bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RESERVOIR CYTOSKELETON AND A POSSIBLE CYTOSTOMAL HOMOLOGUE IN COLACIUM (EUGLENOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Willey Ruth L. , Wibel Ronald G.
Published: August 2010

The reservoir cytoskeleton of Colacium Ehrenberg is formed of three bands of microtubules. The microtubules of the dorsal band (DMT) become doublets and are continuous with the longitudinal microtubules of the canal and, therefore, of the pellicle. A band of para‐reservoir microtubules (PMT) acts as a linkage between the edges of the dorsal band at the formation of the canal. The third band of microtubules (MTR), more ventral, branches away from the reservoir‐canal transition region and forms a supportive band for a pocket formed from the reservoir membrane. The outer part of the pocket membrane is closely invested with a fibrillar mesh. The pocket of Colacium, a green euglenoid, resembles structurally the cytopharynx of the colorless phagotrophic euglenoids, Isonema papillatum and the bodonid flagellates. The homologies support the hypothesis of euglenoid derivation from the kinetoplastid flagellates.
INDIAN OCEAN NANNOPLANKTON. II. HOLOCOCCOLITHOPHORIDS (CALYPTROSPHAERACEAE, PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE) WITH A REVIEW OF EXTANT GENERA1
Authors: Norris Richard E.
Published: August 2010

Holococcolithophorids, pyrmnesiophytes having only one type of calcareous element in their coccoliths, are delicate and not commonly recorded in recent and fossil marine floras. There are few records of these organisms from the Indian Ocean and 26 species from there are included in this report. Although the group, generally assigned to a single family, the Calyptrosphaeraceae, may contain species that are part of the life history of heterococcolith‐bearing cells in other stages, so little is known of this aspect of their biology that one must continue, at the present time, to treat them as independent taxonomic entities. A key is provided for the known holococcolithophorid genera. A new genus, Gliscolithus, and three new species, Gliscolithus amitakarenae, Calyptrosphaera heimdalae, and Helladosphaera pienaarii are described. The following new combinations are proposed: Calyptrolithina fragaria (Kamptner) comb. nov., Calyptrolithina gaarderae (Borsetti et Cati) comb. nov., Calyptrolithina isselii (Borsetti et Cati) comb. nov., Calyptrolithina lafourcadii (Lecal) comb. nov., Calyptrolithina magnaghii (Borsetti et Cati) comb. nov., Calyptrolithina multipora (Gaarder) comb. nov., Calyptrolithina porritectum (Heimdal) comb. nov., Calyptrolithina wettsteinii (Kamptner) comb. nov., Calyptrolithophora catillifera (Kamptner) comb. nov., Calyptrolithophora galea (Lecal‐Schlauder) comb. nov., Dactylethra pirus (Kamptner) comb. nov., Helladosphaera arethusae (Kamptner) comb. nov., Helladosphaera gracilis (Kamptner) comb. nov., Homozygosphaera strigilis (Gaarder) comb. nov. and Syracolithus schilleri (Kamptner) comb. nov. The new combination in the genus Dactylethra Gartner for the first time brings an extant species into this genus that formerly contained only fossil species. It is pointed out that the enlarged zygoliths in stomatal areas of Corisphaera and the helladoliths in stomatal regions of Helladosphaera have intergrading types and are not distinctive enough characteristics to separate these genera.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF GERMINATION INSCRIPPSIELLA TROCHOIDEA(DINOPHYCEAE) RESTING CYSTS1
Authors: Binder Brian J. , Anderson Donald M.
Published: August 2010

The effects of aging, temperature, and growth medium on germination in culture‐produced resting cysts of the marine dinoflagellateScrippsiella trochoidea(Stein) Loeblich ore examined. Cysts undergo a mandatory period of dormancy lasting approximately 25 days, during which germination does not occur. The duration of this period is not affected by temperature. Once the dormancy period is completed, germination is regulated by external factors. Cysts germinate optimally in nutrient replete medium at temperatures greater than approximately 14° C. At lower temperatures or in nutrient‐depleted media germination rate is dramatically slowed, although the final germination frequency appears unchanged. The large Q10of this temperature effect (ca. 11) suggests that the reduction in germination rate at lower temperatures is not merely the reflection of generally reduced metabolic rates, but rather the result of a temperature response specific to germination. At the highest temperatures tested (22–25° C), germination rate remains maximal although vegetative growth is greatly reduced. A shift in temperature or nutrient conditions, per se, is not necessary for germination. The relatively short dormancy period combined with the absence of a requirement for a dramatic shift in environmental conditions could facilitate rapid cycling between resting and vegetative stages in naturalS. trochoideapopulations. At the same time, the dramatic reduction in germination rate at low temperatures would permit cysts of this species to serve as overwintering cells as well.
COMPARATIVE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THREE SPECIES OF CHLOROSARCINA (CHLOROSARCINACEAE, CHLOROPHYTA) 1,2
Authors: Deason Temd R. , Floyd Gary L.
Published: August 2010

Ultrastructural studies revealed that Chlorosarcina stigmatica Deason differs from C. brevispinosa and C. longispinosa Chantanachat and Bold because the vegetative cell possess a pyrenoid, and the zoospores have chlorophycean characteristics. Zoospores of the latter species exhibit pleurastrophycean characteristics including counterclockwise absolute orientation of the flagellar apparatus components. Nuclear division in C. longispinosa, like that of Friedmannia israelensis Chantanachat and Bold, is metacentric. It is suggested that a new genus, Desmotetra, be erected for Chlorosarcina stigmatica, and that it, along with Chlorosarcinopsis Herndon, be placed in the Chlorococcales, Chlorophyceae. Chlorosarcina brevispinosa and C. longispinosa belong in the Pleurastrales, Pleurastrophyceae.
CLONAL VARIATION IN PHOTOTAXIS AND SETTLEMENT BEHAVIORS OF HINCKSIA IRREGULARIS (PHAEOPHYCEAE) SPORES1
Authors: Greer Stephen P. , Amsler Charles D.
Published: August 2010

Hincksia irregularis (Kützing) Amsler isolates from North Carolina were used to assess clonal variations in spore swimming behavior and settlement responses within a population. These behaviors were also compared with those previously reported from a Florida panhandle clone to assess differences between geographically distinct populations. Minor variation between morphologies, reproductive responses, and settlement intervals were observed between all clones. Spores from all North Carolina clones exhibited positive phototaxis, but there was significant variation in the lower threshold irradiances that could elicit the behavior. In contrast, spores from the previously studied Florida panhandle clone exhibited negative phototaxis. Hincksia irregularis spore settlement responses to hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces were consistent for all clones currently and previously tested. Interactive effects of light and charge on settlement were evident in spores from North Carolina isolates, but these effects differed from the Florida panhandle isolate. Settlement preference and swimming behavior differences may have a considerable effect on an individual's ecological fitness and placement within the marine environment. However, the perceived relevance of these differences needs to be validated further in light of previously reported genetic, physiological, and behavioral variations observed in other algal clones that have called into question traditional assessments of individuality.
COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUSKARENIA(DINOPHYCEAE) FROM NEW ZEALAND1
Authors: Haywood Allison J. , Steidinger Karen A. , Truby Earnest W. , Bergquist Patricia R. , Bergquist Peter L. , Adamson Janet , Mackenzie Lincoln
Published: August 2010

Three new dinoflagellate species,Karenia papilionaceasp. nov.,Karenia selliformissp. nov., andKarenia bidigitatasp. nov., were compared with the toxic speciesKarenia mikimotoi(Miyake & KominamiexOda) G. Hansen & Moestrup,Karenia brevis(Davis) G. Hansen & Moestrup, andKarenia brevisulcata(Chang) G. Hansen & Moestrup using the same fixative. Distinguishing morphological characters for the genusKareniaincluded a smooth theca and a linear apical groove. The new species can be distinguished on the basis of morphological characters of vegetative cells that include the location and shape of the nucleus; the relative excavation of the hypotheca; the characteristics of apical and sulcal groove extensions on the epitheca; the cellular shape, size, and symmetry; the degree of dorsoventral compression; and the presence of an apical protrusion or carina. Species with pronounced dorsoventral compression swim in a distinctive fluttering motion. An intercingular tubular structure traversing the proximal and distal ends of the cingulum is common to the species ofKarenia,Karlodinium micrum(Leadbeater & Dodge) J. Larsen,Gymnodinium pulchellumJ. Larsen, andGyrodinium corsicumPaulmier. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of rDNA sequence alignments show that the new species are phylogenetically distinct but closely related toK. mikimotoiandK. brevis.
A SIMPLE AND RAPID TECHNIQUE FOR THE ISOLATION OF DNA FROM MICROALGAE1
Authors: Fawley Marvin W. , Fawley Karen P.
Published: August 2010

A simple method for the purification of PCR‐ quality DNA from microalgae is presented. This method uses the detergent dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide coupled with cell breakage by agitation in the presence of glass beads and chloroform. A final purification step involves a commercial cartridge system. The procedure requires only about 1–2 mL of algal culture and can be completed in about 20 min. DNA suitable for PCR has been obtained from several algal lineages using this method, including numerous green algae and stramenopiles.
HEPATITIS ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN (HAA) IN URINE FROM SERUM HAA POSITIVE RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
Authors: Skinhøj Peter , Steiness Ib
Published: August 2010

Urine was examined for the presence of hepatitis associated antigen (HAA) by means of gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis in thirteen renal transplant recipients who were known serum carriers of HAA. Three 24‐hour urine collections were obtained from twelve of the patients and two from one. All unconcentrated urine specimens examined were HAA negative. After 500‐fold concentration HAA could be demonstrated in the urinary samples obtained from four of the patients. HAA urinary excretion was not related to any of the kidney or liver parameters studied. Antigenuria could not be explained by increased glomerular permeability suggesting that HAA may propagate in the renal parenchyma and/or in the urinary tract.
THE FORMATION OF EXTRACELLULAR PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Arvidson S. , Holme T. , Lindholm B.
Published: August 2010

Three different proteolytic enzymes could be identified in supernatants from cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, strain V8, if grown in a casein hydrolysate‐yeast extract medium (CCYI). One protease was not produced if the yeast extract was omitted from the medium. This protease was inactivated by ethylene‐diamino‐tetra‐acetic acid (EDTA, 5.0 mM at 20° C for 30 min). If calcium ions (final cone. 2.5 mM) were added to the yeast extract‐free medium, the EDTA‐sensitive protease was formed in amounts approaching those obtained in the complete medium. The formation of the EDTA‐stable enzymes was not affected by calcium ions. The two EDTA‐stable activities could be separated by isoelectric focusing, one with a pI of 4.0 and the other with a pI of 9.4. The formation of the EDTA‐stable protease was stimulated by yeast extract.
A MICRO ASSAY FOR MOUSE AND HUMAN INTERFERON
Authors: Dahl Helen , Degre Miklos
Published: August 2010

A simple micro assay for testing mouse and human interferon is described. The L‐F1 line of mouse lung fibroblasts and the U‐line of human amnion cells were seeded in microtrays, treated with two‐fold dilutions of 0.1 ml interferon and challenged with Vesicular Stomatitis virus. Reading was done microscopically for presence of cytopathogenic effect and macroscopically for metabolic activity indicated by colour change. Sensitivity of the test is comparable to the commonly employed plaque reduction assay and the macro infectivity inhibition test. Reproducibility of the system is satisfactory. The interferon titres are influenced by the age and density of cells, length of interferon treatment and the dose of challenge virus. Age, density and length of treatment are standardized for the test and by means of a standard slope it is possible to adjust interferon titres to a standard challenge dose. The micro system is time saving, technically simple and allows testing of extremely small volumes of test material.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INHIBITION BY RABBIT IMMUNE SERUM OF THE BACTERICIDAL EFFECT OF CATTLE NORMAL SERUM ON SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM 395 MRO
Authors: Normann Bengt , Stendahl Olof , Tagesson Christer , Edebo Lars
Published: August 2010

The bactericidal effect of cattle normal serum on Salmonella typhimurium 395 MRO is inhibited by highly avid rabbit anti‐LPS (lipopolysaccharide) IgG. Since the inhibitory effect was destroyed by pepsin, blocking of antigenic receptors on the bacterial surface by IgG is not the sole mechanism of inhibition. Furthermore, bactericidal activity was interrupted by high concentrations of anti‐RO serum as late as after 20 min, and the inhibition was independent of the bacterial concentration, at least over a range of 2 times 103– 2 times 108 bact./ml, which leads to the following hypothesis: Anti‐LPS IgG bound to the bacterial surface activates the complement system without causing cell death but consumption of complement factors required for the slower bactericidal activity of normal serum.
CAFFEINE SENSITIVE RECOVERY OF MITOMYCIN C TREATED MOUSE P‐388 CELLS
Authors: ørstavik Jon
Published: August 2010

Mouse P‐388 cells were grown in suspension culture and given a short treatment with 0.5 μg/ml of mitomycin C. The effects of the pyrimidine analogue caffeine on cell growth, DNA synthesis and DNA degradation in such mitomycin C treated cultures was then investigated. Post‐treatment incubation with 5·10‐4 M of caffeine strongly potentiated the cytotoxic effect of mitomycin C. Exposure to the antibiotic for 1 hour inhibited cell growth only during the first day after treatment. In contrast, when these cells were incubated in medium containing caffeine, cell multiplication was suppressed during the whole experimental period. Low concentrations of caffeine prevented mitomycin C‐induced inhibition of the incorporation of thymidine into DNA. Maximum stimulation of 3H‐TdR incorporation in mitomycin C treated cells was found in cultures supplemented with 5·10‐4 M of caffeine. Cells labelled with 3H‐TdR prior to treatment with mitomycin C did not release significant amounts of radioactivity to the culture medium. Post‐treatment incubation with caffeine did not change this finding.
The Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria citH gene is expressed early in the infection process of tomato and is positively regulated by the TctDE two‐component regulatory system
Authors: TAMIR‐ARIEL DAFNA , ROSENBERG TALLY , BURDMAN SAUL
Published: August 2010

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) is the causal agent of bacterial spot disease of tomato and pepper. Previously, we have reported the adaptation of a recombinase‐ or resolvase‐based in vivo expression technology (RIVET) approach to identify Xcv genes that are specifically induced during its interaction with tomato. Analysis of some of these genes revealed that a citH (citrate transporter) homologous gene contributes to Xcv virulence on tomato. Here, we demonstrate that the citH product indeed facilitates citrate uptake by showing the following: citH is specifically needed for Xcv growth in citrate, but not in other carbon sources; the citH promoter is specifically induced by citrate; and the concentration of citrate from tomato leaf apoplast is considerably reduced following growth of the wild‐type and a citH‐complemented strain, but not the citH mutant. We also show that, in the Xcv–tomato interaction, the promoter activity of the citH gene is induced as early as 2.5 h after Xcv is syringe infiltrated into tomato leaves, and continues to be active for at least 96 h after inoculation. We identified an operon containing a two‐component regulatory system homologous to tctD/tctE influencing citH expression in Xcv, as well as its heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. The expression of hrp genes does not seem to be affected in the citH mutant, and this mutant cannot be complemented for growth in planta when co‐inoculated with the wild‐type strain, indicating that citrate uptake in the apoplast is important for the virulence of Xcv.
Population growth of red lechwe, Kobus leche leche Gray, in the Busanga Plain, Zambia
Authors: GRIMSDELL J. J. R. , BELL R. H. V.
Published: August 2010

An isolated population of red lechwe living in the Busanga Plain, Zambia, has been protected from human hunting since 1948. Probably as a result the population has increased, as indicated by reliable census data. From 1956 to 1972 this increase has very closely fitted an exponential rate; the calculated value of the infinitesimal rate of population increase (r) is 0–131, and the finite rate of increase is 14‐0% per year. This exponential phase is considered to represent a segment of a logistic curve.
Balance is the challenge – The impact of mitochondrial dynamics in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Burbulla Lena F. , Krebiehl Guido , Krüger Rejko
Published: August 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (11): 1048–1060

Impaired mitochondrial function has been implicated in neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD) based on biochemical and pathoanatomical studies in brains of PD patients. This observation was further substantiated by the identification of exogenic toxins, i.e. complex I inhibitors that directly affect mitochondrial energy metabolism and cause Parkinsonism in humans and various animal models. Recently, insights into the underlying molecular signalling pathways leading to alterations in mitochondrial homeostasis were gained based on the functional characterization of mitoprotective genes identified in rare forms of inherited PD. Using in vitro and in vivo loss of function models of the Parkin, PINK1, DJ‐1 and Omi/HtrA2 gene, the emerging field of mitochondrial dynamics in PD was established as being critical for the maintenance of mitochondrial function in neurons. This underscored the concept that mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles, which are tightly regulated to continuously adapt shape to functional and anatomical requirements during axonal transport, synaptic signalling, organelle degradation and cellular energy supply. The dissection of pathways involved in mitochondrial quality control clearly established the PINK1/Parkin‐pathway in the clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria by autophagy and hints to a complex interplay between PD‐associated proteins acting at the mitochondrial interface. The elucidation of this mitoprotective signalling network may help to define novel therapeutic targets for PD via molecular modelling of mitochondria and/or pharmacological modulation of mitochondrial dynamics.
Association of breast carcinoma and multiple intraductal papillomas: an histological and immunohistochemical investigation
Authors: PAPOTTI M. , GUGLIOTTA P. , GHIRINGHELLO B. , BUSSOLATI G.
Published: August 2010

To identify histological preneoplastic lesions and early neoplastic foci, a histological and immunohistochemical study has been conducted on a series of 18 cases with the rare association of multiple intraductal papillomas and in situ breast carcinoma. The pathological and clinical data of these cases have been collated.

A close anatomical and spatial association between the benign papillomas and areas of in situ carcinoma (mostly of the cribriform type) was a frequent finding.

In agreement with the results of our previous investigations, cytoplasmic CEA has been found to be a marker of intraductal carcinomas, while staining for actin has been found useful to identify the myoepithelial cells present in benign papillomas as opposed to carcinomas. The immunohistochemical procedures for these two markers have been conducted on parallel sections; alternatively, an immunoperoxidase/immuno‐galactosidase sequence has been applied on the same section.

The results indicate that, in cases with multiple papillomas, CEA‐positive, myoepithelial cell‐free carcinomatous areas can be anatomically associated with and even present inside the benign‐looking papillary lesions.

These findings can be interpreted as evidence of a malignant transformation of intraductal papillomas, or, less likely, of their ‘cancerization’ by ductal carcinoma.
Lectin histochemistry of kidney tumours and its pathomorphological relevance
Authors: ULRICH W. , HORVAT R. , KRISCH K.
Published: August 2010

Thirty kidney tumours of various histological type were histochemically investigated under the light microscope by means of the ABC‐method. We used four biotinylated lectins which are known to bind also to normal renal tubular epithelial cells of different nephron segments. The nuclear grade, the histological growth pattern, the cell type and the histogenesis of the tumours were studied. The lectin of Lotus tetragonolobus bound to nine out of ten renal cell carcinomas with low nuclear grade, but in contrast no binding was seen in eight poorly differentiated ones. Four carcinomas mimicking collecting duct epithelium were also negative after treatment with this lectin, but showed strong staining after treatment with peanut agglutinin, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin and soyabean agglutinin. Five oncocytomas showed a high affinity only for Dolichos biflorus agglutinin and only one case was positive with Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin; three tubulo‐papillary adenomas of the renal cortex without any oncocytes were negative with all of the lectins used. The value of lectin histochemistry in tumour pathology and its significance in routine pathological examination of kidney tumours are discussed.
Malignant lymphoma, immunoblastic with plasmacytic differentiation, complicating Crohn's disease
Authors: KWEE W.S. , WILS J.A.M.J. , van den TWEEL J.G.
Published: August 2010

A case of malignant lymphoma (immunoblastic with plasmacytic differentiation) of the colon complicating Crohn's disease is reported. The rarity of this complication in inflammatory granulomatous disease of the intestine is stressed. The possible relationship between intestinal lymphoma and Crohn's disease is discussed.
Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis without granulocytic infiltration (Kikuchi's lymphadenitis). Morphological and immunohistochemical study of eight cases
Authors: RIVANO M.T. , FALINI B. , STEIN H. , CANINO S. , CIANI C. , GERDES J. , RIBACCHI R. , GOBBI M. , PILERI S.
Published: August 2010

Eight examples of histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis without granulocytic infiltration (Kikuchi's lymphadenitis) are described. They occurred in young or middle‐aged women who usually complained of latero‐cervical lymphadenopathy. Serology revealed significant titres for Epstein‐Barr virus and Yersinia enterocolitica serogroup 9 in one of eight and one of six tested. All patients fully recovered within 2 months. On histological examination of the lymph nodes large foci of infiltration were observed in the cortex and/or paracortex: they consisted of variable numbers of small lymphocytes, immunoblasts, macrophages and so‐called plasmacytoid T‐cells; granulocytes were absent. Necrotic changes varied from single pyknotic cells to extensive areas of necrosis. Immunohistochemistry showed that within the lesion the number of macrophages was inversely proportional to the number of peripheral T‐lymphocytes and ‘plasmacytoid T‐cells'. The latter displayed a phenotype (CD4+, CD10+, CD45+) which, in the absence of macrophage‐associated antigens, seemed in keeping with their supposed lymphoid nature. In seven cases peripheral T‐lymphocytes predominantly expressed the cytotoxic/suppressor phenotype, while in one remaining case a mild predominance of the helper/inducer subset was observed. In the areas with less extensive tissue necrosis, numerous T‐immunoblasts expressed both markers of activation and the proliferation‐associated nuclear antigen Ki‐67. The results of the present study expand the spectrum of our knowledge and allow speculation as to the biology of this disease.
The histogenesis of angiosarcoma of the face and scalp: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study
Authors: HOLDEN C. A. , SPAULL J. , DAS A. K. , MCKEE P. H. , JONES E. WILSON
Published: August 2010

Thirteen cases of angiosarcoma of the face and scalp have been examined using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Endothelial cell markers have been employed in an immunoperoxidase technique on tissue that has either been routinely processed, periodate‐lysine paraformaldehyde fixed (PLP) and cold processed, or fixed in methacarn. A consistent pattern of endothelial cell labelling was only achieved in the PLP fixed tissue. In this fixative the angiosarcomas were factor VIII related antigen negative, Ulex europaeus lectin positive, laminin positive, unlabelled by the monoclonal antibody PAL‐E, and positively labelled by the monoclonal antibody EN4. Ultrastructural examination of four cases showed evidence of vascular lumina in all tumours. Weibel Palade bodies were seen in only one case but three tumours showed some evidence of tight junction formation and marginal folding. Thus, our cell marker studies can be interpreted as consistent with a lymphatic derivation for this type of angiosarcoma but in contra‐distinction the ultrastructural studies showed tumour channels with features suggestive of blood vessel differentiation.
Vimentin: an evaluation of its role as a tumour marker
Authors: LEADER M. , COLLINS M. , PATEL J. , HENRY K.
Published: August 2010

In this study we examined 198 sarcomas, 38 carcinomas, 13 ‘tumours with a spindle cell component’and 22 malignant melanomas with a commercial monoclonal vimentin antibody. All histopathological material was formalin fixed and paraffin embedded. The results show this antibody to be a sensitive and specific marker of mesenchymal derivation or differentiation. It is a useful tool in separating sarcomas from most carcinomas, and in separating malignant melanomas from carcinomas. When used in combination with a cytokeratin antibody it identifies carcinosarcomas and synovial sarcomas.
Lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease—an immunohistochemical study
Authors: NICHOLAS D.S. , HARRIS S. , WRIGHT D.H.
Published: August 2010

Lymph node biopsies from 57 local and referred cases, previously diagnosed at Southampton between 1978 and 1987 as lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease were examined using the monoclonal antibodies MT1, UCHL1, L26, LN‐1, E29/68 (EMA), Leu‐M1 (CD15) and Ber‐H2 (CD30). Of the 34 cases with a nodular architecture, 21 (19 male, two female) contained polylobated Reed‐Sternberg cell variants with a B‐cell phenotype, which lacked expression of CD15. In all cases, the polylobated cells showed positive staining with L26 and LN‐1. Six cases expressed EMA and three showed positive staining with Ber‐H2. Two cases lacking polylobated cells were reclassified as reactive follicular hyperplasia with progressive transformation of germinal centres. The remaining 11 cases had an atypical immunophenotype and were reclassified, mainly as mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease. In six cases, the lymph node architecture showed a mixture of nodular and diffuse growth patterns. Five of these cases contained polylobated cells with the typical morphology and immunophenotype of those seen in nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease. The sixth case contained cells expressing CD15, and was reclassified as nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease. Of the fifteen biopsies with a diffuse architecture, four contained polylobated B‐cells lacking expression of CD15. These were considered to be diffuse lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease. The remaining 11 cases were reclassified as either Hodgkin's disease, mixed cellularity or as T‐cell lymphomas.
Pseudoangiosarcomatous carcinoma: a clinicopathological study of seven cases
Authors: BANERJEE S.S. , EYDEN B.P. , WELLS S. , McWILLIAM L.J. , HARRIS M.
Published: August 2010

Seven cases of carcinoma mimicking angiosarcoma occurring in skin (3 cases), breast (3) and lung (1) are described. The cutaneous, pulmonary and one of the breast carcinomas were poorly differentiated and squamous in type; the other two breast tumours were poorly differentiated ductal carcinomas with focal squamous differentiation. Histologically, the pseudoangiosarcomatous pattern was due to complex anastomosing channels and spaces lined by neoplastic cells. The spaces contained hyaluronic acid. The neoplastic cells exhibited cytokeratin positivity but yielded negative results with the endothelial cell markers, factor VIII‐related antigen and CD 34 (QB‐END/10). Two breast tumours showed binding of UEA‐1. Ultrastructurally, unequivocal epithelial differentiation was demonstrated in six of the cases. Pathogenetically, these tumours appeared to be variants of acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma. Recognition of this unusual form of carcinoma is important, as an incorrect diagnosis of angiosarcoma may lead to inappropriate treatment and prognostication.
Spindle cell lipoma—a pseudoangiomatous variant
Authors: HAWLEY I.C. , KRAUSZ T. , EVANS D.J. , FLETCHER C.D.M.
Published: August 2010

Five cases of an unusual pseudoangiomatous variant of spindle cell lipoma are presented. In keeping with more typical cases, these lesions occurred principally in the shoulder and neck regions of adult males. The lesions all had the features of typical spindle cell lipoma but, in addition, exhibited irregular and branching spaces with villiform connective tissue projections, giving a striking angiomatoid appearance. Although the pathogenesis is uncertain, this unusual histological pattern seems to be the result of myxoid degeneration and may lead to a mistaken diagnosis of a true vascular tumour or other non‐lipomatous spindle cell lesion.
Vascular proliferations of the breast
Authors: Brodie C , Provenzano E
Published: August 2010

Vascular proliferations of the breast are uncommon but potentially diagnostically challenging lesions. Clinically apparent processes are more likely to be malignant; however, a range of benign entities which must be differentiated from angiosarcoma also exists. This review discusses first, breast lesions of apparent vascular origin, then benign and histologically bland perilobular, cavernous and capillary haemangiomas. Subsequently, more diagnostically challenging, atypical haemangiomas, papillary endothelial hyperplasia, angiomatosis and angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (epithelioid haemangioma) are considered. In addition, lesions with low‐grade malignant potential such as haemangiopericytomas and epithelioid haemangioendotheliomas may rarely present in the breast. However, primary angiosarcomas and radiation‐associated vascular lesions are reviewed in depth, as these entities are of greatest clinical and pathological significance.
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: a comparative pathological study between conventional and anaplastic types
Authors: Hirose T , Ishizawa K , Sugiyama K , Kageji T , Ueki K , Kannuki S
Published: August 2010

Aims:  To facilitate the understanding and correct diagnosis of the anaplastic variant of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA).

Methods and results:  Twelve cases of PXA were divided into six conventional and six anaplastic types. Three anaplastic PXAs developed in recurrent tumours and three occurred as the primary tumour. Anaplastic PXAs were microscopically characterized by monotonous proliferation of atypical cells, increased mitotic activity, necrosis and microvascular proliferation. Characteristic features of conventional PXA are also variously included in all anaplastic PXAs. No remarkable differences were detected in the immunohistochemical profiles including the neuronal phenotype between the conventional and anaplastic types. Ki67 labelling indices of the anaplastic type were significantly higher than those of the conventional type, whereas p53 showed no difference. Immunohistochemical and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses on epidermal growth factor receptor did not demonstrate overexpression or gene amplification.

Conclusions:  The anaplastic PXA, which occurs de novo or through recurrence, should be distinguished from glioblastoma by identifying the salient microscopic features of conventional PXA even in the anaplastic areas; and by demonstrating the expression of neuronal markers, in that the former is expected to have longer survival.
Expert review remains important in the histopathological diagnosis of cutaneous melanocytic lesions
Authors: Van Dijk M C R F , Aben K K H , Van Hees F , Klaasen A , Blokx W A M , Kiemeney L A L M , Ruiter D J
Published: August 2010

Aims:  To assess the type of problems encountered in diagnosing melanocytic lesions and to evaluate the contribution of expert review.

Methods and results:  Data from 1887 lesions submitted for consultation to one of the expert pathologists of the Dutch Melanoma Working Group Pathology Panel between 1991 and 2004 were analysed. Referring pathologists can voluntarily submit lesions which are difficult to classify to the panel. Most cutaneous melanocytic lesions (n = 1217) were submitted with a presumed diagnosis by the referring pathologists. Relevant underdiagnoses of melanoma (in situ) and overdiagnoses of naevi were prevented in 12% (144/1217) and 15% (178/1217) of cases, respectively. Problematic melanocytic lesions were (i) spitzoid and dysplastic lesions, (ii) lesions with histological features that hampered the diagnosis such as regression, lymphocytic infiltrate, or a combination with other melanocytic lesions, and (iii) lesions with unusual clinical features, e.g. childhood melanoma. Remarkably, the features of the lesions that were submitted and the types of over‐ and under‐diagnosis remained consistent from 1991 to 2004.

Conclusions:  A second opinion from an expert pathologist on problem‐prone melanocytic lesions improves patient care, in our series in 27% of cases.
Immunohistochemical expression of GCIP in breast carcinoma: relationship with tumour grade, disease‐free survival, mucinous differentiation and response to chemotherapy
Authors: Chen W‐C , Su P‐F , Jin Y‐T , Chang M‐C , Chang T‐W
Published: August 2010

Aims:  Grap2 and cyclin‐D interacting protein (GCIP) is a putative tumour suppressor in human cancer. The aim was to investigate its prognostic significance in human breast carcinoma.

Methods and results:  Immunohistochemical analysis of breast carcinoma specimens from 107 female patients was performed. Decreased cytoplasmic expression of GCIP was detected in breast carcinomas compared with normal ductal epithelium (P < 0.001). Higher GCIP scores were observed in patients with lower histological grade, mucinous carcinomas and better clinical outcome (P < 0.05). Disease‐free survival was significantly longer in patients with high GCIP scores than in those with low GCIP scores (P = 0.010). However, GCIP expression was independent of the status of oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, Her‐2/neu and cancer stage. Moreover, in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, those with higher GCIP scores showed potentially more reduction of tumour size compared with those with lower GCIP scores (borderline significance, P = 0.053).

Conclusions:  The current data provide evidence that decreased expression of GCIP in vivo is present in human breast carcinoma and indicate that GCIP is a potential indicator of good prognosis. In patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, it may also have predictive value for the chemotherapeutic response.
Overexpression of EGFR and absence of C‐KIT expression correlate with poor prognosis in salivary gland carcinomas
Authors: Ettl T , Schwarz S , Kleinsasser N , Hartmann A , Reichert T E , Driemel O
Published: August 2010

Aims:  To evaluate the prognostic impact of expression of receptor tyrosine kinases epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HER2, and C‐KIT in relation to established clinicopathological parameters in salivary gland carcinomas.

Methods and results:  Immunohistochemistry for EGFR, HER2, C‐KIT and the proliferation marker Ki67 was performed in 101 cases of salivary gland carcinoma and related to long‐term clinical follow‐up. Immunopositivity of C‐KIT was common in adenoid cystic carcinoma (92%). Lack of C‐KIT expression occurred in salivary duct carcinoma (P < 0.001) and was associated with high‐grade tumours (P = 0.002), positive lymph nodes (P = 0.002) and high expression of Ki67 (P = 0.001). HER2 was typically expressed in salivary duct carcinomas (83%), but was not associated with any other parameter. EGFR overexpression occurred independently of histological type and clinical parameters. On univariate survival analysis, overexpression of EGFR (P = 0.011) and lack of C‐KIT (P = 0.014) were associated with worse prognosis, whereas HER2 was of no prognostic significance. On multivariate analysis, the strongest negative predictor of survival was high proliferative activity measured by Ki67 (P = 0.002), followed by presence of residual tumour (P = 0.006), overexpression of EGFR (P = 0.026) and advanced tumour stage (P = 0.041).

Conclusions:  The expression of receptor tyrosine kinases confers additional prognostic impact on disease‐specific survival. EGFR overexpression is an independent negative prognostic factor.
Can morphology predict 1p/19q loss in oligodendroglial tumours?
Authors: Scheie D , Cvancarova M , Mørk S , Skullerud K , Andresen P A , Benestad I , Helseth E , Meling T , Beiske K
Published: August 2010

Aims:  To investigate the relationship between phenotype and genotype in oligodendroglial tumours and evaluate whether 1p/19q status can be reliably predicted from histological findings.

Methods and results:  Three neuropathologists reviewed the association between 10 histological variables, location and genetic losses at 1p, 19q and 17p13 in 63 oligodendroglial tumours (cohort 1). Based on these findings, a multiple logistic regression model for prediction of 1p/19q status was constructed. The ability of this model to predict 1p/19q status was tested on cohort 2, comprising 20 oligodendroglial tumours. Loss of heterozygosity at 1p, 19q and 17p13 was analysed using polymerase chain reaction. Combined 1p/19q loss and losses at 17p13 were mutually exclusive (P < 0.001). The variable H1a (more or <50% of cells with round, uniform nuclei and perinuclear halos) demonstrated the strongest association with 1p/19q status (odds ratio 11.9, 95% confidence interval 3.6, 39.6, P < 0.001). Calcifications, absence of gemistocytic cells and a non‐temporal/non‐insular location were also associated. The correct 1p/19q status was predicted in 80% of cases in cohort 2.

Conclusions:  There is a strong association between phenotype and genotype in oligodendroglial tumours. However, even when all significant variables are accounted for, perfect prediction (100%) of 1p/19q status cannot be obtained.
Feasiblity of The G.I. guide to increase knowledge about the glycaemic index in practice
Authors: Vermeulen A. , Turnbull W. H.
Published: August 2010

Background Research findings support the application of the glycaemic index concept in the dietary treatment of diabetes. However, it is still unclear how to use this concept in general practice. The G.I. guide was accordingly developed to be used as an educational tool when introducing the glycaemic index in practice.

Methods A sample of 21 professionals involved with the treatment of diabetes (expert population), and 18 individuals with diabetes (lay population), were included in a pilot study to determine the feasibility of The G.I. guide to increase knowledge about the glycaemic index in practice. All participants were asked to complete a knowledge questionnaire on the glycaemic index before and directly after meeting and discussing The G.I. guide.

Results The mean change in knowledge about the glycaemic index before and after being exposed to The G.I. guide was highly significant in both the expert (P < 0.0001) and the lay group (P < 0.0001). The G.I. guide did not change lay or expert participants’ opinions about healthy eating guidelines.

Conclusion The G.I. guide was effective in increasing knowledge and raising interest about the glycaemic index in practice.
Commodifying Agricultural Biodiversity and Development‐Related Issues
Authors: Chiarolla Claudio
Published: August 2010

This study addresses the question of whether sui generis plant variety rights legislation has become redundant due to the growing use of patents for the protection of plant‐related inventions. It considers the extent to which the patent system needs to be modified in order to prevent agricultural exemptions, enjoyed by plant breeders and farmers under sui generis plant variety protection (PVP), from being overridden by patent claims that extend to plants and plant varieties. It is suggested that sui generis PVP regimes should respond to broad societal objectives and promote sustainable agriculture. The intellectual property right system should be able to support commercial and research activities compatible with the diversification of crops, the promotion of development and commercialization of under‐utilized crops and species, the development of new markets for local varieties and “diversity‐rich” products. The economic efficiency of the patent system should also be scrutinized with regard to its ability to preserve the fulfilment of these development goals.
Infection of Norway spruce container seedlings byGremmeniella abietina
Authors: Petäistö R.‐L.
Published: August 2010

First‐ and second‐year containerized Norway spruce seedlings were inoculated with conidia of type A (large tree type) and type B (small tree type) ofGremmeniella abietinavar.abietinaat different times during the summer. The appearance of symptoms after artificial inoculation and natural infection on spruce seedlings were recorded the following spring and compared with the disease symptoms on Scots pine seedlings. The proportion of diseased seedlings after inoculation reached as high as 80%. The susceptible period during the summer began later on the first‐year seedlings than on the second‐year seedlings, and was similar for the pine seedlings. Susceptibility of first‐year seedlings was highest in August and on second‐year seedlings in July. The accumulated temperature sum, relative humidity and height growth for first‐ and second‐year seedlings was assessed. Natural infection in 2002 caused more disease on pine than on spruce seedlings. Experimental thinning of seedlings had no effect on disease incidence.

In a preliminary comparison between the ability of A and B types to cause disease in Norway spruce seedlings, type B caused more damage than type A after inoculation. However, type A caused a high disease frequency in other experiments in this study.

Symptoms on Norway spruce seedlings often first occurred in the mid‐section of the shoot, and were similar to those observed on pine seedlings: needles turned brown, starting at the needle base, in the spring following inoculation. On first‐year spruce, diseased needles were shed rapidly, in contrast to a slower rate of shedding on first‐year pine seedlings. Pycnidia developed about 2 years after inoculation (on pine 1 year after inoculation). On Norway spruce seedlings the lower part of the shoot, including the lateral shoots, often remained alive.

The experiments show thatG. abietinacan cause disease on containerized Norway spruce seedlings under nursery conditions in Finland. The coincidence of spore dispersal, seedling susceptibility and predisposing factors are important in disease development.
Modelling of energy transformations in fertilized tropical fish ponds
Authors: Chakrabarty Debajyoti , Das Sanjib Kumar , Das Mrinal Kanti
Published: August 2010

The energy budget patterns of three tropical ecosystems in which the polyculture of fish was practised were studied. The rates of organic production of the three tropical ponds over two annual cycles were evaluated. Study of the utilization of energy in the three ponds, which were fertilized with vermicompost, cow dung and diammonium phosphate, revealed that herbivores were more efficient in utilizing energy than were autotrophs. The available energy in these systems was supplied by autochthonous sources. Silver carp was found to be the most efficient organism in converting energy in the grazer food chain in the ponds. The efficiency of the system in regard to fish production was 0.052, 0.049, and 0.051%, respectively, of the total available solar radiation. Organisms in various trophic levels were all characterized by energy changes in the studied ponds, forming the food webs contained in them.
Metals in the sediments of the Huron‐Erie Corridor in North America: Factors regulating metal distribution and mobilization
Authors: Szalinska Ewa , Haffner G. Doug , Drouillard Ken G.
Published: August 2010

Sediment samples from the Huron‐Erie Corridor (Great Lakes, North America) were collected to quantify the relative importance of natural and anthropogenic sources of contamination, and to study the spatial metal distribution patterns of metals as a function of the characteristics of the Corridor sediments. A stratified random sampling design was used to measure the spatial patterns of metal inputs, settling and sorting along the length of the Corridor. Factors regulating metal mobilization were assessed by determining metal affinities with the total organic fraction (TOM), the mineral fraction (represented as Al), and the granulometric characteristic (represented as <0.063 mm fraction). The study revealed that anthropogenic factors primarily regulated metal distributions and mobilization throughout the Huron‐Erie Corridor. In the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers, the spatial pattern of metal distributions strongly reflected local industrial sources. In the Walpole Delta and Lake St. Clair, however, inorganic (clays) and organic (TOM) particles dominated the contaminant distribution. Sediment contamination issues throughout the Huron‐Erie Corridor were dominated by mercury, released from sources along the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers. The mean enrichment factor EFAl for mercury in these sediments has reached 68.3. Other metal pollutants were confined to the sediments in the lower depositional reach of the Corridor.