bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three versus five micrometer chlorinated polysaccharide‐based packings in chiral capillary electrochromatography: performance evaluation
Authors: Hendrickx Ans , De Klerck Katrijn , Mangelings Debby , Clincke Lies , Heyden Yvan Vander
Published: October 2013

In this study, a test set of 44 nonacidic compounds was analyzed on four 3 µm chlorinated polysaccharide‐based chiral stationary phases with cellulose tris (3‐chloro‐4‐methylphenylcarbamate) (Lux Cellulose‐2®; LC2), amylose tris (5‐chloro‐2‐methylphenylcarbamate) (Lux Amylose‐2®, LA2), cellulose tris (4‐chloro‐3‐methylphenylcarbamate) (Lux Cellulose‐4®; LC4) and cellulose tris (3,5‐dichlorophenylcarbamate) (Sepapak‐5®, Sp5) as selectors. The analysis times, retention factors, efficiencies and enantioselectivities were compared with the results obtained on their 5 µm analogs. All 3 µm packings, except for LA2, individually separated more compounds than their 5 µm analogs. When the cumulative success rates on the 3 and 5 µm packings were considered, it was observed that they were similar for both particle sizes; the combination of three or four 5 µm columns separated one compound more from the considered test set than that of the same number of 3 µm columns. Furthermore, it was observed that the 3 and 5 µm packings showed some complementarity. Only four compounds were not separated on any of the columns, while the use of only either the 3 or 5 µm columns resulted in 10 and nine not‐separated compounds, respectively. The analyses on 5 µm LC2 and Sp5 were faster than on their 3 µm analogs. For LC4 the 3 µm packing showed the shortest analysis times and diverse analysis times for both particle sizes were obtained on LA2. Furthermore, three out of four 3 µm packings, that is, LC2, LC4, and Sp5, were found to be more efficient than their 5 µm analogs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulation of Reaction Kinetics for the Tuneable Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Quantum Clusters: Application of Gold Quantum Clusters as “Turn‐Off” Sensing Probe for Sn4+ Ions
Authors: Khandelwal Puneet , Singh Dheeraj K. , Sadhu Subha , Poddar Pankaj
Published: October 2013

The syntheses of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and gold quantum clusters (Au QCs) that employ cefadroxil (CFX; an antibiotic) as both reducing and capping agents are reported. The HAuCl4/CFX concentration, temperature, and pH are crucial factors in the modulation of the nucleation and growth kinetics of the reaction, and consequently, in guiding the size and morphology of as‐synthesized Au NPs. Interesting results are observed if the reaction is performed under different pH conditions. TEM analysis of the Au NPs synthesized at pH 6 shows an average particle size of approximately 2 nm along with a relatively smaller population of bigger NPs (up to 6 nm). The Au QCs were isolated by high‐speed centrifugation and showed fluorescence at λ≈460 nm. Furthermore, the as‐synthesized Au QCs were applied as sensor for Sn4+ ions on the basis of an aggregation‐induced fluorescence quenching mechanism. These Au QCs offer acceptable sensitivity, high selectivity, and a limit of detection of approximately 10 μM for the determination of Sn4+ ions.
Reliability‐aware server consolidation for balancing energy‐lifetime tradeoff in virtualized cloud datacenters
Authors: Deng Wei , Liu Fangming , Jin Hai , Liao Xiaofei , Liu Haikun
Published: October 2013

Server consolidation using virtualization technologies allow large‐scale datacenters to improve resource utilization and energy efficiency. However, most existing consolidation strategies solely focused on balancing the tradeoff between performance service‐level‐agreements (SLAs) desired by cloud applications and energy costs consumed by hosting servers. With the presence of fluctuating workloads in datacenters, the lifetime and reliability of servers under dynamic power‐aware consolidation could be adversely impacted by repeated on–off thermal cycles, ware‐and‐tear and temperature rise. In this paper, we propose a Reliability‐Aware server Consolidation stratEgy, named RACE, to address when and how to perform energy‐efficient server consolidation in a reliability‐friendly and profitable way. The focus is on the characterization and analysis of this problem as a multi‐objective optimization, by developing a utility model that unifies multiple constraints on performance SLAs, reliability factors and energy costs in a holistic manner. An improved grouping genetic algorithm is proposed to search the global optimal solution, which takes advantage of a collection of reliability‐aware resource buffering and virtual machines‐to‐servers re‐mapping heuristics for generating good initial solutions and improving the convergence rate. Extensive simulations are conducted to validate the effectiveness, scalability and overhead of RACE—in improving the overall utility of datacenters while avoiding unprofitable consolidation in the long term—compared with pMapper and PADD strategies for server consolidation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International Symposium on Phospholipids in Pharmaceutical Research, Heidelberg, Germany, September 16–17, 2013
Authors: van Hoogevest Peter
Published: October 2013

This 2‐day event was organized for the third time by the Phospholipid Research Center Heidelberg. The symposium was held at the University of Heidelberg (facilities provided by Prof. Gert Fricker) and visited by 170 scientists from academia, pharmaceutical industry, authorities, etc. from all over the world. Sixty posters and 16 lectures were presented. This year event started with lectures on the physico‐chemical properties of phospholipids, followed by a systematic review of the administration route specific use of phospholipid. The second day of the event was devoted to the latest advances in application of phospholipids, followed by a session on the future use of phospholipids comprising oral presentations of selected posters, and a lecture on the appreciation of liposomes as nanotechnology. The symposium was concluded with an award ceremony of the three best posters.
Investigations into the relationship between changes in internal moisture regimes and rock surface deterioration in cavernous sandstone features
Authors: Mol Lisa
Published: October 2013

Cavernous features commonly develop in sandstone, but their development over time remains enigmatic. It has been suggested that moisture movements within the rock mass play a key role in the location, development and dynamics of cavernous features. In this research the role of internal moisture movement is tested through monitoring moisture and surface deterioration dynamics in April 2008 and April 2009 within two large cavernous features (mega‐tafoni) in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park, South Africa (GGHNP). Data are presented from surveys of internal moisture (using electrical resistivity tomography, ERT), surface moisture (using a Protimeter) and deterioration (using surface hardness as recorded with an Equotip as a proxy for surface deterioration) across five 2.45 m long transects. In addition a high resolution temperature record is presented to assess the influence of micro‐climates within the caverns. The results indicate consistency in the gross spatial pattern of moisture flow within the rock mass over a one year period, but significant changes in mean moisture contents and in the fine detail of moisture patterning. Some noticeably weakened areas had developed within the central parts of the cavernous features, often linked to wetter subsurface conditions, supporting the theory that ‘core softening’ is a main driver of cavernous feature formation. However, in some areas surface hardening is also found to be associated with wetter subsurface conditions, supporting the theory that ‘case hardening’ is a main driver of cavernous feature formation. In addition, the presence of well‐established biofilms suggests an even more complex interaction between moisture, surface development and biological activity. A model is presented therefore which integrates this paradox by proposing a non‐linear relationship between moisture dynamics, facilitation of biofilm formation, and deterioration within cavernous features. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of Uniform Fine Particles of Iron(III) Hydroxide/Oxide
Authors: Haq Ikram Ul , Haider Farzana
Published: October 2013

Iron(III) hydroxide was precipitated from the homogeneous solutions, containing variuos amounts of iron(III) nitrate, potassium sulfate, and urea, by heating at 85 °C for different periods of time (5‐30 min). The precipitated solids were either in the form of gel or dispersed particles of different shapes and sizes, depending upon the composition of the reactant mixtures. The as‐prepared solids were amorphous in nature and were formulated as Fe(OH)3.H2O. On calcinations at 800 °C for 1 h, the latter converted into crystalline compound, composed of α‐Fe2O3 (hematite). The calcined particles retained the original features of their precursors to a maximum extent.
Synthesis and Characterization of High Surface Area Tin Oxide Nanoparticles via the Sol‐Gel Method as a Catalyst for the Hydrogenation of Styrene
Authors: Adnan Rohana , Razana Nur Ariesma , Rahman Ismail Abdul , Farrukh Muhammad Akhyar
Published: October 2013

A systematic study on the preparation of SnO2 nanoparticles using a simple sol‐gel technique has been conducted by varying reaction parameters such as concentration of ammonia, ammonia feed rate and reaction temperature. The tin oxide obtained was characterized by using FTIR, BET, XRD and TEM. Particles size was obtained in the range of 4 to 5.6 nm and the surface area was found to be between 76 to 114 m2 g−1 depending on the reaction parameters. Meanwhile, the catalytic activity of SnO2 was first time investigated for the hydrogenation reaction of styrene using ethanol as the solvent at 70 °C and 1 atmospheric pressure. It is found that SnO2 acts as a good catalyst in this hydrogenation process. The product conversions in the presence of catalysts prepared at different conditions were between 37 to 72%.
Determination of Allosteric Effects and Interstrand Bidentate Interactions in DNA‐Peptide Molecular Recognition
Authors: Chen Yen‐Chung , Huang Jonathan T. B. , Jeng Kee‐Ching G. , Yang Robin C. K. , Liao Mo‐Kai , Chen Chee‐Shan , Chien Wei‐Jyun , Wey Ming‐Tsair , Kan Lou‐Sing , Sheh Leung
Published: October 2013

To study DNA allostery, quantitative DNase I footprinting studies were carried out on a newly designed peptide His‐Hyp‐Lys‐Lys‐(Py)4‐Lys‐Lys‐NH2 (HypKK‐10) containing the XHypKK (Hyp = hydroxyproline) and polyamide motifs. The interconnection of DNA footprints of peptides HypKK‐10 and the parent peptide PyPro‐12 supports the proposal that interaction network cooperativity is preferred in DNA‐peptide interactions between multiple recognition sites. A simple method of determining interstrand bidentate interactions between the peptide moieties and DNA bases is introduced. It is envisaged that interstrand bidentate interactions also participate in the relay of conformational changes to recognition sites on the complementary strands. Circular dichroism studies of the titration of peptide HypKK‐10 with an oligonucleotide duplex indicate that this peptide binds in a dimeric fashion to DNA in the minor groove. This work may prompt the design of new DNA binding ligands for the study of DNA‐peptide allosteric interactions and DNA interaction network.
Pilot study of a novel tool for input‐free automated identification of transition zone prostate tumors using T2‐ and diffusion‐weighted signal and textural features
Authors: Stember Joseph N. , Deng Fang‐Ming , Taneja Samir S. , Rosenkrantz Andrew B.
Published: October 2013

Purpose

To present results of a pilot study to develop software that identifies regions suspicious for prostate transition zone (TZ) tumor, free of user input.

Materials and Methods

Eight patients with TZ tumors were used to develop the model by training a Naïve Bayes classifier to detect tumors based on selection of most accurate predictors among various signal and textural features on T2‐weighted imaging (T2WI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. Features tested as inputs were: average signal, signal standard deviation, energy, contrast, correlation, homogeneity and entropy (all defined on T2WI); and average ADC. A forward selection scheme was used on the remaining 20% of training set supervoxels to identify important inputs. The trained model was tested on a different set of ten patients, half with TZ tumors.

Results

In training cases, the software tiled the TZ with 4 × 4‐voxel “supervoxels,” 80% of which were used to train the classifier. Each of 100 iterations selected T2WI energy and average ADC, which therefore were deemed the optimal model input. The two‐feature model was applied blindly to the separate set of test patients, again without operator input of suspicious foci. The software correctly predicted presence or absence of TZ tumor in all test patients. Furthermore, locations of predicted tumors corresponded spatially with locations of biopsies that had confirmed their presence.

Conclusion

Preliminary findings suggest that this tool has potential to accurately predict TZ tumor presence and location, without operator input. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:301–305 © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unstable relationship between spring Arctic Oscillation and East Asian summer monsoon
Authors: Gao Miao‐Ni , Yang Jing , Gong Dao‐Yi , Kim Seong‐Joong
Published: October 2013

The relationship between spring (March to May) Arctic Oscillation (AO) and East Asian summer monsoon (EASM, May to July) on interannual timescale has a remarkable decadal variation in late 1990s, and their correlation coefficient abruptly turns from +0.77 during 1979–1997 to −0.62 during 1998–2007. In the following summer after a spring positive AO phase, the lower‐troposphere over East Asia (EA) features a cyclonic anomaly before 1997 but an anticyclonic anomaly after 1997, which results from different simultaneous air–sea features imposed by spring AO and distinctive evolution from spring to summer. In pre‐1997, the spring AO‐associated signal is mainly memorized and persists over Pacific, because the spring AO‐associated wave activity prefers the high‐latitude propagation from North Atlantic to Pacific. In contrast, a subtropical wave train from North Atlantic Ocean to Indian Ocean (IO) is evidently enhanced in post‐1997 epoch, and accordingly the IO plays a dominant role in memorizing and extending the influence of spring AO on EASM. This subtropical route of spring AO‐EASM teleconnection is a new finding. The strengthening of the subtropical wave train in post‐1997 epoch could be partly attributed to the strengthening signals of spring AO over North Atlantic Ocean.
Switching Friction with Thermal‐ Responsive Gels
Authors: Wu Yang , Cai Meirong , Pei Xiaowei , Liang Yongmin , Zhou Feng
Published: October 2013

The thermosensitive graphene oxide (GO)/poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (pNIPAM) composite hydrogels are prepared, and their tribological properties in response to external stimuli are evaluated. The frictional coefficient of the hydrogels is closely related to the gel composition and ambient temperature. When the gel is in swelling state below the low critical solution temperature (LCST), it shows ultra‐low friction and exhibits high friction at a shrunk state above the LCST. The huge difference of frictional coefficient under two states can be reversibly switched many times by altering the temperature. The incorporation of a nonthermal sensitive monomer into pNIPAM could change the LCST and thus the transformation point of frictional coefficient can be altered. These reversible and tunable frictional hydrogels have potential application in the design of intelligent control equipment.

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Experimental boundaries of the quantum rotor induced polarization (QRIP) in liquid state NMR
Authors: Icker Maik , Fricke Pascal , Grell Toni , Hollenbach Julia , Auer Henry , Berger Stefan
Published: October 2013

The Haupt‐effect is a rather seldom used hyperpolarization method. It is based on the interdependence between nuclear spin states and rotational states of nearly free rotating methyl groups having C3 symmetry. A sudden change in temperature from 4.2 K to room temperature by fast dissolution yields considerably enhanced 13C and 1H resonance signals. This phenomenon is now termed quantum rotor induced polarization. More than 40 substances have been studied by this approach in order to identify them as polarizable by the ‘Haupt‐effect in the liquid state’. Influencing factors have been analyzed systematically. It could be concluded that substances having a high tunneling frequency, which is due to a small and narrow potential barrier, are most likely to feature quantum rotor induced polarization‐enhanced signals. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suboptimal algorithms for the quadratic assignment problem
Authors: Gaschütz G. K. , Ahrens J. H.
Published: October 2013

The idea of combining relatively simple continuous methods with discrete procedures is used for the construction of suboptimal algorithms for quadratic assignment problems. Depending on the nature of the special problem these steps may vary in complexity. The simplest procedures require minimum storage space and result in tolerable computation times. Different choices of parameters and random variations may be used in order to obtain statistical distributions of suboptimal solutions. Computational results for sample problems indicate improvements on results of Steinberg, Gilmore, and Hillier and Connors.
The machine sequencing problem – review and extensions
Authors: Elmaghraby Salah E.
Published: October 2013

The deterministic sequencing problem is reviewed from the points of view of variety, models, context, methodology, and current state of the art. The relationship between the theory of sequencing and other areas of control is illustrated with the relationship of sequencing to inventory. The “cyclical EMQ (Economical Manufacturing Quantities)” problem is discussed and new formulations are presented which promise a computationally feasible resolution of this outstanding problem.
Optimal policies for a multi‐product inventory system with negotiable lead times
Authors: Wright Gordon P.
Published: October 2013

The objective of this paper is to determine the optimum inventory policy for a multi‐product periodic review dynamic inventory system. At the beginning of each period two decisions are made for each product. How much to “normal order” with a lead time of λn periods and how much to “emergency order” with a lead time of λe periods, where λe = λn ‐ 1. It is assumed that the emergency ordering costs are higher than the normal ordering costs. The demands for each product in successive periods are assumed to form a sequence of independent identically distributed random variables with known densities. Demands for individual products within a period are assumed to be non‐negative, but they need not be independent. Whenever demand exceeds inventory their difference is backlogged rather than lost. The ordering decisions are based on certain costs and two revenue functions. Namely, the procurement costs which are assumed to be linear for both methods of ordering, convex holding and penalty costs, concave salvage gain functions, and linear credit functions. There is a restriction on the total amount that can be emergency ordered for all products. The optimal ordering policy is determined for the one and N‐period models.
A maximum utility solution to a vehicle constrained tanker scheduling problem
Authors: Bellmore M. , Bennington G. , Lubore S.
Published: October 2013

A modification to the Dantzig and Fulkerson Tanker Scheduling Problem is described. An insufficient number of vehicles and a utility associated with each vehicle delivery are assumed. The new problem is shown to be equivalent to a Transshipment Problem, the solution of which is the same as the maximal utility solution of the modified Tanker Scheduling Problem. An example is given.
On minimum walks in graphs
Authors: Hedetniemi Stephen
Published: October 2013

In this paper homomorphisms are used to define four new parameters of a graph, which have to do with minimum walks in graphs satisfying certain conditions. Several bounds and exact equations are obtained for two of these parameters; a third parameter is seen to be closely related to the Traveling Salesman Problem and the question of whether a given graph is Hamiltonian.
Analysis of the turbulent regime of the progress curve when new learning additions have variable slopes
Authors: James Paul Meyer
Published: October 2013

Learning curves have been used extensively for predictive purposes in the airframe and other industries. In many instances this has led to erroneous results because analysts failed to extend learning curve theory and develop adequate analytical techniques in the turbulent regime of the cost history characterizing these industries. It is this area where a series of design changes induces a series of perturbations whose turbulence intensity is a function of the frequency of occurrence and magnitudes of the design changes under consideration.

In Ref. 1, a series of formulations amenable to machine programming was developed for the accurate determination of perturbed unit costs. This development was based on additions of new learning having a constant slope.

In this discussion, the development of Ref. 1 will be generalized by developing formulas for the addition of new effort having variable slopes. Consideration will also be given to the expressions involving elementary unit cost expressions so that cumulative average and cumulative total values can readily be obtained from existing experience curve tables. Conversely, the problem of determining the magnitudes of design changes and the slopes of new effort from graphical data will also be considered.
An evaluation of incentive contracting experience
Authors: Fisher I. N.
Published: October 2013

Incentive contracts are intended to motivate defense contractors to perform more efficiently and control costs more closely. By increasing the total profit as actual costs are reduced below a predetermined cost target, they encourage contractors to achieve cost under runs. Consequently, the principal advantage claimed for these contracts is that they make the financial incentives to reduce costs more effective.

This study examines the effectiveness of incentive contracts as a means for controlling defense procurement costs. The study considers the various effects that incentive contracts may have on both contractors' performance and contract costs, and presents empirical evidence suggesting that these contracts may not have accomplished their intended goal of increased efficiency and lower procurement costs.
Discounted production scheduling and employment smoothing
Authors: Lippman Steven A. , Yuan John S. C.
Published: October 2013

We consider the problem of minimizing the sum of production, employment smoothing, and inventory costs over a finite number of time periods where demands are known. The fundamental difference between our model and that treated in [1] is that here we permit the smoothing cost to be nonstationary, thereby admitting a model with discounting. We show that the values of the instrumental variables are nondecreasing in time when demands are nondecreasing. We also derive some asymptotic properties of optimal policies.
An approximative algorithm for the fixed charge problem
Authors: Denzler David R.
Published: October 2013

This paper describes an approximate solution method for solving the fixed charge problem. This heuristic approach is applied to a set of test problems to explore the margin of error. The results indicate that the proposed fixed charge simplex algorithm is capable of finding optimal or near optimal solutions to moderate sized fixed charge problems. In the absence of an exact method, this heuristic should prove useful in solving this fundamental nonlinear programming problem.
Multi‐class inventory models with demand a function of inventory level
Authors: Iglehart Donald L. , Jaquette Stratton C.
Published: October 2013

This paper considers the problem of maintaining an inventory of an item which can deteriorate and become useless. A periodic review procedure is used and new items ordered may experience a time lag in delivery. Items are considered to deteriorate through one or two states before becoming useless. Thus the deterioration process in each period plays the role of the usual demand process and is a function of the inventory level at the beginning of each period. For the case of no time lag in delivery, one stage deterioration, and either binomial or uniform deterioration, optimal ordering policies are obtained for the n‐period dynamic model with the standard cost structure. (For the shortage probability criterion see the other paper by Iglehart and Jaquette, in this issue.) These policies are of the single critical number type. For more complicated models suboptimal policies of this same type are found.
Duality for quasi‐concave programs with application to economics
Authors: Jefferson T. R. , Folie G. M. , Scott C. H.
Published: October 2013

A duality theory is developed for mathematical programs with strictly quasi‐concave objective functions to be maximized over a convex set. This work broadens the duality theory of Rockafellar and Peterson from concave (convex) functions to quasi‐concave (quasi‐convex) functions. The theory is closely related to the utility theory in economics. An example from economic planning is examined and the solution to the dual program is shown to have the properties normally associated with market prices.
On the moments of gamma order statistics
Authors: Joshi P. C.
Published: October 2013

A recurrence relation between the moments of order statistics from the gamma distribution having an integer parameter r is obtained. It is shown that if the negative moments of orders ‐(r−1), …, −1 of the smallest order statistic in random samples of size n are known, then one can obtain all the moments. Tables of negative moments for r = 2 (1) 5 are also given.
Big breakfast rich in protein and fat improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetics
Authors: Rabinovitz Hadas Rachel , Boaz Mona , Ganz Tali , Jakubowicz Daniela , Matas Zipora , Madar Zecharia , Wainstein Julio
Published: October 2013

Objective

Our goal was to evaluate the effect of breakfast size and composition on body weight, glycemic control, and metabolic markers in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

59 overweight/obese adults with T2DM were randomized to one of two isocaloric diabetic diets for 3 months; big breakfast (BB), breakfast was rich in fat and protein and provided 33% of total daily energy or small breakfast (SB), breakfast was rich in carbohydrates and provided 12.5% of total daily energy.

Results

Although body weight was reduced similarly in both groups, the BB group showed greater HbA1c and systolic blood pressure reductions (HbA1c: −4.62% vs. −1.46%, p = 0.047; SBP −9.58 vs. −2.43 mmHg; p = 0.04). T2DM medication dose was reduced in a greater proportion of the BB participants (31% vs. 0%; p = 0.002) while in the SB, a greater proportion of participants had a dose increases (16.7% vs. 3.4%; p = 0.002). Hunger scores were lower in the BB group and greater improvements in fasting glucose were observed in the BB group.

Conclusions

A simple dietary manipulation enriching breakfast with energy as protein and fat appears to confer metabolic benefits and might be a useful alternative for the management of T2DM.
Characterizations and Cr (VI) adsorption properties of polyaniline/filter‐paper composite
Authors: Li Xiaoqiang , Liu Wanwan , Li Mengjuan , Li Yonggui , Ge Mingqiao
Published: October 2013

Polyaniline/filter‐paper (PANI/FP) composite was prepared by in situ polymerization of polyaniline onto FP and subsequently evaluated for the removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared were used to investigate the morphology and physicochemical property of PANI/FP composite. Batch experimental results showed that pH value and temperature could affect the removal capability of PANI/FP composite. Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to analysis the equilibrium adsorption, and both of the two models showed the similar correlation coefficients (about R2 = 0.9383). Although the removal capability was still limited, the PANI/FP composite showed the great potential that can be used as an effective adsorbent for removing Cr (VI) from industrial waste‐water. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:993–998, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Design and synthesis of fluorescent core–shell nanoparticles with tunable lower critical solution temperature behavior and metal‐enhanced fluorescence
Authors: Li Aihua , Liu Jingquan , Liu Guozhen , Zhang Jizhen , Feng Shengyu
Published: October 2013

In this article, the preparation of fluorescent nanohybrids with core–shell structure and metal‐enhanced fluorescence (MEF) effect was presented. The fluorescent core–shell nanohybrids were prepared using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as cores and fluorophore tethered thermoresponsive copolymers with tunable lower critical solution temperature (LCST) from 15 to 90 °C as shells. These thermoresponsive copolymers were synthesized by the random copolymerization of oligo(ethylene oxide) acrylate and di(ethylene oxide) ethyl ether acrylate using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and grafted on to AgNPs surface via Ag–S coordination interaction. By thermal manipulation of polymer spacer between AgNPs and fluorophores, the tunable MEF was achieved. It was also revealed that the fluorescent nanohybrids would exhibit maximal MEF when the polymerization degree was tuned to 350. The manipulation of the solution temperatures below and above LCST resulted in switchable MEF behavior. In addition, the phase transition process of the thermoresponsive copolymer was also studied by MEF effect using this fluorescent core–shell nanohybrid design. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 87–95
Correlation of macromolecular permeability to network characteristics of multivinyl poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels
Authors: Habib Nafea Eman , Poole‐Warren Laura A. , Martens Penny J.
Published: October 2013

Modulation of the structural parameters of multivinyl hydrogels allows optimization of their permeability, which is a prerequisite for different biomedical applications. However, only a few studies to date have been reported regarding macromolecular diffusion within divinyl and multivinyl systems, and even less provide information about the correlation of diffusion to the network characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the permeability performance of tailored poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) multivinyl hydrogels and correlating it to the network characteristics using two common theories: rubber elasticity and equilibrium swelling. A systematic increase in the number of functional groups per PVA backbone successfully modulated the PVA physicomechanical properties. These modifications resulted in varying the hydrogel permeability performance to solutes of different sizes and shapes. Correlating the network characteristics to macromolecular permeability of hydrogels proved the reliability of applying the equilibrium swelling theory for hydrogel mesh size estimation over the rubber elasticity theory. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 63–72
Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Mark and Influence the Megakaryocyte-Erythrocyte Progenitor Fate of Common Myeloid Progenitors
Authors: Shinohara Akihito , Imai Yoichi , Nakagawa Masahiro , Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Ichikawa Motoshi , Kurokawa Mineo
Published: October 2013

While most studies regarding reactive oxygen species (ROS) focus on their deleterious biological effects, a growing body of evidence indicates the importance of ROS as critical mediators of several signaling pathways, including those involved in hematopoiesis. In this study, we show the critical role of ROS in lineage decision of myeloid progenitors. In megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cells (MEP), intracellular ROS levels were found to be as low as those in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). In contrast, remarkably high intracellular ROS levels were observed in granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells. Intracellular ROS levels in common myeloid progenitors (CMP) were inversely correlated with their MEP differentiation potential. Moreover, gene set enrichment analysis revealed that ROS-low CMP showed gene expression patterns similar to those of MEP, indicating that intracellular ROS levels mark the fate of CMP. In in vitro assays, ROS significantly suppressed the generation of MEP and the formation of megakaryocyte-erythrocyte colonies from CMP. In ROS-high CMP, expression of colony-stimulating factor one receptor (CSF1R) was highly upregulated, and its surface expression correlated with their granulocyte-monocyte differentiation potential. Furthermore, ROS was found to induce the expression of CSF1R mRNA in a leukemia cell line. These data provide novel insights into the relationship between ROS and the hematopoietic differentiation system. Stem Cells  2014;32:548–557
Lu2Te3O9: The First Example of the Triclinic C‐Type Lanthanoid(III) Oxotellurates(IV) with the Composition M2Te3O9
Authors: Höss Patrick , Meier Steffen F. , Schleid Thomas
Published: October 2013

By fusing Lu2O3 and TeO2 in a molar ratio of 1:3 in a CsCl flux, colorless single crystals of the lutetium(III) oxotellurate(IV) Lu2Te3O9 could be obtained as first representative of the structurally so far unknown C‐type for the composition M2Te3O9. The title compound crystallizes triclinically in space group P$\bar{1}$ with a = 689.67(4) pm, b = 1320.91(8) pm, c = 1450.06(9) pm, α = 110.057(3)°, β = 90.606(3)°, γ = 100.125(3)°, and Z = 6. The crystal structure contains six different Lu3+ cations in eightfold (Lu1 and Lu2: trigonal dodecahedra) and sevenfold (Lu3 and Lu6: monocapped trigonal prisms; Lu4 and Lu5: pentagonal bipyramids) oxygen coordination. These lutetium–oxygen polyhedra (d(Lu–O) = 214–274 pm) are condensed to serrated layers according to 2∞{[Lu6O26]34–} that are stacked along [100]. The oxotellurate(IV) partial structure consists of basically nine crystallographically independent [TeO3]2– (d(Te–O) = 184–196 pm) units connecting the above‐mentioned layers to a three‐dimensional framework. Strong secondary Te4+···O2– interactions between adjacent [TeO3]2– entities as common feature in the crystal structures of all known ternary lanthanoid(III) oxotellurates(IV) are also present in the crystal structure of Lu2Te3O9. Depending upon the range of these secondary contacts taken into account, the [TeO3]2– units are linked to form one‐dimensional strands (d(Te···O) = 237–272 pm) like in B‐type Dy2Te3O9 or even two‐dimensional layers emerge (d(Te···O) = 237–285 pm).
Iwao's patchiness regression through the origin: biological importance and efficiency of sampling applications
Authors: Waters Edward Kyle , Furlong Michael J. , Benke Kurt K. , Grove James Robin , Hamilton Andrew John
Published: October 2013

Iwao's mean crowding‐mean density relation can be treated both as a linear function describing the biological characteristics of a species at a population level, or a regression model fitted to empirical data (Iwao's patchiness regression). In this latter form its parameters are commonly used to construct sampling plans for insect pests, which are characteristically patchily distributed or overdispersed. It is shown in this paper that modifying both the linear function and statistical model to force the intercept or lower functional limit through the origin results in more intuitive biological interpretation of parameters and better sampling economy. Firstly, forcing the function through the origin has the effect of ensuring that zero crowding occurs when zero individuals occupy a patch. Secondly, it ensures that negative values of the intercept, which do not yield an intuitive biological interpretation, will not arise. It is shown analytically that sequential sampling plans based on regression through the origin should be more efficient compared to plans based on conventional regression. For two overdispersed data sets, through‐origin based plans collected a significantly lower sample size during validation than plans based on conventional regression, but the improvement in sampling efficiency was not large enough to be of practical benefit. No difference in sample size was observed when through‐origin and conventional regression based plans were validated using underdispersed data. A field researcher wishing to adopt a through‐origin form of Iwao's regression for the biological reasons outlined above can therefore be confident that their sampling strategies will not be affected by doing so.
The origin of celestine–quartz–calcite geodes associated with a basaltic dyke, Makhtesh Ramon, Israel
Authors: ANENBURG MICHAEL , BIALIK OR M. , VAPNIK YEVGENY , CHAPMAN HAZEL J. , ANTLER GILAD , KATZIR YARON , BICKLE MIKE J.
Published: October 2013

Spectacular celestine geodes occur in a Jurassic peri-evaporitic sequence (Ardon Formation) exposed in Makhtesh Ramon, southern Israel. The geodes are found only in one specific location: adjacent to an intrusive contact with a Lower Cretaceous basaltic dyke. Celestine, well known in sedimentary associations worldwide and considered as a low temperature mineral, may therefore be associated with magmatic-induced hydrothermal activity. Abundant fluid inclusions in celestine provide valuable information on its origin: gas-rich inclusions in celestine interiors homogenized at T≥200°C whereas smaller liquid-rich inclusions record the growth of celestine rims at T≤200°C. Near 0°C melting temperatures of some fluid inclusions and the occurrence of hydrous Ca-sulphate solid crystals in other inclusions indicate that celestine precipitated from variably concentrated Ca-sulphate aqueous solutions of meteoric origin. Celestine crystallized from meteoric water heated by the cooling basaltic dyke at shallow levels (c. 160 m) during a Lower Cretaceous thermal perturbation recorded by regional uplift and magmatism. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio of geode celestine, 0.7074, is similar to that measured in the dolostones of the host Jurassic sequence, but differs markedly from the non-radiogenic ratio of the dyke. Strontium in celestine was derived from dolostones preserving the 87Sr/86Sr of Lower Jurassic seawater, while sulphur (δ34S = 19.9‰) was provided by in situ dissolution of precursor marine gypsum (δ34S = 16.8‰) indicated by relict anhydrite inclusions in celestine. Low-temperature meteoric fluid flow during the Campanian caused alteration of the dyke into secondary clays and alteration of geodal celestine into quartz, calcite and iron oxides.
Mary Anning's legacy to French vertebrate palaeontology
Authors: VINCENT PEGGY , TAQUET PHILIPPE , FISCHER VALENTIN , BARDET NATHALIE , FALCONNET JOCELYN , GODEFROIT PASCAL
Published: October 2013

The real nature of marine reptile fossils found in England between the 1700s and the beginning of the 1900s remained enigmatic until Mary Anning's incredible fossil discoveries and their subsequent study by eminent English and French scientists. In 1820, Georges Cuvier acquired several ichthyosaur specimens found by Mary Anning, now kept or displayed in the Palaeontology Gallery of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) in Paris. Four years later, Cuvier obtained a plesiosaur specimen from Mary Anning, only the second ever discovered. Cuvier was fascinated by these fossils and their study allowed him to apply his comparative anatomical method and to support his catastrophist theory. We have re-examined these important specimens from a historical point of view, and describe them here taxonomically for the first time since Cuvier's works. The Paris specimens belong to two different ichthyosaur genera (IchthyosaurusandLeptonectes) and one plesiosaur genus (Plesiosaurus).
Secure distributed programming with value-dependent types
Authors: SWAMY NIKHIL , CHEN JUAN , FOURNET CÉDRIC , STRUB PIERRE-YVES , BHARGAVAN KARTHIKEYAN , YANG JEAN
Published: October 2013

Distributed applications are difficult to program reliably and securely. Dependently typed functional languages promise to prevent broad classes of errors and vulnerabilities, and to enable program verification to proceed side-by-side with development. However, as recursion, effects, and rich libraries are added, using types to reason about programs, specifications, and proofs becomes challenging. We present F*, a full-fledged design and implementation of a new dependently typed language for secure distributed programming. Our language provides arbitrary recursion while maintaining a logically consistent core; it enables modular reasoning about state and other effects using affine types; and it supports proofs of refinement properties using a mixture of cryptographic evidence and logical proof terms. The key mechanism is a new kind system that tracks several sub-languages within F* and controls their interaction. F* subsumes two previous languages, F7 and Fine. We prove type soundness (with proofs mechanized in Coq) and logical consistency for F*. We have implemented a compiler that translates F* to .NET bytecode, based on a prototype for Fine. F* provides access to libraries for concurrency, networking, cryptography, and interoperability with C#, F#, and the other .NET languages. The compiler produces verifiable binaries with 60% code size overhead for proofs and types, as much as a 45x improvement over the Fine compiler, while still enabling efficient bytecode verification. We have programmed and verified nearly 50,000 lines of F* including new schemes for multi-party sessions; a zero-knowledge privacy-preserving payment protocol; a provenance-aware curated database; a suite of web-browser extensions verified for authorization properties; a cloud-hosted multi-tier web application with a verified reference monitor; the core F* typechecker itself; and programs translated to F* from other languages such as F7 and JavaScript.
Implements of Sub-Crag Man in Norfolk
Authors: Clarke W. G.
Published: October 2013

Few English deposits have aroused more disputation among geologists than the Crag beds of Norfolk and Suffolk, and on many of the points raised there is as yet no general agreement. This more particularly applies to the sands, gravels, and clays associated with the Norwich Crag, one school considering them part of the Crag formation and therefore Pliocene, and another believing them to be glacial and Pleistocene. Doubt on this matter has had an important bearing on the discovery of Sub-Crag implements in Norfolk, though I believe that the evidence is now incontrovertible. With regard to the basement-bed of the Crag, whether of the Coralline, Red, or Norwich Crag, which appear to have been successive deposits in the order given, the geological evidence as to position and antiquity—though not as to the conditions under which it was deposited—is not disputed. Mr. F. W. Harmer, F.G.S., says:—“In consequence of a combined movement of elevation iu the southern part of this region, and of subsidence towards the north, the whole Crag basin moving as on a pivot, its southern margin was gradually shifted, the sea retiring towards the north.
Pygmy Implements from Cornwall
Authors: Arnold Edwin L.
Published: October 2013

The pygmy and small implements shown to-night from Cornwall were found on the landward slope of Trevose Head, near Padstow, on the north coast of the county. The sea end of this promontory rises to some 200 feet, and thence the ground inclines rapidly back to the mainland, the connecting neck being not more than half a mile wide. At the narrowest part the rain-water, constantly filtering through the adjacent peat, wastes down the hard bedrock of slate, comes out as a small spring, which, in the course of ages, has cut a channel of a hundred yards in length to the cliff edge. At the springhead stands a cairn of a massive block of white quartz, obviously of great age, but whether coeval with the prehistoric settlpment it would be impossible to say. This cairn or beacon would be seen from a long way over the adjacent bay, and might have served to guide seafarers of any age to the fresh-water supply. Here, amongst the faint traces of trenching and hut circles, the small implements, and chips made in their manufacture, all of snow-white patina, were lying about in great profusion.
Some Experiments on Patination
Authors: Hewitt H. Dixon
Published: October 2013

The experiments on which these notes were made were undertaken to clear up a little of the mystery which has been thrown around the subject by well-meaning but not always chemically-minded people. Much has been said lately on the necessity for prehistorians being also geologists, but it is perhaps too much to ask that they shall, in addition, be chemists. But a very little knowledge of chemistry would have averted some of the blunders and misstatements met with on the patination problem. These notes contain no really original idea, but were made on experiments proving what to most chemists are well-known facts. The experiments were carried out in the brief intervals of routine work in a very busy laboratory, unfitted with any special re-agents or apparatus for the work.

Silica is, chemically speaking, the dioxide of the element silicon, a body which does not appear to exist in a free state in nature, and which can only be brought into a free or elementary state by some what tedious laboratory processes.
The Occurrence of Palæoliths in North-East Lancashire
Authors: Nuttall T. E.
Published: October 2013

For many years it was postulated that an ice sheet had covered the north and west of Great Britain during the period when Palæolithic man lived and made his flint implements in the south and east of England. It was taught that the southern margin of this ice sheet corresponded in the main with an imaginary line stretching from about the mouth of the Severn to the Wash, or, as others claimed, from the mouth of the Severn to the mouth of the Thames. These views were held to be supported by the fact that very few palæoliths had been found north of the above-mentioned line. As years passed, however, new facts testifying to the lengthy duration of the Palæolithic period slowly accumulated, and knowledge respecting the great Ice Age gradually increased. True, many and divergent views have been advanced respecting the several phases of the Ice Age as these concern Lancashire and the north of England generally. Some glacialists hold that the Ice Age there, as also in the Alps, was broken up into several complete cycles consisting of a number of glaciations with a corresponding number of interglacial periods. Others believe that there was only one interglacial period in the north of England.
On a Series of Ancient “Floors” in a Small Valley Near Ipswich
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

In a paper published in 1917 I described a series of ancient “floors” occurring in the sides of the valley occupied by the brick works of Messrs. A. Bolton and Co., Ltd., Henley Road, Ipswich. Since this date I have been able, thanks to the generosity of the Right Honourable the Earl of Iveagh, K.P., and the Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund, to continue the investigation, and it is now my purpose to give an account of the results obtained in these later diggings. Before doing so, however, I would wish to express my sincere thanks to the directors of the brick works company for the facilities freely granted me to carry out the excavations, and to Dr. R. H. Rastall and Mr. E. T. Lingwood for the invaluable help they have rendered me in the preparation of this report.

The general geological details and manner of formation of the small valley in which the diggings were conducted are set out fully in the paper quoted above. But, my continued examination of the strata exposed in the valley under consideration has led me to certain new and somewhat far-reaching conclusions regarding them.