bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing Family Properties
Authors: Ezell Margaret P. , Paolucci Beatrice , Bubolz Margaret J.
Published: March 2007

The major purpose of the study was to examine perceptions of responsibility for household production and quality of life from reports of 107 randomly selected families. Three models for determining family properties from self‐reports of husband, wife, and oldest child between the ages of six and 12 were used. The three models for computing family properties were: (1) additive model—addition of family members' scores across items; (2) dispersive model—sum of discrepancy between family members' scores across items; and (3) discrete model‐individual reports as discrete, unique, and independently valid family properties. The major conclusion was that all three models for measuring family properties indicated a relationship between perceptions of household produc tion responsibilities and perceptions of quality of life. Husband's, wife's, and child's triadic perceptions of child's household production responsibilities were congruent. Husband's, wife's, and child's triadic perceptions of family life were congruent but perceptions of quality of life‐as‐a‐whole were not.
Line‐Dried vs. Machine‐Dried Fabrics: Comparison of Appearance, Hand, and Consumer Acceptance
Authors: Morris Mary Ann , Prato Harriet H. , White Nancy L.
Published: March 2007

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of line drying on smooth ness and stiffness of fabrics, to determine whether consumer acceptance of fabric appearance and hand is related to certain economic and attitudinal factors, and to evaluate changes in the laundering process that would optimize the appear ance and hand of line‐dried fabrics. Smoothness and stiffness of fabrics were measured after machine, line, and modified line‐drying treatments. Consumer participants rated the acceptability of fabric appearance and hand, and responded to questions about their attitudes toward energy conservation and environmental concern. In most cases, line‐dried fabrics were significantly stiffer than machine‐ dried fabrics but were equally acceptable with respect to hand. Line drying re sulted in a more wrinkled appearance which was less acceptable than the ap pearance of machine‐dried fabrics. Factors which were related to the acceptance of fabric appearance were knowledge of the cost of machine drying, the fastid iousness of the individual, and attitude toward conservation. Briefly tumbling previously line‐dried fabrics in a machine dryer resulted in appearance and hand that would have been acceptable to most consumer participants while still saving energy.
Insulation haracteristics of Outdoor Garments and Fabric Systems
Authors: Huck Janice , McCullough Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2007

The thermal insulation (clo) values of different combinations of shell fabrics, linings, and filling materials were measured using a guarded hot plate. The same fabric systems were constructed into long and short coats, and an electrically heated manikin was used to measure the insulation provided by each coat worn with a standard set of indoor garments. The type of fabric and/or filling material significantly affected the insulation provided by fabric systems and coat ensem bles. The long coats were significantly warmer than their shorter counterparts, and the sensitivity of garment clo to fabric clo was greater for the long coats than for the short coats. It appears that small differences in the thermal insulation of fabric systems become more important when most of the body is covered with a given fabric system. However, when an outdoor garment covers only part of the body and is worn over garments with less thermal resistance, the garment's contribution to total body insulation is lessened.
Recruitment Attitudes and Behaviors of Home Economics Teachers in Virginia
Authors: Dewald‐Link Margaret R. , Lester Rosalyn M.
Published: March 2007

This study focused on the recruitment attitudes and behaviors of home eco nomics teachers. The sample came from home economics teachers who attended the Virginia Vocational Teachers Conference in August of 1981. The instrument consisted of seven demographic information questions that were treated as in dependent variables for the study and 43 statements related to recruitment atti tudes and behaviors for public school and college/university home economics programs. The teachers who participated in this study were requested to respond to 43 recruitment statements on a four‐point, forced‐choice Likert scale. Data were analyzed with both a one‐way analysis of variance to test the relationship between the response value and the seven independent variables, and a post hoc analysis using the Scheffé test to identify the main source of the significance of the overall F‐ratio. Findings from the study indicate that (1) greater emphasis in pre‐service teacher education should be placed upon recruitment techniques, (2) home economics career education should be taught at the middle school or junior high level, and (3) college‐university home economics faculty should speak to public school classes about careers in home economics.
Development of Scales to Assess Homeownership Consumption and Investment Attitudes
Authors: Brandt Jeanette A. , Olson Geraldine I.
Published: March 2007

A method to measure homeowners' housing consumption and investment atti tudes was developed. Dimensions in the consumption scale were space, tenure, structure, quality, and neighborhood. The investment scale included tax ben efits, equity, rate of return, leverage, and risk. Personal variables (income, social status, homeownership experience, investment experience, and parents' invest ment experience) were hypothesized to have an effect on overall consumption and investment attitudes. Thirty‐five Likert‐ranked statements were used for each scale. The data were collected by mail survey from 222 homeowners in Linn County, Oregon. Reliability was determined by item‐analysis and Cronbach alpha (Consumption Attitude Scale = 0.71273, Investment Attitude Scale = 0.68323). A positive linear correlation between the two attitude scale mean scores (r= 0.2846, p= 0.001) was found, but the two attitude scales related differently to the personal variables. No significant (p < 0.05) differences in the Homeown ership Consumption Attitude Scale mean scores were explained by the personal variables, while all personal variables except homeownership experience were positively related to Homeownership Investment Attitude Scale mean scores (p < 0.05). In addition, since only seven of the 25 possible dimension pairs between the two scales were positively correlated (p < 0.05), while eight and nine out of ten possible pairs within the investment and consumption scales, respectively, were correlated, the independence of these two attitudes may be theorized. Fur ther work could refine the attitude scale statements and extend the analysis to behavioral intentions, using a wider array of external variables.
Planning Styles in Single‐Parent Families
Authors: Buehler Cheryl , Hogan M. Janice
Published: March 2007

Planning styles, family characteristics, and sociodemographic factors were exam ined in a purposive sample of 203 single parents. Three planning styles emerged: goal‐centered, resource‐centered, and constrained. Both single‐parent mothers and fathers most frequently used a goal‐centered planning style. The resource‐ centered style was used most often by mothers with higher levels of education or who owned homes and by fathers with smaller households who were in lower occupational statuses. Mothers who used a constrained style were younger or in lower occupational statuses.
Expenditures For Household Textiles And Textile Home Furnishings: An Engel Curve Analysis
Authors: Wagner Janet
Published: March 2007

Annual family expenditures for household textiles and textile home furnishings were analyzed using Tobit regression techniques. This research was based on a subsample of expenditure data from 3,007 households, representing 33 percent of the households interviewed during the 1973 Consumer Expenditure Survey. The results demonstrate that expenditures for both household textiles and textile home furnishings are influenced by total consumption expenditures, family type, and moving expenses. In addition, expenditures for household textiles are re lated to race of the household head, region of residence, and city size, while expenditures for textile home furnishings are affected by housing tenure. The results of this study lend support to existing consumption theory and contribute new information concerning the effects of socioeconomic and demographic vari ables on expenditures for household textiles and textile home furnishings.
The Welfare Impact of Orderly Marketing Agreements for Nonrubber Footwear
Authors: Dardis Rachel , Lin Jia‐Yeong
Published: March 2007

The objective of this paper was to estimate the welfare loss from the implemen tation of Orderly Marketing Agreements (OMAs) for nonrubber footwear with Taiwan and Korea. Partial equilibrium analysis was used to estimate the welfare loss based on price and quality changes due to the OMAs. Actual prices and quantities were derived from trade data while estimated prices and quantities were based on pre and post OMA data, and the price elasticity of demand for imports. Loss estimates were obtained from 1977/78 to 1980/81 and were dis counted to 1977/78 using a 10 percent discount rate. The present value of the welfare loss, in constant 1977/78 dollars, was $366 million with Taiwan accounting for more than 80 percent of this loss. The consumer loss was $342 million, re flecting higher prices paid by consumers and losses incurred by consumers who left the market due to higher prices. The fact that the OMAs were imposed on two major low cost exporters to the U.S. also meant that low income consumers bore a disproportionate share of the cost of protecting the domestic footwear industry.
A Mathematical Analysis Of The Graphic Somatometry Method Of Pattern Alteration
Authors: Heisey Francesann L. , Brown Peter , Johnson Robert F.
Published: March 2007

A mathematical analysis of the graphic somatometry method of pattern alteration is presented. In graphic somatometry the angle of a dart or a seam is determined from angles measured on silhouette photographs of the body. In this paper, an exact geometric relationship between the angle measured on the photograph and the angle of the dart or seam on the pattern is derived for areas of garments that can be modeled with cones.
Wives Employed Off the Farm: Impact on Lifestyle Satisfaction
Authors: Knaub Patricia Kain , Draughn Peggy S. , Wozniak Patricia , Little Linda F. , Smith Craig , Weeks O'Neal
Published: March 2007

Lifestyle satisfaction was examined in a seven‐state survey investigating the ef fects of off‐farm employment on farm families. Factor analysis determined that two factors identified as equity and financial security were dimensions of lifestyle satisfaction; and, for those who were parents, parenthood satisfaction formed a third dimension. A repeated measures analysis of variance on overall lifestyle satisfaction and on each underlying dimension determined that regardless of wives' employment status, wives were more satisfied with life overall than hus bands; wives were less satisfied than husbands with equity; and husbands were more satisfied with financial security than wives. The effects of husband and wife ages, type of farm organization, farm size, and presence of children at home were also investigated. Results suggest that employment of the farm wife in an off‐farm job has a different impact on men and women. Women's off‐farm employment appears to impact women's lifestyle satisfaction more than men's.
Economic Analysis of Quarterly Household Expenditures on Apparel
Authors: Norum Pamela S.
Published: March 2007

This study provides an updated view of factors affecting U.S. clothing demand. The effects of various socioeconomic and demographic variables on household expenditures for apparel were examined. A theoretical model explicitly acknowl edging the durable nature of clothing was presented. In addition, quarterly ex penditures over a one‐year period were examined, accounting for variations due to seasonality. Data from the 1980–81 Consumer Expenditure Survey were used to estimate the expenditure functions. Income, the age and sex composition of the household, marital status, education, occupation, and sewing activity were found to significantly affect household apparel expenditures.
Social Concerns of Post‐Mastectomy Women: Stigmata and Clothing
Authors: Feather Betty L. , Rucker Margaret , Kaiser Susan B.
Published: March 2007

This paper explains post‐mastectomy women's use of clothing as a method of coping with the negative social connotations of malignancy and disfigurement. We suggest that to avoid being stigmatized, post‐mastectomy women employ techniques of “covering/passing” as described by Goffman (1963). The data on clothing concerns and strategies were obtained from post‐mastectomy women using mail questionnaires and personal interviews. Attributes of clothing that were problematic included bust emphasis, shoulder bareness, and lack of sleeves. Respondents also reported difficulties with back closures. Attitudes to ward sexuality and concealment were examined along with attitudes toward ap pearance satisfaction as related to the most problematic garments‐swimwear and nightwear. Attitudes toward sexuality were significantly related to concerns about presenting a good appearance in both swimwear and nightwear, whereas atti tudes toward concealment were only significantly related to concerns about nightwear.
The Effect of Human Capital, Socioeconomic, and Labor Market Factors on Wages
Authors: Jones Joyce E. , Peck Claudia J.
Published: March 2007

Comprehensive wage offer models are developed to measure the direction and size of effects of human capital variables, socioeconomic characteristics, and structural components of the labor market on wages of men and women, con trolling for race and age interaction. Nationally representative data from the Sur vey of Consumer Finances provide work history information. Maximum likelihood estimates are used to correct for sample selection bias. A major contribution is control for interaction of age with other explanatory variables in both the probit and wage offer analyses. Numerous variables significantly increase or decrease the likelihood of white women being wage or salary earners, but not white men or nonwhite women. Factors affecting wages differ by gender, race, and age cohort. In general, higher levels of education and tenure, and presence in the professional, technical, administrative, and managerial occupation group have a positive effect on wages.
Microwave Cooking: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of California Foods Teachers
Authors: Stalder Laura D. , Saltmarch Miriam , Findley Gregory D. , McProud Lucy M.
Published: March 2007

Foods teachers in major metropolitan areas of California were surveyed, utilizing a mail questionnaire, to assess their microwave knowledge, attitudes, practices, and needs with regard to microwave educational resources. Results indicated that respondents thoroughly understood basic microwave principles and techniques. Over 90% correctly identified factors critical to successful microwave cooking, such as food shape, amount, density, and starting temperature. Two‐thirds or less understood the more complex principles relating to power output, microwave penetration of food, and shielding with aluminum foil. Respondents showed positive attitudes toward cooking foods by microwave and microwave oven safety, but showed less positive attitudes toward microwaving beef. Teachers surveyed indicated a greater degree of ownership and usage of microwave ovens than that of the general population. The majority of teachers included microwave instruction in their classroom lessons. Many indicated that the major obstacle to microwave instruction was a lack of microwave ovens; most indicated a need for additional microwave education materials.
Influence of Age, Body Type, Fashion, and Garment Type on Women's Professional Image
Authors: Thurston Jane Larkin , Lennon Sharron J. , Clayton Ruth V.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to extend implicit personality theory in an attempt to explain further the inferred relationship between a person's physical characteristics and personal traits. Specifically, this study examined business and professional men's and women's perceptions of the professional image of women as a function of the women's physical characteristics, the type of garment worn, and the fashion detail of the garment. Participants (N = 207) viewed six black‐and‐white photographs of females wearing either suits or dresses. Re sponses to six 7‐point, unipolar adjective checklists were then summed to obtain a score indicating the degree of professional image perceived. A 3 (age of model) × 3 (body type of model) × 3 (fashion detail) incomplete randomized block design was used. Men's and women's responses to models in suits and dresses were analyzed separately using analysis of variance. Results indicate that (a) suits convey a stronger professional image than dresses for women of any age or body type; (b) when judged by business and professional men, older women convey a stronger professional image than younger women when wearing dresses; (c) gar ments with innovative fashion detail contribute to a weaker professional image than garments with contemporary or classic fashion detail; and (d) thin women convey a stronger professional image than larger women.
Cooking System Interactions: Compatibility of Energy Source and Container Material
Authors: Martin A.D. , Lovingood R.P. , Long D.D. , Schnepf M.I.
Published: March 2007

A laboratory experiment was performed to investigate the interaction between energy source and container material in surface cooking operations as deter mined by evenness of heating, speed of heating, and heat retention. Energy sources were a conventional gas burner; a conventional electric coil; an electric resistance heater and induction coil, both under glass‐ceramic; and a solid elec tric element. Cookware of thin‐ and heavy‐gauge aluminum, porcelain enamel over thin‐gauge steel, heavy‐gauge stainless steel with a thick aluminum heat core, and glass‐ceramic was combined with each of the energy sources to com plete a cooking system. A General Linear Models Procedure was used to assess statistically the impact of each variable on test results. Duncan Multiple Range tests were performed to identify statistically significant differences between sys tems. Heavy‐gauge aluminum and heavy‐gauge stainless steel with a thick alu minum heat core produced the most even browning of crepes in all cooking systems. Regardless of the cookware used, the induction unit, gas burner, and conventional electric coil boiled water more quickly than did the other energy sources, while the solid element and the electric resistance coil under glass‐ ceramic retained more heat.
Home Economics: Knowledge in Search of Design
Authors: Quilling Joan
Published: March 2007

Home economics is a subject area with an implied rather than an obvious struc ture. Although professionals are expected to interpret the field to clients in a somewhat uniform manner, considerable diversity exists among professionals applying home economics content. To assist practitioners in interpreting home economics subject‐matter content more accurately, it is helpful to use a concep tual inquiry approach. The approach enables those who study the field to clarify common threads tying subject matter specialties to the basic concept of home economics. By using a structure designed to enhance the coherence of a field of study, researchers may clarify their understanding of the status of home econom ics' body of knowledge and its unique mission.
Research in the Service of Poor and Ethnic/Racial Minority Children: Fomenting Change in Models of Scholarship
Authors: McLoyd Vonnie C.
Published: March 2007

High rates of childhoodpovertyandrapid, significant increases in the ethnic minority population in the United States make it essential that thefield of child development markedly increase its production of knowledge useful in the development, delivery, and maintenance of programs that address the needs of poor and ethnic minority children, families, and communities. Developmental contextualism, with its emphasis on (a) diversity and context, (b) synthesizing research with policy and program design, delivery, and evaluation, and (c) collaboration among researchers and the communities where research and programs are being conducted, is especially promising as a model of scholarship that fosters progress toward this goal. The production of knowledge useful in meeting the needs of poor and ethnic minority children will also be promoted by more research funding; increases in the number of ethnic minority graduate students andfaculty; and ethnic, racial, and social class diversification of undergraduate and graduate curricula. Research training must include attention to the processes by which research is made culturally sensitive and to ethical issues that may arise in research and intervention with poor and ethnic minority children and parents.
Addressing Child Poverty within the Context of a Community‐Collaborative University: Comments on Fabes, Martin, and Smith (1994) and Mcloyd (1994)
Authors: Lerner Richard M. , Terry Patterson A. , Mckinney Marvin H. , Abrams L. Annette
Published: March 2007

Across history, there has been a strong interrelation between the scholarly agendas of American universities and pressing social issuesfacing the nation, such as child poverty. Today, however, this historical association has weakened. The two commentaries about the McKinney, Abrams, Terry, and Lerner (1994 [this issueD article‐by McLoyd (1994 [this issueD and by Fabes, Martin, and Smith (1994 [this issue1)‐differ in their respective visions of the role of child development scholars in addressing key societal problems besetting our nation's youthfamilies, and communities. McLoyd argues that it is morally, socially, and scientifically necessaryfor scientists to adopt scholarlyagendas that involve research addressing these problems. Fabes et al. (1994) callfor the maintenance of a balance between basic and applied research in home economics programs. We argue that it is the unique niche and potentially special contribution of home economics programs pertinent to children to pursue models that integrate research and outreach in a community‐collaborative manner.
Infant/Toddler Feeding Practices of Adolescent Mothers: Ethnic Differences and Intergenerational Involvement
Authors: Auld Garry W. , Morris Melinda
Published: March 2007

Approximately 500,000 teens become mothers every year, and 90% keep their babies. Problems are associated with adolescent parenting, including poor parenting skills and inappropriate infant/child feeding practices, which have developmental and health implications for the children. The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify the range of infant/toddler feeding practices among 20 pairs of Anglo and Mexican‐American adolescent mothers and their mothers. Grandmothers were included to assess their involvement in child care. Teens often cited recommended practices but failed to follow through. Early weaning, cereal in the bottle, and providing high‐fat foods and sweets were common practices. Few understood the importance of modeling appropriate eating behavior. More Anglos had conflict with their mothers, whereas Mexican Americans had more cooperative relationships. As grandmothers were sources of dietary information, conflicts were common over this issue. Including grandmothers in nutrition education efforts may benefit adolescent mothers and their children.
Assessment of Student Outcomes in Home Economics Higher Education
Authors: Smith Frances M.
Published: March 2007

Historically, assessments of the college experiences of students conclude that education produces pervasive and enduring effects on knowledge, receptivity to knowledge, and on job satisfaction. A study of university student growth on core concepts related to home economics content showed a significant difference by major. Recommendations include a reevaluation of a common core and further use of the concept of self‐efficacy as a means of measuring capabilities.
Characteristics that Influence Individuals' Preferences for Levels of Complexity in Interior Design Furnishings
Authors: Zavotka Susan Lee
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to examine whether gender as well as skills in math, art, and mental rotation is related to aesthetic preferences for interior design furnishings. Existing research determined that individuals differ in their aesthetic preferences and can be grouped as either having preference for complex, simple, a mixture of complex and simple, or no preference. One hundred and twenty‐eight subjects (49 males, 79 females) were administered an interior design preference test, a mental rotation test, and a questionnaire about previous math and art grades and skill level. Results indicated that complex preferrers were more frequently males and exhibited strong skills in mental rotation, art/drafting, and art history. Simple preferrers demonstrated weak skills in mental rotation, art/drafting, and art history and were more frequently female. Those with no preference were more frequently females with strong skills in math and art/drafting. The mixed‐preference group was represented equally by males and females, exhibiting strong math skills, but weak skills in mental rotation, art/drafting, and art history.
Assessment: Practices and Implications for Home Economics in Higher Education
Authors: Giddings Valerie L. , Boles Joann F. , Cloud Rinn M.
Published: March 2007

Public demandsfor accountability in higher education have led to the development and use of multiple measures to evaluate student outcomes in a variety of disciplines. Home economics programs are among those involved in these initiatives. As the discipline movesforward in the face of declining enrollments and program elimination, assessment will be a valuable and necessary toolfor identifying methods to improve program effectiveness. This article reviews the various assessment initiatives practiced by institutions of higher education, provides examples that may be adopted by home economics programs, and also offers recommendations for establishing a unit‐based assessment program.
Perception of Managerial Style as Definition of Self: A First Approach
Authors: Bohle Diane Williams , Grobe Deana , Olson Geraldine I.
Published: March 2007

This article develops a theoretical model explicitly addressing managerial style as an important component in the day‐to‐dayfunctioning offamilies. Managerial style is defined as the unique, particularized manner of response reflecting the self‐definition and values of afamily manager. This theoretical model suggests that managerial style has meaning with respect to how family managers view themselves and their managerial behavior within thefamily. This model provides ways of explaining the complexity of family management; the dynamic, social character of communication patterns; the importance of context, roles, and resources; and conflict resolution within families.
Evaluation Research in Context: A Community Application for Youth and Family Programs
Authors: Carter Ruth , Betts Sherry C. , Marczak Mary S. , Rogers Howard E. , Huebner Angela J.
Published: March 2007

Despite extensive literature on evaluation strategies and models, few published reports exist relative to practical applications of such strategies. This article follows one community as it mobilized around youth issues, resulting in a pregnancy prevention program. The intent of this article is to outline the application of evaluation concepts and strategies and to examine the effect of the larger program development and evaluation processes rather than to present specific results of the evaluation data collected over the course of this work. The utility and merit of evaluation concepts will be discussed as the authors follow a small southwestern rural community over nearly 2 years.
Gender Comparisons within Reenactment Costume: Theoretical Interpretations
Authors: Miller Kimberly A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to explore why individuals dress in costume. From a symbolic interactionist perspective, the study extends Stone's theory of adultfantastic socialization and Eicher's framework of dress and the public, private, and secret self. The study also introduces the concept of afantasy‐prone personality within the study of dress. The Dressingfor Fun and Fantasy Questionnaire was developed and administered to 216 individuals who dress in costume. Data were analyzed using qualitative, quantitative, and critical analyses approaches. Data analyzedfor this study include reasonsfor interest in costuming (via checklistformat) and respondents' written comments to an open‐ended question. Results indicate thatfemales dress in costume primarily to assume another persona, whereas males dress in costume primarily because oftheir love of history. Theoretical explanations are given, an expansion of Eicher's model is proposed, and recommendations are madeforfuture study.
Attitudes toward Social Comparison as a Function of Self‐Esteem: Idealized Appearance and Body Image
Authors: Lennon Sharron J. , Lillethun Abby , Buckland Sandra S.
Published: March 2007

This research focused on social comparison processes in the context of apparel and beauty product advertisements. Self‐esteem, body image, attitudes toward social comparison, and idealized advertising images were investigated via focus group interviews and in a laboratory experiment. Focus group participants reported reading some fashion ads while using strategies to distance themselves from the ads, such as scanning and filtering images. Subjects exposed to mock advertisements of idealized models reported less comparison than those exposed to normative models, and they rated advertisements with normative models as more attention getting and purchase influencing. In addition, high self‐esteem subjects reported less social comparison and less dissatisfaction with their own looks than those with low self‐esteem.
A Personal Value‐Based Model of College Students' Attitudes and Expected Choice Behavior Regarding Retailing Careers
Authors: Shim Soyeon , Warrington Patti , Goldsberry Ellen
Published: March 2007

This study was to develop a value‐based model of career attitude and expected choice behavior in the context of retail management. A total of 754 college students nationwide returned a mailed survey. A structural equation modeling technique was used to test the hypotheses. The findings indicate that personal values had an influence on all three aspects of retail career attitude, which in turn had a direct influence on the expected choice behavior. The examination of the total effects indicates that the extent to which self‐actualizing values and social affiliation values influence expected retail career choice indirectly through retail career attitudes was similar, although their roles were somewhat different in terms of their path of influence. The intrinsic aspect of retail career attitude had the greatest effect on expected retail career choice, followed by the extrinsic and lifestyle flexibility aspects of retail career attitude. Theoretical and educational implications are presented.
Hispanic Mother and Father Perceptions of Fathering: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Fitzpatrick Jacki , Caldera Yvonne M. , Pursley Martha , Wampler Karen
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the ways in which Hispanic (of Mexican descent) mothers and fathers viewed the role of fathers in families. To elicit these views, seven focus group discussions were conducted with 28 spouses/relationship partners. Content analysis of the interview transcripts identified seven dimensions of the fathering role: (a) instrumental providers, (b) disciplinarians, (c) role models, (d) teachers, (e) participants, (f) playmates, and (g) emotional supporters. These findings are discussed in the context of Hispanic cultural mores and past research on fathers.
Quality as Primacy of the Practical
Authors: Heron John
Published: March 2007

Cooperative inquiry involves four kinds of knowing. Practical knowing—skill—is a primary outcome assessed by four criteria, but its essence is an indefinable "knack." Aristotelian bias favoring propositional outcomes is evident in nonpositivist inquiry. But the action paradox—that we learn more about our reality when our primary intent is to change it rather than inquire into it—affirms practical primacy. The research format for skills outcomes is distinctive, and reports of such outcomes are secondary to portrayals. The social dimension of skills is a culture of competence that can become collectively self-transforming through variations of cooperative inquiry. A society as an extended cultureof competence can become self-transforming through three forms of peer self-help: yeast groups, learninggroups, and inquirygroups. For the initiating researcher of a participative inquiry, written outcomes may not be secondary to practical ones.
Stories of One's Own: Nonunitary Subjectivity in Narrative Representation
Authors: Bloom Leslie Rebecca
Published: March 2007

This article examines the interrelated concepts of self-representation in personal narratives and the production of nonunitary subjectivity as a site of interpretation in qualitative research. Through close interpretations of narrative data, I analyze how subjectivity is manifested in narratives. I conclude both that nonunitary self-representation subverts humanist and patriarchal modes of discourse and that the act of narrating a nonunitary self allows forgreater self-knowledge to begained by respondents.
The Politics of Location: Where Am I Now?
Authors: Richardson Laurel
Published: March 2007

In this article, through the use of several narrative devices, the author reflects on how the past remains in the present and shapes the future. Using the metaphor of locating oneself on a writing-map, she writes about fact and fiction, autobiography, and coauthor ship. The author finds that writing about one's spatial-temporal locations is a powerful tool for the relocation of the self—physically, symbolically, and emotionally.
Black Men, Black Voices: The Role of the Producer in Synthetic Performance Ethnography
Authors: Kotarba Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

Black Men, Black Voices is an educational, entertainment, and ethnographic program in which African American male musicians perform a variety of musical styles influenced by the blues idiom (e.g., jazz, gospel, rap, rhythm and blues, zydeco, and hip-hop/spoken word). The artists also discuss their musical careers and the musical and cultural links among their diverse styles of music. This program is an example of synthetic performance ethnography in which the sociologist serves two roles. As producer, the sociologist stages the performance, assembles a cast of artists, and presents a general outline of the performance but allows the artists to script their own conversations. As sociologist, the sociologist analyzes various cultural texts displayed in the staging and the actual performance that can be discussed in traditional sociological terms. The article concludes with the implications of Black Men, Black Voices for the development of ethics and aesthetics in performance ethnography.
Spousal Homicide in Russia
Authors: GONDOLF EDWARD W. , SHESTAKOV DMITRI
Published: March 2007

Recent sociological research on spousal violence implies a multifactor model of social variables to explain rates and sex ratios of spousal homicide across societies. Information from secondary sources, interviews with officials, and international conferences are used to describe the role of social disorganization, normative violence, and gender inequality in the high rate of spousal homicide and disproportionate female murders in Russia. The Russian situation illustrates the prominent role of social disorganization in the level of spousal homicide. However, the contradictory status of women in Russia appears to contribute to the high ratio of female murders in that country. In sum, gender inequality surfaces as a paradoxical but essential factor in explaining spousal homicides.
The Impact of Hispanic Growth on the Racial/Ethnic Composition of New York City Neighborhoods
Authors: Lobo Arun Peter , Flores Ronald J. O. , Salvo Joseph J.
Published: March 2007

Between 1970 and 1990, a surging Hispanic population succeeded whites across New York City, resulting in major increases in both all-minority and multiethnic neighborhoods. Puerto Rican and Dominican flows resulted in transitions to all-minority neighborhoods, whereas South Americans showed a more integrated pattern of settlement. The unique settlement patterns of Hispanic subgroups need to be understood in the context of larger political, social, and economic forces operating in the city. In the post-1990 period, newer Hispanic groups have begun to succeed Puerto Ricans. Thus, earlier patterns of white to Hispanic transitions now have been supplemented by ethnic succession among Hispanics.
The Diffusion of Innovation Among Local Governments
Authors: Bingham Richard D.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the findings of a study examining the diffusion of innovations among units of local government. The results of the study were similar to the findings reported by Gray concerning policy innovation in the states. Innovation in local government is issue-specific. While geographic diffusion patterns were noted, they tended to be different for each specific innovation. In general, there are no innovative or non-innovative cities. Cities in Walker's innovative states were no more or less innovative than cities in his least innovative states. Cities in the South and Southwest seem to be as innovative as their counterparts in other parts of the country.
Crime in the Suburbs
Authors: Stahura John M. , Huff C. Ronald , Smith Brent L.
Published: March 2007

Structural models of suburban violent and property crime rates are developed, utilizing elements of both ecological and criminological theory. The analysis of the models is based on data for 645 suburbs for which official crime data were available. Major findings were: (1) the effects of age composition on crime rates were largely spurious; (2) the per centage of low-income population was a key variable in explaining both violent and property crime rates; (3) percentage of black population had both direct and indirect effects on violent crime rates but no effects on property crime rates; and (4) suburban physical characteristics (size, density, employment/residence ratio, and region) also exerted both direct and indirect effects on crime rates. Implications for the develop ment of ecological and criminological theory are discussed, as are some of the policy implications.
The Battle over Liquor Stores in South Central Los Angeles
Authors: Sonenshein Raphael J.
Published: March 2007

As cities become more diverse, interminority relations are increasingly important. An examination of the controversy between blacks and Korean Americans over liquor stores in South Central Los Angeles reveals some obstacles to rainbow coalitions. But the ability of key leaders to sustain a nonracial discourse also allowed the conflict to be managed within certain bounds. This case study indicates the need for more subtle distinctions than simply coalition and conflict in interminority relationships and the value of more fully exploring the different ways in which interminority conflict can be managed.
The Enclave, the Citadel, and the Ghetto
Authors: Marcuse Peter
Published: March 2007

The author defines classic ghetto as the result of the involuntary spatial segregation of a group that stands in a subordinate political and social relationship to its surrounding society, the enclave as a voluntarily developed spatial concentration of a group for purposes of promoting the welfare of its members, and the citadel as created by a dominant group to protect or enhance its superior position. The author describes a new phenomenon, connected to global economic changes: the outcast ghetto, inhabited by those excluded from the mainstream economy by the forces of macroeconomic developments. The distinction among these differing forms of spatial separation is crucial for a number of public policies.
Sharing the Benefits of Economic Development
Authors: Reese Laura A.
Published: March 2007

This article asks a basic question: What set of forces or factors might lead to the use of Type II economic development policies and thus, presumably, a more equitable distribution of economic development benefits? Research employing macrodata analysis has provided conflicting findings on this point. Hence, this research explores the question using both regression and more case-specific analysis. Findings suggest that residential need, strong mayor form of government, citizen and business input, size of economic development budgets, and policy planning and evaluation activities increase the use of Type II policies. Many questions remain unanswered, however. Type II policies are not well explained by current variables. The specific roles of race, city council structure, business input, local history, and spatial location and the relationship between Type I and Type II policies appear important but not well examined in the literature to date.
Job Decentralization and Central-City Well-Being
Authors: Deka Devajyoti
Published: March 2007

To contribute to the understanding of the relationship between job decentralization and central-city well-being, this study undertakes some statistical tests using intermetropolitan-level data for the United States. Unlike previous studies, the relationship is tested here with sectoral data. A strong negative association between job decentralization and economic well-being of central-city residents is observed in terms of almost all indicators of well-being. This association is stronger when decentralization is considered in the low-wage sectors, such as retailing. The research findings have serious policy implications in regard to location of activities and provision of transportation infrastructure and facilities.
Can the Press Monitor Campaign Advertising?
Authors: Ansolabehere Stephen , Iyengar Shanto
Published: March 2007

In the wake of the 1988 election, journalists developed a new format for reporting campaign advertising: the ad watch. Today, stories that critique candidates' televised advertisements are standard fare for newspapers and television news programs. Little is known, however, about the effects of ad-watch reporting on viewers' attitudes about the candidates and about the political process. This article presents the results of three simple experiments involving ad watches aired by CNN in 1992. Surprisingly, participants expressed increased electoral support for the candidate whose ad was scrutinized by the press. We recommend further refinement of the genre, including two-sided ad watches that cover advertisements on a particular issue by competing candidates.
Diplomatic Signaling in the Television Age
Authors: Jönsson Christer
Published: March 2007

To what extent does television interfere with and complicate diplomatic signaling via other channels? Conversely, to what extent can world leaders and diplomats use television to their advantage? Exploring these questions, this article focuses on the combination of communication speed and excitable public opinion, on the one hand, and the metaphorical and symbolic aspects of the medium, on the other.
Location, Location, Location
Authors: Seymour-Ure Colin
Published: March 2007

The range of places from which chief executives can communicate with the public, using modern media, is virtually limitless. This article explores examples from the Clinton and Major administrations and considers some of the factors affecting their communication choices. The substantial separation now of specific roles from specific places supports the claim that prime ministers are becoming more presidential, whereas public perceptions of the “real” chief executive seem likely in either system to become less, not more, clear.
On-Line Democracy or On-Line Demagoguery?
Authors: Wu Wei , Weaver David
Published: March 2007

Over the past few years, political candidates and their parties have jumped on the bandwagon of cyberpolitics by creating Web sites to disseminate information and to take the pulse of the voters. The number of on-line polls has also increased dramatically. In surveying such polls on the Web, this article examines how they are conducted and how they are reported by the traditional news media.
Elite Opinion and Media Diffusion
Authors: Yin Jun
Published: March 2007

The existing literature on environmental attitudes is dominated by two theoretical frameworks: cultural and rational choice explanations. This article proposes and examines two additional explanatory models: elite opinion leadership and media diffusion explanations. Compared to the dominant models, the two hypotheses introduced in this article have received little attention in the literature. Using the 1989 Harris survey, this article seeks to explore whether and how well public environmental attitudes are determined by elite opinion leadership and media diffusion in a cross-national context. The results of multiple regressions at both aggregate and individual levels demonstrate strong and significant direct elite influence on public environmental attitudes but challenge the direct media effect views in recent public opinion research.
Some Implications of Empirical Inequalities for the Plane Strain Deformations of Unconstrained, Isotropic, Hyperelastic Solids
Authors: Aron M.
Published: March 2007

A strengthened form of one of the two empirical inequalities in plane strain isotropic elasticity is shown to imply that the restriction of the strain energy function to the class of deformation gradients that shares the same average of the squares of the principal stretches is bounded from below by the strain energy corresponding to the conformal deformation in this class. A weakened version of this minimum property (together with a strengthened form of the pressure-compression condition) is then shown to imply (i) that for zero body forces and tensile prescribed boundary displacements, the radial conformal deformations are globally stable; (ii) that the strain energy function satisfies growth conditions of the type employed in the direct calculus of variations; and (iii) that for zero body forces and prescribed boundary displacements that render a given deformation overall expansive, the total energy of this deformation is bounded from below by a computable constant.
CVBEM for a Class of Linear Crack Problems
Authors: Ang W. T. , Clements D. L. , Dehghan M.
Published: March 2007

A boundary element method based on the Cauchy integral formulae is proposed for the numerical solution of a class of linear crack problems in anisotropic elasticity. Some specific test problems are solved using this method.
A Universal Relation Characterizing Transversely Hemitropic Hyperelastic Materials
Authors: Saccomandi Giuseppe , Vianello Maurizio
Published: March 2007

A relation between strain and stress, which is satisfied by transversely hemitropic hyperelastic materials for all finite deformations, is shown to characterize completely this symmetry class.