bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hemostasis System in Airline Passengers and Pilots
Authors: Kuzichkin D. S. , Betts K. V.
Published: April 2024

This review contains the results of the studies of the hemostasis system in airline passengers and crew members, as well as ground-based model experiments simulating the effect of specific flight factors. According to most researchers, flight factors shift the coagulation balance towards increasing the procoagulant potential. However, the occurrence of thrombotic conditions in passengers is associated with the individual presence of certain endogenous risk factors, such as age, constitution, the diseases of the cardiovascular system and hereditary pathology of the hemostasis system, some types of hormone therapy. Aircraft pilots whose flight time significantly exceeds that of passengers have described cases of thrombosis. No mention of cases of hemorrhagic conditions in civil aviation flight personnel has been found in the available literature.
The Influence of Balance Training on Regulation of Postural Balance in Physically Active Girls
Authors: Melnikov A. A. , Smirnova P. A. , Fedorov A. M. , Malahov M. V.
Published: April 2024

The aim of the work was to study the influence of balance training on the regulation of the balance of the monosupport posture of young physically active girls (n = 26, 17–21 years old). For 10 weeks (3 times a week), 13 girls trained according to the program of training the ability to maintain balance in postures on unstable (balance-simulators) and supports limited in area, and 13 girls made up the “Control”. The stability of the monosupport posture was analyzed by the speed and area of fluctuations in the common center of pressure (COP) in static (in a stance on a fixed stabiloplatform with open (OE) and closed (CE) eyes) and semi-dynamic conditions (in a stance at low h = 12 cm with OE and CE and high h = 30 cm see-saw with CE). Strength abilities of the thigh muscles and extensibility of the calf muscles were recorded using functional tests. Proprioceptive sensitivity was defined as an reproduction error of the tilt of the straight body in the ankle joint. Compared with the “Control” group, the trained girls showed an significant increase in the strength endurance of the hip extensors and flexors, the accuracy of reproduction of the inclination of the vertical body, as well as the stability of the monosupport posture in static and semi-dynamic positions only with closed eyes. Effect size of the balance-training was greatest in improving the postural stability on the see-saw with CE. The suggested mechanisms for improving postural stability are an increase in the strength abilities of the leg muscles and the specific proprioceptive sensitivity of the postural system.
Relationships of Psychological and EEG Parameters in Depressive Patients Recovered from COVID-19
Authors: Iznak A. F. , Iznak E. V. , Damyanovich E. V. , Adamova V. M. , Oleichik I. V.
Published: April 2024

In order to clarify the neurophysiological mechanisms of psychological deterioration after coronavirus infection in 54 young female patients with depression who had previously undergone COVID-19, the relationships of neurophysiological (EEG) and psychological (according to the SCL-90-R inventory) parameters have been analyzed. The index values of some scales of the SCL-90-R questionnaire, reflecting the severity of symptoms associated with a weakening of control of activity and with increased excitability in the emotional sphere, significant positive correlations were found with the spectral power values of the EEG frequency sub-bands, indicating a reduced functional state of the frontal cortex, as well as increased activation of stem and limbic structures of the brain. The structure of correlations between psychological parameters and EEG spectral parameters in depressive patients who underwent COVID-19 indicates that psychological discomfort that persists after the disease (long covid) is associated with a decrease in the functional state of the frontal areas of the cortex, as well as with the “disinhibition” of the stem and limbic structures of the brain, possibly due to the weakening of the descending inhibitory influences from the frontal cortex.
Possibilities and Limitations on Use Sleep Cycle Smartphone Apps for Sleep Analysis in Sports Practice
Authors: Vjotosh A. N. , Petrov A. B. , Kotova A. S. , Tikhomirova O. V.
Published: April 2024

Synchronous recording of somnological activity in healthy female subjects was performed using the polysomnography method and by recording the acoustic activity of a sleeping organism using the Sleep Cycle smartphone application. A comparison was made of 16 basic temporal and structural characteristics of sleep, obtained by the two above methods. A high degree of coincidence of the sleep total duration, the time spent in bed, the sleep efficiency, obtained by polysomnographic and acousticsomnographic methods, was established. It was found that the quality of sleep in percent, calculated according to the Sleep Cycle version, coincides with the values of sleep efficiency, determined according to polysomnography data, with a high degree.
Risk of Thrombosis and Mechanisms of Activation of Hemostasis in Divers after Diving
Authors: Kuzichkin D. S. , Markin A. A. , Zhuravleva O. A.
Published: April 2024

The risks of decompression sickness and its complications in professional divers and amateur divers with various methods of diving in real and simulated conditions are considered. The pathogenesis of disorders of the plasma and vascular hemostasis system under the influence of environmental factors on the body during various types of dives is discussed. Generalization of the research results showed that the mechanisms of activation of thrombosis under this influence are complex and are caused by microbubble-mediated platelet activation as well as by development of endothelial dysfunction, oxidative and psychophysiological stress. The study of hemostasis parameters in professional and amateur divers can be one of the main methods of assessing the risk of its development. The considered means of preventing thrombosis during diving and decompression, according to the results of the works included in the review, are quite effective.
Control Over the Reactivity of Aggregates and Mineral Additives in Portland Cement Compositions by Electron Beam and Heat Treatment
Authors: Brykov A. S. , Myakin S. V. , Sychev M. M.
Published: April 2024

The effect of electron-beam treatment (EBT) and heat treatment (HT) of silica-based aggregates and mineral additives in Portland cement mortars on the intensity of alkali-silica reactions (ASRs) with their participation, which are dangerous for concrete structures, is studied. It is established that heating to a temperature of 900°C and the EBT of sand free of alkali-reactive inclusions, leads to a significant increase in the reactivity of cement-sand mortar mixtures, which increases with an increase in the absorbed dose and a corresponding increase in the content of acid hydroxyl groups on the sand surface. In the case of sand containing reactive inclusions of chalcedony, EBT leads to an increase in reactivity, and HT, to a decrease. Treatment of microsilica and metakaolin mineral additives capable of ASR inhibition leads to an increase in their inhibitory effect. The results obtained are promising for modeling the expansion of concrete as a result of ASR and increasing their resistance to fracture in alkaline media.
Forecast of Crystallizing Phases and Modeling of Chemical Interaction in the System CaO–MgO–SiO2
Authors: Garkushin I. K. , Lavrent’eva O. V. , Shterenberg A. M.
Published: April 2024

The phase tree of the previously studied СаO–MgO–SiO2 system was constructed. The phase tree includes three cycles. The phase tree is represented by fifteen simplices separated by fifteen stable secants. The formation of six double and four ternary compounds of congruent and incongruent melting was noted in the system. On the basis of the phase tree, taking into account the data on faceting elements, a forecast of crystallizing phases in stable secants and in phase secondary triangles was carried out. For the figurative points of the composition, corresponding to the intersections of stable and unstable secants, the chemical interaction is described on the basis of thermodynamic data. It has been shown that ternary compounds can be synthesized by several reactions.
DECOMPOSITION OF GIBBSITE FROM ALUMINATE SOLUTIONS IN LOW-INTENSITY ULTRASONIC FIELDS
Authors: Zarembo D. V. , Kolesnikov A. A. , Zarembo V. I.
Published: April 2024

The results of laboratory studies of the practical application of the reagentless method of strain-pulse regulation in the industrial method of obtaining gibbsite from aluminate solutions using the Bayer method are presented. During decomposition in regulatory regimes, the size and uniformity of crystals increases, and there is an increase in the rates of dissolution of the seed and crystallization of gibbsite. Quantitative characteristics of the degree of transformations are given and the parameters of gibbsite crystals obtained by the traditional method and in different modes of regulation are determined. The results of X-ray phase analysis and granulometric analysis of images obtained using a scanning electron microscope are described.
Cluster Self-Organization of Intermetallic Systems: New Two-Layer Cluster-Precursors K57 = Li@15(Ga6Cu9)@41(Cu15Mg26) and K41 = 0@8(Mg2Ga6)@33(Li6Mg3Ga24) in the Li10Mg34Cu24Ga71-hP139 Crystal Structure and K5 = 0@Ca2LiInGe in the Ca2LiInGe2-oP24 Crystal Structure
Authors: Shevchenko V. Ya. , Ilyushin G. D.
Published: April 2024

A geometric and topological analysis of the crystal structure of the Li10Mg34Cu24Ga71-hP139 (a = 14.080 Å, c = 13.625 Å, V = 2339.36 Å3, P-6m2) and Ca2LiInGe2-oP24 (a = 7.251, 4.940 Å, b = 4.438 Å, c = 16.902 Å, V = 543.9 Å3, Pnma) intermetallic compounds is carried out. For the Li10Mg34Cu24Ga71-hP139 intermetallic compound, using the method of the complete decomposition of the 3D factor graph into cluster structures, 1319 variants of the cluster representation of the 3D atomic grid with three to nine structural units are found. Two frame-forming nanoclusters K57 = Li@15(Ga6Cu9)@41(Cu15Mg26) with the internal Frank–Kasper polyhedron Li@15(Ga6Cu9) and K41 = 0@8(Mg2Ga6) @ 33(Li6Mg3Ga24) with an internal polyhedron in the form of a hexagonal bipyramid 0@8(Mg2Ga6) are established. The center of the K57 and K41 cluster-precursor is in positions 1f and 1c with symmetry g = –6m2. The large frame cavity contains double LiGa13, which are polyhedra centered at position 1b. For the Ca2LiInGe2-oP24 intermetallic compound, the K5 = 0@Ca2LiInGe cluster-precursor is found in the form of a triangular bipyramid with Li, In, and Ge atoms lying at the base of the bipyramid and Ca atoms, which are the vertices of the bipyramid. The symmetry and topological code of the processes of self-assembly of the Li10Mg34Cu24Ga71-hP139 and Ca2LiInGe2-oP24 crystal structures of the cluster-precursors is reconstructed in the following form: primary chain → layer → framework.
Solid Carbon Products of Isobutane Decomposition in Laser Plasma
Authors: Povolotskiy A. V. , Sheremet T. I. , Tveryanovich Yu. S.
Published: April 2024

In this work, the properties of carbon films fabricated upon the action of laser plasma on the simple gaseous hydrocarbons have been studied. The change in the properties of these films caused by subsequent thermal or laser treatment has been investigated. Carbon films deposited on a cold substrate have a complex nature, which is similar to the nature of tholins. These films contain carbon atoms in the sp2- and sp3-hybrid states in proportional amounts, as well as various structural fragments containing hydrogen and oxygen. Thermal annealing of carbon films leads to a decrease in the concentration of hydrogen and oxygen-containing structures, unification of the structure based on carbon atoms in sp3 hybridization and formation of a so-called diamond-like structure. It was shown that carbon films are formed by spherical particles with an average diameter of 7–8 nm. Laser annealing and fabrication of a film with direct constant laser exposure leads to formation of a graphene-like structure meaning sp2 hybridization of carbon.
Relationship of Temperature Dependences of Microhardness and Enthalpy of Glass on the Example of Selenium
Authors: Wang Shunbo , Tver’yanovich Yu. S.
Published: April 2024

A model is proposed that makes it possible to calculate the temperature dependence of the microhardness of glass over the entire temperature range from the softening temperature to absolute zero. The calculation uses the temperature dependence of the glass enthalpy and the value of its microhardness at the glass transition temperature. The proposed model is tested on the example of glassy selenium. For this, the temperature dependence of the microhardness of selenium on the softening temperature up to 100 K, which is 50 K below its Debye temperature, is measured. Thus, a relationship is established between the strength and thermodynamic properties of glass.
Disordering and Conversion of Lead Selenide into an Efficient Ferroelectric Based on Lead Selenite
Authors: Tomaev V. V. , Syrkov A. G. , Sychev M. M.
Published: April 2024

An approach is proposed to reduce the stability of the cubic phase of lead selenide by thermal oxidation with atmospheric oxygen and its transformation into an ordered monoclinic phase of lead selenite. An estimated thermodynamic analysis (TA) of the course of possible chemical reactions of lead selenide oxidation with oxygen is carried out. The kinetics of lead selenide oxidation with atmospheric oxygen are studied by X-ray emission analysis, X-ray diffractometry, optical reflection in the infrared region of the spectrum, studies of conductivity in direct and alternating currents, and nuclear magnetic resonance. For the PbSeO3 structure, the Goldschmidt stability factor was estimated and it was shown that the structure can be classified as perovskite-like and have ferroelectric properties.
Thermal Expansion of Fedotovite K2Cu3O(SO4)3 and Piypite K4Cu4O(SO4)4·(Na,Cu)Cl
Authors: Shablinskii A. P. , Filatov S. K. , Biryukov Ya. P. , Yuriev A. A. , Vergasova L. P.
Published: April 2024

This paper presents the results of a study of the thermal behavior of fedotovite K2Cu3O(SO4)3 and piypite K4Cu4O(SO4)4∙(Na,Cu)Cl minerals in a wide temperature range. The crystal structure of the holotype piypite specimen is refined at room temperature. The mechanisms of thermal expansion of minerals depending on the crystal structure are described.
Anisotropy of Thermal Expansion of Oxoborate Warwickite
Authors: Biryukov Ya. P. , Bubnova R S. , Filatov S. K.
Published: April 2024

In this paper, the transition metal oxoborate warwickite (Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(BO3)O is studied for the first time by low- and high-temperature X-ray diffraction in the temperature range from 93 to 513 K. The sharply anisotropic nature of its thermal expansion is revealed. A structural interpretation of the expansion mechanism is given both in terms of the contribution of cationic and oxocentered polyhedra.
Influence of the Method of Graphene Introduction on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomers
Authors: Timoshenko M. V. , Balabanov S. V. , Sychov M. M.
Published: April 2024

A method for reinforcing a compound based on styrene-butadiene thermoplastic elastomer has been developed. The mechanical characteristics of reinforced compounds have been studied. A comparative analysis of various methods for introducing a nanofiller into a polymer matrix has been carried out. The developed technique shows an increase in the compressive strength of the composition by 50%, as well as tensile strength by 20%.
Determination of the Mechanical Characteristics of the Ideal Ceramic (Diamond–Silicon Carbide Composite
Authors: Belyakov A. N. , Perevislov S. N. , Shevchenko V. Ya. , Oryshchenko A. S.
Published: April 2024

In this paper, a new diamond–silicon carbide ceramic composite material—Ideal—is studied and its mechanical characteristics are determined. For the first time, a comprehensive determination of Poisson’s ratio, shear modulus, bulk modulus, and transverse sound velocity is carried out. Poisson’s ratio is in the region of 0.008 to 0.01, which, in turn, indicates the absolutely brittle nature of the failure of the Ideal ceramic under loading. The criteria that allow evaluating different materials used for body armor are calculated.
Cluster Self-Organization of Intermetallic Systems: Clusters-Precursors K15, K6, K5, and K4 for the Self-Assembly of Crystal Structures Pu31Rh20-tI204, Pu20Os12-tI32, (Pu4Co)2(Pu4)-tI28, (Ti4Ni)2(Bi4)-tI28, and Bi4-tI8
Authors: Shevchenko V. Ya. , Ilyushin G. D.
Published: April 2024

Using the ToposPro software package, a combinatorial-topological analysis and modeling of the self-assembly of the following crystal structures with space group I4/mcm are realized: Pu31Rh20-tI204: a = 11.076 Å, c = 36.933 Å, V = 4530.86 Å3, Pu20Os12-tI32: a = 10.882 Å, c = 5.665 Å, V = 670.8 Å3. (Pu4Co)2 (Pu4)-tI28: a = 10.475 Å, c = 5.340 Å, V = 585.9Å3. (Ti4Ni)2(Bi4)-tI28: a = 10.554 Å, c = 4.814 Å, V = 536.2Å3, Bi4-tI8: a = 8.518 Å, c = 4.164 Å, V = 302.15 Å3. For the crystal structure of Pu31Rh20-tI204, 113 variants of the cluster representation of the 3D atomic network with the following number of structural units are established: 4 (14 variants), 5 (61 variants), and 6 (38 variants). A variant of the self-assembly of the crystal structure with the participation of three types of framework-forming polyhedra is considered: K15 = Pu@14(Rh2Pu5)2 with symmetry –42m, double pyramids K10 = (Rh@Pu4)2 with symmetry 4, and octahedra K6 = 0@8(Rh2Pu6) with symmetry mmm and spacers Rh. For the crystal structure of Pu20Os12-tI32, framework-forming pyramid-shaped polyhedra K5 = 0@OsPu4 with symmetry 4, as well as spacers Pu and Os, are defined. For the crystal structure (Ti4Ni)2(Bi4), frame-forming pyramids K5 = 0@Ti4Ni and tetrahedra K4 = 0@Bi4) are defined. For the crystal structure (Pu4Co)2(Pu4)-tI28, frame-forming pyramids K5 = 0@ Pu4Co and tetrahedra K4 = 0@Pu4 are defined. For the crystal structure of Bi4-tI8, frame-forming tetrahedra K4 = 0@Bi4 are defined. The symmetric and topological code of self-assembly processes of 3D structures is reconstructed from clusters-precursors in the following form: primary chain → layer → framework.
Luminescent Properties of Composite Materials Based on Porous Glasses Activated by Silver and Lanthanum
Authors: Girsova M. A. , Kurilenko L. N. , Anfimova I. N. , Antropova T. V.
Published: April 2024

Composite materials (CMs) based on matrices of high-silica nanoporous glasses activated by silver and lanthanum are synthesized. It is established that, depending on the composition, the CM samples exhibit luminescence in the UV, violet-blue, green, red, and infrared spectral ranges due to the presence of isolated Ag+-ions, Ag+–Ag+ paired centers, molecular clusters (MCs) and nanoparticles (NPs) of silver, and oxygen vacancies in La2O3, together with various silicon defect centers.
Spectral Properties of Nanostructured Composite Glass Materials Activated by Yttrium in the Presence of Copper or Bismuth
Authors: Girsova M. A. , Golovina G. F. , Kurilenko L. N. , Anfimova I. N.
Published: April 2024

Composite materials (CMs) based on porous glass matrices activated by yttrium in the presence of copper or bismuth are synthesized. It is established that, depending on the composition, the CM samples exhibit UV, blue-green, red, and infrared luminescence due to the presence of various centers, including Bi3+ and Cu+ ions, F centers in Y2O3, and molecular ions О3–2 associated with cation vacancies Y3+.
Crystal Structure of a Solid Solution of Sr0.5Ba0.5Bi2O(BO3)2
Authors: Shablinskii A. P. , Volkov S. N. , Bubnova R. S. , Filatov S. K.
Published: April 2024

This article presents the results of the interpretation and refinement of the crystal structure of an Sr0.5Ba0.5Bi2O(BO3)2 solid solution. The distribution of cations over positions is refined, which shows that Sr is included in the smallest positions M3 and M1, Ba is in positions M1 and M2, and Bi is found in all three large cationic positions. The crystal structure of Sr0.5Ba0.5Bi2O(BO3)2 is compared with the end members of the series of SrBi2O(BO3)2 and BaBi2O(BO3)2 solid solutions.
The Central Asian Direction of French Foreign Policy (1992-2022)
Authors: Garbuzarova Elena Gennad'evna
Published: April 2024

From the moment of the collapse of the USSR to the present days France showed interest in building relations with the countries of Central Asia in a wide range of areas of interaction. France was one of the first European states to recognize the independence of the new republics. The article is aimed to expand knowledge about French policy in Central Asia and the factors that determine the interest of Paris in the Eurasian region. In the context of the transformation of the world order and global geopolitical tensions France's capabilities are narrowing which encourages Paris to pursue a proactive foreign policy on the Central Asian track. At the same time the place of France's ideological and value rhetoric in its foreign policy in the Central Asian countries is gradually occupied by economic reasonability. France's interests in the region are focused on energy resources and Afghan issues. France's efforts are aimed at reducing the dependence of Central Asian countries on Russia and China. It is concluded that France is strengthening the economic dimension of its foreign policy in Central Asia with an emphasis on expanding cooperation with the two leading countries of the region - Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.
The role of inflation in the UK economy in the post-pandemic era
Authors: Podkolzina Inna Aleksandrovna
Published: April 2024

The paper focuses on the specific nature of the inflation process and a set of anti-inflation policies in the United Kingdom in 2021-2022. Based on the analysis of the economic literature, speeches given by the central bank’s staff, official documents and statistical data the author discusses the implicit transition in the regulation approaches used by HM Treasury and the Bank of England. There is some evidence that the cost-of-living crisis as a part of the inflation problem gets a top priority in the post-pandemic era. The government addresses this issue mainly through the income redistribution and benefits and financial support for lower income households. With regard to the inflation problem per se, the official approach implies the shift from monetary to fiscal tools. It means the expanding use of automatic stabilizers through increasing taxes and NICs in accordance with the IMF recommendations. Meanwhile, the Bank of England’s measures are more consistent with the task of financing the government’s borrowing than maintaining the price stability. These findings highlight the rising role of the state in the UK economy. The paper concludes with some comments regarding the split within the conservative party over the marked shifts in the monetary and fiscal policy.
A.A. Gromyko and security policy: setting up for Helsinki
Authors: Sindeev Alexey Aleksandrovich
Published: April 2024

The article continues the study of the role of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR A.A. Gromyko in the formation, development and maintenance of security policy, its principles and structural elements. The relevance of the article is determined by the importance of strategy and strategic thinking in modern foreign policy and diplomacy, their influence on interstate cooperation, the evolution and manageability of international relations. The chronological framework is limited to the events of 1971. The importance of these events allowed the author to identify and characterise some elements of the complex and controversial process of setting up for a future conference on security and cooperation in Europe, as well as to analyse A.A. Gromyko’s strategy of in this setting. The studied materials are presented in six subsections. The scientific novelty of the first subsection lies in the consideration of the logic and features of the diplomatic game of the West. The scientific novelty of the second subsection consists of five differences in the approaches of L.I. Brezhnev and A.A. Gromyko, who could help or hinder the defense of the interests of the Soviet Union at a future conference. The scientific novelty of the third subsection lies in the consideration of the Soviet position on a conference on security and cooperation in Europe by Western diplomats. The scientific novelty of the fourth and fifth subsections was determined by the proof of the hypothesis that A.A. Gromyko had two plans - in case the conference was convened or postponed. In the fourth and fifth subsections, the author presents the main activities and expected results of «Plan A» and «Plan B». The sixth subsection is devoted to conclusions that can be classified into historical conclusions (conclusion 3) and historical and political conclusions (conclusions 1-2, 4-5). The results obtained make it possible to test hypotheses related to the influence of the personal factor (long-term holding of a responsible position; constant strengthening of influence, authority and opportunities) on foreign policy and evolutionary processes in the systems of international relations. In relation to 1971, the author discovered Soviet version of the “magnet theory” developed by A.A. Gromyko's. The sources of the article are published documents of the Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany, the use of which can be explained methodologically. It was important for the author to conduct the analysis on the basis of the foreign partners' assessment of the statements made by the Soviet Foreign Minister during official negotiations (outer reflection). The author's reasoning should be understood in the context of his earlier article in the journal.
Nicolas Sarkozy and the Eurozone crisis: federalisation of the EU budget and finance sector
Authors: Mikhaylov Dmitry Yur'evich
Published: April 2024

The article explores President of France N. Sarkozy’s contribution to overcoming the eurozone crisis in 2010 by analyzing the strategy of his diplomatic actions, as well as identifying the goals and motivations underlying them. The rescue of the European currency required a close coordination between Paris and Berlin. Despite differing views on the practical modalities related to the implementation of the European Economic Government project, the Franco-German tandem managed to convince the EU partners to take immediate action aimed at improving public financial management practices. Under the pretext of saving Greece from default, the euro zone from disintegration, and the European Union from economic destabilisation, the President of France, with the support of the German Chancellor, achieved the creation of the European Stabilization Mechanism and the European Financial Stability Fund, which were the first autonomous financial structures in the European Union to be managed directly by the bureaucracy in Brussels. Nicolas Sarkozy initiated the EU financial stability collective tools, which are still operating in the EU and functioning in accordance with the logic proposed by France in the midst of the eurozone public debt crisis.
Soft power in Turkey's foreign policy in Europe
Authors: Grishin Yakov Yakovlevich , Islamov Damir Rimovich
Published: April 2024

Since the mid-2000s, under the rule of the Justice and Development Party, Turkey has included the concept of soft power in its foreign policy agenda. Based on the position of Turkish officials, the practical implementation of soft power is based on public diplomacy, with its “infrastructure” being created at the same time by establishing new or transforming existing state structures in partnership with non-governmental organisations. Ankara has developed the main directions for public diplomacy to be based on interaction with its Turkish people living abroad and closely related Turkic peoples, the preservation and revival of the cultural, historical and material heritage of the Ottoman Empire, and the support of the Muslim community in different parts of the world. In addition, in recent years, relatively new directions have emerged, such as struggling against FETÖ and extension of coverage of the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation. One of the regions where the Turkish public diplomacy was implemented was Europe. The latter was divided into three sub-regions: the Balkans, Eastern Europe, and Western Europe. The Balkan countries were traditionally considered important regions for Ankara with the core goal to break old historical and cultural prejudices about its image and to form a positive one in the eyes of the public. With regard to Eastern Europe, Turkey, skillfully using the Ottoman heritage and/or the Turkic factor, exerts influence in Hungary, Moldova, and Ukraine. And the activity in Western Europe is more based on interacting with the Turkish diaspora. Therefore, the aim of the study is to reveal the main directions of Turkey's public diplomacy in the context of the implementation of the policy of soft power in Europe.
Simulations of Reflectometer Response to ITER Plasma Perturbations Caused by Alfvén Modes
Authors: Shelukhin D. A. , Isaev M. Yu. , Medvedev S. Yu. , Vershkov V. A. , Mikhailov M. I.
Published: April 2024

The KINX and VENUS codes were used for simulation of the baseline inductive and steady-state scenarios of the ITER tokamak operation. The perturbations of plasma electron density and magnetic field caused by the Alfvén modes were calculated in the flux coordinates for these scenarios. The perturbation fields obtained were converted into the engineering coordinates in order to calculate the propagation of probe electromagnetic radiation of the reflectometer using the two-dimensional full-wave TAMIC RτX code in the expected geometry of the experiment. The calculations performed show that for the baseline inductive scenario, in the case of reflection of the extraordinary wave at the lower cutoff frequency from the high magnetic field side, the electric field relative perturbations of the reflected reflectometer signal correspond to the margin of linear range of the diagnostics operation or even go out of this range. It was found that in a number of scenarios, not only the electron density perturbations, but also the magnetic field perturbations significantly contribute to the total signal perturbations that makes even more difficult the further data interpretation. Another possible problem is the narrow frequency range of probing frequencies where the Alfvén mode can be observed. In addition to simulating the reflection of electromagnetic waves from plasma, it was analyzed also the possibility of measuring the Alfvén modes parameters when the extraordinary wave pass through the plasma in the transparency window between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies of the extraordinary wave (refractometry). It is shown that at the fundamental frequency, the phase perturbations range from 3 to 60 degrees, which makes it impossible to use the amplitude-modulated refractometer for analyzing signals. The “synthetic diagnostics” approach was used, which showed itself well for simulating the operation of reflectometers at plasma facilities.
Gas-Dynamic Multiple-Mirror Trap GDMT
Authors: Skovorodin D. I. , Chernoshtanov I. S. , Amirov V. Kh. , Astrelin V. T. , Bagryanskii P. A. , Beklemishev A. D. , Burdakov A. V. , Gorbovskii A. I. , Kotel’nikov I. A. , Magommedov E. M. , Polosatkin S. V. , Postupaev V. V. , Prikhod’ko V. V. , Savkin V. Ya. , Soldatkina E. I. , Solomakhin A. L. , Sorokin A. V. , Sudnikov A. V. , Khristo M. S. , Shiyankov S. V. , Yakovlev D. V. , Shcherbakov V. I.
Published: April 2024

This work is devoted to the project of a new-generation open trap, gas-dynamic multiple-mirror trap (GDMT), proposed at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. The aim of the project is to substantiate the possibility of using open traps as thermonuclear systems: a source of neutrons and, in the future, a thermonuclear reactor. The main objectives of the project are to develop technologies for long-term plasma maintenance in an open trap, optimize neutron source parameters based on the gas-dynamic trap, and demonstrate methods for improving plasma confinement. The magnetic vacuum system of the facility consists of a central trap, multiple-mirror sections that improve the longitudinal plasma confinement, and expanders designed to accommodate plasma flux absorbers. The facility is to be built in several stages. The starting configuration is broadly similar to the GDT facility and includes a central trap with strong magnetic mirrors and expanders. It solves two main problems: optimization of the parameters of the neutron source based on the gas-dynamic trap and study of the physics of the transition to the configuration of a diamagnetic trap with a high relative pressure β ≈ 1, which significantly increases the efficiency of the system. This work describes the technical design of the starting configuration of the facility and outlines the physical principles on which the GDMT project is based.
Wave Processes in Dusty Plasma near the Mercury’s Surface
Authors: Izvekova Yu. N. , Popel S. I. , Golub’ A. P.
Published: April 2024

Wave processes in dusty plasma near the surface of Mercury are discussed. The near-surface layers of Mercury’s exosphere have a number of common features with those of the exosphere of the Moon, e.g., there are dust particles above the illuminated side of both cosmic bodies that become positively charged due to the photoelectric effect. Mercury has its own magnetosphere that protects the surface from particles of the solar wind. However, the solar wind can reach the surface of the planet near the magnetic poles. Therefore, dust particles of the same size get different charges depending on their localization above the Mercury’s surface. A drift wave turbulence can appear in dusty plasma in the magnetic field near the Mercury’s surface in the presence of gradient of electron concentration. The solar wind that streams at speeds of about 400 km/s relative to plasma near the surface of the planet can induce longitudinal electrostatic oscillations with frequencies determined by the electron plasma frequency. We analyze wave processes taking into account the difference in parameters at aphelion and perihelion of the Mercury’s orbit, along with the fact whether the dust particles are located near the magnetic poles or far from them.
Dusty Plasma in the Solar System: Celestial Bodies without Atmosphere
Authors: Popel S. I. , Zelenyi L. M. , Zakharov A. V.
Published: April 2024

We present a brief review of research on dusty plasma in the solar system. Special attention is paid to theoretical studies related to the solar-system bodies without atmosphere that are conducted at the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Parameters of Surface Microwave Discharge Initiated by the Passage of a Gyrotron Microwave Pulse through a Quartz Plate with Embedded Metal Particles
Authors: Zakletskii Z. A. , Malakhov D. V.
Published: April 2024

The results of an experimental study of the initiation, development and maintenance of a plasma surface discharge initiated by microwave (microwave) radiation of a gyrotron (75 GHz, 300 kW, 6 ms) in air under normal conditions on the surface of a quartz substrate with metal inclusions are presented. It is shown that the velocity of the propagation of the discharge ionization front reaches 40 m/s, which corresponds to the thermal conduction propagation mechanism. In this case, the maximum calculated gas temperature of the plasma reaches 5500 K, which leads to the sublimation of metal inclusions. For the first time, the plasma parameters of a surface microwave discharge on metal-dielectric targets, which have been used in various aeroplasma and plasma-chemical applications, are presented.
Kinetic Model of Vacuum Plasma Expansion in a Cylindrical Gap
Authors: Kozhevnikov V. Yu. , Kozyrev A. V. , Kokovin A. O. , Semenyuk N. S.
Published: April 2024

Results of a theoretical description of collisionless kinetics of radial expansion of two-component (electron–ion) plasma in the one-dimensional cylindrical formulation of the problem are presented. The electric-field mechanism of supersonic expansion of the plasma flame due to the motion of the electron–ion ensemble and self-consistent electric field in the diode with the potential difference applied to it is demonstrated. The spatiotemporal evolution of the ion energy distribution function, electric potential, and rate of expansion of the emission boundary of the plasma flame is shown. The calculated rates of flame expansion at the copper cathode (~1.5 × 106 cm/s) well agree with the experimental data.
Study of the Effect of the Anode on EEDF and the Spatial Profile of the Electron Density in a Discharge with a Hollow Cathode in Helium
Authors: Andreev S. N. , Bernatskiy A. V. , Dyatko N. A. , Kochetov I. V. , Ochkin V. N.
Published: April 2024

The electron energy distribution function (EEDF) and the spatial profile of the electron density in the cathode–anode gap in a helium discharge are calculated within a one-dimensional model by the Monte Carlo method. Numerical studies are performed for experimental conditions known from the literature in a discharge with a hollow cathode: the cathode–anode distance of 3 cm, the helium pressure of 0.75 Torr, and the electric field strength in the discharge gap of 1.3 V/cm. The calculations are performed without and with allowance for the anode potential drop and the effect of electron reflection from the anode. The dependence of the form of EEDF on the energy spectrum of the electron source used in the calculations is also studied. In all variants of calculations, the main feature of the EEDF is retained, that is, a significant depletion of the low-energy part of the distribution function due to the effect of electron absorption by the anode. The calculated EEDF and the spatial profile of the electron density are compared with the available experimental data.
Fast Beam Driven Neutron Yield in Thermonuclear Neutron Source Plasmas
Authors: Dlougach E. D. , Shlenskii M. N. , Kuteev B. V.
Published: April 2024

The thermonuclear fusion between fast (super-thermal) particles injected in plasma as a neutral beam and the ions of the background plasma is expected to be the main source of fusion neutrons in FNS (fusion neutron source) design based on tokamak. Neutral beam contribution in fusion reactivity and in the total neutron yield depends on the high-energy ion fraction in the integral energy distribution. NESTOR code [1] calculates nuclear fusion rates in the FNS plasma volume, taking into account an external source of high-energy fast ions. Neutral beam model reproduces in detail the actual beam structure in phase space at the injection port plane; while the fast ion distributions in magnetically confined plasma are calculated using a combination of slowing-down classical formulae and magnetic field topology in the tokamak chamber. Here we discuss the issues relevant to the overall neutron production and the contribution of fast ions to the neutron output in plasma.
Two-Dimensional Distribution of Plasma Electric Potential in the T-10 Tokamak
Authors: Ammosov Ya. M. , Khabanov F. O. , Drabinskiy M. A. , Melnikov A. V. , Eliseev L. G. , Kharchev N. K. , Lysenko S. E.
Published: April 2024

Heavy ion beam probe (HIBP) is a unique plasma diagnostics that makes it possible to measure the electric potential φ of high-temperature plasma and its fluctuations y, as well as the density ne and poloidal magnetic field Bpol fluctuations. Position of the point of performing measurements in the plasma vertical cross-section depends on the beam energy and angle of its entrance into the plasma. The variation of these two parameters makes it possible to construct a two-dimensional (2D) detector grid, which covers the domain of possible measurements. The measurement results obtained in the detector grid points provide for constructing 2D distributions of plasma parameters. For the OH and ECRH stages of the T-10 tokamak shots, 2D distributions of the plasma electric potential are presented for the regime with the on-axis magnetic field of Bt = 2.2 T, plasma current of Ipl = 230 kA, line-average density of ne ≈ 1.1 × 1019 m–3 and off-axis ECRH power of PECRH = 1.7 MW.
Influence of Electron Collisions on Electromagnetic Modes of Plasma Produced by Multi-Photon Ionization of an Inert Gas
Authors: Vagin K. Yu. , Uryupin S. A.
Published: April 2024

Collective electromagnetic modes in weakly ionized plasma formed by multiphoton ionization of inert gas atoms, in which the Ramsauer–Townsend effect takes place, are studied. It is shown that at a relatively low energy of photoelectrons of the order of 1 eV, typical for multiphoton ionization, amplification of electromagnetic waves is possible. Amplification is possible both in the case of rare collisions of photoelectrons with neutral atoms and for collision frequencies higher than electron plasma frequency. At photoelectron energies somewhat higher than 1 eV, aperiodic instability can develop with growth rate whose value is comparable to electron plasma frequency. Detailed analytical and numerical analysis of the effect of collisions of photoelectrons with neutral atoms on the dispersion law of electromagnetic wave and the growth rates of instabilities is presented.
Generation of Runaway Electrons near Micro-Inhomogeneities on the Cathode Surface in Subnanosecond Self-Sustained Discharges in a Wide Range of High Pressures
Authors: Ivanov S. N. , Lisenkov V. V.
Published: April 2024

The results of numerical 3D modeling of the development of an electron avalanche initiated by a field emission electron in a small-sized region of an amplified electric field near the microinhomogeneities at the cathode have been presented. The simulation has been carried out for the discharge gaps with an initially homogeneous distribution of the electric field with a reduced intensity significantly lower than that required by the electron runaway criterion. The possibility of the transition of the field emission electrons initiating avalanches and the electrons in these avalanches into runaway regime has been investigated. The microinhomogeneities in the form of a cone, metal droplets, and boundaries between pores or microcraters have been considered. The calculations were carried out for nitrogen in the pressure range from atmospheric to 40 atm. It has been shown that the initial energy obtained near the microinhomogeneity can significantly facilitate the transition of the electron into the runaway mode. And the electron will continue to run away in a discharge gap electric field weak according to the runaway criterion. It has been shown that this effect is especially noticeable at gas pressures above 10 atm. A comparative analysis of the simulation results with the experimental data obtained by us on the switching characteristics of a discharge gap filled with nitrogen when exposed to voltage pulses with subnanosecond fronts of different steepness has been carried out. This made it possible to divide the ranges of experimental conditions into those when only the amplification of the electric field near the microinhomogeneities is sufficient for the runaway of electrons and when the electric field of an avalanche of critical or close to critical size is additionally necessary for the runaway.
Dispersion Characteristics of Low-Frequency Electron Waves in a Magnetoactive Plasma of Arbitrary Density
Authors: Artekha N. S. , Shklyar D. R.
Published: April 2024

The article studies waves in a collisionless magnetoactive plasma with frequencies much lower than the electron cyclotron frequency at an arbitrary ratio between the electron plasma and cyclotron frequencies. A general dispersion relation is obtained for the wave frequency as a function of the wave vector and the ratio of the plasma frequency to the cyclotron frequency. This relation is a bicubic equation with respect to frequency. Based on this equation, the existence domains of various wave modes depending on the specified parameter, their group velocity, polarization, and energy density are studied. Special attention is paid to low-frequency whistler waves in a low-density plasma, since, among the propagating wave modes existing in the specified range of parameters, whistler waves have the highest refractive index and play an important role in theresonant interaction of waves and particles.
Divertor Thomson Scattering on Globus-M2
Authors: Ermakov N. V. , Zhiltsov N. S. , Kurskiev G. S. , Mukhin E. E. , Tolstyakov S. Yu. , Tkachenko E. E. , Solovey V. A. , Bocharov I. V. , Dolgova K. V. , Cavin A. A. , Koval A. N. , Nikolaenko K. O. , Novokhatski A. N. , Petrov Yu. V. , Rozhansky V. A. , Sakharov N. V. , Senichenkov I. Yu.
Published: April 2024

We present the first Thomson scattering (TS) measurements of electron temperature and densityin the lower divertor of the Globus-M2 tokamak. The divertor TS diagnostics is designed for local measurementsof the Te(z, t) in the range of 1–100 eV and ne(z, t) in the range of m–3. Parameters of theprobing Nd:YAG laser are as follows 1064 nm/2 J/100 Hz/3 ns. The probing chord is launched vertically atR = 24 cm and covers areas of the inner leg, vicinity of separatrix and private flux region. Along probing chordof 110 mm, 9 spatial points were realized. Advanced filter polychromators were used to analyze Thomsonscattering spectra.
First Experiments on Reduction the Heat Load on the Divertor Plates
of the Globus-M2 Tokamak Using Nitrogen Seeding
and Their Comparison with Simulation Results
Authors: Zhiltsov N. S. , Kiselev E. O. , Kurskiev G. S. , Minaev V. B. , Miroshnikov I. V. , Molchanov P. A. , Novokhatsky A. N. , Petrov Yu. V. , Rozhansky V. A. , Sakharov N. V. , Telnova A. Yu. , Timokhin V. M. , Tkachenko E. E. , Tokarev V. A. , Tukhmeneva E. A. , Shchegolev P. B. , Khromov N. A. , Bakharev N. N. , Vekshina E. O. , Gusev V. K. , Dolgova K. V.
Published: April 2024

At the compact spherical Globus-M2 tokamak, a series of experiments was conducted to study theeffect of the injection of nitrogen on the discharge parameters. The experiments were carried out in dischargesin deuterium in the divertor configuration, and the auxiliary heating was performed by deuteriumneutral beam injection. During the nitrogen seeding, a substantial decrease in electron temperature near thedivertor was recorded as well as a sharp decrease of the heat flux onto the divertor plate, while the density andtemperature of the main plasma changed insignificantly. Simulations by the SOLPS-ITER showed a satisfactoryagreement with the experiment.
Features of Plasma Disruption in the Globus-M2 Spherical Tokamak
Authors: Sakharov N. V. , Kavin A. A. , Mineev A. B. , Bakharev N. N. , Bondarchuk E. N. , Gusev V. K. , Zhil’tsov N. S. , Kiselev E. O. , Kurskiev G. S. , Minaev V. B. , Petrov Yu. V. , Rodin I. Yu. , Skrekel’ O. M. , Tel’nova A. Yu. , Tkachenko E. E. , Tokarev V. A. , Tyukhmeneva E. A. , Shchegolev P. B.
Published: April 2024

Data on plasma disruption processes in the modernized Globus-M2 spherical tokamak are presented.Electron temperature and density profiles before the disruption, immediately after thermal quenchand in the stage of plasma current quench are measured using the diagnostics of Thomson scattering of laserradiation. The dependence of the plasma current decay time during disruption on the pre-disruption currentvalue is determined. The distribution of the toroidal current, which is induced during disruption, in the shellof the vessel is determined on the basis of magnetic measurements. Electromagnetic loads on the vessel arecalculated.