bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early warning of coal and gas outburst based on abnormal gas emission
Authors: Deng Ming
Published: May 2021

Taking the dynamic time series data of gas emission in mining face as the research object, the early warning model of coal and gas outburst was established based on single-time gas emission information function. Based on the data of 21118 heading face before outburst of Panyi Mine in Huainan, the single-time gas emission information function diagram was drawn, named as G-line diagram in short. The result showed that during normal production period, the entity of G-line diagram was small, which was close to a stable horizontal line. And before the outburst, the G-line diagram showed an upward trend. The negative and positive entity of G-line diagram became larger. At the same time, there were many times positive lines in the process of rising. According to the different shape, colour, length and other characteristics of G-line diagram, the change trend of coal body state in front of working face can be judged. Based on that, the outburst symptoms in the incubation stage of coal and gas outburst can be identified, and the early warning of outburst can be realized. It is of great significance to ensure the safety of mine production.
The Research on safety Evaluation Theory of Hoisting Machinery Based on Sustainable Development
Authors: Huang Zheng-qiu , Ren Li-xin , Tong Yao-ting , Ouyang Wei-ping
Published: May 2021

This paper introduces the purpose and significance of safety evaluation of hoisting machinery, summarizes various evaluation method, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various safety evaluation methods, analyzes the current situation of safety evaluation of hoisting machinery in China, and puts forward corresponding suggestions on energy saving and emission reduction of hoisting machinery through the evaluation.
Research progress on ecological restoration of landscape water
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Feng Yibing
Published: May 2021

With the rapid development of my country’s economy and the advancement of urban-rural integration, the urban population has increased sharply, people’s basic survival problems have been solved, and more and more attention has been paid to landscapes and landscape water. The sources of water pollution were described, the effects and characteristics of water restoration methods were analyzed and compared, and suggestions were made for landscape water restoration.Immobilization technology has great advantages in ecological restoration of landscape water bodies, with strong environmental adaptability and high tolerance to environmental conditions.
Round goby versus marbled crayfish: alien invasive predators and competitors
Authors: Roje Sara , Richter Luise , Worischka Susanne , Let Marek , Veselý Lukáš , Buřič Miloš
Published: May 2021

Aquatic biodiversity is threatened by spread of invasive alien species. Round goby Neogobius melanostomus is an invasive fish in large European rivers as well as in coastal waters near their mouths and marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis is a highly invasive crustacean. Both are small, bottom-dwelling species occupying similar habitat and shelters and utilizing similar food sources. We hypothesized that goby presents a threat to both native and non-native astacofauna in invaded ecosystems. We tested this through laboratory experiments designed to determine aggressiveness and competitiveness of goby against marbled crayfish as a model for other North American cambarid crayfish, assessing goby prey size selection and competition with marbled crayfish for space and shelter. Gobies showed high aggressiveness and dominance over the crayfish. Goby predation on juvenile crayfish was limited by mouth gape size. In goby/crayfish pairs of similar weight, gobies were more aggressive, although each affected the behavior of the other.
Translating anthropomorphic metaphors of war: an ecolinguistic approach
Authors: Materynska Olena
Published: May 2021

This paper explores the formation of the anthropomorphic image of war in German and Ukrainian, highlighting the primary associations connected with the concept "war", revealing the influence of mass media on the deeply rooted patterns of anthropomorphic metaphor and discussing semantic aspects of its translation. The data was derived from the German and Ukrainian mass media (2014-2021) and verified within the framework of the sociolinguistic experiment, word association test to investigate the conceptualisation of war by the speakers of both languages in order to show that the choice of equivalents while translating publications about war should correspond to the socio-cultural dimension of a particular speech community, maintaining the ecolinguistic balance. Fifty respondents (25 German-speaking and 25 Ukrainian-speaking) aged from 18 to 50 (and above) were questioned, forming the focus-group for the pilot survey. The semantic and contextual analysis of the media publications, the conducted survey explicated that the main conceptual metaphorical and metaphtonymical patterns forming the anthropomorphic representation of war are used to revise the main principles of intercultural relations and proclaim the new age of the posthuman ethics underlining the inconsistency of war for the human nature. It was found out that the anthropomorphic metaphor is a means of media influence awaking the ecolinguistic consciousness, changing the translator's role to that of a mediator and peacemaker. Differences in the conceptualisation of war in German and Ukrainian can provoke misunderstanding or an inevitable semantic loss while translating anthropomorphic metaphors.
Translating paratextual elements of online news texts from English into Ukrainian
Authors: Dovhanchyna Ruslana
Published: May 2021

The paratext is defined as textual and visual elements that surround and support the core text. It is also any material additional to, appended to or external to the content, which has functions of explaining, defining, instructing, supporting, or adding background information, the relevant opinions and attitudes of scholars, translators and reviewers. The article examines the significance of the paratext and its components in the translation of online news texts. The objective of the paper is to demarcate a theoretical framework based on literary criticism, media and translation studies, which can provide the ground for media translators and researchers. In particular, this paper determines the paratext and paratextual elements within the scope of news discourse; singles out the most potent paratextual elements in news translation; and presents the most frequent challenges of rendering paratextual elements in the translation of online news texts from English into Ukrainian. The research provides some insights brought by the notion of the paratext to translation studies, as well as the neighbouring disciplines of digital and media studies. The analysis highlights the complex paratextual elements, which have never ceased to challenge translators, mainly headlines, subheadings and leads of online news texts.
Funktionelle Testungen zur Ermittlung des Return-to-Activity-Status bei Patienten mit unspezifischen Kreuzschmerzen
Authors: Hanke Alina , Schoch Wolfgang , Keller Matthias , Kurz Eduard , Richter Robert
Published: May 2021

Hintergrund Eine Mehrzahl der Rückenschmerzpatienten leidet unter unspezifischen Schmerzen im unteren Rücken, die nicht auf eine bestimmte Ursache zurückzuführen sind, zwei Drittel davon unter rezidivierenden Beschwerden. Um die Wahrscheinlichkeit von wiederkehrenden und anhaltenden Schmerzen zu reduzieren, werden immer häufiger Testungen zur Ermittlung des aktuellen Funktionsstatus angewendet. Die vorliegende Literaturstudie untersucht die Evidenz von funktionellen Tests bei unspezifischen Rückenschmerzen und deren Aussagekraft bezogen auf den Return-to-Activity(RTA)-Status. Speziell zielt die Analyse auf Aktivitätsempfehlungen sowie die Einschätzung des Rezidiv- und Chronifizierungsrisikos ab.

Methoden PubMed-basierte Literaturrecherche. Narrative Übersichtsarbeit aus Arbeiten der letzten zehn Jahre.

Ergebnisse Insgesamt wurden 12 Studien in die Analyse eingeschlossen. Es konnten 33 Tests identifiziert werden, zu denen positive Aussagen bezüglich Reliabilität, Validität und ihrer Relevanz bei der Beurteilung des RTA-Status bei unspezifischem Rückenschmerz getroffen werden konnten. Weiter zeigt sich, dass die untersuchten Tests bei der Beurteilung des RTA-Status und auch zum Erkennen von Yellow und Blue Flags bei Patienten mit unspezifischen Rückenschmerzen gewinnbringende Hinweise geben könnten. Dabei spielen die Gehfähigkeit, das Verhalten beim Heben und Tragen von Gegenständen, die motorische Kontrolle, die Muskelkraft und die Beweglichkeit eine übergeordnete Rolle.

Schlussfolgerung Die Ermittlung des RTA-Status bei Patienten mit unspezifischen Rückenschmerzen sollte patientenspezifisch, biopsychosozial orientiert sein und nicht ausschließlich durch bewegungsbezogene Tests erfolgen. Genaue Aussagen, wann ein Patient die alltäglichen Belastungen und seine Arbeit ohne ein erhöhtes Rezidiv- oder Chronifizierungsrisiko wieder aufnehmen kann, scheinen mithilfe funktioneller Tests nicht möglich. Der große Einfluss von psychischen und sozialen Faktoren auf Krankheitsentstehung, -verlauf und -prognose sind dabei limitierende Faktoren. Bewegungs- und belastungsbezogene Tests können dennoch sinnvoll eingesetzt werden, um alltagsbezogene Aktivitäten zu evaluieren, den Therapieprozess zu planen und Patienten Sicherheit vermitteln.
MRI-findings in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (Pseudotumor cerebri)
Authors: Juhász Julia , Hensler Johannes , Jansen Olav
Published: May 2021

Background Pseudotumor cerebri, also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension, is a disorder of increased intracranial pressure of unknown etiology. Main symptom is headache which has a characteristic similar to other headache diseases, therefore the idiopathic intracranial hypertension often remains undetected. The incidence is 1/100 000 with the number of unreported cases being much higher. This article highlights the essential role of MRI in the differential diagnosis.

Methods A literature search was carried out on idiopathic intracranial hypertension and Pseudotumor cerebri in English and German. Original and Review articles as well as case reports were taken into account. Since the main focus of the article is MRI diagnostics, some images were selected to illustrate the characteristic MRI morphological features.

Results and Conclusion The diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension is based on an exclusion procedure. Most common syndromes are headache, transient visual obscurations, pulsatile tinnitus and nausea. In the presence of an underlying cause for the increased intracranial pressure one speaks of a secondary intracranial hypertension. The diagnostics include a detailed medical history, neurological and ophthalmic examination, lumbar puncture, and neuroradiological imaging procedures. MRI, in particular, has become increasingly important in recent years, since signs for changes in cerebrospinal fluid pressure are now detectable and well-defined. The therapeutic approaches are symptom-oriented and aim to lower the pressure. With a precise diagnosis and timely start of therapy, idiopathic intracranial hypertension has a good prognosis, especially with regard to the preservation of eyesight.

Key Points: 

Citation Format
Highly Selective Difluoromethylations of β-Keto Amides with ­TMSCF2Br under Mild Conditions
Authors: Wang Yakun , Wang Shuaifei , Zhang Conghui , Zhao Ting , Hu Yanqin , Zhang Mingwei , Chen Pengli , Fu Yang
Published: May 2021

Without employing any transition metal and other additives, efficient methods for selective difluoromethylations of β-keto amides with TMSCF2Br reagent have been developed under mild conditions. This protocol allows a convenient access to various α-difluoromethyl β-keto amides with excellent yields (up to 93%) and high carbon/oxygen (C/O) regioselectivities (up to 99:1). The C/O selectivity of β-keto amides could be easily reversed and controlled by simply changing the base. This protocol can be easily scaled-up and the C-difluoromethylation product could be reduced into CF2H-containing amino alcohol derivatives. Moreover, the first enantioselective electrophilic difluoromethylation of β-keto amides has been achieved by phase-transfer catalysis.
Chromium-Catalyzed Reductive Cleavage of Unactivated Aromatic and Benzylic C–O Bonds
Authors: Luo Meiming , Zeng Xiaoming , Yuan Shuqing , Ling Liang , Tang Jinghua
Published: May 2021

Reductive cleavage of aromatic and benzylic C–O bonds by chromium catalysis is reported. This deoxygenative reaction was promoted by low-cost CrCl2 precatalyst combined with poly(methyl hydrogen siloxane) as the mild reducing agent, providing a strategy in forming reduced motifs by cleavage of unactivated C–O bonds. A range of functional groups such as bromide, chloride, fluoride, hydroxyl, amino, and alkoxycarbonyl can be retained in the reduction.
Succussed Serial Dilutions in Water Carry Solute Information via Solute-Specific Water Structures—A Theory Based on Quantum Electrodynamics
Authors: Maity Tanmoy , Mahata C.R.
Published: May 2021

Active ingredients are unlikely to be present in homeopathic dilutions that surpass the Avogadro limit. Yet responses of biological systems to these substances—chemically equivalent to water and indistinguishable from one another—are specific to the materials that are diluted away. This article addresses this challenging problem of homeopathy by identifying its underlying cause through a quantum electrodynamics-based “structural model” stated as: Succussed serial dilutions in water carry information about the solute via solute-specific water structures. The model is verifiable by our three-stranded set of experiments—nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, anomalous dielectric dispersion, and atomic force microscopy. The results, some of which are presented here, directly or indirectly indicate that even extremely diluted solutions, devoid of any gross presence of the solutes, contain solute-reminiscent water structures. Apart from contributing to understanding high-dilution phenomena, these findings are expected to create an impact in the areas of medicine, pharmacopeia, and biology. Succussed aqueous dilutions acquire altered water structures with change of starting material: thus, their altered properties may be ascribed to these water structures, akin to allotropes of carbon. This theory justifies water structures as potential information carrier through succussed serial dilutions.
Another proof of BEC in the GP-limit
Authors: Hainzl Christian
Published: May 2021

We present a fresh look at the methods introduced by Boccato, Brennecke, Cenatiempo, and Schlein [Commun. Math. Phys. 359(3), 975–1026 (2018); Acta Math. 222(2), 219–335 (2019); Commun. Math. Phys. 376, 1311 (2020)] concerning the trapped Bose gas and give a conceptually very simple and concise proof of Bose–Einstein condensation in the Gross–Pitaevskii limit for small interaction potentials.
Improved methodology to compute the intrinsic friction coefficient at solid–liquid interfaces
Authors: Varghese Sleeba , Hansen J. S. , Todd B. D.
Published: May 2021

In this work, we propose an improved methodology to compute the intrinsic friction coefficient at the liquid–solid (L–S) interface based on the theoretical model developed by Hansen et al. [Phys. Rev. E 84, 016313 (2011)]. Using equilibrium molecular dynamics, we apply our method to estimate the interfacial friction for a simple Lennard-Jones system of argon confined between graphene sheets and a system of water confined between graphene sheets. Our new method shows smaller statistical errors for the friction coefficient than the previous procedure suggested by Hansen et al. Since we only use the interfacial particles, the interfacial friction calculated using our method is solely due to the wall–fluid interactions and is devoid of bulk fluid contributions. The intrinsic nature of the friction coefficient has been validated by measuring the friction coefficient at different interfaces and channel sizes and against direct non-equilibrium molecular dynamics measurements. Our improved methodology is found to be more reliable than the existing equilibrium and non-equilibrium methods and does not suffer from the well-known convergence and correlation-time ambiguities in the methods formulated along Green–Kubo-like ideas.
Ferromagnetic resonance in a microtube
Authors: Fel’k V. A. , Komogortsev S. V.
Published: May 2021

Ferromagnetic resonance fields in a microtube with various ratios of the inner and outer diameter of the tube β were studied using micromagnetic simulation. For β<0.15, the resonance field agrees with the prediction of the Kittel equation for an infinite ferromagnetic cylinder for both parallel and perpendicular orientation of the applied field to its axis. For β>0.15, the resonance field increases from the resonance field of the infinite cylinder and approaches the level of a film magnetized along the plane. This behavior only qualitatively agrees with the prediction made using the calculated demagnetizing factor in the ferromagnetic tube. For β>0.15 and the applied transverse field, a number of resonance peaks were observed for the microtube with the outer diameter of 500 nm, but for nanotubes with the diameters of 50 and 100 nm, a single peak was observed.
Mass transfer from the rotor to the stator for improving the speed of the piezoelectric motor based on centrifugal force
Authors: Pan Qiaosheng , Huang Ziliang , Wang Quan , Wu Kai , Liu Shanlin , Chen Jian
Published: May 2021

To improve the speed of a piezoelectric motor based on centrifugal force, a method is proposed on the basis of mass transfer from the rotor to the stator. Multi-degree-of-freedom vibration models are established before and after mass transfer. A mass of 150 g is transferred from the six-hole rotor to the stator. This process increases the rotation frequency of the rotor under the same friction loss and increases the energy fed into the rotor by the stator. The motor operates at a frequency close to the resonance frequency. The change in the initial phase with the operating frequency close to the resonance frequency is analyzed, and the phase adjustment device and the signal processing circuit are designed. Two prototypes, one with and one without mass transfer, are fabricated and measured. As the initial phase is adjusted from 0° to 75°, the motor rotation frequency gradually increases, approaching the resonant frequency of the motor. When the excitation voltage is 790 Vp-p, the speed of the piezoelectric motor with a mass transfer of 150 g reaches 11 004 rpm, which is 89% faster than the speed of that without mass transfer.
Two-dimensional nanodomains as quantum dots models in an ultra-thin hydrogenated SiC layer
Authors: Kremer Luiz Felipe , Baierle Rogério José
Published: May 2021

First-principles calculations within the density functional theory (DFT) are addressed to study the energetic stability and the electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of embedded nanodomains (NDs) formed by threefold coordinated Si and C atoms within a hydrogenated silicon carbide (H-SiC) monolayer. The total energy calculations show that these nanodomains have low formation energy and act as two-dimensional quantum dots (2D QDs), giving rise to localized electronic levels inside the H-SiC bandgap. The stability of the QDs is ruled by their size and shape. For NDs where the number of threefold Si and C atoms are the same, the system is a nonmagnetic semiconductor, whereas if the number of threefold coordinated Si and C atoms is different, the system is a magnetic semiconductor with a magnetic moment of 1 μB per unpaired (Si or C) atom present in the QDs. The calculated optical spectra show that there is a strong absorption optical in the visible region, and the position of the optical absorption peaks presents a dependence with the size and shape of the QDs. These findings are in accordance with previous works where 2D SiC QDs were investigated and the results suggest that 2D SiC QDs are potential materials for optical applications. Furthermore, our DFT results can be used to obtain 2D SiC QDs with desirable electronic, magnetic, and optical properties to be employed in nanodevices.
Double layer of tunable graphene nanoribbons for enhancing absorption, reflection, or transmission
Authors: Ikeda Taro , Iizuka Hideo
Published: May 2021

Graphene nanoribbons can exhibit high reflection for an incident wave even for an atom-size thickness. We show that in a double layer of graphene nanoribbons, highly efficient reflection, transmission, or absorption with each coefficient being higher than 0.9 can be obtained around the design frequency of 27 THz by properly setting the chemical potentials of the graphene nanoribbons for each case. High reflection in the system occurs due to the dominant contribution from the graphene nanoribbon layer close to the incident wave, while the system shows high transmission with each resonance frequency of the two graphene nanoribbon layers being away from the design frequency. Interestingly, high absorption arises from suppressing reflection and transmission by detuning the resonance frequency in one of the two graphene nanoribbon layers. In addition, the variation of the chemical potentials allows us to tune the resonance frequency of the electromagnetic responses. Our system shows a robust angular response due to the thin structure less than 0.05 free space wavelengths. We develop a coupled mode theory that elucidates the mechanism and captures the behavior observed in numerical results.
Lone-pair electron effect induced a rapid photorefractive response in site-controlled LiNbO3:Bi,M (M = Zn, In, Zr) crystals
Authors: Wang Shuolin , Shan Yidong , Wang Weiwei , Zheng Dahuai , Liu Hongde , Liu Shiguo , Kong Yongfa , Xu Jingjun
Published: May 2021

As a promising candidate material for holographic 3D displays, lithium niobate (LN) is limited by its low photorefractive (PR) response. Recently, it has been reported that bismuth dopants significantly improve the PR properties of LN crystals. However, the mechanism of photorefraction enhancement and whether the performance can be further optimized are not clear. In this paper, we demonstrate that Zn2+, In3+, and Zr4+ co-dopants can enhance the photorefraction of LiNbO3:Bi crystals. In particular, the PR sensitivity of LN:Bi,Zn8.0 crystal reaches 11.7 cm/J at 488 nm, with a diffraction efficiency of 16.67% and a response time of 290 ms. We propose that Bi ions occupy Nb sites, forming BiNb2−/BiNb0 in LN:Bi,Zn crystals, while still occupying Li sites, forming BiLi2+/BiLi4+ in LN:Bi,Zr crystals, when the Zn/Zr concentration exceeds the doping threshold. These occupying models are confirmed by the atomic resolution of scanning transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, we find that the lone-pair electron effect of Bi is pronounced when Bi3+ ions occupy Nb sites, forming the most highly efficient PR centers, which induce an outstanding PR response in LN:Bi,Zn8.0 crystal. Our results clarify the occupation of bismuth ions in Zn, In, or Zr co-doped LiNbO3:Bi and confirm that the PR performance can be further improved by site control.
Local melting and cutting of iron bulks by a synergic microwave–DC thermal skin effect
Authors: Shoshani Yoav , Jerby Eli
Published: May 2021

Microwaves are widely utilized in heating processes, in domestic, industrial, scientific, and medical applications. However, metal bulks (unlike metal powders or thin sheets) are commonly considered as hardly susceptible to microwave heating (due to their micrometric skin-depth, which prevents the microwave penetration into the bulk). Here, we show that adding a relatively small direct current (DC) may catalyze a localized microwave-heating (LMH) effect in the iron bulk, up to its local melting (and even further to ablation and dusty-plasma ejection). The combined DC-LMH effect is demonstrated here by cutting 8-mmØ iron rebars (made of carbon steel, with no susceptors added), which is not feasible by sole microwave or DC in these conditions. The synergic microwave and DC effect is attributed here to a combined thermal skin evolution, which jointly forms a hotspot in a mutually intensified thermal-runaway instability and deepens the microwave penetration into the iron bulk. This interpretation of the experimental findings is supported here by a simplified theoretical model of the combined microwave–DC interaction in iron, which demonstrates the thermal skin layer evolution and confirms the feasibility of a hotspot formation. The synergic DC-LMH effect may advance potential applications of microwaves in thermal processing of metals, such as melting, cutting, joining, sintering, casting, and 3D printing.
Yield stress and wall slip of kaolinite networks
Authors: Abbasi Moud Aref , Poisson Jade , Hudson Zachary M. , Hatzikiriakos Savvas G.
Published: May 2021

In this work, the nonlinear rheological properties of kaolinite suspensions as a model fluid were studied. Three kaolinites with different average particle, aspect ratio and asperity were used to gain a deeper understanding of the effects of particle's geometry on yielding, rheology, and apparent slip velocity over a wide range of concentrations in the semi-concentrated to concentrated regime. To reveal the impact of geometry on kaolinite suspension's rheology, atomic force microscopy was employed, thus revealing unique information about the particle's structural differences. The apparent slip velocity was studied through the application of the Mooney technique using experimental data from parallel-plate geometry at various gap spacings. Sandpaper of varying grit was used to eliminate slip and estimate the true rheological parameters including the yield stress of these materials. Kaolinite suspensions were found to follow a Herschel–Bulkley model with yield stress that increases with concentration irrespective of the type of kaolinite particles. The aspect ratio and asperity of particles were found to alter their slip behavior by enabling the kaolinite network to have a tunable yield stress. It was also determined that the existence of resilient larger clusters at higher shear rates often induce higher slip effects.
Numerical simulation and experimental research of LRIT-30 radio frequency ion thruster
Authors: Pu Yanxu , Li Xingda , Wu Chenchen , Sun Xinfeng , Jia Lianjun , Zhang Tianping , Lv Fangwei , Chen Xinwei
Published: May 2021

This study aimed at discussing the laws of the design parameters of a radio frequency (RF) ion thruster that influence the thruster performance, guide the performance optimization-oriented design of the thruster, and realize the high-accuracy continuous adjustment of the thrust performance. The key influencing parameters of the thrust performance were analyzed by the numerical simulation method. The influencing laws of RF parameters on key plasma parameters, as well as the thermal characteristics of the thruster under the rated parameters, were explored. Moreover, a LRIT-30 RF ion thruster was developed and subjected to the performance adjustment test. The research results demonstrated that the simulation model can describe the plasma parameter distribution of the discharge chamber and the thermal distribution of key components. The 3 cm RF ion thruster performs well under 2 MHz operational frequency. The RF power and gas flow rate are the key influencing factors of beam extraction and are appropriate for the accurate adjustment of parameters. The wide-range adjustment of thrust (0.5–2.3 mN) and specific impulse (869–2564 s) can be realized when the screen-grid voltage, decelerating screen voltage, RF power, and gas flow rate are 1500 V, −200 V, 40–65 W, and 0.4–0.8 SCCM, respectively. The performance indices of the proposed RF ion thruster are close to the international advanced level.
Nonlinearly enhanced photoacoustic microscopy by picosecond-laser-pumped excited state absorption of phthalocyanine nanoprobes
Authors: Li Ye , Shi Yujiao , Zhang Zhenhui , Xing Da
Published: May 2021

Efficient nanoprobes with unique optical properties are highly desirable for good-performance photoacoustic (PA) molecular imaging. The conventionally used PA nanoprobes basically take their ground-state absorption with contrast to the indelible wideband background absorption as the imaging mechanism, thus severely limiting the imaging contrast and sensitivity in practical applications. Herein, a nonlinearly enhanced PA microscopy mechanism with suppressed background interference and improved brightness has been proposed, by distinctively exploiting the picosecond-laser-pumped excited state absorption of the tin phthalocyanine (SnPc) nanoprobes that exhibit strong reverse saturable absorption below the laser damage threshold of tissues. Both theoretical simulation and experimental investigation have been performed to verify the nonlinearly enhanced optical and PA properties of the SnPc nanoprobes with comparison to conventional PA contrast agents. The enhanced PA imaging capability of the SnPc nanoprobes with improved sensitivity and contrast has been demonstrated by tissue-mimicking phantoms and in vivo mouse models. This work revolutionizes the traditional contrast mechanism of PA nanoprobes by introducing picosecond-laser-pumped nonlinear optical nanomaterials, which prefigures great potential for biosensing and bioimaging with improved contrast and sensitivity.
Magnetic field imaging in a laboratory plasma
Authors: Gilbert T. J. , Stevenson K. J. , Paul M. C. , Steinberger T. E. , Scime E. E.
Published: May 2021

In laboratory plasmas, arrays of probes have typically been used to measure the evolution of the magnetic field topology. Here, we present initial image-based measurements of the magnetic topology in a low-temperature plasma using a purely optical diagnostic. Laser induced fluorescence measurements of neutral velocity distribution functions are made using a fast camera, imaging the Zeeman splitting of σ-peaks in neutral argon. The separation of σ-peaks provides spatially resolved magnetic field magnitude measurements with a detection threshold on the order of 10 G.
Integrated solutions of non-densely defined semilinear integro-differential inclusions: existence, topology and applications
Authors: Pietkun R.
Published: May 2021

Given a linear closed but not necessarily densely defined operator

on a Banach space

with nonempty resolvent set and a multivalued map

with weakly sequentially closed graph, we consider the integro-differential inclusion

We focus on the case when

generates an integrated semigroup and obtain existence of integrated solutions if

is weakly compactly generated and

satisfies

where

and

denotes the De Blasi measure of noncompactness. When

is separable, we are able to show that the set of all integrated solutions is a compact

-subset of the space

endowed with the weak topology. We use this result to investigate a nonlocal Cauchy problem described by means of a nonconvex-valued boundary condition operator. We also include some applications to partial differential equations with multivalued terms are.

Bibliography: 26 titles.
Two game-theoretic problems of approach
Authors: Ershov A. A. , Ushakov A. V. , Ushakov V. N.
Published: May 2021

A nonlinear conflict control system in a finite-dimensional Euclidean space on a finite time interval is considered. Two interrelated game-theoretic problems of making a system approach a compact set at a fixed moment of time are studied. A method for constructing approximate solutions to game problems of approach is presented. Most attention is paid to problems related to constructing approximations of the solvability sets of game problems in the phase space.

Bibliography: 35 titles.
Complete sets of polynomials in bi-involution on nilpotent seven-dimensional Lie algebras
Authors: Vorushilov K. S.
Published: May 2021

In this paper, we construct complete sets of polynomials in bi-involution on nilpotent Lie algebras of dimension 7 in the list due to Gong. Thus we verify the generalized Mishchenko-Fomenko conjecture for all algebras in this list.

Bibliography: 14 titles.
Single-cell sequencing reveals suppressive transcriptional programs regulated by MIS/AMH in neonatal ovaries
Authors: Meinsohn Marie-Charlotte , Saatcioglu Hatice D. , Wei Lina , Li Yi , Horn Heiko , Chauvin Maeva , Kano Motohiro , Nguyen Ngoc Minh Phuong , Nagykery Nicholas , Kashiwagi Aki , Samore Wesley R. , Wang Dan , Oliva Esther , Gao Guangping , Morris Mary E. , Donahoe Patricia K. , Pépin David
Published: May 2021

Significance

This study improves our understanding of the role of Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS/AMH) in antagonizing primordial follicle activation. By applying scRNA-seq methods to neonatal mouse ovaries, we revealed transcriptional signatures associated with MIS treatment in ovarian cell types present during the first wave of folliculogenesis and follicle development. We showed that MIS inhibits pregranulosa cell differentiation and the proliferation of ovarian surface epithelium and stromal cells. MIS also uncoupled granulosa and germ cell maturation, leading to abnormal development of activated follicles. These findings identify markers and pathways related to primordial follicle quiescence that could be targeted in contraception, preservation of ovarian reserve during aging or chemotherapy, or synchronization of preantral follicle growth for IVF.
Platyhelminths, annelids and molluscs.
Authors: Rees Paul A.
Published: May 2021

This book chapter contains discussions and questions on the classification, anatomy, and morphological and morphometrical characteristics of Platyhelminthes, Annelids, and molluscs.
Answers.
Authors: Rees Paul A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter contains the key to each taxonomy question asked in the previous chapters, a brief explanation of why the answers are correct and, in some cases, what the distracters mean.
USP19 promotes hypoxia-induced mitochondrial division via FUNDC1 at ER-mitochondria contact sites
Authors: Chai Peiyuan , Cheng Yiru , Hou Chuyi , Yin Lei , Zhang Donghui , Hu Yingchun , Chen Qingzhou , Zheng Pengli , Teng Junlin , Chen Jianguo
Published: May 2021

The ER tethers tightly to mitochondria and the mitochondrial protein FUNDC1 recruits Drp1 to ER-mitochondria contact sites, subsequently facilitating mitochondrial fission and preventing mitochondria from undergoing hypoxic stress. However, the mechanisms by which the ER modulates hypoxia-induced mitochondrial fission are poorly understood. Here, we show that USP19, an ER-resident deubiquitinase, accumulates at ER-mitochondria contact sites under hypoxia and promotes hypoxia-induced mitochondrial division. In response to hypoxia, USP19 binds to and deubiquitinates FUNDC1 at ER-mitochondria contact sites, which facilitates Drp1 oligomerization and Drp1 GTP-binding and hydrolysis activities, thereby promoting mitochondrial division. Our findings reveal a unique hypoxia response pathway mediated by an ER protein that regulates mitochondrial dynamics.
I SPI1 something needed for B cells
Authors: Wahlster Lara , Sankaran Vijay G.
Published: May 2021

In this issue, Le Coz et al. (2021. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20201750) describe a novel immunodeficiency syndrome caused by mutations in SPI1. Through a series of in-depth studies, the authors provide insights into how SPI1 affects blood lineage specification, highlighting the important role of master transcription factors as cellular fate determinants.
Activity pattern of Scotophilus kuhlii at agriculture and urban landscape area in Tasik Chini and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Authors: Ahmad-Bakri F A , Abd-Rahman N A , Ahmad Z A M , Maryati M , Abu-Bakar M F
Published: May 2021

The ecology of Scotophilus kuhlii is poorly known. Thus, this study was done to determine the activity pattern of the bats. Radio tracking was done for ten bats (five males and five females) in September and October 2014. The tracking was done after the transmitter were glued behind bats below their scapula. From this study, the mean home range size of S. kuhlii in agriculture (0.68km2) was higher than that in urban landscape (0.37km2). The overlapping between males and females bats home ranges showed that this occurs due to existence of many food resources in the region. This is an important ecological information so that the conservation effort can be done accordingly. This is due to different species may differ in their responses to environmental factors such as habitat fragmentation.
The Impact of Environmental Education (EE) on the Society’s Awareness, Responsibility, and Attitude towards the Development of a Lifelong Attitude of Pro-Conservation Behaviour in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Authors: Charlie E F , Taat M S , Nordin M N , Saikim F H
Published: May 2021

The deterioration of our environmental conditions is caused by human behaviour. It is a fact that our environment and ecosystem suffered a tremendous amount of exploitation and extinction due to human’s greed and ignorance. This research aims to identify the impacts of Environmental Education (EE) among Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, and to identify the significant difference and significance correlation on their awareness, responsibility, and attitude to a lifelong attitude of pro-conservation behaviour. The questionnaire is used as a research instrument and SPSS analyses the data. Mean; SD; t-test and Pearson coefficient of correlation was the statistical techniques used to analyze the data and Leximancer software used for the content analysis. A total of 500 respondents participated in the survey, and 20 respondents were interviewed. In this study, EE has effectively raised the student’s environmental awareness, but relatively ineffective in changing their behaviour. The results revealed that there was a significant difference based on demographic aspects from the data collected. The results via statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) revealed that there was a significant positive correlation on society’s awareness (r = .351), responsibility (r = .484) and attitude (r = .552) with pro-conservation behaviour from the data collected. The society’s awareness, responsibility, attitude, and behaviour towards conservation are essential and needed more attention from various parties to develop a lifelong attitude towards environment and biodiversity conservation. It is hoped that this study’s findings will be beneficial in providing information and guidelines for more effective planning of EE programmes in the future.
Estimation of liana infestation above canopy in Bukit Bakar recreational park, Kelantan using an unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors: Norashikin F , Ibrahim B , Aziz S N A , Musfiroh J , Kamarul Ariffin H
Published: May 2021

A study on lianas estimation has been conducted in 1 ha plot at Bukit Bakar Recreational Park, Machang, Kelantan. Liana infestation on tree crowns was assessed from above by using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), DJI Phantom-4 Pro which was manually piloted. Liana load carried by trees were determined by calculating the percentage liana cover (%LC) and measuring crown occupancy index (COI). Collection of image data by UAV had been captured and geo-tagged with GPS location. The value of crown occupancy index (COI) depends on the accuracy of the percentage liana cover (%LC). Fourteen host trees infested by lianas were identified. The value COI of 14 lianas-infested trees were in the range between 0 – 2, indicating low and moderate infestation. One point was recorded with very low liana load, nine points with moderate liana and four points with low liana load on tree crowns with 0.76% to 29.9% of liana cover respectively. The moderate and lower values obtained was probably due to the lesser of anthropogenic disturbance and natural disturbance that occurred after 40 years of selective management system logging. The liana infestation was distributed homogeneously. The lower liana COI obtained, indicates the ongoing progress of forest succession in Bukit Bakar that gradually hindered liana proliferation within the proximity. This method could promote the local authority in forestry management particularly in managing the tree crown occupancy of liana in the logged-over forest.
A Review on Environmental DNA (eDNA) Metabarcoding Markers for Wildlife Monitoring Research
Authors: Othman N , Haris H , Fatin Z , Najmuddin M F , Sariyati N H , Md-Zain B M , Abdul-Latiff M A B
Published: May 2021

Environmental DNA or eDNA utilizes traceable genetic materials in the environment for monitoring the presence of organisms in a given area and it is now gaining popularity as an alternative for traditional monitoring methods. Thus, the selection of genetic markers is crucial for identification of species in wildlife monitoring. This paper aims to review several DNA markers which are appropriate and reliable for detection of organisms from the environmental samples. We performed systematic literature search from SCOPUS database to review all molecular markers of eDNA. This study focuses on the importance of markers selection which can be utilized by next-generation sequencing (NGS) for biodiversity monitoring. Cytochrome C oxidase Subunit I (COI) are noted as the most widely used marker in metabarcoding research for detection of targeted species.
Breath-holding - A Strategy in Enhancing Drug Delivery to the Lungs: A Review
Authors: Balasubramanian R , Jayakumar J S , Rajan Vikas
Published: May 2021

After inhalation of pharmaceutical aerosols, holding of breath prior to exhalation is one of the simpler inhaler techniques when using pressurized metered-dose inhalers and dry powder inhalers. Many benefits are offered by breath holding in enhancing particle deposition, drug efficacy, reducing deposition of particles in the undesired sites and masking of hotspots. Many of the patients are not aware why this procedure is recommended by medical professionals and thus fail to get these benefits. If the breath hold step is successfully addressed, pulmonary drug delivery to the lungs will be more successful. This review addresses computer simulation studies, in particular computational fluid dynamics studies, on the influence of breath-hold in deposition patterns and behaviour of drug particles in the respiratory tract of humans. Along with the studies on breath holding reviewed here, we also briefly discuss the particle phase modelling tools like the discrete element method and discrete phase method.
Distribution of effectiveness and Nusselt number over a corrugated surface impinged by a row of circular jets
Authors: Abraham S , Vedula R P
Published: May 2021

The characteristics of effectiveness and heat transfer for a row of jets impinging on a corrugated surface were experimentally investigated. The Reynolds number, Re which was calculated based on the exit velocity and the hydraulic diameter of the nozzle, was 20000 and the jet-to-target spacing, L, was varied from 2 to 10 times the jet diameter, d. The spacing between adjacent jets, Sx, was kept constant at 4d. The actual angle of impingement and jet-to-target distance were different for different jets in the row due to the corrugated surface. This results in difference in the interaction of walljets of adjacent jets, which inturn influence the local distribution of effectiveness and Nusselt number
Porous superhydrophobic membranes as safe bubble absorbers for hydrocarbon industry
Authors: Kiran Raj M
Published: May 2021

Superhydrophobic surfaces, which repels water droplets falling on them is a hot topic in the interfacial engineering for their wide range of applications from self-cleaning to thermal management. Recently, porous superhydrophobic surfaces are introduced to the front by incorporating the element of diffusion of gases along with the extreme non-wettability of the surface. Interestingly, they exhibit superior bubble absorption capabilities in an underwater situation which is complementary to a droplet impinging on the same surface in an air medium. In the present work, we examine closely, an experimental paradigm describing the physical aspects of such an absorption event and delineate the nature of evolution of the most important parameter, the contact line. The results provide insight into the efficient development of underwater bubble absorbers for hydrocarbon industry for a safe transfer of gases from deep sea oil rigs.
Fuzzy Probist System Reliability of Weaving Machine in Textile Industry
Authors: Jini Varghese P , Michael Rosario G
Published: May 2021

In this paper, the binary state assumptions have been replaced by a fuzzy state assumption. Probist Reliability of a weaving machine is calculated with the help of fault tree diagram using the pendant triangular fuzzy number and pendant trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. The formula thus created is used to evaluate the failure rate of the machines, which would determine the reliability of the machines and maintain the quality of performance.
Mechanical, Metallurgical and Corrosion Properties of Dual Pulsed, Pulsed Gas and Shielded Metal Arc Welded AISI 310 Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Arunkumar M , Panicker Sudhy S , Aneesh Kumar P , Devakumaran K
Published: May 2021

AISI 310 is a highly alloyed austenitic stainless steel used for high-temperature applications. The high chromium and nickel contents give this steel excellent oxidation resistance as well as high strength. In the present work, the material was welded using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), Pulsed Gas Metal Arc welding (P-GMAW) and Double Pulsed Gas Metal Arc welding (DP-GMAW). A comparative study has been carried out on the basis of chemical, mechanical, metallurgical and corrosion properties of base metal and all other welded samples. SMAW process has high heat input and hence dilution effect is more prominent in this process. The mechanical properties evaluated in terms of maximum tensile strength, impact energy and hardness was obtained for DP-GMAW sample. This superior mechanical behaviour of DP-GMA welded sample was attributed to the better grain refinement occurred due to double pulsation effect. However, the DP-GMAW process showed highest corrosion rate when compared to other two welded samples.
Sustainable Processing of Dissimilar Aluminium Alloy Joints by Friction Stir Welding
Authors: Ramesha K , Sudersanan P D , Santosh N , Jangam Sasidhar
Published: May 2021

Friction stir welding is one of the unique solid state welding technique that is fast gaining importance because of its excellent properties pertaining to the strength, wear, hardness and better joining capabilities. The friction stir welding technique is effectively used in this research to join 5 mm thick dissimilar aluminium alloys of AA 7075 and AA 5052 grade. The friction stir welding joints are obtained by using three different tool profiles viz., straight cylinder, taper cylinder, and straight triangular at a speed of 800, 1000, 1200 rpm and a feed rate of 100, 120, 140 mm/min. The experiments are designed based on L9 orthogonal array considering Taguchi techniques. From the experimental results, the process methodology is validated and the outcomes of the experiment are considered for fabrication of strong joints. The design and optimization of the process has led to better process control and thereby extended its scope for the use of the optimized process parameters for joining dissimilar aluminium alloys in real time engineering applications with sustained methodologies involving reduced dwell time and optimized friction forces and torque during the friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminium alloys.