bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resisting Surveillance: Identity and Implantable Microchips
Authors: Nisbet Nancy
Published: June 2004

Surveillance technologies and centralized databases are threatening personal privacy and freedom. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) microchip technology is one of several potential human tracking and authentication systems. The author's interactive art installation Pop! Goes the Weaselaims to explore opportunities for resisting surveillance by altering underlying assumptions concerning identity. Viewers are encouraged to experiment with resistance by avoiding access control, intervening in the database and subverting notions of a stable or single identity. The author is planning a future project to develop an interface between the author's two implanted microchips and her computer in order to track her computer usage as it relates to her technology-induced shifting sense of self.
Mechanisms of Moving the Mind's Eye: Planning and Execution of Spatial Shifts of Attention
Authors: Hazlett Chad J. , Woldorff Marty G.
Published: June 2004

The usefulness of attentional orienting, both in the real world and in the laboratory, depends not only on the ability to attend to objects or other inputs but also on the ability to shift attention between them. Although understanding the basic characteristics of these shifts is a critical step toward understanding the brain mechanisms that produce them, the literature remains unresolved on a very basic and potentially revealing characteristic of these shifts—namely, whether attention takes longer to shift a farther distance across the visual field. We addressed this question using a series of behavioral tasks involving the voluntary orienting of attention to locations in the visual field. The findings support a model in which attentional shifts include separate “planning” and “execution” stages and in which only the planning stage requires more time for shifts of a greater distance. These results offer resolution to the longstanding debate concerning the effect of attentional shift distance on shift time and provide insight into the fundamental mechanisms of attentional shifting.
Electrophysiological Evidence for Reversed Lexical Repetition Effects in Language Processing
Authors: Swaab Tamara Y. , Camblin C. Christine , Gordon Peter C.
Published: June 2004

Effects of word repetition are extremely robust, but can these effects be modulated by discourse context? We examined this in an ERP experiment that tested coreferential processing (when two expressions refer to the same person) with repeated names. ERPs were measured to repeated names and pronoun controls in two conditions: (1) In the prominent condition the repeated name or pronoun coreferred with the subject of the preceding sentence and was therefore prominent in the preceding discourse (e.g., “John went to the store after John/he …”); (2) in the nonprominent condition the repeated name or pronoun coreferred with a name that was embedded in a conjoined noun phrase, and was therefore nonprominent (e.g., “John and Mary went to the store after John/he …”). Relative to the prominent condition, the nonprominent condition always contained two extra words (e.g., “and Mary”), and the repetition lag was therefore smaller in the prominent condition. Typically, effects of repetition are larger with smaller lags. Nevertheless, the amplitude of the N400 was reduced to a coreferentially repeated name when the antecedent was nonprominent as compared to when it was prominent. No such difference was observed for the pronoun controls. Because the N400 effect reflects difficulties in lexical integration, this shows that the difficulty of achieving coreference with a name increased with the prominence of the referent. This finding is the reverse of repetition lag effects on N400 previously found with word lists, and shows that language context can override general memory mechanisms.
Neural Correlates of Attentional Capture in Visual Search
Authors: Fockert Jan de , Rees Geraint , Frith Chris , Lavie Nilli
Published: June 2004

Much behavioral research has shown that the presence of a unique singleton distractor during a task of visual search will typically capture attention and thus disrupt target search. Here we examined the neural correlates of such attentional capture using functional magnetic resonance imaging in human subjects during performance of a visual search task. The presence (vs. absence) of a salient yet irrelevant color singleton distractor was associated with activity in the superior parietal cortex and frontal cortex. These findings imply that the singleton distractor induced spatial shifts of attention despite its irrelevance, as predicted from an AC account. Moreover, behavioral interference by singleton distractors was strongly and negatively correlated with frontal activity. These findings provide direct evidence that the frontal cortex is involved in control of interference from irrelevant but attention-capturing distractors.
Analog Numerical Representations in Rhesus Monkeys: Evidence for Parallel Processing
Authors: Nieder Andreas , Miller Earl K.
Published: June 2004

Monkeys have been introduced as model organisms to study neural correlates of numerical competence, but many of the behavioral characteristics of numerical judgments remain speculative. Thus, we analyzed the behavioral performance of two rhesus monkeys judging the numerosities 1 to 7 during a delayed match-to-sample task. The monkeys showed similar discrimination performance irrespective of the exact physical appearance of the stimuli, confirming that performance was based on numerical information. Performance declined smoothly with larger numerosities, and reached discrimination threshold at numerosity “4.” The nonverbal numerical representations in monkeys were based on analog magnitudes, object tracking process (“subitizing”) could not account for the findings because the continuum of small and large numbers shows a clear Weber fraction signature. The lack of additional scanning eye movements with increasing set sizes, together with indistinguishable neuronal response latencies for neurons with different preferred numerosities, argues for parallel encoding of numerical information. The slight but significant increase in reaction time with increasing numerosities can be explained by task difficulty and consequently time-consuming decision processes. The behavioral results are compared to single-cell recordings from the prefrontal cortex in the same subjects. Models for numerosity discrimination that may account for these results are discussed.
Stacking Sequence Effect of Multi–angle Filament Wound Tubular Composite Structures
Authors: Mertiny P. , Ellyin F. , Hothan A.
Published: June 2004

Pressure–retaining tubular structures made from polymer fibre reinforced composites are commonly wound with uniform winding angles. Modern production equipment allows for the fabrication of multi–angle layup configurations. Performance improvements of multi–angle layups in comparison to those with uniform winding angles have been reported for structures that are operated under variable biaxial stress states. Designing components with multi–angle layups is a complex task, as the proper winding angles as well as stacking sequence need to be determined. In this study, the influence of the stacking sequence on the strength of multi–angle filament wound tubes was investigated experimentally. Applying axial force and internal pressure, tubes of a certain layup and tubes with the inverted stacking sequence were subjected to different biaxial stress states. Stresses/strains at failure and failure modes were compared. Certain combinations of stacking sequence and biaxial stress state were found to result in increased strength. To confirm experimental findings, an analytical investigation is included in this study.
Effect of Water Sorption on the Flexural Properties of a Fully Biodegradable Composite
Authors: Alvarez Vera A. , Vazquez Analia
Published: June 2004

The water absorption process of the short-time process of a fully biodegradable composite is important in order to know the effect of water uptake on the mechanical properties before the polymer is hydrolysed. The matrix of the studied composites is a commercial blend based on starch and cellulose derivatives, named MaterBi-Y. The effect of the fibre content was also taken into account, because short sisal fibres’ content was changed from 5 to 15 wt%. Diffusion coefficients, the equilibrium water uptake and the flexural properties were determined during sorption experiments at different bath temperatures: 5, 25 and 60 C. Equations obtained from microscopic mass balances for diffusion in solids were used to model the water absorption of these composites as a function of immersion time.
How Does Violent Conflict Affect Investment Location Decisions? Evidence from Israel during the Intifada
Authors: Fielding David
Published: June 2004

Time-series data from Israel are used to investigate the dynamics of the causal links between the intensity of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and capital flight. A number of dimensions of the conflict are considered, including Israeli and Palestinian fatalities, the incidence of Green Line border closures and growth of Jewish settlements in the West Bank and Gaza. Capital flight is measured as (the growth of) the fraction of their physical capital wealth that Israelis hold overseas. The fraction of Israeli capital wealth held outside the country exhibits considerable variation over time; so do indicators of the intensity of the Palestinian–Israeli conflict, even before the upturn in violence in September 2000. Using quarterly time-series data, the article shows that there is a high correlation between the two, conditional on economic conditions. This correlation is a consequence of a causal link that runs in both directions: more violence leads to more capital flight, but more capital flight is also a predictor of higher future levels of violence. Both effects are evident in the data even before September 2000. Under certain assumptions about the properties of the economic time-series, it is possible to infer from these results the amount of income that Israel would gain as a result of a complete cessation of violence.
The Lasting Marriage between Nation and State Despite Globalization
Authors: Reis Elisa P.
Published: June 2004

The merger of authority and solidarity that the nation-state accomplished for about 200 years is now threatened by the winds of globalization. As a consequence, the author emphasizes the ways in which the state interacts with both market and civil society are changing significantly. New developments such as the private provision of law and order, the adoption of managerial principles and values in state administration, and the spread of corporate social responsibility ideologies into the universe of firms, all discussed in subsequent articles, make it clear that the very idea of market and authority as contrasting principles of social organization is now being called into question.
Mapping Music Education Research in the UK
Authors: Welch Graham , Hallam Susan , Lamont Alexandra , Swanwick Keith , Green Lucy , Hennessy Sarah , Cox Gordon , O’neill Susan , Farrell Gerry
Published: June 2004

Over the past 25 years there has been an increasing and worldwide research interest in music education, embracing a range of disciplines and perspectives. As well as particular research foci on the nature of curricula, musical behaviour and development, new research literatures have been developed that link music education with ethnomusicology, psychology (including neuropsychobiology, cognitive and developmental psychology), history, sociology and philosophy, as well as with mainstream studies in pedagogy. This review creates a ‘map’ of these various and related literatures in order to (i) provide a summative overview of the current breadth and depth of available research knowledge for actual and potential users, and (ii) create a research development agenda that embraces indicators of possible research priorities for the immediate future. The review is also a celebration of the major UK impact on these research literatures. An introduction (Swanwick) leads into a series of linked overviews, focusing first on research concerned with individual musical development (Hallam and Lamont), then on the potential impact to musical learning of social group membership (O’Neill and Green) and schooling (Cox and Hennessy) and concluding with an ethnomusicological perspective (Farrell) and coda (Welch).
Mapping Music Education Research in Hong Kong
Authors: Cheung Jane
Published: June 2004

This paper reviews research on Hong Kong’s music education. The review shows that music education in Hong Kong after the change of sovereignty in 1997 differs from that in the People’s Republic of China; there is an emphasis on western classical music rather than the traditional Chinese music in the classroom, with a disconnection between what students enjoy after school and the music they hear and sing in school; composing is the least taught aspect of music; and a more student-centred approach catering more for children’s interest is recommended. The findings also show that computers have encouraged motivation and creativity while complementing listening and performing. Constant development has occurred in teacher education, while teachers’ understanding of children’s musical development and their ways of thinking about music can help their teaching effectiveness.

This review also suggests the need for further scholarly study into the effects of a curriculum that is more balanced between western and Chinese music and effective ways of teaching Chinese music, the teaching of music creativity, including the integration of technology and less rigid systems of teaching and learning to promote children enjoyment in music learning.
Mapping Music Education Research in Brazil and Argentina: The British Impact
Authors: Hentschke Liane , Martínez Isabel
Published: June 2004

In this brief article we share with our colleagues around the world the British impact on the development of music education and psychology of music research in Brazil and Argentina. Although both countries are pursuing similar research policies, their research areas differ. Brazilian research on music education has had its focus on curriculum studies, evaluation, psychology of music, and media studies. Argentina on the other hand has a strong tradition in research in music education and psychology of music, in particular developmental and cognitive aspects of music perception and performance. Both countries are working towards the improvement of music research in South America and the continuation of the fertile partnership with British scholars and institutions.
Commercial Flame Retardancy of Unsaturated Polyester and Vinyl Resins: Review
Authors: Weil Edward D. , Levchik Sergei V.
Published: June 2004

Chlorendic acid-based and tetrabromophthalate polyesters are major flame-retardant polyester resins, often used with antimony trioxide. For translucency, colloidal antimony pentoxide is preferred. Brominated diols are occasionally used. In the vinyl ester group, the adducts of acrylic or methacrylic acid with the diglycidyl ether of tetrabromobisphenol A are prodominant, and the styrene-cured resins often have advantageous physical properties and hydrolytic stability. Low styrene versions have air pollution advantages. Hydrated mineral fillers, notably ATH, are widely used at high loadings. ATH tend to reduce smoke, as does use of MMA instead of styrene. Oligourethane unsaturated resins, cured with MMA, also favor low smoke. Triethyl phosphate and dimethyl methylphosphonate enable viscosity reduction and enhance flame retardancy. Red phosphorus, ammonium polyphosphate and a char-forming organophosphate have also found niches. Phosphoruscontaining reactives have been largely unsuccessful. In situ melamine phosphate shows promise. Protective veils offer an alternative to flame retarding the resin itself.
The Effect of Water Mist on Burning Rates of Pool Fire
Authors: Kim Sung Chan , Ryou Hong Sun
Published: June 2004

The present study aims to investigate the interactions between water mists and fires and show the influence of water mist on burning rates of pool fires. Experiments are extensively performed for various sizes of fire source with different discharge rates of water. From the experimental observations, it is noted that the fuel burning rate is substantially changed when the water mists are interacted with fires and its difference with and without water mist increases with the discharge rate of water and decreases as the fire intensity increases. In addition, the interactions of water mists with pool fires are simulated by the FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator; Ver. 3.0) program with the measured burning rates as input data in the present study. Considering the influence of water mists on burning rates, better predictions are yielded compared with experimental data for the suppression time and the mean ceiling temperature.
Innovation and Changing ‘Worlds of Production’
Authors: Stræte Egil
Published: June 2004

Restructuring within the agro-food supply chain has given rise to a debate about how to maintain the creation of local added value. Innovation is one of the main strategies proposed as a part of the quality ‘turn’ in agro-food. The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss problems and important factors in the processes of product development. Three Norwegian case-studies of dairies, which have tried to develop new dairy products, constitute the empirical basis.They are all local firms within a larger cooperative company. Even though there are similarities in the context for these three cases, there are differences in how their strategies are carried out. The theoretical framework is based on the theory of conventions and the theory of worlds of production. It is concluded that important factors for innovation and change of worlds of production are local entrepreneurial capabilities, intensity of integration between firm and parent-company, and the strength of the firm’s embeddedness to the local community. Entrepreneurs are important as agents who break old conventions; intensity of vertical integration may be a constraint for change of world of production; and strong local embeddedness is an advantage for innovation within the quality ‘turn’ in agro-food. It is an advantage to be strong on entrepreneurial capabilities, but there are possibilities of substitution. Local entrepreneurial capabilities can be substituted by mobilizing vertically in business integration; however, this substitution may constrain a more radical innovation.
In Search of Suitable Control Methods for Semi-Active Tuned Vibration Absorbers
Authors: Koo Jeong-Hoi , Ahmadian Mehdi , Setareh Mehdi , Murray Thomas
Published: June 2004

The main purpose of this study is to identify a suitable control method for semi-active tuned vibration absorbers (TVAs) in structural vibration applications. Four control policies are considered. The semi-active control schemes include the following: velocity-based, on-off groundhook control (on-off VBG); velocity-based,

continuous groundhook control (continuous VBG); displacement-based, on-off groundhook control (on-off DBG); and displacement-based, continuous groundhook control (continuous DBG). A force-excited model that can be representative of many structural systems is adapted as the baseline model for our analysis. Each of the control policies is applied to the baseline model coupled with a TVA. In order to equally evaluate the control policies, the TVA parameters are optimized according to each policy using numerical optimization techniques. The optimal design parameters are obtained based on minimization of peak transmissibility. The performances of each of the optimized cases are then compared along with the equivalent passive model using the peak transmissibility criteria. The results indicate that all of the semi-active peak transmissibilities are lower than those of the passive, implying that the semi-active TVAs are more effective in reducing vibration levels. The results further indicate that on-off DBG performs the best among the considered control polices.
Three-Dimensional Vibration Analysis of Solid and Hollow Hemispheres Having Varying Thicknesses With and Without Axial Conical Holes
Authors: Kang Jae-Hoon , Leissa Arthur W
Published: June 2004

A three-dimensional (3D) method of analysis is presented for determining the free vibration frequencies and mode shapes of solid and hollow hemispherical shells of revolution of arbitrary wall thickness having arbitrary constraints on their boundaries. Unlike conventional shell theories, which are mathematically two-dimensional, the present method is based upon the 3D dynamic equations of elasticity. Displacement components u \#966;, u z, and u \#952; in the meridional, normal, and circumferential directions, respectively, are taken to be sinusoidal in time, periodic in \#952;, and algebraic polynomials in the \#966;-direction and zdirection. Potential (strain) and kinetic energies of the hemispherical shells are formulated, and the Ritz method is used to solve the eigenvalue problem, thus yielding upper bound values of the frequencies obtained by minimizing the frequencies. As the degree of the polynomials is increased, frequencies converge to the exact values. Novel numerical results are presented for solid and hollow hemispheres with linear thickness variation. The effect on frequencies of a small axial conical hole is also discussed. Comparisons are made for the frequencies of completely free, thick hemispherical shells with uniform thickness from the present 3D Ritz solutions and other 3D finite element ones.
Analytical Modeling of Bridge-Road-Vehicle Dynamic Interaction System
Authors: Nassif Hani H , Liu Ming
Published: June 2004

We present a three-dimensional (3D) dynamic model for the bridge-road-vehicle interaction system. A slab-on-girder bridge is modeled as a grillage system subjected to multiple moving truck loads. Multi-axle semi-tractor-trailer is idealized as a 3D vehicle model with a nonlinear tire-suspension system, having eleven independent degrees of freedom. Road roughness profiles are generated from the random Gaussian process as well as limited measurements of actual road profiles. Truck wheel loads are applied at any point and then transferred to nodes as equivalent nodal forces. The Newmark-\#946; integration method is applied as a numerical algorithm for solving the bridge-road-vehicle dynamic interaction equations. The major parameters affecting the bridge dynamic response (or the dynamic load factor) include road roughness, truck weight, speed and mechanical properties of the tire-suspension system and bridge stiffness and boundary conditions. Results from other dynamic models as well as field tests are compared with those from the current 3D model. The results show that the dynamic load factor is highly dependent on road roughness, vehicle suspension, and bridge geometry.
Active Vibration Control Methods of Axially Moving Materials - A Review
Authors: Wang Jianjun , Li Qihan
Published: June 2004

In this paper we provide a review of the state of the art for active vibration control of axially moving materials (string and beam, etc.) in the past ten years, with particular regard to the subjects of some important active control methods of axially moving strings. First, an introduction is given to explain the aims and scope of this paper. This is followed by a comprehensive discussion of the active wave control methods presented by many investigators in the past ten years, including feedback control methods (such as the modal control method, the direct velocity feedback control method and the control method via transfer function formulation), active wave control methods combining transfer function, boundary control methods using the Lyapunov function, the variable structure control method, the adaptive control method, the vibration control of an axially moving beam and the active control of a moving material with arbitrarily varying length, etc. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of several issues for future research in this area.
Universal Matrix Perturbation Method for Structural Dynamic Reanalysis of General Damped Gyroscopic Systems
Authors: Liu J. K. , Chan H. C.
Published: June 2004

We investigate an effective matrix perturbation method for structural dynamic reanalysis of general damped gyroscopic systems. By using the complex eigensubspace condensation and the or thogonal decomposition procedures, two greatly reduced generalized eigenvalue equations are obtained. The lower-order perturbations of eigensolutions (i.e. complex eigenvalues and the corresponding left and right eigenvectors) are then determined by solving the two reduced eigenvalue problems. The higher-order perturbations of eigensolutions are obtained by executing a singular value decomposition procedure for a complex matrix. The proposed method is a universal perturbation method, for it is universally applicable to the reanalysis of general damped gyroscopic systems with all three cases of complex eigenvalues: distinct, repeated, and closely spaced eigenvalues. Numerical examples corresponding to the three different cases of eigenvalues are presented. The perturbed eigensolutions are computed using the present method and compared with the exact solutions.
Backward Whirl and Its Suppression of a Squeeze Film Damper Mounted Rotor/Casing System in Passage through Critical Speed with Rubs
Authors: Ding Qian
Published: June 2004

In this paper we consider a flexible Jeffcott rotor mounted at the ends by identical squeeze film dampers (SFDs). The rotative speed is supposed to increase at a constant angular acceleration. There can be one-peak and two-peak solutions for different values of SFD parameters during passage through the critical speed. Calculation shows that the rotor cannot pass through the critical speed due to the occurrence of diverging backward whirl in passage of the first or second peak, if the level of acceleration is lower than the critical ones. A flexible internal support, which can be activated or deactivated at a certain position along the rotor to change the stiffness of the system to suppress large vibration, is then applied to avoid the occurrence of backward whirl. The method is found to be effective if applied in a suitable way
On the Low-Frequency Interaction between a Central Dyadic Wave and a Spherical Cavity
Authors: Dassios George , Karveli Katerina , Kattis Spilios E. , Kathreptas Nikolaos
Published: June 2004

The dyadic fundamental solution of the linearized theory of elasticity in a homogeneous and isotropic medium is considered as a point-generated incident dyadic field. This central field is disturbed by a small spherical cavity within the medium of propagation. This two-center interaction problem provides a general dyadic scattering problem which includes the classical elasticity problems as a special case, obtained via contractions with specific directions. An analytic solution of the low-frequency approximations can be obtained via a generalization from the vector displacement field to a dyadic displacement field. Using this generalization the zeroth- and the first-order approximation of the near field are obtained explicitly. In the far field the leading nonvanishing approximation for the radial and the tangential scattering amplitudes as well as that for the scattering cross-section are also evaluated. The analytic results obtained are then compared against relative results in classical elasticity obtained via the boundary element method and an amazing coincidence is observed when the radius of the sphere is small with respect to the wavelengh of the central incident field.
On the Propagation of Progressive Waves in Prestressed, Linearly Elastic, Transversely Isotropic, Kirchhoff Plate-Like Bodies
Authors: Lesimple Marc
Published: June 2004

In the context of the linear elastic theory where Kirchhoff-Love’s hypotheses are treated as internal constraints, the linearized response mapping for prestressed Kirchhoff plate-like bodies is given. The case of a material having the maximum of symmetry is considered. The conditions of propagation for progressive elastic waves are discussed.
Thermal and Moisture Conditions of Coarse-Grained Fill Layer under a Slab-on-Ground Structure in Cold Climate
Authors: Rantala Jukka , Leivo Virpi
Published: June 2004

This paper presents the results of a research program concerning the thermal and moisture conditions of coarse-grained fill layer underneath a slabon-ground structure in Finnish climate. Conditions were studied by laboratory tests and long-term in situ surveys. Results showed that the temperature behavior of the fill layer underneath a heated building is strongly diverged. The effect of the outdoor seasonal temperature variation has a major effect on the edge of the fill layer, but under the center part of the slab the temperature remains almost constant throughout the year. The measured moisture contents of the fill at the survey building were close to the hygroscopic equilibrium moisture content of coarsegrained materials in relative humidity RH 1/4 100% in prevailing temperatures. The temperature and moisture conditions of the fill material were such that the water vapor diffusion flow is directed from the subsoil towards the drier indoor air.
Heat and Mass Transfer between Indoor Air and a Permeable and Hygroscopic Building Envelope: Part I – Field Measurements
Authors: Simonson Carey J. , Salonvaara Mikael , Ojanen Tuomo
Published: June 2004

In this paper, measurements are presented which quantify the mass transfer of tracer gases and water vapor between indoor air and a permeable and hygroscopic building envelope. The transfer of tracer gases through the envelope requires the entire envelope to be permeable, while the transfer of moisture requires sufficient hygroscopic mass to be in contact with the indoor air. The results show that mass transfer can improve the indoor air quality and climate. The diffusion of gases through the building envelope significantly increases the effective ventilation rate for poorly ventilated rooms, but only moderately increases the effective ventilation for well-ventilated rooms. Moisture transfer, on the other hand, has a significant influence on the indoor humidity for both poorly and well-ventilated rooms.
On Ernst Jünger’s ‘Total Mobilization’: a Re-evaluation in the Era of the War on Terrorism
Authors: Armitage John
Published: June 2004

My hypoltheses concerning the United States led War on Terrorism are derived from the German novelist, critic and social theorist Ernst J¸nger’s outstanding 1930 essay on ‘Total Mobilization’. Accordingly, this article explores J¸nger’s ‘Total Mobilization’ and what I label the ‘totally mobilized body’ as the philosophical underpinning of the War on Terrorism from the perspective of my own conceptions of ‘ hypermodern total mobilization’, ‘globalitarian rule’ and the ‘neoconservative body’. From this post-J¸ngerian or hypermodern viewpoint, the examination of the War on Terrorism as offered by social theorists such as Jean Baudrillard and Zygmunt Bauman, Gilles Deleuze, Douglas Kellner and Paul Virilio is analytically evaluated and developed. For their research on the ‘spirit of terrorism’ and the new ‘planetary frontier-land’, control societies, the momentous events of September 11, 2001, and ‘globalitarianism’ can help us to understand the complexities and multiplicities of the neoconservative body. The article concludes by probing the distinction between Jünger’s idea of modern total mobilization and my own hypermodern notions of ‘egalitarian rule’ and the ‘neoegalitarian body’.
Toward a General Theory of Creativity in Advertising: Examining the Role of Divergence
Authors: Smith Robert E. , Yang Xiaojing
Published: June 2004

Despite the widespread recognition of the importance of creativity in advertising by practitioners and scholars, no systematic research has been conducted to define ad creativity or examine how it relates to ad effectiveness. The present research attempts to fill this gap by reviewing past literature in psychology, marketing and advertising. From this base, a model is developed which defines a creative ad as both divergent (i.e. novel or unusual) and relevant. The effects of divergence and (to a lesser extent) relevance on consumer processing and response are examined and a series of theoretical propositions are developed. Next, a general theory of creativity in advertising is developed that calls for research in five primary areas: advertising as a communication process, management process, societal process, group process, and personal process. Finally, contributions to advertising theory and implications for future research are discussed, along with commentary from a prominent advertising executive.
How Advertising Works: Alternative Situational and Attitudinal Explanations
Authors: Reed Peter W. , Ewing Michael T.
Published: June 2004

Cognizant of the need to provide for situations ranging from high to low consumer involvement, this article proposes seven new models that recognize different purchase situations and varying attitude formation processes. Specifically, four high involvement models, two variants of a medium-to-lower involvement model, and two low involvement models are proposed. Each model provides for both first-time and repeat-purchase situations. All seven have been developed with the intention of providing advertisers with frameworks upon which to develop integrated marketing communication strategies. In addition to providing for a variety of purchase situations including differing levels of involvement, the models recognize situations where product trial is possible/not possible, as well as differences between first-time and sequential buying situations. They also distinguish between conceptual and experiential attitudes and accordingly, emphasize the importance of conation (direct experience) in the process of attitude formation.
Being, Becoming and Belonging
Authors: Mullett Jennifer , Jung Karen , Hills Marcia
Published: June 2004

For non-profit social agencies, new contract funding structures have increased their vulnerability. Collaboration is a strategy for dealing with reductions in the availability of funding and the pressures to ‘do more with less’ but there are few illustrations of how this might be achieved. The main body of literature devoted to creating models for collaboration was developed in the world of the new public administration and market models. Many of the less formal approaches consist of checklists and mock contracts that strive to account for variables that may affect collaborations. While valuable for focussing attention on key aspects, these approaches assume a static set of factors that predict successful collaborations. In this project, an alternative to these types of functional or instrumental methods of partnership development was created through a particular type of action research known as co-operative inquiry. Through the iterative stages of reflection and action, a new conceptualization of collaboration evolved and a subsequent model developed. The model is based on criteria derived from the experiences of the community members and accounts for the dialectical relationship of the individual agency and the collective non-profit sector. Through the process of the research, a transformation in thinking, purpose and practice occurred, resulting in a new metaphor for living and working in the community.
Influence of Resin Molecular Weight on the Moisture Permeability of HDPE Blown Films
Authors: Godshall David , Wilkes Garth
Published: June 2004

A set of high density polyethylene (HDPE) blown films was produced from five resins of varying molecular weight under identical processing conditions. Film morphology was characterized in terms of crystalline content using refractometry as well as quantification of crystalline phase orientation through the application of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) linear dichroism. Additional insight into film structure was gained through the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) was observed to increase with resin molecular weight. The enhanced permeability of the higher molecular weight films was associated with slightly lower crystalline content and greater crystalline orientation relative to the lower molecular weight films. Due to the small differences in morphology and permeation behavior noted, the effect of orientation on WVTR performance between the films studied was only significant for the most highly oriented film.
Upstream stimulatory factors stimulate transcription through E-box motifs in the PF4 gene in megakaryocytes
Authors: Okada Yoshiaki , Matsuura Eri , Tozuka Zenzaburo , Nagai Ryohei , Watanabe Ayako , Matsumoto Kayoko , Yasui Kazuta , Jackman Robert W. , Nakano Toru , Doi Takefumi
Published: June 2004

Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is expressed during megakaryocytic differentiation. We previously demonstrated that the homeodomain proteins (myeloid ecotropic integra tion site 1 [MEIS1], Pbx-regulating protein 1 [PREP1], and pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factors [PBXs]) bind to the novel regulatory element tandem repeat of MEIS1 binding element [TME] and transactivate the rat PF4 promoter. In the present study, we investigated and identified other TME binding proteins in megakaryocytic HEL cells using mass spectrometry. Among identified proteins, we focused on upstream stimulatory factor (USF1) and USF2 and investigated their effects on the PF4 promoter. USF1 and 2 bound to the E-box motif in the TME and strongly transactivated the PF4 promoter. Furthermore, physiologic bindings of USF1 and 2 to the TME in rat megakaryocytes were demonstrated by the chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Interestingly, the E-box motif in the TME was conserved in TME-like sequences of both the human and mouse PF4 promoters. USF1 and 2 also bound to the human TME-like sequence and transactivated the human PF4 promoter. Expressions of USF1 and 2 were detected by reverse-transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the human megakaryocytes derived from CD34+ cells. Thus, these studies demonstrate that the novel TME binding transcription factors, USF1 and 2, transactivate rat and human PF4 promoters and may play an important role in megakaryocytic gene expression.
Experimental assessment of disinfection procedures for eradication of Aspergillus fumigatus in food
Authors: Gangneux Jean-Pierre , Noussair Latifa , Bouakline Adel , Roux Nicole , Lacroix Claire , Derouin Francis
Published: June 2004

Aspergillus fumigatus spores in food may represent an infectious risk for neutropenic patients. We examined the efficiency of disinfection procedures applicable to foods for eradication of A fumigatus. Boiling and microwave treatment fully decontaminated an experimental spore suspension and naturally contaminated liquid foods (reconstituted dried food, herbal tea). Full decontamination of experimentally contaminated surfaces was only obtained with 70% ethanol or heating at 220°C for 15 minutes. Pepper was decontaminated when heated for 15 minutes at 220°C but not by microwaving. Fruit skin was partially decontaminated by 70% ethanol. We conclude that A fumigatus spores can be eradicated from food by heating to a temperature of at least 100°C. When foods cannot be exposed to high temperature or microwaving, ethanol only partially reduces the level of surface contamination.
The homozygous FcγRIIIa-158V genotype is a risk factor for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients with antibodies to heparin-platelet factor 4 complexes
Authors: Gruel Yves , Pouplard Claire , Lasne Dominique , Magdelaine-Beuzelin Charlotte , Charroing Chloé , Watier Hervé
Published: June 2004

We hypothesized that Fcγ receptor IIIa (FcγRIIIa), a polymorphic receptor for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG) other than FcγRIIa, was involved in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). FcγRIIa-131 and FcγRIIIa-158 genotypes were determined in 102 patients with definite HIT and in 2 control groups of patients treated by heparin (86 subjects without detectable antibodies [Abs] to heparin-platelet factor 4 [H/PF4], Ab- group; 84 patients with Abs to H/PF4 without HIT, Ab+ group). There were no significant differences in genotype distribution or allele frequencies between the 3 groups for FcγRIIa-131H/R polymorphism. In contrast, FcγRIIIa-158V homozygotes were more frequent in the HIT group than in the Ab+ group (P = .02), a difference that was more pronounced in patients with high levels of anti-H/PF4 Abs (P = .01). Since anti-H/PF4 Abs are mainly IgG1 and IgG3, clearance of sensitized platelets may be increased in patients homozygous for the FcγRIIIa-158V allotype, thus contributing to the development of thrombocytopenia. (Blood. 2004;104:2791-2793)
Analysis of the CCR7 expression on murine bone marrow-derived and spleen dendritic cells
Authors: Ritter Uwe , Wiede Florian , Mielenz Dirk , Kiafard Ziba , Zwirner Jörg , Körner Heinrich
Published: June 2004

About 40% of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) generated from stem cells of C57BL/6 (B6.WT) mice differentiate in the presence of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) without further stimuli to mature DCs. These cells are characterized by high levels of major histocompatibility complex class II, CD40, and CD86 on their surface. Recent studies have revealed that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is crucial for maturation of BM-DCs. However, once matured, the phenotype of mature TNF-negative C57BL/6 (B6.TNF−/−) and B6.WT BM-DCs is comparable. Both expressed high levels of CD40 and CD86 and were positive for mRNA of the chemokine receptor (CCR)7. To extend our studies, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for mouse CCR7. This mAb allowed us to analyze the surface expression of CCR7 during maturation of B6.WT and B6.TNF−/− BM-DCs in the presence of GM-CSF and stimulated with TNF or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to compare it with the CCR7 expression on ex vivo-isolated splenic DCs with or without additional stimulation. Our results showed that CCR7 expression on murine BM-DCs is an indication of cell maturity. Incubation with LPS induced the maturation of all BM-DCs in culture but increased the number of mature CCR7+ splenic DCs only marginally.
Autocrine IL-10 partially prevents differentiation of neonatal dendritic epidermal leukocytes into Langerhans cells
Authors: Chang-Rodriguez Souyet , Ecker Rupert , Stingl Georg , Elbe-Bürger Adelheid
Published: June 2004

To test whether reduced immune responsiveness in early life may be related to the immaturity of neonatal antigen-presenting cells, we comparatively assessed the phenotypic and functional characteristics of dendritic epidermal leukocytes (DEL) and epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) in newborn (NB) and adult mice, respectively. We report that purified, 3-day-culturedDEL do not acquire the morphology and phenotype typical of LC and are significantly weaker stimulators of naive, allogeneic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells than LC. Freshly isolated DEL are twice as efficient as LC in the uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated tracers but are not able to present these to antigen-specific T cell hybridomas. To clarify the underlying cause, cytokine expression of NB and adult epidermal cells (EC) was examined. We found that DEL express considerable amounts of interleukin (IL)-10, that IL-10 in NB EC supernatants partially inhibits LC maturation, and that DEL-enriched EC from IL-10−/− mice induce stronger primary T cell responses compared with those from IL-10+/+ mice. We conclude that IL-10 is one of the factors preventing maturation and differentiation of DEL into immunocompetent LC in intrauterine life and is at least partly responsible for the poor immune responsiveness of neonates.
Adenosine A2A receptor occupancy stimulates expression of proteins involved in reverse cholesterol transport and inhibits foam cell formation in macrophages
Authors: Reiss Allison B , Rahman Mohammad M , Chan Edwin S L , Montesinos M Carmen , Awadallah Nahel W , Cronstein Bruce N
Published: June 2004

Transport of cholesterol out of macrophages is critical for prevention of foam cell formation, the first step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Proteins involved in this process include cholesterol 27-hydroxylase and adenosine 5′-triphosphat-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). Proinflammatory cytokines and immune complexes (IC) down-regulate cholesterol 27-hydroxylase and impede cholesterol efflux from macrophages, leading to foam cell formation. Prior studies have suggested occupancy of the anti-inflammatory adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) minimizes early atherosclerotic changes in arteries following injury. We therefore asked whether A2AR occupancy affects macrophage foam cell formation in response to IC and the cytokine interferon-γ. We found that the selective A2AR agonist 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5′-N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosine (CGS-21680) inhibited foam cell formation in stimulated THP-1 human macrophages, and the effects of CGS-21680 were reversed by the selective A2AR antagonist 4-(2-[7-amino-2-(2-furyl) [1, 2, 4]triazolo[2,3-a] [1, 3, 5]triazin-5-ylamino]ethyl)phenol. In confirmation of the role of A2AR in prevention of foam cell formation, CGS-21680 also inhibited foam cell formation in cultured murine peritoneal macrophages but did not affect foam cell formation in A2AR-deficient mice. Agents that increase foam cell formation also down-regulate cholesterol 27-hydroxylase and ABCA1 expression. Therefore, we determined the effect of A2AR occupancy on expression of these reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) proteins and found that A2AR occupancy stimulates expression of message for both proteins. These results indicate that one mechanism for the antiatherogenic effects of adenosine is stimulation of the expression of proteins involved in RCT. These findings suggest a novel approach to the development of agents that prevent progression of atherosclerosis.
The role of γδ T cells in the regulation of neutrophil-mediated tissue damage after thermal injury
Authors: Toth Balazs , Alexander Michelle , Daniel TanJanika , Chaudry Irshad H , Hubbard William J , Schwacha Martin G
Published: June 2004

Thermal injury induces an inflammatory response that contributes to the development of secondary tissuedamage. Neutrophil recruitment and activation are in part responsible for this tissue damage. Although γδ T cells have been shown to regulate the inflammatory responses in tissues that are prone to neutrophil-mediated injury post-burn, their role in the induction of secondary tissue injury post-burn remains unknown. To study this, γδ T cell-deficient (γδ TCR−/−) and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to thermal injury or sham procedure, and tissue samples were isolated 1–24 h thereafter. Burn injury induced neutrophil accumulation in the lung and small intestines of WT mice at 1–3 h post-injury. No such increase in neutrophil tissue content was observed in γδ TCR−/− mice. An increase in tissue wet/dry weight ratios was also observed in these organs at 3 h post-burn in WT but not in γδ TCR−/− mice. A parallel increase in plasma and small intestine levels of the chemokines macrophage-inflammatory protein-1β (chemokine ligand 4) and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (CXC chemokine ligand 1) were observed in injured WT mice but not in injured γδ TCR−/− mice. Increased activation (CD120b expression) of the circulating γδ T cell population was also observed at 3 h post-burn in WT mice. These results indicate the γδ T cells, through the production of chemokines, play a central role in the initiation of neutrophil-mediated tissue damage post-burn.