bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN IMPROVED BIOASSAY TECHNIQUE FOR THE SEX PHEROMONE OF MALE DACUS TRYONI (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: Giannakakis Areti , Fletcher Brian S.
Published: December 2009

An improved bioassay using closed glass units was developed for the sex pheromone of the male Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni (Froggatt). Female responsiveness in glass units was quantitated and compared with that in cages, using probing with the ovipositor as the "key response". The median effective dose of pheromone required to elicit a response in 50% of the females (BR50) was much lower in glass units (< 1 male equivalent) than in cages (2.7 male equivalents), and the females also responded more rapidly. As the bioassay is adaptable to a wide variety of laboratory modifications it may be suitable for studying the sex pheromone of other Tephritidae.
EFFECT OF POOL BOTTOM SUBSTRATE ON RESIDUES AND BIOACTIVITY OF CHLORPYRIFOS, AGAINST LARVAE OF CULEX TARSALIS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Rawn G. P. , Webster G. R. B. , Findlay G. M.
Published: December 2009

The bioactivity and disappearance of chlorpyrifos in Dursban® 2.5 G and M formulations was studied in the laboratory and in the field in temporary pools lined with sod, clay, or sand substrate. The activity and presence of chlorpyrifos in the water was determined by bioassay with Culex tarsalis Coquillett larvae and chemical analysis by gas-liquid chromatography.

The tests indicated that, at equal rates of application in pools with organic matter or clay substrate, the 2.5 G formulation resulted in lower chlorpyrifos concentrations than the Dursban M, but provided periods of larval mortality equal to or greater than the M formulation except in laboratory sod-lined pools. At a given application, the shortest period of larval mortality and lowest detectable residues occurred in sod-lined pools, whereas in the sand-lined pools, the longest period of larval control and the highest residual concentration of chlorpyrifos in the water was encountered.
SPIRACULAR GILLS OF THE PUPA OF THE INTERTIDAL CRANE FLY, LIMONIA (IDIOGLOCHINA) MARMORATA (DIPTERA: TIPULIDAE)
Authors: Ring Richard A.
Published: December 2009

Limonia (Idioglochina) marmorata (Osten Sacken) is the only intertidal tipulid along the entire west coast of North America. The pupae have prominent prothoracic respiratory horns which are modified to form plastron-bearing spiracular gills. Examination of these gills by both light and scanning electron microscopic methods reveals that they resemble the spiracular gills of the intertidal Limonia (Geranomyia) in general form, but in fine detail they more closely resemble those of the intertidal species of Limonia (Dicranomyia). Using the fine structure of the spiracular gills as a classificatory feature along with larval and adult characters, it is suggested that there is little distinction between Idioglochina and Dicranomyia at the generic level. This confirms the contention of Hinton and also lends weight to the classificatory scheme of Alexander, who distinguishes Idioglochina and Dicranomyia only at the subgeneric level.
TAXONOMY OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF TWINNIA AND GYMNOPAIS (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) AND A DISCUSSION OF THE ANCESTRY OF THE SIMULIIDAE
Authors: Wood D. M.
Published: December 2009

Three species of Twinnia, including hirticornis n. sp., and five species of Gymnopais, including dichopticoides n. sp., holopticoides n. sp., and fimbriatus n. sp., are described, keyed, and illustrated. The ancestral simuliid is portrayed as possessing cephalic fans, because several related nematocerous families, viz., the Ptychopteridae, Dixidae, and Culicidae, also have similar and presumably homologous structures in the larval stage which are used in the same fashion to ingest food particles suspended in water The peculiar Twinnia–Gymnopais larval type, which lacks cephalic fans, is considered to have arisen simply by a neotenic retention of the fanless condition found in the first instar of Prosimulium. Phylogenetically, Twinnia and Gymnopais are therefore considered to have been derived from a Prosimulium-like ancestor. Twinnia is intermediate phylogenetically between Prosimulium and Gymnopais, and the latter is believed to be the most recently derived, possibly as a response to the development of arctic–alpine conditions in Beringia during the Tertiary.
REGRESSION FOR ESTIMATING NUMBER OF DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH EGGS RELATIVE TO EGG MASS WEIGHT
Authors: Beckwith Roy C. , Mason R. R. , Paul H. G.
Published: December 2009

A common regression equation, representing data collected from four widely separated areas, was constructed to determine number of eggs of the Douglas-fir tussock moth based on individual egg mass weights. The regression is designed for use in any egg mass sampling scheme where a knowledge of the potential early instar population is required. The regression equation is also given for each area.
EARLY SURVIVAL OF POLISTES APACHUS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE) COLONIES IN CALIFORNIA: A FIELD STUDY OF AN INTRODUCED SPECIES
Authors: Gibo David L. , Metcalf Robert A.
Published: December 2009

A local population of P. apachus in California was studied to determine population structure and colony survival during the first 3 months of colony development. Only 24.2% of the colonies survived to the end of July. Bird predation on colonies (60.6%) and loss of foundresses (12.1%) were the main causes of colony failure. Bird attacks occurred approximately 2 weeks prior to the emergence of workers and the scrub jay, Aphelocoma coerulescens, was identified as one of the avain predators. All colonies that survived this initial period persisted until observations were discontinued in late July.
CANADA’S NATIONAL MOSQUITO? MASS-RESTING OF ANOPHELES EARLI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) FEMALES IN A BEAVER LODGE IN ALBERTA
Authors: Hudson J. E.
Published: December 2009

A single collection from a beaver lodge near George Lake, Alberta (53°57′ N., 114°06′ W.), in mid-May 1976 yielded 1362 female Anopheles earlei Vargas, of which 39.2% were blood-fed and 3.1% gravid. The mosquitoes could have overwintered in the lodge and fed on the beavers, but they could also have flown in from other overwintering and feeding sites earlier in the spring.
GENETICS OF DIAPAUSE INDUCTION AND TERMINATION IN THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: McLeod D. G. R.
Published: December 2009

Growth rate, diapause incidence, and diapause intensity were different in two strains of corn borers found in southwestern Ontario. Crosses between these two strains demonstrated that growth rate was female sex linked while diapause incidence was male sex linked. The effect of these two characteristics on hybridization is discussed.
OCCURRENCE OF TWO SPECIES OFPHLEBOTOMUSSANDFLIES (DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE) IN BURROWS OF YELLOW-BELLIED MARMOT,MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS NOSOPHORA, IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: Shemanchuk J. A. , Robertson R.H. , Depner K.R.
Published: December 2009

Males and females ofPhlebotomus vexator occidentisFairchild and Hertig andP.aquiloniusFairchild and Hardwood were collected from burrows of yellow-bellied marmots,Marmota flaviventris nosophoraHowell, in southern Alberta.P.v.occidentisadults were collected from burrows at collecting sites at Police Coulee (111°39′ W. long., 49°3′ N. lat.) and Lethbridge (112°52′ W. long., 49°39′ N. lat.), whereasP.aquiloniusadults were collected only at the Police Coulee site. The Lethbridge location is a new northern limit for distribution ofP.v.occidentis. The seasonal occurrence of adults ofP.v.occidentisis July to September andP.aquiloniusis August to mid-October.
THE APPLE LEAF MIDGE, DASINEURA MALI (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN NEW BRUNSWICK APPLE ORCHARDS
Authors: MacPhee A. W. , Finnamore D. B.
Published: December 2009

The apple leaf midge, Dasineura mali (Kief.), was first noted in a New Brunswick commercial apple orchard at Waweig, Charlotte County, in 1964. Adults collected there in 1965 were identified by Biosystematics Research Institute. The midge's first appearance in the Saint John River Valley was in 1968 in York County. Since 1968 this insect has spread to infest orchards up river as far as Woodstock and down river to orchards in the Gagetown-Queenstown area.
CULICOIDES SPP. (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) ATTRACTED TO HUMANS IN NEW BRUNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA
Authors: Greiner Ellis C. , Taylor David M. , Lewis David J. , Downes J. Antony
Published: December 2009

Seven species of Culicoides were collected from aerial sweeps about man or from aspiration of biting midges from man in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Hourly sweep netting indicated C. biguttatus was diurnal in this region and was apparently limited in its dispersion. Culicoides sanguisuga was the most widely distributed species of those collected in the region. A checklist of the 15 species of Culicoides now known from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia is included.
FOLIAGE CONSUMPTION BY THE VARIABLE OAK LEAF CATERPILLAR, HETEROCAMPA MANTEO (LEPIDOPTERA: NOTODONTIDAE), ITS USE IN DEFOLIATION PREDICTIONS
Authors: Surgeoner G. A. , Wallner W. E.
Published: December 2009

Total foliage consumption per larva of Heterocampa manteo (Doubleday) was 334 ± 49.3 cm2 of leaf area. Approximately 85% of the consumption occurred during the fifth larval stadium. There was no significant difference in consumption by H. manteo when fed northern red oak, Quercus rubra L., or white oak, Quercus alba L. Foliage consumption at 27 °C, 24 °C, and 21 °C did not differ significantly; but larvae reared at 15.5 °C consumed 42.6% less foliage. Larvae parasitized by Diradops bethunei (Cresson) consumed 61.3% less foliage than non-parasitized larvae reared at the same temperature. Two methods of predicting defoliation are discussed based upon larval foliage consumption data.
SAMPLING METHODS FOR ARTHROPOD COLONIZATION STUDIES IN SOYBEAN
Authors: Mayse Mark A. , Price Peter W. , Kogan Marcos
Published: December 2009

Direct observation (DO) of arthropods on soybean plants was compared with another absolute method, clam trap (CT), and with sweepnet (SW) sampling during a season-long investigation of the colonization by arthropods of two east central Illinois soybean fields. In terms of number of species detected, DO vs. CT showed good agreement between the two fields, while DO vs. SW showed poor between-field agreement. Proportion of similarity (PS) and quotient of similarity (QS) values were higher in a DO-CT comparison than in a DO-SW comparison. Performance similar to that of the other absolute method, consistency of results, ability to use the method throughout the entire season, relatively high numbers of species and individuals detected per unit area sampled, relatively short time required to sample a site, and the capability of yielding a precise record of important interactions among soybean arthropods indicate that direct observation is an effective method for sampling the arthropod community on a row crop such as soybean.
VARIATION IN RESPONSE TO INSECTICIDES BY DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE), POPULATIONS
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. , Boelter Lucille M. , Russell Robert M. , Savin N. E.
Published: December 2009

Selected insecticides were topically applied to different populations of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough). For each insecticide, the hypothesis of equal response curves was rejected by the likelihood ratio test. Even for two successive generations of the same populations, the hypothesis of equality was not accepted for some insecticides. Chemical control programs directed at different populations of this insect may be adversely affected by such variations.
ON THE IDENTITY OF CLASTOPTERA ARBORINA AND A NEW RELATED SPECIES (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CERCOPIDAE)
Authors: Hamilton K. G. A.
Published: December 2009

Clastoptera arborina Ball is placed as a senior synonym of C. newporta Doering. C. doeringae n. sp. is described for the species previously reported as “arborina” by Doering (1928).
AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND OTHER NUTRITIONAL CONSTITUENTS OF PEA APHIDS,ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM(HEMIPTERA (HOMOPTERA): APHIDIDAE), AND THEIR HOSTS, BROAD BEANS AND ALFALFA
Authors: Harper A. M. , Kaldy M. S.
Published: December 2009

Pea aphids,Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris), contained about 21% dry matter, of which 11% was fat, 7% sugar, and 56% protein. Broad bean foliage contained half the amount of dry matter, one-third as much fat, about the same amount of sugar, and four-fifths the amount of protein as the aphids. Alfalfa at prebloom and 10% bloom contained the same amount of dry matter and about half as much fat and protein as the aphids; sugar was about one-fifth at prebloom and half at 10% bloom as the aphids. Pea aphids are of considerable nutritive value. FAO protein scores, which estimate protein quality, were similar for aphids and alfalfa and slightly lower for broad bean foliage.
COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES TO CHORISTONEURA SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. , Gillette Nancy L. , Lucas Barbara A. , Russell Robert M. , Savin N. E.
Published: December 2009

Selected carbamate, chlorinated hydrocarbon, organophosphorous, and pyrethroid insecticides were tested on six Choristoneura species: conflictana (Walker), fumiferana (Clemens), lambertiana ponderosana Obraztsov, occidentalis Freeman, pinus Freeman, and viridis Freeman. When probit regression lines were compared by likelihood ratio tests, the hypothesis of equality was uniformly rejected. The hypothesis of parallelism was accepted for some chemicals within each insecticide class except the chlorinated hydrocarbon. These results suggest that extrapolating the response of one species to another species should be avoided.
EVALUATION OF SEX ATTRACT ANT TRAPS FOR MONITORING SPRUCE BUDWORM POPULATIONS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C. J.
Published: December 2009

Four commercial sex attractant traps were evaluated for monitoring low density spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) populations. Factors considered were color, the number of male budworm caught, durability of traps and their ability to exclude non-target insects and debris. The Pherocon 1CP was superior to 3-M Brand Sectar 1 and XC-26; Pherocon 1C was least suitable. Interpretation of the numbers captured may be confounded by the fact that trapped males repel other males.
PARASITES OF GRASSHOPPER (ACRIDOIDEA: ORTHOPTERA) EGGS: DISTRIBUTION AND LIFE HISTORY OF SCELIO SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE) IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Irshad Mohammad , Ahmad Maqbool , Ghani M. A. , Ali Rehmat
Published: December 2009

Scelio spp. are important parasites of grasshopper eggs in many countries of the world. However, no information regarding these species is available for Pakistan. Therefore, a study was undertaken to record incidence, distribution, and biology of important species of Pakistan during 1970–74. Some species of Scelio such as S. hieroglyphi, S. sp. ? mauritanicus, Scelio sp. B and C, S. sp. nr. popovi, and Scelio sp. A are restricted in distribution; the first four species are host specific while others can parasitize many hosts. S. aegyptiacus, S. sp. nr. serdangensis, and S. sp. ? tristis are polyphagous and found in many areas of Pakistan. Mortality ranging between 3% and 69% of grasshopper eggs due to factors other than parasitism also occurs. Large sized egg-pods are partially parasitized as grasshopper nymphs also emerge along with the parasites, whereas in pods with fewer eggs nothing except the parasites emerge and are called fully parasitized. Of the nine species of Scelio reared from 3708 egg-pods of 16 grasshopper species, biology of S. aegyptiacus, S. hieroglyphi, and Scelio sp. A was studied which is almost identical in all the species. Immature stages comprising egg, 2 larval instars, and pupa of S. aegyptiacus are developed at 31.5°C ± 3 in 2–3, 10–11, and 7–8 days respectively. The female has the capacity to lay 121–135 eggs. Prior to oviposition, mating lasting 1–2 min takes place and a hole is drilled in the froth-plug. Freshly laid egg-pods are preferred over old during parasitization.
THE EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURES ON THE SEASONAL PHENOLOGY OF THE CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Riedl Helmut , Croft B. A.
Published: December 2009

The photoperiodic reaction in North American codling moth populations displayed clinal-type variation similar to populations in Europe. A latitudinal shift of 10° to the north corresponded to an increase of 1.25 h in the critical photoperiod. Intrapopulation variance in diapause response appeared to be similar in populations of different origin. The critical photoperiod was not constant for a geographic population but varied between years probably due to the modifying effect of prediapause temperatures. In Michigan and other areas in the northeastern United States with similar climate the codling moth is essentially bivoltine with considerable yearly variability in second generation emergence. A graphic model is presented which gives an estimate of voltinism and the proportion of diapausing first-generation larvae based on the seasonal heat unit total at the time of diapause initiation. From an analysis of original data and historical phenological records an algorithm was developed which describes the relationship between effective temperatures and the variance of second generation emergence and which can predict population curves for climatically different years. Use of this predictive method in conjunction with monitoring information provided by a pheromone trap is discussed.
A SEX ATTRACTANT FOR THE COTTONWOOD CROWN BORER, AEGERIA TIBIALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: SESIIDAE)
Authors: Underhill E. W. , Steck W. , Chisholm M. D. , Worden H. A. , Howe J. A. G.
Published: December 2009

Male moths of Aegeria tibialis Harris, a lepidopterous pest of poplar cutting beds in nurseries, were strongly attracted to virgin females and to mixtures of Z3, Z13-octadecadien-1-ol and its acetate. Extracts of female abdominal tips yielded two fractions stimulatory to male antennae. These fractions corresponded to a C18 alcohol and a C18 acetate. Electroantennogram measurements using synthetic chemicals demonstrated that appreciable male antennal stimulation occurred only with C18 compounds having Z-unsaturation at positions 3 or 13, indicating that the synthetic sex attractant may be the natural pheromone of this species.
OVARY STRUCTURE AND REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGIES OF LARVAL PARASITOIDS OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Dowell Robert
Published: December 2009

Two manners in which parasitic Hymenoptera gather reproductive proteins are described. Hydropic species gather all protein necessary for reproduction as larvae. Only 5–10% of the material necessary to form a viable first instar larva is put into each egg; the remainder is gathered by the egg within the host. Egg storage is in the lateral oviducts, handling times are short and egg production is independent of host density. Three Bathyplectes spp. are examples of hydropic parasitoids. Anhydropic species gather some or all protein as adults, often by host feeding. All the material necessary for the formation of a viable first instar larva is stored within the egg. The eggs are held in the ovary until laid. Handling times are longer and continued egg production is dependent upon host density. Tetrastichus incertus (Ratzeburg) is an anhydropic parasitoid.

Hydropic parasitoids appear best suited for biological control efforts in ephemeral situations (i.e. cotton or alfalfa). Anhydropic parasitoids appear best suited for biological control efforts in stable situations (i.e. citrus or walnuts).
THE SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE OF FOUNDRESS ASSOCIATIONS IN POLISTES FUSCATUS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE): A FIELD STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF PREDATION ON PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: Gibo David L.
Published: December 2009

Colonies of P. fuscatus that were initiated by various numbers of foundresses were studied to gather basic life table information. This information was used to estimate the selective advantage of foundress association according to a kin selection model, a parental manipulation model, two individual selection models, and a combined kin and individual selection model. Life table data were obtained for colonies located in exposed nest sites and for colonies located in nest sites provided with protection from vertebrate predators. Relative productivity of colonies produced by different size foundress associations and under different levels of predation pressure were determined. Multiple foundress colonies were found to be more productive and have an increased ability to re-establish after an episode of predation when compared with single foundress colonies. When predation levels on the colonies were high, multiple foundress colonies were more productive per colony and per foundress. When predation levels on the colonies were low, multiple foundress colonies were more productive per colony but less productive per foundress. At high levels of predation, when the queens and joiners were all assumed to have equivalent potential productivities, the kin selection model, the parental manipulation model, and the combined kin and individual selection model all predicted a selective advantage for joiners in foundress associations. At low levels of predation, when the wasps are assumed to have equivalent productivities, only the parental manipulation model predicted a selective advantage for joiners in foundress associations. When the assumption of equivalent potential is relaxed and when the wasps are assumed to be capable of detecting and acting upon individual differences in productivity, then all of the models could account for the existence of foundress associations. However, under this last set of assumptions the individual selection models require that the joiners have very low potential productivities.
EFFECTS OF PUPA LIGATIONS ON DEVELOPMENT OF THE ADULT FEMALE SAWFLY, NEODIPRION SERTIFER (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Fogal W. H.
Published: December 2009

Ligation experiments were conducted on freshly-ecdysed pupae of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) to help identify sources of hormones which might control development of cuticle, rate of heartbeat, egg production, and uric acid depletion in adult females. Ligatures behind the head or thorax have little or no effect on apolysis of abdominal cuticle. Cuticle tanning and initiation of yolk formation are inhibited exclusively by ligatures behind the thorax. Increase in heartbeat rate and ovary weights is inhibited slightly by ligatures behind the head and almost completely by those behind the thorax. Uric acid depletion is inhibited equally by both ligations. The results are discussed in relation to current knowledge of the anatomy of endocrine organs in sawflies and insect endocrine functions in general.
CAMISIA LABRADORICA (ACARI: ORIBATEI: CAMISIIDAE): A NEW SOIL MITE SPECIES FROM THE CANADIAN SUBARCTIC
Authors: Behan Valerie M.
Published: December 2009

Adults of Camisia labradorica, n. sp., from Labrador are described. They are closely similar to those of C. lapponica (Trägårdh, 1910), but are distinguished by the shape of notogastral setae and number of genital setae.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON DEVELOPMENTAL RATE OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OF CRIOCERIS ASPARAGI (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Taylor R.G. , Harcourt D. G.
Published: December 2009

When the immature stages of Crioceris asparagi (L.) were reared at 10 constant temperatures, differential rates of survival and development were observed. The duration of all stages decreased with increase in temperature up to 32°C. The eggs tolerated a wider range of temperatures (8°–34°C) than larvae and pupae (10°–34°C). Developmental rates plotted against temperature did not deviate significantly from fitted curves of the form 1/y = K/1 + ea−bx. During three generations, accumulated degree-days above a base of 10° during development of C. asparagi in the field did not differ significantly from stage thermal requirements as calculated.
BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF BUD MINING SAWFLIES, PLERONEURA SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: XYELIDAE), ON WHITE FIR IN THE CENTRAL SIERRA NEVADA OF CALIFORNIA: II. LARVAL DISTRIBUTION WITHIN TREE CROWNS
Authors: Ohmart C. P. , Dahlsten D. L.
Published: December 2009

The within crown distribution of three species of Pleroneura and their food source (active buds) was determined on white fir trees 5–30 ft tall. Over 90% of all active buds and 94% of all infested buds occur in the outer half of the crown. Over 50% of the total active and infested buds occur in the middle third of the crown. Percentage infestation within the crown increases from bottom to top. Percentage infestation per tree decreases as tree size increases.
ICHNEUMONOID PARASITES (HYMENOPTERA) ACCIDENTALLY INTRODUCED INTO CANADA
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: December 2009

Parasitic Hymenoptera are among the many insects that have been transported about the world by human agency. Unlike phytophagous pests and the parasites deliberately introduced to control them, the unknowingly introduced parasites have received little attention. Twenty Ichneumonoidea now found in Canada are listed with evidence that, with various degrees of certainty, shows them to have been unknowingly introduced from Europe.
INDUCTION AND TERMINATION OF DIAPAUSE IN THE FACE FLY, MUSCA AUTUMNALIS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Caldwell E. T. N. , Wright R. E.
Published: December 2009

Diapause induction studies showed that face flies, Musca autumnalis De Geer, from a recently established colony, entered diapause more readily than those that had been colonized for many years. Photoperiods of less than 16 h of light induced diapause at 16° and 27 °C but more flies entered diapause at 16°C. Maximum numbers of flies entered diapause under total darkness at 16°C, but the critical photoperiod corresponding to natural periods of daylight in late summer was 15 h of light at 16°C. Diapause termination studies indicated that 4 months’ exposure to 5 °C under total darkness was required for the termination of diapause.
EFFECT OF CONSTANT TEMPERATURES ON THE NUMBER OF LARVAL INSTARS OF THE ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH, GRAPHOLITHA MOLESTA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Roberts W. P. , Proctor Jean R. , Phillips J. H. H.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory tests, at constant temperatures, were conducted to evaluate quantitatively the influence of temperature on development of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck). The results showed that at the highest temperature (30°C) some larvae had four instars and some had five, indicating a mixed population. Fifth instar larvae developed only at the highest temperature (30°C) where larval development was also most rapid. It can, therefore, be assumed that the Oriental fruit moth has four distinct larval instars when reared in the laboratory at 15°–24 °C.
THE POTENTIAL FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EGG PARASITE OOENCYRTUS KUWANAI IN ONTARIO POPULATIONS OF THE GYPSY MOTH
Authors: Griffiths K.J. , Sullivan C.R.
Published: December 2009

The overwintering adult of Ooencyrtus kuwanai (How.) is susceptible to freezing. Male adults from New Jersey have a mean supercooling point of −9.6 ± 0.37°C, significantly higher than those from Maine (−12.3 ± 1.08°). Neither group had its cold hardiness increased by exposure to sublethal temperatures. Female adults from New Jersey had a mean supercooling point of −10.8 ± 0.69° when tested after rearing at 22°C, again significantly higher than that of similarly treated female adults from Maine (−15.4 ± 0.90°). Exposure of New Jersey females to sublethal temperatures decreased their supercooling point significantly, to −14.5 ± 1.59°. Maine female adults were not tested after that treatment. No adults survived continuous exposure to 0°C for 30 days. Hence this parasite is apparently incapable of surviving in the current range of the gypsy moth in Canada.
A MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF BOMBUS SANDERSONI (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Plowright R. C. , Pallett M. J.
Published: December 2009

A re-investigation of the taxonomic status of Bombus sandersoni Fkln. is described. Using multivariate analysis of wing venation data taken from previously identified museum specimens, a non-overlapping separation between sandersoni, B. frigidus F. Sm., and B. vagans F. Sm. was obtained. The Cresson lectotype of B. couperi appears in some respects intermediate between frigidus and sandersoni. Therefore the authors advocate retention of sandersoni as the valid name for the species, while admitting the possibility that this taxon may turn out to be a clinal variant of frigidus.
THE ROLE OF ABDOMINAL AIR-SACS DURING FEEDING IN THE STABLE FLY, STOMOXYS CALCITRANS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
Authors: Lee R. M. K. W. , Davies D. M.
Published: December 2009

In “higher” flies (e.g. Musca dornestica L.), a pair of large air-sacs is found in the anterior region of the abdomen (Hewitt 1914). The main function of these air-sacs appears to be to maintain the extended external shape of the abdomen in newly emerged flies, because as the fat-bodies in both sexes, and also eggs in the female, grow, these air-sacs decrease in size, thus allowing room for these growing organs (Evans 1935). These air-sacs, and those elsewhere in the thorax and head, were believed to give buoyancy for insect in flight, to reduce the volume of circulating blood, and(or) increase the volume of the “tidal air” which is renewed at each respiration (see Wigglesworth 1965 for review). In our recent studies on the feeding of S. calcitrans, we noted that the change in the size of the abdominal air-sacs, besides making room for the growing abdominal organs, may minimize change in abdominal volume during feeding and digestion.
A SYNOPSIS OF THE NEARCTIC BRACONINI, WITH REVISIONS OF NEARCTIC SPECIES OF COELOIDES AND MYOSOMA (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: December 2009

The 11 genera of Nearctic Braconini are keyed: two of them, Myosoma Brullé with a wide pantropical range and Alienoclypeus Shenefelt, new genus, are found chiefly in the Chihuahuan desert and shrub fauna of northern Mexico and the southwestern U.S.A. and are recorded as Nearctic for the first time. Four new species are described in Myosoma: eumystax, impexum, longius, and durango. R. D. Shenefelt describes a new genus and species, Alienoclypeus insolitus. The genus Atanycolimorpha Viereck, 1913 is synonymized with Ipobracon Thomson, 1892. The genus Coeloides is revised for the Nearctic Region; 12 species are described and illustrated. Five of these are new: mexicanus, durangensis, sympitys, tsugatorus, and sonora. One species, C. rossicus (Kokujev), is Holarctic, a new subspecies, betulae, is described from Canada. The following are new synonyms: C. rufovariegatus (Provancher) = (dendroctoni Cushman), C. vancouverensis (Dalla Torre) = (brunneri Viereck), C. crocator (Kirby) = (promontorii Dalla Torre).
A SEX ATTRACTANT FOR ADULT MALES OF THE PALE WESTERN CUTWORM, AGROTIS ORTHOGONIA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Struble D. L. , Swailes G. E.
Published: December 2009

Field testing of a large number of synthetic compounds and many combinations of them revealed that male moths of the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morrison, were attracted to combinations of Z-5-dodecen-1-yl acetate and Z-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate. The most satisfactory attractants were combinations of these two compounds in ratios of 1:2 to 1:5 at 10 to 25 μg/septum dispenser. The effect of the attractant was strongly inhibited by the addition of 21% Z-7-dodecen-1-ol.
A SEX ATTRACTANT FOR MALES OF THE CUTWORM EUXOA PLEURITICA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Steck Warren , Bailey B. K. , Chisholm M. D. , Underhill E. W.
Published: December 2009

Male moths of Euxoa pleuritica (Grote) were strongly attracted to mixtures of Z7-dodecenyl acetate, Z7-dodecenyl alcohol, and Z5-dodecenyl acetate, the optimum ratios being in the range 5:1:1–5:5:1. The attractant worked best at very low dose levels and was entirely species-specific.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF NEOBORELLA KNIGHT (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE) FOUND ON DWARF MISTLETOE, ARCEUTHOBIUM SPP.
Authors: Kelton Leonard A. , Herring Jon L.
Published: December 2009

Knight (1925) erected the genus Neoborella for his species tumida, collected in Arizona and Colorado. Later (1927) he indicated that the species was collected on mistletoe, Arceuthobium sp. growing on pines at Mt. Lemmon, Ariz., and on A. cryptopodium Engelm. growing on Pinus scopulorum Engelm. (= Pinus ponderosa Laws.) at Estes Park, Colo. The genus remained monobasic until Herring (1972) described Neoborella xanthenes collected on A. americanum Nuttall. The specimens were collected by R. E. Stevens, U.S.D.A., Forestry Service, Fort Collins, Colo. He (in litt.) confirmed that the host pine was Pinus contorta Dougl. Carvalho and Schaffner (1974) described a third species, brevirostris, from Brazil, but the host plant of this species is not known.
SAMPLING THE DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF AMBLYSEIUS FALLACIS (ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE) IN THE GROUND COVER OF MICHIGAN APPLE ORCHARDS
Authors: McGroarty D. L. , Croft B. A.
Published: December 2009

An extraction method, timed counts taken from broadleafed forbs, and counts taken on apple sucker leaves were evaluated as sampling methods to estimate populations of the predatory phytoseiid mite Amblyseius fallacis Garman in the ground cover of commercial apple orchards. All three gave comparable density estimates at moderate and high population levels. The extraction sample technique was most effective in measuring low population densities, however the timed vegetational procedure was deemed the most practical method for monitoring these mites for pest management purposes. With respect to predator distribution in the ground cover, mites were aggregated somewhat in the heterogeneous understory, but were almost randomly distributed on apple sucker leaves. Predators were equally likely to find prey irrespective of location beneath the tree canopy. They showed little preference for different plant species with the exception of a higher incidence than expected on apple (Malus) and possibly on grape (Vitus sp.) and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia).
NEW SPECIES OF OXYPORUS (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) FROM NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: December 2009

Three new species of Oxyporus are described from North America, O. ashei from North Carolina; O. kiteleyi from Québec, Massachusetts, and Georgia; and O. neomexicanus from New Mexico. All species are illustrated and a key is presented for the determination of all the species of the genus from America, north of Mexico.
SEASONAL PREDATORY ACTIVITY OF THE INTRODUCED RED WOOD ANT, FORMICA LUGUBRIS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) AT VALCARTIER, QUEBEC, IN 1976
Authors: McNeil Jeremy N. , Delisle Johanne , Finnegan R. J.
Published: December 2009

Predatory activity of Formica lugubris was studied from May through August 1976, to determine the variety of prey collected and the relative abundance of different groups of prey throughout the season. Prey consisted entirely of invertebrates, more than 95% being insects. Lepidoptera, especially Tortricidae, accounted for the major portion of prey during the sampling period. Using comparative rates of day and night prédation it was estimated that a large number of spruce bud worm were removed from the population by ant predators. It was also observed that prevailing weather conditions had a marked effect on predatory activity.
COMPARISON OF GREENHOUSE AND FIELD RESISTANCE OF BEAN VARIETIES TO EMPOASCA KRAEMERI (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Eskafi Fred M. , Schoonhoven Aart V.
Published: December 2009

Resistance of 360 varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris L. to Empoasca kraemeri (Ross and Moore) was tested in the greenhouse. Thirty promising varieties were subsequently evaluated for resistance in the field when 30 days old. Seedlings in the greenhouse were infested with field collected adults for 3 days, and the resistance was tested against first generation nymphs. A highly significant positive correlation existed under greenhouse conditions between the numbers of nymphs present on the plant and the plant damage (expressed as quality) under low, but not high infestation pressure. No such relation was found in the field. There was no correlation between numbers of nymphs found on the 30 varieties in the greenhouse and the field, but there was a highly significant correlation in the damage (quality). No correlation was found in the field between the numbers of nymphs and the plant height or volume. A rank correlation test showed that quality (resistance) of the plants was highly significantly related in the greenhouse and field tests.
TWO MEALYBUGS (HOMOPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) NEW TO BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: McMullen R. D.
Published: December 2009

In February 1976, first instar nymphs of a mealybug were found overwintering in bark crevices of cherry trees at Penticton, B.C. As these were much smaller than and distinctive from overwintering second and third instar nymphs of the apple mealybug, Phenacoccus aceris Signoret, which were present in large numbers, they were collected and reared to the adult stage on small cherry trees in a greenhouse. Mature fernales were identified by Dr. W. R. Richards, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa as the Comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana).
MIGRATION OF LARVAE OF OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) INFECTED WITH NOSEMA PYRAUSTA (MICROSPORIDA: NOSEMATIDAE) AND SUBSEQUENT DISSEMINATION OF THIS MICROSPORIDIUM
Authors: Lewis L. C.
Published: December 2009

Infections of Nosema pyrausta (Paillot 1927) Kotlan 1928, in egg masses of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) used to artificially infest maize did not significantly decrease the ability of the infected larvae to migrate to adjacent plants. When 25% of the egg masses placed on the plants contained N. pyrausta, the resulting larvae had an incidence and an intensity of infection significantly greater than those of the controls. If 100, 75, 50, and 25% of the infesting eggs were infected by N. pyrausta, the number of larvae per plant were reduced by 72.0, 44.0, 29.3, and 38.7% respectively. N. pyrausta was transmitted via contaminated frass. The result was a reduction in populations of O. nubilalis larvae.
RADIOSENSITIVITY OF THE EXTRA-LARGE (XL) MUTANT OF TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)
Authors: Vardell H. H. , Brower J. H. , Shelby C. E.
Published: December 2009

The radiosensitivity of a wild-type (+/+) laboratory strain of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal was compared with that of an extra-large (xl/xl) strain known to differ in only a single locus. Differences in both longevity and fecundity between the two strains after irradiation were very highly significant (p < 0.001), but real differences between strains in these biological characteristics may have produced the differential response. When differences in longevity and fecundity were corrected for the unirradiated control, there were only minor differences in response between the two strains. Thus, physical size alone apparently did not greatly influence the comparative radiosensitivity for the two strains of this species.
TRENDS OF EYE-SPOTTED BUD MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE) POPULATIONS OVER 12 YEARS ON TWO CULTIVARS IN AN INSECTICIDE FREE ORCHARD
Authors: MacLellan C. R.
Published: December 2009

The populations of Spilonota ocellana (D.&S.) on two cultivars in an insecticide free orchard showed nearly identical trends over a 12-year period. Egg populations reached maximum numbers when the orchard was 9 years old and the ensuing larvae infested 33% of the clusters the following year. A marked decline in all stages occurred when the orchard was 11 to 12 years old and this was immediately followed by a second peak of less intensity on both cultivars. The only difference in mortality of the population on the two cultivars was found in neonate larvae. The average survival of egg to pupa for the 12-year period was near 7%.
THE OCCURRENCE, LIFE HISTORY, COURTSHIP, AND MATING BEHAVIOUR OF THE SUNFLOWER MOTH, HOMOEOSOMA ELECTELLUM (LEPIDOPTERA: PHYCITIDAE), IN THE CANADIAN PRAIRIE PROVINCES
Authors: Arthur A. P.
Published: December 2009

The sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst) is a constant and damaging pest of cultivated sunflowers in Texas, Nebraska, and California. It was reported in Canada from Manitoba and Saskatchewan as early as 1936. Present studies begun in 1975 show that it can cause economic damage to cultivated fields in Saskatchewan. Field observations also indicate that this pest does not overwinter in Canada but that adults fly, or are blown in, from the south each year.

An efficient method of rearing this pest in the laboratory was developed and observations on its life history and behaviour, especially courtship and mating behaviour, are reported herein.
A REVIEW OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OFMYCETOCHARABERTHOLD (COLEOPTERA: ALLECULIDAE)
Authors: Campbell J.M.
Published: December 2009

The 10 North American species ofMycetocharaBerthold are reviewed. All species are redescribed and one new species,marshalli, is described from California. Former treatments of the species of the genus have considered males and females as separate species. This review associates all known males and females. The following new synonymy is presented:megalopsCasey andnigerrimaCasey (=fraternaSay);tenuisLeConte,gilipesCasey, andleconteiBorchmann (=foveataLeConte);lugubrisLeConte,horniDury, anddavisiHatch (=analisLeConte);marginataLeConte andlongulaLeConte (=binotataSay);longipennisCasey (=pubipennisLeConte); andpacificaCasey,nevadensisCasey,crassulipesCasey,downeiHatch,angustaHatch,malkiniHatch, andcaseyiHatch (=proceraCasey).

A key is presented to aid in the identification of the species. The male terminalia are illustrated for all species excepthaldemaniandlata, which are known only from females.
FIELD STUDIES OF THE HOST RANGE OF THE CITRUS BLACKFLY, ALEUROCANTHUS WOGLUMI (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE)
Authors: Dowell Robert V. , Howard F. W. , Cherry R. H. , Fitzpatrick G. E.
Published: December 2009

We studied the ovipositional behavior of the citrus blackfly (CBF), Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby, and found several plant species (mango, pink trumpet, and kumquat) to be as attractive as Citrus spp to ovipositing CBF at low densities. There is a significant (P < 0.01) positive correlation between the attractiveness of various host plants in our tests and the frequency of CBF occurrence on these plants in field surveys The host range of CBF increases with increasing CBF density. Oviposition by CBF on preferred hosts appears to occur at all CBF densities and is independent of their frequency in the environment We also found that CBF adults appear to be attracted to plant material reflecting light in the 500–600 nm range and it appears that this is the only long-range attractant operative.
THE SPATIAL AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF TRICHOCORIXA VERTICALIS (HEMIPTERA: CORIXIDAE) IN SALT MARSH INTERTIDAL POOLS
Authors: Campbell Bruce C.
Published: December 2009

The corixid Trichocorixa verticalis (Fieber) was the most abundant aquatic insect in small intertidal pools (potholes) of a New Jersey salt marsh. Aquatic samples revealed that first to third instars of T. verticalis were evenly distributed but the distribution of fourth and fifth instars was associated with the abundance of chironomid larvae. Aquatic samples of adult T. verticalis showed wide fluctuations in abundance. These fluctuations were associated with the drying up of shallower potholes, forcing adults to migrate to deeper sites that still retained water.

Light trapping of adult T. verticalis showed that there was a negative correlation between abundance and nocturnal ambient air temperature. This correlation indicated that T. verticalis dispersed on cooler nights to minimize water loss that would have been high had they emerged from warm pothole water temperatures into warm ambient air temperature. Spatial heterogeneity in the abundance of T. verticalis in light-trap samples was associated with differences between plots in water-surface area within a 100 m radius of the light trap. Dispersive behavior of T. verticalis is discussed in relation to harsh, ephemeral, and unpredictable salt-marsh aquatic habitats.
LARVAL REARING BY WORKER HONEY BEES LACKING THEIR MANDIBULAR GLANDS: II. REARING BY LARGER NUMBERS OF WORKER BEES
Authors: Peng Ying-Shin , Jay S. C.
Published: December 2009

Further experiments were done in an attempt to ascertain the significance of the mandibular glands of nurse bees in female caste differentiation. Groups of 200, 10-day-old nurse bees, with their mandibular glands removed, fed female larvae for 80 h in plastic queen cell cups in the laboratory. After this, each larva finished feeding in a 4-day-old queen cell containing "royal jelly"; final development occurred in an artificial pupation dish. Because four adults, classified as "queenlike intermediates," were reared it appears that (1) mandibular gland secretion is less important as a larval food than that of the hypopharyngeal glands, and (2) if a "queen determining substance" exists the mandibular glands are not its only source.
VARIATION IN CATCHES WITH SEX ATTRACTANT OF THE CLOVER CUTWORM, SCOTOGRAMMA TRIFOLII, AND ARMY CUTWORM, EUXOA AUXILIARIS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), DUE TO TRAP LOCATION
Authors: Swailes G. E. , Struble D. L.
Published: December 2009

Sex attractant traps for males of the clover cutworm, Scotogramma trifolii (Rottenberg), on farms in southern Alberta caught more moths within crops or on fallow than those near or within the farmyards except for traps immediately on the south side of the yard For males of the army cutworm, Euxoa auxiliaris (Grote), two trap placements in open areas were more effective than locations within the farmyard, again with the exception of the traps on the south side of the yards. Traps 2 m high caught significantly fewer moths than those at 1 m or ground level and the crop in which the trap was placed had no significant influence on catch of either cutworm.
THE APPLICABILITY OF X-RAY ENERGY-DISPERSIVE SPECTROSCOPY TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF POPULATIONS OF RED TURNIP BEETLE, ENTOMOSCELIS AMERICANA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Turnock W. J. , Gerber G. H. , Bickis M. , Bennett R. B.
Published: December 2009

The relative concentration of elements in adults of the red turnip beetle, Entomoscelis americana Brown, as determined by X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (XES), was used with discriminant analysis to identify source populations of beetles from different fields in the same district. Classification of dispersed beetles from the same district, using discriminant functions, suggests that XES is a promising technique for dispersal studies. However, multivariate analysis of variance and canonical analysis of XES results of groups of beetles given different foods over varying times in the laboratory indicate that highly significant changes occur in the chemoprint. Methods of minimizing the effect of such changes are suggested for future studies of dispersal.
A NEW ANOETID (ACARI) OF THE GENUS CREUTZERIA FROM THE SEYCHELLES
Authors: Nesbitt H.H.J.
Published: December 2009

The taxonomic position of the genus Creutzeria in the family Anoetidae is examined, and a description of a new species, C. seychellensis, from the pitcher plant, Nepenthes pervillei, from the Seychelles is given. A couplet is proposed for the Hughes-Jackson key that would separate the genera Creutzeria and Zwickia.