bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some heuristics about the ecosystem of mathematics research data
Authors: Teschke Olaf
Published: October 2016

Like in other sciences, research data play a growing role in mathematics, but in contrast to classical objects like measurements in physics they are much more heterogeneous. They may take the shape of abstract objects like the collection of integer sequences in OEIS, algorithms and their implementations as mathematical software, libraries of test problems or statistical data. From an infrastructure viewpoint, which aims at sustainable and connected data repositories which facilitate researchers to use existing information efficiently, it is essential to define an appropriate framework that allows not just storage but also connection and retrieval of the various types of data. Recently, there have been promising attempts to define standards for mathematical software, but the general task remains a big challenge, which is also addressed within the recently initiated GDML working group of the IMU. This is especially important in the fields of applied mathematics where research is often connected to research data originating from applications. The goal of this talk is a first attempt to analyse the diverse ecosystem of research data based on reference data from zbMATH. This approach has worked quite well for mathematical software, resulting in the formation of the swMATH database. Though reference data involve always a bias, the collected information of about 16 million reference data in zbMATH may be useful to identify the recent needs of researchers in different fields pertaining mathematical research data, and we discuss several aspects of such an analysis. (© 2016 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Poly(carbonate‐urea‐urethane) networks exhibiting high‐strain shape‐memory effect
Authors: Mazurek‐Budzyńska Magdalena , Razzaq Muhammad Yasar , Tomczyk Karolina , Rokicki Gabriel , Behl Marc , Lendlein Andreas
Published: October 2016

A challenge in the design of shape‐memory polymers (SMPs) is to achieve high deformability with a simultaneous high shape recovery ratio. Here we explored, whether SMPs featuring large deformation capability and high shape recovery ratios can be created as polymer networks providing two kinds of netpoints based on covalent bonds and physical interactions. As a model system, we selected poly(carbonate‐urea‐urethane)s (PCUUs) synthesized by a precursor route, based on oligo(alkylene carbonate) diols, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and water vapor. The PCUU networks exhibited a one‐way shape‐memory effect (1W‐SME) with programmed strains up to εprog = 1000% whereby they provided excellent shape fixity (92–97%) and shape recovery (≥99%) ratios. The switching temperatures (Tsw) varied between 36 and 65 °C and increased with the increasing molecular weight of the oligo(alkylene carbonate) diol and length of the hydrocarbon chain between the carbonate linkages. Tsw was also influenced by the strain applied during programming (εprog). Poly(carbonate‐urethane)s have been reported to have good biocompatibility and biostability, which in the combination of high‐strain capacity and high Young's modulus makes the obtained PCUUs interesting candidate materials suitable for medical devices such as medical sutures or vascular stents. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rheological and thermal stability of novel weak gels based on sulfonated polyacrylamide/scleroglucan/chromium triacetate
Authors: Alvand Ehsan , Aalaie Jamal , Hemmati Mahmood , Sajjadian Vali Ahmad
Published: October 2016

The present study deals with weak gels based on sulfonated polyacrylamide (SPA)/scleroglucan (SC)/Cr3+ with an exceptional thermal stability in electrolyte media. The rheological results showed that on increasing the SC concentration the shear viscosity and storage modulus of the SPA/SC/Cr3+ system were increased and the dependence of the storage modulus on frequency became weaker. The yield stress of the SPA/SC/Cr3+ system was higher than that of the corresponding SPA/SC system. The thermochemical stability increased with increasing relaxation time. The SPA/SC/Cr3+ semi‐interpenetrating network exhibited the lowest viscosity loss in electrolyte media; therefore this system may be a potential candidate for enhanced oil recovery applications. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Finite frequency fault detection for networked systems with access constraint
Authors: Long Yue , Park Ju H. , Ye Dan
Published: October 2016

This paper addresses a fault detection strategy in finite frequency domain for networked system with communication constraints and packet loss. The considered communication constraint is that only one data packet can gain into the networks at each time‐slot, and the fault detection filters complete the task with only partially available measurements. With consideration of the data packet loss and the stochastic scheduling protocol, a nonhomogeneous Markov jump system is firstly derived to describe the networked systems. For this class of systems, the generalized Kalman–Yakubovic–Popov lemma‐based finite frequency fault detection filter design methods are invalid. To tackle this problem, a new mode‐dependent lemma is developed to capture the system performance in finite frequency domain. Further, a set of fault detection filters are designed corresponding to the accessed nodes accordingly. Finally, an example is given to show the effectiveness of the proposed fault detection approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Different Kinds of Music on Walking in Children
Authors: Reychler Gregory , Fabre Justine , Lux Amandine , Caty Gilles , Pieters Thierry , Liistro Giuseppe
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different kinds of music on submaximal performance and exercise tolerance in healthy children by means of the 6-minute walking test (6MWT) and to explore the influence of gender.

Design:

Cross-over study.

Method:

Ninety-seven children performed 6MWT in four conditions (without music, with their preferred music, with slow and with fast music). Distance, cardio-respiratory parameters, perceived exertion rate, and amount of dyspnea were measured.

Findings:

Walked distance depended on the kind of music (p = .022). To listen to fast music promoted a longer distance when compared with slow music. Walked distance was not influenced by gender (p = .721) and there was no interaction between music and gender for walked distances (p = .069). The other parameters were not modified by music and gender.

Conclusion:

Music influences submaximal performances without modifying exercise tolerance in healthy children.

Clinical Relevance:

Music does modify submaximal performance in children.
Expanding the Limits of Vision‐based Localization for Long‐term Route‐following Autonomy
Authors: Paton Michael , Pomerleau François , MacTavish Kirk , Ostafew Chris J. , Barfoot Timothy D.
Published: October 2016

Vision‐based, autonomous, route‐following algorithms enable robots to autonomously repeat manually driven routes over long distances. Through the use of inexpensive, commercial vision sensors, these algorithms have the potential to enable robotic applications across multiple industries. However, in order to extend these algorithms to long‐term autonomy, they must be able to operate over long periods of time. This poses a difficult challenge for vision‐based systems in unstructured and outdoor environments, where appearance is highly variable. While many techniques have been developed to perform localization across extreme appearance change, most are not suitable or untested for vision‐in‐the‐loop systems such as autonomous route following, which requires continuous metric localization to keep the robot driving. In this paper, we present a vision‐based, autonomous, route‐following algorithm that combines multiple channels of information during localization to increase robustness against daily appearance change such as lighting. We explore this multichannel visual teach and repeat framework by adding the following channels of information to the basic single‐camera, gray‐scale, localization pipeline: images that are resistant to lighting change and images from additional stereo cameras to increase the algorithm's field of view. Using these methods, we demonstrate robustness against appearance change through extensive field deployments spanning over 26 km with an autonomy rate greater than 99.9%. We furthermore discuss the limits of this system when subjected to harsh environmental conditions by investigating keypoint match degradation through time.
Localisation and quantification of potential binding sites for compatibilisers on soft‐ and hardwood in wood–plastic composite systems
Authors: Effah Bernard , van Reenen Albert , Meincken Martina
Published: October 2016

Chemical force microscopy (CFM) was used to characterise the surface of pine and beefwood with atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips coated with different compatibilisers. With the resulting force images, potential binding sites for compatibilisers, used in wood–plastic composites (WPC) to enhance adhesion between two relatively incompatible phases, were localised and quantified. Tips were coated with two commercially available polymers namely ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) and polyethylene‐grafted maleic anhydride (PE‐g‐MA). It could be observed that the interaction forces between the EVOH coated tip and the wood surface was highly species sensitive, whereas adhesive forces measured between the PE‐g‐MA coated tip and the wood surface were comparable for both wood species. The force maps show that wood species differ in the distribution of functional groups, and the force histograms show that the frequency distribution of the adhesive forces varied for the two wood species. The adhesive force maps clearly show a difference between wood/compatibiliser systems, and the differences can be related to the chemical composition of the wood species. The results confirm that not all compatibilisers are equally suitable for all wood species and these results were confirmed by mechanical tensile tests of WPC systems in a related study. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solely Biomass‐Derived Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET): Conversion of Bio‐based Isoprene and Acrolein to p‐Xylene and Terephthalic Acid
Authors: Wang Fei , Tong Zhaohui
Published: October 2016

There exist significant challenges in the synthesis of solely biomass‐derived p‐xylene and terephthalic acid (TPA), the monomer precursors of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Herein, we describe a flexible synthetic route to prepare either p‐xylene or TPA from biomass‐derived isoprene and acrolein, which avoids harsh reaction conditions such as high pressure or extreme low temperature. The route starts from 4‐methyl‐cyclohex‐3‐enecarbaldehyde, the product of Diels‐Alder reaction of isoprene and acrolein. Then p‐xylene was successfully obtained by subsequent reduction and aromatization reactions using either environment‐friendly solvents or in neat. In addition, this route was further modified for a process to prepare both p‐xylene and TPA. By using the same intermediate after Diels‐Alder reaction, an aromatization reaction was followed by a reduction to p‐xylene or an oxidation to directly TPA in an overall yield of 32% over three steps.
Computational Study of Cu–Containing Artificial DNA: Twist Angle Dependence of Magnetism
Authors: Orimoto Yuuichi , Aoki Yuriko
Published: October 2016

The magnetic properties of a copper‐containing artificial DNA (a 2,6‐dipicolinate−Cu(II)−pyridine complex‐based artificial DNA) were theoretically investigated at the ab initio molecular orbital (MO) theory level from the standpoint of the relationship between the twist angle about the DNA chain axis and its high‐spin (HS) stability. It was found that HS stability gradually increased with increasing twist angle at the Hartree‐Fock level. Consideration of the electron correlation effects using a perturbation theory emphasized on the twist angle dependence of HS stability (leading to an increase in the magnetic contrast for the twist angle). Detailed analyses based on MOs revealed that the trend in HS stability is related to the twist angle dependence of the delocalization of singly occupied MOs for the highest spin state and that of the highest doubly occupied MO for the lowest spin state.
Magnetic Responsive Polymer Nanocomposites with In–situ Tunable Anisotropy by Magnetic Self‐Organization
Authors: Zhang Kai , Wang Ming , Shi Yu‐Dong , Chen Yi‐Fu , Zeng Jian‐Bing , Huang Jin
Published: October 2016

The tunable magnetic response has rarely been achieved in conventional magnetic responsive polymer nanocomposites (MRPNCs). Here we show a new approach to offer effective rules for designing novel MRPNCs with in‐situ tunable magnetic anisotropy which are self‐organized in a low magnetic field via controlling the self‐organization temperature between the melting points of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL), and magnetic ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles selectively dispersing in PCL with low melting temperature. The iPP/PCL/Fe3O4 nanoparticles with magnetic anisotropy not only exhibit tunable rotation behavior, but also show tunable mechanical enhancement. The deflection force, tensile strength and Young modulus of the iPP/PCL/Fe3O4 nanocomposites with 10 wt% Fe3O4 particles with magnetic anisotropy show nearly 3.2, 3.2 and 2.7 times higher than that of the samples with random dispersion of magnetic nanoparticles, respectively.
Effects of Geranyloxycinnamic Acids on COX‐2 and iNOS Functionalities in LPS‐Stimulated U937 Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Genovese Salvatore , Fiorito Serena , Taddeo Vito Alessandro , Epifano Francesco , Paciotti Roberto , Coletti Cecilia , Franceschelli Sara , Speranza Lorenza , Ferrone Alessio , Felaco Mario , Patruno Antonia
Published: October 2016

A series of naturally occurring and semisynthetic O‐geranyl cinnamic acids and their conjugates with the iNOS inhibitor Nω‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester have been synthesized and evaluated for their effects on expressions of COX‐2 and iNOS, antioxidant activity, and PGE2 and NO production in LPS‐stimulated U937 mononuclear cells. All adducts showed little or no effect on iNOS functionality in terms of NO release. A much more significant activity has been recorded on PGE2 biosynthesis for which the sample substituted with a ‐NO2 group in position 3 of the aromatic ring revealed an effect in the nM range both for the L‐NAME conjugated product and the parent compound (IC50=0.71 μM and 0.1 μM respectively). Preliminary docking studies have been carried out to clarify the mechanism of COX‐2 inhibition, and they suggest that the geranyloxy side chain is likely to play an important role for the observed activity and that structural modifications are able to tune such effects.
Synthesis and Optical Properties of New Red Emitting Phosphor Li3BaSrGd3‐xEux(MO4)8 for White LEDs
Authors: Singh Kasturi , Vaidyanathan Sivakumar
Published: October 2016

Red emitting Li3BaSrGd3‐xEux(MO4)8 (M=W, Mo) phosphors with stratified scheelite structure have been synthesized by conventional solid state reaction. All the compositions crystallize in the monoclinic structure with space group C2/c. Host as well as the phosphors (Eu3+ substituted) show broad absorption band in the UV to near UV region, due to the oxygen to molybdenum (absorption edge ∼360 nm, O2− → Mo6+) or tungsten (absorption edge ∼320 nm, O2− → W6+) charge transfer transition. The photoluminescence(PL) study of Eu3+ substituted compositions show emission at ∼615 nm (due to the forced electric dipole (ED) 5D0 →7F2 transition of Eu3+ ion), which confirms that the Eu3+ ion present in the non‐centrosymmetric site. In order to study the emission behaviour systematically the Judd‐Ofelt (J ‐ O) spectral intensity parameters were calculated. The Commission Internationale de l′Elcairage (CIE) colour coordinate values are well harmonized with the National Television Standard Committee (NTSC) standards. The presently synthesized tungstate phosphors have been used as reference for contrast between two. The entire compositions show better absorption in the near UV to blue region and emitting red light ∼615 nm indicates that this phosphor may find potential application as a red phosphor for white LED.
Oxime Palladacycle Catalyzed Carbonylative Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling with High Turnovers in PEG as a Benign and Recyclable Solvent System
Authors: Gautam Prashant , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: October 2016

Oxime palladacycles‐ di‐μ‐chlorobis [5‐chloro‐2‐[(4‐ chlorophenyl)(hydroxyimino‐κN) methyl] phenyl‐κC] palladium (II) dimer (1) and di‐μ‐chlorobis [5‐hydroxy‐2‐[1‐(hydroxyimino‐κN) ethyl] phenyl‐κC] palladium (II) dimer (2) provide a phosphine free approach for the synthesis of ynones at low palladium loadings (10−5 mol%) thus resulting in catalytic turnover numbers (TONs) and turnover frequencies (TOFs) of the order of 106. Oxime palladacycle 1 shows TON 587 times and TOF 331 times higher than the best palladium catalyst reported in the literature for the carbonylative cross‐coupling between 4‐iodoanisole and phenylacetylene as a model reaction. The use of poly (ethylene glycol) as an environmentally benign solvent system allows the recyclability of the oxime palladacycle at low palladium loading up to four times. Further, the oxime palladacycles are advantageous in effecting higher conversion and selectivity at low palladium loadings as compared to conventional palladium precursors‐ Pd (OAc)2 and PdCl2(PPh3)2
Heterogeneous social motives and interactions: The three predictable paths of capability development
Authors: Bridoux Flore , Coeurderoy Régis , Durand Rodolphe
Published: October 2016

Research summary: Limited attention has been paid to the crucial role of individuals' motivation and social interactions in capability development. Building on literature in social psychology and behavioral economics that links heterogeneity in individual social motives to social interactions, we explain how the variation, selection, and retention processes underlying a group's deliberate capability development are affected by the composition of the group in terms of individuals' social motives in interplay with the organizational‐level motivational levers designed by managers. Our multilevel theoretical model suggests that individual‐level heterogeneity leads to the development of capabilities along different paths. For practice, this implies that, according to the composition of the group in terms of social motives, capabilities are more or less technically and evolutionary adequate and a source of business process performance.

Managerial summary:We propose that when a group of employees engages in developing one of the firm's capabilities, capability development will follow a different path according to what motivates most of the employees composing the group. We identify and discuss three paths. Two of these paths (convergence and congruence) can help improve business process performance in a stable environment, the third one (open‐ended) in a dynamic environment. Our work invites managers to not only think in terms of more or less capability development, but also in terms of capability development path(s): the path(s) in which groups in the firm are currently engaged and the one(s) that are desirable given the firm's objectives and the nature of the environment(s) the firm faces in deploying its business processes. © 2016 The Authors. Strategic Management Journal published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diverging Mobility Trajectories: Grandparent Effects on Educational Attainment in One- and Two-Parent Families in the United States
Authors: Song Xi
Published: October 2016

In recent years, sociological research investigating grandparent effects in three-generation social mobility has proliferated, mostly focusing on the question of whether grandparents have a direct effect on their grandchildren’s social attainment. This study hypothesizes that prior research has overlooked family structure as an important factor that moderates grandparents’ direct effects. Capitalizing on a counterfactual causal framework and multigenerational data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this study examines the direct effect of grandparents’ years of education on grandchildren’s years of educational attainment and heterogeneity in the effects associated with family structure. The results show that for both African Americans and whites, grandparent effects are the strongest for grandchildren who grew up in two-parent families, followed by those in single-parent families with divorced parents. The weakest effects were marked in single-parent families with unmarried parents. These findings suggest that the increasing diversity of family forms has led to diverging social mobility trajectories for families across generations.
Glucose level decline precedes dementia in elderly African Americans with diabetes
Authors: Hendrie Hugh C. , Zheng Mengjie , Li Wei , Lane Kathleen , Ambuehl Roberta , Purnell Christianna , Unverzagt Frederick W. , Torke Alexia , Balasubramanyam Ashok , Callahan Chris M. , Gao Sujuan
Published: October 2016

Introduction

High blood glucose levels may be responsible for the increased risk for dementia in diabetic patients.

Methods

A secondary data analysis merging electronic medical records (EMRs) with data collected from the Indianapolis–Ibadan Dementia project (IIDP). Of the enrolled 4105 African Americans, 3778 were identified in the EMR. Study endpoints were dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or normal cognition. Repeated serum glucose measurements were used as the outcome variables.

Results

Diabetic participants who developed incident dementia had a significant decrease in serum glucose levels in the years preceding the diagnosis compared to the participants with normal cognition (P = .0002). They also had significantly higher glucose levels up to 9 years before the dementia diagnosis (P = .0367).

Discussion

High glucose levels followed by a decline occurring years before diagnosis in African American participants with diabetes may represent a powerful presymptomatic metabolic indicator of dementia.

High glucose levels increased risk for dementia in diabetic patients.

Glucose levels significantly declined as the patient progressed to dementia.

These findings may represent a strong early metabolic indicator for dementia.
Differential Plantaris‐Achilles Tendon Motion: A Sonographic and Cadaveric Investigation
Authors: Smith Jay , Alfredson Håkan , Masci Lorenzo , Sellon Jacob L. , Woods Charonn D.
Published: October 2016

Background

Differential motion between the plantaris and Achilles tendons has been hypothesized to contribute to pain in some patients presenting with Achilles tendinopathy. However, objective evidence of differential Achilles‐plantaris motion is currently lacking from the literature.

Objective

To determine whether differential, multidirectional motion exists between the plantaris tendon (PT) and Achilles tendon (AT) as documented by dynamic ultrasound (US) and postdissection examination in an unembalmed cadaveric model.

Design

Prospective, cadaveric laboratory investigation.

Setting

Procedural skills laboratory in a tertiary medical center.

Subjects

Twenty unembalmed knee‐ankle‐foot specimens (9 right, 11 left) obtained from 6 male and 10 female donors ages 55‐96 years (mean 80 years) with body mass indices of 14.1‐33.2 kg/m2 (mean 22.5 kg/m2).

Methods

A single, experienced operator used high‐resolution dynamic US to qualitatively document differential PT‐AT motion during passive ankle dorsiflexion‐plantarflexion. Specimens were then dissected and passive dorsiflexion‐plantarflexion was repeated while differential PT‐AT motion was visualized directly.

Main Outcome Measurements

Presence or absence of multidirectional differential PT‐AT motion.

Results

All 20 specimens exhibited smooth but variable amplitude multidirectional differential PT‐AT motion. Whereas US readily demonstrated medial‐lateral and anterior‐posterior PT motion relative to the AT, differential longitudinal motion was only appreciated on dissection and direct inspection. Many specimens exhibited partial or complete encasement of the PT between the gastrocnemius portion of the AT and the soleus aponeurosis.

Conclusion

Some degree of multidirectional differential PT‐AT motion appears to be a normal phenomenon, and PT motion can be evaluated sonographically in both the medial‐lateral and anterior‐posterior directions. The existence of normal differential PT‐AT motion suggests that alterations in PT motion or repetitive stress within the PT‐AT interval may produce symptoms in some patients presenting with Achilles region pain syndromes. The PT should be evaluated in all patients presenting with Achilles, plantaris, or calf pain syndromes. Future research would benefit from the development of a sonographic classification system for PT anatomy and motion with the goal of differentiating normal versus pathologic states and identifying risk factors for symptom development.

Level of Evidence

IV
Luxación aislada del piramidal
Authors: Gómez-Suárez F. , Yañez-Calvo J. , Castro-Menéndez M.
Published: October 2016

Aunque las luxaciones carpianas son lesiones relativamente frecuentes, la luxación aislada del piramidal es excepcional. Presentamos un caso aislado de luxación volar del hueso piramidal, revisando los casos similares publicados en la literatura y analizando los aspectos más importantes en relación con su diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Varón de 38 años de edad, con caída sobre su mano derecha en hiperextensión. Inicialmente el diagnóstico pasó desapercibido. Al mes se realizó reducción abierta y estabilización con agujas de Kirchner.

A los 4 años de la cirugía el paciente se encuentra asintomático y con la misma fuerza de agarre que la mano contralateral. Las radiografías postoperatorias muestran una buena reducción del carpo sin signos de inestabilidad.

La falta de un diagnóstico inicial y en consecuencia un retraso en el tratamiento hacen más difícil el manejo de las lesiones, pero es una reducción inadecuada del carpo el factor pronóstico más negativo.
Hadrons at Finite Temperature
Authors: Mallik Samirnath , Sarkar Sourav
Published: October 2016

High energy laboratories are performing experiments in heavy ion collisions to explore the structure of matter at high temperature and density. This elementary book explains the basic ideas involved in the theoretical analysis of these experimental data. It first develops two topics needed for this purpose, namely hadron interactions and thermal field theory. Chiral perturbation theory is developed to describe hadron interactions and thermal field theory is formulated in the real-time method. In particular, spectral form of thermal propagators is derived for fields of arbitrary spin and used to calculate loop integrals. These developments are then applied to find quark condensate and hadron parameters in medium, including dilepton production. Finally, the non-equilibrium method of statistical field theory to calculate transport coefficients is reviewed. With technical details explained in the text and appendices, this book should be accessible to researchers as well as graduate students interested in thermal field theory.
A Comprehensive Review of the Cognitive Determinants of Anxiety and Rumination in Social Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Modini Matthew , Abbott Maree J.
Published: October 2016

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterised by an intense fear of social situations in which the individual believes they may be negatively evaluated (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). A number of cognitive models (Clark & Wells, 1995; Hofmann, 2007; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997) have been proposed that provide frameworks for understanding the key cognitive processes involved in SAD. Negative rumination, which can be divided into pre- and post-event rumination, appears to be a key maintaining factor in the cycle of social anxiety. However, there are mixed findings regarding the cognitive predictors of post-event rumination and a lack of research regarding the consequences and predictors of pre-event rumination. Furthermore, there has been little empirical research investigating the effects of targeting negative rumination and state anxiety in social anxiety treatment. If the cognitive predictors of negative rumination can be determined then they can be targeted when designing interventions that aim to break the vicious cycle of social anxiety. The state of research investigating the cognitive determinants of state anxiety and negative rumination is reviewed and suggestions are made for continuing research.
The Reliability and Validity of the Australian Moral Disengagement Scale
Authors: Newton Nicola C. , Stapinski Lexine A. , Champion Katrina E. , Teesson Maree , Bussey Kay
Published: October 2016

Background: The present study explored the reliability, validity, and factor structure of a modified version of the Moral Disengagement Scale (MDS), which comprehensively assesses proneness to disengage from different forms of conduct specific to Australian adolescents. Methods: A sample of 452 students (Mage = 12.79; SD = 1.93) completed the modified MDS and the Australian Self-Report Delinquency Scale. A multistep approach was used to evaluate the factor structure of the MDS. The sample was divided into exploratory (n = 221) and cross-validation samples (n = 231). Principal component analysis was conducted with the exploratory sample and multiple factor solutions compared to determine the optimal factor structure of the modified MDS. The final factor solution was confirmed in the cross-validation sample using confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency of the final scale and convergent validity with the delinquency questionnaire was also assessed. Results: Analyses resulted in a 22-item MDS for use in Australia, with four factors mapping onto the four conceptual categories of moral disengagement. The individual subscales demonstrated adequate to good internal consistency, and the total scale also demonstrated high internal consistency (α = 0.87). Convergent validity of the scale was established. Conclusions: The 22-item Australian MDS is a reliable and valid instrument for use within an Australian population.
Boundaries of Loyalty
Authors: Berman Saul J.
Published: October 2016

Talmudic legislation prescribed penalty for a Jew to testify in a non-Jewish court, against a fellow Jew, to benefit a gentile - for breach of a duty of loyalty to a fellow Jew. Through close textual analysis, Saul Berman explores how Jewish jurists responded when this virtue of loyalty conflicted with values such as Justice, avoidance of desecration of God's Name, deterrence of crime, defence of self, protection of Jewish community, and the duty to adhere to Law of the Land. Essential for scholars and graduate students in Talmud, Jewish law and comparative law, this key volume details the nature of these loyalties as values within the Jewish legal system, and how the resolution of these conflicts was handled. Berman additionally explores why this issue has intensified in contemporary times and how the related area of 'Mesirah' has wrongfully come to be prominently associated with this law regulating testimony.
Reclaiming Development in the World Trading System
Authors: Lee Yong-Shik
Published: October 2016

Providing extensive coverage of international trade law from an economic development perspective, this second edition of Reclaiming Development in the World Trading System offers discussion of key principles of international trade law, trade measures, trade and development issues, and regulatory reform. Including such topics as the most-favored-nation principle, national treatment, and tariff binding, Lee also offers insightful analysis into new areas pertaining to agriculture and textile, trade-related investment, intellectual property rights, and trade in services. Looking at trade and development issues in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, as well as microtrade, an innovative international trade system designed to relieve the absolute poverty of least-developed countries, this book is essential reading that gives context to development interests and advances specific regulatory and institutional reform proposals. Lee lends insight into these topics with case analysis exemplifying how our trading systems have been adopted by the developing world in order to foster their own economic development.
Seals, Craft, and Community in Bronze Age Crete
Authors: Anderson Emily S. K.
Published: October 2016

Generations of scholars have grappled with the origins of 'palace' society on Minoan Crete, seeking to explain when and how life on the island altered monumentally. Emily Anderson turns light on the moment just before the palaces, recognizing it as a remarkably vibrant phase of socio-cultural innovation. Exploring the role of craftspersons, travelers and powerful objects, she argues that social change resulted from creative work that forged connections at new scales and in novel ways. This study focuses on an extraordinary corpus of sealstones which have been excavated across Crete. Fashioned of imported ivory and engraved with images of dashing lions, these distinctive objects linked the identities of their distant owners. Anderson argues that it was the repeated but pioneering actions of such diverse figures, people and objects alike, that dramatically changed the shape of social life in the Aegean at the turn of the second millennium BCE.
Imperial Unknowns
Authors: Zwierlein Cornel
Published: October 2016

In this major new study, the history of the French and British trading empires in the early modern Mediterranean is used as a setting to test a new approach to the history of ignorance: how can we understand the very act of ignoring - in political, economic, religious, cultural and scientific communication - as a fundamental trigger that sets knowledge in motion? Zwierlein explores whether the Scientific Revolution between 1650 and 1750 can be understood as just one of what were in fact many simultaneous epistemic movements and considers the role of the European empires in this phenomenon. Deconstructing central categories like the mercantilist 'national', the exchange of 'confessions' between Western and Eastern Christians and the bridging of cultural gaps between European and Ottoman subjects, Zwierlein argues that understanding what was not known by historical agents can be just as important as the history of knowledge itself.
Workplace nutrition knowledge questionnaire: psychometric validation and application
Authors: Guadagnin Simone C. , Nakano Eduardo Y. , Dutra Eliane S. , de Carvalho Kênia M. B. , Ito Marina K.
Published: October 2016

Workplace dietary intervention studies in low- and middle-income countries using psychometrically sound measures are scarce. This study aimed to validate a nutrition knowledge questionnaire (NQ) and its utility in evaluating the changes in knowledge among participants of a Nutrition Education Program (NEP) conducted at the workplace. A NQ was tested for construct validity, internal consistency and discriminant validity. It was applied in a NEP conducted at six workplaces, in order to evaluate the effect of an interactive or a lecture-based education programme on nutrition knowledge. Four knowledge domains comprising twenty-three items were extracted in the final version of the NQ. Internal consistency of each domain was significant, with Kuder–Richardson formula values>0·60. These four domains presented a good fit in the confirmatory factor analysis. In the discriminant validity test, both the Expert and Lay groups scored>0·52, but the Expert group scores were significantly higher than those of the Lay group in all domains. When the NQ was applied in the NEP, the overall questionnaire scores increased significantly because of the NEP intervention, in both groups (P<0·001). However, the increase in NQ scores was significantly higher in the interactive group than in the lecture group, in the overall score (P=0·008) and in the healthy eating domain (P=0·009). The validated NQ is a short and useful tool to assess gain in nutrition knowledge among participants of NEP at the workplace. According to the NQ, an interactive nutrition education had a higher impact on nutrition knowledge than a lecture programme.
THOMAS DIGGES, ROBERT PARSONS, SIR FRANCIS HASTINGS, AND THE POLITICS OF REGIME CHANGE IN ELIZABETHAN ENGLAND
Authors: LAKE PETER , QUESTIER MICHAEL
Published: October 2016

By reconstructing the multiple contexts that prompted the production, in 1601, of a single tract, this article evokes and analyses the febrile political atmosphere of the Elizabethan fin de siècle, produced by the spectre of regime change consequent upon the death of the queen, and by the visible connections between central elements in the regime and certain Catholic loyalists involved in the notorious Archpriest Controversy. Certain men, most notably Sir Francis Hastings, who were used to regarding themselves as insiders and believed that they were some of the Protestant state's most trusted agents in the struggle against popery, now found themselves typed as ‘puritans’ and thus, at least potentially, on the outs with a regime engaged in a (to them) extraordinarily dangerous flirtation with allegedly ‘loyal’ papists. Adopting the politique hermeneutic mode of the Jesuit Robert Parsons, Hastings all but outed the guilty men and did so via a thoroughly self-conscious exercise in public politics. Throughout, the full range of contemporary media was in play, with printed polemic framing parliamentary debate, that debate in turn feeding into the pamphlet press, which prompted yet more rumours, in London and on the continent, before provoking the state's recourse to those ultimate forms of official publicity, a royal proclamation, treason trials, and the gruesome performativity of the scaffold.
LEGAL TRANSFERS OF RESTRICTIVE IMMIGRATION LAWS: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Ghezelbash Daniel
Published: October 2016

This article examines the legal transfer of restrictive race-based immigration laws across self-governing settler societies in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. These societies shared the common policy objective of limiting Chinese and other ‘non-white’ immigration. They each also faced informal and formal restrictions on implementing overtly racist immigration policies. This created fertile ground for legal transfers. When an innovation was found that could achieve the policy goal of race-based immigration restriction, without direct reference to race, it quickly spread across all jurisdictions operating in that paradigm. The legal transfer of three mechanisms is examined: (1) landing taxes; (2) passenger-per-ship restrictions; and (3) literacy tests. The article concludes by drawing parallels with contemporary transfers of restrictive border control policies targeting asylum seekers and irregular migrants more broadly.
Cooperation by Treaty: The Role of Multilateral Powers
Authors: Milewicz Karolina M. , Snidal Duncan
Published: October 2016

Who supports multilateral treaties and who does not? We offer a systematic account of treaty ratification patterns paying particular attention to different states' roles in international legal cooperation in relation to the United States' ratification behavior. States' ability to influence the terms of treaties and their acceptance increases their incentives for treaty ratification. Multilateral powers—states that are powerful and independent from the United States—support multilateral legal cooperation because it offers them an opportunity to shape treaty content. Their engagement in multilateral treaties is strongest when the United States does not lead. States that are weak and/or dependent cannot greatly affect treaties and are therefore less supportive of them but are subject to US pressure. An empirical analysis of states' decisions to ratify prominent postwar multilateral treaties covering a wide range of global issues supports our argument.
Physical activity, forced by steep pastures, affects muscle characteristics and meat quality of suckling beef calves
Authors: GANGNAT I. D. M. , LEIBER F. , DUFEY P.-A. , SILACCI P. , KREUZER M. , BERARD J.
Published: October 2016

On steep slopes, grazing is associated with elevated physical activity. This is assumed to influence muscle metabolism, carcass and meat quality in beef cattle. However, there is a lack of experiments which allow distinguishing between physical activity and other factors of influence. In the present experiment, a setup was applied which excluded other factors as best as possible. Two groups of 12 Angus-sired suckling calves were each kept on high altitude pastures with either steep (whole area with about 40% inclination; S-calves) or with flat areas (0% inclination; F-calves). The two areas offered forage of similar nutritional quality. The calves, initially 18 ± 2·5 weeks old, were kept with their dams on the pastures for 11 weeks in a rotational grazing system. The calves were equipped with pedometers and rumination sensors to record physical activity and feeding behaviour, respectively. Slaughter took place on two dates immediately after the grazing period and carcass quality was assessed. Muscle fibre types were classified according to their contractile metabolism and post mortem (p.m.) protein degradation was quantified. The meat, aged for 21 days, was subjected to various physicochemical analyses and sensory evaluation. S-calves walked more steps and spent more time lying down than F-calves, whereas feeding behaviour was not affected by pasture inclination. The daily gains of S-calves were 10% lower compared with those of F-calves. Carcass characteristics were not influenced by pasture inclination. S-calves had a larger proportion of fast-twitch type IIX/B muscle fibres than F-calves. The opposite was observed for intermediate type IIA muscle fibres, whereas the proportion of slow-twitch type I muscle fibres was unaffected. Occasional differences were observed between S- and F-calves regarding indicators of p.m. proteolysis. In S-calves, compared with F-calves, meat from the longissimus thoracis muscle was juicier and showed a tendency to be of lighter colour, whereas meat from the biceps femoris muscle had a smaller shear force (24·5 v. 27·5 N in F-calves). In conclusion, 11 weeks’ exposure to environments forcing calves to exhibit different physical activities in a hypoxic environment was sufficient to cause adaptations in muscle metabolism and several, though small, differences in meat quality.
Food-based solutions for vitamin D deficiency: putting policy into practice and the key role for research
Authors: Hayes Aoife , Cashman Kevin D.
Published: October 2016

Recent re-evaluations of dietary reference values (DRV) for vitamin D have established intake requirements between 10 and 20 µg/d. National nutrition surveys indicate that habitual mean intakes of vitamin D in the population are typically in the range 3–7 µg/d. As vitamin D supplementation will not be effective at a population level because the uptake is generally low, creative food-based solutions are needed to bridge the gap between current intakes and these new requirement values. The overarching aim of this review is to highlight how food-based solutions can have an important role in bridging this gap and counteracting vitamin D inadequacy in Europe and elsewhere. The present review initially briefly overviews very recent new European DRV for vitamin D and, while not in agreement on requirement estimates, how they point very clearly to the need for food-based solutions. The review discusses the need for traditional fortification of foods in the dairy and other sectors, and finally overviews recent advances in the area of biofortification of food with vitamin D. In conclusion, increasing vitamin D intakes across the population distribution is important from a public health perspective to reduce the high degree of inadequacy of vitamin D intake in Europe. Fortification, including biofortification, of a wider range of foods, which accommodate diversity, is likely to have the potential to increase vitamin D intakes across the population distribution. Research has had, and will continue to have, a key role in terms of developing food-based solutions and tackling vitamin D deficiency.
Prenatal exposure to very severe maternal obesity is associated with adverse neuropsychiatric outcomes in children
Authors: Mina T. H. , Lahti M. , Drake A. J. , Räikkönen K. , Minnis H. , Denison F. C. , Norman J. E. , Reynolds R. M.
Published: October 2016

Background

Prenatal maternal obesity has been linked to adverse childhood neuropsychiatric outcomes, including increased symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), internalizing and externalizing problems, affective disorders and neurodevelopmental problems but few studies have studied neuropsychiatric outcomes among offspring born to very severely obese women or assessed potential familial confounding by maternal psychological distress.

Method

We evaluated neuropsychiatric symptoms in 112 children aged 3–5 years whose mothers had participated in a longitudinal study of obesity in pregnancy (50 very severe obesity, BMI ⩾40 kg/m2, obese class III and 62 lean, BMI 18.5–25 kg/m2). The mothers completed the Conners’ Hyperactivity Scale, Early Symptomatic Syndrome Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examination Questionnaire (ESSENCE-Q), Child's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) to assess child neuropsychiatric symptoms. Covariates included child's sex, age, birthweight, gestational age, socioeconomic deprivation levels, maternal age, parity, smoking status during pregnancy, gestational diabetes and maternal concurrent symptoms of anxiety and depression assessed using State Anxiety of Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Index (STAI) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), respectively.

Results

Children exposed to prenatal maternal very severe obesity had significantly higher scores in the Conners’ Hyperactivity Scale; ESSENCE-Q; total sleep problems in CSHQ; hyperactivity, conduct problems and total difficulties scales of the SDQ; higher externalizing and total problems, anxious/depressed, aggressive behaviour and other problem syndrome scores and higher DSM-oriented affective, anxiety and ADHD problems in CBCL. Prenatal maternal very severe obesity remained a significant predictor of child neuropsychiatric problems across multiple scales independent of demographic factors, prenatal factors and maternal concurrent symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Conclusions

Prenatal maternal very severe obesity is a strong predictor of increased neuropsychiatric problems in early childhood.