bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hip dysplasia in labrador retrievers: the effects of age at scoring
Authors: Wood J. L. N. , Lakhani K. H.
Published: October 2010

Selective breeding policies for preventing or controlling hip dysplasia require accurate estimates of parameters in offspring/parental relationships and estimates of heritability. Recent literature includes some major studies of pedigree breeds of dog, using data derived from the hip dysplasia screening scheme set up by the British Veterinary Association. These publications have not taken into account the age of the animals when they were screened. This study analyses the data from 29,213 labrador retrievers whose ages were known when they screened. The mean hip score of the dogs was positively and significantly correlated with their age. If this relationship with age is ignored, various offspring/parental relationships and the estimates of heritability are likely to be distorted.
Sevoflurane anaesthesia in chickens during spontaneous and controlled ventilation
Authors: Naganobu K. , Ise K. , Miyamoto T. , Hagio M.
Published: October 2010

A crossover study design was used to investigate the dose‐related effects of sevoflurane at end‐tidal concentrations of 2.2 to 4.4 per cent on the respiratory rate, blood gases, heart rate, arterial blood pressure and ocular signs of chickens during spontaneous and controlled ventilation. The mean (sd) carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) increased as the concentration of sevoflurane increased, and was 86 (29) mmHg at an end‐tidal concentration of 4.4 per cent during spontaneous ventilation, but was maintained between 29 and 42 mmHg during controlled ventilation. The heart rate increased as the concentration of sevoflurane increased during spontaneous ventilation, but did not change during controlled ventilation. Sevoflurane decreased arterial blood pressure during both spontaneous and controlled ventilation, but a dosedependent decrease in arterial blood pressure was observed only during controlled ventilation. The mean arterial blood pressure at an end‐tidal concentration of 4.4 per cent was significantly higher during spontaneous ventilation than during controlled ventilation. Controlled ventilation prevented the increases in PaCO2and heart rate that were observed during spontaneous ventilation. The decrease in arterial blood pressure during spontaneous ventilation was less than that during controlled ventilation, possibly owing to the effects of hypercapnia.
Use of clinical information to predict the characteristics of bacteria isolated from clinical cases of bovine mastitis
Authors: Milne M. H. , Biggs A. M. , Fitzpatrick J. L. , Innocent G. T. , Barrett D. C.
Published: October 2010

Farmers recorded the clinical signs of cows with clinical mastitis and submitted milk samples for bacteriological examination, so that the clinical signs could be correlated with the bacteriological findings. Odds ratios for the demeanour of the cow, the appearance of the milk, milk yield, udder texture, and the administration of parenteral antibiotics were calculated for mastitis cases classified in terms of their microbiology as either enterobacteriaceae, major Gram‐positive pathogens, minor pathogens, ‘no growths’ or ‘all other pathogens‘. Animals infected with enterobacteriaceae had the highest odds of being reported as having a reduced milk yield, swollen or hard udders, watery milk and/or being systemically sick. A logistic regression model was used to predict the Gram‐staining characteristics of the bacteria causing clinical mastitis. The clinical findings found to be significant predictors in the model were the demeanour of the cow and its milk yield. The regression model was used as a basis for a predictive test. Using a test data set, the sensitivity of the test was 28 per cent, its specificity was 96 per cent, the positive predictive value was 74 per cent and the negative predictive value was 80 per cent. The overall accuracy of these predictions was 79 per cent.
Treatment of gastric ulceration in 10 standardbred racehorses with a pectin‐lecithin complex
Authors: Ferrucci F. , Zucca E. , Croci C. , Di Fabio V. , Ferro E.
Published: October 2010

The severity of the erosive and ulcerative lesions of the squamous gastric mucosa in 10 standardbred racehorses in training was classified according to a standard scoring system. Each horse was then treated orally for 30 days with 50g/l OOkg bodyweight daily of a pectin‐lecithin complex mixed into the feed. At the end of the period of treatment, the gastric lesions were re‐evaluated gastroscopically and the scores were compared with those assigned at the previous evaluation. In three of the horses the gastric ulcerations had healed completely, and in six others the lesions had improved significantly.
Enhancement of the immune response and virological protection of calves against bovine herpesvirus type 1 with an inactivated gE‐deleted vaccine
Authors: Kerkhofs P. , Renjifo X. , Toussaint J‐F. , Letellier C. , Vanopdenbosch E. , Wellemans G.
Published: October 2010

Four immunisation protocols based on inactivated and attenuated commercially available marker vaccines for bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV‐1) were compared. The first group of calves were vaccinated with an attenuated vaccine administered intranasally and an inactivated vaccine injected subcutaneously, four weeks apart; the second group were vaccinated twice with the attenuated vaccine, first intranasally and then intramuscularly; the third group were vaccinated twice subcutaneously with the inactivated vaccine; and the fourth group were vaccinated twice intramuscularly with the attenuated vaccine. A control group of calves were not vaccinated. The cellular and humoral immune responses were highest in the two groups which received at least one injection of the inactivated vaccine. Virological protection was observed in all the vaccinated groups after a challenge infection and reactivation by treatment with dexamethasone, but the calves which received one dose of the inactivated vaccine as a booster or two doses of the inactivated vaccine excreted significantly less of the challenge virus than the calves which were vaccinated only with the attenuated preparation.
Epidemiology and control of an outbreak of foot‐and‐mouth disease in the Republic of Ireland in 2001
Authors: Griffin J. M. , O'Reilly P. J.
Published: October 2010

An outbreak of foot‐and‐mouth disease was confirmed in a flock of sheep on a farm in the Cooley peninsula, County Louth, on March 22, 2001. The virus was similar to other viruses of the serotype 0 PanAsian strain and virtually indistinguishable from other isolates from Northern Ireland and Great Britain. The epidemiological evidence suggested that infected sheep brought from Great Britain on February 19, 2001, were the source of the infection. The disease was eradicated by epidemiological investigation, serological testing and extensive culling.
Verocytotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in the Swedish pig population
Authors: Eriksson E. , Nerbrink E. , Borch E. , Aspan A. , Gunnarsson A.
Published: October 2010

Verocytotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli 0157:H7 (VTEC 0157:H7) was detected in two of 2446 individual faecal samples collected from pigs slaughtered at five Swedish slaughterhouses, indicating a prevalence of 0‐08 per cent, with a 95 per cent confidence interval from 0 to 0.16 per cent. Four Swedish VTEC 0157:H7‐pOsitiVe farms which kept ruminants and pigs were studied by repeated faecal sampling; VTEC 0157:H7 was isolated from the ruminants and pigs on all the farms and the same strains were present in the pigs and the ruminants. On one of the farms, the organism persisted in the pig population for 11 months. On all four farms, management practices which might have influenced the isolation rate in pigs were identified. A group of young VTEC 0157:H7‐positive pigs was moved from one of the VTEC 0157:H7‐positiVe farms to a fattening herd where there were no ruminants. The number of VTEC 0157:H7‐positive faecal samples decreased gradually and after nine weeks the pigs were all negative; at slaughter none of the pigs was VTEC 0157:H7‐positive.
Review of the pharmacokinetics, interactions and adverse reactions of cyclosporine in people, dogs and cats
Authors: Robson D.
Published: October 2010

Cyclosporine is being increasingly used in veterinary medicine. Oral formulations of the drug have found many therapeutic uses, but topical formulations have met with only limited success, probably owing to their poor penetration through the stratum corneum. The concurrent use of ketoconazole to inhibit cyclosporine metabolism has been shown to reduce the required dose and hence the cost of cyclosporine therapy. In human medicine, adverse reactions to the drug, especially nephrotoxicity, are common but in dogs given the commonly used oral dose of 5 mg/kg per day there have been few adverse reactions. However, no toxicity studies lasting longer than 12 months have been carried out in this species. This paper reviews the pharmacokinetics, drug and procedural interactions, contraindications and the adverse reactions to cyclosporine, with particular reference to its use in the treatment of dermatological conditions in dogs, cats and people.
Epidemiological study of Culicoides hypersensitivity in horses in Israel
Authors: Steinman A. , Peer G. , Klement E.
Published: October 2010

The variations with breed, gender, age and coat colour in the prevalence of Culicoides hypersensitivity were studied in 408 horses on 18 farms in Israel. Data were gathered by means of questionnaires and the diagnoses were confirmed by direct physical examinations. The prevalence of Culicoides hypersensitivity was 28 per cent. The disease was rare on farms more than 800 m above sea level but was more prevalent at lower altitudes. The most important factors affecting the prevalence of Culicoides hypersensitivity were the farm, breed and age, but gender and colour were not significantly correlated with its prevalence.
Assessment of the morphology of frozenthawed bull sperm in relation to its cryopreservation for artificial insemination
Authors: Revell S.
Published: October 2010

The morphology of sperm in raw semen was compared with that of the live sperm in semen which had been frozen and thawed. The thawed semen was stained with 6‐carboxyfluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide and examined by fluorescence microscopy; smears of the raw semen were stained with eosin and nigrosin. Thirty‐four ejaculates from 24 bulls of various breeds were examined. There were fewer abnormal heads, detached heads, coiled tails and proximal cytoplasmic droplets/pseudodroplets in the thawed semen than in the raw semen, there was no change in the number of bent tails, but the number of distal cytoplasmic droplets/pseudodroplets increased. There were no significant differences in morphology between ejaculates which passed or failed the osmotic resistance test after thawing, but failed batches tended to have more distal cytoplasmic droplets/pseudodroplets.
Non‐invasive measurement of the cardiovascular effects of chronic hypoxaemia on dogs living at moderately high altitude
Authors: Glaus T. M. , Hauser K. , Hassig M. , Lipp B. , Reusch C. E.
Published: October 2010

Pulmonary hypertension is a well‐recognised condition in dogs, and, among other mechanisms, is caused by hypoxia. In order to evaluate the effect of chronic hypobaric hypoxia on pulmonary arterial pressure in dogs, a colony of 19 clinically and biochemically healthy Greenland sled dogs living permanently at at least 2300 m above sea level (altitude dogs) and 10 clinically healthy Greenland sled dogs living at 700 to 900 m above sea level (control dogs) were examined. Investigations were made of the dogs' packed‐cell volume, venous and arterial blood gases, electrocardiogram, blood pressure and echocardiograph, including the calculation of pulmonary arterial pressure by Doppler examination of tricuspid regurgitation. The altitude dogs had a marked arterial hypoxaemia with a mean (sd) oxygen partial pressure of 61.9 (7.4) mmHg and a significantly lower arterial oxygen saturation (90.7 [3.7] per cent) than the control dogs (96.7 [0.8] per cent). In eight of the altitude dogs, tricuspid regurgitation allowed calculation of the systolic pulmonary arterial pressure, which was 29.5 (10.4) mmHg. Eight of the control dogs had tricuspid insufficiency, and their derived systolic pulmonary arterial pressure was significantly lower (17.4 [3.9] mmHg).
Study of dog and cat owners' perceptions of medical treatment for cancer
Authors: Brønden L. B. , Flagstad A. , Rutteman G. R. , Teske E.
Published: October 2010

Between April 10 and June 9, 2000, 91 owners of cats and dogs that were being or had been treated with anticancer chemotherapy were given a questionnaire designed to obtain information about their experiences as a result of the discovery and treatment of the disease, the efficacy and side effects of the treatment and their perceptions of the procedures associated with the administration of the drugs. Nearly all of the owners felt that the treatment was worthwhile. The level of observed side effects was low. Well over half of the owners believed that their animal had lived longer than it would have if it had not been treated and that its general wellbeing had improved. In general, they felt that the treatment had been rewarding and that any adverse side effects had been outweighed by the positive experiences during the treatment; they felt that they had been well informed and that their animals had benefited from the treatment.
Treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis with interferon‐omega in a placebo‐controlled field trial
Authors: de Mari K. , Maynard L. , Eun H. M. , Lebreux B.
Published: October 2010

The clinical efficacy of a recombinant feline interferon (IFN) (type omega) was evaluated under field conditions for the treatment of dogs with parvoviral enteritis. In this multicentric, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, 94 dogs from one to 28 months old were randomly assigned to two groups which were treated intravenously either with IFN (2·5 million units/kg) or placebo once a day for three consecutive days, and monitored for clinical signs and mortality for 10 days. Each dog received individual supportive treatment. The data from 92 interpretable cases (43 IFN‐treated and 49 placebo) showed that the clinical signs of the IFN‐treated animals improved significantly in comparison with the control animals, and that there were only three deaths in the IFN group compared with 14 deaths in the placebo group (P=0·0096) corresponding to a 4·4‐fold reduction. Alternative analyses of the data taking into account the prior vaccination status of the dogs against canine parvovirus suggested that the IFN therapy resulted in a 6·4‐fold reduction in mortality (P=0·044) in the unvaccinated cohort, a significant reduction when compared with the vaccinated cohort.
Systematic review of the distribution of the major vector‐borne parasitic infections in dogs and cats in Europe
Authors: Trotz‐William L. A. , Trees A. J.
Published: October 2010

On the basis of a systematic review of the literature, this paper provides the first evidence‐based maps of the distribution of the major vector‐borne parasitic infections of dogs and cats in Europe. From an initial survey of 894 publications, data from 268 were analysed, summarised and collated. Prevalence data were used to calculate the force of infection to provide distribution and incidence maps for canine infections withLeishmania infantum, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens, Babesia canisandEhrlichia canis. There was little information from some areas but, in spite of its acknowledged incompleteness, the study provides an evidence‐based framework upon which to assess the risks of infection, and will provide a basis, by correlation with climatic and vegetation data, to derive more comprehensive risk assessment maps for Europe. To clinicians in both endemic and non‐endemic countries, it will be of assistance in decision‐making with respect to diagnosis and preventive measures.
Pathology of sporotrichosis in 10 cats in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Pacheco Schubach T. M. , de Oliveira Schubach A. , Cuzzi‐Maya T. , Okamoto T. , Santos Reis R. , Fialho Monteiro P. C. , Gutierrez‐Galhardo M. C. , Wanke B.
Published: October 2010

Ten cats with sporotrichosis were examined clinically and pathologically. They were in very poor general condition, and had widespread ulcerated cutaneous lesions and respiratory signs. Gross internal abnormalities were found only in the lungs and lymph nodes. Histologically, an inflammatory infiltrate and yeast‐like structures were observed in the skin, lungs, liver and lymph nodes. The spleen was congested and contained fungal elements. No microscopical changes were observed in the pancreas, kidneys and heart. Sporothrix schenckii was isolated from all the skin samples and nasal swabs obtained in vivo, and from all the samples of lung, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, heart and kidney taken postmortem.
Use of a PCR assay to assess the prevalence and risk factors forMycoplasma haemofelisand‘CandidatusMycoplasma haemominutum’ in cats in the United Kingdom
Authors: Tasker S. , Binns S. H. , Day M. J. , Gruffydd‐Jones T. J. , Harbour D. A. , Helps C. R. , Jensen W. A. , Olver C. S. , Lappin M. R.
Published: October 2010

Blood samples from 426 healthy and sick cats in the UK were tested in a PCR assay for‘CandidatusMycoplasma haemominutum’ andMycoplasma haemofelis(basonymHaemobartonella felis). Seventy‐two of the cats (16·9 per cent) were positive for‘CandidatusM haemominutum’ alone, six (1·4 per cent) were positive forM haemofelisalone and one (0·2 per cent) was positive for both. Logistic regression analysis indicated that older male cats were significantly more likely to be infected with‘CandidatusM haemominutum’, but there was no significant association between it and any of the haematological variables measured.M haemofelisinfection was uncommon in the anaemic cats sampled, and there were too few positive cases for multivariable analysis to be performed forM haemofelis‐positive status.
Evaluation of once daily treatment with cyclosporine for anal furunculosis in dogs
Authors: Doust R. , Griffiths L. G. , Sullivan M.
Published: October 2010

Twenty.four dogs with anal furunculosis were treated with cyclosporine once daily for 13 weeks at dosages of 1.5, 3.0, 5.0 or 7.5 mg/kg, and re.examined after six and 12 months. After 13 weeks the disease in six of the dogs was in remission, 11 were controlled or improved and seven had failed to respond. The response of the dogs given the highest dose was significantly better than the response of the other groups taken together (P<0.01 4), and better than the responses of the groups given 1.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg (P<0.05). The dogs improved clinically during the treatment, most rapidly during the first five weeks. Of the six dogs that were in remission after 13 weeks, three relapsed after one, two and six months. The 1 1 dogs that were improved or controlled after 13 weeks were either left untreated or were continued on cyclosporine medication for one to three months at a dosage of 1.5 to 7.5 mg/kg; the disease went into remission in four cases and remained controlled in the other seven, but four of the 1 1 cases relapsed during the 12 months following the treatment. The side effects observed included increased coat turnover and transient vomiting.
Investigations of the efficacy of European HINI‐ and H3N2‐based swine influenza vaccines against the novel HI N2 subtype
Authors: Van Reeth K. , Van Gucht S. , Pensaert M.
Published: October 2010

The efficacy of a commercial swine influenza vaccine based on A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hi N1) and A/Port Chalmers/i /73 (H3N2) strains was tested against challenge with an HI N2 swine influenza virus. Influenza virus‐seronegative pigs were vaccinated twice with the vaccine when they were four and eight weeks old, or with the same vaccine supplemented with an Hi N2 component. Control pigs were left unvaccinated. Three weeks after the second vaccination, all the pigs were challenged intratracheally with the swine influenza strain Sw/Gent/7625/99 (Hi N2). The commercial vaccine induced cross‐reactive antibodies to Hi N2, as detected by the virus neutralisation (VN) assay, but VN antibody titres were 18 times lower than in the pigs vaccinated with the HIN2‐supplemented vaccine. The challenge produced severe respiratory signs in nine of 10 unvaccinated control pigs, which developed high HIN2 virus titres in the lungs 24 and 72 hours after the challenge. Vaccination with the commercial vaccine resulted in milder respiratory signs, but Hi N2 virus replication was not prevented. Mean virus titres in the pigs vaccinated with the commercial vaccine were 1‐5 logio lower than in the controls at 24 hours but no different at 72 hours. In contrast, the HI N2‐supplemented vaccine prevented respiratory disease in most pigs. There was a 4‐5 log10 reduction in the mean virus titre at 24 hours in the pigs vaccinated with this vaccine, and no detectable virus replication at 72 hours. These data indicate that the commercial swine influenza vaccine did not confer adequate protection against the H1 N2 subtype.
Outbreak of equine herpesvirus type 1 myeloencephalitis: new insights from virus identification by PCR and the application of an EHV‐1 ‐specific antibody detection ELISA
Authors: Studdert M. J. , Hartley C. A. , Dynon K. , Sandy J. R. , Slocombe R. R , Charles J. A. , Milne M. E. , Clarke A. F. , El‐Hage C.
Published: October 2010

Five of 10 pregnant, lactating mares, each with a foal at foot, developed neurological disease. Three of them became recumbent, developed complications and were euthanased; of the two that survived, one aborted an equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐1)‐positive fetus 68 days after the first signs were observed in the index case and the other gave birth to a healthy foal on day 283 but remained ataxic and incontinent. The diagnosis of EHV‐1 myeloencephalitis was supported by postmortem findings, PCR identification of the virus and by serological tests with an EHV‐1 ‐specific ELISA. At the time of the index case, the 10 foals all had a heavy mucopurulent nasal discharge, and PCR and the ELISA were used to detect and monitor EHV‐1 infection in them. The status of EHV‐1 infection in the five in‐contact mares was similarly monitored. Sera from three of the affected mares, taken seven days after the index case were negative or had borderline EHv‐1 ‐specific antibody titres. In later serum samples there was an increase in the titres of EHv‐1 ‐specific antibody in two of the affected mares. In contrast, sera from the five unaffected in‐contact mares were all EHv‐1 ‐antibody positive when they were first tested seven or 13 days after the index case.
Plasma aldosterone concentrations and plasma renin activity in healthy dogs and dogs with hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Javadi S. , Kooistra H. S. , Mol J. A. , Boer P. , Boer W. H. , Rijnberk A.
Published: October 2010

The mean (se) basal plasma aldosterone concentrations were significantly lower in 31 dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) (75 [9] pmol/litre) than in 12 healthy dogs (118 [14] pmol/litre), whereas in five dogs with hyperadrenocorticism due to an adrenocortical tumour they were significantly higher (205 [109] pmol/litre). The mean basal renin activity was not significantly different between the dogs with PDH (303 [48] fmol/litre/second), the dogs with an adrenocortical tumour (141 [63] fmol/litre/second), and the control dogs (201 [25] fmol/litre/second). At three and four hours after the intravenous administration of 0.1 mg/kg dexamethasone, the concentrations of aldosterone decreased significantly to about 60 per cent of their initial values in the control dogs but did not change in the dogs with PDH or an adrenocortical tumour. In the dogs with PDH the renin activity increased significantly after the administration of dexamethasone.
Clinical, haematological, immunohistochemical and pathological findings in 10 cattle with cutaneous lymphoma
Authors: Schweizer G. , Hilbe M. , Braun U.
Published: October 2010

This paper describes the clinical, haematological, immunohistochemical and pathological findings in 10 female cattle with cutaneous lymphoma. The most striking clinical finding was multifocal intracutaneous nodules, which were firm, hairless and sometimes covered with haemorrhagic crusts. All the animals had multiple lymphadenopathy. Eight of the animals had leucocytosis and two also had lymphocytosis. In seven animals, a definitive diagnosis of lymphosarcoma was made on the basis of biopsies of intracutaneous nodules or fine needle aspirates of superficial lymph nodes. In some of the cattle the kidneys, heart, spleen and lungs were affected.
Retrospective study of 25 young weimaraners with low serum immunoglobulin concentrations and inflammatory disease
Authors: Foale R. D. , Herrtage M. E. , Day M. J.
Published: October 2010

Twenty‐five weimaraners with recurrent infections or inflammatory disease were investigated; their median age was four months (range two to 36 months), and 11 of them were male and 14 female. Twenty of them showed signs of lethargy, anorexia or pyrexia, 13 had been vomiting or had diarrhoea, 12 had shown signs of pain in the joints or bones and been lame, five had had reactions at the site of an injection, five had generalised lymphadenopathy, three had urinary tract infections and two had recurrent or severe pyoderma. They all had a lower concentration of one or more classes of serum immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM and IgA) than the standard control ranges, and their mean concentration of IgG was significantly lower (P<0.005) than the mean concentration of IgG in 15 clinically normal weimaraners. Of 10 cases for which a complete vaccination history was available, nine had developed clinical signs within five days of being vaccinated. Follow‐up data were available from 21 of the 25 dogs for a median period of 24.5 months. One dog died during a symptomatic episode, three were euthanased, six were alive at follow‐up but had continued to show clinical signs and 11 had made a full recovery.
Study of factors that may predispose domestic cats to road traffic accidents: part 2
Authors: Rochlitz I.
Published: October 2010

Between March 2000 and February 2001, six veterinary practices in Cambridgeshire collected data on 117 owned cats which they had examined after a road traffic accident (RTA). The owners of 66 of these cats completed questionnaires and the information in them was compared with the information in questionnaires from a control population of 796 cats that had never been in a road accident. The RTA cats were, on average, younger than the controls; when adjusted for age the two populations did not differ with respect to the time they spent outdoors or the time they had lived at their current address. Proportionately more of the RTA cats wore reflective collars and/or lived in areas with higher levels of traffic than the controls. The accidents were evenly distributed throughout the year, and there was a trend for more accidents to happen during the night than the day. Forty‐eight per cent of the accidents whose location was known occurred just outside or very near the cat's home.
Incidence of quinolone resistance in strains of Salmonella isolated from poultry. cattle and pigs in Germany between 1998 and 2001
Authors: Malorny B. , Schroeter A. , Guerra B. , Helmuth R.
Published: October 2010

This paper reports the susceptibility to the quinolone nalidixic acid and the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin of 14,514 strains of Salmonella isolated in Germany from poultry, cattle and pigs between 1998 and 2001. Quinolone‐resistant salmonellae were most frequently isolated from poultry, with a prevalence of 10.2 to 16‐8 per cent. Poultry‐associated serotypes, such as Salmonella Paratyphi B (d‐tartrate positive), Salmonella Hadar and Salmonella Virchow, had the highest prevalence of quinolone resistance, ranging between 35 and 74 per cent. All the nalidixic acid‐resistant strains also had a reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICS) of 0.125 to 2 μg/ml. A comparison of the Mics for ciprofloxacin of the strains of these poultry‐associated serotypes and Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 isolated in 1998/99 and 2000/01 indicated that there had been a shift towards higher Mic values of up to 2 μg/mI. The quinolone resistance‐determining region (QRDR) of the gyrA gene and the homologue region of the parC gene of 31 selected strains were sequenced. Several different amino acid changes were observed in gyrA of the quinolone‐resistant isolates at positions 83 and 87, but no substitutions were observed in parC.
Serosurveillance of wild deer and wild boar after the epidemic of foot‐and‐mouth disease in the Netherlands in 2001
Authors: Elbers A. R. W. , Dekkers A. , Dekker L. J. M.
Published: October 2010

Blood samples from 140 wild deer and 208 wild boar shot in the aftermath of the epidemic of foot‐andmouth disease in the Netherlands in 2001 were examined for antibodies to foot‐and‐mouth disease virus. They were all negative.
Survey ofCampylobacterspecies, VTEC 01 57 andSalmonellaspecies in Swedish wildlife
Authors: Wahlström H. , Tysén E. , Olsson Engvall E. , Brändstrom B. , Eriksson E. , Mörner T. , Vågsholm I.
Published: October 2010

Samples collected from 791 wild animals (Canada geese, roe deer, hares, moose, wild boar and gulls) shot during hunting were examined for verocytotoxin‐producingEscherichia coli(VTEC) 0157, and thermophilicCampylobacterandSalmonellaspecies. With the exception of one positive isolate from a wild boar, VTEC 0157 was not isolated from any of the animals.Salmonellaspecies were isolated only from the gulls, of which 4 per cent were estimated to be positive. ThermophilicCampylobacterspecies were commonly isolated from all the species except deer.
Purpura haemorrhagica in 53 horses
Authors: Pusterla N. , Watson J. L. , Affolter V. K. , Magdesian K. G. , Wilson W. D. , Carlson G. P.
Published: October 2010

The medical records of 53 horses with purpura haemorrhagica were reviewed. Seventeen of them had been exposed to or infected withStreptococcus equi, nine had been infected withCorynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, five had been vaccinated withS equiM protein, five had had a respiratory infection of unknown aetiology, and two had open wounds; the other 15 cases had no history of recent viral or bacterial infection. The horses were between six months and 19 years of age (mean 8‐4 years). The predominant clinical signs were well demarcated subcutaneous oedema of all four limbs and haemorrhages on the visible mucous membranes; other signs included depression, anorexia, fever, tachycardia, tachypnoea, reluctance to move, drainage from lymph nodes, exudation of serum from the skin, colic, epistaxis and weight loss. Haematological and biochemical abnormalities commonly detected were anaemia, neutrophilia, hyperproteinaemia, hyperfibrinogenaemia, hyperglobulinaemia and high activities of muscle enzymes. All of the horses were treated with corticosteroids; 42 also received non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and 26 received antimicrobial drugs. Selected cases received special nursing care, including hydrotherapy and bandaging of the limbs. Most of the horses were treated for more than seven days and none of them relapsed. Forty‐nine of the horses survived, one died and three were euthanased, either because their severe clinical disease failed to respond to treatment or because they developed secondary complications. Two of the four non‐survivors had been vaccinated againstS equiwith a product containing the M protein, one had aS equiinfection and the other had a respiratory infection of undetermined aetiology.
Efficacy of a canarypox virus‐vectored vaccine against feline leukaemia
Authors: Poulet H. , Brunet S. , Boularand C. , Guiot A. L. , Leroy V. , Tartaglia J. , Minke J. , Audonnet J. C. , Desmettre P.
Published: October 2010

Canarypox virus recombinant vaccines have a unique efficacy and safety profile for the vaccinated host because the canarypox virus is non‐replicative in mammalian hosts. After the vaccination of a mammalian species, recombinant canarypox viruses express the inserted genes but cannot multiply in the host. They stimulate a strong immune response in the absence of any virus amplification in the host or any viral spread into the environment. A new canarypox‐based recombinant vaccine is the canarypox‐feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) vaccine (EURIFEL FeLV; Merial) that expresses the FeLV env and gag protective genes. This paper describes experiments which demonstrate that it is effective against any oronasal FeLv challenge. The protection was shown to be solid against an oronasal challenge one year after the initial vaccination, and was effective against a very severe ‘in‐contact’ challenge. Furthermore, the canarypox virus‐FeLv vaccine was effective without an adjuvant.
Optimal lairage times and conditions for slaughter pigs: a review
Authors: Warriss P. D.
Published: October 2010

Keeping pigs in lairage provides a buffer to supply the slaughter line and allows the pigs to recover from the stress of transport. It has implications for the pigs' welfare by influencing their behaviour and ease of handling. In terms of pork quality, optimal lairage times for most pigs in the UK are probably one to three hours. Shorter lairage times are associated with more pale, soft, exudative (PSE) meat and longer times are associated with more dark, firm, dry (DFD) meat, more skin blemishes caused by fighting, and a lower carcase yield. However, when pigs have not been previously stressed by handling procedures, resting them in lairage may have no beneficial effects on the pigs' welfare or meat quality. At very high environmental temperatures there is evidence that a holding period of less than one hour may help to reduce the number of PSE carcases. At temperatures above 10°C showering the pigs with water is beneficial. Fasting times need to be controlled to minimise the potential loss of carcase yield while reducing the volume of gut contents to reduce the risk of carcase contamination. Lairages can act as reservoirs of infection by pathogenic bacteria and there is evidence that longer holding times increase the risk of cross‐contamination.
Anaemia and mortality in calves infested with the long‐nosed sucking louse (Linognathus vituli )
Authors: Otter A. , Twomey D. F. , Crawshaw T. R. , Bates P.
Published: October 2010

Young calves which died on three dairy farms in England and Wales had generalised pallor and heavy infestations of the long‐nosed sucking louse, Linognathus vituli. Surviving calves had packed‐cell volumes, haemoglobin concentrations and red blood cell counts below the reference ranges, consistent with anaemia, and they were also heavily infested with lice. No other causes of anaemia were identified. It is proposed that heavy infestations with L vituli should be considered when investigating the cause of anaemia in calves.
Cases of scrapie with unusual features in Norway and designation of a new type, Nor98
Authors: Benestad S. L. , Sarradin P. , Thu B. , Schönheit J. , Tranulis M. A. , Bratberg B.
Published: October 2010

Five cases of scrapie with unusual features have been diagnosed in Norway since 1998. The affected sheep showed neurological signs dominated by ataxia, and had the PrP genotypes homozygous A136 H154 Q171 / A136 H154 Q171 or heterozygous A136 HI54 Q171 /A136 R154 Q171, which are rarely associated with scrapie. Brain histopathology revealed neuropil vacuolisation essentially in the cerebellar and cerebral cortices; vacuolation was less prominent in the brainstem, and no lesions were observed at the level of the obex. The deposits of PrPSc were mainly in the cortex of the cerebellum and cerebrum, and no PrPSc was detectable by immunohistochemistry and ELISA in the lymphoid tissues investigated. Western blot analysis showed that the glycotype was different from other known scrapie strains and from the BSE strain. From a diagnostic point of view, these features indicate that this type of scrapie, designated Nor98, could have been overlooked and may be of significance for sampling in scrapie surveillance programmes.
Effect of the RSPCA Freedom Food scheme on the welfare of dairy cattle
Authors: Main D. C. J. , Whay H. R. , Green L. E. , Webster A. J. F.
Published: October 2010

To evaluate the effect of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Freedom Food (FF) scheme on the welfare of dairy cattle in England, 28 FF and 25 non‐FF farms were assessed during the winter of 2000 to 2001. The assessments were based on a protocol which included the examination of the farms' records, the farmers' estimates of the incidence of disease, and independent observations of the behaviour and physical condition of the cows. The data were analysed to identify which measures of welfare were affected by FF membership and to assess the number of farms on which intervention would be required, as defined by a panel of 50 experts. The FF farms had better results for 12 of the welfare indicators, including those for mastitis, non‐hock injuries, cow cleanliness and body condition, and poorer welfare indicators for eight of the measures, including hock injuries, lameness and restrictions in rising behaviour. Except for the prevalence of dull coats (which was lower on the FF farms) there were no significant differences in the proportions of FF and non‐FF farms on which intervention was required according to the experts' assessment.
Verrucous endocarditis associated with Streptococcus bovis in mink (Mustela vison )
Authors: Pedersen K. , Jørgensen J. C. , Dietz H. H. , Andersen T. H.
Published: October 2010

Between 1998 and 2001, mortalities due to verrucous endocarditis were experienced at several mink farms. Gram‐positive cocci were isolated from the endocardium of all the animals examined but not always from other internal organs. Almost all the isolates were identified as Streptococcus bovis and only a few isolates belonged to other Streptococcus species. Typing by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis of a selection of isolates revealed several patterns and several different clones. Attempts to reproduce disease by the injection of cultures of a field isolate into healthy mink failed.
A low oxygen tolerant East Pacific flat clam (Posidonotis semiplicata) from the Lower Jurassic of the Canadian Cordillera
Authors: Aberhan M. , Pálfy J.
Published: October 2010

Flat clams represent a loosely defined group of thin-shelled, flat-valved bivalves. Their distribution and high concentration in some, especially Mesozoic, rocks have attracted interest, and several contrasting paleoecologic interpretations have been proposed to explain their occurrence. We present a comprehensive study of Posidonotis semiplicata (Hyatt), an Early Jurassic flat clam common in western North and South America. Posidonotis symmetrica (Hyatt), Posidonotis balteata (Crickmay), and Posidonotis cancellata (Leanza) are interpreted as subjective junior synonyms. In North America, P. semiplicata occurs in the upper Sinemurian to lower Toarcian of several Cordilleran allochthonous terranes. The South American record is restricted to upper Pliensbachian to lower Toarcian occurrences, suggesting that the species originated in the northeast Pacific in late Sinemurian time and spread to the southeast Pacific by the late Pliensbachian. The closely related Posidonotis dainellii (Losacco), sporadically known from the Tethys, is likely derived from P. semiplicata via migration through the Hispanic Corridor and subsequent geographic isolation. The functional morphology of P. semiplicata suggests an early ontogenic byssal attachment followed by a reclining mode of life with adaptation to soft substrates. The species is commonly found forming shell pavements in dark mudrocks with no, or very few, other benthic organisms. It provides an example of an epibenthic bivalve that favoured low-energy, dysaerobic environments, a niche preferentially exploited by flat clams.
The last glaciation and sea level history of Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Canadian High Arctic
Authors: Bell Trevor
Published: October 2010

The last glaciation of Fosheim Peninsula is reconstructed on the basis of landform and sediment mapping and associated radiocarbon dates. Ice growth involved the expansion of cirque glaciers and accumulation on upland surfaces that are now ice free. Limited ice buildup, despite lowering of the paleoglaciation level by 700–800 m, is attributed to the hyperaridity of the region during glacial conditions. Marine deposits in formerly submerged basins beyond the ice margins are interpreted to represent (i) sedimentation caused by local ice buildup and marine transgression by 10.6 ka BP, (ii) increased ablation and glacier runoff [Formula: see text]9.5 ka BP, and (iii) marine regression during the Holocene. Holocene marine limit reaches a maximum elevation of approximately 150 m asl along northern Eureka Sound and Greely Fiord and descends southeastwards to 139–142 m asl near the Sawtooth Mountains. A synchronous marine limit is implied where the last ice limit was inland of the sea. The magnitude and pattern of Holocene emergence cannot be fully explained by the glacioisostatic effects of the small ice load during the last glaciation of the region. Deglaciation of the peninsula was underway by 9.5 ka BP; however, local ice caps may have persisted through the wannest period of the Holocene until 6–5 ka BP. This was likely a function of reduced sea ice conditions and increased moisture availability which benefited low-lying coastal icefields, but had negligible effect on interior highland ice caps.
PATH INTEGRAL APPROACH TO FERMIONIC VACUUM ENERGY IN NON-PARALLEL D1-BRANES
Authors: JAHAN A.
Published: October 2010

The fermionic one-loop vacuum energy of the superstring theory in a system of non-parallel D1-branes is derived by applying the path integral formalism.
THE METAMODEL: A STARTING POINT FOR DESIGN PROCESSES CONSTRUCTION
Authors: SEIDITA VALERIA , COSSENTINO MASSIMO , HILAIRE VINCENT , GAUD NICOLAS , GALLAND STEPHANE , KOUKAM ABDER , GAGLIO SALVATORE
Published: October 2010

The construction of ad-hoc design processes following the Situational Method Engineering (SME) paradigm is currently carried out by adopting a set of phases for which, until now, no well defined techniques and guidelines have been established. The consequence is that organizations are very dependent on method designers' skills. In this paper, we propose an approach based on SME for constructing customized agent oriented design processes. Our approach adopts the metamodel as the most important factor leading to the selection and assembly of method fragments and an algorithm for establishing the instantiation order of metamodel elements. The algorithm makes the proposed approach repeatable and usable even by not very skilled personnel, thus proposing an improvement to the actual situation. The proposed approach and the algorithm are also experimented through the construction of a design process (ASPECS) for developing dynamic hierarchical societies of agents. The approach we created is general enough to be applied in other development contexts (not only agent-oriented).
ON SCHUR MULTIPLIERS OF LIE ALGEBRAS AND GROUPS OF MAXIMAL CLASS
Authors: BOSKO LINDSEY R.
Published: October 2010

The Lie algebra analogue to the Schur multiplier has been investigated in a number of recent articles. We consider the multipliers of Lie algebras of maximal class, classifying these algebras with a certain additional property. The classification leads to a conjecture about a bound on the dimension of the multiplier for each of these algebras and also for p-groups of maximal class. The conjectures are then shown to hold.
ORDERED SEMIGROUPS, UPPER-TRIANGULAR REFLEXIVE RELATIONS AND SEMIGROUPS OF LANGUAGES
Authors: KUDRYAVTSEVA GANNA
Published: October 2010

We study the connection between the classes of semigroups of positive languages, upper-triangular reflexive relations over posets and semigroups of order-preserving and extensive transformations of sets. From our constructions we derive some interesting consequences also for the finite case. For example, we prove that the class of finite semigroups of languages coincides with the class of semigroups of reflexive upper-triangular binary relations on finite sets.
Measuring right ventricular function in the normal and hypertensive mouse hearts using admittance-derived pressure-volume loops
Authors: Tabima Diana M. , Hacker Timothy A. , Chesler Naomi C.
Published: October 2010

Mice are a widely used animal model for investigating cardiovascular disease. Novel technologies have been used to quantify left ventricular function in this species, but techniques appropriate for determining right ventricular (RV) function are less well demonstrated. Detecting RV dysfunction is critical to assessing the progression of pulmonary vascular diseases such as pulmonary hypertension. We used an admittance catheter to measure pressure-volume loops in anesthetized, open-chested mice before and during vena cava occlusion. Mice exposed to chronic hypoxia for 10 days, which causes hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH), were compared with control (CTL) mice. HPH resulted in a 27.9% increase in RV mass ( P < 0.005), a 67.5% increase in RV systolic pressure ( P < 0.005), and a 61.2% decrease in cardiac output ( P < 0.05). Preload recruitable stroke work (PRSW) and slope of the maximum derivative of pressure (dP/d tmax)-end-diastolic volume (EDV) relationship increased with HPH ( P < 0.05). Although HPH increased effective arterial elastance (Ea) over fivefold (from 2.7 ± 1.2 to 16.4 ± 2.5 mmHg/μl), only a mild increase in the ventricular end-systolic elastance (Ees) was observed. As a result, a dramatic decrease in the efficiency of ventricular-vascular coupling occurred (Ees/Ea decreased from 0.71 ± 0.27 to 0.35 ± 0.17; P < 0.005). Changes in cardiac reserve were evaluated by dobutamine infusion. In CTL mice, dobutamine significantly enhanced Ees and dP/d tmax-EDV but also increased Ea, causing a decrease in Ees/Ea. In HPH mice, slight but nonsignificant decreases in Ees, PRSW, dP/d tmax-EDV, and Ea were observed. Thus 10 days of HPH resulted in RV hypertrophy, ventricular-vascular decoupling, and a mild decrease in RV contractile reserve. This study demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining RV pressure-volume measurements in mice. These measurements provide insight into ventricular-vascular interactions healthy and diseased states.
Reversible blunting of arousal from sleep in response to intermittent hypoxia in the developing rat
Authors: Darnall R. A. , McWilliams S. , Schneider R. W. , Tobia C. M.
Published: October 2010

Arousal is an important survival mechanism when infants are confronted with hypoxia during sleep. Many sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) infants are exposed to repeated episodes of hypoxia before death and have impaired arousal mechanisms. We hypothesized that repeated exposures to hypoxia would cause a progressive blunting of arousal, and that a reversal of this process would occur if the hypoxia was terminated at the time of arousal. P5 (postnatal age of 5 days), P15, and P25 rat pups were exposed to either eight trials of hypoxia (3 min 5% O2alternating with room air) ( group A), or three hypoxia trials as in group A, followed by five trials in which hypoxia was terminated at arousal ( group B). In both groups A and B, latency increased over the first four trials of hypoxia, but reversed in group B animals during trials 5–8. Progressive arousal blunting was more pronounced in the older pups. The effects of intermittent hypoxia on heart rate also depended on age. In the older pups, heart rate increased with each hypoxia exposure. In the P5 pups, however, heart rate decreased during hypoxia and did not return to baseline between exposures, resulting in a progressive fall of baseline values over successive hypoxia exposures. In the group B animals, heart rate changes during trials 1–4 also reversed during trials 5–8. We conclude that exposure to repeated episodes of hypoxia can cause progressive blunting of arousal, which is reversible by altering the exposure times to hypoxia and the period of recovery between hypoxia exposures.