bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Donor‐Stabilized Zwitterionic “Half‐Parent” Phosphasilene and Its Unusual Reactivity towards Small Molecules
Authors: Hansen Kerstin , Szilvási Tibor , Blom Burgert , Irran Elisabeth , Driess Matthias
Published: January 2014

The stabilization of the labile, zwitterionic “half‐parent” phosphasilene 4 L′SiPH (L′=CH[(CCH2)CMe(NAr)2]; Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) could now be accomplished by coordination with two different donor ligands (4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and 1,3,4,5‐tetramethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene), affording the adducts 8 and 9, respectively. The DMAP‐stabilized zwitterionic “half‐parent” phosphasilene 8 is capable of transferring the elusive parent phosphinidene moiety (:PH) to an unsaturated organic substrate, in analogy to the “free” phosphasilene 4. Furthermore, compounds 4 and 8 show an unusual reactivity of the SiP moiety towards small molecules. They are capable of adding dimethylzinc and of activating the SH bonds in H2S and the NH bonds in ammonia and several organoamines. Interestingly, the DMAP donor ligand of 8 has the propensity to act as a leaving group at the phosphasilene during the reaction. Accordingly, treatment of 8 with H2S affords, under liberation of DMAP, the unprecedented thiosilanoic phosphane LSiS(PH2) 16 (L=HC(CMe[2,6‐iPr2C6H3N])2). Compounds 4 and 8 react with ammonia both affording L′Si(NH2)PH2 17, respectively. In addition, the reaction of 8 with isoproylamine, p‐toluidine, and pentafluorophenylhydrazine lead to the corresponding phosphanylsilanes L′Si(PH2)NHR (R=iPr 18 a; R=C6H5CH3 18 b, R=NH(C6F5) 18 c), respectively.
Reversible Light‐Driven Polymerization of Polyoxometalate Tethered with Coumarin Molecules
Authors: Tong UnSong , Chen Wei , Ritchie Chris , Wang Xiaoting , Song Yu‐Fei
Published: January 2014

A new photosensitive polyoxometalate (POM) organic–inorganic hybrid compound has been prepared by covalently tethering coumarin moieties onto a Mn–Anderson cluster. This compound has been fully characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy, and ESI‐MS. This organic–inorganic hybrid compound can undergo reversible light‐driven polymerization and this process has been characterized in detail.
Ruthenium(II)/Chiral Brønsted Acid Co‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Four‐Component Reaction/Cascade Aza‐Michael Addition for Efficient Construction of 1,3,4‐Tetrasubstituted Tetrahydroisoquinolines
Authors: Jiang Jun , Ma Xiaochu , Ji Changge , Guo Zhenqiu , Shi Taoda , Liu Shunying , Hu Wenhao
Published: January 2014

An elegant synergistic catalytic system comprising a ruthenium complex with a chiral Brønsted acid was developed for a four‐component Mannich/cascade aza‐Michael reaction. The ruthenium‐associated ammonium ylides successfully trapped with in situ generated imines indicates a stepwise process of proton transfer in the ruthenium‐catalyzed carbenoid NH insertion reaction. The different decomposition abilities of various ruthenium complexes towards diazo compounds were well explained by the calculated thermodynamic data. The transformation features a mild, rapid, and efficient method for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure 1,3,4‐tetrasubstituted tetrahydroquinolines bearing a quaternary stereogenic carbon center from simple starting precursors in moderate yields with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity.
Stable Isolated Metal Atoms as Active Sites for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Xing Jun , Chen Jian Fu , Li Yu Hang , Yuan Wen Tao , Zhou Ying , Zheng Li Rong , Wang Hai Feng , Hu P. , Wang Yun , Zhao Hui Jun , Wang Yong , Yang Hua Gui
Published: January 2014

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Hua Gui Yang at the East China University of Science and Technology. The image depicts the stable single Pt atoms on TiO2 as active sites for photocatalytic hydrogen production. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201303366.
ChemInform Abstract: (GeTe)nSbInTe3 (n ≤ 3)—Element Distribution and Thermal Behavior.
Authors: Fahrnbauer Felix , Urban Philipp , Welzmiller Simon , Schroeder Thorsten , Rosenthal Tobias , Oeckler Oliver
Published: January 2014

Homogeneous bulk samples of GeSbInTe4 (trigonal space group R$\bar 3$m, Z = 3), Ge2SbInTe5 (trigonal space group P$\bar 3$m1, Z = 1), and Ge3SbInTe6 (trigonal space group R$\bar 3$m, Z = 3) are obtained by melting of the elements (950 °C, 1, 2, and 18 h, resp.) and subsequent annealing (450, 450, and 300 °C for 3, 5, and 11 d, resp.).
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Properties of Ln2MnGe6 (Ln: La, Ce) and YMn0.3Ge2 Germanides.
Authors: Duraj R. , Konyk M. , Przewoznik J. , Romaka L. , Szytula A.
Published: January 2014

The title compounds are prepared by arc‐melting of the elements followed by annealing at 870 K for 4 weeks.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of New Ettringite and Thaumasite Type Phases: Ca6 [Ga(OH)6·12H2O] 2(SO4)3·2H2O and Ca6 [M(OH)6·12H2O] 2(SO4)2(CO3)2, M: Mn, Sn.
Authors: Norman Rachel L. , Dann Sandra E. , Hogg Simon C. , Kirk Caroline A.
Published: January 2014

The new title phases along with ettringite, Ca6 [Al(OH)6·12H2O] 2(SO4)3·2H2O, and its known iron analogue are prepared from solutions of M2(SO4)3 (M: Al, Fe, Ga) or MSO4 (M: Mn, Sn) and CaO mixed with a 10% aq.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acid—Base Reactions with Anhydrous Sulfamates as a Pathway to [SO3N]3‐‐Containing Compounds: Preparation of Li3SO3N.
Authors: Kurzman Joshua A. , Jouan Gauthier , Courty Matthieu , Palacin M. Rosa , Armand Michel , Recham Nadir
Published: January 2014

Li3SO3N is prepared by ball‐milling LiSO3NH2 with a slight excess of LiNH2 or LiH for 4 h followed by annealing at 400—450 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of Li2InMo3O8: A Novel Reduced Molybdenum Oxide Containing Magnetic Mo3 Clusters.
Authors: Gall Philippe , Al Orabi Rabih Al Rahal , Guizouarn Thierry , Gougeon Patrick
Published: January 2014

The title compound is synthesized by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of Li2MoO4, In2O3, MoO3, and Mo (850 °C, 2 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Tungsten Oxychloride Compounds Containing [W6O6Cl12]n‐ (n = 2, 3) Clusters.
Authors: Hummel Thorsten , Glaser Jochen , Stroebele Markus , Meyer H.‐Juergen
Published: January 2014

Compounds (III) and (V) are obtained by simple neutralization of aq.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Phase in the MnII—SeIV—MoVI—O System, Mn(MoO3)(SeO3)(H2O): Hydrothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Properties.
Authors: Zhen Yanzhong , Wang Danjun , Liu Bin , Fu Feng , Xue Ganglin
Published: January 2014

The title compound is hydrothermally synthesized from an aqueous mixture of Na2MoO4, SeO2, and MnSO4 (autoclave, 160 °C, 4 d, 82% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Pressure Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Mixed Valent Iron Borate Fe8B15O28(OH)8.
Authors: Neumair Stephanie C. , Perfler Lukas , Winter Florian , Poettgen Rainer , Heymann Gunter , Huppertz Hubert
Published: January 2014

The new FeII/FeIII mixed‐valent title compound is obtained from a stoichiometric mixture of Fe2O3 and H3BO3 under high pressure/high temperature conditions (BN crucible, multianvil device, 12 GPa, 850 °C, 15 min).
ChemInform Abstract: New Rhodium‐Rich Germanides RERh6Ge4 (RE: Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm—Lu).
Authors: Vosswinkel Daniel , Niehaus Oliver , Poettgen Rainer
Published: January 2014

The title compounds are obtained by arc melting of the elements, remelting, and heating to 1400 K (sealed silica tube, cooling from 1400 to 900 K within 240 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Transfer‐Hydrogenative Cyclization of 1,6‐Diynes with Hantzsch 1,4‐Dihydropyridine as a H2 Surrogate.
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshihiko , Mori Shota , Shibuya Masatoshi
Published: January 2014

A hydrogenative cyclization of 1,6‐diynes is developed using Ru‐catalysis and the Hantzsch 1,4‐dihydropyridine as hydrogen source.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc/Iron‐Mediated Ring Opening of Dibromocyclopropanes for in situ Diels—Alder Reactions with Electron‐Deficient Aldehydes and Imines.
Authors: Puenner Florian , Hilt Gerhard
Published: January 2014

In the presence of ZnBr2/Fe and aldehydes, α‐ketoesters or electron‐deficient imines dibromocyclopropanes of type (I) and (VIII) smoothly undergo ring opening giving 2,3‐dienes.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot anti‐Markovnikov Hydroamination of Unactivated Alkenes by Hydrozirconation and Amination.
Authors: Strom Alexandra E. , Hartwig John F.
Published: January 2014

This method tolerates a broad variety of functional groups and can be used for the synthesis of primary and secondary amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Functionalized Acetylenic Ketones.
Authors: Fang Zhijia , Wills Martin
Published: January 2014

An extended study on the application of the recently reported catalyst Teth—TosDPEN—RuCl (RTT) in asymmetric transfer hydrogenation reactions of acetylenic dicarbonyl compounds is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Asymmetric Synthesis of a (1R,2S)‐1‐Amino‐2‐vinylcyclopropanecarboxylic Acid‐Derived Sulfonamide and Ethyl Ester.
Authors: Lou Sha , Cuniere Nicolas , Su Bao‐Ning , Hobson Lindsay A.
Published: January 2014

The asymmetric cyclopropanation of protected glycine derivative (I) gives rise to vinylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester with 77—81% e.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Flow Heck Reactions Using Extremely Low Loadings of Phosphine‐Free Palladium Acetate.
Authors: Cyr Patrick , Deng Stella T. , Hawkins Joel M. , Price Kristin E.
Published: January 2014

The reactions are run in a mesoscale flow reactor which allows precise control of reaction times and temperatures.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of (E,Z)‐Dienals via Tandem Rh(I)‐Catalyzed Rearrangement of Propargyl Vinyl Ethers.
Authors: Vidhani Dinesh , Krafft Marie E. , Alabugin Igor V.
Published: January 2014

Propargyl vinyl ethers undergo Rh‐catalyzed Claisen rearrangement followed by stereoselective proton transfer to provide (E,Z)‐dienals.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclopropenimine‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Mannich Reactions of tert‐Butyl Glycinates with N‐Boc‐Imines.
Authors: Bandar Jeffrey S. , Lambert Tristan H.
Published: January 2014

Cyclopropenimine is an efficient and selective catalyst for Mannich reactions between glycine imines with aryl and aliphatic N‐Boc‐aldimines with high levels of enantio‐ and diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Supported on Graphene Oxide‐Catalyzed S‐Arylation: An Efficient and Ligand‐Free Synthesis of Aryl Sulfides.
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Srinivasulu Vunnam , Murthy J. N. S. R. C. , Shankaraiah Nagula , Nagesh Narayana , Reddy T. Srinivasa , Rao A. V. Subba
Published: January 2014

A wide range of symmetrical and unsymmetrical aryl sulfides is prepared from aryl halides with thiols or thiourea as a sulfur source.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Dibranched Conjugated Dienes via Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of N‐Tosylhydrazones.
Authors: Jiang Huanfeng , He Li , Li Xianwei , Chen Huoji , Wu Wanqing , Fu Wei
Published: January 2014

A facile and highly regioselective oxidative coupling of N‐tosylhydrazones (I) and further transformations of the 2,3‐disubstituted 1,3‐butadienes (II) formed via Diels—Alder reactions and indene synthesis are reported.
ChemInform Abstract: In(III)PhCO2H Binary Acid Catalyzed Tandem [2 + 2] Cycloaddition and Nazarov Reaction Between Alkynes and Acetals.
Authors: Zhu Lihui , Xi Zhi‐Guo , Lv Jian , Luo Sanzhong
Published: January 2014

It is demonstrated that the combination of In(OTf)3/benzoic acid efficiently catalyzes the coupling of alkynes and acetales to afford indanones in excellent yield and diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a trans‐Hydrindanone, Precursor for the Preparation of Vitamin D Analogues.
Authors: Gandara Zoila , Rivadulla Marcos L. , Perez Manuel , Gomez Generosa , Fall Yagamare
Published: January 2014

A scalable synthesis of the title compounds is developed, based on the Criegee rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions of Alkynes with Isatin‐Derived Azomethine Ylides: Enantioselective Synthesis of Spiro[indoline‐3,2′‐pyrrole] Derivatives.
Authors: Shi Feng , Zhu Ren‐Yi , Liang Xia , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: January 2014

The method represents the first enantioselective construction of spiro‐oxindole‐based 2,5‐dihydropyrrole compounds and the first enantioselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of alkynes with ketone‐derived azomethine ylides.
ChemInform Abstract: Dimerization of Cyclopropenes to Bifurans Using Tandem Metal Relay Catalysis.
Authors: Song Chuanling , Sun Di , Peng Xianglong , Bai Jing , Zhang Rongyi , Hou Shengzhen , Wang Jianwu , Xu Zhenghu
Published: January 2014

A variety of substituted bifurans (II) (15 examples) is readily prepared by a palladium‐catalyzed dimerization of cyclopropenes (I).
ChemInform Abstract: A One‐Pot Coupling—Addition—Cyclocondensation Sequence (CACS) to 2‐Substituted 3‐Acylpyrroles Initiated by a Copper‐Free Alkynylation.
Authors: Nordmann Jan , Mueller Thomas J. J.
Published: January 2014

A novel modular three‐component synthesis of title compounds (IV) and (VII) via sequential reaction of an acid chloride, an alkyne, and aminoacetaldehyde diethylacetal is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Catalyst‐Free Synthesis of Pyrrole Derivatives in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Tamaddon Fatemeh , Amirpoor Farideh
Published: January 2014

The novel procedure for the three component reaction of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds, α‐hydroxycarbonyl compounds, and ammonium acetate is less laborious and provides a better scope and chemoselectivity than previously reported procedures.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Acylarylation of Acrylamides with α‐Oxocarboxylic Acids in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Wang Hua , Guo Li‐Na , Duan Xin‐Hua
Published: January 2014

The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and exhibits excellent functional group tolerance.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regioselective Synthesis of Substituted Isoindolinones via Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Alkyne Cyclotrimerizations.
Authors: Foster Robert W. , Tame Christopher J. , Hailes Helen C. , Sheppard Tom D.
Published: January 2014

A wide range of polysubstituted isoindolines is prepared mostly along with some amount of a homo‐coupled product.
ChemInform Abstract: Switchable Synthesis of 3‐Cyanoindoles and 3‐Amidylindoles via a Palladium‐Catalyzed Reaction of N,N‐Dimethyl‐2‐alkynylaniline with Isocyanide.
Authors: Qiu Guanyinsheng , Qiu Xiaochen , Liu Jianping , Wu Jie
Published: January 2014

The reaction of N,N‐dimethyl‐2‐alkynylanilines with isocyanides affords 3‐cyanoindoles [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Antifungal 1,2,4‐Bis‐oxadiazolines Using Cycloaddition Reaction of Nitrile Oxide with Bis‐Schiff Base.
Authors: Toumi Ahmed , Daami‐Remadi Mejda , Ben Jannet Hichem
Published: January 2014

New compounds (IIIb)—(IIIe) possess antifungal activities against B.
ChemInform Abstract: Dehydrogenative Heck Reaction (Fujiwara—Moritani Reaction) of Unactivated Olefins with Simple Dihydropyrans under Aprotic Conditions.
Authors: Pawar Govind Goroba , Singh Gaurav , Tiwari Virendra Kumar , Kapur Manmohan
Published: January 2014

In the reaction with olefins only (E)‐products are observed but in most of the cases along with some homo‐coupling products.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyridines via Reactions of Chalcones and Malononitrile in Alcohols Using Amberlite IRA‐400 (OH‐).
Authors: Bahrami Kiumars , Khodaei Mohammad M. , Naali Fardin , Yousefi Behrooz H.
Published: January 2014

Polysubstituted pyridine derivatives are synthesized through economical one‐pot multicomponent reactions of different α,β‐unsaturated ketones, malononitrile, and ethanol or methanol in the presence of Amberlite IRA‐400 (OH‐) as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugate Addition Reactions of N‐Carbamoyl‐4‐pyridones and 2,3‐Dihydropyridones with Grignard Reagents in the Absence of Cu(I) Salts.
Authors: Guo Fenghai , Dhakal Ramesh C. , Dieter R. Karl
Published: January 2014

The reactions proceed in the absence of any catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple One‐Pot Procedure for the Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Triazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines via Pseudo Five‐Component Reactions Catalyzed by Molecular Iodine.
Authors: Alizadeh Abdolali , Saberi Vahid , Mokhtari Javad
Published: January 2014

The synthesis is advantageous with regards to mild reaction conditions, ease of purification, and ready availability of the starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: 5,6,7,8‐Tetrahydropyrido[4,3‐c]pyridazine: A Lead‐Oriented Scaffold with Two Diversity Points.
Authors: Borisov Alexander V. , Voloshchuk Volodymyr V. , Nechayev Maxim A. , Grygorenko Oleksandr O.
Published: January 2014

The five step sequence for the synthesis of the title compounds includes the reaction of 4‐piperidone derivative (I) with glyoxylic acid and hydrazine as the key step.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile and Practical Synthesis of Nicolaou′s Key Intermediates, 2‐Methyl‐ and 2,6‐Dimethyltetrahydropyrans, Toward the Total Synthesis of Ladder‐Shaped Polyethers.
Authors: Nakashima Takeharu , Baba Tomomi , Onoue Hisaaki , Yamashita Wataru , Torikai Kohei
Published: January 2014

A rapid access to tetrahydropyrans (I) in only seven and eight steps starting from 2‐deoxy‐D‐ribose is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Broad Spectrum Antiviral Evaluation of bis(POM) Prodrugs of Novel Acyclic Nucleosides.
Authors: Agrofoglio Luigi A. , et al. et al.
Published: January 2014

The synthesis of a broad range of drugs bearing a (E)‐but‐2‐enyl aliphatic side chain is described including an olefin acyclic olefin cross metathesis as key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of 1‐Boc‐piperazine with Aryl Iodides and Its Application in the Synthesis of Trazodone.
Authors: Yong Fui‐Fong , Teo Yong‐Chua , Tan Khee‐Ngiap
Published: January 2014

A convenient and practical strategy for the cross‐coupling of N‐Boc protected piperazines with aryl iodides in the presence of the catalytic system CuBr/rac‐BINOL is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand/PTC‐Free Intramolecular Heck Reaction: Synthesis of Pyrroloquinoxalines and Their Evaluation Against PDE4/Luciferase/Oral Cancer Cell Growth in vitro and Zebrafish in vivo.
Authors: Pal Manojit , et al. et al.
Published: January 2014

Novel pyrroloquinoxalines (VIa), (VIc), and (VIg) show significant PDE4B inhibition and weak growth inhibition of oral cancer cell lines CAL 27, whilst the luciferase inhibition is low.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Microwave Assisted Synthesis of New 2‐Alkoxycarbonylmethylene‐4‐oxo‐1,5‐benzo‐, naphtho‐, and pyridodiazepines and Assessment of Their Cytogenetic Activity.
Authors: Eleftheriadis Nicolaos , Neochoritis Constantinos G. , Tsoleridis Constantinos A. , Stephanidou‐Stephanatou Julia , Iakovidou‐Kritsi Zafiroula
Published: January 2014

The synthesis of the title compounds and the evaluation of their in vitro cytogenic activity at typical concentration rates of the drug 1,4‐benzodiazepine is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: 8‐Functionalization of Alkyl‐Substituted‐3,8‐dimethyl BODIPYs by Knoevenagel Condensation.
Authors: Palao Eduardo , Agarrabeitia Antonia R. , Banuelos‐Prieto Jorge , Arbeloa Lopez Teresa , Lopez‐Arbeloa Inigo , Armesto Diego , Ortiz Maria J.
Published: January 2014

In contrast to previous studies Knoevenagel condensation reaction of methyl‐substituted BODIPYs provides the corresponding 8‐alkenyl derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Weinreb Amide Based Building Block for Convenient Access to Vinyl Ketones.
Authors: Tiwari Praveen Kumar , Aidhen Indrapal Singh
Published: January 2014

Hitherto unknown amide (III) is a suitable building block for the synthesis of vinyl ketones on a multigram scale via addition of Grignard reagents and subsequent oxidation.
ChemInform Abstract: A General and Efficient Method to Convert Selenides into Selenones by Using HOF·CH3CN.
Authors: Potash Shay , Rozen Shlomo
Published: January 2014

The first general method for mild and efficient synthesis of selenones including sterically hindered and electron‐deficient ones is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Picazoplatin, an Azide‐Containing Platinum(II) Derivative for Target Analysis by Click Chemistry.
Authors: White Jonathan D. , Osborn Maire F. , Moghaddam Alan D. , Guzman Lindsay E. , Haley Michael M. , DeRose Victoria J.
Published: January 2014

The new title compound (I) readily binds DNA and RNA oligonucleotides and undergoes facile post‐labeling click reactions to alkyne—fluorophore conjugates.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3′‐Azido‐2′,3′‐dideoxy‐5‐fluorouridine Phosphoramidates and Evaluation of Their Anticancer Activity.
Authors: Lewandowska Marta , Ruszkowski Piotr , Baraniak Dagmara , Czarnecka Anna , Kleczewska Natalia , Celewicz Lech
Published: January 2014

The precursor for the target compounds is prepared starting from 5‐fluoro‐2′‐deoxyuridine (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Contraction vs Ring‐Expansion Reactions of Spiro‐Cyclopropanecarboxylated Sugars.
Authors: Ramakrishna Bandi , Sridhar Perali Ramu
Published: January 2014

NIS‐Mediated ring‐opening of spirocyclopropane carboxylated sugars (I) produces α,β‐unsaturated esters (I) easily undergoing DBU‐mediated ring‐contraction to yield ketofuranoses (III)/(IV).
ChemInform Abstract: New Approach to Sugar Dienes; Useful Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Bicyclic Derivatives.
Authors: Witkowski Grzegorz , Jarosz Slawomir
Published: January 2014

Efficient methods are developed for the synthesis of highly functionalized dienes of type (III) and (IV) having the D‐glucose scaffold.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation Heck Reaction of Glycals and Aryl Hydrazines: A Palladium‐Catalyzed C‐Glycosylation.
Authors: Bai Yaguang , Kim Le Mai Hoang , Liao Hongze , Liu Xue‐Wei
Published: January 2014

Depending on the C3 stereochemistry of the glycal substrate this method yields either diastereomerically pure products or mixtures of diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: The Exocyclic Olefin Geometry Control via Ireland—Claisen Rearrangement: Stereoselective Total Syntheses of Barmumycin (V) and Limazepine E (VI).
Authors: Smits Gints , Zemribo Ronalds
Published: January 2014

The highly selective Ireland—Claisen rearrangement of seven‐membered lactone‐derived boron enolate generated in situ is the key step to synthesize the naturally occurring antitumor agents (V) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Negishi Cross‐Coupling Reaction as a Route to Isocombretastatins.
Authors: Malysheva Yulia B. , Buchvalova Svetlana Y. , Svirshchevskaya Elena V. , Fokin Valery V. , Fedorov Alexey Y.
Published: January 2014

A new method based on Negishi cross‐coupling of alkenylzinc reagent (I) with aryl halides allows the synthesis of various Isocombretastatins.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Methods. Part 1. Free‐Radical Reactions
Authors: Rowlands Gareth J.
Published: January 2014

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Power of Gold Beyond Glitter: Homogeneous Catalysis with Au(I)‐Complexes to Generate a Library of Privileged Scaffolds
Authors: Patil Nitin T.
Published: January 2014

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Usage of Carbon Nanotubes as Platinum and Nickel Catalyst Support in Dehydrogenation Reactions
Authors: Ombaka L. M. , Ndungu P. , Nyamori V. O.
Published: January 2014

Review: 118 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Secondary Amines as Lewis Bases in Nitroalkene Activation
Authors: Yan Wuming , Shi Xiaodong , Zhong Cheng
Published: January 2014

Review: systematic studies from the last five years on activation of nitroolefins with secondary amines as Lewis bases that give different multicomponent condensation products and asymmetric syntheses of heterocycles based on this strategy; 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pentalenes — From Highly Reactive Antiaromatics to Substrates for Material Science
Authors: Hopf Henning
Published: January 2014

Review: 13 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in the Ferrier Rearrangement
Authors: Gomez Ana M. , Lobo Fernando , Uriel Clara , Lopez J. Cristobal
Published: January 2014

Review: recent developments in the use of promoters for the Ferrier rearrangement of O‐, N‐, C‐ and S‐nucleophiles with glycals; <250 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes in Organofluorine Chemistry
Authors: Reddy V. Prakash , Vadapalli Avinash , Sinn Ekkehard , Hosmane Narayan
Published: January 2014

Review: recent progress in organofluorinations catalyzed by N‐heterocyclic carbene‐transition metal ion complexes; 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Access to Alternative Regioisomers for Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Arylations of (Benzo)thiophenes
Authors: Yuan Kedong , Doucet Henri
Published: January 2014

Review: 34 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Optically Active Allenes from an Allylic Substitution/Isomerization Sequence
Authors: Zhang Wenhan , Ready Joseph M.
Published: January 2014

Review: 23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Remote 1,6‐Stereocontrol by Iminium‐Mediated Organocatalytic Events
Authors: Lear Martin J. , Hayashi Yujiro
Published: January 2014

Review: 18 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chlorine Dioxide in Chemo‐ and Stereoselective Oxidation of Sulfides
Authors: Kutchin A. V. , Rubtsova S. A. , Sudarikov D. V. , Demakova M. Ya.
Published: January 2014

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Chemical Behavior of (+)‐δ‐Cadinol
Authors: Khalilova Yu. A. , Zagreeva I. A. , Valeev F. A.
Published: January 2014

Review: 27 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Enzymatic and Chemical Deracemisation of Racemic Compounds
Authors: Rachwalski Michal , Vermue Niek , Rutjes Floris P. J. T.
Published: January 2014

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Substrate Based Electrodes for Flexible Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: Fabrication Methods, Progress and Challenges
Authors: Balasingam Suresh Kannan , Kang Man Gu , Jun Yongseok
Published: January 2014

Review: 121 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Observation of Growth of Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: Liao Hong‐Gang , Niu Kaiyang , Zheng Haimei
Published: January 2014

Review: 110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Engineering Metal‐Based Luminescence in Coordination Polymers and Metal—Organic Frameworks.
Authors: Heine Johanna , Mueller‐Buschbaum Klaus
Published: January 2014

Review: 50 refs.
Investigating carbon monoxide and propene oxidation on a platinum diesel oxidation catalyst
Authors: Sola Carolina , Abedi Ali , Hayes Robert E. , Epling William S. , Votsmeier Martin
Published: January 2014

This paper presents a detailed analysis of global kinetic models for the oxidation of carbon monoxide and propene, in the presence of water, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, excess oxygen and nitrogen. The context is the automotive catalytic converter for a lean burn engine. Experimental results are presented for a commercial platinum diesel oxidation catalyst used in the form of a 400 CPSI washcoated monolith. Models are developed based on the classical LHHW format presented by Voltz et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1973;12:294. The models are developed stepwise for experiments for each reactant alone and the predictive ability of the results is examined. It is found that it is necessary to use experiments with both reactants present to develop a reliable model.
Synthesis, Antitubulin, and Antiproliferative SAR of C3/C1‐Substituted Tetrahydroisoquinolines
Authors: Dohle Wolfgang , Leese Mathew P. , Jourdan Fabrice L. , Major Meriel R. , Bai Ruoli , Hamel Ernest , Ferrandis Eric , Kasprzyk Philip G. , Fiore Ann , Newman Simon P. , Purohit Atul , Potter Barry V. L.
Published: January 2014

The syntheses and antiproliferative activities of novel substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives and their sulfamates are discussed. Biasing of conformational populations through substitution on the tetrahydroisoquinoline core at C1 and C3 has a profound effect on the antiproliferative activity against various cancer cell lines. The C3 methyl‐substituted sulfamate (±)‐7‐methoxy‐2‐(3‐methoxybenzyl)‐3‐methyl‐6‐sulfamoyloxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline (6 b), for example, was found to be ∼10‐fold more potent than the corresponding non‐methylated compound 7‐methoxy‐2‐(3‐methoxybenzyl)‐6‐sulfamoyloxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline (4 b) against DU‐145 prostate cancer cells (GI50 values: 220 nM and 2.1 μM, respectively). Such compounds were also found to be active against a drug‐resistant MCF breast cancer cell line. The position and nature of substitution of the N‐benzyl group in the C3‐substituted series was found to have a significant effect on activity. Whereas C1 methylation has little effect on activity, introduction of C1 phenyl and C3‐gem‐dimethyl substituents greatly decreases antiproliferative activity. The ability of these compounds to inhibit microtubule polymerisation and to bind tubulin in a competitive manner versus colchicine confirms the mechanism of action. The therapeutic potential of a representative compound was confirmed in an in vivo multiple myeloma xenograft study.
Hürthle cells in fine‐needle aspirates of the thyroid: A review of their diagnostic criteria and significance
Authors: Auger Manon
Published: January 2014

Although the cytological assessment of Hürthle cell lesions is challenging, the literature offers good, albeit imperfect, guidance to aid in the crucial distinction between nonneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. The significance of a cytologic diagnosis of follicular neoplasm, Hürthle cell type, lies in the rate of malignancy on follow‐up surgical excision, ranging in the literature from 10% to 45%. A cytodiagnosis of atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), Hürthle cell type, appears to be associated with a lower risk of malignancy on follow‐up than other subtypes of AUS; however, this area warrants further investigation. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:241–249. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Richardson–Lucy Deconvolution as a General Tool for Combining Images with Complementary Strengths
Authors: Ingaramo Maria , York Andrew G. , Hoogendoorn Eelco , Postma Marten , Shroff Hari , Patterson George H.
Published: January 2014

We use Richardson–Lucy (RL) deconvolution to combine multiple images of a simulated object into a single image in the context of modern fluorescence microscopy techniques. RL deconvolution can merge images with very different point‐spread functions, such as in multiview light‐sheet microscopes,1, 2 while preserving the best resolution information present in each image. We show that RL deconvolution is also easily applied to merge high‐resolution, high‐noise images with low‐resolution, low‐noise images, relevant when complementing conventional microscopy with localization microscopy. We also use RL deconvolution to merge images produced by different simulated illumination patterns, relevant to structured illumination microscopy (SIM)3, 4 and image scanning microscopy (ISM). The quality of our ISM reconstructions is at least as good as reconstructions using standard inversion algorithms for ISM data, but our method follows a simpler recipe that requires no mathematical insight. Finally, we apply RL deconvolution to merge a series of ten images with varying signal and resolution levels. This combination is relevant to gated stimulated‐emission depletion (STED) microscopy, and shows that merges of high‐quality images are possible even in cases for which a non‐iterative inversion algorithm is unknown.
Social aversive stimuli presented to the mother produce the precocious expression of fear in rat pups
Authors: Zuluaga María J. , Agrati Daniella , Uriarte Natalia , Ferreira Annabel
Published: January 2014

During the stress hypo‐responsive period, rat pups do not display fear responses toward adult males, yet they exhibit distress behavior in isolation. Since the mother modulates her offspring's affective development, we hypothesized that by altering the mother's behavior, a prolonged stressful situation would modify the ontogeny of the fear responses and distress behaviors in pups. Therefore, we repeatedly exposed the mother‐litter dyad to different socially stressful stimuli and subsequently evaluated in 8‐day‐old pups their fear responses toward an anesthetized male, as well as their distress behavior in isolation. Our results show that repeated exposure to unfamiliar males and females, which altered maternal behavior by eliciting aggression in the mother, was associated with the precocious fear responses in pups, though without altering their distress behavior in isolation. We propose that the mother, as the principal mediator of environmental influences, provokes the precocious expression of fear in pups through alterations in her maternal behavior. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1187–1198, 2014.
Development of sexual behavior in free‐ranging female Japanese macaques
Authors: Leca Jean‐Baptiste , Gunst Noëlle , Vasey Paul L.
Published: January 2014

We studied the development of sexual behaviors in female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) living at Arashiyama, Japan, in a group where adult females routinely exhibit sexual interactions with both males and females. Our cross‐sectional data on juvenile, adolescent, and adult females supported most of our predictions related to the learning hypothesis, which holds that adolescence serves to provide females with a period in which to practice adult female‐like sexual behavioral patterns, including sexual solicitations, sexual mounts, and spatio‐temporal coordination during consortships. We found evidence for a gradual acquisition of adult‐like behavioral patterns (e.g., more frequent solicitations with body contact, more frequent complete mounts, more diverse solicitation patterns and complete mounting postures, and longer consortships involving prolonged inter‐mount grasping behavior between partners), and a gradual disappearance of less effective immature behavioral patterns (e.g., less frequent non‐contact solicitations, ambiguous mounting initiations, and incomplete mounts). We distinguished between three major categories of sexual behavioral patterns based on their speed of development, ranging from fast (e.g., diversity in mounting postures and genital stimulation during mounting) to slow (e.g., contact solicitations and grasping behavior between consortship partners), with some being intermediate (e.g., range of solicitation patterns and expression of complete mounts). This study showed that the emergence of both conceptive and non‐conceptive adult sexual behaviors can be traced back to immature behavioral patterns in adolescent female Japanese macaques, with a major threshold occurring at the age of 4 years. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1199–1213, 2014.
Mandating weekly weight gain in a day treatment program for eating disorders
Authors: Thaler Lea , Wilson Samantha , Coelho Jennifer S. , Mazanek Antunes Juliana , Israel Mimi , Steiger Howard
Published: January 2014

Objective

We examined differences in treatment outcome associated with a “self‐directed”‐ versus “external‐incentive”‐based day treatment protocol for individuals with eating disorders (EDs) with below normal body mass index. The self‐directed protocol recommended a weekly 500 g weight gain, but allowed participants freedom to gain weight at their own rate; the “external‐incentive” protocol required a minimum weight gain of 500 g/week as a requirement for staying in the program.

Method

Weight outcome was available for 49 individuals who were treated with the recommended weight gain protocol, and 40 individuals who were treated with the required weight gain protocol.

Results

Post‐treatment weight was significantly higher in patients treated in the required weight gain protocol compared to those treated in the recommended weight gain protocol. All patients, regardless of which program they completed, showed improvements in the measures of eating‐disorder and comorbid‐psychiatric symptoms.

Discussion

This study demonstrated the benefits of an alteration in protocol that required no additional financial or human resources. Further studies are needed to validate the effectiveness of various day treatment protocol parameters. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:500–506)
Do emotional eating urges regulate affect? Concurrent and prospective associations and implications for risk models of binge eating
Authors: Haedt‐Matt Alissa A. , Keel Pamela K. , Racine Sarah E. , Burt S. Alexandra , Hu Jean Yueqin , Boker Steven , Neale Michael , Klump Kelly L.
Published: January 2014

Objective

Emotional eating (EE) reflects an urge to eat in response to emotional rather than physical cues and is a risk factor for the development of binge eating. EE has been conceptualized as an attempt to regulate negative affect (NA), a posited maintenance factor for binge eating. However, no study has examined whether EE urges regulate affect. Further, no studies have examined longitudinal associations between EE urges and positive affect (PA).

Method

We examined within‐subject longitudinal associations between affect and EE urges in a community‐based sample of female twins (mean age = 17.8 years). Participants (N = 239) completed ratings of affect and EE urges for 45 consecutive days.

Results

Greater NA was concurrently associated with greater EE urges. Additionally, greater EE urges predicted worse NA for both concurrent and prospective (next‐day) analyses. Finally, lower PA was associated with greater EE urges in concurrent analyses, but there were no prospective associations between changes in PA and EE urges.

Discussion

EE urges do not appear to effectively regulate affect. EE urges in a community‐based sample appear to have the same functional relationship with affect as binge eating in clinical samples, further supporting EE as a useful dimensional construct for examining processes related to binge eating. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:874–877)
Oxidative treatments of solid olive residues: Effects on phenolic and fatty acid fractions
Authors: Girardi Fabio , Cichelli Angelo , Perri Enzo , Basti Carla , d'Alessandro Nicola
Published: January 2014

In the present study, we considered the effects of several chemical treatments of three different olive residues (pomace) of diverse origins, which all involve H2O2. Diluted (40 vol) and concentrated (130 vol; 30% wt) H2O2 was used alone or in combination with Fe sulfate (the Fenton system). The main goal was to oxidize the phenolic substances, as only a dephenolyzed sample can be safely used for applications like soil improvement or as biomass for biogas generation. The o‐diphenols were always oxidized in higher amount than single phenols as demonstrated by data on tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol. The Fenton system appears to be a method that can oxidize the phenolic fraction, while leaving only a trace of residual H2O2 inside the pomace. We also considered the effects of these oxidative treatments on the triglycerides. Linoleic acid was largely oxidized, although only in pomace with a low water content and in the presence of the Fenton treatment. Finally, the whole lignocellulose matrix of all of the pomaces was recovered at the end of treatment without any large changes, as shown by the IR spectra of oxidized samples.

Practical applications: Modern two‐phase olive‐oil extraction systems have become widely used, and it can be expected that in the near future they will replace traditional extraction plants. Together with many advantages, they also have some disadvantages, such as a greater need for disposal of pomace. Such by‐products can be of value for re‐use in soil improvement, as biomass for generation of biogas, as new ingredients for livestock feed, and as raw material for energy purposes (stone). Often these uses are hindered by the presence of low amounts of derivatives that can cause problems such as inhibition of the biochemical pathways involved. The high amounts of phenols and fatty acids in pomaces represent a serious problem for these supplementary uses. A phenol‐free pomace would allow alternative uses and provide additional economic return from these by‐products.
Ready Access to Alkylidenecyclopentenones by Nazarov Cyclization/β‐Elimination of 2‐Hydroxyalkyl‐1,4‐dien‐3‐ones
Authors: Scadeng Owen , West F. G.
Published: January 2014

Cross‐conjugated dienones bearing α‐hydroxyalkyl substituents readily undergo Nazarov cyclization followed by deprotonation of the resulting cyclopentenyl cation, and β‐elimination of the exocyclic hydroxy group to form alkylidenecyclopentenones in moderate yield. The deprotonation step occurs with complete regioselectivity opposite to the hydroxyalkyl substituent, with preferential introduction of an endocyclic olefin. The transformation is tolerant of a variety of substituents and occurs under relatively mild conditions.
Total Synthesis of Carbazole Alkaloids – Ekeberginine, Harmandianamine A, and Furanoclausamine B
Authors: Roy Joyeeta , Mal Dipakranjan
Published: January 2014

The anionic [4 + 2] annulation of 3‐substituted furoindolones with dimethyl maleate provides an expedient route for the synthesis of the title carbazole alkaloids. The employment of this strategy in combination with a Krapcho reaction/retro‐Kolbe–Schmitt reaction has culminated in the first total synthesis of the lactonic carbazoles harmandianamine A and furanoclausamine B and a brief total synthesis of ekeberginine from a prenylated furoindolone. An unusual fragmentation of an ester function during the annulation is also reported.
Characterization and thermal degradation of protective layers in high‐rating fire‐resistant glass
Authors: Wu Miao , Chow W. K. , Ni Xiaomin
Published: January 2014

Fire‐resistant glass products are considered to have better performance against fire. They are developed to replace conventional glass products. However, the smoke emitted from these products can be potentially harmful during fires and cause injuries or even deaths. Six samples of insulating glass available in the local market were selected. A variety of techniques, including X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric FTIR, pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and tubular furnace coupled FTIR spectroscopy, were employed. According to the test results, there are two types of protective layers of the fire‐resistant glass. One consists of water, water‐soluble salt and polyamide with possible presence of alcohols, and the other consists of water metal silicates with possible presence of carboxylate and alcohols. Gases emitted from the protective layers heated in air, in argon and in vacuum are similar. Water vapor, carbon dioxide and hydrogen chloride are the main components of the gases emitted. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delivery Truck Drivers’ Work Outside Their Cabs: Ergonomic Video Analyses Supplemented with National Accident Statistics
Authors: Reiman Arto , Putkonen Ari , Nevala Nina , Nyberg Mika , Väyrynen Seppo , Forsman Mikael
Published: January 2014

Delivery truck drivers’ work contains various physically and psychosocially demanding work situations. Fifteen drivers’ and 8 other stakeholders’ identifications of such work situations were examined by video analyses in this study. The identifications were analyzed in‐depth by the researchers and compared with statistics on 3,507 accidents in the Finnish trucking industry. The aim was to determine what kind of identifications were made and to what degree the identifications coincided among the participants and with the accident statistics. The drivers’ identifications differed from the statistics data. The statistics showed a significantly higher relative frequency of movement‐related situations. However, the identifications also included risks for future workload‐related musculoskeletal disorders. Most commonly, these were emphasized during manual materials handling. The participation of different interest groups seems to increase the amount of relevant information obtained. Nonetheless, the age of the evaluator seems not to affect the analyses.
Promoter hypermethylation of the phosphatase DUSP22 mediates PKA‐dependent TAU phosphorylation and CREB activation in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Sanchez‐Mut Jose Vicente , Aso Ester , Heyn Holger , Matsuda Tadashi , Bock Christoph , Ferrer Isidre , Esteller Manel
Published: January 2014

Genetic screening in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has identified only a handful of genes that are mutated in the disorder. Thus, for a very large proportion of patients, the biology of their disease is poorly understood. Epigenetic alterations may provide an explanation in these cases. Using DNA methylation profiles of human hippocampus from controls and patients, we have identified the presence of promoter hypermethylation of the dual‐specificity phosphatase 22 (DUSP22) gene in AD. DUSP22 is a likely candidate gene for involvement in the pathogenesis of the disorder since, as we demonstrate here, it inhibits PKA activity and thereby determines TAU phosphorylation status and CREB signaling. © 2014 The Authors. Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geospatial and geostatistical approach for groundwater potential zone delineation
Authors: Mallick Javed , Singh Chander Kumar , Al‐Wadi Hussein , Ahmed Mohd , Rahman Atiqur , Shashtri Satyanarayan , Mukherjee Saumitra
Published: January 2014

Over the past few decades, groundwater has become an essential commodity owing to increased demand as a result of growing population, industrialization, urbanization and so on. The water supply situation is expected to become more severe in the future because of continued unsustainable water use and projected change in hydrometeorological parameters due to climate change. This study is based on the integrated approach of remote sensing, geographical information system and multicriteria decision‐making techniques to determine the most important contributing factors that affect the groundwater resources and to delineate the groundwater potential zones. Ten thematic layers, namely, geomorphology, geology, soil, topographic elevation (digital elevation model), land use/land cover, drainage density, lineament density, proximity of surface water bodies, surface temperature and post‐monsoon groundwater depth, were considered for the present study. These thematic layers were selected for groundwater prospecting based on the literature; discussion with the experts of the Central Ground Water Board, Government of India; field observations; geophysical investigation; and multivariate techniques. The thematic layers and their features were assigned suitable weights on Saaty's scale according to their relative significance for groundwater occurrence. The assigned weights of the layers and their features were normalized by using the analytic hierarchy process and eigenvector method. Finally, the selected thematic maps were integrated using a weighted linear combination method to create the final groundwater potential zone map. The final output map shows different zones of groundwater potential, namely, very good (16%), good (35%), moderate (28%) low (17%) and very low (2.1%). The groundwater potential zone map was finally validated using the discharge and groundwater depth data from 28 and 98 pumping wells, respectively, which showed good correlation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protease‐activated receptor‐1 drives pancreatic cancer progression and chemoresistance
Authors: Queiroz Karla C.S. , Shi Kun , Duitman JanWillem , Aberson Hella L. , Wilmink Johanna W. , van Noesel Carel J.M. , Richel Dick J. , Spek C. Arnold
Published: January 2014

Protease activated receptor (PAR)‐1 expression in tumor cells is associated with disease progression and overall survival in a variety of cancers of epithelial origin; however, the importance of PAR‐1 in the tumor microenvironment remains unexplored. Utilizing an orthotopic pancreatic cancer model in which tumor cells are PAR‐1 positive whereas stromal cells are PAR‐1 negative, we show that PAR‐1 expression in the microenvironment drives progression and induces chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer. PAR‐1 enhances monocyte recruitment into the tumor microenvironment by regulating monocyte migration and fibroblast dependent chemokine production thereby inducing chemoresistance. Overall, our data identify a novel role of PAR‐1 in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment and suggest that PAR‐1 may be an attractive target to reduce drug resistance in pancreatic cancer.