bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apple, Chemical Control of Codling Moth, 1985
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Several insecticides were evaluated for their ability to provide seasonal control of the codling moth. This test was conducted in a 7-year-old apple orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates per treatment. All materials were applied in a dilute spray to the point of drip (approximately 400 gal per acre) with a handgun sprayer operating at 400-500 psi. Two applications were made against first generation. The first was timed to coincide with predicted 3% egg hatch or 250 degree days following first moth detected in a pheromone trap. The first cover was applied on 23 May. The second cover was applied 21 days following the first on 13 Jun. One application was made against second generation and timed at 1450 degree days after first moth on 23 Jul. This timing coincided with a predicted 28% hatch of second generation eggs. All fruit on each tree were examined after first generation. The number of shallow (stings) and deep entries were recorded. Following second generation, fruit were removed from each tree and counted. Injured fruit were collected, returned to the laboratory for examination to determine the number of shallow and deep entries. Live larvae found within fruit were saved and head capsules measured to determine instar. Codling moth adult activity was monitored using pheromone traps. Traps were examined weekly and the number of moths recorded. Pheromones were changed every 4 wk, and trap bottoms were changed after an accumulation of 30 moths. Mites were sampled from mid-Jun through mid-Sep. Twelve or 13 leaves were collected from each tree (total 50 leaves per treatment) and returned to the laboratory. Leaves were processed through a mite brushing machine and mites were counted under a dissecting microscope. Mite densities are presented as mean mites per leaf for the growing season.
Foliar Sprays for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Tomato, 1985
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Speese John
Published: March 2022

Tomatoes were transplanted on 7 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single, 25-ft long row bordered on each side by an untreated row. Between-row spacing was 5 ft with 12-inch spacing between plants. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed air backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles per row and delivering 75 gal water/acre at 41 psi. Applications were made on 16, 24 May, 3, 10, 17, and 24 Jun. Evaluation criteria consisted of direct counts of the no. of CPB on 10 plants per treatment.
Alfalfa Insect Control, Minnesota, 1985
Authors: Krueger Craig A. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN, on 2nd regrowth 2nd year alfalfa. Treatments were 52 ft × 52 ft and replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied Aug 14 with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer delivering 18 gal of water/acre at 200 psi. Plant height at spray application vas 8-10 inches. Insects were sampled 1, 3, 7, and 21 days posttreatment by taking 20 sweeps per plot with a 15-inch diam sweep net. Insects were not sampled 14 days posttreatment due to wet weather.
Alfalfa Insect Control in Nebraska, 1985
Authors: Manglitz G. R. , Carter M. R. , Anderson B. E.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the University of Nebraska Field Laboratory, Mead, NE in a second year stand of ‘Perry’ alfalfa. Plots were 9 × 15 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. A single application of 9 insecticides and formulations, at various rates, was made on May 17 ’85. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 activated pressure sprayer calibrated to deliver 12.5 gal/acre at 20 psi and equipped with a 5.5-ft boom. Each plot was sampled three times, 1, 2, and 3 weeks post-treatment, by taking 5 sweeps per plot with a 15-inch diam insect net.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm, Larval Control, 1985
Authors: Levine Eli
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted in 30-inch rows with a John Deere 7000 series 4-row planter on 26 Apr in a fall-plowed, spring-disked field at Champaign and on May 8 in a spring-disked (2x) field at Bloomington. Pioneer 3540 and Funks G-4326 hybrid seed corn was planted at Champaign and Bloomington, respectively. Granular insecticides were applied with Noble units mounted on each of the planter units. The granular insecticides were applied in a 7-inch band in front of the firming wheels, applied in a 7-inch band behind the firming wheels, or applied in the seed furrow. Dyfonate 15G and 20G were purposely applied in front of the firming wheels to see if phototoxicity would result. The granules in the banded treatments were incorporated with spring tines mounted behind the firming wheels. Dyfonate 4.6MS was applied in a 7-inch band over the row immediately following planting with a CO2 sprayer equipped with a single nozzle wand (Spraying Systems no. 8002E even flat fan nozzle, 3.0 ft/sec 20 psi, 10 gal water/acre based on a row width of 40 inches). Dyfonate 4.6MS and Dyfonate 4E cultivator treatments were applied in a 7-inch band over the row when corn was in the 3-leaf stage on May 28 (same spray system as above). All sprays were incorporated into the soil with a hand cultivator immediately after application. Each insecticide treatment consisted of a single 60-foot row arranged in a randomized complete block (Champaign) or a completely randomized (Bloomington) design with 4 replications per treatment. Root systems were evaluated for rootworm damage in mid-Jul by digging and washing 20 plants from each treatment (5 roots per row by 4 reps) and examining the roots for rootworm feeding damage. The standard Iowa 1 to 6 damage rating scale (1, little or no damage and 6, three or more nodes of roots destroyed) was used to measure damage.
European Corn Rorer First Brood Control in Northern Minnesota, Hand Plots, 1985
Authors: Ostlie K. , Ross S.
Published: March 2022

Nineteen insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against first brood European corn borer larvae near Gonvick, Clearwater Co, MN. Corn was in the late whorl stage when insecticides were applied on 25 Jul. Infestation was fairly uniform, averaging 68% shotholing and 2.4 larvae per shotholed plant. Larvae ranged from first to third instar, with the majority in the second instar. Treatments were applied to plots, measuring 2 rows (5 ft) × 25 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Liquid sprays were applied over the whorls with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 17 gal/acre at 40 psi. Granules were applied by hand over the whorls with a calibrated shaker. Efficacy was evaluated on 29 Aug by dissecting 10 plants and recording both tunnel and larval frequency.
Field Corn, European Corn Borer Control, 1985
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Pless C. D.
Published: March 2022

Twenty in-whorl insecticide treatments were evaluated for first brood ECB control. ‘Pioneer 3147’ corn was planted on 14 Apr at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield, TN. Plots were 30 ft × 3 rows (38-inch spacing) with 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Blocks were separated by 5-ft alleys. Plant population was 44 plants/30 row ft. Insecticides were applied on 4 Jun when 78% of the plants were infested with an average of 3.5 larvae/plant. Granular insecticides were applied with shaker jars. Liquid formulations were applied using 2.5-gal compressed CO2 sprayers at 30 gal/acre. Newly damaged whorls were counted on jun 20. Mean cavities count (average number of tunnels/20 stalks) was made on 24 Jul and grain yield was measured on 25 Sep at 13.9% moisture. Soil type was Dickson silt loam, 2 to 5% slopes with a pH of 6.3.
Chemical Control of Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm on Cotton, 1985
Authors: Fitt Johnny , Teetes George L.
Published: March 2022

‘Stoneville 213’ cotton was planted 7 May on rows spaced 40 inches apart. The test area received 2 inches of rain on 8 May, 1 inch on 21 May, 0.1 inch on 19 Jun, and 0.8 inch on 20 Jul. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications of 18 treatments. Treatment plots were 12 rows wide and 60 feet long. Insecticides were applied to the inner 6 rows of each plot, leaving a 6 row buffer between contigious plots. Insecticide applications were made with a high-clearance, self-propelled sprayer calibrated to deliver 4 gal of solution per acre through two TX-3 hollow cone nozzles per row at 43 psi and 4 mph. Spray applications were made 12, 18, and 25 Jul, and 1 Aug. Damage assessments and density counts of bollworm/budworm eggs and larvae were made 11, 17, 23, and 30 Jul, and 6 Aug. Counts consisted of inspecting 30 plant terminals per plot for bollworm/budworm larvae and eggs. In addition, 30 squares, one-third grown or larger, per plot were selected at random and examined for bollworm/budworm damage. Yield was determined by hand harvesting cotton from plants in two, 20-ft row sections per plot.
Apple, Acaricide Evaluation, 1985
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Crim Larry
Published: March 2022

Acaricides were applied to 5 single-tree replications of 6-year-old trees in a randomized block design. The first application was made at either the tight cluster (8 Apr), pink (13 Apr) or petal fall (26 Apr) stage, depending upon treatment. All treatments received a second application on 5 Jul. Sprays were applied with a Myers V7710-5E02G hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 200 psi. Treatment effectiveness was determined by sampling 20 leaves from the periphery of each tree (100/treatment), removing mites with a mite-brushing machine and counting active stages with a binocular microscope.
Effect of Selected Insecticides on Tarnished Plant Bugs and Predaceous Insects in Cotton, 1985
Authors: Graham L. C. , Gaylor M. J.
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation of insecticides for tarnished plant bug control and effects on predator populations was conducted at the Tennessee Valley Substation of Auburn University, Belle Mina, AL. Cotton was planted in 40-inch rows. Eight treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were ca. 0.37 acre. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer at the rate of 17 gal spray/acre (4 mph, 25 psi, 3 Teejet TX8 nozzles/row). Foliar applications were made on 14 and 25 Jun. Insect data were collected on 26 Jun with a 3 × 3-ft drop cloth (3 samples/plot). Mean percent square set data were obtained by examining pinhead squares in the apical terminal growth and in the terminal growth of the first lateral branch.
Insecticide Treatments for Bollworm Control, 1984
Authors: Lentz Gary L.
Published: March 2022

‘Stoneville 213’ variety cotton was planted 10 May on a Grenada silt loam at the West Tenn. Exp. Stn., Jackson, TN. Four-row plots (40-inch spacing) were 40 ft long. Treatments were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar sprays were applied 12 and 20 Jul, and 21 Aug at 8.4 gal of spray per acre (3 mph, 40 psi) with a 4-row CO2 pressurized boom attached to the back of a high clearance sprayer. Damaged square counts were made 27 Aug by examining 25 squares per plot. The 2 center rows of each plot were machine harvested 29 Oct and 13 Nov.
Pyrethroid Insecticide Rate Study for Control of Heliothis Spp. Larvae on Cotton, 1984
Authors: Lorenz Gus , Gary Debra , Luttrell R. G.
Published: March 2022

A full season study was conducted at the Plant Science Research Farm of the Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State, MS. Plots were planted to ‘Stoneville 825’ on 7 Jun. All treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 4 rows (38-inch rows) by 50 ft with 2 buffer rows between plots. Insecticides were applied with a boom-type sprayer calibrated to deliver 6.1 gal/acre total volume at 30 psi through 2 TX-4 nozzles per row. Applications were made 26 Jul, 2, and 14 Aug. All plots were sprayed for boll weevil suppression on 22 and 31 Aug, 12, 20, and 28 Sep, and 3 Oct with Guthion 2L (0.25 lb (AI)/acre). Insect populations and plant damage were monitored on 4 and 16 Aug by making 5-ft whole plant counts in each plot. Yield data were taken on 21 Nov by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot.
Control of Spider Mites in Cotton with Selected Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Luttrell R. G. , Gary D. , Reed J.
Published: March 2022

Three separate field studies were conducted in the Delta region of Mississippi to study the relative efficacy of several insecticides for spider mite control. Since the species of mites were not determined, we assumed that the populations were predominantly composed of Tetranychus urticae. All 3 studies were conducted on grower farmers where spider mites were found at measurable levels. In each test the plot size was 2 rows × 50 ft. Applications were applied on 15 Jul in Test I and on 19 Jul in Test II with a CO2 powered back-pack sprayer equipped with 2 TX-4 nozzles/row. Posttreatment counts were made on 18 and 29 Jul, respectively. Spray volume delivered was ca. 5.0 gpa. Treatments in Test III were applied on 21 Jul with a John Deere high clearance sprayer equipped with 2 TX-4 nozzles/row that delivered a spray volume of ca. 3.0 gpa. Posttreatment counts were made on 27 Jul. In all 3 tests the aphid population prior to treatment was estimated to be between 300-400 mites/10 upper leaves. Posttreatment observations for the 3 studies were made at different times due to variable weather conditions and cultural activities. However, all 3 studies were evaluated using the same scouting procedures. Ten upper leaves were collected at random in each plot, and each leaf was classified as having (1) 0 mites, (2) 1-5 mites, (3) 6-15 mites, (4) 16-25 mites, or (5) 25+ mites. For purposes of comparing the various treatments, the data were converted to estimated number of mites/10 upper leaves by multiplying the mid-point of each classification by the number of observations for that classification.
Control of Spider Mites on Cotton, 1985
Authors: Wynholds Paul F. , Leigh Thomas F.
Published: March 2022

Acaricides were applied to Acala SJC-1 cotton at two locations, near Shafter, CA, and Five Points, CA, planted 5 Apr, and 3 Apr, respectively. Individual plots were 8 rows (40-inch) wide and 150 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied 20 Jun, at Shafter and 11 Jul at Five Points. Comite, Apollo and DPX Y5893 treatments were reapplied at Shafter on 8 Jul. Applications were made by high clearance sprayer equipped with drop booms using 5 hollow cone nozzles per row delivering 25 gal/acre at 40 psi. Mainstem leaves (25 per plot, eighth unfolded leaf below mainstem terminal) were sampled on 6 posttreatment dates and processed through a sodium hypochlorite wash system. Counts were made of all active stages of the tetranychid complex and were transformed (\/x + 0.5) for analysis.
Control of Grasshoppers on Rangeland with Cyfluthrin, Isofenfos, and Flucythrinate, 1981
Authors: Mazuranich Philip C. , Onsager Jerome A.
Published: March 2022

Ground applications of 3 candidate insecticides were tested to determine their effectiveness in reducing grasshopper densities north of Lame Deer, MT during the summer of 1981. All tests were conducted on moderately infested (9.0-13.7 grasshoppers/sq yd), relatively flat rangeland. Each materia was applied in 8 fluid oz of water per acre in 30-foot swaths using a modified John Blue Low Volume Sprayer (John Blue Company, Huntsville, AL; mounted on a ¾ ton 4-wheel-drive truck. Each candidate was compared to a standard ULV treatment of 8 fluid oz of 95% technical malathion per acre, and to an untreated. The species listed above comprised 74, 19, 2, and 2% of the grasshopper infestation, respectively, with 35.1% being adults. Three other species each comprised less than 1% of the infestation. Mortality was determined at 1,3, and 7 days posttreatment by counting with a pointer the number of grasshoppers in 50 estimated one-sq-yd quadrats for 10-acre plots, or 25 estimated one-sq-yd quadrats for 2.5-acrt plots. The experimental design for cyfluthrin was 10-acre square plots of 3 rates replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The highest dosage crystallized in a mixing container during application, so data for that dosage were obtained from only 2 replicates. In a separate test the experimental design for isofenfos and flucythrinate was 2.5-acre square plots of 2 rates and, replicated 2 times.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control in Grain Sorghum, 1985
Authors: Cheshire J. M. , Slaughter W. R.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide-treated and untreated grain sorghum seed were planted in Pike Co, GA on 18 Jun. The test was arranged as a randomized complete block experimental design with 4 replicates. The soil type was a Cecil clay loam. All plots were planted with a 2-row cone-type small plot planter (double-disk opener, press wheel, 32-inch row spacing). Tht planter was equipped with pressurized canisters for delivery of liquid insecticides (30 gal/acre at 20 psi) and an electric metering unit for deliver, of granular insecticides. Liquid and granular formulations were applied at planting in a 7-inch band in front of each press wheel. Data were collected from 2-row × 24-ft plots which were separated on each side by a border row which received the same treatment as the adjacent plot. The numbers of healthy and lesser cornstalk borer (LCB) damaged plants were counted in each plot 19 and 44 days after planting. Each plant with LCB damagi was identified by characteristic damage symptoms (dead or dying central whorl or complete wilting) and also by the presence of LCB larvae or their silken feeding tubes which extend laterally in the soil from plant bases.
Sorghum Midge Control in Georgia, 1984
Authors: Pendley A. F. , Gardner W. A.
Published: March 2022

Plots measuring 2 rows (32-inch centers) by 20 ft, with 2 border rows between plots, were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 24 Aug ‘84 when plants were at 30-35% bloom. Hand-operated compressed-air sprayers were used to apply the insecticides in 20 gal of water per acre at 32 psi. Efficacy was evaluated by rating 30 randomly selected heads in each plot for midge damage using a scale of 1-10, based on the % seeds damaged on each panicle. Yields were taken on 18 Oct by cutting and threshing 1 row of each plot.
Sorghum Midge Control in Georgia, 1985
Authors: Pendley A. F. , Gardner W. A.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments were evaluated in 2 plantings (11 Jun and 20 Jun) of sorghum near Griffin, GA. Plots measuring 4 rows by 50 ft, with 1 border row between plots, were arranged in randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were made on 13 Aug and 16 Aug in the first planting and on 21 Aug and 23 Aug in the second planting using 20 gal of water per acre with a hand-held compressed-air sprayer using 32 psi. Efficacy was evaluated by rating 20 heads in each plot for midge damage using a scale of 1-10 based on % seeds damaged on each panicle. Yields were not taken because of severe crop losses to plant disease(s).
Control of Soybean Insect Pests in Mississippi, 1984
Authors: Andrews Gordon L.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the White Sands Unit of the South Mississippi Branch Station of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station in Poplarville, MS. Soybean plots consisting of 6 rows 50 ft long were planted 23 May. Four of the 6 rows were used as the test plot and the other 2 rows were unsprayed border rows. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide applications were made on 29 Aug, with a Hi-boy delivering 5 gal total volume/acre using CO2 as a propellant. Insect densities were estimated by making 25 sweeps with a 15-inch sweep net in each plot. Net samples were transferred to paper bags and killed. These samples were counted under laboratory conditions.
Corn Earworm Control on Soybean with CME 134, an Insect Growth Regulator, with Thuringiensin, a Beta-Exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, and With Dipel 1985
Authors: Herbert D. Ames , Harper James D.
Published: March 2022

Soybeans were planted in 40-inch rows at the Auburn University Plant Breeding Unit in east-central AL. Treatment plots (6 rows by 50 ft) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied on 6 Aug, when the number of H. zea larvae in the test field was ca. 1 per row ft. Applications were made with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 13.68 gal/acre at 40 psi, through 3-TX4 hollow cone tip nozzles per row. All insect counts were made using the standard shake cloth technique. Two 6-ft samples were taken per plot, per sample date. A pretreatment sample was taken on 6 Aug. Posttreatment samples were taken on 9, 14, and 19 Aug, after which time the H. zea population declined in the test field.
Effects of Insecticides on Pest and Beneficial Insects in Soybean, 1985
Authors: Layton Blake , Boethel David J.
Published: March 2022

Plots were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications in Iberville Parish, LA. Each plot was 50 ft long by 8, 36-inch rows wide. On 6 Sep treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 15 gal of finished spray per acre at 30 psi. The soybeans were R5 at the time of application. Two 25-sweep samples were taken per plot at 3 and 7 days posttreatment by sweeping a single row with a 15-inch dia sweep net. A total of 0.36 inches of rain fell on the plots between application and the 3-day sample with most of the rain fall occurring on day 2 posttreatment. An additional 0.28 inches of rain fell prior to the 7-day sampling.
Apple, Scale Control, Yakima, Wa, 1982
Authors: Howell J. F. , Maitlen J. C. , Burditt A. K.
Published: March 2022

A dormant application of parathion 25 WP or Advantage 4EC was made on 9 Apr, 1982 to a block of mature ‘Red Delicious’ apple trees for control of San Jose Scale. Parathion was applied at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre with an air blast sprayer in 200 gal of spray/acre. Advantage (2 lb (AI)/acre) was applied with an air blast sprayer also in 200 gal/acre, aerially at 14 gal/acre and as a combined aerial-air blast sprayer application. The combined application was to determine if the aerial application would improve control in the tops of the trees. Each application included 5 gal of superior oil/acre. On 8 and 9 Jun, the efficacy of each treatment was determined by counting live scales out of 100 on each of 5 twigs taken at two levels from 25 randomly selected trees per treatment. On 1, 7, and 14 days posttreatment, 5 twigs were taken at 2 levels from 5 trees in each block treated with Advantage® for residue analysis. In the untreated block, and the parathion treatment, trees were too small to partition into high and low levels; therefore samples were randomly collected over the entire tree. At harvest, 50 apples from each of 5 trees were sampled to determine percent infestation.
Single vs Double Applications for Banded Sunflower Moth Control, 1984
Authors: Noetzel David M.
Published: March 2022

Plots were established in a growers field near Gary, Norman county, MN. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and placed 100 ft from the east and 100 ft from the north edge of a 40-acre field. Plots were 4 rows × 30 ft long. The first applications were broadcast on 8 Aug, one day after the main field was treated with 3 labeled insecticides. Thirty per cent of the plants had male florets extended (30% bloom) on 8 Aug. The second application was 11 Aug with the plot area then with 80% bloom, or 8 of 10 heads with the first male florets extended. Application each time was with a hand held CO2 sprayer using 40 lb psi and 20 gal total material per acre. Temperature on 8 Aug was 83°F and 11 Aug 80°F. Plant height was approximately 6 ft. Seed damage was obtained by smashing heads prior to threshing, removing 2 cups full of this unclean material, and examining 100 seeds/florets for larval feeding.
Residual Toxicity of Insecticides Applied on Tobacco Seedlings for Cutworm Control, 1984
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Hanlon J. J.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco seedlings were transplanted on 28 May. The insecticides were applied as an overall spray on tobacco seedlings on 5 Jun, using a commerical power sprayer equipped with 80-04 Tee Jet nozzles applying 25 gal of liquid per acre at 3.5 mph and 32 psi. Plots were 4 rows, 76 ft long and 14 ft wide, replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Test insects were 6th and 7th-stage larvae. The larvae were separated into groups of 10 and placed on the insecticide-free dry sand in 5.5 inch petri dishes. After application of the insecticides, random samples of tobacco leaves were collected at regular intervals from each plot, taken to the laboratory, and equal amounts of treated leaves were placed in the petri dishes with the larvae. Mortality was assessed daily for 4 days by counting the numbers of dead larvae in each petri dish. Abbott’s formula was used to correct for the mortality occurring in the untreated. Before analysis of variance, data were transformed into angular units. Means were converted to original units for tabulation.
Control of Tobacco Budworms and Tobacco Hornworms with Bacillus Thuringiensis var. Kurstaki, 1985
Authors: Lambert E. P.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted into plots 60 ft long and 15 ft wide (4 rows) on 1 May at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC. The predominant soil types were Dothan and Varina loamy sands. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete-block design having 10 treatments and 4 replicates. On 13 June, 15 uniformly sized and undamaged plants were selected from each of the 2 left-most rows per plot, tagged and infested with a single 2-day-old laboratory-reared tobacco budworm larva. The 2 right-most rows served as buffers. On 14 Jun, treatments were applied using a John Deere Hi-Cycle 600 boom sprayer having a single D2-33FC nozzle per row. At 60 psi and traveling at 1.4 mph, 25 gpa were applied. Granular treatments were applied in a 6-inch band over the row using a Noble granular applicator on the spray rig. The 1% cornmeal bait treatment was applied directly into the bud by hand using a measuring spoon. At 3 and 10 days posttreatment, the number of larvae on the 30 tagged plants were counted. Damage ratings (1/10-leaf equivalents per plot) were made on the same plants 14 days posttreatment.
Azalea Caterpillar Control, 1985
Authors: Schultz P. B. , Coffelt M. A.
Published: March 2022

On 8 Aug ‘85 established nursery grown azaleas were used to test 6 insecticides for control of azalea caterpillar. Larval counts were made prior to treatment and 24 h posttreatment. Insecticides were applied using a 1-gal B & G compressed air sprayer at 30 psi. Plants were treated to runoff. Temperature at time of treatment was 80 F and 0.11 inches of rain fell between application and evaluation.
Control of Vegetable Mite and Variegated Cutworm on Chrysanthemums, HI, 1983
Authors: Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at a cut-chrysanthemum nursey in Mountain View, Hawaii (721 m elev.). Rooted cuttings of the ‘Blue Chip’ chrysanthemum were planted in 1.0 m × 3.1-m treatment plots with 70 plants per plot. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 blocks and 7 treatments. Insecticides were applied with a compressed CO2 sprayer which delivered 757L water per acre and was equipped with a No. 8004 TeejectR nozzle. A spreader-sticker, Triton B-1956 at 89 ml/100 gal was added to all treatments except for Penncap-M. Eleven weekly spray applications began on 1 Jul, 2 wk after planting and ended on 9 Sep, 7 days before harvest. The number of plants per plot damaged by cutworms were recorded 4 and 5 wk after planting. Cutworm damage was characterized by feeding damage on the plant terminals causing multiple stem growth. At harvest, 50 single stem chrysanthemums from each plot were evaluated for vegetable mite damage. Mite damage was scored according to the number of leaves with silvering on the undersides.
Efficacy of Selected Microbial and Related Insecticides Against Second Instar Beet Armyworm Larvae, Pall, California, 1985
Authors: Yoshida H. A. , Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

The materials were applied to individual 4-wk-old chrysanthemum plants with a 1-gaI B&G sprayer at 60 psi 11 Oct. five second-stage larvae were immediately confined to each plant for 48 h by an inverted, ventilated 1 qt plastic container. Mortality was assessed after 48 h and each surviving larva was placed individually on untreated commercial beet armyworm diet. Mortality was assessed every 48 thereafter until all surviviing larvae had pupated. The pupae were held for adult emergence. To correct for differences in escaping larvae between treatments, the data were expressed as percent mortality for each replicate. Arcsin square root transformations were performed on the data prior to analysis by ANOVA.
Control of ELM Leaf Beetle on Siberian ELMS, 1985
Authors: Freeman Richard , Gladin Jodie , Price Richard , Pinkston Ken
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a windbreak planting of Siberian elms. The trees were approximately 20 ft tall and located 2 mi south of Stillwater, Okla. Trees were treated on 19 Jul when the temperature and wind velocity was 83°F, and 1 to 5 mph. The larvae were 1st to 3rd instar. Application equipment consisted of a FMC DM010 sprayer which delivered material at 300 psi. Trees were treated to runoff and separated by enough distance to avoid drift. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Larval counts were made by examining 18 inches of terminal branch at 10 locations per tree.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Lansdale, PA, 1985
Authors: Heller P. R. , Eisner E.
Published: March 2022

Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied 23 Jul by using a CO2 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 35 psi with a 5 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were mixed with sand top-dressing to facilitate product distribution. Then they were applied with a hand held shaker. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was syringed with 1 gal of water. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental factors existed: air temp, 90°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 86°F; soil type, loam; soil pH, 5.0; % organic matter, 2.5; soil condition, dry; % soil moisture, 5.8; amt thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; water pH, slightly acidic; % RH, 85; and clear sunny skies. A total of 1.75 inches of rain was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days after the initial 23 Jul treatment date. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6-inch open ended stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10-minute period. Three flotation samples were randomly taken from within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count. An average of 66.1 hairy chinch bug nymphs and adults per ft2 was recorded 23 Aug before treatment.
Sprays for Control of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid on Douglas Fir Christmas Trees, 1985
Authors: Cowher C. F. , Cameron E. Alan
Published: March 2022

A total of 16 Douglas fir trees in each of three blocks in a 7-acre Christmas tree plantation in Carbon County, PA, was assigned at random, 4 to each of 3 treatments and to an untreated check. Selected trees were 1.2 to 2-m tall and surrounded on all sides by at least 2 untreated trees. Treatments were applied on 28 Sep using a 5 hp Solo™ Backpack Mistblower; spray was applied until runoff, or ca 1L spray/tree. Weather was clear and rain-free for at least 48 h post spray. Pre- and posttreatment foliage samples were taken 9 Sep, 11, 25 Oct, cooled immediately, and transported to the laboratory. All live and dead 1st stage sistentes on the terminal 20 infested needles on 1 lateral branch in the middle Vb of the tree from each of the 4 cardinal directions were counted within 48 h with the aid of a 20x binocular microscope. Each insect was punctured with a sharp probe; presence of visible body fluids was the criterion for a living insect. Counts from all samples from each tree were pooled for evaluation by analysis of variance using the SASS program; mortality rates were corrected using Abbott’s formula.
Spring Control of Bluegrass Billbugs On ‘Baron’ Bluegrass Plots at University Park, PA, 1985
Authors: Heller P. R. , Eisner E.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticide treatments were applied 15 May for control of bluegrass billbugs. The field plots consisted of Kentucky bluegrass ‘Baron’ (100%). Treatment plots were 6 × 15 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 35 psi with a 5 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker. After all treatments were completed, a rain shower occurred. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 45°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 58°F; soil type, silt loam; soil pH, 5.6; % organic matter, 2.3; soil condition, moist; % soil moisture, 15.3; amt thatch, 0.5; water pH, slightly acidic; % RH, 75; and very cloudy skies. A total of 7.81 inches of rain was recorded during the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 65 days later (19 Jul).
Control of White Grubs in Golf Course Fairway, 1985
Authors: Klein M. G. , Moyseenko J. J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted on the right side of #10 fairway at Pebble Creek Golf Club in Lexington, KY (Richland Co.). There was no measurable thatch accumulation. At treatment time soil temperature at 3 inch was 53°F air temperature was 45°F. The fairway was Kentucky Bluegrass. The larvae were third instars. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates. Individual plots were 6 × 20 ft. Liquid applications were made with a constant pressure CO2 sprayer (35 psi) equipped with four LF3 80° nozzles at a rate of 100 gal water per acre. The Mocap and Oftanol granular materials were applied with a cyclone rotary broadcast spreader. The Triumph granular was applied with a perforated container. No rainfall occurred within 24 h after treatment, 0.05 inches occurred 5 days after treatment. Surviving larvae were sampled 42 days after treatment for the spring count, and 161 days after treatment for the fall count. Sampling was accomplished by cutting five 7 × 7 × 3-inch deep plugs into each 6 × 20-ft plot.
Control of a Honeylocust Plant Bug with Foliar Sprays, Aurora, CO, 1985
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Jagne Jarra F. , Lordier Martha K.
Published: March 2022

Honeylocust trees, 8-10 ft. tall, at the City of Aurora Nursery were used to evaluate insecticides for honeylocust plant bug control. Plots were single trees arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Trees were sprayed to point of run-off on 15 May using a hand operated compressed air sprayer. Evaluations were made 28 May by shaking 3 branches/tree over a tray and counting the dislodged insects.
Field-Grown Cut Chrysanthemum Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, 1985
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P. , Tanaguchi K. , Mellano M.
Published: March 2022

Thirteen weekly applications of Evisect 50SP or Ekalux 480E at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 lb (AI)/100 gal were compared to 13 weekly applications of Trigard at 0.125 lb (AI)/acre. The materials were applied to 27 cultivars of chrysanthemums grown under commercial conditions without cover by the cooperating grower (San Luis Rey, CA). The plants were planted 6 Aug; treatments were initiated 13 Aug and ended 5 Nov. Six plants of each variety were planted in each of 7 rows, with 1 pesticide treatment per row. The materials were applied with a 15L backpack sprayer.
Control of Nantucket Pine Tip Moth on Loblolly Pine, 1985
Authors: Price Richard , Pinkston Ken , Gladin Jodie , Freeman Richard
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted at the OSU Horticulture Research Farm outside of Stillwater, OK. Field grown loblolly pines 3 to 4 ft tall, were utilized. Trees were treated to runoff on 13 June with a Hardi RY-15 backpack sprayer at 30 psi. Temperature at the time of treatment was 70°F, and the wind was 0-3 mph. Each treatment was randomized and replicated 4 times. Trees were evaluated for larval infestation on 5 Jul, 15 Jul, 15 Aug and 15 Sep. Evaluations were made by removing all damaged tips and checking for live larvae.
Phytotoxicity and Greenhouse Whitefly Control on Poinsettias, Massachusetts 1985
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Mimms R. A. S.
Published: March 2022

Plants were grown in 6 inch plastic pots in 25% Metro Mix 350, 25% Terralite, and 50% sterilized field soil. The plants were pinched to 7 leaves on 8 Oct. Bracts began to color late in the second week of Nov. Each insecticide was sprayed to run-off with a 2-qt capacity hand pump sprayer to the upper and lower leaf surfaces of 3 plants. Plants were then arranged randomly on benches. Insecticides were applied on 23 Oct and again on 13 Nov. Observations for phytotoxic responses were made weekly.
Effectiveness of Bacillus Thumngiensis for Control of Some Stored-Product Beetles, 1984
Authors: White N. D. G. , Loschiavo S.R.
Published: March 2022

A Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner formulation, designated SAN 410 and containing a beta exotoxin (1% AI), was obtained from Sandoz, Zoecon Corp. Cracked wheat at 16.0% moisture content was treated with various concentrations of the insecticide. Five replicates of 20 adult Oryzaephilus surinamensis, O. mercator, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, and Tribolium castaneum were exposed to the medium treated with 0, 500, or 1000 ppm (AI) for 2 wk at 25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 5% RH. Mortality was assessed at 1 and 2 wk. Five replicates of 20 late-stage larvae of O. surinamensis, O. mercator, and C. ferrugineus were exposed to cracked wheat treated with 0, 5, 20, 50, or 200 ppm B. thuringiensis for 2 wk at 25 ± 1°C and 70 ± 5% RH. Mortality was assessed at 1 and 2 wk.
Candidate Aerosol and Dust Formulations for Disinfesting Transport Vehicles, 1980-1984
Authors: Halliday W. R. , Kirkpatrick R. L.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory-reared stored-product insects were exposed to insecticidal formulations in transport trailers (32-71 m3) at Baltimore, MD and Miami, FL. The insects used and their ages were: Tribolium confusum Jacquelin deVal, adults 7-14 days old; Attagenus unicolor (Brahm) =A. megatoma (F.)) larvae 3 mo old; Trogoderma glabrum (Herbst), larvae 6 wk old. For each test, 40 adults or larvae of each species were held in 10-cm diam open petri dishes placed on the floor at the midsection of each trailer ca. 30 cm from the side wall. Each trailer was used once. The aerosols were propelled by Freon 11/12 and released within closed trailers by “an individual walking the length of the trailer and releasing the aerosol from the pressurized can for a specified amount of time. Dusts were formulated with HiSil 233 as a carrier and introduced by CO2 propellant through an open rear door. The insects were exposed for 5 h; 10 min in the trailer with the doors closed, 20 min with one door open for aeration, and 4.5 h in the original containers following removal from the trailers. The insects were transferred to a clean petri dish after exposure. Knockdown (KD) was measured after 24 h. Mortality was measured after 14 days at 27°C, 60% RH and is the sum of moribund (responding feebly to prodding) plus dead (no response to stimulus) insects. Each test and control was replicated at least 3 times on successive days. The temperature ranged from 19 to 29°C.
Candidate Aerosol and Dust Formulations for Disinfesting Transport Vehicles, 1985
Authors: Halliday William R.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory-reared stored-product insects were exposed to insecticidal formulations in transport trailers (32-71 m3) at Baltimore, MD and Miami, FL. For each test, 40 adults or larvae of each species were held in 10-cm open petri dishes placed on the floor at the midsection of each trailer ca. 30 cm from the side wall. Each trailer was used only once. The aerosols were propelled by Freon 11/12 and released within closed trailers by an individual walking the length of the trailer and releasing the aerosol for a specified amount of time. Dusts were formulated with Hi-Sil 233 as a carrier and introduced by CO2 propellant through an open rear door. The stage and age of the 3 species is as follows: Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, adults 1 wk old; Attagenus unicolor (Brahm) (=A. megatoma (F.)), larvae 3 mo old; Trogoderma glabrum (Herbst), larvae 6 wk old. The insects were exposed for 5 h, 10 min in the trailer with the doors closed, 20 min with one door open, and 4.5 h in the original containers following removal from the trailers.
Nymphal Production of Adults Feeding on an Alsystin Diet, 1985
Authors: Yonker J. W. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

A 0.031% diet containing the chitin synthesis inhibitor alsystin (=Bay Sir 8514) was fed to newly emerged adults of both sexes. The diet was prepared using a 25% WP formulation and Wayne Laboratory Blox. The Blox were first ground, then sieved with a 20 mesh screen to obtain a finely ground meal. The desired dry weight concentration of AI in the final diet was achieved by mixing a 210 ml suspension of water/alsystin with the proper amount of meal. The diet was then cut into 9 cm3 chunks and allowed to thoroughly dry under a ventilation hood. Upon drying, pairs of adult cockroaches less than 3 days old were placed in individual 0.951 jars provisioned with water, harborage and the alsystin diet. Three feeding regimes were run —15 day, 30 day and continuous feeding. Each treatment combination was replicated 10 times, with observations taken on egg capsule formation and nymphal production every 3 or 4 days
Control of Face Flies and Horn Flies on Pastured Beef Cattle with Insecticidal Ear Tags, 1985
Authors: Doisy K. E. , Hall R. D. , Fisher F. J. , Gerrish D.
Published: March 2022

Separate ear tag efficacy trials were conducted at the University of Missouri South Farm (Boone Co.) and the Forage Systems Research Center (FSRC) (Linn Co.). At the South Farm, 2 herds of 15 Angus cows each were treated with commercial AtrobanR permethrin 10% active ingredient (AI) and Dual-GardR 7.2% AI permethrin, 2% AI piperonyl butoxide, 9.4% AI chlorpyrifos ear tags at the rate of 2/head on 20 Jun and 18 Jul, respectively. A third herd of similar size and composition was left as an untreated control. At the FSRC, 5 herds of Hereford cows and heifers ranging in size from 50 to 72 head were treated with the following materials: 3 herds had Anchor experimental polyvinyl chloride tags containing 10% (AI) permethrin applied at a rate of 2/head on 5 and 6 Jun. The 2 remaining herds were treated on 23 Jul with commercial EctrinR 8.0% AI fenevalerate and AnchorR 10% (AI) permethrin ear tags at the rate of 1/head. A sixth herd of 34 Hereford cows served as an untreated control. In all cases, assessment of treatment efficacy was made on a weekly basis by repetitive visual inspection of each treatment group until 25 counts were taken. Face flies were counted on the entire face and horn flies on a single side of each animal. Data thus obtained were converted to logio (n + 1) prior to analysis; however, true averages are reported.
Levamisole/Famphur Oral Paste Administered to Beef Cattle for Lice Control, 1985
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. , Watson D. W.
Published: March 2022

Experimental steers were of mixed breeds and originated in eastern, WY. They were housed in separate pens in groups of 7 animals each at Torrington, WY. The cattle were naturally infested with the cattle biting louse, Bovicola bovis, and the longnosed cattle louse, Linognathus vituli. Lice density was estimated by observing and recording the number of each species at sample sites in the area of the poll, head, shoulder, and topline. One, 15-cm sample site was located across the occipital area directly behind the poll. The equivalent, of 3, 15-cm sample sites were located on each of the remaining body areas. Sample sites on the head were 1, 15-cm hairpart on either side of the face from the corner of the mouth toward the base of the ear and 2,7.5-cm hairparts on either side of the muzzle.
Apple, Residual Enhancement Test of Soybean Oil, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to a completely randomized block. Each treatment consisted of single trees replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied in 74 gal of finished spray per acre by a Bean orchard sprayer. Evaluations were made by examining 100 apples per replication for injury and categorizing injuries by their respective pest. Sprays were applied as follows: Materials on ca. 2-wk interval were applied 25 Apr at pink (P), 9 May at petal fall (PF), 21 May, 1 Jun, 12 Jun, 25 Jun, 8 Jul, 22 Jul, 8 Aug, 26 Aug, 9 Sep, 23 Sep. The ca. 7-day Methomyl was sprayed 25 Apr at pink (P), 10 May at petal fall (PF), 20 May, 29 May, 5 Jun, 12 Jun, 18 Jun, 25 Jun, 2 Jul, 12 Jul, 21 Jul, 29 Jul, 8 Aug, 19 Aug, 26 Aug, 5 Sep, 12 Sep, 17 Sep.
Evaluation of Cygro as a Feed Additive for Control of Northern Fowl Mites, 1985
Authors: DeVaney J. A. , Ivie G. W.
Published: March 2022

Seventy-two 61-wk-old hens which had been infested with northern fowl mites for 17 wk were divided into 3 groups of 24 hens. Each group was then placed into individual cages and fed standard diets calculated to contain either 0 (control), 5 or 7 ppm of Cygro (American Cyanamid’s CL-259,971) for 21 consecutive days. Individual hen body weight and mite ratings were obtained prior to starting the test and at weekly intervals thereafter. Feed consumption and % hen day egg production were obtained at 7, 14, and 21 days posttreatment. Mite ratings were visually observed and recorded using the following rating: 0—no mites; 1—very light (1-10 mites/hen); 2—light (11-100 mites/hen); 3—moderate (101-1000) mites/hen); 4—heavy (1001-10000 mites/hen); and 5—extra heavy (>10000 mites/hen).
Evaluation of Thuringiensin as a Feed-Through Treatment for the Control of the House Fly, 1985
Authors: Stafford K. C. , Burg J. G. , Collison C. H.
Published: March 2022

Forty White Leghorn hens were caged individually in a 7.3 × 7.3 m shelter at the University Poultry Research Farm. The shelter contained 2 banks of single deck, double row cages (46 × 46 × 30 cm) separated by a 2.3-m aisle with 20 cages/bank. Five treatments: 0.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 ppm (AI) Thuringiensin or Larvadex (0.3% premix at 1.5 ppm as a standard) were randomly assigned to each hen (8 hens/treatment). The study was initiated 10 Aug and the hens were given treated feed ad libitum for 52 days. An untreated feed ration for all hens was resumed 1 Oct for 22 days posttreatment. Manure samples from each hen were collected every other day during treatment and posttreatment periods, pooled by treatment and frozen for at least 24 h to kill any resident house fly larvae and macrochelid mites. Pretreatment means were based on samples taken 12, 10, and 1 day prior to initiation of the feeding trial. Ten g of manure was placed in 29.6-ml clear plastic portion cups, with 3 cups/treatment. Ten newly emerged house fly larvae were added to each cup and held at room temp for adult emergence. Feed consumption, weight gain and egg production were recorded for 3.5, 8, and 33 wk, respectively, prior to the initiation of the feeding trial, during treatment and at least 22 days posttreatment.