bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The habitat suitability of Timor friarbird (Philemon inornatus) in Western Timor Island, Indonesia
Authors: Paga Blasius , PUDYATMOKO SATYAWAN , WIJAYANTI LIES RAHAYU , YUDA PRAMANA , SULAKSONO NURPANA
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Paga B, Pudyatmoko S, Wijayanti LR, Yuda P, Sulaksono N. 2021. The habitat suitability of Timor friarbird (Philemon inornatus) in Western Timor Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 703-713. Timor friarbird is an endemic bird to Timor Island. The population of this bird has been declining due to land cover changes as a result of massive anthropogenic pressures. This study aimed to assess the suitability of Timor friarbird's habitat by using 12 ecogeographical variables. The sources of data included Sentinel 2A satellite imagery and remote sensing-based algorithms. The bird's presence was analyzed by using a combination of line transect with point count methods. Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) model was applied to obtain habitat suitability value as well as coefficient of marginality (M) and specialization (S). These results showed that the Timor friarbird needs a habitat with a different value from the average of the entire habitat. High specialization value indicated that the species has a narrow ecological niche. Factors influencing habitat suitability included the distance from roads, the presence of mangroves, primary and secondary dryland forests, rivers, and low-density settlements. About 75% of the study area is classified as unsuitable habitat, and only 22% is suitable with range classes of suitability from marginal to optimal habitat. Areas with less anthropogenic pressure on the land cover will be preferred more by the bird. Improvement of unsuitable habitat and protection of suitable habitat, therefore, will be the most important strategy for Timor friarbird conservation.
Diversity of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi from andisol soil affected by the eruption of Mount Sinabung, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: SEMBIRING MARIANI , SABRINA T.
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Sembiring M, Sabrina T. 2021. Diversity of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi from andisol soil affected by the eruption of Mount Sinabung, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 713-719. Phosphate solubilizing microbes are present in all locations with different population levels. The eruption of Mount Sinabung in 2013 resulted in changes in soil pH and the soil’s microbial population, such as phosphate solubilizing microbes. This research aimed to obtain environmentally-specific phosphate solubilizing microbes derived from andisol soil impacted by the eruption of Mount Sinabung, which excelled in increasing the availability of phosphate. Sampling was conducted in Desa Kutarayat, Naman Teran Sub-district, Karo District, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Isolation of phosphate solubilizing microbes was carried out on pikovskaya media, and test of phosphate solubilizing microbes potential was conducted on solid and liquid pikovskaya media. Organic acid content was determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and microbial identification was performed using PCR-sequencing. The result showed that 4 isolates of each phosphate-soluble fungi and bacteria were isolated from andisol soil affected by the eruption of Sinabung mountain. It was also observed that phosphate solubilizing microbes’ ability to produce organic acids varied. The obtained fungi could dissolve P in some phosphate source either on solid media or liquid medium. Talaromyces pinophilus (J2) can increase the highest availability of P in andisol soil.
The health status of coral reef ecosystem in Taka Bonerate, Kepulauan Selayar Biosphere Reserve, Indonesia
Authors: Wulandari Prawesti , Sainal Sainal , Cholifatullah Fauzan , Janwar Zul , Nasruddin Nasruddin , Setia Tatang Mitra , Soedharma Dedi , Praptiwi Radisti A , Sugardjito Jito
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Wulandari P, Sainal, Cholifatullah F, Janwar Z, Nasruddin, Setia TM, Soedharma D, Praptiwi RA, Sugardjito J. 2021. The health status of coral reef ecosystem in Taka Bonerate, Kepulauan Selayar Biosphere Reserve, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 721-732. This study assessed the coral reef conditions in a tropical marine biodiversity hotspot, Tambolongan and Polassi islands, located within the transition zone of UNESCO's Taka Bonerate Kepulauan Selayar Biosphere Reserve in Indonesia. The islands' coral reefs receive a multitude of pressures from anthropogenic activities, risking the livelihood of local communities which rely on resources, such as fish stocks, from this ecosystem. This study measured the coral and reef fish characteristics and current biodiversity status in the coastal waters surrounding the two islands. The evaluation of the coral reefs condition used the Coral Health Index (CHI), which was determined from the two main components of benthic coverage (using underwater photo transect) and reef fish assemblages. The results showed that, overall, coral reef health status in both islands could be classified as very poor (with scores ranging from 1 to 3, out of 10 for CHI), with medium to nearly low diversity for coral (H' index of 1.5 to 2.24), and medium to high diversity for reef fish (H' index of 2.90 to 3.37). This study observed the ecological responses of both habitat and fish within each environment towards the existing damages, which indicated a degree of habitat resiliency. The results obtained contribute to further understanding the extent of pressures towards the quality of marine habitats in the area. They can also be used as baseline data to devise management measures, such as rehabilitation, restoration, or monitoring programs, to ensure that sustainable development can be pursued without neglecting the necessity for conservation.
Diversity, composition and important tree species for Cenderawasih bird activities in Rhepang Muaif ecotourism forest, Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia
Authors: LAHALLO WEHELMINA , TANJUNG ROSYE H.R. , SUHARNO SUHARNO , SUJARTA PUGUH
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Lahallo W, Tanjung RHR, Suharno, Sujarta P. 2022. Diversity, composition and important tree species for Cenderawasih bird activities in Rhepang Muaif ecotourism forest, Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 742-749. Trees, the major component of a forest, affect the interaction between flora and fauna contained in the forest. Among them, birds are the group of fauna that are highly dependent on trees in the forest. The inter-relationship between birds and trees is particularly important in forests utilized for bird-watching ecotourism and endemic birds such as Birds of Paradise, or locally named Cenderawasih. This study aimed to determine the diversity and floristic composition of tree species in the Rhepang Muaif ecotourism forest, Jayapura District, Papua and identify important tree species that support the activities Cenderawasih birds. A survey was employed using a line-transect method to record species diversity and vegetation structure of trees diameter> 20 cm. A total of 62 observation plots were established, representing around 51 hectares of ecotourism forest, with each plot measuring 20 x 20 m. The findings revealed that there were around 63 tree species belonging to 23 different families recorded in the observation plots. Based on the stand structure, it can be stated that the ecotourism forest in Rhepang Muaif was a secondary forest with a density of roughly 20 trees per hectare (diameter > 20 cm). Species with the highest Important Value Index were Intsia bijuga, Areca sp., Syzygium versteegii, and Pometia pinnata. Important tree species used for the activities of Cenderawasih birds included I. bijuga (perching, chirping), P. pinnata (playing), Teijsmanniodendron hollrungii (perching, chirping), P. pinnata (eating, perching) and Macaranga sp (playing). Macaranga sp., F. benjamina, and T. hollrungii had a limited population whereas I. bijuga, and P. pinnata were more abundant. Our study implies that to ensure the survival of Cenderawasih birds in the ecotourism areas, the carrying capacity of tree species for bird activities must be maintained so that these birds do not migrate to other locations.
Ethnobotanical study of traditional steam bath bafufu in Lako Akediri Village, West Halmahera, Indonesia
Authors: WAKHIDAH ANISATU Z. , SILALAHI M. , YUDIYANTO YUDIYANTO
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Wakhidah AZ, Silalahi M, Yudiyanto. 2021. Ethnobotanical study of traditional steam bath bafufu in Lako Akediri Village, West Halmahera, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 765-774. Indonesia's high biological and cultural diversity has resulted in various plant uses for medicinal purposes, including for health steam bath or spa. Bafufu is a traditional steam bath performed by Lako Akediri villagers in West Halmahera, Indonesia which uses concoctions made from various plant species. It is usually used to maintain women's bodies after postpartum and treat menstrual pain. This study was conducted to study the local knowledge of Lako Akediri villagers about bafufu spa concoction, including the diversity of plant and plant parts used to make the concoction and the community's management of such plants, and the efficacy of the concoction. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 30 respondents, comprised of indigenous medical practitioners and local women. Additionally, we collected and identified the specimens of plants used in bafufu. We recorded 20 plant species used in bafufu with the most used parts of plants being leaves and fruits. The local community obtained plants from 3 sources, i.e., cultivation, semi-wild, or wild. As many as 7 species were cited more than 6 times with kananga [Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson] is the most cited (10 citation). Those plants have been well studied regarding their phytochemical content in maintaining women's reproduction health. Such most used plants have chemical compounds including liriodenine, punicalagins, curcumin, myristic acid, eugenol and citral a-citral b. The bafufu spa concoction has various benefits, such as maintaining the health of the reproductive organs reducing menstrual pain and body odor.
Quality diversity of 35 tea clones (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis) processed for green tea
Authors: Prayoga M. Khais , SYAHRIAN HERI , RAHADI VITRIA P. , ATMAJA M. IQBAL PRAWIRA , MAULANA HILMAN , ANAS ANAS
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Prayoga MK, Syahrian H, Rahadi VP, Atmaja MIP, Maulana H, Anas. 2022. Quality diversity of 35 tea clones (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis) processed for green tea. Biodiversitas 23: 810-816. The development of sinensis clones in Indonesia is still focused on increasing productivity and until now there has been no study on the level of genetic similarity and diversity based on quality characters. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the level of kinship and genetic diversity of 35 sinensis clones from the collection of the Indonesia Research Institute for Tea and Cinchona. The study consisted of two stages, testing the content of chemical compounds (polyphenols and caffeine) and organoleptic testing. The material used in both tests was fresh shoots consisting of peko + 3 young leaves (P+3). In organoleptic testing, shoots of 35 sinensis variety clones were first processed into green tea. Furthermore, the processed green tea was tested organoleptically by three credible panelists. The data from the test results of chemical and organoleptic compounds were then tested statistically to get the coefficient of variation (CV), which indicates data diversity. The level of genetic closeness between clones based on quality characters was analyzed using the JMP 16.0 program (trial version), then arranged into clusters. To see the contribution of each parameter to the quality diversity of 35 sinensis clones, a principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out. The results of this study indicate that there are four main clusters grouping the 35 sinensis clones tested. The first cluster excels in the character of taste and aroma, the second cluster excels in appearance, seductive colour, and infusion, the third cluster excels in the character of polyphenols, while the fourth cluster excels in the character of caffeine. The characters that contributed to the genetic diversity of the 35 clones tested were caffeine, appearance, and aroma.
Chlorogenic acid and caffeine content of fermented robusta bean
Authors: PURWOKO TJAHJADI , SURANTO SURANTO , SETYANINGSIH RATNA , MARLIYANA SOERYA DEWI
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Purwoko T, Suranto, Setyaningsih R, Marliyana SD. 2021. Chlorogenic acid and caffeine content of fermented robusta bean. Biodiversitas 23: 902-906. Robusta beans contain caffeine and chlorogenic acid higher than arabica beans, however, it has a lower economic value than arabica beans. Therefore, microorganisms in the robusta bean for the fermentation process are expected to reduce caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents. The objective of this research was to investigate the ability of fungus Rhizopus oryzae, yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and bacteria Lactobacillus casei and Leuconostoc mesenteroides in degrading caffeine and chlorogenic acid content of robusta beans. Analysis of caffeine and chlorogenic acid content was carried out by spectrophotometer at OD275 and OD324, respectively. The caffeine and chlorogenic acid content of unfermented robusta beans were 18.64 mg/g and 62.18 mg/g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, L. mesenteroides, L. casei, and R. oryzae were able to degrade caffeine, and reduce the caffeine content of fermented robusta beans to 16.92, 16.71, 16.67, and 13.57 mg/g, respectively. The decrease of caffeine by S. cerevisiae, L. mesenteroides and L. casei were not significantly different (p>0.05) from control, however, the decrease of caffeine by R. oryzae was significant (p<0.05). Saccharomyces cerevisiae, R. oryzae, L. mesenteroide, and L. casei were able to degrade chlorogenic acid and reduce the chlorogenic acid content of fermented robusta beans to 44.54, 45.21, 45.79, and 47.31 mg/g. Chlorogenic acid was reduced significantly by S. cerevisiae, R. oryzae, L. mesenteroides, and L. casei (p<0.05). It can be concluded that R. oryzae was a potential microorganism to reduce caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents in robusta beans.
Identification and characterization of strawberry FvGELP1 (Fragaria vesca GDSL esterase/lipase)
Authors: WITASARI LUCIA DHIANTIKA , HUANG FONG-CHIN , SCHWAB WILFRIED
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Witasari LD, Huang FC, Schwab W. 2022. Identification and characterization of strawberry FvGELP1 (Fragaria vesca GDSL esterase/lipase).Biodiversitas 23: 907-915. Fruit softening is primarily the result of the hydrolytic enzymes activity. Esterases are reasonable candidates due to their putative role in cell wall components degradation. This study aimed to identify and characterize a new enzyme related to strawberry fruit ripening. Esterase activity was detected in the native PAGE of protein extract isolated from Fragaria ×ananassared fruit. Amino acid sequence analysis of the protein band revealed several esterases as possible candidates. GDSL esterase/lipase from Fragaria vesca(gene27964; FvGELP1) was chosen for cloning purposes and further analysis. Quantitative RT-PCR of FvGELP1in plant tissues of F. vescaindicated high expression levels in fruit, in particular in early developmental stages. The gene FvGELP1(1,161 bp) was amplified from F. vescafruit cDNA and expressed as a 43 kDa HisTag fusion protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.FvGELP1 possesses four conserved residues Gly43-Asp44-Ser45-Asn46. FvGELP1 contains Ser45, Asp364, and His367 as the catalytic triad. Esterase assays of FvGELP1 resulted in high levels of the aromatic alcohol products by applying ?-naphthyl acetate (?NA), p-nitrophenyl acetate (pNPA), phenyl acetate, and benzyl acetate as substrates. It could be suspected that FvGELP1 plays a role in strawberry fruit ripening and might be involved in the hemicellulose degradation, presumably by deacetylation of the polysaccharide.
Baccaurea Lour. (Phyllanthaceae Martinov - Malpighiales), underutilized plant from Riau, Indonesia and its phytochemical study
Authors: SOFIYANTI NERY , FITMAWATI FITMAWATI , ISDA MAYTA NOVALIZA , AGESTI ASIH RAHAYU AJENG , SARI MAYA , PRANATA SYAFRONI
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Sofiyanti N, Fitmawati, Isda MN, Agesti ARA, Sari M, Pranata S. 2022. Baccaurea Lour. (Phyllanthaceae Martinov-Malpighiales), underutilized plant from Riau, Indonesia and its phytochemical study. Biodiversitas 23: 937-946. Baccaurea (Phyllantaceae) is one of underutilized plants in Riau Province, Indonesia. Our finding in some districts shows the variation of morphological characters of Baccaurea members. However, there is no detailed morphological study of these genera reported from this province. This study aimed to identify Baccaurea species from Riau and characterized their morphology, as well as, phytochemical contents. The specimens were collected from the field, documented and observed in detail their morphological characters. Phytochemical screening had been conducted using qualitative tests of a total of six secondary metabolites (alkaloid, terpenoid, steroid, tannin, flavonoid and saponin). A total of seven Baccaurea species were identified in this study. The main characteristic that can be used to distinguish each species are leaf characteristics (venation, size and shape), floral pattern and fruit characters. The phytochemical contents vary among the examined Baccaurea. Steroid and tannin are absent from all of examined specimens. Terpenoid is commonly found in all fruit parts of all specimens.  The result of this study provides the first detailed morphological record as well as phytochemical data of Baccaurea from Riau.
Harvest control rules of pelagic fisheries in the Bali Strait, Indonesia
Authors: Harlyan Ledhyane Ika , Badriyah Lailatul , Rahman Muhammad Arif , Sutjipto Darmawan Ockto , Sari Wahida Kartika
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Harlyan LI, Badriyah L, Rahman MA, Sutjipto DO, Sari WK. 2021. Harvest control rules of pelagic fisheries in the Bali Strait, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 947-953. Multispecies pelagic fisheries have contributed as the main fishery production for the Bali Strait fisheries. To maintain the sustainability of the fish stock, sets of harvest control rules (HCRs) have been introduced in terms of fishery management. Conventional single-species surplus production models have been used extensively to determine the future annual allowable biological catch (ABC). However, they may not technically apply to multispecies fishery management. The feedback harvest control rule HCR has been validated and applied to maintain the catch variability of the multispecies fishery. This study aims to technically compare the use of the surplus production model and the feedback HCR in the ABC estimation. The catch and effort data series of the three dominant species from 2010-2019, collected from Pengambengan and Muncar fishing port, were analyzed by two HCRs, the Schaefer surplus production model and the feedback HCR to obtain the ABC. As a result, the Schaefer model showed a higher estimation of ABC than the feedback HCR because the feedback HCR may reflect the recent historical catch consistent with precautionary principles. The feedback HCR showed an initial step toward sustainably managing multispecies fisheries while dealing with unavailability in species-specific data conditions.
Molecular characterization of a 42 kDa subunit pili protein of Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever
Authors: DARMAWATI SRI , ETHICA STALIS NORMA , PRASTIYANTO MUHAMMAD EVY , DEPAMEDE SULAIMAN NGONGU , PUTRI ELEVENTI OKTARINA , KAMARUDDIN MUDYAWATI
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Darmawati S, Ethica SN, Prastiyanto ME, Depamede SN, Putri EO, Kamaruddin M. 2022. Molecular characterization of a 42 kDa subunit pili protein of Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever. Biodiversitas 23: 962-968. Blood culture is the gold standard for diagnosing typhoid fever, but it has limitations such as media and laboratory equipment, specimen volume, and examination time. However, the Academy of Pediatrics does not recommend serology due to its low sensitivity.The purpose of this study was to determine the molecular properties of the protein pilli of Salmonella typhi(S. typhi) that the findings can be used to develop a typhoid fever diagnostic reagent. The SDS-PAGE method was used, as well sequence analysis with ProtParam, ProtScale, and PSIPRED. The SDS-PAGE profile reveals one major protein (42 kDa) and fourteen minor proteins. The pili protein subunit 42 kDa had an amino acid (AA) sequence with a length of 390 AA, according to bioinformatics analysis. According to the ProtParam results, the pili protein subunit 42 kDa has good stability with a value of 40 and is a hydrophilic protein with an average GRAVY value of -0.950. PSIPRED results show that among the secondary structural elements, coil strand predominates, followed by -helix and -strand. It is concluded that this protein is immunogenic and that it can be used to develop a more specific and sensitive diagnostic reagent for typhoid fever.
Mapping distribution of Capsicum annum var. chinense in Tana Toraja and surrounding districts (Indonesia) based on fruit morphology
Authors: AL-AMANAH HAFIZHAH , SJAHRIL RINALDI , HARING FERANITA , RIADI MUHAMMAD , LAREKENG SITI HALIMAH
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Al-Amanah H, Sjahril R, Haring F, Riadi M, Larekeng SH. 2021. Mapping distribution of Capsicum annum var. chinense in Tana Toraja and surrounding districts (Indonesia) based on fruit morphology. Biodiversitas 23: 982-991. Katokkon pepper (Capsicum annum var. chinense) is one of the many Capsicum genetic resources still cultivated in small farms and home gardens in Tana Toraja, North Toraja, Enrekang and Mamasa districts of Indonesia. This study was conducted to identify genetic diversity of C. annum var. chinense pepper based on fruit characteristics as morphological markers in the endemic area. The study location was determined by purposive sampling. Morphological characterization was carried out by observing quantitative and qualitative characters. Results showed that C. annum var. chinense was widely distributed in the districts of Tana Toraja 47% (14 sub-districts, 17 villages), North Toraja 34% (11 sub-districts, 14 villages), Enrekang 12% (3 sub-districts, 5 villages), and Mamasa 7% (2 sub-districts, 6 villages). Cluster analysis based on quantitative characters of fruit morphology from 51 accessions led to 5 dendrogram clusters with 90% similarity level. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results had a cumulative diversity value of 75.913%. The color characteristic of fruit before ripening was light green, which turned red when mature. Cross-sections of the fruits were slightly corrugated. Fruits were pendant, and shapes were blocky. Fruit shape at pedicel attachment was truncated. Fruit shapes at the blossom end were blunt. In all the areas explored, only four common genotypes, i.e. Limbong Sangpolo or Local, Leatung 1, Leatung 2, and Jumbo were found.
Assessment of floristic diversity in the mountain ecosystem of Marghazar Valley, Hindukush Range, Swat, Pakistan
Authors: KHAN MUHAMMAD NAUMAN , ALI SAJJAD , RAZAK SARAH ABDUL , ZAMAN AKHTAR , IQBAL MAJID , SHAH SYED NASAR
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Khan MN, Ali S, Razak SA, Zaman A, Iqbal M, Shah SN. 2021. Assessment of floristic diversity in the mountain ecosystem of Marghazar Valley, Hindukush Range, Swat, Pakistan. Biodiversitas 23: 1000-1013. Marghazar Valley, a part of the Hindukush Range, is an area with a rich diversity of plant resources. Geo-climatically and ecologically, this valley is characterized by a moist temperate and subtropical zone with a Sino-Japanese type of vegetation. A comprehensive survey was carried out from April 2019-June 2020 to explore the biodiversity and ecological aspects of plants in Marghazar Valley, Swat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The study recorded a total number of 307 taxa (161 herbs, 45 shrubs, 46 trees, 37 grasses, 10 climbers, 2 shruby herbs, 1 subshrub, 1 tree-like herb, 1 hollow tufted tree, 1 climbing shrub, 1 parasitic herb and 1 woody climber) belong to 94 families and 236 genera that consisted of Pteridophytes (14 species, 9 genera, 7 families), Gymnosperms (5 species, 4 genera, 2 families) and Angiosperms (288 species, 223 genera and 85 families). Families with the highest number of species were Poaceae (38 species) and Asteraceae (29 species), followed by Rosaceae (22 species), Brassicaceae (13 species) and Lamiaceae (11 species), while the rest of the families had less than 11 species. Dicots were the group with the largest number of genera (75.24 %), followed by Monocots (18.56 %), Pteridophytes (4.54 %) and Gymnosperms (1.62 %). Cousinia bupthalmoides was recorded from the area for the first time and are a novel addition to the flora of Swat. Phenology of vegetation revealed that 173 taxa (56.35%) recorded as perennial followed by 134 taxa as annual plants (43.50%). Bio-spectrum classes were represented by 126 species as therophytes (40.90%) and 122 species as microphylls (39.61%) in life form and leaf size respectively, while 2 species i.e Cuscuta reflexa and Equisetum arvense are aphyllus which possesses no leaves.
Multiple antibiotic resistance and virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from dairy farms in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: JUWITA SARTIKA , INDRAWATI AGUSTIN , DAMAJANTI RETNO , SAFIKA SAFIKA , MAYASARI NI LUH PUTU IKA
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Juwita S, Indrawati A, Damajanti R, Safika, Mayasari NLPI. 2021. Multiple antibiotic resistance and virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from dairy farms in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1015-1022. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an important issue affecting human and animal health worldwide. This study aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance and determine the virulence factors of S. aureus isolated from the dairy farms in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Thirty-one isolates of S. aureus were tested for sensitivity to 9 types of antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The analysis of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in S. aureus isolates was performed by the conventional PCR method. The results showed that S. aureus isolates from human samples were resistant to penicillin G (PEN) (86%), ampicillin (AMP) (86%), oxacillin (OXA) (14%), cefoxitin (FOX) (14%), tetracycline (TET) (43%) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) (14%). Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the animal samples were resistant to penicillin G (PEN) (50%), ampicillin (AMP) (50%), tetracycline (TET) (15%), and erythromycin (5%). Meanwhile, S. aureus isolates from dangke were resistant to penicillin G (PEN) and ampicillin (AMP) (50% each). Antimicrobial resistance genes for blaTEM (83%), mecA (17%), and tetA (100%) were detected in S. aureus isolates from human samples, whereas those for blaTEM (90%) and tetA (100%) were detected in isolates from animal samples. Meanwhile, the genes for blaTEM (100%) were detected in isolates from dangke. A total of 19 S. aureus isolates harbored the virulence gene for fnbA (26%), clfA (58%), hla (58%), and tst (21%). The use of antibiotics in humans and animals needs to be implemented properly in local communities to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance. The presence of the tst gene in raw milk is essential for consumer protection against the risk of toxic shock syndrome.
Gyrodactylus (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) on marine ornamental fish Amphiprion percula from a marine aquaculture facility in Indonesia
Authors: Sufardin Sufardin , Sriwulan Sriwulan , Anshary Hilal
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Sufardin, Sriwulan, Anshary H. 2022. Gyrodactylus (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) on marine ornamental fish Amphiprion percula from a marine aquaculture facility in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1023-1030. As a popular marine ornamental fish (MOF), clownfishes are widely traded globally due to their beautiful appearance and relative ease of maintenance in the aquarium. There is a large amount of literature on Amphiprion biology and ecology, but globally still lacks data on their parasites, especially about monogenean gyrodactylidae. The first investigation of Gyrodactylus on a marine ornamental fish was conducted during March-August 2019. The study revealed the occurrence of Gyrodactylus infection in clownfish Amphiprion percula from Indonesia. A total of 50 fish samples were collected from a fish farm located in Takalar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Parasitological examination using the smear method was performed on the skin, fins, and gills. Parasites on each individual fish were counted directly under a stereomicroscope. Morphological measurements of the monogeneans were performed using ImageJ 1.46r software. Parasite infestation data were analyzed statistically using the Kruskal-Wallis test and linear regression. Based on morphology, the parasites infecting A. percula were identified as Genus Gyrodactylus and resembled described parasites on fish from the black sea. The prevalence of Gyrodactylus spp. was 100% on the caudal fin and was classified as a very severe infection with a total of 1908 individual parasites, overall. This study shows the Gyrodactylus intensity range is 8-75 parasites/fish and categorized as moderate and severe intensity, which are 6-55 parasite/fish for moderate and 55-100 parasites/fish for severe infection. Parasite infestation was higher on the caudal fin than other organs and was significantly positively correlated with fish size. This first report on the occurrence of Gyrodactylus on Amphiprion percula from Indonesia adds to the knowledge on gyrodactylid host fishes and infestation patterns.
Hysterothylacium amoyense (Nematoda: Raphidascarididae) infecting Trichiurus lepturus (Scombriformes: Trichiuridae) from Demak, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Utami Alusia Melanita Ria , Murwantoko Murwantoko , Istiqomah Indah , Triyanto Triyanto , Setyobudi Eko
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Utami AMR, Murwantoko, Istiqomah I, Triyanto, Setyobudi E. 2022. Hysterothylacium amoyense (Nematoda: Raphidascarididae) infecting Trichiurus lepturus (Scombriformes: Trichiuridae) from Demak, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1030-1037. This study aims to determine parasitic infection and identify the larvae of anisakid nematode found on the hairtail Trichiurus lepturus caught on the northern coast of Demak District, Central Java Province, Indonesia. One hundred seventy-eight hairtail samples were collected from fishermen who caught the fish at the Java Sea north coast of Demak. Fish specimens were measured (length) and weighed, then examined for anisakid larvae examination in the abdominal cavity, internal organs, and muscle. Data analysis included prevalence, mean intensity, and distribution of anisakid larvae on target organs. Selected samples of collected anisakid larvae were identified molecularly using PCR direct sequencing method. The results showed that the hairtail at the northern coast of Demak District was susceptible to anisakid larvae infection, on the category "frequently infected" with the prevalence of 56% and low mean intensity of infection of 2.43 larvae/host. Anisakid larvae were mainly found in the abdominal cavity (67%); followed by the digestive tract (19%), liver (13%), and gonads (1%). There were no anisakid larvae infecting the muscle tissue. Molecular analyses identified the anisakid infecting Trichiurus lepturus as Hysterothylacium amoyense.
Identification, morphology of Citrus L. (Aurantioideae-Rutaceae Juss.) and its traditional uses in Riau Province, Indonesia
Authors: SOFIYANTI NERY , IRIANI DYAH , WAHYUNI PUTRI INTAN , IDANI NURUL , LESTARI PUJI
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Sofiyanti N, Iriani D, Wahyuni PI, Idani N, Lestari P. 2022. Identification, morphology of Citrus L. (Aurantioideae-Rutaceae Juss.) and its traditional uses in Riau Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1038-1047. The genus Citrus (Rutaceae) is an important fruit crop in the world. The species of Citrus are extensively cultivated for fresh fruit and processed juice market. In addition, Citrus members have a great ability to cross and produce intra or intergeneric hybrids. Therefore, the taxonomic identification of the cultivars has been a serious challenge for botanists and agronomists. In Riau Province (Indonesia), the cultivars of this genus are grown for various uses. The aims of this study are to identify Citrus taxa in Riau Province, examine their morphological characters, and document their uses by local people. Samples were collected in the field. The result shows a total of 18 Citrus members were identified in this study. The Citrus morphologies vary among the members. Each Citrus identified in this study shows its morphological characteristic of vegetative and generative parts. Numerous local uses of Citrus are recorded in this study, e.g. fresh consumed, traditional drink, folklore, herb, spice and ornamental. The parts of Citrus used are whole plant, leaf, pericarp and pulp. The uses of Citrus recorded in this study are for herb and spice, dessert, traditional drink and treatment, folklore, and ornamental plant. This study provides the first record of the morphological characteristic of Citrus in this province and the uses of its members.
Screening of endophytic fungi as potential antagonistic agents of Pyricularia oryzae and evaluation of their ability in producing hydrolytic enzymes
Authors: PUTRI NOVIA DWI , SULISTYOWATI LILIEK , AINI LUQMAN QURATA , MUHIBUDDIN ANTON , TRIANTI IRISA
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Putri ND, Sulistyowati L, Aini LQ, Muhibuddin A, Trianti I. 2022. Screening of endophytic fungi as potential antagonistic agents of Pyricularia oryzae and evaluation of their ability in producing hydrolytic enzymes. Biodiversitas 23: 1048-1057. One of the most important phytopathogenic fungi is Pyricularia oryzae, as it is the causative agent of rice blast diseases, which is the most destructive and detrimental disease in rice. Biological control using endophytic fungi can be an alternative to control blast diseases. Endophytic fungi are fungi that colonize internal plant tissues without apparently damaging the host. The aim of this study was to isolate endophytic fungi that produce hydrolytic enzymes and to investigate their ability to suppress blast disease. In this study, fifty strains of endophytic fungi were successfully obtained from rice leaves. Three fungi with the highest inhibition against P. oryzae were identified as Trichoderma asperellum, Curvularia chiangmaiensis, and Fusarium solani by analyzing fungal ITS sequence. They can produce chitinase ranging from 1.43 to 151 ?g/mL and cellulase ranging from 1.83 to 4.09 ?g/mL, which were hydrolytic enzymes that account for the lysis of phytopathogens. This enzymatic activity can cause damage and degradation of cell walls. SEM results revealed that these endophytic fungi probably excreted wall lytic enzymes or antifungal substances, inflicting wrinkles and disintegrating P. oryzae mycelium.
Variability, heritability, and performance of 28 West Sumatran upland rice cultivars, Indonesia
Authors: MARWAN AGUNG PRIMATARA , MUNANDAR ARIEF , ANWAR ASWALDI , SYARIF AUZAR , HAYATI P.K. DEWI
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Marwan AP, Munandar A, Anwar A, Syarif A, Hayati PKD. 2022. Variability, heritability, and performance of 28 West Sumatran upland rice cultivars, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1058-1064. The abundance of genetic diversity, especially local upland rice cultivars, makes an excellent opportunity to obtain local cultivars with the desirable character. The study aimed to assess the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic traits among local upland rice cultivars from West Sumatra. In this study, 28 local upland cultivars from West Sumatra were subjected to the analysis of variance. The research was conducted from November 2020 to April 2021 at the Research Station of the Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang. The evaluation was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. Results showed variation in each agronomic trait, ranging from intermediate to tall in plant height, short to moderate in panicle length, low to moderate in the number of tillers, days to flowering and days to maturity, and light to moderate in grain yield. Plant height, number of tillers, days to flowering, and days to maturity were traits with high to moderately high GCV values and high heritability values. The number of tillers and days to maturity could be chosen as selection criteria for assembling superior varieties. Both traits performed high heritability estimates and significant genotypic correlation with grain yield.
Some population characteristics and viability of captive Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in Thailand
Authors: PLA-ARD MANANYA , SUKMASUANG RONGLARP , UTHAIRASMEE SUWIMOL
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Pla-ard M, Sukmasuang R, Uthairasmee S. 2022. Some population characteristics and viability of captive Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in Thailand. Biodiversitas 23: 1072-1081. Sustaining long-term viable populations of captive Asian elephants poses a challenge in managing the existing populations. Therefore, studies of the characterization and long-term persistence of the population are an important aspect of the action. The results of long-term population analysis of captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758) using Population Viability Analysis (PVA) from the demography information showed that the birth and reproductive rate of the captive elephants in Thailand are declining significantly while the mortality rate trends are stable. Analysis results of the population's ability to persist in the long term from the initial population of 4,252 elephants, it was found that extinction of the population if the percentage adult female breeding is 80%, which is the best-case scenario, if the mortality rate increases by 6% from the present, the population will start going into extinction. If the percentage adult female breeding is set to 2.3%, which is the lowest breeding condition in captive Asian elephants, the population will become extinct in every scenario. Therefore, the most important method in maintaining the captive Asian elephant population is to increase the birth rate improve the well-being, health, nutrition, environment, and welfare of elephants in captivity are important factors that would reduce deaths and are very important for the long-term survival of the population in Thailand.
Effects of production system on the gut microbiota diversity and IgA distribution of Kampong chickens, Indonesia
Authors: SUSANTI R. , CHRISTIJANTI WULAN
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Susanti R, Christijanti W. 2022. Effects of production system on the gut microbiota diversity and IgA distribution of Kampong chickens. Biodiversitas 23: 1082-1090. Native chickens (Kampong chickens) are poultry in Indonesia that is raised using a traditional production system. This study aimed to analyze the differences of the Kampong chicken production system (extensive/E and semi-intensive/SI) on the diversity and abundance of gut microbiota and the distribution of IgA. Each sample of Kampong chickens was slaughtered, then their thoracic and abdominal cavities were dissected, and their intestines were collected. Furthermore, the intestinal tissue was processed to make histological preparations for immunohistochemical analysis of IgA. Gut contents of 25 g were taken aseptically and used for next-generation sequencing (NGS) and GC-MS analysis. The results showed 12 bacterial phyla in the intestines of SI and E chicken. E chickens had a higher abundance and diversity of microbiota than the SI chickens. The phylum Firmicutes dominated the E and SI chickens' gut microbiota (>50%). SI chickens have a higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio than the E chickens. The SIgA distribution showed an IRS score of 4 (moderate), both in E and SI chickens. It was concluded that the production system affects the intestinal microbiota's abundance and diversity but not on the intestine IgA of Kampong Chickens. This study highlights that based on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, the semi-intensive system is more suitable for Kampong chicken meat and eggs than the extensive system.
Diversity and composition of butterflies in three habitats around Rayow Waterfall, Minahasa District, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: KONERI RONI , NANGOY MEIS J. , MAABUAT PIENCE VERALYN , SAROYO SAROYO , WAKHID WAKHID
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Koneri R, Nangoy MJ, Maabuat PV, Saroyo, Wakhid. 2022. Diversity and composition of butterflies in three habitats around Rayow Waterfall, Minahasa District, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1091-1098. Butterflies play an important role in ecosystems as pollinating agents, and their beautiful colors have a high potential for ecotourism activities. This study aims to analyze the diversity and composition of butterflies on three habitats around Rayow Waterfall, Minahasa District, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, which might be developed as ecotourism paths for butterfly-watching. Butterfly sampling using the sweeping technique was conducted on ecotourism paths in three habitat types: residential, agroforestry, and waterfall. Each ecotourism path consisted of three transect lines with a length of each transect of 300 m. The results showed 5 families of butterflies consisting of 56 species and 943 individuals. The most common family and species found were Nymphalidae and Eurema tominia (Snellen van Vollenhoven, 1865), and the highest abundance, number, and diversity index were found in agroforestry habitat. Meanwhile, the composition of butterflies differed significantly across the three habitats. Waterfall habitat was characterized by high relative humidity and low air temperature, while the high air temperature characterized residential habitat. The highest diversity of butterflies was found in the agroforestry habitat, and this was because of the complex vegetation structure that supported the survival of butterflies. The result of this study can serve as baseline information for the development of butterfly-based tourism programs in the Rayow Waterfall.
Short Communication: Impact of introduction of managed honey bee colony on wild bee diversity and abundance in an agroecosystem in Indonesia
Authors: Widhiono Imam , Sudiana Eming , Suryaningsih Suhestri
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Widhiono I, Sudiana E, Suryaningsih S. 2022. Short Communication: Impact of introduction of managed honey bee colony on wild bee diversity and abundance in an agroecosystem in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1099-1104. Wild bees are natural pollinators of crops in agroecosystems, but managed honeybee colonies may diminish their diversity and abundance. We aimed to determine the impact of introducing managed honeybee (Apis cerana and A. mellifera) colonies on the diversity and abundance of wild bees in an agroecosystem in Indonesia. We introduced managed honeybee colonies into the plots containing four crops (tomato, green bean, chili, and green mustard). Sampling was conducted from March to July 2020 on the eastern slopes of Mount Slamet, Indonesia, at an elevation of 1241 m asl. Wild bee diversity was not affected by the introduction of managed honeybee colonies, but their abundance decreased at the end of the flowering period due to resource limitations. The most abundant wild bee species were Amegilla cyrtandrae and A. burneensis, and some wild bee species tended to be more abundant on certain crop species. We recommend that managed colonies be introduced during the early and mid-stages of crop flowering to reduce potential adverse effects on wild bee populations.
Corporate social responsibility in franchising: A meta-analytic review
Authors: Naatu Felicia
Published: March 2022

Purpose: This study seeks to present a comprehensive meta-analysis of academic research on corporate social responsibility and franchising over the past 27 years (1994–2020).Methodology: The data was compiled using the ISI Web of Science database. A total of 204 articles were identified and analysed through bibliometric citation and content analysis.Findings: The analysis reveal the 49 most relevant articles, 107 authors, and 21 journals. The trending themes in the literature were clustered into three research streams: ethics and franchising; drivers of CSR performance and disclosure; and impact of CSR on organisational performance. Overall, the literature indicates that franchising has ethical implications which impacts on the large group of stakeholders it creates as a type of business strategy. Also, despite the high costs of pursuing corporate social responsibility, empirical evidence suggests that it is beneficial in establishing quality relationship with stakeholders which in turn has implications for operational and financial performances.Implications: The study makes an important contribution to existing knowledge for practitioners and provides the basis for further studies. Contribution: As the first review paper in the field, the article is unique in its extensive review and synthesis of the literature in corporate social responsibility and franchising.
LiDAR-camera-system-based 3D object detection with proposal selection and grid attention pooling
Authors: An Pei , Liang Junxiong , Ma Jie
Published: March 2022

3D object detection is an important module for autonomous driving. A LiDAR camera optical system is suitable for accurate object detection, for it provides both 3D structure and 2D texture features. However, as LiDAR and a camera have different sensor properties, it is challenging to generate effective fusion features. Motivated by this, we propose, to the best of our knowledge, a novel LiDAR–camera based 3D object detection method. First, proposal selection is presented to utilize accurate 2D proposals predicted from RGB images to improve the quality of 3D proposals. It contains a (i) proposal addition and (ii) proposal filter. To increase the recall rate, the proposal addition generates extra 3D proposals via back-projecting 2D proposals on LiDAR depth. The proposal filter removes unrelated 3D proposals by matching 2D proposals with intersection-over-union thresholds. Then, considering the LiDAR mechanism, grid attention pooling is employed to estimate weights of grid points from LiDAR and image features to generate salient pooling features. Comparisons and ablation studies demonstrate that the proposed method achieves better performance and benefits the advanced application of a LiDAR camera system.
Infrared and visible image fusion algorithm based on a cross-layer densely connected convolutional network
Authors: Yu Ruixing , Chen Weiyu , Zhu Bing
Published: March 2022

To preserve the saliency of targets in infrared images and the textures in visible images, a novel infrared and visible image fusion method, to the best of our knowledge, is proposed. First, we design a densely connected convolutional network that contains an encoder, fusion, and decoder to minimize the omission of source image effective information. Then, a loss function based on the variational model is designed to retain the thermal radiation information of the infrared image and the details of the visible image to the greatest extent. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of six metrics and better preserves the clear target and textures of infrared and visible images.