bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Options for the Reform of Supply Management in Canada with Trade Liberalization
Authors: Barichello Richard , Cranfield John , Meilke Karl
Published: August 2009

Following the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations (1986–1994), Canada replaced its import quotas on sensitive products with tariff rate quotas. These tariffs have effectively blocked over-quota imports and are likely to continue to prevent imports on most supply-managed products following the successful completion of the Doha Development Round trade negotiations. However, we argue that tariff cuts in the post-Doha Round period will severely limit Canada’s ability to restrict imports, and it is important to use this opportunity to better position supply-managed industries to compete. This paper reviews a number of reform options that could be pursued.
Millennially averaged accumulation rates for the Vostok Subglacial Lake region inferred from deep internal layers
Authors: MacGregor Joseph A. , Matsuoka Kenichi , Koutnik Michelle R. , Waddington Edwin D. , Studinger Michael , Winebrenner Dale P.
Published: August 2009

Accumulation rates and their spatio-temporal variability are important boundary conditions for ice-flow models. The depths of radar-detected internal layers can be used to infer the spatial variability of accumulation rates. Here we infer accumulation rates from three radar layers (26, 35 and 41 ka old) in the Vostok Subglacial Lake region using two methods: (1) the local-layer approximation (LLA) and (2) a combination of steady-state flowband modeling and formal inverse methods. The LLA assumes that the strain-rate history of a particle traveling through the ice sheet can be approximated by the vertical strain-rate profile at the current position of the particle, which we further assume is uniform. The flowband model, however, can account for upstream strain-rate gradients. We use the LLA to map accumulation rates over a 150 km × 350 km area, and we apply the flowband model along four flowbands. The LLA accumulation-rate map shows higher values in the northwestern corner of our study area and lower values near the downstream shoreline of the lake. These features are also present but less distinct in the flowband accumulation-rate profiles. The LLA-inferred accumulation-rate patterns over the three time periods are all similar, suggesting that the regional pattern did not change significantly between the start of the Holocene and the last ~20 ka of the last Glacial Period. However, the accumulation-rate profiles inferred from the flowband model suggest changes during that period of up to 1 cma–1 or ~50% of the inferred values.
Victor Cousin and the Scottish Philosophers
Authors: Davie George Elder
Published: August 2009

Exchanges in the nineteenth century between Sir William Hamilton, James Frederick Ferrier and the French philosopher Victor Cousin are crucial to understanding contemporary efforts to preserve the continuity of the Scottish philosophical tradition on the part of those alive to new themes emanating from Kant and philosophy in Germany. Ferrier's strategy aimed at re-invigorating Descartes and Berkeley by drawing on elements in Adam Smith's social philosophy. But the promising steps taken in this direction in Ferrier's essays on consciousness were seriously undermined, in Cousin's view, by the aprioristic character of his Institutes, in which he abandoned the careful empirical method characteristic of Scottish philosophy as practiced by Reid.
Quantification of Information in a One-Way Plant-to-Animal Communication System
Authors: Doyle Laurance R.
Published: August 2009

In order to demonstrate possible broader applications of information theory to the quantification of non-human communication systems, we apply calculations of information entropy to a simple chemical communication from the cotton plant (Gossypium hirsutum) to the wasp (Cardiochiles nigriceps) studied by DeMoraes et al. The purpose of this chemical communication from cotton plants to wasps is presumed to be to allow the predatory wasp to more easily obtain the location of its preferred prey—one of two types of parasitic herbivores feeding on the cotton plants. Specification of the plant-eating herbivore feeding on it by the cotton plants allows preferential attraction of the wasps to those individual plants. We interpret the emission of nine chemicals by the plants as individual signal differences, (depending on the herbivore type), to be detected by the wasps as constituting a nine-signal one-way communication system across kingdoms (from the kingdom Plantae to the kingdom Animalia). We use fractional differences in the chemical abundances, (emitted as a result of the two herbivore types), to calculate the Shannon information entropic measures (marginal, joint, and mutual entropies, as well as the ambiguity, etc. of the transmitted message). We then compare these results with the subsequent behavior of the wasps, (calculating the equivocation in the message reception), for possible insights into the history and actual working of this one-way communication system.
Morphological Deformities as Biomarkers in Fish from Contaminated Rivers in Taiwan
Authors: Sun Peter Lin , Hawkins William E. , Overstreet Robin M. , Brown-Peterson Nancy J.
Published: August 2009

Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) were collected seasonally from four contaminated rivers in southwestern Taiwan for studies of morphological deformities that could be used as biomarkers of contamination. Morphological deformities found in tilapia were separated into 15 categories. Overall, the prevalence of deformities such as split fins, lower lip extension and gill deformities were significantly related to various water quality parameters, including low DO and high ammonium, lead and zinc concentrations. The persistence of tilapia in polluted waters and the development of a suite of morphological deformities suggest that tilapia can be used as sentinels of non-point source pollution in rivers.
Co-Expression of Neighboring Genes in the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Genome
Authors: Tsai Huai-Kuang , Huang Pei-Ying , Kao Cheng-Yan , Wang Daryi
Published: August 2009

Neighboring genes in the eukaryotic genome have a tendency to express concurrently, and the proximity of two adjacent genes is often considered a possible explanation for their co-expression behavior. However, the actual contribution of the physical distance between two genes to their co-expression behavior has yet to be defined. To further investigate this issue, we studied the co-expression of neighboring genes in zebrafish, which has a compact genome and has experienced a whole genome duplication event. Our analysis shows that the proportion of highly co-expressed neighboring pairs (Pearson’s correlation coefficient R>0.7) is low (0.24% ~ 0.67%); however, it is still significantly higher than that of random pairs. In particular, the statistical result implies that the co-expression tendency of neighboring pairs is negatively correlated with their physical distance. Our findings therefore suggest that physical distance may play an important role in the co-expression of neighboring genes. Possible mechanisms related to the neighboring genes’ co-expression are also discussed.
The Influence of Bioactive Oxylipins from Marine Diatoms on Invertebrate Reproduction and Development
Authors: Caldwell Gary  S.
Published: August 2009

Diatoms are one of the main primary producers in aquatic ecosystems and occupy a vital link in the transfer of photosynthetically-fixed carbon through aquatic food webs. Diatoms produce an array of biologically-active metabolites, many of which have been attributed as a form of chemical defence and may offer potential as candidate marine drugs. Of considerable interest are molecules belonging to the oxylipin family which are broadly disruptive to reproductive and developmental processes. The range of reproductive impacts includes; oocyte maturation; sperm motility; fertilization; embryogenesis and larval competence. Much of the observed bioactivity may be ascribed to disruption of intracellular calcium signalling, induction of cytoskeletal instability and promotion of apoptotic pathways. From an ecological perspective, the primary interest in diatom-oxylipins is in relation to the potential impact on energy flow in planktonic systems whereby the reproductive success of copepods (the main grazers of diatoms) is compromised. Much data exists providing evidence for and against diatom reproductive effects; however detailed knowledge of the physiological and molecular processes involved remains poor. This paper provides a review of the current state of knowledge of the mechanistic impacts of diatom-oxylipins on marine invertebrate reproduction and development.
A Unified Multi-Functional Dynamic Spectrum Access Framework: Tutorial, Theory and Multi-GHz Wideband Testbed
Authors: Qiu Robert , Guo Nan , Li Husheng , Wu Zhiqiang , Chakravarthy Vasu , Song Yu , Hu Zhen , Zhang Peng , Chen Zhe
Published: August 2009

Dynamic spectrum access is a must-have ingredient for future sensors that are ideally cognitive. The goal of this paper is a tutorial treatment of wideband cognitive radio and radar—a convergence of (1) algorithms survey, (2) hardware platforms survey, (3) challenges for multi-function (radar/communications) multi-GHz front end, (4) compressed sensing for multi-GHz waveforms—revolutionary A/D, (5) machine learning for cognitive radio/radar, (6) quickest detection, and (7) overlay/underlay cognitive radio waveforms. One focus of this paper is to address the multi-GHz front end, which is the challenge for the next-generation cognitive sensors. The unifying theme of this paper is to spell out the convergence for cognitive radio, radar, and anti-jamming. Moore’s law drives the system functions into digital parts.From a system viewpoint, this paper gives the first comprehensive treatment for the functions and the challenges of this multi-function (wideband) system. This paper brings together the inter-disciplinary knowledge.
Oxazolone-Induced Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Reaction in the Adult Yucatan Pigs. A Useful Model for Drug Development and Validation
Authors: Nuhaily Samer , Damaj Bassam B. , Maghazachi Azzam A.
Published: August 2009

The purpose of this study was to establish a model of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in the ear skin of large animals such as adult Yucatan pigs, which may aid in evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic modalities of newly developed anti-inflammatory drugs. The pigs were sensitized with oxazolone, re-challenged with the same irritant six days later, and dosed with either vehicle or with cyclosporine A (CsA) before and after challenge. CsA reduced the redness, inhibited the accumulation of ear fluid and inflammatory cells, as well as the release of the inflammatory mediators. Further, CsA inhibited the proliferation of T cells collected from the spleens or PBMCs of CsA-treated pigs when these cells were stimulated in vitro with PMA plus Ionomycin. These results indicate that pig skin can be used to evaluate modalities for the purpose of developing drugs that may be used to treat DTH in humans.
COST SAVINGS FROM PERFORMANCE‐BASED MAINTENANCE CONTRACTING
Authors: Straub Ad
Published: August 2009

New procurement approaches combined with performance‐based building approaches should reduce costs, but empirical qualitative and quantitative studies are lacking. Performance‐based maintenance contracts give maintenance suppliers incentives to improve their way of working. Innovative, cost‐effective solutions that meet the performance criteria can be achieved, especially if the principle of whole‐life costing is being adopted. Indirect cost savings are expected as well. It enables maintenance contractors to assume responsibility for certain activities for which they are better equipped to perform than their clients. A calculation model was developed that calculates the net present value of the direct (product) and indirect (transaction) costs at project level for a competitive maintenance tendering approach and for performance‐based maintenance contracts. The findings show that performance‐based maintenance contracts reduce both direct and indirect costs compared to a competitive tendering approach. Essential preconditions are an early supplier involvement and longer term contracts, giving opportunities for maintenance product and maintenance process improvements. Santruka Nauji pirkimo būdai, derinami su subalansuotos statybos būdais, turetu mažinti išlaidas, tačiau trūksta empiriniu kokybiniu ir kiekybiniu tyrimu. Veiklos rezultatais pagristos priežiūros su tar tys skatina priežiūros paslaugas siūlančias bendroves tobulinti savo darbo būdus. Galimi no vatoriški, taupūs sprendimai, tenkinantys rezultatyvios veiklos kriterijus, ypač taikant viso naudojimo laiko išlaidu (angl. whole‐life costing) principa. Tikimasi sumažinti ir netiesiogines išlaidas. Priežiūra atliekantiems rangovams tai leidžia prisiimti atsakomybe už tam tikra veikla, kuriai vykdyti jie turi daugiau priemoniu nei ju klientai. Sukurtas skaičiavimo mo de lis, kuri taikant apskaičiuojama viso projekto tiesioginiu (produktas) ir netiesioginiu (sandoris) sa nau du dabartine grynoji verte (NPV), kai vykdomas priežiūros darbu pirkimo konkursas ir kai sudaromos veiklos rezultatais pagristos priežiūros sutartys. Rezultatai rodo, kad, lyginant su pirkimo konkursais, veiklos rezultatais pagristos priežiūros sutartys mažina ir tiesiogines, ir netiesiogines išlaidas. Būtinos salygos ‐ itraukti i priežiūros vykdyma tiekeja ankstyvuosiuose etapuose ir sutartis sudaryti ilgesniam terminui, suteikiant galimybiu tobulinti produkta ir priežiūros procesa.
THE WEB–BASED REAL ESTATE MULTIPLE CRITERIA NEGOTIATION DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM: A NEW GENERATION OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Authors: Urbanavičienė Vita , Kaklauskas Artūras , Zavadskas Edmundas K. , Seniut Mark
Published: August 2009

The negotiations are an inseparable part of the real estate buying and selling process. Currently real estate are characterized by the intensive creation and use of information, knowledge and automation (software, knowledge and decision support systems, neural networks, etc.) applications. It is commonly agreed that a better integration of information, knowledge and automation applications, as well use of voice stress analysis (one of biometric technologies) might be an efficient mean for decision making in real estate negotiations. Voice stress analysis can help the negotiators to distinguish between truth and lies, improve the value of decisions made, significantly speed up real estate sector processes, help to reach a better real estate sales and purchase agreement terms and decrease the overall cost of real estate search and negotiation processes. The authors’ objective is to improve the quality and efficiency of decision support systems. The article analyses scientific research related to negotiations and presents the developed Web–based Real Estate Multiple Criteria Negotiation Decision Support System with integrated voice stress analysis– a new generation of Decision Support Systems. Santruka Derybos yra neatskiriama nekilnojamojo turto pirkimo ir pardavimo proceso dalis. Dabartiniam nekilnojamojo turto sektoriui būdingas intensyvus informacijos, žiniu ir automatizavimo naudojimas bei kūrimas (programine iranga, žiniu ir sprendimu paramos sistemos, neuroniniai tinklai ir pan.). Sutariama, kad geresnis informacijos, žiniu, automatizavimo, taip pat balso streso analizes (biometrines technologijos) integravimas pagreitina nekilnojamojo turto sektoriaus veikla. Balso streso analize gali padeti derybininkams atskirti, kada sakoma tiesa, o kada meluojama, padidina priimamu sprendimu naudinguma, paspartina nekilnojamojo turto paieškos ir derybu procesus, padeda pasiekti naudingesniu pirkimo ir pardavimo sutarties salygu bei sumažina nekilnojamojo turto paieškos ir derybu proceso kaina. Straipsnio autoriai, siekdami pagerinti sprendimu paramos sistemu kokybe ir efektyvuma, analizuoja mokslininku atliktu derybu srities tyrimu rezultatus ir pristato sukurta nekilnojamojo turto derybu internetine sprendimu paramos sistema su integruota balso streso analizes technologija kaip naujos kartos sprendimu paramos sistema.
The Systematic Review of the Literature: A Tool for Evidence-Based Policy
Authors: Houde Susan Crocker
Published: August 2009

The systematic review of the literature is a valuable tool for gerontological nurses to influence policy decisions. There are several organizations that provide helpful guidelines for the conduct of systematic reviews of the literature, including the Cochrane Collaboration, the Joanna Briggs Institute, and the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information Co-Ordinating Centre at the Institute of Education, University of London. Gerontological nurses who have a strong foundation in research methodology and the skills to synthesize scientific evidence for the purpose of promoting evidence-based policy have the potential to positively influence health care outcomes for older adults. For nurses to assume a leadership role in synthesizing scientific evidence for evidence-based policy development and refinement, nursing education will need to assume a more active role in teaching systematic review methodology. This article presents an overview of resources for conducting systematic reviews of the literature and discusses the use of the systematic review as a tool for evidence-based policy.
Risk of Dementia Associated with Elevated Plasma Homocysteine in a Latin American Population
Authors: Chacón Inara J. , Molero Aldrín E. , Pino-Ramírez Gloria , Luchsinger José A. , Lee Joseph H. , Maestre Gladys E.
Published: August 2009

The relationship between total homocysteine (tHcy) and dementia risk remains controversial, as the association varies among populations and dementia subtypes. We studied a Venezuelan population that has high prevalence of both elevated tHcy and dementia. We tested the hypotheses that (1) elevated tHcy is associated with increased dementia risk, (2) the risk is greater for vascular dementia (VaD) than for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and (3) a history of stroke may partly explain this association. 2100 participants (≥55 years old) of the Maracaibo Aging Study underwent standardized neurological, neuropsychiatric, and cardiovascular assessments. Elevated tHcy was significantly associated with dementia, primarily VaD. When history of stroke and other confounding factors were taken into account, elevated tHcy remained a significant risk factor in older (>66 years), but not in younger (55–66 years) subjects. Ongoing studies of this population may provide insight into the mechanism by which tHcy increases risk for dementia.
Mesocrystals—Ordered Nanoparticle Superstructures
Authors: Song Rui‐Qi , Cölfen Helmut
Published: August 2009

Mesocrystals are 3D ordered nanoparticle superstructures, often with internal porosity, which receive much recent research interest. While more and more mesocrystal systems are found in biomineralization or synthesized, their potential as material still needs to be explored. It needs to be revealed, which new chemical and physical properties arise from the mesocrystal structure, or how they change by the ordered aggregation of nanoparticles to fully exploit the promising potential of mesocrystals. Also, the mechanisms for mesocrystal synthesis need to be explored to adapt it to a wide class of materials. The last three years have seen remarkable progress, which is summarized here. Also potential future directions of this reaserch field are discussed. This shows the importance of mesocrystals not only for the field of materials research and allows the appliction of mesocrystals in advanced materials synthesis or property improvement of existing materials. It also outlines attractive research directions in this field.
Brains versus brawn: An empirical test of Barker's brain sparing model
Authors: Baker Jack , Workman Megan , Bedrick Edward , Frey M. Anderson , Hurtado Magdalena , Pearson Osbjorn
Published: August 2009

The Barker model of the in utero origins of diminished muscle mass in those born small invokes the adaptive “sparing” of brain tissue development at the expense of muscle. Though compelling, to date this model has not been directly tested. This article develops an allometric framework for testing the principal prediction of the Barker model—that among those born small muscle mass is sacrificed to spare brain growth—then evaluates this hypothesis using data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). The results indicate clear support for a negative relationship between the allometric development of the two tissues; however, a further consideration of conserved mammalian fetal circulatory patterns suggests the possibility that system‐constrained patterns of developmental damage and “bet‐hedging” responses in affected tissues may provide a more adequate explanation of the results. Far from signaling the end of studies of adaptive developmental programming, this perspective may open a promising new avenue of inquiry within the fields of human biology and the developmental origins of health and disease. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contractures and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a novel FHL1 mutation
Authors: Knoblauch Hans , Geier Christian , Adams Stephanie , Budde Birgit , Rudolph André , Zacharias Ute , Schulz‐Menger Jeannette , Spuler Andreas , Yaou Rabah Ben , Nürnberg Peter , Voit Thomas , Bonne Gisele , Spuler Simone
Published: August 2009

We investigated a large German family (n = 37) with male members who had contractures, rigid spine syndrome, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Muscle weakness or atrophy was not prominent in affected individuals. Muscle biopsy disclosed a myopathic pattern with cytoplasmic bodies. We used microsatellite markers and found linkage to a locus at Xq26‐28, a region harboring the FHL1 gene. We sequenced FHL1 and identified a new missense mutation within the third LIM domain that replaces a highly conserved cysteine by an arginine (c.625T>C; p.C209R). Our finding expands the phenotypic spectrum of the recently identified FHL1‐associated myopathies and widens the differential diagnosis of Emery–Dreifuss–like syndromes. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:136–140
The child is father to the man: Developmental roles for proteins of importance for neurodegenerative disease
Authors: Rogers Danny , Schor Nina F.
Published: August 2009

Although Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases predominately affect elderly adults, the proteins that play a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases are expressed throughout life. In fact, many of the proteins hypothesized to be important in the progression of neurodegeneration play direct or indirect roles in the development of the central nervous system. The systems affected by these proteins include neural stem cell fate decisions, neuronal differentiation, cellular migration, protection from oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. Insights into the developmental roles of these proteins may ultimately impact the understanding of neurodegenerative diseases and lead to the discovery of novel treatments. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:151–158
Synthesis, structure and muscarinic agonist activity of substitutedN‐(silatran‐1‐ylmethyl)acetamides
Authors: Pukhalskaya Vera G. , Kramarova Eugeniya P. , Kozaeva Larisa P. , Korlyukov Alexander A. , Shipov Alexander G. , Bylikin Sergey Yu. , Negrebetsky Vadim V. , Poryadin Gennady V. , Baukov Yuri I.
Published: August 2009

SubstitutedN‐(silatran‐1‐ylmethyl)acetamides,N‐methyl‐N‐[1‐(3′,7′,10′‐trimethylsilatran‐1‐yl)methyl]acetamide (2a) andN‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐N‐[1‐(3′,7′,10′‐trimethylsilatran‐1‐yl)methyl]acetamide (2b) were prepared by the reactions of triisopropanolamine withN‐methyl‐N‐(trimethoxysilylmethyl)acetamide (1a) and 2,2‐dimethoxy‐4‐acetyl‐1‐oxa‐4‐aza‐2‐silacyclohexane (1b), respectively. According to X‐ray data, the structures of the silatrane moieties are superpositions of unsymmetrical and symmetrical stereoisomers. The O → Si coordination between the central atom and exocyclic substituent is absent in both compounds. Silatranes 2a and 2b are partial muscarinic agonists which demonstrate submaximal effect and mimic the effect of acetylcholine by binding directly to cholinoreceptors of the ileal smooth muscle. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalysis in polymeric membrane reactors: the membrane role
Authors: Buonomenna M.G. , Choi S.H. , Drioli E.
Published: August 2009

Polymeric catalytic membrane reactors (PCMRs) combine a polymeric membrane that controls transfers and a catalyst that provides conversion. This review focuses on the polymeric membrane. Depending on the application, the micro‐environment of the catalyst in the PCMR may be quite different from that existing in conventional reactors. This could originate different performances of the catalyst properties compared to its use without membrane. In some cases, catalysts for use in PCMR might require a specific design.

In particular, the study of PCMR is a multidisciplinary activity, including material science, chemistry, and chemical engineering. Membrane based reactive separation processes, which combine two distinct functions, i.e. reaction and separation, have been around as a concept since the early stages of the membrane field itself, but have only attracted substantial technical interest during the last decade or so. Liquid phase catalytic oxidations are involved in numerous industrial processes ranging from fine to bulk chemical synthesis. PCMR polymeric membranes may also play a significant role in this field. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Membrane reactor modelling, validation and simulation for the WGS reaction using metal doped silica membranes
Authors: Battersby S. , Ladewig B. P. , Duke M. , Rudolph V. , Diniz da Costa J. C.
Published: August 2009

In this work, a Matlab Simulink© model was developed to analyse and predict the performance of a metal doped silica membrane reactor for H2 production via both the high and low temperature water gas shift reaction. An activated transport model for mixed gas separation with combined reaction was developed to model the effects within a membrane reactor unit. The membrane reactor was modelled as a number of perfectly mixed compartments containing a catalyst bed and a gas selective membrane. The combined model provided a good fit to experimentally measured results for higher conversions up to equilibrium, which is generally the case for industrial applications. Simulation results showed that H2 separation and H2 recovery improved with pressure, due to the H2 concentration driving force across the membrane. For a single stage membrane reactor unit, a maximum conversion of 93% could be achieved with a H2 recovery rate of 95%. In addition, the membrane reactor efficiency increased at higher temperatures and lower H2O:CO feed ratios, allowing for CO conversion improvements by the membrane reactor. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of a perfluorocarbon‐Pluronic F 68‐based emulsion on a Phanerochaete chrysosporium biofilm immobilised in a membrane gradostat bioreactor
Authors: Ntwampe S. K. O. , Sheldon M. S.
Published: August 2009

The present study highlights the application of perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB), an oxygen carrier, in a fixed‐film membrane gradostat reactors (MGRs) in which biofilms of Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKMF‐1767 (ATCC 24725) were immobilised. The nutrient medium used in the MGRs was supplemented with PFOB and Pluronic F 68 (PF 68) to alleviate limitations associated with the performance of the immobilised fungus. Lower lignin peroxidase production in PFOB/PF 68 cultures was observed compared to manganese peroxidase production, suggesting an insignificant generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Lipid peroxidation, quantified by the formation of malondialdehyde, was lower in the immobilised cultures. After successfully applying PFOB and PF 68 to immobilised P. chrysosporium biofilms in the MGRs, the following results were obtained:1 reduced ethanol production,2 reduced trace element accumulation,3 lower β‐glucan production and4 an improved dissolved oxygen penetration ratio in the immobilised biofilms. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Positive design
Authors: Faust Jurgen
Published: August 2009

This article is focused on the changes needed in design to create positive solutions for all involved in design processes. It draws upon the rich discussion and discourse from a conference focused on positive design involving managers, designers, and IT specialists, all focused on overcoming the problem‐based focus and decision paradigms to enhance all phases of the design processes to develop sustainable solutions for real issues in a changing world. Therefore, all fields using design, consciously or not, including management, Information Communication Technology (ICT), and designers as well, need to redesign their processes and first rethink their design paradigms on a meta level.
Disorderly reasoning in information design
Authors: Hall Peter
Published: August 2009

The importance of information visualization as a means of transforming data into visual, understandable form is now embraced across university campuses and research institutes world‐wide. Yet, the role of designers in this field of activity is often overlooked by the dominant scientific and technological interests in data visualization, and a corporate culture reliant on off‐the‐shelf visualization tools. This article is an attempt to describe the value of design thinking in information visualization with reference to Horst Rittel's (1988) definition of “disorderly reasoning,” and to frame design as a critical act of translating between scientific, technical, and aesthetic interests.
Communication clothing design
Authors: Gupta Sanjay
Published: August 2009

Communicative clothing is emerging as the next generation of intelligent clothing, with communication being achieved between clothing and the wearer or between clothing and the external environment or people. In both cases, “communicative” clothing refers to any clothing or textile accessory that receives or emits information out of the structure that composes it. The market for this clothing is foreseen in specific area applications, including professionals, healthcare, everyday life, sports or leisure, and so on; however, large‐volume production and application in everyday use is still a dream for manufacturers. One of the main roadblocks to successful adoption of these technologies among fashion designers and retailers is that access to ready materials with which to experiment and develop commercially successful products is limited. Communication clothing is the result of integration of a number of different technical elements such as control interfaces, sensors, data‐processing devices, output devices, energy sources, and connectors. It is reasonable to expect that these technologies/elements are known and available as standard tools and accessories, usable by fashion designers to add value to any garment ensemble.
From craft to production: Technology transfer in extreme textiles
Authors: McQuaid Matilda
Published: August 2009

Incredible innovations are being made in the world of textiles due to collaborations across disciplines that allow incorporation of technology and textiles. The author uses research she did to curate the Cooper‐Hewitt National Design Museum's 2005 exhibit Extreme Textiles: Designing for High Performance to further explore developments in textile engineering in aerospace, the military, athletics, and architecture that benefit from technology transfer, or moving a technology developed for one organization or environment into another. Through these collaborations, ways of using “smart” or “electronic” textiles, which can sense and react to their environments, have made significant advancements—developments that have proven useful not only in the field for which they are intended but across industries. Craft, particularly embroidery, is an important piece of this work, often providing the answer to the questions of, for example, how to keep circuitry closed, as with the Antennae Vest, or how to maintain aesthetics of conductive fabrics, as with the Fuzzy Light Switch. The author demonstrates how textiles, as a craft, fit easily with contemporary technology.
Artists and subversive metadata
Authors: Rinehart Richard
Published: August 2009

This article will explore information design as a form of contemporary artistic practice and how artistic and philosophical concepts such as the “performative utterance” operate at the edges of metadata and large‐scale technology projects such as the Semantic Web.
Cell adhesion on ligand gradient substrates: A thermodynamic study
Authors: Sarvestani Alireza S.
Published: August 2009

Gradient distribution of bio‐adhesive proteins can regulate multiple cellular processes, including adhesion, growth, and migration. The ability to control the cell function by changing the surface density of immobilized ligands has become increasingly important in design of implantable medical devices and tissue regenerating scaffolds. Recent techniques in fabrication of substrates with controlled surface properties allow the examination of cell sensitivity to a wide range of adhesion gradients. Understanding the mechanisms by which cells sense and respond to these directional cues warrants a quantitative assessment of macroscopic cellular response to the surface gradients, supported by predictive theoretical models. This article presents a theoretical basis to examine the effect of ligand gradients on cellular adhesion, using an equilibrium thermodynamic model. The model facilitates a systematic investigation of the complex interplay of cell–substrate specific adhesions, non‐specific repulsions, and membrane elasticity. This purely mechanistic model predicts a biphasic dependence between the extent of cell spreading and its position across the gradient substrate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 172–183. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radio food disorder: The conversational constitution of eating disorders in radio phone‐ins
Authors: Brooks Samantha
Published: August 2009

This paper focusses on the discursive practices through which agency is constituted in accounts of disordered eating within a corpus of UK radio phone‐ins and discussions recorded between 2004–2007. Data includes a range of participants with eating disorders as well as various professionals and radio hosts. The paper focusses on how accountability for problematic eating behaviours is negotiated, focussing particularly on constructions of ‘illness’. Discursive psychology is drawn upon to explore the way ‘psychologising’ (producing psychological characteristics or dispositions) is done using technical or medical language; how the concept of ‘illness’ is made relevant and negotiated in talk using technical or lay psychological notions; and how constructions of ‘illness’ are fitted into narratives to reassign agency from the individual to the eating disorder. Analysis illustrates that participants frequently orient to behaviour in pathologised ways, thereby reducing their own accountability, but are still faced with a dilemma of moral blame as pathology is located within the individual. The analysis then demonstrates how this moral accountability is attended to by shifting agency from the person to the ‘disorder’, using various grammatical and metaphorical practices. This analysis is used to support a broader consideration of the way major eating disorders appear in an important public forum. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benefit of Microscopic Diffusion Measurement for the Characterization of Nanoporous Materials
Authors: Kärger J. , Caro J. , Cool P. , Coppens M.‐O. , Jones D. , Kapteijn F. , Rodríguez‐Reinoso F. , Stöcker M. , Theodorou D. , Vansant E. F. , Weitkamp J.
Published: August 2009

Detailed knowledge of the transport properties of nanoporous materials is a prerequisite for their complete characterization and optimum technological exploitation. One of the best ways to attain this information is provided by the “microscopic” techniques of diffusion measurement, in particular by the pulsed field gradient technique of NMR and by interference microscopy and IR microscopy. Starting with the measuring principles, the various types of evidence as accessible by these techniques are illustrated. A large variety of host‐guest systems with both ordered and random pore networks have been studied, from microporous up to macroporous materials. The information obtained concerns diffusivities in the various pore domains, extra resistances at the interfaces between them and the associated exchange rates.
The benefits of adjuvant radiation therapy after therapeutic lymphadenectomy for clinically advanced, high‐risk, lymph node‐metastatic melanoma
Authors: Agrawal Shefali , Kane John M. , Guadagnolo Beverly A. , Kraybill William G. , Ballo Matthew T.
Published: August 2009

BACKGROUND:

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) on regional recurrence and survival after therapeutic lymphadenectomy (TL) for clinically advanced, lymph node‐metastatic melanoma.

METHODS:

Six hundred fifteen patients who had clinically advanced, regional lymph node‐metastatic disease underwent TL. All patients were appropriate potential candidates for adjuvant RT (enlarged or multiple positive lymph nodes, extracapsular extension) because of a high risk for regional recurrence regardless of whether or not they received RT. Patient‐related, tumor‐related, and treatment‐related variables that were associated with recurrence, survival, and treatment‐related morbidity with and without RT were analyzed.

RESULTS:

The median follow‐up was 5 years. The actuarial 5‐year regional lymph node basin control rate was 81%. On multivariate analysis, the number of positive lymph nodes, the number of lymph nodes removed, and the use of adjuvant RT were associated with improved regional control. Treatment‐related morbidity, particularly lymphedema, was increased with the use of adjuvant RT and an inguinal site of lymph node metastases. At last follow‐up, 268 patients were alive with actuarial 5‐year distant metastasis‐free survival (DMFS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) rates of 40% and 48%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, DMFS and DSS both were influenced by the number of positive lymph nodes and the number of lymph nodes removed. In addition, DSS was influenced by primary tumor thickness and the receipt of adjuvant RT.

CONCLUSIONS:

Adjuvant RT was associated with improved regional lymph node basin control compared with TL alone in patients with high‐risk, clinically advanced, lymph node‐metastatic melanoma. Although it is a regional therapy, adjuvant RT also may have an impact on DSS. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Cyclotron: a secure, isolated, virtual cycle‐scavenging grid in the enterprise
Authors: Kane Kevin , Dillaway Blair
Published: August 2009

Cycle‐scavenging grids appeal to organizations with large numbers of workstations that remain idle outside of normal working hours. This represents a potential source of grid computing cycles, but the security and isolation issues that come with the use of non‐dedicated resources have slowed their adoption in the enterprise. In this paper we present Cyclotron, a prototype cycle‐scavenging grid solution that leverages virtualization and a declarative security policy‐based access control infrastructure, supporting flexible authorization rules and the constrained delegation of access rights, to address these requirements. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A decentralized and fault‐tolerant Desktop Grid system for distributed applications
Authors: Abbes Heithem , Cérin Christophe , Jemni Mohamed
Published: August 2009

This paper proposes a decentralized and fault‐tolerant software system for the purpose of managing Desktop Grid resources. Its main design principle is to eliminate the need for a centralized server, therefore to remove the single point of failure and bottleneck of existing Desktop Grids. Instead, each node can play alternatively the role of client or server. Our main contribution is to design the PastryGrid protocol (based on Pastry) for Desktop Grid in order to support a wider class of applications, especially the distributed application with precedence between tasks. Compared with a centralized system, we evaluate our approach over 205 machines executing 2500 tasks. The results we obtain show that our decentralized system outperforms XtremWeb‐CH which is configured as a master/slave, with respect to the turnaround time. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of IBM Cell technology on the programming paradigm in the context of computer systems for climate and weather models
Authors: Zhou Shujia , Duffy Daniel , Clune Thomas , Suarez Max , Williams Samuel , Halem Milton
Published: August 2009

The call for ever‐increasing model resolutions and physical processes in climate and weather models demands a continual increase in computing power. The IBM Cell processor's order‐of‐magnitude peak performance increase over conventional processors makes it very attractive to fulfill this requirement. However, the Cell's characteristics, 256 kB local memory per SPE and the new low‐level communication mechanism, make it very challenging to port an application. As a trial, we selected the solar radiation component of the NASA GEOS‐5 climate model, which: (1) is representative of column‐physics components (half of the total computational time), (2) has an extremely high computational intensity: the ratio of computational load to main memory transfers, and (3) exhibits embarrassingly parallel column computations. In this paper, we converted the baseline code (single‐precision Fortran) to C and ported it to an IBM BladeCenter QS20. For performance, we manually SIMDize four independent columns and include several unrolling optimizations. Our results show that when compared with the baseline implementation running on one core of Intel's Xeon Woodcrest, Dempsey, and Itanium2, the Cell is approximately 8.8x, 11.6x, and 12.8x faster, respectively. Our preliminary analysis shows that the Cell can also accelerate the dynamics component (∼25% total computational time). We believe these dramatic performance improvements make the Cell processor very competitive as an accelerator. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring the Friction of Nanoparticles: A New Route towards a Better Understanding of Nanoscale Friction
Authors: Schirmeisen André , Schwarz Udo D.
Published: August 2009

Tribology—the science of friction, wear, and lubrication—is of considerable importance for all technical applications where moving bodies are in contact. Nonetheless, little progress has been made in finding an exact atomistic description of friction since Amontons proposed his empirical macroscopic laws over three centuries ago. The advent of new experimental tools, such as the friction force microscope, however, has enabled the investigation of frictional forces down to the atomic scale. Recently, this tool has been used to measure the friction of nanoparticles sliding over flat surfaces, thereby enabling a much larger range of material combinations and interface contact areas to be studied. These advances offer new insight into the atomistic concepts of friction.
Construct validity of the Schwartz outcome scale‐10: comparisons to interpersonal distress, adult attachment, alexithymia, the five‐factor model, romantic relationship length and ratings of childhood memories
Authors: Haggerty Greg , Blake Margaret , Naraine Melissa , Siefert Caleb , Blais Mark A.
Published: August 2009

The Schwartz Outcome Scale‐10 (SOS‐10) is a 10‐item questionnaire that measures the broad domain of psychological well‐being and quality of life. The SOS‐10 is easy to administer and score. Past research has shown its utility, reliability and validity in different clinical settings (i.e., inpatient, outpatient and non‐psychiatry medical settings) and with diverse clinical populations in measuring treatment outcome. The present study looks to extend the construct validity of the SOS‐10 to assessing quality of life and psychological health in non‐clinical samples as well. The results reveal that the SOS‐10 is associated in predicted ways with established measures of attachment, interpersonal distress, alexithymia and the big five model whose construct validity and psychometric soundness has been well documented. The SOS‐10 was also associated in predicted ways with ratings of childhood memories and the length of the participants' longest romantic relationship. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

• The Schwartz Outcome Scale‐10 is a measure of overall psychological health and well‐being which is cost effective, short, easy to administer and score, and evidences strong psychometric properties. It can be utilized with a number of different populations and in diverse settings.
Autobiographical integration of trauma memories and repressive coping predict post‐traumatic stress symptoms in undergraduate students
Authors: Smeets Tom , Giesbrecht Timo , Raymaekers Linsey , Shaw Julia , Merckelbach Harald
Published: August 2009

What differentiates those who are able to adapt well to adverse life events (i.e., persons who are resilient) from those who are not (e.g., persons who develop post‐traumatic stress symptoms)? Previous work suggests that enhanced autobiographical integration of trauma memories is associated with more severe post‐traumatic stress symptoms. Extending this line of work, the present study looked at whether the integration of trauma memories, repressive coping and cognitive reactivity are related to post‐traumatic stress symptomatology following negative life events among otherwise healthy young adults (N = 213). Results show that while enhanced integration of trauma memories and high levels of dissociation are related to elevated levels of post‐traumatic stress, people who generally engage in repressive coping report fewer post‐traumatic stress symptoms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

• Enhanced integration of trauma memories is linked to increased post‐traumatic stress.

• High levels of trait dissociation are related to elevated levels of post‐traumatic stress symptomatology.

• A repressive coping style is associated with fewer post‐traumatic stress symptoms.
Schizotypy, delusional ideation and well‐being in an American new religious movement population
Authors: Smith L. , Riley S. , Peters E. R.
Published: August 2009

This study extends two previous UK studies that looked at schizotypy in new religious movements (Peters, Day, McKenna & Orbach, 1999a; Day & Peters, 1999) using a similar religious subgroup from a different culture. A sample of American Hare Krishna devotees was compared with a non‐religious control group on measures of delusional ideation, schizotypy and general well‐being. The Hare Krishna group scored significantly higher than the control group on delusional ideation, but not other aspects of schizotypy or general well‐being. They also scored higher on delusional conviction, but not distress and preoccupation. The findings provide cross‐cultural confirmation for the notion of a continuum between normality and delusional thinking, and the need to consider delusional beliefs as multi‐dimensional—psychological health seems to be predicated not on what you believe, but how you believe it. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

• Preoccupation and distress dimensions are more important than the content of beliefs alone for placing an individual on the continuum from health to delusions: it's not what you believe, it's how you believe it.
The non‐conserved C‐terminal segments of Sine Oculis Homeobox (Six) proteins confer functional specificity
Authors: Weasner Brandon P. , Kumar Justin P.
Published: August 2009

Scanning electron microscope image of a fly head, showing an extra eye field (red) lying on the ventral surface adjacent to the normal compound eye (red). This field results from the forced expression of mouse Six6, the vertebrate ortholog for the Drosophila optix gene. Please see the article by B. Weasner and J.P. Kumar in this issue.