bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid global path planning algorithm for unmanned surface vehicles in large-scale and multi-island marine environments
Authors: Wang Dong , Zhang Jie , Jin Jiucai , Liu Deqing , Mao Xingpeng
Published: June 2021

A global path planning algorithm for unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) with short time requirements in large-scale and complex multi-island marine environments is proposed. The fast marching method-based path planning for USVs is performed on grid maps, resulting in a decrease in computer efficiency for larger maps. This can be mitigated by improving the algorithm process. In the proposed algorithm, path planning is performed twice in maps with different spatial resolution (SR) grids. The first path planning is performed in a low SR grid map to determine effective regions, and the second is executed in a high SR grid map to rapidly acquire the final high precision global path. In each path planning process, a modified inshore-distance-constraint fast marching square (IDC-FM2) method is applied. Based on this method, the path portions around an obstacle can be constrained within a region determined by two inshore-distance parameters. The path planning results show that the proposed algorithm can generate smooth and safe global paths wherein the portions that bypass obstacles can be flexibly modified. Compared with the path planning based on the IDC-FM2 method applied to a single grid map, this algorithm can significantly improve the calculation efficiency while maintaining the precision of the planned path.
Effects of using mobile augmented reality for simple interest computation in a financial mathematics course
Authors: Hernández Moreno Laura Alicia , López Solórzano Juan Gabriel , Tovar Morales María Teresa , Vergara Villegas Osslan Osiris , Cruz Sánchez Vianey Guadalupe
Published: June 2021

Understanding the concept of simple interest is essential in financial mathematics because it establishes the basis to comprehend complex conceptualizations. Nevertheless, students often have problems learning about simple interest. This paper aims to introduce a prototype called “simple interest computation with mobile augmented reality” (SICMAR) and evaluate its effects on students in a financial mathematics course. The research design comprises four stages: (i) planning; (ii) hypotheses development; (iii) software development; and (iv) design of data collection instruments. The planning stage explains the problems that students confront to learn about simple interest. In the second stage, we present the twelve hypotheses tested in the study. The stage of software development discusses the logic implemented for SICMAR functionality. In the last stage, we design two surveys and two practice tests to assess students. The pre-test survey uses the attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction (ARCS) model to assess students’ motivation in a traditional learning setting. The post-test survey assesses motivation, technology usage with the technology acceptance model (TAM), and prototype quality when students use SICMAR. Also, students solve practice exercises to assess their achievement. One hundred three undergraduates participated in both sessions of the study. The findings revealed the direct positive impact of SICMAR on students’ achievement and motivation. Moreover, students expressed their interest in using the prototype because of its quality. In summary, students consider SICMAR as a valuable complementary tool to learn simple interest topics.
Forecasting the COVID-19 transmission in Italy based on the minimum spanning tree of dynamic region network
Authors: Dong Min , Zhang Xuhang , Yang Kun , Liu Rui , Chen Pei
Published: June 2021

Background

Italy surpassed 1.5 million confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections on November 26, as its death toll rose rapidly in the second wave of COVID-19 outbreak which is a heavy burden on hospitals. Therefore, it is necessary to forecast and early warn the potential outbreak of COVID-19 in the future, which facilitates the timely implementation of appropriate control measures. However, real-time prediction of COVID-19 transmission and outbreaks is usually challenging because of its complexity intertwining both biological systems and social systems.

Methods

By mining the dynamical information from region networks and the short-term time series data, we developed a data-driven model, the minimum-spanning-tree-based dynamical network marker (MST-DNM), to quantitatively analyze and monitor the dynamical process of COVID-19 spreading. Specifically, we collected the historical information of daily cases caused by COVID-19 infection in Italy from February 24, 2020 to November 28, 2020. When applied to the region network of Italy, the MST-DNM model has the ability to monitor the whole process of COVID-19 transmission and successfully identify the early-warning signals. The interpretability and practical significance of our model are explained in detail in this study.

Results

The study on the dynamical changes of Italian region networks reveals the dynamic of COVID-19 transmission at the network level. It is noteworthy that the driving force of MST-DNM only relies on small samples rather than years of time series data. Therefore, it is of great potential in public surveillance for emerging infectious diseases.
Depression and low physical activity are related to sarcopenia in hemodialysis: a single-center study
Authors: Yuenyongchaiwat Kornanong , Jongritthiporn Sasikan , Somsamarn Kasarn , Sukkho Oranat , Pairojkittrakul Sasipim , Traitanon Opas
Published: June 2021

Background

The number of patients who suffer from chronic renal failure (CRF) has widely increased worldwide. Patients with advanced stages of CRF experience a gradual and progressive loss of muscle and fat mass leading to decreased physical activity and mental health problems. The loss of muscle mass in CRF might contribute to the development of sarcopenia. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the prevalence of sarcopenia and to determine the relationship of physical activity and mental state of depression with sarcopenia in hemodialysis patients.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was designed with a total of 104 male and female with a minimum age of 35 years. Based on the guidelines of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia in 2019, gait speed, muscle mass, and handgrip were used to define sarcopenia. In addition, participants were requested to perform a set of questionnaires to evaluate their physical activity and state of depression. Logistic regression analyses were used to explore the risk factors of sarcopenia.

Results

Thirty-four (32.69%) of 104 participants had sarcopenia. Compared to the 70 individuals without sarcopenia, they had a low physical activity and a high depression score (ps < .05). Furthermore, low physical activity and high depression scores in combination with sarcopenia were associated with an increased mortality risk. Low physical activity and high depression scores were also independently associated with sarcopenia in hemodialysis patients after controlling for age (odds ratio = 3.23, and 4.92, respectively).
Enhancing and Conservation of Ecosystem through Philatelic Education in Europe: Think Green Concept (V) - Maxicards Research Study
Authors: Cioruța Bogdan-Vasile , Pop Alexandru Leonard , Coman Mirela
Published: June 2021

Each year, PostEurop's Stamps & Philately Working Group selects the Europa stamp theme. “Think green!” was the 2016 theme. Europa stamps 2016 are very special stamps, with “Think Green” theme aimed to create awareness and give a wakeup call. Its time to protect our environment for the better future of the coming generations, and to contribute to socio-economical sustainable development. In this context, we propose an insight into the history of Europe philatelic preoccupations for natural heritage conservation, and bring into discussion the significant concerns in promoting ecological educational via thematic issues - the Think green! maximum postcards. As such, the main objective is to identify, index and describe the main philatelic pieces (maxicards) issued in European countries, from the beginning of issuing in this field. Identification, indexing, analysis and description of maxims made in terms of information provided by platforms such as Delcampe®, eBay®, PicClick® etc, shows us that the concern for ecological education through philately is well-intentioned and well-received among collectors and the general public.
Using a Standard Model to Identify the Saving Determinants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abdallah Tarek Ali Ahmed , Aziz Mohammed Salah El-Din Abdel
Published: June 2021

Low savings are an important factor in low economic growth rates. Saudi Arabia faces many future challenges, e.g., maintaining the gross domestic product, improving economic growth rates, providing job opportunities, as well as decreasing unemployment and nationalization rates. Therefore, the present research paper aims to identify the most important factors affecting domestic savings in Saudi Arabia by building a simultaneous equations model to measure interactions and interrelations between variables using 3SLS. The results showed a significant positive interaction between variables. Increasing domestic savings by 1% increased local investment by 0.957%, whereas increasing the investment coverage ratio by 1% increased local investment by 0.971%. Moreover, increasing local investment by 1% increased gross domestic product by 0.136%, while decreasing the rate by 1% increased gross domestic product by 0.334%. Increasing population by 1% increased gross domestic product by 1.520%. In short, these factors conveyed high rates of response.
Risk Factors and Outcome of Acute Poisoning in Childrens
Authors: Qureshi Abdul Sami , Zafar Farhana , Waseem Madiha , Taimor Muhammad , Sobia .
Published: June 2021

Objective: To determine the risk factors and outcome of acute poisoning in children at a tertiary care hospital of Karachi.

Study design: Cross sectional study

Place and duration of study: Department of Emergency Medicine, Dr Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.  From January 2019 to January 2021

Methodology: The patients (n=136) were selected of either gender with the precise age group of twelve years. All the patients selected were meeting the inclusion criteria and enrolled with a history of poisoning exposure within 24 hours of arriving at the hospital's emergency department. The name of the toxin, the time since ingestion of the toxic substance, factors prompting coincidental harming like age, ill-advised capacity of hurtful specialists, for example, lamp oil and blanch in soda bottles, simple access of kids to meds utilized by different individuals from the family, mother's schooling, working moms, financial status were completely assembled from the guardians or orderlies as referenced in the Performa. In general, people were poisoned primarily from within their own homes. Non-accidental poisoning cases were omitted. SPSS version 22 was used to analyze the data.

Results: Out of 136 patient enrolled in this study mean age was 5.2+2.9 years, 77(56.6%) were male and 59(43.4%) were female and mean time of presentation was 2.3+1.7 hours. Most common risk factor was unsafe storage of chemicals (n=98) (72.1%), followed by education level of mother (n=)65 (47.8%), inadequate supervision of child (n=60) (44.1%), non authorative parenting (n=51) (37.5%), working mothers (n=41) (30.1%), lack of family support (n=30) (22.1%), developmental delay (n=11) (8.1%) and poisonous plant in home garden (n=6) (4.4%). Outcome mainly depends upon type of poisoning and time interval between poisoning and presentation to the hospital, 26 (19.11%) were discharged safely from ER, while 45 (33.08%) admit in wards and 48 (35.29%)  were admitted in Intensive Care and 17 (12.5%) were expired in ER.

Conclusion: In this study we have concluded that number of accidental poisoning are often occur in toddler and school going children. The major risk factor of acute poisoning found was unsafe storage or easy accessibility of house hold chemicals, second one was low level of education of parents, than non-authorative parenting,  and working mothers and lack of family support. The outcome mainly depend upon time interval from ingestion of poison to presentation at hospital and type poisonous agent taken, that can lead to the need of specialized care, prolong hospital stay and sometimes results in death of a child.
Oil and Global Insecurity: Lessons from Asia, Latin America and African Oil Producing Countries
Authors: Samuel Umaru Tsaku
Published: June 2021

This paper critically digs into history to examine the role oil played in generating war among nations. It also examines conflicts and agitations within nations as well as regime-change in the global system with their attendant consequences on global security. The discovery of oil as a major source of energy for the running of military and civilian complexes the world over, has been a blessing and a curse. Oil as a commodity has contributed in no small measure to growth and development as it helps in turning the wheels necessary for industrialization.  However, the search for oil over the years by nations of the world has engendered conflicts and full-fletched wars within and among nations due to antagonistic encounter of interests. Asian and African oil producing countries are the worst hit, as established powers sponsor proxy wars, change unfriendly regimes in the name of accessing abundant oil resources with all the security implications these portend. Within the oil producing states, agitations and rebellion are commonplace in oil producing regions. The governing elites see oil revenue as opportunity for primitive accumulation leaving the people in oil producing regions in extreme poverty and deprivation in the midst of abundant wealth. The frustration and agony of the people find expression in violence and counter violence by the state reducing the oil regions to theaters of conflicts and security crises. The paper however, concluded and recommended that; oil search by the established and emerging powers should be carried out within the confines of the law. Oil producing states deserve to be respected by the international community to utilize their resources for the development of their people. There must not be interference in their internal affairs. Again, the governing elites should develop strategies for equitably distributing oil wealth among the various stake holders within the oil producing states so as to nib rebellion in the bud for the sake of international peace and security.
Development of Gluten-Free Sorghum Cookies with Different Vegetable Oil Sources
Authors: Goubgou Mahamadé , Bationo Fabrice , Ouattara Laurencia Toulsoumdé Songré , Fofana Daouda , Traoré Yves , Aly Savadogo
Published: June 2021

Aims: Lipids have important role in cookies production depending on their nature and function. In this study, the effect of refined cottonseeds oil (RCO), refined palm oil (RPO), and red (or crude) palm oil (CPO) on physicochemical characteristics of gluten-free sorghum cookies was evaluated and compared to control gluten-free cookies produced with a margarine (M20).

Methodology: RCO and RPO were incorporated at the level of 20 % and CPO at the level of 16%. The physicochemical characteristics were determined according to standard methods of analysis.

Results: Moisture, ash, proteins, lipids, sugar, fiber, pH, fat acidity, and energy value were  ranged  respectively between 0.12 ± 0.05 and 1.72 ± 0.02 % ; 2.00 ± 0.00 and 2.34 ± 0.01% (g/100g DM) ; 6.91 ± 0,08 and 7.49 ± 0.07% (g/100g DM) ; 20.61 ± 0.01 and 25.62 ± 0.53% (g/100g DM) ; 61.71 ± 0.52 and 65.79 ± 0.23% (g/100g DM) ; 3.41 ± 0.52 and 8.02 ± 2.04% (g/100g DM) ; 7.01 ± 0.00 and 7.36 ± 0.00; 0.03± 0.00 and 0.11 % of H2SO4 ; 462.70 ± 8.17 and 505.79 ±5.32 Kcal. The use of RCO and RPO induced significantly increase of the fat content. But, the moisture, ash, fat, sugar and the energy of the experimental and control cookies are in accordance with the recommended value of the guidelines of codex Alimentarius on supplementary foods for older infants and young children.

Conclusion: RCO, RPO and CPO exhibit the potential to be used as substitutes to margarine in the production of gluten-free cookies with interesting nutritional values.
Frequency of Incidental Findings on Diagnostic Laparoscopy in Patients Undergoing Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Soomro Nazia Khatoon , Kumar Sandesh , Bhurgri Karim Bux , Pathan Ahmed Hussain , Talpur Altaf Ahmed
Published: June 2021

Objective: To determine the frequency of incidental findings on diagnostic laparoscopy in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy at tertiary care hospital Jamshoro.

Study design: This is a descriptive cross sectional study.

Setting: Study carried out at department of general surgery, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS) Jamshoro from 1st February 2019 to 30th July 2019.

Materials and methods: A total of 164 patients of both gender undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy in patients of laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included in the study. Laparoscopy was done under general anesthesia in all patients. The whole of peritoneal cavity was sequentially                 visualized using trendelenberg and reverse trendelenberg positions, and right or left tilt as      required.

Results: Age range in this study was from 20 to 79 years with mean age of 43.622±9.31 years. 40.2% patients were of male gender and 59.8% patients were females. Peritoneal band & adhesions was seen in 9.8% patients, Ovarian Cyst 5.5%, Abdominal Tuberculosis 19.5% and Gall Bladder Carcinoma was 3%.

Conclusion: We conclude that laparoscopy is very safe, can obviate the need for a full exploratory laparotomy & minimize the surgical trauma in chronically ill patients.
Synergistic effect of Ocimum Sanctum and Andrographis Paniculata against Diabetic Complications
Authors: Gupta Lalit , Arora Mandeep Kumar , Tomar Ritu , Pathak Anuj , Gupta Vardan , Garg Anchal , Sahoo Jagannath , Grover Parul
Published: June 2021

The present study explored the effect of Ocimum sanctum, Andrographis paniculata and their combination for the management of experimental diabetic vascular complications. Diabetes associated dyslipidemia and free radical generation have been connected to the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced vascular complications.  Ocimum sanctum, Andrographis paniculata, possess hypolipidemic and antioxidant property, thus we evaluated their vaso-protective potential. Hydroalcoholic extract of Ocimum sanctum (200 mg/kg p.o) and hydroalcoholic extract of Andrographis paniculata (400 mg/kg p.o) were noted to possess vascular protective potential in experimental chronic diabetes. Experimental diabetes mellitus was induced by Streptozotocin (55 mg/kg i.p., once) to Wistar rats. The induction of diabetes and its associated vascular complications were assessed biochemically. Diabetes-associated dyslipidemia and tissue oxidative stress were also assessed. Treatment of combination of Ocimum sanctum + Andrographis paniculata (300mg/kg p.o) was noted to be more efficient against the diabetes-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction and renal impairment as compared to either treatment with Ocimum sanctum (400mg/kg p.o) or Andrographis paniculata (200mg/kg p.o) or Lisinopril (1 mg/kg/day p.o.) (a reference agent). To conclude, diabetes associate oxidative stress and dyslipidemia are majorly accountable for the induction of vascular and renal impairment. The combination of Ocimum sanctum + Andrographis paniculata (300mg/kg p.o) shown the synergistic effect and may have prevented the progression of diabetes-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction and nephropathy by preventing the alteration lipid profile, restoring the serum nitrate/nitrite concentration, and decreasing the renal oxidative stress.
Assessment of Gene Polymorphism in GABAA1 Receptor among Sudanese Patients with Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME)
Authors: Abdalla Sami F. , Eltahir Hanan B. , El-Magzoub Salah M.
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is an idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndrome (IGE) with a strong genetic contribution. The main characters of JME are generalized convulsive or an absences seizures proceeded by myoclonic jerks. Gene variant of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A inhibitory receptor speculated to underlay JME etiology.

Objective: This study aimed to screen for JME based on the International League against Epilepsy Commission on Classification and Terminology diagnostic criteria and to assess the link of polymorphism in the GABAA receptor gene, GABRA1 to the development of JME in Sudanese patients.

Methods: Our epidemiological study enrolled 44 JME patients, only 23 participated in the genetic part and 35 matched healthy controls were also included. Blood genomic DNA was isolated and PCR based- restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was done. The data obtained were analyzed using computer software SPSS 21rt edition.

Results: The frequency of the mutant G allele was found to be 41.5% in patients and 45.5% in the controls. The genotype distribution of A and G alleles among patients were found to be (AA= 39%), (AG=39%) and (GG= 22%) and that of the controls were (AA=40%), (AG=30%) and (GG= 30%).

Conclusion: The mutant G allele of the GABAA1 receptor does not affect the development of JME in Sudanese patients but the AG genotype may be a risk factor.
The Correlation between Gene Expression and DNA Methylation Levels of RAS p21 Protein Activator 3 (RASA3) Gene in Saudi Autistic Children
Authors: Alrofaidi Aisha , Alghamdi Rawan Saeed , Alharbi Mona , Algothmi Khloud , Farsi Reem , Alburae Najla , Ganash Magdah , Basingab Fatemah , Azhari Sheren , Alkhatabi Heba , Elaimi Aisha , Shaabad Manal , Dallol Ashraf , Alqosaibi Amany , Jan Mohammed , Aldhalaan Hesham , Alhazmi Safiah
Published: June 2021

The potential role of DNA methylation pattern in autism has been provided by revealing the differences in methylation level of multiple genes which are significantly associated with their expression and implicated in ASD pathogenesis. RASA3 is a member of GTPase-activating proteins, RASA3 is highly expressed in brain tissues and can be deregulated by different epigenetic mechanisms. Many studies reported that differentially expressed RASA3 is correlated with its aberrant methylation. Accordingly, this has been suggested that deferentially expression of RASA3 may be correlated with its methylation levels which could play a role in ASD which brought our attention to identify differentially-expressed genes that could be associated with their methylation level of ASD in Saudi population, by performing comparative gene expression of RASA3 then investigate its relation to methylation level.

This study was conducted on 18 Saudi autistic children as well as their healthy-control siblings. Relative expression of a candidate gene (RASA3) was measured using RT-qPCR. Furthermore, MethyLight assay was performed to estimate methylation level and evaluate its impact on RASA3 expression. Interestingly, RASA3 expression has found to be dysregulated in ASD cases. In contrast, MethyLight assay result showed no differences in the methylation patterns among ASD cases in the candidate region. However, it remains an open question whether these dysregulations of RASA3 expression could be a biomarker for early screening/detection of some cases which may also suggest a role for RasGAPs in autistic brain function.
Remediation of Oily Waste using Soil Organic Nutrient Stimulant
Authors: John Ofonime U. M. , Eduok Samuel I. , Nwaugo Victor O. , Onyeagba Reginald A.
Published: June 2021

Aims: This present study aim at assessing the efficacy of soil-organic nutrient stimulant in the remediation of oily waste.

Study design: Preparation of Soil-goat dung mix was used as stimulant for the remediation of oily waste. 

Place and duration of study: The study was carried out at the Department of Microbiology University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria in the dry season months of January - March

Methodology: Remediation of oily waste using soil - organic (goat dung) nutrient stimulant was assessed for 12 weeks using standard culture-dependent microbiological, chemical and enzyme activity assay procedures.

Results: The results indicate increased counts of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes with remediation time. Microorganisms belonging to the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Serratia, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Rhodococcus, Nocardia and Streptomyces were recovered from the remediated waste. The pH of the soil-goat dung treatment ranged from 6.5 ± 0.02 to 7.1 ± 0.05. Enzyme activity by dehydrogenase and urease were higher than phenol oxidase with time. PAHs were below detectable limits (< 0.01) and reduction in total petroleum hydrocarbon was 99.3% for the remediated waste.

Conclusion: Overall, enhanced microbial activities correlated positively with reduction in Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon and PAH composition which resulted in ecofriendly waste product. Soil-goat dung stimulant can therefore serve as a cheap alternative in the management of oily waste.
She’s Really Kind and Hella Weird! ─ The Use of Intensifiers among Teens: A Sociolinguistic Analysis
Authors: Putri Calista , Salikin Hairus , Khazanah Dewianti
Published: June 2021

This study aims to reveal language variation of the use of intensifiers that occurs between male and female teens. This study will also examine the effects of gender through the use of adjectives intensification. Seeing that society have stereotype towards male and female, it is being one of problems that cause the differences in their language. To answer this problem, qualitative and quantitative approaches are undertaken. All participants are asked to share stories through free writing section. A later interview process is accomplished to clarify their further reasons of their intensifiers. The results show that there are significant differences of intensifiers used by males and females such as intensifiers amount, adjective types, degree, positive-negative evaluation, emotional value, intensifiers choices, and the use of double and taboo intensifiers. These differences are caused by several reasons with gender related. It has connection with power, politeness, expressions, emotion, society compulsion, and others.
The Dynamics of Hope in Unkrich and Molina’s Coco
Authors: Chien Chia-Chi , Wang Ya-huei
Published: June 2021

This study analyzes how the characters in Lee Unkrich and Adrian Molina’s animated film Coco, mainly Mamá Imelda, Héctor, and Miguel, manage their emotional responses when they are facing loss, bereavement, or other significant changes in their lives. The study uses Elisabeth Kübler-Ross’s five-stage model of grief to analyze how these characters go through the grieving process. Moreover, in order to suggest how those who are grieving can enter into positive states of mind, the study expands on Kübler-Ross’s original model by incorporating a positive mindset of hope. In dialogue with Unkrich and Molina’s film, the study uses Kübler-Ross’s ideas to explore coping mechanisms that can help manage difficult times in life, while also suggesting the benefits of maintaining a positive mindset through hope.
Identity Crisis in Reza Ghasemi’s The Nocturnal Harmony of Wood Orchestra
Authors: Mansouri Niloofar , Sasani Samira
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTMigration, this multifaceted phenomenon, has always been a concept of importance in different domains such as art and literature. What impacts migration has on human psychology can be well elaborated on using the tool of characterization in stories. Among these impacts, the one regarding identity is probably of highest importance. Therefore, the literature of diaspora can be a field for exploring the process of identity refashioning. What the present study aims to elaborate on is Reza Ghasemi’s The Nocturnal Harmony of Wood Orchestra and the way identity crisis is manifested in and handled by the characters in this book. The analysis is grounded on Homi Bhabha’s concept of Third-Space but to specifically analyze the challenges that immigrant characters face in this liminal location, Yuri Lotman’s cultural idea of semiosphere is also incorporated. Keywords: Identity Crisis, Literature of Diaspora, Reza Ghasemi, Third-Space, Yuri Lotman
Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma via liquid biopsy: panel of small extracellular vesicle‐derived long noncoding RNAs identified as markers
Authors: Kim Soon Sun , Baek Geum Ok , Son Ju A , Ahn Hye Ri , Yoon Moon Kyung , Cho Hyo Jung , Yoon Jung Hwan , Nam Suk Woo , Cheong Jae Youn , Eun Jung Woo
Published: June 2021

This study investigated the diagnostic potential of serum small extracellular vesicle‐derived long noncoding RNAs (EV‐lncRNAs) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Driver oncogenic lncRNA candidates were selected by a comparative analysis of lncRNA expression profiles from two whole transcriptome human HCC datasets (Catholic_LIHC and TCGA_LIHC). Expression of selected lncRNAs in serum and small EVs was evaluated using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Diagnostic power of serum EV‐lncRNAs for HCC was determined in the test (n = 44) and validation (n = 139) cohorts. Of the six promising driver onco‐lncRNAs, DLEU2, HOTTIP, MALAT1, and SNHG1 exhibited favorable performance in the test cohort. In the validation cohort, serum EV‐MALAT1 displayed excellent discriminant ability, while EV‐DLEU2, EV‐HOTTIP, and EV‐SNHG1 showed good discriminant ability between HCC and non‐HCC. Furthermore, a panel combining EV‐MALAT1 and EV‐SNHG1 achieved the best area under the curve (AUC; 0.899, 95% CI = 0.816–0.982) for very early HCC, whereas a panel with EV‐DLEU2 and alpha‐fetoprotein exhibited the best positivity (96%) in very early HCC. Serum small EV‐MALAT1, EV‐DLEU2, EV‐HOTTIP, and EV‐SNHG1 may represent promising diagnostic markers for very early‐stage HCC.
Plasmalogen‐rich foods promote the formation of cubic membranes in amoeba Chaos under stress conditions
Authors: Chong Ketpin , Almsherqi Zakaria A. , Zhuo Ruijiang , Deng Yuru
Published: June 2021

Previous studies have indicated that the ability to form cubic membrane (CM), a three‐dimensional periodic structure with cubic symmetry, in amoeba (Chaos carolinense) under stress conditions depends on the type of food organism supplied before cell starvation. The significant increase in docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; C22:5n‐6) during the starvation period has been reported to induce CM formation and support Chaos cell survival. In this article, we further investigated the lipid profiles of food organisms of the Chaos cells to reveal the key lipid components that might promote CM formation. Our results show that the lipids extracted from cells of the native food organism Paramecium multimicronucleatum are enriched in plasmalogens. More specifically, plasmalogen phosphatidylcholine and plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamine might be the key lipids that trigger CM formation in Chaos cells under starvation stress conditions. Unexpectedly, CM formation in these cells is not supported when the native food organism was replaced with plasmalogen‐deficit Tetrahymena pyriformis cells. Based on a previous lipidomics study on amoeba Chaos and this study on the lipid composition of its food organisms, three key lipids (plasmalogen phosphatidylcholine, plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamine and diacyl‐phosphatidylinositol) were identified and used for liposomal construction. Our in vitro study revealed the potential role of these lipids in a nonlamellar phase transition. The negative staining transmission electron microscopy data of our liposomal constructs support the notion that plasmalogens may curve the membrane, which, in turn, may facilitate membrane fusion and vesicular formation, which is crucial for membrane dynamics and trafficking.
History of Marine Biology and Oceanography
Authors: Bengtsson Keith R
Published: June 2021

The modern scientific disciplines of marine biology and oceanography did not emerge until the twentieth century. Their historical antecedents are embedded in the natural history tradition, European global explorations and scientific‐educational reforms of the late nineteenth century. As new institutions dedicated to the marine sciences emerged around the beginning of the twentieth century, they began to diverge in two major directions, those investigating the open ocean (pelagic) while others examined the ocean's shorelines (littoral). Gradually, the two disciplines developed from this divergence, with marine biology usually studied within seaside laboratories focused initially upon marine botany and marine zoology before expanding into more specific areas of developmental biology, cytology and intertidal ecology. Oceanography, often conducted aboard research vessels, followed a similar trajectory with its disciplinary character eventually including physical, chemical, geological and biological oceanography by the 1920s.

Key Concepts

Biocoenosis was the early ecological notion of Karl Möbius that stressed the study of the community of organisms living together.

Dynamic meteorology was the field pioneered by the Bergen School that led to the incorporation of oceanography into weather forecasting.

Institutionalization of science relates the formation of specific organizations focused on an emerging area of science, such as oceanography or marine biology.

International scientific cooperation is most often associated with large‐scale and expensive scientific research areas; oceanography is a primary example.

Marine sociology is the idea championed initially by Torsten Gislén that emphasized the community approach for marine ecology.

Microscopical research was the laboratory‐based investigation of fauna and flora pioneered in marine biology at the end of the nineteenth century.

Plankton dynamics represented the study of marine plankton, a study that led to the incorporation of biological oceanography into modern oceanographic research.

Plate tectonics was the mechanism suggested by Alfred Wegener to explain the movement of the earth's mantle leading to the current configuration of the planet's land masses.

Scientific disciplines represent the various areas of the scientific enterprise that constitute contemporary science; marine biology and oceanography are two disciplines that emerged in the twentieth century.
A Canvas on which to Feast: A Canadian Adventure
Authors: Spiller Neil
Published: June 2021

Since 2020, AD Editor Neil Spiller has been Azrieli Visiting Critic at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. This appointment necessitated a new approach to his teaching, one that is highly direct and fast‐paced. Having run many iterations of academic year‐long studios, he swiftly had to adapt his solo tutoring to short six‐week option studios, which proved to be a reinvigorating experience. Here he shares some of the fruits of his and the students’ labour.
Re‐envisioning Healthcare Urbanism and Architecture
Authors: Rashid Hani
Published: June 2021

Professor Hani Rashid of the University of Applied Arts Vienna directs Studio Hani_Rashid and the Deep_Futures Lab. Rashid has long been a cyber‐evangelist, being one of the first architects to recognise the paradigm‐shifting potential of computers in the early 1990s. His students are likewise utilising the most up‐to‐date computation processes and techniques to posit all manner of formal articulations housing new and audacious concepts for the future of architecture.
New Melbourne Pedagogics: A Virtual Web of Actions
Authors: Burry Jane
Published: June 2021

The educational approach of the School of Design at Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne is predicated on peer learning and integration with the building industry and the wider architectural profession, and is also deeply embedded in creating solutions to urban design issues. This praxis gives students a platform from which to develop their skill in real and complex environments. The school's Dean, Jane Burry, reveals some examples of their work and expands on its aims and objectives.
Fabrication of Anticounterfeiting Nanocomposites with Multiple Security Features via Integration of a Photoresponsive Polymer and Upconverting Nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Yazhi , Liang Shuofeng , Yuan Chenrui , Best Andreas , Kappl Michael , Koynov Kaloian , Butt Hans‐Jürgen , Wu Si
Published: June 2021

Anticounterfeiting materials are used to distinguish real banknotes, products, and documents from counterfeits, fakes, or unauthorized replicas. However, conventional anticounterfeiting materials generally exhibit a single anticounterfeiting function, resulting in a low level of security. Herein, a novel anticounterfeiting nanocomposite is demonstrated with numerous prominent security features. The nanocomposite is fabricated by doping upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) in a photoresponsive azobenzene‐containing polymer (azopolymer). Because of the cis–trans photoisomerization of the azopolymer, the nanocomposite exhibits photoinduced reversible color changes suitable for anticounterfeiting applications. Additionally, the hard nanocomposite can be converted to a rubber‐like soft solid by light irradiation. Imprinted microstructures are fabricated on the photosoftened nanocomposite, which result in photonic colors. Moreover, polarization‐dependent structures are fabricated on the nanocomposite via photoinduced orientation for encryption. Importantly, UCNPs in the nanocomposite emit visible light upon excitation by near‐infrared light, enabling the observation of various anticounterfeiting structures with high contrast. An advantage of the anticounterfeiting nanocomposite is that the security features can be observed by the naked eye for quick discrimination and can be analyzed using laboratory equipment for higher accuracy. The anticounterfeiting nanocomposite is easily processed on paper, glass, and plastic, which demonstrates its potential anticounterfeiting functions for banknotes, wines, and medicines.
Strong Tough Polyampholyte Hydrogels via the Synergistic Effect of Ionic and Metal–Ligand Bonds
Authors: Huang Yiwan , Xiao Longya , Zhou Ju , Liu Tao , Yan Yongqi , Long Shijun , Li Xuefeng
Published: June 2021

Despite existing in biological systems, developing synthetic polyampholyte (PA) hydrogels constructed by both ionic and metal–ligand bonds remains challenging. Herein, a simple secondary equilibrium approach is proposed to fabricate strong and tough PA hydrogels via the synergy of ionic and metal–ligand bonds. The original PA gels (constructed by ionic bonds) are first dialyzed in multivalent metal‐ion solutions to reach a swelling equilibrium and then moved to deionized water to dialyze excess free ions to achieve a new equilibrium. Through this approach, the original PA gel network can be optimized and eventually constructed by ionic and metal–ligand bonds, enabling a synergistic reinforcement. By selecting different original PA gel systems and diverse multivalent metal‐ions, the proposed approach is proved to be generalizable to fabricate strong and tough PA gels. Additionally, the hydrogels have stable ion‐conductivity even at the water‐equilibrium state, making them promising as strain sensors. The viscoelastic and elastic contributions to the mechanical properties of the hydrogels by a viscoelastic model are also discussed to further understand the strengthening and toughening mechanisms. The proposed strategy is simple but effective for achieving strong and tough PA‐based hydrogels. This study also provides new insights for PA hydrogels in electrolyte environments.
Efficient Stress Dissipation in Well‐Aligned Pyramidal SbSn Alloy Nanoarrays for Robust Sodium Storage
Authors: Li Xinyan , Xiao Shuhao , Niu Xiaobin , Chen Jun Song , Yu Yan
Published: June 2021

Alloy‐type anode materials are promising for sodium‐ion batteries owing to their high theoretical specific capacity. However, their practical application is limited by the rapid capacity decay resulted from drastic volume change upon sodium (Na) alloying/dealloying. Here, a facile fabrication of well‐aligned antimony tin (SbSn) alloy nanoarrays electrodeposited on copper (Cu) substrates is reported. Such a binary alloy possesses well‐defined triangular pyramid‐like structure, and the subsequent thermal annealing process develops an “alloy glue” at the root of the nanoarrays which generates a strong connection between the active alloy and the copper substrate. Density functional theory calculation results suggest that the as‐fabricated alloy offers an energetically favorable Na diffusion as compared to the individual metals, and the “alloy glue” provides a strong interaction between the substrate and SbSn. More importantly, based on finite‐element analysis, such a unique construction of the triangular pyramid‐like nanostructure not only creates a small difference in the Na+ concentration gradient, but also builds a uniform stress distribution that promotes both highly efficient Na+ diffusion and effective stress dissipation. Collectively, the optimized composition and geometry give rise to the enhanced high‐rate performance and prolonged cycle life of the current SbSn alloy nanoarrays.
C1‐Symmetric Atropisomeric NHC Palladium(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Resolution and Characterization
Authors: Kong Lingyu , Chou Yajie , Jean Marion , Albalat Muriel , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Nava Paola , Humbel Stéphane , Clavier Hervé
Published: June 2021

Series of chiral palladium(II) allyl and cinnamyl complexes bearing a C1‐symmetric N‐heterocyclic carbenes were synthesized from achiral precursors. The chirality of theses complexes results from the formation of the carbene‐palladium bond which restricts the rotation of dissymmetric N‐aryl substituents of the NHC and thus creates an axis of chirality. Chiral HPLC at preparative scale enabled the resolution of racemic complexes and provided a straightforward access to complexes with excellent enantiopurities (>99.5% ee). Enantiopure complexes were studied by crystal X‐ray diffraction and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Their configuration stabilities were investigated both experimentally and theoretically through the determination of the rotational barrier values. These complexes were tested for the intramolecular α‐arylation of amides, with a moderate chiral induction (up to 54% ee).

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Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides on 3D Substrates toward Electrocatalytic‐Related Applications
Authors: Zhu Lijie , Yang Pengfei , Huan Yahuan , Zhou Fan , Zhang Yanfeng
Published: June 2021

Recently, 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have emerged as promising materials for energy‐related applications, due to their fascinating properties such as abundant catalytic active sites, large specific surface area, and low cost. To promote these applications, the scalable preparation of 2D TMDCs is an essential issue. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been proved to be a powerful method for the syntheses of TMDCs with designable morphologies, controllable layer thicknesses, tunable phases, etc. In the CVD growth process, the morphologies, structures, and compositions of substrates play crucial roles in modulating the geometric features and physical/chemical properties of the resultant TMDCs products. Comparing with commonly used lamellar substrates, 3D‐architectured substrates show great potentials for tailoring the morphologies and properties of TMDCs, due to their large specific surface areas, designable structures, and variable compositions, etc. In this topical review, the introduction of recent progresses in the CVD growth of TMDCs on 3D substrates, as well as their applications in electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is focused. The current challenges and future research directions in this research area are also discussed.
Implementation of the resident exposure to nursing and administration curriculum
Authors: Dorwart Kelsey , Rivera Troy , Schreyer Kraftin E.
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Clinical competence is an essential component of the practice of emergency medicine (EM), but a well‐rounded physician must gain appreciation and understanding of the many nonclinical aspects of EM, including emergency department (ED) throughput, operational metrics, financial principles, policies and procedures, interaction with nursing, and patient experience. While most residency programs include an administrative component, the majority are during the final year of training. We designed and piloted the Resident Exposure To Nursing and Administration (RETNA) curriculum for postgraduate year one (PGY‐1) residents during orientation. The curriculum included a lecture, departmental tour with operational focus, and nurse shadowing experience, which were completed prior to their first clinical shift. We hypothesized that residents would view this favorably and advocate for formal adoption of the RETNA curriculum. Furthermore, we anticipated that the curriculum would improve relationships between residents and nursing.

Methods

The three‐component RETNA curriculum was piloted at an urban, academic center, with 14 PGY‐1 residents per class, to two PGY‐1 classes over a two‐year period. Surveys were used to assess the resident perception of each component of the curriculum. Quantitative survey results were compared year over year using an unpaired t‐test. Qualitative comments were also recorded and analyzed for content. Nursing evaluation scores of PGY‐1 residents were used to independently analyze the impact of the curriculum on nurse–resident interactions.

Results

The overall survey response rate was 82%. There was no statistically significant difference between the responses recorded in 2019 versus 2020 (p < 0.05). All PGY‐1s, with one exception, agreed or strongly agreed that a similar session should be included in future orientations. Of the respondents, 88% thought that the lecture on ED flow was educational and 91% agreed that the nurse shadowing shift was a valuable learning experience. All subjective survey responses were positive, and all three components of the curriculum, ED flow, nursing workflow, and patient experience, were mentioned in the comments. Nurse–resident relationships improved after implementation of the curriculum.

Conclusion

The overwhelmingly positive feedback we received on this curriculum has led to the adoption of the RETNA curriculum as a core component for future EM orientations at the study institution. Introducing trainees to ED administration and nursing early in residency has few drawbacks and many potential benefits. As such, we advocate for further study and adoption of similar curricula to enhance and supplement existing postgraduate EM resident education.
Water–phosphorus coupling enhances fine root turnover and dry matter yield of alfalfa under drip irrigation
Authors: Liu Xuanshuai , Zhao Junwei , Liu Junying , Lu Weihua , Ma Chunhui , Gu Xinli , Zhang Qianbing
Published: June 2021

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)is an important forage with high quality and fine root turnover rate (FRTR). Soil phosphorus (P) availability greatly influences dry matter yield (DMY) and persistence of alfalfa. However, the effects of water (Wa)–P coupling under drip irrigation conditions on alfalfa FRTR and DMY have been rarely studied. Therefore, a 2‐yr field experiment was established with three randomized complete blocks in Xinjiang, China, evaluating three irrigation amounts (5,250, 6,000, and 6,750 m3 ha−1, referred to as W1, W2, and W3, respectively) and four P application rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha−1, referred to as P0, P1, P2, and P3, respectively) in 2017 and 2018. The Wa–P interaction had a significant effect on alfalfa DMY (P < .05), and DMY reached the maximum at W2P2 treatment. Fine root biomass (FRB) presented a bimodal pattern over time (on 21 June and 20 August) and mainly existed in the soil layers 20‒40 cm underground. All root variables including FRB were positively correlated with alfalfa DMY. Comprehensive analysis showed that W2P2 was the optimal treatment of the 12 treatments. Therefore, the irrigation amount of 6,000 m3 ha−1 and P application rate of 100 kg ha−1 seems beneficial to achieve the relatively rational FRTR and the greater DMY of alfalfa.