bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Random network peristalsis in
Physarum polycephalum
organizes fluid flows across an individual
Authors: Alim Karen , Amselem Gabriel , Peaudecerf François , Brenner Michael P. , Pringle Anne
Published: July 2013

Individuals can function as integrated organisms only when information and resources are shared across a body. Signals and substrates are commonly moved using fluids, often channeled through a network of tubes. Peristalsis is one mechanism for fluid transport and is caused by a wave of cross-sectional contractions along a tube. We extend the concept of peristalsis from the canonical case of one tube to a random network. Transport is maximized within the network when the wavelength of the peristaltic wave is of the order of the size of the network. The slime mold
Physarum polycephalum
grows as a random network of tubes, and our experiments confirm peristalsis is used by the slime mold to drive internal cytoplasmic flows. Comparisons of theoretically generated contraction patterns with the patterns exhibited by individuals of
P. polycephalum
demonstrate that individuals maximize internal flows by adapting patterns of contraction to size, thus optimizing transport throughout an organism. This control of fluid flow may be the key to coordinating growth and behavior, including the dynamic changes in network architecture seen over time in an individual.
A functional genomic perspective on human well-being
Authors: Fredrickson Barbara L. , Grewen Karen M. , Coffey Kimberly A. , Algoe Sara B. , Firestine Ann M. , Arevalo Jesusa M. G. , Ma Jeffrey , Cole Steven W.
Published: July 2013

To identify molecular mechanisms underlying the prospective health advantages associated with psychological well-being, we analyzed leukocyte basal gene expression profiles in 80 healthy adults who were assessed for hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, as well as potentially confounded negative psychological and behavioral factors. Hedonic and eudaimonic well-being showed similar affective correlates but highly divergent transcriptome profiles. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from people with high levels of hedonic well-being showed up-regulated expression of a stress-related conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA) involving increased expression of proinflammatory genes and decreased expression of genes involved in antibody synthesis and type I IFN response. In contrast, high levels of eudaimonic well-being were associated with CTRA down-regulation. Promoter-based bioinformatics implicated distinct patterns of transcription factor activity in structuring the observed differences in gene expression associated with eudaimonic well-being (reduced NF-κB and AP-1 signaling and increased IRF and STAT signaling). Transcript origin analysis identified monocytes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes as primary cellular mediators of these dynamics. The finding that hedonic and eudaimonic well-being engage distinct gene regulatory programs despite their similar effects on total well-being and depressive symptoms implies that the human genome may be more sensitive to qualitative variations in well-being than are our conscious affective experiences.
Identification of the molecular attributes required for aminoglycoside activity against
Leishmania
Authors: Shalev Moran , Kondo Jiro , Kopelyanskiy Dmitry , Jaffe Charles L. , Adir Noam , Baasov Timor
Published: July 2013

Leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus
Leishmania
, affects millions of people worldwide. Aminoglycosides are mostly known as highly potent, broad-spectrum antibiotics that exert their antibacterial activity by selectively targeting the decoding A site of the bacterial ribosome, leading to aberrant protein synthesis. Recently, some aminoglycosides have been clinically approved and are currently used worldwide for the treatment of leishmaniasis; however the molecular details by which aminoglycosides induce their deleterious effect on
Leishmaina
is still rather obscure. Based on high conservation of the decoding site among all kingdoms, it is assumed that the putative binding site of these agents in
Leishmania
is the ribosomal A site. However, although recent X-ray crystal structures of the bacterial ribosome in complex with aminoglycosides shed light on the mechanism of aminoglycosides action as antibiotics, no such data are presently available regarding their binding site in
Leishmania
. We present crystal structures of two different aminoglycoside molecules bound to a model of the
Leishmania
ribosomal A site: Geneticin (G418), a potent aminoglycoside for the treatment of leishmaniasis at a 2.65-Å resolution, and Apramycin, shown to be a strong binder to the leishmanial ribosome lacking an antileishmanial activity at 1.4-Å resolution. The structural data, coupled with in vitro inhibition measurements on two strains of
Leishmania
, provide insight as to the source of the difference in inhibitory activity of different Aminoglycosides. The combined structural and physiological data sets the ground for rational design of new, and more specific, aminoglycoside derivatives as potential therapeutic agents against leishmaniasis.
Virtual memory CD8 T cells display unique functional properties
Authors: Lee June-Yong , Hamilton Sara E. , Akue Adovi D. , Hogquist Kristin A. , Jameson Stephen C.
Published: July 2013

Previous studies revealed the existence of foreign antigen-specific memory phenotype CD8 T cells in unimmunized mice. Considerable evidence suggests this population, termed “virtual memory” (VM) CD8 T cells, arise via physiological homeostatic mechanisms. However, the antigen-specific function of VM cells is poorly characterized, and hence their potential contribution to immune responses against pathogens is unclear. Here we show that naturally occurring, polyclonal VM cells have unique functional properties, distinct from either naïve or antigen-primed memory CD8 T cells. In striking contrast to conventional memory cells, VM cells showed poor T cell receptor-induced IFN-γ synthesis and preferentially differentiated into central memory phenotype cells after priming. Importantly, VM cells showed efficient control ofListeria monocytogenesinfection, indicating memory-like capacity to eliminate certain pathogens. These data suggest naturally arising VM cells display unique functional traits, allowing them to form a bridge between the innate and adaptive phase of a response to pathogens.
Asymmetric transmitter binding sites of fetal muscle acetylcholine receptors shape their synaptic response
Authors: Nayak Tapan K. , Auerbach Anthony
Published: July 2013

Neuromuscular acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) have two transmitter binding sites: at α−δ and either α−γ (fetal) or α–ε (adult) subunit interfaces. The γ-subunit of fetal AChRs is indispensable for the proper development of neuromuscular synapses. We estimated parameters for acetylcholine (ACh) binding and gating from single channel currents of fetal mouse AChRs expressed in tissue-cultured cells. The unliganded gating equilibrium constant is smaller and less voltage-dependent than in adult AChRs. However, the α−γ binding site has a higher affinity for ACh and provides more binding energy for gating compared with α−ε; therefore, the diliganded gating equilibrium constant at −100 mV is comparable for both receptor subtypes. The −2.2 kcal/mol extra binding energy from α−γ compared with α−δ and α−ε is accompanied by a higher resting affinity for ACh, mainly because of slower transmitter dissociation. End plate current simulations suggest that the higher affinity and increased energy from α−γ are essential for generating synaptic responses at low pulse [ACh].
Reproductive aging patterns in primates reveal that humans are distinct
Authors: Alberts Susan C. , Altmann Jeanne , Brockman Diane K. , Cords Marina , Fedigan Linda M. , Pusey Anne , Stoinski Tara S. , Strier Karen B. , Morris William F. , Bronikowski Anne M.
Published: July 2013

Women rarely give birth after ∼45 y of age, and they experience the cessation of reproductive cycles, menopause, at ∼50 y of age after a fertility decline lasting almost two decades. Such reproductive senescence in mid-lifespan is an evolutionary puzzle of enduring interest because it should be inherently disadvantageous. Furthermore, comparative data on reproductive senescence from other primates, or indeed other mammals, remains relatively rare. Here we carried out a unique detailed comparative study of reproductive senescence in seven species of nonhuman primates in natural populations, using long-term, individual-based data, and compared them to a population of humans experiencing natural fertility and mortality. In four of seven primate species we found that reproductive senescence occurred before death only in a small minority of individuals. In three primate species we found evidence of reproductive senescence that accelerated throughout adulthood; however, its initial rate was much lower than mortality, so that relatively few individuals experienced reproductive senescence before death. In contrast, the human population showed the predicted and well-known pattern in which reproductive senescence occurred before death for many women and its rate accelerated throughout adulthood. These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that reproductive senescence in midlife, although apparent in natural-fertility, natural-mortality populations of humans, is generally absent in other primates living in such populations.
Genetic measurement of memory B-cell recall using antibody repertoire sequencing
Authors: Vollmers Christopher , Sit Rene V. , Weinstein Joshua A. , Dekker Cornelia L. , Quake Stephen R.
Published: July 2013

Annual influenza vaccinations aim to protect against seasonal infections, and vaccine strain compositions are updated every year. This protection is based on antibodies that are produced by either newly activated or memory B cells recalled from previous encounters with influenza vaccination or infection. The extent to which the B-cell repertoire responds to vaccination and recalls antibodies has so far not been analyzed at a genetic level—which is to say, at the level of antibody sequences. Here, we developed a consensus read sequencing approach that incorporates unique barcode labels on each starting RNA molecule. These labels allow one to combine multiple sequencing reads covering the same RNA molecule to reduce the error rate to a desired level, and they also enable accurate quantification of RNA and isotype levels. We validated this approach and analyzed the differential response of the antibody repertoire to live-attenuated or trivalent-inactivated influenza vaccination. Additionally, we analyzed the antibody repertoire in response to repeated yearly vaccinations with trivalent-inactivated influenza vaccination. We found antibody sequences that were present in both years, providing a direct genetic measurement of B-cell recall.
Sound response mediated by the TRP channels NOMPC, NANCHUNG, and INACTIVE in chordotonal organs of
Drosophila
larvae
Authors: Zhang Wei , Yan Zhiqiang , Jan Lily Yeh , Jan Yuh Nung
Published: July 2013

Mechanical stimuli, including tactile and sound signals, convey a variety of information important for animals to navigate the environment and avoid predators. Recent studies have revealed that
Drosophila
larvae can sense harsh or gentle touch with dendritic arborization (da) neurons in the body wall and can detect vibration with chordotonal organs (Cho). Whether they can also detect and respond to vibration or sound from their predators remains an open question. Here we report that larvae respond to sound of wasps and yellow jackets, as well as to pure tones of frequencies that are represented in such natural sounds, with startle and burrowing behaviors. The larval response to sound/vibration requires Cho neurons and, to a lesser extent, class IV da neurons. Our calcium imaging and electrophysiological experiments reveal that Cho neurons, but not class IV da neurons, are excited by natural sounds or pure tones, with tuning curves and intensity dependence appropriate for the behavioral responses. Furthermore, our study implicates the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels NOMPC, NANCHUNG, and INACTIVE, but not the dmPIEZO channel, in the mechanotransduction and/or signal amplification for the detection of sound by the larval Cho neurons. These findings indicate that larval Cho, like their counterparts in the adult fly, use some of the same mechanotransduction channels to detect sound waves and mediate the sensation akin to hearing in
Drosophila
larvae, allowing them to respond to the appearance of predators or other environmental cues at a distance with behaviors crucial for survival.
Acute inflammation primes myeloid effector cells for anti-inflammatory STAT6 signaling
Authors: Wermeling Fredrik , Anthony Robert M. , Brombacher Frank , Ravetch Jeffrey V.
Published: July 2013

The anti-inflammatory drug high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin, widely used to suppress inflammation, depends on a specific α-2,6-sialylated glycoform of IgG Fc to induce Interleukin 4 (IL-4) and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6 (STAT6) signaling for its activity. Here we show that anti-inflammatory activities of IL-4 can be attributed to the direct action of this cytokine on myeloid effector cells, depending on their expression of the IL-4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4Rα/CD124). However, in their basal state, these cells express low levels of IL-4Rα and would not be expected to result in significant signaling compared with other cell populations. This apparent paradox can be explained by the observation that during inflammation, triggered by a variety of stimuli (including autoantibodies, adjuvants, and TLR ligands), IL-4Rα is up-regulated specifically on these cells, priming them for STAT6 signaling. The regulation is mediated by a soluble, proteinase K-sensitive factor, released to the circulation by bone marrow-derived, non-B/non-T cells found in several organs, including the lungs, and fat. We propose that this regulation is part of a homeostatic mechanism to limit excessive inflammation and tissue damage. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin thus exploits an endogenous feedback loop, general to inflammation, that could be further targeted for therapeutic purposes.
Oxygen, ecology, and the Cambrian radiation of animals
Authors: Sperling Erik A. , Frieder Christina A. , Raman Akkur V. , Girguis Peter R. , Levin Lisa A. , Knoll Andrew H.
Published: July 2013

The Proterozoic-Cambrian transition records the appearance of essentially all animal body plans (phyla), yet to date no single hypothesis adequately explains both the timing of the event and the evident increase in diversity and disparity. Ecological triggers focused on escalatory predator–prey “arms races” can explain the evolutionary pattern but not its timing, whereas environmental triggers, particularly ocean/atmosphere oxygenation, do the reverse. Using modern oxygen minimum zones as an analog for Proterozoic oceans, we explore the effect of low oxygen levels on the feeding ecology of polychaetes, the dominant macrofaunal animals in deep-sea sediments. Here we show that low oxygen is clearly linked to low proportions of carnivores in a community and low diversity of carnivorous taxa, whereas higher oxygen levels support more complex food webs. The recognition of a physiological control on carnivory therefore links environmental triggers and ecological drivers, providing an integrated explanation for both the pattern and timing of Cambrian animal radiation.
Tubulin glycylases and glutamylases have distinct functions in stabilization and motility of ependymal cilia
Authors: Bosch Grau Montserrat , Gonzalez Curto Gloria , Rocha Cecilia , Magiera Maria M. , Marques Sousa Patricia , Giordano Tiziana , Spassky Nathalie , Janke Carsten
Published: July 2013

Microtubules are subject to a variety of posttranslational modifications that potentially regulate cytoskeletal functions. Two modifications, glutamylation and glycylation, are highly enriched in the axonemes of most eukaryotes, and might therefore play particularly important roles in cilia and flagella. Here we systematically analyze the dynamics of glutamylation and glycylation in developing mouse ependymal cilia and the expression of the corresponding enzymes in the brain. By systematically screening enzymes of the TTLL family for specific functions in ependymal cilia, we demonstrate that the glycylating enzymes TTLL3 and TTLL8 were required for stability and maintenance of ependymal cilia, whereas the polyglutamylase TTLL6 was necessary for coordinated beating behavior. Our work provides evidence for a functional separation of glutamylating and glycylating enzymes in mammalian ependymal cilia. It further advances the elucidation of the functions of tubulin posttranslational modifications in motile cilia of the mammalian brain and their potential importance in brain development and disease.
Activating Fc γ receptors contribute to the antitumor activities of immunoregulatory receptor-targeting antibodies
Authors: Bulliard Yannick , Jolicoeur Rose , Windman Maurice , Rue Sarah M. , Ettenberg Seth , Knee Deborah A. , Wilson Nicholas S. , Dranoff Glenn , Brogdon Jennifer L.
Published: July 2013

Fc γ receptor (FcγR) coengagement can facilitate antibody-mediated receptor activation in target cells. In particular, agonistic antibodies that target tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family members have shown dependence on expression of the inhibitory FcγR, FcγRIIB. It remains unclear if engagement of FcγRIIB also extends to the activities of antibodies targeting immunoregulatory TNFRs expressed by T cells. We have explored the requirement for activating and inhibitory FcγRs for the antitumor effects of antibodies targeting the TNFR glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR; TNFRSF18; CD357) expressed on activated and regulatory T cells (T reg cells). We found that although FcγRIIB was dispensable for the in vivo efficacy of anti-GITR antibodies, in contrast, activating FcγRs were essential. Surprisingly, the dependence on activating FcγRs extended to an antibody targeting the non-TNFR receptor CTLA-4 (CD152) that acts as a negative regulator of T cell immunity. We define a common mechanism that correlated with tumor efficacy, whereby antibodies that coengaged activating FcγRs expressed by tumor-associated leukocytes facilitated the selective elimination of intratumoral T cell populations, particularly T reg cells. These findings may have broad implications for antibody engineering efforts aimed at enhancing the therapeutic activity of immunomodulatory antibodies.
Distinct unit generated totally complex quartic fields
Authors: Hajdu Lajos , Ziegler Volker
Published: July 2013

The problem of characterization of rings whose elements can be expressed as sums of their units has a long history and is also of current interest. In this paper we take up the question of describing totally complex quartic number fields

K
K

with the property that every algebraic integer in

K
K

is the sum of distinct units of

K
K

. In particular, we give a short list containing all such fields.
Wheat Arabinoxylan Structure Provides Insight into Function
Authors: Kiszonas Alecia M. , Fuerst E. Patrick , Morris Craig F.
Published: July 2013

Recent attention to dietary fiber in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has invigorated research in the nonstarch carbohydrate arabinoxylan (AX). AX molecules are composed of a linear xylose backbone with arabinose substitutions along the backbone. These arabinose substituents can also carry a ferulic acid moiety. AX molecules can be fractionated into two categories based on extraction properties that have a structural and conformational basis: water‐extractable (WEAX) and water‐unextractable (WUAX) molecules. The ferulic acid moieties also allow for oxidative cross‐linking between AX molecules or the tyrosine residues of proteins. The contents of total AX and WEAX molecules are primarily influenced by genetic differences; however, there is also evidence of environmental influence on content. There are several useful methods for quantifying AX molecules, providing varying levels of structural information as well as accuracy and precision. The high water‐absorption capacity of AX molecules results in a strong influence of AX on end‐use quality. Whereas WEAX molecules, in particular, tend to be detrimental for the quality of soft wheat products such as cookies, WEAX molecules are beneficial to the quality of hard wheat products such as bread. The role of WUAX molecules among the range of soft wheat products is as yet unclear; however, WUAX molecules tend to have a detrimental influence on bread. Because of the variable influence of AX structure on end‐use product functionality, closer examination of structure–function relationships may provide key insights into how to direct breeding efforts to maximize these relationships between AX molecules and other ingredients. Further investigation is necessary to obtain a more complete understanding of how the arabinose substitution levels and patterns affect end‐use quality and how the genetic basis of these traits can be resolved and manipulated for optimum end‐use quality.
The Violence of Abstract Space: Contested Regional Developments in Southern Mexico
Authors: Wilson Japhy
Published: July 2013

The article proposes a reinterpretation of Henri Lefebvre's concept of abstract space, emphasizing the significance of the ‘violence of abstraction’ within the concept itself, and within the concrete process of the capitalist production of space. This interpretation of abstract space is developed through the case of the Plan Puebla Panama (PPP) as an ‘actually existing’ abstract space. Launched in 2001 and abandoned in 2008, the PPP was a regional development programme for southern Mexico and Central America, which aimed to transform this region from a peripheral zone of peasant agriculture and social unrest into a modernized node of the global economy through the construction of infrastructure networks and the restructuring of economic activity. Focusing on southern Mexico, I explore the symbolic, structural and direct forms of violence embodied in the PPP: its abstraction from the lived spaces of the region; its incorporation of the region into global circuits of capital; and its repression of a network of place‐based resistances.
Effect of Temperature on Six Different Developmental Landmarks within the Pupal Stage of the Forensically Important Blowfly Calliphora vicina (Robineau‐Desvoidy) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Defilippo Francesco , Bonilauri Paolo , Dottori Michele
Published: July 2013

This study investigates the pupal development times of the blow fly Calliphora vicina, which were studied in the laboratory at six different constant temperatures (15, 20, 23, 25, 28, and 30°C each ± 1°C). Lower thresholds (tL) for development were estimated from the linear regression of the developmental rates on each temperature. These data have made it possible to calculate the accumulated degree days (ADD) necessary for C. vicina to complete the larval stage and to achieve adult emergence. The minimal duration of development from oviposition to adult emergence was found to be inversely related to temperature. Additionally, six landmarks in pupal development are showed, and for each of the landmarks, the ADD value was calculated for every rearing temperature involved. These data assist in calculating the duration of the pupal stage based on morphological characteristics and would be of great value for future forensic entomological casework.
First Report of Blaesoxipha plinthopyga (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from a Human Corpse in the U.S.A. and a New State Geographic Record Based on Specimen Genotype
Authors: Wells Jeffrey D. , Smith Joshua L.
Published: July 2013

Carrion flies in the taxonomic family Sarcophagidae are often recovered from a human corpse. However, because such specimens are difficult to identify, the forensic literature on this taxon is quite limited compared with that of the commonly employed Calliphoridae. Faced with a sarcophagid larva that could not be identified microscopically from a death investigation in the state of Idaho, we generated cytochrome oxidase one DNA sequence data from the specimen. Comparison to a reference data set of forensically significant sarcophagids from Canada and the U.S.A. confirmed that this was the first discovery of Blaesoxipha plinthopyga in a human corpse in the U.S.A. and the first record of this species in Idaho. Because B. plinthopyga occurs from the Northern U.S.A. to the Neotropics, it is potentially useful for estimating time since death at many locations.
Forensic Identification of Blood in the Presence of Contaminations Using Raman Microspectroscopy Coupled with Advanced Statistics: Effect of Sand, Dust, and Soil
Authors: Sikirzhytskaya Aliaksandra , Sikirzhytski Vitali , McLaughlin Gregory , Lednev Igor K.
Published: July 2013

Body fluid traces recovered at crime scenes are among the most common and important types of forensic evidence. However, the ability to characterize a biological stain at a crime scene nondestructively has not yet been demonstrated. Here, we expand the Raman spectroscopic approach for the identification of dry traces of pure body fluids to address the problem of heterogeneous contamination, which can impair the performance of conventional methods. The concept of multidimensional Raman signatures was utilized for the identification of blood in dry traces contaminated with sand, dust, and soil. Multiple Raman spectra were acquired from the samples via automatic scanning, and the contribution of blood was evaluated through the fitting quality using spectroscopic signature components. The spatial mapping technique allowed for detection of “hot spots” dominated by blood contribution. The proposed method has great potential for blood identification in highly contaminated samples.
Prey‐specific foraging tactics in a web‐building spider
Authors: Welch Kelton D. , Haynes Kenneth F. , Harwood James D.
Published: July 2013

Predator foraging behaviour can have important impacts on trophic‐web structure, and on biological control. In agroecosystems, foraging‐tactic selection may determine whether the predator feeds on pest or nonpest prey.

We examined the foraging behaviour of a flexibly‐foraging web‐building spider in response to pest (aphids) and nonpest prey (springtails) aiming to assess the potential role of predator foraging behaviour in biological control.

Spiders were allowed to choose between simulated microhabitats with and without a given prey item aiming to determine what tactics spiders would use to forage for the given prey.

Spiders preferred microhabitats with aphid prey over paired microhabitats with no prey but showed no preference for springtail prey. Spiders rarely constructed webs in response to aphids but frequently utilized web‐construction tactics in the presence of springtails.

These findings demonstrate that predators can regulate their foraging activity to maximize the consumption of specific prey items.

In the many cases where pest and nonpest prey differ in ecology, prey‐specific foraging tactics such as these may limit the usefulness of natural enemies in pest suppression: high‐quality, nonpest prey may cause shifts in predator behaviour that reduce consumption of pest prey. Therefore, nonpest prey can have behaviour‐mediated, indirect effects on biological control.
Fragmented QRS Complexes Are Associated with Increased Left Ventricular Mass in Patients with Essential Hypertension
Authors: Kadi Hasan , Kevser Ayşe , Ozturk Ahmet , Koc Fatih , Ceyhan Koksal
Published: July 2013

Background

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with hypertension. In hypertensive hypertrophy, the pathophysiological mechanism is the accumulation of collagen in the myocardium. Fragmented QRS (fQRS) complexes are associated with myocardial fibrosis.

Methods

The study population included 90 patients with hypertension and a normal coronary angiogram. The fQRS was defined as the presence of an additional R wave (R′), notching of the R or S wave, or the presence of fragmentation in two contiguous leads corresponding to a major coronary artery. Echocardiographic examinations were performed according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography.

Results

Forty‐five patients who had fQRS and were suitable for the study criteria were compared with 45 age‐ and gender‐matched patients who did not have fQRS according to demographic data and echocardiographic findings. The left ventricular (LV) mass index (g/m2) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the group with fQRS. The wall thickness, diameter, volume, and ejection fraction (EF) were higher in this group (P < 0.001). Concentric and eccentric hypertrophy were also higher in this group (P < 0.001). In the logistic regression analysis, fQRS on ECG was an indicator of LVH in hypertensive patients (B = 0.064; P < 0.001; odds ratio = 1.066; 95% confidence interval = 1.041–1.092)

Conclusion

The LV mass index of the hypertensive patients who had fQRS on their ECGs was significantly higher than that of the patients who did not, and fQRS on ECG was an important indicator of LVH in hypertensive patients.
Case report of bacteremia due to Neisseria mucosa
Authors: Mechergui Arij , Achour Wafa , Baaboura Rekaya , Ouertani Hela , Lakhal Amal , Torjemane Lamia , Othman Tarek Ben , Hassen Assia Ben
Published: July 2013

Neisseria mucosa, a Gram‐negative diplococcus, is part of normal nasopharyngeal flora. We report a case of bacteremia caused by N. mucosa in a 50‐year‐old neutropenic patient suffering from non‐secretory multiple myeloma stage IIIA. This case underscores that mostly nonpathogenic N. mucosa can cause bacteremia in neutropenic patients who developed mucositis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Mecillinam resistance and outcome of pivmecillinam treatment in uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection in women
Authors: Monsen Tor J , Holm Stig E , Ferry Björn Magnus , Ferry Sven A
Published: July 2013

Pivmecillinam (PIV) is a first‐line antimicrobial for treatment of lower urinary tract infection in women (LUTIW). Mecillinam, the active substance of PIV, is bactericidal mainly against gram‐negative uropathogens, whereas gram‐positive species are considered intrinsically resistant. However, successful treatment of LUTIW caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus has been reported, but more rarely for other gram‐positive species. The aim of this study was to compare clinical and bacteriological outcome of PIV vs placebo treatment among uropathogens with special focus on mecillinam‐resistant isolates. We analysed data from a prospective, multicentre, placebo‐controlled, primary health care, therapy study performed in Sweden in 1995–1998 that included 1143 women with symptoms suggestive of LUTIW. Urine cultures were collected and symptoms registered at inclusion and at follow‐up visits. Overall, the efficacy of PIV was superior to that of placebo. Clinical and bacteriological outcomes of PIV treatment were similar for S. saprophyticus, Escherichia coli as for most other uropathogens irrespective of their susceptibility to mecillinam. However, the occurrence of enterococci increased nearly fivefold shortly post PIV treatment, although with mild symptoms and a high spontaneous eradication. As susceptibility to mecillinam in vitro did not predict bacteriological and clinical outcome of PIV treatment, we suggest that the present breakpoints for mecillinam should be revised.
Assessment of family needs in children with physical disabilities: development of a family needs inventory
Authors: Alsem M. W. , Siebes R. C. , Gorter J. W. , Jongmans M. J. , Nijhuis B. G. J. , Ketelaar M.
Published: July 2013

Background

Valid tools to assess family needs for children with physical disabilities are needed to help tune paediatric rehabilitation care processes to individual needs of these families. To create such a family needs inventory, needs of families of children with a physical disability (age 0–18 years) were identified. We examined differences in the number and type of needs listed by families when asked for by means of an interview compared with using an inventory.

Methods

Forty‐nine families of children with a wide variety of physical disabilities (mean age 7.7 years; SD 4.6) participated in semi‐structured interviews, focusing on family needs. They also checked an inventory of 99 items (based on a previously conducted literature review), regarding their family needs. In addition, individual interviews with healthcare professionals, and panel meetings with healthcare professionals and parents were held to further identify relevant family needs for the inventory.

Results

The individual parent and healthcare professional interviews raised 41 needs that were not included in the original inventory of 99 items. Moreover, the panel meetings raised a further 49 needs. After restructuring and reformulating several items, a 187‐item Family Needs Inventory – Paediatric Rehabilitation (FNI‐PR) was created. The parent interviews revealed significantly less family needs (mean number of needs = 10.8; SD = 6.0) compared with using the inventory (mean number of needs = 31.7; SD = 19.7) (P < 0.0001). Most expressed family needs were related to both general and specific information concerning the child's development and treatment, aids and information about legislation and to rules relating to compensation of costs.

Conclusion

Based on responses of parents and healthcare professionals the FNI‐PR has been developed, a comprehensive inventory for family needs that can be used in paediatric rehabilitation. An inventory checked by parents resulted in more family needs than a single open‐ended question. The inventory may facilitate the implementation of family‐centred care.
Interactive Mesh Smoothing for Medical Applications
Authors: Mönch Tobias , Lawonn Kai , Kubisch Christoph , Westermann Rüdiger , Preim Bernhard
Published: July 2013

Surface models derived from medical image data often exhibit artefacts, such as noise and staircases, which can be reduced by applying mesh smoothing filters. Usually, an iterative adaption of smoothing parameters to the specific data and continuous re‐evaluation of accuracy and curvature is required. Depending on the number of vertices and the filter algorithm, computation time may vary strongly and interfere with an interactive mesh generation procedure. In this paper, we present an approach to improve the handling of mesh smoothing filters. Based on a GPU mesh smoothing implementation of uniform and anisotropic filters, model quality is evaluated in real‐time and provided to the user to support the mental optimization of input parameters. This is achieved by means of quality graphs and quality bars. Moreover, this framework is used to find appropriate smoothing parameters automatically and to provide data‐specific parameter suggestions. These suggestions are employed to generate a preview gallery with different smoothing suggestions. The preview functionality is additionally used for the inspection of specific artefacts and their possible reduction with different parameter sets.
Counterfactual Graphical Models for Longitudinal Mediation Analysis With Unobserved Confounding
Authors: Shpitser Ilya
Published: July 2013

Questions concerning mediated causal effects are of great interest in psychology, cognitive science, medicine, social science, public health, and many other disciplines. For instance, about 60% of recent papers published in leading journals in social psychology contain at least one mediation test (Rucker, Preacher, Tormala, & Petty, 2011). Standard parametric approaches to mediation analysis employ regression models, and either the “difference method” (Judd & Kenny, 1981), more common in epidemiology, or the “product method” (Baron & Kenny, 1986), more common in the social sciences. In this article, we first discuss a known, but perhaps often unappreciated, fact that these parametric approaches are a special case of a general counterfactual framework for reasoning about causality first described by Neyman (1923) and Rubin (1924) and linked to causal graphical models by Robins (1986) and Pearl (2006). We then show a number of advantages of this framework. First, it makes the strong assumptions underlying mediation analysis explicit. Second, it avoids a number of problems present in the product and difference methods, such as biased estimates of effects in certain cases. Finally, we show the generality of this framework by proving a novel result which allows mediation analysis to be applied to longitudinal settings with unobserved confounders.
Localized esophageal eosinophilia: Is it an early manifestation of eosinophilic esophagitis or a subtype of gastroesophageal reflux disease?
Authors: Abe Yasuhiko , Iijima Katsunori , Ohara Shuichi , Koike Tomoyuki , Kikuchi Ryousuke , Kato Katsuaki , Shibuya Daisuke , Inomata Yoshifumi , Oikawa Keisuke , Ueno Yoshiyuki
Published: July 2013

Background and Aim

We recently encountered patients with localized esophageal eosinophilia in a small area of the esophagus. However, this condition remains to be described in detail, and its clinical significance has not been established. We investigated the clinical, endoscopic and histological features of localized esophageal eosinophilia in comparison with diffuse esophageal eosinophilia.

Methods

We investigated 10 patients with localized esophageal eosinophilia, and compared them with 23 who had diffuse esophageal eosinophilia. Whether esophageal eosinophilia was localized or diffuse was determined on the basis of endoscopic findings. Localized esophageal eosinophilia was defined endoscopically as a focal area of esophageal eosinophilia, whereas diffuse esophageal eosinophilia was defined as a widespread area of esophageal eosinophilia involving more than one of three locations: the upper, middle and lower esophagus. Histological esophageal eosinophilia in the mucosa showing endoscopic abnormality was confirmed by biopsy with a peak of ≥15 eosinophils/high‐power field.

Results

There were no significant differences in age, gender distribution, allergic conditions or peripheral eosinophilia between the two groups. In all cases but one, localized esophageal eosinophilia was observed in a small area above the esophagogastric junction. Esophageal symptoms such as dysphagia, heartburn or chest pain were present in 20% of the localized group and in 65% of the diffuse group, the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.05). The maximum amounts of eosinophils infiltrating the esophageal mucosa did not differ between the groups.

Conclusions

Esophageal eosinophilia can be localized in a small area, especially above the esophagogastric junction. Gastric acid reflux or contact may influence this condition in addition to its allergic pathogenesis.
Linking childhood poverty and cognition: environmental mediators of non‐verbal executive control in an Argentine sample
Authors: Lipina Sebastián , Segretin Soledad , Hermida Julia , Prats Lucía , Fracchia Carolina , Camelo Jorge López , Colombo Jorge
Published: July 2013

Tests of attentional control, working memory, and planning were administered to compare the non‐verbal executive control performance of healthy children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. In addition, mediations of several sociodemographic variables, identified in the literature as part of the experience of child poverty, between socioeconomic status and cognitive performance were assessed. Results show: (1) significant differences in performance between groups in most dependent variables analyzed – however, not in all variables associated with attentional control domains; (2) significant indirect effects of literacy activities on working memory and fluid processing domains, as well as computer resources effects on fluid processing; and (3) marginal indirect effects of computer resources on attentional control and working memory domains. These findings extend analysis of the impact of poverty on the development of executive control, through information based on the assessment of combined neurocognitive paradigms and the identification of specific environmental mediators.
Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and young adult working memory: the protective role of self‐regulatory capacity
Authors: Evans Gary W. , Fuller‐Rowell Thomas E.
Published: July 2013

Prior research shows that childhood poverty as well as chronic stress can damage children's executive functioning (EF) capacities, including working memory. However, it is also clear that not all children suffer the same degree of adverse consequences from risk exposure. We show that chronic stress early in life (ages 9–13) links childhood poverty from birth to age 13 to young adult working memory. However, 9‐year‐olds high in self‐regulatory capacity, assessed by a standard delay of gratification protocol, are protected from such insults. Self‐regulatory skills may afford the developing prefrontal cortex some protection from childhood poverty.
Development of the Mini‐Assisting Hand Assessment: evidence for content and internal scale validity
Authors: Greaves Susan , Imms Christine , Dodd Karen , Krumlinde‐Sundholm Lena
Published: July 2013

Aim

To describe the development of the Mini‐Assisting Hand Assessment (Mini‐AHA) for children with signs of unilateral cerebral palsy (CP) aged 8 to 18 months, and evaluate aspects of content and internal scale validity.

Method

The ability of the video‐recorded Mini‐AHA play session to provoke bimanual performance in children with unilateral CP and typical development was evaluated. Original AHA test items were examined for their suitability for younger children and possible new items were generated. Data from 108 assessments of children with unilateral CP (86 children, 53 males, 33 females; mean age 13mo, SD 3mo, range 8–18mo) were entered into a Rasch measurement model analysis to evaluate internal scale validity. A Spearman's correlation analysis explored the relationship between age and ability measures for children with unilateral CP. The frequency of maximum scores in 40 children with typical development (22 males, 18 females; mean age 12mo, SD 3mo) was examined.

Results

The Mini‐AHA play session provoked bimanual responses in typically developing children 99% of the time. Person and item fit criteria established 20 items for the scale. The resultant unidimensional scale also demonstrated excellent discriminative features through high separation reliability. The item calibration values covered the range of person ability measures well. Age was not related to the ability measures for children with unilateral CP (rs=0.178). All children with typical development achieved maximum scores.

Interpretation

Accumulated evidence shows that the Mini‐AHA validly measures use of the affected hand during bimanual performance for children with unilateral CP aged 8 to 18 months. The Mini‐AHA has the potential to be a useful assessment to evaluate functional hand use and the effects of intervention in an age group when potential for change is high.
Transesophageal Echocardiography for Coronary Sinus Imaging in Partially Unroofed Coronary Sinus
Authors: Sun Ting , Fei Hong‐Wen , Huang Huan‐Lei , Chen Ou‐Di , Zheng Zhi‐Chao , Zhang Cao‐Jin , Hou Yue‐Shuang
Published: July 2013

Background

Partially unroofed coronary sinus (PUCS) is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly and prone to be misdiagnosed. The purpose of this study was to explore the value of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in CS imaging for the detection of PUCS and to develop a special two‐dimensional TEE‐based en face view of CS.

Methods

Twenty adult patients with suspected PUCS, showing a dilated coronary sinus and an enlarged right heart on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), underwent TEE examination. In the mid‐esophageal plane and close to an angle of 120°, the en face view of the CS successfully imaged the roof of the CS, which was beyond the realm of the atrial septum, and the interatrial septum was obtained simultaneously in the same view. Meanwhile, the 3D zoom mode could clearly display the comprehensive volume image and the adjacent structures of the PUCS. The results of TEE were compared with the findings of surgery or catheterization.

Results

En face view of the CS was obtained successfully by 2DTEE in 20 patients. In addition, 3DTEE was used for imaging of PUCS in 11 of the 20 patients. PUCS was ultimately confirmed in 13 patients either by surgery or catheterization. The TEE for PUCS diagnosis was consistent with the surgical findings.

Conclusion

Transesophageal echocardiography can be successfully applied to obtain the comprehensive view of CS and its surrounding structures. The en face view of CS provided by 2DTEE may be helpful in better understanding PUCS and discriminating it from associated atrial septal defects.
Left Atrial Work in Patients with Stable Chronic Heart Failure: Factors Associated and Prognostic Role
Authors: Mazzone Carmine , Cioffi Giovanni , Faganello Giorgio , Cherubini Antonella , Tarantini Luigi , Di Lenarda Andrea , Edoardo Russo Tiziano , Selmi Alessandro , Stefenelli Carlo , Furlanello Francesco
Published: July 2013

Background

Limited information is available on left atrial (LA) work in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients. We evaluated correlates and prognostic role of LA work in 243 CHF patients using as reference for normal LA work values 230 healthy controls.

Methods

Left atrial work was assessed by computation of LA kinetic energy (LAKE) from the formula: 0.5 × m × A2 where m is LA stroke volume × blood density, and A is transmitral Doppler peak atrial velocity. The prespecified primary endpoint of the study was major cardiovascular (CV) events, a composite endpoint defined as CV death + hospitalization for heart failure (HF).

Results

Left atrial kinetic energy was 3.9 ± 2.7 in CHF patients and 2.6 ± 1.4 Kdynes/m2 in controls (P < 0.001). Abnormally high LAKE (>5.4 Kdynes/m2 = mean + 2 SD of the controls) was found in 19% of CHF patients and 4% of controls (P < 0.001). LAKE was independently associated with an increased shortening of left ventricular (LV) longitudinal fibers and renal dysfunction. CV death or hospitalization for decompensated HF occurred in 66% and 20% of patients with abnormally high and normal LAKE, respectively (P < 0.001). Abnormally high LAKE, not LA size, was an independent predictor of events hazard ratio (HR) 3.92 [95% CI 1.96–7.84] together with renal dysfunction and lower LV ejection fraction.

Conclusion

In CHF patients, LAKE is significantly higher than in healthy controls, the prevalence of abnormally high LAKE is near fivefold higher in the former than in the latter. LAKE depends on systolic LV and renal function and is a strong predictor of CV death and hospitalization for HF. LA work has an incremental prognostic value over LA size.
Pseudoaneurysm Formation in Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Silbiger Jeffrey J. , Krasner Andrew , Chikwe Joanna , Marino Thomas , Mathewkutty Shiny , Marcali Marian , Edebohls Brian , Kamran Mazullah
Published: July 2013

Left ventricular pseudoaneurysms that develop in the setting of infective endocarditis are believed to result from remodeling of extravalvular abscesses. The high pressure generated by the left ventricle is thought to dissect into the abscess causing it to form a characteristic sac‐like protuberance readily recognized echocardiographically. Left ventricular pseudoaneurysms most often arise from abscesses in the mitral‐aortic intervalvular fibrosa and protrude external to the aorta. Less often, as described herein, they arise from abscesses external the posterior mitral annulus and project into the posterior interventricular groove. Perforation may result in camo‐cameral or aorto‐cameral fistula formation, as well as fistulous communication with the pericardial space.