bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of Unconfined Detonable Fuel Aerosols of Different Height to Diameter Ratios
Authors: Apparao Allam , Rao Chillarige Raghavendra
Published: October 2013

Unconfined fuel aerosols known as fuel air explosives (FAE) are detonable in nature over a wide range of fuel concentrations in air. The fuel aerosols are formed by dispersing the fuel in air by explosive means and detonated using a suitable initiator charge leading to the generation of a high impulse blast. For weapon applications, the designers aim for higher lethal area for damaging soft targets. Theoretical estimations have shown that aerosols of lower height to diameter ratio (H/D) produce higher blast pressures at longer distances, thereby enhancing lethal area. However, there is no experimental data available in the open literature to validate the theoretical findings. In this study two approaches were followed to generate detonable aerosols of different H/D, viz.; use of different burster charge loadings for a given fuel container known as canister and fuel quantity and use of different size canisters for the same fuel quantity and burster charge loading. The aerosols formed by a given size of canister and 4.2 kg propylene oxide with different burster charge loadings having similar H/D values and blast performance. In the second approach, a canister with lower H/D containing 18.5 kg propylene oxide generated aerosols of lower H/D and higher blast performance at longer distances as compared to that of a canister with higher H/D with the same fuel quantity. The better canister fragmentation and fuel dispersion observed for the canister of lower H/D has been attributed to the better utilization of burster charge energy as evident from theoretical estimation of the time period for completion of the burster charge detonation and shock wave travel to canister wall. The experimentally observed initial velocity of fuel dispersion was found to be in well agreement with the theoretically estimated values. The results indicate tailorability of blast performance for a given quantity of fuel by choosing the canister H/D.
Conservation analysis of class‐specific positions in cytochrome P450 monooxygenases: Functional and structural relevance
Authors: Gricman Łukasz , Vogel Constantin , Pleiss Jürgen
Published: October 2013

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) constitute a ubiquitous, highly divergent protein family. Nevertheless, all CYPs share a common fold and conserved catalytic machinery. Based on the electron donor system, 10 classes of CYPs have been described, but most CYPs are members of class I accepting electrons from ferredoxin which is being reduced by FAD‐containing reductase, or class II accepting electrons from FAD‐ and FMN‐containing CPR‐type reductase. Because of the low sequence conservation inside the two classes, the conserved class‐specific positions are expected to be involved in aspects of electron transfer that are specific to the two types of reductases. In this work we present results from a conservation analysis of 16,732 CYP sequences derived from an updated version of the Cytochrome P450 Engineering Database (CYPED), using two class‐specific numbering schemes. While no position was conserved on the distal, substrate‐binding surface of the CYPs, several class‐specific residues were found on the proximal, reductase‐interacting surface; two class I‐specific residues that were negatively charged, and three class II‐specific residues that were aromatic or charged. The class‐specific conservation of glycine and proline residues in the cysteine pocket indicates that there are class‐specific differences in the flexibility of this element. Four heme‐interacting arginines were conserved differently in each class, and a class‐specific substitution of a heme‐interacting tyrosine by histidine was found, pointing to a link between heme stabilization and the reductase type. Proteins 2014; 82:491–504. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BLEVE overpressure: Multiscale comparison of blast wave modeling
Authors: Laboureur D. , Heymes F. , Lapebie E. , Buchlin J.M. , Rambaud P.
Published: October 2013

BLEVE overpressure modeling has been already widely studied but only few validations including the scale effect have been made. After a short overview of the main models available in literature, a comparison is done with different scales of measurements, taken from previous studies or coming from experiments performed in the frame of this research project. A discussion on the best model to use in different cases is finally proposed. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 33: 274–284, 2014
A novel peptide specifically targeting ovarian cancer identified by in vivo phage display
Authors: Ma Chuying , Yin Guangfu , Yan Danhong , He Xueling , Zhang Li , Wei Yan , Huang Zhongbing
Published: October 2013

Discovery of peptide ligands that can target human ovarian cancer and deliver chemotherapeutics offers new opportunity for cancer therapy. The advent of phage‐displayed peptide library facilitated the screening of such peptides. In vivo screening that set in a microanatomic and functional context was applied in our study, and a novel peptide WSGPGVWGASVK targeting ovarian cancer was isolated. The phage clone PC3‐1 displaying peptide WSGPGVWGASVK can gain effective access to accumulate in the tumor sites after intravenous injection while reducing its accumulation in normal organs. Positive immunostaining of PC3‐1 was located in both sites of tumor cells and tumor blood vessels, which resulted in a diffuse binding pattern through the tumor. In vitro study results confirmed the capability of peptide WSGPGVWGASVK binding to and being internalized by both tumor cells and angiogenic endothelial cells. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the peptide bound to SKOV3 cells with Kd value of 5.43 ± 0.4 μM. Taken together, it suggested that peptide WSGPGVWGASVK is a lead candidate for delivering therapeutics to penetrate into tumors. Copyright © 2013 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural phase coexistence and magnetocaloric effect in fast‐neutron‐irradiated Ce(Fe0.96Ru0.04)2 intermetallic compound
Authors: Dube V. , Mishra P. K. , Sastry P. U. , Prajapat C. L. , Rajarajan A. K. , Thakare S. V. , Singh M. R. , Ravikumar G.
Published: October 2013

We have presented direct evidence of crystallographic structural phase coexistence in a fast‐neutron‐irradiated Ce(Fe0.96Ru0.04)2 intermetallic compound. The ferromagnetic (FM) cubic phase slowly transforms into antiferromagnetic (AFM) rhombohedral phase at low temperature. Though the FM to AFM transition is first order in nature, the coexistence continues well below the transition temperature. Using Maxwell's relation we have deduced the magnetic entropy change, ΔSM. Remnant FM domains nucleated around the quenched defects, created by fast‐neutron irradiation, is principally responsible for a diminution of ΔSM.
Statistical analysis of single‐molecule breaking traces
Authors: Frisenda Riccardo , Perrin Mickael L. , Valkenier Hennie , Hummelen Jan C. , van der Zant Herre S. J.
Published: October 2013

We present an experimental study of charge transport through single oligo(phenylene‐ethynylene) (OPE3) molecules and anthracene substituted OPE3 (OPE3‐AC) contacted with a mechanically controlled break junction. Both molecules are measured using two different methods. In the first approach, we measure the low‐bias conductance, while the junction is repeatedly broken and fused. In the second approach, instead of applying a fixed bias, we record current–voltage characteristics. For both approaches the data is fitted to a model describing transport through a single level, and information about the level alignment and the electronic coupling to the electrodes is extracted. We find that the electronic coupling is similar for both molecules, but that the level alignment differs. The observed trends are confirmed by quantum chemistry calculations.
Bayesian analysis for nonlinear mixed‐effects models under heavy‐tailed distributions
Authors: De la Cruz Rolando
Published: October 2013

A common assumption in nonlinear mixed‐effects models is the normality of both random effects and within‐subject errors. However, such assumptions make inferences vulnerable to the presence of outliers. More flexible distributions are therefore necessary for modeling both sources of variability in this class of models. In the present paper, I consider an extension of the nonlinear mixed‐effects models in which random effects and within‐subject errors are assumed to be distributed according to a rich class of parametric models that are often used for robust inference. The class of distributions I consider is the scale mixture of multivariate normal distributions that consist of a wide range of symmetric and continuous distributions. This class includes heavy‐tailed multivariate distributions, such as the Student'stand slash and contaminated normal. With the scale mixture of multivariate normal distributions, robustification is achieved from the tail behavior of the different distributions. A Bayesian framework is adopted, and MCMC is used to carry out posterior analysis. Model comparison using different criteria was considered. The procedures are illustrated using a real dataset from a pharmacokinetic study. I contrast results from the normal and robust models and show how the implementation can be used to detect outliers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Traverse Performance Characterization for the Mars Science Laboratory Rover
Authors: Heverly Matt , Matthews Jaret , Lin Justin , Fuller Dan , Maimone Mark , Biesiadecki Jeffrey , Leichty John
Published: October 2013

It is anticipated that the Mars Science Laboratory rover, named Curiosity, will traverse 10–20 km on the surface of Mars during its primary mission. In preparation for this traverse, Earth‐based tests were performed using Mars weight vehicles. These vehicles were driven over Mars analog bedrock, cohesive soil, and cohesionless sand at various slopes. Vehicle slip was characterized on each of these terrains versus slope for direct upslope driving. Results show that slopes up to 22 degrees are traversable on smooth bedrock and that slopes up to 28 degrees are traversable on some cohesive soils. In cohesionless sand, results show a sharp transition between moderate slip on 10 degree slopes and vehicle embedding at 17 degrees. For cohesionless sand, data are also presented showing the relationship between vehicle slip and wheel sinkage. Side by side testing of the Mars Exploration Rover test vehicle and the Mars Science Laboratory test vehicle show how increased wheel diameter leads to better slope climbing ability in sand for vehicles with nearly identical ground pressure. Lastly, preliminary data from Curiosity's initial driving on Mars are presented and compared to the Earth‐based testing, showing good agreement for the driving done during the first 250 Martian days.
Trust‐based routing method using a mobility‐based clustering approach in mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: RahimiZadeh Keyvan , Kabiri Peyman
Published: October 2013

Quality of service (QoS) provisioning in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is one of the fundamental concerns in this area. Autonomous mobility of nodes is one of the main factors affecting the network QoS. A lack of fixed infrastructure and central control on the nodes complicate guaranteeing the QoS in MANETs. Security is a major factor affecting the QoS in such networks. This paper proposes a new routing method based on trust among the nodes and applies a clustering approach to MANETs. This routing scheme can calculate the trustworthiness of the route and the shortest routes to the destination by avoiding identified malicious nodes. The effects of node mobility and number of malicious nodes on routing performances are investigated in the reported research. Simulation is used to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in comparison with a categorized trust method, Ad hoc On‐demand Distance Vector, trust vector‐based Ad hoc On‐demand Distance Vector, and trust vector‐based dynamic source routing in terms of end‐to‐end delay, network throughput, and packet delivery ratio at the expense of a moderate increase in the routing overhead. The proposed trust‐based routing method finds the trustworthy route by applying end‐to‐end trust calculation and finds the optimal route by performing clustering scheme from the source node to the destination node. In the extended proposed routing method, adding a nonce‐based encryption scheme results in improved packet delivery ratio, network throughput, and malicious node detection rate. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian age–period–cohort models with versatile interactions and long‐term predictions: mortality and population in Finland 1878–2050
Authors: Havulinna Aki S.
Published: October 2013

Age–period–cohort (APC) models are widely used for studying time trends of disease incidence or mortality. Model identifiability has become less of a problem with Bayesian APC models. These models are usually based on random walk (RW1, RW2) smoothing priors. For long and complex time series and for long predicted periods, these models as such may not be adequate. We present two extensions for the APC models. First, we introduce flexible interactions between the age, period and cohort effects based on a two‐dimensional conditional autoregressive smoothing prior on the age/period plane. Our second extension uses autoregressive integrated (ARI) models to provide reasonable long‐term predictions. To illustrate the utility of our model framework, we provide stochastic predictions for the Finnish male and female population, in 2010–2050. For that, we first study and forecast all‐cause male and female mortality in Finland, 1878–2050, showing that using an interaction term is needed for fitting and interpreting the observed data. We then provide population predictions using a cohort component model, which also requires predictions for fertility and migration. As our main conclusion, ARI models have better properties for predictions than the simple RW models do, but mixing these prediction models with RW1 or RW2 smoothing priors for observed periods leads to a model that is not fully consistent. Further research with our model framework will concentrate on using a more consistent model for smoothing and prediction, such as autoregressive integrated moving average models with state‐space methods or Gaussian process priors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles: From Sensors to Theranostics
Authors: Goel Shreya , Chen Feng , Cai Weibo
Published: October 2013

Copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles have attracted increasing attention from biomedical researchers across the globe, because of their intriguing properties which have been mainly explored for energy‐ and catalysis‐related applications to date. This focused review article aims to summarize the recent progress made in the synthesis and biomedical applications of various CuS nanoparticles. After a brief introduction to CuS nanoparticles in the first section, we will provide a concise outline of the various synthetic routes to obtain different morphologies of CuS nanoparticles, which can influence their properties and potential applications. CuS nanoparticles have found broad applications in vitro, especially in the detection of biomolecules, chemicals, and pathogens which will be illustrated in detail. The in vivo uses of CuS nanoparticles have also been investigated in preclinical studies, including molecular imaging with various techniques, cancer therapy based on the photothermal properties of CuS, as well as drug delivery and theranostic applications. Research on CuS nanoparticles will continue to thrive over the next decade, and tremendous opportunities lie ahead for potential biomedical/clinical applications of CuS nanoparticles.
Direct Intermolecular Force Measurements between Functional Groups and Individual Metallic or Semiconducting Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Thong Ya Xuan , Poon Yin Fun , Chen Tzu‐Yin , Li Lain‐Jong , Chan‐Park Mary B.
Published: October 2013

Many electronic applications of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) require electronic homogeneity in order to maximally exploit their outstanding properties. Non‐covalent separation is attractive as it is scalable and results in minimal alteration of nanotube properties. However, fundamental understanding of the metallicity‐dependence of functional group interactions with nanotubes is still lacking; this lack is compounded by the absence of methods to directly measure these interactions. Herein, a novel technology platform based on a recently developed atomic force microscopy (AFM) mode is reported which directly quantifies the adhesion forces between a chosen functional group and individual nanotubes of known metallicity, permitting comparisons between different metallicity. These results unambiguously show that this technology platform is able to discriminate the subtle adhesion force differences of a chosen functional group with pure metallic as opposed to pure semiconducting nanotubes. This new method provides a route towards rapid advances in understanding of non‐covalent interactions of large libraries of compounds with nanotubes of varying metallicity and diameter; presenting a superior tool to assist the discovery of more effective metallicity‐based SWNT separation agents.
Uplift and denudation history of the eastern Dead Sea rift flank, SW Jordan: Evidence from apatite fission track thermochronometry
Authors: Feinstein S. , Eyal M. , Kohn B. P. , Steckler M. S. , Ibrahim K. M. , Moh'd B. K. , Tian Y.
Published: October 2013

The Dead Sea rift (DSR), developed along the Dead Sea transform plate boundary, is characterized by salient flanks and morphotectonic asymmetry. Apatite fission track thermochronology (AFT) along ~1200 m high vertical profiles in Neoproterozoic basement and overlying Cambrian sandstone in southwestern Jordan is used to reconstruct timing, magnitude, and rate of uplift and denudation of the eastern DSR flank and examine its relationship to rift development and its flank landscape. Time‐temperature models based on AFT data suggest three major Phanerozoic heating and cooling episodes, Late Paleozoic, Early Cretaceous, and Oligocene. The latest episode, on which this study focuses, indicates uplift of ~3.8±0.3 km under a moderate paleogeothermal gradient. About 40% of the uplift was tectonically driven with the remainder attributed to isostatic rebound in response to denudation and erosion. Models suggest that uplift commenced in the Oligocene with a considerable part occurring prior to development of the DSR, despite being ~200 km from the Red Sea‐Gulf of Suez rift margin. Uplift is probably part of a regional rearrangement along the western Arabian platform margin occurring at the time of Red Sea rift initiation. Transition from primarily sedimentary layer stripping, most likely by scarp retreat, to one of dominantly incision of the underlying crystalline basement occurred in Late Miocene‐Pliocene time following enhanced subsidence and development of a low base level in the DSR. Consequently, the magnitude of uplift by isostatic rebound due to incision exceeded lowering by surface truncation and increased summit elevation and riftward flexing of the flank.
Tracking the Australian plate motion through the Cenozoic: Constraints from 40Ar/39Ar geochronology
Authors: Cohen Benjamin E. , Knesel Kurt M. , Vasconcelos Paulo M. , Schellart Wouter P.
Published: October 2013

Here we use geochronology of Australian intraplate volcanoes to construct a high‐resolution plate‐velocity record and to explore how tectonic events in the southwest Pacific may have influenced plate motion. Nine samples from five volcanoes yield ages from 33.6 ± 0.5 to 27.3 ± 0.4 Ma and, when combined with published ages from 30 to 16 Ma, show that the rate of volcanic migration was not constant. Instead, the results indicate distinct changes in Australian plate motion. Fast northward velocities (61 ± 8 and 57 ± 4 km/Ma) prevailed from 34 to 30 (±0.5) and from 23 to 16 (±0.5) Ma, respectively, with distinct reductions to 20 ± 10 and 22 ± 5 km/Ma from 30 to 29 (±0.5) Ma and from 26 to 23 (±0.5) Ma. These velocity reductions are concurrent with tectonic collisions in New Guinea and Ontong Java, respectively. Interspersed between the periods of sluggish motion is a brief 29–26 (±0.5) Ma burst of atypically fast northward plate movement of 100 ± 20 km/Ma. We evaluate potential mechanisms for this atypically fast velocity, including catastrophic slab penetration into the lower mantle, thermomechanical erosion of the lithosphere, and plume‐push forces; none are appropriate. This period of fast motion was, however, coincident with a major southward propagating slab tear that developed along the northeastern plate margin, following partial jamming of subduction and ophiolite obduction in New Caledonia. Although it is unclear whether such an event can play a role in driving fast plate motion, numerical or analogue models may help address this question.
Evidence for constriction and Pliocene acceleration of east‐west extension in the North Lunggar rift region of west central Tibet
Authors: Sundell Kurt E. , Taylor Michael H. , Styron Richard H. , Stockli Daniel F. , Kapp Paul , Hager Christian , Liu Deliang , Ding Lin
Published: October 2013

The active north trending North Lunggar rift in west central southern Tibet exposes an extensional metamorphic core complex bounded by an east dipping low‐angle normal fault. Apatite and zircon (U‐Th)/He thermochronology and thermal modeling of the North Lunggar rift document a minimum timing for rift inception at >10 Ma and rapid footwall exhumation between 5 and 2 Ma. Miocene footwall cooling and exhumation rates were initially slow to moderate at <50°C Ma−1 and <1 mm a−1, followed by increased Pliocene rates as high as >400°C Ma−1 and 4–10 mm a−1. Footwall isotherms were significantly compressed during rapid exhumation resulting in an elevated transient geothermal gradient between 50 and 90°C km−1. The minimum magnitude of horizontal extension for the North Lunggar rift is 8.1–12.8 km; maximum is 15–20 km, less in the south at ~10 km. Mean Pliocene extension rate is 1.2–2.4 mm a−1 in the ~120° direction. Results for the North Lunggar rift are similar in magnitude, rate, and orientation of slip to the kinematically linked Lamu Co dextral strike‐slip fault to the north. This suggests a state of constrictional strain during Pliocene time along this stretch of the Bangong‐Nujiang suture from which the Lamu Co fault emanates. The onset of extension in this region may be explained by crustal thickening and gravitational orogenic collapse, followed by accelerated rifting resulting from localized crustal stretching and increased magmatic activity, potentially driven by the position and northward extent of underthrusting Indian lithosphere.
Research on influencing factors of corrosive sulfur attacking copper in insulating oil and prevention
Authors: Qian Yihua , Su Wei
Published: October 2013

The influencing factors (temperature, electric field, and oxygen) of sulfur attack in transformer oil are studied through comparative tests on new oil, oil in service, and these two oils with the deactivator additive BTA (benzotriazole, C6H4N3H). The influence of these factors on the chemical reaction between copper and corrosive sulfur is analyzed in further. The results show that temperature, electric field, and oxygen can promote the reaction between copper and corrosive sulfur. Moreover, oxygen also accelerates the aging of the insulating oil. On the contrary, recharging nitrogen can remove oxygen and reduce sulfur's corrosive activity. Adding the BTA deactivator can also prevent corrosion, even during the accelerated aging of oil with oxygen. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nigerian bonny‐light crude oil induces alteration in testicular stress response proteins and caspase‐3 dependent apoptosis in albino wistar rats
Authors: Ebokaiwe Azubuike P. , D'Cruz Shereen Cynthia , Jubendradass R. , Amala Rani Judith S. , Mathur Premendu P. , Farombi Ebenezer O.
Published: October 2013

In the past few decades, there has been much concern about the adverse health effects of environmental contaminants in general and Crude Oil in particular around the Niger Delta region of Nigeria where all the crude Oil exploration is taking place. Studies have shown the repro‐toxic effects of Bonny‐light crude oil (BLCO). However, the insight into the mechanisms of gonadal toxicity induced by BLCO is not well known. In this study, we sought to elucidate the mechanism(s) underpinning the gonadal effects within hours of exposure to BLCO. Experimental rats were divided into five groups of four each. Animals were orally administered with a single dose of BLCO (800 mg/kg body weight) and killed at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 72 h post‐treatment. The levels and time‐course of induction of stress response proteins and apoptosis‐related proteins like cytochorome C, caspase 3 and procaspase 9, Fas–FasL, NF‐kB and TNF‐α were determined to assess sequential induction of apoptosis in the rat testis. DNA damage was assessed by TUNEL assay. Administration of BLCO resulted in a significant increase in the levels of stress response proteins and apoptotis‐ related proteins as early as 6 h following exposure. Time‐dependent elevations in the levels of the proteins were observed. The DNA damage was measured and showed time‐dependent increase in the TUNEL positive cells of testicular cells. The study demonstrates induction of testicular apoptosis in adult rats following exposure to a single dose of BLCO. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 242–252, 2015.
Practical cross‐layer routing and channel assignment in cognitive radio ad hoc networks
Authors: Yao Fuqiang , Zhang Jianzhao , Zhao Hangsheng , Liu Yongxiang
Published: October 2013

In the heterogeneous and unreliable channel environment of cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs), a multipath route with channel assigned is preferable in both throughput and reliability. The cross‐layer multipath routing and channel assignment in CRAHNs is becoming a challenging issue. In this paper, this problem is characterized, formulated, and shown to be in the form of mixed integer programming. For this Non‐deterministic Polynomial‐time (NP)‐hard problem, the deficiency of the widely used linearization and sequential fixing algorithm is first analyzed. The main contribution of this paper is the development of a new backtracking algorithm with feasibility checking to search optimal solutions and a heuristic algorithm with high feasible solution‐obtained probability (HHFOP) for distributed application in CRAHNs. Through feasibility checking and solution bounds validating, backtracking algorithm with feasibility checking cuts off unnecessary searching space in early stage without loss of optimal solutions, making it much more efficient than brute searching. For practical application in CRAHNs with polynomial complexity, HHFOP first computes the maximal‐supported throughput through link‐channel assignment and link‐capacity coordination for each candidate path. Then the paths are combined, and the route throughput is optimized. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that HHFOP can achieve a high feasible solution‐obtained probability with little throughput degradation compared with linearization and sequential fixing algorithm, indicating its practicability for distributed applications in CRAHNs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydraulic conductivity imaging from 3‐D transient hydraulic tomography at several pumping/observation densities
Authors: Cardiff Michael , Barrash Warren , Kitanidis Peter K.
Published: October 2013

3‐D Hydraulic tomography (3‐D HT) is a method for aquifer characterization whereby the 3‐D spatial distribution of aquifer flow parameters (primarily hydraulic conductivity, K) is estimated by joint inversion of head change data from multiple partially penetrating pumping tests. While performance of 3‐D HT has been studied extensively in numerical experiments, few field studies have demonstrated the real‐world performance of 3‐D HT. Here we report on a 3‐D transient hydraulic tomography (3‐D THT) field experiment at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site which is different from prior approaches in that it represents a “baseline” analysis of 3‐D THT performance using only a single arrangement of a central pumping well and five observation wells with nearly complete pumping and observation coverage at 1 m intervals. We jointly analyze all pumping tests using a geostatistical approach based on the quasi‐linear estimator of Kitanidis (1995). We reanalyze the system after progressively removing pumping and/or observation intervals; significant progressive loss of information about heterogeneity is quantified as reduced variance of the K field overall, reduced correlation with slug test K estimates at wells, and reduced ability to accurately predict independent pumping tests. We verify that imaging accuracy is strongly improved by pumping and observational densities comparable to the aquifer heterogeneity geostatistical correlation lengths. Discrepancies between K profiles at wells, as obtained from HT and slug tests, are greatest at the tops and bottoms of wells where HT observation coverage was lacking.
Synthesis, Thermal and Magnetic Properties of New Coordination Compounds based on Mn(NCS)2 with 2‐Chloropyrazine and 2‐Methylpyrazine as neutral Co‐Ligand
Authors: Wöhlert Susanne , Runčevski Tomče , Dinnebier Robert E. , Näther Christian
Published: October 2013

Reaction of manganese(II) thiocyanate with 2‐chloropyrazine leads always to the formation of a compound of composition Mn(NCS)2(2‐chloropyrazine)4 (1‐Mn/Cl) that consists of discrete complexes, in which the manganese cation is coordinated by two terminal thiocyanato anions and four 2‐chloropyrazine ligands. In contrast, with 2‐methylpyrazine only an aqua complex of composition Mn(NCS)2(2‐methylpyrazine)2(H2O)2 (1‐Mn/CH3) is obtained that also consists of discrete octahedrally coordinated complexes. Moreover, a few single crystals of Mn(NCS)2(2‐chloropyrazine)4·Mn(NCS)2(2‐chloropyrazine)2(H2O)2·2‐chloropyrazine trisolvate (2‐Mn/Cl) and Mn(NCS)2(2‐methylpyrazine)2(H2O)2·Mn(NCS)2(H2O)4 (2‐Mn/CH3) were accidently obtained but no larger amounts are available. On heating, 1‐Mn/Cl and 1‐Mn/CH3 transforms into new compounds of composition Mn(NCS)2(L)2 (L = 2‐chloropyrazine) (4‐Mn/Cl) and 2‐methylpyrazine (3‐Mn/CH3). Surprisingly on further heating 1‐Mn/CH3 looses additional 2‐methylpyrazine ligands and transforms into a new compound of composition Mn(NCS)2(2‐methylpyrazine) (4‐Mn/CH3). Compound 4‐Mn/Cl is isotypic to its cobalt(II) analog and 4‐Mn/CH3 is isotypic to Cd(NCS)2(2‐methylpyrazine) reported recently and therefore, both structures were refined by the Rietveld method. The crystal structures of both compounds are strongly related. They consists of dimeric units, in which each two manganese cations are linked by pairs of μ‐1, 3‐bridging thiocyanato anions, which are further connected into layers by single μ‐1, 3‐bridging anionic ligands. In contrast to 4‐Mn/Cl, in 4‐Mn/CH3 these layers are further linked into a 3D coordination network by the 2‐methylpyrazine ligands. Magnetic measurements reveal that 1‐Mn/Cl, 1‐Mn/CH3, and 3‐Mn/CH3 shows only Curie‐ or Curie‐Weiss paramagnetism, whereas 4‐Mn/Cl and 4‐Mn/CH3 shows antiferromagnetic ordering at TN = 22.9 K and at 26.5 K. The results of these investigations are compared with those obtained for related compounds.
Simulating climate change: temperature extremes but not means diminish performance in a widespread butterfly
Authors: Bauerfeind Stephanie Sandra , Fischer Klaus
Published: October 2013

Climate‐change induced shifts in species’ temporal and geographic niches have been well documented, while plastic and genetic responses to climatic change have received much less attention. Plastic responses to changes in temperature are generally well understood, though most experimental studies to date have used constant temperature regimes, the reliability of which is under debate. We here investigate plastic responses in the widespread butterfly Pieris napi to simulated climate change, using ecologically realistic diurnal temperature cycles and current and predicted temperature regimes including effects of a heat wave. Increasing the temperature mean by 3 °C predominantly affected developmental times, cold resistance and adult life span, while an increase in the diurnal temperature amplitude had very little effects. Immune function responded only weakly to different thermal regimes. The simulation of a prolonged heat wave severely impaired juvenile survival, body size and longevity, supporting the wide‐held notion that extreme weather events will be much more important for species’ performance and local survival than moderate increases in temperature means. Given that the frequency of extreme weather events is predicted to increase with climate change, even widespread species may be negatively affected.
A COPULA REGRESSION FOR MODELING MULTIVARIATE LOSS TRIANGLES AND QUANTIFYING RESERVING VARIABILITY
Authors: Shi Peng
Published: October 2013

This article proposes a claims reserving model for dependent lines of business with the accommodation of association among triangles by a copula function. We show that the family of elliptical copulas is a pretty convenient choice to capture the dependencies introduced by various sources, including the common calendar year effects. To quantify the associated reserving variability, we resort to parametric bootstrapping techniques for simulating the predictive distribution of outstanding liabilities and for calculating the three components of predictive uncertainty: the model error, the process error and the estimation error. Numerical analysis is performed for a portfolio of casualty insurance from a major U.S. insurer.
Chaos, Dynamics, and Fractals
Authors: McCauley Joseph L.
Published: October 2013

This book develops deterministic chaos and fractals from the standpoint of iterated maps, but the emphasis makes it very different from all other books in the field. It provides the reader with an introduction to more recent developments, such as weak universality, multifractals, and shadowing, as well as to older subjects like universal critical exponents, devil's staircases and the Farey tree. The author uses a fully discrete method, a 'theoretical computer arithmetic', because finite (but not fixed) precision cannot be avoided in computation or experiment. This leads to a more general formulation in terms of symbolic dynamics and to the idea of weak universality. The connection is made with Turing's ideas of computable numbers and it is explained why the continuum approach leads to predictions that are not necessarily realized in computation or in nature, whereas the discrete approach yields all possible histograms that can be observed or computed.
Errors, Medicine and the Law
Authors: Merry Alan , McCall Smith Alexander
Published: October 2013

Untoward injuries are unacceptably common in medical treatment, at times with tragic consequences for patients. The phrases 'an epidemic of error' and 'the medical toll' have been coined to describe this problem of 'iatrogenic harm', which it has been suggested may have contributed to 98,000 deaths per year in the US. Some of these incidents are the result of negligence on the part of doctors, but more usually they are no more than inevitable concomitants of the complexity of modern healthcare. This book is fundamentally about distinguishing the former from the latter. Although medicine is used as the book's primary example, the points made apply equally to aviation, industrial activities, and many other fields of human endeavour. The book advocates a more informed alternative to the blaming culture which has increasingly come to dominate our response to accidents, whether in the medical field or elsewhere.
Water for Life
Authors: Wescoat, Jr James L. , White Gilbert F.
Published: October 2013

Successful water management is crucial for the proper operation of natural environmental systems and for the support of human society. These two aspects are interdependent, but decisions about one are often made without regard to effects upon the other. A persistent challenge is to consider them together. This book fully analyzes the relationship between water management, environmental conditions and public policy. It combines a careful review of the character and evolution of water management and evaluates management from the standpoint of the quality of the natural environment. Topics covered include domestic and industrial water supply and waste disposal, groundwater use, river channel and floodplain management, and integrated river basins. The processes of social decision-making are examined against a backdrop of plant-soil-water-ecosystem relationships and ecosystem change. Examples are drawn from around the world, from local watershed management to international river basin planning, with emphasis on integrative approaches.
Boccaccio and the Invention of Italian Literature
Authors: Eisner Martin
Published: October 2013

Giovanni Boccaccio played a pivotal role in the extraordinary emergence of the Italian literary tradition in the fourteenth century, not only as author of the Decameron, but also as scribe of Dante, Petrarch and Cavalcanti. Using a single codex written entirely in Boccaccio's hand, Martin Eisner brings together material philology and literary history to reveal the multiple ways Boccaccio authorizes this vernacular literary tradition. Each chapter offers a novel interpretation of Boccaccio as a biographer, storyteller, editor and scribe, who constructs arguments, composes narratives, compiles texts and manipulates material forms to legitimize and advance a vernacular literary canon. Situating these philological activities in the context of Boccaccio's broader reflections on poetry in the Decameron and the Genealogy of the Gentile Gods, the book produces a new portrait of Boccaccio that integrates his vernacular and Latin works, while also providing a new context for understanding his fictions.
The Life of Thomas E. Scrutton
Authors: Foxton David
Published: October 2013

Karl Llewellyn described Thomas Scrutton as 'the greatest English-speaking commercial judge of a century'. Scrutton played a key role in a number of politically sensitive court cases from the Great War to the 1930s. This biography draws on unpublished sources to evaluate his contribution as counsel, campaigner and judge in a number of areas: the development of a modern law of copyright; the checking of executive power in and after the Great War; and his attempt to develop English commercial law on a basis which reflected the practices and expectations of the commercial community. In addition to providing valuable insights into the nature of legal practice and advancement in the Victorian and Edwardian eras, the book examines Llewellyn's claim that Scrutton adopted a 'realist' approach to the development of commercial law, and uses the body of Scrutton's judgments to explore the limits of a 'realist' approach to jurisprudence.
The Sugar Plantation in India and Indonesia
Authors: Bosma Ulbe
Published: October 2013

European markets almost exclusively relied on Caribbean sugar produced by slave labor until abolitionist campaigns began around 1800. Thereafter, importing Asian sugar and transferring plantation production to Asia became a serious option for the Western world. In this book, Ulbe Bosma details how the British and Dutch introduced the sugar plantation model in Asia and refashioned it over time. Although initial attempts by British planters in India failed, the Dutch colonial administration was far more successful in Java, where it introduced in 1830 a system of forced cultivation that tied local peasant production to industrial manufacturing. A century later, India adopted the Java model in combination with farmers' cooperatives rather than employing coercive measures. Cooperatives did not prevent industrial sugar production from exploiting small farmers and cane cutters, however, and Bosma finds that much of modern sugar production in Asia resembles the abuses of labor by the old plantation systems of the Caribbean.
World War I and the Triumph of a New Japan, 1919–1930
Authors: Dickinson Frederick R.
Published: October 2013

Frederick R. Dickinson illuminates a new, integrative history of interwar Japan that highlights the transformative effects of the Great War far from the Western Front. World War I and the Triumph of a New Japan, 1919–1930 reveals how Japan embarked upon a decade of national reconstruction following the Paris Peace Conference, rivalling the monumental rebuilding efforts in post-Versailles Europe. Taking World War I as his anchor, Dickinson examines the structural foundations of a new Japan, discussing the country's wholehearted participation in new post-war projects of democracy, internationalism, disarmament and peace. Dickinson proposes that Japan's renewed drive for military expansion in the 1930s marked less a failure of Japan's interwar culture than the start of a tumultuous domestic debate over the most desirable shape of Japan's twentieth-century world. This stimulating study will engage students and researchers alike, offering a unique, global perspective of interwar Japan.
Dynamic Patterns of Human Rights Practices
Authors: Schnakenberg Keith E. , Fariss Christopher J.
Published: October 2013

The science of human rights requires valid comparisons of repression levels across time and space. Though extensive data collection efforts have made such comparisons possible in principle, statistical measures based on simple additive scales made them rare in practice. This article uses a dynamic measurement model that contrasts with current approaches by (1) accounting for the fact that human rights indicators vary in the level of information they provide about the latent level of repression, (2) allowing realistic descriptions of measurement uncertainty in the form of credible intervals and (3) providing a theoretical motivation for modeling temporal dependence in human rights levels. It presents several techniques, which demonstrate that the dynamic ordinal item-response theory model outperforms its static counterpart.
Economic Voting under Coalition Governments: Evidence from Germany
Authors: Debus Marc , Stegmaier Mary , Tosun Jale
Published: October 2013

This article analyzes the impact of economic voting in federal elections for the German parliament. It combines theories of coalition politics and cabinet decision making—like prime ministerial government, collective cabinet decision making and ministerial discretion—with theoretical approaches on voting behavior to test which cabinet actor voters reward for improved economic conditions. The empirical results, which are based on data from German national election studies from 1987–2009, show that the party of the chancellor (and, thus, the strongest coalition party) benefits most from a positive evaluation of economic policy outcomes. There is, however, no consistent empirical evidence that the coalition parties collectively benefit from perceived positive economic performance. Therefore the findings demonstrate that economic voting occurs in German parliamentary elections, but is targeted specifically toward the chancellor's party.
Low-methane yield sheep have smaller rumens and shorter rumen retention time
Authors: Goopy John P. , Donaldson Alastair , Hegarty Roger , Vercoe Philip E. , Haynes Fay , Barnett Mark , Oddy V. Hutton
Published: October 2013

In the present study, following the measurement of methane emissions from 160 mature ewes three times, a subset of twenty ewes was selected for further emission and physiological studies. Ewes were selected on the basis of methane yield (MY; g CH4/kg DM intake) being low (Low MY: >1sdbelow the mean;n10) or high (High MY: >1sdabove the mean;n10) when fed a blended chaff ration at a fixed feeding level (1·2-fold maintenance energy requirements). The difference between the Low- and High-MY groups observed at the time of selection was maintained (P= 0·001) when remeasured 1–7 months later during digesta kinetics studies. Low MY was associated with a shorter mean retention time of particulate (P< 0·01) and liquid (P< 0·001) digesta, less amounts of rumen particulate contents (P< 0·01) and a smaller rumen volume (P< 0·05), but not apparent DM digestibility (P= 0·27) or urinary allantoin excretion (P= 0·89). Computer tomography scanning of the sheep's rumens after an overnight fast revealed a trend towards the Low-MY sheep having more clearly demarcated rumen gas and liquid phases (P= 0·10). These findings indicate that the selection of ruminants for low MY may have important consequences for an animal's nutritional physiology.
Sex differences in the composition of weight gain and loss in overweight and obese adults
Authors: Millward D. Joe , Truby Helen , Fox Kenneth R. , Livingstone M. Barbara E. , Macdonald Ian A. , Tothill Peter
Published: October 2013

Sex differences in the ratio of fat mass (FM):fat-free mass (FFM) during weight change should differentially affect the extent of weight change during energy imbalance in men and women. In the present study, we determined FM and FFM contents by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and calculated the P-ratios (protein energy/total energy) of excess weight and weight loss during a randomised controlled trial of four commercial weight loss regimens. Overweight and obese women (n 210) and men (n 77) were studied at baseline and at 2 and 6 months during weight loss on four dietary regimens: Dr Atkins' New Diet Revolution; The Slim-Fast Plan; Weight-Watchers programme; Rosemary Conley's Diet and Fitness Plan. At baseline, the percentage of FFM (%FFM) and P-ratios of excess weight were 40 % and 0·071 for men and 27 % and 0·039 for women. At 2 months, men had lost twice as much weight as women and three times more FFM than women, indicating higher FFM content and P-ratios of weight loss for men, 0·052, than for women, 0·029, with no dietary effects. Between 2 and 6 months, the rate at which weight was lost decreased and the %FFM of weight loss decreased to similar low levels in men (7 %) and women (5 %): i.e. P-ratios of 0·009 and 0·006, respectively, with no dietary effects. Thus, for men compared with women, there were greater FFM content and P-ratios of weight change, which could partly, but not completely, explain their greater weight loss at 2 months. However, protein-conserving adaptations occur with increasing weight loss and over time, more extensively in men, eventually eliminating any sex difference in the composition of weight loss.
Human Rights Institutions, Sovereignty Costs and Democratization
Authors: Hafner-Burton Emilie M. , Mansfield Edward D. , Pevehouse Jon C.W.
Published: October 2013

Why do countries join international human rights institutions, when membership often yields few material gains and constrains state sovereignty? This article argues that entering a human rights institution can yield substantial benefits for democratizing states. Emerging democracies can use the ‘sovereignty costs’ associated with membership to lock in liberal policies and signal their intent to consolidate democracy. It also argues, however, that the magnitude of these costs varies across different human rights institutions, which include both treaties and international organizations. Consistent with this argument, the study finds that democratizing states tend to join human rights institutions that impose greater constraints on state sovereignty.
CIVIL UNREST AND THE CURRENT PROFILE OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGE IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PROVINCE, PAKISTAN
Authors: STHANADAR AFTAB ALAM , BITTLES ALAN H. , ZAHID MUHAMMAD
Published: October 2013

Information on the current prevalence and types of consanguineous marriages in Malakand District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK), Pakistan, was collected from 1192 rural couples. Some 66.4% of marriages were between couples related as second cousins or closer (F≥0.0156), equivalent to a mean coefficient of inbreeding (α) of 0.0338. The data suggest that the prevalence of consanguineous unions in Malakand has been increasing during the last decade, in response to the high levels of violence across KPK.