bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH ROL DINGIN DAN ANIL TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK STRUKTUR MIKRO DAN KEKERASAN MIKRO PADUAN Zr-0,5%Nb-Si
Authors: Hardiyanti Heri , Adhi Arief Sasongko , Setiawan Jan
Published: November 2020

PENGARUH ROL DINGIN DAN ANIL TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK STRUKTUR MIKRO DAN KEKERASAN MIKRO PADUAN Zr-0,5%Nb-Si. Peningkatan kinerja paduan zirkonium dilakukan dengan menambahkan unsur pemadu yang umum seperti Nb dan Si dengan persentase tertentu.  Penambahan unsur Nb akan memberikan pengaruh terhadap struktur mikro yang memberikan ketahanan terhadap iradiasi dan membantu menstabilkan fasa β di temperatur kamar, yang terbentuk pada temperatur tinggi.  Penambahan unsur Si, akan meningkatkan kekuatan paduan. Telah dilakukan proses sintesis paduan Zr-0,5%Nb-Si dengan menggunakan tungku busur listrik. Paduan ini diamati struktur mikro dan kekerasan mikronya dengan perlakukan proses rol dingin dan perlakuan panas anil. Terlihat dari proses anil tanpa proses rol dingin, menunjukan pembesaran ukuran butir dan penurunkan kekerasan mikro. Paduan yang diberi perlakuan proses rol dingin menunjukkan perubahan struktur mikro di mana densitas deformasi meningkat yang mengakibatkan peningkatan kekerasan mikro.  Pemberian perlakuan panas pada paduan yang telah diproses rol dingin mengubah struktur mikro paduan di mana terjadi rekristalisasi dan penurunan densitas deformasi mengakibatkan kekerasan mikro menurun. Ukuran butir dan kekerasan mikro yang paling rendah terjadi pada paduan yang diproses rol dingin ε=0,8 dan dilanjutkan proses anil, dengan nilai berturut-turut sebesar 0,302 mm dan 187 HVN.Kata kunci: rol dingin, rekristalisasi, struktur mikro, kekerasan mikro, paduan Zr-Nb-Si
Remembering colonial violence: Inter/textual strategies of Congolese authors
Authors: Gehrmann Susanne
Published: November 2020

This article explores the Congolese remembering of the experienced colonial violence through the medium of literature. Although criticism of colonialism is not a favourite topic of Congolese writers, there exists an important corpus of texts, especially when the literary production of Congo Kinshasa and Congo Brazzaville with their politically distinct though sometimes similar experiences is taken into account. Three main strategies of writing about the topic can be distinguished: a documentary mode, an allegorical mode and a fragmented mode, which often appear in combination. Intertextuality with the colonial archive as well as oral African narrations is a recurrent feature of these texts. The short stories of Lomami Tchibamba, of the first generation of Congolese authors writing in French, are analysed as examples for a dominantly allegorical narration. Mythical creatures taken from the context of oral literature become symbols for the process of alterity and power relations during colonialism, while the construction of a heroic figure of African resistance provides a counter-narrative to colonial texts of conquest. Thomas Mpoyi-Buatu’s novel La reproduction (1986) provides an example of fragmented writing that reflects the traumatic experience of violence in both Congolese memory of colonialism and Congolese suffering of the present violent dictatorial regime. The body of the protagonist and narrator becomes the literal site of remembering.
Legitimizing the invented Congolese space: The gaze from within in early Congolese fiction
Authors: Kapanga Kasongo M.
Published: November 2020

Postcolonial discourses describe colonization as a process of invention to impose the will of a conquering West on “backward” societies. The will to power conjugated with the need for raw materials served as the main catalysts. They put side by side a hegemonic intruder bent on duplicating itself, and a powerless and compliant native unable to react to the blitz of transformations. Hence, the master/slave or father/child relationships that describe the colonial framework. The task is to interrogate these generally accepted assumptions and binary oppositions. Although marginalized, the Congolese native was unwilling to become an object for the colonizer’s gaze. In fact, the inability to expel the “invader” did not prevent the creation of legitimacies out of what was precipitously brought in. This mechanism of transformation is perceptible in Paul Lomami Tchibamba’s novel Ngando (1948), the object of this study. Ngando’s imagined colonial city stands out as a site of contrasts and contradictions. However, the duplicated model shows the “transformability” of the new space into “normalcy” by a subversive native.
In black and white: a bird’s eye overview of Flemish prose on the Congo
Authors: Renders Luc
Published: November 2020

This article provides an overview of the literary prose written in Dutch about the Congo, the former Belgian colony. The Congo was ruled over by king Leopold II as his private property from 1885 to 1908. From 1908 to 1960 it was governed by the Belgian state. The Congo gained its independence on 30 June 1960. During the colonial period and after the Congolese independence a substantial number of Flemish literary works have been written about the Congo. During the colonial period most of them were written in the colonialist vein. They reflect a Eurocentric perspective and a colonialist attitude. However, there are also a number of writers who are critical of the colonial project. Some of them criticize the way in which the colonization is carried out; others reject the colonial enterprise out of hand. After the Congolese independence Flemish authors engaged in some serious soul searching. The universality of western values is examined and the problems regarding acculturation are addressed. In the last two decades authors such as Guido Tireliren and Lieve Joris have tried to understand the Congo from within. Most Flemish literature on the Congo is not of a high literary quality but from a historical-cultural perspective it is a very important domain of study.
In search of adventure: Ladislav Mikeš Parízek, a Czech in the Congo
Authors: Vitácková Martina
Published: November 2020

Ladislav Mikeš Parízek’s books, articles and lectures had a large impact on the image of the Congo as it existed in communist Czechoslovakia from the 1940s till the 1970s, but this Czech traveller and writer has almost been forgotten. Through an analysis of his works and of reviews of these works published in newspapers of the 1950s, the nature of the African discourse as it was created in communist Eastern Europe, as well as the (mis)use of this discourse by the ruling party, is revealed. Special attention will be paid to the illustrations accompanying his books, articles and lectures.
Die “ek” in (‘YK’): Die desentralisasie van die subjek in Breyten Breytenbach se digbundel (‘YK’)
Authors: Smuts Lisbé
Published: November 2020

In Breyten Breytenbach’s poetry the “I” is complex. “I” and “you”, the writer and the reader, are not represented with constituted meanings but as signifiers and as part of language production. This article reflects on the development process of the writer as the textual “I”, the “I” narrator in the poetic text – the “I” of language that is not homogeneous or constant. The text is regarded as a pluriform in dialogue (often incomplete) with a variety of texts, the writer and his text, the texts of the reader and the texts of society and history. The author discusses the decentralisation of the subject in Breytenbach’s poetry with respect to his prison collection (‘YK’), and especially the poem “nekra” (a neologism recalling “necro”).
Profesyonel Buz Hokeycilerin Müsabaka Dönemindeki Beslenme Durumlarının ve Enerji Dengelerinin Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: LÖKBAŞ Başak , AKTİTİZ Selin , KOŞAR Nazan , TURNAGÖL Hüsrev
Published: November 2020

Bu çalışmanın amacı; profesyonel buz hokeycilerin müsabaka dönemindeki beslenme durumlarının saptanması, antrenman, maç ve dinlenme günlerindeki enerji alımı, harcaması ve dengesinin değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışmaya en az 5 yıldır aktif buz hokeyi oynayan 21 profesyonel buz hokeyi sporcusu (11 kadın, 10 erkek) katılmıştır. Sporcular 2 antrenman, 1 dinlenme ve 1 müsabaka gününde olmak üzere toplam 4 gün boyunca besin tüketim kaydı ve fiziksel aktivite kaydı tutmuşlardır. Sporcuların makro ve mikro besin ögelerini tüketim düzeyleri, antrenman, maç ve dinlenme günlerine göre enerji alım ve harcama düzeyleri belirlenmiş ve enerji dengeleri hesaplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Bağımsız Gruplarda T Test ve Tekrarlayan Ölçümlerde İki Yönlü Varyans Analizi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın bulguları, buz hokeycilerin müsabaka döneminde antrenman, maç ve dinlenme günü fark etmeksizin günlük enerji gereksinimlerini karşılayamadığını ve erkeklerde (-1912 kkal) kadınlara (-1451 kkal) kıyasla daha fazla enerji açığı oluştuğunu göstermiştir. Karbonhidrat alımı, incelenen gün (antrenman, maç, dinlenme) ve cinsiyetten bağımsız olarak yetersiz bulunmuştur (kadın: 2,5 g/kg/gün; erkek: 2,24 g/kg/gün). Günlük protein gereksinmesinin her koşulda karşılandığı (kadın: 1,54 g/kg/gün; erkek: 1,50 g/kg/gün) ancak dinlenme gününde protein alımının azaldığı (1.2 g/kg/gün) saptanmıştır. Kalsiyum ve potasyum alımının RDA önerisini dahi karşılayamadığı (kalsiyum: %72; potasyum: %54), demir alımının ise sadece kadınlarda yetersiz kaldığı (%75) bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, profesyonel kadın ve erkek buz hokeycilerin müsabaka dönemlerinde yetersiz beslendikleri, günlük makro ve mikro besin ögelerinin bir kısmını karşılayamadıkları belirlenmiştir. Bu durumun devam etmesinin sporcuların sağlığını ve performansını olumsuz etkileyebileceği dikkate alındığında, sporcuların enerji gereksinimlerindeki değişimlerin sezon boyunca yakından takip edilerek enerji dengesinin korunmasına, makro ve mikro besin ögelerinin karşılanmasına yönelik önlemlerin alınması önerilmektedir.
LABOUR DISPUTES JURISDICTION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE THEORY OF LABOUR LAW
Authors: Shumylo M.
Published: November 2020

The court's jurisdiction with regard to employment disputes is a new and unexplored aspect of the application of current labour legislation. The transformation of social and economic relations, an extensive system of specialized courts and the change of established approaches to the subject matter of labour law fundamentally modify the perceptions of labour law's place and role in the legal system of Ukraine. It leads to a reconsideration of traditional approaches to the jurisdiction in general and to the jurisdiction over labour disputes in particular. The main research method is an analytical method that has been used to analyse and categorize legal conclusions of the Great Chamber of the Supreme Court and to identify the relationship between them and the theory of labour law. The principal outcome of the research is that established approaches to the subject matter of labour law are now dated and bound to decline. The current case law of the Supreme Court continues to be in the forefront of changes concerning the application of the law and it also has a significant impact on the basis of labour law. The labour disputes nowadays can be resolved within the civil jurisdiction (based on a labour agreement), the administrative jurisdiction (labour relations in the public service) and the commercial jurisdiction (the appointment and dismissal of directors in companies). Before, the Great Chamber identified a number of labour disputes that should be settled within the alternative dispute resolution procedure.
A Retrospective CBCT Study of the Relationship between Mandibular Symphysis Bone Density and Mandibular Growth Direction
Authors: Chae Jong-Moon , Gousman Jay , Seo Jung Won , Bay R Curtis , Jue Seong-Suk , Park Jae Hyun
Published: November 2020

Objective: The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate the relationship between mandibular symphysis bone density (BD) and mandibular growth direction in adolescent patients by facilitating the measurement of cortical and cancellous BDs at the mandibular symphysis using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Study Design: 224 adolescent patients (98 males and 126 females) were categorized by sex, age, and mandibular growth direction. Cortical and cancellous BDs were measured along with a sagittal slice at multiple locations. Results: Females exhibited higher cortical BD than males at menton (Me, P =0.002). Patients with a posterior growth direction exhibited a higher cortical BD than those with anterior and normal growth direction at Me (P <0.021, P <0.001, respectively), pogonion (Pog, P =0.037, P =0.037, respectively) and genion (Ge, P =0.007, P =0.008, respectively). Patients with a posterior growth direction exhibited a higher cortical BD than those with anterior growth direction at B point (P =0.009). Conclusions: Significant differences in BD were identified across anthropometric categories. These findings may be useful in determining mandibular growth direction in adolescents.
Effect of Five Commercial Probiotic Formulations on Candida Albicans Growth: In Vitro Study
Authors: Hernández-Bautista Liz Mariana , Márquez-Preciado Raúl , Ortiz-Magdaleno Marine , Pozos-Guillén Amaury , Aranda-Romo Saray , Sánchez-Vargas Luis Octavio
Published: November 2020

Purpose: The objective was to evaluate the antagonistic effect of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium recovered from five commercial probiotics on the growth of C. albicans. Study design: The Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains of five commercial probiotics were recovered and grown: Probio Hp+®, ProBiseis®, Lactipan®, Liolactil®, and Lacteol Fort®; 50 mg of each was hydrated and grown in Lactobacilli MRS (De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe) broth and incubated at 37°C with stirring (120 RPM) for 24 hours. Serial dilutions of 10−1 to 10−7 were made and viability was verified and quantified. For the antagonism tests, a suspension/inoculum of Lactobacillus strains recovered from each commercial preparation (4–30 × 109) and C. albicans ATCC 90028 (1.5–8 × 108) was prepared in MRS broth and incubated for 48 hours at 36°C, then plated on Dextrose Sabouraud Agar with Chloramphenicol and Rogosa Agar and the colony-forming units (CFU) were quantified. Additionally, viability was evaluated using the LIVE/DEAD® Yeast and Bacterial Viability kit. Results: The probiotic that produced the highest acidity of the medium was Lactipan®, followed by Probiseis® and Liolactil®, while Probio Hp+® showed the least change. Probiseis® was determined to have the highest growth of probiotic bacteria and the highest inhibition on C. albicans, followed by Lactipan®; Liolactil® and ProbioHp+® showed the least effect. In fluorescence tests, ProBiseis® showed the best effect, followed by Liolactil® and Lactipan®; Probio Hp+® had less of an effect. Conclusions: Two commercial products (ProBiseis and Lactipan) whose formulations have L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, B. infantis, and S. thermophilus have a greater inhibitory effect on C. albicans ATCC 90028
Культура информационного общества: противостояние традиций и постмодерна
Authors: Макаревич Эдуард Федорович , Карпухин Олег Иванович
Published: November 2020

В статье показано, что культура информационного общества — это культура противоборствующих ценностей — традиционных и постмодернистских. Ценности постмодерна, очагами тлевшие с начала XX в., к концу его и в начале XXI в. уже завоевали определенные позиции. Об этом свидетельствуют тенденции развития культуры в западной цивилизации, которые отчетливо просматриваются под углом влияния на человека.
«Троица» Андрея Рублева: загадка и разгадка
Authors: Иванюшкин Иван Александрович
Published: November 2020

Статья посвящена историческим событиям первой половины XX в., связанным с сохранением русских святынь в суровые годы большевистских гонений на церковь. Изложена история расчистки иконы «Троица» Андрея Рублева. Описаны обстоятельства сокрытия части мощей преподобного Сергия Радонежского от поругания большевиками в 1920–1940 гг. Показана роль П. А. Флоренского, Ю. А. Олсуфьева и архиепископа Сергия (Голубцова) в этих событиях.

Автор статьи проводит искусствоведческую параллель между традицией русской иконописи и жанром советского плаката. Факт появления в 1919 г. плаката Д. Моора «Советская Россия — осажденный лагерь. Все на оборону!» расценивается как символ моральной деформации в сознании русского народа в годы Гражданской войны.

В статье предложен опыт богословского прочтения иконы «Троица» Андрея Рублева посредством обращения к работе Г. С. Дунаева «Символический язык “Троицы” Рублева». Показана актуальность философского наследия П. А. Флоренского для понимания смысла иконы «Троица». Изложена история публикации работы П. А. Флоренского «Иконостас» в советское время. Автор отмечает особенности существования и восприятия «Троицы» в условиях современного музея, размышляет над необходимостью преодоления антихристианских тенденций эпохи постмодерна. Предлагается понимание «Троицы» Андрея Рублева как нравственного идеала в контексте истории русского народа.
Forgiveness and Mental Health Variables among Psychotherapy Outpatients
Authors: Mróz Justyna , Kaleta Kinga
Published: November 2020

Wysokie koszty, jakie ponoszą społeczeństwa z powodu problemów zdrowia psychicznego, stawiają przed badaczami zadanie poszukiwania czynników mających korzystne działanie. Jednym z takich czynników może być przebaczenie. Badania dotyczące związków między przebaczeniem a zmiennymi zdrowia psychicznego stają się coraz częstsze, lecz nadal istnieje wyraźny niedobór analiz w grupach klinicznych. Celem prezentowanych badań była eksploracja związków między przebaczeniem dyspozycyjnym w ujęciu wielowymiarowym a takimi wskaźnikami zdrowia psychicznego, jak pozytywny i negatywny afekt oraz satysfakcja z życia wśród uczestników psychoterapii w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną. W badaniu wzięło udział 137 osób, spośród których 68 uczestniczyło w psychoterapii ambulatoryjnej, a pozostałe 69 stanowiło grupę kontrolną. Zastosowano Skalę Przebaczenia Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), Skalę Uczuć Pozytywnych i Negatywnych (SUPIN) oraz Skalę Satysfakcji z Życia (SWLS). Wyniki wskazują na brak istotnych różnic między badanymi grupami w poziomie przebaczenia, ale ujawniają gorsze wskaźniki zdrowia psychicznego (niższy pozytywny afekt i satysfakcja z życia oraz wyższy afekt negatywny) u uczestników psychoterapii. Pozytywne związki między przebaczeniem a afektem i satysfakcją z życia były istotnie silniejsze u osób biorących udział w terapii niż w populacji ogólnej. Uzyskane rezultaty sugerują, że osoby z grupy klinicznej mogą poprzez przebaczenie uzyskać więcej w zakresie zdrowia psychologicznego niż osoby z grupy nieklinicznej.
Alexithymia and Cognitive Schemas
Authors: Ginalska Karolina
Published: November 2020

W artykule podjęto problematykę trudności emocjonalnych będących następstwem niekorzystnych wydarzeń okresu wczesnodziecięcego. Celem pracy było zbadanie związków występujących pomiędzy nasileniem aleksytymii a nasileniem dezadaptacyjnych schematów poznawczych. W badaniach wzięło udział 79 osoby w wieku 20–45 lat. Podczas badań zastosowano polską adaptację Kwestionariusza Aleksytymii Bermonda-Vorsta (ALEX-40) oraz skróconą wersję Kwestionariusza Schematów Younga (YSQ-3 PL). Stwierdzono, że występują znaczące korelacje pomiędzy objawami charakterystycznymi dla aleksytymii a nasileniem niektórych schematów poznawczych. Wymiar werbalizacja doznań emocjonalnych w sposób istotny związany jest z przejawianiem przez osobę nasilenia schematów: zahamowanie emocjonalne, kierowanie się bezlitosnymi normami, izolacja społeczna, deprywacja emocjonalna oraz skłonność do wymierzania sobie kar. Korelacje z wymiarem stopień wykształcenia wyobraźni a schematami poznawczymi są niskie i dotyczą schematów: podporządkowanie, uprzywilejowanie/dominacja, niewystarczająca samokontrola/dyscyplina oraz pesymizm.
Deep Pain of Existence, ''Always Winter but Never Christmas'' – the Language of Emotions in the State of Depression. Psycholinguistic Analysis of Selected Works by Edward Stachura
Authors: Raczyńska Karolina
Published: November 2020

Artykuł poświęcono zagadnieniu różnych aspektów depresji. Opisano związki między depresją a przytłaczającym bólem egzystencji i smutkiem oraz powiązania smutku z cierpieniem psychicznym. Wskazano, w jaki sposób ujmowana jest depresja przez badaczy oraz jakie są jej najczęstsze objawy. Ponadto nawiązano do problematyki samobójstwa, która stanowi istotny objaw zaburzeń depresyjnych, oraz podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytania, w jaki sposób osoby z tendencjami samobójczymi postrzegają czas i jakie emocje im towarzyszą. Rozważania te stanowią tło, na którym zaprezentowano sylwetkę Edwarda Stachury jako poety i prozaika wpisującego się swoimi utworami w klimat depresji. Istotą artykułu jest koncentracja na psycholingwistycznej analizie tekstów literackich Stachury, którego życie naznaczone było chorobą depresyjną i zakończyło się tragicznie. Rozważania miały na celu pokazanie, jaki obraz języka emocji w stanie psychicznego kryzysu wyłania się z dzieł artysty. Opisano ogromne poczucie samotności poety, problemy w relacjach z innymi, trudne związki z osobami bliskimi, poczucie odosobnienia, niedopasowania do rzeczywistości. Kluczowym stanem często wyrażanym w dziełach poety jest pustka egzystencjalna ze wszelkimi jej niuansami. Język artysty jest niezwykle oryginalny i bogaty pod względem środków wyrazu.
Psychological Rehabilitation (Including Emotional Readaptation) of Servicemen after Returning from the Combat Zone
Authors: Melnyk Antonii , Mushkevych Valentyn
Published: November 2020

W artykule przedstawiono istotę zasad teoretycznych związanych z rehabilitacją zawodową, psychologiczną i społeczną żołnierzy, którzy powrócili ze strefy walki we wschodniej Ukrainie. Należy podkreślić, że rehabilitacja psychologiczna jest uważana za rodzaj pomocy psychologicznej, która ma na celu przywrócenie utraconych (lub dysfunkcyjnych) zdolności poznawczych, funkcjonowania emocjonalnego i zdrowia. Przedmiotem rehabilitacji psychologicznej są osoby, które podejmują pokonanie traumy psychicznej, występującej w formie ostrej lub przewlekłej. Opisano następujące zasady rehabilitacji psychologicznej: zasadę zapobiegania, zasadę pilności, zasadę bliskości instytucji rehabilitacyjnych w stosunku do linii walki, zasadę prostoty środków, zasadę ciągłości i indywidualizacji środków. Ponadto wskazano na doświadczenie bezpośredniej rehabilitacji w wojsku; podano zalecenia dotyczące optymalizacji procesu rehabilitacji. Zaakcentowano, że w procesie rehabilitacji jest miejsce zarówno na odblokowanie zasobów osobistych psychologicznych żołnierzy, jak i stworzenie emocjonalnie wspierającej atmosfery grupowej. Proces rehabilitacji może też obejmować wdrożenie psychoterapii indywidualnej i grupowej oraz szkolenie skutecznych umiejętności komunikacyjnych.
Contempt Speech and Hate Speech: Characteristics, Determinants and Consequences
Authors: Obrębska Monika
Published: November 2020

Mowa nienawiści definiowana jest jako przemoc werbalna wobec grup mniejszościowych. Jej emocjonalnym podłożem jest pogarda, która uruchamia gniew i wstręt, stąd uzasadnione wydaje się mówienie o „mowie pogardy i nienawiści” jako rozpowszechniającym się zjawisku społecznym, prowadzącym w efekcie do uogólnionego pogorszenia się postaw wobec mniejszości. Ekspozycja na mowę nienawiści prowadzi też do zjawiska desensytyzacji – im częstszy jest kontakt z mową nienawiści w otoczeniu, tym bardziej ludzie się z nią oswajają i przestają postrzegać mowę nienawiści jako poważny problem społeczny. Odgrywa ona ogromną rolę we współczesnym życiu społecznym, jest narzędziem w walce politycznej i debacie publicznej, wyklucza dialog i porozumienie. Wszystkie te powody uzasadniają konieczność naukowego zajęcia się problematyką mowy pogardy i nienawiści. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba zrozumienia i integracji motywacyjnych, poznawczych i społecznych uwarunkowań mowy nienawiści, odwołujących się do klasycznych badań z zakresu psychologii społecznej nad uprzedzeniami i stereotypami, a także pokazanie jej psychospołecznych konsekwencji oraz wyodrębnienie cech charakterystycznych, umożliwiających precyzyjne zakwalifikowanie danej wypowiedzi do tej kategorii uzusu językowego.
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church’s stance vis-à-vis terrorist activities of Ukrainian nationalists in the early 1930s
Authors: Ryba Mieczysław
Published: November 2020

Stanowisko ukraińskiego Kościoła greckokatolickiego wobec działań terrorystycznych ukraińskich nacjonalistów na początku lat trzydziestych XX w.

Artykuł dotyczy reakcji Kościoła greckokatolickiego na zamachy terrorystyczne organizowane na ziemiach polskich przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich w latach trzydziestych XX w. Biskupi greckokatoliccy (Andrzej Szeptycki, Jozafat Kocyłowski, Grzegorz Chomyszyn) poparli budowę państwa ukraińskiego w 1918 r. Po klęsce Ukraińców w wojnie z Polską w 1919 r. rozwinął się w Małopolsce Wschodniej ruch nacjonalistyczny, znacząco odbiegający w swych podstawach ideowych od zasad chrześcijańskich. Szczególne wzmożenie owego nacjonalizmu nastąpiło na przełomie lat dwudziestych i trzydziestych XX w. Z jednej strony nasiliły się zamachy terrorystyczne Ukraińskiej Organizacji Wojskowej oraz Organizacji Ukraińskich Nacjonalistów, z drugiej coraz większy wpływ na Ukraińców wywierała szowinistyczna ideologia Dmytra Doncowa. Wszystko to powodowało niepokój wśród ukraińskich biskupów. Pojawiły się ostre reakcje na zamachy, szczególnie ze strony biskupa Grzegorza Chomyszyna, który potępił pogański nacjonalizm i wszystkie jego przejawy. Trochę mniej ostro wypowiadał się w tej sprawie metropolita Andrzej Szeptycki, co wywoływało kontrowersje między oboma pasterzami.
Is Prematurity a Risk Factor for Refractive Errors in Children? Results from School Vision Screening Program
Authors: Sukumaran Kajal Seema , Thankamma Jayalekshmi , Meleaveetil Prasenna , Syamala Kavitha
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND The prevalence of refractive errors is reported to be higher in children born preterm. Factors like gestational age, birth weight and retinopathy of prematurity status have a significant impact on the refractive development in preterm infants. Population based long term follow up studies on the refractive status in preterm infants are limited. We designed this study to assess whether prematurity is a risk factor for refractive errors in children. METHODS This study was conducted among children aged 5 - 16 years who participated in the school vision screening program over a period of one year. All children underwent detailed ocular examination including measurement of best corrected visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction and fundoscopy. Visual acuity was assessed using an internally illuminated Snellen’s chart at 6 meters. Objective refraction by streak retinoscopy after instilling 1 % cyclopentolate eye drops was done in all children with visual acuity ≤ 6 / 9. Children were divided into two groups based on their gestational age at birth - preterm group and full-term group. Preterm birth was defined as childbirth before 37 completed weeks of gestation. Children were enrolled in the study only if the hospital birth document showing gestational age and birth weight was available. Children with co-existing organic disease affecting the eye contributing to the diminished visual acuity such as congenital cataract, glaucoma, and corneal opacities were excluded from the study. Those who had undergone any ocular surgery were also excluded. RESULTS One thousand two hundred and ninety-five children were enrolled in the study of which 700 (54.1 %) were boys and 595 (45.9 %) were girls. Median age of the enrolled children was 12 years. The number of pre-term births was 287 (22.2 %). Of the 1295 students screened, 273 (21 %) had refractive errors. Among the children with refractive errors, astigmatism was the most common refractive error (10.6 %), followed by myopia (8.5 %) and hypermetropia (1.9 %). Refractive errors were statistically more prevalent in preterm group (34.1 %), when compared with term born children (17.3 %), p = < 0.001. Compared to the term born children, preterm group had significantly higher prevalence of myopia; 16.4 % vs 6.3 % (p = < 0.001) and astigmatism; 15.3 % vs 9.3% (p = 0.003). There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of hypermetropia among the two groups; 2.4 vs. 1.8 (p = 0.477). CONCLUSIONS There is strong association between prematurity and refractive errors. These findings prompt long term monitoring of the refractive and visual outcome in preterm infants for diagnosing refractive errors at the earliest. This helps to prevent the consequent amblyopia and the ensuing permanent visual function deficits. KEYWORDS Prematurity, Refractive Error, Myopia, Hypermetropia, Astigmatism
A Study to Evaluate the Causes of Visual Impairment amongst Patients Seeking Visual Disability Certificate
Authors: Palchoudhury Krittika , Karmakar Sagar
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND Blindness being a major health problem in developing country, affects not only the individual but also his family and society while a number of causes of blindness are preventable if measures are taken at an earlier time. This study mainly focuses on finding these causes. METHODS Secondary data analysis was done from medical records of disability register of a tertiary eye care hospital in Kolkata for a period of one year. The cause of visual disability was ascertained. Additional data collected from records of each patient included age, gender, literacy, percentage of disability, marital and working status and also reason for obtaining the certificate. RESULTS 240 case records (149 male and 91 female) were analysed and it was found that 79.17 % patients were in the working age group (21 – 60 years). 42 % of study population had congenital malformation as a cause of their disability followed closely by retinitis pigmentosa (38 %). 65.41 % were literate of which 54.14 % were working while 57.84 % were not working. 37.5 % patients obtained the certificate to avail travel benefit. CONCLUSIONS Congenital malformation and retinitis pigmentosa are the two major causes of blindness certification. Both can be prevented by genetic counselling and discouraging consanguineous marriage. Even other causes like retinal detachment, glaucoma etc. were all preventable diseases if treated at an earlier stage. Thus, based on these findings, guidelines should be framed to decrease the prevalence of blindness in the society. KEYWORDS Certification, Congenital Malformation, Disability, Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA)
FNAC Spectrum of Salivary Gland Lesions in a Referral Pathology Lab - An Institutional Experience
Authors: C Bhavani , P Sravani , M Neeraja , B.R. Shyam Prasad
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND Salivary gland swellings are one of the common presenting symptoms in the outpatient department. These swellings are referred to the pathology department for determining the exact nature of the lesion to reach a diagnosis. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the salivary gland and diagnosis of the disease represents one of the most challenging areas in cytopathology. FNAC is widely used for preoperative diagnosis of many swellings and masses, including salivary gland lesions. It is a cost-effective, safe and straightforward procedure that provides valuable information for planning appropriate management. The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy and cytological spectrum of FNA of salivary gland lesions done over a fixed period in Government Medical College / Government General Hospital, Anantapuramu. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pathology of Government Medical College / Government General Hospital, Anantapuramu, during the period January 2017 to December 2019. Patients with suspected salivary gland enlargements, who were referred for FNAC, were included in this study. FNAs of 80 patients were studied in the present study. FNAC was performed by using a 10 mL syringe with a 23 g needle. Smears were stained by using the H & E stain (Haematoxylin and Eosin). The data collected was entered into an Excel sheet and analysed. Chi-square and p-value were calculated using Open Epi software. RESULTS Cytology slides prepared were studied, interpreted, and the diagnosis made was analysed. Out of the 80 FNAC salivary gland lesions, 44 were non-neoplastic lesions, and 36 were neoplastic lesions. Of the non-neoplastic lesions, chronic sialadenitis was predominant (30), and among the neoplastic lesions, pleomorphic adenoma cases were dominant, accounting for 30 cases. In our study, the most common major salivary gland involved was the parotid gland. CONCLUSIONS FNAC of the salivary gland lesion is a simple, safe, rapid, cost-effective, convenient, harmless, well-tolerated procedure by patients, and it remains an accurate method for the diagnosis of salivary gland lesion for pathologists and physicians. Our study reflected a varied spectrum of lesions in patients referred for FNAC for the diagnosis of swellings of salivary glands. KEYWORDS FNAC, Cytology, Salivary Gland, Parotid, Pleomorphic Adenoma
Clinical Profile and Risk Factors of Pneumonia in Children - A Study from Rural Kerala
Authors: Shanmugam Sakthivel , Kandasamy Senthil Kumar
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND Pneumonia remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in both industrialized and developing countries. It is one of the leading causes of underfive child death. This study was conducted to assess the clinical profile and to identify the risk factors of pneumonia in children between 2 months and 5 years of age. METHODS This is a prospective study conducted among 90 children in the age group of 2 months to 5 years, with clinical features of fast breathing and chest retractions as per ARI control programme who got admitted in paediatric wards of Karuna Medical College and Hospital from January 2018 to September 2019. RESULTS 2 - 12 months old children were most commonly admitted in the hospital (46.6 %). Bronchopneumonia (75.5 %) was the common diagnosis made at admission clinically. According to ARI control programme, 26.6 % had pneumonia, 62.2 % had severe pneumonia and 11.1 % had very severe pneumonia. Among the risk factors, 86.6 % had malnutrition, 58.8 % had overcrowding. Lower socioeconomic status was found in 92.2 % of patients. CONCLUSIONS Childhood pneumonia is one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality. Protein energy malnutrition, overcrowding and low socioeconomic status were found to be the risk factors for pneumonia. KEYWORDS Children, Malnutrition, Pneumonia, Risk Factors
Unravelling the Poisoning Cases Admitted to a Tertiary Care Hospital - A Retrospective Study
Authors: E Chandrashekhar , C Suresh , R.S. Naveen Gowda
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND Accidental and intentional poisoning are major preventable contributors to death and illness. According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, 0.3 million people die every year due to various poisoning agents. Earlier the initial resuscitation, gastric decontamination, and use of specific antidotes, better the outcome. In order to improve clinical management, proper planning and prevention is. This study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital to evaluate the pattern of acute poisoning cases in that region. METHODS This is a retrospective study conducted among 57 patients with poisoning admitted over a 2-year period. Data was collected from ICU registry and Medical Records Department, ESIC MH. RESULTS Females represented 59.6 % (n = 57). Most of our patients were in the age group 18 – 28 yrs. (35.08 %). Notably majority of the cases had consumed organophosphorus compounds (25 patients, 43.85 %) and tablets (22 patients, 38.60 %). Majority (22 patients, 38.59 %) stayed at ICU for less than three days; overall mortality from all poisoning was low (2 patients, 3.50 %). CONCLUSIONS Use of organophosphorus compound and tablets for intentional poisoning continues to be pervasive in India. Education on poison, counselling and strict pesticide and drugs regulation laws will reduce the incidence of this public health problem. KEYWORDS Organophosphorus Compound, Poisoning, Mortality
A Study of Clinical Profile and Outcome in Adults with Plasmodium vivax Malaria
Authors: Kamminana Geetha Priyadarsini , Boddu Jyotirmayi , Rajapantula Vasudev
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND Among malarial parasites, Plasmodium vivax is most prevalent in humans. Recent studies have shown severe and fatal complications with Plasmodium vivax infection. We wanted to evaluate the clinical spectrum, complications and outcomes of adult subjects with Plasmodium vivax malaria mono-infection. METHODS This is a retrospective study involving 100 subjects RESULTS Males were more commonly affected. It was most prevalent in the second decade of life. Fever was present in all patients. The other common symptoms were headache, vomiting, and jaundice. The incidence of associated clinical findings were pallor (43 %), icterus (21%), hepatomegaly (39 %) and splenomegaly (27 %). Severe thrombocytopenia was seen in 18 %, hyper bilirubinaemia in 39 % of subjects. Cerebral malaria was observed in 3 %, acute kidney injury in 13 %, ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) in 5 % cases, MODS (Multi Organ Dysfunction Syndrome) was seen in 3 % cases, with a mortality of 3 %. CONCLUSIONS Complications like ARDS, AKI (Acute Kidney Injury), cerebral malaria and MODS were observed in benign tertian malaria subjects in our study. Cerebral malaria, AKI, MODS, ARDS were associated with high degrees of mortality. KEYWORDS Plasmodium vivax, ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome), Cerebral Malaria, AKI (Acute Kidney Injury), MODS (Multiorgan Dysfunction Syndrome)
Sea Blue Histiocytosis with Thrombocytopenia – A Review
Authors: Jamal Iffat , Raman Ravi Bhushan , Choudhary Vijayanand
Published: November 2020

Sea blue histiocytosis is generally seen where the turnover of cells is high like in certain haematological malignancies like myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms, immune thrombocytopenias and lipid storage disorders etc. Most commonly involved organs are bone marrow, spleen and liver. We report a case of 32 year old male who was Hepatitis B positive and presented with thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow examination revealed presence of numerous sea blue histiocytes. Extensive haematological and biochemical investigations failed to find out the cause of thrombocytopenia with presence of sea blue histiocytes in bone marrow, that makes our case worth reporting. This present case highlights the necessity of good communication between clinicians and pathologists for the identification of this uncommon disorder. A PubMed search of literature review was done from 1972 to 2019 in order to find out the overall incidence of this rare entity and the various other differential diagnoses were discussed. KEYWORDS Sea Blue, Histiocytosis, Thrombocytopenia, Haematological, Malignancies, PubMed.
A Comparative Study between Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy and External Dacryocystorhinostomy – A Hospital-Based Study
Authors: Chowdhury Kanishka , Karmakar Sagar , Sarkar Subhadip , Mukhopadhyay Suman
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) can be performed via two approaches either external approach or endonasally. Earlier, external approach was preferred but with the recent introduction of endoscopy, the focus has shifted to endoscopic DCR as it is a less invasive procedure. This study was conducted to compare both the approaches. METHODS 50 patients were selected from patients attending eye and ENT OPD of a medical college in Kolkata with complaints of watering and / or discharge or with other features of chronic dacryocystitis e.g., mucocele, pyocele etc. They were then allocated in to two groups, group A (patients who will undergo endo DCR) and group B (patients who will undergo external DCR). Results of both were compared. RESULTS The mean age of study population was 34.34 ± 6.65 yrs. Among the study population, 36 patients (72 %) were female and 14 were male (28 %). Mean age of Group A (i.e. patients subjected to endo DCR) was 34.60 ± 5.72, while that of Group B (patients undergone external DCR) was 34.08 ± 7.58 yrs. Patients had a right sided predilection for DCR operation (66 %). Most common presenting symptom was epiphora (66 %) followed by epiphora with discharge. Mean time taken for the operation was significantly (p < 0.0001) more in group B (117 ± 14.43 mins) compared to that in group A (46.60 ± 8.63 mins). Massive intraoperative bleeding was more common in group B (32 %) compared to that in group A (p = 0.0023). Group B had a significantly higher rate of post-operative complications (56 %) compared to that in group A (p = 0.00085). Group B also had a higher success rate compared to group A; but this difference was not significant. (p = 0.22144). CONCLUSIONS Both the approaches have their own merits and demerits; but both are accepted alternatives, so either approach could be performed depending on the situation. KEYWORDS Endoscopic DCR, External DCR, Epiphora
The Effect of PEEP on Cross Sectional Area of Right Internal Jugular Vein in Anaesthetised Patients Using Ultrasonography - An Observational Study
Authors: V.K. Praseetha , R Sunil
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND Central Venous Cannulation is a very important technique needed intra operatively and in critical care setting. Most commonly accessed is the right internal jugular vein due to lesser incidence of complications and easy accessibility. Ultrasound guidance improves the successful insertion rate than blind technique. Increasing the cross-sectional area (CSA) of IJV improves the success rate and decreases complications. Several manoeuvres such as Trendelenburg’s position, Valsalva’s manoeuvre, hepatic compression and positive end-expiratory pressure have been used to increase the diameter of the IJV. Application of PEEP of 10–12 cm H2O in supine position has been found to increase the CSA of right IJV in various studies. The aim of the study is to determine the optimal PEEP which increases size of IJV without complications. METHODS This is an observational study conducted in the Government Medical College, Thrissur. The groups were chosen from instances where three different levels of PEEP were used. A total of 90 ASA PS 1 & 2 patients who received general anaesthesia for elective surgeries where assigned to three groups - P0, P5 and P10 with different values of PEEP- 0, 5, and 10 cm of H2O respectively. Patients with obesity, raised intracranial pressure, previous neck surgery were excluded from the study. After application of PEEP for 2 minutes, the diameter of Right Internal Jugular was sonologically measured. The increase in cross sectional area of IJV in each group was analysed. Application of PEEP affects heart rate and mean arterial pressure in patients. So, the heart rate and mean arterial pressure readings were taken at the time of measurement of IJV. These were also analysed statistically. RESULTS The three groups P0, P5 and P10 were comparable in demographic parameters like age and weight. Cross-sectional area of three groups was compared. The mean CSA in P0 was 1.3345, P5 was 1.399 and P10 was 1.443 cm2. (p .001). There was a statistically significant increase in cross-sectional area of IJV when PEEP was applied. Increase in CSA was significantly higher with higher PEEP (p .001). CONCLUSIONS The application of PEEP of 5 to 10 cm of H2O is a safe method to increase the area of IJV for successful cannulation. This value of PEEP did not cause clinically significant haemodynamic effects. KEYWORDS PEEP, Cross-Sectional Area of IJV, Sonoanatomy, IJV Cannulation
Hepatolithiasis and Surgical Approach - Experience of Hepatectomies in a Rural Medical College in North-East India
Authors: Thakuria Kailash Kumar , Das Ridipta Sekhar , Barua Partha Pratim
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND Hepatolithiasis or intrahepatic stones irrespective of gall bladder stones or common bile duct stones are common in East Asian countries but rare in Western countries. Although Gall bladder stones are common in India, there is scarcity of literatures reporting hepatolithiasis from the Indian subcontinent. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical result of our first-hand experience of hepatectomies along with other standard surgical options for this low prevalence disease in a North East Indian institute catering to a rural population. METHODS 11 patients with diagnosis of hepatolithiasis operated from the period June, 2014 to June 2019 were included in this study. Pre-operative radiological and biochemical, operative & postoperative variables were assessed. Patients were followed in a planned program. RESULTS Hepatic involvement were noted as Left lobe in 7 (64 %) cases, only right lobe in one case (9 %) and bilateral in three cases (27 %). Five cases (45.5 %) were associated with extrahepatic biliary pathology; concomitant intrahepatic and extrahepatic stones were seen in four cases (36 %). Anatomical left hepatectomies (3), left lateral sectionectomies (2) choledochotomy and T-tube drainage (6 primarily or one additional) were carried out. Functional outcomes were satisfactory in all patients. Postoperative morbidity was mostly due to wound infection and there was no mortality. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative optimization of patients, relative absence of risk factors and knowledge of biliary anatomy planned with modern imaging tools makes hepatectomy a safe definitive surgical option for localised hepatolithiasis. Hepaticojejunostomy may be contemplated selectively for bilateral hepatolithiasis. Long term follow up is necessary as recurrence is associated with this disease. KEYWORDS Hepatolithiasis, Hepatectomy, Sectionectomy, Hepaticojejunostomy, Choledochotomy and T-Tube Drainage
Assessment of Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients Irradiated for Head and Neck Malignancies
Authors: U Uma Maheswara Reddy , K.M. Sameer Hussain
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND This study aims to assess the changes in serum TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) in subjects with head & neck carcinoma treated with External Beam Radio-Therapy (EBRT) and study the usefulness of the serum TSH test to identify patients who develop early hypothyroidism in these subjects. METHODS This study involved assessing serum TSH in 50 patients diagnosed with biopsyproven squamous cell carcinoma in the head & neck region treated with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). The study was designed as a prospective non interventional observational study. All patients underwent serum TSH test before the start of the radiation, at 2 months after the radiation and at 6 months after the radiation. All documented serum TSH levels were taken up for analysis. RESULTS Patient population was characterized by the distribution of patients in subsite of oral cavity in 18 (36 %) patients, hypopharynx in 11 (22 %) patients, larynx in 11 (22 %) patients, oropharynx in 9 (18 %) patients, and nasopharynx in 1 (2 %) patient. 12 (24 %) subjects were in Stage II, Stage III in 34 (68 %) subjects, and Stage IV in 4 (8 %) subjects. Mean TSH before radiotherapy was 1.93 ± 0.72 IU / mL. The mean TSH after 2 months of radiotherapy was 2.25 ± 0.97 IU / mL. The mean value after 6 months was 2.5 ± 1.3 IU / mL. The difference between the mean TSH values of 2 months and 6 months compared to baseline TSH is statistically significant (p < 0.0001 between 2 months and baseline and p < 0.0001 between 6 months and baseline). There was a 17 % increase in the TSH levels after 2 months of radiotherapy and a 30 % increase after 6 months of radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS There is an increase in the serum TSH values both after 2 months and after 6 months of radiation and also may help in identifying patients with impending hypothyroidism at the early stage. KEYWORDS Radiotherapy, TSH, Thyroid, Hypothyroidism, Head and Neck Cancer