bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decision Trees, Random Forests, and the Genealogy of the Black Box
Authors: Jones Matthew L.
Published: March 2023

This chapter concerns the genesis and development of one of the foremost kinds of algorithms for supervised learning: decision trees. A series of researchers came obliquely to trees in the 1970s: a data-driven statistician, a machine learning expect focused on large data sets, social scientists unhappy with multivariate statistics, and a physicist interested mostly in computers who eventually was tenured in a statistics department. The history of trees is iterative: the implementation of algorithms on actually existing computers with various limitations drives the development and transformation of the techniques. Before the recent renaissance and current triumph of neural networks, decision trees were central to the transformation of artificial intelligence and machine learning of recent years: the shift in the central goal to a focus on prediction at the expense of concerns with human intelligibility, and a shift from symbolic interpretation to potent but inscrutable black boxes. Trees exploded in the late 1980s and 1990s as paragons of interpretable algorithms but developed in the late 1990s into an example of powerful but opaque ensemble models, predictive but almost unknowable. In some cases, techniques imported from academic statistics have made them even less attractive objects within traditional statistics, even as they are embedding in increasingly ubiquitous systems making judgments on our behalf. We need to explain, rather than take as given, the shift in values to prediction—to an instrumentalism—central to the ethos and practice of the contemporary data sciences. Studying trees, as this chapter does, will help us do this.
Precursors
Authors: Helfont Samuel
Published: March 2023

The first decade of Saddam’s rule in Iraq was bloody and tumultuous. He had inherited the ideology and institutions of the Ba‘th Party, but he restructured them to meet the challenges created by mass migration and the rise of political Islam. After establishing a Ba‘thist regime in Iraq, Branches of the Iraqi regime spread throughout Arab and Muslim communities around the world to influence local and international politics. At home, Saddam created a highly personalized regime that became synonymous with violence and repression. He fought a grinding war with Iran, crushed his regime’s opposition, and attempted to control all access to information in Iraq.
Building Networks in the West, 1991–2
Authors: Helfont Samuel
Published: March 2023

Western Europe and North America were the liberal core around which post–Cold War politics was supposed to be built. Their institutions and political values were supposed to radiate out to the rest of the world until the entire globe fell under the umbrella of the new world order. Yet within Western politics, humanitarian impulses and the ability to organize freely opened the door for dissent. As the Iraqi Ba‘thists learned to navigate this political landscape, they built important networks and amplified voices that were beneficial to Baghdad. This process was subtle at first, but by the end of the decade, it would become impossible to ignore.
Escalation Dynamics in Cyberspace
Authors: Lonergan Erica D. , Lonergan Shawn W.
Published: March 2023

This book challenges the conventional wisdom that cyberspace is a dangerous environment prone to escalation. It offers a theoretical framework to explain the general absence of cyber escalation that draws on core conceptions in security studies and extends their logic to the cyber domain. It also draws on central characteristics of cyber operations, arguing that they mitigate pathways to escalation and dampen the potential for intensification of strategic interactions between rival states. The theory’s logic is extended to explore the conditions under which cyber operations could contribute to the de-escalation of crises and articulate a proposition for specific scenarios in which escalation could nevertheless occur. The book offers a comprehensive perspective on the nature of cyber escalation, from competition to crisis and conflict. As well as interrogating long-held assumptions about escalation in cyberspace, it also reframes the conversation away from binary debates about whether or not escalation is probable to identifying the conditions under which escalation—or de-escalation—may be more or less likely. It assesses cyber behavior in the context of a number of different crises and strategic rivalries, particularly several dyads involving the United States and its rivals. This is important as there are direct, significant implications for states that may discount, overestimate, or miscalculate the risks of operating in and through cyberspace. The book concludes with policy recommendations, focusing on the implications for U.S. cyber strategy and operations.
Four Attributes of Cyber Operations
Authors: Lonergan Erica D. , Lonergan Shawn W.
Published: March 2023

Chapter 2 presents a systematic discussion of the four characteristics of cyber operations that form the foundation of the theory. It first explores the role of secrecy in cyber operations. Secrecy is essential for operational success; revealing information about operations to gain access to a target, and efforts to develop tools (particularly highly tailored ones) prior to or during the course of an operation can negate their effectiveness. Also, states often take advantage of the plausible deniability that cyberspace enables to avoid being held responsible for cyber attacks. This is not an absolute requirement to ensure operational effectiveness but, rather, a strategic decision. Next, it evaluates the range of requirements associated with planning and conducting offensive cyber operations. While cyberspace is often described as having low barriers to entry, many operations are in fact difficult to plan and execute and demand a level of operator skill, organizational maturity, and strategic patience to successfully implement. The chapter describes in detail some of the hurdles associated with gaining access, obtaining effects, and timing. The third aspect of cyber operations is the inherent limitations on cost generation. Specifically, cyberspace presents a problematic tool for imposing decisive and meaningful costs on a target, particularly at a magnitude comparable to that of offensive operations employing conventional or, certainly, nuclear munitions. Moreover, sustaining costly effects over time is even more challenging. Finally, the chapter evaluates the inextricable link between intelligence (including cyber intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) and military cyber operations.
Hays Is for Horses
Authors: Shiovitz Brynn W.
Published: March 2023

Chapter 6 examines the radical aesthetic shift that animation technology made possible. It documents how this transition not only aided in what was imaginable artistically, technically, visually, and sonically but also how it naturalized laws of the appropriate and ethical as governed by Breen’s iteration of the Production Code. Much of what the Code deemed unacceptable in live action film was excused by the censors when the representation was not “real.” Focusing on those qualities that give animation a “moral” advantage, the chapter assesses how anthropomorphism, technology, and dis-figuration contributed to the censors’ “blindness.” The art of animation lends itself more freely than acting by humans to concepts such as imitation, exaggeration, and buffoonery. The protean takes on the ability to transform humans into animals and vice versa; animation technology’s capacity to sever voice from visible image further nuances covert minstrelsy’s sonic component, altering the citational soundscape at the most minute levels. The protean guise, along with the sonic, allows a single body part to perform on its own, disappear, or re-assemble itself to another part of the body to create a new form, and technology allows this transformation to appear seamless. Looking at a world where all this is possible, chapter 6 discusses the innumerable coatings that have been applied to our screen.
Making Spaces for Youth
Authors: Poyntz Stuart R. , Sefton-Green Julian , Frey Heather Fitzsimmons
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines the new politics and economics of urban space that emerged in London, Toronto, and Vancouver toward the end of the 20th century. Each city went through a varied period of neoliberal transition dominated by a move toward a social–cultural politics of creative cities, creative economic development, and securitization for and in response to youth. YouthSites emerged in this context as “a gathering force” for young people—a place for learning, connection, and sometimes refuge amid the shifting ground of urban life. Organizations in London (Paddington Arts), Toronto (Oasis Skateboard Factory), and Vancouver (South Asian Arts) have played roles in negotiating processes of gentrification and the discourses of creativity and fear in cities, while creating new spaces of youth belonging. The chapter concludes by addressing how these organizations have worked as spaces of refuge when relationships between youth and the state have changed and often become harder and leaner.
The Progeny of H. R. Giger
Authors: Robinson Christopher L.
Published: March 2023

H. R. Giger’s contributions to Alien were so extensive that many speak of the film as a cinematic realization of the artist’s oeuvre. His designs have transformed the aesthetics of the science fiction and horror genres, as illustrated by Star Trek, Predator, and The Matrix. In his work on Alien, Giger employed the same style, themes, and motifs as his biomechanical art. A nightmarish double of Donna Haraway’s cyborg, and a casebook study of Noël Carroll’s category jamming, Giger’s Alien breaks down the binary divisions between body and machine, human and non-human, male and female, death and birth, beauty and terror. His exploration of the impact of technology on organic bodies leads many viewers to think of Giger’s biomechanics as futuristic, but retrofuturistic would be the more appropriate term, as illustrated by his designs for the derelict spacecraft and extraterrestrial pilot in Alien, as well as his earlier designs for Jodorowsky’s unrealized Dune. In the sequels and prequels of the Alien franchise, however, the artist’s creations are stripped of their key stylistic traits and molded to fit more traditional ways of thinking about technology, life-forms, sexual reproduction, and more.
“Building Better Worlds”
Authors: Walden Kim
Published: March 2023

As transmedia film franchising developed with its characteristic reboots, sequels, prequels, and shared cinematic universes, promotion costs rose in an increasingly crowded and competitive marketplace. As a consequence, film marketeers have devised correspondingly creative approaches to promotion using the online environment and social media. This chapter considers the evolution of online film marketing, as blockbusters transformed into transmedia franchises expanding their storytelling across media platforms. Through an examination of the award-winning promotional campaigns for Ridley Scott’s Prometheus (2012) and Alien: Covenant (2017), the chapter will consider how transmedia film marketing campaigns have grown to include fictional evil corporate website worlds, “exclusive” events at media conventions (cons), personalized advertising, experiential advertising like VR simulations, and franchise universe sites. This investigation concludes that the reason Alien’s transmedia marketing is so compelling lies in its close proximity to the film’s production. As a consequence, these marketing campaigns are arguably becoming as entertaining as the films themselves. So, one of Alien’s legacies is that its “advertising is part of the picture.”
“What the Hell Is That?”
Authors: Wible Zoé N.
Published: March 2023

Over the course of forty years, Alien (Scott, 1979) has expanded into various media, including novels, comic books, and video games. Nonetheless, the nature of the titular alien appears eminently fluid, sometimes even contradictory, as exemplified by the discrepancy between its origin story as presented in the films Alien vs Predator (2004) and Prometheus (2012). In different texts, the alien is presented as either solitary, pack-oriented, or part of a hive-mind, and it resembles an insect, a reptile, or even a biomechanical creation. Its lifecycle, diet, hunting strategies, and mating habits are also diversely explored, mobilizing knowledge of popular science regarding biology and zoology. Using cognitive media studies, this paper will show how categories and schemas are mobilized by the creators in order to encourage a classification of the alien that furthers the narrative and aesthetic purposes of a specific work, favoring different strategies for affective impact depending on the genre and medium. The figure of the alien remains radically malleable and shifting, presenting an “alternative species logic” (Hurley 1995; Littau 2011). In particular, the type, number, and length of encounters between the alien(s) and the human characters (and, by proxy, the audience) vary greatly from text to text, revealing different aesthetic goals, and impacting our understanding of the alien as a creature.
CDC Yellow Book 2024
Authors:   Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Published: March 2023

For over half a century, the CDC Yellow Book has been providing travel health professionals with the information they need to prepare their patients for safe and healthy travel abroad. Along with disease- and destination-based recommendations for vaccines and precautions, the book serves as a guide to understanding and addressing the various health threats that can come with all types of international travel. Last published in 2019, this latest edition updates readers on the changes in the practice of travel medicine that have occurred over the past 4 years, including COVID-19. Long the most trusted book of its kind, the CDC Yellow Book is a valuable resource in the ever-changing field of medicine, and an ever-changing world. NEW IN THE 2024 EDITION • The most current information on preparing for international travel during the COVID-19 pandemic and links to find updated information on the CDC and other US Government websites • The latest Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices vaccine recommendations (including cholera vaccine for children, revised rabies preexposure prophylaxis guidance, and tick-borne encephalitis vaccine) • Updates on practicing travel medicine in a virtual environment • Preparing Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer people for safe international travel • Expanded information for Highly Allergic Travelers • Preparing international travelers who have substance use issues and substance use disorders to travel safely • Information on traveling internationally with Pets & Service Animals • Expanded information on Popular Itineraries • Recommended management approaches to people who return from international travel with Delusional Parasitosis
Travel-Associated Infections & Diseases
Authors: Nemhauser Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

Content and chapters appearing in Part 1 (Bacterial) of Section 5 (Travel-Associated Infections & Diseases) include: 1. Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Table: Bacterial 2. Anthrax 3. Bartonella Infections 4. Brucellosis 5. Campylobacteriosis 6. Cholera 7. Diphtheria 8. Escherichia coli, Diarrheagenic 9. Helicobacter pylori 10. Legionnaires' Disease & Pontiac Fever 11. Leptospirosis 12. Lyme Disease 13. Melioidosis 14. Meningococcal Disease 15. Pertussis / Whooping Cough 16. Plague 17. Pneumococcal Disease 18. Q Fever 19. Rickettsial Diseases 20. Salmonellosis, Nontyphoidal 21. Shigellosis 22. Tetanus 23. Tuberculosis 24. Perspectives: Testing Travelers for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection 25. Typhoid & Paratyphoid Fever 26. Yersiniosis
Health Care Abroad
Authors: Nemhauser Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

Chapters appearing in this section include: 1. Travel Insurance, Travel Health Insurance & Medical Evacuation Insurance 2. Obtaining Health Care Abroad 3. Perspectives: Avoiding Poorly Regulated Medicines & Medical Products During Travel 4. Medical Tourism Purchasing travel insurance, travel health insurance, medical evacuation insurance policies before international travel; obtaining health care abroad; guidance regarding use of medications and medical products obtained internationally; guidance for people who travel internationally to receive health care (medical tourists)
Travel by Air, Land & Sea
Authors: Nemhauser Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

Chapters in this section include: 1. Air Travel 2. Perspectives: Responding to Medical Emergencies when Flying 3. Deep Vein Thrombosis & Pulmonary Embolism 4. Jet Lag 5. Road & Traffic Safety 6. Cruise Ship Travel 7. Motion Sickness 8. Airplanes & Cruise Ships: Illness & Death Reporting & Public Health Interventions
The Border Between Seeing and Thinking
Authors: Block Ned
Published: March 2023

This book argues that there is a joint in nature between seeing and thinking, perception, and cognition. Perception is constitutively iconic, nonconceptual, and nonpropositional, whereas cognition does not have these properties constitutively. The book does not appeal to “intuitions,” as is common in philosophy, but to empirical evidence, including experiments in neuroscience and psychology. The book argues that cognition affects perception, i.e., that perception is cognitively penetrable, but that this does not impugn the joint in nature. A key part of the argument is that we perceive not only low-level properties like colors, shapes, and textures but also high-level properties such as faces and causation. Along the way, the book explains the difference between perception and perceptual memory, the differences between format and content, and whether perception is probabilistic despite our lack of awareness of probabilistic properties. The book argues for perceptual categories that are not concepts, that perception need not be singular, that perceptual attribution and perceptual discrimination are equally fundamental, and that basic features of the mind known as “core cognition” are not a third category in between perception and cognition. The chapter on consciousness leverages these results to argue against some of the most widely accepted theories of consciousness. Although only one chapter is about consciousness, much of the rest of the book repurposes work on consciousness to isolate the scientific basis of perception.
Two kinds of seeing-as and singular content
Authors: Block Ned
Published: March 2023

This chapter argues that there are two kinds of seeing-as—nonconceptual perceptual attribution and minimal immediate direct perceptual judgment. Against Tyler Burge and Susanna Schellenberg, it argues that there are some cases of perception that do not involve figure/ground segregation that may be usefully construed as existential rather than singular for some purposes. Examples include the ganzfeld perception and seeing motion in the periphery without seeing a moving object. More generally, the chapter argues we can usefully construe perception as singular for some purposes and as existential for other purposes, but neither of these categories mesh with the fundamental nature of perception, involving ideas that make more sense as applied to language than to perception. So there is no fact of the matter as to whether perception is constitutively singular. The chapter also casts some doubt on Burge’s constancy criterion for perception. The chapter further argues that perceptual discrimination and attribution are both fundamental and neither reduces to the other. The ganzfeld perception is a plausible case of attribution without discrimination. But many putative cases of discrimination without attribution seem flawed. Discrimination is always discrimination in a respect, suggesting attribution of such a respect in all discrimination. The chapter goes on to discuss bias as a test case for the two kinds of seeing-as, concluding that one kind of bias is not perceptual. This illustrates one way of telling the difference between perception and perceptual judgment. Since perception and perceptual judgment fall on opposite sides of the joint in nature that this book is concerned with, this evidence gives an illustration of distinguishing between them. Finally, it discusses the evidence for evaluative perception, arguing it has not been demonstrated.
Neural evidence that perception is nonconceptual
Authors: Block Ned
Published: March 2023

This chapter is about experiments that aim to isolate the neural basis of conscious perception, but in line with the methodology discussed in Chapter 1, I am putting the issues of consciousness to one side, focusing on the neural basis of perception itself as contrasted with the neural basis of perceptual judgment. The chapter discusses the “no-report” paradigm not from the point of view of homing in on the neural basis of consciousness independently of report but rather from the point of view of separating perception from the cognitive processes underlying report. The global workspace and higher order theories of consciousness are implicitly committed to conscious perception being conceptual, as I will show in Chapter 13. What this chapter is about is neural evidence that perception is nonconceptual. I distinguish between phenomenal consciousness of perception, what it is like to have a perceptual experience, and access-consciousness, cognitive access to the perceptual content. Cognitive access to perceptual content is indeed conceptual but the perceptual content itself, or rather the state that has the perceptual content, is not conceptual. The chapter explains this point by noting what is by now a well known problem in identifying the neural basis of perception: Experiments typically require responses such as pressing one button rather than another, and it is difficult to see how to separate the neural basis of the perception itself from the neural basis of the cognitive processes involved in deciding on a response (Block, 1995a; 1997b). Those cognitive processes include deciding how the task set by the experimenter fits with the perception, maintaining the representation of the task and the perceptual categories in working memory and deploying those working memory representations in deciding what the response should be. This problem is especially acute when it comes to isolating the nonconceptual ground of perception, since the subjects’ cognitive processing will inevitably involve perceptual judgments and the application of concepts required for judgments. In addressing this problem, this chapter distinguishes the “no-report” paradigm from the “no-cognition” paradigm in the context of the “bored monkey” problem and the controversy over binocular rivalry and consciousness. Recent evidence showing that the “bored monkey” problem is an important factor using a mind-wandering technique will be presented.
Cognitive penetration is common but does not challenge the joint
Authors: Block Ned
Published: March 2023

The main aim of this book is to argue for a joint in nature between cognition and perception even if perception is cognitively penetrable. There are many different notions of cognitive penetration, even when one excludes notions based on the epistemology of perception and even when one focuses on issues of cognitive architecture. This chapter discusses some of the many notions of cognitive penetration, arguing that on the most central versions, there is cognitive penetration but that it does not challenge a joint between perception and cognition. The main examples of cognitive penetration involve ambiguous stimuli and feature-based attention. The chapter presents cases that would be counted as cognitive penetration by many common standards, though it will often focus on the Fodor/Pylyshyn idea of cognitive penetration as a direct influence of a cognitive state on the content of a perceptual state in virtue of the contents of both states.
Core cognition and perceptual analogs of concepts
Authors: Block Ned
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses whether borderline cases challenge a joint in nature, focusing on a borderline case that putatively has properties that are fundamental to both sides. In particular, the issue is discussed of whether the phenomena of “core cognition” have properties that are fundamental to both perception and cognition. Such cases would be candidates for conceptual perception which would impugn the joint in nature that this book argues for. The chapter starts with a discussion of the perception of causation, arguing that the evidence for perceptual representation of causation is now overwhelming and that “core cognition” of causation can be divided into the perceptual and the cognitive. Similar results apply to numerosity. The conclusion is that “core cognition” is a heterogeneous mixture of perception and cognition.
What to Expect when Starting Psychotherapy
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

This chapter reviews the steps involved in evaluating patients who may have depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD), along with basic psychoeducational and psychotherapeutic principles that facilitate the initiation of treatment. Nine topics that often come up at the start of psychotherapy with DDD patients, and are very helpful to address early on, are formulated and discussed. These are labeling and normalization; knowing what depersonalization/derealization (dpdr) is and is not; the question of what “caused” it; addressing the seeming physicality of dpdr symptoms; the sense of loss of control; the fear of passing on dpdr to one’s offspring and pregnancy; symptom monitoring and the use of a diary; dpdr-related obsessions and compulsions; and meaning making, especially in the case of drug-induced dpdr.
Waste
Authors: Szymanski Erika
Published: March 2023

As with other industries, winemaking generates waste, including loads of grape solids that may seem innocuous but aren’t. A whole additional set of industries has cropped up around trying to make winery waste useful, including traditional solutions and a long list of new “valorization” ideas, such as converting pomace and vine trimmings into energy. Whether or not those putative solutions are practical largely comes down to infrastructure and economies of scale. Winery-rich regions can support winery waste industries, large wineries can afford to develop their own solutions, and small wineries may manage small-scale waste on their own—but who gets left out in the middle? This chapter addresses the challenges of sustainable winery waste disposal from grappa to biogas in the context of why sustainability is an institutional problem.
Health
Authors: Szymanski Erika
Published: March 2023

You probably aren’t allergic to wine. Few people are, though far more are anxious about wine’s health effects for one reason or another. Wine does pose a serious immediate threat to a small number of people. Everyone should care about the long-term risks of chronic alcohol over-consumption—even though research can’t simply tell you how much is too much. The recent spate of concern about whether mainstream wines contain toxins or other contaminants, in contrast, has everything to do with marketing and very little to do with science. This chapter reviews the current state of wine allergy and wine sensitivity research, mistruths at the heart of “clean” wine, and how values complicate the business of trying to establish limits for safe and healthy alcohol consumption.
Intertextuality 2.0
Authors: Gordon Cynthia
Published: March 2023

Intertextuality captures the idea that all texts and conversations—and by extension, other creations such as images—are linked to other texts and conversations (and other creations), and that people, through making and interpreting such links, construct and infer meanings. Metadiscourse, which broadly refers to discourse about discourse, captures the notion that one important function of language is to communicate about itself. While scholars have long recognized the interrelatedness of the two theoretical concepts, existing studies have tended to focus on one or the other, thus leaving underexplored the specific ways in which these phenomena are intertwined at the micro-interactional level, especially online, and for what purposes. This interactional sociolinguistic study contributes to filling this gap by demonstrating how specific intertextual linking strategies, both linguistic (e.g., word repetition, deictic pronouns) and multimodal (e.g., emojis, symbols, and GIFs), are mobilized by posters participating on weight loss discussion boards. These strategies serve as a resource to accomplish the metadiscursive activities, targeted at various levels of discourse, through which participants construct shared understandings, negotiate the group’s interactional norms, and facilitate engagement in the group’s primary shared activity: exchanging information about, and providing support in, weight loss, healthful eating, and related issues. Intertextuality 2.0 provides microanalysis of discourse in a multimodal digital discourse context, or in “discourse 2.0”; in so doing, it advocates a dual understanding of intertextuality in the sense that its companion, metadiscourse, must be elevated in studies of intertextuality if we are to fully understand its role in (contemporary digital) discourse.
Introduction
Authors: Gordon Cynthia
Published: March 2023

This chapter introduces this interactional sociolinguistic study of how intertextual linking strategies, both linguistic and multimodal, are mobilized in online discussion board discourse as a resource for accomplishing metadiscursive activities. These metadiscursive activities are targeted at various levels of discourse. Collectively they facilitate posters’ engagement in their community of practice and its primary shared activity: exchanging information about, and providing support in, weight loss, healthful eating, and related issues. The chapter provides a review of theories and empirical studies of intertextuality and metadiscourse, with a focus on online and other digital discourse contexts and both linguistic and multimodal studies. It describes the data set, identifies the book’s purpose as demonstrating how integrating theories of intertextuality and metadiscourse in empirical analysis is necessary to provide a full view of the scope and functionality of online intertextuality, and provides a preview of the chapters ahead.
“I fixed it for you”
Authors: Gordon Cynthia
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines uses of a trope, “I fixed it for you”—also known as “I fixed that for you,” “FIFY,” or “FTFY”—in online discussion boards. This trope occurs when a prior post is adjusted in some way and commented on by another poster using one of these phrases (all of which include “fixed” or an abbreviation of it using the word’s first letter). The analysis shows how the metadiscursive activity of “fixing” fundamentally relies on intertextuality and is highly structured, occurring in a pattern described as reproduce—replace—refer—remark. The pattern relies on uses of the boards’ quotation function, textual manipulations, deictic pronouns and symbols, and “fixed.” In using the trope, posters help out other posters (such as to upload images), disagree with them, and joke or play; the trope is thereby a context for the negotiation of relationships in terms of power and solidarity.
Conclusion
Authors: Gordon Cynthia
Published: March 2023

This chapter summarizes this book’s findings and loops back to its larger goal of illuminating how intertextuality and metadiscourse are linked both in empirical online data and theoretically. It discusses the intertextual linking strategies uncovered by this research that people draw on in engaging in metadiscourse in interactions on discussion boards. These strategies range from the very “small” and concrete (e.g., a deictic pronoun) to the quite “big” and abstract (e.g., indexing cultural beliefs), from the textual to the multimodal. It reviews the functions these metadiscursive activities serve on the boards, such as defining terms, disagreeing, joking, locking threads, solving problems, and indexing ideologies and identities. It also describes how, in investigating “intertextuality 2.0”—intertextuality in the context of “discourse 2.0” or the “discourse of Web 2.0”—this study has stitched together not only intertextuality and metadiscourse as theories, but also concepts and ideas from across disciplines and approaches to discourse.
Sanskrit Poetics through Dandin’s Looking Glass
Authors: Bronner Yigal , Cox Whitney
Published: March 2023

This chapter narrates the history of Sanskrit poetic theory (Alaṅkāraśāstra) from the perspective of Dandin’s Mirror of Literature (Kāvyādarśa). It begins with a brief discussion of Dandin’s predecessors and their potential influence on him. Then follows an analysis of Dandin’s reception in Kashmir, home to a series of theorists who dominated the field of poetics beginning in the eighth century. The heart of the chapter is dedicated to Dandin’s most significant commentator, the tenth-century Sinhalese Buddhist monk Ratnashrijnana. It shows how this commentator responded to and extended fundamental aspects of the Mirror such as its openness and modularity. The chapter also shows Ratnashrijnana as steeped in both the world of Sanskrit court literati and that of the Buddhist community and its literature and values. The chapter concludes by the responses to the Mirror by a host of later medieval and early modern thinkers, most significantly King Bhoja (r. ca. 1010–1055) and Appayya Dikshita (ca. 1520–1592).
Mirror on Fire
Authors: Bhum Pema , Gyatso Janet
Published: March 2023

This chapter studies the translation and reception of Dandin’s Mirror of Literature in Tibet, and the aesthetic proclivities in early Tibetan literature that contributed to that reception. It also takes into account a certain resistance to Indic literary sensibilities in favor of vernacular Tibetan ones, a resistance that has remained salient among Tibetan literati even while the Mirror continues to have outsize impact on Tibetan poetic writing of many kinds down to the present. The chapter also considers the reception of the Mirror in Mongolia and its interaction with Mongolian indigenous writing styles. It shows some of the ways that Tibetan intellectuals, including figures as powerful as the Fifth Dalai Lama, appropriated Mirror-inspired aesthetic forms to engage in ironic political sparring, as well as to invent new categories of religious devotional experience and the nuances of soulful literary expression.
What Fundamental Factors Shape Elections?
Authors: Levendusky Matthew , Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Lance Holbert R. , Pasek Josh
Published: March 2023

This chapter reviews the fundamental elements that shape all elections in the United States, not just the 2020 presidential contest. These fundamentals include the state of the national economy, the president’s popularity, whether the country is at war or peace, and the balance of partisanship in the US electorate. It also discusses consequential changes, such as the strengthening of partisanship and related group identity primes, that circumscribe how these fundamental factors play out in contemporary elections. The chapter also explains how partisanship and identity-protective cognition shaped our panelists’ responses to the four crises on which the book focuses.
Law and Order vs. Law and Order with Racial Justice
Authors: Pasek Josh , Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: March 2023

George Floyd’s death in May 2020 sparked what may have been the nation’s largest protest movement. Although most of these protests, which centered on calls for racial justice, were peaceful, a small number featured violence and disorder. Employing alternative frames, Trump stressed law and order, whereas Biden messaged about how law and order must be coupled with racial justice. This part of the chapter, Part 1, traces these contrasting narratives, and Part 2 explores their effects. With this issue and Trump’s racialized presidency as the backdrop, we show that racial attitudes, as well as attitudes about crime and policing, played central roles in the 2020 election. We also show that residing near Kenosha, Wisconsin—a site of protests and counter-protests in August 2020—was associated with specific attitudes toward policing and civil unrest, suggesting that the geographic distribution of protests also mattered.
Interdisciplinary and Intercultural Artistic Collaboration
Authors: Rao Nancy Yunhwa
Published: March 2023

New creativity is sparked when people collaborate in the arts, whether they be visual artists, musicians, composers, dancers, dramaturges, or actors. At their best, such collaborations put their contributors in an exalted mood, and a feeling of betterment and fulfillment. This chapter examines two types of collaborations—interdisciplinary and intercultural—in performing and visual arts, with a focus on the similarity between these two types of collaborations and the modes of human flourishing that they engender. Two case studies serve as the point of departure for conceptual and theoretical exploration. The first is the creation of a course on interdisciplinary collaboration for five departments (music, dance, theater, visual arts, and filmmaking) at the Mason Gross School of the Arts at Rutgers University. The second explores the idea of cultural merger through an analysis of an inter-Asia composition for Korean traditional ensemble by Chinese American composer Chou Wen-chung.
Playful Transcendence
Authors: Butler Melvin L.
Published: March 2023

Exploring “play” and “transcendence” as complementary modalities, this chapter uncovers how music—as sound, behavior, and concept—brings the connections between these two multivalent concepts into focus. It aims to interrogate how Black music-making transcends ritual frames and accrues various meanings for audiences and “players”—especially in the face of social marginalization. Drawing on his fieldwork within African diasporic religious communities, and his professional work as a performer in sacred and secular contexts, the author reflects on the following questions: How might ethnomusicological research on Black music-making stimulate fresh thinking about what it means to flourish in ritual contexts? What can music tell us about the human capacity to experience transcendence through play, and vice versa? Under what conditions does transcendence become playful phenomenon? To what extent might scholarly work in this area constitute a form of playful transcendence?
Causation and Perception
Authors: Lascano Marcy P.
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines Cavendish’s and Conway’s views on causation and perception. It argues that Cavendish identifies two distinct types of causation: occasional causation and substance transfer. It argues that Cavendish holds that nature is the only prime or principal cause in her system, and that occasional causes are necessary, and as part of the entire cause, sufficient for perception. The chapter argues that Conway also identifies two types of causation, mechanical and vital, and argues that Conway holds that the mind-body problem is resolved by the fact that bodies are moved by resistance, which is possible because spirit comes in degrees of penetrability. Finally, the chapter explicates Conway’s views on cognition and knowledge in light of her account of causation.
Internal Pathways
Authors: Chernov Hwang Julie
Published: March 2023

This chapter is the first of two chapters highlighting the processes and pathways via which individuals join extremist groups. It explores internal pathways to entry into jihadi groups. This chapter centers mostly on the experience of members of Jemaah Islamiyah and its affiliates in Indonesia, although it also draws on members of the Maute group in the Philippines. It underscores the role of kinship ties, on the one hand, in expediting the pathway to entry into militant groups, and radical educational institutions, on the other hand. In this chapter, kinship refers to familial ties: parents, siblings, uncles, and extended family or “relatives.” Schools refer to specific radical pesantren (boarding schools), which are run by or affiliated with specific extremist groups.
Conclusion
Authors: Chernov Hwang Julie
Published: March 2023

As individuals continue to join extremist groups, it is important to understand the processes and pathways via which they become members of such groups: what propels them to join, how they express commitment, and how they become involved in moderate- and high-risk activism. Understanding these interrelated processes is critical for designing effective counter-radicalization and disengagement efforts. The Conclusion highlights the major trends that have emerged from this book and discusses the implications of these trends for the broader study of joining extremist groups, radicalization, and terrorism in both the Muslim world and the West.
Silencing and Protest
Authors: Medina José
Published: March 2023

Chapter 3 lays out the communicative approach to protest that I use in the rest of the book and lays the groundwork for the expressive and speech-act-theoretic analysis of the different dimensions of protest acts. The chapter provides an analysis of the silencing of protest and distinguishes four different kinds of silencing: pre-locutionary, locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary silencing. The account of silencing sketched in this chapter pays particular attention to those forms of silencing that are produced by defective uptake (or lack of uptake) by the audiences of protest; it is an account that will be further elaborated and complicated in later chapters through case studies. This chapter also offers a preliminary analysis of four different communicative dimensions of protest and the different kinds of silencing they can be subject to, an analysis that is further developed in the four subsequent chapters dedicated to each of the four key communicative dimensions of protest.
Whose Streets? Our Streets! The Making of a Protesting Public
Authors: Medina José
Published: March 2023

Chapter 4 examines the expressive and performative power of protest as it operates at different levels: at the level of visibility, at the level of agency and self-empowerment, and at the very basic level of group constitution. This chapter sheds light on the communicative mechanism of protest as a way to secure visibility and social standing for those who have been left out from the public sphere by forms of exclusion such as detention and imprisonment, or stigmatization and intimidation through legal and paralegal means (e.g., the persecution of undocumented workers or the stigmatization of LGBTQ + people). The author’s account of the expressive-performative function of protest draws from and critically engages with W. E. B. Du Bois’ expressivist theory of protest, Hannah Arendt’s account of the political and communicative significance of having a voice and what she calls “the right to have rights,” and Judith Butler’s performative theory of assembly and what she calls “the right to appear.”
The Practice of Replenishment and Renewal
Authors: Schenck David , Neely Scott
Published: March 2023

The body itself is one’s moral presence, and one’s most essential healing resource. The body is where moral anguish is experienced as pain and injury. This means that an essential component of getting to the other side of burnout is developing practices and skills to support the body in its work of healing others and healing itself. The foundation skills of inner attentiveness are (1) awareness and physical pain and (2) pause–center–shift. The skills that expand this core to include awareness of interactions with others are (1) listening, (2) “hot buttons”/guided imagery, (3) mirroring/breaking the circuit, and (4) from empathy to presence. The skills of focused attention taught through the exercises in this chapter provide many opportunities for learning to abide in the field of suffering and transform it into a field of healing.
The Field of Suffering Is the Field of Healing
Authors: Schenck David , Neely Scott
Published: March 2023

The five dialogues presented in Part II invite readers to join in the continuous exploration of what healing is and how they can sustain one another as healers. These conversations were held between the author, David Schenck, and his collaborator, Scott Neely. They explore more fully skills involved in finding the other side of burnout, as well as the spiritual dimensions of the healing vocation. Dialogue allows one to practice the skills of attentive listening and apposite sharing. In dialogue, partners accompany one another into ever-evolving, ever-deepening understanding. The dialogues in Part II remind readers that the conversation continues, that learning never ends, and that they are not alone.
The Fulcrum and the Great Compassion
Authors: Schenck David , Neely Scott
Published: March 2023

The five dialogues presented in Part II invite readers to join in the continuous exploration of what healing is and how they can sustain one another as healers. These conversations were held between the author, David Schenck, and his collaborator, Scott Neely. They explore more fully skills involved in finding the other side of burnout, as well as the spiritual dimensions of the healing vocation. Dialogue allows one to practice the skills of attentive listening and apposite sharing. In dialogue, partners accompany one another into ever-evolving, ever-deepening understanding. The dialogues in Part II remind readers that the conversation continues, that learning never ends, and that they are not alone.
Fractal Gavottes and the Ephemeral World in Bach’s Cantata 64
Authors: Marissen Michael
Published: March 2023

This chapter argues that Johann Sebastian Bach’s systematic disintegration, at both macro and micro levels, of a dance form in the soprano aria from his Cantata 64 was designed to highlight several main themes in a premodern Lutheran viewpoint that was continually pitted against what conservative Lutherans like him took to be the undue and indeed dangerous optimism of Enlightenment thinking: the text and music of his aria proclaim that the present world is fundamentally not good, that humanism and its attainments ultimately add up to nothing (people cannot fundamentally or reliably make the world better); and that only eternity, not problematic Time, is cast-iron (the temporal world, with its ephemeral delights, will fade away).
Do Institutions Matter? A Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Cheon Andrew
Published: March 2023

Leveraging GlobalData’s Oil and Gas eTrack database, the chapter finds evidence consistent with its argument that NOCs from democracies are less likely to invest abroad than NOCs from non-democracies. Democracy is associated with a substantively significant decrease in the incidence of NOC outward investments. Interestingly, this constraint operates more strongly in oil exporting countries than oil importing countries. The chapter also finds evidence that the number of political parties is less relevant as a predictor of NOC investments than the divergence of economic preferences between the incumbent governments and the more competitive opposition parties. Finally, the chapter finds that democracy has a negative effect on the deal value of NOC outward investments, which is substantively significant. On the other hand, the absence of a substantively robust effect for bureaucratic structure reveals limitations to the statistical analysis, such as the inability to capture the co-evolution of NOCs and bureaucratic principals and the quality of investments.