bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Virtual Restoration and Virtual Reconstruction in Cultural Heritage: Terminology, Methodologies, Visual Representation Techniques and Cognitive Models
Authors: Pietroni Eva , Ferdani Daniele
Published: April 2021

Today, the practice of making digital replicas of artworks and restoring and recontextualizing them within artificial simulations is widespread in the virtual heritage domain. Virtual reconstructions have achieved results of great realistic and aesthetic impact. Alongside the practice, a growing methodological awareness has developed of the extent to which, and how, it is permissible to virtually operate in the field of restoration, avoid a false sense of reality, and preserve the reliability of the original content. However, there is not yet a full sharing of meanings in virtual restoration and reconstruction domains. Therefore, this article aims to clarify and define concepts, functions, fields of application, and methodologies. The goal of virtual heritage is not only producing digital replicas. In the absence of materiality, what emerges as a fundamental value are the interaction processes, the semantic values that can be attributed to the model itself. The cognitive process originates from this interaction. The theoretical discussion is supported by exemplar case studies carried out by the authors over almost twenty years. Finally, the concepts of uniqueness and authenticity need to be again pondered in light of the digital era. Indeed, real and virtual should be considered as a continuum, as they exchange information favoring new processes of interaction and critical thinking.
Information Technology Governance for Higher Education Institutions: A Multi-Country Study
Authors: Scalabrin Bianchi Isaías , Dinis Sousa Rui , Pereira Ruben
Published: April 2021

Information Technology governance (ITG) calls for the definition and implementation of formal practices at the highest level in the organization, involving structures, processes and relational practices for the creation of business value from IT investments. However, determining the right ITG practices remains a complex endeavor. Previous studies identify IT governance practices used in the health and financial sectors. As universities have many unique characteristics, it is highly unlikely that the ITG experiences of the financial and health industry can be directly applied to universities. This study, using Design Science Research (DSR), develops a baseline with advised practices for the university sector. The analysis of thirty-four case studies from the literature review provides a set of practices as a starting point for the development of the baseline model proposal through multiple case studies involving interviews with IT directors, in ten universities in five countries: eight new practices emerge in this study. The model proposed was evaluated by experts. The result is a baseline model with adequate practices for IT governance in universities as well as a set of guidelines for its implementation. Findings revealed that is possible to extend the ITG practices’ baseline when looking at specific contexts.
Mating Disruption of Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell) (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) in Fruit Crops
Authors: Ballesteros Carolina , Romero Alda , Castro María Colomba , Miranda Sofía , Bergmann Jan , Zaviezo Tania
Published: April 2021

Pseudococcus calceolariae, the citrophilous mealybug, is a species of economic importance. Mating disruption (MD) is a potential control tool. During 2017–2020, trials were conducted to evaluate the potential of P. calceolariae MD in an apple and a tangerine orchard. Two pheromone doses, 6.32 g/ha (2017–2018) and 9.45 g/ha (2019–2020), were tested. The intermediate season (2018–2019) was evaluated without pheromone renewal to study the persistence of the pheromone effect. Male captures in pheromone traps, mealybug population/plant, percentage of infested fruit at harvest and mating disruption index (MDI) were recorded regularly. In both orchards, in the first season, male captures were significantly lower in MD plots compared to control plots, with an MDI > 94% in the first month after pheromone deployment. During the second season, significantly lower male captures in MD plots were still observed, with an average MDI of 80%. At the third season, male captures were again significant lower in MD than control plots shortly after pheromone applications. In both orchards, population by visual inspection and infested fruits were very low, without differences between MD and control plots. These results show the potential use of mating disruption for the control of P. calceolariae.
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Functional Hierarchy of Pacemaker Clusters in the Sinoatrial Node: New Insights into Sick Sinus Syndrome
Authors: Lang Di , Glukhov Alexey V.
Published: April 2021

The sinoatrial node (SAN), the primary pacemaker of the heart, consists of a heterogeneous population of specialized cardiac myocytes that can spontaneously produce action potentials, generating the rhythm of the heart and coordinating heart contractions. Spontaneous beating can be observed from very early embryonic stage and under a series of genetic programing, the complex heterogeneous SAN cells are formed with specific biomarker proteins and generate robust automaticity. The SAN is capable to adjust its pacemaking rate in response to environmental and autonomic changes to regulate the heart’s performance and maintain physiological needs of the body. Importantly, the origin of the action potential in the SAN is not static, but rather dynamically changes according to the prevailing conditions. Changes in the heart rate are associated with a shift of the leading pacemaker location within the SAN and accompanied by alterations in P wave morphology and PQ interval on ECG. Pacemaker shift occurs in response to different interventions: neurohormonal modulation, cardiac glycosides, pharmacological agents, mechanical stretch, a change in temperature, and a change in extracellular electrolyte concentrations. It was linked with the presence of distinct anatomically and functionally defined intranodal pacemaker clusters that are responsible for the generation of the heart rhythm at different rates. Recent studies indicate that on the cellular level, different pacemaker clusters rely on a complex interplay between the calcium (referred to local subsarcolemmal Ca2+ releases generated by the sarcoplasmic reticulum via ryanodine receptors) and voltage (referred to sarcolemmal electrogenic proteins) components of so-called “coupled clock pacemaker system” that is used to describe a complex mechanism of SAN pacemaking. In this review, we examine the structural, functional, and molecular evidence for hierarchical pacemaker clustering within the SAN. We also demonstrate the unique molecular signatures of intranodal pacemaker clusters, highlighting their importance for physiological rhythm regulation as well as their role in the development of SAN dysfunction, also known as sick sinus syndrome.
Validity and Reproducibility of the Peer Assessment Rating Index Scored on Digital Models Using a Software Compared with Traditional Manual Scoring
Authors: Gera Arwa , Gera Shadi , Dalstra Michel , Cattaneo Paolo M. , Cornelis Marie A.
Published: April 2021

The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reproducibility of digital scoring of the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index and its components using a software, compared with conventional manual scoring on printed model equivalents. The PAR index was scored on 15 cases at pre- and post-treatment stages by two operators using two methods: first, digitally, on direct digital models using Ortho Analyzer software; and second, manually, on printed model equivalents using a digital caliper. All measurements were repeated at a one-week interval. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare PAR scores and its components between both methods and raters. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to compute intra- and inter-rater reproducibility. The error of the method was calculated. The agreement between both methods was analyzed using Bland-Altman plots. There were no significant differences in the mean PAR scores between both methods and both raters. ICC for intra- and inter-rater reproducibility was excellent (≥0.95). All error-of-the-method values were smaller than the associated minimum standard deviation. Bland-Altman plots confirmed the validity of the measurements. PAR scoring on digital models showed excellent validity and reproducibility compared with manual scoring on printed model equivalents by means of a digital caliper.
Cancer Therapy-Related Cardiovascular Complications in Clinical Practice: Current Perspectives
Authors: Bohdan Michał , Kowalczys Anna , Mickiewicz Agnieszka , Gruchała Marcin , Lewicka Ewa
Published: April 2021

Cardiovascular (CV) diseases and cancer are the leading causes of death in Europe and the United States. Both diseases have extensive overlap and share common risk factors, symptoms, and outcomes. As the number of patients with both cancer and CV diseases continues to rise, the field of cardio-oncology is gaining increased attention. A frequent problem during anti-cancer treatment is cardiotoxicity caused by the side-effects of chemo-, immuno-, targeted, and radiation therapies. This problem may manifest as acute coronary syndrome, myocarditis, arrhythmias, or heart failure. Modern cardio-oncology spans many different research areas. While some researchers focus on treating patients that have already developed cardiotoxicity, others aim to identify new methods for preventing cardiotoxicity before, during, and after anti-cancer therapy. Both groups share the common understanding that regular monitoring of cancer patients is the basis for optimal medical treatment. Optimal treatment can only be achieved through close cooperation between cardiologists and oncologists. This review summarizes the current views on cardio-oncology and discusses the cardiotoxicities associated with commonly used chemotherapeutics.
Phylogenetic and Molecular Analyses of More Prevalent HCV1b Subtype in the Calabria Region, Southern Italy
Authors: Marascio Nadia , Costantino Angela , Taffon Stefania , Lo Presti Alessandra , Equestre Michele , Bruni Roberto , Pisani Giulio , Barreca Giorgio Settimo , Quirino Angela , Trecarichi Enrico Maria , Costa Chiara , Mazzitelli Maria , Serapide Francesca , Matera Giovanni , Torti Carlo , Liberto Maria Carla , Ciccaglione Anna Rita
Published: April 2021

Hepatitis C virus subtype 1b (HCV1b) is still the most prevalent subtype worldwide, with massive expansion due to poor health care standards, such as blood transfusion and iatrogenic procedures. Despite safe and effective new direct antiviral agents (DAA), treatment success can depend on resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) carried in target genomic regions. Herein we investigated transmission clusters and RASs among isolates from HCV1b positive subjects in the Calabria Region. Forty-one NS5B and twenty-two NS5A sequences were obtained by Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the maximum likelihood method and resistance substitutions were analyzed with the Geno2pheno tool. Phylogenetic analysis showed sixteen statistically supported clusters, with twelve containing Italian sequences mixed with foreign HCV1b isolates and four monophyletic clusters including only sequences from Calabria. Interestingly, HCV1b spread has been maintained by sporadic infections in geographically limited areas and by dental treatment or surgical intervention in the metropolitan area. The L159F NS5B RAS was found in 15 isolates and in particular 8/15 also showed the C316N substitution. The Y93H and L31M NS5A RASs were detected in three and one isolates, respectively. The A92T NS5A RAS was found in one isolate. Overall, frequencies of detected NS5B and NS5A RASs were 36.6% and 22.7%, respectively. For the eradication of infection, improved screening policies should be considered and the prevalence of natural RASs carried on viral strains.
Cardiovascular Safety Profile of Romosozumab: A Pharmacovigilance Analysis of the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)
Authors: Vestergaard Kvist Annika , Faruque Junaid , Vallejo-Yagüe Enriqueta , Weiler Stefan , Winter Elizabeth M. , Burden Andrea M.
Published: April 2021

Background: Cardiovascular safety concerns for major cardiovascular events (MACE) were raised during the clinical trials of romosozumab. We aimed to evaluate the cardiovascular safety profile of romosozumab in a large pharmacovigilance database. Methods: All cases reported between January 2019 and December 2020 where romosozumab was reported were extracted from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). The outcome of interest was MACE (myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or cardiovascular death). A disproportionality analysis was conducted by estimating the reporting odds ratios (RORs) and 95% confidence intervals. Disproportionality analyses were stratified by sex and reporting region (US, Japan, other). Results: Of the 1995 eligible cases with romosozumab, the majority (N = 1188; 59.5%) originated from Japan. Overall, 206 suspected MACE reports were identified, of which the majority (n = 164; 13.8%) were from Japan, and 41 (5.2%) were from the United States (US). Among Japanese reports, patients were older and more frequently male than reports from the US. Similarly, cases with a reported MACE were older and had higher reports of cardioprotective drugs than those without cardiovascular events. Elevated reports for MACE (ROR 4.07, 95% CI: 2.39–6.93) was identified overall, which was primarily driven by the significant disproportionality measures in the Japanese reports. Conclusions: The current pharmacovigilance study identified a potential signal for elevated MACE, particularly in Japan. The results support the current safety warnings from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to avoid use in high-risk patients.
Assessment of Analytical Orientation Prediction Models for Suspensions Containing Fibers and Spheres
Authors: Dietemann Bastien , Bosna Fatih , Kruggel-Emden Harald , Kraft Torsten , Bierwisch Claas
Published: April 2021

Analytical orientation models like the Folgar Tucker (FT) model are widely applied to predict the orientation of suspended non-spherical particles. The accuracy of these models depends on empirical model parameters. In this work, we assess how well analytical orientation models can predict the orientation of suspensions not only consisting of fibers but also of an additional second particle type in the shape of disks, which are varied in size and filling fraction. We mainly focus on the FT model, and we also compare its accuracy to more complex models like Reduced-Strain Closure model (RSC), Moldflow Rotational Diffusion model (MRD), and Anisotropic Rotary Diffusion model (ARD). In our work, we address the following questions. First, can the FT model predict the orientation of suspensions despite the additional particle phase affecting the rotation of the fibers? Second, is it possible to formulate an expression for the sole Folgar Tucker model parameter that is based on the suspension composition? Third, is there an advantage to choose more complex orientation prediction models that require the adjustment of additional model parameters?
A Local Semi-Fixed Ghost Particles Boundary Method for WCSPH
Authors: Tao Kaidong , Zhou Xueqian , Ren Huilong
Published: April 2021

Due to the convenience and flexibility in modeling complex geometries and deformable objects, local ghost particles methods are becoming more and more popular. In the present study, a novel local semi-fixed ghost particles method is proposed for weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (WCSPH). In comparison with the previous local ghost particles methods, the new boundary method can effectively reduce spurious pressure oscillations and smooth the flow field. Besides, the new generation mechanism of fictitious particles is simple and robust, which is suitable for all kinds of kernel functions with different sizes of the support domain. The numerical accuracy and stability of the new smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) scheme are validated for several typical benchmark cases. A detailed investigation into the pressure on solid walls and the surface elevation in dynamic simulations is also conducted. A comparison of numerical results shows that the new boundary method helps reduce the oscillations in the numerical solutions and improves the numerical accuracy of the pressure field.
Analyzing the Effects of Institutional Merger: Case of Cadastral Information Registration and Landholding Right Providing Institutions in Ethiopia
Authors: Chekole Solomon Dargie , de Vries Walter Timo , Durán-Díaz Pamela , Shibeshi Gebeyehu Belay
Published: April 2021

Strong national institutional arrangements in the geospatial information management are essential for successful implementation of sustainable land administration system. However, it is not only the existence of institutions but also their effectiveness that leads to the intended goals and reaching of objectives. There are international calls to merge highly related land administration institutions, yet Ethiopia executes two related land administration tasks (landholding right provision and cadastral registration) by two different institutions, the Urban Land Development and Management Bureau, and the Urban Land Adjudication and Information Registration Agency. Thus, the objective of this article is to analyze the effect of merging cadastral information registration and urban landholding right providing institutions lead to effective and strong national land institution. To achieve this, we had a qualitative approach analysis based on desk review and case study research methods. We conducted semi-structured interviews with the directors of the two institutions, and a group discussion with professional experts from both institutions. The findings of this study show that institutional merger between the two institutions believed to unravel the challenges of failing to achieve institutional goals. Although these institutions design strategic plans every year, the level of achievement or operational performance is low. The major cause for this problem is the poor coordination between the institutions. In view of this issue, we recommend merging the two institutions in one since it: reduces the effects of data duplication; provides one-window services; reduces operational costs; fills communication gaps among the staff; reduces time of operation; improves customer service; increases efficiency within processes; and provides a more efficient operation of land markets.
An Evaluation of Coupling Coordination between Rural Development and Water Environment in Northwestern China
Authors: Gao Xiang , Wang Ke , Lo Kevin , Wen Ruiyang , Mi Xiaoting , Liu Kuanmei , Huang Xingxing
Published: April 2021

Balancing the relationship between rural development and the protection of water resources is a challenging undertaking. This study develops a coupling coordination degree (CCD) model to examine the non-linear interaction between rural development and water environment in the 11 prefectures of Gansu, northwestern China. There are three key findings. First, economic development is the key driver of rural development, whereas social development has relatively little impact. For the water environment subsystem, improved water efficiency has been the key contributor, whereas environmental carrying capacity is secondary. Second, the CCD increased steadily in the studied period, which suggests that the relationship between rural development and water environment has gradually changed from antagonistic to mutually beneficial. However, this change is not occurring rapidly and in fact shows signs of slowing. Third, the complex spatial differences of the CCD are related to the level of economic and social development, the process of urban–rural integration, and regional natural conditions. The findings of this study have great significance for further quantitative analysis of the interaction and mutual feedback mechanism between the rural economy and the water environment in China and support evidence-based policymaking.
Legaltech and Lawtech: Global Perspectives, Challenges, and Opportunities
Authors: Salmerón-Manzano Esther
Published: April 2021

Legaltech refers to the application of new technologies to the world of law, to carry out tasks that, until recently, were performed by lawyers or other personnel working in law firms. From 2015 onwards the Lawtech alternative has emerged. In this work, the concepts of Legaltech and Lawtech have been analyzed by searching the two main scientific information databases such as Scopus and Wed of Science (WoS). There has been a clear trend to use the concept of Legaltech against Lawtech. Six clear research lines have been detected from the whole of the published documents regarding these concepts. These are the related to Computer Science, Justice, Legal profession, Legal design, Law firms, and Legal Education. It is proposed to use the term Legaltech to include all technological advances in the legal field. From the point of view of opportunities, the irruption of Legaltech will be able to offer accurate legal advice to the public, reducing the price of this and on the other hand, analyze large amounts of data that law firms and legal advisors will use to improve their management and increase their productivity. In short, Legaltech and Lawtech are opening up new opportunities in the legal sector encouraging technological innovation, giving greater access to legal services, even try to achieve the goal of universal access to justice.
Developing a Sustainable Logistics Service Quality Scale for Logistics Service Providers in Egypt
Authors: Ali Ahmed Hussein , Melkonyan Ani , Noche Bernd , Gruchmann Tim
Published: April 2021

The role of sustainability has made it a vital point to measure companies’ financial performances and sustainability practices along the overall supply chain. Logistics service providers (LSPs) are among the supply chain actors that need to consider sustainability practices to present a better sustainable service. Therefore, we studied LSPs in Egypt, as Egypt has set sustainability goals in the logistics sector to be achieved by 2030. This research proposes a new sustainable logistics service quality (SLSQ) scale through reviewing the literature on sustainable service quality (SSQ) and logistics service quality (LSQ). While additional semi-structured interviews were conducted with LSP companies in Egypt to formulate the SLSQ scale for this specific region, the Q-sorting technique was used to confirm SLSQ measurements. Hence, we present a scale to evaluate Egypt’s overall LSPs’ service quality. Our research thereby contributes to the theory by proposing a new framework that measures the SLSQ in LSP companies in emerging countries and to the practice by tying the framework to accompany Egyptian law. The results are discussed against previous literature and concluded by showing limitations and potential future research avenues.
On Approximation of the Tails of the Binomial Distribution with These of the Poisson Law
Authors: Nagaev Sergei , Chebotarev Vladimir
Published: April 2021

A subject of this study is the behavior of the tail of the binomial distribution in the case of the Poisson approximation. The deviation from unit of the ratio of the tail of the binomial distribution and that of the Poisson distribution, multiplied by the correction factor, is estimated. A new type of approximation is introduced when the parameter of the approximating Poisson law depends on the point at which the approximation is performed. Then the transition to the approximation by the Poisson law with the parameter equal to the mathematical expectation of the approximated binomial law is carried out. In both cases error estimates are obtained. A number of conjectures are made about the refinement of the known estimates for the Kolmogorov distance between binomial and Poisson distributions.
Early Detection of Defects through the Identification of Distortion Characteristics in Ultrasonic Responses
Authors: Burrascano Pietro , Ciuffetti Matteo
Published: April 2021

Ultrasonic techniques are widely used for the detection of defects in solid structures. They are mainly based on estimating the impulse response of the system and most often refer to linear models. High-stress conditions of the structures may reveal non-linear aspects of their behavior caused by even small defects due to ageing or previous severe loading: consequently, models suitable to identify the existence of a non-linear input-output characteristic of the system allow to improve the sensitivity of the detection procedure, making it possible to observe the onset of fatigue-induced cracks and/or defects by highlighting the early stages of their formation. This paper starts from an analysis of the characteristics of a damage index that has proved effective for the early detection of defects based on their non-linear behavior: it is based on the Hammerstein model of the non-linear physical system. The availability of this mathematical model makes it possible to derive from it a number of different global parameters, all of which are suitable for highlighting the onset of defects in the structure under examination, but whose characteristics can be very different from each other. In this work, an original damage index based on the same Hammerstein model is proposed. We report the results of several experiments showing that our proposed damage index has a much higher sensitivity even for small defects. Moreover, extensive tests conducted in the presence of different levels of additive noise show that the new proposed estimator adds to this sensitivity feature a better estimation stability in the presence of additive noise.
In Vitro Bioactivity of Astaxanthin and Peptides from Hydrolisates of Shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) By-Products: From the Extraction Process to Biological Effect Evaluation, as Pilot Actions for the Strategy “From Waste to Profit”
Authors: Messina Concetta Maria , Manuguerra Simona , Arena Rosaria , Renda Giuseppe , Ficano Giovanna , Randazzo Mariano , Fricano Stefano , Sadok Saloua , Santulli Andrea
Published: April 2021

Non-edible parts of crustaceans could be a rich source of valuable bioactive compounds such as the carotenoid astaxanthin and peptides, which have well-recognized beneficial effects. These compounds are widely used in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, and their market is rapidly growing, suggesting the need to find alternative sources. The aim of this work was to set up a pilot-scale protocol for the reutilization of by-products of processed shrimp, in order to address the utilization of this valuable biomass for nutraceutical and pharmaceuticals application, through the extraction of astaxanthin-enriched oil and antioxidant-rich protein hydrolysates. Astaxanthin (AST) was obtained using “green extraction methods,” such as using fish oil and different fatty acid ethyl esters as solvents and through supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), whereas bioactive peptides were obtained by protease hydrolysis. Both astaxanthin and bioactive peptides exhibited bioactive properties in vitro in cellular model systems, such as antioxidant and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities (IA). The results show higher astaxanthin yields in ethyl esters fatty acids (TFA) extraction and significant enrichment by short-path distillation (SPD) up to 114.80 ± 1.23 µg/mL. Peptide fractions of <3 kDa and 3–5 kDa exhibited greater antioxidant activity while the fraction 5–10 kDa exhibited a better ACE-IA. Lower-molecular-weight bioactive peptides and astaxanthin extracted using supercritical fluids showed protective effects against oxidative damage in 142BR and in 3T3 cell lines. These results suggest that “green” extraction methods allow us to obtain high-quality bioactive compounds from large volumes of shrimp waste for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.
Specialized Metabolites from Ribosome Engineered Strains of Streptomyces clavuligerus
Authors: Shaikh Arshad Ali , Nothias Louis-Felix , Srivastava Santosh K. , Dorrestein Pieter C. , Tahlan Kapil
Published: April 2021

Bacterial specialized metabolites are of immense importance because of their medicinal, industrial, and agricultural applications. Streptomyces clavuligerus is a known producer of such compounds; however, much of its metabolic potential remains unknown, as many associated biosynthetic gene clusters are silent or expressed at low levels. The overexpression of ribosome recycling factor (frr) and ribosome engineering (induced rpsL mutations) in other Streptomyces spp. has been reported to increase the production of known specialized metabolites. Therefore, we used an overexpression strategy in combination with untargeted metabolomics, molecular networking, and in silico analysis to annotate 28 metabolites in the current study, which have not been reported previously in S. clavuligerus. Many of the newly described metabolites are commonly found in plants, further alluding to the ability of S. clavuligerus to produce such compounds under specific conditions. In addition, the manipulation of frr and rpsL led to different metabolite production profiles in most cases. Known and putative gene clusters associated with the production of the observed compounds are also discussed. This work suggests that the combination of traditional strain engineering and recently developed metabolomics technologies together can provide rapid and cost-effective strategies to further speed up the discovery of novel natural products.
Changes in DMI, SDHI, and QoI Fungicide Sensitivity in the Estonian Zymoseptoria tritici Population between 2019 and 2020
Authors: Kiiker Riinu , Juurik Marite , Heick Thies Marten , Mäe Andres
Published: April 2021

Zymoseptoria tritici (Zt) populations adapt under the selection pressure of fungicides applied for disease control. The primary objective of this study was to assess fungicide sensitivity in the Estonian Zt population. A total of 282 Zt isolates from 2019 and 2020 were tested for sensitivity to azoles (DMIs; prothioconazole-desthio, epoxiconazole, mefentrifluconazole) and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs; boscalid, fluxapyroxad). The efficacy of the tested fungicides varied considerably between the Estonian counties, but the Zt population is mainly sensitive to DMIs. Additionally, the frequencies of CYP51 gene alterations varied; D134G, V136C, A379G, and S524T had increased, but V136A and I381V showed a moderate decrease in 2020 in comparison to 2019. Sensitivity to SDHIs was stable, but boscalid was less effective than fluxapyroxad. SdhC gene mutations C-T33N, C-T34N, and C-N86S were common, but not linked with SDHI fungicide sensitivity assay results. Otherwise, mutation B-N225I in the SdhB subunit occurred in isolates with reduced sensitivity to SDHIs. Sensitivity to strobilurins was evaluated by the mutation G143A in the CytB gene, which was present in nearly half of the population. The data presented confirm the ongoing evolution of fungicide sensitivity in the Zt population in Estonia and highlight the importance of knowledge-based decisions for optimizing anti-resistance strategies in the field.
Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Zengudi and Tuobake Granite Porphyries in the Sanjiang Region, SW China: Petrogenesis and Tectonic Significance
Authors: Tian Mao-Jun , Li Huan , Tamehe Landry Soh , Xi Zhen
Published: April 2021

The boundary between the Gondwana and Yangtze plate is still controversial. In southwest China, the Sanjiang region marks the collision zone which accreted several blocks coming from the northern Gondwana margin. In this region, subduction of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean and associated continental blocks during the Triassic Period led to the formation of an N–S trending complex involving intrusive and volcanic rocks. The intrusive rocks are important for constraining the evolution of the Paleo-Tethyan in southwestern China. This study presents new geochronological, geochemical, and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic data of granite porphyries from northern Lancangjiang, in order to discuss the origin of these granites and their tectonic significance. Representative samples of the Zengudi and the Tuobake granite porphyries from the Yezhi area yielded weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages of 247–254 Ma and 246 Ma, respectively. The Zengudi granite porphyries display zircon ԐHf(t) values of −12.94 to −2.63, ԐNd(t) values of −14.5 to −9.35, and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.708 to 0.716. The Tuobake granite porphyries have zircon ԐHf(t) values of −14.06 to −6.55, ԐNd(t) values of −10.9 to −9.41, and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.716 to 0.731. Both the Zengudi and Tuobake granite porphyries exhibit strongly peraluminous signatures with high A/CNK nAl2O3/(K2O + Na2O + K2O) ratios (1.07–1.86 and 0.83–1.33, respectively). These granites are enriched in Rb and Th, and depleted in Ti, Nb, Ta, Sr, and P, with negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* < 0.61). These geochemical and isotopic data indicate that the primary magma of the granite porphyries originated from partial melting of ancient continental crust as a result of basaltic magma underplating and underwent fractionation crystallization during their emplacement. We propose that the Triassic subduction of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean led to crust shortening and thickening in the Sanjiang region, while the northern Lancangjiang area was involved in the continental collision after the subduction of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean before 254 Ma.
Experimental Evaluation of PM Emission from Red Mud Basins Exposed to Wind Erosion
Authors: Dentoni Valentina , Grosso Battista , Pinna Francesco
Published: April 2021

The disposal of industrial and mineral processing residues represents a major concern for human health and the environment as a whole. In order to reduce the impact on soil and groundwater due to the waste leachability, the implementation of environmental regulations worldwide has favored the conversion of the disposal techniques from wet to dry (i.e., dry stacking or dry disposal). Such a change in the storage practice may cause the increase of particulate matter (PM) emission from the dry surfaces of the tailings exposed to wind erosion. Considering the significance of the environmental issue on a global scale and the increasingly stricter orientation of environmental policies, the need for modeling tools capable of estimating the contribution of tailing basins to air pollution becomes apparent. The paper deals with the disposal of red mud resulting from the bauxite processing in the alumina industry. An experimental research was carried with an environmental wind tunnel to estimate the Emission Factor (EF) of the basin surfaces as a function of the main affecting variables (i.e., residue water content and wind velocity). The article reports the results of the experimental test carried out on the red mud from a major basin located in Sardinia (Italy).
Polygenic Nature of Olivines from the Ultramafic Lamprophyres of the Terina Complex (Chadobets Upland, Siberian Platform) Based on Trace Element Composition, Crystalline, and Melt Inclusion Data
Authors: Starikova Anastasiya , Prokopyev Ilya , Doroshkevich Anna , Ragozin Alexey , Chervyakovsky Vasily
Published: April 2021

Olivine from the deep mantle-derived rocks, such as ultramafic lamprophyres, carries important information about the composition of the mantle source, the processes of mantle metasomatism, the origin of specific silicate-carbonate melts, as well as the composition and mechanisms of crystallization of these rocks. Textures and compositions of olivine from the carbonate-rich ultramafic lamprophyres (aillikites) of the Terina complex, along with their mineral and melt inclusions, exposed that olivines have different sources. Two populations of olivines were considered: macrocrysts (>1 mm) and groundmass olivines (<1 mm). Groundmass olivines are phenocrysts and characterized by weak variations in Mg# (84–86.5), a sharp increase in Ca and Ti contents, and a decrease in Ni and Cr from core to rim. They have higher concentrations of Li, Cu, Ti, and Na compared to macrocrysts. Among the macrocrysts, the following populations are observed: (1) high-Mg olivines (Mg# 89–91) with high Ni and low Ti contents, which are interpreted as xenocrysts from the slightly depleted lherzolite mantle; (2) high-Ca olivines (Mg# 84–88, CaO 0.13–0.21 wt %), which have patterns similar to groundmass olivines and are interpreted as cumulates of early portions of aillikite melt; (3) macrocrysts with wide variations in Mg# (73–88), low CaO contents (0.04–0.11 wt %), and positive slope in Ca vs. Al and negative slope in Ca vs. Mn, which are interpreted as disintegrated megacrysts from the Cr-poor megacryst suite. The megacryst suite could have been formed in the pre-trap period during the melting of the metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). The aillikite melt evolution is traced by secondary melt inclusions in olivine macrocrysts: early phlogopite-diopside-calcite-apatite association, containing Ti-magnetite and ilmenite, is followed by an association with magnetite and sulfides (pyrrhotite and pentlandite); finally, at a late stage, inclusions with a predominance of Ca-Na-carbonates and sulfates and enriched in U, Th, Y, REEs, Sr, and Ba were captured.
A Framework for Open-Pit Mine Production Scheduling under Semi-Mobile In-Pit Crushing and Conveying Systems with the High-Angle Conveyor
Authors: Liu Dingbang , Pourrahimian Yashar
Published: April 2021

In-pit crushing and conveying (IPCC) systems have drawn attention to the modern mining industry due to the numerous benefits than conventional truck-and-shovel systems. However, the implementation of the IPCC system can reduce mining flexibility and introduce additional mining sequence requirements. This paper investigates the long-term production scheduling and the crusher relocation plan of open-pit mines using a semi-mobile IPCC system and high-angle conveyor. A series of candidate high-angle conveyor locations is generated around the pit limit, with a crusher located along each conveyor line. Each conveyor location is solved independently by an integer linear programming model for making production scheduling and crushing station decisions, aiming to maximize the net present value (NPV) considering the material handling and crushing station relocation costs. The production schedule with the highest NPV and the associated conveyor and crusher location is considered the optimum or near-optimum solution.
Engineering Polymeric Nanosystems against Oral Diseases
Authors: Mercadante Valeria , Scarpa Edoardo , De Matteis Valeria , Rizzello Loris , Poma Alessandro
Published: April 2021

Nanotechnology and nanoparticles (NPs) are at the forefront of modern research, particularly in the case of healthcare therapeutic applications. Polymeric NPs, specifically, hold high promise for these purposes, including towards oral diseases. Careful optimisation of the production of polymeric NPs, however, is required to generate a product which can be easily translated from a laboratory environment to the actual clinical usage. Indeed, considerations such as biocompatibility, biodistribution, and biodegradability are paramount. Moreover, a pre-clinical assessment in adequate in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo model is also required. Last but not least, considerations for the scale-up are also important, together with an appropriate clinical testing pathway. This review aims to eviscerate the above topics, sourcing at examples from the recent literature to put in context the current most burdening oral diseases and the most promising polymeric NPs which would be suitable against them.
F4/80+ Kupffer Cell-Derived Oncostatin M Sustains the Progression Phase of Liver Regeneration through Inhibition of TGF-β2 Pathway
Authors: Lu Qingjun , Shen Hao , Yu Han , Fu Jing , Dong Hui , Chen Yao , Wang Hongyang
Published: April 2021

The role of Kupffer cells (KCs) in liver regeneration is complicated and controversial. To investigate the distinct role of F4/80+ KCs at the different stages of the regeneration process, two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PHx) was performed in mice to induce physiological liver regeneration. In pre- or post-PHx, the clearance of KCs by intraperitoneal injection of the anti-F4/80 antibody (α-F4/80) was performed to study the distinct role of F4/80+ KCs during the regenerative process. In RNA sequencing of isolated F4/80+ KCs, the initiation phase was compared with the progression phase. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining of Ki67, HNF-4α, CD-31, and F4/80 and Western blot of the TGF-β2 pathway were performed. Depletion of F4/80+ KCs in pre-PHx delayed the peak of hepatocyte proliferation from 48 h to 120 h, whereas depletion in post-PHx unexpectedly led to persistent inhibition of hepatocyte proliferation, indicating the distinct role of F4/80+ KCs in the initiation and progression phases of liver regeneration. F4/80+ KC depletion in post-PHx could significantly increase TGF-β2 serum levels, while TGF-βRI partially rescued the impaired proliferation of hepatocytes. Additionally, F4/80+ KC depletion in post-PHx significantly lowered the expression of oncostatin M (OSM), a key downstream mediator of interleukin-6, which is required for hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration. In vivo, recombinant OSM (r-OSM) treatment alleviated the inhibitory effect of α-F4/80 on the regenerative progression. Collectively, F4/80+ KCs release OSM to inhibit TGF-β2 activation, sustaining hepatocyte proliferation by releasing a proliferative brake.
Clinical Perspectives of Theranostics
Authors: Okamoto Shozo , Shiga Tohru , Tamaki Nagara
Published: April 2021

Theranostics is a precision medicine which integrates diagnostic nuclear medicine and radionuclide therapy for various cancers throughout body using suitable tracers and treatment that target specific biological pathways or receptors. This review covers traditional theranostics for thyroid cancer and pheochromocytoma with radioiodine compounds. In addition, recent theranostics of radioimmunotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and treatment of bone metastasis using bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals are described. Furthermore, new radiopharmaceuticals for prostatic cancer and pancreatic cancer have been added. Of particular, F-18 Fluoro-2-Deoxyglucose (FDG) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is often used for treatment monitoring and estimating patient outcome. A recent clinical study highlighted the ability of alpha-radiotherapy with high linear energy transfer (LET) to overcome treatment resistance to beta--particle therapy. Theranostics will become an ever-increasing part of clinical nuclear medicine.
In Search of the Driving Factor for the Microwave Curing of Epoxy Adhesives and for the Protection of the Base Substrate against Thermal Damage
Authors: Horikoshi Satoshi , Arai Yuhei , Serpone Nick
Published: April 2021

This study used controlled microwaves to elucidate the response of adhesive components to microwaves and examined the advantages of microwave radiation in curing epoxy adhesives. Curing of adhesives with microwaves proceeded very rapidly, even though each component of the adhesive was not efficiently heated by the microwaves. The reason the adhesive cured rapidly is that microwave heating was enhanced by the electrically charged (ionic) intermediates produced by the curing reaction. In contrast, the cured adhesive displayed lower microwave absorption and lower heating efficiency, suggesting that the cured adhesive stopped heating even if it continued to be exposed to microwaves. This is a definite advantage in the curing of adhesives with microwaves, as, for example, adhesives dropped onto polystyrene could be cured using microwave heating without degrading the polystyrene base substrate.
The Effect of α-, β- and γ-Cyclodextrin on Wheat Dough and Bread Properties
Authors: Jødal Anne-Sophie Schou , Czaja Tomasz Pawel , van den Berg Frans W. J. , Jespersen Birthe Møller , Larsen Kim Lambertsen
Published: April 2021

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides that have found widespread application in numerous fields. CDs have revealed a number of various health benefits, making them potentially useful food supplements and nutraceuticals. In this study, the impact of α-, β-, and γ-CD at different concentrations (up to 8% of the flour weight) on the wheat dough and bread properties were investigated. The impact on dough properties was assessed by alveograph analysis, and it was found that especially β-CD affected the viscoelastic properties. This behavior correlates well with a direct interaction of the CDs with the proteins of the gluten network. The impact on bread volume and bread staling was also assessed. The bread volume was in general not significantly affected by the addition of up to 4% CD, except for 4% α-CD, which slightly increased the bread volume. Larger concentrations of CDs lead to decreasing bread volumes. Bread staling was investigated by texture analysis and low field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (LF-NMR) measurements, and no effect of the addition of CDs on the staling was observed. Up to 4% CD can, therefore, be added to wheat bread with only minor effects on the dough and bread properties.
A Multifunctional N-Doped Cu–MOFs (N–Cu–MOF) Nanomaterial-Driven Electrochemical Aptasensor for Sensitive Detection of Deoxynivalenol
Authors: Wen Xiaoyan , Huang Qingwen , Nie Dongxia , Zhao Xiuying , Cao Haojie , Wu Wenhui , Han Zheng
Published: April 2021

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common mycotoxins in grains, causing gastrointestinal inflammation, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and embryotoxicity, even at a low quantity. In this study, a facile electrochemical aptasensor was established for the rapid and sensitive determination of DON based on a multifunctional N-doped Cu-metallic organic framework (N–Cu–MOF) nanomaterial. The N–Cu–MOF, with a large specific surface area and good electrical conductivity, served not only as an optimal electrical signal probe but also as an effective supporting substrate for stabilizing aptamers through the interactions of amino (-NH2) and copper. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed sensor provided a wide linear concentration range of 0.02–20 ng mL−1 (R2 = 0.994), showing high sensitivity, with a lower detection limit of 0.008 ng mL−1, and good selectivity. The sensor’s effectiveness was also verified in real spiked wheat samples with satisfactory recoveries of 95.6–105.9%. The current work provides a flexible approach for the rapid and sensitive analysis of highly toxic DON in food samples and may also be easily extended to detect other hazardous substances with alternative target-recognition aptamers.