bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial of Bleaching Products in Patients Wearing Orthodontic Devices
Authors: Montenegro-Arana A , Arana-Gordillo LA , Farana D , Davila-Sanchez A , Jadad E , Coelho U , Gomes OMM , Loguercio AD
Published: February 2016

Objectives: This double-blind randomized clinical trial evaluated tooth sensitivity (TS) and the effectiveness (EF) of two types of bleaching agents (Trèswhite Ortho [TWO] and Trèswhite Supreme [TWS]) when used in patients wearing orthodontic appliances.

Methods and Materials: Forty patients between the ages of 18 and 40 years were randomly stratified, with an equal allocation rate, into two groups (n=20), according to the bleaching agent applied. Tooth color of the six maxillary anterior teeth was measured before and after the treatment with a spectrophotometer. The TS was recorded on three scales before and during the bleaching treatment.

Results: With regard to EF, a significant reduction was found (ranging from 7.3-9.6 and 5.3-9.5 Vita scale units for TWO and TWS, respectively, p<0.001); however, there was no statistical difference between the groups (p>0.63). The number of patients with sensitivity was 58.8% and 73.3% for TWO and TWS groups, respectively (p=0.53); however, with each of the three scales used, the intensity of sensitivity was low and there was no statistical difference between TWO and TWS (p>0.05).

Conclusions: In spite of producing a side effect of low TS, the two bleaching treatments tested were effective for dental bleaching in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.
Combined Bleaching Technique Using Low and High Hydrogen Peroxide In-Office Bleaching Gel
Authors: Rezende M , Ferri L , Kossatz S , Loguercio AD , Reis A
Published: February 2016

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, color stability, risk, and intensity of tooth sensitivity (TS) of combined bleaching techniques performed with 20% or 35% hydrogen peroxide for an in-office protocol.

Methods: Thirty patients were randomly divided into two groups and submitted to a single 45-minute in-office bleaching session with 35% hydrogen peroxide or 20% hydrogen peroxide. At-home bleaching was performed with 10% carbamide peroxide for two hours daily over the course of two weeks. The color was evaluated with the value-oriented shade guide Vita Classical at different periods up to 12 months after bleaching. Patients recorded the intensity of TS using a five-point verbal scale. Color change data were submitted to a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and Tukey test (α=0.05). The absolute risk and intensity of TS were compared with the Fisher exact test and Mann-Whitney test, respectively (α=0.05).

Results: On average, an effective and similar whitening of three units in shade guide was observed for both groups, which remained stable for 12 months. When both protocols were compared, the one with hydrogen peroxide 35% showed a higher risk (p=0.02) and intensity of TS (p=0.04). In regard to the TS intensity, no significant difference was observed up to 48 hours after in-office bleaching (p=0.09) and during the at-home bleaching phase of the study (p=0.71).

Conclusion: The combined bleaching technique using at-home bleaching associated with in-office bleaching was effective and stable over the course of 12 months, regardless of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide used for in-office bleaching. However, the protocol with 20% hydrogen peroxide produced lower risk and intensity of TS.
Antinociceptive effects of intravenous administration of hydromorphone hydrochloride alone or followed by buprenorphine hydrochloride or butorphanol tartrate to healthy conscious cats
Authors: Simon Bradley T. , Steagall Paulo V. , Monteiro Beatriz P. , Troncy Eric , Lizarraga Ignacio
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE To evaluate antinociceptive effects of IV administration of hydromorphone alone or followed by buprenorphine or butorphanol to cats.

ANIMALS 6 healthy adult cats.

PROCEDURES In a randomized, blinded crossover design, cats received each of 4 treatments in which 2 IV injections were given 30 minutes apart: 2 of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (Sal-Sal) or 1 each of hydromorphone HCl and saline solution (H-Sal), hydromorphone and buprenorphine HCl (H-Bupre), or hydromorphone and butorphanol tartrate (H-Butor). Skin temperature and thermal threshold were recorded before (baseline) and for 12 hours after the first injection. Percentage of maximum possible effect (%MPE) and thermal excursion (TE) were compared among treatments and measurement points.

RESULTS Compared with baseline values, skin temperature was higher from 0.75 to 2 hours after the first injection for H-Sal; at 0.5, 1, 3, and 4 hours for H-Bupre; from 0.5 to 3 hours for H-Butor; and from 0.5 to 1 hours for Sal-Sal. Thermal excursion was higher than at baseline from 0.25 to 2 hours for H-Sal and H-Bupre and 0.25 to 0.75 hours for H-Butor; %MPE increased from 0.25 to 2 hours for H-Sal, 0.25 to 3 hours for H-Bupre, and 0.25 to 0.75 hours for H-Butor. Results were similar for comparisons with Sal-Sal, except TE was greater for H-Sal versus Sal-Sal and TE and %MPE were greater for H-Bupre versus Sal-Sal from 0.25 to 1 hours after the first injection.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Butorphanol administration decreased the duration of antinociception achieved with hydromorphone administration in cats. This opioid interaction and its impact on pain management require additional investigation.
Pharmacokinetics of long-acting cefovecin in copper rockfish (Sebastes caurinus)
Authors: Seeley Kathryn E. , Wolf Karen N. , Bishop Melissa A. , Turnquist Megan , KuKanich Butch
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE To assess the pharmacokinetic properties of cefovecin in a cold-water teleost species.

ANIMALS 10 healthy adult copper rockfish (Sebastes caurinus), sex unknown.

PROCEDURES Cefovecin (16 mg/kg) was administered SC to the rockfish. Blood samples were collected at predetermined points for measurement of plasma cefovecin concentrations (3 samples/fish). Plasma cefovecin concentrations were measured via liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed by means of naïve pooled analysis and compartmental modeling. Plasma protein binding of cefovecin was determined by ultrafiltration.

RESULTS Cefovecin administration appeared to be well tolerated by the rockfish. Pharmacokinetic analysis resulted in a maximum plasma concentration of 104.8 μg/mL at 2.07 hours after administration. Plasma terminal half-life was 32.5 hours, and area under the curve was 5,132 h·g/mL. Plasma protein binding was low (< 10%) for plasma concentrations of 10 and 100 μg of cefovecin/mL when assessed at 7.8° and 20°C. Plasma concentrations > 1 μg/mL persisted for the full 7-day follow-up period.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE SC administration of cefovecin to copper rockfish at a dose of 16 mg/kg yielded plasma concentrations > 1 μg/mL that persisted to 7 days, but some interindividual variability was observed. The low degree of plasma protein binding but high circulating concentration of free drug may allow an extended administration interval in rockfish. Studies are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of this dose in rockfish.
Feasibility of flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing in healthy dogs
Authors: Marks Stanley L. , Douthitt Katie L. , Belafsky Peter C.
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE To assess feasibility of flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) in awake dogs, determine whether specific variables associated with the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing can be recognized, and evaluate the safety and tolerability of FEES.

ANIMALS 6 healthy client-owned large- and giant-breed adult dogs.

PROCEDURES A topical anesthetic was applied to the nasal passage of each dog, and a fiberoptic endoscope was passed transnasally until the tip of the scope was positioned in the oropharynx. All dogs voluntarily drank colored water followed by consumption of a commercial canned diet and then a kibble diet mixed with food color. During each swallow, laryngeal and pharyngeal anatomic structures were evaluated and depth of bolus flow prior to the pharyngeal phase of swallowing was assessed. Evidence of bolus retention in the vallecula or pyriform sinuses and laryngeal penetration of the bolus were recorded.

RESULTS FEES was completed without major adverse events and was tolerated well by all 6 dogs. Mild, self-limiting epistaxis was noted for 2 dogs. The nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx were observed in all dogs; movement of food boluses through the esophagus was observed in 2 dogs, and food boluses in the stomach were visible in 1 dog. Pharyngeal and laryngeal function was considered physiologically normal in all dogs.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE FEES appeared to be a feasible diagnostic tool for use in large- and giant-breed dogs. Studies are warranted in dogs with oropharyngeal dysphagia to determine whether FEES can be tolerated and whether it can augment videofluoroscopy findings.
In vitro development and evaluation of a polyacrylic acid–silicone device intended for gradual occlusion of portosystemic shunts in dogs and cats
Authors: Wallace Mandy L. , Ellison Gary W. , Batich Christopher , Case J. Brad , Kim Stanley E.
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE To develop a device intended for gradual venous occlusion over 4 to 6 weeks.

SAMPLE Silicone tubing filled with various inorganic salt and polyacrylic acid (PAA) formulations and mounted within a polypropylene or polyether ether ketone (PEEK) outer ring.

PROCEDURES 15 polypropylene prototype rings were initially filled with 1 of 5 formulations and placed in PBSS. In a second test, 10 polypropylene and 7 PEEK prototype rings were filled with 1 formulation and placed in PBSS. In a third test, 2 formulations were loaded into 6 PEEK rings each, placed in physiologic solution, and incubated. In all tests, ring luminal diameter, outer diameter, and luminal area were measured over 6 weeks.

RESULTS In the first test, 2 formulations had the greatest changes in luminal area and diameter, and 1 of those had a greater linear swell rate than the other had. In the second test, 6 of 7 PEEK rings and 6 of 10 polypropylene rings closed to a luminal diamater < 1 mm within 6 weeks. Polypropylene rings had a greater increase in outer diameter than did PEEK rings between 4.5 and 6 weeks. In the third test, 11 of 12 PEEK rings gradually closed to a luminal diameter < 1 mm within 6 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A PAA and inorganic salt formulation in a prototype silicone and polymer ring resulted in gradual occlusion over 4 to 6 weeks in vitro. Prototype PEEK rings provided more reliable closure than did polypropylene rings.
Assessment of otolith mediated neural reflexes through cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in individuals with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorders
Authors: Singh Niraj Kumar , Sinha Sujeet Kumar , Barman Animesh
Published: February 2016

Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) is characterized by abnormal auditory neural function in the presence of normal cochlear function. Although the presence of vestibular dysfunction has been reported in ANSD through sporadic studies, cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMP and oVEMP) were sparingly explored in the same individuals with ANSD. Thus, the present study aimed at investigating otolith modulated neural function in individuals with ANSD. A static group comparison research design was used. cVEMP and oVEMP were elicited by 500-Hz tone bursts from 31 individuals with ANSD and 31 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Results showed that the response prevalence was less than 20% for both potentials. The present responses were characterized by significant prolongation of later peaks and inter-peak latency intervals and significantly reduced amplitudes compared to the controls (p < 0.001). Both potentials exhibited larger asymmetry ratios compared to the controls, but only cVEMP asymmetry ratio reached a statistically significant level. There was no association of cVEMP and oVEMP response prevalence with the presence of vestibular symptoms. Abnormal or absent responses in the majority of individuals suggest superior and inferior vestibular nerve dysfunction in ANSD. A detailed vestibular evaluation, in addition to the auditory system assessment, is strongly recommended in ANSD.
Optimization of process parameters for rectangular cup deep drawing by the Taguchi method and genetic algorithm
Authors: Sener Bora , Kurtaran Hasan
Published: February 2016

This article presents the optimization of process parameters in reducing the risk of failure due to wrinkling and fracture in deep drawing of a rectangular cup. Blank holder force, friction coefficient, punch radius and initial blank shape were chosen as design parameters. Wrinkling and fracture criteria were used as objective functions. Two-stage optimization approach was used. In the first stage optimization, optimum blank shape was determined using the Taguchi optimization method. In the second stage optimization, optimum parameter values were determined for the selected blank shape by the first stage optimization using genetic algorithm. In the second stage of optimization, response surface models based on 3-level full factorial design of experiments were constructed. Finite element simulation results were used for creating response surface models. Parameters obtained from optimization study were confirmed by conducting deep drawing simulations using commercial code DYNAFORM 5.9.2. Optimum results showed that proposed optimization methodology can solve wrinkling and fracture problems in the sheet metal forming process.
An Evidence-based Approach to Developing the Collaborative, Client-Centred Nutrition Education (3CNE) Framework and Practice Points
Authors: Morley Catherine , MacLellan Deborah , Traviss Karol , Cividin Theresa
Published: February 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this, the third phase of a 3-phase research project, was to develop guidelines for client-centred nutrition education (NE).

Methods: A 3-phase study was conducted using a progressive development design, where each phase informed the subsequent phase. Phase 1 was a national online survey of dietitians’ perceptions of consumers’ NE needs and preferences; results informed the Phase 2 national online survey of consumers about their NE needs and preferences. Phase 3 involved national 2-part teleconference consultations with dietitians to discuss implications of the Phase 2 findings for NE practice. This paper is the report of Phase 3.

Results: Discussion group participants were 22 dietitians from around Canada who had been in practice for an average of 14.5 years. Discussions resulted in the development of the Collaborative Client-Centred Nutrition Education (3CNE) conceptual framework and related Practice Points that explicate the complexity of NE practice.

Conclusion: The 3CNE framework and Practice Points provide a means to inform precepting students and interns, and for use in planning for the professional development of practicing dietitians on providing client-centred NE.
Cranioplasty using custom-made hydroxyapatite versus titanium: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Lindner Dirk , Schlothofer-Schumann Kathrin , Kern Bodo-Christian , Marx Omeima , Müns Andrea , Meixensberger Jürgen
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE

Cranioplasty is routinely performed in neurosurgery. One of its underestimated problems is the high postoperative complication rate of up to 40%. Due to the lack of good prospective studies and the small number of patients (5–20 each year) who receive alloplastic materials, decisions in favor or against a certain material are based on subjective empirical or economic reasons. The main goal of this study—the first prospective, randomized multicenter study in Germany—of custom-made titanium and hydroxyapatite (HA) implants was to compare local and systemic infections related to the implant within the first 6 months after implantation. Secondary objectives included comparing the reoperation rate, the complication rate, clinical and neurological outcomes, and health-related quality of life.

METHODS

The study included patient screening and randomization at 6 to 8 weeks before operation; pre-, intra-, and postoperative documentation until discharge; and postoperative follow-ups after 1 and 6 months. Approval for the study was obtained from the local ethics committee.

RESULTS

A total of 52 patients were included in the study. The rate of local implant–associated wound infection in the HA group was 2 of 26 (7.7%) patients and 5 of 24 (20.8%) patients in the titanium group (p = 0.407). Systemic inflammation within 6 months after operation affected none of the patients in the HA group and 4 of 24 (37.5%) patients in the titanium group (p = 0.107). In both groups, 7 patients required reoperation after the 6-month follow-up (26.9% of the HA group and 29.2% of the titanium group; not significant). Reoperation with an explantation was necessary in 3 patients in each group (11.5% of the HA group and 12.5% of the titanium group; not significant). The results demonstrated a significantly higher number of epidural hematomas in the HA group in comparison with none in the titanium group. Altogether, 46 adverse events were found in 27 patients (54%). An improvement in the neurological outcome after 6 months was experienced by 43% of the patients in the HA group and 26.3% of the patients in the titanium group (p = 0.709).

CONCLUSIONS

The study emphasizes that cranioplasty is a high-risk intervention. In comparison with titanium, HA shows benefits in terms of the infection rate and the neurological outcome, but at the same time has a higher postoperative risk for epidural hematoma. Depending on the individual conditions, both materials have their place in future cranioplasty therapies.

Clinical trial registration no.: NCT00923793 (clinicaltrials.gov).
The correlation between pulsatile intracranial pressure and indices of intracranial pressure-volume reserve capacity: results from ventricular infusion testing
Authors: Eide Per Kristian
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to examine how pulsatile and static intracranial pressure (ICP) scores correlate with indices of intracranial pressure-volume reserve capacity, i.e., intracranial elastance (ICE) and intracranial compliance (ICC), as determined during ventricular infusion testing.

METHODS

All patients undergoing ventricular infusion testing and overnight ICP monitoring during the 6-year period from 2007 to 2012 were included in the study. Clinical data were retrieved from a quality registry, and the ventricular infusion pressure data and ICP scores were retrieved from a pressure database. The ICE and ICC (= 1/ICE) were computed during the infusion phase of the infusion test.

RESULTS

During the period from 2007 to 2012, 82 patients with possible treatment-dependent hydrocephalus underwent ventricular infusion testing within the department of neurosurgery. The infusion tests revealed a highly significant positive correlation between ICE and the pulsatile ICP scores mean wave amplitude (MWA) and rise-time coefficient (RTC), and the static ICP score mean ICP. The ICE was negatively associated with linear measures of ventricular size. The overnight ICP recordings revealed significantly increased MWA (> 4 mm Hg) and RTC (> 20 mm Hg/sec) values in patients with impaired ICC (< 0.5 ml/mm Hg).

CONCLUSIONS

In this study cohort, there was a significant positive correlation between pulsatile ICP and ICE measured during ventricular infusion testing. In patients with impaired ICC during infusion testing (ICC < 0.5 ml/mm Hg), overnight ICP recordings showed increased pulsatile ICP (MWA > 4 mm Hg, RTC > 20 mm Hg/sec), but not increased mean ICP (< 10–15 mm Hg). The present data support the assumption that pulsatile ICP (MWA and RTC) may serve as substitute markers of pressure-volume reserve capacity, i.e., ICE and ICC.
Risk factors for baclofen pump infection in children: a multivariate analysis
Authors: Spader Heather S. , Bollo Robert J. , Bowers Christian A. , Riva-Cambrin Jay
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE

Intrathecal baclofen infusion systems to manage severe spasticity and dystonia are associated with higher infection rates in children than in adults. Factors unique to this population, such as poor nutrition and physical limitations for pump placement, have been hypothesized as the reasons for this disparity. The authors assessed potential risk factors for infection in a multivariate analysis.

METHODS

Patients who underwent implantation of a programmable pump and intrathecal catheter for baclofen infusion at a single center between January 1, 2000, and March 1, 2012, were identified in this retrospective cohort study. The primary end point was infection. Potential risk factors investigated included preoperative (i.e., demographics, body mass index [BMI], gastrostomy tube, tracheostomy, previous spinal fusion), intraoperative (i.e., surgeon, antibiotics, pump size, catheter location), and postoperative (i.e., wound dehiscence, CSF leak, and number of revisions) factors. Univariate analysis was performed, and a multivariate logistic regression model was created to identify independent risk factors for infection.

RESULTS

A total of 254 patients were evaluated. The overall infection rate was 9.8%. Univariate analysis identified young age, shorter height, lower weight, dehiscence, CSF leak, and number of revisions within 6 months of pump placement as significantly associated with infection. Multivariate analysis identified young age, dehiscence, and number of revisions as independent risk factors for infection.

CONCLUSIONS

Young age, wound dehiscence, and number of revisions were independent risk factors for infection in this pediatric cohort. A low BMI and the presence of either a gastrostomy or tracheostomy were not associated with infection and may not be contraindications for this procedure.
Comparison of CT versus MRI measurements of transverse atlantal ligament integrity in craniovertebral junction injuries. Part 2: A new CT-based alternative for assessing transverse ligament integrity
Authors: Perez-Orribo Luis , Kalb Samuel , Snyder Laura A. , Hsu Forrest , Malhotra Devika , Lefevre Richard D. , Elhadi Ali M. , Newcomb Anna G. U. S. , Theodore Nicholas , Crawford Neil R.
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE

The rule of Spence is inaccurate for assessing integrity of the transverse atlantal ligament (TAL). Because CT is quick and easy to perform at most trauma centers, the authors propose a novel sequence of obtaining 2 CT scans to improve the diagnosis of TAL impairment. The sensitivity of a new CT-based method for diagnosing a TAL injury in a cadaveric model was assessed.

METHODS

Ten human cadaveric occipitocervical specimens were mounted horizontally in a supine posture with wooden inserts attached to the back of the skull to maintain a neutral or flexed (10°) posture. Specimens were scanned in neutral and flexed postures in a total of 4 conditions (3 conditions in each specimen): 1) intact (n = 10); either 2A) after a simulated Jefferson fracture with an intact TAL (n = 5) or 2B) after a TAL disruption with no Jefferson fracture (n = 5); and 3) after TAL disruption and a simulated Jefferson fracture (n = 10). The atlantodental interval (ADI) and cross-sectional canal area were measured.

RESULTS

From the neutral to the flexed posture, ADI increased an average of 2.5% in intact spines, 6.25% after a Jefferson fracture without TAL disruption, 34% after a TAL disruption without fracture, and 25% after TAL disruption with fracture. The increase in ADI was significant with both TAL disruption and TAL disruption and fracture (p < 0.005) but not in the other 2 conditions (p > 0.6). Changes in spinal canal area were not significant (p > 0.70).

CONCLUSIONS

This novel method was more sensitive than the rule of Spence for evaluating the integrity of the TAL on CT and does not increase the risk of further neurological damage.
Comparison of CT versus MRI measurements of transverse atlantal ligament integrity in craniovertebral junction injuries. Part 1: A clinical study
Authors: Perez-Orribo Luis , Snyder Laura A. , Kalb Samuel , Elhadi Ali M. , Hsu Forrest , Newcomb Anna G. U. S. , Malhotra Devika , Crawford Neil R. , Theodore Nicholas
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE

Craniovertebral junction (CVJ) injuries complicated by transverse atlantal ligament (TAL) disruption often require surgical stabilization. Measurements based on the atlantodental interval (ADI), atlas lateral diameter (ALD1), and axis lateral diameter (ALD2) may help clinicians identify TAL disruption. This study used CT scanning to evaluate the reliability of these measurements and other variants in the clinical setting.

METHODS

Patients with CVJ injuries treated at the authors' institution between 2004 and 2011 were evaluated retrospectively for demographics, mechanism and location of CVJ injury, classification of injury, treatment, and modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association score at the time of injury and follow-up. The integrity of the TAL was evaluated using MRI. The ADI, ALD1, and ALD2 were measured on CT to identify TAL disruption indirectly.

RESULTS

Among the 125 patients identified, 40 (32%) had atlas fractures, 59 (47.2%) odontoid fractures, 31 (24.8%) axis fractures, and 4 (3.2%) occipital condyle fractures. TAL disruption was documented on MRI in 11 cases (8.8%). The average ADI for TAL injury was 1.8 mm (range 0.9–3.9 mm). Nine (81.8%) of the 11 patients with TAL injury had an ADI of less than 3 mm. In 10 patients (90.9%) with TAL injury, overhang of the C-1 lateral masses on C-2 was less than 7 mm. ADI, ALD1, ALD2, ALD1 – ALD2, and ALD1/ALD2 did not correlate with the integrity of the TAL.

CONCLUSIONS

No current measurement method using CT, including the ADI, ALD1, and ALD2 or their differences or ratios, consistently indicates the integrity of the TAL. A more reliable CT-based criterion is needed to diagnose TAL disruption when MRI is unavailable.
A Multi-Faceted Approach of One Teaching Hospital NHS Trust during the Clostridium difficile Epidemic—Antibiotic Management and Beyond
Authors: White Helena , Wiselka Martin , Bell David
Published: February 2016

The incidence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in the UK rose dramatically during the early years of this century, in part associated with the emergence of the hyper-virulent ribotype 027 strain. The University Hospitals of Leicester (UHL), a 2000-bed acute UK NHS Trust, implemented a number of interventions, which led to an 80% reduction in new cases over a twelve month period. Changes were introduced as a result of collaboration between the Infection Prevention team, the departments of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, and with the support of the Trust Executive. These strategies are described in detail and included; implementation of antimicrobial stewardship, specific hygiene and cleaning measures, the introduction of a care pathway form for all infected patients, the opening of an isolation ward for patients with CDI, strengthened organisation and clinical management, and rigorous attention to education within the Trust. The implementations described are of continued relevance in the face of new infection challenges, such as the increasing incidence of multi-drug resistant organisms.
Biophysical Impacts of Land Use Change over North America as Simulated by the Canadian Regional Climate Model
Authors: Chacón Arlette , Sushama Laxmi , Beltrami Hugo
Published: February 2016

This study investigates the biophysical impacts of human-induced land use change (LUC) on the regional climate of North America, using the fifth generation Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM5). To this end, two simulations are performed with CRCM5 using different land cover datasets, one corresponding to the potential vegetation and the other corresponding to current land use, spanning the 1988–2012 period, driven by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA)-Interim at the lateral boundaries. Comparison of the two suggests higher albedo values, and therefore cooler temperatures, over the LUC regions, in the simulation with LUC, in winter. This is due to the absence of crops in winter, and also possibly due to a snow-mediated positive feedback. Some cooling is observed in summer for the simulation with LUC, mostly due to the higher latent heat fluxes and lower sensible heat fluxes over eastern US. Precipitation changes for these regions are not statistically significant. Analysis of the annual cycles for two LUC regions suggests that the impact of LUC on two meter temperature, evapotranspiration, soil moisture and precipitation are present year round. However, the impact on runoff is mostly restricted to the snowmelt season. This study thus highlights regions and variables most affected by LUC over North America.
Comparative Kinetic Study of Removal of Pb2+ Ions and Cr3+ Ions from Waste Water using Carbon Nanotubes Produced using Microwave Heating
Authors: Mubarak Nabisab , Thobashinni Manimaran , Abdullah Ezzat , Sahu Jaya
Published: February 2016

A comparative study of the removal of Pb2+ ions and Cr3+ ions was conducted to determine the efficiency of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) produced using microwave heating as an adsorbent in removing heavy metal ions from waste water. Optimization of parameters such as adsorbent dosage, pH value, agitation speed, and agitation time was done using the Design Expert software version 6.0. The statistical analysis revealed that optimized conditions for the highest removal for Pb2+ are at pH 4.0, CNTs dosage of 0.09 g, agitation time and speed of 50 min and 150 rpm respectively. Meanwhile, the highest removal Cr3+ ions was observed at pH 8.0, CNTs dosage of 0.09 g, agitation time and speed of 60 min and 150 rpm respectively. For the initial concentration of 2 mg/L, the removal efficiency of Pb2+ ions and Cr3+ ions were 99.9% and 95.5% respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities of both Pb2+ ions and Cr3+ ions onto the CNT were 15.34 mg/g for Pb2+ ions and 24.45 mg/g for Cr3+ ions. Besides that, the Langmuir and Freundlich constants for the removal of Pb2+ ions were 0.073 and 1.438 L/mg while 0.071 and 1.317 L/mg for Cr3+ ions. The statistical analysis proved that the removal of Pb2+ ions and Cr3+ ions fits the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, and both models obeyed the pseudo-second-order.
Eugenia jambolana (Java Plum) Fruit Extract Exhibits Anti-Cancer Activity against Early Stage Human HCT-116 Colon Cancer Cells and Colon Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Charepalli Venkata , Reddivari Lavanya , Vadde Ramakrishna , Walia Suresh , Radhakrishnan Sridhar , Vanamala Jairam
Published: February 2016

The World Health Organization predicts over a 70% increase in cancer incidents in developing nations over the next decade. Although these nations have limited access to novel therapeutics, they do have access to foods that contain chemopreventive bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, and as such, consumption of these foods can be encouraged to combat cancer. We and others have previously characterized the anti-colon cancer properties of dietary anthocyanins from different sources. Eugenia jambolana (Java plum) is a tropical medicinal fruit rich in anthocyanins, however, its anti-colon cancer properties are not well characterized. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that colon cancer stem cells (colon CSCs) promote resistance to chemotherapy, relapse of tumors and contribute to poor prognosis. The objectives of this study were to 1) characterize the anthocyanin profile of Java plum using HPLC-MS; and 2) determine the anti-proliferative (cell counting and MTT) and pro-apoptotic (TUNEL and caspase 3/7 glo assay) properties of Java plum fruit extract (JPE) using HCT-116 colon cancer cell line and colon CSCs (positive for CD 44, CD 133 and ALDH1b1 markers). HPLC-MS analysis showed that JPE contains a variety of anthocyanins including glucosides of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin and malvidin. JPE anthocyanins suppressed (p < 0.05) proliferation in HCT-116 cells and elevated (p < 0.05) apoptosis in both HCT-116 cells and colon CSCs. JPE also suppressed the stemness in colon CSCs as evaluated using colony formation assay. These results warrant further assessment of the anti-cancer activity of JPE, and its molecular mechanisms using pre-clinical models of colon cancer.
Nutritional Signaling Regulates Vitellogenin Synthesis and Egg Development through Juvenile Hormone in Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)
Authors: Lu Kai , Chen Xia , Liu Wen-Ting , Zhang Xin-Yu , Chen Ming-Xiao , Zhou Qiang
Published: February 2016

Insect female reproduction which comprises the synthesis of vitellogenein (Vg) in the fat body and its incorporation into developing oocytes, needs a large amount of energy and food resources. Our previous studies found that juvenile hormone (JH) regulates vitellogenesis in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Here, we report on the role of JH in nutrient-regulated Vg synthesis and egg development. We first cloned the genes coding for juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase (JHAMT) which is involved in JH biosynthesis and methoprene-tolerant (Met) for JH action. Amino acids (AAs) induced the expression of jmtN, while showing no effects on the expression of met using an artificial diet culture system. Reduction in JH biosynthesis or its action by RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of jmtN or met led to a severe inhibition of AAs-induced Vg synthesis and oocyte maturation, together with lower fecundity. Furthermore, exogenous application of JH III partially restored Vg expression levels in jmtN RNAi females. However, JH III application did not rescue Vg synthesis in these met RNAi insects. Our results show that AAs induce Vg synthesis in the fat body and egg development in concert with JH biosynthesis in Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), rather than through JH action.
How to Study Biofilms after Microbial Colonization of Materials Used in Orthopaedic Implants
Authors: Drago Lorenzo , Agrappi Serse , Bortolin Monica , Toscano Marco , Romanò Carlo , De Vecchi Elena
Published: February 2016

Over the years, various techniques have been proposed for the quantitative evaluation of microbial biofilms. Spectrophotometry after crystal violet staining is a widespread method for biofilm evaluation, but several data indicate that it does not guarantee a good specificity, although it is rather easy to use and cost saving. Confocal laser microscopy is one of the most sensitive and specific tools to study biofilms, and it is largely used for research. However, in some cases, no quantitative measurement of the matrix thickness or of the amount of embedded microorganisms has been performed, due to limitation in availability of dedicated software. For this reason, we have developed a protocol to evaluate the microbial biofilm formed on sandblasted titanium used for orthopaedic implants, that allows measurement of biomass volume and the amount of included cells. Results indicate good reproducibility in terms of measurement of biomass and microbial cells. Moreover, this protocol has proved to be applicable for evaluation of the efficacy of different anti-biofilm treatments used in the orthopaedic setting. Summing up, the protocol here described is a valid and inexpensive method for the study of microbial biofilm on prosthetic implant materials.
The Human Host Defense Ribonucleases 1, 3 and 7 Are Elevated in Patients with Sepsis after Major Surgery—A Pilot Study
Authors: Martin Lukas , Koczera Patrick , Simons Nadine , Zechendorf Elisabeth , Hoeger Janine , Marx Gernot , Schuerholz Tobias
Published: February 2016

Sepsis is the most common cause of death in intensive care units and associated with widespread activation of host innate immunity responses. Ribonucleases (RNases) are important components of the innate immune system, however the role of RNases in sepsis has not been investigated. We evaluated serum levels of RNase 1, 3 and 7 in 20 surgical sepsis patients (Sepsis), nine surgical patients (Surgery) and 10 healthy controls (Healthy). RNase 1 and 3 were elevated in Sepsis compared to Surgery (2.2- and 3.1-fold, respectively; both p < 0.0001) or compared to Healthy (3.0- and 15.5-fold, respectively; both p < 0.0001). RNase 1 showed a high predictive value for the development of more than two organ failures (AUC 0.82, p = 0.01). Patients with renal dysfunction revealed higher RNase 1 levels than without renal dysfunction (p = 0.03). RNase 1 and 3 were higher in respiratory failure than without respiratory failure (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.02, respectively). RNase 7 was not detected in Healthy patients and only in two patients of Surgery, however RNase 7 was detected in 10 of 20 Sepsis patients. RNase 7 was higher in renal or metabolic failure than without failure (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02, respectively). In conclusion, RNase 1, 3 and 7 are secreted into serum under conditions with tissue injury, such as major surgery or sepsis. Thus, RNases might serve as laboratory parameters to diagnose and monitor organ failure in sepsis.
Developing a Model of Distributed Sensemaking: A Case Study of Military Analysis
Authors: Wheat Ashley , Attfield Simon , Fields Bob
Published: February 2016

In this paper, we examine the role of representational artefacts in sensemaking. Embodied within representational media, such as maps, charts and lists, are a number of affordances, which can furnish sensemakers with the ability to perform tasks that may be difficult to do inside the head. Presented here is a study of sensemaking in action. We conducted a study of military intelligence analysts carrying out a training exercise, the analysis of which focuses on the use of external task-specific representations. We present a discussion of the findings of our study in the form of a model of distributed sensemaking. Our model concentrates on the interaction of information and various representational artefacts, leading to the generation of insights and a situation picture. We also introduce a number of levels of description for examining the properties and affordances offered by representational artefacts and their role in the sensemaking process.
The Biobank Portal for Partners Personalized Medicine: A Query Tool for Working with Consented Biobank Samples, Genotypes, and Phenotypes Using i2b2
Authors: Gainer Vivian , Cagan Andrew , Castro Victor , Duey Stacey , Ghosh Bhaswati , Goodson Alyssa , Goryachev Sergey , Metta Reeta , Wang Taowei , Wattanasin Nich , Murphy Shawn
Published: February 2016

We have designed a Biobank Portal that lets researchers request Biobank samples and genotypic data, query associated electronic health records, and design and download datasets containing de-identified attributes about consented Biobank subjects. This do-it-yourself functionality puts a wide variety and volume of data at the fingertips of investigators, allowing them to create custom datasets for their clinical and genomic research from complex phenotypic data and quickly obtain corresponding samples and genomic data. The Biobank Portal is built upon the i2b2 infrastructure [1] and uses an open-source web client that is available to faculty members and other investigators behind an institutional firewall. Built-in privacy measures [2] ensure that the data in the Portal are utilized only according to the processes to which the patients have given consent.
Sesquiterpenoids from Chinese Agarwood Induced by Artificial Holing
Authors: Li Wei , Liao Ge , Dong Wen-Hua , Kong Fan-Dong , Wang Pei , Wang Hao , Mei Wen-Li , Dai Hao-Fu
Published: February 2016

Two new sesquiterpenoids, 3-oxo-7-hydroxylholosericin A (1) and 1,5;8,12-diepoxy-guaia-12-one (2), together with seven known sesquiterpenoids 3–9, were isolated from Chinese agarwood induced by artificial holing originating from Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR) and MS analyses. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was determined by comparison of its measured CD curve with that of calculated data for 1 and ent-1. The NMR data of 3 were reported in this study for the first time. Compounds 1, 2, 4–6, together with the EtOAc extract showed moderate inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase, and compounds 4–6, 8 exhibited antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus or Ralstonia solanacearum.
Islam et capitalisme. Les entrepreneurs musulmans en France
Authors: Benaissa Hicham
Published: February 2016

Si l’entreprenariat « musulman » en France est un phénomène significatif, il reste un objet peu – ou mal – étudié. À partir d’une enquête quantitative et qualitative menée auprès des entrepreneurs musulmans socialisés en France, l’auteur s’intéresse à la manière dont s’opère dans les pratiques des entrepreneurs un ajustement entre leurs dispositions à croire et à pratiquer, fruit de toute une histoire individuelle et collective transmise principalement par l’environnement familial, et les structures et objectifs de l’entreprise. Il montre notamment que la logique entrepreneuriale, répondant à des impératifs de rentabilité et de performance, réinterroge et réaménage, dans une certaine mesure et au-delà d’un certain effet de seuil, le rapport aux croyances et aux pratiques religieuses.
Quand un jeune de Beit Ham devient éducateur
Authors: Rividi Dominique
Published: February 2016

Méni est un éducateur qui, adolescent, est allé au club pendant de nombreuses années. Il raconte dans l’entretien qu’il y a trouvé une vraie maison à un moment où la sienne était en désolation à la suite du décès de sa sœur. Il y a trouvé un accueil sans condition, une chaleur humaine, une énergie de vie et un soutien psychique qui lui ont permis de se sentir moins déprimé et de construire sa vie. Il a choisi de devenir éducateur et de transmettre ce qu’il a reçu.
Créer des « zones neutres » pour accueillir les adolescents dans la ville
Authors: Bordet Joëlle
Published: February 2016

Cet article a pour but de mettre en résonance les conditions d’accueil des jeunes des quartiers populaires en France et l’expérience de création des clubs de jeunes par l’association Beit Ham en Israël. La rencontre avec cette association et ses fondateurs a nourri notre intervention en France auprès des collectivités territoriales ; nous avons retenu particulièrement comment, dans un climat de méfiance à l’égard de ces jeunes, ouvrir des lieux constitue une prise de risque démocratique et éducative. Nous montrons ainsi dans ce texte que les principes comme le refus de l’exclusion, dans une dynamique de psychothérapie institutionnelle, permettent de créer de nouvelles approches de la médiation. Les travaux de recherche de Dominique Rividi rendent compte de cette expérience de longue durée et poursuivent celle-ci sur un plan conceptuel. Ainsi la notion de « lieu » est importante pour créer des processus de paix et de créativité nécessaires aux adolescents. Nous montrons que ce travail mené en Israël est un point d’appui pour le contexte français.
La place de la victime dans le procès constitutionnel
Authors: Cartier Emmanuel
Published: February 2016

La victime, hormis la norme constitutionnelle, semble ainsi être la grande absente de ce contentieux à la fois objectif et abstrait. Elle ne lui est pourtant pas inconnue, notamment dans le cadre de la QPC en raison de son caractère incident et de la faculté laissée au Conseil constitutionnel de moduler dans le temps des effets de ses déclarations d’inconstitutionnalité. Elle trouve aussi sa place, plus indirectement dans le cadre du contrôle a priori de la loi en raison de l’extrême amplitude des « droits substantiels » rattachables au contentieux constitutionnel.
Victor Hugo ou le droit contre la loi
Authors: Salas Denis
Published: February 2016

L’œuvre entière de Hugo est structurée par une opposition entre le droit et la loi. L’un est du côté de l’idéal moral, l’autre de l’injustice aveugle. Il combat sans relâche la force injuste de la loi qu’il s’agisse de ses policiers zélés (tel Javert), de la peine de mort ou de l’exploitation de misérables. Bien qu’il soit menacé lors du coup d’État du 2 décembre 1851, il garde espoir en une justice fondée sur le droit au sens d’un idéal d’équité et de fraternité. Son ralliement à la République en sera fortifié. Cette vision anticipe ce que deviendra le droit républicain un siècle plus tard lorsqu’il sera pensé à l’aune des droits de l’homme.
Negotiating the Boundaries of American Blackness
Authors: Manguvo Angellar
Published: February 2016

African students in the United States are assigned a racial identity ‘Black' in accordance with racial stratifications of the U.S. society. This designation makes it necessary for them to negotiate the structural constructions of American Blackness. Guided by social constructivism, the author explored African students' negotiation of Black racial solidarity. African students' racial solidarity was embedded within shared perspectives of common fate, which provided a reference for collective Black identity but; however, did not culminate into strong racial in-group loyalty. African students' racial solidarity was mitigated by the desire to exonerate themselves from inherent Black stereotypes. This was exacerbated by their non-prototypic cultural characteristics, which, according to native-born counterparts, rendered them ‘illegitimate' in-group members. The increasing presence of foreign-born Black students unveils both commonalities and heterogeneity among Black student populations, which scholars of Black Studies must reflect upon to explore ideological standpoints of Blackness.
Globalization of Racism
Authors: Ritter Zachary S.
Published: February 2016

International higher education literature often extols a great deal of intellectual diversity, cross-cultural learning opportunities, and revenue that international students from China, Japan, and Korea bring to the U.S. every year. However, little attention is paid to the racial stereotypes international students bring to the U.S., how this affects campus climate, and what can be done to encourage cross-cultural understanding. Forty-seven interviews with Chinese, Japanese, and Korean graduate and undergraduate international students were conducted at the University of California, Los Angeles, regarding these students' racial stereotypes and how contact with diverse others challenged or reinforced these stereotypes over time. Results indicated that a majority of students had racial hierarchies, which affected with whom they roomed, befriended, and dated. This research shows that there is a need for policy and programmatic changes at the college level that promote international and domestic student interaction.
Guest Students
Authors: Amos Yukari Takimoto
Published: February 2016

Higher education institutions welcome international students because of their status as resources for fostering intercultural competencies among college students and because of financial benefits the institutions receive. The author in this ethnographic case study investigated the level of academic expectations undergraduate international students from Japan received from faculty members in a U.S. teacher education program. Findings reveal that the program's faculty members had low expectations of these international students. Their expectations were reflected in the participants' receiving good grades, praise, and advice which told them not to worry, but failed to address their academic weaknesses. It appears that the faculty members' niceness ironically contributed to a trajectory of academic inequity and produced negative educational outcomes.