bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International knowledge and innovation networks for European integration, cohesion, and enlargement*
Authors: Cappellin Riccardo
Published: September 2004

Nowadays, it is widely accepted that knowledge and learning are the core of competitiveness, international division of labour and agglomeration and exclusion phenomena. Yet we are still in need of a better understanding of the processes which allow access by individual regions both to codified knowledge and RTD networks as well as tacit knowledge and know‐how at the international/interregional level. This paper will discuss possible approaches to analyse the mechanisms which operate at the international/interregional level and lead to higher forms of integration of industrial and service firms, not only in a commercial or financial perspective but also in knowledge and innovation networks. It will point to a need to develop policy strategies in support of institutions that create and transfer knowledge on a European scale and outline open questions for the creation of the necessary institutional background for the creation and the support of knowledge and innovation networks at this level and for the conditions of its transferability to Objective 1 regions and the EU new member states and candidate countries.
International social science research: craft industry or baby behemoth?*
Authors: Forbes Ian , Abrams Dominic
Published: September 2004

This article explores research that, by definition or in practice, is conducted by the social science community at the international level. International research contrasts with most social science research, which is conducted within state boundaries by scholars who work on projects individually or in small groups. A survey of key research quality gatekeepers reveals a diverse range of international research activities in the UK, across all the disciplines, as well as extensive collaborative links with scholars around the world. Evidence of the characteristics present in research that transcends national and local limitations is presented, and revealing judgements about the comparative quality of international research in the social sciences emerge. This evidence also puts into perspective the common view that the USA is the world leader in social science research. Furthermore, it shows that international social science is currently limited, but has the potential to host massive projects.
Science policy‐making, democracy, and changing knowledge institutions
Authors: Pereira Tiago Santos
Published: September 2004

The increased demands placed upon science from various social actors are not just a challenge for scientists but also for policy‐makers. How to address the concerns of the public as well as the call from industry, while at the same time guaranteeing conditions for scientific development? This paper argues that such concerns are not incompatible but rather must be at the centre of policies for science that recognise the central role of science in our democratic societies. Through the analysis of science policy developments in Portugal, and the difficulties in changing the basis of earlier models, it is considered that policy‐making for science ought to renegotiate the social contract for science to incorporate democratic principles of good governance and not be captured by specific concerns. In this way, between the earlier models of self‐governance and the capture by “competitiveness coalitions”, science policy‐making should create incentives for the participation of a wider set of social actors in policy‐making, as well as in interactions with knowledge institutions.
Poverty, the next frontier in the struggle for human rights
Authors: Sané Pierre
Published: September 2004

The striking feature of our civilisation, as it globalises around the aspiration to unprecedented prosperity, is the persistence and even increase of poverty, which affects half the world's population. We care, justifiably, about the victims of genocide and of natural disasters. But there is no coherent basis for the ethical double standard whereby we accept the poverty manufactured by our society, even though it kills more surely and methodically than machetes and militias, more widely and systematically than floods or earthquakes. To address the contradiction between the equality proclaimed in the granting of rights and growing inequality in access to life‐giving resources is essential for the preservation of our own humanity. And the only way to do this is to recognise that poverty is, by its very nature, a violation of human rights, which thus cries out not for alleviation or even eradication, but for abolition.
Poverty as a violation of human rights: towards a right to non‐poverty
Authors: Mbonda Ernest‐Marie
Published: September 2004

Despite the vast literature about poverty, the concept remains elusive because of its inherent complexity. We may wish to say that the poor are those persons deprived of the means of subsistence. But subsistence is not a merely physiological criterion; it also implies the notion of decency, which cannot be appreciated without reference to the context – variable from one society to another, and, within the same society, from one period to another – that makes it significant. This suggests that no coherent conception of poverty at the global level can be achieved. In considering the history of normative debate about poverty and its sociological implications and underpinnings, this paper eludes the difficulties by defining poverty as suffering, physically and psychologically, from the deprivation of the means to live a life compatible with human dignity. While consideration of poverty as a matter of rights is largely absent from traditional philosophical and religious doctrines, a contractarian approach does make it possible to show that each person, as a member of a community, deserves from the community all that is necessary to avoid being poor. Given that the relevant community is now inescapably global, it follows that poverty is a global or international problem, and that there is a global duty to root it out, making it possible for everyone to enjoy the right to non‐poverty.
Poverty and the local contingency of universal rights
Authors: Dowding Keith , Van Hees Martin
Published: September 2004

This paper considers theoretically the relationship between what rights people may be said to have, the normatively defensible distribution of wealth between people within nations and across the world, and people's empirical responses to poverty within their own state and across the world. We argue that rights are universal, and that rights and freedoms do entail a duty to reduce poverty. However freedom is defined, greater poverty entails, either conceptually or causally, reduced freedom. Since levels of freedom determine the material existence or non‐existence of rights, poverty affects the rights that people can be said to enjoy. However, the duty to reduce poverty does not imply a duty to ensure universally uniform provision, which is neither an empirically plausible expectation nor a requirement of justice. Nonetheless, we owe more to the world's poor today than we did in the past. Globalisation expands the moral community that we live in and thus affects our and others' rights and duties: the greater the level of economic interaction, and the greater the interdependencies of economies, the greater the extent to which the threshold values below which rights lack material existence are likely to converge. In particular, the growth of such interdependencies entails that the threshold values for the developing world should increase.
Overcoming poverty and respecting human rights: ten points for serious consideration
Authors: Leisinger Klaus M.
Published: September 2004

Experience of worldwide trends shows that, even with similar resources, different nations make different progress in overcoming poverty and promoting human rights. It is in fact the quality of public policy and politics that makes all the difference. Since governance deficits impinge on human development and respect for human rights, all efforts which lead to “good governance” are a constructive approach towards overcoming poverty within a human rights framework. It follows that the quality of life of the great majority of people in a country will only show a lasting improvement in a setting both of economic and social development and of political stability. Undoubtedly, practical implementation of good governance encounters numerous obstacles, but it is a lack of wisdom and political will rather than knowledge of what needs to be done that perpetuates the problems of the age.
The violation of human rights as a determinant of poverty*
Authors: Sfeir‐Younis Alfredo
Published: September 2004

This paper focuses on the relationship between poverty and human rights, with particular emphasis on situations where issues of ethnicity and discrimination are present. Hitherto, the relationship between poverty and human rights has not been clearly understood and little empirical research is available on the matter. As a result, seemingly sharply contrasted perspectives continue to exist. The prevailing view in economic development is that poverty alleviation programmes are so diverse and encompassing that it will be via poverty alleviation programmes that human rights will be fulfilled. However, in the human rights community, the prevailing view is that violations of human rights are a major cause of poverty and, as a corollary, to deny people their rights is, by definition, a way to keep them poor. In fact, both approaches hold substantive truth and value added. Human rights should be regarded as a human endowment, and thus as a form of capital. They are, to that extent, as important as all the other forms of capital that participate in the development process and in the process of poverty alleviation. To disregard the importance of human rights is tantamount to keeping people in poverty.
Poverty as a human rights violation
Authors: Koubi Geneviève
Published: September 2004

Difficult as it is to admit, poverty cannot be defined in law. In the tension between dealing with poverty and focusing on extreme poverty, there is an indeterminacy that makes democracies inattentive to the economic and social dynamics of poverty as inequality. As a result, responses to extreme poverty, especially when they are explicitly targeted or preferential, violate the fundamental equality of rights and dignity that they are supposed, formally, to express. Measures for the underprivileged thus do not offer them a way out from their status, but rather, paradoxically, lead them to qualify their suffering, and to find in favours received the strength to think of themselves as poor without being exposed to the terrors of extreme poverty. In a sense, such people, who depend on minimal welfare granted to them, have no “rights”. Should we thus learn to think of poverty as an inevitable and unavoidable phenomenon in a world that claims to work to guarantee human rights, civil and political rights, economic, social, and cultural rights?
The Choice of Commercial Breaks in Television Programs: The Number, Length and Timing
Authors: Zhou Wen
Published: September 2004

This paper examines the choice of commercial breaks by a television network in a monopoly setup. It is assumed that viewers dislike commercials, while the network seeks to maximize the total audience for these commercials through its choice of the number, length, and timing of commercial breaks. The model predicts that commercial breaks become more frequent toward the end of the program, and that the length of breaks is single‐peaked. When the television program becomes more popular, the network runs commercials more frequently, and redistributes commercials so that late breaks become longer while early breaks become shorter.
What Explains the Use of Direct‐to‐Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs?
Authors: Iizuka Toshiaki
Published: September 2004

Following the clarification of advertising regulation in 1997, direct‐to‐consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs has skyrocketed in the U.S., creating a controversy over the role of DTCA. Little is known, however, regarding what affects firms' advertising decisions and which drugs have been advertised to consumers. Using brand‐level advertising data, I examine the determinants of DTCA of prescription drugs. I find that drugs that are new, of high quality, and for under‐treated diseases are more frequently advertised. Furthermore, advertising outlays decrease with competition. These results complement the demand‐side evidence that DTCA has a market‐expanding effect but little business‐stealing effect.
Sunk Costs and the Depth and Probability of Technology Adoption
Authors: Åstebro Thomas
Published: September 2004

I propose that sunk costs of learning and the output over which these costs are spread determine the probability and depth of technology adoption. Depth of adoption describes the extent to which firms exploit the advantages of the technology. I find that plant size but not firm size predicts CAD and CNC adoption. Learning costs are lumpy, are closely connected to technology adoption and determine both the probability and depth of adoption. Depth of adoption is considerably more plant idiosyncratic than the decision to adopt.
Patentability, Industry Structure, and Innovation
Authors: Hunt Robert M.
Published: September 2004

This paper presents a model of sequential innovation in which industry structure is endogenous and a standard of patentability determines the proportion of all inventions that qualify for protection (in U.S. patent law, this standard is called nonobviousness; in Europe, it is called the inventive step). The rate of innovation initially rises as this standard is raised from very low levels, but eventually falls as the standard is raised to very high levels. Hence, there is a unique patentability standard that maximizes the rate of innovation. Surprisingly, this critical standard is more stringent for industries disposed to innovate rapidly. The model suggests a number of important implications for patent policy.
How to Auction a Bottleneck Monopoly When Underhand Vertical Agreements are Possible
Authors: Engel Eduardo M. R. A. , Fischer Ronald D. , Galetovic Alexander
Published: September 2004

A seaport is awarded in a Demsetz auction to the operator bidding the lowest cargo‐handling fee. The competitive auction is irrelevant if the port operator integrates into shipping and sabotages competitors, thus providing a motive for a ban on vertical integration. The paper shows that such a ban increases welfare even when underhand agreements with shippers are possible. For this result to attain, the auction must be combined with a sufficiently high floor on the cargo‐handling fee that operators can bid in the auction. With no floor, a Demsetz auction is worse than an unregulated bottleneck monopoly.
In vivo evaluation of microleakage from composites with new dentine adhesives
Authors: Koliniotou‐Koumpia E. , Dionysopoulos P. , Koumpia E.
Published: September 2004

summary  The purpose of this study was to investigate microleakage in V class composite restorations with total etch versus self‐etching adhesives. Experiments were conducted in vivo and were also evaluated interfacial micromorphology. Forty class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of teeth in three healthy dogs. The cavities were randomly assigned into five groups of eight teeth and restored with one of the following adhesive systems: Etch and Prime 3·0/Definite flow/Definite, Prompt L‐pop/Filtek flow/P‐60, Admira bond/Admira Flow /Admira, Bond 1/Flow it/Alert, Stae/Wave/Glacier. After 60 days the animals were killed and the teeth were extracted. The teeth were then immersed in a solution of 0·5% basic fuchsin dye for 24 h, sectioned and scored for microleakage. Features of the tooth/restoration interfaces were also examined using Scanning electron microscopy. Student–Newman–Keuls and one‐way anova revealed significance differences among the groups for overall wall scores (P < 0·05). The total‐etch adhesives revealed significantly less microleakage scores than the self‐etching adhesive systems tested. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test revealed significant differences between the occlusal and gingival microleakage scores for each adhesive restorative system, with the exception of Admira (P < 0·05).
Changes in masseter muscle activity associated with swallowing
Authors: Hiraoka K.
Published: September 2004

summary  The purpose of this study was to investigate masseter muscle activity during swallowing in seven healthy humans. In order to observe both the increase and the decrease of masseter muscle activity, the subjects performed voluntary saliva swallowing while low‐intensity tonic clenching was maintained. Electromyograms (EMG) were recorded from the right masseter muscle and the suprahyoid muscle complex. For six of seven subjects, the masseter EMG amplitude increased above the pre‐swallow baseline level at the initial phase of swallowing. This increase was initiated 0·1 ± 0·3 s before the suprahyoid EMG onset and was terminated 0·6 ± 0·4 s after the suprahyoid EMG onset. For six of seven subjects, the masseter EMG amplitude decreased below the pre‐swallow baseline level during swallowing. This decrease was initiated 0·6 ± 0·3 s after the suprahyoid EMG onset and was terminated 1·3 ± 0·4 s after the suprahyoid EMG onset. These findings indicate that biphasic modulation of masseter motoneuron excitability occurs during swallowing in humans. Further investigations are needed to determine whether these findings are extensively applicable to swallowing as it occurs under natural conditions.
Stabilization of jaw‐closing movements during chewing after correction of incisor crossbite
Authors: Yashiro K. , Miyawaki S. , Takada K.
Published: September 2004

summary  Humans with normal occlusion usually perform gum‐chewing movements in a characteristic manner. The purpose of present study was to examine whether the variability of masticatory jaw movement in children with incisor crossbite is greater than that in children with normal occlusions, and if so, to examine whether correction of the crossbite results in a significant reduction in the variability. The variance in masticatory jaw movement trajectory was investigated in 10 children with acceptable occlusion and 11 children with crossbite of one or two incisors. The lower incisor‐point movements during chewing of standardized gum were monitored using a 3D tracking device. The deviation of the jaw‐closing trajectory from a best‐fit plane was then evaluated for each chewing cycle. Subsequently, variance in angles of the best‐fit planes and variance in the instantaneous curvature of the jaw‐closing trajectories were evaluated. Pitch angles of the best‐fit planes and curvature of the trajectories during closing in patients were more variable than those in control subjects (P < 0·05). After treatment, the variances decreased significantly (P < 0·05). These findings suggest that the achievement of good occlusion is associated with a reduction of variability of jaw movements in a gum‐chewing task.
Abrasives in foods and their effect on intra‐oral processing: a two‐colour chewing gum study
Authors: Prinz J. F.
Published: September 2004

summary  In this study we suggest that the presence of abrasives in food items lead to physiologic responses that reduce the amount of tooth loss because of abrasion. Subjects were presented with two pairs of two‐colour chewing gum, one sample had 0·5 g of an abrasive powder added. Subjects were instructed to chew for 10 or 20 chewing strokes and then remove the gum. After removal the chewing gum was placed in a plastic bag and flattened. Each pair of gums was compared on the basis of the amount of mixing observed. In all cases the addition of the abrasive powder resulted in slower chewing and less mixing. Salivary flow rate increased from a resting value of 0·6 to 0·9 mL min−1 when stimulated by the non‐abrasive gum to 1·1 mL min−1 with the abrasive gum. This difference was significant (P < 0·05). We conclude that when abrasive particles are detected in the mouth, less bolus manipulation is performed and more saliva is secreted. These responses would have the effect of reducing loss of tooth substance at the expense of reduced cominution of the food.
Micromorphological evaluation of posterior composite restorations – a 10‐year report
Authors: Gaengler P. , Hoyer I. , Montag R. , Gaebler P.
Published: September 2004

summary  The summarized scanning electron microscopic‐supported micromorphologic data of a 10‐year longitudinal clinical study of GIC/Hybrid composite posterior restorations is reported. The aim of this study was to compare the results to USPHS‐compatible clinical criteria of the CPM index and to analyse the deterioration pattern and the success rate. Out of a total of 194 Class I and Class II fillings 46 restorations were at baseline, after 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 years. The restorations were micromorphologically examined using gold‐sputtered replicas and coded according to the M‐criteria of the CPM index. The features for surface roughness, surface texture, marginal integrity, excess of material, marginal fracture, loss of material, marginal leakage and other filling imperfections were assessed. Eighteen fillings showed perfect margins, rapidly deteriorating after the first year of service. Despite poor micromorphologic marginal conditions all restorations retained optimal functional characteristics. Parallel longitudinal micromorphologic and clinical assessment of posterior GIC/Composite restorations revealed fine structure and deterioration patterns of the tooth‐biomaterial interface. The layer‐technique using GIC as dentine replacement and resin‐based composite as enamel replacement results, according to previous biocompatibility testing, and clinical data, in optimal pulp protection and correct anatomic form over a 10‐year period. The myth of the need for perfect marginal integrity requires further discussion.
A comparison and validation of amorphous sensor condylar movement analysis to MRI diagnosis of anterior disc displacement
Authors: Ioi H. , Itoh K. , Nakata S. , Nakasima A. , Tabata O. , Counts A. L.
Published: September 2004

summary  This study compared temporomandibular joint condylar movements in a sample of six patients with clinically normal joints, with those of nine patients with joints diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to have anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADD). The aim of this study was to compare and validate the use of the amorphous sensor to MRI diagnosis in condylar movement analysis. The measuring device consisted of an amorphous sensor and a small magnet. Condylar and jaw movements were recorded simultaneously over the course of 10 open–close cycles. Maximum velocity of condylar movement during the opening phase in the ADD joints was significantly higher than the normal joints. The degree of jaw opening at the turning point of condylar movement in the ADD joints was significantly larger than the normal joints. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the maximum velocity of condylar movement during the opening phase was 75·0 and 75·0%, respectively, while those of the degree of jaw opening at the turning point of condylar movement were 91·7 and 91·7%, respectively. These results suggest that the analysis of condylar movement, employing the amorphous sensor may be a reliable method for diagnosis of ADD.
Morphometric relationships between tooth and face shapes
Authors: Lindemann H.‐B. , Knauer C. , Pfeiffer P.
Published: September 2004

summary  The shape of a patient's face is commonly used as a reference to select the shape of the maxillary central incisors in edentulous patients. The validity of this relationship has not been proved. The objective of this clinical study was to determine whether a relationship exists between maxillary central incisors and face shapes. Casts were made of the maxillas of 50 men and 50 women. A standardized digital photographic procedure was used to record frontal views of each subject's face and of the maxillary central incisors of the dental casts. The shapes of the maxillary central incisors were compared with the face forms. Shape matches were evaluated according to their Hausdorff distance (HDD). The function h(A,B) is called the directed HDD from shape A to shape B (this function is not a true distance). It reflects the distance of the point of shape A that is farthest from any point of shape B and vice versa. The similarity of both shapes is given as a non‐negative number. The value 0·0 indicates that the figures are identical (after scaling and shifting). Higher values indicate that shapes differ more substantially. Significant differences on the 5% level were calculated using the non‐parametric Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests. The face shape from the chin margin to the eyebrow line (superior edges of the eyebrows) produced a better match than the one from the chin to the hairline (P < 0·0001). On average, the maxillary central incisors displayed a variability (0·084 ± 0·028) that was higher by a factor of 1·9 than the face shapes (chin margin to the eyebrow line, 0·045 ± 0·015). In the interindividual comparison, the shapes of the maxillary central incisors of women displayed a significantly smaller HDD than the ones of the men (P < 0·0001).
One‐year clinical evaluation of two composite materials used for anterior class V restorations
Authors: Sakrana A. A. , Tanoue N. , Kawasaki K. , Matsumura H.
Published: September 2004

summary  The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the clinical performance of two composite materials used for filling anterior cavity preparations. A total of 100 class V cavities of anterior tooth were restored with two different composite materials (Palfique Estelite and Palfique Toughwell, 50 cavities each, respectively) in combination with the same bonding agent (Mac Bond II). Colour match, cavosurface marginal discolouration, recurrent caries, wear, marginal integrity and surface texture were evaluated clinically for all restorations on the basis of the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria immediately after insertion (baseline), after 6 months and after 1 year. In the comparison of baseline to 1‐year evaluation, the Palfique Toughwell material showed significant changes in all factors except recurrent caries. The Palfique Estelite material, however, showed neither significant cavosurface marginal discolouration nor recurrent caries. No significant difference (P > 0ḃ05) was observed between the two materials in clinical performance after 1 year, with the exception of caries rate, which was found to be significantly lower in the Palfique Estelite material. It was concluded that both composites were clinically reliable materials when used for anterior class V restorations.
Mood and anxiety psychopathology and temporomandibular disorder: a spectrum approach
Authors: Manfredini D. , Bandettini Di Poggio A. , Cantini E. , Dell'osso L. , Bosco M.
Published: September 2004

summary  Psychological factors play an important role in the aetiopathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), as demonstrated by an increase in stress, anxiety, depression and somatization in TMD patients. The aim of this work was to investigate the presence of mood and panic‐agoraphobic symptoms in different groups of TMD patients by means of a spectrum approach to psychopathology. A total of 131 subjects were included in this study and TMD signs and symptoms were investigated by means of a standardized clinical examination. Two self‐report questionnaires were used to evaluate mood (MOODS‐SR) and panic‐agoraphobic (PAS‐SR) spectrum. anova and Bonferroni's post hoc test for multiple comparisons were used to compare mean scores of all TMD groups for MOODS‐SR, PAS‐SR and all their domains. Results revealed a significantly higher prevalence of both mood (P < 0·001) and panic‐agoraphobic (P < 0·01) symptoms in myofascial pain patients than in all other diagnostic groups (TMD‐free, disc displacement and joint disorders). With regard to mood spectrum, strong differences emerged for all domains evaluating depressive symptoms. As for the panic‐agoraphobic spectrum, myofascial pain patients differed from the other groups for the presence of stress sensitivity, panic, separation anxiety, hypochondriac and agoraphobic symptoms. It was concluded that myofascial pain patients differed from those with disc displacement, joint disorders and no TMD in relation to some psychopathological symptoms, while the last three groups presented very similar profiles.
Micro‐tensile bond strength of self‐etching primer adhesive systems to human coronal carious dentin
Authors: Doi J. , Itota T. , Torii Y. , Nakabo S. , Yoshiyama M.
Published: September 2004

summary  The aim of this study was to evaluate the micro‐tensile bond strengths of three self‐etching primer adhesive systems to normal dentin (ND), caries‐affected dentin (CAD) and caries‐infected dentin (CID). Human extracted molars with caries were used, and flat dentin surfaces ground by 600‐grit SiC paper were prepared. The surfaces were dyed using Caries‐Detector solution, treated with Clearfil SE Bond, Mac‐Bond II and UniFil Bond, and then covered with resin composites according to manufacturer's instructions. After immersion in 37 °C water for 24 h, the teeth were serially sectioned into multiple slices. Each slice was distinguished into ND, CAD and CID groups by the degree of staining, and the bond strength was measured in a universal testing machine. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation was also performed. For statistical analysis, anova and Scheffe's test were used (P < 0·05). The bond strengths of the three adhesive systems to CAD and CID were significantly lower than those to ND. There was significant difference in the bond strength to ND between Clearfil SE Bond and UniFil Bond, but no significant differences to CAD and CID among the three adhesive systems. On SEM, the hybrid layers in CAD and CID showed more porous structures compared with ND. The results indicated that the bond strengths to CAD and CID were not affected by a variety of self‐etching primer adhesive systems because of the porous hybrid layer formation in carious dentin.
Effect of preparation convergence on retention and seating discrepancy of complete veneer crowns
Authors: Chan D. C. N. , Wilson A. H. , Barbe P. , Cronin R. J. , Chung C. , Chung K.
Published: September 2004

summary  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the retention and marginal seating discrepancy of complete veneer crown cemented with zinc phosphate using various preparation convergence designs. The method employed was that of cementing cast metal crowns onto 46 metal dies fabricated as complete veneer crown preparations with various convergence angles ranging from 0° to 70° and a shoulder finish line. The marginal discrepancy was calculated by measuring the change in crown height before and after cementation using an optical measuring microscope. The force required to remove the crowns from the dies in a vertical direction was determined using an Instron universal testing machine and recorded as retention. The increase in preparation convergence exhibited a wide variation of seating discrepancy between specimens, ranging from 4·58 ± 1·13 to 73·13 ± 78·32 μm. Significant tilting of crown was observed as the convergence angle of preparation increased. The retention values ranged from 4·03 ± 0·61 to 12·12 ± 0·33 MPa. The Pearson analysis revealed statistically significant correlations between preparation convergence and marginal discrepancy (r = +0·62), and retention (r = −0·91). Complete veneer crown retention and marginal discrepancy were influenced by the preparation convergence design.
Association between nasal respiratory obstruction and vertical mandibular position
Authors: Shikata N. , Ueda H. M. , Kato M. , Tabe H. , Nagaoka K. , Nakashima Y. , Matsumoto E. , Tanne K.
Published: September 2004

summary  Vertical mandibular position is considered to have an effect on the patency of the upper airway, because mouth opening is associated with a backward and downward displacement of the mandible and tongue. This study was conducted to investigate the nature of mandibular displacement at rest and to determine whether or not different respiration modes and body postures influence the mandibular position. The mandibular position was measured by use of a newly developed system with magnets and magnetic sensors placed on the upper and lower first molars, respectively. Vertical mandibular position was significantly affected by the degree of nasal airway obstruction. The proportion of the duration of mouth opening from 0 to 2.5 mm was about 80% in the sitting and lateral recumbent positions and 55% in the supine position. The amount and duration of vertical mandibular displacement were thus significantly increased by experimentally induced nasal respiratory obstruction. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the amount and duration of mouth opening were significantly greater in the supine posture than in the sitting and lateral recumbent positions. It is thus shown that nasal respiratory disturbance may be a key determinant for mouth opening and breathing and the resultant vertical mandibular displacement.
Depression levels in chronic orofacial pain patients: a pilot study
Authors: Tesch R. S. , Denardin O. V. P. , Baptista C. A. , Dias F. L.
Published: September 2004

summary The assessment of depressive behaviour in chronic pain patients is especially important, because depression is commonly associated with chronic pain. The aim of this pilot study was to compare depression levels between patients with head and neck cancer pain and temporomandibular disorders (TMD), and to determine whether there is an association between depression levels and chronic pain severity. This study was an observational and sectional study and the sample consisted of 40 patients, uniformly divided into those with chronic orofacial pain related to cancer and those with painful TMD classified with research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD) axis I. Depression levels, pain intensity and severity were assessed with RDC/TMD axis II. The study demonstrated statistically significant differences in depression levels present in the head and neck cancer pain group and the painful TMD group, with the occurrence of a moderate statistically significant correlation between depression levels and chronic pain severity.
School Performance in Australia: Is There a Role for Quasi‐Markets?
Authors: Bradley Steve , Draca Mirko , Green Colin
Published: September 2004

Recent changes to the organisation of Australia's education system have raised the possibility of implementing wide‐ranging market reforms. In this article we discuss the scope for introducing reforms similar to the United Kingdom's ‘quasi‐market’ model. We discuss the role of school league tables in providing signals and incentives in a quasi‐market. Specifically, we compare a range of unadjusted and model‐based league tables of primary school performance in Queensland's public education system. These comparisons indicate that model‐based tables which account for socio‐economic status and student intake quality vary significantly from the unadjusted tables.
Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Queensland Electricity Supply Industry: Gas and Carbon Tax Scenarios
Authors: Simshauser Paul , Docwra George
Published: September 2004

This article examines various greenhouse gas scenarios for the electricity supply industry in the coal‐rich state of Queensland. The authors use a dynamic partial equilibrium model of the Queensland electricity system to examine the effects of four alternate policy scenarios: a business‐as‐usual case, a centrally planned gas‐fired case, and two carbon tax scenarios– the first in which the merit order of coal and gas plant is reversed, and the second in which fuel switching is undertaken. The results indicate that no scenario is capable of delivering sufficient cuts in emissions to meet a ‘Kyoto equivalent’ industry target. While fuel switching brought about the greatest reduction in emissions, the high cost of this scenario indicates that a more efficient outcome for the electricity supply industry in Queensland would be a broad‐based Australia‐wide approach to emissions abatement, so that carbon reductions can be accessed from industries capable of achieving lower cost emissions abatement.
Practices of global capital: gaps, cracks and ironies in transnational call centres in India
Authors: Mirchandani Kiran
Published: September 2004

Abstract In this article I document practices of globalization in a newly emerging transnational labour force – call centre workers in New Delhi, India, who provide voice‐to‐voice service to clients dialling toll‐free numbers in North America. Recent theorists have focused on how capitalism is continually under construction, and how heterogeneous groups of workers play active roles in relation to transnational corporate processes. Accordingly, I trace three practices that constitute transnational call centre work –scripting, synchronicity and locational masking – and examine how Indian workers negotiate these practices. I argue that the transnationalization of voice‐to‐voice service work provides the opportunity for Indian workers to construct ‘Americans’ and situate their own jobs within global labour markets. Drawing on interviews with call centre workers, managers and trainers in India, I explore the ways in which analyses of the practices of globalization provides an insight on workers' attempts to enhance their quality of life vis‐à‐vis transnational capitalism.
A civic trend within ethnic transnationalism? Some insights from classical social theory and the Chinese American experience
Authors: Wheeler Norton
Published: September 2004

Abstract In this article I contribute to the debates on transnationalism by reconceptualizing the relationship between transnationalism and assimilation. I posit an ideal‐type distinction between gemeinschaft‐ and gesellschaft‐like transnational practices and suggest an evolving trend towards the latter. In so doing, I show how two bodies of existing work that have generally been self‐contained can usefully be integrated in the study of transnationalism–namely the work of Glick Schiller, Portes and others on ethnic transnationalism and that of Keohane, Sikkink and others on civic transnationalism. In the article I treat the experience of Chinese Americans, who are a pertinent case for analysis because of their longstanding migration to and presence in US society. I begin by laying a theoretical foundation, go on to trace the history of Chinese American transnationalism, present evidence of contemporary Chinese Americans' involvement in a variety of civic associations, and conclude with discussion of this visible trend towards heightened civic transnational activity.
Towards a multicultural democracy: some thoughts on the recent Indian elections
Authors: Parekh Bhikhu
Published: September 2004

Abstract The surprising defeat of the BJP in May's elections is evidence of longterm trends in India's politics. Welcomed by the diaspora with mixed feelings, the results inspire confidence in India's progress towards a mature multicultural democracy. The elections demonstrate that India is a far more diverse and pluralistic country than previous elections might have suggested and that Indian democracy successfully mirrors the country's ideological spectrum. In place of Hindu nationalism and the religious card, one finds a unique political leadership drawn from the country's minorities and shaped by India's synthetic culture.
The World Social Forum and the challenges of global democracy
Authors: Smith Jackie
Published: September 2004

Abstract Protests against economic globalization helped give birth to the World Social Forum (WSF) as a space for civil society groups to coordinate actions and articulate shared visions for global change. Since 2001 the WSF has brought together hundreds of thousands of activists from all parts of the world. But creating an inclusive political space that is also effective at generating unified action has proved challenging. In this article I explore the central tensions in the 2004 WSF and explore the possibilities for the Forum to overcome these obstacles and expand global democracy.
Flying in the face of climate change: a review of climate change, past, present and future
Authors: Watkinson Andrew R. , Gill Jennifer A. , Hulme Mike
Published: September 2004

The distribution and abundance of birds is known to depend critically upon climate variability at a range of temporal and spatial scales. In this paper we review historical changes in climate in the context of what is known about climate variability over the last millennium, with particular reference to the British Isles. The climate of Britain is now warmer than it has been in at least 340 years, with the 1990s decade 0.5 °C warmer than the 1961–1990 average. In addition, the frequency of cold days (mean temperature below 0 °C), particularly during March and November, has declined and there has been a marked shift in the seasonality of precipitation, with winters becoming substantially wetter and summers becoming slightly drier. Current understanding is that the rate of future warming is likely to accelerate with more frequent and more intense summer heatwaves, milder winters, an increase in winter rainfall, an increased risk of winter river floods, and an increase in mean sea‐level and associated coastal flooding. All of these aspects of climate change are likely to impact on coastal birds. A range of potential future climate scenarios for the British Isles are presented derived from recently completed global climate model experiments. For migrant bird species, changes in the British climate have also to be seen within the context of remote climate change in both the breeding and the overwintering grounds.
Landscape‐scale socio‐economics of sea‐level rise
Authors: Knogge Thomas , Schirmer Michael , Schuchardt Bastian
Published: September 2004

Flooding due to sea‐level rise resulting from climate may have serious socio‐economic consequences. Socio‐economic impacts of an accelerated sea‐level rise are often described at an aggregated spatial level that is useful for inter‐regional or international comparisons, but this is of limited value for determining local effects. Local effects need to be based on the local attributes of coastal vulnerability at the landscape level, especially if effects on the natural environment are of particular interest. In analysing the socio‐economics of sea‐level rise at the landscape scale, it is also important to consider how humans might adapt to any risks. This paper gives an overview of the methodologies used for socio‐economic studies carried out at a regional level and places the results of the studies in the context of waterbirds and the environment. A German study made at the landscape level, using a multidisciplinary approach to deal with the various possible effects of sea‐level rise, is discussed. The economic impacts of sea‐level rise may be lowered by our ability to adapt to the changes. The options of whether to protect, retreat or accommodate, however, may affect the effects of sea‐level rise on coastal habitats and the bird populations that they support. Strengthening of embankments and the creation of storm surge barriers and dams, for example, might lead to the reduction of intertidal and saltmarsh habitats and their associated bird populations. Managed retreat, by contrast, may prevent the loss of these habitats. The decision as to which option is chosen, however, is likely to be largely influenced by local economic considerations.
The effect of sea‐level rise on coastal geomorphology
Authors: Crooks Stephen
Published: September 2004

Sustainable management of coastal resources requires that future generations of people and wildlife enjoy an ongoing and equitable level of environmental quality (Crooks & Turner 1999). The UK coast is, however, difficult to manage, being inhabited by a population with assets entrenched behind old flood defences and under threat from the combined risks of flooding and habitat change associated with rising sea‐levels. Adopting a static policy approach towards sea‐level rise conflicts with sustaining a dynamic coastal system that responds to perturbations via sediment movement and long‐term evolution. At many locations maintaining a resilient coast demands the availability of space and sediments, but both are in short supply. Future management should incorporate adaptive measures, including strategic large‐scale coastal floodplain reactivation, to support a resilient geomorphic response to sea‐level rise. Management decisions will have major implications for coastal waterbirds.
Climate change and loss of saltmarshes: consequences for birds
Authors: Hughes R. G.
Published: September 2004

Saltmarshes are areas of vegetation subject to tidal inundation and are important to birds for several reasons. Saltmarshes are areas of high primary productivity and their greatest significance for coastal birds is probably as the base of estuarine food webs, because saltmarshes export considerable amounts of organic carbon to adjacent habitats, particularly to the invertebrates of mudflats. In addition, saltmarshes are of direct importance to birds by providing sites for feeding, nesting and roosting. Climate change can affect saltmarshes in a number of ways, including through sea‐level rise. When sea‐level rises the marsh vegetation moves upward and inland but sea walls that prevent this are said to lead to coastal squeeze and loss of marsh area. However, evidence from southeast England, and elsewhere, indicates that sea‐level rise does not necessarily lead to loss of marsh area because marshes accrete vertically and maintain their elevation with respect to sea‐level where the supply of sediment is sufficient. Organogenic marshes and those in areas where sediment may be more limiting (e.g. some west coast areas) may be more susceptible to coastal squeeze, as may other marshes, if some extreme predictions of accelerated rates of sea‐level rise are realized.
The effects of climate change on the reproduction of coastal invertebrates
Authors: Lawrence Andrew J. , Soame Jane M.
Published: September 2004

Environmental cues control or synchronize the reproductive cycle of many marine invertebrates. Of these environmental cues, photoperiod and temperature have been shown to moderate reproduction either individually or in combination. In addition, they may act directly or, in the case of photoperiod, set circannual clock mechanisms. These environmental cues may affect a number of reproductive parameters, including sex determination, gametogenesis and spawning. Gonadotrophic and spawning hormones appear to act as the transducers between the environment and the gamete, and limited evidence indicates that temperature and photoperiod can alter levels of these. Such processes occur in a range of estuarine invertebrates that constitute important components of the diets of overwintering birds. Global warming is likely to uncouple and alter the phase relationship between temperature and photoperiod and this is likely to have significant consequences for animals that develop gametes during the winter and spawn in the spring in temperate northern latitudes. Species that cue reproduction to photoperiod are likely to be particularly vulnerable. Although this is unlikely to lead to extinctions, it may cause local extirpations. However, this will depend on speed of adaptation to changing climate in relation to speed of climate change and the degree of mixing between populations across the range of the species. More likely will be significant impacts on fecundity, spawning success and recruitment, and this may have significant implications for overwintering birds of national and international importance, and, ultimately, on the conservation status of estuaries such as the Humber in the UK.