bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Michel Girard
Authors: Doran Charles
Published: September 2009

Michel Girard, professor of political science, Sorbonne, Paris, passed away suddenly on January 27, 2009, after a lengthy battle with cancer. To the end, Professor Girard was an unsurpassed scholar and professional. Ten days before his untimely death, he delivered a superb lecture at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) in Washington, D.C., on the rise of the new great powers and their integration into the global international system. He had also organized a panel for the International Political Science Association meetings in Santiago, Chile, on which he included two North American scholars.
Ira Rohter
Authors: Ferguson Kathy E. , Kent George
Published: September 2009

Ira Rohter, professor of political science at the University of Hawai‘i since 1968, passed away on June 22, 2009. He was well known in the community as a leading scholar-activist. Professor Rohter wrote the pathbreaking book A Green Hawaii: A Sourcebook for Development Alternatives. It helped others to see the possibilities for going beyond criticism of the current order to undertake positive, transformative action.
Psychodynamic Consultation and the Rorschach with Adolescents
Authors: McCarthy Woods Justine
Published: September 2009

This article presents a comparative pilot study using the Rorschach Test and a four-session psychodynamic consultation for adolescents attending an outpatient clinic. The study used a comparative qualitative approach to look at how both approaches can help in the assessment of young people experiencing psychological and emotional difficulties. Specifically, the study assessed whether the Rorschach might be useful for engaging young people in the assessment process and explored whether it could add anything to this process, above and beyond the standard four-session psychodynamic consultation.
Comparison of two different vertical diffusion schemes in amplitude and phase of the diurnal variation and its impact on a GCM
Authors: Shin Sun‐Hee , Kimoto Masahide , Ha Kyung‐Ja
Published: September 2009

The diurnal variation in an AGCM is evaluated by comparing the land‐ocean contrast in amplitude and phase using two different diffusion schemes; the Mellor and Yamada level‐2(MY) and Holtslag and Boville(HB) schemes. Although both schemes utilize almost the same surface conditions and show similar mean values in vertical mixing, they produce different amplitudes and phases for vertical mixing. The differences in the diurnal variation over the land and ocean as well as their linkages to the atmosphere are closely associated with the characteristics of the two schemes. The HB scheme responds more quickly to surface heating and is related more closely to the intensity of surface fluxes. It can also transport the physical quantities from the surface to the atmosphere during the daytime. The MY scheme tends to reproduce the apparent vertical mixing by the mechanical turbulent mixing during the nocturnal period. Hence, it affects the daily minimum value.
Anomalous magnetosheath flows and distorted subsolar magnetopause for radial interplanetary magnetic fields
Authors: Shue J.‐H. , Chao J.‐K. , Song P. , McFadden J. P. , Suvorova A. , Angelopoulos V. , Glassmeier K. H. , Plaschke F.
Published: September 2009

On 12 August 2007 from 1436 to 1441 UT, when the five THEMIS probes (THA, THB, THC, THD, and THE) were located near the subsolar magnetopause, a sunward flow was observed in the magnetosheath. A fast anti‐sunward flow (−280 km/s) was observed in the magnetosheath before the sunward flow. Although THA observed this fast anti‐sunward flow, THC and THD, which were also in the magnetosheath, instead observed a slow flow, indicating that the fast flow was small in scale. With the observed flow vectors and the magnetopause normal directions estimated from tangential discontinuity analysis, we conclude that this fast flow creates an indentation on the magnetopause, 1 RE deep and 2 RE wide. The magnetopause subsequently rebounds, rotating the flow direction sunward along the surface of the magnetopause. The fast flow is likely related to the radial interplanetary magnetic field.
RelA/p65 functions to maintain cellular senescence by regulating genomic stability and DNA repair
Authors: Wang Jingxin , Jacob Naduparambil K , Ladner Katherine J , Beg Amer , Perko James D , Tanner Stephan M , Liyanarachchi Sandya , Fishel Richard , Guttridge Denis C
Published: September 2009

Nuclear factor (NF)‐κB is a positive regulator of tumour development and progression, but how it functions in normal cells leading to oncogenesis is not clear. As cellular senescence has proven to be an intrinsic tumour suppressor mechanism that cells must overcome to establish deregulated growth, we used primary fibroblasts to follow NF‐κB function in cells transitioning from senescence to subsequent immortalization. Our findings show that RelA/p65−/− murine fibroblasts immortalize at considerably faster rates than RelA/p65+/+ cells. The ability of RelA/p65−/− fibroblasts to escape senescence earlier is due to their genomic instability, characterized by high frequencies of DNA mutations, gene deletions and gross chromosomal translocations. This increase in genomic instability is closely related to a compromised DNA repair that occurs in both murine RelA/p65−/− fibroblasts and tissues. Significantly, these results can also be duplicated in human fibroblasts lacking NF‐κB. Altogether, our findings present a fresh perspective on the role of NF‐κB as a tumour suppressor, which acts in pre‐neoplastic cells to maintain cellular senescence by promoting DNA repair and genomic stability.
Simulation of spectroscopic properties of inorganic compounds using modern modelling procedures
Authors: Dines Trevor J.
Published: September 2009

In this review we examine some of the quantum chemical methods that are used for the simulation of structures and spectra of inorganic compounds, especially density functional theory (DFT). Applications of these methods reported in inorganic spectroscopic studies are tabulated for the period 2003 to early 2008. A small number of these studies, selected for their relevance to topics of contemporary importance, are reviewed in detail.
Raman spectroscopy of cementitious materials
Authors: Black Leon
Published: September 2009

Recent advances in Raman spectrometers, resulting in faster acquisition times and the use of lower powered lasers have led to a resurgence in the application of Raman spectroscopy to the study of cementitious materials. However, despite it being widely believed that we know all about these materials, modern cements are extremely complex, heterogeneous materials. Given their complexity, and the widespread application of cement and concrete in today’s society, modern research into cement and concrete is truly multidisciplinary, with experts from the fields of chemistry, geology, mineralogy, materials science, corrosion science, engineering, even biology and medical science all investigating the structure and behaviour of cementitious materials.

This review aims to look at the development of Raman spectroscopy as applied to the field of cement science. Starting with a historical overview, it then considers the spectra of cements at different stages in their lives, from fresh anhydrous materials, to hydrating and hydrated pastes, through to their degraded state. Whilst being concerned primarily with Portland cements, some alternative cementitious materials are also discussed, as are some of the additional materials found in modern cements and concretes; such as admixtures, cement replacement materials and reinforcement steel. However, it is not concerned with aggregates added to concrete, since this would be huge undertaking and would detract from the true focus of the review. Finally, the article identifies gaps in our current understanding and offers suggestions for potential future developments in the field.
Optical spectroscopy of liquids in and near inorganic oxides
Authors: Fourkas John T.
Published: September 2009

Liquids confined in or near the surfaces of inorganic oxides are ubiquitous in nature and technology. Optical spectroscopy has provided deep insights into the microscopic nature of these liquid/solid systems. Here we introduce the major optical (and other) spectroscopic techniques that have been used to study liquids in and near inorganic oxides and we discuss some of the key results in the field. We focus on weakly-wetting, strongly-wetting, networked, and supercooled liquids in and near silica matrices, but also discuss recent results on other inorganic oxide systems.
Optical spectroscopy of silicates and glasses
Authors: Colomban Philippe , Prinsloo Linda C.
Published: September 2009

The recent progress, in the use of optical/vibrational spectroscopy for the identification and understanding of the nanostructure of amorphous and crystalline silicates, is reviewed. The focus of the discussion is on Raman spectroscopy and we present experimental procedures and models. Cultural heritage case studies illustrate the potential of the technique, including the identification of fakes/copies and quantification of the corrosion degree and resulting dating capability.
Photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum mechanical calculations of organometallic complexes
Authors: Ketkov Sergey Y.
Published: September 2009

This chapter covers the results of photoelectron (PE) spectroscopy and computational studies of organometallic compounds published during the year 2007 and the first half of the year 2008. Over recent years, both experimental methods based on photoionisation of organometallic systems and computational techniques have been considerably improved. Highresolution ionisation energies (IE’s) of neutral organometallic molecules and vibrational frequencies of the corresponding gas-phase cations have been obtained with the zero kinetic energy (ZEKE) and mass-analysed threshold ionisation (MATI) methods combining the advantages of tuneable narrow laser lines and supersonic cooling of large polyatomic molecules. However, because of complicated experimental setup only a few research groups deal with the gas-phase PE spectroscopic investigations of organometallics so the number of publications in this field is not large. That is why most relevant PE works published in 2005–2006 have been also included in the chapter. On the other hand, various program packages available for quantum chemical calculations and the increasing computer power have led to a constantly growing percentage of experimental research accompanied by computational results supporting analysis of geometries, electronic structures, spectroscopic properties and reaction mechanisms of organometallics. Because of space limitations the calculations of the latter type have been touched in the chapter only where essential results on the electronic structures have also been reported. The next section of the chapter deals with reviews and papers of general interest. The further sections discuss the results obtained for the complexes of s-, p-, d-, and f-block metals.
High pressure crystallography of inorganic and organometallic complexes
Authors: Moggach Stephen A. , Parsons Simon
Published: September 2009

Crystallographic work on transition metal complexes at high pressure has been used broadly either to explore intra- and inter-molecular potentials, or to modify the properties of functional materials. In the former category, it has been shown that high-pressure alters intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, but also intramolecular properties such as bond distances and angles, conformation and coordination number. Intramolecular effects have been used to study the effect of pressure on exchange and spin state in magnetic materials, while tuning of intermolecular interactions strongly affects conductivity in stacked 1D molecular metals.
Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Dillon K. B.
Published: September 2009

This report considers critically, new publications in pure nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy up to the end of 2007, including reviews, results for main group elements, and those for transition metals and lanthanides. Recent trends are highlighted, particularly those involving less common nuclei.
The low frequency phonons dynamics in supercooled LiCl, 6H2O
Authors: Gallina M. E. , Bove L. , Dreyfus C. , Polian A. , Bonello B. , Cucini R. , Taschin A. , Torre R. , Pick R. M.
Published: September 2009

We report the results of a series of ultrasound, Brillouin scattering, and optical heterodyne detected transient grating experiments performed on a LiCl, 6H2O solution from room temperature down to the vicinity of its liquid-glass transition, Tg∼138 K. Down to T∼215 K, the supercooled liquid has a behavior similar to what is expected for supercooled water: its zero frequency sound velocity, C0, continuously decreases while the corresponding infinite frequency velocity, C∞, sharply increases, reflecting the increasing importance of H bonding when temperature is lowered. Below 215 K, specific aspects of the solution, presumably related to the role of the Li+ and Cl− ions, modify the thermal behavior of C0, while a β relaxation process also appears and couples to the sound propagation. The origin of those two effects is briefly discussed.
Effect of Pt addition on Ni silicide formation at low temperature: Growth, redistribution, and solubility
Authors: Hoummada K. , Perrin-Pellegrino C. , Mangelinck D.
Published: September 2009

The formation of Ni silicide during the reaction between Ni(5% Pt) and a Si(100) substrate has been analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), in situ x-ray diffraction (XRD), cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and H4e+ Rutherford backscattering. The DSC measurements show evidence of the Ni2Si nucleation followed by lateral growth formation. In situ XRD and TEM have been used to investigate the sequence of formation of the silicides. These experiments show that the formations of Ni2Si and NiSi occur simultaneously in the presence of the Pt alloy. The redistribution of platinum at different stages of the Ni silicide growth has been determined. We have estimated the solubility limit of platinum (1 at. % at 573 K) in the Ni2Si phase by extrapolation from a measured value at 1073 K. This redistribution is explained in terms of the solubility limits and the diffusion of Pt in the Ni2Si and NiSi phases. Pt is more likely to reside at the silicide grain boundaries and the interfaces where it can slow down the silicide growth kinetics.
Complete mechanical characterization of soft media using nonspherical rods
Authors: Chippada Uday , Langrana Noshir , Yurke Bernard
Published: September 2009

Hydrogels have been used as substrates for studying the cellular processes by many researchers. The stiffness of such gels was also characterized previously. However, in most of the cases, these soft Poisson's ratio was assumed incompressible and Poisson’s ratio is assumed to be one-half. This may not be true in many cases, and might alter the calculation of the stiffness of the gels. In this study, we present equations for the complete characterization of soft media, i.e., calculation of Young’s modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio. The method involves the individual measurement of either the displacement or rotation of cylindrical rods embedded in the soft media, under the application of an external force or torque. Equations involving shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio for rotation of the rod and Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio for the displacement of the rod are independently derived. In addition, the displacement and rotation of the rods embedded in an elastic medium, under the application of either a force or a torque, respectively, were also calculated using finite element analysis. These values compared well with the displacements and rotations obtained using closed form equations.
Determination of the pressure dependent melting temperatures of Al and Ni using molecular dynamics
Authors: Weingarten N. Scott , Mattson William D. , Rice Betsy M.
Published: September 2009

We present the results of a molecular dynamics simulation study designed to calculate the melting temperatures of pure nickel and pure aluminum at various system pressures using an embedded atom method type potential. The melting points are determined using a two-phase coexistence method, where the liquid and solid phases are modeled simultaneously at a fixed pressure and temperature, allowing us to bracket the value within a desired range of accuracy. The values obtained for the melting points of aluminum are consistently higher than expected based on experiment, while those for nickel are lower. Other thermal properties of aluminum and nickel were determined in order to fit the melting temperature data into a standard theoretical framework. Also, planar material defects, such as twin boundaries and stacking faults, were observed in crystals grown from the melt, occurring more often in aluminum systems than in nickel. Planar defect energies were calculated for both systems in order to explain these observations.
Phase diagram of a two-dimensional lattice gas model of a ramp system
Authors: Almarza Noé G. , Capitán José A. , Cuesta José A. , Lomba Enrique
Published: September 2009

Using Monte Carlo simulation and fundamental measure theory we study the phase diagram of a two-dimensional lattice gas model with a nearest neighbor hard core exclusion and a next-to-nearest neighbor finite repulsive interaction. The model presents two competing ranges of interaction and, in common with many experimental systems, exhibits a low density solid phase, which melts back to the fluid phase upon compression. The theoretical approach is found to provide a qualitatively correct picture of the phase diagram of our model system.
Improved precision in strain measurement using nanobeam electron diffraction
Authors: Béché A. , Rouvière J. L. , Clément L. , Hartmann J. M.
Published: September 2009

Improvements in transmission electron microscopy have transformed nanobeam electron diffraction into a simple and powerful technique to measure strain. A Si0.69Ge0.31 layer, grown onto a Si substrate has been used to evaluate the precision and accuracy of the technique. Diffraction patterns have been acquired along a ⟨110⟩ zone axis using a FEI-Titan microscope and have been analyzed using dedicated software. A strain precision of 6×10−4 using a probe size of 2.7 nm with a convergence angle of 0.5 mrad has been reached. The bidimensional distortion tensor in the plane perpendicular to the electron beam has been obtained.
The role of Ge-related oxygen-deficiency centers in controlling the blue-violet photo- and electroluminescence in Ge-rich SiO2 via Er doping
Authors: Kanjilal A. , Tsushima S. , Götz C. , Rebohle L. , Voelskow M. , Skorupa W. , Helm M.
Published: September 2009

Using combined electroluminescence (EL) and photoluminescence (PL) studies we establish that the energy transfer process from the Er3+ to the Ge-related oxygen-deficiency centers (GeODCs) plays the key role in enhancing the 404 nm EL intensity in Ge-rich SiO2. Er doping induced structural modification does not appear to be relevant, which is deduced from the 404 nm PL quenching with increasing Er concentration, implying a gradual loss of GeODCs. In contrast to PL, the 404 nm EL intensity increases by 0.3% Er doping followed by a gradual decrease in intensity for higher Er concentrations, which is described in terms of a competition between the energy transfer process and the gradual segregation of Er due to the destruction of GeODCs with Er doping. This fact is further discussed in the light of ab initio molecular orbital calculations.
Strain dependence of hole effective mass and scattering mechanism in strained Ge channel structures
Authors: Sawano K. , Toyama K. , Masutomi R. , Okamoto T. , Usami N. , Arimoto K. , Nakagawa K. , Shiraki Y.
Published: September 2009

Strain dependence of hole effective mass (m∗) in the strained Ge channel was systematically studied, and monotonic m∗ reduction by more than 20% was clearly observed when the strain increased from 0.8% up to 2.8%. The scattering mechanism, which strongly depended on the modulation-doping structure as well as strains, was also investigated based on the Dingle ratio evaluation, and the interface roughness scattering was found to be effectively suppressed by adopting the inverted structure even for the largely strained channels.
Platelike structures of semiconductor clusters Gen (n=40–44)
Authors: Qin Wei , Lu Wen-Cai , Zhao Li-Zhen , Zang Qing-Jun , Chen Guang-Ju , Wang C. Z. , Ho K. M.
Published: September 2009

The structures of Gen (n=40–44) clusters were searched by genetic algorithm combined with a tight-binding method. First-principles calculations based on density functional theory were performed to further optimize the isomer structures. The calculated results show that Gen (n=40–44) clusters favor platelike structures, consisted of four small magic clusters (Ge9 or Ge10), and a Ge4 core. The Ge4 core along with the parts of the four linked small clusters forms a diamond segment. The cluster mobilities of the most stable structures are in good agreement with the experimental data.
Breakdown of structural models for vibrations of single-wall zigzag carbon nanotubes
Authors: Gupta S. S. , Bosco F. G. , Batra R. C.
Published: September 2009

Free vibrations of zigzag single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) of aspect ratio (length/diameter) ∼6 and with ends traction-free have been studied using molecular mechanics (MM) simulations with the MM3 potential. It is found that the frequencies of inextensional (the Love and the Rayleigh) modes of an (n, 0) SWCNT saturate at the circumferential wave number of either (n−1)/2 or n/2 where n is odd or even. This is explained in terms of its molecular structure. Since the frequencies of the inextensional modes of vibration of a thin cylinder made of an isotropic linear elastic material do not saturate with an increase in the circumferential wave number, a continuum structure cannot represent all modes of vibration of a zigzag SWCNT. This result is independent of the value assigned to the wall thickness of the SWCNT. We have also found values of material and geometric parameters of a shell and a hollow cylinder by equating their frequencies of the inextensional, the radial breathing, the axial and the torsional modes of vibrations to the corresponding ones of a zigzag SWCNT, and by taking their mean diameter and length equal to those of the SWCNT. The frequencies of the extensional modes of oscillations of the two continuum structures for various axial half wave numbers and circumferential wave numbers are found to match well with those of the SWCNT obtained from the MM simulations. However, the frequencies of the inextensional modes of the continuum structures deviate noticeably from those of the SWCNT, and this deviation increases with an increase in the circumferential wave number.
Controlling the nonlinearity of silicon nanowire resonators using active feedback
Authors: Nichol John M. , Hemesath Eric R. , Lauhon Lincoln J. , Budakian Raffi
Published: September 2009

We describe the use of nonlinear feedback to tune the cubic nonlinearity of a silicon nanowire resonator. We show that nonlinear feedback can be used to cancel out the native nonlinearity or even change its sign. Here, we demonstrate the usefulness of this technique by using nonlinear feedback to extend the dynamic range of a silicon nanowire parametric amplifier.
Enhanced charge-transport in surfactant-free PbSe quantum dot films grown by a laser-assisted spray process
Authors: Dedigamuwa G. , Lewis J. , Zhang J. , Jiang X. , Mukherjee P. , Witanachchi S.
Published: September 2009

A laser-assisted spray process was developed to deposit surfactant-free PbSe quantum dot (QD) films directly on a substrate. These QDs are in close contacts with each other, forming a percolation path for charge transport. Absorption spectroscopy confirmed the quantum confinement of the deposited particles. Room temperature current-voltage measurements across a 2 μm tunnel junction formed by the QDs produced a power-law dependence of the form I∝V2.25, which describes a percolation path of dimensionality slightly above two dimensions. Temperature dependent conductance studies showed thermally activated transport at high temperatures and temperature independent tunneling, followed by previously unobserved metallic conduction at low temperatures.
Strain, curvature, and twist measurements in digital holographic interferometry using pseudo-Wigner–Ville distribution based method
Authors: Rajshekhar G. , Gorthi Sai Siva , Rastogi Pramod
Published: September 2009

Measurement of strain, curvature, and twist of a deformed object play an important role in deformation analysis. Strain depends on the first order displacement derivative, whereas curvature and twist are determined by second order displacement derivatives. This paper proposes a pseudo-Wigner–Ville distribution based method for measurement of strain, curvature, and twist in digital holographic interferometry where the object deformation or displacement is encoded as interference phase. In the proposed method, the phase derivative is estimated by peak detection of pseudo-Wigner–Ville distribution evaluated along each row/column of the reconstructed interference field. A complex exponential signal with unit amplitude and the phase derivative estimate as the argument is then generated and the pseudo-Wigner–Ville distribution along each row/column of this signal is evaluated. The curvature is estimated by using peak tracking strategy for the new distribution. For estimation of twist, the pseudo-Wigner–Ville distribution is evaluated along each column/row (i.e., in alternate direction with respect to the previous one) for the generated complex exponential signal and the corresponding peak detection gives the twist estimate.
Mesoporous silica films with varying porous volume fraction: Direct correlation between ortho-positronium annihilation decay and escape yield into vacuum
Authors: Liszkay L. , Corbel C. , Raboin L. , Boilot J.-P. , Perez P. , Brunet-Bruneau A. , Crivelli P. , Gendotti U. , Rubbia A. , Ohdaira T. , Suzuki R.
Published: September 2009

The behavior of ortho-positronium (o-Ps) in mesoporous silica films implanted with low–energy positrons has been studied as a function of the film porous volume fraction. A lifetime spectrometer allowed determination of o-Ps annihilation decay both inside and outside of the film. A kinetic model is introduced that permits the determination of the yield and rate of escape of o-Ps into vacuum as well as the annihilation decay rate of the trapped o-Ps in the film. It is shown that these undergo a sudden change at a threshold porous volume fraction, above which the o-Ps escape rate to vacuum varies linearly with volume fraction.
Synchronization regimes in conjugate coupled chaotic oscillators
Authors: Karnatak Rajat , Ramaswamy Ram , Prasad Awadhesh
Published: September 2009

Nonlinear oscillators that are mutually coupled via dissimilar (or conjugate) variables display distinct regimes of synchronous behavior. In identical chaotic oscillators diffusively coupled in this manner, complete synchronization occurs only by chaos suppression when the coupled subsystems drive each other into a regime of periodic dynamics. Furthermore, the coupling does not vanish but acts as an “internal” drive. When the oscillators are mismatched, phase synchronization occurs, while in a master slave configuration, generalized synchrony results. These effects are demonstrated in a system of coupled chaotic Rössler oscillators.
In-depth resolved Raman scattering analysis of secondary phases in Cu-poor CuInSe2 based thin films
Authors: Fontané X. , Izquierdo-Roca V. , Calvo-Barrio L. , Álvarez-Garcia J. , Pérez-Rodríguez A. , Morante J. R. , Witte W.
Published: September 2009

Raman scattering analysis of Cu-poor CuInSe2 layers shows the coexistence of the ordered vacancy compound (OVC), CuAu–CuInSe2 and chalcopyrite (CH) CuInSe2 phases as function of the Cu/In content ratio x. In-depth resolved measurements from layers with x≤0.57 show a strong inhibition in the relative intensity of the CH-CuInSe2 mode at the back region. Micro-Raman spectra directly measured at different regions from the layers with 0.66≤x≤0.71 also suggest a higher content of the OVC phase at this back region. These data suggest an enhancement in the formation of OVC at this region in the layers.
Fluidic electrodynamics: Approach to electromagnetic propulsion
Authors: Martins Alexandre A. , Pinheiro Mario J.
Published: September 2009

We report on a new methodological approach to electrodynamics based on a fluidic viewpoint. We develop a systematic approach establishing analogies between physical magnitudes and isomorphism (structure-preserving mappings) between systems of equations. This methodological approach allows us to give a general expression for the hydromotive force, thus reobtaining the Navier–Stokes equations by using the appropriate electromotive force. From this ground we offer a fluidic approach to different kinds of issues with interest in propulsion, e.g., the force exerted by a charged particle on a body carrying current; the magnetic force between two parallel currents; the Magnus force. It is shown how the intermingling between the fluid vector fields and electromagnetic fields leads to new insights on their dynamics. The new concepts introduced in this work suggest possible applications to electromagnetic propulsion devices and the mastery of the principles of producing electric fields of required configuration in plasma medium.
Large variations in the propensity of aqueous oxychlorine anions for the solution/vapor interface
Authors: Ottosson Niklas , Vácha Robert , Aziz Emad F. , Pokapanich Wandared , Eberhardt Wolfgang , Svensson Svante , Öhrwall Gunnar , Jungwirth Pavel , Björneholm Olle , Winter Bernd
Published: September 2009

Core-level photoelectron spectroscopy measurements have been performed of aqueous solutions of NaCl codissolved with NaClOn (n=1–4). Each species has a distinct Cl 2p electron binding energy, which can be exploited for depth-profiling experiments to study the competition between Cl− and ClOn− anions for residing in the outermost layers of the solution/vapor interface. Strongest propensity for the surface is observed for n=4 (perchlorate), followed by n=3 (chlorate), n=2 (chlorite), n=0 (chloride), and n=1 (hypochlorite). Molecular dynamics simulations rationalize the greatest surface propensity of the most oxidized anions in terms of their larger size and polarizability. The anomalous behavior of hypochlorite, being less surface-active than chloride, although it is both larger and more polarizable, is suggested to arise from the charge asymmetry over the anion, increasing its efficiency for bulk solvation.
Integral approximations in ab initio, electron propagator calculations
Authors: Flores-Moreno Roberto , Ortiz J. V.
Published: September 2009

Treatments of interelectronic repulsion that avoid four-center integrals have been incorporated in ab initio, electron-propagator calculations with diagonal self-energy matrices. Whereas the formal scaling of arithmetic operations in the propagator calculations is unaffected, the reduction of storage requirements is substantial. Moreover, the scaling of integral transformations to the molecular orbital base is lowered by one order. Four-index, electron-repulsion integrals are regenerated from three-index intermediates. Test calculations with widely applied self-energy approximations demonstrate the accuracy of this approach. Only small errors are introduced when this technique is used with quasiparticle virtual orbitals, provided that conventional techniques of integral evaluation are used in the construction of density-difference matrices.
Control of bud activation by an auxin transport switch
Authors: Prusinkiewicz Przemyslaw , Crawford Scott , Smith Richard S. , Ljung Karin , Bennett Tom , Ongaro Veronica , Leyser Ottoline
Published: September 2009

In many plant species only a small proportion of buds yield branches. Both the timing and extent of bud activation are tightly regulated to produce specific branching architectures. For example, the primary shoot apex can inhibit the activation of lateral buds. This process is termed apical dominance and is dependent on the plant hormone auxin moving down the main stem in the polar auxin transport stream. We use a computational model and mathematical analysis to show that apical dominance can be explained in terms of an auxin transport switch established by the temporal precedence between competing auxin sources. Our model suggests a mechanistic basis for the indirect action of auxin in bud inhibition and captures the effects of diverse genetic and physiological manipulations. In particular, the model explains the surprising observation that highly branched Arabidopsis phenotypes can exhibit either high or low auxin transport.
DNA polymerase ε and δ proofreading suppress discrete mutator and cancer phenotypes in mice
Authors: Albertson Tina M. , Ogawa Masanori , Bugni James M. , Hays Laura E. , Chen Yang , Wang Yanping , Treuting Piper M. , Heddle John A. , Goldsby Robert E. , Preston Bradley D.
Published: September 2009

Organisms require faithful DNA replication to avoid deleterious mutations. In yeast, replicative leading- and lagging-strand DNA polymerases (Pols ε and δ, respectively) have intrinsic proofreading exonucleases that cooperate with each other and mismatch repair to limit spontaneous mutation to less than 1 per genome per cell division. The relationship of these pathways in mammals and their functions in vivo are unknown. Here we show that mouse Pol ε and δ proofreading suppress discrete mutator and cancer phenotypes. We found that inactivation of Pol ε proofreading elevates base-substitution mutations and accelerates a unique spectrum of spontaneous cancers; the types of tumors are entirely different from those triggered by loss of Pol δ proofreading. Intercrosses of Pol ε-, Pol δ-, and mismatch repair-mutant mice show that Pol ε and δ proofreading act in parallel pathways to prevent spontaneous mutation and cancer. These findings distinguish Pol ε and δ functions in vivo and reveal tissue-specific requirements for DNA replication fidelity.
Structural relationships among proteins with different global topologies and their implications for function annotation strategies
Authors: Petrey Donald , Fischer Markus , Honig Barry
Published: September 2009

It has become increasingly apparent that geometric relationships often exist between regions of two proteins that have quite different global topologies or folds. In this article, we examine whether such relationships can be used to infer a functional connection between the two proteins in question. We find, by considering a number of examples involving metal and cation binding, sugar binding, and aromatic group binding, that geometrically similar protein fragments can share related functions, even if they have been classified as belonging to different folds and topologies. Thus, the use of classifications inevitably limits the number of functional inferences that can be obtained from the comparative analysis of protein structures. In contrast, the development of interactive computational tools that recognize the “continuous” nature of protein structure/function space, by increasing the number of potentially meaningful relationships that are considered, may offer a dramatic enhancement in the ability to extract information from protein structure databases. We introduce the MarkUs server, that embodies this strategy and that is designed for a user interested in developing and validating specific functional hypotheses.
Fungal infection counters insecticide resistance in African malaria mosquitoes
Authors: Farenhorst Marit , Mouatcho Joel C. , Kikankie Christophe K. , Brooke Basil D. , Hunt Richard H. , Thomas Matthew B. , Koekemoer Lizette L. , Knols Bart G. J. , Coetzee Maureen
Published: September 2009

The evolution of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes is threatening the effectiveness and sustainability of malaria control programs in various parts of the world. Through their unique mode of action, entomopathogenic fungi provide promising alternatives to chemical control. However, potential interactions between fungal infection and insecticide resistance, such as cross-resistance, have not been investigated. We show that insecticide-resistantAnophelesmosquitoes remain susceptible to infection with the fungusBeauveria bassiana. Four different mosquito strains with high resistance levels against pyrethroids, organochlorines, or carbamates were equally susceptible toB. bassianainfection as their baseline counterparts, showing significantly reduced mosquito survival. Moreover, fungal infection reduced the expression of resistance to the key public health insecticides permethrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. Mosquitoes preinfected withB. bassianaorMetarhizium anisopliaeshowed a significant increase in mortality after insecticide exposure compared with uninfected control mosquitoes. Our results show a high potential utility of fungal biopesticides for complementing existing vector control measures and provide products for use in resistance management strategies.
A CREB-C/EBPβ cascade induces M2 macrophage-specific gene expression and promotes muscle injury repair
Authors: Ruffell Daniela , Mourkioti Foteini , Gambardella Adriana , Kirstetter Peggy , Lopez Rodolphe G. , Rosenthal Nadia , Nerlov Claus
Published: September 2009

Macrophages play an essential role in the resolution of tissue damage through removal of necrotic cells, thus paving the way for tissue regeneration. Macrophages also directly support the formation of new tissue to replace the injury, through their acquisition of an anti-inflammatory, or M2, phenotype, characterized by a gene expression program that includes IL-10, the IL-13 receptor, and arginase 1. We report that deletion of two CREB-binding sites from theCebpbpromoter abrogatesCebpbinduction upon macrophage activation. This blocks the downstream induction of M2-specificMsr1,Il10,II13ra, andArg-1genes, whereas the inflammatory (M1) genesIl1,Il6,Tnfa, andIl12are not affected. Mice carrying the mutatedCebpbpromoter (βΔCre) remove necrotic tissue from injured muscle, but exhibit severe defects in muscle fiber regeneration. Conditional deletion of theCebpbgene in muscle cells does not affect regeneration, showing that the C/EBPβ cascade leading to muscle repair is muscle-extrinsic. While βΔCre macrophages efficiently infiltrate injured muscle they fail to upregulateCebpb, leading to decreasedArg-1expression. CREB-mediated induction ofCebpbexpression is therefore required in infiltrating macrophages for upregulation of M2-specific genes and muscle regeneration, providing a direct genetic link between these two processes.
aP2-Cre-mediated inactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 causes growth retardation and reduced lipid accumulation in adipose tissues
Authors: Mao Jianqiang , Yang Tao , Gu Ziwei , Heird William C. , Finegold Milton J. , Lee Brendan , Wakil Salih J.
Published: September 2009

Adipose tissue is one of the major sites for fatty acid synthesis and lipid storage. We generated adipose (fat)-specific ACC1 knockout (FACC1KO) mice using the aP2-Cre/loxP system. FACC1KO mice showed prenatal growth retardation; after weaning, however, their weight gain was comparable to that of wild-type (WT) mice on a normal diet. Under lipogenic conditions of fasting/re-feeding a fat-free diet, lipid accumulation in adipose tissues of FACC1KO mice was significantly decreased; this is consistent with a 50–66% reduction in the ACC activity in these tissues compared with that of WT mice. Surprisingly, FACC1KO mice manifested skeletal growth retardation phenotype accompanied by decreased chondrocyte proliferation in the growth plate and lower trabecular bone density. In addition, there was about a 30% decrease in serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1), and while the serum leptin level was decreased by about 50%, it did not counteract the osteopenic effects of IGF1 on the bone. Fatty acid analyses of mutant bone lipids revealed relatively higher levels of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 and lower levels of their elongation C20 homologs than that of WT cohorts, leading to lower levels of C20 homologs and bone development. Moreover, aP2-Cre-mediated ACC1 inactivation in bone tissue led to a decreased number of osteoblasts but not of osteoclasts. The downregulation of ACC1 on osteoblastogenesis may be the cause for the osteopenia phenotype of FACC1KO bone homeostasis.
THE INTERCONNECTIONS OF DISCRIMINATION
Authors: Wigger Iris
Published: September 2009

Relations between race, nation, class, and gender as categories of social inclusion and exclusion have been subject to contemporary international debates in the social sciences. Critically reflecting upon these debates, this article examines the complex interplay of patterns of discrimination based on race, nation, gender, and class in an international racist campaign in the early 1920s. It was conducted by a wide range of organisations and individuals from different backgrounds in objection to the use of black French colonial troops in the Allied Rhineland occupation. These were denounced as a ‘Black Shame’, a primitive alien element in ‘civilized’ Europe. Patterns of inclusion and exclusion referring to the four categories were not strung together in a purely summative way. Gender, race, nation and class presented flexible, interlocking categories, and could even substitute for one another, when the ‘Black Shame’ was condemned as French aggression against white womanhood, the German nation, European civilisation, and the white race, and used as an ideological call for the cohesion of all Germans and ‘Whites’. I focus on the central role of the category gender in the campaign, and argue that campaigners used the German woman figuratively as an embodiment of the German nation and white race, seemingly threatened by desecration. German women, who refused to play this role and had relationships with black soldiers, were socially excluded from both imagined communities – nation and race. The discourse on the ‘Black Shame’ is an example of the intensive connections of the categories race, nation, gender, and class in modern racism and racist discrimination. My research advocates their conceptually combined and historically reflexive analysis.
The Mother–Infant Feeding Relationship Across the First Year and the Development of Feeding Difficulties in Low‐Risk Premature Infants
Authors: Silberstein Dalia , Feldman Ruth , Gardner Judith M. , Karmel Bernard Z. , Kuint Jacob , Geva Ronny
Published: September 2009

Although feeding problems are common during infancy and are typically accompanied by relational difficulties, little research observed the mother–infant feeding relationship across the first year as an antecedent to the development of feeding difficulties. We followed 76 low‐risk premature infants and their mothers from the transition to oral feeding in the neonatal period to the end of the first year. Prior to hospital discharge, microlevel patterns of maternal touch and gaze were coded during feeding and nonfeeding interactions, global patterns of maternal adaptation were assessed, and infants' neurobehavioral status was tested. Psychomotor development was evaluated at 4 months. At 1 year, feeding difficulties were determined on the basis of maternal interview and direct observations of feeding interactions. Mothers of infants who exhibited feeding difficulties at 1 year showed less affectionate touch and gaze during nonfeeding interactions and more gaze aversion and lower adaptability during feeding interactions already in the neonatal period. Infants with feeding difficulties demonstrated poorer psychomotor performance at 4 months. Feeding interactions of infants with feeding difficulties at 1 year were characterized by higher maternal intrusiveness, lower infant involvement, and greater infant withdrawal. Less maternal affectionate touch and lower maternal adaptation in the neonatal period, poor infant psychomotor skills, and higher maternal intrusiveness and lower infant involvement at 1 year predicted feeding difficulties. The findings underscore the role of the relational components across the first year in the development of feeding difficulties.
Infants' Response to Maternal Mirroring in the Still Face and Replay Tasks
Authors: Bigelow Ann E. , Walden Laura M.
Published: September 2009

Infants' response to maternal mirroring was investigated in 4‐month‐old infants. Mother–infant dyads participated in the still face and replay tasks. Infants were grouped by those whose mothers did and did not mirror their behavior in the interactive phases of the tasks. In the still face task, infants with maternal mirroring showed more attention, smiling, and positive vocalizations across the phases, although both groups of infants demonstrated the still‐face effect with attention and smiling. Infants' social bidding to the mother during the still‐face phase correlated with mothers' mirroring behavior. In the replay task, infants with maternal mirroring demonstrated carryover effects with smiling; infants without maternal mirroring showed no awareness of change in their mothers' behavior. In both the still face and replay tasks, infants with maternal mirroring were more engaged with their mothers. Results suggest that maternal mirroring of infants' behavior affects infants' detection of, and response to, reciprocal interaction.
Development of Multimodal Processing in Infancy
Authors: Farzin Faraz , Charles Eric P. , Rivera Susan M.
Published: September 2009

A number of studies have investigated infants' abilities to extract and discriminate number from multimodal events. These results have been mixed for several possible reasons, including aspects of the experimental design that provide perceptual cues that are unrelated to number, and are known to influence looking preferences. This experiment used a preferential looking paradigm to investigate whether 6‐ to 9‐month‐old infants can extract the amodal property of number from an arbitrarily related multimodal event sequence when nonnumerical confounds are removed. Results demonstrate that female infants discriminate number from a multimodal presentation by 6 months, whereas males do so by 8 months. Further, the study underscores the importance of controlling for low‐level perceptual cues in looking time experiments aimed at examining infants' cognitive abilities.
Usefulness of Weekly Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusScreening
Authors: Rymzhanova Raouchan , Thouverez Michelle , Talon Daniel , Bertrand Xavier
Published: September 2009

We evaluated the usefulness of adding weekly methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) screening to our established admission screening and clinical sampling in 4 acute care units of a university hospital. Our results suggest that weekly MRSA screening allows the detection of 56.1% of all cases of hospital-acquired MRSA carriage. These cases would have remained undetected had admission screening and clinical sampling been the only types of surveillance in place.
Asymptotic 𝐾-support and restrictions of representations
Authors: Hansen Sönke , Hilgert Joachim , Keliny Sameh
Published: September 2009

The restriction, from a compact Lie group

K
K

to a closed subgroup, of a polynomially bounded representation remains polynomially bounded provided a geometric assumption on the asymptotic

K
K

-support of the representation is satisfied. This is a theorem of T. Kobayashi. We give a proof of this theorem using microlocal analysis in the setting of distribution rather than hyperfunction theory. The proof is based on a characterization, up to the natural

K
×
K

K\times K

action, of the wavefront set of a distribution on

K
K

in terms of the asymptotic behavior of its Fourier coefficients.