bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multicenter analysis of body mass index, lung function, and sputum microbiology in primary ciliary dyskinesia
Authors: Maglione Marco , Bush Andrew , Nielsen Kim G. , Hogg Claire , Montella Silvia , Marthin June K. , Di Giorgio Angela , Santamaria Francesca
Published: January 2014

Background

No studies longitudinally, simultaneously assessed body mass index (BMI) and spirometry in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD).

Methods

We determined BMI and spirometry in 158 PCD children and adolescents from London, UK (n = 75), Naples, Italy (n = 23) and Copenhagen, Denmark (n = 60) at first presentation and during follow‐up. Annual BMI and spirometry were prospectively collected and analyzed over blocks of 2, 4, and 6 consecutive years. Sputum pathogens were recorded.

Results

Age at first spirometry was 8.7 years (range, 4.2–17.4). Mean Z scores of first measured BMI, FEV1, FVC, and FEF25–75 were 0.01, −1.37, −0.84, and −1.68, respectively. First spirometry was not more frequently impaired in patients referred at age ≥6 years than in those referred at preschool age (P = 0.13). There were no differences in slopes for BMI, FEV1, FVC, or FEF25–75 over any time block. H. influenzae was the most common pathogen, isolated at least once in 65% of patients. P. aeruginosa was found in 58 subjects (37%) of whom 8 (5%) were chronically infected. Neither pathogens was associated with spirometry changes.

Conclusions

Preschool referral to a PCD center was not associated with better spirometry or BMI. PCD children and adolescents receiving centralized care show steady BMI and spirometry during medium term follow‐up. There was a high prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, but the evolution of spirometry or BMI was not affected by this microorganism in medium term. Despite our longitudinal analysis showed no differences between the three centers, the assessment of spirometry and BMI over time represents a quality improvement tool. Future studies are needed to highlight the role of spirometry and BMI in long term PCD management and identify subgroups of patients with a higher risk of early lung failure or nutritional problems. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:1243–1250. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular determinants of the ATP hydrolysis asymmetry of the CCT chaperonin complex
Authors: Chagoyen Mónica , Carrascosa José L. , Pazos Florencio , Valpuesta José M.
Published: January 2014

The eukaryotic cytosolic chaperonin CCT is a molecular machine involved in assisting the folding of proteins involved in important cellular processes. Like other chaperonins, CCT is formed by a double‐ring structure but, unlike all of them, each ring is composed of eight different, albeit homologous subunits. This complexity has probably to do with the specificity in substrate interaction and with the mechanism of protein folding that takes place during the chaperonin functional cycle, but its detailed molecular basis remains unknown. We have analyzed the known proteomes in search of residues that are differentially conserved in the eight subunits, as predictors of functional specificity (specificity‐determining positions; SDPs). We have found that most of these SDPs are located near the ATP binding site, and that they define four CCT clusters, corresponding to subunits CCT3, CCT6, CCT8 and CCT1/2/4/5/7. Our results point to a spatial organisation of the CCT subunits in two opposite areas of the ring and provide a molecular explanation for the previously described asymmetry in the hydrolysis of ATP. Proteins 2014; 82:703–707. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From theMarginalImmigrant to theMobileCitizen: Reconstruction of Identity of Romanian Migrants in Spain
Authors: Marcu Silvia
Published: January 2014

This paper looks into the complex interplay of identity (re)construction as conducted by Romanian immigrants to Spain within the context of the enlargement of the European Union towards Eastern Europe. By using qualitative research techniques, the paper attempts to highlight how the migration process, which is closely tied to border dynamics and European expansion occurring in stages from 1990 to the present, has influenced the (re)construction of identity and the change of discourse among immigrants. As part of the analysis, the study looks into the factors that contribute to the initial loss of the components of identity, identity reconstruction, and the types of identity emerging from the process of mobility. Finally, the paper examines to what extent immigrants' temporary work movements influence the nature of identity construction. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The unoccupied electronic structure characterization of hydrothermally grown ThO2 single crystals
Authors: Kelly T. D. , Petrosky J. C. , Turner D. , McClory J. W. , Mann J. M. , Kolis J. W. , Zhang Xin , Dowben P. A.
Published: January 2014

Single crystals of thorium dioxide ThO2, grown by the hydrothermal growth technique, have been investigated by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPES), and L3, M3, M4, and M5 X‐ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). The experimental band gap for large single crystals has been determined to be 6 eV to 7 eV, from UPS and IPES, in line with expectations. The combined UPS and IPES, place the Fermi level near the conduction band minimum, making these crystals n‐type, with extensive band tailing, suggesting an optical gap in the region of 4.8 eV for excitations from occupied to unoccupied edge states. Hybridization between the Th 6d/5f bands with O 2p is strongly implicated. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lambertian light trapping in thin crystalline macroporous Si layers
Authors: Ernst Marco , Brendel Rolf
Published: January 2014

Lambertian light trapping is a benchmark for efficient light trapping. In this Letter we experimentally quantify the degree of Lambertian light trapping in a macroporous silicon layer. The optical absorption of the effective (26.7 ± 5.5) µm thick sample with randomly arranged pores yields a photogeneration corresponding to a maximum current density of (40.8 ± 0.4) mA cm–2 and thus achieves a fraction of 0.985 ± 0.012 of the current density expected from a Lambertian light trapping scheme. The measured spectrum of the escape reflectance is well described with an analytic model assuming a complete randomization of the directions of light propagation. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cumulative sojourn time in longitudinal studies: a sequential imputation method to handle missing health state data due to dropout
Authors: Li Xiaodong , Liu Jingchen , Duan Naihua , Jiang Huiping , Girgis Ragy , Lieberman Jeffrey
Published: January 2014

Missing data are ubiquitous in longitudinal studies. In this paper, we propose an imputation procedure to handle dropouts in longitudinal studies. By taking advantage of the monotone missing pattern resulting from dropouts, our imputation procedure can be carried out sequentially, which substantially reduces the computation complexity. In addition, at each step of the sequential imputation, we set up a model selection mechanism that chooses between a parametric model and a nonparametric model to impute each missing observation. Unlike usual model selection procedures that aim at finding a single model fitting the entire data set well, our model selection procedure is customized to find a suitable model for the prediction of each missing observation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Study of Post‐Combustion in an AOD Flue
Authors: Song Zhili , Ersson Mikael , Jönsson Pär
Published: January 2014

An investigation on the post‐combustion phenomena in an argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) system containing a converter and a flue has been conducted. An AOD converter is mainly characterized by nozzles installed at the lower side of the converter. The nozzles are intended to inject the decarburization gas of oxygen mixed with an inert gas such as argon. The injection promotes stirring and lowers the partial pressure of CO in the converter. For the AOD converter of interest in the current work, a fan is installed in the end of the AOD flue to help extract the off‐gas from the converter. The influence of different fan gauge pressures as well as temperatures of the gas mixture, containing the generated CO and argon, on the post‐combustion in the whole AOD system was studied. The realizable k–ϵ model was employed as the turbulence model. In addition, the reaction and radiation were also taken into account by use of the species transport model and the discrete ordinate model. It was indicated from the modeling results that the post‐combustion was only present in the flue for the present modeling conditions. Moreover, a critical fan gauge pressure was found, which could yield a maximum post‐combustion in the flue gas. Finally, no obvious change on the post‐combustion was shown if the inlet gas mixture temperature was varied between 1500 and 1700°C.
Preparation and Catalytic Evaluation of a Palladium Catalyst Deposited over Two‐Dimensional Zeolite ITQ‐2 Modified with N‐Donor Groups
Authors: Štěpnička Petr , Křečková Pavlína , Semler Miloslav , Čejka Jiří
Published: January 2014

Two‐dimensional zeolite ITQ‐2 was reacted successively with (3‐chloropropyl)triethoxysilane, 2‐(N,N‐diethylamino)ethylamine, and ammonia to give a support bearing the ≡Si(CH2)3NHCH2CH2NEt2 groups at the surface. Subsequent treatment with palladium(II) acetate afforded an immobilized palladium catalyst 3, which was tested in the Heck coupling of n‐butyl acrylate with bromobenzene to give n‐butyl cinnamate (4). This (pre)catalyst, which acts as a source of active metal species for the reaction occurring in the liquid phase, showed good activity in N,N‐dimethylformamide and N,N‐dimethylacetamide at 150 °C. Reaction tests with different bases revealed a pronounced effect of the base additive on the course of the catalyzed process in terms of both the activity (yield of the coupling product) and selectivity [amount of n‐butyl 3, 3‐diphenylacrylate (5) resulting from twofold arylation]. Among the hydrated bases, the best yields of 4 were obtained in reactions performed in the presence of CH3CO2Na·3H2O and Na3PO4·12H2O, while that with Na2CO3·10H2O furnished considerably worse results. The use of the respective anhydrous bases not only decreased the yield of 4 but also incited the formation of the unwanted doubly arylated product 5.
Na3[BN2] and Na2K[BN2]: A Known and a Novel Alkali Metal Dinitridoborate Obtained via Mild Thermal Dehydrogenation
Authors: Koz Cevriye , Acar Selçuk , Prots Yurii , Höhn Peter , Somer Mehmet
Published: January 2014

Na3[BN2] and Na2K[BN2] were obtained as white polycrystalline powders from the reaction of the respective binary mixtures NaNH2:NaBH4 and NaNH2:KBH4 in molar ratio 2:1 at 873 K and 683 K, respectively, in an argon stream. According to the results of thermal analysis measurements, both compounds are thermally stable only up to 954 K (Na3[BN2]) and 712 K (Na2K[BN2]), respectively, decomposing under evolution of alkali metal and nitrogen to yield hexagonal BN as final residue, which was identified from powder patterns. The crystal structure of Na3[BN2] {β‐Li3[BN2] type; P21/c (No. 14); Z = 4} was confirmed and the unit cell parameters redetermined: a = 5.724(1) Å, b = 7.944(1) Å, c = 7.893(1) Å, β = 111.31(1)°. According to X‐ray powder data, Na2K[BN2] crystallizes isotypic to Na2KCuO2 in the tetragonal space group I4/mmm (No. 139) with a = 4.2359(1) Å, c = 10.3014(2) Å and Z = 2. The crystal structure of Na2K[BN2] is composed of linear [N–B–N]3– anions centering elongated M14 rhombic dodecahedra, which are formed by 8 sodium and 6 potassium atoms. The [BN2]@Na8/4K6/6 polyhedra are stacked along [001] and condensed via common tetragonal faces to generate a space‐filling 3D arrangement. The B–N bond lengths for the strictly linear [N–B–N]3– units are 1.357(4) Å. Vibrational spectra of the title compounds were measured and analyzed based on D∞h symmetry of the relevant [N–B–N]3– groups taking into account the site symmetry effects for Na3[BN2]. Both the wavenumbers, as well as the calculated valence force constants f(B–N) = 7.29 N·cm–1 (Na3[BN2]) and 7.33 N·cm–1 (Na2K[BN2]), respectively, are in good agreement with those of the known alkali and alkaline earth dinitridoborates.
Synthese und Koordinationsverhalten neuer Schiffscher Basen aus 3‐Formylacetylaceton und natürlichen L‐Aminosäuren
Authors: Hentsch Andreas , Wagner Christoph , Merzweiler Kurt
Published: January 2014

Three novel chiral Schiff Base ligands (H2L) were prepared from the condensation reaction of 3‐formyl acetylacetone with the amino acids L‐alanine, L‐phenylalanine, and L‐threonine. X‐ray single crystal analyses revealed that the Schiff Base compounds exist as enamine tautomers in the solid state. The molecular structure of the compounds is stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bridge between the enamine NH function and a carbonyl oxygen atom of the pentandione residue. Treatment of the ligands H2L with copper(II) actetate in the presence of pyridine led to the formation of copper complexes [CuL(py)]. In each of the complexes the copper atoms adopt a distorted square‐pyramidal coordination. Three of the basal coordination sites are occupied by the doubly deprotonated Schiff Bases L2– which act as tridentate chelating O, N, O‐ligands. The remaining coordination sites are occupied by a pyridine ligand at the base and a carboxyl oxygen atom of a neighboring complex at the apical position. The latter coordination is responsible for a catenation of the complexes in the solid state.
Channeling Power Across Ecological Systems: Social Regularities in Community Organizing
Authors: Christens Brian D. , Inzeo Paula Tran , Faust Victoria
Published: January 2014

Relational and social network perspectives provide opportunities for more holistic conceptualizations of phenomena of interest in community psychology, including power and empowerment. In this article, we apply these tools to build on multilevel frameworks of empowerment by proposing that networks of relationships between individuals constitute the connective spaces between ecological systems. Drawing on an example of a model for grassroots community organizing practiced by WISDOM—a statewide federation supporting local community organizing initiatives in Wisconsin—we identify social regularities (i.e., relational and temporal patterns) that promote empowerment and the development and exercise of social power through building and altering relational ties. Through an emphasis on listening‐focused one‐to‐one meetings, reflection, and social analysis, WISDOM organizing initiatives construct and reinforce social regularities that develop social power in the organizing initiatives and advance psychological empowerment among participant leaders in organizing. These patterns are established by organizationally driven brokerage and mobilization of interpersonal ties, some of which span ecological systems. Hence, elements of these power‐focused social regularities can be conceptualized as cross‐system channels through which micro‐level empowerment processes feed into macro‐level exercise of social recommendations for theory and designpower, and vice versa. We describe examples of these channels in action, and offer of future action research.
The Ophthalmic Experience: Unanticipated Primary Findings in the Era of Next Generation Sequencing
Authors: Huang Jillian T. , Heckenlively John R. , Jayasundera K. Thiran , Branham Kari E.
Published: January 2014

Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology, with the ability to sequence many genomic regions at once, can provide clinicians with increased information, in the form of more mutations detected. Discussions on broad testing technology have largely been focused on incidental findings, or unanticipated results related to diseases beyond the primary indication for testing. By examining multiple genes that could be responsible for the patient's presentation, however, there is also the possibility of unexpected results that are related to the reason genetic testing was ordered. We present a case study where multiple potentially causative mutations were detected using NGS technology. This case raises questions of scientific uncertainty, and has important implications for medical management and secondary studies. Clinicians and genetic counselors should be aware of the potential for increased information to affect one's understanding of genetic risk, and the pre‐ and post‐testing counseling process.
Functionalized Ionic Liquid‐Catalyzed 1‐Feruloyl‐sn‐glycerol Synthesis
Authors: Sun Shangde , Chen Xiaowei , Bi Yanlan , Chen Jingnan , Yang Guolong , Liu Wei
Published: January 2014

Feruloyl Glycerol (FG) is a potential antioxidant and UV absorbing ingredient in food and cosmetic industries. Transesterifications of ethyl ferulate (EF) with glycerol to synthesize FG were performed using different functionalized ionic liquids (1‐butylsulfonic‐3‐methylimidazolium tosylate, [BSO3HMIM]TS; 1‐propylsulfonic‐3‐methylimidazolium tosylate, [PSO3HMIM]TS; 1‐butylsulfonic‐3‐methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, [BSO3HMIM]OTF; 1‐butylsulfonic‐3‐methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, [BSO3HMIM]HSO4; N‐methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, [HMIM]HSO4; 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hydroxide, [BMIM]OH; 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazo tetrachloride molysite, [BMIM]FeCl4; and 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazo tetrachloride molysite, [BMIM]FeCl4) as catalysts, respectively. High EF conversion (98.0 ± 1.5 %), 1‐FG (1‐feruloyl‐sn‐glycerol) yield (88.7 ± 1.1 %) and reaction selectivity for 1‐FG (90.5 ± 2.1 %) were obtained using [BSO3HMIM]TS as catalyst. The activation energy (Ea), the Michaelis–Menten kinetic constant (Km), and the maximum initial reaction rate (vmax) of the transesterification are 65.9 ± 3.3 kJ/mol, 1.8 ± 0.1 mol/L, and (1.6 ± 0.4) × 10−2 mol/(L min), respectively. Effects of catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and the molar ratio of EF to glycerol on EF conversion and reaction selectivity for 1‐FG (1‐FG yield/EF conversion) were also investigated.
Breaking Up Is Hard to Count: The Rise of Divorce in the United States, 1980–2010
Authors: Kennedy Sheela , Ruggles Steven
Published: January 2014

This article critically evaluates the available data on trends in divorce in the United States. We find that both vital statistics and retrospective survey data on divorce after 1990 underestimate recent marital instability. These flawed data have led some analysts to conclude that divorce has been stable or declining for the past three decades. Using new data from the American Community Survey and controlling for changes in the age composition of the married population, we conclude that there was actually a substantial increase in age-standardized divorce rates between 1990 and 2008. Divorce rates have doubled over the past two decades among persons over age 35. Among the youngest couples, however, divorce rates are stable or declining. If current trends continue, overall age-standardized divorce rates could level off or even decline over the next few decades. We argue that the leveling of divorce among persons born since 1980 probably reflects the increasing selectivity of marriage.
Factors Shaping Workplace Segregation Between Natives and Immigrants
Authors: Strömgren Magnus , Tammaru Tiit , Danzer Alexander M. , van Ham Maarten , Marcińczak Szymon , Stjernström Olof , Lindgren Urban
Published: January 2014

Research on segregation of immigrant groups is increasingly turning its attention from residential areas toward other important places, such as the workplace, where immigrants can meet and interact with members of the native population. This article examines workplace segregation of immigrants. We use longitudinal, georeferenced Swedish population register data, which enables us to observe all immigrants in Sweden for the period 1990–2005 on an annual basis. We compare estimates from ordinary least squares with fixed-effects regressions to quantify the extent of immigrants’ self-selection into specific workplaces, neighborhoods, and partnerships, which may bias more naïve ordinary least squares results. In line with previous research, we find lower levels of workplace segregation than residential segregation. The main finding is that low levels of residential segregation reduce workplace segregation, even after we take into account intermarriage with natives as well as unobserved characteristics of immigrants’ such as willingness and ability to integrate into the host society. Being intermarried with a native reduces workplace segregation for immigrant men but not for immigrant women.
A phase1 study of stereotactic gene delivery of AAV2‐NGF for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Rafii Michael S. , Baumann Tiffany L. , Bakay Roy A. E. , Ostrove Jeffrey M. , Siffert Joao , Fleisher Adam S. , Herzog Christopher D. , Barba David , Pay Mary , Salmon David P. , Chu Yaping , Kordower Jeffrey H. , Bishop Kathie , Keator David , Potkin Steven , Bartus Raymond T.
Published: January 2014

Background

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is an endogenous neurotrophic‐factor protein with the potential to restore function and to protect degenerating cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but safe and effective delivery has proved unsuccessful.

Methods

Gene transfer, combined with stereotactic surgery, offers a potential means to solve the long‐standing delivery obstacles. An open‐label clinical trial evaluated the safety and tolerability, and initial efficacy of three ascending doses of the genetically engineered gene‐therapy vector adeno‐associated virus serotype 2 delivering NGF (AAV2‐NGF [CERE‐110]). Ten subjects with AD received bilateral AAV2‐NGF stereotactically into the nucleus basalis of Meynert.

Results

AAV2‐NGF was safe and well‐tolerated for 2 years. Positron emission tomographic imaging and neuropsychological testing showed no evidence of accelerated decline. Brain autopsy tissue confirmed long‐term, targeted, gene‐mediated NGF expression and bioactivity.

Conclusions

This trial provides important evidence that bilateral stereotactic administration of AAV2‐NGF to the nucleus basalis of Meynert is feasible, well‐tolerated, and able to produce long‐term, biologically active NGF expression, supporting the initiation of an ongoing multicenter, double‐blind, sham‐surgery‐controlled trial.
The birth and death of a diagnosis: monomania in France, Britain and in Ireland
Authors: Walsh Dermot
Published: January 2014

Objective

The purpose of this paper is to trace the origins and decline of the diagnostic entity monomania, which became prevalent in the early 19th century and to investigate its use in Irish psychiatry.

Method

The French psychiatric scientific writings of the early 19th century have been surveyed to identify and describe the clinical entity of monomania. The clinical description of monomania has been investigated and its cultural diffusion through literature and the arts has been reviewed. The increase in its use as a diagnosis and its ultimate decline has been documented in France, Britain and Ireland. The clinical characteristics leading to the diagnosis in Ireland have been investigated through the clinical symptoms recorded in patients accorded this diagnosis in the 19th century case books and committal documentation of the Richmond District Asylum and case books of the Central Mental Hospital.

Findings

The diagnostic entity of monomania first emerged in France in the 1820s and had disappeared from use in the hospitals of Paris by 1870. It first appeared in Ireland in the patients’ admission register of the Richmond District Asylum in 1833 and increased substantially before decreasing just as markedly with the last patient, given the diagnosis on admission being in 1878. However, the diagnosis of monomania was applied to admissions to the Central Mental Hospital as late as 1891. The Irish asylum case books have been of limited value in elucidating the clinical and symptomatological presentations leading to its use by 19th century Irish psychiatrists.

Conclusions

Monomania, although enjoying a scientific and cultural success in France, both within and without psychiatric circles, was a tenuous clinical entity with an ill-defined and uncertain core and fragile boundaries, both in France and more particularly in Ireland. In pure form, rarely described, its closest modern equivalent would have been delusional disorder, but case descriptions only occasionally correspond to this concept as it is understood today. Its popularity dating from around 1830 declined and by the 1870s it was in terminal decline. The factors delineating its rise and fall are unclear.
A re-analysis of the supposed role of lead poisoning in Sir John Franklin's last expedition, 1845–1848
Authors: Millar Keith , Bowman Adrian W. , Battersby William
Published: January 2014

The ‘Franklin expedition’ of 1845 set out to establish a ‘northwest passage’ between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans but ended with the deaths of all 129 crewmen in the grimmest of circumstances. The hypothesis that lead poisoning may have contributed to the disaster is examined by re-analysis of the bone-lead content of seven skeletons in order to model statistically the likely variation in lead burden across the whole crew. Comparison of the estimated lead burdens with present-day data that associates lead with cognitive and physical morbidity suggests that a proportion of the crew may have experienced few or no adverse effects whilst those with higher burdens may have suffered some significant debility. It is unclear whether such debility would have been incapacitating or exceptional for the lead-contaminated environment of nineteenth-century Britain. Whilst lead alone may not have caused the disaster, it is proposed that high levels of lead may have interacted with other factors including dietary insufficiencies and individual constitutional differences to render some, but not all, of the crew more vulnerable to debility in the final throes of the expedition.
Elasticity of care networks and the gendered division of care
Authors: KRUIJSWIJK WILCO , DA ROIT BARBARA , HOOGENBOOM MARCEL
Published: January 2014

The gender gap in family care-giving is an established research finding: men dedicate less time to care-giving and provide specific gendered types of help. This article argues that in order to grasp men's contribution to care arrangements one should recognise the multifaceted nature of care and examine care networks beyond the ‘care receiver–primary care-giver’ dyad with a dynamic perspective. A qualitative analysis of the care networks of three large Dutch families with an older parent in need of care confirms the greater involvement of women in care-giving and men's tendency to provide specific types of care. However, men also contribute to the elasticity and stability of the care arrangement by filling temporary gaps and supporting the female care-givers. This article puts forward the idea that men's contribution is in turn a factor in the perpetuation of the gendered structure of care-giving.
Introduction to Crumbling Cultures: Deindustrialization, Class, and Memory
Authors: Strangleman Tim , Rhodes James , Linkon Sherry
Published: January 2014

In this introductory essay we review key themes in the scholarly literature on deindustrialization over the last twenty-five to thirty years. While the term deindustrialization has been in use since the early 1980s, more careful attention needs to be brought to bear on the cultural significance of industrial change over time, including on how individuals and communities reinterpret deindustrialization through the lens of memory. This essay highlights contributions that reflect multiple disciplines and approaches, including interdisciplinary work. We also argue that cultural representations such as photography, literature, the media, and personal narratives offer especially useful insights into the continuing significance of deindustrialization, giving us access to the ways people are drawing on and constructing their memories of industrial work and of the process of deindustrialization itself. This essay and the wider special issue suggest that taking a long view—from the perspective of more than two decades after major shutdowns—and examining documentary, personal, and creative representations provides important insights into the meanings and consequences of the experience of deindustrialization for individuals, communities, and nations.
Narrating Past and Future: Deindustrialized Landscapes as Resources
Authors: Linkon Sherry Lee
Published: January 2014

A growing body of contemporary American literature, “deindustrialization literature,” most of it by writers who grew up after major plant closings, is set in former industrial areas, such as Detroit and Youngstown. These texts focus on the lives and perspectives of those who have inherited the physical, economic, and cultural landscapes of the rust belt. For these writers and their characters, the past is always an important part of the present. The deindustrialized landscape provides not only the setting but also significant plot elements, themes, and symbols through which these writers narrate stories about young adults wrestling with their identities, affiliations, and opportunities during a period of economic decline and social change. These narratives complicate the relationship between past and present through characters' observations of and interactions in the deindustrialized landscape. With a complex, ambivalent perspective, they suggest the possibility of revival for both communities and individuals. A novel and works of creative non-fiction by Youngstown's Christopher Barzak and the short stories of Detroit's Michael Zadoorian illustrate how representations of abandoned mills and decaying commercial and residential sites can reveal the complex and persistent significance of deindustrialization, decades after closings began, while also pointing toward a future that uses the past as a resource.
Low Wages and No Dignity: Russian Workers Reflect on the Stark Post-Soviet Choices in Blue-Collar Employment
Authors: Morris Jeremy
Published: January 2014

This Tale from the Field focuses on the interpretation by workers of the precarious nature of blue-collar formal employment in Russia. In an ethnographic sketch based on over two years in the field, I follow an individual, Sergei, as he relies more and more on informal and other sources of income instead of waged labour in the increasing number of multi-national enterprises which have come to Russia to set up factories. Why does Sergei, and many like him, still young or without memory of Soviet labour practices, ‘choose’ exit from the formal economy at the very moment when wages and conditions are finally increasing? Why is the informal economy as a ‘choice’ so important to blue-collar workers despite the hunger for labour in traditional production industry?
Mundos do Trabalho/Worlds of Labor Conference
Authors: Fontes Paulo
Published: January 2014

This piece reports the Second International “Mundos do Trabalho” Conference that took place from November 27–30, 2012, in Rio de Janeiro. The meeting was the largest labor history conference ever held in Brazil and clearly demonstrates the vitality of this field in the country.
Global Labor History: Promising Challenges
Authors: van der Linden Marcel
Published: January 2014

My essay “The Promise and Challenges of Global Labor History” in issue 82 (Fall 2012) received commentaries from five colleagues. In this reply I focus on seven central issues: the ambiguities of commodification; the contested notion of “capitalism”; the concept of class; household labor; the need for comparative approaches; the newness of Global Labor History; and its prospects in the coming years.
Outbreaks of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coliinfection: USA
Authors: LUNA-GIERKE R. E. , GRIFFIN P. M. , GOULD L. H. , HERMAN K. , BOPP C. A. , STROCKBINE N. , MODY R. K.
Published: January 2014

Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) infections are increasingly detected, but sources are not well established. We summarize outbreaks to 2010 in the USA. Single-aetiology outbreaks were defined as ⩾2 epidemiologically linked culture-confirmed non-O157 STEC infections; multiple-aetiology outbreaks also had laboratory evidence of ⩾2 infections caused by another enteric pathogen. Twenty-six states reported 46 outbreaks with 1727 illnesses and 144 hospitalizations. Of 38 single-aetiology outbreaks, 66% were caused by STEC O111 (n = 14) or O26 (n = 11), and 84% were transmitted through food (n = 17) or person-to-person spread (n = 15); food vehicles included dairy products, produce, and meats; childcare centres were the most common setting for person-to-person spread. Of single-aetiology outbreaks, a greater percentage of persons infected by Shiga toxin 2-positive strains had haemolytic uraemic syndrome compared with persons infected by Shiga toxin 1-only positive strains (7%vs.0·8%). Compared with single-aetiology outbreaks, multiple-aetiology outbreaks were more frequently transmitted through water or animal contact.
Atrial shunts: presentation, investigation, and management, including recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Zvaigzne Cheryl G. , Howarth Andrew G. , Patton David J.
Published: January 2014

Atrial shunts are a common finding in both paediatric and adult populations. Recent developments in advanced imaging have widened the options for diagnosis and evaluation of such shunts. This paper reviews the various types of interatrial communications, discusses the features of clinical presentation in adults and children, and provides an overview of the clinical assessment including physical examination, electrocardiography, echocardiography, cardiac catheterisation, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Focus will be placed on recent developments in magnetic resonance imaging that may improve the non-invasive evaluation of atrial shunts.
Energy drinks and other dietary supplement use among adolescents attending secondary schools in Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Babwah Terence J , Maharaj Rohan G , Nunes Paula
Published: January 2014

Objective

The objective of the present study was to determine the knowledge and practices among Trinidad and Tobago school-attending adolescents towards energy drinks (ED), alcohol combined with energy drinks (AwED), weight-altering supplements (WAS) and vitamin/mineral supplements (VMS) and their experience of adverse effects associated with such use.

Design

A cross-sectional, proportionate, stratified sampling strategy was adopted using a self-administered, de novo questionnaire.

Setting

Secondary schools throughout Trinidad and Tobago.

Subjects

Students aged 15–19 years.

Results

Five hundred and sixty-one students participated, an 84 % response rate; 43·0 % were male, 40·5 % East Indian and 34·1 % mixed race. VMS, ED, WAS and anabolic steroids were used by 52·4 %, 44·0 %, 8·9 % and 1·4 % of students, respectively, with 51·6 % of ED users using AwED. Predictors of use of AwED were males and students who played sport for their school (OR = 1·9; 95 % CI 1·2, 3·2 and OR = 2·6; 95 % CI 1·4, 4·7, respectively). Predictors of ED use were males and attendees of government secondary schools (OR = 1·7; 95 % CI 1·1, 2·4 and OR = 1·7; 95 % CI 1·2, 2·4, respectively). Side-effects, mainly palpitations, headaches and sleep disturbances, were reported in 20·7 % of dietary supplement users.

Conclusions

Many adolescent students in Trinidad and Tobago use dietary supplements, including ED and AwED, and about one-fifth of users experience side-effects. Identification of students at risk for ED, AwED and WAS use and education of students about the dangers of using dietary supplements need to be instituted to prevent potential adverse events.
Synthesis of Carbon Nanofibers by Spray Pyrolysis
Authors: Bernal J. , Garcia-Barrientos A. , Juanico A. , Medina A. , Bejar-Gomez L. , Solis J.
Published: January 2014

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Multiscale 3D Virtual Dissections of 100-Million-Year-Old Flowers Using X-Ray Synchrotron Micro- and Nanotomography
Authors: Moreau Jean-David , Cloetens Peter , Gomez Bernard , Daviero-Gomez Véronique , Néraudeau Didier , Lafford Tamzin A. , Tafforeau Paul
Published: January 2014

A multiscale approach combining phase-contrast X-ray micro- and nanotomography is applied for imaging a Cretaceous fossil inflorescence in the resolution range from 0.75 μm to 50 nm. The wide range of scale views provides three-dimensional reconstructions from the external gross morphology of the inflorescence fragment to the finest exine sculptures of in situ pollen. This approach enables most of the characteristics usually observed under light microscopy, or with low magnification under scanning and transmission electron microscopy, to be obtained nondestructively. In contrast to previous tomography studies of fossil and extant flowers that used resolutions down to the micron range, we used voxels with a 50 nm side in local tomography scans. This high level of resolution enables systematic affinities of fossil flowers to be established without breaking or slicing specimens.
Primäre und sekundäre Immundefizienz
Authors: Cantoni Nathan , Recher Mike
Published: January 2014

Die klinische Präsentation einer Immundefizienz kann sehr variabel sein. Daran gedacht werden sollte bei wiederkehrenden Infekten oder solchen mit ungewöhnlichen oder komplikationsträchtigen Verläufen, aber auch bei Autoimmunität, insbesondere bei autoimmunen Zytopenien. Die Diagnose einer relevanten Immundefizienz sowie die Unterscheidung zwischen primären und sekundären Immundefizienzen kann auch für den Spezialisten schwierig sein. Therapeutisch kann durch eine Immunglobulinsubstitution ein Antikörpermangel behoben werden, der zugrundeliegende zelluläre Immundefekt bleibt aber bestehen. Häufig bleiben Patienten auch unter Immunglobulintherapie, wenn auch in geringerem Ausmaß, infektanfällig. Impfungen mit Totimpfstoffen sollten versucht werden, während Lebendimpfstoffe generell kontraindiziert sind. Regelmäßige Untersuchungen durch den Facharzt helfen, Komplikationen zu erkennen, die Therapie zu optimieren und prognostische Aussagen zu treffen. Bei PID kann sich auch die Frage nach Vererbbarkeit auf die Nachkommen stellen, was eine exakte molekulare Diagnostik bedingt. Durch die Seltenheit von PID werden an unserem Zentrum Patienten bei Einverständnis hinsichtlich klinischer Präsentation, Komplikationen und Therapie anonymisiert in internationalen Datenbanken registriert, um in Zukunft bessere Therapien anbieten zu können. Nebst klinischer Forschung sind Grundlagen- und translationelle Forschung wichtig um spezifische PID-Pathomechanismen sowie PID-assoziierte Komplikationen (insbesondere PID-assoziierte Autoimmunität) besser zu verstehen und gezieltere Therapieoptionen entwickeln zu können.
Absence of the lysosomal protein Limp‐2 attenuates renal injury in crescentic glomerulonephritis
Authors: Lee Darren Hiu Kwong , Gan Poh‐Yi , Katerelos Marina , Fraser Scott Andrew , Gleich Kurt , Holdsworth Stephen Roger , Power David Anthony
Published: January 2014

In humans, mutations of the intrinsic lysosomal protein SCARB2 are associated with myoclonic epilepsy, collapsing focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, and tubular proteinuria. Mice with deficiency of Limp‐2 (the murine homologue) develop tubular proteinuria but not focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis and they have a defect in macrophage function. To further elucidate the role of Limp‐2 in immune function, we induced anti‐glomerular basement membrane (GBM) model of crescentic glomerulonephritis in wild‐type (WT) and Limp‐2−/− littermates by intraperitoneal injections of nephrotoxic sheep serum. Renal injury and immune responses were assessed on day 14. Compared with WT, Limp‐2−/− mice had significantly reduced crescent formation, interstitial inflammation and a trend to reduced tubulointerstitial injury. On day 1 during the heterologous phase of the disease, albuminuria was significantly increased in WT but not in Limp‐2−/− mice. On day 14, albuminuria and renal function were similar in the two groups. There was, however, a significant reduction in the influx of glomerular macrophages and CD4+ T cells in Limp‐2−/− mice. Interleukin (IL)‐4 and macrophage chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced. Despite the reduction in numbers of infiltrating cells, flow cytometry showed no difference in macrophage or T‐cell numbers in the peripheral blood from untreated mice. The systemic humoral immune response, determined by glomerular mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) deposition and mouse anti‐sheep IgG subclass production, was similar in both groups. These data suggest that absence of Limp‐2 reduces inflammation in experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis with decreased macrophage and T‐cell infiltration in the kidney. It suggests an important role for Limp‐2 in mediating the inflammatory response.
Novel method of screening the oxidation and reduction abilities of photocatalytic materials
Authors: Katayama K. , Takeda Y. , Shimaoka K. , Yoshida K. , Shimizu R. , Ishiwata T. , Nakamura A. , Kuwahara S. , Mase A. , Sugita T. , Mori M.
Published: January 2014

A methodology for understanding the photocatalytic abilities of materials is presented. The conversion of simple organic molecules was monitored in situ in photocatalytic microreactors.
Selective detection of organophosphate nerve agents using microplasma device
Authors: Wang Bo , Cao Wenqing , Duan Yixiang
Published: January 2014

A newly designed microplasma device can detect two parts of the nerve agent components simultaneously which enhances the selectivity in analysis.
An unprecedented Pd-catalyzed trans-addition of boronic acids to ynamides
Authors: Yang Yuanfa , Wang Lina , Zhang Jieni , Jin Yali , Zhu Gangguo
Published: January 2014

An unusual Pd-catalyzedtrans-addition of boronic acids to ynamides has been realized in this paper, providing α,β-disubstituted enamides in good yields with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity.
Synthesis and enzymatic photo-activity of an O2 tolerant hydrogenase–CdSe@CdS quantum rod bioconjugate
Authors: Hamon C. , Ciaccafava A. , Infossi P. , Puppo R. , Even-Hernandez P. , Lojou E. , Marchi V.
Published: January 2014

This communication reports on the preparation of stable and photo-active nano-heterostructures composed of O2 tolerant [NiFe] hydrogenase extracted from the Aquifex aeolicus bacterium grafted onto hydrophilic CdSe/CdS quantum rods in view of the development of H2/O2 biofuel cells.
A bispyrene derivative as a selective fluorescent probe for RNA
Authors: Liu Yifan , Jun Eun Jin , Kim Gyoungmi , Lee Ae-Ree , Lee Joon-Hwa , Yoon Juyoung
Published: January 2014

A novel bispyrene compound was synthesized to selectively detect RNA through excimer emission “turn-on” at physiological pH.
Crystal engineering of homochiral molecular organization of naproxen in cocrystals and their thermal phase transformation studies
Authors: Manoj K. , Tamura Rui , Takahashi Hiroki , Tsue Hirohito
Published: January 2014

Crystal engineering principles were used to produce the homochiral R- and S-chains of naproxen (NPX) by cocrystallization with bipyridine (BPY) and piperazine (PIZ).
Facile synthesis of porous MnCo2O4.5 hierarchical architectures for high-rate supercapacitors
Authors: Li Wenyao , Xu Kaibing , Song Guosheng , Zhou Xiying , Zou Rujia , Yang Jianmao , Chen Zhigang , Hu Junqing
Published: January 2014

A supercapacitor electrode of porous urchin-like MnCo2O4.5 hierarchical architectures demonstrated an outstanding rate capability and excellent cycling stability, which could be considered as a potential mixed transition metal oxide material for high-rate supercapacitors.
The alternation effect in ionic liquid homologous series
Authors: Adamová Gabriela , Canongia Lopes José N. , Rebelo Luís Paulo N. , Santos Luís M. N. B. , Seddon Kenneth R. , Shimizu Karina
Published: January 2014

Understanding density alternation effects in ionic liquid homologous series.
Prospects for magnetic nanoparticles in systemic administration: synthesis and quantitative detection
Authors: Gutiérrez L. , Morales M. P. , Lázaro F. J.
Published: January 2014

Methods for the quantitative determination of magnetic nanoparticles in biological matrices, in the frame of biomedical applications, are required to evaluate the particles biodistribution after systemic administration.
The photoelectric catalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol on CdSeTe NSs/TiO2 NTs
Authors: Li Peiqiang , Zhang Jun , Wang Huying , Jing Hua , Xu Jinfeng , Sui Xiaona , Hu Haitao , Yin Hongzong
Published: January 2014

The preparation of orderly CdSeTe with a flaky structure (similar to the solar panels), and then the assembly of the CdSeTe nanosheets (CdSeTe NSs) onto TiO2 NTs (the TiO2 NTs are equivalent to the roof).
Intramolecular excimer formation in hexakis(pyrenyloxy)cyclotriphosphazene: photophysical properties, crystal structure, and theoretical investigation
Authors: Yeşilot Serkan , Çoşut Bünyemin , Alidağı Hüsnüye Ardıç , Hacıvelioğlu Ferda , Özpınar Gül Altınbaş , Kılıç Adem
Published: January 2014

A hexakis(pyrenyloxy)cyclotriphosphazene was synthesized by the reaction of N3P3Cl6 with 2-hydroxypyrene, and its excimer emission has been investigated.
The key role of nanoparticle seeds during site-selective growth of silver to fabricate core–shell or asymmetric dumbbell heterostructures
Authors: Zhang Huibin , Cao Lixin , Liu Wei , Su Ge , Gao Rongjie , Zhao Yanling
Published: January 2014

One-sided silver growth is transformed to two-sided growth with two silver domains oppositely anchored on the semiconductor core.
Solvents and auxiliary ligands co-regulate three antiferromagnetic Co(ii) MOFs based on a semi-rigid carboxylate ligand
Authors: Cui Lin , Yang Guo-Ping , Wu Wei-Ping , Miao Hui-Hui , Shi Qi-Zhen , Wang Yao-Yu
Published: January 2014

Three new Co(ii)-based coordination polymers have been synthesized by a semi-rigid asymmetry ligand 3-(4′-carboxyphenoxy)phthalic acid. The effects of solvents and auxiliary ligands are investigated in details. Moreover, the magnetism of all the CPs are also discussed.
Alkyl chlorido hydridotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate imido niobium and tantalum(v) complexes: synthesis, conformational states of alkyl groups in solid and solution, X-ray diffraction and multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies
Authors: Galájov Miguel , García Carlos , Gómez Manuel , Gómez-Sal Pilar
Published: January 2014

A series of new alkyl imido hydridotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate niobium and tantalum complexes have been synthesized and characterized.
Mixed amidophenolate–catecholates of molybdenum(vi)
Authors: Shekar Sukesh , Brown Seth N.
Published: January 2014

Changing two catecholate ligands to amidophenolates tempers the Lewis acidity of tris(catecholato)molybdenum(vi), but seven-coordinate structures are still observed in the pyridine adduct or in a mixed catecholate-bridged dimer.
Quantitative passive soil vapor sampling for VOCs- part 1: theory
Authors: McAlary Todd , Wang Xiaomin , Unger Andre , Groenevelt Hester , Górecki Tadeusz
Published: January 2014

Passive soil vapor sampling has been used for VOC assessment for decades, but the ability to determine concentrations from the mass of an analyte sorbed by the sampler has not been well established, until now.
C-Phycocyanin prevents cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity through inhibition of oxidative stress
Authors: Fernández-Rojas Berenice , Medina-Campos Omar Noel , Hernández-Pando Rogelio , Negrette-Guzmán Mario , Huerta-Yepez Sara , Pedraza-Chaverri José
Published: January 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the antioxidant C-phycocyanin (C-PC, 5–30 mg kg−1i.p.) was able to prevent cisplatin (CP, 18 mg kg−1i.p.) induced nephrotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress in CD-1 mice.
Copper binding modulates the platination of human copper chaperone Atox1 by antitumor trans-platinum complexes
Authors: Xi Zhaoyong , Guo Wei , Tian Changlin , Wang Fuyi , Liu Yangzhong
Published: January 2014

Cu(i) coordination enhances the reactivity of Atox1 towards antitumor-active trans-platinum complexes and promotes platinum transfer from the protein to dithiothreitol.