bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Farmers’ Own Research: Organic Farmers’ Experiments in Austria and Implications for Agricultural Innovation Systems
Authors: Kummer Susanne , Leitgeb Friedrich , Vogl Christian R.
Published: January 2017

Farmers’ experiments can be defined as the autonomous activities of farmers to try or introduce something new at the farm, and include evaluation of success or failure with farmers’ own methods. Experiments enable farmers to adapt their farms to changing circumstances, build up local knowledge, and have resulted in countless agricultural innovations. Most research on the topic has been conducted in countries of the south. In this paper, however, we present experiments of randomly sampled organic farmers in Austria, and we discuss implications for agricultural innovation systems. In 76 structured questionnaire interviews we investigated topics, motives, methods and outcomes of farmers’ experiments, and factors related to the frequency of experimentation. From the interviewed farmers, 90% reported experiments, and the majority of experiments (94%) involved monitoring and evaluation strategies. Farmers who reported a high frequency of experimentation showed a significantly higher propensity to plan, document and repeat their experiments, and had a more positive attitude towards experimenting than farmers that rarely experimented. We conclude that experimenting is a common activity among organic farmers in Austria, and that farmers have their own methods to conduct and assess their experiments. The most significant outcome is the creation of new knowledge, stressing the importance of experimentation for learning and adaptive farm management. Farmers’ experiments are significant on two levels, i.e. at individual farm level and at the level of agricultural innovation systems. Taking full advantage of this innovative potential requires a better involvement of farmers as co-researchers into the development of agricultural innovations.
A medida del cuerpo. Notas acerca del retorno a lo físico en la estética de las nuevas tecnologías
Authors: Lozano Alejandro
Published: January 2017

Estas notas abordan 2 puntos interconectados: 1) en primer lugar daremos cuenta de algunos de los factores clave (a nivel coyuntural, social y especialmente tecnológico) que han propiciado un retorno paralelo al cuerpo y al espacio físico. A continuación, y tomando como referencia algunos de los discursos teóricos en torno a la fisionomía actual del biopoder, 2) esbozaremos un enfoque alternativo en torno a las relaciones entre cuerpo, nuevas tecnologías y poder partiendo de prácticas ciudadanas en las que la inclusión de dichas tecnologías potencia (en lugar de socavar, gestionar y controlar) la identidad los sujetos que hacen causa común para ejercer resistencia y hacer valer sus intereses.
Acariciar una imagen. Mímesis desviada de la imagen corporal como forma de subversión frente a un poder biopolítico
Authors: Asensi Blanco Raquel
Published: January 2017

El interés principal de este trabajo se centra en diversas prácticas artísticas subversivas relacionadas con la imagen corporal y la identidad, que se enfrentan a la imagen de un otro, en base a su ‘semejanza’ o ‘diferencia’. Analizamos casos como el colectivo Pussy Riot en Russia, el caso de Amina en FEMEN, o un caso local a través de la comparsa Pinpilinpauxa. El trabajo está ligado a la producción de un trabajo artístico que plantea algunos problemas que derivan de la construcción de la identidad. El ‘oxímoron’ nos ha servido como herramienta para clasificar el contenido de la investigación rompiendo con la forma clásica occidental de dividir la realidad en pares de conceptos opuestos.
La noción de cuerpo en Judith Butler: una estructura imaginada, producto del deseo
Authors: Lavin Maria de los Angeles Padilla
Published: January 2017

El tema de la corporalidad en la producción filosófica y política de Judith Butler es altamente polémico por la peculiar postura butleriana de poner en tela de juicio cualquier realidad enraizada con tintes normativos. Nuestro texto busca dar pautas para entender la postura y el tratamiento que esta autora hace, tanto de la corporalidad como de las estructuras de poder que constituyen al sujeto, el cual sólo tiene como posibilidad el desafiarlas, el desestabilizarlas y volverlas a configurar para significarlas como lo que son: meros constructos provisionales. En este sentido, desde la óptica butleriana es inviable lograr políticas estables.
Christine “la mujer desencarnada” y el papel de las metáforas corporales en el conocimiento de la realidad
Authors: Pérez Bernal Marian
Published: January 2017

Christine es una paciente tratada por el neurólogo Oliver Sacks y cuyo caso aparece en El hombre que confundió a su mujer con un sombrero. Christine padece una extraña enfermedad que hace que su cuerpo deje de obedecerla. Se siente extraña, se siente “desencarnada”. Este artículo se centra en cómo la mente se halla encarnada. La semántica cognitiva subraya que pensamiento y cuerpo no son entidades separadas. El cuerpo ejerce influencia en el conocimiento y en el lenguaje en un nivel muy básico. Nuestro cuerpo está detrás de muchas de las metáforas que empleamos de forma cotidiana.
Respuesta educativa a la diversidad del alumnado en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria: análisis de los resultados obtenidos por las Comunidades Autónomas del estado español
Authors: Sánchez Palomino Antonio , Rodríguez González Antonio Miguel
Published: January 2017

En la presente investigación se ha realizado un estudio longitudinal sobre los resultados obtenidos por las medidas de atención a la diversidad del alumnado de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria puestas en práctica por las diferentes comunidades autónomas del Estado español. Para ello, se han enunciado una serie de hipótesis, referentes a los resultados que serían esperables obtener con la aplicación de medidas de atención a la diversidad eficientes, en aquellos colectivos concretos que son más comúnmente objeto de las mismas: alumnado con necesidades educativas especiales graves y permanentes, con discapacidad intelectual leve, con desconocimiento del idioma vehicular y con altas capacidades intelectuales. Para su corroboración, se han realizado una serie de análisis estadísticos. Los resultados obtenidos proporcionan una clasificación de comunidades autónomas según la eficiencia de sus medidas de atención a la diversidad en esta etapa educativa.
Innovación en la formación inicial del profesorado: exploración de creencias sobre la enseñanza de las Ciencias Sociales en alumnos de Magisterio
Authors: Feliu Torruella María , Vallés Sisamón Alba , Cardona Gómez Gemma
Published: January 2017

La formación inicial del profesorado se sitúa como una variable de gran influencia para promover cambios en las aulas de nuestras escuelas. Es por ello que el presente artículo quiere contribuir a la innovación y mejora de este ámbito replanteando los planes docentes de algunas de las asignaturas del grado de magisterio. Los cambios de estos planes docentes estarán basados en la exploración de creencias e ideas de un grupo de 295 estudiantes de esta carrera en la Universidad de Barcelona. Concretamente, el objetivo de este trabajo es conocer las creencias que mantienen los estudiantes sobre el tipo de metodologías que utilizarían para impartir sus clases de Ciencias Sociales. Esta exploración se realizó a través de un cuestionario elaborado por el propio equipo de investigación. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes mantienen creencias mixtas sobre cómo enseñar ya que consideran importantes tanto estrategias de carácter constructivo como de carácter transmisivo. Aparecen también diferencias significativas entre las valoraciones de los alumnos de primero y cuarto de carrera. Acorde con los resultados, presentamos algunas líneas de actuación interesantes para abordar el replanteamiento de la formación inicial en el ámbito de la didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales. 
Planificación e innovación de la evaluación en educación superior: la perspectiva del profesorado
Authors: Quesada Serra Victoria , Rodríguez Gómez Gregorio , Ibarra Sáez María Soledad
Published: January 2017

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo principal analizar la percepción del profesorado universitario en relación a la planificación e innovación de la evaluación. Para ello se ha utilizado un diseño de encuesta utilizando el cuestionario ActEval, 427 docentes han puntuado el grado en el que consideran que las actuaciones relacionadas con la planificación e innovación en evaluación son importantes, la medida en que se sienten competentes para implementarlas y la frecuencia de aplicación. Los resultados muestran que el profesorado considera las actuaciones como muy importantes y se sienten bastante competentes para llevarlas a cabo aunque manifiestan implementarlas en menor medida. Las actuaciones con menor competencia y uso percibido están relacionadas con los medios electrónicos en evaluación, el diseño de instrumentos de evaluación, la coordinación del profesorado, la formación en evaluación y el cambio y mejora de la evaluación. Existen diferencias significativas en función de la experiencia y rama de conocimiento.
Características del profesorado y desempeño docente en aulas con alumnado de bajo nivel socioeconómico
Authors: Gil Flores Javier
Published: January 2017

La relación entre nivel socioeconómico del alumnado y rendimiento académico ha sido comprobada a lo largo de décadas. Asumiendo que el profesor es un factor clave para compensar el efecto de los déficits socioeconómicos del alumnado, en este trabajo analizamos las características y el desempeño docente del profesorado de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria en aulas con presencia de alumnado de bajo nivel socioeconómico. Utilizamos datos para 1073 docentes participantes en el Teaching and Learning International Survey 2013. Se consideran variables relativas a características profesionales del profesorado, sus actitudes y concepciones, y a las prácticas docentes que desarrollan. Los resultados permiten caracterizar a este profesorado por su baja satisfacción laboral y su interés por la formación en enfoques de aprendizaje individualizados. En su desempeño docente, dedican más tiempo a mantener la disciplina y, con mayor frecuencia, encargan tareas individualizadas y hacen un seguimiento del trabajo realizado por el alumnado. Finalmente, sugerimos líneas de actuación para potenciar la mejora del aprendizaje en los estudiantes de bajo nivel socioeconómico.
¿Es la vivencia emocional cuestión de género? Análisis de juegos motores de oposición en universitarios
Authors: Gea García Gemma , Alonso Roque José Ignacio , Rodríguez Ribas Juan Pedro , Caballero García María Fuensanta
Published: January 2017

El conocimiento de la vivencia emocional en contextos educativos motrices es un aspecto poco analizado por la literatura especializada. En cambio los docentes se enfrentan a situaciones en las que las emociones y su gestión son claves para el desarrollo profesional. Dentro de la Educación física, este conocimiento es todavía más relevante, teniendo en cuenta la naturaleza motriz del contenido. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las intensidades emocionales suscitadas durante la práctica de juegos deportivos de oposición con y sin competición en función del género. Participaron 169 estudiantes los cuales cumplimentaron el cuestionario GES al finalizar cada una de las actividades. Las ecuaciones de estimación generalizadas mostraron diferencias significativas (p< .001) en las variables tipo de emoción, resultado y género. Las emociones positivas fueron vivenciadas con mayor intensidad que el resto en todos los juegos. El tipo de resultado arrojó diferencias de forma que compitiendo la intensidad emocional fue mayor que para los juegos sin competición. El género fue determinante en las variaciones emocionales. Las chicas experimentaron intensidades mayores con independencia del resultado obtenido.
Las ciberagresiones en función del género
Authors: Donoso-Vázquez Trinidad , Rubio Hurtado María José , Vilà Baños Ruth
Published: January 2017

El estudio analiza las experiencias en violencias de género en los entornos virtuales de chicos y chicas adolescentes e identifica factores asociados con el comportamiento ciberagresor en este colectivo. Participaron 155 estudiantes de primero y cuarto de ESO escolarizados en Barcelona, seleccionados mediante un muestreo por conveniencia. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Violencias de Género 2.0. En relación a las experiencias, los resultados indican que todos los jóvenes de la muestra alguna vez han ejercido o han sido víctimas de agresiones, pero, sobre todo, han observado agresiones en los entornos virtuales. Las experiencias de agresiones se dan sobre todo en aspectos relacionados con los mitos del amor romántico, y con la homofobia.

En relación a los factores asociados al comportamiento ciberagresor, los resultados señalan que las agresiones en función del género correlacionan con agresiones de ciberbullying y los entornos virtuales más utilizados destacan como entornos de tipo más activo.
La philosophie fichtéenne de la religion
Authors: Rametta Gaetano , Formisano Roberto
Published: January 2017

Le présent essai tente de dégager les structures fondamentales de la philosophie de la religion de Fichte après 1800. Une attention particulière est accordée à l’Initiation à la vie bienheureuse (1806) et à la Doctrine de l’État (1813). La connaissance théorique, la version johannique de la chrétienté, ainsi qu’une nouvelle conception de l’État sont interprétées ici comme autant de visages différents d’un système philosophique strictement interconnecté. Dans sa période berlinoise, Fichte n’a plus conçu le sujet comme le premier principe de sa Doctrine de la science, mais plutôt comme l’« image » transcendantale au travers de laquelle s’écoule le flot d’une vie indivisée et spirituellement transfigurée.
Wet chemical preparation and isotope exchange process of H/D-terminated Si(111) and Si(110) studied by adsorbate vibrational analysis
Authors: Kawamoto Erina , Kang Jungmin , Matsuda Takuya , Yamada Taro , Suto Shozo
Published: January 2017

A convenient procedure for preparing D-terminated Si(111)-(1×1) and Si(110)-(1×1) by wet chemical etching was developed and applied to the vibrational analysis of these surfaces by high-resolution electron-energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). Fully H-terminated Si(111)/(110) was first prepared in regular 40% NH4F/H2O solution, followed by immersion in saturated KF/D2O solution. HREELS revealed partially D-terminated H:Si(111)/(110) with the amount of deuterium termination depending on the immersion time. A series of various immersion times revealed the H/D exchange reaction kinetics, which are associated with the Si substrate etching processes on Si(111) (step-flow etching) and Si(110) (zipper reaction). The H–Si and D–Si stretching vibration frequencies as functions of the surface D fraction did not appear to change on Si(111), but on Si(110) the H–Si signal red shifted at a high D fraction. This is due to the adsorbate–adsorbate interaction, which is more intense on Si(110) because of the short nearest-neighbor distance of the adsorbates.
Optimizing the use of a sensor resource for opponent polarization coding
Authors: Heras Francisco J.H. , Laughlin Simon B.
Published: January 2017

Flies use specialized photoreceptors R7 and R8 in the dorsal rim area (DRA) to detect skylight polarization. R7 and R8 form a tiered waveguide (central rhabdomere pair, CRP) with R7 on top, filtering light delivered to R8. We examine how the division of a given resource, CRP length, between R7 and R8 affects their ability to code polarization angle. We model optical absorption to show how the length fractions allotted to R7 and R8 determine the rates at which they transduce photons, and correct these rates for transduction unit saturation. The rates give polarization signal and photon noise in R7, and in R8. Their signals are combined in an opponent unit, intrinsic noise added, and the unit’s output analysed to extract two measures of coding ability, number of discriminable polarization angles and mutual information. A very long R7 maximizes opponent signal amplitude, but codes inefficiently due to photon noise in the very short R8. Discriminability and mutual information are optimized by maximizing signal to noise ratio, SNR. At lower light levels approximately equal lengths of R7 and R8 are optimal because photon noise dominates. At higher light levels intrinsic noise comes to dominate and a shorter R8 is optimum. The optimum R8 length fractions falls to one third. This intensity dependent range of optimal length fractions corresponds to the range observed in different fly species and is not affected by transduction unit saturation. We conclude that a limited resource, rhabdom length, can be divided between two polarization sensors, R7 and R8, to optimize opponent coding. We also find that coding ability increases sub-linearly with total rhabdom length, according to the law of diminishing returns. Consequently, the specialized shorter central rhabdom in the DRA codes polarization twice as efficiently with respect to rhabdom length than the longer rhabdom used in the rest of the eye.
Why choose Random Forest to predict rare species distribution with few samples in large undersampled areas? Three Asian crane species models provide supporting evidence
Authors: Mi Chunrong , Huettmann Falk , Guo Yumin , Han Xuesong , Wen Lijia
Published: January 2017

Species distribution models (SDMs) have become an essential tool in ecology, biogeography, evolution and, more recently, in conservation biology. How to generalize species distributions in large undersampled areas, especially with few samples, is a fundamental issue of SDMs. In order to explore this issue, we used the best available presence records for the Hooded Crane (Grus monacha,n = 33), White-naped Crane (Grus vipio,n = 40), and Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis,n = 75) in China as three case studies, employing four powerful and commonly used machine learning algorithms to map the breeding distributions of the three species: TreeNet (Stochastic Gradient Boosting, Boosted Regression Tree Model), Random Forest, CART (Classification and Regression Tree) and Maxent (Maximum Entropy Models). In addition, we developed an ensemble forecast by averaging predicted probability of the above four models results. Commonly used model performance metrics (Area under ROC (AUC) and true skill statistic (TSS)) were employed to evaluate model accuracy. The latest satellite tracking data and compiled literature data were used as two independent testing datasets to confront model predictions. We found Random Forest demonstrated the best performance for the most assessment method, provided a better model fit to the testing data, and achieved better species range maps for each crane species in undersampled areas. Random Forest has been generally available for more than 20 years and has been known to perform extremely well in ecological predictions. However, while increasingly on the rise, its potential is still widely underused in conservation, (spatial) ecological applications and for inference. Our results show that it informs ecological and biogeographical theories as well as being suitable for conservation applications, specifically when the study area is undersampled. This method helps to save model-selection time and effort, and allows robust and rapid assessments and decisions for efficient conservation.
Diversity and distribution of the Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) of Ecuador
Authors: Ríos-Touma Blanca , Holzenthal Ralph W. , Huisman Jolanda , Thomson Robin , Rázuri-Gonzales Ernesto
Published: January 2017

Background

Aquatic insects and other freshwater animals are some of the most threatened forms of life on Earth. Caddisflies (Trichoptera) are highly biodiverse in the Neotropics and occupy a wide variety of freshwater habitats. In Andean countries, including Ecuador, knowledge of the aquatic biota is limited, and there is a great need for baseline data on the species found in these countries. Here we present the first list of Trichoptera known from Ecuador, a country that harbors two global biodiversity “hotspots.”

Methods

We conducted a literature review of species previously reported from Ecuador and supplemented these data with material we collected during five recent field inventories from about 40 localities spanning both hotspots. Using species presence data for each Ecuadorian province, we calculated the CHAO 2 species estimator to obtain the minimum species richness for the country.

Results

We recorded 310 species, including 48 new records from our own field inventories for the country. CHAO 2 calculations showed that only 54% of the species have been found. Hydroptilidae and Hydropsychidae were the most species rich families. We report the family Xiphocentronidae for the first time from Ecuador as well as several new records of genera from different families.

Discussion

As in the neighboring Andean countries of Colombia and Peru, it is common to find undescribed species of caddisflies. There are vast areas of Ecuador and the northern Andes that are completely unexplored, and we expect that hundreds of new species are yet to be discovered.
Italian and Swedish adolescents: differences and associations in subjective well-being and psychological well-being
Authors: Garcia Danilo , Sagone Elisabetta , De Caroli Maria Elvira , Nima Ali Al
Published: January 2017

Background

One important aspect of subjective judgments about one’s well-being (i.e., subjective well-being: life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect) is that cultural features, such as, nationality seem to shape cognitive judgments about the “the ideal life.” In this comparative study we examined differences in subjective well-being and psychological well-being between Italian and Swedish adolescents and tested if the relationship between the three constructs of subjective well-being (i.e., satisfaction with life, positive affect, and negative affect) and psychological well-being was moderated by the adolescents’ nationality.

Method

Italian (n= 255) and Swedish (n= 277) adolescents answered to the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule, and Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being. Differences between samples were tested using a Multiple Analysis of Variance. We also conducted a multiple group analysis (Italy and Sweden) using Structural Equation Modelling to investigate the relationship between all three subjective well-being constructs and psychological well-being.

Results

Italian adolescents scored significantly higher in satisfaction with life than Swedish adolescents. Additionally, across countries, girls scored significantly higher in negative affect than boys. In both countries, all three constructs of subjective well-being were significantly associated to adolescents’ psychological well-being. Nevertheless, while the effect of the relationship between affect and psychological well-being was almost the same across countries, life satisfaction was more strongly related to psychological well-being among Swedish adolescents.

Conclusions

The present study shows that there are larger variations between these two cultures in the cognitive construct of subjective well-being than in the affective construct. Accordingly, associations between the cognitive component, not the affective component, of subjective well-being and psychological well-being differ between countries as well.
A critical issue in model-based inference for studying trait-based community assembly and a solution
Authors: ter Braak Cajo J.F. , Peres-Neto Pedro , Dray Stéphane
Published: January 2017

Statistical testing of trait-environment association from data is a challenge as there is no common unit of observation: the trait is observed on species, the environment on sites and the mediating abundance on species-site combinations. A number of correlation-based methods, such as the community weighted trait means method (CWM), the fourth-corner correlation method and the multivariate method RLQ, have been proposed to estimate such trait-environment associations. In these methods, valid statistical testing proceeds by performing two separate resampling tests, one site-based and the other species-based and by assessing significance by the largest of the twop-values (thepmaxtest). Recently, regression-based methods using generalized linear models (GLM) have been proposed as a promising alternative with statistical inference via site-based resampling. We investigated the performance of this new approach along with approaches that mimicked thepmaxtest using GLM instead of fourth-corner. By simulation using models with additional random variation in the species response to the environment, the site-based resampling tests using GLM are shown to have severely inflated type I error, of up to 90%, when the nominal level is set as 5%. In addition, predictive modelling of such data using site-based cross-validation very often identified trait-environment interactions that had no predictive value. The problem that we identify is not an “omitted variable bias” problem as it occurs even when the additional random variation is independent of the observed trait and environment data. Instead, it is a problem of ignoring a random effect. In the same simulations, the GLM-basedpmaxtest controlled the type I error in all models proposed so far in this context, but still gave slightly inflated error in more complex models that included both missing (but important) traits and missing (but important) environmental variables. For screening the importance of single trait-environment combinations, the fourth-corner test is shown to give almost the same results as the GLM-based tests in far less computing time.
A review of Myriophyllum callitrichoides (Haloragaceae) in Western Australia
Authors: Barrett Matthew David , Moody Michael , Barrett Russell
Published: January 2017

The taxonomic status of Myriophyllum callitrichoides Orch. in Western Australia is reviewed. On the basis of new collections made across the Kimberley, a previously unknown taxon with unique mericarp ornamentation is documented, here described as the new species Myriophyllum foveacola M.D.Barrett, M.L.Moody & R.L.Barrett. M. foveacola deserves the same rank as the two previously described subspecies, however we prefer to treat them at the rank of species. Myriophyllum striatocarpum M.D.Barrett, M.L.Moody & R.L.Barrett nom. nov. is elevated to species rank from the previously recognised M. callitrichoides subsp. striatum Orchard (non M. striatum Orchard). Both species are endemic to the Kimberley region of Western Australia. The three species now recognised in the M. callitrichoides complex have morphological, ecological and / or geographic distribution to support their status as species. The two Western Australian species are of conservation significance in Western Australia. Illustrations are provided for both of the Kimberley species.
Morphology of high‐latitude plasma density perturbations as deduced from the total electron content measurements onboard the Swarm constellation
Authors: Park Jaeheung , Lühr Hermann , Kervalishvili Guram , Rauberg Jan , Stolle Claudia , Kwak Young‐Sil , Lee Woo Kyoung
Published: January 2017

In this study, we investigate the climatology of high‐latitude total electron content (TEC) variations as observed by the dual‐frequency Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers onboard the Swarm satellite constellation. The distribution of TEC perturbations as a function of geographic/magnetic coordinates and seasons reasonably agrees with that of the Challenging Minisatellite Payload observations published earlier. Categorizing the high‐latitude TEC perturbations according to line‐of‐sight directions between Swarm and GNSS satellites, we can deduce their morphology with respect to the geomagnetic field lines. In the Northern Hemisphere, the perturbation shapes are mostly aligned with the L shell surface, and this anisotropy is strongest in the nightside auroral (substorm) and subauroral regions and weakest in the central polar cap. The results are consistent with the well‐known two‐cell plasma convection pattern of the high‐latitude ionosphere, which is approximately aligned with L shells at auroral regions and crossing different L shells for a significant part of the polar cap. In the Southern Hemisphere, the perturbation structures exhibit noticeable misalignment to the local L shells. Here the direction toward the Sun has an additional influence on the plasma structure, which we attribute to photoionization effects. The larger offset between geographic and geomagnetic poles in the south than in the north is responsible for the hemispheric difference.
Modeling the plasmasphere based on LEO satellites onboard GPS measurements
Authors: Chen Peng , Yao Yibin , Li Qinzheng , Yao Wanqiang
Published: January 2017

The plasmasphere, which is located above the ionosphere, is a significant component of Earth's atmosphere. A global plasmaspheric model was constructed using the total electron content (TEC) along the signal propagation path calculated using onboard Global Positioning System observations from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) and MetOp‐A, provided by the COSMIC Data Analysis and Archive Center (CDAAC). First, the global plasmaspheric model was established using only COSMIC TEC, and a set of MetOp‐A TEC provided by CDAAC served for external evaluation. Results indicated that the established model using only COSMIC data is highly accurate. Then, COSMIC and MetOp‐A TEC were combined to produce a new global plasmaspheric model. Finally, the variational characteristics of global plasmaspheric electron content with latitude, local time, and season were investigated using the global plasmaspheric model established in this paper.
Silver‐Catalyzed Chemoselective [4+2] Annulation of Two Isocyanides: A General Route to Pyridone‐Fused Carbo‐ and Heterocycles
Authors: Hu Zhongyan , Dong Jinhuan , Men Yang , Lin Zhichen , Cai Jinxiong , Xu Xianxiu
Published: January 2017

A silver‐catalyzed chemoselective [4+2] annulation of aryl and heteroaryl isocyanides with α‐substituted isocyanoacetamides was developed for the facile and efficient synthesis of 2‐aminoquinolones, naphthyridines, and phenanthrolines. A mechanism for this multistep domino reaction is proposed on the basis of a 13C‐labeling experiment, according to which an unprecedented chemoselective heterodimerization of two different isocyanides generates an α‐amidoketenimine intermediate, which undergoes 1,3‐amino migration to form an α‐imidoylketene, followed by 6 π electrocyclization.
Mangan‐katalysierte Mehrkomponentensynthese von Pyrimidinen aus Alkoholen und Amidinen
Authors: Deibl Nicklas , Kempe Rhett
Published: January 2017

Die Entwicklung von neuartigen, vorzugsweise katalytischen Reaktionen, um Verbindungsklassen ausgehend von Alkoholen herzustellen, ist von hoher Bedeutung, da sie zur Erhaltung der fossilen Kohlenstoffressourcen und zur Reduktion von CO2‐Emissionen beiträgt. Um die extrem seltenen Edelmetallressourcen zu schonen, ist der Ersatz von seltenen Metallen wie Ir, Rh oder Pt durch breit verfügbare 3d‐Metalle in Schlüsseltechnologien wie der Katalyse ebenso wichtig. Wir berichten hier über eine durch einen Mangankomplex katalysierte Version der Mehrkomponentensynthese von Pyrimidinen aus Amidinen und drei (unterschiedlichen) Alkoholen. Die Reaktion verläuft über Kondensations‐ und Dehydrierungsschritte, was selektive C‐C‐und C‐N‐Bindungsknüpfungen erlaubt. Wir nutzen selektive β‐Alkylierungen, um sekundäre Alkohole mehrfach mit unterschiedlichen primären Alkoholen zu alkylieren, um vollständig substituierte Pyrimidine in einem Eintopfprozess zu synthetisieren. PN5P‐Mn‐Pincer‐Komplexe, die in unserem Labor entwickelt wurden, katalysieren diesen nachhaltigen Mehrkomponentenprozess am effizientesten. Ein Vergleich unserer Mangankomplexe mit verwandten Cobaltkomplexen zeigt, dass Mangan der katalytischen Reaktivität von Iridium nahekommt, Cobalt jedoch nicht. Wir erwarten, dass diese Analogie dazu genutzt werden kann, weitere katalytische Anwendungen von Mangankomplexen zu entwickeln, bei denen Hydrierungs‐ oder Dehydrierungsschritte involviert sind.
Stable and Rapid Thiol Bioconjugation by Light‐Triggered Thiomaleimide Ring Hydrolysis
Authors: Kalia Dimpy , Pawar Sharad P. , Thopate Jyoti S.
Published: January 2017

Maleimide‐mediated thiol‐specific derivatization of biomolecules is one of the most efficacious bioconjugation approaches currently available. Alarmingly, however, recent work demonstrates that the resulting thiomaleimide conjugates are susceptible to breakdown via thiol exchange reactions. Herein, we report a new class of maleimides, namely o‐CH2NHiPr phenyl maleimides, that undergo unprecedentedly rapid ring hydrolysis after thiol conjugation to form stable thiol exchange‐resistant conjugates. Furthermore, we overcome the problem of low shelf lives of maleimide reagents owing to their propensity to undergo ring hydrolysis prior to bioconjugation by developing a photocaged version of this scaffold that resists ring hydrolysis. UV irradiation of thiol bioconjugates formed with this photocaged maleimide unleashes rapid thiomaleimide ring hydrolysis to yield the desired stable conjugates within 1 h under gentle, ice‐cold conditions.
Photoisomerization of a Chiral Imine Molecular Switch Followed by Matrix‐Isolation VCD Spectroscopy
Authors: Pollok Corina H. , Riesebeck Tim , Merten Christian
Published: January 2017

Characterizing the stereochemistry of transient photoisomerization products remains a big challenge for the design of molecular machines, such as unidirectional molecular motors. Often these states are not stable long enough to be characterized in detail using conventional spectroscopic tools. The structurally simple camphorquinone imine 1 serves to illustrate the advantage of combining the matrix‐isolation technique with vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy for the investigation of photoisomerizations of chiral molecules. In particular, it is shown that both (E)‐ and (Z)‐1 can be generated photochemically at cryogenic temperatures in an argon matrix, and more importantly, that the stereochemistry of both switching states can be characterized reliably.
Mn(III)–pentadentate Schiff base complex supported on multi‐walled carbon nanotubes as a green, mild and heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans via tandem Knoevenagel–Michael cyclocondensation reaction
Authors: Rakhtshah Jamshid , Salehzadeh Sadegh , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Baghery Saeed
Published: January 2017

Mn(III)–pentadentate Schiff base complex supported on multi‐walled carbon nanotubes as a recyclable and reusable, green and nano‐heterogeneous catalyst was designed and fully characterized using infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy,
energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,
elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. A facile, eco‐friendly, mild and green procedure was developed for the one‐pot three‐component synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans via tandem Knoevenagel–Michael cyclocondensation reactions between aromatic aldehydes, 1,3‐diones and malononitrile using a catalytic amount of Mn(III)–pentadentate Schiff base complex supported on MWCNTs as an efficient recyclable heterogeneous catalyst under solvent‐free conditions at room temperature. This process has the advantages of easy availability, stability, recyclability and eco‐friendliness of the catalyst, short reaction times, high to excellent yields and simple work‐up procedure.
Why a National Peace Agreement Is Important for Myanmar
Authors: Wilson Trevor
Published: January 2017

As Myanmar readies itself for the second national conference on its ‘new’ peace process in February 2017, an update on outstanding issues with Myanmar's peace process may be timely. It is hardly surprising that, despite the months of preparation for the second Panglong Conference in August or September 2016, there was little or no change in the realities on the ground in Myanmar during the year: armed incidents between the Burmese military and armed ethnic groups continued in the days leading up to that conference, whether or not official ceasefires had been signed; armed groups that had sparred with each other regularly continued to do so; and in some cases, clashes occurred between groups that had not actually fought each other for many years.
Adaptive Control Scheme for Large‐Scale Interconnected Systems Described by Hammerstein Models
Authors: Elloumi Mourad , Kamoun Samira
Published: January 2017

This paper proposes an adaptive algorithm for the online control of discrete‐time large‐scale nonlinear systems, which reduces the noise effects acting on the system output (regulation problem) and allows the system output to keep track of a time‐varying trajectory (tracking problem). We consider a large‐scale nonlinear system that can be decomposed into single‐input single‐output (SISO) interconnected nonlinear subsystems with known structure variables (orders, delays) and unknown time‐varying parameters. Each interconnected subsystem is described by block‐oriented models, specifically a discrete‐time Hammerstein model. Parameter adaptation is performed using a recursive parametric estimation algorithm based on the adjustable model method and the least squares techniques. Simulation results of an interconnected petroleum process are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed control scheme.
Preventing Intimate Partner Violence: Towards a Framework for Supporting Effective Community Mobilisation
Authors: Mannell Jenevieve , Dadswell Anna
Published: January 2017

Community mobilisation is a promising new strategy for preventing intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in low‐income settings. However, little is known about the contextual factors (e.g. socio‐economic, cultural, historical and political conditions) that enable the effective mobilisation of communities for IPV prevention. This paper draws from the theoretical work of Campbell and Cornish (2010) on the relationship between context and community action in addressing HIV/AIDS to propose a framework for situating community mobilisation for IPV prevention in its surrounding symbolic, material and relational contexts. The framework is refined using empirical data from a case study of a gender‐based violence (GBV) prevention intervention in Rwanda, including interviews with members of government‐mandated GBV Committees and focus group discussions with members of two village communities (n = 35). A thematic analysis identifies various contextual factors needed to support community mobilisation for IPV prevention, including: broad symbolic understandings of what constitutes IPV; capacity to economically support women who choose to leave violent relationships; mechanisms for addressing the silence that often surrounds IPV; support from policy and government authorities; and opportunities to effectively challenge inequitable policy and legal frameworks. This framework is useful for policy‐makers and programme planners interested in IPV prevention in and by communities. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of transcription factors divides retinal ganglion cells into distinct classes
Authors: Sweeney Neal T. , James Kiely N. , Nistorica Andreea , Lorig‐Roach Ryan M. , Feldheim David A.
Published: January 2017

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are tasked with transmitting all light information from the eye to the retinal recipient areas of the brain. RGCs can be classified into many different types by morphology, gene expression, axonal projections, and functional responses to different light stimuli. Ultimately, these classification systems should be unified into an all‐encompassing taxonomy. Toward that end, we show here that nearly all RGCs express either Islet‐2 (Isl2), Tbr2, or a combination of Satb1 and Satb2. We present gene expression data supporting the hypothesis that Satb1 and Satb2 are expressed in ON‐OFF direction‐selective (DS) RGCs, complementing our previous work demonstrating that RGCs that express Isl2 and Tbr2 are non‐DS and non‐image‐forming, respectively. Expression of these transcription factors emerges at distinct embryonic ages and only in postmitotic cells. Finally, we demonstrate that these transcription factor‐defined RGC classes are born throughout RGC genesis.
Sustainable Manufacture of a Valuable Fragrance Ingredient: Lipase‐Catalyzed Acylation of Vetiver Essential Oil and Chemoselectivity between Sesquiterpene Alcohols
Authors: Notar Francesco Irene , Filippi Jean‐Jacques , Antoniotti Sylvain
Published: January 2017

A lipase‐catalyzed acylation reaction of crude Haitian vetiver essential oil was studied as an alternative to chemical processes for the manufacture of an industrially relevant fragrance ingredient. A competitive process that involved a recyclable immobilized lipase at 10 % w/w was developed and used up to the kilogram scale and quantitatively delivered the target product with good productivity (up to 90 g L−1 h−1). With the support of comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC×GC–MS), it was found that the enzymatic reaction exhibited a high chemoselectivity in favor of primary sesquiterpene alcohols. This finding and its consequence on the olfactory properties were correlated with sensory analysis.
The lignan (+)‐secoisolariciresinol extracted from flax hulls is an effective protectant of linseed oil and its emulsion against oxidative damage
Authors: Hano Christophe , Corbin Cyrielle , Drouet Samantha , Quéro Anthony , Rombaut Natacha , Savoire Raphaëlle , Molinié Roland , Thomasset Brigitte , Mesnard François , Lainé Eric
Published: January 2017

Secoisolariciresinol (SECO) is a natural antioxidant lignan accumulated in large amounts in the seedcoat of flax and retained in the flaxseed cake residue during linseed oil pressing. Here SECO was extracted and purified from flaxseed cake and assayed for its ability to prevent oxidation of linseed oil and an o/w emulsion containing linseed oil. For this purpose, an accelerated storage (Schaal oven) test was performed and SECO effectiveness was compared to that of two antioxidants commonly used in food and cosmetic products: α‐tocopherol (α‐TOCO) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). In our hands, SECO addition, ranging from 50 to 500 μmole per kg oil, significantly decreased the production of both primary (conjugated dienes, CD) and secondary (thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances, TBARS) oxidation products. This study evidenced that SECO is an effective stabilizer of linseed oil and its o/w emulsion and this protective effect outperformed both the natural α‐TOCO and the synthetic BHA antioxidants. In particular, SECO was the most effective in the protection of the o/w emulsion against secondary oxidation products, which makes it a potential alternative preservative for oily products in foods and cosmetics.

Practical applications: The present study could lead to applications in the food and cosmetic industries for the stabilization of o/w emulsions. Addition of SECO to linseed oil, already rich in ω‐3, could also result in a new functional food with synergistic beneficial actions on human health.

Secoisolariciresinol, a natural antioxidant lignan accumulated in large amounts in the seedcoat of flax is here presented as an effective protectant of both bulk oil and o/w emulsion against secondary oxidation products, which makes it a potential alternative preservative for oily products in foods and cosmetics.
Di‐ and Tetranuclear Palladium(II) Complexes Containing C,N‐Bidentate Furoylhydrazone for Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions
Authors: Qian Hengyu , Zhang Tongyan , Song Liping , Yu Shuyan , Yuan Qi , Sun Luyan , Zhang Dengfeng , Yin Zhigang , Dai Yongxia
Published: January 2017

Furoylhydrazones of general formula 4‐R–C6H4–CH=NNH–CO–2‐C4H3O [R = H (HL1) and OCH3 (HL2)] have been conveniently prepared from furan‐2‐carbohydrazide. The reaction of HL1 with Li2[PdCl4] and CH3COONa provided the di‐µ‐chloro‐bridged cyclopalladated complex [Pd(C6H4–CH=N–NH–CO–2‐C4H3O)(µ‐Cl)]2 (1) through aryl C–H bond activation, whereas the unusual tetranuclear cluster [Pd(4‐CH3O–C6H4–CH=N–NH–CO–2‐C4H3O)(µ‐Cl)]4 (2) was obtained from the reaction with ligand HL2. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 show a slightly distorted square‐planar coordination geometry around the palladium ion to which the furoylhydrazone is attached in a bidentate fashion. The two palladium(II) complexes were able to catalyze the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions of phenylboronic acid with aryl halides to afford the desired biaryl derivatives in excellent yields (up to 99.2 %).
Second cancer incidence in primary mediastinal B‐cell lymphoma treated with methotrexate with leucovorin rescue, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, and bleomycin regimen with or without rituximab and mediastinal radiotherapy: Results from a monoinstitutional cohort analysis of long‐term survivors
Authors: De Sanctis Vitaliana , Alfò Marco , Di Rocco Alice , Ansuinelli Michela , Russo Eleonora , Osti Mattia F. , Valeriani Maurizio , Minniti Giuseppe , Grapulin Lavinia , Musio Daniela , Bracci Stefano , Spagnoli Alessandra , Moleti Maria Luisa , Tombolini Vincenzo , Martelli Maurizio
Published: January 2017

Our aim is to assess the incidence of second cancer in long‐time surviving primary mediastinal B‐cell lymphoma (PMBCL) patients treated with combined radiochemoimmunotherapy (standard methotrexate with leucovorin rescue, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, and bleomycin with rituximab and mediastinal radiation therapy at a dose of 30 to 36 Gy). For this purpose, 92 points were evaluated. After a median overall survival of 137 months (range 76‐212), we recorded second cancer in 3 of 80 long‐surviving patients (3.75%) with cumulative incidence of 3.47% at 15 years and 11% at 17 years, with a 17‐year second cancer‐free survival of 82%. We observed 2 papillary thyroid cancers with a standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 7.97 and an absolute excess risk (AER) of 17. 84 and 1 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with an SIR of 66.53 and an AER of 10.05. No breast cancer occurred. Although we should take into account the limits of the proposed statistical analysis, combined modality treatment was related to a significant SIR and AER for thyroid cancer and acute myeloid leukemia.
Fluorescent Gold Clusters as Logic Gates for the Detection of Different Metal Ions
Authors: Cheng Hung‐Jen , Kao Chang‐Long , Chen Yan‐Fu , Huang Ping‐Chih , Hsu Ching‐Yun , Kuei Chun‐Hsiung
Published: January 2017

Metal cations can be selectively detected by restoring and quenching the fluorescent intensity of an “ON–OFF” gold nanocluster (Au NC) sensor. The fluorescent intensity of Au NCs with metal cations can be restored by chelating with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid except for Hg2+ ions. A highly selective detection of Hg2+ ion is also achieved under the coexistence of Fe3+ or Cr3+ ions. This assay was applied successfully for detecting Hg2+ in a water sample. The dynamic range of the system was 1 ppm to 25 ppb, and the limit of detection was 25 ppb.