bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meditation als Selbsterfahrung und Selbstsorge in literarischen Texten der Vor- und Frühromantik
Authors: Simonis Linda
Published: November 2013

Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht die sprachliche und ästhetische Darstellung meditativer Erfahrungen in der Literatur der Vor- und Frühromantik. In Anschluss an literarische Formen der frühen Neuzeit, die die meditatio als ein eigenes Genre der Literatur, insbesondere der Lyrik, etablierten, entdecken die Autoren des späten 18. und beginnenden 19. Jahrhunderts die Meditation als ein Medium der reflexiven Selbsterfahrung und -darstellung, das es erlaubt, das Ich sowohl in seiner Innerlichkeit als auch in seinem Verhältnis zur Natur und zum Kosmos zu erkunden. Träger des meditativen Vorgangs kann dabei zum einen die gegenwärtige Wahrnehmung einer Landschaft, eines Gegenstands oder Ablaufs der Natur, zum anderen aber auch die Erinnerung sein. Bestimmend für die frühromantischen und romantischen Adaptationen der Meditation ist dabei eine charakteristische Tendenz zur Verschmelzung, in der das meditierende Subjekt sich als eins mit der umgebenden Natur bzw. mit dem betrachteten oder erinnerten Gegenstand erfährt.
Populäre Spiritualität und die Meditation
Authors: Knoblauch Hubert
Published: November 2013

Meditation wird häufig als eine Handlungsform der Spiritualität angesehen. Was aber verstehen wir unter Spiritualität? Und welche Bedeutung hat die Spiritualität und dabei die Meditation in unserer Gesellschaft? In diesem Beitrag wird zunächst der Begriff der Spiritualität aus soziologischer Sicht geklärt. Vor diesem Hintergrund soll auf die enorme Ausbreitung der Spiritualität hingewiesen werden: Einstmals als „alternative Spiritualität“ der Religion gegenübergestellt, ist sie „populär“ geworden. Die Meditation kann dabei lediglich als ein Beispiel für die populäre Spiritualität dienen. Immerhin aber bietet der Beitrag das Ergebnis einer der weltweit umfangreichsten Surveys, der die enorme Ausweitung der Praxis der Meditation quantitativ belegt. Unter Rückgriff auf den Begriff der Transzendenz soll abschließend die Frage kurz angerissen werden, in welchem Sinne auch die populäre Nutzung dieser Form der Spiritualität als religiös verstanden werden kann.
Dimensões críticas das políticas públicas
Authors: Fonseca Francisco
Published: November 2013

Este artigo elabora reflexão crítica, em forma de ensaio, sobre algumas dimensões negligenciadas ou pouco desenvolvidas nas principais abordagens teóricas das "políticas públicas". Metodologicamente, questões conceituais são articuladas ao debate público, a começar pela própria revisão do termo "política pública". Conclui-se que questões como o papel do conflito, de naturezas variadas; dos constrangimentos advindos do modelo de acumulação capitalista e do sistema político (brasileiro, no caso) quanto à efetivação de reformas transformadoras; e do poder de veto da mídia e de outros atores devem ser revalorizados e ressignificados, com vistas a uma interpretação mais profícua do papel das "políticas públicas". Particularmente, essas dimensões podem contribuir para a compreensão das "políticas públicas" na sociedade brasileira: suas características, funções e impactos.
Structure Health Monitoring in Natural Environments: Pre-failure Event Location and Full-waveform Characterization by Nanoseismic Monitoring
Authors: Wust-Bloch Gilles Hillel , Tsesarsky Michael
Published: November 2013

Nanoseismic monitoring (NM) is a section of experimental seismology that focuses on the detection, location and characterization of extremely low-energy (0.0 ≥ ML ≥ −4.0) source processes recorded by portable sparse arrays ( Wust-Bloch and Joswig, 2006 ; Joswig, 2008 ; Wust-Bloch, 2010 ; Walter et al., 2012 ). The structural health monitoring technique presented here down-scales NM to suit engineering applications in shallow geomaterials, whereby pre-failure microcracking is monitored within the 1–200 Hz band and fully characterized at unusually short slant distances (102–10−1 m).

Here, NM techniques are validated in lab by monitoring incipient microcracking generated by unreinforced concrete beams and limestone plates undergoing four-point bending tests. These ground truth (GT) tests show that progressive loading triggers a wide range of impulsive signals whose frequency and rate patterns evolve until complete material failure occurs.

Following this, NM techniques are applied to monitor microcracking generated by unstable archeological caverns that were excavated in natural chalk. Although signals can be detected in unfavorable signal-to-noise ratio conditions by a single array at slant-distances beyond 102 m, reliable locations can only be obtained when several mini-arrays are deployed in the vicinity of caverns suspected to be unstable. Epicentral locations of microcracking events tend to cluster near free boundaries and in zones of high tensile stress, as predicted by numerical models computed for these caverns. These results confirm the operative capacities of low-cost NM techniques in locating and analyzing pre-failure microcracking processes occurring within weak natural media. Complex source processes, which occur at distances that exceed the detection range of standard acoustic emission and ultrasonic monitoring, can be fully evaluated using portable equipment that can be deployed within minutes with no prior infrastructure.
Achieving nitrogen removal via nitrite pathway from urban landfill leachate using the synergetic inhibition of free ammonia and free nitrous acid on nitrifying bacteria activity
Authors: Sun H. W. , Bai Y. , Peng Y. Z. , Xie H. G. , Shi X. N.
Published: November 2013

In this study, a biological system consisting of an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and anoxic–oxic (A/O) reactor was established for the advanced treatment of high ammonium urban landfill leachate. The inhibitory effect of free ammonia (FA) and free nitrous acid (FNA) on the nitrifying bacterial activity was used to achieve stable nitritation in the A/O reactor. The results demonstrated that the biological system achieved chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and NH4+-N removal efficiencies of 95.3, 84.6 and 99.2%, respectively at a low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 3:1. Simultaneous denitritation and methanogenesis in the UASB could improve the removal of COD and TN. Nitritation with above 90% nitrite accumulation was successfully achieved in the A/O reactor by synergetic inhibition of FA and FNA on the activity of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed that ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was dominant and was considered to be responsible for the satisfactory nitritation performance.
Electrocoagulation for the removal of phenol and aldehyde contaminants from resin effluent
Authors: Olya Mohammad Ebrahim , Pirkarami Azam
Published: November 2013

This paper is a report on a study which aimed to investigate the effect of different current density, pH, temperature, and cathode–anode combination on the removal of phenol and aldehyde in two samples of actual resin effluent through the process of electrocoagulation using solar energy. Current density 60 A/m2 and pH 6 proved to be the best levels for both contaminants. As for the effect of temperature, although the highest degree of phenol and aldehyde removal was achieved at 15 °C, 25 °C was taken to be the optimum temperature for economic reasons. The Fe-Fe combination of electrodes was found to be the best as it led to nearly 93% of phenol removal and approximately 95% of aldehyde removal. Also, the effect of electrode combination on energy consumption was studied. It was observed that the Fe-Fe combination consumed the least amount of energy (0.7–4.3 kWh/m3 of wastewater in the case of phenol and 0.8–4 kWh/m3 of wastewater in the case aldehyde). Moreover, the Fe-Fe combination brought about the best results in terms of chemical oxygen demand removal: 93% in both cases. Finally, an economic analysis was performed for the electrocoagulation process.
Interactions Among Glucose Delivery, Transport, and Phosphorylation That Underlie Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Studies With Dynamic PET Imaging
Authors: Goodpaster Bret H. , Bertoldo Alessandra , Ng Jason M. , Azuma Koichiro , Pencek R. Richard , Kelley Carol , Price Julie C. , Cobelli Claudio , Kelley David E.
Published: November 2013

Dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was performed using sequential tracer injections ([15O]H2O, [11C]3-O-methylglucose [3-OMG], and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose [FDG]) to quantify, respectively, skeletal muscle tissue perfusion (glucose delivery), kinetics of bidirectional glucose transport, and glucose phosphorylation to interrogate the individual contribution and interaction among these steps in muscle insulin resistance (IR) in type 2 diabetes (T2D). PET imaging was performed in normal weight nondiabetic subjects (NW) (n = 5), obese nondiabetic subjects (OB) (n = 6), and obese subjects with T2D (n = 7) during fasting conditions and separately during a 6-h euglycemic insulin infusion at 40 mU·m−2·min−1. Tissue tracer activities were derived specifically within the soleus muscle with PET images and magnetic resonance imaging. During fasting, NW, OB, and T2D subjects had similar [11C]3-OMG and [18F]FDG uptake despite group differences for tissue perfusion. During insulin-stimulated conditions, IR was clearly evident in T2D (P < 0.01), and [18F]FDG uptake by muscle was inversely correlated with systemic IR (P < 0.001). The increase in insulin-stimulated glucose transport was less (P < 0.01) in T2D (twofold) than in NW (sevenfold) or OB (sixfold) subjects. The fractional phosphorylation of [18F]FDG during insulin infusion was also significantly lower in T2D (P < 0.01). Dynamic triple-tracer PET imaging indicates that skeletal muscle IR in T2D involves a severe impairment of glucose transport and additional impairment in the efficiency of glucose phosphorylation.
Use of Traditional Weather/Climate Knowledge by Farmers in the South-Western Free State of South Africa: Agrometeorological Learning by Scientists
Authors: Zuma-Netshiukhwi Gugulethu , Stigter Kees , Walker Sue
Published: November 2013

The variety of natural indicators, associated with weather forecasting and climate prediction, as used by farmers in the South-Western Free State province of South Africa, is described. Most farmers in this area were not familiar with the application of weather forecasts/climate predictions for agricultural production, or with other science-based agrometeorological products. They relied almost fully on their experience and traditional knowledge for farming decision making. The indicators for traditional knowledge are demonstrated here in broad terms, relying on the stories and indications from observations and years of experience of their use by the farmers. These means of engagement with the natural environment, are skills not well understood by most scientists, but useful to the farmers. They range from the constellation of stars, animal behavior, cloud cover and type, blossoming of certain indigenous trees, appearance and disappearance of reptiles, to migration of bird species and many others. It is suggested that some short-term traditional forecasts/predictions may be successfully merged with science-based climate predictions. The traditional knowledge and its use, reported on in this paper, is what scientists learned from farmers. Berkes was right that scholars have wasted too much time and effort on a science versus traditional knowledge debate; we should reframe it instead as a science and traditional knowledge dialogue and partnership. The complications of a changing climate make this even more necessary.
Deforestation and Changes in Landscape Patterns from 1979 to 2006 in Suan County, DPR Korea
Authors: Pang Choljun , Yu Haiying , He Jun , Xu Jianchu
Published: November 2013

The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPR Korea) suffered considerable upland deforestation during the 1990s, yet its consequences remain relatively unknown. This paper examines this deforestation and resulting land-use change patterns by analysis of Landsat satellite images from 1979, 1992, 2001 and 2006 in Suan County, Hwanghae Province, DPR Korea. Results show that there has been significant closed canopy forest loss and a dramatic expansion of agricultural land during this period. Most forestlands were converted to farmland during 1992 and 2001. Food shortages, along with fuelwood and timber extraction, are considered to be the main drivers of deforestation. Landscape analysis also showed that closed canopy forests have been severely fragmented and degraded. These research findings make a contribution to an insufficient body of literature on environmental issues in DPR Korea and helps to establish a baseline for monitoring land-use and land-cover changes in the country.
Acidic Residue Glu199 Increases SUMOylation Level of Nuclear Hormone Receptor NR5A1
Authors: Wang Chiung-Min , Liu Runhua , Wang Lizhong , Yang Wei-Hsiung
Published: November 2013

Steroidogenic factor 1 (NR5A1/SF1) is a well-known master regulator in controlling adrenal and sexual development, as well as regulating numerous genes involved in adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis. Several studies including ours have demonstrated that NR5A1 can be SUMOylated on lysine 194 (K194, the major site) and lysine 119 (K119, the minor site), and the cycle of SUMOylation regulates NR5A1’s transcriptional activity. An extended consensus negatively charged amino acid-dependent SUMOylation motif (NDSM) enhances the specificity of substrate modification by SUMO has been reported; however, the mechanism of NDSM for NR5A1 remains to be clarified. In this study, we investigated the functional significance of the acidic residue located downstream from the core consensus SUMO site of NR5A1. Here we report that E199A (glutamic acid was replaced with alanine) of NR5A1 reduced, but not completely abolished, its SUMOylation level. We next characterized the functional role of NR5A1 E199A on target gene expression and protein levels. We found that E199A alone, as well as combination with K194R, increased Mc2r and Cyp19a1 reporter activities. Moreover, E199A alone as well as combination with K194R enhanced NR5A1-mediated STAR protein levels in mouse adrenocortical cancer Y1 cells. We also observed that E199A increased interaction of NR5A1 with CDK7 and SRC1. Overall, we provide the evidence that the acidic residue (E199) located downstream from the core consensus SUMO site of NR5A1 is, at least in part, required for SUMOylation of NR5A1 and for its mediated target gene and protein expression.
Design and Synthesis of Pro-Apoptotic Compounds Inspired by Diatom Oxylipins
Authors: Romano Giovanna , Manzo Emiliano , Russo Gian , D'Ippolito Giuliana , Cutignano Adele , Russo Maria , Fontana Angelo
Published: November 2013

Oxylipins are a large and diverse family of fatty acid derivatives exhibiting different levels of oxidation of the carbon chain. They are involved in many biological functions in mammals, plants and diatoms. In this last group of organisms, they are suggested to play a role in the reproductive failure of copepod predators, showing clear pro-apoptotic effects on newborn nauplii. In this work, these compounds were tested for the ability to induce mitotic arrest in sea urchin embryos. We show for the first time that oxylipins have an increased efficacy in their corresponding methylated form. Natural oxylipins were also used as an inspiration for the rational design and synthesis of stable chemical analogs with apoptotic activity against tumor cell lines. This approach led to the synthesis of the linear C15-ketol (22) that was shown to induce apoptosis in human leukemia U-937 cells. These results are proof of the concept of the use of eco-physiological considerations as a platform to guide the search for novel drug candidates.
Antibacterial Activity of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Desbois Andrew , Lawlor Keelan
Published: November 2013

New compounds are needed to treat acne and superficial infections caused by Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus due to the reduced effectiveness of agents used at present. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are attracting attention as potential new topical treatments for Gram-positive infections due to their antimicrobial potency and anti-inflammatory properties. This present study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial effects of six LC-PUFAs against P. acnes and S. aureus to evaluate their potential to treat infections caused by these pathogens. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined against P. acnes and S. aureus, and the LC-PUFAs were found to inhibit bacterial growth at 32–1024 mg/L. Generally, P. acnes was more susceptible to the growth inhibitory actions of LC-PUFAs, but these compounds were bactericidal only for S. aureus. This is the first report of antibacterial activity attributed to 15-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (15-OHEPA) and 15-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (HETrE), while the anti-P. acnes effects of the six LC-PUFAs used herein are novel observations. During exposure to the LC-PUFAs, S. aureus cells were killed within 15–30 min. Checkerboard assays demonstrated that the LC-PUFAs did not antagonise the antimicrobial potency of clinical agents used presently against P. acnes and S. aureus. However, importantly, synergistic interactions against S. aureus were detected for combinations of benzoyl peroxide with 15-OHEPA, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and HETrE; and neomycin with 15-OHEPA, DGLA, eicosapentaenoic acid, γ-linolenic acid and HETrE. In conclusion, LC-PUFAs warrant further evaluation as possible new agents to treat skin infections caused by P. acnes and S. aureus, especially in synergistic combinations with antimicrobial agents already used clinically.
Synthesis of Some Green Dopants for OLEDs Based on Arylamine 2,3-disubstituted Bithiophene Derivatives
Authors: Song Mi-Seon , Nguyen Quynh , Song Chang-Hyun , Lee Duckhee , Chai Kyu
Published: November 2013

A series of green dopants based on 2,2-diphenylvinyl end-capped bithiophene and three different arylamine moieties (9-phenylcarbazole, triphenylamine, and N,N’-di-(p-tolyl)benzeneamine) were successfully synthesized by the Suzuki and Wittig coupling reactions. The photophysical properties of these compounds are reported. The strongest PL emitting compound with the 9-phenylcarbazole moiety has been used for fabricating an OLED device with good overall performance.
Meaning processes mediated through a protagonists’ collaborative learning platform
Authors: Arancibia-Herrera Marcelo , Oliva-Figueroa Iván , Paiva-Cornejo Francisco
Published: November 2013

The use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the classroom requires the creation of contextualized proposals which foster in students collaboration and the use of resources to hand. This paper shows the results obtained in the analysis of the signification process which teachers and students have built through their participation in a project implementing collaborative didactic designs using ICT, in particular social networking. Focus groups were formed with 102 students and interviews with 21 teachers took place in two stages (pre- and post-), and they participated in 21 learning experiences developed at 12 schools in southern Chile. Main results reveal a positive assessment of the experience related to the motivational effects of the use of ICT and social networking among students; a considerable change in the didactic interaction inside the classroom; an interest in the possibility of collaborating with students from different contexts and from different regions; a lack of knowledge of the Web 2.0 resources available on the part of teachers, and some negative considerations on the inappropriate use of the Internet. In conclusion, the meaning-creation process of the protagonists enabled this study to gain relevant qualitative information related to didactic, technological and logistic factors in the development of learning experiences through a virtual learning platform.

El uso de tecnologías de la comunicación (TIC) en el aula escolar requiere la creación de propuestas contextualizadas que fomenten la colaboración y el uso de recursos cercanos a los estudiantes. El presente artículo muestra los resultados asociados a los procesos de significación, que profesores y estudiantes construyeron desde su participación en un proyecto en el que se implementaron diseños didácticos colaborativos con uso de TIC, en particular de redes sociales. Se efectuaron grupos focales con 102 estudiantes y entrevistas en profundidad a 21 profesores, en dos momentos (pre y post), quienes participaron de 21 experiencias didácticas ejecutadas en 12 colegios en el sur austral de Chile. Los principales resultados revelan que existe una alta valoración de la experiencia vinculada principalmente a los efectos motivadores que provocan las tecnologías y redes sociales en los estudiantes, el cambio en la interacción didáctica al interior de las aulas, el interés ante la posibilidad de colaborar con estudiantes de otros contextos escolares geográficamente distantes, el desconocimiento, por parte de profesores, de los recursos de la Web 2.0 y aprensiones ante el uso indebido de los recursos que provee Internet. En conclusión, la investigación permitió levantar desde los procesos de significación de sus protagonistas, información cualitativa relevante en torno a las implicancias didácticas, tecnológicas y logísticas de la ejecución de experiencias de aprendizaje colaborativo mediadas por una plataforma virtual de aprendizaje.
Primary School second grade teachers’ and students’ opinions on media literacy
Authors: Sur Emine , Ünal Emre , Iseries Kamil
Published: November 2013

In this study, interviews were conducted with teachers of media literacy to determine the needs of media literacy teaching in the classroom. As a result, we see that teachers need in-service training for classes in media literacy; the media literacy lesson is adequate in terms of content but inadequate as an activity. Students indicated significant changes in their perceptions of media after taking these lessons. A «Media Literacy Level Scale» and a «Media Literacy Attitude were applied to determine students’ level and attitude. The information on students was obtained through the «Private Information Form». As a result, a positive, low-level and significant relationship was found between the students’ attitude levels on media literacy lessons and their media literacy levels. The study’s conclusion is that there is no significant difference between the media literacy classes taken by the primary school second grade students and their attitudes and levels on media literacy. Also, no significant difference was found between the educational levels of the parents of these second graders and their attitudes and levels on media literacy. However, there was a significant difference between the students’ daily newspaper reading habits and the frequency of listening to the radio and their attitudes on media literacy classes and media literacy levels.

El objetivo de este trabajo es definir la situación y necesidades actuales de alfabetización mediática en el aula, a través de una serie de entrevistas. Los resultados demuestran que los docentes necesitan formación en esta área, que la enseñanza en alfabetización mediática es adecuada en términos de contenido pero inadecuada como actividad. Los estudiantes muestran cambios significativos en sus propias percepciones sobre los medios tras recibir clases de alfabetización mediática. Para evaluar el nivel y la actitud de los estudiantes se aplicaron una escala de alfabetización mediática y una escala de actitud. La información se obtuvo a través de un formulario de información privado desarrollado por los investigadores. En las conclusiones se halló una relación significativa, positiva y de bajo nivel entre los grados de actitud hacia los contenidos de la alfabetización mediática. La principal conclusión obtenida es que no existe una diferencia significativa entre los estudiantes que asisten a clases de alfabetización mediática en segundo grado de educación primaria y sus actitudes en el aula y su nivel de alfabetización. Asimismo, tampoco se aprecia una diferencia significativa entre el nivel educativo de los padres y sus actitudes. Sin embargo, sí se aprecian diferencias notables cuando existe hábito de lectura diaria de la prensa y la radio.
College students’ views about journalism education in Spain
Authors: Humanes-Humanes María-Luisa , Roses-Campos Sergio
Published: November 2013

The paper presents the results of a survey of 1,552 journalism students from five public universities in Spain during academic year 2011-12. The research addresses two objectives: how students evaluate journalism as a degree subject and whether they believe they need this qualification to be a journalist. The results indicate that most students believe the journalism courses are adequate, but almost 25% consider them unnecessary. Students acknowledge the quality of the training received at the specialist faculties but the percentage in Spain is lower than in other countries in the study. A multiple linear regression was used to discover the variables that explain this evaluation. The most influential variable is the course enrolled on, followed by the functions the respondents assign to the faculty. The paper has used data from the largest sample on this subject taken so far, which also includes all courses and data on graduates completing their first university course in journalism as part of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). This study can be a valuable starting point for further research to inform decision-making on the subject. This research is part of the «Journalism Students Project» with participants from seven countries: Australia, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Spain, Switzerland and the United States.

El artículo presenta los resultados de una encuesta realizada a una muestra de 1.552 estudiantes de Periodismo de cinco universidades públicas durante el curso 2011-12. La investigación aborda dos objetivos: conocer la valoración de los estudiantes respecto a la titulación y averiguar si consideran necesarios los estudios de Periodismo para ejercer la profesión. Los resultados indican que los estudiantes creen apropiados los estudios de Periodismo, pero casi una cuarta parte los considera innecesarios. Los estudiantes valoran la calidad de la formación recibida en las facultades con un aprobado, por debajo de la opinión de la mayoría de los estudiantes de los otros países del estudio. Se ha realizado una regresión lineal múltiple para encontrar qué variables explican dicha valoración; la más influyente es el curso matriculado, seguida de las funciones que los encuestados otorgan a las facultades. El trabajo presenta la virtud de haber contado con datos a partir de la mayor muestra utilizada hasta el momento, que además incluye todos los cursos y datos para las primeras promociones de alumnos de Grado según el Espacio Europeo de En señanza Superior (EEES). Puede ser un punto de partida valioso para posteriores estudios que permitan tomar decisiones a los responsables académicos. El estudio forma parte del «Journalism Students Proyect» con estudiantes de Periodismo de Australia, Brasil, Chile, México, España, Suiza y Estados Unidos.
Les territoires du rêve
Authors: Dorly Claire
Published: November 2013

Cet article se présente comme une introduction à la théorie jungienne du rêve. À l’aide d’exemples cliniques, il tente de donner un aperçu sur les divers modes d’approche du rêve ainsi que sur les manières de le travailler.
La question du rêve comme point de rupture entre l'École de Zurich et Sigmund Freud
Authors: Serina Florent
Published: November 2013

Suivant un commentaire du premier article, « L’analyse des rêves » (1909), que C.G. Jung consacre à l’interprétation des rêves, l’auteur montre que la période qui précède et accompagne la rupture entre Zurich et Vienne est marquée par un débat animé sur la fonction dite « prospective » du rêve que soutient Alphonse Maeder.
Rêve et Neurosciences
Authors: Joulain Patrick
Published: November 2013

L’auteur propose un parcours dans le domaine des modèles neuroscientifiques du rêve, en présentant leur évolution dans le temps et leur lien avec la théorie psychanalytique. Le rêve est entré dans le champ des neurosciences, dans les années 60, avec la découverte, par Michel Jouvet, du sommeil paradoxal, qui a paru, un temps, être le siège exclusif de cette activité mentale hypnique. Puis différents modèles neurobiologiques, présentés par Elizabeth Hennevin, furent élaborés au fil du temps, en particulier ceux d’Allan Hobson et de Mark Solms, qui ont intégré, en définitive, le fait avéré qu’un rêve peut apparaître à tous les stades du sommeil. Une autre théorie, conçue par Jean-Pol Tassin, liant le rêve au réveil et non plus au sommeil, s’est vue pertinemment contredite par nombre de travaux, exposés récemment par Fabian Guénolé et Alain Nicolas. Des psychanalystes apportent également leur point de vue, André Green, Bianca Lechevalier, Bernard Golse. Beaucoup d’entre eux estiment, avec nombre de neuroscientifiques, qu’un dialogue paraît enfin possible, et souhaitable, entre neurosciences et psychanalyse, pour passer du conflit idéologique au débat épistémologique.
« Le vrai mot était “vivre” ma nature » Fred Deux
Authors: Guilbault Dominique
Published: November 2013

De l’individualisation à l’individuation. Fred Deux, né en 1924, écrit La Gana à trente-quatre ans. Entre autobiographie et fiction, ce récit hante toujours l’auteur qui y revient avec ses rêves, son Journal, « ses taches » et ses dessins.
Cerrar podrá mis ojos la postrera…
Authors: Jaraulde Pou Pablo
Published: November 2013

Estudio del famoso soneto de Quevedo que así arranca. Aun cuando ha sido estudiado por grandes figuras de la crítica literaria, le ocurre lo mismo que con las restantes obras señeras de nuestra historia literaria: puede leerse limpiamente, desde nuestra circunstancia, pertrechados de una cultura de final de siglo y amplios conocimientos filológicos, a través de ese chisporroteo crítico que ha ido produciendo mientras atravesaba el tiempo para llegar a nuestra lectura, y puede intentar leerse con el esfuerzo de la arqueología filológica y cultural que recupere la creación y primeras lecturas, que es el objetivo de este trabajo.
Tobramycin Inhalation Powder (TIP): An Efficient Treatment Strategy for the Management of Chronic Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infection in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Lam John , Vaughan Steven , Parkins Michael D.
Published: November 2013

Repeated bouts of acute and chronic lung infections are responsible for progressive pulmonary function decline in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), ultimately leading to respiratory failure and death. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the archetypical CF pathogen, causes chronic infection in 70% of individuals, and is associated with an accelerated clinical decline. The management of P. aeruginosa in CF has been revolutionized with the development and widespread use of inhaled antibiotics. Aerosol delivery of antimicrobial compounds in CF enables extremely high concentrations of antibiotics to be reached directly at the site of infection potentially overcoming adaptive resistance and avoiding the potential for cumulative systemic toxicities. Tobramycin inhalation powder (TIP) represents the first dry powder inhaled (DPI) antibiotic available for use in CF. DPIs are notable for a markedly reduced time for administration, ease of portability, and increased compliance. TIP has been developed as a therapeutic alternative to tobramycin inhalation solution (TIS), the standard of care for the past 20 years within CF. Relative to TIS 300 mg nebulized twice daily in on-and-off cycles of 28 days duration, TIP 112 mg twice daily via the T-326 inhaler administered on the same schedule is associated with marked time savings, increased patient satisfaction, and comparable clinical end points. TIP represents an innovative treatment strategy for those individuals with CF and holds the promise of increased patient compliance and thus the potential for improved clinical outcomes.
Long-term soil response to variable-retention harvesting in the EMEND (Ecosystem Management Emulating Natural Disturbance) experiment, northwestern Alberta
Authors: Kishchuk Barbara E. , Quideau Sylvie , Wang Yonghe , Prescott Cindy
Published: November 2013

Kishchuk, B. E., Quideau, S., Wang, Y. and Prescott, C. 2014. Long-term soil response to variable-retention harvesting in the EMEND (Ecosystem Management Emulating Natural Disturbance) experiment, northwestern Alberta. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 263–279. We report on soil responses to variable-retention (VR) harvesting from a large-scale experiment (>1000 ha). Samples were taken prior to treatment, and 1 and 6 yr after treatment under cover types representing the successional trajectory for boreal mixedwood forests in northwestern Alberta, Canada. Variable-retention harvesting at six overstory-retention levels [100 (control), 75, 50, 20, 10, and 0% (clearcut)] were applied to 10-ha experimental units under four cover types: deciduous-dominated (80–95% trembling aspen); deciduous-dominated with coniferous understory (80–95% trembling aspen with white spruce understory at 60–80% of full stocking); mixed coniferous-deciduous (35–65% of each); and coniferous-dominated (80–95% white spruce). Only a few clear differences in soil properties attributable to VR harvesting were evident 6 yr post-harvest: (1) both extractable NH4-N in forest floor and 0–7 cm mineral-soil, and forest floor exchangeable K decreased with increasing canopy removal, and (2) forest floor exchangeable Ca increased with canopy removal. There was a decreasing trend in forest floor and mineral soil C (kg ha−1) in undisturbed stands between 1998 and 2005. Differences in soil properties among cover types included higher pH and N concentration in forest floors, and higher cation exchange capacity and exchangeable Ca and Mg in mineral soils in deciduous-dominated stands. Deciduous-dominated stands appear to have distinct soil properties that change under stand development.
Phytoplankton community structure in the Lena Delta (Siberia, Russia) in relation to hydrography
Authors: Kraberg A. C. , Druzhkova E. , Heim B. , Loeder M. J. G. , Wiltshire K. H.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The Lena Delta in Northern Siberia is one of the largest river deltas in the world. During peak discharge, after the ice melt in spring, it delivers between 60–8000 m3 s−1 of water and sediment into the Arctic Ocean. The Lena Delta and the Laptev Sea coast also constitute a continuous permafrost region. Ongoing climate change, which is particularly pronounced in the Arctic, is leading to increased rates of permafrost thaw. This has already profoundly altered the discharge rates of the Lena River. But the chemistry of the river waters which are discharged into the coastal Laptev Sea have also been hypothesized to undergo considerable compositional changes, e.g. by increasing concentrations of inorganic nutrients such as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and methane. These physical and chemical changes will also affect the composition of the phytoplankton communities. However, before potential consequences of climate change for coastal arctic phytoplankton communities can be judged, the inherent status of the diversity and food web interactions within the delta have to be established. In 2010, as part of the AWI Lena Delta programme, the phyto- and microzooplankton community in three river channels of the delta (Trofimov, Bykov and Olenek) as well as four coastal transects were investigated to capture the typical river phytoplankton communities and the transitional zone of brackish/marine conditions. Most CTD profiles from 23 coastal stations showed very strong stratification. The only exception to this was a small, shallow and mixed area running from the outflow of Bykov channel in a northerly direction parallel to the shore. Of the five stations in this area, three had a salinity of close to zero. Two further stations had salinities of around 2 and 5 throughout the water column. In the remaining transects, on the other hand, salinities varied between 5 and 30 with depth. Phytoplankton counts from the outflow from the Lena were dominated by diatoms (Aulacoseira species) cyanobacteria (Aphanizomenon, Pseudanabaena) and chlorophytes. In contrast, in the stratified stations the plankton was mostly dominated by dinoflagellates, ciliates and nanoflagellates, with only an insignificant diatom component from the genera Chaetoceros and Thalassiosira (brackish as opposed to freshwater species). Ciliate abundance was significantly coupled with the abundance of total flagellates. A pronounced partitioning in the phytoplankton community was also discernible with depth, with a different community composition and abundance above and below the thermocline in the stratified sites. This work is a first analysis of the phytoplankton community structure in the region where Lena River discharge enters the Laptev Sea.
Description of the ERA-CLIM historical upper-air data
Authors: Stickler A. , Brönnimann S. , Jourdain S. , Roucaute E. , Sterin A. , Nikolaev D. , Valente M. A. , Wartenburger R. , Hersbach H. , Ramella-Pralungo L. , Dee D.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Historical, i.e. pre-1957, upper-air data are a valuable source of information on the state of the atmosphere, in some parts of the World back to the early 20th century. However, to date reanalyses have only partially made use of these data, and only of observations made after 1948. Even for the period between 1948 (the starting year of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis) and the International Geophysical Year in 1957 (the starting year of the ERA-40 reanalysis), when the global upper-air coverage reached more or less its current status, many observations have not been digitised until now. The Comprehensive Historical Upper-Air Network (CHUAN) already compiled a large collection of pre-1957 upper-air data. In the framework of the European project ERA-CLIM, significant amounts of additional upper-air data have been catalogued (> 1.3 mio station days), imaged (> 200 000 images) and digitised (> 700 000 station days) in order to prepare a new input dataset for upcoming reanalyses. The records cover large parts of the globe, focussing on so far less well covered regions such as the Tropics, the polar regions and the Oceans, and on very early upper-air data from Europe and the US. The total number of digitised/inventoried records is 61/101 for moving upper-air data, i.e. data from ships etc., and 735/1783 for fixed upper-air stations. Here, we give a detailed description of the resulting dataset including the metadata and the quality checking procedures applied. The data will be included in the next version of CHUAN. The data are available on http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.821222.
A generic biogeochemical module for Earth system models: Next Generation BioGeoChemical Module (NGBGC), version 1.0
Authors: Fang Y. , Huang M. , Liu C. , Li H. , Leung L. R.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Physical and biogeochemical processes regulate soil carbon dynamics and CO2 flux to and from the atmosphere, influencing global climate changes. Integration of these processes into Earth system models (e.g., community land models (CLMs)), however, currently faces three major challenges: (1) extensive efforts are required to modify modeling structures and to rewrite computer programs to incorporate new or updated processes as new knowledge is being generated, (2) computational cost is prohibitively expensive to simulate biogeochemical processes in land models due to large variations in the rates of biogeochemical processes, and (3) various mathematical representations of biogeochemical processes exist to incorporate different aspects of fundamental mechanisms, but systematic evaluation of the different mathematical representations is difficult, if not impossible. To address these challenges, we propose a new computational framework to easily incorporate physical and biogeochemical processes into land models. The new framework consists of a new biogeochemical module, Next Generation BioGeoChemical Module (NGBGC), version 1.0, with a generic algorithm and reaction database so that new and updated processes can be incorporated into land models without the need to manually set up the ordinary differential equations to be solved numerically. The reaction database consists of processes of nutrient flow through the terrestrial ecosystems in plants, litter, and soil. This framework facilitates effective comparison studies of biogeochemical cycles in an ecosystem using different conceptual models under the same land modeling framework. The approach was first implemented in CLM and benchmarked against simulations from the original CLM-CN code. A case study was then provided to demonstrate the advantages of using the new approach to incorporate a phosphorus cycle into CLM. To our knowledge, the phosphorus-incorporated CLM is a new model that can be used to simulate phosphorus limitation on the productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. The method presented here could in theory be applied to simulate biogeochemical cycles in other Earth system models.
Vineyard area estimation using medium spatial resolution satellite imagery
Authors: Rodríguez-Pérez J.r. , Álvarez López C.J. , Miranda Barros D. , Álvarez M.F.
Published: November 2013

The European Union requires member states to estimate their wine growing potential. For this purpose, most member states have developed or updated vineyard registers. The present study suggests locating vineyards using medium spatial resolution satellite imagery. The work was carried out using Landsat images that were validated for the Designation of Origin "Bierzo", León, Spain. The methodology described in this paper yields a producer's accuracy of 0.88 and a user's accuracy of 0.63. The vineyard areas for each municipality were estimated from the classified images by linear regression, with fits of R2 > 0.80. The method gives good results at the municipal scale.
Measuring Distance, Pointing Address: The Textual Geography of the 'Poem to Coleridge' and 'To W. Wordsworth'
Authors: Carlson Julia S.
Published: November 2013

This article seeks to revise our understanding of the development of The Prelude by showing how it emerged from a literary exchange that depended on absence. It was not so much a poem prompted by the closeness of Wordsworth and Coleridge as one born of their distance—one that forged a relationship between selves across a temporal and spatial divide by a series of textual devices. These devices, I show, originated in prose and verse sent by mail—in letters that inscribed and sought to overcome distance by using particular forms of address and marks of emphasis: a shared code elaborated on paper rather than in speech. Among these forms of address, the invocation of the “Friend!” (complete with exclamation point) was of particular importance: taken over from the letters, it became a vital part of the poem’s formal, thematic and textual development. It is thus especially unfortunate that the editors of the most popular standard edition of the poem in the twentieth century chose to remove the exclamation point from this and other phrases throughout the 1805 poem, obscuring a crucial aspect of the origination in writing—as a textual address—of what was called the “poem to Coleridge.”
Resisting and challenging stigma in Uganda: the role of support groups of people living with HIV
Authors: Mburu Gitau , Ram Mala , Skovdal Morten , Bitira David , Hodgson Ian , Mwai Grace W , Stegling Christine , Seeley Janet
Published: November 2013

Introduction

Global scale up of antiretroviral therapy is changing the context of HIV‐related stigma. However, stigma remains an ongoing concern in many countries. Groups of people living with HIV can contribute to the reduction of stigma. However, the pathways through which they do so are not well understood.

Methods

This paper utilizes data from a qualitative study exploring the impact of networked groups of people living with HIV in Jinja and Mbale districts of Uganda. Participants were people living with HIV (n=40), members of their households (n=10) and their health service providers (n=15). Data were collected via interviews and focus group discussions in 2010, and analyzed inductively to extract key themes related to the approaches and outcomes of the groups’ anti‐stigma activities.

Results

Study participants reported that HIV stigma in their communities had declined as a result of the collective activities of groups of people living with HIV. However, they believed that stigma remained an ongoing challenge. Gender, family relationships, social and economic factors emerged as important drivers of stigma. Challenging stigma collectively transcended individual experiences and united people living with HIV in a process of social renegotiation to achieve change. Groups of people living with HIV provided peer support and improved the confidence of their members, which ultimately reduced self‐stigma and improved their ability to deal with external stigma when it was encountered.

Conclusions

Antiretroviral therapy and group‐based approaches in the delivery of HIV services are opening up new avenues for the collective participation of people living with HIV to challenge HIV stigma and act as agents of social change. Interventions for reducing HIV stigma should be expanded beyond those that aim to increase the resilience and coping mechanisms of individuals, to those that build the capacity of groups to collectively cope with and challenge HIV stigma. Such interventions should be gender sensitive and should respond to contextual social, economic and structural factors that drive stigma.