bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Local Selling Decisions on Organic Farm Incomes
Authors: Park Timothy A , Lohr Luanne
Published: September 2010

This paper examines the factors that influence the earned income of organic farmers, given their decisions to engage in local selling. The model explicitly accounts for the sorting of producers across different levels of commitment to local sales on the basis of both observable and unobservable heterogeneity. The significant selectivity coefficients confirm that when producers choose to market organic products primarily through local outlets, earnings are overestimated (biased upward) if the selectivity corrections are neglected. Positive selection effects are present for farmers most intensively involved in local sales, contributing to higher earnings on average for these producers. After controlling for key farm and demographic characteristics, selling more locally suggests lower earnings for organic farmers.
Estimating HIV Prevalence and Incidence in Africa from Mortality Data
Authors: Oster Emily
Published: September 2010

An estimated 33 million people are infected with the HIV virus, with 67% of them in Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite this, knowledge about HIV prevalence in Africa is limited and imperfect. Although population-based testing in recent years has provided reliable information about current prevalence in the general population, we have little reliable data on prevalence in early years of the epidemic. This paper suggests a new methodology for estimating HIV prevalence and incidence using inference from mortality data. This methodology can be used to generate prevalence estimates from early in the epidemic. This information is valuable for understanding how the epidemic has evolved over time and is also likely to be helpful in analyses that explore how policy affects the epidemic or how HIV affects other country-level outcomes.
Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Kidney Disease
Authors: Menon Vandana , Rudym Darya , Chandra Priya , Miskulin Dana , Perrone Ronald , Sarnak Mark
Published: September 2010

Background and objectives

Most deaths in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) are attributable to cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examined novel CVD biomarkers in different stages of ADPKD.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

We recruited 50 hypertensive subjects with ADPKD with estimated GFR (eGFR) of >60 ml/min per 1.73 m2; 52 hypertensive subjects with ADPKD with eGFR of 25 to 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2; 42 normotensive subjects with ADPKD and eGFR of >60 ml/min per 1.73 m2; and 50 healthy controls. We assayed serum C-reactive protein and IL-6 as markers of inflammation; plasma 8-epi-prostaglandin F
2α (8-epi-PGF2α) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as markers of oxidative stress; and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) as a measure of insulin resistance.

Results

The hypertensive ADPKD eGFR of 25 to 60 group had higher levels of C-reactive protein and IL-6 than controls, normotensive ADPKD with eGFR of >60, and hypertensive ADPKD with eGFR of >60. The normotensive ADPKD eGFR >60, hypertensive ADPKD eGFR >60, and hypertensive ADPKD eGFR 25 to 60 groups had higher 8-epi-PGF2α and lower SOD than controls, with no difference between the ADPKD groups. There was no difference in HOMA levels between any of the groups. Adjustment for age, race, gender, and body mass index did not alter these relationships.

Conclusions

Inflammation and oxidative stress are evident early in ADPKD even with preserved kidney function. Inflammation exhibits a graded relationship with levels of kidney function, whereas oxidative stress demonstrates a threshold effect. These pathways may be therapeutic targets for CVD risk mitigation.
Voluntary Nonfinancial Disclosure and the Cost of Equity Capital: The Initiation of Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting
Authors: Dhaliwal Dan S. , Li Oliver Zhen , Tsang Albert , Yang Yong George
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT: We examine a potential benefit associated with the initiation of voluntary disclosure of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities: a reduction in firms’ cost of equity capital. We find that firms with a high cost of equity capital in the previous year tend to initiate disclosure of CSR activities in the current year and that initiating firms with superior social responsibility performance enjoy a subsequent reduction in the cost of equity capital. Further, initiating firms with superior social responsibility performance attract dedicated institutional investors and analyst coverage. Moreover, these analysts achieve lower absolute forecast errors and dispersion. Finally, we find that firms exploit the benefit of a lower cost of equity capital associated with the initiation of CSR disclosure. Initiating firms are more likely than non-initiating firms to raise equity capital following the initiations; among firms raising equity capital, initiating firms raise a significantly larger amount than do non-initiating firms.
The Role of Organizational Absorptive Capacity in Strategic Use of Business Intelligence to Support Integrated Management Control Systems
Authors: Elbashir Mohamed Z. , Collier Philip A. , Sutton Steve G.
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT: This study examines the influence of organizational controls related to knowledge management and resource development on assimilation (i.e., strategic integration and use) of business intelligence (BI) systems. BI systems use analytics and performance management concepts to leverage enterprise system databases and provide core management control system (MCS) capability. Our results indicate that organizational absorptive capacity (i.e., the ability to gather, absorb, and strategically leverage new external information) is critical to establishing appropriate technology infrastructure and to assimilating BI systems for organizational benefit. Further, findings show that while top management plays a significant role in effective deployment of BI systems, their impact is indirect and a function of operational managers’ absorptive capacity. In particular, this indirect effect suggests that leveraging BI systems is driven from the bottom up as opposed to the top down. This differentiates BI from other isolated strategic MCS innovations that have traditionally been viewed as top-management driven.
Do Investors Understand Really Dirty Surplus?
Authors: Landsman Wayne R. , Miller Bruce L. , Peasnell Ken , Yeh Shu
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT: This study addresses whether firms’ share prices correctly reflect two accounting measures: dirty surplus and really dirty surplus. Dirty surplus is readily observable from the financial statements, but really dirty surplus, which arises from recognizing equity transactions such as employee stock option exercises at other than fair market value, is not. Findings show that dirty surplus and really dirty surplus are irrelevant for forecasting abnormal comprehensive income. However, findings also indicate that investors appear to undervalue really dirty surplus. Hedge returns are insignificant when portfolios are formed based on dirty surplus, but are significantly positive based on really dirty surplus. Really dirty surplus positive hedge returns are robust to a variety of sensitivity tests. Taken together, the findings are consistent with either investors over-valuing firms that have large negative really dirty surplus or really dirty surplus being correlated with an unmodeled risk factor.
Determinants of Investors’ Information Acquisition: Credibility and Confirmation
Authors: Thayer Jane
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT: Psychology theory suggests that current investors are unlikely to be impartial in their acquisition of information regarding a currently held position after receiving information that casts doubt on the profitability of the position. This study examines whether the favorability of initial information an investor receives subsequent to taking an investment position moderates his acquisition of additional information regarding that position. A web-based experiment indicates that participants generally choose to view information based on its credibility. However, the majority of information chosen by participants initially receiving unfavorable information supports the investment position they chose at the beginning of the case. Moreover, participants receiving unfavorable information prefer to view lower-credibility, preference-consistent information at a similar rate to higher-credibility, preference-inconsistent information. Given a psychological need to support a previous investment decision, participants forgo a certain amount of credibility in the information they gather to confirm their belief in their investment position.
Revitalizing Accounting Ethics Research in the Neo-Kohlbergian Framework: Putting the DIT into Perspective
Authors: Bailey Charles D. , Scott Irana , Thoma Stephen J.
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT: The authors briefly review neo-Kohlbergian theory and provide an updated, contemporary view of the DIT. With this background, they present a framework for research using the DIT, drawing on Rest’s (1986) Four-Component Model. They note the existence of recent developments, including “intermediate concepts” that decision-makers normally invoke before falling back upon the “bedrock schema” that the DIT measures. Metrics available from the DIT, but generally neglected, are discussed, including the Utilizer score (reflecting reliance upon ethical factors versus competing factors) and Consolidation Transition Type (indicating whether an individual relies upon a clear schema or is torn between competing schemas). Using this framework, they review the status of some well-known controversies in the accounting and auditing literature and suggest a number of research areas and approaches for future work. As such, the work complements and extends existing review articles that have included DIT-based literature in accounting and auditing.
Why Are Financial Incentive Effects Unreliable? An Extension of Self-Determination Theory
Authors: Stone Dan N. , Bryant Stephanie M. , Wier Benson
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT: This paper extends self-determination theory (SDT) to investigate the unreliability of financial incentives as motivators. The proposed model predicts that core financial need beliefs influence financial values, which in turn influence “hedonic” utility, i.e., happiness. Four financial need belief constructs are proposed and measured: (1) financial self-efficacy, (2) financial autonomy, (3) financial community—trust, and (4) financial community—support. In addition, our extension of SDT predicts that financial values, i.e., altruistic versus materialistic, differentially impact hedonic utility; accordingly, we measure the extent to which individuals value financial rewards for altruistic versus materialistic reasons. The results largely support the extension of SDT to the financial domain. Specifically: (1) financial values partially mediate the effects of financial need beliefs on hedonic utility, and (2) financial altruism positively, and financial materialism negatively, predicts hedonic utility. We conclude by noting the limitations of our research designs and the potential for SDT, as extended to measured—not assumed—financial need beliefs, financial values, and hedonic utility, to explain the unreliability of financial incentives in motivating behavior.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation and Participation in Budgeting: Antecedents and Consequences
Authors: Wong-On-Wing Bernard , Guo Lan , Lui Gladie
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT: Based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Ryan and Deci 2000b; Gagne´ and Deci 2005), the present research proposes and tests a motivation-based model of participation in budgeting that distinguishes among intrinsic motivation, autonomous extrinsic motivation, and controlled extrinsic motivation for participative budgeting. The proposed model was tested using a survey conducted among managers of an international bank. The results suggest that while intrinsic motivation and autonomous extrinsic motivation for participation in budgeting are positively related to performance, controlled extrinsic motivation is negatively associated with performance. These findings highlight the importance of distinguishing among various forms of motivation in participative budgeting research and suggest that the mechanism by which the information benefits of participation in budgeting are obtained may be more complex than assumed. The results also provide evidence of the viability of using the proposed model to study commonly assumed reasons for participative budgeting within a general theoretically based framework of motivation.
Why Business Unit Controllers Create Budget Slack: Involvement in Management, Social Pressure, and Machiavellianism
Authors: Hartmann Frank G. H. , Maas Victor S.
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT: This paper investigates business unit (BU) controllers’ inclination to engage in the creation of budgetary slack. In particular, we explore whether controllers who are involved in BU decision making are more susceptible to social pressure to engage in slack creation than controllers who are not. We expect, and find, a crucial role of the controller’s personality. Results from an experiment among 136 management accountants suggest that the personality construct Machiavellianism interacts with involvement to explain controllers’ responses to social pressure to create budgetary slack. Controllers scoring high on Machiavellianism are more likely to give in to pressure by BU management to create budgetary slack when they have been involved in decision making. In contrast, controllers scoring low on Machiavellianism are less likely to give in to pressure to create slack when they have been involved in decision making.
The Effect of Social Confrontation on Individuals’ Intentions to Internally Report Fraud
Authors: Kaplan Steven E. , Pope Kelly Richmond , Samuels Janet A.
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT: Fraudulent activity is often first discovered by employees. Gaining an understanding of how meeting with the transgressor to discuss the apparent fraud (“social confrontation”) influences individuals’ likelihood of reporting fraud to internal recipients is particularly important for various stakeholders interested in the early reporting of fraud. Using an experimental approach, this study provides evidence on the extent to which unsuccessful social confrontation with one’s supervisor regarding apparent fraud influences reporting intentions to two different, but plausible, internal report recipients: the supervisor’s supervisor and an internal auditor. To broaden the generalizability of the findings, the study includes two different fraudulent acts. In the study, participants assume the role of an employee discovering a fraudulent act. The study manipulates two between-participants variables: (1) the presence or absence of unsuccessful social confrontation with the transgressor to discuss the apparent fraud and (2) the type of fraudulent act that apparently occurred (misappropriation of assets or fraudulent financial reporting). The results of the study were consistent with and extend power-related theories of whistleblowing. We find that under unsuccessful social confrontation, one’s reporting intentions to the supervisor’s supervisor are stronger than to an internal auditor. However, reporting intentions to the supervisor’s supervisor are not stronger than to an internal auditor when social confrontation did not occur. The type of fraudulent act did not influence the relation between social confrontation and reporting intentions. Our findings suggest that employees experiencing unsuccessful social confrontation may be more likely to seek out powerful internal report recipients. Thus, audit committees and others with an interest in fostering internal fraud reporting may find it helpful to include social confrontation strategies as part of a broader discussion with employees of responses to the discovery of fraud and make employees fully aware of how to report apparent fraud to senior internal report recipients.
The Effects of Ingratiation and Client Incentive on Auditor Judgment
Authors: Robertson Jesse C.
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT: Anecdotal evidence from practice suggests clients can influence auditor judgment using ingratiation, a strategic influence tactic through which the ingratiator attempts to induce positive affect to facilitate persuasion. I provide initial academic evidence concerning the effect of ingratiation on auditor judgment. I find that when the client ingratiates, auditors are more likely to comply with the requests of clients with low incentive to influence the auditor than those with high incentive. Thus, ingratiation appears to magnify the effect of client incentive on auditor judgment. I find auditors experience stronger positive affect toward both ingratiating clients and clients with low incentive relative to non-ingratiating clients and clients with high incentive. Further, auditors are more likely to comply with client requests as positive affect toward the client increases. The results suggest clients can influence auditor judgment through ingratiation under certain circumstances, and clients can strategically induce positive affect to influence auditor judgment.
The Effects of Trust and Management Incentives on Audit Committee Judgments
Authors: Rose Anna M. , Rose Jacob M. , Dibben Mark
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT: We investigate the effects of audit committee members’ dispositional trust and management incentives on audit committee judgments. Results of an experiment indicate that: (1) When management has incentives to manage earnings, less trusting audit committee members are more likely to support the external auditor than are more trusting audit committee members; (2) when management has incentives to manage earnings, less trusting audit committee members are more likely to perceive that management is not credible, and more likely to perceive that management is being deceptive than are more trusting audit committee members; and (3) the interactive effects of trust and incentives on decisions to support the auditor are mediated by perceptions of management’s intent to deceive. That is, less trusting audit committee members perceive that management’s incentives to manage earnings result in potential deception by management, and less trusting audit committee members increase their support for the auditor because of concerns about management deception.
Spectral source parameters for weak local earthquakes in the Pannonian basin
Authors: Süle Bálint
Published: September 2010

Dynamic source parameters are estimated from P-wave displacement spectra for 18 local earthquakes (1.2 < ML < 3.7) that occurred in two seismically active regions of Hungary between 1995 and 2004. Although the geological setting of the two areas is quite different, their source parameters cannot be distinguished. The source dimensions range from 200 to 900 m, the seismic moment from 6.3x1011 to 3.48×1014 Nm, the stress drop from 0.13 to 6.86 bar, and the average displacement is less than 1 cm for all events. The scaling relationship between seismic moment and stress drop indicates a decrease in stress drop with decreasing seismic moment. A linear relationship of M w = 0.71 M L + 0.92 is obtained between local magnitude and moment magnitude.
Fluvial stacking due to plate collision and uplift during the Early Pleistocene in Cyprus
Authors: Schirmer Wolfgang , Weber Josef , Bachtadse Valerian , BouDagher-Fadel Marcelle , Heller Friedrich , Lehmkuhl Frank , Panayides Ioannis , Schirmer Ursula
Published: September 2010

Southern Cyprus is situated within a mosaic terrane that has been fragmented between the northward drifting African and Arabian plates and the Eurasian plate. Enormous uplift of the earth mantle in the Tróodos Mountains is explained by two models. The subduction model explains subduction along the Cyprean arc to be the driving force for uplift whereas after the restraining bend model westward squeezing of Cyprus along strike-slip faulting is responsible for the enormous uplift at restraining bends. Since its emergence as an island in early Miocene times, landscape formation on Cyprus has been strongly controlled by this uplift. Until the Plio-Pleistocene, a strait belt separated the southern unroofed ophiolitic core region-the Tróodos Mountains-from the folded Kyrenia range to the north. This former sea basin, nowadays the Mesaoría Basin, is linked with the Tróodos Mountains by a dissected glacis with a thick cover of river deposits. The highest and oldest river deposits (Apalós Formation) were studied in the Vlokkariá hill southwest of Lefkosía. The 45.5 m thick Apalós Formation of Early Pleistocene age exhibits 24 sedimentary units (Fluviatile Series). Their magnetostratigraphical characters align with the Matuyama chron including the Olduvai and Jaramillo subchrons thus comprising about 1.15 Ma within the Early Pleistocene. This fluvial stack indicates a very flat and deeply lying river environment flowing from a slowly uplifting Tróodos hinterland. It happened during the end of Early Pleistocene when the enhanced Tróodos uplift started the dissection of the stacked river plain.
Effects of 4-week rope mallakhamb training on respiratory indices in adolescent girls
Authors: Bal Baljinder , Singh Kanwaljeet
Published: September 2010

Effects of 4-week rope mallakhamb training on respiratory indices in adolescent girls

Study aim: To assess the effects of 4-week rope mallakhamb training on respiratory indices in girls.

Material and methods: A group of 24 high-school girls aged 12 - 16 years, who participated in interschool yoga competitions and in the Catch Them Young (CTY) programme, volunteered to participate in this study. They were randomly assigned into rope mallakhamb (M) and control (C) groups, n = 12 each. The M group was subjected to 4-week training consisting of various asanas (Paschimottanasana, Natrajasana, Nidrasana, Mayurasana and Savasana), the control group participated in the routine yoga mallakhamb training not containing the asanas mentioned. The following respiratory indices were determined using a wet spirometer: tidal volume (Vt), expiratory (ERV) and inspiratory (IRV) reserve volume, vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC) and inspiratory capacity (IC).

Results: The 4-week rope mallakhamb training brought about significant (p<0.05 - 0.001) improvements (by 5 - 13%) in all indices except FVC. None of the indices significantly improved in Group C.

Conclusions: The rope mallakhamb training may be recommended to improve strength and endurance of respiratory muscles and may contribute to enhanced voluntary control of breathing.
The Physical Therapy and Society Summit (PASS) Meeting: Observations and Opportunities
Authors: Kigin Colleen M. , Rodgers Mary M. , Wolf Steven L.
Published: September 2010

The construct of delivering high-quality and cost-effective health care is in flux, and the profession must strategically plan how to meet the needs of society. In 2006, the House of Delegates of the American Physical Therapy Association passed a motion to convene a summit on “how physical therapists can meet current, evolving, and future societal health care needs.” The Physical Therapy and Society Summit (PASS) meeting on February 27–28, 2009, in Leesburg, Virginia, sent a clear message that for physical therapists to be effective and thrive in the health care environment of the future, a paradigm shift is required. During the PASS meeting, participants reframed our traditional focus on the physical therapist and the patient/client (consumer) to one in which physical therapists are an integral part of a collaborative, multidisciplinary health care team with the health care consumer as its focus. The PASS Steering Committee recognized that some of the opportunities that surfaced during the PASS meeting may be disruptive or may not be within the profession's present strategic or tactical plans. Thus, adopting a framework that helps to establish the need for change that is provocative and potentially disruptive to our present care delivery, yet prioritizes opportunities, is a critical and essential step. Each of us in the physical therapy profession must take on post–PASS roles and responsibilities to accomplish the systemic change that is so intimately intertwined with our destiny. This article offers a perspective of the dynamic dialogue and suggestions that emerged from the PASS event, providing further opportunities for discussion and action within our profession.
Comparison between 3 infusion methods to measure cerebrospinal fluid outflow conductance
Authors: Sundström Nina , Andersson Kennet , Marmarou Anthony , Malm Jan , Eklund Anders
Published: September 2010

Object

There are several infusion methods available to estimate the outflow conductance (Cout) or outflow resistance (Rout = 1/Cout) of the CSF system. It has been stated that for unknown reasons, the bolus infusion method estimates a higher Cout than steady-state infusion methods. The aim of this study was to compare different infusion methods for estimation of Cout.

Methods

The following 3 different infusion methods were used: the bolus infusion method (Cout bol); the constant flow infusion method, both static (Cout stat) and dynamic (Cout dyn) analyses; and the constant pressure infusion method (Cout cpi). Repeated investigations were performed on an experimental model with well-known characteristics, with and without physiological pressure variations (B-waves, breathing, and so on). All 3 methods were also performed in a randomized order during the same investigation in 20 patients with probable or possible idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus; 6 of these patients had a shunt and 14 did not.

Results

Without the presence of physiological pressure variations, the concordance in the experimental model was good between all methods. When they were added, the repeatability was better for the steady-state methods and a significantly higher Cout was found with the bolus method in the region of clinically relevant Cout (p < 0.05). The visual fit for the bolus infusion was dependent on subjective assessment by the operator. This experimental finding was confirmed by the clinical results, where significant differences were found in the investigations in patients without shunts between Cout of the visual bolus method and Cout stat, Cout dyn, and Cout cpi (4.58, 4.18, and 6.12 μl/[second × kPa], respectively).

Conclusions

This study emphasized the necessity for standardization of Cout measurements. An experienced operator could partly compensate for difficulties in correctly estimating the pressure parameters for the bolus infusion method, but for the general user this study suggests a steady-state method for estimating Cout.
Minimally invasive application of a radial plate following placement of an ulnar rod in treating antebrachial fractures
Authors: Hulse D. A. , Kerwin S. C. , Saunders W. B. , Witsberger T. H.
Published: September 2010

Objective: To describe a surgical technique for placement of a minimally invasive radial plate following application of an ulnar rod (MIPR) for treatment of antebrachial fractures.

Methods: Medical records (November 2005-June 2009) were searched to identify dogs with diaphyseal radius and ulna fractures stabilised by MIPR. Data retrieved included signalment, weight, limb affected, cause of injury, open versus closed fracture, number of fragments, implant size, number of screws used and cortices engaged, number of open screw holes, operative time, rod removal, complications and time to radio-graphic healing. To be included, dogs had to have evidence of radiographic healing during follow-up.

Results: Eight dogs with diaphyseal radius and ulna fractures treated with MIPR were included in the case series. All fractures were due to trauma and two fractures were open (grade 1). Rod loosening and osteomyelitis of the ulna occurred in one case which subsequently resolved with rod removal. Healing occurred in all cases with no implant failures. Median time to radiographic union was 10.5 weeks (mean ± SD = 17 ± 15 weeks range 4–52 weeks).

Clinical relevance: Use of MIPR constructs on diaphyseal fractures of the radius and ulna is an effective technique for managing these fractures using principles of biological osteo-synthesis. An intramedullary rod in the ulna assists with fracture reduction and stabilisation and rod removal is recommended once fracture healing has occurred.
Imaging studies of the hindlimbs of pacas (Cuniculus paca) bred in captivity
Authors: Rahal S. C. , Doiche D. P. , Machado M. R. F. , Vulcano L. C. , Teixeira C. R. , El-Warrak A. O. , Araújo F. A. P.
Published: September 2010

Objective: To evaluate the hindlimbs of pacas bred in captivity using radiographic and computed tomography (CT) studies.

Animals: Nine mature pacas (Cuniculus paca) 5.9–8.2 kg in body weight.

Methods: Radiographical aspects of the bones of the hindlimbs were evaluated, and the Norberg angle and inclination angle were measured for each hindlimb. Anteversion angle were measured in CT examination.

Results: The bone anatomy of the hindlimb of the paca was similar to that of the guinea pig, apart from two lunulae and a single fabella (lateral) which were observed. The Norberg angle had mean value of 130.56º ±13.81 without any significant difference between testers. Inclination angles ranged from 142.44º ±4.82 to 145.44º ±4.09 by Hauptman’s method, and from 144.94º ±3.13 to 148.22º ±3.25 by Montavon’s method, for right and left hindlimbs respectively. Average values for the anteversion angles measured with CT ranged from 28.56º ±5.56 to 32.91º ± 2.62.

Clinical significance: The data may be used in future studies comparing the paca to other rodent species. In addition, the paca could be used as an animal model in orthopaedic research.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit bone healing: A review
Authors: Barry S.
Published: September 2010

The ability of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) to inhibit bone healing has been established in experimental animal models using mice, rats, and rabbits. The mechanism of action is largely unknown but stems from prostaglandin inhibition and is likely multifactorial. In human medicine NSAID are known to prevent heterotopic ossification, however the clinical importance of their effects on bone healing remains controversial. Although a small handful of reports suggest that NSAID suppress bone healing in dogs and horses, there is little published information to direct veterinary practice in domestic species.
Relation of the Norberg angle and position of the femoral head centre to the dorsal acetabular edge in evaluation of canine hip dysplasia
Authors: Skurková L. , Hluchý M. , Lacková M. , Mihalová M. , Ledecký V.
Published: September 2010

Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is a locomotive-system disease in dogs, which in many countries is the target of screening programs aimed at reducing the prevalence of CHD among descendants of predisposed dog breeds. Despite the efforts to apply genetic testing or ultrasound diagnostics in diagnosing CHD (as is common in human medicine), the main diagnostic process in veterinary medicine is by radiographic examination. The main two parameters which are used in diagnosing HD are the Norberg angle (NA) and the position of femoral head centre to the dorsal acetabular edge (FHC/DAE). We examined the relationship between these two parameters in the process of the determination of CHD degree by evaluating 225 randomly selected radiographs which were made during the period from 1993 to 2008. The aim of our study was to examine the validity of these two parameters in CHD classification as used in three different classification programs. Using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the value of which was 0.85 (p <0.05), we observed a positive correlation. Comparing the three scoring systems for CHD evaluation, we found that the final degree of CHD was similar for 78% to 85% of cases using Flückiger’s scoring system versus a modified scoring system of 5 parameters without FHC/DAE. Results were significant.
The rationale behind novel bone grafting techniques in small animals
Authors: Griffon D. J. , Ragetly G. R.
Published: September 2010

Autograft is considered ideal for grafting procedures, providing osteoinductive growth factors, osteogenic cells, and an osteoconductive scaffold. Limitations, however, exist regarding donor site morbidity and graft availability. Although allograft provides an osteoconductive matrix with some osteoinductivity, its availability is limited. To achieve optimal bone graft properties, researchers are developing new materials with the goal of designing synthetics as close to autograft as possible while still facilitating their clinical use. However, the constant evolution of internal fixation stimulates the search for growth factors and cells which could stimulate bone healing.
Investigation of the effects of prostaglandin E2 on equine superficial digital flexor tendon fibroblasts in vitro
Authors: Cissell J. M. , Milton S. C. , Dahlgren L. A.
Published: September 2010

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of pros-taglandin E2 (PGE2) treatment on the metabolism of equine tendon fibroblasts in vitro to aid in investigating the response of tendon fibroblasts to injury and novel therapeutics.

Methods: Superficial digital flexor tendon fibroblasts isolated via collagenase digestion from six young adult horses were grown in monolayer in four concentrations of PGE2 (0, 10, 50, 100 ng/ml) for 48 hours. Cells and medium were harvested for gene expression (collagen types I and III, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein [COMP], decorin, and matrix metalloproteinase-1, –3, and –13), biochemical analysis (glycosaminoglycan, DNA, and collagen content), and cytological staining.

Results: Gene expression for collagen type I was significantly increased at 100 ng/ml PGE2 compared to 10 and 50 ng/ml. There were not any significant differences detected for gene expression of collagen type III, COMP or dec-orin or for biochemical content and cell morphology.

Clinical significance: Under the conditions investigated, exogenous treatment of equine tendon fibroblasts with PGE2 failed to alter cell metabolism in a manner useful as a model of tendon injury. A model that applies cyclic strain to a three dimensional construct seeded with tendon fibroblasts may prove to be a more useful model and merits further investigation for this purpose. The ability to assess cellular responses in an environment where the cells are supported within the extracellular matrix may prove beneficial.
Residents' Perception of the Social-Cultural Impacts of the 2008 Formula 1 Singtel Singapore Grand Prix
Authors: Cheng Elaine , Jarvis Nigel
Published: September 2010

The Formula 1 Grand Prix was held in Singapore for the first time in September 2008. While Singapore had previous experience hosting international events, nothing in the past could be compared to this inaugural event because it brought with it a unique set of impacts, as evidenced by
past research into car races held elsewhere. For this reason, this study explores how this major motor sport event impacted its host residents through their perceptions of social-cultural aspects. This is important because it can affect the well-being and quality of the life of local residents,
two necessary antecedents for their continued support of the car race in the future. A survey of 96 residents was conducted to elicit responses to host residents' perceptions of social-cultural impacts of the F1. Chi-square analysis was used to explore relationships between different types
of respondents and their perceived social-cultural impacts. Residents were largely homogenous with regard to attitudes toward the positive and negative impacts, although there were more discrepancies associated with the negative issues. Results were compared to previous studies of car race
events and social exchange and social representation theories were used to help contextualize the data. While residents largely supported the F1 event suggestions were provided so as to better manage the social-cultural impacts.
Are You Proud?: The Influence of Sport and Community Identity and Job Satisfaction on Pride of Mega-Event Volunteers
Authors: Kim May , Kim Min Kil , Odio Michael A.
Published: September 2010

Volunteers are a core component in the operation of mega-sporting events. Pride from being a part of a particular event is an important motive for volunteers to get involved initially, and to return to mega-sporting events. However, previous research has not studied the pride of volunteers after the event. In the current study, volunteer pride was measured after an international mega-event ended and volunteer duties had been completed. The results showed that sport and community identities strongly influenced volunteer pride. However, after volunteer job satisfaction was included, the influence of sport and community identities diminished. The findings suggested that event managers should focus on effective volunteer management as well as volunteer recruitment.
An Analysis of Service Provision and Visitor Impacts Using Participant Observation and Photographic Documentation: The National Cherry Blossom Festival
Authors: Park Minkyung , Daniels Margaret J. , Brayley Russell , Harmon Laurlyn K.
Published: September 2010

Using participant observation and photographic documentation, a study of the National Cherry Blossom Festival was conducted to evaluate service provision and impacts on National Mall and Memorial Parks (National Mall) resources. Specifically, the researchers examined the adequacies
of National Park Service facilities and services to meet festival visitors' needs as well as assessed human impacts on the natural and cultural resources in the National Mall. The study results suggested that the nature of this cultural event led to intense, concentrated consumption and usage
of facilities, services, and natural resources, making it difficult for management to keep up with visitor demand and risking long-term degradation of the natural resources. Detailed recommendations set forth a plan of action to protect the natural resources while not overly constraining visitor
behaviors. Managers of large and small cultural festivals around the globe subject to these same carrying capacity issues can benefit from the recommendations put forth in this study. Additionally, the participant observation and photographic documentation methods applied in this study can
be utilized in evaluating visitor behaviors and impacts in festival and event contexts.
A Comprehensive Surveillance of Adamantane Resistance among Human Influenza a Virus Isolated from Mainland China between 1956 and 2009
Authors: Lan Yu , Zhang Ye , Dong Libo , Wang Dayan , Huang Weijuan , Xin Li , Yang Limei , Zhao Xiang , Li Zi , Wang Wei , Li Xiyan , Xu Cuilin , Yang Lei , Guo Junfeng , Wang Min , Peng Yousong , Gao Yan , Guo Yuanji , Wen Leying , Jiang Taijiao , Shu Yuelong
Published: September 2010

Background

Adamantane-derived drugs have been used for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza A virus infection for many years worldwide. Rapid surveillance of antiviral drug resistance is important for appropriate clinical guideline development. Here, we retrospectively assessed adamantane resistance among different influenza A subtypes (H1N1, H3N2 and H5N1) over 53 years (1956–2009) in mainland China.

Methods

A total of 1,451 viruses, including 773 H3N2 viruses, 647 H1N1 viruses and 31 human H5N1 viruses, were analysed by matrix gene sequencing and assayed for drug resistance.

Results

Our results show that the prevalence of adamantane- resistant H3N2 viruses was low between 1956 and 2002, but substantially increased in 2003 to the extent that since 2006 all H3N2 viruses have been drug resistant. The percentage of adamantane- resistant H1N1 viruses also increased from 50.0% in 2004 to 98.7% in 2007; however, this decreased to 46.7% in 2009. Only three adamantane-resistant H5N1 viruses have been detected since 2003, when the first case of human H5N1 virus infection was detected in mainland China. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the increase of adamantane-resistant isolates was caused by point mutations or intrasubtype reassortment instead of intersubtype reassortment.

Conclusions

Because of the high percentage of adamantane- resistant H3N2 and H1N1 viruses in mainland China, the use of amantadine and rimantadine drugs for prophylaxis and treatment of current seasonal influenza A infection is not recommended.
Cold-Water Immersion and the Treatment of Hyperthermia: Using 38.6°C as a Safe Rectal Temperature Cooling Limit
Authors: Gagnon Daniel , Lemire Bruno B. , Casa Douglas J. , Kenny Glen P.
Published: September 2010

Context:

Cold-water immersion is recommended for the immediate field treatment of exertional heat stroke. However, concerns exist over potential overcooling of hyperthermic individuals during cold-water immersion.

Objective:

To evaluate the recommendation that removing previously hyperthermic individuals from a cold-water bath at a rectal temperature (Tre) of 38.6°C would attenuate overcooling.

Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Participants included 6 men and 4 women (age  =  22 ± 3 years, height  =  172 ± 10 cm, mass  =  67.8 ± 10.7 kg, body fat percentage  =  17.1% ± 4.5%, maximum oxygen consumption  =  59.3 ± 8.7 mL·kg−1·min−1).

Intervention(s):

After exercising at an ambient temperature of 40.0°C for 38.5 ± 9.4 minutes, until Tre reached 39.5°C, participants were immersed in a 2.0°C circulated water bath until Tre decreased to either 37.5°C or 38.6°C. Subsequently, participants were removed from the water bath and recovered for 20 minutes at an ambient temperature of 25°C.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Rectal and esophageal temperatures were measured continuously during the immersion and recovery periods.

Results:

Because of the experimental design, the overall time of immersion was greater during the 37.5°C trial (16.6 ± 5.7 minutes) than the 38.6°C trial (8.8 ± 2.6 minutes) (t9  =  −4.740, P  =  .001). During the recovery period after cold-water immersion, both rectal (F1,9  =  50.540, P < .001) and esophageal (F1,6  =  20.365, P  =  .007) temperatures remained greater in the 38.6°C trial than in the 37.5°C trial. This was evidenced by low points of 36.47°C ± 0.70°C and 37.19°C ± 0.71°C for rectal temperature (t9  =  2.975, P  =  .016) and of 35.67°C ± 1.27°C and 36.72°C ± 0.95°C for esophageal temperature (t6  =  3.963, P  =  .007) during the recovery period of the 37.5°C and 38.6°C trials, respectively.

Conclusions:

Immersion for approximately 9 minutes to a rectal temperature cooling limit of 38.6°C negated any risk associated with overcooling hyperthermic individuals when they were immersed in 2°C water.
Contribution of Knee Flexor and Extensor Strength on Sex-Specific Energy Absorption and Torsional Joint Stiffness During Drop Jumping
Authors: Schmitz Randy J. , Shultz Sandra J.
Published: September 2010

Context:

Lower extremity injury often occurs during abrupt deceleration when attempting to change the body's direction. Although sex-specific biomechanics have been implicated in the greater risk of acute knee injury in women than in men, it is unknown if sex differences in thigh strength affect sex-specific energy absorption and torsional joint stiffness patterns.

Objective:

To determine sex differences in energy absorption patterns and joint stiffnesses of the lower extremity during a drop jump and to determine if these sex differences were predicted by knee extensor and flexor strength.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Laboratory environment.

Patients or Other Participants:

Recreationally active, college-aged students (41 women: age  =  22.1 ± 2.9 years, height  =  1.63 ± 0.07 m, mass  =  59.3 ± 8.0 kg; 40 men: age  =  22.4 ± 2.8 years, height  =  1.77 ± 0.1 m, mass  =  80.9 ± 14.1 kg).

Intervention(s):

Participants performed knee flexor and extensor maximal voluntary isometric contractions followed by double-leg drop-jump landings.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Lower extremity joint energetics (J × N−1 × m−1) and torsional joint stiffnesses (Nm × N−1 × m−1 × degrees−1) were calculated for the hip, knee, and ankle during the initial landing phase. Body weight was measured in newtons and height was measured in meters. Sex comparisons were made and sex-specific regressions determined if thigh muscle strength (Nm/kg) predicted sagittal-plane landing energetics and stiffnesses.

Results:

Women absorbed 69% more knee energy and had 36% less hip torsional stiffness than men. In women, greater knee extensor strength predicted greater knee energy absorption (R2  =  0.11, P  =  .04), and greater knee flexor strength predicted greater hip torsional stiffness (R2  =  0.12, P  =  .03).

Conclusions:

Sex-specific biomechanics during the deceleration phase of a drop jump revealed that women used a strategy to attempt to decrease system stiffness. Additionally, only female strength values were predictive of landing energetics and stiffnesses. These findings collectively demonstrated that the task may have been more difficult for women, resulting in a different movement strategy among those with different levels of thigh strength to safely complete the task. Future researchers should look at other predictive factors of observed sex differences.
Patients With Ice Hockey Injuries Presenting to US Emergency Departments, 1990–2006
Authors: Deits Jeff , Yard Ellen E. , Collins Christy L. , Fields Sarah K. , Comstock R. Dawn
Published: September 2010

Context:

Although the number of US ice hockey participants doubled from 1990 to 2006, no nationally representative studies have examined US ice hockey injuries among participants of all ages during this period.

Objective:

To describe patients with ice hockey injuries presenting to a representative sample of US emergency departments (EDs) from 1990 through 2006.

Design:

Prospective injury surveillance study.

Setting:

The US Consumer Product Safety Commission collects data from 100 nationally representative EDs via the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS).

Patients or Other Participants:

Individuals injured while playing ice hockey and presenting to a NEISS-affiliated ED from 1990 through 2006.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Incidence and patterns of ice hockey–related injuries.

Results:

From 1990 through 2006, 8228 patients with ice hockey–related injuries presented to NEISS-affiliated EDs, representing an estimated 302 368 ice hockey–related injuries sustained nationally during this time. Injuries occurred predominantly among males (93.5%). More than half of the injured were aged 9 to 14 years (28.9%) or 15 to 18 years (30.1%), and injury incidence in these age groups increased over the study period (P  =  .009 and P < .001, respectively). The most commonly injured body sites were the face (19.1%), wrist/hand/finger (14.1%), shoulder/upper arm (13.8%), and lower leg/ankle/foot (11.1%). Lacerations (27.0%), contusions/abrasions (23.6%), fractures (17.3%), and sprains/strains (16.9%) were the most common injuries. Falls (16.5%), contact with boards (13.6%), and contact with stick (13.0%) were the most common injury mechanisms. Compared with those aged 9 to 18 years, those aged 2 to 8 years and those older than 18 years sustained larger proportions of face (injury proportion ratio [IPR]  =  2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]  =  2.29, 3.08) and mouth (IPR  =  4.34; 95% CI  =  2.87, 6.56) injuries. Concussions were more common among those aged 2 to 18 years (9.0%) than in those who were older than 18 years (3.7%) (IPR  =  2.47; 95% CI  =  1.75, 3.49).

Conclusions:

Ice hockey injury patterns vary by age and sex. Our findings indicate that many trips to the ED might be prevented by using protective equipment appropriately.