bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corporate Social Performance: Research Directions for the 21st Century
Authors: Griffin Jennifer J.
Published: March 2007

Rowley and Berman (2000) are tackling the right questions in their article. Three critical questions, in essence, are asked: What is corporate social performance (CSP)? What does it mean (i.e., CSP measures)? And, where does the future lie with CSP? In answering these questions, they are creating a CSP research agenda for the 21st Century. While agreeing, to a large extent, with their new set of questions, this paper questions their rationale for what is currently wrong with CSP and focuses on extending future research directions. Specifically, this paper suggests that existing research in related disciplines can help accelerate our understanding of CSP. Marketing (i.e., customer-organization relations) and human relations (i.e., employee-organization relations) literatures, for example, already critically examine the conditions under which various organizational practices, policies, and procedures flourish. These boundary spanning functions provide newinsights that can lead to a broader, richer, and more systematic understanding of the complex CSP construct.
The Taxation of Married Couples
Authors: Gerde Virginia W. , White Craig G.
Published: March 2007

The inherent conflict in the taxation of married couples versus single individuals is examined. With competing social and economic outcomes, the taxation of married couples is tied to societal values and the political environment. The authors illustrate the issue by describing three methods of personal income taxation currently used across the globe. Factors such as stakeholder interests, workforce participation, and the political environment are important in determining acceptable trade-offs. Analyzing this issue in terms of the issue life cycle, the authors conclude that in the United States the marriage tax penalty will be an enduring issue because of competing values and interests.
Stakeholder Integration
Authors: Heugens Pursey P.M.A.R. , van den Bosch Frans A. J. , van Riel Cees B. M.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the central contention of instrumental stakeholder theory— namely, that firms that breed trust-based, cooperative ties with their stakeholders will have a competitive advantage over firms that do not. Acase study of the introduction ofgenetically modified food products in the Netherlands provided the basis for the empirical analysis. The results support the instrumental stakeholder management thesis, showing that stakeholder integration, through the development ofmutually enforcing relationships with external parties, may result in both organizational learning and societal legitimacy.
Transaction Costs, Norms, and Social Networks
Authors: Husted Bryan W.
Published: March 2007

This qualitative study looks at the complex relationship of transaction costs, norms, and social networks through a comparison of industrial buyer-seller relationships in the United States and Mexico. Despite arguments by transactioncost theorists that the nature of cooperation in business is largely a function of the nature of investments in transaction assets, this article illustrates several cases where the economic logic is attenuated and a mutual orientation develops as the social structure promotes greater trust either because of shared norms or network ties. It also suggests that asset specificity may at times be a product of the social structure in which the transaction is embedded. The article develops theoretical propositions and suggests directions for future research.
A Test of Environmental, Situational, and Personal Influences on the Ethical Intentions of CEOs
Authors: Morris Sara A. , Rehbein Kathleen A. , Hosselni Jamshid C. , Armacost Robert L.
Published: March 2007

A national survey of CEOs of manufacturing firms was conducted to identify factors explaining CEOs' intentions to engage in two questionable business practices: soliciting a competitor's technological secrets and making payments to foreign government officials to secure business. Drawing on research in corporate misconduct, ethical decision making, and strategic management, the authors analyzed ethical intentions by looking at hostile environmental conditions, opportunity-rich situations, and/or personal characteristics. Based on responses to scenarios, their findings suggest that the ethical intentions of CEOs may be more affected by the decision maker's predisposition than by environmental pressures or organizational/situational characteristics.
A Model for Addressing Cross - Cultural Ethical Conflicts
Authors: Buller Paul F. , Kohls John J. , Anderson Kenneth S.
Published: March 2007

As transnational interactions increase, cross-cultural conflict concerning ethical issues is inevitable. This article presents a model for assisting decision makers in selecting appropriate strategies for addressing cross-cultural ethical conflict. A theoretical framework for the model is developed based on the literature on international business ethics and on conflict resolution. The model is illustrated through several case examples. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Determining Best Practice in Corporate-Stakeholder Relations Using Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Bendheim Catherine Lerme , Waddock Sandra A. , Graves Samuel B.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a study of corporate-stakeholder relationships using an empirical technique called Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to assess company "best practices" with respect to five primary stakeholders at an industry level of analysis. Five key stakeholder domains are considered: community relations, employee relations, environment, customer (product category), and stockholders (financial performance). These data reflect the relationships between companies and these five primary stakeholders; these relationships are considered to be important elements of corporate social performance. About 15% of companies, on average, are found to be operating at the multidimensional "best practices frontier" that DEA establishes. Differences in treatment of stakeholders within industries and between industries are observed.
Testing the Firm as a Filter of Corporate Political Action
Authors: Rehbein Kathleen A. , Schuler Douglas A.
Published: March 2007

This study tests an integrative model of corporate political action, the filter model, based on the behavioral theory of the firm. The filter model posits that external political, economic, and industry environments are mediated by organizational structures and resources to affect a firm’s political actions. The authors rate the filter model’s predictive power against that of an economic-based direct-effects model by examining the efforts of about 1,100 U.S.-domiciled manufacturing firms to influence trade policy. LISREL analysis demonstrates that the integrative filter model provides a superior explanation of corporate political action.
World Bank Directives, Domestic Interests, and the Politics of Human Capital Investment in Latin America
Authors: HUNTER WENDY , BROWN DAVID S.
Published: March 2007

Recent studies underscore the importance of international organizations in transmitting norms, ideas, and values to developing countries. But has this diffusion influenced government policy in less developed countries? During the past two decades, the World Bank has emphasized the need for Third World governments to increase the stock of human capital by investing in education and health. Specifically, it has encouraged developing countries to shift an increasing share of their resources toward primary education. The authors examine 13 Latin American countries between 1980 and 1992 to establish the relationship between World Bank project lending and government investment in human capital. They combine time-series cross-sectional analysis with field research to evaluate the World Bank's influence on government spending on education and health. Although the World Bank may be successful in convincing developing country technocrats to “invest in people,” this research suggests that it is less successful in convincing the politicians who control the purse strings.
When Do Institutions, Policy Sectors, and Cities Matter?
Authors: JOHN PETER , COLE ALISTAIR
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relative influence of policy sectors, political institutions, and urban contexts on the operation of contemporary governance. The research compared the membership, structure, governing capacity, and change of local economic development and secondary education policy networks in four cities: Lille and Rennes in France and Leeds and Southampton in the United Kingdom. The main finding is that the type of policy sector mediates the impact of political institutions. There are strong differences between French and British education policy networks but similarities between the economic policy networks. There is variation by city in economic development networks but much less in secondary education. The implication of the findings is that some sectors, such as economic development, tend to be similar across nation-states and permit subnational variation, whereas others retain strong country differences and maintain intrastate uniformity, a finding that is consistent with the longevity of state traditions. In the transition from government to governance, institutional, sectoral, and urban processes become contingent on each other and on their contexts.
The Rise and Fall of State Banking in OECD Countries
Authors: VERDIER DANIEL
Published: March 2007

State banking is the intervention of the state in the allocation of credit. State banking became important during the course of this century in some Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries but not in others and then declined in the 1980s. Why? State banking was demanded by sectors that were pressed to invest but that could not find access to long-term credit because of the marginal importance of small and local banks in countries with centralized market and state institutions. The class cleavage enabled these groups to extract state banking from central governments thanks to their pivotal role in the Right-Left rivalry. The current demise of state banking reflects the shift from class to territorial modes of interest articulation in capital markets.
Democracy and Macroeconomic Performance in Underdeveloped Countries
Authors: GASIOROWSKI MARK J.
Published: March 2007

In this study, the author examines how inflation and economic growth differ in more- and less-democratic regimes and in new and mature democracies. The analysis is based on a panel research design featuring annual data from a large sample of underdeveloped countries and two-way, fixed-effects regression analysis. The author's central finding is that more-democratic countries have higher inflation and slower growth than less-democratic countries. Inflation apparently is higher than more-democratic countries mainly because they have higher fiscal deficits and faster wage growth; this higher inflation marginally reduces economic growth in these countries. The author also finds that new and mature democracies do not have significantly different inflation and growth rates. The findings suggest that unrestrained political participation and the resulting demands placed on state officials undermine democratic performance.
Cores and Peripheries
Authors: CHAN STEVE
Published: March 2007

This analysis seeks to determine the nature of interaction patterns among various Asian countries, and between them and three nonregional actors (the United Kingdom, the United States, and the USSR). The results indicate that military and cultural exchange patterns provide the strongest support for the feudal interaction model, while diplomatic exchange patterns tend to contradict it. A trend of defeudalization seemed to have set in for diplomatic interactions during the 1970s. On the other hand, economic and communications interactions have apparently moved in the opposite direction. Thus, data for different dimensions of international relations reveal different degrees and trends of feudal interaction. Moreover, they show important differences in the positions of various putative core states and in the scope of their spheres of influence. The existence of status incongruity and fluctuating domains for these countries encourages further study to explore the possibility of conflict among them.
Practicing what we Preach
Authors: MAYER LAWRENCE C.
Published: March 2007

The revolution in the nature and purposes of comparative politics, to which we were exhorted by Macridis and others in the early 1950s, implied a more comparative and sociological orientation in our teaching and research. By taking a survey of textbooks used in the field and a mail survey of university teachers of comparative politics courses, the author collected data on the teaching enterprise to complement data on research activities. These data show that a majority of the textbooks reflect the revolution in comparative politics in some way but around one-third do not and that 40% of the courses are taught in a country-by-country format. Hence, despite the widespread espousal of its aims, in teaching and textbooks the “revolution” is far from complete, and there may be a slight retrenchment toward more traditional approaches.
Political Action Repertoires
Authors: WOLFSFELD GADI
Published: March 2007

This article presents and tests a theoretical model to explain the attitudinal origins of political action. Consistent with recent work in political science and social psychology, a rational choice model is developed that claims that citizens weigh the costs and benefits of alternative paths of political action before deciding on a particular mode of participation. Such evaluations can be tapped by making a distinction between institutional and mobilization efficacy. Whereas institutional efficacy centers on beliefs about the utility of actions that are organized by the political system itself (e.g., campaigning), mobilization efficacy is concerned with subjective evaluations about direct action techniques (e.g., demonstrations). The model is tested using data that was collected in eight countries for an earlier study: Political Action. It is suggested that the model should resolve some of the inconsistencies that emerged in that research. The subjects in eight countries were divided into four action groups on the basis of their political behavior: inactives, conformists, dissidents, and pragmatists. Multiple classification analysis is used to build attitudinal and demographic profiles of each type that illustrate the congruence between motivations, evaluatons, and action. In addition, a logistic regression is performed that emphasizes the centrality of the two kinds of efficacy in explaining both institutional and mobilized political action.
Class, Attitudes, and Electoral Politics in Britain, 1974-1983
Authors: McALLISTER IAN , MUGHAN ANTHONY
Published: March 2007

There is now general agreement that social class has declined in electoral importance in Britain in recent years. There is disagreement, however, about the role political attitudes have come to play in structuring the vote. This article builds on our previous research on political attitudes and voting in Britain by applying multivariate analysis to survey data collected for the 1983 general election. The analysis uses a sophisticated conceptualization of social class and political attitudes, and examines both their interrelationship and their conjoint influence on the vote. The results show, first, that the most salient political attitudes in the 1983 election, socialism and nuclearism, were significantly rooted in social class. Second, considered comparatively, attitudes were about three times as important an influence in the election as social class. Finally, a longitudinal analysis spanning the October 1974, 1979, and 1983 elections, confirms other research and indicates that there has been little fundamental change in the electorate's overall attitudinal structure but that the change there has been contributed to the Labour Party's falling vote over the three elections.
Solitudes in Collision?
Authors: BASHEVKIN SYLVIA
Published: March 2007

This article examines two main questions using mass-level survey data from the late 1970s. First, to what extent was pan-Canadian nationalism limited by a bias favoring continentalism among Quebec nationalists? Second, was Quebec nationalism at the same time constrained by a centralist bias among pan-Canadian nationalists? The data analysis provides little confirmation of either assumption and suggests instead that Quebec nationalists were considerably more supportive of key priorities of pan-Canadian nationalism than would be expected given the existing literature. Pan-Canadian nationalists also were more approving than expected of some priorities of Quebec nationalism.
Explaining Political and Economic Change in Post-Communist Eastern Europe
Authors: CRAWFORD BEVERLY , LIJPHART AREND
Published: March 2007

This article presents a framework for the analysis of regime change in post-Communist Eastern Europe. It examines two competing approaches, the “legacies of the past” and the “imperatives of liberalization,” as alternative causal factors shaping the trajectories of regime change. The article argues that the debate between these two approaches has important implications for comparative research methodology and design; to the extent that past legacies dominate the path of post-Communist regime change, comparisons with other regions emerging from an authoritarian past will yield less insight. The authors claim, however, that the immediate context of norms, institutions, and international pressures shapes the particular way that legacies influence outcomes. Thus they conclude that cross-regional research is likely to be fruitful and should be pursued.
Strategic Imperatives of Japan's SNTV Electoral System and the Cooperative Innovations of the Former Opposition Parties
Authors: CHRISTENSEN RAYMOND V.
Published: March 2007

Single nontransferable vote (SNTV) electoral systems create severe collective-action problems for political parties. If multimember districts are used, large political parties must run the optimal number of candidates in each district and divide the vote equally between those candidates. Failure to do so will cost a party seats. In Japan, the former parties of the non-Communist opposition cooperated in all national elections from 1971 to 1990. In their efforts to cooperate, these parties as a group faced collective-action problems. To compensate for these problems, these parties modified their methods of cooperation. The widespread nature of these innovations in cooperation rebuts the common assertions that the Japanese opposition acted irrationally or incompetently.
Unfinished Business
Authors: ECKSTEIN HARRY
Published: March 2007

The transformation of comparative politics in the postwar period began with concerns about the scope and method of the field: what it covers and how theory may be constructed in it. This article reconsiders the issue of scope. It argues, first, that comparative politics should be regarded simply as the study of macropolitics, or politics at the system level, and that it thus comprises all political systems, past, present, and future. It discusses, second, the need for greater historical depth in the field and, third, the need for greater social width, particularly through the study of power, pressure, and authority in all aspects of society.
Exploring the Impact of Trade and Investment on Income Inequality
Authors: MAHLER VINCENT A. , JESUIT DAVID K. , ROSCOE DOUGLAS D.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relationship between international integration and domestic inequality in the developed countries in the mid-1980s and early 1990s. The analysis examines two major modes of integration, trade and direct investment, disaggregating each by economic sector and distinguishing between imports and exports, and inbound and outbound flows and stocks. In measuring income inequality, extensive use is made of micro-data sets that have recently become available through the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), which provides much more detailed and comparable data on income inequality than has heretofore been the case. In particular, LIS data can be aggregated at the level of economic sector, and permit the comparison of pre- and post-government income. The study finds few significant relationships between either trade or investment and sectoral income distribution. The overall conclusion is that economic globalization is not a critically important factor in explaining recent trends in income inequality in the Western world.
Political Participation in a New Democracy
Authors: BRATTON MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

Why, in a new African democracy, have citizens passed up opportunities for involvement in national political life? In explaining low levels of political participation in Zambia, this article tests competing arguments against an original set of survey data. It finds that gender is a better demographic predictor of participation than socioeconomic status and that attachments to traditional authority are conducive to political activism. Participation is shaped most powerfully, however, by the availability of political institutions that link citizen to state. Although institutional considerations are more important than cultural values in explaining participation, the former do not entirely displace the latter. Instead, the study finds a synergistic relationship between political party formation and citizen interest in politics in the early stages of building democracy. Theoretically, this finding suggests that the consolidation of political regimes, including democracy, is best conceived as a process of reciprocal codetermination between institution building and cultural change.
Magic Numbers: Psychological Aspects of Menu Pricing
Authors: Kreul Lee M.
Published: March 2007

Formula-based pricing strategies are more prevalent in the food-service literature than in restaurant operations, a study reveals. What are the magic numbers that stimulate sales—and why are restaurateurs more likely to employ "psychological" pricing techniques than formulas?
Targeting Service to Your Cusomr
Authors: Lewis Robert C. , Nightingale Michael
Published: March 2007

Most hoteliers will answer "service" when asked what makes them better than their competition. But focusing on service is not the same as focusing on the customer. Service must be defined relative to the customers' needs, and the price of a room must reflect the guests' expectations regarding the desired level of service. Most customers are unwilling to pay for amenities they don't want and will avoid those properties where high rates aren't clearly related to value. To develop a service strategy, first identify the markets to be served, identify what it is your customers want and what they expect, and choose the optimal mix and level of service for those markets. Next, evaluate your current service performance and make any adjustments that ensure you're offering the right service at the right price. Finally, make it easy for your guests to give you feedback.
Food-Servce Leadership
Authors: Cichy Ronald F. , Sciarini Michael P. , Patton Mark E.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on essential leadership qualities of commercial food-service-industry leaders based on survey responses from 51 of the top 1 00 such leaders in the United States. The essential leadership foundations identified are: vision, communication, trust, and perseverance. Those four main qualities were dissected into morespecific characteristics, and respondents agreed on the importance of: credibility, responsibility, dependability, accountability, self-confidence, emotional stamina, and decisiveness. Other factors that emerged include commitment to and understanding of the industry; strong personal values; flexibility; willingness to empower employees; inquisitiveness; a knowledge of the basics of technical areas; and enthusiasm, intensity, and desire. A thorough literature review and bibliography are provided.
Organizational Climate and Burnout
Authors: Vallen Gary K.
Published: March 2007

Job satisfaction is directly related to employee turnover, absenteeism, and burnout. Employee job satisfaction is high in participative organizations, which generally exhibit low levels of withdrawal. In autocratic organizations the incidence of absenteeism and turnover is high. This study, which examines the relationship of organizational structure and burnout in the hospitality industry, found a high correlation between burnout and organizational characteristics. Employees of organizations characterized by supportive managerial relationships, group decision making, and organization-wide goals experienced less burnout. Organizations that exhibit little cooperative teamwork, employee mistrust, and tightly held control demonstrated significantly more burnout. Job satisfaction can be enhanced when positive, supportive relationships with subordinates are cultivated.
Communicating with Credibility
Authors: Brownell Judi
Published: March 2007

Research suggests that it is difficult for women to gain credibility in male-dominated work environments. Credibility is a key issue for women, the perception of which is based on interpersonal contacts that provide evidence of job competence, character, and trustworthiness. Most of the speech characteristics typical of women's style are those associated with powerlessness in work environments. Nonverbal differences also exist. Women value eye contact more than men, they use more facial expression and are better at conveying and interpreting emotions, they smile more frequently, and are more attracted to others who smile.
What to Do When an Investment Goes Awry
Authors: Denton Gregory A. , Eyster James J.
Published: March 2007

The deal for the fictitious Warren Inn is about to come apart before the hotel is even completed. A microcosm of many hotel deals gone bad, this project suffers from an overbuilt market, unrealistic pro formas, dismal economic prospects, and an overextended developer. The case examines six workout scenarios from the money partner's perspective: enforce the terms of the loan, restructure the loan and keep the client, choose one of three courses after removing the developer (sell immediately, complete and sell, or complete, operate, and sell), or consider conversion to another use. This article makes the case for conversion by running hypothetical analyses of return and cash flow and by examining tax benefits that accrue to real estate used for affordable housing.
"Buying Prices on the Commodity Futures Market
Authors: Shuldiner Alec , Norkus Gregory X.
Published: March 2007

Trading in the future prices of commodities can be a way for food-service operators to gain some assurance of what price they will pay for the commodities they need. Food-service operators can "buy prices" by hedging in the commodity-futures market. Hedging works directly with commodities that food-service operators purchase and that are also traded as futures, such as potatoes or grains. For commodities that are not traded as futures, such as boneless beef, a cross-hedge works indirectly when the changing price of the futures contract (e.g., for steers) mediates any changes in price of the desired commodity (e.g., boneless beef). In a direct hedge, one can establish the future price to be paid for a commodity by opening a futures contract today to purchase the commodity at a given price at a later date. That allows food-service operators to plan for raw-material costs. The theory of a cross-hedge is that as the price of the underlying commodity changes, the price of the desired commodity and the value of the futures contract will move in the same direction, thereby offsetting some of the effects of any price changes.
Creating a Good First Day on the Job
Authors: Young Cheri A. , Lundberg Craig C.
Published: March 2007

The first day of work appears to be critical for a new employee's attitude about his or her new company, and about the messages it conveys on this day. A sample of hospitality-industry newcomers remembered mostly negative first-day incidents involving supportiveness (or its lack), appreciation (or blame), being made to feel welcome (or unwelcome), and being made to feel part of the family or team (or experiencing conflict and separation). Organizations need to focus on job aspects that are most critical to the newcomers and provide newcomers with the information most useful to them for alleviating the uncertainty and anxiety surrounding the entry process. Structured activities held on the first day should make newcomers feel welcome and provide emotional support. The process of socialization can affect a newcomer's performance, satisfaction, and commitment to (or intention to leave) the organization.
Changes in Multiunit Restaurant Compensation Packages
Authors: Patil Padma , Chung Beth G.
Published: March 2007

Competition among all industries to recruit and retain the same talented employees is fierce. Thus, prospective and current employees have gained leverage in securing jobs and may be expected to demand better working conditions and compensation packages than in the past. The restaurant industry has responded by enhancing its compensation and benefits packages for existing unit-level GMs and those being recruited. Attraction and retention of managers were the highest-rated reasons for making changes to managerial compensation and incentive packages. Forty-two of this study's 49 firms had modified their GM compensation and incentive packages within the past five years—chiefly through enhanced salary packages. Signing bonuses were not prevalent and few firms offered new GMs a choice among geographic locations in which to work. Even fewer firms made any changes regarding the daily hours, weekly schedules, or vacation days for their GMs, or regarding retirement-savings plans.
Labor Scheduling, Part 3
Authors: Thopsn Gary M.
Published: March 2007

Developing a proper workforce schedule is a key factor in a service business's ability to serve its customers well, but economically. Having forecast customer demand and determined the number of employees needed to meet that demand, the manager must next create the actual schedule. Classic schedule-development frameworks tend to match employee supply and customer demand in isolation for each planning period. The best schedule-planning mechanism accounts for employee-related factors as part of developing the schedule, rather than a two-phase approach of setting a schedule and then assigning employees to fill it. By considering employee work constraints in advance, the manager can account for complementary preferences as the schedule is created, with the result of a better match between employees and their shifts. Among the scheduling considerations is when controllable work will be performed. By taking all elements into account as the schedule is developed, a manager can meet both customer-service and economic targets, while at the same time meeting as many employee preferences as possible.
Social Identities in Contexts
Authors: Neville Helen A. , Mobley Michael
Published: March 2007

The five articles comprising the Major Contribution in this issue are synthesized and serve as the foundation of an ecological model for contextualizing multicultural counseling psychology processes. Specifically, the proposed contextual model outlines the recursive influence of individual and systemic factors on multiple subsystems (i.e., macrosystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and microsystem) influencing human behavior. Implications for multicultural training practices that are grounded in the contextual model as well as recent multicultural counseling literature are provided.
Primary Prevention in Counseling Psychology
Authors: O’Byrne Kristin Koetting , Brammer Sara K. , Davidson M. Meghan , Poston Walker S. C.
Published: March 2007

This study examined primary prevention articles published in four counseling journals from 1985 to 1999. The authors’ results indicated a relative paucity of prevention-focused literature in counseling journals. Specifically, 52 (1.29%) of the 4,028 articles published over this 15-year period focused on primary prevention. The 52 articles were reviewed for type of article, article topic, setting, and general populations sampled. The lack of prevention articles in counseling journals is problematic as journals reflect issues relevant and important to the field. Implications of the results and recommendations for how counseling psychologists can become more involved in prevention are discussed.
Focus on Division 17’s Committee on Women/Section for the Advancement of Women (SAW) 1970-2030
Authors: Farmer Helen S.
Published: March 2007

This article presents the development, contributions, and future directions of the American Psychological Association, Division 17, Section for the Advancement of Women (SAW). Beginning with the formation of the Division 17 Ad Hoc Committee on Women in 1970, formalized in 1982 as the Division 17 Committee on Women, the SAW was formed in 1996. Article 1 of SAW’s bylaws, approved in 1996, identifies five goals for SAW, and these provide the organizing framework for this article. The five goals are related to professional support; education, training, and dissemination; scientific affairs; professional practice; and diversity and public interest. The work of the Ad Hoc Committee on Women and of the Committee on Women reflect these SAW goals and permit reviewing the accomplishments of these earlier committees within this framework. The article ends with some reflections on future directions for SAW in the 21st century.
The Relationship in Counseling and Psychotherapy
Authors: Gelso Charles J. , Carter Jean A.
Published: March 2007

This two-part article suggests ingredients in the therapy relationship that are common to all interventions. It then examines similarities and differences in how the relationship works within the three dominant approaches to therapy. The overall aim of the article is to restimulate research and theory on the relationship. The first part defines the relationship and proposes three components to all therapeutic relationships: a working alliance, a transference configuration, and a real relationship. Five propositions are offered about the operation of each component within and across theoretical orientations. The second part examines how views of the relationship in perspectives broadly labeled psychoanalytic, humanistic, and learning vary according to three theoretical dimensions: the centrality, real-unreal, and means-end dimensions. Central research findings are reviewed for each theoretical perspective, the current state of research is examined for each, and suggestions are offered for future directions.
Toward a Meta-Theory of Consultation
Authors: Gallessich June
Published: March 2007

The practice of consultation has proliferated wildly over the past two decades. With this growth have come steady advances in consultation methods, but conceptual and empirical foundations remain at a rudimentary level. This article critiques existing conceptions of consultation and identifies factors inhibiting construction of cogent theory. To break the current impasse, a new paradigm, a meta-theory of consultation, is proposed. Counseling psychologists are challenged to use their unique strengths to assist in the evolution of theory, research, and practice of this important social service.
The Scientist-Practitioner in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Howard George S.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a revised conception of research and practice in counseling psychology that (1) emphasizes the traditional activities of each role that have positive implications for the other role; (2) expands each role to bring each closer to the activities of the other; (3) highlights a number of practices in the humanities and other social sciences that can aid counseling psychologists in their efforts to further integrate research, theory, and practice; and (4) indicates why counseling psychologists are uniquely well suited to accomplish such an integration and have in many instances informally begun the task. What has historically occurred is that an unnecessarily wide gap has arisen between research and practice in counseling psychology (e.g., Goldman, 1976). By broadening the range of acceptable explanations in psychological research and modifying slightly the evidence-collecting procedures in the practice of counseling, the gap between the two might be lessened to the benefit of both undertakings.
Counseling Psychology from Greyston to Atlanta
Authors: Sprinthall Norman A.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a brief description of the model for counseling psychology developed during the Greyston Conference of 1964 and compares the then state of the art with the current view from the Atlanta Conference. The thematic changes suggest that the shift of counseling psychology from its original roots in schools, colleges, and career development centers toward clinically oriented treatment embedded in a medical model may eliminate both our uniqueness and independent professional identity. It is further noted that such a shift is ironic, particularly in view of the growing body of developmental theory research and programs that form a substantive basis for the original Greyston model.
New and Early Professionals
Authors: Good Glenn E.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the professional and personal themes that emerge from an examination of the 11 previous articles. Professional themes include implementing the scientist-practitioner model, identifying with counseling psychology, dealing with competency issues, seeking employment satisfaction, maintaining vitality, and the increasing professionalization of the field. Personal themes include addressing racism and sexism and seeking a balanced life-style. Suggestions for dialogue, research, and professional reform are offered.
Toward the Reinvigoration of the Vocational Realm of Counseling Psychology
Authors: Blustein David L.
Published: March 2007

The primary objectives of this article are to summarize the current status of the vocational realm of counseling psychology and to present some ideas for a renewed agenda for vocational psychology. As reflected in various surveys and position papers, the professional interests and skills of counseling psychologists seem to be shifting away from career-related activities. The implications of this trend are detailed and a set of proposals for the reinvigoration of the vocational realm of counseling psychology is provided
Multiculturalism as a Force in Counseling Clients with HIV-Related Concerns
Authors: Hoffman Mary Ann
Published: March 2007

Multiculturalism has been described as a 'fourth force " in understanding human behavior This perspective recognizes the importance of cultural variables, such as gender and ethnicity, in all clinical work. A multicultural perspective is particularly important in understanding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease because acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic has been defined by cultural variables. This is so both in terms of the transmission of the virus and in the psychosocial issues that have emerged. The purpose of this article is threefold First, an existing model for assessing and counseling clients with HIV-related concerns is presented with an emphasis on how an increased focus on multicultural issues might enhance this model. This is supported by an overview of the literature on HIV from a multicultural perspective. Next, clinical cases are presented to show how counseling interventions might be enhanced by recognizing multicultural issues. Finally, an examination of institutional responses to HIV-related multicultural issues is presented
White Racial Identity Models
Authors: Rowe Wayne , Bennett Sandra K. , Atkinson Donald R.
Published: March 2007

Existing models of White racial identity development (WRID) are challenged as being deficient in terms of: (a) being based on the oppression-adaptive models of minority identity development, (b) focusing primarily on attitudes toward racial/ethnic out-groups, not on White identity attitudes; and (c) depicting the process as developmental in nature. An alternative conceptualization, based on the construct of White racial consciousness, is presented as a more parsimonious explanation for the role of racially oriented attitudes. Three types of unachieved White racial consciousness (avoidant, dependent, and dissonant) are proposed along with four types of achieved White racial consciousness (dominative, conflictive, reactive, and integrative). Changes in attitudes characteristic of one type to those more representative of another are explained in terms of dissonance reduction. Information is provided regarding the availability of an assessment device designed to identify the types of White racial consciousness.
Close Relationships Research
Authors: Hendrick Susan S.
Published: March 2007

The research area of close relationships has developed largely over the past decade and shares many of counseling psychology's values, including a focus on relatively normal human behavior, interest in people's strengths and positive qualities, and a recognition of the importance of person-environment interaction. Close relationships research includes many topic areas, and four of these are briefly presented here: love, communication, attribution, and lesbian and gay relationships. Implications for collaboration between counseling psychologists and close relationships scholars are discussed.
The Virtue of Principle Ethics
Authors: Bersoff Donald N.
Published: March 2007

I raise four issues that militate against adopting virtue ethics as a guiding concept: (a) In the resolution of most ethics cases, virtue ethics is irrelevant; (b) there is substantial redundancy between virtue and principle ethics; (c) acting and deciding are unavoidable tasks for which principle ethics is particularly suitable; and (d) the emphasis on character and community wisdom increases the possibility of idiosyncratic and unsound decision making.
Counseling Psychology in Multidisciplinary Health Settings:
Authors: Alcorn John D. , McPhearson Ruth W.
Published: March 2007

Counseling psychologists have demonstrated a growing interest in the health field at a time when major changes are occurring in reimbursement and service delivery systems. In particular, the need for broad-based comprehensive treatments within cost-effective service delivery models has led to increased use of multidisciplinary staffing arrangements and increased completion among provider groups. In this article, the authors provide a historical overview of a multidisciplinary training component that has operated within a counseling psychology training program since 1979. Lessons learned from this experience are shared, and recommendations are made for the future training of counseling psychologists who seek health-related careers.
Public Image of Counseling Psychology:
Authors: Dixon David N. , Vrochopoulos Sam , Burton Jennifer
Published: March 2007

The public image of counseling psychology was discussed at the Third National Conference for Counseling Psychology. To examine the way counseling psychology is perceived, it has been recommended that psychology textbooks be reviewed. The purpose of this study was to examine the adequacy of descriptions of counseling psychology and its professionals in introductory psychology textbooks compared to the descriptions of other applied areas of psychology (i.e., clinical psychology, industrial or organizational psychology, school psychology, and counseling). The top 10 introductory psychology textbooks sold in the United States were reviewed. Results showed that counseling psychology is less represented than industrial or organizational and clinical psychology and more represented than school psychology and counseling. The practice of counseling psychology is often presented as indistinguishable from clinical psychology, and when differentiated, as limited to problems of daily living, career issues, or both. Recommendations are made to address deficiencies in public image.
Multilevel Modeling and its Application in Counseling Psychology Research
Authors: Reise Steven P. , Duan Naihua
Published: March 2007

Multilevel modeling (MLM) should be used when a researcher has collected hierarchical data. For example, when a researcher investigates an outcome variable (e.g., depression) with several clients drawn from different clinicians, the data set has a hierarchical structure. Herein, we describe the use of MLM in counseling research. The goals include the following: (a) to specify research contexts where MLM may be applied, (b) to describe how to conduct data analyses using MLM, and (c) to highlight key statistical and design issues encountered when analyzing hierarchical data. We also highlight how MLM can be used (a) to provide valid statistical inference in the presence of hierarchical data structure, (b) to separate the within-group effects from between-group effects for predictor variables, and (c) to study the interactions among predictor variables drawn from different levels (e.g., variables drawn from both clients and their clinicians).
Experimental Research in Criminal Justice Settings: Is There a Role for Scholarly Societies?
Authors: Short James F. , Zahn Margaret A. , Farrington David P.
Published: March 2007

In 1997, the American Society of Criminology received a request for a friend-of-the-court brief in support of an experimental evaluation of a court-mandated counseling program for domestic offenders. The experiment was opposed by the prosecuting attorney in the jurisdiction where it was to take place. In this article, it is argued that scholarly societies have an obligation to uphold and promulgate the principle that random assignment to treatment options is the best scientific method for determining the effectiveness of options such as those proposed in this case.
Controlling Police Decisions to Use Deadly Force: Reexamining the Importance of Administrative Policy
Authors: White Michael D.
Published: March 2007

Prior research has sought to identify appropriate mechanisms that can effectively control police officers' decisions to use deadly force. Using data from Philadelphia for a period of more than two decades, this article employs interrupted time series analysis (ARIMA) to examine the impact of two changes in administrative policy on monthly levels of deadly force in Philadelphia. Findings support prior deadly force research suggesting that administrative policy can be an effective deadly force discretion control, but the Philadelphia experience indicates that formal policy can be outweighed by the personal philosophies and policies of the chief, and that its impact is limited to elective encounters.
The Community Corrections Partnership: Examining the Long-Term Effects of Youth Participation in an Afrocentric Diversion Program
Authors: King William R. , Holmes Stephen T. , Henderson Martha L. , Latessa Edward J.
Published: March 2007

Using Afrocentric techniques has recently emerged as a promising way of delivering services to African Americans. Briefly, a number of authors have argued that African Americans are better served, especially by substance abuse services, when service delivery utilizes Afrocentric techniques. This study reports an evaluation of an Afrocentric treatment program for male, juvenile, felony offenders in one city. The evaluation uses a two-group, quasi-experimental design to compare the 281 African American youths in the Afrocentric treatment program (called the Community Corrections Partnership) with a comparison group of 140 probation youths. Overall, the youths assigned to the Afrocentric treatment program performed slightly better than the probationers on 4 out of 15 measures of juvenile and adult criminality.