, relative humidity dominantly determined evaporation and plant turgidity. Plant turgi-dity was not only determined by soil moisture condition, but also atmospheric demand. When relative humidity (RH) was relatively high, plant turgidity was relatively stable although soil moisture of surface layers was very low, and the reversal when soil moisture content was high plant turgidity was controlled by atmospheric demand (relative humidity). With a 3—4 dry month period, relative turgidity of the coffee plants was relatively stable above 82%, except when soil moisture of 60 cm surface layer was below 25% (w/w) and or atmospheric demand was relatively high (RH 85%). Soil moisture contents of deeper soil layers seemed to have greater impact on the plant turgidity and the deeper the soil layers the narrower the seasonal variation of their soil moisture contents. Selected different clones originated from rooted cuttings showed different response to water stress and could be put in order from the most sensitive to water stress as follows BP 436, BP 42, BP 936 and BP 358. Barn manure application could significantly increase soil moisture content but its influence could not significantly increase plant turgidity.Key words : Seasonal variation, atmospheric condition, soil moisture, plant turgidity, Robusta coffee clones.
Influence of Storage of Wet Arabica Parchment Prior to Wet Hulling on Moulds Development, OchratoxinA Contamination, and Cup Quality of Mandheling Coffee
Authors: Ismayadi Cahya , Marsh Anthony , Clarke Renata
Published: September 2018

Mandheling coffee has been a well known specialty coffees for decades and the demand for this coffee is currently increasing. This coffee is characterised by low acidity, heavy-complex body, spicy-little earthy and fruity flavor. Mandheling coffee is produced by smallholder farmers in the highland surrounding Lake TobaNorth Sumatra in an unique way i.e. following de-pulping and 1–2 days sundrying, wet parchment is stored for varying periods up to a few weeks, the parchments are then de-hulled when still wet (40–45% moisture content) then the beans sundried. The handling procedure presumably contributes to the unique cup character of Mandheling coffee. On the other hand the storage of wet pachments may cause mould growth and mycotoxin contamination. This trial was designed to study the influence of storage of wet parchments prior to wet hulling on mould development, OTA contamination and cup Mandheling characteristic of the coffee product. The normal wet process, drying of parchment thoroughly to 12% moisture content was used as the control. Parchment coffees (6 lots) used for this trial were drawn from farmers and collectors in the region. The wet parchments (41.74–53.96% moisture content) were stored for 1 (D1), 7 (D7) and 14 (D14) days in PE sacks in a warehouse in the region. During the storage period, when there was visible mould growth, the parchments were spread on a plastic sheet inside the warehouse, as per common practice to suppress the mould growth. Following storage, the wet parchment was de-hulled and then sun-dried to a moisture content of 12% (MC12%) or dried to a moisture content of 17%, and held in storage for 3 weeks prior to final drying to 12% mc. The ‘normal wet process’ i.e. fresh-non stored parchments dried thoroughly to 12%, were used as the control. Parameters measured were visual evaluation, mould infestation, a w, moisture content (MC) on the stored parchment; while for dried beans mould infestation, OTA content and the Mandheling cup character evaluation (done by 4 panelists who were familiar to the coffee) were determined. Some mould species grew during the storage course, with black Aspergillus was the dominant species found in the beans, while A. ochraceusan OTA producer, was found in some samples with low infection rate (0–15.3%). Spreading of coffee inside the warehouse during the day could suppress moulds growth. OTA was found in only 5 samples out of 42 samples with range of 0.17–2.24 ppb, very less than European Union limit. There was no clear trend of storage period on the mould infection rates, OTA content, and the Mandheling cup characters. The high variability of the outcome was likely due to the inhomogenity of parchments used for this trial. The best Mandheling was found in the sample of D1-MC12%-coffee source of lot 1. Key words: Mandheling coffee, storage, wet parchment, mould, ochratoxin A.
Optimation of Temperature and Duration of Cocoa Beans Roasting in a CylindricalRoaster
Authors: Jati Misnwai , Widyotomo Sukrisno , Sewed Awad , . Sugiyono
Published: September 2018

A small scale cylindrical type cocoa roaster has been designed to improve Indonesian mallholder income and commence utilization of cocoa-base products. Capacity of the roaster was at 15 kg dried cocoa beans. Operating condition of the instrument in terms of temperature and duration of roasting for cocoa powder production has been optimized by using Response Surface Methodology in the range of 110–140 C for the former and 20–60 minute for the latter. Variable of the study were temperature profile, peroxide value of cocoa butter, color and sensory properties of the resultant cocoa powder and microbial con tamination. Result of the study showed that cocoa bean’s temperature at the first 2–8 minute roasting was 30–50 C, before increased as high 10 C per minute to the adjusted temperature. Temperature and duration of roasting influenced interactively on peroxide value of cocoa butter, color and sensory properties of the resultant cocoa powder. An optimum roasting for cocoa powder preparation was obtained at temperature of 140 C and roasting time of 20 minute. Roasting treatment significantly reduced number of microbe in total plate count, however most probable number (MPN) of coliform in term of Escherichia coli was not detected. Key words : Cocoa bean, cocoa powder, cocoa butter, roasting, small scale cylindrical roaster, sensory properties, Escherichia coli.
Effectiveness of Foliar Application of Potassium on Flowering and Fruiting of Cocoa
Authors: Erwiyono Rudy , Sucahyo Achmad , . Suyono , Winarso Sugeng
Published: September 2018

An experiment of foliar application of potassium on cocoa has been carried out in Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute in Jember to study its effectiveness on the flowering and fruiting of cocoa. The experiment was arranged according to factorial design of 2 factors with environmental design of randomized complete blocks. The first factor was soil application of potassium fertilization in two levels, i.e. without fertilizer and with K-fertilizer as KCl. The second factor was application of potassium from two sources, i.e. KCl and KNO 3 , with 3 levels, i.e. without fertilizer (sprayed with water only), K-fertilizer as KCl and K-fertilizer as KNO 3. The experiment was done in 4 replicates. Parameters observed included newly formed flowers, new young fruits and the fresh-developing fruits. The results showed that foliar application of fertilizer was more effective than soil application and plant response was better in increasing new flower formation. On the other hand, the effect of soil application of fertilizer was slow. Foliar application of potassium followed by soil application of potassium fertilizer was more effective in the form of KNO 3 rather than in the form of KCl in increasing new flower formation. The dosage of foliar application of potassium could not significantly increase new young fruit formation. On the other hand, the dosage of soil application of potassium could increase new young fruit formation significantly. Key words: foliar application, kalium, flower, young fruit, cocoa.
Effectiveness of Biopesticide Derived fromCassia spectabilis and Nicotiana tabacum Leaves Against the Main Insect Pests of Coffee and Its Effect On Other Arthropods
Authors: Wiryadiputra Soekadar
Published: September 2018

An experiment on the effectiveness of biopesticide made of ramayana (Cassia spectabilis) and tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum) it called as Casnic, on Hypothenemus hampeiand Planococcus citriand its effect on the arthropods population fauna in coffee plantation had been conducted in Pest Laboratory of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Researh Institute and Bangelan Plantation in Malang. The treatment consisted of three level concentrations of botanical pesticide(15 ml, 30 ml, and 60 ml/lof water), Beauveria bassiana(at a dose 100 g spore per ha), metidation spraying (2 ml formulation per litre of water) and two control treatments (with and without soap). The field experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The results showed that botanical pesticide at the concentration of 30.0 ml stock solution per litre of water and applied four times with monthly interval was effective in controlling coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) and coffee mealy bug (Planococcus citri). The effectiveness was not significantly different compared to metidation and Beauveria bassianaat the dose of 0.8 l and 100 g formulation per ha per application. Application of the botanical pesticide did not show negative effect on the usefull predatory insects and other arthropods population in coffee ecosystem. Key words : Botanical pesticide, Cassia spectabilis, Nicotiana tabacum, Coffee, Hypothenemus hampei, Planococcus citri, Arthropods.
Effects of Alkali Concentration and Conching Temperature on Flavour, Hardness and Colour of Chocolate
Authors: Jati Misnawi , . Susijahadi , Selamat Jinap , Wahyudi Teguh , Putriani Novrita
Published: September 2018

Alkalization is an addition of alkali into cocoa mass to improve product quality in terms of flavour and colour appearance. Sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate are usual to be added into cocoa cotyledon prior to roasting. A study has been carried out to evaluate the effects of alkalization proceeded upon conching on chocolate sensory properties, hardness and colour. Re sponse Surface Methodology design at alkali concentrations of 1—15 g kg -1 and conching temperature of 40—80 oC have been used in the study. Parameters evaluated were sensory properties, particle size, hardness and colour. Results of the study showed that alkali concentration significantly influenced aroma, overall preference, particle size and hardness; meanwhile, conching temperature showed significant influence on aroma, taste, appearance, overall preference and texture of chocolate. Alkali concentration and conching temperature showed interactively influence on aroma and overall preference. A good quality of chocolate could be found at the alkali concentration of 8—15 g kg -1 and conching temperature of 74—80 oC. Key words: cocoa bean, chocolate, flavour, conching, alkalization, colour, particle size, texture.
Study on Competition Characteristics of a Land Cover Crop Arachis pintoito Growth of Cocoa
Authors: Bako Baon John , Anugrina Yunita , Ismayadi Cahya
Published: September 2018

The existence of ground cover crop, such as Arachis pintoiin cocoa farm may enhance physical, chemistry and biological fertility of soil. Nevertheless, the presence of those cover crops potentially increase the competition with main crop in various means. The primary objective of this study was to investigate kinds of competition raised when cocoa plants cultivated with ground cover crop of A. pintoi. This study consisted of three experiments. The first experiment aimed to study possible allelopatic competition using root exudates solution of A. Pintoi as well as Leucaena leucocephalaand Adenanthera microsperma as check for being used for watering cocoa plants. The second experiment aimed to study the competition between A. pintoiand cocoa plants in field condition with 1) cover crop fully overlay ground surrounding cocoa basal trunk, 2) no cover crop overlay ground surrounding cocoa basal trunk in a distance of 40 cm in diameter, and 3) no cover crop as check. Third experiment aimed to study the competition between A. pintoiand cocoa plants in limited growth medium (pot), using 10 cm stolon shoots each 4, 2 and 0 shoots per pot. Results showed that A. Pintoidid not produce alleopatic exudates to restrict cocoa growth. Population of A. Pintoi had negative effect on cocoa plant growth in the field by reducing fresh trunk weight and dry root weight, even greater negative effect found in cocoa plant grown in limited growth medium by also reducing dry leaf and trunk weight and leaf area. Key words: Theobroma cacao, Arachis pintoi, allelopathy, competition, denantheramicrosperma, Leucaena leucocephala
Self-Compatibility Crosses of Several Cocoa Clones
Authors: Wahyu Susilo Agung
Published: September 2018

Self compatibility cross in cocoa is a useful criterion in utilizing germplasm collection. Evaluation of self-compatibility crosses on cocoa clones has been carried out in Kaliwining Experimental Station of ICCRI by treating artificial self-pollination. The observed clones were TSH 858, ICS 60, ICS 13, UIT 1, KW 162, KW 165, KW 163, DR 1, DR 2, DRC 16, DRC 15, KKM 22, Na 32, Na 33 and DR 38. Self-compatibility crosses were identified by percentage of fruit set evaluated during 6 consecutive weeks after pollination. The results showed that the percentage of fruit set were significantly different among clones in the range of 0—46.34%. Three groups of compatibility of cocoa clones were identified i.e. first, self-incompatible clones of DR 1, Na 32, Na 33; second, partially self compatible clones of DR 38, TSH 858, ICS 60, ICS 13, UIT 1, KW 162, KW 165, KKM 22; and third, self-compatible clones of DR 2, DRC 16,DRC 15, KW 163. Clones which perform self-incompatible and partially self-compatible furthermore can be used as female parents in the production of hybrids. Key words: self-compatibility, Theobroma cacao, clones.
Potential Nitrification and Nitrogen Mineral of Soil in Coffee Agroforestry System with Various Shading Trees
Authors: . Purwanto , Handayanto Eko , Suprayogo Didik , Bako Baon John , Hairiah Kurniatun
Published: September 2018

The role of shading trees in coffee farms has been well understood to establish suitable condition for the growth of coffee trees, on the other hand their role in nitrogen cycle in coffee farming is not yet well understood. The objectives of this study are to investigate the influence of various legume shading trees on the concentration of soil mineral N (N-NH4 + and N-NO3-), potential nitrification and to study the controlling factors of nitrification under field conditions. This field explorative research was carried out in Sumberjaya, West Lampung. Twelve observation plots covered four land use systems (LUS), i.e. 1) Coffee agroforestry with Gliricidiasepium as shade trees; 2) Coffee agroforestry with Gliricidiaas shade trees and Arachis pintoias cover crops; 3)Coffee agroforestry with Paraserianthes falcataria as shade trees; and 4) Mixed/multistrata coffee agroforestry with Gliricidiaand other fruit crops as shade trees. Measurements of soil mineral-N concentration were carried out every three weeks for three months. Results showed that shade tree species in coffee agroforestry significantly affected concentrations of soil NH4 +, NO3- and potential nitrification. Mixed coffee agroforestry had the highest NH4+/N-mineral ratio (7.16%) and the lowest potential nitrification (0.13 mg NO2-kg-1 hour -1 ) compared to other coffee agroforestry systems using single species of leguminous shade trees. Ratio of NH4 + /N-mineral increased 0.8—21% while potential nitrification decreased 55—79% in mixed coffee agroforestry compared to coffee agroforestry with Gliricidia or P. falcatariaas shade trees. Coffee agroforestry with P. falcatariaas shade trees had potential nitrification 53% lower and ratio of NH4 + /N-mineral concentration 20% higher than that with Gliricidia. Coffee agroforestry with P. falcataria as shade trees also had organic C content 17% higher, total N 40% higher, available P 112% higher than that with Gliricidia. The presence of A. pintoiin coffee agroforestry with Gliricidiareduced 56% potential nitrification but increased 19.3% of NH4+/N-mineral concentration. The low soil potential nitrification in the mixed coffee agroforestry had close relationship with the high content of soil organic matter. Key words : Nitrogen-mineral, nitrification, shading trees, agroforestry, Coffea canephora, nitrate, organic matter, intercropping,Gliricidia sepium, Arachis pintoi, Paraserianthes falcataria.
Role of Auxin and Microclimate on the Success of Rooted Cuttings of Cocoa
Authors: Prawoto Adi , . Arifin , Bachri Syamsul , Setyaningtyas K.C
Published: September 2018

In Indonesia, cocoa reproduction by cuttings is undeveloped yet because the available technology is more expensive than the other clonal reproduction methods. The success of cocoa cuttings is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The purpose of this research is to study effect of endogenous auxin content, effects of light intensity and exogenous auxin application, on the rooted cuttings. The 2 nd research purpose is to study effects of PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidon) and IBA (β-indole-butyric acid), clones, and microclimate. The experiment was conducted in Kaliwining Experimental Station of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute in Jember (45 m a.s.l. and D rainfall type according to Schmidt Ferguson). The design for the 1 st experiment was splitsplit plot, replicated three times. The main plot was light intensity inside the roof, i.e.15%, 30%, and 45% to direct sun radiation. The sub plot was cocoa clones, i.e. DR 2 and ICS 13, and the sub-sub plot was IBA concentration, i.e. 0 ppm, 1500 ppm, 3000 ppm and 4500 ppm. The 2 nd experiment was designed factorial 3 x 3 of CRD, replicated 3 times. Clones of KW 163, KW 162 and KW 165, and IBA at 0, 3000, and 6000 ppm were the factors. In the same time, effect of IBA 6000 ppm, PVP 6000 ppm IBA+PVP 6000 ppm, and control were observed using KW 165 clone, and designed in complete randomized design (CRD), replicated 3 times. The result showed that auxin content of ICS 13 was higher than DR 2 (62.67 ppm vs 40.90 ppm) so that gave higher rooted cuttings and more root number. Exogenous application of IBA improved auxin content of the cutting materials and promoted root growth. The optimum IBA concentration for root number was 3500 ppm. Light intensity of 45% improved number of rooted cuttings three times compared to 15%, however compared to the 2 nd research, percentage of rooted cuttings was still very low. Cocoa cutting method to gain rooted cuttings 80—90% has been obtained. The method was using IBA 3000 ppm or 6000 ppm mixtured with or without PVP 6000 ppm, conducted during rainy season, the nursery using permanent shade trees of leucena sp., temperature of 24—27oC and relative humidity was 78—87%. PVP was supposed inhibit oxidation of IBA so that the effect of IBA was more optimum. The response of KW 162, KW 163 and KW 165 clones to root were similar. Rooted cuttings during dry season was low due to the less fresh of cutting materials and high temperature inside the bed roof. Key Words: Theobroma cacao, cuttings, light intensity, auxin, β-indole-butyric acid, Polyvinylpyrrolidon
Export and Competitiveness of Indonesian Coffee Bean in International Market: Strategic Implication for the Development of Organic Coffee Bean
Authors: Drajat Bambang , Agustian Adang , Supriatna Ade
Published: September 2018

The performance of Indonesian coffee bean export from 1995 to 2004was not satisfactory. This implied that there were problems of the competitiveness of Indonesian coffee bean export. This study was expected to come up withsome views related with the problem. This study was aimed to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian coffee bean export in international markets. Somepolicy implication would be derived following the conclusions. In addition,this study was aimed to deliver some arguments referring to organic coffee development as an alternative export development. Data used in this study wastime series data ranging from 1995 to 2004 supported with some primary data.The export data were analyzed descriptively and the Revealed ComparativeAdvantage (RCA) Index employed to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian coffee bean export. The results of the analysis gave some conclusions, asfollows : (1) The export of Indonesian coffee bean was product oriented notmarket oriented. (2) The Indonesian coffee bean export was characterized withlow quality with no premium price, different from that of Vietnam coffee export. (3) Besides quality, the uncompetitive Indonesian coffee export was related to market hegemony by buyers, emerging issue of Ochratoxin A. contamination and high cost economy in export. (4) The competitiveness of Indonesian coffee export was lower than those other countries, such as Columbia,Honduras, Peru, Brazil, and Vietnam. (5) Indonesia still held opportunity todevelop organic coffee for export. Some policy implications emerged from thediscussion were as follows : (1) The Government should facilitate market development through the provisions of market information and export incentives.(2) The Government should develop and applied national standard of coffeebean referring to that of international, as well as, improve processing technology equipments in the farm level for both wet and dry process. (3) Besides improving quality, the improvement of competitiveness should also be carriedout by reducing up to elimination of operational costs before and in exportingports through the provisions of fiscal and monetary incentives (taxes and interest rates). (4) The development of coffee organic started with socializationof some aspects related to standard and implementation of farming, processing and trade. The Government should facilitate producers and exporters oforganic coffee with the provisions of market information and incentives.Key words: Export, coffee beans, competitiveness, organic coffee.
Use of Coffee Pulp and Minerals for Natural Soil Ameliorant
Authors: Pujiyanto Pujiyanto
Published: September 2018

In coffee plantation, solid waste of coffee pulp is usually collected as heap nearby processing facilities for several months prior being used as compost. The practice is leading to the formation of odor and liquid which contaminate the environment. Experiments to evaluate the effect of natural soil ameliorant derived from coffee pulp and minerals were conducted at The Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute in Jember, East Java. The experiments were intended to optimize the use of coffee pulp to support farming sustainability and minimize negative impacts of solid waste disposal originated from coffee cherry processing. Prior to applications, coffee pulp was hulled to organic paste. The paste was then mixed with 10% minerals (b/b). Composition of the minerals was 50% zeolite and 50% rock phosphate powder. The ameliorant was characterized for their physical and chemical properties. Agronomic tests were conducted on coffee and cocoa seedling. The experiments were arranged according to Randomized Completely Design with 2 factors, consisted of natural ameliorant and inorganic fertilizer respectively. Natural ameliorant derived from coffee pulp was applied at 6 levels: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 g dry ameliorant/seedling of 3 kg soil, equivalent to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% (b/b) of ameliorant respectively. Inorganic fertilizer was applied at 2 levels: 0 and 2 g fertilizer/application of N-P-K compound fertilizer of 15-15-15 respectively. The inorganic fertilizer was applied 4 times during nursery of coffee and cocoa. The result of the experiment indicated that coffee pulp may be used as natural soil ameliorant. Composition of ameliorant of 90% coffee pulp and 10% of minerals has good physical and chemical characteristics for soil amelioration. The composition has high water holding capacity; cations exchange capacity, organic carbon and phosphorus contents which are favorable to increase soil capacity to support plant growth. Application of ameliorant derived from coffee pulp increased significantly growth of coffee and cocoa seedling. There was positive interaction effect between the ameliorant and the fertilizers. Both the ameliorant and the fertilizers affected the seedling growth synergistically. Application of the ameliorant increased efficiency of the fertilizer. Key words: waste, coffee pulp, soil ameliorant, mineral.
Selection of Superior Genotypes of Coffea Canephora Pierre on ControlledHybrid Population Using Cluster Analysis Method
Authors: Sumirat Ucu , , Priyono , Mawardi Surip
Published: September 2018

Selection of superior genotypes of robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) to improve its important agronomic characters should be conducted continuously to get better planting productivity. The aim of this research was to select superior genotypes of Robusta coffee for high yield and high proportion of large bean. Selection was conducted on controlled hybrid populations, developed from three crossing parental clones, i.e. BP 961 x Q 121 (A), BP 409 x Q 121 (B) and BP 961 x BP 409 (C). Selection was done by applying cluster analysis with complete linkage and Euclidean distance as the clustering method. The result of the research showed that the selection was successful to identify superior genotypes of Robusta coffee for high yield and high proportion of large bean. The parameters used (cherries weight/tree, bean weight/tree, bean size percentage > 6.5 mm and 100 cherries weight) were effective in clustering the superior genotypes, indicated by increased minimum and average value of population. Yield potential and percentage of bean size > 6.5 mm of those genotypes were having better performance than the control genotype and its parent. The selection code A 95, B 28, B 62, B 66, B 74 and C 38 were considered  as promising superior genotypes of Robusta coffee, respectively. Key words: Coffea canephora, selection, bean size, yield, cluster analysis
Distribution of Radopholus similisand Pratylenchus CoffeaeNematodes in Coffee Plantation
Authors: Hulupi Retno , . Mulyadi , Andayani Bekti
Published: September 2018

A research to evaluate the difference of damage levels caused by two species nematodes, Radopholus similis and Pratylenchus coffeae on Arabica and Robusta coffee which were planted in the same endemic area have been conducted at Kalibendo (700 m asl. climate type B) and Blawan coffee estate (1200 m asl., climate type D) for two years. The results showed that in the medium highland (700 m asl.) R. similis attacked Arabica coffee with necrotic root scale higher than surface Robusta coffee. Distribution of R. similis population in the 50 cm depth below soil surface was likely with their root distribution. On the other hand P. coffeae in 30 cm depth below soil therefore their resistance to R. similis was more likely due to the escape reason, as result of their different distribution population of those species in different depth. Key words : Radopholus similis, Pratylenchus coffeae, Arabica coffee, Robusta coffee, distribution population.
Coffee Yield and Mineral Cycle in Intercropping of Coffea canephora and Some
Species of Timber Shade Trees
Authors: Prawoto Adi
Published: September 2018

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) like most tropical trees is recalcitrant in tissue culture. Somatic embryogenesis is generally efficient micropropagation technique to multiply elite material. However, Somatic embryogenesis in cocoa is difficult and this species is considered as recalcitrant. One of the factors often considered as a component of in vitro recalsitrance is a high phenolic content and oxidation of these compounds. In cocoa tissue culture accumulate large amounts of poliphenolics compounds which probably impair further development. This study was conducted to investigate the composition of phenolic compounds in cocoa flower and leaves, and their changes troughout the somatic embryogenesis process. Calli were induced in cacao floral and leaves explants on a half-strenght Murashige and Skoog medium containing 30 g/L Glucose and combination of 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D) with kinetin (kin). Total polyphenol content was observed on Sulawesi 1 cocoa clone. Embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus were also compared. The percentage of callus production from flower tissue is 85%, percentage of embryogenic callus 40 %, although  the percentage of somatic embryo production from embryogenic callus callus is 70%. The conservation of callus into somatic embryos followed by decline in phenol content and an increase in peroxidase. The synthesis kinetics for these compounds in calli, under different somatic embryogenesis conditions, revealed a higher concentration under non-embryogenic conditions. So that, phenolic compound can influence the production of calli and an absence the phenolic compound can enhance production of somatic embryo.Kata kunci: Theobroma cacao L., polifenol, embrio somatik, kalus, flavonoid, katekin, in vitro recalcitance
Isolation of Indigenous Phytophthora palmivora from Indonesia, Their Morphological and Pathogenecity Characterization
Authors: Rubiyo Rubiyo , Purwantara Agus , Sukamto Sri , Sudarsono Sudarsono
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis experiment aims to know the solar energy efficiency of four clones of cocoa that cultivated under three different shading plants. This experiment has been done from September until December 2013 located at Kaliwining Experiment Farm with characteristic 45 m above sea level, soil type is low humic gley, soil texture is silty clay loam, and climate classification type D based on Scmidht and Fergusson Classification. This experiment used Nested Design as Experimental Design with species of shading plant as main plot which are Teak (Tectona grandis L.), Krete (Cassia surattensis (Burm.) F.), Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala L.) and Cocoa clones as sub plot which are Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, KKM 22, KW 165. The observation of solar energy efficiency consists of daily solar radiation intensity, solar radiation intensity above plant, solar radiation intensity under plant, and also plant total dry weight. The experimental result showed that there is differences (heterogenity) between shading location based on homogenity test by Bartlett Method. There are some interaction between the kind of shading plant and clones in parameter of interception efficiency, absorbtion efficiency, the efficiency of solar energy that caught by plant, and solar energy conversion efficiency. The efficiency of solar energy that caught by plant will affect the solar energy conversion efficiency with R2 = 0,86.  Keywords : Solar Energy Efficiency, Cocoa Clones, Shading Plant, Nested Design, Bartlett Method
Performance of a Batch System Hydrolic Press for Cocoa Butter Extraction Process
Authors: Mulato Sri , Widyotomo Sukrisno , K Purwadaria Hadi
Published: September 2018

AbstractPratylenchus coffeae is a parasitic nematoda that infected the roots of some plants, one of them is coffee. The Infection of Pratylenchus coffeae cause root tissue damage that led to root lession and make root become rotten, it will interfere the ability of roots to absorb water and nutrients in the soil which resulted in the growth of plants. At the moment, control of Pratylenchus coffeae are following integrated pests management (IPM) program, which integrated between the use of coffee resistant clone and application of biological agents. Research on biological control was conducted more intensive, at the moment; due to it is friendlier save against environment and cheaper then using chemical nematicides. The research was conducted to know the effects of Micorrhiza Helper Bacteria (MHB),Pseudomonas diminuta and Bacillus subtilis in suppressing the population of P. coffeaeas well as their effect on growth of coffee seedling.  Coffee arabica (Coffea arabica L.) seedling one moth old were used in the experiment. The experiment prepared with eight treatments and five  replications, as follows: A (Pseudomonas diminuta with density of 108 cfu / ml), B (Pseudomonas diminuta with density of 2x108 cfu / ml), C (Bacillus subtilis with density of 108 cfu / ml ), D (Bacillus subtilis with density 2x108 cfu / ml), E (Carbofuran nematicide 5 g formulation / pot), F (Pseudomonas diminuta and Bacillus subtilis with each density of 108 cfu / ml), K- (Nematoda inoculation but without bacteria and nematicide), K+ (coffee seedling  without any additional treatment). The experiment was conducted for sixteen weeks or about four months. The results of the experiment showed that application of MHB could suppress population of P. coffeae and increase coffee seedling growth significantly. Inoculation of B. subtilis at 108 cfu per seedling suppressed significantly nematoda population of 71.3% compared with untreated seedling but inoculated with nematoda. It was not significant different with carbofuran treatment which could suppress nematoda population by 89.7%. The same result also occur on the treatment of P. diminuta at density level 2.108 cfu/seedling, which could suppress nematoda population by 64.2%. Seedling growth were treated with MHB also significantly increase compared with seedling without treatment and inoculation of nematodas, especially on the treatment of B.subtilis at density level 108 cfu and P.diminuta at density level of 108 cfu, with increasing level of 35.4% and 34.2 %, respectively.Keywords: MHB (Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria), Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.),  Pratylenchus coffeae, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas diminuta.
Soil Nutrient Condition of Coffee Cultivation with Industrial Woody-crops
Authors: Erwiyo Rudy , Prawoto Adi
Published: September 2018

Black pod rot disease (BPRD) which is caused by Phytophthora palmivora is one of the main diseases of cocoa cultivations particularly in plantations with wet climate. Black pod rot can develop rapidly under high humidity environments, particularly during rainy seasons. This disease can cause loss of harvest of up to 46.63% in East Java. The various control efforts attempted so far have not resulted in significant improvements. Urea, in addition to functioning as fertilizer, can also produce the ammonia gas which is believed to be able to suppress black pod rot. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of black pod rot control using the combination of lime and urea. This research was conducted from June to September 2013. The materials used in test included sterile soil, black pod rot infected cocoa, urea, and agricultural lime. Observation results showed that ammonia could form from urea. Lime can increase the speed of the formation. The ammonia gas forming from 0.06% urea and 0.3% lime can control the P. palmivora fungus inside the soil. Key words: Pod rot, P. palmivora, urea, lime, ammonia
Effects of Stearin and Lecithin Concentrations on Physical Properties of Chocolate
Authors: Misnawi Misnawi , Wahyudi Teguh
Published: September 2018

Herbal coffee is one of the coffee diversivication product that has been well recognized in the market. The addition of herbs or spices, such as ginger, pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia), Panax (from the genus of Panax L.) and Habbatussauda (black cumin/black seed/Nigella sativa) in the coffee, not only offer an enhanced flavor characteristic, but more importantly also offer the consumer to gain a health benefit which are possessed by the herbs used. Cardamom (Amonum cardomum) is commonly recognized as a food spices to add flavor to dishes. Cardamom is also known as a herb that possess health benefit such as the medicine for tonsil and throat inflammation, fever, asthma and fatigue reliever. This research was aimed to develop a herbal coffee containing the extract of cardamom and to study the characteristic of herbal coffee obtained physicochemically and by sensory analysis. Crystallized coffee and sugar mixture was blended with cardamom extract by several ratio, which were 90%:10%, 80%:20%, 70%:30%, 60%:40% and 50%:50% to obtain ready to drink cardamom herbal coffee. The mixtures and control (without the addition of cardamom) were then subjected for consumer perception by testing it to 30 panelist based on hedonic sensory test. The 3 mixtures that were choosen were then analysed for its physicochemical characteristic such as its powder and brewing appearrance, insoluble solids, reducing sugar and caffein concentration. The result showed that the addition of 10%, 20% and 30% cardamom extracthad good preferences to consumer, which 10% of addition resulted the highest preferences. The hedonic sensory test resulted the preferences of the aforementioned herbal coffee on color, aroma, taste and flavor was 3.37; 3.14; 3.30; 3.27 and 3.37 (on scale 1 to 5), respectively, representing moderately like to like preferences.The physiscochemical analysis show that the mixture contain 0.17% of insoluble solid, 0.13% of reducing sugar and 0.45% caffeine which comply the Indonesia standard of SNI 4446:1998. This result show that the cardamom herbal coffee is potential to be developed as on of coffee diversification product. Keywords: coffee mix, herbal, cardamom, coffee diversification.