bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A further Note on African Ceratopogoninae–II
Authors: Ingram A. , Macfie J. W. S.
Published: July 2009

The descriptions given below of two species of Atrichopogon and some remarks made upon the variability of Culicoides inornatipennis, C.I. & M., as it occurs in the Gold Coast, complete the account of the examination of the collection of African Ceratopogonine midges, kindly placed at our disposal by the Director of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, to whom we are greatly indebted for this privilege.
Note on the Occurrence of a Herpetomonad in Glossina morsitans
Authors: Lloyd Ll.
Published: July 2009

In a recent number of this Bulletin, Lloyd and Johnson (1) attempted to describe and illustrate all the known types of flagellate infections encountered in Glossina. Since this account was written a flagellate, which it is believed has not previously been described, has been encountered in three individuals of G. morsitans at Sherifuri, Northern Nigeria. In the first two cases the worker at the microscope was new to the infections of tsetse and did not notice anything peculiar about the parasite in the proboscides that were being examined. The appearance of the parasites in the stained film caused one slide to be retained with a note, but it was at that time regarded as an aberrant T. vivax infection. In the second instance T. vivax was present, and the unusual forms accompanying it were remarked upon, but unfortunately the slide was not retained. In the third instance it was noticed in the fresh preparation that none of the parasites were fixed to the labrum, as are the vast majority of those in T. vivax infections, nor were they clumped as in this species and in T. congolense. Each individual was free-swimming and many were escaping from the labial cavity, the power of translatory movement being great. The hypo-pharynx was not invaded. The remainder of the fly was then examined and the mid gut was found to be heavily infected, while the salivary glands were negative.
A Method for obtaining Samples of the Population of Collembola (Symphypleona) in Pastures
Authors: Davidson J. , Swan D. C.
Published: July 2009

In our investigations on Smynthurus viridis, L., a study has been made of the population of this species, in an area of lucerne, at intervals of three and four days throughout the season.

The density of the population of the species in a favourable pasture is markedly affected by the relative abundance of certain food-plants, especially leguminous species and particularly clovers such as subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and lucerne (Medicago sativa).

The activity of the insect is intimately associated with the moisture of its environment, and the moisture content of the surface soil is one of the most important factors affecting the environmental conditions.

Considering the habits of the insect, it was felt that the sweeping method would not give a reliable record of the total population in a given area of pasture. A sample obtained by sweeping with a net does not include individuals on or near to the surface of the soil. The relative proportion of individuals situated on or near the soil surface and those situated further up the plants varies considerably from time to time, according to the meteorological conditions, the growth of the herbage and the moisture content of the surface soil. It was necessary therefore to devise a simple method by means of which a more accurate record of the total population in a given area could be obtained.
On the Parasitic Acari found on the Species of Rodents frequenting Human Habitations in Egypt
Authors: Hirst Stanley
Published: July 2009

The Acari dealt with in this paper were collected by Dr. G. F. Petrie during his plague investigations in Egypt. My best thanks are due to him and also to the authorities of the Lister Institute for their kindness in permitting me to examine this collection.
A New Cotton-seed Moth (Mometa zemiodes) from West Africa
Authors: Durrant John Hartley
Published: July 2009

Antennae ⅔, basal joint with distinct pecten; serrate and shortly ciliate in ♂. Labial Palpi long, recurved, both joints smoothly but somewhat thickly clothed, with furrow beneath; terminal joint distinctly shorter than median. Maxillary Palpi appressed to haustellum. Haustellum well-developed, scaled. Ocelli absent. Head and Thorax smoothly clothed with appressed scales. Forewings elongatelanceolate, apex blunt-pointed: neuration, 12 veins; 7–8 stalked, 7 to costa; rest separate, 2 remote from 3, 5 approximate to 4; 1 basally furcate. Hindwings 1+, trapezoidal, apex pointed, termen sinuate beneath: neuration, 8 veins; 6–7 very closely approximate toward base; 3–4 connate; 5 parallel to 4. Abdomen moderate. Legs: hind tibiae and the long basal joint of tarsi haired above, laterally compressed.
Suppression of pink bollworm and effect on beneficial insects of a nectariless okra-leaf cotton germplasm line
Authors: Flint H.M. , Wilson F.D. , Parks N.J. , Reynoso R.Y. , Stapp B.R. , Szaro J.L.
Published: July 2009

Infestations of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), and numbers of beneficial insects in two cottons, Gossypium hirsutum, were compared at Maricopa, Arizona, and Brawley, California, during the 1986–1988 seasons. Plots (0.8 ha) of WC-12NL (nectariless, okraleaf, and early maturing) had significantly lower boll infestations than DPL-61 (nectaried, normal leaf, and later maturing) for each location and year. The three year average (range) PBW/100 bolls for WC-12NL and DPL-61 at Maricopa were 6.8 (5.7–10.7) compared to 11.2 (6.8–15.7), respectively. At Brawley the averages were 18.9 (9.3–27.6) compared to 39.2 (15.5–52.5), respectively. With the exception of 1986 at Maricopa, the percentage of bolls with eggs was significantly greater for DPL-61 (average 8.1, range 3.4–16.0) than for WC-12NL (average 4.2, range 1.1–12.1) for each location and year. Both cottons averaged about four eggs per oviposited boll; not significantly different. The numbers of Lygus spp. and three beneficial species of insects were not different in the two cottons. Collops vittatus (Say) (Coleoptera: Melyridae) was collected in significantly greater numbers in WC-12NL (1.0 per 50 sweeps compared to 0.9 for DPL-61), while Hippodamia convergens (Guérin-Ménéville) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was collected in greater numbers in DPL-61 (0.6 per 50 sweeps compared to 0.3 for WC-12NL). WC-12NL is the culmination of a 20-year breeding programme for resistance to P. gossypiella and has characteristics attractive for cotton production in areas where a shorter growing season is desirable.
Dispersal of apterous aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) from their host plant and its significance
Authors: Hodgson Chris
Published: July 2009

Dispersal of apterae from their natal plant was monitored for three aphid species (Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) and Megoura viciae Buckton), each on a different host plant. Some movement off the plant occurred even in the initial parental and second generations, when the plant appeared to be growing normally and when crowding was unlikely to be the cause. However, in most experiments the most marked increase in apterous dispersal coincided with a reduction or even cessation of plant growth. In nearly all the experiments this dispersal occurred when the population on the natal plant exceeded about 20 adults and their offspring per plant. The main emigrants were fourth instar apterae and prelarviposition adult apterae. The implications of this behaviour are discussed, and it is argued that apterous dispersal might be common in aphids, allowing a fuller utilization of the environment than would be likely by alate dispersal alone.
Clonal diversity in overwintering populations ofSchizaphis graminum(Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Shufran Kevin A. , Wilde Gerald E.
Published: July 2009

The intergenic spacer region of the rRNA cistron was used as a molecular fingerprinting probe to study clonal diversity inSchizaphis graminum(Rondani). A high degree of clonal diversity was found in overwintering populations on wheat from Kansas, Texas and Oklahoma. Out of 184 individuals tested, 132 unique maternal lineages wereidentified. Overall, clonal diversity of overwintering populations was no less than in spring and summer populations. However, in some fields there were more instances where individuals of the same genotype were identified. By partitioning the total population diversity into various sampling components (fields, counties and states), 93.1% of the total diversity was found among individualS. graminumwithin fields. Overwintering of many genetically distinct clones as parthenogenetic morphs is one mechanism by which clonal diversity is maintained in populations ofS. graminum. The incidence of clonal diversity further substantiates the importance of theS. graminumholocycle for generating genetic heterogeneity in the USA.
Cross resistance spectra and effects of synergists in insecticide-resistant strains of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Kotze A.C. , Sales N.
Published: July 2009

Cross-resistance spectra were determined in strains of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann), which had been pressured for several years in the laboratory with diflubenzuron, butacarb or deltamethrin. Each strain was highly resistant to its selecting chemical (resistance factors > 1000-fold), however, cross-resistance levels were variable and often low. In particular, strains selected with diflubenzuron and butacarb showed very little resistance to deltamethrin (resistance factors <7-fold). Each strain showed resistance levels to diazinon only slightly higher than the highest levels currently detected in field strain larvae. Piperonyl butoxide and triphenyl phosphate significantly synergized each pressured strain with its selecting chemical, suggesting the involvement of both monooxygenases and esterases in the observed resistances. Synergism ratios in each case were greater with piperonyl butoxide. The lack of any alteration in in vitro acetylcholinesterase sensitivity to butacarb inhibition in the butacarb-selected strain, and only low level resistance to DDT in the deltamethrin-selected strain, provided no evidence for target-site insensitivities in these strains. The low-moderate levels of cross-resistance therefore imply the existence of qualitative differences in the detoxification systems in each strain.
Evaluation of the chitin synthesis inhibitor triflumuron for controlling the tsetse Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Langley P.A.
Published: July 2009

Topical doses of triflumuron in acetone as low as 0.05 μg per fly induced a significant reduction in the production of viable offspring by adult Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, the effect being greatest in the two reproductive cycles following treatment. A dose of 0.5 μg terminated successful reproduction for the life of the fly. A single dose was as effective as the same dose split into five separate treatments. Exposure of females by tarsal contact during passage through a cotton cloth cone treated with 3% suspension concentrate of triflumuron was sufficient to terminate successful reproduction for at least four reproductive cycles following treatment. Males exposed to treated surfaces for 5 minutes could transfer effective amounts of triflumuron to females during mating for at least 2 days after treatment. Target materials, treated with 1% triflumuron in acetone and exposed to field conditions in Zimbabwe for 6 months (April to September), retained their ability to induce a peak abortion rate of 60–70% (40–45% overall) among females exposed by brief tarsal contact in the laboratory.
The Development of artificially introduced Infestations of Aphidius granarius, Marsh., under field Conditions
Authors: Arthur Don R.
Published: July 2009

It has been found to be expedient to determine the development of the Braconid parasite, Aphidius granarius, Marsh., under field conditions, following its artificial introduction in order to supplement the previous observations of the writer (Arthur 1944, 1945). The aim of the presaent work was to determine the degree of control likely to be achieved by the introduction of this parasite to corn crops known to harbour heavy Aphid infestations but lacking the corresponding paraponding parasitism. The work was undertaken during 1943–44 at Margam Cowbridge, and Ammanford, three widely separated locations in the south wales Area.
The Use of DDT as a Mosquito Larvicide on still Waters
Authors: Ribbands C. R.
Published: July 2009

In February, 1944, No. 2 Entomological Field Unit, R.A.M.C., arrived in India with the first consignment of DDT (dichlor-diphenyl-trichlorethane) to be used there for research purpose. Experimemts to determine the larvicidal effects of this substance were carried out by the unit, of which I was Commanding Officer.
Studies on Stenobracon deesae (Cam.), a Parasite of certain Lepidopterous Borers of graminaceous Crops in India
Authors: Narayanan E. S. , Chaudhuri R. P.
Published: July 2009

Experiments were conducted to investigate oviposition and host selection by Stenobracon deesae (Cam.), a Braconid parasite of certain Lepidoperous borers of sugar-cane, maize and sorghum in India. The fecundity and sex-ratio of this parasite and the duration of its life-cycle were also studied.

Chilo zonellus (Swinh.) and Corcyra cephalonica (Staint.) were used as hosts. The former is one of the principal hosts in the field, but the latter is not normally a host of this parasite.

The femal Stenobracon normally avoids laying eggs on hosts that are already parasitised by its own kind when unparasitised hosts are available; but in the absence of healthy hosts or when these are too crowded, parasitised hosts are attacked by it.

At a temperature of 26°C. and relative humidity of 75 per cent., the life-cycle of the parasite was completed, on an average, in 23·3 days, but under laboratory conditions at Delhi it took 14·1 days in June-July and 43·7 days in November-December. The average duration of adult life of females in June-February, mainly in ordinary laboratory conditions, was 35·7 days, and single females lived as long as 122 and 128 days. The adult male lived for 42·7 days on the average.

In the laboratory, the female lays about 24 eggs on an average, but only about one-third of them yield adults.

Males predominate. The sex-ratio appears to vary according to the host; among adults reared on Chilo larvae, 28·8 per cent. were females, but among others reared on Corcyra larvae, only 6·2 per cent. were females.

The phenomena of discrimination between parasitised and unparasitised hosts and of the change of sex-ratio with change of host are discussed. It is suggested that the ovipositor enables the parasite to recognise the host and that the stimuli received by the ovipositor from the host influence the functioning of the spermatheca which in turn controls fertilisation and finally the sex of the progeny.
Muscidae of Medical Interest in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Authors: Lewis D. J.
Published: July 2009

The general distribution of theMuscidae(other thanGlossina) of medical interest in the Sudan is discussed, and brief notes are given on some Muscids in relation to trypanosmiasis.

Eighty-six species of some medical interest, belonging to 22 genera, are listed, with records of their distribution and notes on the habits of several of them.
A trial of odour baited targets to control the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans centralis (Diptera: Glossinidae) in west Zambia
Authors: Willemse L. P. M.
Published: July 2009

Targets of black cloth with or without flanking netting panels (ca. 1 m tall × 1.7 m) baited with acetone (130 mg/h) and 1-octen-3-ol (0.5 mg/h), coated with deltamethrin suspension concentrate and deployed at 4/km2, produced a decline of 3% per day in the apparent density of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans centralis Machado in 500 km2 of the Western Province of Zambia. Flies were eradicated in a year as evidenced by the absence of catches from flyrounds and traps and the elimination of the transmission of trypanosomiasis. The promise of the target technique is confirmed but the need for its further development is emphasized.
Tsetse Fly and Big Game in Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Jack Rupert W.
Published: July 2009

In Southern Rhodesia conditions are better than in most other parts of Africa for gathering information concerning the distribution of tsetse in the past, and perhaps even in the present. This is due to a combination of two factors, namely, that only one species of tsetse, Glossina morsitans, is found within our borders, and that the territory, in comparison with the Central African States, contains and has contained a relatively large European population. The first factor eliminates the possibility of confusion of species in connexion with the evidence forthcoming, at least in the case of those able to distinguish tsetse from other species of bloodsucking flies, whilst the second provides a more reliable source of information than the native.
The Influence of Temperature, Submersion and Burial on the Survival of Eggs and Larvae of Cimex lectularius
Authors: Bacot A. W.
Published: July 2009

These experiments were performed in response to a question submitted to me from the Royal Sanitary Institute. The point at issue was the possibility of eggs of the common bed-bug, Cimex lectularius, surviving the process of house-destruction, when the plaster from old walls, on which eggs had been laid, was broken down and remixed with fresh mortar for making the partitions of rooms in new tenements; such survival having been given as an explanation for previously unoccupied houses being infested with bugs.
Studies on the humidity and temperature reactions of Dermestes maculatus Deg. (Col., Dermestidae), with reference to infestation in dried fish in Nigeria
Authors: Toye S. Afolabi
Published: July 2009

Infestations of Dermestes maculatus Deg. in dried fish at Dugbe market, Ibadan, are favoured by traditional packaging and display methods. In laboratory experiments last-instar larvae and adults showed low thigmokinesis and a bias towards the dry end of a 50–100% r.h. gradient; in alternative humidities between 40% and 100% last-instar larvae and adults selected 60–80% r.h., adults having a stronger preference than the larvae for the higher humidity; in a temperature gradient last-instar larvae and adults avoided the 30–45° C zone and showed low thigmokinesis and immobilisation at 19° C. These findings were generally consistent with observations in the market. Heating dried fish in an oven at 60° C for 30 min killed all larvae and adults of D. maculatus present. Two 30-min heat treatments at four-day intervals in a simple charcoal-fired oven and storage in metal containers would control the pest.
Sterilisation of the cabbage root fly (Erioischia brassicae (Bch.)) (Dipt., Anthomyiidae) with tepa: laboratory and field cage tests
Authors: Coaker T. H. , Smith Jean L.
Published: July 2009

Adults of the cabbage root fly (Erioischia brassicae (Bch.)) fed on 0·1% tepa in 10% sucrose solution during the second and third days after emergence laid over 95% sterile eggs. Nearly complete sterility was also obtained from females fed on 0·l% tepa for two days between mating and oviposition. Tepa at 0·1% did not affect longevity of either sex or the competitiveness of treated males, although at higher concentrations longevity was reduced. When flies were enclosed in a large field cage and provided with food baits containing 0·1% tepa, sucrose and leucine along a hedgerow, 70% of the eggs laid were sterile.
Studies on the biology, ecology and economic importance of the sugar-cane scale insect, Aulacaspis tegalensis (Zhnt.) (Diaspididae), in Mauritius
Authors: Williams J. R.
Published: July 2009

Aulacaspis tegalensis (Zhnt.) (Diaspididae) infests the stems, and to a lesser extent the leaves, of sugar-cane. It is indigenous to Malaya and the islands of S.E. Asia, and has been introduced to the Mascarene Islands and East Africa. Its biology and economic importance were studied in Mauritius. Development and construction of the scale in both sexes are described. The life cycle takes 3–9 weeks, the female laying 700–800 eggs over 10 weeks in summer and 14 in winter. Feeding in the stem is in the parenchyma; the path of the stylet is intracellular and vascular bundles are avoided. Stem surfaces are essential for population increase. The leaf sheaths which invest stems tightly or loosely according to their age, have a decisive role among factors that influence intensity and pattern of stem infestation. Field infestations may be severe in dry coastal areas. Populations increase in March-May, and decline in July-November. The determining factors are seasonal weather, crop growth, harvesting and natural enemies. Dispersal, by the eggs and crawlers, is passive. Adelencyrtus miyarai Tachikawa (Encyrtidae) is constantly associated with Aulacaspis tegalensis and is heavily hyperparasitised by Tetrastichus sp. (Eulophidae). The most frequent predators are Lindorus lophanthae (Blaisd.) (Coccinellidae), Cybocephalus mollis Endrödy-Younga (Nitidulidae) and mites. Predators are important only in the regulation of large A. tegalensis populations. Reductions in the sucrose content of the cane juice are directly proportional to the numbers of scales present on each interaode; growth of canes is not obviously affected, but grown canes may die before harvest. Reduced germination and growth may result from use of infested propagative material. Practicable control measures comprise use of clean or hot-water-treated propagative material, field hygiene and block harvesting, removal of dry leaves to expose the stems, and varying the date of harvest.
A Dipterous Parasite of Glossina morsitans
Authors: Austen Ernest E.
Published: July 2009

The Imperial Bureau of Entomology has recently received from Mr. Ll. Lloyd, Entomologist to the British South Africa Company in Northern Rhodesia, a small Bombyliid fly accompanied by the following letter, dated “Mwengwa, Mumbwa, viâ Broken Hill, N. Rhodesia, November 1, 1913.—I am sending you herewith a specimen of a Dipteron, which I believe to be a parasite of G. morsitans. During July and August of this year I collected about 700 pupae of this Tsetse in nature at Ngoa, in the Mpika Division of Northern Rhodesia. These were kept under observation until September 15th, when I was compelled to travel through fly-free country for a month; they were accordingly closed up in a fly-proof case to avoid escape (in case of possible fracture of one or more of the bottles containing the pupae), and were not examined again until October 18th. On this date one of the bottles, which had contained five Tsetse pupae collected on July 21st, was found to contain:—
Binomial sampling plans for the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae) based on an empirical relationship between mean density and proportion of tillers with different tally thresholds of aphids
Authors: Feng M.G. , Nowierski R.M. , Zeng Z.
Published: July 2009

Field sampling of populations of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) on spring wheat in the north-western USA from 1988 to 1991 produced a data set consisting of 47 estimates of mean aphid density (m; number of aphids per tiller), variance (s2) and the proportion of tillers (PT) with no more than T = 0, 1, 2, …10, 15, 20, and 25 aphids, respectively; defined as the tally threshold. The average sampling error level of the four-year data set was 0.196 (SE= 0.013). The empirical relationship between m and PT was developed for each T value using the parameters from the linear regression of ln(m) on ln[-ln(Pϒ)] and was satisfactory when T = 2, 3, 4, and 5 (as evidenced by the high r2 values and relatively small mean squared errors from the regression analyses relating to the T values). In comparing the variances estimated from different formulae for predicting m from PT, the variance of Binns & Bostanian (1990b) was found to be more conservative and reliable in estimating the prediction variance. This variance was used in the development of binomial sampling plans for each T and in the determination of associated sampling precision denoted by the half-width of the confidence interval (d). Binomial sample sizes based on the T values of 2–5 were found to be associated with relatively small d values that may actually be reached and thus, are recommended for use in monitoring aphid populations for control decision making. However, at population densities below one aphid per tiller, binomial sampling was found to be feasible only when counts were based on empty tillers (T = 0).
Target barriers for tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) (Diptera: Glossinidae): quick estimates of optimal target densities and barrier widths
Authors: Hargrove J. W
Published: July 2009

The probablity that tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) cross a barrier of odour-baited targets is calculated for barriers of different widths and target density, and for tsetse flies with varying natural rates of survival, daily step lengths (d) and probabilities of being killed by an odour-baited target. If the barrier is only as wide as d, and for a species which has a 2% natural daily mortality and a further 2% mortality due to each target per unit area, tsetse flies have probability (P) of ca. 0.1 of penetrating the barrier even if the target density is 64 per unit area. To ensure that P < 0.001 the barrier must be about 4d wide for target densities 32 per unit area; doubling the width to 8d means that target densities could be cut by about 75%, and total numbers of targets in the barrier by 50%. These biological considerations and the economic costs of different target barriers suggest that, for all tsetse fly species, a safe and relatively inexpensive barrier is achieved with barrier width 8d when the optimum target density is roughly the same as for normal operational areas. This has the important practical consequence that there is no need to treat barriers as a special case. Practical results from research and control operations in Zimbabwe are in accord with the theoretical findings, but further work is required to ascertain whether the safety margin, and hence costs, can be reduced.
Assessment of key factors responsible for the pest status of the bean flower thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in West Africa
Authors: Tamò M. , Baumgärtner J. , Delucchi V. , Herren H.R.
Published: July 2009

Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom) is an important pest of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in West Africa. Three key factors assumed to be responsible for its pest status are analysed, the survival on alternative host-plants during the dry season, the inefficient biotic mortality factors regulating population growth, and the effect of larval feeding on the development of cowpea flower buds. Extensive surveys indicate clearly that M. sjostedti survives the dry season on a wide range of alternative hosts all belonging to the Leguminosae, where it can feed and reproduce. Different antagonists were observed attacking eggs and larvae of M. sjostedti; their impact, however, is low and cannot prevent pest outbreaks. Two undescribed Megaphragma spp., and one Oligosita sp., all trichogrammatid egg parasitoids, were recorded for the first time. The anthocorid Orius sp. was the most important larval predator. No hymenopterous parasitoids could be reared from larvae collected on cowpea and three major alternative hosts, whereas a low percentage of the larvae collected from the flowers of Tephrosia candida, an exotic shrub native to India, were parasitized by the eulophid Ceranisus menes (Walker), also recorded for the first time in Africa. The feeding activity of six larvae of Megalurothrips sjostedti during five days induced the shedding of all flower buds of a cowpea inflorescence. The results of the analysis shed new light on the M. sjostedti pest problem, and the ways to solve it. The lack of efficient antagonists, particularly larval parasitoids known from closely related south-east Asian Megalurothrips spp., and the high damage threshold, indicate that M. sjostedti is a potential target for biological control. However, further studies are needed to investigate the migration of M. sjostedti adults to and from alternative host-plants, in order to reinforce the action of biocontrol with cultural pratices.
Bait location by ground foraging ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in mopane woodland selectively sprayed to control tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Zimbabwe
Authors: Tingle C.C.D
Published: July 2009

Food-baited dishes were used to monitor the impact of ground-sprayed DDT (4% WP @ approx. 200 g/ha) and deltamethrin (0.05% SC @ 2.6 g/ha) for tsetse fly (Glossinaspp.) control, on epigeal ants in mopane woodland in north-western Zimbabwe. Twenty species of ants were recorded at dishes baited with various types of food.Pheidolespp. andMonomorium opacumForel (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) were predominant, both in the number of baits attended and in the number of workers present at individual baits. Season apparently had a greater effect on the composition and activity of the ground foraging ant assemblage than did either pesticide. There was a decline in the rate at which baits were found and in species richness of the ant assemblage as the dry season progressed and several species also showed changes in their ability to locate baits. There was no major pesticide induced disruption of the species richness or food finding ability of the diurnal ground foraging ant assemblage sampled. However, foraging success byPlatythyrea cribrinodis(Gerstaecker) (Formicidae: Ponerinae) was reduced immediately after spraying with deltamethrin. Subtle effects of either insecticide on rarer species cannot be discounted from the results of this study.
Aqueous gum-chloral slide mounting media: an historical review
Authors: Upton Murray S
Published: July 2009

An account is given of the development of aqueous gum-chloral mounting media used for mounting small arthropods on microscope slides. Berlese’s fluid is shown to have never been used by Berlese and other formulae are shown to have been randomly attributed to various authors, often incorrectly. Erroneous formulae and modifications to formulae have been followed by subsequent workers without reference to their origin. Details of the five formulae currently recommended in the literature are given and serious problems are shown to have been encountered with all of them by many workers. In many collections throughout the world gum-chloral slides are steadily deteriorating and specimens becoming irretrievably lost. Those workers advocating the use of gum-chloral aqueous media continue to propose alternative techniques in an attempt to overcome the problems they admit still occur. It is recommended that these media be used only for temporary mounts and never for specimens of taxonomic significance.
Revision of the Australian and South African species ofHalotydeus(Acarina: Penthaleidae)
Authors: Qin T.K. , Halliday R.B.
Published: July 2009

The present paper revises the Australian and South African species ofHalotydeusBerlese. The redlegged earth miteH. destructor(Tucker) is redescribed, and four new species are described (H. anthropus, H. bakerae, H. castellusandH. spectatus). A key to species is provided.Halotydeus destructoris an important pest of leguminous pasture and other crop plants, but the three Australian species (H. bakerae, H. castellusandH. spectatus)occur in native vegetation and are not believed to be of any economic significance. The pest status of the South African speciesH. anthropushas not yet been determined.
A new Thripid (Thysanoptera) from South Australia
Authors: Morison Guy D.
Published: July 2009

I am indebted to the Imperial Institute of Entomology and to Mr. F. Laing, of the British Museum, for submitting to me for classification a small collection of Thysanoptera from the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia. All measurements in this paper are in μ.
A new Species of Apanteles (Hym. Brac.) bred from Carposina adreptella attacking Raspberry in New Zealand
Authors: Wilkinson D. S.
Published: July 2009

Apanteles carposinae, sp. n.

♀. Black; the front legs entirely (save for the black feet and for some occasional slight darkening on femora above and below, on tibiae above, and on coxae and tarsi), middle legs entirely (save for the black feet and for femora darkened above and below and for some occasional slight darkening on tibiae and coxae), hind coxae at apex below, hind trochanters and trochantines, hind femora (save above and below extensively), hind tibiae, hind tarsi (save for black feet and some darkening), and palpi, red testaceous; tibial spurs pale; wings infumated evenly throughout and the setae coloured; stigma, metacarp, and all veins, brown; stigma uniformly opaque.

♂. Black; front coxae (save at base), front trochanters and trochantines, front femora (save for darkening above and below, which is sometimes strong), front tibiae (save for strong darkening above), front tarsi (save for some darkening and the black feet), middle coxae (save at base or even basal half), middle trochanters and trochantines largely, middle femora (save for extensive strong darkening above and below), hind coxae at apex below to some extent in the lighter but not in the darker examples, hind femora (save for extensive strong darkening above and below), and palpi, red testaceous; the four posterior tibiae and tarsi, and the hind trochanters and trochantines, largely darkened throughout save perhaps in an occasional lighter example; tibial spurs pale; wings infumated evenly throughout and the setae coloured; stigma, metacarp, and all veins, brown; stigma uniformly opaque.
A Study of the natural Control of the Pea Moth, Cydia nigricana, Steph.
Authors: Cameron Ewen
Published: July 2009

1. The moth—Cydia nigricana—whose larvae bore into the pods of developing peas and render most of the contained seeds unfit for human consumption is considered by some authorities to be one of the principal insect pests of agriculture in Canada. It is particularly destructive in the Maritime Provinces and British Columbia, while in Ontario it increased to such proportions that the farmers of that province had to give up growing mid-season peas altogether.

2. This state of affairs is attributed to the fact that the pea moth was accidentally introduced from Europe in 1893 without the insect parasites which attack and check it in its native home. At any rate no parasites have emerged from the representative collections of pea moth material made by the Canadian entomologists in the affected areas, while three species with a combined parasitism of up to 60 per cent. have been reared by the writer from cocoons of the moth in England. Furthermore, in Canada, where parasites of this particular pest are absent, 10–50 per cent. of the pea crop and sometimes as much as 75 per cent. or more, is said to be destroyed annually by the moth larvae, whereas in England, where they are present, the attack is usually comparatively slight.

3. The paper opens with a general account of the biology of the pea moth including systematic descriptions of the adult and developmental stages, and notes on the host-plants and distribution of the insect.
A new genus and species of Erythroneurini (Homoptera, Cicadelloidea) and a key to the African genera
Authors: Ghauri M. S. K.
Published: July 2009

Zanjoneura kenyana gen. et sp.n. is described from specimens collected on Caesalpinia spinosa in Kenya, and two species are transferred to Zanjoneura from Frutioidia. A key is given to the 18 genera of the Erythroneurini found in Africa.
The distance of attraction of a human bait to Lutzomyia verrucarum (Diptera: Psychodidae) in crops
Authors: Davies C.R. , Cameron M.M. , Llanos-Cuentas E.A.
Published: July 2009

Lutzomyia verrucarum (Townsend) is an abundant anthropophilic phlebotomine sandfly in the Peruvian Andes between 1500 m and 3000 m asl, where it has been incriminated as a vector of both Leishmania peruviana (cutaneous leishmaniasis) and Bartonella bacilliformis (bartonellosis). Previous studies of this vector demonstrated that sandfly activity, measured by sticky traps, was related to crop type. In this paper, we report the results of a field experiment in Peru (Department of Ancash) which show that a single human host in a crop does not attract Lu. verrucarum from distances of 5 m or more, and that there is a positive correlation between the number of Lu. verrucarum collected by sticky traps and the number attracted to a human host in the same field. The results imply that variation in sandfly activity between crop types could lead to differential risk of both leishmaniasis and bartonellosis for humans working at night in different crops.
Studies of host location behaviour in the black fly Simulium arcticum (IIS-1O.11) (Diptera: Simuliidae): aspects of close range trap orientation
Authors: Sutcliffe James F. , Steer David J. , Beardsall David
Published: July 2009

Field studies of orientation responses of the IIS-10.11 sibling of Simulium arcticum Malloch species complex and other simuliid species to host-mimicking cattle silhouette traps (CSTs) were carried out in the Athabasca region of Alberta, Canada. Simuliids were attracted to CSTs from downwind by a CO2 bait but very few were attracted to an unbaited CST. Passively searching simuliids tended to fly at lower levels than actively host seeking ones. Simuliids appeared to fly at lower levels when within visual range of the CST than when outside of it. Higher flight levels may improve chances of eventually making visual contact with the host or CST. Experiments in which a CO2 outlet was separated by increasing distances from a CST indicated that simuliids see the 1.1 m long CST at a range of approximately 8 m. Simuliids landing on the CST, whether CO2-baited or not, showed a strong preference for the trap's ends followed by the downwind side, followed by the upwind side. Species composition of collections from CST collections differed significantly from the species composition of cattle sweeps taken at the same times. Simulium vittatum was over-represented in collector catches in comparison to cattle sweeps. This bias may be due to species-specific differences in responses after landing on the CST since sweeps taken around CSTs had compositions similar to cattle sweeps. Results are discussed in terms of host orientation in biting flies in general and the suitability of CST-type traps as components of attractant-based control strategies and in simuliid population monitoring.
Genetic differentiation and relationships in five taxa of theBactrocera dorsaliscomplex (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Yong H. S.
Published: July 2009

Adult flies from five taxa (Bactrocera carambolaeDrew & Hancock (formerly ‘Malaysian A’),B. dorsalis(Hendel)sensu stricto, B. melastomatosDrew & Hancock,B. papayaeDrew & Hancock (formerly ‘Malaysian B’) andB. propinqua(Hardy & Adachi) of theBactrocera dorsaliscomplex were analysed at 17 enzyme loci using horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis. Eleven loci—aAdh, Ald, Gpd, Ldh, aMdh, cMdh, Me, Pgm, Pgd, Sod-F, Sod-S—were represented by the most common allele in the five taxa. Of these 11 loci, seven showed intraspecific variation in one or more taxa. Among the five taxa,B. melastomatoscould be distinguished from the rest by two loci (AcpandGpi), whileB. propinquacould be separated by four loci (Acp, Est-D, Idh90, Pep-C).Bactrocera dorsalis, B. carambolaeandB. papayaedid not possess any species-characteristic locus/allele, butB. carambolaecould be distinguished from the other two taxa byIdh. The proportion of polymorphic loci in the Malaysian taxa ranged from 0.41 to 0.53.Bactrocera propinquahad the lowest average heterozygosity (H=0.05), while that inB. carambolae, B. melastomatosandB. papayaeranged from 0.09 to 0.11. The genetic identity values indicate closest affinity between B. dorsalis andB. papayae(I=0.99), followed byB. caramboiae(I=0.92),B. melastomatos(I=0.84) andB. propinqua(I=0.69).Bactrocera melastomatosshowed closest affinity toB. carambolae(I=0.87) and was most distant fromB. propinqua(I=0.64).
Responses of ragwort flea beetleLongitarsus jacobaeae(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to signals from host plants
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Qiang , McEvoy Peter B.
Published: July 2009

Responses of adult flea beetlesLongitarsus jacobaeae(Waterhouse), to signals from ragwort plants (Senecio jacobaeaLinnaeus) were studied by recording their directions of movement in a wind tunnel and their colonization of host-plants in the field. Starved beetle individuals, irrespective of gender, orientated toward upwind host-plants over a distance of 60 cm in the wind tunnel, whereas satiated beetles did not. In the absence of upwind host-plants, all beetles moved randomly in all directions, regardless of whether they were starved or satiated. Starved beetle individuals did not show directed movement towards hosts when plants were downwind in the wind tunnel, nor when in the presence of host-plants when the wind was absent. Groups of starved beetles orientated to upwind host-plants in the wind tunnel, as did individual beetles. In the field, plants over 60 cm upwind of the released beetles were found and colonized by more beetles than downwind plants, in spite of the presence of background vegetation. This confirms the result of laboratory experiments thatL. jacobaeaecan orient to upwind host-plants.
The spatio-temporal pattern of Delphacodes kuscheli (Homoptera: Delphacidae) abundance in central Argentina
Authors: Grilli Mariano P. , Gorla David E.
Published: July 2009

Delphacodes kuscheli Fennah is the vector of maize rough dwarf virus, that affects maize production in central Argentina. The spatial and temporal abundance pattern of the insect vector was studied from October 1992 to November 1994, within endemic and non-endemic areas of the crop disease. Insect density was estimated every 7–15 days during spring and summer (maize season) or monthly during autumn and winter from high (6 m) and low (1.5 m) sticky traps placed at eight sampling stations along a 300 km transect. Each year, D. kuscheli density increased from October, peaked in December, to decrease afterwards and disappear in May. Density was lower in the nonendemic area and higher in the endemic one. The average absolute difference of density between sampling station pairs increased with the distance between the sampling stations (R2=0.85), and the correlation of density changes decreased with the distance between the sampling stations (R2=0.78), suggesting that the population dynamics were affected more by local than by regional factors. There was a significant correlation (with a 36 days lag) between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (calculated from 15 days maximum value composites images of NOAA-11 meteorological satellites) and D. kuscheli abundance. Based on this regression model, and using the time series of the satellite derived NDVI values, maps of the distribution and abundance of D. kuscheli within the study area for the spring and summer of 1992 were produced.
Seasonal variation of Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) in a recently infested region of central Argentina
Authors: Guglielmone A. A. , Anziani O. S. , Mangold A. J. , Giorgi R. E. , Volpogni M. M. , Flores S. G.
Published: July 2009

The seasonal variation of adult populations of Haematobia irritans Linnaeus was monitored at Santa Fe, Argentina from August 1992 to August 1994 by weekly counts of flies on grazing heifers. Each year, flies were recorded at a density of more than two flies per heifer from August/September to the following June, with peaks of abundance in mid to late spring and late summer to mid autumn. The seasonal trend of fly numbers was best correlated with the mean temperature 4 weeks prior to each fly count (correlation indices of P<0.01 in six of the nine fly periods) followed by the previous 4 week mean saturation deficit. Rainfall and relative humidity correlated poorly with the seasonality of H. irritans. Temperature appeared crucial at the beginning (late winter) and at the end (early-mid autumn) of the fly season while its relevance diminished in the middle of the season. The percentage of heifers that were infested decreased from 80–100% in the fly season to 0–55% between fly seasons but H. irritans never disappeared from the heards, indicating that if diapause occurs at the latitude of the study area, part of the fly population was not sensitive to diapause inducing factors.
The influence of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) provenance on the development and survival of larvae of the pine beauty moth Panolis flammea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Leather S. R. , Fellowes M. D. E. , Hayman G. R. F. , Maxen J. S.
Published: July 2009

Larvae of the pine beauty moth Panolis flammae (Denis & Schiffermüller) were reared in sleeve cages on five different seed origins (provenances) of pole stage Pinus contorta in the field in each of four years from 1985 to 1988. Survival varied significantly between the years. In those years when survival was high, Significant differences between tree provenance were not found. However, between provenance significant differences were found in larval weight and stage of development. In the years when survival was low, the results seen in good years were reversed. significant differences attributable to provenance were found but these were not reflected in significant differences between larval weight or development. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the proportion surviving and larval weight, which was not the case in those years where larval survival was high. The results are discussed in light of the pest status of P. flammea in Britain and in view of current silvicultural policies. The use of trees resistant to insect attack as part of an integrated pest management programme is highlighted and the need to coordinate laboratory and field studies so as to control for environmental variation discussed.
New Ethiopian Fruit-flies of the genus Dacus
Authors: Bezzi M.
Published: July 2009

Since the publication of my previous paper on the Ethiopian fruit-flies of the genus Dacus, I have received some additional species, the descriptions of which are given in the following pages, with the purpose of completing our knowledge of this very important genus of Diptera. For the material here illustrated I am indebted to Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, Director of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, and to Dr. Alberto Mochi, of Ghinda, Erythraea: to whom I have to offer my best thanks.
Insects injurious to Cacao plants in the Belgian Congo
Authors: Distant W. L.
Published: July 2009

Pendulinus devastans, sp. nov.

Above with the head, pronotum, scutellum and corium ochraceous, thickly darkly punctate; narrow margins to the pronotum and scutellum and the margins and venation to corium pale ochraceous and impunctate; membrane shining bronzy-brown; body beneath and legs pale ochraceous; head beneath and sternum thickly but not darkly punctate, a small shining black spot on each side near outer margins of posterior coxae; tibiae sometimes moderately roseate in hue; antennae reddish-ochraceous, apical joint either paler in hue, or testaceous with the bases and apices paler, basal joint moderately thickened and a little curved outwardly, its apical area somewhat incrassate, first and second joints almost subequal in length, second and third joints slender, second longer than third, fourth incrassate, subequal in length to third; head above centrally longitudinally incised; lateral pronotal angles subprominent; venation of corium robust.
New Records and three new Species of AmericanDiatraea(Lep.: Pyral.)
Authors: Box Harold E.
Published: July 2009

Since the publication of my 1931 revision of the genusDiatraea, Guilding, in which 48 American species were treated, a considerable number of additional specimens of these moths has reached me from various sources. This material forms the foundation of the present paper, but I am also taking advantage of this opportunity to add certain references to the systematics which have come to my notice recently, as well as new locality and host records and descriptions of the early stages of some of the species ; the larval and pupal descriptions, however, are given primarily for the use of field workers, and should not be interpreted as technical diagnoses.