bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TWO-PARTICLE GREEN FUNCTIONS OF ITINERANT ELECTRONS WITH HEISENBERG MAGNETIC INTERACTION
Authors: VAN HIEU NGUYEN , SON NGUYEN HUNG
Published: November 2004

The equation in the ladder approximation was derived for the two-particle Green function of the itinerant electrons with the Heisenberg ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interaction. The general form of its solution was found. The existence of the pole in this solution is related to the condensation of the bound pairs in the corresponding spin state. The condition for the pole determines the critical temperature T c . The effective interaction between the mobile holes due to the mobile hole-localized spin coupling in the two-band Hubbard model was also studied.
TIME EVOLUTION OF VARIANCES OF QUADRATURE OPERATORS IN A TWO-MODE BOSON SYSTEM
Authors: CHIZHOV A. V. , NAZMITDINOV R. G.
Published: November 2004

A two-mode boson system described by a Hamiltonian containing a nonlinear interaction of a general enough form is investigated. Nontrivial effects concerning a transition of a coherent state to a squeezed state and vice versa in the process of evolution of that system are revealed.
A NEW RESISTANCE ANOMALY IN METALLIC GLASSES
Authors: NORDSTRÖM A. , LINDQVIST P. , RAPP Ö.
Published: November 2004

The recent discovery of a new resistance anomaly in superconducting Cu-Zr metallic glasses with dilute magnetic impurities is briefly reviewed. The anomaly consists of a peak in the resistance immediately above Tc, which can reach up to 10 μΩ cm above the usual superconducting fluctuation region. The influence on the peak of the concentration of Zr, the concentration of magnetic impurities and of magnetic field has been investigated.
rf PUMPED SQUID WITH LARGE OUTPUT SIGNAL
Authors: KRIVOY G.S. , KOMASHKO V.A.
Published: November 2004

The dc SQUID had been presented for use in the rf SQUID instead of a weak link. The new device, referred to as “double SQUID”, possesses a large output signal (hundreds of microvolts) in operating in a hysteretic mode. For making an operating mode a double SQUID is coupled to a circuit traditional for rf SQUIDs containing a tank circuit and an rf current pumping generator. The magnetic flux being measured is recognized by the dc SQUID quantization loop which results in changing its critical current. As a result the height of the flat part of the tank circuit I–V characteristics coupled to a double SQUID is modulated. It is this modulation that is the SQUID output signal. The experimental investigations of the double SQUID showed the validity of the assumptions under consideration. Output signals up to 690 μV, noise spectral density ≈2×10−5ϕ0/ Hz 1/2 (ϕ0 is the flux quantum) and energy resolution ≈1.4×10−29 J/Hz have been obtained.
NUMERICAL STUDY OF JASTROW-SLATER TRIAL STATES FOR THE FRACTIONAL QUANTUM HALL EFFECT
Authors: TRIVEDI NANDINI , JAIN J.K.
Published: November 2004

We study the recently proposed trial states for the fractional quantum Hall effect, which are constructed by multiplying the wavefunction for filled Landau levels with Jastrow correlation factors. In spite of the essential use of higher Landau levels, we demonstrate the validity of the variational states using Monte Carlo methods by showing that the Jastrow factors ensure (i) these states lie predominantly in the lowest Landau level and (ii) they have very low interaction energies.
NUMERICAL SOLUTION TO THE OPTICAL POLARON PROBLEM FOR A WIDE RANGE OF COUPLINGS
Authors: ALEXANDROU C. , FLEISCHER W. , ROSENFELDER R.
Published: November 2004

We review a reliable numerical method to solve for the energy and effective mass of the optical polaron for a wide range of couplings. This is accomplished by combining Feynman’s variational approach with partial averaging over the higher Fourier components in the path integral formulation.
CLUSTER–IMPACT NUCLEAR FUSION: SHOCK–WAVE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: KIM Y. E. , RABINOWITZ M. , BAE Y. K. , CHULICK G. S. , RICE R. A.
Published: November 2004

Cluster–impact nuclear fusion is analyzed via a shock–wave model. We show that shock waves can be generated by clusters. Energy loss mechanisms are considered, and the conditions when they are not negligible are determined. Our theoretical model indicates that shock–wave enhanced fusion temperatures are possible with molecular size clusters impacting upon hydrogen isotope targets, somewhat as envisioned by Winterberg and Harrison for macro–projectiles. Our theory explains and reproduces the yields from known target and cluster compositions, as a function of cluster size and energy. Predictions are made, and new tests proposed. We show that contaminants are an unlikely artifact in the experimental data.
MICROWAVE ABSORPTION STUDIES ON HIGH-Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS AND RELATED MATERIALS IV: ESR AS A PROBE OF FLUX PINNING IN Y-Ba-Cu-O SUPERCONDUCTORS PREPARED BY THE "MPMG" METHOD
Authors: SUGAWARA K. , BAAR D. J. , MURAKAMI M. , KONDOH A. , YAMAGUCHI K. , SHIOHARA Y. , TANAKA S.
Published: November 2004

The electron spin resonances of both DPPH surface coatings and Y 2 Ba 1 Cu 1 O 5 ("211" phase) non-superconducting inclusions have been used to probe the flux pinning in high critical current density Y–Ba–Cu–O bulk superconductors prepared by the "MPMG" (Melt-Powder-Melt-Growth) method. The ESR lineshapes for both the surface coatings and the 211 inclusions were observed to broaden when the MPMG samples entered the superconducting state. The excess ESR linewidth for the DPPH coatings was found to increase monotonically with decreasing temperature, as the result of increasing field gradients due to pinned flux. The ESR linewidth of the 211 inclusions had a complicated temperature dependence. This linewidth was less than that of isolated Y 2 Ba 1 Cu 1 O 5 below 20 K, possibly due to a lower magnetic ordering temperature, mechanical stress, and/or different composition of the inclusions as compared to isolated Y2Ba1Cu1O5. Strong hysteresis in the ESR linewidths due to flux trapping was observed at low temperatures. Comparisons with the ESR linewidth of DPPH coated on the surface of the samples suggest that this flux trapping is due to strong pinning in the neighborhood of the 211 inclusions.
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE QUANTUM INTERFERENCE PERIODICITY OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVE MATERIAL
Authors: FAN C. X. , WONG K. W.
Published: November 2004

The property of periodic magnetic field dependence observed on high temperature material is temperature sensitive. Experimental results show a linear relationship between τ2 and T4, where τ is the rf quantum interference period and T is temperature. This relation emerge from the entirety of weaklinks network system of granular superconductivity.
LOCAL FIELD EFFECTS
Authors: TARRIO C. , SCHNATTERLY S.E.
Published: November 2004

We review the local field problem, beginning with the pioneering work of the 19th century. We then approach the problem from a microscopic perspective and include a momentum dependence. We also offer experimental examples.
THE VORTEX GAS ON THE HYPERBOLOID
Authors: LINK ROBERT
Published: November 2004

Using the result that the vortices of the XY model are described by the Coulomb gas, which in turn can be represented by the sine-Gordon theory; we analytically obtain, to first order, the relation between the correlation length, temperature, and radius of curvature, for the theory on the hyperboloid. A by-product of this work is the massive scalar Greens function on the hyberboloid.
MODIFIED SCHWINGER BOSON THEORY OF QUANTUM HEISENBERG MODEL
Authors: YANG J. , SU W.P. , TING C.S.
Published: November 2004

We proposed a modified Schwinger boson theory for quantum Heisenberg model which naturally satisfies the spin identity [Formula: see text], and in which the redundant degrees of freedom due to an average treatment of the constraints are discarded by introducing new boson operators. The results, either for free energy or for spin-spin correlation are exactly the same as those of Takahashi’s modified spin wave theory.7 This theory provides a unified approach to study the ferromagnet and antiferromagnet on equal footing. As such it would be a good starting point for discussing antiferromagnetism in the presence of holes, where ferromagnetic component plays an important role.
MACHINE-PRINTED CHINESE CHARACTER RECOGNITION BASED ON LINEAR REGRESSION
Authors: HUANG JUN S. , HUANG PEI-MING
Published: November 2004

Segmented machine-printed Chinese characters generally suffer from small distortions and small rotations due to noise and segmentation errors. These phenomena cause many conventional methods, especially those based on directional codes, to be unable to reach very high recognition rates, say above 99%. In this paper, regressional analysis is proposed as a means to overcome these problems. Firstly, thinning is applied to each segmented character, which is enclosed in a proper square box and also filtered for noise reduction beforehand. Secondly, the square thinned character image is divided into 9×9 meshes (blocks), instead of the conventional 8×8, for reasons of the Chinese character's characteristics and also for global feature extraction. Thirdly, line regression is applied, for all black points in each block, to obtain either the value of the slope angle, or a dispersion code which is derived from the sample correlation coefficient after proper transformation. Thus, each block is coded by one of three cases: 'blank', value of slope angle, or 'dispersion'. The peripheral blacks are used for preclassification. Proper scores for matching two characters are designed so that learning and recognition are quite efficient. The objective of designing this optical character recognition system is to get very small misrecognition rates and tolerable rejection rates. Experiments with three fonts, each consisting of 5401 characters, were carried out. The overall rejection rate is 1.25% and the overall misrecognition rate is 0.33%. These are acceptable for most users.
UNDERSTANDING HANDWRITTEN TEXT IN A STRUCTURED ENVIRONMENT: DETERMINING ZIP CODES FROM ADDRESSES
Authors: COHEN EDWARD , HULL JONATHAN J. , SRIHARI SARGUR N.
Published: November 2004

Understanding a block of handwritten text means mapping it into a semantic representation. We describe an approach to reading a block of handwritten text when there are certain loose constraints placed on the spatial layout and syntax of the text. Early recognition of primitives guides the location of syntactic components. A system to read handwritten postal addresses is described as an instance. The semantic representation in this case is a digit string (ZIP Code). Methods for segmenting a string of digits into components and for recognizing digits using a multiplicity of recognizers are given.
PROGRESS IN VERIFICATION OF SKILLFULLY SIMULATED HANDWRITTEN SIGNATURES
Authors: AMMAR MAAN
Published: November 2004

This paper compares the performances of parametric and reference pattern based features (RPBFs) in the verification of skillfully simulated handwritten signatures. The comparison shows that RPBFs significantly improve results and give about 90% correct verification using only shape features. The performance of the used shape features is independent of the signature shape, language and position in the document. The careful analysis of the experimental results of using RPBFs in verification has led to the conclusion that two-dimensional RPBFs will give much better performance.
STRING SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION BY FORCED LANDMARK MARKOV NETWORKS
Authors: GREGOR JENS , GRANUM ERIK
Published: November 2004

A method for segmentation of composite strings into their constituent substrings is presented as an extension to the Markov network inference technique. The basis for the segmentation is forced landmarks which are network representations of the positions where two substrings meet. The landmarks are forced into the Markov model in the inference thereof through supervised labeling. From subsequent string-to-network alignments, it is possible to estimate the positions in the strings that correspond to forced landmarks and thus segment the strings into their substrings.

For discrimination between different classes of composite strings, classification probability measures are modified to include model-based information about estimated positions of the landmarks for individual classes. The potential of the method is illustrated with data representing banded human chromosomes.
AN INCREMENTAL FINE ADJUSTMENT ALGORITHM FOR THE DESIGN OF OPTIMAL INTERPOLATING NEURAL NETWORKS
Authors: SIN SAM-KIT , DEFIGUEIREDO RUI J. P.
Published: November 2004

A two-stage design method for artificial neural networks is presented. The first stage is an evolutionary RLS (recursive least squares) algorithm which determines the optimal configuration of the net based on the concept of optimal interpolation. During this stage, the members of a given sample set are processed sequentially and a small consistent subset, constituting what we call prototypes, is selected to form the building blocks of the net. The synaptic weights as well as the internal dimensions of the net are updated recursively as each new prototype is selected. The evolving net at each intermediate step is a modified version of the Optimal Interpolative (OI) net derived in a recent paper by one of the authors. The concept of an evolving network configuration is attractive since it does not require the prescription of a fixed configuration in order to learn the optimal synaptic weights. This can eventually lead to a network architecture which is only as complex as it needs to achieve a required interpolation function.

The second stage is for the fine adjustment of the synaptic weights of the network structure acquired during the first stage. This stage is a two-step iterative optimization procedure using the method of steepest descent. The initial values of the synaptic weights in the iterative search are obtained from the first stage. It is seen that they are indeed very close to the optimal values. Hence, fast convergence during the second stage is guaranteed.
TOWARDS A UNIFORM STRUCTURED REPRESENTATION FOR APPLICATION GENERATION
Authors: BLUM BRUCE I.
Published: November 2004

This paper presents an overview of a representation scheme being developed to define static data structures, the restrictions that establish the data model's integrity constraints, and the computational models that operate on the data. The context for this discussion is the role of a uniform structured representation for application generation in which semantically-rich expressions of the application's behavior are transformed into operational models with efficient performance.
SOFTWARE METRICS IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Authors: SHEPPERD MARTIN J. , INCE DARREL C.
Published: November 2004

This paper examines the utility of much of the software metrics research that has been carried out in software engineering to problems in artificial intelligence. The paper first reviews the work that has been carried out and then makes a number of suggestions about how it could be transferred to the artificial intelligence arena — applying it in particular to expert system development.
THE COMPLEXITY OF COMPUTING PARTIAL SUMS OFF-LINE
Authors: CHAZELLE BERNARD , ROSENBERG BURTON
Published: November 2004

Given an array A with n entries in an additive semigroup, and m intervals of the form Ii=[i,j], where 0<i<j≤n, we show that the computation of A[i]+⋯+A[j] for all Ii, requires Ω(n+mα(m,n)) semigroup additions. Here, α is the functional inverse of Ackermann's function. A matching upper bound has already been demonstrated.
Learning, knowledge and skills: implications for firm-level performance in African industry
Authors: Oyeleran-Oyeyinka Banji
Published: November 2004

Drawing insights from firm-level surveys, this paper addresses three broad issues relating to the role of learning and knowledge in African industry. First, we examine modes of learning using training in small and medium firms as a proxy. We found that elementary learning mechanisms such as apprenticeship, which result in the creation of tacit knowledge, are the dominant forms of learning. While knowledge externalities tend to benefit larger firms, small enterprises with little absorptive capacity are locked into repetitive routines of learning-by-doing and disconnected from both local and global knowledge pools. Second, we analysed the types and nature of the mix of formal knowledge and human skills possessed by firms and how this impacts on the learning process. Management and technical training are mostly conducted in-house and correlate with firm output and export performance. Third, the level of resources devoted to training correlates with firm performance and export capabilities. The study suggests that policy has an important role to play in stimulating dynamic learning in firms.
Film as Testimonial Literature
Authors: McDonald James H.
Published: November 2004

Hidden Scars. 1994. 50 minutes, color. Written, directed, and produced by Grace Barnes. For more information, contact The University of California Extension Center for Media and Independent Learning, 2000 Center Street, Fourth Floor, Berkeley, CA 94704; (510) 642‐0460.
On the History of British Social Anthropology
Authors: Urry James
Published: November 2004

After Tylor: British Social Anthropology 1888‐1951. George W. Stocking Jr. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995.570 pp.

The Expansive Moment: The Rise of Social Anthropology in Britain and Africa 1918‐1970. Jack Goody. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 238 pp.
Rethinking AIDS
Authors: Sherlick Lucille A.
Published: November 2004

AIDS and Intravenous Drug Use: The Influence of Morality, Politics, Social Science, and Race in the Making of. Tragedy. M. Daniel Fernando. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1993.167 pp.
Moses and Civilization: The Meaning behind Freud's Myth
Authors: Johnson Allen
Published: November 2004

Moses and Civilization: The Meaning behind Freud's Myth. Robert A. Paul. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996.268 pp.
Out in the Field: Reflections of Lesbian and Gay Anthropologists
Authors: Handler Richard
Published: November 2004

Out in the Field: Reflections of Lesbian and Gay Anthropologists. Ellen Lewin and William L. Leap. eds. Urbana University of Illinois Press, 1996.315 pp.
Women, Property and Islam: Palestinian Experiences, 1920‐1990
Authors: Dominguez Virginia R.
Published: November 2004

Women, Property and Islam: Palestinian Experiences, 1920‐1990. Annelies Moors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 274 pp.
Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania
Authors: Sommers Marc
Published: November 2004

Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania, Lüsa H. Malkki. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. 352 pp.
On the Subject of "Java."
Authors: Hefner Robert W.
Published: November 2004

On the Subject of "Java." John Pemberton. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994. 333 pp.
War Stories: The Culture of Foreign Correspondents
Authors: Simons Anna
Published: November 2004

War Stories: The Culture of Foreign Correspondents. Mark Pedelty. New York: Routledge, 1995. 254 pp.
Microcosmic Histories: Island Perspectives on "Global" Change
Authors: Kirch Patrick V.
Published: November 2004

The Pacific Islands, particularly the Polynesian islands, provide excellent model systems for understanding the human dimensions of global change. This is due to their uniquely microcosmic aspect. Little worlds unto themselves, islands are natural history's best shot at something approaching the controlled experiment. The human choices that have led to particular outcomes on these islands teach us that nothing is inevitable or predetermined. The more we understand how our predecessors fashioned the earth we have inherited, the better we may be able to achieve a "sustainable" relationship with our planet, our own little microcosm within the cosmos.
Wild Pigs and Kings Remembered Landscapes in Rajasthan
Authors: Gold Ann Grodzins , Gujar Bhoju Ram
Published: November 2004

Based on interviews with elderly persons in rural Rajasthan, in northern India, this essay explores some ways that memories impinge on present and future lives and landscape. Simultaneously it seeks to disclose collaborative research processes through lengthy interview passages. Farmers' memories of wild pigs and local kings are the specific focus: memories remain vivid of the destruction pigs could work on crops, and the rulers who forbid pig killing at the same time exorbitantly taxed the grain pile. Although rapid deforestation has destroyed wild pigs' habitat, and democracy has disempowered former rulers, the politics of ecological deterioration have ongoing consequences.
The Future of Anthropology
Authors: Peacock James L.
Published: November 2004

The future of anthropology depends on what it contributes, both to thought and to society. Whether it survives, flourishes, or becomes extinct depends on anthropology's ability to become an intregal and significant, yet not subservient, part of our culture and society. To flourish, we must press outward; we must mobilize our work and ourselves to make a difference beyond the discipline and the academy. This objective implies change in our priorities and hence in our work.
Reflections of a Culture Broker: A View from the Smithsonian
Authors: Gable Eric
Published: November 2004

Reflections of. Culture Broker:. View from the Smithsonian. Richard Kurin. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997. 315 pp.
We Are Not Beggars
Authors: Louie Andrea
Published: November 2004

We Are Not Beggars. 1997. 30 minutes, color. video by Wen‐jie Qin. For more information, contact Documentary Educational Resources, 101 Morse St., Watertown, MA 02172.
Creencias de Nuestros Antepasados
Authors: Cancian Frank
Published: November 2004

Creencias de Nuestros Antepasados. Maruch Sántiz Gómez. Mexico: Centro de la Imagen, CIESAS, Casa de las Imágenes (distributed in the United Slates by The Latin American Book Store, Ltd., 204 North Geneva St., Ithaca, NY), 1998. 108 pp.
Chronicle of a Savanna Marriage
Authors: Lama Lewis
Published: November 2004

Chronicle of. Savanna Marriage. 1997. 56 minutes, color. video by Stig Holmqvist. Swedish (translations from Maa and Swahili) with English subtitles. For more information, contact Filmakers Library, 124 East 40th St., New York, NY 10016.
I Shop, Therefore I Am
Authors: Belk Russell
Published: November 2004

The Shopping Experience. Pasi Folk and Colin Campbell eds. London: Sage, 1997. 212 pp.

. Theory of Shopping. Daniel Miller. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998. 180 pp.

Shopping, Place and Identity. Daniel Miller. Peter Jackson. Nigel Thrift. Beverly Holbrook. and Michael Rowlands. London: Routledge, 1998. 214 pp.
Nearby Ethnography from the American Heartland
Authors: Howell Benita J.
Published: November 2004

Scipio Storytelling: Talk in. Southern Indiana Community. Margaret Read MacDonald. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1996. 246 pp.

Following Old Fencelines: Tales from Rural Texas. Lee Winniford. College Station: Texas. &. University Press, 1998.262 pp.

Tobacco Culture: Farming Kentucky's Burley Belt. John van Willigen and Susan C. Eastwood. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998. 223 pp.

Living with the Adirondack Forest: Local Perspectives on Land Use Conflicts. Catherine Henshaw Knott. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998. 314 pp.
Bones in the Basement: Postmortem Racism in Nineteenth‐Century Medical Training
Authors: Grauer Anne L.
Published: November 2004

Bones in the Basement: Postmortem Racism in Nineteenth‐Century Medical Training. Robert L. Blakely and Judith M. Harrington. eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998.380 pp.
National Past‐Times: Narrative, Representation, and Power in Modern China
Authors: Liu Xin
Published: November 2004

National Past‐Times: Narrative, Representation, and Power in Modern China. Ann S. Anagnost. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997.232 pp.
Africa's Ogun: Old World and New
Authors: Bastian Misty L.
Published: November 2004

Africa's Ogun: Old World and New. Second edition. Sandra T. Barnes. ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997. 390 pp.
Religions in Practice: An Approach to the Anthropology of Religion
Authors: Hefner Robert
Published: November 2004

Religions in Practice: An Approach to the Anthropology of Religion. John R. Bowen. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn &Bacon, 1998. 272pp.
Fieldwork and Families: Constructing New Models for Ethnographic Research
Authors: Sutton David
Published: November 2004

Fieldwork and Families: Constructing New Models for Ethnographic Research. Juliana Flinn. Leslie Marshall and Jocelyn Armstrong. eds. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1998.230 pp.
Between Marriage and the Market: Intimate Politics and Survival in Cairo
Authors: White Jenny B.
Published: November 2004

Between Marriage and the Market: Intimate Politics and Survival in Cairo. Homa Hoodfar. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. 302 pp.
Hunger and Shame: Child Malnutrition and Poverty on Mount Kilimanjaro
Authors: Chaiken Miriam S.
Published: November 2004

Hunger and Shame: Child Malnutrition and Poverty on Mount Kilimanjaro. Mary Theresa Howard and Ann V. Millard. New York: Routledge, 1997.272 pp.
Indigenous Legal Issues
Authors: De Nike Howard J.
Published: November 2004

Indigenous Legal Issues. Second edition. Commentary and materials by Heather McRae. Garth Nettheim. and Laura Beacroft. Sydney: Law Book Company, 1997.540 pp.
A Different Kind of War Story
Authors: Richards Paul
Published: November 2004

. Different Kind of War Story. Carolyn Nordstrom. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997. 254 pp.
Europe in the Anthropological Imagination
Authors: Hearn Jonathan
Published: November 2004

Europe in the Anthropological Imagination. Susan Parman. ed. Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.274 pp.
The Force of Irony: Power in the Everyday Life of Mexican Tomato Workers
Authors: Sick Deborah
Published: November 2004

The Force of Irony: Power in the Everyday Life of Mexican Tomato Workers. Gabriel Torres. New York: Berg, 1997. 243 pp.
African Women: A Modern History
Authors: Moran Mary H.
Published: November 2004

African Women:. Modern History. Catherine Coquery‐Vidrovitch. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997.308 pp.
In the Shadow of Marriage: Gender and Justice in an African Community
Authors: Solway Jacqueline S.
Published: November 2004

In the Shadow of Marriage: Gender and Justice in an African Community. Anne M. O. Griffiths. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.328 pp.
Introduction: From the “New Ecology” to the New Ecologies
Authors: Biersack Aletta
Published: November 2004

An earlier ecological anthropology defined its project within the compass of the idealism v. materialism debate. Culture was an adaptive tool, instrumental rather than formal; it was intelligible with respect to its material effects, not—as the idealists would maintain—in terms of itself, as an autonomous, self‐determining order of reality. This argument was mounted with respect to bounded, stable, self‐regulating, local, or at best regional entities and the environment they inhabited. All of the premises of the earlier ecology have since been challenged, and today's ecologies—symbolic, historical, and political—radically depart from the reductions and elisions of the ecological anthropology of the past. In particular, the new ecologies override the dichotomies that informed and enlivened the debates of the past—nature/culture, idealism/materialism—and they are informed by the literature on transnationalist flows and local‐global articulations. This introduction positions Rappaport's work within this historical shift from a polarized field of mutually exclusive frameworks to today's synthetic new ecologies and their antireductive materialism. Rappaport's work, produced over three decades, serves, in and through its own transformations, as a bridge between the reductive materialism of the past and a new‐materialist ecology. [Rappaport, ecological anthropology, materialism v. idealism, the new materialism]
Explaining Religion without Explaining It Away: Trust, Truth, and the Evolution of Cooperation in Roy A. Rappaport's “The Obvious Aspects of Ritual”
Authors: Watanabe John M. , Smuts Barbara B.
Published: November 2004

Moving beyond the ecological functionalism of Pigs for the Ancestors, Roy Rappaport's subsequent work on ritual explored how the “obvious aspects” of ritual's formalism and the need to perform it literally embody in its performers expressions of sanctity and truth that counter the threats of lying and alternative inherent in symbolic communication. He recognized that symbolic meaning and truth presuppose social cooperation and trust between individuals, and ritual serves uniquely to reaffirm this mutuality at the level of both individual behavior and conventional meaning. Through a study of male greetings among olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis), this paper illustrates how ritual in Rappaport's sense may indeed intensify cooperation in socially complex but nonlinguistic contexts by establishing a behaviorally transparent means of certifying otherwise opaque individual intentions. Thus, not only may ritual sanctify symbolic communication, but it also may have played a crucial role in its evolution, [ritual, sociocultural evolution, religion and society, symbolic communication, olive baboons, primate social behavior]
The Universality of the Semantic Structure of Emotion Terms: Methods for the Study of Inter‐ and Intra‐Cultural Variability
Authors: Moore Carmella C. , Romney A. Kimball , Hsia Ti‐Lien , Rusch Craig D.
Published: November 2004

The issue of cultural universals versus linguistic relativity is currently one of the most intensely debated topics in sociocultural anthropology. Emotion terms have long served as a contested area and we provide a brief review. The primary aim of the paper is to introduce methods that facilitate the objective analysis of empirical findings on the extent to which semantic structure is shared among different languages. The main finding of this paper is that Chinese‐, English‐, and Japanesespeaking subjects assign basically similar meanings to 15 common emotion terms. The differences among the three languages are genuine and statistically significant but small. One of the particularly impressive aspects of the present findings is the extent to which they are consistent with previous research traditions that posit cultural and semantic universals. Differences also exist in the performance of Chinese and Japanese bilingual subjects when performing tasks in English compared to performing the same tasks in their native language, [emotions, inter‐cultural and intra‐cultural variability, cultural universals, linguistic relativity, Chinese, Japanese]
Talking Heads: Language, Metalanguage, and the Semiotics of Subjectivity
Authors: Wilce James M.
Published: November 2004

Talking Heads: Language, Metalanguage, and the Semiotics of Subjectivity. Benjamin Lee. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997. 376 pp.
The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience
Authors: Herbert Robert K.
Published: November 2004

The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience. Ali A. Mazrui and Alamin M. Mazrui. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. 228 pp.
Western Medicine as Contested Knowledge
Authors: Pigg Stacy
Published: November 2004

Western Medicine as Contested Knowledge. Andrew Cunningham and Bridie Andrews. eds. New York: Manchester University Press, 1997. 294 pp.
More Than Class: Studying Power in U.S. Workplaces
Authors: Martin JoAnn
Published: November 2004

More Than Class: Studying Power in U.S. Workplaces. Ann E. Kingsolver. ed. New York: State University of New York Press, 1998. 222 pp.
Peasant Moorings: Village Ties and Mobility Rationales in South India
Authors: Osella Filippo
Published: November 2004

Peasant Moorings: Village Ties and Mobility Rationales in South India. Jean‐Luc Racine. ed. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1997. 400 pp.
Kinship, Networks, and Exchange
Authors: Dow Malcolm McLaren
Published: November 2004

Kinship, Networks, and Exchange. Thomas Schweizer and Douglas R. White. eds. New York; Cambridge University Press, 1997. 338 pp.
Required Reading: Sociology's Most Influential Books
Authors: Beidelman T.O.
Published: November 2004

Required Reading: Sociology's Most Influential Books. Dan Clawson. ed. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998. 221 pp.
An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China
Authors: Shih Chuan‐Kang
Published: November 2004

An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China. James S. Olson. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998. 422 pp.
Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior
Authors: Boehm Christopher
Published: November 2004

Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. Elliott Sober and David Sloan Wilson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998. 394 pp.
An Ethnology of the Admiralty Islands: The Alfred Bühler Collection, Museum der Kulturen, Basel
Authors: Welsch Robert L.
Published: November 2004

An Ethnology of the Admiralty Islands: The Alfred Bühler Collection, Museum der Kulturen, Basel. Sylvia Ohnemus. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, and Bathhurst, Australia: Crawford House Press, 1998.430pp.
The San Bush‐People of the Kalahari
Authors: Tomaselli Keyan
Published: November 2004

The San Bush‐People of the Kalahari. 1998. 55 minutes. video by Jens Bjerre. For more information in the USA, contact Filmakers Library, 124 East 40th Street, New York, NY 10016.
Iindawo Zikathixo (In God's Places)
Authors: Tomaselli Keyan
Published: November 2004

Iindawo Zikathixo (In God's Places). 1997. 52 minutes, color. video by Irene Staehelin and Richard Wicksteed For more information contact Documentary Educational Resources, 101 Morse Street, Watertown, MA 02172.
Transcultural Cinema
Authors: Himpele Jeffrey
Published: November 2004

Transcultural Cinema. David MacDougall. Edited and with an Introduction by Lucien Taylor. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998.318.
Between Artifacts and Texts: Historical Archaeology in Global Perspective
Authors: Schuyler Robert L.
Published: November 2004

Between Artifacts and Texts: Historical Archaeology in Global Perspective. Anders Andrén. Translated by Alan Crozier. New York: Plenum, 1998. 216 pp.
From Black Land to Fifth Sun: The Science of Sacred Sites
Authors: Zimmerman Larry J.
Published: November 2004

From Black Land to Fifth Sun: The Science of Sacred Sites. Brian Fagan. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Longman, 1998.403 pp.
Gender in African Prehistory
Authors: Vlolette Adria La
Published: November 2004

Gender in African Prehistory. Susan Kent. ed. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 1998. 352 pp.
Understanding Cultures through Their Key Words: English, Russian, Polish, German, and Japanese
Authors: Agha Asif
Published: November 2004

Understanding Cultures through Their Key Words: English, Russian, Polish, German, and Japanese. Anna Wierzbicka. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. 318 pp.
Culture of Politics, Politics of Cultures: Re‐visioning Latin American Social Movements
Authors: Hershberg Eric
Published: November 2004

Culture of Politics, Politics of Cultures: Re‐visioning Latin American Social Movements. Sonia E. Alvarez. Evelina Dagnino. and Arturo Escobar. eds. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998.459 pp.
Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions
Authors: Kertzer David I.
Published: November 2004

Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions. Catherine Bell. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. 352 pp.
The Domestication of Desire: Women, Wealth, and Modernity in Java
Authors: Smith‐Hefner Nancy J.
Published: November 2004

The Domestication of Desire: Women, Wealth, and Modernity in Java. Suzanne April Brenner. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998. 302 pp.
The Politics of Ethnic Consciousness
Authors: Levin Michael D.
Published: November 2004

The Politics of Ethnic Consciousness. Cora Covers and Hans Vermeulen. eds. St. Martin's Press, 1997. 378 pp.
Gendered Encounters: Challenging Cultural Boundaries and Social Hierarchies in Africa
Authors: Besteman Catherine
Published: November 2004

Gendered Encounters: Challenging Cultural Boundaries and Social Hierarchies in Africa. Maria Grosz‐Ngate and Omari H. Kokole. eds. New York: Routledge, 1997 254 pp.
The Anthropology of Infectious Disease: International Health Perspectives
Authors: Stoner Bradley
Published: November 2004

The Anthropology of Infectious Disease: International Health Perspectives. Marcia C. Inhorn and Peter J. Brown. eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Gordon and Breach, 1997. 496 pp.
Healing Makes Our Hearts Happy: Spirituality and Cultural Transformation among the Kalahari Ju/'hoansi
Authors: Janzen John M.
Published: November 2004

Healing Makes Our Hearts Happy: Spirituality and Cultural Transformation among the Kalahari Ju/'hoansi. Richard Katz. Megan Biesele. and Verna St. Denis. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions International, 1997 214 pp
The Human Elder in Nature, Culture and Society
Authors: Barker Judith C.
Published: November 2004

The Human Elder in Nature, Culture and Society. David Gutmann. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997. 250 pp.
Individualism and the Unity of Science: Essays on Reduction, Explanation, and the Special Sciences
Authors: Penn Mischa , Gudeman Stephen
Published: November 2004

Individualism and the Unity of Science: Essays on Reduction, Explanation, and the Special Sciences. Harold Kincaid. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1997. 164 pp.
The Fort Langley Journals, 1827‐30
Authors: Thom Brian
Published: November 2004

The Fort Langley Journals, 1827‐30. Morag Maclachlan. ed. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1998. 280 pp.
Ancient Culture and Technology
Authors: Antonio Patricia San
Published: November 2004

Ancient Culture and Technology Engineering in the Ancient World. J.G. Landels. (University of California Press: Berkeley, 1978.)
Determining Ethnicity: The Lubavitch Case
Authors: Alter Laura
Published: November 2004

It has been suggested by Cohen [1978] that ethnicity is based on a “series of nesting dichotomizations” of shared diacritics wherein group membership occurs along a social scale of these markers by degree of inclusiveness and exclusiveness perceived of both subjectively and objectively by the group and by others. This paper is an attempt to explain the process of membership through the use of diacritic variables and the determination of sliding internal and external boundaries in the case of the Lubavitch, a contemporary chassidic group.

The special problems of this movement surround the need for selection of group‐specific markers from multiple socio‐cultural and historical Jewish categories which survive in the modern, urban context. Recruitment into the group involves a progressive acceptance of a series of clearly known “markers” that emerge as gradual membership commitments. These diacritics form, therefore, a taxonomy of involvement into a complex set of criteria separating the membership into a differentiating subculture.
Who Counts as “them?”: Racism and Virtue in the United States and France
Authors: Lamont Michègle
Published: November 2004

In the United States, black Americans are the typical targets of discrimination. In France, the victims are usually Arab immigrants. In both cases, prejudice against minorities has less to do with the color or national origin of the ostracized than with the need of whites and natives to preserve their own sense of moral self-worth.
When Public Institutions Fail: Coping with Dysfunctional Government in Post-Soviet Russia
Authors: Gerber Theodore P.
Published: November 2004

Americans take for granted that public institutions such as schools and courts will function in an effective, predictable fashion. Contemporary Russia shows what happens when they do not. People's lives are thrown into turmoil, and how they cope can become part of the problem.
Salsa and Ketchup: Transnational Migrants Straddle Two Worlds
Authors: Levitt Peggy
Published: November 2004

Transnational immigration will continue to increase during the 21st century. Though newcomers strive to assimilate, they often retain strong ties to their native land. Living across borders poses challenges for both the country immigrants come from and the new nation they adopt.
Who Counts and How: Estimating the Size of Protests
Authors: McPhail Clark , McCarthy John
Published: November 2004

Disputes over the size of mass protests have become routine. Organizers want to highlight widespread commitment to their cause and distrust conservative estimates by the media and police. More accurate counts probably will not end these disagreements, but will provide better evidence amidst the partisan squabbling.
Growing Up is Harder to do
Authors: Furstenberg Frank F. , Kennedy Sheela , McLoyd Vonnie C. , Rumbaut Rubén G. , Settersten Richard A.
Published: November 2004

In the past several decades, a new life stage has emerged: early adulthood. No longer adolescents, but not yet ready to assume the full responsibilities of an adult, many young people are caught between needing to learn advanced job skills and depending on their family to support them during the transition.
The Honnête homme as Music Critic: Taste, Rhetoric, and Politesse in the 17th-Century French Reception of Italian Music
Authors: FADER DON
Published: November 2004

The French concept of Taste (goût) has largely been viewed from an 18th-century tradition of aesthetics in which philosophers attempted to incorporate it into a rationalized systematic theory of musical expression. Its original 17th-century usage, however, was derived from the principles of classical rhetoric and noble etiquette, or politesse. Following the tenets of Cicero communicated by humanist writers, these principles require the ideal gentleman (the honnête homme) to adapt his knowledge and talents (agréments) to the requirements of good society just as an orator carefully chooses the appropriate rhetorical figures to convince and move his hearers. According to the principles of rhetoric, any overuse of figures (or agréments) vitiates their very effectiveness by drawing attention to their artificiality. Thus the 17th-century understanding of taste required the concealment of labor, knowledge, and “artifice” behind an effortlessly “natural” and pleasing courtly facade. This concept of taste became influential in courtly contexts of amateur music-making in the early part of the century, when it was incarnated by Pierre de Nyert, whose manner of singing was hailed as the model of “politesse du chant.” The principles of politesse played a significant role in the controversy over Italian music, whose perceived overuse of “learned” musical figures (dissonance, chromaticism, and other techniques) was viewed as a bourgeois flaunting of musical talent and rhetorical artifice.
Evaluating Evaluation: Musical Performance Assessment as a Research Tool
Authors: THOMPSON SAM , WILLIAMON AARON
Published: November 2004

Much applied research into musical performance requires a method of quantifying differences and changes between performances; for this purpose, researchers have commonly used performance assessment schemes taken from educational contexts. This article considers some conceptual and practical problems with using judgments of performance quality as a research tool. To illustrate some of these, data are reported from a study in which three experienced evaluators watched performances given by students at the Royal College of Music, London, and assessed them according to a marking scheme based on that of the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music. Correlations between evaluators were only moderate, and some evidence of bias according to the evaluators' own instrumental experience was found. Strong positive correlations were found between items on the assessment scheme, indicating an extremely limited range of discrimination between categories. Implications for the use of similar assessment systems as dependent measures in empirical work are discussed, and suggestions are made for developing scales with greater utility in such work.
Selective Attention In Two-Part Counterpoint
Authors: DAVISON LYNN L. , BANKS WILLIAM P.
Published: November 2004

In two experiments, the influence of unattended musical content on the processing of attended content was investigated by using melodic interval pairs. In Experiment 1, 2 two-note melodic fragments were played concurrently in separate pitch registers and with different timbres. Participants with music training were timed as they decided whether one melody was rising or falling while ignoring the other. Pitch direction (up or down) and interval type (major second and perfect fifth) of attended and unattended intervals were orthogonally combined. The measure of interference was the degree to which the unattended pattern influenced the processing time and the accuracy of judging the attended melody. Unattended voice influence from both types of intervals was observed on the attended voice for seconds, but not fifths, in Experiment 1. The second study replicated the first with interval pairs in overlapping pitch registers. Influence from the unattended voice was found for both seconds and fifths. Participants found the selection task more difficult when parts crossed and voices were moving in contrary motion rather than in the same direction. Implications for the emergence of global stimulus properties in the context of musical counterpoint are discussed. Both experiments showed that unattended musical content can affect processing of attended intervals and that pitch distance may serve to moderate selective attention. Received February 12, 1999, accepted June 24, 2003
Tapping to Bach: Resonance-Based Modeling of Pulse
Authors: TOIVIAINEN PETRI , SNYDER JOEL S.
Published: November 2004

We studied the process of pulse finding by using mechanical performances of composed music in which it is fairly challenging to find a pulse. Human participants synchronized to short musical excerpts that varied in the amount of musical information present, the amount of syncopation, and the metrical position of the first note. We quantified the period and phase of tapping, the amount of nonsynchronized tapping, the time to start tapping, the variability of the intertap interval, and the deviation of taps from the intended musical events. The amount of musical information and the amount of syncopation were predictors of pulse-finding ability (metrical appropriateness of tapping, time to start tapping, variability of tapping, and deviations from the beat), and the metrical position of the first note of excerpts biased participants to tap with the corresponding phase. In addition, the degree to which participants tapped in consensus correlated positively with pulse-finding ability. We modeled participants' behavior by using a resonance equation to calculate the strength of all metrically appropriate periodicities. The summed activation strength across the periodicities correlated with pulse-finding ability. Our results demonstrate that musical pulse finding is a useful behavioral paradigm for modeling the influences of stimulus features on complex sensorimo-tor synchronization.