bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Verbandssanktionengesetz” — Corporate Liability for Germany?
Authors: Allahverdiyev Sijad , Othman Marvin
Published: May 2022

Criminal offenses committed by legal persons or associations of individuals can only be punished in Germany with a regulatory fine under the German Act on Regulatory Offenses (Gesetz über Ordnungswidrigkeiten; OWiG). As the current governing parties (2017–2021)—the CDU, the CSU and the SPD—did not deem this to be an appropriate response to corporate misconduct, the Act to Strengthen the Integrity in the Economy (Gesetz zur Stärkung der Integrität in der Wirtschaft) was set to introduce the Corporate Sanctions Act (Verbandssanktionengesetz; VerSanG), which would have provided a new framework for the punishment of unlawful corporate actions. This legislative project, however, collapsed in the summer of 2021 following years of work. After a brief introduction to the development of corporate criminal liability in Germany, this article outlines the current legal situation under the OWiG before presenting the development and the main contents of the Government Draft of the VerSanG. Subsequently, a more in-depth review of specific—particularly controversial—regulations is provided, which addresses and analyzes the criticism that has been voiced with regard to these provisions. Lastly, the failure of the draft bill, the prospective developments, and the continuing relevance of the Government Draft are considered.
On Reaching a Crime Scene Ahead of the Criminal: Dreams of Police and Technology from the 1970s to Today
Authors: Sow Amadou Korbinian
Published: May 2022

This article examines the history of technological policing in Germany from the 1970s to today. Combining perspectives from intellectual history and legal theory, it explores the ideas and practices of Horst Herold, former President of the German Federal Criminal Police Agency. Herold’s thought was both deeply influenced by cybernetics, a form of techno-utopian thought developed during World War II as well as the basis on which technological policing was first put to the test in Germany. The article illustrates Herold’s hopes for a cybernetic transformation of police, law, and society. It locates Herold’s cybernetic legal theory within a broader context of shifting legal paradigms of German public law towards the so-called preventive state in the 1970s and 80s. Crucially, an anti-legal affect is revealed to lie at the center of Herold’s ideas. His concept of cybernetics ultimately serves to supplant the rule of law. In the concluding part, the article assesses Herold’s legacy and attempts to both critique it and point towards a productive way forward by invoking modern, second-order order cybernetics. The article argues—perhaps counterintuitively—that Herold’s ultimate failure was not adapting cybernetics but rather not staying with it all the way, supplanting its weaknesses, and drawing on its strengths.
Bacterial infections and antibiotic utilization varies by coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) severity in hospitalized cancer patients: Analysis from the first phase of the pandemic
Authors: Maki Kayla R. , Steiger Samantha N. , Su Yiqi , Boumiza Aida , Tan Carrie A. , Kerpelev Marina , Seo Susan K. , Cohen Nina
Published: May 2022

Objective:

To characterize bacterial infections and antibiotic utilization in hospitalized cancer patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:

Tertiary cancer center in New York City.

Patients:

Hospitalized cancer patients ≥18 years with COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and May 31, 2020.

Methods:

Patients were classified with mild COVID-19 (ie, with room air), moderate COVID-19 (ie, using nasal cannula oxygen), or severe COVID-19 (ie, using high-flow oxygen or mechanical ventilation). The primary outcome was bacterial infection rate within 30 days of COVID-19 onset. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of patients receiving antibiotics and antibiotic length of therapy (LOT).

Results:

Of 358 study patients, 133 had mild COVID-19, 97 had moderate COVID-19, and 128 had severe COVID-19. Of 358 patients, 234 (65%) had a solid tumor. Also, 200 patients (56%) had 245 bacterial infections, of which 67 (27%) were microbiologically confirmed. The proportion of patients with bacterial infection increased with COVID-19 severity: mild (n = 47, 35%) versus moderate (n = 49, 51%) versus severe (n = 104, 81%) (P < .0001). Also, 274 (77%) received antibiotics for a median of 4 days. The median antibiotic LOTs were 7 days with 1 infection and 20 days with multiple infections (P < .0001). Antibiotic durations were 1 day for patients with mild COVID-19, 4 days for patients with moderate COVID-19, and 8 days for patients with severe COVID-19 (P < .0001).

Conclusions:

Hospitalized cancer patients with COVID-19 had a high rate of bacterial infection. As COVID-19 severity increased, the proportion of patients diagnosed with bacterial infection and given antibiotics increased. In mild COVID-19 cases, antibiotic LOT was short, suggesting that empiric antibiotics can be safely avoided or discontinued in this group.
A Process Modelling Morphology to Support Process Analysis and Development in Change Processes
Authors: Ammersdörfer T. , Inkermann D.
Published: May 2022

Process modelling (PM) is used to support designers by providing guidance on what needs to be done. Change processes in development organizations accompany introduction of new procedures, new methods (also digital form), tools that have to integrated into existing processes. Objective of this paper is to provide guidance to designers in selecting the appropriate PM language to support structured changes in processes. Requirements are derived from frequent change needs in SME and a PM morphology is provided assisting the selection and use of suitable PM languages for change processes.
Advantages of 3D Printing for Circular Economy and Its Influence on Designers
Authors: Chen Y.
Published: May 2022

Based on the theoretical research of 3D printing and circular economy, combined with case studies, this paper analyzes the advantages of 3D printing in realizing circular economy and its influence on designers from the perspectives of “reduce”, “reuse”, “recycle” and distributed manufacturing. As a technological innovation, 3D printing not only promoted the transformation from linear economy to circular economy, but also had a certain impact on the role and skills of traditional designers.
Challenges and Opportunities for Enabling Mutual Learning and Collaboration in Design and Innovation for Sustainable Development in Africa and Beyond
Authors: Nilsson S. , Shibwabo Kasamani B. , Hede Mortensen J. , Stevanovic D. , Wanyang M. , Norell Bergendahl M. , Papalambros P. Y.
Published: May 2022

Global collaboration and mutual learning in design are put forth as means to address the UN SDGs. This paper draws upon experiences in the Design Society's AFRICA-DESIGN initiative to build a network of design academics and practitioners based in Africa with a focus on design for sustainable development. We identify education and social sustainability as particular opportunities and challenges, highlighting the critical element of mutual learning in the collaboration process.
Co-Designing with AI in Sight
Authors: Aranda-Muñoz Á. , Florin U. , Yamamoto Y. , Eriksson Y. , Sandström K.
Published: May 2022

Artificial Intelligence offers a wide variety of capabilities that can potentially address people's needs and desires in their specific contexts. This pilot study presents a collaborative method using a deck of AI cards tested with 58 production, AI, and information science students, and experts from an accessible media agency. The results suggest that, with the support of the method and AI cards, participants can ideate and reach conceptual AI solutions. Such conceptualisations can contribute to a more inclusive integration of AI solutions in society.
PSS Value Transformation: From Mass-Manufactured Vehicles to Provision of Mass-Customized Services – A Case Study of Designing and Prototyping Customized Digital Services for SAIC Motor in China
Authors: Yan Z. , Larsson T. , Larsson A.
Published: May 2022

This work focuses on exploring how to transform the PSS strategy through conceptual design and prototyping to a way in which different stakeholders in the case car company – SAIC Motor – can experience and give feedback on the PSS strategy, analyze the impact of the PSS strategy on the process of customized digital service design in a traditional Chinese car company. Also, the work discusses how to increase the service value for different stakeholders in the overall PSS system.
Evaluation of an Affordance-Based Requirements Generation Tool for Speech And Language Therapeutic Toys
Authors: Balzan E. , Farrugia P. , Casha O.
Published: May 2022

Task clarification poses various challenges to designers as they need to understand the different needs of users before translating the requirements into specifications and aptly conceiving product concepts in the subsequent design stage. This paper presents a descriptive study for the evaluation of a framework and its implementation as a computer-based prototype tool, proposed to assist designers in generating and understanding affordance-based requirements for speech and language therapeutic toys. Results show that early design support is beneficial to both experienced and novice designers.
Driving Change in Complex Social Systems: How to Design Healthcare Pathways
Authors: Feldman A. , Patou F. , Maier A.
Published: May 2022

How does change occur in healthcare settings? In this paper, we take a design-based approach to healthcare research. From researcher-patient interactions to information sharing between practitioners, we examine how clinical research can mediate a change of routines and illuminate potential new system structures. Using a hospital-based cognitive care clinic as an example, we demonstrate how the inclusion of new actors, tools and resources was able to shed light on the prevalence of hearing loss among mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients and lay the framework for new care pathways.
MedTech Product Development Framework for Post-Pandemic Era
Authors: Glazkova N. , Menshenin Y. , Vasilev D. , Fortin C.
Published: May 2022

A case study during pandemic revealed the major drawbacks of the traditional product development process for MedTech industry. Disruption of conventional manufacturing, urgent need for accelerated design and production, faster regulatory approval have challenged the industry. In this paper the conventional medical product development process is explored based on the intramuscular injector case study. The study revealed core areas for improvement of the medical devices development process. The paper proposes the Lean-Agile methodology with the incorporated elements of Concurrent Engineering.
Service Design Approach to Elevate the Patient Experience during Home X-Rays
Authors: Parikh R. M. , Shrivastav S.
Published: May 2022

Healthcare services have evolved with advances in science, technology and societal needs. Despite being around for two decades, 'X-ray at Home' has seen limited adoption. Understanding its enablers and disablers can lead to insights to develop an accessible healthcare service ecosystem. Healthcare organisations have adopted design thinking to develop new products but healthcare service design is still in its introductory phase. This qualitative study describes the current state of home X-ray services in Mumbai and proposes touchpoints for raising awareness, acceptance and patient experience.
Are Confident Designers Good Teammates to Artificial Intelligence?: A Study of Self-Confidence, Competence, and Collaborative Performance
Authors: Chong L. , Kotovsky K. , Cagan J.
Published: May 2022

For successful human-artificial intelligence (AI) collaboration in design, human designers must properly use AI input. Some factors affecting that use are designers’ self-confidence and competence and those variables' impact on reliance on AI. This work studies how designers’ self-confidence before and during teamwork and overall competence are associated with their performance as teammates, measured by AI reliance and overall team score. Results show that designers’ self-confidence and competence have very different impacts on their collaborative performance depending on the accuracy of AI.
Collaborative Modeling of Use Case & Damage Scenarios in Online Workshops Using a 3D Environment
Authors: Japs S. , Schmidt S. , Kargl F. , Kaiser L. , Kharatyan A. , Dumitrescu R.
Published: May 2022

The development of technical systems requires close cooperation of stakeholders from different disciplines. This collaboration takes place in workshops. Driven by digitalization and by the current pandemic such workshops take place primarily online. Suitable collaboration tools and methods are crucial to success. At the beginning of such workshops, use and damage scenarios are identified. In this paper, we presented a method and tool for identifying and modeling use and damage scenarios, which we evaluated in 14 online workshops with a total of 118 participants over a period of almost 3 years.
Enabling Distributed Teams – A Process Model for Early and Continuous Method Validation
Authors: Duehr K. , Grimminger J. , Rapp S. , Albers A. , Bursac N.
Published: May 2022

Neglecting challenges of distributed collaboration can lead to significant efficiency and effectiveness losses in agile, distributed development teams. The EDiT method provides support for improving distributed collaboration of development teams. To ensure acceptance, applicability, and contribution to success in industrial development practice, it is necessary to validate the EDiT method. The goal of this contribution is the development of a process model for early and incremental validation of the EDiT method in the field finally leading to a validation of the EDiT method itself.
Concept of a Multi-Agent System for Optimised and Automated Engineering Change Implementation
Authors: Radisic-Aberger O. , Weisser T. , Saßmannshausen T. , Wagner J. , Burggräf P.
Published: May 2022

Engineering changes are necessary to stay competitive, unavoidable and occur more frequently with increased product complexity. Currently, scheduling of engineering changes into production and supply chain is a manual process. With new possibilities in the field of artificial intelligence, this publication presents the vision of a flexible multi-agent system with four agents and a single shared database. By autonomously scheduling changes and predicting KPI impacts of implementation dates, the agent-system provides additional capacity and decision-making support to the organisation.
A Survey on the Challenges Hindering the Application of Data Science, Digital Twins and Design Automation in Engineering Practice
Authors: Rädler S. , Rigger E.
Published: May 2022

Digital Engineering is an emerging trend and aims to support engineering design by integrating computational technologies like design automation, data science, digital twins, and product lifecycle management. To enable alignment of industrial practice with state of the art, an industrial survey is conducted to capture the status and identify obstacles that hinder implementation in the industry. The results show companies struggle with missing know-how and available experts. Future work should elaborate on methods that facilitate the integration of Digital Engineering in design practice.
A Machine Learning-Based Approach for Quick Evaluation of Live Simulations in Embodiment Design
Authors: Sauer C. , Gerschütz B. , Bernsdorf J. , Schleich B. , Wartzack S.
Published: May 2022

Supporting product developers in early design phases with Live-Simulation can enhance the quality of early product designs. Live-Simulation can also facilitate a democratization of simulation and puts away pressure from simulation experts. In this paper, a machine learning based quick evaluation tool is proposed to support product developers in interpreting Live-Simulation results. The proposed tool enables a quick evaluation of the Live-Simulation results and enables product developers to further enhance their simulations. The tool is shown within a use case in bike rocker switch design.
User-Centred Co-Design in the Pandemic – A Reindeer Case
Authors: Ericson Å. , Lugnet J. , Silawiang H. , Eliasson L. , Wenngren J.
Published: May 2022

An innovative design process which has been conducted under the restrictions during the covid-19 pandemic is in focus in this study. Visits were banned so user-centred design activities were particularly challenged by the necessity to meet and work online. The purpose of the study is to present and reflect on how user-centred design was done under those conditions. The potential users, the reindeer herders, were merely contacted online, the user investigation were supported by for example using videos and storytelling. Also, the final concept is presented.
Towards a Contemporary Design Framework for Systems-of-Systems Resilience
Authors: Dreesbeimdiek K. M. , von Behr C.-M. , Brayne C. , Clarkson P. J.
Published: May 2022

In an increasingly interconnected world, changes of uncertain nature and impact affect the functioning of human societies that depend on health, ecological, and economic systems. The proposed framework for systems-of-systems resilience explains ways of accommodating and responding to these challenges while encompassing the interfaces of the health, environment, and economy domains and their effect on communities. Resilience is defined as a continuous process and we distinguish between four system properties, five resilience capacities, and a variety of system activities.
A Systems Thinking Approach to Data-Driven Product Development
Authors: Langen T. , Falk K. , Mansouri M.
Published: May 2022

The amount of information in our society and its opportunities have given rise to Big Data research. The systems supplier industry needs suitable tools and methods to ensure the harvest and utilization of Big Data in their product development. This paper used Systems Thinking to analyze the current state in the industry and suggested leverage points for further research direction. The findings suggest that the research project should emphasize the industry cases, the collaboration between the companies and academia, develop a Big Data systems architecture, and maintain a socio-technical view.
Modeling of an Interface Between System Models and FEM Models for the Support of Model-Based Development in Modular Lightweight Design for Aircraft Cabins
Authors: Schwan L. , Hanna M. , Schwenke J. , Krause D.
Published: May 2022

The modular lightweight design attempts to reconcile the partially conflicting goals between modularization and lightweight design in order to establish a harmonized modular hybrid design. This requires a close exchange of the resulting development data between the two areas. In this contribution a concept for an interface for the data exchange between system models and FEM models is presented and successfully implemented in the Cameo Systems Modeler and applied to examples from the aircraft cabin. With the interface the homogenization step of modular lightweight design can be performed.
Fault-Tolerant Function Development for Mechatronic Systems
Authors: Stetter R. , Pulm U.
Published: May 2022

The main focus of this paper is the exploration of fault accommodation possibilities in the context of function development. Faults occur in complex technical systems and may lead, if no accommodation entities or processes are present, to catastrophic failure. Several entities and processes exist and are applied, but mainly on the concrete levels. Faults very often concern more than one physical domain and accommodation possibilities are present in many physical or even non-physical domains. This paper explores this specific challenge and proposes an initial collection of countermeasures.
Capturing the Design Rationale in Model-Based Systems Engineering of Geo-Stations
Authors: Zech A. , Stetter R. , Rudolph S. , Till M.
Published: May 2022

The design rationale describes the justification of design decision or selection. To avoid unnecessary design iterations, a capturing and documentation of this rationale is highly desirable. In digital engineering processes it is of imminent importance not only to document the evaluation processes behind this rationale but to make them repeatable and digitally executable. This allows to design a variety of product variants within an engineering framework. This paper explains an approach based on graph-based design languages and presents it based on a section of an automotive assembly system.
Factors Influencing the Exterior Design of Autonomous Passenger Drones: Literature Review
Authors: Chaturmutha K. M. , Mathew D. J.
Published: May 2022

Electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft (eVTOLs) have been accessed on various configurations over the past decade. This literature review deals with the issue of determining the appropriate design for an Autonomous Passenger Drone (APD). APDs have been compared with VTOLs on their pros and cons. The authors analysed aerodynamics and propulsion systems of multiple APDs. Further, the comparative analysis aids in designing the best framework for the exterior form of APDs based on human capacity, flying technology, fuel type, travel distance, door type, size, material, safety, cost, etc.
Assessing Social Behaviour Towards Near-Body Product Users in the Wild: A Review of Methods
Authors: De Boeck M. , Vleugels J. , Van Rooy D. , Vaes K.
Published: May 2022

Prior to wide adoption, a product must find social approval, which is especially true for near-body products as they are considered part of the human body. Based on a theoretical foundation, this study aims to provide an overview of methods to assess natural behaviour towards users of visible near-body products in uncontrolled environments, i.e. in the wild. Approaching the matter from a product design perspective, this article is primarily intended for designers of near-body products who wish to gain insights into the social behaviour of people towards users wearing their design proposals.
Best Practices of Team-Building Activities in a Project-Based Learning Class 'Design Project' in a Japanese Graduate School
Authors: Akaki M. , Ioki M. , Mitomi K. , Maeno T.
Published: May 2022

To indicate the effective team-building activities implemented independently by the students in a project-based learning class in higher education in Japan, we conducted semi-structured interviews with the students of the Design Project class held at a Japanese graduate school in 2020 and 2021. The interviewees are 12 students belonging to the top three teams regarding the evaluation of the final presentation. Based on the classifications of the comments, we indicate the best practices of team-building activities corresponding to the timing and team characteristics.
Storyboards as an Engineering Tool for Extraction of Functional Requirements
Authors: Čok V. , Vlah D. , Vukašinović N.
Published: May 2022

In new product development courses, engineering students are introduced to the tools for addressing the functional or technical issues of the product. Problems arise when they need to empathise with the user to better understand how the product can be used in different contexts. To address this problem, we propose the use of storyboards as a tool to explore user behaviour and to clarify functions of the future product. The study results confirmed that storyboards are a suitable tool for understanding user-product interaction, however, the several problems encountered by the participants were outlined.
Emerging Material Research Trends: Fostering Critical Material Research in Design Students
Authors: Papile F. , Sossini L. , Marinelli A. , Del Curto B.
Published: May 2022

Sustainable production transition requires new paradigms and strategies, as well as alternative materials. Recently, an increasing number of innovative materials were developed. Such novelties greatly affected the design practice, widening the materic possibilities for designed products. However, traditional material classification does not apply well for these new materials trend. In this paper, the authors cooperated with design students to identify an iterative tracing activity of the new material trends for design, finalised to embed in the same work new tendencies that may rise in future.
Modularisation Metrics – Contrasting Industrial Practice and State-of-Research
Authors: Lennartsson D. , Raudberget D. , Sandkuhl K. , Seigerroth U.
Published: May 2022

In many industrial sectors, modularization of products and services is considered as an important contribution to increased efficiency and competitiveness. Research has developed many modularization approaches, however, there is a gap between industrial practice in modularization and state-of-research in this field, which partly is due to shortcomings in "measuring" the value and state of modularization. This papers contribution is an analysis of industrial real-world cases to contrast practice and research, and a compilation of metrics in the context of modular product design from research.
Design Automation Systems for the Product Development Process: Reflections from Five Industrial Case Studies
Authors: Vidner O. , Wehlin C. , Wiberg A.
Published: May 2022

This paper presents five industrial cases where design automation (DA) systems supported by design optimization has been developed, and aims to summarize the lesson learned and identify needs for future development of such projects. By mapping the challenges during development and deployment of the systems, common issues were found in technical areas such as model integration and organizational areas such as knowledge transfer. The latter can be seen as a two-layered design paradox; one for the product that the DA system is developed for, and one for the development of the DA system.
Use of Margin to Absorb Variation in Design Specifications: An Analysis Using the Margin Value Method
Authors: Brahma A. , Wynn D. C. , Isaksson O.
Published: May 2022

Predicting the impact of changes in a design can be challenging, especially for complex designs. Margins are often built into the designs which can absorb the knock-on effect of such changes, erroneously allocating which can however, lead to propagation. A method for localising and sizing margins in an incremental design context is the Margin Value Method. This paper adapts MVM in the context of uncertainty in input specifications. It discusses possible ways to allocate them in a design such that undesirable effects of margins are minimised while preventing change propagation.
Unveiling the Construct of Design Thinking: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Oliveira M. , Zancul E.
Published: May 2022

Design thinking does not have a consensually defined construct in the academic literature. This foundational fragility hinders theory building in the field. This study addresses this gap by providing a construct of design thinking following guidelines for developing theory-building instruments. We propose a non-normative, comprehensive construct composed of a conceptual definition and a subset of properties that portray tangible design thinking expressions. The proposed construct aims to provide a grounded foundation to support the advancement of design thinking theory building and testing.
Knowledge Annotation within Research Data Management System for Oxygen-Free Production Technologies
Authors: Mozgova I. , Altun O. , Sheveleva T. , Castro A. , Oladazimi P. , Koepler O. , Lachmayer R. , Auer S.
Published: May 2022

The comprehensive implementation of digital technologies in product manufacturing leads to changes in engineering processes and requires new approaches to data management. An important role belongs to the processes of organizing the collection, storage and reuse of research data obtained and used in the process of product, system or technology development, taking into account the FAIR data principles. This article describes a Research Data Management System for the organization of documentation and measurement requests in the research and development of new oxygen-free production technologies.
Exploring the Benefits of Remanufacture during Product Prototyping: A Cost and Time Based Analysis
Authors: Real R. M. , Snider C. , Hicks B.
Published: May 2022

Whilst remanufacture is identified as a key enabler for sustainable manufacture in future industry, its role within the context of new product development remains unclear. Where prototypes often go through multiple iterations with varying degrees of change, could remanufacture be adopted to reduce the time and cost components of design iteration? This paper presents a computational study to explore the potential savings afforded by remanufacture across stages of a rapid prototyping process. Results suggest significant reductions to development time and cost can be achieved.
Accessing the Inaccessible: Demonstrators as Sources of Tacit Knowledge
Authors: Sviridova A. , Stokhuijzen D. , Verlinden J.
Published: May 2022

This paper highlights a recently identified by the community perspective of design research, so far described as “inaccessible”, discusses the potential of “designerly” way of approaching it in order to let designers excavate tacit knowledge from their own finished projects. We frame demonstrators as a category of design outcomes that can be a great source of such knowledge. Skills of empathy and intuition are called crucial for researchers to position themselves inside the design system looking inwards.
Effect of Heat Treatment on the Hardness of Unconventional Geometrical Features for Laser Powder Bed Fused AlSi10Mg
Authors: Strauß L. , Montero J. , Weber S. , Brenner S. , Höfer P. , Paetzold K. , Löwisch G.
Published: May 2022

The adoption of Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) practices brought new industrial components embedding unconventional shapes such as lattice structures or freeform surfaces resulting from topological optimisations. As a drawback of design freedom, designers need to use thermal post-processing to achieve homogeneous properties in metal 3D printing. This contribution analyses the effect of T6-like heat treatment on the hardness of a complex component. Hardness values are reported along with good design practices for effective thermal post-processing to complement the DfAM knowledge base.
Uncertainty Analysis of a Calculation Model for Electric Bearing Impedance
Authors: Welzbacher P. , Puchtler S. , Geipl A. , Kirchner E.
Published: May 2022

The integration of Sensing Machine Elements (SME) is a promising approach to obtain reliable data about relevant process and state variables of technical systems. However, the quality and reliability of the provided data strongly depends on the corresponding calculation model of the SME and the therein included uncertainty. Consequently, in this contribution, the calculation model of a sensory utilized rolling bearing, as exemplary SME, is systematically analyzed using existing methods and tools to identify uncertainty that critically affects the quality and reliability of the data provided.
Data Networking for Industrial Data Analysis Based on a Data Backbone System
Authors: Eiden A. , Eickhoff T. , Göbel J. C. , Apostolov C. , Savarino P. , Dickopf T.
Published: May 2022

Industrial Data Analytics needs access to huge amounts of data, which is scattered across different IT systems. As part of an integrated reference kit for Industrial Data Analytics, there is a need for a data backend system that provides access to data. This system needs to have solutions for the extraction of data, the management of data and an analysis pipeline for those data. This paper presents an approach for this data backend system.
Planning the Analysis of Use Phase Data in Product Planning
Authors: Meyer M. , Wiederkehr I. , Koldewey C. , Dumitrescu R.
Published: May 2022

The ongoing digitalization of products offers product managers new potentials to plan future product generations based on data from the use phase instead of assumptions. However, product managers often face difficulties in identifying promising opportunities for analyzing use phase data. In this paper, we propose a method for planning the analysis of use phase data in product planning. It leads product managers from the identification of promising investigation needs to the derivation of specific use cases. The application of the method is shown using the example of a manufacturing company.
Knowledge Reuse during New Product Development: A Study of a Swedish Manufacturer
Authors: Raudberget D. , Wlazlak P.
Published: May 2022

As organisations grow, consequences of poor knowledge management are evident for new employees in product developing companies. The problem of leveraging existing knowledge between development projects and departments is still relevant. This paper presents an industrial case study of a traditional manufacturing company and extends prior research addressing the reuse of organisational knowledge in new product development. The paper outlines barriers that hinder effective reuse of codified engineering knowledge and suggest means to overcome those barriers by using A3-reports in the PLM-system.
Selecting Design Process Modelling Approaches for Building Design: A Review
Authors: Wong Y. Y. B. , Joyce S. C. , Blessing L.
Published: May 2022

Design process modelling is well-founded in fields of mechanical engineering, and product design and development but not in Building Design (BD). This paper looks at the selection process when choosing appropriate models for specific BD processes. The paper adapts process model selection criteria from Trauer's work and combines it with anecdotal evidence from the authors to select these models. The selection criteria were ranked, categorised, and applied to BD processes explained. Process models related to each selection criteria were then selected from backward snowballing of literature.
The Gap in Design Creativity Education between China and Developed Countries
Authors: Gong Z. , Soomro S. A. , Nanjappan V. , Georgiev G. V.
Published: May 2022

Extant research indicates that Chinese higher education has overlooked creativity. However, based on indirect clues, we infer that the degree of emphasis on creativity and related courses in Chinese higher education has changed. Therefore, we conducted a survey using a questionnaire to compare the creativity-related courses and adopted creativity methods in higher education between China and developed countries. The results indicate that participation rates and assessments of creativity-related courses, adopted creativity methods, and evaluations differ between China and developed countries.
Starch granule size in grains of hybrid rice with low chalkiness occurrence
Authors: Cao Jialin , Tang Maoyan , Zhang Ruichun , Chen Jiana , Cao Fangbo , Liu Longsheng , Fang Shengliang , Zhang Ming , Huang Min
Published: May 2022

The occurrence of chalkiness has decreased in new hybrid rice cultivars in China. As both chalkiness occurrence and starch granule size are associated with the biosynthesis of starch, we hypothesized that there may be a correlation between chalkiness occurrence and starch granule size, and this may partially explain the decreased chalkiness occurrence in the new hybrid rice cultivars. To test this hypothesis, a field experiment was conducted over eight environments (two years × four sowing dates) with two hybrid rice cultivars: one recently developed with low chalkiness occurrence, Jingliangyou 1468 (JLY1468) and a relatively older cultivar with high chalkiness occurrence, Liangyoupeijiu (LYPJ). Results showed that JLY1468 had a higher cumulative distribution of large-diameter (7.51–19.50 μm) starch granules and a lower grain weight of milled rice compared to LYPJ. As a consequence, mean and relative starch granule diameters were 6% and 21% higher in JLY1468 than in LYPJ, respectively. Although both the chalky grain rate and chalkiness degree were negatively correlated with mean and relative starch granule diameter, they were more closely correlated with the relative granule diameter. These results support our hypothesis regarding the relationship between chalkiness occurrence and starch granule size and suggest that the relative starch granule diameter is a relevant parameter in understanding the occurrence of chalkiness in hybrid rice.
Drain-free neck dissection: the use of Artiss fibrin sealant
Authors: Bahgat M , Lim K H , Lester S
Published: May 2022

Objective

To study the safety and efficacy of Artiss fibrin sealant in lateral neck dissection, focusing on drain retention time, length of hospital stay and post-operative complications.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent neck dissection in a UK hospital over a 12-month period.

Results

Twenty-three patients were identified; 13 patients had Artiss and a drain, 10 patients had Artiss only. All drains were removed by post-operative day 2. No post-operative fluid collections or complications were recorded. Patients who had Artiss only without a drain were discharged on post-operative day 1.

Conclusion

The use of Artiss reduced the drain retention time and hospital stay, with no post-operative complications. Neck dissection can be safely undertaken with no drain, and can potentially be carried out as a day-case procedure, with the application of Artiss. These findings benefit patients and the National Health Service by improving the patient journey and reducing overall costs.
Online processing of which-questions in bilingual children: Evidence from eye-tracking
Authors: PONTIKAS George , CUNNINGS Ian , MARINIS Theodoros
Published: May 2022

An emergent debate surrounds the nature of language processing in bilingual children as an extension of broader questions about their morphosyntactic development in comparison to monolinguals, with the picture so far being nuanced. This paper adds to this debate by investigating the processing of morphosyntactically complex which–questions (e.g., Which bear is chasing the camel?) using the visual world paradigm and is the first study to examine the online processing of such questions in bilingual children. For both groups, object which-questions were more difficult than subject which-questions, due to an initial misinterpretation that needed to be reanalysed. Both groups were aided by number mismatch between the two nouns in the sentence, especially in object which-questions. Our findings are in line with previous studies that have shown a slower processing speed in bilingual children relative to monolinguals but qualitatively similar patterns.
Resistance in Postwar France: Five New and Noteworthy Histories
Authors: Conklin Alice L.
Published: May 2022

Historians of modern Europe have long seen the tragic events of the Second World War in France as a major caesura in the history of that nation. But eighty years later, do the legacies of the war still help us understand postwar France and its political divisions? The five superb books under review make a strong case that the fracturing experiences of defeat, Vichy and the Resistance shaped some of the most important subsequent developments in France in ways that previous historians have failed to recognise. The developments identified by these authors include the waxing and waning of Resistance myths as part of a contested deportation memory landscape, an anti-authoritarian résistant psychiatry born in 1940 that went on to revolutionise French theories of alienation in the face of both Stalinism and postwar capitalism, and rural resistance to the state-led transformation of the countryside as part of France's postwar economic modernisation. Collectively they point to a larger takeaway for historians of postwar Europe: oppositional movements in France may resemble similar movements elsewhere in a Western context marked by Cold War tensions and, more recently, globalisation; but these protests are also always following a script haunted in part by the trauma of France's war years – a past that has not passed, even eight decades later.
Functional Ultrastructure of Hymenopteran Stingers: Devastating Spear or Delicate Syringe
Authors: Černý Jan , Weyda František , Perlík Michal , Kodrík Dalibor
Published: May 2022

In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a micro-serrated edge on the honey bee Apis mellifera stinger tip serves as a tool for more intensive crushing of cell membranes in the victim's tissues. This could have mechanical consequences as well as initiate metabolic pathways linked to cell membrane breakdown (e.g., production of biogenic amines). Accordingly, we found that hymenopteran species that use their stingers as an offensive or defensive weapon to do as much damage to the victim's body as possible had this cuticular microstructure. In parasitic hymenopterans, on the other hand, this structure was missing, as stingers are solely used to delicately transport venom to the victim's body in order to do little mechanical harm. We also demonstrated that the stinger lancets of the honey bee A. mellifera are living organs with sensilla innervated by sensory neurons and containing other essential tissues, rather than mere cuticular structures.
Rake-shaped microstrip sensors with high spatial resolution for analyzing liquid food quality
Authors: Nitika  , Kaur Jaswinder , Khanna Rajesh
Published: May 2022

In this study, a novel microstrip antenna sensor with defected ground structure is investigated to detect the presence of other substances in liquid food samples. The proposed antenna sensor is rake-shaped which has been designed using time domain solver in three-dimensional simulation software Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio. The proposed antenna sensor has been fabricated using an FR4 material, having overall dimensions of 30 × 27 mm2 with dielectric constant 4.4, substrate thickness 1.57 mm, and loss tangent 0.0025. Furthermore, the Q-factor of the proposed antenna sensor is 485 showing a maximum sensitivity of 700 MHz and having accuracy 98%. In the present work, water and juice are considered as liquid samples in which the presence of foreign substances is detected in terms of reflection coefficient and shift in resonant frequency with the help of the suggested microstrip antenna sensor. Through experimentation, it has been observed that with the increase in the percentage of adulterant in the considered samples, the dielectric property of solution changes which results in shift of reflection coefficient and resonant frequency, thus making an allowance for the proposed antenna sensor a valid tool to detect adulteration in liquid samples.
Physical Drivers of Biogeochemical Variability in the Polar Front Meander
Authors: Yang Xiang , Strutton Peter G. , Cyriac Ajitha , Phillips Helen E. , Pittman Nicholas A. , Vives Clara R.
Published: May 2022

The Southern Ocean plays a vital role in global ocean circulation, and the Polar Front (PF) is one of its most important physical features. The PF meander south of Tasmania, around 153°E, 55°S, is a very dynamic region which spawns mesoscale eddies, and influences local biogeochemistry and sea‐air interaction. By using voyage and ancillary data, we investigated the unusually strong spring bloom in the vicinity of the PF meander in 2018. We infer that the upwelling of deep water at the front and in eddies, brings macronutrients and dissolved iron (dFe) to the surface. Chlorophyll concentration peaked at over 0.6 mg m−3, which is anomalously high for this area. With reduced iron limitation, the physiological characteristics of phytoplankton in the northern, downstream part of the study area also changed. The photochemical efficiency was improved and released this area from its usual high‐nutrient low‐chlorophyll (HNLC) status. This was mainly indicated by the increase in the dawn Fv/Fm maximum (indictor of photochemical efficiency) from 0.2 to over 0.5. With the biomass increase and healthier community status, we observed consumption of surface dissolved inorganic carbon and increased particulate organic carbon production to about 40 μmol L−1, forming a weak local carbon sink. Through the investigation of multiple years, a weak positive correlation between mixed layer depth shoaling and phytoplankton growth was found, but there was significant interannual variability in this relationship, likely caused by variable eddy conditions and dFe delivery.
The Role of the Unsteady Surface Wave‐Driven Ekman–Stokes Flow in the Accumulation of Floating Marine Litter
Authors: Cunningham H. J. , Higgins C. , van den Bremer T. S.
Published: May 2022

Recently, a number of authors have used global particle tracking simulations to identify the effect that different surface currents have on marine litter accumulation, including the role of surface waves through the Stokes drift. However, in the upper‐ocean boundary layer and in the presence of the Coriolis force, a wave‐driven Eulerian flow forms that must be superimposed onto the Stokes drift in order to obtain the correct Lagrangian velocity. Taking into account both the Coriolis–Stokes force and the surface wave stress, Higgins et al. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089189 derived an expression for this unsteady wave‐driven Eulerian‐mean flow in the form of a convolution between the Stokes drift and the so‐called Ekman–Stokes kernel. In this paper, we apply this Ekman–Stokes kernel to generate a 12‐year global hindcast of the wave‐driven Eulerian current and show that its inclusion in particle tracking simulations has a significant effect on the distribution of small floating marine litter, such as microplastics. Using Lagrangian simulations, we find that the wave‐driven Eulerian current is sensitive to the value of viscosity but generally opposes the dispersive behavior of the Stokes drift, reducing the amount of cross‐Equator particle transport and transport to the polar regions, resulting in closer agreement between modeled and observed microplastic distributions.
Combined Optical and Radio‐Frequency Perspectives on the Time Evolution of Lightning Measured by the FORTE Satellite
Authors: Peterson Michael
Published: May 2022

We use a cluster feature data set for the Fast On‐orbit Recording of Transient Events (FORTE) satellite that combines detections from its pixelated Lightning Locating System (LLS), photodiode detector (PDD) and Radio‐Frequency (RF) instrumentation to generate statistics describing the frequency and timing of lightning events detected by each instrument during lightning flashes. Coincident observations from the same vantage point allow us to directly compare flash details that can be resolved by the wide Field of View (FOV) instruments relative to the pixelated LLS—whose design is based on NASA's Lightning Imaging Sensor. We find that both the PDD and RF system typically generate more detections than the lightning imager (mean: 1.5 PDD events per LLS group, 2 RF events per LLS group) from pulses that are either not sufficiently bright in the optical band (in the case of RF) or that lack the optical energy density (in the case of the PDD) required to trigger one of the pixels on the LLS imaging array. This includes additional activity before the first LLS group or after the final LLS group. These FORTE results demonstrate that certain lightning processes would be better resolved by wide‐FOV optical and RF instruments than lightning imagers. Current/future space‐based missions that use/plan to use similar instruments will improve our understanding of flash evolution by resolving details missed by lightning imagers.