bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH TEKANAN BAHAN BAKAR TERHADAP EMISI GAS BUANG PADA MESIN K3-VE
Authors: Arizal Heru , Ramadani Ali Hasbi , Abdi Ferly Isnomo
Published: December 2020

One of the causes of air pollution today is the increasing use of motorized vehicles. The use of technology has also been pinned on many wrong vehicles to improve the quality of the exhaust emissions that have been produced. One of them is EFI (Electronic Fuel Injection) technology which has been embedded in many vehicles. The component that has an effect on improving the quality of exhaust emissions at EFI is an electronic fuel pump. The fuel pressure on the electronic pump can be adjusted manually. This study aims to determine changes in fuel pressure on exhaust gas emission levels. This research uses an experimental method, where the fuel pressure is varied from the pressure of 50psi, 40psi, 30psi and 20psi, and the engine speed is varied from 800rpm, 1500rpm, 2250rpm, 3000rpm and 3750rpm. The results of the data obtained are analyzed using the quantitative description method. The test results showed that there was a decrease in the lowest CO level of 0.663% at 30psi fuel pressure with 3750rpm engine speed. HC also experienced a decrease, the lowest decrease was obtained in the value of 280ppm at 20psi fuel pressure and 3750rpm engine speed. While CO2 has increased, the highest increase of 13.33% was achieved at 20psi fuel pressure and 3750rpm engine speed.
MOTIVATION FOR OCCUPATIONAL PREFERENCE AMONG STUDENTS OF REGIONAL MARITIME UNIVERSITY IN NUNGUA, ACCRA- GHANA
Authors: Daniel Bruce , Ahima Florence
Published: December 2020

The aim of this study was to find out motivation for occupational preference among Regional Maritime University students. The cross-sectional survey design was chosen for the study and the stratified sampling technique was used to select a sample of 305 students from three departments constituting major programmes of study. Motivation for Occupational Preference Scale was used to gather data from the sampled population. The Independent samples t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the data gathered. Results showed that, extrinsic values influenced occupational preference more than intrinsic values, both Ghanaian and International students were influenced equally by extrinsic factors in their preference for occupation, there was no significant gender difference in the influence of extrinsic factors on occupational preference and there was a significant difference in the intrinsic factors that influence occupational preference among students from different programmes. It is therefore recommended that, regular career guidance and counselling sessions are held at various levels of education to inform and educate students especially at the university on the benefits of career preference based on intrinsic factors than solely on extrinsic factors. In conclusion students must be encouraged to assess their vocational interest or career preference so that they pursue programmes and courses that they have the natural inclination for and not only make a choice of vocation or career just for extrinsic values or rewards.
Frequency of thrombocytopenia and its association with mortality among neonates having probable or culture proven sepsis.
Authors: Ahmad Shakeel , Hussain Nusrat , Rafique Tayyaba , Saleem Rabia
Published: December 2020

Objectives: To determine frequency of thrombocytopenia and its association with mortality among neonates having probable or culture proven sepsis. Study Design: Descriptive Analytical study. Setting: Multicentre study done at Neonatology Unit of Teaching Hospital Dera Ghazi Khan and Nishtar Medical University, Multan. Period: February 2019 to July 2019. Material & Methods: Three hundred neonates with culture proven sepsis were enrolled. Platelet counts along with frequency of thrombocytopenia (<150000/mm3) and mortality among all the neonates were recorded. Mortality among different groups according to platelet counts was compared adopting chi-square test. Results: Out of 300 neonates considered in the final analysis, 164 (54.7%) were male. Overall, median platelet count was 213.0mm3. TCP was present in 78 (26.0%) cases. Among 146 culture proven sepsis cases, 88 (61.8%) had gram positive while 58 (38.2%) had gram negative pathogens. Cases having thrombocytopenia had significantly higher mortality (n=26/78, 33.3%) as compared with those who had normal or increased platelet count (n=25/222, 11.3%) representing a significant p value (<0.00001). Conclusion: Thrombocytopenia is a common complication of culture proven and probable neonatal sepsis. Mortality is significantly high in neonatal sepsis along with thrombocytopenia.
Clinical features of adenomyosis proven on histopathology in hysterectomy specimens: An experience at teaching hospital.
Authors: Shafique Sadaf , Lail Raees Abbas , Janjua Mahham , Khan Raheel
Published: December 2020

Objectives: To study the clinical features of adenomyosis in hysterectomy specimens which have been proved on histopathology. Study Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Department of Pathology, Quaid-e-Azam Medical College & its Allied Institutes. Period: Jan 2018 to December 2019. Material & Methods: A total specimen of 105 was included in the study and the medical records were examined retrospectively. SPSS v.23.0 was used for data collection and analysis. Results: A total of 105 specimens were included in study. Menorrhagia (55.2%) was most common presenting symptom, most of the patients were multiparous (96.2%) & Dysfunctional uterine bleeding was most common clinical diagnosis (60.0%). Statistical significance was found between different age groups, presenting symptoms & clinical diagnosis. Conclusion: Menorrhagia is most common presenting symptom of adenomyosis, and clinical diagnosis of dysfunctional uterine bleeding was most common. So adenomyosis remain under diagnosed clinical condition.
Frequency of congenital cardiac anomalies in patients with anorectal malformations.
Authors: Ali Sajjad , Uzair Muhammad , Rehman Fayaz ur , Imran Mohammad , Khan Erum Behroz , Khan Muhammad Asim
Published: December 2020

Objectives: To determine the frequency of congenital cardiac anomalies in patients with anorectal malformations. Study Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Period: Jan 2018 to June 2018. Material & Methods: All patients from 0 to 30 days of life both males and females (Inclusion criteria) with diagnosed anorectal malformation on clinical and radiological assessment, underwent cardiovascular work up to identify any cardiovascular disease. Patients with intersex disorders and those operated elsewhere were excluded. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for age. Frequency and percentage were calculated for gender, type of anorectal malformation, genital ambiguity, previous surgical intervention and congenital cardiac anomalies. Data was stratified for age, gender, lesion level, genital ambiguity and previous surgery to see the effect modification. Results: Out of 90 patients with anorectal malformation, there were 49 (54%) males and 41 (46%) females (M: F;1:1.19). with mean age of 7.65 ± 2.43 days. There were 39 (43.34%) patients with low anorectal malformation and 51 (56.67%) patients with high anorectal malformation. Genital ambiguity and previous surgical intervention was present in 8 (8.89%) and 11 (12.23%) patients, respectively. Congenital Cardiac Anomalies were diagnosed in 16 (17.78%) patients with anorectal malformation. Congenital Cardiac Anomalies were mostly seen in age group 1-10 days (21.95%), male children (22.45%) and high anorectal malformation (23. 52%). Conclusion: The frequency of congenital cardiac anomalies in patients with anorectal malformations was found lower than local figures. The majority of congenital cardiac anomalies associated with high anorectal malformation and male gender.
Evaluation of DSSAT model to predict sorghum yields under Conservation Agriculture in the Pandamatenga vertisols of Northern Botswana
Authors: Kapweke Kandondi  , Mpuisang Thembeka  , Benedict Kayombo  , Davis Samzala Marumo
Published: December 2020

This study was conducted at Pandamatenga of Chobe District in northern Botswana. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) model in the prediction of sorghum yields under Conservation Agriculture (CA) technologies. A field experiment was conducted at the Pandamatenga Agricultural Research station during the 2015-2017 growing seasons. A randomized complete block design was used for the on-station field experimentation. The design had trial plots with four treatments, namely No Tillage (NT), No Tillage + Mulch (NT+M), Minimum Tillage (MT), and Broad Bed and Furrow (BBF), with four replicates rotated between sorghum cowpea. Sorghum grain yield results were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis Software (SAS version 9.2). Analysis of variance and means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% confidence level. The DSSAT model was evaluated using the experimental data and weather data for the growing periods. The model was further used to test these CA technologies in terms of sorghum grain yield in the future. The DSSAT crop model provided reasonable predictions of sorghum grain yield under NT, MT, NT+M, and BBF on vertisols of Pandamatenga. The model furthermore predicted that sustained NT+M practice by smallholder rainfed farmers in Pandamatenga would increase sorghum grain yield production in the future.
Prevalence of the common intestinal parasitic infections and predisposing factors among the asymptomatic primary school children in Finoteselam town, West Gojam Zone, Amhara region (Ethiopia).
Authors: Maru Wassie Yenene  , Abayneh Unasho Gandile
Published: December 2020

Background: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) have been still quite common in developing countries including Ethiopia, particularly in children with low socio-economic and poor living conditions. Previous studies in Ethiopia have shown high burden of intestinal parasitic infections among the primary school children. The effective prevention and control of parasitic infections require research work based on the identification of intestinal parasites including associated predisposing factors. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of common intestinal parasitic infections and predisposing factors among the asymptomatic primary school children. Methods: A school based cross- sectional study was conducted from September, 2019- January, 2020 and a total of 422 asymptomatic primary school children were involved in the study. Specimens of the stool samples were examined using the standard parasite and ova method. Direct microscopy using saline and iodine wet mount preparation was used to examine the presence of eggs and larvae of helminthes and trophozoites and cysts of protozoan parasites and formalin ether concentration method was used for quality assurance. Structured questionnaires were also used to collect quantitative data on socio-demographic characteristics and predisposing factors. Analysis of the data was made manually using the thematic framework method including descriptive statistics. Results: Among the 422 students (aged 5-14 years) participated in the study, 245(58%) were positive for one or more intestinal parasites. Of the total infected participants, 192(45.5%) were single infections and 53(12.6%) were double infections identified. Seven types of intestinal parasitic infections were identified in the present study. The most prevalent parasite was Giardia lamblia 95(22.5%) followed by hook worm 58(13.7%). Age groups 5-9 years old were more infected, 173 (70.6%) than age groups 10-14 years old 72(29.4%). This result also showed parasitic infections were associated with predisposing factors related to infectious cycles. Concluding Remarks and Recommendations: The present study revealed that there was a high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among students in the targeted primary schools. Therefore, all stakeholders should give attention to raise awareness about the prevention and control mechanisms of intestinal parasitic infections. Moreover, the health services of the local government should develop a habit of mass public health education and deworming intervention to improve the level of parasitic infection and environmental hygiene in the study area.
Comparative assessment of organic and non-organic – chickpea and cowpea, nutritional composition and antinutrients upon germination
Authors: Rajesh Devisetti  , Jamuna Prakash
Published: December 2020

The nutrient, fatty acid, and antinutrient composition of chickpea and cowpea obtained from organic (org) source and subjected to germination were evaluated in comparison with non-organic (n-org) counterpart. Fat content (range, 2.04-5.89 %) of n-org legumes were higher. Germination significantly reduced the fat content in cowpea, though in chickpea no difference was seen, whereas, for ash and protein, it was vice versa. Dietary fiber content differed significantly between org (22.82 %) and n-org (20.23 %) chickpea. Mineral contents of org chickpea and n-org cowpea were higher. Germination significantly reduced the mineral content, except for copper and phosphorous. Differences in the fatty acid content of org and n-org samples were observed. Linoleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in chickpea (58.88-62.75 %) and cowpea (36.08-40.43 %). In cowpea, germination significantly decreased the palmitic and α-linoleic acid and increased stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids whereas, in chickpea, no differences were seen. The TPUFA content was higher in germinated cowpea, whereas in chickpea it was unchanged. The enzyme activity (phytase, amylase, and protease) increased significantly upon germination and no significant differences between org and n-org legumes were observed. Phytic acid (PA) and saponin content of the org legumes was lower than n-org. Germination significantly reduced the PA content. The molar ratios of PA: minerals significantly improved upon germination indicating a better availability of iron and calcium. Significant differences between org and n-org legumes were observed, but no particular trend was seen to prove that org legumes are better in nutritional quality than n-org legumes.
O trabalho infantil indígena no Brasil: um paralelo entre a diversidade cultural e a universalidade dos direitos humanos
Authors: Custódio André Viana , Freitas Higor Neves de
Published: December 2020

Crianças e adolescentes indígenas são exploradas em atividades de trabalho, entretanto, essa violação de direito é sustentada, por muitas vezes, em um discurso de diversidade cultural que acaba mascarando e naturalizando essa violação de direito. O objetivo do trabalho é compreender o contexto do trabalho infantil indígena por meio de um paralelo entre a diversidade cultural e a universalidade dos direitos humanos. Os objetivos específicos buscam contextualizar do trabalho infantil indígena no Brasil, demonstrar a proteção jurídica contra a exploração do trabalho infantil indígena, bem como analisar um paralelo entre o discurso do relativismo cultural e a universalidade dos direitos humanos em um contexto do trabalho infantil indígena. Como problema de pesquisa, questiona-se: como se estabelece o enfrentamento do trabalho infantil indígena, levando-se em consideração a diversidade cultural e a universalidade de direitos humanos? A hipótese indica que apesar do estabelecimento de um respeito à diversidade cultural, existe uma proteção jurídica contra a exploração do trabalho infantil e de garantias fundamentais de crianças e adolescentes, não podendo, portanto, se utilizar de um discurso de relativismo cultural como uma justificação para as violações de direitos humanos. O método de abordagem da presente pesquisa foi o dedutivo e o método de procedimento monográfico, desenvolvendo-se o estudo por meio das técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Os principais resultados demonstram a necessidade de um diálogo intercultural para atingir os valores universais, entre eles, a dignidade humana e proporcionar o enfrentamento de violações de direitos de crianças e adolescentes indígenas.
Экономика Арктики: чего не хватает? Пример Северного морского пути
Authors: Му Арильд
Published: December 2020

После завершения проекта сжиженного природного газа (СПГ) на Ямале в последние годы движение по Северному морскому пути быстро увеличивалось. Развитие производства сжиженного природного газа ожидается и в последующие несколько лет. СПГ планируется направлять круглогодично в восточном направлении по Северному морскому пути (СМП) непосредственно в Азию. В настоящее время некоторые отрезки СМП практически недоступны для навигации несколько месяцев в год. Для того чтобы использовать весь морской путь и в самые холодные месяцы, необходимо присутствие там серии новых ледоколов. В настоящее время осуществляется программа их производства. Однако до сих пор не было публиковано внятного анализа затрат-выгод от круглогодичной эксплуатации морского пути. Цель статьи – провести анализ различных оценок затрат, появившихся в открытых источниках, а также представить расчет объемов перевозок и тарифов, необходимых для покрытия операционных и капитальных затрат на новый ледокольный флот.
Determination of Orthometric Height using GNSS and EGM Data: a Scenario of the Federal University of Technology Akure
Authors: Tata Herbert , Olatunji Raufu
Published: December 2020

The advent of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Earth Gravitational Model (EGM)particularly Global Positioning System (GPS) has modernized geodetic surveying in providing horizontal and vertical positions of points with a sub-meter level of accuracy over the reference ellipsoid. The GPS gives ellipsoidal heights which makes the conversion of the heights to orthometric heights possible by incorporating a geoid model. The conventional method of determining orthometric height is tedious, time-consuming, and labour intensive. This study entails the determination of orthometric height using GNSS and EGM data. A total of forty-nine (49) stations selected within the study area were occupied for GPS observation using South DGPS instrument in static mode for the position and ellipsoidal height determination. The geoidal height values of the GPS derived data were computed using GeoidEval utility software with reference to three different EGMs (EGM2008, EGM96 and EGM84). In order to determine the orthometric heights of the selected stations, the difference between the EGM geoidal height values (NEGM) and the ellipsoidal heights were computed. The results show that the orthometric height obtained with respect to EGM2008 gives better results with a standard deviation of 9.530m and a standard error of 1.361m. The study reveals that the use of GNSS and EGM data for orthometric height determination is less expensive, less tedious, accurate and time-saving compared to the conventional approach of geodetic and spirit levelling.
Selection of The Most Proper Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Transportation in Emergency Operations by Using Analytic Hierarchy Process
Authors: Ulukavak Mustafa , Miman Mehmet
Published: December 2020

Today rapid development on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technologies continues to evolve and expand its use as a tool that can be used in many fields. The most communal areas for the use of UAV are mapping, assessing, and supporting damage assessments, and search and rescue activities, respectively. However, the application of transporting light and important cargoes that have become widespread recently accessing to the difficult areas is also becoming a new sector in the usage areas of UAV. Lightweight, user-friendly designs of UAVs and flight systems managed by automated workflows giving a convenience for this field application. In this study, two different flight platforms (3 fixed-wing and 3 multi-rotor) of flight parameters evaluated by selecting the sales catalogue. Brand knowledge of the UAVs has not given in consideration of the belief that it may adversely affect commercial competition. The sample modelled as a multi-criteria decision-making problem consisting of quantitative and qualitative criteria, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHS), which clearly reveals the decision-makers' views for such problems. Priorities for the criteria of each alternative for the payload, UAV weight, maximum altitude, maximum speed, flight time and controller range criteria with numerical performance values in order to maintain the consistency problem in the AHS method were figured out by direct assignment. The impact of each criterion in the choice and coherence analysis to determine the effect of each alternative criteria were performed using Expert Choice v2000 software. Because of the analysis made, it is seen that multi-rotor UAVs are the predominant choice for fixed-winged UAVs, among which the UAV_4 flight platform is the most appropriate vehicle for emergency transport with an overall weight of 0.2530. When UAV_4 is compared with other alternative flight platforms, it is seen to be in the foreground according to the criteria of maximum altitude, maximum ground speed, landing field and ease of use. As seen in the analysis of 2-dimensional alternatives at the end of the example, analysis of UAV to be used in emergency transport according to landing field and ease of use criteria revealed that multi-rotor UAVs (UAV_4, UAV_5, UAV_6) have more dominant results than fixed-wing UAVs (UAV_1, UAV_2, UAV_3). Although most of the UAV models being developed are still in prototypes, with the rapid development in the field of technology and the industrial knowledge in these applications, further progress can be expected in the future projects.
On the Use of Mathematical Models for Wastewater Treatment: A Review and Analysis of Activated Sludge Models ASM1 and ASM3
Authors: Savun-hekimoğlu Başak
Published: December 2020

Mathematical models describing the dynamics of key biochemical processes in conventional activated sludge processes are commonly used to design and operate wastewater treatment plants. Since the introduction of the first activated sludge model, namely Activated Sludge Model No. 1 (ASM1), in 1987 by the International Water Association, ASM models received considerable attention and several extensions were suggested. In this study, we briefly review the literature on two important activated sludge models, ASM1 and ASM3. Our literature review indicates that despite the presence of many articles on ASM there is no study on the parameter sensitivity of these differential equation models. In the second part of the study, these two models are simulated in MATLAB with different initial values and parameter combinations to develop further insight into the model structures. In the third part of the study, experiments with ASM1 and ASM3 models are conducted in MATLAB and a basic sensitivity analysis is applied for the parameters of the two models.
Comparative study on germination and seedling growth of wheat cultivars under salt stress regimes
Authors: IYEM Ece , YILDIRIM Mehmet , KIZILGEÇİ Ferhat
Published: December 2020

Salinity interferes with germination and hampers the growth of wheat especially at seedling stage which necessitates determining of salt tolerant cultivars. Based upon the current situation a controlled experiment was carried out at the Laboratory of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Turkey to comparatively evaluate wheat varieties response to imposed salt stress. Germination and seedling growth properties under salt stress were taken as response variables. The seeds of five bread wheat genotypes (‘Wafia’, ‘Lucilla’, ‘Envoy’, ‘Lok1’and ‘RSP- 561’) were placed in Petri dishes with salinity doses (Control (0), 4, 8 and 12 dS.m-1 NaCl) which were applied at germination and subsequent early seedling phases under laboratory conditions. The results revealed that root growth was highly sensitive to salt stress and the varieties of Envoy and Lucilla remained relatively tolerant to salt stress than other cultivars. The biochemical analysis revealed that proline content spiked with increasing salinity level, ‘RSP-561’ under 8 dS.m-1and 12 dS.m-1 recorded the maximum proline content. Salt stress boosted leaf proline content of salt sensitive wheat genotypes (‘Wafia’ and ‘Lok1’), whereas declined proline level was observed for salt tolerant cultivars. In addition, salt-sensitive genotypes showed a reduction in chlorophyll content a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid while, ‘Wafia’ and ‘RSP-561’ recorded the minimum Chlorophylls and Carotenoid contents. Further investigations are needed, however, to enhance understanding of the salt stress effects during the whole growing cycle of wheat.
The Role of International Law in Foreign Policy of Zimbabwe
Authors: Matthew Mare
Published: December 2020

the research is on the role of foreign policy in Zimbabwe's new dispensation.
Alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) is differentially expressed in metastatic breast cancer, both in metastases to the brain and to the lymph nodes.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: December 2020

Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes to discover genes associated with brain metastasis in patients with metastatic breast cancer. We found that alcohol dehydrogenase 1B, encoded by ADH1B, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the metastatic tumor tissues of patients with metastatic breast cancer, both in metastases to brain and to the lymph nodes when compared to primary tumors of the breast or normal breast tissue, respectively. We observed significant down-regulation of ADH1B in metastasis to the brain. Molecular functions and down-regulation of alcohol dehydrogenase 1B may be important for metastasis of primary tumor-derived cancer cells to the lymph nodes and to the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer and suggests some level of common origin for metastases that reside in the lymph nodes and colonize the brain.
The Use of Polymeric Reactants for EOR and Waterproofing
Authors: Al-Obaidi Sudad H
Published: December 2020

Solving the problem of unsustainable production of oil, the main natural resource over the world is sufficiently important and urgent task. Excessive watering of crude oil is one of the main problems that has been faced the oil industry. The most wide world methods used for increasing oil recovery were physical and chemical methods. The use of polymeric reactants can successfully reduce water cut and increase the oil recovery factor. Developing reactants based on nano-particles is an important direction of improving polymeric materials to increase oil recovery.
Biorefining Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) by Enterobacter cloacae and its Polyhydroxy Butyrate (PHB) Production Ability
Authors: Prakash Shyam Karuppiah , Prabhakaran Rajkumar , Venkatesan Ramya , Miriam L.R.Monisha
Published: December 2020

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a synthetic polymer widely used for industrial applications and having negative impacts on the environment. In this work, we present a novel, potent PVA degrader, MBB8, isolated from the Gulf of Mannar. MBB8 was identified as Enterobacter cloacae based molecular analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as biochemical and evolutionary distance analysis. This is the first report of a PVA degrader from the Enterobacter genus. The results showed 83% of the PVA present in the culture medium was degraded by E. cloacae MBB8 after 48 h of incubation with 3 C at 145 rpm agitation. The results obtained from FTIR showed notable differences in PVA-degradation stretches (3,000 to 3,300 cm-1 and 2,500 to 3,000 cm-1) at 24 and 48 h, respectively, compared with control (before degradation of PVA). The effects of carbon and nitrogen sources for PVA degradation were also identified. The results revealed nitrogen sources significantly increase PVA-degrading enzyme production (83 U/mL enzyme activity). Furthermore, culturing E. cloacae MBB8 in M9 minimal medium containing 1% PVA accumulated polyhydroxyl butyrate (PHB) inside the cell. The PHB was purified and characterized by UV-spectroscopy. Further, the PHB was chemically converted into monomer and studied using gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Overall, our results suggest that E. cloacae MBB8 is capable of degrading PVA and accumulate PHB that could be exploited industrially.
statistika parametrik dan nonparametrik serta statistik deskriptif dan inferrensial
Authors: arsi andi
Published: December 2020

ABSTRAK Statistik bisa digunakan untuk menyatakan kumpulan fakta, umunya berbentuk angka yang disusun dalam tabel atau diagram yang melukiskan atau menggambarkan suatu persoalan. Dengan kata lain, statistik bersifat sebagai data. Beda halnya dengan statistika yang merupakan su atu ilmu pengetahuan suatu ilmu pengetahuan yang berhubungan dengan data statistik dan fakta yang benar atau suatu kajian ilmu pengetahuan dengan teknik pengumpulan data, teknik pengolahan data, teknik analisis data, penarikan kesimpulan, dan pembuatan keb ijakan atau keputusan yang cukup kuat alasannya berdasarkan data dan fakta yang akurat. Jadi, statistika sebagai alat untuk enghitung atau menganalisis data. Landasan kerja statistik ada tiga yaitu: (a) variasi, didasarkan atas kenyataan bahwa seorang pen elitiselalu menghadapi persoalan dan gejala yang bermacam - macam baik dalam bentuk tingkatan maupun jenisnya; (b) reduksi, sebagian atau seluruh kejadian yang hendak diteliti (penelitian sampling); (c) generalisasi, sekalipun penelitian dilakukan terhadap sebagaian dan seluruh kejadian yang akan diteliti.
A three-step pattern in audiometric thresholds
Authors: Hoover Eric
Published: December 2020

Use of the audiogram as the gold standard index of hearing ability amplifies the consequences of error in threshold measurement. A Markov chain model of the audiometric procedure revealed a three-step pattern in the stimuli presented each trial. Monte Carlo simulations were used to generate threshold estimates for a simple listener model. Thresholds sorted by trial had a mean bias consistent with model predictions. An alternate scoring method is proposed that uses equal sampling of Markov states. The resulting threshold targets a specific probability of detection and has no systematic bias as a function of trial.
Review of Porphyrin Derivatives and Application in Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: De Annunzio Sarah Raquel , Costa Natalia Caroline Silva
Published: December 2020

Recent scientific research has shown the use of chlorin, phthalocyanines, and porphyrinsderivatives as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy in the treatment of various pathologies, includingsome of the major skin diseases. Thus, the main goal of this critical review is to catalog the papers that usedthese photosensitizers in the treatment of acne vulgaris, psoriasis, papillomavirus infections, cutaneousleishmaniasis, and skin rejuvenation, and to explore the photodynamic therapy mechanisms against theseconditions alongside their clinical benefits.
Operationalising coastal resilience to flood and erosion hazard: A demonstration for England
Authors: Townend Ian , French Jon , Nicholls Robert , Brown Sally , Carpenter Stephen , Haigh Ivan , Hill Chris , Lazarus Eli , Penning-Rowsell Edmund , Thompson Charlotte , Tompkins Emma
Published: December 2020

Resilience is widely seen as an important attribute of coastal systems and, as a concept, is increasingly prominent in policy documents. However, there are conflicting ideas on what constitutes resilience and its operationalisation as an overarching principle of coastal management remains limited. In this paper, we show how resilience to coastal flood and erosion hazard could be measured and applied within policy processes, using England as a case study. We define resilience pragmatically, in economic, environmental and social terms, integrating what is presently a disparate set of policy objectives for coastal areas. Our definition includes several dimensions of resilience and we develop a set of composite indicators for each of these, grounded empirically with reference to national geospatial datasets. A prototype model has been developed, which generates a quantitative resilience index for a given geographical unit (England’s coastal hazard zone being represented at a high spatial resolution, about 8,000 areal units). A range of different stakeholder perspectives are captured using relative indicator weightings. The illustrative results presented here demonstrate the practicality of formalising and quantifying resilience, and the insights obtained mainly concern this process of operationalisation. To re-focus national policy around the stated desire of enhancing resilience to coastal flooding and erosion would require firm commitment from government to develop an approach to monitor progress towards resilience, extending the present risk-based approach. This requires a consensus methodology in which stakeholder values are explicitly considered, and also requires incentives for coastal managers to engage with and apply this new approach. Such a transition would challenge existing governance arrangements at national and local levels, requiring more integration and inter-agency cooperation. However, it could provide a robust evidence-based framework for achieving more sustainable, equitable and societally acceptable adaptive responses to climate change at the coast.
On the processing of nonwords in word naming and auditory lexical decision
Authors: Chuang Yu-Ying , Voller Marie-lenka , Shafaei-Bajestan Elnaz , Gahl Susanne , Hendrix Peter , Baayen R. H.
Published: December 2020

Nonwords are often used to clarify how lexical processing takes place in the absence of semantics. This study shows that nonwords are not semantically vacuous. We used Linear Discriminative Learning (Baayen et al., 2019) to estimate the meanings of nonwords in the MALD database (Tucker et al., 2018) from the speech signal. We show that measures gauging nonword semantics significantly improve model fit for both acoustic durations and RTs. Although nonwords do not evoke meanings that afford conscious reflexion, they do make contact with the semantic space, and the angles and distances of nonwords with respect to actual words co-determine articulation and lexicality decisions.
ringkasan seni visual terapi
Authors: Parera Stella
Published: December 2020

Setiap orang memiliki kreatifitas dalam dirinya, sehingga melalui seni seseorang yang memiliki masalah dapat melakukan relaksasi serta katarsis (metode pelepasan emosi) tanpa merasa terbebani untuk mengungkapkan masalahnya kepada orang lain. Tujuan konseling melalui terapi ekspresif ini adalah memberikan sarana bagi individu untuk melepaskan emosi, perasaan, serta masalahnya.
Learning a language from inconsistent input: Regularization in child and adult learners
Authors: Austin Alison , Schuler Kathryn , Furlong Sarah , Newport Elissa
Published: December 2020

When linguistic input contains inconsistent use of grammatical forms, children produce these forms more consistently, a process called ‘regularization.’ Deaf children learning American Sign Language from parents who are non-native users of the language regularize their parents’ inconsistent usages (Singleton & Newport, 2004). In studies of artificial languages containing inconsistently used morphemes (Hudson Kam & Newport, 2005, 2009), children, but not adults, regularized these forms. However, little is known about the precise circumstances in which such regularization occurs. In three experiments we investigate how the type of input variation and the age of learners affects regularization. Overall our results suggest that while adults tend to reproduce the inconsistencies found in their input, young children introduce regularity: they learn varying forms whose occurrence is conditioned and systematic, but they alter inconsistent variation to be more regular. Older children perform more like adults, suggesting that regularization changes with maturation and cognitive capacities.
Music Therapy
Authors: Febiola Stefani Cindy
Published: December 2020

Music therapy adalah profesi yang telah muncul selama lima puluh tahun terakhir dari berbagai disiplin ilmu professional di berbagai negara (Djohan,2006). Terapi music adalah profesi yang menggunakan music dan aktivitas music untuk mengatasi berbagai masalah dalam aspek fisik, psikologis, kognitif dan kebutuhan sosial individu. Musik merupakan Bahasa yang universal dan dapat menembus batas-batas multicultural (Gladding,2016).
Efeitos do café orgânico e convencional no metabolismo e composição corporal de ratos Wistar
Authors: Moreira Maria José Morais , Costa Maria José de Carvalho , Mundin Fiorita Gonzales Lopes , Tiengo Andréia , Marcucci Maria Cristina , Gonçalves Carolina Passarelli , Costa Francisco Eduardo de Carvalho
Published: December 2020

Segundo a Associação Brasileira da Indústria do café (ABIC), somente em março o consumo de café aumento 35%. Com isso, avaliar as evidências benéficas para associações entre consumo de café e os múltiplos resultados para a saúde é de extrema importância. O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar os efeitos do café orgânico e convencional no metabolismo lipídico, glicídico, proteico, níveis de proteína C reativa, ureia, ácido úrico e composição corporal de ratos machos da linhagem Wistar. O estudo experimental teve caráter quantitativo, prospectivo e intervencional, e foi conduzido com dezoito animais machos distribuídos em três grupos, cada um com seis animais, onde o Grupo I recebeu somente água, o Grupo II recebeu o café orgânico e o Grupo III recebeu o café convencional. Os resultados demonstraram que o consumo de café orgânico contribuiu para uma ação protetora do fígado e o do coração, o que não foi observado nos animais que ingeriram o café convencional.
Genetics of malocclusion: A review
Authors: Mokhtar Khairani Idah , Abu Bakar Noraini , Md Ali Tahir Aisyah Hanani
Published: December 2020

Malocclusion is one of the most common craniofacial problems observed worldwide. Affected individuals suffer not only from aesthetic concerns but also from functional problems, such as with mastication and pronunciation. The prevalence of malocclusion in East Asians is higher than in other races. Reports have shown besides environmental factors, there is association between certain types of malocclusion with specific genes. Positive association of mandibular prognathism has been implicated to genes such as Matrilin-1; while mutation in DUSP6 has also been shown to contribute to the incidence of malocclusion. This review aimed to briefly discuss the involvement of other additional genes such as MYO1H and PAX9 in the incidence of malocclusion as observed from our local institution.
Length-Weight Relationships of Paraphanius similis in Mamasın and Seyhan Reservoirs (Turkey)
Authors: KURTUL İrmak , SARI Hasan
Published: December 2020

The length-weight relationship of Paraphanius similis in the Mamasın (Aksaray) and Seyhan (Adana) reservoirs were studied on the basis of n=193 fish specimens (nfemales=85; nmales=108). Fish samples were collected using seine net net in 2016 year. The length-weight relationship was found as W=0.011 L3.589 (r=0.982) for females and W= 0.015 L3.406 (r=0.939) for males in Mamasın Reservoir; it was found as W=0.017 L3.083 (r=0.980) for females and W=0.008 L3.725 (r=0.974) for males in Seyhan Reserovir. The present study considers the first record and comprehensive information on the length-weight relationship of P. similis in the Mamasın Reservoir. The results of this study might support to the conservation of this species and contribute the knowledge on its ecology and biology.
An Analysis of the Effect of Procurement Procedures on Customer Satisfaction: A Case Study of the United Refineries Limited in Bulawayo
Authors: Paidamoyo Madondo  , Manzini Sibongile
Published: December 2020

The exploration sought to analyse the effects of procurement procedures on customer satisfaction through a case study of United Refineries Limited. As the industry in Zimbabwe had been enlarging in size and intricacy, so too did the challenges met across the procurement sector. Instances of such challenges comprised inter alia varying customer preferences, the requirement for ecological practices and the need to sustain relationships in the supply chain. The study was based on the network theory which highlighted that businesses in a network cannot create procurement procedures at liberty and independently without involving others in the network. The investigation assessed the effect of procurement procedures on customer satisfaction through the utilisation of the descriptive design. The research population comprised of 107 employees and 25 customers aggregated based on daily walk-ins. The sample was 84 respondents for employees and 20 for customers in terms of which judgmental sampling was utilised. The results showed that the majority of customers were not satisfied with procurement procedures given the incidence of malpractices such as bureaucracy and red-tape which fought against the effectiveness of procurement procedures which led to dissatisfaction as well as substantial discrepancies in procurement procedures. It was concluded that the strategic significance and the latent forthcoming influence of procurement procedures at United Refineries was impossible to ignore. There existed room for improvement in procurement procedures to bring about customer satisfaction. Recommendations included, training, supplier development and supplier streamlining.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПОВЕДІНКИ НАНОЧАСТИНОК ПРИ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ З ПАРАМИ ТЕРТЯ
Authors: Козицький С. В. , Кіріян С. В.
Published: December 2020

Одним з пріоритетних напрямків збільшення ресурсу експлуатації суднових двигунів та допоміжних механізмів є удосконалення процесів змащення за рахунок впровадження нових технологій. Їх мета підвищити експлуатаційні характеристики вузлів тертя, які визначаються як особливостями конструкції самого вузла, так і мастильного матеріалу. Шляхом введення присадок мікронних розмірів до мастильного матеріалу частково вдається досягти мети. В кінці минулого століття почалися дослідження характеристик макрооб'єктів при вивченні їх властивостей на молекулярному рівні. Ця область науки і техніки отримала назву нанотехнологія [1, 2]. Матеріали, утворені з наночастинок, проявляють принципово нові фізико-механічні властивості, які викликані зменшенням розміру частинок. Особливість наностану проявляється у впливі наночастинок на макроскопічні параметри матеріалів при їх взаємодії з наночастинками.
Choreographic and Spatial Layers in Jasmina Cibic's Screendance The Pavilion
Authors: Jankov Sonja
Published: December 2020

The paper is a case study of Jasmina Cibic's film The Pavilion (2015) in relation to the theory of screendance. The first part of the paper discusses the definitions of the term screendance by various researchers, and its position to related terms choreocinema, cine-dance, dance cinema, dance for the camera, dance on screen, dancefilm, and video dance. The second part of the paper is a close analysis of the film, synchronously focused on three key aspects: the choreography of the five female performers, the cinematic techniques, and the narration. The third part of the paper examines the role of the dancer Josephine Baker, to whom the film makes a reference. The paper concludes that the central choreography in the film is not that of the five female performers, but actually of the model of the pavilion which they animate. The choreography of the architectural model and the spatial reference to the body of Josephine Baker are as important semantic layers of the film as the choreography of the five performers.
Cannabis Culture on Display
Authors: Giraudo Rachel F.
Published: December 2020

Amid changing state laws to legalize the growing, selling, and use of cannabis for medical and recreational purposes in the United States, activists and advocates continue to help legitimize cannabis through museum-like practices and heritage work. They recognize the importance of destigmatizing the plant and its users, and effectively use exhibits to educate the public as one means of spreading their message. Given the rapid commodification of legal cannabis, some are also documenting its prohibition in order to protect members of cannabis subcultures whose livelihoods are now threatened. Through engaged scholarship, I examine efforts of two museums and two groups of advocates to represent and make visible the heritage of cannabis in the United States.
Online Exhibitions during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Hoffman Sheila K.
Published: December 2020

In the mid-1990s, when many museums were beginning to take their first hesitant steps toward building online personae, the worry still holding many back was that if a collection or experience were available online, in-person visitation would invariably decline (Anderson 1996; Cody 1997; Wallace 1995). In the 25 years since, that fear has largely been dispelled even as our technical ability to digitally capture and disseminate cultural collections has improved exponentially, even to the point that the online experience in some ways exceeds the in-person experience. Indeed, museums have moved far beyond the ability to show a few images of the major works in a collection, adding opportunities that mirror almost all the offerings of the in-person experience. But even this “Mona Lisa” effect has not driven in-person visitation down. Rather the opposite. Anyone who has elbowed through the crowds at many of the world’s best-known museums can attest to that. Indeed, having been among this ubiquitous press of people, I could not help but think on such occasions that it would take an act of God to reduce the numbers and improve the quality of viewing.
Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Secondary Schools Leadership: Promotee and Punjab Public Service Commission' Selectee
Authors: Arif Muhammad , Nawaz Muhammad Hameed
Published: December 2020

The study was aimed to check the effectiveness of secondary schools leadership, i.e. promotee and Punjab Public Service Commission (PPSC) selectees. It was descriptive research and cross-sectional survey design in nature. Population for this study comprised of all 4188 SSTs working under promotes and selectees school leadership across Punjab province. The sample consisted of 648 SSTs selected on a systematic random basis. The opinions were taken from SSTs about their school leadership by a self-developed questionnaire which was based on four points Likert scale. Independent sample t-test and Chi-square tests were applied to analyze the data. The study concluded that Punjab Public Service Commission' selectees school leadership regarding passionate vision, developing a conducive environment and struggle for fostering collaboration are found more effective than promotee school leadership. The study recommends training may be managed for both types of leadership, especially for promotee leaders for better performance.
Decretação da falência: efeitos sobre as obrigações do falido
Authors: Ribeiro Raphael Rego Borges
Published: December 2020

Neste artigo, investigamos os efeitos da decisão que decreta a falência sobre as obrigações do falido. Procedemos à revisão sistemática da literatura especializada e à consulta à legislação falimentar. Identificamos que, no Brasil, a decretação da insolvência empresarial tem efeitos jurídicos distintos em relação à insolvência civil. Observamos a formação da massa de credores; a força atrativa do juízo falimentar; o vencimento antecipado das obrigações; a conversão cambial; a suspensão dos juros, das ações e execuções, da prescrição, do direito de retirada, do direito de retenção e do recebimento dos valores de quotas sociais; e os critérios de compensação.