bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A pairwise nuclear fusion algorithm for particle-in-cell simulations: Weighted particles at relativistic energies
Authors: Wu D. , Sheng Z. M. , Yu W. , Fritzsche S. , He X. T.
Published: July 2021

A pairwise nuclear fusion algorithm for particle-in-cell simulations for arbitrarily weighted macro-particles at relativistic energies is proposed. When comparing with a recent study by Higginson et al. [J. Comput. Phys. 388, 439 (2019)], our method is also fitted with the widely used Coulomb scattering algorithm by Nanbu and Yonemura [J. Comput. Phys. 145, 639 (1998)] and Sentoku and Kemp [J. Comput. Phys. 227, 6846 (2008)] and can be implemented into a particle-in-cell simulation code with marginal efforts. The algorithm is benchmarked in situations with like-particles, unlike-particles, thermonuclear plasmas, and beam–target fusion. It is shown that only 50–100 macro-particles per cell are needed for the repeatability of fusion yields around 1%.
Improved plasticity of a ZrCuAlAg bulk metallic glass by controlling the casting condition
Authors: Zhang Xianfeng , Xu Kuilong , Yang Xiao , Cui Xiao , Bian Bingchuan , Zhang Xinyao , Hou Shizhong , Chen Jieming
Published: July 2021

A series of Zr50.75Cu35.75Al8.5Ag5 bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) were prepared by controlling the cooling rate and over-heating temperature. The plastic deformation behavior of the BMGs was examined. The plasticity was enhanced when the BMG was prepared at a high cooling rate and low over-heating temperature. The plasticity of the Zr-based BMGs prepared under different casting conditions was discussed based on the amount of free volume. The structural heterogeneity of the BMGs prepared with different over-heating temperatures was examined using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope and mapped by using an energy dispersive x-ray spectroscope. The results showed that a low over-heating temperature could increase the degree of heterogeneity, but an extremely low over-heating temperature could lead to nanocrystallization. The difference in the heterogeneous structures caused the distinct plastic performance of the Zr50.75Cu35.75Al8.5Ag5 BMGs prepared with different over-heating temperatures.
Continuous tunable lateral magnetic anisotropy in La0.67Ca0.33MnO3/SrRuO3 superlattices by stacking period-modulation
Authors: Qu Lili , Lan Da , Zhang Kexuan , Hua Enda , Ge Binghui , Xu Liqiang , Jin Feng , Gao Guanyin , Wang Lingfei , Wu Wenbin
Published: July 2021

Effective control of magnetic anisotropy is important for developing spintronic devices. In this work, we performed a case study of stacking periods (N)-mediated reorientation of lateral magnetic anisotropy in ultrathin La0.67Ca0.33MnO3/SrRuO3 superlattices. As N increases from 1 to 15, the magnetic easy-axis switches from the orthorhombic [010] to [100]-axis. The maximum anisotropy constant of the superlattice (SL) (N = 15) reaches −1.83 × 105 erg/cm3. X-ray absorption spectroscopy and x-ray linear dichroism further suggest that the observed changes in lateral magnetic anisotropy are driven by in-plane orbital polarization. For SLs with small N, anisotropic strain-induced orbital polarization along the b-axis can result in the [010]-oriented magnetic easy axis. For SLs with large N, the dimension crossover from 2-dimension to 3-dimension could enhance the hybridization of Ru t2g and Mn dx2−y2 orbitals, which can compete with the strain effect and switch the magnetic easy axis to [100]. Our results suggest a potential strategy for engineering magnetic anisotropy through the cooperation of strain engineering and interfacial orbital engineering.
Enhancement in photoelectric performance of dye-sensitized solar cells with inverted pyramid structures based on nanoimprint lithography
Authors: Xia Ye , Zhang Zhen , Gao Mengyu , Zheng Yuxiang , Chen Laijun , Si Yang , Mei Shengwei
Published: July 2021

The sunlight incident on outdoor solar cells comes from all directions, and the surface reflectance of covered glass of solar cells increases with the sunlight incident angle. The above-mentioned factors together lead to the absorption loss and low utilization of incident photons. An antireflection (AR) layer with micro-/nano-structures provides an omnidirectional-antireflection characteristic because of a gradual refractive index, which is a practical approach for solving the existing problems and further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells. Micrometer-sized inverted pyramid structured polydimethylsiloxane AR layers were fabricated on surfaces of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) by a cost-effective method—nanoimprint lithography. Results show that the AR layers significantly reduce the reflectance and improve the PCE of DSSCs at oblique incidence. Reflectance decreases by 5.6%–10.58%, and the PCE relatively increases by 5.83%–15.25% in the light incidence angle range of 20°–60°. Meanwhile, the AR layer exhibits a hydrophobic surface with a water contact angle of ∼98.1°, which increases by 40.2° compared with the DSSC without the AR layer, and it further provides self-cleaning potential. Moreover, nanoimprint lithography could be integrated with industrial roll-to-roll technology, which reduces the fabrication cost and possesses industrial application potential.
Demonstration of electronic devices in graphitic carbon nitride crystalline film
Authors: Urakami Noriyuki , Ogihara Kohei , Futamura Hatsuki , Takashima Kensuke , Hashimoto Yoshio
Published: July 2021

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) exhibits semiconducting properties and is a promising candidate for use as a metal-free functional material. Electronic transport in g-C3N4 depends on the crystal orientation, resulting in the anisotropic characteristics of low out-of-plane and high in-plane resistivity. We investigated a Schottky barrier diode (SBD) and a heterojunction diode (HJD) with out-of-plane transport properties and a top-gate device with in-plane transport properties. The SBD with a Cr/Au Schottky contact exhibited rectifying behavior with a turn-on voltage of ∼1.0 V and estimated series resistance and barrier height at the interface of 1.63 kΩ and 344 meV, respectively. The HJD comprises a g-C3N4 film and an n-type hexagonal silicon carbide (4H–SiC) substrate, with a turn-on voltage of 4.0 eV. The HJD belonged to a type-II band alignment with a staggered-gap; it had a thin insulator-based van der Waals gap at the interface, thereby inducing tunneling transport. In-plane carrier transport control was carried out by the top-gate device with a Parylene-C film gate dielectric and was achieved only when the negative bias voltage was applied along the out-of-plane direction, indicating the realization of the normally off switch that utilizes the intrinsic transport characteristics and a simple device structure.
A novel method for prediction of flowing pressure of multi-stage fracturing horizontal well
Authors: Yin Rongwang , Zhang Shaowei
Published: July 2021

Due to the heterogeneity and uncertainty of the reservoir, it is very challenging to select the best oil, gas, and water components to calculate the reservoir production, and it cannot meet the real-time requirements. By changing the production constraints of the well, a Radial Basis Neural Network Reservoir Model (RBNNRM) for a Multi-stage Fracturing Horizontal Well (MFHW) is proposed to predict the Bottom Hole Flowing Pressure (BHFP). First, a reservoir model of a multi-stage fractured horizontal well is established and laboratory self-developed production data analysis software is used to calculate the BHFP. Second, part of the obtained data are imported into the neural network model as training data. In the training process, according to the results obtained from the test data, the network parameters are constantly adjusted to obtain the most optimized network model. Third, the resulting neural network is tested using the remaining data. Finally, a field case of a multi-stage fracturing horizontal well is studied by using the presented RBNNRM neural network model. The results show that in most cases, the proposed model performs better than other models, with the highest accuracy and the lowest root mean square error. This proves that the RBNNRM can be effectively applied to the BHFP prediction of the MFHW. The experimental results also show that, compared with the traditional pressure calculation reservoir model, the use of the RBNNRM to calculate the BHFP can achieve a speedup of dozens of times, which can meet the needs of field calculations.
Identification of major QTLs and candidate genes for pod and seed weight per plant in soybean
Authors: Han Xue , Qin Hongtao , Zuo Yuhu
Published: July 2021

Pod and seed weight per plant (PSW) is one of the most important components of soybean yield. We analysed 147 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of soybean. Using a combination of simple sequence repeat (SSR) and specific-length amplified fragment (SLAF) high-density maps, we applied composite interval mapping (CIM) and multiple interval mapping (MIM) to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for PSW across multiple years (2006–10 and 2013). We mapped 24 QTLs for PSW, with 10 QTLs identified by SSR genetic map and 14 by SLAF genetic map. Five consensus QTLs were integrated, and they were validated by a chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL) population. Furthermore, the functions of all genes located in consensus QTL intervals were predicted; nine candidate genes function directly or indirectly in regulating seed development as well as seed size and weight. Our results lay a foundation for the cloning of candidate genes related to PSW and marker-assisted breeding in soybean.
Conservation status of common wombats in Tasmania I: incidence of mange and its significance
Authors: Driessen Michael M. , Dewar Elise , Carver Scott , Gales Rosemary
Published: July 2021

Sarcoptic mange is an infectious disease impacting over 100 mammalian species around the world, including Australia’s common wombat (Vombatus ursinus). A 94% decline in a localised population attributed to mange has raised concerns for the status of the two subspecies endemic to the island state of Tasmania, Australia. We provide the first broad-scale assessment of sarcoptic mange distribution and prevalence in wombats in Tasmania. Mange-affected wombats are widespread in Tasmania from sea level to 960 m above sea level, although there are no confirmed cases from the western region of Tasmania or Maria Island. It has been recorded in most major vegetation groups, but particularly in agricultural areas. Mange prevalence estimated from night-time spotlight observation and camera surveys varied between regions (0.0–17.6%) with an overall prevalence of 4.4% for observation surveys and 0.6% for camera surveys. Time of day, survey method, and distance from observer can influence mange assessments. Local reductions in wombat numbers and animal welfare impacts due to sarcoptic mange are concerning and warrant on-going monitoring of wombats and mange, and the development and trials of effective disease management options.
Building policy capacity for managing rapid, complex change in China’s health system
Authors: Husain Lewis , Bloom Gerald , Xiao Yue
Published: July 2021

The concept of policy capacity is often used to explain the success or failure of governments or countries in conceiving of, developing, and implementing policies, but is often poorly systematised. Wu et al provide a framework for understanding types of policy capacity, arguing that three kinds of capacity, distributed across policy systems, are needed for effective implementation. This paper applies that framework to a discussion of China, a country that has been managing a fundamental transformation since at least the late 1970s, which has underpinned the country’s growth and development. The paper focuses on a subset of China’s reforms – reforms to the healthcare system since the 1990s. Discussion of policy capacity shows (1) that policy capacity is dynamic and adaptive, in response to changing challenges due to rapid transformation in the country; (2) that the development and distribution of capacities has, overall, been government-directed, with strong research and analytical support from public think tanks and universities; (3) that understanding of policy capacity is evolving, with government paying increasing attention to the need to develop a learning state and society in response to increasingly complex problems of development. Examination of the Chinese case has relevance for how other countries develop and adapt policy capacities over time to manage rapid transformation, uncertainty and shocks.
Verification and validation of the high-performance Lorentz-orbit code for use in stellarators and tokamaks (LOCUST)
Authors: Ward S.H. , Akers R. , Jacobsen A.S. , Ollus P. , Pinches S.D. , Tholerus E. , Vann R.G.L. , Van Zeeland M.A.
Published: July 2021

A novel high-performance computing algorithm, developed in response to the next generation of computational challenges associated with burning plasma regimes in ITER-scale tokamak devices, has been tested and is described herein. The Lorentz-orbit code for use in stellarators and tokamaks (LOCUST) is designed for computationally scalable modelling of fast-ion dynamics, in the presence of detailed first wall geometries and fine 3D magnetic field structures. It achieves this through multiple levels of single instruction, multiple thread parallelism and by leveraging general-purpose graphics processing units. This enables LOCUST to rapidly track the full-orbit trajectories of kinetic Monte Carlo markers to deliver high-resolution fast-ion distribution functions and plasma-facing component power loads. LOCUST has been tested against the prominent NUBEAM and ASCOT fast-ion codes. All codes were compared for collisional plasmas in both high and low-aspect ratio toroidal geometries, with full-orbit and guiding-centre tracking. LOCUST produces statistically consistent results in line with acceptable theoretical and Monte Carlo uncertainties. Synthetic fast-ion D-α diagnostics produced by LOCUST are also compared to experiment using FIDASIM and show good agreement.
Sulphide pollutants elimination and degradation in petroleum wastewater by ozonation process
Authors: Kadhim Wafaa A , AL-Jadir Thaer , Albrazanjy Mohammed G. , Al-Rubaiey Njim A , Dakhil Ali Mohammed , Al-Saedi Noor Dheyaa , Ab Rahima M H
Published: July 2021

An efficient and robust chemical oxidation process using an OZ-3G ozone generator was developed and investigated to degrade and reduce sulphide toxicity in petrochemical wastewater. Different concentrations of sulphide in synthetic wastewater were prepared and evaluated using the Spectrophotometric technique. The values of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and pH were also studied. The obtained results demonstrated that 100 minutes of ozone treatment removed 97.4 % for 40 mg/L concentration. The pH was decreased gradually with the increase along the time of oxidation. Based on the ozone method’s significant results, ozonation can be considered a potential candidate method for wastewater treatment in petroleum refineries.
Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos pesticide using silver bio-nanoparticles Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis extracts
Authors: Al-Zubaidi Labeeb A. , Alnuaimi Marwah Th. , Aljanabi Zahraa Zahraw , Adel Manal M.
Published: July 2021

Pesticides are vastly used for pests monitoring in agriculture and public health fields, causing severe depletion in quality of drinking water. Moreover, most insecticides resist biodegradation and carcinogen even at very low levels up to Parts per billion (ppb). This study was carried during April/2019 and extended to January/ 2020 in Directorate of Environment and Water, Baghdad-Iraq to synthesis and characterization silver bionanoparticles by using Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis extract (biological methods) and investigate this activity on the chlorpyrifos pesticide under laboratory conditions. The silver bionanoparticles were characterized using many techniques, X-ray Diffractometer (XRD Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and zeta potential analyzer spectroscopy. The results of XRD technique confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. AFM analysis revealed that particles were spherical, single or in aggregates. Determination the shafting of active groups sites was performed using FTIR. The zeta potential values were -36.33 mV for AgNPs. The biodegradation of chlorpyrifos using silver bionanoparticles was determined quantitatively using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. From the result, it can be suggested that silver bio-nanoparticles from Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis extracts lead to biodegradation of chlorpyrifos completely without forming harmful products confirmed by GC-MS analysis. We endorse that this process has scientific potential in the biodegradation of chlorpyrifos pesticide contaminated water using Green biosynthesis of nanoparticles.
A Comparative Study between V/F and IFOC Control for Three-Phase Induction Motor Drives
Authors: Awdaa M A , Obed A A , Yaqoob S J
Published: July 2021

The voltage/frequency “(V/F) control” method is considered as widely used method in industrial application for control the induction motor (IM) due to its simplicity and lower the cost. The main problems in this method are the slow response, and it cannot be applied in the applications that required smooth speed control. To solve these problems, a roust control method of indirect field-oriented control (IFOC) was developed. In this paper, a comparative study of classical V/F control and IFOC of 3-ph IM is done. The principle action for both methods are studied and then they implemented and simulated using “MATLAB/Simulink” software for a 10 HP (7.457kw) 3-ph squirrel cage type IM. Besides, the sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique with a proportional-integral (PI) controller has been used to control the VSI inverter in the V/F method. While, the space vector PWM (SVPWM) technique has been used to control the VSI inverter in the IFOC method. The 3-ph IM has been achieved to its desired speed with good transient time and steady state response when the step change in the torque load has applied. Therefore, the IFOC method provides smooth speed control, high performance, and fast response under different dynamic conditions compared to classical V/F method.
Transient Stability Enhancement of Multi-Machine Power System Based on PID Controlled Dynamic Braking Strategies
Authors: Bibi Laith Hameed Mohammed , Hawas Majli Nema
Published: July 2021

The Braking Resistor (BR) or Dynamic Brake known as one of the effective practices to enhance the transient stability of synchronous generators and power systems, following a significant disturbance. In this paper, two methods for calculating the value of BR, one by using a one per unit value of BR, and the other one by using calculating criteria or equation to find the value of BR which will give a cost-wise analysis. Also, by using the Thyristor Controlled Braking Resistor (TCBR) with a PID Controller for the control of the insertion of the braking resistor to enhance the transient stability of the proposed power system, the so-called IEEE9Bus System (or Two Machines to Infinite Bus System). Comparison is made in terms of the speed deviation and load angle of the synchronous generators while using the calculated BR and the one per unit BR which will give us a cost-wise analysis when choosing the brake and the effectiveness of the brake to enhance the transient stability of the poposed power system.
Modelling and simulation of microgrid power system including a hybrid energy storage system
Authors: Jasim Nihad Abdulkhudhur , Hawas Majli Nema
Published: July 2021

Microgrid technology is evolving rapidly with increased use Renewable energy (RE) in electricity sector. In this paper, an isolated DC microgrid is simulated with solar photovoltaic (PV) as the RE source to supply power to resistive DC charges along with a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for battery and supercapacitor. Various cases of load and solar insolation variability are simulated to validate the proposed power management strategy for controlling the DC bus voltage. The output waveforms are compared with and without HESS, and beneficial reduction in transient voltage is observed when using the HESS. A case using IEEE 9bus is also simulated to evaluate device output with a constant demand for load. It is found that in all cases HESS helps to minimize transients of the DC bus voltage effectively. The HESS also compensates for very large transients resulting in sudden changes in the output of PV or load demand.
Harmonic reduction in IEEE-3-bus using hybrid power filters
Authors: Waheed Mohammed , sultan Ahmed Jasim , Abdullah al Bakry Ali A. , Saeed Falah Noori
Published: July 2021

The development of industrial applications and the comprehensive uses of power systems has led to the emergence of harmonics, that non-linear loads are the cause of it. A hybrid power filters (HPFs) is an ideal solution in compensating reactive power and mitigating harmonic current. In this paper, the IEEE-3-bus system companied with the hybrid power filter is performed to reduce current harmonics and improved performance under many operation conditions. The system tested with two types of power filters: firstly, a shunt passive power filer and secondly, a shunt hybrid power filter: which consists of a passive power filter in series with an active power filter. Hybrid power filters simulation results with control strategy have the effectiveness in the reduction of current harmonics from (29.85%) to (0.78%) comparing with other types.
Modeling, Simulation and Analysis of Electric Vehicle Driven by Induction Motor
Authors: Hadboul Raad Mohammad , Ali Dr. Amer Mejbel
Published: July 2021

The electric vehicle (EV)was spread around the world due to the environmental considerations. Induction motor (IM) is one type of electric motors used as main drive for EV. The present work uses Matlab/Simulink for modeling and simulation of MITSUBISHI I-MIEV model city car. Three case studies were taken in the simulation of complete (EV+IM) model with different loads and speeds. The simulation tests indicate the ability of IM in driving the EV with high stability in different motion mode.
A Comparative Study of Perfect and Imperfect SIC in Downlink PD-NOMA based on Sharing Bandwidth
Authors: Fakhrildin Sadiq M-B. , Wadday Ahmed Ghanim , Al_Nakkash Aseel Hameed
Published: July 2021

In this paper, a scheme for sharing bandwidth-non-orthogonal multiple access (SB-NOMA) based on coordinated multi-point (CoMP) is proposed to improve total sum capacity and user capacity. The proposed algorithm is implemented in a cellular network platform, and the performance is analysed via two cases. First, the network performance is evaluated considerning both channel conditions and interference effects, which is addressed as the worst-case condition. The total network capacity is evaluated assuming Channel Estimation Error (CEE) and Imperfect Successive Interference cancelation (SIC). Second, the network is tested assuming ideal case condition materialized by canceling the effect of inter-channel interference (ICC) of the Base Station (BS) on Near User (NUE). The simulation results show that the capacity increases for SB-NOMA with installed by increasing the number of Cooperative BS (CBSs), where (2bits/Hz/s) is the gain in total capacity that is achieved by increasing the CBSs by one. Moreover, power allocation to the proposed scheme shown (0.15 - 0.85) represents the best value for maintaining capacity achievement.
Performance Analysis of WDM-hybrid RFoFSO\FO System Under Different Weather Conditions Utilizing A Hybrid Optical Amplifier
Authors: Esraa Zuhair S. , Alnajjar Satea H. , Arif Fouad Abdul Razzaq
Published: July 2021

The hybrid system WDM Radiofrequency over free space optics\fiber optic (RoFSO\FO) is one of the modern technologies that support developing the 5th generation for the communication network. The WDM RoFSO\FO system is designed to transmit high data rates over a long distance under variable weather conditions (fog, dust, and rain). Where the attenuation caused by atmospheric changes is one of the most important obstacles faced the FSO channel. The spatial diversity technique is used by sending multiple copies across the free space to improve system performance. The hybrid design tested the performance of 16 channels optical transmission, each channel transmits 2.5Gbps data rate modulated by PSK modulator on a 20GHz radio frequency signal. Where 40 gigabits per second was transmitted via 4000m multi-channels FSO extending to 120 km optical fiber as a total distance, 80 km of which was amplified by Raman / EDFA hybrid optical amplifier. The bit error rate BER and the Q-factor monitored and compared with the standard Kim model. From the results obtained by using the OptiSystem simulation, an improvement in the system was found significantly by increasing the transmission capacity when using WDM technology and long-distance transmission under variable weather conditions without adding a light source.
Friction Spot Joining (FSpJ) process of Aluminium AA6061-T6/Poly Vinly Chloride (PVC)
Authors: Sadkhan Faeq Yaseen , Hussain Sabah Khammass , Khuder Abdulwahab Hassan
Published: July 2021

The goal of this research is to use a Friction Spot Joining (FSpJ) is a new technique which used for joining hybrid structures of metal-polymer composite. The FSpJ was proposed to join sheets of aluminum alloy of type AA6061-T6 and polymer of type polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The aluminum alloys sheets were of 3mm thickness, while the polymer sheets were of 5mm thickness. All sheets were manufactured with dimensions of 25*100 mm2. The aluminum sheets were drilled with two holes: the first of 8mm diameter with 1mm depth, the second hole was of the same pervious hole center with a penetrating hole diameter of d mm (2,4 and 6) the aluminum holes were made at a the center of the lap joint area. The process parameters included the rotating speed of the tool of 710, 900, 1120, 1400 and 1800 RPM, plunging depth of the tool of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mm and pre-heating time of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 sec. The results indicated that all the specimens were joined successfully. The tested sample indicated that the failure of FSpJ joints occurred at two locations; the first at polymer side and the second was occurred by shearing the lap joint of specimens. The first type of failure indicated that the shear strength of the joined samples exceeded the shear strength of the polymer with a shear strength joint efficiency of more than 100%. The specimens that failed by shearing the polymer at the lap joint region were failed without dislocation the molten polymer from the aluminum hole cup. The shear force of the AL-PVC joints ranged from (704-1664N). The hole diameter exhibited the highest effect on the joint shear force followed by the plunging depth, rotating speed and pre-heating time of the rotating tool. The macrostructure examination and SEM tests indicate that a macro mechanical interlocking formed between the metal and filled hole which attributed to the main joining mechanism at the common surface.
Forming A Cylindrical Billet from Aluminium Alloy Chips (AA2024-T3) by using Friction Stir Consolidation Technique
Authors: Ismail Noor A. , Hussein Sabah Khammass , Al-Joubori Ahmed A.
Published: July 2021

Recently, Friction stir consolidation (FSC) is a solid-state manufacturing and recycling process for metal scrap, hence, becoming much important side to convert the metal scrap into finish or semi-finished products. In contrast with the conventional process or re-melting process, the FSC advantage that lower metal waste, environmentally friendly and low cost. In This research, investigated the feasibility to produce a fully dense cylindrical billet from milling machine chips of aluminium alloy type (AA2024-T3) by using an FSC process, the chips plunged onto a hollow cylindrical die by a rotating tool. The chips softening due to the friction heat generation and subjected to the dynamic recrystallization DRX and high plastic deformation. The process was done with different values of rotation speed tool, plunging depth of the tool and preheating time. A 20 mm diameter coherent cylindrical billet with four highs (20, 25, 30, and 35)mm were obtained. The quality of the obtained billets is evaluated through morphological observation.
Design and Implementation of Portable Auto Defibrillator
Authors: Emad Mayss , Rashid Ahmed , Humaidi Amjad J.
Published: July 2021

Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) is a case that made the heart stop pumping the blood. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) are the major causes that lead to cardiac arrest. To treat SCA, a defibrillator device is used to return the heart to its normal sinus rhythm. The main generation of the defibrillator is the manual type which has many limitations involved., It requires the physician’s instruction to determine the patient state and the amount of joule required; therefore, it is preferable to design an auto defibrillator. The aim of this paper is to design a hardware implementation system of auto dc-shock utilized in the emergency case for diagnosing patient case and recovering the normal state of the heart. This prototype consists of five main parts, including the diagnosing system, high voltage section, charging unit, discharging unit, and safety unit. The output of diagnosing system is followed by charging and discharging period in order to get a suitable amount of joule according to patient situation of 50, 100, 120, and 150 joule discharged on the patient body by using a biphasic system provided by safety mode circuit so that the discharge process automatically happens in the case of not discharged on the patient body. The proposed diagnosing system in hardware design was tested on several patients in Ibn al-Nafis hospital and healthy patients at home and the accuracy was achieved of 97.03%, specificity is 97.8%, and the detection error rate is 3.09%.
Multi-Sign Language Glove based Hand Talking System
Authors: Baktash Abdullah Qassim , Mohammed Saleem Latteef , Jameel Huda Farooq
Published: July 2021

Many people around the world suffer from losing the ability to talk and hear with different levels of disabilities, caused by either a car or a work accident or some diseases. After losing communication, these people cannot do normal functions of normal life. Along with the aforementioned disabilities, those people may also have psychological effects. This paper introduces a technique to realize multiple sign language translation using a sensors-based glove and an Android smartphone for speech impaired people to communicate normally with people. The design of the hand talking system (HTS) was implemented with a minimum possible number of sensors and a capable sewing controller (Lilypad). The proposed HTS includes flex sensors, Arduino, smartphone, and accelerometer. The HTS uses an Android application programmed to store multi-language in the SQLite database and enables the user to interact with the system. The system provides talking with a letter formed words, or using the most frequently used words in daily communication by hand gesture. The HTS has achieved high accuracy obtained for American Sign Language and Arabic Sing Language which are about 98.26% and 99.33% respectively with an average accuracy of 98.795 for both Sign Languages.
Breast Tissue Characterization Based on Generalised Extreme Value Distribution of Ultrasound Radio-Frequency Data
Authors: Baqer Jaafar Raad , Alazawi Aws , Humadi Abbas Fadhal
Published: July 2021

In this study, an ultrasound Radio-Frequency (RF) data of healthy and tumour breast regions are considered for tissue characterisation. The main aim of this study is to differentiate the consistent statistical distribution of backscattered RF data with the objective of performing semi-automatic segmentation based on statistics. The differentiation considers Gamma, Generalised Extreme Value (GEV), Log-normal, and Rayleigh distributions. The accuracy of the statistical parameters is measured based on the criteria of both the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test (KS) and Mean Square Error (MSE) goodness of fit. Results show that there is a possibility of using the parameters of Rayleigh, Gamma, and GEV for different healthy and tumour tissue regions, where GEV yields the best goodness of fit test and its parameters have a good potential to be exploited for further study for segmentation purposes.
A Review on The Performance of Ring foundations resting on reinforced and unreinforced soil
Authors: Kadhum Mohammad Qassim , Albusoda Bushra Suhale
Published: July 2021

This manuscript presents a literature review of research undertaken on the bearing various parameters and conditions particularly loading types, size of footings, type of soil, bearing capacity factors Nγ, Nq and Nc, in addition to soil reinforcement. Numerous researchers investigated the bearing capacity of the ring foundations noticed that it is affected severely bearing capacity and settlement of ring footings under by the ratio of radius of the ring and the optimum value was 0.4 beyond which the bearing capacity of ring footing decreased under static conditions, different values have been found under dynamic conditions. It is to be acknowledged that most experimental tests were carried out statically mostly with small scale physical model. In contrast, only a few were undertaken with a dynamic test. It was observed that the optimal size and orientation of the reinforcement layer represent the main factors to enhance the bearing capacity and minimize the settlement for the ring footing located on geogrid reinforced sandy soil. In particular, the embedment depth for reinforcement, the space between two-layers, and the size of geogrid equal to (0.3-0.32), 0.32, and (3.5-4.0) of the outer diameter of footing respectively. Furthermore, it was found that the evaluates of bearing capacity factor Nγ, Nq, and Nc strongly affected by the ratio of the radius for both smoothly base and roughly base of the ring footings particularly the factor Nγ, particularly for greater values of the ratio of radius, the value of Nγ is considerably higher for roughly surfaces than that for a smoothly base.
Orientation in Urban Planning & its Relation with Electric Power Consumption Case Study: Yassin Khuraibet Town
Authors: Abdulwahid Sabaa Mujtaba , Ibrahim Farah Abdalsalam , Mosa Mujtaba Abdulwahid
Published: July 2021

Iraq has suffered since decades from the shortage of supplying electric power o supply residential buildings. This research aims to study the orientation factor in the urban planning and its relation with the decrease of electric power consumption by reducing the cooling loads in summer season, which it is a long season in Iraq.

Research tackles problem decreasing in supplying electric power and the disability of government in providing sufficient electric power to the citizens. The research discusses the possibility of decrease of electric power consumption through the study of the orientation factor in the urban planning of a town sector of 4869 residential buildings. Therefore, the research suggests the possibility of calculation of the cooling loads and electric power consumption of a residential building located on an area of 200m2. The ground floor is 150m2 and the first floor is 100m2. This residential building has been entered into e-Quest program at thermal conditions similar to the weather conditions of Basra province and the results show that the best orientation in decreasing the annual electric consumption are the north and south directions.

Research hypothesis the possibility of rotation all residential buildings of Yassin Khuraibet town to the north and south, and these directions are depended according to practical study as above.

Research methodology Yassin Khuraibet is a case study. There is an attempt to re-design the city with preserving the number of the residential buildings, parks and services of this town and to study the effect of residential building orientation to the north and south that are the best directions of electric power consumption for cooling purposes.

Research results appear after it is oriented all residential buildings to the north and south, the town is acceptable in terms of urban planning. The result of calculation shows the decrease of cooling loads 8% and electric power consumption 11%.
Assessment of flood hazard areas and its management using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques: A Case Study of Tigris River - Salah Al-Din Governorate, Iraq
Authors: Wadeea Khalid , Jaber Hussein Sabah
Published: July 2021

Flood is one of the most widely distributed hazards around the world and its management is an important concern for all decision maker this phenomenon. In Iraq, especially in Salah Al-Din Governorate, during the Spring 2019, the amount of water flowing has been increased into Tigris River, this led to a rise in the river level as a result of rains in close range and snow melting, as well as an increase in the drainage of the Small Zab, which is flowed into Tigris River at Salah Al-Din Governorate. Therefore, the flood hazard mapping and flood shelter analyses have been accomplished through the assessment of damage and determination the optimal location to make flood escape for mitigation the flood hazard processing. The Remote Sensing (R.S) technique and Geographic Information System (GIS) have been utilized to assess the damage by using the NDVI and NDWI indices. Arc Hydro tool in GIS software with the hydraulic model HEC-Ras software have been also utilized to find the flood escape and modeling the flood shelter. The result shows that the damaged areas at Salah Al-Din Governorate for agriculture land and flood inundation map.
Application of multivariate statistical techniques in the evaluation of large-scale water treatment plants in Baghdad.
Authors: Mohammed Nisreen Y. , Abdulrazzaq Khalid A.
Published: July 2021

This paper aims to evaluate large-scale water treatment plants’ performance and demonstrate that it can produce high-level effluent water. Raw water and treated water parameters of a large monitoring databank from 2016 to 2019, from eight water treatment plants located at different parts in Baghdad city, were analyzed using nonparametric and multivariate statistical tools such as principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The plants are Al-Karkh, Sharq-Dijlah, Al-Wathba, Al-Qadisiya Al-Karama, Al-Dora, Al-Rasheed, Al-Wehda. PCA extracted six factors as the most significant water quality parameters that can be used to evaluate the variation in drinking water quality and responsible for 73.389% of the variance in the data set. Based on this selection criterion, the most significant water quality parameters that can be used to evaluate the variation in drinking water quality parameters are the mineral-related parameters (e.g., Ca+2, Mg+2, salinity, hardness), the nutrient parameters (i.e., dissolved nitrate and nitrite and orthophosphate), and a physical parameter. HCA analysis was able to group water treatment plants with similar raw water and treated water quality based on the water quality data from eight WTPs into three clusters.
Assessment of durability and deterioration of rocks from western Iraq
Authors: Al-Taie Abbas J
Published: July 2021

The behavior of rocks in water can be expressed in terms of their ability to resist slaking when exposed to water. This ability to withstand durability and deterioration from weathering affects both the effectiveness of the engineering project and its cost. Durability and deterioration of rock from the west of Iraq are little studied, and there is little confidence in these properties to be utilized in engineering works. This study is emphasized on the information obtained from the slaking durability test, specific gravity, and absorption tests performed to evaluate durability and deterioration properties of the rock samples taken from the stratum of the Rutba-Jezira Zone, western Iraq. An examination of the statistical relationship between water content, slake durability index, specific gravities and absorption was also included. The results show that the durability and deterioration of the investigated rock are variable due to the occurrences of a different secondary constituent. Such rock can deteriorate rapidly upon exposure or slake and soften when in contact with water. As a result, the rock of the study area is problem material in several phases of geotechnical engineering.
Smart Irrigation System with Solar Power
Authors: Suresh Kumar A , Rahul R , Santhosh R , Shoaib Akhtar S
Published: July 2021

As of late everything relies upon brilliant innovation. Water system framework is likewise getting brilliant by utilizing present day advances, which is more profitable instead of the conventional strategies. In this undertaking, a shrewd water system framework is built up that robotizes the water system measure with the assistance of sun based and wind energy. This proposed framework can upgrade the utilization of water dependent on various information, for example, soil dampness, climate expectation, and so forth It will likewise inform its proprietor about the current state of the dirt and engine through IOT innovation. This proposed model can naturally kill ON and the engine siphon by detecting the dampness substance of the dirt relying upon the interest of water in the field. A dampness sensor is utilized to gather information (soil moister level) of a specific territory. The engine will consequently kill subsequent to satisfying the interest of water and get turns ON again when the field gets dry. IOT innovation is utilized to send the report (ON/OFF) of an engine to the ranchers. The entire proposed framework is constrained by an Arduino. Here, DC power is produced from the sun oriented board and wind engine. Every one of these highlights will make water system framework a lot more brilliant and practical. This Project manages the age of power by utilizing two sources join which prompts create power with reasonable expense without harming the nature balance.
Analysing the nature of plasma and blood flow using exact roving wave solutions of fifth order rove-time equation
Authors: Senjudarvannan R , Revathi A , Priyadharsini R , Sasikumar N P , Banupriya K , Sudha D
Published: July 2021

In this paper, the nonlinear higher order differential scrupulous equations share in countless spectacles in Physics such as Fluid dynamics, Hydro dynamics, Optics, Plasma physics and so on. The exact solutions of fifth order Kaup-Kupershmit equation describe the excitations and dynamics of ionised particles such as blood and plasmas which is an essential bodily function. Here the generalised Kudrayashov method is entertained for finding the exact solutions of fifth order KdV equation and for discovering precise roving wave solutions mutable to the solitary wave solutions for Kaup-Kupershmit equation. Among the voluminous methods, generalised Kudrayashov method is very imperative and produces the knowledge of Plasma dynamics.
Response Surface Methodology based Prediction of Biodiesel Production from Sardine Fish oil Methyl Ester using Microwave Assisted Transesterification Method
Authors: Venkatesan M , Chandra Sekhar S , Sathyamurthy Ravishankar , Sathiyamoorthy K
Published: July 2021

The demonstration of producing biodiesel from fish oil using microwave with considerable reduction in the amount of catalyst used during the reaction and time of reaction is presented in this study. The various parameters such as microwave power, concentration of catalyst, reaction time and molar ratio were experimentally investigated. The reaction parameters were optimized by response surface method. Molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time were chosen as reaction parameters with four levels. The results from RSM model indicate that molar ratio is having the significant contribution in transesterification of fish oil to bio diesel. To confirm the results obtained confirmative experiments were done and proved to be worthy.
Monomethine cyanine probes for visualization of cellular RNA by fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Aristova Daria , Kosach Viktoriia , Chernii Svitlana , Slominsky Yuriy , Balanda Anatoliy , Filonenko Valeriy , Yarmoluk Sergiy , Rotaru Alexandru , Özkan Hülya Gizem , Mokhir Andriy , Kovalska Vladyslava
Published: July 2021

We have studied spectral-luminescent properties of the monomethine cyanine dyes both in their free states and in the presence of either double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acids (dsDNAs) or single-stranded ribonucleic acids (RNAs). The dyes possess low fluorescence intensity in an unbound state, which is increased up to 479 times in the presence of the nucleic acids. In the presence of RNAs, the fluorescence intensity increase was stronger than that observed in the presence of dsDNA. Next, we have performed staining of live and fixed cells by all prepared dyes. The dyes proved to be cell and nuclear membrane permeant. They are photostable and brightly stain RNA-containing organelles in both live and fixed cells. The colocalization confirmed the specific nucleoli staining with anti-Ki-67 antibodies. The RNA digestion experiment has confirmed the selectivity of the dyes toward intracellular RNA. Based on the obtained results, we can conclude that the investigated monomethine cyanine dyes are useful fluorescent probes for the visualization of intracellular RNA and RNA-containing organelles such as nucleoli by using fluorescence microscopy.
Pathology Training for Cancer Diagnosis in Africa
Authors: Seymour Daniel J L , Graef Katy M , Iliyasu Yawale , Diomande Mohenou I J M , Jaquet Samuel , Kelly Melissa , Soles Ryan , Milner Dan A
Published: July 2021

Objectives

In response to requests for training in cancer pathology, two virtual training courses were organized: one in English for participants in Nigeria and another in French for participants in Francophone Africa. Each course had weekly 90-minute sessions covering essential topics in cancer pathology led by global experts.

Methods

Two research questions were investigated for both courses: (1) did the participants improve their knowledge of the topics covered during the course, and (2) did the course participants appreciate the virtual training format?

Results

The Nigeria course enrolled 85 participants from 26 Nigerian states; the Francophone Africa course enrolled 425 participants from 18 African countries. In the pre-post technical assessment, participants increased their scores on average by 3.4% (P > .05) in the Nigeria course and by 13.1% (P < .001) in the Francophone Africa course. On the postcourse survey, 95.8% of Nigerian respondents and 96.1% of Francophone African respondents reported being satisfied or very satisfied with the virtual format.

Conclusions

Virtual training is a promising tool to improve cancer diagnosis in Africa, as the experience of the courses illustrates that participants appreciate the virtual format. Continued training is required to reinforce skills and enable participants to appropriately apply new knowledge to their daily practice.