bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tortricid Larvae and Taxonomy
Authors: MacKay Margaret R.
Published: December 2009

One aspect of lepidopterous taxonomy concerns the adult; of at least equal importance is that concerning the larva, the destructive stage of a butterfly or moth. There are many reports in the literature whose value has been reduced, if not nullified, by failure to recognize the larvae of the one or more species involved. Yet there are, to-day, no truly satisfactory family keys to the l'arvae of Lepidoptera, and no keys to the early instars of any one family. There are workable keys to the late instars of only two or three families in this order of insects, and these are far from complete on a world or even a continental basis. An example of the last are those of the Tortricidae (MacKay 1959, 1962), and a plea is extended to our entomological colleagues for correctly associated larval material (much of which can be obtained so easily where it is common or when its biology is being examined) to serve as a basis lor the necessary similar studies in other families.
The Biology and Ecology of the Red-Pine Needle Midge and Its Role in Fall Browning of Red Pine Foliage
Authors: Kearby W. H. , Benjamin D. M.
Published: December 2009

Outbreaks of Thecodiplosis piniresinosae Kearby apparently have occurred in North America since 1932 on Pinus resinosa (Ait.). Serious losses of new needles and some mortality of shoots resulted since 1957 in central Wisconsin. Fall browning caused by the midge is distinguished from needle blight and needle droop.

Three larval stages and the pupa are described. Adults emerged in late May and oviposited on elongating shoots. Eggs hatched within a week and larvae mined into the bases of the fascicles, where they fed until early October. In October, mature larvae left the fascicles, dropped to the litter, and entered the soil to overwinter. Pupation and transformation to the adult occurred in the spring.

One larva usually was present per fascicle during periods of low populations, but during outbreaks up to 11 larvae infested a single fascicle. A monothalmous or polythalmous gall-like enlargement was noticeable during the outbreak. Infested needles formed an abscission layer prematurely and dropped during the winter, 3 to 5 years before normal abscission. Stand conditions, age and spacing conducive to the buildup of midge outbreaks are discussed.
Regional Color Patterns in the Parasitic Hymenoptera
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: December 2009

Parasitic Hymenoptera in all parts of the world exhibit many striking color patterns. These patterns are differentiated into groups according to the locality, size and habits of the insect.

The really small species, i.e. those under 4 mm. long, can hardly be said to have a color pattern at all, and have virtually no regional differentiation anywhere except for a general prevalence of darker coloration in cool climates and paler in warm climates. In tropical regions many of the smaller Hymenoptera are confined to the shady interior of forests. These species often exhibit a disruptive pattern consisting of white spots at the tip of the antennae and the tip of the hind legs or ovipositor. These white spots show strikingly against a dark forest background and serve to draw attention away from the body of the insect itself. Such disruptive patterns are seldom found in temperate fhest species of the smallest sizes but are common in large sized forest-dwelling ichneumonids in all parts of the world.
The Forest Insect and Disease Survey
Authors: Prentice R. M.
Published: December 2009

The organization of the Forest Insect and Disease Survey, a continuing project of the Forest Entomology and Pathology Branch, Department of Forestry,was reviewed. Typical field and laboratlory operations in entomology at regional survey units were shown. The specific subject matter of the display included: a pictorial review of field sampling and insectary procedures; aids to identification of immature insects; a method of aerial survey wing an operational recorder; the life histories of seven species of defoliators; the establishment and spread of winter moth in the Maritimes and satin moth in British Columbia; and finally, machine methods of recording Survey data and procedures used in preparing the current series of national compilation of Forest Lepidoptera of Canada.
Insects in Abnormal Atmospheres
Authors: Monro H. A. U. , Bond E. J. , Dumas T.
Published: December 2009

In research on fumigants it was found that variations in the proportions and amounts of the normal atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide), both during and after exposure to the toxicant, had profound effects on the mortality responses of the insects.

At reduced pressures (vacuum fumigation) the mortality response of the insects is complex (Monro 1959). With certain insects at least four zones of differing susceptibility were found. These are typified by the case of the cadelle, Tenebroides mauritanicus L.
Integrated Taxonomy: An Approach to the Organism as a Living System, with Special Reference to Crickets
Authors: Kevan D. K. McE. , Vickery V. R. , McFarlane J. E. , Randell R. L.
Published: December 2009

Integrated taxonomy, as understood by the authors, brings together all available knowledge regarding many aspects of a single group of species so as to form a comprehensive picture of the degree and kind of similarities and differences that are to be found within such a proup. Comparative studies of developmental rates, egg physiology, nutrition, embryology, nymphal development, cytology, and minute anatomy are being applied to three species-complexes of crickets: the Gryllus complex of Sorth America, the Teleogryllus complex of eastern Asia and Australia, and the Acheta complex of North Africa and Southwestern Asia.
Southward Extension of the Arctic Zone
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: December 2009

Many of the Arctic species live above timberline in mountainous areas far to the south of the Arctic. We have made collections in such areas a t two places in North America, the Front Range of Colorado and the Banff National Park area in Alberta.

Because of a geological accident, the existence of hundreds of square miles of peneplain at and above timberline (11,500 to 13,000 ft.), Colorado has a very extensive Arctic fauna. However, the main mountain mass in Colorado is far removed from the Arctic and isolated by at least a hundred miles of prairie and forest. The fauna above timberline in colorado is composed of about one third truly Arctic species, one half widespread Cordilleran species, and a small number of endemic species derived from the local fauna in Colorado. Perhaps the most characteristic difference between the insect fauna of the Colorado tundra and that of the Canadian Arctic tundra is the occurrence of a rich fauna of Heteroptera in the Colorado tundra, contrasting with an almost total lack of this group in the Canadian Arctic. Vegetationally the story is similar, the outstanding characteristic of the Colorado tundra being the almost complete lack of Ericaceae.
Revision of the Genus Reuteroscopus Kirkaldy 1905 with Descriptions of Eleven New Species (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

The genus Reuteroscopus is known from North America, Central America, and the West Indies. Lygus uvidus Distant considered a synonym of ornatus Reuter is a good species and the name must be revived. Psallus nicholi Knight is transferred to Reuteroscopus. Descriptions are given for the following 11 new species, making a total of 16 known species for the genus: antennatus, aztecus, chillcotti, complexus, digitatus, mexicanus, and similis from Mexico; diffusus from Mexico, Costa Rico, and Panama; femoralis from Arizona and Mexico; curacaoensis from Curacao Is.; and hamatus from Florida, Mexico, Panama, Dominican Republic Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands. Reuteroscopus sulphureus Reuter will be removed to another genus. Male genitalia of the 16 species are illustrated and a key to males is provided.
The Sterile Male Technique and its Possible Use for Codling Moth Eradication
Authors: Proverbs M. D.
Published: December 2009

Chemicals must be used to control the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), in most apple and pear growing areas throughout the world. Unfortunately, this practice has caused or contributed to greatly increased mite populations, decimation of many beneficial insects, insecticide resistance, soil poisoning, and other problems. Successful use of the sterile male technique against the codling moth would eliminate or alleviate a number of these problems. This technique consists essentially in the sustained over-flooding of the native population with sexually sterile males. The main prerequisites for its use include: (1) a method of inducing sterility or dominant lethality in the sperm without affecting normal behaviour or longevity of the male, (2) the released insects themselves must not be injurious or noxious, ( 3 ) the method of release should permit intimate mingling of the sterile males with the native population, and (4) the availability of an economical method of mass culturing the insect. Photographs illustrate how these prerequisites were investigated for the codling moth.
The Chromosomal Cytology of Bisexual and Parthenogenetic Calligrapha spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Robertson J. G.
Published: December 2009

Thirty-one geographic entities comprising 17 species of Calligrapha were examined cytologically. In the bisexual species rowena, philadelphica, pnirsa, amator, alni, confluens, californica, bidenticola, multipunctata, verrucosa, and pruni, the diploid number of chromosomes was 23 in males and 24 in females. The sex mechanism consisted of a single X chromosome in males and two X chromosomes in females. No Y chromosome was present. During reduction division in testicular tissue 11 bivalents were formed and a single heterochromatic X chromosome lay to one side of the bivalents which showed congression at metaphase I. The basic chromosomal formula 11 + XO can therefore be assigned to this group. The formula is modified in some populations according to the following circumstances.
A Key Age Interval in Generation Survival
Authors:   Population Dynamics Group
Published: December 2009

In 1944 a forest research project involving industry and two levels of government was set up to integrate entomological, pathological, silvicultural and management studies aimed at the control of the spruce budworm through forest management. The entomological phase of this praject, called the ‘Green River Project’, was initiated in 1945, and by 1949 was deeply involved in the budworm outbreak that occurred in northern New Brunswick during the period 1949-59. The basic aim was to elucidate the population dynamics of the budworm during an outbreak.
The Scale Insects of the Canadian Arctic (Homoptera: Coccoidea)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Two new species of scale insects are described. These are the only scale insects known to occur in the Canadian Arctic. One is a species of Pulvinaria Targ. and one a species of Pseudococcus Westw.; both genera are known to occur in Greenland.
Ecology of Species of Bombus Latr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Southern Alberta. I. Subgenus Alpinobombus Skor.
Authors: Hobbs G. A.
Published: December 2009

In southern Alberta the range of Bombus (Alpinobombus) balteatus was limited to mountainous areas with minimum elevations of 7,400 ft. When given equal opportunity to nest in above- or underground hives, queens established in two above, and 12 underground hives. The middle of the nest-establishing period in the hives was about 24 June 1962, and 17 June 1963.

Construction of the brood cell was begun before that of the honey pot. All eggs of the first brood were deposited in n single cell; not all were deposited on the same day. Second- and third-brood egg cells were built in parallel lines on each side of the incubation groove. At least once, the second brood was also workers. Succeeding broods were probably first males and then queens, as males emerged first.

Pollen was fed collectively to worker larvae of all instars, except the last, by stuffing it beneath them. All instars of male and queen larvae, except the last, were fed collectively mixtures of honey and pollen. Last-instar larvae of all broods separated from each other by spinning flimsy, incomplete cocoons, and were fed individually mixtures of honey and pollen. Hence, B. balteatus is a pocket-maker when rearing worker larvae to the last instar and a pollen-storer when rearing last-instar worker, male, and queen larvae.
Mycetome in Sitophilus
Authors: Musgrave A. J.
Published: December 2009

Weevils of the genus Sitophilus are known to harbour within them certain structures (supposedly micro-organisms) that seem, on present evidence, to supply the host weevil with beneficial but not essential nutrients: the phenomenon of either symbiosis or mutualism.

The micro-organisms occur in cells called “mycetocytes”. In the larval weevil the mycetocytes are clustered together to form a mycetome. During metamorphosis from larva to prepupa to pupa to adult the mycetome breaks up into its constituent mycetocytes. The mycetocytes are found in the midguts of male and female adults and in the gonads of female adults. From the female gonads they are passed to the eggs and thence to the next generation of weevils.
Insects Associated with Flowering Marsh Marigold, Caltha palustris L., at London, Ontario
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: December 2009

In the spring of 1962 Caltha palustris was in bloom from April 30 to May 26. Thirty-nine species of insects in Cantharidae, Nitidulidae, Coccinellidae, Chrysomelidae, Cerambycidae, Miridae, Thripidae, Pieridae, Tenthredinidae, Apidae, Halictidae, Andrenidae, Formicidae, Sepsidae, Sciomyzidae, Ephydridae, Syrphidae, Anthomyiidae, Tachinidae and Muscidae visited the leaves and flowers. Many were found carrying pollen of the plant.
Influence of the Health of the Food Plant of the Host on Host-finding by Tachinid Parasites
Authors: Monteith L. G.
Published: December 2009

In the laboratory, the parasitic tachinids Drino bohemica Mesn. and Bessa harveyi (Tns.) made two to four times as many attacks on tenthredinid sawfly larvae exposed on unhealthy as on those on healthy food trees. Olfactory stimuli from the unhealthy trees were preferred by the parasites to those from healthy trees. The possibility of greater masking of stimuli from hosts on healthy foliage than from those on unhealthy foliage was apparently of little importance. In the field a moderate to severe attack by sawfly larvae on a tree will cause the tree to become unhealthy and this increases its attractiveness to the parasites. Thus, the host larvae indirectly assist the parasites to find them. Stimuli that are directly influenced by the health of the food plant of the host may interact with those from other environmental factors in determining the apparent degree of preference by tachinid parasites for different hosts.
A New Colpocephalum (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) from Daptrius ater
Authors: Price Roger D. , Beer James R.
Published: December 2009

Colpocephalum ateri n. sp. is described from Daptrius ater and is differentiated from C. ceciliae Carriker from the same host species and from C. ibicter (Eichler) from D. americanus.
The Significance, Ecology and Control of the Grape Phylloxera in Ontario
Authors: Stevenson A. B.
Published: December 2009

Though historically noted as one of the most noxious pests of vines in Europe, California, and other places where vinifera-type grapes are grown extensively, the grape phylloxera, Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch), was for many years of little concern to grape growers in Canada. In the Niagara Peninsula, where more than 98% of Ontario grapes, and more than 95% of Canadian wine grapes, are grown, the insect has been known for many years in its most conspicuous form, in galls on the leaves of wild grapes and a few unimportant cultivated varieties. The more infamous root form was known to be present, but the resistance of the older American varieties growing in most of the vineyards was regarded as sufficient protection from a native American pest that at one time threatened to destroy the French wine industry.
The Pyrgomorphidae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea): Their Systematics, Tribal Divisions and Distribution
Authors: Kevan D. K. McE. , Akbar S. S.
Published: December 2009

The Pyrgomorphidae represent a distinctive family of acridoid Orthoptera comprising 127 genera and over 400 species. The systematic history of the group is outlined and its name is discussed. On the basis of external morphology and phallic structures it has been found possible to divide the family into tribes. Most of these have been recognized previously, but several new ones have been erected to accommodate anomalous genera or parts of former tribes that have proved to be heterogeneous. The genera fall into no fewer than 29 tribes and 8 subtribes, which reflect the antiquity of the group; phylogenetic relationships remain rather obscure. An extensive key to the tribes and subtribes (incorporating both external and phallic characters) is given and the genera belonging to each are listed. Diagnoses of three new genera and a new subgenus are appended. Geographical distribution is discussed. The great majority of Pyrgomorphidae are found in the Old World tropics and subtropics, but some are American and a few reach temperate latitudes both north and south. A very high degree of endemism amongst genera is shown by all regions in which the group occurs, except the Palaearctic. The African and Malagasy faunas are the richest, but the group probably originated further east. Madagascar, Australia, the Papuan subregion and C. and S. America all have their own very distinctive tribes and genera. No genera are common to Old and New Worlds. The latter was probably invaded from Asia at least twice. Pyrgomorphidae appear to be comparatively recently incursive into the Palaearctic region. A new Palaearctic fossil genus is proposed.
Recherche d'une Méthode d'Utilisation du Bacillus thuringiensis pour Combattre les Insectes Forestiers
Authors: Smirnoff W. A.
Published: December 2009

Parmi les espèces de bactéries comprises dans le groupe “cereus”, il en existe une très pathogène pour certaines espèces d'insectes, c'est le Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. Ce bacille produit des spores et des cristaux toxiques dans la cellule et excrète diverses substances toxiques dans son milieu de culture. L'action du B. thuringiensis varie avec les espèces d'insectes; chez certaines il provoque une septicémie typique, chez d'autres il cause une intoxication, alors que quelques espèces sont réfractaires à ses attaques. Depuis quelques années notre laboratoire envisage la possibilité d'utiliser le B. thuringiensis et d'autres espèces proche parentes dans la lutte à certains insectes forestiers fort nuisibles tels que la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)), l'un des plus graves ravageurs des forês de conifères dans l'est de l'Amérique du Nord. En laboratoire avec une suspension contenant 200 gr. du pathogène par gallon d'eau, toutes les chenilles en expérience sont mortes de septicémie typique dans l'espace de 8 jours. Lors d'expériences conduites dans un peuplement hébergeant une forte population de I'insecte et dans des conditions climatiques optimales, 84 pour 100 de la population larvaire fut détruite en dedans de 24 jours après l'application d'une suspension contenant 80 gr. du pathogène par gallon d'eau. Ces premiers résultats nous incitérent à rechercher une lignée du B. thuringiensis plus pathogène pour le C. fumiferana surtout aux basses températures, et capable de résister à l'action bactéricide et bactériostatique de certaines substances produites par le feuillage du sapin et de l'épinette.
Lutte au Neodiprion swainei Midd. à l'Aide d'un Virus
Authors: Smirnoff W. A.
Published: December 2009

Pour la première fois en 1953 un virus fut décelé parmi les populations larvaires de N. swainei, une tenthréde extrêmement nuisible au pin gris dans la province de Québec. Ce virus à polyhèdres appartient au genre Borrelinavirus et se développe dans le noyau des cellules épithéliales de l'intestin moyen. Des recherches conduites depuis 1957 au laboratoire de Québec ont permis de sélectionner une lignée très virulente de ce pathogène et de mettre au point une technique pour sa productoin en quantité suffisante pour effectuer des traitements à une échelle considérable. On s'est préoccupé également de la mise au point de formules économiques et pratiques pour son application suivant les conditions particulières de chaque lieu et des moyens d'assurer une dispersion adéquate du pathogène lors des traitements aériens et terrestres.
The Validity of the Name curtipennis (Harris) for North American Chorthippus (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Vickery V. R.
Published: December 2009

The specific name curtipennis (Harris) is reinstated for North American Chorthippus, which is not (as erroneously supposed) conspecific with an Old World species. A neotype is designated and described for C. curtipennis (Harris), and a lectotype is chosen for C. montanus (Charpentier).
Influence of Climate Upon the Distribution of the Lodgepole Needle Miner in the Bow Valley, Banff, Alberta
Authors: Shepherd R. F.
Published: December 2009

An outbreak of needle miner on lodgepole pine occurred in the late 1940's, decreased to low levels in the 1950's. but increased aeain recently. In both outbreaks, populations were highest in a band along the middle of the slopes of the valleys.

The moths are crepuscular with most of the flight, feeding, and laying activities taking place at sundown. Temperatures and wind at this time are critical for these activities. Low temperatures and wind which are more common at higher elevations probably reduce oviposition rates. Some downward drift of the moths also probably takes place making the rate of increase through the adult and egg stages much higher at valley bottom than further up the slope.
Importing Acarine-Free Bees by Transporting Brood
Authors: Smith M. V.
Published: December 2009

For the past forty years there have been virtually no introductions of honeybee stock from foreign countries into Canada or the United States. This has been due to the stringent restrictions on importing honeybees which have been in force since 1922, as a safeguard against the introduction of acarine disease. The mite which is responsible for the disease, Acarapis woodi, is present in many parts of Europe, and has also been reported from Asia, Africa and South America. It has not so far been found in North America, although external mites of the same genus (A. dorsalis and A. externus) are now known to occur fairly commonly throughout Canada and the United States.
Freezing Point Determination in Immature Stages of Insects
Authors: Sullivan C. R. , Green G. W.
Published: December 2009

Conventional and modified methods of obtaining supercooling points of immature stages of insects have been utilized in studies of the cold-hardiness of the European pine shoot moth and the European pinesawfly. A method has been developed to permit visual observation of the freezing process of more than one specimen at a time. A freezing chamber consisting of a hole one inch in depth and one-half inch in diameter is located in the upper end of an aluminum rod partially submerged in a dry ice-alcohol mixture. A small filter paper disc, used as the insect platform, rests upon a #40 copper-constantan thermocouple located near the base of the freezing chamber. The thermocouple enters the chamber through a hole in the wall after several circuits around the circumference of the rod to prevent temperature anomalies attributable to thermal conduction within the wire. The thermocouple is connected to a sensitive recording potentiometer. The wall of the freezing chamber is blackened to prevent reflection of light from obscuring the view of the freezing process, through a binocular microscope mounted above the freezing chamber. The moment of freezing is readily recorded on the temperature trace provided by the potentiometer. At a cooling rate of approximately 5°F. per minute, a correction factor of 2.5°F. must be added to the indicated freezing point to obtain the actual temperature at the surface of the platform. When this correction is applied, the results provide data applicable to statistical analysis of freezing point determinations.
Population Dynamics of the Larch Sawfly
Authors:   Larch Sawfly Investigations Team
Published: December 2009

The larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), has been studied in Manitoba for over 50 years, since the first outbreaks led to the introduction of the European parasite, Mesoleius tenthredinis Morley. This parasite was credited with reducing the severity of early outbreaks but when host populations again increased in the early 1940's, it was found that M. tenthredinis was ineffective due to the ability of host larvae to encapsulate parasite eggs. Intensive studies of individual mortality factors were initiated at the Winnipeg Laboratory as staff and facilities were expanded in the late 1940's. Development of the life-table concept of recording population data (Morris and Miller 1954) led to co-ordination of several projects until by 1955 a team of research officers was engaged in comprehensive studies of general ecological relationships, parasitism, vertebrate predation, and the effect of defoliation on host stands. Members of the team currently engaged in population dynamics studies and responsible for this exhibit are: Dr.C. H. Buckner, vertebrate predators; W. G. H. Ives, quantitative methods and natural control; L. D. Nairn, interrelations with host tree; Dr. W. J. Turnock, natural and biological control, bioclimatology. Other Winnipeg officers working on related larch sawfly projects are Dr. R. J. Heron, physiological studies, and J. A. Muldrew, biological control with particular reference to immunity to M. tenthredinis.
The Manitoba Horse Fly Trap
Authors: Thorsteinson A. J. , Bracken G. K. , Hanec W.
Published: December 2009

The development of the Manitoba Horse Fly Trap was motivated initially by the need to control tabanid flies in spite of a lack of effective and safe insecticides. This objective could be realized only through a study of orientation behaviour in the field. Starting with the old observation that tabanids are attracted to darkcoloured objects (‘targets’), the influence of colour of target, colour of background, size, shape and movement of target were investigated. The most attractive target proved to be a glossy black (or red) sphere about 24 inches diameter, about three feet above the ground. In the course of its development the trap has provided interesting insights into visual perception of tabanids which will require physiological confirmation. The attractant principle is overwhelmingly visual. An initial surmise that thermal radiation contributes to the attraction significantly has been superseded, although a thermal stimulus may be involved in the behaviour of the flies after they reach the trap. Since only the hemato- phagous sex (females) is attracted to the trap, the behaviour involved appears to be teleologically related to host seeking activity. On arrival at the trap the insects fly in the space around the target and eventually move upward into the no-return chamber at the apex. When the trap is used for fly control the apical chamber is not needed if the interior of the trap is treated with a powerful, residual insecticide. In addition to its potential uses in conjunction with insecticides for control of tabanids, the Manitoba Horse Fly Trap can be used to study the correlation of flight activity with meteorological conditions as well as the seasonal and geographical distribution of tabanid species. The trap can be used effectively in the study of Stomoxys behaviour and control. If the sphere is replaced by a wick containing organic sulfides, blow flies can be attracted to it in considerable numbers.
Symposium: Strategy and Tactics of Insect Control: Perspectives on Insect Control
Authors: Smallman B. N.
Published: December 2009

During the past 100 years, insect control has been a predominant objective and influence on the development of entomology in Canada. Preoccupation with the insecticide method of insect control threatened for a while to divert entomologists from the biological bases of their science. But the scientific questions and practical problems raised by insecticides have recently generated a renaissance of biological thinking about insects and ways to control them. Older biological methods and certain promising new ones are receiving increased attention. Insecticides have won a permanent place in our arsenal but we can no longer continue to rely so heavily on this one weapon. A new perspective is emerging in which strategies of insect control will be formulated on the basis of population dynamics studies and will involve assembling from a variety of control methods the appropriate combinations to meet particular problems. The requirements of these combined strategies will impinge increasingly on economic and social affairs which, in turn, will modify the technology of insect control.
Entomology in the University Curriculum in Canada
Authors: Beckel W. E.
Published: December 2009

The number and kinds of courses in Entomology at Canadian Universities are briefly described. There is a discussion of two approaches to the undergraduate degree: one, the broad approach, where only one course in a specialty is taught but many disciplines are covered, and two, the narrower approach, where many courses in the specialty are given.

The author favours the broad approach. Biologists should be produced first and Entomologists second. There is some question as to whether, at the Universities, Entomologists, in the narrow sense, should be produced at all.

The argument for graduate training in biological disciplines instead of training in specialized groups of animals is presented. Also the question is raised of where, and how, graduate training should be done. It is concluded that graduate training is best done in the biological disciplines, that it should be directed by the Universities, not by off-campus laboratories and that it should be done in a manner decided by the Universities.
Arctic Insects and Their Environment
Authors: Downes J. A.
Published: December 2009

The first part of this paper discusses the characteristics of the arctic environment as it influences insect life. The most important features are the low temperature, the low annual heat budget, the severe and often variable weather and the continuous daylight of the growing season. A certain uniformity in aspect of the tundra environment is mentioned. Some microclimatic and regional differences are considered and a definition of thelow arcticlife zone is proposed.

The make-up of the arctic fauna is considered in the second section. In the low arctic there may be up to 5% of the number of species found in a comparable temperate area, and in the Queen Elizabeth Islands about 1%; but the representation of the various groups of insects in the arctic varies greatly, the Diptera, and especially the Chironomidae, being by far the most numerous. The fauna is derived from that of the north temperate zones, by extensive reduction and by a limited development of endemic forms up to, but rarely beyond, the specific level. Many of the endemic forms seem to be adaptations to the special features of the environment, especially the low temperature and short season; while others appear to show a loss of specialized features, e.g. of colour or pattern, in relation to the small number of species in their environment and the consequent lower level of biotic interactions. The arctic Lepidoptera are frequently cited in these sections and a number of species are figured.

The paper concludes with a discussion of the general reasons why so few species are found in the arctic. The arctic environment is not inherently simple and does not forbid a greater diversity, yet in fact very few species occur. It seems to lie beyond the range of physiological tolerance of all but a very few of the forms of temperate origin. But, given time, there is no apparent reason why a greater diversity should not develop, although the evolutionary process is probably slower in the arctic and is always liable to be set back by climatic disasters, from the last of which the fauna has only just begun to recover. It is suggested however that the arctic will always tend to lie towards the limit of the physiologically possible range because in fact the greatest continuity of evolutionary history has been in the tropics and most forms of life have thus been shaped in response to tropical conditions.
The Analysis of Complex Population Processes
Authors: Holling C. S.
Published: December 2009

Population ecology requires realistic and precise analyses of whole systems, or processes, and not just fragments of them. This poses some difficult problems because of the distinctive complexity of these processes. Recent studies of predation have shown, however, that it is possible to achieve great analytical depth and to simulate whole systems in the form of realistic and precise mathematical models. This is accomplished by ignoring the degree of simplicity traditionally required of population models and by emphasizing the need for reality. Extensive experimentation is required to suggest and test possible explanations for the action of each component of the process so that the explanation evolves in gradual steps to include one component after another. The form of the explanation and the resulting equations is hence dictated by the process itself and not by the need for mathematical neatness. The considerable complexity of the predation model arose from features common to many biological processes i.e. the prevalence of limits and thresholds, the presence of important discontinuities and the historical character of biological events. These features can be analyzed effectively only by establishing an intimate feed-back between experiment and theory. Mathematical models incorporating these features are admirably solved using digital computers. Computers, and the languages used to program them, seem to be ideally suited to handle the distinctive type of complexity shown by population processes.
The Value of Historical Data in Population Research, with Particular Reference to Hyphantria cunea Drury
Authors: Morris R. F.
Published: December 2009

Three different types of historical population data on the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury, are examined graphically. Oscillations in population density have peaks at intervals varying from 8 to 16 years, and are generally synchronous over very large areas in eastern and central Canada. Temperature in late summer is a key factor affecting the rate of change in density, particularly during the development of gradations, and this explains the synchronism of the oscillations. Climate and vegetation appear to be the main factors determining differences in mean density from one area to another. However, oscillations about the mean density have discrete limits, which are usually below the limits imposed by the food supply even where climate is generally favorable, and population decline often occurs despite favorable weather. These limits are imposed by other factors, such as the parasite Campoplex validus Cress. which has a delayed response to webworm density in eastern Canada.

It is concluded that similar analyses for other insects, perhaps based on the sort of data being accumulated each year by the Forest Insect Survey, would contribute to the development of population principles and would suggest many useful short-cuts when more intensive work is undertaken on additional species.
Problems and Trends in Systematics
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

Among the purposes of classification are association and relocation of data, expression of degrees of similarity, prediction of unobserved data, and expression of functional relationships. Classification must conform to the characteristics of the organism classified and also to the thought processes of the classifier. Analysis reveals hidden patterns and acts as a check on intuition, which though valuable is of uneven reliability.

The Linnaean system is well adapted to modern needs, though we have had to modify its theoretical basis. Modern information may force us to a fundamentally different system at levels at and below that of the Linnaean species.The data of conventional taxonomy are voluminous, but the obvious need for using more characters greatly increases the problem of recording and processing information. All characters, morphological or otherwise, of a species have potential taxonomic value. The latter are often less convenient but may yield special information.

Functional relationships must be distinguished from non-morphological characters. There is a problem of harmonizing classifications based on functional relationships with those based on similarity and difference of attributes. This problem takes different forms at the species level and at the level of higher categories.

The strategy of systematic investigation is influenced by the purpose. For identification a simple array of characters, in a dichotomous table, may be adequate. Such tables are well adapted to digital-computer operations. Where large arrays of characters are to be studied, as where functional relationships, variation or capabilities of organisms are important, time becomes critical, and priority should be given to characters that can be observed quickly or that are known to be specially informative. Methods of multivariate analysis are being applied increasingly in systematics. Methods using unweighted arrays of homologous characters are likely to be supplanted by those that permit controlled weighting, use of nonhomologous characters, and incorporation of sequential and functional relationships. Electronic computers will permit study of problems that would formerly have been too large or complicated. Trained observers will have to provide data, but special types of information, such as chromatograms, electrophoretic and serological observations, and biogeographic data, might be read automatically into a computer. With increased complexity and automation of computer operation, sound initial planning and checking will become more important. The whole subject of systematist-computer relationships needs experience, careful thought, and perhaps a reorientation of attitudes.

Systematics is an approach to biology rather than a department of it; it is intimately related to evolutionary genetic studies, and is in this generation uniting with them in a general science of population biology. Perhaps in the next generation population biology and individual biology will be united in an integrated body of biological science.
The Morphology and Functions of the Reproductive Systems of Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Cerezke H. F.
Published: December 2009

The male and female reproductive organs of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk. are described, and interpretations given for functions of the parts on the basis of activity during mating, sperm transfer, egg formation and ovulation. Some morphological changes of the reproductive organs during the adult life cycle are also noted.

Three pairs of accessory glands associated with spermatophore production are evident in the male beetle. One of these was previously termed the seminal vesicles. A complex musculature operates the male genital organ during copulation. The female organs have four telotrophic ovarioles with a posterior calyx region that has a possible secretory function. Evidence indicates that organs previously termed "colleterial glands" have a digestive and reabsorbing function. The bursa copulatrix may be more closely allied with the function of the accessory glands than with the mating process. Parts of the spermatheca have been more precisely defined according to function.
A Redescription of Aceodromus Muma and its Transfer to the Blattisociinae (Acarina: Blattisociidae)
Authors: Lindquist Evert E. , Chant D. A.
Published: December 2009

The genus Aceodromus is redefined on the basis of the type species, A. convolvuli Muma, and a new species, A. asternalis, both of which are described and illustrated. The subfamily Aceodrominae Muma is removed from the Phytoseiidae and synonymized under the subfamily Blattisociinae (Blattisociidae), and reasons for this action are discussed.
Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Agricultural Lands near Belleville, Ontario
Authors: Rivard I.
Published: December 2009

Carabid beetles found in agricultural lands in the Belleville district in 1959-62 are listed, together with notes on their habitats, relative abundance, and months of occurrence. Twelve of the 159 recorded species were sufficiently numerous to warrant investigations on their possible use as control agents for particular crop insect pests.
A New Species of Pineus (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on Abies
Authors: Underwood G. R. , Balch R. E.
Published: December 2009

A new anholocyclic species from the coastal region of western North America on Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes and A. grandis (Dougl.) Lindl. is described. This is the first species of Pineus found on true firs.
The Early Stages of Oidaematophorus phaceliae McD. (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae)
Authors: Comstock John Adams
Published: December 2009

Notes and illustrations of the life history of the pterophorid moth, Oidaematophorus phaceliae McD., are given, and former errors of determination are corrected.
The Rhagio dimidiatus Group in Western North America (Diptera, Rhagionidae)
Authors: James Maurice T.
Published: December 2009

The Rhagio dimidiatus group in western North America consists of four species, all but one polytypic. Traditional taxonomic procedure has not been successfully applied to this complex, since the component taxa are variable and often poorly defined. Consequently, a quantitative approach, involving deme-by-deme comparison on the basis of the ten most significant differentiating characters, and interpreted in the light of geographic distribution, is used. The group is reviewed, a key presented, and the included forms described. New taxa are: R. maculifer styx, Montana, R. m. byersi, California, R. expansus expansus, Oregon, California, and R. e. franciscanus, California. R. dimidiatus albibarbis (Bigot) and R. maculifer concavus Leonard are given new status as subspecies.
The Development of Pineus strobi (Hartig) (Adelginae, Phylloxeridae) on White Pine and Black Spruce
Authors: Raske Arthur G. , Hudson Alexander C.
Published: December 2009

Pineus strobi (Htg.) feeds on eastern white pine, where the sedentary apterous form reproduces itself repeatedly without the sexual form. The insects overwinter as immature females mostly in the third instar. Some eggs laid in spring produce winged forms, but most eggs produce apterous forms. Winged forms migrate to black spruce where they settle on the needles, lay eggs, and then die. The eggs hatch, but the immatures soon perish. On pine the crawler stage is the only one, except the adult alate form, that is capable of dispersing. In 1960 the bulk of the population passed through five generations. Although P. strobi can survive in shady areas, it is not found on bark exposed to sunlight for long periods because air temperatures of 30 °C. or above are unfavorable to it. The mouthparts are inserted intracellularly and extend at least into the outer tissues of the live phloem. During the summer, populations of P. strobi were extremely small due to predation. The three commonest insect predators were: Chilocorus bivulnerus Muls., Microweisea marginata LeC. and Leucopis simplex Loew. Other associated organisms had little effect.
Cold-Hardiness, Habitat and Winter Survival of Some Orchard Arthropods in Nova Scotia
Authors: MacPhee A. W.
Published: December 2009

In Kings County, Nova Scotia, low temperatures in the coldest nights of winter can differ by as much as 10°F. from one area to another. This has an important bearing on winter survival of some arthropods. Overwintering sites of orchard arthropods range from exposed situations which remain at air temperature to well protected ones on the ground where temperatures rarely go below 20°F. The cold-hardiness of each of 24 species of arthropods was measured: seven were sufficiently cold-hardy to survive any winter conditions in Nova Scotia, five were less cold-hardy but overwinter in well protected sites and twelve had marginal cold-hardiness, their mortality varying with the winter and the locality.
Resistance to Cyclodiene Insecticides in Root Maggots Infesting Tobacco
Authors: Telford J. N. , Brown A. W. A.
Published: December 2009

A study was made of the resistance to cyclodiene insecticides in the root maggots H. cilicrura and H. liturata infesting tobacco in southwestern Ontario; the resistance tests were made with dieldrin by the WHO impregnated-paper method. Field-collected adults classifiable as H. liturata showed a dieldrin-resistance which did not extend to DDT; the few F1 offspring obtainable by laboratory rearing were highly dieldrin-resistant. A strain of H. cilicrura originating from a collection of both species made at Delhi in 1960, and considered at the time to be dieldrin-resistant, proved to be just as susceptible to dieldrin as the Chatham laboratory strain. Individuals of H. cilicrura admixed with dieldrin-resistant H. liturata in a collection made at St. Thomas in August 1962 were all susceptible. The hypothesis is offered that the reversal in the proportions of the two species on tobacco in recent years is partly due to a difference between them in that H. liturata is capable of cyclodiene-resistance whereas H. cilicrura is not.
The Cocoon of the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera L.
Authors: Jay S. C.
Published: December 2009

During cocoon construction the predominant movement made by larvae of the three honey bee castes is a forward somersault which is made dorsal side outermost. Worker, drone, and queen larvae complete one somersault in 52, 46 or 67 (at two different times), and 32 minutes respectively with the total number of somersaults made during cocoon construction being 27-37, 40-50, and 40-80 respectively; the larvae take 37, 54, and 30 hours respectively to complete their cocoons. Weight changes of larvae before and after the cocoons are made are given.

Worker and drone larvae build completely enclosed cocoons directly on the side walls and end walls of cells, but queen larvae leave spaces between the cappings and the cocoons and do not cover the bases of their cells with cocoon material.

Cocoons consist of silk gland secretion (in thin sheets and threads), a colourless material, a light yellow material, and a more solid brown material (faeces); the last three are discharged from the larval anus. When, how, and where these various secretions and excretions are placed in the cocoon, and their probable origins, are described. Possibly some brood food is incorporated into the cocoon but skin secretions or larval blood are not.
Borborids (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) infesting Sewage Disposal Tanks, with Notes on the Life Cycle, Behaviour and Control ofLeptocera(Leptocera)caenosa(Rondani)
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H. , Taylor M. E.
Published: December 2009

A unique problem involving borborid infestations in modern septic sewage-disposal tanks is described. Two species,Leptocera(Leptocera)caenosa(Rondani) andL. (Limosina)empirica(Hutton) are new to North America. A third, yet undetermined, is related toL. (Limosina)gracilipennisSpul.

Adults emerging from tanks in new schools sometimes blackened lavatory windows. Domestic septic tanks were seldom infested and chemical tanks never infested. Factors responsible, prevention and control are discussed. The main pest species,L.caenosa, was cultured. At about 72°F. the egg stage lasted about 48 hrs. and the larval and pupal stages 7 or more days each. In a humid atmosphere males survived up to 32 days and females 79 days. Fertile eggs were laid as late as 47 days after mating, with a maximum of more than 1300 eggs per female. Observations, including olfactometer tests, indicated thatL.caenosashould not initiate a public health problem.