bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceived Effects of Texting and the Spelling Skills of High School Students in Misamis University
Authors: Aclao Joel , Aclao Ashley Faye A. , Estrada Ken Willem S. , Pahayahay Adrian Michael Y. , Regalado Shantee Nicole G. , Tomo Gina A.
Published: April 2014

Text messaging or texting is economical and fastest means of exchanging written messages, hence, become popular and affordable to students. Its limited characters make texters follow a system of texting called “textese” as to its effects to users. This study examined the relationship between the perceived effects of texting and the spelling skills of the high school students in Misamis University. The results show that the students are highly aware of the positive and negative effects of texting. The students have a good level of spelling skills despite being avid texters. The study failed to gather evidences to associate the perceived effects of texting and the spelling skills of the students. However, students revealed that texting disturbs their study time, and they use texting in classroom cheating. The study calls for a regulation on the use of mobile phones during classes as this could be used by the students in academic dishonesty.
Correlates of Role Enactment among the Academic Chairpersons of Selected Institutions in Bukidnon
Authors: Lubos Lalevie
Published: April 2014

The chairpersons' role and approaches to conflict management, strategies in communication and techniques in program implementation are enacted by the department Chairpersons. The study aimed to investigate the correlates of role performance of the chairpersons as perceived by the role incumbent and role partners. The study used the descriptive design involving the incumbent deans, department chairpersons and faculty members of the HEIs. The study utilized the non-probability sampling design .The mean, standard deviation, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation were used. Results showed that the level of role conception of academic chairpersons within the same range as that of the role enactment as perceived by the deans and their role partners (faculty). The approaches to conflict management, strategies in communication and techniques in program implementation are correlates of administrative role, leadership role, interpersonal role, resource development role, role enactment of academic chairpersons. The study concludes that the chairpersons' level of role conception in their administrative roles, leadership roles, interpersonal roles and resource development roles is congruent with their perceived role enactment as assessed by the deans and faculty. The extent chairpersons used approaches to conflict management, strategies to communication and techniques in program implementation determines the adequacy of role enactment of academic chairpersons as they perform.
A novel EBP c.224T>A mutation supports the existence of a male‐specific disorder independent of CDPX2
Authors: Barboza‐Cerda María C. , Wong Lee‐Jun , Martínez‐de‐Villarreal Laura E. , Zhang Victor Wei , Déctor Miguel A.
Published: April 2014

Mutations in the Emopamil‐binding protein (EBP) gene cause X‐linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata 2 (CDPX2), a disorder in which at least 95% of liveborn individuals are female and male intrauterine lethality is assumed. Several affected males with mutations in EBP have been reported. These males exhibit a phenotype similar to CDPX2 due to either somatic mosaicism or a 47, XXY karyotype in association with a null EBP allele. Alternatively, affected males may exhibit a distinct phenotype if they are hemizygous for a hypomorphic allele of EBP. Recently, we described a novel X‐linked phenotype associated with digital abnormalities, intellectual disability and short stature, and mapped it to Xp11.4–p11.21. X‐exome sequencing was performed to identify the mutated gene responsible for this phenotype. A novel missense variant, c.224T>A (p.I75N), was identified in EBP. SIFT and PolyPhen‐2 predicted this change to be deleterious. The pathogenicity of this variant was subsequently supported by increased plasma levels of 8(9)‐cholestenol in the proband and his mother. The molecular and biochemical evidence convincingly supports the pathogenicity and association of the p.I75N mutation with this newly described phenotype. This study expands the current phenotypic spectrum of males with hypomorphic EBP mutations and supports to the hypothesis that there exists an X‐linked recessive entity independent of CDPX2. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Academia, advocacy, and industry: A collaborative method for clinical research advancement
Authors: Vanzo Rena J. , Lortz Amanda , Calhoun Amy R. U. L. , Carey John C.
Published: April 2014

Professionals who work in academia, advocacy, and industry often carry out mutually exclusive activities related to research and clinical care. However, there are several examples of collaboration among such professionals that ultimately allows for improved scientific and clinical understanding. This commentary recounts our particular experience (a collaboration between geneticists at the Universities of Minnesota and Utah, the 4p‐ Support Group, and Lineagen, Inc) and reviews other similar projects. We formally propose this collaborative method as a conduit for future clinical research programs. Specifically, we encourage academicians, directors of family/advocacy/support groups, and members of industry to establish partnerships and document their experiences. The medical community as a whole will benefit from such partnerships and, specifically, families will teach us lessons that could never be learned in a laboratory or textbook. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular characterization of six patients with ring chromosomes 22, including one with concomitant 22q11.2 deletion
Authors: Guilherme Roberta Santos , Soares Karina Cunha , Simioni Milena , Vieira Tarsis Paiva , Gil‐da‐Silva‐Lopes Vera Lúcia , Kim Chong Ae , Brunoni Décio , Spinner Nancy Bettina , Conlin Laura Kathleen , Christofolini Denise Maria , Kulikowski Leslie Domenici , Steiner Carlos Eduardo , Melaragno Maria Isabel
Published: April 2014

We report here on six patients with a ring chromosome 22 and the range of cytogenetic and phenotypic features presented by them. Genomic analysis was carried out using classical and molecular cytogenetics, MLPA (Multiplex Ligation‐dependent Probe Amplification) and genome‐wide SNP‐array analysis. The ring was found in all patients, but Patient 6 displayed constitutional mosaicism with a normal cell line. Five patients had deletions in the ring chromosome 22, and in four of them the breakpoints—unique for each patient—could be identified by genome‐wide SNP‐array analysis. One patient presented with a 22q11.2 deletion concomitant with the deletion caused by the ring formation. Common phenotypic features included autism, speech delay and seizures, as previously reported for individuals with r(22) and/or 22q13.3 deletions. Investigation of the genes within the deletions revealed multiple genes related to development of the central nervous system, psychomotor delay, severe language impairment, hypotonia, and autistic symptoms. There was no clear correlation between the severity of clinical features and the size of the deleted segment. This study underscores the variability in ring structure and clinical presentation of the r(22) and adds information to the limited literature on this rare disorder. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Further phenotype description, genotype characterization in patients with de novo interstitial deletion on 2p23.2–24.1
Authors: Bloch Mercedes , Leonard Anissa , Diplas Andreas A. , Pepermans Xavier , Emanuel Beverly S. , Rocca Maria Santa , Revencu Nicole , Sznajer Yves
Published: April 2014

Interstitial deletions of the distal part of chromosome 2p seem to be rarely identified or reported: to date, only nine distinct patients have been published. The last three patients were diagnosed with the use of more recent molecular karyotyping technology (SNP array). We report on the natural history of an 8‐year‐old boy with dysmorphic features, postnatal overgrowth, microcephaly, generalized hypotonia, and global developmental delay. The diagnosis was accomplished by SNP array investigation that led to the identification of a de novo 7.4 Mb deletion of 2p23.2–p24.1. The present patient also developed a nonsyndromic auditory neuropathy. Since the deletion encompassed the OTOF gene, this haploinsufficiency suggests second allele sequencing as a possible cause (DFNB9). We describe the phenotype of the patient and review reports in patients with del 2p23 subsequent to the advent of the genomic era. At the time of identification of “new” micro‐ deletion and ‐duplication syndromes, the present report adds to the description of phenotype in patients with del(2)p(23.2;24.1) and the 2p23.2 region in particular. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid Construction of (−)‐Paroxetine and (−)‐Femoxetine via an N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Homoenolate Addition to Nitroalkenes
Authors: White Nicholas A. , Ozboya Kerem E. , Flanigan Darrin M. , Rovis Tomislav
Published: April 2014

A concise enantioselective synthesis of (−)‐paroxetine (Paxil) and (−)‐femoxetine has been achieved. Key to these syntheses is an N‐heterocyclic carbene catalyzed homoenolate addition to a nitroalkene followed by in situ reduction of the nitro group to rapidly access δ‐lactams.
Multi‐step routes of capuchin monkeys in a laser pointer traveling salesman task
Authors: Howard Allison M. , Fragaszy Dorothy M.
Published: April 2014

Prior studies have claimed that nonhuman primates plan their routes multiple steps in advance. However, a recent reexamination of multi‐step route planning in nonhuman primates indicated that there is no evidence for planning more than one step ahead. We tested multi‐step route planning in capuchin monkeys using a pointing device to “travel” to distal targets while stationary. This device enabled us to determine whether capuchins distinguish the spatial relationship between goals and themselves and spatial relationships between goals and the laser dot, allocentrically. In Experiment 1, two subjects were presented with identical food items in Near‐Far (one item nearer to subject) and Equidistant (both items equidistant from subject) conditions with a laser dot visible between the items. Subjects moved the laser dot to the items using a joystick. In the Near‐Far condition, one subject demonstrated a bias for items closest to self but the other subject chose efficiently. In the second experiment, subjects retrieved three food items in similar Near‐Far and Equidistant arrangements. Both subjects preferred food items nearest the laser dot and showed no evidence of multi‐step route planning. We conclude that these capuchins do not make choices on the basis of multi‐step look ahead strategies. Am. J. Primatol. 76:828–841, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanical Behavior of Deep‐Frozen Bulk Solids at Compression
Authors: Müller Peter , Gomolla Franziska , Tomas Jürgen
Published: April 2014

The aim of this work is to clarify the complex interactions and various influencing parameters regarding the material behavior of deep‐frozen bulk solids. Additionally, a better evaluation of the material behavior in practical applications needs to be ensured. As material samples, hard coal, iron ore, and sand were selected, and cube‐shaped samples saturated with water were deep‐frozen for defined periods of time. Subsequently, the influences of the residence time in the freezer and of the particle size on the material behavior were analyzed by carrying out uniaxial compression tests.
Yoctowell Cavities on Magnetic Silica Nanoparticles for pH Stimuli‐Responsive Controlled Release of Drug Molecules
Authors: Bhosale Sheshanath V.
Published: April 2014

Drug‐delivery systems that medically transport active molecules to diseased cells, in a controlled manner, have gained much attention in recent years. Yoctowell (1 yL=8 nm3 that is, 10−24 L volume) cavities on magnetic silica nanoparticles were used for the encapsulation and release of the drug molecule, “mitoxantrone (MTZ)”, and controlled using naturally occurring stimuli, that is, pH. First, MTZ was encapsulated from a bulk solution under physiological conditions, and then released from the yoctowells, in a controlled manner, by manipulating the pH (7.2–3.0). The sustained release of MTZ, the recovery of active yoctowells after the release process and magnetic properties of nanoparticles provide potential for development of a new generation of drug‐delivery system.
ChemInform Abstract: Dilithium Manganese(II) catena‐Tetrakis(polyphosphate), Li2Mn(PO3)4.
Authors: Moutataouia Meryem , Lamire Mohammed , Saadi Mohamed , El Ammari Lahcen
Published: April 2014

Li2Mn(PO3)4 is prepared by precipitation from aqueous solutions of LiNO3, Mn(NO3)2, and (NH4)2HPO4 followed by calcination in air (773 K, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: An Unnoticed Inorganic Solid Electrolyte: Dilithium Sodium Phosphate with the Nalipoite Structure.
Authors: Lopez Maria C. , Ortiz Gregorio F. , Arroyo‐de Dompablo Elena M. , Tirado Jose L.
Published: April 2014

Orthorhombic Li2NaPO4 is synthesized by stirring aqueous solutions of LiOH, NaOH, and H3PO4 followed by drying at 700 °C in air overnight.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction with SO3 in Ionic Liquids: The Example of K2(S2O7)~(H2SO4).
Authors: Weiz Alexander , Bruns Joern , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: April 2014

K2(S2O7)(H2SO4) (I) is prepared from K2SO4 and SO3 in [bmim]HSO4 as ionic liquid (glass tube, 60 °C, 4 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Topochemical Synthesis of Alkali‐Metal Hydroxide Layers within Double‐ and Triple‐Layered Perovskites.
Authors: Montasserasadi Dariush , Mohanty Debasish , Huq Ashfia , Heroux Luke , Payzant Edward Andrew , Wiley John B.
Published: April 2014

Alkali metal hydroxide layers within lamellar perovskites are formed by a two‐step topochemical synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Superheavy Element Flerovium (Element 114) Is a Volatile Metal.
Authors: Duellmann Christoph E. , et al. et al.
Published: April 2014

Gas‐phase chromatography experiments indicate that flerovium is less reactive than Pb.
ChemInform Abstract: Beat over the Old Ground with New Strategy: Engineering As···As Interaction in Arsenite‐Based Dawson Cluster β‐[W18O54(AsO3)2] 6‐.
Authors: Han Qiuxia , Sun Xueping , Li Jie , Ma Pengtao , Niu Jingyang
Published: April 2014

Light‐green rodlike single crystals of [Ni(phen)3]4 [As2W18O60]{[Ni(phen)2] [H2As2W18O60] }·12H2O are synthesized from a mixture of K14[As2W19O67(H2O)], NiCl2, phen, and NaOH in water (autoclave, pH 7.9, 130 °C, 6 d; 60% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of the New Copper Indium Phosphate Cu8In8P4O30.
Authors: Hanzelmann Christian , Weimann Iren , Feller Joerg , Zak Zdirad
Published: April 2014

Orange single crystals of the title compound are obtained from solid state reactions of CuO, In2O3, and (NH4)2HPO4 in presence of HgCl2 as a mineralizer (sealed glass tube, 900 °C, 160 h) during investigations of the system CuO/In2O3/P2O5.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Silicon Lewis Acids Having a Pentacoordinate Stereogenic Silicon Center: 29Si NMR Studies and Application to Asymmetric Diels—Alder Reactions.
Authors: Sakaguchi Yuhsuke , Iwade Yuhki , Sekikawa Tohru , Minami Tatsuya , Hatanaka Yasuo
Published: April 2014

NMR Studies reveal that chiral pentacoordinate silyl triflimides derived from BINOL derivatives (I) with a silicon stereogenic center are highly configurationally unstable.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrol in Palladium‐Catalyzed Propargylic Substitutions: Kinetic Resolution to Give Enantioenriched 1,5‐Enynes and Propargyl Acetates.
Authors: Ardolino Michael J. , Eno Meredith S. , Morken James P.
Published: April 2014

Kinetic resolution during the catalytic allyl‐propargyl cross‐coupling with chiral starting materials can be accomplished with a chiral palladium catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Hexafluorothioacetone Dimer with Azoles. Practical Synthesis of N‐(Hexafluoro‐iso‐propyl)azoles.
Authors: Petrov Viacheslav A. , Marshall Will
Published: April 2014

The reaction of various azoles with (II) easily obtained by reaction of hexafluoropropene (I) and sulfur results in the formation of N‐(hexafluoroisopropyl)azoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Supported on a Magnetic Microgel: An Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for Suzuki and Heck Reactions in Water.
Authors: Yang Jianhua , Wang Dongfang , Liu Wendong , Zhang Xi , Bian Fengling , Yu Wei
Published: April 2014

A novel heterogeneous catalyst is prepared and successfully applied in Suzuki—Miyaura and Heck coupling reactions in aqueous media.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expedient Synthesis of β‐Acetamido‐ and β‐Benzamidocarbonyl Compounds via KAI(SO4)2·12H2O‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Molla Aniruddha , Hussain Sahid
Published: April 2014

All products can be easily purified by recrystallization.
ChemInform Abstract: O‐Perfluoroalkyl Thiocarbamates: Synthesis and Perfluoroalkyl Effects on the Barrier to N—CS Rotation.
Authors: Chniti Ines , Sanhoury M. A. K. , Chehidi I.
Published: April 2014

11 O‐Perfluoroalkyl thiocarbamates are prepared and the rotational barrier at the N‐CS bond is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation Mechanism of Triketo Cage Compounds from Reaction of Phencyclone with Benzoquinones: Cascade Reaction of Intermolecular [4 + 2]π and Intramolecular [2 + 2]π Cycloadditions.
Authors: Yamaguchi Koki , Eto Masashi , Harano Kazunobu
Published: April 2014

The [4 + 2]π cycloadducts (III) of compounds (I) and (II) can be readily transformed into the corresponding [2 + 2]π cycloadduct (IV) during purification.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐ and Ligand‐Free Palladium‐Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides.
Authors: Basolo Luca , Bernasconi Alice , Broggini Gianluigi , Gazzola Silvia , Beccalli Egle M.
Published: April 2014

The reaction proceeds under microwave‐assisted conditions, reaction times are not given.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 4‐[2‐(Arylmethylidene)hydrazinylidene]cyclohexa‐2,5‐dienones with Aromatic Amines.
Authors: Murashevich B. V. , Burmistrov K. S. , Toropin N. V.
Published: April 2014

The reaction can regarded as 1,8‐addition starting with direct nucleophilic attack by amino nitrogen of amines (II) on CH=N carbon.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Computation of Diastereomeric Phenanthroline—Quinine Ligands and Their Applicaton in Asymmetric Henry Reaction.
Authors: Zhang Lili , Wu Hao , Yang Zhongyue , Xu Xiufang , Zhao Haitao , Huang Yaodong , Wang Yongmei
Published: April 2014

A newly developed ligand consisting of phenanthroline and quinine in combination with copper is used as a chiral catalyst in the asymmetric Henry reaction giving products with good yields and high enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: [3]Dendralene Synthesis: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Alkenyl C—H Activation and Coupling Reaction with Allenyl Carbinol Carbonate.
Authors: Wang Honggen , Beiring Bernhard , Yu Da‐Gang , Collins Karl D. , Glorius Frank
Published: April 2014

This method gives access to a variety of [3]dendralenes with diverse substitution patterns and diene‐substituted arenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidant‐Free Conversion of Primary Amines to Nitriles.
Authors: Tseng Kuei‐Nin T. , Rizzi Andrew M. , Szymczak Nathaniel K.
Published: April 2014

The protocol does not require any oxidant or hydrogen acceptor additives, tolerates oxidizable functionalities and liberates hydrogen as a product.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Substituted Guanidines Using Zn—Al Hydrotalcite Catalyst.
Authors: Lakshmi Kantam Mannepalli , Dupati Venkanna , Vallabha Swarna Jaya , Manorama Sunkara V.
Published: April 2014

The Zn—Al hydrotalcite catalyst can be easily recovered by simple filtration and reused for three cycles without significant loss of its activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of Bulky Anthracenyl Carboxylates by Using Pincer Nickel N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: An Efficient Protocol to Access Fluorescent Anthracene Derivatives.
Authors: Xu Mizhi , Li Xingbao , Sun Zheming , Tu Tao
Published: April 2014

The spectroscopic properties of the compounds are investigated in CH2Cl2 and they show strong fluorescence.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Novel Spiro Substituted Pyrido[2,3‐c]coumarins by Exploring “Tertiary Amino Effect” Reaction Strategy.
Authors: Borah Pallabi , Bhuyan Pulak J.
Published: April 2014

A four‐step sequence is presented for the conversion of 4‐hydroxycoumarin into spiro substituted pyridocoumarin (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐(2‐Nitroalkyl)pyrroles from Sulfonylpyrroles and Their Conversion to 6‐Azaindole Derivatives.
Authors: Lancianesi Stefano , Palmieri Alessandro , Petrini Marino
Published: April 2014

An unprecedented approach is presented to synthesize 3‐(2‐nitroalkyl)pyrroles via KF‐promoted reaction of sulfonylpyrroles with aliphatic aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Highly Substituted Pyrroles from 1‐Vinylpropargyl Alcohols and Amines.
Authors: Thies Nora , Gerlach Martin , Haak Edgar
Published: April 2014

Depending on the substituents on the amine, the initial pyrrole cyclization can be followed by [3,3] rearrangements or Diels—Alder reactions to yield products (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), or (XV).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Generation of Imines from Amines. A Nature‐Inspired Route to Indoles via Cross‐Couplings of Amines with Arylhydrazines.
Authors: Taddei Maurizio , Mura Manuel G. , Rajamaeki Suvi , De Luca Lidia , Porcheddu Andrea
Published: April 2014

Several different linear and branched aliphatic primary amines are oxidized with reusable palladium on charcoal to the corresponding primary imines entrapped as arylhydrazones that can be isolated as such.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1H‐Indole‐3‐carboxamidines Through a Palladium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction Involving Isocyanide Insertion as a Key Step.
Authors: Hu Ziwei , Wang Jian , Liang Dongdong , Zhu Qiang
Published: April 2014

A new type of indoles having a carboxamidine substituent at the 3‐position are efficiently synthesized through a novel Pd‐catalyzed three‐component reaction of o‐alkynyltrifluoroacetanilines, isocyanides, and amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral N,N′‐Dioxide—Yttrium Triflate Complexes‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Aldol Cyclization of α‐Keto Esters with α‐Isothiocyanato Imide.
Authors: Zhao Xiaohu , Xie Mingsheng , Liu Xiaohua , Zhang Yulong , Xiao Xiao , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming
Published: April 2014

The asymmetric aldol cyclization of both β,γ‐unsaturated α‐keto esters and α‐keto esters by using Y(OTf)3 and chiral bis(oxazoline) N,N′‐dioxide as catalyst is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Indigoid Antituberculosis Agent
Authors: Klein Larry L. , Petukhova Valentina , Wan Baojie , Wang Yuehong , Santasiero Bernard D. , Lankin David C. , Pauli Guido F. , Franzblau Scott G.
Published: April 2014

in vitro profile, structure, and first synthesis of novel indigoid component (I)
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 5‐Substituted Thiazolidin‐2‐ones from Xanthates and tert‐Butyl N‐Allylcarbamates.
Authors: Huang Zhongyan , Xu Jiaxi
Published: April 2014

A convenient two‐step synthesis of 5‐substituted thiazolidin‐2‐ones is developed utilizing a radical addition of xanthates to allyl carbamates followed by formic acid promoted cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Azide—Alkene Cycloaddition: An Efficient Synthesis of Substituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles.
Authors: Yao Ching‐Fa , et al. et al.
Published: April 2014

The regioselective synthesis of 1,4‐disubstituted/1,4,5‐trisubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles (III) and (V) via a novel Cu(I)‐catalyzed cycloaddition of azides (II) and electron‐deficient olefins (I) and (IV), including terminal derivatives, under an oxygen atmosphere is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of 2‐Phenyl‐N‐(5‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)acetamide Derivatives as Apoptosis Inducers via the Caspase Pathway with Potential Anticancer Activity.
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Leila , Khorand Amanc , Aliabadi Alireza
Published: April 2014

16 Title compounds of type (V) are prepared and their in vitro anticancer activities are evaluated against three cancer cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective One‐Pot Synthesis of Isocoumarins and Phthalides from 2‐Iodobenzoic Acids and Alkynes by Temperature Control.
Authors: Kumar Manian Rajesh , Irudayanathan Francis Mariaraj , Moon Joong Ho , Lee Sunwoo
Published: April 2014

Optimized conditions are developed for the coupling reaction of 2‐iodobenzoic acid with various alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: BF3·OEt2‐Promoted Tandem O‐Arylation/Hydroxylation: Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Hydroxyflavanones from Triazenylaryl‐Substituted Diketones.
Authors: Chen Zhengkai , Yang Weijun , Xu Lijun , Zhang Lili , Miao Maozhong , Ren Hongjun
Published: April 2014

A metal‐free method for the synthesis of the title compounds is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 4‐Hydroxycoumarin with 2‐Acetyloxiranes.
Authors: Os'kina I. A. , Tikhonov A. Ya. , Bagryanskaya I. Yu. , Gatilov Yu. V. , Fedorova O. S.
Published: April 2014

Reaction of 4‐hydroxycoumarin (I) with 2‐acetyloxiranes [(II) or (IV), resp.] leads to the compound (III) or the corresponding dehydration product (V), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Reaction: Facile Strategy for the Synthesis of N‐Substituted 1,4‐Dihydropyridines by Using Activated Alkynes, Aldehydes, and Methanamine.
Authors: Wang Shaohua , Chen Huoji , Zhao Hong , Cao Hua , Li Yongjian , Liu Qiang
Published: April 2014

This method works well with methylamine to yield N‐methyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridine derivatives, while aniline is ineffective in this reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium Catalyzed Hydrohydroxyalkylation of Isoprene with Heteroaromatic Secondary Alcohols: Isolation and Reversible Formation of the Putative Metallacycle Intermediate.
Authors: Park Boyoung , Montgomery T. Patrick , Garza Victoria J. , Krische Michael J.
Published: April 2014

Heteroaromatic secondary alcohols are converted to tertiary alcohols in the reaction with isoprene in the absence of premetalated reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regioselective Buchwald—Hartwig Amination at C‐2 of 2,4‐Dichloropyridine Enabling a Novel Approach to 2,4‐Bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) Libraries.
Authors: Williams Emma J. , et al. et al.
Published: April 2014

The title reaction allows the synthesis of a wide range of 2‐arylamino‐4‐chloropyridines.
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Coupling of Aliphatic Cyclic Imides with Benzophenones by Low‐Valent Titanium.
Authors: Kise Naoki , Kinameri Syn , Sakurai Toshihiko
Published: April 2014

The reductive coupling of succinimides (I) and glutarimide (V) with benzophenones gives two different cyclic products, which can be prepared selectively by controlling the reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Generation of 4‐Cyanoisoquinolines and 4‐Amidylisoquinolines via a Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyanative Reaction of 2‐Alkynylbenzaldimines with Isocyanides.
Authors: Qiu Guanyinsheng , Qiu Xiaochen , Wu Jie
Published: April 2014

The Pd‐catalyzed reaction of substrates (I) and (IV) with isocyanides in dry acetonitrile provides 4‐cyanoquinolines as single products.
ChemInform Abstract: Reissert‐Type Acylation with Acylzirconocene Chloride Complexes.
Authors: Saito Akio , Sakurai Hikaru , Sudo Kohei , Murai Kosuke , Hanzawa Yuji
Published: April 2014

The title reaction is used for the acylation of isoquinoline and quinoline derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitrile Oxide versus Nitrone — Switching Regioselectivity of Intramolecular 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions Towards the Preparation of Aminopiperidinecarboxylates.
Authors: Wuerdemann Martina , Christoffers Jens
Published: April 2014

The title cycloaddition yields compounds (II) and (X) which can be further functionalized.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Access to 3‐Cyano‐4‐azaindoles via a Modified Madelung Indole Synthesis.
Authors: Jadhav Jagannath , Khanapaure Sharanabasappa , Kurane Rajanikant , Salunkhe Rajashri , Rashinkar Gajanan
Published: April 2014

The novel protocol allows the coupling of substrate (I) with carboxylic acids to give 3‐cyano‐4‐azaindoles in low to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Expedient Synthesis of Tetrafluorophenoxthiines and Derivatives by Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Yu Chuanming , Hu Gaobo , Zhang Cuiling , Wu Ran , Ye Haiwei , Yang Guanghui , Shi Xiangjun
Published: April 2014

Pentafluorobenzene and aryl mercaptanes or the corresponding diaryl disulfides undergo an interesting oxidative coupling reaction to give tetrafluorophenoxthiines in moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Alkylaminopyridazine Derivatives: Synthesis and Their anti‐Proliferative Effects Against MCF‐7 Cells.
Authors: Kim Chaewon , Park Eun‐Hee , Park Myung‐Sook
Published: April 2014

16 Title compounds of type (V) are prepared and tested for their anti‐proliferative effects against MCF‐7 cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Domino Synthesis of 4‐Oxopyrimido[1,2‐a]indole Derivatives.
Authors: Wang Yuyuan , Wang Ruji , Jiang Yuyang , Tan Chunyan , Fu Hua
Published: April 2014

The reaction sequence involves sequential Cu‐catalyzed intermolecular C‐arylation of N‐(2‐halophenyl)‐3‐oxoalkanamides (I), intramolecular addition of NH to nitrile function, followed by nucleophilic attack of the formed amino group to the carbonyl moiety.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Nitrilimine Cycloaddition of Thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Liu Bin , Li Xiao‐Fang , Liu Hao‐Chong , Yu Xian‐Yong
Published: April 2014

The 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of the in situ generated diphenylnitrilimine to substrate (I) proceeds regio‐ and site‐selectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Ring Closure and Carboarylation of 2‐Ethynylanilides.
Authors: Sinai Adam , Meszaros Adam , Gati Tamas , Kudar Veronika , Pallo Anna , Novak Zoltan
Published: April 2014

A new copper‐catalyzed oxidative ring closure of ethynyl anilides with diaryliodonium salts is developed for the highly modular construction of benzoxazines bearing a fully substituted exo double bond.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrrolo[3,2‐a]phenazines from 5‐Nitroindoles and Anilines
Authors: Wrobel Zbigniew , Wieclaw Michal , Bujok Robert , Wojciechowski Krzysztof
Published: April 2014

and, alternatively, from aminoindoles and nitroarenes
ChemInform Abstract: Rearrangement of Benzylsulfanyl‐Substituted 2‐Aza‐1,3,5‐triene into 5‐Phenyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1,3‐thiazole in the t‐BuOK‐THF‐DMSO System.
Authors: Nedolya N. A. , Tarasova O. A. , Albanov A. I. , Trofimov B. A.
Published: April 2014

2‐Aza‐1,3,5‐triene (I) undergoes concurrent rearrangements leading to products (II), (III), and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Borylation of α‐Alkoxy Allenes with Bis(pinacolato)diboron: Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Boryl 1,3‐Butadienes.
Authors: Semba Kazuhiko , Fujihara Tetsuaki , Terao Jun , Tsuji Yasushi
Published: April 2014

The reaction products can be used for Suzuki—Miyaura coupling reactions or Diels—Alder and hetero—Diels—Alder reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Acylsilanes by Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Addition of Silicon Nucleophiles onto Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Cirriez Virginie , Rasson Corentin , Riant Olivier
Published: April 2014

Additionally, a one‐pot two‐step procedure for the synthesis of acylsilanes directly from carboxylic acids is also presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Catalytic Monoreduction of Dichlorooligosilanes with Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Kanno Ken‐ichiro , Niwayama Yuka , Kyushin Soichiro
Published: April 2014

The monoreduction of dichlorooligosilanes and 1,2‐dimethoxysilane (VI) is achieved using Grignard reagents in the presence of a titanium catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Bifunctional Iminophosphorane Organocatalysts for Enantioselective Synthesis: Application to the Ketimine Nitro‐Mannich Reaction.
Authors: Nunez Marta G. , Farley Alistair J. M. , Dixon Darren J.
Published: April 2014

The first metal‐free catalytic enantioselective addition of nitromethane to unreactive aromatic, heteroaromatic and aliphatic ketone‐derived imines is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Oxazolidinylphosphine Chalcogenides (II) from Aminoethyl Vinyl Ethers (I)
Authors: Volkov P. A. , Ivanova N. I. , Gusarova N. K. , Oparina L. A. , Larina L. I. , Vysotskaya O. V. , Kolyvanov N. A. , Bagryanskaya I. Yu. , Trofimov B. A.
Published: April 2014

via a thermal cyclocondensation reaction
ChemInform Abstract: Organophosphorus‐Selenium Heteroatom Derivatives from Selenation of Primary/Secondary Amines and Haloalkanes/Dihaloalkanes.
Authors: Hua Guoxiong , Arachchige Kasun S. A. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins J. Derek
Published: April 2014

The reaction of compound (I) with amines leads to ammonium phenylphosphonamido‐diselenoates or phenylphosphonamido‐diselenoic diamides which react in situ with haloalkanes or dihaloalkanes to yield the title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Inhibitory Effect of Four Triterpenoids from Trichilia connaroides on Nitric Oxide Production in Lipopolysaccharide‐Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells.
Authors: Wang Hong‐Ying , Wang Jun‐Song , Zhang Yao , Luo Jun , Yang Ming‐Hua , Wang Xiao‐Bing , Kong Ling‐Yi
Published: April 2014

Two new highly rearranged trichiliton‐type limonoids, trichilitons G (I) and H (II), and two new cycloartane‐type triterpenoids (III) are isolated.
ChemInform Abstract: Understanding Ceria‐Based Catalytic Materials: an Overview of Recent Progress
Authors: Delgado Juan Jose , del Rio Eloy , Chen Xiaowei , Blanco Ginesa , Pintado Jose Maria , Bernal Serafin , Calvino Jose Juan
Published: April 2014

Review: 393 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Encapsulating Hydrides and Main‐Group Anions in D10‐Metal Clusters Stabilized by 1,1‐Dichalcogeno Ligands
Authors: Latouche Camille , Liu C. W. , Saillard Jean‐Yves
Published: April 2014

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Organic Frameworks (MOFs) Based on Mixed Linker Systems: Structural Diversities Towards Functional Materials
Authors: Haldar Ritesh , Maji Tapas Kumar
Published: April 2014

Review: 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Overview on “Chiron” Approach to Total Synthesis of Biologically Active Natural Products from Our Laboratory
Authors: Shaw Arun K.
Published: April 2014

Review: [73 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selection of Boron Reagents for Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling
Authors: Lennox Alastair J. J. , Lloyd‐Jones Guy C.
Published: April 2014

Review: 237 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Emerging Role of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs) in Carbohydrate Chemistry
Authors: Prasad Virendra , Kushwaha Divya , Mishra Kunj B. , Mishra Lallan , Tiwari Vinod K.
Published: April 2014

Review: 133 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Olefins Using Chiral Crabtree‐Type Catalysts: Scope and Limitations
Authors: Verendel J. Johan , Pamies Oscar , Dieguez Montserrat , Andersson Pher G.
Published: April 2014

Review: 273 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical Aspects and Mechanism of Asymmetric Hydrogenation with Chiral Half‐Sandwich Complexes
Authors: Vaclavik Jiri , Sot Petr , Vilhanova Beata , Pechacek Jan , Kuzma Marek , Kacer Petr
Published: April 2014

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfamic Acid and Its N‐ and O‐Substituted Derivatives
Authors: Spillane William , Malaubier Jean‐Baptiste
Published: April 2014

Review: data from 1991 to the end of 2011; 1212 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dialkylaminodifluorosulfinium Tetrafluoroborate Salts: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Turcotte‐Savard Marc‐Olivier , Mahe Olivier , Paquin Jean‐Francois
Published: April 2014

Review: 29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Enzymatic Synthesis of Heparin
Authors: Jesus Ana R. , Rauter Amelia P. , Liu Jian
Published: April 2014

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Non‐natural Oligosaccharides by α‐Glucan Phosphorylase‐Catalyzed Enzymatic Glycosylations Using Analogue Substrates of α‐D‐glucose 1‐Phosphate.
Authors: Kadokawa Jun‐ichi
Published: April 2014

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Functional DNA Switches: Rational Design and Electrochemical Signaling
Authors: Tang Yiting , Ge Bixia , Sen Dipankar , Yu Hua‐Zhong
Published: April 2014

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tailoring the Structures and Compositions of One‐Dimensional Organic Nanomaterials Towards Chemical Sensing Applications
Authors: Cui Qiu Hong , Zhao Yong Sheng , Yao Jiannian
Published: April 2014

Review: [34 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Current Approaches in Tamper‐Resistant and Abuse‐Deterrent Formulations
Authors: Mastropietro David J. , Omidian Hossein
Published: April 2014

Review: 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Do Spin State and Spin Density Affect Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactivity?
Authors: Saouma Caroline T. , Mayer James M.
Published: April 2014

Review: [63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Explanation of the Mechanism for Laser Induced Selective Activation Using Diffusion Theory
Authors: Zhang Yang , Norgaard Hansen Hans , Henri Hattel Jesper , Tang Peter Torben , Skov Nielsen Jakob , Celal Tutum Cem
Published: April 2014

Review: 13 refs.
Predictors of Long‐term Maintenance of Normal Sinus Rhythm After Successful Electrical Cardioversion
Authors: Abu‐El‐Haija Basil , Giudici Michael C.
Published: April 2014

Electrical cardioversion (EC) for atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common procedure performed in an attempt to restore normal sinus rhythm (NSR). Many factors predict long‐term maintenance of NSR and the risk of AF recurrence. The duration of AF, cardiac size and function, rheumatic heart disease, significant mitral valve disease, left atrial enlargement, and older age are among the most common recognized factors. A number of interventions can potentially decrease the AF recurrence rate. Identifying and treating reversible causes and the use of antiarrhythmic medications in certain situations can help decrease the risk of AF recurrence. The role of the newer anticoagulants is expanding, and wider application is expected in the near future. We hope that this summary will serve as a guide to physicians and healthcare providers to address the question of who should undergo cardioversion, as there are patients who are most likely to benefit from this procedure and others that will revert back into AF within a short period. To identify who would benefit most from EC and have a reasonable chance of long‐term maintenance of NSR, a thorough evaluation of each individual patient should be performed to tailor the best therapy to each individual.
From Door‐to‐Balloon Time to Contact‐to‐Device Time: Predictors of Achieving Target Times in Patients With ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Roswell Robert O. , Greet Brian , Parikh Parin , Mignatti Andrea , Freese John , Lobach Iryna , Guo Yu , Keller Norma , Radford Martha , Bangalore Sripal
Published: April 2014

Background

The 2013 American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) guidelines have shifted focus from door‐to‐balloon (D2B) time to the time from first medical contact to device activation (contact‐to‐device time [C2D] ).

Hypothesis

This study investigates the impact of prehospital wireless electrocardiogram transmission (PHT) on reperfusion times to assess the impact of the new guidelines.

Methods

From January 2009 to December 2012, data were collected on STEMI patients who received percutaneous coronary interventions; 245 patients were included for analysis. The primary outcome was median C2D time in the PHT group and the secondary outcome was D2B time.

Results

Prehospital wireless electrocardiogram transmission was associated with reduced C2D times vs no PHT: 80 minutes (interquartile range [IQR], 64–94) vs 96 minutes (IQR, 79—118), respectively, P < 0.0001. The median D2B time was lower in the PHT group vs the no‐PHT group: 45 minutes (IQR, 34–56) vs 63 minutes (IQR, 49–81), respectively, P < 0.0001. Multivariate analysis showed PHT to be the strongest predictor of a C2D time of <90 minutes (odds ratio: 3.73, 95% confidence interval: 1.65‐8.39, P = 0.002). Female sex was negatively predictive of achieving a C2D time <90 minutes (odds ratio: 0.23, 95% confidence interval: 0.07‐0.73, P = 0.01).

Conclusions

In STEMI patients, PHT was associated with significantly reduced C2D and D2B times and was an independent predictor of achieving a target C2D time. As centers adapt to the new guidelines emphasizing C2D time, targeting a shorter D2B time (<50 minutes) is ideal to achieve a C2D time of <90 minutes.
Intramolecular π Stacking in Cationic Iridium(III) Complexes with Phenyl‐Functionalized Cyclometalated Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, Photophysical Properties, and Theoretical Studies
Authors: Li Peng , Shan Guo‐Gang , Cao Hong‐Tao , Zhu Dong‐Xia , Su Zhong‐Min , Jitchati Rukkiat , Bryce Martin R.
Published: April 2014

The syntheses of two new heteroleptic cationic iridium complexes containing 2,6‐diphenylpyridine (Hdppy) and 2,4,6‐triphenylpyridine (Htppy) as the cyclometalated ligands, namely, [Ir(dppy)2phen]PF6 (1, phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline) and [Ir(tppy)2phen]PF6 (2), are described. The X‐ray crystal structure of 2 reveals a distorted octahedral geometry around the Ir center and close intramolecular face‐to‐face π–π stacking interactions between the pendant phenyl rings at the 2‐position of the cyclometalated ligands and the NN ancillary ligand. This represents a new π–π stacking mode in charged Ir complexes. Complexes 1 and 2 are green photoemitters: their photophysical and electrochemical properties are interpreted with the assistance of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. These calculations also establish that the observed intramolecular interactions cannot effectively prevent the lengthening of the Ir–N bonds of the complexes in their metal‐centered (3MC) states. Complexes 1 and 2 do not emit light in light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) under conditions in which the model compound [Ir(ppy)2phen]PF6 (3) emits strongly. This is explained by degradation reactions of the 3MC state of 1 and 2 under the applied bias during LEC operation facilitated by the enhanced distortions in the geometry of the complexes. These observations have important implications for the future design of complexes for LEC applications.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and DNA Cleavage Activities of Manganese(II) Complexes: A Good Example of the Synergy between Metal Ions Prompting DNA Cleavage
Authors: Zhu Li‐Na , Gao Huan‐Rui , Wang Hai‐Xian , Xu Ming‐Yuan , Li Xiao‐Zeng
Published: April 2014

The potential synergy between metal centers makes multinuclear metal complexes promising candidates for artificial nucleases. However, few multinuclear mimics have shown higher DNA cleavage efficiencies than their mononuclear analogues. By using 1,8‐naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (1,8‐H2ndc) and 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) ligands, one mononuclear complex [Mn(1,8‐ndc)(phen)2(H2O)]·CH3OH·2H2O (1), two dinuclear complexes [Mn(1,8‐Hndc)(phen)2]2·2ClO4·4H2O (2) and [Mn(1,8‐ndc)(phen)(H2O)2]2·CH3OH·H2O (3), and one hexanuclear complex [Mn(1,8‐ndc)(phen)(H2O)2]6·11H2O (4) were synthesized and structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. Complexes 2–4 have closed‐ring structures bridged by 1,8‐ndc ligands that adopt a peculiar μ2‐η1:η1 bridging mode, which has never been reported before. Circular dichroism and fluorescence studies show that the four complexes interacted with calf thymus DNA through the intercalative binding mode, and the binding ability order is 2 > 1 > 3 > 4. All of the complexes can efficiently promote the oxidative cleavage of plasmid pBR 322 DNA in the presence of H2O2 with an efficiency order 3 > 4 > 2 > 1. The higher DNA cleavage abilities of the multinuclear complexes than the mononuclear one, combined with the fact that 3 with the shortest intramolecular Mn···Mn distance and the strongest magnetic coupling between MnII ions shows the highest DNA cleavage efficiency, confirm the great effect of the synergy between metal centers on the DNA cleavage efficiency of complexes. The four complexes also show strong concentration‐dependent cytotoxicity to human breast cancer cells.
Where diversity comes from and why it matters?
Authors: Page Scott E.
Published: April 2014

In this essay, I describe some of the benefits of cognitive diversity in a complex world as well as the origins of that diversity. The essay has two main parts sandwiched between a brief description of what I mean by diversity and complexity, as well as a brief discussion of whether social systems produce sufficient diversity. In the first part, I describe models that provide insight into why we see the levels of diversity that we do. These models rest on social psychological foundations but borrow ideas from economics as well as population genetics. In the second part, I describe the functional benefits of diversity. I show how diverse predictive models can make a collection of people better able to make accurate predictions, how diverse perspectives and heuristics can enable groups of problem solvers to find innovative new solutions to problems, and how diverse behaviors and representations of the world can make a society more robust. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A heterogeneous modeling method for porous media flows
Authors: Hlepas Georgette , Truster Timothy , Masud Arif
Published: April 2014

This paper presents a new heterogeneous multiscale modeling method for porous media flows. Physics at the global level is governed by one set of PDEs, while features in the solution that are beyond the resolution capacity of the global model are accounted for by the next refined set of governing equations. In this method, the global or coarse model is given by the Darcy equation, while the local or refined model is given by the Darcy–Stokes equation. Concurrent domain decomposition where global and local models are applied to adjacent subdomains, as well as overlapping domain decomposition where global and local models coexist on overlapping domains, is considered. An interface operator is developed for the case where global and local models commute along the common interface. For the overlapping decomposition, a residual‐based coupling technique is developed that consistently facilitates bottom‐up embedding of scale effects from the local Darcy–Stokes model into the global Darcy model. Numerical results are presented for nonoverlapping and overlapping domain decompositions for various benchmark problems. Computed results show that the hierarchically coupled models accurately account for the heterogeneity of the medium and efficiently incorporate local features into the global response. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Live cell imaging of the intracellular compartmentalization of the contaminate benzo[a]pyrene
Authors: Ali Rizwan , Trump Saskia , Lehmann Irina , Hanke Thomas
Published: April 2014

This study investigates the cellular response of murine hepatoma cells to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) using two‐photon and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The intracellular distribution of B[a]P and the B[a]P/AhR complex was visualized time‐ and concentration‐dependent for up to 48 h of exposure. B[a]P was predominantly found in lipid droplets, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes, where B[a]P is collected and forms large aggregates. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and bleb formation due to high B[a]P concentrations were observed. The imaging data presented in this study provide new insights into the systemic cellular regulation following B[a]P exposure. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)