bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuroimaging in MTBI
Authors: Mccrea Michael A
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the most elusive exercise in the science of MTBI has been the con- tinual pursuit of ‘‘objective’’ findings to demonstrate either underlying structural or functional abnormalities as markers of traumatic injury. The emergency management of MTBI typically centers on the decision to perform a head CT scan because of its utility in detecting hemorrhagic lesions and other structural injury that may require neurosurgical intervention or more acute triage. Therein lies the dilemma: while CT scans have great value in detecting neurosurgical emergencies, they also have the poorest sensitivity in detecting underlying abnormalities associated with milder forms of brain injury, including MTBI. The absence of focal findings on a CT scan is often incorrectly and inappropriately equated with a complete lack or nonexistence of brain injury, which then creates confusion among health care providers that often follows patients throughout their clinical management after injury. There is a continual pursuit in the neurosciences to develop imaging tech- niques sensitive to detecting structural and functional abnormalities following milder forms of brain injury, even in the absence of traumatic abnormalities on head CT scan.
MMPI-2 Content Indicators in Evaluating Therapy Patients
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N
Published: November 2023

The traditional interpretive approach for MMPI scales and profile codes involves the application of empirical correlates to scale scores and patterns. These empirically derived behaviors provide a solid basis for clinical description and prediction of behavior from the individual’s self-report. The major strengths of this approach lie in the extensive external validation of the MMPI scales and profile codes; they provide valid and reliable test correlates that can confidently be applied to a broad range of treatment cases. One disadvantage to the MMPI empirical scale approach is that the heterogeneous item content of the scales makes face valid or intuitive interpretative statements difficult at times. In other words, items that empirically separate groups or prove themselves to be valid predictors may not “hang together” or be intuitively related to what the patient tells the therapist. The empirical correlates of the clinical scales, with rather heterogeneous content, may not be as intuitively understandable as are interpretations that are based on content-homogeneous scales.
Conditioned Reinforcement and the Specialized Role of Corticolimbic Circuits in the Pursuit of Happiness and Other More Specific Rewards
Authors: Burke Kathryn A , Franz Theresa , Miller Danielle , Schoenbaum Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Normal behavior is guided by both primary reinforcers (such as food, drugs, sex, etc.) and secondary or conditioned reinforcers. Conditioned reinforcers are cues that have been repeatedly paired with primary rewards such that they acquire the ability to support behavior even in the absence of those primary rewards (Mackintosh, 1974). Our everyday lives are filled with examples of conditioned reinforcers that drive our behavior.
Hedonics: The Cognitive–Motivational Interface
Authors: Dickinson Anthony , Balleine Bernard
Published: November 2023

From a biological perspective, understanding the function of mentality is compromised by the fact that it operates at a number of degrees removed from the ultimate evolutionary criterion of reproductive fitness. In other words, the biology of the mental is always filtered through the medium of behavior, a dislocation that immediately raises the issue of why evolution has bothered with the mental. If behavior is all that matters, why are we all not just Cartesian beast machines, simply performing the behavior required to get our genes into the next generation without an accompanying pageant being played out in the phenomenal theater of the conscious mind? This issue is raised most acutely in the case of hedonic and affective experience, which not only has phenomenal qualities but also carries strong motivational imperatives
On the Nature and Function of Pleasure
Authors: Frijda Nico H
Published: November 2023

Pleasure is a fundamental notion in the description and explanation of emotion. Some investigators consider it, together with pain, as their core: All emotions can be regarded as variants of pleasure or pain, and with variations in activation (Russell,2003). Also, human striving is often said to follow the “pleasure principle”: all striving would aim at obtaining pleasure or at decreasing pain. But what is pleasure? It is sometimes considered ineffable—impossible to be described in words. Yet, it evidently contains su0cient cues to enable children to learn using the word systematically.
The Pleasure of Taste, Flavor, and Food
Authors: Veldhuizen Maria G , Rudenga Kristin J , Small Dana M
Published: November 2023

Food is an important sensory pleasure. The aim of this chapter is to outline what is currently known about the neural basis for the hedonic representation of taste and favor in lean healthy humans. The word “taste” is often used to describe the sensation of food in the mouth. However, what we colloquially refer to as “taste” is more accurately labeled “Qavor,” which is the unitary perception that results from the integration of multiple distinct sensory inputs, including taste, smell, and oral somatosensation (Small and Prescott, 2005).
Sexual Pleasure
Authors: Komisaruk Barry R , Whipple Beverly , Beyer Carlos
Published: November 2023

That is, the origin of the word, “pleasure” has a common root with the word, “like.” This is schematized in Figure 10.1. What pleases us (i.e., what we like—what suits us) is that which gives us pleasure. There is a commonality between pleasure and a match (a fit) with what we like. Thus, there is a commonality between likeness, in the sense of similarity on the one hand, and liking, as in pleasure, on the other. (In the diagram, the transition is eased by the concept of Getting ends together:[a0nity– liking], which produces a smooth[uninterrupted, flat] surface.) Placer in Spanish means “pleasure.”
The Pleasure of Music
Authors: Vuust Peter , Kringelbach Morten L
Published: November 2023

As shown in this book, many pleasures are shared between species, but there are clearly species-specific routes to this pleasure. When asked about which of the pleasures of life they would miss the most, most people consistently rate music as one of the most important, yet the ability to derive pleasure from music listening and performance would appear to be a trait that is unique to humans. While other animals are clearly capable of hearing the sounds that make up music, they appear unable to take pleasure in music (McDermott and Hauser, 2007).
“The Reborn Athens”
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

Here is how in 1919 Golgi remembered the situation of the University of Pavia at the time of his enrollment in the Medical School. At the end of the 18th century, in a period in which, thanks to the names of Malpighi (the founder of microscopic anatomy), Morgagni (the true creator of scientific medicine grounded in pathological anatomy), Spallanzani (who, working with the methods of chemistry and physics, founded experimental biology), Fontana (author of fundamental discoveries on the structure and function of nerves), Galvani (who triumphantly inaugurated electrobiology), Volta (who changed physics), and of many other eminent scientists, the scientific-biological movement in Italy was not inferior [to] that in other countries and the Italians could withstand comparison with the foreigners, proudly and with head held high. Actually I would rather maintain that the Italians could boast of a supremacy. But unfortunately, for circumstances that cannot be analyzed here, around the middle of the past century the conditions of the Italian universities—this assertion is not mine—were in total decline. The University of Pavia was not an exception! In this University, where Spallanzani had made immortal discoveries and created experimental biology, Physiology was taught theoretically .. . without a laboratory! In the field of Clinical and Pathological Medicine, the most abstruse vitalism dominated, and strange to say, it was proclaimed the necessity to oppose foreign medicine, which was based on the analytical observation of pathological phenomena, oblivious that the so-called foreign medicine was born in Italy, and had as its foundation the master Morgagni! It was in such a period of dramatic battles over the direction to take—which however were seminal for the renewal of our School—that I enrolled in this medical school, with no other aspiration than to acquire my professional diploma in a timely manner.
The Histological Path To The Secrets Of The Brain
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of 1860 the idea of national unification was running through Italian intellectual circles like an electrical current. It was as if history, long compressed, was erupting under an irresistible pressure, and all watched in astonishment the precipitous unfolding of events. In March, plebiscites in Parma, Modena, and Tuscany approved annexation to the Kingdom of Sardinia, which until then consisted of Piedmont, Liguria, and Sardinia. In May, Giuseppe Garibaldi launched the Spedizione dei Mille (Expedition of the Thousand), taking by storm Sicily and then, in September, Naples. In a matter of few months the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies melted away and ceased to be an autonomous political entity. At the end of the year the parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia was dissolved to allow for the election of a national parliament.
Like A Tree In The Forest
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

Golgi’s life in Abbiategrasso was culturally isolated except for temporary relief in the form of letters from Bizzozero and Manfredi. These important relationships kept Golgi’s interest in histology alive and gave him a feeling that the university was nearby. Thanks to Bizzozero, he had been able to maintain for a few months an official appointment at the University as a member of one of the many commissioni d’esame (examining panels that assigned grades at the end of each course).
The Malaria Of The Polemics
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

During 1886 Golgi continued to be obsessed with his studies on malaria. In the spring, four patients with tertian malaria were admitted in his ward. He was also allowed to study a patient admitted in the ward directed by the pathologist Alberto Riva. [1] Golgi was now able to demonstrate that the biological cycle of the parasites in the red cells of these patients “takes place between two bouts, that is in two days, whereas the pigmented bodies of the quartan complete their cycle in three days.” [2] He also demonstrated that some forms of quotidian could be explained by two independent cycles caused by two different strains of Plasmodium that were out of phase by one day, and that the biological cycles of the tertian and of the quartan (Golgi’s cycle) were morphologically different, allowing a differential diagnosis for the two forms. He also hinted at the idea that the two forms of malaria might be caused by two different microorganisms. Finally, he confirmed the “presence of pigmented bodies within the white cells” and proposed that the process of phagocytosis could play a role in the spontaneous termination of the infection.
Challenging the American Conscience, Re-Imagining American Identity
Authors: Scott Lynn Orilla
Published: November 2023

James Baldwin’s writing and his role as a public intellectual from 1957 through the early 1970s must be understood within the context of the racial struggle at the center of American life. Baldwin’s fifteen-year engagement with the black freedom struggle as it evolved from civil rights to Black Power raises some key questions: What was the relationship between his role as a movement “spokesman” and his vocation as a (literary) writer? How did Baldwin represent the movement in his writing and how did that experience impact his writing over time? I put the word spokesman in quotation marks to acknowledge that Baldwin disavowed the term, preferring to call himself a “witness,” so as not to presume to speak for others. However, the term spokesman accurately describes Baldwin’s role by 1963 as a highly visible black intellectual whose opinions were widely sought out and publicized.
Developmental Pathogenesis
Authors: Millon Theodore
Published: November 2023

Tracing the developmental background of psychopathology is one of the most diffi cult but rewarding phases in the study of medical and psychological science. Epidemiologists, who study the incidence, prevalence, and distribution of disease, have evolved a sophisticated vocabulary that partitions the infi nitude of potential attributes in a comprehensible way.
Psychopathy
Authors: Hare Robert D , Neumann Craig S
Published: November 2023

The modern conception of psychopathy is the result of several hundred years of clinical investigation by European and North American psychiatrists and psychologists (Berrios, 1996; Cleckley, 1941, 1976; Hervé, 2007a; Millon, Simonsen, Birket-Smith, & Davis, 1998). In North America the writings of Arieti (1967), Karpman (1961), and McCord and McCord (1964), among others, and the case-studies of Cleckley (1941, 1976) were particularly important for providing detailed clinical descriptions of psychopathy as well as speculations and theories concerning the nature of the disorder.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: November 2023

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) describes a clinical syndrome commonly seen in practice (Zimmerman, Rothschild, & Chelminski, 2005). The most characteristic symptom is chronic suicidality (Paris, 2002), with recurrent overdoses and selfmutilation. In association with suicidal actions, patients with BPD suffer from unstable mood a wide range of impulsive actions, and troubled relationships.
Duty
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, the Stoics advise us to seek tranquility. They realized, however, that this recommendation is not, by itself, very helpful, so they went on to offer guidance on how best to attain tranquility. They advise us, to begin with, to practice the psychological techniques described in part 2 of this book. They also offer advice on specific aspects of daily living. They counsel us, for example, not to seek fame and fortune, since doing so will likely disrupt our tranquility. They warn us to be careful in choosing our associates; other people, after all, have the power to shatter our tranquility—if we let them. They go on to offer advice on how to deal with insults, anger, grief, exile, old age, and even on the circumstances under which we should have sex.
Grief
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

Most parents, on learning of the death of a child, will be emotionally devastated. They will weep, perhaps for days on end, and they will be unable to go about their daily routine for a time. Long after the death, they might experience grief flashbacks; their eyes might well up, for example, on seeing a picture of their child. And how will a Stoic respond to the death of a child? One might imagine that he will respond with no response at all, that he will suppress whatever feelings he might be having or, better still, that he will have trained himself not to grieve.
Stoicism Reconsidered
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, I described the decline of Stoicism and tried to fathom the reason for its current moribund state. In this chapter, I will attempt to reanimate the doctrine. My goal in doing so is to make Stoicism more attractive to individuals who seek a philosophy of life.
Practicing Stoicism
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

I will end this book by sharing some of the insights I have gained in my practice of Stoicism. In particular, I will offer advice on how individuals wishing to try Stoicism as their philosophy of life can derive the maximum benefit from the trial with the minimum effort and frustration. I will also describe some of the surprises, as well as some of the delights, that lie in store for would-be Stoics.
Introduction
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B
Published: November 2023

In A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens artfully recreated the chaos that was London and Paris at the end of the eighteenth century. On the verge of entering a new era of violent uncertainty, the masses found themselves pitching back and forth between the zenith of hope and the nadir of despair.

It was the best of times [and] the worst of times ... it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness ... we had everything before us, we had nothing before us.

Today we live in a world that is equally volatile. Indeed, if you look at the front page of any newspaper or tune in to any newscast, you would be justified in feeling that we live in the worst of times: rampant crime, disenfranchised masses, abject poverty, plunging stock markets, endless wars, devastating natural disasters—all these and much more confront us regularly with their messages of doom and misery. We may weep over or curse the state of our unfriendly, unstable, damaged world, but we otherwise seem powerless to do much about improving it or the state of our lives.
Religions of Hope: Allies In The Sky
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B
Published: November 2023

Philosopher Huston Smith relied on the language of the performing arts to introduce his classic text on world religions. Borrowing from Nietzsche, he encouraged readers to become “cosmic dancers,” able to “leap beyond” a singular view of the universe. Smith fervently believed that there was much to gain by sampling the faith of others. He added that the different belief systems could be viewed collectively as a part of a “mysterious harmony” or treated individually as essential contributors to a “solid chorus.” In this chapter, the pluralism that Smith espoused is presented as a “motivational tapestry” of alternative faith sources and “hope constructions.”
Mastery and Inspiration: Your Life is Calling
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B
Published: November 2023

This chapter can help you to become more hopeful in your quest for mastery. This chapter is not about get-rich-quick schemes, ill-advised power plays, or stock formulas for immediate gratification. Instead, we hope to provide a more transcendent and enduring set of principles for directing your life with greater clarity and purpose.

To develop a true sense of mastery, an individual must have a will for hope, a feeling of mediated power, and one or more guiding aspirations. In our discussion of these and other mastery-related skills, we take into consideration some of the advice provided by self-help gurus as well as by the scientific literature on motivation and goal attainment. In addition, you will find a wealth of mastery-related insights culled from varied philosophical perspectives and spiritual belief systems. Combining these various sources of wisdom, we offer a four-fold strategy for hope-based mastery. But beyond strategy, you must also have a sense of purpose that is continuously guided and nurtured. Thus, in the second part of this chapter, we explore various ways of drawing inspiration from within yourself and from outside sources. We also discuss how to provide inspiration to others, to learn from previous successes or failures, and to find inspiration through dreams.
Hope and Healing: Why Hope Is The Best Medicine
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B
Published: November 2023

Can hope bring about healing? Do reductions in stress alleviate the symptoms of a cold? Will love prevent a heart attack? Does attitude matter in the fight against cancer? Can the will to live extend life? These questions have preoccupied philosophers and healers for over 2,000 years. In the first half of this chapter, we examine the mind– body connection, focusing on insights that may shed new light on this perennial issue. We deal with the health implications of balanced and unbalanced forms of attachment, mastery, and survival and conclude with a new way of understanding how hope can foster healing. In Chapter 16, we provide specific prescriptions for enhancing personal well-being and general principles for maintaining health and fostering healing. Together, these final chapters round out the collection of principles and strategies that, throughout the second half of this book, we have proposed for living a hopeful life.
Case Examples
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to present several case examples in order to illustrate various principles that we discussed in earlier chapters. The individuals discussed in this chapter are not actual patients. Rather, we have created realistic and common scenarios drawn from our experience. A healthy 20-year-old college junior was doing well in all aspects of her life. School, although busy and stressful, was exciting. She was an A student. She had friends, a boyfriend, and a loving and supportive family. She was healthy other than being mildly inconvenienced by various food intolerances and mild irritable bowel disorder. Her weight was normal. She didn’t exercise as much as she knew she should.
Book IV
Authors: Bosworth B
Published: November 2023

See also /tin. 81 (derivative); Curt. 7. 6. 11 f. has a similar story but with additions and divergences which imply a different source. The consensus of modem authority is that Arrian here followed Aristobulus (Schwartz, RE ii 91s; Strasburger 39; Komemann 137), but there is no cogent evidence. The story of the Bactrian convention does seem derived from Aristobulus (cf. 4. I. 5 n.) but the following two chapters patently reproduce Ptolemy (cf. 2. 6, 3. 5 nn.). Either source might have been used for the Saca embassies.
Andre Gide: Pederasty and Pedagogy
Authors: Segal Naomi
Published: November 2023

This book makes a powerful and somtimes contentious contribution to current debates in gender, feminist, and queer theory. Tracing the hydraulic image in a range of theoretical texts on pedagogy, pederasty, reproductive fantasy, and the anthropology of body fluids, Naomi Segal goes on to examine this imagery in the writings of André Gide. Gide's sexuality was explicitly central to everything he wrote, but it was complex and diverse, motivated as much by undesire as by curiosity and the chase. The ventriloquism of the female voice, versions of triangularity, the potentially endless male chain, the desire of sun on skin, a sideways genealogy, and the gratuity of crime, education, virtue, or playthese mobile patterns are found throughout his fiction and non-fiction. In Gide's polemic, it is always better to be loved by an uncle than an aunt; but all love is motivated by the fluidity of the swerve.
The Folk and the Gwerin
Authors: Harvie Christopher
Published: November 2023

In 1941 the poet Edwin Muir, exiled from Scotland and by Nazism from central Europe, wrote bitterly about the impact of religion on his native country. His background was secular and socialist, although, like his contemporaries W. H. Auden and T. S. Eliot, he would return to a qualified form of religious belief. This move seemed against the post-World War I trend, which had seen the dramatic decline of Nonconformity. This had been ‘the real religion’ of England, and in Wales it was personified in the gwerin— the Welsh image of popular democracy— in Prys Morgan’s definition, ‘a classless society, progressing rapidly yet retaining a closeness to ¹ In Collected Poems (London: Faber, 1960).
Work, Space, and Place in the Cities of the East Asian Pacific Rim
Authors: McGee T G , Yasmeen Gisele
Published: November 2023

The approach of this volume, to quote the editors, ‘is to expertly deal with the cultural and historical dimensions of the urbanization process in Asian cities differently from the dominant approach in development studies which treats cultural and historical elements as residual factors’. This dimension of urbanization that the editors request poses perhaps the greatest challenge. Cities are almost invariably seen as the major institutional component of the economy of all societies. Thus, it is no easy task to relegate economic functions to a residual role. Especially so in an essay that is concerned with changing economic functions and work patterns in Asian cities. Finally, the urban place is such a complex institution that the task of separating the economic, social, political, and cultural features is almost impossible.
Beijing: The Expression of National Political Ideology
Authors: Zhu Zixuan , Kwok Reginald Yin-Wang
Published: November 2023

More than 3,000 years old, Beijing has been the national capital of China for over 800 years. During the late period of Chinese feudalism, Beijing was the cultural and political centre of five dynasties-Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming, and Qing. The unique culture and architecture of ancient Beijing had many striking characteristics. The city was constantly transformed under each dynasty out of clements from previous regimes. It also attracted numerous ethnic groups and absorbed elements from various nationalities, while at the same time sustaining characteristics of the dominant Han Chinese culture (Hou and Jin 1982). Under strong support from the national state, present-day Beijing has maintained many major traditional characteristics.
From Port City to City-State: Forces Shaping Singapore’s Built Environment
Authors: Ho Kong Chong
Published: November 2023

The built environment of the city at any point in time represents a confluence of various forces. While the formation and reproduction of cities depend on the mobilization, extraction, and concentration of surplus (Har vey 1973), this economic imperative is being mediated by a political process in which the state takes an active role in ensuring the reproduction process through intervention in production and consumption (Castells 1981). The structural approaches (see Castells 1981; Peterson 1981) to state planning have assumed a stable social and economic environment which allows planning and state action to be theorized, but actual case studies have indicated that the situation is otherwise. For example, Eckstein’s (1990) study of El Centro, an inner-city settlement in Mexico city, indicated the importance of: (1) historical factors behind current social relations; (2) shifting issue based alliances between various groups; and (3) even incidental events such as the World Cup championship soccer matches that took place in Mexico City. Thus, apart from the routine housekeeping functions, all government efforts to manage and shape the built environment are open to various pressures and interpretations.
Culture and Urban Future 1n East Asia
Authors: Douglass Mike , Kim Won Bae
Published: November 2023

In focusing on the interrelationship between culture and the city, we have emphasized a broad perspective that looks beyond short-term urban dynamics. History has been brought in to provide a deeper understanding for urban changes occurring in East Asia. Whereas much of recent literature on the East Asian cities has stressed population and economic concentration and resultant policy issues, the theme of urban transformation in cultural context has been taken up in this book, with the case study chapters revealing the interplay of culture, politics, and economics in creating and allocating space in cities. The whole structure of the book has been based upon a premiss that solutions to mounting urban problems are incomplete and ineffective without an understanding of historical and cultural dynamics beneath the surface of the contemporary city.
Globalization and the Development of Pacific Rim Mega-Projects
Authors: Olds Kris
Published: November 2023

The nature of economic activity and social life is being reshaped in our ‘globalizing era’. National societies and economies are becoming increasingly interdependent, albeit in a highly uneven manner. This is particularly true in the Pacific Rim-a ‘region’ experiencing unprecedented forces of change in a multitude of dimensions (Dirlik, 1993; Olds et al., 1999).
Liquid Assets: Producing the Pacific Rim Consumption scape in Vancouver, Canada
Authors: Olds Kris
Published: November 2023

Chinese capitalism is playing an important albeit overlooked role in the economic development of numerous Pacific Rim cities and nations. Section I of this chapter examines the nature of ·Chinese capitalism’, relevant features of Hong Kong-based Chinese business systems (including the importance of property to Chinese firms), and the significance of Hong Kong as the ‘node’ through which Chinese firms hook into the capital and knowledge base of the contemporary global economy.
Race, Gender, and the NIMBY Syndrome
Authors: Takahashi Lois M
Published: November 2023

Much of the emphasis in the scholarly literature exploring the NIMBY syndrome has focused on localized opposition towards human service facility siting as an expression of exclusionary politics (whether explained as emanating from production relations or as a result of attitudes and behaviour). The rejection of human services is indeed in part traced to the stigmatization of persons and places associated with homelessness and HIV/AIDS (as indicated in Chapters 3 and 4), and the consequent desire of communities to keep homelessness and HIV/AIDS outside of their vicinities.
Facing the NIMBY Syndrome
Authors: Takahashi Lois M
Published: November 2023

This book began with the statement that growing need for human services has clashed with community response. To explain and illustrate this expanding conflict, I outlined the parameters of homelessness and HIV/ AIDS in the US, and how the perspectives of community attitudes and social relations have been used effectively to define reasons for the longevity of the NIMBY syndrome. I added the dimension of social and spatial stigma to these perspectives to highlight further the deeply embedded nature of community opposition, using case studies to indicate how the NIMBY syndrome is both intractable and fragile in particular circumstances. Included in this discussion were analyses of geographical variation in community and municipal response to homelessness and HIV/AIDS, and the tensions involved in sorting out who is responsible (or, in the case of NIMBY, who is not responsible) for providing care and services to homeless persons and people living with HIV/AIDS.
Introduction
Authors: Morphy Howard , Flint Kate
Published: November 2023

The Environment we inhabit is inseparable from human culture. Our landscape, our cities, our seas are shaped, traversed, harvested in accordance with the needs, practices, and desires of particular societies. More than this, our awareness of the world, and our representation of its beauties, its potential, its exploitation, and its significance to us is mediated through written, oral, and visual forms which take their expression and values from countless different social formations and traditions. The environment, as well as being made up of innumerable interdependent and sometimes precariously fragile ecosystems; as well as requiring care in its management and protection-in other words, in addition to being considered in holistic terms-becomes a site for the display and expression of cultures. Culture is that which enables people to survive in a particular environment, to express themselves in relation to it-although there is no guarantee that they will operate in harmony with it.
Peasant Production and the Environment
Authors: Clarke Colin
Published: November 2023

Peasants are frequently portrayed as engaged in a distinctive mode of production, but, in the context of Mexico’s capitalist economy, it is more logical to regard them as penny-capitalist rather than pre-capitalist. Cook and Binford argue convincingly that the notion of ‘a separate but subsumed peasant economy, or petty commodity mode of production, dissolves’ in the light of their empirical evidence from households in the Oaxaca Valley (1990, 27). They note:

In its place, emerges a concept of a single, complex, regionally and locally segmented commodity economy encompassing a variety of domestic units, including those of producers for own use as well as petty commodity producers in various socio-economic circumstances, of capitalists, and of wage labourers (usually paid by piece rate). It is obvious that all these subjects act within the same economy. It is also obvious that there are differences in their modes of involvement in that economy, as well as in the aims and material results of their material participation. (1990, 27)
Migration, Urbanization, and Proletarianization
Authors: Clarke Colin
Published: November 2023

Migration in Oaxaca is ubiquitous, and has been a major stimulant to change among Oaxaca’s peasantries. It has become the ‘natural’ means of peasant adjustment to rapid population increase in a context of limited land for cultivation, low technology, and incipient or substantial ecological degradation. Migration has become socially institutionalized in Oaxaca. Analysis of census data led Weaver and Downing to estimate Oaxaca’s overall inter-decadal out migration at 8 per cent in 1950, 11 per cent in 1960, and 15 per cent in 1970 (1976). In 1980 out-migration dropped back to 11 per cent, but increased again thereafter (Alcala and Reyes Couturier 1994, 80).
Introduction
Authors: Slack Paul
Published: November 2023

Environments change. Our current anxieties about environmental deterioration—both local and global—leave us in no doubt about that, even if the causes and likely outcome of such phenomena as global warming are controversial and uncertain. Current concerns also demonstrate that perceptions of the environment—by individuals and social groups—equally alter over time, and are no less complicated in their origins. ‘Environmental awareness’ is never as objectively ‘scientific’ as we might like to think, but is shaped by deep-rooted assumptions about actual or ideal relations between man and nature. The essays in this volume, derived from the Linacre Lectures for 1998, are intended to present both kinds of change in their historical contexts. The authors come from a variety of relevant disciplines, from geography and geology as well as history and anthropology, and they were encouraged to look at particular aspects of this large theme from their own specialist standpoints. It was impossible to cover the whole of the subject in only eight lectures, but we hope that the essays which follow illustrate its broad academic interest, its ability to surprise as well as stimulate, and its relevance to present debates and predicaments.
Climate and History in the Old and New Worlds
Authors: Vita-Finzi Claudio
Published: November 2023

Swift was mocking science with the insouciance of the ignorant-for what is a pickled cucumber but a bunch of sunbeams trapped by photosynthesis? But his quip conveniently convolves the key themes of this chapter: time, the sun, and agriculture, the linking threads being (a) the parallels in a major component of the landscape during historical times in large parts of the Americas and Eurasia, (b) the impact these changes had on agriculture, and therefore social history, in later times, and (c) the evidence for a solar role in changing the topography.
Putting Abrupt Environmental Change Back into Human History
Authors: Baillie M G L
Published: November 2023

The contention in this essay is that these propositions are true, and that, as a result, scholars of the past have, since Lyell and Darwin, and the victory of uniformity over catastrophism, laboured under the false doc¬ trine that sudden, catastrophic, environmental change does not happen on any large scale. This is well exemplified in the belief that widespread collapses of civilization, such as that which overtook the Mycenaean world in or around the twelfth century BC, were due principally to human agency. The development of better swords (Drews 1993) is more acceptable as a vector for the wholesale destruction of cities than the catastrophic environmental effects of altered wind patterns, or massive tectonic effects, quite possibly involving volcanism, or even visitations by debris from space.
Environments and Identities: Landscape as Cultural Projection in the English Provincial Past
Authors: Phythian-Adams Charles
Published: November 2023

The haunting opening passage of Christ Stopped at Eboli by Carlo Levi contains some observations that derived from his experience when exiled by the Fascists to an isolated part of southern Italy: closed in one room, in a world apart, I am glad to travel in my memory to that other world, hedged in by custom and sorrow, cut off from History and the State, eternally patient, to that land without comfort or solace, where the peasant lives out his motionless civilization on barren ground in remote poverty, and in the presence of death.
Environmental Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium
Authors: Baker Kathleen M
Published: November 2023

Nature’s amazing balancing act! Is this too frivolous a start to a book with serious intentions? Not if it helps to focus the reader’s mind on two things: first, a fluctuating physical environment in tropical Africa causing ecological nonequilibrium punctuated, perhaps, by periods of equilibrium; and secondly, the practical apprehension of this by the indigenous smallholders of Africa. An autecological1 approach to the production of crops and livestock, based on a deep, almost instinctive understanding of a non-equilibrial environment, is fundamental to their survival strategies. It is the argument of this book that smallholder methods of land management should be scrutinized much more closely by development experts with a view to applying elements of indigenous knowledge to development strategies.
Farming in the Semi-Arid Domain: Adaptation to an Uncertain Environment
Authors: Baker Kathleen M
Published: November 2023

With the arguments for environmental non-equilibrium in place, this chapter explores indigenous responses to environmental uncertainty. Coping with the uncertainty of rainfall is one of the greatest challenges that savanna dwellers face and this occurs at several scales in time and space. First, it occurs on an annual basis, as part of the year in the savannas is, by definition, dry (see rain fall distribution at savanna sites, Fig. 1.5). Dryland or rainfed farming is thus confined to the wet season and considerable problems may arise if the rains arrive late, if they are erratic when they do arrive and if they cease before the time anticipated. A second element of uncertainty with regard to rainfall is its variability from year to year. Chapter 1 demonstrated the considerable variation in rainfall across the region in relation to the mean, and in addition to this is its unpredictability in space, both within and between seasons. Thus farmers have to be prepared to cope with whatever arrives: favourable rains, drought, or floods. A third form of uncertainty extends over a longer period and concerns the trend of declining rainfall in the sahel and northern savannas (Fig. 1.4). Since this began in the late 1960s, the spatial and temporal variability of rainfall has increased. In the early 1990s the rainy season in The Lower Gambia was about one month shorter than it was 20 to 30 years earlier (Baker, 1995), the start of the rains being late and particularly unpredictable. A reduction in the length of the rainy season has also been identified in Senegal by Khalfaoui (1991) and in Northern Nigeria by Oladipo and Kyari (1993) where the rains have tended to end sharply and earlier than in the past. A trend of lower rain fall across the savannas and sahel has led to reduced runoff and to lower water levels in many of West Africa’s rivers and, as a consequence, to poorer floods which have had direct and indirect effects on farming (Amara, 1993; Park, 1993). Whether the drought is at an end remains to be seen, but although the rains have increased in recent years, unpredictability of rainfall distribution remains as much of a problem as ever (Fig. 1.8).
Arrival
Authors: Lewis Gilbert
Published: November 2023

On looking back, I notice connections that I did not see at the time. The subject of this book is a man called Dauwaras and his last illness. He was said to be afflicted by the spirit Malyi. In a way I had already encountered that spirit before I met Dauwaras, before indeed I had even seen the village where I chose to stay. The patrol officer who investigated reported that the cult spokesmen told people that, to please the ancestors, they must stop eating certain foods, including wild animals, that they were required to keep their villages
The Opening of Malyi
Authors: Lewis Gilbert
Published: November 2023

The cold before dawn woke us: in the men’s house they rekindled the fires that had gone out. At 6 a.m. and still in the dark, Gaita got up to beat the garamut to announce the opening day of Malyi. Soon others in the men’s house began to rearrange the decorations and put on new ones that were brought.
Gardens
Authors: Doolittle William E
Published: November 2023

The relationship between people and plants is certainly an ancient one, extending back in time to the earliest days of human existence. In addition to the obvious consumption of plants, humans have affected plant growth, genetic structure, and, most importantly for present purposes, the habitats in which plants grow. Two factors are crucial in understanding people–plant relationships, time and space or distance. The longer people interacted with a particular species, the more change it and its habitat underwent. Similarly, the closer people lived to or with a plant, the greater the change it and its habitat experienced. In other words, species and habitats near places of human habitation were manipulated more than those located further away (Ford 1985b: 6;Hurt 1987: 11).
Terracing
Authors: Doolittle William E
Published: November 2023

Dry farming by its very nature is typically associated with nearly level or relatively relief-free land. In no small way this is a function of the need for stability vis-à-vis the powerful forces of nature, and holds as true for rock veneers laid down by farmers as it does for naturally deposited sand. Although gravel mulch is a protective device in one respect, it is not without its weaknesses. Principal among these is its unsuitability on slope lands where runoff is heavy and its effects great. Runoff, of course, is the combined product of precipitation and the nature of the land on which it falls. (For economic assessments of cultivating level as opposed to slope lands see Plog n.d., and Plog and Garrett 1972.)
Rights And Deprivation
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A
Published: November 2023

In this book Lesley Jacobs challenges the view, now prevalent in North America and Western Europe, that the primary function of a nation's social policy should be to provide support only for the poorest people instead of social services accessible to all its citizens. In an interesting and distinctive argument he develops and defends the idea that access to basic rights such as education, health care, adequate housing, and income support can provide a solid moral foundation for redistributive state welfare programmes, maintaining that any nation which purports to take rights to basic liberties seriously must also be fully committed to the principles of the welfare state. Dr Jacob's thesis addresses a pressing political and philosophical problem at the heart of the policies and structure of the modern state.
Groups and the Process of European Integration: The Work of the Federation of Stock Exchanges in the European Community
Authors: Knight Jeffrey , Mazey Sonia , Richardson Jeremy
Published: November 2023

Elsewhere in this volume (Ch. 1) it was argued that there is an inherent ‘logic’ which drives the European Commission to consult Euro-groups and to attempt to integrate them into the policy process within the Community. It was also argued that there are inherent weaknesses in the organization and structure of Euro groups. These weaknesses force the Commission, despite its ‘procedural ambition’ (Jordan and Richardson 1982: 80) of managing the consultation process via Euro-Groups, to consult national associations and individual firms directly, thereby undermining the work of Euro-groups. At least two fundamental problems face Euro groups.
David Davies and the Enforcement of Peace
Authors: Porter Brian
Published: November 2023

David Davies, or Lord Davies as he became in 1932, was a remarkable man who achieved some remarkable things. In the academic sphere he is perhaps best remembered for his founding of the Chair and Department of International Politics at Aberystwyth, but establishing a new university discipline was only part of a larger vision and concern: that of securing, no less, the peace of the world. Lord Davies was not alone in this, nor in the interwar period did such an endeavour appear as far-fetched and quixotic as it does when viewed from the more sceptical and worldly-wise perspective of the late twentieth century. There were many who harboured similar ideas and ideals, but few had the energy, time, and money to do what he did in attempting to translate thoughts and hopes into schemes of positive action.
Railway Regulation as a Test-bed of Rational Choice
Authors: McLean Iain
Published: November 2023

It is commonplace for theorists to explore some historical event from a rational-choice perspective, and (typically) to claim that it explains more than do rival perspectives.1 The procedure of this chapter is the other way round. We take a historical event (the passage of the Regulation of Railways Act 1844), try to explain why it is substantively significant and unexpected, and then judge which of a number of rival schools, including two versions of rational choice, performs best at explaining what happened.
Unemployment and Satisfaction: A European Analysis
Authors: Whelan Christopher T , McGinnity Frances
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we draw on the first wave of the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) study carried out in 1994 to examine cross national variation in the impact of unemployment on satisfaction. There is a widespread belief in Western society that paid employment is a necessity and an assumption that most adults want and indeed, need to ‘work’ in the sense of having paid employment. Of course many people are willing to make exceptions to the view that work is necessary, most notably in the case of women with young children, but also in such cases as older members of the labour force. Such evaluations can obviously vary both across time and between societies. The stigma associated with unemployment may also vary with the extent of the employment opportunities available in a particular location and society. This ideological background provides the context in which evaluations of the impact of employment must take place.
The SDP: A Study in Failure
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony
Published: November 2023

The brief history of the British Social Democratic party is one of failure. Roy Jenkins’ experimental plane began by soaring into the sky, then glided for a time, then crash-landed in a very muddy field. That was even before the crew bailed out and started fighting among themselves. The new party barely dented, let alone broke, the mould of British party politics. It did not obtain power on its own or hold the balance of power in a hung parliament. It did not displace the Labour party, or usher in multi-party politics, or bring electoral reform to the statute book, or even permanently alter the political agenda. The party system of today scarcely differs from that of the 1960s and 1970s, before the new party was formed.
Jordan
Authors: Tal Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Much scholarship on the Cold War and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan has focused on the role of external powers. Jordan has been viewed as merely responding to pressures emanating from Washington and Moscow, rather than shaping its own destiny. Most observers consider Jordan an ‘artificial’ entity lacking policy options.