bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parametric analysis of the output performance of a valveless piezoelectric pump with a bullhorn-shaped structure
Authors: He Lipeng , Hu Dianbin , Wang Jingran , Zhang Zheng , Zhou Ziming , Yu Gang , Cheng Guangming
Published: July 2021

In response to the serious problem of backflow in valveless piezoelectric pumps, this paper proposes a valveless piezoelectric pump with a bullhorn-shaped structure. In this paper, we analyze the flow guide by using the “tail flow space pressure comparison method” and “fluid unit dynamic analysis method,” revealing the working principle of the flow guide in the valveless piezoelectric pump. The effects of the height, sharp angle, and filter angle of the bullhorn-shaped structure on the output flow were investigated separately by the experiment. The experimental results show that the output flow rate is best when the height of the bullhorn structure is 2 mm, the choke of the bullhorn-shaped structure is 2, and the sharp angle and fillet angle are 180°. The output flow rate of this valveless piezoelectric pump can reach 170.6 ml/min at a drive voltage of 210 V and a drive frequency of 45 Hz, indicating that the valveless piezoelectric pump has good pumping capability and can effectively alleviate the backflow phenomenon. This study offers some valuable insights into improving its performance and practical application.
High Curie temperatures in Gd-dihalide Janus monolayers
Authors: Li Shujing , Jiang Wei , Hou Yuefei , Zheng Fawei , Shao Xiaohong , Zhang Ping
Published: July 2021

As MoSSe has been successfully synthesized, it is expected that Janus structures would be newly developed as 2D materials with intriguing physical properties. Here, monolayer Janus GdXY (with X/Y = Cl, Br, I), a ferromagnetic semiconductor with a high Curie temperature, is predicted by density functional theory combined with Monte Carlo simulations. The calculations show that the cleavage energies of monolayers 2H-GdX2 (X = Cl, Br, I) and GdXY are about 0.21J/m2, which are smaller than that of graphene. The Janus GdXY monolayers have semiconducting bandgaps and show in-plane ferromagnetic order with Curie temperatures of 167–181 K. The magnetic moment is as high as 8 μB/Gd. In addition, GdXY monolayers also have strong Heisenberg exchange interactions in the range of 35–37 meV, which are larger than that of CrI3. We also find that both of their magnetic anisotropy and Curie temperature can be largely altered by strain. High Curie temperatures and 100% spin polarization make Janus GdXY monolayers good platforms for the research studies of spintronics devices.
Reinforcement learning approach to thermal transparency with particles in periodic lattices
Authors: Liu Bin , Xu Liujun , Huang Jiping
Published: July 2021

Implementing thermal transparency by using thermal metamaterials, with its potential applications in real-world scenarios, has been a promising field attracting many theoretical and experimental studies. The implementation of thermal transparency, as well as other thermal metamaterial-based applications, often requires solving an inverse design problem to calculate optimal design parameters. In this paper, we propose a periodic interparticle interaction mechanism to realize thermal transparency, in which particles are arranged in periodic lattices with symmetric interactions and anisotropic thermal conductivities. We reframe the inverse design problem of calculating the design parameters of such a periodic interparticle system into a reinforcement learning problem. The essence of our reinforcement learning-based approach is to train an intelligent agent that can vary the design parameters in a series of time steps toward the realization of thermal transparency. Compared to our previous effort to solve the same problem with an autoencoder-based approach, the reinforcement learning-based approach requires significantly less computational resources and thus demonstrates its potential to alleviate the “curse of dimensionality.” We also discuss the cause for the superior computational efficiency of the reinforcement learning-based approach over the autoencoder-based approach, and the possibility of extending the use of our reinforcement learning-based approach to solve other inverse design problems.
Halide ion migration in lead-free all-inorganic cesium tin perovskites
Authors: Liu Gaoyu , Wu Ye , Liu Yang , Cai Bo , Dong Yuhui , Zhang Shengli , Zeng Haibo
Published: July 2021

Halide perovskites have been one of the most promising research hotspots in the optoelectronic field. Recently, the issue of ion migration has been proved to be of great significance to their long-term stability and performance of optoelectronic devices. However, the stability of perovskite Cs2SnX6 (X = I, Br, Cl) under the light or electric field conditions has not been explored. In this work, we reported halide ion migration in lead-free all-inorganic perovskite Cs2SnX6. The calculated formation energy to some degree reveals the concentration of the halide vacancy, which provides the favorable conditions for halide ion migration. Importantly, the theoretical long-term ion migration barriers are investigated to be higher than 1.00 eV, indicating they are relatively stable compared to CsPbX3, and the computational result matches the experimental result with the Nernst−Einstein relation that we adopted. The halogen ion migration energy barrier is 0.91 eV under the bias of 5 V, indicating that the perovskite Cs2SnX6 is relatively stable under a certain electric field. Furthermore, the experimental comparison of XRD results demonstrate that perovskite Cs2SnX6 has no obvious ion migration under certain light conditions. Finally, the analysis results show the Sn–X bond strength that explains the cause of such high barriers. These results reveal the migration mechanism of halide ions and provide new impetus for their optoelectronic applications.
An investigation of the dynamic beam-steering capability of a liquid-crystal-enabled leaky-wave antenna designed for 5G applications
Authors: Tchema Rodrigue , Papanicolaou Nectarios C. , Polycarpou Anastasis C.
Published: July 2021

In this Letter, an investigation is performed on the utilization of nematic liquid crystal (NLC) cells in the design of leaky-wave antennas (LWAs) for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) radiation in order to dynamically control its beam scanning capability at a single frequency. A NLC compound is sandwiched between two single-sided copper-plated substrates allowing a traveling wave to be guided through a substrate-integrated waveguide. The tuning capabilities of the structure, based on the use of K15 or GT7-29001 as the middle layer, were evaluated for different biasing conditions demonstrating the associated dynamic scanning of the main beam. A quasi-periodic LWA was designed to operate in the 5G mm-wave band, thus supporting a fast-wave propagation with tunable phase constant and dynamic beam steering at a single frequency. The simulated results clearly illustrate a dynamic beam scanning range of 45° through the use of an external bias voltage ranging between 0 and 40 V. These results are quite promising creating a fertile ground for the utilization of NLCs in the design and fabrication of LWAs for 5G wireless communication networks.
Effect of surfactants on jet break-up in drop-on-demand inkjet printing
Authors: Antonopoulou E. , Harlen O. G. , Rump M. , Segers T. , Walkley M. A.
Published: July 2021

Jet formation and break-up in inkjet printing has been studied and understood mainly for pure liquids. Questions remain as to the role of surfactants on the inkjet printing process at the microsecond timescale. Here, numerical and experimental results demonstrating the effects of surfactants on jet break-up and drop formation at the scales relevant to drop-on-demand inkjet printing are presented. The rapid expansion of the free surface during the fast jetting process results in a depletion of surfactants along the air–liquid interface, resulting in surface tension gradients. During ejection, surfactants are concentrated toward the head of the droplet, while the trailing ligament is found to be almost devoid of surfactants. As a consequence, the initial evolution and pinch-off of the jet from the nozzle are found to be very similar to that of pure water, even though the equilibrium surface tension of the surfactant solution is lower by a factor of two. However, particularly for strong surfactants, Marangoni forces arising from surface tension gradients between the head drop and the ligament are found to delay and can even prevent the break-up of the main drop from the ligament thereby inhibiting the formation of satellite drops.
A dynamic spatial gradient model for the subgrid closure in large-eddy simulation of turbulence
Authors: Wang Yunpeng , Yuan Zelong , Xie Chenyue , Wang Jianchun
Published: July 2021

A dynamic spatial gradient model (DSGM) is proposed for the subgrid-scale (SGS) closure of large-eddy simulation (LES). The velocity gradients at neighboring LES grids are incorporated to improve the accuracy of the SGS stress. Compared to the previous machine-learning-based multi-point gradient models, the current model is free from the need of a priori knowledge. The model coefficients are dynamically determined by the least-square method using the Leonard stress. The a priori tests show that the correlation coefficients of the SGS stress for the DSGM framework are much larger than the traditional velocity gradient model over different tested filter widths from viscous to inertial scales. The analysis of the model coefficients in the a priori test suggests that the number of the model coefficients can be significantly reduced, leading to a simpler version of the model. A small-scale eddy viscosity (SSEV) model is introduced as an artificial viscosity to mimic the flux of kinetic energy to smaller scales which cannot be resolved at an LES grid. The velocity spectrum predicted by SSEV-based implicit LES is very close to that of direct numerical simulation (DNS) data. In the a posteriori tests, both the flow statistics and the instantaneous field are accurately recovered with the SSEV-enhanced DSGM model. Compared with the SSEV-based implicit LES, the dynamic Smagorinsky model, and the dynamic mixed model, the results predicted by the current model have overall closer agreements with the filtered DNS result, suggesting that the DSGM framework is well-suited for highly accurate LES of turbulence.
, a new Australian species in
Authors: Bally Julia , Marks Claire E. , Jung Hyungtaek , Jia Fangzhi , Roden Sally , Cooper Tal , Newbigin Ed , Waterhouse Peter M.
Published: July 2021

Nicotiana is found predominantly in the Americas and Australia, but also has representatives in Africa and the Pacific Islands. All native Australian Nicotiana species belong to section Suaveolentes. The number of species in this section is uncertain and subject to revision. An example of this uncertainty is the taxonomic status of a South Australian Nicotiana accession colloquially termed ‘Corunna’. Here, we report sequences for nuclear and plastid markers for N. sp. Corunna (D.E.Symon 17088) and accessions of two other Australian species, N. burbidgeae and N. benthamiana. Phylogenetic comparison of these sequences with those of other members of Nicotiana places all three taxa in N. section Suaveolentes and shows that ‘Corunna’ represents a distinct phylogenetic lineage in a well supported clade along with N. goodspeedii, N. maritima, N. amplexicaulis and N. suaveolentes. Phenetic analysis of floral characters also supports recognition of N. sp. Corunna (D.E.Symon 17088) as a distinct species, which we describe here as Nicotiana paulineana Newbigin & P.M.Waterh., sp. nov. The enlarged molecular dataset described here contributes to a better understanding of taxonomic relationships within the section.
Accelerated expansion of pathogenic mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmies in Huntington’s disease
Authors: Wang Yiqin , Guo Xiaoxian , Ye Kaixiong , Orth Michael , Gu Zhenglong
Published: July 2021

Significance

Decline of mitochondrial function may underlie the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases, such as Huntington’s disease (HD). Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system is encoded partially by the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). By investigating mtDNA in lymphoblast and blood samples of HD patients, we found that the expansion of OXPHOS-impairing mtDNA heteroplasmies (coexistence of mutated and wild-type mtDNA) is a molecular feature associated with the functional, motor, and cognitive aspects of HD progression, suggesting that improving mtDNA quality or restoring mitochondrial function could be a potential target for HD treatments.
Tsc1 regulates tight junction independent of mTORC1
Authors: Lai Mingqiang , Zou Wenchong , Han Zelong , Zhou Ling , Qiu Zeyou , Chen Juan , Zhang Sheng , Lai Pinglin , Li Kai , Zhang Yue , Liang Li , Jiang Yu , Zou Zhipeng , Bai Xiaochun
Published: July 2021

Significance

The epithelium barrier is vital for sealing body surface and alimentary spaces, preventing paracellular material diffusion and pathogen invasion. We describe here that tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (Tsc1) controls tight junction (TJ) formation to create and maintain the epithelial barrier, independent of its conventional role in mTOR regulation. We found that Tsc1 loss is associated with TJ destruction in patients with TJ-related human diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis, a common skin disorder. Tsc1 knockout in epithelial cells drives TJ dysfunction, causing Crohn’s disease–like and psoriasis-like signs and symptoms in mice. This function of Tsc1 has significant implications to understand how epithelial cells form TJ to protect us from these diseases.
The salience of choice fuels independence: Implications for self-perception, cognition, and behavior
Authors: Nanakdewa Kevin , Madan Shilpa , Savani Krishna , Markus Hazel Rose
Published: July 2021

Significance

These studies find that choice—an increasingly salient feature of many cultural contexts—is linked with an array of previously undocumented behavioral consequences. When people think of their actions as choices, they feel larger and stronger than others, are attracted to ideas of independence, and feel empowered to voice their opinions. Choosing what to eat and which shampoo to buy may seem like trivial acts, yet the current research finds that the salience of choice alone can have a range of powerful psychological effects. As the ideas and practices of choice become increasingly salient worldwide, they will likely fuel a host of unanticipated consequences, including a sense of self as independent, and so contribute to the rise of global individualism.
Treg-expressed CTLA-4 depletes CD80/CD86 by trogocytosis, releasing free PD-L1 on antigen-presenting cells
Authors: Tekguc Murat , Wing James Badger , Osaki Motonao , Long Jia , Sakaguchi Shimon
Published: July 2021

Significance

Immunosuppressive Tregs constitutively express CTLA-4, an immune checkpoint receptor. Addressing the role of CTLA-4 in Treg-suppressive function, we show that Treg-expressed CTLA-4, even in the absence of its cytoplasmic portion, promoted the conjugation of Tregs and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), leading to CTLA-4–dependent trogocytosis of CD80/CD86 and concomitant transfer of membrane fragments from APCs to the Treg cell surface. The depletion or blockade of CD80 by trogocytosis or solubilized CTLA-4, respectively, increased free PD-L1 by disrupting cis-CD80/PD-L1 heterodimers on APCs. Thus, Tregs can exert dual suppressive effects through the limitation of CD80/CD86 and up-regulation of free PD-L1 on APCs. Cancer immunotherapy with anti–CTLA-4 and anti–PD-1/PD-L1 blocking antibodies may enhance tumor immunity by hindering this Treg-mediated immune suppression.
Benthic jellyfish dominate water mixing in mangrove ecosystems
Authors: Durieux David M. , Du Clos Kevin T. , Lewis David B. , Gemmell Brad J.
Published: July 2021

Significance

Water mixing is critical for aquatic life and mangrove habitats are vital nurseries for many species. However, these sheltered habitats experience little water mixing.
Cassiopea
sp. jellyfish continuously produce a vertical current capable of transporting hundreds of liters of seawater per hour. They live in shallow subtidal regions and the flows they generate have the potential to result in turnover of the entire water column up to every 15 min for an average population. Additionally,
Cassiopea
sp. can expedite the transport of nutrient-rich water from sediments into the water column. Thus,
Cassiopea
sp. represent a previously unrecognized ecosystem engineer within these shallow coastal environments that can affect primary productivity and nutrient distribution and alter new habitats as their range is expanding.
Wireless, battery-free, subdermally implantable platforms for transcranial and long-range optogenetics in freely moving animals
Authors: Ausra Jokubas , Wu Mingzheng , Zhang Xin , Vázquez-Guardado Abraham , Skelton Patrick , Peralta Roberto , Avila Raudel , Murickan Thomas , Haney Chad R. , Huang Yonggang , Rogers John A. , Kozorovitskiy Yevgenia , Gutruf Philipp
Published: July 2021

Significance

Delivery of light for optogenetic stimulation of the brain is challenging, especially in small animals, because of behavioral constraints associated with physical tethering by fiber optic cables. This limitation interferes with some classes of in vivo behavioral experiments and makes others impossible. Additionally, the penetrating probes associated with these and related technologies cause damage to targeted regions of neural tissues, thereby complicating experimental evaluation. Here, we introduce a wireless, battery-free system that interfaces to the animal as a minimally invasive, subdermal implant capable of delivering high-intensity optogenetic light stimulation directly through the skull, without penetrating the brain. This approach avoids damage to brain tissue, facilitates simple surgical implantation, and enables new, ethologically grounded neuroscience experiments, applicable over large experimental arenas.
Structural basis for ligand binding modes of CTP synthase
Authors: Zhou Xian , Guo Chen-Jun , Chang Chia-Chun , Zhong Jiale , Hu Huan-Huan , Lu Guang-Ming , Liu Ji-Long
Published: July 2021

Significance

In the current study, we successfully push the resolution to near-atomic levels (2.48 Å) to analyze the polymer structure of
Drosophila melanogaster
cytidine triphosphate synthase (dmCTPS) with all its substrates (6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine being used to represent glutamine). We have precisely located all ligands in a CTPS structure with a solid electron density map. With this model, we present a structural conformation of the GTP binding site and demonstrate its roles in mediating glutamine binding, NH
3
transport, and stabilizing the ammonia tunnel. Additionally, the intermediate in the ATP-dependent phosphorylation reaction is observed allowing us to identify the residues participating in catalysis.
Multiple flat bands and topological Hofstadter butterfly in twisted bilayer graphene close to the second magic angle
Authors: Lu Xiaobo , Lian Biao , Chaudhary Gaurav , Piot Benjamin A. , Romagnoli Giulio , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Poggio Martino , MacDonald Allan H. , Bernevig B. Andrei , Efetov Dmitri K.
Published: July 2021

Significance

Multiple flat bands in high-quality twisted bilayer graphene close to the theoretically predicted second magic angle are observed. These well-isolated flat moiré bands host a nontrivial topology which is evidenced by a connecting multiband Hofstadter butterfly spectrum. This work provides a perspective for understanding the emergent quantum phases (i.e., strong correlation and band topology) in twisted bilayer graphene and the fractal Hofstadter spectra of multiple topological bands.
Observation of others’ threat reactions recovers memories previously shaped by firsthand experiences
Authors: Haaker Jan , Diaz-Mataix Lorenzo , Guillazo-Blanch Gemma , Stark Sara A. , Kern Lea , LeDoux Joseph E. , Olsson Andreas
Published: July 2021

Significance

Social transmission of threat information by observation is effective in humans and other animals. However, it is unknown if such observation of others’ reacting to threats can retrieve memories that have been previously learned through direct, firsthand aversive experiences. Here, we show concordantly in humans and rats that observing a conspecific’s reactions to a threat is sufficient to recover associative memories of direct, firsthand aversive experiences, measured as conditioned threat responses (physiological responses and defensive behavior) in the observer. The reinstatement of threat responses by observation of others is specific to the context that is observed as being dangerous. Our findings provide cross-species evidence that observation of others’ threat reactions can recover associative memories of direct, firsthand aversive experiences.
Fossilized cell structures identify an ancient origin for the teleost whole-genome duplication
Authors: Davesne Donald , Friedman Matt , Schmitt Armin D. , Fernandez Vincent , Carnevale Giorgio , Ahlberg Per E. , Sanchez Sophie , Benson Roger B. J.
Published: July 2021

Significance

Some lineages of organisms have undergone major evolutionary radiations, while others have not. Establishing why is a central goal of evolutionary research. Whole-genome duplication (WGD) is often proposed as having caused the spectacular evolutionary radiation of teleost fishes. However, due to the absence of genetic data for fossil species, it has been impossible to pinpoint precisely when WGD occurred during teleost history. We use three-dimensional measurements of fossilized bone cell spaces to estimate genome sizes in extinct species, observing a near doubling of size during earliest teleost ancestry. This suggests that WGD occurred very early, substantially predating the dramatic radiation of teleosts. These findings suggest at most an indirect link between WGD and teleost diversification.
Historical language records reveal a surge of cognitive distortions in recent decades
Authors: Bollen Johan , ten Thij Marijn , Breithaupt Fritz , Barron Alexander T. J. , Rutter Lauren A. , Lorenzo-Luaces Lorenzo , Scheffer Marten
Published: July 2021

Significance

Can entire societies become more or less depressed over time? Here, we look for the historical traces of cognitive distortions, thinking patterns that are strongly associated with internalizing disorders such as depression and anxiety, in millions of books published over the course of the last two centuries in English, Spanish, and German. We find a pronounced “hockey stick” pattern: Over the past two decades the textual analogs of cognitive distortions surged well above historical levels, including those of World War I and II, after declining or stabilizing for most of the 20th century. Our results point to the possibility that recent socioeconomic changes, new technology, and social media are associated with a surge of cognitive distortions.
EZH2 inhibits NK cell–mediated antitumor immunity by suppressing CXCL10 expression in an HDAC10-dependent manner
Authors: Bugide Suresh , Gupta Romi , Green Michael R. , Wajapeyee Narendra
Published: July 2021

Significance

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a type of liver cancer, has a poor 5-y survival rate and current therapies provide only marginal clinical benefits to most HCC patients. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are needed for HCC treatment. Natural killer (NK) cells are cells of the innate immune system that can inhibit tumor development and progression. We find that pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 results in NK cell–mediated hepatic tumor growth inhibition in mice, which occurs, in part, due to the increased expression of the chemokine CXCL10, leading to increased NK cell migration. These results have implications for EZH2-dependent tumors, in which NK cell–mediated tumor clearance can be induced using EZH2 inhibitors.
Probabilistic discrimination of relative stimulus features in mice
Authors: Lyamzin Dmitry R. , Aoki Ryo , Abdolrahmani Mohammad , Benucci Andrea
Published: July 2021

Significance

In vision research, oriented gratings are classical stimuli that drive a large population of neurons in the primary visual cortex, but it is unclear whether mice—a recently popular model animal for visual decision-making—can be trained in a task based on the comparison between orientations. Furthermore, it is unclear which strategies they would use and how these strategies would be affected by engagement in the task. Here, we demonstrate that mice can perform a relative orientation discrimination task with high levels of acuity. Using a probabilistic model of choice, we explored the animals’ choice strategies, as well as history biases and their dependency on engagement.
Predicting in vivo escape dynamics of HIV-1 from a broadly neutralizing antibody
Authors: Meijers Matthijs , Vanshylla Kanika , Gruell Henning , Klein Florian , Lässig Michael
Published: July 2021

Significance

Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) show promise for antibody-mediated prevention or treatment of HIV-1 infection. Recent clinical trials, however, indicate that the virus can evolve resistance mutations that escape neutralization by bnAbs. Here, we establish a fitness model for the escape dynamics of HIV in humans. We show that this model can be applied universally across different human hosts, providing a proof of principle that the in vivo response of HIV to bnAb therapies is predictable. Our analysis identifies a fitness trade-off in viral evolution that can inform antibody design and therapy protocols.
Molecular underpinnings and biogeochemical consequences of enhanced diatom growth in a warming Southern Ocean
Authors: Jabre Loay J. , Allen Andrew E. , McCain J. Scott P. , McCrow John P. , Tenenbaum Nancy , Spackeen Jenna L. , Sipler Rachel E. , Green Beverley R. , Bronk Deborah A. , Hutchins David A. , Bertrand Erin M.
Published: July 2021

Significance

Phytoplankton contribute to the Southern Ocean’s (SO) ability to absorb atmospheric CO
2
and shape the stoichiometry of northward macronutrient delivery. Climate change is altering the SO environment, yet we know little about how resident phytoplankton will react to these changes. Here, we studied a natural SO community and compared responses of two prevalent, bloom-forming diatom groups to changes in temperature and iron that are projected to occur by 2100 to 2300. We found that one group,
Pseudo-nitzschia
, grows better under warmer low-iron conditions by managing cellular iron demand and efficiently increasing photosynthetic capacity. This ability to grow and draw down nutrients in the face of warming, regardless of iron availability, has major implications for ocean ecosystems and global nutrient cycles.
A physiologic rise in cytoplasmic calcium ion signal increases pannexin1 channel activity via a C-terminus phosphorylation by CaMKII
Authors: López Ximena , Palacios-Prado Nicolás , Güiza Juan , Escamilla Rosalba , Fernández Paola , Vega José L. , Rojas Maximiliano , Marquez-Miranda Valeria , Chamorro Eduardo , Cárdenas Ana M. , Maldifassi María Constanza , Martínez Agustín D. , Duarte Yorley , González-Nilo Fernando D. , Sáez Juan C.
Published: July 2021

Significance

This work shows that rat and human pannexin1 channels are not intrinsically sensitive to membrane stretch and their activation, previously associated with a physiologic increase in cytoplasmic Ca
2+
concentration, results from phosphorylation via CaMKII in the amino acid residue S394 located in the C terminus of pannexin1. This posttranslational modification does not significantly affect the unitary conductance of the channel but increases the permeability of lateral tunnels to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and permits the influx of positively charged molecules, such as DAPI, via the external vestibule to the cytoplasm. This activation mechanism might explain the ATP release via pannexin1 channels in diverse cell types under numerous physiologic conditions.
Two types of alignment change in nominalizations
Authors: Aldridge Edith , Yanagida Yuko
Published: July 2021

This paper investigates two instances of alignment change, both of which resulted from reanalysis of a nominalized embedded clause type, in which the external argument was marked with genitive case and the internal argument was focused. We show that a subject marked with genitive case in the early development of Austronesian languages became ergative-marked when object relative clauses in cleft constructions were reanalyzed as transitive root clauses. In contrast to this, the genitive case in Old Japanese nominalized clauses, marking an external argument, was extended to mark all subjects. This occurred after adnominal clauses were reanalyzed as root clauses. Japanese underwent one more step in order for genitive to be reanalyzed as nominative: the reanalysis of impersonal psych transitive constructions as intransitives.

With these two case studies of Austronesian and Japanese, we show that reanalysis of nominalization goes in either direction, ergative or accusative, depending on the syntactic conditions involved in the reanalysis.
Framing in interactive academic talk
Authors: Pan Yun
Published: July 2021

Framing involves how language users conceptualize what is happening in interaction for situated interpretation of roles, purposes, expectations, and sequences of action, thus show significant conceptual relevance to the analysis of routinized institutional communication. Having established a working definition offramingbased on an intensive review of previous research, this study investigates university students’ and tutors’ framing behaviors in interactive small group talk. Two types of framing-in-interaction, -alternate framingof a single situation andco-framingwithin/beyond speaker role boundary-, are identified, examined, and characterized from a conversation-analytic perspective. The findings suggest that alternate framings co-occur with traceable interactional devices for sequential organization when the single situation at talk takes on divergent meaning potentials to be accessed. Co-framings happen when at least one (group) of participants is highly goal-oriented, showing conditional relevance to the prior courses of action and more explicit negotiation of epistemic stances. Framing, therefore, can be arguably taken as a global organization resource to characterize contextualization in institutional communication.
Ralstonia solanacearum
. [Distribution map].
Authors: CABI  , EPPO
Published: July 2021

Discontinued. See individual maps of races 1, 2 and 3 (Map Nos 783, 784 and 785). Some old records of Pseudomonas solanacearum cannot be attributed to race and are set aside until such time as it is possible to attribute them.
Fatigue‐related reductions in movement smoothness during a lateral shuffle and side‐cutting movement
Authors: Mohr Maurice , Federolf Peter
Published: July 2021

Although movement smoothness is considered a hallmark of well‐coordinated motor tasks, it is unknown whether markers of movement smoothness can be used to assess the quality of neuromuscular control in athletes. As a first step into this direction, the purpose of this study was to test whether movement smoothness is reduced following a fatiguing lateral shuffle protocol due to fatigue‐related adaptations in neuromuscular control. Sixteen healthy adults (7 females) completed a submaximal 3‐minute lateral shuffle trial and a maximal fatiguing shuffle trial until task failure. The movement of the pelvis and feet was determined using 3D motion capture at 250 Hz. Movement smoothness was quantified using the log‐dimensionless jerk, which represents how often and abruptly the segment acceleration changes over time. Pelvis and foot movement smoothness along with spatiotemporal variables characterizing the shuffling pattern were compared between the beginning and end of the fatiguing shuffle trial using Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests (α = 0.05). Pelvis movement smoothness was significantly reduced in all movement directions (p ≤ 0.005, strong effects) while foot movement smoothness was predominantly reduced in the shuffle direction (p ≤ 0.018, moderate to strong effects). Reductions in movement smoothness coincided with a lower peak pelvis speed in shuffle direction (p = 0.007, strong effect) and shorter contact times when changing direction (p = 0.049, moderate effect). These reductions in movement smoothness may be explained by a change in the overall shuffle pattern characterized by “harder” side‐cuts as well as by a muscle fatigue‐related decline in the ability to precisely plan and execute foot trajectories.
Translation and cultural adaptation of the Persian version of Vestibular Disorders Activities of Daily Living scale (VADL)
Authors: Hashemi Nasrin , Zarrinkoob Homa , Akbarzadeh Baghban Alireza , Fatemi Shiva , Najafi Sirvan
Published: July 2021

Background

Vestibular disorders can lead to functional limitations and deficits in performing routine daily life tasks. The Vestibular Disorders Activities of Daily Living scale (VADL) is a useful tool for impact assessment level of functional limitations in patients with vestibular disorders.

Objective

Translation, cultural adaptation and evaluation of the reliability and validity of VADL to Persian.

Methods

In this analytical–descriptive study, VADL was translated based on the native protocol of the International Quality of Life questionnaire and adapted to the conditions found in Iranian culture. Upon confirmation of face validity, this scale was performed on 90 Persian patients with vestibular disorders (aged between 25 and 85 years). After one week, 53 participants were asked to complete the questionnaire again. Finally, reliability was evaluated with both methods of internal consistency and test-retest reproducibility.

Results

Five items out of 28 were modified to adapt the scale to the culture of Iranians, and they were approved by the original designer of the questionnaire. Internal consistency was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.94, and repeatability was confirmed by the Interclass Correlation Coefficient of 0.97.

Conclusion

The Persian version of VADL was relatively equivalent to the original content and it was in compliance with the terms of Persian culture with high validity and reliability. Therefore, it may be a useful tool for the assessment of functional limitation in some patients with vestibular disorders.
A modified discrepancy principle to attain optimal convergence rates under unknown noise
Authors: Jahn Tim
Published: July 2021

We consider a linear ill-posed equation in the Hilbert space setting. Multiple independent unbiased measurements of the right-hand side are available. A natural approach is to take the average of the measurements as an approximation of the right-hand side and to estimate the data error as the inverse of the square root of the number of measurements. We calculate the optimal convergence rate (as the number of measurements tends to infinity) under classical source conditions and introduce a modified discrepancy principle, which asymptotically attains this rate.
Probing negative ions and electrons in the afterglow of a low-pressure oxygen radiofrequency plasma using laser-induced photodetachment
Authors: Hasani M , Marvi Z , Beckers J
Published: July 2021

This paper reports on the further development and improvement of time-resolved laser-induced photodetachment in concert with microwave cavity resonance spectroscopy. The method is applied to measure—with microsecond time resolution—the decaying density of negative oxygen ions (O−, O

2

−

, and O

3

−

) and that of free electrons in the afterglow of a pulsed capacitively coupled radiofrequency-driven oxygen plasma. The afterglow behavior of the electrons shows a significant dependence on the gas pressure between 3 Pa and 6 Pa. For a pressure of 3 Pa, at which the plasma is in the so-called γ-mode, the decay of the negative ion density is slower than that of the electron density, eventually leading to the occurrence of a negative-ion-positive-ion plasma. At a slightly elevated pressure of 6 Pa (and higher), the plasma transits into the so-called α-mode, in which a short period of increased electron density is detected just after switching off the plasma. In the α-mode, the negative ion and electron densities decay within similar timescales, leading to the trapping of negative ions. In this pressure range, the decay of the additional electron density released by the photodetachment of negative ions occurs according to two distinct timescales. However, for increasingly elevated pressures above 10 Pa, the photodetachment signal is characterized by decay with an undershoot, which may indicate a temporary local disturbance of the plasma’s quasi-neutrality in the volume irradiated by the laser beam.
Variational calculation of the lowest exciton states in phosphorene and transition metal dichalcogenides
Authors: Gomes José Nuno S , Trallero-Giner Carlos , Vasilevskiy Mikhail I
Published: July 2021

Several transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) can be exfoliated to produce nearly two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor layers supporting robust excitons with non-hydrogenic Rydberg series of states. Black phosphorus (BP) can also be layered to create a nearly 2D material with interesting properties including its pronounced in-plane anisotropy that influences, in particular, exciton states making them different from those in other 2D semiconductors. We apply the Rayleigh–Ritz variational method to evaluate the energies and approximate the wavefunctions of the ground and lowest excited states of the exciton in a 2D semiconductor with anisotropic effective masses of electrons and holes. The electron–hole interaction is described by the Rytova–Keldysh potential, which is considered beyond the standard zero-thickness approximation. The exciton binding energies calculated for BP and TMD (molybdenum disulphide and tungsten disulphide) monolayers are compared with previously published data.
Developing a multilateral-based neural network model for engineering of high entropy amorphous alloys
Authors: Chen Tzu-Chia , Elveny Marischa , Surendar Aravindhan , Lawal Adedoyin Isola , Zekiy Angelina Olegovna , Anzum Rabeya
Published: July 2021

Due to a great number of composition-processing factors, it is very difficult to design high entropy amorphous alloys without performing manifold trial-and-error experimentations. To solve this problem, in this study we developed a machine learning-based approach, namely multilateral-based neural network, which is able to predict new high entropy amorphous compositions through estimating the highest glass forming ability and the critical casting thickness. In this approach, the entropy parameters were individually correlated to each input, which leads to the improvement of predictive model in evaluating the high entropy glassy alloys. As a case study, Ti20Zr20Hf20Be20Co20 high entropy metallic glass (MG) was considered and the effects of added elements such as Y, Ni, Cr and V and Cu on the glass formation and critical casting thickness were investigated. According to the results, it is determined that the Y addition acts as a microalloying process in the base composition, while other elements improve the configurational entropy and the total negative heat of mixing, which lead to the engineering of equi-atomic high entropy MGs.
Fast MPI reconstruction with non-smooth priors by stochastic optimization and data-driven splitting
Authors: Zdun Lena , Brandt Christina
Published: July 2021

Magnetic particle images are currently most often reconstructed using classical Tikhonov regularization (i.e. an ℓ
2 regularization term) combined with Kaczmarz method. Quality enhancing choices like sparsity promoting ℓ
1-regularization or TV regularization lead to problems that cannot be solved by standard Kaczmarz method. We propose to use stochastic primal-dual hybrid gradient method to gain more flexibility concerning the choice of data fitting term and regularization, respectively, and still obtain an algorithm which is at least as fast as Kaczmarz method. The proposed algorithm performs comparably to the current state-of-the-art method in terms of run time. The quality of reconstructions can be significantly improved as different regularization terms can be easily integrated. Moreover, in order to achieve further speed up of the method, we propose two new step size rules which lead to fast convergence and make the algorithm very easy to handle. We improve the performance of the algorithm further by applying a data-driven splitting scheme leading to a significant speed-up during the first iterations.
Intra-fractional per-beam adaptive workflow to mitigate the need for a rotating gantry during MRI-guided proton therapy
Authors: Guerreiro F , Svensson S , Seravalli E , Traneus E , Raaymakers B W
Published: July 2021

The integration of real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance and proton therapy would potentially improve the proton dose steering capability by reducing daily uncertainties due to anatomical variations. The use of a fixed beamline coupled with an axial patient couch rotation would greatly simplify the proton delivery with MRI guidance. Nonetheless, it is mandatory to assure that the plan quality is not deteriorated by the anatomical deformations due to patient rotation. In this work, an in-house tool allowing for intra-fractional per-beam adaptation of intensity-modulated proton plans (BeamAdapt) was implemented through features available in RayStation. A set of three MRIs was acquired for two healthy volunteers (V
1, V
2): (1) no rotation/static, (2) rotation to the right and (3) left. V
1 was rotated by 15°, to simulate a clinical pediatric abdominal case and V
2 by 45°, to simulate an extreme patient rotation case. For each volunteer, a total of four intensity-modulated pencil beam scanning plans were optimized on the static MRI using virtual abdominal targets and two-three posterior-oblique beams. Beam angles were defined according to the angulations on the rotated MRIs. With BeamAdapt, each original plan was initially converted into separate plans with one beam per plan. In an iterative order, individual beam doses were non-rigidly deformed to the rotated anatomies and re-optimized accounting for the consequent deformations and the beam doses delivered so far. For evaluation, the final accumulated dose distribution was propagated back to the static MRI. Planned and adapted dose distributions were compared by computing relative differences between dose-volume histogram metrics. Absolute target dose differences were on average below 1% and organs-at-risk mean dose differences were below 3%. With BeamAdapt, not only intra-fractional per-beam proton plan adaptation coupled with axial patient rotation is possible but also the need for a rotating gantry during MRI guidance might be mitigated.
Design of network-based biocomputation circuits for the exact cover problem
Authors: Korten Till , Diez Stefan , Linke Heiner , Nicolau Dan V , Kugler Hillel
Published: July 2021

Exact cover is a non-deterministic polynomial time (NP)—complete problem that is central to optimization challenges such as airline fleet planning and allocation of cloud computing resources. Solving exact cover requires the exploration of a solution space that increases exponentially with cardinality. Hence, it is time- and energy consuming to solve large instances of exact cover by serial computers. One approach to address these challenges is to utilize the inherent parallelism and high energy efficiency of biological systems in a network-based biocomputation (NBC) device. NBC is a parallel computing paradigm in which a given combinatorial problem is encoded into a graphical, modular network that is embedded in a nanofabricated planar device. The network is then explored in parallel using a large number of biological agents, such as molecular-motor-propelled protein filaments. The answer to the combinatorial problem can then be inferred by measuring the positions through which the agents exit the network. Here, we (i) show how exact cover can be encoded and solved in an NBC device, (ii) define a formalization that allows to prove the correctness of our approach and provides a mathematical basis for further studying NBC, and (iii) demonstrate various optimizations that significantly improve the computing performance of NBC. This work lays the ground for fabricating and scaling NBC devices to solve significantly larger combinatorial problems than have been demonstrated so far.
NNBI for ITER: status of long pulses in deuterium at the test facilities BATMAN Upgrade and ELISE
Authors: Wünderlich D. , Wimmer C. , Riedl R. , Bonomo F. , Fröschle M. , Mario I. , Mimo A. , Yordanov D. , Fantz U. , Heinemann B.
Published: July 2021

For the D-T operational phase of the international fusion experiment ITER, starting in 2035, pulses are planned with Q > 10 and a duration of 400 s and pulses with Q = 5 for up to 3600 s. The two neutral beam injection (NBI) systems will deliver 33.3 MW of heating power to the plasma and will also be an important source for non-inductive current drive. An essential part of the NBI systems is a large RF driven source for negative hydrogen or deuterium ions. In order to fulfil the requirements imposed to the NBI system, the ion source has to deliver an intense, stable and homogeneous large negative ion beam over pulse lengths of 400 s or 3600 s. Till now, long pulses in deuterium at the extracted negative ion current density required for ITER could not be demonstrated. The achievable performance is limited by a high current and a pronounced vertical asymmetry of the co-extracted electrons, both strongly increasing with time, whereas the stability of the negative deuterium ions is not an issue. For reduced performance, i.e. reduced negative ion current, lower and more stable co-extracted electron currents are observed, making possible pulses up to 3600 s (using pulsed extraction). One main aim of ongoing investigations at the two test facilities BATMAN Upgrade (Bavarian test machine for negative ions) and ELISE (extraction from a large ion source experiment) is the development of scenarios stabilizing and symmetrizing the co-extracted electron current in deuterium. These investigations are discussed and the current status of hardware upgrades ongoing at BATMAN Upgrade and ELISE towards the ITER scenario of one-hour steady state extraction is presented.