bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weathering rates in Swedish forest soils
Authors: Akselsson Cecilia , Belyazid Salim , Stendahl Johan , Finlay Roger , Olsson Bengt , Erlandsson Lampa Martin , Wallander Håkan , Gustafsson Jon Petter , Bishop Kevin
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Soil and water acidification was first recognised as a severe environmental problem in the 1970s. The interest in establishing critical loads led to a peak in weathering research in the 1980s, since weathering is the long-term counterbalance to acidification pressure. Assessments of weathering rates and associated uncertainties have recently become an area of renewed research interest, this time due to demand for more harvest to provide renewable bioenergy. Increased demand for forest fuels increases the risk of depleting the soils of base cations produced in situ by weathering. This is the background to the research programme Quantifying Weathering Rates for Sustainable Forestry (QWARTS), which ran from 2012 to 2019. The programme involved research groups working at different scales, from lab experiments to extensive modelling. The aims of this paper are to summarise the state of knowledge about weathering rates in Swedish forest soils at different scales, with an emphasis on the knowledge added by the QWARTS programme, to discuss the uncertainties in relation to sustainable forestry, and to highlight knowledge gaps where further research is needed. The variation at single-site level was large, but most sites could be placed reliably in broader classes of weathering rates. At regional to national level, the results from the different approaches were in general agreement. Comparisons of base cation losses after stem-only and whole-tree harvesting showed sites with clear imbalances between weathering supply and harvest losses, and other sites where variation in weathering rates from different approaches obscured the overall balance. Clear imbalances appeared mainly after whole-tree harvesting in spruce forests in southern and central Sweden. Research findings in the QWARTS programme support the continued use of the PROFILE/ForSAFE family of models, but it is important to continue comparisons between these and other approaches. Uncertainties in the model approaches can be further reduced, mainly by finding ways to reduce uncertainties in input data on soil texture and associated hydrological parameters. Another way to reduce uncertainties is by developing the models to better represent the delivery of weathering products to runoff waters and biological feedbacks under the influence of climate change.
We can help us: Does Community Resilience Buffer Against the Negative Impact of
Flooding on Mental Health?
Authors: Masson Torsten , Bamberg Sebastian , Stricker Michael , Heidenreich Anna
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Empirical evidence on the relationship between social support and post-disaster mental health provides support for a general beneficial effect of social support (main-effect model; Wheaton, 1985). From a theoretical perspective, a buffering effect of social support on the relationship between disaster-related stress and mental health also seems plausible (stress-buffering-model; ibid.). Previous studies however a) have paid less attention to the buffering effect of social support and b) they have mainly relied on interpersonal support (but not collective-level support such as community resilience) when investigating this issue. This work might has underestimated the effect of support on post-disaster mental health. Building on a sample of residents in Germany recently affected by flooding (N = 118), we show that community resilience to flooding (but not general interpersonal social support) buffered against the negative effects of flooding on post-disaster mental health. The results support the stress-buffering model and call for a more detailed look at the relationship between support/resilience and post-disaster adjustment, including collective-level variables.
Flash floods versus river floods – a comparison of psychological impacts and implications for precautionary behaviour
Authors: Laudan Jonas , Zöller Gert , Thieken Annegret H.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. River floods are among the most damaging natural disasters that occur frequently in Germany, causing high economic losses and affecting many residents. In 2016, several Southern German municipalities were hit by flash floods after heavy rainfalls which have been unexpectedly severe and led to total economic losses of EUR 2.6 bn. This study investigates the psychological impacts of river floods and compares them to the impacts of flash floods, using computer-aided telephone interviews that were conducted among flood affected households 8 to 9 months in the aftermath of the events. By applying Bayesian statistics and negative binomial regressions, the suitability of psychological indicators to predict the precaution motivation of individuals is analysed. The results show that not the particular flood type, but rather the severity and local impact of the event is crucial for different and potentially negative impacts on mental health. Moreover, it is revealed that the derived psychological indicators coping appraisal, threat appraisal, burden and evasion only show a limited usefulness for predictions of the individual precaution motivation, which is displayed by a generally low explanation power and non-significant results. Further research is needed to better address established psychological assessment procedures and to focus on alternative data sources regarding floods and the connected precaution motivation of affected residents.
Topographic changes due to the 2004 Chuetsu thrusting
earthquake in low mountain region
Authors: Ren Zhikun , Oguchi Takashi , Zhang Peizhen , Uchiyama Shoichiro
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The co-seismic landslide volume information is critical to understanding the role of strong earthquake in topographic evolution. However, the co-seismic landslide volumes are mainly obtained using statistical scaling laws, which are not accurate enough for quantitative studies of the spatial pattern of co-seismically induced erosion and the topographic changes caused by the earthquakes. The availability of both pre- and post- earthquake high-resolution DEMs provide us the opportunity to try new approach to get robust landslide volume information. Here, we propose a new method in landslide volume estimate and tested it in Chuetsu region, where a Mw 6.6 earthquake occurred in 2004. Firstly, we align the DEMs by reconstructing the horizontal difference, then we quantitatively obtained the landslide volume in the epicentral area by differencing the pre- and post-earthquake DEMs. We convert the landslide volume into the distribution of average catchment-scale seismically induced denudation. Our results indicate the preserved topography is not only due to the uplifting caused by fault-related folding on the hangwall of Muikamachi fault, but also undergone erosion caused by the seismically induced landslides. Our findings reveal that Chuetsu earthquake mainly roughens the topography in the Chuetsu region of low elevation. This study also reveal that the differential DEM method is a valuable approach in analyzing landslide volume, as well as quantitative geomorphic analysis.
The evolution of snow bedforms in the Colorado Front Range and the processes that shape them
Authors: Kochanski Kelly , Anderson Robert S. , Tucker Gregory E.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. When wind blows over dry snow, the snow surface self-organizes into bedforms such as dunes, ripples, snow-waves, and sastrugi. These bedforms govern the interaction between wind, warmth, and the snowpack, but thus far they have far attracted few scientific studies. We present the first time-lapse documentation of snow bedform movement and evolution, as part of a series of detailed observations of snow bedform movement in the Colorado Front Range. We show examples of the movement of snow ripples, snow-waves, barchan dunes, snow-steps, and sastrugi. We also introduce a previously undocumented bedform: the stealth dune. These observations show that (1) snow dunes accelerate minute-by-minute in response to gusts; (2) sastrugi and snow-steps present steep edges to the wind, and move by retreating downwind; (3) snow-waves and dunes deposit layers of cohesive snow in their wakes; and (4) bedforms evolve along complex, cyclic trajectories. We use these observations to build new conceptual models of bedform evolution, based on the relative fluxes of snowfall, aeolian transport, erosion, and snow sintering across and into the surface. We find that many snow bedforms are generated by complex interactions between these processes. The prototypical example is the snow-wave, in which deposition, sintering, and erosion occur in transverse stripes across the snowscape.
Observation of the process of snow accumulation on the Antarctic Plateau by time lapse laserscanning
Authors: Picard Ghislain , Arnaud Laurent , Caneil Romain , Lefebvre Eric , Lamare Maxim
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Snow accumulation is the main positive component of the mass balance in Antarctica. In contrast to the major efforts deployed to estimate its overall value on a continental scale – to assess the contribution of the ice-sheet to sea-level rise – knowledge about the accumulation process itself is relatively poor, although many complex phenomena occur between snowfall and the definitive settling of the snow particles on the snowpack. Here we exploit a dataset of near-daily surface elevation maps recorded over three years at Dome C using an automatic laserscanner sampling 40–100 m2 in area. We find that the averaged accumulation is relatively regular over the three years at a rate of +8.7 cm yr−1. Despite this overall regularity, the surface changes very frequently (every 3 days on average) due to snow erosion and heterogeneous snow deposition that we call accumulation by patch. Most of these patches (60–85 %) are ephemeral but can survive a few weeks before being eroded. As a result, the surface is continuously rough (6–8 cm root mean square height) featuring meter-scale dunes aligned along the wind and larger, decameter-scale undulations. Additionally, we deduce the age of the snow present at a given time on the surface from elevation timeseries and find that snow age spans over more than a year. Some of the patches ultimately settle, leading to an heterogeneous internal structure which reflects the surface heterogeneity, with many snowfall events missing at a given point, whilst many others are over represented. These findings have important consequences for several research topics including surface mass balance, surface energy budget, photochemistry, snowpack evolution and the interpretation of the signals archived in ice cores.
Millennials en la biblioteca: promoción de la lectura recreativa en el entorno digital
Authors: Echandi Ruiz Mª. del Pilar
Published: January 2019

La lectura académica es esencial en la vida de todo universitario. Las bibliotecas pueden incidir en la formación de lectores críticos mediante la web social y acercar a los millennials a una lectura dotada de sentido. Se detallan experiencias relevantes internacionales de lectura crítica y recreativa de diversas bibliotecas universitarias.
Social classification of the audiovisual information in the televisive repositories : automatizing the internal classification and bring the contents closer to the audience
Authors: Caldera-Serrano Jorge
Published: January 2019

Purpose: A integration model of social classification in the audiovisual repositories is presented with the aim of being used to identify and retrieve contents between external users and journalists of the organization itself. Design: All the scientific literature has been reviewed interpreting the scarcities and problems found by journalists and cyberspectators in the retrieval process of the diferent television networks. Findings: In view of the information retrieval done by the corporative intranets, social classification of the external users is estimated that improves the information retrieval for journalists, hence there is an automatization in the classification process done by the documentalists up to here. Originality: the originality of this paper relies on the integration of the classification and the production of folksonomies done by the external users different to the retrieval information strategies made by the journalists of the television networks.
“Treasonable Expressions”: James Bell and the Emerging Legal Right to Criticize Government
Authors: Frasca Ralph
Published: January 2019

James Bell's 1798 prosecution for verbally criticizing government while in his own tavern has been considered a missing Alien and Sedition Acts case. This article challenges that contention. Using previously undiscovered primary sources, it answers integral questions such as: (1) Why was Bell the subject of government prosecution? (2) What prompted Bell to utter his “treasonable expressions”? (3) Was Bell's case a Sedition Act prosecution? (4) What was the outcome of this case? His prosecution is set against the backdrop of his role in the Stony Ridge Convention, which some regard as the genesis of the Bill of Rights.
Associating the origin and spread of sound change using agent-based modelling applied to /s/-retraction in English
Authors: Stevens Mary , Harrington Jonathan , Schiel Florian
Published: January 2019

The study explored whether an asymmetric phonetic overlap between speech sounds could be turned into sound change through propagation around a community of speakers. The focus was on the change of /s/ to /ʃ/ which is known to be more likely than a change in the other direction both synchronically and diachronically. An agent-based model was used to test the prediction that communication between agents would advance /s/-retraction in /str/ clusters (e.g. string). There was one agent per speaker and the probabilistic mapping between words, phonological classes, and speech signals could be updated during communication depending on whether an agent listener absorbed an incoming speech signal from an agent talker into memory. Followinginteraction, sibilants in /str/ clusters were less likely to share a phonological class with prevocalic /s/ and were acoustically closer to /ʃ/. The findings lend support to the idea that sound change is the outcome of a fortuitous combination of the relative size and orientation of phonetic distributions, their association to phonological classes, and how these types of information vary between speakers that happen to interact with each other.
The Impact of Cardiac-induced Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms on Cardiovascular Outcomes: Design and Rationale of the Prospective Observational Reactions to Acute Care and Hospitalizations (ReACH) Study
Authors: Birk Jeffrey , Kronish Ian , Chang Bernard , Cornelius Talea , Abdalla Marwah , Schwartz Joseph , Duer-Hefele Joan , Sullivan Alexandra , Edmondson Donald
Published: January 2019

Aims: As many as 1 in 8 acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to the ACS, and ACS-induced PTSD may increase secondary cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, prior studies have been small and underpowered to test plausible behavioral or biological mechanisms of the hypothesized PTSD-secondary CVD risk association. In this paper, we describe the design and methods of a large prospective observational cohort study to estimate the prognostic significance of ACS-induced PTSD, mechanisms for its association with CVD risk, and emergency department (ED) factors that may increase PTSD risk, in a cohort of patients evaluated for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the ED of a large, urban academic medical center.Methods: The Reactions to Acute Care and Hospitalization (ReACH) study follows 1,741 racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse patients initially presenting to the ED with ACS symptoms. Psychosocial factors are assessed at baseline. Medication adherence is monitored by electronic pill bottle (eCAP). Participants are contacted by phone at 1-, 6-, and 12-months post-hospitalization to assess PTSD symptoms, hospital readmission, and recurrent CVD events/mortality (proactively searched and confirmed by medical records).Conclusion: This study will provide the most accurate estimates to date of PTSD’s association with recurrent CVD events and mortality and will test whether medication adherence mediates that association. Further, it will provide estimates of the contribution of ED and hospital factors to PTSD risk in ACS patients. If our hypotheses are supported, we will have identified PTSD as a novel target for secondary risk reduction.
El lugar de la mediación religiosa una aproximación por métodos mixtos
Authors: Muntanyola-Saura Dafne , Miquel Fernández
Published: January 2019

El artículo analiza el rol de la mediación religiosa (religious brokage) a partir de la preeminencia del capital cultural y social. Una ciudad como Barcelona deviene lugar de llegada y asentamiento de población con trayectorias y prácticas plurales. Creemos que el lugar urbano de la intermediación es un atributo cultural a la vez que social de la actividad de la mediación. Nuestros casos de estudio son tres comunidades religiosas de la ciudad: la comunidad musulmana pakistaní, la comunidad sikh y la filipina católica. A partir de una investigación basada en métodos mixtos, con entrevistas semiestructuradas, observación y análisis por redes sociales (ARS), delimitamos el lugar de la mediación y la composición de sus redes personales. Los resultados obtenidos nos llevan a considerar la sociabilidad y el sentido del lugar como atributos necesarios de la mediación religiosa.
Satisfacción general y sexual con la relación de pareja en función del género
Authors: Urbano-Contreras Antonio , Iglesias-García Mª Teresa , Martínez-González Raquel Amaya
Published: January 2019

La satisfacción general y sexual son dimensiones interrelacionadas que condicionan cualquier relación de pareja. Este trabajo busca analizar ambas dimensiones tomando en consideración el género. Participaron 237 parejas, respondiendo un cuestionario de 13 ítems, cuya validez se analizó mediante análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, obteniéndose dos factores con fiabilidad global excelente (α = 0,92). Los resultados muestran mayores índices de satisfacción general en hombres, aunque menores en ciertos aspectos de la satisfacción sexual. El mejor predictor de la satisfacción general en mujeres es sentirse atendidas, mientras en los hombres es percibir que la pareja se interesa cuando están tristes o preocupados. El principal predictor, en ambos géneros, es estar satisfechos con la propia relación.
El efecto de la ponderación y la imputación en el sesgo de los estudios electorales en España
Authors: Cabrera-Álvarez Pablo , Escobar Modesto
Published: January 2019

Este artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar la eficacia de las correcciones realizadas en encuestas electorales para ajustar el efecto de la no respuesta. Para ello se ponen a prueba distintos métodos de ponderación e imputación múltiple en todos los estudios preelectorales y postelectorales de elecciones generales al Congreso de los Diputados español llevados a cabo por el Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas desde 1982. Los resultados muestran la ventaja de utilizar la variable recuerdo de voto en la ponderación cuando hay estabilidad en las preferencias de los electores. De modo complementario, para tratar la no respuesta, el uso de técnicas de imputación tiene un efecto limitado y condicionado por las variables incluidas en el modelo.
Límites para la comunicación política desde las grandes plataformas sociales de Internet. Un caso de estudio de "la casta" a "la trama"
Authors: Fresno García Miguel del- , Alan James Daly
Published: January 2019

Internet ha creado una compleja interacción entre prácticas comunicativas, difusión política e infraestructura tecnológica. El creciente predominio de las grandes plataformas sociales (Facebook, Google, Twitter…) junto con el desarrollo de algoritmos opacos, no sujetos a evaluación pública, está reordenando los contrapesos de poder entre actores políticos y sociales a la hora de establecer las relaciones de definición de la agenda pública. Se presentan los resultados de dos estudios empíricos longitudinales sobre dos campañas de comunicación (n= 688.982 y n= 48.864 publicaciones únicas) del partido político Podemos. Los resultados muestran el impacto de las diferentes metáforas objeto de estudio y los efectos de intermediación de las grandes plataformas sociales en la conformación de la agenda pública.
Boosted Convolutional Decision Trees for Translationally Invariant Pattern Recognition and Transfer Learning
Authors: Moon Wooyoung M. , Song Jun S.
Published: January 2019

Decision Tree (DT) models provide a well-known class of interpretable machine learning tools for diverse pattern recognition problems. However, applying DTs to learn floating features in images and categorical data based on their raw representation has been challenging. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are the current state-of-the-art method for classifying raw images, but have their own disadvantages, including that they are often difficult to interpret, have a large number of parameters and hyperparameters, require a fixed image size, and have only partial translational invariance directly built into its architecture. We propose a novel application of Convolutional Decision Trees (CDTs) and show that our approach is more interpretable and can learn higher quality convolutional filters compared to CNNs. CDTs have full translational invariance built into the architecture and can be trained and make predictions on variable-sized images. Using two independent test cases—protein-DNA binding prediction, and hand-written digit classification—we demonstrate that our GPU-enabled implementation of the Cross Entropy (CE) optimization method for training CDTs learns informative convolutional filters that can both facilitate accurate data classifications in a tree-like pattern and be used for transfer learning to improve CNNs themselves. These results motivate further studies on developing accurate and efficient tree-based models for pattern recognition and computer vision.
A New Dataset method for Biomechanical Training Model of the Free Throws Shots in Basketball Using Image Processing Technique
Authors: Saraireh Sumaia , Hassanat Ahmad , Al-Taieb Mohammad Abu , Kilani Hashem A
Published: January 2019

This work provides a new dataset method intended to build a biomechanical training model for the free-throws shots in basketball. Eight youth players from Jordanian secondary public school were video recorded from the sagittal plane executing free throw shots in basketball. Collectively (480) video clips were recorded and analyzed using image processing techniques to identify the ball track. Video processing involves extracting (11) different parameters that may affect the free throw in basketball game after detecting the ball trajectory. Creation of this dataset and its subsequent use for extracting free-throws information yielded several insights. First, a set of most important features were identified as those affecting the free-throws score in basketball. Second, our data set can be trained and tested using machine learning classifiers for building a new biomechanical training model based on set of rules that can be useful for both trainers and trainee to rehearse on successful free-throws in basketball. The dataset is being made publicly available at www.ju.edu.jo.
DOBÓR ZMIENNYCH NIEZALEŻNYCH
W MODELOWANIU PROCESÓW LOGISTYCZNYCH METODĄ ANALIZY GRAFÓW
Authors: Mróz dr inż. Marek
Published: January 2019

Tematem artykułu jest dobór zmiennych niezależnych w modelowaniu procesów logistycznych metodą analizy grafów. Celem głównym jest teoretyczna i empiryczna analiza możliwości stosowania metody analizy grafów do doboru zmiennych niezależnych w modelach ekonometrycznych. Problem badawczy natomiast obejmował swym zasięgiem także poszukiwanie rozwiązań dotyczących uzyskania właściwych kryteriów wyboru zmiennych niezależnych spośród zmiennych kandydujących, przy wykorzystaniu właściwie stawianych i weryfikowanych hipotez zerowych.
Niewątpliwym osiągnięciem zastosowania metody analizy grafów jest możliwość uzyskania macierzy współczynników korelacji liniowej Pearsona, które obrazują powiązania między poszczególnymi zmiennymi oraz pozwalają na ich podstawie wyeliminować te zmienne kandydujące, które nie są statystycznie istotne dla badanego procesu logistycznego.
Możliwości wykorzystania systemu logistycznego Sił Zbrojnych
Rzeczypospolitej w sytuacjach kryzysowych
Authors: SŁOMIANY dr Witold
Published: January 2019

Artykuł jest poświęcony problematyce logistyki i możliwości wykorzystania wojskowego systemu logistycznego w obszarze bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państwa, szczególnie w sytuacjach kryzysowych. Prezentuje aktualny stan organizacyjny i potencjał systemu oraz analizę możliwości wykonawczych w zakresie realizacji zadań logistycznych na rzecz poszkodowanych i sił realizujących zadania w zakresie przeciwdziałania i usuwania skutków sytuacji kryzysowych. Przedmiotem artykułu są potencjał logistyczny oraz możliwości wykonawcze pododdziałów logistycznych SZ RP w zakresie realizacji zadań zabezpieczenia logistycznego w sytuacjach kryzysowych. Celem jest identyfikacja i ocena rozwiązań dotyczących funkcjonowania wojskowego systemu logistycznego oraz określenie zakresu możliwych zadań dla pododdziałów sił zbrojnych w czasie sytuacji kryzysowych.
Ważność poruszanej w artykule problematyki wynika z konieczności ciągłego doskonalenia istniejących systemów, których celem jest zapewnienie sprawnego funkcjonowania wszystkich instytucji, organów państwa i Sił Zbrojnych RP. Działania w sferze bezpieczeństwa we wszystkich obszarach aktywności państwa wymagają odpowiednio zorganizowanego i działającego aparatu (instytucji) oraz właściwych zasobów w postaci materiałów i usług warunkujących skuteczność realizowanych zadań w przypadku występowania zagrożeń niemilitarnych, których skutkiem mogą być sytuacje kryzysowe
Zmiany w układzie sił na Kremlu w latach 2007–2016
Authors: OLSZANECKA dr Natalia
Published: January 2019

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie: jak zmieniała
się elita władzy w Rosji w latach 2007–2016 i kto podejmuje najważniejsze decyzje
w państwie. Do udzielenia odpowiedzi na to pytanie zostanie wykorzystany model
„Politbiuro 2.0”. Jest to schemat zaproponowany przez Minchenko Consulting,
zgodnie z którym współcześnie najważniejsi decydenci w Rosji zasiadają w Radzie
Bezpieczeństwa FR, stworzonej na wzór radzieckiego Biura Politycznego
COOPERATION BETWEEN INSTITUTIONS IN ENSURING
SAFETY IN THE 21st CENTURY
Authors: WYSTALSKI Andrzej
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this article is to examine theoretical assumptions dedicated to
increasing violence and the pursuit of measures to ensure the security of society in the
country and around the world. In general, safety is understood and defined differently;
however, it belongs to the values which are highly prized and protected by individuals,
institutions and whole nations too. The need to ensure security can be found in the
catalogue of key needs and tasks of countries and international communities as well as
different types of institutions. Furthermore, it is important to present the mechanisms
of cooperation between countries and their administrations along with forces aimed at
limiting threats from structural and functional factors, which can have an influence on
the balance or stabilisation of a sense of security.
Making use of survival analysis to indirectly model loss given default
Authors: Joubert Morne , Verster Tanja , Raubenheimer Helgard
Published: January 2019

A direct or indirect modelling methodology can be used to predict Loss Given Default (LGD). When using the indirect LGD methodology, two components exist, namely, the loss severity component and the probability component. Commonly used models to predict the loss severity and the probability component are the haircut- and the logistic regression models, respectively. In this article, survival analysis was proposed as an improvement to the more traditional logistic regression method. The mean squared error, bias and variance for the two methodologies were compared and it was shown that the use of survival analysis enhanced the model's predictive power. The proposed LGD methodology (using survival analysis) was applied on two simulated datasets and two retail bank datasets, and according to the results obtained it outperformed the logistic regression LGD methodology. Additional benefits included that the new methodology could allow for censoring as well as predicting probabilities over varying outcome periods.
The History of Pathologists' Assistants: A Tale of 2 Educational Mavericks
Authors: Wright James R.
Published: January 2019

Context.—

The use of medical technologists to assist with clinical pathology workload has been common since the 1930s. In stark contrast, most aspects of anatomical pathology have traditionally been considered to be medical work that must be performed by pathologists or residents.

Objective.—

To describe the history of the pathologists' assistant profession in North America.

Design.—

Available primary and secondary historical sources were reviewed.

Results.—

The concept of physician assistants, capable of performing delegated medical tasks, was created by Eugene A. Stead Jr, MD, at Duke University in 1965. When this profession began, it was quickly embraced by the American Medical Association, which took ownership related to certification and licensing of practitioners as well as external accreditation of training programs. Because of concerns about pathology manpower in the late 1960s, Thomas D. Kinney, MD, also at Duke University, developed the first training program for pathologists' assistants in 1969. Pathologists' assistants were not immediately accepted by many academic pathologists, especially related to work in the surgical pathology gross room. Organized pathology did not help the new profession develop standards, and so in 1972 pathologists' assistants created their own professional organization, the American Association of Pathologists' Assistants. Although it took several decades, the association was eventually able to forge relationships with the National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences for training program accreditation and the American Society for Clinical Pathology for board certification for practitioners. The development of the profession in Canada is also described.

Conclusions.—

The pathologists' assistant profession is now well established in North America.
Análisis de la Influencia de la Función de Auditoría Interna sobre las Cuotas de Auditoría
Authors: Sierra García Laura , Ruiz Barbadillo Emiliano , Orta Pérez Manuel
Published: January 2019

The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between the internal audit function and auditor's fees using a sample of Spanish listed companies between 2003 and 2011. We use the audit fees model that was proposed by Simunic (1980). Our results indicate that fees are greater in those companies that have an internal audit function. In addition, if there are meetings between the audit committee and the internal audit function, this is statistically significant with audit fees. This paper contributes to literature in several ways. Firstly, there are no previous papers in Spain, unlike other contexts, on the relationship between internal audit and auditor fees. Secondly, the empirical results detected in previous studies are conflicting; therefore, there is a need to complement them. Finally, the findings have practical implications for companies, external auditors and regulatory agencies themselves.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la relación existente entre la función de auditoría interna y los honorarios del auditor sobre una muestra de empresas que cotizan en el mercado continuo español entre 2003 y 2011. Utilizando el modelo de honorarios de auditoría propuesto por Simunic (1980), los resultados indican que los honorarios de auditoría son mayores en aquellas compañías que cuentan con la existencia de un departamento de auditoría interna. Asimismo, la existencia de reuniones entre el comité de auditoría y la función de auditoría interna es estadísticamente significativa con los honorarios. Este estudio contribuye a la literatura de diversas formas. En primer lugar, no existen trabajos anteriores en España, a diferencia de otros contextos, sobre la relación entre auditoría interna y honorarios. En segundo lugar, los resultados empíricos detectados en estudios previos resultan contradictorios por lo tanto lleva a la necesidad de complementarlos. Finalmente, los resultados tiene implicaciones prácticas para la empresa, los auditores externos y los propios organismos reguladores.
Blow-ups and Fano manifolds of large pseudoindex
Authors: Novelli Carla
Published: January 2019

We describe the Kleiman-Mori cones of Fano manifolds of large pseudoindex that admit a structure of smooth blow-up.
Galoisian approach to complex oscillation theory of some Hill equations
Authors: Chiang Yik-Man , Yu Guo-Fu
Published: January 2019

We apply Kovacic's algorithm from differential Galois theory to show that all complex non-oscillatory solutions (finite exponent of convergence of zeros) of certain Hill equations considered by Bank and Laine using Nevanlinna theory must be Liouvillian solutions. These are solutions obtainable by suitable differential field extension constructions. In particular, we establish a full correspondence between solutions of non-oscillatory type and Liouvillian solutions for a particular Hill equation. Explicit closed-form solutions are obtained via both methods for this Hill equation whose potential is a combination of four exponential functions in the Bank-Laine theory. The differential equation is a periodic form of a biconfluent Heun equation. We further show that these Liouvillian solutions exhibit novel single and double orthogonality, and satisfy Fredholm integral equations over suitable integration regions in $\mathbb{C}$ that mimic single/double orthogonality for the corresponding Liouvillian solutions of the Lamé and Whittaker-Hill equations, discovered by Whittaker and Ince almost a century ago.
Angiosperm phylogeny poster (APP) – Flowering plant systematics, 2019
Authors: Cole Theodor C H , Hilger Hartmut H , Stevens Peter F
Published: January 2019

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster – Flowering Plant Systematics is an educational tool presenting an overview of the evolutionary relationships among flowering plants according to APG IV and APweb as of 2018. The phylogenetic tree depicts the 64 orders and the majority of the 416 families, listing the main apomorphies and plesiomorphies as well as diagnostic and nondiagnostic anatomical, morphological, and phytochemical features for orders and higher levels within the tree along with the number of families, genera, and species for each order. The intuitive color-coding facilitates memorization and teaching.

Translations of the poster by internationally renown botanists are now available in 24 languages. Hyperlinks to APweb (Peter F. Stevens, Missouri Botanical Garden) are provided for the orders and higher ranks.

This is one in a series of three educational posters on the phylogeny of land plants: Poster 1: "Angiosperms", Poster 2: "Tracheophytes: Lycophytes, Ferns, Gymnosperms", Poster 3: "Bryophytes: Liverworts, Mosses, Hornworts".
Effect of milk replacer feeding program on performance of Belgian Blue double-muscled rearing calves
Authors: Fiems L. O. , De Boever J. L. , Vanacker J. M.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. One hundred and four Belgian Blue double-muscled calves were divided into four groups to examine the effects of different milk replacer (MR) programs. Calves in treatment group 1 received a MR diet reconstituted at 125 g/l, fed at 10 % of their initial live weight in two meals daily. Weaning occurred abruptly at a concentrate intake of 0.5 kg/d. Treatment 2 was similar to treatment 1, except that weaning occurred at a concentrate intake of 0.75 kg/d. Treatment 3 was similar to treatment 2, except that MR was fed once daily at 5 % of initial body weight from a concentrate intake of 0.5 kg/d onwards. Treatment 4 was similar to treatment 3, except that MR at a concentration of 200 g/l was fed once daily from the third week until a concentrate intake of 0.5 kg/d. Similar concentrates and grass hay were fed. Pre-weaning gain averaged 0.51, 0.57, 0.56 and 0.53 kg/d, respectively (P < 0.05; SEM: 0.01). Daily nutrient intake was lowest for treatment 1. No effect on diarrhoea was found. Post-weaning gain did not differ among treatments. Daily gain during the whole rearing period (20 weeks) averaged 0.83 kg and was not affected by treatment. Calves assigned to treatment 1 had a lower daily intake of MR, while feed efficiency tended to be worse. Weaning can be successfully accelerated by skipping over a meal when concentrate intake exceeded 0.5 kg/d, or by combining one MR meal daily with an increased concentration of 200 g/l from an age of three weeks onwards.
The conserved aspartate ring of MCU mediates MICU1 binding and regulation in the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex
Authors: Phillips Charles B , Tsai Chen-Wei , Tsai Ming-Feng
Published: January 2019

The mitochondrial calcium uniporter is a Ca2+ channel that regulates intracellular Ca2+ signaling, oxidative phosphorylation, and apoptosis. It contains the pore-forming MCU protein, which possesses a DIME sequence thought to form a Ca2+ selectivity filter, and also regulatory EMRE, MICU1, and MICU2 subunits. To properly carry out physiological functions, the uniporter must stay closed in resting conditions, becoming open only when stimulated by intracellular Ca2+ signals. This Ca2+-dependent activation, known to be mediated by MICU subunits, is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that the DIME-aspartate mediates a Ca2+-modulated electrostatic interaction with MICU1, forming an MICU1 contact interface with a nearby Ser residue at the cytoplasmic entrance of the MCU pore. A mutagenesis screen of MICU1 identifies two highly-conserved Arg residues that might contact the DIME-Asp. Perturbing MCU-MICU1 interactions elicits unregulated, constitutive Ca2+ flux into mitochondria. These results indicate that MICU1 confers Ca2+-dependent gating of the uniporter by blocking/unblocking MCU.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
SYSTEM OF MINING AND ENERGY COMPLEXES BASED ON THE USE OF THE AHP METHOD FOR THE RANKING OF INDICATORS AND WATER POLLUTION EFFECTS
Authors: Malenović-Nikolić Jelena
Published: January 2019

The use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology for the assessment of mining and energy complex impact on water quality involves the ranking of key environmental aspects and the prioritization of environmental protection measures. This paper reduces the choice of indicators to four dominant effects of operational activities, which to the largest extent disturb the quality of basic environmental elements. The criteria were developed with the aim to facilitate the comparison of results from multiple mining and energy complexes, improve safety system modelling, and facilitate the assessment of the effects of critical operational activities on water quality.
Key words:
environmental, energy complex, indicators, safety engineering, water
Using cantor sets for error detection
Authors: Nagaraj Nithin
Published: January 2019

Error detection is a fundamental need in most computer networks and communication systems in order to combat the effect of noise. Error detection techniques have also been incorporated with lossless data compression algorithms for transmission across communication networks. In this paper, we propose to incorporate a novel error detection scheme into a Shannon optimal lossless data compression algorithm known as Generalized Luröth Series (GLS) coding. GLS-coding is a generalization of the popular Arithmetic Coding which is an integral part of the JPEG2000 standard for still image compression. GLS-coding encodes the input message as a symbolic sequence on an appropriate 1D chaotic map Generalized Luröth Series (GLS) and the compressed file is obtained as the initial value by iterating backwards on the map. However, in the presence of noise, even small errors in the compressed file leads to catastrophic decoding errors owing to sensitive dependence on initial values, the hallmark of deterministic chaos. In this paper, we first show that repetition codes, the oldest and the most basic error correction and detection codes in literature, actually lie on a Cantor set with a fractal dimension of $ \frac{1}{n} $, which is also the rate of the code. Inspired by this, we incorporate error detection capability to GLS-coding by ensuring that the compressed file (initial value on the chaotic map) lies on a Cantor set. Even a 1-bit error in the initial value will throw it outside the Cantor set, which can be detected while decoding. The rate of the code can be adjusted by the fractal dimension of the Cantor set, thereby controlling the error detection performance.
Application of built-in adjuvants for epitope-based vaccines
Authors: Lei Yao , Zhao Furong , Shao Junjun , Li Yangfan , Li Shifang , Chang Huiyun , Zhang Yongguang
Published: January 2019

Several studies have shown that epitope vaccines exhibit substantial advantages over conventional vaccines. However, epitope vaccines are associated with limited immunity, which can be overcome by conjugating antigenic epitopes with built-in adjuvants (e.g., some carrier proteins or new biomaterials) with special properties, including immunologic specificity, good biosecurity and biocompatibility, and the ability to vastly improve the immune response of epitope vaccines. When designing epitope vaccines, the following types of built-in adjuvants are typically considered: (1) pattern recognition receptor ligands (i.e., toll-like receptors); (2) virus-like particle carrier platforms; (3) bacterial toxin proteins; and (4) novel potential delivery systems (e.g., self-assembled peptide nanoparticles, lipid core peptides, and polymeric or inorganic nanoparticles). This review primarily discusses the current and prospective applications of these built-in adjuvants (i.e., biological carriers) to provide some references for the future design of epitope-based vaccines.
Using lidar to assess the development of structural diversity in forests undergoing passive rewilding in temperate Northern Europe
Authors: Thers Henrik , Bøcher Peder Klith , Svenning Jens-Christian
Published: January 2019

Forested areas are increasing across Europe, driven by both reforestation programs and farmland abandonment. While tree planting remains the standard reforestation strategy, there is increased interest in spontaneous regeneration as a cost-effective method with equal or potentially greater benefits. Furthermore, expanding areas of already established forests are left for passive rewilding to promote biodiversity conservation. Effective and objective methods are needed for monitoring and analyzing the development of forest structure under these management scenarios, with airborne laser scanning (lidar: light detection and ranging) being a promising methodology. Here, we assess the structural characteristics and development of unmanaged forests and 28- to 78-year old spontaneously regenerated forests on former agricultural land, relative to managed forests of similar age in Denmark, using 25 lidar-derived metrics in 10- and 30-m grid cells. We analyzed the lidar-derived cell values in a principal component analysis (PCA) and interpreted the axes ecologically, in conjunction with pairwise tests of median and variance of PCA-values for each forest. Spontaneously regenerated forest in general had increased structural heterogeneity compared to planted and managed forests. Furthermore, structural heterogeneity kept increasing in spontaneously regenerated forest across the maximal 78-year timespan investigated. Natural disturbances showed strong impacts on vegetation structure, leading to both structural homogeneity and heterogeneity. The results illustrate the utility of passive rewilding for generating structurally heterogeneous forested nature areas, and the utility of lidar surveys for monitoring and interpreting structural development of such forests.
Mantle transcriptome sequencing of Mytilus spp. and identification of putative biomineralization genes
Authors: Malachowicz Magdalena , Wenne Roman
Published: January 2019

In molluscs, the shell secreted by mantle tissue during the biomineralization process is the first barrier against predators and mechanical damage. Changing environmental conditions, such as ocean acidification, influence shell strength and thus protection of the soft body within. Mussels are marine bivalves with important commercial and ecological value worldwide. Despite this importance, the proteins involved in the biomineralization and pigmentation processes in Mytilus spp. remain unclear, as does taxonomy of Mytilus taxa, though there have been many molecular studies. To further understanding in these areas, this study aimed to characterize and compare mantle transcriptomes of four mussel taxa using next generation sequencing. Mussels representing four taxa, were collected from several localities and RNA from mantle tissue was extracted. RNA sequences obtained were assembled, annotated and potential molecular markers, including simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. Candidate contigs putatively related to biomineralization and pigmentation processes were then selected and several transcripts were chosen for phylogenetic analyses from the Bivalvia class. Transcriptome comparisons between Mytilus taxa, including gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and orthologues identification were performed. Of assembled contigs, 46.57%, 37.28% and 17.53% were annotated using NCBI NR, GO and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases, respectively. Potential SSRs (483) and SNPs (1,497) were identified. Results presented a total of 1,292 contigs putatively involved in biomineralization and melanogenesis. Phylogenetic analyses of α-carbonic anhydrase, chitinase and tyrosinase revealed complex evolutionary history and diversity of these genes, which may be a result of duplication events or adaptation to different environments in mussels and other bivalves. Enrichment analyses revealed GO terms associated with pH and thermal response in Mytilus edulis from the North Sea and M. galloprovincialis from the Mediterranean Sea. The phylogenetic analysis within the genus Mytilus revealed M. californianus and M. coruscus to be genetically more distant from the other taxa: M. trossulus, M. edulis, M. chilensis and M. galloprovincialis. This work represents the first mantle transcriptome comparison between Mytilus taxa and provides contigs putatively involved in biomineralization.
A PRECARIZAÇÃO DO TRABALHO DOCENTE NO CONTEXTO DA REORGANIZAÇÃO CAPITALISTA E DAS MUDANÇAS NA LEGISLAÇÃO EDUCACIONAL BRASILEIRA PÓS 1990
Authors: Maroneze Luciane Francielli
Published: January 2019

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as novas configurações que caracterizam o trabalho docente vinculado à educação básica, tendo como referência, as mudanças desencadeadas com o processo de reorganização capitalista e as novas determinações que incidiram sobre a política educacional brasileira pós 1990, delimitando sua articulação com os novos parâmetros de reestruturação produtiva que emergiram nessa nova fase de mundialização do capital. Com um olhar mais atento as mudanças ocorridas na política educacional brasileira pós 1990, busca-se estabelecer a interlocução com as seguintes fontes: Leis de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (BRASIL, 1996), Plano Nacional de Educação (BRASIL, 2001) e Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento do Ensino Fundamental e Valorização do Magistério (BRASIL, 1996), com intuito de analisar o que tais documentos orientam sobre o trabalho docente, particularmente, sobre a valorização do estatuto profissional. Neste enfoque evidencia-se, num movimento contraditório, a mediação entre valorização e as complexas relações de precarização deste trabalho.

 