bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diet and physical activity behaviors for healthy aging
Authors: Παπαϊωάννου Κωνσταντίνος-Γεώργιος
Published: September 2023

Η διαδικασία της γήρανσης χαρακτηρίζεται από φυσιολογικές αλλαγές σε διάφορα συστήματα του σώματος και βιολογικές λειτουργίες που επηρεάζουν την υγεία και τη λειτουργική ικανότητα. Η υιοθέτηση υγιεινών συμπεριφορών στον τρόπο ζωής μπορεί να αποτελέσει αποτελεσματική, προσιτή και χαμηλού κόστους στρατηγική για την καθυστέρηση των αλλαγών στη λειτουργικότητα που σχετίζονται με την ηλικία. Οι διατροφικές συνήθειες, περιλαμβανομένων τόσο ως μοτίβα συμπεριφοράς όσο και ως ποσοτήτα συγκεκριμένων τροφίμων, και η φυσική δραστηριότητα (ΦΔ) αποτελούν δύο παράγοντες του τρόπου ζωής που μπορεί να έχουν επίδραση σε αρκετές πτυχές της υγείας που σχετίζονται με την ηλικία. Ο συνολικός στόχος αυτής της διατριβής ήταν να καθορίσει τους συνδέσμους μεταξύ διατροφής, συμπεριφορών φυσικής δραστηριότητας και βιολογικών δεικτών υγιούς γήρανσης, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της υγείας των μυών, της μεταβολικής υγείας και της συστηματικής φλεγμονής σε ηλικιωμένους. Τα ευρήματα της παρούσας εργασίας αναδεικνύουν συλλογικά τον ρόλο της διατροφής και των συμπεριφορών φυσικής δραστηριότητας στους βιολογικούς δείκτες της υγιούς γήρανσης σε ηλικιωμένους. Οι καθημερινές ποσότητες χρόνου ακινησίας συσχετίστηκαν δυσμενώς με τον συστηματικό φλεγμονώδη περιβάλλον, με διαφοροποιήσεις ανά φύλο σε προ- και αντι-φλεγμονώδεις βιοδείκτες. Όσον αφορά τις διατροφικές συνήθειες, υψηλές καταναλώσεις λαχανικών συσχετίστηκαν με χαμηλότερα επίπεδα του προ-φλεγμονώδους βιοδείκτη IL-6 σε ηλικιωμένους, ανεξάρτητα από την κατανάλωση άλλων τροφικών ομάδων που σχετίζονται με την υγεία, συμπεριφορές φυσικής δραστηριότητας και επίπεδο του λιπώδους ιστού. Επιπλέον, χαμηλές καταναλώσεις φρούτων και λαχανικών (FV) γενικά, και λαχανικών ιδιαίτερα, αύξησαν τις πιθανότητες εμφάνισης μεταβολικού συνδρόμου (MetS) σε ηλικιωμένους, πράγμα που ήταν εμφανές ακόμη και λαμβάνοντας υπόψη το χρόνο που δαπανήθηκε σε ακινησία και την εκπλήρωση των οδηγιών για μέτρια έως εντατική φυσική δραστηριότητα (MVPA). Τέλος, η υγιεινή διατροφή συσχετίστηκε θετικά με χαμηλότερο κίνδυνο σαρκοπενίας σε φυσικά ενεργούς ηλικιωμένους άνδρες και γυναίκες, ακόμα και όταν λαμβάνονταν υπόψη η συμμετοχή σε δραστηριότητες ενδυνάμωσης των μυών και η συμμόρφωση με τις κατευθυντήριες γραμμές για την πρόσληψη πρωτεΐνης. Συνολικά, η παρούσα διατριβή δείχνει την επιζήμια επίδραση που προκαλεί η υπερβολική ακινησία στους δείκτες της συστηματικής φλεγμονής και αναδεικνύει τα ευεργετικά αποτελέσματα της υγιεινής διατροφής στους βιολογικούς παράγοντες της υγιούς γήρανσης, ανεξάρτητα από τις πιθανές επιπτώσεις που μπορεί να προκαλούν οι συμπεριφορές φυσικής δραστηριότητας.
Conventional and unconventional treatments for migraine
Authors: Mielniczek Katarzyna , Dołomisiewicz Diana , Dalmata Weronika , Gąbka Ilona , Dąbrowski Jan
Published: September 2023

Migraine is one of the leading causes of disability in humans. It causes significant deterioration in patients' lives and prevents daily functioning. Its main symptoms include photophobia, an enormous stabbing headache, nausea and vomiting. In addition, it can be accompanied by tinnitus, visual disturbances or dizziness. Before diagnosing migraine, serious intracranial pathology or other neurological conditions should be ruled out. Treatment of acute migraine is difficult due to significant rates of nonresponse to medications and the difficulty in predicting individual response to a particular agent or dose. A new class of drugs, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonists, has been approved for the prevention of migraine in adults. In contrast, effective first-line therapies for mild to moderate migraine are over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and combination analgesics containing paracetamol, aspirin and caffeine.
Existence of sign-changing solutions for a third-order boundary value problem with nonlocal conditions of integral type
Authors: Smirnov Sergey
Published: September 2023

We prove the existence of at least one sign-changing solution for a third-order nonlocal boundary value problem by applying Leray-Schauder Continuation Principle.
To illustrate the applicability of the obtained results, we consider an example.
Millers on Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) for Aflatoxin Control in Maize; A Case in Kiambu County, Kenya.
Authors: Wangeci Wanjiru Joyce , Gicuku Njue Lucy , Wandayi Okoth Michael , Muriira Karau Geoffrey
Published: September 2023

Food safety management implementation is vital in food industries. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) implementation in maize millers help in identifying aflatoxin hazards, prevent, reduce or eliminate them. Knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) towards HACCP on aflatoxin determine the safety of the end product from its contamination. The main objective was to determine KAP on HACCP in Kiambu county maize millers in aflatoxin control. Clustering and systematic sampling methods were used to sample the 30 maize millers. 150 questionnaire respondents were selected randomly from the milling sub-sections. Multivariate probit model and multinomial logit model were used as the analytical framework for evaluating KAP. 60% of the respondents were male, 34% had completed university and 80% of the respondents from management section had completed university while dispatch section respondents had the lowest education level. HACCP average knowledge was 57.5%, 74.43% being highest from management section. HACCP attitude mean score was 3.326, management section showing more positivity with a mean of 3.633. Sufficient training and recruitment of food safety related experts across all sub- section would improve KAP towards aflatoxin reduction to the maize flour.
Antifungal Properties of Extracts of Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Subsp. fistulosa Against some Vegetable Pathogenic Fungi
Authors: D. A.* Dhale
Published: September 2023

Ipomoea carnea Jacq. subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) extracts were tested using the well in agar method against Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizopus stolonifer to find out their antifungal activity. Chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of leaf, stem, and root bark were used in the in vitro studies. All organs of selected plant with different extracts showed variable antifungal activity. Maximum activity was seen with the Leaves alcoholic extract, however minimal activity was found in the root extract (aqueous) with the test fungus. All test organisms showed radial growth inhibition in response to the extracts being added to the culture medium. The test organisms responded differently to the various extracts, but in overall, growth inhibition shows stronger with each extract's concentration. In plant and organisms, the antifungal activity was discovered to be in ascending from root bark then stem bark and highest in leaves.
A Low Cost Smart Irrigation Planning Based on Machine Learning and Internet of Things
Authors: Pandey* Prabhat , Agarwal Sudhir
Published: September 2023

In an agriculture system major issues of irrigation systems for plants water supply is a critical factor. A significant amount of freshwater is required for this task but after the utilization of water in the irrigation process it is being polluted. In addition, the excessive use of water during the irrigation process can negatively affect crop production. Therefore, we need to provide a balanced amount of water for effective crop production and conservation of water. In this paper, we proposed low-cost irrigation planning with two key aims: first is to reduce the installation and maintenance costs of data collection in innovative irrigation systems and second is to control the valve for water supply automatically. In this context, we first provide a review of recent irrigation systems based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learning (ML). Next, we introduce a working plan to collect crop water requirements using a soil moisture sensor. Then, an algorithm is proposed to decide the water supply for water treatment. Finally, the experiments are conducted on the samples collected from the farmland of wheat crops. Additionally, two different scenarios are considered to collect the water requirement samples. Based on the experimental and theoretical analysis of water requirements the proposed irrigation system can reduce the water demand by up to 25% as compared to traditional ways of irrigation. Moreover, in comparison of popular valve automation system the proposed multiple valve based system reduces the amount of water wastage up-to 22%. Therefore by utilizing the advance computational techniques (IoT and ML), we can reduce the cost of irrigation system and planning.
Evaluation of the Genetic Stability of Amaranthus viridis L. Species in Selected Regions of Western Ghats using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
Authors: Helen Mary , Bency* Jesvin
Published: September 2023

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA is cheap and fast molecular technique to identify the genetic resemblances or variations in DNA in various plants. The proposed research work wasintendedto compare the genetic diversification of Amaranthus viridis species in selected regions of Western Ghats in Tamilnadu and Kerala by RAPD analysis.The biometric morphological data among the five A. viridis accessions were compared. Their genomic DNA was isolated and finger prints were obtained using three RAPD markers. The percentage polymorphism, polymorphism information content, effective multiplex ration and resolving power were calculated. UPGMA dendrogram was constructed and their genetic relatedness was compared using Jaccard coefficient.Upon finger printing, 66 bands were counted for the three RAPD primers used,among which 46 bands were polymorphic band numbers from 8 to 21. Percentage of polymorphic bands ranged between 44.44% and 80.77%. EMRvalues for 66 polymorphic loci ranged between 3.56 and 17.01. The UPGMA dendrogram comparing the genomic profiles of the 5 A. viridis accessions using Jaccard coefficient revealed their genetic distances where the maximum Jaccard’s coefficient value observed was 0.96 between AVKATN and AVNEK. Among the 5 selections the peak similarity index (0.9565) was witnessed between AVKATN and AVNEK. The cuurent study revealed that AVKATN and AVNEK had the highest their genetic distances, whereas AVKATN and AVNEK were genetically similar among the 5 A. viridis accessions. Several polymorphic bands which ranged up to 80.77% have proved their genetic variations.
Impact of Various Brassica species on The Developmental Response of Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), Its Extent of Damage, And Report of Its Biocontrol Agent In District Rajouri of Pir Panjal Region of Himalaya
Authors: Ullah Lone* Inayat , Kumari Anita , Ahmad Khan Sajad
Published: September 2023

Cole crops are globally consumed as vegetables and are important sources of our dietary requirements, but they are infested by an array of pests, specifically the large white butterfly, Pieris brassicae (L). It is a critical global pest of cruciferous vegetable crops. We investigated the consequences of diverse cruciferous vegetables on the fitness of P. brassicae under laboratory conditions in 2021-22, to survive, develop, and reproduce under laboratory conditions, the extent of damage, and the report of the biocontrol agent, Cotesia glomerata (L). Under laboratory conditions, the effect of radish (Raphanus sativus), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) on P. brassicae health were assessed by studying survival time, total development time, and mortality. Development time from hatching of eggs to adult emergence was longest on radish (32.6±0.84 days) and shortest on cabbage (25.0±1.41 days). In addition, the higher hatching percentage (96%), lower larval death, and higher yield of adults in cabbage indicated the fact of cabbage being the most appropriate food for P. brassicae. Life tables were dominant tools for analyzing and comprehending various aspects of an insect population's growth, survival, and reproduction. Furthermore, the crop loss was a function of pest population and the information on crop losses would serve as a guide for research programmes in crop improvement. The resistance to certain insecticides and the methods used to manage this insect pest on vegetable products in general required extensive research including biocontrol. We report the endoparasitoids C. glomerata (L) as a biocontrol agent against P. brassicae in district Rajouri which is the first record from the area which, therefore, warrants the essentiality of having a compact insect pest management plan that can relieve the dependency of destructive chemical control methods.
End-of-life care in patients with kidney disease
Authors: Baharani Jyoti
Published: September 2023

This article outlines supportive and end-of-life care for people with kidney disease, if and when it may be required and what can be expected at the end of life
The French Connection
Authors: Griffin Patrick
Published: September 2023

This chapter investigates the connection between the French Revolution and the American Revolution. Revolution in one place led to attenuations of authority in others because of the ways the process of integration bound together regions and societies. In part, the French Revolution, like the American Revolution, had its origins in such entanglements. Those same Atlantic tensions that contributed to the crisis of sovereignty for the British, and that were first felt on its peripheries, also gripped France. More important, connections could work like a feedback loop. What happened in the United States could inform debates about political inclusion and colonial status in Saint-Domingue, which in turn could shape evolving conceptions of what it was to be a citizen in an increasingly tumultuous France, all of which reechoed in Saint-Domingue and the United States. Indeed, France's slip into the sovereign abyss complicated the search for order in America. Ultimately, this era transformed an age of reform into an age of revolution.
Native Acts, Immigrant Acts
Authors: Stanciu Cristina
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses legal texts drawing attention to the complicity of immigration restriction laws and federal Indian policy with organized Americanization in legislating the desirable “new American.” For Native people, Americanization and the imposition of citizenship were extensions of settler colonialism. However, as the chapter argues, Americanization meant a renunciation of political allegiance to other sovereigns, the acquisition of English, and civic education for citizenship for new immigrants. Both groups were targeted by legislative acts in 1924: the Johnson-Reed Immigration Act and the Indian Citizenship Act. The chapter challenges the myth of the United States as a “nation of immigrants” and the settler colonial nation-state's ongoing infatuation with its colonial project, and argues that Native acts and immigration acts as public manifestations of consent and dissent speak back to the rigidity of the legal acts. The chapter uncovers that the consensual model of American citizenship for these groups was inadequate—with Native people resisting the slow coercion into citizenship and new immigrants becoming gradually barred from it.
“This Was America!”
Authors: Stanciu Cristina
Published: September 2023

This chapter turns to Americanization in new immigrant literature, using Jewish American writers as case studies because of their prolific contributions to the literature of Americanization and its critique. Juxtaposing two Americanization stories—a fictionalized account and an autobiography, both published in 1917—the chapter charts several strategies new immigrant writers used in their encounters with Americanization and negotiations of the pressures of the literary market. By making both immigrant manual labor and immigrant intellectual labor coterminous rather than mutually exclusive categories, the chapter invites us to rethink our readerly assumptions about what an immigrant story should be and what it can be. Like their Native American intellectual peers, new immigrant writers revised the script of Americanization as they shaped the beginnings of new immigrant literature. Foregrounding the work of first-generation immigrant writers, the chapter shows how these counternarratives to Americanization are part of an incipient counterdiscourse, which the author calls the “unmaking of Americans.”
Spectacular Nationalism
Authors: Stanciu Cristina
Published: September 2023

This chapter asks: what cultural work did silent film do for Americanization, the active and sometimes coercive campaign to make new immigrants into good Americans? It argues that, just as Americanization did not produce compliant citizens overnight, silent film as a powerful new medium of persuasion influenced American viewers' transformation only in part. The chapter particularly focuses on the use of film in industrial and educational contexts, which sometimes overlapped, purporting to both “educate” and Americanize the new immigrants to the United States, particularly immigrant workers. Delving into the author's chosen films as case studies, the chapter illustrates the potential of silent film as both mimesis (or representation of ideology) and as ideology. It seeks to answer the following questions: How did silent film contribute to the mission of Americanization? Were new immigrants the innocent viewers that the American government, industrialists (like Henry Ford), and Progressive Era educators and Americanizers were imagining for immigrant children and their families? Were they complicit? Were they doubly exploited through the popular images that aimed to “represent” them and in their own uncritical reception of such films, duped by the illusion of the medium? To answer these questions, the chapter draws on scholarship in Immigration Studies and Film Studies, as well as archival materials in the National Archives, the Library of Congress (MBRS), Northeast Historic Film, and the New York Public Library.
Conclusion
Authors: Stanciu Cristina
Published: September 2023

This chapter elaborates on how Americanization, as a specific early twentieth-century phenomenon of homogenization, was part and parcel of an American mythical story of national formation, rooted in nineteenth-century narratives of imperial expansion and aimed at creating compliant and patriotic citizens. It emphasizes how a focus on Indigenous and immigrant writing and representation during the Progressive Era revealed a consistent effort to question American exceptionalism and reject the exclusion of Native American and immigrant cultures. Thinking about these two dimensions of U.S. cultural history together, despite their historical treatment in isolation from each other, the chapter expands our understanding of the intersections of Indigenous and immigrant concerns as well as the exclusionary force of Americanization. Reframing conversations in American Studies, the chapter also uncovers the connections between immigration and Indigeneity, categories that are at the heart of contemporary narratives of national formation. The chapter attempts to show through case studies and relevant references the extent of immigrant and Native cultural participation in the Americanization movement. It offers case studies in print and visual culture, identifying recurring themes, and suggesting methods to approach these archives in future research.
Rootedness on the Mountain Heights of Todtnauberg? (1923–1933)
Authors: Payen Guillaume
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes elements of Martin Heidegger's philosophy as influenced by new surroundings. It explores his break-up with his mentor, Edmund Husserl, as well as his years in Marburg, Freiburg, and Todtnauberg, in which he was able to enjoy his academic career in relative peace and comfort. Todtnauberg especially influenced Heidegger's thinking during this time. Indeed, it brought about the realization of a völkisch dream, the concretization of an ideology of Blut und Boden (“blood and soil”). In the meantime, the chapter also shows how Heidegger reappropriated the history of his family, which since time immemorial had had its roots in Meßkirch. His Being and Time therefore turned out to be an upscale Blut und Boden work. Heidegger had in fact used his memories of Meßkirch, of his family, and of his Heimat to write the book.
In Distress over Germany in Ruins (1945–1949)
Authors: Payen Guillaume
Published: September 2023

This chapter depicts Martin Heidegger's postwar transformation. It begins with the denazification of Freiburg, and consequently of Heidegger himself. Heidegger's situation deteriorated during this time, from having his house requisitioned to being judged as a Nazi rector by the French occupiers. The latter resulted in him being simply pensioned off and not granted emeritus status. He was barred from teaching and from holding a position at the university. He was thus stripped of his standing as an academic, being considered merely a worker who had reached retirement. In the meantime, as Heidegger became increasingly angrier at the perceived betrayals in his life, he also began to reassess his past decisions and reconnect with old relationships. The latter proved to be somewhat difficult, however, as Heidegger's propensity for Holocaust denial was not conducive to reunions with friends who had been victims of the Nazi regime.
End Paths (1950–1976)
Authors: Payen Guillaume
Published: September 2023

This chapter captures the later years of Martin Heidegger's life. It shows that, for Heidegger, the 1950s and 1960s were years of happiness regained. The life of his family normalized, at least in part. The philosopher's regained happiness was not without its shadows, however. The resumption of his affair with Hannah Arendt in 1950 proved difficult. It should not have resumed: unlike Elisabeth Blochmann before her exile, Arendt had not sympathized with Nazism. Heidegger had made Nazism his destiny, which now weighed heavy on him, and he struggled to extricate himself. When he began a relationship with someone, the question of his Nazi involvement always lurked behind their exchanges. Additionally, as the chapter shows, Heidegger lived to old age, long enough to see a large number of his loved ones die.
The Heidegger Affair after Heidegger (1976–?)
Authors: Payen Guillaume
Published: September 2023

This chapter reveals that the death of Martin Heidegger the man did not do away with Heidegger the philosopher, whose thinking, continually read, discussed, and taught, remained all the more alive. Similarly, the Nazi destiny that pursued Heidegger after the fall of the Third Reich only tightened its grip. In 1976 he was an indisputable authority on the European continent and a major figure of contemporary thought everywhere else, his Nazism forgotten by the vast majority of readers in favor of his philosophy of human existence and the concealment of being in the era of global technology. By degrees, however, he came to personify the Nazi philosopher par excellence, the very figure of the thinker led astray, straight into the inhuman horror of the twentieth century. By no means did his death quell the Heidegger affair, the principal impetus of his posthumous destiny.
“A Multitude of Causes”
Authors: Goodman Kevis
Published: September 2023

The chapter begins with Enlightenment Scotland as the center of medical education, the site where literary study entered the university, and a major location for the production of criticism as a “rational science” of the arts. Scottish medicine prioritized the movements of the nerves as the “connecting medium” within and between human bodies. It held that the nerves enabled the reciprocal, co-determining actions between persons and their “environments”—understood as a heterogeneous mix of surrounding natural and human-historical elements. After discussing the therapeutic ambition shared by medicine and criticism to adjust persons to their circumstances, this chapter argues for the equal importance of pathology’s medical semiotics. Interested instead in what comes into view when humans and their environments fall out of the desired equilibrium, pathology revealed the far-flung historical mediation of the body, in which “remote” causes were not considered distinct from “proximate” physical effects but embedded in them. Anticipating this book’s final chapter, this one ends with an example of the absorption of medical pathology into aesthetic theory. In Lyrical Ballads (1800), William Wordsworth translated pathology’s conception of multi-causation into his famous account of the “multiplicity of causes” shaping the reading condition and embedded in overstimulated readers.
Two Faces of Morality
Authors: Janoff-Bulman Ronnie
Published: September 2023

This chapter elaborates on the concept of morality. It identifies approach and avoidance as the most fundamental distinction in human motivation, referencing its deep origins in psychology. Proscriptive morality is avoidance-based and involves avoiding negative outcomes, while prescriptive morality is approach-based and focused on positive outcomes. The more mandatory nature of proscriptive morality and greater discretion afforded prescriptive morality suggest natural associations with the ethical theories of deontology and consequentialism. The chapter also considers the ambiguity of prescriptive immorality. Moreover, according to social psychologists, morality is the most important attribute in judgments of other people and our evaluations of groups.
Reactions to Outsiders: Immigration and the Rural-Urban Divide
Authors: Janoff-Bulman Ronnie
Published: September 2023

This chapter covers the response of liberals and conservative to immigration and the rural–urban divide. It explains how Social Order, focused on keeping the group safe, produces a relatively insular outlook, with a morality centered on family, friends, and similar others. In comparison, Social Justice's focus on communal sharing and equality produces a more inclusive morality focused on a wider, heterogeneous community. The chapter cites how immigration has been an intensely controversial issue throughout much of the United States' history. It explains how geography became a marker of political identity. Conservatives are often concerned about the threat they perceive to their own group's status and standing following discomfort with “outsiders” and dissimilar others.
What Conservatives Are Protecting
Authors: Janoff-Bulman Ronnie
Published: September 2023

This chapter explains how Social Order morality is reflected in conservatives' ideology. In comparison to the liberals who support gun control, marriage equality, and abortion rights, conservatives favor gun rights and oppose same-sex marriage and legal abortion. Following the Roe v. Wade decision, religious conservatives became energized and joined the Republican Party in creating the anti-abortion conservative movement. Moreover, the religious right, and conservatives more generally, rely on a particular form of sexism to justify their very traditional attitudes toward women. The chapter cites that the control of women's lives and bodies aims to keep women in their traditional roles.
Rooted in an Herbarium
Authors: Flannery Maura C.
Published: September 2023

Oakes Ames’s career in botany is used as an exemplar of the many ways herbaria are linked to everything from systematics to art. It also reveals the private side of science, how scientists actually do their work and how this manifests itself even in plant specimens. His wife, Blanche, created the illustrations for his work, and some were added to specimen sheets. Along with his specialty in orchid taxonomy, Ames was involved in administering both the Arnold Arboretum and the Harvard Botanical Museum, with its famous glass flowers attached to herbarium sheets. He helped to develop ethnobotany, the use of plants by indigenous peoples, from the more imperialistic study of economic botany that focused on exploitation of plant resources.
Herbaria Blooming
Authors: Flannery Maura C.
Published: September 2023

Herbarium specimens document in all its richness the human experience of plants. A sheet can provide links to plant classification, ecology, biodiversity studies, and evolutionary biology. In addition, a specimen can be connected—either directly, through the label, or indirectly through fieldnotes and other archives—with information on its collector, the indigenous people involved in finding and identifying it, and the plant’s subsequent history of use. A specimen can tell the story of George Clifford’s interest in a sheet’s visual appeal, his role as patron to Carl Linnaeus, and Dutch involvement in early colonization and exploitation of East Asia. Another can hold information on Madagascar’s rich biodiversity, its colonial history, and its ethnobotanical heritage.
State Use of Computational Propaganda
Authors: Woolley Samuel
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes the activities of state-based producers of computational propaganda. Much of the early research into the political use of bots and social media focused on governmental use, which is the basis of traditional top-down models of propaganda. As this chapter shows, governments are still the most well-resourced—and therefore perhaps the most effective—users of computational propaganda. It discusses how political elites work to manufacture consensus using state-sponsored trolling. It also shows that some governments, particularly Russia and India, have rapidly adapted old propaganda strategies to new digital tools, while others, such as the United States and United Kingdom, are still adjusting to the new informational landscape.
The Solitaries
Authors: Chatonnet Françoise Briquel , Debié Muriel
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses asceticism, an essential element of Syriac Christianity. Asceticism has left its mark on religious practice, literature, and ecclesiastical and social organization both in teaching and in written culture. The stories of solitaries who chose a life of poverty and chastity, both men and women, reflect a variety of ascetic practices. It was mostly in the monasteries where people learned to read and write, and mostly from among the monks that bishops and patriarchs were chosen—since, unlike priests, they had to be celibate—and consequently, it was mostly through monasteries that Syriac culture, both religious and profane, was written down and passed down to the present. Additionally, the chapter examines the motif of being strangers, which appears frequently in Syriac ascetic literature: just as Christ did not belong to the world, neither did ascetics.
Approaching Theoderic The Great
Authors: Wiemer Hans-Ulrich , Dillon John Noël
Published: September 2023

This chapter offers contrasting portrayals of Theoderic the Great as a Gothic “warlord” and a ruler of Goths and Romans alike. This contrast points to a tension that followed Theoderic his entire life. The chapter briefly explores questions arising from this contrast as well as to other details of Theoderic's life. It also takes a look at how modern scholars down to the present day interpret the reign of Theoderic in Italy predominantly as an almost seamless continuation of Roman traditions. This approach can be traced back to Theodor Mommsen, the founding father of late Roman studies, who argued that Theoderic ruled in Italy as a kind of governor for the Byzantine emperor; he carried the title patricius as the holder of this office. Fellow scholars agree, and the chapter briefly examines the reasons why. Additionally, Theoderic's image in modern scholarship is characterized by a second basic feature: his reign is normally judged very positively. The chapter, however, offers a different perspective.
Prologue
Authors: Smith Geoffrey S. , Landau Brent C.
Published: September 2023

This prologue provides an overview of the debates surrounding Morton Smith's discovery of a Secret Gospel of Mark in 1960. Smith claimed to have found an unknown letter written by the Christian philosopher Clement of Alexandria in the ancient monastery of Mar Saba, located on the edge of the desert outside Jerusalem. In this letter, Clement quotes a portion of this Secret Gospel of Mark in which Jesus raises a young man from the dead. Clement reports that a notoriously licentious band of heretics had gotten hold of this Secret Gospel and had added passages to the story to sexualize the relationship between Jesus and the young man. In the years following Smith's announcement, some scholars have come to see the Secret Gospel as an earlier version of the New Testament Gospel according to Mark. Since Mark is thought to be the earliest of the four New Testament gospels, an early version of Mark could challenge our basic understanding of who Jesus was, how he interacted privately with his disciples, and whether he had a companion or even a love interest. Smith's discovery has the potential to rewrite the history of early Christianity. However, the “conventional wisdom” within biblical studies circles today is that the letter of Clement is a twentieth-century forgery crafted by Smith himself. The chapter explains that the book offers a new theory about the origins and historical significance of the Secret Gospel of Mark.
The Announcement
Authors: Smith Geoffrey S. , Landau Brent C.
Published: September 2023

This chapter recounts Morton Smith's announcement of his discovery at the symposium titled “A Letter Attributed to Clement of Alexandria and Containing Quotations from a Secret Gospel Attributed to St. Mark,” which was held on December 29, 1960. Smith set up the premise of the letter: A certain Theodore has written to Clement with questions about a secret version of the Gospel of Mark circulating among the heretics. Then Smith turned to Clement's reply: the Letter to Theodore. There is much to take in from this new document, but one detail from the letter overshadowed the rest: the Secret Gospel of Mark implies that Jesus had an intimate—perhaps even sexual—relationship with a young man. When Smith presented an ancient text that seemed to depict Jesus as a gay man, homosexuality was rarely mentioned in American public discourse. The chapter considers the question of the manuscript's authenticity. To make his case, Smith launched into a detailed analysis of the linguistic similarities between the Letter to Theodore and Clement's known writings. Ultimately, the controversy surrounding the significance of the Secret Gospel of Mark that emerged in the Horace Mann Auditorium and spilled out into the streets in late December 1960 continues today, more than sixty years later.
The Monastery
Authors: Smith Geoffrey S. , Landau Brent C.
Published: September 2023

This chapter highlights the place where the Letter to Theodore was discovered: the Mar Saba monastery in the Judean desert. No one outside the monastery seems to have known about the Letter to Theodore or the Secret Gospel of Mark, so it may be that the text was composed in-house and never left the premises. Yet in its heyday—the fifth to eighth century CE—Mar Saba was a destination for monks in the area who wanted to consult the library's rare books, often while writing their own. Since traveling monks and other pilgrims most likely introduced books into the library at Mar Saba in late antiquity, one should also look to the broader milieu of Palestinian monasticism for clues as to the origins of the Letter to Theodore and the Secret Gospel. The chapter looks at the writings of Clement of Alexandria in late antique Palestine. It also considers themes of death and resurrection in John Moschos's seventh-century text known as the Spiritual Meadow, and same-sex monastic couples in ancient Christianity.
The Restoration and the Geography of English Overseas Expansion
Authors: Glickman Gabriel
Published: September 2023

This chapter looks at how Restoration commentators surveyed the earlier phases of English colonial activity and envisaged the future expansion of the Stuart realm. After 1660, Charles II took a political gamble by reviving a colonial enterprise blighted by failure and frustration, and by retaining the Cromwellian conquest of Jamaica, in the face of domestic and international opposition. But the king altered English colonizing policies as much as he intensified them by taking possession of the cities of Tangier and Bombay with his marriage into the royal house of Portugal. These acquisitions took the English into unfamiliar zones, raising new debates over the location and the type of territory most conducive to overseas empire. The result was to electrify international rivalries, bringing the English into collision with Dutch and Spanish interests and making the colonies central to the political challenges confronting the restored monarchy
“Popery,” Europe, and the Crisis of English Overseas Expansion, 1675–1688
Authors: Glickman Gabriel
Published: September 2023

Burgeoning tensions over the empire escalated in 1678–1681, when colonial distempers came into collision with the domestic crisis created by the Popish Plot and Exclusion Crisis. The alleged mismanagement of overseas territories entered into the campaign themes of the newly formed Whig party, which weaponized claims of despotic rule and Catholic power to attack colonial policy as a symptom of “popery and arbitrary government.” Whig MPs threw doubt upon the moral and strategic wisdom of overseas expansion, urging the Crown to refocus attention on the “balance of Europe” and on the protection of Protestant minorities from French advances closer to home. In reaction, Tory commentators issued a vigorous strategic, moral, and ideological defense of the colonial enterprise, preparing the ground for its intended revival in the reign of James II. This chapter argues that divisions over English overseas expansion played a critical role in the destabilization of domestic politics. The English imagination had been split between two competing visions of national destiny.
International Law and China’s Maritime Power
Authors: Kardon Isaac B.
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores China's evolving attitudes toward international law, focusing on contemporary beliefs about the law of the sea and expectations for how China can change it. The chapter summarizes both ideological and instrumental elements of China's attitude toward the weapon of international law since the country's fateful encounters with British gunboats and European treaties in the first part of the nineteenth century. It also traces the legacy of this experience into the contemporary People's Republic of China (PRC). The chapter explores PRC participation in international legal processes and its role in the development of the 1982 UNCLOS treaty. It provides an overview of the domestic maritime legal and administrative apparatus that has evolved to internalize the law of the sea in the PRC and promote the programmatic aim of becoming a maritime power.
Orientations Cropscapes and History
Authors: Bray Francesca , Hahn Barbara , Lourdusamy John Bosco , Saraiva Tiago
Published: September 2023

Orientations introduces the cropscape as an experimental method for opening the historical imagination, offering a novel approach to writing global histories of complex systems. It proposes the cropscape not as an object with strictly defined boundaries and components but as a way of looking, an infinitely adjustable framing device to help illuminate shadowy presences, change scale or focus, survey at global level, or dive underground among the roots and worms. The cropscape perspective encompasses unexpected approaches to mobilities and materialities, and to decolonial and more-than-human histories. Two contrasting delineations of the cropscape of sugar in Cuba demonstrate that while focusing attention on crops and agriculture, the cropscape as an analytical concept offers a method and a breadth of vision that open new perspectives for global history.
Times
Authors: Bray Francesca , Hahn Barbara , Lourdusamy John Bosco , Saraiva Tiago
Published: September 2023

Times uses the concreteness of cropscapes and the elasticity of their histories to question and experiment with time scales, periodizations, and temporalities. Plants have their own rhythms, which humans modify when they grow them as crops. Crops in turn set many of the human rhythms of farming life. States, industries, and businesses all seek to discipline agricultural time yet must also accommodate the natural and social temporalities of the cropscape, which may shape the history of a society, or even the ways in which that history is interpreted. Times takes as examples the cropscapes of date palms, tobacco, rice, cocoa and millet, considered across a broad span of temporalities from a single season to millennial trends and loopings, to ask how history and the life cycles of plants, humans and institutions interweave, and to highlight the interplay of time and sense of time from the perspective of humans, plants, and historians. Each case explores how multiple temporalities interact to shape the histories and longevity of cropscapes, including their rhizomatic resurfacing in unexpected times or places. These novel perspectives on variations in time suggest intriguing possibilities for understanding and writing history.
Makers and Markets in Revolutionary Times
Authors: White Ashli
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines how manufacturers of decorative wares, namely ceramics and metalware, weathered the revolutions. Highlighting two of the most developed industries of the time, the chapter considers how these ambitious makers navigated both market disruptions and new opportunities resulting from the revolutions. It also takes a fresh look at what consumers desired in this specific realm of their material worlds, and in the process demonstrates how items without overt politicized ornamentation still had tremendous political power, depending on who acquired them, where, and for what ends.
Seizing the Status Quo
Authors: White Ashli
Published: September 2023

Confiscation was an important mechanism through which goods circulated in moments of conflict, and during the revolutionary wars, plunder became politicized in new ways as regimes jockeyed for military and ideological superiority. This chapter analyzes what was seized and by whom, and then how these goods were redistributed through secondhand markets. In the hands of certain actors, items affiliated with “old” regimes had the power to challenge racial and class hierarchies.
Sensing the Invisible
Authors: Mathews Andrew S.
Published: September 2023

Describes the cultivation of sweet chestnut in Central Italy, from the middle ages to the present, showing how care for plant morphology led peasant farmers to shape trees through practices of grafting and pruning. Ethnographic description, photographs, and diagrams illustrate grafting practices in the Monte Pisano between Pisa and Lucca, in Tuscany. Plant morphology records the responses of plants to their environment, recording the biographies of individual trees in response to fire, disease, cutting, and soil fertility. Concern with visible tree morphology led peasant cultivators to care about invisible processes of soil fertility and water availability, which in turn led to the building of terracing and drainage systems. Relationships with plants have inspired farmer and state concern with plants, soils, and landscapes. Around the world, attention to plants inspires a practical geomorphological politics that reshapes landscapes. Plant and landscape form can be described through attention to diagrams that make visible key relationships.
Fast and Slow Disasters
Authors: Mathews Andrew S.
Published: September 2023

Describes the impact of Phytophthora cambivora (ink disease) upon chestnut groves in the Monte Pisano. The disease arrived in the 1840s. Maps of present day forest, compared with land use and chestnut-drying sheds in the 1820s, show that chestnut was replaced by pine below five hundred meters. Oral history with elderly people reveals that pine forests were made less fire prone by litter raking and firewood gathering practices that were abandoned in the 1960s. Large forest fires in 2019 were blamed on criminality and land abandonment rather than on climate change. Official ideas about climate change do not engage with people’s experiences of firefighting, land care, and land abandonment.
Pine Cultivation and Pine as an Agent of Landscape Transformation
Authors: Mathews Andrew S.
Published: September 2023

Diagrams and photographs of the morphologies of pine trees show their response to histories of human care and forest fires.
Airscapes
Authors: Mathews Andrew S.
Published: September 2023

In Italy, where mountains are never far from towns, air becomes visible in the mist, smoke, dust, and plant seeds that are carried by air currents. Photographs of smoke from fires, biomass energy plants, and factories.
Womanist Interventions and Intersections
Authors: Dorrien Gary
Published: September 2023

The three women usually described as the founders of womanist theology and social ethics were doctoral students at Union Theological Seminary when the novelist founder of womanism, Alice Walker. soared to literary fame: theologian Jacqueline Grant, social ethicist Katie Geneva Cannon, and theologian Delores S. Williams. Theologian Kelly Brown Douglas, though usually not accorded the status of a founder, also studied at Union in the 1980s and was a founder. In the mid-1980s these four women conferred with each other and supported each other, donning the womanist label that Cannon was the first, in 1985, to embrace. Womanist theologians and social ethicists discounted Cone’s heroic male language of revolutionary liberation and his claim that Black people are united by the experience of suffering and humiliation at the hands of White oppressors. These twin features of Cone’s theology were too androcentric and reactive for womanists, who fixed on the moral wisdom that enabled Black women to survive centuries of racist oppression while holding together their families and communities. The womanist founders defied the competitive ethos of the academy. They wrote about seeking wholeness in one’s life, being attuned to the God within, working for justice, and building peaceable communities that enable all people to flourish. They created a womanist community in the American Academy of Religion, networking in assiduously nurturing fashion, except Williams, who mostly kept to herself. Yet Williams is the most influential womanist thinker, partly because she accentuated her negations.
Women Besieged and Besieging
Authors: Dubcovsky Alejandra
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on the uneasy but important role of women during the 1702 siege. Governor José Zúñiga y Cerda attempted to restrict gendered noise in an effort to achieve control. Women and noncombatants made up the vast majority of those trapped inside the Castillo de San Marcos, so their cries, complaints, demands, and endurance are recorded in Spanish sources. The chapter mentions that Spanish reports showcase how the specifically gendered violence of Indian slavery was affecting the region. It also elaborates on the efforts of Zúñiga y Cerda and General Esteban de Berroa to upend the siege and call for a junta de guerra.
Physiological Ecology Comes of Age
Authors: Kingsland Sharon E.
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the widening reach of physiological plant ecology through case studies that gave rise to controversial interpretations. The chapter covers plant distribution and the idea that some plants may produce toxic substances to ward off other plants, the adaptive significance of plant emissions of volatile organic compounds, and the effect of plant emissions to the atmosphere and possibly the climate. It also traces how physiological plant ecology expanded in the postwar period and how it became entwined with broader studies of ecosystem function and global climate change. The chapter considers two projects that exemplify different visions of largerscale ecology and involve controlled experiments at the ecosystem level. One was the Biosphere 2 Laboratory during the time it was operated by Columbia University, and the second is a project in Colorado that studies biological, hydrological, and atmosphere interactions.