bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experiences of a Virtual Objective Structured Clinical Examination during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Bedoya-Sommerkamp Marcelo , Málaga-Espinoza Bárbara , Gurfinchel-Zevallos Deborah , Ye-Tay Joselyn , Vallejo-Vigo Rose , Mas Guiliana , Huerta-Mercado Jorge
Published: July 2022

Objective: To describe the process and development of a Virtual Objective Structured Clinical Examination (V-OSCE), and the perception of this virtual evaluation through a survey aimed at fifth-year students from a Peruvian medical school.Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study. The V-OSCE was held between August and September 2020 using the Zoom® platform (Zoom Video Communications, Inc., San José, California, USA). The students completed five stations, which included clinical scenarios of endocrine, rheumatic, gastrointestinal, and hematologic pathologies. Standardized simulated patients were used. An anonymous Likert scale survey was conducted among students with Google Forms (Google LLC, Mountain View, California, USA), and the data were analyzed with STATA® 16 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, Texas, USA). Results: Of the 145 students who participated in the V-OSCE, 85% perceived that the evaluation met their expectations as a learning tool, 81.7% stated that it allowed them to put the acquired knowledge into practice, and 89.2% rated the quality of the organization and development of the V-OSCE as "excellent" or "good". However, 13.3% perceived that the greatest limitation was not being able to perform the physical examination in person.Conclusions: The V-OSCE constitutes a good evaluation tool for medical students. Although it does not replace face-to-face evaluation, it is a very useful instrument for evaluating scenarios that emphasize on anamnesis. It is a safe and efficient evaluation alternative in the context of the pandemic.
Neural network models for predicting urban albedo of urban surfaces with different reflection directional properties
Authors: Yuan Jihui , Masuko Shingo , Shimazaki Yasuhiro
Published: July 2022

The urban albedo is regarded as an important indicator for mitigating the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. The goal of this paper is to create neural network models that forecast the urban albedo of various reflection directional characteristic urban surfaces by simply inputting the sun’s position (altitude and azimuth) and solar radiation. In this study, two urban models with diffuse highly reflective (DHR) and retro-reflective (RR) urban coatings are created, and their urban albedo for two sunny days is calculated using standard (ASTM E1918A). Using the measured urban albedo for one sunny day, two predictive neural network models, Gaussian process (NNGP) and hyperbolic tangent function (NNTanH) are developed (August 1, 2021). The two developed neural network models are used to forecast the urban albedo for another sunny day (July 19, 2021). In the case of DHR urban coatings, the NNTanH model is more accurate with higher R-squared (R2) and lower root mean squared error (RMSE) than the NNGP model, and there is no significant difference between the two neural network models. However, it is demonstrated that the NNGP model is more accurate than the NNTanH model in predicting urban albedo in the case of RR urban coatings, with higher R2 and lower RMSE.
Docking-designed Green Synthesis and In-Vitro Anticancer Studies of New Binuclear Se- N-Heterocyclic Carbene Adducts and their Azolium Salts
Authors: Atif Muhammad , Ahmad Mubashir , Mehmood Zahid , Saeed Iftikhar Ahmad
Published: July 2022

Two binuclear selenium adducts (5 and 6) were designed using molecular docking approach while finding their promising interaction to four angiogenic factor-proteins including COX-1 (Cyclooxygenase-1), VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A), HIF (Hypoxia-inducible factor) and EGF (human epidermal growth factor). They were consequently synthesized using In-situ coordination approach. The green synthetic approach was employed for coordination as it was carried out in water instead of organic solvents. The synthesized adducts as well as their respective bis-benzimidazolium salts (2 and 4) were confirmed by 1H and 13C-NMR along with FT-IR spectroscopy. The both were, then, subjected to In-vitro anticancer activities against breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7), cervical cancer cell line (Hela), mouse melanoma cell line (B16F10) and retinal ganglion cell line (RGC-5) using MTT assay while comparing their activities with a commercially established standard-drug 5-Fluorouracil. However, the exceptional activities of both adducts and bis-benzimidazolium salts were explored.
Relationship Between the Competitiveness of the Labor Potential of the Territory and its Brand
Authors: Lyulyov Oleksii O. , Pimonenko Tetyana V. , Reshetniak Yaroslav V. , Kumah Osei Owusu Evelyn , Owusu Edward
Published: July 2022

Ensuring sustainable development of regions directly depends on the ability of local governments to make effective management decisions to address socio-economic problems of the population. This responsibility was further strengthened with the beginning of the redistribution of power between central and local authorities in 2015 due to the beginning of the decentralization process. This reform involves changing the administrative-territorial structure, redistribution of financial flows and tax revenues, and reducing the central government's influence on local decision-making. Although it makes significant changes in the work of the state and local apparatus, it does not affect the solution of the biggest problem in Ukraine – the demographic crisis caused by population decline, both naturally and through increasing migration to more developed countries. Furthermore, although the growth of local budgets allows local governments to increase the number of social projects aimed at meeting the community's needs, without an effective model of the belief that these measures are implemented primarily to meet the needs of their population, they are ineffective. In this context, it is practical to move away from the standard principle of here and now and build a long-term development strategy for the region based on its geographical, social, cultural, historical, and business opportunities. To this end, most countries and cities are beginning to form their brands, one of the key tasks of which is to attract potential human capital from other territories or countries, both in the short and long term, and maintain their labour potential. However, the growing number of brands in the territories leads to the need to assess the effectiveness of such an approach to ensure the competitiveness of the labour potential of the region. Therefore, based on the above, the purpose of the article is to study the problem of providing human resources to the territory and their competitiveness through the prism of local brands. The evaluation methodology is partly based on the methods used to form the indices of national and local brands of Anholt-Ipsos and the Municipal Competitiveness Index.
Maturity Index for the Color Grade of Canned Dark Sweet Cherries1
Authors: Drake S. R. , Proebsting E. L. , Spayd S. E.
Published: July 2022

Highly significant correlations were obtained for reflectance color (Agtron) with anthocyanin content in both fresh and canned dark sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) and also for both reflectance color and anthocyanin content with subjective USDA color. Soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, and a soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio were not good indicators of color development in sweet cherries. Reflectance color could be used to predict USDA color from fresh or canned dark sweet cherries.
The Effect of IAA, IBA, NAA, and 2,4-D on Root Promotion and Ethylene Evolution in Vigna radiata Cuttings1
Authors: Geneve Robert L. , Heuser Charles W.
Published: July 2022

Ethylene liberated from control and auxin-treated cuttings of Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilcz cv. Berken was monitored for 14 hours. For root initiation, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and indolebutyric acid (IBA) were the most effective with indoleacetic acid (IAA) intermediate and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D) the least effective. No correlation was observed between the quantity of auxin-induced ethylene evolved and the number of roots formed. Decreasing the NAA solution pH from 7.0 to 3.0 reduced the evolution of ethylene but did not alter the rooting response of the cuttings. It was concluded that stimulation of adventitious root initiation by auxin is not mediated by ethylene.
Germination and Seedling Growth Characteristics of Three Tomato Species Affected by Water Deficits1
Authors: Taylor A. G. , Motes J. E. , Kirkham M. B.
Published: July 2022

Two species of tomato, Lycopersicon chilense Dun. and Solanum pennellii Corr., which have drought-resistant characteristics, were compared to the commercial tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Campbell 1327, to evaluate the effects of water deficits on germination and early seedling growth at 25, 30, and 35°C. Five levels or water stress (0, −2, −4, −6, and −8 bars) were maintained by solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000. Germination of dry seed was inhibited more by water stress than by growth of the germinated seedlings of each species. Germinated seed of all species were able to continue growth at 35° plus water stress at all levels, while germination under the same conditions was totally suppressed. The water-sensitive phase of germination occurred just prior to radicle emergence. Emergence was not affected by sowing germinated seed in a drying soil; but sowing dry seed under the same conditions resulted in a decrease in emergence. Germination and seedling growth of L. chilense and S. pennellii were more sensitive to water stress than L. esculentum at 25°. At 30 and 35°, L chilense, S. pennellii and L. esculentum had similar rates of germination and similar amounts of early seedling growth.
The Influence of Light on Lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.). II. Influence of Photoperiod and Light Stress on Flower Number, Height, and Growth Rate1
Authors: Heins R. D. , Wilkins Harold F. , Healy W. E.
Published: July 2022

Placing lily plants in complete darkness, with or without 12 hr per day of low intensity incandescent (Inc) lighting for 5 days at 5 day intervals during the first 40 days of growth after emergence (E) had no influence on final flower bud number. Low intensity Inc lighting given as a 4 hr night interruption under natural daylight (ND) conditions for 10 days at various intervals during the first 40 days after E had no horticulturally significant influence on flower bud number. Final lily plant heights were controlled by photoperiod. Heights were reduced when plants were forced under 8 hr photoperiods (SD) when compared to ND forced plants. Heights of ‘Ace’ and ‘Nellie White’ plants were reduced by 29% and 45% when forced under SD from E to flower (F), by 19% and 42% when forced from 30 days after E to F, and by 20% and 20% when forced from visible bud to F. Repetitive light/dark cycles of 4, 6 or 12 hr had no effect on lily flower bud development rate from the time buds were 6–12 cm in length to anthesis.
The Influence of Age, Position, and Environmental Variables on Net Photosynthetic Rate of Sour Cherry Leaves1
Authors: Sams C. E. , Flore J. A.
Published: July 2022

Net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of leaves of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency) was greater for leaves between nodes 9 and 13 than for either older, mature leaves or newly expanding leaves on the same shoot. For individual leaves, Pn reached maximum when the leaf was greater than 80% expanded, remained constant for 2 to 4 weeks, then gradually declined. Hyperbolic and parabolic response curves were observed in response to light and temperature, respectively. Maximum Pn occurred at light intensities between 800–1200 μEm−2s−1. Optimum temperature ranged with light level and vapor pressure deficit (YPD), but was generally between 15 to 30°C. Pn increased as CO2 concentration increased between 0 and 600 ppm, the CO2 compensation point being about 80 ppm. Under optimum conditions Pn ranged between 30 to 35 mg CO2 dm−2 hr−1.
VIRTUAL EDUCATION DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: EXPERIENCES OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDENTS IN TURKEY
Authors:   Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Halkalı Merkez, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey, Islam Mozharul
Published: July 2022

The world responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by implementing policies and measures such as social and physical distancing to curb the spread of the coronavirus. These policies and measures have however impacted the learning experiences of millions of domestic and international students. Universities changed their teaching and learning methods from physical to virtual presence following national, international, and World Health Organization (WHO) mandates. However, these rapid shifts had a tangible impact on the quality of education as well as on students and teachers. Using the snowball sampling technique, this study thus seeks to examine the experiences and challenges (distance education, learning experiences, social life, etc.) faced by Southeast Asian students studying in Turkish universities. Through interviews conducted between May and June 2021, this research found that these students felt lonely and anxious during the pandemic, which had an impact on their academic performance. As a result of their immigration status, they were unable to adequately deal with distance education and saw it as ineffectual, unproductive, and a waste of time. This research has implications for policymakers and stakeholders, as well as for both receiving and sending countries.
GULF MIGRANTS AMID THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LESSONS FOR THE GLOBAL SOUTH
Authors:   Gulf Studies Program and Center, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar, Rahman Md Mizanur
Published: July 2022

As the COVID-19 pandemic unfolds, countries in the global South face an unprecedented challenge of holding back the spiralling COVID-19 cases. The challenge has become even more formidable in containing the virus among migrant workers throughout the Arab Gulf countries. This study explores the patterns of COVID-19 infections, identifies the challenges that the major receiving countries have encountered, and finally reviews the governments’ responses to contain the infections among migrant workers. Empirically, this research focuses on the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, considered a major destination for Southeast Asian and South Asian migrant workers. The study reports that the GCC countries have been relatively successful in containing the pandemic due to governments’ proactive measures. The paper identifies several best practices that may be replicated in other migrant-receiving countries in the global South. This paper suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic exposes the need for better accommodation and healthcare policy for migrant workers throughout the Gulf states.
Amino Acid Content in Wild Rice (Zizania Aquatica L.) Grain1
Authors: Oelke E. A.
Published: July 2022

Wild rice (Zizania aquatica L.), until recently only harvested from natural stands, is now being cultivated in the upper‐midwestern U.S. and southern Canada. Thus, it is becoming a more common food. The objective was to determine the amino acid composition of the protein in wild rice grain.

The content of 17 amino acids and protein percentage of five grain samples of wild rice grown in Minnesota were determined and compared to hard red spring wheat (Friticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) and spring oat groats (Avena sativa L.).

The wild rice grain tested had nearly twice the percentage of the amino acids alanine, arginine, aspartic, lysine, and methionine than wheat grain. Wheat grain had about twice the percentage of cystine, glutamic acid, and proline amino acids as wild rice grain. The nine essential amino acids tested comprised 32.1 and 45.1% of the total amino acids in wheat and wild rice grain, respectively. The protein percentage was 17.1 for wheat grain and 14.2 for wild rice grain.

Generally the percentages of amino acids tested were similar for wild rice grain and oat groats except for slightly higher percentages of alanine, arginine, aspartic, and methionine in wild rice grain. Oat grain had higher percentages of cystine and glutamic acid than wild rice grain. The nine essential amino acids tested comprised 42.0 aml 45.1% of the total amino acids in oat groats and wild rice grain, respectively. The protein percentage in eat groats was 16.5% compared to 14.2% in wild rice grain.
Evaluation of Laboratory Methods for Determining Quality of Corn and Sorghum Silages: III. Biological and Chemical Methods for Predicting Animal Intake1
Authors: Marten G. C. , Goodrich R. D. , Jordan R. M. , Schmid A. R. , Meiske J. C.
Published: July 2022

The intake of forage plants by ruminant animals is a crucial determinant of forage quality. Laboratory assays have sometimes provided reasonable estimates of the intake potential of grasses and legumes. Laboratory procedures have not been adequately tested for their ability to predict intake of silages of corn (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.)] Moench, S. sudanense [Piper] Stapf., or their hybrids). Our objectives were to determine whether various biological and chemical tests proposed for measuring forage quality are applicable to prediction of intake of corn and sorghum silages, and to determine whether digestibility and intake of these silages are associated.

In vivo digestibility of 49 silages was measured by using lambs in conventional 30 to 35‐day stall trials. We measured voluntary intake by using other lambs in feeding trials that extended 41 days or more.

Dry matter intake (g/Wkg0.75) by lambs was correlated (r = 0.66) with in vivo digestible dry matter of sorghum silages. The correlation between intake and digestibility was much lower (r = 0.40) for corn silages.

The biological laboratory assays were not as well correlated with intake of sorghum silages as were several chemical assays. However, a biological assay (in vitro true digestible dry matter) was best associated with intake of corn silages (r = 0.64) of all assays.

Of the chemical assays, Fonnesbeck and Harris cell walls, acid detergent fiber, crude fiber, and calculated cellulose accounted for 24% or more of the variation in intake of corn silages and 60% or more of the variation in intake of sorghum silages. Crude protein was highly correlated (r = 0.81) with intake of sorghum silages, but it was not correlated with intake of corn silages.

We present simple regression equations for prediction of intake of sorghum silages from the five laboratory assays that accounted for 60% or more of the intake variation.
Drought Resistance Characteristics of Blue Grama Seedlings1
Authors: Wilson A. M. , Hyder D. N. , Briske D. D.
Published: July 2022

Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. ex Steud.) seedlings often expand leaf area to the maximum that can be supported by water from the seminal root and then succumb to an increase in transpirational stress. The objective of this study was to define drought resistance of seedlings in relation to stages of shoot and root development. The changes in drought resistance that occur because of changes in seedling morphology have not been considered in previous quantifications of drought resistance. This information was essential for solving problems of seedling establishment on the shortgrass plains.

Seedlings restricted to the seminal root, one adventitious root, or two adventitious roots were grown in moist soil in a controlled environment chamber, in the greenhouse, and in the field to further define seedling‐environment relationships. Relationships between drought of the shoot environment, maximum rate of water uptake, and maximum leaf area were investigated. Evaporation rate from a standard pan was used as a measurement of the drought of the shoot environment.

Growth drought resistance, defined as the drought of the shoot environment that is just sufficient to halt expansion of seedling leaf area, was directly related to the critical evaporation/transpiration ratio for seedling growth and to the maximum rate of water uptake by the root; it was inversely related to seedling leaf area. In an environment with a constant evaporation rate, leaf area of seedlings had expanded to the limit of water supply when evaporation from a free water surface had exceeded transpiration rate six‐fold. Since growth drought resistance can be measured for individual seedlings, it will be useful in screening species and cultivars for seedlings with superior drought resistance, as well as for defining planting requirements.

Survival drought resistance, defined as the drought of the shoot environment that is just sufficient to cause 50% death of seedlings, has only limited usefulness because of practical problems in its measurement. Large numbers of seedlings and a wide range of conditions are needed to accurately determine the relationship between drought and seedling death.
Effectiveness of Nitrapyrin in Controlling Nitrification of Fall and Spring‐Applied Anhydrous Ammonia1
Authors: Hendrickson L. L. , Walsh L. M. , Keeney D. R.
Published: July 2022

Fertilizer N applied in the fall for the next growing season is often less efficient than N applied closer to the time of plant use. Efficiency might be greatly improved by maintaining the N as NH4 through the use of the nitrification inhibitor, Nitrapyrin [2‐chloro‐6(trichloromethyl)pyridine] (NI). To evaluate this hypothesis, field trials were established during 1975 to 1977 in south central Wisconsin using 84 to 168 kg/ha N applied as anhydrous ammonia with and without 0.55 kg/ha NI. Nitrogen was applied in early or late fall, or just prior to planting corn (Zea mays L.). The soil sampling data showed that NI provided excellent control of nitrification on the site from which yields were obtained. By early May more than 50% of the fall‐applied NH3 was still in the NH4 form when treated with NI, while more than 80% was nitrified in the untreated bands. Despite the rapid nitrification of untreated NH4 at this site, little inorganic N was apparently lost from the rooting zone. Therefore no yield or N uptake response by the crop to NI was obtained. Nitrapyrin was much less effective in controling nitrification on a poorly‐drained site adjacent to the yield trials. Soil at this site also had higher pH and organic matter, and we found large inorganic N deficits in the sampled zone. These deficits, which can likely be attributed to denitrification, were significantly reduced by NI treatment.
Growth and Nitrogen Accumulation in Tobacco Plants as Affected by Nitrate Concentration, Root Temperature, and Aerial Temperature1
Authors: Osmond Deanna L. , Raper C. David
Published: July 2022

Early spring is a period of widely fluctuating gradients between aerial and soil temperatures. Aerial temperatures affect growth and N demand of seedlings while temperature and N availability in the root zone alter the ability of roots to supply the plant with N. The purpose of this study, in which tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants were grown in a temperature controlled, flowing nutrient solution system within a controlled‐environment room, was to determine the independent effects of aerial temperature, root‐zone temperature, and NO3‐ concentration of nutrient solution and their interactions on growth and N accumulation. In each of nine experiments consisting of all combinations of day/night aerial temperatures of 22/18, 26/22, and 30/26 C and solution NO3‐ concentrations of 3.5, 7.2, and 14.6 mM, plants were grown for 38 days at root‐zone temperatures of 16, 24, and 32 C. For analysis of variance the study was considered as a 33 factorial. Plants were sampled at 14, 19, 24, 31, and 38 days, dried, weighed, and analyzed for total N and soluble carbohydrates.

Root‐zone temperatures had greater effects on growth than either aerial temperature or NO3‐ concentration. Plant dry weight, leaf area, and stem height were less at 16 C than 24 and 32 C root temperatures. The reduction in growth at 16 C apparently was attributable to initial water stress and reduced loading of N from the root into the vascular system. Reductions in dry matter and N accumulation of plants associated with reductions in root temperature were enhanced as aerial temperature was increased and solution NO3‐ concentration was decreased. This suggests an interrelated and synergistic effect of the variables.
Effect of Wheat Residue Management on Continuous Production of Irrigated Winter Wheat1
Authors: Undersander D. J. , Reiger Cecil
Published: July 2022

Where furrow irrigation is practiced, the residue from the previous crop must be removed from the soil surface to prevent furrow blockage, resulting in disuniform irrigation. High energy and labor costs have caused some producers to consider burning the residue rather than incorporating it. Thus, a 14‐year study was conducted on a clay loam soil (fine, mixed, mesic Torrertic Paleustall) in north Texas to test the long‐term effects of straw management on land cropped continuously to irrigated winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L). The study included three management treatments: i) residue incorporated into the soil, ii) residue mechanically removed, and iii) residue burned. All other management practices were identical. All treatments caused the soil organic matter in the top 15 cm to increase from 1.29 2 years after being broken from native sod to 2.11% during the study. Incorporation of wheat residue did not increase soil organic matter to a greater extent than burning or removing wheat residue. Soil water infiltration was not affected by burning. While grain yield showed considerable variation among years, there were no differences in yield attributable to burning or incorporation of wheat residue.
Nitrogen Partitioning and Redistribution in Nonnodulating Peanut Related to Nitrogen Stress1
Authors: Selamat A. , Gardner F. P.
Published: July 2022

Nitrogen is essential for vegetative and reproductive growth of peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL.), and hypothetically plants may become stressed for N especially during fruiting despite effective N2fixation. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of N stress during specific fruiting phenophases on N partitioning and fruit growth. Reproductive growth was competitive with vegetative parts in peanut during periods of N stress. In a glasshouse study in 1982, N was completely withdrawn from nonnodulating (M4‐2) plants in pots containing silica sand supplied with nutrient solution. The duration of N removal from the medium was more critical than the specific fruiting phenophase in affecting root growth, pod yield, and N redistribution. Nitrogen was redistributed from vegetative parts to pods in the long N stress periods (> 81 days), whereas there was no detectable N redistribution in the control plants or those subjected to short N stress periods. The calculated N distribution index (NDI) showed that pods competed with vegetative parts for N, if the N stress period was long, but competition was not evident during shortstress periods (<30 days). The magnitude of redistribution (NDI) to seeds relative to source was leaves > stems > roots (in that order), the latter resisting redistribution except in stress periods of long duration
Effects of Crop and Weed Management on Density and Vertical Distribution of Weed Seeds in Soil
Authors: Hoffman Melinda L. , Owen Micheal D. K. , Buhler Douglas D.
Published: July 2022

Cultural practices used for crop management can influence numbers of weed seeds in the soil seed bank. This paper reports results of field experiments conducted for 6 yr to examine changes in weed seed numbers due to management practices. We evaluated the effect of tillage, herbicide application, and interrow cultivation on weed seed numbers in a soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]/corn (Zea mays L.) rotation and in continuous corn. Treatment effects on weed seed numbers were more repetitive in soybean/corn than continuous corn. Foxtails (Setaria spp.) were the weed class most affected by treatments. Weed seeds were uniformly distributed among sampling depths in conventional tillage and concentrated near the soil surface in reduced tillage and no‐tillage. We expected weed seeds to become more numerous in the top 5 cm of soil as tillage was reduced. Tillage, as a main effect, rarely influenced weed seed numbers; therefore, we inferred that weed seed losses at the surface must have increased in reduced‐tillage plots. Seed numbers were uniform among soil depths if herbicides were broadcast, but differed if herbicides were banded or omitted, due to increased seed deposition at the surface. Tillage affected vertical distribution of seeds, while the quantity of weed seeds in the top 5 cm of soil was regulated by weed control practices. This indicates that reducing weed seed deposition could be helpful for maintaining weed seeds in reduced‐tillage systems at numbers similar to those of intensively tilled systems.
Comparison of ‘Grasslands Puna’ Chicory and Orchardgrass for Multiple Harvests at Different Management Levels
Authors: Holden Lisa A. , Varga Gabriella A. , Jung Gerry A. , Shaffer John A.
Published: July 2022

The objective was to compare the nutrient composition of ‘Grasslands Puna’ chicory (Puna) (Cichorium intybus L.) and ‘Pennlate’ orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) at different levels of harvesting management. The two herbages were harvested multiple times at three different management levels, intense, moderate, and lenient, corresponding to chicory canopy management levels of 25, 37, and 50 cm, and clipped to a 5‐cm stubble height. The experimental design was a 2 × 3 (species × management) factorial with five replications. Nitrogen was applied after each harvest except the last harvest of the season. Herbages were freeze‐dried and ground prior to analyses for organic matter (OM), acid‐detergent fiber (ADF), neutral‐detergent fiber (NDF), nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC), crude protein (CP), degradable protein (DP), and soluble protein (SP). Organic matter, ADF, and NDF concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) in chicory than in orchardgrass in both years. Chicory herbage contained less than 5 g kg−1 hemicellulose. Orchardgrass had less (P < 0.05) DP than chicory in 1992 but not in 1993. Increasing intensity of management (lenient, moderate, or intense) resulted in increased CP, SP, and DP during both 1992 and 1993. Overall, Puna chicory was a high‐quality forage, equal to or better than orchardgrass in quality under these harvest conditions.
Influence of Rotation Sequence on the Optimum Corn and Soybean Plant Population
Authors: Pedersen Palle , Lauer Joseph G.
Published: July 2022

Rotation sequence and plant population are important management considerations for maximum yield. Response of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] to changes in plant population, rotation sequences, and tillage system was evaluated for 3 yr. Corn was planted in 76‐cm rows and had a final plant population of 56300, 65800, and 75200 plants ha−1; soybean was planted in 19‐cm rows with a final plant population of 294200, 450400, and 518500 plants ha−1 using conventional tillage and no‐tillage systems. Both crops were compared in seven rotation sequences. For corn yield there were no interactions of plant population with tillage or rotation sequence. Averaged over years, tillage did not affect corn yield. Corn rotated annually with soybean and first‐year corn after 5 yr of consecutive soybean yielded 12% more than continuous grown corn. Corn yields increased 11% as plant population increased from 56300 to 75200 plants ha−1, regardless of tillage or rotation treatment. Averaged over years, no interactions of plant population with tillage or rotation sequence on soybean yield were found. Soybean yields were 8% higher in conventional tillage than in the no‐tillage systems. First‐year soybean after 5 yr of consecutive corn yielded 8% more compared with the other six rotation sequences. Plant population within the studied range did not affect soybean yield. It was concluded that neither corn–soybean cropping history nor tillage system were important for determining optimum plant population for corn or soybean.
Timothy Yield and Nutritive Value by the CATIMO Model: III. Validation for Eastern Canada
Authors: Bonesmo Helge , Bélanger Gilles , Charmley Ed , Drapeau Raynald , McKenzie Dave B. , Michaud Réal , Tremblay Gaëtan F.
Published: July 2022

The Canadian Timothy Model (CATIMO) is a mechanistic simulation model of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) growth and nutritive value that features radiation interception and use efficiency, leaf and stem growth, leaf senescence, a N function based on the critical N concentration of whole plants, and cell wall (CW) concentration and digestibility of leaves and stems; the model was calibrated with measurements of timothy primary growth from one location (Fredericton, NB, Canada). In this paper, we compare the predictions of the CATIMO model with measurements from a total of six experiments conducted at four locations that cover the pedo‐climatic conditions of eastern Canada (Lévis, QC; Nappan, NS; Normandin, QC; St. John's, NF). Across experiments, the root mean square errors (RMSE) for dry matter (DM) yield varied from 30.9 to 265.9 g DM m−2 and averaged 123.9 g DM m−2. Omitting one experiment in 1999, however, reduced the overall RMSE to 72.6 g DM m−2, which is very close to the 65.9 g DM m−2 reported for calibration. The RMSE values across experiments for N concentration (0.013 g g−1 DM), in vitro true dry matter digestibility (0.052 g g−1 DM), CW concentration (0.104 g g−1 DM), and CW digestibility (0.064 g g−1 CW) were higher than those obtained at the calibration site. At three of four locations, however, RMSE values were close to those of the calibration site. The CATIMO model seems robust enough to apply to situations different than those used for calibration, at least within eastern Canada.
CORN Nitrogen Concentration at Maturity—An Indicator of Nitrogen Status in Forage Maize
Authors: Herrmann Antje , Taube Friedhelm
Published: July 2022

The increased awareness of potential impacts of agricultural activities on nonpoint source pollution has increased the demand for agro‐environmental policy measures and for scientifically sound indicators to control their implementation. Our objective was to investigate whether N concentration of maize (Zea mays L.) at silage maturity, a routinely recorded quality parameter, can serve as an end‐of‐season indicator of N status. Based on 29 field trials on sandy soils in northern Germany, we derived a critical N concentration at silage maturity (CNC), i.e., the minimum N concentration necessary for maximum yield production. A quadratic‐plateau function describing dry matter (DM) yield as a function of N concentration allowed for the exclusion of all data sets not responsive to N fertilization or with luxury N uptake. For the remaining pooled data points, a mixed‐model analysis provided parameter estimates describing N concentration (Nc) as an exponential function of relative DM yield (Wrel), namely Nc = 4.4141·exp (0.0086·Wrel). Setting Wrel = 100 provided a CNC of 10.5 g N kg−1 DM. This value is in good agreement with results in the literature, which indicates the relative robustness of CNC with respect to a wide range of environmental conditions and genotypes. The CNC constant can be used to evaluate and monitor the end‐of‐season N status on a large‐area scale. Applied to an extended set of silage quality data of northern Germany, it revealed that forage maize production is characterized by significant excess of N supply in this region and leaves ample opportunity for reduction in N use without risk of any yield loss.
Flue Gas Desulfurization Products as Sulfur Sources for Alfalfa and Soybean
Authors: Chen Liming , Dick Warren A. , Nelson Sid
Published: July 2022

Sulfur deficiencies in soil are expected to increase due to growth of high‐yielding crop varieties, use of S‐free fertilizers, and removal of S from industrial emissions. Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) products, created when coal is burned and SO2 is removed from the flue gases, may serve as efficient S sources. However, there are few reports on their use for the enhancement of crop growth. Agricultural gypsum and two types of FGD products, that contain either vermiculite or perlite, were applied at 0, 16, and 67 kg S ha−1 to an agricultural soil (Wooster silt loam, Typic Fragiudalf). Dry weight of a new planting of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was increased up to 40% by the treatments of FGD products or gypsum compared with the untreated control. Gypsum and FGD products were also applied at 0, 8, 16, and 24 kg S ha−1 to five established alfalfa stands in different Ohio regions. Mean alfalfa yield was significantly (P ≤ 0.05 ) increased by approximately 5.0% in 2001 and 6.0% in 2002 with the S treatments of FGD products or gypsum compared with the untreated control. Alfalfa yields for FGD products and gypsum treatments were similar. A slight positive yield response was observed for soybean (Glycine max L.) when soils were treated with S‐containing materials. Soil and plant analyses were made to assess potential adverse environmental impacts and none were observed. Thus, these FGD products can be safely applied to agricultural soils as S sources and can improve alfalfa yields in S‐deficient soils.
SCOPE OF VARIOUS PHYTOCONSTITUENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANT BACTERIA - A REVIEW
Authors:   Guru Nanak InstitueOf Pharmaceutical Science And Technology, 157/F, Nilgunj Rd, Sahid Colony, Panihati, Kolkata, West Bengal 700114., Kaur Gagandeep , Chakraborty Tamalika ,   Guru Nanak InstitueOf Pharmaceutical Science And Technology, 157/F, Nilgunj Rd, Sahid Colony, Panihati, Kolkata, West Bengal 700114.
Published: July 2022

The major problem in drug manufacture nowadays is that many bacteria have evolved and became resistant to some particular drugs, these bacteria are referred to as multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR). The major reason for this being the overuse of antibiotics for the healthcare of people in the recent past. These multidrug resistant bacteria have reduced the efficiency of already existing drugs and also increased the expenditure of newer drugs and healthcare facilities. Therefore, novel and effective new drugs and innovative new therapies are urgently needed to treat MDR infections. From ancient times people have always tried to find cure for their health-related problems from the nature and the same has been the case in finding a solution to these multidrug resistant bacteria. So, in recent times studies have been conducted on different phytoconstituents like flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phytosterol etc. of plant origin to check their antimicrobial property against multidrug resistant bacteria. The Middle East comprises of a wide spectrum of plant diversity with over 20,000 different species in habitats ranging from deserts to snow-capped mountains. This review will help in considering certain phytoconstituents for preparation of drugs against multidrug resistant bacteria and solving this increasing problem which is to make drugs against multidrug resistant bacteria.
EXPONENTIAL COMPARISON METHOD AND TFN FOR SELECTION OF REGIONAL SUPERIOR PRODUCTS BASED ON PROCESSED SEAWEED
Authors:   Agro-Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, IPB University, Indonesia., Sudarwati W. ,   Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta, Indonesia., Hardjomidjojo H. ,   Agro-Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, IPB University, Indonesia., a Machfud ,   Agro-Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, IPB University, Indonesia., Setyaningsih D. ,   Agro-Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, IPB University, Indonesia.
Published: July 2022

Determining superior regional products is expected to increase competitiveness and absorb labor, improving peoples income.The processed seaweed products are identified and selected using an exponential comparison approach with TFN.Alternative assessment of superior seaweed processed products in this area uses 12 criteria and 27 sub-criteria, with alternative seaweed processed products being unprocessed food, processed culinary ingredient, processed food, and ultra-processed food. Theresult is that unprocessed food is the best alternative, with a score of 0.030.
THE ATTITUDE OF SECONDARY AND SENIOR SECONDARY STUDENTS TOWARDS WRITING OFFLINE EXAMS DURING THE COVID PANDEMIC IN THE DELHI-NCR REGION
Authors: Goel Manjusha
Published: July 2022

The spread of COVIDtransforms the lifestyle of complete society, as everyone was bound to remain self-isolated at their residence to break the chain of infection. The Covid pandemic resulted in a massive disturbance in the academic activities of the education system across the world. So, this study tried to analyze the attitude of secondary and senior secondary students to write the offline exam during the COVID pandemic.Responses were collected from the senior secondary students of classes 9 to 12 from various schools of the Delhi-NCR region. NCR means National Capital Region and comprises of the regions around Delhi which include cities like Gurgaon, Faridabad, Noida, Ghaziabad etc. The NCR region has been expanded to include suburbs of New Delhi such as Sonipat, Bahadurgarh, Meerut etc. Finally, details of 470 respondents were collected through an online survey. The convenience sampling method was used to collect data.The result indicates that the willingness of students to write the exam is positively influenced by their writing practices. In contrast, the frequency of assignments given to students and their gender show insignificant influence.The insight from this paper can help to design the online curriculum in an effective way to increase the willingness of students to write offline exams during this pandemic. This study has become more relevant in the preview of increasing disturbance due to different waves of covid. This studys primary motive is to analyze the attitude of secondary and senior secondary students to write offline exams during Covid.
MAYER ROKITANSKY SYNDROM: A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF LITTERATURE
Authors:   Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Maternity of Souissi, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohamed VSouissi University, Ibn Sina Hospital, Rabat, Morocco., Mhamdi Oumaima , Boujida Sarah ,   Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Maternity of Souissi, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohamed VSouissi University, Ibn Sina Hospital, Rabat, Morocco., Saoudi Hassani Youssef ,   Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Maternity of Souissi, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohamed VSouissi University, Ibn Sina Hospital, Rabat, Morocco., Kandoussi Hajar ,   Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Maternity of Souissi, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohamed VSouissi University, Ibn Sina Hospital, Rabat, Morocco., Baydada Aziz ,   Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Maternity of Souissi, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohamed VSouissi University, Ibn Sina Hospital, Rabat, Morocco., Zeraidi Najia ,   Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Maternity of Souissi, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohamed VSouissi University, Ibn Sina Hospital, Rabat, Morocco., Kharbach Aicha ,   Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Maternity of Souissi, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohamed VSouissi University, Ibn Sina Hospital, Rabat, Morocco.
Published: July 2022

The Mayer-Rokitansky-KÃ¼ster-Hauser syndrome is a rare disorder affecting women with normal karyotype and ovarian function. It is characterized by partial or total aplasia of the uterus and two thirds of the vagina. The main symptom is a primary amenorrhea and absence of the uterus which are diagnosed during examination and imagery. This paper reports the case of a 20 year-old woman diagnosed with the MRKH syndrome and discusses its psychological, fertility and sexual intercourse impact on patients. A large number of studies have been conducted to improve the management of patients. This article presents these studies and treatment options like a neovagina or a human uterine allotransplantation.
PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION AMONG DIABETIC PATIENT ATTENDINGPRIMARY HEALTH CARE CENTERS IN ALMADINAH ALMUNAWARA
Authors:   Family Medicine Resident., Abdulilah Alhaifi Abdulaziz
Published: July 2022

Objective: To estimate the Prevalence of depression among diabetic patient attending primary health care in Almadinah city. Design:A descriptive cross-sectional study. Setting:Diabetic patients attending to primary health care centers belong to ministry of health in Al Madinah city. Participants: 379 questionnaires have been distributed to diabetic patients who met inclusion criteria in the study. Main Result:Of total 379 participants in this study, depression was founded in138 participants with prevalence 36.4%, results showed that there is a significant statistical association between depression and job status, other factors like gender and age showed no significant associations with prevalence of depression. Conclusion:The prevalence of depression among diabetic patient attending primary health care is 36.4%, most of them are mild. 1 factor showed significant association with depression, which was job status.
GINGIVAL HERBAL DEPIGMENTATION: A NATURAL SOLUTION??
Authors:   Department of Periodontology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Dhankawadi, Pune 411043., Behl Shubhangi
Published: July 2022

A smile not only enhances the beauty of an individual, it also boosts ones selfconfidence. Many factors such as lip position, tooth position, its morphology along with gingival tissue, attribute to the harmony of a beautiful smile. Gingival tissuehealth,color and contour are important components affecting an attractive smile. Amongst the gingival tissue, unsightly pigmented gingiva is of important concern for unpleasant smile. There are some prime pigments which contribute to the color of the gingiva. They are melanin, carotene, reduced hemoglobin and oxy-Hemoglobin. However, excessive melanin synthesis by active melanocytes (Unicellular dendritic cells) residing in the basal and suprabasal cell layers of the epithelium1cause its excessive deposition and unesthetic appearance of the gingiva. Various techniques have been developed to treat gingival hyperpigmentation2,3,4.However due to certain limitations of these techniques and due to growing demand for better aesthetics, many advances have been made to improve this untoward appearance. In this review we are planning to discuss and explore the herbal treatment modalities which can be appliedfor hyperpigmented gingiva with less potential of having side effects.
ETHNIC POLITICS AND THE CREDIBILITY OF THE 2019 KOGI STATE GUBERNATORIAL ELECTION IN LOKOJA METROPOLIS
Authors:   Department of Political Science and Diplomacy, Faculty of Social Sciences, Veritas University, Abuja-Nigeria., Jooji Innocent
Published: July 2022

This study seeks to investigate the factors that triggered ethnic politics during the Kogi state 2019 gubernatorial election in Lokoja Metropolisand how it undermined the electoral process during the Kogi state 2019 gubernatorial election. The study collected data from primary and secondary sources. This study used a sample of 400 people from the studys population of 137,301. Meanwhile, weighted mean was used to analyze the data collected. Besides, the alternative hypothesis which states that there is significant relationship between factors that promotes ethnic politics such as political marginalization and illiteracy, electorates value system, weak electoral laws and corruption and the Kogi state 2019 gubernatorial election in Lokoja Metropolis is accepted. Also, the alternative hypothesis which states that there is significant relationship between the ways ethnicity undermined the credibility of electoral process during the Kogi state 2019 gubernatorial election in Lokoja Metropolis is accepted. Lastly, media and civil society organizations should work closely to raise public awareness on the dangers inherent in ethnic politicsand advocate for accountability and transparency in the electoral processes in Nigeria.