bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relative inversion and non-verb-initial imperatives in Early Modern Swedish
Authors: Petzell Erik Magnusson
Published: June 2013

This article deals with two syntactic differences between Present-Day Swedish (PDSw) and Early Modern Swedish (EMSw): first, only EMSw allows VS and XVS word order to occur in relative clauses; second, only EMSw permits non-verb-initial imperatives. One structural difference between the varieties is assumed to be a prerequisite for all these word order differences: the subject position was spec-TP in EMSw but is spec-FinP in PDSw. Only the lower position (spec-TP) is compatible with inversion (VS) and fronting of non-subjects (XVS) in relative clauses as well as with imperative clauses having elements other than the imperative verb in the initial position. To be able to account for the latter phenomenon, however, an additional assumption is needed: the imperative type-feature, [imp], always accompanies the verb in PDSw but is tied to an operator in EMSw. The first assumption about differing subject positions is independently motivated by findings already in the previous literature. The second assumption about the differing behaviour of [imp] in the two varieties is supported by the distribution of imperative verbs over a wider range of syntactic contexts in EMSw than in PDSw.
Estonian conditional clauses: The degree of hypotheticality and the link to temporal and concessive clauses
Authors: Plado Helen
Published: June 2013

Estonian conditional clauses have previously been divided into two clear-cut groups: real and unreal, with indicative and conditional main verbs of conditional clauses, respectively. This article defends the view that it is a question of the degree of hypotheticality that a sentence conveys, and it treats hypotheticality as a continuum that includes groups of linguistic forms, which have a relatively clear core and are separated by fuzzy transition areas. Secondly, the article concentrates on the relationship between Estonian conditional clauses and temporal clauses. As these clause types have the same marker (kui), the article discusses whether it is always possible to distinguish between these two clauses and which factors are relevant for determining whether the clause is a temporal or conditional one. Thirdly, the relationship between Estonian conditional and concessive clauses is under consideration, focusing particularly on Estonian scalar concessive conditional clauses.
Note from the Editors
Authors: Hansson Gunnar Ólafur , Miestamo Matti , Ringen Catherine , Westergaard Marit , Vikner Sten
Published: June 2013

This is the first issue of volume 36 of the Nordic Journal of Linguistics. The NJL is the journal of the Nordic Association of Linguists. Individuals may subscribe to the Journal by joining the Nordic Association of Linguists. The NAL membership form can be found on the Cambridge University Press web site of the NJL, http://journals.cambridge.org/NJL, as well as on the NAL web site, http://www.uef.fi/nal.
Ecosystem services of the Southern Ocean: trade-offs in decision-making
Authors: Grant Susie M. , Hill Simeon L. , Trathan Philip N. , Murphy Eugene J.
Published: June 2013

Ecosystem services are the benefits that mankind obtains from natural ecosystems. Here we identify the key services provided by the Southern Ocean. These include provisioning of fishery products, nutrient cycling, climate regulation and the maintenance of biodiversity, with associated cultural and aesthetic benefits. Potential catch limits for Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) alone are equivalent to 11% of current global marine fisheries landings. We also examine the extent to which decision-making within the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) considers trade-offs between ecosystem services, using the management of the Antarctic krill fishery as a case study. Management of this fishery considers a three-way trade-off between fisheries performance, the status of the krill stock and that of predator populations. However, there is a paucity of information on how well these components represent other ecosystem services that might be degraded as a result of fishing. There is also a lack of information on how beneficiaries value these ecosystem services. A formal ecosystem assessment would help to address these knowledge gaps. It could also help to harmonize decision-making across the ATS and promote global recognition of Southern Ocean ecosystem services by providing a standard inventory of the relevant ecosystem services and their value to beneficiaries.
Otolith morphology and feeding ecology of an Antarctic nototheniid,Lepidonotothen larseni
Authors: Curcio Nadia , Tombari Andrea , Capitanio Fabiana
Published: June 2013

This study is based on the analysis of the stomach content and the morphology and morphometry of the three pairs of otoliths (sagitta, asteriscus and lapillus) ofLepidonotothen larseni(Lönnberg) collected at the South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula during summer, in order to find possible relationships between ontogenetic change of sagittal otolith shape and feeding ecology. Length-weight relationship resulted in a positive allometric growth, with juveniles and adults in good nutritional condition (Le Cren condition index > 1), and with a decreasing trend from noon to late evening of the stomach repletion index. The stomach content consisted of several prey, with copepods and amphipods more frequent and abundant in juveniles, whereas euphausiids were in adults. The morphometric analysis of otoliths enabled us to relate different measurements with fish size, and those contributing mostly to separate juveniles from adults were the otolith and rostrum length and their percentage (R index). Juveniles proportionally showed a shorter and wider sagitta than adults reflected in a major E index because of a rounded shape and a minor R index because of a less developed rostrum. This pattern can be tentatively linked to the different habitat of juveniles and adults of this species, being respectively pelagic and epibenthic, as also evidenced by the ontogenetic change of feeding habits.
Phosphorylated 11S globulins in sunflower seeds
Authors: Quiroga Ivana , Regente Mariana , Pagnussat Luciana , Maldonado Ana , Jorrín Jesús , de la Canal Laura
Published: June 2013

Helianthinins are storage proteins present in Helianthus annuus seeds, belonging to the 11S globulin family. Here we describe that a fraction of the helianthinins is phosphorylated. This conclusion is supported by different criteria, including identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry of major protein bands revealed with a specific dye for phosphoproteins, anti-phosphoserine antibody and binding to a phosphoprotein affinity matrix. Moreover, we show that the phosphorylation status of helianthinins changes following germination.
Maternal effects and embryo genetics: germination and dormancy of crop–wild sunflower hybrids
Authors: Weiss Alexa N. , Primer Samantha B. , Pace Brian A. , Mercer Kristin L.
Published: June 2013

Gene flow between agricultural crops and related wild plant populations can produce hybrids which differ significantly from their wild counterparts in many life history traits, including seed traits. Seeds from wild annuals often possess significant dormancy, while cultivated varieties have been selected to germinate immediately under favourable conditions. Consequently, the dormancy characteristics of crop–wild hybrids could influence their survival, seed-bank dynamics and, ultimately, the extent to which crop genes persist in wild populations. Dormancy characteristics can be influenced by both maternal effects, as well as the genetics of a seed's embryo, which are the result of contributions from both parents. Here we focus on how maternal effects and embryo genetics affect seed dormancy in crop–wild hybrid sunflowers (Helianthus annuus). Using three laboratory experiments, we quantified the germination and dormancy of 15 crop–wild hybrid sunflower cross types, while also identifying achene characteristics that may influence the differential germination observed. We found that increased frequencies of crop alleles and the maternal effects imparted by hybridization can reduce dormancy, though the effect of increased frequencies of crop alleles was more pronounced in wild- and F1-produced than in the crop-produced achenes. The more open pericarp of the crop-produced achenes and the shorter relative distance that their radicles had to travel to germinate may explain some of the observed maternal effects. Finally, we generated hypotheses about how these results could affect survival and crop gene introgression in the field.
EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTION FRONTIERS IN THE AFTERMATH OF RECESSIONS: INTERNATIONAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Christopoulos Dimitris , León-Ledesma Miguel A.
Published: June 2013

The relationship between recessions and productivity growth has been the focus of an important body of theoretical and empirical research in the last two decades. We contribute to this literature by presenting new evidence on the evolution of productivity in the aftermath of recessions. Our method allows us to distinguish betweenfrontierand (in-)efficiencyeffects of recessions. We present international evidence for a panel of 70 countries for the period 1960–2000. Our results reveal that the average cumulative impact of recessions on productivity up to four years after their end is negative and significant. This, however, results from a mixture of mechanisms. Thelevelof frontier production increases, but the rate of technical progress decreases, leading to a fall in frontier production. Efficiency also falls, lending support to the idea that recessions tend to reduce, rather than increase, economic restructuring. Long and deep recessions are also shown to have distinctive impacts on productivity.
Information-driven societies and Fermi's paradox
Authors: Lampton Michael
Published: June 2013

Fermi's paradox is founded on the idea that one or more Galactic extraterrestrial civilizations (ETCs) existed long ago and sustained exploration for millions of years, but in spite of their advanced knowledge, they could not find a way to explore the Galaxy other than with fleets of starships or self replicating probes. Here, I question this second assumption: if advanced technology generally allows long-distance remote sensing, and if ETCs were motivated by gaining information rather than conquest or commerce, then such voyages would be unnecessary, thereby resolving Fermi's paradox.
Fragmentation in international trade law: insights from the global investment regime
Authors: JOHNSTON ADRIAN M. , TREBILCOCK MICHAEL J.
Published: June 2013

With World Trade Organization negotiations stagnant, and preferential trade agreements (PTAs) rapidly proliferating, international trade relations are shifting markedly toward bilateralism. The resulting fragmentation in the international trade regime poses serious risks to economic welfare and the coherence of international trade law. Similar challenges have been faced in the international investment regime, which is comprised of a highly fragmented network of bilateral investment treaties (BITs). However, scholars have identified several mechanisms that promote harmonization in the international investment regime. Among these are cross-treaty interpretation in dispute settlement and the inclusion of most-favoured nation (MFN) clauses in BITs. This paper assesses the scope for these two mechanisms to emerge in the international trade regime by comparing the legal framework, institutional dynamics, and political economy of the trade and investment regimes. The analysis suggests that cross-treaty interpretation is likely to emerge in the trade regime as PTA dispute settlement activity increases and that greater use of MFN clauses in PTAs is a viable possibility. These developments would mitigate the effects of fragmentation and advance harmonization in the international trade regime.
Zwangs- und verwandte Störungen im Licht der neuen DSM-5 Kriterien
Authors: Hartmann Andrea Sabrina , Wilhelm Sabine
Published: June 2013

Unterschiedliche Forschergruppen haben wiederholt verschiedene Störungsbilder mit der Zwangsstörung in Verbindung gebracht und ein Zwangsspektrum postuliert, das diese Störungen umfassen soll. Im Zuge der Erstellung der diagnostischen Kriterien für DSM-5 sind die Bemühungen zur Verifikation des Zwangsspektrums angestiegen, um gegebenenfalls eine neue Gruppierung von aktuell in unterschiedlichen Kategorien klassifizierten Störungen zu erreichen. Die vorliegende Literaturübersichtsarbeit soll den Stand der Forschung zum Zwangsspektrum zusammenfassen. Dabei soll beantwortet werden, welche Störungen zum heutigen Zeitpunkt in der Literatur als Einschlusskandidaten betrachtet werden, ob überhaupt eine Kategorie Zwangs- und verwandte Störungen entstehen soll und wo diese gegebenenfalls lokalisiert werden kann. Die Arbeitsgruppe zur Kategorie Zwangs- und verwandte Störung(en) schlägt aktuell die Einführung einer separaten Kategorie vor, welche die Zwangs- und die Körperdysmorphe Störung, Dermatillomanie, Trichotillomanie sowie zwanghaftes Horten als Störungen beinhalten soll.
Endophänotypen der Zwangsstörung
Authors: Endrass Tanja , Riesel Anja
Published: June 2013

Die Zwangsstörung ist eine teilweise genetisch vermittelte psychische Störung, die mit neuropsychologischen Beeinträchtigungen einhergeht. Bisher war die Suche nach den genetischen Ursachen wenig erfolgreich, was an der polygenetischen Übertragung und an der Heterogenität im klinischen Erscheinungsbild der Zwangsstörung liegen könnte. Die Verwendung des Endophänotypenkonzepts kann möglicherweise dazu beitragen, diese Probleme zu reduzieren. Endophänotypen sind zustandsunabhängige Marker, die näher an den biologischen Ursachen einer Erkrankung liegen als der klinische Phänotyp und mit einem erhöhten genetischen Risiko für die Erkrankung einhergehen. Die im Bereich der Zwangsstörung existierenden Befunde zu Endophänotypen werden in dem vorliegenden Artikel diskutiert und Implikationen für zukünftige Studien abgeleitet. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass vielversprechende Kandidaten-Endophänotypen in den Bereichen Reaktionshemmung, Handlungsüberwachung und kognitive Flexibilität vorliegen.
Spieglein, Spieglein an der Wand … Klinische Charakteristika der körperdysmorphen Störung
Authors: Winter Anna , Buhlmann Ulrike
Published: June 2013

Hauptmerkmal der körperdysmorphen Störung (KDS) ist eine übermäßige Beschäftigung mit einem wahrgenommenen Makel oder Defekt im körperlichen Aussehen (z. B. ausdünnendes Haar, Falten, Größe oder Form der Nase), was zu signifikanten Beeinträchtigungen in sozialen oder beruflichen Lebensbereichen führt. Besteht eine leichte körperliche Anomalie, ist die Beschäftigung mit dem Defekt deutlich übertrieben und für andere Personen nicht nachvollziehbar. Assoziierte Merkmale der KDS sind unter anderem eine starke Angst vor negativer Bewertung aufgrund der äußeren Erscheinung sowie Vorstellungen, dass andere Personen negativ über den wahrgenommen Defekt sprechen. Ritualisierte Verhaltensweisen wie das Überprüfen des Aussehens in Spiegeln oder das Vergleichen mit anderen sind ebenso häufig vorzufinden. Studien zur Prävalenz in der Allgemeinbevölkerungen ergeben Schätzwerte von ca. 2 % mit einem ausgewogenen Geschlechterverhältnis. Für die Erklärung der KDS wurden bisher eine Reihe kognitiv-behavioraler Modelle entwickelt, die davon ausgehen, dass sowohl psychologische, biologische, soziokulturelle sowie Konditionierungsprozesse eine Rolle bei der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung der KDS spielen. In der Behandlung haben sich vor allem kognitiv-behaviorale Psychotherapieansätze und Psychopharmaka wie selektive Serotonin-Wiederaufnahmehemmer bewährt.
Dermatillomanie
Authors: Fricke Susanne
Published: June 2013

Dermatillomanie ist eine Erkrankung, bei der die Haut aufgrund eines nahezu unwiderstehlichen Dranges wiederholt und in so starkem Maße bearbeitet wird, dass Gewebeschäden und eine erhebliche Beeinträchtigung resultieren. Obwohl nach vorsichtigen Schätzungen bis zu 5 % der Bevölkerung betroffen sind, ist diese Erkrankung noch wenig bekannt. Auch in den aktuell gültigen Klassifikationssystemen ist Dermatillomanie nicht als eigenständige Erkrankung beschrieben, sondern muss bislang als Nicht näher bezeichnete Abnorme Gewohnheit und Störung der Impulskontrolle diagnostiziert werden. Die Erkrankung entwickelt sich häufig in der späten Kindheit oder frühen Jugend sowie zwischen 30 und 45 Jahren, verläuft meist phasenhaft mit hohem Risiko zur Chronifizierung. Frauen sind häufiger betroffen als Männer. Bezüglich der Genese werden verschiedene psychologische, biologische und soziokulturelle Faktoren diskutiert, wobei empirische Befunde weitestgehend fehlen. In der Behandlung haben sich vor allem verhaltenstherapeutische Ansätze und spezifische Psychopharmaka, die selektiven Serotonin-Wiederaufnahmehemmer, als erfolgsversprechend erwiesen.
Cerebral Energy Metabolism and the Brain’s Functional Network Architecture: An Integrative Review
Authors: Lord Louis-David , Expert Paul , Huckins Jeremy F , Turkheimer Federico E
Published: June 2013

Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have emphasized the contributions of synchronized activity in distributed brain networks to cognitive processes in both health and disease. The brain’s ‘functional connectivity’ is typically estimated from correlations in the activity time series of anatomically remote areas, and postulated to reflect information flow between neuronal populations. Although the topological properties of functional brain networks have been studied extensively, considerably less is known regarding the neurophysiological and biochemical factors underlying the temporal coordination of large neuronal ensembles. In this review, we highlight the critical contributions of high-frequency electrical oscillations in the γ-band (30 to 100 Hz) to the emergence of functional brain networks. After describing the neurobiological substrates of γ-band dynamics, we specifically discuss the elevated energy requirements of high-frequency neural oscillations, which represent a mechanistic link between the functional connectivity of brain regions and their respective metabolic demands. Experimental evidence is presented for the high oxygen and glucose consumption, and strong mitochondrial performance required to support rhythmic cortical activity in the γ-band. Finally, the implications of mitochondrial impairments and deficits in glucose metabolism for cognition and behavior are discussed in the context of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative syndromes characterized by large-scale changes in the organization of functional brain networks.
Cross-functionalities ofBacillusdeacetylases involved in bacillithiol biosynthesis and bacillithiol-S-conjugate detoxification pathways
Authors: Fang Zhong , Roberts Alexandra A. , Weidman Karissa , Sharma Sunil V. , Claiborne Al , Hamilton Christopher J. , Dos Santos Patricia C.
Published: June 2013

BshB, a key enzyme in bacillithiol biosynthesis, hydrolyses the acetyl group from N-acetylglucosamine malate to generate glucosamine malate. In Bacillus anthracis, BA1557 has been identified as the N-acetylglucosamine malate deacetylase (BshB); however, a high content of bacillithiol (~70%) was still observed in the B. anthracis ∆BA1557 strain. Genomic analysis led to the proposal that another deacetylase could exhibit cross-functionality in bacillithiol biosynthesis. In the present study, BA1557, its paralogue BA3888 and orthologous Bacillus cereus enzymes BC1534 and BC3461 have been characterized for their deacetylase activity towards N-acetylglucosamine malate, thus providing biochemical evidence for this proposal. In addition, the involvement of deacetylase enzymes is also expected in bacillithiol-detoxifying pathways through formation of S-mercapturic adducts. The kinetic analysis of bacillithiol-S-bimane conjugate favours the involvement of BA3888 as the B. anthracis bacillithiol-S-conjugate amidase (Bca). The high degree of specificity of this group of enzymes for its physiological substrate, along with their similar pH–activity profile and Zn2+-dependent catalytic acid–base reaction provides further evidence for their cross-functionalities.
Signed directed graph‐based hierarchical modelling and fault propagation analysis for large‐scale systems
Authors: Yang Fan , Xiao Deyun , Shah Sirish Lalji
Published: June 2013

The signed directed graph (SDG) model can be considered as a qualitative model to describe the variables and their cause–effect relations in a continuous process. Such models can allow one to obtain the fault propagation paths using the method of graph search. In this way, the authors can use SDGs to model and analyse the propagation of faults in large‐scale industrial systems. However, with increasing system scales, the time requirements of a graph search method would be too onerous. This can be alleviated by transforming a single‐layer SDG model into a hierarchical model to improve search efficiency. The hierarchical model would be composed of three layers: the top layer would consist of independent sub‐systems; the middle layer would have control systems configuration and the bottom layer would have all the variables. The possible root causes of faults can then be searched in this model, layer by layer according to the initial response of the system. The efficacy of the proposed approach is illustrated by application to a four‐tank system and a generator system in a power plant. The methodology presented here can also be used in process hazard analysis.
Distributed thermal aware load balancing for cooling of modular data centres
Authors: Doyle Joseph , Knorn Florian , O'Mahony Donal , Shorten Robert
Published: June 2013

Thermal management in data centres requires a complicated trade‐off between cooling costs and thermally induced equipment failure rates. Using ideas from cooperative control and distributed rate limiting, in this study the authors describe a distributed architecture that can be used for thermal aware load balancing for a common type of modular data centre; namely an algorithm that, for a given demand D *, distributes load to individual machines such that the temperatures in the individual modules are equalised. The benefit of shifting load based on thermal considerations is that significant gains in cooling cost can be achieved. We evaluate the performance of the algorithm using computational fluid dynamics and Matlab simulations. The results show that significant cost savings can be made by applying such algorithms, and that these can be achieved without the need for detailed modelling and tuning of controllers.
Stability analysis and control synthesis for fuzzy‐observer‐based controller of nonlinear systems: a fuzzy‐model‐based control approach
Authors: Lam Hak Keung , Li Hongyi , Liu Honghai
Published: June 2013

This study proposes a new category of fuzzy‐observer‐based controllers to stabilise non‐linear plants based on the fuzzy‐model‐based control approach. A fuzzy observer is proposed to estimate the system states of the non‐linear plant and a fuzzy‐observer‐based controller using the estimated system states for feedback compensation is proposed to close the feedback loop for the control process. It does not require that the fuzzy observer and fuzzy‐observer‐based controller have to share the same premise membership functions and the same number of rules of the Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model. A membership‐function‐dependent stability analysis approach is proposed to investigate the stability of the fuzzy‐observer‐based control system based on the Lyapunov method. A set of bilinear matrix inequalities (BMIs) is obtained to guarantee the system stability and control synthesis. To find a feasible solution of the BMI‐based stability conditions, a solution‐searching algorithm, which combines global searching algorithm and convex programming techniques, is proposed. A simulation example is provide to demonstrate its capability of relaxing control design flexibility and effectiveness.
Spectral characterisation for stability and stabilisation of linear stochastic systems with Markovian switching and its applications
Authors: Sheng Li , Gao Ming , Zhang Weihai
Published: June 2013

This study is concerned with the stability analysis and stabilisation of linear stochastic systems with Markovian switching by using the spectral technique. The notion of spectrum for Markovian jump linear stochastic systems (MJLSSs) is introduced and the relationship between the spectrum and the asymptotical mean‐square stability is revealed. As applications, a necessary and sufficient condition for regional stability of MJLSSs and a result on generalised Lyapunov equations are derived. Examples are presented to illustrate the results established.
Distributed Kalman filtering: a bibliographic review
Authors: Mahmoud Magdi S. , Khalid Haris M.
Published: June 2013

In recent years, a compelling need has arisen to understand the effects of distributed information structures on estimation and filtering. In this study, a bibliographical review on distributed Kalman filtering (DKF) is provided. The study contains a classification of different approaches and methods involved to DKF. The applications of DKF are also discussed and explained separately. A comparison of different approaches is briefly carried out. Focuses on the contemporary research are also addressed with emphasis on the practical applications of the techniques. An exhaustive list of publications, linked directly or indirectly to DKF in the open literature, is compiled to provide an overall picture of different developing aspects of this area.
H∞ control of single‐machine infinite bus power systems with superconducting magnetic energy storage based on energy‐shaping and backstepping
Authors: Wan Yong , Zhao Jun
Published: June 2013

This article studies the H∞ control problem for single‐machine infinite bus power systems with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) via simultaneous design of generator excitation control and SMES control. In the control system design, the exciter dynamics and unknown external disturbances are considered for practical implementation in power systems. A new synthesis framework is proposed to address the robust control problem of power systems with SMES. First, from the energy perspective, the interconnection and damping assignment (IDA) approach is applied to improve the transient performance of power systems. Second, by introducing the idea of virtual control in the design process, the authors obtain the solution of a partial differential equation that is a crucial point and cannot be obtained by using the traditional IDA method. Third, in order to enhance the robustness of the closed‐loop system, the authors study the H∞ control design that is challenging and difficult for power systems considering the above mentioned practical considerations. In addition, the authors use a novel equivalent generator model to avoid using unmeasurable infinite bus voltage. Simulation results also show the effectiveness and advantage of the proposed controller.
Adaptive cluster synchronisation of coupled harmonic oscillators with multiple leaders
Authors: Su Housheng , Chen Michael Z. Q. , Wang Xiaofan , Wang Hongwei , Valeyev Najl V.
Published: June 2013

In this study, the authors investigate the cluster synchronisation of coupled harmonic oscillators with multiple leaders in an undirected fixed network. Unlike many existing algorithms for cluster synchronisation of complex dynamical networks or group consensus of multi‐agent systems, which require global information of the underlying network such as eigenvalues of the coupling matrix or centralised control protocols, we propose a novel decentralised adaptive cluster synchronisation protocol for coupled harmonic oscillators. By using the decentralised adaptive cluster synchronisation protocol and without using any global information of the underlying network, all oscillators in the same group asymptotically synchronise with the corresponding leader even when only one oscillator in each group has access to the information of the corresponding leader. Numerical simulation results are presented to illustrate the theoretical results.
Cuckoo search algorithm for non‐convex economic dispatch
Authors: Vo Dieu N. , Schegner Peter , Ongsakul Weerakorn
Published: June 2013

This study proposes a cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) for solving non‐convex economic dispatch (ED) considering generator and system characteristics including valve‐point effects, multiple fuels, prohibited zones, spinning reserve and power loss. CSA is a new meta‐heuristic optimisation method inspired from the obligate brood parasitism of some cuckoo species by laying their eggs in the nests of other host birds of other species. When the host birds discover an alien egg in their nest, they can either throw it away or simply abandon their nest and build a new one elsewhere. The CSA idealised such breeding behaviour in combination with Lévy flights behaviour of some birds and fruit flies for applying to various constrained optimisation problems. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been tested on different non‐convex ED problems. Test results have indicated that the proposed method can obtain less expensive solutions than many other methods reported in the literature. Accordingly, the proposed CSA is a promising method for solving the practical nonconvex ED problems.
Novel location algorithm for single‐line‐to‐ground faults in transmission line with distributed parameters
Authors: Wang Bin , Dong Xinzhou , Lan Lan , Xu Fei
Published: June 2013

Precise fault location (FL) is definitely important for fast fault clearance and restoration of energy transmission. The single‐terminal FL is mostly met in applications because of its easy implementation, but the accuracies of all‐type impedance FL algorithms are not good because of the effects of fault resistance and variation of an opposite terminal equivalent system impedance. The recently developed and assembled FL algorithm presented in this study, combining the stability of the impedance FL and precision of the travelling waves FL, is an expected good solution. However, the key point to achieve accurate FL is to naturally couple these two algorithms. As is known, the distributed parameters model is also the research base of these two algorithms. Hence, the impedance FL algorithm in line with distributed parameters is proposed in this study. It is achieved on the discovery that the negative sequence current at relay location maintains precisely the same phase to the voltage at fault point. The proposed algorithm is immune to shunt capacitance because of modelling with distributed parameters, and is not disturbed by ground resistance when calculated at zero‐crossing moment of voltage at fault point. Simulations and tests prove its good performance.
Intelligent load‐frequency control in a deregulated environment: continuous‐valued input, extended classifier system approach
Authors: Daneshfar Fatemeh
Published: June 2013

This study presents an intelligent solution for load‐frequency control in a restructured power system using a modified traditional frequency response model, suitable for a bilateral‐based deregulation policy. The new approach is based on an extended classifier system with continuous‐valued inputs (XCSR) which is the most successful learning classifier systems. The proposed intelligent solution does not require an accurate model of the system and is more flexible in specifying the control objectives. Also it is an automated learning‐based approach. It means there is not any need to training data and expert knowledge of the system to determine the states and actions, which is a very time‐consuming and difficult stage of designing reinforcement learning‐based solutions. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, its performance on a three‐area restructured power system with possible contract scenarios, large load demands and area disturbances has been compared with multi‐agent reinforcement learning‐based controller. The results show that the proposed intelligent solution achieves good robust performance for a wide range of load changes in the presence of system nonlinearities and has good ability to track the contracted and non‐contracted demands.
Islanding detection method for photovoltaic distributed generation based on voltage drifting
Authors: Kamyab Ebadollah , Sadeh Javad
Published: June 2013

In this study, an adaptive islanding detection method is presented. The technique is applied in inverter‐based distributed generation (DG) and relies on the change of active power reference (Pref) of DG in inverter control interface. Pref has a fixed value in normal condition (Pref0) and is determined as a piecewise linear function of voltage when voltage changes. The slope of Pref depends on the load active power (Pl) and is determined for each amount of load active power. In this algorithm, Pref is designed to decrease the voltage of the point of common coupling (PCC) and hence to decrease that of the DG active power generation (PDG) in islanding condition. Therefore the method can be used for the case that the DG operates at its maximum power. The method does not have any harmful effects on the distribution system and is relatively fast. In the proposed method, the PCC voltage in islanding condition is always settled in a point that its voltage is less than the lower bound of under voltage relay (UVR) setting. The proposed method is evaluated on a grid connected DG system with local load using PSCAD/EMTDC software. Simulation results show that the method operates correctly in the islanding and non‐islanding conditions.
Voltage sag susceptibility of 230 V equipment
Authors: Elphick Sean , Smith Vic , Gosbell Vic , Drury Gerrard , Perera Sarath
Published: June 2013

The ITI curve developed by the Information Technology Industry Council (USA) describes an AC input voltage envelope, which typically can be tolerated by most information technology (IT) equipment supplied by nominal 120 V 60 Hz electricity networks. Although the curve ostensibly applies only to IT equipment supplied at 120 V 60 Hz it is often used throughout the electricity supply industry, including at other nominal voltages and frequencies, without modification or consideration of applicability to provide an indication of the input voltage tolerance of a wide range of equipment. This paper details a preliminary study aimed at developing an ITI style curve to suit 230 V 50 Hz electricity networks. A range of domestic and industrial equipment has been tested to determine voltage sag susceptibility. Overall, results for domestic appliances show that equipment connected to the Australian 230 V 50 Hz electricity network has voltage sag immunity considerably better than that defined by the ITI curve. The same may be said for the majority of industrial equipment tested. As such, the suitability of the ITI curve in describing a sag immunity envelope for individual pieces of equipment connected to 230 V 50 Hz electricity networks is highly questionable.
Meta‐heuristic algorithms‐based real power loss minimisation including line thermal overloading constraints
Authors: El‐Fergany Attia A. , El‐Arini Mahdi
Published: June 2013

This study presents an integrated evolutionary approach to minimise the real power losses in a given power‐system network to improve the system performance and to reduce the overall cost of power transmission. The integration of the genetic algorithm and hybridised simulated annealing with pattern search are proposed and applied to determine the optimum adjustments to the control variables. The approach satisfies and maintains the equality and inequality constraints. The proposed method is applied to many test systems with different operating scenarios. The numerical test results and simulations with different load patterns and single‐line outages were demonstrated and analysed. The effects of changing the control variables were studied and investigated as well. The results obtained show the effectiveness, flexibility and applicability of the proposed approach for power loss minimisation by considering the overload condition of lines with high accuracy and within somehow an acceptable computational time.
Optimal capacitor allocations using evolutionary algorithms
Authors: El‐Fergany Attia A.
Published: June 2013

This article investigates the implementation of integrated evolutionary algorithms based for solving the capacitor placement optimisation problem with reduced annual operating cost. Differential evolution and pattern search (DE‐PS) are used as meta‐heuristic optimisation tools to solve optimal capacitor placement problem. The objective function is formulated to enhance bus voltage profiles effectively within the specified voltage constraints and reduce line active energy losses whereas maximising the benefits of installing reactive compensators. To tackle and reduce the search space process and computational CPU time, the potential buses candidate for capacitor allocations are pre‐identified. At that moment, hybrid DE‐PS approach is used for the estimation of required optimum level/size of shunt capacitive compensations. The overall accuracy and reliability of the developed approach were validated and tested on several radial distribution systems with different topologies and varying sizes and complexities. Computational results obtained showed that the proposed approach is capable of producing high‐quality solutions, and demonstrated its viability. The results are compared with one of previous studies using recent heuristic methods.
Constant drug dose in human immuno‐deficiency virus‐infected patients to induce long‐term non‐progressor status: bifurcation and controllability approach
Authors: Kim Wonhee , Chung Han Byul , Chung Chung Choo
Published: June 2013

The authors propose a therapy consisting of a constant dosage of reverse transcription inhibitor and protease inhibitor to achieve long‐term non‐progressor (LTNP) status in human immuno‐deficiency virus (HIV) patients. Based on the authors analyses of cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursor (CTLp) concentration at several equilibrium points and the bifurcation of these equilibrium points, they find that administration of drugs with an efficacy lower than a certain level induces a higher CTLp concentration. As a result, drug doses of moderate efficacy result in more patients with LTNP status than doses with high efficacy. In analyses of controllability, they show that a treatment of moderate efficacy is more efficient than one of very high efficacy in terms of controlling the immune system. Using simulations, they demonstrate that their proposed method results in LTNP status in HIV patients.
Colorectal cancer through simulation and experiment
Authors: Kershaw Sophie K. , Byrne Helen M. , Gavaghan David J. , Osborne James M.
Published: June 2013

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has formed a canonical example of tumourigenesis ever since its use in Fearon and Vogelstein's linear model of genetic mutation, and continues to generate a huge amount of research interest. Over time, the field has witnessed a transition from solely experimental work to the inclusion of mathematical and computational modelling. The fusion of these disciplines has the potential to provide valuable insights into oncologic processes, but also presents the challenge of uniting many diverse perspectives. Furthermore, the cancer cell phenotype defined by the ‘Hallmarks of Cancer’ has been extended in recent times and provides an excellent basis for future research. The authors present a timely summary of the literature relating to CRC, addressing the traditional experimental findings, summarising the key mathematical and computational approaches, and emphasising the role of the Hallmarks in current and future developments. The authors conclude with a discussion of interdisciplinary work, outlining areas of experimental interest which would benefit from the insight that theoretical modelling can provide.
Effect of flexibility on liquid-vapor coexistence and surface properties of tangent linear vibrating square well chains in two and three dimensions
Authors: Chapela Gustavo A. , Díaz-Herrera Enrique , Armas-Pérez Julio C. , Quintana-H Jacqueline
Published: June 2013

The effect of flexibility on liquid-vapor and interfacial properties of tangent linear vibrating square well chains is studied. Surface tension, orthobaric densities, vapor pressures, and interfacial thicknesses are reported and analyzed using corresponding states principles. Discontinuous molecular dynamics simulations in two and three dimensions are performed on rigid tangent linear vibrating square well chains of different lengths. In the case of two dimensions, simulation results of completely flexible tangent linear vibrating square well chains are also reported. Properties are calculated for chains of 2–12 monomers. Rigidity is controlled by trapping the first and last monomer in the chain in a vibrating well at half of the distance of the whole chain. Critical property values are reported as obtained from orthobaric densities, surface tensions, and vapor pressures. For the fully flexible chains, the critical temperatures increase with chain length but the effect saturates. In contrast, the critical temperatures increase for the rigid chains until no more critical point is found.
Brownian dynamics simulations of charge mobility on conjugated polymers in solution
Authors: Albu Nicolae M. , Yaron David J.
Published: June 2013

A model is developed for the mobility of a charge carrier along a conjugated polymer dissolved in solution, as measured by time-resolved microwave conductivity. Each unit cell of the polymer is assigned a torsional degree of freedom, with Brownian dynamics used to include the effects of solvent on the torsions. The barrier to torsional motion is substantially enhanced in the vicinity of the charge, leading to self-trapping of the charge onto a planarized region of the polymer chain. Within the adiabatic approximation used here, motion arises when regions of the polymer on either side of the charge fluctuate into planarity and the wavefunction spreads in the corresponding direction. Well-converged estimates for the mobility are obtained for model parameters where the adiabatic approximation holds. For the parameters expected for conjugated polymers, where crossing between electronic surfaces may lead to breakdown in the adiabatic approximation, estimates for the mobility are obtained via extrapolation. Nonadiabatic contributions from hopping between electronic surfaces are therefore ignored. The resulting mobility is inversely proportional to the rotational diffusion time, trot, of a single unit cell about the polymer axis in the absence of intramolecular forces. For trot of 75 ps, the long-chain mobility of poly(para-phenylene vinylene) is estimated to be between 0.09 and 0.4 cm2/Vs. This is in reasonable agreement with experimental values for the polymer, however, the nonadiabatic contribution to the mobility is not considered, nor are effects arising from stretching degrees of freedom or breaks in conjugation.
Influence of aligned carbon nanotube networks on piezoresistive response in carbon nanotube films under in-plane straining
Authors: Miao Y. , Yang Q. Q. , Sammynaiken R. , Zhang W. J. , Maley J. , Schatte G.
Published: June 2013

The use of carbon nanotube (CNT) films for strain detection is one of the most encouraging findings in the field of sensors. Our previous studies have shown that the density of the CNT networks (randomly distributed) plays an important role in governing the piezoresistive response in CNT films under the in-plane straining. The influence of aligned CNT networks on the piezoresistive response is presented. In particular, the CNTs are first decorated with iron oxide nanoparticles (to enhance magnetism), and then the decorated CNTs are used to form aligned CNT networks in the films with the aid of a magnetic field. The films are loaded in the three points bending tester, and their piezoresistive response is investigated under a cycled in-plane straining. The results show that the CNT networks aligned at 0° to electrodes and 90° to electrodes exhibit the highest and the lowest piezoresistive sensitivity, respectively, but the poor repeatability (i.e., severe resistant reduction −6% to −27%) is also found in the CNT networks aligned at 0° to electrodes.
Photodissociation of carbon dioxide in singlet valence electronic states. II. Five state absorption spectrum and vibronic assignment
Authors: Grebenshchikov Sergy Yu.
Published: June 2013

The absorption spectrum of CO2 in the wavelength range 120–160 nm is analyzed by means of quantum mechanical calculations performed using vibronically coupled potential energy surfaces of five singlet valence electronic states and the coordinate dependent transition dipole moment vectors. The thermally averaged spectrum, calculated for T = 190 K via Boltzmann averaging of optical transitions from many initial rotational states, accurately reproduces the experimental spectral envelope, consisting of a low and a high energy band, the positions of the absorption maxima, their FWHMs, peak intensities, and frequencies of diffuse structures in each band. Contributions of the vibronic interactions due to Renner-Teller coupling, conical intersections, and the Herzberg-Teller effect are isolated and the calculated bands are assigned in terms of adiabatic electronic states. Finally, diffuse structures in the calculated bands are vibronically assigned using wave functions of the underlying resonance states. It is demonstrated that the main progressions in the high energy band correspond to consecutive excitations of the pseudorotational motion along the closed loop of the CI seam, and progressions differ in the number of nodes along the radial mode perpendicular to the closed seam. Irregularity of the diffuse peaks in the low energy band is interpreted as a manifestation of the carbene-type “cyclic” OCO minimum.
Solvatochromism and the solvation structure of benzophenone
Authors: Elenewski Justin E. , C Hackett John
Published: June 2013

Many complex molecular phenomena, including macromolecular association, protein folding, and chemical reactivity, are determined by the nuances of their electrostatic landscapes. The measurement of such electrostatic effects is nonetheless difficult, and is typically accomplished by exploiting a spectroscopic probe within the system of interest, such as through the vibrational Stark effect. Raman spectroscopy and solvatochromism afford an alternative to this method, circumventing the limitations of infrared spectroscopy, providing a lower detection limit, and permitting measurement in a native chemical environment. To explore this possibility, the solvatochromism of the C=O and aromatic C–H stretching modes of benzophenone are investigated using Raman spectroscopy. In conjunction with density functional theory calculations, these observations are sufficient to determine the probe electrostatic environment as well as contributions from halogen and hydrogen bonding. Further analysis using a detailed Kubo–Anderson lineshape model permits the detailed assignment of distinct hydrogen bonding configurations for water in the benzophenone solvation shell. These observations reinforce the use of benzophenone as an effective electrostatic probe for complex chemical systems.