bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Southern Illinois Water Treatment Residues for Sustainable Applications
Authors: Ackah Louis Akainya , Guru Rajesh , Peiravi Meisam , Mohanty Manoj , Ma Xingmao , Kumar Sanjeev , Liu Jia
Published: April 2018

Although they are abundantly available, the specific applicability of water treatment residues (WTRs) is dictated largely by the favorability of physicochemical characteristic properties and mineralogical composition. We have suggested that WTRs have a high potential for remediation application. In addition, the relevant properties that define the beneficial reuse of WTRs may be widely variable due to the influence of the dose, type of coagulant/softening agent, and quality of source water. This study investigated the physical, chemical, agronomic, and mineralogical characteristics of three different types of WTRs that were collected from treatment plants in the Midwestern U.S, in order to compare and assess their suitability for remediating impacted ecosystems, such as abandoned mine lands (AML). An analysis of the results showed that the differences in the properties of the WTR samples were significant. The total metal concentrations by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) revealed the abundance of Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, and other co-occurring metals. The leachability of metal(loid)s, regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA 8 metals), were below their respective US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) allowable limits of 5.0, 100, 1.0, 5.0, 5.0, 0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/kg, indicating that the WTRs were non-hazardous to the environment. Comparatively, the Al-WTR showed a significant release of arsenic (As), possibly from livestock waste and pesticide application from farms in the catchment area of the raw water source. The WTRs were alkaline (potential of hydrogen [pH] 7.00–9.10), which suggested a high acidity-neutralizing potential. The Ca:Mg ratio was between 1:7 and 1:1.5 (meq basis), which contributed to a cation exchange capacity (CEC) range of 4.6–16.2 meg/100g. The WTRs also showed adequate capability to supply relevant plant nutrients, such as Zn, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, and Fe, although readily available concentrations of NO3-N, P, and K were generally low. Thus, the alkalinity, significant CEC, low metal concentration and the presence of X-ray diffraction amorphous phases and calcites suggested that WTRs could be safely applied as low-cost sustainable alternatives for soil improvement and remediating contaminants such as metal(loid)s in AML.
Measuring Public Concerns? Developing a Moral Concerns Scale Regarding Non-Product Related Process and Production Methods
Authors: Sonntag Winnie Isabel , Spiller Achim
Published: April 2018

In recent years, citizens have been more frequently scrutinizing non-product related process and production methods (npr-PPM) of various products, such as food, out of moral considerations. In 2014, the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body reached a landmark decision and accepted an European Union (EU)-wide import ban of seal products under the justification of Art. XX (a) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) due to “public moral concerns”. However, up to now there has been no valid and reliable scale to quantify moral concerns. Therefore, we developed a tool—the Moral Concerns Scale (MCS)—to measure moral concerns of a society about, for example, animal welfare or child labor in a valid and reliable manner for npr-PPM. This scale was developed and tested in two independent studies with German citizens (in 2016 and 2017) using three case studies: hens laying eggs in battery cages, the inhumane killing of seals, and the use of child labor. According to the results of both studies, the reliability and validity of the developed scale can be confirmed.
Institutionalizing Agroecology in France: Social Circulation Changes the Meaning of an Idea
Authors: Bellon Stéphane , Ollivier Guillaume
Published: April 2018

Agroecology has come a long way. In the past ten years, it has reappeared in France throughout the agricultural sector and is now included in public and private strategies and in supportive policies, with collateral interest effects. Is a new “agro-revolution” taking place? To address this issue, using a methodology mixing hyperlink mapping and textual corpora analysis, we focus here on the trajectory of agroecology in various worlds: that of academia, social movements, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that promote international solidarity, research and training institutions and public policies. This trajectory intertwines actors and time lines, with periods in which certain actors play a specific role, and others in which interactions between actors are dominant in terms of coalition advocacy. Some actors play a major role in circulating agroecology as they belong to several different social worlds (e.g., academia and NGO), present high occupational mobility (from politician to scientist and vice versa), are charismatic or have an irradiating aura in the media, and can articulate and circulate ideas between different social arenas (including between countries). The stabilization of networks of actors is interpreted as the institutionalization of agroecology, both within social movements as well as because of its integration into a policy aimed at an ecological modernization of agriculture. The international positioning of many actors anchors national and regional initiatives more strongly. It is also a prerequisite for the amplification and development of agroecology.
Optimizing the Construction Job Site Vehicle Scheduling Problem
Authors: Choi Jaehyun , Xuelei Jia , Jeong WoonSeong
Published: April 2018

Concrete is one of the most important, versatile, and widely used building materials worldwide. Thus, an optimized delivery schedule of ready-mixed concrete (RMC) is a critical issue that can reduce CO2 emission from RMC delivery vehicles. RMC is the most popular form of concrete material supplied to construction projects. When delivering RMC to construction sites, optimizing the transportation can be complex since there are many alternatives in terms of route choice. The objective of this research was to optimize the travel operation of RMC delivery vehicles to ensure that they travel via the most economical routes. The researchers developed a dynamic simulation model to solve this vehicle scheduling problem (VSP), applied an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm as a mathematical model, and analyzed the results achieved by the basic and improved ACO methods; the goals were to reduce travel distance and improve the simulation’s performance. Ultimately, the researchers found that the improved ACO method provided a more optimized transportation solution with a higher level of efficiency.
Comparison of Anorectic Potencies of Type A Trichothecenes T-2 Toxin, HT-2 Toxin, Diacetoxyscirpenol, and Neosolaniol
Authors: Zhang Jie , Zhang Hua , Liu Shengli , Wu Wenda , Zhang Haibin
Published: April 2018

Trichothecene mycotoxins are common contaminants in cereal grains and negatively impact human and animal health. Although anorexia is a common hallmark of type B trichothecenes-induced toxicity, less is known about the anorectic potencies of type A trichothecenes. The purpose of this study was to compare the anorectic potencies of four type A trichothecenes (T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and neosolaniol (NEO)) in mice. Following oral exposure to T-2, HT-2, DAS, and NEO, the no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) and lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs) were 0.01, 0.01, 0.1, and 0.01 mg/kg body weight (BW), and 0.1, 0.1, 0.5, and 0.1 mg/kg BW, respectively. Following intraperitoneal (IP) exposure to T-2, HT-2, DAS, and NEO, the NOAELs were 0.01 mg/kg BW, except for DAS (less than 0.01 mg/kg BW), and the LOAELs were 0.1, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.1 mg/kg BW, respectively. Taken together, the results suggest that (1) type A trichothecenes could dose-dependently elicit anorectic responses following both oral gavage and IP exposure in mice; (2) the anorectic responses follow an approximate rank order of T-2 = HT-2 = NEO > DAS for oral exposure, and DAS > T-2 = HT-2 = NEO for IP administration; (3) IP exposure to T-2, HT-2, DAS, and NEO evoked stronger anorectic effects than oral exposure. From a public health perspective, comparative anorectic potency data should be useful for establishing toxic equivalency factors for type A trichothecenes.
Understanding the Importance of Front Yard Accessibility for Community Building: A Case Study of Subiaco, Western Australia
Authors: Swapan Abu Yousuf , Marinova Dora , Bay Joo Hwa
Published: April 2018

The residential built form, including open space, provides the physical environment for social interaction. Understanding urban open space, including semi-public and public domains, through the lens of physical accessibility and visual permeability can potentially facilitate the building of a sense of community contributing to a better quality of life. Using an inner-city suburb in Perth, Western Australia as a case study, this research explores the importance of physical accessibility patterns and visual permeability for socialising in semi-public and public domains, such as the front yard and the residential streets. It argues that maintaining a balance between public and private inter-relationship in inner city residential neighbourhoods is important for creating and maintaining a sense of community.
Molecular Mechanisms Governing “Hair-Trigger” Induction of Shiga Toxin-Encoding Prophages
Authors: Chakraborty Dolonchapa , Clark Eric , Mauro Steven A. , Koudelka Gerald B.
Published: April 2018

Shiga toxin (Stx)-encoding E. coli (STEC) strains are responsible for sporadic outbreaks of food poisoning dating to 1982, when the first STEC strain, E. coli O157:H7, was isolated. Regardless of STEC serotype, the primary symptoms of STEC infections are caused by Stx that is synthesized from genes resident on lambdoid prophage present in STEC. Despite similar etiology, the severity of STEC-mediated disease varies by outbreak. However, it is unclear what modulates the severity of STEC-mediated disease. Stx production and release is controlled by lytic growth of the Stx-encoding bacteriophage, which in turn, is controlled by the phage repressor. Here, we confirm our earlier suggestion that the higher spontaneous induction frequency of Stx-encoding prophage is a consequence, in part, of lower intracellular repressor levels in STEC strains versus non-STEC strains. We also show that this lowered intracellular repressor concentration is a consequence of the utilization of alternative binding/regulatory strategies by the phage repressor. We suggest that a higher spontaneous induction frequency would lead to increased virulence.
The Effect of Bioaugmentation with Archaea on the Oxygen Uptake Rate in a Sequencing Batch Reactor
Authors: Szaja Aleksandra , Łagód Grzegorz , Jaromin-Gleń Katarzyna , Montusiewicz Agnieszka
Published: April 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of bioaugmentation with Archaea domain organisms on the activated sludge (AS) expressed by the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) in a laboratory sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The influence of depletion of the external substrate in bioaugmented (SBR-A) and non-bioaugmented (SBR-B) activated sludge during aerobic stabilization was investigated. The experiment was divided into two steps. First, the OUR was measured in the standard conditions of biological treatment. Second, AS was only aerated in the absence of the substrate. It was observed that bioaugmentation with Archaea had an increasing effect on the endogenous and exogenous OUR of the sludge in both phases. In the first phase, the average endogenous OUR was 28.70 ± 2.75 and 21.63 ± 0.9 mgO2·dm−3·h−1 in the SBR-A and SBR-B, respectively. Regarding the exogenous OUR, the average values were 95.55 ± 11.33 and 57.15 ± 24.56 mgO2·dm−3·h−1 for the SBR-A and SBR-B, respectively. Archaea enhancing its biological activity, expressed as the OUR, exert a stabilizing effect on this parameter of AS and ensure its lower sensitivity to changes in the process conditions, substrate supply disruption and prolonged aeration.
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches for Water-Energy Balance in Portuguese Supply Systems
Authors: Mamade Aisha , Loureiro Dália , Alegre Helena , Covas Dídia
Published: April 2018

Water losses are responsible for increased energy consumption in water supply systems (WSS). The energy associated with water losses (EWL) is typically considered to be proportional to the water loss percentage obtained in water balances. However, this hypothesis is yet to be proved since flow does not vary linearly with headlosses in WSS. The aim of this paper is to validate the hypothesis, present real-life values for water-energy balance (WEB) components, and reference values for the key performance indicator that represents the ratio of total energy in excess (E3). This validation is achieved through the application of two approaches—top-down and bottom-up. The first approach requires minimum data, gives an overview of the main WEB components, and provides an effective diagnosis of energy inefficiencies through the calculation of E3 related to pumps, water losses, and networks. The second approach requires calibrated hydraulic models and provides a detailed assessment of the WEB components. Results allow the validation of the stated hypothesis as well as show that the most significant energy inefficiencies are associated with surplus energy, pumping, and water losses, each reaching up to 40% of total input energy. Less significant components are pipe friction and valve headlosses, each reaching up to 15% of total input energy.
Effect of Environmental Conditions and Morphometric Parameters on Surface Water Temperature in Polish Lakes
Authors: Ptak Mariusz , Sojka Mariusz , Choiński Adam , Nowak Bogumił
Published: April 2018

The study evaluated the effect of environmental conditions and morphometric parameters on lake water temperature changes. The analysis was carried out on the basis of 14 lakes located in northern Poland. The assessment was based on the daily water and air temperatures from 1972 to 2016. It took into account the location of lakes (latitude, longitude, altitude) morphometric parameters (surface area, maximum and mean depth, volume), hydrological processes (rate of water exchange, course of ice phenomena), and trophic status (water transparency) as factors that can modify lake water temperature changes. Direction and rate of air and water temperature changes were analysed by means of Mann–Kendall’s and Sen’s tests. Cluster analysis (CA) was applied to group lakes characterised by similar water temperature changes. The effect of climatic and non-climatic parameters on a lake’s water temperature was assessed on the basis of principal component analysis (PCA). Water temperatures in the lakes in the years 1972–2016 were characterised by a higher rate of increase of 0.43 °C·dec−1 than the air temperature decrease of 0.34 °C·dec−1. The analysis showed a faster rate of heating of waters in western Poland. This can be explained by shorter duration of ice cover. Moreover, the changes of water temperature were affected by other factors, including the location of the lakes, their morphometric parameters, wind speed, water transparency and water exchange time.
Sustainability Evaluation Framework of Urban Stormwater Drainage Options for Arid Environments Using Hydraulic Modeling and Multicriteria Decision-Making
Authors: Alhumaid Mohammad , Ghumman Abul Razzaq , Haider Husnain , Al-Salamah Ibrahim Saleh , Ghazaw Yousry Mahmoud
Published: April 2018

Stormwater drainage systems in urban areas located in arid environmental regions generally consist of storm-sewer networks and man-made ponds for the collection and disposal of runoff, respectively. Due to expansion in cities’ boundaries as a result of population growth, the capacity of existing drainage systems has been exhausted. Therefore, such systems overflow even during the smaller (than the design) return period floods. At the same time, changing rainfall patterns and flash floods due to climate change are other phenomena that need appropriate attention. Consequently, the municipalities in arid environmental regions are facing challenges for effective decision-making concerning (i) improvement needs for drainage networks for safe collection of stormwater, (ii) selection of most feasible locations for additional ponds, and (iii) evaluation of other suitable options, such as micro-tunneling. In this research, a framework has been developed to evaluate different stormwater drainage options for urban areas of arid regions. Rainfall-runoff modeling was performed with the help of Hydrological-Engineering-Centre, Hydrological-Modelling-System (HEC-HMS). To evaluate the efficacy of each option for handling a given design flood, hydraulic-modeling was performed using SewerGEMS. Meteorological and topographical data was gathered from the Municipality of Buraydah and processed to generate different inputs required for hydraulic modeling. Finally, multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) was performed to evaluate all the options on the basis of four sustainability criteria, i.e., flood risk, economic viability, environmental impacts, and technical constraints. Criteria weights were established through group decision-making using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Preference-Ranking-Organization-Method for Enrichment-Evaluation (PROMETHEE II) was used for final ranking of stormwater drainage options. The proposed framework has been implemented on a case of Buraydah City, Qassim, Saudi Arabia, to evaluate its pragmatism. Micro-tunnelling was found to be the most sustainable option.
Evaluation of Different Clinoptilolite Zeolites as Adsorbent for Ammonium Removal from Highly Concentrated Synthetic Wastewater
Authors: Wasielewski Stephan , Rott Eduard , Minke Ralf , Steinmetz Heidrun
Published: April 2018

The supply of food to the growing world population requires an increasing amount of nitrogen fertilizers, which can be achieved both by the energy-intensive Haber–Bosch process and by recovering ammonium from wastewater. Within the scope of this work, it is investigated to what extent different clinoptilolites (CLIs) can be used as ion-exchangers for the removal of ammonium from highly concentrated solutions. To this end, finely ground CLIs with different grain sizes (EcoZeo 20 and CCP 20: 0–20 µm, Micro 200: 0–200 µm) were tested for their sorption properties by varying the parameters of the sorption solution (c0 = 1000 mg NH4-N/L) such as pH, temperature, or contact time. All three CLIs tested were effective at adsorbing ammonium. In a pH range from 2 to 8, all CLIs were able to eliminate ammonium equally well. Furthermore, a contact time of 60 min was sufficient to achieve 84–88% of the maximum load. At a temperature of 34 °C, the highest loading was achieved (investigated range: 10–34 °C), indicating that the adsorption process of all CLIs was exergonic and endothermic. Especially for wastewater streams with high ammonium concentrations such as sludge water from wastewater treatment plants, CLI proved to be suitable to adsorb ammonium.
Généricité et implication, ou l'histoire, souvent déformée, d'un couple
Authors: Banys Wieslaw
Published: April 2018

Tout d'abord, on se propose d'examiner l'analyse classique des raisons pour lesquelles on rapproche la généricité de l'implication, entendue d'une manière imprécise, comme c'est souvent le cas, et l'on démontre, entre autres, qu'elle peut se combiner aussi avec le quantificateur existentiel et que, par conséquent, l'une des raisons de formuler une histoire particulière (et "imprécise") du couple V / — » disparaît.

Ensuite, on se pose la question de savoir si les phrases du type (1) Les chats sont intelligents peuvent réellement être représentées par le couple V et une implication logique, en examinant le bien-fondé de l'analyse plus ou moins classique des défauts respectifs de V et — > dans la représentation de (1).

Enfin, on présente brièvement l'histoire non déformée du couple V / généricité et implications sémantique / nomologique nécessaires et celles du couple V / "généricité" et implication "contingente", non nécessaire, ce qui mène à représenter (1) à l'aide de (2) : (Vx) (x est un chat —> x est intelligent) où — » veut dire implication (contingente).
Aspect et autres catégories du verbe
Authors: Bednarczuk Leszek
Published: April 2018

The morpho-syntactic categories of the verb can be reduced to the three semantic relations that refer the process expressed by the verb (1) to reality : moods, assertions (statuts), modal techniques, (2) to the participants : persons, voices, modes of meaning, and (3) to time : tenses, modes of action, aspects.

In the Slavic languages, the opposition between completed (perfective) and incompleted (imperfective) action is carried by-aspect, which occurs in finite, nonfinite and nominal forms of the verb (deverbativa). There are other languages in which this category has no relevant equivalents. However, if we consider grammatical aspect to be a temporal determination of sorts, we can include here the oppositions : anterior / simultaneous, proximate / distant, definite / indefinite, progressive / habitual action.
Le générique dans les Coutumes de Beauvaisis
Authors: Blumenthal Peter
Published: April 2018

Our corpus, the original version of which was drawn up in 1280 or thereabouts, contains numerous 14th — and 15th — century manuscripts that help throw light on the variety of ways in which genericness is expressed and how these have tended to change over time.

The present paper examines the interplay of semantic, syntactic and pragmatic factors influencing the choice of the generic article. The polymorphism of these means of expression is matched by a certain heterogeneity where the signified is concerned : the generic appears in our texts in many different forms, prompting the modern reader to reflect on what analogies these offer with the categories of medieval thought.
La généricité dans les langues sans articles
Authors: De Vriendt Séra
Published: April 2018

La langue des signes utilisée par les sourds en Belgique francophone peut exprimer de diverses manières le caractère spécifique d'un syntagme nominal. Par contre on n'a pu y trouver aucune marque de généricité. H s'ensuit que certains énoncés sont ambigus en ce qui concerne la généricité ou la non-généricité. Seuls des éléments d'ordre sémantique ou pragmatique résolvent en fait cette ambiguïté. Une situation semblable paraît exister dans les langues slaves. Dans les langues romanes et germaniques, la présence des articles ne diminue nullement l'importance de la sémantique et de la pragmatique pour une interprétation correcte des énoncés.
Passé simple et spécificité
Authors: Hanon Suzanne
Published: April 2018

Alors que certains temps grammaticaux peuvent être caractérisés comme non déictiques, comme le présent de l'indicatif, d'autres temps grammaticaux sont confinés dans des emplois et dans des sens extrême¬ ment spécifiques : c'est le cas du passé simple et du passé antérieur, du futur simple et du futur périphrastique.

La spécificité du passé simple peut s'exprimer dans les domaines suivants : (1) le contenu (aspect) ; (2) les emplois syntaxiques ; (3) les emplois lexicaux (Aktionsart ) ; (4) les registres (registre parlé, écrit, etc.) ; (5) les emplois stylistiques ; (6) les emplois modaux.

Ces emplois spécifiques font du passé simple un temps extrême¬ ment contraint. Le registre qui lui est propre est celui de Vénonciation historique, écrite, généralement associée à l'emploi de la 3e personne. On trouve cependant des registres mixtes, où discours et énonciation historique sont entremêlés. L'opposition nette proposée par É. Benveniste peut donc être remise en question.
La distinction valeur générique/valeur non spécifique est-elle soutenable ?
Authors: Karolak Stanislas
Published: April 2018

The present article supports the combinatory (nonsemantic) distinction between the generic and nonspecific value of the indefinite noun phrase. The line of argument presented is the following : nonindividual concepts and terms taken out of context have a general value, which is their only inherent value, identical with their extension. Any other values associated with them appear in a given context, i.e. when they take on syntactic functions. The conclusion drawn is that these values are relational (combinatory). •

Two types of syntactic functions are distinguished : attributive function (attributive use) or constitutive propositional function, and referential function (referential use) or function of binding the argument variable in the scope of another term. Therefore, the referential use of a term is identical with its restrictive function.

The generic value of a general term is the result of its referential use (as the restrictor of an argument variable) in the scope of a general term, the latter being in attributive use. The nonspecific value of the same general term is generated by its attributive use. The only condition to be met is that the argument variable it has in its scope should be bound by a singular term incorporating a modal concept that excludes
Perfectivité
Authors: Mindak Jolanta
Published: April 2018

The present paper deals with verbal aspect as a semantic phenomenon and the linguistic (gramatical and regular lexical) means used to express aspectual information in Slavonic, Romance and Balkan utterances. The author attempts to interpret the phenomenon of aspect by applying the theory of events and states. Events (with a punctual graphic interpretation on a temporal axis) correspond to changes of states (having a segmental graphic representation on the same axis). The notions of state, event and iterativity are used to define two principal kinds of aspectual information : perfectivity (subdivided into punctual and segmental) and imperfectivity, both equally applicable to the analysis of Slavonic, Romance and Balkan (Slavonic and non-Slavonic) languages.
Les synonymes syntaxiques de la langue française dans leur fonction sémantique et fonctionnelle [titre en russe]
Authors: Soatžonov Irgaš , Jakubov Žamolidin
Published: April 2018

La synonymie syntaxique est un sujet qui suscite un vif intérêt parmi les linguistes. En effet, elle reflète la dynamique d'une langue, elle-même étroitement liée aux fonctions principales du langage : les fonctions nominative et communicative. La synonymie syntaxique est fort utile lors de l'apprentissage d'une langue étrangère. De fait, manier aisément une langue n'implique pas uniquement la connaissance de la grammaire et du lexique. Il faut aussi pouvoir exprimer un même contenu sémantique par divers équivalents syntaxiques, afin d'énoncer clairement ses pensées, de conférer à son discours toutes les nuances de la langue , de comprendre l'implicite, le non-dit.

Les auteurs de l'article se proposent d'analyser les différentes approches qui tentent de définir la synonymie syntaxique et de les analyser par des exemples concrets.
Bases lexicales multilingues : traitement des acronymes
Authors: Zhang Ying , Mangeot-Nagata Mathieu
Published: April 2018

La gestion des terminologies pose encore des problèmes, en particulier pour la gestion des situations compliquées comme les acronymes. Dans cet article, nous proposons une solution en reliant à un seul référent plusieurs termes différents via les notions de pivot et de prolexème. Ces notions permettent par exemple de faire le lien entre plusieurs termes qui désignent un même et unique référent : Nations Unies, ONU, Organisation des Nations Unies et onusien. Il existe, une plate-forme générique de gestion de bases lexicales, Jibiki, permettant de gérer n''importe quel type de structure (macro et microstructure). Nous avons implémenté une nouvelle macrostructure de ProAxie dans la plate-forme Jibiki pour réaliser les gestions des acronymes.
La traduction des aspects juridiques de la loi Gacaca du Rwanda. Regards croisés
Authors: Ngarambe Télesphore
Published: April 2018

Dans le présent article, l’auteur applique l’approche socioculturelle et contextuelle à la traduction des aspects juridiques incorporés dans la loi Gacaca du kinyarwanda vers le français et vers l’anglais. Les aspects identifiés lors de l’analyse sont, entre autres, la nomination du comité des juges inyangamugayo dans un tribunal Gacaca, le quorum requis pour que le comité de la juridiction Gacaca au niveau de la Cellule puisse siéger, les critères de sélection des juges dans le Gacaca moderne et la compétence de l’assemblée générale de la juridiction Gacaca au niveau des Cellules. Les résultats de cette étude révèlent que ces aspects sont difficiles à traduire. Cette difficulté est due à la nature même de la loi du Gacaca moderne, qui englobe des aspects juridiques issus de la tradition aussi bien que de la modernité. Par conséquent, la traduction de tous ces aspects nécessite une analyse approfondie du contexte socioculturel et linguistique dans lequel cette loi a été produite.
La terminologie de l’environnement en vulgarisation scientifique : la famille lexicale de la régénération des forêts en portugais
Authors: Botta Mariana
Published: April 2018

Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude sur les «mouvements migratoires » des termes entre les langues de spécialité (LSP) et la langue courante, et vice-versa. Nous concentrons notre attention sur les textes de vulgarisation publiés par la presse, en raison du fait que les journalistes scientifiques ne sont pas des spécialistes et sont susceptibles, pour cette raison, de comprendre et d’utiliser les termes différemment. On peut émettre l’hypothèse selon laquelle les termes utilisés dans les textes de vulgarisation n’ont pas le même statut que les termes employés dans les textes scientifiques. L’usage des termes par des non-spécialistes conduit normalement à des changements de sens, parce que, dans ce mouvement entre la LSP et la langue courante, les unités lexicales peuvent perdre certaines des caractéristiques qu’elles possèdent en langue de spécialité. Pour analyser ces mouvements, nous avons choisi de travailler sur des textes portant sur l’environnement et publiés dans la presse nationale brésilienne. Les données sont extraites de deux corpus compilés pour cette étude. Nous montrons que la motivation des termes (liée à leur introduction dans la langue de spécialité) peut être l’un des facteurs de leur « déterminologisation » .
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Variable heart rate and a flexible mind: Higher resting-state heart rate variability predicts better task-switching
Authors: Colzato Lorenza S. , Jongkees Bryant J. , de Wit Matthijs , van der Molen Melle J. W. , Steenbergen Laura
Published: April 2018

The neurovisceral integration model proposes that heart rate variability (HRV) is linked to prefrontal cortex activity via the vagus nerve, which connects the heart and the brain. HRV, an index of cardiac vagal tone, has been found to predict performance on several cognitive control tasks that rely on the prefrontal cortex. However, the link between HRV and the core cognitive control function “shifting” between tasks and mental sets is under-investigated. Therefore, the present study tested the neurovisceral integration model by examining, in 90 participants, the relationship between vagally mediated resting-state HRV and performance in a task-switching paradigm that provides a relatively process-pure measure of cognitive flexibility. As predicted, participants with higher resting-state HRV (indexed both by time domain and frequency domain measures) showed smaller switch costs (i.e., greater flexibility) than individuals with lower resting-state HRV. Our findings support the neurovisceral integration model and indicate that higher levels of vagally mediated resting-state HRV promote cognitive flexibility.
Investigating the Metallicity–Mixing-length Relation
Authors: Viani Lucas S. , Basu Sarbani , J. M. Joel Ong , Bonaca Ana , Chaplin William J.
Published: April 2018

Stellar models typically use the mixing-length approximation as a way to implement convection in a simplified manner. While conventionally the value of the mixing-length parameter, α, used is the solar-calibrated value, many studies have shown that other values of α are needed to properly model stars. This uncertainty in the value of the mixing-length parameter is a major source of error in stellar models and isochrones. Using asteroseismic data, we determine the value of the mixing-length parameter required to properly model a set of about 450 stars ranging in log g,

, and

. The relationship between the value of α required and the properties of the star is then investigated. For Eddington atmosphere, non-diffusion models, we find that the value of α can be approximated by a linear model, in the form of

. This process is repeated using a variety of model physics, as well as compared with previous studies and results from 3D convective simulations.
Why Are Some Galaxies Not Barred?
Authors: Saha Kanak , Elmegreen Bruce
Published: April 2018

Although more than two-thirds of star-forming disk galaxies in the local universe are barred, some galaxies remain unbarred, occupying the upper half of the Hubble tuning fork diagram. Numerical simulations almost always produce bars spontaneously, so it remains a challenge to understand how galaxies sometimes prevent bars from forming. Using a set of collisionless simulations, we first reproduce the common result that cold stellar disks surrounding a classical bulge become strongly unstable to non-axisymmetric perturbations, leading to the rapid formation of spiral structure and bars. However, our analyses show that galaxy models with compact classical bulges (whose average density is greater than or comparable to the disk density calculated within bulge half-mass radii) are able to prevent bar formation for at least 4 Gyr even when the stellar disk is maximal and having low Toomre Q. Such bar prevention is the result of several factors such as (a) a small inner Lindblad resonance with a high angular rate, which contaminates an incipient bar with x
2 orbits, and (b) rapid loss of angular momentum accompanied by a rapid heating in the center from initially strong bar and spiral instabilities in a low-Q disk; in other words, a rapid initial rise to a value larger than ∼5 of the ratio of the random energy to the rotational energy in the central region of the galaxy.
Laboratory Photoionization Fronts in Nitrogen Gas: A Numerical Feasibility and Parameter Study
Authors: Gray William J. , Keiter P. A. , Lefevre H. , Patterson C. R. , Davis J. S. , van Der Holst B. , Powell K. G. , Drake R. P.
Published: April 2018

Photoionization fronts play a dominant role in many astrophysical situations but remain difficult to achieve in a laboratory experiment. We present the results from a computational parameter study evaluating the feasibility of the photoionization experiment presented in the design paper by Drake et al. in which a photoionization front is generated in a nitrogen medium. The nitrogen gas density and the Planckian radiation temperature of the X-ray source define each simulation. Simulations modeled experiments in which the X-ray flux is generated by a laser-heated gold foil, suitable for experiments using many kJ of laser energy, and experiments in which the flux is generated by a “z-pinch” device, which implodes a cylindrical shell of conducting wires. The models are run using crash, our block-adaptive-mesh code for multimaterial radiation hydrodynamics. The radiative transfer model uses multigroup, flux-limited diffusion with 30 radiation groups. In addition, electron heat conduction is modeled using a single-group, flux-limited diffusion. In the theory, a photoionization front can exist only when the ratios of the electron recombination rate to the photoionization rate and the electron-impact ionization rate to the recombination rate lie in certain ranges. These ratios are computed for several ionization states of nitrogen. Photoionization fronts are found to exist for laser-driven models with moderate nitrogen densities (∼1021 cm−3) and radiation temperatures above 90 eV. For “z-pinch”-driven models, lower nitrogen densities are preferred (<1021 cm−3). We conclude that the proposed experiments are likely to generate photoionization fronts.
Life History of the Emerald Jewel Wasp Ampulex compressa
Authors: Arvidson Ryan , Landa Victor , Frankenberg Sarah , Adams Michael E.
Published: April 2018

The Emerald Jewel Wasp Ampulexcompressa (Fabricius) is an endoparasitoid of the American cockroach Periplanetaamericana (Linnaeus). Its host subjugation strategy is unusual in that envenomation is directed into the host central nervous system, eliciting a long-term behavior modification termed hypokinesia, turning stung cockroaches into a lethargic and compliant, but not paralyzed, living food supply for wasp offspring. A.compressa manipulates hypokinesic cockroaches into a burrow, where it oviposits a single egg onto a mesothoracic leg, hatching three days later.

Herein we describe the life history and developmental timing of A.compressa. Using head capsule measurements and observations of mandibular morphology, we found that the larvae develop through three instars, the first two ectoparasitoid, and the third exclusively endoparasitoid. The first two instars have mandibles sufficient for piercing and cutting the cuticle respectively, while the third instar has a larger and blunter mandibular structure. During ecdysis to the third instar, the larva enters the body cavity of the cockroach, consuming internal tissues selectively, including fat body and skeletal muscle, but sparing the gut and Malpighian tubules. The developmental timing to pupation is similar between males and females, but cocoon volume and mass, and pupation duration are sexually dimorphic. Further, we show that the difference in cocoon mass and volume can be used to predict sex before eclosion, which is valuable for studies in venom pharmacology, as only females produce venom.
First record of the genera Diaparsis Förster and Phradis Förster (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Tersilochinae) from Mexico
Authors: Khalaim Andrey I. , Ruíz-Cancino Enrique
Published: April 2018

In this paper, one species ofDiaparsisFörster (D.splendensHorstmann) is recorded and two species ofPhradisFörster (P.bufalosussp. n.andP.nanacamilpussp. n.) are described from Mexico. Both genera are extremely rare in the Mexican fauna, being represented by single specimens from a large amount of ichneumonids examined in many Mexican and USA collections. A partial identification key to North American species ofPhradisis given. Colour photographs and morphological remarks onD.splendensare provided.
Abundance and survival rates of three leaf-litter frog species in fragments and continuous forest of the Mata Atlântica, Brazil
Authors: Steinicke Henning , Pe’er Guy , Henle Klaus
Published: April 2018

Habitat destruction and fragmentation alter the quality of habitats and put populations under the risk of extinction. Changes in population parameters can provide early warning signs of negative impacts. In tropical forests, where habitat loss and fragmentation are vast, such indicators are of high relevance for directing conservation efforts before effects are irreversible. Most of our knowledge from tropical ecosystems originates from community level surveys, whereas our understanding of the influence of habitat conversion on vital rates of species is limited. This study focused on the influence of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation on the survival probability and abundance of three leaf-litter frog species (Rhinellaornata, Ischnocnemaguentheri and I.parva) in forest patches of the Atlantic rainforest of South-east Brazil compared to a continuous forest. The species differ in their matrix tolerance: high for R.ornata and low for I.guentheri and I.parva and, thus, we examined whether their survival and abundance correspond to this classification. Ischnocnemaguentheri showed highest abundances in all study sites and low mortality in the forest patches compared to the continuous forest; I.parva was encountered only in isolated fragments, with very low mortality in one isolated fragment; and the matrix tolerant species had generally low abundance and showed no clear pattern in terms of mortality in the different sites. Our counter-intuitive results show that even matrix sensitive amphibian species may show high abundance and low mortality in small forest patches. Therefore, these patches can be of high value for amphibian conservation regardless of their degree of matrix aversion. Landscape level conservation planning should not abandon small habitat patches, especially in highly fragmented tropical environments.
Raviver un souffle post-capitaliste
Authors: Citton Yves
Published: April 2018

Après tant d’annonces de la fin prochaine, de l’effondrement ou du dépassement du capitalisme, comment et pourquoi y croire encore ? Peut-être convient-il de regarder ailleurs que là où l’on se tourne habituellement. Non pas seulement du côté de ses « ennemis », qui résistent bruyamment contre lui, mais tout autant en direction de cela même qui paraît aujourd’hui annoncer son triomphe : le numérique, l’information, l’automation, les métamorphoses du capital et l’hétérogénéité de ce qu’il rassemble. Les alternatives grouillent peut-être déjà sous l’apparence trompeuse d’une victoire de surface.
Et si ce n’était même plus du capitalisme, mais quelque chose d’encore bien pire ?
Authors: Wark McKenzie , Citton Yves
Published: April 2018

Le capital a pensé trouver le moyen d’esquiver la confrontation avec les travailleurs en se fiant au vecteur d’information. La mondialisation, la désindustrialisation et la sous-traitance permettraient de s’affranchir du pouvoir dont disposaient les travailleurs pour bloquer les flux de la production. Il est temps, toutefois, de se demander si ce qui est apparu en plus et au-dessus du mode de production capitaliste ne serait pas quelque chose de qualitativement différent, qui se trouve en train de générer de nouvelles formes de domination de classe, de nouvelles formes d’extraction de plus-value, voire même de nouveaux types de formation de classe. De même que le capital a dominé la propriété foncière, subsumant son contrôle sur la terre dans une forme de propriété plus abstraite et fongible, de même la classe vectorialiste a subsumé et débordé le capital en s’appuyant sur une forme plus abstraite de valorisation.
Géopolitique des masses
Authors: Moulier-Boutang Yann
Published: April 2018

Rente, plèbe et corruption sont certainement « pré-capitalistes », emblématisant les ennemis archaïques que le nouvel ordre économique s’efforce depuis deux siècles d’éradiquer, pour leur substituer le « profit » (entrepreneurial), des « populations » (expertes) et « l’état de droit » (commercial). Mais rente, plèbe et corruption constituent aussi bien le présent de la gestion de l’information dans un monde socio-économique non dénué de « frictions », où des inégalités et des asymétries de plus en plus patentes échouent à entraîner l’adhésion de multitudes bien assez intelligentes pour ne pas croire au conte de fées de l’enfumage néolibéral.
Clinical Performance of Ultra-Short Anatomic Cementless Versus Fourth-Generation Cemented Femoral Stems for Hip Replacement in Octogenarians
Authors: Kim Young-Hoo , Park Jang-Won , Kim Jun-Shik
Published: April 2018

The aim of this study was to determine how ultra-short anatomic cementless vs cemented femoral stems affect the survival of primary total hip arthroplasties in octogenarians. Specifically, the authors investigated whether ultra-short anatomic cementless and cemented femoral components would have similar (1) functional results, (2) radiographic results, (3) revision and survival rates, and (4) complication rates in octogenarians. The authors evaluated 93 consecutive octogenarians (98 hips) in the ultra-short stem group (mean age, 86.5±5.3 years) and 78 consecutive octogenarians (92 hips) in the cemented stem group (mean age, 85.7±5.8 years). The average follow-up was 8.1 years (range, 5–12 years) in the ultra-short anatomic cementless stem group and 7.8 years (range, 5–11 years) in the cemented stem group. Mean preoperative (39 vs 37 points) and postoperative (81 vs 83 points) Harris hip scores were similar in the 2 groups (
P
=.131 and .128, respectively). The incidence of thigh pain was 0% in both groups. At final follow-up, mean Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scores (18 vs 14 points) and University of California, Los Angeles activity scores (4.3 vs 4.5 points) were similar in the 2 groups. The revision rate was 3% (3 hips) in the ultra-short stem group and 3% (3 hips) in the cemented stem group. Survivorship of the femoral stem was 97.3% at 8.1 years in the ultra-short stem group and 97.9% at 7.8 years in the cemented stem group (
P
=.136). Ultra-short anatomic cementless and cemented stems obtained rigid fixation in octogenarians. However, the incidence of undisplaced periprosthetic calcar fracture intraoperatively was significantly higher (
P
=.003) in the cemented stem group. [
Orthopedics
. 2018; 41(4):e470–e478.]
Pediatric Eales Disease: An Indian Tertiary Eye Center Experience
Authors: Majumder Parthopratim Dutta , Sitaula Ranju Kharel , Biswas Jyotirmay
Published: April 2018

Purpose:

To report the clinical profiles, etiologies, treatment modalities, and outcomes for Eales disease in patients younger than age 16 years in India.

Methods:

Retrospective review of medical records of patients with Eales disease who had a minimum 5-year follow-up period.

Results:

A total of 25 eyes of 13 patients were included. Of these 13 patients, 12 (94%) had bilateral Eales disease and 11 (84.6%) were men. Mean patient age was 14.1 years (range: 11 to 16 years). Diminution of vision (36%) was the most common presenting complaint, followed by both diminutions of vision and floaters (32%). Sclerosed vessels were seen in all eyes, and 21 (84%) eyes had active periphlebitis at presentation. Neovascularization elsewhere was seen in 20 (80%) eyes and neovascularization of the optic disc was seen in 1 (4%) eye. Veno-venous shunts were found in 12 (48%) eyes, and 18 (72%) eyes had vitreous hemorrhage. All eyes received photocoagulation; 84.6% of patients received oral steroids, with 7.7% of patients treated with azathioprine and 38.4% treated with anti-tubercular therapy. Vitrectomy was performed in 36% of eyes for non-clearing vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment. Vision improved in 7 (28%) eyes, was stable in 12 (48%) eyes, and worsened in 6 (24%) eyes. Recurrence of the disease more than five times during the 5-year follow-up period occurred in 20% of patients.

Conclusions:

Recurrent vasculitis and vitreous hemorrhage in children should raise the suspicion of pediatric Eales disease.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2018;55(4):270–274.]
Perceptions of Saudi Male and Female Postgraduate Students Regarding the Impact of Social Networking Sites and Apps on their Academic Life: A Study of Umm Al-Qura University – Makkah
Authors: Alghamdi Abdulelah A. , Plunkett Margaret
Published: April 2018

This paper outlines a study exploring the perceptions of Saudi male and female postgraduate students regarding the impact of using Social Networking Sites and Apps (SNSAs) on their academic engagement and academic relationships. While research on SNSA use within the higher education environment does exist, mixed gender research has often presented challenges in Saudi Arabia, due to the educational segregation. A mixed methods approach was used to collect data through surveys, individual interviews and focus groups involving 313 male and 293 female postgraduate students at Umm Al-Qura University (UQU) in Makkah. Findings illustrated that both males and females engaged with SNSAs at a moderate level of use for academic purposes, and they perceived more positive than negative impacts associated with the academic use of SNSAs. Correlational analysis demonstrated a large positive correlation between academic engagement and academic relationships. Gender differences were not extensive however, the quantitative analysis highlighted more prominent involvement with SNSAs by females which is interesting, in light of social restrictions experienced by females in Saudi society.