bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Counterfactual Thinking in Judgments of Affect
Authors: Gleicher Faith , Kost Kathryn A. , Baker Sara M. , Strathman Alan J. , Richman Steven A. , Sherman Steven J.
Published: March 2007

The role of counterfactuals in judgments of affective reactions to outcomes was examined. Subjects read about individuals who experienced gains or losses as a result of either deciding to take action and make a change or deciding not to take any new action. In addition, the salience of the counterfactual alternative was manipulated. Past results were replicated in the case of negative outcomes: Individuals who lost money on the basis of action were judged as feeling worse than those who lost money on the basis of inaction. This occurred under both high and low salience of the counterfactual. With positive consequences, however, exaggerated affect for outcomes associated with action rather than inaction occurred only when the counterfactual alternative was made highly salient. Implications for the construction and use of counterfactuals are discussed, and a process model is developed on the basis of the data and the proposed conceptualization.
Spontaneous Trait Inferences: Effects of Recognition Instructions and Subliminal Priming on Recognition Performance
Authors: D'Agostino Paul R.
Published: March 2007

The hypothesis that spontaneous trait inferences occur during encoding of behavioral descriptions was examined. Subjects studied sentences describing actors performing some action that implied a certain personality trait. For the explicit sentences, the trait implied by the action was explicitly stated, whereas for the implicit sentences, the trait was not stated. Subjects were assigned to either the memory or the impression formation condition. In Experiment I a change from fact to inference recognition instructions increased recognition accuracy for implicit trait items under the impression condition but decreased accuracy under the memory condition. In Experiment 2 subliminal presentation of relevant trait primes decreased recognition accuracy for implicit trait items but only under the impression condition. These data suggest that spontaneous trait inferences occur infrequently if at all during the encoding of behavioral descriptions.
Union is Strength: A Consumer's View of Meta-Analysis
Authors: Myers David G.
Published: March 2007

Meta-analyses are a textbook author's delight. They can alert authors to the existence of a literature, quantitatively synthesize results, and mitigate overemphasis on vivid but misleading studies. For these benefits text authors pay a price: The need to simplify impedes scrutiny of individual studies and draws attention away from moderating variables and toward the statistical bottom line-the mean effect size.
Arthritis Patients' Reactions to Unavoidable Social Comparisons
Authors: DeVellis Robert F. , Blalock Susan J. , Holt Kathleen , Renner Barbara Rochen , Blanchard Lynn W. , Klotz Mary Lou
Published: March 2007

Seventy-two women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were randomly assigned to view a depiction of a woman having either very mild or very severe RA and coping either quite weal or quite poorly with the illness. Subjects rated the woman's arthritis severity, her coping with RA, their own arthritis severity, and their own coping with RA. These ratings provided an indirect assessment of how subjects evaluated themselves relative to the stimulus woman. In addition, subjects compared their RA severity and coping directly with the stimulus woman's. In the direct comparisons, subjects who saw the good coper did not acknowledge her coping superiority, despite having done so on the indirect assessment. No effects were obtained for the severity condition. These findings suggest that individuals extract self-enhancing information from social comparisons, even when the comparison target and dimension are constrained and the target's status is superior
Personality Moderators of the Experimenter Expectancy Effect: A Reexamination of Five Hypotheses
Authors: Hazelrigg Pamela J. , Cooper Harris , Strathman Alan J.
Published: March 2007

Researchers examining personality moderators of experimenter expectancy effects have focused on five hypotheses. Experimenters with stronger interpersonal control orientations, more positively evaluated interpersonal interaction styles, and greater ability to encode nonverbal messages are believed to be more likely to produce expectancy bias. Subjects with greater need for social approval and greater nonverbal decoding ability are believed to be more susceptible to bias. In this study each experimenter administered a photo-rating task under positive or negative expectancies to four subjects, each of whom also interacted with three other experimenters. All five personality moderator hypotheses were tested. Support was found only for the experimenter control orientation and subject need for social approval hypotheses. There was also evidence for a boomerang effect—subjects low in need for social approval gave ratings opposite to the experimenter's outcome expectancy. Finally, effects appeared stronger when positive expectancies were communicated than when expectancies were negative.
The Nature and Severity of Self-Reported Embarrassing Circumstances
Authors: Miller Rowland S.
Published: March 2007

To create a comprehensive catalogue of embarrassing predicaments, descriptions of recent embarrassments were obtained from 350 high school and college student respondents. Four major dimensions of embarrassing circumstances emerged, involving individual, interactive, audience, and bystander behavior The respondents' embarrassability predicted the intensity of their embarrassments; in addition, high school students suffered stronger embarrassments than college students, and women reported stronger embarrassments than men. Altogether the 12 subcategories of social predicaments delineated here appear to fit a social esteem model of embarrassment more parsimoniously than an awkward interaction model.
Context as a Moderator in Relationships between Attribute Variables and Hypnotizability
Authors: Spanos Nicholas P. , Arango Manuel , de Groot Hans P.
Published: March 2007

Subjects who had been tested in the previous 3 months for hypnotizability completed questionnaires that assessed trait indexes of absorption in imaginings, dissociation, and temporal lobe dysfunction. Half of the subjects completed the questionnaires in a context unrelated to their earlier hypnotizability testing while the remainder were explicitly informed of the experimenter's interest in the relationship between their questionnaire responses and hypnotizability. Correlations between each attribute variable and all indexes of hypnotizability were never significant in the out-of-context condition and always significant in their context condition. In addition, regression analyses indicated that context added significantly to the prediction of subjective hypnotizability scores by each of the attribute variables. Implications are discussed.
Gender, Context, and Expression of Positive Emotion
Authors: Stoppard Janet M. , Gunn Gruchy Carla D.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated whether positive emotion is differentially prescribed for men and women in self-and other-oriented contexts. Subjects read a scene in which the main character either did or did not express positive emotion toward either the self or another person. After imagining themselves as the main character, subjects rated on a rewards/costs scale how others would respond to them if they had behaved as depicted. Females expected more rewards/fewer costs when positive emotion was expressed toward another person than when it was not, whereas expected rewards/costs did not differ when females expressed and did not express self-directed positive emotion. Males expected more rewards/fewer costs when positive emotion was expressed than when it was not expressed in both self-and other-oriented contexts. Findings indicate that norms for expression of positive emotion are gender differentiated in that women are particularly required to express positive emotion toward others.
Identifying Targets of Communication Styles: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Coleman Lerita M. , Beale Ruby , Mills Crystal
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated the identification of communication styles. Native and foreign adult judges viewed 60 audiovisual clips of women who were instructing one of four listeners: a child, a foreign adult speaker, a mentally retarded adult, or a native adult speaker of normal intelligence. The judges were asked to identify the listener in each clip. Overall, native judges were more accurate than foreign judges at identifying the listeners. In addition, more listeners were accurately identified by the native and foreign judges when the listener was a child or a normal native adult speaker Systematic errors suggest that accuracy in judgments may be influenced by similar and overlapping linguistic and paralinguistic features contained in the special communication styles and previous expectations about the listener groups.
Dimensions of Contact as Predictors of Intergroup Anxiety, Perceived Out-Group Variability, and Out-Group Attitude: An Integrative Model
Authors: Islam Mir Rabiul , Hewstone Miles
Published: March 2007

This study tested an integrative model of how dimensions of contact (quantitative, qualitative, and intergroup) are related to intergroup anxiety, perceived out-group variability, and out group attitude. Data were collected in a field study of minority (Hindu) and majority (Muslim) religious groups in Bangladesh. Path analysis revealed that dimensions of contact were significant predictors of all three criterion variables, although different dimensions emerged as predictors in each case, and there were some interactions with subjects' religious group. AU three dimensions of contact were associated with intergroup anxiety, but whereas quantitative contact had a significant impact on perceived out-group variability, qualitative contact was associated with out-group attitude. The model highlights the central role of intergroup anxiety as associated with dimensions of contact and as a predictor of perceived out-group variability and out-group attitude.
Dominance and Deception in Children and Adults: Are Leaders the Best Misleaders?
Authors: Keating Caroline F. , Heltman Karen R.
Published: March 2007

Relationships between dominance and nonverbal deception skill were investigated in preschool children (Study 1) and in under-graduate men and women (Study 2). Subjects were assessed for dominance during peer group interactions. Later, they encoded and decoded deceptive messages. Raters assessed the credibility of each subject's encoded message using nonverbal cues alone. Ability to encode credible, deceptive messages predicted dominance in preschool children and men but not women. Decoding deception accurately from nonverbal cues was unrelated to dominance. Videotapes of subjects' performances were examined for nonverbal behaviors predictive of deception success. Very young children successfully masked their deception by smiling. Successful adult deceivers made eye contact with the listener and inhibited smiling while delivering deceptive messages. Overall, results were generally consistent with a social skills approach to dominance in which manipulative ability is believed to be integral to achieving and maintaining social power.
Sweet Talk: The Importance of Perceived Communication for Romantic and Friendship Attraction Experienced During a Get-Acquainted Date
Authors: Sprecher Susan , Duck Steve
Published: March 2007

The acquaintance process has long been of interest to social psychologists, but previous research has rarely considered communication as a consolidator of initial attraction. In this study, pairs of previously unacquainted men and women were matched and sent on a get-acquainted date. The researchers examined how the perceived quality of the communication during the interaction affected the dating and friendship attraction the partners had for each other, their desire to see each other again, and the actual continuation of the relationship. The importance of two frequently studied social psychological variables was also considered; partner's physical attractiveness and similarity (both as perceived by the subjects). Most subjects judged the communication to be high in quality and experienced at least some attraction for their partner (and more friendship than romantic attraction), but very few couples went on to have a second date. Quality of communication was found to be related to attraction and the desire to see the other again. Its importance, however, was greater for women than for men and greater for friendship attraction than for romantic attraction.
Development and Awareness of Reputations in Newly Formed Groups: A Social Relations Analysis
Authors: Hoyt William T.
Published: March 2007

Reputation formation was inferred from significant target variance in previously unacquainted group members' ratings of one another on dimensions of affiliation and control, indicating a consensus within the groups regarding each member's standing on these dimensions. These reputations were relatively stable over the four weekly meetings of the groups. Group members were able to predict the consensus about themselves, particularly during later sessions. Unexpected findings included differences in the patterns of consensus on the affiliation and control dimensions. As predicted, consensus increased over time on the affiliation dimension, although this increase was not statistically significant. On the control dimension, however, consensus was highest in the early sessions and decreased significantly over time, possibly reflecting the refinement of status hierarchies in the developing groups.
Measuring the Affective and Cognitive Properties of Attitudes: Conceptual and Methodological Issues
Authors: Crites Stephen L. , Fabrigar Leandre R. , Petty Richard E.
Published: March 2007

Despite renewed interest in the affective and cognitive properties of attitudes, assessment of these constructs is plagued by a number of problems. Some techniques for overcoming these problems are outlined, and scales for assessing the affective and cognitive properties of attitudes are reported. Two studies examine the reliability and validity of these scales. Study 1 assesses the internal consistency and the discriminant and convergent validity of these scales and indicates that the scales are useful for assessing the affective and cognitive properties of attitudes toward a wide range of objects. In Study 2, the ability of the scales to differentiate attitudes that are based primarily on affective versus cognitive information is examined by experimentally creating affective or cognitive attitudes in subjects. Analyses reveal that the scales can differentiate between people whose attitudes are based primarily on either affective or cognitive information.
Seff-Handicapping and Interpersonal Trade-Offs: The Effects of Claimed Self-Handicaps on Observers' Performance Evaluations and Feedback
Authors: Rhodewalt Frederick , Sanbonmatsu David M. , Tschanz Brian , Feick David L. , Waller Ann
Published: March 2007

Male subjects evaluated the performance of targets who, prior to and during the performance, offered no excuse, claimed intended low effort, claimed anxiety, or claimed drug impairment. Cross-cutting the excuse manipulation was the publicity of the feedback; half the subjects believed their evaluations were private, and half believed they would have to communicate their evaluations to the target. Subjects evaluated objectively equivalent performances more negatively if they came from an excuse-making target than a no-excuse target. Subjects provided less favorable feedback to targets claiming low effort or drug impairment than to those citing anxiety or no excuse. Depending on the handicap claimed, observers either discounted ability (claimed low effort) or inferred lower ability from perceived poorer performance (claimed anxiety or claimed drug impairment). Implications for the interpersonal consequences of self-handicapping and the self-perpetuating nature of such strategies are discussed.
Speed of Speech and Persuasion: Evidence for Multiple Effects
Authors: Smith Stephen M. , Shaffer David R.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the possibility that increased speech rate can affect persuasion either by acting as an agreement cue or through its impact on message processing. Participants heard messages that were either moderate or high in personal relevance, consisted of weak or strong arguments, and were presented at either moderate (180 words per minute) or fast (220 wpm) rates of speech. Consistent with hypotheses derived from the elaboration likelihood model, fast speech served to inhibit participants' tendency to differentially agree with strong versus weak message arguments under both moderate and high relevance. However; fast speech was associated with increased persuasion only for moderate involvement subjects, and this influence was mediated by perceptions of source credibility. Polarity of message-based elaborations predicted attitudes of both moderately and highly involved subjects. Thus, central and peripheral route processes appeared to be co-occurring for moderately involved participants.
Goals and Framing: How Outcome Focus Influences Motivation and Emotion
Authors: Roney Christopher J. R. , Higgins E. Tory , Shah James
Published: March 2007

Two studies examined the impact on emotion and motivation of framing the same goal in terms of either a positive outcome focus or a negative outcome focus. In Study 1, contingencies associated with either reaching the goal (positive outcome focus) or failing to reach the goal (negative outcome focus) were emphasized. In Study 2, performance feedback was given as subjects worked on a task such that the goal was framed in terms of either a positive or a negative outcome focus. Framing with a positive outcome focus changed dejection-related emotions (e.g., dissatisfaction) more than agitation-related emotions (e.g., nervousness), whereas the reverse was true for framing with a negative outcome focus. In addition, persistence was greater in the positive-outcome-focus condition (both studies), as was performance (Study 2). Implications for self-discrepancy theory and for goal theories of motivation are discussed.
Self-Evaluation Motives and Uncertainty Orientation: Asking the "Who" Question
Authors: Roney Christopher J. R. , Sorrentino Richard M.
Published: March 2007

An individual difference dimension, uncertainty orientation, is discussed as it relates to self-evaluation (specifically, self-assessment and self-verification). Research is presented suggesting that uncertainty-oriented people are best described in terms of self assessment motives and that self-verification may be more important for certainty-oriented people. The impact of factors like personal relevance and amount of self-knowledge may also be moderated by the person's uncertainty orientation. Analysis of these motives from an individual differences perspective raises a number of questions about the nature of these self-evaluation motives and suggests that the "who" question is likely to be as important as the "when" question in addressing the relative importance of these different motives.
Perceived In-Group Homogeneity as a Function of Group Membership Salience and Stereotype Threat
Authors: Lee Yueh-Ting , Ottati Victor
Published: March 2007

On the basis of Tajfel and Turner's social identity theory and Brewer's optimal distinctiveness model, salience of in-group membership and the nature of stereotypic expressions directed toward the recipient's in-group are proposed to determine perceptions of in-group homogeneity. The results of an experiment testing these hypotheses indicate that (a) cognitive priming of group membership or social identity produces an increase in perceived in-group homogeneity, (b) negative stereotypic threats that are inconsistent with the recipient's in-group autostereotype increase perceptions of in-group homogeneity, but (c) negative stereotypic expressions that are consistent with the recipient's in-group autostereotype engender a heterogeneous view of the in-group. Results are discussed in terms of a model that incorporates both the cognitive and motivational determinants of perceived in-group variation.
Mitigation of Interpersonal Conflicts: Politeness and Time Pressure
Authors: Ohbuchi Kenichi , Chiba Sachiko , Fukushima Osamu
Published: March 2007

The prediction that behavioral politeness would evoke mitigating responses and compliance by the other participants was examined in a role-playing experiment. Seventy-three male japanese students verbally interacted with a confederate opponent, who expressed her unreasonable requests politely or impolitely. Participants were pressed to respond to the request either immediately or after a 30-s delay. The effects of politeness were observed on compliance and on tactical dimensions; that is, participants more frequently complied with and gave more integrative and appeasing responses to the polite confederate than the impolite one. Time pressure was found to limit the effects of politeness only regarding the hostile appeasing dimension of response.
Argument Integration and Attitude Change: Suppression Effects in the Integration of One-Sided Arguments that Vary in Persuasiveness
Authors: Friedrich James , Fetherstonhaugh David , Casey Sean , Gallagher Dennis
Published: March 2007

Petty and Cacioppo's elaboration likelihood model of persuasion and Chaiken, Liberman, and Eagly `s heuristic-systematic model suggest that for highly involved message recipients, adding weaker arguments to strong arguments could suppress or dilute the overall persuasiveness of a message. The few previous studies addressing this prediction, however, have provided conflicting evidence. In the present study, involvement level, number of weak arguments, and number of strong arguments were varied factorially in a message advocating the institution of senior comprehensive exams. Results provided clear support for the predicted weak-argument suppression of attitude change. Analyses of thought-listing data supported the notion that suppression results from the integration of favorable and unfavorable cognitive responses to the communication. Further research questions regarding the processes by which mixed-quality messages exert theirpersuasive impact are discussed.
What the Disinterested Perceiver Overlooks: Goal-Directed Social Categorization
Authors: Pendry Louise F. , Macrae C. Neil
Published: March 2007

Previous research has suggested that initial categorization of a target is a rapid, automatic process that occurs relatively independently of attentional and motivational factors. Further processing requires both perceiver interest in the target and sufficient attentional resources. The present study investigated the effects of information-processing goals on the categorization process. With one of three information-processing goals in place-accountability to a third party, estimation of the target's height, or inspection of the videotape's clarity-subjects watched a videotape of a businesswoman. Target categorization was measured usinga lexical decision task. The results demonstrated that whereas subjects in aU conditions categorized the target at a superordinate level (i.e., woman), accountable subjects also categorized the target at a more differentiated subtype level (ie., businesswoman). The authors consider these findings in the context of contemporary models of stereotyping and impression formation.
Examining an Affective Aggression Framework Weapon and Temperature Effects on Aggressive Thoughts, Affect, and Attitudes
Authors: Anderson Craig A. , Anderson Kathryn B. , Deuser William E.
Published: March 2007

A general framework for studying affective aggression, integrating many insights from previous models (e.g., those of Baron, Berkowitz, Geen, and Zillmann), is presented. New research examining effects of extreme temperatures and photos of guns on arousal, cognition, and affect is reported. Hostile cognition was assessed using an automatic priming task (i.e., Stroop interference). Hostile affect was assessed with the State Hostility Scale. Positive and negative affect, hostile attitudes, perceived comfort, and perceived arousal were also assessed. As expected, hot and cold temperatures increased state hostility and hostile attitudes, and viewing guns did not. As expected, viewing guns primed hostile cognitions and extreme temperatures did not. Theoretical implications of these results and societal implications of the general framework are discussed.
When Boy Meets Girl (Revisited): Gender, Gender-Role Orientation, and Prospect of Future Interaction as Determinants of Seff-Disclosure among Same- and Opposite-Sex Acquaintances
Authors: Shaffer David R. , Pegalis Linda J. , Bazzimi Doris G.
Published: March 2007

Male and female research participants self-disclosed to a male or a female confederate with whom they anticipated or did not anticipate further interaction. Women disclosed more intimately, with increasing emotion, and displayed more topical responsiveness with female than with male targets. But as anticipated by gender socialization theory, only the highly masculine men reliably disclosed more to female than to male targets, and then only when they expected further interaction with their partners and could foresee the possibility of cultivating a deeper heterosexual relationship. Moreover; highly masculine men who anticipated further interaction with female targets expressed several of the relationship concerns that gender socialization theory anticipates in their postdisclosure impressions. Neither dispositional masculinity nor femininity reliably predicted the disclosures of women, who may have favored female targets due, in part, to a belief that other women are more appropriate outlets for intimate self-disclosure.
The Search for Differentiated Meaning is a Precursor to Illusory Correlation
Authors: Haslam S. Alexander , McGarty Craig , Brown Patricia M.
Published: March 2007

An experiment (N= 60) was conducted to examine the hypothesis that the illusory correlation effect is underpinned by a process of seeking to identify meaningful differences between social categories. It was reasoned that the effect would be weaker in an experimental condition in which the identity of the majority and minority groups was based on a characteristic (right- and left-handedness, respectively) that was less relevant to evaluative differentiation than in a control condition. This argument was supported by the predicted differences (a) in levels of illusory correlation across control and experimental conditions and (b) self-reports indicating that control participants sought to develop more differentiated impressions of groups than did participants in the experimental condition. The results support claims that the stereotyping process underpinning illusory correlation is structured by social meaning.
Forming Shared Impressions Through Conversation: An Adaptation of the Continuum Model
Authors: Ruscher Janet B. , Hammer Elizabeth Yost , Hammer Elliott D.
Published: March 2007

This article adapts the assumptions of the continuum model of impression formation to address the development of shared impressions in dyads. Two experiments tested the additional assumption that the development of shared impressions depends on consensus motivation. Consensus motivation should focus conversation around stereotype-consistent information and encourage shared stereotypic impressions. However, when dyads are motivated by both consensus and accuracy, they should increase focus on stereotype-inconsistent information, then form shared individuated impressions. In both experiments, hypotheses generally were confirmed regarding consensus motivation. However, hypotheses regarding accuracy motivation met with mixed success; individuating processes were detected but failed to encourage individuated impressions. The discussion explores reasons why these experiments provide only partial support for the extended continuum model.
Jealousy and the Characteristics of One's Rival: A Self-Evaluation Maintenance Perspective
Authors: DeSteno David A. , Salovey Peter
Published: March 2007

Two studies provided support for a model of jealousy based on self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) theory. Participants were presented with a series of rivals for their partners' attentions descriptions of the rivals were designed to vary along dimensions thought to be important to participants' self-definitions. In accord with SEM theory, greater jealousy was reported when the domain of a rival's achievements was also a domain of high self-relevance to the participant. In addition, women, to a greater degree than men, considered the desires of their romantic partners in identifying rivals who evoked jealousy, suggesting sex differences in the impact of relationship partners on domains of self-definition.
Romantic Popularity and Mate Preferences: A Peer-Nomination Study
Authors: Speed Ann , Gangestad Steven W.
Published: March 2007

In their quest to understand romantic relationships, researchers have extensively examined mate preferences. Self-report methods have been most commonly employed. In this study, the authors used a methodology not employed in other studies to date. First, they used peer reports of dating popularity to assess the extent to which individuals of varying qualities are romantically pursued by opposite-sex individuals. Second, the authors obtained peer nominations of a variety of qualities that self-report studies of mate preferences indicate may be important. Results revealed that romantically popular men are physically attractive, outgoing, and seen as trendsetters. Romantically popular women were also viewed as physically attractive and as trendsetters. In contrast to the self-report literature, men who were seen as having most potential for financial success were not particularly popular. Results are discussed with respect to the self-reported preferences literature.
Lay Conceptions of the Five-Factor Model and its Indicators
Authors: Sneed Carl D. , McCrae Robert R. , Funder David C.
Published: March 2007

The five-factor model (FFM) of personality is implicit in lay conceptions of personality; this research sought to examine laypersons' explicit grasp of the model. In one study, undergraduates (N = 233) were given definitions of the five factors and asked to identify adjectives known to be associated with each. In a second study, the rated diagnosticity of behaviors in three contexts was compared with their actual correlation with self-reported and acquaintance-rated personality factors. In the final study, undergraduates (N= 76) grouped 30 adjectives into clusters of traits. Results suggest that most laypersons can easily grasp the nature of the factors and their behavioral manifestations and can spontaneously recognize their grouping when provided with clear exemplars.
Attachment-Style Differences in Attitudes toward and Reactions to Feedback from Romantic Partners: An Exploration of the Relational Bases of Self-Esteem
Authors: Brennan Kelly A. , Bosson Jennifer K.
Published: March 2007

The authors examined attachment-style differences in reliance on partner feedback to maintain self-esteem. First, they argue that those people who value relational sources of self-esteem are more open to and affected by partner feedback than those people who derive self-esteem from competence-based sources; these differences correspond to working models of self and others. Results revealed that individuals with negative other-models are relatively averse to partner feedback, and individuals with negative self-models are distressed by feedback. Second, the authors propose that, for some, partner feedback serves as a mechanism for maintaining global self-esteem; for others, feedback is irrelevant to self-esteem. Results confirmed that the association of attachment with self-esteem is fully mediated by sources of self-esteem and partially mediated by attitudes about and reactions to partner feedback. The authors discuss their results in terms of their implications for understanding relational bases of self esteem as well as working models.
On the Applicability of Truncated Component Analysis Based on Correlation Coefficients for Nominal Scales
Authors: Janson Svante , Vegelius Jan
Published: March 2007

The possibility of using component analysis for nominal data is discussed. Particularly, two nomi nal scale correlation coefficients are applicable, namely, Tschuprow's coefficient and the J index. The reason is that they are E-correlation coeffi cients; that is, they satisfy the requirements of a scalar product between normalized vectors in a Eu clidean space. Some characteristics of these coeffi cients are described. The contingency coefficient and Cramér's V are shown not to be applicable in a component analysis. An example of a truncated component analysis on artifical nominal data is in cluded with both the J index and Tschuprow's coef ficient.
The Structure of Self-Reported Delinquency
Authors: Braithwaite John B. , Law Henry G.
Published: March 2007

An analysis of self-report delinquency data using four non-metric procedures for structural analysis revealed support for the existence of a general de linquency factor. However, offenses of low serious ness and victimless offenses (drinking and drug- taking items) were only weakly related to this gen eral factor. It is concluded that for almost all mea sures of self-reported delinquency in the literature, most of the variance is accounted for by those items which bear the weakest relationships to the general delinquency factor. The existence of specific factors representing "trivial delinquency," "drug use," "vehicle theft," and "vandalism" was indicated by all four procedures.
Identifying the Situationally Variable Subject: Correspondence among Different Self-Report Formats
Authors: Turner Robert G. , Gilliam Bob J.
Published: March 2007

The present study compared the results obtained from three different procedures for obtaining self- reports of behavioral consistency versus inconsis tency : (1) the traditional bipolar rating scale; (2) the Nisbett, Caputo, Legant, and Maracek (1973) pro cedure whereby subjects check the term, its antonym or the phrase "it depends on the situ ation"; and (3) subject-generated lists of self- descriptive traits. Results showed a moderate asso ciation between self-reports of situational variability and central responses on the scaled format; how ever, omission of a term in self-generated lists was not strongly associated with either central responses on the scale format or situational responses on the inventory formulated according to Nisbett et al.
Estimating Item Characteristic Curves
Authors: Ree Malcolm James
Published: March 2007

A simulation study of the effectiveness of four item characteristic curve estimation programs was conducted. Using the three-parameter logistic model, three groups of 2,000 simulated subjects were administered 80-item tests. These simulated test responses were then calibrated using the four programs. The estimated item parameters were compared to the known item parameters in four analyses for each program in all three data sets. It was concluded that the selection of an item calibra tion procedure should be dependent on the distri bution of ability in the calibration sample, the later uses of the item parameters, and the computer re sources available.
Cluster Analyzing Profile Data Confounded with Interrater Differences: A Comparison of Profile Association Measures
Authors: Hamer Robert M. , Cunningham J.W.
Published: March 2007

Seven association measures were compared for their effectiveness in relating and clustering data profiles confounded with interrater differences. Among these association indices were three distance measures, two measures of angular separation, and two measures of profile overlap. The objects of analysis were 50 jobs that had been rated by differ ent analysts on the items comprising the Occupa tion Analysis Inventory (OAI). Factor scores based on the OAI job ratings provided the profile data. Each of the seven association measures was applied to all pairwise combinations of factor-score profiles in the job sample, and the seven resultant 50 x 50 job proximity matrices were each subjected to hier archical cluster analysis. The job proximity ma trices and cluster structures based on the different association measures were then compared, re spectively, with a criterion proximity matrix and a criterion cluster structure. In relation to these two criteria, the angular measures (product-moment correlation and cosine) performed better than the distance and overlap measures. The results demon strate the importance of the choice of a profile as sociation measure in cluster analysis. The research er should be especially cautious when clustering en tities that have been rated by different judges. Un der such circumstances, it might be advisable to cluster analyze a data set using more than one as sociation measure and then to compare the alterna tive solutions for clarity and stability.
Validity Generalization and Situational Specificity: An Analysis of the Prediction of First—Year Grades in Law School
Authors: Linn Robert L. , Harnisch Delwyn L. , Dunbar Stephen B.
Published: March 2007

Results from 726 validity studies were analyzed to determine the degree of validity generalization of the Law School Admission Test for predicting first- year grades in law school. Four validity generaliza tion procedures were used and their results com pared. As much as 70% of the variance in observed validity coefficients could be accounted for by dif ferences in the within-study variability of LSAT scores, simple sampling error, and between-study differences in criterion reliability. The 90% credibil ity value for the true validities was estimated to be .45, and the average true validity was estimated to be .54. Despite the substantial degree of validity generalization, law school and the year the study was conducted explained significant portions of the residual variance in validities. Thus, some degree of situational specificity of validity remained.
Procedures for Assessing the Validities of Tests Using the "Known-Groups" Method
Authors: Hattie John , Cooksey Ray W.
Published: March 2007

If a test is "valid," one criterion could be that test scores must discriminate across groups that are theo retically known to differ. A procedure is outlined to assess the discrimination across groups that uses only information from means. The method can be applied to many published tests, it provides information that relates to the construct validity of the test, and it pre sents a way to identify how a new sample can be re lated to previous studies.
An Assessment of Stout's Index of Essential Unidimensionality
Authors: Hattie John , Krakowski Krzysztof , Jane Rogers H. , Swaminathan Hariharan
Published: March 2007

A simulation study was conducted to evaluate the dependability of Stout's T index of unidimensionality as used in his DIMTEST procedure. DIMTEST was found to dependably provide indications of unidimensionality, to be reasonably robust, and to allow for a practical demar cation between one and many dimensions. The proce dure was not affected by the method used to identify the initial subset of unidimensional items. It was, how ever, found to be sensitive to whether the multidimen sional data arose from a compensatory model or a partially compensatory model. DIMTEST failed when the matrix of tetrachoric correlations was non-Gramian and hence is not appropriate in such cases.
A Quadratic Curve Equating Method to Equate the First Three Moments in Equipercentile Equating
Authors: Tianyou Wang  , Kolen Michael J.
Published: March 2007

A quadratic curve test equating method for equating different test forms under a random-groups data collec tion design is proposed. This new method extends the linear equating method by adding a quadratic term to the linear function and equating the first three central moments (mean, standard deviation, and skewness) of the test forms. Procedures for implementing the method and related issues are described and discussed. The quadratic curve method was evaluated using real test data and simulated data in terms of model fit and equating error, and was compared to linear equating, and unsmoothed and smoothed equipercentile equat ing. It was found that the quadratic curve method fit most of the real test data examined and that when the model fit the population, this method could perform at least as well as, or often even better than, the other equating methods studied.
A Multidimensionality-Based DIF Analysis Paradigm
Authors: Roussos Louis , Stout William
Published: March 2007

A multidimensionality-based differential item func tioning (DIF) analysis paradigm is presented that unifies the substantive and statistical DIF analysis approaches by linking both to a theoretically sound and mathematically rigorous multidimensional conceptualization of DIF. This paradigm has the potential (1) to improve under standing of the causes of DIF by formulating and testing substantive dimensionality-based DIF hypotheses; (2) to reduce Type 1 error through a better understanding of the possible multidimensionality of an appropriate matching criterion; and (3) to increase power through the testing of bundles of items measuring similar dimen sions. Using this approach, DIF analysis is shown to have the potential for greater integration in the overall test development process.
Effects of Exogenous Price Changes on a Regional Economy: An Input-Output Analysis
Authors: Lee Gene K. , Blakeslee Leroy L. , Butcher Walter R.
Published: March 2007

THIS PAPER DESCRIBES A METHOD FOR INCORPORATING EXOGENOUS PRICE CHANGES INTO INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS AND THEREBY ESTIMATING THEIR IMPACT ON A REGIONAL ECONOMY. THE EMPIRICAL RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT WHEN THE PRICES OF WHEAT, ELECTRICITY, PETROLEUM, AND NATURAL GAS ARE INCREASED BY EXOGENOUS FORCES, THEIR EFFECTS ON WASHINGTON STATE'S ECONOMY ARE SIGNIFICANT AND DIVERSE. THE METHOD CAN BE MODIFIED TO ENABLE ITS USE FOR FORECASTING ENDOGENOUS PRICE CHANGES, UNDER CERTAIN ASSUMPTIONS.
Regional Planning in Less Developed Countries: A Retrospective View of the Literature and Experience
Authors: Rodwin Lloyd
Published: March 2007

There are several ways of interpreting the story of regional planning and development over the past 25 years. This article contrasts the reality of regional planning viewed as a professional problem with re gional planning when examined from political, technological, and empiri cal realities. Then it draws inferences from these realities to some less well known aspects of regional planning: the shifts over the years from a 'technical' to a 'socio-political' emphasis; the potential conflicts be tween equality and decentralization; the novelty of the regional char acterization of inequality; the movement from and interdependency be tween the regional, national, and autonomous versions of regional plan ning ; and the quasi-utopian features of both the professional and the political perspectives.
Regional Planning in the German Democratic Republic: Its Evolution and Goals
Authors: Berentsen William H.
Published: March 2007

The paper presents an overview of the evolution, current status, and goals of regional planning in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Relatively unimportant during the immediate postwar years, regional planning has evolved to become an integral part of national planning. For example, regional policies are designed to support the goals of national planning rather than resolve specific regional problems. Regional planners are especially concerned with creating an efficient spatial economic structure in order to conserve capital and labor resources. Despite avowed ideological advantages and alleged planning successes, planners in East Germany face many problems encountered by their counterparts in the West.
City Size Distributions and Spatial Economic Change
Authors: Sheppard Eric
Published: March 2007

The concept of the city size distribution is criticized for its lack of consideration of the effects of interurban interdependencies on the growth of cities. Theoretical justifications for the rank-size relationship have the same shortcomings, and an empirical study reveals that there is little correlation between deviations from rank-size distributions and national economic and social characteristics. Thus arguments suggesting a close correspondence between city size distributions and the level of development of a country, irrespective of intranational variations in city location and socioeconomic characteristics, seem to have little foundation.
Matrix Comparison, Goodness-of-Fit, and Spatial Interaction Modeling
Authors: Knudsen Daniel C. , Fotheringham A. Stewart
Published: March 2007

The usefulness of various statistics for comparing observed and predicted spatial interaction matrices is examined. Results indicate that some statistics may yield misleading information about error levels in predicted matrices. Other statistics are found to be unsuitable for significance testing. The concept of experimental distributions is discussed for several of the statistics. Although framed in the context of spatial interaction modeling, the discussion is relevant to most matrix comparison problems.
Construction and Use of Regional Input-Output Models: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Jensen Rodney C.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a general overview of the progress of regional input-output from the "classical" era of detailed survey-based tables to the modern era of the growth and implicit acceptance of the so-called ready-made models. It is argued that this progress has been based on empirical research rather than theoretical/logical development. The article identifies and examines two issues which have been largely overlooked in the literature, namely the extent of professional involvement in the preparation of tables, and the extent to which professional guarantees or warranties may be applicable. In contemplating a future dominated by ready-made models, it is concluded that hybrid models provide a preferable alternative for future direction in regional tables.
A Prototype Demo-Economic Model with an Application to Queensland
Authors: Oosterhaven Jan , Dewhurst John H. L.
Published: March 2007

Intensive, extensive, redistributive, and transitional types of income changes are consistently combined in a comparative static demo-economic interindustry model which theoretically covers all household consumption expenditures and which uses the vacancy-chain approach to model mobility at the labor market. The comparative static version developed for impact studies is applied to the state of Queensland. It is a truncated version of the general model which contains all the lagged endogenous variables needed to make projections for an entire economy. The application shows the vacancy-chain submodel to be especially relevant for immigration estimates.
Locational Analysis and Rural Development: Capacities and Limits of Regional Planning Practitioners
Authors: McCall Michael K.
Published: March 2007

This commentary, written from the viewpoint of rural regional development practitioners in Sri Lanka, identifies the useful elements of the location-allocation and urban functions approaches to location analysis in rural economic development. The two methods' purposes, concepts, tools, and techniques are not mutually exclusive, but before they can be applied effectively, there must be an understanding of the goals and constraints facing rural planning practitioners. There must also be recognition of their real-world operating environment.