bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Active animal health surveillance in European Union Member States: gaps and opportunities
Authors: BISDORFF B. , SCHAUER B. , TAYLOR N. , RODRÍGUEZ-PRIETO V. , COMIN A. , BROUWER A. , DÓREA F. , DREWE J. , HOINVILLE L. , LINDBERG A. , MARTINEZ AVILÉS M. , MARTÍNEZ-LÓPEZ B. , PEYRE M. , PINTO FERREIRA J. , RUSHTON J. , VAN SCHAIK G. , STÄRK K. D. C. , STAUBACH C. , VICENTE-RUBIANO M. , WITTEVEEN G. , PFEIFFER D. , HÄSLER B.
Published: December 2016

Animal health surveillance enables the detection and control of animal diseases including zoonoses. Under the EU-FP7 project RISKSUR, a survey was conducted in 11 EU Member States and Switzerland to describe active surveillance components in 2011 managed by the public or private sector and identify gaps and opportunities. Information was collected about hazard, target population, geographical focus, legal obligation, management, surveillance design, risk-based sampling, and multi-hazard surveillance. Two countries were excluded due to incompleteness of data. Most of the 664 components targeted cattle (26·7%), pigs (17·5%) or poultry (16·0%). The most common surveillance objectives were demonstrating freedom from disease (43·8%) and case detection (26·8%). Over half of components applied risk-based sampling (57·1%), but mainly focused on a single population stratum (targeted risk-based) rather than differentiating between risk levels of different strata (stratified risk-based). About a third of components were multi-hazard (37·3%). Both risk-based sampling and multi-hazard surveillance were used more frequently in privately funded components. The study identified several gaps (e.g. lack of systematic documentation, inconsistent application of terminology) and opportunities (e.g. stratified risk-based sampling). The greater flexibility provided by the new EU Animal Health Law means that systematic evaluation of surveillance alternatives will be required to optimize cost-effectiveness.
Early detection of West Nile virus in France: quantitative assessment of syndromic surveillance system using nervous signs in horses
Authors: FAVERJON C. , VIAL F. , ANDERSSON M. G. , LECOLLINET S. , LEBLOND A.
Published: December 2016

West Nile virus (WNV) is a growing public health concern in Europe and there is a need to develop more efficient early detection systems. Nervous signs in horses are considered to be an early indicator of WNV and, using them in a syndromic surveillance system, might be relevant. In our study, we assessed whether or not data collected by the passive French surveillance system for the surveillance of equine diseases can be used routinely for the detection of WNV. We tested several pre-processing methods and detection algorithms based on regression. We evaluated system performances using simulated and authentic data and compared them to those of the surveillance system currently in place. Our results show that the current detection algorithm provided similar performances to those tested using simulated and real data. However, regression models can be easily and better adapted to surveillance objectives. The detection performances obtained were compatible with the early detection of WNV outbreaks in France (i.e. sensitivity 98%, specificity >94%, timeliness 2·5 weeks and around four false alarms per year) but further work is needed to determine the most suitable alarm threshold for WNV surveillance in France using cost-efficiency analysis.
Exploring How Lay Rescuers Overcome Barriers to Provide Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Mathiesen Wenche Torunn , Bjørshol Conrad Arnfinn , Høyland Sindre , Braut Geir Sverre , Søreide Eldar
Published: December 2016

Background

Survival rates after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) vary considerably among regions. The chance of survival is increased significantly by lay rescuer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) before Emergency Medical Services (EMS) arrival. It is well known that for bystanders, reasons for not providing CPR when witnessing an OHCA incident may be fear and the feeling of being exposed to risk. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of why barriers to providing CPR are overcome.

Methods

Using a semi-structured interview guide, 10 lay rescuers were interviewed after participating in eight OHCA incidents. Qualitative content analysis was used. The lay rescuers were questioned about their CPR-knowledge, expectations, and reactions to the EMS and from others involved in the OHCA incident. They also were questioned about attitudes towards providing CPR in an OHCA incident in different contexts.

Results

The lay rescuers reported that they were prepared to provide CPR to anybody, anywhere. Comprehending the severity in the OHCA incident, both trained and untrained lay rescuers provided CPR. They considered CPR provision to be the expected behavior of any community citizen and the EMS to act professionally and urgently. However, when asked to imagine an OHCA in an unclear setting, they revealed hesitation about providing CPR because of risk to their own safety.

Conclusion

Mutual trust between community citizens and towards social institutions may be reasons for overcoming barriers in providing CPR by lay rescuers. A normative obligation to act, regardless of CPR training and, importantly, without facing any adverse legal reactions, also seems to be an important factor behind CPR provision.

MathiesenWT, BjørsholCA, HøylandS, BrautGS, SøreideE. Exploring how lay rescuers overcome barriers to provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a qualitative study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(1):27–32.
Evaluating structure selection in the hydrothermal growth of FeS2 pyrite and marcasite
Authors: Kitchaev Daniil A. , Ceder Gerbrand
Published: December 2016

While the ab initio prediction of the properties of solids and their optimization towards new proposed materials is becoming established, little predictive theory exists as to which metastable materials can be made and how, impeding their experimental realization. Here we propose a quasi-thermodynamic framework for predicting the hydrothermal synthetic accessibility of metastable materials and apply this model to understanding the phase selection between the pyrite and marcasite polymorphs of FeS2. We demonstrate that phase selection in this system can be explained by the surface stability of the two phases as a function of ambient pH within nano-size regimes relevant to nucleation. This result suggests that a first-principles understanding of nano-size phase stability in realistic synthesis environments can serve to explain or predict the synthetic accessibility of structural polymorphs, providing a guideline to experimental synthesis via efficient computational materials design.
Selective and low temperature transition metal intercalation in layered tellurides
Authors: Yajima Takeshi , Koshiko Masaki , Zhang Yaoqing , Oguchi Tamio , Yu Wen , Kato Daichi , Kobayashi Yoji , Orikasa Yuki , Yamamoto Takafumi , Uchimoto Yoshiharu , Green Mark A. , Kageyama Hiroshi
Published: December 2016

Layered materials embrace rich intercalation reactions to accommodate high concentrations of foreign species within their structures, and find many applications spanning from energy storage, ion exchange to secondary batteries. Light alkali metals are generally most easily intercalated due to their light mass, high charge/volume ratio and in many cases strong reducing properties. An evolving area of materials chemistry, however, is to capture metals selectively, which is of technological and environmental significance but rather unexplored. Here we show that the layered telluride T2PTe2 (T=Ti, Zr) displays exclusive insertion of transition metals (for example, Cd, Zn) as opposed to alkali cations, with tetrahedral coordination preference to tellurium. Interestingly, the intercalation reactions proceed in solid state and at surprisingly low temperatures (for example, 80 °C for cadmium in Ti2PTe2). The current method of controlling selectivity provides opportunities in the search for new materials for various applications that used to be possible only in a liquid.
Bandgap renormalization and work function tuning in MoSe2/hBN/Ru(0001) heterostructures
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Chen Yuxuan , Zhang Chendong , Pan Chi-Ruei , Chou Mei-Yin , Zeng Changgan , Shih Chih-Kang
Published: December 2016

The van der Waals interaction in vertical heterostructures made of two-dimensional (2D) materials relaxes the requirement of lattice matching, therefore enabling great design flexibility to tailor novel 2D electronic systems. Here we report the successful growth of MoSe2 on single-layer hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) on the Ru(0001) substrate using molecular beam epitaxy. Using scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy, we found that the quasi-particle bandgap of MoSe2 on hBN/Ru is about 0.25 eV smaller than those on graphene or graphite substrates. We attribute this result to the strong interaction between hBN/Ru, which causes residual metallic screening from the substrate. In addition, the electronic structure and the work function of MoSe2 are modulated electrostatically with an amplitude of ∼0.13 eV. Most interestingly, this electrostatic modulation is spatially in phase with the Moiré pattern of hBN on Ru(0001) whose surface also exhibits a work function modulation of the same amplitude.
Ringing phenomenon in chaotic microcavity for high-speed ultra-sensitive sensing
Authors: Chen Lei , Liu Qian , Zhang Wei-Gang , Chou Keng C.
Published: December 2016

The ringing phenomenon in whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microcavities has demonstrated its great potential for highly-sensitive and high-speed sensing. However, traditional symmetric WGM microcavities have suffered from an extremely low coupling efficiency via free-space coupling because the emission of symmetric WGMs is non-directional. Here we report a new approach for high-speed ultra-sensitive sensing using the ringing phenomenon in a chaotic regime. By breaking the rotational symmetry of a WGM microcavity and introducing chaotic behaviors, we show that the ringing phenomenon in chaotic WGM microcavities extends over both the positive and the negative frequency detune, allowing the ringing phenomenon to interact with analytes over a much broader bandwidth with a reduced dead time. Because the coupling of the chaotic microcavity is directional, it produces a significantly higher signal output, which improves its sensitivity without the need of a fiber coupler.
Phenotypic plasticity in sex pheromone production in Bicyclus anynana butterflies
Authors: Dion Emilie , Monteiro Antónia , Yew Joanne Y.
Published: December 2016

Phenotypic plasticity refers to the environmental control of phenotypes. Cues experienced during development (developmental plasticity) or during adulthood (acclimatization) can both affect adult phenotypes. Phenotypic plasticity has been described in many traits but examples of developmental plasticity in physiological traits, in particular, remain scarce. We examined developmental plasticity and acclimatization in pheromone production in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana in response to rearing temperature. B. anynana lives in the African tropics where warm rearing temperatures of the wet season produce active males that court and females that choose, whereas cooler temperatures of the dry season lead to choosy less active males and courting females. We hypothesized that if male pheromone production is costly, it should be reduced in the dry season form. After describing the ultrastructure of pheromone producing cells, we showed that dry season males produced significantly less sex pheromones than wet season males, partly due to acclimatization and partly due to developmental plasticity. Variation in levels of one of the compounds is associated with differential regulation of a pheromone biosynthetic enzyme gene. This plasticity might be an adaptation to minimize pheromone production costs during the stressful dry season.
The functional architecture of mother-infant communication, and the development of infant social expressiveness in the first two months
Authors: Murray Lynne , De Pascalis Leonardo , Bozicevic Laura , Hawkins Laura , Sclafani Valentina , Ferrari Pier Francesco
Published: December 2016

By two-three months, infants show active social expressions during face-to-face interactions. These interactions are important, as they provide the foundation for later emotional regulation and cognition, but little is known about how infant social expressiveness develops. We considered two different accounts. One emphasizes thecontingencyof parental responsiveness, regardless of its form; the other, thefunctional architectureaccount, emphasizes the preparedness of both infants and parents to respond in specific ways to particular forms of behaviour in their partner. We videotaped mother-infant interactions from one to nine weeks, and analysed them with a micro-analytic coding scheme. Infant social expressiveness increased through the nine-week period, particularly after 3 weeks. This development was unrelated to the extent of maternal contingent responsiveness, even to infant social expressions. By contrast, specific forms of response that mothers used preferentially for infant social expressions-mirroring, marking with a smile- predicted the increase in these infant behaviours over time. These results support a functional architecture account of the perceptual and behavioural predispositions of infants and parents that allow young infants to capitalize on relatively limited exposure to specific parental behaviours, in order to develop important social capacities.
Biology of archaea from a novel family Cuniculiplasmataceae (Thermoplasmata) ubiquitous in hyperacidic environments
Authors: Golyshina Olga V. , Kublanov Ilya V. , Tran Hai , Korzhenkov Alexei A. , Lünsdorf Heinrich , Nechitaylo Taras Y. , Gavrilov Sergey N. , Toshchakov Stepan V. , Golyshin Peter N.
Published: December 2016

The orderThermoplasmatales(Euryarchaeota) is represented by the most acidophilic organisms known so far that are poorly amenable to cultivation. Earlier culture-independent studies in Iron Mountain (California) pointed at an abundant archaeal group, dubbed ‘G-plasma’. We examined the genomes and physiology of two cultured representatives of a FamilyCuniculiplasmataceae,recently isolated from acidic (pH 1–1.5) sites in Spain and UK that are 16S rRNA gene sequence-identical with ‘G-plasma’. Organisms had largest genomes amongThermoplasmatales(1.87–1.94 Mbp), that shared 98.7–98.8% average nucleotide identities between themselves and ‘G-plasma’ and exhibited a high genome conservation even within their genomic islands, despite their remote geographical localisations. Facultatively anaerobic heterotrophs, they possess an ancestral form of A-type terminal oxygen reductase from a distinct parental clade. The lack of complete pathways for biosynthesis of histidine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine and proline pre-determines the reliance on external sources of amino acids and hence the lifestyle of these organisms as scavengers of proteinaceous compounds from surrounding microbial community members. In contrast to earlier metagenomics-based assumptions, isolates were S-layer-deficient, non-motile, non-methylotrophic and devoid of iron-oxidation despite the abundance of methylotrophy substrates and ferrous ironin situ, which underlines the essentiality of experimental validation of bioinformatic predictions.
Development of a full micro-scale spatially offset Raman spectroscopy prototype as a portable analytical tool
Authors: Realini Marco , Conti Claudia , Botteon Alessandra , Colombo Chiara , Matousek Pavel
Published: December 2016

We present, for the first time, a portable full micro-Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (micro-SORS) prototype permitting the in situ analysis of thin, highly turbid stratified layers at depths not accessible to conventional Raman microscopy.
Paper-based thioglycolic acid (TGA)-capped CdTe QD device for rapid screening of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides
Authors: Apilux A. , Siangproh W. , Insin N. , Chailapakul O. , Prachayasittikul V.
Published: December 2016

A paper-based device, based on the fluorescence switching of water-soluble thioglycolic acid (TGA)-capped CdTe QDs, was developed for the simple, rapid and sensitive detection of organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CM) insecticides.
The facile construction of an anion exchange membrane with 3D interconnected ionic nano-channels
Authors: Gao Xinpei , Lu Fei , Liu Yizhi , Sun Na , Zheng Liqiang
Published: December 2016

We report a facile method that provides the first example of an anion exchange membrane preserving 3D interconnected ionic nano-channels.
Structure, fragmentation patterns, and magnetic properties of small nickel oxide clusters
Authors: Aguilera-del-Toro R. H. , Aguilera-Granja F. , Balbás L. C. , Vega A.
Published: December 2016

We report a comprehensive theoretical study of the structural and electronic properties of neutral and charged nickel oxide clusters, NinOm0/± (n = 3–8 and m = 1–10), in the context of recent experiments of photodissociation and Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry.
Ultrahigh-sensitive optical temperature sensing based on quasi-thermalized green emissions from Er:ZnO
Authors: Senapati Subrata , Kar Nanda Karuna
Published: December 2016

Green emitting Er:ZnO microrods for ultra-high sensitive optical ratiometric temperature sensing, by following the fluorescence intensity ratio technique.
Small-angle scattering from the Cantor surface fractal on the plane and the Koch snowflake
Authors: Cherny Alexander Yu. , Anitas Eugen M. , Osipov Vladimir A. , Kuklin Alexander I.
Published: December 2016

The small-angle scattering from the Cantor surface fractal on the plane and Koch snowflake is considered.
Doping the cage. Re@Au11Pt and Ta@Au11Hg, as novel 18-ve trimetallic superatoms displaying a doped icosahedral golden cage
Authors: Muñoz-Castro Alvaro
Published: December 2016

Trimetallic superatomic clusters. Theoretical proposal and evaluation of the 18-ve Ta@Au11Hg and Re@Au11Pt clusters.
Second-order nonlinear optical properties of bulk GeC polytypes, g-GeC and corresponding nanotubes: first-principles calculations
Authors: Hu Lei , Wei Dongshan
Published: December 2016

GeC nanotubes possess a strong second-order NLO response. Its origin is the high density of states near the VBM.
On the character of the optical transitions in closed-shell transition metal oxides doped with Bi3+
Authors: Amer M. , Boutinaud P.
Published: December 2016

The criterion |MMCT(Bi3+)–EA(X)–ΔStokes| is introduced to assign the nature of the optical transitions in transition metal oxides doped with Bi3+.
Synthesis and reactivity of tantalum corrole complexes
Authors: Ziegler Jessica A. , Buckley Heather L. , Arnold John
Published: December 2016

Tantalum corroles have been prepared via deprotonation of the free base (Mes2(p-OMePh)corrole)H3 by tantalum trialkyl precursors, resulting in the first report of structurally characterized group 5 corrole complexes.
Fundamental organometallic chemistry under bimetallic influence: driving β-hydride elimination and diverting migratory insertion at Cu and Ni
Authors: Mazzacano Thomas J. , Leon Noel J. , Waldhart Greyson W. , Mankad Neal P.
Published: December 2016

Bimetallic effects on stoichiometric β-hydride elimination and migratory insertion reactions were examined.
A green and economical vapor-assisted ozone treatment process for surface functionalization of carbon nanotubes
Authors: Luo Jingjie , Liu Yuefeng , Wei Hua , Wang Bolun , Wu Kuang-Hsu , Zhang Bingsen , Su Dang Sheng
Published: December 2016

We report herein a green and economical strategy for oxidative modification of carbon nanotubes (CNT) by a facile ozone treatment in the presence of solvent vapor (H2O, 30% H2O2 solution and ethanol).
Alkoxide-catalyzed addition of alkyl carbonates across alkynes – stereoselective synthesis of (E)-β-alkoxyacrylates
Authors: Wendling Timo , Risto Eugen , Erb Benjamin , Gooßen Lukas J.
Published: December 2016

Terminal alkynes were converted to (E)-β-alkoxyacrylates via regio- and stereoselective addition of dialky carbonates catalyzed by potassium methoxide.
The ID21 X-ray and infrared microscopy beamline at the ESRF: status and recent applications to artistic materials
Authors: Cotte Marine , Pouyet Emeline , Salomé Murielle , Rivard Camille , De Nolf Wout , Castillo-Michel Hiram , Fabris Tiphaine , Monico Letizia , Janssens Koen , Wang Tian , Sciau Philippe , Verger Louisiane , Cormier Laurent , Dargaud Olivier , Brun Emmanuel , Bugnazet David , Fayard Barbara , Hesse Bernhard , Pradas del Real Ana Elena , Veronesi Giulia , Langlois Juliette , Balcar Nathalie , Vandenberghe Yannick , Solé Vicente Armando , Kieffer Jérôme , Barrett Ray , Cohen Cédric , Cornu Claude , Baker Robert , Gagliardini Eric , Papillon Emmanuel , Susini Jean
Published: December 2016

ID21 beamline (ESRF) offers combination of μXRF, μXANES (2.0–9.1 keV), μXRD and μFTIR, increasingly used to analyse artistic and ancient materials.
Differences in electroactive terpolymers based on VDF, TrFE and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene prepared by batch solution and semi-continuous aqueous suspension polymerizations
Authors: Soulestin Thibaut , Ladmiral Vincent , Lannuzel Thierry , Santos Fabrice Domingues Dos , Améduri Bruno
Published: December 2016

In the search for new fluorinated electroactive copolymers, 0–8 mol% of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234yf) was terpolymerized with vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and trifluoroethylene (TrFE).
Pressure and temperature-dependent Raman spectra of MoS2 film
Authors: Li Xue , Li Jinhua , Wang Kai , Wang Xiaohua , Wang Shuangpeng , Chu Xueying , Xu Mingze , Fang Xuan , Wei Zhipeng , Zhai Yingjiao , Zou Bo
Published: December 2016

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a relatively new and exciting two-dimensional graphene-like material, has been attracting more and more attentions from the researchers due to its unique structural and fascinating properties. The potential application of MoS2 under high-pressure and low-temperature is expected, while the related research is few at present. In this paper, quadrilayer MoS2 was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition, and its structural properties under different pressures (0–20.7 GPa) and temperatures (10–300 K) were investigated via the Raman spectra. We find that the lattice of quadrilayer MoS2 is not damaged and the quadrilayer MoS2 exhibits good semiconductive properties under large variable pressures from atmospheric to 20.7 GPa, which is much different to its bulk and single crystalline phases. In addition, the lattice structures of the quadrilayer MoS2 are stable in 10–300 K, and the Grüneisen parameters of E12g and A1g modes are smaller than that of bulk. This study indicates that quadrilayer MoS2 has a better prospect in high-pressure and low-temperature environment.
Broadband convergence of acoustic energy with binary reflected phases on planar surface
Authors: Fan Xu-Dong , Zhu Yi-Fan , Liang Bin , Yang Jing , Cheng Jian-Chun
Published: December 2016

We propose to produce efficient three-dimensional sound converging in broadband with binary reflected phases on a planar surface with unit cells consisting of only two kinds of elements. The mechanism is experimentally demonstrated by focusing airborne sound and by forming an “acoustic needle,” with handmade arrays of commercial test tubes with/without lids. Both the simulated and measured results show the precise control of converging acoustic energy despite misalignment errors obvious even to naked eyes. Our approach with extreme simplicity yet good robustness may apply in various scenarios that conventionally need complicated elements and continuous variation of parameters for focusing sound.
SiV center photoluminescence induced by C=O termination in nanocrystalline diamond and graphite loops hybridized films
Authors: Mei Yingshuang , Fan Dong , Lu Shaohua , Shen Yaogen , Hu Xiaojun
Published: December 2016

We performed a series of thermal oxidation at different temperatures on nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films to construct various surface termination states of NCD grains and investigated their effects on silicon-vacancy (SiV) photoluminescence (PL) at 738 nm. Experiments and first principles calculations show that the negative electron affinity surface induced by C-H bond termination quenches the SiV PL, while the positive electron affinity surface originating from C=O bond termination removes this quenching. Moreover, oxidation at 600 °C results in the transition from amorphous carbon to graphite loops with an interlayer space of 0.4 nm, so that NCD and graphite loops' hybridized structure is formed. This allows oxygen atoms to contact with inside NCD grains to form more C=O bonds on the surface, producing much larger positive electron affinity in the surface. It traps the excited state electrons, lets them scatter back to the ground state, and emits SiV PL. These results reveal that C=O bonds play a crucial role in SiV PL of NCD grains and well explain the experimentally observed quenching effect. A novel way by changing the surface termination states is proposed to control the PL of NCD grains with SiV centers for potential quantum information processing and biological sensing.
Leaf and culm silicification of Pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana) developed on different soils from Pampean region, Argentina
Authors: Honaine Mariana Fernández , Borrelli Natalia L. , Osterrieth Margarita , del Rio Luis
Published: December 2016

Amorphous silica accumulation in grasses is widely described in numerous species; however, work done in relation to the factors affecting this accumulation in the tissues and different type of cells, is still incipient. Here, we analysed a perennial tussock grass, Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Asch. & Graebn. (Pampas grass), a native and widely spread species from South America, which is also considered an invasive plant in many regions of the world. We analysed the relation between silicification process, soil type and environment, and anatomical features. Silicophytolith content and distribution in plants was analysed through calcination and staining techniques and SEM-EDAX analyses. Silicophytolith content was higher in leaves (2.48–5.54% DW) than in culms (0.29–0.43% DW) and values were similar to other tussock grasses. A relationship between the habit of a grass species and the potential maximum content of amorphous silica is suggested. Plants grown in soils from modified environments with high silica content (Anthrosol and Tecnosol) produced a higher content of amorphous silica. In leaves, the distribution of silicified cells was conditioned by leaf xeromorphic features. Soil Si content and environmental conditions (radiation, disturbance) are more relevant in silicification process than phenological factors. Within leaves, the accumulation of amorphous silica is conditioned by anatomy and transpiration.
Germination ecology of six species of Eucalyptus in shrink–swell vertosols: moisture, seed depth and seed size limit seedling emergence
Authors: Ruiz Talonia Lorena , Reid Nick , Gross Caroline L. , Whalley R. D. B.
Published: December 2016

We examined the potential of direct-seeding Eucalyptus species to revegetate the vertosol (‘cracking clay’) soils that characterise the floodplains of north-western New South Wales. We investigated the influence of sowing depth (0, 6, 12 and 20 mm) and three soil-moisture scenarios (dry, moist and flooded) on seedling emergence of seedlings of six species of Eucalyptus with a range of seed sizes (E. blakelyi, E. camaldulensis, E. melanophloia, E. melliodora, E. pilligaensis and E. populnea). We used cracking clay soil from the region in a glasshouse environment. Seedling emergence was low despite high seed viability and provision of optimum temperatures and soil moisture conditions. All six species exhibited greatest emergence when sown at 0–6-mm depth, with seed size being less important than moisture (except under dry conditions) and proximity to the surface. Species responded differently to the three watering treatments. Eucalyptus melanophloia exhibited greatest emergence in the ‘dry’ watering treatment. The floodplain species, E. camaldulensis, E pilliganesis and E. populnea, had the greatest emergence under flood conditions. Eucalyptus blakelyi and E. melliodora exhibited intermediate emergence in relation to all three soil-moisture regimes. Although the direct seeding of these species in vertosol soils in the region may be successful on occasion, windows of opportunity will be infrequent and the planting of seedling tubestock will be more reliable for revegetation.
Fire and Late Oligocene to Mid-Miocene peat mega-swamps of south-eastern Australia: a floristic and palaeoclimatic interpretation
Authors: Sluiter Ian R. K. , Blackburn David T. , Holdgate Guy R.
Published: December 2016

The Late Oligocene to Mid-Miocene (25–13 million years ago) brown coals of the Gippsland Basin in southern Victoria, Australia, were deposited in peat mega-swamps, unlike any in the world at the present day. The swamps preserve a rich botanical suite of macro- and microfossils, many of which can be identified with plant genera and families present today in Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand and New Guinea. The peat-forming environments also preserve evidence of past burning in the form of micro-charcoal as well as macro-charcoal, the latter being evident as regional lenses or layers of fusinite, generally in coals of the darkest colour termed dark lithotypes. The presence of micro-charcoal in dark and some other lighter lithotypes indicated that fires also burnt locally, although they may have been extinguished before regional-scale burning occurred. It is also feasible that some peat mega-swamp plant communities dominated by rainforest angiosperm plants may have been fire excluders and prevented widespread fires from developing. Pollen and macrofossil evidence is presented of a distinctive southern conifer and angiosperm flora with an open canopy, primarily associated with the darkest coals that formed in the wettest parts of the peat-forming environment. Elsewhere, swamp forests with a large rainforest component grew on swamps raised appreciably above the regional groundwater table in a structural context akin to the ombrogenous peats of tropical coastal Sumatra and Sarawak. These vegetation types were not fire prone, but may have occasionally burnt at a local scale or at forest margins. Evidence is presented for the existence of seasonal climatic conditions that would appear to have facilitated a drying-out of the peat swamps in the warmest months of the year. A mesothermal climate was invoked where mean annual precipitation was at least 1500 mm, and possibly as much as 2000 mm, and mean annual temperatures were ~19°C.
Deep history of wildfire in Australia
Authors: Hill Robert S. , Jordan Gregory J.
Published: December 2016

Australian plant species vary markedly in their fire responses, and the evolutionary histories of the diverse range of traits that lead to fire tolerance and fire dependence almost certainly involves both exaptation and traits that evolved directly in response to fire. The hypothesis that very long-term nutrient poverty in Australian soils led to intense fires explains many of the unusual responses to fire by Australian species, as does near global distribution of evidence for fire during the Cretaceous, possibly driven by high atmospheric oxygen concentration. Recent descriptions of leaf fragments from a Late Cretaceous locality in central Australia have provided the first fossil evidence for ancient and possibly ancestral fire ecology in modern fire-dependent Australian clades, as suggested by some phylogenetic studies. The drying of the Australian climate in the Neogene allowed the rise to dominance of taxa that had their origin in the Late Cretaceous, but had not been prominent in the rainforest-dominated Paleogene. The Neogene climatic evolution meant that fire became an important feature of that environment and fire frequency and intensity began to grow to high levels, and many fire adaptations evolved. However, many plant species were already in place to take advantage of this new fire regime, and even though the original drivers for fire may have changed (possibly from high atmospheric oxygen concentrations, to long, hot, dry periods at different times in different parts of the continent), the adaptations that these species had for fire tolerance meant they could become prominent over much of the Australian continent by the time human colonisation began.
Total Solid-Phase Synthesis of Biologically Active Drosophila Insulin-Like Peptide 2 (DILP2)
Authors: Lin Feng , Hossain Mohammed Akhter , Post Stephanie , Karashchuk Galina , Tatar Marc , De Meyts Pierre , Wade John D.
Published: December 2016

In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, there are eight insulin-like peptides (DILPs) with DILPs 1–7 interacting with a sole insulin-like receptor tyrosine kinase (DInR) while DILP8 interacts with a single G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), Lgr3. Loss-of-function dilp mutation studies show that the neuropeptide DILP2 has a key role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as longevity and reproduction. A better understanding of the processes whereby DILP2 mediates its specific actions is required. Consequently we undertook to prepare DILP2 as part of a larger, detailed structure–function relationship study. Use of our well established insulin-like peptide synthesis protocol that entails separate solid-phase assembly of each of the A- and B-chains with selective cysteine S-protection followed by sequential S-deprotection and simultaneous disulfide bond formation produced DILP2 in good overall yield and high purity. The synthetic DILP2 was shown to induce significant DInR phosphorylation and downstream signalling, with it being more potent than human insulin. This peptide will be a valuable tool to provide further insights into its binding to the insulin receptor, the subsequent cell signalling, and role in insect metabolism.
Managing dingoes on Fraser Island: culling, conflict, and an alternative
Authors: O'Neill Adam J. , Cairns Kylie M. , Kaplan Gisela , Healy Ernest
Published: December 2016

Globally, the role of large predators is increasingly understood as essential for the restoration and maintenance of ecosystems. Consequently, predator conservation represents a paradigm shift in ecological thinking, yet the management of predators sets conflicting goals because of ongoing conflict with humans. This is exemplified on Fraser Island where dingoes come into conflict with tourists, and dingoes perceived to be dangerous are regularly culled. It is argued here that this new conservation paradigm premised on protecting predators in conjunction with conventional wildlife management can result in predator populations being held in a perpetual state of social disorder, exacerbating rather than alleviating conflict. We consider the intensity and frequency of lethal control and how this may impact upon predator social structures, healthy ecological function, stable breeding patterns and stable territoriality. The direct effects of management-induced psychological stress for the survivors of episodic culls are discussed, as well as the indirect flow-on effects of social dysfunction. A final consideration is the cyclical nature of lethal control, whereby conflict with humans results in culling which, in turn, gives rise to further social disruption and conflict. In part, our assessment is derived from official data collected in the course of the management of dingoes on Fraser Island. On this basis, and on the basis of the international literature available, we offer new insights, which may inform predator management more broadly.
Storytelling in multiple contexts
Authors: Luke K.K.
Published: December 2016

Since Sacks’ pioneering work in the 1970s, storytelling has become a favourite topic of research within conversation analysis. Scholars have examined storytelling from the point of view of sequential organization (Jefferson 1978), participation organization (Goodwin 1984), story co-telling (Duranti 1986, Mandelbaum 1987, Lerner 1992), displays of epistemic statuses (Schegloff 1988), and action formation (M. Goodwin 1982, 1990; Mandelbaum 1993; Beach 2000; Beach & Glenn 2011; Wu 2011, 2012). Work has also been done on the management of storytelling in the context of other, concurrent activities (Goodwin 1984, Goodwin & Goodwin 1992, Mandelbaum 2010, Haddington et al. 2014). The aim of this paper is to apply the many insights that researchers have accumulated since Sacks to the analysis and understanding of a single instance of storytelling in a Cantonese conversation. A detailed, step-by-step unpacking of this story will reveal how the contingencies of an interaction, including the interplay of multiple contexts, may leave fine-grained imprints on the shape and character of a story.
Reasoning based on consolidated real world experience acquired by a humanoid robot
Authors: Petit Maxime , Pointeau Grégoire , Dominey Peter Ford
Published: December 2016

The development of reasoning systems exploiting expert knowledge from interactions with humans is a non-trivial problem, particularly when considering how the information can be coded in the knowledge representation. For example, in human development, the acquisition of knowledge at one level requires the consolidation of knowledge from lower levels. How is the accumulated experience structured to allow the individual to apply knowledge to new situations, allowing reasoning and adaptation? We investigate how this can be done automatically by an iCub that interacts with humans to acquire knowledge via demonstration. Once consolidated, this knowledge is used in further acquisitions of experience concerning preconditions and consequences of actions. Finally, this knowledge is translated into rules that allow reasoning and planning for novel problem solving, including a Tower of Hanoi scenario. We thus demonstrate proof of concept for an interaction system that uses knowledge acquired from human interactions to reason about new situations.
The effect of left turns on the capacity of a traffic intersection.
Authors: Newell Gordon F.
Published: December 2016

A model is proposed for the traffic flow through a fixed cycle traffic signal on a narrow two lane highway. The average flows in the two opposing lanes are computed when the queues are arbitrarily long assuming that left turns are permitted and occur with fixed probabilities in the two lanes. It is found that the existence of left turns tends to favor short cycles of the light and, under certain conditions, the competition between this effect and the obvious advantages of the long cycle light gives rise to an optimal cycle time at which the average flows have a maximum value. Some simple models for multilane highways are also considered and show optimal cycle times.
On isoperimetric inequalities in plasticity
Authors: Schumann Walter
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this paper is the proof of the inequality

P
≥
6
π

M
0

P \ge 6\pi {M_0}

, where

P
P

is the total limit load,

M
0

{M_0}

the yield moment of a thin, perfectly plastic, simply supported, uniformly loaded plate of arbitrary shape and connection.
Toroidal wave functions
Authors: Weston V. H.
Published: December 2016

The Helmholtz equation is solved in toroidal coordinates. A complete set of solutions is obtained representing radiations from a ring source.
Restrictions imposed upon the unit step response of linear phase shift networks
Authors: Chirlian Paul M.
Published: December 2016

Bounds have been placed upon the 10–90
A derivation of the basic equations for hydrodynamic lubrication with a fluid having constant properties
Authors: Elrod H. G.
Published: December 2016

In this paper small parameter techniques are used to derive Reynolds’ lubrication equations, and refinements thereof, from the full Navier-Stokes equation. An effort has been made to retain rigor in the development comparable to that used in present-day boundary-layer developments.
Canonical and Hamiltonian formalism applied to the Sturm-Liouville equation
Authors: Biot M. A. , Tolstoy I.
Published: December 2016

The Sturm-Liouville equation is expressed in Hamiltonian form. A simple generating function is derived which defines a large class of canonical transformations and reduces the Sturm-Liouville equation to the solution of a first order equation with a single unknown. The method is developed with particular reference to the wave equation. The procedure unifies many apparently diverse treatments and leads to new insights and procedures. Some new transformations are obtained, useful in the turning point region and for the improvement of accuracy in the region of validity of W.K.B. solutions. In addition a new power series expansion near the turning point is obtained.
On the diffraction of an arbitrary pulse by a wedge or a cone
Authors: Ting Lu
Published: December 2016

By virtue of Green’s Theorem, it is shown that for the diffraction of an arbitrary two-dimensional incident pulse by a wedge of angle

μ
\mu

, the ratio of the resultant velocity potential to the corresponding value of the incident pulse at the corner of the wedge at any instant is equal to

2
π

/

(
2
π
−
μ
)

2\pi /(2\pi - \mu )

; and that for the diffraction of a three-dimensional pulse by a cone of solid angle

ω
\omega

, the ratio at the vertex of the cone is equal to

4
π

/

(
4
π
−
ω
)

4\pi /(4\pi - \omega )

.
Wave propagation in a coaxial system
Authors: Papadopoulos V. M.
Published: December 2016

A solution is obtained for the problem of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a semi-infinite flanged coaxial line with an infinite center conductor, in terms of an infinite set of coefficients which are determined by an infinite set of linear equations. The solution is discussed, in detail, in limiting cases which illustrate properties both of a thin vertical antenna on a plane perfectly conducting earth, and of a thick antenna fed by a low impedance line. Numerical results are given in these cases. The possibility of a solution for any excitation frequency is also discussed.
A mathematical treatment of one-dimensional soil consolidation
Authors: McNabb A.
Published: December 2016

Terzaghi’s conception of the nature of one-dimensional soil consolidation [1] is shown to lead to a non-linear differential equation. A dimensional analysis of this equation and the boundary conditions of the standard consolidation test [2] gives a more general explanation of a well known linear relationship between the total consolidation

U

(
t
)

U\left ( t \right )

after a time

t
t

and

t

1

/

2

{t^{1/2}}

. By linearizing the equation in a general manner, an expression is obtained for

U

(
t
)

U\left ( t \right )

which includes secondary consolidation terms. Two solutions of the linearized equation are obtained; the first for the standard consolidation test and the second for consolidation under a boundary load increasing uniformly with time.
A general theorem concerning the stability of a particular non-Newtonian fluid
Authors: Genensky Samuel M.
Published: December 2016

It is the intention of the present paper to prove a theorem concerning the stability of a particular non-Newtonian fluid suggested to the author by Professor R. S. Rivlin of Brown University. The method used in proving this theorem is similar to that employed by H. Schlichting in his proof of a similar theorem for an inviscid fluid which was originally established by Lord Rayleigh. The acceleration gradients introduced by the non-Newtonian fluid model into the constitutive equations are found to alter the stability criterion set forth by Rayleigh for an inviscid fluid.
The physical realizability and realization of linear phase shift networks
Authors: Chirlian Paul M.
Published: December 2016

Necessary and sufficient conditions for the physical realizability of linear phase shift networks are imposed upon the network transfer function. A technique is presented for approximating non-physically realizable transfer functions with those which are physically realizable. It is demonstrated that if the approximation is properly limited, the unit impulse response can be made non-negative for all values of time. These results are extended to networks whose transfer functions phase shift is the sum of two terms, one which varies linearly with frequency and a second which varies in discrete steps of

π
\pi

radians.
Addition theorems for spherical wave functions
Authors: Stein Seymour
Published: December 2016

Addition theorems are described for spherical vector wave functions, under both rotations and translations of the coordinate system. These functions are the characteristic solutions in spherical coordinates of the vector wave equation, such as occurs in electromagnetic problems. The vector wave function addition theorems are based on corresponding theorems for the spherical scalar wave functions. The latter are reviewed and discussed.
Application of conformal mapping to viscous flow between moving circular cylinders
Authors: Segel Lee A.
Published: December 2016

This work shows that conformal mapping provides an effective way to solve certain unsteady two-dimensional perturbation problems involving the flow of a viscous incompressible fluid, in particular flow between moving circular cylinders. If the outer cylinder is considered fixed, the principal motions treated are the slow rotation of a slightly eccentric inner cylinder, and the vibration of an inner cylinder about a slightly eccentric point. Mapping the given circular boundaries (of a cross-section) into concentric circles enables one to solve for the stream function by means of a series.
An upper bound on right half plane zeros
Authors: Hazony Dov
Published: December 2016

An upper bound is placed on the number of right half plane zeros of functions of the type

Z
−
m

/

n

Z - m/n

.

Z
Z

and

m

/

n

m/n

are RLC and LC driving point impedance functions respectively. In addition, it is shown that if

Re
⁡
Z
>
0

\operatorname {Re} Z > 0

on

j
j

axis, the number of right half plane zeros is determined precisely.
Iterative solutions of Wiener-Hopf integral equations
Authors: Wu Tai Te , Wu Tai Tsun
Published: December 2016

A method of iteration is used to study integral equations of the Wiener-Hopf type. In the case of a single integral equation, it is found that the iterative solution can be summed to give the known results. In the case of two coupled integral equations, where the general solution is not known, the iterative solution can be reduced to expressions in closed form, in the sense of a finite number of quadratures, only in some very special cases. Two such special cases are discussed in detail.
The constitutive equations for rate sensitive plastic materials
Authors: Perzyna P.
Published: December 2016

The principal aim of the present paper is to generalize the one-dimensional constitutive equations for rate-sensitive plastic materials to general states of stress. The dynamical yield conditions for elastic, visco-plastic materials are discussed and new relaxation functions are introduced. Solutions of the relaxation equations for such materials are given.
The synthesis of infinite lines
Authors: Sharpe C. B.
Published: December 2016

The class of nonuniform lines having solutions which exhibit an out-going wave behavior at infinity and which have a rational input admittance is considered. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for a rational function to be realizable as the input admittance of an infinite line. A closed-form expression is derived by means of which the characteristic impedance

Z
0

(
x
)

{Z_0}\left ( x \right )

of a line in this class can be constructed from its input admittance. It is shown that this solution to the synthesis problem is unique once the limiting value of

Z
0

(
x
)

{Z_0}\left ( x \right )

at infinity or at the input is specified. An example in the application of the technique is presented.