bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms Setting the Strength of Orographic Rossby Waves across a Wide Range of Climates in a Moist Idealized GCM
Authors: Wills Robert C. J. , Schneider Tapio
Published: June 2018

Orographic stationary Rossby waves are an important influence on the large-scale circulation of the atmosphere, especially in Northern Hemisphere winter. Changes in stationary waves with global warming have the potential to modify patterns of surface temperature and precipitation. This paper presents an analysis of the forcing of stationary waves by midlatitude orography across a wide range of climates in a moist idealized GCM, where latent heating and transient eddies are allowed to feed back on the stationary-eddy dynamics. The stationary-eddy amplitude depends to leading order on the surface winds impinging on the orography, resulting in different climate change responses for mountains at different latitudes. Latent heating is found to damp orographic stationary waves, whereas transient eddies are found to reinforce them. As the climate warms, the damping by latent heating becomes more effective while the reinforcement by transient eddies becomes less effective, leading to an overall reduction in orographic stationary wave amplitude. These effects overwhelm the influences of a reduced meridional temperature gradient and increased dry static stability, both of which increase the sensitivity of the free troposphere to orographic forcing. Together with a reduction in the midlatitude meridional temperature gradient, the weakening of orographic stationary waves leads to reduced zonal asymmetry of temperature and net precipitation in warm, moist climates. While circulation changes in this idealized model cannot be expected to agree quantitatively with changes in the real world, the key physical processes identified are broadly relevant.
Is Coronary Artery Ectasia a Thrombotic Disease?
Authors: Liang Siwen , Zhang Yue , Gao Xiangyu , Zhao Huiqiang , Di Beibing , Sheng Qianqian , Liu Ruifeng
Published: June 2018

Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is a rare disease and a substantial portion of patients with CAE are first diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The question was raised if CAE was a kind of thrombotic disease. We assessed a consecutive series of 119 patients with CAE including 32 patients with AMI (CAE + AMI group) and 87 patients without AMI (CAE group). During the same period, 90 patients with coronary heart disease, 90 patients with normal coronary arteries (control), and 120 AMI patients without CAE (AMI group) were randomly selected and evaluated. Both current and previous AMI prevalence rates in the CAE population were higher than the AMI rate for the other patients undergoing coronary angiograms; the mean platelet volume and fibrinogen were increased in the CAE + AMI and CAE groups. For patients with CAE with AMI, most of the thrombotic lesions were in the ectasia site. After dividing the patients with CAE into with and without antiplatelet treatment groups before admission, the AMI rate was lower in the antiplatelet group. Platelets may participate in the thrombotic process in CAE. Antiplatelet treatment may decrease the AMI rate of patients with CAE.
Work-related proactivity through the lens of narrative: Investigating emotional journeys in the process of making things happen
Authors: Bindl Uta K
Published: June 2018

Organizations benefit from proactive employees who initiate improvements at work. Although evidence suggests happy employees are more likely to become proactive, the emotional journeys employees take during the process of making things happen, and their implications for future proactivity at work, remain unclear. To develop an understanding of patterns of emotions in the process of proactivity, I conducted a qualitative study based on 92 proactivity episodes by employees and their managers in the service centre of a multinational organization. Findings, through the lens of narrative, indicate that emotional journeys in proactivity took different forms. First, a proactivity-as-frustration narrative captured individuals’ emotional patterns of proactivity as a consistently unpleasant action when initiated and seen through. Second, a proactivity-as-threat narrative captured instances of proactivity that derailed at the onset, owing to feelings of fear. Third, a proactivity-as-growth narrative, although initially characterized by negative emotions, gave way to feelings such as excitement, joy and pride in the process, as well as to sustained motivation to engage in proactivity. Overall, findings of this research show that as employees embark in showing initiative in their organization, they are set on different emotional paths that, in turn, likely impact their future willingness to become proactive at work.
Relational job crafting: Exploring the role of employee motives with a weekly diary study
Authors: Rofcanin Yasin , Bakker Arnold B. , Berber Aykut , Gölgeci Ismail , Las Heras Mireia
Published: June 2018

In this weekly diary study, we integrated research on job crafting to explore the associations between expansion and contraction oriented relational job crafting, work engagement and manager-rated employee behaviours (work performance and voice). Furthermore, we investigated cross-level moderations of prosocial and impression management motives on our proposed associations. We tested our hypotheses with matched data collected over seven weeks in Istanbul, Turkey. The results from multilevel analyses revealed that (a) expansion oriented relational job crafting is positively related with work performance and voice via work engagement, while (b) contraction oriented relational job crafting is negatively related with work performance and voice via work engagement, all measured at the week level. Furthermore, impression management motives of employees moderated the association between expansion oriented relational job crafting and work engagement in that this positive association is stronger for employees low on impression management motives. Our results contribute to job crafting research in two ways. First, it focuses on relational job crafting and discusses how and why the two opposite types of relational job crafting (expansion versus contraction oriented) impact on work engagement and employees’ key outcomes in the way they do. This addresses the question ‘ is there a dark side to job crafting?’ Second, it focuses on the importance of context and integrates two motives relevant to understand how relational job crafting unfolds, thereby taking a step to address questions for whom (i.e. what kinds of employees), relational job crafting is more effective and translates into enhanced (vs deteriorated) work outcomes. Moreover, our use of a weekly within-person design adds to a recently growing research stream emphasizing the dynamic nature of job crafting.
National, modern, Hindu? The post-independence trajectory of Jalandhar’s Harballabh music festival
Authors: Kapuria Radha
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the post-Independence trajectory of North India’s oldest extant classical music festival. Processes of modernisation and nationalisation transformed the Harballabh festival into a professionally organised concert, with little resemblance to the fair or ‘Rāg Melā’ it used to be. I demonstrate the tension between the ‘modernisation’ begun by Ashwini Kumar post-1948 and a subtle though unmistakable ‘Hinduisation’ championed by other middle-class organisers. Kumar’s attempts during the 1950s and 1960s to shape a new, disciplined audience, schooled in practices of rapt listening, were also in direct contrast to conceptions about ‘restive’ and rustic Punjabi audiences. The article raises larger questions about the cultural politics of music performance in postcolonial India by focusing on the shifting character of middle-class cultural patronage, the tussle between traditional and modern formats of music festival organisation and the complicated division of public space along secular/sacred axes.
Performance-based Financing in Africa: Time to Test Measures for Equity
Authors: Ridde Valéry , Gautier Lara , Turcotte-Tremblay Anne-Marie , Sieleunou Isidore , Paul Elisabeth
Published: June 2018

Over the past 15 years, hundreds of millions of dollars have been invested in reforms founded on performance-based financing (PBF) in low- and middle-income countries. While evidence on its effectiveness and efficiency is still controversial, there appears to be an emerging consensus that equity has not been adequately considered. In this article, we show how PBF-type interventions in Africa have not sufficiently taken into account equity of access to care for the worst-off and their financial protection. In reviewing the history of health reforms in Africa, we show that this omission is nothing new. We suggest that strategic purchasing and PBF-type actions would benefit from being implemented in ways that promote equity and the financial protection of populations in Africa. Without such a reorientation of reforms, it will be impossible to achieve universal health coverage by 2030.
Applying the Human Rights Framework Is Not “a” Development Alternative; It Is “the” Road to an Alternative Development Process (People’s Health Movement Latin America)
Authors: Schuftan Claudio
Published: June 2018

Historically, political elites adopted the idea of human rights if, and only if, it could foster their interests. Today, it is thus public interest civil society organizations, and not states, that are left to contribute most to the protection of and the struggle for human rights. Despite human rights being enshrined in constitutions, nowadays they can primarily be effectively claimed by those with access to the courts and by the press, i.e., those in power. Public interest civil society organizations and social movements are the only ones left to play this crucial role. The need for the global human rights movement to bridge the gap that has opened up between itself and the majority of the public is clear. Communications in the human rights domain simply have to become less legalistic and more hands-on. To claim their rights, those rendered poor need real power. Those who have been left poor and oppressed do not ever get to actively claim their rights. Instead they ask for mercy, expect charity, and seek benefits from benevolent masters.
Digital Sociotechnical System Design
Authors: Winby Stu , Mohrman Susan Albers
Published: June 2018

Digital platforms increasingly are dictating how work is carried out, breaking down boundaries between companies, geographies, customers, and other stakeholders and participants, and determining who will benefit from advancing technology. Existing organization design frameworks do not adequately address the new reality where both the technical and social elements of the full ecosystem need to be designed. Work is no longer carried out within a bounded organization, and individual organizations can no longer be the focus of design. Building on both the traditional sociotechnical systems framework and strategic organization design frameworks, we propose a digital sociotechnical systems design approach. It involves multiple stakeholders and participants in codesigning the digital system and the social system at the ecosystem level. A case example from health care is described and discussed.
Introduction of intra-tow release/storage mechanisms in reactive dual-scale flow numerical simulations
Authors: Imbert Mathieu , Comas-Cardona Sebastien , Abisset-Chavanne Emmanuelle , Prono David
Published: June 2018

Classical dual-scale reactive simulations of the RTM process assume permanent intra-tow resin storage in the saturated domain. However, recent experimental investigations revealed that permanent storage is occurring only in a limited volume of the tows. In the remaining volume, fluid is released in the channels with a rate that depends on the architecture of the textile and on the fiber volume fraction. Based on experimental observations, a new model is proposed to refine the simulation of the high speed reactive RTM process: a simplified microstructural model is used to enable permanent and partial transient storage within the tows. Additionally, a new sink term is proposed to reproduce the kinetics of the convective tow-channel fluid exchanges in the saturated domain. After a state of the art on dual-scale and reactive flow, the experimental inputs of the study are presented. The new model is then introduced, validated and characterized using the experimental inputs. Additionally, the influence of the release mechanisms on a reactive dual-scale injection is estimated by conducting comparative single-scale, and dual-scale simulations with transient or permanent storage. The new model has been demonstrated to be appropriate to reproduce accurately the release mechanisms, and simulations reveal the interest of taking these release mechanisms into account to simulate reactive dual-scale injections with an increased accuracy.
Counting Caste: Censuses, Politics, and Castelessness in India
Authors: Vithayathil Trina
Published: June 2018

This article addresses the important question of how “upper”-caste power is reproduced in contemporary India, in the face of organized challenges from below. It argues that this process turns on the reproduction of castelessness. A long-standing site for the cultivation of castelessness has been the postcolonial census, which has limited the enumeration of caste to certain nonelites for the purposes of affirmative action reservations. However, in the aftermath of an intensive campaign to include a full castewise enumeration in Census 2011, the political leadership of the Indian National Congress Party conceded and reversed seventy years of census policy on caste. This article examines the institutional pushback within the executive bureaucracy in the year following the public concession to change census policy on caste. In doing so, it shows how bureaucratic actions and inactions reproduce both castelessness and upper-caste power in contemporary India.
Depression, Anxiety, and Stress: How Should Clinicians Interpret the Total and Subscale Scores of the 21-Item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales?
Authors: Chin Eu Gene , Buchanan Erin M. , Ebesutani Chad , Young John
Published: June 2018

The 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21) is a self-report measure that is easy to administer, quick to score, and is freely available. Widely used in diverse settings and populations, confirmatory factor analytic evidence has accumulated for a bifactor model underlying this multidimensional measure. Studies employing an exploratory bifactor approach to more closely examine its underlying structure and inter-relations of factors, however, have been scarce. This is unfortunate because confirmatory techniques often employ indirect ways of handling model misspecification, whereas exploratory methods enable more direct approaches. Moreover, more precise approaches to modeling an exploratory bifactor structure have not been examined with the DASS-21. Based on several large samples of undergraduate students in the United States, the first two parts of the paper (Studies 1 and 2) utilized both exploratory ( M = 19.7 years of age) and confirmatory factor analytic methods ( M = 19.7 years of age) following those presented by contemporary multidimensional modeling theorists. Building upon these results, the third part of the paper (Study 3; M = 20.0 years of age) examined sensitivity-/specificity-related indices to provide cut-off score recommendations for a revised DASS-21 instrument based on a newly identified and supported bifactor structure. Implications of these results are discussed in terms of taxonomy, challenges inherent in multidimensional modeling, and potential use of the revised DASS-21 measure as a component of an actuarial decision-making strategy to inform clinical referrals.
A Social Ecological Modeled Explanation of the Resilience Processes of a Sample of Black Sesotho-Speaking Adolescents
Authors: van Rensburg Angelique , Theron Linda , Rothmann Sebastiaan
Published: June 2018

The primary aim of the study that this article reports was to model and test a social ecological explanation of resilience as explained by Ungar. Its secondary aim was to investigate resilience-promoting supports in school-going Black South African adolescents. School attendance was specified as a culturally appropriate, functional outcome of resilience. The Pathways to Resilience Research Project gathered data through the Pathways to Resilience Youth Measure. Seven hundred and thirty school-going adolescents (age 12–19 years, 388 female, 341 male, one unspecified) from Thabo Mofutsanyana District, in South Africa’s Free State province, participated in this cross-sectional study. Latent variable modeling was used to test measurement models of adolescents’ self-reported perceptions of social ecological contributions (resources and risks) to their resilience. A complex model based on a social ecological explanation of resilience fitted the data best. The structural model showed that the resilience process predicted 32% of the variance in school attendance. Social skills, cultural, and spiritual resources were most supportive of adolescents’ resilience. The results confirmed that the complex model explained resilience in Black South African adolescents as a person-context relational process and prompt principals, parents, teachers, and governmental departments to encourage school attendance.
Smartphone Apps for Teaching Engineering Courses: Experience and Scope
Authors: Jain Dipika , Chakraborty Pinaki , Chakraverty Shampa
Published: June 2018

Smartphone apps have lately emerged as a potent instructional aid for teaching engineering courses. Teaching engineering courses often involve explaining complex problems that require creative solutions to students who are typically tech-savvy. This article reviews 10 smartphone apps that have been developed to teach engineering courses. The apps have been used to teach a wide range of engineering courses at undergraduate and graduate levels in classroom and laboratory environments. The apps help students to solve engineering problems by means of simulation and experimentation. They use techniques varying from algorithm visualization to augmented reality to enrich the courses. This article also provides suggestions on how to develop and use smartphone apps for teaching engineering courses. It is recommended that the developers of such apps pay special attention to their content, user interface, dissemination, and integration with the curriculum to get the best result.
Centre/ing decolonial feminist psychology in Africa
Authors: Kessi Shose , Boonzaier Floretta
Published: June 2018

Psychology as a discipline has historically served the interests of dominant groups in society. By contrast, contemporary trends in psychological work have emerged as a direct result of the impact of violent histories of slavery, genocide and colonisation. Hence, we propose that psychology, particularly in its social forms, as a discipline centred on the relationship between mind and society, is well placed to produce the critical knowledge and tools for imagining and promoting just and equitable social relationships and social structures. Starting with an overview of the historical assumptions of the discipline that served to legitimate systems of slavery, colonisation and apartheid, this article then introduces a framework for centring decolonial, feminist ways of doing psychological work with a focus on the particularities of the African context. We argue that a decolonial feminist approach to psychology curricula and psychological research is necessary for the discipline to remain relevant in contemporary African contexts.
“The lottery of my life”: Migration trajectories and the production of precarity among Bangladeshi migrant workers in Singapore's construction industry
Authors: Baey Grace , Yeoh Brenda S. A.
Published: June 2018

Within the scholarship on precarity, low-waged contract-based migrants are recognized as centrally implicated in precarious employment conditions at the bottom of neoliberal capitalist labor markets. Precarity as a socially corrosive condition stems from both the multiple insecurities of the workplace as disposable labor, and a sense of deportability as migrant subjects with marginal socio-legal status in the host society. Our study of Bangladeshi construction workers in Singapore contributes to refining understandings of precarity by approaching labor migration as a cumulative, intensively mediated process, whereby risks and vulnerabilities are compounded across different sites in migrants’ trajectories, even as they enact themselves as mobile, aspiring subjects. As a condition-in-the-making, precarity is experienced and compounded, through a continuum beginning in pre-migration indebtedness, multiplying through entanglements with the migration industry, and manifesting in workplace vulnerabilities at destination. It is most finely balanced when predictability and planning yield to arbitrary hope.
A mathematical model and semi-analytical solution for transient pressure of vertical fracture with varying conductivity in three crossflow rectangular layers
Authors: Liu Jie , Liu Pengcheng , Li Shunming , Wang Xiaodong
Published: June 2018

This paper first describes a mathematical model of a vertical fracture with constant conductivity in three crossflow rectangular layers. Then, three forms of vertical fracture (linear, logarithmic, and exponential variations) with varying conductivity are introduced to this mathematical model. A novel mathematical model and its semi-analytical solution of a vertical fracture with varying conductivity intercepting a three-separate-layered crossflow reservoir is developed and executed. Results show that the transient pressures are divided into three stages: the linear-flow phase, the medium unsteady-flow stage, and the later pseudo-steady-flow phase. The parameters of the fracture, reservoir, and the multi-permeability medium directly influence the direction, transition, and shape of the transient pressure. Meanwhile, the fracture conductivity is higher near the well bottom and is smaller at the tip of the fracture for the varying conductivity. Therefore, there are many more differences between varying conductivity and constant conductivity. Varying conductivity can correctly reflect the flow characteristics of a vertical fractured well during well-test analysis.
Multidimensional Intergenerational Instrumental Support and Self-Rated Health Among Older Adults in Rural China: Trajectories and Correlated Change Over 11 Years
Authors: Mao Weiyu , Chi Iris , Wu Shinyi
Published: June 2018

Objectives:

This study investigated the dynamic relationship between multidimensional intergenerational instrumental support and health over time. This approach is of theoretical, methodological, and practical significance in gerontological research.

Method:

Data came from The Well-Being of Older People in Anhui Province in 2001, 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2012. Of the 1,636 participants at baseline, a working sample of 1,557 older adults was used. Trajectories and correlated change were estimated using parallel latent growth curve modeling with maximum likelihood estimation.

Results:

“Received household-chore help” decreased over time, whereas “received personal-care help” increased over time. “Provided household-chore help” and “provided personal-care help” increased and then decreased over time. Increasing receipt of “household-chore help” and “personal-care help” were associated with faster decline in health over time.

Discussion

Findings suggest distinctive patterns of changes for different dimensions of intergenerational instrumental support and their relationship with changes in perception of health over time in later life.
The Effects of Chronic Iron Overload in Rats with Acute Acetaminophen Overdose
Authors: Ackerman Zvi , Skarzinski Galina , Link Gabriela , Glazer Maya , Pappo Orit , Grozovski Maria
Published: June 2018

Background and Aims:

Rats are resistant to acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity. In this study, we evaluated whether by augmentation of the hepatic oxidative stress, through the induction of hepatic iron overload (IO), it will be feasible to overcome the resistance of rats to the toxic effects of APAP.

Method:

Rats with no or increased hepatic IO.

Results:

Providing iron by diet induced hepatocellular IO, while parenteral iron administration induced combined hepatocellular and sinusoidal cell IO. APAP administration to rats with no IO caused an increase in hepatic oxidative stress and a decrease in the hepatic antioxidative markers but no hepatic cell damage. APAP administration to rats with hepatocellular IO further amplified the hepatic oxidative stress but induced only hepatocyte feathery degeneration without any increase in serum aminotransaminases. APAP administration to rats with combined hepatocellular and sinusoidal cell IO caused an unexpected decrease in hepatic oxidative stress and increase in the hepatic antioxidative markers and no hepatic cell damage. No hepatic expression of activated c-jun-N-terminal kinase was detected in any of the rats.

Conclusions:

The hepatic distribution of iron may affect its oxidative/antioxidative milieu. Augmentation of hepatic oxidative stress did not increase the rats’ vulnerability to APAP.
Comparison of Acute Gene Expression Profiles of Islet Cells Obtained via Laser Capture Microdissection between Alloxan- and Streptozotocin-treated Rats
Authors: Kato Yuki , Masago Yusaku , Kondo Chiaki , Yogo Erika , Torii Mikinori , Hishikawa Atsuko , Izawa Takeshi , Kuwamura Mitsuru , Yamate Jyoji
Published: June 2018

To identify the molecular profiles of islets from alloxan (ALX)- and streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats, a microarray-based global gene expression analysis was performed on frozen islets isolated via laser capture microdissection. At 6 weeks old, rats were injected with ALX (40 mg/kg) or STZ (50 or 100 mg/kg) and then euthanized 24 hr later. Histopathological analysis showed β-cell necrosis, macrophage infiltration, and islet atrophy. The extent of these changes was more notable in the STZ groups than in the ALX group. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated a significant up- or downregulation of cell cycle arrest–related genes in the p53 signaling pathway. Cyclin D2 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, mediators of G1 arrest, were remarkably altered in STZ-treated rats. In contrast, cyclin-B1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 1, mediators of G2 arrest, were remarkably changed in ALX-treated rats. Genes involved in the intrinsic mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway were upregulated in the ALX and STZ groups. Moreover, heat-shock 70 kDA protein 1A ( Hspa1a), Hsp90ab1, and Hsph1 were upregulated in ALX-treated rats, suggesting that ALX treatment injures β cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress. These results contribute to a better understanding of gene expression in the pathogenesis of islet toxicity.
The perception and use of technology within braille instruction: A preliminary study of braille teaching professionals
Authors: Martiniello Natalie , Wittich Walter , Jarry Anne
Published: June 2018

A convenience sample ( n = 35) of Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments (TVIs) and Rehabilitation Specialists completed a survey about their instructional techniques and perspectives on the relationship between braille and technology. While 62.5% of TVIs and Rehabilitation Specialists working with children, adolescents, or adults use technology in braille instruction, only 26.3% of those working with seniors use technology when teaching these clients. Rehabilitation Specialists felt significantly less knowledgeable about technologies than TVIs and used technology less frequently. TVIs felt more strongly that technology increased learner motivation and that the use of technology improved learning outcomes. These results suggest that the level of technological knowledge and instructor beliefs in the benefits such technologies provide may impact the decision to incorporate technology within braille instruction. Additional study is required to assess the validity of the motivational and learning benefits of various technologies within braille training programs.
Influence of the use of cane on the gait cycle of individuals who are blind
Authors: Santos Diana , Abrantes João MCS , Lewis Peter , Macedo António Filipe
Published: June 2018

The aim of this study was to perform a biomechanical characterization of the gait cycle in individuals who are blind. Five individuals with ages between 16 and 19 years participated in this study. The task consisted of walks of 12m measured in two conditions: (1) with cane and (2) wihtout cane; a total of 20 walks in each condition were performed. During walks, participants were monitored with a Vicon 3D-motion capture system. Spatialtemporal, kinematic, kinetic, and dynamic parameters were recorded and compared between the two conditions. We observed an interaction between the condition and ankle angular measures ( p = .003); the interaction was due to differences induced by condition in instants ‘opposite toe off’ ( p = .045) and ‘opposite initial contact’ ( p = .019). We also obtained a significant difference in the negative ankle-joint-power measures between conditions ( p = .044). This study showed that the use of cane changes the gait pattern in individuals who are blind. The subtle changes in ankle behaviour when walking with a cane, compared with no cane, suggest better application of the force during the initial stages of support leading to a more comfortable gait. This type of assessment of gait may be important to improve mobility training and rehabilitation strategies.
Hospitality and Welcome as Christian Imperatives in Relation to ‘the Other’
Authors: Constantineanu Corneliu
Published: June 2018

Many would acknowledge today that the question of understanding and relating to ‘the other’ has become a vital and urgent question in our globalised world, which brings ‘the other’ right in front of us. The tragic realities of migration around the world and the recent refugee crisis point forcefully to the scale and urgency of the matter. This article offers a biblical perspective on the unambiguous love and concern of God for strangers, immigrants and refugees, with the resulting imperative for Christians to practice hospitality and welcome ‘the other’. It is argued that hospitality and welcome represent the very heart of the mission of God and the essence of the gospel illustrated in the self-giving of God in Christ and in the Spirit, and so they should become a central concern for all those who follow Christ in our suffering and troubled world.
Human behaviour and economic growth: A psychocultural perspective on local and regional development
Authors: Huggins Robert , Thompson Piers , Obschonka Martin
Published: June 2018

A renewed emphasis on behavioural traits has emerged as a means of explaining regional and local differences in economic performance and development. Given this, the aim of this study is to identify distinct local psychocultural behavioural profiles, and to examine the extent to which these are associated with economic growth. Combining theories of community culture and personality psychology into a holistic spatially oriented perspective, the paper argues that the types of human behaviour found across local places emerges from the co-evolution of cultural and personality factors. An empirical analysis of localities in Great Britain identifies and explores three underlying psychocultural profiles: Diverse Extraversion; Inclusive Amenability and Individual Commitment. It is found that inclusive amenable and individually committed psychocultural behaviour generally appear to hold back local economic growth, with the exception of recessionary periods. The reverse relationship is somewhat the case for diverse extravert behaviour. It is concluded that a better understanding of the holistic relationship and co-evolution of the cultural and psychological behavioural make-up of localities and regions has the potential to provide new insights into expected development outcomes as well as the forms of policy intervention that are required within regions and localities, each of which has its own individual psychocultural character.
Rule by difference: Empire, liberalism, and the legacies of urban “improvement”
Authors: Ranganathan Malini
Published: June 2018

From Victorian England and its colonies, to cities in South Asia today, “improvement” has long infused the language of urban planning. Through the case of Bangalore, India, this article argues that urban improvement should be understood as a project of liberal government forged in the crucible of empire and harnessed in the service of the state’s capital and spatial accumulation strategies. Once practiced by colonial planners, urban improvement fundamentally entails enhancing the value of urban space and its circulatory infrastructures through the mobilization of corrective behaviors related to property and propriety. In the process, improvement grafts race, class, caste, and other forms of social difference onto urban space, which in turn provides the justification for further improvement. Ultimately, improvement begets cycles of inequality and exclusion, even while it promises betterment and inclusion. Three improvement regimes are identified here: racialized improvement in the colonial city (1890s–1920s), classed improvement in the industrial city (1930s–1970s), and marketized improvement in the world-class city (1980s–2010s). The article further shows that with each wave of urban improvement came vernacular and nationalist responses that sought to extend housing and services to unserved constituents. These indigenous calibrations are as important to the genealogy of improvement as its original European form.
Current understanding of meningeal and cerebral vascular function underlying migraine headache
Authors: Levy Dan , Labastida-Ramirez Alejandro , MaassenVanDenBrink Antoinette
Published: June 2018

Background

The exact mechanisms underlying the onset of a migraine attack are not completely understood. It is, however, now well accepted that the onset of the excruciating throbbing headache of migraine is mediated by the activation and increased mechanosensitivity (i.e. sensitization) of trigeminal nociceptive afferents that innervate the cranial meninges and their related large blood vessels.

Objectives

To provide a critical summary of current understanding of the role that the cranial meninges, their associated vasculature, and immune cells play in meningeal nociception and the ensuing migraine headache.

Methods

We discuss the anatomy of the cranial meninges, their associated vasculature, innervation and immune cell population. We then debate the meningeal neurogenic inflammation hypothesis of migraine and its putative contribution to migraine pain. Finally, we provide insights into potential sources of meningeal inflammation and nociception beyond neurogenic inflammation, and their potential contribution to migraine headache.
Comparison of Highway Capacity Estimation Methods
Authors: Asgharzadeh Mohamadamin , Kondyli Alexandra
Published: June 2018

The capacity of a freeway segment is a critical factor for planning, design, and operational analysis of freeway facilities. This research aimed to perform a comparison among well-known freeway capacity estimation methods in order to investigate their application, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Single estimate capacity methods such as the Van Aerde method, and breakdown probability methods, such as the product limit method (PLM), the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) method, and the sustainable flow index (SFI) method, were applied at six merge bottleneck locations in the Kansas City area. The results from all methods were compared and the advantages and the disadvantages of each method were discussed. The HCM results showed a significant variability in the estimated breakdown probability function and the resulting capacities. The HCM method was also found to be sensitive to the breakdown probability ratios as a single breakdown observation can significantly shift the fitted distribution and the corresponding capacity estimate. The PLM model provided the highest capacity estimates, followed by the Van Aerde model capacities. The Van Aerde capacities were also found to be closer to the average pre-breakdown flow rates. Finally, the PLM and the SFI method showed consistent performance in comparison to the remaining methods, and flexibility in being applied on different sites with various characteristics.
A Wrong-Way Driving Crash Risk Reduction Approach for Cost-Effective Installation of Advanced Technology Wrong-Way Driving Countermeasures
Authors: Sandt Adrian , Al-Deek Haitham
Published: June 2018

Wrong-way driving (WWD) is hazardous on high-speed limited access facilities. Traditional signage and pavement markings will not always prevent intoxicated or confused drivers from entering these facilities the wrong way. To better alert wrong-way drivers, agencies can consider WWD countermeasures equipped with advanced technologies (including warning lights and detection devices) on exit ramps. However, these countermeasures can be expensive for agencies to install on entire roadways or corridors. This paper develops an innovative WWD crash risk (WWCR) reduction approach consisting of a WWCR segment model and an optimization algorithm that can be used to help agencies decide where to install WWD countermeasures. The approach examines segments of limited access facilities to determine the interchanges where advanced technology WWD countermeasures will provide the greatest reduction in WWCR based on an agency’s available resources. A hypothetical example application of this approach is shown for the Central Florida Expressway Authority toll road network. This example shows how the WWCR reduction approach can help agencies identify the optimal investment level and high-risk locations. It also shows how the optimization algorithm can provide significant cost savings compared with equipping entire roadway segments (57% savings) or corridors (83% savings). Agencies can customize the algorithm by adding constraints to represent various scenarios and make the algorithm applicable for networks ranging from single roadways to statewide systems. This WWCR reduction approach could be utilized by agencies nationwide to help them save resources and prioritize investment.
Evaluating Wrong-Way Driving Characteristics, Countermeasures, and Alert Dissemination Methods through Driver and Law Enforcement Surveys
Authors: Wertanen Sara , Staves Corin , Al-Deek Haitham , Sandt Adrian , Carrick Grady , Rogers John H.
Published: June 2018

Wrong-way driving (WWD) on limited-access highways is a serious driver error that could be fatal for both the wrong-way driver and right-way drivers. Agencies and law enforcement officers (LEOs) can spend valuable time and resources responding to WWD events. A survey of 247 LEOs found that despite being dispatched multiple times per year in response to WWD, most issue fewer than one WWD citation per year. In the survey, LEOs also gave their perspectives on the characteristics of WWD events and the influences behind WWD. Agencies typically use dynamic message signs (DMS) for notifying right-way drivers of WWD events, but little research has considered solutions that are less costly and potentially farther-reaching. A survey of 900 Florida toll-road drivers found that drivers rely on navigation devices, apps, or both, significantly more than DMS for traveler information. Drivers were receptive to receiving WWD alerts through navigation services and indicated that they would react to WWD events in a way that is beneficial to highway safety. Crowdsourcing technologies were considered to generate WWD information and quickly disseminate alerts to drivers and officers. Additional survey questions answered by a combined group of 2,052 drivers, LEOs, and agency officials determined that among advanced WWD countermeasures, most preferred two sets of “Wrong Way” signs equipped with rectangular flashing beacons over one set of signs with light emitting diodes. Combining advanced countermeasures with innovative right-way driver notification methods could enhance law enforcement efficiency, reduce WWD crashes, and provide safer conditions for both drivers and officers.
Modeling the Probability of Hazardous Materials Release in Crashes at Highway–Rail Grade Crossings
Authors: Iranitalab Amirfarrokh , Kang Yashu , Khattak Aemal
Published: June 2018

Crashes at Highway–Rail Grade Crossings (HRGCs) that involve a truck or a train carrying hazardous materials (hazmat) expose people and the environment to potentially severe consequences of hazmat release. This research involved statistical modeling of the probability of hazmat release from trucks and/or trains in crashes at HRGCs to identify factors associated with hazmat release. The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) HRGC crash dataset (2007–2016) yielded two subsets of crashes: 1) those involving hazmat-carrying trucks, and 2) those involving hazmat-carrying trains. Results from a logistic regression model using data subset 1 (crashes involving hazmat-carrying trucks) with hazmat release/no release as the response variable showed that standard flashing signal lights, railroad crossbucks, and railroad classes II and III (relative to railroad class I) were associated with lower hazmat release probability from hazmat-carrying trucks. Hazmat release probability from trucks was higher with freight train involvement. Results from a logistic regression model using data subset 2 (crashes involving hazmat-carrying trains) revealed that hazmat release probability from trains was lower with warmer temperature. However, the probability of release from trains was greater with railroad class II (relative to railroad class I), type of highway user (different types of trucks and motorcycle relative to automobiles), and weather conditions (fog, sleet or snow, relative to clear). A comparison of the results from this study with HRGC crash severity studies highlighted the importance and usefulness of this study.
World in motion—the emotional impact of mass migration
Authors: Rohr Elisabeth
Published: June 2018

I feel very honoured and am enormously pleased to have been invited to speak here at the 17th Symposium of the Group Analytic Society International in Berlin. It means a lot to me, to be able to speak here today, because Berlin is a very special place for me. It is here, in this town, that my Jewish grandfather met my Christian grandmother almost 100 years ago. They fell in love and about a year later my mother was born. 20 years later my Jewish grandfather was forced to leave Germany, together with his new family. Therefore, I never had a chance to get to know him. When I was 20, I myself left Germany to live in New Orleans, USA. I stayed there for five years and then returned to Germany. It cannot be denied, migration and refuge have always been an issue in my family and in my personal life, that is why I cannot talk about migration and refugees without emotions and without being moved. This can be sensed and felt also in the following explorations and thoughts about the emotional impact of mass migration.
Early Adolescent Substance Use and Mental Health Problems and Service Utilisation in a School-based Sample
Authors: Brownlie Elizabeth , Beitchman Joseph H. , Chaim Gloria , Wolfe David A. , Rush Brian , Henderson Joanna
Published: June 2018

Objective:

This paper reports on substance use, mental health problems, and mental health service utilisation in an early adolescent school-based sample.

Method:

Participants were 1,360 grade 7 and 8 students from 4 regions of Ontario, Canada. Students completed an in-class survey on mental health and substance use. The sampling strategy and survey items on demographics, substance use, service utilisation, and distress were adapted from the Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey. Internalising and externalising mental health problems were assessed using the Global Assessment of Individual Needs – Short Screener. Distress was defined as fair or poor self-rated mental health.

Results:

Rates of internalising and/or externalising problems above the threshold exceeded 30%; yet, fewer than half had received mental health services in the past 12 mo. Substance use was associated with increased odds of internalising and externalising problems above the threshold and distress. Youth using cannabis had 10-times the odds of exceeding the threshold for internalising or externalising problems. The use of substances other than alcohol or cannabis was associated with increased odds of fair or poor self-rated mental health among grade 8 students. Of the youth who confirmed at least a substance use problem, most also reported mental health problems; this association was stronger among girls than boys.

Conclusions:

Early adolescent substance use was associated with concurrent self-reported mental health problems in a non-clinical sample. The low levels of service utilisation reported highlight the need for improved access to early identification and intervention to prevent the development of concurrent disorders.
Evaluations of failure initiation criteria for predicting damages of composite structures under crushing loading
Authors: Jiang Hongyong , Ren Yiru , Liu Zhihui , Zhang Songjun , Wang Xiaoqing
Published: June 2018

The crushing behaviors of thin-walled composite structures subjected to quasi-static axial loading are comparatively evaluated using four different failure initiation criteria. Both available crushing tests of composite corrugated plate and square tube are used to validate the stiffness degradation-based damage model with the Maximum-stress criterion. Comparatively, Hashin, Maximum-stress, Stress-based Linde, and Modified criteria are respectively implemented in the damage model to predict crush behaviors of corrugated plate and square tube. To develop failure criteria, effects of shear coefficients and exponents in the Modified and Maximum-stress criteria on damage mechanisms of corrugated plate are discussed. Results show that numerical predictions successfully capture both of experimental failure modes and load–displacement responses. The Modified criterion and particularly Maximum-stress criterion are found to be more appropriate for present crush models of corrugated plate and square tube. When increasing the failure index, the crushing load is decreased, which also causes premature material failure. The shear coefficient and exponents have dramatic influence on the crushing load. Overall, an insight into the quantitative relation of failure initiation is obtained.
The Drivers of Collaborative Success Between Rural Economic Development Organizations
Authors: Ofem Brandon , Arya Bindu , Borgatti Stephen P.
Published: June 2018

The nonprofit literature has directed attention to exploring how features of the broader structure of exchanges within regional collaboration networks impact the dynamics and outcomes of a single partnership. This study examines how partners’ relative positions within a collaboration network impact their interdependence and collaborative success. Our analysis of 298 collaborations between 98 economic development organizations operating in an economically distressed rural region demonstrates that social network properties—structural embeddedness and relative centrality—have substantial effects on exchange partners’ collaborative success. We also investigate whether network effects are mediated by the two dimensions of interdependence, mutual dependence and power imbalance. Together, our theorizing and results speak to the driving factors of collaborative success in a context where collaboration is particularly vital.