bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of a Systematic Augmentative and Alternative Communication Intervention Using a Speech-Generating Device on Multistep Requesting and Generic Small Talk for Children With Severe Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Chavers Tiffany N. , Morris Madison , Schlosser Ralf W. , Koul Rajinder
Published: September 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) intervention using a speech-generating device (SGD) on acquisition, maintenance, and generalization of multistep requesting and generic small talk in three children with severe autism spectrum disorder (ASD) between the ages of 7 and 13 years.

Method

A multiple-baseline design across participants combined with a posttreatment multiple-generalization-probe design was used to assess acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of target communicative behaviors with the experimenter and the participants' familiar communication partners (FCPs). Intervention was composed of systematic instruction in the use of an SGD using least-to-most prompting, constant time delay, error correction, and reinforcement.

Results

Visual analysis established a strong functional relationship between the independent variable and the two dependent variables (i.e., requesting preferred activities, engaging in generic small talk) for all three participants. Effect size indicator analyses corroborated these findings, indicating strong effects for performing multistep requesting and medium effects for engaging in generic small talk. All participants were able to generalize the acquired communicative behaviors to request new and untrained snacks and activities and engage in generic small talk with FCPs who were not part of the training. Maintenance of acquired communicative behaviors was demonstrated 3 weeks post completion of intervention.

Conclusion

This study provides preliminary evidence that AAC intervention using an SGD and incorporating least-to-most prompting, constant time delay, error correction, and reinforcement is effective in terms of multistep requesting and generic small talk behaviors in children with severe ASD.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16663630
Speech Development Between 30 and 119 Months in Typical Children II: Articulation Rate Growth Curves
Authors: Mahr Tristan J. , Soriano Jennifer U. , Rathouz Paul J. , Hustad Katherine C.
Published: September 2021

Purpose

We aimed to develop normative growth curves for articulation rate during sentence repetition for typically developing children. Our primary goal was the development of quantile/percentile growth curves so that typical variation in articulation rate with age could be estimated. We also estimated when children became adultlike in their articulation rate, and we examined the contributions of age and utterance length to articulation rate.

Method

This cross-sectional study involved collection of in-person speech samples from 570 typically developing children (297 girls; 273 boys) who passed speech, language, and hearing screening measures. Pauses greater than 150 ms in duration were removed from the samples, and articulation rate was measured in syllables per second (sps).

Results

Articulation rate reliably increased with age and utterance length. Rate in all key percentiles increased with age. The median rate (50th percentile) increased from 2.7 sps at 36 months to 3.3 sps at 96 months. The 5th percentile increased from 2.3 to 3.1 sps over the same age range. Using 3.2 sps as a benchmark for adultlike speech, we found the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles reached adultlike rates at 99, 75, and 53 months, respectively.

Conclusions

Articulation rate increases from early childhood into middle childhood, and it is generally adultlike by 10 years of age. Variability in articulation rate among typical children was substantial. Implications for prior research and for clinical usage are discussed.
Service-Learning in Audiology: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ronney Alexis , Kirby Benjamin J.
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Service-learning has the potential to improve student outcomes by providing students opportunities to apply their knowledge and skills in real-world contexts and is well suited to graduate education in communication sciences and disorders. However, relatively few service-learning studies in the literature focus on audiology, and the range of outcomes specific to audiology service-learning has not yet been characterized in a systematic way. The purpose of this critical review was to characterize the impact of service-learning on audiology students and clients/patients as evidenced by reflection activities and outcome measures, as well as to describe the common challenges and best practices in the available literature that may inform future research on service-learning in the field.

Method

A systematic search of the literature using multiple databases was completed according to standard guidelines. The impact of each study was evaluated using a standard scale of training efficacy. Study methods, including reflection activities and outcome measures, were recorded.

Results

Nine peer-reviewed studies on service-learning in audiology were selected. Six of the nine studies reported changes in student attitudes or awareness related to issues of clinical practice; five of the nine studies reported improvements in student knowledge/skills.

Conclusions

Overall, results of the review indicated benefits of service-learning to student clinicians. However, evidence for transference of service-learning benefits to organizational or departmental practice and benefit to patients/clients was lacking. Methodological limitations in the measurement of outcomes in prior works complicated evaluation of their impact; best practices were identified and synthesized for use in future research on audiology service-learning experiences.
Fundamentals of Epidemiology for the Audiologist
Authors: Torre Peter , Reavis Kelly M.
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease and other health-related events in populations. An understanding of epidemiology among audiologists is important for ear and hearing health care practice. This tutorial presents an overview of the fundamental concepts of epidemiology for the practicing audiologist and audiology students.

Method

The authors provide an overview of epidemiology and focus on its applicability to audiology. The most common epidemiologic study designs, measures of occurrence, and measures of association are highlighted and discussed. Concepts related to
p
values, confidence intervals, confounding, and bias are introduced. Finally, the authors discuss screening as a means to control adverse hearing health outcomes.

Conclusions

Epidemiologic approaches are of value to the audiologist involved in the evidence-based decision processes of planning, monitoring, and treating individuals with ear and hearing problems. For audiologists to make practice recommendations based on epidemiologic data, they need insight into epidemiologic study design and interpretation of data from these studies. Understanding the fundamentals of epidemiology and applying epidemiologic principles to the clinical practice of audiology can increase the quality of care individuals receive.
Coherent integration and detection algorithm for hypersonic target based on modified pulse compression and Keystone transform
Authors: Yu Wenchao , Lu Xingyu , Su Weimin , Gu Hong , Yang Jianchao
Published: September 2021

This letter considers the coherent integration and detection for hypersonic target in the first‐order approximate (FOA) echo model. The proposed algorithm first accomplishes the modified pulse compression utilising the designed reference signal, then conducts the Keystone transform (KT) based coherent integration method to detect the target. Compared with the existing methods which model the received signal without considering the target's intrapulse motion, the proposed method has a lower modeling error and can maintain good noise robustness for weak hypersonic target detection. Experimental results are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Daily operation of multi‐energy systems based on stochastic optimization considering prediction of renewable energy generation
Authors: Azizi Ali , Karimi Hamid , Jadid Shahram
Published: September 2021

Nowadays, the energy crisis is one of the most critical challenges facing countries. To deal with this crisis, instead of independently optimizing each of the energy carriers (electricity, gas, heat etc.), all carriers are considered simultaneously by a concept called multi‐energy system, which not only leads to economic benefits but also has environmental benefits. Here, a mixed‐integer linear programming model is proposed to minimize the total daily cost of a local multi‐energy system including the cost of energy exchange with the main grid, the cost of natural gas, and carbon emission costs. A polynomial neural network model is used to forecast the hourly wind speed and radiation of the next day. Also, a probabilistic scenario‐generation and scenario reduction method is utilized to generate the possible scenarios from the probability density function. The simulation results show that the proposed model using neural network prediction and stochastic optimization increases the total cost of the multi‐energy system by 12% in the worst‐case. Sensitivity analysis of loads, electricity prices, and gas prices have been used to investigate the behaviour of variables on energy hub operating costs.
Signatures of UV radiation in low-mass protostars
Authors: Mirocha Agnieszka , Karska Agata , Gronowski Marcin , Kristensen Lars E. , Tychoniec Łukasz , Harsono Daniel , Figueira Miguel , Gładkowski Marcin , Żółtowski Michał
Published: September 2021

Context. Ultraviolet radiation (UV) influences the physics and chemistry of star-forming regions, but its properties and significance in the immediate surroundings of low-mass protostars are still poorly understood.

Aims. Our aim is to extend the use of the CN/HCN ratio, already established for high-mass protostars, to the low-mass regime to trace and characterize the UV field around low-mass protostars on ~0.6 × 0.6 pc scales.

Methods. We present 5′ × 5′ maps of the Serpens Main Cloud encompassing ten protostars observed with the EMIR receiver at the IRAM 30 m telescope in CN 1–0, HCN 1–0, CS 3–2, and some of their isotopologs. The radiative-transfer code RADEX and the chemical model Nahoon were used to determine column densities of molecules, gas temperature and density, and the UV field strength, G0.

Results. The spatial distribution of HCN and CS are closely correlated with CO 6–5 emission, that traces outflows. The CN emission is extended from the central protostars to their immediate surroundings also tracing outflows, likely as a product of HCN photodissociation. The ratio of CN to HCN total column densities ranges from ~1 to 12 corresponding to G0 ≈ 101–103 for gas densities and temperatures typical for outflows of low-mass protostars.

Conclusions. UV radiation associated with protostars and their outflows is indirectly identified in a significant part of the Serpens Main low-mass star-forming region. Its strength is consistent with the values obtained from the OH and H2O ratios observed with Herschel and compared with models of UV-illuminated shocks. From a chemical viewpoint, the CN to HCN ratio is an excellent tracer of UV fields around low- and intermediate-mass star-forming regions.
The disk–torus system in active galactic nuclei: possible evidence of highly spinning black holes
Authors: Campitiello Samuele , Celotti Annalisa , Ghisellini Gabriele , Sbarrato Tullia
Published: September 2021

We study the ratio R between the luminosity of the torus and that of the accretion disk, inferred from the relativistic model KERRBB for a sample of approximately 2000 luminosity-selected radio-quiet Type I active galactic nuclei from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey catalog. We find a mean ratio R ≈ 0.8 and a considerable number of sources with R ≳ 1. Our statistical analysis regarding the distribution of the observed ratios suggests that the largest values might be linked to strong relativistic effects due to a large black hole spin (a > 0.8), despite the radio-quiet nature of the sources. The mean value of R sets a constraint on the average torus aperture angle (in the range 30° < θT < 70°) and, for about one-third of the sources, the spin must be a > 0.7. Moreover, our results suggest that the strength of the disk radiation (i.e., the Eddington ratio) could shape the torus geometry and the relative luminosity ratio R. Given the importance of the involved uncertainties on this statistical investigation, an extensive analysis and discussion have been made to assess the robustness of our results.
The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS)
Authors: Vulic N. , Hornschemeier A. E. , Haberl F. , Basu-Zych A. R. , Kyritsis E. , Zezas A. , Salvato M. , Ptak A. , Bogdan A. , Kovlakas K. , Wilms J. , Sasaki M. , Liu T. , Merloni A. , Dwelly T. , Brunner H. , Lamer G. , Maitra C. , Nandra K. , Santangelo A.
Published: September 2021

Context.The eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth Survey (eFEDS), completed in survey mode during the calibration and performance verification phase of the eROSITA instrument on Spectrum Roentgen Gamma, delivers data at and beyond the final depth of the 4-yr eROSITA all-sky survey (eRASS:8),f0.5–2 keV= 1.1 × 10−14erg s−1cm−2, over 140 deg2. It provides the first view of normal galaxy X-ray emission from X-ray binaries (XRBs) and the hot interstellar medium at the full depth of eRASS:8.

Aims.We used the Heraklion Extragalactic Catalogue (HECATE) of galaxies to correlate with eFEDS X-ray sources and identify X-ray detected normal galaxies. This flux-limited X-ray survey is relatively free from selection effects and enables the study of integrated normal galaxy X-ray emission and its relation to galaxy parameters such as the stellar mass, star formation rate (SFR), and metallicity.

Methods.We cross-correlated 32 646 eFEDS X-ray sources to 1181 HECATE normal galaxies and obtained 94 matches. We classified galaxies as star-forming, early-type, composite, and active galactic nuclei (AGN) using Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and Six-degree Field (6dF) optical spectroscopy.

Results.The eFEDS field harbours 37 normal galaxies: 36 late-type (star-forming) galaxies and one early-type galaxy. There are 1.9 times as many normal galaxies as predicted by scaling relations via simulations, with an overabundance of late-type galaxies and a dearth of early-type galaxies. When compared with empirical relations, eFEDS dwarf galaxies with a high specific SFR have elevatedLX/SFR at a fixed specific SFR and metallicity, indicating an increase in XRB emission due to low metallicity. We expect that eRASS:8 will detect 12 500 normal galaxies, the majority of which will be star-forming, with the caveat that there are unclassified sources in eFEDS and galaxy catalogue incompleteness issues that could increase the actual number of detected galaxies over these current estimates.

Conclusions.eFEDS observations detected a rare population of galaxies – the metal-poor dwarf starbursts – that do not follow known scaling relations. eRASS is expected to discover significant numbers of these high-redshift analogues, which are important for studying the heating of the intergalactic medium at high redshift. Further investigation of the hot gas emission from normal galaxies and stochastic effects in the dwarf galaxy population are required to constrain their X-ray output.
Collapse of turbulent massive cores with ambipolar diffusion and hybrid radiative transfer
Authors: Mignon-Risse R. , González M. , Commerçon B.
Published: September 2021

Context. Most massive protostars exhibit bipolar outflows. Nonetheless, there is no consensus regarding the mechanism at the origin of these outflows, nor on the cause of the less-frequently observed monopolar outflows.

Aims. We aim to identify the origin of early massive protostellar outflows, focusing on the combined effects of radiative transfer and magnetic fields in a turbulent medium.

Methods. We use four state-of-the-art radiation-magnetohydrodynamical simulations following the collapse of massive 100 M⊙ pre-stellar cores with the RAMSES code. Turbulence is taken into account via initial velocity dispersion. We use a hybrid radiative transfer method and include ambipolar diffusion.

Results. Turbulence delays the launching of outflows, which appear to be mainly driven by magnetohydrodynamical processes. We study both the magnetic tower flow and the magneto-centrifugal acceleration as possible origins. Both contribute to the acceleration and the former operates on larger volumes than the latter. Our finest resolution, 5 AU, does not allow us to get converged results on magneto-centrifugally accelerated outflows. Radiative acceleration takes place as well, dominates in the star vicinity, enlarges the outflow extent, and has no negative impact on the launching of magnetic outflows (up to M ~17 M⊙, L ~ 105 L⊙). We observe mass outflow rates of 10−5−10−4 M⊙ yr−1 and momentum rates of the order ~10−4 M⊙ km s−1 yr−1. The associated opening angles (20−30deg when magnetic fields dominate) are in a range between observed values for wide-angle outflows and collimated outflows. If confirmed with a finer numerical resolution at the outflow interface, this suggests additional (de-)collimating effects. Outflows are launched nearly perpendicular to the disk and are misaligned with the initial core-scale magnetic fields, in agreement with several observational studies. In the most turbulent run, the outflow is monopolar.

Conclusions. Magnetic processes are dominant over radiative ones in the acceleration of massive protostellar outflows of up to ~17 M⊙. Turbulence perturbs the outflow launching and is a possible explanation for monopolar outflows.
Characteristics of the Thrombus Formation in Transgenic Mice with Platelet-Targeted Factor VIII Expression
Authors: Wang Yun , Mao Jianhua , Li Li , Xiao Bing , Ruan Zheng , Liu Yichen , Zhang Guowei , Wang Dawei , Mi Jian-Qing , Fang Chao , Xi Xiaodong , Shi Xiaofeng , Wang Jin
Published: September 2021

Platelet-targeted FVIII gene therapy can efficiently recover bleeding phenotype for hemophilia A (HA), yet characteristics of thrombus formation with this ectopic expression of factor VIII (FVIII) in platelets remain unclear. Here, we generated 2bF8trans mice restrictively expressing human B-domain–deleted FVIII (hBDD FVIII) in platelets on a hemophilic (FVIIInull) mice background. The results showed no statistical difference in clot strength and stability between wild-type (WT) and 2bF8trans mice, but with a prolonged reaction time (R-time), by thromboelastography. Fluid dynamics analysis showed that at the shear rates of 500 to 1,500 s−1, where physiological hemostasis often develops, the thrombi formed in 2bF8trans mice were more stable than those in FVIIInull mice, while at high pathological shear rates (2,500 s−1), mimicking atherosclerosis, thrombus size and fibrin deposition in 2bF8trans mice were less than those in WT mice. Thrombus morphology analysis showed that there was a locally concentrated deposition of fibrin in thrombus at the injured site and fibrin co-localized with activated platelets in 2bF8trans mice. Moreover, a higher ratio of fibrin to platelets was found in thrombus from 2bF8trans mice following laser-induced injury in cremaster arterioles, which might be the underlying mechanism of thrombus stability in 2bF8trans mice at physiological arterial circumstance. These observations suggest that specific morphological features of the thrombi might contribute to the efficacy and safety of platelet-targeted FVIII gene therapy for HA.
Shallow Placentation: A Distinct Category of Placental Lesions
Authors: Stanek Jerzy
Published: September 2021

Objective Shallow placental implantation (SPI) features placental maldistribution of extravillous trophoblasts and includes excessive amount of extravillous trophoblasts, chorionic microcysts in the membranes and chorionic disc, and decidual clusters of multinucleate trophoblasts. The histological lesions were previously and individually reported in association with various clinical and placental abnormalities. This retrospective statistical analysis of a large placental database from high-risk pregnancy statistically compares placentas with and without a composite group of features of SPI.

Study Design Twenty-four independent abnormal clinical and 44 other than SPI placental phenotypes were compared between 4,930 placentas without (group 1) and 1,283 placentas with one or more histological features of SPI (composite SPI group; group 2). Placentas were received for pathology examination at a discretion of obstetricians. Placental lesion terminology was consistent with the Amsterdam criteria, with addition of other lesions described more recently.

Results Cases of group 2 featured statistically and significantly (p < 0.001after Bonferroni's correction) more common than group 1 on the following measures: gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, oligohydramnios, polyhydramnios, abnormal Dopplers, induction of labor, cesarean section, perinatal mortality, fetal growth restriction, stay in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), congenital malformation, deep meconium penetration, intravillous hemorrhage, villous infarction, membrane laminar necrosis, fetal blood erythroblastosis, decidual arteriopathy (hypertrophic and atherosis), chronic hypoxic injury (uterine and postuterine), intervillous thrombus, segmental and global fetal vascular malperfusion, various umbilical cord abnormalities, and basal plate myometrial fibers.

Conclusion SPI placentas were statistically and significantly associated with 48% abnormal independent clinical and 51% independent abnormal placental phenotypes such as acute and chronic hypoxic lesions, fetal vascular malperfusion, umbilical cord abnormalities, and basal plate myometrial fibers among others. Therefore, SPI should be regarded as a category of placental lesions related to maternal vascular malperfusion and the “Great Obstetrical Syndromes.”

Key Points
Management of Coincident Pituitary Macroadenoma and Cavernous Carotid Aneurysm: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Piper Keenan J. , Karsy Michael , Barton Blair , Rabinowitz Mindy , Rosen Marc R. , Nyquist Gurston G. , Evans James J. , Tjoumakaris Stavropoula , Farrell Christopher J.
Published: September 2021

Introduction Pituitary adenomas are a common intracranial pathology with an incidence of 15 to 20% in the population while cerebral aneurysms are less common with a prevalence of 1:50 patients. The incidence of aneurysms in patients with pituitary adenoma has been estimated at 2.3 to 5.4% of patients; however, this remains unclear. Equally, the management of concomitant lesions lacks significant understanding.

Methods A case report is presented of a concomitant cerebral aneurysm and pituitary adenoma managed by minimally invasive endovascular and endoscopic methods, respectively. A systematic review of the literature for terms “pituitary adenoma” and “aneurysm” yielded 494 studies that were narrowed to 19 relevant articles.

Results We report a case of a 67-year-old patient with an enlarging pituitary macroadenoma, cavernous carotid aneurysm, and unilateral carotid occlusion. After successful treatment of the aneurysm by a pipeline flow diverter, the pituitary adenoma was surgically resected by an endoscopic transsphenoidal approach.

Conclusion The use of a pipeline flow diverter and endonasal approach was feasible in the treatment of our patient. This is the first report to our knowledge of the use of pipeline flow diversion in the management of a cavernous carotid aneurysm prior to pituitary adenoma treatment.
Falx Cerebelli Meningioma: Case Report of a Rarely Occurring Tumor, Management Nuances, and Literature Review
Authors: Gallo Elizabeth , Brzezicki Grzegorz , Makary Raafat , Rahmathulla Gazanfar , Rao Dinesh , Tavanaiepour Daryoush
Published: September 2021

The falx cerebelli is a small crescent fold of dura mater that is attached to the internal occipital crest and projects forward into the posterior cerebellar notch between the cerebellar hemispheres. We report a rare case of a 61-year-old female who presented with a 1-month history of headache and gait instability. Imaging findings were suggestive of a meningioma arising from the falx cerebelli. Complete surgical resection was achieved with a standard posterior fossa midline approach. Duraplasty was performed using animal allograft dura (Duraguard) and additional layers of oxidized cellulose preparation (Surgicel), fibrin sealant, and nonsuturable collagen matrix (Duragen) were utilized to reduce the risk of a cerebrospinal fluid leak. Pathology confirmed a World Health Organization (WHO) grade-I meningioma. Postoperatively, patient with asymptomatic thrombosis of the left transverse/sigmoid sinuses and later with a pseudomeningocele managed with a lumbar drain. To our knowledge, this is the second documented case in the literature. We discuss intraoperative nuances and unique aspects in the postoperative care and management of these patients.
The Bone Microarchitecture Deficit in Patients with Hemophilia Is Influenced by Arthropathy, Hepatitis C Infection, and Physical Activity
Authors: Holstein Katharina , Witt Leonora , Rolvien Tim , Langer Florian , Matysiak Anna , Schmidt Constantin , Barvencik Florian , Amling Michael
Published: September 2021

Low bone mineral density (BMD) is common in patients with hemophilia (PWHs). The aim of the present study was to describe BMD and microarchitecture in PWHs in Northern Germany and to determine factors contributing to possible skeletal alterations. Demographic characteristics, BMD and microarchitecture, bone metabolism markers, and orthopaedic joint score (OJS) were assessed during routine check-ups. Areal BMD was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the hip and lumbar spine. Volumetric BMD and microarchitecture were quantified by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography at the distal radius and tibia. Eighty male PWHs (median age, 33 years; range, 18–77) were retrospectively analyzed, of whom 67 (84.0%) and 13 (16.0%) had hemophilia A and B, respectively. Fifty-four (68.0%), six (7.0%), and 20 (25.0%) patients had severe, moderate, or mild hemophilia, and 35 (44.0%) were hepatitis C virus (HCV) positive. DXA analysis revealed low BMD (Z-score ≤ − 2.0) in 27.5% of PWHs, and higher bone turnover values were associated with lower BMD. Bone microarchitecture was dominated by cortical deficits at the radius and trabecular deficits at the tibia. Cortical deficits at the radius were influenced by lower body mass index, low-grade inflammation, and treatment regimen (higher cortical thickness on primary prophylaxis). Trabecular alterations at the tibia were mainly associated with OJS and HCV status. A positive effect of self-reported sportive activity on BMD could be shown. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the site-specific microarchitectural deficit observed in PWHs is primarily negatively influenced by poor joint status, inflammation, HCV infection, and high bone turnover.
Chronicle: The last accomplishment of B. I. Verkin
Authors: Gredeskul S. A. , Pastur L. A. , Freiman Yu. A.
Published: September 2021

The paper describes the decisive role by B. I. Verkin, the founder of the Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering (ILTPE) and the journal Low Temperature Physics, in the return from the near 50-year oblivion the name of L. V. Shubnikov, an outstanding Soviet physicist arrested and executed in 1937. We begin with a brief survey of Shubnikov’s works, several of them are of the Nobel prize level. Then we briefly describe the foundation by B. I. Verkin of the Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering. Finally, we outline the history of writing the book about Shubnikov and the outstanding efforts by B. I. Verkin in the realization of this last, according to him, achievement of his life.
Light sizes up the internal structure of chlorosomes
Authors: Patrick Chris
Published: September 2021

A combination of spectroscopy techniques measures the average radius and average length of aggregates in chlorosomes, a bacterial organelle boasting highly efficient light harvesting.
Carbon and nitrogen stocks and organic matter fractions in the topsoil of traditional and agrisilvicultural systems in the Southeast of Brazil
Authors: Frazão Leidivan Almeida , Cardoso Paulo Henrique Silveira , Almeida Neta Maria Nilfa , Mota Mauro Franco Castro , Almeida Luana Larissa de Souza , Ribeiro Juliana Martins , Bicalho Thais Ferreira , Feigl Brigitte Josefine
Published: September 2021

The adoption of conservationist systems can improve the protection of soil organic matter (SOM) and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, we aimed to quantify the soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks, C content in the SOM fractions and microbial C (Cmic) in the topsoil of an Acrisol under traditional and agrisilvicultural systems in the Southeast of Brazil. The evaluated treatments were native vegetation of Cerrado (NV), pasture of Urochloa brizantha (PAST), monoculture of pigeon pea (MCP), and agrisilvicultural system (Eucalyptus + pigeon pea; AGS). Soil samples were collected at depths of 0–5, 5–10, and 10–20 cm to determine the soil C and N contents and stocks, C associated with granulometric and humic fractions of SOM, and soil Cmic. The C contents in AGS and MCP systems were similar to NV at 5–10 and 10–20 cm, and soil C stocks in AGS were similar to NV and higher than in PAST system at 0–20 cm. We found a higher percentage of protected C in the silt + clay fraction, and the AGS system contributed to an increase in this organomineral fraction at 10–20 cm soil depth. The C contents in the free light fraction (0–5 cm) and humin (5–10 and 10–20 cm) were also similar between AGS and NV, giving greater protection of SOM in both systems. For Cmic and microbial quotient values we found no differences among the evaluated systems. The results indicated that after conversion of NV to different land uses, the AGS system more effectively increased the C stocks in the topsoil and protected the SOM.
Cavitation controls droplet sizes in elastic media
Authors: Vidal-Henriquez Estefania , Zwicker David
Published: September 2021

Significance

Biological cells use liquid-like droplets to partition their proteins spatially. These droplets are typically surrounded by an elastic matrix, like the cytoskeleton or chromatin, but how the matrix affects droplets is unclear. To elucidate this, we introduce a theoretical model describing experiments in a synthetic system. We show that regular arrangements of large droplets with controlled sizes coexist with droplets on the mesh size when the elastic matrix can break under stress. We thus demonstrate how elastic matrices can control droplets. Similar effects could play a role in biological cells, and our theory forms the basis for further investigations.
Understanding intervention in fansubbing’s participatory culture
Authors: Lu Siwen , Lu Sijing
Published: September 2021

The development of digital technology over the past two decades has made audiovisual products an indispensable way
of entertainment and witnessed the emergence of new sociocultural phenomena, including the rise of participatory culture and civic
engagement. Drawing on the Systemic Functional Linguistics-informed multimodality, this article compares some of the most distinct
practices in official subtitles and fansubs in the complex sociocultural context of China. The aim is to examine how fansubbers
manipulate semiotic resources to design highly innovative strategies and investigate how these interventionist practices maximize
their visibility and increase the film’s participation. The results show that Chinese fansubbers tend to produce subtitles in a
highly aesthetic, functional, and semiotically coherent way by breaking the conventions established by the professionals. This
tendency is not only a reflection of their resistance and dissatisfaction with the official subtitles under the state constraints
but also a manifestation of the rapidly developing participatory culture in this increasingly digitalized world.
An introduction to the special issue on “Language, Politics and Media: The Hong Kong protests”
Authors: Ming Liu , Wang Guofeng
Published: September 2021

Protests and social movements have become part of Hong Kong’s local politics since the 1970s. However, protests against the proposed extradition bill in 2019‒20 turned out to be the most violent political mass movement in Hong Kong after its return to the People’s Republic of China in 1997. It not only drew wide international attention but also evoked another round of “news war” over Hong Kong (Lee et al. 2002). This special issue collects six articles which address the representations of the protests in Hong Kong by different parties on different media platforms. Adopting a critical discourse analysis approach, these studies examine discursive strategies employed in media representations of the protests and the ideologies and power struggles at play. It aims to present different perspectives towards the issue and shed light on the complex relations between language, media and politics in the representations of the Hong Kong protests.
A unified semantic analysis of Chinese adverbialziji
Authors: Liao Hsiu-Chen Daphne
Published: September 2021

This study of Chinese adverbialzijiinvestigates why cross-linguistically adverbial intensifiers often develop two different uses, namely the exclusive use and the inclusive use. Arguing against the polysemous account proposed in previous works likeSiemund (2000), and assuming the mechanism suggested inLiao (2018)for exclusiveziji, the paper presents a new analysis revised fromGast’s (2006)account for intensifiers. In the analysis, there is only onezijifor all its adverbial uses. By adjoining to different X’ positions in the structure, adverbialzijimay get different surface meanings. Despite the surface differences, adverbialzijialways has the following semantics: it works as an identity function, evokes alternatives for consideration, and receives an exclusive meaning after the application of the covert exhaustivity operator O. Based on the evidence presented, the analysis crucially assumes that adverbialzijimay adjoin to Topic’, and this adjunction leads to the effect that the subsequent exhaustification is done over a set of alternative propositions that vary in topics. In such a case, alternative individuals evoked byzijido not have to be excluded from having the property described by the VP in question. This makes the assertion of aziji-sentence in inclusive context possible, and accounts for why intensifierzijihas a disguised inclusive function. By proposing such a unified account ofziji, the paper explains why cross-linguistically intensifiers often develop the various uses observed.
Korean causal markers ‑ese and ‑nikka in clause-initial and final positions in
relation to the sequence of Mandarin Chinese yinwei
Authors: Yoo Eunson
Published: September 2021

Korean causal markers ‑ese, ‑nikka and Mandarin Chinese yinwei
are used most widely in their respective languages to denote causality. Due to the syntactic structure of the
adjunct-preceding-main order in both languages, ‑ese and ‑nikka are considered to be
clause-initial connectives. However, in both languages, because-clauses also occur frequently in final position.
By examining the behavioral patterns of ‑ese and ‑nikka in clause-initial and -final positions
in relation to the sequence of yinwei through the original Korean texts translated to Mandarin Chinese and the
Korean texts translated from the original Mandarin Chinese texts, this paper aims to show: (1) ese-tokens
correspond more to the preposed yinwei and other Mandarin Chinese result causal markers that strengthen the
“cause-consequence” construction, as ‑ese mainly expresses forward logical reasoning, whereas
nikka-tokens correspond more to the postposed yinwei, as ‑nikka expresses
epistemic inference and elaboration; (2) these logical relations are more explicitly expressed by ‑ese and
‑nikka, whereas Mandarin Chinese relies more on zero-marking when expressing a strong sense of sequential
logic or an utterance of elaboration.
Impact of Stigmatizing Language Describing Opioid-Exposed Mother Infant Dyads: A Randomized Case Vignette Study
Authors: Schiff Davida M. , Halvorson Alese E. , Dupont William , Davis Matthew M. , Patrick Stephen W.
Published: September 2021

Background: Existing literature suggests that using stigmatizing language may promote negative attitudes and result in more punitive views toward individuals with addiction. It is unclear how the commonly used colloquial terms to describe opioid-exposed mother infant dyads impacts public opinion of pregnant women with opioid use disorder (OUD). We sought to examine the extent to which language such as “opioid addict” and “born addicted” influences the perception of pregnant women with OUD. Methods: We conducted a randomized case-based vignette study using a population-weighted sample of parents living in Tennessee, varying in the language used to describe an opioid-exposed mother infant dyad. Participant demographics, views on opioid prescribing, and opinions on criminal justice and child welfare responses following delivery were obtained. Ordinal logistic regression was used to examine the association between vignette type and punitive responses. Results: Eleven hundred participants completed the survey. Overall, 30.6% felt the mother should be arrested and 68.6% felt the mother should lose custody of her infant. There was insufficient evidence to suggest a difference in punitive response selection based on the vignette language ( p = 0.27). In the adjusted model, the odds of answering a more punitive response among parents who received non-stigmatizing language was 0.8 (95% CI 0.59–1.08) compared to parents who received stigmatizing language in the vignette. Conclusions: Many parents hold punitive views toward mothers receiving OUD treatment that was not altered by using less value-laden language. Broader stigma-reduction interventions may be more effective.
Exploring Clinician Wellbeing within a Mentalization-Based Treatment Service for Adult Offending Males with Antisocial Personality Disorder in the Community
Authors: Warner Aaron , Keenan Joseph
Published: September 2021

Mentalization Based Treatment (MBT) is offered as a potential treatment for clients with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD), however, research suggests that delivering MBT can often present challenges for clinicians. Furthermore, there is agreement that working with clients with ASPD can significantly impact upon staff wellbeing. This project highlights the challenges experienced by clinicians when delivering an MBT service with adult offending males with ASPD within the community. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was conducted following semi-structured interviews with six MBT clinicians. Findings highlight how the challenges of working with clients with ASPD presented a significant threat to clinicians’ professional identity. These challenges were compounded by confusion surrounding the MBT model, lack of support from multidisciplinary staff and insufficient service infrastructure. MBT clinicians’ attempts to overcome these barriers led to them striving and breaching time boundaries, leaving them at risk of burnout. These findings contribute to existing literature surrounding clients with ASPD and provide new insight into implementation barriers when delivering a community based MBT service with this client group.
Ultrafast dynamics of cationic electronic states of vinyl bromide by strong-field ionization-photofragmentation
Authors: Zhou Long-Xing , Liu Yang , He Shen , Gao Da-Shuai , Shen Xing-Chen , Chen Qi , Yu Tao , Lv Hang , Xu Hai-Feng
Published: September 2021

Strong field ionization-photofragmentation (SFI-PF) with ultrafast pump–probe scheme is a powerful approach to study the dynamics of molecular cationic electronic states. Here we carry out a SFI-PF study on the cationic electronic states of vinyl bromide, C2H3Br. The yields of the parent C2H3Br+ and the formation of the fragment (Br+, C2H2
+ and C2H3
+) ions have been measured at different pump–probe delay time. Analysis provides experimental evidence of

A

2

A

′

–X2A″ internal conversion of vinyl bromide cations which occurs in a time of about 220 fs, and the time of C2H3
+ formation induced by the dissociation of the

A

2

A

′

state around 300 fs. The study would add our knowledge of the behavior of electronic excited states of complex molecular cations.
Deterministic remote state preparation of arbitrary three-qubit state through noisy cluster-GHZ channel
Authors: Xu Zhihang , Wei Yuzhen , Jiang Cong , Jiang Min
Published: September 2021

We propose a novel scheme for remote state preparation of an arbitrary three-qubit state with unit success probability, utilizing a nine-qubit cluster-GHZ state without introducing auxiliary qubits. Furthermore, we proceed to investigate the effects of different quantum noises (e.g., amplitude-damping, phase-damping, bit-flip and phase-flip noises) on the systems. The fidelity results of three-qubit target state are presented, which are usually used to illustrate how close the output state is to the target state. To compare the different effects between the four common types of quantum noises, the fidelities under one specific identical target state are also calculated and discussed. It is found that the fidelity of the phase-flip noisy channel drops the fastest through the four types of noisy channels, while the fidelity is found to always maintain at 1 in bit-flip noisy channel.
Modeling the heterogeneous traffic flow considering the effect of self-stabilizing and autonomous vehicles
Authors: Gong Yuan , Zhu Wen-Xing
Published: September 2021

With the increasing maturity of automatic driving technology, the homogeneous traffic flow will gradually evolve into the heterogeneous traffic flow, which consists of human-driving and autonomous vehicles. To better study the characteristics of the heterogeneous traffic system, this paper proposes a new car-following model for autonomous vehicles and heterogeneous traffic flow, which considers the self-stabilizing effect of vehicles. Through linear and nonlinear methods, this paper deduces and analyzes the stability of such a car-following model with the self-stabilizing effect. Finally, the model is verified by numerical simulation. Numerical results show that the self-stabilizing effect can make the heterogeneous traffic flow more stable, and that increasing the self-stabilizing coefficient or historical time length can strengthen the stability of heterogeneous traffic flow and alleviate traffic congestion effectively. In addition, the heterogeneous traffic flow can also be stabilized with a higher proportion of autonomous vehicles.
Edge assisted epitaxy of CsPbBr3 nanoplates on Bi2O2Se nanosheets for enhanced photoresponse
Authors: Jiang Haotian , Xu Xing , Fan Chao , Dai Beibei , Qi Zhuodong , Jiang Sha , Cai Mengqiu , Zhang Qinglin
Published: September 2021

Bi2O2Se has been proved to be a promising candidate for electronic and optoelectronic devices due to their unique physical properties. However, it is still a great challenge to construct the heterostructures with direct epitaxy of hetero semiconductor materials on Bi2O2Se nanosheets. Here, a two-step chemical vapor deposition (CVD) route was used to directly grow the CsPbBr3 nanoplate-Bi2O2Se nanosheet heterostructures. The CsPbBr3 nanoplates were selectively grown on the Bi2O2Se nanosheet along the edges, where the dangling bonds provide the nucleation sites. The epitaxial relationships between CsPbBr3 and Bi2O2Se were determined as [200]Bi2O2Se||[110]CsPbBr3
and [110]Bi2O2Se||[200]CsPbBr3
by transmission electron microscopy characterization. The photoluminescence (PL) results reveal that the formation of heterostructures results in the remarkable PL quenching due to the type-I band arrangement at CsPbBr3/Bi2O2Se interface, which was confirmed by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and Kelvin probe measurements, and makes the photogenerated carriers transfer from CsPbBr3 to Bi2O2Se. Importantly, the photodetectors based on the heterostructures exhibit a 4-time increase in the responsivity compared to those based on the pristine Bi2O2Se sheets, and the fast rise and decay time in microsecond. These results indicate that the direct epitaxy of the CsPbBr3 plates on the Bi2O2Se sheet may improve the optoelectronic performance of Bi2O2Se based devices.
High linearity AlGaN/GaN HEMT with double-V
th coupling for millimeter-wave applications
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Mi Minhan , Zhang Meng , Zhu Jiejie , Zhou Yuwei , Liu Jielong , Liu Sijia , Yang Ling , Hou Bin , Ma Xiaohua , Hao Yue
Published: September 2021

We demonstrated an AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) namely double-V
th coupling HEMT (DVC-HEMT) fabricated by connecting different threshold voltage (V
th) values including the slant recess element and planar element in parallel along the gate width with N2O plasma treatment on the gate region. The comparative studies of DVC-HEMT and Fin-like HEMT fabricated on the same wafer show significantly improved linearity of transconductance (G
m) and radio frequency (RF) output signal characteristics in DVC-HEMT. The fabricated device shows the transconductance plateau larger than 7 V, which yields a flattened f
T/f
max-gate bias dependence. At the operating frequency of 30 GHz, the peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 41% accompanied by the power density (P
out) of 5.3 W/mm. Furthermore, the proposed architecture also features an exceptional linearity performance with 1-dB compression point (P
1 dB) of 28 dBm, whereas that of the Fin-like HEMT is 25.2 dBm. The device demonstrated in this article has great potential to be a new paradigm for millimeter-wave application where high linearity is essential.
Temperature-dependent structure and magnetization of YCrO3 compound
Authors: Zhao Qian , Zhu Ying-Hao , Wu Si , Xia Jun-Chao , Zhou Peng-Fei , Sun Kai-Tong , Li Hai-Feng
Published: September 2021

We have grown a YCrO3 single crystal by the floating-zone method and studied its temperature-dependent crystalline structure and magnetization by x-ray powder diffraction and PPMS DynaCool measurements. All diffraction patterns were well indexed by an orthorhombic structure with space group of Pbnm (No. 62). From 36 K to 300 K, no structural phase transition occurs in the pulverized YCrO3 single crystal. The antiferromagnetic phase transition temperature was determined as T
N = 141.58(5) K by the magnetization versus temperature measurements. We found weak ferromagnetic behavior in the magnetic hysteresis loops below T
N. Especially, we demonstrated that the antiferromagnetism and weak ferromagnetism appear simultaneously upon cooling. The lattice parameters (a, b, c, and V) deviate downward from the Grüneisen law, displaying an anisotropic magnetostriction effect. We extracted temperature variation of the local distortion parameter Δ. Compared to the Δ value of Cr ions, Y, O1, and O2 ions show one order of magnitude larger Δ values indicative of much stronger local lattice distortions. Moreover, the calculated bond valence states of Y and O2 ions have obvious subduction charges.