bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SAM: A Unified Self-Adaptive Multicompartmental Spiking Neuron Model for Learning With Working Memory
Authors: Yang Shuangming , Gao Tian , Wang Jiang , Deng Bin , Azghadi Mostafa Rahimi , Lei Tao , Linares-Barranco Bernabe
Published: April 2022

Working memory is a fundamental feature of biological brains for perception, cognition, and learning. In addition, learning with working memory, which has been show in conventional artificial intelligence systems through recurrent neural networks, is instrumental to advanced cognitive intelligence. However, it is hard to endow a simple neuron model with working memory, and to understand the biological mechanisms that have resulted in such a powerful ability at the neuronal level. This article presents a novel self-adaptive multicompartment spiking neuron model, referred to as SAM, for spike-based learning with working memory. SAM integrates four major biological principles including sparse coding, dendritic non-linearity, intrinsic self-adaptive dynamics, and spike-driven learning. We first describe SAM’s design and explore the impacts of critical parameters on its biological dynamics. We then use SAM to build spiking networks to accomplish several different tasks including supervised learning of the MNIST dataset using sequential spatiotemporal encoding, noisy spike pattern classification, sparse coding during pattern classification, spatiotemporal feature detection, meta-learning with working memory applied to a navigation task and the MNIST classification task, and working memory for spatiotemporal learning. Our experimental results highlight the energy efficiency and robustness of SAM in these wide range of challenging tasks. The effects of SAM model variations on its working memory are also explored, hoping to offer insight into the biological mechanisms underlying working memory in the brain. The SAM model is the first attempt to integrate the capabilities of spike-driven learning and working memory in a unified single neuron with multiple timescale dynamics. The competitive performance of SAM could potentially contribute to the development of efficient adaptive neuromorphic computing systems for various applications from robotics to edge computing.
Recording Saltatory Conduction Along Sensory Axons Using a High-Density Microelectrode Array
Authors: Shimba Kenta , Asahina Takahiro , Sakai Koji , Kotani Kiyoshi , Jimbo Yasuhiko
Published: April 2022

Myelinated fibers are specialized neurological structures used for conducting action potentials quickly and reliably, thus assisting neural functions. Although demyelination leads to serious functional impairments, little is known the relationship between myelin structural change and increase in conduction velocity during myelination and demyelination processes. There are no appropriate methods for the long-term evaluation of spatial characteristics of saltatory conduction along myelinated axons. Herein, we aimed to detect saltatory conduction from the peripheral nervous system neurons using a high-density microelectrode array. Rat sensory neurons and intrinsic Schwann cells were cultured. Immunofluorescence and ultrastructure examination showed that the myelinating Schwann cells appeared at 1 month, and compact myelin was formed by 10 weeks in vitro. Activity of rat sensory neurons was evoked with optogenetic stimulation, and axon conduction was detected with high-density microelectrode arrays. Some conductions included high-speed segments with low signal amplitude. The same segment could be detected with electrical recording and immunofluorescent imaging for a myelin-related protein. The spatiotemporal analysis showed that some segments show a velocity of more than 2 m/s and that ends of the segments show a higher electrical sink, suggesting that saltatory conduction occurred in myelinated axons. Moreover, mathematical modeling supported that the recorded signal was in the appropriate range for axon and electrode sizes. Overall, our method could be a feasible tool for evaluating spatial characteristics of axon conduction including saltatory conduction, which is applicable for studying demyelination and remyelination.
Feature Selection in High Dimensional Biomedical Data Based on BF-SFLA
Authors: Dai Yongqiang , Niu Lili , Wei Linjing , Tang Jie
Published: April 2022

High-dimensional biomedical data contained many irrelevant or weakly correlated features, which affected the efficiency of disease diagnosis. This manuscript presented a feature selection method for high-dimensional biomedical data based on the chemotaxis foraging-shuffled frog leaping algorithm (BF-SFLA). The performance of the BF-SFLA based feature selection method was further improved by introducing chemokine operation and balanced grouping strategies into the shuffled frog leaping algorithm, which maintained the balance between global optimization and local optimization and reduced the possibility of the algorithm falling into local optimization. To evaluate the proposed method’s effectiveness, we employed the K-NN (k-nearest Neighbor) and C4.5 decision tree classification algorithm with a comparative analysis. We compared our proposed approach with improved genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, and the basic shuffled frog leaping algorithm. Experimental results showed that the feature selection method based on BF-SFLA obtained a better feature subset, improved classification accuracy, and shortened classification time.
Advanced Clinical Neonatal Nursing Students’ Transfer of Performance: From Skills Training With Real-Time Feedback on Ventilation to a Simulated Neonatal Resuscitation Scenario
Authors: Rød Irene , Jørstad Anna-Kristi , Aagaard Hanne , Rønnestad Arild , Solevåg Anne Lee
Published: April 2022

Background

Advanced clinical neonatal nurses are expected to have technical skills including bag-mask ventilation. Previous studies on neonatal bag-mask ventilation skills training focus largely on medical students and/or physicians. The aim of this study was to investigate whether advanced clinical neonatal nursing students’ bag-mask ventilation training with real-time feedback resulted in transfer of bag-mask ventilation performance to a simulated setting without feedback on ventilation.

Materials and Methods

Students in advanced clinical neonatal nursing practiced bag-mask ventilation on a premature manikin (Premature Anne, Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway) during skills training. A flow sensor (Neo Training, Monivent AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) was placed between the facemask and the self-inflating bag (Laerdal Medical), and visual feedback on mask leak (%), expiratory tidal volume (VTe in ml/kg), ventilation rate and inflation pressure was provided. Two months later, the students participated in a simulated neonatal resuscitation scenario. The same variables were recorded, but not fed back to the students. We compared ventilation data from skills- and simulation training. A structured questionnaire was used to investigate the students’ self-perceived neonatal ventilation competence before and after the skills- and simulation training.

Results

Mask leakage and ventilation rate was higher, and VTe lower and highly variable in the simulated scenario compared with skills training (all p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in inflation pressure (p = 0.92). The fraction of ventilations with VTe within the target range was lower during simulation (21%) compared to skills training (30%) (p < 0.001). There was no difference in the students’ self-perceived competence in bag-mask ventilation before vs. after skills- and simulation training.

Conclusion

Skills training with real-time feedback on mask leak, ventilation rate, tidal volume, and inflation pressure did not result in objective or subjective improvements in bag-mask ventilation in a simulated neonatal resuscitation situation. Incorrect VTe delivery was common even when feedback was provided. It would be of interest to study whether more frequent training, and training both with and without feedback, could improve transfer of performance to a simulated resuscitation setting.
Toxicological Characterization of GHB as a Performance-Enhancing Drug
Authors: Giorgetti Arianna , Busardò Francesco Paolo , Giorgetti Raffaele
Published: April 2022

Performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) are represented by several compounds used to ameliorate the image, the appearance, or an athletic or non-athletic performance. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is an endogenous molecule first used as anesthetic and then marketed as a nutritional supplement with a wide diffusion in the bodybuilding community. The aim of the present work is to provide a toxicological characterization of the use of GHB as a PED, including the scientific basis for its use, the patterns of use/abuse, and the health risks arising from its consumption in this peculiar recreative setting. A literature search was performed on multiple databases including experimental studies on humans and animals as well as epidemiological reports and forensic case reports/series. Experimental studies demonstrated that the use of GHB as a PED is motivated by the release of growth hormone and the induction of sleep. However, the panel of desired performance-related effects was much wider in real cases and epidemiological studies. Even though the use of GHB among bodybuilders has decreased, its use to enhance some kind of performance, particularly sexual ones or social-communicative ones, as well as means to increase mood and perceived energy, is still common.
Evaluation of Essential and Toxic Elements in the Blood of 0–14-Year-Old Children in Hunan, China From 2013 to 2019: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Tan Shan , Yang Yang , Chen Zhiheng , Zhao Lingling , Yang Zuocheng , Dai Hongmei , He Wei , Jiang Mei , Yao Yanhua , Huang Ke , Li Liu , Zhu Pengfei , Xu Shasha , Zhao Mingyi , Yang Minghua
Published: April 2022

Objective

The aim was to investigate the distribution and correlation of Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Cd in the blood of children aged 0–14 years in Hunan, China, which may serve to provide a basis for clinical guidance on child health.

Study Design

A retrospective analysis was carried out. Concentrations of all elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Distributions were analyzed and compared among different age, sex, and year groups by the Kruskal–Wallis test, the chi-square test, and the Fisher's exact test. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the association between every pair of elements.

Results

A total of 46,951 children were involved in this study from 2013 to 2019. The median blood levels of elements were 13.51 μmol/L (Cu), 58.69 μmol/L (Zn), 1.70 mmol/L (Ca), 1.40 mmol/L (Mg), 7.46 mmol/L (Fe), 35.00 μg/L (Pb), and 1.00 μg/L (Cd). Girls had a higher level of Ca and lower levels of Pb and Cd than boys. Cu and Ca showed an upward trend, and Mg and Pb showed a downward trend by year. Zn and Fe increased and Ca decreased significantly with age. The deficiency rates of Fe and Zn decreased significantly by year, while Ca and Cu increased significantly by year. Cd exposure in this area was relatively low.

Conclusion

Most children had normal levels of the essential elements Ca, Cu, and Mg and the toxic elements Pb and Cd. Severe deficiencies in Zn and Fe were observed in the relatively younger children but improved with age. Persistent efforts in reducing Pb exposure might still be needed.
Oncology Drug Repurposing for Sepsis Treatment
Authors: Rumienczyk Izabela , Kulecka Maria , Statkiewicz Małgorzata , Ostrowski Jerzy , Mikula Michal
Published: April 2022

Sepsis involves life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Despite three decades of efforts and multiple clinical trials, no treatment, except antibiotics and supportive care, has been approved for this devastating syndrome. Simultaneously, numerous preclinical studies have shown the effectiveness of oncology-indicated drugs in ameliorating sepsis. Here we focus on cataloging these efforts with both oncology-approved and under-development drugs that have been repositioned to treat bacterial-induced sepsis models. In this context, we also envision the exciting prospect for further standard and oncology drug combination testing that could ultimately improve clinical outcomes in sepsis.
Reliability of Educational Content Videos in YouTubeTM about Stainless Steel Crowns
Authors: Maganur Prabhadevi C. , Hakami Zaki , Raghunath Ravi Gummaraju , Vundavalli Sudhakar , Jeevanandan Ganesh , Almugla Yousef M. , Khanagar Sanjeev B. , Vishwanathaiah Satish
Published: April 2022

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the quality and educational information provided on YouTubeTM about stainless steel crowns (SSC). Videos were searched for on YouTube TM using keywords related to stainless steel crowns in pediatric dentistry in the Google Trends application. A total of 52 videos were available. After exclusion criteria application, 22 videos were selected for the study for analysis. To classify the video content as high or low quality, a scoring system formed of seven parameters was used. For a global evaluation of the video quality, the video information and quality index were applied. Data obtained were analyzed statistically. Only a few videos explained the importance of SSCs. Most of the videos uploaded with a high number of likes were of low quality. Very few videos were of high quality. The content quality and educational quality of videos is poor and incomplete. None of the videos explained the need for the SSC and its benefits in pediatric dentistry.
Influence of an Educational Intervention on Eating Habits in School-Aged Children
Authors: Menor-Rodriguez María José , Cortés-Martín Jonathan , Rodríguez-Blanque Raquel , Tovar-Gálvez María Isabel , Aguilar-Cordero María José , Sánchez-García Juan Carlos
Published: April 2022

A health promotion intervention directed at preventing unhealthy habits in relation to physical exercise, hygiene habits, diet and personal relationships can lead to a decrease in diseases during adulthood and obtaining a better quality of life. The intervention had a participative and multidisciplinary nature, and it was developed by health professionals, teachers and parents for school children. It promoted healthy lifestyle habits around food by working on four areas through video lessons, interactive talks, practical and theoretical–practical classes and an individual project on behalf of the student where they had to design healthy menus. We randomly selected, by stratified multistage sampling, three public primary education schools. A sample of 479 students registered during the 2014/2015 academic year aged between 6–12 years were included in the study. After the educational intervention, we found a significant reduction in the BMI of the students (p < 0.001). For breakfast, the overweight or obese children modified their usual food consumption after the intervention for a healthier breakfast based on fruit juice and bread instead of sugary snacks (p < 0.001). Regarding eating habits during the mid-morning break, there was a decrease in the consumption of sugary snacks (p < 0.001) and an increase in the consumption of fruits and sandwiches. We found that, after the intervention, the excessive consumption of pasta for the main meal reduced in favor of an increase in the consumption of proteins and different beans and pulses (p > 0.001). Educational interventions on healthy lifestyle habits carried out in children during their early years improve and correct unhealthy habits.
Biodiversity Monitoring of a Riparian Wetland in a Mixed-Use Watershed in the Central Appalachians, USA, before Restoration
Authors: Becker Darien N. , Hubbart Jason A. , Anderson James T.
Published: April 2022

Wetland mitigation efforts have increased in numbers over the past two decades to combat wetland loss in the United States. Data regarding wetland function such as biodiversity are required to be collected 5–10 years after a project is complete; however, pre-restoration data that can inform the effectiveness of mitigation are often not collected. We conducted pre-restoration surveys on various taxa along or within Ruby Run, a tributary of Deckers Creek in north-central West Virginia, USA, from 2016 to 2020 to determine the baseline relative abundance and diversity within the stream and the associated riparian zone. In five years, we observed 237 species (154 plant, 58 bird, 13 fish, 6 small mammal, and 6 anuran) and 25 families of macroinvertebrates. Seasonal fluctuations in diversity were present, but mean diversity was relatively consistent among years across taxa, except in anurans, where there was a decrease each year. Wetland mitigation efforts should continue to be monitored for success using multiple taxa, because land use change can affect taxa in different ways, resulting in well-rounded assessments that can improve wetland management practices.
Socio-Economic, Demographic and Health Determinants of the COVID-19 Outbreak
Authors: Ozyilmaz Ayfer , Bayraktar Yuksel , Toprak Metin , Isik Esme , Guloglu Tuncay , Aydin Serdar , Olgun Mehmet Firat , Younis Mustafa
Published: April 2022

Objective: In this study, the effects of social and health indicators affecting the number of cases and deaths of the COVID-19 pandemic were examined. For the determinants of the number of cases and deaths, four models consisting of social and health indicators were created. Methods: In this quantitative research, 93 countries in the model were used to obtain determinants of the confirmed cases and determinants of the COVID-19 fatalities. Results: The results obtained from Model I, in which the number of cases was examined with social indicators, showed that the number of tourists, the population between the ages of 15 and 64, and institutionalization had a positive effect on the number of cases. The results obtained from the health indicators of the number of cases show that cigarette consumption affects the number of cases positively in the 50th quantile, the death rate under the age of five affects the number of cases negatively in all quantiles, and vaccination positively affects the number of cases in 25th and 75th quantile values. Findings from social indicators of the number of COVID-19 deaths show that life expectancy negatively affects the number of deaths in the 25th and 50th quantiles. The population over the age of 65 and CO2 positively affect the number of deaths at the 25th, 50th, and 75th quantiles. There is a non-linear relationship between the number of cases and the number of deaths at the 50th and 75th quantile values. An increase in the number of cases increases the number of deaths to the turning point; after the turning point, an increase in the number of cases decreases the death rate. Herd immunity has an important role in obtaining this finding. As a health indicator, it was seen that the number of cases positively affected the number of deaths in the 50th and 75th quantile values and the vaccination rate in the 25th and 75th quantile values. Diabetes affects the number of deaths positively in the 75th quantile. Conclusion: The population aged 15–64 has a strong impact on COVID-19 cases, but in COVID-19 deaths, life expectancy is a strong variable. On the other hand, it has been found that vaccination and the number of cases interaction term has an effect on the mortality rate. The number of cases has a non-linear effect on the number of deaths.
Micropropagation from Inflorescence Nodal Segments of Phalaenopsis and Acclimatization of Plantlets Using Different Substrates
Authors: Zanello Cesar Augusto , Duarte Willian Naves , Gomes Daniela Mangueira , Cardoso Jean Carlos
Published: April 2022

Phalaenopsis is an orchid genus of great economic value in world floriculture. In vitro clonal propagation is the only large-scale feasible method for Phalaenopsis propagation, but it is difficult because of the low multiplication rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of types and concentrations of N6-benzyladenine (6-BA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) on the in vitro multiplication of shoots from inflorescence nodal segments (INS) of Phalaenopsis hybrids. INS with one axillary bud were inoculated in New Dogashima Medium with different combinations of BA and GA3. The results show that the treatment containing 1.0 mg L−1 BA and 1.5 mg L−1 GA3 showed the higher percentage of live inflorescence segments (71.48%) and a number of shoots (1.68 shoots/INS). The highest 6-BA concentration (4 mg L−1) tested in this study resulted in the best shoot multiplication rate (4.3). Contamination and browning of the INS tissues were the main difficulties identified for clonal propagation of Phalaenopsis. Successful in vitro rooting occurred on half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium (100%), and acclimatization (100%) was obtained independent of the substrates. However, the best gains in number of roots, leaves, chlorophyll content, and fresh weight of plantlets were achieved using vermiculite.
Combining Cultural Tactics and Insecticides for the Management of the Sweetpotato Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci MEAM1, and Viruses in Yellow Squash
Authors: LaTora Angela Gabrielle , Codod Clarence Bagayao , Legarrea Saioa , Dutta Bhabesh , Kemerait Robert C. , Adkins Scott , Turechek William , Coolong Timothy , da Silva Andre Luiz Biscaia Ribeiro , Srinivasan Rajagopalbabu
Published: April 2022

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and the complex of viruses it transmits are major limiting factors to squash production in the southeastern United States. At this time, insecticides are extensively relied upon for the management of whiteflies and, indirectly, whitefly-transmitted viruses. The development of a multi-faceted, integrated pest management (IPM) program is needed to increase the sustainability and profitability of squash production. Experiments in 2018 and 2019 evaluated the effects of insect exclusion netting (IEN) in combination with selected pesticides on whitefly population dynamics and virus incidence in greenhouse-grown squash seedlings. Field experiments from 2018 to 2021 evaluated the effects of mulch type (UV-reflective mulch, live mulch, and white plastic mulch), row covers, and insecticides on whitefly population dynamics, silver leaf disorder (SSL) intensity, virus symptom severity, and marketable yield. IEN significantly reduced whiteflies and virus incidence on squash seedlings in the greenhouse study. In the field mulch study, lower whitefly abundance and SSL intensity, as well as reduced virus symptom severity, were observed in plots with reflective mulch compared with white plastic or live mulch. In the insecticide/row cover study, whitefly abundance, SSL intensity, and virus symptom severity were lowest in the row cover and cyantraniliprole- and flupyradifurone-treated plots. Field plots with row covers and those with UV-reflective mulch consistently produced the greatest marketable yields. These findings demonstrate that growers can reduce whitefly and virus pressure and preserve yields in squash production in the southeastern United States by combining cultural and chemical tactics, including row covers, UV-reflective mulch, and select insecticides.
Optimization of Infrared Postharvest Treatment of Barhi Dates Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Authors: Abdelkarim Diaeldin O. , Ahmed Khaled A. , Younis Mahmoud , Yehia Hany M. , El-Abedein Assem I. Zein , Alhamdan Abdulla , Ahmed Isam A. Mohamed
Published: April 2022

Barhi dates are widely consumed at Khalal maturity stage and preserving the freshness quality of Barhi at this stage is a challenging task as this period is short and the fruits are more perishable. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the infrared (IR) treatment and storage conditions for preserving the physicochemical, microbial, and bioactive attributes of fresh Barhi dates. The effect of four factors, IR temperature (50, 70, 90, and 110 °C), IR time (1, 2, 3, and 4 min), storage temperature (1, 5, 15, and 25 °C), and storage time (1, 6, 11, 16, and 21 days), on the responses of total soluble solids (TSS), hardness, total color change (ΔE), total viable count (TVC), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (DPPH), and glucose content were evaluated following central composite design (CCD). IR temperature, IR time, storage temperature, and storage time significantly affected the physical, microbial, and bioactive attributes of Barhi dates. The optimal conditions for minimizing the physical changes and microbial load and maximizing the bioactive attributes were IR temperature of 50 °C, IR time of 1.2 min, storage temperature of 1 °C, and storage time of 20 days. At the optimum conditions, the values of TSS, hardness, ΔE, TVC, TPC, DPPH, and glucose were 37.22%, 70.17 N, 11.12, 2.9 log CFU/g, 36.1 mg GAE/g, 65.31%, and 25.38 mg/g, respectively and these values were similar to predicted values. In conclusion, this study identified the ideal IR treatment and storage conditions for maintaining the overall quality attributes of Barhi dates during prolonged storage.
Six First Reports of Pin Nematodes from Portugal, with an Update of the Systematics, Genetic Diversity, and Phylogeny of the Genus Paratylenchus (Nematoda: Tylenchulidae)
Authors: Rosmaninho Teresa , Mota Manuel , Inácio Maria L. , Eisenback Jonathan D. , Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez Carlos
Published: April 2022

Pin nematodes (Paratylenchus spp.) currently comprise 132 species of polyphagous plant ectoparasites with at least seven species that are plant pathogenic emphasizing the need for correct identification to establish an appropriate management strategy. Sequences of highly conserved regions of ribosomal and mitochondrial RNA genes are a powerful species-level diagnostic tool within Tylenchulidae. A nematological survey was conducted from 2019 to 2021 in commercial vineyards distributed in four major wine-producing regions in the Central and South Portugal. Nine populations of Paratylenchus spp. were isolated from the rhizosphere of grapevines that were characterized from morphological data and molecular phylogenetic analysis using two rRNA genes (D2–D3 expansion segments of the 28S, and partial 18S) and a region partial of the COI mtRNA gene. Contrasting morphological hypotheses with molecular data provided rapid detection of six species, specifically P. goodeyi, P. hamatus, P. pedrami, P. tenicaudatus, P. variabilis, and P. veruculatus. Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic trees for these molecular markers established phylogenetic relationships underscore the importance of using genomic and molecular phylogenetic data for accurate pin nematode identification at the species level. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Paratylenchus spp. in Portugal, extending the geographical distribution of these species in the Mediterranean Basin, and the first record of P. goodeyi, P. pedrami, P.variabilis, P. veruculatus and P. tenicaudatus parasitizing grapevine.
Evaluation of Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) By-Products as Valuable and Sustainable Sources of Health Benefits
Authors: Kittibunchakul Suwapat , Hudthagosol Chatrapa , Sanporkha Promluck , Sapwarobol Suwimol , Temviriyanukul Piya , Suttisansanee Uthaiwan
Published: April 2022

By-products from sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) oil extraction as the husk and shell are used as low value fertilizer or animal feed. The nutritive values, antioxidant activities, phenolics, and in vitro health-related activities of the sacha inchi husk and shell were investigated and compared to increase their economic potential as future food sources. Higher protein, carbohydrates, and total dietary fiber content were detected in the husk, while higher fat content and energy were found in the shell. Several phenolics were also detected in both the husk and shell, with p-coumaric acid being the most abundant phenolic in the shell and caffeic acid in the husk. Total phenolic content was 1.6-fold greater in the shell than in the husk, leading to 1.8–2.7-fold higher antioxidant activity and 1.2-fold higher anti-glycation activity. Various types and quantities of phenolics also led to diverse in vitro enzyme inhibitory activities in the husk and shell. Knowledge received from this research might be useful to maximize the utilization of by-products from sacha inchi oil extraction as future food sources with valuable nutritional compositions, phenolics, and potential health benefits. Further investigations on the health properties of the sacha inchi husk and shell should include toxicity, bioaccessibility, and in vivo experiments.
Medication Self-Management in Hospitalised Patients with Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder: The Perceptions of Patients and Healthcare Providers
Authors: Loots Elke , Leys Josée , Proost Shara , Morrens Manuel , Glazemakers Inge , Dilles Tinne , Van Rompaey Bart
Published: April 2022

Aim(s): The aim of the study was to explore perspectives of hospitalised patients with schizophrenia or a bipolar disorder and their healthcare providers on medication self-management. Methods: In a qualitative descriptive design, semi-structured interviews were used. Forty-nine interviews were completed (nurses n = 18; psychiatrists n = 3; hospital pharmacists n = 2; patients n = 26). Data analysis was iterative using an inductive and thematic approach. Results: From the thematic analysis of the interviews, three main themes emerged: monitoring and shared decision-making, relationship based on trust, and patient satisfaction and rehabilitation; as well as three sub-themes: available tools, patient readiness, and safety. Regular monitoring and follow-ups were considered conditions for medication self-management. All stakeholders considered that the patient, the nursing staff, and the psychiatrist should all be involved in the process of medication self-management. All healthcare providers emphasized the importance of regular re-evaluations of the patient and were worried about medication errors and misuse. Most patients considered medication self-management during hospitalisation to increase their confidence, self-reliance, and satisfaction. Many participants thought it would make a positive contribution to the recovery process. Discussion: All stakeholders were positive towards medication self-management under specific conditions. According to the participants, medication self-management offered many benefits, including the implementation of more structure for the patient, an ameliorated preparatory phase towards discharge, and an actual improvement of future adherence. All participants considered medication self-management to contribute to more profound medication knowledge and an overall improvement of their health literacy. Implications and future perspectives: These findings will be used to develop a medication self-management tool in hospitalised patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorders.
Personality Effects on Chinese Public Preference for the COVID-19 Vaccination: Discrete Choice Experiment and Latent Profile Analysis Study
Authors: Zhang Jinzi , Ge Pu , Li Xialei , Yin Mei , Wang Yujia , Ming Waikit , Li Jinhui , Li Pei , Sun Xinying , Wu Yibo
Published: April 2022

Objective: This study aims to investigate the differences in public vaccination preference for the COVID-19 vaccine with different personality characteristics. Methods: Based on the Big Five Personality Inventory (BFI-10), a total of 1200 respondents were categorized by personality characteristics using Latent Profile Analysis (LPA). The preference of members the public with different personality characteristics for COVID-19 vaccination was investigated based on a discrete choice experiment (DCE). Results: All respondents were divided into three groups, named the General and Stable type (79.67%), Conscientious and Agreeable type (9.5%), and Open and Extroverted type (10.83%). For the percentage importance of vaccine attributes, both the General and Stable type and Conscientious and Agreeable type respondents considered cost to be the most important (41.93% and 34.95% respectively). However, the Open and Extroverted type respondents considered efficacy as the most important (31.05%). In our conditional logit model (CLOGIT), for vaccine adverse effects, the General and Stable type and Conscientious and Agreeable type respondents preferred “very mild”, while the Open and Extroverted type preferred “mild” (OR:1.108, 95%CI 0.977–1.256). The Open and Extroverted type had a higher willingness to pay (WTP) for the most preferred vaccine level compared to the other types. Conclusions: The Open and Extroverted respondents have the highest willingness to vaccinate. The General and Stable type and Conscientious and Agreeable respondents think that the cost of the vaccine is the most important attribute, and prefer the mildest side effects. The Open and Extroverted type think that vaccine efficacy is the most important attribute, prefer “mild” side effects, and have higher willingness to pay for their favorite vaccine level.
Having a Say in Research Directions: The Role of Community Researchers in Participatory Research with Communities of Refugee and Migrant Background
Authors: Hearn Fran , Biggs Laura , Brown Stephanie , Tran Lien , Shwe Sherinald , Noe Ta , Toke Shadow , Alqas Alias May , Essa Maryaan , Hydari Shogoufa , Szwarc Josef , Riggs Elisha
Published: April 2022

Research teams in high-income countries often fail to acknowledge the capacity and contributions of Community Researchers. This qualitative exploratory study used decolonising methodology and the Foundation House ‘Refugee Recovery Framework’ to understand Community Researchers’ perceptions and experiences of their role, and how research teams can integrate the knowledge they bring into research. Purposive sampling was used to facilitate the recruitment of eight Community Researchers from five different community groups working in Melbourne, Victoria. Semi-structured interviews lasting forty to sixty minutes occurred between December 2020 and January 2021. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Findings reported in this paper include eight themes: ‘nothing about us without us’; ‘open the door’; a safe space to share; every step of the way; this does not translate; finding the right way to ask; a trauma-informed approach; and support within the workplace. The knowledge obtained demonstrates that Community Researchers facilitate meaningful participation in research for women, families, and communities of refugee or migrant background. Community Researchers’ presence, knowledge, and skills are vital in establishing culturally safe research practices and developing accessible language to facilitate conversations about sensitive research topics across multiple languages. Community Researchers can make important contributions at all stages of research, including data collection and interpretation.
Understanding Mental Health Needs and Gathering Feedback on Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Potential PTSD Treatment among 9/11 Responders Living with PTSD Symptoms 20 Years Later: A Qualitative Approach
Authors: Schwartz Rebecca M. , Shaam Pooja , Williams Myia S. , McCann-Pineo Molly , Ryniker Laura , Debnath Shubham , Zanos Theodoros P.
Published: April 2022

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains one of the most prevalent diagnoses of World Trade Center (WTC) 9/11 responders. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a potential treatment for PTSD, as it can downregulate activity in the brain, which is known to be related to stress responses and hyperarousal. To understand barriers and facilitators to engagement in mental health care and the feasibility and acceptability of using the taVNS device as a treatment for PTSD symptoms, a focus group was conducted among patients from the Queens WTC Health Program who had elevated symptoms of PTSD. The focus group discussion was recorded, transcribed, and analyzed. Three themes and subthemes emerged: (1) the continued prevalence of mental health difficulties and systematic challenges to accessing care; (2) positive reception toward the taVNS device as a potential treatment option, including a discussion of how to increase usability; and (3) feedback on increasing the feasibility and acceptance of the research methodology associated with testing the device in a pilot clinical trial. The findings highlight the need for additional treatment options to reduce PTSD symptoms in this population and provide key formative phase input for the pilot clinical trial of taVNS.
High Sensitivity and Specificity of Dormitory-Level Wastewater Surveillance for COVID-19 during Fall Semester 2020 at Syracuse University, New York
Authors: Godinez Alex , Hill Dustin , Dandaraw Bryan , Green Hyatt , Kilaru Pruthvi , Middleton Frank , Run Sythong , Kmush Brittany L. , Larsen David A.
Published: April 2022

A residential building’s wastewater presents a potential non-invasive method of surveilling numerous infectious diseases, including SARS-CoV-2. We analyzed wastewater from 16 different residential locations at Syracuse University (Syracuse, NY, USA) during fall semester 2020, testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA twice weekly and compared the presence of clinical COVID-19 cases to detection of the viral RNA in wastewater. The sensitivity of wastewater surveillance to correctly identify dormitories with a case of COVID-19 ranged from 95% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 76–100%) on the same day as the case was diagnosed to 73% (95% CI = 53–92%), with 7 days lead time of wastewater. The positive predictive value ranged from 20% (95% CI = 13–30%) on the same day as the case was diagnosed to 50% (95% CI = 40–60%) with 7 days lead time. The specificity of wastewater surveillance to correctly identify dormitories without a case of COVID-19 ranged from 60% (95% CI = 52–67%) on the day of the wastewater sample to 67% (95% CI = 58–74%) with 7 days lead time. The negative predictive value ranged from 99% (95% CI = 95–100%) on the day of the wastewater sample to 84% (95% CI = 77–91%) with 7 days lead time. Wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 at the building level is highly accurate in determining if residents have a COVID-19 infection. Particular benefit is derived from negative wastewater results that can confirm a building is COVID-19 free.
Assessing the Equity of Accessibility to Urban Green Space: A Study of 254 Cities in China
Authors: Rao Yingxue , Zhong Yi , He Qingsong , Dai Jingyi
Published: April 2022

Urban green space has environmental benefits of purifying the air, reducing the heat island effect and providing the social and economic benefits of rest places and social platforms. An integrated and organized green space system is important for fully realizing the positive functions of an urban ecosystem. Previous studies have considered green space supply and demand, but few studies have examined large-scale, diverse and small-scale systems, making it difficult to conduct a comparative study of urban green space accessibility and equity under the same conditions (such as data sources and calculation methods). Using the two-step floating catchment area method, this study evaluates the equity of 254 urban green spaces in China within four ranges of accessibility: 1 km, 2.5 km, 5 km and 10 km. The study also considers urban house price in the research. The results show the following: (1) There are large differences in the accessibility of green space between different cities in China. Within the accessibility threshold of 10 km, the city with the most accessible urban green spaces has an accessibility level that is 27,813 times that of the city with the lowest accessibility. (2) Within the range of walking/cycling, there are significant inequalities in green space access in the 254 cities; the inequality of green space accessibility in most of the studied cities is at the “dangerous” level. (3) The two-step floating catchment area method indicates that the social superiority (high social class) represented by high housing prices is associated with a greater opportunity to access urban green space services. This paper highlights the main problems associated with the accessibility of urban green space in China and proposes targeted development recommendations. These recommendations provide a reference for urban managers to develop effective green space development policies and realize the optimal allocation of urban green space.
Working Environment, Personal Protective Equipment, Personal Life Changes, and Well-Being Perceived in Spanish Nurses during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Jiménez-García Segundo , de Juan Pérez Alba , Pérez-Cañaveras Rosa M. , Vizcaya-Moreno Flores
Published: April 2022

During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses have had to face logistical problems related to critical changes in their work environment, the supply of personal protective equipment (PPE), and hard personal life decisions. This study aimed to investigate the changes in the working environment, PPE use, personal lives, and well-being as perceived by nurses in hospitals and primary care centers in Spain, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A descriptive cross-sectional survey study was conducted in April 2020, including 61 public and private hospitals, and 852 primary care centers. A total of 1296 nurses participated. The redeployment practice for organizational or vulnerability reasons was used by 26.4% of the participants. A total of 61.9% of the nurses doubled the time they used masks, and 8.3% of them could only replace the mask once a week. A total of 11.2% (n = 145) of the nurses left home to avoid infecting their family. Finally, 60.97% of the participants stated that their well-being was reduced compared to the state before the pandemic. Changes in the work environment, the use of PPE, and personal life may be related to the decrease in personal well-being perceived by the nurses.
Validation of the German Version of the Moral Injury Symptom and Support Scale for Health Professionals (G-MISS-HP) and Its Correlation to the Second Victim Phenomenon
Authors: Trifunovic-Koenig Milena , Strametz Reinhard , Gerber Bianka , Mantri Sneha , Bushuven Stefan
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Comparable to second victim phenomenon (SVP), moral injury (MI) affects health professionals (HP) working in stressful environments. Information on how MI and SVP intercorrelate and their part in a psychological trauma complex is limited. We tested and validated a German version of the Moral Injury Symptom and Support Scale for Health Professionals (G-MISS-HP) instrument, screening for MI and correlated it with the recently developed German version of the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool (G-SVESTR) instrument, testing for SVP. Methods: After translating Moral Injury Symptom and Support Scale for Health Professionals (MISS-HP), we conducted a cross-sectional online survey providing G-MISS-HP and G-SVEST-R to HP. Statistics included Pearson’s interitem correlation, reliability analysis, principal axis factoring and principal components analysis with Promax rotation, confirmatory factor and ROC analyses. Results: A total of 244 persons responded, of whom 156 completed the survey (33% nurses, 16% physicians, 9% geriatric nurses, 7.1% speech and language therapists). Interitem and corrected item-scale correlations did not measure for one item sufficiently. It was, therefore, excluded from further analyses. The nine-item score revealed good reliability (Guttman’s lambda 2 = 0.80; Cronbach’s alpha = 0.79). Factor validity was demonstrated, indicating that a three-factor model from the original study might better represent the data compared with our two-factor model. Positive correlations between G-MISS-HP and G-SVESTR subscales demonstrated convergent validity. ROC revealed sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 63% for G-MISS-HP using a nine-item scale with cutoff value of 28.5 points. Positive and negative predictive values were 62% and 69%, respectively. Subgroup analyses did not reveal any differences. Conclusion: G-MISS-HP with nine items is a valid and reliable testing instrument for moral injury. However, strong intercorrelations of MI and SVP indicate the need for further research on the distinction of these phenomena.
Validity of Administrative Data for Identifying Birth-Related Outcomes with the End Date of Pregnancy in a Japanese University Hospital
Authors: Tajima Kentaro , Ishikawa Tomofumi , Matsuzaki Fumiko , Noda Aoi , Morishita Kei , Inoue Ryusuke , Iwama Noriyuki , Nishigori Hidekazu , Sugawara Junichi , Saito Masatoshi , Obara Taku , Mano Nariyasu
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to develop and validate claims-based algorithms for identifying live birth, fetal death, and cesarean section by utilizing administrative data from a university hospital in Japan. We included women who visited the Department of Obstetrics at a university hospital in 2018. The diagnosis, medical procedures, and medication data were used to identify potential cases of live birth, fetal death, and cesarean section. By reviewing electronic medical records, we evaluated the positive predictive values (PPVs) and the accuracy of the end date of pregnancy for each claims datum. “Selected algorithm 1” based on PPVs and “selected algorithm 2” based on both the PPVs and the accuracy of the end date of pregnancy were developed. A total of 1757 women were included, and the mean age was 32.8 years. The PPVs of “selected algorithm 1” and “selected algorithm 2” were both 98.1% for live birth, 99.0% and 98.9% for fetal death, and 99.7% and 100.0% for cesarean section, respectively. These findings suggest that the developed algorithms are useful for future studies for evaluating live birth, fetal death, and cesarean section with an accurate end date of pregnancy.
Culture Requests and Multi-Drug Resistance among Suspected Urinary Tract Infections in Two Tertiary Hospitals in Freetown, Sierra Leone (2017–21): A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Campbell Julian S. O. , van Henten Saskia , Koroma Zikan , Kamara Ibrahim Franklyn , Kamara Gladys N. , Shewade Hemant Deepak , Harries Anthony D.
Published: April 2022

In sub-Saharan Africa, there is limited information about the use of microbiology laboratory services in patients with suspected urinary tract infections (UTIs). This cross-sectional study assessed the requests for urine culture in patients with suspected UTI in two tertiary (maternal and paediatric) hospitals—Freetown and Sierra Leone, during May 2017–May 2021—and determined antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns among bacterial isolates. One laboratory served the two hospitals, with its electronic database used to extract information. Overall, there were 980 patients, of whom 168 (17%) had cultures requested and performed. Of these, 75 (45%) were culture positive. During 2017–2019, there were 930 patients, of whom 156 (17%) had cultures performed. During 2020–2021, when services were disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, there were 50 patients, of whom 12 (24%) had cultures performed. The four commonest isolates were Escherichia coli (36), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10), Staphylococcus aureus (9), and Pseudomonas spp. (6). There were high levels of AMR, especially for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (47%), nalidixic acid (44%), nitrofurantoin (32%) and cefotaxime (36%). Overall, 41 (55%) bacterial isolates showed multidrug resistance, especially E. coli (58%), Pseudomonas spp. (50%), and S. aureus (44%). These findings support the need for better utilization of clinical microbiology services to guide antibiotic stewardship and monitoring of trends in resistance patterns.