bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robust Group Synchronization via Cycle-Edge Message Passing
Authors: Lerman Gilad , Shi Yunpeng
Published: September 2021

We propose a general framework for solving the group synchronization problem, where we focus on the setting of adversarial or uniform corruption and sufficiently small noise. Specifically, we apply a novel message passing procedure that uses cycle consistency information in order to estimate the corruption levels of group ratios and consequently solve the synchronization problem in our setting. We first explain why the group cycle consistency information is essential for effectively solving group synchronization problems. We then establish exact recovery and linear convergence guarantees for the proposed message passing procedure under a deterministic setting with adversarial corruption. These guarantees hold as long as the ratio of corrupted cycles per edge is bounded by a reasonable constant. We also establish the stability of the proposed procedure to sub-Gaussian noise. We further establish exact recovery with high probability under a common uniform corruption model.
Modelling the effect of partial resistance on epidemics of downy mildew of grapevine
Authors: Bove Federica , Savary Serge , Willocquet Laetitia , Rossi Vittorio
Published: September 2021

The cultivation of grape varieties with partial resistance to disease may become an important component for disease management in the future. The impact of partial resistance on downy mildew epidemics according to its components have not been explored so far. This work aims to model, understand, and quantitatively analyse the effect of partial resistance against dual disease epidemics (foliage and clusters) caused by Plasmopara viticola, and rank the efficiency of different resistance components in disease suppression. We use an epidemiological simulation model to integrate the effect of four components of partial resistance, expressed as relative resistance parameters, i.e. infection efficiency (RRIE), latency period (RRLP), sporulation (RRSP), and infectious period (RRIP). Both the individual and combined effect of these components of resistance on downy mildew epidemics are evaluated through a sensitivity analysis. A comparison of simulation runs in different scenarios of disease conduciveness using experimental measurements of components of partial resistance for 16 different grapevine varieties is also performed. Increasing values of RR parameters led to a suppression of disease progress on foliage. The strongest reduction of epidemics on foliage is generated by increases in RRIE, followed by RRSP, RRIP, and last by RRLP. The effect of partial resistance on epidemics is more conspicuous in a scenario of limited disease conduciveness. The strongest suppressive effect of simulated epidemics on clusters is associated with RRIE, and the lowest effect with RRLP, with similar effects of increasing values of RRIP and RRSP. The use of experimentally measured relative resistance parameters to run simulated epidemics shows a reduction of the area under the disease progress curve from 4 × 105 (on a susceptible reference grapevine variety) to 4 × 102 (on cv. Bronner), i.e. a reduction of disease by 1000. The simulation of the varietal effect in intermediate and less favourable scenarios of disease conduciveness strongly suppresses the epidemic on foliage and limits disease on clusters to very low levels. Deploying partial host plant resistance in environments that are not strongly conducive to downy mildew epidemics could represent an effective use of partial resistance.
Single-state state machines in model-driven software engineering: an exploratory study
Authors: Yang Nan , Cuijpers Pieter , Schiffelers Ramon , Lukkien Johan , Serebrenik Alexander
Published: September 2021

Context

Models, as the main artifact in model-driven engineering, have been extensively used in the area of embedded systems for code generation and verification. One of the most popular behavioral modeling techniques is the state machine. Many state machine modeling guidelines recommend that a state machine should have more than one state in order to be meaningful. However, single-state state machines (SSSMs) violating this recommendation have been used in modeling cases reported in the literature.

Objective

We aim for understanding the phenomenon of using SSSMs in practice as understanding why developers violate the modeling guidelines is the first step towards improvement of modeling tools and practice.

Method

To study the phenomenon, we conducted an exploratory study which consists of two complementary studies. The first study investigated the prevalence and role of SSSMs in the domain of embedded systems, as well as the reasons why developers use them and their perceived advantages and disadvantages. We employed the sequential explanatory strategy, including repository mining and interview, to study 1500 state machines from 26 components at ASML, a leading company in manufacturing lithography machines from the semiconductor industry. In the second study, we investigated the evolutionary aspects of SSSMs, exploring when SSSMs are introduced to the systems and how developers modify them by mining the largest state-machine-based component from the company.

Results

We observe that 25 out of 26 components contain SSSMs. Our interviews suggest that SSSMs are used to interface with the existing code, to deal with tool limitations, to facilitate maintenance and to ease verification. Our study on the evolutionary aspects of SSSMs reveals that the need for SSSMs to deal with tool limitations grew continuously over the years. Moreover, only a minority of SSSMs have been changed between SSSM and multiple-state state machine (MSSM) during their evolution. The most frequent modifications developers made to SSSMs is inserting events with constraints on the execution of the events.

Conclusions

Based on our results, we provide implications for developers and tool builders. Furthermore, we formulate hypotheses about the effectiveness of SSSMs, the impacts of SSSMs on development, maintenance and verification as well as the evolution of SSSMs.
Digital Navigator on the Seas of the Selden Map of China: Sequential Least-Cost Path Analysis Using Dynamic Wind Data
Authors: Perttola Wesa
Published: September 2021

During the age of sail-powered ships, the maritime trade networks of Southeast Asia were highly cyclical in nature due to the biannually switching wind directions of the East Asian Monsoon. The Selden Map of China provides us with a glimpse of these connections in the early seventeenth century, and it is drawn in a unique way that allows the sailing durations between ports to be measured. In this paper, a novel method of simulating directed sail-powered voyages is developed. The method utilizes ArcGIS Pro’s functionality through Python macros, and unlike the previous least-cost path (LCP) sailing models, it is based on sequential LCP analysis using dynamic real-time series wind data. The optimized routes and sailing durations generated by the macros are then compared against the Selden map. In general, the model performs reasonably well in favourable winds, but is unable to simulate tacking properly in adverse conditions. The results allow the visualization of wind patterns in terms of time spent at sea and demonstrate the inherent natural rhythm of maritime movement and trade in the South China Sea region. The macros are freely available and can be modified to simulate directed sailing in other time periods, localities, and environmental settings.
Altitude and early child growth in 47 countries
Authors: Shively Gerald , Schmiess Jacob
Published: September 2021

The relationship between altitude of residence and child linear growth is studied using data for 630,499 children below age 5 years born between 1992 and 2016, as recorded in 47 countries at elevations ranging from − 377 to 4498 m above sea level. Regressions are used to measure the role of household, community, and environmental factors in explaining an observed altitude effect on linear growth. Controlling for birth year and country effects, and a range of factors correlated with altitude and associated with nutrition outcomes, for each 1000 m gain in elevation, height for age z score (HAZ) declines by 0.195 points on average. Country-specific estimates of the association vary and include positive associations. Results highlight the potential links between developmental risks for children and features of their physical environment.
Sobolev Extension on Lp-quasidisks
Authors: Zhu Zheng
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we study the Sobolev extension property ofLp-quasidisks which are the generalizations of classical quasidisks. After that, we also find some applications of this property.
The role of individual audit partners for narrative disclosures
Authors: Mauritz Christoph , Nienhaus Martin , Oehler Christopher
Published: September 2021

We analyze the extent to which individual audit partners influence the audited narrative disclosures in their clients’ financial reports. Using a sample of 3,281,423 private and public client firm-pairs, we find that the similarity among audited narrative disclosures is higher when two client firms share the same audit partner. Specifically, we find that the wording similarity of management reports (notes) increases by 30 (48) percent, the content similarity by 29 (49) percent, and the structure similarity by 48 (121) percent. Moreover, we find that audit partners in particular are relevant for their clients’ narrative disclosures because the increase in narrative disclosure similarity when sharing the same audit partner is nine (four) times greater than when sharing the same audit firm (audit office). We show that this influence of audit partners goes beyond adding boilerplate statements and, using novel field evidence, we shed light on the underlying mechanisms. Our findings are economically relevant because a stronger involvement of audit partners with their clients’ narratives is associated with a higher quality of narrative disclosures, which helps users better predict the future profitability of client firms.
Effects of Government Contracting of Services on NGOs in China: Convergence and Divergence with International Experience
Authors: Enjuto Martinez Regina , Qu Yuanyuan , Howell Jude
Published: September 2021

The government of the Communist Party of China (CPC) rolled out a national policy to contract out social and welfare services to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in 2013. This study explores how government contracting of services affects NGOs. We examine three areas: marketization, financial dependency, and autonomy. We find significant convergence of the effects of contracting on NGOs in China with NGOs’ experiences in liberal democratic countries, despite divergent political regimes. Found effects are explained by the combination of the authoritarian government of the CPC with the neoliberal governance structures introduced by contracting. Convergence with international experience despite divergent political regimes is attributed to the neoliberal essence of the policy of contracting of services.
First Inventory of Access and Quality of Metabolic Surgery Across Europe
Authors: Sinclair Piriyah , Vijgen Guy H. E. J. , Aarts Edo O. , Van Nieuwenhove Yves , Maleckas Almantas
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Europe consists of 51 independent countries. Variation in healthcare regulations results in differing challenges faced by patients and professionals. This study aimed to gain more insight into the accessibility, patient pathway and quality indicators of metabolic and body contouring surgery.

Methods and Materials

Expert representatives in the metabolic field from all 51 countries were sent an electronic self-administered online questionnaire on their data and experiences from the previous year exploring accessibility to and quality indicators for metabolic surgery and plastic surgery after weight loss.

Results

Forty-five responses were collected. Sixty-eight percent of countries had eligibility criteria for metabolic surgery; 59% adhered to the guidelines. Forty-six percent had reimbursement criteria for metabolic surgery. Forty-one percent had eligibility criteria for plastic surgery and 31% reimbursement criteria. Average tariffs for a metabolic procedure varied € 800 to 16,000. MDTs were mandated in 78%, with team members varying significantly. Referral practices differed. In 45%, metabolic surgery is performed by pure metabolic surgeons, whilst re-operations were performed by a metabolic surgeon in 28%. A metabolic training programme was available in 23%. Access to metabolic surgery was rated poor to very poor in 33%. Thirty-five percent had a bariatric registry. Procedure numbers and numbers of hospitals performing metabolic surgery varied significantly. Twenty-four percent of countries required a minimum procedure number for metabolic centres, which varied from 25 to 200 procedures.

Conclusion

There are myriad differences between European countries in terms of accessibility to and quality indicators of metabolic surgery. Lack of funding, education and structure fuels this disparity. Criteria should be standardised across Europe with clear guidelines.

Graphical abstract
Meta-analysis of Long-Term Relapse Rate of Type 2 Diabetes Following Initial Remission After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
Authors: Yu Zhiqing , Li Peiwu , Li Peirong , Zhang Haidan , Zhang Youcheng
Published: September 2021

This study aims to determine the long-term relapse rate of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) following initial remission after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. We searched studies in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. A total of 17 eligible studies were included for analysis. Meta-analysis suggested a pooled long-term relapse rate of 0.30 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26–0.34) and a remission rate of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.55–0.72) after RYGB and a hazard ratio of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.66–0.81) for comparison of RYGB and sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Subgroup analyses established pooled results. This study suggested RYGB may be a preferred regime for obese patients with T2DM because it is associated with lower long-term relapse and relatively higher initial remission and was also superior to SG due to lower risk of recurrence.

Graphical Abstract
Psychological Distress in Erectile Dysfunction: The Moderating Role of Attachment
Authors: Maestre-Lorén Francesc , Castillo-Garayoa José A. , López-i-Martín Xavier , Sarquella-Geli Joaquim , Andrés Ana , Cifre Ignacio
Published: September 2021

Introduction

In clinical consultations, men with erectile dysfunction do not always express personal, sexual, and interpersonal concerns.

Aim

We explore whether the attenuated impact of erectile dysfunction may be explained by a regulation of negative affect that causes activation of the attachment system.

Methods

The study sample consisted of 69 men diagnosed with erectile dysfunction, mean (SD) age 56 (10.83) years. Participants completed self-reported questionnaires to assess erectile dysfunction severity, attachment style, sexual satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, and psychological symptoms.

Main Outcome Measure

The moderating role of attachment between erectile dysfunction and sexual satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, and psychological distress was evaluated using multiple linear regression and moderation analysis.

Results

All men in the sample had high attachment avoidance, distributed between the dismissive-avoidant (69.6%) and fearful-avoidant (30.4%) substyles, but low levels of psychological symptoms. Despite their erectile dysfunction, 27 patients (39.1%) rated their sexual life as satisfactory, and 46 (66.7%) rated their relationship with their partner as satisfactory. Men with fearful-avoidant attachment reported feeling more sexual desire and less sexual satisfaction than men with dismissive-avoidant attachment. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that sexual satisfaction variance was explained by erectile dysfunction severity, attachment anxiety, and relationship satisfaction scores. Moderation analysis showed that attachment anxiety, but not relationship satisfaction, moderated the impact of erectile dysfunction on sexual satisfaction.

Conclusion

The avoidance dimension of attachment, which tends to be high in patients with erectile dysfunction, involves deactivation of the sexual system in an effort to minimize the emotional distress associated with erectile dysfunction, which damages sexual and relationship intimacy and delays the decision to obtain professional help. The presence of high attachment avoidance and the moderating value of attachment anxiety allow us to propose specific treatments for these men.

Maestre-Lorén F, Castillo-Garayoa JA, López-i-Martín X, et al. Psychological Distress in Erectile Dysfunction: The Moderating Role of Attachment. Sex Med 2021;9:100436.
DORSAL Plication Technique for the Treatment of Congenital Ventral Penile Curvature: Long-Term Outcomes of 72 Cases
Authors: Akdemir Fatih , Kayıgil Önder , Okulu Emrah
Published: September 2021

Background

A total of 78 patients aged 11 to 17 years were diagnosed with congenital ventral penile curvature and underwent surgery with the dorsal plication technique between 2005 and 2014.

Aim

To investigate the long-term outcomes of 72 patients who underwent dorsal penile plication for the treatment of congenital ventral penile curvature without hypospadias.

Methods

In all cases, the intervascular space between the deep dorsal vein and dorsal artery was dissected, and tunical plication was carried out with non-absorbable 3-0 polyamide sutures and the complication and satisfaction rates of the patients were determined in the postoperative seventh year.

Outcomes

At the final postoperative follow-up, the patients’ satisfaction with the operation was found to be 95.8%.

RESULTS

Shortening of the penis (0.5-1 cm) in five cases, recurrence with less than a 20-degree curvature in two cases, palpable sutures in two cases was observed and no patients reported erectile dysfunction.

Strengths & Limitations

The limitations of our study can be considered as the absence of pharmacological erection in the preoperative evaluation, failure to evaluate penile length at the last postoperative follow-up due to the continued development of the penis, inability to evaluate erectile function at the beginning, postoperative erectile capacity being assessed in only some of the operated cases, all operations being performed by a single surgeon in the same center, and the absence of standardized questionnaires for postoperative satisfaction or adverse events.

CONCLUSION

According to the results of this study, dorsal plication is a relatively simple method with a low risk and high success rate for the treatment of congenital ventral penile curvatures.
Rewriting Histories of the Use of Force
Authors: Verdebout Agatha
Published: September 2021

It is commonly taught that the prohibition of the use of force is an achievement of the twentieth century and that beforehand States were free to resort to the arms as they pleased. International law, the story goes, was 'indifferent' to the use of force. 'Reality' as it stems from historical sources, however, appears much more complex. Using tools of history, sociology, anthropology and social psychology, this monograph offers new insights into the history of the prohibition of the use of force in international law. Conducting in-depth analysis of nineteenth century doctrine and State practice, it paves the way for an alternative narrative on the prohibition of force, and seeks to understand the origins of international law's traditional account. In so doing, it also provides a more general reflection on how the discipline writes, rewrites and chooses to remember its own history.
Time-dependent measurements of length and area of the contact line in contact-boiling regime
Authors: Khavari Mohammad , Tran Tuan
Published: September 2021

During the impact of a liquid droplet on a sufficiently heated surface, bubble nucleation reduces the contact area between the liquid and the solid surface. Using high-speed imaging combined with total internal reflection, we measure and report how the contact area decreases with time for a wide range of surface temperatures and impact velocities. We also reveal how formation of the observed fingering patterns contributes to a substantial increase in the total length of the contact line surrounding the contact area.
Association between different types of plant-based diet and dyslipidaemia in Korean adults
Authors: Shin Nara , Kim Jihye
Published: September 2021

This study investigated the association between the different types of plant-based diets and dyslipidaemia in Korean adults using data from the nationally representative sample. Using the 2012–2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey data, a total of 14 167 adults (≥19 years old) participated in this study. Dietary intake was assessed by a semi-quantitative FFQ. Three different plant-based diet indices (overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI), unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI)), were calculated. Dyslipidaemia and its components (hypertriacylglycerolaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, low HDL-cholesterol, high LDL-cholesterol, use of anti-hyperlipidaemia agent) were measured. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between plant-based diet and dyslipidaemia and individual lipid disorders. Totally, 47% of overall population had dyslipidaemia. Individual in the highest quintile of uPDI had 22% greater odds of dyslipidaemia (95 % CI 1·05, 1·41) and 48 % higher odds of hypertriacylglycerolaemia (95 % CI 1·21, 1·81) and 16% higher odds of low HDL-cholesterol (OR: 1·16, 95 % CI 1·00, 1·35) than those in the lowest quintile of uPDI. PDI was associated with 16 % higher odds of low HDL-cholesterol, and hPDI was associated with 25% lower odds of high LDL-cholesterol. However, neither PDI nor hPDI was significantly associated with the prevalence of dyslipidaemia. Greater adherence to unhealthful plant-based diets was associated with greater odds of the dyslipidaemia and its components suggesting the importance of the quality of plant-based diet in South Korean adults for dyslipidaemia prevention.
The usefulness of graphic illustrations in online dictionaries
Authors: Dziemianko Anna
Published: September 2021

The aim of the paper is to investigate the usefulness of different illustration formats in online English learners’ dictionaries for the accuracy and speed of meaning comprehension as well as immediate and delayed retention. In a controlled online experiment, the meaning of selected English words and phrases had to be explained with the help of purpose-built monolingual dictionary entries. Four experimental conditions were created, which reflected the presence and format of illustrations in the entries: color pictures, greyscale pictures, line drawings, no illustrations. Meaning retention was checked immediately after exposure and two weeks later. The results show that it is worthwhile to include illustrations in online learners’ dictionaries and suggest the most beneficial illustration formats. Line drawings prove the most recommendable; they considerably improve meaning comprehension, reduce reception time, and stimulate the best immediate and delayed retention. Color pictures emerge as the second best. They produce results comparable with those for line drawings, except they do not help so much to remember meaning in the long run. Entries with greyscale pictures are the least recommendable. They do not contribute more to meaning comprehension and delayed retention. Yet, they even shorten reception time and help users to remember more words immediately after exposure.
Timing of congenital cardiac surgery in children who turned COVID-19 positive
Authors: Tulsi Anagha , Chellappan Subramanian , Manohar Krishna
Published: September 2021

We report a series of four patients with CHD who tested positive for COVID-19, got treated, and underwent cardiac surgery in the same sitting. All had an uneventful perioperative course similar to COVID-19-negative patients. We conclude that children with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 disease may be subjected to surgery as early as within 1 week since COVID-19 negative.
Mortgage debt and time-varying monetary policy transmission
Authors: Finck David , Schmidt Jörg , Tillmann Peter
Published: September 2021

This paper studies the role of monetary policy for the dynamics of US mortgage debt, which accounts for the largest part of household debt. A time-varying parameter vector autoregressive (VAR) model allows us to study the variation in the sensitivity of mortgage debt to monetary policy. We find that an identically sized policy shock became less effective over time. We use a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model to show that a fall in the share of adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) can replicate this finding. Calibrating the model to the drop in the ARM share since the 1980s yields a decline in the sensitivity of housing debt to monetary policy which is quantitatively similar to the VAR results. A sacrifice ratio for mortgage debt reveals that a policy tightening directed toward reducing household debt became more expensive in terms of a loss in employment. Counterfactuals show that this result cannot be attributed to changes in monetary policy itself.
High-Energy Ball Milling Conditions in Formation of NiTiCu Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Goryczka Tomasz , Salwa Piotr , Zubko Maciej
Published: September 2021

The properties and the shape memory effect depend, among other things, on chemical composition, as well as the method of shape memory alloy (SMA) production. One of the manufacturing methods that leads to the amorphous/nanocrystalline SMA is high-energy ball milling combined with annealing. Using this technique, an SMA memory alloy, with the nominal chemical composition of Ni25Ti50Cu25, was produced from commercial elemental powders (purity −99.7%). The structure and morphology were characterized (at the various stages of its production) by the use of X-ray diffraction, as well as electron microscopy (both scanning and transmission). Choosing the appropriate grinding time made it possible to produce an NiTiCu alloy with a different crystallite size. Its average size changed from 6.5 nm (after 50 h) to about 2 nm (100 h). Increasing the grinding time up to 140 h resulted in the formation of areas that showed the B19 martensite and the Ti2(Ni,Cu) phase with the average crystallite size of about 6 nm (as milled). After crystallization, the average size increased to 11 nm.
Effects of compost, cover crops, and local conditions on degradation of two agricultural mulches in soil
Authors: Samuelson M. B. , Reid E. V. , Drijber R. , Jeske E. , Blanco-Canqui H. , Mamo M. , Kadoma I. , Wortman S. E.
Published: September 2021

Biobased and biodegradable mulches (BDM) are a potentially sustainable alternative to polyethylene plastic mulch because they can be tilled into the soil at the end of the growing season. However, their degradation rate in the soil is uncertain, limiting their on-farm adoption. The objective of this study was to determine whether organic soil management practices could be leveraged to speed degradation of two potentially BDM across two diverse agroecoregions [Lincoln (LNK) and Scottsbluff (SBF), NE, USA]. Management treatments included compost, compost extract, cover crops, all three of these practices combined and a control. The two mulch types studied were a nonwoven polylactic acid fabric with embedded wood particles (PLA), and a starch-polyester mulch film (BLK). Mulches were applied in spring 2017 for vegetable production and removed in fall after harvest. Recovered mulch was sectioned into squares 10 cm2and buried in mesh bags for 22 months. Mulch degradation, and soil chemical, physical and biological properties were measured at four times over 2 years. Management treatments applied seasonally across 2 years led to expected changes in soil properties, yet they had no effect on mulch degradation. Instead, mulch degradation was driven by the interaction of location and mulch type. The BLK mulch had degraded by 98% at LNK after 12 months, but only by half after 22 months at SBF. Degradation of PLA after 22 months was similar between locations with 29 ± 4% mulch mass remaining at SBF and 33 ± 4% remaining at LNK. Climate and soil characteristics at each location were strong determinants of mulch degradation. Specifically, soils at LNK were finer textured, lower in pH, higher in soil water content, organic matter and nitrates, and with greater bacterial abundance compared to SBF. The strong location by mulch type interaction observed could inform the development of regionally specific predictive models of degradation.
Transnational constitutional engagement: A contextualization of global constitutionalism by the Constitutional Court of South Korea
Authors: Shin Yoon Jin
Published: September 2021

Through the analytical framework of ‘transnational constitutional engagement’, this article examines the dynamically developing practices of the South Korean Constitutional Court as it engages with international and foreign elements, both within and beyond constitutional adjudication processes. Diverse underlying factors and orientations in varied contexts, and the complex interactions between them, are responsible for shaping the modes of a local constitutional actor’s engagement with the transnational. In the vertical aspect, the court adopts international human rights law as a substantive standard of constitutional review through a version of cosmopolitan constitutional interpretation, while it has nevertheless exhibited ambiguity and incoherency in concrete applications. The horizontal aspects of transnational engagement include the court’s practice of referencing foreign law and cases in constitutional adjudication. The vibrancy and the evolving patterns of its citation practice reflect the court’s growing self-perception vis-à-vis the world – although limitations remain, such as geographical asymmetries among referenced jurisdictions. The court has also been enthusiastic in interacting with various transnational counterparts beyond adjudication processes, demonstrating eminent leadership in regional network-building among constitutional courts in Asia. With both cosmopolitan aspirations and nationalist ambitions playing a role in their shaping, the modes of transnational constitutional engagement are not to be generalized, but require contextualization, and the relevant practices should be subject to constant evaluations for their contribution in producing sound and effective concretizations of the values of global constitutionalism.
Global constitutionalism: A practical universal
Authors: Lang Anthony F
Published: September 2021

This article argues that this special section reveals a practical global constitutionalism, or one that integrates a liberal constitutional set of ideas with the histories and practices of Asian states.
Diagnostische Arbeit mit dem Befundbogen der Konfliktachse der OPD-KJ: Empirische Ergebnisse an stationären und ambulanten Patient_innen
Authors: Mayer Stefan , Rathgeber Maike , Sommer Tobias , Winter Sybille , Seiffge-Krenke Inge
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung. In der Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie findet die Operationalisierte Psychodynamische Diagnostik (OPD-KJ) in den letzten Jahren zunehmend Anwendung. Dieser Beitrag stellt die Konfliktachse der OPD-KJ vor, die eine Operationalisierung von sieben psychodynamischen Konflikten und den jeweils zugeordneten Verarbeitungsmodi enthält. Er beschreibt empirische Ergebnisse zum Vergleich der Konfliktachsenratings und des Strukturratings in einer ambulanten und einer stationären Gruppe von Kindern und Jugendlichen (gesamt N = 186, 12.7 Jahre, 54 % weiblich). Die Befunde zeigen an der Gesamtgruppe, dass die diagnosespezifischen Geschlechtsunterschiede verschwinden und männliche wie weibliche Patienten weitgehend ähnliche intrapsychische entwicklungsbehindernde Konflikte aufweisen. Patient_innen in stationärer Behandlung in einer Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie weisen allerdings häufiger einen Selbstwertkonflikt auf und haben auch erwartungsgemäß ein niedrigeres Strukturniveau als gleichalte Patient_innen in ambulanter Psychotherapie. Die Anzahl hoch belastender Ereignisse vor Beginn der Therapie ist in dieser Gruppe auch deutlich erhöht, was möglicherweise zu den strukturellen Defiziten beigetragen hat. Für ambulante Patient_innen ist ein höheres Niveau im Schuld- und Identitätskonflikt auffallend; in beiden Stichproben ist der Verarbeitungsmodus der Konflikte überwiegend passiv. Ausgehend von diesen Befunden werden mögliche Implikationen für die Therapie diskutiert.
Evaluation of a Coupled Modeling Approach for the Investigation of the Effects of SST Mesoscale Variability on the Atmosphere
Authors: Szunyogh Istvan , Forinash Eric , Gyarmati Gyorgyi , Jia Yinglai , Chang Ping , Saravanan R.
Published: September 2021

This study further evaluates the modeling approach of Jia et al. (2019), https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl081960 (JEA19) to investigate the potential effects of mesoscale sea surface temperature (SST) variability on the atmospheric circulation. The approach employs a global atmospheric circulation model coupled to a slab ocean model to produce two ensembles of simulations: one in which the SST exhibits realistic mesoscale variability, and another in which the mesoscale SST variability is suppressed. The results of the present study suggest that the modeling approach yields the desired SST differences between the two ensembles at the mesoscales. They also show, however, that the approach can lead to undesirable SST differences at the large scales, if the prescribed pair of oceanic heat flux fields have large scale differences. In the experiments of JEA19, such forced, large scale SST differences dominate over the large scale differences that may develop in response to changes in the large scale atmospheric circulation by nonlinear interactions with the SST. This result suggests that finding a proper pair of estimates of the oceanic heat flux fields is necessary for the investigation of the potential upscale impact of mesoscale SST variability on the atmosphere by the approach of JEA19. The paper concludes with proposing a potential improved strategy to obtain such a pair of estimates.
Tectonic Underplating and Dismemberment of the Maclaren‐Kluane Schist Records Late Cretaceous Terrane Accretion Polarity and ~480 km of Post‐52 Ma Dextral Displacement on the Denali Fault
Authors: Waldien T. S. , Roeske S. M. , Benowitz J. A.
Published: September 2021

Terrane accretion introduces irregular geometry and allochthonous material to obliquely convergent margins, which create opportunities to quantify strike‐slip displacement along otherwise margin‐parallel fault systems. We present new bedrock geologic mapping and U‐Pb and40Ar/39Ar geochronology from the Alaska Range suture zone in the eastern Alaska Range, which confirm a long‐hypothesized correlation between the Maclaren Glacier metamorphic belt (Alaska, USA) and the Kluane metamorphic assemblage (Yukon Territory, Canada) across the right‐lateral Denali fault. The new data inform a palinspastic reconstruction showing that the dissected metamorphic belts and associated plutons record ~480 km of dextral displacement along the Denali fault since ca. 52 Ma. Before strike‐slip separation, the Maclaren‐Kluane schist formed by west‐vergent forearc underplating in the waning stage of the ca. 100–90 Ma arc built upon the Yukon‐Tanana terrane. The prograde structural and metamorphic evolution of the Maclaren‐Kluane schist records the final collision of the Wrangellia composite terrane at ca. 75–65 Ma along a set of east‐dipping thrust shear zones, which we infer to record the polarity of the Late Cretaceous plate boundary between the composite terrane and North America. Paleogene extension partially exhumed the schists to the upper crust and may be a consequence of regionally distributed strike‐slip faulting at that time. Localization of the modern Denali fault after ca. 52 Ma dismembered the schists and four neighboring belts of plutonic, metasedimentary, and volcanic rocks. The transition to Yakutat oblique flat slab subduction at ca. 30–25 Ma marks the onset of transpressional deformation in the Denali fault system, which reactivated Late Cretaceous collisional structures bounding the Maclaren schist. Neogene reactivation of the Totschunda fault reduced strike‐slip motion on the Denali fault east of the Denali‐Totschunda intersection and continues to transfer residual plate boundary slip onto the Denali fault west of the intersection. Key outcomes of our synthesis include: (a) Much of the ~480 km of displacement on the Denali fault accumulated after strike‐slip on the neighboring Tintina and Border Ranges fault systems had largely shut down; (b) The modern Denali fault system should not be grouped with strike‐slip faults credited with large‐scale margin‐parallel transport of Cordilleran terranes in the Cretaceous. Instead, a poorly understood proto‐Denali fault system may be a candidate for large‐scale Cretaceous translation; and (c) the longevity (≥33 Myr) of the highly localized Denali fault master strand (≤1 km wide) implies that it occupies a major mechanical boundary that penetrates the lithosphere.
Potential Drought Mitigation Through Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation‐MICP
Authors: Liu Bo , Tang Chao‐Sheng , Pan Xiao‐Hua , Zhu Cheng , Cheng Yao‐Jia , Xu Jin‐Jian , Shi Bin
Published: September 2021

Extreme drought events occur more frequently due to climate change. Soil water loss through evaporation is therefore significantly intensified. This study introduces an environment‐friendly and sustainable bio‐mediated technique, known as microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP), for water evaporation suppression in clayey soils. Through lab‐scale evaporation tests, we investigate the effects of cementation solution concentration (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mol/L) and MICP treatment procedure (one‐phase and two‐phase MICP methods) on both macroscale (e.g., water loss, desiccation cracking) and microscale (e.g., microstructure variations) behaviors of soils. Experimental results show that MICP is capable of improving water retention capacity and enhancing the inter‐particle bonding of clayey soils. Both water evaporation rate and total water loss decrease with the increasing concentration of cementation solution and the number of MICP treatment cycle. For most testing samples, both one‐phase and two‐phase MICP treatment methods have a similar influence on soil properties. Further microstructure characterizations reveal four key factors contributing to the improved soil response under drying, including dense surface crust, remediated desiccation cracks, smaller pore size and residual solutes. Dense structure of surface crust suppresses the migration of water vapor into the atmosphere. Calcite crystals tend to reduce the evaporation surface if precipitated within cracks, and clog the movement of pore water if precipitated within the soil pore space. This study is expected to improve the fundamental understanding of soil‐atmosphere interactions under MICP treatment and provide insights into the potential application of bio‐mediated technologies as a nature‐based solution for drought mitigation in arid and semi‐arid region.
A Review on the Elemental and Isotopic Geochemistry of Gallium
Authors: Yuan Wei , Chen JiuBin , Teng Henry , Chetelat Benjamin , Cai Hongming , Liu Jincun , Wang Zaicong , Bouchez Julien , Moynier Frederic , Gaillardet Jérôme , Schott Jacques , Liu Congqiang
Published: September 2021

Gallium exhibits weak metallic properties owing to its proximity to non‐metals in the periodic table, yet is volatile in extra‐terrestrial bodies and fairly reactive in nature. It has been used extensively to elucidate the Solar System evolution, planet interior differentiation, and terrestrial processes. However, Ga speciation and transformation in various planetary compartments and the dynamics of its trans‐reservoir pathways remain to be fully resolved. Although recent studies and the development of modern analytical techniques for Ga isotopes have markedly improved our understanding of Ga geochemistry, a systematical summary of state‐of‐the‐art knowledge appears to be long overdue. Here we provide an overview of the geochemical properties of Ga in different reservoirs, including meteorites and Earth's interior and exterior compartments, and a timely review of Ga isotopic geochemistry. We also provide a first tentative estimate of total masses of Ga in different compartments and the trans‐reservoir Ga flux, based on the published data. This compilation reveals clearly the lack of geochemistry data of Ga in Earth's interior, the imbalance of oceanic Ga budget and the potential implications of Ga isotopes, stimulating future systematic studies of Ga and its isotopes in geosciences and related fields.
Augmenting the Standard Operating Procedures of Health and Air Quality Stakeholders With NASA Resources
Authors: Duncan Bryan N. , Malings Carl A. , Knowland K. Emma , Anderson Daniel C. , Prados Ana I. , Keller Christoph A. , Cromar Kevin R. , Pawson Steven , Ensz Holli
Published: September 2021

The combination of air quality (AQ) data from satellites and low‐cost sensor systems, along with output from AQ models, have the potential to augment high‐quality, regulatory‐grade data in countries with in situ monitoring networks and provide much needed AQ information in countries without them, including Low and Moderate Income Countries (LMICs). We demonstrate the potential of free and publicly available USA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) resources, which include capacity building activities, satellite data, and global AQ forecasts, to provide cost‐effective, and reliable AQ information to health and AQ professionals around the world. We provide illustrative case studies that highlight how global AQ forecasts along with satellite data may be used to characterize AQ on urban to regional scales, including to quantify pollution concentrations, identify pollution sources, and track the long‐range transport of pollution. We also provide recommendations to data product developers to facilitate and broaden usage of NASA resources by health and AQ stakeholders.
Thermal Ionization of Hydrogen in Hydrous Olivine With Enhanced and Anisotropic Conductivity
Authors: He Yu , Dai Lidong , Kim Duck Young , Li Heping , Karato Shun‐ichiro
Published: September 2021

Trace amounts of hydrogen in olivine can significantly increase its conductivity. However, the conduction mechanism in hydrous olivine is still unclear, which hinders the in‐depth understanding of the high conductivity structures of the asthenosphere. We investigate the proton conduction mechanism in hydrous olivine usingab initiocalculations. Several models were examined using climbing image nudged elastic band andab initiomolecular dynamics methods. We found that hydrogen trapped at the Mg (or Fe) defect is more mobile than hydrogen trapped at the Si defect. At high temperature, we observed the ionization of hydrogen from cation defects leading to high and anisotropic proton conductivity along the [100] direction. The highly anisotropic conductivity caused by thermal ionized hydrogen at high temperature explains the experimental observations on olivine single crystals.
Mangrove Creeks Are a Sink for Isoprene—A Functional Link Between Ecosystems
Authors: Hrebien Victoria , Deschaseaux Elisabeth , Rosentreter Judith , Eyre Bradley D.
Published: September 2021

Isoprene is an important biogenic volatile organic compound with atmospheric emissions contributing to climate regulation. Because isoprene is predominantly sourced terrestrially, there is limited knowledge on the role it might play in marine systems. Here, we report for the first time isoprene concentrations and tidal fluxes from two subtropical mangrove creeks in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia: Jacob's Creek and Turkey Boat Creek in 2017 and 2019. Isoprene concentrations tracked the tide height with higher concentrations at high tide and lower concentrations at low tide in both creek systems, showing that isoprene was imported into the creeks on the flood tide. Mangrove creeks in Moreton Bay were a sink (−9.53 ± 9.10 nmol m−2 h−1) for isoprene. Isoprene was most likely produced in the open water by either phytoplankton or nearby seagrass beds and then consumed by bacterial communities as a carbon source within the mangrove creek sediments. Mangrove creeks in Moreton Bay are estimated to uptake isoprene at a rate of −6 mg m−2 y−1, leading to a total global isoprene sink of −0.69 Gg C y−1. While only a small component of the global marine atmospheric flux of 11,600 Gg C y−1, isoprene constitutes an important functional link between marine ecosystems.
Open Issues in Statistical Forecasting of Solar Proton Events: A Machine Learning Perspective
Authors: Stumpo Mirko , Benella Simone , Laurenza Monica , Alberti Tommaso , Consolini Giuseppe , Marcucci Maria Federica
Published: September 2021

Several techniques have been developed in the last two decades to forecast the occurrence of Solar Proton Events (SPEs), mainly based on the statistical association between the 10 MeV proton flux and precursor parameters. The Empirical model for Solar Proton Events Real Time Alert (ESPERTA; Laurenza et al., 2009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007sw000379) provides a quite good and timely prediction of SPEs after the occurrence of M2 soft x‐ray (SXR) bursts, by using as input parameters the flare heliolongitude, the SXR and the 1 MHz radio fluence. Here, we reinterpret the ESPERTA model in the framework of machine learning and perform a cross validation, leading to a comparable performance. Moreover, we find that, by applying a cut‐off on the M2 flares heliolongitude, the False Alarm Rate (FAR) is reduced. The cut‐off is set to where the cumulative distribution of M2 flares associated with SPEs shows a break which reflects the poor magnetic connection between the Earth and eastern hemisphere flares. The best performance is obtained by using the SMOTE algorithm, leading to probability of detection of 0.83 and a FAR of 0.39. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that a relevant FAR on the predictions is a natural consequence of the sample base rates. From a Bayesian point of view, we find that the FAR explicitly contains the prior knowledge about the class distributions. This is a critical issue of any statistical approach, which requires to perform the model validation by preserving the class distributions within the training and test datasets.
In situ cryo-electron tomography reveals gradient organization of ribosome biogenesis in intact nucleoli
Authors: Erdmann Philipp S. , Hou Zhen , Klumpe Sven , Khavnekar Sagar , Beck Florian , Wilfling Florian , Plitzko Jürgen M. , Baumeister Wolfgang
Published: September 2021

Ribosomes comprise a large (LSU) and a small subunit (SSU) which are synthesized independently in the nucleolus before being exported into the cytoplasm, where they assemble into functional ribosomes. Individual maturation steps have been analyzed in detail using biochemical methods, light microscopy and conventional electron microscopy (EM). In recent years, single particle analysis (SPA) has yielded molecular resolution structures of several pre-ribosomal intermediates. It falls short, however, of revealing the spatiotemporal sequence of ribosome biogenesis in the cellular context. Here, we present our study on native nucleoli in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, in which we follow the formation of LSU and SSU precursors by in situ cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) and subtomogram averaging (STA). By combining both positional and molecular data, we reveal gradients of ribosome maturation within the granular component (GC), offering a new perspective on how the liquid-liquid-phase separation of the nucleolus supports ribosome biogenesis.