bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decision support for waste minimization in wine‐making processes
Authors: Musee Ndeke , Lorenzen Leon , Aldrich Chris
Published: October 2005

During the production of wine from grapes, large quantities of waste effluent are generated from various units of operation and processes. However, because of the ill‐defined nature of waste generation during vinification, waste minimization is usually practiced on an ad hoc basis, which may be subject to large process inefficiencies. An integrated intelligent decision support system dealing with utility waste from vinification processes, developed within a fuzzy logic framework, is reported in this paper. The knowledge incorporated into the system is mainly sourced from plant experts and is contained in a weight structure associated with a questionnaire to be completed by the experts. The system is capable of analyzing waste‐generating mechanisms, evaluating waste minimization practices, and providing decision support toward improved waste management. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2005
Cyclic biaxial strain affects U937 macrophage‐like morphology and enzymatic activities
Authors: Matheson Loren A. , Maksym Geoffrey N. , Santerre J. Paul , Labow Rosalind S.
Published: October 2005

As monocytes migrate to the site of a foreign body and differentiate into mature monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDMs), the cells undergo a morphological transformation that involves mechanical stimulation via membrane stretch. Because the site of many cardiovascular implant devices includes substrates that are also undergoing mechanical change, it is of interest to assess the effect of such dynamic conditions on cellular–biomaterial responses. This study investigated the influence of cyclic (0.25 Hz) biaxial strain (maximum 10% amplitude) on human U937 macrophage‐like cells cultured on a flexible siloxane membrane. Cell attachment was unaffected by the strain but total protein levels were significantly higher in stimulated cells. Intracellular esterase and released acid phosphatase activities were elevated by dynamic loading in addition to a strain‐induced increase of monocyte‐specific esterase protein as demonstrated by immunoblotting analysis. The morphology of static cells changed with cyclic strain from a round cell shape to an irregular, spread phenotype with a progressive reorganization of filamentous actin. The focal adhesion protein vinculin showed distinct reorganization in structure going from a well‐defined arrangement in static cells to a diffuse staining pattern in mechano‐stimulated cells. This study has demonstrated that U937 cells respond to cyclic deformation with an augmentation of select enzymatic activities that have been identified as being important in polymer biodegradation processes, as well as morphological changes, which may be characteristic of mechanical stress‐induced cell activation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
In vitro bioactivity of akermanite ceramics
Authors: Wu Chengtie , Chang Jiang , Ni Siyu , Wang Junying
Published: October 2005

In this study, the bone‐like apatite‐formation ability of akermanite ceramics (Ca2MgSi2O7) in simulated body fluid (SBF) and the effects of ionic products from akermanite dissolution on osteoblasts and mouse fibroblasts (cell line L929) were investigated. In addition, osteoblast morphology and proliferation on the ceramics were evaluated. The results showed that akermanite ceramics possessed bone‐like apatite‐formation ability comparable with bioactive wollastonite ceramics (CaSiO3) after 20 days of soaking in SBF and the mechanism of bone‐like apatite formation on akermanite ceramics is similar to that of wollastonite ceramics. The Ca, Si, and Mg ions from akermanite dissolution at certain ranges of concentration significantly stimulated osteoblast and L929 cell proliferation. Furthermore, osteoblasts spread well on the surface of akermanite ceramics, and proliferated with increasing the culture time. The results showed that akermanite ceramics possess bone‐like apatite‐formation ability and can release soluble ionic products to stimulate cell proliferation, which indicated good bioactivity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Correlation between the photostability and photodynamic efficacy for
different photosensitizers
Authors: Ferreira J , Kurachi C , Moriyama L T , Menezes P F C , Perussi J R , Sibata C , Zucoloto S , Castro e Silva Jr O , Bagnato V S
Published: October 2005

Using three haematoporphyrin based photosensitizers we
investigated their properties related to the phototransformation
in solution, the inhibitory concentration (IC50) in cell
culture and the threshold dose (Dth) in rat livers. The
observation of such properties shows the existence of a strong
correlation among them. The photosensitizer with the highest
phototransformation rate is also the one with the lowest Dth
and IC50, showing more efficacy in cell killing and tissue
necrosis during photodynamic therapy applications. We discuss this
explanation for such correlation and the possible practical
applications for this property.
Experimental verification of an optical negative-index material
Authors: Drachev V P , Cai W , Chettiar U , Yuan H-K , Sarychev A K , Kildishev A V , Klimeck G , Shalaev V M
Published: October 2005

Comprehensive studies for a periodic array of gold
nanorod pairs demonstrate its unique optical properties, including
a negative refractive index in the optical range.
Generation of ion beams on a steel surface by laser radiation at
various wavelengths under the presence of an applied electric
field
Authors: Khalil A A I , Richardson M C
Published: October 2005

This paper describes the generation of highly stripped
ions and high currents in laser produced steel plasma in an
applied electric field. A steel target kept under partial vacuum
conditions (10-3 mbar) is irradiated with focused Q-switched
Nd:YAG laser radiation of various wavelengths with various pulse
durations. The evaporated ions were detected at a distance of
40 mm from the target, after passing through a retarding mesh
grid. The laser radiation, with peak intensity between
5.35×109 to 1 × 1011 W/cm2 creates a dense
plasma having a high ionization state. The velocity distribution
function of the plasma cloud emitted from the plasma is
investigated using a Faraday cup. The dependence of the current
signals on various parameters, such as laser power, laser
wavelengths, pulse widths and argon (Ar) pressure, is described.
In addition the I-V characteristics of the plasma in the presence
of glow discharge were studied with and without laser radiation.
In general, an increase in the plume current was observed as the
mesh voltage is increased, and is related to arc formation. The
possibility to find microablation was noted by using Reflection
Optical Microscope (ROM).
Kinetic energy of Bose systems and variation of statistical
averages
Authors: Yukalov V I
Published: October 2005

The problem of defining the average kinetic energy of
statistical systems is addressed. The conditions of applicability
for the formula, relating the average kinetic energy with the mass
derivative of the internal energy, are analysed. It is shown that
incorrectly using this formula, outside its region of validity,
leads to paradoxes. An equation is found for a parametric
derivative of the average for an arbitrary operator. A special
attention is paid to the mass derivative of the internal energy,
for which a general formula is derived, without invoking the
adiabatic approximation and taking into account the mass
dependence of the potential-energy operator. The results are
illustrated by the case of a low-temperature dilute Bose gas.
Compact fiber source of the pulses with an output power up
to 0.17 mJ
Authors: Kurkov A S , Shukshin I A , Grukh D A , Paramonov V M , Dianov E M , Goncharov S E , Zalevskii I D I
Published: October 2005

We have made a compact fiber pulsed source based on a
self Q-switched Yb-doped fiber laser with an additional
amplification. The output pulse energy of 0.17 mJ has been
achieved with a pulse duration of several tens nanoseconds. The
repetition frequency of 20 kHz and the maximum average output
power of 3 W were observed.
On multiparticle W states, their implementations and application
in the quantum informational problems
Authors: Gorbachev V N , Trubilko A I
Published: October 2005

Large number of multimode entangled states of light
generated in down conversion processes belongs to a collection
which is natural generalization of the W-class. A brief overview
of these states, schemes for their preparation, experimental
implementations and possible applications are presented.
Monoenergetic electron beam generation in a laser-driven
plasma acceleration
Authors: Adachi M , Miura E , Kato S , Koyama K , Masuda S , Watanabe T , Ogata A , Okamoto H , Tanimoto M
Published: October 2005

We obtained a 7-MeV monoenergetic electron beam from a
plasma with the electron density n
e of
1.5 × 1020 cm-3 produced by a 2-TW 50-fs laser pulse.
In both higher and lower sides of the density region of
4 × 1019–4 × 1020 cm-3, energy spectra of
electrons were bi-Maxwellian distribution function whose maximum
electron energy and effective electron temperature were 30 MeV and
approximately MeV, respectively. Observed first Stokes satellites
in the forward scattering light spectra, and the density
dependences of maximum electron energy and the effective
temperature suggest that electrons are first accelerated by SMLWFA
and are further accelerated by direct laser acceleration (DLA) in
the n
e region of more than 2 × 1020 cm-3;
a cascade acceleration by SMLWFA and DLA. A Stokes satellite peak
observed with the monoenergetic beam suggests that the
monoenergetic beam would be accelerated by SMLWFA.
Synthesis and self‐catalyzed phase transfer reaction of novel methacrylate polymers
Authors: Dizman Bekir , Mathias Lon J.
Published: October 2005

Ethyl α‐chloromethylacrylate was converted to an ester derivative using 5‐chlorovaleric acid in a single step. The homopolymerization of the new monomer (CEMA) and its copolymerization with methyl methacrylate were performed using photoinitiator Irgacure 651. The polymers were reacted with N,N‐dimethyldodecylamine to obtain polymers with pendant quaternary ammonium (QA) moieties. The polymers with pendant QA groups were used in self‐catalyzed phase transfer reactions with sodium phenoxide and 1‐dodecanethiol. The syntheses of the monomer and polymers were followed by FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. The average polymer molecular weights and polydispersities were determined by size exclusion chromatography. Thermal analysis was carried out using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The copolymer composition, degree of quaternization, and degree of conversion in phase transfer reaction were determined by 1H NMR. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5844–5854, 2005
Isothermal frontal polymerization: Confirmation of the mechanism and determination of factors affecting the front velocity, front shape, and propagation distance with comparison to mathematical modeling
Authors: Lewis Lydia L. , DeBisschop Cynthia S. , Pojman John A. , Volpert Vladimir A.
Published: October 2005

Isothermal frontal polymerization (IFP) is a directional polymerization that uses the Trommsdorff, or gel, effect to produce gradient materials for optical applications. When a solution of methyl methacrylate and a thermal initiator contacts a polymer seed (a small piece of polymer), a viscous region is formed in which the polymerization rate is faster because of the Trommsdorff effect. Using the optical techniques of laser line deflection (Weiner's method) and shadowgraphy along with controls, we obtained definitive experimental evidence of IFP. Moreover, we were able to measure accurately and precisely the front position and front concentration profile as a function of time by monitoring IFP systems and controls of various initiator concentrations and cure temperatures. The experimental data were compared with theoretical predictions from a model using mass‐diffusion and radical polymerization kinetics. The model reproduced the decrease of the propagation time and showed an increase in the propagation velocity for an increase in the initiator concentration and/or cure temperature. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5774–5786, 2005
Metal‐cation‐induced chiroptical switching for poly(phenylacetylene) bearing a macromolecular ionophore as a graft chain
Authors: Otsuka Issei , Sakai Ryosuke , Satoh Toshifumi , Kakuchi Ryohei , Kaga Harumi , Kakuchi Toyoji
Published: October 2005

A poly(phenylacetylene) bearing a polycarbohydrate ionophore as a graft chain (copolymer 4) was synthesized by the copolymerization of end‐functionalized (1→6)‐2,5‐anhydro‐3,4‐di‐O‐ethyl‐D‐glucitol with a 4‐ethynylbenzoyl group (macromonomer 2) with phenylacetylene. Copolymer 4 showed a split‐type circular dichroism (CD) in the long absorption region of the conjugated polymer backbone (280–500 nm), and the CD pattern varied in response to external stimuli, such as the solvents and temperature. This suggested that 4 had a predominantly one‐handed helical conformation in the polyacetylene backbone. The CD pattern of 4 was completely inverted by the formation of a complex between the macromolecular ionophore units and the selected metal cations, that is, Ba2+, Pb2+, Sr2+, Na+, and Li+. This suggested that copolymer 4 underwent a helix–helix transition through the host–guest complexation with achiral inorganic metal cations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5855–5863, 2005
Sensitive detection of sequence similarity using combinatorial pattern discovery: A challenging study of two distantly related protein families
Authors: Darzentas Nikos , Rigoutsos Isidore , Ouzounis Christos A.
Published: October 2005

We investigate the performance of combinatorial pattern discovery to detect remote sequence similarities in terms of both biological accuracy and computational efficiency for a pair of distantly related families, as a case study. The two families represent the cupredoxins and multicopper oxidases, both containing blue copper‐binding domains. These families present a challenging case due to low sequence similarity, different local structure, and variable sequence conservation at their copper‐binding active sites. In this study, we investigate a new approach for automatically identifying weak sequence similarities that is based on combinatorial pattern discovery. We compare its performance with a traditional, HMM‐based scheme and obtain estimates for sensitivity and specificity of the two approaches. Our analysis suggests that pattern discovery methods can be substantially more sensitive in detecting remote protein relationships while at the same time guaranteeing high specificity. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural basis for SUMO‐E2 interaction revealed by a complex model using docking approach in combination with NMR data
Authors: Ding Husheng , Yang Yuedong , Zhang Jiahai , Wu Jihui , Liu Haiyan , Shi Yunyu
Published: October 2005

The interaction between small ubiquitin‐related modifier SUMO and its conjugating‐enzyme Ubc9 (E2) is an essential step in SUMO conjugation cascade. However, an experimental structure of such a transient complex is still unavailable. Here, a structural model of SUMO‐3‐Ubc9 complex was obtained with HADDOCK, combining NMR chemical shift mapping information. Docking calculations were performed using SUMO‐3 and Ubc9 structures as input. The resulting complex reveals that the complementary surface electrostatic potentials contribute dominantly to the specific interaction. At the interface, similar numbers of oppositely‐charged conserved residues are identified on the respective binding partners. Hydrogen bonds are formed in the vicinity of the interface to stabilize the complex. Comparison of the structure of SUMO‐3‐Ubc9 complex generated by HADDOCK and the experimental structures in free form indicates that SUMO‐3 and Ubc9 maintain their respective fold as a whole after docking. However, the N‐terminal helix α1 and its subsequent L1 loop of Ubc9 experience sizeable changes upon complex formation. They cooperatively move towards the hydrophilic side of the β‐sheet of SUMO‐3. Our observations are consistent with the data from previous Ubc9 mutational analysis and conformational flexibility studies. Together, we have proposed that the SUMO‐3‐Ubc9 interaction is strongly electrostatically driven and the N terminus of Ubc9 shifts to SUMO‐3 to facilitate the interaction. The NMR‐based structural model, which provides considerable insights into the molecular basis of the specific SUMO‐E2 recognition and interaction, implicates the general interaction mode between SUMO‐3 and Ubc9 homologues from yeast to humans. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Density functional theory investigation of the alkylating strength of organoaluminum co‐catalysts for Ziegler–Natta polymerization
Authors: Champagne Benoît , Cavillot Valérie , André Jean‐Marie , François Philippe , Momtaz Ardéchir
Published: October 2005

The ability of the Et2Al–R co‐catalyst series [with R = Et, Cl, O–Me, O‐iPr, NH–Me, S–Me, and S–iPr] to alkylate titanum chloride has been evaluated at the B3LYP/6‐31G* level of approximation. The impact of dimerization and complexation by Lewis bases on their alkylating strength has been tackled. It turns out that both the dimerization and the complexation reactions increase the exothermicity of the global alkylation process. Nevertheless, these reactions can also annihilate the alkylating strength of these co‐catalysts due to the formation of highly stable species. In particular, we have found that (i) the alkylating strength of Et2Al–R co‐catalysts with R = O–R′ and NH‐R′ is weak due to the formation of very stable dimers; (ii) the alkylating strength of Et2Al–S–R′ increases upon adding Lewis bases, whereas Lewis bases make Et3Al less alkylating; and (iii) Et2Al–Cl is less affected by the presence of Lewis bases. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
NAD‐, NMN‐, and NADP‐dependent modification of dinitrogenase reductases from Rhodospirillum rubrum and Azotobacter vinelandii
Authors: Ponnuraj Rajdevi K. , Rubio Luis M. , Grunwald Sandra K. , Ludden Paul W.
Published: October 2005

Nitrogenase activity in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum is reversibly regulated by ADP‐ribosylation of a specific arginine residue of dinitrogenase reductase based on the cellular nitrogen or energy status. In this paper, we have investigated the ability of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD (the physiological ADP‐ribose donor), and its analogs to support covalent modification of dinitrogenase reductase in vitro. R. rubrum dinitrogenase reductase can be modified by DRAT in the presence of 2 mM NAD, but not with 2 mM nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). We also found that the apo‐ and the all‐ferrous forms of R. rubrum dinitrogenase reductase are not substrates for covalent modification. In contrast, Azotobacter vinelandii dinitrogenase reductase can be modified by the dinitrogenase reductase ADP‐ribosyl transferase (DRAT) in vitro in the presence of either 2 mM NAD, NMN or NADP as nucleotide donors. We found that: (1) a simple ribose sugar in the modification site of the A. vinelandii dinitrogenase reductase is sufficient to inactivate the enzyme, (2) phosphoADP‐ribose is the modifying unit in the NADP‐modified enzyme, and (3) the NMN‐modified enzyme carries two ribose‐phosphate units in one modification site. This is the first report of NADP‐ or NMN‐dependent modification of a target protein by an ADP‐ribosyl transferase.
Molecular basis for the glyphosate‐insensitivity of the reaction of 5‐enolpyruvylshikimate 3‐phosphate synthase with shikimate
Authors: Priestman Melanie A. , Healy Martha L. , Funke Todd , Becker Andreas , Schönbrunn Ernst
Published: October 2005

The shikimate pathway enzyme 5‐enolpyruvyl shikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase (EPSP synthase) has received attention in the past because it is the target of the broad‐spectrum herbicide glyphosate. The natural substrate of EPSP synthase is shikimate‐3‐phosphate. However, this enzyme can also utilize shikimate as substrate. Remarkably, this reaction is insensitive to inhibition by glyphosate. Crystallographic analysis of EPSP synthase from Escherichia coli, in complex with shikimate/glyphosate at 1.5 Å resolution, revealed that binding of shikimate induces changes around the backbone of the active site, which in turn impact the efficient binding of glyphosate. The implications from these findings with respect to the design of novel glyphosate‐insensitive EPSP synthase enzymes are discussed.
Trends in age-at-recruitment and juvenile growth of cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, from the English Channel
Authors: Challier Laurence , Dunn Matthew R. , Robin Jean-Paul
Published: October 2005

The cuttlefish Sepia officinalis is an important fishery resource in the English Channel, and one of the largest stocks of cephalopods in the Northeast Atlantic. Cuttlefish live for approximately 2 years and catches consequently depend largely on recruitment. Early life stages were analysed for differences in juvenile growth and age-at-recruitment to the commercial fisheries. Recruits were sampled monthly between October 2000 and June 2003, and pre-recruits from the coastal waters of the UK and France in the summers of 2000 and 2002. Age (days) was determined from statoliths. Although most cuttlefish were recruited during autumn, there was some recruitment throughout the year. Age-at-recruitment varied significantly between season and cohort, but was consistently in the range 3–4 months, so although there was some hatching throughout the year, most cuttlefish hatched during summer. Fitted growth models indicated that the growth rates of pre-recruits (7–59 mm mantle length) were significantly higher in 2002 than in 2000. Spatial differences in growth rate were apparent in 2000, suggesting that pre-recruit growth may depend on local environmental conditions. Pre-recruits and recruits combined (7–106 mm mantle length) also showed significant variation in growth between hatching months and years. Hypotheses explaining the observed patterns of growth and recruitment are presented.
Seasonal population dynamics of Octopus vulgaris in the eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Katsanevakis Stelios , Verriopoulos George
Published: October 2005

The population density of Octopus vulgaris was measured by visual census with scuba diving in coastal areas in Greece (eastern Mediterranean). A time-variant, stage-classified, matrix population model was developed to interpret the seasonal variation of octopus stage densities and to estimate several life cycle parameters. An annual and a semi-annual periodic cycle were found in the stage densities. A main peak of benthic settlement was observed during summer and a secondary, irregular one during late autumn. Two spawning peaks were estimated, a main one during late winter–spring and a secondary one during late summer–early autumn. More than 50% of the just-settled individuals will eventually die after 3 months. Mortality rate declines, as individuals grow larger, reaches a minimum approximately 6 months after settlement, and then grows again probably because of terminal spawning. The life expectancy of recently settled individuals (<50 g) during their summer peak is approximately 5 months. The lifespan of the common octopus is estimated to be between 12 and 15 months. The octopuses' mean specific growth rates (±s.d.) in their natural environment were 1.61 ± 0.30 d−1 for 50–200 g individuals and 1.19 ± 0.31 d−1 for 200–500 g individuals.
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS DOES NOT MODERATE THE FAMILIALITY OF COGNITIVE ABILITIES IN THE HAWAII FAMILY STUDY OF COGNITION
Authors: NAGOSHI CRAIG T. , JOHNSON RONALD C.
Published: October 2005

Data from 949 families of Caucasian and 400 families of Japanese ancestry who took part in the Hawaii Family Study of Cognition were used to ascertain the associations of parental cognitive ability, parental education and paternal occupation with offspring cognitive ability. In particular, analyses were focused on testing the possible moderating effects of parental socioeconomic status on the familial transmission of cognitive abilities. Parental cognitive ability was substantially associated and parental education and paternal occupation only trivially associated with offspring performance. In contrast to the findings of Turkheimer et al. (2003), there was no evidence in these data that familiality for cognitive abilities was lower in the lower as opposed to upper levels of socioeconomic status. These results were consistent across measures, ethnicity and sex of offspring.
DETERMINANTS OF SPACING CONTRACEPTIVE USE AMONG COUPLES IN MUMBAI: A MALE PERSPECTIVE
Authors: BALAIAH DONTA , NAIK D. D. , GHULE MOHAN , TAPASE PRASHANT
Published: October 2005

This study aimed to determine the factors influencing the use of spacing contraceptive methods in India, particularly from men’s perspective. Data were obtained through a semi-structured interview schedule from 2687 married men aged between 18 and 40 years from central Mumbai City, India, during 1999. Chi-squared tests and binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between various variables and the likelihood of a couple using spacing contraceptive methods. Of the 2687 couples, 1395 (51·9%) were using one or other method of spacing contraceptives and 1292 (48·1%) were not using any method at the time of survey. Male participation in contraceptive use was 23% (condom and withdrawal). The results indicate that the use of spacing contraceptive methods was significantly higher among those couples where the men desired one or two children (OR=4·3), had knowledge of five or more contraceptive methods (OR=1·9) and discussed with their wives obtaining family planning information (OR=3·2), spacing (OR=2·7) and permanent (OR=2) contraceptive methods. Age, income, desired number of children, knowledge of a greater number of contraceptive methods, inter-spouse communication regarding obtaining family planning information, spacing and permanent methods were found to be strong predictors of the use of spacing contraceptive methods. The study underlines the importance of intervention programmes aimed at promoting a small family norm, increasing the number of contraceptive choices available and encouraging inter-spouse communication. Hence, policymakers and programme managers should encourage interventions in this direction, targeting couples to enhance the use of spacing contraceptive methods.
SELF-REPORTED MALARIA AND MOSQUITO AVOIDANCE IN RELATION TO HOUSEHOLD RISK FACTORS IN A KENYAN COASTAL CITY
Authors: KEATING JOSEPH , MACINTYRE KATE , MBOGO CHARLES M. , GITHURE JOHN I. , BEIER JOHN C.
Published: October 2005

A geographically stratified cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2002 to investigate household-level factors associated with use of mosquito control measures and self-reported malaria in Malindi, Kenya. A total of 629 households were surveyed. Logistic regressions were used to analyse the data. Half of all households (51%) reported all occupants using an insecticide-treated bed net and at least one additional mosquito control measure such as insecticides or removal of standing water. Forty-nine per cent reported a history of malaria in the household. Of the thirteen household factors analysed, low (OR=0·23, CI 0·11, 0·48) and medium (OR=0·50, CI 0·29, 0·86) education, mud–wood–coral (OR=0·0·39, CI 0·24, 0·66) and mud block–plaster (OR=0·47, CI 0·25, 0·87) wall types, farming (OR=1·38, CI 1·01, 1·90) and travel to rural areas (OR=0·48, CI 0·26, 0·91) were significantly associated with the use of mosquito control, while controlling for other covariates in the model. History of reported malaria was not associated with the use of mosquito control (OR=1·22, CI 0·79, 1·88). Of the thirteen covariates analysed in the second model, only two household factors were associated with history of malaria: being located in the well-drained stratum (OR=0·49, CI 0·26, 0·96) and being bitten while in the house (OR=1·22, CI 0·19, 0·49). These results suggest that high socioeconomic status is associated with increased household-level mosquito control use, although household-level control may not be enough, as many people are exposed to biting mosquitoes while away from the house and in areas that are more likely to harbour mosquitoes.
A New Look at the Logic of the ‘Is’-‘Ought’ Relation
Authors: Kupperman Joel J.
Published: October 2005

In the 1950's some prominent philosophers suggested a logical relation weaker than entailment between primarily descriptive statements and ethical conclusions. The paper revisits this suggestion. It examines four ways in which ethical statemnts can be supported by descriptions and evaluations. This provides a similarity bteween some kinds of reason-giving in ethics and familiar cases of logical inference, making it plausible to speak of a logic. The similarity however is limited, and the strength in ethics of descriptive reasons is never precise and always somewhat contestable.
Almog's Descartes
Authors: Ablondi Fred
Published: October 2005

The answer which Joseph Almog gives to the question which serves as the title of his recent book What Am I? (subtitled: Descartes and the Mind-Body Problem) is based upon his interpretation of (1) and objection to Descartes' argument for the distinction of the mind and the body raised by Antoine Arnauld, as well as Descartes' response to it, and (2) Descartes' letters of 9 February 1645 to Denis Mesland. I will argue that both of these interpretations are incorrect, and as such do not support the conclusions which Almog claims to draw from them. The answer, then to the question of what I am which Almog provides is, I believe, not one Descartes would have held, nor one which his writings support.
Spatial behaviour of the rock‐dwelling pika (Ochotona hyperborea)
Authors: Gliwicz Joanna , Witczuk Julia , Pagacz Stanisław
Published: October 2005

The territorial behaviour and the social–spatial activity of Ochotona hyperborea during the hay‐storage season are described and a comparative analysis of Asian and American rock‐dwelling species is presented. Seven pairs of O. hyperborea held territories of c. 900 m2, used the same shelter, spent most of their time in the same core area and stored food collectively. Males and females differed in mobility, and behaviour related to defence of territory. The intercontinental comparison of the behaviour and ecology of pikas, based on these data and on published information, revealed that despite different social organization, their mating systems, life‐history parameters and population characteristics are very similar.
Foraging ecology of jaguar (Panthera onca) and puma (Puma concolor) in hunted and non‐hunted sites within the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala
Authors: Novack Anthony J. , Main Martin B. , Sunquist Melvin E. , Labisky Ronald F.
Published: October 2005

Subsistence hunting and commercial exploitation directly influence wildlife populations in many regions of Central and South America. Where prey populations are exploited, the foraging ecology of top‐level predators can be effected negatively. This study assessed the food habits and prey selection of jaguar Panthera onca and puma Puma concolor within hunted and non‐hunted segments of the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR), Guatemala. Food habits were determined from analysis of 76 jaguar and 145 puma scats collected within hunted and non‐hunted areas of the MBR from February 2000 to August 2001. Diets of jaguar and puma were compared (1) within species between areas with and without hunting to evaluate effects of subsistence hunting, and (2) between species to evaluate resource partitioning between these sympatric carnivores. Origin of predator scats was determined from mitochondrial DNA, diets were determined from prey remnants found within scats, and frequency of prey in scats was compared to expected values based on prey density estimates to test the hypothesis that diets of jaguar and puma were selective. Densities of major prey species were estimated using line‐transect sampling. White‐lipped peccary Tayassu pecari, collared peccary Tayassu tajacu and brocket deer Mazama sp. were less abundant, and coatis Nasua nasua more abundant, in the hunted area than in the non‐hunted area. Jaguar and puma in both hunted and non‐hunted sites obtained similar dietary contributions from large prey to their respective diets despite differences in the abundance of these prey species. Diets of jaguar and puma, as measured by percentage biomass occurrence of prey species, did not differ between hunted and non‐hunted areas. Jaguar diets were dominated by medium‐sized prey, particularly armadillos Dasypus novemcinctus and coatis, in both hunted and non‐hunted areas. Medium‐sized mammals also were prominent in puma diets, but large mammals constituted approximately 50% of prey biomass in both hunted and non‐hunted areas. Deer Odocoileus virginianus and Mazama sp. and large rodents Agouti paca and Dasyprocta punctata were the most important prey of puma. Dietary overlap between jaguar and puma in both hunted and non‐hunted areas was low.
Natural diet and prey‐choice behaviour of Aelurillus muganicus (Araneae: Salticidae), a myrmecophagic jumping spider from Azerbaijan
Authors: Huseynov Elchin F. , Cross Fiona R. , Jackson Robert R.
Published: October 2005

The distinctions between a predator's diet, its prey‐choice behaviour and its preferences are illustrated in a study of Aelurillus muganicus, a salticid spider from the Apsheron Peninsula in Azerbaijan. Laboratory experiments showed that A. muganicus has an innate predisposition to choose ants as prey. The natural diet of this species was determined by sampling individuals seen feeding in the field (n= 64). Ten arthropod orders were represented. Seven were from the class Insecta (Coleoptera, Collembola, Diptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera) and three from the class Arachnida (Acari, Araneae, Pseudoscorpiones). Collectively, four orders accounted for >70% of the prey records: Hymenoptera (20%), Lepidoptera (19%), Acari (19%) and Homoptera (14%). No other order accounted for >10% of the prey records. Of the 45 insects among the prey, 13 (29%) were Hymenoptera, with ants (family Formicidae) alone accounting for 24% of the prey records. Although ants were the preferred prey of A. muganicus, as revealed by laboratory testing, and also the most common single category of prey from the field prey records, records of A. muganicus feeding on prey other than ants were actually more common than records of it feeding on ants, suggesting that, besides prey choice, other factors have a strong influence on the diet of this species.
Diet and prey selection of cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) at Loch Leven, a major stocked trout fishery
Authors: Stewart D. C. , Middlemas S. J. , Gardiner W. R. , Mackay S. , Armstrong J. D.
Published: October 2005

Numbers of great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo feeding in inland waters during winter have increased throughout Europe resulting in concerns over their impacts on fisheries. Loch Leven is a world‐renowned sport fishery for trout and supports a nationally important population of wintering cormorants. The relationships between brown trout stocking, regional cormorant numbers and cormorants counted during winter on Loch Leven were examined. Stocked brown trout were fin‐clipped before release and gut contents from a sample of 96 cormorants shot under scientific licence were analysed. The data suggest that the number of cormorants at this site is influenced by both the stocking policy and the regional population level. Cormorant diet varied with the sex and age of birds. Overall, trout made up c. 85% of the total content by weight. Brown trout predominated in the diet, making up c. 70%, while rainbow trout occurred less frequently, making up c. 6%. Trout which could not be identified to species, made up the remainder (c. 9%). There was no significant difference in the ratios of wild and stocked brown trout sampled from the loch and from cormorant stomachs in winter. A model was constructed to investigate the likely loss of trout to cormorants roosting on the loch. It was estimated that over a 7‐month period cormorants consumed 80 803 (41 617–128 248) brown and 5213 (830–12 454) rainbow trout. These estimates compared to average annual fishery catches of 5828 brown and 12 815 rainbow trout (1996–2000). Comparison with published estimates of trout populations in Loch Leven indicated a high potential for competition between the birds and the fisheries for available fish. It is suggested that stocking has led to an increase in cormorant numbers and the subsequent increase in predation may have prevented any increase in the trout population or in fishery catches.
The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe
Authors: Mayr Gerald
Published: October 2005

The Paleogene (Paleocene‐Oligocene) fossil record of birds in Europe is reviewed and recent and fossil taxa are placed into a phylogenetic framework, based on published cladistic analyses. The pre‐Oligocene European avifauna is characterized by the complete absence of passeriform birds, which today are the most diverse and abundant avian taxon. Representatives of small non‐passeriform perching birds thus probably had similar ecological niches before the Oligocene to those filled by modern passerines. The occurrence of passerines towards the Lower Oligocene appears to have had a major impact on these birds, and the surviving crown‐group members of many small arboreal Eocene taxa show highly specialized feeding strategies not found or rare in passeriform birds. It is detailed that no crown‐group members of modern‘families’ are known from pre‐Oligocene deposits of Europe, or anywhere else. The phylogenetic position of Paleogene birds thus indicates that diversification of the crown‐groups of modern avian‘families’ did not take place before the Oligocene, irrespective of their relative position within Neornithes (crown‐group birds). The Paleogene fossil record of birds does not even support crown‐group diversification of Galliformes, one of the most basal taxa of neognathous birds, before the Oligocene, and recent molecular studies that dated diversification of galliform crown‐group taxa into the Middle Cretaceous are shown to be based on an incorrect interpretation of the fossil taxa used for molecular clock calibrations. Several taxa that occur in the Paleogene of Europe have a very different distribution than their closest extant relatives. The modern survivors of these Paleogene lineages are not evenly distributed over the continents, and especially the great number of taxa that are today restricted to South and Central America is noteworthy. The occurrence of stem‐lineage representatives of many taxa that today have a restricted Southern Hemisphere distribution conflicts with recent hypotheses on a Cretaceous vicariant origin of these taxa, which were deduced from the geographical distribution of the basal crown‐group members.
The Effects of a “Family” Analogy on Class Inclusion Reasoning by Young Children
Authors: Goswami Usha , Pauen Sabina
Published: October 2005

This paper investigates the role of analogies in logical reasoning as an important aspect of scientific thinking. In particular, we studied the role of analogical reasoning in the solution of Piagetian concrete operational tasks. Halford (1993) has suggested that 4- to 5-year olds should be able to solve Piagetian class inclusion tasks on the basis of analogies to the relational structure of the nuclear family. This idea was tested in two studies. Analogy effects on class inclusion reasoning were indeed found. These effects were strengthened by the provision of hints to use an analogy and by deeper initial processing of the relational structure of the analogy. The family analogy was applied equally to sets of natural kinds and artifacts. These results suggest that children use familiar relational structures as a basis for logical reasoning. It seems likely that analogies will be core to scientific reasoning as well.
Inter-Group Interactions and Coping: Similar Processes. A Similar Base?
Authors: Delelis Gérald , Desombre Caroline
Published: October 2005

This paper provides a brief review of the literature on inter-group relations and coping. It aims to try and bring together arguments for treating inter-group behaviours as coping activities. Differences and similarities between the two corpuses are considered. Some evidence for our proposal is also presented in terms of (a) search for similarity, (b) social comparison (and whether or not it is upward or downward comparison), and (c) links between emotions and inter-group relations. The concluding comments leave the matter open to further discussion and evidence but raise the question of the role of emotions and coping with those emotions in group-to-group positive and negative relations. We also raise the possibility that conflict management and resolution could operate as interventions based on cognitive-behavioural practices.
Partitioning the net CO2 flux of a deciduous forest into respiration and assimilation using stable carbon isotopes
Authors: Knohl Alexander , Buchmann Nina
Published: October 2005

Partitioning net ecosystem CO2 fluxes measured by the eddy covariance technique into their components assimilation and respiration is crucial for predicting future responses and feedbacks of ecosystems to a changing climate. On the basis of an isotopic approach with 13C, we partitioned the daytime net CO2 fluxes of a deciduous forest in central Germany into assimilation and respiration fluxes over a period of 3 weeks. This is the first attempt so far to quantify component fluxes with stable isotopes over the period of 3 weeks, enabling us to investigate the impact of environmental factors on the partitioned fluxes. Large variability in environmental conditions during the 3‐week measurement campaign led to strong changes in isotopic disequilibrium between assimilation and respiration, ranging from 1 to 5‰. Although this approach is still associated with large uncertainty, we found reasonable patterns in ecosystem respiration and assimilation, and a significant correlation of daytime respiration with soil temperature (R2 = 0.48). The ratio of respiration to assimilation was highly variable on a day‐to‐day basis, ranging from 10% to more than 25%. This ratio was mainly controlled by soil temperature (R2 = 0.61), indicating a strong sensitivity of ecosystem carbon dynamics to temperature changes and higher carbon uptake efficiency during cooler days.
A state‐space model for ocean drifter motions dominated by inertial oscillations
Authors: Bengtsson Thomas , Milliff Ralph , Jones Richard , Nychka Doug , Niiler Pearn P.
Published: October 2005

Coincident ocean drifter position and surface wind time series observed on hourly timescales are used to estimate upper ocean dissipation and atmosphere‐ocean coupling coefficients in the Labrador Sea. A discrete‐process model based on finite differences is used to regress ocean accelerations on ocean velocity estimates but fails because errors in the discrete approximations for the ocean velocities are biased and accumulate over time. Model identification is achieved by fitting a stochastic differential equation model based on classical upper ocean physics to the drifter data via the Kalman filter. Ocean parameters are shown to be nonidentifiable in a direct application to the Labrador Sea data when the known Coriolis parameter is not identified by the model. To address this, the ocean parameters are estimated in an empirical sequence. Data from the Ocean Storms experiment are used to estimate ocean dissipation in isolation from complexities introduced by strong and variable winds. Given a realistic estimate of the ocean dissipation, a second application in the Labrador Sea successfully estimates atmosphere‐ocean coupling coefficients and reproduces the Coriolis parameter. Model assessments demonstrate the robustness of the parameter estimates. The model parameter estimates are discussed in comparison with Ekman theory and results from analyses of the global ocean surface drifter data set.
Monitoring eruptive activity at Mount St. Helens with TIR image data
Authors: Vaughan R. G. , Hook S. J. , Ramsey M. S. , Realmuto V. J. , Schneider D. J.
Published: October 2005

Thermal infrared (TIR) data from the MASTER airborne imaging spectrometer were acquired over Mount St. Helens in Sept and Oct, 2004, before and after the onset of recent eruptive activity. Pre‐eruption data showed no measurable increase in surface temperatures before the first phreatic eruption on Oct 1. MASTER data acquired during the initial eruptive episode on Oct 14 showed maximum temperatures of ∼330°C and TIR data acquired concurrently from a Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) camera showed maximum temperatures ∼675°C, in narrow (∼1‐m) fractures of molten rock on a new resurgent dome. MASTER and FLIR thermal flux calculations indicated a radiative cooling rate of ∼714 J/m2/s over the new dome, corresponding to a radiant power of ∼24 MW. MASTER data indicated the new dome was dacitic in composition, and digital elevation data derived from LIDAR acquired concurrently with MASTER showed that the dome growth correlated with the areas of elevated temperatures. Low SO2 concentrations in the plume combined with sub‐optimal viewing conditions prohibited quantitative measurement of plume SO2. The results demonstrate that airborne TIR data can provide information on the temperature of both the surface and plume and the composition of new lava during eruptive episodes. Given sufficient resources, the airborne instrumentation could be deployed rapidly to a newly‐awakening volcano and provide a means for remote volcano monitoring.
Visibility of coronal mass ejections as a function of flare location and intensity
Authors: Yashiro S. , Gopalswamy N. , Akiyama S. , Michalek G. , Howard R. A.
Published: October 2005

We report the visibility (detection efficiency) of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) of the Large Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). We collected 1301 X‐ray flare events (above C3 level) detected by the GOES satellite and examined their CME associations using data from LASCO coronagraphs. The CME visibility was examined using the longitudinal variation of CME association of X‐ray flares, under the assumption that all CMEs associated with limb flares are detectable by LASCO. Our findings are (1) the CME association rate clearly increased with X‐ray flare size from 20% for C‐class flares (between C3 and C9 levels) to 100% for huge flares (above X3 level), (2) all CMEs associated with X‐class flares were detected by the LASCO coronagraphs, while half (25–67%) of CMEs associated with C‐class flares were invisible. We examined the statistical properties of the flare‐associated CMEs and compared them by flare size and longitude. CMEs associated with X‐class flares were significantly faster (median 1556 km/s) and wider (median 244°) than those of CMEs associated with disk C‐class flares (432 km/s, 68°). We conclude that all fast and wide CMEs are detectable by LASCO, but slow and narrow CMEs may not be visible when the CMEs originate from the disk center.