bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Older Adults’ Perceived Physical Activity Enablers and Barriers: A Multicultural Perspective
Authors: Mathews Anna E. , Laditka Sarah B. , Laditka James N. , Wilcox Sara , Corwin Sara J. , Liu Rui , Friedman Daniela B. , Hunter Rebecca , Tseng Winston , Logsdon Rebecca G.
Published: August 2016

This study identified perceived physical activity (PA) enablers and barriers among a racially/ethnically and geographically diverse group of older adults. Data were from 42 focus groups conducted with African Americans, American Indians, Latinos, Chinese, Vietnamese, and non-Hispanic Whites (hereafter Whites). Constant-comparison methods were used to analyze the data. Common barriers were health problems, fear of falling, and inconvenience. Common enablers were positive outcome expectations, social support, and PA program access. American Indians mentioned the built environment and lack of knowledge about PA as barriers and health benefits as an enabler more than participants in other groups. Whites and American Indians emphasized the importance of PA programs specifically designed for older adults. Findings suggest several ways to promote PA among older people, including developing exercise programs designed for older adults and health messages promoting existing places and programs older adults can use to engage in PA.
“Not Ready to Throw in the Towel”: Perceptions of Physical Activity Held by Older Adults in Stockholm and Dublin
Authors: Leavy Breiffni , Åberg Anna Cristina
Published: August 2016

The aim of this qualitative study was to explore and describe the perceptions of physical activity held by older urban Swedish and Irish adults. Qualitative interviews were carried out with 30 people age 65 years and older (mean age 74.5), of whom 15 were living in Dublin and 15 were living in Stockholm. The “thematic framework” approach was used to analyze the data. Three central themes were identified regarding people’s perceptions of physical activity: physical activity as self-expression, physical activity as interaction, and physical activity as health promotion. Participants’ perceptions of physical activity tended to relate to their perceived level of physical activity, regardless of their cultural background. Certain culture-specific motivators and barriers to exercise were also identified. Less active Irish men were more likely to underestimate the health-promoting benefits of exercise.
Adherence to Physical Activity Recommendations in Older Adults: An Israeli National Survey
Authors: Netz Yael , Goldsmith Rebecca , Shimony Tal , Ben-Moshe Yosefa , Zeev Aviva
Published: August 2016

The trend of extended life expectancy along with a sedentary lifestyle is typical in Western cultures.

Objective:

To explore adherence to physical activity recommendations in older adults in Israel.

Methods:

A random sample of 1,536 Jews and 316 Arabs age 65+ were interviewed and divided into sufficiently active, insufficiently active, and inactive groups based on official guidelines.

Results:

Only 36.4% of the Jewish sector and 19.6% of the Arab sector are sufficiently active. Men are more active than women, the secular are more active than the religious among both Jews and Arabs, and more years of education, a higher income, and fewer diseases and medications are related to higher levels of physical activity.

Discussion:

To slow down biological age decline with physical activity, intervention programs specifically tailored for culturally diverse groups are suggested—for example, recruiting prominent religious leaders to promote physical activity in religious populations.
The Impact of High-Calorie-Expenditure Exercise on Quality of Life in Older Adults With Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Pope Lizzy , Harvey-Berino Jean , Savage Patrick , Bunn Janice , Ludlow Maryann , Oldridge Neil , Ades Phil
Published: August 2016

The acceptability of a high-calorie-expenditure (HCE) exercise program in older coronary heart disease patients participating in a behavioral weight-control program was evaluated. Seventy-four overweight patients (median age 63 yr) were randomly assigned to a 5-mo intervention of HCE exercise (3,000–3,500 kcal/wk daily walking) or standard cardiac-rehabilitation (CR) exercise (700–800 kcal/wk). Both groups received counseling to achieve a dietary caloric deficit of 3,500 kcal/ wk. Assessments at baseline and 5 mo included self-reported measures of quality of life and psychosocial variables. The HCE group experienced significantly greater weight loss (8.2 ± 4 vs. 3.7 ± 5 kg, p < .001). Changes from baseline to 5 mo on scores of physical, emotional, and social functioning were greater for the HCE than CR group (p < .05). HCE exercise also resulted in greater positive change in exercise enjoyment (p = .05), which was mediated by weight change. Even high-risk older adults can be successful in an HCE exercise program and experience no adverse physical or emotional changes.
Strength-Training Behavior and Perceived Environment Among Japanese Older Adults
Authors: Harada Kazuhiro , Oka Koichiro , Shibata Ai , Ishii Kaori , Nakamura Yoshio , Inoue Shigeru , Shimomitsu Teruichi
Published: August 2016

The authors examined the relationship between strength-training behavior and perceived environment in older Japanese adults. An Internet-based survey was conducted of 293 adults age 68.2 ± 2.8 yr. The dependent variable was regular strength-training behavior. The IPAQ environment module, access to facilities for strength training, and home equipment for strength training were environmental factors. Logistic-regression analysis was employed. After demographic variables (gender, age, educational background, household income, body-mass index, self-rated health status, smoking habit, and residential area) were adjusted for, home equipment for strength training (OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.50–3.06), access to facilities for strength training (OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.32–4.85), and observing active people (OR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.06–4.58) were positively correlated with regular strength-training behavior. In conclusion, environmental factors associated with strength-training behavior were access to facilities for strength training, having home equipment for strength training, and observing active people.
How Older Adults Are Perceived Is Influenced by Their Reported Exercise Status
Authors: Greenlees Iain A. , Hall Ben , Manley Andrew , Thelwell Richard C.
Published: August 2016

Nelson (2002) proposed that ageism occurs as a result of the negative perceptions individuals have of older adults. This study examined whether information about an older person’s exercise habits would influence such perceptions. Participants (N = 1,230) from 3 age categories (16–25, 26–55, and 56+ yr) read a description of a 65-year-old man or woman describing 1 of 7 exercise statuses. Participants rated their perceptions of 13 aspects of the target’s personality. A 3-way (Target Exercise Status × Target Gender × Participant Age) MANOVA revealed significant main effects for target exercise status. Nonexercisers were perceived less positively than the control target and the exercising targets. The results suggest that there are self-presentational costs associated with being a nonexerciser at an older age, but few self-presentation benefits accrued to older adults who engage in regular exercise.
Assessment of Physical Activity in Older People With and Without Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Hauer Klaus , Lord Stephen R. , Lindemann Ulrich , Lamb Sarah E. , Aminian Kamiar , Schwenk Michael
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to validate a new interview-administered physical activity questionnaire (Assessment of Physical Activity in Frail Older People; APAFOP) in older people with and without cognitive impairment. The authors assessed feasibility, validity, and test–retest reliability in 168 people (n = 78 with, n = 88 without cognitive impairment). Concurrent validity was assessed against an inertia-based motion sensor and an established questionnaire. Sensitivity to change was tested in an ongoing study in patients with mild to moderate dementia (n = 81). Assessment of physical activity by the APAFOP and the motion sensor correlated well in the total sample (TS; p = .705), as well as in the subsamples with cognitive impairment (CI; p = .585) and without CI (p = .787). Excellent feasibility with an acceptance rate of 100%, test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from .973 (TS) to .975 (CI) to .966 (no CI), and sensitivity to change (effect sizes: 0.35–1.47) were found in both subsamples.
A Low Intensity Exercise/Movement Program for Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease: The TEMP-AD Protocol
Authors: Namazi Kevan H. , Gwinnup Paulletta B. , Zadorozny Carol A.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) develop and assess the suitability of a program of physical activity for an institutionalized population with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and (b) evaluate the exercise/movement program’s impact on behavior of patients with AD. Twenty-two AD patients participated in a 40-min exercise/movement program for 28 days. The results showed that the program reduced the agitated behaviors of patients with AD by more than half (χ2 = 101, df = 1, P < .0001; Cramer’s V = .23). The study confirmed that the exercise/movement program was both feasible and desirable for patients with AD, and that it reduced some of the adverse behaviors of the patients.
Physical Activity, Age, and Cognitive-Neuropsychological Function
Authors: Dustman Robert E. , Emmerson Rita , Shearer Donald
Published: August 2016

Findings from three research paradigms that employed aerobic exercise as an independent variable were used to test the hypothesis that aerobic exercise improves cognitive-neuropsychological functioning. The research paradigms were animal intervention studies, cross-sectional human studies, and human intervention studies. Results from studies of animals, usually rodents, provide consistent evidence that aerobic fitness is associated with improved neurobiological and behavioral functioning. Cross-sectional studies with humans indicate a strong positive association between physical activity level and cognitive-neuropsychological performance. However, results from these studies must be interpreted cautiously, as individuals who elect to exercise or not exercise may differ on other variables that could influence cognitive-neuropsychological performance. To date, human intervention studies have not consistently demonstrated cognitive-neuropsychological improvements following exercise training. To satisfactorily test the exercise/cognition hypothesis with humans, carefully controlled intervention studies that last longer than those previously employed are needed.
Physical Activity in Nursing Homes—Barriers and Facilitators: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Kalinowski Sonja , Wulff Ines , Kölzsch Marita , Kopke Kirsten , Kreutz Reinhold , Dräger Dagmar
Published: August 2016

Purpose:

To explore different institutional barriers to and facilitators of physical activity (PA) in nursing homes.

Methods:

Cross-sectional survey of 40 German nursing homes and 217 nursing-home residents (NHRs; M ± SD age 80 ± 10.2 yr, 55% women, MMSE ≥20). Quantitative data were collected on the structural characteristics of nursing homes and the PA services available.

Results:

Forms of exercise available were not adequately communicated to residents. Overall participation was below 50%. Awareness was significantly higher in residents with informed relatives (p = .003). A broad range of forms of exercise was generally available (M ± SD 5 ± 2.22, range 0–10), but they were rarely tailored to NHRs’ needs and their effectiveness remains questionable.

Conclusion:

Multidimensional opportunities to promote PA in NHRs are identified.
Validity of the Multidimensional Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale in Continuing-Care Retirement Communities
Authors: Hall Katherine S. , Wójcicki Thomas R. , Phillips Siobhan M. , McAuley Edward
Published: August 2016

Objective:

The current study examined the psychometric properties and validity of the Multidimensional Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale (MOEES) in a sample of older adults with physical and functional comorbidities.

Methods:

Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the hypothesized 3-factor model in 108 older adults (M age 85 yr) residing in continuing-care retirement communities.

Results:

Analyses supported the 3-factor structure of the MOEES reflecting physical, social, and self-evaluative outcome expectations, with a 12-item model providing the best fit. Theorized bivariate associations between outcome expectations and physical activity, self-efficacy, and functional performance were all supported.

Conclusions:

The 12-item version of the MOEES appears to be a reliable and valid measure of outcome expectations for exercise in this sample of older adults with physical and functional comorbidities. Further examination of the factor structure and the longitudinal properties of this measure in older adults is warranted.
Traditional Versus Functional Strength Training: Effects on Muscle Strength and Power in the Elderly
Authors: Lohne-Seiler Hilde , Torstveit Monica K. , Anderssen Sigmund A.
Published: August 2016

The aim was to determine whether strength training with machines vs. functional strength training at 80% of one-repetition maximum improves muscle strength and power among the elderly. Sixty-three subjects (69.9 ± 4.1 yr) were randomized to a high-power strength group (HPSG), a functional strength group (FSG), or a nonrandomized control group (CG). Data were collected using a force platform and linear encoder. The training dose was 2 times/wk, 3 sets × 8 reps, for 11 wk. There were no differences in effect between HPSG and FSG concerning sit-to-stand power, box-lift power, and bench-press maximum force. Leg-press maximum force improved in HPSG (19.8%) and FSG (19.7%) compared with CG (4.3%; p = .026). Bench-press power improved in HPSG (25.1%) compared with FSG (0.5%, p = .02) and CG (2%, p = .04). Except for bench-press power there were no differences in the effect of the training interventions on functional power and maximal body strength.
Exercise: A Prevention and Treatment for Osteoporosis and Injurious Falls in the Older Adult
Authors: Smith Everett L. , Tommerup Lorri
Published: August 2016

Osteoporosis is a major public health problem in persons over the age of 65, and it leads to approximately 250,000 hip fractures per year. Contributing risk factors for osteoporosis and hip fractures in the aging population include insufficient nutrient intake, inadequate dietary calcium, muscular weakness, decreased physical activity, and changes in hormonal homeostasis. Physical activity especially plays an important role in the prevention of falls and fractures. Physically active older adults with greater muscular strength experience fewer and less injurious falls than older people who are inactive. The effects of physical activity on bone strength and metabolism have only recently been investigated. When bone is mechanically stimulated, the cells respond by producing many local hormones and growth factors, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a mediator of bone modeling and remodeling. Current research continues to show that physical activity significantly affects the geometry and architecture of bone as well as increasing bone mineral density, all of which contribute to an increase in bone strength.
Physical Characteristics, Physical Fitness, and Lifestyles of Senior Olympic Athletes and Independently Living Cohorts
Authors: Shaulis Dahn , Golding Lawrence A. , Tandy Richard D.
Published: August 2016

The primary purpose of this paper, one of the first physiological studies of Senior Olympic athletes, was to determine the physical fitness level of Senior Olympic participants 50 to 86 years of age. It was hypothesized that Senior Olympic athletes would be more physically fit than healthy older adults not classified as Senior Olympic athletes. The athletes’ screening questionnaire (PAR-Q) results showed a 43% positive rate, making maximal testing and underwater testing impractical and possibly unsafe. However, all subjects were allowed to perform the AAHPERD functional fitness test battery. Senior Olympic athletes did not perform better (p < .05) on any of the AAHPERD functional fitness tests than a group of nonathletes who lived independently. Furthermore, questionnaire results suggested that some athletes were competing with little or no training. These results indicated that researchers and events managers should not assume that all Senior Olympic athletes are exceptionally healthy or physically fit.
The Effects of Hypertension and Aging on Left Ventricular Function during Isometric Exercise
Authors: Sagiv Michael , Sagiv Amira , Ben-Sira David , Rudoy Jacob , Soudry Michael
Published: August 2016

Hemodynamic and left ventricular systolic function were studied by Doppler echocardiography in 14 young and 15 older adult hypertensive patients and in 15 young and 12 older normotensive individuals. Measures were made at rest and during upright deadlift isometric exercise, at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction for 3 min. At rest, young and older hypertensive patients demonstrated impaired left ventricular systolic function compared to both old and young normotensive subjects. The impaired systolic function was associated with less augmentation in systolic indices during exercise compared with resting values in young and elderly hypertensive patients, and to a lesser degree in the normotensive elderly when compared with young normotensives. These data indicate that at rest, left ventricular systolic function may be compromised in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and, to a lesser extent, in the normotensive elderly. However, other factors in chronic hypertension may contribute to abnormal systolic function and override the effects of aging alone.
Lactate Threshold in 50- to 55-Year-Old Men
Authors: Iredale Fiona , Bell Frank , Nimmo Myra
Published: August 2016

Fourteen sedentary 50- to 55-year-old men were exercised to exhaustion using an incremental treadmill protocol. Mean (±SEM) peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) was 40.5 ± 1.19 ml · kg1 · min−1, and maximum heart rate was 161 ± 4 beats · min−1. Blood lactate concentration was measured regularly to identify the lactate threshold (oxygen consumption at which blood lactate concentration begins to systematically increase). Threshold occurred at 84 ± 2% of V̇O2peak. The absolute lactate value at threshold was 2.9 ± 0.2 mmol · L−1. On a separate occasion, 6 subjects exercised continuously just below their individual lactate thresholds for 25 min without significantly raising their blood lactate levels from the 10th minute to the 25th. The absolute blood lactate level over the last 20 min of the steady-state test averaged 3.7 ± 1.2 mmol · L−1. This value is higher than that elicited at the threshold in the incremental test because of the differing nature of the protocols. It was concluded that although the lactate threshold occurs at a high percentage of V̇O2peak, subjects are still able to sustain exercise at that intensity for 25 min.
Relationship between Self-Reported and Physiological Indicators of Exercise Behavior in Older Women
Authors: Schneider Joanne Kraenzle
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between self-reported exercise behavior and physiological indicators of exercise behavior (body composition and oxygen consumption measures) in older women. Three self-report exercise behavior instruments were administered in counterbalanced order. Body mass index and sums of skinfold thicknesses were used as measures of body composition. Oxygen consumption was measured using a metabolic cart during a treadmill test while women walked at approximately 70% of their heart rate reserve. Fifty-nine women participated (68.7 ± 6.0 years). Results showed that self-reported exercise behavior was moderately related to body composition measures. However, predicted maximal oxygen consumption was only weakly related to self-reported exercise behavior.
Prediction of Peak Oxygen Uptake from Submaximal Exercise Tests in Older Men and Women
Authors: Ainsworth Barbara E. , McMurray Robert G. , Veazey Susan K.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of two submaximal exercise tests, the Sitting-Chair Step Test (Smith & Gilligan. 1983) and the Modified Step Test (Amundsen, DeVahl, & Ellingham, 1989) to predict peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) in 28 adults ages 60 to 85 years. VO2 peak was measured by indirect calorimetry during a treadmill maximal graded exercise test (VO2 peak, range 11.6–31.1 ml · kg −l · min−1). In each of the submaximal tests, VO2 was predicted by plotting stage-by-stage submaximal heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion (RPE) data against VO2 for each stage and extrapolating the data to respective age-predicted maximal HR or RPE values. In the Sitting-Chair Step Test (n = 23), no significant differences were observed between measured and predicted VO2 peak values (p > .05). However, predicted VO2 peak values from the HR were 4.3 ml · kg−1 · min−1 higher than VO2 peak values predicted from the RPE data (p < .05). In the Modified Step Test (n = 22), no significant differences were observed between measured and predicted VO2 peak values (p > .05). Predictive accuracy was modest, explaining 49–78% of the variance in VO2 peak. These data suggest that the Sitting-Chair Step Test and the Modified Step Test have moderate validity in predicting VO2 peak in older men and women.
Consideration of Older Adults’ Preferences for Format of Physical Activity
Authors: Mills Kristin M. , Stewart Anita L. , Sepsis Peter G. , King Abby C.
Published: August 2016

Most community-based physical activity interventions for older adults prescribe class-based activities that may not appeal to everyone. This paper describes physical activity format preferences in a sample of 98 older adults (mean age = 76 ± 8 years) enrolled in an exercise promotion program encouraging participation in class-based activities offered by the community; the study explores how these preferences are related to activity adoption and maintenance. Thirty-four percent of respondents preferred to exercise individually. 28% preferred to exercise in a group, and 39% had no preference. Those who preferred exercising individually were less likely to adopt a new class than those who preferred to exercise in a group and those who had no preference (p < .01). Programs taking into account individual preferences may be more successful than those offering specific formats.
The Effects of Exercise Training on Resting Prostacyclin and Thromboxane A2 in Older Adults
Authors: Kauffman Richard D. , Sforzo Gary S. , Frost Blaise , Todd Mikel K.
Published: August 2016

Ten adult volunteers participated in Id weeks of cardiovascular exercise training (EG) to determine the effects of training on resting prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2). Six volunteers of similar age served as sedentary controls (CG). Blood was collected in tubes after training and eicosanoids were measured by standard 125I RIA methods. Over the 16 weeks of the study, PGI2 decreased 48% for EG and 33% for CG. There were no between-group differences for PGI2 values. No significant within-group changes in TXA2 were found, whereas between-group pretraining TXA2 values were significantly different. A time main effect for PGI2 may indicate a seasonal shift in this eicosanoid: however, the additional 15% decrease in PGI2 for EG may be due to a training-induced reduction in PGI2 substrate and/or endothelial sensitivity to agonists. The lack of within-group changes in TXA2 may be due to a combination of high platelet turnover and a training stimulus inadequate to alter platelet function.
Development of a Test to Assess the Attitudes of Older Adults Toward Physical Activity and Exercise
Authors: Terry Peter C. , Biddle Stuart J.H. , Chatzisarantis Nikolaos , Bell Robert D.
Published: August 2016

The development of the Older Persons’ Attitudes Toward Physical Activity and Exercise Questionnaire (OPAPAEQ) is reported. Working from first principles in psychometric test construction, the OPAPAEQ was developed and tested with 471 Canadians aged over 50 years. Through exploratory factor analysis and internal reliability analyses, four subscales were identified and labeled: Tension Release, Health Promotion, Vigorous Exercise, and Social Benefits. The four-factor structure was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis. Small gender differences were noted on two factors, but no age differences were located. The OPAPAEQ is a tool suitable for further analysis of an age group identified as increasingly important in exercise and health promotion.
Effectiveness of Arthritis Foundation Aquatic Program on Strength and Range of Motion in Women with Arthritis
Authors: Suomi Rory , Lindauer Susan
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effect of Arthritis Foundation Aquatic Program (AFAP) exercises on strength and range of motion (ROM) measures in women with arthritis. Exercise group (EX) subjects (n = 17) trained three times a week for 6 weeks in AFAP classes. Pre- and posttest isometric strength and ROM tests were conducted on shoulder and hip abduction movements on both limbs. For hip abduction. EX subjects made significant increases in isometric strength and ROM measures ranging from 13.0 to 17.0%. No significant changes in strength or ROM measures for shoulder abduction were found for the EX group. The control group (n = 10) demonstrated no significant changes in isometric or ROM measures for either joint test. The basic 6-week AFAP protocol appears sufficient to induce strength and ROM changes in joints affected by arthritis but may not be sufficient to induce similar changes for joint motions not affected by arthritis.
Social Influences on Physical Activity in Older Adults: A Review
Authors: Chogahara Makoto , Cousins Sandra O’Brien , Wankel Leonard M.
Published: August 2016

The interpersonal relationships of older adults have long been recognized as important determinants for their physical activity involvement. To date, researchers in this field have tended to focus on positive social influences, such as social support. Furthermore, in most studies, operational definitions of social support have stressed the source of the support (e.g., family support and friend support) rather than the nature of the support provided by these groups and individuals. In order to clarify the social context of physical activity among older adults, more attention should be paid to exploring both positive and negative social influences on physical activity. The objectives of this paper were to consolidate current findings concerning social influences and physical activity among aging adults, and to identify major positive and negative social influences from the literature that are associated with physical activity and health-promoting behaviors among aging adults. The development of a more comprehensive and representative method of measuring social influences in physical activity settings is advocated.
Physical Activity as a Predictor of Health and Disability in 75- and 80-Year-Old Men and Women: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Laukkanen Pia , Kauppinen Markku , Heikkinen Eino
Published: August 2016

Identifying predictors of functional limitations among the elderly is essential for planning and implementing appropriate preventive services. The purpose of this prospective study was to examine baseline physical activity as a predictor of health and functional ability outcomes 5 years later in people age 75 and 80 years at baseline. A clear trend was observed: The more physically active subjects had better health and functional ability compared to their more sedentary counterparts. After controlling for the baseline status, the degree of physical activity did not predict future disability but still maintained its predictive role at the level of disease severity. It is suggested that the level of habitual physical activity is an important predictor of health and functional ability among elderly people. Presumably, however, there is a reciprocal causal relationship between physical activity and health in elderly people. Physical activity counseling should therefore be included in preventive health strategies for the elderly.
Associations between Cognitive Functioning and Physical Activity in Two 5-Year Follow-Up Studies of Older Finnish Persons
Authors: Suutama Timo , Ruoppila Isto
Published: August 2016

Two follow-up studies were designed to analyze die cross-seciional and longitudinal associations between cognitive functioning and physical activity among two cohorts of elderly people. At baseline, over 90% of the 75- and 80-year-old populations were interviewed at home and almost 80% participated in the laboratory examinations. Cognitive functioning was assessed by psychometric tests and reaction time tasks, and physical activity was assessed by a subjective self-assessment as well as by objectively measured maximal walking speed. Among both cohorts, the decline over the 5-year period in cognitive functioning as well as in physical activity was generally small but statistically significant. The test-retest correlations were higher for the cognitive functioning scores than for the physical activity variables. The associations between cognitive functioning and physical activity were inconsistent and showed some differences between men and women.
Cardiovascular Responses to Submaximal Concentric and Eccentric Isokinetic Exercise in Older Adults
Authors: Thompson Elizabeth , Versteegh Theo H. , Overend Tom J. , Birmingham Trevor B. , Vandervoort Anthony A.
Published: August 2016

Our purpose was to describe heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and perceived exertion (RPE) responses to submaximal isokinetic concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) exercise at the same absolute torque output in older adults. Peak torques for ECC and CON knee extension were determined in healthy older males (n = 13) and females (n = 7). Subjects then performed separate, randomly ordered, 2-min bouts of CON and ECC exercise. Heart rate and MAP increased (p < .001) from resting values throughout both exercise bouts. CON exercise elicited a significantly greater cardiovascular response than ECC exercise after 60 s. Peak HR, MAP, and RPE after CON exercise were greater than after ECC exercise (p < .01). At the same absolute torque output, isokinetic CON knee extension exercise resulted in a significantly greater level of cardiovascular stress than ECC exercise. These results are relevant to resistance testing and exercise in older people.
The Association between Physical Activity and Depression in Older Depressed Adults
Authors: Moore Kathleen A. , Babyak Michael A. , Wood Carrie E. , Napolitano Melissa A. , Khatri Parinda , Craighead W. Edward , Herman Steve , Krishnan Ranga , Blumenthal James A.
Published: August 2016

Previous studies of younger, healthy individuals have demonstrated an inverse relationship between physical activity and depression. The present study addressed the relation between self-reported physical activity and symptoms of depression in 146 men and women aged 50 years and older with major depressive disorder (MDD). Patients who met clinical criteria for MDD completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Minnesota Leisure-Time Activity Questionnaire (MQ). Multiple regression analysis indicated that lower levels of physical activity were associated with more severe depressive symptoms (p = .04), after adjusting for age and gender. The implications of these findings for the treatment and prevention of depression are discussed.
Frontal Asymmetry, Dispositional Affect, and Physical Activity in Older Adults
Authors: Hall Eric E. , Petruzzello Steven J.
Published: August 2016

Physical activity has been consistently linked to better mental health—greater positive affect and life satisfaction, less negative affect, anxiety, and depression (Petruzzello et al., 1991; McAuley & Rudolph, 1995). Brain activation patterns have been linked to dispositional affect: greater relative left anterior hemisphere activation relates to positive affect, and greater relative right anterior activation relates to negative affect (Davidson, 1992). In this study, measures of resting EEG frontal asymmetry, dispositional affect, and physical activity were obtained from 41 older adults. Frontal asymmetry significantly predicted positive affect. In the high active group (n = 21), frontal asymmetry significantly predicted affective valence and satisfaction with life; in the low active group (n = 20), it significantly predicted negative affect. Physical activity was also significantly related to better dispositional affect. These findings suggest that the relationship between frontal brain activity and dispositional affect is influenced by physical activity in older adults.
Physical Fitness, Cognitive Function, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults
Authors: Wood Robert H. , Reyes-Alvarez Rafael , Maraj Brian , Metoyer Kristi L. , Welsch Michael A.
Published: August 2016

It has been suggested that physical and cognitive functions are associated with health-related quality of life (HRQL). Previous work examining the relationship between physical ability and HRQL is equivocal, and information about cognitive function in relation to HRQL is largely restricted to people with cognitive impairments. We investigated the relationships of physical ability and cognitive performance to HRQL in 44 older adults (72-93 years). The results suggest significant relationships between the endurance item of the AAHPERD test and the physical mobility and pain components of HRQL and between AAHPERD agility scores and the physical mobility component of HRQL. Visual simple-reaction time and the backward digit-span memory test were found to be related to physical mobility. The subject-performed-tasks memory test was related to the social component of HRQL. These data support the use of the AAHPERD test for characterizing physical ability of older adults as it relates to HRQL and identify specific cognitive support measures that reflect the relationship between cognition and HRQL in older adults.
Aerobic Exercise Training and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Older Adults: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Boileau Richard A. , McAuley Edward , Demetriou Demetra , Devabhaktuni Naveen K. , Dykstra Gregory L. , Katula Jeffery , Nelson Jane , Pascale Angelo , Pena Melissa , Talbot Heidi-Mai
Published: August 2016

A trial was conducted to examine the effect of moderate aerobic exercise training (AET) on cardiorespiratory (CR) fitness. Previously sedentary participants, age 60-75 years, were randomly assigned to either AET treatment or a control group for 6 months. The AET consisted of walking for 40 min three times/week at an intensity that elevated heart rate to 65% of maximum heart rate reserve. The control group performed a supervised stretching program for 40 min three times/week. CR fitness was assessed before and after the treatments during a grade-incremented treadmill walking test. Both absolute and relative peak V̇O2 significantly increased (p < .01) in the AET group, whereas they decreased modestly in the control group. Maximum treadmill time increased significantly (p < .01) in the AET group relative to the control group. These results indicate that CR fitness as measured by peak V̇O2 modestly improves in the elderly with a moderate-intensity, relatively long-term aerobic exercise program.
Physical Activity Preferences of Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Community Analysis
Authors: Wilcox Sara , King Abby C. , Brassington Glenn S. , Ahn David K.
Published: August 2016

Physical activity interventions are most effective when they are tailored to individual preferences. This study examined preferences for exercising on one’s own with some instruction vs. in a class in 1,820 middle-aged and 1,485 older adults. Overall, 69% of middle-aged and 67% of older adults preferred to exercise on their own with some instruction rather than in an exercise class. The study identified subgroups—5 of middle-aged and 6 of older adults—whose preferences for exercising on their own with some instruction ranged from 33–85%. Less educated women younger than 56, healthy women 65–71, and older men reporting higher stress levels were most likely to prefer classes. All other men and most women preferred exercising on their own. The identification of these subgroups enables us to tailor exercise recommendations to the preferences of middle-aged and older adults, with increased rates of physical activity adoption and maintenance a likely result.
Japanese National Physical Activity and Health Promotion Guidelines
Authors: Ohta Toshiki , Tabata Izumi , Mochizuki Yumiko
Published: August 2016

The Japanese National Physical Activity and Health Promotion Guidelines were compiled by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan. A broad definition of physical activity was adopted in this report. Objectives of physical activity were (a) maintaining and promoting health, (b) preventing and treating disease, (c) reducing stress, (d) promoting development in childhood, (e) maintaining and improving independence in older people, (f) managing symptoms associated with menopause, and (g) promoting general psychological well-being.
Effects of Short-Term Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Morphology in the Elderly
Authors: O’Neill David E.T. , Thayer Robert E. , Taylor Albert W. , Dzialoszynski Tomasz M. , Noble Earl G.
Published: August 2016

Ten moderately active participants (8 women, 2 men; mean age 66.3 ± 1.2 years), engaged in 8 weeks of isotonic knee-extensor resistance training. Afterward, peak torque output (180°/s) and mean power increased 30.8% and 27.2%, respectively, in the experimental limb (EL). A moderate, nonsignificant cross-over training effect was observed in the contralateral untrained limb (CL) for the same measures. Whereas mean fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) was unaltered in the CL by training. Fiber Types I and lib in the EL displayed increased CSA. However, mean CSAs for all fiber types in the trained EL were no larger (p > .05) than those observed in the CL before or after training. There were no significant changes in muscle-fiber-type composition, the proportion of Type I myosin heavy chain, or Type Ha CSA. These data suggest that short-term resistance training can significantly increase isokinctic peak torque in the elderly, with minimal changes in the histochemical and biochemical parameters examined.
Comparison between American and Italian Older Adult Performances on the AAHPERD Functional Fitness Test Battery
Authors: Capranica Laura , Tiberi Monica , Figura Francesco , Osness Wayne H.
Published: August 2016

This study compared functional fitness scores of American and Italian older adults on the AAHPERD test battery for adults over 60 years old. Sedentary participants (N = 186, age 60–79 years) undertook the 6 AAHPERD test items: Between American and Italian men, no statistically significant difference was found for coordination and endurance. American men scored better on flexibility and strength, whereas Italian men scored better on body mass index (BMI) and agility. Between American and Italian women, no statistically significant difference was found for BMI and agility. American women scored better on coordination and endurance, whereas Italian women scored better on flexibility and strength. The data suggest that the AAHPERD test battery is an appropriate tool for assessing and comparing functional fitness levels of older adults in different societies.
Lactate–Sweat Relationships in Younger and Middle-Aged Men
Authors: Green James M. , Bishop Phil A. , Muir Ian H. , Lomax Richard G.
Published: August 2016

Sweat lactate is at least partly derived from eccrine-gland metabolism. This study examined whether potential age-associated changes in sweat rate and skin blood flow influence sweat lactate. Six middle-aged (51.5 ± 3.8 years) and 6 younger (25.8 ± 1.5 years) men similar in VO2max, height, weight, percent body fat, and surface area completed constant-load (CON) cycling and interval-cycling (INT) trials. During each trial, sweat and blood were analyzed for lactate concentration at 15, 25, 35, 45, and 60 min. Sweat rates and estimated total lactate secretion were not significantly different (p > .05) between trials or groups. Blood-lactate concentrations were not significantly different between groups during CON but were significantly higher in younger men at 35 min and 45 min during INT. Sweat-lactate concentrations were not significantly different (p > .05) between groups during CON or INT. These results suggest that differences in eccrine-gland metabolism between young and middle-aged men are minimal.
Physical Activity and Human Development among Older Native American Women
Authors: Henderson Karla A. , Ainsworth Barbara E.
Published: August 2016

Physical activity involvement often changes as an individual gets older. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to explore the involvement in and meanings of physical activity from childhood to the present among a selected group of Native American women. The results showed that perceived meanings of physical activity remained relatively stable over the lives of these women. Two patterns of involvement emerged among the women: decliners and rejuvenators. The results suggested that physical activity as women aged was a result not of choice as often as of a life situation. Furthermore, the changes occurring in physical activity over the life course reflected social and cultural influences, as well as individual self-determination. The findings indicated that a variety of perspectives are needed if researchers are to understand the changes that occur in physical activity patterns and how both women and men of all ethnic groups might remain involved in physical activity throughout their lives.
Thinking out Loud: What Older Adults Say about Triggers for Physical Activity
Authors: Cousins Sandra O'Brien
Published: August 2016

This study analyzed older women's (age 57–92, N = 32) descriptions of motivating triggers for physical activity. Among active women, activity was triggered by situations such as declining fitness levels, low bone density, more free time, fears about inadequate health care leading to self-care, expectations for reduced aches and pains, awareness of new community programs, and public reports of the health benefits. Semiactive women had doubts about the appropriateness of being active. Inactive people also experienced triggers but seemed firmly committed to a less active lifestyle by reminding themselves that retirement requires no commitments, exercise is not needed if you are healthy, exercise is not appropriate if you are ill, being very busy is a substitute activity, and serving others is less selfish. The findings suggest that active-living interventions might be more effectively aimed at semi active seniors who seem positively disposed to participating but need help to get started or to stay involved.
Community-Based Physical Activity Programs for Adults Age 50 and Older
Authors: Stewart Anita L.
Published: August 2016

The term “community-based” can refer to many types of physical activity interventions. The bulk of physical activity research in older adults focuses on changing individual behavior, sometimes in community settings. Addressing the nation’s goal of increasing the proportion of physically active older adults requires more programs to improve contextual factors that support individual behavior and calls for introducing into community settings successful individual-level programs based on solid research. The social ecology model provides an ideal multilevel framework for community-wide efforts. In conjunction with programs to increase the types and levels of physical activity of older adults, changes can be directed at social, cultural, environmental, institutional, and policy contexts for individual behavior change. Guidelines and evaluation methods, including cost analysis of developing, implementing, and sustaining programs, are needed. Recommendations are made to advance community-based strategies for promoting physical activity among adults age 50 and older.
The Future Past of the Amateur Sports Act: Developing American Sport
Authors: Chalip Laurence
Published: August 2016

The United States is struggling to hold its own in international competitions. The Amateur Sports Act mandates that the USOC and its NGBs should build American sport performances by fostering sport participation throughout the country, and by enabling sport research. However, data from the past 16 years of sport participation demonstrate that participation is declining in many of our key sports, while others show inconsistent or merely ephemeral growth. Further, sport research is no longer pursued by the USOC, and it is not funded by any U.S. government agency or private American foundation. Consequently, the American sporting culture is eroding, and the United States is becoming a client nation when it comes to sport research. A review of the formation of The Amateur Sports Act shows that it was formulated to address Cold War concerns. Consequently, the Act failed to consider sport development, as the Act’s primary purpose was to engender a rationalized private sport system through which to build teams that could beat communist athletes. A reassessment of The Amateur Sports Act in light of contemporary conditions, suggests that greater attention to participation and research are necessary, but that such attention will require establishment of a foundation to nurture sport participation and to fund sport research. The foundation’s mandate would include creation of clubs and leagues to enable year round and lifelong sport participation, enhancement of the availability of sport facilities for club and league use, guidance for grassroots development of sport, and establishment of clear pathways for athletes. The template for such a foundation was created in the 1960s but never implemented. The time is ripe for it to be implemented now either by incorporating its mandates into the new Foundation for Fitness, Sport, and Nutrition, or by establishing a foundation that specifically targets sport development.
Psychosocial Correlates of Disordered Eating Among Male Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Petrie Trent A. , Greenleaf Christy , Carter Jennifer E. , Reel Justine J.
Published: August 2016

Few studies have been conducted examining male athletes and eating disorders, even though the sport environment may increase their risk. Thus, little information exists regarding the relationship of putative risk factors to eating disorders in this group. To address this issue, we examined the relationship of eating disorder classification to the risk factors of body image concerns (including drive for muscularity), negative affect, weight pressures, and disordered eating behaviors. Male college athletes (N= 199) from three different NCAA Division I universities participated. Only two athletes were classified with an eating disorder, though 33 (16.6%) and 164 (82.4%), respectively, were categorized as symptomatic and asymptomatic. Multivariate analyses revealed that eating disorder classification was unrelated to the majority of the risk factors, although the eating disorder group (i.e., clinical and symptomatic) did report greater fear of becoming fat, more weight pressures from TV and from magazines, and higher levels of stress than the asymptomatic athletes. In addition, the eating disorder group had higher scores on the Bulimia Test-Revised (Thelen, Mintz, & Vander Wal, 1996), which validated the Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnosis (Mintz, O’Halloran, Mulholland, & Schneider, 1997) as a measure of eating disorders with male athletes. These findings suggest that variables that have been supported as risk factors among women in general, and female athletes in particular, may not apply as strongly, or at all, to male athletes.