bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formação continuada de professores sobre o desenho universal para aprendizagem: construindo práticas pedagógicas inclusivas
Authors: Dos Santos Silva Pereira Delma , Couto Pimentel Susana
Published: January 2025

A formação continuada de professores sobre o Desenho Universal para Aprendizagem foi o produto educacional da pesquisa de mestrado realizada com professores do Ensino Fundamental do 1º ao 9º ano e da Educação de Jovens e Adultos, utilizando a metodologia da pesquisa ação-colaborativa. Entende-se que a formação do professor se caracteriza como ponto substancial para a escola se tornar inclusiva. Assim, a formação teve como objetivos: conhecer os princípios orientadores do Desenho Universal para Aprendizagem como estratégia para construção de práticas pedagógicas inclusivas; refletir sobre as implicações das práticas pedagógicas baseadas no Desenho Universal para Aprendizagem no processo de inclusão de estudantes; e elaborar planejamentos pedagógicos baseados no Desenho Universal para Aprendizagem. A pesquisa colaborativa possibilitou que os professores refletissem sobre saberes e fazeres pedagógicos, com vista a assumirem práticas pedagógicas inclusivas. Ao final da formação os professores apresentaram apropriação do conhecimento teórico trabalhado, aplicando na elaboração de planejamentos baseados nos princípios do Desenho Universal para Aprendizagem, sendo o curso avaliado positivamente.
Decolonization of the Post-Soviet Russian Language
Authors: Yelenevskaya Maria , Protassova Ekaterina
Published: January 2025

Abstract: The emergence and expansion of the Russophone diaspora on all continents around the world has fostered the growth of the use of the Russian language as a means of transnational communication and mutual support, while locally, Russophones outside Russia utilize it to meet their needs, including in the spheres of business, education, and culture. Drawing on interviews, written materials, and recorded discussions, this article examines the introspective standpoints of mostly non-Russian speakers of this language across various domains. The research utilizes textual data from various sources and employs thematic analysis of the selected material. Findings indicate that the participants grapple with ambivalent sentiments, experiencing both discomfort and an appreciation of the linguistic values and practical benefits that Russian affords them. The Russophone diasporans now communicate in a manner likely to develop into a nonideological commodified vehicle of mutual comprehension, which functions in domains such as commerce, art, literature, science, and interethnic dialogues.
"Away from Moscow": Attitudes to Changes in Language Legislation in Ukraine
Authors: Palinska Olesya
Published: January 2025

Abstract: This article employs data from a sociolinguistic survey of 1,290 respondents in the south of Ukraine during 2020–21 to analyze attitudes towards languages/codes: Ukrainian, Russian, and mixed speech (Suržyk). In-depth interviews are used to elicit respondents' views on the implementation of the Law of Ukraine "On the Protection of the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as a State Language." Despite the fact that a significant number of respondents identify themselves as Russian speakers, often combine Russian with other languages/codes, and express a positive attitude towards the Russian language, the vast majority recognize the significance of Ukrainian as the state language and its extensive application, particularly in the spheres of politics and education. Even those who are generally opposed to changes in language policies acknowledge the necessity for Ukrainian to function as the state language.
Translanguaging in Transnational Universities of Uzbekistan
Authors: Radjabzade Saida , Makovskaya Liliya
Published: January 2025

Abstract: The study aims to explore experiences and views towards language practices in academic settings at institutions of higher education in Uzbekistan. Undergraduate students (n=385) at a variety of transnational universities (n=10) located in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, participated in the research study. The results of the online opinion-based questionnaire revealed that students are multilingual, mainly speaking three or four of the following languages: Uzbek, Tajik, Karakalpak, Russian, and English at very similar knowledge levels. The study conceptualizes translanguaging theory and discusses the findings regarding two areas: translanguaging and learning and translanguaging as a resource. The participants expressed positive views on using multiple languages and switching codes within and beyond the classroom. However, they believed the university administration should organize language courses and provide more sources in multiple languages. Nevertheless, students in all universities acknowledged the value of using their native languages. Overall, the participants highly valued linguistic diversity in university settings.
The Linguistic Landscape in the Former de facto Nagorno-Karabakh: (Post-) Soviet Transition and the Status of the Russian Language
Authors: Shahnazarian Nona
Published: January 2025

Abstract: Following the Soviet Union's dissolution, Russian was transformed from a lingua franca to a symbol of imperial Russia. However, in Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh), it served as a crucial tool in preserving Armenian identity and culture amidst Azerbaijan's efforts to marginalize Armenians in the region. Many Armenians stayed in Karabakh due to Russian language education, opting for preservation over Turkification. The research question is: How has the role of the Russian language evolved in Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh) in the post-Soviet period, particularly in regard to preserving Armenian identity and culture? This investigation utilizes ethnographic observations in Nagorno-Karabakh, registration of a variety of signed artifacts, and linguistic landscape and critical discourse analysis. Its findings reveal the active use of the Russian language on public signs perhaps even as late as 2023, pointing to the significance of Russian for various purposes. However, this era may have come to an end, marking a potential shift in linguistic dynamics.
Folded electro-optical modulators operating at CMOS voltage level in a thin-film lithium niobate foundry process
Authors: Della Torre Alberto , Dubois Florian , Zarebidaki Homa , Volpini Andrea , Leo Jacopo , Mettraux Arno , Manzoor Ayman , Prieto Ivan , Grassani Davide , Dubochet Olivier , Despont Michel , Sattari Hamed
Published: January 2025

Integrated electro-optical modulators with small footprints and low half-wave voltage are essential for applications requiring high integration density and low power consumption. Modulators based on thin-film lithium niobate technology have been proven to perform excellently, both in terms of low voltage and high bandwidth operation. However, achieving half-wave voltages of ∼1 V, which allows to directly drive the modulator with CMOS circuits, typically requires long structures. Folding the device is a possible approach to achieve a CMOS-compatible voltage level in a compact design. Yet, this method requires meticulous design and advanced manufacturing technology. To achieve large scale deployment of this technology, it is imperative to further develop thin-film lithium niobate photonic integrated circuits manufacturing. Here, we address these requirements and report folded electro-optical modulators, operating at 1550 nm in TE polarization, with half-wave voltage as low as 0.9 V or bandwidths up to beyond 40 GHz in a compact 5 mm × 5 mm chip fabricated in CSEM’s open-access foundry process using standardized process design kit components.
All-optical passive spiking processing and reservoir computing with a silicon microring and wavelength-time division multiplexing
Authors: Donati Giovanni , Biasi Stefano , Pavesi Lorenzo , Hurtado Antonio
Published: January 2025

Neuromorphic photonic systems offer significant advantages for parallel, high-speed, and low-power computing, among which spiking neural networks emerge as a powerful bio-inspired alternative. This study demonstrates a novel approach to all-optical spiking processing and reservoir computing using passive silicon microring resonators (MRRs). A key innovation is the demonstration of deterministic optical spiking and spectro-temporal coincidence detection without the need for pump-and-probe methods, simplifying the architecture and improving efficiency. By leveraging injection of excitatory optical signals at negative wavelength detuning relative to the MRR’s cold resonances, the system delivers prompt and high-contrast optical spiking events, essential for effective chip-integrated photonic spiking neural networks. Building on this, a photonic spiking reservoir computer is implemented using a single silicon MRR. The system encodes input information through a novel spectro-temporal scheme and classifies the Iris Flower dataset with 92% accuracy. This performance is achieved with just 48 reservoir virtual nodes, averaging only three spikes per flower sample, hence highlighting the system’s efficiency and sparsity.
These findings unlock novel neuromorphic photonic frameworks with MRRs, enabling sparse all-optical spiking processing and reservoir computing, particularly promising to be adapted in future coupled MRR structures and with binary output weights for light-enabled edge computing and sensing applications.
Decreased SynMuv B gene activity in response to viral infection leads to activation of the antiviral RNAi pathway in C. elegans
Authors: Seetharaman Ashwin , Galagali Himani , Linarte Elizabeth , Liu Mona H. X. , Cohen Jennifer D. , Chetal Kashish , Sadreyev Ruslan , Tate Alex J. , Montgomery Taiowa A. , Ruvkun Gary
Published: January 2025

RNA interference (RNAi) mediates antiviral defense in many eukaryotes. Caenorhabditis elegans mutants that disable RNAi are more sensitive to viral infection. Many mutants that enhance RNAi have also been identified; these mutations may reveal genes that are normally down-regulated in antiviral defense. About one-third of the score of mutants that enhance RNAi are in synMuv B genes, identified 30 years ago in unrelated screens for increased growth factor signaling. Many synMuv B genes encode dREAM complex chromatin-regulatory proteins found in nearly all animals and plants. We show that mRNAs which are highly induced in synMuv B mutants are congruent with those induced by Orsay RNA virus infection, suggesting that the enhanced RNAi of synMuv B mutants may also be triggered by down-regulation of synMuvB gene activity in an Orsay virus infection of wild type. The multivulval (Muv) phenotype of synMuv B mutants requires the presence of a second nematode-specific synMuv A gene mutation, but the enhanced RNAi of synMuv B mutants does not require a second synMuv A mutation. To test if Orsay viral infection down-regulates synMuv B gene activity, we infected a single synMuv A mutant with Orsay virus and found that a Muv phenotype could be induced. Thus, decreased synMuv B gene activity is part of the normal C. elegans viral defense response. In support of the model that decreased syn- Muv B gene activity enhances antiviral response, we found that synMuv B mutants have 50 to 100× lower viral RNA levels during an Orsay virus infection than wild type. Thus down-regulation of synMuv B activity to enhance RNAi is a key component in the defense response to viral infection. Small RNA deep sequencing analysis of dREAM complex mutants revealed siRNA profiles indicative of such a response. Thus, the pan-eukaryotic synMuv B genes constitute an element in C. elegans antiviral defense which is conserved across many eukaryotes where it also may act in viral defense. The enhanced RNAi and conservation of the dREAM complex mutants suggests new therapeutic avenues to boost antiviral defenses.
morphoHeart: A quantitative tool for integrated 3D morphometric analyses of heart and ECM during embryonic development
Authors: Sánchez-Posada Juliana , Derrick Christopher J. , Noël Emily S.
Published: January 2025

Heart development involves the complex structural remodelling of a linear heart tube into an asymmetrically looped and ballooned organ. Previous studies have associated regional expansion of extracellular matrix (ECM) space with tissue morphogenesis during development. We have developed morphoHeart, a 3D tissue segmentation and morphometry software with a user-friendly graphical interface (GUI) that delivers the first integrated 3D visualisation and multiparametric analysis of both heart and ECM morphology in live embryos. morphoHeart reveals that the ECM undergoes regional dynamic expansion and reduction during cardiac development, concomitant with chamber-specific morphological maturation. We use morphoHeart to demonstrate that regionalised ECM expansion driven by the ECM crosslinker Hapln1a promotes atrial lumen expansion during heart development. Finally, morphoHeart’s GUI expands its use beyond that of cardiac tissue, allowing its segmentation and morphometric analysis tools to be applied to z-stack images of any fluorescently labelled tissue.
Distinct checkpoint and homolog biorientation pathways regulate meiosis I in Drosophila oocytes
Authors: Shapiro Joanatta G. , Changela Neha , Jang Janet K. , Joshi Jay N. , McKim Kim S.
Published: January 2025

Mitosis and meiosis have two mechanisms for regulating the accuracy of chromosome segregation: error correction and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). We have investigated the function of several checkpoint proteins in meiosis I of Drosophila oocytes. Increased localization of several SAC proteins was found upon depolymerization of microtubules by colchicine. However, unattached kinetochores or errors in biorientation of homologous chromosomes do not induce increased SAC protein localization. Furthermore, the metaphase I arrest does not depend on SAC genes, suggesting the APC is inhibited even if the SAC is not functional. Two SAC proteins, ROD of the ROD-ZW10-Zwilch (RZZ) complex and MPS1, are also required for the biorientation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I, suggesting an error correction function. Both proteins aid in preventing or correcting erroneous attachments and depend on SPC105R for localization to the kinetochore. We have defined a region of SPC105R, amino acids 123–473, that is required for ROD localization and biorientation of homologous chromosomes at meiosis I. Surprisingly, ROD removal from kinetochores and movement towards spindle poles, termed “streaming,” is independent of the dynein adaptor Spindly and is not linked to the stabilization of end-on attachments. Instead, meiotic RZZ streaming appears to depend on cell cycle stage and may be regulated independently of kinetochore attachment or biorientation status. We also show that Spindly is required for biorientation at meiosis I, and surprisingly, the direction of RZZ streaming.
Do global health networks facilitate innovation, learning and sharing? A qualitative analysis of the Quality-of-Care Network in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Malawi, and Uganda
Authors: Mwandira Kondwani , Lemma Seblewengel , Dube Albert , Akter Kohenour , Tufa Asebe Amenu , Kyamulabi Agnes , Seruwagi Gloria , Nakidde Catherine , Mwaba Kasonde , Djellouli Nehla , Makwenda Charles , Colbourn Tim , Shawar Yusra Ribhi
Published: January 2025

The Quality-of-Care Network (QCN), launched by WHO and partners, links global and national actors across several countries to improve maternal and newborn health. We conducted a prospective qualitative study to examine how QCN in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Malawi and Uganda facilitated learning, sharing, and innovation within and between network countries. We conducted 227 key informant interviews with QCN actors at global, national, and facility levels iteratively in two to four rounds from June 2019 to March 2022. We also reviewed all accessible QCN documents. Drawing on knowledge sharing theory, we thematically analysed the qualitative data according to three themes: sharing, learning, and innovations. Sharing and learning were evident through virtual and in-person platforms including conferences and webinars, held on online resource libraries such as the QCN website. This provides access to strategies and approaches shared by countries and actors. Locally, there was a strengthening of learning collaborative meetings, coaching, and mentorship. Regular meetings, such as stakeholder coordination meetings and learning collaborative sessions, provided opportunity for stakeholders to strategize, share and learn maternal and child health approaches. The network also promoted coordination among stakeholders. Common sharing and learning approaches, such as learning collaborative sessions, were evident across QCN countries. However, innovation was not as apparent across countries. While there were some exceptions, such as the development and adoption of innovative software applications aimed at boosting the capacity of service providers in network countries, these were limited. Most innovation approaches were similar to pre-existing maternal health approaches, adopted from an era preceding the QCN. Nevertheless, there was evidence that QCN improved their functionality. We provide evidence of how learning, sharing, and innovation among and within countries can be fostered for improving maternal and child health; and limitations. This understanding may help country efforts to achieve targets for ending preventable maternal and neonatal deaths.
Arsenic efflux and bioremediation potential of Klebsiella oxytoca via the arsB gene
Authors: Waqar Sana , Tariq Aamira , ullah Ubaid , Haleem Hira , Aimen Hadiqa , Sattar Sadia , Bostan Nazish
Published: January 2025

Arsenic-resistant Klebsiella oxytoca strain AT-02 was isolated from the ground water of the Multan region of Pakistan. The strain displayed high arsenite and arsenate resistance as minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 600ppm and 10,000ppm respectively. The high tolerance of the isolated strain towards arsenate can be postulated due to significant increase in biofilm in response to arsenate. The bacterial strain exposed to 1/2 and 3/4 MIC showed a significant 10 and 12 folds increase in expression of the arsenite efflux gene arsB. Sequential and structural comparison of the arsB gene showed the presence of conserved arsenic binding residues. Arsenic remediation by AT-02 biomass was 50% after 0.5 hours of incubation and 66% in 2 hours. the increase in remediation efficiency with the increase in incubation time indicates its biosorption potential. the arsenic sensitive strain NK11 showed only 4–5% arsenic remediation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed interaction of arsenate and arsenite with functional groups (aromatic amino acid residues) on the cell surface leading to characteristic peak shifts. Thus, the isolated AT-02 has the potential to remediate both arsenite and arsenate from contaminated environmental sites.
Antibody response to Plasmodium vivax in the context of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) co-infection: A 14-year follow-up study in the Amazon rainforest
Authors: Guimarães Luiz F. F. , Rodrigues Bárbara A. , Dias Michelle H. F. , Barcelos Matheus G. , Nascimento Maria F. A. , Moreira-Nascimento Sâmick L. , Afonso Sofia L. , Abreu Barbara G. S. , Middeldorp Jaap M. , Ntumngia Francis B. , Adams John H. , Fabbri Camila , Lopes Stefanie , Fernandes Cor J. F. , Kano Flora S. , Carvalho Luzia H.
Published: January 2025

Background

To develop an effective vaccine against Plasmodium vivax, the most widely dispersed human malaria parasite, it is critical to understand how coinfections with other pathogens could impact malaria-specific immune response. A recent conceptual study proposed that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a highly prevalent human herpesvirus that establishes lifelong persistent infection, may influence P. vivax antibody responses. Here, it was investigated whether EBV could impact the longevity of humoral immune response to P. vivax.

Methodology/principal findings

A 14-year follow-up study was carried out among long-term P. vivax-exposed Amazonian individuals (272, median age 35 years), and included 9 cross-sectional surveys at periods of high and low malaria transmission. The experimental approach focused on monitoring antibodies to the major blood-stage P. vivax vaccine candidate, the Duffy binding protein region II (DBPII-Sal1), including a novel engineered DBPII-based vaccine targeting conserved epitopes (DEKnull-2). In parallel, the status of EBV infection was determined over time by the detection of circulating EBV DNA (EBV-DNAemia) and EBV-specific antibodies to lytic (VCAp18) or latent (EBNA1) antigens. Regardless of the malaria transmission period, the results demonstrated that one or multiple episodes of EBV-DNAemia did not influence the longevity of DBPII immune responses to both strain-specific (Sal-1) or strain-transcending (DEKnull-2) antibodies. Also, the average time in which DBPII-responders lost their antibodies was unrelated to the EBV serostatus. Considering all malaria cases detected during the study, there was a predominance of P. vivax mono-infection (76%), with a positive correlation between malaria infection and EBV-DNAemia.

Conclusions/significance

In an immunocompetent P. vivax-exposed adult population neither sporadic episodes of EBV-DNAemia nor antibody responses to lytic/latent EBV antigens influence the longevity of both strain-specific and strain-transcending DBPII immune responses. Further studies should investigate the role of acute P. vivax infection in the activation of EBV replication cycle.
The efficacy of novel biomarkers for the early detection and management of acute kidney injury: A systematic review
Authors: Yousef Almulhim Mohammed
Published: January 2025

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent clinical complication lacking early diagnostic tests and effective treatments. Novel biomarkers have shown promise for enabling earlier detection, risk stratification, and guiding management of AKI. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize evidence on the efficacy of novel biomarkers for AKI detection and management. Database searches yielded 17 relevant studies which were critically appraised. Key themes were biomarker efficacy in predicting AKI risk and severity before functional changes; potential to improve clinical management through earlier diagnosis, prognostic enrichment, and guiding interventions; emerging roles as therapeutic targets and prognostic tools; and ongoing challenges requiring further validation. Overall, novel biomarkers like neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and cell cycle arrest markers ([TIMP-2] •[IGFBP7]) demonstrate capability for very early AKI prediction and accurate risk stratification. Their incorporation has potential to facilitate timely targeted interventions and personalized management. However, factors influencing biomarker performance, optimal cutoffs, cost-effectiveness, and impact on patient outcomes require robust validation across diverse settings before widespread implementation. Addressing these limitations through ongoing research can help translate novel biomarkers into improved detection, prognosis, and management of AKI in clinical practice.
Heterogeneity analysis provides evidence for a genetically homogeneous subtype of bipolar-disorder
Authors: McGrouther Caroline C. , Rangan Aaditya V. , Di Florio Arianna , Elman Jeremy A. , Schork Nicholas J. , Kelsoe John ,   Bipolar Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium
Published: January 2025

Background

Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a complex disease. It is heterogeneous, both at the phenotypic and genetic level, although the extent and impact of this heterogeneity is not fully understood. One way to assess this heterogeneity is to look for patterns in the subphenotype data. Because of the variability in how phenotypic data was collected by the various BD studies over the years, homogenizing this subphenotypic data is a challenging task, and so is replication. An alternative methodology, taken here, is to set aside the intricacies of subphenotype and allow the genetic data itself to determine which subjects define a homogeneous genetic subgroup (termed ‘bicluster’ below).

Results

In this paper, we leverage recent advances in heterogeneity analysis to look for genetically-driven subgroups (i.e., biclusters) within the broad phenotype of Bipolar Disorder. We first apply this covariate-corrected biclustering algorithm to a cohort of 2524 BD cases and 4106 controls from the Bipolar Disease Research Network (BDRN) within the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC). We find evidence of genetic heterogeneity delineating a statistically significant bicluster comprising a subset of BD cases which exhibits a disease-specific pattern of differential-expression across a subset of SNPs. This disease-specific genetic pattern (i.e., ‘genetic subgroup’) replicates across the remaining data-sets collected by the PGC containing 5781/8289, 3581/7591, and 6825/9752 cases/controls, respectively. This genetic subgroup (discovered without using any BD subtype information) was more prevalent in Bipolar type-I than in Bipolar type-II.

Conclusions

Our methodology has successfully identified a replicable homogeneous genetic subgroup of bipolar disorder. This subgroup may represent a collection of correlated genetic risk-factors for BDI. By investigating the subgroup’s bicluster-informed polygenic-risk-scoring (PRS), we find that the disease-specific pattern highlighted by the bicluster can be leveraged to eliminate noise from our GWAS analyses and improve risk prediction. This improvement is particularly notable when using only a relatively small subset of the available SNPs, implying improved SNP replication. Though our primary focus is only the analysis of disease-related signal, we also identify replicable control-related heterogeneity.
Nitroxyl protects H9C2 cells from H/R-induced damage and inhibits autophagy via PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway
Authors: Li Li , Wang Zhixin , Lyu Yaxuan , Guo Yanqing
Published: January 2025

Background

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) is an important complication in the treatment of heart failure, and its treatment has not made satisfactory progress. Nitroxyl (HNO) showed protective effects on the heart failure, however, the effect and underlying mechanism of HNO on MIRI remain largely unclear.

Methods

MIRI model in this study was established to induce H9C2 cell injury through hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in vitro. The cell viability was assessed by cell counting kit-8 assay. The effect of HNO on the apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. DCFH-DA fluorescent probe method was applied to detect the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). The morphology of mitochondria and autophagosomes were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Apoptosis, autophagy and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway-related proteins were detected by western blot.

Results

The viability of H9C2 cells was significantly increased in the HNO group. HNO inhibited apoptosis and regulated expressions of key apoptotic protein, including Bax and Bcl-2. HNO reduced ROS levels and alleviated H/R-induced mitochondrial damage. HNO also inhibited autophagy and regulated expressions of key autophagy-related molecules, including LC3II, p62 and Beclin1. Further experiments demonstrated that the effects of HNO were mediated through upregulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Rapamycin reversed the inhibition of HNO on H/R-induced autophagy in H9C2 cells, which abrogated the protective effect of HNO.

Conclusion

This study provided the first evidence that HNO protected H/R-induced cardiomyocytes through inhibiting autophagy via the activation PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
Low levels of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia among patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at the treatment centre of the Regional Hospital Bamenda, Northwest Cameroon
Authors: Ebai Calvin Bisong , Yamssi Cedric , Ngoufo Flore Nguemaïm , Tchoffo Nicaise Ngouemeta , Nlinwe Omarine Nfor , Kimbi Helen Kuokuo
Published: January 2025

Background

Malaria and HIV are leading causes of death in Africa, including Cameroon. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is expected to boost immunity and reduce vulnerability to opportunistic infections. Reports on comorbidities including malaria are common in Cameroon.

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of malaria parasitaemia, clinical manifestations, treatment related factors and prevention methods associated with malaria parasitaemia as well as parasite density among HIV patients on ART.

Methods

It was a cross-sectional study among HIV patients on ART at the Regional Hospital Bamenda. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data on participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, history of HIV treatment and malaria prevention methods. Microscopy was used for malaria parasite diagnosis and to determine white blood cell (WBC) count. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20.

Results

The study included 181 participants. The overall prevalence of malaria parasitaemia was 9.4%. Although there were no significant statistical differences, the following trends were observed in the results: 55-71 year old age group (14%) was most infected with malaria parasite with the highest prevalence among those on the 8A first-line ART (10.3%, 14/122); (χ2=1.03, p=0.96), only participants in the 8A and 12A ART protocols were infected; parasite prevalence was higher in patients with detectable viral load (14.3%, 3/21), (OR=.0.57 (CI: 0.15-2.2), p=0.41), while GMPD varied from 45.7-53.3-±23.1/μl of blood.

Conclusion

Low malaria parasite prevalence and density were detected amongst HIV patients receiving ART. A systematic malaria test could be helpful to avert morbidity and improve the general health of patients on ART.
Accuracy of latest large language models in answering multiple choice questions in dentistry: A comparative study
Authors: Nguyen Huy Cong , Dang Hai Phong , Nguyen Thuy Linh , Hoang Viet , Nguyen Viet Anh
Published: January 2025

Objectives

This study aims to evaluate the performance of the latest large language models (LLMs) in answering dental multiple choice questions (MCQs), including both text-based and image-based questions.

Material and methods

A total of 1490 MCQs from two board review books for the United States National Board Dental Examination were selected. This study evaluated six of the latest LLMs as of August 2024, including ChatGPT 4.0 omni (OpenAI), Gemini Advanced 1.5 Pro (Google), Copilot Pro with GPT-4 Turbo (Microsoft), Claude 3.5 Sonnet (Anthropic), Mistral Large 2 (Mistral AI), and Llama 3.1 405b (Meta). χ2 tests were performed to determine whether there were significant differences in the percentages of correct answers among LLMs for both the total sample and each discipline (p < 0.05).

Results

Significant differences were observed in the percentage of accurate answers among the six LLMs across text-based questions, image-based questions, and the total sample (p<0.001). For the total sample, Copilot (85.5%), Claude (84.0%), and ChatGPT (83.8%) demonstrated the highest accuracy, followed by Mistral (78.3%) and Gemini (77.1%), with Llama (72.4%) exhibiting the lowest.

Conclusions

Newer versions of LLMs demonstrate superior performance in answering dental MCQs compared to earlier versions. Copilot, Claude, and ChatGPT achieved high accuracy on text-based questions and low accuracy on image-based questions. LLMs capable of handling image-based questions demonstrated superior performance compared to LLMs limited to text-based questions.

Clinical relevance

Dental clinicians and students should prioritize the most up-to-date LLMs when supporting their learning, clinical practice, and research.
Unraveling the metabolic landscape of Exophiala spinifera strain FM: Model reconstruction, insights into biodesulfurization and beyond
Authors: Naeij Hamta Babaei , Etemadifar Zahra , Kilbane John , Karimi-Jafari Mohammad Hossein , Mofidifar Sepideh
Published: January 2025

Exophiala spinifera strain FM, a black yeast and melanized ascomycete, shows potential for oil biodesulfurization by utilizing dibenzothiophene (DBT) as its sole sulfur source. However, the specific pathway and enzymes involved in this process remain unclear due to limited genome sequencing and metabolic understanding of E. spinifera. In this study, we sequenced the complete genome of E. spinifera FM to construct the first genome-scale metabolic model (GSMM) for this organism. Through bioinformatics analysis, we identified genes potentially involved in DBT desulfurization and degradation pathways for hazardous pollutants. We focused on understanding the cost associated with metabolites in sulfur assimilation pathway to assess economic feasibility, optimize resource allocation, and guide metabolic engineering and process design. To overcome knowledge gaps, we developed a genome-scale model for E. spinifera, iEsp1694, enabling a comprehensive investigation into its metabolism. The model was rigorously validated against growth phenotypes and gene essentiality data. Through shadow price analysis, we identified costly metabolites such as 3’-phospho-5’-adenylyl sulfate, 5’-adenylyl sulfate, and choline sulfate when DBT was used as the sulfur source. iEsp1694 encompasses the degradation of aromatic compounds, which serves as a crucial first step in comprehending the pan metabolic capabilities of this strain.
HIV-1 resistance mutations and genetic diversity among children failing antiretroviral treatment in five healthcare facilities in Benin, West Africa
Authors: Dagba Gbessin Edwige Hermione , Tchiakpe Edmond , Keke René Kpemahouton , Vidal Nicole , Gomgnimbou Michel Kiréopori , Sina Haziz , Adjou Euloge Senan , Afangnihoun Aldric , Bachabi Moussa , Yessoufou Akadiri , Ouedraogo Abdoul-Salam , Baba-Moussa Lamine
Published: January 2025

Background

Antiretroviral treatment increases the risk of accumulation of resistance mutations that negatively impact the possibilities of future treatment. This study aimed to present the frequency of HIV-1 antiretroviral resistance mutations and the genetic diversity among children with virological failure in five pediatric care facilities in Benin.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was carried out from November 20, 2020, to November 30, 2022, in children under 15 years of age who failed ongoing antiretroviral treatment at five facilities care in Benin (VL > 3log10 on two consecutive realizations three months apart). Viral loads were measured using the m2000 RealTime Abbott platform. Genotyping was carried out with the commercial Viroseq kit. Sequences were read on the ABI 3500 sequencer and then edited with ViroSeqHIVv3.0 software. The HIV drug resistance database at Stanford University was used to identify mutations and viral subtypes were assigned by phylogenetic analyses.

Results

The HIV-1 pol gene was sequenced in 47 participants with virological failure of antiretroviral treatment. The median age was 120 [Interquartile Range 90–144] months. The prevalent treatment was EFV base regimen (22/47; 46.8%). Median viral load was 4.39 log10 [IQR 3.81–4.86 log10] respectively. Resistance testing was successful among (37/47; 78.72%) children, resistance mutations were detected in (32/37; 86.48%) children, and (29/32; 90.62%) had at least one surveillance drug resistance mutation. Respectively (25/32; 78.12%), (28/32; 87.5%), (4/32; 12.90%), (22/32; 68.75%) had at least one resistance mutation associated with NRTIs, NNRTIs, PIs and NNRTIs+NRTIs. (12/32; 37.5%) of children carried mutations related to TAMs. the most frequently NRTIs identified were M184V (21/62; 33.9%) followed by TAMs (20/62; 32.2%) and T69G/D (2/62; 3.2%)s. Among mutations associated with NNRTIs K103N represented (18/64; 28.1%) followed by P225H (7/64; 10.9%). The I54V (3/6; 50%) mutation is the major PI observed.

Genetic diversity is characterized by a preponderance of CRF02_AG (72%, 23/32), followed by unique recombinant forms (URFs) (25%, 8/32) and one subtype G.

Conclusion

A high rate of mutations has been observed in children. These data underline the importance of implementing routine genotypic testing in the biological monitoring of infected children to anticipate the accumulation of resistance mutations and thus compromise the treatment options available in Benin.
Nurses’ knowledge and its determinants in surgical site infection prevention: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Habtie Tesfaye Engdaw , Feleke Sefineh Fenta , Terefe Aregash Birhan , Alamaw Addis Wondmagegn , Abate Melsew Dagne
Published: January 2025

Objective

The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess and synthesize the global evidence on the level of nurses’ knowledge and its determinants regarding the prevention of surgical site infections.

Methods

This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following strict methodological guidelines to ensure accuracy and reliability. Adhering to the 2020 PRISMA checklist, a systematic review and meta-analysis sought to establish the pooled proportion of nurse’s knowledge and its determinants regarding surgical site infection prevention globally. MeSH terms and keywords were included in the search. Data extraction, quality assessment, and analysis followed established protocols. Heterogeneity and publication bias was assessed using STATA version 17.0.

Results

A total of seventeen observational studies, with sample sizes ranging from 30 to 515 participants, were included in the final analysis in a global context. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the pooled proportion of nurses with good knowledge of surgical site infection prevention is 62% (95% CI: 50–74%) when assessed using a dichotomous scale. However, when knowledge is measured using a three-point Likert scale, the pooled proportion of those with good knowledge drops to 46% (95% CI: 21–72%), with an additional 27% (95% CI: 16–38%) demonstrating fair or moderate knowledge.

Conclusion and recommendation

This systematic review and meta-analysis is the first to synthesize data on nurses’ knowledge of surgical site infection (SSI) prevention. The findings reveal poor knowledge levels, highlighting the need for targeted educational interventions globally. While the pooled odds ratio is not statistically significant, training, longer service years, and higher education improve SSI prevention knowledge by enhancing critical thinking, boosting confidence, and fostering adherence to evidence-based practices. Future research should focus on identifying factors influencing nurses’ knowledge, particularly through longitudinal and interventional studies. Policymakers should incorporate international guidelines such as those recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) into nursing curricula, supported by robust assessment tools and educator training, to improve knowledge transfer and implementation of best practices.
Mouthguard use, hygiene, and maintenance practices among combat and team sports athletes: A comparative study
Authors: Özkal Eminoğlu Didem , Kaşali Kamber , Gençoğlu Cebrail , Ulupinar Süleyman , Özbay Serhat , Şeran Buket , Türksoy Ayşegül , Kiyici Fatih
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to investigate the attitudes of combat and team sports athletes towards the use, storage, and hygiene conditions of mouthguards, with the goal of understanding disparities in usage and maintenance practices and their implications for oral health. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 394 athletes (316 combat athletes and 78 team athletes). Participants completed a 28-question survey assessing their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding mouthguard use, hygiene, and maintenance. The survey included questions on demographic data, mouthguard usage habits, cleaning methods, and storage practices. Combat sports athletes exhibited significantly higher rates of mouthguard use (100%) compared to team sports athletes (29.5%) (chi square [χ2] = 258.971, p<0.001). Significant differences were also found in cleaning (χ2 = 252.195, p<0.001) and storage practices (χ2 = 14.195, p = 0.002), with combat athletes demonstrating better adherence to recommended guidelines. Common complaints about mouthguards included difficulties with speaking (χ2 = 7.792, p = 0.005) and breathing (χ2 = 11.431, p = 0.001), with combat athletes reporting fewer issues. The study highlights the need for increased awareness and education on mouthguard use among team sports athletes. Dentists and coaches play a crucial role in promoting proper mouthguard use, hygiene, and maintenance to prevent sports-related dental injuries. Emphasis should be placed on the benefits of custom-made mouthguards for improved comfort and protection.
Comparison of observational methods to identify and characterize post-COVID syndrome in the Netherlands using electronic health records and questionnaires
Authors: Bos Isabelle , Bosman Lisa , van den Hoek Rinske , van Waarden Willemijn , Berends Matthijs S. , Homburg Maarten S. , Olde Hartman Tim , Muris Jean , Peters Lilian S. , Knottnerus Bart , Hek Karin S. , Verheij Robert A.
Published: January 2025

Background

Some of those infected with SARS-CoV-2 suffer from post-COVID syndrome (PCS). However, an uniform definition of PCS is lacking, causing uncertainty about the prevalence and nature of this syndrome. We aimed to improve understanding of PCS by operationalizing different classifications and to explore clinical subtypes.

Methods

We used data from Nivel Primary Care database from 2019–2020 which consists of electronic health records (EHR) from general practices (GPs) combined with sociodemographic data for n = 10,313 individuals infected with the SARS-CoV-2. In addition, data from n = 276 individuals who had been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 in 2021, collected via a longitudinal survey, was used. In the GP-EHR data, we operationalized two classifications of PCS (based on symptoms and diagnosis recorded in GP-EHR data and healthcare utilization 3–12 months after acute infection) to calculate frequency and characteristics and compared this to the survey results. In a subgroup of the EHR data we conducted community detection analyses to explore clinical subtypes of PCS.

Results

The frequency of PCS was 15% with on average 4.6 symptoms for which the GP was consulted using the narrow definition and 32% with on average 6.8 symptoms for the broad definition. Across all methods and classifications, the mean age of individuals with PCS was around 53 years and they were more often female. There were small sex differences in the type of symptoms and overall symptoms were persistent for 6 months. The community detection analysis revealed three possible clinical subtypes.

Discussion

We showed that frequency rates of PCS differ between methods and data sources, but characteristics of the affected individuals are relatively stable. Overall, PCS is a heterogeneous syndrome affecting a substantial group of individuals who need adequate care. Future studies should focus on care trajectories and qualitative measures such as quality of life of individuals living with PCS.
Rural-urban disparity in uptaking skilled antenatal care visits by pregnant women in Bangladesh: Zero and One Inflated Poisson regression model
Authors: Tanvia Lubana , Haque M. Ershadul , Bari Wasimul
Published: January 2025

Background

Utilization of maternal health care services, specifically, antenatal care services from skilled health providers have been given utmost priority in low- and middle-income countries over years with a view of mitigating complications during pregnancy as well as safeguarding the health and survival of both mother and newborn. However, there is a general tendency of pregnant mothers in Bangladesh of receiving skilled antenatal care (SANC) service once, or even never which refrains us to ensure World Health Organization (WHO) recommended eight plus SANC visits, additionally, to meet Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number three.

Objectives

The study aims at assessing how the average number of SANC visits taken by the reproductive women in Bangladesh changes over the time in rural and urban areas together with finding out the potential demographic and socio-economic factors associated with SANC visits by addressing possible accumulation of zero and one counts in SANC visits.

Methods

In this study, data have been retrieved from last four waves of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys ranging from 2011 to 2022 and later combined together to form a pooled dataset. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test has been performed for exploring unadjusted association of covariates with the response and Mann-Whitney U test has been conducted for multiple comparison in case of significant association for a covariate having more than two categories. For checking the existence of concurrent inflation at zero and one in the pooled dataset, partial score test has been performed. Based on the results of score test, Zero and One Inflated Poisson regression model has been fitted to the pooled dataset, where an interaction term between area of residence and survey year has been considered for trend analysis.

Results

The study highlights that the rate of mean SANC visits is rapidly rising with time among pregnant women not only from the urban areas but also from the rural areas of Bangladesh. However, the rate of change in uptaking the SANC visits is higher in rural area compared to urban area. It was observed that for a given survey year, the rate of mean SANC visits was higher among women from urban areas compared to that among women from rural areas of Bangladesh. This study provides the evidence of 17.2% extra zero counts and 1.1% extra one counts in the pooled dataset.

Conclusion

The study results depict that inequity in SANC services based on area of residence prevails in Bangladesh. However, the gap in the rate of mean SANC visits in rural areas compared to urban areas has gradually reduced over time. Based on the results, the study comes up with some recommendations to facilitate the policy makers in improvising strategies and ensuring sustainable rise in SANC counts as well as WHO recommended positive pregnancy experience in the country to meet SDGs.
A systematic review on the influence of coagulopathy and immune activation on New Onset Atrial Fibrillation in patients with sepsis
Authors: Johnston Brian W. , Downes Michael , Hall Angela , Thomas Zachary , Welters Ingeborg D.
Published: January 2025

Introduction

New Onset Atrial Fibrillation (NOAF) is the most common arrhythmia in intensive care. Complications of NOAF include thromboembolic events such as myocardial infarction and stroke, which contribute to a greater risk of mortality. Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers in sepsis are thought to be associated with NOAF development. The aim of this systematic review and narrative synthesis is to identify inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers as predisposing risk factors for NOAF in sepsis.

Methods

Three databases (Medline, Cochrane Library, and Scopus) were searched using a predefined search strategy. Inclusion / exclusion criteria were applied, and quality assessments were performed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS).

Results

We identified 1776 articles; and 12 articles were included in this review. 8 articles were retrospective observational studies and 4 were prospective observational studies. There was considerable heterogeneity between studies regarding outcomes, methodological design, quality, definitions and reported biomarkers of interest. There is evidence that C-reactive protein (CRP) is associated with NOAF, with hazard ratios 3.33 (3.32–3.35) p = 0.001 and odds ratios of 1.011 (1.008–1.014) p<0.001. International Normalised Ratio (INR) and fibrinogen may be associated with NOAF with odds ratios reported as 1.837 (1.270–2.656) p = 0.001 and 1.535(1.232–1.914) p<0.001 respectively.

Conclusion

Further research is required to confirm the association between inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and the development of NOAF in sepsis. A broader evidence base will guide treatment strategies, improving the standard of care for patients who develop NOAF in sepsis. Furthermore, given the heterogeneity between studies consideration should be given to inclusion of immune biomarkers in future core outcome sets for trials investigating NOAF.