bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dénombrer pour maitriser les dommages des catastrophes naturelles
Authors: Vallette Cloé , Cartier Stéphane
Published: September 2012

Dans une visée opérationnelle, la puissance technique des moyens de communication offre l’opportunité inédite de documenter et d’enregistrer systématiquement les catastrophes naturelles. Le paradoxe réside dans l’exposition croissante au danger alors que nos sociétés dépensent une énergie considérable à produire des indices chiffrés facilitant la réduction des catastrophes. Illustrée par des études de cas, la relation entre chiffrage et liste de bénéficiaires conditionne la production et les usages sociopolitiques du décompte. Enregistrés dans des bases de données, ces chiffres semblent gagner en impartialité en neutralisant l’évènement. Néanmoins, l’examen des différences méthodologiques entre EM-DAT (The International Disaster Database) et DesInventar révèle des positionnements conceptuels divergents. Utilisé comme indicateur ou comme preuve, le chiffrage des impacts légitime un mode de gestion du territoire et des activités, soit libéral, soit prescriptif.
Les organisations publiques d’aide au développement et la dialectique environnement-développement
Authors: Lemenager Tiphaine , Ahmin-Richard Aurélie , Mermet Laurent
Published: September 2012

Reconnaissant qu’il existe aussi bien des dimensions synergiques que des dimensions antinomiques au sein de la dialectique Environnement – Développement, nous abordons ici la question de savoir comment une organisation d’aide au développement peut parvenir à promouvoir un développement plus respectueux de l’environnement. Une lecture stratégique des débats en cours à ce propos nous conduit tout d’abord à proposer une typologie qui identifie dans quelle mesure les tenants d’une position accordent au final une plus ou moins grande priorité à l’environnement par rapport au développement. À l’aune de cette grille de lecture, nous nous intéressons plus spécifiquement aux bailleurs de fonds via l’expérience rapportée de l’Agence Française de Développement. Nous proposons alors de confronter les ambitions environnementales de cet acteur aux efforts concrets qu’il réalise. Est-ce suffisant, ou bien est-ce trop peu? La réponse dépend évidemment de la perspective générale que l’on adopte sur les questions environnementales. Mais pour ceux qui tiennent à l’intégration de l’environnement (une intégration qu’il faut alors poursuivre), comme pour ceux qui voudraient qu’une priorité plus grande lui soit accordée (un virage qu’il faut engager), il convient sûrement de poursuivre les efforts importants déjà consentis. Notre travail dégage en conclusion quelques questions et perspectives de recherche qui nous semblent importantes à développer pour aller dans ce sens.
Risque et démonstration, la politique de capture et de stockage du dioxyde de carbone (CCS) dans l’Union europeenne
Authors: O’Neill Rebeca Neri , Nadaï Alain
Published: September 2012

La technologie de captage et de stockage du CO2 regroupe plusieurs techniques industrielles visant à séparer (captage) le dioxyde de carbone de ses sources industrielles et énergétiques, à le transporter vers un lieu de stockage et à l’isoler de l’atmosphère sur le long terme. Cette technologie a été imaginée au cours des années 1970 par des chercheurs et des industriels et faite de quelques applications dans le monde. La dernière décennie a consacré l’émergence d’une politique du CCS dans l’Union Européenne. La Commission européenne s’est engagée, en partenariat avec des acteurs industriels, dans une démarche de « démonstration » du CCS, articulée autour du développement de 10 démonstrateurs à grande échelle d’ici à 2015. Ce processus a été jalonné d’intenses débats et de conflits locaux, notamment en ce qui concerne les risques liés aux fuites de CO2 à court terme (acidification de milieux de surface ou de nappes souterraines) ou à long terme (manque d’efficacité dans la lutte contre le changement climatique). Ces débats ont aussi porté sur le coût élevé et la pertinence (technologie « bout de chaîne ») de l’option CCS par rapport à des actions de maîtrise de la demande d’énergie ou au développement d’énergies non carbonées . Notre article analyse l’articulation entre démonstration et définition du risque en retraçant, au fil de l’émergence de la politique européenne du CCS et de sa constitution en « politique de démonstration », les modalités au travers desquelles les protagonistes de ce processus mobilisent des cadres normatifs, stabilisés ou émergents, sur les risques.
La Chine et l’environnement : pièce en quatre actes (tragédie ou comédie ?)
Authors: Lucotte Marc
Published: September 2012

Les atteintes croissantes à l’environnement provoquées par l’économie chinoise, héritant à la fois du lourd passé industriel de l’ère communiste et découlant de sa récente accession au statut de manufacture mondiale, menacent non seulement la santé des travailleurs chinois mais aussi l’équilibre écologique de la planète tout entière. La croissance fulgurante de la demande énergétique, essentiellement comblée par la combustion du charbon, a propulsé la Chine aux premiers rangs des pays émetteurs de gaz à effet de serre, de dioxyde de soufre et autres polluants atmosphériques. L’émergence d’une classe moyenne de consommateurs engendre toute une série de problèmes environnementaux nouveaux comme l’augmentation incontrôlée de la quantité d’ordures ménagères et la production de poussières malsaines dues aux grands chantiers urbains. Par opposition à la classe moyenne, une majorité de chinois constitue maintenant une classe sociale pauvre, profondément animée par une quête à l’accession à la nouvelle prospérité économique. Ces travailleurs misérables exercent des activités peu ou pas encadrées par les lois de protection de l’environnement, et de ce fait sont eux aussi responsables de la dégradation de l’environnement. Le déséquilibre écologique atteint de tels sommets qu’il menace la poursuite de la croissance économique du pays, ne serait-ce que par des atteintes à la santé de la main-d’œuvre abondante et bon marché, clé du succès économique du pays. La réaction des dirigeants chinois face à ce problème est pour l’instant surtout cosmétique et seul un véritable virage du pays vers l’éco-développement doit être envisagé. Pour la propre survie de l’équilibre écologique de la planète, les pays développés se doivent de soutenir la Chine pour ses efforts dans cette direction.
Une expérience universitaire dans les parcs et lieux historiques nationaux canadiens : contribution à une meilleure gestion du milieu
Authors: Provencher Léo , Dubois Jean-Marie M.
Published: September 2012

Un partenariat entre Parcs Canada et l’Université de Sherbrooke existe de façon officielle depuis 1986 même si la collaboration se faisait avant cette date. Ce partenariat permet de satisfaire les missions des deux organismes, soit : 1) la formation des étudiants à tous les niveaux pour l’université et 2) les besoins d’expertise pour l’élaboration de stratégies de gestion ainsi que la mise en place des programmes de suivi et du maintien de l’intégrité écologique pour les parcs et de l’intégrité commémorative pour les lieux historiques. Plus de 400 étudiants ont été impliqués. Plusieurs de ces étudiants se sont prévalus de la plupart des possibilités du système en fonction de besoins exprimés par les parcs ou les lieux historiques : 1) formation à la réalité du terrain par des camps de travail au baccalauréat, 2) initiation à la recherche par un rapport de baccalauréat, 3) initiation à la pratique par des stages en régime coopératif au baccalauréat et des stages professionnels en milieu de travail à la maîtrise, 4) formation à la recherche à la maîtrise ou au doctorat et 5) emplois temporaires ou réguliers dans les parcs et les lieux historiques. Les thématiques abordées au baccalauréat sont la caractérisation du milieu, les impacts et les suivis environnementaux, les propositions d’aménagement et les études socio-économiques. Les thématiques abordées aux études supérieures sont la planification stratégique et les risques environnementaux, la dynamique des milieux, les méthodes d’inventaire et de suivi biophysiques ainsi que la gestion des données. Outre les bureaux national à Gatineau et régional à Québec, onze parcs et trois lieux historiques dans sept provinces, dont le Québec, et un territoire ont bénéficié de ce partenariat. Cette formule est gagnante pour les trois parties : 1) expérience professionnelle à partir de cas concrets pour les étudiants, 2) développement d’une expertise en conservation des milieux pour les enseignants et 3) connaissance et gestion plus éclairée des ressources pour le personnel des parcs.
Inscription territoriale du développement durable et responsabilité environnementale. Ecolabels et Quotas individuels transférables
Authors: Mancebo François
Published: September 2012

L'application du développement durable dessine une confrontation entre utilitaristes et conservationnistes. Cela est particulièrement évident lorsque les décisions à prendre affectent des structures socio-spatiales existantes. En conséquence, comprendre l'inscription territoriale du développement durable est une question complexe et cruciale qui concerne les responsabilités environnementales des organisations et des firmes. Ce texte tente d'en décrypter les tenants et les aboutissants en prenant appui sur deux cas : les écolabels et les Quotas Individuels Transférables (QIT).
Agir mais ne rien changer ? De l’utilisation des expériences pilotes en gestion de l’environnement
Authors: Billé Raphaël
Published: September 2012

L’une des approches les plus répandues de l’action environnementale consiste à concevoir et à mettre en œuvre des expériences pilotes destinées à tester de nouvelles pratiques, de nouveaux modes d’organisation. Ces innovations techniques ou sociopolitiques ont ensuite vocation à « faire tache d’huile ». Pourtant, la façon dont cette juxtaposition d’expériences est censée accoucher d’une transformation globale de nos modes de développement et de leur « contenu » environnemental demeure assez mystérieuse, voire largement mythifiée. Analysant l’approche pilote de l’action en tant que stratégie de changement, cet article se propose d’apporter un éclairage concis sur les enjeux fondamentaux du mécanisme de réplication qui en est l’hypothèse sous-jacente.
La banquette antiérosive fruitière dans le moyen atlas marocain : le projet Khénifra
Authors: Peltier Régis , Sabir Mohamed , Lilin Charles , Oddi Anaïs , Schneider Frank , Amia Florence , Kübler Daniel , Wiesinger Thea-Katharina , Mengome-Ango Armand-Yvon
Published: September 2012

Les banquettes fruitières sont des fossés d’environ 50 cm de largeur et de profondeur, en courbe de niveau, au fond desquels sont plantés des arbres fruitiers. Cette méthode a été diffusée par le projet de développement participatif du Moyen Atlas Central, qui en a fait installer 97 km sur 212 ha, entre 2005 et 2007.En 2007, des enquêtes ont été réalisées auprès de 16 paysans de cette région pour déterminer leur perception de la technique et les améliorations ou alternatives qu’ils proposaient. Les enquêtes ont été croisées avec autant de visites de terrain et avec des entretiens avec des personnes ressource.Tous les paysans portent un grand intérêt à l’arboriculture qui leur donne des meilleurs revenus que l’élevage et la céréaliculture. C’est pourquoi ils acceptent le creusement des banquettes par le projet, qui subventionne l’achat et la mise en place des plants. Très peu sont convaincus par l’efficacité antiérosive des banquettes qui sont sensibles, en cas de fortes précipitations et de piétinement du bétail, en particulier sur fortes pentes. Lorsqu’ils réalisent eux-mêmes les travaux, certains arboriculteurs préfèrent entourer les arbres par un fossé peu profond en demi-lune, dont le bourrelet aval est renforcé par un mur en pierres sèches. Ces terrasses individuelles pour chaque arbre peuvent être disposées le long de fossés d’irrigation en légère pente. En cas de fortes pluies, l’eau en excès peut s’écouler entre les terrasses, sans les détruire. Le « paquet technologique banquette + arboriculture » a été bien accepté en raison de sa quasi-gratuité, malgré les dangers de la technique antiérosive. Les auteurs pensent qu’il aurait été plus efficace de dissocier les messages portant sur l’érosion et sur l’arboriculture, et de travailler sur une plus longue durée, en tenant compte des savoirs traditionnels et en assurant l’accompagnement et la formation des agriculteurs.
Les différents traités environnementaux sont-ils appropriés pour les populations des pays en développement (Afrique) ?
Authors: Musibono D.E , Kabangu F. , Munzundu A. , Kisangala M. , Nsimanda I. , Sinikuna M. , Kileba A.
Published: September 2012

Cet article présente le niveau de connaissance des conventions ratifiées par la RD Congo, plus spécifiquement la Convention sur la Biodiversité ainsi que la CITES. Les enquêtes conduites dans différents marchés à gibier à Kinshasha en République démocratique du Congo montrent que les espèces protégées par Convention sur la Biodiversité ainsi que la CITES étaient vendues comme gibiers. Les motifs relevés par les vendeurs étaient surtout le manque d’information au sujet de ces Conventions, mais également, l’absence de sources de revenu alternatives sécurisées. Les gens vivent au jour le jour et la vente du gibier apparaît comme la solution aux problèmes de subsistance familiale. Nous mettons en évidence les faiblesses de l’application des traités, conventions et protocoles sans la participation de la population sur terrain. Ces textes sont imposés et ne font pas l’objet d’une vulgarisation vers les populations concernées. D’où la nécessité de promouvoir la communication environnementale en RD Congo et dans d’autres pays aux conditions sociales similaires.
Réflexion sur l’utilisation de groupes de discussion comme outil de documentation du savoir écologique traditionnel
Authors: Tanguay Nancy
Published: September 2012

La documentation du savoir traditionnel constitue souvent un passage obligé dans tout processus visant sa prise en compte et son intégration dans un cadre de recherche. La réalisation de groupes de discussion représente l’une des méthodes d’entrevue semi-dirigée les plus utilisées pour accomplir cette tâche. Plusieurs aspects de cette procédure sont discutés dans la littérature, mais peu d’auteurs ont abordé les défis supplémentaires d’une telle entreprise au sein d’une culture différente, par exemple chez les peuples autochtones. Cet article propose d’examiner ces défis à travers les différentes étapes de la documentation du savoir écologique traditionnel (SET) à la lumière de l’expérience acquise lors de la réalisation de quatre groupes de discussion au sein de deux communautés atikamekw du Québec (Canada). Il semble nécessaire de porter une attention particulière au contexte culturel afin d’adapter les méthodes utilisées tout au long du processus de documentation du savoir traditionnel, notamment à l’étape de l’analyse.
La Charte marocaine de l’Environnement et du Développement durable sera-t-elle une loi fondamentale ?
Authors: Idllalène Samira
Published: September 2012

Voulu par le Roi du Maroc et élaboré par une commission gouvernementale, le projet de la Charte Nationale de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable (CNEDD) ambitionne de faire évoluer la politique environnementale du pays. Le libellé sommaire de ce texte peut conduire à s’interroger sur sa réelle portée en droit de l’environnement. Le discours royal l’ayant initié (juillet 2009) semble suggérer l’idée de sa constitutionnalisation. Or, le dernier discours du trône (juillet 2010), donne l’impression d’abandonner cette idée en annonçant la formule de loi-cadre sans pour autant paraître l’attribuer clairement à la CNEDD. La CNEDD sera-t-elle une loi fondamentale, une loi-cadre ou un simple texte déclaratoire à valeur incitative ?  Cet article se propose de relever sa véritable « valeur ajoutée » en vérifiant notamment la plausibilité de la piste constitutionnelle.
Influence des pratiques agropiscicoles sur la biodiversité des étangs de la Dombes (Ain, France) en vue d'une valorisation de produits du terroir
Authors: Vallod Dominique , Wezel Alexander
Published: September 2012

Dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche conduit en France pour produire des références alimentant le débat agriculture et biodiversité, une équipe de chercheurs de l’ISARA-Lyon mène un travail sur les relations entre pratiques agricoles et biodiversité dans une région d’étangs à vocation piscicole. Il s’agit de la Dombes, vaste région présentant une surface de près de 11 000 ha en eau. Ces étangs sont inscrits dans un paysage agricole constitué de cultures intensives, de prairies et de forêts. Ils représentent une richesse écologique et patrimoniale certaines et la question de l’influence des pratiques agricoles sur les éléments constitutifs de la biodiversité est au cœur de ce projet. Une deuxième question porte sur l’insertion socio-économique du système de production et l’utilisation potentielle de la biodiversité pour valoriser l’image de la production piscicole issue de ces étangs. Les premiers résultats mettent en avant la diversité spécifique importante observée (macrophytes, odonates et amphibiens) et montrent que les pratiques agricoles traditionnelles en place entretiennent la richesse biologique de ces milieux, créés par l’homme.
Odor Perception
Authors: Tonoike Mitsuo
Published: September 2012

Though olfaction is one of the necessary senses and indispensable for the maintenance of the life of the animal, the mechanism of olfaction had not yet been understood well compared with other sensory systems such as vision and audition. However, recently, the most basic principle of “signal transduction on the reception and transmission for the odor” has been clarified. Therefore, the important next problem is how the information of odors about is processed in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and how odor is perceived in the human brain. In this chapter, the basic olfactory systems in animal and human are described and examples such as “olfactory acuity, threshold, adaptation, and olfactory disorders” are discussed. The mechanism of olfactory information processing is described under the results obtained by using a few new non-invasive measuring methods. In addition, from a few recent studies, it is shown that olfactory neurophysiological information is passing through some deep central regions of the brain before finally being processed in the orbito-frontal areas.
Basics for Olfactory Display
Authors: Yanagida Yasuyuki , Tomono Akira
Published: September 2012

An olfactory display, which is the olfactory counterpart to a visual display, is controlled by a computer or information equipment and provides smells to a human user. Because we sense smells through the air, the role of an olfactory display is to make scented air from odor materials in a stocked form with the desired components and concentration and to deliver the scented air to the human olfactory organ. This chapter provides a survey of various technologies, categorized by scent generation methods and scent delivery methods, used to construct an olfactory display. For scent generation methods, vaporization/atomization techniques, scent switching techniques, and formulation techniques are discussed. For scent delivery methods, several approaches to convey odor material from the scent generator to the nose are discussed. In addition, a brief description of evaluation methods of olfactory displays is provided.
Evaluating the Psychobiologic Effects of Fragrances through Salivary Biomarkers
Authors: Yamaguchi Masaki , Shetty Vivek
Published: September 2012

Olfactory stimulation by odorant molecules produces neurobiologic responses that manifest in the salivary proteome. This chapter highlights recent progress in the use of salivary biomarkers to augment conventional psychological assessments of the effects of fragrances and odors. New, low-cost, portable salivary biosensors enable point-of use measurements of physiological effects of fragrances in naturalistic settings. The ability to operationalize measurement of the sedative state induced by a fragrance will clarify the mechanistic underpinnings of olfactory stimulation and facilitate investigations of structure-odor relationships that are necessary for the synthesis of new odorant molecules.
Aroma Chip Using a Functional Polymer Gel
Authors: Kim Dong Wook
Published: September 2012

Conventionally, the controlled release of aroma molecules has been achieved by employing mechanical devices; however, it has not been possible to avoid the noise and gusts of air that devices emit prior to transmitting aroma information. Another problem is the adherence of odor components to the device structure, because the aroma source is located inside or at the bottom of the device. In this chapter, the authors focus on a chemical container of a functional polymer gel (temperature-responsive hydrogel) that features a reversible phase transition between sol and gel and the controlled release of aroma molecules using a Peltier module to control temperature. By this approach, they developed a soundless olfactory display based on an aroma chip and solved the problem of the adhesion of odor components by placing a card-based aroma source (aroma-chip array) on the top of the olfactory display.
Impact of Olfaction on Information Recall
Authors: Ghinea Gheorghita , Ademoye Oluwakemi
Published: September 2012

Multimedia lies on an infotainment continuum, using multiple forms of information content to both inform and entertain users. In other words, multimedia applications are usually intended to add to the knowledge of the user, via its information content, as well as to keep the user entertained, i.e. interested or amused. In previous work, the authors have presented details of studies carried out to study the influence of using olfactory media content to augment multimedia applications on user perception and particularly focusing on users’ enjoyment of the multimedia experience. Thus, in this respect, the authors have studied the influence of the use of olfaction in multimedia applications on entertaining users. Consequently, in this chapter, they focus their attention on the influence of using olfaction to augment multimedia applications with regards to the informational aspect of multimedia systems and applications.
Odor Code Sensor and Odor Reproduction
Authors: Hayashi Kenshi
Published: September 2012

In biological olfactory systems, odor receptors receive odor molecules by recognizing the molecular information. Humans can sense the odor by the signal from these activated receptors. The combination of the activated receptors is called “odor code,” and the odor codes are expressed as an “odor cluster map” of glomeruli on the olfactory bulb surface. The odor code is essential information for qualitative and quantitative analyses of odor sensation. In this chapter, development of odor sensors based on the odor code concept and an attempt to extract the parameters for odor coding from molecular informatics are described. Application of the obtained odor code for odor reproduction is also presented.
Development of Memory CD8+ T Cells and Their Recall Responses during Blood-Stage Infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA
Authors: Miyakoda Mana , Kimura Daisuke , Honma Kiri , Kimura Kazumi , Yuda Masao , Yui Katsuyuki
Published: September 2012

Conditions required for establishing protective immune memory vary depending on the infecting microbe. Although the memory immune response against malaria infection is generally thought to be relatively slow to develop and can be lost rapidly, experimental evidence is insufficient. In this report, we investigated the generation, maintenance, and recall responses of Ag-specific memory CD8+ T cells using Plasmodium berghei ANKA expressing OVA (PbA-OVA) as a model system. Mice were transferred with OVA-specific CD8+ T (OT-I) cells and infected with PbA-OVA or control Listeria monocytogenes expressing OVA (LM-OVA). Central memory type OT-I cells were maintained for >2 mo postinfection and recovery from PbA-OVA. Memory OT-I cells produced IFN-γ as well as TNF-α upon activation and were protective against challenge with a tumor expressing OVA, indicating that functional memory CD8+ T cells can be generated and maintained postinfection with P. berghei ANKA. Cotransfer of memory OT-I cells with naive OT-I cells to mice followed by infection with PbA-OVA or LM-OVA revealed that clonal expansion of memory OT-I cells was limited during PbA-OVA infection compared with expansion of naive OT-I cells, whereas it was more rapid during LM-OVA infection. The expression of inhibitory receptors programmed cell death-1 and LAG-3 was higher in memory-derived OT-I cells than naive-derived OT-I cells during infection with PbA-OVA. These results suggest that memory CD8+ T cells can be established postinfection with P. berghei ANKA, but their recall responses during reinfection are more profoundly inhibited than responses of naive CD8+ T cells.
Failure To Induce IFN-β Production during Staphylococcus aureus Infection Contributes to Pathogenicity
Authors: Kaplan Amber , Ma Jun , Kyme Pierre , Wolf Andrea J. , Becker Courtney A. , Tseng Ching Wen , Liu George Y. , Underhill David M.
Published: September 2012

The importance of type I IFNs in the host response to viral infection is well established; however, their role in bacterial infection is not fully understood. Several bacteria (both Gram-positive and -negative) have been shown to induce IFN-β production in myeloid cells, but this IFN-β is not always beneficial to the host. We examined whether Staphylococcus aureus induces IFN-β from myeloid phagocytes, and if so, whether it is helpful or harmful to the host to do so. We found that S. aureus poorly induces IFN-β production compared with other bacteria. S. aureus is highly resistant to degradation in the phagosome because it is resistant to lysozyme. Using a mutant that is more sensitive to lysozyme, we show that phagosomal degradation and release of intracellular ligands is essential for induction of IFN-β and inflammatory chemokines downstream of IFN-β. Further, we found that adding exogenous IFN-β during S. aureus infection (in vitro and in vivo) was protective. Together, the data demonstrate that failure to induce IFN-β production during S. aureus infection contributes to pathogenicity.
Sepsis Chronically in MARS: Systemic Cytokine Responses Are Always Mixed Regardless of the Outcome, Magnitude, or Phase of Sepsis
Authors: Osuchowski Marcin F. , Craciun Florin , Weixelbaumer Katrin M. , Duffy Elizabeth R. , Remick Daniel G.
Published: September 2012

The paradigm of systemic inflammatory response syndrome-to-compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome transition implies that hyperinflammation triggers acute sepsis mortality, whereas hypoinflammation (release of anti-inflammatory cytokines) in late sepsis induces chronic deaths. However, the exact humoral inflammatory mechanisms attributable to sepsis outcomes remain elusive. In the first part of this study, we characterized the systemic dynamics of the chronic inflammation in dying (DIE) and surviving (SUR) mice suffering from cecal ligation and puncture sepsis (days 6–28). In the second part, we combined the current chronic and previous acute/chronic sepsis data to compare the outcome-dependent inflammatory signatures between these two phases. A composite cytokine score (CCS) was calculated to compare global inflammatory responses. Mice were never sacrificed but were sampled daily (20 μl) for blood. In the first part of the study, parameters from chronic DIE mice were clustered into the 72, 48, and 24 h before death time points and compared with SUR of the same post-cecal ligation and puncture day. Cytokine increases were mixed and never preceded chronic deaths earlier than 48 h (3- to 180-fold increase). CCS demonstrated simultaneous and similar upregulation of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory compartments at 24 h before chronic death (DIE 80- and 50-fold higher versus SUR). In the second part of the study, cytokine ratios across sepsis phases/outcomes indicated steady proinflammatory versus anti-inflammatory balance. CCS showed the inflammatory response in chronic DIE was 5-fold lower than acute DIE mice, but identical to acute SUR. The systemic mixed anti-inflammatory response syndrome-like pattern (concurrent release of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines) occurs irrespective of the sepsis phase, response magnitude, and/or outcome. Although different in magnitude, neither acute nor chronic septic mortality is associated with a predominating proinflammatory and/or anti-inflammatory signature in the blood.
Accuracy of Routine Clinical Ultrasound for Staging of Liver Fibrosis
Authors: Choong Chih-Ching , Venkatesh Sudhakar K. , Siew Edwin P. Y.
Published: September 2012

Objective:

To determine the diagnostic accuracy of routine clinical ultrasound in the staging of liver fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective evaluation of the ultrasound images of 156 patients with chronic viral hepatitis who underwent liver biopsy was performed. Two radiologists in consensus, blind to the biopsy results and clinical details, evaluated the ultrasound images for liver fibrosis. The readers specifically assessed three features — surface nodularity, liver edge, and parenchymal echotexture — with scores of 0 to 3 (0 = normal, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe). Accuracies of each sonographic feature for the detection of mild fibrosis and above (≥F1), significant fibrosis (≥F2), severe fibrosis (≥F3), and cirrhosis (F4) were determined with histopathology as the reference standard.

Results:

Fibrosis was present in 99 patients (F1=34, F2=20, F3=22, and F4=23) and absent in 57 patients. The sensitivities for the detection of significant fibrosis with surface nodularity, liver edge, and parenchymal echotexture were 57%, 15%, and 41%, respectively. The accuracies for the detection of ≥F1, ≥F2, ≥F3, and F4 stages were 50.5%, 59%, 59%, and 65% for liver surface, 51%, 53%, 54%, and 55% for liver edge, and 58%, 59%, 63%, and 63% for parenchyma echotexture, respectively. The combined scores from all three features had accuracies of 56%, 59%, 62%, and 66% for the detection of ≥F1, ≥F2, ≥F3, and F4, respectively.

Conclusion:

Routine clinical ultrasound is a not a sensitive predictor of early fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis. Surface nodularity is the most sensitive sonographic feature for the detection of significant fibrosis and routine clinical ultrasound is the most useful for the detection of cirrhosis.
A critical review of the management of deep overbite complicated by periodontal diseases
Authors: Gupta N. D. , Maheshwari Sandhya , Prabhat K. C. , Goyal Lata
Published: September 2012

Traumatic deep overbite complicated with periodontal problems is a challenging problem for a periodontist as well as for an orthodontist. A thorough and systematic approach to periodontal and occlusal examination, etiological factors, diagnosis and treatment planning is essential for better treatment results. In such cases prevention of disease is better than its treatment therefore.
Gerodontology - Orodental care for elderly
Authors: Bhardwaj Vinay Kumar
Published: September 2012

Changing demographics, including an increase in life expectancy and the growing numbers of elderly, has recently focused attention on the need for geriatric dental care. Ageing affects oral tissues in addition to other parts of the human body, and oral health (including oral mucosa, lips, teeth and associated structures, and their functional activity) is an integral component of general health. Oral disease can cause pain, difficulty in speaking, mastication, swallowing, maintaining a balanced diet, not to mention aesthetical considerations and facial alterations leading to anxiety and depression. Certain strategies should be adopted for improving oral health of the elderly, including the management and maintenance of oral conditions, which are necessary for re-establishing effective masticatory function. Oral health is often neglected in the elderly and oral diseases associated with aging are complex, adversely affecting the quality of life. Although majority of oral health problems are not usually associated with mortality, nearly more than half of the deaths due to oral cancer occur at an age of 65 years plus. This review of geriatric dentistry, which is dedicated to geriatric physicians, geriatric dentist and specialists in oral medicine, emphasizes on age-related oral changes in elderly patients and efforts to summarize the effects of aging in hard and soft oral tissues.
Dentofacial injuries in contact sports in Yaounde, Cameroon
Authors: Agbor M A. , Azodo C. C. , Ngagoue N. E. F.
Published: September 2012

Background: Dentofacial injuries constitute serious problems among competitive and recreational athletes, worldwide. Objective: To determine the prevalence of dentofacial injuries and related factors among individuals participating in contact sports in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study among individuals participating in karate, judo, basketball, handball, football and wrestling in Yaoundé, Cameroon was conducted between January and April, 2012. Results: Of the 240 athletes interviewed, 115 and 89 of them reported bodily and dentofacial injuries giving 47.9% and 37.1% prevalence, respectively. The bodily injuries were limbs-(60.0%), chest-(23.5%), abdomen-(11.3%) and neck- (5.2%). Mouth and face accounted for 52.8% and 37.1% of the dentofacial injuries, respectively. Other dentofacial injuries were teeth-(6.7%) and mandible-(3.4%). Older athletes and years of participation were more likely to experience dentofacial injuries. Karate was the most common cause of dentofacial injuries followed by wrestling. The prevalence of the dentofacial injuries was similar among both genders and was equally prevalent during training and competition. The personal protective equipment use reduced the likelihood of dentofacial injuries among the athletes. Conclusion: The prevalence of dentofacial injuries were high while the personal protective equipment use was low among the individuals participating in contact sports in Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Dentigerous cyst associated with an impacted maxillary mesiodens
Authors: Baranwal H. C. , Verma Pushpendra Kumar , Dwivedi C. D. , Srivastava Ruchi
Published: September 2012

A dentigerous cyst is a developmental odontogenic cyst, which apparently develops by accumulation of fluid between the reduced enamel epithelium and the tooth crown of an unerupted tooth. When observed with erupted and complete permanent dentition the diagnosis is 95% dentigerous cysts, and only 5% are associated with supernumerary teeth. Mesiodens is a supernumerary tooth situated between the maxillary central incisors. We report the case of a dentigerous cyst in association with an impacted mesioden in an 18-year-old male patient. Radiographically, the cyst appeared as an ovoid, well-demarcated unilocular radiolucency with a sclerotic border. The present case report describes the successful management of a dentigerous cyst by surgical enucleation. Careful evaluation of the history and the clinical and radiographic findings, help clinicians to diagnose the condition accurately, identify the etiological factors, and administer the appropriate treatment.
A quantitative overview of dentinal hypersensitivity in the private practice patient population of north India: A short study
Authors: Goel Roshni , Agarwal Sanjay , Kumar Prince , Kumar Ashish , Singh Harkanwal P. , Khattar Ashish
Published: September 2012

Dentine hypersensitivity (DH) is a well known and one of the most widely investigated clinical entity; still, studies based on randomly selected general practice populations are very less. The present study was designed to scrutinize the intraoral distribution of DH and its relationship with age, sex, symptoms, stimuli, predisposing factors and management strategies in the North Indian private practice patient population. The study was designed as a short survey based on questionnaire and was conducted on the randomly selected North Indian private dental practice dentists. It was concluded that dietary acid, gingival recession and erosion were potentially associated with DH, with a strong predilection for middle-aged females.
The first aerosol indirect effect quantified through airborne remote sensing during VOCALS-REx
Authors: Painemal D. , Zuidema P.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The first aerosol indirect effect (1AIE) is investigated using a combination of in situ and remotely-sensed aircraft (NCAR C-130) observations acquired during VOCALS-REx over the Southeast Pacific stratocumulus cloud regime. Satellite analyses have previously identified a high albedo susceptibitility to changes in cloud microphysics and aerosols over this region. The 1AIE was broken down into the product of two independently-estimated terms: the cloud aerosol interaction metric ACIτ =dln τ/dln Na|LWP, and the relative albedo (A) susceptibility SR-τ = dA/3dln τ|LWP, with τ and Na denoting retrieved cloud optical thickness and in-situ aerosol concentration, respectively and calculated for fixed intervals of liquid water path (LWP). ACIτ was estimated by combining in-situ Na sampled below the cloud, with τ and LWP derived from, respectively, simultaneous upward-looking broadband irradiance and narrow field-of-view millimeter-wave radiometer measurements, collected at 1 Hz during four eight-hour daytime flights by the C-130 aircraft. ACIτ values were typically large, close to the physical upper limit (0.33), increasing with LWP. The high ACIτ values were in agreement with other in-situ airborne studies in pristine marine stratocumulus and reflect the imposition of a LWP constraint and simultaneity of aerosol and cloud measurements. SR-τ increased with LWP and τ, reached a maximum SR-τ (0.086) for LWP (τ) of 58 g m−2 (13–14), decreasing slightly thereafter. The net first aerosol indirect effect thus increased over the LWP range of 30–80 g m−2. These values were consistent with satellite estimates derived from instantaneous, collocated CERES albedo and MODIS-retrieved droplet number concentrations at 50 km resolution. The consistency of the airborne and satellite estimates (for airborne remotely sensed Nd < 1100 cm−3), despite their independent approaches, differences in observational scales, and retrieval assumptions, is hypothesized to reflect the robust remote sensing conditions for these homogeneous clouds. We recommend the Southeast Pacific for a regional assessment of the first aerosol indirect effect in climate models on this basis.
A multi-year record of airborne CO2 observations in the US Southern Great Plains
Authors: Biraud S. C. , Torn M. S. , Smith J. R. , Sweeney C. , Riley W. J. , Tans P. P.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. We report on 10 yr of airborne measurements of atmospheric CO2 concentrations from continuous and flask systems, collected between 2002 and 2012 over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Climate Research Facility in the US Southern Great Plains (SGP). These observations were designed to quantify trends and variability in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases with the precision and accuracy needed to evaluate ground-based and satellite-based column CO2 estimates, test forward and inverse models, and help with the interpretation of ground-based CO2 concentration measurements. During flights, we measured CO2 and meteorological data continuously and collected flasks for a rich suite of additional gases: CO2, CO, CH4, N2O, 13CO2, carbonyl sulfide (COS), and trace hydrocarbon species. These measurements were collected approximately twice per week by small aircraft (Cessna 172 first, then Cessna 206) on a series of horizontal legs ranging in altitude from 460 m to 5300 m (a.m.s.l.). Since the beginning of the program, more than 400 continuous CO2 vertical profiles have been collected (2007–2012), along with about 330 profiles from NOAA/ESRL 12-flask (2006–2012) and 284 from NOAA/ESRL 2-flask (2002–2006) packages for carbon cycle gases and isotopes. Averaged over the entire record, there were no systematic differences between the continuous and flask CO2 observations when they were sampling the same air, i.e. over the one-minute flask-sampling time. Applying the concept of broadband validation, we documented a mean difference of <0.1 ppm between instruments. However, flask data were not equivalent in all regards; horizontal variability in CO2 concentrations within the 5–10 min legs sometimes resulted in significant differences between flask and continuous measurement values for those legs, and the information contained in fine-scale variability about atmospheric transport was not captured by flask-based observations. The annual CO2 concentration trend at 3000 m (a.m.s.l.) was 1.91 ppm yr−1 between 2008 and 2010, very close to the concurrent trend at Mauna Loa of 1.95 ppm yr−1. The seasonal amplitude of CO2 concentration in the Free Troposphere (FT) was half that in the PBL (∼15 ppm vs. ∼30 ppm) and twice that at Mauna Loa (approximately 8 ppm). The CO2 horizontal variability was up to 10 ppm in the PBL and less than 1 ppm at the top of the vertical profiles in the FT.
The equatorial ionospheric response over Tirunelveli to the 15 January 2010 annular solar eclipse: observations
Authors: Nayak C. K. , Tiwari D. , Emperumal K. , Bhattacharyya A.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. In this paper we present a case study of the annular solar eclipse effects on the ionization of E and F regions of equatorial ionosphere over Tirunelveli [77.8° E, 8.7° N, dip 0.4° N] by means of digital ionosonde on 15 January 2010. The maximum obscuration of the eclipse at this station was 84% and it occurred in the afternoon. The E and F1 layers of the ionosphere showed very clear decrease in their electron concentrations, whereas the F2 layer did not show appreciable changes. A reduction of 30% was observed in the foF1 during the maximum phase of the eclipse. During the beginning phase of the eclipse, an enhancement of 0.97 MHz was observed in the foF2 as compared to that of the control days. But the foF2 decreased gradually as the eclipse progressed and a decrease of 0.59 MHz was observed towards the end phase of the eclipse. Observed variations in the h'F2 and hmF2 showed lower values than the control days, although hmF2 was found to increase a bit during the eclipse. Observed variability in the E, F1 and F2 layer ionospheric parameters on the eclipse day and their departure from the control days are discussed as the combined effect of annular eclipse and presence of counter equatorial electrojet (CEEJ).
Determination of the relationship between soil properties and earthquake damage with the aid of neural networks: a case study in Adapazarı, Turkey
Authors: Bol E.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The building stock in the city of Adapazarı, Turkey, experienced widespread damage during the 1999 Marmara earthquake. An attempt was made to relate structural damage to the type of subsoil in this study. The Adapazarı soil database has been established which contains information on boreholes, cone penetration and laboratory testing since 1996 and is being updated continuously. The database has been organised using a geographical information system software. Several numeric soil profiles across the city were then taken to establish a back propagation neural network model to enable the investigator to estimate probable structural damage by referring to the type of soils at the usual footing embedment depths. Ten cross sections comprising 140 data each were used to form scanlines of 1400 m length. The input for the neural networks were the physical, mechanical and dynamic properties of soils while the resulting damage ratio data formed the target layer. Feedforward, backward spreading networks were employed in modelling. Numeric data for eight cross sections were employed for the learning process, whereas data for two cross sections were used to test the model. The proposed model was found to predict the damage ratios successfully. The general evaluation of the city following the earthquake has shown that the structural damage was minimal in a limited section of the city where the bedrock outcrops. The damage in the flat areas around the outcropping rock covered by lacustrine clays of high and intermediate plasticity was markedly low. However, damage and destruction was obvious in the central parts of the city where liquefaction and cyclic softening cases were abundant.
Influence of winds on temporally varying short and long period gravity waves in the near shore regions of Eastern Arabian Sea
Authors: Glejin J. , Sanil Kumar V. , Balakrishnan Nair T. N. , Singh J.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Wave data collected off Ratnagiri, west coast of India during 1 May 2010 to 30 April 2012 is used in the study. Seasonal and annual variation in wave data controlled by the local wind system such as sea breeze and land breeze, and remote wind generated long period waves observed along the west coast of India, is studied. Sea breeze plays an important role in determining the sea state during pre and post monsoon seasons and the maximum wave height is observed during peak hours of sea breeze at 15:00 UTC. Long period waves (peak period over 13 s) are observed mainly during the pre and the post monsoon season. Maximum peak period observed during the study is 22 s and is in the month of October. Long period waves observed during the south west monsoon period of 2011 are identified as swell propagated from the Southern Ocean with an estimated travelling time of 5–6 days. The swells reaching the Arabian Sea from the South Indian Ocean and Southern Ocean, due to storms during the pre and post monsoon periods will modify the near surface winds, due to the dominant wave induced wind regime. Energy spectrum of observed waves indicates onset and decline of strong south west monsoon winds. Convergence of energy-containing frequency bands corresponding to short period waves (Tp < 8 s) and long period waves (Tp > 13 s) to intermediate period waves (8 < Tp < 13 s) are observed at the end of the pre monsoon season; divergence is observed during the start of the post monsoon period from intermediate period waves to short period waves and long period waves. South west monsoon period is characterized by the energy corresponding to the frequency band of intermediate period waves along the west coast of India.
Nutrient Contribution of the Dinner Meal Consumed by Low-Income Minority Preschool Children
Authors: O'Neil Carol E. , Nicklas Theresa A. , Hughes Sheryl O. , Liu Yan
Published: September 2012

Objective: To examine the energy and nutrient intake of dinner of low income preschool minority groups, African-Americans and Mexican-Americans, attending Head Start (HS).
Design: Cross-sectional study of intake at dinner using digital photography was undertaken. Pictorial records were converted to energy and nutrient intakes using NDS-R Nutritional software. Means±SE for total grams of food and beverages, energy, and macro- and micro-nutrients were determined and compared with recommendations.
Setting: Home assessment dinner of children enrolled in HS in Houston, TX.
Subjects: Low-income children (n=214), 3 to 5 years (mean age 4.4 ± 0.7 years; 48% boys; 53% Mexican-American).
Results: Energy from food and beverages and food was 350.29±10.36 kcals and 302.35±10.46 kcals, respectively. Mean protein, carbohydrate, and total fat intakes were 14.22±0.52 g (16.32% of total energy), 44.33±1.25 g (52.24%), and 13.18±0.56 g (32.29%), respectively, which provided 95.4±0.52%, 44.5±1.25%, and 10.4±0.11% of the requirements for protein, carbohydrate, and dietary fiber, respectively; these were consistent with recommendations. Intakes of vitamin D, calcium, and potassium were 0.66±0.08 mcg, 102.61±5.03 mg, and 404.42±13.63 mg, respectively; which constituted only 6.6±0.08%, 12.7±5.03%, and 10.7±13.63% of these nutrients of public health concern.
Conclusions: Children participating in HS had low intakes of nutrients of public health concern at the dinner meal. The dinner meal is an integral part of the daily intake of preschool children and this study suggests that micronutrient intakes could be improved. It is important to educate mothers and children as to what constitutes a nutrient-dense meal and to confront barriers to consumption of these meals.