bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Divided Loyalties
Authors: Goodall Alex
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on how the Palmer Raids of the winter of 1919–20 were the most draconian single instance of federal repression in the United States' peacetime history. Nothing in the McCarthy era can compare to the mass arrests and beatings, arbitrary incarcerations, and summary deportations that took place in dozens of cities across the nation. Capping off a year of industrial crisis, foreign insecurity, and political conflict, they helped solidify the divisions of the war years, institutionalizing them in an underground communist movement on one side and new patriotic organizations on the other. Given the power of the repressive politics that arised between 1917 and 1920, it is a surprising and problematic fact that the national Republican administrations of the 1920s saw no new countersubversive policies developed.
Troubled Spirits
Authors: Goodall Alex
Published: May 2017

This chapter illustrates how reincarnation provided Henry Ford with a sense of purpose he could find only in an absolute order generated by a coherent structure underpinning the universe. According to him, the eternal animating spirit was something like a “Queen Bee in the complicated hive which constitutes the individual.” These beliefs have since become part of the mythology surrounding America's most famous industrial pioneer. A shared hostility to radical politics was a central part of the process by which the alliance of church and industry was cemented. Antiradical ethics expressed a point where religious and corporate conceptions of the good seemingly came together, since Bolsheviks challenged the established norms both of this world and the next.
Miller Grove, Illinois
Authors: LaRoche Cheryl Janifer
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the connections between the Miller Grove community of free Blacks and the Underground Railroad. Established in 1844, Miller Grove is a cluster of rural farmsteads named for Bedford Miller, whose family stood among the sixty-eight people who received their freedom from one of four White families in south-central Tennessee. Primary archaeological excavations at Miller Grove took place at the farmstead of William Riley Williams, a free-born African American from Tennessee. Among the original migrants, former slaveholder Henry Sides and his wife lived among the freemen and freewomen at Miller Grove. This chapter begins with a discussion of how the American Missionary Association, through its missionary work, linked known Underground Railroad participants across the country. It then considers abolitionist strategies, particularly the dissemination of antislavery literature among African Americans. By tracing the history of Miller Grove, the chapter reveals distinct details of community formation and interracial cooperation within regional Underground Railroad operations.
Poke Patch, Ohio
Authors: LaRoche Cheryl Janifer
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the relationship between the Underground Railroad and Poke Patch's free Black community, arguing that routes connecting iron furnace regions surrounding the community reveal an overlooked escape strategy for those fleeing slavery. After providing an overview of Ohio's multiple highly developed routes along the Underground Railroad, the chapter discusses the role of Poke Patch as an Underground Railroad site in the state. It then considers the Black Baptist Church's involvement in the Underground Railroad, along with the AME Church's role in helping escapees fleeing slavery. It also describes several escape routes leading into and out of Poke Patch, including one that converged at Berlin Crossroads, and those running toward Ohio's iron furnaces in Lawrence and Gallia Counties. The chapter explains how routes connecting these iron furnaces served as major pathways to freedom, with free Blacks silently operating in the background.
The Geography of Resistance
Authors: LaRoche Cheryl Janifer
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines escape routes, churches, iron forges and furnaces, and waterways that make up the pathways to freedom and “the geography of resistance.” It considers the concept of freedom as a place by exploring the connections between freedom and the landscape, and between Black communities and the Underground Railroad. It discusses the obstacles that captives escaping slavery had to hurdle, such as losing the challenges of the terrain and bad weather, betrayal, physical suffering, and slave catchers. It also looks at houses as artifacts of the Underground Railroad in the landscape, along with the patterns of rural Black settlements and how most free Blacks often found themselves saddled with the least desirable land. It argues that the landscape is an intimate component of the Black experience, providing crucial pathways out of slavery, and that generations of escapees on the Underground Railroad turned to the sheltering anonymity of the land to conceal their journey.
Introduction
Authors: Matt Susan J. , Stearns Peter N.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter is an overview of emotions history—its origins, how the field has gained prominence, its core issues, and the debates and discoveries surrounding the field. By studying feelings, historians are uncovering the worldviews and the most fundamental assumptions about life, culture, and personality that people in the past carried in their heads. These investigations have shifted the discourse of history—away from the construct of the rational actor, whose behavior supposedly reflected only calculating self-interest. In questioning such concepts, and bringing emotions back into the story, historians have enriched what were fairly impoverished explanations of human motivation and offered more nuanced discussions of why men and women in other eras did what they did. As a result of such labors, they have demonstrated not only that emotions shaped history but that emotions themselves have a history.
Paternalism and the Birth of Professional Police Organization
Authors: Mitrani Sam
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the Chicago Police Department evolved into a professional police organization based on the ideology of paternalism. The election of Thomas Dyer as mayor in 1856 started a five-year period of contestation over the basic shape of the new police force. On the surface, this fight pitted law-and-order Republicans against Democratic supporters of immigrants and looser law enforcement. But party politics tells only a fraction of the story. The underlying dispute was between two conflicting visions of the police, each of which had supporters particularly within the Republican Party. Some members of both parties, most notably Dyer, a Democratic, and Republican Mayor John Wentworth, sought to fit the police into the older paternalistic method of keeping order. This chapter considers how the Chicago police came to occupy a central place in city machine politics and discusses Wentworth's organizational police policies that were consistent with his broader paternalistic vision of the institution. It also describes the police's daily activity between 1855 and 1862, including dealing with the problems arising from the Civil War.
The Eight-Hour Strikes, the Haymarket Bombing, and the Consolidation of the Chicago Police Department
Authors: Mitrani Sam
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the Eight-hour strikes of 1886 and the Haymarket bombing transformed the Chicago Police Department into a much stronger institution. It begins with a discussion of the Haymarket affair and how it led to massive strikes for the eight-hour workday that began on May 1, 1886. It then considers how the Haymarket bombing changed what it meant to be a member of the Chicago Police Department as well as the relationship between the police, the press, and the city government. It shows that the Haymarket and its aftermath consolidated a positive image of the Chicago Police Department in the eyes of the respectable citizens of the city. This shift facilitated some institutional changes that favored police officers, such as the allocation of funds for a pension, improvements in police buildings, and expansion of the force. But most of all, only citizens willing to risk being identified with the anarchists would criticize the institution itself.
Aliens
Authors: Nishime Leilani
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the visual exclusion of multiracial Asians. It also looks at television and film's overt use of multiracial tropes to signal utopic/dystopic futures. The science-fiction television series Battlestar Galactica follows the logic of post-race, wherein racial differences are acknowledged but then ignored. The show's narrative hinges upon the survival of a child, Hera, the bi-species and multiracial child of the cyborg Athena (Korean American actress Grace Park) and the human Helo (Euro-American actor Tahmoh Penikett). Hera's representation resonates with images of the multiracial children of servicemen from the Korean War and Vietnam War, images that tie Asian adoption to concerns about the role of the United States as global citizens and global police. Yet as the story continues, attention moves from the adoptive child to the interracial relationship of her parents. This movement mimics similar shifts in the ways the United States imagines itself in relation to Asia, and how it rewrites its neocolonialism through the celebration of gender-normative heterosexual romance. Hera's role in the series requires her to be symbolically present but physically absent to give coherence to a story that evolves from one of conflict and colonialism to a tale of highly gendered immigration and assimilation.
Camp Kimora
Authors: Nishime Leilani
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Kimora Lee Simmons and her reality television show Life in the Fab Lane. Rather than striving for a colorblind, deracinated public image, African/Asian American fashion model and designer Simmons capitalizes on both her race and gender in her advertising campaigns and television show. While her show is certainly complicit in the twin projects of capital accumulation and globalization, the chapter argues for a camp reading of her image as resistant to dominant misogynistic and essentialist representations of African American women. A detailed look at Simmons' multiracial visibility shows that, ironically, representation in itself is not enough to challenge racial categories. Instead, the show vividly demonstrates how multiraciality signifies visually through its intersections with the power hierarchies embedded in class and gender difference.
“They Can Not Exist in Contact with Republican Institutions”
Authors: Talbot Christine
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the connections anti-Mormons made between private and public in Mormonism. They contended that the institution of polygamy was inseparable from the practice of political theocracy in Utah and that polygamy replaced the marital contract with male tyranny in the household. That tyranny, by extension, replaced the fraternal contract of a republican social order with patriarchal political despotism that flew in the face of American political values. Moreover, anti-Mormons claimed that because of polygamy, the structure of government in Utah was imbued with Church authority and constituted the invasion of an illegal polygamic theocracy into republican government. Indeed, anti-Mormons convinced themselves that Mormon polygamic theocracy was a grave threat to republican government and threatened the very essence of Americanness.
Audacious Fusion: Thinking About Singaporean Cuisine
Authors: Tarulevicz Nicole
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter discusses the importance of studying the history of food in Singapore. Singapore's outstanding economic transformation since independence understandably dominates scholarly attention. However, it is through the bowls and plates of Singapore that one can read a significant portion of its history. For Singaporeans, the universal human experience of eating assumes a preeminent position in definitions of both the national and the lived everyday experience. As such, eating—the how and the what—provides a unifying experience amid diversity and becomes a metaphor for the fledgling state's multiracialism. This book focuses on the themes of cultural heritage, the family, and the body in understanding Singaporean food and its relationship to Singaporean society.
Public Spaces, Public Bodies
Authors: Tarulevicz Nicole
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines contemporary policies about the regulation of public space and food hygiene against the backdrop of colonial policy and anxieties. The regulation of public space, the demands of public hygiene, and the regulation of food provision, while necessary and practical, also speak to a desire to regulate the national body and specific bodies. With more Singaporeans, regardless of class, eating meals outside the home than inside it, these public foodscapes form a vital part of life. By design, and through infusing those public foodscapes with national and personal identity, the places for eating and the cuisine eaten change into representations of the nation, turning the table into the site of nation making.
Queer Migration Politics
Authors: Chávez Karma R.
Published: May 2017

The battles for LGBTQ rights and immigrant rights have captured significant attention in the U.S. public sphere throughout the twenty-first century. Both movements, which are largely understood to be separate, have advocated a politics of inclusion in and assimilation to mainstream national values. Delineating an alternative approach to activism at the intersection of queer rights, immigration rights, and social justice, this book examines a series of “coalitional moments” in which contemporary activists discover and respond to the predominant rhetoric, imagery, and ideologies that signal a sense of national identity. This book analyzes how activists use coalition to articulate the shared concerns of queer politics and migration politics, as activists imagine their ability to belong in various communities and spaces, their relationships to state and regional politics, and their relationships to other people whose lives might be very different from their own. Advocating a politics of the present and drawing from women of color and queer of color theory, this book contends that coalition enables a vital understanding of how queerness and immigration, citizenship and belonging, and inclusion and exclusion are linked.
The Coalitional Possibility of Radical Interactionality
Authors: Chávez Karma R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the writing of Indian immigrant and queer migration activist Yasmin Nair. Nair's rhetoric offers unique coalitional moments premised in opposition and confrontation. She directly opposes the political orientation and conditions of belonging set forth by the mainstream LGBT immigration rights community since those conditions leave most migrants out. Nair's vision thus opposes the limited agenda of inclusionary politics that include only “good” people. Some have described her politics as utopian. The chapter argues that the positions she takes engender the rhetoric of radical interactionality, a form of rhetorical confrontation that starts critique from the roots of a problem and then shows how power and oppression interact to produce subjects, institutions, and ideologies to enable and constrain political response.
Coalitional Politics on the US-Mexico Border
Authors: Chávez Karma R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter offers an extended look at two Tucson-based organizations, Wingspan and Coalición de Derechos Humanos (CDH), both of which have an avowed coalition to jointly fight oppression. The groups have constructed a coalition that refuses the master's tool of divide and conquer by actively taking up the many forms of difference in the service of coalition. Sometimes venturing into both normative and utopian realms with their tactical strategies, the activism of Wingspan and CDH starkly reveals the fraught nature of coalition. This coalition provides insight into the specific kind of strategies that local groups can utilize to foster unlikely political coalitions and educate communities in order to shift local, state, and national ways of thinking, even as these strategies are imperfect and sometimes fail.
Conclusion
Authors: Chávez Karma R.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter returns to the question of coalition as an alternative to normative and utopian approaches, and it offers some final thoughts about the importance of queer migration politics as a lens for thinking about politics. This activist rhetoric has provided an opportunity to view and understand the complexity and variety of coalitional moments. It has also supplied a way to witness the possibilities that coalitional moments engender for practicing and envisioning politics and making lives more livable. The chapter further remarks on the status of a rhetorical perspective for intervening in constructions of national rhetorical imaginaries that can both open and limit the possibilities for political orientations, modes of belonging, and tactical strategies.
Introduction
Authors: Hendricks Wanda A.
Published: May 2017

This book examines the complexities of Fannie Barrier Williams's life and how she developed intellectual insights into the intersectionality of privilege, race, labor, and gender by crossing regional borders. It explores how Barrier Williams's emergence as an activist influenced the Progressive Era, the women's club movement, the social and economic impact of industrialization on the black community, and the contours of the challenges to racism and discrimination. It shows how Barrier Williams successfully navigated between black and white worlds by gaining a reputation among blacks as a champion of black rights and among whites as a resilient and cooperative leader. It also considers how Barrier Williams' progressive accomplishments in Chicago and her personal connections in both the Northeast and the South endeared her to the national community of black women. The book argues that Barrier Williams' cross-regional mobility enabled her to determine how she lived, as well as the ways she engaged with the black and white communities and how she formulated her ideas.
North of Slavery
Authors: Hendricks Wanda A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Fannie Barrier Williams' early life. Fannie Barrier was born on February 12, 1855, to mixed-race parents, in Brockport, an overwhelmingly white community in New York. Brockport was north of slavery, and according to census records, no resident of the town had ever owned enslaved people. The village was a secure and supportive place for Barrier, with no racially divided public spaces. This chapter first provides a background on Brockport and Fannie's parents, Harriet Prince Barrier and Anthony J. Barrier, as well as her early education, including her enrollment at the Brockport Collegiate Institute. It considers how the school provided Fannie with the necessary skills to pursue the personal, public, and professional life that was not available to her mother's generation. It also examines how the northern location of Brockport and the convergence of several social, political, and economic factors sheltered Fannie and her siblings and greatly restricted the negative impact of racism and discrimination on their lives.
Conclusion
Authors: Hendricks Wanda A.
Published: May 2017

This conclusion reflects on Fannie Barrier Williams' accomplishments as she returned to her roots in Brockport to spend the remaining years of her life. The burden of trying to inhabit “two places at once” had become too difficult and forced Barrier Williams to leave Chicago and head home with her sister Ella. The sisters found Brockport to be the “pleasant and peaceful” place that it had always been. The bond between Barrier Williams and Ella Barrier greatly contributed to the pleasure of returning home. Barrier Williams died on March 4, 1944, at the age of eighty-nine. She left a legacy of reforms that she helped institute beginning in the Progressive Era. Instead of succumbing to the evils of Jim Crow, she challenged white racism and sought solutions for the black community using her pen, her oratory, and her own class ideals.
Speaking Out
Authors: Moscowitz Leigh
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how media narratives and activist strategies for representing gay perspectives in news discourse evolved over time. Drawing on activist interviews conducted in 2010 and 2011 as well as sample of news stories from 2008 through 2010, the chapter considers the journalistic devices that produced dominant meanings of the gay marriage issue, including the prevalent frames, sourcing patterns, photographic and graphic images, moving images, voice-over narration, and visual representations of married couples and the LGBT community more generally. It shows that, despite an overall more favorable tone and nuanced coverage of the debate, gay rights activists struggled in dealing with journalistic frames that resorted to the “God vs. gays” argument and played the race card. Mainstream media outlets continued to look to religious leaders as “obvious” oppositional sources on gay rights, while the movent's leaders faced internal conflicts over how best to represent pro-gay perspectives in media discourse and gain support from the “moveable middle.”
Interview with Spike Lee
Authors: McGowan Todd
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents an interview with Spike Lee. Topics covered include what he thinks about the love/hate relationship between Italian Americans and black Americans in the 1970s and 1980s; whether he feels that he played a part in helping create images of black male leadership and strength; whether he thinks that Miracle at St. Anna's (2009) “look” at World War II's atrocities helps provide a window into seeing how far people can take violence and cruelty past the edge of reason; what the thinks about the fact that some of his best films have been overlooked by the Oscars; his use of multiracial production teams; and his film projects.
Finding the Cause (1881–1889)
Authors: Franzen Trisha
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes events in the life of Anna Howard Shaw from 1881 to 1889. Over the course of the 1880s Shaw willingly gave up the comfortable but limited life of a small town minister to dedicate herself to changing the inequalities of the social structure in ways that she believed would better women's lives more than any work she could do as a minister. Fortunately for Shaw, she turned out to have many of the talents, skills, and attributes that the leaders and the constituencies of the woman suffrage and women's temperance movements needed and valued. By 1888, Shaw would state that, “I have registered a vow that I will from this time forth never work for any political party, never give one dollar to any religious body, home or foreign, never listen Sunday after Sunday to the preaching of any man, never give one ounce of my strength of body or purse, or mind, or heart to any cause which opposes the best interest of women. ” Fortunately, Shaw achieved the independence to make those decisions.
A Cultural History of the Sports Bra
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the introduction of the commercial sports bra, one of the products that attested to the 1970s revolution in women's sport. Critics charged that breasts, like menstruation, symbolized women's inferior biology and their unsuitability for sport; but the introduction of the “Jogbra” in 1977 proved a material and symbolic landmark. It also signified a niche market for the product, and its popularity grew throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s. Yet it was Brandi Chastain's 1999 celebration, in which she ripped off her uniform top following her game-winning goal in the Women's World Cup, that proved to be the garment's coming-out party. This marked an increase in visibility of both the sports bra and the sports bra-clad body and inspired cultural conversations about the changing feminine corporeal aesthetic.
Epilogue
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter considers the status of women's sports in 2012, the various points of change that brought them there, and reasserts the need to cheer with reserve. Even as the number of women athletes seems to rise, their representation in administrative ranks has dwindled from the pre-Title IX era. In addition, sports sociologists Michael Messner and Cheryl Cooky found that there has been a “precipitous decline” in the amount of television coverage devoted to women's sports over the past several years. In 2009 women's sports garnered just 1.6 percent of network sports news and 1.4 percent of ESPN's SportsCenter. For a brief window in July 2012, however, those numbers temporarily increased as the world tuned in to the Women's Games.
Workers’ Social-Wage Struggles during the Great Depression and the Era of Neoliberalism
Authors: Finkel Alvin
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces and compares workers' and especially workers' organizations' responses in North America, South America, Europe, and Australia during the Great Depression and the crisis of capital accumulation that has been more or less steady since 1975. It suggests that the extent to which the organized working class has been willing and able to defend prior social gains during times of crisis depends upon the degree of organization and militancy present within the working class before the crisis begins. In countries where class collaboration is deeply embedded in the ideology of the trade-union and labor political leadership, the response of the organized working class to economic crisis has paralleled that of capital: “national” sacrifice is required, and that means the workers giving up some social gains along with making wage sacrifices. In others, especially where workers'movements have been unable or unwilling to integrate closely with capital at a political level, or where labor has a political dominance to which capital has partly accommodated, the working-class movement has made improved social wages its central demand, and made the continued existence of private capital dependent on its accommodating that demand.
Neoliberalism at Work in the Antipodean Welfare State in the Late Twentieth Century
Authors: Nolan Melanie
Published: May 2017

Neoliberalism is critical to understanding the experience of working people in the crises of capitalism from the 1970s to the global financial recession of 2008. The literature recognizes that neoliberalism was variously applied and developed unevenly geographically in complex ways. While research has concentrated on the advanced economies, such as the United States and United Kingdom, an antipodean model has also been teased out. New Zealand is recognized as an outstanding example of the late twentieth-century neoliberal experiment. This chapter examines the antipodean responses to the post-1970s economic crisis of capitalism in the light of a longer history of the welfare state. It shows that the response to neoliberalism was complex, involving resistance as well as collusion and collaboration. It begins by exploring the distinct antipodean welfare-state tradition, which is held up to explain opposition to neoliberal ideas, but which New Zealand largely shared with Australia.
“Out of These Ghettos, People Who Would Fight”
Authors: Gold Roberta
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the rent strikes that erupted in Harlem and other ghettos in the 1960s. Ideologically, the rent strikes blur the line between civil rights liberalism and Black Power. Rent strikers renounced the liberal integrationist vision—moving out of the ghetto—that had animated the previous decade's black housing struggles. Instead they sought to improve conditions and build power within the segregated neighborhoods where they, like most African Americans, actually lived. This chapter considers the rent rebellion launched by ghetto residents, drawing inspiration from the burgeoning civil rights movement and support from New York's longtime tenant advocates. It shows that this rent rebellion won modest material improvements and contributed to a growing movement for community power in the ghettos. One of the strikes' main achievements was to galvanize tenants throughout New York City at a critical moment in the long-term fight over rent control. The chapter also discusses issues of gender and race in the Harlem rent strikes.
“A Piece of Heaven in Hell”
Authors: Gold Roberta
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the tenant movement lost ground in the early 1970s, mainly due to witnessed recession and conservative backlash across the country, but made a remarkable recovery. It first considers the struggles in city and state legislatures over rent regulation and associated housing policies during the period before discussing the assaults on rent control instigated by propertied interests. It then explores how activists were able to fashion ideals from the late-sixties radical movements into tangible state-supported programs for tenant empowerment through limited-equity cooperatives. It also looks at how the new generation of activists helped to extend the tenant movement's lasting contributions to feminism and left politics. The chapter demonstrates the tenant movement's intergenerational ripple effect and the ways in which new programs, supported by well-placed professionals, extended the legacy of late-sixties radicalism by institutionalizing “sweat equity” and tenant control of housing. Together—if not always cooperatively—tenant activists preserved a modicum of security for working and middle-income New Yorkers in an era of neoliberalism and growing class division.
An Aborted Trial
Authors: Grow Nathaniel
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Federal Baseball Club of Baltimore, Inc. v. National League of Professional Baseball Clubs and its dismissal, focusing on the period between February 1916 and June 1917. In the weeks following the dismissal of the Federal League's antitrust suit, organized baseball worked behind the scenes to resolve its budding dispute with the Baltimore Federals. The American and National Leagues sought to persuade Jack Dunn, owner of the city's International League team, to purchase the BaltFeds's stadium, thereby securing some settlement proceeds for the rival franchise. At the same time that organized baseball was dealing with Baltimore, it was also trying to resolve its own outstanding legal fees from the Federal League case. Baltimore, meanwhile, continued to build its case that federal antitrust law applied to professional baseball. This chapter first considers the BaltFeds's settlement negotiations with organized baseball before discussing the proceedings of its antitrust suit and Judge Oliver B. Dickinson's decision to dismiss the case.
Galactic Center One
Authors: Slusser George
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the epic scope of Gregory Benford's series of novels commonly called the Galactic Center saga. The works that make up the Galactic Center series span nineteen years of Benford's career. They encompass as well a changing landscape of science fiction (SF), in which space adventure, once central to the genre, becomes a near relic. The first novel in the series, In the Ocean of Night, reflects the period's spirit of high adventure in the promise of space travel. In the subsequent novels, produced in the cyberpunk era, Benford continues to pursue the question of mankind's condition in the face of science's genuinely expanding universe. The central figure of Benford's Galactic series is Nigel Walmsley, the NASA astronaut who dominates In the Ocean of Night and its sequel, Across the Sea of Suns(1984), then returns in the strange timescape of the final novel, Sailing Bright Eternity (1996). This chapter considers E. E. Smith's Lensman series as Benford's forerunner, in the sense that it has scientific extrapolation and a story with genuine cosmic sweep.
George F. White and Hicksite Opposition to the Abolitionist Movement
Authors: Hamm Thomas D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the antebellum era, a critical period of transformation and dissension. Concentrating on the prominent minister George F. White, it reveals how White's opposition to abolitionists such as Lucretia Mott was rooted in his experience as a supporter of Elias Hicks, whose controversial teachings helped fracture American Quakerism in the 1820s. In the 1840s, White was the most controversial, polarizing figure in Hicksite Quakerism. He felt it his duty to use his unquestioned talents to warn Friends, in the most forceful terms, against participating in antislavery, temperance, nonresistance, and other reform movements that many saw as advancing Quaker testimonies. The controversy over his crusade against reform movements would ultimately help fracture every Hicksite yearly meeting except Baltimore and change the course of Hicksite Quakerism.
8 Aim for a Free State and Settle among Quakers
Authors: Densmore Christopher
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines escapes from slavery and settlement patterns in Chester County, Pennsylvania, and Greenwich Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey, ca. 1820 to 1860. It analyzes the mundane interactions between the white Quakers and African Americans as well as their sometimes heroic collaboration in the fight against slavery. It identifies a conflict between the image of the good Quaker, as fictionalized by Harriet Beecher Stowe or exemplified in the lives of Lucretia Mott, Levi Coffin, or Isaac T. Hopper, and the Quakers who played no active role in antislavery. It further argues that the mythology of the good Quaker in the antislavery movement and in the Underground Railroad often underplays African American agency.
The Slave Trade, Quakers, and the Early Days of British Abolition
Authors: Walvin James
Published: May 2017

This chapter assesses the Quaker impact on the early British anti-slave trade campaign and, in particular, the influence Quaker writings and networks had on the early career of Thomas Clarkson. Clarkson pioneered the abolitionists' research into the slave trade and the slave ships. It was his empirical investigations among slave captains, sailors, and slave ship rosters that teased out the hard facts and figures about life—and more important, of death—on board the slave ships. In the wake of his pioneering investigations, discussion about the slave trade switched to a detailed analysis of the data. Clarkson and subsequent abolitionists ensured that the debate about abolition was not merely a recitation of moral outrage or religious disapproval but more about the facts. And once those facts were rehearsed in public, they proved irresistible. It was the hard evidence, culled from the belly of the slave ships, that both shocked and persuaded.
Music, Form, Penetration
Authors: Amico Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the relationship between Russian gay men and both Western and Russian popular musics by focusing on specific harmonic and melodic musical attributes that contribute to a Russian “sound.” In particular, it considers the link between sound and listener to experiences of (pleasurable) penetration. It shows that Russian homosexuality imparts a certain prestige (marked by modernity, style, and internationality) upon a cultural product. It also reveals that Russian gay men professed a preference for Western popular music and Western music in general, even as many of them also admitted a connection to Russian popular musics. Finally, it examines the connections between music, penetrations, and the homosexual body in the context of politics. The chapter suggests that lived experience—apprehended, in part, as a porosity of borders and operating as both a material and conceptual dynamic—inflects the interaction between Russian gay men and audible culture.
Conclusion
Authors: Amico Stephen
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter discusses the insights that might be gained by understanding the sexual self via the musical (rather than the political or textual) and emphasizes the importance of foregrounding the living, sexual body in Russian gay men's wresting of their same-sex desires from the socially imposed shackles of pathology. It begins with a discussion of legal and juridical as well as economic factors that must be taken into account in contextualizing post-Soviet homosexuality. It also considers how the religious and the political are entangled in issues relating to homosexuality in Russia, with particular emphasis on its politicization. Finally, it explores the interconnections among sexuality, music, and culture in Russia as well as the homosexuals' fight for legal protection and equality in a post-Soviet climate. The chapter argues that our understanding of an embodied sexual identity can be greatly aided by its conceptualization via dynamics operating in popular music.
Epilogue
Authors: Amico Stephen
Published: May 2017

This epilogue reflects on what has changed and what has remained the same with respect to the LGBT landscape in post-Soviet Russia. It begins with a discussion of the death of Igor' Kon, an academic, public intellectual, and activist who played a key role in efforts to depathologize homosexuality in post-Soviet space. It then considers Russian politics and how Russian gay men have remained apolitical in their stances, along with their reactions to the Legislation against Gay Propaganda passed in 2013. It also examines the proliferation of websites addressed to gay and lesbian audiences and how the dramatic growth in internet accessibility has impacted homosexual men. Furthermore, it highlights the increase in sounds and images of some of Russia's popular music performers of (assumed) netraditsionnaia orientatsiia, as well as the ways in which they present the (homo)eroticized male body. The epilogue ends by focusing on Russian activists' campaign to have a gay parade celebrated in the country and suggests that popular music may be regarded as Russia's gay parade.
Letters Home
Authors: Poblete JoAnna
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the ground-level experiences of early Puerto Rican colonial migrants to Hawaiʻi, including the labor recruitment process and daily circumstances, as well as reactions to these policies. It describes how independent labor companies used promises of higher wages and better living conditions to entice legally mobile Puerto Ricans to leave for Hawaiʻi and fill the vast labor needs of the islands. The chapter begins with a discussion of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association's recruitment process for Puerto Rican laborers, along with the Puerto Ricans' intra-colonial journey to Hawaiʻi. It then considers the conditions that Puerto Ricans found upon their arrival in Hawaiʻi and how the islands' plantation management worked hard to positively portray life on sugar plantations to maintain access to laborers. It also explores the Puerto Rican government's protests against Hawaiʻi's recruitment policies and the conflicts among the U.S. imperial bureaucracy over the issue of recruitment.
Limited Leadership
Authors: Poblete JoAnna
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the roles played by Puerto Rican labor agents such as Florentin Souza and Alberto E. Minvielle in Hawaiʻi's sugar plantations during the first half of the twentieth century. Like Filipinos, Puerto Ricans also relied on local leaders to translate and convey their issues to plantation managers. Since few Puerto Rican laborers at the Olaʻa plantation understood English, both workers and plantation leaders looked to independent labor mediators to bridge the language barrier between Anglo-American leadership and intra-colonials. This chapter first discusses the roles of the two types of Puerto Rican middlemen in Hawaiʻi, sporadic community ethnic mediators and self-initiated labor agents, before considering how they became important advocates and mediators for intra-colonials and sugar plantation management.
Gender, Kin, and Markets in the Land of Peace
Authors: Kistler S. Ashley
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines marketing as the foundation of personhood for market women, their families, and Chamelco as a whole. Chamelco's vendors confront capitalist values, transforming capitalism's potentially alienating social effects into a model of Q'eqchi' identity for all. Although they participate in capitalist exchanges, they do so not simply for financial motives, but because marketing is an ancient occupation central to the town's historical identity. As vendors, Chamelco's women use exchange to define the logics of the Q'eqchi' house (junkab'al), the primary entity through which Chamelqueños define and live personhood. The chapter also sets out the book's purpose, which is to explore the intersections of kinship, global capitalism, indigenous identity, and memory.
Markets and Marketers
Authors: Kistler S. Ashley
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the significance that the market plays both as an economic institution and a center of socialization for Chamelqueños. In doing so, it describes life in the market and analyzes marketing as women's vocation. It argues that Chamelqueños classify the market as a center of Q'eqchi' personhood and the embodiment of ancestral tradition. Vendors sustain local families by providing them with critical access to necessary goods and by connecting to them to an institution representative of their ancestors. In the market, they exchange money and commodities not just for capital wealth, but also for Q'eqchi' personhood.
The New Pekin
Authors: Bauman Thomas
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Robert T. Motts's conversion of the Pekin Theater to New Pekin after it was damaged by fire in January 1910. At the time of the fire the Pekin Temple of Music had already established itself as “a credit to the Negro race.” Motts saw rebuilding not only as necessary to “get under way again” but also as an opportunity to aim for something even higher. There were no more comparisons of the Pekin with beer gardens, cabarets, or cafés chantants, but rather with the best legitimate theaters that Chicago had to offer. At the New Pekin, Motts himself took over Will H. Smith's duties as general manager. Opening night on March 31 was a success. This chapter examines how the Pekin became a favored venue for black minstrelsy and considers the Pekin Stock Company's musical comedies, including Captain Rufus, a musical military play by J. Ed. Green and Alfred Anderson; it was also performed in New York City in August 1907.
The Shakespeares of Sports Films
Authors: Vogan Travis
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how NFL Films' engagements with aesthetic traditions, the discourses surrounding the company, and its selective incorporation of positive critical reception into its publicity materials separate the organization from other sports media outlets and, by extension, distinguish the National Football League (NFL) from competing sports organizations. Throughout its history, NFL Films has taken great pains to emphasize its distinction within sports media and in the broader contexts of art and media culture. The company places its productions in dialogue with established aesthetic traditions, reinforces its producers' status as legitimate artists, advertises the various accolades it has received, and distances itself from NFL's commercial motives. This chapter explains NFL Films' use of aesthetic traditions and discourses to craft its image and position the company as part of an artworld—a status that is remarkably rare in sports television and in sports media more generally. It also considers how NFL Films situates Ed and Steve Sabol as artistic visionaries who play central roles in reinforcing its efforts to claim status as a site that produces art.
Introduction
Authors: Apollon Daniel , Bélisle Claire , Régnier Philippe
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter argues that the future of the traditional forms of culture, knowledge, and scholarship appears to be at risk, as the world becomes digital and new generations consider computers, mobile appliances, and the Internet as extensions of their body that are essential for living. The book provides a survey of critical editing confronted with the digital world that is organized in three parts. The first one discusses the historical context and the main challenges that researchers, teachers, and the public readers meet with the integration of digital tools and medium in the activity of critical edition. The second one details how critical edition deals with the technical constraints it faces in order to explore new presentation modalities of heritage texts. The last one looks at critical edition practice through examining cases that range from data capture and layout to the institutional and organizational conditions for production.
The Making of an Edition
Authors: Haugen Odd Einar
Published: May 2017

This chapter reviews the long history of the practice of text criticism and scholarly editing and looks into the recent development of more objective methods based on mathematical techniques. It discusses how various qualitative and quantitative methods have been used in modern editions and proposes a typology of editions based on three dimensions: the reproduction of the source, the rendering of the process lying behind the text, and the selection of sources for the actual edition. While the practice of editing has a long history, it is commonly accepted that the foundation of editing as a scholarly or even scientific activity was created in the first half of the nineteenth century. From this time, strict and formal methods were being introduced in textual editing—notably, the use of shared errors.
From Books to Collections
Authors: Mombert Sarah
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the critical edition of hybrid materials: heterogeneous documents, facsimiles, pictures, sounds, and videos. Through concise examples, it illustrates how and why different collections, although “critical,” do not attain the usual ambitions of critical editions (Greek authors, the Bible, canonical authors) but address another conception of “critical” and “edition.” The chapter examines the implications of critical projects when reconstructions of the given texts' original states are of lesser or peripheral interest. The term “critical” is used mainly to connote the construction of a context amplified through comments, intersecting links, and thematic indexation.
Interview With Greg Egan
Authors: Burnham Karen
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents an extensive interview with Greg Egan. Topics discussed include the kind of science fiction and nonfiction books that he read growing up; why he was initially attracted writing horror stories; sources that he uses when doing research for his books; whether he had ever been tempted to go into academia and formally study physics; cyberpunk authors that he has read; how he became interested in neuroscience; his thoughts on the way we construct identity given the organic influences of our brains and the potential for fine control of computerized brains; his take on the science of quantum mechanics as it relates to human minds; and if he would choose to upload himself if scanning technology were currently available.
Virtue, Truth, and the Motherline of Morality
Authors: Davis Coralynn V.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the universe of virtue as it is displayed in Maithil women's taleworlds—such virtues as devoutness, compassion, and generosity. One striking characteristic of Maithil women's narratives is that they generally portray very little gendering in regard to basic tenets of virtue. In other words, the same virtuous qualities are appreciated in men and women; virtues are gender specific only in the particulars of their enactment. The chapter also shows that, in Maithil women's narrative hands, differences in fortune are correlated with the measure of women's virtuousness, and, further, such virtue in women is portrayed as a heritable trait passed on to offspring through maternal substance.