bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPROVING peLIFO CACHE REPLACEMENT POLICY: HARDWARE REDUCTION AND THREAD-AWARE EXTENSION
Authors: SEDANO ENRIQUE , SEPULVEDA SILVIO , CASTRO FERNANDO , CHAVER DANIEL , GONZALEZ-ALBERQUILLA RODRIGO , TIRADO FRANCISCO
Published: January 2014

Studying blocks behavior during their lifetime in cache can provide useful information to reduce the miss rate and therefore improve processor performance. According to this rationale, the peLIFO replacement algorithm [M. Chaudhuri, Proc. Micro'09, New York, 12–16 December, 2009, pp. 401–412], which learns dynamically the number of cache ways required to satisfy short-term reuses preserving the remaining ways for long-term reuses, has been recently proposed. In this paper, we propose several changes to the original peLIFO policy in order to reduce the implementation complexity involved, and we extend the algorithm to a shared-cache environment considering dynamic information about threads behavior to improve cache efficiency. Experimental results confirm that our simplification techniques reduce the required hardware with a negligible performance penalty, while the best of our thread-aware extension proposals reduces average CPI by 8.7% and 15.2% on average compared to the original peLIFO and LRU respectively for a set of 43 multi-programmed workloads on an 8 MB 16-way set associative shared L2 cache.
ANALYSIS OF THE SYMMETRY ENERGY IN A MICROSCOPIC APPROACH
Authors: SAMMARRUCA FRANCESCA
Published: January 2014

A major goal of contemporary nuclear physics is to improve our knowledge of the nuclear matter equation of state (EoS). In particular, the EoS of isospin-asymmetric matter (that is, with unequal concentrations of protons and neutrons), is not well understood, mostly due to our limited knowledge of the symmetry energy. The latter reduces the binding energy in a nucleus with unequal number of protons and neutrons, and is crucial for understanding nuclear stability. We will review experimental, phenomenological and theoretical facts about the symmetry energy, with particular emphasis on analyzing how the various components of the nuclear force, in a microscopic model, contribute to this important quantity.
Efficient Time-Stamped Event Sequence Anonymization
Authors: Sherkat Reza , Li Jing , Mamoulis Nikos
Published: January 2014

With the rapid growth of applications which generate timestamped sequences (click streams, GPS trajectories, RFID sequences), sequence anonymization has become an important problem, in that should such data be published or shared. Existing trajectory anonymization techniques disregard the importance of time or the sensitivity of events. This article is the first, to our knowledge, thorough study on time-stamped event sequence anonymization. We propose a novel and tunable generalization framework tailored to event sequences. We generalize time stamps using time intervals and events using a taxonomy which models the domain semantics. We consider two scenarios: (i) sharing the data with a single receiver (the SSR setting), where the receiver’s background knowledge is confined to a set of time stamps and time generalization suffices, and (ii) sharing the data with colluding receivers (the SCR setting), where time generalization should be combined with event generalization. For both cases, we propose appropriate anonymization methods that prevent both user identification and event prediction. To achieve computational efficiency and scalability, we propose optimization techniques for both cases using a utility-based index, compact summaries, fast to compute bounds for utility, and a novel taxonomy-aware distance function. Extensive experiments confirm the effectiveness of our approach compared with state of the art, in terms of information loss, range query distortion, and preserving temporal causality patterns. Furthermore, our experiments demonstrate efficiency and scalability on large-scale real and synthetic datasets.
Formal and computational properties of the confidence boost of association rules
Authors: Balcázar José L.
Published: January 2014

Some existing notions of redundancy among association rules allow for a logical-style characterization and lead to irredundant bases of absolutely minimum size. We push the intuition of redundancy further to find an intuitive notion of novelty of an association rule, with respect to other rules. Namely, an irredundant rule is so because its confidence is higher than what the rest of the rules would suggest; then, one can ask: how much higher?

We propose to measure such a sort of novelty through the
confidence boost
of a rule. Acting as a complement to confidence and support, the confidence boost helps to obtain small and crisp sets of mined association rules and solves the well-known problem that, in certain cases, rules of negative correlation may pass the confidence bound. We analyze the properties of two versions of the notion of confidence boost, one of them a natural generalization of the other. We develop algorithms to filter rules according to their confidence boost, compare the concept to some similar notions in the literature, and describe the results of some experimentation employing the new notions on standard benchmark datasets. We describe an open source association mining tool that embodies one of our variants of confidence boost in such a way that the data mining process does not require the user to select any value for any parameter.
Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease with [18F]PET in Mild and Asymptomatic Stages
Authors: Drzezga Alexander
Published: January 2014

With longer life expectancy, dementia based on the age-related Alzheimers’ disease (AD) has turned into one of the most prevalent disorders of older age, representing a serious medical and socio-economic issue. There has been growing interest in early diagnosis of this disease, particularly regarding the initiation of new treatment strategies ahead of the onset of irreversible neuronal damage. It is accepted that the pathologic changes underlying AD appear in the brain years to decades before the symptomatic stages. Consequently, clinical measures of cognitive impairment, as used for definition of dementia, will not allow early diagnosis of AD-pathology in the mild or asymptomatic stages. Thus, a need for complementary sensitive biomarkers is apparent. Brain imaging markers are among the most promising candidates for this diagnostic challenge. Particularly, [18F]FDG PET as a marker of regional neuronal function has been demonstrated to represent a most sensitive and specific method for early identification of AD-pathology and thus for prediction of dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), even in the mild and asymptomatic stages. Currently, systematic data of comparable quality are hardly available for any other imaging procedure. The purpose of this article is to describe the typical findings of [18F]FDG PET in different stages of AD and to demonstrate its value for early and reliable diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, particularly ahead of the stage of dementia of the Alzheimer’s type.
Visual Agnosia for Line Drawings and Silhouettes without Apparent Impairment of Real-Object Recognition: A Case Report
Authors: Hiraoka Kotaro , Suzuki Kyoko , Hirayama Kazumi , Mori Etsuro
Published: January 2014

We report on a patient with visual agnosia for line drawings and silhouette pictures following cerebral infarction in the region of the right posterior cerebral artery. The patient retained the ability to recognize real objects and their photographs, and could precisely copy line drawings of objects that she could not name. This case report highlights the importance of clinicians and researchers paying special attention to avoid overlooking agnosia in such cases. The factors that lead to problems in the identification of stimuli other than real objects in agnosic cases are discussed.
Lymphoma of the Urinary Bladder
Authors: Venyo Anthony Kodzo-Grey
Published: January 2014

Background. Lymphoma of the urinary bladder (LUB) is rare.Aims. To review the literature on LUB.Methods. Various internet databases were used.Results. LUB can be either primary or secondary. The tumour has female predominance; most cases occur in middle-age women. Secondary LUB occurs in 10% to 25% of leukemias/lymphomas and in advanced-stage systemic lymphoma. Less than 100 cases have been reported. MALT typically affects adults older than 60 years; 75% are female. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is also common and may arise from transformation of MALT. LUB presents with haematuria, dysuria, urinary frequency, nocturia, and abdominal or back pain. Macroscopic examination of LUBs show large discrete tumours centred in the dome or lateral walls of the bladder. Positive staining of LUB varies by the subtype of lymphoma; B-cell lymphomas are CD20 positive. MALT lymphoma is positively stained for CD20, CD19, and FMC7 and negatively stained for CD5, CD10, and CD11c. LUB stains negatively with Pan-keratin, vimentin, CK20, and CK7. MALT lymphoma exhibits t(11; 18)(q21: 21). Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for the MALT type of LUB with no recurrence.Conclusions.LUB is diagnosed by its characteristic morphology and immunohistochemical characteristics. Radiotherapy is a useful treatment.
Enhancement of Photon Absorption onBaxSr1-xTiO3Thin-Film Semiconductor Using Photonic Crystal
Authors: Nuayi Abd. Wahidin , Alatas Husin , Husein Irzaman S. , Rahmat Mamat
Published: January 2014

Enhancement of photon absorption on barium strontium titanate (BaxSr1-xTiO3) thin-film semiconductor for mole fractionx=0.25, 0.35, 0.45, and 0.55 using one-dimensional photonic crystal with defect was investigated experimentally. The thin film was grown on transparent conductive oxide (TCO) substrate using chemical solution deposition method and annealed at 500°C for 15 hours with increasing rate of 1.6°C/min. From optical characterization in visible spectrum it was found that the average absorption percentages are 92.04%, 83.55%, 91.16%, and 80.12%, respectively. The BST thin film with embedded photonic crystal exhibited a relatively significant enhancement on photon absorption, with increasing value of 3.96%, 7.07%, 3.04%, and 13.33% for the respective mole fraction and demonstrating absorbance characteristic with flat feature. In addition, we also discuss the thin-film properties of attenuation constant and electrical conductivity.
Enhanced Sliding Mode Control with CEMF Compensation for Tracking Control of a Piezoactuated Flexure-Based Mechanism
Authors: Lin Chih-Jer , Lin Chii-Ruey , Yu Shen-Kai , Hsu Chin-Ren
Published: January 2014

This paper proposes an enhanced sliding mode controller (SMC) for piezoelectric actuator based flexural mechanism (PABFM) to track desired motion trajectories. First, based on the variable structural control approach, the proposed controller is established to accommodate parameter uncertainties, nonlinearity, and unmodelled disturbances. Because the traditional sliding-mode control cannot deal with mismatched disturbances effectively, a hysteresis counterelectromotive force (CEMF) model is proposed to describe nonlinear hysteresis effect and electric-mechanical coupling of PABFM. as Similar to the CEMF voltage for a motor caused by a changing electromagnetic field due to a rotating armature, the CEMF voltage appears to PA due to polarization and molecule friction of piezomaterial. The CEMF model is identified using a charge system search (CSS). Then, the proposed SMC with CEMF compensation is studied to deal with the mismatched nonlinear disturbances. To check the consistency of the proposed SMC controller with CEMF compensation, the simulation results were compared with the experimental results. The real-time implementation validated the tracking error better than the traditional SMC.
Wear Behaviour of Nanocrystalline Fe88Si12Alloy in Water Environment
Authors: Fu Licai , Yang Jun , Bi Qinling , Liu Weimin
Published: January 2014

Wear behaviour of nanocrystalline Fe88Si12alloy has been investigated in water environment compared with the coarse grained counterpart. The friction coefficient of the Fe88Si12alloy changes slightly with the grain size. The wear resistance is enhanced as the grain size decreases first and then reduces when the grain size continues to decrease, although the hardness of the Fe88Si12alloy decreases monotonically with the grain size. It is contrary to the predications of Archard’s formula. The best wear resistance of Fe88Si12alloy with grain size of 40 nm in our present work is attributed to the proper grain boundary volume fraction and composite phase structures of disordered B2 and ordered D03.
Giant Cell Fibroma of Tongue: Understanding the Nature of an Unusual Histopathological Entity
Authors: Sonalika Wanjari Ghate , Sahu Anshuta , Deogade Suryakant C. , Gupta Pushkar , Naitam Dinesh , Chansoria Harsh , Agarwal Jatin , Katoch Shiva
Published: January 2014

Giant cell fibroma (GCF) is a rare case with unique histopathology. It belongs to the broad category of fibrous hyperplastic lesions of the oral cavity. It is often mistaken with fibroma and papilloma due to its clinical resemblance. Only its peculiar histopathological features help us to distinguish it from them. The origin of the giant cell is still controversial. Data available is very sparse to predict the exact behavior. Hence, we report a case of GCF of tongue in a 19-year-old male. Special emphasis is given to understand the basic process of development of the lesion, nature of giant cells, and also the need for formation of these peculiar cells. Briefly, the differential diagnosis for GCF is tabulated.
Development and Validation of Spectrophotometric Methods for Simultaneous Estimation of Valsartan and Hydrochlorothiazide in Tablet Dosage Form
Authors: Jadhav Monika L. , Girase Manoj V. , Tidme Shripad K. , Junagade Manish S.
Published: January 2014

Two UV-spectrophotometric methods have been developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide in a tablet dosage form. The first method employed solving of simultaneous equations based on the measurement of absorbance at two wavelengths, 249.4 nm and 272.6 nm, λmax for valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively. The second method was absorbance ratio method, which involves formation of Q-absorbance equation at 258.4 nm (isoabsorptive point) and also at 272.6 nm (λmax of hydrochlorothiazide). The methods were found to be linear between the range of 5–30 µg/mL for valsartan and 4–24 μg/mL for hydrochlorothiazide using 0.1 N NaOH as solvent. The mean percentage recovery was found to be 100.20% and 100.19% for the simultaneous equation method and 98.56% and 97.96% for the absorbance ratio method, for valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively, at three different levels of standard additions. The precision (intraday, interday) of methods was found within limits (RSD<2%). It could be concluded from the results obtained in the present investigation that the two methods for simultaneous estimation of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage form are simple, rapid, accurate, precise and economical and can be used, successfully, in the quality control of pharmaceutical formulations and other routine laboratory analysis.
Synthesis and Study of Electrical Properties of SbTeI
Authors: Dubey Harish K. , Deshmukh L. P. , Kshirsagar D. E. , Sharon Madhuri , Sharon Maheshwar
Published: January 2014

Needle shaped SbTeI crystals were obtained by solid state reaction. Electrical resistance was measured in the temperature range of 4 K to 550 K. SbTeI shows a metallic behavior from 4 K to 300 K, and at higher temperature (>300 K), it shows semiconducting behavior. Unlike SbSI, this material shows almost zero resistance around 550 K. It shows a piezoelectric behavior with a capacitance of 717 pF and its carrier density and nobilities are found to be 2.12 × 1016 cm−3 and 1.01 cm2/(V·s), respectively. Crystals of SbTeI are characterized by XRD, SEM, and Raman analysis. Electrical activation energy is found to be 0.52 eV. It is suggested that this material may be studied for its application as a superconductor with Tc higher than room temperature.
Real-Time Music Notation in Mixed Laptop–Acoustic Ensembles
Authors: Lee Sang Won , Freeman Jason
Published: January 2014

SGLC is a recent set of extensions to LOLC, a text-based environment for collaborative improvisation for laptop ensembles. SGLC integrates acoustic musicians into the LOLC environment: Laptop musicians author short commands to generate real-time notation, and acoustic musicians sight-read it in performance. We describe the background and motivations of the project, outline the design of LOLC and SGLC, explain the use of SGLC in a musical composition by one of the authors, and evaluate the impact of real-time notation on a concert performance with the environment.
Counting Carbon: The Politics of Carbon Footprints and Climate Governance from the Individual to the Global
Authors: Turner James Morton
Published: January 2014

This article considers carbon footprints as a form of climate governance. Drawing on science studies to consider the contingent nature of calculative devices and governmentality studies to examine the intrinsic relationship between how problems are framed and remedied, this article advances two arguments. First, it argues that efforts to define and deploy carbon footprints contributed to a conceptual shift in emissions accounting, from a narrower metric focused on emissions from fossil fuel and electricity use—Carbon Footprint 1.0—to a more expansive metric that includes emissions embodied in consumption and trade—Carbon Footprint 2.0. Second, this article argues that these approaches to carbon footprints at the individual level have intersected with broader discussions about allocating emissions responsibilities and examining mitigation strategies at the national and international levels, offering alternative grounds for assigning responsibility for climate-change mitigation and expanding the range of policy options available for addressing emissions.
A Second-Generation Blackbody System for the Calibration and Verification of Seagoing Infrared Radiometers
Authors: Donlon Craig J. , Wimmer W. , Robinson I. , Fisher G. , Ferlet M. , Nightingale T. , Bras B.
Published: January 2014

Quasi-operational shipborne radiometers provide a fiducial reference measurement (FRM) for satellite validation of satellite sea surface skin temperature (SSTskin) retrievals. External reference blackbodies are required to verify the performance and to quantify the accuracy of the radiometer calibration system. They provide a link in an unbroken chain of comparisons between the shipborne radiometer and a traceable reference standard. A second-generation water bath blackbody reference radiance source has been developed for this purpose. The second generation Concerted Action for the Study of the Ocean Thermal Skin (CASOTS-II) blackbody has a 110-mm-diameter aperture cylinder-cone geometry coated with NEXTEL suede 3103 paint. Interchangeable aperture stops reduce the cavity aperture diameter and minimize stray radiation. Monte Carlo modeling techniques show the effective emissivity of the cavity to be >0.9999 (aperture < 30 mm). The cavity is immersed in a water bath that is vigorously stirred using a pump that slowly heats the water bath at a mean rate of ~0.6 K h−1. The temperature of the water bath is measured using a thermometer traceable to the International System of Units (SI) standards. The worst-case radiance temperature of the CASOTS-II blackbody system is traceable to the SI with an uncertainty of 58 mK (millikelvin). When operating under typical laboratory conditions using an aperture of 40 mm, the uncertainty is 16 mK. An intercomparison with the U.K. National Physical Laboratory Absolute Measurements of Blackbody Emitted Radiance (AMBER) reference radiometer found no significant differences within 75 mK (110-mm aperture) or 50 mK (40-mm aperture), which is the combined uncertainty of the comparison and the reference standard for SI traceability of ISAR radiometer SSTskin records used for satellite SST validation. Applications of the CASOTS-II blackbody to monitor the calibration of shipborne radiometers are described and measurement protocols are proposed.
Gradient Wind Balance in Tropical Cyclones in High-Resolution Global Experiments
Authors: Miyamoto Yoshiaki , Satoh Masaki , Tomita Hirofumi , Oouchi Kazuyoshi , Yamada Yohei , Kodama Chihiro , Kinter James
Published: January 2014

The degree of gradient wind balance was investigated in a number of tropical cyclones (TCs) simulated under realistic environments. The results of global-scale numerical simulations without cumulus parameterization were used, with a horizontal mesh size of 7 km. On average, azimuthally averaged maximum tangential velocities at 850 (925) hPa in the simulated TCs were 0.72% (1.95%) faster than gradient wind–balanced tangential velocity (GWV) during quasi-steady periods. Of the simulated TCs, 75% satisfied the gradient wind balance at the radius of maximum wind speed (RMW) at 850 and at 925 hPa to within about 4.0%. These results were qualitatively similar to those obtained during the intensification phase. In contrast, averages of the maximum and minimum deviations from the GWV, in all the azimuths at the RMW, achieved up to 40% of the maximum tangential velocity. Azimuthally averaged tangential velocities exceeded the GWV (i.e., supergradient) inside the RMW in the lower troposphere, whereas the velocities were close to or slightly slower than GWV (i.e., subgradient) in the other regions. The tangential velocities at 925 hPa were faster (slower) in the right-hand (left hand) side of the TC motion. When the tangential velocities at the RMW were supergradient, the primary circulation tended to decay rapidly in the vertical direction and slowly in the radial direction, and the eyewall updraft and the RMW were at larger radii. Statistical analyses revealed that the TC with supergradient wind at the RMW at 850 hPa was characterized by stronger intensity, larger RMW, more axisymmetric structure, and an intensity stronger than potential intensity.
The Early Victorian Needlemakers 1830-1860
Authors: Rollins John G.
Published: January 2014

The period under review is without doubt the most interesting in the long and complex history of needle making. It covers the great period of change from the very wide spread and diversified cottage and domestic craft industry, to the highly developed, closely integrated and very localised factory system of today; from the skilled craftsmanship of the individual master, with his journeyman and two apprentices to the mechanised production of the teeming mills. Mechanisation brought about an amazing concentration of needlemakers in the valley of the River Arrow. The River Arrow separates Worcestershire from Warwickshire and the Forest of Arden from the Forest of Feckenham, and rises in the Lickey Hills five miles south of Birmingham and discharges into the Stratford Avon below Bidford. This valley in the fullness of time became known as the English Needle Region.
Eighteenth-Century Stays: Their Origins and Creators
Authors: Sorge Lynn
Published: January 2014

Whoever has a mind to abundance of trouble,

Let him furnish himself with a ship and a Woman,

For no two things will find you more Employment,

If once you begin to rig them out with all their Streamers,

Nor are they sufficiently adorned,

Or satisfied, that you have done enough to set them forth.

Plaut. Poenulus. Act. I Scen 2
Technology of the manufacture of Mesolithic Bone Arrowheads on the Upper Volga
Authors: Zhilin Mickle G.
Published: January 2014

Excavations of stratified peat sites, carried out by the author on the Upper Volga during recent years, yielded a large number of varied bone projectile heads. Among these, arrowheads are most numerous. Half-finished artifacts of this group were also found together with lithic tools used for boneworking. Traceological studies enabled the author to identify various features left by lithic tools on the surface of the bone artifacts. A programme of experiments helped in the understanding of the operational chain during their manufacture, and what tools were used for each stage.

Long tubular bones were used to make the majority of the arrowheads. They were either broken into long pieces with a hammerstone or use was made of the ‘groove and splinter’ technique. Direct percussion with hammerstones was used for other bones. Secondary treatment included more accurate flaking and retouch, cutting, planing, scraping, sawing with the help of stone tools, usually flint burins, knives, scrapers and saws. Abrasive slabs were used for grinding, while fine polishing was achieved with the help of leather, sometimes, with fine dust-like abrasive agents.

The operational chain for the manufacture of arrowheads was the following: (1) obtaining a splinter of bone; (2) removal of unnecessary mass of bone with the help of burin and scraper to create a pre-form; (3) cutting of slots for inserts (for composite arrowheads); (4) planing of the surface with a knife, carving of details and, engraving of ornamentation. Many arrowheads were then polished, except for their bases. Specific variants of secondary treatment were observed on some arrowheads. The study showed a high degree of development of boneworking, with standardization of designs and technological operations, especially during Boreal times. Later, many arrowheads were crudely made, though wear traces and resin at their bases indicate that these are finished tools which were used.
Crossing the Boundaries: Triple Horns and Emblematic Transference
Authors: Green Miranda J.
Published: January 2014

This paper explores one aspect of the way in which cult-iconography of the later Iron Age and Roman periods in non-Classical Europe broke the rules of mimetic (life-copying) representation, with, reference to a particular motif: the triple horn. The presence of three-horned images within the iconographic repertoire of western Europe during this period clearly illustrates two aspects of such rule-breaking. On the one hand, the image of the triple-horned bull – well-known in the archaeological record, particularly of Roman Gaul – exemplifies a recurrent Gallo-Roman and Romano-British tradition in which realism was suppressed in favour of emphasis to the power of three. On the other hand, the triple-horned emblem is not confined to the adornment of bulls but may, on occasion, be transferred to ‘inappropriate’ images, both of animals which are naturally hornless and of humans. Such emblematic transference, with its consequence of dissonance and contradiction in the visual message, on the one hand, and the presence of symbolism associated with boundaries and transition, on the other, suggests the manipulation of motifs in order to endow certain images with a particular symbolic energy, born of paradox, the deliberate introduction of disorder or chaos and the expression of liminality. The precise meaning conveyed by such iconographic ‘anarchy’ is impossible to grasp fully but – at the least – appears to convey an expression of ‘otherness’ in which order imposed by empirical observation of earthly ‘reality’ is deemed irrelevant to other states of being and to the supernatural world.
L'archélolgie française et le Régime de Vichy (1940–1944)
Authors: Olivier Laurent
Published: January 2014

For four years (1940–1944) after its defeat by the Third Reich, France was ruled by an anti-republican government whose active collaboration with the Nazis made a major contribution to the persecution and extermination of the Jews. Through the ‘National Revolution’, the Vichy regime developed an ideology opposed to democracy and republican roots and sought to re-invent its national origins as a justification for Pétainism. Thus, the Gallic past and archaeology in general played an important role in this new ideology by assimilating the defeat of the Gauls by Caesar to that of the French by the Nazis and by then comparing the successful incorporation of Gaul into the Roman Empire with that of France into a ‘new Europe’ dominated by Nazi Germany. At the same time, the Vichy regime provided French archaeology with its first legal and administrative structure, which allowed the development of the discipline. This legislative and administrative framework was preserved intact not only until the liberation but right up to the present day. It is the permanence of this structure which creates the problem of the relationship between current French archaeology and the Vichy regime.
Archaeological Archives: Serving the Public Interest?
Authors: Merriman Nick , Swain Hedley
Published: January 2014

The aim of this paper is to highlight the neglected role of archaeological archives in Cultural Resource Management in particular and in the discipline of archaeology in general. Through reference to a major recent survey of the size, condition, usage and future prospects of archaeological archives in England, it is argued that the neglect of archives leads to fundamental questions regarding the purpose of archaeology in general. Why are archaeological archives generated and kept ‘for posterity’? If they are worthy of retention, how can they be better used and integrated into the discipline? It is argued that there is a need to recognize the ‘ex situ’ archaeological resource as a concept and that archaeology should recognize that the study of this resource should be a major area of activity alongside the generation of new information through fieldwork.
Childbirth in prehistory: An introduction
Authors: Beausang Elisabeth
Published: January 2014

Childbirth in prehistorical contexts is seldom considered since there seems to be an underlying assumption that this event lacks a surrounding and traceable material culture. The argument here is that this is a judgement based upon the refusal to acknowledge childbirth as an important social event. Therefore material remains have not been identified as related to childbirth in the archaeological record. The aim of this article is to show that childbirth as a concept has many important social implications and might in fact be traceable in a wide range of prehistoric material. To illustrate this, two examples of different remains are discussed. Firstly, a skeleton with indications of childbirth, as in the case of the mesolithic ‘Woman of Barum’ found in southern Sweden. In connection with this the social implications of mother, mothering will be discussed. Secondly, the Chalcolithic findings from Kissonerga-Mosphilia, Cyprus, are highlighted and suggested to be the remains of a functional set of birth-related equipment.
Hillforts, monumentality and place: a chronological and topographic review of first millennium BC hillforts of south-east England
Authors: Hamilton Sue , Manley John
Published: January 2014

This article results from a series of visits by the authors to the 44 hillforts of south-east England. Our aim was to re-contextualize these hillforts in their landscapes. Analysis of the pottery assemblages and radiometric dates allows a three-phase chronological division of these hillforts. Assessment of the topographic positions and excavated evidence indicates that the enclosures may have functioned in distinctly different ways in each of the three phases. The data for south-east England offer a counter-analysis to the extant ‘Wessex-centric’ view of southern British hillforts.
Innovation, production and specialization in early prehistoric copper metallurgy
Authors: Ottaway B.S.
Published: January 2014

The process of the production of copper and bronze is presented in this paper as a sequential operation. Each stage of this process may influence the final product. The deconstruction of the process is a convenient way of examining each individual stage, using archaeological case studies from different places within the Old World and, where useful, ethnographic studies. The examination will focus on two aspects: innovation and specialization. It seeks to move beyond technological determinism by relating the study of technology to the context of those societies which shaped and practised it and which exercised certain choices in its execution.
Pots, Slavs and ‘imagined communities’: Slavic archaeologies and the history of the early Slavs
Authors: Curta Florin
Published: January 2014

Despite recent emphasis on the impact of nationalism on archaeology, the discussion has centered more on the ideological framework of the culture-historical school of archaeology, particularly on the concept of archaeological culture. Comparatively little attention has been paid to how archaeologists contributed to the construction of the national past. This article examines Slavic archaeology, a discipline crisscrossing national divisions of archaeological schools, within the broader context of the ‘politics of culture’ which characterizes all nation-states, as ‘imagined communities’ (Anderson 1991). Indeed, the current academic discourse about the early Slavs in Ukraine, Russia, and Romania appears as strikingly tied to political, rather than intellectual, considerations. In eastern Europe, the concept of archaeological culture is still defined in monothetic terms on the basis of the presence or absence of a list of traits or types derived from typical sites or intuitively considered to be representative cultural attributes. Archaeologists thus regarded archaeological cultures as actors on the historical stage, playing the role individuals or groups have in documentary history. Archaeological cultures became ethnic groups, and were used to legitimize claims of modern nation-states to territory and influence.
Ancient tuberculosis and lipid chemistry – odd bedfellows!
Authors: Redman J.E. , Stewart M.I. , Gernaey A.M.
Published: January 2014

Tuberculosis (TB), the disease caused byMycobacterium tuberculosis, has afflicted mankind for millennia. Currently, the diagnosis of TB from archaeological specimens relies on the identification of bone changes. This method is problematic, since the bone changes seen in TB are not exclusive to the disease. Here, we examine the state-of-the-art of ancient TB diagnosis using the biomarker approach. The development of biomarkers for the detection of ancient TB will provide a reliable means of diagnosis and provide archaeology with a useful tool for the investigation of the disease in archaeological populations.
Traditions in Transition: Some Thoughts on Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Burial Costumes from the Northern Caucasus
Authors: Reinhold Sabine
Published: January 2014

Ornaments, jewellery, personal equipment and weapons in graves can be defined as relicts of ancient costumes and weapon assemblages which are connected to the social identities of the buried persons. At several late Bronze Age and early Iron Age sites in the north Caucasus (Koban culture) large numbers of richly furnished graves allow the reconstruction of specific costume and armour groups. These can be related to factors which structured these communities into a ranked society. This article is based on the investigation of two cemeteries in Chechenia (north-eastern Caucasus) which demonstrate the change in social differentiation during the developed Iron Age. The article also includes a general discussion about the concepts of costumes and their potential for reconstructing social identities.
Approaches and Methods for Commissioned Archaeology in Wetlands: Experience from the E4 Project in Skåne, Southern Sweden
Authors: Lagerås Per
Published: January 2014

In this article I discuss problems and possibilities connected with commissioned archaeology in wetlands. The cultural heritage of wetlands is threatened by large-scale infrastructure projects, and there is a need within commissioned archaeology to develop approaches and techniques for systematic surveying in wetlands. With examples from an on-going project in southern Sweden, different surveying techniques are presented together with some results and interpretations. Attempts to grasp the complexity of the wetlands right from the beginning of the project proved to be fruitful, in that the palaeoenvironmental interpretations were decisive for the selection of sites for trial excavations. Interpretation of peatland expansion through time was important for the reading of the landscape and the search for settlement sites. Some techniques for trial excavations in waterlogged peat are also presented.
Looking Forward in Anger: Social and Political Transformations in the Iron Age of the North-Western Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Oubiña César Parcero
Published: January 2014

The article reviews the usefulness of the historical–anthropological models of peasantry and Germanic Mode of Production applied to the analysis of the Castro culture (Cultura Castrexa, the Iron Age of the north-western Iberian Peninsula). A historical reconstruction of the period is developed, in which the strain between local community and familial units constitutes one of the most important agents in the process of change, according to a discourse largely based on the proposals of P. Clastres on ‘societies against the state’. A relevant role is given to different forms of violence and conflict; initially they are understood as active mechanisms in inter-community relations although later they would rather become virtual and latent elements that allow the development of a model of social relations that can be defined as a non-class ‘heroic society’.
5: Critical evaluation of constitutions of certain ternary alloys containing iron, tungsten, and a third metal
Authors: Raynor G. V. , Rivlin V. G.
Published: January 2014

Critical reviews have been prepared for the ternary systems formed by iron, tungsten, and as third components, the elements cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, and titanium. Available experimental information in the metallurgical literature has been consulted and compared, and the results are presented in the form of projections of liquidus and solidus surfaces, and isothermal diagrams illustrating the constitutions in the solid state. Discrepancies between the available data for the ternary systems and those for more recently examined relevant binary systems are pointed out. In some cases these are serious, and it is demonstrated that in several cases further experimental investigations are needed
6: Critical evaluation of constitution of cobalt–chromium–iron and cobalt–iron–nickel systems
Authors: Rivlin v. G.
Published: January 2014

The phase equilibria of the systems Co–Cr–Fe and Co–Fe–Ni are reviewed in the light of recent experimental studies. Liquidus and solidus projections are given for each system. Each has one univariant reaction line defining two surfaces of primary crystallization, fcc and bcc. Detailed solid-phase studies of the Co–Cr–Fe system are presented as a series of isotherms from 1300° to 600°C and show, as the temperature is reduced, the development of the simple equilibrium between fcc and bcc into a more complex constitution involving the σ-phase. In the Co-Fe-Ni system there is no a-phase and isotherms between 800° and 400°C chiefly represent fcc/bcc boundaries. No ternary phases are found in either of the two systems. A brief note is made of metastable behaviour and of thermodynamic assessments of each system. In conclusion, some consideration is given to the parallels observable in the constitution of the two systems and that of Cr–Fe–Ni
The Library of the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace Part II. The Campbell Years
Authors: Duignan Peter
Published: January 2014

This article concludes the history of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, California, set up by Herbert Hoover after the First World War for the purpose of collecting the records of contemporary history as it was taking place. The story continues from 1960, when Dr W. Glenn Campbell was appointed director and when substantial budget increases soon led to corresponding increases in acquisitions and related research projects. Despite student unrest in the 1960s, the Institution continued to thrive and develop closer relations with Stanford. The Chinese and Russian collections in particular grew considerably. The first part of this article appeared in vol. 17, no. 1 (March 2001), pp. 3-19, of this journal.
‘A Noble MusÆum of Books’: A View of the Interior of the Harleian Library at Wimpole Hall?
Authors: Adshead David
Published: January 2014

An engraving by George Vertue and the frontispiece to a sale catalogue may reveal interior views of the library of Edward Harley, 2nd Earl of Oxford. The various locations of the Harleian Library are examined, in London and at Wimpole Hall, along with their architecture.
The Private Library in Seventeenth-and Eighteenth-Century Surrey
Authors: Purcell Mark
Published: January 2014

There were many private libraries in early modern Surrey. That at Ham House, the home of the 1st Duke of Lauderdale, was particularly notable. The elegant seventeenth-century interior still exists, though the original books have been long dispersed. Other libraries discussed include those of John Evelyn and Speaker Arthur Onslow at Clandon House. A number of other private collectors are also identified. This paper was originally delivered at a conference held in September 2001 to commemorate the tercentenary of the Cranston Library at Reigate Parish Church.
Superplasticity
Authors: Johnson R. H.
Published: January 2014

The phenomenon of superplasticity, where metals deform extensively under small forces and without risk of fracture, is no longer a scientific curiosity. Current studies range from aspects involving metal physics and extend through to areas of industrial application such as metal-working. and fabrication. In the present review superplasticity is defined and its origins surveyed. The salient features in the majority of the reported cases of superplastic behaviour in metals and alloys (and also certain ceramics) are included, together with a brief outline of some technological applications.
Materials for light-duty electrical contacts
Authors: Angus H. C.
Published: January 2014

Established materials for light-duty electrical-contact applications are based on the platinum-group metals and gold; silver, copper, tungsten, and their alloys are employed for heavy-duty contacts. The main features of the operation of heavy-duty contacts are arcing and welding, which become important when the power being switched exceeds ∼ 100 W or the current ∼ 1.0 A. In the light-duty field, erosion transfer, mechanical wear, and contact resistance are the phenomena of contact operation that have to be considered. With light-duty contacts, surfaces must be free from tarnish films to ensure low contact resistance: hence the use of the platinum metals and gold. Silver can be used only in restricted light-duty applications where the electrical and mechanical conditions permit rupture of sulphide films.
The role of dislocations in damping
Authors: Burdett C. F. , Queen T. J.
Published: January 2014

According to the classical theory of elasticity, stress and strain are uniquely related. However, as early as 1825 small deviations from perfect elasticity were observed in galvanometer suspensions. Upon release of the couple the suspension did not at once return to its zero point but approached the zero asymptotically. This behaviour, which was termed the elastic after-effect, is one of several effects, caused by the lack of uniqueness between stress and strain in the preplastic range generally known as anelasticity.
Yahoo (Yahu): Notes on the Name of Swift's Yahoos
Authors: Crider Richard
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe name Yahu, variant of Yahweh, component of numerous names in the Hebrew Bible, including the Hebrew form of Swift's own first name, Yehonatan ‘the gift of Yahu,’ may have been Swift's source for the name Yahoo in the fourth voyage of Gulliver's Travels. Swift could have meant the echo of Yahu in Yahoo as an ironic and tragic reminder that humans, said to be created in the image of Yahweh, are capable of degenerating to the moral depths symbolized by the Yahoos.
Words To Live By: Investigating Navajo Naming Practices
Authors: Holland Theodore
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe onomastic researcher who utilizes tape-recorded interviews as a source of information faces the immediate data management problems of how to process, organize, and reduce the rapidly proliferating accumulation of unorganized raw data afforded by interview transcripts and fieldnotes. THE ETHNOGRAPH®, a program for the computer-assisted analysis of text-based data, was a valuable aid in an exploratory study of Navajo naming practices.
The Trouble with Ibsen's Names
Authors: Maylath Bruce
Published: January 2014

AbstractHenrik Ibsen appears to have chosen or even invented many of his characters' names in order to signal to his audiences something about the characters. Although the meanings contained in the names are usually transparent to Scandinavian audiences, most remain opaque to English-speakers, who now constitute Ibsen's largest audience. The problem of how to deal with personal names, especially whether or not they should be translated, literally or metaphorically, is more general than Ibsen or Norwegian and extends to all literature translated from one language into another. Aspects of this problem are explored and several possible solutions are proposed.
Arrosoir, oui, Manhattan, non: Naming and the Law in France
Authors: Willingham-McLain Laurel
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe history of the French prénom ‘given name’ laws of 1803 and 1993 are recounted. The terms of the Consulate's 1803 law and how authorities have interpreted and applied them throughout the last two centuries are presented. The law was originally intended to prevent using last names as first names. However, in the twentieth century this same law was used to protect children from potentially harmful names. The naming law of 1993 appears to put into effect what had already become the practice. Sources of information include legal documents, interviews, newspapers and naming books for parents.
Effects of Name Sounds in the Congressional Elections of 1998
Authors: Smith Grant W.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study extends earlier studies demonstrating electoral predictions based on selected phonetic features in the names of political candidates. The current study tested modifications of the original analytical model and enlarged the data base five-fold, applying the revised model to all 1998 races for the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives. The modifications did not affect the success of the model significantly, but the larger sample of data reaffirmed the model's statistical reliability.
Structure and Controversy: What Names Authorities Adjudicate
Authors: Gasque Thomas J.
Published: January 2014

AbstractTo deal with proposals for new placenames and to arbitrate disputes over existing names, state names agencies have adopted a variety of methods and structures, ranging from large committees to individuals, to make recommendations to the Domestic Names Committee of the United States Board on Geographic Names. These authorities have often found themselves involved in controversy. In recent years the concern has been over the use of derogatory names, especially names containing the word “squaw,” and states have approached this problem in various ways. Of longer standing concern are commemorative names, and authorities have to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of naming features on the landscape for individuals.