bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial Activity of some Lactobacillus Species against Intestinal Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Tebyanian Hamid , Bakhtiari Afsaneh , Karami Ali , Kariminik Ashraf
Published: October 2022

Probiotics have antibacterial effects against pathogenic bacteria in the gut while maintaining the balance of intestinal flora such as Lactobacillus. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of four Lactobacillus species against intestinal pathogenic. Four different species of Lactobacillus (Lactobacillus bulgaricus (PTCC 1332), Lactobacillus casei (PTCC 1608), Lactobacillus plantarum (PTCC 1058) and Lactobacillus Fermentum (PTCC 1638)) were experimented to investigate the inhibitory activity against 4 bacterial enteric pathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella paratyphi A) which were separately inoculated in MRS medium (de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe medium) for 48 hours at 37 °C and pH 7. Our results showed that enteropathogens growth was stopped in the presence of all Lactobacillus and inhibition zone was between 12 and 32 millimeter. It can be concluded that these four Lactobacillus strains had potential antimicrobial compounds against human enteric pathogens and should be further studied for their human health benefits.
Changes in Chemical Composition, Total Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity of Alpinia (Alpinia zerumbet) Leaves Exposed to UV
Authors: Xuan Tran Dang , Khanh Tran Dang , Khang Do Tan , Quan Nguyen Thanh , Elzaawely Abdelnaser Abdelghany
Published: October 2022

Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt. & R.M. Sm is an important perennial ginger plant in the tropics with various uses as foods, dietary supplement, cosmetics, essential oil production and traditional medicines. In this study, essential oils, phenolic acids, fatty acids, kavains, total phenols and antioxidant activity in A. zerumbet plants exposed to UV-C were investigated. Number and weights of essential oils increased rapidly from 1 to 3 days of exposure. Major extend of essential oils was recorded in methyl cinnamate and followed by benzyl acetone. The correspondence to the accumulation of palmitic acid was 15 folds, in contrast to the strong reduction of stearic quantity was 10 folds at 3 days of treatment. Changes in chemical components and antioxidant capacity in A. zerumbet are differed reversely between the exposure of UV-C and heavy toxic chemicals. The exposure of UV-C is beneficial for the increasing of essential oil production in A. zerumbet.
Cadmium Induced Changes in Growth and Biochemical Contents of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)
Authors: Soundari M. , Vaithiyanathan T. , Sundaramoorthy P.
Published: October 2022

The effects of different concentrations (10,20,30,40 and 50 ppm) of cadmium chloride on seed germination, root length, shoot length, fresh weight, photosynthetic pigments, protein content and peroxidase activity in tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum L.). Higher concentration of Cadmium were reported specially at 40 and 50 μm reduced germination significantly. Leaf chlorosis, wilting and leaf abscission were observed in plants with cadmium. Protein content and sugar content were reduced in higher concentrations of cadmium. However, lower concentrations of CdCl2 resulted in higher peroxidase activity in roots and shoots of tomato.
Effect of Foliar Application of Banana Pseudostem Sap on Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.)
 
Authors: Fernando W.S.L.V. , Karunarathna Brintha
Published: October 2022

Improved soil fertility is a requirement for enhanced crop production. Combination of inorganic and organic fertilizers improve crop productivity while reduce environmental degradation. An experiment was carried out at Eastern University, Sri Lanka to study the effect of Foliar Application of Banana Pseudostem Sap on Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) in sandy regosol. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design having five treatments viz; recommended inorganic fertilizer N, P, K as basal and N as topdressing (T1), N, P, 1⁄2 K as basal with recommended N as topdressing and foliar spray of 1% , 3%, 5% and 7% banana pseudostem sap solution (T2-T5) at 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th week after planting. The results revealed that significant difference (P<0.05) were noted on number of pods per plant at 1st and 2nd picking. Higher number of pods per plant, maximum pod length and girth were in T2 while low in T1. Sun dried weights of pods and number of seeds per pod were significantly (P<0.05) varied at each picking. Further, cowpea yield at each picking were higher in T2 compared to tested treatments. The present study suggested that, among the tested treatments N, P, 1⁄2 K as basal with recommended N as topdressing and foliar spray of 1% Pseudostem sap solution at 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th WAP would be the most suitable for cowpea production in sandy regosol.
Effect of Municipal Solid Waste on the Growth of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Simeon P.O. , Ambah B.
Published: October 2022

A pot experiment was conducted in the green house to determine the effect of municipal solid waste on the growth of maize (Zea mays). Growth parameters of percentage emergence, plant height, leaf area and number of levers per plant were collect and subjected into statistical analysis, using ANOVA and fisher’s L.S.D. at 5% probability level. Plant growth parameters decreased with increase in cropping cycle. Similarly, maize grown on dumpsite soils did better than the control soil samples. It show increase in plant height, leaf area and number of leaves per plant at a range of 16.82 cm to 12.87 cm, 5 to 4 and 64.69 cm to 59.88 cm for the dumpsite and control samples respectively. Soil PH, organic matter (OM), total Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na) and Effective Cat-ion Exchange Capacity (ECEC) decreased with increase in cropping cycle respectively. The Dumpsite soil sample recorded higher mean values than the control (P < 0.05). There is every indication that municipal solid waste is beneficial to plant if only proper and careful sorting and separation of hazardous waste is done.
Activity Pattern and Food Habits of Grizzled Giant Squirrel (Ratufa macroura) in Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, Southern India
Authors: Rao Golusu Babu , Nagarajan Rajarathnavel , Saravanan Murali , Baskaran Nagarajan
Published: October 2022

Activity pattern and food habits of Grizzled Giant Squirrel were investigated in Srivilliputhur Grizzled Giant Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary from December 2011 to March 2012. Focal animal sampling method was used to record the activity pattern and food habits. Sampling was done in three different habitats viz., Private land, Reserve forest and Temple land. Feeding was the dominant activity accounting for 35.4% of the activity period. Bimodal feeding pattern was observed in Squirrels, the observations were made from early morning hours to till (0600-1800) late evening hours. The Squirrels feed upon 23 plant species; among them 11 were trees species, 10 climbers and 2 shrubs. Seven types of plant parts were used by Squirrels. Leaf consumption was high (38%) followed by fruit (24%). The high consumption of leaves was due to easy availability of leaves and limited availability of other plant parts. Squirrel’s invasion into Private Land and Temple Land was observed which can be attributed to abundance and easy availability of food plants, canopy continuity and less predatory pressure.
Micro-Climate Conditions, Weed Diversity, Flowering and Yield of Young Cacao Plants as Affected by Shade Regimes
Authors: Famuwagun Idowu Babadele , Agele Samuel O.
Published: October 2022

Experiments were conducted in 2015/2018 in two cacao plots established in 2012 and 2013 in Akure, Nigeria to investigate micro-climate conditions, weed densities, flowering and yield of cacao as affected by shade regimes. Established cacao plots under three plantain (Musa spp) shade regimes consisting of No-shade, Moderate and Dense shade were used. Air and soil temperature, relative humidity and Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR), weed population and species diversity, cacao flowering and pod production were measured. From the results, air and soil temperature measurements under No-shade plots had a significantly higher mean values (32°C) and soil (28°C) compared with moderately shaded [air, 30°C and soil, 26.5°C] and densely shaded [air, 30°C and soil, 26°C] plots in2015 and 2016 measurements but under 2017 measurements, no significant difference in the soil temperature of the plots under dense shade, moderate and the no-shade which were ascribed to canopy close-up of the cacao that led to reduced transmitted light through the canopy to the understories species. The vigour of weeds under no-shade plots were significantly higher compared with dense and moderately shaded plots. In 2013 established cacao plot, flower production was higher significantly in no-shade compared with those in moderate and dense shaded cacao plots in 2015 and 2016 measurement. Pod production under No-shade were significantly higher compared with other treatments in 2016 and 2017. Cherelle wilt rate was higher in shaded plots compared with the no-shade plots. Pod yield parameters were significantly higher under No-shade plots compared with shaded treatments during the three years of data measurement. Air temperature between 30°C to 33.7°C during flowering and fruit/pod setting was found to have positive influence on bean yield in cacao. The study concluded that excessive shade decreases yield of cocoa, while increases in temperature and relative humidity boosts some physiological processes for pod production in Cocoa
Geochemical Evaluation of Arimogija-Okeluse Limestones, Eastern Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Abayomi Edema , Omoniyi Dare Owonipa
Published: October 2022

10 representative samples of limestone were collected from the Arimogija-Okeluse Axis of the Dahomey Basin and subjected to X-Ray Fluorescence analysis. Major and Trace elements were used to classify and predict the depositional environment of Arimogija-Okeluse limestone.The results for the major oxide composition revealed that CaO content ranges from 47.6-52.31% with a mean value of 50.06%. SiO2 concentration varies from 1.94-5.24% with an average of 3.36%. Fe2O3. MgO, and Al2O3 contents have mean values of 1.702%, 1.52%, and 1.09% respectively. Other oxides; Na2O, P2O5, K2O and TiO2 are low in concentration. The Loss on Ignition also varies from 38.9-41.8 with a mean value of 40.43% suggesting a high carbonate content for the limestone. Standard Ca/Mg and Mg/Ca ratios varies from 25.87-37.63 and 0.03-0.04 with a mean of 33.31and 0.031 respectively. The high strontium content reveals a high saline environmental condition of formation for the limestone.The results obtained, however showed that the Arimogija-Okeluse limestone is a Magnesian limestone type deposited in a shallow marine environment and suitable for cement production.
Mutagenic Effect on Seed Germination, Seedling Growth and Seedling Survival of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp)
Authors: Ariraman M. , Gnanamurthy S. , Dhanavel D. , Bharathi T. , Murugan S.
Published: October 2022

In the present investigation the seeds of Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp) were treated with different doses of gamma radiation (05KR, 10KR, 15KR, 20KR, 25KR, 30KR, 35KR, 40KR, 45KR, and 50KR) and concentration of Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (05mM, 10mM, 15mM, 20mM, 25mM, 30mM, 35mM, 40mM, 45mM, and 50mM) for studying seed germination, seedling height, (shoot and root), seedling injury, seedling vigour index, and seedling survival of plants at 30th day. The seed germination percentage was decreased with increased in the concentration/doses when compared to control. The LD50 (Lethal dose) value was determined based upon the seed germination percentage. The 50 percentage of seed germination and reduction was observed in 20KR of gamma rays and 25mM of EMS and it is considered as LD50 value for both the treatments. The decrease in seed germination was more prominent with gamma rays than that of EMS treatments. The seedling parameters of gamma rays and EMS treated seedlings were progressively decreased with increase dose/concentration in all mutagenic treatments when compared to control. The maximum seedling parameters were observed in 05KR of gamma rays and 05mM of EMS. Minimum seedling parameters were observed in 50mM of EMS and 50KR of gamma rays respectively.
Evaluation of Antiepileptic Activity of Methanolic Leaves Extract of Tragia involucrata Linn. in Mice
Authors: Varma Ganapathi G. , Mathai Benson K. , Das Kuntal , Gowda Girish , Rammohan S. , Einstein John Wilking
Published: October 2022

The present investigation was aimed to study an antiepileptic activity of methanolic extract of Tragia involucrata Linn in mice. In vivo screening models like maximal electroshock-induced convulsion (MES), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and picrotoxin (PTX) induced models are used to evaluate the antiepileptic effects of the extracts. The biochemical estimation was done by measuring the lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione (GSH). In the MES induced convulsion, methanolic extract of Tragia involucrata (METI) at high dose (800 mg/kg body weight), showed high significant inhibition on tonic hind limb extension (THLE, 6.83 ±0.30***) and decrease in duration of stupor period (108.7 ±6.53***). In PTZ and PTX induced model METI (400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg) showed significant delay on the onset of convulsions, decreased duration of convulsion and reduced mortality significantly. It also showed significant decrease in brain MDA level in lipid peroxidation profile, and increase in the brain glutathione levels in mice against PTZ induced convulsion. The results confirmed that Tragia involucrata Linn possesses dose dependent antiepileptic activity.
Intercrop Advantages of some Improved Sweet Potato + Soybean in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
Authors: Egbe Moses O. , Osang Philip O.
Published: October 2022

Field trials were conducted during 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture Makurdi, Benue State located in Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. The objective of the study was to evaluate the response of some improved sweet potato varieties planted at three densities to intercropping with soybean. The experiment was a 2x3x3 split-split plot laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot consisted of two cropping systems [sole cropping (sweet potato, soybean) and intercropping (sweet potato + soybean). The sub-plot consisted of three sweet potato varieties (CIP440037, NRSP/05/007C and CIP440141). The sub-sub-plot treatment comprised of three sweet potato planting densities (25,000 plants/ha, 33,000 plants/ha and 50,000 plants/ha). Intercropping severely depressed the yields of both sweet potato varieties and the soybean component, such that intercrop yields were rarely above 50% of sole crop yields, irrespective of the sweet potato variety used. The number and weight of the sweet potato component was not significantly affected at the planting density of 50,000 plants/ha. Indices used to measure intercrop advantage showed that intercropping these sweet potato varieties with soybean was biologically efficient and percentage land saved varied from 23.08 and 32.43. Soybean was more competitive than sweet potato at all densities tested.
Application of Azoxystrobin Fungicide Improves Drought Tolerance in Tomato, via Enhancing Physio-Biochemical and Anatomical Feature
Authors: Ali Abdelhadi A.I. , Desoky El Sayed M. , Rady Mostafa M.
Published: October 2022

To investigate whether the fungicide Azoxystrobin improves the potential to maintain physio-biochemical functions under drought, tomato plants were applied with Azoxystrobin under either well-watered and deficit irrigation conditions. Drought-stressed tomato plants showed significant reductions in most tested parameters of physiology [cell membrane stability (CMS), relative water content (RWC), relative water loss (RWL) and chlorophylls], growth attributes and leaflet and main stem anatomical features, while exhibited increases in contents of proline and total phenols, activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), fresh (FW) and dry (DW) weights of roots, and leaflet spongy tissue thickness compared to well-watered control plants. Under full irrigation, Azoxystrobin treatment significantly increased RWC and chlorophyll content, POD and PPO activities, root DW, number of fruits per plant and many features of leaflet and main stem, while significantly decreased CMS and RWL, root, shoot and plant lengths, shoot and plant FW, and stem xylem tissue thickness compared to the control plants sprayed with water. However, Azoxystrobin treatment ameliorated drought stress in tomato plants and significantly increased CMS and free proline content, activities of CAT, POD and PPO, and contents of free and total phenols, and root DW and number of fruits per plant, in addition to spongy tissue thickness of leaflet, but not affected chlorophylls and carotenoids contents, root FW, plant DW and most of anatomical features compared to the stressed plants without Azoxystrobin treatment. These results support that Azoxystrobin foliar application may have a positive effect on well-watered and drought-stressed tomato plants.
Antimicrobial Activity of Crinum defixum Ker - Gawler Leaves
Authors: Elaiyaraja A. , Chandramohan G. , Mariajancyrani J.
Published: October 2022

Crinum
defixum Ker - Gawler is a bulbous herb which has widely used in indigenous medicine for many diseases; mainly leaf and bulb extracts are of medicinal importance. Leaf extract is used as a treatment for pimples, body-ache, dropsy, carbuncle, paronychia, leprosy, fever and diarrhoea. The bulbs are crushed and applied on to piles and itching. The present study to determine the possible phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of various leaf extracts of Crinum defixum Ker - Gawler plant. The phytochemical screening demonstrated the presence different types compound like flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins and glycosides. The ethanol, methanol and crude extracts of Crinum defixum Ker - Gawler showed significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, proteus vulgaris and antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus when compare to different concentrations (μg/mL). The antimicrobial potential of test compounds was determined on the basis of mean diameter of zone of inhibition around the disk in millimetres. Thus, the present findings revealed the medicinal potential of Crinum defixum Ker - Gawler to develop a drug against various human ailments.
Isolation and Identification of Elite Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria from Soil under Paddy Cultivation
Authors: Gandhi A. , Muralidharan G. , Sudhakar E.
Published: October 2022

A considerable number of bacterial species are able to exert a beneficial effect upon plant growth. Mostly they are associated with the plant rhizosphere, so they are called as rhizobacteria. Phosphorus is an essential element for plant development and growth making up about 0.2 % of plant dry weight. Several scientists have reported the ability of different bacterial species to solubilize insoluble inorganic phosphate compounds, such as tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and rock phosphate. Detection and estimation of the phosphate solublization ability of microorganisms have been possible using plate screening methods. Phosphate solubilizers produce clearing zones around the microbial colonies in growth media. In the present investigation a total number of fifteen phosphate solubilizing bacterial colonies isolated from different paddy soils in Cuddalore district of Tamilnadu, India. The isolated PSB were identified and characterized for effective use in the field. All the PSB isolates were identified as Bacillus species and designated as P with serial number from 1 to 15. Among the fifteen isolates, the PSB isolate P6 showed highest amount of phosphate solubilization. The quantity of available phosphorus estimated in the P6 grown Sperber broth culture medium on 7th day was maximum of 321.7 μg/ml which was the highest value compared to other PSB isolates.
Carbon Emission Control Measures
Authors: Grema L.U. , Abubakar A.B. , Obiukwu O.O.
Published: October 2022

This paper seeks to share the experience of the Ultra Low CO2 Steelmaking programme (ULCOS) established in 2002 by a number of EU members on how to cut down CO2 emission by at least 50 % of the present volume of emission. Global environmental challenge today is the issue of climate change resulting in devastating effects such as flooding in many countries of the world. One of the major causes is the CO2 emission from different industries including iron and steel industries. The total global CO2 emission was put at 29Gt in 2007 and projected to be 37Gt by the 2020. Out of this volume the steel industry accounts for 3-4 % and this call for concern from stakeholders to come up with measures to reduce or control the emission of the green house gas. These measures are necessary considering the growth of the iron and steel industry in the last 50 years. Important items considered include among others carbon emission and recovery, carbon capture and storage and new iron and steel making processes and their potential for CO2 reduction.
Functional Properties of Neem Oil as Potential Feedstock for Biodiesel Production
Authors: Bhandare Prithviraj , Naik G.R.
Published: October 2022

Fossil fuel resources are decreasing daily while biodiesel fuels are attracting increasing attention worldwide as blending components or direct replacements for diesel fuel in vehicle engines. In this experiment the seed oils of 30 Neem (Azadirachta indica. A. juss) biotypes were screened and evaluated for their physio-chemical parameters for oil content, biodiesel yield, density, viscosity, iodine value , free fatty acid and saponification value. Hence the neem seed oil tested in this current study could be the potential sources of raw material for biodiesel production.
Potentiality Assessment of Fish Scale Biodegradation Using Mangrove Fungi Isolated from Indian Sundarban
Authors: Nandy Vaswati , Bakshi Madhurima , Ghosh Somdeep , Sharma Harish , Basu Barnali Ray , Chaudhuri Punarbasu
Published: October 2022

The mangrove fungi, morphologically and physiologically adapted in a different habitat, were isolated from mangrove habitat of Jharkhali, Sundarban, India. The physico-chemical properties like temperature, pH, soil colour, moisture content, carbon and nitrogen content of soil determines the load of microbial population. The soil sample was serially diluted and plated on potato dextrose agar plate with ampicillin to obtain fungal isolates. Total of six isolates were characterized microscopically by lacto phenol cotton blue staining. Two of them were identified as Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. and are subjected to biodegradation of fish scale, the major waste of fish processing industries. Aspergillus niger was found to be the best for degradation of fish scale powder by producing zone of clearance. Moreover, media without fish scale didn’t show any zone of clearance indicates the mangrove fungi are capable of degrading the fish scale component
Cyanobacteria and Glutathione Applications Improve Productivity, Nutrient Contents, and Antioxidant Systems of Salt-Stressed Soybean Plant
Authors: Zaki Safinaz S. , Belal Eman E.E. , Rady Mostafa M.
Published: October 2022

Salt stress restricts plant performance by disrupting various physio-biochemical processes like photosynthesis. Plants growing in saline substrates show deficiencies in absorption of some essential elements due to the presence of excessive sodium (Na+) in the rhizosphere, which antagonizes beneficial cations and causing toxicity in metabolism. Cyanobacteria (CB; a natural biofertilizer) play a fundamental role in building-up soil fertility, thus increasing plant performance. Glutathione (GSH) is a well-known antioxidant, which contributes to increase salt tolerance in the plant. This work was conducted as a pot experiment (sand culture) in 2017 to study the combined effect of CB, applied as seed inoculation, and GSH, applied as foliar spray, on growth, pods and seed yields, the contents of antioxidants, osmoprotectants, and nutrients, and the antioxidative enzymes activities of soybean (Glycine max L., cv. Giza 111) plants grown under saline conditions. At fourth leaf stage (21 days after sowing; DAS), CB-pretreated seedlings were supplemented with NaCl (150 mM) along with Hoagland′s nutrient solution, and at the same time seedlings were sprayed with 1 mM GSH. Samples were taken at 60 DAS to assess morphological, physio-biochemical and antioxidant defense systems attributes. Results showed that the integrative application of CB and GSH under saline conditions was effective in improving significantly the growth characteristics, yield components, photosynthetic efficiency (pigments contents and chlorophyll fluorescence), membrane stability index, relative water content, contents of soluble sugars, free proline, ascorbic acid, glutathione, α-tocopherol, and protein, and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and guaiacol peroxidase. The contents of macronutrients (N, P, K+, and Ca2+) were also increased significantly in Glycine max plants compared to the stressed control. In contrast, Na+ content and electrolyte leakage were significantly reduced. Our results recommend using the combined CB (as seed inoculation) and GSH (as foliar spray) application for soybean plantss to grow well under saline conditions.
Effect of Gamma Rays in Induced Morphological Mutants on M2 Generation of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Var K1
Authors: Mullainathan L. , Aruldoss T.
Published: October 2022

The present study was carried out to induce morphological mutation in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) var k1. The seeds were subjected to different treatment levels of gamma rays are 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70Kr along with control. The treated and untreated seeds were raised in a randomized block design to observe the different morphological characters in M2 generation. Several unique and interesting mutants were isolated in this investigation, these independent mutants have differ from control, the most distinct mutants included tall, dwarf, bushy, flower, sterile and pod mutant, was observed in M2 generation.
Enhancement Potential of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on White Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) Seedlings
Authors: Kemka Ugochi , Chinakwe Etienne C. , Egbadon Emmanuel
Published: October 2022

The effect of inoculating single cultures of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on development of white beans seedling (Phaseolus vulgaris) was analyzed. Five PGPR were isolated from the rhizosphere of Okra plants and were assessed for abilities to solubilise phosphate and produce indole acetic acid (IAA). The phosphate solubilising index ranged from 6-10 while the concentration of IAA ranged from 17.48mg/l to 27.43mg/l. Serratia sp. produced the highest concentration of IAA (27.43mg/l) and had the highest solubilisation index (10mm). Bacillus sp. produced the least amount of IAA (17.48mg/l) while Staphylococcus sp. had the least solubilisation index (6mm). The highest percentage germination of 83.3% was observed in the seedling inoculated with Bacillus sp. The influence of microbial inoculation on root and shoot elongation was studied hydroponically for 7 days. Significant increases (P< 0.05) in root elongation were observed. The highest seedling root length (18.47cm) and shoot length (19.17cm) were observed with inoculation of Staphylococcus sp. and Bacillus sp. respectively. The use of these bacteria as bio-inoculants could be a sustainable practice to facilitate nutrient supply to white beans seedlings.
Antimicrobial Activity of some Honey Samples against Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Mahendran S. , Kumarasamy D.
Published: October 2022

The aim of the present research work to investigate antimicrobial activity of some honey samples six winter honeys six summer honeys collected from different regions of Western Ghats. The microbes used in this study are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis. Antibacterial activity of the honeys was assayed using the Disc diffusion method. Noticeable variations in the antibacterial activity of the different honey samples were observed. Among the microbes Staphylococcus aureus is the most sensitive against all honey samples shows the maximum inhibitor zone compare to summer honeys.
Contamination and Radionuclides Concentration in Imported Canned Foodstuffs in Baghdad Markets
Authors: Oudah Abdul Jabbar Abbas , Al-Mashhadani Asia H.
Published: October 2022

This work was concerned with study the contamination and concentration of natural and man-made radioactivity 40K, 137Cs, 214Bi (238U series) and 228Ac (232Th series) in 19 different imported foodstuffs canned samples (Mushrooms, Black Olives, Broad Beans, Peaches, Sweet Corn, Tomato Past, Green Peas, Chick Peas, Baby milk 1,2,3 and Full milk powder) , were collected from locally markets in different regions in Baghdad city. Samples were analyzed by high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector gamma spectrometer systems from Canberra, with high resolution (2.0 keV at 1332 keV) and relative efficiency of ~30% for 137Cs (661.7 keV) and provide (Software Genie 2000 from Canberra). From the data obtained, the activity concentrations (Bq/kg or Bq/l) for 40K, 137Cs, 214Bi and 228Ac in above foodstuff samples were measured. It was found that these values lie within the worldwide range for radioactivity in food. The mean value of radium equivalent activity (Raeq) in all samples it was below the threshold value of 370 Bq/kg. The all value of indoor and outdoor annual effective dose equivalent in samples it was lower than the world average values (0.45 mSv/y for indoor and 0.07 mSv/y for outdoor).
Investigating the Recent Drought Effects on Underground Water Resources in the Province of Kurdistan from a Quantitative and Qualitative Point of View (Case Study: Dehgolan and Ghorveh Plains)
Authors: Bashiri Ebad , Bashiri Jahanbakhsh , Karimi Farhad
Published: October 2022

The Ghorveh plain with an annual average rainfall of 350 millimeter and a cold and semi humid climate is located between the Dehgolan's watersheds and Chahardoli and 95 kilometers east of Sanandaj and northwest of Hamadan. From a geographic coordinates point of view it is situated between the longitudes of 47° 38' 52" to 48° 06' 03" eastern and latitudes of 35° 02' 22" to 35° 30' 54" northern . This plain leads to Mts. Darvazeh and Ebrahim Attar from south, it leads to hillside lands from the northern side , from Westside it reaches Mt. Bikheir and from the eastern part it is limited to the Dam Gaz heights. The area of the Ghorveh watershed is 1063/50 square kilometers while the area of the region under study is 197 square kilometers. Geologically speaking, it is located in the Sanadaj –Sirjan zone. The collision depth to the underground waters in the heights range bordering the plain is a maximum of 42 meters while the same rate about the river Talvar is at least zero and it is less than 5 meters in a wide range region of the eastern side of the plain. The direction of the underground water flow in the Ghorveh region is from the south west to north east. The Piezometrical water level changes compared to the western side plain has had a reduced height.The Dehgolan's plain with an annual average rainfall of 354 millimeters and a cold and semi humid climate is located in the eastern side of the city of Sanandaj between the longitudes of 47° 08' 00" to 48° 12' 00" eastern and latitudes of 35° 00' 00" to 36° 00'00" northern. This plain is limited to not very high ridge of Shanooreh from the eastern side and it leads to the Darband Kabood heights and Abdulrahman heights from south, while it leads to Mt. Sheida and Akhikamal and Salarabad from north and then it is limited to the Khatoon heights from the west part . The area of the watershed of Dehgolan is 2250 square kilometer and the area of the region under study is 644 square kilometers . Geologically and regionally speaking, it is part of the geological – structural zone of Sanandaj – Sirjan. The general slope of the region is towards east and north east. The main river of this plain is called Talvar. The alluvial aquifer of the Dehgolan's plain is of a free type and is on average 90meters thick where in some parts thickness swells to 90 meters.
Diversity and Abundance of Butterfly (Lepidoptera) Fauna in Kalaimahal College Campus, Sembanarkoil, Tranqubar Taluk, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Paramanandham Joothi Pillai , Krishnappa Kaliyamoorthy , Kabilan Kannan , Sathishkumar Selvaraj
Published: October 2022

Butterflies are the sensitive insects which react quickly to any kind of disturbances like changes in the habitat quality and environmental variation. Apart from pollinators they play a major key role in food chain, being prey for birds, reptiles, spiders and predatory insects. It is one of the most important assemblages of insects that act as biodiversity indicators as well as nature’s gardeners. The objective of the present survey is focussed on the assessment of the diversity and abundance of butterfly conservation priorities in the study area. A total of 33 species of butterflies under 5 families and 26 genera were recorded during from December 2017 to February 2017 in the Kalimahal College campus, Sembarnarkoil, Tharangambadi Taluk. Nymphalidae was recorded as the most dominant family in terms of number of species (13) and number of genera (9), followed by Pieridae 8 species (6 genera), Lycaenidae 6 species (5 genera), Hesperiidae 3 species (3 genera), and Papilionidae 3 species (2 genera). Species richness (25), Simpson diversity index (0.7206) and Shannon ‘H’ index (1.783) were high in the month of December 2017. Simultaneously the Dominance index (0.6634) and Species Evenness (0.2871) were high in the month of February 2018. The outcomes of the present study highlight the importance of institutional campuses as a preferred habitat for butterflies. If the landscaping and maintenance of gardens are cautiously planned, the diversity of butterflies may increase in college campus providing a rich ground for butterfly conservation as well as for research.
Control of Rots and Spoilage of Agricultural Products: A Review
Authors: Deshi S.N. , Wonang D.L. , Dafur B.S.
Published: October 2022

The most important losses in agricultural production which involve the greatest costs on the farm economy occur postharvest. It is estimated that worldwide between 10 and 40% losses of agricultural produce occur postharvest. Losses are more severe in developing than developed nations of the world. Several species of fungi and in some cases bacteria participate in postharvest deterioration and rots of tubers and agro- produce. These include species of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Colletotrichum, Macrophomina, Penicillium and Rhizopus amongst several others. In a bid to control these storage diseases several control techniques including physical, biological, and chemical and in recent times plant-based pesticides are employed. Chemical control has been identified as the most popular and most effective means of controlling plant diseases. However, it is being de-emphasized due largely to mammalian toxicity occasioned by chemical residues in crops. This in addition to many other demerits on ecological health and build-up of pathogens’ resistance to some of the most effective fungicides have prompted search for alternatives. Recently in plant pathology many tropical plants are being screened for fungitoxic properties. This review presents highlights of the different control techniques for control of myco- induced storage rots of tubers and agricultural products in the tropics.
Preliminary Studies on Insect Pest Incidence on Tomato in Bama, Borno State, Nigeria
Authors: Mailafiya D.M. , Degri M.M. , Maina Y.T. , Gadzama U.N. , Galadima I.B.
Published: October 2022

This study assessed the insect pest infestation of tomato during 2011 and 2012 in three localities namely Bula Kuliye, Kajeri and Soye of Bama Local Government Area, Borno State, Nigeria. Fifty plants were randomly checked per farmers’ field for insect pest recovery and count. Sampling was carried out in five to nine farmers’ fields per locality. With 38-52 %, 9-62 %, 13-39 % and 5-9 % species composition respectively across localities, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) followed by Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) were more predominant insect pests of tomato in these localities over Tetranychus sp. (Acari: Tetranichidae) and Spodoptera litoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Total proportion of infested tomato plants per farmers’ field ranged from 19-36 %, and was significantly higher in Bula Kuliye and Kajeri than in Soye. Total number of insect pests per plant/leave and bored fruits per farmers’ field fell between 2-5 and 21-35, and likewise, was higher in Bula Kuliye and Kajeri than in Soye. Although tomato plant infestation and fruit damage were found to be moderate or high in these localities, future studies on the bionomics or population dynamics of these insects remain essential for establishing their economic status.
Antioxidant Activity, Quality Parameters and Grain Characteristics of Rice Varieties of Afghanistan
Authors: Rayee Ramin , Xuan Tran Dang , Kakar Kifayatullah , Haqani M. Ismael
Published: October 2022

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity, grain traits and quality contents in Afghanistan’s selected rice varieties. The antioxidant capacity was measured using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and Reducing Power methods. Grain length, grain width and grain thickness were in the range of 5.4-7.6, 1.7-3.2, and 1.5-2.2 mm respectively. Selah Zoodras, Taram Irani and Attai-1 had the longest grain length whereas Luke was associated with high width and thickness among the varieties. Protein, amylose and lipid content varied from 6.5-9.9, 20.3-23.5, and 10-18% respectively. Barah Kunduz showed the highest protein and lipid content while Selah zoodras was associated highest amylose content. The selected rice varieties possessed moderate antioxidant activity and their physiochemical properties were not correlated with antioxidant capacity. Results of this study provided useful information on the selection and production of rice varieties with high nutritional and pharmaceutical values in Afghanistan.
Kinetic Studies for the Biosorption of Chromium Using Cherry Leaves (Muntingia calabura L.)
Authors: Aathithya R. , Rajani Sowparnika J. , Balakrishnan V.
Published: October 2022

Biosorption is an attractive technology which is used for the sorption of substances by a biomaterial. In this present work the heavy metal chromium was subjected to biosorption because of their non-degradability nature and causes water and land pollution. Cherry leaves were used as a biomaterial for the biosorption. Kinetic studies were performed for the biosorption experiment. From the experiment it was found that the reaction follows pseudo first order reaction because of the larger value of regression coefficient R2 and lower value of standard errors (χ2) for pseudo first order reaction than second order reaction.
Climate Change: Causes, Effects and the Need for Science Education for Sustainable Development
Authors: Nwona Hyginus A.
Published: October 2022

The world we live in has witnessed some drastic environmental imbalance in recent times. These imbalances have threatened sustainable development- which is the ultimate goal of man-environment relationship. This paper reviews the causes and effects of climate change on man and his environment with a view to using science education to solve the problems posed by climate change. Literature shows that climate change results mainly from human activities such as rapid deforestation for agricultural and industrial purposes, carbon dioxide emission from fossil fuel burning, carbon dioxide emission from burning gasoline for transportation, usage of chemical fertilizers on croplands and methane emission from animals, agriculture and arctic sea beds. The consequences of these activities include global warming, ozone layer depletion, greenhouse effect, rising sea level and acid rain. It is recommended here that the whole educational process be re-packaged to emphasize science education as a panacea for sustainable development. The argument here is that the educational institutions are the best media for the inculcation of proper morals and values. It is also recommended that teacher education programmes should allocate more funds to research in, and teaching of science in schools.
Phytopharmacological Study of Red, White and Black Variety of Abrus precatorius L.
Authors: Garaniya N.H. , Bapodra A.H. , Ladva K.D.
Published: October 2022

Abrus precatorius L. is a leguminous plant of family fabaceae. Plant parts are widely used for medicinal purpose in different region of the world. Seed behavior and phytochemical evaluation of different solvent extracts (i.e. Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate, Methanol & Water) of leaf and seed of red, white and black varieties of Abrus precatorius L. is carried out in the present study. This study indicates presence of different phytoconstituents i.e. alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, proteins, etc. the present study concludes that the plant parts can be used as very good natural remedy to diagnosed variety of dieses.
Correlation Studies in Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum L. Karst) as Affected by Mulching and Cultivar During the Heat Period in the Semi-Arid Region of Nigeria
Authors: Wali A.S. , Kabura B.H.
Published: October 2022

Tomato though a day neutral crop, is predominantly cultivated during the cool dry harmattan partly due to low incidence of diseases and favourable low temperature. The scarcity of fresh tomato outside this season needs to be considered to meet the teeming demand of the populace. Knowledge of the nature of association between yield and its components is of great necessary in any breeding programme. It was against this background that a field experiment was conducted in 2008 and 2009 at Salam Farm of Ngaburari village of Konduga Local Government Area of Borno State (Lat. 12°N and Long. 13°13’E) in the Semi-Arid Region of Nigeria to determine the relationship between yield and other agronomic parameters as affected by mulching and cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum L. Karst) during the heat period to provide effective tool for breeders. The treatments consisted of five cultivars of tomato (Tandino, Danbaga, Roma VF, UC82B and Dansyria) and six grass mulch (Pennisetum pedicelatum Trin) levels (0 t/ha, 2.5 t/ha, 5 t/ha, 7.5 t/ha, 10 t/ha and 12.5 t/ha) which were laid out in a strip-plot design and replicated three times. The parameters studied include plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf area index, number of branches per plant, days to first and 50 % flowering, number of fruits, weight of fruits per plant and yield in t/ha. Data collected were subjected to Correlation Analysis using Statistic 8.0 and the results of the combined years for cultivars indicated that total fruits yield was significantly and positively correlated with plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf area index, days to first flowering and weight of fruits but significantly negatively correlated with days to 50 % flowering. Similarly, correlation of parameters as affected by mulch indicated significant and positive correlation of fruit yield with plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf area index days to first flowering, number of fruits and weight of fruits but significantly negatively correlated with number of branches and days to 50 % flowering. Days to first flowering had significant positive correlation with days to 50 % flowering, number of fruits and weight of fruits both as affected by cultivar and mulch. Hence selection for high yield during heat period in the semi arid region of Nigeria should be based on earliness to flowering.
Phytoremediation of Quizlofop-Ethyl Contaminated Soil Using Sesbania sesabn L
Authors: Mahakavi T. , Baskaran L. , Bakiyaraj R. , Mycin Ravi
Published: October 2022

In this field experiments, sandy loam soil was treated with different concentration of herbicide (Quizalofop-ethyl) 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 per cent. Sesbaniasesban L. seeds were sown in all treated soil. The germination percentage, morphological and enzymes activities were measured after 20, 40 and 120 days. The results indicate that the germination per cent, morphological parameters were increased in control then it was gradually decreased with increasing the herbicide concentration. The enzymes like catalase and peroxidase activity were increased in control then it was decreased with increasing the concentration. Whereas the polyphenoloxidase acticity was lower in control and it was increased with increasing the herbicides concentration. Hence, after 120 days plants were harvested and the plant powder was analyzed for absorption of herbicide by plant with the help of Gas chromatography mass spectrum (GCMS). The obtained data showed that herbicide absorption was concerned in quiazalofop-ethyl treated plant when compared to control. This study expose that herbicide reduced by Sesbaniasesban L.
A Study on Extracellular Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Endophytic Fungi, Isolated from Ethanomedicinal Plants Curcuma longa and Catharanthus roseus
Authors: Singh Dattu , Rathod Vandana , Singh Ashish Kumar , Ul Haq Manzoor , Mathew Jasmine , Kulkarni Prema
Published: October 2022

Biological method is considered as eco-friendly and reliable process for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNps) in the field of nanotechnology due to its tremendous applications in various fields. In this study we have isolated a total of twelve endophytic fungi from leaves of Curcuma longa (turmeric) and Catharanthusroseus out of which six endophytic fungi showed their ability to synthesized AgNps from silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution which splits into a positive silver ion (Ag+) and a negative nitrate ion (NO3-) in order to turn the silver ions into solid silver (Ago). Of the six positive endophytic fungi VRD2 showed good and encouraging results and was identified as Penicillium spinulosum VRD2. UV-Visible Spectroscopy confirms the AgNps showing maximum peak at 425nm implying the bioreduction of AgNO3. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revealed the particle are spherical and well dispersed without agglomeration size ranging from 25-30nm.