bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Up‐regulating arginase contributes to amelioration of chilling stress and the antioxidant system in cherry tomato fruits
Authors: Zhang Xinhua , Shen Lin , Li Fujun , Zhang Yanxin , Meng Demin , Sheng Jiping
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: Arginase, which plays an important role in regulating the metabolism of L‐arginine (Arg) in mammalian cells, has been reported to be involved in stress responses in higher plants. In view of the well‐established roles of polyamines, nitric oxide and proline in plant tolerance to chilling stress, arginase may play an important role in fruit chilling tolerance by regulating the metabolism of Arg. However, the current information available on this is very limited.

RESULTS: Cherry tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum cv.Messina) at the mature green stage were treated with Arg or Nω ‐hydroxy‐nor‐L‐arginine (nor‐NOHA) and analysed for chilling injury, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde and proline contents and arginase and antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidaseand ascorbate peroxidase) activities during cold storage. The effects of low temperature on the transcriptional levels of two arginase genes (LeARG1 and LeARG2) were also evaluated. LeARG1 and LeARG2 expression and arginase activity were significantly induced by low temperature. Compared with the control, Arg treatment alleviated fruit chilling injury, reduced electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde content and peroxidaseactivity and increased other parameters. Treatment with nor‐NOHA caused the opposite effects.

CONCLUSION: Up‐regulation of arginase activity and gene expression may be a chilling tolerance strategy in cherry tomato fruit. Inhibition of chilling‐induced arginase activity could aggravate chilling injury and oxidation damage. Arginase appears to play an important role in the chilling resistance process of cherry tomato fruit induced by Arg. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Compositions of phenolic compounds, amino acids and reducing sugars in commercial potato varieties and their effects on acrylamide formation
Authors: Zhu Fan , Cai Yi‐Zhong , Ke Jinxia , Corke Harold
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: Potato is consumed as an important source of carbohydrate and other nutrients as well as a good source of phenolics. Acrylamide is a potential carcinogen formed during frying of potato products. This study investigated the compositions of phenolic compounds, amino acids and reducing sugars in 16 commercial potato varieties from eight countries and analysed the relationships between these compositions and the levels of acrylamide generated by heating (185 °C, 25 min) potato powders.

RESULTS: Major phenolic compounds in the tested potato varieties were identified as hydroxycinnamoylquinic/hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Great variations in the contents of phenolic compounds, free reducing sugars and amino acids as well as wide variations in acrylamide concentration were found among the different potato varieties. Correlation analysis revealed that fructose (r = 0.956***), glucose (r = 0.826***) and asparagine (r = 0.842***) were positively correlated with acrylamide formation. Interestingly, it was observed that higher levels of phenolic compounds were related to lower levels of acrylamide (r = − 0.692*).

CONCLUSION: Careful selection of potato varieties with lower levels of fructose, glucose and asparagine and higher levels of phenolic compounds may mitigate acrylamide formation during thermal processing of potato products. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Is ideology a risk factor for PTSD symptom severity among Israeli political evacuees?
Authors: Oren Lior , Possick Chaya
Published: July 2010

To study the role of ideology in situations of extreme stress, a research questionnaire, measuring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), settlement ideology (the importance of Jewish settlement in Gaza), and type of evacuation was administered to 326 Jewish residents who were evacuated from Gaza settlements by the Israeli government. Forty percent of the participants met the criteria of probable PTSD. Forcibly evicted individuals reported higher levels of settlement ideology and higher levels of PTSD symptom severity compared to voluntarily evacuated individuals. Contrary to previous studies, ideology was found to be positively associated with PTSD symptom severity. The results are explained by the conservation of resources and terror management theories. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Exfoliation corrosion of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Zr alloy containing Sc examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Xiao Y. P. , Pan Q. L. , Li W. B. , Liu X. Y. , He Y. B. , Li C. L.
Published: July 2010

The exfoliation corrosion behavior of an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Zr alloy containing Sc artificially aged at 120 °C for 24 h is studied by macroscopic observation techniques and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. After 48 h immersion, the blisters start bursting and delamination initiates, along with the appearance of two time constants in the impedance diagrams. According to the simulation by equivalent circuit, the corrosion rate decreases sharply and then reaches a steady state, which is due to the change of the solution pH and oxide layer thickness, as well as the accumulation of corrosion products.
More on regular and decomposable ultrafilters in ZFC
Authors: Lipparini Paolo
Published: July 2010

We prove, in ZFC alone, some new results on regularity and decomposability of ultrafilters; among them:

(a) If m ≥ 1 and the ultrafilter D is (m(λ+n), m(λ+n))‐regular, then D is κ ‐decomposable for some κ with λ ≤ κ ≤ 2λ (Theorem 4.3(a')).

(b) If λ is a strong limit cardinal and D is (m(λ+n), m(λ+n))‐regular, then either D is (cf λ, cf λ)‐regular or there are arbitrarily large κ < λ for which D is κ ‐decomposable (Theorem 4.3(b)).

(c) Suppose that λ is singular, λ < κ, cf κ ≠ cf λ and D is (λ+, κ)‐regular. Then:

(i) D is either (cf λ, cf λ)‐regular, or (λ', κ)‐regular for some λ' < λ (Theorem 2.2).

(ii) If κ is regular, then D is either (λ, κ)‐regular, or (ω, κ')‐regular for every κ' < κ (Corollary 6.4).

(iii) If either (1) λ is a strong limit cardinal and λ<λ < 2κ, or (2) λ<λ < κ, then D is either λ ‐decomposable, or (λ', κ)‐regular for some λ' < λ (Theorem 6.5).

(d) If λ is singular, D is (μ, cf λ)‐regular and there are arbitrarily large ν < λ for which D is ν ‐decomposable, then D is κ ‐decomposable for some κ with λ ≤ κ ≤ λ<μ (Theorem 5.1; actually, our result is stronger and involves a covering number).

(e) D × D' is (λ, μ)‐regular if and only if there is a ν such that D is (ν, μ)‐regular and D' is (λ, ν')‐regular for all ν∼ < ν (Proposition 7.1).

We also list some problems, and furnish applications to topological spaces and to extended logics (Corollar‐ies 4.6 and 4.8) (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The 𝔧‐eigenfunctions and s ‐numbers
Authors: Edmunds D. E. , Lang J.
Published: July 2010

It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a compact linear map between Hilbert spaces has an excellent structure that can be described by projections on eigenmanifolds. However, until comparatively recently there were no similar results when the action takes place between Banach spaces. The focus of this paper is on these new developments.

Let X and Y be uniformly convex and uniformly smooth Banach spaces, and let T: X → Y be a compact linear map. Denote by Jx and JY normalized duality mappings on X and Y, respectively. We describe a geometric approach for obtaining a “new” class of eigenfunctions and eigenvalues for non‐linear equations of the form

S *JY Sx = λJxx,

where S denotes the restriction of T to subspaces generated by James orthogonality. Our method, which seems to be more direct than the Lusternik‐Schnirelmann method, is based on a procedure developed recently by Evans, Harris, and one of the authors together with the use of James (otherwise called Birkhoff) orthogonality as a decomposition tool. Using the Hardy operator, for which we prove that “classical” eigenvalues and eigenvalues obtained by the Lusternik‐Schnirelmann method and all “strict” s ‐numbers are same, we give numerical computations indicating that these new eigenvalues lie outside the family of s ‐numbers and that the eigenfunctions are different from classical eigenfunctions (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fragmentation pathways of polymer ions
Authors: Wesdemiotis Chrys , Solak Nilüfer , Polce Michael J. , Dabney David E. , Chaicharoen Kittisak , Katzenmeyer Bryan C.
Published: July 2010

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is increasingly applied to synthetic polymers to characterize chain‐end or in‐chain substituents, distinguish isobaric and isomeric species, and determine macromolecular connectivities and architectures. For confident structural assignments, the fragmentation mechanisms of polymer ions must be understood, as they provide guidelines on how to deduce the desired information from the fragments observed in MS/MS spectra. This article reviews the fragmentation pathways of synthetic polymer ions that have been energized to decompose via collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), the most widely used activation method in polymer analysis. The compounds discussed encompass polystyrenes, poly(2‐vinyl pyridine), polyacrylates, poly(vinyl acetate), aliphatic polyester copolymers, polyethers, and poly(dimethylsiloxane). For a number of these polymers, several substitution patterns and architectures are considered, and questions regarding the ionization agent and internal energy of the dissociating precursor ions are also addressed. Competing and consecutive dissociations are evaluated in terms of the structural insight they provide about the macromolecular structure. The fragmentation pathways of the diverse array of polymer ions examined fall into three categories, viz. (1) charge‐directed fragmentations, (2) charge‐remote rearrangements, and (3) charge‐remote fragmentations via radical intermediates. Charge‐remote processes predominate. Depending on the ionizing agent and the functional groups in the polymer, the incipient fragments arising by pathways (1)–(3) may form ion–molecule complexes that survive long enough to permit inter‐fragment hydrogen atom, proton, or hydride transfers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 30:523–559, 2011
Rigorous estimates for the 2D Oseen–Brinkman transmission problem in terms of the Stokes–Brinkman expansion
Authors: Kohr Mirela , Raja Sekhar G. P. , Wendland Wolfgang L.
Published: July 2010

In this paper we consider the problem of two‐dimensional (2D) steady flow of a viscous incompressible fluid at low Reynolds number past a porous body of arbitrary shape whose boundary is a closed Lipschitz curve. Assuming that the flow inside the porous body is governed by the Brinkman equation, we consider indirect layer potential representations corresponding to Brinkman, Stokes and Oseen systems. We show that the boundary integral equations of the Oseen–Brinkman coupling turn out to be a regular perturbation of those of the Stokes–Brinkman coupling. This allows us to prove that the difference between the first terms of the matched asymptotic expansions of the Stokes system and of the Oseen system is of the order |ln Re|−3 uniformly in any compact region of ℝ2. Since it is not known whether the coupled Brinkman–Navier–Stokes 2D interface problem has a solution and whether it can be approximated (if exists) by the Brinkman–Oseen transmission problem, these estimates can be considered as a first step in the complete analysis of 2D low Reynolds number flow past a porous body. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Traveling wave solutions of the K(m, n) equation with generalized evolution
Authors: Bruzón M. S. , Gandarias M. L.
Published: July 2010

We have obtained traveling wave solutions of a K(m, n) equation with generalized evolution. A catalogue of new exact solutions are given. A set of solitons, kinks, antikinks and compactons are derived. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glabridin, an isoflavan from licorice root, inhibits migration, invasion and angiogenesis of MDA‐MB‐231 human breast adenocarcinoma cells by inhibiting focal adhesion kinase/Rho signaling pathway
Authors: Hsu Ya‐Ling , Wu Ling‐Yu , Hou Ming‐Feng , Tsai Eing‐Mei , Lee Jau‐Nan , Liang Hsin‐Lin , Jong Yuh‐Jyh , Hung Chih‐Hsing , Kuo Po‐Lin
Published: July 2010

Scope: In this study we first report the antimigration, antiinvasive effect of glabridin, a flavonoid obtained from licorice, in MDA‐MB‐231 human breast adenocarcinoma cells.

Methods and results: Glabridin exhibited effective inhibition of cell metastasis by decreasing cancer cell migration and invasion of MDA‐MB‐231 cells. In addition, glabridin also blocked human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) migration and decreased MDA‐MB‐231‐mediated angiogenesis. Further investigation revealed that the inhibition of cancer angiogenesis by glabridin was also evident in a nude mice model. Blockade of MDA‐MB‐231 cells and HUVEC migration was associated with an increase of αγβ3 integrin proteosome degradation. Glabridin also decreased the active forms of FAK and Src, and enhanced levels of inactivated phosphorylated Src (Tyr 416), decreasing the interaction of FAK and Src. Inhibition of the FAK/Src complex by glabridin also blocked AKT and ERK1/2 activation, resulting in reduced activation of RhoA as well as myosin light chain phosphorylation.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that glabridin may be a novel anticancer agent for the treatment of breast cancer in three different ways: inhibition of migration, invasion and angiogenesis.
Experimental and numerical behaviour of reinforced mortar plates subjected to accelerated corrosion
Authors: Nguyen Quang Thanh , Caré Sabine , Berthaud Yves , Millard Alain , Ragueneau Frédéric
Published: July 2010

Most reinforced concrete structures are damaged due to corrosion of reinforcements in concrete. In normal conditions the pH near the reinforcements is around 12–13 which means that steel is in a passive state. But aggressive species, such as chloride ions or carbon dioxide, may penetrate into concrete and promote active corrosion. As a consequence (hydro)oxides are produced leading to degradation of concrete structures. For instance cracking of the concrete is generated due to the pressure induced by rust. In this paper, we study the inception and the propagation of cracking on reinforced mortar plates with rebars located either in the middle or at the corner. Additional experiments have been performed on cylindrical specimens to determine the local effect of rust pressure at the interface rust/mortar. The specimens have been subjected to imposed current density in order to enhance the corrosion and digital image intercorrelation has been used to determine displacement fields. The experiments have been compared to numerical modelling. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fracture mechanics analysis of multiple cracks in anisotropic media
Authors: Tu Chia‐Huei , Chen C.‐S. , Yu T.‐T.
Published: July 2010

This paper presents a single‐domain boundary element method (BEM) for linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis in the two‐dimensional anisotropic material. In this formulation, the displacement integral equation is collocated on the un‐cracked boundary only, and the traction integral equation is collocated on one side of the crack surface only. A special crack‐tip element was introduced to capture exactly the crack‐tip behavior. A computer program with the FORTRAN language has been developed to effectively calculate the stress intensity factors of an anisotropic material. This BEM program has been verified having a good accuracy with the previous researches. Furthermore, by analyzing the different anisotropic degree cracks in a finite plate, we found that the stress intensity factors of crack tips had apparent influence by the geometry forms of cracks and media with different anisotropic degrees. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Usage of international continence society standardized terminology: A bibliometric and questionnaire study
Authors: Cartwright Rufus , Cardozo Linda
Published: July 2010

Aims

We aimed to assess the impact of the 2002 International Continence Society (ICS) standardization report on usage of lower urinary tract terminology in research publications, and compare published usage with awareness of standardized terminology among practicing clinicians.

Methods

We searched articles indexed in the Scopus database for pairs of words or phrases, where one was introduced by the 2002 report, making the other obsolete or discouraged. We calculated frequencies of publications using each word or phrase by year. We calculated odds ratios and relative risks for usage of each item of 2002 terminology or its obsolete counterpart, comparing the periods 1996–2002 and 2003–2009. We distributed an email questionnaire to members of the British Society of Urogynecologists (BSUG), asking them to identify which items from a list of terms were current standardized or obsolete terminology.

Results

Bibliometric trends varied markedly by word pair. The terms “genuine stress incontinence,” “detrusor hyperreflexia,” and “detrusor instability” became obsolete as recommended by the 2002 report, with a delay of 2–3 years. However, for terms with wider usage beyond the continence field, including “vulvodynia” and “dysuria,” there was no significant adoption of the suggested replacements. Members of BSUG were familiar only with those items of standardized terminology that had been widely used in the literature.

Conclusions

The 2002 ICS standardization report was associated with significant shifts in usage of some items of terminology. ICS and IUGA should redouble efforts to raise awareness of the 2009 standardization report. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1373–1379, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No primary role of ambulatory urodynamics for the management of spinal cord injury patients compared to conventional urodynamics
Authors: Martens F.M.J. , van Kuppevelt H.J.M. , Beekman J.A.C. , Heijnen I.C.M. , D'Hauwers K.W.M. , Heesakkers J.P.F.A.
Published: July 2010

Aims

Adequate urodynamic assessment of bladder behavior is essential in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. Ambulatory urodynamics are more sensitive to detect detrusor overactivity (DO) than conventional urodynamics. The primary objective of this study was to determine the value of ambulatory urodynamics for the diagnosis of DO in SCI patients compared to conventional urodynamics.

Methods

Twenty‐seven SCI patients who were suspected of DO underwent both conventional and ambulatory urodynamics at one day. A single involuntary detrusor contraction (IDC) was defined as a detrusor pressure rise of at least 10 cmH2O. DO according to the ICS definition was used in addition to minimize the influence of catheter artifacts. Outcome of urodynamics was used for decisions on treatment.

Results

Ambulatory urodynamics were more sensitive to diagnose IDC and DO. Conventional urodynamics had a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 75% for DO diagnosis compared to ambulatory urodynamics. Mean maximum detrusor pressures did not differ significantly between both urodynamics. When the maximum detrusor pressure at conventional urodynamics did not exceed 40 cmH2O, 83% (10/12) of patients had a mean maximum detrusor pressure under 40 cmH2O at ambulatory urodynamics. Although the inter‐individual DO diagnostic agreement was lower for ambulatory than conventional urodynamics (58%, K = 0.201 vs. 77%, K = 0552), the treatment agreement was higher for ambulatory urodynamics (58% vs. 42%).

Conclusions

Ambulatory urodynamics do not seem necessary for diagnosis and risk assessment in SCI patients suspected for DO when conventional urodynamics are done properly. The exact role of urodynamics in treatment decision remains to be determined. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1380–1386, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lower bowel function in urinary incontinent women, urinary continent women and in controls
Authors: Wyndaele Michel , De Winter Benedicte Y , Pelckmans Paul , Wyndaele Jean Jacques
Published: July 2010

Aims

The anorectum and the lower urinary tract (LUT) are closely related. Clinically, it is important for caregivers to identify the presence of concomitant pathology as early in the diagnostic process as possible. This study evaluates lower bowel symptoms (LBS) in women with different types of urinary incontinence (UI), and compares the outcome with continent women and with a female control group.

Methods

Female patients, consulting at the Functional Unit of our Urology Department, with or without UI, were included in the study (URO patients). A female control group was recruited at the Orthopedic and the General Internal Medicine Consultation and among co‐workers from the hospital (CONTROL group). All were asked to complete a validated, self‐administered questionnaire, which identified the possible presence of UI, allowed categorization by type of UI, and questioned LBS.

Results

URO patients had, regardless of presence and type of UI, more complaints of fecal incontinence (FI) and of constipation than the CONTROL group. Patients with Urge UI and Mixed UI had significantly more difficulty postponing defecation and significantly more FI than Stress UI (SUI) patients and than continent URO patients (27% vs. 8%). More SUI patients reported straining during defecation.

Conclusions

Our data confirm that in patients with functional problems of the LUT, the prevalence of LBS is high. Bowel symptoms differ in different types of UI. Neurourol. Urodyn. 30:138–143, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A quantitative proteomic analysis of biofilm adaptation by the periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia
Authors: Pham Trong Khoa , Roy Sumita , Noirel Josselin , Douglas Ian , Wright Phillip C. , Stafford Graham P.
Published: July 2010

Tannerella forsythia is a Gram‐negative anaerobe that is one of the most prominent inhabitants of the sub‐gingival plaque biofilm, which is crucial for causing periodontitis. We have used iTRAQ proteomics to identify and quantify alterations in global protein expression of T. forsythia during growth in a biofilm. This is the first proteomic study concentrating on biofilm growth in this key periodontal pathogen, and this study has identified several changes in protein expression. Moreover, we introduce a rigorous statistical method utilising peptide‐level intensities of iTRAQ reporters to determine which proteins are significantly regulated. In total, 348 proteins were identified and quantified with the expression of 44 proteins being significantly altered between biofilm and planktonic cells. We identified proteins from all cell compartments, and highlighted a marked upregulation in the relative abundances of predicted outer membrane proteins in biofilm cells. These included putative transport systems and the T. forsythia S‐layer proteins. These data and our finding that the butyrate production pathway is markedly downregulated in biofilms indicate possible alterations in host interaction capability. We also identified upregulation of putative oxidative stress response proteins, and showed that biofilm cells are 10 to 20 fold more resistant to oxidative stress. This may represent an important adaptation of this organism to prolonged persistence and immune evasion in the oral cavity.
Proteomic analyses of monocytes obtained from Hispanic women with HIV‐associated dementia show depressed antioxidants
Authors: Kraft‐Terry Stephanie , Gerena Yamil , Wojna Valerie , Plaud‐Valentin Marines , Rodriguez Yolanda , Ciborowski Pawel , Mayo Raul , Skolasky Richard , Gendelman Howard E. , Meléndez Loyda M.
Published: July 2010

Purpose: Monocyte ingress into the brain during progressive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) infection parallels the severity of cognitive impairments. Although activated monocyte phenotypes emerge in disease, the functional correlates of these cells remain unresolved.

Experimental design: To this end, we studied the proteome of blood‐derived monocytes obtained from Hispanic women with the most severe form of HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders, HIV‐associated dementia (HAD). Monocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by CD14+ immunoaffinity column chromatography were >95% pure. Cells were recovered from four patients without evidence of cognitive impairment and five with HAD and analyzed by 2‐D DIGE and tandem MS.

Results: Importantly, ADP ribosylhydrolase, myeloperoxidase, thioredoxin, peroxiredoxin 3, NADPH, and GTPase‐activating protein were all downregulated in HAD. In regards to myeloperoxidase, thioredoxin, and peroxiredoxin 3, these changes were validated in an additional cohort of 30 patients by flow cytometry.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: We conclude that deficits in monocyte antioxidants lead to neuronal damage through the loss of hydrogen peroxide scavenging capabilities; thus exposing neurons to apoptosis‐inducing factors. Altered monocyte functions therefore may contribute to the development and progression of cognitive impairment.
19F NMR studies of α‐synuclein‐membrane interactions
Authors: Wang Gui‐Fang , Li Conggang , Pielak Gary J.
Published: July 2010

α‐Synuclein function is thought to be related to its membrane binding ability. Solution NMR studies have identified several α‐synuclein‐membrane interaction modes in small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs), but how membrane properties affect binding remains unclear. Here, we use 19F NMR to study α‐synuclein‐membrane interactions by using 3‐fluoro‐L‐tyrosine (3FY) and trifluoromethyl‐L‐phenylalanine (tfmF) labeled proteins. Our results indicate that the affinity is affected by both the head group and the acyl chain of the SUV. Negatively charged head groups have higher affinity, but different head groups with the same charge also affect binding. We show that the saturation of the acyl chain has a dramatic effect on the α‐synuclein‐membrane interactions by studying lipids with the same head group but different chains. Taken together, the data show that α‐synuclein's N‐terminal region is the most important determinate of SUV binding, but its C‐terminal region also modulates the interactions. Our data support the existence of multiple tight phospholipid‐binding modes, a result incompatible with the model that α‐synuclein lies solely on the membrane surface.
Reliability of safety instrumented systems: Where to direct future research?
Authors: Ann Lundteigen Mary , Rausand Marvin
Published: July 2010

Reliability analysis is an important basis for decision making related to design and follow‐up of safety instrumented systems (SISs) in the process industry. A significant research activity has been devoted to this area and has formed the basis for the current analytical methods.

Considering the challenges of operating process facilities, it is pertinent to raise the following questions: Have we reached the required level of knowledge? If not, where should we direct future research? This article draws the attention to these questions and outlines the position taken by the authors. The authors hope that this article will initiate further discussions among analysts and researchers having a special interest in SISs. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 2010
Evaluation of the toxicity of 17 essential oils against Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Machial Cristina M , Shikano Ikkei , Smirle Michael , Bradbury Roderick , Isman Murray B
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: The obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana Harris, and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Hübner, are serious fruit and vegetable pests requiring multiple insecticide applications per year. To reduce non‐target exposure to hazardous insecticides and to curb resistance development, alternative controls are required. Accordingly, a selection of 17 essential oils was screened against both lepidopteran pests, and the influence of azinphos‐methyl resistance on essential oil toxicity to C. rosaceana was studied.

RESULTS: Of the 17 essential oils screened, patchouli oil (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) and thyme oil (Thymus vulgaris L.) were selected for further testing against C. rosaceana, whereas patchouli oil, garlic oil (Allium sativum L.) and lemongrass oil (Cymopogon nardus L.) were selected for further testing against T. ni. LC50 and LD50 values confirmed that patchouli oil was the most toxic to C. rosaceana larvae, with LC50 = 2.8 µL mL−1 and LD50 = 8.0 µg insect−1. Garlic oil was the most toxic oil to T. ni larvae with LC50 = 3.3 µL mL−1 and LD50 = 22.7 µg insect−1, followed by patchouli oil and lemongrass oil. Azinphos‐methyl‐resistant leafrollers were 1.5‐fold more tolerant to patchouli oil and 2.0‐fold more tolerant to thyme oil.

CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, patchouli oil and other essential oils have sufficient efficacy to be considered as components of an essential oil‐based insecticide that targets these lepidopteran pests. Copyright © 2010 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Multifunctionalised benzoxazinones in the systems Oryza sativa–Echinochloa crus‐galli and Triticum aestivum–Avena fatua as natural‐product‐based herbicide leads
Authors: Macías Francisco A , Chinchilla Nuria , Arroyo Elena , Varela Rosa M , Molinillo José MG , Marín David
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: Fifteen novel derivatives of D‐DIBOA, including aromatic ring modifications and the addition of side chains in positions C‐2 and N‐4, had previously been synthesised and their phytotoxicity on standard target species (STS) evaluated. This strategy combined steric, electronic, solubility and lipophilicity requirements to achieve the maximum phytotoxic activity. An evaluation of the bioactivity of these compounds on the systems Oryza sativa–Echinochloa crus‐galli and Triticum aestivum–Avena fatua is reported here.

RESULTS: All compounds showed inhibition profiles on the two species Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) Beauv. and Avena fatua L. The most marked effects were caused by 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA, 6F‐4Val‐D‐DIBOA, 6Cl‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA and 6Cl‐4Val‐D‐DIBOA. The IC50 values for the systems Echinochloa crus‐galli–Oryza sativa and Avena fatua–Triticum aestivum for all compounds were compared. The compound that showed the greatest selectivity for the system Echinochloa crus‐galli–Oryza sativa was 8Cl‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA, which was 15 times more selective than the commercial herbicide propanil (Cotanil‐35). With regard to the system Avena fatua–Triticum aestivum, the compounds that showed the highest selectivities were 8Cl‐4Val‐D‐DIBOA and 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA. The results obtained for 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA are of great interest because of the high phytotoxicity to Avena fatua (IC50 = 6 µM, r2 = 0.9616).

CONCLUSION: The in vitro phytotoxicity profiles and selectivities shown by the compounds described here make them candidates for higher‐level studies. 8Cl‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA for the system Echinochloa crus‐galli‐Oryza sativa and 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA for Avena fatua‐Triticum aestivum were the most interesting compounds. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Electronic and thermal transport properties of Mg2Sn crystals containing finely dispersed eutectic structures
Authors: Chen H. Y. , Savvides N. , Dasgupta T. , Stiewe C. , Mueller E.
Published: July 2010

The electronic and thermal transport properties of Mg2Sn crystals prepared by radio‐frequency (RF) induction melting, were investigated in the temperature range 10−700 K to study the effect of adding excess silver to the melt on the microstructure and thermoelectric properties. As the Ag‐content increases the amount of silver incorporated at doping sites tends to saturate so that the carrier concentration increases asymptotically to 6.3 × 1019 cm−3. The excess amount of silver reacts with magnesium to form a fine MgAg + Mg2Sn eutectic structure. The temperature dependence of the carrier mobility varies from ∼T−1.5 for the heavily doped samples in the extrinsic range to ∼T−2.8 for the undoped sample in the intrinsic range. From electrical conductivity and Hall measurements on the undoped samples we find the energy gap to be 0.36−0.38 eV. Doped samples show broad Seebeck peaks of 150−210 µV K−1 at T = 350−550 K. The thermal conductivity decreases sharply as the addition of Ag is increased, and reaches a minimum value of κ = 3.4 W m−1 K−1 at 450 − 500 K for the doped sample containing a uniformly distributed eutectic phase, leading to a maximum figure of merit ZTmax = 0.30.
Examples for the integration of self‐organized nanowires for functional devices by a fracture approach
Authors: Gedamu Dawit , Jebril Seid , Schuchardt Arnim , Elbahri Mady , Wille Sebastian , Kumar Mishra Yogendra , Adelung Rainer
Published: July 2010

Simple and versatile methods to form nanowires on microchips are of interest for fundamental research and hold the potentials for an industrial fabrication. In this review article, one of these methods based on thin film fracture will be described introducing the experimental parameters and the potential for research. The advantages of the utilization of thin film cracks as a template for the nanowire formation are numerous: nanowire generation ready with contacts, a wide ranging freedom in the choice of materials, influence on the internal structure of the nanowire or the precise positioning on a microchip. A detailed discussion about the fabrication steps and some preliminary experiments revealing the possibilities of the fracture approach will be given for obtained metallic, semiconducting and anodized nanowires. In contrast to their macroscopic counterparts, the conductivity through the nanowires is entirely different. The influence of the surrounding gas atmospheres and the application of electrical fields demonstrate the applicability of these nanowires fabricated by using such a fracture approach.

magnified image

Perspective scanning electron microscopy micrograph of Au nanowires fabricated by thin film fracture approach between Au contact lines. The wires form a zigzag pattern on the thermally oxidized layer substrate on a silicon chip.
Polarization switching of the optical gain in semipolar InGaN quantum wells
Authors: Scheibenzuber W. G. , Schwarz U. T.
Published: July 2010

We investigate the influence of polarization switching on the optical gain of semipolar InGaN quantum wells (QWs) depending on indium content and charge carrier concentration using self‐consistent 6 × 6 k·p‐band structure calculations. The semipolar planes considered here are the $(11\bar {2}2)$‐ and the $(20\bar {2}1)$‐plane. In contrast to the $(20\bar {2}1)$‐plane, the dominant polarization of the optical gain in a QW on the $(11\bar {2}2)$‐plane can depend on both the indium content and the charge carrier concentration, as reported from experiments. These effects are explained by a detailed analysis of the wave function composition of the topmost valence bands in a semipolar QW.
Frequency dependent power efficiency of a nanostructured surface plasmon coupler
Authors: Ghoshal Amitabh , Kik Pieter G.
Published: July 2010

Surface plasmon (SP) excitation on an extended thin metal film via a miniature nanoparticle‐enhanced grating coupler is studied experimentally using leakage radiation spectroscopy. A universally applicable method for determining the efficiency of free‐space SP excitation is developed, and the efficiency of the coupler is determined. Two distinct grating excitation modes are observed, as well as a particle‐mediated excitation mode. The maximum observed coupling efficiency of the structure was approximately 3.5% at 615 nm and 670 nm, corresponding to the two grating modes of the structure. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
New features on the fragmentation patterns of homoisoflavonoids in Ophiopogon japonicus by high‐performance liquid chromatography/diode‐array detection/electrospray ionization with multi‐stage tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Qi Jin , Xu Deran , Zhou Yi‐Feng , Qin Min‐Jian , Yu Bo‐Yang
Published: July 2010

Homoisoflavonoids, a special class of flavonoids, are mainly distributed in the Liliaceae family and have various biological activities. Previously, very little research has been reported on the gas‐phase fragmentation patterns of homoisoflavonoids by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In this paper, we report the use of high‐performance liquid chromatography with a diode‐array detector (HPLC‐DAD) and electrospray ionization multi‐stage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MSn) to study the fragmentation behavior of 11 homoisoflavonoid standards and to analyze homoisoflavonoids in Ophiopogon japonicus. In total, 28 homoisoflavonoids (including seven novel constituents) were characterized. The deprotonated [MH]− molecules of the homoisoflavonoids containing a saturated C2C3 bond afforded the A or B product ion (base peak) according to whether the B‐ring was substituted with a hydroxyl group. For the homoisoflavonoids containing a C‐2C‐3 double bond, the product ions (A or C ion) were created from the precursor [MH]− ion as the base peak when the B‐ring was substituted with a hydroxyl group. The homoisoflavonoids carrying a formyl group in the A‐ring readily eliminated one molecule of CO to form the product ion [M + HCO]− (base peak) irrespective whether the C‐2C‐3 bond was saturated or not. This product ion afforded the [MHCOB‐ringCH2 + H]− ion by cleavage of the C3C9 bond. This latter product ion always appeared in tandem mass (MS/MS) spectra of type I homoisoflavonoids. The common features of flavonoids observed during the gas‐phase fragmentation mechanisms were the loss of the following groups: 15 Da (CH3), 18 Da (H2O), 28 Da (CO), 44 Da (CO2) and 46 Da (CH2O2). A retro‐Diels‐Alder (RDA)‐like cleavage was also observed for the homoisoflavonoids. The different gas‐phase fragmentation routes were characterized for the deprotonated molecules obtained from the various homoisoflavonoids and collision‐induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation differences were noted for the different locations of the various substituents. In conclusion, we can say that this study allowed us to structurally elucidate and identify homoisoflavonoids distributed in related plants and their complex prescriptions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on the non‐covalent interactions between cyclodextrins and aryl alkanol piperazine derivatives by mass spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Chu Yan‐Qiu , Dai Xin‐Hua , Jiang Dan , Jiang Gong‐Yu , Fang Xiang , Ding Chuan‐Fan
Published: July 2010

The non‐covalent complexes of α‐ and β‐cyclodextrins (α‐, β‐CDs) with two aryl alkanol piperazine derivatives (Pipe I and Pipe II) have been studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The ESI‐MS experimental results demonstrated that Pipe I can conjugate to β‐CD and form 1:1 or 1:2 stoichiometric non‐covalent complexes, and Pipe II can only form 1:1 complexes with α‐ or β‐CD. Fluorescence spectra indicated that the fluorescence intensities of Pipe I and Pipe II can be enhanced by increasing the content of β‐CD. The mass spectrometric titration experiments showed that the dissociation constants Kd1 were 5.77 and 9.52 × 10−4 mol L−1 for the complexes of α‐CD with Pipe I and Pipe II, respectively, revealing that the binding of α‐CD‐Pipe I was stronger than α‐CD‐Pipe II. The Kd1 and Kd2 values were 9.81 × 10−4 mol L−1 and 1.11 × 10−7 (mol L−1)2 for 1:1 and 1:2 complexes of Pipe I with β‐CD, respectively. The Kd values obtained from fluorescence spectroscopy were in agreement with those from ESI‐MS titration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical dephosphorylation for identification of multiply phosphorylated peptides and phosphorylation site determination
Authors: Kyono Yutaka , Sugiyama Naoyuki , Tomita Masaru , Ishihama Yasushi
Published: July 2010

We have developed a novel strategy to improve the efficiency of identification of multiply phosphorylated peptides isolated by hydroxy acid modified metal oxide chromatography (HAMMOC). This strategy consists of alkali‐induced chemical dephosphorylation (beta‐elimination reaction) of phosphopeptides isolated by HAMMOC prior to analysis by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). This approach identified 1.9‐fold more multiply phosphorylated peptides than the conventional approach without beta‐elimination from a digested mixture of three standard phosphoproteins. In addition, the accuracy of phosphorylation site determination in synthetic phosphopeptides was significantly improved. Finally, we applied this approach to a cell lysate. By combining this dephosphorylation approach with the conventional approach, we successfully identified 1649 unique phosphopeptides, including 325 multiply phosphorylated phosphopeptides, from 200 µg of cultured Arabidopsis cells. These results indicate that chemical dephosphorylation prior to LC/MS analysis increases the efficiency of identification of multiply phosphorylated peptides, as well as the accuracy of phosphorylation site determination. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An online method combining a Gasbench II with continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry to determine the content and isotopic compositions of minor amounts of carbonate in silicate rocks
Authors: Zha Xiang‐Ping , Zhao Yan‐Yan , Zheng Yong‐Fei
Published: July 2010

An online method using continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF‐IRMS) interfaced with a Gasbench II device was established to analyze carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions and to estimate the content of minor amounts of carbonate in silicate rocks. The mixtures of standard materials and high‐purity quartz are firstly used to calibrate different quantities of carbonate in silicates. The results suggest that the accuracy and precision of the online analysis are both better than those obtained using an offline method. There is a positive correlation between the carbonate weight and the Mass44 ion beam intensity (or peak area). When the weight of carbonate in the mixtures is greater than 70 µg (equal to ∼1800 mV Mass44 ion beam intensity), the δ13C and δ18O values of samples usually have accuracy and precision of ±0.1‰ and ±0.2‰ (1σ), respectively. If the weight is less than 70 µg, some limitations (e.g., not perfectly linear) are encountered that significantly reduce the accuracy and precision. The measured δ18O values are systematically lower than the true values by −0.3 to −0.7‰; the lower the carbonate content, the lower the measured δ18O value. For samples with lower carbonate content, the required phosphoric acid doses are higher and more oxygen isotope exchanges with the water in the phosphoric acid. To guarantee accurate results with high precision, multiple analyses of in‐house standards and an artificial MERCK sample with δ13C values from −35.58 to 1.61‰ and δ18O from 6.04 to 18.96‰ were analyzed simultaneously with the unknown sample. This enables correction of the measured raw data for the natural sample based on multiple‐point normalization. The results indicate that the method can be successfully applied to a range of natural rocks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast trypsin digestion of proteins on a cross‐linked [Os(dmebpy)2Cl]+/2+‐derivatized copolymer of acrylamide and vinylimidazole column
Authors: Zhou Jie
Published: July 2010

Fast digestion of proteins was observed when they were loaded together with trypsin onto the cross‐linked [Os(dmebpy)2Cl]+/2+‐derivatized copolymer of acrylamide and vinylimidazole column. The insoluble Os‐complexed polymer particles were packed into an electrospray tip to monitor peptides eluted during loading, washing and elution periods with a mass spectrometer. The proteolytic cleavage of proteins was observed immediately when the mixture of trypsin and substrates in 0.2 mM ammonium bicarbonate 50:50 H2O/acetonitrile reached the column tip, and continued through the loading period. Some tryptic peptides were released from the column during the loading and following washing periods. The others still stayed on the column until the low pH elution buffer reached the column. If a protein was first loaded onto the column, no tryptic peptides of the protein were observed when trypsin was loaded later for the on‐column digestion. Only the autolysis peptides of trypsin were observed. On‐column digestion of 100 fmol myoglobin was successfully detected with a low sensitivity quadrupole mass spectrometer. A hybrid Os‐polymer/C18 column tip was constructed for the online trypsin digestion of proteins in the aqueous buffers and the following trapping and elution of peptides from the C18 column. The digestion of reduced and alkylated bovine serum albumin and human transferrin in 2.5 mM ammonium bicarbonate and 0.2 M urea buffer was observed on the column, with more peptide coverage than conventional 4 h in‐solution digestion at 37°C. Control experiments without the Os‐polymer in the column tip excluded the spontaneous in‐solution digestion of proteins in the short time window of buffer delivery onto the column, indirectly confirming the contribution of Os‐polymer on the fast trypsin digestion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical scheme for liquid chromatography/multi‐stage spectrometric identification of 3,4,5‐triacyl chlorogenic acids in green Robusta coffee beans
Authors: Jaiswal Rakesh , Kuhnert Nikolai
Published: July 2010

Liquid chromatography/multi‐stage spectrometry (LC/MSn) (n = 2–4) has been used to detect and characterize in green Robusta coffee beans eight quantitatively minor triacyl chlorogenic acids with seven of them not previously reported in nature. These comprise 3,4,5‐tricaffeoylquinic acid (Mr 678); 3,5‐dicaffeoyl‐4‐feruloylquinic acid, 3‐feruloyl‐4,5‐dicaffeoylquinic acid and 3,4‐dicaffeoyl‐5‐feruloylquinic acid (Mr 692); 3‐caffeoyl‐4,5‐diferuloylquinic acid and 3,4‐diferuloyl‐5‐caffeoylquinic acid (Mr 706); and 3,4‐dicaffeoyl‐5‐sinapoylquinic acid and 3‐sinapoyl‐4,5‐dicaffeoylquinic acid (Mr 722). Structures have been assigned on the basis of LC/MSn patterns of fragmentation. A new hierarchical key for the identification of triacyl quinic acids is presented, based on previously established rules of fragmentation. Fifty‐two chlorogenic acids have now been characterized in green Robusta coffee beans. In this study five samples of green Robusta coffee beans and fifteen samples of Arabica coffee beans were analyzed with triacyl chlorogenic acids only found in Robusta coffee bean extracts. These triacyl chlorogenic acids could be considered as useful phytochemical markers for the identification of Robusta coffee beans. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The snake for visualizing and for counting clusters in multivariate data
Authors: Petrie Adam , Willemain Thomas R.
Published: July 2010

We introduce the ‘snake’, a new tool for the visualization and exploration of a multivariate dataset. The snake connects each data point along a single short path. Using techniques from the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), it is possible to find such a path in polynomial (nearly quadratic) computational time. A plot of the individual segment lengths versus their position along the path transforms the original multidimensional dataset into a one‐dimensional ‘time‐series’ of interpoint distances. The snake traces the local structure of a datacloud, so this visualization is most useful for detecting density fluctuations: regions of high density appear as many consecutive short segments, while regions of low density appear as many consecutive long segments. Dips in the time series reveal the presence of clustering and can be used to count the number of modes in the datacloud. We illustrate the technique on a variety of artificial and real‐world datasets. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 3: 236‐252, 2010