bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kalman filter approach for estimating water level time series over inland water using multi-mission satellite altimetry
Authors: Schwatke C. , Dettmering D. , Bosch W. , Seitz F.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Satellite altimetry has been designed for sea level monitoring over open ocean areas. However, since some years, this technology is also used for observing inland water levels of lakes and rivers. In this paper, a new approach for the estimation of inland water level time series is described. It is used for the computation of time series available through the web service "Database for Hydrological Time Series over Inland Water" (DAHITI). The method is based on a Kalman filter approach incorporating multi-mission altimeter observations and their uncertainties. As input data, cross-calibrated altimeter data from Envisat, ERS-2, Jason-1, Jason-2, Topex/Poseidon, and SARAL/AltiKa are used. The paper presents water level time series for a variety of lakes and rivers in North and South America featuring different characteristics such as shape, lake extent, river width, and data coverage. A comprehensive validation is performed by comparison with in-situ gauge data and results from external inland altimeter databases. The new approach yields RMS differences with respect to in-situ data between 4 and 38 cm for lakes and 12 and 139 cm for rivers, respectively. For most study cases, more accurate height information than from available other altimeter data bases can be achieved.
Expanding Earth and declining gravity: a chapter in the recent history of geophysics
Authors: Kragh H.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Although speculative ideas of an expanding Earth can be found before World War II, it was only in the 1950s and 1960s that the theory attracted serious attention among a minority of earth scientists. While some of the proponents of the expanding Earth adopted an empiricist attitude by disregarding the physical cause of the assumed expansion, others argued that the cause, either fully or in part, was of cosmological origin. They referred to the possibility that the gravitational constant was slowly decreasing in time, as first suggested by P. Dirac in 1937. As a result of a stronger gravitation in the past, the ancient Earth would have been smaller than today. The gravitational argument for an expanding Earth was proposed by P. Jordan and L. Egyed in the 1950s and during the next 2 decades it was discussed by several physicists, astronomers and earth scientists. Among those who for a period felt attracted by "gravitational expansionism" were A. Holmes, J. Tuzo Wilson and F. Hoyle. The paper examines the idea of a varying gravitational constant and its impact on geophysics in the period from about 1955 to the mid-1970s.
Credit Rating Changes and Subordinated Bond Spread: Evidence from China
Authors: Luo Robin Hang , Hao Jiaji
Published: May 2015

We examine the bond spread reaction to subordinated bond rating changes during the sample period of 2006 to 2011 and find that bond spread reacted positively to downgrades, big in magnitude, but not statistically significant. The bond spread reaction to upgrades, however, was mixed and statistically insignificant, and small in magnitude. We conjecture that the insignificant statistical results regarding the effect of rating changes may be due to the lack of informational content of the ratings assigned to the subordinated bonds by Chinese credit rating agencies (CRAs).
Le développement territorial durable: une nouvelle approche de développement rural
Authors: Jean Bruno
Published: May 2015

A discussão sobre as bases teóricas do conceito de desenvolvimento territorial sustentável será o objetivo principal do presente artigo. Será necessário, primeiramente, recuperar a evolução e a atualidade das hipóteses de base sobre o desenvolvimento territorial enunciadas por Philipe Aydalot há mais de um quarto de século. A partir desta revisão, proporemos uma reconfiguração deste modelo de desenvolvimento, com a noção de desenvolvimento territorial solidário, incluindo implicitamente a noção de sustentabilidade. Veremos, então, como este modelo, centrado sobre o desenvolvimento solidário, pode embasar uma nova perspectiva de desenvolvimento rural, qual seja, a de desenvolvimento rural sustentável, uma perspectiva necessária para viabilizar o desenvolvimento dos territórios rurais. A noção de desenvolvimento territorial sustentável pode ser enriquecida pela experiência histórica comparada do desenvolvimento dos territórios rurais do Norte e do Sul, já que o precário desenvolvimento regional afeta tanto uns como outros. Não seria demais afirmar que esta perspectiva resulta de uma tomada de consciência da necessidade de pensar sistemas rurais mais sustentáveis do que aqueles formados a partir da modernização dessas economias rurais.
Uso de smartphones em viagens de turismo: análise do comportamento do mercado paulistano
Authors: Santos Jucylene Araujo dos , Santos Glauber Eduardo de Oliveira
Published: May 2015

Dentre as diversas novas tecnologias de comunicação que têm alterado a realidade do turismo, uma que merece grande destaque é o smartphone, aparelho de telefonia móvel que dispõe de uma série de recursos avançados. Além da possibilidade de realização de chamadas telefônicas praticamente a qualquer momento e em qualquer lugar, os smartphones oferecem inúmeras possibilidades de comunicação por meio da troca de informações digitais, incluindo textos, imagens, sons e vídeos. Esses aparelhos usualmente oferecem ainda outras facilidades, como câmera fotográfica e de vídeo, mídia player, jogos, leitores de texto, ferramentas de produtividade e outros aplicativos. O presente artigo tem como objetivo investigar o uso de smartphones durante viagens turísticas. Para tanto, foi realizada em setembro de 2013 uma pesquisa quantitativa por entrevistas diretas com 368 consumidores da cidade de São Paulo (Brasil) através da qual foram levantadas informações sobre os principais usos do aparelho em viagens, as formas de conexão utilizadas e os recursos preferidos desses viajantes. Além disso, analisou-se a satisfação dos usuários em relação à experiência de uso do dispositivo. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram que os smartphones são amplamente utilizados durante as viagens turísticas, apresentaram as funcionalidades mais utilizadas e apontaram novas oportunidades de interação com os consumidores para empresas e destinos turísticos.
Turismo e Sociedade (Eletrônica). Curitiba, volume 7, número 4, outubro de 2014.
Authors: Bahl Miguel
Published: May 2015

Capa para compor opção de versão impressa.
Hand Gesture Modeling and Recognition for Human and Robot Interactive Assembly Using Hidden Markov Models
Authors: Chen Fei , Zhong Qiubo , Cannella Ferdinando , Sekiyama Kosuke , Fukuda Toshio
Published: May 2015

Gesture recognition is essential for human and robot collaboration. Within an industrial hybrid assembly cell, the performance of such a system significantly affects the safety of human workers. This work presents an approach to recognizing hand gestures accurately during an assembly task while in collaboration with a robot co-worker. We have designed and developed a sensor system for measuring natural human-robot interactions. The position and rotation information of a human worker's hands and fingertips are tracked in 3D space while completing a task. A modified chain-code method is proposed to describe the motion trajectory of the measured hands and fingertips. The Hidden Markov Model (HMM) method is adopted to recognize patterns via data streams and identify workers' gesture patterns and assembly intentions. The effectiveness of the proposed system is verified by experimental results. The outcome demonstrates that the proposed system is able to automatically segment the data streams and recognize the gesture patterns thus represented with a reasonable accuracy ratio.
Climate Change Beliefs Count: Relationships With Voting Outcomes at the 2010 Australian Federal Election
Authors: McCrea Rod , Leviston Zoe , Walker Iain , Shyy Tung-Kai
Published: May 2015

Climate change is a political as well as an environmental issue. Climate change beliefs are commonly associated with voting behaviour, but are they associated withswingsin voting behaviour? The latter are arguably more important for election outcomes. This paper investigates the predictive power of these beliefs on voting swings at the 2010 Australian federal election after controlling for a range of other related factors (demographic characteristics of voters, different worldviews about nature and the role of government, and the perceived opportunity cost of addressing climate change). Drawing on data from two nationally representative surveys of voters and data from the Australian Electoral Commission, this paper investigates relationships between climate change beliefs and voting swings at both the individual and electorate levels. At an individual level, a hypothetical 10% change in climate change beliefs was associated with a 2.6% swing from a conservative Coalition and a 2.0% swing toward Labor and 1.7% toward the Greens party, both left on the political spectrum. At the electorate level, this equates to a shift of 21 seats between the two main political parties (the Coalition and Labor) in Australia’s 150 seat parliament, after allocating Green preferences. Given many seats are marginal, even modest shifts in climate change beliefs can be associated with changes in electoral outcomes. Thus, climate change is expected to remain a politically contested issue in countries like Australia where political parties seek to distinguish themselves, in part, by their responses to climate change.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Custom Foot Orthoses for the Treatment of Plantar Heel Pain
Authors: Wrobel James S. , Fleischer Adam E. , Crews Ryan T. , Jarrett Beth , Najafi Bijan
Published: May 2015

Background

Up to 10% of people will experience heel pain. The purpose of this prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial was to compare custom foot orthoses (CFO), prefabricated foot orthoses (PFO), and sham insole treatment for plantar fasciitis.

Methods

Seventy-seven patients with plantar fasciitis for less than 1 year were included. Outcome measures included first step and end of day pain, Revised Foot Function Index short form (FFI-R), 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), activity monitoring, balance, and gait analysis.

Results

The CFO group had significantly improved total FFI-R scores (77.4 versus 57.2; P = .03) without group differences for FFI-R pain, SF-36, and morning or evening pain. The PFO and CFO groups reported significantly lower morning and evening pain. For activity, the CFO group demonstrated significantly longer episodes of walking over the sham (P = .019) and PFO (P = .03) groups, with a 125% increase for CFOs, 22% PFOs, and 0.2% sham. Postural transition duration (P = .02) and balance (P = .05) improved for the CFO group. There were no gait differences. The CFO group reported significantly less stretching and ice use at 3 months.

Conclusions

The CFO group demonstrated 5.6-fold greater improvements in spontaneous physical activity versus the PFO and sham groups. All three groups improved in morning pain after treatment that included standardized athletic shoes, stretching, and ice. The CFO changes may have been moderated by decreased stretching and ice use after 3 months. These findings suggest that more objective measures, such as spontaneous physical activity improvement, may be more sensitive and specific for detecting improved weightbearing function than traditional clinical outcome measures, such as pain and disease-specific quality of life.
Nitrogen isotope ratios of nitrate and N* anomalies in the subtropical South Pacific
Authors: Yoshikawa Chisato , Makabe Akiko , Shiozaki Takuhei , Toyoda Sakae , Yoshida Osamu , Furuya Ken , Yoshida Naohiro
Published: May 2015

Nitrogen isotopic ratios of nitrate (δ15N–
) were analyzed above 1000 m water depth along 17°S in the subtropical South Pacific during the revisit WOCE P21 cruise in 2009. The δ15N–
and N* values were as high as 17‰ and as low as −18 μmol N L−1, respectively, at depths around 250 m east of 115°W, but were as low as 5‰ and as high as +1 μmol N L−1, respectively, in subsurface waters west of 170°W. The relationships among
concentrations, N* values, δ15N–
values, and oxygen and nitrite concentrations suggest that a few samples east of 90°W were from suboxic and nitrite‐accumulated conditions and were possibly affected by in situ water column denitrification. Most of the high‐δ15N–
and negative‐N* waters were probably generated by mixing between Subantarctic Mode Water from the Southern Ocean and Oxygen Deficit Zone Water from the eastern tropical South Pacific, with remineralization of organic matter occurring during transportation. Moreover, the relationship between δ15N–
and N* values, as well as Trichodesmium abundances and size‐specific nitrogen fixation rates at the surface, suggest that the low‐δ15N–
and positive‐N* subsurface waters between 160°E and 170°W were generated by the input of remineralized particles created by in situ nitrogen fixation, mainly by Trichodesmium spp. Therefore, the δ15N values of sediments in this region are expected to reveal past changes in nitrogen fixation or denitrification rates in the subtropical South Pacific.
An empirical model of the topside plasma density around 600 km based on ROCSAT‐1 and Hinotori observations
Authors: Huang He , Chen Yiding , Liu Libo , Le Huijun , Wan Weixing
Published: May 2015

It is an urgent task to improve the ability of ionospheric empirical models to more precisely reproduce the plasma density variations in the topside ionosphere. Based on the Republic of China Satellite 1 (ROCSAT‐1) observations, we developed a new empirical model of topside plasma density around 600 km under relatively quiet geomagnetic conditions. The model reproduces the ROCSAT‐1 plasma density observations with a root‐mean‐square‐error of 0.125 in units of lg(Ni(cm−3)) and reasonably describes the temporal and spatial variations of plasma density at altitudes in the range from 550 to 660 km. The model results are also in good agreement with observations from Hinotori, Coupled Ion‐Neutral Dynamics Investigations/Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System satellites and the incoherent scatter radar at Arecibo. Further, we combined ROCSAT‐1 and Hinotori data to improve the ROCSAT‐1 model and built a new model (R&H model) after the consistency between the two data sets had been confirmed with the original ROCSAT‐1 model. In particular, we studied the solar activity dependence of topside plasma density at a fixed altitude by R&H model and find that its feature slightly differs from the case when the orbit altitude evolution is ignored. In addition, the R&H model shows the merging of the two crests of equatorial ionization anomaly above the F2 peak, while the IRI_Nq topside option always produces two separate crests in this range of altitudes.
A revised model for microbially induced calcite precipitation: Improvements and new insights based on recent experiments
Authors: Hommel Johannes , Lauchnor Ellen , Phillips Adrienne , Gerlach Robin , Cunningham Alfred B. , Helmig Rainer , Ebigbo Anozie , Class Holger
Published: May 2015

The model for microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) published by Ebigbo et al. (2012) has been improved based on new insights obtained from experiments and model calibration. The challenge in constructing a predictive model for permeability reduction in the underground with MICP is the quantification of the complex interaction between flow, transport, biofilm growth, and reaction kinetics. New data from Lauchnor et al. (2015) on whole‐cell ureolysis kinetics from batch experiments were incorporated into the model, which has allowed for a more precise quantification of the relevant parameters as well as a simplification of the reaction kinetics in the equations of the model. Further, the model has been calibrated objectively by inverse modeling using quasi‐1D column experiments and a radial flow experiment. From the postprocessing of the inverse modeling, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis has been performed with focus on the model input parameters that were fitted in the course of the model calibration. It reveals that calcite precipitation and concentrations of
and
are particularly sensitive to parameters associated with the ureolysis rate and the attachment behavior of biomass. Based on the determined sensitivities and the ranges of values for the estimated parameters in the inversion, it is possible to identify focal areas where further research can have a high impact toward improving the understanding and engineering of MICP.
Geodetic constraints to the source mechanism of the 2011–2013 unrest at Campi Flegrei (Italy) caldera
Authors: Trasatti Elisa , Polcari Marco , Bonafede Maurizio , Stramondo Salvatore
Published: May 2015

Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) was affected by a new unrest phase during 2011–2013. We exploit two COSMO‐SkyMed data sets to map the deformation field, obtaining displacement rates reaching 9 cm/yr in 2012 in the caldera center. The resulting data set is fitted in a geophysical inversion framework using finite element forward models to account for the 3‐D heterogeneous medium. The best fit model is a north dipping mixed‐mode dislocation source lying at ~5 km depth. The driving mechanism is ascribable to magma input into the source of the large 1982–1984 unrest (since similar source characteristics were inferred) that generates initial inflation followed by additional shear slip accompanying the extension of crack tips. The history and the current state of the system indicate that Campi Flegrei is able to erupt again, and the advanced techniques adopted provide useful information for short‐term forecasting.
Changes in the seasonality of tornado and favorable genesis conditions in the central United States
Authors: Lu Mengqian , Tippett Michael , Lall Upmanu
Published: May 2015

We analyze changes in the seasonality of tornado reports and related environmental conditions over the central U.S. Tornado counts are normalized by annual totals to reduce effects of changing reporting practices. Wavelet analysis of the normalized tornado counts shows significant power at semiannual and annual frequencies. An environmental index based on convective available potential energy and storm relative helicity shows power at the same frequencies. Reconstruction of the normalized tornado counts and the environmental index at these frequencies provides a time‐filtered description of their seasonal variation. Onset and peak dates of the tornado season defined from the reconstruction are significantly correlated with those of the environmental index over the period 1979–2013 and are found to have trends of −3.7 and −3.8 days/decade, respectively. The agreement between changes in tornado report seasonality and those of the environmental index is evidence that the trends have a physical origin.
High‐Fidelity Bioelectronic Muscular Actuator Based on Graphene‐Mediated and TEMPO‐Oxidized Bacterial Cellulose
Authors: Kim Si‐Seup , Jeon Jin‐Han , Kim Hyun‐Il , Kee Chang Doo , Oh Il‐Kwon
Published: May 2015

High‐performance electoactive artificial muscles with biofriendly, biodegradable, and biocompatible functionalities have attracted enormous attention in the era of human friendly electronic devices such as wearable electronics, soft haptic devices, and implantable or disposal biomedical devices. Here, a high‐fidelity bioelectronic soft actuator is reported based on biofriendly 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl radical‐oxidized bacterial cellulose (TOBC), chemically modified graphene, and ionic liquid [EMIM][BF4] as plasticizer, thereby realizing large deformable, faster, biodegradable, air working, and highly durable TOBC‐IL‐G muscular actuator. Especially, the TOBC‐IL‐G(0.10 wt%) membrane shows a dramatic increment of the ionic conductivity up to 120%, of specific capacitance up to 95%, of tensile modulus up to 63%, and of tensile strength up to 60%, for TOBC‐IL, resulting in 2.3 times larger bending deformation without serious back‐relaxation phenomena. The developed high‐performance and durable bioelectronic muscular actuator can be a promising candidate for satisfying the tight requirements of human‐related bioengineering as well as biomimetic robotics and biomedical active devices.
Mass Spectrometric Screening of Racemic Amine Catalysts for Enantioselective Michael Additions
Authors: Bächle Florian , Fleischer Ivana , Pfaltz Andreas
Published: May 2015

In extension of a concept of Lloyd‐Jones, based on the combination of a racemic catalyst with a scalemic substrate, we have recently developed a method for determining the enantioselectivity of a chiral catalyst from its racemic form by mass spectrometric screening of a non‐equal mixture of two mass‐labeled quasi‐enantiomeric substrates. After an initial proof of principle using palladium‐catalyzed allylic substitution as test reaction, we report now the successful application of this approach to the screening of chiral amines as catalysts for the enantioselective Michael addition to α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes. The results confirm that our method allows fast and reliable evaluation of chiral racemic catalysts. This opens up new possibilities for investigating catalyst structures that are not easily available in enantiomerically pure form.

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Increased pancreas cancer in a bio­technological research laboratory
Authors: Hansen Johnni , Wagner Poul , Uhrskov Anne Sofie , Larsen Anders Ingemann
Published: May 2015

Background

Pancreatic cancer is extremely rare among people under 55 years old. Its prognosis is poor, and the causal background remains almost unresolved. A previous study observed an increased occurrence of pancreatic cancer in workers in a French biochemical laboratory.

Methods

Case report: During an approximate 10 year period in a Danish bio‐chemical laboratory with about 50 stable employees, four cases of pancreatic cancer have been diagnosed at a mean age of 53 years. Approximately 0.02 cases should be expected if the laboratory employees had experienced the same rate of pancreatic cancer as that observed in the respective general Danish populations.

Result

All the four cases had a long‐term occupational history of exposure to carcinogens during the early bio‐technology period.

Conclusions

Causal conclusions cannot be made yet, but observation of former and present workers in biotechnological laboratories and their cancer occurrence is warranted. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:788–790, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Somatic mosaicism of a novel IKBKG mutation in a male patient with incontinentia pigmenti
Authors: Hull Sarah , Arno Gavin , Thomson Penelope , Mutch Stacey , Webster Andrew R , Rai Harjeet , Hill Virginia , Moore Anthony T
Published: May 2015

Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is an X‐linked, dominant genodermatosis usually fatal in utero in males. In rare circumstances, survival is possible due to abnormal karyotype or somatic mosaicism. In this report, the mechanism and significance of loss of detectable mutation in peripheral blood leukocytes of a somatic mosaic male is discussed and an alternative approach to achieving molecular diagnosis presented. A male patient is reported, who initially presented at 2 days of age with a rash and seizure. Clinical assessment and histology of a skin biopsy were consistent with a diagnosis of IP. He was subsequently found to have bilateral retinal detachments. Screening for the common deletion in IKBKG was negative. A novel nonsense variant, c.937C>T (p.Gln313*) in IKBKG was identified at an approximate level of 15% in a blood sample taken at 10 days of age, but was undetectable in a sample taken at 3 years most likely due to selective apoptosis of mutant cells. Samples taken from the patient when he was 5–6 years of age identified the mutation at a low level in hair root and urine but not in blood or buccal cells. The detection of the mutation in cells derived from all germ layers indicates a de novo event at an early stage of embryogenesis. This is the first report of a nonsense mutation in a male IP patient. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polyphosphoester: eine neue Plattform für abbaubare Polymere
Authors: Steinbach Tobias , Wurm Frederik R.
Published: May 2015

Polyphosphoester (PPEs) spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Natur. Sie strukturieren und bestimmen das Leben in Form von Desoxy‐ und Ribonukleinsäure (DNA und RNA) und speichern chemische Energie in Organismen als Pyrophosphate. In der Polymerchemie hingegen dominieren nicht‐abbaubare Polyolefine und schwer abbaubare Polycarbonsäureester (PCEs), die heute in großem Maßstab industriell hergestellt werden. Neuere Arbeiten haben das Potenzial der PPEs für Anwendungen jenseits klassischer Flammschutzadditive aufgezeigt und ein schlüssiges Konzept vorgestellt, um diese Biopolymerklasse in modernen Anwendungen einzusetzen, die sich die Biokompatibilität und Abbaubarkeit sowie die Möglichkeit zunutze machen, die Polymereigenschaften an individuelle Bedürfnisse anzupassen.
Twenty Years' Evolution of North Korean Migration, 1994–2014: A Human Security Perspective
Authors: Song Jiyoung
Published: May 2015

Over the past two decades, there have been notable changes in North Korean migration: from forced migration to trafficking in women, from heroic underground railways to people smuggling by Christian missionaries. The migration has taken mixed forms of asylum seeking, human trafficking, undocumented labour migration and people smuggling. The paper follows the footsteps of North Korean migrants from China through Southeast Asia to South Korea, and from there to the United Kingdom, to see the dynamic correlation between human (in)security and irregular migration. It analyses how individual migrant's agency interacts with other key actors in the migration system and eventually brings about emerging patterns of four distinctive forms of irregular migration in a macro level. It uses human security as its conceptual framework that is a people‐centred, rather than state‐ or national security‐centric approach to irregular migration.
Personal communication networks and their positive effects on online collaboration and outcome quality on Wikipedia
Authors: Tsikerdekis Michail
Published: May 2015

Online collaborative projects have been utilized in a variety of ways over the past decade, such as bringing people together to build open source software or developing the world's largest free encyclopedia. Personal communication networks as a feature do not exist in all collaborative projects. It is currently unclear if a designer's decision to include a personal communication network in a collaborative project's structure affects outcome quality. In this study, I investigated Wikipedia's personal communication network and analyzed which Wikipedia editors are utilizing it and how they are connected to outcome quality. Evidence suggests that people who utilize these networks are more experienced in editing high quality articles and are more integrated in the community. Additionally, these individuals utilize the personal communication network for coordinating and perhaps mentoring editors who edit lower quality articles. The value of these networks is demonstrated by the characteristics of the users who use them. These findings indicate that designers of online collaborative projects can help improve the quality of outcomes in these projects by deciding to implement a personal communication network in their communities.
Investment decision paths in the information age: The effect of online journalism
Authors: Gaziel Yablowitz Michal , Raban Daphne R.
Published: May 2015

In the rapidly evolving technology world blogs have become a popular genre of communication. Their potential influence on decision making is the focus of the present research. Based on interplay between Social Judgment Theory and Framing Theory this study investigates whether the information delivered by technology blogs is treated differently during investment decision making than information from traditional financial newspapers in digital form, while containing information cues and text framing. Using an online experiment with a 3 × 2 design, this research compares the influence of this trio of variables on the investment decisions of 236 participants. Results indicate a complex investment decision‐making process differing according to the type of medium presented, the text framing, the information cues, and the decision maker's background.
Using the wayback machine to mine websites in the social sciences: A methodological resource
Authors: Arora Sanjay K. , Li Yin , Youtie Jan , Shapira Philip
Published: May 2015

Websites offer an unobtrusive data source for developing and analyzing information about various types of social science phenomena. In this paper, we provide a methodological resource for social scientists looking to expand their toolkit using unstructured web‐based text, and in particular, with the Wayback Machine, to access historical website data. After providing a literature review of existing research that uses the Wayback Machine, we put forward a step‐by‐step description of how the analyst can design a research project using archived websites. We draw on the example of a project that analyzes indicators of innovation activities and strategies in 300 U.S. small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises in green goods industries. We present six steps to access historical Wayback website data: (a) sampling, (b) organizing and defining the boundaries of the web crawl, (c) crawling, (d) website variable operationalization, (e) integration with other data sources, and (f) analysis. Although our examples draw on specific types of firms in green goods industries, the method can be generalized to other areas of research. In discussing the limitations and benefits of using the Wayback Machine, we note that both machine and human effort are essential to developing a high‐quality data set from archived web information.
Information flows as bases for archeology‐specific geodata infrastructures: An exploratory study in flanders
Authors: De Roo Berdien , De Maeyer Philippe , Bourgeois Jean
Published: May 2015

Accurate and detailed data recording is indispensable for documenting archeological projects and for subsequent information exchange. To prevent comprehension and accessibility issues in these cases, data infrastructures can be useful. The establishment of such data infrastructures requires a clear understanding of the business processes and information flows within the archeological domain. This study attempts to provide insights into how information is managed in Flemish archeological processes and how this management process can be enhanced: an exploratory study based on an analysis of the new Flemish Immovable Heritage Decree, informal interviews with Flemish archeological organizations, and the results of an international survey. Three main processes, in which certified archeologists and the Flemish Heritage agency are key actors, were identified. Multiple types of information, the majority of which contain a geographical component, are recorded, acquired, used, and exchanged. Geographical information systems (GIS) and geodatabases therefore appear to be valuable components of an archeology‐specific data infrastructure. This is of interest because GIS are widely adopted in archeology and multiple Flemish archeological organizations are in favor of a government‐provided exchange standard or database templates for data recording. Furthermore, free and open source software is preferred to ensure cost efficiency and customizability.
Efficient production of free fatty acids from soybean meal carbohydrates
Authors: Wang Dan , Thakker Chandresh , Liu Ping , Bennett George N. , San Ka‐Yiu
Published: May 2015

Conversion of biomass feedstock to chemicals and fuels has attracted increasing attention recently. Soybean meal, containing significant quantities of carbohydrates, is an inexpensive renewable feedstock. Glucose, galactose, and fructose can be obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of soluble carbohydrates of soybean meal. Free fatty acids (FFAs) are valuable molecules that can be used as precursors for the production of fuels and other value‐added chemicals. In this study, free fatty acids were produced by mutant Escherichia coli strains with plasmid pXZ18Z (carrying acyl‐ACP thioesterase (TE) and (3R)‐hydroxyacyl‐ACP dehydratase) using individual sugars, sugar mixtures, and enzymatic hydrolyzed soybean meal extract. For individual sugar fermentations, strain ML211 (MG1655 fadD‐ fabR‐)/pXZ18Z showed the best performance, which produced 4.22, 3.79, 3.49 g/L free fatty acids on glucose, fructose, and galactose, respectively. While the strain ML211/pXZ18Z performed the best with individual sugars, however, for sugar mixture fermentation, the triple mutant strain XZK211 (MG1655 fadD‐ fabR‐ ptsG‐)/pXZ18Z with an additional deletion of ptsG encoding the glucose‐specific transporter, functioned the best due to relieved catabolite repression. This strain produced approximately 3.18 g/L of fatty acids with a yield of 0.22 g fatty acids/g total sugar. Maximum free fatty acids production of 2.78 g/L with a high yield of 0.21 g/g was achieved using soybean meal extract hydrolysate. The results suggested that soybean meal carbohydrates after enzymatic treatment could serve as an inexpensive feedstock for the efficient production of free fatty acids. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: ???–???. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization of surface‐immobilized extracellular matrices for the proliferation of neural progenitor cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Komura Takashi , Kato Koichi , Konagaya Shuhei , Nakaji‐Hirabayashi Tadashi , Iwata Hiroo
Published: May 2015

Neural progenitor cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells have been considered as a potential source for cell‐transplantation therapy of central nervous disorders. However, efficient methods to expand neural progenitor cells are further required for their clinical applications. In this study, a protein array was fabricated with nine extracellular matrices and used to screen substrates suitable for the expansion of neural progenitor cells derived from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. The results showed that neural progenitor cells efficiently proliferated on substrates with immobilized laminin‐1, laminin‐5, or Matrigel. Based on this result, further attempts were made to develop clinically compliant substrates with immobilized polypeptides that mimic laminin‐1, one of the most effective extracellular matrices as identified in the array‐based screening. We used here recombinant DNA technology to prepare polypeptide containing the globular domain 3 of laminin‐1 and immobilized it onto glass‐based substrates. Our results showed that neural progenitor cells selectively proliferated on substrate with the immobilized polypeptide while maintaining their differentiated state. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2388–2396. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors associated with physical or sexual intimate partner violence perpetration by men attending substance misuse treatment in Catalunya: A mixed methods study
Authors: Gilchrist Gail , Blazquez Alicia , Segura Lidia , Geldschläger Heinrich , Valls Ester , Colom Joan , Torrens Marta
Published: May 2015

Background

Prevalence of intimate partner violence perpetration is higher among male substance misusers than men in the general population. Previous studies have included few risk factors, limiting their capacity to inform interventions.

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine factors associated with intimate partner violence by male substance misusers.

Methods

Two hundred and thirty‐five men in treatment for substance misuse completed surveys that included the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale and the Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory (PMWI). Variables significant in bivariate analyses were entered into multiple logistic regression analyses. Seventeen in‐depth interviews were conducted with perpetrators and analysed using a framework approach.

Results

Just over a third of the men (34%) had been violent in the last year to their current/most recent partner. After excluding the men's own domestic victimisation from the multivariate model, perpetratation of such violence was significantly and independently associated with lower level of education, having higher PMWI dominance–isolation and emotional–verbal subscale scores and parents who had separated/divorced, and at a lower level of significance, childhood physical abuse, hazardous drinking and cocaine as the principal drug for which treatment was sought. Interview data suggested that perpetrators ‘blamed’ alcohol or cocaine use, jealousy, control and provocation or ‘fighting back’ for their behaviour.

Conclusions

Intimate partner violence is common among men attending substance misuse treatment. Integrated interventions should that address both intimate partner violence and substance misuse should be considered. Areas for intervention would include reducing dominating–isolating behaviours and emotional–verbal abuse, improving communication skills, challenging gender‐specific roles and believing that substance use ‘causes’ violent behaviour. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of an Additive on Zinc Electrodeposition in the Ionic Liquid 1‐Ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium Trifluoromethylsulfonate
Authors: Liu Zhen , Zein El Abedin Sherif , Borisenko Natalia , Endres Frank
Published: May 2015

The influence of an additive, 1,2‐dimethyl‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐2‐ium trifluoromethylsulfonate, on the electrodeposition of zinc from 0.2 M Zn(TfO)2 in the ionic liquid 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium trifluoromethylsulfonate ([EMIm]TfO) at room temperature was investigated by using cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Both in the presence and absence of the additive, the bulk electrodeposition of Zn is obtained at −0.7 V versus Zn. In the presence of the additive, two more reduction peaks, which correlate with the reduction of the additive, are observed at electrode potentials more negative than the bulk deposition of Zn. Both the concentration of the additive and the cathodic reverse potentials influence the zinc stripping process. Furthermore, it was found that the adsorption of the additive on the electrode surface obviously inhibits Zn nucleation and, thus, influences the morphology of the deposit as well as the preferred orientation.
Rebek Imide Platforms as Model Systems for the Investigation of Weak Intermolecular Interactions
Authors: Harder Michael , Carnero Corrales Marjorie A. , Trapp Nils , Kuhn Bernd , Diederich François
Published: May 2015

A Rebek imide receptor with an acetylene‐linked phenyl ring complexes 2,6‐di(isobutyramido)pyridine in (CDCl2)2 via triple H‐bonding and π–π‐stacking interactions, and the influence of para‐substituents on both rings was investigated by 1H NMR binding titrations. When the phenyl ring was extended to biphenyl and the C(4)‐pyridine substituent varied, interaction energies increased in the order CH3CH2⋅⋅⋅phenyl<CH3S⋅⋅⋅phenyl<phenyl⋅⋅⋅phenyl≪N‐methylcarboxamide⋅⋅⋅phenyl, highlighting the energetic gain from π stacking on amide fragments. The predicted preference of amide–π stacking for an antiparallel alignment of the local dipoles could not be confirmed with the studied system. Different substituents were introduced in the para position of the phenyl ring and their interaction with bound 2,6‐di(isobutyramido)pyridine was investigated. Theoretical predictions that the mere introduction of a substituent has a stabilizing effect on π–π stacking, regardless of its electronic nature, were experimentally confirmed.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Transformation of Molecular Dinitrogen into Silylamine under Ambient Reaction Conditions
Authors: Imayoshi Ryuji , Tanaka Hiromasa , Matsuo Yuki , Yuki Masahiro , Nakajima Kazunari , Yoshizawa Kazunari , Nishibayashi Yoshiaki
Published: May 2015

The first successful example of cobalt‐catalyzed reduction of N2 with Me3SiCl and Na as a reductant, under ambient reaction conditions, gives N(SiMe3)3, which can be readily converted into NH3. In this reaction system, 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) is found to work as an effective additive to improve substantially the catalytic activity. CoN2 complexes bearing three Me3Si groups as ancillary ligands are considered to work as key reactive species based on DFT calculations. The DFT results also allow the proposal of a detailed reaction pathway for the transformation of N2 into N(SiMe3)3.
Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Some Axially Chiral Binaphthyl Phosphoric Acids in Asymmetric Mannich Reaction
Authors: Yao Yuanyong , Shu Hua , Tang Bangcheng , Chen Shixue , Lu Zhongying , Xue Wei
Published: May 2015

Two novel chiral Br?nsted acids 3b and 3c were prepared without involving the complexity of Suzuki coupling. Catalyst 3c bearing two additional hydroxyl groups at 3 and 3′ positions of axially chiral 1,1‐binaphthalene‐2,2′‐diol phosphoric acid was applied in a model Mannich reaction to afford β‐amino ester in high yield (92%) and enantiomeric excess (91%) at low reacting temperature of −40°C. In addition, those β‐amino ester derivatives with high yields and excellent enatioselectivities were obtained in the presence of catalyst 3c under the above condition.
Asymmetric Hydrosilylation of Aromatic Ketones Catalyzed by an Economical and Effective Copper‐Diphosphine Catalytic System in Air
Authors: Liang Minting , Xia Xiaofeng , Liu Xiang , Li Hexing
Published: May 2015

In the presence of the inexpensive and non‐toxic polymethylhydrosiloxane, the combination of copper(II) acetate and a chiral diphosphine displayed high catalytic efficiency in the asymmetric hydrosilylation of a series of aromatic ketones in air atmosphere and at room temperature. (R)‐1‐Arylethanols were obtained with up to 99% yield and 93% enantiomeric excess. Meanwhile, the electron effect and steric hindrance of substituents on the aromatic ring had an interesting influence on both the yields and enantioselectivities. Furthermore, a possible mechanism was presented to explain the influence of some key factors on the reaction.
The Influence of Reaction Temperature on the Formation and Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation of (001) Faceted TiO2 Nanosheets
Authors: Zhang Yuliang , Zhang Qiao , Xia Ting , Zhu Daming , Chen Yongsheng , Chen Xiaobo
Published: May 2015

The rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves has triggered an urgent need for developing clean energy solutions, for example, using sunlight to produce hydrogen with benign photocatalysts. The discovery of (001) faceted TiO2 has inspired intensive studies of this model photocatalyst. Here, we found that the reaction temperature plays an important role in the formation and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanosheets. Small anatase TiO2 nanoparticles are formed at low temperatures, large anatase TiO2 nanosheets appear along with some TiOF2 crystals as the temperature increases, and pure (001) faceted TiO2 nanosheets are formed at high temperatures. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 nanoparticles/nanosheets in hydrogen generation increases when the temperature increases. The (001) facet of TiO2 shows better photocatalytic activity over other facets, and the best performance in hydrogen generation is achieved with synergistic effects between TiO2 nanosheets and TiOF2 particles.
Quantitative Evaluation of the Total Magnetic Moments of Colloidal Magnetic Nanoparticles: A Kinetics‐based Method
Authors: Liu Haiyi , Sun Jianfei , Wang Haoyao , Wang Peng , Song Lina , Li Yang , Chen Bo , Zhang Yu , Gu Ning
Published: May 2015

A kinetics‐based method is proposed to quantitatively characterize the collective magnetization of colloidal magnetic nanoparticles. The method is based on the relationship between the magnetic force on a colloidal droplet and the movement of the droplet under a gradient magnetic field. Through computational analysis of the kinetic parameters, such as displacement, velocity, and acceleration, the magnetization of colloidal magnetic nanoparticles can be calculated. In our experiments, the values measured by using our method exhibited a better linear correlation with magnetothermal heating, than those obtained by using a vibrating sample magnetometer and magnetic balance. This finding indicates that this method may be more suitable to evaluate the collective magnetism of colloidal magnetic nanoparticles under low magnetic fields than the commonly used methods. Accurate evaluation of the magnetic properties of colloidal nanoparticles is of great importance for the standardization of magnetic nanomaterials and for their practical application in biomedicine.
Direct synthesis techniques for general Chebyshev filters: lowpass, highpass, and bandstop cases
Authors: Xiao Fei
Published: May 2015

Conventional synthesis techniques for general Chebyshev lowpass, highpass, and bandstop filters are usually based on general Chebyshev filtering function, from which lowpass prototype is set up. By applying the lowpass to lowpass, highpass, or bandstop frequency transformation on realization networks of lowpass prototypes, final realization networks of general Chebyshev lowpass, highpass, and bandstop filters are obtained. In this paper, direct synthesis techniques for general Chebyshev lowpass, highpass, and bandstop filters are discussed. Transmission zeros can be placed wherever they are desired to control the performance of the filters. Unlike conventional synthesis techniques, they derive filtering polynomials constituting network parameters directly in the lowpass, highpass, or bandstop domain, which might find applications in analogue and digital filter design. Several examples are presented for demonstration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the shapes of hemocytes of Callista brevisiphonata in vitro (Bivalvia, Veneridae)
Authors: Karetin Yu. A. , Pushchin I. I.
Published: May 2015

Fractal formalism in conjunction with linear methods of image analysis is suitable for the comparative analysis of such “irregular” shapes (from the point of view of classical Euclidean geometry) as flattened amoeboid cells of invertebrates in vitro. Cell morphology of in vitro spreading hemocytes from the bivalve mollusc Callista brevisiphonata was analyzed using correlation, factor and cluster analysis. Four significantly different cell types were identified on the basis of 36 linear and nonlinear parameters. The analysis confirmed the adequacy of the selected methodology for numerical description of the shape and the adequacy of classification of nonlinear shapes of spread hemocytes belonging to the same species. Investigation has practical significance for the description of the morphology of cultured cells, since cell shape is a result of summation of a number of extracellular and intracellular factors. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry