bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of calcium application on rice ears for suppressing cesium transfer from roots to brown rice
Authors: Kihana Masashi , Yamagami Mutsumi
Published: November 2024

Researchers have stressed that crops may absorb radioactive cesium (Cs) in the soil and translocate it to its edible parts. Therefore, a method was developed to suppress Cs absorption through high K fertilisation. However, this method is less effective for rice plants after ear emergence, thus demanding the application of a suppression method at this stage. In this study, we test whether immersion of ears in a Ca solution during its ripening period could suppress the translocation of Cs from roots to brown rice. The results show that the translocation of Cs absorbed from the hydroponic solution to brown rice is reduced based on the Ca concentration applied to the ears. In addition, differences in the inhibition of translocation were observed among the different Ca salts. In addition, the effect of immersion of ears in Ca solution on Cs translocation was effective at lower concentrations than that effective for K.
Should the current radiation protection paradigm and its recommendations be modified to make them more fit to protect the public in future nuclear emergencies?
Authors: Mc Laughlin James
Published: November 2024

The present radiation protection paradigm and its associated recommendations as developed by bodies such as the ICRP have performed very well over past decades both for those occupationally exposed to radiation and for the public in planned exposures. There is, however, growing evidence that the role played by this paradigm in the decision-making process to protect the public in nuclear emergencies in the past may have, unwittingly and unintentionally, caused more harm than good to some sections of the public. This seems to have been the case in the use of population evacuation as the principal protection response to the Chernobyl (1986) and Fukushima (2011) accidents. There is thus a need to develop improved guidelines or tools on how to apply radiation protection recommendations for the public compatible with the Principle of Justification in the event of any future major radiation emergencies. It can also be argued that the present radiation protection paradigm, with its emphasis primarily on the physical health detriments from radiation, should be more inclusive and needs to shift to a more holistic or total health approach than heretofore to include mental health effects associated with nuclear emergencies. For severe mental health effects, some of the consequences, such as suicide, can even be as or more severe than most physical detriments likely to be suffered by those affected.
Does environmental enrichment mitigate the adverse effects of chronic low dose-rate radiation exposure on mice?
Authors: Takai Daisaku
Published: November 2024

The purpose of the study was to determine whether environmental enrichments (EE) can mitigate the adverse effects of chronic low-dose-rate radiation exposure in mice. Female B6C3F1 mice were continuously exposed to 20 mGy d−1 gamma-rays under specific-pathogen-free conditions since 8 weeks of age for 400 d. After completion of the radiation exposure, OV3121 cells, derived from an ovarian granulosa cell tumor, were inoculated subcutaneously alongside age-matched non-irradiated control mice. Irradiated mice were shown to have a significantly reduced ability to eliminate inoculated tumors. The results indicate that EE may be able to mitigate the adverse effects of low-dose-rate radiation exposure, but the effects vary greatly and are complex depending on the type of EE.
Statistical-based modeling strategy for entrance skin dose estimation in patient undergoing body interventional radiology
Authors: Inwong Varaporn Pong , Buranurak Siritorn , Ahooja Anucha , Wongwiwatchai Jitraporn , Chaleeon Utit , Pariyashartgesorn Sirinart , Mitrayon Leeda , Dachviriyakij Tanapol
Published: November 2024

Interventional radiology (IR) provides significant advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, yet concerns persist regarding radiological risks such as erythema, burns, and epilation. Direct dose measurements observed difficulties regarding the perturbation of the detector probe in X-ray images during fluoroscopy-guided procedures, high-cost expenses, and non-compliant patients. This study aims to develop a statistical-based model for estimating entrance skin dose (ESD) in body IR procedures using patient radiation-dose recording data. Models are categorized into vascular and non-vascular procedures. This study demonstrates that the simplified models are sufficient in estimating patient ESDs for both IR groups, with a 95% confidence interval. This user-friendly method enables radiologists to calculate doses without complex parameters such as the backscatter factor and mass-energy absorption coefficient, as required in conventional calculation methods. It not only does this support to radiologists in effectively refining treatment protocols, but also enables patients to monitor their received doses immediately after treatment ends.
Establishment of acquired radioresistant cells to fractionated radiation from hTERT-immortalized normal human epithelial cell
Authors: Suzuki Masatoshi , Isobe Rio , Sato Taku , Ishikawa Ryoya , Suzuki Keiji , Kino Yasushi , Miura Tomisato , Inaba Yohei , Chida Koichi , Fukumoto Manabu
Published: November 2024

Senescence-like growth arrest (SLGA), which is a radiation-induced cell death pathway, is induced in immortalized normal human epithelial cell (hTERT-RPE1) by the daily fractionated X-irradiation with 1.5 Gy within 30 times. We here demonstrate that pre-treatment induces acquired radioresistance (ARR) that can survive from the lethal fractionated radiation. The parent cells were daily fractionated with 1.5 Gy for 5 d and then incubated for 7 d without fractionated radiation. After this, the daily fractionated radiation with 1.5 Gy was restarted. A small population of surviving cells appeared after 30 times of the daily fractionated radiation was completed and they were continuously growing up to 120 times of the daily fractionated radiation (RPE1–1.5Fr). We confirmed a higher basal expression level of p53, which functions in the activation of the SLGA pathway but fails to further accumulate after 1.5 Gy of single irradiation in RPE1–1.5Fr. It is the first report to induce ARR phenotype for fractionated radiation in normal human cells.
Evaluation of combustion system for organically bound tritium analysis using dried fish samples
Authors: Kuwata Haruka , Yamada Ryohei , Kheamsiri Khemruthai , Kakiuchi Hideki , Tamari Toshiya , Shima Nagayoshi , Akata Naofumi
Published: November 2024

The combustion process of the organically bound tritium (OBT) analysis method is difficult and requires sophisticated techniques. For ease, safety, and reproducibility a semi-automatic combustion system was developed. An arbitrary combustion program that prevents sudden ignition was devised and combustion tests were conducted. Analytical test runs were conducted using fish standard samples to confirm the validity of the developed system. The test values were compared with values obtained with another analysis method, and the recovery rate of the combustion water was evaluated. The results confirmed that the analytical values obtained with this combustion system were equivalent to those obtained with another analytical method and were valid for OBT analysis.
Sharing of data archive of radiation exposure animal experiments in QST/NIRS and IES
Authors: Ishikawa Atsuko , Kin Yoshika , Yamada Yutaka , Morioka Takamitsu , Nishimura Mayumi , Imaoka Tatsuhiko , Kakinuma Shizuko , Tanaka Satoshi , Nakahira Rei , Kobayashi Etsuko , Fujikawa Katsuyoshi , Komura Jun-ichiro , Kobayashi Toshiyuki , Shimada Yoshiya
Published: November 2024

Institute for Radiological Science (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), and Institute for Environmental Sciences (IES) have conducted large-scale animal experiments for radiation risk analyses in terms of life shortening and cancer prevalence. It is important to store data and biological samples from these large-scale experiments for sharing and future use since the economic and practical limitations, as well as the ethical considerations, make it difficult. QST/NIRS established an archive called the Japan Storehouse of Animal Radiobiology Experiments (J-SHARE) for the purpose of storing and sharing these historic collections. We plan to integrate the data and tissue specimen images obtained at the IES into J-SHARE by standardizing the archive format, with the aim of maximizing the results of radiation biology research. This integration is expected to contribute to the generation of new knowledge for radiation risk assessment and the provision of scientifically based information on radiation protection.
Impacts of the large fusion test facility on tritium in environmental water and natural radiation levels
Authors: Tanaka Masahiro , Kurita Saori , Akata Naofumi
Published: November 2024

In the progress of nuclear fusion development, environmental radiation monitoring in the vicinity of the facility would be an important issue. At the National Institute of Fusion Science (NIFS), the deuterium plasma experiment, which produces tritium and neutrons using d-d fusion reactions, was conducted from 2017 to 2022. Environmental radiation and tritium in environmental water were monitored before and during the deuterium plasma experiment for public acceptance. As a result, there was no significant change in the observed dose rate and tritium concentration in the rainwater, and no statistically significant difference was identified in the statistical analysis of the data observed before and during the deuterium plasma experiment. Therefore, the environmental impact of the deuterium plasma experiments at NIFS is considered to be negligible.
Efficacy of trauma-focused therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder in disaster-affected regions: insights from Minamisoma, Japan
Authors: Hori Arinobu , Tsubokura Masaharu
Published: November 2024

This study investigated the implementation and efficacy of trauma-focused psychotherapies at a psychiatric clinic in Minamisoma City, Fukushima, after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and nuclear disaster. Analyzing medical records from April 2016 to March 2021, the authors identified a significant dropout rate of 43.2% among post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients within the first 5 years. These findings highlight the challenges and effectiveness of trauma-focused treatments like prolonged exposure therapy in disaster-stricken areas, where PTSD incidence is notably high. This study emphasizes the necessity to establish robust therapeutic frameworks capable of addressing PTSD in such contexts, considering the limited coverage of comprehensive psychotherapies by Japan’s healthcare system.
Assessment of air dose distribution in the vertical plane for better occupational exposure management
Authors: Noro Tomuhiro , Osanai Minoru , Hosokawa Shota , Kitajima Maiko , Tsushima Megumi , Kudo Kohsei
Published: November 2024

The International Commission on Radiological Protection recommended a significant reduction of the equivalent dose limit for the eye lens. Reportedly, medical staff in charge of diagnostic imaging procedures may exceed the new dose limits for the eye lens. The use of dosimeters dedicated to the eye lens remains low, and dosimeters for the neck region were often used to assess eye lens doses. However, measurements by neck badges may overestimate or underestimate the recommended eye lens doses because the height of the neck differs from that of the eye. This study aimed to evaluate the air dose distribution in the vertical plane to understand the difference between neck and eye doses. H*(10) in the height of the eye position was 52.8% lower than that in the height of the neck position in the under-table position. Thus, the equivalent eye lens dose evaluated using a neck badge dosimeter may be overestimated.
Long-term effects of continuous low dose-rate gamma-ray irradiation on mouse hematopoietic cells
Authors: Yanai Takanori , Kanaiwa-Kudo Syouko , Abe Akiko , Saitou Mikio , Nakamura Shingo , Tanaka Satoshi , Komura Jun-Ichiro , Kobayashi Toshiyuki
Published: November 2024

The present work investigates the long-term effects of continuous low dose-rate (20 mGy/day to total doses of 1–8 Gy) gamma-ray exposure on the hematopoietic cells of specific pathogen-free C3H/HeN mice. Peripheral white blood cell (WBC) counts decreased on days 206, 471, and 486, with no significant changes in red blood cell (RBC) and platelet (PLT) counts. The number of colony forming units (CFU-S and CFU-GM) in the bone marrow and spleen from irradiated mice decreased with increasing total dose on day-12 and day-7. The decrease in bone marrow CFU-S persisted throughout the 400-day irradiation period and did not show any recovery up to 210 days postirradiation. These findings suggest that the effects of low-dose-rate (LDR) radiation on the hematopoietic system remain long after the 400-day irradiation was completed. Further investigation showed no significant difference in life spans of non-irradiated W/Wv (c-kit-deficient) mice inoculated with hematopoietic stem cells from irradiated (20 mGy/day for 400 days) or nonirradiated wild-type mice. These results suggest that the effects of continuous low-dose-rate irradiation are more pronounced in hematopoietic stromal cells than in HSCs themselves.
Optimization of pretreatment protocol for strontium-90 analysis in marine fish bone samples
Authors: Tazoe Hirofumi , Amano Yosuke , Ishida Yasuo , Yamada Masatoshi , Akata Naofumi
Published: November 2024

For systematic monitoring of radioactive nuclides in marine products, this study aimed at streamlining and simplifying the analysis method for the prominent radioisotope, strontium-90 (90Sr). The DGA chelate solid-phase extraction technique was employed for enhanced efficiency. The study focused on optimizing the necessary pretreatment procedures while minimizing the steps involving HNO3 leaching. This protocol enabled the quantitative recovery of strontium, and it facilitated a rapid analysis without the need for a time-consuming evaporation step and without waiting for secular equilibrium between 90Sr and its progeny to be reached. The method incorporating the optimized pretreatment protocol was applied to three diverse marine fish species and the accurate quantification of 90Sr at background levels in surface seawater was achieved. The method obtained concentrations in bone samples from these species that ranged from 0.036 to 0.120 mBq per kg-dry, and chemical yield values were notably high, ranging from 87.7% to 92.5%.
Atmospheric concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb in weekly aerosols at Hirosaki, a heavy snowfall area in Japan
Authors: Kheamsiri Khemruthai , Modibo Oumar Bobbo , Hadi Bagus Sidik Waskito , Kuwata Haruka , Yamada Ryohei , Kranrod Chutima , Akata Naofumi
Published: November 2024

To understand the regional properties of atmospheric 7Be and 210Pb concentrations at Hirosaki, aerosol samples were collected weekly for the investigation. Total suspended particles (TSP) concentration ranged from 0.14 to 1.19 mg m−3 with a mean value of 0.29 ± 0.08 mg m−3. The activity concentrations during the observation period have shown a similar trend between 7Be and 210Pb, comparable to reported studies. The activity concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb ranged from 0.46 to 4.94 mBq m−3 with an average of 2.22 mBq m−3 and from 0.26 to 1.29 mBq m−3 with an average of 0.64 mBq m−3, respectively. The relation between precipitation and radionuclide concentrations indicated that precipitation is an essential factor in the radionuclide removal process. The rainfall/snowfall had a significant impact on the deposition, and the process was greatly affected by the changes in the features of raindrops and snowflakes, such as intensity, shape, surface area, and falling speed.
Monitoring of tritium concentrations in tap water and rainwater collected in Thailand
Authors: Pitakchaianan Chonlada , Kosinarkaranun Kanyanan , Kumsut Pantiwa , Hamasaki Tatsuhide , Hazama Ryuta , Rittirong Anawat , Sakakibara Koichi , Hirano Yoshiyuki , Kashiwaya Koki , Ogata Yoshimune , Sudprasert Wanwisa , Saenboonruang Kiadtisak , Chantarot Chittranuch , Khamanek Kakonwan , Khuntong Soontree , Toyen Donruedee , Phattanasub Archara , Yongprawat Monthon , Saengkorakot Chakrit , Krisanangkura Piyawan , Kato Yuka
Published: November 2024

This study aimed to measure tritium (3H) concentrations in Thailand. Nationwide tap water samples were collected in July 2021. Rainwater samples were collected monthly during May–October 2020, April–October 2021, and February–March 2022 in Chonburi province and in Chiang Mai province during July–November 2021, January 2022, and March–June 2022. The measurements of 3H activity concentrations were conducted by Osaka Sangyo University (OSU) and were compared with measurements by the Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (TINT). The results from OSU and TINT showed that 3H concentrations in tap water were matched in the ranged from 0.08 ± 0.03 to 0.28 ± 0.04 Bq L−1, while those in rainwater samples collected from Chonburi province and Chiang Mai province are also matched in the ranged from 0.11 ± 0.02 to 0.21 ± 0.03 Bq L−1 and 0.19 ± 0.02 to 0.57 ± 0.04 Bq L−1, respectively. Our measured result suggests that 3H concentration in tap water and rainwater shows a similar relation depending on latitude.
ICP-MS determination of background I-129 in seaweed samples around Fukushima Daiichi NPS
Authors: Kim Minseok , Shibata Toshihiro , Sasaki Takayuki , Suzuki Junichi
Published: November 2024

TEPCO planned the release of Advanced Liquid Processing System (ALPS)-treated water, which is decontaminated stagnated water by ALPS, to the Pacific Ocean in 2023 after diluting it more than a hundred times in accordance with the policy of the Japan government. Since the low level of I-129 can remain in ALPS-treated water, the background I-129 concentration in seaweed samples around 1F NPS before the release of ALPS-treated water was recorded in this study. The iodine in seaweed samples was extracted via TMAH alkali-dissolution, and the I-129 concentration was measured by 8900 Triple Quadrupole ICP-MS. The resulting I-129 concentration was <5.4 × 10−2 Bq/kg-wet (sargassum) and <2.7 × 10−2 Bq/kg-wet (laminaria), respectively.
Tritium determination in natural water samples in Fukushima from 2022 to 2023 using an ultra-low-level tritium counting system
Authors: Hegedűs Miklós , Kuwata Haruka , Kheamsiri Khemruthai , Novák Maté , Yamada Ryohei , Akata Naofumi , Kovács Tibor
Published: November 2024

The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident created large stockpiles of tritium containing cooling water, which is to be gradually released into the Pacific Ocean, gaining attention from surrounding countries, environmental groups, and local residents concerned with the possibility of increasing tritium concentrations in the water and food cycle. Establishing baseline concentration levels and monitoring tritium immission values are important for assuring public safety, providing data for scientific research and risk communication. Tritium concentrations in the environment are very low; therefore, tritium measurements require enrichment in order to estimate the radiation exposure from drinking water intake and provide information on the water cycle. Natural water samples were collected at Tomioka Town located south of the FDNPP. Samples were distilled, enriched by electrolysis, and re-distilled using an improved SPE method to preconcentrate tritium to measureable levels. Tritium concentrations were determined by a low-background liquid scintillation counter. The observed tritium concentrations were relatively low, rainwater had a mean and SD value of 0.40 ± 0.13 Bq/L, and freshwater samples showed similar concentrations, while brackish coastal water samples were below 0.13 ± 0.02 Bq/L. The observed tritium concentrations in this study are considered safe as effective doses based on annual drinking water intake; however, continous monitoring is necessary to assure public safety.
Chemical form dependent iodine transfer from seawater into seaweed and abalone
Authors: Shibata Toshihiro , Ishikawa Yoshio
Published: November 2024

Nuclear fuel reprocessing plant releases several kinds of radioactive nuclides, mainly 3H and 129I, into the oceans. Radio iodine causes thyroid dose. Iodine accumulates in several marine species such as wakame and abalone, which are food materials. Therefore, an analysis of iodine behavior in the marine environment is important to assess the impact of 129I. Iodine in seawater exists mainly in two chemical forms: iodide (I−) and iodate (IO3−). Their environmental behaviors are different. Thus, understanding these behaviors is important to assess the environmental behavior of total iodine. In this study, iodate and iodide transfer between seawater and abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) with 125I tracer was observed.
Development of α-ray visualization survey meter in high gamma and neutron background environment
Authors: Tsubota Youichi , Kobayashi Kenji , Ishii Tatsuya , Hirato Misaki , Shioya Satoshi , Nakagawa Takahiro
Published: November 2024

A survey meter was developed to reliably detect and visualize surface contamination of suits and objects by α-nuclides in high γ/n-rays background radiation environment. The survey meter features a semi-opaque ZnS:Ag scintillator mounted directly onto a multi-anode photomultiplier tube (MA-PMT) and amplification circuits, ensuring output gain equalization for all channels. α-ray events induce localized light emission in thin-film scintillators. By directly mounting the scintillator, diffusion of light before reaching the MA-PMT is suppressed, concentrating it in just a few channels, thereby facilitating discrimination from background radiation. This design also enables clear visualization of the shape of surface contamination. The prototyped survey meter is capable of responding up to 2.1 × 107 cpm, with no γ-ray response even in high-radiation environments exceeding 1 Sv/h. In actual environments with high background radiation, contamination of ~1/100th of the surface contamination density limit of 4 Bq/cm2 could be reliably detected.
Effect of sampling face velocity on the ultrafine particle surface collection efficiency of a cellulose membrane filter and a cellulose-glass fiber filter for environmental airborne radioactivity monitoring
Authors: Kiso Mizuki , Taoka Manaya , Sampei Aoi , Hashimoto Hiroki , Abe Yuki , Oda Yuki , Omori Yasutaka , Yamada Ryohei , Hosoda Masahiro , Kranrod Chutima , Ishikawa Tetsuo , Tokonami Shinji
Published: November 2024

Surface collection efficiency (SCE) of a cellulose membrane filter (CMF) and a cellulose-glass fiber filter used in environmental monitoring for alpha-emitting radionuclides from nuclear facilities and natural radioactivity sources was evaluated for particles in the size range of 0.03–0.1 μm at different levels of face velocity. The SCE of the CMF was higher than that of the cellulose-glass fiber filter, and only the membrane filter showed the dependence of SCE on the particle size at higher face velocity. The use of the CMF at higher face velocity in environmental radioactivity monitoring leads to measurements of the background alpha spectrum with more degradation under the changing particle size condition in the atmosphere. Consequently, that fact needs to be taken into account, along with the expected particle size distribution and concentration of the airborne radioactivity being sampled, when selecting a face velocity to achieve the best possible detection limit.
Relative treatment of aliens: how level is the playing field for foreign firms in developing countries?
Authors: Aisbett Emma , McAusland Carol , Poulsen Lauge
Published: November 2024

This article provides the first systematic analysis of whether developing country governments treat foreign firms better, worse or the same as domestic firms. We use a novel econometric estimator to analyze the World Bank’s Enterprise Surveys. In contrast to the intuition in much of the literature on the political economy of foreign investment, we show that foreign firms are not treated worse by host state governments on average. Also, whereas governments in low-income countries treat all firms poorly, they treat foreign firms relatively better than comparable domestic firms. This contrasting pattern means that the findings of the large and growing literature on the cross-country causes and consequences of the absolute treatment of foreign firms cannot be transferred to the question of relative treatment. It also has important policy implications—for instance in the context of investment treaties, which grant extensive property right protections to foreign but not domestic investors.
Hydraulic and structural traits of trees across light gradients in the Amazon secondary forest
Authors: Coelho-Silva Debora , Guimarães Zilza T M , Podadera Diego S , Modolo Guilherme S , Rossi Sergio , Ferreira Marciel J , Marcati Carmen R
Published: November 2024

Amazonian species are generally unable to adapt to long drought periods, indicating a low capacity to adjust their hydraulic traits. Secondary forests account for 20% of forest cover in the Amazon, making natural regeneration species crucial under climate change scenarios. In this study, we compared the hydraulic traits of five species, including non-pioneers (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl., Carapa guianensis Aubl., Hymenaea courbaril L.) and pioneers [Cedrela fissilis Vell., Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) Bertero ex A.DC.], across light conditions (understory, intermediate, gap) in a 22-year-old secondary forest in Central Amazon, Brazil. Twenty-five saplings were planted and monitored in 3 plots × 5 blocks. Five years after the plantation, we assessed growth, wood density, leaf water potential at predawn and midday, xylem embolism resistance (P50), and hydraulic safety margins (HSM). The leaf water potential ranged from −2.9 to 0 MPa. The non-pioneer species C. guianensis and H. courbaril exhibited the lowest P50 (−4.06 MPa), indicating higher embolism resistance, whereas the pioneer T. rosea had the highest P50 (−1.25 MPa), indicating lower resistance. The HSM varied from −1.60 to 3.26 MPa, with lower values in gap conditions during the dry period (−1.60 MPa), especially affecting pioneer species. Wood density was influenced by both light and species type, with non-pioneers showing a generally higher density, with H. courbaril reaching 0.75 g cm−3 in the understory while the pioneer T. rosea showed the lowest density (0.27 g cm−3). These results highlight that light conditions affect hydraulic traits differently across species strategies, especially during early growth. Non-pioneer, slow-growing native species appear more resilient to light variation, making them suitable for future plantations aimed at climate adaptation in secondary forests.
Emerging and re-emerging viral exanthems among children: what a physician should know
Authors: Bishnoi Anuradha , Sharma Apoorva , Mehta Hitaishi , Vinay Keshavamurthy
Published: November 2024

Viral exanthems can present with diverse morphologies of rash, including macular, maculopapular, papular, urticarial and vesicular, or sometimes a combination of these. There has been an increasing trend towards emerging and re-emerging viral exanthems in recent years, the cause of which is multifactorial, including changing environmental conditions and altered host–vector–agent interaction. The significant temperature variations brought on by climate change and ever-increasing international travel has modified the host–agent interactions, and many re-emerging viral illnesses are now presenting with atypical presentations, including an increased frequency of affliction across broader age groups and heightened manifestations often posing as ‘great imitators’ mimicking a myriad of other dermatoses. Although final diagnosis often relies on serological and molecular tests, certain cutaneous clues can help arrive at a probable clinical diagnosis and help the clinicians order specific and relevant investigations, especially in resource-poor settings where access to laboratory diagnostic tests is likely to be limited.

In this review we explore the changing disease dynamics of common viral infections, especially in resource-poor settings, including coronavirus disease 2019, chikungunya, hand-foot-and-mouth disease and some newly emerging ones like mpox (previously referred to as monkeypox), and highlight recent developments in our understanding of the clinical variations seen in their presentations.
Effects of Routine Catheterization on Urinary Tract Infection Rates After Minor Gynecologic Surgeries
Authors: Zhang Salina , Ananth Deepasri , Haselton Lyn , Byrnes Jenifer
Published: November 2024

This pilot study describes urinary tract infection (UTI) rates after routine single catheterization during minor gynecologic surgeries at a tertiary care community hospital. Records from 762 patients from 2021 were reviewed, including procedures such as hysteroscopy, loop electrosurgical excision procedure, and dilation and curettage. Findings revealed a 42.4% catheterization rate, with a significantly higher proportion of catheterized patients having UTIs (5.6%) compared with noncatheterized patients (2.5%). This study suggests that catheterization, unless medically necessary, should be avoided to reduce nosocomial infection risk. These results advocate for reconsidering current practices to enhance patient care and minimize preventable UTIs.
Traditional Chinese Medicine: An Important Coping Strategy with Challenges of Radiation Injury
Authors: Shao Shuai , Gao Yue
Published: November 2024

People turn nervous when mention is made of radiation injuries, which cause multiple organ morbidities and are difficult to manage. However, the discovery of antiradiation drugs remains challenging. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) may be an effective treatment strategy because of its overall regulation. Herein, we systematically review TCM formulae, herbs, and natural products as potential antiradiation candidates. At the same time, we categorize them by their effective characteristics and target organs. In addition, TCM formulae, herbs, and ingredients used to block the absorption and accelerate the excretion of radionuclides are considered in this review. To better manage radiation injuries, the scientific basis of TCM for radioprotection requires further in-depth research.
Subretinal tissue plasminogen activator without vitrectomy for submacular hemorrhage displacement using Nano-vitreoretinal gateway device: A pilot report
Authors: Hui Vivian W.K. , Tsang Chi Wai , Mohamed Shaheeda , Fong Angie H. C. , Lai Timothy Y Y , Brelen Marten , Szeto Simon K.H.
Published: November 2024

Purpose:

To evaluate the surgical outcome of subretinal tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) delivered without vitrectomy for the displacement of submacular hemorrhage (SMH).

Method:

A retrospective interventional cases series of consecutive patients who underwent subretinal tPA and intravitreal expansile gas without vitrectomy for SMH displacement. Concomitant injection of subretinal air and intravitreal ranibizumab and expansile gas was performed per surgeon’s discretion.

Results:

Seven eyes from 7 patients were included. 6 eyes (85.7%) had polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and 1 (14.3%) had wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD). The median baseline visual acuity (VA) was 0.014 (range 0.005-50.1) ETDRS letters, which improved to 35 (range 26.3-65.1), 35 (range 31.0-73.9), 35 (range 35-77.3) and 35 (range 5-80.2) ETDRS letters at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months, respectively. Visual gain of ≥5 letters was achieved in majority of patients through 6 months. Successful displacement of blood away from fovea was achieved in 100% of eyes. The rate of postoperative vitreous hemorrhage, retinal pigment epithelium tear and macular hole were 14.3% (1 patient) each.

Conclusion:

This novel, minimally invasive surgical technique is effective in displacing SMH and preserving vision.
Emerging perspectives in the management of IgA nephropathy: a comprehensive review
Authors: Gomes Ana Marta , Schau Bruno , Farinha Ana
Published: November 2024

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most prevalent form of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide and a leading cause of chronic kidney disease and renal failure. This disorder is characterized by the deposition of immune complexes containing galactose-deficient forms of IgA and complement C3 in the glomeruli. Until now, disease management relied mainly on optimized supportive care. Systemic corticosteroid therapy is proposed for patients at high risk of disease progression, but the effectiveness and safety of this approach are under debate. A significant proportion of patients do not respond to current therapies and require kidney replacement therapy at a young age, with substantial costs and impact on quality of life. Recently, there have been multiple joint efforts to improve the understanding of IgAN pathophysiology. International collaborations resulted in multiple ongoing clinical trials that are providing new insights toward innovative therapeutic options such as SGLT2 inhibitors, dual endothelin and angiotensin receptor blockers, targeted-release budesonide, B-cell proliferation and differentiation inhibitors, and complement system blockers. Based on this new evidence, revision of the guidelines to manage IgAN is expected to occur in the near future. In addition to the novelty in therapeutic agents, there is also a growing interest in new noninvasive biomarkers for IgAN screening, risk stratification to monitor the course of the disease, and the response to treatment. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on the pathophysiology of IgAN, disease management, and emerging advances in clinical translation of IgAN research.
What do you need to know when preparing to give a talk at an international dermatology conference? Insights and practical recommendations
Authors: Shah Hemali , Parisi Rose , Polo Silveira Luísa , Dodiuk-Gad Roni P.
Published: November 2024

Objectives:

To provide a checklist for presentation preparation at dermatology conferences, discuss important factors to consider when preparing a presentation, and recommend strategies for effective presentations and networking.

Data Sources:

With a combination of personal experience and literature review of PubMed database and dermatology society resources, this article serves as the first comprehensive guide for how to prepare a talk for an international dermatology conference.

Conclusion:

Conferences are an excellent opportunity to learn more about yourself, your field, and others throughout the world. Well-prepared presentations have the potential to greatly impact your audience and expand your connections. The authors provide a step-by-step discussion and checklist that thoroughly addresses the logistics, operations, scientific content, and social aspects that are important to know when preparing to give a presentation in the field of dermatology.
Filamentous fungi that most frequently cause true fungaemia
Authors: Tomazin Rok , Matos Tadeja
Published: November 2024

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) have become increasingly important over the past two decades, particularly due to the growing population of patients with compromised immunity. Rapidly progressive and aggressive infections are associated with high mortality and rather complex laboratory diagnostics. The most common form of IFI is fungaemia – the presence of fungi in the blood – which serve to spread the pathogen in the host and subsequently develop a systemic infection. Over 95% of fungaemia is caused by yeasts from the Candida genus, with a smaller proportion caused by other pathogenic fungi. Less common are moulds, which, because of their characteristic filamentous structures, do not enter the bloodstream like yeasts and therefore do not cause true fungaemia. However, the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Scedosporium, Lomentospora, Purpureocillium, and Paecilomyces cause true fungaemia and are thus an exception among filamentous fungi.
First report of onychomycosis caused by Phoma glomerata (Didymella glomerata): case report and literature review
Authors: Zarei Fereshteh , Mahmoudi Shahram , Amanizadeh Azam , Agha Kuchak Afshari Setareh
Published: November 2024

Onychomycosis is the fungal infection of nails caused by yeasts, dermatophytes, and nondermatophyte molds. As a divergent set of fungi can cause onychomycosis, reliable and accurate laboratory identification of the etiological agent is crucial for choosing the proper treatment. Herein, we present a rare case of nondermatophytic onychomycosis of the toenail caused by Phoma glomerata in a 27-year-old Iranian female patient. In addition, a review of the literature on human infections caused by Phoma species is provided.
Quantitative and qualitative profile of aerobic bacteria in the second mandibular molar free of caries and caries, based on a case–control study
Authors: AL-Janabi Ali Abdul Hussein S.
Published: November 2024

Bacteria growing in the oral cavity are an important effective factor in causing caries. Molars are the most commonly affected by bacterial decay. Bacterial species and their counts in caries of the second mandibular molar compared with those in caries-free teeth were investigated. A total of 100 patients with caries in the second mandibular molar and 95 caries-free individuals participated in a case–control study. A swab from the molar zone was cultured to identify the bacterial species. Colony counts and the frequency with which isolated bacteria occur were also determined. The isolated bacteria comprised 34 species ranging between 22 Gram-positive and 12 Gram-negative bacteria from caries molar and 14 species from the control group were diagnosed. Staphylococcus aureus and Kocuria rosea were revealed to have a more significant frequency in caries patients, whereas Kocuria kristinae was isolated with a high frequency from caries-free individuals. The majority of isolates had a large number of colonies, mostly Gram-positive bacteria. Some species have been found in one group of participants but not in another. Six bacterial species were only isolated from control group, whereas the patient group had 16 species that were not found in the control group. In conclusion, Gram-positive bacteria are most frequently associated with caries on the second mandibular molar. Some species of Gram-positive bacteria such as S. aureus and K. rosea and Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas fluorescens and Escherichia coli occur with great diversity and quantity with caries of the second mandibular molar compared with that of healthy individuals. Meanwhile, some species may disappear or be limited to the decayed area of the second mandibular molar.
The possible Role of IFN-γ & TNF-α in bacterial eye infection patients
Authors: Abood Israa Ali , Rasool Khetam Habeeb
Published: November 2024

The number of participants were 150, and those were recruited for the study (118 eye infections patients and 32 apparently healthy). Patients with bacterial eye infections (blepharitis, conjunctivitis, or keratitis) were diagnosed by ophthalmologists at Ghazy Al-hariri Hospital and Ibn Al-Haytham Hospital in Baghdad in periods between September 2021 and February 2022, while controls were obtained from various sites. They were of both sexes, with ages ranging from 20 to 60. Blood samples and Eye swabs were collected from all participants. The serum was used for immunological tests to study the role of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α on patients with bacterial eye infections. Cytokines are an important component of the immune response that guards the healthy eye against potentially dangerous microorganisms and non-infectious stimuli that may be present in the surrounding environment.
The inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation and the expression of interleukin-17A
Authors: Dashtbin Shirin , Aravand Azar , Salari Farhad , Alvandi Amirhooshang , Abiri Ramin
Published: November 2024

Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway regulates the immune cell response and programmed cell death and cell survival. Also, activation of p38-MAPK pathway participates in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. In the present study, we examined the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on the expression of p38-MAPK and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in a murine model called experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Following the induction of EAE, the animals received Lactobacillus rhamnosus by gavage when the early clinical signs of EAE began to appear. Then the expression of p38-MAPK and IL-17A were analyzed by ELISA and real-time PCR methods, respectively. Administration of L. rhamnosus led to a noticeable reduction in the clinical score of EAE mice. Moreover, the phosphorylated form of p38-MAPK was significantly diminished in the spinal cord of EAE mice receiving L. rhamnosus when compared with EAE mice receiving no treatment (control group). L. rhamnosus lowered the expression of IL-17A in the spinal cord of EAE mice compared with the control group. Probiotics, such as L. rhamnosus, could be used as an alternative therapeutic option for alleviating neurological diseases in which the p38-MAPK signaling pathway is involved.
Bioactivities and production of antihypertensive peptides during fermentation of soy milk by lactic cultures
Authors: Hati Subrota , Patel Nikita , Pipaliya Rinkal
Published: November 2024

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pH on fermentative characteristics of selected lactic acid bacteria in soy milk, determining α-galactosidase activity and the utilization pattern of sucrose, raffinose and stachyose during fermentation of soymilk and also to evaluate the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and proteolytic activities. In this study, Lactobacillus helveticus MTCC5463 (V3) reduced maximum pH (pH 4.25) in soy milk (pH 6.5), produced highest viable lactic counts, i.e. 13.32 log CFU/ml in soy milk (pH 8.0) during fermentation. Highest acidity was observed in case of V3 (0.75% lactic acid (LA)) in soy milk (pH 6.5) during fermentation. Overall, lactic acid bacteria performed well in natural soy milk (pH 6.5) as compared to soy milks having pH 7.0 and pH 8.0. V3 also showed highest α-galactosidase activity in comparison to other lactic cultures at pH 6.5. Similarly, Lactobacillus rhamnosus MTCC 5945 (NS4) utilized maximum amount of sucrose and stachyose after 24 h of incubation than other cultures at pH 6.5. NS4 (L. rhamnosus MTCC 5945) culture showed the highest ACE inhibition activity (65.33%) and the highest proteolytic activity (3.264 mg/ml) in soymilk (pH 6.5). The results suggested that the strains (V3 and NS4) could be used for the development of fermented soy milks to reduce complex soy oligosaccharides.
An overview of Helicobacter pylori infections, diagnostic methods and treatment
Authors: Mohammadi Mohammad Reza , Omidi Amir Hossein , Mohsenzadeh Amin , Sabati Hoda , Daliri Layegheh
Published: November 2024

Background:

Helicobacter pyloriis one of the most common infectious diseases in the world, causing peptic ulcers and gastric cancer in humans.

Methods:

Here, we used the words ‘Helicobacter pylori’, ‘identification’ and ‘treatment’ from the published data in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases for this study.

Results:

Methods of identification ofH. pyloriare divided into two categories: invasive and noninvasive. Invasive methods detect bacteria directly from gastric biopsy, but noninvasive methods examine different samples. The key to effective treatment forH. pyloriinfection is the use of combination therapy, similar to the treatment for bacterial meningitis or endocarditis. Although alternative therapies, including herbal remedies and probiotics, have been used to improve eradication, current treatments still rely on a combination of antimicrobial agents such as amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, and levofloxacin, as well as antisecretory agents such as proton pump inhibitors.

Conclusion:

Both invasive and noninvasive diagnostic methods identifyH. pylori. Combination therapies are more efficient in eradicating the bacterium.
Levan, medical applications and effect on pathogens
Authors: Zainulabdeen Shaimaa Majed Sadiq , Khalaf Khawlah Jebur , Salman Jehan Abdul Sattar
Published: November 2024

Levan is a homopolysaccharide that is composed of d-fructofuranosyl residues joined by β-2,6 linkage. It is naturally obtained from both microorganisms and plants. Microbial levans are more advantageous, industrially and economical with numerous applications and have wide range of applications in food, pharmaceutical, medicine, industry and cosmetic. Levan finds many applications due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and film-forming ability. It can be used as a plasma substitute, prolongator of drug activity, radio protector, coating material in drug delivery systems. Many studies reported levan's multiple beneficial effects on human and animal health. Therefore, levan is best known to have antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Levan also used as a prebiotic, which can adhere to stomach epithelial cells and promote probiotics bacteria. This mechanism, in turn, controls pathogenic bacteria and may counteract the inflammatory process by enhancing the degradation of enteral antigens, resulting in a reduction of inflammatory mediator secretion.
Potential effects of pyocyanin on the antibacterial action of ampicillin and cefotaxime against human pathogenic bacteria
Authors: AL-Janabi Ali Abdul Hussein S. , Mohamed Jenan Khadem
Published: November 2024

Pyocyanin (PCN) is a blue-green pigment mainly produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It has antimicrobial effects on a variety of organisms. Ampicillin (AMP) and cefotaxime (CTX) are widely used against bacterial pathogens as important antibacterial agents. The effect of PCN on the antibacterial action of AMP and CTX has been studied. PCN from P. aeruginosa was extracted by chloroform method. Two PCN concentrations (2 and 4 μg/ml) were combined separately with a variety of AMP and CTX concentrations. Change in the antibacterial activity of AMP and CTX against 14 isolated pathogenic bacteria after combination has been investigated. The antibacterial activity of AMP decreased against seven bacterial isolates when mixed with 4 μg/ml of PCN, while this activity increased against the majority of bacteria after mixing with 2 μg/ml. CTX activity was also reduced against 12 bacterial isolates by 4 μg/ml of PCN, whereas it was not generally affected by 2 μg/ml. In conclusion; PCN had variable effects on the antibacterial activity of AMP and CTX, which varied mainly between decreased activity and absence of effects. A low concentration of PCN was more effective in increasing the action of AMP but had no effect on the action of CTX.