bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Return Is Not Reflexive
Authors: Wright Richard D , Richard Christian M
Published: November 2023

Searching for objects is perhaps the most common visual task we perform. Whenever we look for a face in a crowd, or an item in a container, or a street name on a map, we are carrying out a serial search routine. And search is usually so rapid that researchers have only recently begun to appreciate the complexity of the operations involved. The discovery of the inhibition-of-return effect (Posner & Cohen, 1984) has provided some important clues about serial search. Inhibition of return (IOR) appears to be associated with a procedure that many researchers believe allows us to keep track of objects when looking through a large collection of them. More specifically, some type of marking operation seems to occur in order to make the performance of tasks involving serial inspection more efficient, and the IOR effect may be caused by this marking.
Search via Recursive Rejection (SRR): Evidence with Normal and Neurological Subjects
Authors: Miiller Hermann J , Humphreys Glyn W , Olson Andrew C
Published: November 2023

Visual processing in the human brain takes place in massively parallel operations, generating a detailed and (relatively) accurate representation of our surroundings, including information about the shape, co lour, size, (relative) position, distance (depth), orientation and motion of surfaces and objects within the scene (e.g., Marr, 1982). One of the most important problems to be solved in deriving this representation is the delineating of object boundaries from background, thereby segmenting the image into entities that can form the basis of an action. There is a great deal of evidence supporting the idea that, initially (i.e., prior to the segmentation of objects), the retinal image is coded with primitive descriptors or simple features along a set of feature dimensions at each location simultaneously (e.g., Felleman & Van Essen, 1991; Treisman, Cavanagh, Fischer, Ramachandran, & von der Heydt, 1990; Van Essen, 1985; Zeki, 1993). For instance, colour (the dimension) is coded for all image locations in terms of features such as red, blue, and so forth. From these primitive features, the visual system reconstructs coherent percepts of complex objects.
Recasting the Information Infrastructurefor the Industrial Age
Authors: John Richard R
Published: November 2023

In the century and a quarter between the framing of the federal Constitution in 1787 and the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the United States evolved from a struggling commercial republic on the margins of Europe into one of the most powerful industrial nations in the world. Accompanying the rise of the United States to world power was a comparable transformation in the informational environment. The pe- riod witnessed an unprecedented expansion in printing and publishing, the emergence of information-intensive industries such as credit re- porting and life insurance, and the elaboration of major innovations in science, technology, and education. Each of these developments could furnish the theme for an essay on the role of information during the ‘‘long nineteenth century’’ that stretched from 1787 to 1914. Yet there was one development that may well have been the most fundamental. This was the recasting of the facilities for transmitting information cheaply, reliably, and on a regular basis throughout the country and around the world. Challenged by the size of the territory to be spanned, emboldened by a highly competitive institutional set- ting, and inspired by an irrepressible popular demand for more and better information, government administrators, business leaders, and ordinary Americans joined together in a grand collaborative project that would have been unimaginable in any prior age. The central institutions in the information infrastructure during this period—the Post Office Department, the Railway Mail Service, Western Union, and the Bell System—may seem rudimentary today. Yet, at the time, they played a major role in U.S. business and public life.
The Threshold of the Information Age Radio, Television, and Motion Pictures Mobilize the Nation
Authors: Graham Margaret
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters we have seen how the rise of large bureaucratic structures in the early decades of the twentieth century, enabled by a national communications infrastructure and driven by the needs of systematizers, created a voracious appetite for information and information processing technologies. At roughly the same time, in what we will term the Vacuum Tube Era, communications technologies in the United States came to be adapted to broader social purposes, on a national scale. These changes, driven in the first instance by the imperatives of national defense, involved creating a new communications infrastructure based on incorporating vacuum tubes into preexisting technologies. The result of this new combination was not only an enhanced communications infrastructure, but one that was concentrated under the control of a few large enterprises, loosely but effectively aligned with the federal government. From the 1930s through the 1960s, vacuum-tube–based communications in their various forms made the United States into an increasingly mobilized society, that is, a society that could be motivated to achieve broad national purposes. Chief among these purposes were the search for national economic recovery through consumption; a culture unified, or at least socially homogenized, through mass entertainment; and broad public support for war aims. Some semblance of this ‘‘national unity culture’’ endured through World War II and the Korean War, continuing well into the 1960s when both the concentrated control of the infrastructure and the broad cultural consensus disintegrated.
Looking Deep Within the Organization
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A
Published: November 2023

The most prevalent concept of succession planning still revolves around the notion of the CEO getting ready to step aside and pass the baton to a new CEO. The transition from one CEO to another is certainly a key element, and one of the most visible to outsiders, of the succession process, but it really is only the tip of the iceberg. Where do new leaders come from, and how can boards help to cultivate them? How can companies develop depth in leadership, not only a veneer at the top of the organization, but also horizontally, at every level, so that they need never worry about running out of talent?
Financial Tools That Promote Succession Planning
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A
Published: November 2023

Succession is a complex process, as we have observed, and there are several different parties to the process—the sitting CEO, number twos, and directors—all with very different roles to play. In previous chapters we have discussed some of the ways in which companies can help ensure that CEOs and boards will devote the needed time and energy to succession to create a reliable process. In addition to some of the factors we’ve already discussed—such as establishing regular timetables to identify and nurture talent as well as review the progress of potential successors—the right financial framework, with different incentives applying to each party, can help to establish a sound and orderly succession process and keep things on track. Just what those incentives should be and the philosophy underlying each is the subject of this chapter.
Global Intelligence®: A Window on the World
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A
Published: November 2023

Despite Tyco CEO Dennis Kozlowski’s astute observations, not all companies are so shrewd when it comes to assessing the corporate world beyond their own limited borders. In fact, a great many companies view their surroundings in much the way most people viewed the world prior to the middle of the sixteenth century. The unshakable belief at the time was that the sun, and the rest of the universe, revolved around the Earth.
Mystics and Messiahs
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

Are religious fringe movements a recent phenomeon in American history? Are widespread fears of mass suicides, sexual abuse, and brainwashing in cults justified? Do marginalized religious groups play any positive role in American spiritual life? Do the panics over such groups follow any discernible pattern? Phillip Jenkins gives fascinating--and surprising--answers to these and many other questions in Mystics and Messiahs, the first full account of cults and anti-cult scares in American history. Jenkins shows that, contrary to popular belief, cults were by no means an invention of the 1960s. In fact, most of the frightening images and stereotypes surrounding fringe religious movements are traceable to the mid-nineteenth century when Mormons, Freemasons, and even Catholics were vehemently denounced for supposed ritualistic violence, fraud, and sexual depravity. As Charles Ferguson observed in 1928, "America has always been the sanctuary of amazing cults." But America has also been the home of an often hysterical anti-cult backlash. Jenkins provides an insightful new analysis of why cults arouse such fear and hatred both in the secular world and in mainstream churches, many of which--Baptists, Quakers, Pentecostals, and Methodists--were themselves originally regarded as cults. Most importantly, Jenkins argues that an accurate historical perspective is urgently needed if we are to avoid the kind of catastrophic confrontation that occurred in Waco or the ruinous prosecution of imagined Satanic cults in the 1980s. While not ignoring genuine instances of aberrant behaviour, Mystics and Messiahs goes beyond the vast edifice of myth, distortion, and hype to reveal the true characteristics of religious fringe movements and why they inspire such fierce antagonism.
Overrun with Messiahs
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

In the 1920s, like today, the American media relished a scandal that mixed religion with sexual depravity and crime, and the newspapers found rich pickings in the story of Benjamin Parnell, the head of an odd messianic sect. In 1905, “King Ben” opened a colony for his House of David at Benton Harbour in Michigan. At its peak, the settlement grew to nine hundred believers, over which Parnell reigned as a patriarch, resplendent in his white robes and magnificent beard. But the sect repeatedly attracted bad publicity, all the more hazardous because of the proximity to Chicago, Detroit, and other major media centres: the site was also exposed to the gaze of curious tourists. Parnell demanded total control over his followers’ property, allowing him to live in palatial splendour while his subjects starved, and he maintained order with threats of death or exile.
Tourism and the Sacred: Pausanias and the Traditions of Greek Pilgrimage
Authors: Rutherford Ian
Published: November 2023

Among the places that Pausanias visits, and for which his Periegesis is meant as a guide for potential visitors, probably a majority are religious centers. Among visitors to religious centers. some at least deserve to be called pilgrims. Debate has raged recently over whether or not Pausanias is writing for an audience of potential pilgrims. and whether or not he himself deserves to be called a pilgrim. This chapter reconsiders these questions and supports the view that the intended audience of the Periegesis included pilgrims, situating it within the history of pilgrimage and the Greek world, and in particular within the “pilgrimage culture” of the Antoni.ne Age.
A Temple Worth Seeing: Pausanias, Travelers, and the Narrative La.ndscape at Nemea
Authors: Sutton Susan Buck
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1928. W. Macneile Dixon. Protessor of English Literature at the University of Glasgow. packed for a much anticipated, but no longer particularly wmsual, journey to Delos and several parts of the Greek mainland. In these preparations, the reading material Dixon was most careful to put in his suitcase was what he called “the book of books for travellers in Greece”1-Sir James Frazer’s translation of the Description of Greece by Pausanias. Dixon’s traveling party of four men and two women was thus to be guided by an account of the Greek countryside composed roughly 1,600 years before their excursion. In this, Dixon saw no contradiction, for he was confomling to a pattern followed by most visitors to Greece since the late eighteenth century, a pattern that, in fact. remains embedded in the core of many tourist itineraries even today. The journey that Pausanias took and the landscape he constructed have made themselves felt throughout the period of modem travel and tourism to Greece. Why this should be so, what it reveals about the narrative strategies of Pausanias. and how Pausanias’s work shapes conceptions of ancient sites even now are the central themes of this chapter.
“Pausanias in Petticoats,” or The Blue Jane
Authors: Beard Mary
Published: November 2023

The academic wrangles of earlier generations are always liable to provoke our scorn. It is hard to take seriously the bitter controversies that preoccupied our predecessors, the scholarly battles long ago won and lost: the Peace of Kallias, the Terminal Date of Caesar’s Command, the “Greekness” of Linear B. . It is hard not to mock the overinvestment of energy and emotion on all sides of these debates, by winners as much as losers. Unfairly perhaps, the mavericks who strenuously backed the wrong side often seem more appealing than those whom time has proved right (Richard Jebb and his glorious conviction that the ruins of Mycenae were medieval is easily more engaging than the repulsive Schliemann with his Tomb of Agamemnon). More often than not, of course. it turns out not to have been a question of winning or losing at all: the controversies are not settled, they just fade away. No one has ever conclusively demonstrated whether or not Kallias did make a “peace” with the Persians; nor has anyone successfully unscrambled the relationship between Athenian ceramics and precious metals. But these problems have outlived their usefulness, and we have left them behind.
Conclusions
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon
Published: November 2023

Since the dawn of our species, an unquenchable curiosity has driven us to ask and re-ask the same questions: Who are we? Where do we come from? Are we alone? Myths offered the first answers: myths of creation and of spirit worlds. From here, one trail led to religion and to answers grounded in faith. But another trail led to philosophy—to reasoning. Pure reasoning at first, then reasoning aided by observation and experiment—what we now call science. To the first question, science has offered an astonishing answer: We are animals. To the second question, science has offered only a partial answer, but an equally astonishing one: We are descended from microbes. To the third question, which alone lends meaning to the other two, science has not yet offered any answer. Yet we are within reach of an answer—one that will surely be even more astonishing than the other two.
Paul K. Feyerabend An Obituary
Authors: Hoyningen-Huene Paul
Published: November 2023

Paul Feyerabend was born on January 13, 1924, in Vienna. He died of an inoperable brain tumor almost a month after his seventieth birthday, on February 11, 1994, in Genolier in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Feyerabend was raised in Vienna in less than affluent conditions. He was a very good and inquisitive pupil with many diverse interests. From his early school years, he studied textbooks on university-level mathematics, physics, and astronomy. His lifelong love for music also began in his youth. He played the accordion, took violin lessons, fell in love with opera, sang in a mixed choir, and even took singing lessons in a conservatory. After his high school final exams in the spring of 1942 he was drafted into labor service (Austria was ‘unified’ with the Third Reich in 1938) and by the end of 1942 he was drafted into the army. After several tours at the front, in January 1945 Feyerabend was hit in the spine by a machine gun bullet. Thereafter, he was paralyzed from the waist down. After a long time in a wheelchair, he was finally able to walk on crutches. Throughout his life he suffered periodically from intense pain, and he could endure many of his public appearances only under large doses of painkillers, although he never made a big fuss about it. Even in his autobiography, there is almost no mention of the great pains he had to endure.
Feyerabend among Popperians, 1948-1978
Authors: Watkins John
Published: November 2023

Did I have a fitting piece for a volume in memory of Paul Feyerabend? Well, apart from a newspaper obituary/ I had just one piece devoted exclusively to him. Was it fitting? Not exactly; but a scene-setting introduction might help.

Paul Feyerabend and Karl Popper took a shine to each other when they first met, at the Austrian College in Alpbach, in 1948. Paul told me long afterward that they went for a walk, with Popper talking very easily, on a first-name basis, and he was impressed by the simplicity of Popper’s arguments. However, in Vienna Feyerabend fell under Elizabeth Anscombe’s influence; through her he briefly met Wittgenstein; and when he got a British Council Scholarship in 1951, he applied to study under him. But Wittgenstein died in April, and in 1952 Feyerabend came to LSE to work under Popper on problems relating to quantum mechanics. It must have been then that he began to develop his fluent, racy style in both spoken and written English. But although I was teaching at LSE I don’t remember meeting him then. (He afterward translated Popper’s The Open Society into German.) I met him when he briefly passed through Alpbach en route to Berkeley in 1958, leaving a trail of broken hearts behind him. But it was not until 1961, when I and my family visited Berkeley, that I got to know him at all well.
Tricksters and Typists: 9 to 5 as Aristophanic Comedy
Authors: Baron James R
Published: November 2023

Nothing in this chapter is intended to put forth any claim that the creators of the film 9 to 5 consciously copied or imitated Aristophanes’ comedies in general or his Lysistrata in particular. Some of the evidence presented here may suggest such a hypothesis to bolder scholars, but there is no proof of any direct connection in the form of identifiable quotations, unquestionable borrowings, or clear, if indirect, references. Nevertheless, it would not surprise me to learn that the scriptwriters had some knowledge of or contact with Aristophanes’ plays, perhaps even with contemporary scholarship about them. Rather, what is important is the pure comparison of shared formal features and main characters and the common relationship of the latter to the lovable scoundrels of the trickster tales that are a well-documented feature of many cultures, including that of Hollywood.
Perception and the Representative Design of Psychological Experiments [1956]
Authors: Brunswik Egon
Published: November 2023

We have included the following excerpt from Brunswik’s 1956 book because it shows us how he expanded his conceptual framework from perception to thinking. These are remarkable pages, for they include remarkable thoughts in remarkable language. By linking and distinguishing thinking and perception theoretically, he showed how he could accommodate both the analytical and the intuitive functions of cognition within a single framework. Moreover, he showed their relationship through the brilliant innovation of describing the different types of error produced by each cognitive function. Perception, he would argue, produces a normal distribution of errors, whereas analysis produces exactly correct answers together with widely dispersed errors (see Figure 15.1). In these pages, he further developed his ideas about compromise in intuitive functions and the “dangers in explicit logical operations,” a thought that had occurred to few other psychologists, all too enamored of rationality. And finally, in beautiful prose so typical of Brunswik’s writing, he uttered a revolutionary remark: “The balance sheet of perception versus thinking may thus seem seriously upset against thinking, unquestioned favorite of a culture of rational enlightenment as the latter has been.” All this is iconclastic material that, although largely ignored by the psychologists of the twentieth century, should challenge and inspire the psychologists of the twenty-first century to advance our thinking about cognition.
Scope and Aspects of the Cognitive Problem [1957]
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

One of the first conferences directly focused on cognition in the twentieth century was held at the University of Colorado in 1955. Brunswik, together with J. Bruner, Leon Festinger, Fritz Heider, Charles Osgood, and Amnon Rappaport, was invited to present a paper. It was to be his final effort and possibly spurred by his sense that his life was drawing to a close, possibly spurred by his high regard for his fellow participants, in this paper he made a strong effort to make the whole of his life’s work intelligible to his peers. Whatever the cause, Brunswik was eloquent. Broad-ranging in his ideas, and deft in his historical and contemporary exposition of them, he was at his best. As a result, this chapter not only offers an excellent representation of Brunswik’s final theoretical views but also illustrates their significance for the future.
Judgment Analysis
Authors: Holzworth R James
Published: November 2023

Judgment analysis is a term that did not exist in psychology until after World War II. It is closely related to decision analysis, of course, and the two have been confused. In 1971, for example, Slavic and Lichtenstein refused to distinguish be tween the terms judgment and decision and stated forthrightly that they would “use these terms interchangeably.” Later, in a 1977 review, they did not address the distinction at all. But by 1980, Hammond, McClelland, and Mumpower (1980) had become concerned about the ambiguity in the usage of these terms and did address the matter directly. They observed that “the title of R. N. Shepard’s talk at the AMS meetings in 1962 (“Use of judgments in making optimal decisions”) provides a further illustration of the uncertain status of the distinction between these two terms: Could that title have just as well read: ‘Use of decisions in making optimal judgments’?” (p. 56). Hammond et al. went on to say that they would make a distinction between judgment and decision “because we believe that ... the development of a cumulative scientific discipline will best be served by indicating that the work of the researchers may very well be complementary. Specifically, ... we believe that instituting that distinction ... will be useful in identifying the complementary nature of the intended functions of the theories” (p. 57). That conclusion seems to have been justified by later developments.
Brunswik’s Theoretical and Methodological Contributions to Research in Interpersonal Perception
Authors: Albright Linda , Malloy Thomas E
Published: November 2023

Brunswik believed that the processes of social and nonsocial perception were similar (Bruns wik, 1934b) and that representative design was the optimal method for the study of both types of perception. He also contended that research in social perception, in particular, “brings home in a most natural way the necessity of representa-tive design of experiments as the methodological counterpart of probabilistic functionalism” (1950, p. 61). That is, because the stimuli in social perception research are people, whose characteristics can not be separated and manipulated orthogonally, representative covariation is the only methodological option.
Hierarchical Linear Models for the Nomothetic Aggregation of ldiographic Descriptions of Judgment
Authors: Schilling Stephen G , Hogge James H
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we explain how hierarchical in ear models (Bryk & Raudenbush, 1992) can serve as an analytic framework that considers a set of judges simultaneously, both idiographically (incorporating reliable individual differences be tween judges’ policies) and nomothetically (examining evidence of generality across individuals). Beginning with a summary of the distinction between the idiographic and nomothetic orienta-tions and Brunswik’s view of the tension between the two approaches, we note previous strategies that have been employed to aggregate idiographic judgment data. Next, we provide a brief overview of hierarchical linear models and show how they can be used to analyze a set of judgments based on multiple cues. Finally, we summarize the specific advantages of hierarchical linear models for the Brunswikian judgment analyst.
The Lens Model Equation
Authors: Stewart Thomas R
Published: November 2023

The lens model equation (LME) is a quantitative expression of Brunswik’s lens model and probabilistic functionalism. Since its introduction in 1964, the LME has led to advances in the study of expert judgment, multiple cue probability learning, interpersonal learning, and conflict. In this brief chapter, I will summarize the history of the lens model equation, describe its relation to Brunswikian theory, and discuss future directions for LME research.
The Realistic Accuracy Model and Brunswik’s Approach to Social Judgment
Authors: Funder David C
Published: November 2023

A rereading of Egon Brunswik’s collected articles and his classic 1956 book makes it clear that Brunswik was, among many other roles, a preacher. He had several messages that he was powerfully motivated to get across to an audience that seemed slow to grasp the point, and he argued them again and again. One of the most important of these messages was that psychology needed to study more than just processes within the person, or “organism.” Every person lives within and interacts with an environment. Any study of the person that failed to integrate an analysis of the environment, and the person’s interaction with it, would fall far short of what psychology needs.
Egon Brunswik before and after Emigration: A Study in the History of Science
Authors: Ash Mitchell G
Published: November 2023

In recent years, a wide-ranging body of literature has examined the career trajectories and intellectual development of the scientists who emigrated from Germany and Austria after 1933. The fascination with the impressive accomplishments and contributions of the most prominent of these emigrants endures for good reason. Recent research, however, has shown that various emigrants were able to carry on their work almost without interruption. Consequently, doubts have been raised about whether a causal relation exists between coerced emigration and scientific innovations after 1933 and 1938, respectively.1 At first glance, Egon Brunswik’s intellectual development appears to show uninterrupted continuity. This pa per considers the extent to which this was actually the case, and the extent to which Brunswik’s emigration was even coerced. To set the scene, I will begin by discussing certain aspects of Brunswik’s work before his emigration from Austria.
The Emergence of Poiêsis, Logos, and Rhêtorikê
Authors: Walker Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Thus far I have pursued an argument that “rhetoric” in its primitive, “preconceptual” state in “traditional” or archaic cultures, and in archaic Greek culture in particular, finds its “primary” embodiment in epideictic, or more specifically in the memorable, memorious eloquence of poetry. But I have not addressed what is the crucial moment, or the crucial passage, in most traditional histories of rhetoric. And that is the moment or passage in which both “poetry” and—most crucially of all—“rhetoric” appear and stand side by side as named and conceptualized discursive practices.

That moment is the fifth to fourth centuries B.c., the moment that for nearly every modern history of rhetoric culminates in Aristotle. But it has a long foreground too, in the profound changes that Greek culture undergoes in its transition from Hesiod’s oral/archaic, eighth-century world to the beginnings of the classical period.
Hellenistic Rhetoric
Authors: Walker Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

It’s common to think of rhetoric as falling into decadence and decline in later antiquity, under Hellenistic kings and Roman emperors. And yet this period culminates in what has been called the “Greek renaissance” of the first to third centuries A.O., a “grand baroque age” of astonishing cultural vitality in which rhetoric, rhetoricians, and rhetorical literature seem highly prominent, prolific, and influential—the period that Philostratus called the Second Sophistic. How is this “decline”?

Certainly, if one starts from the traditional presumption that “rhetoric” is originally, primarily, essentially an art of pragmatic oratory whose paradigmatic scenes are the civil forums of a democratic polity, then it would seem that “rhetoric’s” fortunes must logically rise and fall with those of democracy. This presumption (abetted by others, such as a romantic-modernist antithesis between the practical and the aesthetic) defines an a priori plot that will structure, organize, and suppress, perhaps even produce, historical particulars according to its own internal logic, whether or not that logic is actually grounded in the particulars it organizes and suppresses.
“Rhetoric” from Cicero to the Second Sophistic
Authors: Walker Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Here I continue the tale begun in the preceding chapter. As I noted there, the traditional tale of rhetoric’s rise and fall repeats itself, first at Athens in the fifth to fourth centuries B.c., and then at Rome in the late republic, producing a narrative in which rhetoric enjoys two brief moments of florescence, followed by much longer periods of “decline.” The argument here, however, is that in the Roman period after Cicero, just as in the Hellenistic period, there is no “decline of rhetoric” in any meaningful sense. And indeed we might argue that, under the Roman emperors, what we find is actually a triumph of the Ciceronian ideal—not, however, the Ciceronian ideal as propagated by Quintilian and identified with the oratorical practices of the late republic, but the Ciceronian ideal as understood from an Isocratean or sophistic perspective, and as advanced by Cicero himself.
Argumentation Indoors
Authors: Walker Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

The first thing to say is that these statements cannot necessarily be taken as reliable, and indeed should be taken with many grains of salt. Alcaeus and Sappho were active in the early sixth century B.c., about five and a half centuries before Dionysius, and about seven centuries before Maximus. Dionysius’s reference to the difficulty of reading Alcaeus’s archaic dialect (Aeolic) is an index of that distance. Both Dionysius and Maximus are, moreover, the inheritors of literary-biographical traditions that all too often seem to have evolved as fanciful mixtures of fact and fabulation, or as simple confusion, especially in the case of archaic poets about whom there was little documented testimony—and this is perhaps most true for Sappho. Further, it might be argued that Dionysius and Maximus have projected onto the poets a sophistic, rhetorical-critical interpretive frame that is anachronistic or that is, in Donald Russell’s words, “fundamentally not equal to the task of appraising” poetry.
Solon Sophôtatos
Authors: Walker Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

In Plato’s Timaeus, Critias calls Solon “the wisest”—ho sophôtatos—of the Seven Sages, and recalls how in his boyhood an elder had praised Solon as the wisest of all men and the noblest of all poets (20d, 21c). Indeed, said the elder, if Solon had not spent so much time in politics he would have surpassed even Hesiod and Homer. In those days (says Critias) Solon’s poems were still new and much in vogue, and all the boys were learning them for poetry recital contests at public festivals. Plato may, perhaps, intend for us to take these statements ironically, but it doesn’t seem likely: Solon is being invoked as an authoritative source for the Atlantis myth. Either way, however, Critias’s recollections show the degree to which Solon’s poetry was in fact revered by his contemporaries, as well as by subsequent generations.
Aristotelianism and Grammar
Authors: Walker Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

To speak of the “fate of poetry” is, from one point of view, too portentous. Certainly poetry continued to be written and performed, continued to play cultural, social, and political roles, and continued to be understood in rhetorical terms from early to late antiquity. There is, however, a well established agreement among classical scholars that poetry “declined,” from the Second Sophistic onward, as the proliferating varieties of epideictic prose became the predominant and most lively media for significant epideictic discourse and original invention. Such a view may reflect, in part, an inability like that of W. R. Johnson to view a poetry like Solon’s as “poetic.” However, it does seem true that little poetry of consequence was written in late antiquity—that is, after the third or fourth century—or little that can seriously be compared with what remains of Sappho, Solon, Pindar, or the great Hellenistic and Augustan poets. The poets of late antiquity (or those whose writings have survived) are often regarded as well-trained hacks, many of whom are little more than antiquarians or well-bred poetasters indulging in verse as a courtly hobby. The better poets do rise above mediocrity, but not very far: mostly they rework an exhausted body of conventional materials and forms, with laborious if ingenious pedantry. In short, poetry became for the most part a minor and often sec-ond-rate form of epideictic. Such is the standard view.
Toward Modernity
Authors: Walker Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

There remains a long and complex tale to tell, more than can be told in a single chapter, more perhaps than can be told in a single volume. Nevertheless I will attempt to sketch an outline here, by way of concluding. My claim, to put it in simplest terms, is that the dominant notions of “poetry” and “rhetoric” that modern culture has inherited—and its notions of “poetry” in particular—are largely products of the grammatical tradition in late antiquity. My sketch consists of a few brief stops in what is truly a long and highly complex itinerary. First, I’ll consider a medieval Greek definition of “rhetoric” and Augustine’s De Doctrina Christiana, which is probably the most crucial text in the transmission of rhetoric, or a notion of it, from late antiquity to the Middle Ages and subsequent posterity; then I’ll consider Sidney’s Defense of Poetry. I hope that, with readers’ patience and charity, Augustine’s and Sidney’s texts can stand as a synecdoche for the larger history they represent.
Dawn in Gujarat
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

The Mahatma’s father, Karamchand (“Kaba”} Gandhi, was a man of power and pomp, prime minister of the princely Indian state of Porbandar in Gujarat. Kaba was also a man of passion, taking his fourth wife (the previous three had died), Putlibai, then only fifteen, “when he was over forty.” Their youngest child, Mohandas Karamchand, the future Bapu, was born on October 2, 1869.
Between Two Worlds
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

“The poor people had no objection to their latrines being inspected. . . . But when we went to inspect the ... upper ten, some of them even re fused us admission.” Gandhi recalled finding latrines of the richest inhabitants of Rajkot “dark and stinking.” His committee had to inspect the untouchables’ quarters also. Only one member of the Hindu committee agreed to accompany him there, though “the entrances were well swept, the floors were beautifully smeared with cow-dung, and the few pots and pans were clean and shining.”
Satyagraha in South Africa
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

Never easily discouraged, Gandhi resolved to press Indian demands for more equitable treatment by following the indifferent crown minister from Natal to Pretoria. Britain’ s victory in replacing Boer rule with its own did not open the Transvaal to Indian settlers, only to white Englishmen. Indians were required to obtain special permits to enter the Transvaal, and un less they were prepared to bribe officials in the new Asiatic Department to the tune of thousands, permission was denied. Gandhi, however, appealed to his old friend Police Superintendent Alexander and was soon on his way to Pretoria. Transvaal officials, angered at his having managed to procure a permit “by mistake,” flexed their petty muscles, preventing his meeting once again with Chamberlain, arguing that the Pretoria deputation should only include “resident” Indians.
Imprisoned Soul of India
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

On March 11, 1932, Gandhi wrote to India’ s new secretary of state, Sir Samuel Hoare, to remind him of a warning he had issued in the closing days of the Round Table Conference “that I should resist with my life the grant of separate electorate to the Depressed Classes.”Now he explained at length why he opposed Britain’ s announced intention of awarding separate electoral status, which would grant a bloc of separate seats on all the new councils to candidates born only in untouchable communities. Gandhi insisted that untouchable castes remain integral parts of Hinduism’ s body politic. So strong was his opposition to any political vivisection of his faith that Gandhi informed Sir Samuel, “I must fast unto death” if Britain went ahead and created separately elected representation of untouchables.
Return to Rural Uplift Work
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

Jawaharlal, also just released from prison, went to Poona to meet with Gandhi in mid-September of 1933. They conferred alone long enough to agree on how much they disagreed and how best to advance common goals they still shared for the good of the nation and its masses. “Vested interests in India will have to give up their special ... privileges,” Jawaharlal insisted soon after leaving Bapu, agreeing with him, however, that “divesting should be done as gently as possible and with every effort to avoid injury.”2 Nehru wanted such change to be accomplished as swiftly as possible. Gandhi was more concerned with the morality of the means rather than the swiftness of achieving the end. Both agreed the Round Table Conferences were “useless,” Nehru calling them “a fascist grouping of vested and possessing interests.” Having participated in one such conference himself, Gandhi was less harsh, unwilling to label its members “fascist.”
His Indian Legacy
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

“The light has gone out of our lives,” Jawaharlal Nehru declaimed that night, fighting back tears as he delivered his beautifully poignant tribute to Gandhi over Radio India. “Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him ... is no more[W]e will not see him again as we have seen him for these many years. We will not run to him for advice and seek solace from him.
Spartan Women
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B
Published: November 2023

Sparta, which existed from 800 B.C. until A.D. 200, was renowned in the ancient world as a stoic and martial city-state, and most of what we know about Sparta concerns its military history and male-dominated social structure. Yet Spartan women were in many ways among the most liberated of the ancient world, receiving formal instruction in poetry, music, dance, and physical education. And the most famous of mythic Greek women, Helen of Troy, was originally a Spartan. Written by one of the leading authorities on women in antiquity, Spartan Women seeks to reconstruct the lives and the world of Sparta’s women, including how their legal status changed over time and how they held on to their surprising autonomy. In this book, Sarah Pomeroy covers over a thousand years in the lives of Sparta’s women from both the elite and lower classes. This is the first book-length examination of Spartan women, and Pomeroy comprehensively analyses ancient texts and archaeological evidence to construct the history of these elusive though much noticed women. Spartan Women is an authoritative and fresh account that will appeal to all readers interested in ancient history and women’s studies.
Collaborative Advantage
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H
Published: November 2023

Why has Chrysler been twice as profitable as GM and Ford during the 1990s even though it is a much smaller company with plants that are less efficient than Ford’s? Why does Toyota continue to have substantial productivity and quality advantages long after knowledge of the Toyota Production System has diffused to competitors? The answer, according to Jeff Dyer, is that Toyota and Chrysler have been the first in their industry to recognize that the fundamental unit of competition has changed--from the individual firm to the extended enterprise. In this book Dyer demonstrates the power of collaborative advantage, arguing that, in the future, competitive advantage will increasingly be created by teams of companies, rather than by the single firm. Managers who do not recognize this development--regardless of their industry--are in danger of adopting the wrong strategies for their firms. Dyer draws on eight years of study of the automotive industry, including a wealth of data from interviews with over 200 executives and surveys of over 500 suppliers, as he offers detailed case studies of Toyota and Chrysler to show managers how to create collaborative advantage with their supplier networks. Dyer demonstrates how to build trust in the extended enterprise, how to exploit and manage knowledge (describing how Toyota manages knowledge across organizational boundaries), and how to create advantages through dedicated asset investments. In turn, these processes generate stunning performance advantages and an identity for the extended enterprise. To be successful in future years, executives will have to convert their corporations into fully integrated, extended enterprises. In Collaborative Advantage, Jeff Dyer shows them how.
Creating Dedicated Assets in the Extended Enterprise
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H
Published: November 2023

By now, many U.S. managers know that the formidable success of Toyota and other Japanese manufacturers stems to a great extent from their close relationship with suppliers. Toyota and others, working closely with their respective lean-production networks of parts suppliers, produce high-quality products quickly and inexpensively. And competitors rooted in traditional mass-production operations, which have typically compelled manufacturers to keep suppliers at arm’s length, are left struggling to catch up.
Effective Knowledge Management in the Extended Enterprise
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H
Published: November 2023

Recently both executives and academics have argued that in today’s world of hyper competition, a firm’s ability to learn faster than its competitors may be the only sustainable competitive advantage. “Knowledge-management” has become a hot topic as managers seek to help their firms develop a learning capability. But how exactly do firms learn? And why do some firms learn faster than others?

To answer these questions, it is first important to recognize that companies do not learn in a vacuum.
Creating Trust in the Extended Enterprise
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H
Published: November 2023

Like motherhood and apple pie, trust is one of life’s indisputable virtues. Indeed, the management literature is full of testimonials about companies that claim they benefited by building trust with suppliers or customers. But does trust really pay off in significant bottomline results, or does this feel-good approach only bring marginal benefits? Mos1t “research” on trust is anecdotal, with little evidence of hard economic benefits.
Chrysler’s Extended Enterprise: The Process
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1992, General Motor’s purchasing czar, Jose Ignacio Lopez, instructed his troops that cozy supplier relationships wen: a thing of the past. Every supplier would have to re-win its business in a new round of bidding. A new policy dictated that GM’s buyers were not to be wined and dined by suppliers. In fact, buyers were not allowed to accept a lunch invitation except under certain conditions—and even that was discouraged.
For Sale: Thirty Thousand Homes A Year
Authors: Moskowitz Lisa
Published: November 2023

The silver-foil adage is pasted across a framed photograph in Barbara Reed’s real-estate office. The picture shows Barbara standing by a swimming pool with her hands in the pockets of a black denim skirt. She’s wearing a ruffled red blouse and matching red-leather cowboy boots, western-style. The wind ripples her long blonde hair, apparently at twilight. At the front of her waist is a heart-shaped sterling-silver belt buckle. She smiles slightly without parting her lips. She looks rich.
Back to the future
Authors: Barrow John P
Published: November 2023

The simplicity of the phrase ‘the limits of science’ is deceptive. We are familiar with the limitations of scientists; we are familiar with partial theories about how things work; and we are familiar with theories that are simply wrong. In each case, what might at first be casually referred to as a limit of science is really nothing of the sort. Perhaps, after all, there are no true limits to science at all. Perhaps all boundaries are illusory, whether erected by ourselves through our lack of information about the nature of things, or by the choice of an oversimplified (or even an over-complicated) model of reality? This is an issue that must be taken seriously. All our attempts to describe the workings of Nature and to predict or control future events are based upon a scientific method that builds up a ‘model’ of how some aspect of Nature operates. The more observations we make, the more completely and accurately this representation of Nature can be checked and extended. Our models of Nature are invariably mathematical in character. This is not as narrow as it first sounds. Although the outsider sees mathematics as a coldly analytical way of looking at the world, it is something deeper than this: something that is closely linked to other human pictures of the world. At root, mathematics is the name we give to the collection of all possible patterns and interrelationships. Some of those patterns are between shapes, others are in sequences of numbers, while others are more abstract relationships between structures. The essence of mathematics lies in the relationships between quantities and qualities. Thus it is the relationships between numbers, not the numbers themselves, that form the focus of interest for modern mathematicians.
Being human
Authors: Barrow John P
Published: November 2023

Are there limits on our ability to understand the Universe which are imposed by the nature of our minds? This sounds like a serious possibility. Human minds have histories-long and tortuous histories. Like all other human organs they have made their way from the past to the present by an erratic path of trial and error. Small random variations have been sifted by their ability to aid survival and fecundity. All our present abilities are inheritances from the past. If, as we believe, they cannot be pre-programmed for purposes in the far distant future, then they are likely to be far from optimal when used in our future quest to understand the Universe.