bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The experiences of family members witnessing the diminishing drinking of a dying relative: An adapted meta-narrative literature review
Authors: Pettifer Annie , Froggatt Katherine , Hughes Sean
Published: July 2019

Background:

Addressing the concerns of family members is an important aspect of palliative and end-of-life care. One aspect that commonly causes family caregivers concern is the decline of patients’ oral fluid intake in the last few days of life.

Aim:

To map the narratives in which family members’ experiences of witnessing the diminishing drinking of a dying relative have been researched, review the findings within each narrative and consider directions for future research.

Design:

An adapted meta-narrative review approach.

Data Sources:

The Cumulative Index of Nursing and Applied Health Literature, Medline, PsycINFO, Psycharticles and Scopus databases were searched for relevant research published between January 1982 and December 2017. Quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment and Review Instrument.

Results:

A total of 22 papers met the inclusion criteria. No study focused specifically on the experiences of family members when witnessing the diminishing drinking of dying relatives. However, research about diminishing drinking was identified within studies broadly focusing on cancer cachexia, clinical decision-making about hydration and/or nutrition and support in a hospice context. The research indicates that family members’ experiences of diminishing drinking vary with their views about the significance of drinking, dying well and their expectations of themselves and healthcare professionals.

Conclusion:

While some understanding of the topic can be inferred from research in related areas, there is a paucity of information specifically about family members’ experiences when witnessing the diminishing drinking of a dying relative.
National Child and Adolescent Health Policies as Indicators of Adolescent Mental Health: A Multilevel Analysis of 30 European Countries
Authors: Hendriks Anne M. , Bartels Meike , Stevens Gonneke W. J. M. , Walsh Sophie D. , Torsheim Torbjørn , Elgar Frank J. , Finkenauer Catrin
Published: July 2019

There is little evidence on the association between child and adolescent mental health (CAMH) policies and adolescent mental health. This study examined this association using data on indicators of adolescent mental health—aggressive behavior, life satisfaction, and psychosomatic symptoms—in 172,829 eleven- to fifteen-year-olds from 30 European countries in the 2013-2014 Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study. Individual records were linked to national-level policies for CAMH, controlling for national-level adult violence, adult well-being, and income inequality. Multilevel analyses revealed lower adolescent aggressive behavior in countries with more CAMH policies, even after controlling for other national-level indicators. Adolescent life satisfaction and psychosomatic symptoms were not associated with CAMH policies. Results may inform policy recommendations regarding investments in adolescent mental health.
Cultural Values: Can They Explain Differences in Health Utilities between Countries?
Authors: Roudijk Bram , Donders A. Rogier T. , Stalmeier Peep F. M. , Luo Nan , Viney Rosalie , Andrade Monica Viegas , Gudex Claire , de Pouvourville Gerard , Greiner Wolfgang , Scalone Luciana , Tsuchiya Aki , Golicki Dominik , Ferreira Pedro , Prevolnik-Rupel Valentina , Badia Xavier , Hsieh Ching-Lin , Jelsma Jennifer , Santos Marisa , Xie Feng , Purba Fredrick , Ikeda Shunya , Shiroiwa Takeru , Stolk Elly , Jo Min-Woo , Ramos-Goñi Juan-Manuel , Augustovski Federico , Rey-Ares Lucila , Devlin Nancy , Shah Koonal , Pattanaphesaj Juntana , Tongsiri Sirinart
Published: July 2019

Introduction. Health utilities are widely used in health care. The distributions of utilities differ between countries; some countries more often report worse than dead health states, while mild states are valued more or less the same. We hypothesize that cultural values explain these country-related utility differences. Research Question. What is the effect of sociodemographic background, methodological factors, and cultural values on differences in health utilities? Methods and Analyses. Time tradeoff data from 28 EQ-5D valuation studies were analyzed, together with their sociodemographic variables. The dependent variable was [Formula: see text], the utility difference between mild and severe states. Country-specific cultural variables were taken from the World Values Survey. Multilevel models were used to analyze the effect of sociodemographic background, methodology (3L v. 5L), and cultural values on [Formula: see text]. Intraclass correlation (ICC) for country variation was used to assess the impact of the predicting variables on the variation between countries. Results. Substantial variation in [Formula: see text] was found between countries. Adding cultural values did not reduce ICCs for country variation. Sociodemographic background variables were only weakly associated with [Formula: see text] and did not affect the ICC. [Formula: see text] was 0.118 smaller for EQ-5D-5L studies. Discussion. [Formula: see text] varies between countries. These differences were not explained by national cultural values. In conclusion, despite correction for various variables, utility differences between countries remain substantial and unexplained. This justifies the use of country-specific value sets for instruments such as the EQ-5D.
Abnormal glucose tolerance in a patient with pheochromocytoma and ACTH-independent subclinical Cushing’s syndrome involving the same adrenal gland
Authors: Morita Naru , Hosaka Toshio , Yamazaki Yuto , Takahashi Kazuto , Sasano Hironobu , Ishida Hitoshi
Published: July 2019

Coexistence of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)-independent subclinical Cushing’s syndrome (SCS) with pheochromocytoma involving the same adrenal tumor is rare. Moreover, no previous reports have compared pre- and postoperative insulin sensitivities in these cases. A 74-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with hyperhidrosis, dry mouth, and weight loss. Pheochromocytoma was suspected based on elevated circulating catecholamines, and was confirmed by scintigraphy and histopathological analysis. Laboratory data, low ACTH, and lack of a diurnal cortisol rhythm indicated coexisting Cushing’s syndrome (CS). The atypical symptoms of CS and lack of cortisol suppression after 1 and 8 mg dexamethasone suppression tests confirmed the diagnosis of SCS. Histopathological analysis demonstrated autonomous cortisol production caused by paracrine stimulation from the pheochromocytoma. Her fasting plasma glucose level on admission was 372 mg/dL and her hemoglobin (Hb) A1c was 11.0%. HbA1c decreased to 5.2% postoperatively, with improved insulin secretion indicated by homeostasis model assessment β (18.1 to 45) and urinary C-peptide (26.5 to 48.5 mg/day). Herein we report a rare case of pheochromocytoma and SCS involving the same adrenal tumor, with the first documented levels of glucose tolerance before and after surgery. Coexisting SCS should thus be considered in patients with pheochromocytoma presenting with severely uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
Narrative review of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: updates and implications for practice
Authors: Al Mutair Abbas , Ambani Zainab
Published: July 2019

Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) comprise six subtypes of coronavirus that are associated with a number of respiratory diseases such as common cold, pneumonia, and bronchitis. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is one of these six HCoV subtypes. HCoVs can result in life-threatening respiratory diseases, such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis, and may cause enteric and neurologic diseases, especially in immunocompromised patients. This narrative review aimed to enrich the knowledge of health care professional regarding MERS-CoV infection epidemiology, control, and management. This review discusses MERS-CoV prevalence, clinical manifestation, modes of transmission, control measures, and management, which we identified in a search of various databases, related journals, and the published literature. It has been shown that MERS-CoV infection is likely to be transmitted among countries. Therefore, countries with a high rate of MERS-CoV infection are urged to develop and implement guidelines to minimize the spread of infection. Countries must give careful consideration to raising public awareness in regions that are affected by MERS-CoV infection and the importance of reporting any disease signs and symptoms, to receive proper care.
Integrated Framework for Risk and Resilience Assessment of the Road Network under Inland Flooding
Authors: Zhang Ning , Alipour Alice
Published: July 2019

A transportation network facilitates the connectivity of local residential areas, improves capability for movement of goods, and contributes to economic development. Recent flooding events in the U.S. have highlighted the vulnerability of our transportation network to such events. Flooding, a predominant destructive hazard, leads to significant direct damages to physical road infrastructures and also results in significant indirect losses to communities that rely on the road network. Decision-makers, designers and planners all must understand the risks associated with such events and make adequate preparations for them. This paper proposes a holistic framework for integrating flooding hazards with vulnerability analysis of transportation road infrastructures, topologic risk analysis, and flow-based risk assessment. Vulnerability analysis of infrastructures reveals the extent of closure on roads and bridges. Topologic risk analysis, based on graph theory, provides immediate information on network characteristics that could be linked to instantaneous connectivity measures. Flow-based risk assessment uses a user equilibrium model to compute traffic time for the entire network for assessment of user losses from increased traffic time. Finally, the developed framework can be used to assess risks for a segment of the primary road system in the state of Iowa when facing flooding events with return periods of 2, 50, 200 and 500 years. It is expected that this integrated framework and the network performance measures could inform future resilience assessment and enhancement strategies in the studied region and provide a framework for other states that might wish to adopt this approach.
Motor Vehicle Crashes Involving Railroad Crossing Signal Masts and Guardrails
Authors: Cyr Justin D. , Shaw John W. , Savolainen Peter T.
Published: July 2019

The installation of “active” warning devices, such as crossing signals and gates, is a principal element of state and federal railroad crossing safety programs, and their effectiveness in preventing vehicle–train collision is well documented. While most active crossings are occupied by trains only a few minutes each day, non-crashworthy items are frequently present at active crossings including crossing signal masts, crossing gate mechanisms, cantilever supports, and signal controller bungalows. Various agencies utilize longitudinal guardrail systems to protect errant motorists from striking non-frangible crossing signal hardware. This study sought to determine whether such guardrails influence the prevalence and severity of motor vehicle strikes involving crossing hardware. A review of 10 years of police crash-report narratives in Iowa, United States (U.S.) indicates an average of 15.6 crashes per year at 1,853 crossings involving signal masts, signal guardrails, or related infrastructure. Over this period, one fatality and five serious injuries occurred as a result of these crashes. The crash-injury severity distributions appeared similar in crashes with and without guardrail, and regression models showed that guardrail presence did not affect the rate of crashes involving railroad apparatus. Although the use of longitudinal guardrail systems did not appear to have a strong effect on crash rates or severity at active grade crossings, other methods for reducing crash prevalence and severity could be explored in future research, such as the development of crashworthy signal assemblies for flashing-signal-only crossings and the redesign of gate and cantilever supports to increase separation from the traveled way.
The Value of Self-Employment to Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Brynin Malcolm , Karim Mohammed Shamsul , Zwysen Wouter
Published: July 2019

It is sometimes argued that ethnic minorities have a cultural predisposition towards self-employment. However, this is generally not the preferred option for minority groups. We argue that ethnic minorities face a double risk in deciding between employment and self-employment. While their chances in employment leave them exposed to greater risk than the majority group, self-employment, which is inherently risky for all workers, adds to their general risk environment. We demonstrate a negative underpinning to their self-employed activity, showing that minority groups in the UK earn less in self-employment relative to the white British majority, work longer hours, and have lower job satisfaction. They also leave self-employment sooner to take up a job as an employee and use resources such as higher education to stand a better chance in employment.
Aloe vera modulates X-ray induced hematological and splenic tissue damage in mice
Authors: Bala S , Chugh NA , Bansal SC , Koul A
Published: July 2019

The present study was premeditated to examine the radioprotective effects of aqueous Aloe vera gel extract against whole-body X-ray irradiation–induced hematological alterations and splenic tissue injury in mice. Healthy male balb/c mice were divided into four groups: group 1, control; group 2, A. vera (50 mg/kg body weight) administered per oral on alternate days for 30 days (15 times); group 3, X-ray exposure of 2 Gy (0.25 Gy twice a day for four consecutive days in the last week of the experimental protocol); and group 4, A. vera + X-ray. X-ray exposure caused alterations in histoarchitecture of spleen along with enhanced clastogenic damage as assessed by micronucleus formation and apoptotic index. Irradiation caused an elevation in proinflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6, total leucocyte counts, neutrophil counts and decreased platelet counts along with unaltered red blood cell counts and hemoglobin. Irradiation also caused an elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, lactate dehydrogenase activity and alterations in enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense mechanism in plasma and spleen. However, administration of A. vera gel extract ameliorated X-ray irradiation–induced elevation in ROS/LPO levels, histopathological and clastogenic damage. It also modulated biochemical indices, inflammatory markers, and hematological parameters. These results collectively indicated that the A. vera gel extract offers protection against whole-body X-ray exposure by virtue of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic potential.
Melatonin protects the heart and endothelium against high fructose corn syrup consumption–induced cardiovascular toxicity via SIRT-1 signaling
Authors: Savran M , Asci H , Ozmen O , Erzurumlu Y , Savas HB , Sonmez Y , Sahin Y
Published: July 2019

High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) has been shown to cause cardiovascular toxicity via oxidative stress and inflammation. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the protective effects of melatonin (MLT) against HFCS-induced endothelial and cardiac dysfunction via oxidative stress and inflammation. Thirty-two Sprague Dawley male rats were distributed into three groups as control, HFCS, and HFCS + MLT. HFCS form F55 was prepared as 20% fructose syrup solution and given to the rats through drinking water for 10 weeks, and MLT administrated 10 mg/kg/day orally for last 6 weeks in addition to F55. After decapitation, blood and half of the heart samples were collected for biochemical analysis and other half of the tissues for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. Aspartate transaminase, creatine kinase MB, lactate dehydrogenase, total oxidant status and oxidative stress index, and caspase-3 levels increased and total antioxidant status levels decreased significantly in HFCS group. MLT treatment reversed all these parameters. Histopathologically, hyperemia, endothelial cell damage and increased levels of angiogenin, C-reactive protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase, myeloperoxidase and decreased sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1) expressions were observed in HFCS group. MLT ameliorated all these changes. MLT has an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic effects on HFCS-induced cardiovascular toxicity through enhancing the expression of SIRT-1.
A novel model for the X-chromosome inactivation association on survival data
Authors: Han Dongxiao , Hao Meiling , Qu Lianqiang , Xu Wei
Published: July 2019

The X-linked genetic association is overlooked in most of the genetic studies because of the complexity of X-chromosome inactivation process. In fact, the biological process of the gene at the same locus can vary across different subjects. Besides, the skewness of X-chromosome inactivation is inherently subject-specific (even tissue-specific within subjects) and cannot be accurately represented by a population-level parameter. To tackle this issue, a new model is proposed to incorporate the X-linked genetic association into right-censored survival data. The novel model can present that the X-linked genes on different subjects may go through different biological processes via a mixed distribution. Further, a random effect is employed to describe the uncertainty of the biological process for every subject. The proposed method can derive the probability for the escape of X-chromosome inactivation and derive the unbiased estimates of the model parameters. The Legendre–Gauss Quadrature method is used to approximate the integration over the random effect. Finite sample performance of this method is examined via extensive simulation studies. An application is illustrated with the implementation on a cancer genetic study with right-censored survival data.
In or Out? Exploring the Inconsistency and Permeability of Team Boundaries
Authors: Wimmer Julia , Backmann Julia , Hoegl Martin
Published: July 2019

Despite the fundamental relevance of team boundaries for team research, scholars have rarely explored their origins and characteristics. Instead, team research commonly assumes the existence of formally defined, stable team boundaries. We challenge this assumption by asserting that beyond formal assignment, team members’ individual perceptions of a team’s boundaries are driven by individual-level categorization processes and team-level task dynamism. Building on multiple team members’ mental representations of team boundaries, we propose that team boundaries are likely mutually inconsistent and vary in their degree of permeability. This permeability and inconsistency serve to clarify how membership change and overlap can induce cognitive and emotional spillovers across teams. The proposed conceptual model links the origins of boundary emergence with their characteristics by explaining how membership structure and dynamics drive the characteristics of team boundaries. This account offers a new perspective on how individual perceptions of work affiliations can shape a team’s boundaries.
Predictors of Depression and Anxiety in Family Members 3 Months After Child’s Admission to a Pediatric ICU
Authors: Iwata Masayuki , Han Soojeong , Hays Ross , Doorenbos Ardith Z.
Published: July 2019

Objectives:

Family members of children admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) suffer from severe stress, which sometimes results in long-term psychological problems. We aimed to identify associations between demographic and psychosocial variables at early stages of a child’s admission to the ICU and depression and anxiety in family members at approximately 3 months after admission. We also explored predictive models for depression and anxiety at 3 months after admission.

Methods:

This study is a secondary analysis of data from a previous clinical trial of palliative care for family members in ICUs, in which 380 family members of 220 children reported demographic and psychosocial status at approximately 1 week after ICU admission (baseline), at discharge from the ICUs, and at 3 months after the child’s admission to the ICU. Clinical data were extracted from the children’s medical records. We used linear regression models and stepwise linear regression for the analyses.

Results:

After controlling for significant confounders of gender (female) and child mortality, worse psychological status at baseline, represented by reported depression, anxiety, and acute stress symptoms, was associated with more severe depression and anxiety at 3 months. Also, a better family relationship at baseline was associated with lower depression and anxiety at 3 months.

Conclusion:

We suggest a need to screen family members of children admitted to the ICU with validated scales and intervening with those at high risk of depression and anxiety.

Clinical Trials:

Registry number NCT02144779 on ClinicalTrials.gov . https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02144779?term=NCT02144779&rank=1 .
Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD): A Descriptive Study From a Canadian Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Selby Debbie , Bean Sally , Isenberg-Grzeda Elie , Bioethics Blair Henry D. , Nolen Amy
Published: July 2019

Background:

In June 2016, the Government of Canada passed Bill C-14 decriminalizing medically assisted death. Increasing numbers of Canadians are accessing medical assistance in dying (MAiD) each year, but there is limited information about this population.

Objective:

To describe the characteristic outcomes of MAiD requests in a cohort of patients at an academic tertiary care center in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review of patients making a formal request for a MAiD eligibility assessment from July 16 to September 18. Data extracted included demographics, diagnosis, psychosocial characteristics, information relating to the MAiD request, and clinical outcome.

Results:

We received 107 formal requests for MAiD assessment. Ninety-seven patients were found eligible, of whom 80 received MAiD. Cancer was the primary diagnosis for 78% and median age was 74 years. The majority of patients (64%) cited “functional decline or inability to participate in meaningful activities” as the main factor motivating their request for MAiD. Half of patients who received MAiD (46%) described their request as consistent with a long-standing, philosophical view predating their illness. The 10-day reflection period was reduced for 39% of provisions due to impending loss of capacity. Our cohort was very similar demographically to those described both nationally and internationally.

Conclusion:

Patients seeking MAiD at our institution were similar to those described in other jurisdictions where assisted dying is legal and represent a group for whom autonomy and independence is critical. We noted a very high rate of risk of loss of capacity, suggesting a need for both earlier assessments and regular monitoring.
Understanding the Ecologies of Education Reforms: Comparing the Perceptions of Secondary Teachers and Students in the Philippines
Authors: Joong Yee Han Peter , Mangali Glen , Reganit Arnulfo R. , Swan Barry
Published: July 2019

This study examines how secondary school teachers have implemented educational reforms in the Philippines. Data sources were surveys for sample teachers and students in 20 schools on how often a teaching or evaluation strategy was used in various courses. The study concluded that most teachers were able to adopt most of the reforms. Even though teacher-directed lessons still dominated, there were sufficient student-centered lessons. Tests, exams, and performance tasks were used for evaluations. However, classroom management needs increased attention. More resources and professional development are needed. Policymakers and educators in all jurisdictions can learn from the reform efforts.
Trust in Government and the American Public’s Responsiveness to Rising Inequality
Authors: Macdonald David
Published: July 2019

The United States has become increasingly unequal. Income inequality has risen dramatically since the 1970s, yet public opinion toward redistribution has remained largely unchanged. This is puzzling, given Americans’ professed concern regarding, and knowledge of, rising inequality. I argue that trust in government can help to reconcile this. I combine data on state-level income inequality with survey data from the Cumulative American National Election Studies (CANES) from 1984 to 2016. I find that trust in government conditions the relationship between inequality and redistribution, with higher inequality prompting demand for government redistribution, but only among politically trustful individuals. This holds among conservatives and non-conservatives and among the affluent and non-affluent. These findings underscore the relevance of political trust in shaping attitudes toward inequality and economic redistribution and contribute to our understanding of why American public opinion has not turned in favor of redistribution during an era of rising income inequality.
A safe treatment for congenital fibrovascular pupillary membrane
Authors: Wang Qiwei , Zhou Fengqi , Chen Wan , Chen Jingjing , Ouyang Zhenglong , Lin Zhuoling , Li Xiaoyan , Lin Haotian , Chen Weirong
Published: July 2019

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical features and management of fibrovascular pupillary membrane.

Methods:

Four patients with congenital fibrovascular pupillary membrane were recruited. Comprehensively, ophthalmic examinations were performed. Peripheral iridectomy was performed to create a tunnel for blunt dissection of adhesion between the membrane and the lens capsule. Bipolar radiofrequency diathermy was then used to cut the membrane utilizing its coagulation effect.

Results:

All four patients received uneventful membranectomy surgeries. The follow-up duration ranged from 9 to 16 months. All patients recovered well. Visual behavior was central and steady. The natural pupil size ranged from 2 to 3 mm. No sign of visual axis obstruction, cataract formation, or intraocular pressure elevation was detected during the follow-up. No second surgery was needed for all patients.

Conclusion:

Fibrovascular pupillary membrane is a rare unilateral disease impairing visual acuity in children. Using the technique combining peripheral iridectomy with bipolar radiofrequency, diathermy can simplify the traditional surgery procedures and reduce the risks when removing fibrovascular pupillary membranes.
Differences of FreeStyle Libre Flash Glucose Monitoring System and Finger Pricks on Clinical Characteristics and Glucose Monitoring Satisfactions in Type 1 Diabetes Using Insulin Pump
Authors: Al Hayek Ayman A , Robert Asirvatham A , Al Dawish Mohamed A
Published: July 2019

Background:

To evaluate the different experience of freestyle libre and finger pricks on clinical characteristics and glucose monitoring satisfaction (GMS) in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using insulin pump (IP).

Methods:

A prospective study was carried out on 47 (aged 17-21 years) T1D, who used conventional finger-pricking method for self-testing the glucose. The experiments were conducted between March 2018 and September 2018. For carrying out the study, the flash glucose monitoring (FGM) sensors were placed on each participant, at the baseline visit, by a trained diabetes educator. Furthermore, to determine the total number of scans conducted during the study period, the respective ambulatory glucose profiles were generated by computing the data collected from the sensors. In addition, a trained interviewer handed over the GMS questionnaire to each patient, at the baseline and at 12 weeks of the study.

Results:

In comparison to the baseline (finger pricks), various parameters such as: HbA1c ( P = .042), hypoglycemia ( P = .001), mean capillary glucose ( P = .004), total daily insulin dose ( P = .0001), percentage of bolus insulin ( P = .0001), daily bolus frequency ( P = .0001), and daily carbohydrates intake ( P = .0001) showed a significant improvement at 12 weeks. Similarly, substantial augmentation was noticed, in the sub domains of GMS, that is, openness ( P = .0001), emotional burden ( P = .0001), behavioral burden ( P = .0001), and trust ( P = .0001) at 12 weeks as compared to baseline. Overall, total GMS score at baseline was 1.72 ± 0.37, which increased up to 3.41 ± 0.49 ( P = .0001) in the time period of 12 weeks. The HbA1c (r2 = 0.45), hypoglycemia (r2 = 0.58), and the mean number of FGM scans, exhibited a negative correlation, while GMS (r2 = 0.52) and the mean number of FGM scans, exhibited a positive correlation.

Conclusion:

The frequency of hypoglycemia, HbA1c level, capillary glucose, daily carbohydrates intake decreased, while the total daily insulin dose, daily bolus insulin and total GMS score increased with the use of FGM scanning for 12 weeks.
Self-excited vibration of whole vehicle with multiple limit cycles induced by shimmy of front wheels
Authors: Wei Daogao , Zhai Wenhao , Zhu Yingjie , Jiang GenSheng , Yin Andong , Zhang Bingzhan
Published: July 2019

Front wheel shimmy may induce the self-excited vibration of whole vehicle with multiple limit cycles. This kind of shimmy is difficult to control and can do great harm to the vehicle. In order to obtain the mechanism of this phenomenon, a 7-DOF dynamic model of whole vehicle self-excited vibration induced by the shimmy of front wheels which take the nonlinear factor of tire lateral force and the dry friction force in suspension and steering system into consideration was established. By using Hopf bifurcation theorem and central manifold theorem, the existence and stability of limit cycles are qualitatively determined. By means of numerical analysis, the self-excited vibration with multiple limit cycles is found. The results show that in the speed range of 50–185 km/h, front wheels shimmy induced the self-excited vibration of whole vehicle and the amplitude of system’s vibration decreases with the increase of vehicle speed; in the speed range of 50–83 km/h and 149–185 km/h, the self-excited vibration with multiple limit cycles occurs; in the speed range of 83–149 km/h, the self-excited vibration with single limit cycle occurs.
Quantifying the Extent of Temporal Decay in Service Quality Ratings
Authors: Bogomolova Svetlana , Romaniuk Jenni , Sharp Anne
Published: July 2019

This paper seeks to synthesise the disparate research to date that has been done on the temporal decay of service quality and satisfaction responses. We aim to verify if this measurement artefact exists and, if so, to see if its magnitude can be quantified and generalised across a range of conditions. Using the existing published results from various ad hoc studies to date that have looked at the issue, we quantify the reported decays in service quality and satisfaction scores. In addition, we extend the research into two new crosssectional studies in the catering and financial planning industries. Service quality ratings decay as the time since the service experience increases. The extent of this decay is generalisable to approximately a 10% decline in service scores over a one- to three-month period. The majority of the decay occurs within the first month of the service encounter and then this rate of decline slows down or stabilises. This research adds to the body of knowledge concerning moderators of service quality ratings. It makes an important managerial contribution through providing a generalised decay figure of about 10% that can be used by managers and researchers to separate the confounding effects of temporal decay from real changes in customers’ service quality perceptions.
Rethinking Data Analysis - Part Two: Some Alternatives to Frequentist Approaches
Authors: Kent Ray
Published: July 2019

In ‘Rethinking data analysis – part one: the limitations of frequentist approaches'’ (Kent 2009) it was argued that standard, frequentist statistics were developed for purposes entirely other than for the analysis of survey data; when applied in this context, the assumptions being made and the limitations of the statistical procedures are commonly ignored. This paper examines ways of approaching the analysis of data sets that can be seen as viable alternatives. It reviews Bayesian statistics, configurational and fuzzy set analysis, association rules in data mining, neural network analysis, chaos theory and the theory of the tipping point. Each of these approaches has its own limitations and not one of them can or should be seen as a total replacement for frequentist approaches. Rather, they are alternatives that should be considered when frequentist approaches are not appropriate or when they do not seem to be adequate to the task of finding patterns in a data set.
A Critical Comparison of Offline Focus Groups, Online Focus Groups and E-Delphi
Authors: Brüggen Elisabeth , Willems Pieter
Published: July 2019

The boom in online marketing research represents one of the fastest-growing segments of the research industry. Although the design and quality of online surveys has received widespread attention, little empirical research compares the effectiveness of online and offline qualitative research techniques. Therefore, this research compares offline focus groups, online focus groups and e-Delphi with respect to depth, breadth, efficiency, group dynamics, non-verbal impressions and attitudes of respondents. Results show that offline focus group results have the highest depth and breadth, and are most efficient, leading to high-quality outcomes. However, e-Delphi discussions provide very elaborate and relatively deep outcomes that give a good impression of respondents’ feelings and attitudes. Results from online focus groups remain rather superficial, but experts value the spontaneous reactions and interactiveness, and consider online focus groups very efficient.
Training the Next Generation of Market Researchers
Authors: Cooke Mike , Macfarlane Phyllis
Published: July 2019

GfK NOP is seeking to develop excellence through the use of Web 2.0 tools on its graduate training programme. Our approach has been to build excellence by adopting a new organisational form known as the ‘community of practice’ approach. This approach is emerging in companies that seek excellence as it promises to galvanise knowledge sharing, learning and change. It has led them into a world where the avatar has been conducting interviews in Second Life and they have been using social networks for research purposes. It is believed this approach will produce market researchers who are more attuned to client requirements of the future, and could possibly retain more talent within the industry, as it allows new entrants to see how they can contribute to the development of methods, techniques and products, and creates a better sense of belonging to the industry.
Viewpoint - Manipulator or Messenger?
Authors: Tanner Nick
Published: July 2019

Nick Tanner addresses the issue of market research being used for promotional and public relations’ purposes, rather than purely finding the truth. He argues that the research industry's stock response to such criticism - blaming journalists and the media - is insufficient on its own and it should do more to defend and safeguard its reputation.
Effects of Different Types of Perceived Similarity and Subjective Knowledge in Evaluations of Brand Extensions
Authors: Hem Leif E. , Iversen Nina M.
Published: July 2019

The most successful brand extensions are considered to be those having high perceived similarity between the parent brand and the extensions, and being well known in the marketplace. However, previous research has mainly examined the effects of overall measures of perceived similarity between a parent brand and an extension. Correspondingly, little is known about the effects of different areas of consumer knowledge. This study investigates the effects of three types of perceived similarity (usage, associations, competence) and three areas of consumer knowledge (original brand, original category, extension category) on evaluations of brand extensions. The results indicate that some types of perceived similarity and knowledge are more important than others. These findings imply that brand managers need to identify and measure the relevant types of perceived similarity and knowledge that will affect evaluations of brand extensions in order to design effective communication strategies for extensions.
Regeneration and Repair of Skin Wounds: Various Strategies for Treatment
Authors: Rezaie Fahimeh , Momeni-Moghaddam Madjid , Naderi-Meshkin Hojjat
Published: July 2019

Skin as a mechanical barrier between the inner and outer environment of our body protects us against infection and electrolyte loss. This organ consists of 3 layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Any disruption in the integrity of skin leads to the formation of wounds, which are divided into 2 main categories: acute wounds and chronic wounds. Generally, acute wounds heal relatively faster. In contrast to acute wounds, closure of chronic wounds is delayed by 3 months after the initial insult. Treatment of chronic wounds has been one of the most challenging issues in the field of regenerative medicine, promoting scientists to develop various therapeutic strategies for a fast, qualified, and most cost-effective treatment modality. Here, we reviewed more recent approaches, including the development of stem cell therapy, tissue-engineered skin substitutes, and skin equivalents, for the healing of complex wounds.
A weighted and distributed algorithm for multi-hop localization
Authors: Cota-Ruiz Juan , Gonzalez-Landaeta Rafael , Diaz-Roman Jose David , Mederos-Madrazo Boris , Sifuentes Ernesto
Published: July 2019

Multi-hop wireless sensor networks are widely used in many location-dependent applications. Most applications assume the knowledge of geographic location of sensor nodes; however, in practical scenarios, the high accuracy on position estimates of sensor nodes is still a great challenge. In this research, we propose a hop-weighted scheme that can be useful in distance-based distributed multi-hop localization. The hop-weighted localization approach generates spatial locations around position estimates of unknown sensors and computes local functions that minimize distance errors among hop-weighted and static neighboring sensors. The iterative process of each unknown sensor to re-estimate its own location allows a significant reduction of initial position estimates. Simulations demonstrate that this weighted localization approach, when compared with other schemes, can be suitable to be used as a refinement stage to improve localization in both isotropic and anisotropic networks. Also, under rough initial position estimates, the proposed algorithm achieves root mean square error values less than the radio range of unknown sensors, in average, with only a few iterations.
First evidence of avian pox-like outbreaks in Eurasian coots, Fulica atra, from Europe: A widespread phenomenon?
Authors: Aznar Francisco Javier , Monterde-López José , Aunión-Díaz Samuel , Lehto Harry J , Circella Elena
Published: July 2019

Avian pox is a disease caused by Avipoxvirus spp. that is known to produce self-limiting, proliferative epithelial lesions in over 275 bird species from 70 families. Although generally benign, this emerging disease can sometimes provoke significant outbreaks of mortality. In rallids, there is a single serological record of Avipoxvirus. In this study, we report on field evidence for two avian pox-like outbreaks in Eurasian coots, Fulica atra. In Utterslev Mose, Denmark, 17 birds were found in the winter and early spring of 2006 with putative signs of pox-like lesions on the frontal shield and bill. Similar lesions were detected in a population of c. 30 Eurasian coots from a small wetland in eastern Spain in the winter of 2018. Birds with active lesions were detected up to 73 days after first finding, and percentage of birds with lesions also increased in this period (from 9.1% to 69.6%), then declined. Lesions of individual birds were observed to heal in 2 weeks. Three young coots exhibited severe lesions that hampered breathing. In other 17 wetlands from the same region, pox-like lesions were detected in 8 out of 843 Eurasian coots from three localities (maximum prevalence: 18.8%) and 1 of 8 Crested coots, Fulica cristata, in one locality. Reports from European birdwatchers describing coots with abnormal frontal shields suggest that some of these birds likely suffered also from avian pox. This disease, unnoticed thus far, could be geographically widespread, thus its potential population impact should not be underestimated, especially in Crested coots.
Long-Term Risk of Hip Fracture After Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Salehi Omran Setareh , Murthy Santosh B. , Navi Babak B. , Merkler Alexander E.
Published: July 2019

Background and Purpose:

Data are lacking on the long-term risk of hip fracture among patients with ischemic stroke. A better understanding of the contemporary incidence of hip fracture after ischemic stroke could benefit patient care by promoting strategies to prevent this disabling complication in stroke survivors.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective cohort study using inpatient and outpatient claims between 2008 and 2015 from a nationally representative 5% sample of Medicare beneficiaries. We included patients ≥66 years of age who were hospitalized with acute ischemic stroke, defined through a validated diagnostic code algorithm. We excluded patients who had a prior or concurrent hip fracture diagnosis at the time of ischemic stroke. The primary outcome was hip fracture requiring hospitalization. Survival statistics were used to calculate crude incidence rates, and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate cumulative rates.

Results:

Among the 1 772 550 beneficiaries in our sample, 60 099 were diagnosed with an acute ischemic stroke without prior or concomitant hip fracture. During 4.5 (±2.2) years of follow-up, the incidence of hip fracture was 1.6 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-1.6) per 100 person-years in patients with acute ischemic stroke versus 0.6 (95% CI: 0.6-0.6) per 100 person-years in patients without acute ischemic stroke. The cumulative 5-year rate of hip fracture was 7.6% (95% CI: 7.2%-8.0%) among patients with acute ischemic stroke versus 2.8% (95% CI: 2.8%-2.9%) among the remaining Medicare beneficiaries.

Conclusion:

We found that among elderly Medicare beneficiaries with acute ischemic stroke, nearly 1 in 12 developed a hip fracture over the next 5 years.
Power of the Past, Celebrate the Present, Force of the Future—Part 6: NASN—The Next 50 Years
Authors: Johnson Kathleen
Published: July 2019

NASN is celebrating 50 years of supporting the health needs of children and the practice needs of the school nurses who provide those services. This is the sixth and last in a series exploring the power of NASN’s past, its celebration of the present and preparing for NASN to be a force of the future. This article builds on the historical precedents of NASN’s history to develop a vision for its next 50 years. Examining the changing landscape of healthcare provides the outline of NASN’s potential to advance child health.
The relationship between nicotine and psychosis
Authors: Quigley Harriet , MacCabe James H.
Published: July 2019

Cigarette smoking is strongly associated with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. For several decades it was assumed that the relationship could be explained by reverse causation; that smoking was secondary to the illness itself, either through self-medication or a process of institutionalization, or was entirely explained by confounding by cannabis use or social factors. However, studies have exposed that such hypotheses cannot fully explain the association, and more recently a bidirectional relationship has been proposed wherein cigarette smoking may be causally related to risk of psychosis, possibly via a shared genetic liability to smoking and psychosis. We review the evidence for these candidate explanations, using findings from the latest epidemiological, neuroimaging, genetic and preclinical work.
Competence for Students’ Future: Curriculum Change and Policy Redesign in China
Authors: Wang Tao
Published: July 2019

Purpose:

This article aims to provide a policy review of the new national curriculum program and standards for high school education announced in January 2018 and analyze the key features of curriculum change in China.

Design/Approach/Methods:

Applying textual analysis, this article interprets the significant changes in the national curriculum program and standards and further discusses these changes based on literature and research on curriculum.

Findings:

Corresponding to the international trends on core competencies, China takes a further step and designs subject core competencies to narrow the gap between theories, policy, and practice. The new national curriculum highlights the coherent design in curriculum, textbooks, teaching, and assessment. Yet there are still puzzles and challenges in high stakes examination, diverse contexts, and curriculum implementation.

Originality/Value:

This article might facilitate the understanding of the current high school curriculum in China, especially on its features, changes, contexts, and history.
From Scale to Quality: Experiences and Challenges in Teacher Education in China
Authors: Zhou Bin
Published: July 2019

Purpose:

This essay examines the history of China’s teacher education policies, summarizes the Chinese experience of teacher education reform, and frames the major challenges facing teacher education reform in China today.

Design/Approach/Methods:

This relies upon a detailed analysis of the teacher education policies implemented by China since 1978. It also explores the actual practice of Chinese teacher education reform by examining the ways in which such reforms have contributed to the overall reform of China’s basic education system.

Findings:

Chinese teacher education places emphasis on the cultivation of teachers’ devotion to education and the importance of improving the teaching skills of normal college students. An effective teacher governance mechanism is the institutional guarantee for the positive role of teachers. However, the absence of comprehensive universities in the open teacher education system and a lack of autonomy for teachers in the performance management system are major challenges facing teacher education in China.

Originality/Value:

This essay has outlined the most current and recent reform efforts in China’s teacher education. It also explores how such efforts fit into the larger scheme of basic education reform in China.
Wefunder: Leading the Growth of a New Industry
Authors: Noyes Erik , Mandel Richard
Published: July 2019

In early 2018, Nick Tommarello could be proud of what he and his partners had accomplished. Their company, Wefunder, Inc., was the acknowledged leader in the equity crowdfunding industry, an industry that he and his partners were largely responsible for creating. Wefunder served as an online portal for crowdfunding investments and had raised more money for more companies than any of their competitors. Yet, Nick’s pride and satisfaction with these accomplishments were tempered by the knowledge that neither his company, nor the industry as a whole, had achieved the volume and size he had originally projected. Wefunder's careful vetting of the companies allowed to raise money on its site had created a reputation for quality, but the labor-intensiveness of this model was limiting the company's ability to scale up for growth. And the restrictive conditions imposed by federal law and the Securities and Exchange Commission’s regulations on equity crowdfunding seemed to prohibit models of doing business deemed essential for the growth of the industry as a whole. If these challenges could not be met, Wefunder might well end up as one of many fish competing in an unfortunately small pond.