bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lifespan/Developmental Theories
Authors: Fisher Carla L. , Kastrinos Amanda
Published: November 2022

Lifespan theory purports that communication is a developmental phenomenon, and communication skills and needs evolve across time. The lifespan lens of communication focuses on communication as a process, how it develops and why, and how communication is central to health across the lifespan. Rather than study communication as a singular point in time experience, a lifespan lens appreciates communication changes as a function of development. The lifespan lens tends to be applied to communication and health research in four ways, which highlight how communication is core to well‐being. First is the examination of communication change from birth until death, with a focus on communication as central to successful aging or healthy development. Second is a focus on how communication functions adaptively (health promoting) and maladaptively (health inhibiting) when coping with unexpected life transitions that are stressful. Third is a focus on understanding how communication contributes to short‐ and long‐term health outcomes including physical disease, disease risk, and psychological well‐being. Fourth is the investigation of how communication needs and priorities during health‐, illness‐, and aging‐related experiences function differently across generations given sociohistorical differences and complex intergenerational dynamics. The application of this lens is critical to guide us toward important lifespan considerations in health intervention development and, as a metatheory, lifespan theory blends well with other metatheories. Recent theoretical advancements by lifespan communication scholars have brought communication to the forefront of health. Future research could focus on developing innovative methods of capturing change, and lifespan constructs should be used for targeted interventions.
World Organizations (UNICEF, WHO, NIH)
Authors: Madlock Annette D.
Published: November 2022

This entry provides an overview of the events and relationships that have led to the foundation of various world organizations and the interconnected discourses on health, development, sustainability, globalization, and the implications for health communication research. World organizations such as the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have missions to improve the health and safety of various global communities.
Public Health
Authors: Cooke‐Jackson Angela
Published: November 2022

This entry defines public health and health communication while offering insights on how both can be useful to address the needs of different sectors of diverse populations, specifically Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC). Next, the entry highlights how public health communication can shift and be useful to combat issues that have historically impacted disenfranchised populations nationally and internationally, especially as it relates to current health issues like COVID‐19. Next the entry addresses the importance of public health and health communication that combats issues of mistrust and inequities. The entry concludes by addressing ways that community‐based initiatives can be successful to minimize mistrust and facilitate transparency. It offers a call to action for public health organizations, health communication specialists, and clinicians to shift the practice of public health communication and rethink the status quo with innovative and uncharted constructs.
Evaluation of an EPID in vivo monitoring system using local and external independent audit measurements
Authors: Avelino Samuel Ramalho , Dias Juliana Rosada , Peron Taís Marques , Vidal Gabriel Souza
Published: November 2022

Purpose

The aim of this work was to evaluate the SunCHECK PerFRACTION, the software for in vivo monitoring using EPID images.

Materials/Methods

First, the PerFRACTION ability to detect errors was investigated simulating two situations: (1) variation of LINAC output and (2) variation of the phantom thickness. An ionization chamber was used as reference to measure the introduced dose variations. Both tests used EPID in integrated mode (absolute dose). Second, EPID measurements in integrated mode were carried out during an independent Brazilian governmental audit that provided four phantoms and TLDs. PerFRACTION calculated the absolute dose on EPID plane, and it compared with predicted calculated dose for every delivered plan. The dose deviations reported using PerFRACTION were compared with dose deviations reported by the independent audit. Third, an end‐to‐end test using a heterogeneous phantom was performed. A VMAT plan with EPID in cine mode was delivered. PerFRACTION calculated the mean dose on CBCT using EPID information and log files. The calculated doses at four different points were compared with ionization chambers measurements.

Results

About the first test, the largest difference found was 1.2%. Considering the audit results, the variations detected by TLD measurements and by PerFRACTION dose calculation on EPID plane were close: 12 points had variations less than 2%, 2 points with variation between 2% and 3%, and 2 points with deviations greater than 3% (max 3.7%). The end‐to‐end tests using a heterogeneous phantom achieved dose deviation less than 1.0% in the water‐equivalent region. In the mimicking lung region, the deviations were higher (max 7.3%), but in accordance with what is expected for complex situations.

Conclusion

The tests results indicate that PerFRACTION dose calculations in different situations have good agreement with standard measurements. Action levels were suggested for absolute dose on EPID plane as well as 3D dose calculation on CBCT using PerFRACTION.
Association of Change in Body Mass Index With Incidence and Progression of the Structural Defects of Hip Osteoarthritis: Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative and the Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee study
Authors: Salis Zubeyir , Sainsbury Amanda
Published: November 2022

Objective

To define the association between change in body mass index (BMI) and the incidence and progression of structural defects of hip osteoarthritis as assessed by radiography.

Methods

We used data from 2 independent cohort studies: the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) and the Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee (CHECK) study. Our exposure was change in BMI from baseline to 4–5 years’ follow‐up. Our outcomes were the incidence and progression of structural defects of hip osteoarthritis as assessed using a modified Croft grade in OAI and the Kellgren/Lawrence grade in the CHECK study. To study incidence, we created incidence cohorts of hips without definite overall structural defects at baseline (i.e., grade <2) and then investigated the odds of hips having definite overall structural defects at follow‐up (i.e., grade ≥2). To study progression, we created progression cohorts of hips with definite overall structural defects at baseline (i.e., grade ≥2) and then investigated the odds of having a grade increase of ≥1 from baseline to follow‐up.

Results

There was a total of 5,896 and 1,377 hips in the incidence cohorts, and 303 and 129 hips in the progression cohorts for the OAI and CHECK study, respectively. Change in BMI (decrease or increase) was not associated with any change in odds of the incidence or progression of definite structural defects of hip osteoarthritis in either the OAI or CHECK cohorts.

Conclusion

Weight loss may not be an effective strategy for preventing, slowing, or delaying the structural defects of hip osteoarthritis over 4–5 years.
A Room Temperature Route toward In Situ Crystallization of Perovskite Nanocrystals Induced by Acrylic Acid for Flexible Free‐Standing Luminescent Gels
Authors: Wang Dourong , Bao Yaqi , Cui Jingjing , Chao Lingfeng , Gu Lei , Hui Wei , Shen Yue , Zhang Biao , Chen Yonghua , Song Lin
Published: November 2022

Perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) with unique and excellent optical properties have emerged as appealing luminescent materials in optoelectronic fields. However, high temperature processing, complicated procedures, and the use of toxic solvents are typically involved in the preparation of PNCs and their related optoelectronic devices. In this study, a one‐step method is developed for the preparation of flexible photoluminescence gel based on PNCs at ambient conditions, which is a promising alternative to the current PNCs preparation strategy in terms of experimental friendliness, ease of production, and the potential for flexible devices. Acrylic acid (AA) is used for in situ crystallization of PNCs. The interaction between H+ of AA and perovskite‐solvent complex determines the nucleation and growth of PNCs. This crystallization mechanism is systematically studied by varying acid category, adjusting solvent kind, and regulating the ratio of PNCs and gels. To give a proof of practicability, flexible free‐standing PNCs‐gel composites with excellent luminescent and mechanical properties are prepared with the AA treatment. Moreover, the PNCs‐gel shape can be customized, which greatly expands the structural flexibility and functionalities of fabricated devices.
Durable Li2CN2 Solid Electrolyte Interphase Wired by Carbon Nanodomains via In Situ Interface Lithiation to Enable Long‐Cycling Li Metal Batteries
Authors: Yang Qifan , Hu Jiulin , Yao Zhenguo , Liu Jianjun , Li Chilin
Published: November 2022

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are becoming the promising candidate of high‐energy storage systems. However, the fragile natural solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) cannot retard the Li dendrite growth at anode, which will cause the low coulombic efficiency (CE) of Li plating/stripping and safety hazards in LMBs. Here, an in situ construction strategy of novel artificial SEI consisting of Li2CN2 ionic conductor wired by carbon nanodomains via dicyandiamide solution reaction method on Li metal surface is proposed. This lithiophilic Li2CN2 has the higher anti‐reduction stability and longer critical length for Li dendrite, showing the excellent dendrite suppressing ability. The wired carbon domains promote the electron connection and charge homogenization in SEI, leading to the uniform Li nucleation around Li2CN2/C grains with enhanced interface kinetics and reduced polarization. This dual conductive Li2CN2/C network enables the durable preservation of high CE and low voltage hysteresis during Li plating/stripping, endowing LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2/Li cells with ultralong cycling life exceeding 1000 cycles at high rate. The cycling stabilization effect is also remarkable even under thin Li anode and high‐loading cathode conditions. This study provides a solution to robust SEI configuration of high conductivity via in situ interface lithiation reaction for high‐performance LMBs.
Directly Deposited Antimony on a Copper Silicide Nanowire Array as a High‐Performance Potassium‐Ion Battery Anode with a Long Cycle Life
Authors: Imtiaz Sumair , Kapuria Nilotpal , Amiinu Ibrahim Saana , Sankaran Abinaya , Singh Shalini , Geaney Hugh , Kennedy Tadhg , Ryan Kevin M.
Published: November 2022

Antimony (Sb) is a promising anode material for potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) due to its high capacity and moderate working potential. Achieving stable electrochemical performance for Sb is hindered by the enormous volume variation that occurs during cycling, causing a significant loss of the active material and disconnection from conventional current collectors (CCs). Herein, the direct growth of a highly dense copper silicide (Cu15Si4) nanowire (NW) array from a Cu mesh substrate to form a 3D CC is reported that facilitates the direct deposition of Sb in a core‐shell arrangement (Sb@Cu15Si4 NWs). The 3D Cu15Si4 NW array provides a strong anchoring effect for Sb, while the spaces between the NWs act as a buffer zone for Sb expansion/contraction during K–cycling. The binder‐free Sb@Cu15Si4 anode displays a stable capacity of 250.2 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 for over 1250 cycles with a capacity drop of ≈0.028% per cycle. Ex situ electron microscopy revealed that the stable performance is due to the complete restructuring of the Sb shell into a porous interconnected network of mechanically robust ligaments. Notably, the 3D Cu15Si4 NW CC is expected to be widely applicable for the development of alloying‐type anodes for next‐generation energy storage devices.
Construction of Ru, O Co‐Doping MoS2 for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalyst and Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrate: High‐Performance, Recyclable, and Durability Improvement
Authors: Zhang Yuchen , Yang Tingru , Li Jia , Zhang Qi , Li Baizhi , Gao Ming
Published: November 2022

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a promising non‐precious material for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. However, its inert basal plane, poor active sites, and limited stability hamper their commercial prospects. Herein, Ru, O co‐doped MoS2 (MSORx) for accelerating the charge transfer and building more active sites using one‐step hydrothermal method is designed to address these obstacles. The outstanding HER performances of the MSOR1 with low overpotentials at 10 mA cm−2 in both acidic (197 mV) and alkaline solution (43 mV), which even rivals that of commercial Pt/C. Meanwhile, this MSOR1 is also used as SERS substrate that has excellent sensitivity with the enhancement factor of 1.7 × 106. Additionally, label‐free detection of bilirubin using MSOR1 with a detection limit of 10−10 m has been demonstrated, also better than that of most previously reported semiconductors. Superior HER and SERS activity, universality in wide PH range and long‐term stability are achieved based on the introduction of Ru and O. This study provides guidance for the synthesis of highly active catalysts and SERS substrate, and holds considerable promise for low‐cost HER over the whole pH and clinical translation in accurate diagnosis of jaundice.
Van der Waals‐Interface‐Dominated All‐2D Electronics
Authors: Zhang Xiankun , Zhang Yanzhe , Yu Huihui , Zhao Hang , Cao Zhihong , Zhang Zheng , Zhang Yue
Published: November 2022

The interface is the device. As the feature size rapidly shrinks, silicon‐based electronic devices are facing multiple challenges of material performance decrease and interface quality degradation. Ultrathin 2D materials are considered as potential candidates in future electronics by their atomically flat surfaces and excellent immunity to short‐channel effects. Moreover, due to naturally terminated surfaces and weak van der Waals (vdW) interactions between layers, 2D materials can be freely stacked without the lattice matching limit to form high‐quality heterostructure interfaces with arbitrary components and twist angles. Controlled interlayer band alignment and optimized interfacial carrier behavior allow all‐2D electronics based on 2D vdW interfaces to exhibit more comprehensive functionality and better performance. Especially, achieving the same computing capacity of multiple conventional devices with small footprint all‐2D devices is considered to be the key development direction of future electronics. Herein, the unique properties of all‐2D vdW interfaces and their construction methods are systematically reviewed and the main performance contributions of different vdW interfaces in 2D electronics are summarized, respectively. Finally, the recent progress and challenges for all‐2D vdW electronics are discussed, and how to improve the compatibility of 2D material devices with silicon‐based industrial technology is pointed out as a critical challenge.
Ultrahigh Strain‐Insensitive Integrated Hybrid Electronics Using Highly Stretchable Bilayer Liquid Metal Based Conductor
Authors: Chen Shuwen , Fan Shicheng , Qi Jiaming , Xiong Ze , Qiao Zheng , Wu Zixiong , Yeo Joo Chuan , Lim Chwee Teck
Published: November 2022

Human‐interfaced electronic systems require strain‐resilient circuits. However, present integrated stretchable electronics easily suffer from electrical deterioration and face challenges in forming robust multilayered soft‐rigid hybrid configurations. Here, a bilayer liquid‐solid conductor (b‐LSC) with amphiphilic properties is introduced to reliably interface with both rigid electronics and elastomeric substrates. The top liquid metal can self‐solder its interface with rigid electronics at a resistance 30% lower than the traditional tin‐soldered rigid interface. The bottom polar composite comprising liquid metal particles and polymers can not only reliably interface with elastomers but also help the b‐LSC heal after breakage. The b‐LSC can be scalably fabricated by printing and subsequent peeling strategies, showing ultra‐high strain‐insensitive conductivity (maximum 22 532 S cm−1), extreme stretchability (2260%), and negligible resistance change under ultra‐high strain (0.34 times increase under 1000% strain). It can act as stretchable vertical interconnect access for connecting multilayered layouts and can be scalably and universally fabricated on various substrates with a resolution of ≈200 µm. It is demonstrated that it can construct stretchable sensor arrays, multi‐layered stretchable displays, highly integrated haptic user‐interactive optoelectric E‐skins, visualized heaters, robot touch sensing systems, and wireless powering for wearable electronics.
3D Printing Technology Toward State‐Of‐The‐Art Photoelectric Devices
Authors: Hu Taotao , Zhang Minggang , Mei Hui , Chang Peng , Wang Xiao , Cheng Laifei
Published: November 2022

Photoelectric devices and components, as indispensable and increasingly significant technologies, are widely applied in energy conversion, electrocommunication, environmental detection, and so on. The rapid and accurate fabrication of optoelectronic devices and components brings severe challenges to the traditional preparation approaches. As a revolutionary emerging technology, 3D printing has unique advantages in geometric shape design and rapid prototyping in comparison with traditional manufacturing methods. Furthermore, it possesses excellent flexibility for fabrication methods and materials. To satisfy the fast‐expanding market of optoelectronic devices, the research in this field is showing an explosion of growth for 3D printing. However, systematic analysis and summary are still bleak about 3D printing in the photoelectric field despite abundant individual reports being presented. In order to point out its development status and forecast the future research direction, the relevant reports are summarized. Four categories of photoelectric devices are chosen as representative, including solar concentrators, solar cells, light emitting diodes, and photodetectors. In this article, the development and latest progress of 3D printing photoelectric devices are summarized as well as critical analyses of the challenges and opportunities are presented.
Efficient Continuous Light‐Driven Electrochemical Water Splitting Enabled by Monolithic Perovskite‐Silicon Tandem Photovoltaics
Authors: Datta Kunal , Branco Bruno , Zhao Yifeng , Zardetto Valerio , Phung Nga , Bracesco Andrea , Mazzarella Luana , Wienk Martijn M. , Creatore Mariadriana , Isabella Olindo , Janssen René A. J.
Published: November 2022

Solar‐assisted water electrolysis is a promising technology for storing the energy of incident solar irradiation into hydrogen as a fuel. Here, an integrated continuous flow electrochemical reactor coupled to a monolithic perovskite‐silicon tandem solar cell is demonstrated that provides light‐driven electrochemical solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion with an energy conversion efficiency exceeding 21% at 1‐Sun equivalent light intensity and stable operation during three simulated day‐night cycles.
Blue Iridium (III) Phosphorescent OLEDs with High Brightness Over 10 000 cd m−2 and Ultralow Efficiency Roll‐Off
Authors: Wu Chengcheng , Wang Min , Tong Kai‐Ning , Zhang Meng , Li Wansi , Xu Zhuhua , Zhang Wei‐Long , Wu Yuan , Yang Chen , Fu Hong‐Yan , Chen Season Si , Ng Maggie , Tang Man‐Chung , Wei Guodan
Published: November 2022

Herein, a family of six [3+2+1] coordinated 2‐(2′,4′‐difluorophenyl) pyridine‐based Iridium(III) complexes with intermolecular interactions have been designed to improve their emission properties. These molecular interactions have been regarded as an effective way to suppress non‐radiative decay and enhance the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of the light‐emitting materials. Specifically, complex 3 functionalized with new −CF3 ligand exhibits PLQY of up to 100%, and the emission peak at ≈485 nm with short excited‐state lifetime down to 1 µs. Therefore, the blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) based on complex 3 dopant exhibits excellent performance with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 22.0% and low efficiency roll‐off. Upon increasing the current density to 250 mA cm−2, high brightness value of 53 400 cd m−2 is achieved, which is not attainable with the similar molecular structure that we have reported recently, indicating the importance of the presence of the (CF···H/CN···H) interactions. Given the well‐overlapping of the emission spectra of these Iridium(III) complexes and absorption spectrum of v‐DABNA emitter, complex 3 has been successfully applied as a sensitizer for v‐DABNA‐based OLED, and a maximum current efficiency of 27.13 cd A−1 with high brightness level of up to 10 000 cd m−2 have been achieved.
Performance Requirements of Membrane Reactors for the Application in Renewable Methanol Synthesis: A Techno‐Economic Assessment
Authors: Dieterich Vincent , Wein Nicolas , Spliethoff Hartmut , Fendt Sebastian
Published: November 2022

Renewable energy carriers are expected to play a key role in the defossilization of the energy and chemical sector. For renewable methanol synthesis, membrane reactors (MR) have been tested on a laboratory‐scale with promising results. However, membrane performance requirements that allow an economic benefit for their large‐scale deployment are missing. Therefore, a 1D Python MR model is coupled with an AspenPlus process simulation to conduct a techno‐economic assessment with focus on membrane performance. Two synthesis loop configurations are investigated: one where feed and sweep recycle are operated at the same pressure and one where the sweep recycle operates at atmospheric pressure. The results show that both configurations can offer technical benefits, if sufficiently high product separation can be achieved, but that for a compressed sweep recycle no economic benefits are possible. As a consequence, membranes used for methanol synthesis must endure operation at high pressure differences. Furthermore, the results highlight the critical role of the H2 permeance, which should remain below 1 × 10−9 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1. From an economic standpoint high water permeation has a more beneficial effect than high methanol permeation.
Advanced Green Thermoset Resin Tailored for Nanocellulose‐Based Filament‐Reinforced Polymer Composite and Sustainable Development
Authors: Agumba Dickens O. , Panicker Pooja S. , Pham Duc Hoa , Kim Jaehwan
Published: November 2022

White pollution has caused extensive damage to the environment, thus making sustainable development necessary. Bioresources such as starch and cellulose are attractive candidates for sustainable materials. Despite the enticing aspects, engineering high‐performance materials from starch and cellulose have not been feasible due to the suboptimal performance of the final products. Here, this work reports a high‐strength and all‐green resin synthesized from low‐cost and abundant sustainable resources of starch, citric acid (CA), and lignin through esterification. The resulting resin discloses a record high strength (158.79 ± 6.51 MPa) and toughness (6.26 ± 0.39 MJ m−3), well above the existing starch‐based and epoxy resins. The adhesion strength (23.94 ± 1.092 MPa) of the resin to cellulose film highlights its feasibility in developing high‐performance cellulose‐reinforced polymer composite. A nanocellulose‐based long filament is manufactured via wet‐spinning on a continuous rapid fiber production system and knit into mats to ascertain the hypothesis. By integrating the resin into nanocellulose‐based filament mats through hand‐layup, hot‐pressing, and postcuring, an all‐green composite is conceived with excellent flexural strength (315.9 ± 20.1 MPa) and stiffness (34.4 ± 1.16 MPa). The high‐strength and all‐green resin can be used in natural fiber composites for automotive, packaging, and optics.
Boosting the Immunoactivity of T Cells by Resonant Thermal Radiation from Electric Graphene Films for Improved Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Shi Changrong , Fu Wenxing , Zhang Xinyi , Zhang Qianyu , Zeng Fantian , Nijiati Sureya , Du Chao , Liu Xiaomin , Wang Mingkun , Yao Youliang , Huang Hongling , Zheng Nanfeng , Chen Xiaoyuan , Wu Binghui , Zhou Zijian
Published: November 2022

To investigate the effect of resonant thermal radiation from electric graphene films (GFs) to the immunoactivity of T cells in situ and the benefits to cancer immunotherapy. This work utilizes externally applied GFs to regulate the immunoactivity of T cells through the eminent resonant thermal radiation effect. The GFs are fabricated with high emissivity and well‐matched far‐infrared emission peaks between the GFs and living bodies. The T‐cell antigen receptor signaling mechanisms and the ensuing immunoactivity of T cells by GFs treatment, compared with traditional metal films (MFs), are studied both in vitro and in vivo. The resonance thermal radiation decreases the activation threshold of T cells by increasing the influx of calcium ions, neutralizing the negative charge of intracellular membranes and triggering the phospho‐CD3ζ event. As a result, GF treatment elicits an enhanced T‐cell‐based immune response and serves as an externally applied “adjuvant” to T‐cell activation, which shows remarkable efficiency in combination with aPD‐L1 immunotherapy in multiple mouse models. This work centers the unmet needs of regulating the immunoactivity of intratumoral T cells in situ, in which the auxiliary use of GFs with high efficiency and little safety concern has great promise to translational study regarding cancer immunotherapy in future.
Deep Learning Enhances Multiparametric Dynamic Volumetric Photoacoustic Computed Tomography In Vivo (DL‐PACT)
Authors: Choi Seongwook , Yang Jinge , Lee Soo Young , Kim Jiwoong , Lee Jihye , Kim Won Jong , Lee Seungchul , Kim Chulhong
Published: November 2022

Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) has become a premier preclinical and clinical imaging modality. Although PACT's image quality can be dramatically improved with a large number of ultrasound (US) transducer elements and associated multiplexed data acquisition systems, the associated high system cost and/or slow temporal resolution are significant problems. Here, a deep learning‐based approach is demonstrated that qualitatively and quantitively diminishes the limited‐view artifacts that reduce image quality and improves the slow temporal resolution. This deep learning‐enhanced multiparametric dynamic volumetric PACT approach, called DL‐PACT, requires only a clustered subset of many US transducer elements on the conventional multiparametric PACT. Using DL‐PACT, high‐quality static structural and dynamic contrast‐enhanced whole‐body images as well as dynamic functional brain images of live animals and humans are successfully acquired, all in a relatively fast and cost‐effective manner. It is believed that the strategy can significantly advance the use of PACT technology for preclinical and clinical applications such as neurology, cardiology, pharmacology, endocrinology, and oncology.
Graphene at Liquid Copper Catalysts: Atomic‐Scale Agreement of Experimental and First‐Principles Adsorption Height
Authors: Gao Hao , Belova Valentina , La Porta Francesco , Cingolani Juan Santiago , Andersen Mie , Saedi Mehdi , Konovalov Oleg V. , Jankowski Maciej , Heenen Hendrik H. , Groot Irene M. N. , Renaud Gilles , Reuter Karsten
Published: November 2022

Liquid metal catalysts have recently attracted attention for synthesizing high‐quality 2D materials facilitated via the catalysts’ perfectly smooth surface. However, the microscopic catalytic processes occurring at the surface are still largely unclear because liquid metals escape the accessibility of traditional experimental and computational surface science approaches. Hence, numerous controversies are found regarding different applications, with graphene (Gr) growth on liquid copper (Cu) as a prominent prototype. In this work, novel in situ and in silico techniques are employed to achieve an atomic‐level characterization of the graphene adsorption height above liquid Cu, reaching quantitative agreement within 0.1 Å between experiment and theory. The results are obtained via in situ synchrotron X‐ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements over wide‐range q‐vectors and large‐scale molecular dynamics simulations based on efficient machine‐learning (ML) potentials trained to first‐principles density functional theory (DFT) data. The computational insight is demonstrated to be robust against inherent DFT errors and reveals the nature of graphene binding to be highly comparable at liquid Cu and solid Cu(111). Transporting the predictive first‐principles quality via ML potentials to the scales required for liquid metal catalysis thus provides a powerful approach to reach microscopic understanding, analogous to the established computational approaches for catalysis at solid surfaces.
Single‐Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Longevity Immune Remodeling Features Shared by Centenarians and Their Offspring
Authors: Dong Chen , Miao Ya‐ru , Zhao Rui , Yang Mei , Guo An‐yuan , Xue Zhong‐hui , Li Teng , Zhang Qiong , Bao Yanfeng , Shen Chen , Sun Chi , Yang Ying , Gu Xi‐xi , Jin Yi , Li Rong , Xu Min , Guo Jia‐xin , Zong Zhi‐ying , Zhou Wei , He Mei , Wang Dan‐ni , Su Jian‐you , Zhang Xiao‐ming , Zeng Xu‐hui , Gao Jian‐lin , Gu Zhi‐feng
Published: November 2022

Centenarians, who show mild infections and low incidence of tumors, are the optimal model to investigate healthy aging. However, longevity related immune characteristics has not been fully revealed largely due to lack of appropriate controls. In this study, single‐cell transcriptomic analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from seven centenarians (CEN), six centenarians’ offspring (CO), and nine offspring spouses or neighbors (Control, age‐matched to CO) are performed to investigate the shared immune features between CEN and CO. The results indicate that among all 12 T cell clusters, the cytotoxic‐phenotype‐clusters (CPC) and the naïve‐phenotype‐clusters (NPC) significantly change between CEN and ontrol. Compared to Control, both CEN and CO are characterized by depleted NPC and increased CPC, which is dominated by CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, CPC from CEN and CO share enhanced signaling pathways and transcriptional factors associated with immune response, and possesse similar T‐cell‐receptor features, such as high clonal expansion. Interestingly, rather than a significant increase in GZMK+ CD8 cells during aging, centenarians show accumulation of GZMB+ and CMC1+ CD8 T cells. Collectively, this study unveils an immune remodeling pattern reflected by both quantitative increase and functional reinforcement of cytotoxic T cells which are essential for healthy aging.
Superelastic 3D Assembled Clay/Graphene Aerogels for Continuous Solar Desalination and Oil/Organic Solvent Absorption
Authors: Ding Meichun , Lu Hao , Sun Yongbin , He Yujian , Yu Jiahui , Kong Huijun , Shao Changxiang , Liu Chen‐Yang , Li Chenwei
Published: November 2022

Superelastic, arbitrary‐shaped, and 3D assembled clay/graphene aerogels (CGAs) are fabricated using commercial foam as sacrificial skeleton. The CGAs possess superelasticity under compressive strain of 95% and compressive stress of 0.09–0.23 MPa. The use of clay as skeletal support significantly reduces the use of graphene by 50%. The hydrophobic CGAs show high solvent absorption capacity of 186–519 times its own weight. Moreover, both the compression and combustion methods can be adopted for reusing the CGAs. In particular, it is demonstrated a design of 3D assembled hydrophilic CGA equipped with salt collection system for continuous solar desalination. Due to energy recovery and brine transport management promoted by this design, the 3D assembled CGA system exhibits an extremely high evaporation rate of 4.11 kg m−2 h−1 and excellent salt‐resistant property without salt precipitation even in 20 wt% brine for continuous 36 h illumination (1 kW m−2), which is the best reported result from the solar desalination devices. More importantly, salts can be collected conveniently by squeezing and drying the solution out of the salt collection system. The work provides new insights into the design of 3D assembled CGAs and advances their applications in continuous solar desalination and efficient oil/organic solvent adsorption.
Suppressing Undesired Channel Length‐Dependent Electrical Characteristics of Fully Integrated InGaZnO Thin‐Film Transistors via Defect Control Layer
Authors: Kim Kyung Min , Yang Jeong Suk , Kim Hyung Tae , Han Inhyo , Jung Sang‐Hoon , Yang Joon‐Young , Ha Yong Min , Yoon Soo Young , Kim Hyun Jae
Published: November 2022

Demand for increased scalability of oxide thin‐film transistors (TFTs) continues to rise, along with the need for ever‐higher integration densities and driving currents. However, the undesirable channel length (LCH)‐dependency renders short channels difficult. To overcome such behavior in back‐channel etched devices, back‐channel interface engineering using commercially favorable silicon oxide (SiOx) and the effects thereof on the electrical characteristics of fully integrated TFTs are investigated. Process‐dependent investigation reveals that a sequential formation of double‐layered SiOx with a defect control layer (DCL) effectively alleviates back‐channel damage. The proposed method imparts advanced functionality to conventional materials of SiOx. The DCL promotes oxygen inter‐diffusion to the oxygen‐deficient back‐channel, suppresses excess hydrogen inflow, and boosts out‐diffusion of residual copper from the back‐channel. This afforded excellent device uniformity and electrical characteristics with the proposed device, including field effect mobility of ≈14.0 ± 1.0 cm2 V−1 s−1, threshold voltage (Vth) of ≈1.22 ± 0.39 V, and subthreshold gate swing of ≈0.46 ± 0.09 V dec−1 at W/L = 4/7 µm. Furthermore, Vth variation when LCH decreased from 20 to 4 µm is dramatically suppressed from >11.39 V with the pristine device to 0.78 V with the proposed device, because of controlled back‐channel properties providing sufficient effective LCH.
Weak Electron–Phonon Coupling and Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance in n‐type PbTe–Cu2Se via Dynamic Phase Conversion
Authors: Wu Ming , Cui Hong‐Hua , Cai Songting , Hao Shiqiang , Liu Yukun , Bailey Trevor P. , Zhang Yinying , Chen Zixuan , Luo Yubo , Uher Ctirad , Wolverton Christopher , Dravid Vinayak P. , Yu Yan , Luo Zhong‐Zhen , Zou Zhigang , Yan Qingyu , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: November 2022

This study investigates Ga‐doped n‐type PbTe thermoelectric materials and the dynamic phase conversion process of the second phases via Cu2Se alloying. Introducing Cu2Se enhances its electrical transport properties while reducing its lattice thermal conductivity (κlat) via weak electron–phonon coupling. Cu2Te and CuGa(Te/Se)2 (tetragonal phase) nanocrystals precipitate during the alloying process, resulting in Te vacancies and interstitial Cu in the PbTe matrix. At room temperature, Te vacancies and interstitial Cu atoms serve as n‐type dopants, increasing the carrier concentration and electrical conductivity from ≈1.18 × 1019 cm−3 and ≈1870 S cm−1 to ≈2.26 × 1019 cm−3 and ≈3029 S cm−1, respectively. With increasing temperature, the sample exhibits a dynamic change in Cu2Te content and the generation of a new phase of CuGa(Te/Se)2 (cubic phase), strengthening the phonon scattering and obtaining an ultralow κlat. Pb0.975Ga0.025Te‐3%CuSe exhibits a maximum figure of merit of ≈1.63 at 823 K, making it promising for intermediate‐temperature device applications.
Prognostic significance of preoperative osteopenia on outcomes after gastrectomy for gastric cancer
Authors: Fukushima Naoko , Tsuboi Kazuto , Nyumura Yuya , Hoshino Masato , Masuda Takahiro , Suzuki Toshimasa , Kajimoto Tetsuya , Yano Fumiaki , Eto Ken
Published: November 2022

Aim

Osteopenia, characterized by low bone mineral density, is a potential prognostic factor for patients with cancer. The aim of this study was to clarify the impact of preoperative osteopenia in patients with gastric cancer (GC) after gastrectomy.

Methods

We included 224 patients with GC who underwent gastrectomy between August 2013 and May 2022. Osteopenia was evaluated by measuring the pixel density in the mid‐vertebral core of the 11th thoracic vertebra using computed tomography.

Results

Osteopenia was identified in 68 patients (30%). The osteopenia group had significantly worse overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) than the non‐osteopenia group (P < .01, P < .01, respectively). The postoperative hospital stay was significantly longer, and the occurrence of postoperative complications (Clavien‐Dindo grade ≥ III) was significantly higher in the osteopenia group (P = .04, P < .01, respectively). In multivariate analysis, osteopenia (P < .01), stage ≥II (P < .01), and R1 or R2 curability (P < .01) were independent and significant predictors of DFS. Additionally, osteopenia (P < .01), intraoperative blood loss (P = .04), stage ≥II (P < .01), and R1 or R2 curability (P < .01) were independent and significant predictors of OS.

Conclusion

Preoperative osteopenia was independently associated with a poor prognosis and recurrence in patients who underwent gastrectomy for GC.
Stabilizing and structuring oil–oil interfaces by molecular brush surfactants
Authors: Wang Beibei , Zhang Zhao , Feng Weixiao , Luo Jiaqiu , Shi Shaowei
Published: November 2022

Oil‐in‐oil emulsions provide a unique platform for numerous applications not compatible with water or aqueous systems. However, the limited types and complicated synthesis process of surfactants are problematic. Here, we put forward a simple, yet powerful strategy to stabilize the oil–oil interface, then prepare oil‐in‐oil emulsions, by using the co‐assembly of polar molecular brushes and nonpolar oligomeric ligands at the DMF–octane interface. Molecular brush surfactants (MBSs) form and assemble in situ at the interface, minimizing the interfacial energy and producing a robust film. We find that the binding energy of MBS to the interface is sufficiently high, leading to the construction of structured liquids by the interfacial jamming of MBSs. Using MBSs as emulsifiers, different types of emulsions including DMF‐in‐octane, octane‐in‐DMF, and high internal phase emulsions can be easily prepared, showing promising applications in microreactor systems and advanced composite materials.
The Role of Discrepant Reactive Intermediates on Ru‐Ru2P Heterostructure for pH‐Universal Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Su Lixin , Jin Yiming , Gong Dan , Ge Xin , Zhang Wei , Fan Xinran , Luo Wei
Published: November 2022

Developing highly efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) under alkaline media is essential for the commercialization of alkaline exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC). However, the kinetics of HOR in alkaline media is complicated, resulting in orders of magnitude slower than that in acid, even for the state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C. Here, we find that Ru‐Ru2P/C heterostructure shows HOR performance with a non‐monotonous variation in a whole pH region. Unexpectedly, an inflection point located at pH≈7 is observed, showing an anomalous behavior that HOR activity under alkaline media surpasses acidic media. Combining experimental results and theoretical calculations, we propose the roles of discrepant reactive intermediates for pH‐universal HOR, while H* and H2O* adsorption strengths are responsible for acidic HOR, and OH* adsorption strength is essential for alkaline HOR. This work not only sheds light on fundamentally understanding the mechanism of HOR but also provides new designing principles for pH‐targeted electrocatalysts.
N2O2‐chelate metal complexes with Schiff base ligand: Synthesis, characterisation and contribution as a promising antiviral agent against human cytomegalovirus
Authors: Abd El‐Hamid Sherif M. , Sadeek Sadeek A. , Mohammed Soha F. , Ahmed Fatma M. , El‐Gedamy Mohammed S.
Published: November 2022

A new Schiff base, (N,N\‐phenylene‐(bis‐1‐ethyl‐6‐fluoro‐7‐(piperazine‐1‐yl)‐quinolone‐3‐carboxylic acid) and (Nor‐o‐phdn.2H2O), and its derived complexes with nickel (II), cobalt (II), copper (II), iron (III), yttrium (III), lanthanum (III), zirconium (IV) and uranium (VI) were synthesised and distinguished by different tools such as elemental analyses, magnetic properties, molar conductivity, spectroscopic methods (UV‐Vis., IR and1H‐NMR), mass spectrometry and thermogravimetric analysis. Depending on the spectroscopic data, Schiff base Nor‐o‐phdn.2H2O is coordinated to metal centres as a potentially tetradentate ligand via N2O2atoms. UV‐Vis. and magnetic data suggest an octahedral‐geometry for all mentioned complexes. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated the existence of water molecules inside and outside complex sphere. The thermodynamics‐related parameters were analysed through using Horowitz–Metzger and Coats–Redfern formula. Schiff base as well as its metal‐derived complexes were assessed for their antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral bioactivities. As anticipated, Schiff base and its metal complexes showed high antibacterial profile againstEscherichia coliandSalmonellatyphi. In case ofStaphylococcus aureusandBacillus cereus, it was observed that metal‐derived complexes exhibited more bactericidal features than the uncomplexed ligands. However, there are no antifungal bioactivities detected. Regarding the antiviral bioactivity, we determined in an innovative manner the effectiveness of Schiff base and metal‐derived complexes on the replication of human cytomegalovirus (huCMV‐DNA). In this regard, we utilised a humanised mouse model (huNOG‐EXL) that was implanted with human immune system cells and was subsequently infected with huCMV. The infected mice divided into drug‐treated mice and the drug‐untreated vehicle control. After postinfection and during the course of treatment, Fe (III) and Zr (IV) complexes were impactful in obstructing huCMV replication by 10‐15 fold when compared with the vehicle control, concomitantly with inducing the immune recognition of T‐cytotoxic CD8+cells towards the huCMV. The complexes are believed to be the best nominees for further research and development as huCMV inhibitors.
Hybridization effect of cellulose paper and postcuring conditions on the mechanical properties of flax fiber reinforced epoxy biocomposite
Authors: Khalifa Mohammed , Berndt Alexander , C. Shamitha , Pichler Stefan , Lammer Herfried , Wuzella Guenter
Published: November 2022

An ever‐increasing rise in demand for sustainable materials has received significant attention in developing biocomposites for structural applications. In this regard, natural fibers replacing synthetic fibers as reinforcement in epoxy composite could be a significant gain toward sustainability, especially in automobile and structural applications. Herein, flax fiber/cellulose paper–reinforced epoxy biocomposite (FREC‐X) was fabricated via a vacuum infusion process. The influence of postcuring conditions (time and temperature) and cellulose paper density on the mechanical properties of FREC‐X was studied. The tensile strength and modulus of FREC‐X increased by 37% and 64%, respectively, upon the integration of paper. Postcuring FREC‐X further augmented the tensile and flexural properties of the composite, which could be attributed to the increase in cross‐linking of the epoxy and yields a strong polymer network. Fractography analysis confirmed that the composites integrated with paper showed fewer defects with improved interfacial adhesion. In addition, the water absorption and thickness swelling results revealed that the presence of cellulose paper marginally increased the water uptake and thickness swelling of FREC‐X. Furthermore, there was no significant change in the tensile and flexural properties of FREC‐X observed even after immersing in water for >200 h. Such properties of FREC‐X seen as a fascinating alternative to synthetic fibers and petroleum‐based epoxy and are promising material for sustainable development.
Studies on the reactivity of epoxy/polyol/isocyanate blend resins and the properties of epoxy/polyurethane composites
Authors: Lee Ya‐Shiuan , Lee Wen‐Jau , Chen Yi‐Chun
Published: November 2022

Epoxy resin (ER) is one of the most widely used synthetic resins, and the improvement of its toughness is an important issue. In this study, Epon 828 is used as ER resin, polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMG) and liquefied wood (LW) are used as polyol, and IPDI, H12‐MDI, Desmodur N, and Desmodur L are used as isocyanate. The influence of polyurethane resin (PU) composition on the reactivity of ER/polyol/isocyanate blended resin and the properties of ER/PU composite are investigated. The results show that the mixture of ER/PTMG/IPDI has greater reactivity, followed by ER/PTMG/Desmodur N, while ER/PTMG/Desmodur L has lower reactivity. In the structure of ER/PU blended resin composites, ER and PU resins not only form a physical interpenetrating structure, but also undergo a copolymerization crosslinking reaction. The modulus of elasticity of ER/PU composites prepared with trifunctional Desmodur L and Desmodur N is greater than that of bifunctional IPDI and H12‐MDI, while those with LW as polyol is greater than that of PTMG as the raw material.
Pd/C embedded crosslinked polystyrene fibers as an efficient catalyst for Heck reactions
Authors: Xie Mali , Peng Kexin , Luo Yangyang , Zhang Qi , Shao Linjun , Zhong Shaofeng , Zhou Shujing , Li Jinjing , Qi Chenze
Published: November 2022

Pd/C embedded polystyrene fibers were successfully prepared by electrospinning. The polystyrene molecules were then cross‐linked by paraformaldehyde in sulfuric acid to improve the solvent resistance of composite fibers. SEM images conformed the preparation of uniform and smooth composite fibers. FT‐IR spectra demonstrated that the polystyrene molecules inside fibers have been sulphonated and crosslinked. Heck reactions were used to evaluate the catalytic performance of these novel composite fibers. The catalysis results show that this composite fiber mat catalyzed Heck reactions could be evidently promoted by using preferred reducing alcohol agent and solvent. Under the optimized reaction conditions, this composite fiber mat could effectively catalyze the Heck reactions of aromatic iodides with n‐butyl acrylate to afford the products with satisfied yields. Especially, compared with the particulate Pd/C catalyst, the separation and recycling of this fibrous catalyst from the reaction mixture were significantly improved due to the larger fibrous structure. At last, this fiber catalyst was successfully reused for eight times with little loss of initial catalytic activity, which was even better than the pristine Pd/C catalyst. Hence, embedment of particulate supported metal catalysts inside the crosslinked polystyrene fibers can effectively improve their catalytic performance and handiness.
Sulfone Rhodamines for Voltage Imaging
Authors: Raliski Benjamin K. , Mun Dong Min , Miller Evan W.
Published: November 2022

Fluorescent indicators that respond to changes in biological membrane potentials provide a powerful complement to existing methods for monitoring neuronal activity. Indicators that absorb and emit in the near infrared window are especially attractive, since lower energy wavelengths excite fewer biological molecules and can penetrate more deeply into biological tissues. In this work, we incorporate sulfone rhodamine chromophores into a voltage‐sensitive scaffold in order to generate voltage sensitive fluorophores which absorb and emit above 700 nm. These Sulfone Rhodamine Voltage Reporters (SuRhoVRs) partition into cell membranes and display good sensitivity to membrane potential changes. The most sensitive SuRhoVR derivative also displays excellent photostability and can track membrane potential changes in dissociated rat hippocampal neurons.