bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment on the Technical State of Spillway Concrete Gravity Dams in Lithuania
Authors: Šadzevičius Raimondas , Skominas Rytis , Radzevičius Algirdas
Published: June 2021

Spillway concrete gravity dams are exposed by loads and environment causing deterioration process. The article presents the concrete structure deteriorations, defects and technical state evaluation results of 34 Lithuanian spillway concrete gravity dams performed in 2006–2018. The typical deteriorations are: in piers’– crumbled protective layer of concrete, its corrosion, reinforcement corrosion, cracks in concrete, chipped edges; in spillway constructions’– concrete corrosion, bio–corrosion, concrete corrosion caused by cavitation; in outflow constructions – concrete corrosion, bigger cracks and deformations. According to results of technical state research, it was found that only 3% (1 SCGD) dams are in good technical state, 27% (9 SCGD) – moderate, 47% (16 SCGD) – satisfactory, 12% (4 SCGD) – unsatisfactory and 12% (4 SCGD) – in critical state.
Cherry-Picking and Lemon-Dropping Lessons from Anti-Doping to Boost Abuse Prevention in Sport
Authors: Tuakli-Wosornu YA , Moses EC , Amick M , Grimm K
Published: June 2021

Unethical behaviors in sport are a matter of global concern. The current surge in reports on abuse of athletes across Sports and all over the world is reminiscent of the doping scandals in the 1980s and 1990s that made many believe that doping was endemic in sport. This realization eventually led to a concerted effort of sport stakeholders and the founding of the World Anti-Doping Agency, which has since established itself as the world’s governing body in anti-doping with substantial influence and power. Framing the history and trajectory of anti-doping as a precedent of what has worked and what has not in righting sports’ wrongs, this review asks: what can the two-decades-long anti-doping ‘fight’ teach us about protecting athletes from abuse? Exploring various aspects from the effectiveness of external Regulation and the challenges of a centralized legalistic approach to athlete health protection and accountability, several lessons that have implications for safeguarding athletes can be identified. Behavior change is a long and demanding process for individuals and organizations. Centering athletes’ voices and lived experiences in practical research approaches while integrating multi-sector stakeholders can help ensure that methods and findings are fit-for-purpose and inform effective, sustainable athlete-safeguarding practices, programs, and policies.
Injuries and Illness in Elite Equestrian Athletes: A Two-Season Prospective Study
Authors: Lang M , Moen MH , van Roy T , Verhagen E
Published: June 2021

Problem/Intro: Epidemiological data of injuries and illnesses in equestrian athletes are limited. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence, prevalence, and severity of health Problems among a cohort of elite riders. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study with 38 elite equestrian athletes over a two-year follow-up period. Health Problems were recorded weekly with the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on health problems and subsequently categorized into illnesses and injuries according to the recently published International Olympic Committee guidelines. Based on the athlete’s weekly responses, we calculated health Problem prevalence, incidence and severity. Results: A total of 93 health problems were reported including 30 illnesses and 63 injuries resulting in a weekly prevalence of 12.1% (95% CI: 10.5-13.7) for all health problems. For acute injuries, the chest, lumbosacral region, and neck were the most commonly reported body locations. The lumbosacral Region was the most commonly reported repetitive injury mechanism body region. Illnesses most often affected the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal body systems. Conclusion: There was a low prevalence of injuries among this cohort of elite athletes. Future efforts that further improve athlete safety should focus on repetitive mechanism injuries and implementation and scale-up of preventive equipment to the broader equestrian population.
Infraestrutura energética brasileira: perspectivas e desafios para o suporte aos veículos elétricos
Authors: Cabral Neto João Pinto , Pimentel Rejane Magalhães de Mendonça , Santos Simone Machado
Published: June 2021

O setor de transportes é considerado, mundialmente, como um dos que mais emitem gases de efeito estufa (GEE). Os veículos elétricos (EVs), por não emitirem GEE durante a operação, vêm sendo fortemente incentivados por governos, no Brasil e no exterior. Existe pouca discussão quanto à infraestrutura necessária para suportar a entrada deste segmento de veículos no mercado. A partir do cálculo do consumo de um modelo utilitário de EV, com base no perfil de uso brasileiro, este estudo mostra uma avaliação da infraestrutura energética necessária para suportar uma frota de EVs projetada até 2030, frente ao potencial de geração de energia elétrica no Brasil, a partir de uma análise crítica e de viabilidade técnico-econômica dos dados obtidos. Os resultados mostraram a existência de uma importante defasagem de infraestrutura, destacando que os EVs podem não ser a melhor solução de mobilidade para o Brasil neste momento, sobretudo quando comparados com outras tecnologias, como os veículos movidos a biocombustíveis.
Overgange – anbragte unges veje fra skole til uddannelse: Publikation nr. 6 fra følgeforskning af læringsprogrammet Lær for Livet
Authors: Langager Søren , Frørup Anna Kathrine , Torre André , Hald Charlotte Lange
Published: June 2021

Dette er den afsluttende rapport om projektet ’Lær for Livet’, som er et projekt initieret af Egmont Fonden. Via blandt andet årlige intensive læringscamps og løbende mentorordninger som supplement til skolens læringsmiljø har projektet haft som overordnet mål at forbedre anbragte børns skolefaglige præstationer og herigennem øge antallet af anbragte unge, der starter på en ungdomsuddannelse efter skolen. I tilknytning til projektet blev etableret et følgeforskningsprojekt, som blev varetaget af DPU, Aarhus Universitet, der fulgte projektet i årene 2014-2020.
The potential of a short tourist route on the example of a single street: tourist attractiveness of urban spaces
Authors: Skivko Maria
Published: June 2021

The subject of this research is tourist attractiveness of the walking rout of a section of a single street in Samara. The object of this research is such characteristics of the route as visual attractiveness, convenience and safety, atmosphere, and uniqueness. This article provides the analysis of urban space and environment on the example of a specific street in the city of Samara. The selected section directly connects the railway station, which is the place of daily arrival and transit tourists, and the Volga promenade – as one of the main symbols of the city and the center of attraction for locals and visitors. The goal of this research consists in the analysis of the existing conditions for the tourist route, which can be improved and extended for increasing the overall assessment of tourism infrastructure. The empirical framework of this research synthesizes the approaches towards interpretation of the psychogeography of the city and towards the analytics of individual experience in the urban environment. The field notes and information analysis allow examining the potential of a tourist route in this section, as well as making recommendations for increasing tourist attractiveness and development of tourism infrastructure of the city. Such pattern can be applied in the research of large and small cities for assessing the current situation and efficient planning of tourism infrastructure in the future. The author formulates the categories of tourist attractiveness that reflect physical, psychological and emotional characteristics of feasibility of urban environment for local tourism. The scientific novelty of this work consists in the development of categories for the analysis based on the key approaches of Paul Kidwell and Colin Ellard towards studying psychogeography of the city and architecture of the urban environment.
“Top” and “bottom” of the political space: structural peculiarities in the Russian politics
Authors: Skiperskikh Aleksandr Vladimirovich
Published: June 2021

The author makes an attempt to deconstruct political space on the example of modern Russia. The object of this research is the political space of modern Russia as one political whole. The subject of this research is the disposition of “top” and “bottom” in the political space of modern Russia. Albeit a unified whole, the political space in fact is a sum of contradictory and balancing oppositions. The presence of power enhances social conflict, and actualizes political process. The author proves this thesis, referring to numerous examples from the Russian politics. The main conclusion lies in giving a new perspective on the political space as highly hierarchical. The political space is regulated from the top, which suggests the presence of specific rules of the game therein. Such rules establish the resource disposition of the political actors. The government becomes detached from society more and more. Political space in Russia has its clear “top” and “bottom”. The formation of “top” and “bottom” has historical and cultural grounds, which are used by the government to justify their supreme position. Legitimation of power suggest approval of the already existing hierarchy of power. The scientific novelty lies in viewing the political process in modern Russia through the prism of “top” and “bottom”, which are in the irreconcilable conflict.
Theoretical, legal, and economic aspects of the development of shared ownership in the conditions of networkization
Authors: Belikova Ksenia Michailovna
Published: June 2021

The subject of this research is the theoretical, legal, and economic aspects of the development of shared ownership in the conditions of networkization in the context of its possible impact upon the institution of ownership. Along with studying the opposite views on this process and specific examples of its functioning, the author demonstrates that the intensity of the development of shared ownership depends on the change in the attitude of market participants (producers and consumers) to the range, quality and lifetime of products, as well as that cost-effectiveness of shared ownership results from intensified utilization of material resources through the use of digital technologies. The relevance, theoretical and practical significance of this research are substantiated that the existing idea of shared ownership received a new boost, which requires determining the legal consequences of this process. The acquired results indicate that in the digital environment (via online services), shared ownership is the coordinated interaction of equal participants to receive (provide) or share access to goods and services, and should be qualified as a short-term lease, which due to lack of conformity to generally accepted standards and individual preferences of the consumers requires legal protection of the parties to the process.
Doping and strain effect on hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts of NiP2
Authors: Zhang Feng , Lian Sen , Wang Ming-Yue , Chen Xue , Yin Ji-Kang , He Lei , Pan Hua-Qing , Ren Jun-Feng , Chen Mei-Na ,   School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
Published: June 2021

Hydrogen production through electrolyzing water can transfer the energy from solar energy, wind energy and other sustainable energy to hydrogen, a clean energy carrier with high energy density. The NiP2 has attracted much attention as a cheap electrocatalyst with high catalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this paper, the adsorption energy, Gibbs free energy and exchange current densities at different sites on NiP2 (100) surface are calculated. On this basis, the effect of strain and doping on the HER catalytic performance of NiP2 are studied. By calculation, we find that when H is adsorbed on the top site of P atom on NiP2 (100) surface, the exchange current density is the closest to the top of volcanic curve, so the top site of P atom on NiP2 (100) surface is the catalytic active site. The effect of doping and strain on the catalytic performance of NiP2 are analyzed. 1) According to the range of strain produced by the common experimental technology, the effects of 1% and 3% tensile and compressive strain are calculated. It is found that 1% compressive strain can improve the catalytic performance of NiP2, while when 3% compressive strain or a 1% or 3% tensile strain is applied, the catalytic performance of NiP2 is not enhanced. 2) The effects of doping transition metal elements (Co, Fe, Mn, Mo, Cu, W, Cr) and non-metallic elements (N, C, S) on the catalytic performance of NiP2 are calculated. It is found that doping non-metallic element S can significantly improve the HER catalytic performance of the top site of P atom, while the doping of transition metal elements Mn, Mo, W, Co, Cr, Fe, Cu and non-metallic elements N, C have no effect on this site. The doping of transition metal element (catalytic activity: Mn > Mo > W > Co > Cr > Fe > Ni) Mn can make the catalytic performance of inactive site improved to that of the active site, thus indirectly improving the catalytic performance of NiP2. Our work reveals the micro mechanism of the effect of doping and strain on the performance of HER electrocatalyst, which provides a new perspective for designing the high performance HER electrocatalyst.
Laddad slöjd
Authors: Johansson Marléne
Published: June 2021

Artikelns syfte är att utifrån slöjdforskning och historiska, sociala och kulturella grunder ge en översiktlig bild och lyfta fram hur slöjd, slöjdkunnande och slöjdföremål kan uppfattas ’laddade’ på olika vis. Översikten är dels menad att väcka tankar och reflektion om det som kan uppfattas självklart eller mindre uppmärksammat om slöjdkunnande och slöjdföremål, dels tänkt att kunna användas som underlag inför fortsatta diskussioner och argumentationer i relation till elevers möjligheter att lära och utvecklas i slöjdens kunskapsform. Flera frågor kan ställas om det som kan rymmas i slöjdens kunskapsform, men vad slöjdens kunskapskvalitéer kan innefatta är inte alltid tillräckligt uppmärksammat vilket problematiseras i denna artikel utifrån slöjdkunnande och slöjdföremåls laddningar. Sociokulturella utgångspunkter används som ramverk för att beskriva och diskutera meningsskapande i relation till slöjd. Inledningsvis görs en kortare beskrivning om redskaps, föremåls och handlingsburna laddningar. Därefter belyses hur skolslöjd och slöjdkunnande ger och ges laddningar. Vidare förs resonemang om slöjdkunnande och slöjdföremåls meningsskapande i och utanför skolan. I artikeln lyfts behovet av en breddad syn på slöjdens kunskapsform, och vad det kan innefatta att arbeta i hela processer utifrån idéer, olika material och redskap till ett fysiskt föremål. Avslutningsvis sammanfattas och diskuteras skolslöjdens möjligheter och utmaningar i relation till att utvecklas och lära i kunskapsformen.
Sökord: slöjd, kunnande, föremål, meningsskapande, laddning
Host migration and environmental temperature influence avian haemosporidians prevalence: a molecular survey in a Brazilian Atlantic rainforest
Authors: Rodrigues Raquel A. , Felix Gabriel M.F. , Pichorim Mauro , Moreira Patricia A. , Braga Erika M.
Published: June 2021

Avian haemosporidians are parasites with great capacity to spread to new environments and new hosts, being considered a good model to host-parasite interactions studies. Here, we examine avian haemosporidian parasites in a protected area covered by Restinga vegetation in northeastern Brazil, to test the hypothesis that haemosporidian prevalence is related to individual-level traits (age and breeding season), species-specific traits (diet, foraging strata, period of activity, species body weight, migratory status, and nest shape), and climate factors (temperature and rainfall). We screened DNA from 1,466 birds of 70 species captured monthly from April 2013 to March 2015. We detected an overall prevalence (Plasmodium/Haemoproteus infection) of 22% (44 host species) and parasite’s lineages were identified by mitochondrial cyt b gene. Our results showed that migration can be an important factor predicting the prevalence of Haemoproteus (Parahaemoproteus), but not Plasmodium, in hosts. Besides, the temperature, but not rainfall, seems to predict the prevalence of Plasmodium in this bird community. Neither individual-level traits analyzed nor the other species-specific traits tested were related to the probability of a bird becoming infected by haemosporidians. Our results point the importance of conducting local studies in particular environments to understand the degree of generality of factors impacting parasite prevalence in bird communities. Despite our attempts to find patterns of infection in this bird community, we should be aware that an avian haemosporidian community organization is highly complex and this complexity can be attributed to an intricate net of factors, some of which were not observed in this study and should be evaluated in future studies. We evidence the importance of looking to host-parasite relationships in a more close scale, to assure that some effects may not be obfuscated by differences in host life-history.
A Comparative Study on Profile Characteristics of Farm Men and Women in Paddy Cultivation: A Study in Shivamogga District
Authors: Kavyashree C. , Beerannavar Basavaraj , Kusumalatha D. V. , Vishwanath H.
Published: June 2021

The slogan “RICE is life” is most appropriate for India as this crop plays a vital role in our national food security and is a means of livelihood for millions of rural households. Major Rice growing districts of Karnataka are Bellary, Davangere, Mysore, Mandya, and Shivamogga. The study was conducted in Shivamogga district since Shivamogga district comes under medium productive region of Karnataka state. The study revealed that one third (38.33 %) of farm men had a high level of education whereas, less than half of the respondents (43.34 %) of farm women had a medium level of education. A little more than half (50.00 %) of farm men and farm women belonged to small-sized landholding categories. Concerning extension contact, it is observed that a more significant number (53.33%) of farm men had a medium level of extension agency contact, nearly half (46.57 %) of farm women had a low level of extension contact. Most (43.34 %) of the farm men and around forty percent of farm women had medium-level extension participation. It is evident from the study that farm women stay lower in most of the profile characters than men and there exists a   diversification in socio-economic status, psychological behavior and participative nature of farm men and women due to various gender issues. Hence, this paper throws a light on the comparison of profile characteristics of farm men and farm women who are paddy growers of shivamogga district, where it clearly depicts the profile characters that are low in women than men and that can be taken as a lead to educate the male dominated family to find out the push factors missing for farmwomen and the best way it can be improved. It also helps the policy makers and extension agents to concentrate more on women to improve their socio-economic, psychological and communicational characters in society by suggesting location specific feasible solutions, that further improves the efficiency of farm men and women in paddy cultivation.
Study Case: Productivity of Catched Fish in Locations around the Construction of Coal Power Plant, Jepara Indonesia
Authors: Isworo Slamet , Febrianto Slamet , Aji Tosan , Oetari Poerna Sri , Jasmiene Ekannisa
Published: June 2021

Background and objective: The productivity of fishing in marine waters provides an overview of the level of ability of the fishing gear used by fishermen to obtain optimal fish catches. This study aims to determine the productivity of fishing in locations around the construction of the coal-fired power plant, Jepara Indonesia.

Methods: The method used is a descriptive method which is a case study. This research case is about annual marine fishery productivity by calculating Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE), then predictions are made using simple regression analysis.

Results: Based on the results of the study, a positive modeling trend (increase) was obtained for total fishery production, total demersal fishery production, and total pelagic fish production.

Conclusion: capture fisheries productivity in Jepara waters is generally quite good and is not affected due to the development of Tanjung Jati coal-fired power plant B-Unit 5 -6. This is because it is not a fishing operation area for fishermen so there is no potential conflict with fishermen.

Suggestion: The results of this study can be used by the Government of Jepara Regency in determining sustainable fishing policies and not overfishing
Length-weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Cichlids in Eniong and Lower Cross Rivers, Niger Delta, Nigeria
Authors: Adaobi P. Ugbomeh, , Victor J. Etuk, , Leonard I. Ugbomeh, , Godfrey C. Akani,
Published: June 2021

Length-weight relationship and condition factor are essential parameters used in determination of growth and well-being of fish. The length-weight relationship and condition factor of eight species of cichlids were examined from a total of 358 cichlids belonging to fourteen species and seven genera. Sampling was between January and June, 2020 in Eniong River and lower Cross River in the Niger Delta from three stations: station one in Eniong river, station two at the confluence of Eniong and lower Cross River, and station three at the lower Cross River. The length and weight of each fish was measured to the nearest millimeter and gram, respectively. The length-weight relationship (LWR) and condition factor (K) of the species Coptodon dageti, Coptodon guineensis, Coptodon zilli, Chromidotilapia guntheri, Hemichromis elongatus, Oreochromis niloticus, Pelmatolapia mariae and Sarotherodon melanotheron were determined using standard methods. Total length of fish ranged from 12.9 ± 5.01 in H. elongatus to 20.7 ± 3.37cm in C. zilli. Total weight ranged from 24.8 ± 13.80 in H. elongatus to 146.4 ± 68.0 g in C. zilli. The exponent b ranged from 1.54 for H. elongatus to 3.34 in Pelmatolapia mariae. The coefficients of determination (r2) varied between H. elongatus (0.74) and O. niloticus (0.96). Fulton’s condition factor (K) ranged from 1.2 6 ± 0.50 (H. elongatus) to 1.89 ± 0.43 (O. niloticus). Length-weight relationship revealed negative allometry for six species and positive allometry for two species (O. niloticus and P. mariae). Cichlids in this study were observed to be in good condition, as the K values were greater than one.
Integrated multi‐omics profiling of high‐grade estrogen receptor‐positive, HER2‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Wang Kang , Li Lun , Franch‐Expósito Sebastià , Le Xin , Tang Jun , Li Qing , Wu Qianxue , Bassaganyas Laia , Camps Jordi , Zhang Xiang , Li Hongyuan , Foukakis Theodoros , Xiang Tingxiu , Wu Jiong , Ren Guosheng
Published: June 2021

Estrogen receptor‐positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2‐negative (ER+HER2−) breast cancer accounts for ~ 60–70% of all cases of invasive breast carcinoma. High‐grade ER+HER2− tumors respond poorly to endocrine therapy. In this study, we systematically analyzed clinical and multi‐omics data to find potential strategies for personalized therapy of patients with high‐grade ER+HER2− disease. Six different cohorts were analyzed, for which multi‐omics data were available. Grade III ER+HER2− cases harbored higher proportions of large tumor size (> 5 cm), lymph node metastasis, chemotherapy use, and luminal B subtypes defined by PAM50, as compared with grade I/II tumors. DNA methylation (HM450) data and methylation‐specific PCR indicated that the cg18629132 locus in the MKI67 promoter was hypermethylated in grade I/II cases and normal tissue, but hypomethylated in grade III cases or triple‐negative breast cancer, resulting in higher expression of MKI67. Mutations in ESR1 and TP53 were detected in post‐endocrine treatment metastatic samples at a higher rate than in treatment‐naive tumors in grade III cases. We identified 42 and 20 focal copy number events in nonmetastatic and metastatic high‐grade ER+HER2− cases, respectively, with either MYC or MDM2 amplification representing an independent prognostic event in grade III cases. Transcriptional profiling within grade III tumors highlighted ER signaling downregulation and upregulation of immune‐related pathways in non‐luminal‐like tumors defined by PAM50. Recursive partitioning analysis was employed to construct a decision tree of an endocrine‐resistant subgroup (GATA3‐negative and AGR‐negative) of two genes that was validated by immunohistochemistry in a Chinese cohort. All together, these data suggest that grade III ER+HER2− tumors have distinct clinical and molecular characteristics compared with low‐grade tumors, particularly in cases with non‐luminal‐like biology. Due to the dismal prognosis in this group, clinical trials are warranted to test the efficacy of potential novel therapies.
Human sacrifice, ancient Near East
Authors: Tatlock Jason R.
Published: June 2021

Human sacrifice is a form of ritual killing in which the slayer attempts to engender change at the suprahuman level inhabited by divine beings, non‐human forces, and deceased humans though the act of slaughter.
Thirty Tyrants, at Athens
Authors: Németh GyöRgy
Published: June 2021

The Thirty Tyrants (404–403
bce
) were an oligarchy that overthrew the Athenian democracy and sent hundreds of Athenians to their deaths during its eight‐month rule.
Aerarium
Authors: Meyers Rachel
Published: June 2021

The
Aerarium
, or treasury, was the depository for money, documents, copies of laws, military standards, and other records of the Roman state. It was located inside the Temple of Saturn in the Forum of Rome, though nearby buildings were probably used for storage and for carrying out some functions of the treasury.
Ethnoarchaeology
Authors: Sapirstein Philip
Published: June 2021

Ethnoarchaeology, also known as
action
or
living
archaeology, studies living people in order to enhance our understanding of past human behavior and cultural systems reflected in the archaeological record. The fieldwork is distinguished from ethnography by its explicit concern with archaeological questions. Emerging in the 1960s as an important subdiscipline of the “New” archaeology, ethnoarchaeology has expanded in scope beyond an initial focus on technology and adaptive strategies to engage with problems posed by post‐processual theorists. The validity and correct application of the analogy inherent to its interpretive framework continue to be debated.
Ariarathid Dynasty
Authors: MICHELS CHRISTOPH
Published: June 2021

The Ariarathids were an Iranian dynasty that ruled over the Hellenistic kingdom of Cappadocia from its beginnings in the third century until ca. 96
bce
. They were initially dominated by the Seleucids, and with increasing independence became their allies. After Rome's defeat of the Seleucids, the Ariarathids switched sides and became allies of the Attalids and Rome. In the late second century, the Mithradatids of Pontos tried to establish control over Cappadocia. The ensuing power struggles led to the end of the Ariarathid dynasty.
Churches, Miaphysite
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: June 2021

Miaphysitism is the idea that Christ has a single united nature that is both human and divine. This idea is rooted in the works of Cyril of Alexandria. Many Miaphysites were opposed to the theology articulated at the 451 council of Chalcedon and the Miaphysite churches in the Roman East gradually evolved a distinctive identity over the course of the sixth century.
Daskyleion
Authors: İren Kaan
Published: June 2021

Daskyleion was a settlement serving as the capital of a Persian satrapy in ancient Anatolia that controlled Hellespontine Phrygia, and probably also Bithynia, Paphlagonia, Phrygia, and Cappadocia. The settlement was additionally important due to its multicultural (Phrygian, Lydian, Persian, and Greek) society and materials.
Mut (city)
Authors: Hope Colin A.
Published: June 2021

Abstract: The city of Mut is in central Dakhleh Oasis. It comprises a large temple enclosure with the remains of a stone temple dedicated to the god Seth and associated buildings, and several nearby cemeteries. Occupation spans four millennia roughly from 3000
bce
to 1200
ce
. It is currently the longest known occupied site in Egypt's Western Desert.
Isca
Authors: Gardner Andrew
Published: June 2021

Isca is a Roman legionary fortress and canabae in Wales, built by the legion II Augusta in the later first century
ce
and inhabited throughout much of the Roman occupation of Britain. It remains an impressive site today, with well‐preserved walls, baths, barracks and an amphitheater, and with many important finds having been discovered in excavations over the last century.
Faunus and Fauna
Authors: Holland Goldthwaite Lora L.
Published: June 2021

Faunus and Fauna (plural Fauni) are Latin prophetic deities. Their voices typically issued from groves; most Roman gods, including those of the state, in contrast, communicated with humans not by speaking, but via signs from the natural world.
Augustus (Imperator Caesar Augustus)
Authors: Osgood Josiah
Published: June 2021

Augustus (63bce–14ce) was Rome's first emperor. He was the key figure in bringing permanent monarchy to Rome, and also an unprecedented peace across the Mediterranean, named after him: “Augustan Peace.” A hardworking administrator, he overhauled the city of Rome and put the finances of the empire on a new footing. He is also remembered for ruthless treatment of his political opponents and members of his family who crossed him.
Recruiting, military
Authors: wesch‐klein Gabriele
Published: June 2021

The reforms of the first emperor Augustus included the creation of a professional army. As a rule, since there were enough men who freely entered into the Roman army, it was seldom necessary to recruit forcibly. The ethnic make‐up of the army was multicultural, because men were recruited from all over the empire.
Athens, Prehistoric and Early Iron Age
Authors: van damme Trevor
Published: June 2021

Athens has been continuously occupied since the Neolithic period. During the Late Bronze Age, the Acropolis featured a Cyclopean fortification and numerous wealthy chamber tombs. Shortly after 1200bce, the community suffered a major decline in population and for around a century the population declined. During the Protogeometric and Geometric periods, Athens experienced a sustained period of growth that saw a series of small settlement nuclei around the Acropolis grow and merge into a single large urban center. The same periods saw the emergence of the first public cults as well as the introduction of alphabetic script.
Survey of patient‐specific quality assurance practice for IMRT and VMAT
Authors: Chan Gordon H. , Chin Lee C. L. , Abdellatif Ady , Bissonnette Jean‐Pierre , Buckley Lesley , Comsa Daria , Granville Dal , King Jenna , Rapley Patrick L. , Vandermeer Aaron
Published: June 2021

A first‐time survey across 15 cancer centers in Ontario, Canada, on the current practice of patient‐specific quality assurance (PSQA) for intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) delivery was conducted. The objectives were to assess the current state of PSQA practice, identify areas for potential improvement, and facilitate the continued improvement in standardization, consistency, efficacy, and efficiency of PSQA regionally. The survey asked 40 questions related to PSQA practice for IMRT/VMAT delivery. The questions addressed PSQA policy and procedure, delivery log evaluation, instrumentation, measurement setup and methodology, data analysis and interpretation, documentation, process, failure modes, and feedback. The focus of this survey was on PSQA activities related to routine IMRT/VMAT treatments on conventional linacs, including stereotactic body radiation therapy but excluding stereotactic radiosurgery. The participating centers were instructed to submit answers that reflected the collective view or opinion of their department and represented the most typical process practiced. The results of the survey provided a snapshot of the current state of PSQA practice in Ontario and demonstrated considerable variations in the practice. A large majority (80%) of centers performed PSQA measurements on all VMAT plans. Most employed pseudo‐3D array detectors with a true composite (TC) geometry. No standard approach was found for stopping or reducing frequency of measurements. The sole use of delivery log evaluation was not widely implemented, though most centers expressed interest in adopting this technology. All used the Gamma evaluation method for analyzing PSQA measurements; however, no universal approach was reported on how Gamma evaluation and pass determination criteria were determined. All or some PSQA results were reviewed regularly in two‐thirds of the centers. Planning related issues were considered the most frequent source for PSQA failures (40%), whereas the most frequent course of action for a failed PSQA was to review the result and decide whether to proceed to treatment.
OTP reform bill would make life better for patients
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2021

Still in its early stages of the legislative process, the BETTER MAT Act would reform opioid treatment programs (OTPs), sometimes referred to as methadone clinics, taking into account revised rules spurred by the COVID‐19 pandemic. These rules, which took effect more than a year ago and were instituted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), allowed for expanded methadone take‐homes and telehealth services, with the aim of reducing contact and possible virus transmission.
Varenicline with naltrexone curbs smoking and drinking
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2021

Varenicline, marketed as Chantix, is known to help reduce smoking, but it may be effective in reducing alcohol consumption, a recent study has found. The study involved 165 people who received varenicline, for smoking, and naltrexone, which is used to treat alcoholism. The participants in the study smoked at least five cigarettes a day and consumed more than 14 drinks a week (men) and more than seven drinks a week (women). Over the course of the 12‐week study period, each participant received 2 milligrams of varenicline twice a day. Half the group also received a 50‐milligram dose of naltrexone daily, while the other 82 received placebo pills. All participants were told to quit smoking and drink less.
Ultrathin Titanium Carbide (MXene) Films for High‐Temperature Thermal Camouflage
Authors: Li Lei , Shi Mengke , Liu Xiaoya , Jin Xiuxiu , Cao Yanxia , Yang Yanyu , Wang Wanjie , Wang Jianfeng
Published: June 2021

Thermal camouflage has attracted increasing attention owing to the rapid development of infrared (IR) surveillance technologies. Various materials and systems have been developed to date, but the realization of high‐temperature thermal camouflage using ultrathin film/coating remains a great challenge; this is of great significance, especially for IR stealth in military equipment. This work demonstrates a series of ultrathin Ti3C2Tx MXene films (as low as 1 µm) with superior high‐temperature indoor/outdoor thermal camouflage performance: wide camouflage temperature range (from below −10 °C to over 500 °C), large reduction in radiation temperature (exceeding 300 °C for objects with temperatures over 500 °C), long‐term high‐temperature or fire stability, multifunctionality including disguised Joule heating capability, and high electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency. The superior high‐temperature thermal camouflage performance of the ultrathin MXene film is attributed to its low mid‐IR emissivity (0.19), which is comparable to that of stainless steel but far below that of other 2D nanomaterials, such as graphene. The multifunctional ultrathin MXene films prepared through simple vacuum‐assisted filtration provide a feasible method for efficient high‐temperature thermal camouflage using ultrathin films, demonstrating the great promise of MXene materials for thermal camouflage, IR stealth, counter‐surveillance, and security protection.
2D Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Wang Yinghui , Liu Lizhen , Ma Tianyi , Zhang Yihe , Huang Hongwei
Published: June 2021

Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) have attracted great attention in the field of energy conversion and storage due to its unique layered structure, tunable bandgap, metal‐free characteristic, high physicochemical stability, and easy accessibility. 2D g‐C3N4 nanosheets have the features of short charge/mass transfer path, abundant reactive sites and easy functionalization, which are beneficial to optimizing their performance in different fields. However, the reviews of the comprehensive applications of 2D g‐C3N4 for energy conversion and storage are rare. Herein, this review first introduces the physicochemical properties of bulk g‐C3N4 and g‐C3N4 nanosheets, and then summarizes the synthetic strategies of 2D g‐C3N4 nanosheets in detail, such as thermal oxidation etching, chemical exfoliation, ultrasonication‐assisted liquid phase exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition, and others. Emphasis is focused on the rational design and development of 2D g‐C3N4 nanosheets for the diversified applications in energy conversion and storage, including photocatalytic H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, electrocatalytic H2 evolution, O2 evolution, O2 reduction, alkali‐metal ion batteries, lithium‐metal batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, metal‐air batteries, and supercapacitors. Finally, the current challenges and perspectives of 2D g‐C3N4 nanosheets for energy conversion and storage applications are discussed.
Efficient Hole Transfer via Delocalized Excited State in Small Molecular Acceptor: A Comparative Study on Photodynamics of PM6:Y6 and PM6:ITIC Organic Photovoltaic Blends
Authors: Liang Shuyan , Li Siying , Zhang Yannan , Li Tao , Zhou Haoxiang , Jin Feng , Sheng Chuanxiang , Ni Gang , Yuan Jianyu , Ma Wanli , Zhao Haibin
Published: June 2021

Organic solar cells (OSCs) based on small molecular acceptors (SMAs) have made great development with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 16% due to the design of novel materials and advances in device preparation technology. This work fabricates two bulk‐heterojunction photovoltaic devices containing the same wide‐bandgap donor PM6, respectively, matched with popular Y6 and ITIC SMAs. The PM6:Y6‐based device achieves a much higher PCE of 15.21% than the PM6:ITIC‐based device of 9.02%. On the basis of comparisons of macroscopic performances in the quasistatic regime, transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) is further performed to better understand the microscopic dynamics difference in charge separation processes between the two photovoltaic blends. According to the TAS results, the calculated hole transfer efficiency in PM6:Y6 is 71.4%, far greater than the efficiency of 13.1% in PM6:ITIC, demonstrating favorable charge separation at donor/acceptor interfaces via hole transfer channel in PM6:Y6. The favorable hole transfer in PM6:Y6 is accounted for by its better mutual miscibility between the donor and acceptor, and the formation of long‐lived delocalized intramoiety excimer state in the acceptor. These results highlight the important role of proper molecular design strategy with strong intermolecular coupling and beneficial film morphology on facilitating charge generation in OSCs adopting SMAs.
Intracellular Nanoparticle Formation and Hydroxychloroquine Release for Autophagy‐Inhibited Mild‐Temperature Photothermal Therapy for Tumors
Authors: Gao Ge , Sun Xianbao , Liu Xiaoyang , Jiang Yao‐Wen , Tang Runqun , Guo Yuxin , Wu Fu‐Gen , Liang Gaolin
Published: June 2021

Mild‐temperature photothermal therapy (PTT) of tumors has been intensively explored and adopted in preclinical/clinical trials in recent years. Nevertheless, tumor thermoresistance significantly compromises the therapeutic efficacy of mild‐temperature PTT, and therefore, the extra addition of anti‐thermoresistance agent is needed. Herein, by rational design of a peptide‐hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) conjugate Cypate‐Phe‐Phe‐Lys(SA‐HCQ)‐Tyr(H2PO3)‐OH (Cyp‐HCQ‐Yp), a “smart” strategy of enzyme‐triggered simultaneously intracellular photothermal nanoparticle formation and HCQ release is proposed for autophagy‐inhibited mild‐temperature PTT of tumor. In vitro results show that, under sequential catalysis of enzymes alkaline phosphatase and carboxylesterase, Cyp‐HCQ‐Yp is converted to Cypate‐Phe‐Phe‐Lys(SA)‐Tyr‐OH (Cyp‐Y) which self‐assembles into its nanoparticle Cyp‐NP and HCQ is released from Cyp‐HCQ‐Yp. By comparing with two control agents, it is validated that the exceptional therapeutic effect of Cyp‐HCQ‐Yp on tumor in vivo is achieved by its dual‐enzyme‐controlled intracellular nanoparticle formation and autophagy inhibition in tumors.
Tailoring Ultrahigh Energy Density and Stable Dendrite‐Free Flexible Anode with Ti3C2Tx MXene Nanosheets and Hydrated Ammonium Vanadate Nanobelts for Aqueous Rocking‐Chair Zinc Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Xue , Wang Yuanming , Jiang Yunpeng , Li Xiaolong , Liu Yang , Xiao Huanhao , Ma Yu , Huang You‐yuan , Yuan Guohui
Published: June 2021

Exploiting Zn metal‐free anode materials would be an effective strategy to resolve the problems of Zn metal dendrites that severely hinder the development of Zn ion batteries (ZIBs). However, the study of Zn metal‐free anode materials is still in their infancy, and more importantly, the low energy density severely limits their practical implementations. Herein, a novel (NH4)2V10O25 · 8H2O@Ti3C2Tx (NHVO@Ti3C2Tx) film anode is proposed and investigated for constructing “rocking‐chair” ZIBs. The NHVO@Ti3C2Tx electrode shows a capacity of 514.7 mAh g−1 and presents low potential which is 0.59 V (vs Zn2+/Zn) at 0.1 A g−1. The introduction of Ti3C2Tx not only affords an interconnected conductive network, but also stabilizes the NHVO nanobelts structure for a long cycle life (84.2% retention at 5.0 A g−1 over 6000 cycles). As a proof‐of‐concept, a zinc metal‐free full battery is successfully demonstrated, which delivers the highest capacity of 131.7 mAh g−1 (mass containing anodic and cathodic) and energy density of 97.1 Wh kg−1 compared to all reported aqueous “rocking‐chair” ZIBs. Furthermore, a long cycling span of 6000 cycles is obtained with capacity retention reaching up to 92.1%, which is impressive. This work is expected to provide new moment toward V‐based materials for “rocking‐chair” ZIBs.
Code Division Multiplexing Inspired Dynamic Metasurface Holography
Authors: Li Xin , Zhao Ruizhe , Wei Qunshuo , Geng Guangzhou , Li Junjie , Zhang Shuang , Huang Lingling , Wang Yongtian
Published: June 2021

Metasurface holography is attracting increasing attention owing to its numerous advantages over conventional holography techniques, such as precise control of phase profiles, compact sizes, and multiple information channels via a single optical element. Metasurfaces provide a flexible platform for incorporating various multiplexing techniques. Inspired by code division multiplexing (CDM), which is widely employed in networking and wireless digital communications, metasurface holography for generating dynamic holographic images controlled by both the patterned beam profiles and polarization states is designed and realized in this study. Specifically, two orthogonal polarization states and 16 code bases of light illumination are combined to generate 32 independent channels. Only the correct code reference can decode the target image for a specific channel, providing encryption for information transportation. Meanwhile, the demonstrated metasurface holography with CDM can realize active modulation via a digital micromirror device. The proposed metasurface can be utilized to achieve dynamic information display, data storage, optical encryption, and other applications in optics.
Bioinert, Stealth or Interactive: How Surface Chemistry of Nanocarriers Determines Their Fate In Vivo
Authors: Friedl Julian David , Nele Valeria , De Rosa Giuseppe , Bernkop‐Schnürch Andreas
Published: June 2021

Nanocarriers (NCs) have emerged as powerful tools to improve drug solubility, to promote drug transport across membranes, to protect their payload from premature degradation, and to deliver drugs in a controlled and targeted manner. Their performance strongly depends on the surface chemistry, which governs their interaction with the biological environment. Bioinert and stealth surface features are advantageous to avoid unintended interactions with endogenous surfaces at off‐target sites and with the immune system, whereas at the target site these carriers should be highly interactive guaranteeing intracellular delivery of their payload. These key surface properties—bioinert and stealth versus interactive at the target site—are in contradiction to each other so that the best compromise between them has to be found. Alternatively, surface structures interacting preferentially with the membrane of target cells can be utilized. Stimuli‐responsive surfaces able to convert from bioinert and stealth to interactive at the target site have been recently introduced. A deepened understanding of how these different approaches influence the performance of NCs in the body is of particular importance in order to improve their efficacy. This review focuses on the surface chemistry of NCs providing the best compromise between bioinert and stealth versus interactive features.
Immunoregulation of Macrophages by Controlling Winding and Unwinding of Nanohelical Ligands
Authors: Bae Gunhyu , Jeon Yoo Sang , Ko Min Jun , Kim Yuri , Han Seong‐Beom , Thangam Ramar , Kim Wonsik , Jung Hee Joon , Lee Sungkyu , Choi Hyojun , Min Sunhong , Hong Hyunsik , Park Sangwoo , Kim Seong Yeol , Patel Kapil D. , Li Na , Shin Jeong Eun , Park Bum Chul , Park Hyeon Su , Moon Jun Hwan , Kim Yu Jin , Sukumar Uday Kumar , Song Jae‐Jun , Kim Soo Young , Yu Seung‐Ho , Kang Yun Chan , Park Steve , Han Seung Min , Kim Dong‐Hwee , Lee Ki‐Bum , Wei Qiang , Bian Liming , Paulmurugan Ramasamy , Kim Young Keun , Kang Heemin
Published: June 2021

Developing materials with the capability of changing their innate features can help to unravel direct interactions between cells and ligand‐displaying features. This study demonstrates the grafting of magnetic nanohelices displaying cell‐adhesive Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) ligand partly to a material surface. These enable nanoscale control of rapid winding (“W”) and unwinding (“UW”) of their nongrafted portion, such as directional changes in nanohelix unwinding (lower, middle, and upper directions) by changing the position of a permanent magnet while keeping the ligand‐conjugated nanohelix surface area constant. The unwinding (“UW”) setting cytocompatibility facilitates direct integrin recruitment onto the ligand‐conjugated nanohelix to mediate the development of paxillin adhesion assemblies of macrophages that stimulate M2 polarization using glass and silicon substrates for in vitro and in vivo settings, respectively, at a single cell level. Real time and in vivo imaging are demonstrated that nanohelices exhibit reversible unwinding, winding, and unwinding settings, which modulate time‐resolved adhesion and polarization of macrophages. It is envisaged that this remote, reversible, and cytocompatible control can help to elucidate molecular‐level cell–material interactions that modulate regenerative/anti‐inflammatory immune responses to implants.